bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of heavy metals by Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilm placed on zeolite from aqueous solutions (case study: the wastewater of Kerman Bahonar Copper Complex)
Authors: Khosravi Ahmad , Javdan Marzieh , Yazdanpanah Ghazal , Malakootian Mohammad
Published: June 2020

Industrial wastewater needs to be treated because of the heavy metals presence and their effects on the environment. The aim of this study was to remove heavy metals ions such as copper and zinc from aqueous solutions by using Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilm which was placed on zeolite. The paper was experimental. Synthetic and real samples were evaluated in laboratory scale. To evaluate the removal efficiency, the effective parameters such as pH, copper and zinc concentrations, and contact time were examined. Optimal conditions were obtained with experiments on the synthetic samples. To study the adsorption isotherms, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were investigated. The copper and zinc cations maximum removal efficiency at 40 mg/L within 10 days was obtained as 54.61% and 57.35%, respectively. By using Langmuir isotherm, the experimental data were fitted with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.95 for copper(II) and zinc(II), respectively. The results showed that the hybrid of zeolite and bacterial biofilm system has the best efficiency for removing the metal copper and zinc cations.
Hydrocarbon reservoir development in reef and shoal complexes of the Lower Ordovician carbonate successions in the Tazhong Uplift in central Tarim basin, NW China: constraints from microfacies characteristics and sequence stratigraphy
Authors: Ngia Ngong Roger , Hu Mingyi , Gao Da
Published: June 2020

The analyses of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the high-frequency reef and shoal facies of the Lower Ordovician carbonate successions in the Penglaiba Formation (O1P) and Yingshan Formation (O1–2Y) in the Tazhong (Katake) Uplift in central Tarim basin showed three types of hydrocarbon reservoirs: type 1 associated with synsedimentary facies, type 2 developed by hot active basinal dissolution fluids [mesogenetic fluids, geothermal/hydrothermal fluids and thermochemical sulfate reduction-related fluids] and tectonic activity, and type 3 are hypogenic–epigenetic karst reservoirs formed by meteoric and mesogenetic dissolution fluids. Porosity and permeability development in the reef and shoal facies in the highstand system tracts (HST) of the third-order sequence cycles (SQ1–SQ3) correlates well with regression peaks in O1P and O1–2Y, mostly related to multiphase tectonic activity, long-term exposure, denudation and dissolution in near-surface to shallow burial settings. The carbonate successions in the O1P and O1–2Y are composed of seventeen microfacies (MF-1 to MF-17) deposited on a shallow marine platform. Six main groups of microfacies associations (MFA-1 to MFA-6) were recognized, with each microfacies association corresponding to the transgressive system tracts and HST of SQ1–SQ4 in O1P and O1–2Y. The microfacies represent specific sedimentary environment including platform interior and platform margin deposited under particular hydrodynamic conditions. Tectonics and frequent relative sea-level fluctuation associated with rapid transgression and slow regression favored the deposition of the large-scale vertical stacking, high-frequency reef and shoal facies across the carbonate platforms in this uplift. The hydrocarbon reservoirs in this study have relatively moderate porosity and low permeability, and are somewhat potential reservoirs for hydrocarbon exploration in the Tazhong Uplift.
Two-stage optimisation for malachite green removal using activated date pits
Authors: Hijab M. , Saleem J. , Parthasarathy P. , Mackey H.R. , McKay G.
Published: June 2020

Water pollution, from industry and agriculture, is a major threat to water security in the light of decreasing global potable water resources. Adsorption is one potential treatment technology for the removal of different contaminants from polluted water. Hard lignocellulose-containing materials with high carbon content, such as date stones, are excellent precursors for the production of activated carbons for adsorption activities. In this study, waste date stone biomass, from the seedless date products industry, was treated and activated chemically for the adsorption of malachite green dye, which is widely used in the plastics and textile industries. Phosphoric acid was used as an activating agent for the date stones, and its adsorption capability was measured and compared to the capacity of natural date stone powder. Experimental equilibrium data were analysed and correlated by four isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Langmuir–Freundlich (also called SIPS). The best fit for the experimental data for both treated and natural date stone was the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm. The surface areas and maximum malachite green adsorption capacities of the natural date stone and the phosphoric acid–treated date stone were 86 and 909 m2/g, respectively, and maximum malachite green adsorption capacities were 31.5 and 64.7 mg/g, respectively. A two-stage batch adsorber model was developed to optimize the two-step adsorption process to remove malachite green and minimize the amount of adsorbent used for both untreated and treated date stones. The benefits of the two-stage adsorber and chemically activated date stones are discussed in terms of designing for various percentages dye removal, various effluent discharge concentrations and various initial dye concentrations. The two-stage system resulted in a reduction of adsorbent compared with the one-stage system of 36 to 460% to remove the same amount of dye.
Hard and Soft Law Preferences in Business and Human Rights
Authors: Parella Kishanthi
Published: June 2020

States and non-state actors, such as business organizations and NGOs, have varying preferences among regulatory options in business and human rights. Some actors prefer soft law governance while others advocate for legally binding solutions at the national and international levels. In this essay, I explore some of the factors that may explain why state and non-state actors hold these diverse preferences. I conclude that while some of these preferences may be attributable to the unique advantages of soft law or hard law, other preferences likely depend on the effects produced by the interaction of both types of law within the broader regulatory landscape.
Soft Law in Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum: What Lessons for Business and Human Rights?
Authors: Dunkelberg Alonso Gurmendi
Published: June 2020

This contribution, rather than focusing on the debates within the Business and Human Rights (BHR) domain itself, offers a comparison between soft law regulation in the BHR context, on the one hand, and in the jus in bello (JIB) and jus ad bellum (JAB) contexts, on the other. Specifically, this contribution looks at the recent experience in JIB and JAB wherein states and other actors have tried to address the indeterminacy of treaty law provisions through soft law proposals that advance a disputed interpretation of hard law, producing legal uncertainty and scholarly debate. I use as examples the 2009 Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities and the 2012 Bethlehem Principles as a way to extract lessons for the codifying momentum underway in BHR.
Just the Facts: Diagnosis and management of small bowel obstruction
Authors: Long Brit , Targonsky Elisha , Koyfman Alex
Published: June 2020

A 63-year-old female patient presents with abdominal pain, vomiting, and abdominal distention. She has previously had a cholecystectomy and hysterectomy. She has had no prior similar episodes, and denies fever, hematemesis, or diarrhea. She takes no medications. Vital signs include blood pressure 123/61 mm Hg, heart rate 97, oral temperature 37.2°C, respiratory rate 18, oxygen saturation 97% on room air. Her abdomen is diffusely tender and distended.
Risk factors and outcomes of patients colonized with carbapenemase-producing and non–carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Kassem Amal , Raed Aman , Michael Tal , Sagi Orli , Shimoni Orly , Borer Abraham , Saidel-Odes Lisa
Published: June 2020

Objective:

To compare risk factors and outcome of patients colonized with carbapenemase-producing (CP) carbapenem-resistant Enterobactereaceae (CRE) and non–CP-CRE.

Design:

A comparative historical study.

Setting:

A 1,000-bed tertiary-care university hospital.

Patients:

Adults with CP-CRE positive rectal swab cultures, non–CP-CRE positive rectal swab cultures, and negative rectal swab cultures (non-CRE).

Methods:

CP-CRE and non–CP-CRE colonized adult patients versus patients not colonized with CRE hospitalized during 24 months were included. We identified patients retrospectively through the microbiology laboratory, and we reviewed their files for demographics, underlying diseases, Charlson Index, treatment, and outcome.

Results:

This study included 447 patients for whom a rectal swab for CRE was obtained: 147 positive for CP-CRE, 147 positive for non–CP-CRE, and 147 negative for both. Patients with CP-CRE and non–CP-CRE versus no CRE more frequently resided in nursing homes (P<0.001), received antibiotics 3 months prior to admission (P < .001), and received glucocorticosteroids 3 months prior to admission (P = .047 and P < .001, respectively). Risk factors unique for non–CP-CRE versus CP-CRE colonization included mechanical ventilation and patient movement between hospital departments. Non–CP-CRE was a predictor for mechanical ventilation 2.5 that of CP-CRE colonization. In-hospital mortality was highest among non–CP-CRE–colonized patients. On COX multivariate regression for mortality prediction age, Charlson index and steroid treatment 3 months before admission influenced mortality (P = .027, P = .023, and P = .013, respectively).

Conclusions:

Overlapping and unique risk factors are associated with CP-CRE and non–CP-CRE colonization. Non–CP-CRE colonized patients had a higher in-hospital mortality rate.
Radiation Defects in Lime Mortars and Plasters Studied by EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kabacińska Zuzanna , Michalska Danuta , Dobosz Bernadeta
Published: June 2020

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a well-established method of dating based on trapped charges, applied to various crystalline materials, including carbonates, bones, and teeth. It provides a detailed insight into the structure of radiation defects—paramagnetic centers generated by irradiation, without the need of a painstaking sample preparation, often challenging in other methods. Using EPR we studied the effect of γ radiation on lime mortars and plasters from ancient settlement Hippos in Israel, in order to analyze the process of defect generation. Analysis of the complex spectra revealed the presence of radiation-induced species, including CO2–, NO32– and organic radical. Using an artificial UV source, we generated relatively strong signals of paramagnetic centers, analogous to those created by γ irradiation, reaching their maximum intensity after 5–6 hr of UV exposure. Our results confirm the previous reports that radiation defects can also be generated, instead of bleached, in calcite by UV radiation, which is crucial for identifying the issues related to light exposition, affecting the accuracy of age determinations in trapped-charge dating methods.
Negativity Biases and Political Ideology: A Comparative Test across 17 Countries
Authors: FOURNIER PATRICK , SOROKA STUART , NIR LILACH
Published: June 2020

There is a considerable body of work across the social sciences suggesting negativity biases in human attentiveness and decision-making. Recent research suggests that individual variation in negativity biases is correlated with political ideology: persons who have stronger physiological reactions to negative stimuli, this work argues, hold more conservative attitudes. However, such results have mostly been encountered in the United States. Does the link between psychophysiological negativity biases and political ideology apply elsewhere? We answer this question with the most extensive cross-national psychophysiological study to date. Respondents across 17 countries and six continents were exposed to negative and positive televised news reports and static images. Sensors tracked participants’ skin conductance, and a survey captured their left–right political orientation. Analyses performed at three levels of aggregation—respondent-as-a-case, stimuli-as-a-case, and second-by-second time-series—fail to find strong support for the link between negativity biases and political ideology.
An iodine balance study to explore the recommended nutrient intake of iodine in Chinese young adults
Authors: Yang Lichen , Wang Jun , Yang Jianjun , Zhang Huidi , Liu Xiaobing , Mao Deqian , Lu Jiaxi , Gu Yunyou , Li Xiuwei , Wang Haiyan , Xu Jing , Tan Hongxing , Zhang Hongmin , Yu Wei , Tao Xiujuan , Fan Yanna , Cai Qian , Liu Xiaoli , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: June 2020

Data on average iodine requirements for the Chinese population are limited following implementation of long-term universal salt iodisation. We explored the minimum iodine requirements of young adults in China using a balance experiment and the ‘iodine overflow’ hypothesis proposed by our team. Sixty healthy young adults were enrolled to consume a sequential experimental diet containing low, medium and high levels of iodine (about 20, 40 and 60 μg/d, respectively). Each dose was consumed for 4 d, and daily iodine intake, excretion and retention were assessed. All participants were in negative iodine balance throughout the study. Iodine intake, excretion and retention differed among the three iodine levels (P < 0·01 for all groups). The zero-iodine balance derived from a random effect model indicated a mean iodine intake of 102 μg/d, but poor correlation coefficients between observed and predicted iodine excretion (r 0·538 for μg/d data) and retention (r 0·304 for μg/d data). As iodine intake increased from medium to high, all of the increased iodine was excreted (‘overflow’) through urine and faeces by males, and 89·5 % was excreted by females. Although the high iodine level (63·4 μg/d) might be adequate in males, the corresponding level of 61·6 μg/d in females did not meet optimal requirements. Our findings indicate that a daily iodine intake of approximately half the current recommended nutrient intake (120 μg/d) may satisfy the minimum iodine requirements of young male adults in China, while a similar level is insufficient for females based on the ‘iodine overflow’ hypothesis.
Dimensions of Elite Partisan Polarization: Disentangling the Effects of Incivility and Issue Polarization
Authors: Skytte Rasmus
Published: June 2020

Elite partisan polarization has been found to have several potentially problematic effects on citizens, such as creating political distrust and different types of polarization among partisans. However, it remains unclear whether these effects are caused by the parties moving apart in terms of issue positions (issue polarization) or by the rise of disrespectful rhetoric (incivility). In the literature, these two dimensions of elite polarization often appear to affect citizens in similar ways, but typical research designs have not been well suited to disentangling their effects. To determine their unique effects, four studies have been conducted using original designs and a mix of experimental and observational data. The results show that issue polarization and incivility have clearly distinct effects. A more uncivil tone lowers political trust, but increasing issue polarization does not. Conversely, only issue polarization creates attitude polarization among partisans. Both aspects of elite polarization create affective polarization.
A fossil dreamer of the genus Oneirodes (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) from the Miocene of Sakhalin Island, Russia
Authors: Nazarkin Mikhail V. , Pietsch Theodore W.
Published: June 2020

The almost complete skeleton of a fossil dreamer, identified as Oneirodes sp., is described from the middle–upper Miocene Kurasi Formation of southern Sakhalin Island, Russia. This is the second fossil skeletal record of oneirodid anglerfishes following those described from the Puente Formation of California, USA. The new specimen possesses morphological features very similar to those of the recent and fossil members of its genus, and cannot be separated from them at the species level. This finding confirms the idea of the high level of speciation of this fish family prior to the middle–late Miocene and demonstrates the wide geographic distribution of the genus Oneirodes already at this time.
Ottoman Tax Registers as a Source for Labor Relations in Ottoman Bursa
Authors: Hofmeester Karin , Lucassen Jan
Published: June 2020

Recently, Ottoman labor history and historiography has been moving beyond the “classical” labor history period of the nineteenth and twentieth century, shifting attention from mere wage work to other types of labor relations including unfree labor. Often focusing on one particular region, changes in work and labor relations are being followed over longer period of time. This article wants to contribute to this historiography by discussing tax registers as a possible source to reconstruct labor relations. It takes the province of Bursa, its towns and surrounding villages in the late fifteenth and sixteenth century as a case study to reconstruct labor relations, detect shifts over time and to try to explain these changes within the socio- and economic context of Bursa.
The Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minorities in Employment: Evidence from a Large-scale Survey of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People in China
Authors: Suen Yiu Tung , Chan Randolph C. H. , Badgett M. V. Lee
Published: June 2020

While China's Constitution says everyone is treated equally before the law, employment discrimination continues to exist. This paper breaks new ground by analysing a quantitative survey of more than 10,000 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people, the largest dataset of its kind to date in China. Only 5.1 per cent of respondents were completely open about their gender and sexuality at work. More than one-fifth reported experiencing negative treatment in the workplace. Transgender and intersex people reported higher rates of negative treatment, as did respondents with lower educational levels and lower incomes and those residing in towns. Employer policies against discrimination were rare, but when in place, they were significantly associated with less negative treatment. These findings highlight an almost completely neglected segment of the workforce and document discriminatory experiences that could be addressed by changes in discrimination law and by employer policies and practices related to diversity and inclusion.
Differential Timing Method Based on Modified Traceability Model
Authors: Liu Ying , Jiao Wenhai , Xu Longxia , Li Xiaohui
Published: June 2020

The common view time transfer and two-way time and frequency transfer methods are currently the main means for achieving time synchronisation at nanosecond level. However, these methods have some limitations in real time and cost, which limit their wide applications in many fields, such as time synchronisation among base stations of the upcoming 5G network. In order to meet the requirements of nanosecond time synchronisation, a low-cost differential timing method is proposed in this paper by changing the manner of generation of traceability model parameters in GNSS navigation messages. The time deviation between GNSS system time and the timing laboratory that maintains Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) kept by timing laboratory named k (UTC(k)) is monitored by receiving the GNSS signal in space with monitoring receivers. The new traceability model parameters are generated with the monitored time deviations and then broadcast to users through the GNSS navigation message. The precision of the one-way timing method can be improved from tens of nanoseconds to the order of several nanoseconds with the proposed method. In addition, there are obvious advantages to carry out this method on the geostationary satellites in the BeiDou navigation satellite (BDS) constellation. The proposed method is verified on an experimental platform based on the UTC(NTSC) time frequency signal and the geostationary satellites in the BDS-3 constellation.
“Sleeper” Antiquities: Misattributions in Sales of Ancient Art
Authors: Marrone James , Beltrametti Silvia
Published: June 2020

“Sleepers” are artworks or collectibles that are undervalued because one or more characteristics go unrecognized. This article discusses 12 sleepers that have been sold at auction on the antiquity market since 2007 whose attribution as antiquities were originally overlooked, either accidentally or deliberately. The objects are presented in the context of a theoretical framework describing both the legal and economic incentives to perform due diligence and to reveal, or “awaken,” a sleeper antiquity. The theory implies that sleepers may arise for several reasons, and the case studies are grouped accordingly. Most pressingly, the analysis identifies two ways in which sellers are disincentivized to be transparent about an object’s identity: when they can exploit legal loopholes to deliberately misattribute an antiquity and mediate export and when they can hide disagreement about an object’s authenticity to mediate its sale. Placing the case studies in the broader market context, we highlight particular areas that should be addressed by policy or regulatory reform. The analysis also has wider applications to other forms of art.
Deterministic counting of graph colourings using sequences of subgraphs
Authors: Efthymiou Charilaos
Published: June 2020

In this paper we propose a polynomial-time deterministic algorithm for approximately counting the k-colourings of the random graph G(n, d/n), for constant d>0. In particular, our algorithm computes in polynomial time a
$(1\pm n^{-\Omega(1)})$
-approximation of the so-called ‘free energy’ of the k-colourings of G(n, d/n), for
$k\geq (1+\varepsilon) d$
with probability
$1-o(1)$
over the graph instances.

Our algorithm uses spatial correlation decay to compute numerically estimates of marginals of the Gibbs distribution. Spatial correlation decay has been used in different counting schemes for deterministic counting. So far algorithms have exploited a certain kind of set-to-point correlation decay, e.g. the so-called Gibbs uniqueness. Here we deviate from this setting and exploit a point-to-point correlation decay. The spatial mixing requirement is that for a pair of vertices the correlation between their corresponding configurations becomes weaker with their distance.

Furthermore, our approach generalizes in that it allows us to compute the Gibbs marginals for small sets of nearby vertices. Also, we establish a connection between the fluctuations of the number of colourings of G(n, d/n) and the fluctuations of the number of short cycles and edges in the graph.
Port-a-Cath fracture and migration in paediatric cancer patients: incidence and management at a tertiary care centre – a 15-year experience
Authors: Elgehiny Amr , Ghanem Khaled , Bou Hussein Haytham , Ahmed Mohamed , Abohelwa Mostafa , Aboelella Mohsen , Mohamed Mohamed , Bitar Fadi , Abboud Miguel , Akel Samir , Al-Kutoubi Aghiad , Fakhri Ghina , Arabi Mariam
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Port-a-Cath or chemoport provides prolonged central venous access for cancer patients requiring prolonged chemotherapy. Prolonged use of chemoport is associated with many complications. Dislodgement and migration of chemoport catheter is a rare and reportable complication with potentially serious consequences.

Methods:

The medical charts of 1222 paediatric cancer patients admitted to the Children’s Cancer Center in Lebanon who had chemoports inserted for long-term chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. Descriptive analysis of data was conducted.

Results:

Chemoport fracture and migration were found in seven cases with an incidence of 0.57%. The duration of chemoport use before the event of dislodgement varied from 2 months to 102 months. Non-functioning chemoport was the most common presentation. Totally, six cases were managed successfully by loop snaring, three cases by paediatric cardiology team, and three cases by interventional radiology team. One case was managed surgically during chemoport removal.

Conclusion:

Fracture and migration of chemoport catheter is a rare complication of uncertain aetiology and with potentially serious consequences. Percutaneous retrieval, done by experienced cardiologist or interventional radiologist, is the first choice for management of this complication as it is considered as a safe and effective approach.
An Insight into the Potential Parasitological Effect ofSchistosoma mansoniAntigens in Infected Mice: Prophylactic Role of Cercarial Antigen
Authors: Abdel-Hakeem Sara S. , Abdel-Samiee Mahmoud A. , Abed Gamal H.
Published: June 2020

Schistosomiasis is a multifactorial disease that includes environmental, behavioral, parasitic, vector, and host factors. This study aimed to assess the protective effect of single and polyvalent antigens from cercarial antigen preparations (CAPs), soluble worm antigen preparations (SWAPs), and soluble egg antigens (SEAs) which were used as candidate vaccines in an experimental model ofSchistosoma mansoni-infected mice. The efficiency of the antigens was tested by determining their effects on fecal egg count, egg viability analysis, and tissue egg counts. Histological and morphometric analyses of granulomas in liver and intestine tissues were performed. In the present study, all immunized groups showed a significant reduction in the average fecal egg count and tissue egg load compared with infected mice. The most substantial reduction in fecal egg count was observed in the combined vaccinated group (23.23 ± 3.2). The group vaccinated with CAP before infection showed the highest reduction in tissue egg load (liver and intestine: 85.22 and 91.70%, respectively). Immunized animals showed a highly significant reduction in the numbers of hepatic granulomas compared with the infected non-immunized group. In conclusion, combining these different antigens (CAP, SWAP, and SEA) augments the protective immunity compared with other immunized groups.
The Retreat of the West
Authors: Trubowitz Peter , Burgoon Brian
Published: June 2020

The West is turning inward. Donald Trump’s presidency, Britain’s decision to leave the European Union, and the spread of populist parties in Europe are the most visible signs of this retreat. The shift is not as recent as these examples suggest, however. Drawing on an array of cross-national data for twenty-four industrialized democracies and hundreds of political parties in those democracies, we show that domestic support for liberal internationalism has been receding for twenty-five years across the West. We show that since the end of the Cold War a large and widening gap has opened up between Western democracies’ international ambitions and their domestic political capacity to support them. As Western governments came to rely increasingly on economic globalization, institutionalized cooperation, and multilateral governance, mainstream parties that backed these efforts lost electoral ground to parties on the radical-left and increasingly, the anti-globalist radical-right that have been the vehicles of the current backlash. We discuss the implications of these trends for the Western liberal international order and the strategies now on offer to repair it.
Rate response of select grass weeds to pinoxaden
Authors: Peppers John M. , Gonçalves Clebson G. , McElroy J. Scott
Published: June 2020

Pinoxaden is a POST acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor in the phenylpyrazolin chemical family and is labelled for turfgrass use at broadcast rates of 35.5 to 71 g ai ha−1and spot spray rates of 156 to 310 g ai ha−1. A greenhouse rate-response study was conducted to characterize the efficacy of pinoxaden against common grassy weeds. Weed species examined in this study were yellow foxtail, southern sandbur, annual bluegrass, roughstalk bluegrass, large crabgrass, dallisgrass, bahiagrass, goosegrass, and perennial ryegrass. Nonlinear regressions were modelled to determine visible injury rates (the application rate at which 50% of the weed species were injured and the 90% [I90] rate) and weight reduction rates (the application rate at which there was a 50% reduction in fresh weight and 90% reduction [WR90]) for each weed species. Only annual bluegrass, bahiagrass, and goosegrass had visible injury I90values greater than the maximum labelled spot spray rate of 310 g ai ha−1. Annual bluegrass, bahiagrass, southern sandbur, and goosegrass all had WR90values greater than the maximum labelled spot spray rate of 310 g ai ha−1. Results from this study indicate that the evaluated weed species can be ranked, according to visible injury I90values, from most to least susceptible: perennial ryegrass > yellow foxtail > dallisgrass > large crabgrass > southern sandbur > roughstalk bluegrass > bahiagrass > goosegrass > annual bluegrass.
Präoperatorisches Denken bei verschiedenen psychischen Störungen: Zwei Querschnittsstudien zum besseren Verständnis des CBASP
Authors: Klein Jan Philipp , Grasshoff Lars , Hermanns Ronja , Haeger Svenja , Sondermann Stefan , Kühnen Tanja , Zurowski Bartosz , Schweiger Ulrich , Hüppe Michael
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: In der Behandlung der persistierenden depressiven Störung (PDD) werden Psychotherapien mit interpersonellem Schwerpunkt empfohlen. Ein Beispiel dafür ist das Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), was davon ausgeht, dass Menschen mit PDD zu einem präoperatorischen Denkstil neigen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist herauszufinden, ob dieser Denkstil auch bei Menschen mit einer Panikstörung oder einem chronischen Rückenschmerz beobachtet werden kann. Methodik: In einer Studie wurden Patient_innen mit einer Panikstörung ( n = 20) verglichen mit Patient_innen mit einer depressiven Störung ( n = 20) und gesunden Kontrollen ( n = 20). In einer weiteren Studie wurden Patient_innen mit chronischem Rückenschmerz ( n = 30) verglichen mit gesunden Kontrollen ( n = 32). Alle Proband_innen wurden mit dem Lübecker Fragebogen Präoperatorisches Denken (LFPD) befragt. Daneben wurden die Angehörigen der Proband_innen gebeten, das Interaktionsverhalten der Probandin bzw. des Probanden mit dem Interpersonal Message Inventory (IMI) zu beurteilen. Ergebnis: Die erste Studie kam zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich nur die depressiven Patient_innen im LFPD signifikant von den gesunden Kontrollen unterschieden ( p < .001). In der Subskala „feindselig“ des IMI unterschieden sich die Kontrollen von beiden Patient_innengruppen, allerdings war nur der Befund für die Panikstörung signifikant ( p = .008). In der zweiten Studie unterschieden sich die Patient_innen mit der Schmerzstörung von den gesunden Kontrollen nur im Bezug auf die IMI Subskala „feindselig“ ( p = .005), aber nicht im LFPD. Schlussfolgerung: Das präoperatorische Denken wurde nur bei Patient_innen mit depressiver Störung beobachtet, obwohl die anderen beiden Patient_innengruppen von ihren Angehörigen ebenfalls als feindselig wahrgenommen wurden. Diese Befunde sprechen dafür, dass interpersonelle Defizite bei psychischen Störungen nicht immer auf das dem CBASP zugrundeliegende Modell des präoperatorischen Denkens zurückzuführen sind.
Characteristics of Electron Content Between GPS and IRNSS Altitudes Studied Around the Northern Anomaly Crest Location Over Indian Longitude Sector
Authors: Paul K. S. , Paul A.
Published: June 2020

One of the newly launched satellite navigation systems is the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) operating at L5 and S band and providing position determining with an accuracy of 10 m over the Indian subcontinent and 1,500 km beyond. Collocation of this constellation, containing three geostationary and four geosynchronous satellites, with GPS over a common ionospheric volume at certain times of the day provides a unique opportunity to estimate the highly sparse electron content existing between the GPS and geostationary/synchronous orbital altitudes. These values of electron contents, though an order of magnitude less than the diurnal maximum of TEC, could account for significant proportion of postmidnight TEC around the northern crest of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in the Indian longitude sector. Such measurements are of importance when efforts are being made to achieve subcentimeter level position accuracies. Data recorded using a tri‐band IRNSS receiver and dual‐frequency GPS receiver from Calcutta during April–June 2019 have been analyzed to calculate electron contents along a specific look angle containing GPS as well as IRNSS satellite at different times of the day. Diurnal maximum values of 4–5 TECU are noted for electron contents bound within the altitudes of GPS and IRNSS. Spatial distribution of such electron content shows diurnal maximum around 14:00–15:00 LT over subionospheric swath of 20–22°N with 80–82.5°E and 87–90°E.
Seismic Tomographic Imaging of the Eastern Mediterranean Mantle: Implications for Terminal‐Stage Subduction, the Uplift of Anatolia, and the Development of the North Anatolian Fault
Authors: Kounoudis R. , Bastow I. D. , Ogden C. S. , Goes S. , Jenkins J. , Grant B. , Braham C.
Published: June 2020

The Eastern Mediterranean captures the east‐west transition from active subduction of Earth's oldest oceanic lithosphere to continental collision, making it an ideal location to study terminal‐stage subduction. Asthenospheric‐ or subduction‐related processes are the main candidates for the region's ∼2 km uplift and Miocene volcanism; however, their relative importance is debated. To address these issues, we present new P and S wave relative arrival‐time tomographic models that reveal fast anomalies associated with an intact Aegean slab in the west, progressing to a fragmented, partially continental, Cyprean slab below central Anatolia. We resolve a gap between the Aegean and Cyprean slabs, and a horizontal tear in the Cyprean slab below the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province. Below eastern Anatolia, the completely detached “Bitlis” slab is characterized by fast wave speeds at ∼500 km depth. Assuming slab sinking rates mirror Arabia‐Anatolia convergence rates, the Bitlis slab's location indicates an Oligocene (∼26 Ma) break‐off. Results further reveal a strong velocity contrast across the North Anatolian Fault likely representing a 40–60 km decrease in lithospheric thickness from the Precambrian lithosphere north of the fault to a thinned Anatolian lithosphere in the south. Slow uppermost‐mantle wave speeds below active volcanoes in eastern Anatolia, and ratios of P to S wave relative traveltimes, indicate a thin lithosphere and melt contributions. Positive central and eastern Anatolian residual topography requires additional support from hot/buoyant asthenosphere to maintain the 1–2 km elevation in addition to an almost absent lithospheric mantle. Small‐scale fast velocity structures in the shallow mantle above the Bitlis slab may therefore be drips of Anatolian lithospheric mantle.
Variations of Stress Parameters in the Southern California Plate Boundary Around the South Central Transverse Ranges
Authors: Abolfathian Niloufar , Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Ben‐Zion Yehuda
Published: June 2020

We examine the stress field in Southern California with a focus on the region near the South Central Transverse Ranges (SCTR), using a refined stress inversion methodology. We independently invert declustered and aftershocks focal mechanisms from the years 1981 to 2017. Comparisons between the stress field orientations and the stress ratios from these inversions provide information on local sources of the stress field. Regionally, the SHmax tends to be toward NNE and the stress ratios vary from transtensional stress regime near the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ), to strike‐slip faulting near the SCTR, and toward transpression near the Western Transverse Ranges. Detailed analysis of stress parameters near the SCTR indicates deviations from the regional strike‐slip faulting including the following: (1) The San Bernardino Mountain area shows SHmax direction toward NNW and transpressional stress components likely associated with the motions of the San Andreas Fault and ECSZ; (2) the Cajon Pass and San Gorgonio Pass show transpressional stress regime near the bottom of the seismogenic zone likely associated with the elevated topography; and (3) in Crafton Hills, rotation of the principal stress plunges and SHmax direction and transtensional stress regime below ~10 km, along with lower estimated apparent friction coefficient, suggest a weak fault possibly associated with deep creep. The performed multiscale analysis resolves effects of regional and local loadings. The average stress parameters in the analyzed 37 years do not show significant temporal variations of stress field near the SCTR region.
Fault Stability Across the Seismogenic Zone
Authors: Aubry J. , Passelègue F. X. , Escartín J. , Gasc J. , Deldicque D. , Schubnel A.
Published: June 2020

Across the seismogenic zone, the transition from brittle to plastic deformation corresponds to a semibrittle regime where brittle fracturing and plastic flow coexist at high strength conditions. Thorough experimental investigations on brittle‐plastic transition are crucial to understand why natural faults behave in stable or unstable ways at varying crustal depths and why large earthquakes generally nucleate at the base of the seismogenic zone. To investigate semibrittle deformation in carbonates and the conditions promoting it, we reported here the results of experiments performed on Carrara marble saw cut faults in triaxial conditions. We studied the influence of the confining pressure (ranging between 45 and 180 MPa), axial loading rates (0.01 and 1 μm s−1) and initial fault roughness (smooth and rough) on fault (in‐)stability across the brittle‐plastic transition. We conclude that laboratory earthquakes may nucleate on inherited fault interfaces at brittle‐plastic transition conditions. The occurrence of laboratory earthquakes associated with increasing plastic deformation is promoted at high confining pressure, on smooth fault interfaces, or when the loading rate is slow. In a rather counterintuitive manner, increasing initial roughness promotes stable sliding and a larger amount of plastic deformation. Furthermore, we show that stable sliding tends to produce mirror‐like surfaces, while stick‐slips are associated with matte surfaces, on which the size of the asperities grows with increasing confining pressure. Finally, our results seem to reveal the influence of asperity hardness and melt viscosity on fault weakening.
The Western Eurasian Basin Halocline in 2017: Insights From Autonomous NO Measurements and the Mercator Physical System
Authors: Bertosio Cécilia , Provost Christine , Sennéchael Nathalie , Artana Camila , Athanase Marylou , Boles Elisabeth , Lellouche Jean‐Michel , Garric Gilles
Published: June 2020

We present the first sensor‐based profiles of the quasi‐conservative NO parameter obtained with an autonomous ice‐tethered buoy in the Arctic Ocean. Data documented the halocline in the Transpolar Drift and Nansen Basin in 2017. A NO minimum was found in the Nansen Basin on a σ‐horizon of 27.8 kg·m−3 corresponding to the lower halocline, while a lower NO minimum of 380 μM straddled the 27.4 σ‐horizon and marked the cold halocline in the Transpolar Drift. Back trajectories of water parcels encountered along the buoy drift were computed using the Mercator physical system. They suggested that waters within the NO minimum at 27.4 kg·m−3 could be traced back to the East Siberian Sea continental. These trajectories conformed with the prevailing positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation. The base of the lower halocline, at the 27.85 σ‐horizon, corresponded to the density attained in the deepest winter mixed layer north of Svalbard and cyclonically slowly advected from the slope into the central Nansen Basin. The 27.85 σ‐horizon is associated with an absolute salinity of 34.9 g·kg−1, a significantly more saline level than the 34.3 psu isohaline commonly used to identify the base of the lower halocline. This denser and more saline level is in accordance with the deeper winter mixed layers observed on the slopes of Nansen Basin in the last 10 years. A combination of simulations and NO parameter estimates provided valuable insights into the structure, source, and strength of the Arctic halocline.
Solid-state laser refrigeration of a composite semiconductor Yb:YLiF4 optomechanical resonator
Authors: Pant Anupum , Xia Xiaojing , Davis E. James , Pauzauskie Peter J.
Published: June 2020

Photothermal heating represents a major constraint that limits the performance of many nanoscale optoelectronic and optomechanical devices including nanolasers, quantum optomechanical resonators, and integrated photonic circuits. Here, we demonstrate the direct laser refrigeration of a semiconductor optomechanical resonator >20 K below room temperature based on the emission of upconverted, anti-Stokes photoluminescence of trivalent ytterbium ions doped within a yttrium-lithium-fluoride (YLF) host crystal. Optically-refrigerating the lattice of a dielectric resonator has the potential to impact several fields including scanning probe microscopy, the sensing of weak forces, the measurement of atomic masses, and the development of radiation-balanced solid-state lasers. In addition, optically refrigerated resonators may be used in the future as a promising starting point to perform motional cooling for exploration of quantum effects at mesoscopic length scales, temperature control within integrated photonic devices, and solid-state laser refrigeration of quantum materials.
Endothelial activation of caspase-9 promotes neurovascular injury in retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Avrutsky Maria I. , Ortiz Crystal Colón , Johnson Kendra V. , Potenski Anna M. , Chen Claire W. , Lawson Jacqueline M. , White Alexandra J. , Yuen Stephanie K. , Morales Fatima N. , Canepa Elisa , Snipas Scott , Salvesen Guy S. , Jean Ying Y. , Troy Carol M.
Published: June 2020

Central nervous system ischemic injury features neuronal dysfunction, inflammation and breakdown of vascular integrity. Here we show that activation of endothelial caspase-9 after hypoxia-ischemia is a critical event in subsequent dysfunction of the blood-retina barrier, using a panel of interrelated ophthalmic in vivo imaging measures in a mouse model of retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Rapid nonapoptotic activation of caspase-9 and its downstream effector caspase-7 in endothelial cells promotes capillary ischemia and retinal neurodegeneration. Topical eye-drop delivery of a highly selective caspase-9 inhibitor provides morphological and functional retinal protection. Inducible endothelial-specific caspase-9 deletion phenocopies this protection, with attenuated retinal edema, reduced inflammation and preserved neuroretinal morphology and function following RVO. These results reveal a non-apoptotic function of endothelial caspase-9 which regulates blood-retina barrier integrity and neuronal survival, and identify caspase-9 as a therapeutic target in neurovascular disease.
Piezo2 expressed in proprioceptive neurons is essential for skeletal integrity
Authors: Assaraf Eran , Blecher Ronen , Heinemann-Yerushalmi Lia , Krief Sharon , Carmel Vinestock Ron , Biton Inbal E. , Brumfeld Vlad , Rotkopf Ron , Avisar Erez , Agar Gabriel , Zelzer Elazar
Published: June 2020

In humans, mutations in the PIEZO2 gene, which encodes for a mechanosensitive ion channel, were found to result in skeletal abnormalities including scoliosis and hip dysplasia. Here, we show in mice that loss of Piezo2 expression in the proprioceptive system recapitulates several human skeletal abnormalities. While loss of Piezo2 in chondrogenic or osteogenic lineages does not lead to human-like skeletal abnormalities, its loss in proprioceptive neurons leads to spine malalignment and hip dysplasia. To validate the non-autonomous role of proprioception in hip joint morphogenesis, we studied this process in mice mutant for proprioceptive system regulators Runx3 or Egr3. Loss of Runx3 in the peripheral nervous system, but not in skeletal lineages, leads to similar joint abnormalities, as does Egr3 loss of function. These findings expand the range of known regulatory roles of the proprioception system on the skeleton and provide a central component of the underlying molecular mechanism, namely Piezo2.
Drum training induces long-term plasticity in the cerebellum and connected cortical thickness
Authors: Bruchhage Muriel M. K. , Amad Ali , Draper Stephen B. , Seidman Jade , Lacerda Luis , Laguna Pedro Luque , Lowry Ruth G. , Wheeler James , Robertson Andrew , Dell’Acqua Flavio , Smith Marcus S. , Williams Steven C. R.
Published: June 2020

It is unclear to what extent cerebellar networks show long-term plasticity and accompanied changes in cortical structures. Using drumming as a demanding multimodal motor training, we compared cerebellar lobular volume and white matter microstructure, as well as cortical thickness of 15 healthy non-musicians before and after learning to drum, and 16 age matched novice control participants. After 8 weeks of group drumming instruction, 3 ×30 minutes per week, we observed the cerebellum significantly changing its grey (volume increase of left VIIIa, relative decrease of VIIIb and vermis Crus I volume) and white matter microstructure in the inferior cerebellar peduncle. These plastic cerebellar changes were complemented by changes in cortical thickness (increase in left paracentral, right precuneus and right but not left superior frontal thickness), suggesting an interplay of cerebellar learning with cortical structures enabled through cerebellar pathways.
The 1933 Long Beach Earthquake (California, USA): Ground Motions and Rupture Scenario
Authors: Hough S. E. , Graves R. W.
Published: June 2020

We present a synoptic analysis of the ground motions from the 11 March 1933 Mw 6.4 Long Beach, California, earthquake, the largest known earthquake within the central Los Angeles Basin region. Our inferred shaking intensity pattern supports the association of the earthquake with the Newport-Inglewood fault; it further illuminates the concentration of severe damage in the town of Compton, where accounts suggest vertical ground motions exceeding 1 g. We use a broadband simulation approach to develop a rupture scenario for this earthquake, informed by the damage distribution. The predicted shaking for a 25-km-long fault matches the intensity distribution, with an indication that non-linear site response on soft sediments in some near-field regions was stronger than predicted using a simple model to account for non-linearity. Our results suggest that the concentration of damage near Compton can be explained by a combination of local site amplification, source-controlled directivity, and three-dimensional basin effects whereby energy was channeled towards the deepest part of the Los Angeles Basin.