bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Titelbild: Dicationic Sulfur Analogues of N‐Heterocyclic Silylenes and Phosphenium Cations (Angew. Chem. 12/2009)
Authors: Martin Caleb D. , Jennings Michael C. , Ferguson Michael J. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: March 2009

Hochreaktive elektrophile Verbindungen mit mehrfach positiv geladenen Hauptgruppenelementen im Zentrum sind generell schwierig zu isolieren. In der Zuschrift auf S. 2244 ff. beschreiben P. J. Ragogna et al. die Synthese und Charakterisierung von Salzen mit Schwefel(II)‐Dikationen, die durch zwei chelatisierende Stickstoffatome stabilisiert sind. Bei ihnen handelt es sich um die ersten schwefelbasierten Analoga N‐heterocyclischer Silylene, und es sind die jüngsten Beispiele von Verbindungen zweiwertiger p‐Block‐Elemente. Bildentwurf: Mitch Zimmer.

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Innentitelbild: Bifunctional Dendrimers: From Robust Synthesis and Accelerated One‐Pot Postfunctionalization Strategy to Potential Applications (Angew. Chem. 12/2009)
Authors: Antoni Per , Hed Yvonne , Nordberg Axel , Nyström Daniel , von Holst Hans , Hult Anders , Malkoch Michael
Published: March 2009

Die Chemoselektivität der Klick‐Chemie wurde für die Synthese einer neuen Gruppe difunktioneller AB2C‐Dendrimere mit Acetylen/Azidgruppen im Innern und Hydroxygruppen an der Peripherie genutzt. M. Malkoch et al. stellen in der Zuschrift auf S. 2160 ff. einen einfachen Zugang zu zwei Gerüsttypen vor. Die Nützlichkeit der AB2C‐Dendrimere wurde durch ihren Einsatz zur nachträglichen Eintopffunktionalisierung, bei der Entwicklung dendritischer Nanopartikel und zur Bildung von Hydrogelen illustriert.

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Telomerization: Advances and Applications of a Versatile Reaction
Authors: Behr Arno , Becker Marc , Beckmann Thomas , Johnen Leif , Leschinski Julia , Reyer Sebastian
Published: March 2009

A chameleonic reaction: The transition‐metal‐catalyzed telomerization of 1,3‐dienes with different nucleophiles leads to the synthesis of numerous products which can be applied in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry as well as in polymers and flavors. This Review shows the versatility of the telomerization based on recent research and industrial applications.

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The transition‐metal catalyzed telomerization of 1,3‐dienes with different nucleophiles leads to the synthesis of numerous products, such as sugar ethers, substituted lactones, or terpene derivatives, which can be applied in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry as well as in polymers and flavors. The reaction can be controlled by the choice of the catalytic system, the feedstock, and the reaction conditions. Since telomerization was developed in 1967, there have been many efforts to utilize this reaction. Herein we give an overview of the versatility of telomerization based on examples from research and industry, particular emphasis is placed on catalyst and process development as well as mechanistic aspects.
Catalysis in the Total Synthesis of Bryostatin 16
Authors: Miller Aubry K.
Published: March 2009

Adding up: A recent total synthesis of bryostatin 16 is highlighted by two transition‐metal‐catalyzed addition reactions. The first forges the B ring while establishing its relative stereochemistry. The second closes the macrocycle with a rare isomerization. These reactions neither require substrate activation nor do they generate byproducts. The powerful macrocyclization should be considered alongside more traditional methods.

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Unprecedented Selectivity via Electronic Substrate Recognition in the 1,4‐Addition to Cyclic Olefins Using a Chiral Disulfoxide Rhodium Catalyst
Authors: Bürgi Justus J. , Mariz Ronaldo , Gatti Michele , Drinkel Emma , Luan Xinjun , Blumentritt Sascha , Linden Anthony , Dorta Reto
Published: March 2009

From zero to hero? Sulfoxides are generally not considered useful ligand entities in asymmetric metal catalysis. However, a chiral disulfoxide as a chelating ligand in the rhodium‐catalyzed 1,4‐addition of aryl boronic acids to cyclic, α,β‐unsaturated ketones and esters gives impressive catalytic results, thus opening the door to future applications of this new chiral ligand class.

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Cover Picture: Dicationic Sulfur Analogues of N‐Heterocyclic Silylenes and Phosphenium Cations (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 12/2009)
Authors: Martin Caleb D. , Jennings Michael C. , Ferguson Michael J. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: March 2009

Highly reactive electrophilic compounds centered around multicationic main‐group elements are notoriously difficult to isolate. In the Communication on page 2210 ff., P. J. Ragogna and co‐workers describe the synthesis and characterization of salts of sulfur(II) dications stabilized by two chelating nitrogen atoms. These species are the first sulfur‐based analogues of N‐heterocyclic silylene compounds and are the most recent addition to the family of compounds featuring divalent p‐block elements. Mitch Zimmer is acknowledged for the cover design.

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Thermal properties of hexadecane encapsulated in poly(divinylbenzene) particles
Authors: Chaiyasat Preeyaporn , Suzuki Toyoko , Minami Hideto , Okubo Masayoshi
Published: March 2009

The thermal properties ofn‐hexadecane (HD) encapsulated in crosslinked capsule particles containing a water and/or air domain were studied from the viewpoint of heat‐storage applications. The capsule particles were prepared by the microsuspension polymerization of divinylbenzene at 70°C with the self‐assembling of phase‐separated polymer method that we developed. In the differential scanning calorimetric thermograms, pure HD had a single solidification temperature (Ts) peak at 15°C, whereas the encapsulated HD containing a water domain had two peaks at 6 and 1°C. That is, the encapsulated HD containing the water domain required a longer time and lower temperature to complete the solidification than pure HD, which was negative for heat‐storage applications. However, once the particles were dried and the water domain was replaced with air, the problem with the partially loweredTsimproved. The air domain was also found in the encapsulated HD core after solidification because of the shrinkage of HD. The presence of the air domain did not affect the thermal stability of the encapsulated HD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Bioactive peptides, networks and systems biology
Authors: Boonen Kurt , Creemers John W. , Schoofs Liliane
Published: March 2009

Bioactive peptides are a group of diverse intercellular signalling molecules. Almost half a century of research on this topic has resulted in an enormous amount of data. In this essay, a general perspective to interpret all these data will be given. In classical endocrinology, neuropeptides were thought of as simple signalling molecules that each elicit one response. However, the fact that the total bioactive peptide signal is far from simple puts this view under pressure. Cells and tissues express many different bioactive peptides and they are also able to respond to many different bioactive peptides, indicating that multiple receptors and signal transduction pathways are present in a single cell. Therefore, the authors suggest that the bioactive peptide signalling system should be regarded in the context of network and systems biology. Bioactive peptides can best be viewed as an extension of the protein interaction network that allows regulating and fine‐tuning the metabolism of the different cells and tissues in the body. The cell thus responds to the ‘peptidome’ instead of to a single peptide. The intracellular part of this signalling network consists of the various signalling transduction cascades. Recently, new systems biology approaches have emerged for the modelling of cell signalling. The network and systems biology approach is also able to shed new light on the evolution of intercellular signalling.
Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model
Authors: Trut Lyudmila , Oskina Irina , Kharlamova Anastasiya
Published: March 2009

We review the evolution of domestic animals, emphasizing the effect of the earliest steps of domestication on its course. Using the first domesticated species, the dog (Canis familiaris), for illustration, we describe the evolutionary peculiarities during the historical domestication, such as the high level and wide range of diversity. We suggest that the process of earliest domestication via unconscious and later conscious selection of human‐defined behavioral traits may accelerate phenotypic variations. The review is based on the results of a long‐term experiment designed to reproduce early mammalian domestication in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) selected for tameability or amenability to domestication. We describe changes in behavior, morphology and physiology that appeared in the fox during its selection for tameability, which were similar to those observed in the domestic dog. Based on the data of the fox experiment and survey of relevant data, we discuss the developmental, genetic and possible molecular genetic mechanisms underlying these changes. We ascribe the causative role in evolutionary transformation of domestic animals to the selection for behavior and to the neurospecific regulatory genes it affects.
Human embryonic stem cells: caught between a ROCK inhibitor and a hard place
Authors: Krawetz Roman J. , Li Xiangyun , Rancourt Derrick E.
Published: March 2009

Since their derivation, human embryonic stem (hES) cells have been used for a variety of applications including developmental biology, pathology, chemical biology, genomics, and proteomics. However, their most important potential application is the generation of cells and tissues, which can be used for cell‐based therapies. One of the main drawbacks of hES cell culture is that they are particularly sensitive to dissociation, which is required for passaging, expansion, cryopreservation, and other applications. Recently, it has been discovered that an inhibitor of Rho kinase (ROCKi; Y‐27632) increases the survival rate of dissociated, single hES cells. This breakthrough has allowed new methods in hES cell culture to be developed, with the promise of increasing hES cell numbers into the realm of clinical relevance. In our studies demonstrating that ROCKi dramatically increases hES cell cryopreservation efficiency, we have observed that ROCKi treatment does not decrease hES cell's susceptibility to apoptosis. Rather, we hypothesize that ROCKi treatment desensitizes single hES cells to their environment reducing the odds that individual cells will undergo anoikis.
The rapidly expanding CREC protein family: members, localization, function, and role in disease
Authors: Honoré Bent
Published: March 2009

Although many aspects of the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown, recent advances in our knowledge suggest that the CREC proteins are promising disease biomarkers or targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of diseases. The CREC family of low affinity, Ca2+‐binding, multiple EF‐hand proteins are encoded by five genes,RCN1,RCN2,RCN3,SDF4, andCALU, resulting in reticulocalbin, ER Ca2+‐binding protein of 55 kDa (ERC‐55), reticulocalbin‐3, Ca2+‐binding protein of 45 kDa (Cab45), and calumenin. Alternative splicing increases the number of gene products. The proteins are localized in the cytosol, in various parts of the secretory pathway, secreted to the extracellular space or localized on the cell surface. The emerging functions appear to be highly diverse. The proteins interact with several different ligands. Rather well‐described functions are attached to calumenin with the inhibition of several proteins in the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, the vitamin K12,3‐epoxide reductase, the γ‐carboxylase, the ryanodine receptor, and the Ca2+‐transporting ATPase. Other functions concern participation in the secretory process, chaperone activity, signal transduction as well as participation in a large variety of disease processes.
Erythropoietin and the skin: a role for epidermal oxygen sensing?
Authors: Paus Ralf , Bodó Enikő , Kromminga Arno , Jelkmann Wolfgang
Published: March 2009

Erythropoietin (EPO), long appreciated as the chief endocrine regulator of red blood cell formation, is now recognized to exert many additional functions outside the bone marrow. Thus, the quest is on to define the full range of EPO functions in the physiology and pathology of non‐hematopoietic tissues. Two recent studies in man and mice have highlighted the importance of the mammalian skin as one peripheral tissue with a previously unsuspected role in EPO biology; both, as a target and as a source of EPO. In addition, the skin has been proposed to function as an oxygen sensor. The present hypothesis essay critically reviews the currently available evidence for this and provides a unifying theoretical scenario for intracutaneous EPO functions and for a potential role of the skin in the control of EPO production. Mainly, we propose that the skin itself directly contributes to the up‐regulation of EPO plasma levels in response to hypoxia.
The evolution of the study of anatomy in Japan
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios , Kato David , Ardalan Mohammad R. , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Gadol Aaron A. Cohen
Published: March 2009

The following review focuses on how the study of anatomy in Japan has evolved throughout the centuries; specifically, we investigate anatomical knowledge during the primitive, ancient, feudal, and early modern periods of Japanese history. Early vague and mythical anatomical concepts derived from China prevailed for many centuries in Japan. Kajiwara wrote one of the earliest anatomical works in 1302. As a science, anatomy was the first basic science to be established in Japan, beginning simplistically during the 1600s and flourishing more recently with the onset of Meiji Restoration. As a result, Japan has produced several of the most influential anatomists of the 20th century, including Buntaro Adachi, who added detail to our knowledge of the vascular system and its variations; and Sunao Tawara, who discovered the atrioventricular node. Herein, we discuss the ways in which Japan has added to and promoted the anatomical sciences. Clin. Anat. 22:425–435, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The correlation between femoral condyle radii and subject height
Authors: Malek I.A. , Moorehead J.D. , Abiddin Z. , Montgomery S.C.
Published: March 2009

In the sagittal plane, the distal femoral condyles can be modeled using anterior and posterior circle segments. The aim of this study was to investigate how the radii of these segments vary with subject height. The MRI scans of 20 male and 20 female knees were analyzed with a computer to extract the radii of each condyle segment. These radii were then correlated with the patient's height. The anteromedial radii ranged from 22.6 to 32.6 mm. The posteromedial radii ranged from 15.4 to 26.3 mm. The anterolateral radii ranged from 19.7 to 30.4 mm. The posterolateral radii ranged from 15.2 to 23.6 mm. The radii had a strong correlation with patient height, with some differences between sexes. Linear regressions of the data yielded equations for estimating condyle radii from height. These radii estimations can be helpful in the clinical assessment of knee movement and treatment outcome. Clin. Anat. 22:517–522, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A web‐based tool for teaching neural network concepts
Authors: Ugur Aybars , Kinaci Ahmet Cumhur
Published: March 2009

Although neural networks (NN) are important especially for engineers, scientists, mathematicians and statisticians, they may also be hard to understand. In this article, application areas of NN are discussed, basic NN components are described and it is explained how an NN work. A web‐based simulation and visualization tool (EasyLearnNN) is developed using Java and Java 2D for teaching NN concepts. Perceptron, ADALINE, Multilayer Perceptron, LVQ and SOM models and related training algorithms are implemented. As a result, comparison with other teaching methods of NN concepts is presented and discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 449–457, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com; DOI 10.1002/cae.20184
A novel web‐based laboratory for DC motor experiments
Authors: Colak Ilhami , Demirbas Sevki , Sagiroglu Seref , Irmak Erdal
Published: March 2009

This article introduces a novel web‐based DC motor laboratory, called NeTRe‐LAB, to support teaching electrical machines. The NeTRe‐LAB includes favorable animations to facilitate understanding characteristics of the DC motor, interactive DC motor models for instructive simulations, and web‐based experiments with online monitoring features. To illustrate the current operations, remote access to an experimental setup of a DC motor has been provided and the speed control of it has been realized over Internet. The evaluation results have shown that the NeTRe‐LAB presented in this study provides encouraging aspects, services, and support system for higher education. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 125–135, 2011
A new developed educational approach to improve conventional teaching methodology of the power electronics laboratory
Authors: Yamin H. Y. , Altawil I. A. , Al‐Ajlouni A. F. , Al‐Fahoum A. S.
Published: March 2009

This paper proposes a new computerized educational approach to teach the power electronics laboratory. It describes PSpice implementation of the core power electronic circuits that depend on thyristor circuits to identify behaviors with load variations. It uses the developed simulation models to support and enhance power electronics education at the undergraduate level. These simulations successfully integrate the contents of the power electronic laboratory course. A study of the impact of these simulations on the results of the students showed that it helped them to master the course contents and to gain better grades. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 193–200, 2011
Multi‐sensory method for teaching‐learning recursion
Authors: Katai Zoltan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we are going to introduce a new multi‐sensory method and software, which improve the teaching‐learning process of the recursive procedures and functions. The presented method can also be categorized as a blending or hybrid teaching‐learning strategy that applies to technologically enhanced pedagogy. (The software was initially designed to be utilized especially in the teaching phase of the educational process, but it can also be efficiently used as an e‐learning tool.) © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 234–243, 2011
Using a pattern system to increase project complexity in groupware courses
Authors: Licea Guillermo
Published: March 2009

COCHI is a flexible and easy to use software pattern system that supports the development of groupware applications. This paper describes COCHI and the experiences using this pattern system to enhance project complexity in undergraduate and graduate groupware courses in three Mexican universities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 280–285, 2011
A modular virtual reality system for engineering laboratory education
Authors: Hashemipour Majid , Manesh Hamed Farahani , Bal Mert
Published: March 2009

The globalization trend has affected the tertiary education sector, resulting in an increased flow of both students and academics across borders. Economic pressures on universities and the emergence of new technologies have spurred the creation of new systems in engineering education. The recent advances in computer graphics have exposed great potential in education at all levels. The Virtual Reality (VR) is a promising technology which aims to assist the students in the visualization of concepts and to provide immediate graphical feedback during the learning process. This article presents a modular interactive teaching package, called Virtual Learning System (VLS), which can be used by people with little prior computer experience. VLS provides a comprehensive and conductive yet dynamic and interactive environment that can be incorporated into various courses in the field of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. The evaluation of the learning process with the developed system has been done through laboratory reports, lab quizzes and questionnaires implemented with a tutorial monitoring application. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 305–314, 2011
Structure Formation Principles and Reactivity of Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Gessner Viktoria H. , Däschlein Christian , Strohmann Carsten
Published: March 2009

Organolithium chemistry! An overview of the structure formation principles and the strong structure–reactivity relationship of lithium organics is given. By means of the commonly used lithium bases the deaggregation of the oligomeric parent structures to small adducts is presented (see examples) and compared to the related chemistry of lithiosilanes.

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The structure–reactivity relationship is an important feature of organolithium compounds. The knowledge of the structure of reactive species is crucial for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms and the understanding of observed selectivities. This concept article gives an overview over the structural principles of lithium organics and their Lewis base coordinated complexes in the solid state. The transition from the oligomeric parent structures to smaller adducts, such as dimers and monomers, as well as special degrees of aggregation is presented. Besides the commonly used alkyllithium compounds, a short overview over the structural principles of the higher homologous silyllithium compounds is given. Moreover, the structure–reactivity relationship is depicted by means of the reactivity of the Lewis bases towards intramolecular decomposition reactions with the organolithium compound. Selected examples confirm the importance of structure elucidation for the understanding of mechanistic pathways and selectivities.
Nickel(II) Complexes Bearing NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 and o‐C6H4(NH2)2 Ligands: Synthesis, Structures and Their Ethylene Polymerization Behavior
Authors: LU Xiaoming , WANG Zhen , LIU Man
Published: March 2009

Two nickel complexes [Ni(NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2)3]Cl2 (1) and [Ni(C6H4N2H4)2Cl2] (2) have been obtained and characterized by IR and single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In complex 1, the nickel atom was in a chiral pseudo‐octahedral [NiN6] geometry environment, which was coordinated by three 1,3‐propylenediamine to form three six‐membered rings. However in complex 2, besides connected with two o‐phenylenediamine through four Ni–N bonds to form two five‐membered rings, the nickel center was coordinated by two Cl to form trans‐Ni‐Cl2, which was different from general reported diimine nickel complexes. Activated with MAO, MMAO or Et2AlCl, these nickel complexes exhibited considerable good catalytic activity [up to 3.59×106 g·mol−1·h−1 for complex 2] for ethylene polymerization with main products as dimers or trimers of ethylene.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole in a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid and Its Properties
Authors: ZHANG Aijian , LIU Yingzi , WANG Huan , ZHANG Guirong , ZHANG Kai , LU Jiaxing
Published: March 2009

Polypyrrole (PPy) films were electropolymerized on Pt and indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) electrodes in a room temperature ionic liquid, 1‐buthyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF6). The ionic liquid was used as both the growth medium and the supporting electrolyte. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that the growth of polymer, prepared in ionic liquid was not similar to that prepared in traditional organic media. The polymer was further characterized via AC impedance, in situ UV‐Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both Raman and FTIR spectroscopy results show the characteristic peak of PPy. SEM shows the morphology differences between the both sides of the polymer. The electrocatalytic effect of the PPy modified electrode was investigated in hydroquinone solution and the result exhibited electrocatalytic properties for hydroquinone by the PPy modified electrode.
Two Novel 3D Hydrogen‐bonded Architectures Constructed from Maleic Acid and N‐donor Ligands: Structures, Magnetic Properties and Theoretical Studies
Authors: TANG Long , FU Feng , WANG Wenliang , LI Dongsheng , WU Yapan , GAO Xiaoming , YANG Xiaogang
Published: March 2009

By changing auxiliary ligands, two new Cu(II) complexes, [Cu(mal)(tap)(H2O)]n (1) and [Cu2(mal)2(bpym)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (2) (mal=maleate, tap=1,4,5,8‐tetraazaphenanthrene, bpym=2,2′‐bipyrimidine), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. Complex 1 shows a 1D arch‐shaped coordination polymer chain, further, the dimensionality is extended to a 3D supramolecular architecture through hydrogen‐bonding and aromatic π‐π stacking interactions. Complex 2 features a 2‐fold interpenetrated 3D→3D supramolecular architecture with 6‐connected α‐Po (46) topology. According to the crystal structures, the full geometry optimizations of complexes 1 and 2 were carried out by using hybrid DFT methods at B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. Meantime, the DFT‐BS approach was applied to study the magnetic coupling behavior for the two complexes, and the result reveals that the calculated exchange coupling constants J were in good agreement with the experimental data. Both 1 and 2 showed almost the same antiferromagnetic behavior.
A High Performance Theory for Thermodynamic Study on the Binding of Human Serum Albumin with Erbium Chloride
Authors: BEHBEHANI G. Rezaei , DIVSALAR A. , SABOURY A. A. , FARIDBOD F. , GANJALI M. R.
Published: March 2009

A thermodynamic study of the interaction between erbium(III) chloride (Er3+) and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied at pH=7.0, 27 and 37 °C in phosphate buffer by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The present study reports the thermodynamic parameters that govern HSA‐Er3+ interactions. The extended solvation theory was used to reproduce the enthalpies of HSA‐Er3+ interactions over the whole range of Er3+ concentrations. The binding parameters recovered from the new model were attributed to the structural change of HSA and its biological activity. The results obtained indicate that there is a set of two identical binding sites for Er3+ ions with negative cooperativity. The enhancement of complex formation by Er3+ and concomitant increase in ?S suggest that the metal ion plays a role in increasing the number of hydrophobic contacts. The binding parameters discovered from the extended solvation model indicate that the stability of HSA molecule is increased as a result of its interaction with Er3+ ions.
Synthesis of Cd(OH)2 with Doughnut Microstructure and Its Controlled Growth Mechanism
Authors: PENG Yin , LIU Zhengyin , YE Feng , WEI Xianwen
Published: March 2009

Doughnut‐like Cd(OH)2 microstructure was obtained by a facile solution‐based method using polymer polyacrylamide (PAM) as a crystal growth modifier. Hexagonal flake‐like Cd(OH)2 is the building‐block to assemble doughnut‐like microstructures. The block concaves from one side when PAM is present in the synthesis system. However, nano‐size Cd(OH)2 doughnuts with a hole in the middle part were formed if carboxyl‐functionalized polyacrylamide (PAM‐COOH) was used as a crystal growth modifier. A possible mechanism for the Cd(OH)2 microstructure formation based on typical oriented attachment process in the presence of polymer was discussed. Polymer‐directed crystal growth and mediated self‐assembly of nanocrystals may promise synthesis routes for variously ordered inorganic and inorganic‐organic hybrid materials with complex forms and special structures.
Studies on Triterpenoids and Flavones in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. by HPLC‐ESI‐MSn and FT‐ICR‐MSn
Authors: MENG Xiangyu , LI Huilin , SONG Fengrui , LIU Chunming , LIU Zhiqiang , LIU Shuying
Published: March 2009

Seven compounds, four flavones and three triterpenoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. extract are identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization multi‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MSn). The fragmentation pathways of these compounds are investigated by ESI‐MSn and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple‐stage tandem mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MSn). Comparing the retention times (tR) and mass spectra with those of reference compounds, seven components are identified in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and their MSn data proposed plausible schemes for their fragmentation. All the experimental results show that ESI‐MSn and FT‐ICR‐MSn are powerful tools for the structural characterization of triterpenoids and flavones.
Interaction between Xanthoxylin and Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: WEN Maogui , TIAN Jianniao , HUANG Yonglin , BIAN Hedong , CHEN Zhengfeng , LIANG Hong
Published: March 2009

The interaction between xanthoxylin (XT) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) under simulative physiological conditions has been analyzed in detail by various spectroscopic techniques including fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. Fluorescence quenching data revealed that the quenching constants (K) were 3.31×105, 2.03×105 and 0.94×105 L·mol−1 at 286, 298 and 310 K, respectively. Based on the fluorescence results, the fluorescence quenching mechanism of the interaction between XT and BSA has been found to be combined static and dynamic quenching. Thermodynamic parameters ΔH0, ΔS0 and ΔG0 suggested that the hydrophobic force played a main role in binding of XT to BSA. The effect of XT on the conformation of BSA was analyzed by FT‐IR spectroscopy and quantitatively calculated from CD spectroscopy with reduction of α‐helical content by about 3.9%. In addition, the effect of common ions on the binding constant was also discussed.
A Highly Efficient and Environmentally Friendly CMC‐Supported Lanthanide Catalyst for One‐pot Synthesis of Substituted Imidazoles
Authors: WANG Limin , YAO Yinfang , WANG Yonghong , ZOU Gang
Published: March 2009

A CMC‐supported lanthanide catalyst was prepared from CMC and isopropoxy lanthanide. This solid Lewis acid catalyst was used in synthesis of substituted imidazoles under mild conditions, showing catalytic activity comparable to the expensive lanthanide Lewis acid Ln(OTf)3. Furthermore, the catalyst could be readily recycled and reused for five times without any appreciable loss in catalytic activity.
Polystyrene‐supported Palladium(II) Ethylenediamine Complex: A Recyclable Catalyst for the Syntheses of 2‐Benzyl‐imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]benzothiazoles by Sonogashira Reaction
Authors: BAKHERAD Mohammad , BAHRAMIAN Bahram , NASR‐ISFAHANI Hossein , KEIVANLOO Ali , SANG Golnaz
Published: March 2009

The polymer‐supported palladium(II) ethylenediamine complex was used as a catalyst for the heterocyclization during Sonogashira reaction between a substituted phenyl iodide and 2‐amino‐3‐(2‐propynyl)‐1,3‐benzothiazolium bromide, which could readily be recovered from the reaction medium by a simple filtration, and reused without a significant loss in its activity.
Two Metabolites with DNA‐Binding Affinity from the Mangrove Fungus Xylariasp. (#2508) from the South China Sea Coast
Authors: XU Fang , PANG Jiyan , LU Bingtai , WANG Jiajun , ZHANG Yi , SHE Zhigang , VRIJMOED L. L. P. , GARETH JONES E. B. , LIN Yongcheng
Published: March 2009

A novel metabolite xylopyridine A (1), together with a known compound pyrocoll (2), was isolated from mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. (#2508) collected from the South China Sea coast. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, especially 2D‐NMR. Their affinities toward calf thymus (CT) DNA were studied by fluorescence quenching and spectrophotometric titration experiments. The results indicate that 1 showes strong DNA‐binding affinity presumably via an intercalation mechanism, thus it is exploitable as strong DNA‐binders.
Tin(II) Chloride Dihydrate Catalyzed Groebke Condensation: An Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of 3‐Aminoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines
Authors: SHAABANI Ahmad , SOLEIMANI Ebrahim , SARVARY Afshin , REZAYAN Ali Hossein , MALEKI Ali
Published: March 2009

The ability of tin(II) chloride dihydrate as a catalyst to promote the three‐component condensation reaction from a diversity of aromatic aldehydes, 2‐aminopyridines and isonitriles at room temperature is described. This methodology affords a number of 3‐aminoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines in the presence of tin(II) chloride dihydrate as a new and mild Lewis acid catalyst in the multi‐component reaction in reasonable yields and short reaction time without any significant optimization of the reaction conditions.
Hydrolysis of p‐Nitrophenyl Picolinate Catalyzed by Mono‐Schiff Base Complexes with Aza‐crown Ether or Morpholino Pendants
Authors: LI Jianzhang , JIANG Weidong , FENG Famei , XU Bin , HU Wei , ZHANG Jin , QIN Shengying
Published: March 2009

Mono‐Schiff base cobalt(II) and manganese(III) complexes with either benzo‐10‐aza‐crown ether pendants (CoL21, MnL21Cl) or morpholino pendants (CoL22, MnL22Cl) have been employed as models for hydrolase enzymes by studying the kinetics of their hydrolysis reactions with p‐nitrophenyl picolinate (PNPP). The kinetic mathematical model of PNPP cleavage catalyzed by these complexes was proposed. The effects of complex structures and reaction temperature on the rate of catalytic PNPP hydrolysis have been also examined. The results showed that the rate increases with pH of the buffer solution and four complexes exhibited high activity in the catalytic PNPP hydrolysis. Compared with the crown‐free analogy CoL22 and MnL22Cl, the crowned Schiff base complexes (CoL21, MnL21Cl) exhibit higher catalytic activity. The pseudo‐first‐order‐rate (kobs) for the PNPP hydrolysis catalyzed by the complex MnL21Cl containing benzo‐10‐aza‐crown ether is 923‐fold higher than that of spontaneous hydrolysis of PNPP at pH=7.00, 25 °C, [S] =2.0×10−4 mol·dm−3.
Palladium‐catalyzed Substitution of Ketone or Aldehyde Bearing Aryl Triflates by Amines or Amides
Authors: TAO Xiaochun , DAI Chunya , CAO Xiongjie , CAI Lisheng , PIKE Victor W.
Published: March 2009

Various aryl triflates, bearing ketone or aldehyde groups, were evaluated for palladium‐mediated introduction of an amino group at the triflate position in the presence of various phosphine ligands. BINAP was best for secondary amines, MOP‐type ligand for primary or small secondary amines and Xantphos for primary or cyclic secondary amides. No ligand was found effective for acyclic secondary amides.
Asymmetric Alkynylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Bifunctional Zinc(salen) Complex
Authors: SHEN Chun , CHEN Lei , TANG Jie , XU Minghua
Published: March 2009

The asymmetric alkynylation of aldehydes catalyzed by bifunctional Zn(salen) catalyst was realized. With a Kozlowski salen ligand (7e) bearing secondary basic 1‐piperidinylmethyl groups at C‐3 and C‐3′, the enhanced catalytic reactivity and stereoselectivity in comparison with that of normal salen ligands in the alkynylzinc addition to aldehydes were observed.
Controlled Grafting of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Brushes on Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Powders by Surface‐initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: TANG Zhaoqi , LI Wei , LIU Lanqin , HUANG Lei , ZHOU Jin , YU Haiyin
Published: March 2009

Controlled grafting of well‐defined polymer brushes of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) powders was carried out by the surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The ATRP initiator was anchored on the PVDF surface by alkaline treatment, followed by UV‐induced bromination; then methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted onto the brominated PVDF by the ATRP technique. The chemical composition changes of PVDF were characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FT‐IR and XPS results clearly indicated the successful graft of poly(methyl methacrylate) onto the PVDF surface.
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Poly(arylene imino)s
Authors: ZhANG Lin , CHANG Guanjun
Published: March 2009

A series of poly(arylene imino)s (PAI) with high molecular weights and small polydispersity indices have been synthesized by the condensation polymerization of different diiodobenzenes with aromatic primary diiminos via two different methods. Their structures were characterized by means of FT‐IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. DSC and TG measurements show that the polymers possess high glass transition temperatures (Tg>150 °C) and good thermal stability with high decomposition temperatures (TD>400 °C). These novel polymers also exhibit good solubility in organic solvents.
Initial report of the cancer Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sexual function committee
Authors: Jeffery Diana D. , Tzeng Janice P. , Keefe Francis J. , Porter Laura S. , Hahn Elizabeth A. , Flynn Kathryn E. , Reeve Bryce B. , Weinfurt Kevin P.
Published: March 2009

For this report, the authors described the initial activities of the Cancer Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)‐Sexual Function domain group, which is part of the National Institutes of Health Roadmap Initiative to develop brief questionnaires or individually tailored assessments of quality‐of‐life domains. Presented are a literature review of sexual function measures used in cancer populations and descriptions of the domains found in those measures. By using a consensus‐driven approach, an electronic bibliographic search was conducted for articles that were published from 1991 to 2007, and 486 articles were identified for in‐depth review. In total, 257 articles reported the administration of a psychometrically evaluated sexual function measure to individuals who were diagnosed with cancer. Apart from the University of California‐Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index, the International Index of Erectile Function, and the Female Sexual Function Index, the 31 identified measures have not been tested widely in cancer populations. Most measures were multidimensional and included domains related to the sexual response cycle and to general sexual satisfaction. The current review supports the need for a flexible, psychometrically robust measure of sexual function for use in oncology settings and strongly justifies the development of the PROMIS‐Sexual Function instrument. When the PROMIS‐Sexual Function instrument is available publicly, cancer clinicians and researchers will have another measure with which to assess patient‐reported sexual function outcomes in addition to the few legacy measures that were identified through this review. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Identification and localization of functional subdivisions in the visual cortex of the adult mouse
Authors: van Brussel Leen , Gerits Annelies , Arckens Lutgarde
Published: March 2009

We investigated the anatomical characteristics of the mouse visual system through in situ hybridization for the neuronal activity marker zif268. Our main goal was to delineate the full extent of the cortical region processing visual information and additionally to identify the monocularly and binocularly driven subregions therein. We therefore analyzed the neocortex of monocularly and binocularly enucleated mice versus visually stimulated control mice. These visual manipulations revealed eye‐specific parcellations at the neocortical level. In binocularly enucleated mice we detected an unambiguous lateral border between visually driven and nonvisual cortex based on the clear deprivation‐induced reduction in zif268 expression in the first. However, medially a transition zone of intermediate intensity was found between primarily visual, that is V1 and multimodal retrosplenial cortex. Also in monocularly enucleated mice, the visual cortex contralateral to the deprived eye clearly displayed distinct regions of lower signal than the ipsilateral cortex. Yet interspersed between these regions of basal activity we could clearly identify a zone of high activity spanning the V1‐V2L border. A second zone of higher activity was noticeable near the medial border of visual cortex. Comparison with binocularly enucleated mice indicates the presence of both binocular input as well as nonvisual input in this medial cortical region and thus confirms the transitional nature of the recently described rostromedial areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:107–116, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fenestration of the calyx of held occurs sequentially along the tonotopic axis, is influenced by afferent activity, and facilitates glutamate clearance
Authors: Ford Marc C. , Grothe Benedikt , Klug Achim
Published: March 2009

The calyx of Held is a type of giant glutamatergic presynaptic terminal in the mammalian auditory brainstem that transmits afferent information from the cochlear nucleus to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). It participates in sound localization, a process that requires very high temporal precision. Consistent with its functional role, the calyx shows a number of specializations for temporal fidelity, one of them being the giant terminal itself with its many release sites. During the first 3 weeks of postnatal development, the calyx transforms from a spoon‐shaped, closed morphology to a highly fenestrated open structure. Calyces in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were labeled via injection of fluorescent tracers and their morphology was reconstructed at various timepoints during early postnatal development. We show that the fenestration process does not occur simultaneously in all calyces. Calyces transmitting high‐frequency sound information fenestrate significantly earlier than those transmitting low‐frequency information, such that a temporary developmental gradient along the tonotopic axis is established around the time of hearing onset. Animals that were deprived of afferent activity before hearing onset, either via cochlear removal or administration of ototoxic drugs, do not show this developmental gradient. Glial processes containing glutamate transporters occupy the newly created windows in the calyx and thus could augment the fast clearance of neurotransmitter. The physiological consequences of this faster clearance include a faster decay time course of synaptic currents as well as a lower amount of residual current accumulating during the processing of repeated activity such as stimulus trains. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:92–106, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dimension theory of iterated function systems
Authors: Feng De‐Jun , Hu Huyi
Published: March 2009

Let {Si} be an iterated function system (IFS) on ℝd with attractor K. Let (Σ, σ) denote the one‐sided full shift over the alphabet {1, …, 𝓁}. We define the projection entropy function hπ on the space of invariant measures on Σ associated with the coding map π : Σ → K and develop some basic ergodic properties about it. This concept turns out to be crucial in the study of dimensional properties of invariant measures on K. We show that for any conformal IFS (respectively, the direct product of finitely many conformal IFSs), without any separation condition, the projection of an ergodic measure under π is always exactly dimensional and its Hausdorff dimension can be represented as the ratio of its projection entropy to its Lyapunov exponent (respectively, the linear combination of projection entropies associated with several coding maps). Furthermore, for any conformal IFS and certain affine IFSs, we prove a variational principle between the Hausdorff dimension of the attractors and that of projections of ergodic measures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Eating disorders in adolescents and their repercussions in oral health
Authors: Ximenes Rosana , Couto Geraldo , Sougey Everton
Published: March 2009

Objective:

To examine the prevalence of oral alterations related to eating disorders and associated factors.

Method:

A cross‐sectional study including 650 adolescents aged from 12 to 16 was carried out through self‐report questionnaires (EAT‐26; BITE and self‐rating hamilton depression questionnaire, SRHDQ) and dental examination.

Results:

Significant associations were observed in mucositis, cheilitis, hypertrophy of salivary glands, and dental erosions. The prevalence of adolescents at risk for eating disorders was of 33.1%, according to EAT‐26 and 1.7% (high scores) and 36.5% (medium scores), in BITE, higher among 13‐year‐old females, with brothers, parents or responsible person who are illiterate, being the youngest child, living in a residence of at most two rooms and who showed depressive symptoms. All these factors showed significant relation to eating disorders.

Discussion:

Presence of oral alterations is associated to symptoms of eating disorders, helping precocious detection of sub clinical cases. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Use of extreme weight‐control behaviors in the absence of binge eating with and without subjective bulimic episodes: A community‐based study
Authors: Mond Jonathan M. , Hay Phillipa J.
Published: March 2009

Background and Methods:

In a community sample of women who reported the use of extreme weight‐control behaviors in the absence of binge eating, subgroups of participants who reported (n = 23) and who did not report (n = 42) recurrent subjective bulimic episodes (SBEs) were compared on a range of outcomes, including current levels of eating disorder and comorbid psychopathology.

Results:

Participants who reported SBEs had higher levels of eating disorder psychopathology, impairment in role functioning, and general psychological distress, than those who did not. Scores on these measures among participants who reported SBEs were similar to those of eating disorder patients receiving specialist treatment, whereas those of participants who did not have recurrent SBEs tended to be intermediate between eating disorder patients and healthy women.

Discussion:

The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that it is the combination of SBEs and extreme weight‐control behaviors, rather than extreme weight‐control behaviors per se, that indicates clinical significance. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
The Synthesis of Novel Isoindoline Nitroxides Bearing Water‐Solubilising Functionality
Authors: Fairfull‐Smith Kathryn E. , Brackmann Farina , Bottle Steven E.
Published: March 2009

A range of novel tetramethyl‐ and tetraethylisoindolinenitroxides, possessing aryl‐linked carboxylic acids, amines, alcohols and phosphonic acids were prepared. Notably, the chemistry established for the aromatic dibromination of the tetramethylisoindolines was not easily transferred to the corresponding tetraethylisoindoline system. Instead, various tetraethylisoindoline analogues were accessed by the oxidation of methyl groups attached to the aromatic ring to give the carboxylic acids. The increased steric bulk of the tetraethyl structures should limit bio‐reduction and these compounds may have potential as antioxidants.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Anthraquinonedisulfonate Doped Polyaniline as an Acceptor‐Donor System for Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Gao Mingming , Yang Fenglin , Wang Xinhua , Zhang Guoquan , Liu Lifen
Published: March 2009

A stable polyaniline (PANI) film doped with anthraquinonedisulfonate (AQDS) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode is obtained in acidic solution. The electrochemical behavior of PANI/AQDS film coincides with the donor–acceptor (DA) intramolecular interaction, while the doped AQDS behaves as a two‐electron two‐proton transfer process during redox reaction. This GC/PANI/AQDS electrode shows high electrocatalytic activity and irreversible electron‐transfer characteristic for O2 two‐electron reduction. Tafel behavior analysis suggests that the oxygen reduction kinetics are different at certain potential regions on this electrode. Possible mechanism of oxygen reduction on the GC/PANI/AQDS electrode points to a similar Schottky diode characteristic.