bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TGF‐β1 targets Smad, p38 MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways to induce PFKFB3 gene expression and glycolysis in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Rodríguez‐García Ana , Samsó Paula , Fontova Pere , Simon‐Molas Helga , Manzano Anna , Castaño Esther , Rosa Jose Luis , Martinez‐Outshoorn Ubaldo , Ventura Francesc , Navarro‐Sabaté Àurea , Bartrons Ramon
Published: August 2017

In human cancers, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) plays a dual role by acting as both a tumor suppressor and a promoter of tumor metastasis. Although TGF‐β1 contributes to the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and tumor‐associated stromal cells, little is known of the molecular mechanisms connecting this cytokine with enhanced glycolysis. PFKFB3 is a homodymeric bifunctional enzyme, belonging to the family of 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatases, that controls the conversion of fructose‐6‐phosphate (Fru‐6‐P) to fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphate (Fru‐2,6‐P2). This metabolite is important for the dynamic regulation of glycolytic flux by allosterically activating phosphofructokinase‐1, a rate‐limiting enzyme in glycolysis. The PFKFB3 gene is involved in cell proliferation via its role in carbohydrate metabolism. Here, we studied the mechanisms connecting TGF‐β1, glucose metabolism, and PFKFB3 in glioblastoma cell lines. We demonstrate that TGF‐β1 upregulates PFKFB3 mRNA and protein expression resulting in an increase in fructose 2,6‐bisphosphate concentration, glucose uptake, glycolytic flux and lactate production. Moreover, these increases in PFKFB3 mRNA and protein expression and Fru‐2,6‐P2 concentration were reduced when the Smad3, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways were inhibited. We demonstrate that inhibition of PFKFB3 activity with 3PO or siRNA‐mediated knockdown of PFKFB3 significantly eliminated the capacity of the T98G cells to form colonies by TGF‐β1, one of the hallmarks of transformation. Taken together, these results show that TGF‐β1 induces PFKFB3 expression through activation of the p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways that complement and converge with early activation of Smad signaling. This suggests that PFKFB3 induction by TGF‐β1 can be one of the main mechanisms mediating the reprogramming of glioma cells.
Neutrophils, G‐CSF and their contribution to breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Mouchemore Kellie A. , Anderson Robin L. , Hamilton John A.
Published: August 2017

Evidence is mounting for a role for neutrophils in breast cancer progression to metastasis. However, the role of G‐CSF in neutrophil biology in a cancer setting remains to be defined. Herein we discuss the most recent clinical and experimental evidence for neutrophils and G‐CSF in the promotion of metastasis, demonstrating a potential mechanistic link between them. Understanding this link is imperative both for the development of diagnostic tests and for therapies targeting neutrophils to improve the treatment of breast cancer patients with or at risk of developing metastatic disease. As a high neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio in patients predicts poor outcome, while mild neutropenia predicts an improved outcome, we urge caution in the use of G‐CSF in neutrophil recovery following chemotherapy as there is increasing evidence in preclinical models that G‐CSF can promote metastasis.
Tracing biogeochemical subsidies from glacier runoff into Alaska's coastal marine food webs
Authors: Arimitsu Mayumi L. , Hobson Keith A. , Webber D'Arcy N. , Piatt John F. , Hood Eran W. , Fellman Jason B.
Published: August 2017

Nearly half of the freshwater discharge into the Gulf of Alaska originates from landscapes draining glacier runoff, but the influence of the influx of riverine organic matter on the trophodynamics of coastal marine food webs is not well understood. We quantified the ecological impact of riverine organic matter subsidies to glacier‐marine habitats by developing a multi‐trophic level Bayesian three‐isotope mixing model. We utilized large gradients in stable (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H) and radiogenic (Δ14C) isotopes that trace riverine and marine organic matter sources as they are passed from lower to higher trophic levels in glacial‐marine habitats. We also compared isotope ratios between glacial‐marine and more oceanic habitats. Based on isotopic measurements of potential baseline sources, ambient water and tissues of marine consumers, estimates of the riverine organic matter source contribution to upper trophic‐level species including fish and seabirds ranged from 12% to 44%. Variability in resource use among similar taxa corresponded to variation in species distribution and life histories. For example, riverine organic matter assimilation by the glacier‐nesting seabirds Kittlitz's murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) was greater than that of the forest‐nesting marbled murrelet (B. marmoratus). The particulate and dissolved organic carbon in glacial runoff and near surface coastal waters was aged (12100–1500 years BP 14C‐age) but dissolved inorganic carbon and biota in coastal waters were young (530 years BP 14C‐age to modern). Thus terrestrial‐derived subsidies in marine food webs were primarily composed of young organic matter sources released from glacier ecosystems and their surrounding watersheds. Stable isotope compositions also revealed a divergence in food web structure between glacial‐marine and oceanic sites. This work demonstrates linkages between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and facilitates a greater understanding of how climate‐driven changes in freshwater runoff have the potential to alter food web dynamics within coastal marine ecosystems in Alaska.
Negative emissions from stopping deforestation and forest degradation, globally
Authors: Houghton Richard A. , Nassikas Alexander A.
Published: August 2017

Forest growth provides negative emissions of carbon that could help keep the earth's surface temperature from exceeding 2°C, but the global potential is uncertain. Here we use land‐use information from the FAO and a bookkeeping model to calculate the potential negative emissions that would result from allowing secondary forests to recover. We find the current gross carbon sink in forests recovering from harvests and abandoned agriculture to be −4.4 PgC/year, globally. The sink represents the potential for negative emissions if positive emissions from deforestation and wood harvest were eliminated. However, the sink is largely offset by emissions from wood products built up over the last century. Accounting for these committed emissions, we estimate that stopping deforestation and allowing secondary forests to grow would yield cumulative negative emissions between 2016 and 2100 of about 120 PgC, globally. Extending the lifetimes of wood products could potentially remove another 10 PgC from the atmosphere, for a total of approximately 130 PgC, or about 13 years of fossil fuel use at today's rate. As an upper limit, the estimate is conservative. It is based largely on past and current practices. But if greater negative emissions are to be realized, they will require an expansion of forest area, greater efficiencies in converting harvested wood to long‐lasting products and sources of energy, and novel approaches for sequestering carbon in soils. That is, they will require current management practices to change.
Application of Groundwater Vulnerability Overlay and Index Methods to the Jijel Plain Area (Algeria)
Authors: Boufekane Abdelmadjid , Saighi Omar
Published: August 2017

Today, scientists are deeply concerned by the vulnerability of groundwater reservoirs to pollution. Relatively simple overlay and index methods can be used to produce groundwater vulnerability maps in geographic information system. In addition, this study deals with contamination from nonpoint sources. In this study, two such models, DRASTIC and GOD, were applied in the Jijel Plain area of northeast Algeria and compared with measured groundwater nitrate concentrations. This showed that results from DRASTIC were better than GOD, 69% correlation with nitrate compared to 56%. DRASTIC was better able to identify vulnerable zones along the river valleys. The DRASTIC model was then modified using the nitrate concentrations to optimize the rating score given within each parameter range and sensitivity analysis to change the weighting given for each parameter. These combined changes gave a final Pearson's correlation of 83% with nitrate. This showed that recharge, aquifer type, and topography were the key factors in controlling vulnerability to nitrate pollution.
Dielectric and microwave absorption properties of AlN‐SiBCN lossy ceramics
Authors: He Yongqin , Li Xiaoyun , Zhang Jingxian , Li Xiaoguang , Yu Mingxian , Duan Yusen , Jiang Dongliang , Qiu Tai
Published: August 2017

Dense AlN‐SiBCN ceramics were fabricated by pyrolysis of a commercially available polyborosilazane followed by hot‐pressing of AlN and SiBCN mixture in N2 atmosphere. The effect of SiBCN content on phase behavior, microstructure, electrical conductivity, dielectric and microwave absorption properties of the composites were investigated. The results showed that characteristic peaks of Si3N4, SiC, and BNC appeared above 1650°C during the annealing of SiBCN powder. The composites fabricated with 30 wt.% SiBCN had the highest electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity, which can be attributed to the formation of SiC nanoparticles. With further increase in SiBCN content, the composites showed the lowest reflection coefficient of −30.88 dB at 8.5 GHz and the frequency bandwidth of 1 GHz below −10 dB in X‐band.
Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma: treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery and an update of the literature
Authors: Knackstedt Rebecca W. , Knackstedt Thomas J. , Findley Alyssa B. , Piliang Melissa , Jellinek Nathaniel J. , Bernard Steven L. , Vidimos Allison
Published: August 2017

Background

Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (ADPA) is a rare adenocarcinoma of the sweat glands.

Aims

We wish to report the treatment of two cases of ADPA with Mohs micrographic surgery and review the presentation, management, and prognosis of this rare malignancy.

Materials & Methods

Cases of ADPA were identified from recent surgery logs. Demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics were extracted. A PubMed database search for English language full‐text articles of aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma was performed, and relevant articles were summarized.

Results

Two cases of ADPA were identified. A 53‐year‐old man presented with ADPA on his right third fingernail, and a 65‐year‐old man presented with ADPA on his right thumb. Both patients underwent Mohs micrographic surgery and negative sentinel lymph node biopsy, remaining recurrence free at 34 and 9 months, respectively.

Discussion

ADPA frequently presents as a solitary mass on the digit. Treatment of ADPA with local excision or amputation has historically been fraught with high recurrence rates. Regional lymph node spread and distant metastasis have been reported. Mohs micrographic surgery may be an alternative treatment for ADPA.

Conclusion

Mohs micrographic surgery is a viable option for ADPA and warrants further exploration. Long‐term follow‐up is important, and additional studies will need to identify the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy.
Reshaping curricula: Culture and mental health in undergraduate health degrees
Authors: Muir‐Cochrane Eimear , O'Kane Deb , McAllister Margaret , Levett‐Jones Tracy , Gerace Adam
Published: August 2017

Australia is a country rich in cultural diversity, with Indigenous Australians having specific cultural values and a variety of spoken languages. In addition, the increasing number of people from migrant and refugee backgrounds requires that health professionals be able to communicate effectively with people from a wide range of cultural backgrounds. This is particularly relevant when undertaking a mental health assessment, because members of diverse communities often face the dual vulnerability of marginalization and stigmatization. This paper reports on the development and evaluation of a virtual teaching and learning resource that prepares health students to be culturally competent in mental health assessment. Four online interprofessional learning journeys were developed. Evaluation of the learning resources was conducted across three participating Australian universities. Quantitative evaluation involved pre‐ and post‐testing using an empathy scale, the Mental Health Nursing Clinical Confidence Scale, and the Cultural Competence Questionnaire informed by the theory of planned behaviour. Qualitative data from focus group interviews explored participants’ experiences of using the guided learning journey. Participants reported changes from pretest to post‐test in their empathy and attitudes towards culturally and linguistically diverse consumers with significant positive changes in cultural competence, empathy, and attitudes. There was strong satisfaction with the learning materials, indicating that participants valued this ‘real world’ learning experience. Results require cautious interpretation, given recruitment difficulties in the evaluation phase. However, these learning journeys appear to have potential to be an effective way to challenge attitudes and perceptions, as well as increase cultural competence towards culturally and linguistically diverse consumers.
Validity and reliability of the COHIP‐SF in Australian children with orofacial cleft
Authors: Agnew Caitlin Mary , Foster Page Lyndie , Hibbert Sally
Published: August 2017

Aim

To measure the validity and reliability of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile‐Short Form (COHIP‐SF) in Australian children with orofacial cleft (OFC) and to evaluate the need for a proxy report.

Design

Children with OFC and their proxy completed a COHIP‐SF questionnaire. Items were divided into oral health, functional and socio‐emotional subscales, and scores on all subscales were compared between and within groups.

Results

A total of 222 children (average age 11.3, SD = 3.5, range 8.0–14.0) and 215 proxies completed the COHIP‐SF, with similar mean scores of 50.8 (SD = 13.7) and 48.1 (SD = 14.0). Excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha 0.9) and convergent validity was evident (P < 0.001); however, discriminant validity was weaker. There was strong correlation between child and proxy reports (Pearson's r = 0.7), and intraclass correlation coefficients were high indicating good child/proxy agreement. Older children had poor socio‐emotional well‐being (P < 0.004), and children with bilateral cleft lip and palate (CL/P) and velopharyngeal insufficiency/submucous cleft (VPI/SMC) had poor functional well‐being. Those with private health insurance reported better oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The COHIP‐SF is a valid and reliable measure for measuring OHRQoL in Australian children with OFC. Proxy reports did not add further information regarding a child's OHRQoL.
The performance evaluation of banks considering risk: an application of undesirable relation network DEA
Authors: Chen Yu‐Chuan , Chiu Yung‐Ho , Chiu Ching‐Jen
Published: August 2017

The probability of losses for financial institutions fluctuates in accordance with commodity prices and risk managers’ investment tolerance. For the financial service sector, when the capital base increases through lending and investment instruments, the associated financial risks often grow proportionally higher. In other words, the inherent risk of a loss is the financial institution's principal trade. However, with risk comes reward, and therefore banks often engage in complex financial risk management in order to capitalize on their profits. To assess a bank's performance, traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) incorporates various inputs and outputs and runs through preset formulae to arrive at conclusions. As a result, traditional DEA models often overlook the duality of risks. This paper discusses network DEA by considering the inputs and outputs of a bank's surrounding production processes as additional undesirable factors and integrates the dual nature of risks. We employ and analyze Taiwanese banks’ data to assess the local financial service sector's performance efficiency. The results provide a basis for future recommendations.
Near‐zero thermal expansion transparent lithium aluminosilicate glass‐ceramic by microwave hybrid heat treatment
Authors: Venkateswaran C. , Sharma Sharad C. , Chauhan Vishal S. , Vaish Rahul
Published: August 2017

The material of choice for space applications which demand very high dimensional stability is lithium aluminosilicate (LAS) based Ultra Low thermal Expansion Glass‐Ceramic (ULEGC). Generally, the controlled crystallization process recommended for the processing of transparent ULEGC involves a long soaking duration to achieve the required crystal number density. This paper brings out the process optimization procedure adopted for realizing transparent and nanocrystalline ULEGC from conventionally processed LAS glass using microwave‐assisted (hybrid) crystallization. The experimental strategy involves two stages (i) identification of the optimum crystallization temperature (Tc) under a microwave field (ii) optimization of a microwave‐assisted crystallization process to achieve near zero Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE).. Optimum heat‐treatment schedules for nucleation and crystallization under a microwave environment were found to be 720°C/24 hours and 775°C/0.3 hours, respectively. The optimized heat‐treatment condition revealed the efficacy of the microwave hybrid heating, by producing nanocrystalline (35‐50 nm) and transparent (>82%) ULEGC having a thermal expansion of −0.03 × 10−6 K (0°C to 50°C).
Reliability of an Online Geriatric Assessment Procedure Using the interRAI Acute Care Assessment System
Authors: Martin‐Khan Melinda G. , Edwards Helen , Wootton Richard , Counsell Steven R. , Varghese Paul , Lim Wen Kwang , Darzins Peteris , Dakin Lucy , Klein Kerenaftali , Gray Leonard C.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To determine whether geriatric triage decisions made using a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) performed online are less reliable than face‐to‐face (FTF) decisions.

Design

Multisite noninferiority prospective cohort study. Two specialist geriatricians assessed individuals sequentially referred for an acute care geriatric consultation. Participants were allocated to one FTF assessment and an additional assessment (FTF or online (OL)), creating two groups—two FTF (FTF‐FTF, n = 81) or online and FTF (OL‐FTF, n = 85).

Setting

Three acute care public hospitals in two Australian states.

Participants

Admitted individuals referred for CGA.

Intervention

Nurse‐administered CGA, based on the interRAI Acute Care assessment system accessed online and other online clinical data such as pathology results and imaging enabling geriatricians to review participants’ information and provide input into their care from a distance.

Measurements

The primary decision subjected to this analysis was referral for permanent residential care. Geriatricians also recorded recommendations for referrals and variations for medication management and judgment regarding prognosis at discharge and after 3 months.

Results

Overall percentage agreement was 88% (n = 71) for the FTF‐FTF group and 91% (n = 77) for the OL‐FTF group. The difference in agreement between the FTF‐FTF and OL‐FTF groups was −3%, indicating that there was no difference between the methods of assessment. Judgements made regarding diagnoses of geriatric syndromes, medication management, and prognosis (with regard to hospital outcome and location at 3 months) were found to be equally reliable in each mode of consultation.

Conclusion

Geriatric assessment performed online using a nurse‐administered structured CGA system was no less reliable than conventional assessment in making clinical triage decisions.
Association of S100 calcium‐binding protein A12, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and nuclear factor‐κB expression with inflammation in pulp tissues from tooth caries
Authors: Khorasani Mohammad M. Y. , Andam‐Shahsavari Pouria , Zainodini Nahid , Khoramdelazad Hossein , Nosratabadi Reza
Published: August 2017

Aim

S100 calcium‐binding protein A1 (S100A12) is a pro‐inflammatory molecule which is secreted during inflammation and induces chemotaxis and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines via interaction with receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and subsequent, activation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB). The present study was designed to determine the expression levels of S100A12, RAGE, and NF‐κB in the inflamed pulp of carried teeth.

Methods

In the present study, mRNA from 50 inflamed pulp and 50 healthy pulp were used for expression studies using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The expression levels of S100A12, RAGE, and NF‐κB were compared between inflamed and healthy tissues.

Results

The results revealed that the expression of S100A12, but not of RAGE or NF‐κB, was significantly decreased in inflamed pulp when compared to healthy pulp. mRNA levels of RAGE were also increased in the inflamed pulp taken from men when compared with women.

Conclusion

The results suggest that S100A12 does not participate in the induction of inflammation in dental pulp. However, RAGE can participate in the inflammation in the pulp of males.
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) ‐ enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) network regulates lipid metabolism and DNA damage responses in glioblastoma
Authors: Ahmad Fahim , Patrick Shruti , Sheikh Touseef , Sharma Vikas , Pathak Pankaj , Malgulwar Prit Benny , Kumar Anupam , Joshi Shanker Datt , Sarkar Chitra , Sen Ellora
Published: August 2017

Elevated expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3K27 methyltransferase, was observed in gliomas harboring telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations. Given the known involvement of TERT and EZH2 in glioma progression, the correlation between the two and subsequently its involvement in metabolic programming was investigated. Inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase either pharmacologically or through genetic manipulation not only decreased EZH2 expression, but also (i) abrogated FASN levels, (ii) decreased de novo fatty acid accumulation, and (iii) increased ataxia‐telangiectasia‐mutated (ATM) phosphorylation levels. Conversely, diminished TERT and FASN levels upon siRNA‐mediated EZH2 knockdown indicated a positive correlation between TERT and EZH2. Interestingly, ATM kinase inhibitor rescued TERT inhibition‐mediated decrease in FASN and EZH2 levels. Importantly, TERT promoter mutant tumors exhibited greater microsatellite instability, heightened FASN levels and lipid accumulation. Coherent with in vitro findings, pharmacological inhibition of TERT by costunolide decreased lipid accumulation and elevated ATM expression in heterotypic xenograft glioma mouse model. By bringing TERT‐EZH2 network at the forefront as driver of dysregulated metabolism, our findings highlight the non‐canonical but distinct role of TERT in metabolic reprogramming and DNA damage responses in glioblastoma.

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The role of exercise in mitigating subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Dao Elizabeth , Hsiung Ging‐Yuek Robin , Liu‐Ambrose Teresa
Published: August 2017

Subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment (SIVCI) is the most preventable form of cognitive dysfunction. There is converging evidence from animal and human studies that indicate vascular injury as the primary cause of SIVCI. Currently, there are no curative pharmaceutical treatments for vascular dementia; however, exercise may be a promising strategy to combat SIVCI. This review will focus on the role of exercise as a strategy to prevent or slow the progression of SIVCI, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms by which exercise may improve cerebrovascular function. We propose that exercise may be an effective strategy to combat SIVCI by improving cognitive function, increasing the bioavailability of neurotrophins, stimulating endothelial function, and controlling vascular risk factors.

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This article is part of the Special Issue “Vascular Dementia”.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy as a cause of neurodegeneration
Authors: Smith Eric E.
Published: August 2017

Sporadic, age‐related cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is most commonly recognized clinically as a cause of hemorrhagic stroke and transient focal neurological episodes in older persons. But a growing body of research in the last 5 years shows that the pathophysiology of CAA is much more complex than previously believed, leading to many different types of brain injury. CAA has now been linked with brain atrophy in regions remote from those directly affected by intracerebral hematomas, and with risk for progressive cognitive decline in the absence of new hemorrhagic strokes. Therefore, CAA is associated with features – brain atrophy and progressive cognitive decline – that are typically considered hallmarks of neurodegenerative disease. Although CAA is usually accompanied by some degree of Alzheimer's disease pathology, the profiles of cortical thinning and cognitive impairment do not fully overlap with those seen in Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that there are CAA‐specific pathways of neurodegeneration. CAA‐related brain ischemia may be an important mechanism that leads to brain injury, cortical disconnection, and cognitive impairment.

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This article is part of the Special Issue “Vascular Dementia”.
Combined treatment with fractional carbon dioxide laser, autologous platelet‐rich plasma, and narrow band ultraviolet B for vitiligo in different body sites: A prospective, randomized comparative trial
Authors: Abdelghani Rania , Ahmed Naglaa A , Darwish Hanan M
Published: August 2017

Background

Multiple treatment options are introduced in treatment of vitiligo but the response is unsatisfactory.

Objective

In this prospective, randomized, comparative trial, we studied the effect of combined treatment with fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injection, and narrowband ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) for stable nonsegmental vitiligo regarding repigmentation grade, patient's satisfaction, and side effects.

Methods

Eighty adult patients with localized nonsegmental vitiligo were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly categorized to receive 4 lines of treatment; fractional CO2 laser, PRP, combined fractional CO2 laser and PRP, and combined fractional CO2 laser and NB‐UVB. The treatment period was 2 months. Patients were clinically evaluated 3 months after the last treatment. Outcome was evaluated by 5‐point scale for repigmentation, 10‐point visual analog scale for patient's satisfaction, and side effects.

Results

Laser and PRP group achieved the best results regarding repigmentation and patient's satisfaction. Sixty percent of the patients developed repigmentation >50% and 40% of patients developed repigmentation >75%. In laser and NB‐UVB group, 5% developed repigmentation >75% and 25% developed repigmentation >50%. Only 10% of patients developed repigmentation >75% in laser group and only 20% of patients developed repigmentation >75% in PRP group.

Conclusions

Combination of fractional CO2 laser with PRP injection is a promising treatment for vitiligo, followed by combination of fractional CO2 laser with NB‐UVB phototherapy. Both fractional CO2 laser and PRP injection gave poor results if they received alone.
Commodity Trade and the Carry Trade: A Tale of Two Countries
Authors: READY ROBERT , ROUSSANOV NIKOLAI , WARD COLIN
Published: August 2017

Persistent interest rate differentials account for much of the currency carry trade profitability. “Commodity currencies” offer high interest rates on average, while countries that export finished goods tend to have low interest rates. We develop a general equilibrium model of international trade and currency pricing where countries have an advantage in producing either basic inputs or final goods. In the model, domestic production insulates commodity‐producing countries from global productivity shocks, forcing final‐good producers to absorb them. Commodity‐currency exchange rates and risk premia increase with productivity differentials and trade frictions. These predictions are strongly supported in the data.
The Use of Visual Rating Scales to Quantify Brain MRI Lesions in Patients with HIV Infection
Authors: Robinson‐Papp Jessica , Navis Allison , Dhamoon Mandip S. , Clark Uraina S. , Gutierrez‐Contreras Jose , Morgello Susan
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients commonly have abnormalities in cerebral white matter that are visible on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as hyperintensities (WMHs). Visual rating scales (VRSs) have been used to quantify WMH in other diseases such as cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), but not in HIV. Such scales are advantageous because they are applicable to routinely acquired MRIs and so are suitable for large‐scale studies and clinical care. We sought to establish the utility of three VRSs (the Fazekas, Scheltens, and van Sweiten scales) in HIV.

METHODS

The Manhattan HIV Brain Bank (MHBB) is a longitudinal cohort study that performs serial neurologic examinations and neuropsychological testing. All brain MRIs (n = 73) performed for clinical purposes on MHBB participants were scored using the three VRSs. We assessed reliability, validity, and correlation of the VRS with clinical factors relevant to HIV and CSVD.

RESULTS

The VRSs all showed acceptable internal consistency and interrater reliability and were highly correlated with one another (r = 0.836‐0.916, P < .001). The Fazekas and Scheltens scales demonstrated more WMH in periventricular regions, and the Scheltens scale also suggested a frontal to occipital gradient, with greater WMH frontally. All three VRSs correlated significantly with cognitive impairment (global T score). Age and hepatitis C virus antibody serostatus were the strongest clinical/demographic correlates of WMH, followed by African‐American race.

CONCLUSIONS

VRSs reliably quantify WMH in HIV‐infected individuals and correlate with cognitive impairment. Future studies may find routinely acquired brain MRI quantified by VRS to be an accessible and meaningful neurologic outcome measure in HIV.
Precise Reproduction of Soft Tissue Structure around the Pontic Area Using Computer‐Aided Design and Manufacturing
Authors: Lee Hyeonjong , Paek Janghyun , Noh Kwantae , Kwon Kung‐Rock
Published: August 2017

Reproducing soft tissue contours around a pontic area is important for the fabrication of an esthetic prosthesis, especially in the anterior area. A gingival model that precisely replicates the soft tissue structure around the pontic area can be easily obtained by taking a pick‐up impression of an interim fixed dental prosthesis. After a working cast is fabricated using the customary technique, the pick‐up model is superimposed onto the working model for the pontic area using computer‐aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM). A definitive restoration using this technique would be well adapted to the pontic base, which is formed by the interim prosthesis.
Lifestyle and Occupational Stress: A Potential Risk Factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Nonobese Male Subjects
Authors: Tripathi Arvind , Bagchi Soumyojeet , Singh Juhi , Pandey Paritosh , Tripathi Suryakant , Gupta Narendra Kumar
Published: August 2017

Purpose

To record the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in nonobese male subjects and investigate the coexistence of lifestyle stress, sleep deprivation, and upper airway inflammation.

Materials and Methods

552 patients were assessed during a survey of banks, government and corporate offices, recruitment agencies, and schools between January 2012 and January 2016. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria designed for this study, the number of patients tapered down to 120 patients who underwent diagnostic tests, viz. polysomnography, chemiluminiscence immunoassay, nephelometry, and upper airway endoscopy. This revealed the presence of OSA coexistent with elevated serum cortisol, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and upper airway inflammation.

Results

Polysomnography showed that 57 of 120 patients suffered from OSA. Objective evaluation of these patients exposed an undercurrent of lifestyle stress in 39 patients. CRP and serum cortisol were found to be significantly high (1.60 ± 0.52 and 7.20 ± 0.76 μg/dL, respectively) in 30 patients. Endoscopy revealed 18 patients with moderate, 7 with severe, and 5 with no upper airway inflammation.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrated that OSA was found to be prevalent in the cohort of nonobese male patients studied. Coexistence of lifestyle stress, sleep deprivation, and upper airway inflammation was revealed.
Moderating Ideation in Web‐Enabled Ideation Systems
Authors: Beretta Michela , Björk Jennie , Magnusson Mats
Published: August 2017

While organizations increasingly implement web‐enabled ideation systems to access the collective intelligence of their distributed employees, recent studies show that most attempts to use these systems underperform or fail. This article draws on a qualitative case study of the Ericsson system “Idea Boxes” to explore a novel approach to manage ideation based on the use of the moderator role. The aim of this study is to understand to what extent and how the introduction of moderators can contribute to a better management of web‐enabled ideation systems and to overcome the shortcomings commonly associated with their use. The contribution of this study to innovation literature is threefold. First, it develops a conceptual framework that gives insights into the practices implemented by moderators to manage ideation, namely: (1) formulating an ideation strategy, (2) combining means for community building, and (3) formalizing the ideation process. It focuses on unfolding their key complementarities. Second, this study relates these practices to the shortcomings of web‐enabled ideation systems with respect to the sourcing, filtering, and handling of employees' ideas. It discusses how the identified practices can help organizations address these shortcomings by stimulating sustained employee participation, increasing the quality and fit of the ideas generated, and ensuring their efficient selection and integration. Third, this article compares moderators to other innovation roles discussed in the new product development literature with the aim of broadening the future research agenda toward an investigation of emerging organizational roles having limited formal authority to manage innovation. The findings of this study provide valuable guidelines to managers to implement more sophisticated approaches for a better management of the ideation process through web‐enabled ideation tools.
Gastric dilation‐volvulus in dogs attending UK emergency‐care veterinary practices: prevalence, risk factors and survival
Authors: O'Neill D. G. , Case J. , Boag A. K. , Church D. B. , McGreevy P. D. , Thomson P. C. , Brodbelt D. C.
Published: August 2017

Objective

To report prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcomes for presumptive gastric dilation‐volvulus diagnosed among an emergency‐care population of UK dogs.

Methods

The study used a cross‐sectional design using emergency‐care veterinary clinical records from the VetCompass Programme spanning September 1, 2012 to February 28, 2014 and risk factor analysis using multivariable logistic regression modelling.

Results

The study population comprised 77,088 dogs attending 50 Vets Now clinics. Overall, 492 dogs had presumptive gastric dilation‐volvulus diagnoses, giving a prevalence of 0·64% (95% Confidence interval: 0·58 to 0·70%). Compared with cross‐bred dogs, breeds with the highest odds ratios for the diagnosis of presumptive gastric dilation‐volvulus were the great Dane (odds ratio: 114·3, 95% Confidence interval 55·1 to 237·1, P<0·001), akita (odds ratio: 84·4, 95% Confidence interval 33·6 to 211·9, P<0·001) and dogue de Bordeaux (odds ratio: 82·9, 95% Confidence interval 39·0 to 176·3, P<0·001). Odds increased as dogs aged up to 12 years and neutered male dogs had 1·3 (95% Confidence interval 1·0 to 1·8, P=0·041) times the odds compared with entire females. Of the cases that were presented alive, 49·7% survived to discharge overall, but 79·3% of surgical cases survived to discharge.

Clinical Significance

Approximately 80% of surgically managed cases survived to discharge. Certain large breeds were highly predisposed.
Urban environment: a risk factor for canine immune‐mediated disease?
Authors: Jeffery U.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To investigate whether dogs living in urban areas are more likely to develop immune‐mediated disease than those in rural areas.

Materials and Methods

A case–control study comparing the prevalence of urban home location between dogs with immune‐mediated disease and matched controls. Dogs diagnosed with immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia, immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia, immune‐mediated polyarthritis or meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin were identified by case record searches. Breed‐matched dogs presenting to the same hospital during the same year as cases were randomly selected as controls. Home locations were classified as rural or urban using the population density of the relevant census tract and conditional logistic regression was used to examine association between home location and immune‐mediated disease.

Results

In the 137 cases and 137 breed‐matched controls, the odds ratio for any immune‐mediated disease for dogs living in urban (versus rural) areas was 0·94 (95% confidence interval 0·58 to 1·55, P=0·80). Odds ratios for development of immune‐mediated haematological diseases, immune‐mediated polyarthritis or meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin were also not significantly different from the null value. Multivariable analysis including age, gender and season of presentation did not suggest confounding of effect of home location by these additional variables.

Clinical Significance

This study does not support an association between urban environment and immune‐mediated disease in dogs.
Widespread gene flow between oceans in a pelagic seabird species complex
Authors: Booth Jones Katherine A. , Nicoll Malcolm A. C. , Raisin Claire , Dawson Deborah A. , Hipperson Helen , Horsburgh Gavin J. , Groombridge Jim J. , Ismar Stefanie M. H. , Sweet Paul , Jones Carl G. , Tatayah Vikash , Ruhomaun Kevin , Norris Ken
Published: August 2017

Global‐scale gene flow is an important concern in conservation biology as it has the potential to either increase or decrease genetic diversity in species and populations. Although many studies focus on the gene flow between different populations of a single species, the potential for gene flow and introgression between species is understudied, particularly in seabirds. The only well‐studied example of a mixed‐species, hybridizing population of petrels exists on Round Island, in the Indian Ocean. Previous research assumed that Round Island represents a point of secondary contact between Atlantic (Pterodroma arminjoniana) and Pacific species (Pterodroma neglecta and Pterodroma heraldica). This study uses microsatellite genotyping and tracking data to address the possibility of between‐species hybridization occurring outside the Indian Ocean. Dispersal and gene flow spanning three oceans were demonstrated between the species in this complex. Analysis of migration rates estimated using bayesass revealed unidirectional movement of petrels from the Atlantic and Pacific into the Indian Ocean. Conversely, structure analysis revealed gene flow between species of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, with potential three‐way hybrids occurring outside the Indian Ocean. Additionally, geolocation tracking of Round Island petrels revealed two individuals travelling to the Atlantic and Pacific. These results suggest that interspecific hybrids in Pterodroma petrels are more common than was previously assumed. This study is the first of its kind to investigate gene flow between populations of closely related Procellariiform species on a global scale, demonstrating the need for consideration of widespread migration and hybridization in the conservation of threatened seabirds.
Transcriptomic profiling of adaptive responses to ocean acidification
Authors: Goncalves Priscila , Jones David B. , Thompson Emma L. , Parker Laura M. , Ross Pauline M. , Raftos David A.
Published: August 2017

Some populations of marine organisms appear to have inherent tolerance or the capacity for acclimation to stressful environmental conditions, including those associated with climate change. Sydney rock oysters from the B2 breeding line exhibit resilience to ocean acidification (OA) at the physiological level. To understand the molecular basis of this physiological resilience, we analysed the gill transcriptome of B2 oysters that had been exposed to near‐future projected ocean pH over two consecutive generations. Our results suggest that the distinctive performance of B2 oysters in the face of OA is mediated by the selective expression of genes involved in multiple cellular processes. Subsequent high‐throughput qPCR revealed that some of these transcriptional changes are exclusive to B2 oysters and so may be associated with their resilience to OA. The intracellular processes mediated by the differentially abundant genes primarily involve control of the cell cycle and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. These changes may enable B2 oysters to prevent apoptosis resulting from oxidative damage or to alleviate the effects of apoptosis through regulation of the cell cycle. Comparative analysis of the OA conditioning effects across sequential generations supported the contention that B2 and wild‐type oysters have different trajectories of changing gene expression and responding to OA. Our findings reveal the broad set of molecular processes underlying transgenerational conditioning and potential resilience to OA in a marine calcifier. Identifying the mechanisms of stress resilience can uncover the intracellular basis for these organisms to survive and thrive in a rapidly changing ocean.
Improved estimates of digestion correction factors and passage rates for harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) prey in the northeast Atlantic
Authors: Wilson Lindsay J. , Grellier Kate , Hammond Philip S.
Published: August 2017

Diet composition in pinnipeds is widely estimated using hard prey remains recovered from feces. To estimate the size and number of prey represented in fecal samples accurately, digestion correction factors (DCFs) must be applied to measurements and counts of fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks. In this study, 101 whole prey feeding trials were conducted with six harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and 18 prey species. We derived species‐ and grade‐specific estimates of digestion coefficients (DCs) and species‐specific recovery rates (RRs) to account for partial and complete digestion, respectively. Greater than 98% of otoliths were passed within three days of consumption. RRs were smallest for Atlantic salmon smolts (RR = 0.306, SE = 0.031) and increasingly larger for sandeels (RR = 0.494, SE = 0.017), flatfish (RR = 0.789, SE = 0.033), and large gadoids (RR = 0.944, SE = 0.034). Species‐specific otolith width DCs were smallest for Trisopterus species (DC = 1.14, SE = 0.015) and increasingly larger for flatfish (DC = 1.27, SE = 0.045), large gadoids (DC = 1.32, SE = 0.067) and sandeels (DC = 1.57, SE = 0.035). RRs were similar to those from gray seals (Halichoerus grypus), but harbor seal species‐ and grade‐specific DCs were generally smaller. Differences in partial and complete digestion rates among prey species and between seal species highlight the importance of applying DCFs when reconstructing diet.
(Post‐)Tonal Key Relationships in Scriabin's Late Music
Authors: YUNEK JEFFREY SCOTT
Published: August 2017

One of the leading theories of Scriabin's late music is that his collections are chords that are related through invariant transposition. Whereas this theory is effective in relating symmetrical collections such as the octatonic, it cannot relate asymmetrical collections such as Scriabin's mystic chord. In order to overcome this issue, I explore Scriabin's own understanding of his harmonic language and interpret it through his personal statements, philosophical beliefs and theoretical training. I reveal that Scriabin thought of his collections not as chords, but as closely related keys (tonalnosti). Although close key relationships are tonal in nature, this relationship can be transferred to post‐tonal music when defined as a maximally invariant transposition. Accordingly, this operation accounts for transpositional relationships between symmetrical and asymmetrical collections in Scriabin's late music, suggesting that his late harmonic language equates to a rapid succession of closely related keys. This theory is applied to excerpts spanning the late period, from Op. 58 to Op. 74, with extended applications to Op. 63 No. 2 and Op. 73 No. 2.
Identification of stable fly attractant compounds in vinasse, a byproduct of sugarcane–ethanol distillation
Authors: JELVEZ SERRA N. S. , GOULART H. F. , TRIANA M. F. , DOS SANTOS TAVARES S. , ALMEIDA C. I. M. , DA COSTA J. G. , SANTANA A. E. G. , ZHU J. J.
Published: August 2017

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), is a worldwide pest of livestock. Recent outbreaks of stable flies in sugarcane fields in Brazil have become a serious problem for livestock producers. Larvae and pupae found inside sugarcane stems after harvesting may indicate that stable flies use these stems as potential oviposition or larval development sites. Field observations suggest that outbreaks of stable flies are associated with the vinasse and filter cake derived from biomass distillation in sugarcane ethanol production that are used as fertilizers in sugarcane fields. Adult stable flies are attracted to vinasse, which appears to present an ideal larval development site. The primary goal of the present study is to demonstrate the role of vinasse in influencing the sensory physiological and behavioural responses of stable flies, and to identify its associated volatile attractant compounds. Both laboratory and field studies showed that vinasse is extremely attractive to adult stable flies. Chemical analyses of volatiles collected revealed a wide range of carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenols and aldehydes as potential attractant compounds. These newly identified attractants could be used to develop a tool for the attractant‐baited mass trapping of stable flies in order to reduce infestations.
Stem photosynthesis and hydraulics are coordinated in desert plant species
Authors: Ávila‐Lovera Eleinis , Zerpa Antonio J. , Santiago Louis S.
Published: August 2017

Coordination between stem photosynthesis and hydraulics in green‐stemmed desert plants is important for understanding the physiology of stem photosynthesis and possible drought responses. Plants with photosynthetic stems have extra carbon gain that can help cope with the detrimental effects of drought.

We studied photosynthetic, hydraulic and functional traits of 11 plant species with photosynthetic stems from three California desert locations. We compared relationships among traits between wet and dry seasons to test the effect of seasonality on these relationships. Finally, we compared stem trait relationships with analogous relationships in the leaf economics spectrum.

We found that photosynthetic and hydraulic traits are coordinated in photosynthetic stems. The slope or intercept of all trait relationships was mediated by seasonality. The relationship between mass‐based stem photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (Amass) and specific stem area (SSA; stem surface area to dry mass ratio) was statistically indistinguishable from the leaf economics spectrum.

Our results indicate that photosynthetic stems behave like leaves in the coordination of multiple traits related to carbon gain, water movement and water loss. Because of the similarity of the stem Amass–SSA relationship to the leaf Amass–specific leaf area relationship, we suggest the existence of a photosynthetic stem economic spectrum.