bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Modification of the Token Economy for Nonresponsive Youth in Family-Style Residential Care
Authors: Field Clinton E. , Nash Heather M. , Handwerk Michael L. , Friman Patrick C.
Published: May 2004

Out-of-home treatment for youth with conduct problems is increasing rapidly in this country. Most programs for these youth deliver treatment in a group format and commonly employ some version of a token economy. Despite widespread evidence of effectiveness, a substantial minority of treated youth fail to respond. Participants for this study were 3 youth who were nonresponsive to treatment provided in a family-style residential care program with a comprehensive token economy. Our approach to the “nonresponse” of these youth involved modifications of the frequency and immediacy of their access to the backup rewards earned with tokens. We evaluated the effects of the modifications with a treatment-withdrawal experimental design. Dependent measures included two indices of youth response to treatment: intense behavioral episodes and backup rewards earned. Results showed substantial improvement among these indices during treatment conditions.
Improving Athletes’ Perspectives of Sport Psychology Consultation
Authors: Donohue B. , Dickens Y. , Lancer K. , Covassin T. , Hash A. , Miller A. , Genet J.
Published: May 2004

Although investigations have consistently demonstrated the effectiveness of sport psychology interventions, these methods have been underutilized by athletes. In this study, 124 athletes completed the athletes’ Attitudes Toward Seeking Sport Psychology Consultation Questionnaire (ATSSPCQ) and were subsequently randomly assigned to receive one of the two semistructured interview formats. One interview focused on discussing the athlete’s experiences in sports, and the other focused on delineating sport psychology and its potential benefits to the athlete. Upon being interviewed, athletes were readministered the ATSSPCQ. Discussing sport psychology and its personal benefits was more effective in enhancing athletes’ perception of need for sport psychology than discussing sport experiences. However, neither interview format enhanced athletes’perceptions of openness to discuss personal issues with a sport psychology consultant and tolerance of stigma associated with sport psychology consultation. Indeed, participants who received the discussion of sports intervention reported a significant decrease in personal openness to discuss personal issues relevant to sports psychology from pre- to postintervention. Intervention effects were similar for male and female athletes. Study implications and future directions are discussed in light of these results.
Efficacy of a School-Based Treatment Program for Middle School Youth With ADHD
Authors: Evans Steven W. , Axelrod Jennifer , Langberg Joshua M.
Published: May 2004

The effects of a set of behavioral and educational interventions provided in a middle-school-based mental health program on the behavior and academic performance of 7 students diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were studied. The treatments included educational, social skills and family interventions designed to target school functioning, peer relations, and family functioning. Dependent measures included parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms, daily functioning, and academic grades. Large effect sizes were found on measures of inattention and school functioning. Grades and measures of family functioning and peer relations yielded small to moderate effect sizes. Description of the procedures is provided and implications for advancing school-based mental health care for adolescents with a diagnosis of ADHD are discussed.
Associations Between Youth Risk Behavior and Exposure to Violence
Authors: Albus Kathleen E. , Weist Mark D. , Perez-Smith Alina M.
Published: May 2004

This article assesses the relation between health risk behaviors and varying levels of exposure to violence in an effort to inform assessment and intervention efforts of a school-based mental health program serving inner-city youth. Health risk behaviors such as involvement in violence, risky sexual behavior, and substance use are clearly associated, both with each other and with violence exposure. However, differential relationships were observed depending on the nature of violence exposure. Knowledge of violence was associated with substance use and sexual behavior variables. Witnessing violence was associated with violence involvement, substance use, and exercise variables. Finally, violent victimization was associated with violence involvement and sexual behavior variables. A more complete understanding of the associations among health risk factors and violence exposure variables has the potential to improve implementation of school mental health services for urban youth.
American and Japanese Women Use Different Coping Strategies During Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Morling Beth , Kitayama Shinobu , Miyamoto Yuri
Published: May 2004

In this longitudinal study, pregnant women in Japan and the United States reported on three coping strategies. Two are individually phrased: personal influence over outcomes and acceptance of outcomes. The third, social assurance, is grounded in relationships, noting that close others can influence outcomes. A European American sample rated acceptance highest as a strategy, whereas Japanese women rated social assurance highest. For Americans, acceptance correlated with better pregnancy outcomes (less distress over time, better prenatal care, and less weight gain). For Japanese women, social assurance predicted a more positive maternal relationship. Acceptance correlated with less Time 1 distress in both samples. Surprisingly, personal influence generally did not predict positive outcomes in either sample, perhaps because normal pregnancy is a time-limited event with a positive prognosis. The findings are consistent with the view that well-being is related to individual variables in the United States but also to features of social relationships in Japan.
Putting Personality in Social Context: Extraversion, Emergent Leadership, and the Availability of Rewards
Authors: Campbell Lorne , Simpson Jeffry A. , Stewart Mark , Manning John
Published: May 2004

The present research tested relations between extraversion and emergent leadership among men in situations that differed in potential reward availability. Four-person groups of men engaged in a Leaderless Group Discussion (LGD) task and were randomly assigned to be evaluated by an attractive female observer, an attractive male observer, or not be evaluated. Evolutionary theories suggest that impressing a female evaluator in an intrasexually competitive situation should hold greater reward potential for men than impressing either a male evaluator or no evaluator. Accordingly, more extraverted men (who are more sensitive to reward cues) should display more group leadership when being evaluated by a woman than either a man or no one. Self-and peer ratings confirmed that more extraverted men were significantly more likely to emerge as leaders, but only in the female-evaluator condition. The results are discussed in terms of the interplay between personality, situational factors, and evolutionary principles.
Adaptive Self-Regulation of Unattainable Goals: Goal Disengagement, Goal Reengagement, and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Wrosch Carsten , Scheier Michael F. , Miller Gregory E. , Schulz Richard , Carver Charles S.
Published: May 2004

Three studies examined associations between goal disengagement, goal reengagement, and subjective well-being. In Study 1, 115 undergraduates reported on the extent to which they were able to abandon unattainable goals and reengage their efforts in alternative goals. Study 2 examined the importance of goal disengagement and goal reengagement in groups of young adults and older adults (N = 120). In Study 3, a sample of parents of children with cancer and parents of medically healthy children was examined (N = 45). The findings confirmed that goal disengagement and goal reengagement can be associated with ratings of high subjective well-being. In addition, the results showed that goal disengagement and goal reengagement can have interactive effects on subjective well-being. The importance of the findings for effective self-regulation and successful development are discussed.
The Influence of Accuracy as a Function of Leader’s Bias: The Role of Trustworthiness in the Psychology of Procedural Justice
Authors: De Cremer David
Published: May 2004

The present research examined the combined effect of accuracy of procedures and leader’s bias on fairness judgments and the experience of positive emotions. The results of two studies showed that the strongest positive effects on both types of reactions were found when procedures were accurate and the leader was unbiased. In addition, accuracy of procedures only revealed an impact when the leader was perceived as unbiased rather than biased. Moreover, this interactive effect was found to be mediated, at least partly, by perceptions of trustworthiness. These findings show that more research is needed on examining different types of procedural fairness, both as single and combined predictors of people’s reactions.
Preferences and Inferences in Encoding Visual Objects: A Systematic Comparison of Semantic and Affective Priming
Authors: Storbeck Justin , Robinson Michael D.
Published: May 2004

The authors systematically compared semantic and affective priming in five studies involving words and pictures. In Studies 1 (lexical decision task) and 2 (evaluation task), irrelevant short duration (200 ms) primes were briefly flashed before relevant targets. The authors orthogonally varied both the semantic and affective relations between primes and targets. In both studies, semantic priming but not affective priming was found. Study 3 revealed that the same stimuli can produce affective priming, but only when words come from a single semantic category. Studies 4 and 5 used pictures rather than words to examine automatic encoding tendencies. The results conceptually replicated those from Studies 1 and 2. In sum, the findings suggest that affective priming may be a relatively fragile phenomenon, particularly when the semantic properties of objects vary in a salient manner.
Evolving Informational Credentials: The (Mis)Attribution of Believable Facts to Credible Sources
Authors: Fragale Alison R. , Heath Chip
Published: May 2004

Three studies demonstrate that individuals often rely on a “belief force equals credible source” heuristic to make source judgments, wherein they assume that statements they believe originate from credible sources. In Study 1, participants who were exposed to a statement many times (and hence believed it) were more likely to attribute it to Consumer Reports than to the National Enquirer. In Study 2, participants read a murder investigation article containing evidence against two suspects from credible and noncredible sources. When participants believed a particular suspect to be guilty, they misattributed evidence incriminating that suspect to the high-credibility source. Study 3 demonstrated that this phenomenon occurs because individuals assume their beliefs are true and that true beliefs come from credible sources; when participants were given feedback that their beliefs were incorrect, the relationship between beliefs and source inferences did not occur.
Greed, Death, and Values: From Terror Management to Transcendence Management Theory
Authors: Cozzolino Philip J. , Staples Angela Dawn , Meyers Lawrence S. , Samboceti Jamie
Published: May 2004

Research supporting terror management theory has shown that participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit more greed than do control participants. The present research attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports, a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipulation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mortality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to manifest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic, unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is discussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipulation and mortality salience.
Criticizing Groups from the Inside and the Outside: An Identity Perspective on the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Imani Armin
Published: May 2004

Research on group criticism has demonstrated that criticisms are received less defensively when made by an ingroup member than when made by an outsider (the intergroup sensitivity effect). Three experiments tested the extent to which this effect is driven by social identity concerns or by judgments of how experienced the source of the criticism is. In Experiments 1 and 2, Australians who criticized Australia (ingroup critics) were met with less defensiveness than were foreigners who criticized Australia (outgroup critics), regardless of the amount of experience the foreigner had with Australia. Furthermore, the effects of speaker type on evaluations were mediated by perceptions of the extent to which the criticisms were intended to be constructive but not by perceptions of experience. Finally, Experiment 3 indicated that although experience does not help outgroup critics, a lack of experience can hurt ingroup critics. Recommendations are provided as to how people can reduce defensiveness when making group criticisms.
It Could Have Been Me: Vicarious Victims and Disaster-Focused Distress
Authors: Wayment Heidi A.
Published: May 2004

College students who had experienced no personal bereavement in the September 11 terrorist attacks completed questionnaires between 3 and 5 weeks after the attacks and 5 months later. Cross-sectional and longitudinal structural equation model (SEM) analyses revealed that general distress and disaster-focused distress are discernable reactions following a collective loss. Both types of distress were higher among women and by those reporting social strain. General distress was associated with previous stressful events and mental health issues. Perceived similarity to the victims predicted disaster-focused distress and mediated the relationship between attending to media accounts of victims and disaster-focused distress. Only the disaster-focused distress reactions of survivor guilt and grief were associated with collective helping behaviors after the attacks and, for women, these behaviors were associated with greater reductions in these distress reactions over time. Discussion focuses on the importance of examining disaster-focused distress reactions following collective loss.
Trust and Partner-Enhancing Attributions in Close Relationships
Authors: Miller Paul J. E. , Rempel John K.
Published: May 2004

A cross-lagged panel design was used to examine the links between trust and attributional processes in a sample of 75 married couples throughout a period of 2 years. During the first phase of the study, participants completed a measure of marital trust, engaged in a laboratory problem-solving discussion of a recurrent conflict-related issue, and then rated their partner’s behavior and motives. Approximately 2 years later, 54 couples were again contacted and measures of trust were obtained. Forty of these couples also viewed a videotape of their laboratory problem-solving discussion from 2 years previously and rated their partner’s behavior and motives. Results suggested a reciprocal causal pattern by which partner-enhancing attributions predict changes in trust and trust predicts changes in partner-enhancing attributions.
Language and Interpersonal Cognition: Causal Effects of Variations in Pronoun Usage on Perceptions of Closeness
Authors: Fitzsimons Gráinne M. , Kay Aaron C.
Published: May 2004

Four studies examined the hypothesis that subtle language variations can have a causal impact on perceptions of relationships. In interpersonal interactions, language can function implicitly to reflect, perpetuate, and communicate relationship perceptions. Previous research has shown that interpersonal closeness and plural pronoun use are correlated; the current research demonstrates that manipulating pronoun use can lead people to perceive their own and other relationships as closer and higher in quality. In Study 1, participants who read about a relationship that was described using the pronoun we versus she and I perceived the relationship to be closer and of higher quality. Study 2 showed that pronoun variations similarly affected perceptions of participants’ own ongoing relationships; Study 3 showed similar effects for perceptions of an actual interpersonal interaction. Study 4 examined potential mechanisms of this effect.
Work Conditions and Employees’ Self-Set Goals: Goal Processes Enhance Prediction of Psychological Distress and Well-Being
Authors: Pomaki Georgia , Maes Stan , ter Doest Laura
Published: May 2004

Although previous theory and research suggest that employee well-being should be predicted by work conditions (viz., Karasek and colleagues’ job demands-control-social support [J-DCS] model), other factors are also likely to be important. In this study, the authors consider correlates of employee psychological distress and well-being using a goal-focused approach grounded in Ford’s (1992) motivational systems theory. Specifically, work conditions and midlevel work goal processes (WGP) were examined in a questionnaire study of health care employees. Regarding predictions derived from the J-DCS model, the authors found full support for the iso-strain, partial support for the nonlinearity, and no support for the buffer hypothesis. Of importance, however, WGP (i.e., cognitions and emotions involved in the pursuit of self-set work goals) explained variance in job satisfaction, burnout, depression, and somatic complaints, over and above that of the J-DCS model. This suggests that investigation of WGP can enhance our understanding of employee psychological distress and well-being.
Ethics in Technological Culture: A Programmatic Proposal for a Pragmatist Approach
Authors: Keulartz Jozef , Schermer Maartje , Korthals Michiel , Swierstra Tsjalling
Published: May 2004

Neither traditional philosophy nor current applied ethics seem able to cope adequately with the highly dynamic character of our modern technological culture. This is because they have insufficient insight into the moral significance of technological artifacts and systems. Here, much can be learned from recent science and technology studies (STS). They have opened up the black box of technological developments and have revealed the intimate intertwinement of technology and society in minute detail. However, while applied ethics is characterized by a certain “technology blindness,” the most influential approaches within STS show a “normative deficit” and display an agnostic or even antagonistic attitude toward ethics. To repair the blind spots of both applied ethics and STS,the authors sketch the contours of a pragmatist approach. They will explore the tasks and tools of a pragmatist ethics and pay special attention to the exploration of future worlds disclosed and shaped by technology and the management of deep value conflicts inherent to a pluralist society.
God Talk: Confusion between Science and Religion
Authors: Nelkin Dorothy
Published: May 2004

Controversies concerning the religious implications of science have grown increasingly strained in recent years. Creation scientists have deployed new strategies to eliminate the teaching of evolution in public schools; right-to-life groups have obstructed fetal tissue research; and clerical groups have criticized genomics and genetic testing. Meanwhile, the Templeton Foundation has begun promoting the idea that there is no conflict between science and religion. In this paper, I explore emerging efforts to reconcile religion and science. I focus particularly on the use of religious imagery and metaphor by scientists as they seek to convince the public of the power of genes or to allay concerns about new technologies. I suggest that their use of Godtalk may reflect both its wider prevalence in political rhetoric in the United States and its instrumental utility in light of the religious implications of contemporary biology.
Toward Rapproachment in the Placebo Control Debate
Authors: Leon Andrew C. , Solomon David A.
Published: May 2004

In an effort to minimize risk to participants, some investigators avoid using placebo controls in randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT) if an effective treatment is available. An unintended consequence of this approach is that substantially more participants remain acutely ill (i.e., nonresponders) throughout an active-comparator trial than a placebo-controlled trial. This is due to the increased sample size required to detect smaller differences between investigational and proven active agents. The objective of this article is to identify an RCT design that will minimize both the number assigned to placebo and the number of nonresponders. To do so, two aspects of clinical trial design are manipulated: choice of comparator and treatment allocation ratio. Several examples illustrate empirically that placebo-controlled trials that are designed to randomize twice as many participants to the investigational cell could appeal to potential study participants, clinical researchers, and Institutional Review Boards alike.
Sample-Size Requirements for Comparisons of Two Groups on Repeated Observations of a Binary Outcome
Authors: Leon Andrew C.
Published: May 2004

When preparing a research protocol, an investigator must be as careful in projecting sample-size requirements as in specifying hypotheses. In this article, tables are presented that provide estimates of sample-size requirements for statistical power of 0.80 with two-tailed α-levels of 0.05 in studies with a balanced design that plan to compare two groups on time-averaged, repeated observations of a binary outcome. The estimates, which are based on the algorithm of Diggle, Heagerty, Liang, and Zeger, are a function of several features of the study, including the response rates for each group, the number of repeated observations per participant, and the strength of the association among observations within participant as quantified with an intraclass correlation coefficient.
Comparisons of Nurses and Physicians on an Operational Measure of Empathy
Authors: Fields Sylvia K. , Hojat Mohammadreza , Gonnella Joseph S. , Mangione Salvatore , Kane Gregory , Magee Mike
Published: May 2004

In view of many changes taking place in today’s health care marketplace, the theme of empathy in health provider-patient relations needs to be revisited. It has been proposed that patients benefit when all members of the health care team provide empathic care. Despite the role of empathy in patient outcomes, empirical research on empathy among health professionals is scarce partly because of a lack of a psychometrically sound tool to measure it. In this study, we briefly describe the development and validation of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE), an instrument that was specifically developed to measure empathy among health professionals (20 Likert-type items). The purpose of this study was to compare nurses and physicians on their responses to the JSPE. Study participants were 56 female registered nurses and 42 female physicians in the Internal Medicine postgraduate medical education program at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. The reliability coefficients (Chronbach’s coefficient alpha) were 0.87 for the nurses and 0.89 for physicians. Results of t test showed no significant difference between nurses and physicians on total scores of the JSPE; however, multivariate analyses of variance indicated statistically significant differences between the two groups on 5 of 20 items of the JSPE. Findings suggest that the JSPE is a reliable research tool that can be used to assess empathy among health professionals including nurses.
Assessing Storefront Tobacco Advertising after the Billboard Ban
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Pokorny Steven B. , Mikulski Kathy , Schoeny Michael E.
Published: May 2004

This study examined storefront tobacco advertisements in 11 towns in Illinois from 1999 through 2001 to assess possible changes in these types of advertisements since the master tobacco settlement, which banned tobacco advertisements on billboards. Observers assessed the number of merchant- and industry-made tobacco storefront advertisements in Illinois stores and whether these advertisements were either brand- or price-focused. The relationship between the amount of tobacco advertisements and underage tobacco sales to minors was also explored. Findings indicated no significant relationships between tobacco advertisements and underage tobacco sales. However, industry price advertisements decreased over time because of tobacco price increases resulting from the master settlement, whereas industry brand advertisements increased over time, perhaps in an effort by the tobacco industry to retain sales of their products through brand recognition.
Branding Documentary: New Zealand’s Minimalist Solution to Cultural Subsidy
Authors: Debrett Mary
Published: May 2004

During widespread neoliberal economic reform in the 1980s, New Zealand’s public television broadcaster, TVNZ, was restructured as a ‘cash cow’. A new agency, New Zealand on Air, was established to address public service goals, subsidizing local production on TVNZ and the new privately-owned TV3. The result was two high-rating strands of local documentary in prime time. A decade later populist programming had begun to pall with the revival of public television emerging as an election issue. Helen Clark’s Labour government recently restructured TVNZ as a Crown-owned corporation and approved a new Public TV Charter but, with financial objectives intact, the changes appear more makeover than reform. Exploring the impact of funding changes on social documentary production, this article draws on interviews with key industry players in the context of documentary outcomes for 1998. At stake in this discussion is the relationship between social agency and cultural subsidy in the global era.
Localizing the Global: ‘Domestication’ Processes in International News Production
Authors: Clausen Lisbeth
Published: May 2004

In order to describe the micro processes of global news production in national news broadcasting, this article investigates the strategies used by national producers to assign meaning to international events by analysing the production and presentation of specific news. Through an analysis of news production at four analytical levels–namely the global, the national, the organizational and the professional–the article exemplifies how processes leading to both globalization (homogenization) and ‘domestication’ (diversification) of news content are at work in international news communication. The study is based on investigations of Japanese newsrooms and comparative content analysis.
Pornography and Rhetorical Strategies - The Politics of Public Policy
Authors: Wilkin Peter
Published: May 2004

The role of rhetoric in social science has become a subject of renewed interest in recent years. Although a general concern with language has been a hallmark of what is often described as the ‘linguistic turn’ in philosophy, an explicit concern with rhetoric and its relationship to social science has, until recently, tended to be under-examined. In some respects this neglect might well reflect a lasting uneasiness as to the relationship between science and rhetoric. To what extent is rhetoric a legitimate part of social analyses? A prevalent claim in contemporary social theory is that all we have are different rhetorical strategies, that there is nothing more than this. This article seeks to challenge this view, arguing that while rhetoric is an inescapable aspect of social analysis it is still important to distinguish between good/bad, better/worse rhetorical strategies. In order to do this I focus upon the rhetorical strategy adopted by a group of writers who have sought to defend the powerful claim that there is a corrupting causal relationship between pornography and its male audience. In so doing I show that there are grounds for evaluating rhetorical strategies in social analyses and, more than this, that it is important that we do so for both the ethical and epistemological status of social science.
Is Obesity as Dangerous to Your Wealth as to Your Health?
Authors: Zagorsky Jay L.
Published: May 2004

Obesity is a growing public health issue, with a rising number of adults classified as overweight. Although medical research shows being overweight is dangerous to one’s health, this research, which investigates young, U.S. baby boomers from 1985 to 2000, finds it is also dangerous to one’s wealth. The net worth of the obese is roughly half that of those with normal body mass. As young baby boomers age, peak net worth slowly shifts toward those with lower mass. Boomers with a body mass index (BMI) of 22 in 1985 held the most net worth, but by 2000 the peak shifted to those with a BMI of 17. From 1985 to 2000, for every one-point BMI increase, net worth on average fell $1,000, holding other factors like income constant. Surprisingly, part of the reason BMI is inversely related to networth is because lighter people receive more inheritances than heavier individuals.
Intergenerational Exchange Patterns and their Correlates in an Aging Israeli Cohort
Authors: Litwin Howard
Published: May 2004

Based on data from a national sample of people age 60 and older in Israel, this analysis addressed intergenerational exchange among Jewish respondents with children. Data on financial and instrumental help given to children and received from them allowed identification of four exchange patterns: an equal extent of exchange between parents and children, an unbalanced rate of exchange in which parents received more from their children than they gave, an unbalanced rate of exchange in which parents gave more to their children than they received, and lack of any exchange. Multinomial logistic regression analysis underscored the association of different social and health correlates across the different patterns of familial transfer (Nagelkerke pseudo R2=.43). The findings also suggest the possibility that exchange patterns change across the life cycle, in accordance with the changing social and health status of the family members engaged in the exchange.
Consumer Satisfaction in Nursing Homes
Authors: Robinson Joanne P. , Lucas Judith A. , Castle Nicholas G. , Lowe Timothy J. , Crystal Stephen
Published: May 2004

Surveys of resident satisfaction are commonplace in most nursing homes, although surveys used in many facilities may be biased toward concerns of providers and regulators instead of residents. In this study, content for a nursing home satisfaction survey was synthesized from analysis of 11 published and 5 commercially available instruments, as well as qualitative data from interviews with a diverse group of 15 residents in three New Jersey nursing homes. Content analysis of the 16 instruments yielded six broad domains of resident satisfaction: activities, care and services, caregivers, environment, meals, and well-being. Data from residents yielded 87 discrete areas of content across the six domains. In all domains except meals, existing instruments failed to address at least one area of content considered important by residents. Findings from this study provided a framework to generate items for a standardized resident satisfaction survey to be used in New Jersey nursing homes.
Role Enhancement or Role Strain
Authors: Rozario Philip A. , Morrow-Howell Nancy , Hinterlong James E.
Published: May 2004

Proponents of productive aging claim that occupying productive roles is beneficial to the self and others. The authors use the role enhancement and role strain perspectives to examine the impact of multiple productive roles on the well-being of older caregivers. Using three waves of the America Changing Lives Study, the authors controlled for invariant and time-variant factors to test the effects of occupying multiple productive roles on the three well-being indicators of 270 older caregivers. Older caregivers who worked and/or volunteered reported better self-rated health, supporting the role enhancement hypothesis. No evidence of role strain was found. For caregivers without multiple productive roles, high informal social integration was related with low functional impairment. This study suggests that productive roles may have a positive effect on older caregivers and finds no evidence of any negative effects. The implications of these findings in policy, research, and program development are discussed.
Measuring the benefits of knowledge management at the Financial Services Authority: a case study
Authors: Jones Ros
Published: May 2004

While many knowledge management case studies and theoretical texts list benefits to an organization of the implementation of a knowledge management strategy, the literature provides little evidence that systems have been devised to measure those benefits. This paper presents a case study that attempted to demonstrate the benefits of knowledge management by measuring its impact. This work was carried out in the in-house legal division of the UK’s Financial Services Authority over a period of 18 months. A measurement model was devised based on concepts adapted from the Balanced Scorecard. This was the knowledge management benefits scorecard. The scorecard took each objective of the division’s knowledge management strategy and listed knowledge management activities necessary to achieve each objective. Next, likely benefits to individuals and the division arising from each knowledge management activity were listed. Methods of collecting qualitative and quantitative measurements data were then devised. Results obtained showed that benefits arising from some knowledge management activities could be clearly demonstrated. However, activities that required individuals to change their behaviour or take time to learn new skills were more problematical. More time would be necessary to demonstrate the benefits of knowledge management conclusively.
Assessing used content across five digital health information services using transaction log files
Authors: Nicholas David , Huntington Paul , Homewood Janet
Published: May 2004

A digital service, like a web site, may contain a lot of information but we often do not know if it is used, relevant or valuable. Transaction log files generated by digital information services do record the pages (topics or content) viewed by users and this is perhaps the most interesting aspect of the logs. However, analysing these pages poses plenty of problems for researchers, especially when comparing content coverage of various related services. It is quite normal, even for digital services of the same organization, to adopt different page naming conventions for each service. This is even truer about digital services run by different organizations. What all this means is that there is no easy way to compare topic use as revealed by access behaviour. This paper looks at the problems of describing and comparing the content usage of digital information services, covering three digital platforms operating in the health field. This paper discusses problems posed in making health content comparisons based on page names listed in the transaction log files and between very large data sets. It reviews the impact that system architecture might have as well as the time the service has been available online and the impact due to outlet differences. However, the main focus of the article is a comparison of five sources of health information through their log files. It makes use of cluster analysis and applies procedures normally used to define species diversity to research content coverage. In all, two million page views were analysed, covering more than 5000 unique health pages.
Technological Means Of Communication and Collaboration in Archives and Records Management
Authors: Ataman Bekir Kemal
Published: May 2004

This study explores the international collaboration efforts of archivists and records managers starting with the hypothesis that Internet technologies have had a significant impact on both national and international communication for this previously conservative group. The use and importance of mailing lists for this purpose is studied in detail. A quantitative analysis looks globally at the numbers of lists in these fields and the numbers of subscribers. A qualitative analysis of list content is also described. The study finds that archivists and records managers have now created more than 140 mailing lists related to their profession and have been contributing to these lists actively. It also ‘estimates’ that about half of the profession follows a list relating to their work and that archivists seem to like lists more than records managers do. The study concludes that mailing lists can be seen as a virtual college binding these groups together to develop the field.
Strategy as Practice: Recursiveness, Adaptation, and Practices-in-Use
Authors: Jarzabkowski Paula
Published: May 2004

In this article, a social theory framework is developed to explain the common themes of recursive and adaptive practice underpinning the existing strategic management literature. In practice, there is a coexistent tension between recursive and adaptive forms of strategic action that spans multiple levels from macro-institutional and competitive contexts to within-firm levels of analysis to individual cognition. This tension may be better understood by examining how management practices are used to put strategy into practice. Such practices span multiple levels of context and are adaptable to their circumstances of use, serving to highlight both general characteristics and localized idiosyncrasies of strategy as practice. The article develops the concept of management practices-in-use into a research agenda and nine broad research questions that may be used to investigate empirically strategy as practice.
Taking Pluralism Seriously
Authors: Bader Veit , Engelen Ewald R.
Published: May 2004

There is a growing sense of dissatisfaction among political philosophers with the practical sterility and empirical inadequacy of the discipline. Post-Rawlsian philosophy is wrestling with the need to construct a ‘contextualized morality’ that is sensitive to the particularities and complexities of actual moral reasoning but does not succumb to the temptations of relativism. We argue that this predicament is due to its inability to take the pluralism of our moral universe, the multi-layeredness of our social reality, the indeterminacy of our normative principles and the complexity of our practical reasoning seriously. To incorporate these properties of the ‘human condition’ we have constructed a complex evaluative framework, balancing moral, ethico-political, prudential and realist criteria. We argue that political philosophy new style is well advised to adopt such a framework and to position itself, as a true ‘art’, between political philosophy old style and the social sciences. Thus political philosophy is better equipped to deal with the big tradeoffs of today, rekindle our utopian hopes and regain political bite.
Kant’s Theory of Cosmopolitanism and Hegel’s Critique
Authors: Fine Robert
Published: May 2004

Kant’s theory of cosmopolitan right is widely viewed as the philosophical origin of modern cosmopolitan thought. Hegel’s critique of Kant’s theory of cosmopolitan right, by contrast, is usually viewed as regressive and nationalistic in relation to both Kant and the cosmopolitan tradition. This paper reassesses the political and philosophical character of Hegel’s critique of Kant, Hegel’s own relation to cosmopolitan thinking, and more fleetingly some of the implications of his critique for contemporary social criticism. It is argued that Hegel’s critique was neither regressive nor nationalistic, but rather that he advanced the theory of cosmopolitan right beyond the Kantian framework of formal natural law. The main proposition is that Hegel was not only the first to recognize cosmopolitanism as a definite social form of right, relative to other forms in the modern system of right, but that his ‘scientific and objective’ approach to the issue makes a substantial contribution to restoring the severed connections between the realism of war between nations and the normativism of perpetual peace.
Reciprocity, Individuals and Community
Authors: Bianchin Matteo
Published: May 2004

The contribution of Husserl’s phenomenology to the foundations of social and political theory can be appraised at both the methodological and the normative level. First, it makes intersubjective interaction central to the constitution of social reality. Second, it stresses reciprocity as a constitutive feature of intersubjectivity. In this context, individuals can be seen to be both ‘constituting’ and ‘constituted by’ their participation in communities, under a constraint of mutual recognition as intentional agents. This view is in no way atomistic, as it allows individual identities to be constituted intersubjectively; still, it remains individualistic, since it does not permit the ontological independence of collective entities. At the epistemological level, this provides a foundation of methodological individualism; at the normative level, it suggests that social order is a deliberative task and political legitimacy ultimately rests on moral principles of reciprocity and equal respect.
Freedom, Responsibility, and the ‘American Foucault’
Authors: Fillion Réal
Published: May 2004

Foucault’s work is rich enough to sustain multiple readings. I argue in this paper for the continued construction and maintenance of what I have called the ‘American Foucault’, whose principal preoccupation is with the question of how to be free within our contemporary political constraints and possibilities. (Such a Foucault can be found in the works of American writers such as W. E. Connolly, Todd May, and Thomas Dumm.) Appreciation of Foucault’s contribution to an understanding of freedom is too often hampered, however, by the insistence on the part of many of the most influential of Foucault’s critics (and some of his defenders) that his particular mode of thinking is ultimately too irresponsible. It is thought that Foucault’s refusal to account for the grounds of his work vitiates his overall project. I argue that, if we distinguish between the ‘account-ability’ demanded by his critics and the ‘response-ability’ that his work permits, we will be in a better position to appreciate the timeliness of his conception of freedom.
Language and Being
Authors: McDonald Henry
Published: May 2004

My argument is that poststructuralist and postmodernist theory carries on and intensifies the main lines of a characteristically modern tradition of aesthetics whose most important point of reference is not French structuralism – as the term, ‘poststructuralism’, implies – but the tradition of 18th-century German romanticism and idealism that culminated in the work of Heidegger during the Weimar period in Germany between the world wars and afterward. What characterizes this modernist tradition of aesthetics is its valorization of language as a mode of being possessed of an ‘ontological’ status. I place the term ‘ontology’ in quotes in order to highlight the distinction between ‘metaphysics’, with its Aristotelian and neo-Platonic connotations of a ‘chain of being’, and the more modern term ‘ontology’, which was coined in the 17th century and which became widely used during the 18th century by Leibnizian philosophers Christian Wolff and Alexander Baumgarten; the latter, not incidentally, also helped to establish modern usage of the term ‘aesthetics’.

‘Metaphysics’ and ‘ontology’ have their roots, respectively, in those two most major currents of our western heritage, the Graeco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian. These currents, although inextricably linked to one another in innumerable ways, have nonetheless been engaged, as Nietzsche put it, ‘in a fearful struggle on earth for thousands of years’ that has been obscured by Heidegger’s and Derrida’s accounts of the history of western philosophy. Such accounts have projected what is basically a romanticist critique of Enlightenment values and thought on to a totalizing account of the history of Western thought since Plato. My purpose in emphasizing the distinction between metaphysics and ontology is to provide a conceptual framework within which our understanding of the development of modern aesthetics, and the concept of language that informed that development, can be related to the larger philosophical issues at hand. Literary theorists in the United States, by endorsing Heidegger’s and Derrida’s self-serving accounts of their writings as assaults on the entire history of Western philosophy, and by failing to judge them critically as outgrowths of that history, have not only obscured these developments. They have also sustained the central tenet of American literary theory since the 1960s: that there is such a thing as a ‘Western philosophical tradition’ on the ‘other’ side of which, through an endless series of linguistic coinages and ‘erasures’, we may maneuver ourselves. My claim is that to the extent that there is such an other side, we are already on it, and that we fundamentally misunderstand our situation if we regard it as ‘other’ to the Western philosophical tradition.
Children’s Home Environments
Authors: Kowaleski-Jones Lori , Dunifon Rachel
Published: May 2004

Using data from the 1996 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) merged mother-child sample, we investigate the impact of two family events, parental divorce and the birth of a sibling, on the cognitive stimulation and emotional support provided to children in the home. We use fixed-effect regression techniques to control for unmeasured mother- and child-specific characteristics and measure responses to these family changes before, during, and after the events. We find that an impending birth is associated with increased emotional support provided to children, whereas concurrent births are associated with decreased support. Additionally, we find that, after controlling for unmeasured variables, divorce does not have an adverse effect on the home environments of boys and girls; in fact, a divorce occurring in a previous time period is associated with a modest increase in emotional support provided to girls.
Families and Schools
Authors: Anguiano Ruben Patricio Viramontez
Published: May 2004

This study examined European American, Latino, Asian American, and Native American parental involvement and their children’s high school completion. An examination of how different family structures have an influence on a student’s education was conducted. This study used the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) of 1988 and utilized a hierarchical linear model (HLM) for the statistical analysis. Social capital theory and a family ecological approach were used as the theoretical foundations. The findings demonstrated that different types of parental involvement were importantin a student’s highschool completion, dependingon ethnicity. Schoolinvolvement was not significant in influencingthe level of parental involvement and the relation to high school completion. Future research should focus on understandingthe ways in which a stronger relationshipbetween families and educational systems could be developed.