bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical usage and educational requirement analysis about school meal menu of middle schools in Incheon region
Authors: Kim Young A , Kang Soo‐kyung
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine practical usage and understanding status of school meal menu in Incheon region. 1,090 middle school students (49% boys and 51% girls) were surveyed in Incheon, one of 5 major cities in Korea, using a questionnaire.

57.2% of students got the middle rating for the nutrition knowledge test, while 23.7% got high rating, 19.1% got low rating. The students who had better understanding about their school meal menu got much higher score about their nutrition knowledge. The students who usually check up the school meal menu got average nutrition knowledge score 6.26±2.11, while the other students got 5.31±2.72. Also, the students experienced nutrition education scored 6.47±1.91, while the others got 6.00±2.32. The girls got higher score (6.20±2.09) than the boys (6.06±2.36). The major method to check up the school meal menu was the school newsletter, and normally they check the menu up right before the meals. They thought the allergy mark was the most important factor in the school meal menu.

72.5% of the students have never experienced any nutrition education, and 46.7% of them acknowledged the necessity of nutrition education. The most wanted factor to be added in the school meal menu was photograph of the real foods.

Therefore, proper nutrition educations and improvement of school meal menu are highly required to enhance students’ practical dietary life.

Support or Funding Information

Grant Funding Source: Inha University
PAWS (Peer‐education About Weight Steadiness) Club: Rationale and Design for a Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Muzaffar Henna , Nickols‐Richardson Sharon M.
Published: November 2023

Overweight has been recognized as a significant problem for children and adolescents in the U.S., and numerous societal sectors support the commitment of resources for school‐based multicomponent programs that include the promotion of a healthy diet and physical activity. Peer leaders have been used successfully as facilitators in behavioral change programs but have not been widely used in childhood obesity prevention programs.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of a12‐lesson nutrition and physical activity program (PAWS Club), administered in the Urbana‐Champaign (IL) area middle schools, on basic culinary skills, food and physical activity behaviors, body weight (BW) and body mass index (BMI) percentiles, blood pressure (BP), and social cognitive theory (SCT) variables at the end and 6 months after implementation of the program. A peer‐led mode of program delivery will be compared to an adult‐led mode.

The PAWS Club will be delivered as an after‐school program in local middle schools and will target early adolescent children, ages 11–14 y, in support of childhood obesity prevention. The 12‐week program will test a peer‐education mode of delivery vs. adult‐education mode and focus on balancing calories to manage BW, reducing certain foods and food components, increasing selected foods and nutrients, building healthy eating patterns [i.e., fundamental principles of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs), 2010] and SCT variables. Parents of the study participants will have the opportunity to participate in 5 parent sessions focused on menu planning, healthy food intake and physical activity behaviors. Data will be collected at baseline (pre‐intervention), after the 12‐week program (post‐intervention) and 6 months after completion of the program (maintenance). Each weekly lesson includes: 1) 20–30 minutes of moderate physical activity; 2) nutrition activities; 3) discussions; 4) self‐reflections; 5) goal setting activities for healthier eating and physical activity; 6) food and beverage tasting experience; and 7) parent‐child reflections. Program items, such as aprons and cooking utensils, will be distributed throughout the 12‐week intervention. Study personnel will be present at each lesson, along with graduate student trainees to monitor each session.

The PAWS Club program was pilot‐tested in the Urbana Middle School (IL) as a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in September‐October 2015. In total, 35 adolescents were randomized to the peer‐led (n=14) and adult‐led (n=21) groups.

This RCT is one of the first to examine peer‐vs. adult‐led mode of delivery for an obesity prevention program in middle schools. Results of this study will provide support for evidence‐based practice in childhood obesity prevention.

Support or Funding Information

Funding disclosure: This material is based upon work that is supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award number 2012‐68001‐22032.
Self‐Weighing and Visual Feedback Has Long Term Effects on Weight Gain Prevention in Adults
Authors: Wilkinson Lua , Pacanowski Carly , Levitsky David
Published: November 2023

The primary objective of this study was to assess long‐term impact of a self‐monitoring intervention on weight 30 months after participating in a two‐year weight reduction and maintenance study. In 2010, 178 adults were recruited and randomly assigned to a control or experimental. Participants randomly assigned to the control group were tracked for the first year, then given access to the intervention: daily weighing using a bathroom scale paired with an internet program designed to prompt slow weight loss via the display of a graphical line representing the user's weight and weight loss target. Thirty months after the study's commencement, participants were re‐conacted and 42 agreed to a follow‐up survey and to relog their weight. We found that 30 months after the completion of the study, participants’ weight change were not statistically different from zero, signifying weight maintenance (p = 0.87). This analysis suggests that for some individuals, a self‐monitoring intervention focusing on weight appears to be an effective self‐guided strategy for long term weight loss. Future research and weight maintenance programs may consider the addition of this strategy for long term weight gain prevention.
Nutrition Education for Obese Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Yen Wan‐Ju Jennifer , Horinko Kaitlyn , Meggs Bill , Myers Kimberly
Published: November 2023

Overweight and obesity are considered to affect health status. Healthy lifestyle includes nutrition and exercise plays an important role for disease prevention and recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate obese patients at the emergency department regarding changes in weight, diet and exercise after providing brief nutrition education materials. Participants were recruited and interviewed at a medical center emergency department. Dietary habits, past medical history and demographic information were assessed at the emergency department. Information on healthy nutrition substitutions and exercise were provided after the interview. Follow‐up telephone calls were conducted 30 and 90 days post interview. Researchers documented if there were changes in weight, diet and exercise at follow‐ups. Overall, participants were not eating healthier nor exercising more at 30 and 90 days. The average BMI was the same at 30 days and decreased slightly at 90 days. Consumption of all five food groups were below recommended servings at initial and follow‐up surveys. There is a need to provide more intense nutrition education to obese patients in the emergency department.
A Descriptive Study of the Vital Health Indicators of Four Sub‐Saharan African Countries, 1960–2012
Authors: Klobodu Seth Selorm , Dawson John A , Reed Debra B , Moustaid‐Moussa Naima , Carpio Carlos , Velikova Natalia
Published: November 2023

Background

The importance of country‐level vital health statistics is recognized globally because of their use in initiating publichealth and development policies. Over the past few decades, economic growth has occurred in sub‐Saharan African countries, resulting in benefits to the population, such as increased access to quality health care and optimum nutrition. However, attaining the best possible levels of infant nutrition and maternal health remains a challenge.

Methods

The main objective of this study is to present aset of detailed time series analyses from 1960 to 2012 for selected health and wellness indicators, using country‐level aggregated data collected by the World Development Index (WDI) database of the World Bank, with specific focus on the countries of Ghana, Togo, Burkina Faso, and the Ivory Coast. The vital health indicators collected for this region can be used to analyze the health status of the vulnerable populations, epidemiological patterns, and the impact of economic growth on health outcomes; thus, we use these indicators to calculate descriptive statistics and identify trends that may inform hypotheses aimed at improving infant nutrition and maternal health. Gaps in the longitudinal record were imputed via polynomial smoothing. Linear trends over time and differences among countries were assessed using simple ANOVA models, and associations within countries were calculated using Spearman's rank correlation.

Results

Some general trends are common across the countries under consideration, but there are divergences. For example, although there has been a steep decline in infant mortality rates in all four countries since 1960, those of Burkina Faso and the Ivory Coast generally tended to be higher over the period of study (p<0.001). Likewise, life expectancy at birth among women, while generally increasing over the period of study, reversed course between the mid‐1980s and 2000 for all four countries. However, this decrease in life expectancy was significantly more pronounced in the Ivory Coast (p<0.001). Interestingly, the vital indicators in Ghana are more strongly associated(either directly on inversely) with each other over time than in Burkina Faso, Togo or the Ivory Coast; this is due to more consistent improvements in these measures over time and more frequent reporting to the WDI. Indeed, all four of these countries had several measures with less than four records across the period of interest.

Conclusions

Sub‐Saharan Africa has seen a general improvement in selected health indicators, but it has been mixed and inconsistent across countries. Research efforts in this area are hindered by alack of data consistently reported over time.

Support or Funding Information

None
Higher dietary vitamin C intake is associated with higher grip strength in adults: The Framingham Offspring Study
Authors: Sahni Shivani , Jacques Paul F. , Dufour Alyssa B. , Kiel Douglas P. , McLean Robert R. , Hannan Marian T.
Published: November 2023

Objective

Oxidative stress has been implicated as a central mechanism of age‐related decline in muscle. Vitamin C is important for skeletal muscle due to its dual role as an antioxidant and as an enzyme cofactor for collagen and carnitine biosynthesis. Carnitine plays a critical role in energy production by transporting long‐chain fatty acids into the mitochondria so they can be oxidized. Two non‐US studies of older adults have related higher vitamin C status or intake with higher physical strength and performance. Therefore, we determined the cross‐sectional association of dietary vitamin C with grip strength in men and women from the Framingham Offspring Cohort.

Methods

2,184 men and women completed a Willett's food frequency questionnaire (in either 1996–1998 or 1999–2001) and had grip strength measured using an adjustable Jamar isometric hand‐held dynamometer in 1999–2001 (kg, max of 2 trials). We used sex‐specific linear regression to calculate beta coefficients and P values for the association between dietary vitamin C and grip strength adjusting for age, weight, height, total energy intake (residual method), physical activity and vitamin C supplement use (yes/no).

Results

Mean age was 58.4±8.8y (range 29–83y). Median vitamin C intake from diet was 184.5±326.3 mg/d (men) and 205.6±343.4 mg/d (women). Mean grip strength was 40.4±9.7 kg (men) and 23.4±6.0 kg (women). Higher dietary vitamin C was associated with higher grip strength after adjustment for relevant covariates [β±SE (P value) for men: 0.009±0.003 (P=0.007) and for women: 0.0035±0.002 (P=0.06)]. When examined in tertiles, women in highest tertile of dietary vitamin C (T3, median intake 219.7 mg/d) had higher grip strength compared to women in the lowest tertile (T1, median intake 75.4 mg/d) of intake (P trend=0.009). Similar patterns of results were seen in men [Median intake: 220.9 mg/d (T3) and 73.8 mg/d (T1), P trend=0.04].

Conclusions

These findings suggest that higher dietary vitamin C may be beneficial for muscle strength in adult men and women. Future research should determine the most important mechanisms underlying these significant epidemiologic associations.

Support or Funding Information

The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) Grants in Aid Program (GAP) Award, NIH AR # 053205, FHS HHSN268201500001I and R01AR041398.

Adjusted least square mean grip strength (kg) by tertiles of dietary vitamin C (mg/d).

Least square means of grip strength (kg) by tertiles of vitamin C intake (mg/d)
P Trend

Tertile 1
Tertile 2
Tertile 3

Men
39.82±0.49
40.16±0.47
41.32±0.49†
0.04

Women
23.02±0.26
23.30±0.24
24.02±0.26*
0.009

Adjusted for age, weight, height, total energy intake (residual method), physical activity and vitamin C supplement use (yes/no),

P<0.05 compared to T1 and

P<0.05 compared to T1.
Butyrate Influences Myogenic Potential of Porcine Satellite Cells
Authors: Murray Robert L. , Stahl Chad H.
Published: November 2023

Dietary butyrate supplementation has been shown to increase growth performance in weaned pigs, which has been attributed to its beneficial effects on intestinal health. Butyrate ability to trigger cellular differentiation has been reported in several different human malignancies both in vitro and in vivo. Its effect on satellite cell activity remains controversial, as previous studies have reported that butyrate can either increase or decrease satellite cell differentiation into myoblasts. Recent muscle injury model studies suggest that butyrate speeds muscle repair and growth. Our objective was to determine the effect of butyrate on the proliferation and differentiation potential of porcine satellite cells in vitro. Primary satellite cells were isolated from newly weaned pigs (n = 6, 21±2 days old) and cultured in media designed to promote proliferation (10% FBS + DMEM) or differentiation (2% horse serum + DMEM). Media was supplemented with either 0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1mM of sodium butyrate (NaBu). Under proliferative conditions, proliferation rates were reduced at the highest concentration of (NaBu) after 24h. After 48h there was a dose‐dependent reduction in proliferation rate based on NaBu concentration. There was no increase in the rate of apoptosis, as assessed by TUNEL staining. Under proliferative culture conditions, there were no significant changes in the gene expression of Pax7, or of two muscle regulatory factors (MRFs), MyoD and MyoG. Under culture conditions designed to promote differentiation, the presence of NaBu allowed for greater gene expression of MyoD and MyoG, without an increase in Pax7 gene expression. Butyrate is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, and it may be via this mechanism that it upregulates these MRFs in satellite cells. Altering satellite cell myogenic potential in vivo could dramatically effect growth performance in pigs.
Higher intake of meat, oil, grains, fruits and legumes discriminated higher muscle mass among urban community ‐ free living adults
Authors: Bernardino Caroline , Vilches Gabriel Nogueira , Pereira Leonardo Elias Ferreira , Kano Hugo Tadashi , Burini Roberto Carlos
Published: November 2023

As a major tissue of the body, skeletal muscle buffers endogenous free aminoacids supply, acid basic capacity, energy‐yilding substrates and total daily energy expenditure. Its biodynamic properties allow daily‐free living activities for body equilibrium, locomotion and strength. In general skeletal muscle mass weight reflects behavioral factors such as physical activity and dietary intake.

The aim was to determine the major behavioral (dietary and fitness) and intrinsic (body fat and plasma biochemistry composition) variables associated with higher muscle mass in free‐living adults enrolled in a lifestyle modification program (LSMP).

The cross‐sectional study involved retrospective data from 660 subjects (males and females) enrolled in the LSMP “Move for Health” from 2004 to 2014. The BIA analysis of muscle mass along with height (m) was used for the muscle mass index (MMI) calculation (kgMM/m2) whose quartiles were used for comparisons. ANOVA‐one way test was used to compare the quartiles of MMI and co‐variables. The data were presented as mean ± SE and p<0.05 was used for significance.

The quartiles of MMI varied from 6.66±0.04 kgMM/m2 (P25) to 10.6±0.04 kgMM/m2 (P75). The top quartile was discriminated from others by higher age, BMI and WC (and abdominal sagital diameter – ASD) along with higher handgrip strength (33.6±0.84 Kj) with similar aerobic capacity (33.2±0.66 mlO2/kg/min) and flexibility (20.7±0.77 cm). Biochemically they were differentiated by higher triglyceridemia (157±4.76 mg/dL), γGT activity (38.3±1.85 U/L), uric acid (5.8±0.10 mg/dL) and lower HDL‐chol (44.0±0.84 mg/dL) values. Biochemical abnormalities denote pro‐inflammatory state probably led by the relatively higher fatness shown by these subjects. Nutritionally the top quartile presented higher energy intake (1840±45 kcal/d) with higher saturated fat (8.14±0.33%) participation. Their daily servings were higher for meat (1.86±0.10), oils (2.49±0.14), fibers (19.5±0.67 g//d), grains (4.07±0.14), fruits (3.40±0.22) and legumes (1.73±0.11) overall, still remaining in a poor quality diet by the Healthy Eating Index.

Thus higher muscle mass in a community adults can be achieved through lifestyle modification program including dietary‐adequacy counselling preferentially associated with a resistance physical exercise training.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by CAPES, CNPq and Fundap
Serum bone‐building metabolites are enhanced by a restricted vitamin A intervention in Zambian children with high liver reserves of vitamin A
Authors: Olsen Kiersten E , Binkley Neil , Gannon Bryan M , Tanumihardjo Sherry A
Published: November 2023

Background

Various programs to alleviate vitamin A (VA) deficiency include supplementation and fortification with preformed VA. Therefore, VA toxicity is of potential concern. The physiological effects and cut‐offs associated with hypervitaminosis A remain to be elucidated. The effect of VA status on bone health is still controversial, but high intake of preformed VA may lead to bone disease.

Objectives

This study investigated serum markers of bone formation, intact N‐terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP), and bone resorption, C‐terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX), along with serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25‐hydroxy vitamin D, and VA esters in 5–7 year old Zambian children whose total body VA stores were measured (n = 133).

Methods

A randomized, controlled, 90‐day feeding trial was completed. All children were fed a low VA‐containing diet during the intervention. Three treatment groups consisted of a negative control group (VA−, n = 47), who ate white maize and received daily placebo oil; the test group (orange, n = 46), who ate orange maize and received daily placebo oil; and a positive control group (VA+, n = 47), who ate white maize and received VA [retinyl palmitate, 400 μg RAEs (current U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance for children this age)] in oil. Blood samples were taken at baseline, endline, and after a 14‐day washout period. P1NP, CTX, and PTH were analyzed using ELISA kits. Vitamin A esters were analyzed by HPLC and 25‐OH‐vitamin D was analyzed by ultra‐performance LC. Serum calcium was determined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

Results

P1NP did not differ among treatment groups at baseline (670 ± 202 microg/L) but showed a treatment effect over the course of the intervention with the VA− group having the highest overall mean (1270 ± 482 microg/L) followed by the orange maize group (1002 ± 507 microg/L) and the VA+ group (748 ± 195 microg/L) (P< 0.0001). CTX, serum calcium, 25‐hydroxy vitamin D, and VA esters did not differ among the treatment groups (P>0.31) at endline. After the intervention, CTX (2.2 ± 0.6 ng/mL) was above the reference range, and low serum calcium (<88 microg/mL) and low 25(OH) D (<30 ng/mL) were prevalent (94% and 92%, respectively). Although normal, PTH differed among treatment groups (P=0.0089) with the orange maize treatment group being higher than the VA− and VA+ groups, which did not differ.

Conclusions

This study found that bone formation was enhanced during VA restriction in children with hypervitaminosis A. Further research is needed to tease out the influence of VA on bone metabolism considering food fortification is with preformed VA.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by an endowment entitled “Friday Chair for Vegetable Processing Research”, Global Health funds, and HarvestPlus Agreement 8256.
Effects of a High‐Fat, High‐Cholesterol Diet or Hyperphagia on Bone Mass, Bone Strength and Serum Turnover Markers in Male Rats
Authors: Ortinau Laura Christine , Richard Matthew , Dirkes Rebecca , Linden Melissa , Rector R. Scott , Hinton Pamela
Published: November 2023

Individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have increased risk for fracture, despite normal or elevated bone mineral density (BMD). Here, we tested the hypothesis that bone outcomes would be negatively impacted by hyperphagia or a high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diet (HFC) versus a control diet (CON) using hyperphagic Ostuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which spontaneously develop obesity and T2D, and normophagic Long‐Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats. Eight‐week old male OLETF and LETO rats were randomly assigned to either the CON (10% kcal fat from soybean oil and lard) or HFC (45% kcal fat from soybean oil and lard with 1% cholesterol) diet for 24 weeks. At 32 weeks of age, body composition, total body bone mineral content (BMC) and BMD were measured by DXA. Bone strength was measured by torsional loading of the femur to failure. Serum markers of bone formation (amino‐terminal propeptide of type I collagen, P1NP; osteocalcin, OC) and resorption (tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP5b; C‐terminal peptide of type I collagen, CTx) were measured using ELISA. Fasting glucose was measured using glucose oxidase. Main and interactive effects of diet (HFC vs. CON) and hyperphagia (hyperphagic OLETF vs. normophagic LETO) were evaluated using two‐factor analysis of variance with peak body weight as a covariate. The HFC diet or hyperphagia significantly increased body weight and fat mass (HFC vs. CON: p<0.05; hyperphagic OLETF vs. normophagic LETO: p<0.05); and hyperphagic OLETF rats had significantly increased blood glucose (p<0.001). Hyperphagia reduced total body BMC and, high‐fat‐feeding decreased BMC and BMD (p<0.05). Hyperphagic OLETF rats had reduced serum P1NP and TRAP5b, and increased CTx vs. normophagic LETO rats (p<0.001, all). The HFC diet increased TRAP5b compared to the CON diet (p<0.05). There were significant interactions for the bone strength outcomes, such that maximal torque (Tmax), stiffness (Ks), ultimate tensile strength (Su), were increased only in normophagic LETO rats fed the HFC diet (Tmax p=0.061; Ks p=0.058; and Su p<0.05) vs L‐CON; the HFC diet had no effect on these measures in hyperphagic OLETF rats. Overall, hyperphagia reduced total body BMC, and increased bone resorption and decreased formation. Consumption of a HFC diet reduced total body BMC and BMD, and increased cortical bone strength in normophagic rats.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by NIH, a VA Career Development Award, a University of Missouri Research Council Grant, and the Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology.
Choline Supplementation Improves Behavioral Aspects of Mice Exposed to Ethanol in Utero
Authors: Pjetri Eneda , Surzenko Natalia , Munson Carolyn A. , Zeisel Steven H.
Published: November 2023

Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy leads to a range of long lasting developmental defects and deficits in the child that include effects on brain and behavior, collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). The neurobiology is complex, not well understood and there is no effective treatment. A recent study reported beneficial effects of choline supplementation in children with FASD. Choline is an essential nutrient needed for the structural integrity of cell membranes, for acetylcholine synthesis and for methyl group metabolism. In this study, we use a mouse model to assess the effects of dietary choline supplementation of dams on brain development of embryos and pups exposed to ethanol in utero. Mice were exposed to 10% v/v ethanol in drinking water for 10 days prior to mating (48hrs) and during gestation. Choline supplementation started at the same time as ethanol exposure and continued until postnatal day 15. Behavioral testing took place when pups were 5 – 8 weeks old. Choline supplementation improved performance of ethanol‐exposed pups on the T‐maze spatial alternation test, when compared to pups that were also exposed but not supplemented, while their performance was not different from the control group. We did not observe a difference in their open field activity or in their motor balance, assessed with an accelerating Rotarod. Currently, we are investigating the effects on brain structure and underlying mechanisms using embryonic day 17 fetal brains from each of the treatment groups. These studies will increase our understanding of the FASD neurobiology and how choline mitigates behavioral consequences of FASD, with important implications for future treatment possibilities.

Support or Funding Information

This research is funded from Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill and NIH DK056350.
Ultrasound‐induced Changes in Structural and Physical Properties of Whey Proteins
Authors: Guo Mingruo , Shen Xue , Shao Shengnan
Published: November 2023

The effects of high‐intensity ultrasound treatment on structural and physical properties of whey proteins were investigated. Whey protein isolate (WPI) suspensions were treated with an ultrasound probe (20 kHz) at different amplitudes (20 or 30%) and times (10 or 20 min). Changes in particle size, molecular weight, turbidity, soluble nitrogen, thermal denaturation and rheological properties of whey proteins were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), SDS‐PAGE, absorbance at 400 nm, nitrogen solubility at pH4.6, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology methodology, respectively. The particle size was significantly reduced (P<0.05), while their distributions were broadened after ultrasound treatment. No significant difference was observed in molecular weight and denaturation temperature of WPI suspensions before and after ultrasound treatment (P>0.05). Ultrasound treatment significantly decreased the turbidity of WPI solutions (P<0.05). There is no further significant reduction in turbidity of WPI suspensions after 10 min of ultrasound treatment at 20% amplitude (P>0.05). Soluble nitrogen (pH4.6) was significantly increased by ultrasonic treatment (P<0.05). Ultrasound intensity had a greater impact on soluble nitrogen than treatment time. Ultrasound treatment resulted in changes in the flow behavior index (n) of WPI solutions from 0.83 to 0.86. The viscosity of WPI dispersions at 200 s−1 was dependent on the amplitude and time of ultrasound. Ultrasound treatment also reduced both the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of WPI solutions and formed more viscous (fluid character) for WPI solutions. Initial temperature of heat‐induced gelation was not changed by ultrasound treatment. Results indicated that ultrasound treatment had considerable impacts on structural and physical properties of WPI. High intensity ultrasoud could be used to improve certain functional properties of whey protein isolate.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by The Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Project# 2013BAD18B07)
The science behind the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Authors: Stoody Eve Essery , Casavale Kellie , Rihane Colette , Olson Richard
Published: November 2023

Since 1980, every five years, the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture release the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) to provide policymakers, nutrition and health professionals with recommendations about what constitutes a healthy diet based on the preponderance of scientific and medical knowledge current at the time the DGA is prepared. These recommendations inform federal food, nutrition, and health policies and programs as well as nutrition education materials for the public. The 2015–2020 DGA builds from the 2010 edition with revisions based on the Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and consideration of federal agency and public comments. With each edition of the DGA, the process used by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (Committee) to evaluate the scientific evidence is strengthened. This session will highlight the state‐of‐the‐art approaches used by the 2015 Committee to review and analyze the scientific evidence on the relationship between diet and public health. The use of different methodologies to gather evidence allowed a multifaceted approach for the Committee to ask and answer scientific questions in a systematic, rigorous, and transparent way, using the method(s) best suited to answer each question. The four approaches used to provide the scientific basis for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans were as follows: 1) Original systematic reviews conducted through USDA's Nutrition Evidence Library. This approach was used to identify specific questions; systematically search the scientific literature for relevant articles; assess the methodologic rigor of each included article; and summarize, analyze, and grade the evidence presented in the articles; 2) High‐quality existing reports, comprised primarily of systematic reviews. The approach involved applying a systematic process to assess the quality of the existing review or report and ensuring that it presented a comprehensive review of the Advisory Committee's question of interest; 3) Data analyses. This approach used national data from federal agencies to answer questions about chronic disease prevalence rates, food and nutrient intakes of the U.S. population, and nutrient content of foods; and 4) Food pattern modeling analyses. This approach was used to describe the types and amounts of foods to eat to help meet nutrient needs while taking into consideration current intakes in the United States and systematic reviews of scientific research. Taken together, these complementary approaches provided a rigorous scientific evidence base for the recommendations the Committee made to the federal government; these, in turn, informed the development the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Foodomics Database: A New Tool for Precision Medicine and the ‐omic Toolbox
Authors: Allen Hannah J , Lennon Dylan J , Lukosaityte Jurate , Borum Peggy R
Published: November 2023

Background

Foodomics is an emerging –omic approach to obtain food molecular profiles. Release 28 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR28) contains data for up to 150 food molecules and is a source of foodomics data, but SR28 is not reflective of the changing marketplace directly accessed by consumers. Nutrition Facts Labels (NFLs) for brand specific foods in the marketplace reflect current nutrient information but usually contain less than 15 nutrients. The best method to determine food molecular profiles is to apply analytical techniques to food before consumption, but this is resource intensive. An alternative approach is to estimate food molecular profiles by integrating up‐to‐date information in NFLs and SR28. A foodomics database that integrates current NFLs and SR28 is needed to obtain foodomic profiles of a person's (or animal's) dietary intake and, therefore, implement precision medicine for each person.

Objective

Create a foodomics database that integrates current NFLs and SR28 to obtain food molecular profiles for brand specific foods.

Methods

Photographs of NFLs for brand specific foods were taken in Florida grocery stores in 2015, uploaded to a Qualtrics survey, and data in NFLs were entered and audited in a database. Carbohydrate was estimated by using the higher value of 1) gram weight on the NFL or 2) Calories remaining after subtraction of fat and protein Calories from total Calories. The ratio of NFL nutrients (e.g. saturated fat (g)) to the same nutrient in SR28 was defined as “NFL factor”. The following methods were used to integrate NFLs and SR28: 1) When NFL data were available, NFL data directly replaced SR28 data, 2) When NFL data were unavailable (e.g. C16:0) but were part of an NFL nutrient group (e.g. saturated fat (g)), the nutrient group NFL factor was used to impute the missing food molecule (e.g. total saturated fat factor to impute C16:0), 3) When NFL data were unavailable, SR28 data were used.

Results

NFLs for 1,709 brand specific foods were collected from local grocery stores in 2015. The foodomics database contains up to 150 molecules per gram weight of food for 1,709 brand specific foods and 8,789 foods from SR28. The foodomics database is updated annually.

Conclusion

The foodomics database facilitates discovery‐based and hypothesis‐driven studies that integrate food molecular profiles with data from other high‐resolution phenotyping datasets to unravel the myriad effects of diet on health in a wide variety of nutritional and non‐nutritional perturbations. These methods will pave the way for nutrition to be a vital part of precision medicine so that the right food molecules are given in the right amount, at the right time, and to the right person.

Support or Funding Information

This work supported in part by the NIH/NCATS Clinical and Translational Science Award to the University of Florida UL1 TR000064
Metatranscriptomics: Monitoring Gut Microbiome Activity in Response to Diet
Authors: Westreich Samuel T. , Korf Ian , Mills David A , Lemay Danielle G
Published: November 2023

The study of the gut microbiome—the collection of microflora within the intestinal tract—is growing in popularity as associations are found between diet and nutrition, gut microflora activity, and host health and disease. However, current metagenomic and ribosomal profiling approaches are unable to capture changes in activity within the gut microbiome populations. In this environment, shifts in diet or nutritional intake may not result in microbiome population changes, but may instead influence the activity of the existing microbial community. Metatranscriptomics—the study of microbial population activity based on RNA‐seq data—offers detailed data on the gene expression of all microbes within the sampled community. Unfortunately, current approaches for processing raw metatranscriptome data rely either on restricted databases, a fully in‐house analysis server, or use metagenome‐based approaches that have not been fully evaluated for use in processing metatranscriptomic datasets.

We have created a new bioinformatics pipeline, SAMSA (Simple Analysis of Metatranscriptome Sequence Annotations), designed specifically for metatranscriptome dataset analysis, with options for either in‐house or external server‐based computational processing. Designed for use by researchers with relatively little bioinformatics experience, SAMSA offers a breakdown of metatranscriptome activity by organism or transcript function, and is fully open source. We have also determined a series of “best practices” for metatranscriptome preprocessing and sequencing for the most accurate analysis results. Using publicly available data, we have demonstrated that SAMSA offers summary analysis of both the organism activity and transcript‐level expression within a metatranscriptome, as well as identifying the most significant expression changes between control and experimental populations. We expect that SAMSA will shed new light on expression changes within the gut microbiome, providing a deeper understanding of how this community reacts to dietary modulation.

Support or Funding Information

Funded in part by the Peter J. Shields Endowed Chair in Dairy Food Science (D.M.) S.W. was supported by a fellowship under the Training Program in Biomolecular Technology (NIGMS‐NIH T32‐GM008799) at the University of California, Davis.
The Effects of Symbiotic Ice Cream on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Microbiome
Authors: McNamara Erin , Giraud David , Fernando Samodha , Albrecht Julie
Published: November 2023

Background

Diet is an important factor in gastrointestinal health. A symbiotic food option utilizing prebiotic and probiotic ingredients may be beneficial for improving gastrointestinal health.

Objective

The objective was to conduct a human subject study with symbiotic ice cream to determine its biological effectiveness as a carrier for a prebiotic and probiotic.

Methods

This study was a 13 week, blinded, crossover, trial of symbiotic ice cream containing one prebiotic source, inulin and two strains of probiotic bacteria normally found in humans. Fecal samples were collected at the beginning of each washout period and weekly during the 3 week consumption periods. Fecal samples were processed using the protocol for MoBio PowerSoil/DNA extraction and analyzed with probes designed from the initial bacteria used. Bacteria levels for the 2 strains were quantified. A diet recall was collected prior to the trial period to determine prebiotic and probiotic foods normally consumed. Participants kept a log book to track gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms during the study.

Results

Thirteen subjects completed the study. Results of the log book indicated that there was no significant differences in reported GI symptoms due to symbiotic ice cream consumption. Data analysis of the effect of symbiotic ice cream consumption on microbiome populations is ongoing.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research Division Hatch Project NEB‐36‐080.
The Effect of Fructose‐Containing Sugars on Glycemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Controlled Trials
Authors: Choo Vivian L , Cozma Adrian I , Viguiliouk Effie , Mejia Sonia Blanco , Kendall Cyril WC , de Souza Russell J , Jenkins David JA , Sievenpiper John L
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Fructose‐containing sugars have become a focus of widespread concern regarding their contribution to the development of diabetes.

AIMS

To assess the effect of fructose‐containing sugars on glycemic control, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled trials.

DATA SOURCES

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through October 3, 2015).

DATA EXTRACTION

We included controlled trials ≥7 days. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant study data and assessed risk of bias (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool). Glycemic control outcomes included glycated blood proteins (HbA1c, fructosamine, glycated albumin), fasting glucose, and fasting insulin. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I2 statistic).

RESULTS

Eligibility criteria were met by 126 trials (N=2186). We identified 3 types of trials: 98 substitution trials (N=1625), in which fructose containing sugars were compared with other macronutrients matched for energy; 23 addition trials (N=492), in which fructose‐containing sugars supplemented diets with excess calories compared to the same diets alone without the excess calories; and 6 ad libitum trials (N=69), in which fructose‐containing sugars freely replaced other macronutrients without any strict control of calories. Fructose‐containing sugars improved glycated blood proteins compared with other macronutrients in substitution trials (SMD −0.15 [95%CI, −0.29 to −0.01]). Provision of excess calories from fructose‐containing sugars, however, increased fasting insulin (MD 6.14 [95% CI, 1.30 to 10.97]) in addition trials. None of the other analyses were significant.

LIMITATIONS

There was no serious risk of bias, but most trials were small, short and several analyses were complicated by significant unexplained heterogeneity. Very few trials compared fructose‐containing sugars with macronutrients other than starch.

CONCLUSIONS

Pooled analyses suggest that fructose‐containing sugars are no worse in their effects on glycemic control than other macronutrients (mainly starch) in energy matched comparisons. Fructose‐containing sugars supplementing diets with excess energy, however, show an increasing‐effect on insulin, an effect which appears more attributable to the excess energy than the sugars. Larger, longer, higher quality trials with a range of macro‐nutrient comparators are required.

Support or Funding Information

Canadian Diabetes Association, PSI Foundation, CIHR Banting and Best Graduate Student Award, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre Novo Nordisk Studentship
Evaluation in Children of Novel Bluetooth Bioimpedance Analysis Devices Designed for mhealth Applications
Authors: Zheng Jolene , Wang Mingming , Choi Ahyoung , Kim Justin Young‐Hyun , Jo Seong Wook , Cho Jaegeol , Bhagat Yusuf A , Kim Insoo , Heymsfield Steven B
Published: November 2023

Body fat and other body composition measurements are of increasing interest in the clinical setting and to the general public. Excess adiposity in children is a growing concern with the now well‐established relationship between early onset obesity and later adult health. The aim of the current study was to evaluate in children (ages 10–17 yrs) three small portable wireless contact‐electrode bioimpedance analysis (BIA) systems designed for personal body composition analysis.

Three hand‐held multifrequency devices were evaluated that included four electrode configurations (palm‐to‐palm [PP], two finger‐to‐finger [FF], and palm‐to‐knee (PK)). Impedance (Z) values derived by the devices at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center were evaluated against corresponding electrical pathways measured using a gel‐electrode reference multifrequency BIA system (InBodyS10 [IB], Seoul, South Korea) in 110 (53 M, 57 F) healthy white (34 M, 35F), African American (12 M, 17 F), and other (7 M, 3 F) children ranging widely in body mass index. Additionally, the main traditional lean soft tissue mass (LST) and fat‐predictor variable height2/Z was examined relative to LST evaluated with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA; GE Lunar Prodigy, Madison, WI).

There were strong correlations between the four prototype pathways at 50 KHz and the corresponding IB arm‐arm electrical pathway (R2, 0.90, 0.90, 0.96, and 0.91; p<0.0001, Table 1). Similarly, height2/Z (cm2/Ω) versus DXA LST (g) regions for the four‐prototype pathways yielded correlation coefficients (R2 0.88, 0.88, 0.92, and 0.90) that were similar to the reference InBody system for the PP, both FF, and PK pathways (all p<0.001, Table 2).

The novel evaluated BIA systems as small form factor mobile devices thus show promise as a means of quantifying a child's body composition.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by Samsung Research America

Correlation (R2)
LST
IB
FF1
PP
FF2
PK

LST

InBody
0.91

FF1
0.88
0.90

PP
0.88
0.91
0.90

FF2
0.92
0.96
0.94
0.92

PK
0.90
0.91
0.89
0.86

Summary of Regression Models

Analysis
Equation
R2
P

IB vs. FF1
y = 1.14× + 112.0
R2 = 0.90
P<0.0001

IB vs. PP
y = 1.10× + 96.5
R2 = 0.91
P<0.0001

IB vs. FF2
y = 1.09× + 71.0
R2 = 0.96
P<0.0001

IB vs. PK
y = 0.0016× − 1.5
R2 = 0.90
P<0.0001

Ht2/Z IB vs. DXA LST
y = 0.0012× − 2.8
R2 = 0.91
P<0.0001

Ht2/Z FF1 vs. DXA LST
y = 0.0008× + 1.2
R2 = 0.88
P<0.0001

Ht2/Z PP vs. DXA LST
y = 0.0009× + 1.4
R2 = 0.88
P<0.0001

Ht2/Z FF2 vs. DXA LST
y = 0.0010× − 0.4
R2 = 0.92
P<0.0001

Ht2/Z PK vs. DXA LST
y = 0.0016× − 1.5
R2 = 0.90
P<0.0001

Units: Ht, cm2; Z, ohms; LST, g
The Effects of Pedometer‐Metered Walking on Body Composition, Blood Glucose, Diet Alterations, Blood Pressure, and Waist‐to‐Hip Ratios in College‐Aged Participants‐A Pilot Study
Authors: Meeks Lauren , Reynaga Andy , Worland Corinne , Burns‐Whitmore Bonny
Published: November 2023

Physical activity reduces fat mass, but if not practiced, the risk of obesity‐associated health problems and associated health care costs increase.

We wished to determine the effects of pedometer‐metered walking in college‐aged participants on body composition, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP), diet choices, and waist‐to‐hip ratios (WHR) within a 4wk period.

Following informed consent, participants (N=29; 18.5< BMI <25.0) wore a pedometer for 4wks and recorded the number of daily steps. Body composition, FBG, BP, and waist and hip measurements were performed at baseline, week 1, and week 4. Three randomized 3‐day diet records were collected from participants. Daily motivational quotes were provided to (N=19) participants to determine if the number of steps walked changed.

Significant decreases in waist (77.1cm ± 2.23cm to 74.5cm ± 2.03cm, p=0.002) and hip (99.8 ± 1.74cm to 99.0 ± 1.78, p=0.03) measurements were found. Results were not significant for body composition (however, fat free mass was p=0.06), FBG, BP, or those receiving motivational quotes. Decreased fruit intake (N=20) was observed in the second (p=0.007) and third (p=0.023) diet records.

Waist and hip measurements decreased significantly at end of study, suggesting that monitored walking through the use of a pedometer results in physical abdominal changes. More research is needed to determine the effects of pedometer‐metered walking on diet choices.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by: California Wellness Grant (SEES Scholar) and the Research, Scholarship and Creative Activities (RSCA) program (California State Polytechnic University, Pomona)