bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swedish gärna and German gern(e) and their English correspondences
Authors: Aijmer Karin , Altenberg Bengt
Published: September 2013

The Swedish adverb gärna, related to German gern(e), has no obvious equivalent in English. To explore this cross-linguistic phenomenon the English correspondences of gärna are examined on the basis of the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus, a bidirectional translation corpus. The study shows that gärna has a wide range of English correspondences (translations as well as sources), representing a variety of grammatical categories (verb, adjective, adverb, noun, etc). In addition, the English texts contain a large number of omissions and unidentifiable sources (zero). The most common function of gärna is to express willingness or readiness on the part of the subject, but in the absence of a volitional controller it can also indicate a habitual tendency and even convey implications such as reluctance. It is also used in speech acts expressing offers, promises and requests and in responses to such speech acts. To compare the Swedish adverb with its German cognate gern(e) a similar contrastive study of the English correspondences of this adverb was made on the basis of the Oslo Multilingual Corpus. The studies clearly demonstrate the rich multifunctionality of the two adverbs and the advantages of using bidirectional parallel corpora in contrastive research.
Users as innovators? Exploring the limitations of user-driven innovation
Authors: Trott Paul , Duin Patrick Van Der , Hartmann Dap
Published: September 2013

Considering users as innovators has gained considerable support over the past 30 years. Eric von Hippel’s work in this area forms a significant part of the theoretical underpinning and evidence behind this concept. Many further studies have been undertaken to support it. It has contributed to our understanding of innovation management in general and new product development in particular. Even so, Lüthje and Herstatt emphasise that empirical findings are scarce and that the most radical innovations of the last 35 years were not developed by users. Thus, in this paper we critically review the lead-user theory and focus on three specific areas of weakness of the lead-user concept (conceptual, methodological, empirical), and argue that improvement in these areas would considerably strengthen its standing. We conclude that although lead users can contribute to the innovation process, this contribution should not be overstated, and that insufficient attention has been paid to the limitations of this theory.
Biocompatible fluorescent silicon nanocrystals for single-molecule tracking and fluorescence imaging
Authors: Nishimura Hirohito , Ritchie Ken , Kasai Rinshi S. , Goto Miki , Morone Nobuhiro , Sugimura Hiroyuki , Tanaka Koichiro , Sase Ichiro , Yoshimura Akihiko , Nakano Yoshitaro , Fujiwara Takahiro K. , Kusumi Akihiro
Published: September 2013

Fluorescence microscopy is used extensively in cell-biological and biomedical research, but it is often plagued by three major problems with the presently available fluorescent probes: photobleaching, blinking, and large size. We have addressed these problems, with special attention to single-molecule imaging, by developing biocompatible, red-emitting silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) with a 4.1-nm hydrodynamic diameter. Methods for producing SiNCs by simple chemical etching, for hydrophilically coating them, and for conjugating them to biomolecules precisely at a 1:1 ratio have been developed. Single SiNCs neither blinked nor photobleached during a 300-min overall period observed at video rate. Single receptor molecules in the plasma membrane of living cells (using transferrin receptor) were imaged for ≥10 times longer than with other probes, making it possible for the first time to observe the internalization process of receptor molecules at the single-molecule level. Spatial variations of molecular diffusivity in the scale of 1–2 µm, i.e., a higher level of domain mosaicism in the plasma membrane, were revealed.
Frances Brodsky: So you think you know all about clathrin?
Authors: Sedwick Caitlin
Published: September 2013

Brodsky studies clathrin’s diverse biological functions.
Auditor independence, audit quality and the mandatory auditor rotation in Egypt
Authors: Mostafa Mohamed Diana , Hussien Habib Magda
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to introduce the problem of the lack of auditor independence in the Egyptian context, how it might affect the audit quality, through assessing reasons behind the voluntary switching of auditors, whether this switch is in the side of improving audit quality or not and the suggestion of the mandatory auditor rotation as a solution to such a problem.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper's findings are based on a survey analysis. The survey is done through a questionnaire created by the researcher (author) from the literature and distributed among audit practitioners from the Big Four audit firms operating in Egypt.

Findings

– The problem of lack of auditor independence exists in Egypt due to many reasons. The main reason is the poor structure of corporations of being closely held. It was also found that the voluntary switching of auditors are for purposes improving the quality; from these reasons is the search of more reputable auditors and timelier audit opinions. Finally auditor rotation was suggested by the practitioners in order to overcome the problems of lack of independence and that the mandatory firm rotation is suggested instead of the mandatory partner rotation.

Practical implications

– The mandatory audit firm rotation in different countries had some positive effect on audit quality. The application of mandatory rotation in the Egyptian context where there the problem of the lack of auditor independence is really clear is suggested so as to overcome the consequences of the independence problem and improve the audit quality.

Originality/value

– This research work tries to dig more into the Egyptian context as a developing country regarding the threats to the auditing professionals in terms of the causes that might be impairing their independence as well as assessing the applicability of the mandatory rotation practice in Egypt.
Partner violence and health among HIV-infected jail detainees
Authors: P. Meyer Jaimie , A. Wickersham Jeffrey , J. Fu Jeannia , Brown Shan-Estelle , P. Sullivan Tami , A. Springer Sandra , L. Altice Frederick
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– Little is known about the association of intimate partner violence (IPV) with specific HIV-treatment outcomes, especially among criminal justice (CJ) populations who are disproportionately affected by IPV, HIV, mental, and substance use disorders (SUDs) and are at high risk of poor post-release continuity of care.

Design/methodology/approach

– Mixed methods were used to describe the prevalence, severity, and correlates of lifetime IPV exposure among HIV-infected jail detainees enrolled in a novel jail-release demonstration project in Connecticut. Additionally, the effect of IPV on HIV treatment outcomes and longitudinal healthcare utilization was examined.

Findings

– Structured baseline surveys defined 49 percent of 84 participants as having significant IPV exposure, which was associated with female gender, longer duration since HIV diagnosis, suicidal ideation, having higher alcohol use severity, having experienced other forms of childhood and adulthood abuse, and homo/bisexual orientation. IPV was not directly correlated with HIV healthcare utilization or treatment outcomes. In-depth qualitative interviews with 20 surveyed participants, however, confirmed that IPV was associated with disengagement from HIV care especially in the context of overlapping vulnerabilities, including transitioning from CJ to community settings, having untreated mental disorders, and actively using drugs or alcohol at the time of incarceration.

Originality/value

– Post-release interventions for HIV-infected CJ populations should minimally integrate HIV secondary prevention with violence reduction and treatment for SUDs.
Incarcerated women develop a nutrition and fitness program: participatory research
Authors: Elwood Martin Ruth , Adamson Sue , Korchinski Mo , Granger-Brown Alison , R. Ramsden Vivian , A. Buxton Jane , Espinoza-Magana Nancy , L. Pollock Sue , J.F. Smith Megan , C. Macaulay Ann , Lisa Condello Lara , Gregory Hislop T.
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– Women in prison throughout the world experience higher rates of mental and physical illness compared with the general population and compared with men in prison. The paper finds no published studies that report on men or women in prison engaging in participatory health research to address their concerns about nutrition and fitness. The purpose of this paper is to describe a pilot nutrition and fitness program, which resulted from a unique prison participatory health research project.

Design/methodology/approach

– Women in prison designed, led, and evaluated a six-week pilot fitness program in a minimum/medium security women's prison. Pre- and post-program assessments included a self-administered questionnaire and body measures. Open-ended questionnaire responses illuminated the quantitative findings.

Findings

– Sixteen women in prison completed the program evaluation. Weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and chest measurements decreased, and energy, sleep, and stress levels improved by the end of the program.

Research limitations/implications

– As a component of a participatory research project, incarcerated women designed and led a nutrition and fitness program, which resulted in improved body measures and self-reported health benefits.

Originality Value

– Incarceration provides opportunities to engage women in designing their own health programs with consequent potential long-term “healing” benefits.
Planning and commitment in cultural heritage projects
Authors: Baarveld Marlijn , Smit Marnix , Dewulf Geert
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of the study is to generate insights into the planning process for reusing cultural heritage within urban redevelopment projects and identifies barriers to and drivers for stakeholder commitment.

Design/methodology/approach

– Characteristics of five Dutch urban redevelopment projects with built cultural heritage are studied in terms of the context, interaction and commitment. The findings are confronted with insights from urban planning literature.

Findings

– The study shows that although there is a strong belief in the added value of reusing cultural heritage, dealing with uncertainty over costs and benefits associated with heritage transformation is a major barrier. There is no standard planning strategy to deal with these issues. Further, we could not identify a direct link between the planning strategy used and the commitment of key stakeholders. Nevertheless, it seems that a shared framework and a shared belief in the heritage's added value are vital.

Research limitations/implications

– The study has an explorative character meaning that further analysis is needed to gain a greater understanding on how planning strategies affect stakeholder commitment in cultural heritage projects. As only cases in the Netherlands are studied, institutional differences are not considered.

Practical implications

– This study can help practitioners to develop planning strategies by offering insight into a number of barriers and dilemmas that need to be overcome in the planning process.

Originality/value

– This study explains why the presence of cultural heritage creates difficulties in adapting available planning tools and in developing new sustainable strategic planning approaches.
The complexity of becoming: collaborative planning and cultural heritage
Authors: Thorkildsen Are , Ekman Marianne
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine a pilot in a national R&D programme in Norway (2007-2010) to join the ongoing discussion on the different meanings and uses of planning tools and approaches in cultural heritage across various disciplines. The study aimed to reveal how patterns of collaborative planning processes unfold in a complex cultural heritage setting, the key challenges, dilemmas and tensions in the different phases of the process and implications for future research and policy.

Design/methodology/approach

– Longitudinal explorative dialogic action research was undertaken to investigate and capture the evolution of knowledge-creating processes. The qualitative data collection methods included 25 semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, participatory observation and text and document analysis.

Findings

– Experiential R&D activities can bridge and transcend the context-specific tensions that separate the involved actors and their activities. Furthermore, a pro-active cultural heritage authority is required at the national level to maintain supportive links to the local level, and it is necessary to manage and prevent potential opportunistic action from negatively affecting cultural heritage sites and processes.

Research limitations/implications

– The single case study approach makes generalising beyond the current study difficult. However, the findings raise relevant issues for further research on the management of cultural heritage policy from a sustainable development perspective.

Originality/value

– This paper identifies the need to study the evolving processes of linking cultural heritage, sustainable development and collaborative planning, as well as the dynamic relationship between the national, regional and local levels of heritage management.
Experiences of staff managing self-harm algorithmically
Authors: Beeley Chris , Sarkar Jaydip
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– An algorithmic approach to managing self-harm has been introduced within a women's enhanced medium secure. This paper explores the experiences and perspectives of nursing staff using the model.

Design/methodology/approach

– Purposive sampling was used to gather the experiences of a cross-section of nursing staff of different grades. Semi-structured interviews collected data relating to their experiences using the model as well as their satisfaction with the model in terms of its effectiveness and safety for staff and patients.

Findings

– Nursing staff described themselves as being confident with the model and were clearly implementing it safely and effectively. They described the model as addressing the challenge of managing self-harm alongside the risk of violence, and also described the importance of effectively marrying individualised assessment and planning with the algorithmic approach. The difficulty for staff new to the ward was also described and this is a useful focus for further development and evaluation.

Practical implications

– Nursing staff describe the algorithmic approach to managing self-harm in use on this ward as safe and effective and it could usefully be trialled in other areas which manage difficult and potentially high-lethality self-harm.

Originality/value

– The algorithmic model is a new approach to dealing with the challenging levels of self-harm within the service, and there is a clear need to ensure that the end-users of model are confident that they are using it safely and effectively. This paper describes this work as well as expanding on some of the complexities of managing self-harm day-to-day in this challenging environment.
Evaluating trauma debriefing within the UK prison service
Authors: Ruck Sharon , Bowes Nicola , Tehrani Noreen
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– There has been wide debate around early interventions following traumatic exposures. Many of the studies examining the effectiveness of debriefing have not been undertaken in a workplace setting for which they were designed. The study was undertaken with prison staff and evaluated the debriefing provided as part of a trauma support programme provided by the prison service. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness and a programme of support for prison service staff following a traumatic incident within a prison environment.

Design/methodology/approach

– Prison staff exposed to a range of traumatic events were offered debriefing. Measurements were taken soon after the incident and again one month later. The scores of those receiving debriefing were compared with those who did not receive debriefing.

Findings

– The results showed that the prison staff receiving debriefing showed a significant reduction in their traumatic stress, anxiety and depression scores. There was no significant difference in the symptoms of the non-debriefed group.

Research limitations//implications

– The findings suggest that group-based well structured debrief sessions can be useful in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress following exposure to critical incidents in the workplace. The findings were accepted with the limitation that the groups were self-selecting, a randomised control trial was not allowed for the purpose of this study due to ethical concerns.

Originality/value

– The results suggest that there are benefits in undertaking group debriefing within an organisational setting.
Retro from the get-go: reactionary reflections on marketing's yestermania
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to raise the issue of contemporary retromania with marketing historians.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a reflective essay combining personal experiences with empirical exemplars.

Findings

– It is found that retromarketing is a subject requiring scholarly scrutiny. The commodification of the past is increasingly prevalent and marketing historians are ideally placed to lead the discussion.

Research limitations/implications

– As yestermania is unlikely to evaporate anytime soon, it provides rich, socially and managerially relevant pickings for marketing historians.

Originality/value

– Aside from the scurrilous suggestion that historians should get out of the dusty archives, it argues that originality is overrated.
The advertising of E. Remington & Sons: the creation of an iconic brand, 1854-1888
Authors: A. Henning Robert , H. Witkowski Terrence
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– This article aims to document and analyze how E. Remington & Sons built a valuable firearms brand through its advertising in the period 1854-1888.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study uses qualitative methods. Primary source documents include newspapers, journals, and catalogs. The advertising analyzed came primarily from three periodicals – Harper's Weekly, The Army Navy Journal, and American Agriculturalist – that together reached a broad audience of American firearms consumers.

Findings

– Advertising to both civilian and military markets, Remington used a number of appeals including expert testimonials, fears of robbery and home invasion, and boasts of quality, military contracts, and honors from shooting competitions. Until the late 1870s, Remington used manufacturer's advertising more than its competitors.

Originality/value

– Business historians have not seriously addressed Remington or other gun advertising and branding during the nineteenth century, while firearms historians have largely relegated these ads and other promotional ephemera to illustrative accessory roles, not as subjects of independent consideration. By investigating the rise of this important firearms brand, the research sheds light on the evolution of the American firearms industry and the prevailing gun culture.
The characteristics and historical development path of the globalizing Chinese automobile industry
Authors: Ding Qiang , E.M. Akoorie Michèle
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the historical development and characteristics of the globalizing Chinese automobile industry.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study is positioned as an exploratory case study, using data triangulation techniques based on archival research and published reports of statistical agencies both at central government and single industry level.

Findings

– China's automobile industry represents an extraordinary case of a development path toward globalization in a transitional economy. One of the obvious characteristics of the auto industry is that it necessitates technology transfer and innovative learning, which can be regarded as an important aspect of maintaining competitiveness in industrialization and global competition. The automobile industry in China is also characterized by state intervention and industrial regulations. The state initiated open-door reform has led to a mixed regulatory mechanism including both market-based competition and the legacy of a command economy. Other major features are demonstrated as follows: state-owned auto enterprises have been gradually given more freedom in the decision-making processes; the Chinese auto industry has shown phenomenal growth in the country's economic development with an average annual rate of about 9 percent. This achievement combined with the increasing impacts of globalization of production and market expansion has undoubtedly led to the increasing inflows of foreign direct investment in the form of international partnerships between the auto-producing MNCs and major local Chinese firms as per the industrial policies in the Chinese automobile industry.

Originality/value

– This paper addresses an important topic, the historical development path of the Chinese automobile industry, but to date, it has received very little research attention. It advances the institution-based perspective and therefore develops a better understanding of changes in China's automobile industry over the past decades since 1949 and concludes that the combination of the influences of foreign technology, China's industrial policies and institutional dynamic processes has resulted in a unique dynamic development path for the globalizing Chinese automobile industry.
Leader effectiveness in emerging markets: an empirical study of the managers in India
Authors: K. Jain Ajay , Srivastava Shalini , E. Sullivan Sherry
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to respond to call for the greater study of emotional intelligence (EI) and leader effectiveness as well as the potential role of EI as a moderating variable in non-Western countries.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper surveyed 352 managers in India in order to examine the relationship between EI and tolerance of ambiguity (TOA), respectively, and leader effectiveness as well as the potential moderating effects of EI on the relationship between TOA and leader effectiveness.

Findings

– The paper found that both EI and TOA were significantly related to leader effectiveness. Additionally, EI significantly and positively moderated the relationship between TOA and leader effectiveness.

Research limitations/implications

– This study was composed of a single survey of a relatively small number of managers in one region of India. Also, while the paper controlled for some demographic variables, other factors, such as cognitive ability, which may have influenced the relationship between EI and leadership effectiveness, were not measured.

Originality/value

– Despite the relative lack of empirical research on EI, it remains a highly popular topic. This study contributes to research on EI, has implications for the generalizability of EI in Asian countries, and contributes to an increased understanding of leadership in emerging markets.
Charity accountability in the UK: through the eyes of the donor
Authors: Connolly Ciaran , Hyndman Noel
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore accountability from the perspective of charity donors.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research utilises semi-structured interviews with a range of donors. In addition, it summarises the main findings from key related research (that uses document content analysis and questionnaire surveys) as a basis for better appreciating donor engagement.

Findings

– This research offers evidence that while donors are viewed as the key stakeholder to whom a charity should be accountable, the relevance of the information commonly disclosed in formal charity communications is questionable. This is viewed as significant in terms of small dependent donors, although less critical in the case of non-dependent large donors who have power to demand individualised information. However, although all donors do not particularly engage with these formal communications, they are viewed by them as having significance and their production and publication serves as an important legitimising tool in the sector (enhancing trust and reputation).

Research limitations/implications

– This research is based on semi-structured interviews with individual small donors and large institutional donors to large UK charities and therefore any generalising of the conclusions beyond large charities, and beyond the UK, should be undertaken with care. In addition, it focuses solely on the perceptions of donors, and other stakeholder groups are also important in this process.

Originality/value

– Despite the widespread acceptance that charities have a duty to discharge accountability to their stakeholders, there is limited knowledge of their information needs and whether the performance information currently being disclosed fulfils them. This study provides a unique insight into the perspective of a key stakeholder group (donors) with respect to accountability.
Measuring performance in the third sector
Authors: Cordery Carolyn , Sinclair Rowena
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to set the scene for this special issue by synthesising the vast array of literature on performance measurement to examine what constitutes performance measurement, and why it is important for the third sector. It also analyses key issues of performance measurement and introduces the papers that comprise this special issue of Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper takes the form of a literature review. The authors draw on extensive research on performance measurement from a diverse range of disciplines to identify and explore key definitions, opportunities and challenges with performance measurement in the third sector.

Findings

– Economic/financial efficiency approaches, programme theories, strategic and participatory approaches all present opportunities and challenges when measuring performance in the third sector. The papers in this special issue demonstrate the manner in which different organisations have dealt with these.

Research limitations/implications

– This special issue of Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management aims to stimulate qualitative research into performance measurement frameworks within the third sector both inside organisations and to their external stakeholders (supporters, clients and the general public).

Practical implications

– Those charged with governance and management in the third sector organisations (TSOs) will seek to use appropriate approaches to measuring and managing performance in order to learn and to discharge accountability. The different aspects of performance measurement will also be of interest to funders, donors, and those who seek accountability from TSOs.

Originality/value

– The categorisations of methods and approaches to performance measurement should guide researchers and practitioners alike. A future research programme is also derived.
Charity performance reporting: comparing board and executive roles
Authors: Saj Phil
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to compare the use of performance information by board members and executives of a large Australian community service organization in order to ascertain what they focused on and how they worked together in effecting organizational governance.

Design/methodology/approach

– Field based case study using stewardship theory.

Findings

– While board members and executives worked closely together within a mutually agreed organizational space, there was a clear bifurcation of focus with the board concerned more with the financial performance and the executive more with service performance. Further differentiation of role with respect to financial performance was observed such that the board's attention was directed most to issues that presented the greatest risk to the organization. The study found that board members and executives “cut across” traditionally assigned roles, thus demonstrating a joint mode of organizational governance that was underpinned by organizational policies, processes and structures.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper provides rich empirical evidence in relation to matters that have been subject to high levels of theorisation; by answering recent calls from scholars for in-depth research on governance processes; and by identifying the common threads that link research on not-for-profit governance with stewardship theory and the extended concepts of accountability. It contributes to practice by providing a comprehensive explanation of a contemporary governance arrangement. It contributes to the public policy debate since a key issue currently under review in Australia, and New Zealand, to name just two jurisdictions, is the attribution of responsibilities by key decision makers in charities, in particular, the vexed question of management involvement in governance processes.

Originality/value

– The paper provides rich empirical data about an issue of ongoing importance to third sector organizations.
Towards a definition of performance for religious organizations and beyond
Authors: Payer-Langthaler Silvia , R.W. Hiebl Martin
Published: September 2013

Purpose

– This paper aims to analyze how performance may be defined in the context of a religious organization. The authors do so by studying the case of a Benedictine abbey.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using an etymologically derived understanding of performance, and predominantly based on theRegula Benedicti(the central guideline for Benedictine monks), the authors first conceptually develop an understanding of performance in Benedictine abbeys. The authors then apply this understanding in a single case study.

Findings

– The authors found that in order to comply with the Benedictine mission laid out in theRegula Benedicti, Benedictine abbeys need to balance sacred and secular goals. The authors also derived six key actions in order to accomplish these goals. The case study shows that an imbalance in these key actions may cause severe (financial) distress.

Research limitations/implications

– The study provides an alternative framing of the term “performance” and further evidence that only a combined pursuit of sacred and secular goals seems useful for religious organizations. Researchers interested in religious organizations might find the conceptual approach and findings useful to analyze performance in such organizations.

Practical implications

– Benedictine abbeys and other religious organizations may find the analysis valuable to critically analyze their current strategies and focal activities. Moreover, this paper's results might also be worthwhile for other faith-based or third-sector organizations when seeking an alternative framing of performance.

Originality/value

– This paper provides a new framing of “performance” and is the first to analyze what performance might mean in the context of a Benedictine abbey.
Does Better Provincial Governance Boost Private Investment in Vietnam?
Authors: McCulloch Neil , Malesky Edmund , Duc Nhat Nguyen
Published: September 2013

A large literature asserts a causal relationship between the quality of economic governance and economic performance. However, attempts to establish such a link at an aggregate level have met with considerable methodological criticism. This paper seeks to overcome this limitation. We match a panel of Vietnamese enterprises from 2006–2010 with a unique panel dataset measuring sub‐national economic governance, and then exploit rules on the terms of local leaders and the mandatory retirement age to try to estimate a causal link between local governance and domestic private investment. With one exception, we do not find a significant relationship between most aspects of local economic governance and private investment. The exception is transparency, which is strongly associated with higher investment, although the weakness of our instruments makes it difficult to determine the size of the effect. Our results have significant implications for policy, given the prevailing assumption that changes in the quality of local economic governance will spur improved economic performance.
Genetic factors in exercise adoption, adherence and obesity
Authors: Herring M. P. , Sailors M. H. , Bray M. S.
Published: September 2013

Physical activity and exercise play critical roles in energy balance. While many interventions targeted at increasing physical activity have demonstrated efficacy in promoting weight loss or maintenance in the short term, long term adherence to such programmes is not frequently observed. Numerous factors have been examined for their ability to predict and/or influence physical activity and exercise adherence. Although physical activity has been demonstrated to have a strong genetic component in both animals and humans, few studies have examined the association between genetic variation and exercise adherence. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the non‐genetic and genetic predictors of physical activity and adherence to exercise. In addition, we report the results of analysis of 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms in six candidate genes examined for association to exercise adherence, duration, intensity and total exercise dose in young adults from the Training Interventions and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) Study. Based on both animal and human research, neural signalling and pleasure/reward systems in the brain may drive in large part the propensity to be physically active and to adhere to an exercise programme. Adherence/compliance research in other fields may inform future investigation of the genetics of exercise adherence.
Procedure for Uncertainty Estimation in Determining the Master Curve Reference Temperature1
Authors: Sham T.-L. , Eno Daniel R.
Published: September 2013

The master curve reference temperature, T0, characterizes the fracture performance of structural steels in the ductile-to-brittle transition region. For a given material, this reference temperature is estimated via fracture toughness testing. A methodology is presented to compute the standard error of an estimated T0 value from a finite sample of toughness data, in a unified manner for both single temperature and multiple temperature test methods. Using the asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators, closed-form expressions for the standard error of the estimate of T0 are presented for both test methods. This methodology includes statistically rigorous treatment of censored data, which represents an advance over the current ASTM E1921 methodology (“E1921-10, Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, T0, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010). Through Monte Carlo simulations of realistic single temperature and multiple temperature test plans, the recommended likelihood-based procedure is shown to provide better statistical performance than the methods in the ASTM E1921 standard.
Simplified Stress Linearization Method, Maintaining Accuracy
Authors: Strzelczyk Andrzej T. , Stojakovic Mike
Published: September 2013

ASME PVP Code stress linearization is needed for assessment of primary and primary-plus-secondary stresses. The linearization process is not precisely defined by the Code; as a result, it may be interpreted differently by analysts. The most comprehensive research on stress linearization is documented in the work of Hechmer and Hollinger [1998, “3D Stress Criteria Guidelines for Application,” WRC Bulletin 429.] Recently, nonmandatory recommendations on stress linearization have been provided in the Annex [Annex 5.A of Section VIII, Division 2, ASME PVP Code, 2010 ed., “Linearization of Stress Results for Stress Classification.”] In the work of Kalnins [2008, “Stress Classification Lines Straight Through Singularities” Proceedings of PVP2008-PVT, Paper No. PVP2008-61746] some linearization questions are discussed in two examples; the first is a plane-strain problem and the second is an axisymmetric analysis of primary-plus secondary stress at a cylindrical-shell/flat-head juncture. The paper concludes that for the second example, the linearized stresses produced by Abaqus [Abaqus Finite Element Program, Version 6.10-1, 2011, Simulia Inc.] diverge, therefore, these linearized stresses should not be used for stress evaluation. This paper revisits the axisymmetric analysis discussed by Kalnins and attempts to show that the linearization difficulties can be avoided. The paper explains the reason for the divergence; specifically, for axisymmetric models Abaqus inconsistently treats stress components, two stress components are calculated from assumed formulas and all other components are linearized. It is shown that when the axisymmetric structure from Kalnins [2008, “Stress Classification Lines Straight Through Singularities” Proceedings of PVP2008-PVT, Paper No. PVP2008-61746] is modeled with 3D elements, the linearization results are convergent. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that both axisymmetric and 3D modeling, produce the same and correct stress Tresca stress, if the stress is evaluated from all stress components being linearized. The stress evaluation, as discussed by Kalnins, is a primary-plus-secondary-stresses evaluation, for which the limit analysis described by Kalnins [2001, “Guidelines for Sizing of Vessels by Limit Analysis,” WRC Bulletin 464.] cannot be used. This paper shows how the original primary-plus-secondary-stresses problem can be converted into an equivalent primary-stress problem, for which limit analysis can be used; it is further shown how the limit analysis had been used for verification of the linearization results.
Creep Behavior of P92 and P92 Welds at 675 °C
Authors: Tanner David W. J. , Saber Mohammed , Sun Wei , Hyde Thomas H.
Published: September 2013

The results of an accelerated creep test programme on the leading new build high temperature power plant pipework ferritic steel P92 and two P92 welds are presented. Tests were performed at 675 °C, which is above the service operating temperature range recommended for P92, but allowed for more realistic operating stresses to be used. Comparison with similar tests of P92 at lower temperatures has shown that testing at 675 °C produces the same general creep behavior, and can therefore be used for component life assessments in the service operating temperature range. Axially loaded parent P92 material uniaxial round bar and notched bar specimens, given a heat treatment equivalent to that given postwelding, are compared with weld metal (WM) specimens and cross-weld (C-W) specimens extracted from welds made using both a similar P92 consumable and a dissimilar IN625 nickel alloy consumable. Both welds exhibited typical premature ferritic steel weld failure at the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and parent material (PM) interface, known as type IV. The creep crack growth (CCG) behavior of parent material, weld metal, and the HAZ was studied using compact tension (CT) specimens. Impression testing was performed to determine the relative creep behavior of the HAZ. The HAZ was found to have the highest minimum creep strain rates and creep crack growth rates, indicating the relative weakness of this region.
Transient Temperature and Heat Flux Measurement in Ultrasonic Joining of Battery Tabs Using Thin-Film Microsensors
Authors: Li Hang , Choi Hongseok , Ma Chao , Zhao Jingzhou , Jiang Hongrui , Cai Wayne , Abell Jeffrey A. , Li Xiaochun
Published: September 2013

Process physics understanding, real time monitoring, and control of various manufacturing processes, such as battery manufacturing, are crucial for product quality assurance. While ultrasonic welding has been used for joining batteries in electric vehicles (EVs), the welding physics, and process attributes, such as the heat generation and heat flow during the joining process, is still not well understood leading to time-consuming trial-and-error based process optimization. This study is to investigate thermal phenomena (i.e., transient temperature and heat flux) by using micro thin-film thermocouples (TFTC) and thin-film thermopile (TFTP) arrays (referred to as microsensors in this paper) at the very vicinity of the ultrasonic welding spot during joining of three-layered battery tabs and Cu buss bars (i.e., battery interconnect) as in General Motors's (GM) Chevy Volt. Microsensors were first fabricated on the buss bars. A series of experiments were then conducted to investigate the dynamic heat generation during the welding process. Experimental results showed that TFTCs enabled the sensing of transient temperatures with much higher spatial and temporal resolutions than conventional thermocouples. It was further found that the TFTPs were more sensitive to the transient heat generation process during welding than TFTCs. More significantly, the heat flux change rate was found to be able to provide better insight for the process. It provided evidence indicating that the ultrasonic welding process involves three distinct stages, i.e., friction heating, plastic work, and diffusion bonding stages. The heat flux change rate thus has significant potential to identify the in-situ welding quality, in the context of welding process monitoring, and control of ultrasonic welding process. The weld samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to study the material interactions at the bonding interface as a function of weld time and have successfully validated the proposed three-stage welding theory.
Nanoscale Surface Modifications by Magnetic Field-Assisted Finishing
Authors: Riveros Raul E. , Hann Jared N. , Taylor Curtis R. , Yamaguchi Hitomi
Published: September 2013

A magnetic field-assisted finishing (MAF) process has been developed to reduce the sidewall surface roughness of the 5–20 μm wide curvilinear pores of microelectromechanical systems micropore X-ray optics to <1 nm Rq. Although the feasibility of this process has been demonstrated on these optics, a clear understanding of the MAF process' material removal mechanisms has not been attained. In an attempt to discover these mechanisms, the MAF process is applied to a flat workpiece, allowing for direct observation and tracking of changes to distinctive surface features before and after MAF. Atomic force microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are used to analyze the surface morphology and composition with respect to finishing time. These observations suggest that the MAF process modified the surface, reducing surface roughness (from 0.8 nm to 0.6 nm Rz on silicon) by removing relatively low-wavelength surface features. Moreover, the MAF process appears to modify the surface mechanically.
The Wall Heat Transfer Phenomenon of Premixed CH4/Air Catalytic Combustion in a Pt Coated Microtube
Authors: Ran Jing-yu , Wu Sheng , Yang Lin , Zhang Li
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a 2D model with detailed heterogeneous chemical mechanism has been employed to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of premixed CH4/air catalytic combustion in a Pt coated microtube. Especially, the thermal processes such as coupled heat transfer between the internal surface of the microtube and the gas phase, thermal conduction along the solid structure, convection and radiation between the external surface and the environment are comprised in the simulation. The results show that the thermal conductivity of different solid wall materials dramatically affects the uniformity of temperature distribution of the catalytic surface. To maintain stable combustion in the microtube, the thermal conductivity should exceed 0.49 W/m/K at least and conductive walls (FeCr alloy and corundum ceramic) are more appropriate to manufacture microcombustors. The extremely small Biot number at the external surface indicates that convective heat transfer coefficient and emissivity to the environment are the key factors determining the heat loss of the microtube. The amount of heat loss influences the reaction rate and residence time of the mixtures in the microtube, which would affect the conversion of CH4. An increase of the wall thickness improves the heat transfer along the solid structure, also increases the total heat loss.
Nonlinear Heat Transfer in a Two-Layer Flow With Nanofluids by OHAM
Authors: Farooq Umer , Zhi-Liang Lin
Published: September 2013

The problem of fully developed steady, laminar, incompressible flow in a vertical channel is studied analytically, one region is filled with water based copper nanofluid and the other region is filled with clear viscous fluid. The resulting coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are solved by optimal homotopy analysis method (OHAM). The convergence of our results is discussed by the so-called total average squared residual error. Analytical results are presented for different values of the physical parameters, such as the mixed convection parameters, the Brownian motion parameter, and thermophoresis parameter. Reversed flow is observed for sufficiently high buoyancy (mixed convection parameter). Further we investigate the effects of the Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter on the fluid flow and heat transfer at the interface of the two regions.
Impact of Delta-Winglet Pair of Vortex Generators on the Thermal and Hydraulic Performance of a Triangular Channel Using Al2O3–Water Nanofluid
Authors: Ahmed Hamdi E. , Yusoff M. Z.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the laminar forced convection of Al2O3–water nanofluid in a triangular channel, subjected to a constant and uniform heat flux at the slant walls, using delta-winglet pair (DWP) of vortex generator which is numerically investigated in three dimensions. The governing equations of mass, momentum, and energy are solved using the finite volume method (FVM). The nanofluid properties are estimated as constant and temperature-dependent properties. The nanoparticle concentrations and diameters are in ranges of 1–4% and 25–85 nm, respectively. Different attack angles of vortex generators are examined which are 7 deg, 15 deg, 30 deg, and 45 deg with range of Reynolds number from 100 to 2000. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient is remarkable dependent on the attack angle of vortex generators and the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The heat transfer coefficient increases as the attack angle increases from 7 deg to 30 deg and then diminishes at 45 deg. The heat transfer rate remarkably depends on the nanoparticle concentration and diameter, attack angle of vortex generator and Reynolds number. An increase in the shear stress is found when attack angle, volume fraction, and Reynolds number increase.