bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yielding in a strongly aggregated colloidal gel. Part I: 2D simulations
Authors: Roy Saikat , Tirumkudulu Mahesh S.
Published: May 2016

We investigate the microstructure details and the mechanical response under uniaxial compression of a strongly aggregating colloidal dispersion. The numerical simulations account for short-range interparticle attraction, normal and tangential deformation at particle contacts, sliding and rolling resistance (RR), and preparation conditions. The compression rates are small so that hydrodynamic interactions are negligible. In the absence of RR, the average coordination number varies only slightly with compaction while the variation is significant in its presence. The particle contact distribution is isotropic throughout the consolidation process, irrespective of the magnitude of the parameters. In this limit of strong aggregation, the elastic modulus is a weak function of the magnitude of attraction. It is shown that the yield strain does not change significantly during the entire consolidation process, and the value in the presence of RR is marginally higher than in its absence. However, the yield stress increases with volume fraction which is a direct consequence of the increased elastic modulus. The yield stress, both in the presence and absence of RR, scales similarly with volume fraction. The overall power law exponent of 5.7 of the yield stress in the presence of RR as a function of volume fraction is in good agreement with previous simulation results.
Social and Psychological Factors Associated With Adolescent Physical Activity
Authors: Garcia Jeanette M. , Sirard John R. , Larsen Ross , Bruening Meg , Wall Melanie , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne
Published: May 2016

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to examine, using structural equation modeling, the associations between nominated friend physical activity (PA), friend social support with individual PA-related psychological factors, and adolescent PA.

Methods:

Data were obtained from EAT 2010 (Eating and Activity Among Teens), a large cross-sectional study conducted in 20 middle and high schools. The sample consisted of 1951 adolescents (mean age: 14.25 ± 1.96, 54% female, 68% ethnic minorities). PA, parent and friend social support (perceived social support for PA from parents and friends), and psychological measures (PA enjoyment, PA self-efficacy, and PA barriers) were assessed by self-report questionnaires. The SEM analysis consisted of 1 observed variable: friend PA, and 2 latent constructs: psychological factors, perceived social support.

Results:

The model was a good fit, indicating that there were significant direct effects of both friend PA (P < .01) and psychological factors (P < .0001) on adolescent PA. In addition, psychological factors mediated the association between friend PA and adolescent PA.

Conclusion:

The results of this model suggest that psychological factors and friend PA are associated with adolescent PA, and that psychological factors may play an important role. Future studies should further examine the association of both friend PA and psychological variables with adolescent PA.
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Clustering: Segmentation to Optimize Active Lifestyles
Authors: Zwolinsky Stephen , McKenna James , Pringle Andy , Widdop Paul , Griffiths Claire , Mellis Michelle , Rutherford Zoe , Collins Peter
Published: May 2016

Background:

Increasingly the health impacts of physical inactivity are being distinguished from those of sedentary behavior. Nevertheless, deleterious health prognoses occur when these behaviors combine, making it a Public Health priority to establish the numbers and salient identifying factors of people who live with this injurious combination.

Methods:

Using an observational between-subjects design, a nonprobability sample of 22,836 participants provided data on total daily activity. A 2-step hierarchical cluster analysis identified the optimal number of clusters and the subset of distinguishing variables. Univariate analyses assessed significant cluster differences.

Results:

High levels of sitting clustered with low physical activity. The Ambulatory & Active cluster (n = 6254) sat for 2.5 to 5 h·d−1 and were highly active. They were significantly younger, included a greater proportion of males and reported low Indices of Multiple Deprivation compared with other clusters. Conversely, the Sedentary & Low Active cluster (n = 6286) achieved ≤60 MET·min·wk−1 of physical activity and sat for ≥8 h·d−1. They were the oldest cluster, housed the largest proportion of females and reported moderate Indices of Multiple Deprivation.

Conclusions:

Public Health systems may benefit from developing policy and interventions that do more to limit sedentary behavior and encourage light intensity activity in its place.
Disseminating Evidence-Based Physical Education Practices in Rural Schools: The San Luis Valley Physical Education Academy
Authors: Belansky Elaine S. , Cutforth Nick , Kern Ben , Scarbro Sharon
Published: May 2016

Background:

To address childhood obesity, strategies are needed to maximize physical activity during the school day. The San Luis Valley Physical Education Academy was a public health intervention designed to increase the quality of physical education and quantity of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during physical education class.

Methods:

Elementary school physical education teachers from 17 schools participated in the intervention. They received SPARK curriculum and equipment, workshops, and site coordinator support for 2 years. A pre/post/post within physical education teacher design was used to measure intervention effectiveness. System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) and a physical education teacher survey were collected 3 times.

Results:

MVPA increased from 51.1% to 67.3% over the 2-year intervention resulting in approximately 14.6 additional hours of physical activity over a school year and 4662 kcal or 1.33 lbs. of weight gain prevention. More time was spent on skill drills and less time on classroom management and free play.

Conclusions:

The San Luis Valley Physical Education Academy succeeded in increasing rural, low-income students’ physical activity. The multicomponent intervention contributed to the program’s success. However, cost-effective approaches are needed to disseminate and implement evidencebased practices aimed at increasing students’ physical activity during the school day.
The Invisible Employee: University Housekeeping Employees’ Perceptions of Physical Activity
Authors: Das Bhibha M. , Sartore-Baldwin Melanie , Mahar Matthew T.
Published: May 2016

Background:

A significant literature links race and socioeconomic status with physical inactivity and negative health outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore physical activity (PA) perceptions of an underserved, lower socioeconomic minority sector of the workforce.

Methods:

Two focus groups were conducted to examine university housekeepers’ perceptions of physical activity. Demographic and anthropometric data were also obtained.

Results:

Participants (N = 12; 100% female, 100% African-American) overwhelmingly associated PA with traditional exercise (eg, going to a gym). The most important barrier to PA was the perception of being active on the job, thus not needing to do leisure time PA. The most important perceived benefit to PA was improvement of physical and mental health. Employees perceived that a university investment in employees’ health might improve morale, especially within low-pay employee sectors where low levels of job satisfaction may be present.

Conclusions:

Although perceived benefits to PA in this population are consistent with other employee sectors, perceived barriers to PA may be unique to this sector of the workforce. PA promotion programs should focus on providing resources as well as guidelines that demonstrate the need for PA outside of the workplace setting. Such programs may improve employee health, morale, and productivity.
Association Between Neighborhood Social Environment and Children’s Independent Mobility
Authors: Wolfe Mary K. , McDonald Noreen C.
Published: May 2016

Background:

Independent travel among youth has diminished and rates of obesity have increased. It remains empirically unclear what factors influence the degree to which parents allow, or even enable, their children to be independently mobile. We analyze the association between parental perceptions of the social environment and the degree of independent mobility among children.

Methods:

Surveys were conducted with 305 parents of 10- to 14-year-olds in the Bay Area during 2006 and 2007. The social environment was measured with scales assessing parental perceptions of child-centered social control, intergenerational closure, social cohesion, and safety from crime and traffic. Independent mobility was measured as a composite variable reflecting the degree to which a child is allowed to do the following without adult accompaniment: travel to neighborhood destinations, walk around the neighborhood, cross main roads, and ride transit.

Results:

We find modest evidence of an association between parental perceptions of social cohesion and safety from traffic and independent mobility outcomes among children. Age is positively associated with increased independent mobility and Hispanic children experience greater restrictions on independent mobility.

Conclusions:

Interventions aimed at increasing physical activity among children through greater independent mobility should include neighborhood-level efforts to grow social cohesion and trust.
Sex and the night shift
Authors: Lucey Brendan P.
Published: May 2016

Under conditions mimicking jet lag or shift work, women were found to perform worse on cognitive tests compared to men.
Collaborating tumor cells overcome multitargeted antiangiogenic therapies
Authors: Wood Kris C.
Published: May 2016

Tumor cells make use of “metabolic symbiosis” to drive resistance to multitargeted angiogenesis inhibitors.
Use of Shadowing-Based Learning in an Allied Health Microbiology Course
Authors: Lowrey Alex A.
Published: May 2016

Students in an undergraduate microbiology course for health professions majors perform a shadowing-based learning exercise for their course project. Students accomplish this by shadowing a health care professional of their choice, specifically incorporating basic microbiological concept themes into their observations. These concept themes include the biological nature, health effects, detection, and control of microorganisms. Upon completion of the shadowing experience, students present a concise report, which is graded on how well the students connect course scientific concepts with actual clinical practice.
Brewing Bokashi: Strengthening Student Skills in Dilution Theory through Fermentation Analysis
Authors: Zdor Robert E.
Published: May 2016

One of the basic microbiological techniques that students should master is that of using dilution theory to calculate the levels of bacteria in a fluid. This tip reports on using a rice water-milk fermentation mixture termed Bokashi as an easily implemented exercise in the basic microbiological lab to give students multiple opportunities to use dilution theory. Due to the shifts in bacterial community composition over time, a variety of microbes can be cultured using selective and nonselective media. Microscopic observation and the use of GEN III microplates to determine the collective phenotypic pattern of the mixture both give additional opportunities for students to hone their skills in bacterial analysis. Due to the decrease in the pH of the mixture over time, the notion of acid tolerance in bacteria can be explored and assessed using the microplate. By performing multiple rounds of serial dilutions and spread plating, students can practice their skill at using dilution theory several times over the course of the exercise.
OpenStax: Microbiology
Provides a Cost-Effective and Accessible Resource for Undergraduate Microbiology StudentsReview of:
OpenStax: Microbiology
. Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, and Anh-Hue Tu; (2016). OpenStax and ASM. 1100 pages.
(Note: At time of journal printing, this book was not yet published. Certain publication details may change slightly.)
Authors: Gunn Amanda Lyn
Published: May 2016

This is a review of Openstax: Microbiology, a textbook that has been put together by a collaborative effort between Openstax College and the American Society for Microbiology. The text will be offered in a variety of formats including web-based, PDF, and hardcopy, and is set for publication Spring 2016.

Review of: OpenStax: Microbiology. Nina Parker, Mark Schneegurt, and Anh-Hue Tu; (2016). OpenStax and ASM. 1100 pages. (Note: At time of journal printing, this book was not yet published. Certain publication details may change slightly.)
From the Editor-in-Chief: Questions of Gender Equity in the Undergraduate Biology Classroom
Authors: Elliott Samantha L.
Published: May 2016

This editorial describes recent research about the perception of peer achievement in the undergraduate biology classroom. The research, along with statistical data about female retention, provides insight into gender disparities and provides opportunities to address gender bias in the classroom.
The Columbia River Basalt Group of western Idaho and eastern Washington—Dikes, vents, flows, and tectonics along the eastern margin of the flood basalt province
Authors: Reidel Stephen P. , Camp Victor E. , Martin Barton S. , Tolan Terry L. , Wolff John A.
Published: May 2016

The Middle Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is the youngest and smallest continental flood basalt province on Earth, covering over 210,000 km2 of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho and having a volume of 210,000 km3. A well-established regional stratigraphic framework built upon seven formations, and using physical and compositional characteristics of the flows, has allowed the areal extent and volume of the individual flows and groups of flows to be calculated and correlated with their respective dikes and vents. CRBG flows can be subdivided into either compound flows or sheet flows, and are marked by a set of well-defined physical features that originated during their emplacement and solidification. This field trip focuses on the Lewiston Basin, in southeastern Washington, western Idaho, and northeastern Oregon, which contains the Chief Joseph dike swarm, where classic features of both flows and dikes can be easily observed, as well as tectonic features typical of those found elsewhere in the flood basalt province.
Reconstruction of a complicated adjacent non-union of the radius and ulna using a free vascularised double-barrel fibula graft
Authors: Frary Evan Charles , Sandager Petersen Søren , Skov Ole , Sørensen Jens Ahm
Published: May 2016

While the free vascularised double-barrel fibula flap has been traditionally used in the reconstruction of defects in the long bones of the lower extremities, the advantages of this type of graft can also be seen in the treatment of adjacent radial and ulnar non-unions of the forearm. The main advantage of the double-barrel fibula flap in treatment of antebrachial non-unions is that it allows for the simultaneous anatomical reconstruction of the radius and the ulna while maximising forearm functionality. In contrast to other procedures, this tailored graft also helps preserve pronation and supination of the forearm. In this article, we chronicle a case in which a microvascular osteomyocutaneous double-barrel fibula flap was used to concurrently reconstruct the radius and ulna of a patient with a severe antebrachial non-union.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B caused by methylation changes at theGNAScomplex locus
Authors: Poradosu Sabrina , Bravenboer Bert , Takatani Rieko , Jüppner Harald
Published: May 2016

Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B) consists of a heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH). There are several different PHP1B subtypes that are all associated with methylation changes atGNAS.These epigenetic changes are caused by maternal deletions inGNASorSTX16, by paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 20q (patUPD20q) or by undefined genetic mutations. TheGNASmethylation changes are ultimately responsible for resistance to PTH signalling in the proximal renal tubules. However, there is no PTH resistance in the distal renal tubules nor in bone cells; consequently, patients with PHP1B have reduced urinary calcium excretion and can readily mobilise calcium (and phosphate) from the skeleton. We report a case of a sporadic PHP1B patient with broadGNASmethylation changes that were presumably caused by an unknown genetic mutation outside theGNASlocus. PTH resistance was preceded by several years by autoimmune negative hypothyroidism. Treatment consisted of calcium substitution and calcitriol.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I disguised as rickets
Authors: Chakraborty Partha Pratim , Biswas Sugata Narayan , Ray Sayantan , Dey Santosh Kumar
Published: May 2016

A 16-year-old boy with widening of the large joints of the extremities and bilateral genu valgum had been extensively treated with oral vitamin D, with little clinical benefit. A diagnosis of vitamin D-resistant rickets was considered initially but a thorough clinical examination and skeletal survey was suggestive of mucopolysaccharidosis. The diagnosis was confirmed biochemically and subtype classification pointed toward the type I variety of the storage disorder. Absence of mental retardation is very unusual in mucopolysaccharidosis type I, which itself is an uncommon clinical entity. This particular disease can be misdiagnosed as vitamin D-resistant rickets in the absence of thorough systemic examination and an attentive look at the skeletal surveys. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia is another close differential of mucopolysaccharidosis and it should be ruled out in all cases of suspected spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia.
Gender-related affecting factors of prediabetes on its 10-year outcome
Authors: Song Xiaomin , Qiu Miaoyan , Zhang Xuan'e , Wang Haiyan , Tong Wenxin , Ju Liping , Gu Lei , Sun Siming , Zhang Hongli , Wang Weiqing , Tian Jingyan
Published: May 2016

Objective

To investigate the gender-related affecting factors of prediabetes on its 10-year outcome, in a longitudinal study.

Methods and results

This longitudinal population-based study was performed in the Ping Liang community, Yangpu district, Shanghai, between November 2002 and October 2014. There were 334 participants with prediabetes enrolled in the final analysis. While a certain proportion of the prediabetic population progress to diabetes, the majority remain at the same level or even revert to normal glucose regulation. No gender difference was observed in the change of glucose regulation. However, results from an adjusted logistic regression analysis in males showed that physical activity was significantly associated with both elevated odds of reverting to normal glucose regulation (active vs inactive, OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.09 to 8.30) and developing diabetes (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.92). Age, baseline 2 h glucose, triglycerides and smoking status were also risk factors significantly associated with diabetes development; while for females, waist circumference played a key role in the outcome. Every unit elevation of waist circumference was associated with lower odds of reverting to normal glucose regulation (OR, 0.94; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98) and higher odds of progressing to diabetes (OR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10). Baseline hypertension and family history of diabetes carried higher risk for developing diabetes as well.

Conclusions

Physical activity in males and waist circumference in females are important factors predicting both progression to diabetes and regression to normal glucose regulation, indicating that more exercise for males and lower waist circumference for females are beneficial for prediabetes to achieve reversion.
Improving the Laboratory Add-On Process and Increasing Housestaff Satisfaction with an EMR Intervention
Authors: Shahnazarian Vahe , Mehta Parag
Published: May 2016

At a community hospital in Brooklyn, New York, the process for ordering add-on testing to drawn blood tubes involved filling out a paper sheet, then faxing and bulleting that sheet to the lab. It was a very inefficient, cumbersome, and unsatisfactory way of completing the process. In light of this, an EMR intervention was implemented in which the add-on order was placed as an EMR order. The study spanned over almost five years, over a year of which was post-intervention. There was a statistically significant increase in the number of add-on orders being placed as a result of the intervention. This has greatly improved housestaff satisfaction with the overall process. In conclusion, the project was a great success and met its goals of simplifying a difficult and cumbersome process while increasing user satisfaction.
Survive On Call - A QI Project to Improve Access to Hospital Clinical Guidelines
Authors: Penders Robert , Mallet Mark
Published: May 2016

Accessing clinical guidelines and telephone numbers can be time consuming for junior doctors, particularly during a busy on-call shift. Smartphones allow instant access to this information, without leaving a patient's bedside. This overcomes the relative paucity of fixed desktop computers available in most clinical areas. In this project, a trainee doctor developed a clinical smartphone app to improve the access of clinical and hospital-specific information.

A representative sample of ten junior doctors were recruited to quantify the amount of time spent accessing guidelines using desktop computers, versus the App. The average time to access a common guideline (Hypokalaemia management) with the App was 12.4 seconds (95% CI 2.3), versus 76.8 seconds (95% CI 30.6) using a computer. A difference of 64.4 seconds (p < 0.001). The average time to access an Amiodarone prescribing guideline with the App was 25.9 seconds (95% CI 12.9), versus 142.0 seconds (95% CI 44.8) using a computer. A difference of 116.1 seconds (p < 0.001).

User feedback was collected after each stage of release within the hospital. Following final release, users rated how much time they felt it saved them. 96.1% of respondents felt it either saved them time a ‘few times a week’ (53.85%) or ‘significantly saved time every day’ (42.31%).

The project has significantly improved staff satisfaction with how easily they can access clinical guidelines and telephone numbers. They clearly feel it has improved their working efficiency. This has been supported by quantitative measures of actual time saved using the App. The ability to access such information in as little time as possible may be even more pertinent where decision-making is time-critical - for example in Anaesthesia and Emergency Medicine. Further study into these specialties is warranted to determine whether mobile information can impact upon patient safety and clinical outcomes.
Malignancy rates in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab
Authors: Rubbert-Roth Andrea , Sebba Anthony , Brockwell Laura , Kelman Ariella , Porter-Brown Benjamin , Pulley Jennifer , Napalkov Pavel , van Vollenhoven Ronald F
Published: May 2016

Objective

To analyse malignancy rates in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tocilizumab.

Methods

Patients who received tocilizumab or placebo+methotrexate/disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in the double-blind phases of 5-phase three trials or who received at least 1 dose of tocilizumab in the long-term extension studies were analysed up to the 2 May 2012 cut-off date. Malignancies were monitored throughout the studies, analysed and adjudicated as malignant by medical review. Risk was compared with that in the general population using standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) based on data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results SEER (US general population) and GLOBOCAN (non-US general population) databases.

Results

In total, 4009 patients in the tocilizumab all-exposure population were included. Mean treatment duration was 4.0 years (mean 5.1 (range 0.0–6.8); total observation time was 16 120.1 patient-years (PY). The adjudicated malignancy rate (95% CI) was 1.26/100 PY (1.09 to 1.44) and remained constant over time. The SIR (95% CI) for all malignancies combined, excluding non-melanoma skin cancer, was 1.36 (1.01 to 1.80) for US and 1.81 (1.44 to 2.23) for non-US populations, driven primarily by higher rates in lung and bronchus (US/non-US) malignancies and prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (non-US), in contrast to those for the general populations; these higher rates are in line with those expected in patients with RA or in the geographic regions studied.

Conclusions

Malignancy rates remained stable with long-term tocilizumab treatment, and malignancy types and rates were consistent with those expected in patients with RA.
bcgTree: automatized phylogenetic tree building from bacterial core genomes
Authors: Ankenbrand Markus J. , Keller Alexander
Published: May 2016

The need for multi-gene analyses in scientific fields such as phylogenetics and DNA barcoding has increased in recent years. In particular, these approaches are increasingly important for differentiating bacterial species, where reliance on the standard 16S rDNA marker can result in poor resolution. Additionally, the assembly of bacterial genomes has become a standard task due to advances in next-generation sequencing technologies. We created a bioinformatic pipeline, bcgTree, which uses assembled bacterial genomes either from databases or own sequencing results from the user to reconstruct their phylogenetic history. The pipeline automatically extracts 107 essential single-copy core genes, found in a majority of bacteria, using hidden Markov models and performs a partitioned maximum-likelihood analysis. Here, we describe the workflow of bcgTree and, as a proof-of-concept, its usefulness in resolving the phylogeny of 293 publically available bacterial strains of the genus Lactobacillus. We also evaluate its performance in both low- and high-level taxonomy test sets. The tool is freely available at github ( https://github.com/iimog/bcgTree ) and our institutional homepage ( http://www.dna-analytics.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de ).
Comparative chromosomal localization of 45S and 5S rDNAs and implications for genome evolution inCucumis
Authors: Zhang Zhen-Tao , Yang Shu-Qiong , Li Zi-Ang , Zhang Yun-Xia , Wang Yun-Zhu , Cheng Chun-Yan , Li Ji , Chen Jin-Feng , Lou Qun-Feng
Published: May 2016

Ribosomal DNAs are useful cytogenetic markers for chromosome analysis. Studies investigating site numbers and distributions of rDNAs have provided important information for elucidating genome organization and chromosomal relationships of many species by fluorescence in situ hybridization. But relevant studies are scarce for species of the genus Cucumis, especially in wild species. In the present study, FISH was conducted to investigate the organization of 45S and 5S rDNA among 20 Cucumis accessions, including cultivars and wild accessions. Our results showed that the number of 45S rDNA sites varied from one to five pairs in different accessions, and most of these sites are located at the terminal regions of chromosomes. Interestingly, up to five pairs of 45S rDNA sites were observed in C. sativus var. sativus, the species which has the lowest chromosome number, i.e., 2n = 14. Only one pair of 5S rDNA sites was detected in all accessions, except for C. heptadactylus, C. sp, and C. spp that had two pairs of 5S rDNA sites. The distributions of 5S rDNA sites showed more variation than 45S rDNA sites. The phylogenetic analysis in this study showed that 45S and 5S rDNA have contrasting evolutionary patterns. We find that 5S rDNA has a polyploidization-related tendency towards the terminal location from an interstitial location but maintains a conserved site number, whereas the 45S rDNA showed a trend of increasing site number but a relatively conserved location.
Effective superpotentials of Type II D-brane/F-theory on compact complete intersection Calabi–Yau threefolds
Authors: Zou Hao , Yang Fu-Zhong
Published: May 2016

In this paper, by generalizing the GKZ system for Picard–Fuchs equations under the toric description of compact complete intersection Calabi–Yau (CICY) construction, we extend the calculation of effective superpotentials to the case of compact CICY. As seen in several one and two bulk deformation moduli models, this generalized method is effective to calculate both on-shell and off-shell superpotentials. Furthermore, through the mirror symmetry technique, the Ooguri–Vafa invariants are extracted from the A-model instanton expansion. It is also noteable that the chosen discrete symmetrical groups, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], between the holomorphic curves wrapped by D-branes, play important roles in superpotential calculations.
Research on aviation unsafe incidents classification with improved TF-IDF algorithm
Authors: Wang Yanhua , Zhang Zhiyuan , Huo Weigang
Published: May 2016

The text content of Aviation Safety Confidential Reports contains a large number of valuable information. Term frequency-inverse document frequency algorithm is commonly used in text analysis, but it does not take into account the sequential relationship of the words in the text and its role in semantic expression. According to the seven category labels of civil aviation unsafe incidents, aiming at solving the problems of TF-IDF algorithm, this paper improved TF-IDF algorithm based on co-occurrence network; established feature words extraction and words sequential relations for classified incidents. Aviation domain lexicon was used to improve the accuracy rate of classification. Feature words network model was designed for multi-documents unsafe incidents classification, and it was used in the experiment. Finally, the classification accuracy of improved algorithm was verified by the experiments.
Operational approach to entanglement and how to certify it
Authors: Kupczynski M.
Published: May 2016

Entangled physical systems are an important resource in quantum information. Many papers were published trying to grasp the meaning of entanglement. It was noticed that a Hilbert space of possible state vectors of compound physical system can be partitioned by introducing various tensor product structures induced by the experimentally accessible observables (interactions and measurements). In this sense, the entanglement is relative to a particular set of experimental capabilities. Inspired by these results some authors claim that in fact all quantum states are entangled. In this paper, we show that this claim is incorrect and we discuss in operational way differences existing between separable and entangled states. A sufficient condition for entanglement is the violation of Bell–CHSH-CH inequalities and/or steering inequalities. Since there exist experiments outside the domain of quantum physics violating these inequalities therefore in the operational approach one cannot say that the entanglement is an exclusive quantum phenomenon. We also explain that an unambiguous experimental certification of the entanglement is a difficult task because classical statistical significance tests may not be trusted if sample homogeneity cannot be tested or is not tested carefully enough.
A novel bacteriochlorin-gold nanoparticle construct for photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Srivatsan Avinash , Jeon Mansik , Wang Yanfang , Chen Yihui , Kim Chulhong , Pandey Ravindra K.
Published: May 2016

Herein we report the synthesis of new gold nanoparticle-bacteriochlorin conjugate (Au-NP-PS) as a highly efficient photoacoustic (PA) imaging agent. The conjugate was obtained by reacting a water soluble thio-bacteriochlorin (derived from bacteriochlorophyll-[Formula: see text] with Au-NP. The resulting NPs were characterized by UV-vis, TEM (transmission electron microscopy)/HRTEM (high resolution TEM) and diffraction pattern. The results obtained from in vitro studies suggest that due to conjugation between the PS and Au-NPs, the photoacoustic (PA) signals from the Au-NP-PS were greatly enhanced by a factor of 2.4 compared to that from PS alone.
Discerning Ambient/Focal Attention with CoefficientK
Authors: Krejtz Krzysztof , Duchowski Andrew , Krejtz Izabela , Szarkowska Agnieszka , Kopacz Agata
Published: May 2016

We introduce coefficientK, defined on a novel parametric scale, derived from processing a traditionally eye-tracked time course of eye movements. Positive and negative ordinates ofKindicatefocalorambientviewing, respectively, while the abscissa serves to indicate time, so thatKacts as a dynamic indicator of fluctuation between ambient/focal visual behavior. The coefficient indicates the difference between fixation duration and its subsequent saccade amplitude expressed in standard deviation units, facilitating parametric statistical testing. To validateKempirically, we test its utility by capturing ambient and focal attention during serial and parallel visual search tasks (Study 1). We then show howKquantitatively depicts the difference in scanning behaviors when attention is guided by audio description during perception of art (Study 2).
A Relational Framework for Information Extraction
Authors: Fagin Ronald , Kimelfeld Benny , Reiss Frederick , Vansummeren Stijn
Published: May 2016

Information Extraction commonly refers to the task of populating a relational schema, having predefined underlying semantics, from textual content. This task is pervasive in contemporary computational challenges associated with Big Data. In this article we provide an overview of our work on document spanners--a relational framework for Information Extraction that is inspired by rule-based systems such as IBM's SystemT.
Heterogeneity of Human CD4+T Cells Against Microbes
Authors: Sallusto Federica
Published: May 2016

CD4+T helper (Th) cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response by providing help to B cells and cytotoxic T cells and by releasing different types of cytokines in tissues to mediate protection against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. These functions are performed by different types of Th cells endowed with distinct migratory capacities and effector functions. Here we discuss how studies of the human T cell response to microbes have advanced our understanding of Th cell functional heterogeneity, in particular with the discovery of a distinct Th1 subset involved in the response to Mycobacteria and the characterization of two types of Th17 cells specific for extracellular bacteria or fungi. We also review new approaches to dissect at the clonal level the human CD4+T cell response induced by pathogens or vaccines that have revealed an unexpected degree of intraclonal diversification and propose a progressive and selective model of CD4+T cell differentiation.
Exploiting Mucosal Immunity for Antiviral Vaccines
Authors: Iwasaki Akiko
Published: May 2016

Mucosal surfaces provide a remarkably effective barrier against potentially dangerous pathogens. Therefore, enhancing mucosal immunity through vaccines—strengthening that first line of defense—holds significant promise for reducing the burden of viral diseases. The large and varied class of viral pathogens, however, continues to present thorny challenges to vaccine development. Two primary difficulties exist: Viruses exhibit a stunning diversity of strategies for evading the host immune response, and even when we understand the nature of effective immune protection against a given virus, eliciting that protection is technically challenging. Only a few mucosal vaccines have surmounted these obstacles thus far. Recent developments, however, could greatly improve vaccine design. In this review, we first sketch out our understanding of mucosal immunity and then compare the herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and influenza virus to illustrate the distinct challenges of developing successful vaccines and to outline potential solutions.
The Innate Lymphoid Cell Precursor
Authors: Ishizuka Isabel E. , Constantinides Michael G. , Gudjonson Herman , Bendelac Albert
Published: May 2016

The discovery of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cell populations effecting different forms of type 1, 2, and 3 immunity; tissue repair; and immune regulation has transformed our understanding of mucosal immunity and allergy. The emerging complexity of these populations along with compounding issues of redundancy and plasticity raise intriguing questions about their precise lineage relationship. Here we review advances in mapping the emergence of these lineages from early lymphoid precursors. We discuss the identification of a common innate lymphoid cell precursor characterized by transient expression of the transcription factor PLZF, and the lineage relationships of innate lymphoid cells with conventional natural killer cells and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. We also review the rapidly growing understanding of the network of transcription factors that direct the development of these lineages.
Far Right Parties in Europe
Authors: Golder Matt
Published: May 2016

The far right party family is the fastest-growing party family in Europe. In addition to describing the ideological makeup of the far right party family, this review examines demand-side and supply-side explanations for its electoral success. Demand-side explanations focus on the grievances that create the “demand” for far right parties, whereas supply-side explanations focus on how the choices that far right parties make and the political opportunity structure in which they act influence their success. The review finishes by suggesting that far right scholars must recognize the interaction between demand-side and supply-side factors in their empirical analyses in order to draw valid inferences and that it would be productive to pay more attention to the political geography of far right support and the different stages of far right success.
Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment: Globalized Production in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Pandya Sonal S.
Published: May 2016

This article reviews scholarly research on the political economy of foreign direct investment (FDI) over the past 20 years. FDI research during this period reflects FDI's rapid growth, particularly in developing countries, and the emergence of intense competition among countries to attract investments. Countries have grown more open to FDI as evidenced by FDI deregulation, generous financial investment incentives, and the adoption of international agreements. Although extensive research shows that multinational corporations prefer to invest in countries with strong property rights protections, whether incentives and international agreements help countries attract FDI remains contested. Scholars can advance research by disaggregating FDI into multinational firms' specific production activities because the scope for countries to compete for FDI and firms' sensitivity to property rights vary widely. More generally, scholars should recast the separate study of trade and FDI into the study of global production in which trade and FDI are inextricably linked.
Na,K-ATPase regulation in skeletal muscle
Authors: Pirkmajer Sergej , Chibalin Alexander V.
Published: May 2016

Skeletal muscle contains one of the largest and the most dynamic pools of Na,K-ATPase (NKA) in the body. Under resting conditions, NKA in skeletal muscle operates at only a fraction of maximal pumping capacity, but it can be markedly activated when demands for ion transport increase, such as during exercise or following food intake. Given the size, capacity, and dynamic range of the NKA pool in skeletal muscle, its tight regulation is essential to maintain whole body homeostasis as well as muscle function. To reconcile functional needs of systemic homeostasis with those of skeletal muscle, NKA is regulated in a coordinated manner by extrinsic stimuli, such as hormones and nerve-derived factors, as well as by local stimuli arising in skeletal muscle fibers, such as contractions and muscle energy status. These stimuli regulate NKA acutely by controlling its enzymatic activity and/or its distribution between the plasma membrane and the intracellular storage compartment. They also regulate NKA chronically by controlling NKA gene expression, thus determining total NKA content in skeletal muscle and its maximal pumping capacity. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms that underlie regulation of NKA in skeletal muscle by major extrinsic and local stimuli. Special emphasis is given to stimuli and mechanisms linking regulation of NKA and energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, such as insulin and the energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase. Finally, the recently uncovered roles for glutathionylation, nitric oxide, and extracellular K+in the regulation of NKA in skeletal muscle are highlighted.
Inhaled Steroids: First Line Treatment of Adult Asthma
Authors: Cartier André
Published: May 2016

Corticosteroids are the most potent inhaled anti‐inflammatory drugs for asthma treatment. This paper reviews the clinical evidence supporting the early use of inhaled steroids in asthma as a first line treatment. Inhaled steroids can probably alter the course of asthma, especially in mild asthmatics. Once they have been shown to improve control of asthma and even if the need for beta2‐agonists is virtually nil, their use should be continued at low doses (ie, equivalent to 400 to 500 μg of budesonide or beclomethasone) for at least one year before attempting to reduce the dosage.
The Future of Asthma Treatment
Authors: Boulet Louis-Philippe
Published: May 2016

In the past few years, significant progress has been made in the treatment of asthma with the development of bronchodilators with longer durations of action, more concentrated inhaled steroid formulations and new modes of administering antiasthma medication. Furthermore, the hey role of education in the management of asthma has been emphasized and many educational programs have been established. The recognition of the role of airway inflammation and structural changes in the physiopathology of asthma has led to a re‐evaluation of asthma treatment guidelines. Anti‐inflammatory drugs are now considered the mainstay of asthma therapy. An unprecedented number of new, potentially helpful agents have been developed and will soon be available. Among other expected developments are the
identification and possible correction of genetic abnormalities responsible for the tendency to develop asthma and atopy, and prevention or functional and structural airway changes. This last goal will be achieved by improved environmental control, earlier use of more powerful and safe anti‐inflammatory agents, as well as an increased involvement on the part of the asthma patient in treatment.
Vitamin D-Regulated MicroRNAs: Are They Protective Factors against Dengue Virus Infection?
Authors: Arboleda John F. , Urcuqui-Inchima Silvio
Published: May 2016

Over the last few years, an increasing body of evidence has highlighted the critical participation of vitamin D in the regulation of proinflammatory responses and protection against many infectious pathogens, including viruses. The activity of vitamin D is associated with microRNAs, which are fine tuners of immune activation pathways and provide novel mechanisms to avoid the damage that arises from excessive inflammatory responses. Severe symptoms of an ongoing dengue virus infection and disease are strongly related to highly altered production of proinflammatory mediators, suggesting impairment in homeostatic mechanisms that control the host’s immune response. Here, we discuss the possible implications of emerging studies anticipating the biological effects of vitamin D and microRNAs during the inflammatory response, and we attempt to extrapolate these findings to dengue virus infection and to their potential use for disease management strategies.
Satellite Retrieval of Surface Evapotranspiration with Nonparametric Approach: Accuracy Assessment over a Semiarid Region
Authors: Pan Xin , Liu Yuanbo , Fan Xingwang
Published: May 2016

Surface evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the key surface processes. Reliable estimation of regional ET solely from satellite data remains a challenge. This study applies recently proposed nonparametric (NP) approach to retrieve surface ET, in terms of latent heat flux (LE), over a semiarid region. The involved input parameters are surface net radiation, land surface temperature, near-surface air temperature, and soil heat flux, all of which are retrievals or products of the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Field observations are used as ground references, which were obtained from six eddy covariance (EC) sites with different land covers including desert, Gobi, village, orchard, vegetable field, and wetland. Our results show that the accuracy of LE retrievals varies with EC sites with a determination of coefficient from 0.02 to 0.76, a bias from −221.56 W/m2to 143.77 W/m2, a relative error from 8.82% to 48.35%, and a root mean square error from 67.97 W/m2to 239.55 W/m2. The error mainly resulted from the uncertainties from MODIS products or the retrieval of net radiation and soil heat flux in nonvegetated region. It highlights the importance of accurate retrieval of the input parameters from satellite data, which are the ongoing tasks of remote sensing community.
Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Skull Base: A Technical Guide
Authors: Singh Harminder , Vogel Richard W. , Lober Robert M. , Doan Adam T. , Matsumoto Craig I. , Kenning Tyler J. , Evans James J.
Published: May 2016

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during endoscopic, endonasal approaches to the skull base is both feasible and safe. Numerous reports have recently emerged from the literature evaluating the efficacy of different neuromonitoring tests during endonasal procedures, making them relatively well-studied. The authors report on a comprehensive, multimodality approach to monitoring the functional integrity of at risk nervous system structures, including the cerebral cortex, brainstem, cranial nerves, corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, and the thalamocortical somatosensory system during endonasal surgery of the skull base. The modalities employed include electroencephalography, somatosensory evoked potentials, free-running and electrically triggered electromyography, transcranial electric motor evoked potentials, and auditory evoked potentials. Methodological considerations as well as benefits and limitations are discussed. The authors argue that, while individual modalities have their limitations, multimodality neuromonitoring provides a real-time, comprehensive assessment of nervous system function and allows for safer, more aggressive management of skull base tumors via the endonasal route.
An Evaluation of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Oral Administration in Eri Silkworm through Fat Body Metabolomics Based on1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Wen Chao-wei , Lin Xiao-dong , Dong Min-jian , Deng Ming-jie
Published: May 2016

1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), the main hypoglycemic constituent in mulberry (Morus alba) latex, has been extensively researched. Although there is considerable interest in the biological effects of DNJ, the roles of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in glycometabolism and energy metabolism in insects have received little attention. In this paper,1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) based metabonomic was performed to study the effects of the oral supplementation of 0.25% DNJ, 0.5% DNJ, latex, and the mixture of 0.5% DNJ and latex (1 : 1) on the fat body glycometabolism and energy metabolism of the fourth-instar larvae of Eri silkworms,Samia cynthia ricini. Metabolic pattern recognition analysis (partial least square-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) of fat body extracts indicated that the groups of 0.25% DNJ, 0.5% DNJ, latex, and the mixture of 0.5% DNJ and latex (1 : 1) were significantly different from the control group. Further, compared to the control group, the metabolites levels of lactate, trehalose, succinate, malate, and fumarate were remarkably changed in experimental groups, which were involved in glycolysis, hydrolysis of trehalose, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Our results indicate that DNJ has a positive impact on the reverse energy metabolism of Eri silkworms and metabonomic analysis based on NMR can be used as a tool to identify potential biomarkers.