bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“We Are Raising Our Children in Fear”: War, Community Violence, and Parenting Practices in El Salvador
Authors: Rojas-Flores Lisseth , Herrera Sofia , Currier Joseph M. , Lin Elizabeth Y. , Kulzer Rebecca , Foy David W.
Published: September 2013

Unprecedented gang violence in El Salvador places children and their families at high risk for experiencing multiple traumas. The influence of lifetime exposure to community violence on parenting practices and parent–child relationships among Salvadoran parents was examined using a mixed-methods approach. Thirty-six parents and primary caregivers of elementary school children living in urban areas of El Salvador participated in 4 focus groups and completed the Los Angeles Community Violence Checklist ( LACVC). All participants reported direct exposure or witnessing at least ≥2 violent events ( M = 6; SD = 2.58), indicating substantial direct and indirect lifetime exposure to violence. Predominant themes in the group discussions included parents’ experiences with the past civil war, the unpredictable nature of current community violence and its negative effects on children and parent–child relationships, as well as the adaptive and maladaptive parenting practices employed to raise their children in violent contexts. Parents also underscored the need for professional psychological support for their children and positive parenting education. Possible implications for clinical practice with Central American parents living in El Salvador and in the United States are discussed.
Specific heat of hydrated lysozyme, water's contribution to its dynamics, and criteria for glass formation of biomaterials
Authors: Tombari Elpidio , Johari G. P.
Published: September 2013

Previous studies of the dynamics of hydrated proteins had shown a feature resembling an exceptionally broad glass-softening endotherm. Its onset temperature, denoted as Tg, was indefinable in one calorimetric study of hydrated lysozyme and was in the 148–218 K range in another study, depending upon hydration. Other methods reported this Tg as ∼170 K. We argue that glass-formation of biomaterials should be studied by measuring a property on both the cooling and heating paths and it should be ascertained (i) that there is thermal hysteresis of the measured property, (ii) that the real and imaginary components of a dynamic property obey the Kramers-Kronig relations, and (iii) that there is an effect of annealing that is consistent with the glass phenomenology. We report the real and imaginary components of the dynamic specific heat, Cp′ and Cp″, of dry and two hydrated lysozyme samples on the cooling and the heating paths as well as the effects of annealing and changing the frequency. For the most hydrated (34.6 g water per 100 g lysozyme) sample, Cp,app does not show thermal hysteresis in the 160–230 K range, Cp′ varies in a sigmoid-shape manner with T while Cp″ remains close to zero, and there is no effect of annealing. We interpret these findings in terms of continuous development of ice-like aggregates of immobile H2O as more H-bonds form on cooling, and continuous deterioration of the aggregates on heating. As the equilibrium constant between the aggregates and mobile H2O increases on cooling, configurational degrees of freedom of H2O molecules and lysozyme segments decrease. Consequently, the net change in enthalpy is small but the change in Cp is large. Mobility of the lysozyme segments still depends upon the mobility of H2O molecules.
Thermally activated stochastic domain-wall depinning in ferromagnetic nanowires
Authors: Wuth Clemens , Kolbe Leon , Meier Guido
Published: September 2013

Thermally activated domain-wall depinning in permalloy nanowires is studied at temperatures of liquid helium and above by means of time series at constant bias fields as well as by hysteresis measurements of Hall voltages recorded by Hall micromagnetometry. Domain walls are pinned at triangular notches in nanowires and detected noninvasively by micron-sized Hall sensors underneath. The magnitudes of the Hall voltages correspond to the mean perpendicular components of the stray fields of the domain walls pinned at the notches. From the time evolution as well as the field evolution of the Hall voltages, thermally activated processes are identified that precede the depinning event and characterize individual depinning paths.
Fabrication and magnetic properties of single-crystalline La0.33Pr0.34Ca0.33MnO3/MgO nanowires
Authors: Li Lin , Li Hui , Zhai Xiaofang , Zeng Changgan
Published: September 2013

Single crystalline La0.33Pr0.34Ca0.33MnO3/MgO core-shell nanowires with diameters about tens of nanometers are synthesized by a two-step process. Structure and morphology characterizations confirm the epitaxial growth of La0.33Pr0.34Ca0.33MnO3 shell layers on MgO core layers. Clear interfaces are observed between the core and shell layers. Magnetic measurements suggest the existence of electronic phase separation in the one dimensional nanowires similar to the bulk. However, the nanowires exhibit significantly increased amount of magnetically frozen phase and increased coercivity, which are attributed to the strongly modulated magnetic structure in the one dimensional structure.
Bounds on variable-length compound jumps
Authors: Boonserm Petarpa , Visser Matt
Published: September 2013

In Euclidean space there is a trivial upper bound on the maximum length of a compound “walk” built up of variable-length jumps, and a considerably less trivial lower bound on its minimum length. The existence of this non-trivial lower bound is intimately connected to the triangle inequalities, and the more general “polygon inequalities.” Moving beyond Euclidean space, when a modified version of these bounds is applied in “rapidity space” they provide upper and lower bounds on the relativistic composition of velocities. Similarly, when applied to “transfer matrices” these bounds place constraints either (in a scattering context) on transmission and reflection coefficients or (in a parametric excitation context) on particle production. Physically these are very different contexts, but mathematically there are intimate relations between these superficially very distinct systems.
Asymptotic and numerical prediction of current-voltage curves for an organic bilayer solar cell under varying illumination and comparison to the Shockley equivalent circuit
Authors: Foster J. M. , Kirkpatrick J. , Richardson G.
Published: September 2013

In this study, a drift-diffusion model is used to derive the current-voltage curves of an organic bilayer solar cell consisting of slabs of electron acceptor and electron donor materials sandwiched together between current collectors. A simplified version of the standard drift-diffusion equations is employed in which minority carrier densities are neglected. This is justified by the large disparities in electron affinity and ionisation potential between the two materials. The resulting equations are solved (via both asymptotic and numerical techniques) in conjunction with (i) Ohmic boundary conditions on the contacts and (ii) an internal boundary condition, imposed on the interface between the two materials, that accounts for charge pair generation (resulting from the dissociation of excitons) and charge pair recombination. Current-voltage curves are calculated from the solution to this model as a function of the strength of the solar charge generation. In the physically relevant power generating regime, it is shown that these current-voltage curves are well-approximated by a Shockley equivalent circuit model. Furthermore, since our drift-diffusion model is predictive, it can be used to directly calculate equivalent circuit parameters from the material parameters of the device.
Effect of basic physical parameters to control plasma meniscus and beam halo formation in negative ion sources
Authors: Miyamoto K. , Okuda S. , Nishioka S. , Hatayama A.
Published: September 2013

Our previous study shows that the curvature of the plasma meniscus causes the beam halo in the negative ion sources: the negative ions extracted from the periphery of the meniscus are over-focused in the extractor due to the electrostatic lens effect, and consequently become the beam halo. In this article, the detail physics of the plasma meniscus and beam halo formation is investigated with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. It is shown that the basic physical parameters such as the H− extraction voltage and the effective electron confinement time significantly affect the formation of the plasma meniscus and the resultant beam halo since the penetration of electric field for negative ion extraction depends on these physical parameters. Especially, the electron confinement time depends on the characteristic time of electron escape along the magnetic field as well as the characteristic time of electron diffusion across the magnetic field. The plasma meniscus penetrates deeply into the source plasma region when the effective electron confinement time is short. In this case, the curvature of the plasma meniscus becomes large, and consequently the fraction of the beam halo increases.
Nonlinear dielectric response and transient current: An effective potential for ferroelectric domain wall displacement
Authors: Placeres Jiménez Rolando , Pedro Rino José , Marino Gonçalves André , Antonio Eiras José
Published: September 2013

Ferroelectric domain walls are modeled as rigid bodies moving under the action of a potential field in a dissipative medium. Assuming that the dielectric permittivity follows the dependence ε′∝1/(α+βE2), it obtained the exact expression for the effective potential. Simulations of polarization current correctly predict a power law. Such results could be valuable in the study of domain wall kinetic and ultrafast polarization processes. The model is extended to poled samples allowing the study of nonlinear dielectric permittivity under subswitching electric fields. Experimental nonlinear data from PZT 20/80 thin films and Fe+3 doped PZT 40/60 ceramic are reproduced.
Novel epitaxial silicon interlayer for junction engineering in aggressively-scaled germanium photodetectors
Authors: Lim Andy Eu-Jin , Liow Tsung-Yang , Chen Kok Kiong , Tern Roger Poh Cher , Lo Guo-Qiang
Published: September 2013

A new technique which uses an ultra-thin silicon interlayer in germanium photodetectors for junction engineering is demonstrated. A 5 nm epitaxially grown silicon layer was effective in preventing phosphorus diffusion into bulk Ge at 625 °C. Abrupt junction profile was achieved in thin 250 nm Ge PDs which led to improved bandwidth performance during low voltage operations (at 1V or less).
Predation on a cryptic rainforest rodent (Pogonomys sp.) by a carpet python (Morelia spilota)
Authors: Fill Jennifer M. , Freeman Alastair B. , Story Georgeanna , Curran Timothy J.
Published: September 2013

The tree mouse (Pogonomys sp.) is a cryptic species from north-east Queensland. We report the first known predation of this species by a reptile, the carpet python (Morelia spilota), based on the identification of hair retrieved from a road-killed python. We describe characteristics of the hair sample and comment on implications that diverse foraging strategies in a reptilian predator may have for prey behaviour and vulnerability.
The Heck Reaction of Protected Hydroxychromones: on route to Natural Products
Authors: Vasas Attila , Patonay Tamás , Kónya Krisztina , Silva Artur M. S. , Cavaleiro José A. S.
Published: September 2013

The Heck reaction has been successfully extended to the bromochromones with an adjacent protected phenolic hydroxy group which offers a new methodology to various naturally occurring derivatives including tricyclic O-heterocycles. Phosphine-free coupling conditions are found to be effective. Surprisingly, the methoxymethyl protecting group is unstable in several cases but benzyl proved to be an ideal protecting group which could be selectively cleaved by boron trihalides in good yields.
A Direct, Heavy Metal Free Synthesis of the ?-1,6-Linked GlcNAc Disaccharide
Authors: Weaver Lucy G. , Foster Melissa , Singh Yogendra , Burn Paul L. , Blanchfield Joanne T.
Published: September 2013

The major component of the matrix of many bacterial biofilms is a linear polymer of β-1,6-linked units of N-acetylglucosamine (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin or poly-N-acetyl-β-1,6-d-glucosamine). In order to facilitate synthetic vaccine construction we have developed a direct, inexpensive, and biologically compatible synthesis of the minimal building block of this polymer, a β-1,6-linked GlcNAc disaccharide, namely 6-O-[2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose.
Source analysis of perfluorocarboxylates in Tokyo Bay during dry weather and wet weather using sewage markers
Authors: Murakami Michio , Morita Chiaki , Morimoto Takuya , Takada Hideshige
Published: September 2013

Environmental contextAs perfluorocarboxylates can be carried by surface runoff to waters and cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms, we evaluated the contributions of wastewater and surface runoff to the concentrations of these compounds in Tokyo Bay during dry and wet weather. Sewage markers revealed that the surface runoff was a significant source of perfluorocarboxylates in the bay during wet weather. This finding leads to a greater understanding of sources and pathways of perfluorocarboxylates in waters.
AbstractWe investigated the occurrence of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in Tokyo Bay during dry and wet weather and evaluated the contributions of wastewater effluent, untreated wastewater, and surface runoff by using two sewage markers, caffeine and crotamiton. ∑8PFCAs ranged from 11 to 185 ng L–1. Perfluorononanoate (PFNA) was the major species, followed by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA). Principal component analysis followed by multiple linear regression revealed that the PFCAs were derived mainly from wastewater effluent during dry weather, and jointly from wastewater effluent (59%) and combined sewer overflow (41%) during wet weather. We used caffeine-to-crotamiton ratios to evaluate the contributions of untreated wastewater and wastewater effluent. Estimated concentrations of wastewater-derived PFCAs were much lower than observed concentrations during wet weather, indicating the contribution of surface runoff to contamination. During a combined sewer overflow, surface runoff had a significant effect on contamination in the bay.
Rethinking Renaissance Aristotelianism: Bernardo Segni’sEthica, the Florentine Academy, and the Vernacular in Sixteenth-Century Italy*
Authors: Lines David A.
Published: September 2013

In 1550 Bernardo Segni, a member of the Florentine Academy, published an Italian translation of and commentary on Aristotle’sNicomachean Ethics. Practically unstudied, Segni’s work represents an important moment in the evolution of vernacular Aristotelianism (and philosophy more generally) in the Renaissance. This essay examines Segni’s approach to the text, his familiarity (or not) with the Greek and Latin traditions, and his discussion of a philosophical problem, the freedom of the will. It shows that in all these areas Segni was well aware of Latin interpretations. The essay thus argues that studies of Renaissance Aristotelianism need to abondon their longstanding concentration on the Latin tradition alone and consider the complex and multilevel interactions of Latin and vernacular philosophy.
The Impact of the Netherlandish Landscape Tradition on Poetry and Painting in Early Modern England*
Authors: Trevisan Sara
Published: September 2013

The relationship between poetry and painting has been one of the most debated issues in the history of criticism. The present article explores this problematic relationship in the context of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, taking into account theories of rhetoric, visual perception, and art. It analyzes a rare case in which a specific school of painting directly inspired poetry: in particular, the ways in which the Netherlandish landscape tradition influenced natural descriptions in the poem Poly-Olbion (1612, 1622) by Michael Drayton (1563–1631). Drayton — under the influence of the artistic principles of landscape depiction as explained in Henry Peacham’s art manuals, as well as of direct observation of Dutch and Flemish landscape prints and paintings — successfully managed to render pictorial landscapes into poetry. Through practical examples, this essay will thoroughly demonstrate that rhetoric is capable of emulating pictorial styles in a way that presupposes specialized art-historical knowledge, and that pictorialism can be the complex product as much of poetry and rhetoric as of painting and art-theoretical vocabulary.
Reflections on research and learning from the patient: the art and science of what we do
Authors: Urban Elizabeth
Published: September 2013

Over three decades ago, John Bowlby argued for psychoanalysis to seek beyond its own parameters if it was to maintain its claim to be a science. Since then there has been a wealth of relevant research from various fields. While this has been instrumental in the development of my own work, this paper concerns learning from the patient.

The paper begins with a premise: interpretative analytic work requires three‐dimensionality (self, other and object). Although interpretative work may be ingrained in our professional identity, this triangulation may or may not exist in our patients in any stable way. The paper continues with a brief developmental account of how early archetypally‐shaped shifts in the infant's field of interest establish the experiential components of three‐dimensionality. From there, observational and clinical material with a toddler and a young boy describe how early relational deficits hindered their capacities for three‐dimensionality. Yet both were able to engage with the therapist and to become active in the creation of three‐dimensionality within their own minds.

Implied in this work are considerations for working with patients for whom interpretations do not work. Michael Fordham's comments on ‘working out of the self’ are linked with the art of what we do.
Translating research into practice: the introduction of the INTERGROWTH‐21st package of clinical standards, tools and guidelines into policies, programmes and services
Authors: Chatfield A , Caglia JM , Dhillon S , Hirst J , Cheikh Ismail L , Abawi K , Kac G , Al Dhaheri AS , Villar J , Kennedy S , Langer A ,   for the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21 Century (INTERGROWTH‐21)
Published: September 2013

The INTERGROWTH‐21st Project has generated a package of international clinical standards, tools and guidelines. It is now necessary to plan for the next phase of the project: the translation of the research findings into practice through its global dissemination. The plan is to pre‐empt barriers to implementation by drawing from the published literature; gathering views and perspectives from policy makers, programmers and practitioners; incorporating input from local ‘champions’, and collecting and analysing data generated by a monitoring and evaluation system. Working at the global, regional, national and local levels will enable wide dissemination of the package, as well as increase the scope for adaptation and integration in diverse clinical contexts. We seek maximum uptake of the package in policies, guidelines and clinical practice to improve the quality of care offered to mothers and newborns. The strategy will also enhance our understanding of the effectiveness of different approaches to the translation of evidence into practice.
The impact of maternal obesity on intrapartum outcomes in otherwise low risk women: secondary analysis of the Birthplace national prospective cohort study
Authors: Hollowell J , Pillas D , Rowe R , Linsell L , Knight M , Brocklehurst P
Published: September 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of maternal BMI on intrapartum interventions and adverse outcomes that may influence choice of planned birth setting in healthy women without additional risk factors.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Stratified random sample of English obstetric units.

Sample

17 230 women without medical or obstetric risk factors other than obesity.

Methods

Multivariable log Poisson regression was used to evaluate the effect of BMI on risk of intrapartum interventions and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes adjusted for maternal characteristics.

Main outcome measures

Maternal intervention or adverse outcomes requiring obstetric care (composite of: augmentation, instrumental delivery, intrapartum caesarean section, general anaesthesia, blood transfusion, 3rd/4th degree perineal tear); neonatal unit admission or perinatal death.

Results

In otherwise healthy women, obesity was associated with an increased risk of augmentation, intrapartum caesarean section and some adverse maternal outcomes but when interventions and outcomes requiring obstetric care were considered together, the magnitude of the increased risk was modest (adjusted RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.23, for BMI > 35 kg/m2 relative to low risk women of normal weight). Nulliparous low risk women of normal weight had higher absolute risks and were more likely to require obstetric intervention or care than otherwise healthy multiparous women with BMI > 35 kg/m2 (maternal composite outcome: 53% versus 21%). The perinatal composite outcome exhibited a similar pattern.

Conclusions

Otherwise healthy multiparous obese women may have lower intrapartum risks than previously appreciated. BMI should be considered in conjunction with parity when assessing the potential risks associated with birth in non‐obstetric unit settings.
The Rule of Law in the Fight against Terrorism
Authors: Dragu Tiberiu , Polborn Mattias
Published: September 2013

What is the role of legal limits on executive power, if any, when citizens demand more security from terrorism, and allowing executive officials legal flexibility of action appears necessary to achieve it? We develop a game‐theoretic model to show that when the executive faces increased electoral incentives to provide security and has legal flexibility to choose any policy it finds optimal, security from terrorism can actually decrease. In contrast, when the executive faces increased electoral incentives to provide security and there is an explicit legal limit on executive counterterrorism activities, security from terrorism increases. We also show that the executive achieves the objective of terrorism prevention more effectively when there are some limitations on its counterterrorism powers. The article provides a security rationale for legal limits on executive power and has implications for understanding how to design the institutional structure of liberal governments when the social objective is terrorism prevention.
Self‐reported depression and anxiety symptoms in school‐aged Singaporean children
Authors: Magiati Iliana , Ponniah Kathryn , Ooi Yoon Phaik , Chan Yiong Huak , Fung Daniel , Woo Bernardine
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Few studies have examined anxiety and depression experiences of primary (middle) school‐aged children from ethnically diverse backgrounds, and most have relied on parents or others as informants. The present study aimed to investigate self‐reported anxiety and depression symptoms in Singaporean primary school‐aged children. Age, gender, and ethnic differences and interactions were explored as well as similarities and differences between Singaporean children and US norms.

Methods

A large representative community sample of 1655 8‐ to 12‐year‐old Singaporean children (Chinese, Malay, and Indian) completed the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) as part of a larger epidemiological study of mental health in Singaporean children.

Results

Rates of clinically elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression were 9.3% and 16.9% on the MASC and the CDI, respectively. Separation and social anxieties were most common. Evidence of a gender difference in levels of emotional symptoms was most evident in Indian children, with girls reporting more symptoms than boys. The relationship between age and internalizing problems was weak.

Discussion

A substantial minority of primary school‐aged Singaporean children reported elevated anxious and depressive symptoms. Better understanding of the factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of these problems can help the development of culture‐specific interventions and facilitate the planning of community‐tailored services and initiatives.
Social Identity Complexity, Cross‐Ethnic Friendships, and Intergroup Attitudes in Urban Middle Schools
Authors: Knifsend Casey A. , Juvonen Jaana
Published: September 2013

This study investigated contextual antecedents (i.e., cross‐ethnic peers and friends) and correlates (i.e., intergroup attitudes) of social identity complexity in seventh grade. Social identity complexity refers to the perceived overlap among social groups with which youth identify. Identifying mostly with out‐of‐school sports, religious affiliations, and peer crowds, the ethnically diverse sample (N = 622;Magein seventh grade = 12.56) showed moderately high complexity. Social identity complexity mediated the link between cross‐ethnic friendships and ethnic intergroup attitudes, but only when adolescents had a high proportion of cross‐ethnic peers at school. Results are discussed in terms of how school diversity can promote complex social identities and positive intergroup attitudes.
Portal glucose influences the sensory, cortical and reward systems in rats
Authors: Delaere Fabien , Akaoka Hideo , De Vadder Filipe , Duchampt Adeline , Mithieux Gilles
Published: September 2013

The detection of glucose in the hepatoportal area is a simple but crucial peripheral cue initiating a nervous signal that ultimately leads to a wide array of metabolic and behavioural responses, such as decreased food intake, tighter control of glucose homeostasis, or appearance of food preference. This signal has been suggested to mediate the effects of high‐protein diets, as opposed to high‐fat/high‐sucrose diets. Nevertheless, the central targets of the signal originating from the hepatoportal area remain largely undocumented. Using immunohistochemistry on the brain of male rats, we show here that portal glucose increases c‐Fos expression in the brainstem, in the hypothalamus (in particular in neurons expressing pro‐opiomelanocortin) and also in olfactory and other limbic and cortical areas, including those functionally implicated in reward (Experiment 1). In similar postabsorptive conditions, a high‐protein diet induced similar effects in the hypothalamus and the granular cells of the main olfactory bulb, whereas the high‐fat/high‐sucrose diet actually reduced the basal expression of c‐Fos in cortical layers. Both diets also decreased the number of neurons expressing c‐Fos in the amygdala and gustatory areas (Experiment 2). Altogether, these findings suggest that the peripheral signal primed by portal glucose sensing may influence behavioural adaptation such as food preference via a network including the olfactory pathway, central amygdala, nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex, in addition to satiety and metabolic effects primarily implicating the hypothalamic response.
Movement Symmetry Patterns During Lungeing in Trot on Hard and Soft Surface Differ Between Sound and Mildly Forelimb Lame Horses
Authors: Mitchell H. , Jennings C. , Olsen E. , Walker A. , Weller R. , Pfau T.
Published: September 2013

Aims

Lungeing on hard and soft surfaces is crucial to clinical lameness and prepurchase examinations. Here we 1) quantify movement symmetry (MS) in sound horses trotting on hard and soft surfaces, and 2) compare MS patterns for different rein and surface combinations between sound and mildly forelimb lame horses.

Methods

Twenty‐three riding horses were equipped with an inertial sensor based gait analysis system and assessed in‐hand on the straight and during lungeing (10 m diameter circle), both on hard and soft surfaces. Assessment of rein (left/right) was performed in a randomised order. Seven published MS parameters (3 poll, 4 pelvis) were quantified from an average of 38 strides per condition. Horses were subdivided into 3 groups: control (9 horses), left (5) and right (9) forelimb lame. Statistical analysis was performed using paired samples t test, ANOVA and post hoc comparisons.

Results

For control horses, only one MS measure was significantly different between the surfaces; Symmetry Index (P = 0.0122, increased asymmetry on hard ground). When comparing left and right forelimb lame horses, increased head movement asymmetry was found with the affected limb on the inside of the circle on both surfaces (P values between P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0481); circle and lameness induced asymmetry adding up. No differences in pelvic MS were identified between sound and mildly forelimb lame horses.

Conclusions

Sound horses show similar amounts of movement asymmetry during lungeing on hard and soft surfaces. Mildly forelimb lame horses show characteristic patterns of increased asymmetry in particular with the affected limb on the inside of the circle.

Practical significance

The observed differences between sound and mildly forelimb lame horses will contribute to higher specificity in identification of mildly lame horses based on objective gait analysis. It is recommended to include lungeing into objective gait assessments.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the owners of the horses that participated.

Ethical animal research

This project was granted ethical approval by the RVC Ethics and Welfare Committee as part of Hazel Mitchell's and Charlotte Jennings' final year research project and conducted with owners' informed consent. Sources of funding: RVC. Competing interests: None.
Characterisation of Keratomas of the Equine Digit Using Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) to Facilitate Surgical Removal and Provide Prognostic Information Regarding Post Operative Morbidity
Authors: Anderson J.D.C.
Published: September 2013

Aims

To characterise keratomas using contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) to facilitate complete surgical excision and provide information regarding post operative morbidity.

Methods

Records of horses with histologically confirmed keratomas who underwent CECT were reviewed. Historical and clinical details, CECT characteristics, surgical approach and outcome were reviewed.

Results

Ten horses, mean age 9.3 years, exhibiting recurrent or chronic grade 3 to 5/5 lameness for 5 weeks to 2 years, had histologically confirmed keratomas characterised and removed following CECT. Radiographs failed to reveal evidence of keratomas in 5/10 cases. Eleven keratoma lesions affecting the dorsal midline (n = 5), lateral hoof wall (n = 2), medial hoof wall (n = 3) and solar surface of the third phalanx (P3) (n = 1) were identified. Keratomas had a broad (n = 6) or narrow (n = 4) based attachment to the laminar surface, were classified as columnar (n = 5) or spherical (n = 5), measured 3–15 mm wide and 5–52 mm in length. Contrast material delineated keratoma margins by contrast enhancement within the lesion (n = 4) or attenuation of contrast material by the lesion (n = 6) suggesting surrounding hypervascularity or compression of surrounding vasculature, respectively. Defects in the distal phalanx (n = 5), abnormal vascularity (n = 10) and abscessation (n = 6) around the lesion were also identified. Proximal to distal and medial to lateral limits of the keratoma were marked on the hoof wall allowing complete excision via a partial hoof wall (PHWR [n = 7]) or complete hoof wall resection (CHWR [n = 3]). Soundness (mean 7 weeks) and no recurrence was achieved in all cases. Hoof wall defect healing was protracted in cases in which CECT attenuation of vascularity was evident around the defect.

Conclusions

Contrast enhanced computed tomography allows comprehensive characterisation of keratomas, determining location, vascularity and extent of laminar and P3 involvement. Accurate surgical landmarks are obtained so complete surgical excision is facilitated, the degree of hoof wall resection is minimised and recurrence is prevented. Those lesions with attenuation of vascularity around them on CECT are more likely to have protracted healing of the hoof wall defect.

Ethical animal research

Not required by this Congress: retrospective clinical study. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Characterisation of Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Constituents in Normal and Strangulated Equine Small Intestine
Authors: Gonzalez L.M. , Smith L. , Blikslager A.T.
Published: September 2013

Aim

Death from colic results from acute circulatory failure secondary to intestinal ischaemia and sepsis. Multipotent stem cells normally reside within intestinal crypts and are the source of mucosal renewal that maintains barrier function. A better understanding of changes to intestinal cell populations during mucosal repair will facilitate future efforts directed at regenerative medicine. The aim of this research was to characterise the constituents of the stem cell niche in normal and strangulated equine intestine using biomarkers validated in other animal models.

Methods

Tissues were collected from 3 healthy horses subjected to euthanasia for reasons unrelated to this project, and intra‐operatively from 2 horses admitted to the NCSU Veterinary Health Complex that required small intestinal resection. Tissues were examined using immunofluorescence (IF) and western blots (WB). For IF, fixed tissues were embedded and sectioned. Protein was isolated from snap frozen mucosal scrapings, and semi‐quantitative analysis of protein levels between groups was conducted using WB.

Results

Stem/progenitor cells were labelled using sex determining region Y‐box 9 (SOX9), a marker of stem/progenitor cells, whereas the entire population of proliferative cells was identified by labelling proliferative cell nuclear antigen. Post mitotic cell types were labelled using mucin2 (goblet cells), chromogranin A (enteroendocrine cells), beta‐catenin (epithelial cells) and sucrase isomaltase (absorptive cells). Additionally, caspase 3 positively marked apoptotic cells. Western blot indicated increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation, but preservation of stem/progenitor cell populations in ischaemic cases. Sample collection continues on normal and ischaemic‐injured intestinal epithelium to support statistical differences.

Conclusions and practical significance

These findings provide the technical platform for identifying distinct cell populations within the stem cell niche. These preliminary results indicate that surgically resected segments may be a viable source of stem/progenitor cells to induce regeneration in injured intestine.

Ethical animal research

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all animal studies and client consent was obtained. Sources of funding: 1) NJH/NCSU Comparative Medicine and Translational Research Training Program (CMTRTP) T32RR024394. 2) North Carolina Horse Council. Competing interests: None.
Equine Influenza and Equine Herpesvirus Vaccination: Evaluation of Immune Response and Safety of Concurrent Administration of Equip® FT and Equip® EHV 1,4
Authors: Paillot R. , Ons E. , Besognet B. , Slootmans N. , Thomas A. , Salt J.
Published: September 2013

Aims

The concurrent administration of EHV1,4 and EIV vaccines is not currently recommended. This study aimed to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of concurrent administration of Equip® FT and Equip® EHV1,4 (treatment group T04) as compared with vaccination with Equip® FT (treatment group T02) or Equip® EHV1,4 (treatment group T03) alone.

Methods

Each treatment group included 10 ponies vaccinated on study Days 0 and 42. Immune responses to vaccine antigens were measured on Day 56. Tetanus antibody titres were determined with the toxin binding inhibition test (ToBI). Immunity to equine influenza virus (EIV) induced by vaccination was measured by single radial haemolysis (SRH; antibody response) and IFN gamma assay (a marker of cell‐mediated immunity; CMI). Immune responses to Herpesvirus 1,4 were measured by complement fixation (CF) and IFN gamma assay.

Results

Concurrent administration of EIV and EHV1,4 vaccines was well tolerated. Concurrent administration was proven to be efficacious against tetanus with similar serological immune response of treatment group T04 as compared with T02. Mean SRH results for ponies that received both vaccines were above 85 mm2 for A/eq/Borlange/91 and A/eq/Kentucky/98 antigens, a threshold associated with clinical protection against closely related EIV strains. The highest levels of IFN gamma response were measured in group T02. Although concurrent vaccination seemed to have an effect on both equine herpesvirus (EHV) serology and EHV CMI, EHV results obtained during this study were not conclusive and may have been influenced by a natural EHV‐4 infection occurring prior to study start.

Conclusion and practical relevance

Concurrent administration of Equip® FT and Equip® EHV1,4 was well tolerated and induced mean serum antibody levels consistent with clinical protection for tetanus and EIV. However, it was not possible to gather relevant information about the EHV immune response under the conditions of this study.

Ethical animal research

The study was conducted under the Animal Health Trust Home Office Project License and with approval of the Zaventem Ethics Review Assessment team (Zoetis). Sources of funding: The study was sponsored by Pfizer/Zoetis Animal Health. Competing interests: Equip® FT and Equip® EHV1,4 are owned by Zoetis, who sponsored this study. Romain Paillot reports no conflict of interest. All other authors are employed by the study sponsor.
Abnormal Plasma Neuroactive Progestagen Derivatives in Ill, Neonatal Foals Presented to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Aleman M.R. , Pickles K.J. , Conley A.J. , Standley S. , Haggett E. , Toth B. , Madigan J.E.
Published: September 2013

Aims

To determine the pregnane profile of foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS) and compare it with that of healthy controls and sick, non‐NMS foals.

Methods

Thirty‐two foals with a clinical diagnosis of NMS, 12 foals with other neonatal disorders and 10 healthy control foals were selected for the study. Heparinised blood samples were collected from each group of foals and pregnane and androgen concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry at 0, 24 and 48 h of age.

Results

Healthy foals showed a significant decrease in pregnane concentrations over the first 48 h of life (P<0.01). Foals with NMS and sick, non‐NMS foals had significantly increased progesterone, pregnenolone, androstenedione dehydroepiandrosterone and epitestosterone concentrations compared with healthy foals (P<0.05). Progesterone and pregnenolone concentrations of sick, non‐NMS foals decreased significantly over 48 h (P<0.05), whereas concentrations in NMS foals remained elevated.

Conclusions and practical relevance

Pregnane concentrations of ill, neonatal foals remain elevated following birth, reflective of a delayed, or interrupted, transition from intra‐ to extra‐uterine life. These pregnanes are potent allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor and are important in providing tonic inhibition of fetal central nervous system activity and damping movement to prevent maternal damage. Infusion of the pregnane allopregnanolone into neonatal foals leads to somnolence and loss of affinity for the dam (Madigan et al. ). Together, these findings suggest that the pathogenesis of NMS may be associated with the persistence of high concentrations of pregnanes. Serial progesterone and pregnenolone measurement may be useful in aiding diagnosis of NMS.

Ethical animal research

The UC Davis IACUC approved the project. Sources of funding: Private donation. Competing interests: None.
Quantifying the effect of semi‐natural riparian cover on stream temperatures: implications for salmonid habitat management
Authors: Ryan D. K. , Yearsley J. M. , Kelly‐Quinn M.
Published: September 2013

Previous studies examining the effects of riparian cover on stream temperatures have led to highly variable findings. In an attempt to reduce these uncertainties, this study examines the relationship between stream temperature variability and local climatic conditions over discrete 300‐m sections of a watercourse. Seventeen stream sections were chosen within the Slaney catchment on the basis of riparian cover and size. Continuous monitoring over a 2‐year period from May 2010 found that riparian cover had a measurable cooling effect on water temperatures at small spatial scales. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on stream size and local climactic conditions.
Response of fish communities to the deployment of estuarine artificial reefs for fisheries enhancement
Authors: Lowry M. B. , Glasby T. M. , Boys C. A. , Folpp H. , Suthers I. , Gregson M.
Published: September 2013

Understanding succession of fish communities associated with artificial structures is required to assess the potential of these initiatives as part of fisheries enhancement strategies and determine possible impacts on the broader ecological community. Artificial reef systems constructed in three south‐eastern Australian estuaries were monitored over a four‐year period. Recruitment of fish to the artificial reefs was rapid, with significantly greater species richness observed on artificial reefs than on natural habitats for the majority of locations and times. The rate of community change varied between estuaries and appeared to be related to the quality and amount of existing habitat and the distance of the artificial reef from sources of recruitment. General patterns were also identified among estuaries driven by strong recruitment, followed by a rapid reduction in several mobile schooling species. By contrast, there was early and sustained recruitment of a variety of sparid species, which are of importance to recreational and commercial fisheries.
REVOLUTION, MODERNITY, AND THE POTENTIAL OF NARRATIVES: SELF‐DETERMINATION AND HISTORY IN GOETHE'S WORKS OF THE 1790s
Authors: Eriksson Birgit
Published: September 2013

This article investigates the impact of the French Revolution on Goethe's narrative works in the mid‐1790s. I argue that the reductive interpretation of Goethe's attitude to the Revolution as distant and reluctant ignores the formal and thematic impact of the Revolution on his prose works. Similarly, we lose important perspectives when reducing German intellectual life of the late eighteenth century to apolitical inwardness. The Revolution had an impact, also in the German context, and Goethe's literary works were significantly affected by it. Working in various literary genres, he investigated and experimented with some of the fundamental challenges of the Revolution and the modern era, especially those regarding self‐determination, community, and the nexus between individual and shared history. Following a brief sketch of how these issues looked from a German perspective, I will focus on Goethe's treatment of them in two literary works from the mid‐1790s: his cycle of novellas, Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten (1795) and his Bildungsroman, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795–6).
‘EFFUSIONS OF NATURE’ – ‘SAMENKÖRNER DER NATION’: THE POLITICS OF MEMORY IN PERCY'S RELIQUES OF ANCIENT ENGLISH POETRY AND HERDER'S VOLKSLIEDER*
Authors: Axer Eva
Published: September 2013

In the eighteenth century the ballad, which until then had been a popular genre, was presented in ballad collections as ‘ancient song’. The aim was to establish the ballad as part of a national literary canon intended to contribute to a sense of national identity. This article will compare two of the most influential English and German ballad collections of the eighteenth century, Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) and Johann Gottfried Herder's Volkslieder (1778–9). Even though both Percy and Herder endorsed and developed the idea that the native ancient ballad was an expression of nature and an artless art, there are significant differences in their approach. In the Reliques, Percy regarded the act of archiving and therefore the authorisation of the popular genre within high culture as being linked to the authenticity of manuscript media. In contrast, Herder emphasised the ballad's tune (‘Ton’) and thus an emotional truthfulness of the genre and dynamic qualities he also subsumed as vitality (‘Lebendigkeit’). Herder's representation of not only the ballad genre itself, but also of its transmission in terms of a natural process meant that the editorial refining of older specimens in order to include them in ballad collections could be understood as an intrinsic development of the genre. This eventually shaped differing politics of memory in Germany regarding the ballad genre and resulted in a higher cultural and political significance of literary ballads and literary ballad collections in Germany.
Helicobacter pylori in 2013: Multiplying Genomes, Emerging Insights
Authors: Ahmed Niyaz , Loke Mun Fai , Kumar Narender , Vadivelu Jamuna
Published: September 2013

We describe features of key additions to the existing pool of publicly accessible Helicobacter pylori genome sequences and sequences of Helicobacter pylori phages from April 2012 to March 2013. In addition, important studies involving H. pylori genomes, especially those pertaining to genomic diversity, disease outcome, H. pylori population structure and evolution are reviewed. High degree of homologous recombination contributes to increased diversity of H. pylori genomes. New methods of resolving H. pylori population structure to an ultrafine level led to the proposal of new subpopulations. As the magnitude of diversity in the H. pylori gene pool becomes more and more clear, geographic and demographic factors should be brought to analysis while identifying disease‐specific biomarkers and defining new virulence mechanisms.
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Calvet Xavier , Ramírez Lázaro María‐José , Lehours Philippe , Mégraud Francis
Published: September 2013

A limited amount of new information was published in the field of diagnosis and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori this last year. Besides some improvement in current tests, it is interesting to note the attempts to identify severe disease, for example gastric cancer, by breath analysis using nanomaterial‐based sensors. In contrast, the predictive value for gastric cancer and atrophy of pepsinogen determinations was found inadequate.

Prevalence studies of H. pylori infection have been carried out in adults and children around the world in the general population but also in specific communities. The usual risk factors were found. In addition, a Japanese study highlighted the role of grandmothers in the familial transmission of H. pylori.

A study showed that the infection may not always readily establish itself in children, given the number of transient infections observed. It was also noted that after eradication, a first‐year relapse is likely to be a recurrence of the previous infection, while later on it is probably a reinfection with a new strain.
IMPACT OF THE GALLEON CASE ON INFORMED TRADING BEFORE MERGER ANNOUNCEMENTS
Authors: Chira Inga , Madura Jeff
Published: September 2013

On October 16, 2009, the U.S. government charged Galleon hedge fund founder Raj Rajaratnam and five others with insider trading, in what was described by a key prosecutor overseeing the case as a “wake‐up call to Wall Street and to every hedge fund manager.” We find that the mean abnormal stock price runup of targets (a measure of informed trading) during the 26 months since the inception of the Galleon case declined from 5.12% to 2.84%. The early evidence strongly suggests that the Galleon case has sent a clear signal to the traders, and that the traders are listening.