bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computed tomography morphometric analysis for lateral mass screw placement in the pediatric subaxial cervical spine
Authors: Al-Shamy George , Cherian Jacob , Mata Javier A. , Patel Akash J. , Hwang Steven W. , Jea Andrew
Published: September 2012

Object

Lateral mass screws are routinely placed throughout the subaxial cervical spine in adults, but there are few clinical or radiographic studies regarding lateral mass fixation in children. The morphology of pediatric cervical lateral masses may be associated with greater difficulty in obtaining adequate purchase. The authors examined the lateral masses of the subaxial cervical spine in pediatric patients to define morphometric differences compared with adults, establish guidelines for lateral mass instrumentation in children, and define potential limitations of this technique in the pediatric age group.

Methods

Morphometric analysis was performed on CT of the lateral masses of C3–7 in 56 boys and 14 girls. Measurements were obtained in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes.

Results

For most levels and measurements, results in boys and girls did not differ significantly; the few values that were significantly different are not likely to be clinically significant. On the other hand, younger (< 8 years of age) and older children (≥ 8 years of age) differed significantly at every level and measurement except for facet angularity. Sagittal diagonal, a measurement that closely estimates screw length, was found to increase at each successive caudal level from C-3 to C-7, similar to the adult population. A screw acceptance analysis found that all patients ≥ 4 years of age could accept at least a 3.5 × 10 mm lateral mass screw.

Conclusions

Lateral mass screw fixation is feasible in the pediatric cervical spine, particularly in children age 4 years old or older. Lateral mass screw fixation is feasible even at the C-7 level, where pedicle screw placement has been advised in lieu of lateral mass screws because of the small size and steep trajectory of the C-7 lateral mass. Nonetheless, all pediatric patients should undergo high-resolution, thin-slice CT preoperatively to assess suitability for lateral mass screw fixation.
Stickstoffeinträge in den Schweizer Wald: Ausmass und Auswirkungen
Authors: Braun Sabine , Rihm Beat , Flückiger Walter
Published: September 2012

Inputs of nitrogen to Swiss forests: extent and effects

Because of their rough surface forests are an efficient sink for nitrogen compounds emitted by industry, traffic and agriculture. Deposition maps reveal that nitrogen deposition in Swiss forests exceed 30 kg N/(ha × yr) in various regions, which is clearly higher than the critical loads set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The calculated deposition data base on emission inventories, dispersion models, measurements of various deposition components (gaseous, aerosols, wet) as well as on balance calculations. The evaluation of the effects on forests bases on two summary reports: the workshop report of a UNECE meeting on critical loads for nitrogen held in 2010 and a summary of own nitrogen addition experiments published in 2011. The presented data suggest that in Switzerland nitrogen inputs are high enough to cause changes of forest ecosystems.
Ozonbelastung von Waldbäumen in der Schweiz und damit verbundene Wachstumseinbussen
Authors: Braun Sabine , Rihm Beat
Published: September 2012

Ozone impact on forest trees in Switzerland and resulting growth reductions

Ozone (O3) is highly phytotoxic. Basing on dose-effect relationships resulting from fumigation experiments, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) has set critical levels for protection of the vegetation. The present article compares the AOT40 (accumulated ozone over a threshold of 40 ppb) summing up hourly ozone concentrations with a flux-based risk assessment taking into account stomatal ozone uptake. Both ozone quantifications were calculated for rural monitoring stations in Switzerland, mapped and compared to the corresponding critical levels. The data suggest that the ozone load in Switzerland is high enough to provoke clear reductions in forest growth.
A vivo study on dowel crown with more aesthetic and healthy Fiber Reinforced Composite post system
Authors: Hasan Hasibul , Rahman Kasi Hasinur , Sultana Shamim , Rahman Md Mahfuzur , Alam Md Shasul
Published: September 2012

Statement of problem. Patients having grossly carious teeth with broken down crown are needed to be restored with post & core after endodontic treatment. Root canal posts are widely used & come in a variety of metals & forms. However, cast metal posts, although better than other post & core systems, still possess some disadvantages, like corrosion & discoloration at the gingival margin of the treated tooth & cause aesthetic problem. These problems are overcome with the recently introduced post & core material. The fiber reinforced composite post & core material is a superior & efficient alternative to cast post. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the success of fiber reinforced composite post & core system over conventional metallic system in regards of corrosion & discoloration resistance with periodontal condition on post treated tooth. Materials & Methods. This was a prospective study, conducted in the department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, B.S.M.M.U. 40 patients were purposively selected who attended in this department with grossly carious teeth with badly broken crown without apical infection as the subject of this study & divided in two groups. 20 patients were included in group A as case subjects & they were treated with fiber reinforced post & core system. 20 patients were included in group B as control subjects. They were treated with conventional cast metallic post & core system. After twelve months, recorded data were compiled on a master chart and statistically analyzed. Chisquare test and t-test (unpaired) were done for statistical significance (P<0.05). Results. Very highly significant difference (p<.001) was observed between the groups in the evaluation of resistance to corrosion & discoloration, there were no significant difference (p>.05) in periodontal evaluation Conclusion. This study revealed that fiber reinforced composite post & core system can overcome the problems faced by the metallic post & core system. So it can be concluded that fiber reinforced composite post & core system can be a promising alternative in comparison to metallic post & core system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cdcj.v9i1.11832 City Dental College Journal Vol.9(1) 2012 15-18
Pulp Calcification: Case reports with difficult Endodontic Problem
Authors: Haque Sabrina , Hossain Md Zakir
Published: September 2012

Teeth with signs and symptoms with calcified pulp require treatment. If it is possible to introduce endodontic instrument into the canal, conventional root canal treatment is done. In cases where root canal treatment is not possible, surgical approach may be necessary [6]. In calcified canals, instrumentation is attempted very carefully because there often remains very fine pathway within the calcified materials. Once a fine file (no. 06) has reached the correct level, enlargement of the canal is a simple matter. Use of EDTA alone or RC preparation along with NaOCl irrigant will often help this stage of the operation. If instrumentation is not possible, one should use an engine driven instrument to grind away the stone with small round, long shanked burs. In symptomless tooth with calcification, no treatment is required. Such a tooth should be kept under yearly radiographic review, and if symptoms arise may best be treated surgically [1].DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cdcj.v9i1.11833 City Dental College Journal Vol.9(1) 2012 19-22
Intentional Replantation of Molar Tooth A Case Report of 14 Years old Girl
Authors: Kadir Md Abdul , Jahan Mahbuba
Published: September 2012

A case of extensively decayed of right lower 1st molar tooth with a filling was extracted first and then it was treated by root canal filling outside of the mouth and reinserted into the socket and immobilized by inter-dental wiring in October, 1992. It had been reported in 2006 that the treated tooth was healthy without any complaint of patient. The success of intentional replantation procedure appears to be better in younger age.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cdcj.v9i1.11836 City Dental College Journal Vol.9(1) 2012 32-34
Effects of Sorafenib on C-Terminally Truncated Androgen Receptor Variants in Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Zengerling Friedemann , Streicher Wolfgang , Schrader Andres J. , Schrader Mark , Nitzsche Bianca , Cronauer Marcus V. , Höpfner Michael
Published: September 2012

Recent evidence suggests that the development of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPCa) is commonly associated with an aberrant, ligand-independent activation of the androgen receptor (AR). A putative mechanism allowing prostate cancer (PCa) cells to grow under low levels of androgens, is the expression of constitutively active, C-terminally truncated AR lacking the AR-ligand binding domain (LBD). Due to the absence of a LBD, these receptors, termed ARΔLBD, are unable to respond to any form of anti-hormonal therapies. In this study we demonstrate that the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib inhibits AR as well as ARΔLBD-signalling in CRPCa cells. This inhibition was paralleled by proteasomal degradation of the AR- and ARΔLBD-molecules. In line with these observations, maximal antiproliferative effects of sorafenib were achieved in AR and ARΔLBD-positive PCa cells. The present findings warrant further investigations on sorafenib as an option for the treatment of advanced AR-positive PCa.
Enhancement of Gene Silencing Effect and Membrane Permeability by Peptide-Conjugated 27-Nucleotide Small Interfering RNA
Authors: Kubo Takanori , Yanagihara Kazuyoshi , Sato Yuichiro , Morita Yasuhiro , Seyama Toshio
Published: September 2012

Two different sizes of siRNAs, of which one type was 21-nucleotide (nt) siRNA containing 2-nt dangling ends and the other type was 27-nt siRNA with blunt ends, were conjugated with a nuclear export signal peptide of HIV-1 Rev at the 5′-sense end. Processing by Dicer enzyme, cell membrane permeability, and RNAi efficiency of the peptide-conjugated siRNAs were examined. Dicer cleaved the peptide-conjugated 27-nt siRNA leading to the release of 21-nt siRNA, whereas the peptide-conjugated 21-nt siRNA was not cleaved. High membrane permeability and cytoplasmic localization was found in the conjugates. Moreover, the peptide-conjugated 27-nt siRNA showed increased potency of RNAi in comparison with the nonmodified 21-nt and 27-nt siRNAs, whereas the peptide-conjugated 21-nt siRNA showed decreased RNAi efficacy. This potent RNAi efficacy is probably owing to acceleration of RISC through recognition by Dicer, as well as to the improvement of cell membrane permeability and intracellular accumulation.
Tree Species Classification with Random Forest Using Very High Spatial Resolution 8-Band WorldView-2 Satellite Data
Authors: Immitzer Markus , Atzberger Clement , Koukal Tatjana
Published: September 2012

Tree species diversity is a key parameter to describe forest ecosystems. It is, for example, important for issues such as wildlife habitat modeling and close-to-nature forest management. We examined the suitability of 8-band WorldView-2 satellite data for the identification of 10 tree species in a temperate forest in Austria. We performed a Random Forest (RF) classification (object-based and pixel-based) using spectra of manually delineated sunlit regions of tree crowns. The overall accuracy for classifying 10 tree species was around 82% (8 bands, object-based). The class-specific producer’s accuracies ranged between 33% (European hornbeam) and 94% (European beech) and the user’s accuracies between 57% (European hornbeam) and 92% (Lawson’s cypress). The object-based approach outperformed the pixel-based approach. We could show that the 4 new WorldView-2 bands (Coastal, Yellow, Red Edge, and Near Infrared 2) have only limited impact on classification accuracy if only the 4 main tree species (Norway spruce, Scots pine, European beech, and English oak) are to be separated. However, classification accuracy increased significantly using the full spectral resolution if further tree species were included. Beside the impact on overall classification accuracy, the importance of the spectral bands was evaluated with two measures provided by RF. An in-depth analysis of the RF output was carried out to evaluate the impact of reference data quality and the resulting reliability of final class assignments. Finally, an extensive literature review on tree species classification comprising about 20 studies is presented.
Macrophage-Targeted Therapy: CD64-Based Immunotoxins for Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Hristodorov Dmitrij , Mladenov Radoslav , Huhn Michael , Barth Stefan , Thepen Theo
Published: September 2012

Diseases caused by chronic inflammation (e.g., arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetic ulcers) are multicausal, thus making treatment difficult and inefficient. Due to the age-associated nature of most of these disorders and the demographic transition towards an overall older population, efficient therapeutic intervention strategies will need to be developed in the near future. Over the past decades, elimination of activated macrophages using CD64-targeting immunotoxins has proven to be a promising way of resolving inflammation in animal models. More recent data have shown that the M1-polarized population of activated macrophages in particular is critically involved in the chronic phase. We recapitulate the latest progress in the development of IT. These have advanced from full-length antibodies, chemically coupled to bacterial toxins, into single chain variants of antibodies, genetically fused with fully human enzymes. These improvements have increased the range of possible target diseases, which now include chronic inflammatory diseases. At present there are no therapeutic strategies focusing on macrophages to treat chronic disorders. In this review, we focus on the role of different polarized macrophages and the potential of CD64-based IT to intervene in the process of chronic inflammation.
Escaping the lianoid habit: Evolution of shrub‐like growth forms in Aristolochia subgenus Isotrema (Aristolochiaceae)
Authors: Wagner Sarah T. , Isnard Sandrine , Rowe Nick P. , Samain Marie‐Stéphanie , Neinhuis Christoph , Wanke Stefan
Published: September 2012

• Premise of the study: A large range of growth forms is a notable aspect of angiosperm diversity and arguably a key element of their success. However, few studies within a phylogenetic context have explored how anatomical, developmental, and biomechanical traits are linked with growth form evolution. Aristolochia (∼500 species) consists predominantly of climbers, but a handful of shrub‐like species are known from Aristolochia subgenus Isotrema (hereafter, shortened to Isotrema). We test hypotheses proposing that the establishment of functional traits linked to lianescence might limit the ability to evolve structurally diverse growth forms, particularly self‐supporting forms.

• Methods: We focus on the origin of the shrub habit in Isotrema, from which we sampled representatives from climbing to self‐supporting forms. Morphological, anatomical, and biomechanical characters are optimized on a chloroplast‐ and nuclear‐derived phylogeny.

• Key results: Character‐state reconstructions revealed that the climbing habit is plesiomorphic in Isotrema and shrub‐like forms are derived from climbers. However, shrubs do not constitute a monophyletic group. Both shrubs and climbers show large multiseriate rays, but differ in terms of vessel size and proportion of fibers and soft tissues.

• Conclusion: We suggest that while shrub‐like species might have partly escaped from the constraints of life as lianas; their height size and stability are not typical of self‐supporting shrubs and trees. Shrubs retained lianoid stem characters that are known to promote flexibility such as ray parenchyma. The transitions to a shrub‐like form likely involved relatively simple, developmental changes that may be attributed to heterochronic processes.
Bref aperçu historique des travaux sur la présupposition
Authors: Deloor Sandrine
Published: September 2012

Cet article se propose de retracer les grandes lignes de la réflexion sur la présupposition, depuis les travaux pionniers de Frege jusqu’aux recherches actuelles en sémantique dynamique. Nous présentons une synthèse des approches proposées par les auteurs les plus représentatifs en essayant de montrer, dans chaque cas, l’interdépendance entre les problèmes abordés et la perspective théorique adoptée.
Savoir que et la notion de présupposition
Authors: Vatrican Axelle
Published: September 2012

On se propose dans ce travail d’étudier la construction savoir que en français à travers la notion de présupposition . Nous partons de la définition logique de la présupposition, selon laquelle, pour attribuer une valeur de vérité à la phrase Il sait que Pierre va partir (= p), il faut que Pierre va partir (= q), soit vrai. Nous nous interrogerons dans un premier temps sur l’interprétation qui est faite de l’affirmation « q est vraie », dans un cadre logique, puis dans un cadre sémantico-pragmatique. Nous discuterons dans un second temps de la factivité du verbe savoir . Dans une troisième partie, nous nous interrogerons sur la place du locuteur dans la construction savoir que et dégagerons quatre points de vue : locuteur, sujet modal, modalité intrinsèque de la proposition et interlocuteur.
Les déclencheurs de présupposition additifs
Authors: Amsili Pascal , Winterstein Grégoire
Published: September 2012

Ce travail examine les propriétés des déclencheurs de présupposition additifs. On vérifie tout d’abord avec les tests classiques qu’il s’agit bien de déclencheurs de présupposition de plein droit. Puis, on met en lumière des propriétés plus originales : les contraintes pesant sur la présence d’un associé, la difficulté à accommoder complètement la présupposition, etc. On s’intéresse ensuite au « caractère obligatoire » de aussi (le fait que l’on préfère l’utiliser quand sa présupposition est satisfaite), et on montre alors la nécessité de prendre en compte le caractère discursif de aussi . Ce caractère est pris en compte dans la dernière partie, via la notion d’ argumentation  : on propose finalement de traiter aussi comme un marqueur de similarité argumentative.
Le statut sémantique des incises et des incidentes du français
Authors: Beyssade Claire
Published: September 2012

L’article porte sur le statut sémantique des propositions dites incises ou incidentes, i.e. des propositions insérées à l’intérieur d’une autre proposition, sans marque de coordination ni de subordination. Quel type d’information apportent-elles ? Quelle est leur contribution discursive ? On distinguera, d’une part, les insertions qui correspondent à un commentaire du locuteur (analysées ici comme des implicatures conventionnelles) et, d’autre part, les insertions qui indiquent qu’un discours ou une pensée est rapporté (analysées comme pleinement constitutive de ce qui est en discussion, et véhiculant en plus une présupposition). L’analyse détaillée de cette seconde classe conduit à préciser la différence entre deux modes de référence : la description et l’imitation.
Le financement sur projet : quelles conséquences sur le travail des chercheurs ?
Authors: Hubert Matthieu , Louvel Séverine
Published: September 2012

Résumé Matthieu Hubert et Séverine Louvel expliquent combien « faire du contrat » devient une activité commune pour les chercheurs. En plus de redéfinir les modes de gestion et d’administration des laboratoires, celle-ci transforme le travail de recherche, les solidarités de métier et les hiérarchies professionnelles. Aussi, mettent-ils au jour, cette nouvelle injonction empêche en partie les scientifiques et les équipes d’élaborer et de poursuivre des stratégies de recherche au long cours.
La place des jeunes chercheurs : L'expérience du mouvement « Sauvons la recherche »
Authors: Cadiou Stéphane , Franquemagne Gaël
Published: September 2012

Résumé Dans un contexte de dégradation des conditions de travail et d’emploi, les mobilisations collectives dans le monde de la recherche publique demeurent rares. À partir d’une observation prolongée au moment du lancement du mouvement « Sauvons la recherche » (SLR), Stéphane Cadiou et Gaël Franquemagne reviennent sur les dynamiques permettant de comprendre en quoi les différences de statuts pèsent dans l’engagement, y compris pour des individus pourtant dotés de ressources importantes : attentes et intérêts diffèrent entre statutaires et non-statutaires, ce qui n’est pas sans effet sur les positionnements durant les phases du conflit.
Peut-on souffrir au travail dans la recherche scientifique publique ?
Authors: Le Lay Stéphane
Published: September 2012

Résumé La recherche scientifique est un travail, mais est-elle considérée comme un travail comme un autre ? Les catégories socioprofessionnelles de la recherche, jusqu’à présent relativement épargnées par les problèmes de pénibilité dans leurs activités, sont-elles en passe de subir la souffrance consécutive à la volonté d’amélioration des « performances » du service public ? Stéphane Le Lay propose, dans cet article, de répondre à ces questionnements en analysant les changements de condition de travail dans la recherche publique, aussi bien du point de vue des ingénieurs, techniciens et administratif que celui des chercheurs.
La situation délicate des personnels « support » au CNRS. Un point de vue syndical
Authors: Guibert Bruno
Published: September 2012

Résumé Les ingénieurs, techniciens et administratifs jouent un rôle indispensable au CNRS, en tant qu’appui au travail de recherche et au fonctionnement de l’établissement. Pourtant, Bruno Guibert insiste sur la forte dégradation de leurs conditions de travail depuis plusieurs années. La santé au travail de ces personnels s’en trouve nécessairement affectée.
2001-2011 : Les dimensions de la révolte en Argentine à la lumière de l'expérience des mouvements de quartier et de travailleurs sans emploi
Authors: Solana Pablo
Published: September 2012

Résumé La crise argentine de 2001 a été le terreau de nombreuses expérimentations politiques, qui ne se limitent pas aux mouvements piqueteros : «récupération» d’usines, assemblées populaires, expériences éducatives, etc. Ces expériences ont en commun le désir de dépasser l’aspect revendicatif. Elles se sont articulées (et, pour certaines, s’articulent encore) autour d’espaces, conçus comme horizontaux, d’expérimentations. En ce sens, elles rappellent que l’action militante ne se réduit pas au couple « revendication / confrontation », mais qu’elle intègre bien souvent la préfiguration - une approche que l’on retrouve aujourd’hui dans les mouvements indignés et Occupy, dont les développements récents ne sont pas sans rappeler les expériences qu’analyse ici Pablo Solana.
Un peuple en Palestine
Authors: Khoury Rafiq
Published: September 2012

Resumé Cerné de toutes parts et à l'étroit, le peuple palestinien a-t-il encore un projet mobilisateur, en particulier pour les jeunes ? La sécurité des Israéliens doit passer par la justice -sociale, en particulier- rendue aux Palestiniens, afin qu’ils définissent ensuite les modes de leur vivre ensemble.
Expériences religieuses de jeunes
Authors: Grieu Étienne , Immaraïne Fouad
Published: September 2012

Resumé L'expérience collective des jeunes, chrétiens ou musulmans, contribue souvent à leur socialisation : un rassemblement religieux fait pour les uns l’effet d’une «bonne nouvelle» et mieux connaître le Coran peut donner aux autres l’autonomie intellectuelle et spirituelle…
Les courants de pensée dans la laïcité
Authors: Morineau Michel
Published: September 2012

Resumé Alors que l'inscription du religieux dans la société se déplace, comment la laïcité peut-elle se transformer ? Certains pensent encore que le religieux menace la République quand, pour d’autres, il contribue au débat d’idées.
Les poussées d'un droit à la santé
Authors: de Dinechin Olivier
Published: September 2012

Resumé La demande des individus – malades potentiels – et de la société définit-elle un droit et quel droit ?
Déterminants sociaux et inégalités de santé
Authors: Larcher Pierre
Published: September 2012

Resumé La « mise en santé » dépend, pour bien des catégories, de facteurs multiples. Seule une action dans la durée permet d’éviter que se creusent les inégalités.
Inégaux face aux soins
Authors: Denantes Mady
Published: September 2012

Resumé Une consultation dans un quartier de Paris. Absence de couverture complémentaire et ticket modérateur à payer, refus de l’aide médicale…, une urgence au quotidien.
L'avenir de l'euro : qu'en pensent les eurodéputés ?
Authors: Gauzès Jean-Paul , Goulard Sylvie , Tremosa Ramon , Lamberts Philippe
Published: September 2012

Résumé Ils ont tous la construction de l’Europe pour préoccupation quotidienne. Mais le sort de l’euro n’en préoccupe que certains, quand d’autres résument la crise à un problème de dette publique. Quant au scénario d’une Europe fédérale, l’ambition est tantôt assumée crânement, tantôt envisagée par nécessité.
Use of Personal Phones by Senior Nursing Students to Access Health Care Information During Clinical Education: Staff Nurses’ and Students’ Perceptions
Authors: Wittmann-Price Ruth A. , Kennedy Lynn D. , Godwin Catherine
Published: September 2012

Research indicates that having electronic resources readily available increases learners’ ability to make clinical decisions and confidence in patient care. This mixed-method, descriptive pilot study collected data about senior prelicensure nursing students using smartphones, a type of mobile electronic device (MED), in the clinical area. The smartphones contained nursing diagnosis, pharmacology, and laboratory information; an encyclopedia; and the MEDLINE database. Student (
n
= 7) data about smartphone use during a 10-week clinical rotation were collected via student-recorded usage logs and focus group recordings. Staff nurses’ (
n
= 5) perceptions of students’ use of smartphones for clinical educational resources were collected by anonymous survey. Both the focus group transcript and staff surveys were evaluated and the themes summarized by content analysis. Positive results and barriers to use, such as cost and technological comfort levels, are discussed. The results may help nurse educators and administrators initiate further research of MEDs as a clinical resource.
"But this is my story and this is how I wanted to write it": Author’s notes as a fannish claim to power in fan fiction writing
Authors: Herzog Alexandra Elisabeth
Published: September 2012

Issues of power have always been an important factor in fan fiction writing. The publishers of the source texts were long regarded as a dominant force, with fans conventionally relegated to the status of an audience largely deprived of authority, even when they produced fan fiction and thus challenged the sovereignty of interpretation original authors often preferred to keep for themselves. This essay argues that author's notes as a part of fannish paratext are an essential means of supporting the fan authors' claim to power by providing these writers with an explicit space to make their voices heard. They allow fans to express their interpretation of different models of authorship and give them the opportunity to assume a variety of author roles. Thus negotiating between a belief in the significance of the individual author, Barthes's death of the author, and newer collaborative forms of writing, fans constitute themselves as an authoritative body in regard to rights of interpreting text or writing fan fiction. Focusing on their own identity as writers, on the fannish community, and on their text and its position in the larger archive of the fandom, fans reconceptualize themselves as powerful producers, whose agency becomes obvious in the vast body of their texts. Author's notes, I claim, are thus crucial in fans assuming and exerting control and authority.
"Queer as Folk" and the trouble with slash
Authors: Hunting Kyra
Published: September 2012

The Showtime TV series Queer as Folk (2000–2005) brought same-sex relationships and sex scenes to prime-time television, putting the stuff of slash up on the small screen. Despite incorporating many slash tropes into the canonical text, Queer as Folk troubles many of the traditional assumptions about how fan fiction and slash operate, particularly the association of slash with subversion. The intertextual relationship between canonically queer texts and their attendant fandoms requires new frameworks for exploring traditional fan fiction subgenres such as slash. When the canonical text itself is queer, gestures and genres that have generally been considered subversive can in fact be more conservative than the canonical text itself. When the political stakes of a canonical series are clear and explicitly progressive, the intertextual relationship between canon and fandom can be particularly important and uniquely problematic, as this case study of Queer as Folk demonstrates in its assessment of the complexities that arise when the canon itself is queer.
"Digital fandom: New media studies," by Paul Booth
Authors: Coppa Francesca
Published: September 2012

Review of Paul Booth.Digital media Digital fandom: New media studies. New York: Peter Lang, 2010. Paperback, $38.95 (231p) ISBN 978-1-4331-1070-2.
Crisis de representación y de participación. ¿son las comunidades virtuales nuevas formas de agregación y participación ciudadana?
Authors: Fuster Morell Mayo , Subirats Joan
Published: September 2012

Los sistemas políticos democráticos están atravesando un período de fuertes convulsiones. A partir del análisis de dos casos de estudio de Comunidades de Creación Online (CCOs), como formas pensadas e implementadas en y desde Internet, el artículo presenta algunas conclusiones sobre las características específicas de la participación y la agencia política que puedan resultar generalizables en un proceso de transformación profunda de la democracia contemporánea. Los casos de estudio son el proyecto de memoria viva del Foro Social Europeo y Wikipedia.
La exposición a información política a través de internet
Authors: Anduiza Eva , Cristancho Camilo , Cantijoch Marta
Published: September 2012

En este artículo se analiza la exposición a información política a través de Internet, sus condicionantes y algunas de sus potenciales consecuencias. Para ello se utilizan datos procedentes de encuestas representativas de la población española recogidos en 2007, 2008 y 2009. En primer lugar se describe en qué medida los ciudadanos españoles buscan activamente información política online o reciben correos electrónicos con contenido político. En segundo lugar se analiza qué características individuales (variables sociodemográficas, actitudes políticas y consumo de medios tradicionales) explican la exposición a información política online. En tercer lugar se estudian las consecuencias que ésta puede tener para la discusión política y la participación electoral en el contexto de dos campañas electorales. Los resultados permiten concluir que el seguimiento de la información política online es aún muy reducido en España y que ésta se ve condicionada tanto por los recursos socioeconómicos como por las motivaciones políticas. El efecto de esta exposición es limitado y más relevante para la discusión sobre política que para el voto.
El uso de Internet y las actitudes políticas: Datos cuantitativos y cualitativos de España
Authors: Colombo Clelia , Galais Carol , Gallego Aina
Published: September 2012

En este artículo sostenemos que la extensión del uso de las nuevas tecnologías puede contribuir a un cambio en las actitudes políticas en las democracias industrializadas desarrolladas. Las nuevas tecnologías permiten un acceso más fácil a la información y se caracterizan por la interactividad y la horizontalidad. Estos rasgos pueden fomentar el interés, la eficacia política y las preferencias para la democracia directa. Esta hipótesis se evalúa con datos cuantitativos y cualitativos originales recogidos en España. Se utilizan datos de un estudio sobre Internet y la participación política e información proveniente de dos grupos de discusión formados por jóvenes de clase media segmentados por el nivel de uso de Internet. Las personas usuarias de Internet están claramente más interesadas en la política y tienen un sentido de eficacia interna más desarrollado que las personas no usuarias de este nuevo medio, incluso después de controlar por una gran variedad de factores sociodemográficos y actitudinales. Los grupos de discusión aportaron elementos para comprender el significado de las diferencias actitudinales que se detectaron entre las personas usuarias de Internet y las no usuarias.
Cutting Edge: NADPH Oxidase Modulates MHC Class II Antigen Presentation by B Cells
Authors: Crotzer Victoria L. , Matute Juan D. , Arias Andrés A. , Zhao Heng , Quilliam Lawrence A. , Dinauer Mary C. , Blum Janice S.
Published: September 2012

Phagocyte NADPH oxidase plays a key role in pathogen clearance via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Defects in oxidase function result in chronic granulomatous disease with hallmark recurrent microbial infections and inflammation. The oxidase’s role in the adaptive immune response is not well understood. Class II presentation of cytoplasmic and exogenous Ag to CD4+ T cells was impaired in human B cells with reduced oxidase p40phox subunit expression. Naturally arising mutations, which compromise p40phox function in a chronic granulomatous disease patient, also perturbed class II Ag presentation and intracellular ROS production. Reconstitution of patient B cells with a wild-type, but not a mutant, p40phox allele restored exogenous Ag presentation and intracellular ROS generation. Remarkably, class II presentation of epitopes from membrane Ag was robust in p40phox-deficient B cells. These studies reveal a role for NADPH oxidase and p40phox in skewing epitope selection and T cell recognition of self Ag.
Receptor Cross-Talk Spatially Restricts p-ERK during TLR4 Stimulation of Autoreactive B Cells
Authors: Lee Sang-Ryul , Rutan Jennifer A. , Monteith Andrew J. , Jones Shannon Z. , Kang Sun Ah , Krum Kristen N. , Kilmon Michelle A. , Roques Jose R. , Wagner Nikki J. , Clarke Stephen H. , Vilen Barbara J.
Published: September 2012

To maintain tolerance, autoreactive B cells must regulate signal transduction from the BCR and TLRs. We recently identified that dendritic cells and macrophages regulate autoreactive cells during TLR4 activation by releasing IL-6 and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L). These cytokines selectively repress Ab secretion from autoreactive, but not antigenically naive, B cells. How IL-6 and sCD40L repress autoantibody production is unknown. In this work, we show that IL-6 and sCD40L are required for low-affinity/avidity autoreactive B cells to maintain tolerance through a mechanism involving receptor cross-talk between the BCR, TLR4, and the IL-6R or CD40. We show that acute signaling through IL-6R or CD40 integrates with chronic BCR-mediated ERK activation to restrict p-ERK from the nucleus and represses TLR4-induced Blimp-1 and XBP-1 expression. Tolerance is disrupted in 2-12H/MRL/lpr mice where IL-6 and sCD40L fail to spatially restrict p-ERK and fail to repress TLR4-induced Ig secretion. In the case of CD40, acute signaling in B cells from 2-12H/MRL/lpr mice is intact, but the chronic activation of p-ERK emanating from the BCR is attenuated. Re-establishing chronically active ERK through retroviral expression of constitutively active MEK1 restores tolerance upon sCD40L, but not IL-6, stimulation, indicating that regulation by IL-6 requires another signaling effector. These data define the molecular basis for the regulation of low-affinity autoreactive B cells during TLR4 stimulation; they explain how autoreactive but not naive B cells are repressed by IL-6 and sCD40L; and they identify B cell defects in lupus-prone mice that lead to TLR4-induced autoantibody production.
A Synchronous Occurrence of Urothelial Carcinoma with Abundant Myxoid Stroma and Inverted Papilloma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Behzatoğlu Kemal , Yildiz Pelin , Öznur Meltem , Bozkurt Erol R.
Published: September 2012

Abundant myxoid stroma rarely occurs in urothelial carcinomas, and may cause diagnostic challenges when cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm forming nests and cords in a myxoid background are seen, particularly in the absence of typical carcinomatous appearance. Microscopic examination of transurethral resection specimen of a 71-year-old male patient revealed non-cohesive oval or elongated tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in cord-like filigree pattern in an abundant myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemically the tumor was positive for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, and 34BE12. About 90 to 100% nuclear staining was observed with p63, p53, and Ki-67. A second neoplasm with a flat overlying urothelial epithelium and a complete inverted cellular growth pattern was also noted. The neoplasm exhibited less than 2% and 10% nuclear staining with Ki-67 and p53, respectively. Considering histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of synchronous urothelial carcinoma with abundant myxoid stroma and inverted papilloma was made.
Nonself-adjoint Semicrossed Products by Abelian Semigroups
Authors: Fuller Adam Hanley
Published: September 2012

Let S be the semigroup S = Σ⊕ki∈1Si, where for each i∈ I, Siis a countable subsemigroup of the additive semigroup R+ containing 0. We consider representations of S as contractions {Ts}s∈S on a Hilbert space with the Nica-covariance property: T*sTt= TtT*swhenever t^s = 0. We show that all such representations have a unique minimal isometric Nica-covariant dilation.

This result is used to help analyse the nonself-adjoint semicrossed product algebras formed from Nica-covariant representations of the action of S on an operator algebra A by completely contractive endomorphisms. We conclude by calculating the C*-envelope of the isometric nonself-adjoint semicrossed product algebra (in the sense of Kakariadis and Katsoulis).
The Contexts of Context: Broadening Perspectives in the (Re)Use of Qualitative Data
Authors: Moore Niamh
Published: September 2012

Questions of ‘context’ are one of the central issues on which debates about re-using qualitative data pivot. Advocates of reuse propose guidelines about how much and what kind of context to include when archiving qualitative data. Sceptics are concerned about the possibility of ever including enough context. The difficulty, if not impossibility, of accessing the context of the production of the original qualitative data is often the issue on which the possibility of re-using qualitative data flounders. Context, and its close companion, reflexivity, are seen as so intrinsic to the process of qualitative research, that without access to these, reuse of qualitative data remains impossible or at best limited. At a moment when the debate over reuse risks becoming increasingly polarised, this paper seeks more fruitful possibilities for reuse, by suggesting that despite persistent ruminations on context, we have not yet paid enough attention to context. Paradoxically the attention to (particular) contexts has excluded attention to other contexts. Certain contexts have been privileged, particularly the context of the original research, which is often reduced to the reflexive production of the data by the researcher. Other contexts are then lost, such as the contemporary context of data (re)generation. The taken-for-grantedness of context in qualitative research has meant that work on context in other domains such as literary theory, cultural studies and history has not been invoked in these dialogues. Yet drawing on this work can enable us to shift attention from context as something static and fixed and bounded, to the process/es of the identification and construction of context. In this way we can understand reusing qualitative data as being about the process of recontextualising data, opening up a more productive notion of reuse and more possibilities of meaning-making from reusing data.
Anatomy and Its Variations for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Sahini Daisy
Published: September 2012

There has been a major advancement in managing chronic sinusitis and other sinonasal diseases. There has been a remarkable change in the surgical approach to inflammatory pathology of paranasal sinuses since the time, Messerklinger introduced endoscopic sinus surgery. In this changing scenario of indications for endoscopic sinus surgeries, detailed knowledge of sinonasal anatomy is of paramount importance. It is of utmost importance to master the relevant anatomy and its variations before one embarks upon endoscopic sinus surgery. Various cadaveric and radiological studies have been done to know about the important landmarks and anatomical variations. With increasing horizon of sinus surgery, where more of optic nerve and anterior and middle cranial fossa lesions are being dealt with endoscopically; surgeon needs to be more familiar with various variations in the anatomy of the important structures as even a small mistake can be detrimental to the vision and life of the patient.

How to cite this article

Gupta AK, Bansal S, Sahini D. Anatomy and Its Variations for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2012;5(2):55-62.
Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Kameswaran Mohan , Chopra Hemant , Kanojia Sunita , Janakiram TN , Vaid Neelam , Soni Arvind , Mohindroo NK , Charaya Kshitij , Shah Nishit , Rai Davinder , Nayar Ravi , Rao C Madhu Sudana , Meghnadh KR , Patel Hetal Marfatia , Sood Sanjay , Pandhi SC , Mann SBS
Published: September 2012

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) has always remained a topic of discussion at all rhinology meets. Despite so much of literature available, the nature of this disease, its diagnosis, pathogenesis, classification and appropriate management continue to generate debate and controversy even after three decades of research and investigation. AFRS is an endemic disease in North and South India. In spite of this, there has been no optimal management protocol for this disease being followed in India yet. To overcome this, a national panel was conducted on AFRS at the ENT Surgical Update 2011, held at Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh with experts from all over the country so that a consensus can be achieved regarding the workup and management of AFRS.

How to cite this article

Gupta AK, Shah N, Kameswaran M, Rai D, Janakiram TN, Chopra H, Nayar R, Soni A, Mohindroo NK, Rao CMS, Bansal S, Meghnadh KR, Vaid N, Patel HM, Sood S, Kanojia S, Charaya K, Pandhi SC, Mann SBS. Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2012;5(2): 72-86.
Rate coefficients for the reaction of O(1D) with the atmospherically long-lived greenhouse gases NF3, SF3CF3, CHF3, C2F6, c-C3F8, n-C5F12, and n-C6F14
Authors: Baasandorj M. , Hall B. D. , Burkholder J. B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The contribution of atmospherically persistent (long-lived) greenhouse gases to the radiative forcing of Earth has increased over the past several decades. The impact of highly fluorinated saturated compounds, in particular perfluorinated compounds, on climate change is a concern because of their long atmospheric lifetimes, which are primarily determined by stratospheric loss processes, as well as their strong absorption in the infrared "window" region. A potentially key stratospheric loss process for these compounds is their gas-phase reaction with electronically excited oxygen atoms, O(1D). Therefore, accurate reaction rate coefficient data is desired for input to climate change models. In this work, rate coefficients, k, were measured for the reaction of O(1D) with several key long-lived greenhouse gases, namely NF3, SF5CF3, CHF3 (HFC-23), C2F6, c-C4F8, n-C5F12, and n-C6F14. Room temperature rate coefficients for the total reaction, kTot, corresponding to loss of O(1D), and reactive channel, kR, corresponding to the loss of the reactant compound, were measured for NF3 and SF5CF3 using competitive reaction and relative rate methods, respectively. kR was measured for the CHF3 reaction and improved upper-limits were determined for the perfluorinated compounds included in this study. For NF3, kTot was determined to be (2.55 ± 0.38) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and kR, which was measured using CF3Cl, N2O, CF2ClCF2Cl (CFC-114), and CF3CFCl2 (CFC-114a) as reference compounds, was determined to be (2.21 ± 0.33) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 corresponding to a reactive branching ratio of 0.87 ± 0.13. For SF5CF3, kTot = (3.24 ± 0.50) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and kR < 5.8 × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were measured, where kR is a factor of three lower than the current recommendation of kTot for use in atmospheric modeling. For CHF3, kR was determined to be (2.35 ± 0.35) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, which corresponds to a reactive channel yield of 0.26 ± 0.04, and resolves a large discrepancy among previously reported values. The quoted uncertainties are 2σ and include estimated systematic errors. Upper-limits for kR for the C2F6, c-C4F8, n-C5F12, and n-C6F14 reactions were determined to be 3.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 16 (in units of 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1), respectively. The results from this work are compared with results from previous studies.
OBTAINING A PERMIT-TO-FLY FOR A HALE-UAV IN BELGIUM
Authors: Everaerts J. , Lewyckyj N.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Ever since 2000, VITO has been working on the Pegasus project. This involves a solar High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (HALE-UAV) as a stratospheric platform for Earth Observation. This aircraft, called Mercator, is designed to fly for prolonged duration at altitudes up to 20 km. The technology has been proven by the aircraft’s manufacturer, QinetiQ (UK) by a series of test flights over the past years, culminating in a world record flight in duration of over 14 days duration. All test flights, however, were conducted in test ranges, where other air traffic does not pose a concern. Pegasus aims to demonstrate the viability of stratospheric Earth Observation in Belgium, as a proof of concept for other areas around the world. The Belgian air space is completely different from a test range. More than 1 million aircraft movements take place over Belgium and Luxembourg every year, with routes to Amsterdam, Paris, Frankfurt, and London. Although Pegasus will usually be flying above this dense traffic, it does interfere with it during ascent and landing, and needs to be monitored during the cruise phase for safety reasons. Air traffic management in Belgium is a shared responsibility of Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) Belgocontrol (civil), ATCC (military) and Eurocontrol MUAC (high altitude). In 2010, VITO applied for a permit-to-fly for a test flight of one day duration. Although the Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) had issued a regulation on UAVs in 2007, it was the first application for a permit to fly in controlled airspace. The Belgian CAA decided to use it as a test for the procedures as well. A prerequisite for flying in controlled airspace was that the aircraft has to carry a mode-S transponder and navigation lights. During first half of 2010, the ANSPs collaborated on a Temporary Operations Instruction and studied the safety impact of this flight on their operations. As an outcome, they decided that the Pegasus aircraft would be separated from other air traffic by a "moving box" around it. By the end of August, a permit-to-fly was issued by Belgian CAA.The paper describes the application process, and highlights the issues that were raised by the ANSPs and Belgian CAA. This should be comparable to what authorities in other crowded places would impose, and hence be a good starting point for everyone trying to use UAVs for Earth Observation at altitudes above a few hundreds meters in most of the world.