bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic classification and generic delineation of Calyptosphaeria gen. nov., Lentomitella, Spadicoides and Torrentispora (Sordariomycetes)
Authors: Réblová M. , Miller A.N. , Réblová K. , Štěpánek V.
Published: December 2017

The genus Ceratostomella has a long history of taxonomic confusion. While species with evanescent asci have been transferred to the Microascales and Ophiostomatales, the taxonomic status of species with persistent asci has not been completely resolved. In previous
studies using DNA sequence data, cultures and morphology, several Ceratostomella spp. were allocated in 13 genera in the Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes. In our study, the systematics of the remaining Ceratostomella spp. with persistent asci is revisited with
new collection data, cultures and phylogeny based on novel DNA sequences from six nuclear loci. Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses support the monophyly of several wood-inhabiting species formerly classified in Ceratostomella and other unknown morphologically similar
taxa and their division into four genera, i.e. Lentomitella, Spadicoides, Torrentispora and the newly described Calyptosphaeria. This robust clade represents the order Xenospadicoidales in the Sordariomycetidae. Comparative analysis of the ITS2 secondary
structure revealed a genetic variation among Lentomitella isolates; 11 species were recognised, of which five are newly introduced and two are new combinations. Other taxonomic novelties include four new species and eight new combinations in Calyptosphaeria, Spadicoides,
and Torrentispora. Molecular data suggest that Spadicoides is polyphyletic. The core of the genus is positioned in the Xenospadicoidales; Spadicoides s. str. is experimentally linked with sexual morphs for the first time. Based on DNA sequence data, the monotypic
genera Xenospadicoides and Pseudodiplococcium are reduced to synonymy under Spadicoides, while Fusoidispora and Pseudoannulatascus are synonymised with Torrentispora. Members of the Xenospadicoidales inhabit decaying wood in terrestrial and
freshwater environments and share a few morphological characters such as the absence of stromatic tissue, ascomata with a cylindrical or rostrate neck, similar anatomies of the ascomatal walls, thin-walled unitunicate asci with a non-amyloid apical annulus, disintegrating paraphyses, usually
ellipsoidal to fusiform ascospores and holoblastic-denticulate or tretic conidiogenesis. Revised Ceratostomella spp. with persistent asci are listed and the taxonomic status of each species is re-evaluated based on revision of the holotype and other representative material, published
details and available phylogenetic data.
Glacier inventory and recent glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America
Authors: Barcaza Gonzalo , Nussbaumer Samuel U. , Tapia Guillermo , Valdés Javier , García Juan-Luis , Videla Yohan , Albornoz Amapola , Arias Víctor
Published: December 2017

The first satellite-derived inventory of glaciers and rock glaciers in Chile, created from Landsat TM/ETM+ images spanning between 2000 and 2003 using a semi-automated procedure, is presented in a single standardized format. Large glacierized areas in the Altiplano, Palena Province and the periphery of the Patagonian icefields are inventoried. The Chilean glacierized area is 23 708 ± 1185 km2, including ~3200 km2 of both debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers. Glacier distribution varies as a result of climatic gradients with latitude and elevation, with 0.8% occurring in the Desert Andes (17°30′–32° S); 3.6% in the Central Andes (32–36° S), 6.2% in the Lakes District and Palena Province (36–46° S), and 89.3% in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (46–56° S). Glacier outlines, across all glacierized regions and size classes, updated to 2015 using Landsat 8 images for 98 complexes indicate a decline in areal extent affecting mostly clean-ice glaciers (−92.3 ± 4.6 km2), whereas debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Desert and Central Andes appear nearly unchanged in their extent. Glacier attributes estimated from this new inventory provide valuable insights into spatial patterns of glacier shrinkage for assessing future glacier changes in response to climate change.
Tracing Individuals under the EU Regime on Serious, Cross-border Health Threats: An Appraisal of the System of Personal Data Protection
Authors: DĄBROWSKA-KŁOSIŃSKA Patrycja
Published: December 2017

The article tackles the issue of personal data protection in case of tracing (looking for) individual persons who have been exposed to health risks pursuant to the EU Decision 1082/2013 on Serious, Cross-border Health Threats. This problem exemplifies just one among many challenges of the health-security nexus in the EU. That is, it regards a certain trade-off between the limitation of individual rights and securing populations’ safety. The text appraises the safeguards for the (lawful) limitation of the right to data protection after an in-depth examination of the provisions of the Health Threats Decision, its implementing measures, the reports on its operation, and in light of the general EU data protection laws. In conclusion, it claims that a number of improvements are needed because of the incompleteness, and the insufficient coherence and transparency of the EU regime for health threats. The established shortcomings are, at least in part, caused by the new EU “integrated approach” to health and security. In effect, an overall philosophy of reforms of public health policy in the name of “all-hazards security” applied in the Health Threats Decision can result in a reduction of the adequate level of protection of individuals’ personal data.
Vaccines for Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases: Towards Defining the Space of EU Public Health between Security Policy and a Transnational Market
Authors: RIZZI Marco
Published: December 2017

The EU is continuously developing strategies, policies and regulations to confront pandemic and epidemic diseases. The actions of the EU in this field do not happen in a vacuum but are instead embedded in a complex international and transnational network. This article suggests the existence of a tension between public health policy and a twofold set of competing considerations: growing security concerns and market pressures. To structure the argument the article examines three distinct but related aspects: first, it clarifies the different levels of decision-making impacting on the EU’s policy and regulation of vaccines for PEDs: these levels are described as international, transnational and domestic, and the key players involved at each level are also identified; second, it analyses levels of responsiveness to and preparedness for outbreaks and analyses how past experiences have oriented the policy debate; third, it discusses issues of accountability of vaccine developers, authorising authorities and rule-makers involved in preparedness and response to emerging PEDs.
Estimating Local Costs Associated WithClostridium difficileInfection Using Machine Learning and Electronic Medical Records
Authors: Pak Theodore R. , Chacko Kieran I. , O’Donnell Timothy , Huprikar Shirish S. , van Bakel Harm , Kasarskis Andrew , Scott Erick R.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Reported per-patient costs ofClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) vary by 2 orders of magnitude among different hospitals, implying that infection control officers need precise, local analyses to guide rational decision making between interventions.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to comprehensively estimate changes in length of stay (LOS) attributable to CDI at a single urban tertiary-care facility using only data automatically extractable from the electronic medical record (EMR).

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 171,938 visits spanning a 7-year period. In total, 23,968 variables were extracted from EMR data recorded within 24 hours of admission to train elastic-net regularized logistic regression models for propensity score matching. To address time-dependent bias (reverse causation), we separately stratified comparisons by time of infection, and we fit multistate models.

RESULTS

The estimated difference in median LOS for propensity-matched cohorts varied from 3.1 days (95% CI, 2.2–3.9) to 10.1 days (95% CI, 7.3–12.2) depending on the case definition; however, dependency of the estimate on time to infection was observed. Stratification by time to first positive toxin assay, excluding probable community-acquired infections, showed a minimum excess LOS of 3.1 days (95% CI, 1.7–4.4). Under the same case definition, the multistate model averaged an excess LOS of 3.3 days (95% CI, 2.6–4.0).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, 2 independent time-to-infection adjusted methods converged on similar excess LOS estimates. Changes in LOS can be extrapolated to marginal dollar costs by multiplying by average costs of an inpatient day. Infection control officers can leverage automatically extractable EMR data to estimate costs of CDI at their own institutions.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.2017;38:1478–1486
Importation, Mitigation, and Genomic Epidemiology of Candida auris at a Large Teaching Hospital
Authors: Lesho Emil P. , Bronstein Melissa Z. , McGann Patrick , Stam Jason , Kwak Yoon , Maybank Rosslyn , McNamara Jodi , Callahan Megan , Campbell Jean , Hinkle Mary K. , Walsh Edward E.
Published: December 2017

OBJECTIVE

Candida auris (CA) is an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen associated with increased mortality. The environment may play a role, but transmission dynamics remain poorly understood. We sought to limit environmental and patient CA contamination following a sustained unsuspected exposure.

DESIGN

Quasi-experimental observation.

SETTING

A 528-bed teaching hospital.

PATIENTS

The index case patient and 17 collocated ward mates.

INTERVENTION

Immediately after confirmation of CA in the bloodstream and urine of a patient admitted 6 days previously, active surveillance, enhanced transmission-based precautions, environmental cleaning with peracetic acid-hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet light, and patient relocation were undertaken. Pre-existing agreements and foundational relationships among internal multidisciplinary teams and external partners were leveraged to bolster detection and mitigation efforts and to provide genomic epidemiology.

RESULTS

Candida auris was isolated from 3 of 132 surface samples on days 8, 9, and 15 of ward occupancy, and from no patient samples (0 of 48). Environmental and patient isolates were genetically identical (4–8 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) and most closely related to the 2013 India CA-6684 strain (~200 SNPs), supporting the epidemiological hypothesis that the source of environmental contamination was the index case patient, who probably acquired the South Asian strain from another New York hospital. All isolates contained a mutation associated with azole resistance (K163R) found in the India 2105 VPCI strain but not in CA-6684. The index patient remained colonized until death. No surfaces were CA-positive 1 month later.

CONCLUSION

Compared to previous descriptions, CA dissemination was minimal. Immediate access to rapid CA diagnostics facilitates early containment strategies and outbreak investigations.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:53–57
Polyvagal theory, neurodevelopment and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Huttunen M. O. , Mednick S. A.
Published: December 2017

Neurodevelopment is an area of psychiatry which has attracted huge interest in the last few decades. There is substantial evidence that perinatal events can contribute to later development of mental disorder. In the current perspective article we propose a novel polyvagal theory which attempts to link prenatal events with neurodevelopment and the later onset of psychiatric disorder.
A randomised controlled trial of the monoaminergic stabiliser (−)-OSU6162 in treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Nilsson Marie Karin Lena , Zachrisson Olof , Gottfries Carl-Gerhard , Matousek Michael , Peilot Birgitta , Forsmark Sara , Schuit Robert Christiaan , Carlsson Maria Lizzie , Kloberg Angelica , Carlsson Arvid
Published: December 2017

Objective

The monoaminergic stabiliser (−)-OSU6162 has in previous studies shown promising effects on mental fatigue after stroke and traumatic brain injury. This study investigated the safety and effectiveness of (−)-OSU6162 in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.

Methods

A total of 62 patients were randomly assigned to placebo or (−)-OSU6162. Primary outcomes were assessment on the mental fatigue scale (MFS) and the clinical global impression of change (CGI-C) scale. Secondary outcomes were results on the FibroFatigue scale (FF), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the pain visual analogue scale and neuropsychological tests. Assessments were performed at baseline, after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment and at follow-up after 6 weeks.

Results

MFS and CGI-C showed significant improvements for both treatment groups after treatment but not at follow-up; a similar pattern was seen for FF and BDI. However, significant differences between groups could not be demonstrated. On the other hand, correlation analyses showed a significant correlation between (−)-OSU6162 concentration and change in MFS, FF, and BDI score within the concentration interval 0.1–0.7 µM. Exploratory subgroup analyses showed a larger treatment effect with (−)-OSU6162 in improving MFS and FF symptoms in patients on antidepressant therapy compared to those without antidepressant treatment.

Conclusion

(−)-OSU6162 was found to be safe and well tolerated. When analysing the entire material (−)-OSU6162 was not found to differ significantly from placebo in alleviating fatigue in ME patients but was superior to placebo in counteracting fatigue in a subgroup of ME patients who received concomitant pharmacological treatment for depression.
Tabulated Neutron Star Equations of State Modelled within the Chiral Mean Field Model
Authors: Dexheimer V.
Published: December 2017

In this special issue article, I review some of the accomplishments of the chiral mean field (CMF) model, which contains nucleon, hyperon, and quark degrees of freedom, and its applications to proto-neutron and neutron stars. I also present a set of equation of state and particle population tables built using the CMF model subject to physical constraints necessary to reproduce different environments, such as those present in cold neutron stars, core-collapse supernova explosions, and different stages of compact star mergers.
Time averaging and late Quaternary ecological replacement in Don’s Gooseberry Pit, South Dakota, USA
Authors: Pardi Melissa I. , Graham Russell W.
Published: December 2017

Late Quaternary small mammal faunas document ecological change and biotic responses to past climates but are especially rare in some geographic regions such as the North American Great Plains. Don’s Gooseberry Pit (DGP), a cave in the southeastern Black Hills of South Dakota, USA, contains a fauna documenting small mammal community composition shifts and environmental change over the last 18,000 yr in this data-depauperate region. Although the stratigraphy of the cave appears to be primary, disparate radiocarbon dates indicate that there is mixing of the fauna throughout. A paleoenvironmental signal consistent with regional reconstructions still emerges from an analysis of the stratigraphically ordered fauna. Dated taxa from DGP record the ecological replacement of Dicrostonyx by Myodes and later Microtus in response to late Quaternary warming. Individually dated specimens of Dicrostonyx richardsoni confirm late survival of this cold-adapted taxon in the Black Hills (17,083 cal yr BP). Our results indicate that a coarse paleoecological signal is present in DGP, and that the Black Hills served as a “high-altitude” refugium for cold-adapted species following the end of the last glacial period.
Associations of the serum long-chain n-3 PUFA and hair mercury with resting heart rate, peak heart rate during exercise and heart rate recovery after exercise in middle-aged men
Authors: Tajik Behnam , Kurl Sudhir , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Savonen Kai , Virtanen Jyrki K.
Published: December 2017

Long-chain n-3 PUFA from fish have been associated with lower risk of CVD. Fish may also contain methylmercury, which may attenuate the inverse associations of the long-chain n-3 PUFA. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not fully known. We evaluated the associations of the serum long-chain n-3 PUFA (EPA, DPA and DHA) and hair Hg with resting heart rate (HR), peak HR during cycle ergometer exercise and HR recovery after exercise. A total of 1008 men from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, aged 42–60 years and free of CVD, were studied. After multivariate-adjustments in ANCOVA, higher serum total long-chain n-3 PUFA concentration was associated with lower resting HR (extreme-quartile difference 2·2 beats/min; 95 % CI 0·2, 4·1, Ptrend across quartiles=0·02), but not with peak HR or HR recovery. Associations were generally similar when EPA, DPA and DHA were evaluated individually, except for DPA, which was also associated with better HR recovery after exercise (extreme-quartile difference 2·1 beats/min; 95 % CI 0·1, 4·2, Ptrend=0·06). Higher hair Hg content had a trend towards lower peak HR after adjusting for the long-chain n-3 PUFA (Ptrend=0·05), but it only slightly attenuated the associations of the serum long-chain n-3 PUFA with HR. These findings suggest that higher serum long-chain n-3 PUFA concentrations are associated with lower resting HR in middle-aged men from Eastern Finland, which may partially explain the potential cardioprotective effect of fish intake.
A reinterpretation of the ages and depositional environments of the lower and middle Miocene stratigraphic records in a key area along the southern margin of the North Sea Basin
Authors: DECKERS JEF , LOUWYE STEPHEN
Published: December 2017

The stratigraphic reinterpretation of the palynologically analysed Miocene succession of the Wijshagen borehole along the southern margin of the North Sea Basin allowed an age assessment – late Burdigalian to early Serravalian – for the Genk Sand Member of the Bolderberg Formation. The depositional environment varied during Burdigalian to Serravalian times from continental (peat formation) to open marine (glauconitic sands), respectively from south to north in the Roer Valley Rift System. The study area of the Wijshagen borehole is located in the central part of the Roer Valley Rift System between these extreme environments. During the Burdigalian, the glauconitic fine clayey sands of the Houthalen Sand Member were deposited in the study area. From the late Burdigalian onwards, the glauconite content decreased and lignite content increased as a result of high influx of clastic material in the Roer Valley Rift System, and marked the start of the deposition of the Genk Sand Member. The Genk Sand Member shows an overall coarsening-upwards trend, which is consistent with the gradual infill of the available accommodation space in the Roer Valley Rift System by northwest-prograding clastic delta sequences. Dinoflagellate cyst analyses indicate that the Genk Sand Member was largely deposited in a marginal marine environment with only short pulses of continental input. These pulses of continental input increase in a southerly or landward direction where they led to the development of thick lignite seams.
Pietro Gori’s Anarchism: Politics and Spectacle (1895–1900)
Authors: Minuto Emanuela
Published: December 2017

This paper discusses Pietro Gori’s charismatic leadership of the Italian anarchist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century and, in particular, the characteristics of his political communication. After a discussion of the literature on the topic, the first section examines Gramsci’s derogatory observations on the characteristics and success of the communicative style adopted by anarchist activists such as Gori. The second investigates the political project underpinning the kind of “organized anarchism” that Gori championed together with Malatesta. The third section unveils Gori’s communication strategy when promoting this project through those platforms considered by Gramsci as being primary schools of political alphabetization in liberal Italy: trials, funerals, commemorations, and celebrations. Particular attention is devoted to the trials, which effectively demonstrated Gori’s modern political skills. The analysis of Gori’s performance at the trials demonstrates Gramsci’s mistake in identifying Gori simply as one of the champions of political sentimentalism.
Simulations of the ion–dust streaming instability with non-Maxwellian ions
Authors: Quest K. , Rosenberg M. , Kercher B.
Published: December 2017

The dust acoustic, or dust density, wave is a very low frequency collective mode in a dusty plasma that is associated with the motion of the charged and massive dust grains. An ion flow due to an electric field can excite these waves via an ion–dust streaming instability. Theories of this instability have often assumed a shifted-Maxwellian ion velocity distribution. Recently, the linear kinetic theory of this instability was considered using a non-Maxwellian ion velocity distribution (Kählert, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 22, 2015, 073703). In this paper, we present one-dimensional PIC simulations of the nonlinear development of the ion–dust streaming instability, comparing the results for these two types of ion velocity distributions, for several values of the ion drift speed and collision rate. Parameters are considered that reflect the ordering of plasma and dust quantities in laboratory dusty plasma experiments. It is found that, in general, the wave energy density is smaller in the simulations with a non-Maxwellian ion distribution.
A quasilinear operator retaining magnetic drift effects in tokamak geometry
Authors: Catto Peter J. , Lee Jungpyo , Ram Abhay K.
Published: December 2017

The interaction of radio frequency waves with charged particles in a magnetized plasma is usually described by the quasilinear operator that was originally formulated by Kennel & Engelmann (Phys. Fluids, vol. 9, 1966, pp. 2377–2388). In their formulation the plasma is assumed to be homogenous and embedded in a uniform magnetic field. In tokamak plasmas the Kennel–Engelmann operator does not capture the magnetic drifts of the particles that are inherent to the non-uniform magnetic field. To overcome this deficiency a combined drift and gyrokinetic derivation is employed to derive the quasilinear operator for radio frequency heating and current drive in a tokamak with magnetic drifts retained. The derivation requires retaining the magnetic moment to higher order in both the unperturbed and perturbed kinetic equations. The formal prescription for determining the perturbed distribution function then follows a novel procedure in which two non-resonant terms must be evaluated explicitly. The systematic analysis leads to a diffusion equation that is compact and completely expressed in terms of the drift kinetic variables. The equation is not transit averaged, and satisfies the entropy principle, while retaining the full poloidal angle variation without resorting to Fourier decomposition. As the diffusion equation is in physical variables, it can be implemented in any computational code. In the Kennel–Engelmann formalism, the wave–particle resonant delta function is either for the Landau resonance or the Doppler shifted cyclotron resonance. In the combined gyro and drift kinetic approach, a term related to the magnetic drift modifies the resonance condition.
Un eucologio Ciprio che si cercava
Authors: Mercati Giovanni Card.
Published: December 2017

J. Goar (†1654) nel 1647 e J. Morin (†1659) nel 1651 e 1655 hanno pubblicato vari testi liturgici da un eucologio di Leone Allacci (†1669), loro degno amico, che il Morin aveva trattato di persona durante i nove mesi del suo soggiorno a Roma nel 1639, ed il Goar per qualche anno fra il 1637 e il 1644.

Morin nel 1639 non aveva veduto il codice, e solo nel 1642 incirca ne ricevette notizia coll’ indice dei titoli, e la profferta amichevole di fargliene trascrivere quanti desiderava; profferta che accolse procurandosi in tal modo la copia dei titoli della penitenza e delle sacre ordinazioni e della Costituzione Cipria di Alessandro IV, che poi pubblicò in gran parte. Invece Goar deve aver esaminato a suo agio il codice, perchè ne parla con sicurezza e ne dimostra una buona conoscenza.
Beowulf and Christian Allegory: An Interpretation of Unferth
Authors: Bloomfield Morton W
Published: December 2017

In the discussion of the Christian elements in Beowulf, it seems to have escaped the notice of scholars that the character of Unferth may provide an example of Christian allegory consciously employed by the poet. If the name Unferth means mar-peace or strife, an important clue to his significance in the poem is being ignored. I wish to suggest that the author of Beowulf is employing, or at least thinking of, Unferth as an abstract personification in the manner of Prudentius, Martianus Capella or Sedulius, and that the poem has even closer connections with the Christian tradition than has hitherto been perceived. If we can accept Unferth as, say, Discordia, we shall find how well this interpretation fits in with the suggestion Schücking made some years ago that the character of Beowulf has been molded, to some extent at least, by the Christian ideal of the perfect ruler, the rex justus, as set forth by St. Augustine, Gregory the Great and others, and that the ethical ideal set up by the epic is that of ordinata concordia or mensura.
The Origin of Brandenburg (Prussia), the St. Brendan Legend, and the Scoti of the Tenth Century
Authors: Selmer Carl
Published: December 2017

When after the end of the migration of nations the frontiers between the individual peoples of Central Europe began to consolidate and, speakingcum grano salis, the Elbe river gradually emerged as the borderline between the Slavs and theGermani, there also originated that embittered struggle between these two antagonists which in its latest phase is so vividly reflected in the recent de-Germanization of Eastern Prussia, the Corridor, Pomerania, Silesia, and the Sudetenland.
Aristotle's Unmoved Movers
Authors: Merlan Philip
Published: December 2017

According to Aristotle all heavenly movement is ultimately due to the activity of forty-seven (or fifty-five) ‘unmoved movers'. This doctrine is highly remarkable in itself and has exercised an enormous historical influence. It forms part of a world-picture the outlines of which are as follows. The universe consists of concentric spheres, revolving in circles. The outermost of these bears the fixed stars. The other either bear planets or, insofar as they do not, contribute indirectly to the movements of the latter. Each sphere is moved by the one immediately surrounding it, but also possesses a movement of its own, due to its mover, an unmoved, incorporeal being. (It was these beings which the schoolmen designated as theintelligentiae separatae.) The seemingly irregular movements of the planets are thus viewed as resulting from the combination of regular circular revolutions. The earth does not move and occupies the centre of the universe. Such was Aristotle's astronomic system, essential parts of which were almost universally adopted by the Arabic, Jewish, and Christian philosophers of the Middle Ages.
Saint Augustine and the Primacy of the Roman Bishops
Authors: Grabowski Stanislaus J.
Published: December 2017

St. Augustine has long become the common and universal boast of Christianity. The Catholic Church sees in him one of the foremost witnesses of her tradition of teaching. She has given him the title of Doctor gratiae; upon him, down the course of ages, she has ever lavished her praises. But the early Protestant reformers, too, have turned to him as their forerunner, alleging their own doctrine to be his. Men of thought and scholars of diverse creeds and sects are flushed with admiration for him and are profuse in their eulogies. Yet, surely, these individuals and religious bodies cannot all rightfully claim him to be one with them in faith without a contradiction. He must belong either to the Catholica, which he so assiduously and indefatigably defended for so many years, or be an Anglican, or a Protestant of some other sort.
Mozarabic Hymns in Relation to Contemporary Culture in Spain
Authors: Messenger Ruth E.
Published: December 2017

While the Mozarabic Rite has been the subject of numerous and important studies, the riches of its hymnody have never been adequately displayed. Abounding in interest for the inquirer in the field of early medieval religious poetry, it is equally rewarding to the historian who would be acquainted to some extent with ways of thinking familiar to Visigothic and Moslem Spain. The English scholar, Frederic Raby, was aware of this when he wrote of Mozarabic hymns, ‘They form the raw material for an important research which would help to elucidate the state of religious and intellectual culture during the obscure centuries of the early Middle Ages.’ Clemens Blume, the great Jesuit hymnologist, a generation earlier had reached the same conclusion when he published his edition of Hymnodia Gothica in the twenty-seventh volume of the Analecta hymnica medii aevi.
The Realistic Conceptualism of William Ockham
Authors: Böhner Philotheus
Published: December 2017

Students of medieval scholasticism are accustomed to apply the name ‘conceptualism’ to Ockham's doctrine concerning the nature and scope of universals. This seems to be an apt designation, provided that its meaning is not burdened with idealistic connotations. Unfortunately, quite a number of neo-scholastics qualify conceptualism as a doctrine which severs the bond between thought and reality, and is therefore essentially idealistic. Small wonder, then, that such a conceptualism imputed to William Ockham falls an easy prey to their violent, and to a large extent justified, attack against idealism in general. However, as far as Ockham's conceptualism is concerned, their victory in this regard is an illusion, for the simple reason that his alleged idealistic conceptualism does not exist. Hence it appears to us that Ockham's genuine conceptualism enjoys, for the time being, a relative security from neo-scholastic criticism.
The Text and Structure of the Book of Wisdom
Authors: Skehan Patrick W
Published: December 2017

If an apology for renewed textual study of a familiar, fairly well preserved and not extraordinarily difficult book (from the textual point of view) be called for, the writer hopes the following will suffice. It seems evident that we are still a good many years away from a definitive edition of that part of the Septuagint which includes the Book of Wisdom (‘Wisdom of Solomon‘). Yet for no book which has not been published with an exhaustive apparatus do we have a more comprehensive supply of text-critical material than we have for Wisdom;1 and none gives less scope for an expectation that future collations will in any way transform our knowledge or appreciation of the text. It seems, therefore, a suitable time for stock-taking; and the writer has been impelled to submit his results partly because they go somewhat beyond the data currently offered by editors and commentators, and partly as the appropriate foundation for a revised rendering soon to be published.
Tipoukeitos: The Origin of a Name: A Contribution to the History of Byzantine Legal Science
Authors: Berger Adolf
Published: December 2017

The peculiar piece of late Byzantine legal literature which is known by the strange name of Tipoukeitos, is concerned with the so-called Basilica. It indicates, in a very succinct form, the topics dealt with in the sixty books of Emperor Leo the Philosopher's voluminous codification. It seems that the author of T. used a copy of B. which differed somewhat, particularly in its enumeration of the single texts, from those MSS on which the brothers Heimbach based their edition of B. but, in general, the order of books and titles in T. is the same as in the Heimbachs' edition.
The Houses of Tuscany and of Pierleone in the Crisis of Rome in the Eleventh Century
Authors: Zema Demetrius B.
Published: December 2017

In the entire course of the Middle Ages no movement surpasses, in enduring importance and absorbing interest, that known as the Gregorian Reform, or, less correctly, the War of Investitures. It is the movement that had its most determined leader in Pope Gregory VII.
The Latin Empire of Constantinople and the Franciscans
Authors: Wolff Robert Lee
Published: December 2017

When one considers the absence of reliable information about events in general within the city of Constantinople itself between the death of the second Latin Emperor Henry in 1216 and the recapture of the city by the Greeks from Nicaea in 1261, it is surprising that the references to the Franciscans there, comparatively abundant in the sources, have not previously been used to shed some light on the religious and social history of the capital during this dark period.
The Scholastic Background of Marsilio Ficino with an Edition of Unpublished Texts
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: December 2017

The traditional view which emphasized the contrast between the Aristotelianism of the Middle Ages and the Platonism of the Renaissance can no longer be maintained in the light of recent studies. Aristotelianism continued to exist throughout the Renaissance and afterwards, and on the other hand, Platonism, in the form of Augustinianism, dominated occidental thought up to the twelfth century and remained a powerful current even during the later Middle Ages. The attempt to ascertain the medieval sources of Renaissance Platonism thus assumes an increased significance. However, it would be quite wrong to conclude that Renaissance Platonism, because it was preceded by some kind of medieval Platonism, was merely a copy or continuation of that earlier phase of Platonism. The history of Platonism, like that of every living tradition, must not be conceived as an endless repetition of identical doctrines, but rather as a continual adaptation and transformation of certain basic ideas. “Platonism” is not a label that establishes a simple equation between various thinkers classified as Platonists, but a kind of general orientation which assumes a new meaning in each particular case, and each representative of Platonism must hence be understood in his own right before his dependence on, or his difference from, other, earlier Platonists can be properly evaluated. Moreover, in the process of its history, Platonism is always exposed to the direct and indirect influence of other, different currents or traditions, and the continual transformation of Platonism is due not only to the original thought of its various representatives, but also to the influence of outside sources. The study of the medieval sources of Renaissance Platonism thus cannot be separated from a genuine understanding of Renaissance Platonism itself, and on the other hand, the medieval background of Renaissance Platonism consists not only of the Platonism or Augustinianism of the earlier Middle Ages, but also of the Aristotelianism of the later Middle Ages.
Microcosmus: From Anaximandros to Paracelsus
Authors: Allers Rudolf
Published: December 2017

The ideas expressed by the names of Microcosmus and Macrocosmus have never lost their attraction for speculative minds since the time they first made their appearance in early Greek philosophy. There have been ages in which these ideas receded more or less into the background, others in which they played a rather dominating rôle. It seems worth while to inquire into the nature of these ideas and to study the spirit of those ages which felt them congenial to their total mentality. One might also try to determine those notions and principles with which the idea of the microcosm came to be associated during its long history. Even a superficial survey of the ages to which the notion of microcosm particularly appealed, and of the ideas with which it entered into combinations, seems to show that this idea might be considered as a kind of “symptom”, a characteristic to be found mainly with a certain type of historical mentality.
Annual Report
Authors: Kuttner Stephan
Published: December 2017

Contents: Annual Report, by S. Kuttner. —Zu den Dekretalen bei Simon von Bisignano, von W. Holtzmann (p. 450). —English Canonists and the ‘Appendix Concilii Lateranensis,' with an Analysis of St. John's College, Cambridge, MS 148, by C. Duggan (p. 459). —Observaciones sobre los Apparatus de Dámaso Húngaro a las tres primeras Compilaciones Antiguas, por A. García, O.F.M. (p. 469). —Un manuscrit intéressant du ‘Compendium' de Werner von Schussenried, par Miroslav Boháč ek (p. 472), —Select Bibliography 1961–1962 (p. 482). —Microfilms and Photostats Acquired in 1962 (p. 490).
Observaciones sobre los Apparatus de Dámaso Húngaro a las tres primeras Compilaciones Antiguas
Authors: García Antonio
Published: December 2017

En el Repertorium se da cuenta de los dos manuscritos en que se contiene el apparatus de Dámaso Húngaro a las dos primeras Compilaciones Antiguas. Dichos códices son el París, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS lat. 3930, fol. 1–64v (Comp. I) y fol. 65–98 (Comp. II) y el Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, MS Can. 19 fol. 1–77v (Comp. I) y fol. 79–116 (Comp. II). Al primero lo designaremos con la sigla P, y al segundo con la sigla B.
Orientations théologiques chez Saint Irénée: Le contexte mental d'une ΓNΩΣIΣ AΛHθHΣ
Authors: Audet Th.-André
Published: December 2017

L'Essai que nous présentons constitue le premier chapitre d'une étude plus compréhensive sur l'Idée d'évolution chez S. Irénée. Encore qu'elles soient amputées d'une introduction aux fins de définir ce terme d'évolution, nous croyons que les pages qu'on va lire ont un sens par elles-mêmes et que leur intelligence reste entière, même si l'on ajourne provisoirement le contexte total où les situer. Notre propos se donne donc comme une enquête sur la mentalité d'Irénée et ses orientations théologiques possibles. Si prévenu qu'on puisse être contre le critère psychologique en critique, nous le croyons cette fois urgent et nous tentons de lui attribuer la fonction précise de caractériser une oeuvre dont les sources demeurent, par ailleurs, hypothétiques et plus ou moins invérifiables.
Medieval Georgian Historical Literature (VIIth–XVth Centuries)
Authors: Toumanoff Prince Cyril
Published: December 2017

Georgia was, at the time of the Russian annexation at the beginning of the last century, the only country in Christendom whose socio-political and cultural development dated uninterruptedly from Classical times. Yet hers are perhaps the only important history and culture that are almost totally unknown to the West. Needless to say, this lack of familiarity extends to the Georgian historical writings as well. However, whereas Georgian history and culture are simply little known, regarding the Georgian historical sources there exist also misunderstanding and misinformation. Nevertheless, the value of these sources and their importance, not only for the history of Caucasia, but generally for that of the Christian East, have now found universal recognition among specialists. Therefore, a presentation of a systematic account, based on the latest research, of these monuments of Georgian historical literature, should be of interest to Western scholars. But no such presentation has, to our knowledge, ever been attempted. To do this is the aim of the present study.
The Notitia Intuitiva of Non-existents according to William Ockham: With a Critical Study of the Text of Ockham's Reportatio and a Revised Edition of Rep II, Q. 14–15
Authors: Böhner Philotheus
Published: December 2017

The following study has a threefold aim: (1) to give an historically exact interpretation of the frequently misunderstood teaching of Ockham on the notitia intuitiva as regards non-existents; (2) to substantiate this interpretation by a revised edition of one key text; (3) to prepare the ground for this edition by a short critical study of the text of the Reportatio Ockham.
Plena Potestas and Consent in Medieval Assemblies: A Study in Romano-Canonical Procedure and the Rise of Representation, 1150–1325
Authors: Post Gaines
Published: December 2017

By the end of the thirteenth century the royal writ of summons to Parliament usually specified that communities send representatives with “full power” to consent to whatever should be ordained by the king in his court and council. This “full power” was the famous plena potestas which was stated in the mandates carried by knights and burgesses to Parliament and by delegates of cities and towns to Cortes and States General, and which is still current in proxies for stockholders' meetings. It has, of course, like almost every word of the terminology in documents relating to representation, challenged interpretation: on the one side is the argument of J. G. Edwards, who confines himself to England, that plena potestas implied an almost political or sovereign consent which limited the royal authority; on the other, the assumption that it was an expression of involuntary consent to the acts and decisions of the royal government. In general, of course, whatever modern scholars have decided as to the right of consent has resulted either from modern conceptions of representation or from a strict interpretation of the terminology in the sources for the history of assemblies. No one has examined plena potestas in the light of the legal theory and procedure of the thirteenth century It is possible that by studying how legists and canonists viewed the meaning of plena potestas—for it, like most of the terminology in the mandate, came from Roman Law—we can find at least a relatively new approach to the problem of medieval consent.
Land, Family and Women in Continental Europe, 701-1200
Authors: Herlihy David
Published: December 2017

In reconstructing the social and economic history of the early Middle Ages, perhaps the single, most salient obstacle to our research is the scant amount of information we possess concerning the household economy of the lay family, how the family managed its lands and divided its labors among its members. Our sources, overwhelmingly ecclesiastical in provenience, tell us fairly much of the organization of Church properties, and, through a few surviving royal records, we have some information too about royal estates. But at all times in medieval Europe, non-royal lay families owned or controlled the larger portion of the soil. We must try to learn more about how these propertied families managed their estates, and how internal family structure may have been affected by, or in turn may have influenced broader economic and social changes.
Roman Bureaucratese
Authors: MacMullen Ramsay
Published: December 2017

The theory and fact of the Roman emperor's position were strikingly at variance in the fourth century. ‘Quod principi placuit legis habuit vigorem’ may hav been the established doctrine, but when he spoke to his proconsuls, the emperor said rather, ‘You must order the proceedings [of civil suits] to be on luded on the third day, or at the latest on the fourth day, or at any rate on the fifth’; or, to the civil service, ‘Let the greedy hands of the officials now forbcar, let theln forbear, I say. The stutter and shrillness do not fit an autocrat, nor the repetitions; but repetitions are characteristic of the Codes. An entire decree might have to be re-enacted, in almost identical form, eight or ten time, evidently because no one had paid any attention to it. Against this merely ornamental legislation, against ‘the ruler who lays down a law and is reckoned unable to enforce it,’ Libanius might protest, yet, three times imperatively summoned to the capital, he simply remained in Antioch. A contenlporary, Valerianus v. c., flouted one decree after another, one judicial decision after another, and flouted, too, the authority of the praetorian prefect, the proconsul, the urban prefect, and the imperial secret police, one of whom he allegedly killed with his own hands. Between the emperor and his subjects, and between his theoretical omnipotence and his actual powers, the essential link was the bureaucracy. Plainly, it was not doing its job. It is the argument of this paper that part of the difficulty lay in the failure of all ranks of government to get through to each other.
Edward the Confessor: ‘Anglorum Deeus’
Authors: Scholz Bernhard W.
Published: December 2017

Before his canonization in 1161 Edward the Confessor was rarely called a saint or credited with miracles. But he received from many authors epithets expressing praise, such as ‘alter Salomon,’ ‘rex pacificus,’ ‘cultor justitiae,’ ‘pater patriae,’ ‘virtutis speculum,’ or, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ‘ruler of heroes / lavish of riches.’ Florence of Worcester (d. 1118) calls Edward ‘Anglorum decus,’ the glory of the English, a eulogism repeated by several other chroniclers. I want to examine whether this phrase is a ‘panegyric … of the most general kind,’ as Edward A. Freeman suggests, or whether it reveals a distinct esteem for Edward some decades before he was proclaimed a saint and confessor.
Estimating vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza among children and adolescents in Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, 2012–2016
Authors: MÖHL A. , GRÄFE L. , HELMEKE C. , ZIEHM D. , MONAZAHIAN M. , IRMSCHER H.-M. , DREESMAN J.
Published: December 2017

Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) has to be estimated anew for every season to explore vaccines’ protective effect in the population. We report VE estimates against laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and influenza B among children aged 2–17 years, using test-negative design. Pooled data from two German federal states’ surveillance systems for acute respiratory illness from week 40/2012 to 20/2016 was used, yielding a total of 10 627 specimens. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between laboratory-confirmed influenza and vaccination status were calculated by multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, illness onset and federal state. VE was estimated as 1-Odds Ratio. Overall adjusted VE was 33% (95% CI: 24·3–40·7). A strong variation of VE between the seasons and subtypes was observed: highest season- and subtype-specific VE of 86·2% (95% CI: 41·3–96·7) was found against A(H1N1)pdm09 in 7–17-year-olds in 2015/16. Low estimates of VE were observed against A(H3N2) in any season, e.g. 1·5% (95% CI: −39·3–30·3) in 2014/15. Estimates showed a tendency to higher VE among 7–17-year-old children, but differences were not statistically significant. Although our findings are common in studies estimating influenza VE, we discussed several explanations for observed low VE.
Pertussis epidemiology prior to the introduction of a maternal vaccination program, Queensland Australia
Authors: MCHUGH L. , VINEY K. A. , ANDREWS R. M. , LAMBERT S. B.
Published: December 2017

Pertussis morbidity is highest in infants too young to be fully protected by routine vaccination schedules. Alternate vaccine strategies are required to maximise protection in this age-group. To understand baseline pertussis epidemiology prior to the introduction of the maternal pertussis vaccination program in 2014, we conducted a retrospective case series analyses of 53 901 notifications and temporal trends from 1997 to 2014. Notifications were highest in infants younger than 4 months of age and highest annual notification rates in infants younger than 1 month of age (308/100 000 per year). Amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infants aged younger than 1 month, this rate was 576/100 000 per year. Notification rates were 40% higher amongst women 15–44 years, 62·4/100 000 population compared with men (44·5/100 000) and 90% higher in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women of the same age (38·2/100 000) compared with men (19·7/100 000). Six infant deaths were identified, all younger than 2 months of age. Monitoring epidemiology in at-risk groups – infants too young to be vaccinated, women of childbearing age and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples – following implementation of the maternal pertussis vaccination program will be important to assess its impact and safety.