bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work absence by disease in a public hospital net in Minas Gerais/ Brazil
Authors: Godoy Solange CB , Alves Marilia , Rocha Adelaide DE M , Santana Daniela Moreira
Published: July 2022

This research had analyzed the causes of removal of work by disease problems in a public hospital net in Minas Gerais. The given were collected from the medical file of the workers in the division attention to worker healthy, referents to 2002. Were searched 16 hospital units. Between the 4735 medical licenses identified, 65,34% were extended from 1 to 3 days, considered a short duration. As the most frequent causes: diseases in the respiratory System (16, 20%), diseases in the muscle skeptical system and connective tissue (15,21%). The units of emergency had a projection on concession of licenses. The profile of absenteeism- disease showed different for short and long duration. The licenses over 15 days are cases more complex, chronicle process, while the 3 days licenses indicates diseases less serious and of a quicker solution.
Biosecurity, risk, and vulnerability: reflexion on the process of human living of the health professionals
Authors: Koerich Magda Santos , Souza Francisca Georgina Macêdo de , Silva Cláudia Regina Lima Duarte da , Ferreira Luiz Alberto Peregrino , Carraro Telma Elisa , Pires Denise Elvira Pires de
Published: July 2022

The process of human life is surrounded by the risk, that can be interpreted as a concept relatively complex and, many times, not perceived for the individuals in all their dimensions of life. Inserted in the services of health, either in the hospital environment or the basic attention, the health professionals can be exposed to multiple and varied risks, caused by chemical, physical, biological, psychosocial and ergonomic agents. It is in the workplaces that at the same time it is clear the vulnerability as human beings, we overvalue our capacities in situations of risk. In our symbology we believe that we are invisible and protected by an unsurmountable protective layer. The text presents a reflection on biological risk and vulnerability of the health professionals in the context of the process of human life. The selfcare as possibility for reduction of the vulnerability and the risks we usually are submitted, and to discuss on the different dimensions of the quality of life. For health professionals the, the idea of less risk is connected with the idealized notion of a perfect life and this “perfection” is related with the concept of quality of life in a dynamic process between individual behaviors and the collective building of the perception of risk.
HIV/AIDS and nursing in thesis and dissertations - 1980 to 2005. A bibliographic study.
Authors: Acioli Sonia , De Oliveira Denize Cristina , Tosoli Gomes Antônio Marcos , Heringer Ariádina , Alexandre Formozo Glaucia , Lessa da Costa Tadeu , Giami Alain
Published: July 2022

This is a bibliographical research, aiming to identify and analyze the dissertations about the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and nursing presented in brazilian graduate programs, from 1980 to 2005. 128 studies were selected in on-line and digital data bases, using the descriptors “HIV or AIDS and nursing”. The data analysis was quantitative and through thematic content analysis, according to : year of presentation; graduate programs; area of knowledge; theoretical referential; type of study; field of study; subjects; and thematics. The analysis gives evidence that the majority of the studies were about HIV positive patients in hospital settings, using qualitative approaches. It is concluded that there is a need for more reflections on the methodological approaches and the thematics related at the HIV/AIDS.
Collection of data for children of 0 - 5 years: construction and validation of an instrument
Authors: Silva Kenya Lima , Da Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima
Published: July 2022

Study of the methodological type that had as objective to construct and to validate of an instrument of collection of data for children of 0 the 5 years taken care of in the Pediatrics Clinic of the University Hospital Lauro Wanderley and to test the operacionalition of the instrument with children of the Pediatrics Clinic. The same it was I base in the Theory of the Needs Basic Human of Horta. For the construction of the instrument, it was used specialized literature of the area of pediatrics nursing and pediatrics, for the identification of the manifestations of the needs basic human more frequent in the children of this years band, these had been submitted to the content validation, to nurses of the area, being used in the construction of the instrument alone the manifestations that had presented weighed mean >0.80. In the choice of the format and structure of the instrument, opted if for keeping in the standardized format for the previous Hospital, identification; previous internments/main complaints; human needs basic/physical exam; and the nurse impressions keeping following sequence of the validated needs: oxygenation needs, of nutrition, hydratation and hydrica and electrolytic regulation, needs of elimination, sleep and rest, exercise and physical activity, corporal mechanics, motility, corporal care, physical integrity and mucous cutaneo, needs of thermal, hormonal regulation, neurology, immunology, cellular growth and needs of locomotion, needs of vascular regulation and needs of perception, security, love and acceptance and gregary, needs of communication, leisure and recreation.
Column Black Woman Health: Preventing violence (including simbolic) against Black Women
Authors: Cruz Isabel CF da
Published: July 2022

Women, specially black women, have to be safe everywhere – including online. We all, including the health professionals, have a role to play in stopping violence against women.
Forsberg´s maneuver influence in forearm Korotkoff sounds audibility – a cross-sectional study
Authors: Pavan Rosa Maria Scanavini , Rosa Solange Cristina Denzin , Arcuri Edna Moura
Published: July 2022

Blood pressure measurement in forearm is a polemic issue due Korotkoff sounds inaudibility in the radial artery. This study aimed to verify if a procedure proposed by Forsberg et al, named here Forsberg´s maneuver, could facilitate auscultation on the forearm. We performed a transversal study in 101 subjects at UNIARARAS, always take into consideration the ethic and administrative procedures. Blood pressure was recorded in the radial pulse by two nurses avoiding observer and equipment errors, using cuff width of 40% of forearm circumference. After a traditional measurement the subject was asked to clench the right fist, and also to compress forearm below the cuff using the left hand. After 1 minute the segment has relieved and another BP measurement was recorded. The differences observed between the two measurements (80.0% vs 99.0%) indicate a favorable result of the proposed procedure (p=0,0087), increasing auscultation success, despite lower rate of audibility than that observed by Fosberg et al .
Effect of Stainless-Steel Crown and Preformed Zirconia Crown on the Periodontal Health of Endodontically Treated Primary Molars Correlating with IL-1β: An In Vivo Study
Authors: Aggarwal Priyanka , Goyel Vinita , Mathur Shivani , Sachdev Vinod
Published: July 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different crown materials on the interleukinone beta (IL-1β) content of the gingival crevicular fluid and to study which crown material causes the highest inflammation on the marginal gingiva on a biochemical basis in pediatric patients. Study design: Twenty patients in the age group of 4-8 years with endodontically treated primary molars indicated for crown placement were selected for the study which was further divided into 3 groups for sample consideration: group 1-stainless steel crown, group 2-preformed zirconia crown, and group 3- control group (primary second molar). All assay procedures were carried out and the results of the collected samples were calculated using the ELISA-AID TM technique. Results: On mean comparison among the groups using ANOVA oneway test, P-value turns out to be highly significant, on mean comparison using Tukey’s HSD post–hoc test, The p-value was 0.000 ,0.000 ,0.193 on comparing group 1 with group 2, group 1 with group 3, group 2 with group 3 respectively. Conclusion: Preformed zirconia crown can be a relative replacement of SSC in primary molars as it causes comparatively less inflammation and with an advantage of esthetics.
Information Security of the Digital State in the Quantum Era
Authors: Evsikov K. S.
Published: July 2022

The article provides an overview of the digital technology quantum communication and its place among end-to-end digital technologies. Also the problem of quantum threat to the information security of the Russian Federation is considered. The cryptography used today is based on discrete logarithms or factorization, which will lose their cryptographic strength after the implementation of a quantum computer. All countries have started to analyze and develop new information security technologies which are capable to ensure its confidentiality in the quantum era.The article analyzes the experience of building a new information security system in several countries (Great Britain, the European Union, the USA, China). The analysis made it possible to evaluate Russian actions in this area, as well as to identify shortcomings in the regulatory framework governing quantum cryptography, which include quantum key distribution, quantum random number generator, post-quantum cryptography.The author substantiates the need for the introduction of an experimental legal regime and the creation of the «cryptographic agility». The implementation of these proposals will help to prepare a regulatory framework for data migration to an environment protected by cryptographic ciphers resistant to quantum computing. The quantum communication is a new way to protect information in a digital state, where data plays a key role, and their confidentiality and integrity become the key to national security.
Common Information Space Union State: Formation Issues
Authors: Kotieva L. I.
Published: July 2022

The article is devoted to the formation of a common information space of the Union State. The Union State, as an interstate entity of a new type, forms a common information space in which the interests of the Union State, the states that make up it, and the citizens of Belarus and Russia — citizens of the Union State should be taken into account. Accordingly, the legal framework of the common information space should also be formed, based on the regulatory legal framework of the private member States of the Treaty on the Creation of the Union State.It is necessary to prepare new conceptual documents defining the priority directions of its development. One of the options could be the development of a Concept for the development of the Information Space of the Union State, which, in the absence of the Union Bases of legislation, could become a reference point for the state authorities of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation and determine the directions of convergence of national legislation in this area.
Trends in the Implementation of Information Rights of Minors in the Library Sector in the Context of Digital Transformation
Authors: Pashnina T. V.
Published: July 2022

An attempt has been made to analyze the trends in the exercise by minors of the right to access information and resources in the library sphere in the realities of digitalization. It is proved that the main directions of realization of children’s information rights in the library sphere are currently: guaranteeing the child’s access to library positive content; creating a safe information environment; the implementation by libraries of the function of the guarantor of the child’s right to receive a quality education, the adaptation of a minor to the knowledge society.It is argued that the system of legal regulation of the implementation of information rights of minors in the library sphere is based on provisions of federal laws, strategic planning documents, international treaties, soft law documents. Based on the results of the study, the author proposed a number of practical steps to create a secure digital environment in libraries.
Legal Essence, Types and Features of Legal Liability for Violation of Privacy in the Information Sphere
Authors: Popova T. V.
Published: July 2022

The article deals with the problems of protecting the right to privacy, in terms of violation of the confidentiality of information and responsibility for these violations. In the era of the global development of the information society, the introduction of digital technologies, issues related to ensuring the security of the individual, respect for freedoms and legitimate interests, as well as guarantees for the exercise of constitutional and other rights of citizens, are becoming increasingly important. Holding accountable for violating the regime of confidentiality of information about private life, including in the information sphere, is an integral component of the legal protection of information, access to which is limited. Despite the lack of legislative consolidation of the definition of legal liability, there are various approaches in legal science that consider the legal essence, types of liability, the analysis of which is given in this article. In this regard, a number of problems have been identified and considered. The features caused by a wide subject structure are investigated. A separate place is occupied by the history of the development of legislation in this area in Russia and foreign countries. Particular attention is paid to various types and features of the application of legal liability.
Approaches to Legal Regulation of the Blogosphere in Russian Legislation
Authors: Grishchenko G. A.
Published: July 2022

Currently, blogs are a very common and convenient form of Internet communication from the point of view of information dissemination. Through blogs, socially significant issues can be discussed and various needs of public life can be realized. At the same time, the threats of using blogs for illegal purposes have also increased significantly, for example, to spread fake information, to involve Internet users in committing illegal acts. In this regard, the attempts of the Russian legislator to regulate the blogosphere indicate the close attention of the state to the functioning of blogs, the rules for posting information and the activities of key actors on such Internet resources. Currently, there is no effective mechanism of legal regulation in the blogosphere, despite the fact that recently the legislator has adopted a number of regulatory legal acts aimed at regulating public relations in the digital environment. The analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation shows that the key issues of the use of the blogosphere (from the conceptual apparatus to the delimitation of areas of responsibility) are not properly regulated. In this regard, the issues of defining the key categories of the topic under consideration (blogosphere, blog, blogger, etc.) and the regulation of relevant public relations in Russian legislation require careful consideration by representatives of state authorities, experts of the Internet industry, human rights defenders. It seems that an optimal balance of interests between society and the state can be achieved through the development and adoption of a strategy of legal regulation in the blogosphere.
The Right to Access Information During the Use of the System of Social Credit (Social Scoring)
Authors: Lazarov A. A.
Published: July 2022

The system of social credit (social scoring) is a series of serious violations, covering a number of violations of the constitutional rights of citizens. The formed system of law and freedom not only must, but is forced to follow the spirit of the times and orient itself in the interests of society and the state. Nor is the right to information exclusive, in particular the right to access information. The internal legislator and the Russian scientific communityneedto be ready to the development of a social scoring. Leadership in the international arena will be ensured not by the speed of introducing this system into the life, but by the quality of the development of legal regulation, legal mechanisms for protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as the quality of ensuring the information security of the entire state.
Legal Regulation of Cybersecurity of the Circulation of Digital Financial Assets
Authors: Petrov A. S.
Published: July 2022

The key feature of digital financial assets and other crypto assets is that their circulation is carried out within the framework of an information system based on decentralized ledger technology. In this regard, for the purposes of stability and protection of the rights of investors, ensuring the cybersecurity of such a system is of great importance. The purpose of this article is to study the provisions of Russian legislation in the field of cybersecurity of information systems through which the circulation of crypto assets is carried out, and their comparison with the legislation of foreign countries, primarily France and Malta. As a result, the author concludes that the existing legal regulation in Russia is of a general nature, which hinders the formation and development of the market for digital financial assets in Russia. In this case, the question inevitably arises regarding the specification of legal requirements. In particular, how detailed should the legislation establish technological requirements? It seems that regulation should follow the principle of technological neutrality, that is, establish general requirements and goals, but not provide for the use of any specific technology.
Legal Mechanisms of Self-Regulation and their Impact on Digital Technologies
Authors: Sushkova O. V.
Published: July 2022

In recent years, we have observed that in various legal orders, including within the framework of the Russian legal regulation of the social relations in question, there is a movement in favor of strengthening the provisions of the so-called “soft law”. Soft law is a quasi-legal, non-binding law that is mainly focused on protecting consumers and/or users in digital matters. Notably, although soft law is not legally binding, this fact does not mean that it is completely void of legal force. The possibility that business and other professional actors may also pursue common interests should be recognized. The main problems of legal regulation are: the ratio of state regulation and self-regulation; the legitimacy of the extension of state sovereignty to the virtual space; development of a uniform conceptual apparatus in the field of e-commerce; identification of participants in electronic commerce, electronic document management and electronic transactions; jurisdiction and applicable law in the field of e-commerce; ensuring the security of information exchange. In the same way, certain standards and rules of self-regulatory organizations, as regulatory tools created by these entities, can also be an important tool for public administration in the field of digital technologies.
Right of Access to Information in the Digital Profiling System
Authors: Igumnov V. V.
Published: July 2022

The article offers an analysis of the means of ensuring the right of access to information in the digital profiling system. The objective of the study is to identify the problems in the field of ensuring the right of access to information and to identify the main ways of solving them. In the study of peculiarities of this institution, special attention is given to the balance of interests between the data privacy and a right of a person to access information about himself. The study presents the author’s concept of a digital profiling system, reveals the content of this system, and describes the mechanisms of information and legal provision of the right of access to information in the digital profiling system. Among the examined aspects of the implementation of the right to access to information, the discussion points concerning the three main categories of subjects with the right to access information in the digital profiling system are highlighted. The issue of control over the information stored in the digital profiling system is given a separate place, based on the need to obtain the subject’s consent to access their data and the protection of the data from unauthorized access by third parties.
Trends in Legal Regulation of Relations for the Use of Information Technologies
Authors: Strokova P. S.
Published: July 2022

The article offers an analysis the existing alternative mechanisms for regulating relations, regulating relations directly or indirectly mediating the use of information technologies, including relations on their development, implementation and direct application, provides an overview of acts developed by the professional business community. The assessment of the permissibility of such acts, the degree of their compliance and role in the formation of legislation that ensures a balance of the interests of the state in terms of fulfilling its duty to maintain the state of protection of citizens in the context of large-scale introduction of information technologies, on the one hand, and the interests of the business sector of the information technology market in promoting products that meet the requirements of legislation and trends in its development. An important issue is also the search for the optimal way to give local acts the status of binding by bona fide market participants. The decisions of state authorities that already exist in the information market, which make it possible to give acts of self-regulation binding force, are considered.
Digital transformation of forest fire protection measures: ecological and legal aspects
Authors: Oleinik M. V.
Published: July 2022

The article discusses the legal aspects of digitalization of forestry. It is shown that the current stage of forest management reform demonstrates the need for the use of new technologies to improve and increase the efficiency of the use of forest resources and fire protection.Today, the Russian forestry sector is in great need of digital technologies capable of generalizing large databases of analytical data needed in the system of state management and monitoring of forests. In the practice of management, digitalization is already actively entering the forest industry. The article examines the current legislative and regulatory framework that ensures the use of digital technologies in forest management and protection of forests from fires. The author has carried out a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory legal acts adopted in recent years in the field of forest protection from fires. The foreign experience in the field of activity under consideration is investigated.
Development of Information Technology Support for Legal Activity (LegalTech) (review of the textbook “Information and technological support of legal activity (LegalTech)”)
Authors: Kovaleva N. N.
Published: July 2022

The article presents the analysis and evaluation of a new innovative textbook “Information technology support of legal activity (LegalTech): textbook / under the general editorship of A. V. Minbaleev / of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) — Moscow: Prospect, 2022. 368 p.”, prepared by the staff of the Department of information law and digital technologies of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL). The textbook reveals the essence and main directions of the development of LegalTech. The purpose is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed work. It is noted that the textbook aims to develop digital innovations in professional legal activity and contribute to the formation of new knowledge in the field of LegalTech. It is concluded that the innovative nature of the textbook is also reflected in its structure, reflecting the synergy of legal activities and information technologies that have become an integral part of legal procedures in various industries.
Reduction of vehicle exhaust gas toxicity due to brake energy recovery
Authors: Polivaev Oleg I. , Larionov Alexey N. , Bolotov Dmitry B.
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: In recent years, fleet of vehicles in the Russian Federation is on a significant increase, that leads to considerably amplified emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere. The share of toxic gas emissions from motor vehicles ranges from 65 to 70%. In order to reduce the toxic gas emissions into the atmosphere, electric vehicles have been introduced, but they have a number of disadvantages. These are a limited mileage before recharging and expensive batteries. Also, works on the use of hydrogen as a fuel for cars are conducted at an accelerated pace. However, the issue of a hydrogen fuel storage has not yet been worked out. At the same time, the used fleet of vehicles continues to poison the atmosphere.
AIMS: Studying the braking energy recuperator for decreasing carbonic oxide CO in exhaust gases of the UAZ car.
METHODS: The construction of a combined unit with a gas-hydraulic braking recuperator was developed, which is installed on a UAZ vehicle (RF Pat. No. 2193977). Comparative studies were carried out in accordance with GOST 33670-2015 and GOST 52033-2003.
RESULTS: Results of comparative studies of the car showed that a minimum of CO emissions is observed in high gear, at a speed of 1825 m/s, and CO emissions significantly increase in lower gears. The recuperator eliminates this drawback due to the additional power transmission to the driving wheels.
CONCLUSION. When a car starts in the urban cycle, there is a minimum of CO emissions with a recuperator, at the same time the car acceleration increases, that reduces the acceleration time and the distance by 3035%. A car with a recuperator on average consumed gasoline up to 15 l per 100 km, and this parameter of the production car was up to 17,5 l per 100 km of track. Due to the recuperator, CO emissions are reduced by 16%.
Investigation of the combustion process of activated fuel in an automotive diesel engine
Authors: Plotnikov Sergey A. , Motovilova Marina V. , Kartashevich Anatoliy N.
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Intensive development of the transport sphere and the extension of the fleet of tractors and cars, as well as the tightening of standards and requirements in the field of exhaust gas emissions have resulted in increased requirements for the combustion process. This problem can be solved by improving the working process in the engine by preheating the fuel to 300 C in the high pressure fuel supply system. Under external thermal influence, the conditions of mixture formation are improved, an increase in the rate of preflame reactions and a positive change in the dynamics of the combustion process are observed. When potential energy of hydrocarbon molecules increases in the activated complex system, energy is redistributed among active molecules. Along with this, the rate coefficient of a chemical reaction increases due to the concentration of foci of hydrocarbon molecules that have reached the energy barrier.
The object of research is the process of diesel fuel combustion at preliminary external influence on it.
AIMS: The aim is to study the combustion process of a motor-tractor diesel engine upon fuel activation. Development of a scheme of individual phases of the activated diesel fuel combustion of depending on the temperature at heating.
METHODS: Theoretical study and analysis of the combustion process of thermally preprepared fuel for an automotive diesel engine. Theoretical determination of the dependence of the rate of formation and concentration of toxic components and dispersed particles on the rate constant of direct and reverse chemical reactions, as well as on the activation temperature of fuel at emission in exhaust gases.
RESULTS: The actual coefficient of molecular change of the working mixture increases when diesel fuel is activated. The rate of formation of total nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons increases by 1.79% and 3.66%. The proportion of unburned carbon in the combustion process on activated fuel varies within (24) %.
CONCLUSIONS: Theoretically, a scheme for changing individual phases of the activated fuel combustion process by time and temperature has been developed. Fuel heating accelerates the pre-flame preparation in the liquid phase, shortens the duration of the rapid gorenje phase. The concentration of toxic indicators depends on the constant of the chemical reaction rate and the activation temperature of the fuel.
Method for analyzing parameters of single-level pneumatic elastic elements with backpressure
Authors: Nakaznoy Oleg A. , Tsipilev Alexander A.
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND: Trucks, as a rule, have a significate difference between the kerb and gross weights. Usual spring or leaf suspensions do not allow to have acceptable values of static running and suspension stiffness at different machine loading, and pneumatic elastic elements, despite their relative simplicity, are mainly implemented only on overseas technology samples, and designers do not pay attention to pneumatic elastic elements with counterpressure. One of determinants of truck users is the acceptable vibration loading of the drivers seat. Trucks with a carrying capacity comparable or even overestimated to their kerb weight, when they move without cargo on public roads, especially with a dirt surface, have significant levels of vibration acceleration at using the metal elastic.
AIMS: The purpose of the present work is to reduce the vibration loading of the drivers seat due to rational choice of parameters of the cushioning system with pneumatic elastic elements with backpressure, that ensures the non-zero static travel and saticfactory stiffness of suspension in the kerb and loaded state.
METHODS: Using the regorous mathematical tools of Mechanics, Pneumatics and Thermodinamics, scientific-based theoretical prerequisites as well confirm the validity and reliability of the presented dependencies for characteristics calculation, conclusions and recommendations.
RESULTS: According to the method developed and proposed in this article, effective characteristics of the pneumatic elastic elements with a single-level stiffness and backpressure for a KAMAZ-53215 Selkhoznik truck were obtained. At the kerb weight, the static stroke of the front and rear suspensions is approximately 0.06 m; at a gross weight it is of 0.12 m and 0.24 m, respectively. The period of normal vertical vibrations decrease by 25% versus a gross vehicle weight and by 31% at absence of backpressure, however, it occurs in the allowable range.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method allows to determine the base design parameters of the pneumatic elasticity of the suspension elements of wheeled vehicles, providing an acceptable periods for a normal vertical oscillations of the cushoining body with maintaining the non-zero static stroke to a large weight range.
Hygienic assessment of the hospital environment and methods of providing medical care to patients at the stages of health care development in Russia in the XVIIIth–XIXth centuries
Authors: Yakovlev Alexei G. , Maydan Vitalii A. , Kuznetsov Sergey M. , Baranov Ivan V.
Published: July 2022

The article analyzes the problem of hygienic assessment of the conditions of the hospital environment and health-improving methods of treatment of patients of medical institutions at the stages of formation and development of healthcare in Russia in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries. It has been established that in various historical periods, the problem of patient safety in medical organizations has always been the leading one in the management of people's health and the organization of healthcare as an agency that has been forming for several centuries. Organizational, legal, administrative, economic, and hygienic measures have been developed purposefully in the system of public health protection in Russia. This made it possible to improve the system of medical care on the basis of compliance with the provisions of hospital hygiene, such as the placement of patients in hospitals and compliance with the anti-epidemic regime. The systematization and analysis of the data from the Russian literature on the studied scientific problem were performed. Three leading directions of hospital hygiene development were established: organization of medical care, architectural and planning solutions, and therapeutic nutrition. The importance of developing the legislative framework of the listed areas at the state and departmental levels is shown. The results of the analysis of the application of sanitary and hygienic measures and scientific solutions of the XVIIIth to XIXth centuries confirm the need to use scientific, practical, and organizational experience in the introduction of new solutions to the modern system of medical care, including elements of hospital hygiene and patient safety. Proposals have been developed on the legality and prospects of using the historical experience of the development of preventive medicine and hygienic education of the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries, as well as the achievements of predecessors in the field of monitoring and accounting for the peculiarities of patient care and ensuring an anti-epidemic regime.
Arterial hypertension or hypertension type of neurocirculatory asthenia in persons of military age
Authors: Korneeva Natalia V. , Khabibrahman Elena P. , Dyakonova Ekaterina V. , Patsuk Svetlana V.
Published: July 2022

The authors raise the urgent problem of the discrepancy between the conceptual apparatus and strategies for the management of military age persons with high blood pressure, examined by military medical examination, and the current recommendations on arterial hypertension of the Russian Society of Cardiology. The reader's attention is focused on the preventive concept of the Russian Society of Cardiology: the desire for early diagnosis of hypertension and the initiation of treatment even with grade 1 hypertension in the absence of target organ damage. The authors propose consideration of a medical examination of males aged 1827 years, registered or not registered in the military, as one of the effective tools for the early diagnosis of arterial hypertension. The urgency of the problem is due to the unfavorable phenotype of arterial hypertension at a young age, in which target organ damage is involved early in the pathological process. The above excerpts from the Regulations on the military medical examination No. 565 draw the attention of readers to two articles of paragraph 9 of the disease schedule: 43hypertension and 47neurocirculatory asthenia, characterized by increased blood pressure, creating confusion in the diagnosis. Literature data are presented confirming the ambiguity of the interpretation of elevated blood pressure in the group of people aged 1827 years, the complexity of the diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of hypertension and neurocirculatory asthenia. At the same time, the diagnosis of neurocirculatory asthenia, according to the literature, is established quite often in this age group and reaches 75% in the structure of cardiovascular disease. The results of studies by Russian scientists, indicating a subclinical lesion of target organ damage in young people with neurocirculatory asthenia with hypertensive reactions, call into question the appropriateness of this diagnosis and management strategy. With modern diagnostic capabilities, an unreasonable lengthening of the examination time for people of military age, examined by a military medical examination to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension and timely initiation of antihypertensive therapy, is emphasized. The question is raised about the correctness and expediency of using the term "neurocirculatory asthenia" in people of military age with high blood pressure.
Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral hepatitis C
Authors: Kryukov Evgeniy  V. , Cherkashin Dmitry  V. , Saluhov Vladimir V. , Matjushenko Konstantin V. , Sobolev Aleksey D. , Shcherbina Nikolaj N.
Published: July 2022

Chronic viral diseases of the liver are frequently characterized by clinical signs of intrahepatic complications. Infection caused by the hepatitis C virus should be considered as a systemic disorder associated with the frequent development of various extrahepatic complications, such as cryoglobulinemia, glomerulopathy, lymphoproliferative diseases, seronegative arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, lichen planus, and late cutaneous porphyria. Often, extrahepatic complications become the main features of the clinical disease picture, forcing patients to seek medical help from various specialists and delaying diagnosis. In some cases, the treatment of extrahepatic manifestations becomes an independent, complex task, surpassing the actual treatment of chronic hepatitis C. The relationship between hepatic and extrahepatic complications of viral hepatitis C is not linear; rather, extrahepatic manifestations often outstrip the development of liver damage. The effects of hepatitis C virus on the organs and systems of the body are caused by the direct action of the virus, pathogenetically induced by the development of steatosis/steatohepatitis, and by the disruption of system regulation of hepatokines and cytokines. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection should be comprehensive and should include antiviral therapy, treatment of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and treatment of hepatic-related disorders. Antiviral therapy with preparations of direct antiviral action allows the prevention of not only liver complications but also of many extrahepatic complications of hepatitis C virus. Comorbid states significantly increase the natural progression of chronic hepatitis C infection and vice versa: the hepatitis C virus increases the clinical manifestations of co-pathology. In the age of direct antiviral drugs, it is possible to eliminate the hepatitis C virus, but in some cases, elimination alone does not arrest the progression of liver disease.
Inhalation of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchopulmonal infection
Authors: Gembitskaya Tatyana E. , Kharitonov Mikhail A. , Chermensky Alexey G. , Chugunov Alexandr A. , Kitsyshin Viktor P. , Zdybko Alice S.
Published: July 2022

An analysis of the current treatment protocol for lower respiratory tract infection using inhaled antibiotics is presented. Information about the pathophysiology and features of pathogens of bronchopulmonary infection in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, nosocomial pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchiectasis of various etiologies is considered. The advantages and applications of inhaled antibiotics in the treatment of this category of patients are discussed. It has been established that acute and chronic infectious diseases of the lower respiratory tract are often the cause of severe human diseases and one of the leading causes of infectious mortality worldwide. Early initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy, especially in patients with a tendency to develop chronic inflammation, improves disease prognosis. However, mortality and the resistance of pathogens in this category of patients remain high. Traditional oral or parenteral antibiotic therapy does not achieve bactericidal concentrations in the lungs. Increasing dosages and combining antibiotics increases the likelihood of toxicity, superinfection, and resistance and causes undesirable side effects. Inhalation of antibiotics allows the delivery of higher concentrations directly to the lesion, thereby affecting the causative agents of the infectious process effectively while minimizing potential systemic toxicity. The large surface area of the alveoli and the thin epithelial layer provide a favorable environment for the deposition of inhaled drugs. Acute and chronic gram-negative bronchial infection caused by certain types of opportunistic microorganisms causes chronic inflammation, which leads to airway remodeling, damage to local defense mechanisms, further persistence of respiratory pathogens, and the formation of antibiotic resistance. In these cases, the use of inhaled forms of antibiotics has significant advantages in terms of effectiveness, stabilizing lung function and reducing the frequency of hospitalization, which improves quality of life and the need for systemic antibiotic therapy, reduces the risk of side effects, and reduces the cost of treatment. The results of the work can be useful for both therapists and pulmonologists.
The origin of the Military Medical Academy (dedicated to the 350th anniversary of Peter the Great)
Authors: Ovchinnikov Dmitrii V. , Kryukov Evgeniy V. , Fisun Alexander Ya. , Samoilov Vladimir O. , Ivchenko Evgeniy V. , Milasheva Natalia V.
Published: July 2022

In 2019, under the initiative of corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.Ya. Fisun and V.O. Samoilov, in preparation for the celebration of the 350th anniversary of Peter the Great, a commission was established at the Military Medical Academy to determine the date of its founding and to establish the role of the emperor in this event. The reason for this decision was a debate about the age of the academy, which has endured for more than a century. The absence of a legislative act on the establishment of the academy prevents an uncontroversial decision from being made on this issue. The conditionality of the selection of Paul Is decree of December 18, 1798 on the construction of hospital buildings became acute when the Russian State Navy Archive discovered information about a similar decree of Catherine II of April 29, 1796 on the construction of the same buildings. The collection of identified and published documents accumulated over the past 20 years allows us to state with complete certainty that the hospital schools in Saint Petersburg have been in operation practically since the very founding of the city, having been created approximately simultaneously with the famous Moscow hospital school of Nicolaas Bidloo. In 1715 the Emperor Peter the Great completed the construction of Saint Petersburg hospital schools, teachers were allocated to available pupils, and the educational and material foundation was laid in the form of two base hospitals. The assistants and advocates for these ideas of Peter the Great were the archiaters R.K. Erskine and I.L. Blumentrost. The emperor did not live to witness the final work, and the construction of buildings was completed after his death; only during the reign of Anna Ioannovna was the staff (1733) approved by the archiatrist J.H. Rieger and the uniform procedure of preparation (1735) by archiatrist J.B. von Fischer. The activities of P.Z. Kondoidi in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna brought teaching to a new level, provided an influx of teaching staff, and expanded the list of disciplines. Under Catherine II, the schools were merged into the Main Medical College. The completion of the transformation of schools into an academy in the reign of Paul I is associated with the name of Count A.I. Vasiliev, thanks to whom, on February 12, 1799, the oldest medical school in Russia became an academy.
Analysis of the incidence of COVID-19 in organized military collectives of various types
Authors: Gorenchuk Alexey N. , Zhogolev Sergey D. , Kuzin Alexander A. , Kulikov Pavel V. , Zhogolev Konstantin D. , Ustinov Aleksey E. , Kuznetsova Regina Yu.
Published: July 2022

Against the background of the global spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the prevention of infections with airborne mechanisms of transmission has become a priority in the Armed Forces. The development of effective COVID-19 prevention measures requires consideration of the peculiarities of military service and everyday life due to the inability of organized military collectives to comply with the requirements of the lockdown regime introduced at the peak of morbidity by the civilian health system. The patterns of incidence of COVID-19 in military personnel of the Western Military District in organized military collectives were studied in relation to the conditions of training and combat activities and the characteristics of military service. It was found that the dynamics of the incidence of COVID-19 among military personnel of the Western Military District in 20202021 exhibited a wave-like character and included four epidemic rises that coincided with epidemic waves among the civilian population. At the same time, from April to December 2020, the morbidity rate in military personnel was significantly higher than that in the general population, and from January to December 2021 against the background of mass vaccination of military personnel against COVID-19, the incidence rate in military personnel decreased by 50% relative to that in the general population. The effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures has increased significantly in recent months. The average number of patients in the epidemic outbreak decreased by 46.3%, the average duration of the outbreak decreased by 12.4%, and the proportion of group morbidity in the structure of the overall incidence of COVID-19 decreased by 19.8%. It is shown that the incidence of COVID-19 in various types of military collectives depends on the conditions of military service and the specifics of daily activities. The highest epidemiological significance of COVID-19 was detected in military units of constant readiness, as well as in medical and military educational organizations.
Analysis of the association between professional development and the official growth of military pharmacists in modern conditions
Authors: Miroshnichenko Yuri V. , Kononov Vladimir N. , Lobachev Ivan V. , Perfiliev Alexander B.
Published: July 2022

We adopted a retrospective study design to explore the regulatory acts affecting the training military pharmaceutical specialists for the medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation after accreditation of medical (pharmaceutical) workers, professional standards and transition to continuous medical education (continuous professional development). On this basis, we assessed the main areas of training of medical supply specialists, their career development, advanced training and retraining within the existing military healthcare system before and after mandatory accreditation of medical (pharmaceutical) workers. The main issues related to the introduction of professional standards and the compliance of the labor specified in them with the real functional duties of pharmacist officers in the military and hospital level, as well as the discrepancy between the nomenclature of pharmaceutical officer positions and that in civil healthcare. This creates certain difficulties with the passage of reaccreditation and the possibility of assigning (renewal) a qualification category (class rating). The necessity of an integrated approach to harmonize the training of military and civilian healthcare specialists, their accreditation for compliance with professional standards, career growth, positions held in accordance with competence and skills acquired, and continuous professional development cannot be overemphasized.