Developing a robust biogeochemical framework of the coccolith vital effects for more reliable paleoclimatic reconstructions
Authors: Le Guevel Goulwen , Minoletti Fabrice , Geisen Carla , Hermoso Michael 
Published: February 2023

The major climatic forcing parameters on Earth climate are temperature and the atmospheric concentrations of CO2. Even if their evolutions covaried to the first-order, the geological record show periods with non-linear evolution between those two parameters. Such delinking requires accurate paleoclimate reconstructions with implications for the modelling studies of our future climate.pCO2 and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) reconstructions are usually quantified using proxies relying on both the organic matter produced by coccolithophores (UK37&#8217; index and &#948;13Calkenones) and calcite of foraminiferal tests (&#948;11B, &#948;18O, Mg/Ca). These proxies have been very useful for a variety of paleoclimatic advances, yet present unresolved and potentially important biases. As an example, alkenone carbon isotopes are not able to register low to moderate pCO2 levels (Badger et al., 2019). This is notoriously a major issue for paleoclimate reconstructions of the last 6 My (Plio-Pleistocene period).Our approach is to use a unique archive &#8211; the coccoliths &#8211; for determination of coeval SST and pCO2. Coccoliths are small calcite plates produced by unicellular photosynthetic algae called coccolithophores. They are a very promising substrate to analyse for paleoclimate studies because they calcify in the uppermost water column and because their isotopic ratios are sensitive to both photosynthesis and calcification (Hermoso et al. 2020). Therefore, these isotopic ratios provide physiological and metabolic information about coccolithophores of the past. In order to infer paleoclimates from the sedimentary archives, we have to deconvolve the isotopic biological imprint (vital effect) from the environment signal. For the evaluation of the vital effects, we have undertaken a large-scaled culture experiments with various strains of coccolithophore grown under various CO2 concentrations and pH (Le Guevel et al. in prep). Even if we have managed culture until 1400ppm and 7.55 unit of pH, we were particularly interested in low pCO2 and high pH conditions because the bibliography is lacking of vital effect for Plio-Pleistoc&#232;ne applications. All the selected strains produce coccoliths within the size range of the one we find predominantly in the marine sediments throughout geological times.We document a large decrease of the carbon differential vital effect with the CO2 concentration increase between Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Coccolithus braarudii. This is consistent with previous studies but the absolute values are slightly different and we provide a more precise dataset at low to moderate pCO2 than the previous ones (Rickaby et al., 2010; Hermoso et al., 2016). We propose the first study of the oxygen and carbon vital effect of the Helicosphaera carteri group with combined CO2/pH changes. Taken together, the culture data and measurements of the isotopic composition of the calcite biominerals allows better paleoreconstructions of SST and aqueous CO2.