bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

This is a major contribution to Aeschylean textual criticism. Mr Dawe gives a full collation of sixteen MSS (one more is cited occasionally); seven of these were not used by Wilamowitz, six being suggested by Turyn as better representatives of <P than some Wilamowitz did use, and one chosen at random (I, Iviron 209). I is collated for Aeschylus for the first time, and previous collations of other MSS are superseded. For this alone we should be deeply indebted to him; but he has also shown by this evidence that the stemma established by Wilamowitz and elaborated by Turyn must be discarded. The apparatus cannot be accounted for by descent from a medieval archetype, or by vertical descent at all. We have to do with an open recension; at least two, perhaps more, uncial copies (of the triad) survived, and horizontal transmission took place at every stage.
Agamemnon 1127 and the Limits of Hyperbaton
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

Page in his note holds that µrJxavnµan refers to the weapon, and that µeJayxeQ<p . . . µr,xavnµan must therefore be taken closely with rvnut; and he produces a number of examples from early poetry to refute Fraenkel’s view that the resulting interlaced order is impossible. I shall argue (i) that his examples of hyperbaton do not support his conclusion; (ii) that, apart from word-order, his view is untenable.
Notes on Greek Tragedy, I
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

These senses may be roughly classified as follows: (i) and (ii) refer to the (agreeable) effect the thing or person so described has, or may be expected to have, on others, without specifying what gives rise to it, (iii) specifies a particular kind of overt behaviour, compatible with good or bad intentions (‘whatever his feelings towards me, he is certainly courteous and agreeable’); (iv) specifies a disposition towards others in the person so described, referring to intentions rather than overt behaviour; (v), the adverbial use, is the reverse side of (i) and (ii)—it refers to the agreeable effect from the point of view of the person experiencing it.
Phaedrus and Folklore: An Old Problem Restated
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

There was once a man in a certain village in the mountains, who made his living by making up stories, which he used to tell to the people of his village to while away their evenings. One day he went on a journey to a strange village far away in the plains, and there he saw a group of men sitting round another story-teller. Being curious to learn whether his rival was as good a story-teller as he was, he joined the group and listened. He was astonished to find that the story being told was one he had made up himself. So when the story-teller had finished, the man took him aside and said, ‘That was a good story, but it is my story, which I made up, and you must pay me money for it.’ ‘You are wrong,’ said his rival. ‘It is my story, for I made it up myself this morning.’
Sophocles, Trachiniae 94-102
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

and especially (‘a passage ... which comes very close to Sophocles in spirit’) H. Cer. 69 ff, where ‘Demeter visits the Sun and implores him, “you wholook down on all earth and sea ... tell me truly of my dear child, if you have seen her anywhere, who has gone off with her ... “.
The Scope and Limits of Allusion In Greek Tragedy
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

The question whether the audiences of Greek tragedy knew the legends well or not is an old one. Aristotle, speaking presumably ofhis own day, says they did not; Antiphanes, a decade or so earlier, in a comic account of the advantages of tragedians over himself, says they did. The point of this paper is not to answer the question but to pose it in another form; how far did the tragic dramatists count on their audience taking the allusions in their plays and filling in for themselves what was not actually stated; and-a complementary question, equally important but less often raised-how far could their audiences be counted on to recognize a departure from traditional legend, that is, not to fill in for themselves what was not intended to be filled in? In the latter part, I shall be arguing against what seem on the way to becoming new orthodoxies.
Lucian’s Introductions
Authors: Nesselrath H G
Published: November 2023

Lucian’s introductions (or prolaliai) and comparable pieces by other ancient writers have never been exactly showered with scholarly attention; in this century, apart from two recent short papers by Graham Anderson and Robert Bracht Branham, there are only two articles published in 1949 by Karl Mras and still earlier a Konigsberg dissertation De prolaliarum usu rhetorico of 1911 by Aloysius Stock, who, taking Lucian’s pieces as a starting-point, succeeded in outlining the general development of the form of prolaliai in antiquity. Short treatments of Lucia nic prolaliai can, of course, be found in more general works on Lucian. Authors of these, like Jacques Bompaire and Christo pher Robinson, tend to take a positive view of Lucian’s intro ductions; not so Graham Anderson, who dismisses them as belonging to ‘the slightest trifles among the vast amount of ephemera produced by the Second Sophistic’ . We shall have to take sides in this controversy; but first something has to be said about the genre or sub-genre (or whatever) of the rhetorical introduction of prolalia as such.
The People of Aristophanes
Authors: Silk Michael
Published: November 2023

Aristophanes is not, in the ordinary sense, a difficult writer, and many of the incidental difficulties which he does pose—say, those involving intricate verbal jokes—are well understood by his interpreters. The diverse creatures who people his plays, however, pose special problems of interpretation. Consider the following representative instances from Thesmophoriazusae, which serve to suggest some pertinent questions. The instances are transparently uncomplicated-and therefore convenient to begin with.

Thesmophoriazusae is a striking mixture of (inter alia) broad comedy and devotional lyrics. Some of the broad comedy and all of the devotional lyrics are carried by one set of people, the women at the Thesmophoria—some of them in the chorus, some ostensibly among ‘the characters’.
Accusative Theme-Word Patterns
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia
Published: November 2023

In musical pieces, especially those that tell a story, the musical motif often has a ’meaning’. Thus we find tonal/rhythmic sequences which are regularly associated with a specific character or situation. Prokofiev’s Peter and the Wolf and the operas of Wagner contain many well-known examples: ’the Wolf’, ’Peter’, ’the Grail’, ’the Valkyrie’. Musical motifs are generally assigned a meaning within a particular work, or group of works, by means of repeated association with a theme. This repetition allows a properly conditioned audience (i.e. an experienced audience) to identify and interpret particular musical sequences as signs. The musical motif is a good analogy in discussion of the semantic functions of shape and position. It shows us (1) that a work of art can create its own ’lexical items’, and (2) that it can do so by assigning meaning to formal structure.
Religious Authority and the Roman State
Authors: Rives J B
Published: November 2023

In Chapter II I traced the development of a Romano-African elite in Carthage and its territory, people who considered themselves simultaneously Roman and African. By the end of the second century CE, their African heritage was no longer seen, by themselves or others, as incompatible with their Roman identity. No one would have had to insist on the Romanitas of the emperor Septimius Severus as a century previously Statius had felt obliged to insist on the Italian culture of Severus’ grandfather. This development was by no means peculiar to Africa, but was taking place in all the provinces of the empire. What had in the time of Tiberius been an arbitrary set of cities and people, differing widely in language, culture, and political organization, had by the Severan period become much more of a political and cultural unity. In 212 CE the emperor Caracalla, the son of Septimius Severus, took the spread of Roman citizenship to its logical conclusion by extending it to all free inhabitants of the empire. As many scholars have pointed out, the legal benefits of citizenship were by that time rather slight. Yet we should not for that reason underestimate the significance of Caracalla’s decree, for in a sense it capped the transformation of the empire from a collection of disparate territories ruled by Rome into an empire of Romans.
Introduction
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Poetry is in fact speech only employed to carry the inscape of speech for the inscape’s sake--and therefore the inscape must be dwelt on. Now if this can be done without repeating it, once of the inscape will be enough for art and beauty and poetry but then at least the inscape must be understood as so standing by itself that it could be copied and repeated. If not, repetition, oftening, over-and-overing, aftering of the inscape must take place in order to detach it to the mind and in this light poetry is speech which afters and oftens its inscape, speech couched in a repeating figure and verse in spoken sound having a repeated figure ’.
Gemination
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Direct address provides most of the literary evidence for gemination, presumably because gemination is common to conversational discourse (and certainly was in Latin, if comedy is a guide). A hundred instances from Cicero’s speeches can be given, and another hundred from the combined works of Plautus and Terence.
Polyptoton
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Many of these items were collected and sorted by Landgraf in two valuable articles a century ago. After a few pages of introductory discussion in each case, he provides a systematic listing of relevant passages, organized by case and relationship to the noun, adjective, or verb governing the polyptoton. His catalogue sufficiently demonstrates the almost limitless semantic and syntactic possibilities for polyptoton, and I have not thought it useful to repeat that organization. Rather, the focus here is on stylistic choices and their historical pattern. After a brief overview of different functional strategies for polyptoton come studies of patterns or topics which might constitute a tradition or figure, with lists by poetic author added for comprehensive ness.
Repetition in Compounds
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

A COMPLETE poetics of repetition would range from repetition of single sounds (e.g. alliteration) to word parts (e.g. rhyme) to full words (e.g. gemination) up to multiple words (e.g. refrain). On that scale, this book has been limited to the larger figures which involve at least the repetition of word stems. Included in this, and similar to figures of word-repetition like polyptoton and resumption, are a few figures involving the varying repetition of word-parts in compounds.
Introduction
Authors: Foxhall L , Lewis Andrew
Published: November 2023

This volume examines some of the many ways in which law integrated with other aspects of life in ancient Greece, and explores the extent and the limits of that integration. The idea for the seminar series, held at the Institute of Classical Studies in I 989, in which this work originated, arose from our sense of discontent with the formalist and evolutionist approaches which have played a major part in the traditions of Greek legal studies. The papers presented in that seminar and collected here reveal a number of different pathways between Jaw and political, social, and economic life in Greek societies. Emanating from different scholarly traditions of the study of ancient law, these papers offer a range of contrasting but complementary insights rarely collected together. The editors, an ancient historian with some background in anthropology and a lawyer specializing in legal history, are eager that the volume should communicate with readers interested in the history and development of law from a wide range of backgrounds. To this end we have made efforts to keep both classical quotation and legal jargon to a minimum and to explain those technical terms used in the text. For further assistance we would refer the reader to the exce lent glossary in Todd (1993); there is a less full glossary in Cartledge et al. (1990).
Introduction
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

This book is about the scenes and themes which were used to decorate sarcophagi made for children in the city of Rome and in Ostia from the first century ad to the middle of the fourth. It has a double interest, in the sarcophagi themselves, and in the insights which they offer into contemporary Roman attitudes to children.
Dionysiac Themes
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

Dionysiac imagery is at first sight a daunting subject to consider because of its centrality in sarcophagus art: it absorbs a wide range of formal influences and develops a pervasive and consistent iconography of its own. It offers great scope for making visual cross-references and, at the more practical level, for varying scenes or groups by rearranging standardized features. As a result the imagery operates as it were concentrically, with a core of representations depicting Dionysiac myth and cult, surrounded by scenes and motifs with varying but lesser degrees of Dionysiac value. In some contexts, though, the original meaning seems to have faded away to leave motifs almost entirely decorative and in such cases the evaluation of significance becomes a major concern.’
Marine Themes
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

The marine scenes on these sarcophagi reveal a wonderful world of romance and fantasy, with all kind of sea creatures, nereids, cupids, and, occasionally, more realistic appearances of boats and lighthouses. Their general line of development can be traced from early garland sarcophagi (4.1-4.4) to friezes of nereids and tritons (4.12-4.14) with the addition of a supporting cast of cupids and dolphins and the possibility of incorporating a central portrait. These themes are interlinked with several others which are discussed separately (such as the sea voyages and cupids boating, in Sects. 1 and 6 respectively). The similarity of many of their decorative schemes (often from a Hellenistic heritage) and the repetition of individual motifs in different combinations and contexts point to a repertoire of models (or cartoons) available to be copied by sculptors to suit requirements. Children’s sarcophagi depict virtually the whole range of themes (except the marine Venus, it seems), but in modest numbers and without iconographical differentiation; in short, this subject appears to have had no special association with children (see Sects. 14 and 20 for discussions of its significance).
Other Representations and their Range
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

The rest of Part II looks at the contribution made by scenes other than those which depict the human child using the imagery of childhood. This will be explored from various angles. First there are separate sections on mythological subjects (16), on cupids (17), and on scenes with child or cupid protagonists (18), since these all in some way replicate the views of the child just discussed in Sections 12 to 14. Then various images to do with the child in life (19) and death (20) are considered. The final section (21) looks at Christian material.
Images of Life
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

This section and the next, on death, draw together a selection of major themes which have been discussed separately in Sections 12-18.

Childhood and youth as theoretical ages in Roman life might be variously defined, according, for instance, to legal or philosophical reckonings (discussed by Eyben 1973 and Neraudau 1984: 21 ff.). Many of these schemes had an abstract numerological basis: Varro (117-27 BC) divided the lifespan into five fifteenyear periods, withpueritia (childhood) andadulescentia (youth) as the first two phases, but in the later Empire other schemes distinguished seven ages (of which infancy, childhood, and adolescence were the first three). Related to this concept were theories which ascribed particular temperamental characteristics to different ages, sometimes extending this to Seasonal imagery.’ For the imagery of these sarcophagi the value of such ideas lies not in their niceties of distinction, but in their general theoretical framework which sets childhood within the larger context of human life.
Helen
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Helen: ‘O fortunate Callisto, once a maiden in Arcadia, who departed from the bed of Zeus on four paws; how much better was your lot than my mother’s, for in the form of shaggy-limbed beasts ... you shed your burden of grief And (how fortunate are you also,) Titan daughter of Merops, whom Artemis once banished from her dances (and turned into) a hind with golden.
Alcestis and Andromache
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

If we ignore µ..6voc, the sense is ‘If the son of Phoebus (Asclepius) were alive, she (Alcestis) would have been restored to life.’ Commentators explain µ..6voc by pleading anacoluthon: the speaker begins as if he intended to say ‘he alone would have brought her back from Hades’ and ends by saying not ‘would have brought her back’ but ‘she would have come back.’
Five Late Manuscripts of Hippolytus
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Batjett has given a brief account of the affiliations of Hn with the manuscripts which he has collated. He derives his information about the readings of Hn from the reports of nineteenthcentury editors, and he does not report this manuscript in his apparatus criticus.
The Manuscripts and Text of Medea:II The Text
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

A desire to eliminate asyndeton will have caused the corruption (for the interpolation of connecting particles see Barrett on Hi 40; there is a notable instance at Med 1094, discussed in part I, p. 357 [ above, p. 271] ).
BOD in Alcestis and Andromache
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

What relationship exists in Alcestis and Andromache between 0 (Laur. 31. 10, saec. xii ex.)1 and D (Laur. 31. 15, saec. xiv) and B (Par. gr. 2713, saec. xi) is a question which, for want of full and accurate collations, has long stood unresolved.
PL 111/908 ( Orestes 196-216)
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

During a visit to the Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana in February 1987 I examined the papyrus, with Professor Pintaudi’s kind assistance, and I was able to confirm (to my own satisfac-tion at least) a suspicion which I had formed over one small detail.
Phoenissae 504-6
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

‘For my purpose holds I to sail beyond the sunset and the baths I of all the western stars, until I die’ said Tennyson’s Ulysses.
Iphigenia at Aulis
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

And so Musgrave’s inversion miμces good sense in 448. But it creates a difficulty in 449.
A Key to the Inventory
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

This Inventory of poleis of the Archaic and Classical periods is the result of an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre in the years 1993–2003. The Polis Centre is a research institution set up and funded by The Danish National Research Foundation for a ten-year period which expired in September 2003. As the name of the Centre reveals, its assignment has been to study the polis.
Meaning and Reference of theWords Asty and Polisma
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

In Archaic and Classical Greek texts polis is by far the most common word for what we call a “town” or “city”. But the Greeks had a number of other words, viz. asty, polisma, polismation, polichne and polichnion. The three last words can be ignored in this context. They are frequently found in texts from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, but hardly ever attested in older sources.Asty and polisma, however, are important site-classifications in sources from all periods.
Toponyms as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

While the LGPN edited by Peter Fraser and Elaine Matthews has revolutionised the study of Greek personal names, toponyms and ethnics have not been systematically and comprehensively investigated since 1911, when G. E. Benseler published the 3rd edition of W. Pape’s Worterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen. Since the name of a community, in casu a polis, is an important aspect of its identity, each entry in the inventory begins with information about what the polis was called and to what extent attestations of the name can contribute to the identification of the community as a polis. One characteristic of ancient Greek political communities is that they were called sometimes by the toponym, sometimes by the ethnic, and the study of the toponyms is inextricably bound up with the study of the related ethnics.
Types of Constitution
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

The polis had a government, i.e. a set of political institutions (politeia) manned by citizens (politai) in charge of political decision making and enforcement of the legal order. The meaning of these three key terms—polis, polites, politeia— and their interconnection is most clearly expounded by Aristotle in Politics book 3: polis is defined as a community (koinonia) of citizens (politai) about their political institutions (politeia). A polites is defined as a person who is entitled to participate in government (arche) and administration of justice (krisis); and politeia is defined as the structure of a polis’ political institutions (archai) and in particular of the supreme body of government (kyria panton).
Victors in Panhellenic Games as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

In the Classical period athletic contests were arranged by numerous communities throughout the Greek world, e.g. by Pellene (no. 240) and by Pheneos (no. 291) in the Peloponnese. Some of these festivals, e.g. the Asklepieia at Epidauros (no. 348), were of Panhellenic stature and developed systems of epangelia and theorodokia. However, the four truly Panhellenic festivals were those at Olympia, Nemea, Isthmia and Delphi, arranged in an institutionalised circuit (periodos) from C6 The four Panhellenic sanctuaries acted as important centres for polis interaction and information about activity at these sanctuaries (oracle consultation, communal dedications, athletic participation, etc.) is included in the descriptions of the individual poleis in order to illuminate such interaction (see Index 16).
The Emergence of Poleis by Synoikismos
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Synoikismos means “moving together” and can be used of any kind of joint settlement, including matrimonial cohabitation. When used in the specific sense of relocation of peoples, it denotes the relocation of one or more communities either to a new-built settlement where the immigrants become merged with one another, or to a pre-existing settlement where the immigrants become merged with the inhabitants.
City Walls as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

The prevailing view among ancient historians and classical archaeologists is that defensive walls were not an essential aspect of the Archaic and Classical polis, either as a concept or as a physical phenomenon. According to the orthodoxy, very few poleis had a defence circuit in the Archaic period, and even in the Classical period many poleis were unfortified, most notably Sparta (no. 345) and Elis (no. 251).
Akarnania And Adjacent Areas
Authors: Gehrke Hans-Joachim , Wirbelauer Eckhard
Published: November 2023

From C8, the whole region was one of the centres of Corinthian colonisation, especially Korkyra (no. 123), Ambrakia (no. 113), Anaktorion (no. 114), Leukas (no. 126); cf. Domingo-Forasté (1988); Jouan (1990). One of the Corinthian colonies on the mainland, Anaktorion, became a member of the Akarnanian Confederacy during the Peloponnesian War (Thuc. 4.49; see infra), while Ambrakia, on the northern side of the Gulf of Arta, remained independent.
East Lokris
Authors: Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to say whether any of these sites were poleis; the site identified as Anastasis is perhaps a candidate, since it was clearly a substantial town (Dakoronia (1993) 117), but it must be emphasised that it is extremely difficult to deduce polis status from archaeological evidence. On the other hand, some of the communities described as poleis in the Inventory below might perhaps be omitted: viz. Knemides (no. 381) and Nikaia (no. 385).
Polities Called Asty and Polisma
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

asty = Called asty in Archaic and/or Classical sources polisma = Called polisma in Archaic and/or Classical sources Sikelia.
Size of Territory
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Spain and France Alalie 3? Emporion 2 Massalia 2 Rhode —— Sikelia Abakainon —— Adranon ——.
Civic Subdivisions
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Spain and France Massalia gene Sikelia Engyon phratriai Himera phratriai, phylai? Kamarina phylai?, phratriai, triakades Morgantina eikades Naxos phylai or phratriai.
Panhellenic Victors
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Isthm. = Isthmian Games Nem. = Nemean Games Ol. = Olympic Games Pyth. = Pythian Games Sikelia Aitna Ol., Pyth., Nem.
The Prestige of Galen
Authors: Bowersock G W
Published: November 2023

Plutarch reminded his readers once that in Homer a doctor is valued more than many ordinary men,1 and at most times in human history those who could relieve suffering and effect healing have enjoyed a special place in society. The history of medicine is, in one of its aspects, a part of the social history of a civilization. This has been true not least of the debate over the availability of free medical service in Greek and Roman antiquity.2 The abundance, professionalism, and social standing of physicians seem often to vary in direct proportion to the refinement of a culture, and that is hardly surprising.
Roman Friends
Authors: Bowersock G W
Published: November 2023

The relations of sophists with their emperors have already provided a theme, an important one ; and the imperial circle has provoked an examination of the relations between sophists and doctors in the second century, their fortunes being so closely linked together. The sophists’ friends who were not emperors must now be evoked, examined, and catalogued. Relations with each other and certain common origins will emerge. Roman friends will, necessarily in studying that ecumenical world, include persons from all parts of it; there will be African Romans, Greek Romans, Asian Romans. Discussion has to be prosopographical.
Professional Quarrels
Authors: Bowersock G W
Published: November 2023

So far the relations of sophists with the imperial court and the Roman aristocracy. Earlier an effort was made to define their role in the greater eastern cities. Now the relations, or rather bad relations, of sophists with one another must be examined. As often, it is in the friction of historical personalities that matters of interest are to be found. Some of the sophists’ disputes do not, it can be readily granted, have any great importance; but they augment our available know ledge of life in eastern cities. Demonstrations staged for this teacher or that by crowds of partisan students make a bit more brilliant the picture of local affairs under the high empire. And at times, the quarrels of sophists did actually impinge on the great men of the day : attacks on Herodes Atticus became more than petty disturbances.
The Life Of Pherekydes
Authors: Schibli Hermann S
Published: November 2023

In the midst of the Cyclades, just west and slightly north of Delos, lies the island of Syros, the birth-place of Pherekydes, son ofBabys.
Measure and Music
Authors: Higbie Carolyn
Published: November 2023

The foundation of this book is a line-by-line analysis of enjambement, or the syntactical relationship between successive verses, in the Iliad. Such a study develops naturally from Milman Parry's work, which sought to show the importance for oral composition, and specifically for Homer, both of the syntactical link between lines and the frequency of each type of enjambement. In contrast to earlier studies, which utilized only portions of the text, Dr. Higbie's book is unique in presenting analyses of the complete poem. In doing so, she makes material available which can be used to answer larger stylistic questions of genre, effect, and the manipulation and enjambing of formulae. Speeches, similes, battle scenes, and catalogues, for example, can be distinguished by the length and structure of the sentences, as well as by the relationship between the individual sentence and the hexameter verse. Moreover, the flexibility and survival of the formula depend in part upon its grammatical construction. The importance of enjambement to Homeric verse makes this book an essential reference work for scholars and students of Homer alike.
Interpreting the Statistics
Authors: Higbie Carolyn
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the distribution and frequency of the enjambement types defined in Chapter 2 are discussed and catalogued; in the next chapter, the verse-internal breaks, skewed sentences, and short sentences contained wholly within one verse are similarly studied. The statistics attached to these two chapters are the core of the project: they enable us to make observations about Homeric style, such as the frequency of enjambement types or the pattern of internal breaks, and then to comment on the relative orality of the Iliad.
The Construction of Iliad 15. 292-331
Authors: Higbie Carolyn
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, topics related to enjambement and formulae have been presented and discussed in turn. Now these subjects are brought together for the purpose of analysing one passage from the Iliad. For this, 15. 292-331 has been selected, because in the space of some forty lines it contains at least one example of each type of enjambement and a number of different genres.
Families in Classical and Hellenistic Greece
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

With this volume Sarah Pomeroy builds on the groundwork she laid in Xenophon Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary (Oxford, 1994) and provides the first comprehensive study of the Greek family. Knowledge of the family and kin groups is fundamental to understanding the development of the political and legal framework of the polis, a community if Oikoi (`families' or `households') rather than of individual citizens. Pomeroy offers a highly original and authoritative account of the Greek family as a productive and reproductive social unit in Athens and elsewhere during the classical and Hellenistic periods, taking account of a mass literary, inscriptional, archaeological, anthropological, and art-historical evidence. Despite the unflagging scholarly interest in the development of the polis, until recently little attention has been paid to the history and structure of its smallest constituent, the oikos. Pomeroy seeks to show that the Greek oikosr had several versions: a pseudo-kin group restricted to male citizens; a mixed family group oriented toward the public, in which men predominated; and a family group of a more private nature that accommodated women to a greater extent, though without necessarily excluding men. Public legislation and private custom concurred to perpetuate the oikoi, expecting it to endure longer than the lifespan of any individual member and to bear economic and social burdens imposed by the state.
Families in Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, as in the rest of the book, the final chronological limit is Hellenistic: from the death of Alexander the Great to the end of the reign of Cleopatra VII. I will not be examining documents from Roman Egypt. I will, however, make allusions to demographic patterns that have emerged from the study of papyri recording the Roman census, inasmuch as the demographic data from the Ptolemaic period is sparse. Such allusions will be highly selective, for the demographic regime must have changed over time. My purpose in writing this chapter is to expand the geographical base of my study and to discuss both Greek perspectives on the family in Egypt and specific Greek or Hellenized families. Some of this material can be compared with what is known about these subjects in other parts of the Greek world, but much of it is unique. Documents written on papyri that have been excavated in Egypt record minute details about family relationships and behaviour. Such evidence is not available from earlier periods of Greek history, pre-dating the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great; nor have large numbers of papyri been preserved in regions outside Egypt.
Theatre and Audience
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: November 2023

Roman theatres were complex buildings, closer in design to modern theatres than Greek ones. The seating was arranged in a semicircle around the orchestra as in the Greek theatre, but the stage and scene building were joined to the auditorium and rose to the same height, creating a sense of enclosure more like that of a modern theatre. This sense of enclosure was made more emphatic by the fact that some smaller theatres or odea were roofed and larger ones often had awnings (vela) overhead to shade the audience. The Romans were skilled at building substructures under the auditorium which meant that the seating was served by a complex of passageways and staircases. The stage and scene building were perhaps the most spectacular parts of the building.
Britain, Gaul, and Germany
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: November 2023

capital of the Cantiaci; theatre within grid plan, but not aligned to it; road seems to have skirted around it suggesting theatre belonged to an older religious enclosure dating to before conquest; no associated temple found (Wacher); later rebuilt to a different plan; large capacity (at least 7,000 people, Wacher) suggests it was catering for rural population; for important religious festivals.
North Africa
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: November 2023

Rests on bed of limestone; most visible parts of building of limestone; lower cavea rests on rubble; upper on 21 radial vaults, 4 with staircases; third staircase not symmetrically located with respect to others; central vault low, almost horizontal, producing flat platform at about level of praecinctio, ?for sacellum(Frezouls). At sides of caveasections of curved walling, extending only length of two bays, plain except for 2 projections on east wall and 3 on west; not clear whether they carried vaults; Frezouls does not think they continued any further. Perhaps they gave architectural cohesion by extending aditus maximito end of versuraeand offered a passage to first staircase each side.
Prefect at Rome
Authors: Harries Jill
Published: November 2023

For four years under Libius Severus, Gaul remained in a state of fragmented acquiescence. The Goths consolidated their rule in the south-west but suffered a set-back in 463 when the king ‘s brother, Fridericus, was killed by Aegidius and his Frankish allies in battle at Orleans.1 Aegidius himself, acting still as a Roman magister militum, but whose actual status as an independent war-lord was pre served in the memory of him as ‘king ‘ of the Franks,2 contemplated a rapprochement with the Vandals3 but died, or was killed, in 465, leaving his position to his son Syagrius.4 In those parts of Gaul still governed by Rome, routine administration was carried out from 464 onwards by the humbly born prefect of the Gauls, Arvandus, whose upright conduct in his first two-year term gave no hint of his notoriety to come.5
Clermont and the Saints
Authors: Harries Jill
Published: November 2023

At his consecration, Sidonius stepped into a new world for which his previous experience had been only a partial preparation. Henceforward, he would sustain a new leader ship role in a civitas which he now fully adopted as his own. He was already no stranger to the Arverni. In the territory of Clermont lay his beloved Avitacum, the praises of which he had uttered in the language of Pliny (Ep. 2. 2); in the countryside were the villas of his friends, of Maurisius of the Pagus Vialoscensis with its vineyards, grain, and well stocked storehouses, of the Christian Aper, of the vir illu stris Vettius, who owned establishments in town and country, and of the pious Germanicus, patron of the village church at Cantiliae.1 The move also marked his final absorption into the family of Avitus, which dominated the community: his son Ecdicius owned a house in the city;2 his wife had property which was left, controversially, to Papianilla and Sidonius; and Sidonius ‘ predecessor as bishop was named Eparchius.
Achaemenids and Seleucids in Georgia
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to construct the history of Colchis as it developed from the later stages of the colonial processes which were explored in the previous chapter. Vital to that history is the Persian empire and, thereafter, its Seleucid successor in the region, though ancient Georgia has seldom been considered in these broad imperial contexts. Persian cultural influences combined with Greek impact both from the coast and from the Hellenistic powers of the south. Influences came also from the steppe, north of the Caucasus, which seem to have had a more significant place in the development of the region than has usually been acknowledged. And, of course, these external influences blended with a local culture which, already by the fifth century bc, was a plurality of sub-cultures, as we saw in the previous chapter.
Iberia under the Principate
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

Strabo’s remarks are confirmed by archaeology. Under the Prin dpate, Iberia was densely settled, particularly -along the course of the Cyrus and especially at its junctions with other rivers. The evidence of burials indicates a steady rise from the first century AD in the population of Mtskheta, the Iberian capital located at the junction of the Cyrus and Aragvi. Much of its population enjoyed the trappings of prosperity. Tiles had been in common use in Iberia from the third century RC, at least;” well before the Principate, even dwellings away from the capital could boast tiled roofs such as Strabo describes, as at Tsikhia Gora, on the bank of the Cyrus, some 40 km. west of modern Tbilisi. In and around Mtskheta itself there were grander buildings from the Hellenistic period, such as the so-called columned hall at Bagineti in Greater Mtskheta. There were also bath-houses reminiscent of Rome, possibly inspired by contact with the Roman empire proper and perhaps even built by Roman craftsmen.
Between Romans and Sassanians: The Third and Fourth Centuries
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

The changes and upheavals of the third century had their impact in Colchis and Iberia, as elsewhere. Through the third century and into the fourth the very centre of the Roman empire moved towards the periphery. The foundation of Constantinople in AD 324 is but one symptom of that development.
War in Lazica: The Fifth and Sixth Centuries
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

The fifth and sixth centuries are characterized by conflict in Transcaucasia. For the first time since Pompey, great foreign armies fought in Lazica. Hitherto there had been only Roman garrisons, stationed along the coastal strip. Now much larger Byzantine forces sought to penetrate beyond the coast into the hinterland and even to establish strongpoints there. Now too there were Persian forces, active for the first time in Lazica itself and even penetrating successfully to the coast It is seldom sufficiently stressed that from after the middle of the fifth century to 522 Lazica was in Persian hands, as it was again, briefly, some two decades later.
Charges of Provincial Maladministration under the Early Principate
Authors: Carolyn Higbie
Published: November 2023

The oppression of the provinces in the late Republic is a familiar story. Cicero observed that it continued in spite of the increasing severity of the laws and the condemnation of many defendants (de off. ii 75). Tacitus thought that the provinces were not averse to the institution of the Principate since under the government of senate and people the laws had given them little protection against the greed of the magistrates; violence, influence and money had prevailed in the courts (Ann.i 2). Among modern scholars there is a strong impression that with Augustus a great improvement in the standards of government set in. The correctness of this belief cannot be strictly refuted; yet the extent of the improment may be exaggerated.
The ‘Fiscus’ and its Development
Authors: Carolyn Higbie
Published: November 2023

In a recent article Mr Fergus Millar has propounded the hypothesis that in the first two centuries of the Principate the term ‘fiscus’ always refers to the emperor’s private wealth and is indistinguishable from such terms as ‘res familiaris’. In support of this view he has collected a great mass of useful material where the term ‘fiscus’ is actually used. Some of this evidence undoubtedly accords very well with his contention, and indeed no one can reasonably deny that the term is often employed in the sense stated. But many other texts which he cites only fortify his thesis if what he seeks to prove is already assumed, and can readily be interpreted in accordance with the view that ‘fiscus’ has more than one meaning.
Procuratorial Jurisdiction
Authors: Carolyn Higbie
Published: November 2023

In A.D. 53 Claudius secured from the senate a grant of jurisdiction to his procurators. Who were the procurators concerned? What kind of jurisdiction did they receive? Was the Claudian innovation permanent? Tacitus’ account (Ann., XII, 60) has been recently the subject of renewed discussion, notably of two important articles by Mr. Fergus Millar, with whose conclusions I am not in full agreement. He is, however, right in my judgement in holding in his first article that when in the last sentence of the chapter Tacitus mentions libertos quos rei familiari praefecerat he is again referring to jurisdiction, and not to the political power of the gre freedman secretaries; the expression used would suit only the a rationibus, not the ab epistulis or a libellis, who were not in charge of the resfamiliaris. On this interpretation Tacitus implies that jurisdiction was granted even to freedmen, if they held the post of procurator.
Greek Cavalry c.500-300
Authors: Spence I G
Published: November 2023

THIS chapter outlines the main features of Greek cavalry in the fifth and fourth centuries, placing the cavalry in its historical context, and providing the reader with a quick introductory survey of its history and organization in the different poleis (cities). The survey is organized geographically, covering four broad areas: the Peloponnese, Central Greece, Northern Greece, and Italy-Sicily. Each of these regions placed rather a different emphasis on its cavalry arm, with the role of cavalry in mainland Greece becoming increasingly important, and the cavalry tradition increasingly strong, the further north one looks. The Peloponnesians in general apparently had little in the way of a cavalry tradition and most states do not seem to have had any true cavalry to speak of until either the end of the fifth or the start of the fourth century.
Historiography in the Third Century AD
Authors: Potter D S
Published: November 2023

Although the only contemporary accounts of Roman political history to survive from the period between the civil war of 238 and the reign of Constantine are the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle and the great inscription of Sapor at Naqsh-i-Rustam, it is not true that there was a hiatus in the writing of traditional history during these years —at least not in Greek. Serious historical writing in Latin seems to have given way to imperial biography in the reign of Hadrian, and it would appear that there was no historian of note who wrote in Latin to cover the period after AD 96.
Consular Friends of the Elder Pliny
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

Some writers make an impact through their own power and resonance. Minor performers engage interest because a lot is known about them. Pliny the procurator and his nephew the consul, while standing in useful contrast, form a unique pair by value and variety of the evidence. The collection of letters renders the Transpadane milieu; and one of them expounds, in vivid and copious detail, a life spent in fanatical devotion to erudition and duty.
Ministers of the Caesars
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

Two central tasks confronted the Caesars. The one was manageable, to control the armies; and no pretender arose for a long time. More delicate the other, to conciliate the upper order.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

The project of this book is to consider ancient Greek thinking about personality and selfhood, as presented in Greek epic, tragedy, and philosophy. Such a project could be approached in several different ways. I begin by defining the form it takes here, by contrast with other possible forms. At the same time, I clarify what senses of ‘personality’ and ‘selfhood’ are at issue in this book.
Being a Hero
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, I have used the distinction between subjective (specifically, post-Cartesian) and objective psychological models and between individualist (specifically, post-Kantian) and participant ethical models to identify certain positions in the debate about the character of Homeric deliberation, and to contribute to that debate. I have also used the discussion of the patterns of practical reasoning and ethical motivation embodied in the Iliad deliberative monologues to give some illustration of what is involved in the claim that an objective-participant conception of the person underlies Greek poetry and philosophy.
Prelate
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul
Published: November 2023

The Emperor Constantius of tradition is almost always a doctrinaire bully, a committed ‘Arian’ unalterably opposed to Nicaea. But while it is certainly true that he was the only one of Constantine’s sons to show real interest in theology,the imperial ‘Arian’ of the historians is largely an echo of his last and most negative portraits in the pages of Athanasius and Hilary. In their eyes he was nothing less than a latter-day Nero or Decius. Undoubtedly easily swayed and suspicious,his successive positions as ruler very often mirror a general perplexity,and still more frequently the needs of a practical politician. Then again, there was unquestionably a personal element in his twenty-five-year feud with Athanasius. Still, though he had no compunction about harrying ‘Nicenes’, there is little to suggest the fanatic of legend. Hilary himself went so far as to call him bonus ac religiosus, and on at least one occasion did not think it wasted effort to address him as ‘most pious emperor’.