bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Habitus and the Critique of the Present
Authors: Croce Mariano
Published: January 2016

I tackle some major criticisms addressed to Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of habitus by foregrounding its affinities with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s notion of rule-following. To this end, I first clarify the character of the habitus as a theoretical device, and then elucidate what features of Wittgenstein’s analysis Bourdieu found of interest from a methodological viewpoint. To vindicate this reading, I contend that Wittgenstein’s discussion of rule-following was meant to unearth the internal connection between rules and the performative activities whereby rules are brought into life. By portraying rules as tools that allow agents to stabilize and renegotiate practices, I illustrate the active role social agents play in the production of shared accounts of practices. I conclude by showing that, if viewed through this prism, the habitus proves to be meant to provide guidance on how social theory helps historicize and denaturalize the social world.
Toward a Social Topography
Authors: Richer Zach
Published: January 2016

Sociological theorists have long understood the central role of status distinctions in producing social inequality. Although empirical studies have demonstrated how status hierarchies are reproduced in a broad range of cultural domains, there remains little research into where legitimating cultural practices take place, where they do not, and the role of space itself in producing status differences. As a result, sociologists lack a clear understanding of how status hierarchies give shape to cities and how the structure of cities might be practiced hierarchically. On the basis of interviews at a high-end shopping center in Istanbul, Turkey, I examine how consumers enact social rank in physical space with specific reference to the social contours of their city. Through privileging particular forms of consumption practices within socially and spatially exclusive venues, elites map legitimating values upon the physical shape of the city itself, providing a spatialized understanding of how status inequalities are distributed.
Statin Use With the ATP III Guidelines Compared to the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines in HIV Primary Care Patients
Authors: Elsamadisi Pansy , Cha Agnes , Kim Elise , Latif Safia
Published: January 2016

Background:

The 2013 Cholesterol Guidelines include a new atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk calculator that determines the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease and/or stroke. The applicability of this calculator and its predecessor, the Framingham risk score (FRS) in Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III, has been limited in patients with HIV. The objective of this study was to compare the risk scores of ASCVD and FRS in the initiation of statin therapy in patients with HIV.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with HIV on statin therapy from October 1, 2013, to April 1, 2014. Data collection included patient demographics, pertinent laboratory test results, and medication list. The primary end point evaluated the level of agreement between the guidelines.

Results:

Of 155 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 116 were treated similarly with both guidelines. This showed a moderate level of agreement ( P < .001). Forty-eight of 86 patients requiring statins were placed on the correct intensity statin using the 2013 guidelines. Regardless of which guideline, a majority of patients required statin therapy.

Conclusion:

A moderate agreement was found between both guidelines in terms of statin use when applied to an HIV patient population. Based on the 2013 guidelines and taking into account drug interactions with antiretrovirals, 44.2% of the patients were treated with an incorrect statin intensity.
Module division and configuration modeling of CNC product–service system
Authors: Sheng Zhongqi , Liu Changsai , Song Junyou , Xie Hualong
Published: January 2016

Product–service system is a new globally optimized production system with high-degree integration of product and service, which is formed under the product lifecycle management thinking of manufacturing enterprises. This paper applies the modular design method in the development of CNC product–service system and studies the module division and configuration modeling method oriented to configuration design process. First, a service module division method based on design structure matrix is proposed, and the relationship of service activities is established through directed graph and the module division of service activities is determined by calculating reachable matrix. Next, the product–service integration strategy is analyzed, the product–service integration model is built, and the organic integration of product and services is achieved. Then, the meaning of configuration model of product–service system is introduced and the configuration model is established. At last, the economical turning center is selected as an example of CNC to implement the module division and configuration modeling of CNC product–service system and to verify the feasibility of proposed methods.
Association of systemic lupus erythematosus and sleep disorders: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Chung W-S , Lin C-L , Kao C-H
Published: January 2016

Objective

Using a population-based cohort study, we investigated whether sleep disorders (SDs) increase the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Patients and methods

We identified patients with SDs and a control cohort from 1998–2001 by using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Two controls for each patient with an SD were selected and randomly frequency-matched according to age, gender, and index year. The follow-up person–years were estimated for the patients from the index date to SLE diagnosis, loss to follow-up, or the end of 31 December 2011. We used the Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate how SDs influence the risk of SLE after adjustments for demographic factors and comorbidities.

Results

A total of 144,396 subjects (48,132 SD cases and 96,264 controls) were followed for 1,477,055 person–years. The patients with SDs displayed higher incidence density rate of developing SLE than did the controls (1.03 vs 0.46 per 10,000 person–years). After adjustment for covariates, the patients with SDs exhibited a 2.20-fold higher adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of developing SLE than the controls (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.44–3.36). Women exhibited a greater prevalence of SDs and SLE compared to men. Patients with SDs aged 49 years and younger exhibited a significantly increased risk of SLE compared to the controls (aHR=2.30, 95% CI = 1.33–3.98). Patients with SDs living in urban areas exhibited a significantly increased risk of SLE.

Conclusion

This large population-based cohort study revealed that SDs increase the risk of SLE development.
Development of single channeled serial-connected piezoelectric sensor array and damage visualization based on multi-source wave propagation imaging
Authors: Bae Dae-Yun , Lee Jung-Ryul
Published: January 2016

Piezoelectric sensors have been widely used for structural health monitoring. However, a single piezoelectric sensor has limited coverage, and multi-channel piezoelectric sensors require massive cabling and channeling devices. This article presents a serial-connected piezoelectric sensor array equipped with conductive fabric tape for damage diagnosis on a wide area, structure using an ultrasonic propagation imaging system. The sensor array was developed as a single channel sensing technique with multiple sensors. Using conductive fabric tape for installation provided convenient and compact installation, light weight, and comparatively low attenuation, compared with the lead wire for the easy smartilization of structures. An aluminum plate with various artificial damages was tested with the proposed sensor array combined with the ultrasonic propagation imaging system. The ultrasonic propagation imaging system stimulated the sensitive areas of the serially connected piezoelectrics and generated multi-wave sources covering a wide area. The multi-source wave propagation video visualized the damages in the form of anomalous waves. Consequently, multi-cabling and multi-channeling are not required because multiple piezoelectrics can be deployed by serial connections using conductive fabric tapes because of the multi-source wavefield generating capability of the ultrasonic propagation imaging system. Therefore, light-weight, compact, and easy installation of the sensor network and inspection for full-scale structures become possible.
Biosocial Research in Social Work Journals
Authors: Maynard Brandy R. , Boutwell Brian B. , Vaughn Michael G. , Naeger Sandra , Dell Nathaniel
Published: January 2016

Background:

Despite an emphasis on a biopsychosocial understanding of human behavior and the relevance of biosocial research to social work practice, it is unclear whether social work is contributing to biosocial research and knowledge.

Methods:

Systematic review procedures were employed to locate studies that included biological variables (e.g., genetic or physiological factors) related to behavior and were published in a social work journal between 2000 and 2015. Seventy-five social work journals were searched. Studies were screened and coded by two independent reviewers.

Results:

Eleven studies were eligible for this review; one was a behavior genetics study, two were molecular genetics studies, two were neurological studies, and six studies examined physiological factors such as skin conductance and salivary cortisol.

Discussion:

Findings suggest that social work as a discipline is not contributing new knowledge to advance the “bio” component of the biopsychosocial framework. Implications and recommendations are discussed.
Portal vein thrombosis: When to treat and how?
Authors: Sharma Aditya M , Zhu Daisy , Henry Zachary
Published: January 2016

Portal vein thrombosis is an unusual thrombotic condition not frequently seen in the general population; however, it has a higher prevalence in special circumstances such as in liver cirrhosis and hepatic or pancreatic malignancy. It also can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss the current data available to guide therapy in the setting of different associated co-morbidities, hypercoagulable states, and associated thrombosis of the remaining splanchnic circulation. We discuss indications for anticoagulation, including the choice of anticoagulants, as well as the role of conservative ‘wait and watch’ and invasive therapies, such as thrombolysis, thrombectomy, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
‘We are dealing with it the best we can’: Exploring parents’ attributions regarding their child’s physical disability using the ‘Four Ws’ framework
Authors: Zschorn Melissa , Shute Rosalyn
Published: January 2016

Background:

When a child has a disability, parents’ adaptation has traditionally been viewed in negative terms (e.g. grief and stress). However, recent research suggests that parents’ adaptation is determined by their appraisals of their situation, both positive and negative. It would be valuable for clinicians to have a conceptual framework for exploring such cognitions.

Aims:

This study aimed, first, to devise an attribution theory–based framework for understanding parental cognitions and, second, to examine its usefulness for analysing the appraisals of parents through a qualitative study.

Methods:

A wide-ranging review of literature on cognitions, particularly attribution theory, was used to devise the ‘Four Ws’ framework: What is the problem? Who is to blame? Why did it happen? When? This was used as a scaffold to organise the data from semi-structured interviews with 36 parents of young children with physical disabilities.

Results:

The framework proved robust, with a range of subthemes emerging through thematic analysis. Additional themes also emerged, for example, about emotions.

Conclusion:

The Four Ws framework provides a potential tool for clinicians working with parents of children with disabilities, both to guide general conversations when the child’s needs are the main focus and for more in-depth clinical work with struggling parents.
Illness representation and sense of coherence in dementia caregiving
Authors: Lo Sterzo Elena , Orgeta Vasiliki
Published: January 2016

The objectives of this study were to describe illness representations in dementia caregiving and examine the relationship between illness perceptions and carers’ sense of coherence. Illness perceptions were assessed by the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. We measured sense of coherence, symptoms of anxiety and depression and carer burden. Regression analyses indicated that after controlling for demographic factors, burden and psychological distress in carers, illness coherence and emotional responses to the disease independently contributed towards explaining variance in carers’ sense of coherence. Results provide support for the usefulness of the self-regulation model in understanding dementia caregiving.
Re-establishing the ship generator selection criteria to comply with high ship efficiency concepts
Authors: Prousalidis John , Sofras Elias
Published: January 2016

In this article, the concept of properly selecting the number and rated power of all the generators of a ship is discussed, analyzed and investigated. The novelty introduced is that this selection must start from efficiently covering the power demands in port, the most sensitive area for greener shipping. Following this novel concept in sizing the electric power plant of a significant number of ship case studies, it is shown that the resultant electric power plant can be less heavy, less spacey than if the conventional selection methods are used. Furthermore, the discussion is enriched with the beneficial impact of the presented methodology upon the overall ship efficiency in terms of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions.
CDC MessageWorks
Authors: Cole Galen E. , Keller Punam A. , Reynolds Jennifer , Schaur Michelle , Krause Diane
Published: January 2016

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, in partnership with Oak Ridge Associated Universities, designed an online social marketing strategy tool, MessageWorks, to help health communicators effectively formulate messages aimed at changing health behaviors and evaluate message tactics and audience characteristics. MessageWorks is based on the advisor for risk communication model that identifies 10 variables that can be used to predict target audience intentions to comply with health recommendations. This article discusses the value of the MessageWorks tool to health communicators and to the field of social marketing by (1) describing the scientific evidence supporting use of MessageWorks to improve health communication practice and (2) summarizing how to use MessageWorks and interpret the results it produces.
Resting heart rate associates with one-year risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Wang Shao-Li , Wang Cheng-Long , Wang Pei-Li , Xu Hao , Du Jian-Peng , Zhang Da-Wu , Gao Zhu-Ye , Zhang Lei , Fu Chang-Geng , Chen Ke-Ji , Shi Da-Zhuo
Published: January 2016

The study was to access the association between resting heart rate (RHR) and one-year risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients with ACS after PCI ( n = 808) were prospectively followed-up for MACE. RHR was obtained from electrocardiogram. MACE was defined as a composite of cardiac death, nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction, ischemic-driven revascularization, and ischemic stroke. The association between RHR and one-year risk of MACE was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression model. Compared with patients with RHR >76 bpm, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) was 0.51 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.23–1.14; P = 0.100) for patients with RHR < 61 bpm, and 0.44 (95%CI: 0.23–0.85; P = 0.014) for those with RHR 61–76 bpm. For patients with RHR ≥ 61 bpm, an increase of 10 bpm in RHR was associated with an increase by 38.0% in the risk of MACE (AHR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04–1.83; P = 0.026). ACS patients after PCI with RHR >76 bpm were at higher risk of MACE during one-year follow-up compared with patients with RHR 61–76 bpm. An elevated RHR ≥ 61 bpm was associated with increased risk of one-year MACE in ACS patients.
Towards an Acoustic Jurisprudence: Law and the Long Range Acoustic Device
Authors: Parker James E.K.
Published: January 2016

This article argues for a shift in how we relate to legal thought, practice and experience. It argues for a specifically acoustic jurisprudence, an orientation towards law attuned to questions of sound and listening. The argument is made in the abstract before moving on to an example intended to establish the political stakes of the intervention. My example is the Long Range Acoustic Device, invented at the turn of the century and used increasingly today by military and police forces as a way of amplifying the authority of the state and, in some instances, enacting serious acoustic violence.
The gangs of Bangladesh: Exploring organized crime, street gangs and ‘illicit child labourers’ in Dhaka
Authors: Atkinson-Sheppard Sally
Published: January 2016

This article presents a study of street children’s involvement in organized crime in Bangladesh. It is based on an empirical case study conducted in Dhaka and draws on interviews with 22 street children, 80 interviews with criminal justice practitioners, NGO workers and community members and over three years of participant observation of the Bangladeshi criminal justice system and wider society. The article explains how street children work for ‘mastaans’, Bangladeshi organized crime bosses. These children are hired to carry weapons, sell drugs, collect extortion money, commit political violence and conduct contract killings. This article argues that these children are neither victims nor offenders; they are instead ‘illicit labourers’, doing what they can to survive on the streets.
Lyme Disease
Authors: Randolph Susan A.
Published: January 2016

Occupational and environmental health nurses should educate workers about ways to prevent tick bites, which can cause Lyme disease.
Self-Distancing Buffers High Trait Anxious Pediatric Cancer Caregivers Against Short- and Longer-Term Distress
Authors: Penner Louis A. , Guevarra Darwin A. , Harper Felicity W. K. , Taub Jeffrey , Phipps Sean , Albrecht Terrance L. , Kross Ethan
Published: January 2016

Pediatric cancer caregivers are typically present at their child’s frequent, invasive treatments, and such treatments elicit substantial distress. Yet variability exists in how even the most anxious caregivers cope. Here we examined one potential source of this variability: caregivers’ tendencies to self-distance when reflecting on their feelings surrounding their child’s treatments. We measured caregivers’ self-distancing and trait anxiety at baseline, anticipatory anxiety during their child’s treatment procedures, and psychological distress and avoidance 3 months later. Self-distancing buffered high (but not low) trait anxious caregivers against short- and long-term distress without promoting avoidance. These findings held when controlling for other buffers, highlighting the unique benefits of self-distancing. These results identify a coping process that buffers vulnerable caregivers against a chronic life stressor while also demonstrating the ecological validity of laboratory research on self-distancing. Future research is needed to explicate causality and the cognitive and physiological processes that mediate these results.
Daily Actigraphy Profiles Distinguish Depressive and Interepisode States in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Gershon Anda , Ram Nilam , Johnson Sheri L. , Harvey Allison G. , Zeitzer Jamie M.
Published: January 2016

Disruptions in activity are core features of mood states in bipolar disorder (BD). In this study, we sought to identify activity patterns that discriminate between mood states in BD. Locomotor activity was collected by using actigraphy for 6 weeks in participants with interepisode BD Type I ( n = 37) or participants with no lifetime mood disorders ( n = 39). The 24-hr activity pattern of each participant-day was characterized and within-person differences in activity patterns were examined across mood states. Results showed that among participants with BD, depressive days are distinguished from other mood states by an overall lower activity level and a pattern of later activity onset, a midday elevation of activity, and low evening activity. No distinct within-person activity patterns were found for hypomanic/manic days. Given that activity can be monitored noninvasively for extended time periods, activity pattern identification may be leveraged to detect mood states in BD, thereby providing more immediate delivery of care.
CD146/MCAM defines functionality of human bone marrow stromal stem cell populations
Authors: Harkness Linda , Zaher Walid , Ditzel Nicholas , Isa Adiba , Kassem Moustapha
Published: January 2016

Background

Identification of surface markers for prospective isolation of functionally homogenous populations of human skeletal (stromal, mesenchymal) stem cells (hMSCs) is highly relevant for cell therapy protocols. Thus, we examined the possible use of CD146 to subtype a heterogeneous hMSC population.

Methods

Using flow cytometry and cell sorting, we isolated two distinct hMSC-CD146+and hMSC-CD146−cell populations from the telomerized human bone marrow-derived stromal cell line (hMSC-TERT). Cells were examined for differences in their size, shape and texture by using high-content analysis and additionally for their ability to differentiate toward osteogenesisin vitroand form bonein vivo, and their migrational abilityin vivoandin vitrowas investigated.

Results

In vitro, the two cell populations exhibited similar growth rate and differentiation capacity to osteoblasts and adipocytes on the basis of gene expression and protein production of lineage-specific markers.In vivo, hMSC-CD146+and hMSC-CD146−cells formed bone and bone marrow organ when implanted subcutaneously in immune-deficient mice. Bone was enriched in hMSC-CD146−cells (12.6 % versus 8.1 %) and bone marrow elements enriched in implants containing hMSC-CD146+cells (0.5 % versus 0.05 %). hMSC-CD146+cells exhibited greater chemotactic attraction in a transwell migration assay and, when injected intravenously into immune-deficient mice following closed femoral fracture, exhibited wider tissue distribution and significantly increased migration ability as demonstrated by bioluminescence imaging.

Conclusion

Our studies demonstrate that CD146 defines a subpopulation of hMSCs capable of bone formation andin vivotrans-endothelial migration and thus represents a population of hMSCs suitable for use in clinical protocols of bone tissue regeneration.
Targeting polo‐like kinase 1, a regulator of p53, in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Bussey Kimberly J. , Bapat Aditi , Linnehan Claire , Wandoloski Melissa , Dastrup Erica , Rogers Erik , Gonzales Paul , Demeure Michael J.
Published: January 2016

Background

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer with a 5 year survival rate of 20–30 %. Various factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ACC including dysregulation of the G2/M transition and aberrant activity of p53 and MDM2. Polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK‐1) negatively modulates p53 functioning, promotes MDM2 activity through its phosphorylation, and is involved in the G2/M transition. Gene expression profiling of 44 ACC samples showed that increased expression of PLK‐1 in 29 % of ACC. Consequently, we examined PLK‐1's role in the modulation of the p53 signaling pathway in adrenocortical cancer.

Methods

We used siRNA knock down PLK‐1 and pharmacological inhibition of PLK‐1 and MDM2 ACC cell lines SW‐13 and H295R. We examined viability, protein expression, p53 transactivation, and induction of apoptosis.

Results

Knocking down expression of PLK‐1 with siRNA or inhibition of PLK‐1 by a small molecule inhibitor, BI‐2536, resulted in a loss of viability of up to 70 % in the ACC cell lines H295R and SW‐13. In xenograft models, BI‐2536 demonstrated marked inhibition of growth of SW‐13 with less inhibition of H295R. BI‐2536 treatment resulted in a decrease in mutant p53 protein in SW‐13 cells but had no effect on wild‐type p53 protein levels in H295R cells. Additionally, inhibition of PLK‐1 restored wild‐type p53's transactivation and apoptotic functions in H295R cells, while these functions of mutant p53 were restored only to a smaller extent. Furthermore, inhibition of MDM2 with nutlin‐3 reduced the viability of both the ACC cells and also reactivated wild‐type p53′s apoptotic function. Inhibition of PLK‐1 sensitized the ACC cell lines to MDM2 inhibition and this dual inhibition resulted in an additive apoptotic response in H295R cells with wild‐type p53.

Conclusions

These preclinical studies suggest that targeting p53 through PLK‐1 is an attractive chemotherapy strategy warranting further investigation in adrenocortical cancer.
Effect of questions used by psychiatrists on therapeutic
alliance and adherence
Authors: Thompson Laura , Howes Christine , McCabe Rose
Published: January 2016

Background

Psychiatrists' questions are the mechanism for achieving clinical
objectives and managing the formation of a therapeutic alliance –
consistently associated with patient adherence. No research has examined
the nature of this relationship and the different practices used in
psychiatry. Questions are typically defined in binary terms (e.g. ‘open’
v. ‘closed’) that may have limited application in
practice.

Aims

To undertake a detailed examination of the types of questions
psychiatrists ask patients and explore their association with the
therapeutic alliance and patient adherence.

Method

A coding protocol was developed to classify questions from 134
out-patient consultations, predominantly by syntactic form. Bivariate
correlations with measures of patient adherence and the therapeutic
alliance (psychiatrist-rated) were examined and assessed using
generalised estimating equations, adjusting for patient symptoms,
psychiatrist identity and amount of speech.

Results

Psychiatrists used only four of ten question types regularly: yes/no
auxiliary questions, ‘wh-’ questions, declarative questions and tag
questions. Only declarative questions predicted better adherence and
perceptions of the therapeutic relationship. Conversely, ‘wh-’ questions
– associated with positive symptoms – predicted poorer perceptions of the
therapeutic relationship. Declarative questions were frequently used to
propose an understanding of patients' experiences, in particular their
emotional salience for the patient.

Conclusions

A refined defining of questioning practices is necessary to improve
communication in psychiatry. The use of declarative questions may enhance
alliance and adherence, or index their manifestation in talk, e.g. better
mutual understanding. The function of ‘so’-prefaced declaratives, also
used in psychotherapy, is more nuanced than negatively connotated
‘leading’ questions. Hearable as displays of empathy, they attend closely
to patient experience, while balancing the tasks of assessment and
treatment.
Evaluation of cumulative cognitive deficits from
electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Kirov George G. , Owen Laura , Ballard Hazel , Leighton Adele , Hannigan Kara , Llewellyn Danielle , Escott-Price Valentina , Atkins Maria
Published: January 2016

Background

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective acute treatment for
severe depression, but widely held concerns about memory problems may
limit its use.

Aims

To find out whether repeated or maintenance courses of ECT cause
cumulative cognitive deterioration.

Method

Analysis of the results of 10 years of cognitive performance data
collection from patients who have received ECT. The 199 patients had a
total of 498 assessments, undertaken after a mean of 15.3 ECT sessions
(range 0–186). A linear mixed-effect regression model was used, testing
whether an increasing number of ECT sessions leads to deterioration in
performance.

Results

The total number of previous ECT sessions had no effect on cognitive
performance. The major factors affecting performance were age, followed
by the severity of depression at the time of testing and the number of
days since the last ECT session.

Conclusions

Repeated courses of ECT do not lead to cumulative cognitive deficits.
This message is reassuring for patients, carers and prescribers who are
concerned about memory problems and confusion during ECT.
Longitudinal predictors of subjective recovery in psychosis
Authors: Law Heather , Shryane Nick , Bentall Richard P. , Morrison Anthony P.
Published: January 2016

Background

Research has highlighted the importance of recovery as defined by the service user, and suggests a link to negative emotion, although little is known about the role of negative emotion in predicting subjective recovery.

Aims

To investigate longitudinal predictors of variability in recovery scores with a focus on the role of negative emotion.

Method

Participants (n=110) with experience of psychosis completed measures of psychiatric symptoms, social functioning, subjective recovery, depression, hopelessness and self-esteem at baseline and 6 months later. Path analysis was used to examine predictive factors for recovery and negative emotion.

Results

Subjective recovery scores were predicted by negative emotion, positive self-esteem and hopelessness, and to a lesser extent by symptoms and functioning. Current recovery score was not predicted by past recovery score after accounting for past symptoms, current hopelessness and current positive self-esteem.

Conclusions

Psychosocial factors and negative emotion appear to be the strongest longitudinal predictors of variation in subjective recovery, rather than psychiatric symptoms.
The role of the amygdala in naturalistic mentalising in typical development and in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Rosenblau Gabriela , Kliemann Dorit , Lemme Benjamin , Walter Henrik , Heekeren Hauke R. , Dziobek Isabel
Published: January 2016

Background

The substantial discrepancy between mentalising in experimental settings v. real-life social interactions hinders the understanding of the neural basis of real-life social cognition and of social impairments in psychiatric disorders.

Aims

To determine the neural mechanisms underlying naturalistic mentalising in individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder.

Method

We investigated mentalising with a new video-based functional magnetic resonance imaging task in 20 individuals with autism spectrum disorder and 22 matched healthy controls.

Results

Naturalistic mentalising implicated regions of the traditional mentalising network (medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction), and additionally the insula and amygdala. Moreover, amygdala activity predicted implicit mentalising performance on an independent behavioural task. Compared with controls, the autism spectrum disorder group did not show differences in neural activity within classical mentalising regions. They did, however, show reduced amygdala activity and a reduced correlation between amygdala activity and mentalising accuracy on the behavioural task, compared with controls.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the crucial role of the amygdala in making accurate implicit mental state inferences in typical development and in the social cognitive impairments of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
On poverty, politics and psychology: the socioeconomic gradient of mental healthcare utilisation and outcomes
Authors: Delgadillo Jaime , Asaria Miqdad , Ali Shehzad , Gilbody Simon
Published: January 2016

Since 2008, the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme has disseminated evidence-based interventions for depression and anxiety problems. In order to maintain quality standards, government policy in England sets the expectation that 50% of treated patients should meet recovery criteria according to validated patient-reported outcome measures. Using national IAPT data, we found evidence suggesting that the prevalence of mental health problems is greater in poorer areas and that these areas had lower average recovery rates. After adjusting benchmarks for local index of multiple deprivation, we found significant differences between unadjusted (72.5%) and adjusted (43.1%) proportions of underperforming clinical commissioning group areas.
Unraveling Ix Tab: Revisiting the “Suicide Goddess” In Maya Archaeology
Authors: Reyes-Foster Beatriz M. , Kangas Rachael
Published: January 2016

Ix Tab, the ancient Maya suicide goddess, appears in various settings in the contemporary popular culture of Yucatán, Mexico. In a state where the suicide rate is double the Mexican national average, discourses about Ix Tab feed misconceptions about indigenous proclivities to suicide and render Maya people exotic. In an effort to unravel the origins of Ix Tab and the contemporary beliefs about indigenous suicide, we studied the ethnohistoric origins of Ix Tab in Diego de Landa's Relación de las cosas de Yucatán and reviewed iconography from art databases and more than forty-four hundred pages of published works to identify either an ancient Maya suicide deity or suicide by hanging as a motif in ancient Maya art. Our research found no iconographic evidence of a suicide deity, and we came upon only two images of humans hanging by the neck, neither representing suicide. This indicates that there was no ancient Maya suicide deity and that suicide by hanging was not a significant motif among the ancient Maya.
“For the Last Time, Once and for All”: Indians, Violence, and Local Authority in the Colonial City, Zacatecas, Mexico, 1587–1628
Authors: Murillo Dana Velasco
Published: January 2016

This article examines a series of fights, called saçemis, between indigenous peoples and Spanish campaigns to suppress them in the silver-mining town of Zacatecas, Mexico. Between 1587 and 1628 rival groups gathered in indigenous neighborhoods to engage in large-scale, sometimes lethal fights using rocks and other weapons. Colonial officials did not undertake a vigorous campaign to suppress the fights until they affected Spanish spaces and economic interests. This article considers what insights saçemis and shifting Spanish perspectives on and responses to them reveal about Indians, violence, and the nature of colonial hegemony in urban centers. It argues that the proliferation and pervasiveness of this type of indigenous violence in cities—generally considered Spanish administrative and demographic strongholds—underscore the spaces for negotiation, flexibility, and historical agency within colonial rule and illustrate the endemic conflicts that characterized the Pax Colonial.
Birds Will Cover the Sky: Humiliation and Meaning in Two Historical Narratives from Auhelawa, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Schram Ryan
Published: January 2016

This article examines how the people of Auhelawa, a society on the south coast of Normanby Island, Papua New Guinea, make use of two historical figures—one a warrior, the other a police officer—to represent the nature of social transformation. In different ways, the stories of these heroes produce a dichotomous temporality of a time of war and a time of peace and thereby frame different kinds of sociopolitical institutions as inverted moral types. Comparatively, Auhelawa's historical discourse resembles many indigenous Melanesian societies and can be taken as another instance of Marshall Sahlins's claim that humiliation is necessary for people to learn to see themselves in a dominant culture's eyes. I argue that these stories frame the cross-cultural encounter as an epochal shift, but not from tradition to modernity. Instead, people tell and circulate this historical knowledge in ways that play on its meaninglessness and thus hinder the capacity of narrative to situate contemporary life in terms of a history of progress. This kind of denial of a modernist historical consciousness is another aspect of humiliation, and it suggests that anthropologists and ethnohistorians rethink their assumptions about how postcolonial subjects locate meaning in history.
The Right to More Than a Cabbage Patch: Akimel O'odham Sacred Stories and the Form and Content of Petitions to the Federal Government, 1899–1912
Authors: Bess Jennifer
Published: January 2016

While Akimel O'odham agricultural identity is one cornerstone of this study of petitions sent to the federal government, the study's aims include an analysis of the petitions in terms of how their form and content reenact the values of cooperation and cocreation embodied in Akimel O'odham sacred stories. Socioethical expectations modeled in the petitions challenge the Indian Office's efforts at assimilation and its conception of modernity based in Western hegemony, revealing a counterhegemonic definition based in mutually beneficial responsibilities and in what later advocates call human rights.
UTOPIA
Authors: Richmond Colin
Published: January 2016

This guest column consists of a tongue-in-cheek counterfactual history of England from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Its highlight is the fifty-year reign of the saintly King Richard III, who dies a martyr in New York at the hands of the Iroquois in 1536 and is promptly canonized. In this version of events, England evades the Reformation and the wars of religion and enters modernity as a prosperous nation of small farmers who have no interest in enclosures and engrossing, let alone in capitalism and industrialization.
CONFLICT, PEACE, AND SOCIAL REFORM IN INDIGENOUS AMAZONIA
Authors: Fausto Carlos , Xavier Caco , Welper Elena
Published: January 2016

Sociocultural transformations brought about by indigenous leaders in Amazonia have been described as prophetic, millenaristic, or messianic and contrasted with modern reformism. This article addresses new ways of describing processes of change negotiated among indigenous actors. Although these processes are mostly absent from colonial or later sources, they should not remain foreign to ethnology, as the three empirical cases analyzed in this essay show. Methodologically, the essay asks why the regulatory image of Rousseau's small community, meeting face to face to express the general will, has never had the same impact in the anthropological imagination as that of the “noble savage.” Thematically, these case studies raise the question of how peace is made and suggest that, while peacemaking demands “magic,” the invocation of extrahuman powers, the social forms and values on which peace is based are contained as objective possibilities in the present. Making peace actual requires creative choices.
From reads to regions: a Bioconductor workflow to detect differential binding in ChIP-seq data
Authors: Lun Aaron T. L. , Smyth Gordon K.
Published: January 2016

Chromatin immunoprecipitation with massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) is widely used to identify the genomic binding sites for protein of interest. Most conventional approaches to ChIP-seq data analysis involve the detection of the absolute presence (or absence) of a binding site. However, an alternative strategy is to identify changes in the binding intensity between two biological conditions, i.e., differential binding (DB). This may yield more relevant results than conventional analyses, as changes in binding can be associated with the biological difference being investigated. The aim of this article is to facilitate the implementation of DB analyses, by comprehensively describing a computational workflow for the detection of DB regions from ChIP-seq data. The workflow is based primarily on R software packages from the open-source Bioconductor project and covers all steps of the analysis pipeline, from alignment of read sequences to interpretation and visualization of putative DB regions. In particular, detection of DB regions will be conducted using the counts for sliding windows from the csaw package, with statistical modelling performed using methods in the edgeR package. Analyses will be demonstrated on real histone mark and transcription factor data sets. This will provide readers with practical usage examples that can be applied in their own studies.
Perioperative sleep apnea: a real problem or did we invent a new disease?
Authors: Zaremba Sebastian , Mojica James E. , Eikermann Matthias
Published: January 2016

Depending on the subpopulation, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can affect more than 75% of surgical patients. An increasing body of evidence supports the association between OSA  and perioperative complications, but some data indicate important perioperative outcomes do not differ between patients with and without OSA. In this review we will provide an overview of the pathophysiology of sleep apnea and the risk factors for perioperative complications related to sleep apnea. We also discuss a clinical algorithm for the identification and management of OSA patients facing surgery.
FEATURES OF SOFTWARE SYSTEMS FOR INFORMATION PROTECTION FROM THREATS OF UNAUTHORIZED IMPACTS IN ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Зиновьев  , Zinovev P. , Обухова  , Obukhova L. , Рогозин  , Rogozin E. , Мачтаков  , Machtakov S.
Published: January 2016

The article describes the structure and composition of typical confidential information resource and the main directions of ensuring information security in electronic document management system.
STUDY DEFORMATION STATE WOOD PROTECTIVE POLYMER JACKET
Authors: Курдюков  , Kurdyukov R. , Стородубцева  , Storodubtseva Tamara , Ряполова  , Ryapolova L.
Published: January 2016

The main objective of the survey was to study the deformation state timber protected polymer shell by water, as well as modeling of the stress-strain state of the composite with the full moisture, determination of the main strains and stresses.
METHODS TO REDUCE DEFORMATION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BASES OF ROADS IN DIFFICULT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Сушков  , Sushkov Sergey , Бурмистрова  , Burmistrova Olga
Published: January 2016

In the article the methods of artificial grouting in the construction and reconstruction of forest roads on weak based using electrochemical treatment, soils, thereby squeezing the labor intensity and increasing the degree of mechanization of work. The method of electrochemical treatment of the soil is to use the effect of electro and spryagatelnyehim processes.
The Newsvendor under Demand Ambiguity: Combining Data with Moment and Tail Information
Authors: Saghafian Soroush , Tomlin Brian
Published: January 2016

Operations managers do not typically have full information about the demand distribution. Recognizing this, data-driven approaches have been proposed in which the manager has no information beyond the evolving history of demand observations. In practice, managers often have some partial information about the demand distribution in addition to demand observations. We consider a repeated newsvendor setting, and propose a maximum-entropy based technique, termed Second Order Belief Maximum Entropy (SOBME), which allows the manager to effectively combine demand observations with distributional information in the form of bounds on the moments or tails. In the proposed approach, the decision maker forms a belief about possible demand distributions, and dynamically updates it over time using the available data and the partial distributional information. We derive a closed-form solution for the updating mechanism, and highlight that it generalizes the traditional Bayesian mechanism with an exponential modifier that accommodates partial distributional information. We prove the proposed approach is (weakly) consistent under some technical regularity conditions and we analytically characterize its rate of convergence. We provide an analytical upper bound for the newsvendor’s cost of ambiguity, i.e., the extra per-period cost incurred because of ambiguity, under SOBME, and show that it approaches zero quite quickly. Numerical experiments demonstrate that SOBME performs very well. We find that it can be very beneficial to incorporate partial distributional information when deciding stocking quantities, and that information in the form of tighter moment bounds is typically more valuable than information in the form of tighter ambiguity sets. Moreover, unlike pure data-driven approaches, SOBME is fairly robust to the newsvendor quantile. Our results also show that SOBME quickly detects and responds to hidden changes in the unknown true distribution. We also extend our analysis to consider ambiguity aversion, and develop theoretical and numerical results for the ambiguity-averse, repeated newsvendor setting.
Exploring the role that autonomy plays in achieving a good death: a case study
Authors: Brady Mike
Published: January 2016

Currently patients at the end of life, for numerous reasons, often dial 999 when they experience many symptoms that can impact upon their current quality of life, such as pain and breathlessness. These calls regularly elicit a high priority paramedic response, which when taken in context, may be inappropriate, and can often lead to transportation to hospital, which itself can be inappropriate, and or delay in the most appropriate care required. This is worsened somewhat by sporadic or non-existent community palliative care coverage in various areas.

The concept of autonomy is key to patient care, but arguably more so at the end of life. This article will review the available literature and recent evidence in the context of an anonymised case study, to highlight how patient and family autonomy can guide and support the decisions made by paramedics in these cases, and the benefits and challenges this autonomy brings, in the current social context of health care.

This case study aims to didactically explore the concept of an autonomous good death through an anonymised example from practice. In doing so, it will explore the surrounding concepts of advanced decision making, do not actively resuscitate orders, mental capacity, a good death, and a good-enough-death, and how autonomy guides all of these areas of care. In doing so paramedics may be better able to respond to some of the challenges they face in clinical practice, while attempting to provide the most appropriate care at the most appropriate time to those at the end of life.
Skill mix: Using the assistant practitioner to drive efficiency
Authors: Powell Michelle , Brown Trish , Smith Joanne
Published: January 2016

This article outlines the development of the assistant practitioner role within a primary care setting and the experiences of 5 trainee assistant practitioners undertaking a foundation degree in health and social care delivered by the University of Bolton. The article will examine the changes in staff skill mix within general practice, and how the assistant practitioner role aims to contribute to the efficacy of services, improve patient access, and continuity of care. Furthermore, it will explore how it is offering career progression for healthcare assistants, in line with the Skills for Health (2015) skills escalator. A focus group methodology was used to gather the views of the trainee assistant practitioners at the end of their university programme and about to enter their new role. They were asked to reflect on the benefits of their learning and competency development, considering how their role has changed and will change in the future.