bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a 12-wk resistance exercise program on skeletal muscle strength in children with burn injuries
Authors: Suman Oscar E. , Spies Ricarda J. , Celis Mario M. , Mlcak Ronald P. , Herndon David N.
Published: December 2017

The posttraumatic response to burn injury leads to marked and prolonged skeletal muscle catabolism and weakness, which persist despite standard rehabilitation programs of occupational and physical therapy. We investigated whether a resistance exercise program would attenuate muscle loss and weakness that is typically found in children with thermal injury. We assessed the changes in leg muscle strength and lean body mass in severely burned children with >40% total body surface area burned. Patients were randomized to a 12-wk standard hospital rehabilitation program supplemented with an exercise training program ( n = 19) or to a home-based rehabilitation program without exercise ( n = 16). Leg muscle strength was assessed before and after the 12-wk rehabilitation or training program at an isokinetic speed of 150°/s. Lean body mass was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We found that the participation in a resistance exercise program results in a significant improvement in muscle strength, power, and lean body mass relative to a standard rehabilitation program without exercise.
Exercise training alters the effect of chronic hypoxia on myocardial adrenergic and muscarinic receptor number
Authors: Favret Fabrice , Henderson Kyle K. , Clancy Richard L. , Richalet Jean-Paul , Gonzalez Norberto C.
Published: December 2017

Chronic hypoxic exposure results in elevated sympathetic activity leading to downregulation of myocardial α1- and β-adrenoceptors (α1-AR, β-AR). On the other hand, it has been shown that sympathetic activity is reduced by exercise training. The objective of this study was to determine whether exercise training could modify the changes in receptor expression associated with acclimatization. Four groups of rats were studied: normoxic sedentary rats (NS), rats living and training in normoxia (NTN), sedentary rats living in hypoxia (HS, inspired Po 2 = 110 Torr), and rats living and training in hypoxia (HTH, inspired Po 2 = 110 Torr). Training consisted of running in a treadmill at 80% of maximal O2 uptake during 10 wk. Myocardial receptor density was measured by radioactive ligand binding. Right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy occurred in HS but not in HTH. No effect of exercise was detected in RV weight of normoxic rats. Acclimatization to hypoxia (HS vs. NS) resulted in a decrease in both α1- and β-AR density, whereas muscarinic receptor (M-Ach) expression increased. Hypoxic exercise training (HS vs. HTH) moderated β-AR downregulation and M-Ach upregulation and prevented the fall in α1-AR density. Normoxic training (NS vs. NTN) did not change β-AR density. On the other hand, densities of α1-AR in both ventricles as well as RV M-Ach increased in NTN vs. NS. The data show that exercise training in hypoxia 1) prevents RV hypertrophy, 2) suppresses the downregulation of α1-AR in the left ventricle (LV) and RV, and 3) attenuates the changes in both β-AR and M-Ach receptor density in LV and RV. Exercise training in normoxia increases M-Ach receptor expression in the RV.
Tryptase and agonists of PAR-2 induce the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells
Authors: Berger Patrick , Perng Diahn-Warng , Thabrew Hiran , Compton Steven J. , Cairns Jennifer A , McEuen Alan R. , Marthan Roger , Tunon De Lara José-Manuel , Walls Andrew F.
Published: December 2017

Airway remodeling with smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia is a feature of chronic asthma. We investigated the potential for tryptase, the major secretory product of human mast cells, to act as a growth factor for human airway SMCs. Because this serine protease can activate proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), we also examined the actions of SLIGKV, a peptide agonist of PAR-2. Incubation with lung tryptase provoked a twofold increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation; a similar increase in cell numbers was found when we used the MTS assay. The effect was catalytic site dependent, being abolished by the protease inhibitors leupeptin and benzamidine and by heat inactivation of the enzyme. Tryptase-induced DNA synthesis was inhibited by preincubation of the cells with pertussis toxin, calphostin C, or genistein. Transduction mechanisms are thus likely to involve a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase. SLIGKV elicited a response on SMCs similar to that of tryptase. Tryptase could provide an important stimulus for SMC proliferation in asthmatic airways, by acting on PAR-2.
Invited Review: cGMP-dependent protein kinase signaling mechanisms in smooth muscle: from the regulation of tone to gene expression
Authors: Lincoln Thomas M. , Dey Nupur , Sellak Hassan
Published: December 2017

cGMP is a second messenger that produces its effects by interacting with intracellular receptor proteins. In smooth muscle cells, one of the major receptors for cGMP is the serine/threonine protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG has been shown to catalyze the phosphorylation of a number of physiologically relevant proteins whose function it is to regulate the contractile activity of the smooth muscle cell. These include proteins that regulate free intracellular calcium levels, the cytoskeleton, and the phosphorylation state of the regulatory light chain of smooth muscle myosin. Other studies have shown that vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that are cultured in vitro may cease to express PKG and will, coincidentally, acquire a noncontractile, synthetic phenotype. The restoration of PKG expression to the synthetic phenotype VSMC results in the cells acquiring a more contractile phenotype. These more recent studies suggest that PKG controls VSMC gene expression that, in turn, regulates phenotypic modulation of the cells. Therefore, the regulation of PKG gene expression appears to be linked to phenotypic modulation of VSMC. Because several vascular disorders are related to the accumulation of synthetic, fibroproliferative VSMC in the vessel wall, it is likely that changes in the activity of the nitric oxide/cGMP/PKG pathway is involved the development of these diseases.
A system to impose prescribed homogenous strains on cultured cells
Authors: Waters Christopher M. , Glucksberg Matthew R. , Lautenschlager Eugene P. , Lee Chyh-Woei , Van Matre Reed M. , Warp Richard J. , Savla Ushma , Healy Kevin E. , Moran Brian , Castner David G. , Bearinger Jane P.
Published: December 2017

There is presently significant interest in cellular responses to physical forces, and numerous devices have been developed to apply stretch to cultured cells. Many of the early devices were limited by the heterogeneity of deformation of cells in different locations and by the high degree of anisotropy at a particular location. We have therefore developed a system to impose cyclic, large-strain, homogeneous stretch on a multiwell surface-treated silicone elastomer substrate plated with pulmonary epithelial cells. The pneumatically driven mechanism consists of four plates each with a clamp to fix one edge of the cruciform elastomer substrate. Four linear bearings set at predetermined angles between the plates ensure a constant ratio of principal strains throughout the stretch cycle. We present the design of the device and membrane shape, the surface modifications of the membrane to promote cell adhesion, predicted and experimental measurements of the strain field, and new data using cultured airway epithelial cells. We present for the first time the relationship between the magnitude of cyclic mechanical strain and the extent of wound closure and cell spreading.
Fastigial nucleus-mediated respiratory responses depend on the medullary gigantocellular nucleus
Authors: Xu Fadi , Zhou Tongrong , Gibson Tonya , Frazier Donald T.
Published: December 2017

Electrical stimulation of the rostral fastigial nucleus (FNr) alters respiration via activation of local neurons. We hypothesized that this FNr-mediated respiratory response was dependent on the integrity of the nucleus gigantocellularis of the medulla (NGC). Electrical stimulation of the FNr in 15 anesthetized and tracheotomized spontaneously breathing rats significantly altered ventilation by 35.2 ± 11.0% ( P < 0.01) with the major effect being excitatory (78%). This respiratory response did not significantly differ from control after lesions of the NGC via bilateral microinjection of kainic or ibotenic acid (4.5 ± 1.9%; P > 0.05) but persisted in sham controls. Eight other rats, in which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution was previously microinjected into the left NGC, served as nonstimulation controls or were exposed to either 15-min repeated electrical stimulation of the right FNr or hypercapnia for 90 min. Histochemical and immunocytochemical data showed that the right FNr contained clustered HRP-labeled neurons, most of which were double labeled with c-Fos immunoreactivity in both electrically and CO2-stimulated rats. We conclude that the NGC receives monosynaptic FNr inputs and is required for fully expressing FNr-mediated respiratory responses.
Perceived exertion is associated with an altered brain activity during exercise with progressive hyperthermia
Authors: Nybo Lars , Nielsen Bodil
Published: December 2017

The present study tested the hypothesis that perceived exertion during prolonged exercise in hot environments is associated with changes in cerebral electrical activity rather than changes in the electromyogram (EMG) of the exercising muscles. Therefore, electroencephalogram (EEG) in three positions (frontal, central, and occipital cortex), EMG, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and core temperature were measured in 14 subjects during submaximal exercise in normal (18°C, control) and hot (40°C, hyperthermia) environments. RPE increased from 11 ± 1 units at 5 min to 20 ± 0 units at exhaustion (50 ± 3 min) in the trial with progressive hyperthermia, whereas exercise in the control trial was maintained with a stable core temperature for 1 h without exhausting the subjects. Altered EEG activity was observed in all electrode positions, and stepwise forward-regression analysis identified core temperature and a frequency index of the EEG over the frontal cortex as the best predictors of RPE. In contrast, there were no significant correlations between RPE and any of the measured EMG parameters (median spectral frequency, root mean square, or amplitude), and the EMG parameters were not different in hyperthermia compared with control. Thus hyperthermia does not seem to affect the activation pattern of the muscles. Rather, the linear correlation among core temperature, EEG frequency index, and RPE indicates that alterations in cerebral activity may be associated with the hyperthermia-induced development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in hot environments.
Effect of endotoxin on oleic acid lung injury does not depend on priming
Authors: Schuster Daniel P. , Kozlowski James K. , McCarthy Tim , Morrow Jason , Stephenson Alan
Published: December 2017

Recent studies have demonstrated significant synergistic physiological and biochemical effects between low-dose endotoxin (Etx) administration and oleic acid (OA)-induced canine lung injury. To evaluate whether this interaction depends on Etx priming of some key cell population, we compared the effects of giving low-dose Etx both after as well as before inducing lung injury with OA. In addition to hemodynamic and blood-gas measurements, positron emission tomographic imaging was used to measure edema accumulation and intrapulmonary blood flow distribution. Biochemical measurements of the stable metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane were obtained as well as measurements of isoprostanes and reactive sulfhydryls as evidence for possible concomitant oxidant production. We found that the physiological and biochemical effects of low-dose Etx developed 30–45 min after its administration, regardless of whether Etx was administered before or after OA. No increase in either isoprostane or reactive sulfhydryl production after Etx and/or OA was detected. These data suggest that the synergistic effect of low-dose Etx and OA-induced lung injury is not due to a priming effect of Etx.
Time course of the MAPK and PI3-kinase response within 24 h of skeletal muscle overload
Authors: Carlson Christian J. , Fan Zhiqiang , Gordon Scott E. , Booth Frank W.
Published: December 2017

Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which skeletal muscle hypertrophies in response to increased mechanical loading may lead to the discovery of novel treatment strategies for muscle wasting and frailty. To gain insight into potential early signaling mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy, the temporal pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activity during the first 24 h of muscle overload was determined in the rat slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch plantaris muscles after ablation of the gastrocnemius muscle. p38α MAPK phosphorylation was elevated for the entire 24-h overload period in both muscles. In contrast, Erk 2 and p54 JNK phosphorylation were transiently increased by overload, returning to the levels of sham-operated controls by 24 h. PI3-kinase activity was increased by muscle overload only at 12 h of overload and only in the plantaris muscle. In summary, sustained elevation of p38α MAPK phosphorylation occurred early in response to muscle overload, identifying this pathway as a potential candidate for mediating early hypertrophic signals in response to skeletal muscle overload.
Impaired insulin-receptor autophosphorylation is an early defect in fat-fed, insulin-resistant rats
Authors: Youngren Jack F. , Paik John , Barnard R. James
Published: December 2017

High-fat feeding results in impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, but the role of the insulin receptor (IR) remains controversial. In the present study, female Fischer 344 rats were fed diets either low in fat [low fat, complex carbohydrate (LFCC)] or high in fat and sucrose (HFS). Insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose transport, measured in purified sarcolemmal vesicles, was lower in rats consuming the HFS diet for 2 and 8 wk compared with LFCC controls (72.9 ± 3.5, 67.6 ± 3.5, and 86.1 ± 3.5 pmol · mg−1· 15 s−1, respectively; P < 0.05). Muscle IR content was unchanged in 2-wk HFS animals but was 50% lower in the 8-wk HFS group ( P < 0.001). However, compared with LFCC, insulin-stimulated IR autophosphorylation was 26% lower in 2-wk HFS and 40% lower in 8-wk HFS animals ( P < 0.005). Total muscle content of the proposed IR inhibitors cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α and membrane glycoprotein PC-1 was not significantly changed in HFS animals at either 2 or 8 wk. These results demonstrate that high-fat feeding induces insulin resistance in muscle concomitant with a diminished IR signaling capacity, although the mechanism remains unknown.
Selected Contribution: Gender differences in the endothelin-B receptor contribution to basal cutaneous vascular tone in humans
Authors: Kellogg D. L. , Liu Y. , Pérgola P. E.
Published: December 2017

To test whether the contribution of endothelin-B (ET-B) receptors to resting vascular tone differs between genders, we administered the ET-B receptor antagonist BQ-788 into the forearm skin of 11 male and 11 female subjects by intradermal microdialysis. Skin blood flow was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry at the microdialysis site. The probe was perfused with Ringer solution alone, followed by BQ-788 (150 nM) and finally sodium nitroprusside (28 mM) to effect maximal cutaneous vasodilation. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (laser-Doppler flowmetry/mean arterial pressure) and normalized to maximal levels (%max). In male subjects, baseline CVC was (mean ± SE) 19 ± 3%max and increased to 26 ± 5%max with BQ-788 ( P < 0.05 vs. baseline). In female subjects, baseline CVC was 13 ± 1%max and decreased to 10 ± 1%max in response to BQ-788. CVC responses to BQ-788 differed with gender ( P < 0.05); thus the contribution of ET-B receptors to resting cutaneous vascular tone differs between men and women. In men, ET-B receptors mediate tonic vasoconstriction, whereas, in women, ET-B receptors mediate tonic vasodilation.
Integrated analysis of protein and glucose metabolism during surgery: effects of anesthesia
Authors: Schricker Thomas , Lattermann Ralph , Fiset Pierre , Wykes Linda , Carli Franco
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to assess dynamic changes in protein and glucose metabolism during surgery. Twelve patients undergoing colorectal surgery received either intravenous propofol anesthesia ( n = 6) or inhalational anesthesia with desflurane ( n = 6). Pre- and intraoperative protein and glucose kinetics were analyzed by an isotope dilution technique usingl-[1-13C]leucine and [6,6-2H2]glucose. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol were measured before and after 2 h of surgery. The rates of appearance of leucine and glucose, leucine oxidation, protein synthesis, and glucose clearance decreased during surgery, independent of the type of anesthesia ( P < 0.05). A correlation between the rate of appearance of leucine and glucose was observed ( r = 0.755, P < 0.001). Intraoperative plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations increased ( P< 0.05), whereas plasma concentrations of lactate, free fatty acids, insulin, and glucagon did not change. Surgery causes a depression of whole body protein and glucose metabolism, independent of the anesthetic technique. There is a correlation between perioperative glucose production and protein breakdown.
Serotonin2 receptors mediate respiratory recovery after cervical spinal cord hemisection in adult rats
Authors: Zhou Shi-Yi , Basura Gregory J. , Goshgarian Harry G.
Published: December 2017

The aim of the present study was to specifically investigate the involvement of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT2)] receptors in 5-HT-mediated respiratory recovery after cervical hemisection. Experiments were conducted on C2 spinal cord-hemisected, anesthetized (chloral hydrate, 400 mg/kg ip), vagotomized, pancuronium- paralyzed, and artificially ventilated female Sprague-Dawley rats in which CO2 levels were monitored and maintained. Twenty-four hours after spinal hemisection, the ipsilateral phrenic nerve displayed no respiratory-related activity indicative of a functionally complete hemisection. Intravenous administration of the 5-HT2A/2C-receptor agonist (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (DOI) induced respiratory-related activity in the phrenic nerve ipsilateral to hemisection under conditions in which CO2 was maintained at constant levels and augmented the activity induced under conditions of hypercapnia. The effects of DOI were found to be dose dependent, and the recovery of activity could be maintained for up to 2 h after a single injection. DOI-induced recovery was attenuated by the 5-HT2-receptor antagonist ketanserin but not with the 5-HT2C-receptor antagonist RS-102221, suggesting that 5-HT2A and not necessarily 5-HT2C receptors may be involved in the induction of respiratory recovery after cervical spinal cord injury.
NO inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial pressure but not hemorrhage in maximally exercising horses
Authors: Kindig Casey A. , McDonough Paul , Finley Melissa R. , Behnke Brad J. , Richardson Troy E. , Marlin David J. , Erickson Howard H. , Poole David C.
Published: December 2017

In horses, the exercise-induced elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) is thought to play a deterministic role in exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), and thus treatment designed to lower Ppa might reasonably be expected to reduce EIPH. Five Thoroughbred horses were run on a treadmill to volitional fatigue (incremental step test) under nitric oxide (NO; inhaled 80 ppm) and control (N2, same flow rate as per NO run) conditions (2 wk between trials; order randomized) to test the hypothesis that NO inhalation would reduce maximal Ppa but that this reduction may not necessarily reduce EIPH. Before each investigation, a microtipped pressure transducer was placed in the pulmonary artery 8 cm past the pulmonic valve to monitor Ppa. EIPH severity was assessed via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 30 min postrun. Exercise time did not differ between the two trials ( P > 0.05). NO administration resulted in a small but consistent and significant reduction in peak Ppa (N2, 102.3 ± 4.4; NO, 98.6 ± 4.3 mmHg, P < 0.05). In the face of lowered Ppa, EIPH severity was significantly higher in the NO trial (N2, 22.4 ± 6.8; NO, 42.6 ± 15.4 × 106red blood cells/ml BAL fluid, P < 0.05). These findings support the notion that extremely high Ppa may reflect, in part, an arteriolar vasoconstriction that serves to protect the capillary bed from the extraordinarily high Ppa evoked during maximal exercise in the Thoroughbred horse. Furthermore, these data suggest that exogenous NO treatment during exercise in horses may not only be poor prophylaxis but may actually exacerbate the severity of EIPH.
Increasing activity of H2-metabolizing microbes lowers decompression sickness risk in pigs during H2dives
Authors: Kayar S. R. , Fahlman A. , Lin W. C. , Whitman W. B.
Published: December 2017

The risk of decompression sickness (DCS) was modulated by varying the biochemical activity used to eliminate some of the hydrogen (H2) stored in the tissues of pigs (19.4 ± 0.2 kg) during hyperbaric exposures to H2. Treated pigs ( n = 16) received intestinal injections of Methanobrevibacter smithii, a microbe that metabolizes H2to water and CH4. Surgical controls ( n = 10) received intestinal injections of saline, and an additional control group ( n = 10) was untreated. Pigs were placed in a chamber and compressed to 24 atm abs (20.6–22.9 atm H2). After 3 h, the pigs were decompressed and observed for symptoms of DCS for 1 h. Pigs with M. smithii had a significantly lower ( P < 0.05) incidence of DCS (44%; 7/16) than all controls (80%; 16/20). The DCS risk decreased with increasing activity of microbes injected (logistic regression, P < 0.05). Thus the supplemental tissue washout of the diluent gas by microbial metabolism was inversely correlated with DCS risk in a dose-dependent manner in this pig model.
Acute hormonal response to sublingual androstenediol intake in young men
Authors: Brown Gregory A. , Martini Emily R. , Roberts B. Scott , Vukovich Matthew D. , King Douglas S.
Published: December 2017

The effectiveness of orally ingested androstenediol in raising serum testosterone concentrations may be limited because of hepatic breakdown of the ingested androgens. Because androstenediol administered sublingually with cyclodextrin bypasses first-pass hepatic catabolism, we evaluated the acute hormonal response to sublingual cyclodextrin androstenediol supplement in young men. Eight men (22.9 ± 1.2 yr) experienced in strength training consumed either 20 mg androstenediol in a sublingual cyclodextrin tablet (Sl Diol) or placebo (Pl) separated by at least 1 wk in a randomized, double-blind, crossover manner. Blood samples were collected before supplementation and at 30-min intervals for 3 h after supplementation. Serum hormone concentrations did not change with Pl. Serum androstenedione concentrations were increased ( P < 0.05) above baseline (11.2 ± 1.1 nmol/l) with Sl Diol from 60 to 180 min after intake and reached a peak concentration of 25.2 ± 2.9 nmol/l at 120 min. Serum free testosterone concentrations were increased from 86.2 ± 9.1 pmol/l with Sl Diol from 30 to 180 min and reached a peak concentration of 175.4 ± 12.2 pmol/l at 60 min. Serum total testosterone concentrations increased above basal (25.6 ± 2.3 nmol/l) from 30 to 180 min with Sl Diol and reached a peak concentration of 47.9 + 2.9 nmol/l at 60 min. Serum estradiol concentrations were elevated ( P < 0.05) above baseline (0.08 ± 0.01 nmol/l) from 30 to 180 min with Sl Diol and reached 0.14 ± 0.02 nmol/l at 180 min. These data indicate that sublingual cyclodextrin androstenediol intake increases serum androstenedione, free testosterone, total testosterone, and estradiol concentrations.
Effect of inhaled indomethacin on distilled water-induced airway epithelial cell swelling
Authors: Mochizuki Hiroyuki , Ohki Yasushi , Arakawa Hirokazu , Kato Masahiko , Tokuyama Kenichi , Morikawa Akihiro
Published: December 2017

We evaluated the mechanism of the anti-asthmatic effect of inhaled indomethacin (Indo) by using an animal model (guinea pigs) of airway inflammation. After being exposed to either ozone or room air at identical flow rates (5 l/min) for 2 h, guinea pigs were anesthetized, tracheostomized, and lung resistance (Rl) was subsequently measured. Guinea pigs inhaled either saline or Indo (1.5 mg/ml) for 1 min before undergoing an ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW) inhalation test. Rl increased significantly after 10 min of UNDW inhalation in the room air and ozone groups but more so in the ozone group. This increase in Rl was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with Indo. In the morphometric assessment of airway mucosa, a significant swelling of the epithelial cells after UNDW inhalation was observed in both the room air and ozone groups but especially so in the ozone group. This increase was also suppressed with Indo pretreatment. These results suggest that the increase in Rl and the swelling of airway epithelial cells induced by inhaled UNDW in ozone-exposed guinea pigs was suppressed by pretreatment of inhaled Indo and that this suppression may be one of the reasons for the anti-asthmatic effect of inhaled Indo.
Physiological and metabolic responses to a hill walk
Authors: Ainslie P. N. , Campbell I. T. , Frayn K. N. , Humphreys S. M. , Maclaren D. P. M. , Reilly T.
Published: December 2017

The physiological and metabolic demands of hill walking have not been studied systematically in the field despite the potentially deleterious physiological consequences of activity sustained over an entire day. On separate occasions, 13 subjects completed a self-paced hill walk over 12 km, consisting of a range of gradients and terrain typical of a mountainous walk. During the hill walk, continuous measurements of rectal (Tre) and skin (Tsk) temperatures and of respiratory gas exchange were made to calculate the total energy expenditure. Blood samples, for the analysis of metabolites and hormones, were taken before breakfast and lunch and immediately after the hill walk. During the first 5 km of the walk (100- to 902-m elevation), Treincreased (36.9 ± 0.2 to 38.5 ± 0.4°C) with a subsequent decrease in mean Tskfrom this time point. Tredecreased by ∼1.0°C during a 30-min stop for lunch, and it continued to decrease a further 0.5°C after walking recommenced. The total energy intake from both breakfast and lunch [5.6 ± 0.7 (SE) MJ] was lower than the energy expended [14.5 ± 0.5 (SE) MJ; P< 0.001] during the 12-km hill walk. Despite the difference in energy intake and expenditure, blood glucose concentration was maintained. The major source of energy was an enhanced fat oxidation, probably from adipose tissue lipolysis reflected in high plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. The major observations were the varying thermoregulatory responses and the negative energy balance incurred during the hill walk. It is concluded that recreational hill walking can constitute a significant metabolic and thermoregulatory strain on participants.
Microdialysis in human skeletal muscle: effects of adding a colloid to the perfusate
Authors: Hamrin K. , Rosdahl H. , Ungerstedt U. , Henriksson J.
Published: December 2017

Microdialysis catheters (CMA-60 with a polyamide dialysis membrane; 20,000-molecular wt cutoff) were either immersed in an external medium or were inserted in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy subjects, using perfusate with or without dextran 70. Varying the position of the outflow tubing induced changes in hydrostatic pressure. The sample volumes were significantly smaller in catheters perfused without a colloid compared with those perfused with a colloid [11–50% (in vitro) and 8–59% (in vivo) lower than in colloid-perfused catheters with the same position of the outflow tubing]. The sample volumes were also significantly smaller when the dialysis membrane was influenced by maximal hydrostatic pressure (above position) compared with minimal hydrostatic pressure (below position) [7–38% (in vitro) and 3–46% (in vivo) lower than in catheters in the below position with the same perfusion fluid]. In vivo, glucose concentration at a perfusion flow rate of 0.33 μl/min was higher when the catheters were perfused without a colloid [18–28% higher than in colloid-perfused catheters with the same position of the outflow tubing ( P < 0.001)] than with a colloid. A corresponding difference also tended to occur with lactate, glycerol, and urea. At 0.16 μl/min, the glucose concentration was the same irrespective of whether fluid loss had been counteracted by colloid inclusion or by lowering of outlet tubing. The mechanism behind the observed concentration difference is thought to be a higher effective perfusion flow rate when fluid loss is prevented at low-perfusion flows. This study shows that fluid imbalances can have important implications for microdialysis results at low-perfusion flow rates.
HSP27 modulates agonist-induced association of translocated RhoA and PKC-α in muscle cells of the colon
Authors: Bitar K. N. , Ibitayo A. , Patil S. B.
Published: December 2017

The recruitment of signal transduction molecules to the membrane is crucial for the efficient coupling of extracellular signals and contractile response. The trafficking is dynamic. We have investigated a possible cross talk between agonist-induced association of translocated RhoA and translocated protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) and a role for heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in mediating this interaction. Immunoprecipitation with HSP27 monoclonal antibody followed by immunoblotting with either RhoA antibody or PKC-α antibody indicated that acetylcholine induced associations of HSP27-RhoA and HSP27-PKC-α in the membrane fraction but not in the cytosolic fraction. Immunoprecipitation with anti-RhoA monoclonal antibody followed by immunoblotting with PKC-α antibody indicated that acetylcholine induced a significant complexing of RhoA-PKC-α in the membrane fraction but not in the cytosolic fraction. In summary, the data indicate that agonist-induced contraction is associated with 1) association of translocated RhoA with HSP27 on the membrane, 2) association of translocated PKC-α with HSP27 on the membrane, and 3) association of PKC-α with RhoA on the membrane. The data suggest an important role for HSP27 in modulating a multiprotein complex that includes translocated RhoA and PKC-α.
Lung function during and after prolonged head-down bed rest
Authors: Montmerle Stéphanie , Spaak Jonas , Linnarsson Dag
Published: December 2017

We determined the effects of prolonged head-down tilt bed rest (HDT) on lung mechanics and gas exchange. Six subjects were studied in supine and upright postures before (control), during [ day 113(D113)], and after (R + number of days of recovery) 120 days of HDT. Peak expiratory flow (PF) never differed between positions at any time and never differed from controls. Maximal midexpiratory flow (FEF25–75%) was lower in the supine than in the upright posture before HDT and was reduced in the supine posture by about 20% between baseline and D113, R + 0, and R + 3. The diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide corrected to a standardized alveolar volume (volume-corrected Dl CO) was lower in the upright than in the supine posture and decreased in both postures by 20% between baseline and R + 0 and by 15% between baseline and R + 15. Pulmonary blood flow (Q˙C) increased from R + 0 to R + 3 by 20 (supine) and 35% (upright). As PF is mostly effort dependent, our data speak against major respiratory muscle deconditioning after 120 days of HDT. The decrease in FEF25–75% suggests a reduction in elastic recoil. Time courses of volume-corrected Dl CO andQ˙C could be explained by a decrease in central blood volume during and immediately after HDT.
Effect of eccentric contraction-induced injury on force and intracellular pH in rat skeletal muscles
Authors: Yeung E. W. , Bourreau J.-P. , Allen D. G. , Ballard H. J.
Published: December 2017

The effect of eccentric contraction on force generation and intracellular pH (pHi) regulation was investigated in rat soleus muscle. Eccentric muscle damage was induced by stretching muscle bundles by 30% of the optimal length for a series of 10 tetani. After eccentric contractions, there was reduction in force at all stimulation frequencies and a greater reduction in relative force at low-stimulus frequencies. There was also a shift of optimal length to longer lengths. pHiwas measured with a pH-sensitive probe, 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein AM. pHiregulation was studied by inducing an acute acid load with the removal of 20–40 mM ammonium chloride, and the rate of pHirecovery was monitored. The acid extrusion rate was obtained by multiplying the rate of pHirecovery by the buffering power. The resting pHiafter eccentric contractions was more acidic, and the rate of recovery from acid load post-eccentric contractions was slower than that from postisometric controls. This is further supported by the slower acid extrusion rate. Amiloride slowed the recovery from an acid load in control experiments. Because the Na+/H+exchanger is the dominant mechanism for the recovery of pHi, this suggests that the impairment in the ability of the muscle to regulate pHiafter eccentric contractions is caused by decreased activity of the Na+/H+exchanger.
Bowel Resection and Ileotransverse Anastomosis as Preferred Therapy for 15 Typhoid Ileal Perforations and Severe Peritoneal Contamination in a Very Elderly Patient
Authors: Momo Kadia Benjamin , Aroke Desmond , Hongieh Abanda Martin , Njim Tsi , Akem Dimala Christian
Published: December 2017

Typhoid ileal perforation (TIP) is the most lethal complication of typhoid fever. Although TIP is a surgical emergency by consensus, there is still much controversy regarding the most appropriate surgical approach to be used. Bowel exteriorization and secondary closure are usually recommended for patients presenting late with multiple TIPs and heavy peritoneal soiling. We, however, discuss a unique case of an 86-year-old patient with 15 typhoid ileal perforations successfully treated with one-step surgery comprising bowel resection and ileotransverse anastomosis in a resource-constrained setting of Cameroon.
Tarja branca: memória e narrativas sensíveis em práticas de cinema no hospital
Authors: Fernandes Cintia Sanmartin , Mendes Tatiane
Published: December 2017

Quais são os possíveis cruzamentos na ação da memória como um espaço entre o eu e o outro? Este trabalho investiga o poder de compartilhamento de memória na construção de narrativas sensíveis, baseadas em atividades de cinema em enfermarias do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, no Rio de Janeiro. As práticas são resultantes da apresentação do documentário Tarja branca, dirigido por Cacau Rhoden, durante o ano de 2016. Como metodologia de pesquisa, optou-se pela cartografia segundo os pressupostos de Virgínia Kastrup.
The Extension Work of the Institutional Evaluation Center - FEUSP: Theoretical Foundations and Results
Authors: Kruppa Sonia Maria Portella , Arelaro Lisete Regina Gomes , Ribeiro Renato Melo
Published: December 2017

Este trabalho apresenta os fundamentos teóricos e os principais resultados das atividades de extensão do Núcleo de Avaliação Institucional da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (NAI-FEUSP) em escolas públicas da cidade de São Paulo e região metropolitana. O Núcleo desenvolve projeto de formação continuada com foco na temática da Avaliação Institucional Participativa e Negociada da Escola Pública, incluindo também estagiários curriculares em seu projeto de formação-ação. A análise concentrou-se em dados – referenciais bibliográficos, conteúdo temático, participantes, convidados, etc.- de cursos de extensão, eventos, grupos de discussão e projetos de estágio curricular (integrados a projetos de extensão) que ocorreram entre 2013 e 2017, destacando alguns impactos significativos na vida institucional das escolas participantes.
Repensando a (in)visibilidade do tradutor de webnotícias: propostas para o contexto de formação acadêmica em tradução
Authors: Garcia Simão Angélica Karim , Nogueira de Andrade Stupiello Érika
Published: December 2017

O desenvolvimento tecnológico experimentado a partir do final do século XX resultou em transformações não só para o modo de fazer jornalístico como também para o papel que tradutores passaram a desenvolver inseridos nesses contextos emergentes. Tal cenário impôs novos desafios ao tradutor, ao situá-lo em um diálogo direto e imediato com os condicionantes extratextuais (aspectos culturais, sociais, históricos e ideológicos) que estão presentes em sua profissão. Tais desafios exigem que o perfil desse profissional seja mais bem delineado, a fim de capacitá-lo para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de tradução específicas para o âmbito jornalístico. Neste trabalho, pretende-se refletir sobre como se reconfigura o papel do tradutor de textos jornalísticos no século XXI e de que forma esse papel pode ser entendido, dentro de um contexto de formação acadêmica em tradução, a fim de desenvolver habilidades e competências que o capacitem para atuar nesse setor do mercado de trabalho.
Ações do Grupo de Apoio Pedagógico (GAP) em prol do ensino de graduação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA)
Authors: Coelho Lia De Alencar , Ribeiro Marcelo Machado de Luca de Oliveira , Herling Valdo Rodrigues , Ferreira Helena Lage , Pinho Samantha Cristina de , Tabile Rubens André , Silva Filho Carmo Gabriel da , Conceição Gelson José Andrade da , Tommaso Giovana , Martins Ana Maria Centola Vidal , Kushida Marta Mitsui , Silva Ana Carolina De Souza
Published: December 2017

O presente relato apresenta as ações exercidas pelo GAP-FZEA durante o período de 2005 a 2016 e o seu impacto nas atividades desenvolvidas pelos docentes da FZEA pertinentes ao ensino de graduação. Antes da criação das Comissões Coordenadoras de Curso (CoCs), o GAP-FZEA atuou diretamente na promoção de eventos sobre gestão pedagógica dando subsídios aos docentes para que os mesmos refletissem sobre a necessidade de traçar o perfil profissional do estudante e sobre sua própria formação pedagógica. Após a criação das CoCs, o GAPFZEA, além de continuar trabalhando na formação pedagógica dos docentes da FZEA, atuou indiretamente na gestão pedagógica dando subsídios às CoCs da FZEA para que as mesmas reflitam sobre a construção dos Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos (PPPs). Posteriormente, o GAP-FZEA promoveu o I Simpósio de Graduação da FZEA, que permitiu a troca de experiências vivenciadas pelos docentes da FZEA quanto à gestão e à prática pedagógica. O GAP-FZEA mostrou que pode propiciar espaços para congregar os docentes e estimular o debate sobre as práticas de ensino-aprendizagem na construção desse ambiente de aprimoramento.
Conhecimentos de Acadêmicos de Educação Física sobre a Ginástica a partir da Percepção de Docentes do Ensino Superior
Authors: Carbinatto Michele Viviene , Gonçalves Luiza Lana , Simões Regina Maria Rovigatti , Moreira Wagner Wey , Nunomura Myrian
Published: December 2017

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar, no discurso de catorze docentes que atuam nos cursos de licenciatura em Educação Física em universidades paulistas, o conhecimento prévio de ginástica dos alunos ingressantes no ensino superior e quais características devem ser apresentadas nessa disciplina nos referidos cursos. Após a realização de entrevistas, os dados foram avaliados pela Análise de Conteúdo, e, por meio deles, identificamos que todos os docentes apontaram os conhecimentos prévios como insuficientes e advindos da mídia televisiva, de academias de ginástica e circo, bem como notaram preconceitos em relação à modalidade. Quanto aos fundamentos necessários, os docentes indicaram a importância do reconhecimento dos fundamentos gerais, como elementos corporais, história, arbitragem, e, em minoria, de aspectos pedagógicos e metodológicos; a desmistificação dos preconceitos pelos estudos científicos e, por fim, tendências gerais da modalidade. É preciso que os fundamentos essenciais da ginástica sejam oferecidos aos discentes, sem perder de vista que devemos formar profissionais educadores e pesquisadores para um contexto plural e complexo.
Uso de Modelo Aditivo Generalizado para Análise Espacial da Suscetibilidade a Movimentos de Massa
Authors: Sothe Camile , Gerbi Camargo Eduardo Celso , Gerente Jéssica , Rennó Camilo Daleles , Vieira Monteiro Antônio Miguel
Published: December 2017

Neste artigo, é analisada a distribuição espacial da suscetibilidade a movimentos de massa da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Luís Alves, localizada no estado de Santa Catarina.  A modelagem empregada baseia-se em processos pontuais espaciais, na qual se define uma medida de suscetibilidade que varia continuamente sobre a região de estudo e é estimada por meio de métodos de modelos aditivos generalizados (GAM). A suscetibilidade a movimentos de massa, neste contexto, é quantificada por níveis de probabilidades. O procedimento empregado incorpora ao modelo fatores condicionantes de suscetibilidade, de forma simples e de fácil interpretação. O método viabiliza a construção de superfícies de decisão que permitem a geração de mapas com contornos de tolerância baseado em medidas de probabilidade. Tais mapas auxiliam na identificação de áreas de alta/baixa suscetibilidade, uma vez que a hipótese nula de suscetibilidade constante na região de estudo pode ser testada. O resultado da aplicação do modelo mostrou que a variação espacial da suscetibilidade na área de estudo foi significativa a certos fatores condicionantes, apontando um caminho para avanços nos sistemas técnicos de monitoramento e alerta a estas situações, e ampliando as possibilidades para as decisões necessárias que possam minimizar os impactos de processos geomorfológicos danosos, tais como movimentos de massa.
Evidências de Mudanças Climáticas em Viçosa (MG)
Authors: Sanches Fabio De Oliveira , Fialho Edson Soares , Quina Robson Rodrigues
Published: December 2017

Os estudos de mudanças climáticas no Brasil ainda são escassos, muito em função da falta de séries climatológicas de longa duração, confiáveis e com poucas falhas. Em muitas localidades fora dos grandes centros, existem estações meteorológicas com séries históricas superiores a 30 anos, como em Viçosa (MG). Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o comportamento das temperaturas médias (máximas e mínimas) da superfície do ar, da pluviosidade e da umidade relativa, nas escalas anual e mensal, da região de Viçosa (MG), no período de 1968 a 2015, buscando evidências de mudanças climáticas e ampliando os estudos sobre a climatologia em escala regional no Brasil. As tendências foram avaliadas com a aplicação do Teste de Mann-Kendall e, a causalidade das correlações inversas, com a Análise de Covariância (ANCOVA). Dentre os resultados, verificou-se a progressiva elevação das temperaturas máximas na primavera, verão e outono, e das temperaturas mínimas em praticamente todos os meses do ano. O inverno tem se caracterizado por ser cada vez mais seco e prolongado, ocorrendo aumento das temperaturas na transição para o verão hidrológico (mês de outubro).
The Khmer Rouge, Ritual and Control
Authors: Delano Daisha Lee , Knottnerus J. David
Published: December 2017

On April 17th 1975 the communist party of Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge, took power and evacuated the cities forcing citizens into the countryside while killing many in an attempt to eradicate members of the previous government of the Khmer Republic, as well as former soldiers, intellectuals, and artists. The Khmer Rouge employed various tactics to increase their power during this time including the elimination of ritual practices such as dance dramas, family ceremonies, and religious activities. Drawing upon memoirs, autobiographies, and other sources as well as structural ritualisation theory these developments are analysed using the concepts of strategic deritualisation and strategic ritualisation. After the elimination of important rituals the Khmer Rouge implemented new propaganda based rituals in an attempt to instill their beliefs into the minds of peasants and youth while creating a debilitating fear in the previous city dwellers. These rituals included attending speeches, singing emotionally charged revolutionary songs, and attending dance dramas depicting the glory of the revolution and its leader “Angkar.” Implications of the study are discussed especially in regard to the role ritual dynamics can play in social control and extremist (sometimes genocidal) regimes.
An Intercomparison between Reanalysis and Dropsonde Observations of the Total Water Vapor Transport in Individual Atmospheric Rivers
Authors: Guan Bin , Waliser Duane E. , Ralph F. Martin
Published: December 2017

A recent study presented nearly two decades of airborne atmospheric river (AR) observations and concluded that, on average, an individual AR transports ~5 × 108 kg s−1 of water vapor. The study here compares those cases to ARs independently identified in reanalyses based on a refined algorithm that can detect less well-structured ARs, with the dual-purpose of validating reanalysis ARs against observations and evaluating dropsonde representativeness relative to reanalyses. The first comparison is based on 21 dropsonde-observed ARs in the northeastern Pacific and those closely matched, but not required to be exactly collocated, in ERA-Interim (MERRA-2), which indicates a mean error of −2% (−8%) in AR width and +3% (−1%) in total integrated water vapor transport (TIVT) and supports the effectiveness of the AR detection algorithm applied to the reanalyses. The second comparison is between the 21 dropsonde ARs and ~6000 ARs detected in ERA-Interim (MERRA-2) over the same domain, which indicates a mean difference of 5% (20%) in AR width and 5% (14%) in TIVT and suggests the limited number of dropsonde observations is a highly (reasonably) representative sampling of ARs in the northeastern Pacific. Sensitivities of the comparison to seasonal and geographical variations in AR width/TIVT are also examined. The results provide a case where dedicated observational efforts in specific regions corroborate with global reanalyses in better characterizing the geometry and strength of ARs regionally and globally. The results also illustrate that the reanalysis depiction of ARs can help inform the selection of locations for future observational and modeling efforts.