bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIMS backside depth profiling of ultrashallow implants using silicon‐on‐insulator substrates
Authors: Yeo K. L. , Wee A. T. S. , Liu R. , Ng C. M. , See A.
Published: August 2002

We report the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) backside depth profiling for ultrashallow implants using silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) wafers for substrate thinning. The SOI layer, after removal of the buried oxide layer, provides a smooth and flat surface for high‐resolution SIMS depth profiling from the backside. The dopant distribution of 0.5 keV boron implants (5 × 1014 atoms cm−2) was studied by performing both front and backside depth profiling using 0.5–5 keV O2+ primary ions at oblique incidence in a Cameca IMS‐6f SIMS instrument, with and without sample rotation. The backside depth profiles give significant improvement in depth resolution compared with conventional frontside SIMS depth profiling. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of angiographic techniques in the preoperative staging and management of gastrointestinal neoplasms
Authors: de Caro Giovanni , Cittadini Giuseppe
Published: August 2002

Gastrointestinal neoplasms are very common diseases, and their management does not usually require angiography for diagnostic and staging purposes. However, angiography may be required for further refinements in staging of vascular involvement or to obtain a detailed preoperative anatomy of the vessels. Finally, angiographic techniques may be useful for palliative or preoperative locoregional chemotherapy, and to treat hemorrhagic complications. This article reviews the capabilities and limits of angiographic techniques in the assessment and management of tumors of the alimentary tract. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:130– 133, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design, validation, and use of an evaluation instrument for monitoring systemic reform
Authors: Scantlebury Kathryn , Boone William , Kahle Jane Butler , Fraser Barry J.
Published: August 2002

Over the past decade, state and national policymakers have promoted systemic reform as a way to achieve high‐quality science education for all students. However, few instruments are available to measure changes in key dimensions relevant to systemic reform such as teaching practices, student attitudes, or home and peer support. Furthermore, Rasch methods of analysis are needed to permit valid comparison of different cohorts of students during different years of a reform effort. This article describes the design, development, validation, and use of an instrument that measures student attitudes and several environment dimensions (standards‐based teaching, home support, and peer support) using a three‐step process that incorporated expert opinion, factor analysis, and item response theory. The instrument was validated with over 8,000 science and mathematics students, taught by more than 1,000 teachers in over 200 schools as part of a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of Ohio's systemic reform initiative. When the new four‐factor, 20‐item questionnaire was used to explore the relative influence of the class, home, and peer environment on student achievement and attitudes, findings were remarkably consistent across 3 years and different units and methods of analysis. All three environments accounted for unique variance in student attitudes, but only the environment of the class accounted for unique variance in student achievement. However, the class environment (standards‐based teaching practices) was the strongest independent predictor of both achievement and attitude, and appreciable amounts of the total variance in attitudes were common to the three environments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 646–662, 2001
Improving call admission control procedures by using hand‐off rate information
Authors: Bartolini Novella , Chlamtac Imrich
Published: August 2002

This paper introduces a general decision model, in the shape of a Markov Decision Process, as an instrument to analytically compare the behavior of call admission control policies. This approach allows the study of a wide class of policies, including well‐known pure stationary as well as randomized policies, in a way that explicitly incorporates the dependency between the hand‐off rate and the system state, assuming that the hand‐off rate arriving to a cell is proportional to the occupancy level of the adjacent cells. In particular, some well‐known non‐preemptive prioritization schemes are analyzed, including the Cutoff Priority Policy (CPP), which consists of reserving a number of channels for the high priority requests stream. Using our analytical approach, we prove the optimality of CPP within the analyzed class. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of oxidation states of aluminium, silicon and sulfur
Authors: Perino Ernesto , Deluigi María Torres , Olsina Roberto , Riveros José Alberto
Published: August 2002

The lines of the emission spectra originating from vacancies in deep atomic shells change if the elements are in different oxidation states. These changes are shown in this paper, and also the influence that they may have on the calibration of wavelength‐dispersive spectrometers and, in consequence, on quantitative analysis by XRF or EPMA. Also, these changes prove to be useful in identifying and, in some cases, quantifying phases in different oxidation states. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aquaporin in Candida: characterization of a functional water channel protein
Authors: Carbrey Jennifer M. , Cormack Brendan P. , Agre Peter
Published: August 2002

The Candida albicans genome database contains one ORF with homology to aquaporins, AQY1. Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA encoding C. albicans Aqy1p displayed a coefficient of water permeability (Pf) that was equivalent to the Pf for oocytes injected with the cRNA of S. cerevisiae Aqy1p. In addition, as seen in Saccharomyces for Aqy1p and Aqy2p, deletion of AQY1 in C. albicans resulted in cells that were less sensitive than wild‐type to osmotic shock. In Saccharomyces, aquaporin null cells also have a cell surface that is more hydrophobic. However, unlike Saccharomyces, there was no effect on the cell surface hydrophobicity, flocculation or cell aggregation in aqy1 null C. albicans cells. Perhaps as a result, there was no difference between the virulence of C. albicans wild‐type and aqy1 null strains in a murine model for systemic candidiasis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basic functional analysis of six unknown open reading frames from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: four from chromosome VII and two from chromosome XV
Authors: Pearson Bruce M. , Schweizer Michael
Published: August 2002

Six open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown function from Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the left arms of chromosomes VII and XV were disrupted by the short‐flanking homology method in the diploid strains FY1679 and CENPK2. In each case, the entire ORF, with the exception of the first nucleotide of the start codon, was eliminated and replaced by the kanMX4 cassette. Correct integration of the disrupting marker was checked by colony PCR of the geneticin (G418)‐resistant transformants. Sporulation followed by tetrad dissection of the diploids revealed that none of the ORFs encoded a product essential for the viability of either yeast strain. The neutral effect of these disruptions extended to mating and sporulation, since it was possible to create homozygous diploid disruptants that were capable of sporulation. Basic phenotypic analysis was carried out on all strains by growing them on three different media at three different temperatures and revealed no significant differences between disruptants and the parental strains. A cognate clone and a kanMX4 disruption cassette were created for five of the six ORFs by gap repair with specific long‐flanking homology cassettes. For experimental reasons, the cognate clone and disruption cassette corresponding to the sixth ORF (YGL161w) had to be created by PCR. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topological quantum field theory with corners based on the Kauffman bracket
Authors: Gelca R.
Published: August 2002

We describe the construction of a topological quantum field theory with corners based on the Kauffman bracket, that underlies the smooth theory of Lickorish, Blanchet, Habegger, Masbaum and Vogel. We also exhibit some properties of invariants of 3-manifolds with boundary.
Infinite Coxeter groups virtually surject onto $ℤ$
Authors: Gonciulea Constantin
Published: August 2002

We prove that any infinite Coxeter group has a subgroup of finite index which homomorphically surjects onto the integers. This implies the known result that infinite Coxeter groups do not have property (T) of Kazhdan.
Gabriel filters in real closed rings
Authors: Schwartz Niels
Published: August 2002

Real closed rings arise in semi-algebraic geometry and topology as well as in the investigation of partially ordered rings. It is shown that localizations of real closed rings with respect to Gabriel filters, or more generally: multiplicative filters, are again real closed. Thus, real closedness is preserved under a large number of important ring theoretic constructions. For a few particularly simple cases the multiplicative filters are classified and the localizations are determined.
Critical values of autonomous Lagrangian systems
Authors: Paternain G. , Paternain Miguel
Published: August 2002

Let M be a closed manifold and

L : TM \rightarrow \bf {R}

a convex superlinear Lagrangian. We consider critical values of Lagrangians as defined by R. Mañé in [5]. Let cu(L) denote the critical value of the lift of L to the universal covering of M and let ca(L) denote the critical value of the lift of L to the abelian covering of M. It is easy to see that in general,

c_{u}(L) \leq c_{a}(L)

. Let c0(L) denote the strict critical value of L defined as the smallest critical value of

L - \omega

where

\omega

ranges among all possible closed 1-forms. We show that ca(L) = c0(L). We also show that if there exists k such that the Euler-Lagrange flow of L on the energy level k' is Anosov for all

k'\geq k

, then

k > c_{u}(L)

. Afterwards, we exhibit a Lagrangian on a compact surface of genus two which possesses Anosov energy levels with energy

k < c_{a}(L)

, thus answering in the negative a question raised by Mañé. This example also shows that the inequality

c_{u}(L) \leq c_{a}(L)

could be strict. Moreover, by a result of M.J. Dias Carneiro [4] these Anosov energy levels do not have minimizing measures. Finally, we describe a large class of Lagrangians for which cu(L) is strictly bigger than the maximum of the energy restricted to the zero section of TM.
A vanishing theorem for modular symbols on locally symmetric spaces
Authors: Kobayashi Toshiyuki , Oda Tadao
Published: August 2002

A modular symbol is the fundamental class of a totally geodesic submanifold

\Gamma'\backslash G'/K'

embedded in a locally Riemannian symmetric space

\Gamma \backslash G / K

, which is defined by a subsymmetric space

G'/ K' \hookrightarrow G / K

. In this paper, we consider the modular symbol defined by a semisimple symmetric pair (G,G'), and prove a vanishing theorem with respect to the

\pi

-component

(\pi \in \widehat {G})

in the Matsushima-Murakami formula based on the discretely decomposable theorem of the restriction

\pi |_{G'}

. In particular, we determine explicitly the middle Hodge components of certain totally real modular symbols on the locally Hermitian symmetric spaces of type IV.
Deforming abelian SU(2)-representations of knot groups
Authors: Heusener M. , Kroll J.
Published: August 2002

The aim of this paper is to generalize a theorem of C. D. Frohman and E. P. Klassen ([FK91]) concerning deformations of abelian SU(2)-representations of knot groups into non-abelian representations. The proof of our main theorem makes use of a generalization of a result of X.-S. Lin ([Lin92]) which should be interesting in itself.
Minimal orbits close to periodic frequencies
Authors: Bessi U. , Semijopuva V.
Published: August 2002

Let

{\cal L}(Q,\dot Q)={1\over2}\vert\dot{Q}\vert^2+h(Q,\dot Q)

with h analytic of small norm. The problem of Arnold's diffusion consists in finding conditions on h which guarantee the existence of orbits Q of

{\cal L}

with

\dot Q

connecting two arbitrary points of frequency space. Recently, J. N. Mather has found a sufficient condition for Arnold's diffusion; this condition is not read on h itself, but on the set of all action-minimizing orbits of

{\cal L}

. In this paper we try to characterize those action-minimizing orbits whose mean frequency is close to periodic.
Cogroups in algebras over an operad are free algebras
Authors: Fresse Benoit
Published: August 2002

Let

\cal P

be an operad defined over a field of characteristic zero. Let R be a cogroup in the category of complete

{\cal P}

-algebras. In this article, we show that R is necessarily the completion of a free

{\cal P}

-algebra. We also handle the case of cogroups in connected graded algebras over an operad, and the case of groups in connected graded coalgebras over an operad.
Surfaces à points doubles isolés
Authors: d'Almeida J.
Published: August 2002

We give a characterization of the generic projection on P2 of an algebraic surface of P3 with a finite number of nodes. The construction of an algebraic surface of P3 with a given number of nodes is thus equivalent to the construction of a plane curve with nodes and cusps in some special position.
On the dilatation of extremal quasiconformal mappings of polygons
Authors: Strebel Kurt
Published: August 2002

A polygon PN is the unit disk

{\Bbb D}

with

n

distinguished boundary points,

4\le n \le N

. An extremal quasiconformal mapping

f_0\: {\Bbb D}_z\to {\Bbb D}_w

maps each polygon

P_N

inscribed in

{\Bbb D}_z

onto a polygon

P_N'

inscribed in

{\Bbb D}_w

. Let fN be the extremal quasiconformal mapping of PN onto P'N. Let KN be its dilatation and let K0 be the maximal dilatation of f0. Then, evidently

\sup K_N\le K_0

. The problem is, when equality holds. This is completely answered, if f0 does not have any essential boundary points. For quadrilaterals Q and Q' = f0(Q) the problem is sup(M'/M) = K0, with M and M' the moduli of Q and Q' respectively.
The Łojasiewicz exponent of an analytic function at an isolated zero
Authors: Gwoździewicz Janusz
Published: August 2002

Let f be a real analytic function defined in a neighborhood of

0 \in {\Bbb R}^n

such that

f^{-1}(0)=\{0\}

. We describe the smallest possible exponents !, #, / for which we have the following estimates:

|f(x)|\geq c|x|^{\alpha}

,

|{\rm grad}\,f(x)|\geq c|x|^{\beta}

,

|{\rm grad}\,f(x)|\geq c|f(x)|^{\theta}

for x near zero with

c > 0

. We prove that

\alpha=\beta+1

,

\theta=\beta/\alpha

. Moreover

\beta=N+a/b

where

0 h a < b h N^{n-1}

. If f is a polynomial then

|f(x)|\geq c|x|^{(\deg f-1)^n+1}

in a small neighborhood of zero.
Riemannian submersions of open manifolds which are flat at infinity
Authors: Marenich V.
Published: August 2002

We prove that a base

B^{n-k}

of a Riemannian submersion

\pi : {M^n} \to B^{n-k}

is flat, if

M^n

is flat at infinity and

B^{n-k}

is compact. As a corollary we obtain a topological gap-phenomenon for open manifolds of nonnegative sectional curvature (Eschenburg-Schroeder-Strake conjecture).
Preprojective algebras, differential operators and a Conze embedding for deformations of Kleinian singularities
Authors: Crawley-Boevey William
Published: August 2002

For any associative algebra A over a field K we define a family of algebras

\Pi^\lambda(A)

for

\lambda \in K \,\otimes_{\Bbb Z}\,{\rm K_0}(A)

. In case A is the path algebra of a quiver, one recovers the deformed preprojective algebra introduced by M. P. Holland and the author. In case A is the coordinate ring of a smooth curve, the family includes the ring of differential operators for A and the coordinate ring of the cotangent bundle for Spec A. In case A is quasi-free and

\Omega^1

A is a finitely generated A-A-bimodule we prove that

\Pi^\lambda(A)

is well-behaved under localization. We use this to prove a Conze embedding for deformations of Kleinian singularities.
On holomorphic forms on compact complex threefolds
Authors: Paris Luis
Published: August 2002

We study the structure of holomorphic 1. forms on compact complex threefolds of positive algebraic dimension. We obtain a rather detailed description of integrable 1. forms. We use this result to extend Castelnuovo - De Franchis lemma (as well as Catanese's generalization) to non-Kähler threefolds.
The explicit general solution of trivial Monge-Ampère equation
Authors: Ushakov V.
Published: August 2002

The general solution of the equation

z_{xx}z_{yy} - z_{xy}^2 = 0

with minimal smoothness requirements is presented in explicit form; it depends on 2 functions of one variable. In particular, it allows to describe explicitly all developable surfaces (without planar points) in

\Bbb R^3

. The domain and singularities of the solution are investigated.
Lusternik–Schnirelman theory for closed 1-forms
Authors: Farber M.
Published: August 2002

S. P. Novikov developed an analog of the Morse theory for closed 1-forms. In this paper we suggest an analog of the Lusternik–Schnirelman theory for closed 1-forms. For any cohomology class

\xi\in H^1(M,\mathbf R)

we define an integer

\operatorname{cl}(\xi)

(

the cup-length associated with

\xi

); we prove that any closed 1-form representing

\xi

has at least

\operatorname{cl}(\xi)-1

critical points. The number

\operatorname{cl}(\xi)

is defined using cup-products in cohomology of some flat line bundles, such that their monodromy is described by complex numbers, which are not Dirichlet units.
On a problem of Nazarova and Roiter
Authors: Deng B.
Published: August 2002

In the present paper we introduce the notion of representations of a bush which is a generalization of matrix problems (self-reproducing systems) introduced by Nazarova and Roiter. We show that the problem of classifying representations of clannish algebras come down to such generalized matrix problems. Based on the classification of Crawley-Boevey, we provide a description of indecomposable representations of bushes over any field. The proof is based on a categorical formulation of the matrix reduction of Nazarova and Roiter.
Einstein manifolds with convex boundaries
Authors: Schlenker Jean-Marc
Published: August 2002

Let

({\rm M, \partial M})

be a compact

m+1

-manifold with boundary with an Einstein metric

g_0

, with

\mathrm{ric}_{g_0} = -mg_0

and with pinched negative curvature, such that

\partial {\rm M}

is convex and umbilical. Let

h_0

be the induced metric on

\partial {\rm M}

. Then any metric close enough to

h_0

is induced on

\partial {\rm M}

by an Einstein metric

g

with

\mathrm{ric}_g = -mg

on

\rm M

. A similar (but slightly weaker) result applies to Ricci-flat manifolds.

Soit

({\rm M, \partial M})

und

m+1

-variété compacte à bord, munie d'une métrique d'Einstein

g_0

, avec

\mathrm{ric}_{g_0} = -mg_0

et à courbure négative pincée, telle que

\partial {\rm M}

est convexe et ombilique. Soit

h_0

la métrique induite sur

\partial {\rm M}

. Alors toute métrique susamment proche de

h_0

est induite sur

\partial {\rm M}

par une métrique d'Einstein

g

avec

\mathrm{ric}_g= -mg

sur

\rm M

. Un résultat similaire (un peu plus faible) s'applique aux variétés Ricci-plates.
Limites d'espaces tangents à une surface normale
Authors: Snoussi J.
Published: August 2002

Nous étudions l'ensemble des hyperplans limites d'hyperplans tangents à un germe de surface normale. Nous caractérisons ces hyperplans par le fait que le nombre de Milnor de leur section avec la surface n'est pas minimum. Nous donnons ensuite une généralisation des résultats de [14] en termes de résolution simultanée faible de la famille des sections hyperplanes, ce qui nous permet de déterminer avec précision les tangentes exceptionnelles d'une surface normale. Grâce à ces résultats, nous démontrons que "les composantes de Tyurina" d'une désingularisation raisonnable se contractent sur des points fixes du système linéaire des courbes polaires. We study the set of limiting tangent hyperplanes of a normal surface germ. We characterize these hyperplanes by the non-minimality of the Milnor number of their section with the surface. Then we generalise the results of [14] in terms of weak simultaneous resolution of the family of hyperplane sections, and hence we precisely determine the exceptional tangents of a normal surface singularity. Applying these results, we prove that the "Tyurina components" of a reasonable desingularisation contract to fixed points of the linear system of polar curves.
On the first Laplacian eigenvalue and the center of gravity of compact hypersurfaces
Authors: Veeravalli Alain R.
Published: August 2002

For a closed hypersurface in a space form, this work provides some sharp upper bounds for its first positive Laplacian eigenvalue. These bounds are extrinsic as they rely on the mean curvatures and center(s) of gravity of the hypersurface.
Synovial Fluid Analysis in Cattle: A Review of 130 Cases
Authors: Rohde Carsten , Anderson David E. , Desrochers André , St‐Jean Guy , Hull Bruce L. , Rings D. Michael
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare synovial fluid characteristics of cattle with infectious and noninfectious arthritis.

Study Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animal or Sample Population—130 cattle.

Methods—Synovial fluid was analyzed for total nucleated cell count (NCC), absolute number and percentages of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear cells, total protein (TP) concentration, and specific gravity. Cattle were categorized as having infectious or noninfectious arthritis based on physical and lameness examinations, joint radiographs, and microbial culture results. Kruskal‐Wallis 1‐way analysis of variance was used to compare synovial fluid analysis data from different categories. Selection of cut‐off values for the calculation of likelihood ratios, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values was based on examination of the distribution of the data using histograms.

Results—Cattle with infectious arthritis had significantly higher numbers of total NNC, PMN cells, TP concentration, and specific gravity (P= .0001) and a significantly higher percentage of PMN cells compared with cattle with noninfectious arthritis (P= .0001). The percentage of mononuclear cells was significantly higher in cattle with noninfectious arthritis (P= .0001).

Conclusions—Synovial fluid analysis is useful for differentiation of infectious and noninfectious causes of joint disease in cattle.

Clinical Relevance—Cattle with a synovial fluid total NCC > 25,000 cells/μL, a PMN cell count > 20,000 cells/μL or more than 80% PMN cells, and TP > 4.5g/dL should be considered to have infectious arthritis.
Idiopathic Focal Eosinophilic Enteritis Associated With Small Intestinal Obstruction in 6 Horses
Authors: Southwood Louise L. , Kawcak Chris E. , Trotter Gayle W. , Stashak Ted S. , Frisbie David D.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To report the history, clinical findings, and outcome of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with acute small intestinal obstruction.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Six horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis.

Methods—Retrospective review of medical records of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis, with acute abdominal pain and small intestinal obstruction, associated with a focal region of eosinophilic enteritis of unknown cause. Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, physical examination, laboratory findings, surgical procedure, histologic diagnosis, and postoperative management. Outcome was determined by telephone communication with owners.

Results—Six horses met the selection criteria. Horses had persistent pain, distended small intestine, and nasogastric reflux. Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis lesions associated with a small intestinal obstruction were treated surgically by intestinal resection and anastomosis or wedge resection. There were no observed complications associated with extension of the disease from the lesion site. Five horses were alive at follow‐up 5 to 60 months after surgery.

Conclusions—Although the cause of these focal eosinophilic enteritis lesions is unknown, the long‐term outcome after lesion resection was favorable.

Clinical Relevance—Small intestinal obstruction associated with a focal eosinophilic enteritis lesion may be a cause of acute abdominal pain in horses. Horses apparently have a good prognosis after lesion resection.
Synthesis, Properties and Crystal Structure of Bis(tetra(n-butyl)ammonium) Bisnitrophthalocyaninatoruthenate(II)
Authors: SIEVERTSEN SVEND , WEIDEMANN MORTEN , HÜCKSTÄDT HEINER , HOMBORG HEINER
Published: August 2002

Tetra(n-butyl)ammonium nitrite reacts with ‘dichlorophthalocyaninatoruthenium(III) acid’ to yield bis(tetra(n-butyl)ammonium) bisnitrophthalocyaninatoruthenate(II). It crystallizes monoclinic with crystal data: a = 15.114(4) Å, b = 22.34(3) Å, c = 18.206 (11) Å, β = 90.88(5)°; space group P1 21/n 1, Z = 4, and its X-ray crystal structure has been determined. Ru is located in the centre of the slightly distorted phthalocyaninate dianion, and is coordinated to two nitrite ions through their nitrogen (N) atoms in a staggered trans-configuration. The average Ru - N p ( Np pyrrolic N atoms) and Ru -N distance is 1.978(6) and 2.068(5) Å, respectively. The electrochemical and spectroscopic properties (IR, resonance Raman, UV/vis) of the compound are in full agreement with its molecular structure.
A Study of the Microbial Degradation of Metal Phthalocyanine Textile Dyes by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Atomic Absorption
Authors: CONNEELY A. , SMYTH W. F. , MCMULLAN G.
Published: August 2002

The investigation of the degradation of two commercially available dyes (Remazol Turquoise Blue and Everzol Turquoise Blue) by the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium and comparison with that of a phthalocyanine whose structure is known (Heligon Blue) are presented. Atomic absorption showed a large release of copper from the biomass at day 7. Polarography served to speciate the copper present in the supernatant. Day 5 sees the complete disappearance of the main dye peak with the release of free copper into the supernatant. Day 7 sees a large increase in the free copper signal with two other electroactive species also present in the supernatant, all of which are seen to decrease at day 8. Visible spectroscopy shows that the main decolourization takes place between day 4 and day 6, with complete decolourization occurring at day 7. HPLC analysis again confirms the above results, with possible degradation products detected at 254 nm occurring at 3.621 and 4.170 min at day 7 which may well correlate with those found in polarographic analysis at –1050 and –1150 mV. Day 7 also sees a large increase in a peak at 2.744 min.
Influence of processing conditions and part design on the gas‐assisted injection molding process
Authors: Ong Nan‐Shing , Lee H. L. , Parvez M. A.
Published: August 2002

Gas‐assisted injection molding has been developed to solve the problems that the conventional injection molding process is not able to. It is believed that the new process is able to produce final parts with higher quality at a more effective cost. Warpage and sink marks are reduced and there is material‐savings to be reaped. This research aims to investigate some of the processing parameters that come with this new process. They include shot size, gas delay time, gas pressure, and melt temperature. The influence of part design is also looked into. Five designs were used in the research and compared. The responses evaluated include gas bubble length, residual wall thickness, bending strength, warpage, and fingering. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 270–280, 2001
Machine invention, innovation, and elementary steps*
Authors: Tadmor Zehev
Published: August 2002

The systematic scientific analysis of polymer processing machines leads to the definition of a small number of elementary steps, which in chemical engineering terminology are the “unit operations” of these machines that transcend individual machine configuration and reflect the common experience of the processed material in any type of machine. The elementary steps reveal the detailed specific physical mechanisms that take place in these machines. These mechanisms, in turn, are powerful tools for triggering machine innovation and invention. The proposed methodology consists of two steps: first via the scientific analysis the process is repeatedly decomposed into its constituent elements and then the elements are recombined or reconstructed in a systematic way into either innovative solutions or novel inventions. The methodology, is demonstrated by three case studies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 87–97, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.10018
Rheological behavior of polymer melts in monodimensional flow through low‐angle convergence and spiralling dies
Authors: Mascia L. , Schwarzbach T.
Published: August 2002

An experimental study was carried out to examine the rheological behavior of polymer melts in laminar flows through channels with small‐angle convergences (2–3°) and spiralling walls (6°/mm along the flow direction), using an extrusion grade of low‐density polyethylene. The results show that convergence is the main factor responsible for the observed deviations from steady state laminar shear flow, particularly with respect to additional pressure requirements to maintain a constant mass output. The swell ratio, calculated from the dimensions of the channel at the exit, was found to be considerably higher for flow‐through converging channels. Only a small increase in swell ratio could be attributed, on the other hand, to the rotational elements of the die configuration. It is inferred that even for small angles of convergence the increased level of swelling is associated with elongational stress components, which were grouped together and denoted as the “additional stress.” This was obtained from the difference between the calculated average shear stress at the wall, using the recorded pressure at the die entry, and the value of the average shear stress at the wall calculated from the shear viscosity data for the melt. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 20: 99–107, 2001
Whole‐pulmonary low‐dose radiation therapy in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with diffuse lung involvement
Authors: Weinschenker Patrícia , Kutner José M. , Salvajoli João V. , Hanriot Rodrigo M. , Ribeiro Andressa F. , Capelozzi Vera L. , Del Giglio Auro
Published: August 2002

Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia is a hematologic disorder accompanied by extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) affecting various organs. Lung involvement however is rare. We present the case of a 76‐year‐old woman with myelofibrosis, recurrent pleural effusions, pulmonary hypertension, and serious right cardiac failure. An open lung biopsy confirmed pulmonary EMH. She underwent low‐dose (200 cGy) whole‐lung radiotherapy in 4 fractions of 50 cGy each. Her clinical and hemodynamic parameters improved. We conclude that low‐dose whole‐lung radiation may be efficacious for the palliative treatment of pulmonary EMH. Am. J. Hematol. 69:277–280, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell fusion is not involved in the generation of giant cells in the Hodgkin‐Reed Sternberg cell line L1236
Authors: Re Daniel , Benenson Elena , Beyer Marc , Gresch Oliver , Draube Andreas , Diehl Volker , Wolf Jürgen
Published: August 2002

The mechanism of multinucleated cell formation in Hodgkin's disease has not yet been elucidated. We asked whether the giant multinucleated cells of the H‐RS cell line L1236 develop via fusion of the predominant smaller cells. As a positive control for the fusion assay, human B cells from the B‐cell lymphoma cell line BJA‐B were split into two fractions, stained with the fluorochromes CMTMR and CMFDA, respectively, and fused using the polyethylene glycol 1500 cell hybridization protocol. Double‐stained cells indicating fusion of BJA‐B cells were detectable for up to 5 days. In parallel, L1236 cells were split into two fractions, stained with the fluorochromes, and mixed. No double‐stained L1236 cells were detected. The same result was obtained when using FACS‐sorted small mononuclear L1236 cells. It is thus concluded that the large multinucleated cells of the monoclonal H‐RS cell line L1236 have emerged by endomitosis rather than by spontaneous cell fusion. Am. J. Hematol. 67:6–9, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associations with age at natural menopause in Blackfeet women
Authors: Johnston Susan L.
Published: August 2002

This study seeks to determine the age at natural menopause and factors that may predict that age for Blackfeet women living on the reservation in Montana. Data were obtained from a probability sample of 150 women. Rates of surgical menopause among women who had experienced menopause were similar to those found in NHANES I for U.S. women. Median age at natural menopause by the status quo method (51.2 years) was comparable to that determined for other populations. Within the group of women who already had experienced natural menopause, age at menopause was associated in bivariate models with age at menarche (b = −0.83 ± 0.44 years, P = 0.07), household income (b = 1.85 ± 0.71 years, P = 0.01), “ever use” of birth control (b = 4.52 ± 1.58 years, P = 0.008), “ever use” of oral contraceptives (b = 5.48 ± 1.91 years, P = 0.007), current or recent unemployment (b = 4.75 ± 1.97 years, P = 0.02), having been breastfed (b = −6.93 ± 2.67 years), and educational attainment (ANOVA by tertiles of menopause age, mean 10.0 ± 3.6 years of education for earliest, 13.0 ± 2.2 years for latest, P = 0.04). In multivariate models, “ever use” of oral contraceptives, household income, and age at menarche remained significant predictors of age at menopause (R2 = 0.33–0.35, P = 0.002–0.004), with household income modifying the effect of age at menarche (analysis of joint effects). The findings are discussed in the context of cohort experiences, examining implications for both early and later‐life influences on menopause age. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:512–520, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poisoning as a result of barium styphnate explosion*
Authors: Jacobs Ira A. , Taddeo Joseph , Kelly Kathleen , Valenziano Carl
Published: August 2002

Background

Acute barium poisoning is most often the result of accidental or suicidal ingestion of the rodenticide, barium carbonate. We describe a trauma patient whose condition was complicated by severe acute barium toxicity from an explosion of the propellant, barium styphnate. In addition to critical injuries, the patient manifested classic signs of barium toxicity including repeated profound hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, prolonged gastrointestinal dysfunction, paralysis, myoclonus, hypertension, and profound lactic acidosis.

Methods

The patient required lidocaine for ventricular bigeminy, massive infusions of potassium, prolonged ventilatory support, and parenteral nutrition to manage the effects of barium toxicity.

Results

He is the first reported case to demonstrate recurrent profound hypokalemia as an effect of blood transfusions.

Conclusions

Considering the paucity of information concerning management of this life‐threatening problem, the pathophysiology of barium toxicity, including the transfusion related hypokalemia, and its management is reviewed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:285–288, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Camurati‐Engelmann disease type II: Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia with striations of the bones
Authors: Nishimura Gen , Nishimura Hitoshi , Tanaka Yoko , Makita Yoshio , Ikegawa Shiro , Ghadami Mohsen , Kinoshita Akira , Niikawa Norio
Published: August 2002

We recently found mutations of the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) gene (TGFB1) in 9 families, in which progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati‐Engelmann disease) is segregating [Kinoshita et al., 2000: Nat Genetics 26:19–20]. During the study, we encountered two unrelated girls, aged 17 and 11 years, who had clinical manifestations of the disorder, such as marfanoid habitus, waddling gait, muscular weakness, intense leg pain, flexion contracture of the hip and knee joints, delayed sexual development, increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rates. Radiographic studies in the two girls demonstrated not only diaphyseal dysplasia (cortical thickening of the diaphyses) resembling that of progressive diaphyseal dysplasia but also metaphyseal expansion of the long bones, coarse and thick trabeculae of the long and short tubular bones, striations in the spinal, pelvic, and long bones, and cranial sclerosis restricted to the petromastoid regions. These radiographic changes were overall identical with those seen in hyperostosis generalisata with striations of the bones rather than those in progressive diaphyseal dysplasia. Polymerase chain reaction–direct sequencing of all exons and their flanking regions of TGFB1 did not detect any mutations. PCR‐single strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the TGF‐β type 1 receptor gene (TGFBR1) did not demonstrate any aberrant DNA fragments. We concluded from these findings that the two girls we described belong to a unique entity distinct from either of the two disorders. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacogenetics of lithium prophylaxis in mood disorders: Analysis of COMT, MAO‐A, and Gβ3 variants
Authors: Serretti Alessandro , Lorenzi Cristina , Lilli Roberta , Mandelli Laura , Pirovano Adele , Smeraldi Enrico
Published: August 2002

We studied the possible association between the prophylactic efficacy of lithium in mood disorders and the following gene variants: catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) G158A, monoamine oxydase A (MAO‐A) 30‐bp repeat, G‐protein β 3‐subunit (Gβ3) C825T. A total of 201 subjects affected by bipolar (n = 160) and major depressive (n = 41) disorder were followed prospectively for an average of 59.8 months and were typed for their gene variants using PCR techniques. COMT, MAO‐A, and Gβ3 variants were not associated with lithium outcome, even when possible stratification effects such as sex, polarity, age at onset, duration of lithium treatment, and previous episodes were included in the model. The pathways influenced by those variants are not therefore involved with long‐term lithium outcome in our sample. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study between cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and pathogenesis and psychotic symptoms of mood disorders*
Authors: Tsai Shih‐Jen , Wang Ying‐Chieh , Hong Chen‐Jee
Published: August 2002

Cannabis can induce mood change and sometimes psychotic symptoms in normal persons. In brain, the main active ingredient of cannabis acts via the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CNR1) which is located on chromosome 6q14‐15. Linkage studies have suggested the presence of a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q. In this population based association study, we tested the hypothesis that a microsatellite polymorphism in the promoter region of the CNR1 gene confers susceptibility to mood disorders and psychotic features. We genotyped the CNR1 gene is 154 mood disorder patients and 165 normal controls. The results showed that the triplet repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of the CNR1 gene was not likely to be involved in the pathogenesis or in the psychotic symptoms of mood disorders. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female dominance in captive gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Radespiel Ute , Zimmermann Elke
Published: August 2002

Female dominance or female feeding priority seem to be characteristic for many lemur species, but are rare traits in other primates and mammals in general. The nocturnal lemur species, however, are underrepresented in the quantitative studies on social dominance. The aim of this study is to investigate the pattern of intersexual dominance relationships in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), a species that is generally thought to possess a number of ancestral lemur traits. The context, distribution, and outcome of intersexual conflicts are analyzed in four captive groups of gray mouse lemurs. Intersexual conflicts occurred in the study groups in different behavioral contexts and were mostly spatial interactions (chasing/fleeing, approach/avoidance). The majority of conflicts were decided, and were in all but one case won by females. This is the first evidence suggesting unconditional female dominance in a cheirogaleid primate. The existence of female dominance in most families of the Lemuriformes suggests it is an ancient trait that evolved in their common ancestor. Am. J. Primatol. 54:181–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental variables and dominance rank in adolescent male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
Authors: Setchell Joanna M. , Dixson Alan F.
Published: August 2002

Previous research on semifree‐ranging mandrills has shown that the degree of secondary sexual development differs among adult males. While some males are social, brightly colored, and have large testes and high levels of plasma testosterone, other males are peripheral or solitary, and lack fully developed secondary sexual features. In order to determine how these differences among males arise, and to investigate the influence of social factors, we examined the adolescent development of 13 semifree‐ranging male mandrills of known age. Testicular volume began to increase markedly at 5.5 yr, and males began to develop secondary sexual adornments at the age of 6 yr. Males attained adult size and secondary sexual development at an average age of 9 yr. As males developed, they peripheralized, decreasing from 100% group‐associated at 5 yr to 20% at 8 yr. At 9 yr some males reentered the social group and attained alpha rank, while others remained peripheral or solitary. Within this average development, there was marked variation among males in the timing of development. Adolescent males that were dominant for their age had higher testosterone levels, larger testes, and more advanced secondary sexual development than subordinate males. The implications of these findings are discussed in the light of differences that occur among adult males, male–male competition, and the evolution of secondary sexual adornments in this species. Am. J. Primatol. 56:9–25, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does the milk of callitrichid monkeys differ from that of larger anthropoids?
Authors: Power Michael L. , Oftedal Olav T. , Tardif Suzette D.
Published: August 2002

The generalization that anthropoid primates produce dilute milks that are low in protein and energy is based primarily on data from large monkeys of the families Cebidae and Cercopithecidae, as well as humans. The marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) are not only much smaller in body size, but also typically raise multiple offspring during a relatively brief lactation. We hypothesized that selection for small body size and high reproductive rate might favor secretion of milk of higher energy and protein concentrations. To test this hypothesis, 46 milk samples collected from 10 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, ca. 350 g) were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat, and sugar; and gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents. We also assayed five samples collected from three golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, ca. 700 g) and six samples collected from a single pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea, ca. 150 g) over two lactation periods. All samples were collected between days 10 and 57 post partum, representing mid lactation for these species. The milks of these three species were similar, containing 14.0%, 16.1%, and 13.7% DM; 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.9% CP; 3.6%, 5.2%, and 3.7% fat; 7.4%, 7.2%, and 7.8% sugar; and 0.76, 0.90, and 0.82 kcal/g for common marmosets, golden lion tamarins, and the pygmy marmoset, respectively. These species produced milks with energy values that were within the range reported for large anthropoids, albeit with slightly higher protein concentration. However, milk composition did vary substantially among individual common marmoset females, especially in the proportion of milk energy derived from fat. In contrast, CP as expressed as a percent of GE was remarkably constant among common marmoset females. Callitrichid milk appeared to be similar to that of larger anthropoid primates in GE, but was higher in CP and in the proportion of GE from CP. However, the small sample sizes for the golden lion tamarin and the pygmy marmoset, and the wide variation in milk composition found among common marmoset females cautions against definitively characterizing the milks of callitrichids from these data. Am. J. Primatol. 56:117–127, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water‐soluble arsenic residues from several arsenolipids occurring in the tissues of the starspotted shark Musterus manazo
Authors: Hanaoka Ken'ichi , Tanaka Yuichi , Nagata Yukari , Yoshida Kenta , Kaise Toshikazu
Published: August 2002

Alkali‐labile and alkali‐stable arsenolipid fractions were prepared from 12 tissues of the starspotted shark Musterus manazo and analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled mass spectrometry. At least six arsenolipids were found in the shark. Two major alkali‐labile arsenolipids (a dimethylated arsenic‐containing lipid and an arsenocholine‐containing lipid) were shown in ordinary muscle, dark muscle, heart, bone, skin and stomach, whereas a single major arsenolipid, the dimethylated arsenic‐containing lipid, was shown in the intestine, liver, kidney, spleen and brain. Besides these lipids, four other minor alkali‐labile arsenolipids were present. On the other hand, as for the alkali‐stable arsenolipids, a dimethylated arsenic‐containing lipid and an arsenocholine‐containing lipid were also found in dark muscle, skin, stomach and intestine, whereas only dimethylated arsenic‐containing lipid was found in the liver. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of nano‐Al2O3 particles/polyester/epoxy resin ternary composites
Authors: Cao Y. M. , Sun J. , Yu D. H.
Published: August 2002

This article presents the results of an experimental study on the preparation and properties of new ternary composites composed of nano‐Al2O3 particles, polyester, and epoxy resin. The ternary composites were prepared by the addition of the nano‐Al2O3 particles in a binary matrix, with elevated viscosity, of the epoxy resin modified by the polyester. The nano‐Al2O3 particles were previously located and dispersed in the polyester phase. The study showed that the ternary system was a type of nanoscale dispersed composite with high strength and toughness as well as modulus, combined with excellent dielectric and heat‐resistance properties. All related properties of the composites were remarkably superior to those of both the binary matrix and the unmodified epoxy resin. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 70–77, 2002