bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promising directions for improving the accounting of dairy productivity of cows with an assistant service participation
Authors: Oleinik S.A. , Filatov D.A. , Maltsev A.E. , Kokotka M.G.
Published: November 2024

The organization of international trade in breeding genetic resources, which include repair young animals, embryos, bovine semen, is extremely relevant for national dairy cattle breeding, since this will significantly improve the financial profit from production activities, improve production culture and increase the reliability of accounting practices. At the same time, there is a significant discrepancy in the methodology for accounting for productive traits in dairy cattle breeding in ICAR member countries and in dairy cattle breeding of the RF. Conducting innovative scientific research on the development of methodological approaches for the introduction of a new type of services for breeding enterprises for the independent accounting of productive characteristics and evaluation of milk quality allowed us to justify the creation in Russia of a new type of breeding subject – an assistant service. The article analyzes the methods of accounting practice for assessing the productive characteristics of dairy cattle in ICAR member countries. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the heterogeneity of the use of different methods, which to varying degrees involve the participation of an independent assistant service and animal owners when considering the productive characteristics of animals. Methods "A" and "B" are most widely used among the 24 ICAR member countries. In studies conducted with the participation of the assistant service in the Stavropol Territory, with the involvement of almost all breeding farms in the region, we also established the prospects of using the "B" method when taking part in control milking of cows and taking control milk samples. The introduction in Russia of a methodology for accounting in dairy cattle breeding based on the ICAR guidelines, which provide for the further dissemination of assistant services, will contribute to the formation of an export-oriented model for the development of national dairy cattle breeding.
Interaction of ROX and ssGreen Fluorophores Affects Visualization of Gel Electrophoresis Results
Authors: Kazantsev Daniil A. , Bytov Maksim V. , Osipova Yulia A. , Zubareva Vladlena D. , Zaitseva Olga S.
Published: November 2024

Fluorescent molecules have found wide application in biological and medical research: from flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to ELISA and PCR methods. Understanding the properties of fluorophores and their interactions is an integral part of developing new research methods in a wide range of scientific fields. In this paper, we present the results of the analysis of the interaction of carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX) and the intercalating dye of the green spectrum for single-stranded DNA and RNA molecules – ssGreen. It was found that the presence of ssGreen in the agarose gel visually gives a faint enhance to the rhodamine signal compared to the gel without ssGreen. Moreover, the absence of green spectrum luminescence (quenching) was observed in the oligonucleotide with rhodamine in its composition, in contrast to the PCR primer without fluorophores in its composition. The proposed FRET phenomenon is not supported by the results of quantum mechanism calculations, which requires further study.
Study of the effect of protein feed on the weight gain and liver condition of sterlet
Authors: Maxim Ekaterina A. , Yurin Denis A.
Published: November 2024

The aim of the studies was to determine the possibility of partial or complete replacement of fish meal with an alternative feed protein (gaprin) in the production of balanced feeds for sterlet. In the experimental groups, fish meal was replaced with gaprin in the following ratios: 50/50 - in group 2; 25 fish meal / 75 gaprin - in group 3. After 60 days, the final weight in group 2 was 6.4% higher than in the control; in group 3 - by 19.4%. The average daily gain in the control was 1.3 g; in group 2 - 1.4 g; the highest - 1.6 g - in group 3. The decrease in feed costs per 1 kg of gain, compared to the control, was in group 2 by 8.0%, in group 3 - by 10.6%. Histological studies have shown that when using 100% fish meal, the liver condition of fish is normal, in other cases deviations from signs of fibrosis to the initial stages of liver necrosis were noted. Blood parameters were within the norm for this age group of fish.
The effect of a synbiotic feed additive on the body of young pigs
Authors: Lysenko Yuri , Luneva Albina , Belyak Vladimir , Lifentsova Maria
Published: November 2024

The publication presents the results of the effect on the body of young pigs reared with a synbiotic feed additive. The synbiotic product consists of two components: lyophilized probiotic cultures isolated from the digestive system of pigs, and a vegetable prebiotic filler. These ingredients are combined into a dry mixture to form a synbiotic with pro- and prebiotic properties. The effect of the additive on the viability of livestock, live weight and its growth, indicators of feed consumption were studied, and the results of general and biochemical blood analysis of experimental animals were analyzed. The study showed that the inclusion of synbiotics in the diet of young pigs does not cause negative effects and is well tolerated by animals. In pigs receiving the supplement, an improvement in a number of indicators was noted: an increase in body weight gain, an increase in survival rate, as well as a decrease in feed consumption per unit of production. A blood test revealed a positive effect on hematopoiesis, in particular, on the formation of red blood cells and general hematopoiesis. In addition, an intensification of protein metabolism was observed. These results indicate a beneficial effect of synbiotic on the general condition and productivity of young pigs.
Production of carbon dioxide in crops of various seedings and fallows in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia
Authors: Demin Evgeniy
Published: November 2024

Currently, the global climate measurement is taking place in the world, which is directly related to the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions. The contribution of the agro-industrial complex industry to global emissions is a significant share, which is more than half. At the same time, the introduction of agriculture leads to a violation of the natural process of soil formation, a change in phytocenosis and an increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Due to the different mass of the root system, different types of cultivated plants make a diverse contribution to the formation of CO2 emissions from the soil surface. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of cultivated crops and fallows on the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions in the Trans-Urals. In fields free from cultivation of crops, 6,753 kg/ha of carbon dioxide is released during the growing season. The cultivation of grain crops increases the total emissions by almost 2026 kg/ha. Cultivation of row crops at 4,979 kg/ha, which is 74% higher than the fallow field values. In alfalfa crops, 14023 kg/ha is allocated during the growing season, which is 108% higher than in the fallow field.
Ensuring food security in the economic and legal regulation of the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Semenov S.R. , Semenov N.S.
Published: November 2024

Agriculture has a huge impact on the development of the food security system in the Kyrgyz Republic (KR), but there are difficulties such as population growth, land degradation, poor financing of the industry, which significantly affects the insufficient volume of products produced and affects the development of the regions. The work examines the possibilities of implementing and assessing food security in the KR, the volume of sales of agricultural products and the sustainability of the development of domestic food production, and also considers the regulatory framework affecting the security of the management process, where organizational, legal and financial conditions for state support for agricultural development are necessary food production, based on attracting investment with the expected demand for the products produced. The main research method used was data from official statistical, departmental, and sectoral information of the KR on economic indicators in the agricultural sector, financing indicators and the development of agricultural export opportunities. The study used economic and statistical methods, dynamics of basic indicators, legal analysis, development of the regional economic system, aimed at ensuring food security and providing the population with necessary food products. Some problematic fragments of economic policy were also identified and directions for improving the development of the country’s food security system (food security) were recommended.
Food security as an economic priority of the agrarian sector Russian politics
Authors: Nasedkina T.I. , Chernykh A.I. , Bobrysheva N.V. , Molchanova L.A.
Published: November 2024

The current state of Russia's food security is analyzed, the main assessment criteria of its level are determined, and strategic objectives to increase the level of food security in accordance with each assessment criterion are substantiated. Effective ways to improve the level of food security are proposed, taking into account current trends in the development of the country's food market. The influence of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the agro-food sector on the state of food security of the state is determined. The algorithm of formation and implementation of food security policy is investigated. The article examines the problem of food security from an economic point of view, as well as the need for its development. The assessment of the state of development of the country's food security system is given, with the definition of the main problems at the macro and meso levels.
Food security in the structure of the modern economic system of Russia
Authors: Kravchenko D.P. , Akupiyan O.S. , Chovgan N.I. , Balandina N.G. , Molchanova L.A.
Published: November 2024

The current state of food security largely depends on the impact of global economic processes, which over the past five years have not had an overall positive trend due to financial instability and uncertain development prospects. The economic instability of the global economy significantly affects food security at the micro–macro level, which ultimately hinders the development of the national economy. The world experience of using national models of economic development using mobilization principles is summarized. In order to determine the "breakthrough points", the efficiency of agricultural production and the dynamics of agricultural exports are analyzed. The choice of a breakthrough branch of the economy is justified - agricultural production, which allows ensuring the economic growth of the country and ensuring food security.
Environmental Impact on Cardiovascular Health: The Role of Environmental Pollution
Authors: Anzorov V.A. , Moryakina S. V. , Kulova L.
Published: November 2024

Air pollution has become a significant concern for public health, particularly regarding its impact on cardiovascular health. This paper explores the relationship between environmental factors, specifically air pollution, and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a clear association between exposure to air pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events including heart attacks, strokes, and hypertension. Mechanisms underlying this association include inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic nervous system imbalance. Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, children, and individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution. Mitigation strategies including environmental regulations, urban planning, and public health interventions are crucial for reducing exposure to air pollutants and improving cardiovascular outcomes. This paper underscores the importance of addressing environmental factors in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.
Modern production and ecology: Points of mutual understanding
Authors: Gishkaeva Leila , Gerikhanov Deni
Published: November 2024

The article is devoted to the consideration of the impact of the environmental factor on economic processes. It is noted that the ecological factor, reflecting the influence of environmental conditions on production processes, the use of minerals and other natural resources, land and water resources, atmospheric air, natural flora and fauna in the economic activities of enterprises, is of particular importance in modern economic conditions. The paper presents the main theoretical approaches to the significance of the development of ecological agricultural production in the conditions of increasing negative processes in the biosphere. The analysis of economic activity of the Russian enterprise concerning its ecological component on the example of LLC “Greenhouse Complex YugAgroHolding”, located on the territory of the Chechen Republic is carried out. The necessity of active implementation of waste-free technologies and reuse of exhausted resources in production was substantiated. The importance of the development of ecologically oriented agricultural production with minimization of environmental impact was determined.
Land management through the lens of food security
Authors: Ochirova Olzyata , Khajieva Iroda , Naminova Kermen , Uchenova Svetlana , Khudoykulov Khamidjon
Published: November 2024

The analysis of the degree and the study and development of the topic showed that every year the number of publications of researchers whose object of research is land resources increases. The increased interest in the subject of the study confirms that the process of land management has not been fully studied, the influence of external factors has also given impetus to the study, consideration, analysis of its effective management system. Based on the study of the theoretical aspects of land management in the region,” the article systematizes the concepts of land management, functions, management methods, and provides the composition of the system of economic regulators of land management. The study details the main aspects of land management, which allowed us to draw a key conclusion that land management is a complex organized system.
On the role of protection of particularly important facilities in the context of special operations to localize stress zones
Authors: Kovalenko Alexander I. , Khalyasov Ilshat S. , Svetlakov Andrey G.
Published: November 2024

Within the framework of the study, the authors present approaches to defining the concept of a “particularly important object”, and propose their own definition, including the establishment of an appropriate status by state bodies, provided that harm to such objects will entail negative consequences at the regional, national, and global levels. The negative consequences of special operations carried out in the USSR to intensify the extraction of minerals and changes in river flows using controlled atomic explosions, the locations of which should be attributed to particularly important facilities, have been revealed. The conclusion is made about the growing global environmental and food crisis, which negatively affects the standard of living of the world's population. The elements of the protection system for particularly important facilities and stress zones have been identified, considering modern challenges and threats.
Policies for upgrading and rehabilitating slum areas in order to attain sustainability − a case study: Damascus
Authors: Al Muhanna Wael
Published: November 2024

This study examines the challenges faced by informal housing in Damascus, Syria; and its impact on sustainable development. The study categorizes and characterizes these informal settlements, exploring their origins and governmental policies aimed at their rehabilitation. Despite the Syrian government's strategies for sustainable urban development, the findings reveal that these initiatives remain largely theoretical, with slow implementation hindering progress towards sustainability. This study emphasizes the need for well-defined timelines and actionable plans to achieve desired improvements in these areas.
Inverse problem method for investigating an inhomogeneous distribution of superfluid components in He II near T
λ
Authors: Nemirovskii S. K.
Published: November 2024

It is proposed to use an inverse problem method to formulate an experiment to investigate the inhomogeneous density distribution of superfluid components at a He II−He I interface in a gravitational field. It is shown that it is sufficient to know the magnitudes of a plane pulse of second sound δ T(t) incident on the interface and of the reflected pulse δ T1(t) in order to find the second sound velocity distribution. The estimates made show the possibility of an experimental realization of this method.
Propagation of fourth sound in He II and dimensional effects at elevated pressures
Authors: Dyumin N. E. , Rudavskii É. Ya.
Published: November 2024

The velocity of fourth sound has been measured in channels of three sizes in a broad range of temperatures and He II densities, and the mean density of the superfluid component in such channels and the shift of the λ point have been determined. Information about the critical diameter and regeneration length has been obtained within the framework of the model proposed. It is shown that the regeneration length in the 1.0°K–Tλ temperature range is described by a simple power law independent of the fluid density.
Low-temperature strain hardening of silver single crystals
Authors: Parkhomenko T. A. , Pustovalov V. V.
Published: November 2024

A study is made of the strain hardening of silver single crystals of 99.9% purity in the temperature range 4.2−300°K with a strain rate of 7×10−4 sec−1. Temperature dependences of the characteristic stresses, shear strains, and hardening coefficients in the first and second stages of hardening are plotted and considered. The observed features of hardening are conditioned by the low value of the energy of the stacking faults in silver and by the character of the dislocation motion in the early stages of deformation at low temperatures.
The formation of exciplex and triplet–triplet transfer in organic room temperature phosphorescent guest–host materials
Authors: Zi Zhi , Yu Zhihao , Guan Jianxin , Zheng Junrong
Published: November 2024

Organic materials typically do not phosphoresce at room temperature because both intersystem crossing (ISC) and phosphorescence back to the electronic ground state are slow, compared to the nonradiative decay processes. A group of organic guest–host molecules breaks this rule. Their phosphorescence at room temperature can last seconds with a quantum efficiency of over 10%. This extraordinary phenomenon is investigated with comprehensive static and transient spectroscopic techniques. Time-resolved vibrational and fluorescence spectral results suggest that a singlet guest–host exciplex quickly forms after excitation. The formation of exciplex reduces the singlet–triplet energy gap and helps facilitate charge separation that can further diffuse into the host matrix. The heavy atoms (P or As) of the host molecule can also help enhance the spin orbital coupling of the guest molecule. Both boost the rate of ISC. After the singlet exciplex transforms into the triplet exciplex through the ISC process, UV–visible transient absorption spectroscopic measurements support that the triplet exciplex quickly transforms into the guest molecule triplet state that is at a lower energy level, thereby reducing the reverse ISC-induced triplet population loss. Finally, the long-lasting separated charges that diffused into the host matrix can diffuse back to the guest hole to form new triplets, and the dilution effect of the host molecules can effectively reduce the triplet quenching. All these factors contribute to the dramatic enhancement of phosphorescence at room temperature.
Nitrogen-polar GaN quantum dots with tunable emission in the ultraviolet-A, B, and C bands
Authors: Tanim Md Mehedi Hasan , Mondal Shubham , Wu Yuanpeng , Wang Ding , Baucom Garrett , Hershkovitz Eitan , Shen Yifan , Kim Honggyu , Norris Theodore B. , Mi Zetian
Published: November 2024

In this study, we report on the molecular beam epitaxy and characterization of nitrogen-polar (N-polar) GaN quantum dots (QDs) grown on SiC substrates. By varying the growth conditions, the emission wavelengths of GaN QDs can be controllably tuned across a large part of the ultraviolet-A, B, and C bands. For N-polar QDs emitting at 243 nm, we measured an internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 86.4% at room temperature, with predominantly transverse-electric (TE) polarized emission. Such N-polar GaN QDs offer a promising path for achieving high-efficiency mid- and deep-ultraviolet optoelectronics, including light-emitting diodes and lasers.
A versatile high-speed x-ray microscope for sub-10 nm imaging
Authors: Xu Weihe , Xu Wei , Gao Zirui , Gavrilov Dmitri , Yan Hanfei , Xu Huijuan , Bouet Nathalie , Zhou Juan , Smith Randy , Ma Jun , Huang Xiaojing , Chu Yong S. , Nazaretski Evgeny
Published: November 2024

We have developed a next-generation scanning x-ray microscope RASMI (RApid Scanning Microscopy Instrument) for high-throughput tomographic imaging. RASMI is installed at the hard x-ray nanoprobe beamline at NSLS-II and is capable of manipulating 1D multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) and 2D optics (both zone plates and monolithically assembled 2D MLLs). The sample scanning stage utilizes line-focusing interferometry as an encoder while performing fly-scanning data acquisition. The system can be configured for both position- and time-triggering modes during fly-scanning. The microscope demonstrated a detector-limited data acquisition rate of 1.25 kHz during ptychography measurements. The initial x-ray results yielded a sample-limited resolution of ∼6 nm in 2D. RASMI can be adopted for in-vacuum applications and is a foundation for the next-generation scanning microscopy systems to be developed and commissioned at NSLS-II.
A semi-analytic universal model on elasticity across wide temperatures and pressures
Authors: Yang Zhen , Xian Jiawei , Gao Xingyu , Tian Fuyang , Song Haifeng
Published: November 2024

A semi-analytic model is presented universally for the elastic constants and moduli of solid phases in a wide range of temperatures and pressures. We derive in detail the model as a function of temperature and pressure, where the characteristic temperature is clearly associated with the Debye temperature. The abundant experiments of thermal elasticity for Cr–Mn–Fe–Co–Ni high entropy alloys are used to estimate the validity of the characteristic temperature of elasticity. The linear process of the analytical part significantly reduces the high computational and experimental cost of elasticity across a wide range of temperatures and pressures. We take the elastic property of beryllium within the range of up to 6000 K and 500 GPa as a prototype to investigate the accuracy, efficiency and extrapolation of this model. The application to Mg3Al2Si3O12-pyrope and CaSiO3-perovskite in the Earth’s mantle further suggests that our model excellently describes the elasticity of different materials across a wide range of temperatures and pressures.
Optimizing hybrid ferromagnetic metal–ferrimagnetic insulator spin-Hall nano-oscillators: A micromagnetic study
Authors: Xi Robert , Lai Ya-An , Kent Andrew D.
Published: November 2024

Spin-Hall nano-oscillators (SHNOs) are nanoscale spintronic devices that generate high-frequency (GHz) microwave signals useful for various applications, such as neuromorphic computing and creating Ising systems. Recent research demonstrated that hybrid SHNOs consisting of a ferromagnetic metal (permalloy) and lithium ferrite-based (LAFO) insulating ferrimagnetic thin films have advantages in having lower auto-oscillation threshold currents (Ith) and generating larger microwave output power, making this hybrid structure an attractive candidate for spintronic applications. It is essential to understand how the tunable material properties of LAFO, e.g., its thickness, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (Ku,LAFO), and saturation magnetization (Ms,LAFO), affect magnetic dynamics in hybrid SHNOs. We investigate the change in Ith and the output power of the device as the LAFO parameters vary. We find the Ith does not depend strongly on these parameters, but the output power has a highly nonlinear dependence on Ms,LAFO and Ku,LAFO. We further investigate the nature of the excited spin-wave modes as a function of Ku,LAFO and determine a critical value of Ku,LAFO above which propagating spin-waves are excited. Our simulation results provide a roadmap for designing hybrid SHNOs to achieve targeted spin excitation characteristics.
Suprathermal corrections on galactic cosmic rays driven magnetohydrodynamic waves and gravitational instability in astrophysical plasmas
Authors: Boro Pallab , Prajapati Ram Prasad
Published: November 2024

The interaction of two populations of highly energetic cosmic rays (CRs) and suprathermal kappa gas in the astrophysical systems manifests exciting features of low-frequency magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves and instabilities. Contrary to the previous works on waves and instability analysis in Maxwellian gas, this paper investigates the effects of suprathermal corrections on the CR driven MHD waves and gravitational (Jeans) instability using the kappa distribution function. The equation of state for a kappa gas, including spectral κ− index, is considered in the CR-plasma interactions using the hydrodynamic fluid–fluid approach. The modified dispersion properties of fast, slow, and pure Alfvén waves and Jeans instability have been discussed in a suprathermal gas in astrophysical environments. The suprathermal corrections enhance the phase speed of the fast mode of MHD waves which is found to be greater in the suprathermal gas (κ>3/2) and smaller in the Maxwellian gas (κ→∞). In the absence of CR diffusion, the Jeans instability criterion is modified due to the simultaneous presence of CR pressure and suprathermal corrections. However, in the presence of CR diffusion, only suprathermal corrections modify the Jeans instability criterion. The suprathermal gases with higher degrees of freedom require large values of the Jeans wavenumber to produce gravitational instability and make the system more unstable. The suprathermal corrections along with modified thermal speed stabilize the growth rate of Jean instability, supporting the gravitational collapse of non-thermal gas in astrophysical systems.
Effect of morphed trailing edge on the acoustic and flow characteristics of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 4418 airfoil
Authors: Ding Shili , Liu Peiqing , Li Ling , Wang Kuo
Published: November 2024

Trailing-edge profile has an important impact on the aeroacoustic behavior of an airfoil, particularly the tonal noise in the low-medium Reynolds number range. Three profiles, NACA 4418 defined by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and its morphed variants with the trailing-edge deflections at ±8°, are investigated by wind tunnel experiments to reveal the acoustic and flow characteristics at the chord-based Reynolds number ranging from 1.2×105 to 3.1×105. The consistent observation across all profiles is the dominant feedback loop located on the pressure surface. The aeroacoustic findings show that the morphed trailing edge alters the tonal frequency spacing, mainly due to the change of the vortex convection velocity in the feedback loop. Furthermore, the trailing-edge morphing is observed to modulate the mode switching of the dominant tones. The local flow results reveal that the laminar separation bubble on the pressure side amplifies the flow oscillation. Notably, the profile with the trailing-edge upward deflection, characterized by a laminar separation bubble on the pressure surface, is particularly susceptible to the low-frequency broadband oscillation. The joint analysis of the acoustic and flow fields suggests that the laminar separation bubble heightens the sensitivity of the dominant tone mode switching to the incoming flow velocity.
Optimization design of seal cavities for shrouded stators
Authors: Fan Pengwei , Kong Xiaozhi , Huang Tianshuo , Liu Yuxin , Wang Hong
Published: November 2024

In this study, to reduce the negative impacts of cavity leakage flow on the aerodynamic performance of a shrouded stator, the structure of the seal cavity is optimized. First, the cavity structure is parameterized, and under different cavity design schemes, annular cascades with a cavity structure are simulated numerically to construct a sample database. On this basis, a neural network and genetic algorithm are used to establish the relationship between the modeling parameters and performances to find an optimal solution. Finally, the mechanism whereby the optimized cavity improves the compressor performance is analyzed. The results show that the optimized seal cavity reduces the leakage flow by approximately 30%, while the windage heating through the cavity remains unchanged. Also, the circumferential velocity of the leakage flow at the outlet of the cavity increases, so its ability to resist the boundary layer and pressure gradient extrusion is enhanced in the cascade passage. These two improvements reduce the influence area of the cavity leakage vortex and delay the passage vortex, which can decrease the momentum loss thickness of the boundary layer and reduce the total pressure loss coefficient of the cascade by 2.14%. Furthermore, the changes in the optimized cavity structure exhibit a high degree of consistency with the trends of the correlation analysis. Therefore, according to the structural characteristics and control mechanism of the seal cavity, the proposed optimization method can obtain remarkably effective cavity structures, taking into account the cascade loss minimization as well as the security stability of the inter-stage sealing.
Role of horizontal crossflow on gaseous bubble passage through the liquid–liquid interface
Authors: Patel Jitendra Kumar , Rana Basanta Kumar
Published: November 2024

The present work reports a computational analysis of gaseous bubble bypass through the liquid–liquid interface in the presence of horizontal crossflow. The volume of fluid methodology is employed to carry out the simulations using multiphaseInterFoam solver from the open-source package OpenFOAM. The immiscible liquids are considered as viscous and Newtonian. Efforts are made to elucidate the bubble penetration and subsequent entrainment of liquid lamella within the lighter phase. Furthermore, the bubble passage phenomenon is delineated by considering different bubble sizes, D (2.5–7.5 mm). The entrained lamella retracts early in the presence of crossflow. Reynolds number (Ref) is employed to specify the strength of crossflow. The pattern of vertical as well as horizontal shifts of bubble is predicted when it is traversing from the heavier to the lighter phase. The vertical and horizontal shifts of a same-sized bubble progressively reduce and increase, respectively, with the rise of crossflow strength at a particular time stamp. Moreover, we have also predicted the behavior of drainage Hd/hg and retention Hr/hg height along with corresponding times by considering important pertinent parameters. The drainage and retention height are noticed to be lower and higher, respectively, with the rise of crossflow strength for a constant bubble size. We have further attempted to predict a regime map to distinguish two important behaviors of bubble, namely, (i) gaseous mass sheared off (zone I) and (ii) no gaseous mass sheared off (zone II). Finally, velocity vectors are employed to characterize the flow pattern of bubble passage through the liquid–liquid interface with the supplementary effect of crossflow.
Photodissociation dynamics of H2S+ via the A2A1 (0, 8, 0) state
Authors: Tan Yuxin , Wang Yaling , Luo Chang , Luan Zhiwen , Li Jie , Yuan Daofu , Zhou Xiaoguo , Wang Xingan , Yang Xueming
Published: November 2024

The photodissociation dynamics of the hydrogen sulfide cation (H2S+) (X2B1) were investigated using the time-sliced velocity map ion imaging technique. S+ (4Su) product images were measured at four photolysis wavelengths around 393.70 nm, corresponding to the excitation of the H2S+ (X2B1) cation to the A2A1 (0, 8, 0) state. The raw images and the derived total kinetic energy releases (TKERs) spectra exhibited partial rotational resolution for the H2 products. A sensitive dependence on the photolysis wavelength was observed in the TKER spectra and anisotropy parameters. Within a narrow excitation energy range of ∼12 cm−1, the H2 products showed two distinct rotational excitations. Furthermore, clear differences in anisotropy parameters were observed. These phenomena indicate that the rotational excitation of the H2S+ ions plays a role in the non-adiabatic photodissociation dynamics.
Adaptive temporal resolution fusion method for peak significant wave height capture using multi-satellite data in large wave processes
Authors: Yang Hongbin , Liang Bingchen , Gao Huijun , Shao Zhuxiao
Published: November 2024

The estimation of significant wave height (SWH), especially under extreme conditions, is crucial for the understanding of ocean dynamics and practical application in ocean engineering. In this study, the SWH field in the North Pacific Ocean is generated based on satellite altimeter data. Due to the limitations of a single satellite, such as large orbital spacing and long revisit period, multi-source satellite data are fused to obtain more wave information. The effect of the number of satellites on the fusion results shows that increasing the orbital observations can improve the fusion accuracy, especially for large wave processes. On this basis, an adaptive temporal resolution fusion method is proposed to further improve the fusion effect. This method takes into account the spatiotemporal variation of the wave field in the fusion process, especially the rapid and significant change of SWH. According to the change characteristics of normal and large waves, the temporal resolution can be adjusted flexibly and autonomously to ensure fusion efficiency and accuracy. In particular, this adaptive adjustment can significantly improve the peak underestimation of large waves. Meanwhile, the fusion influence of SWHs in large wave processes on adjacent small SWHs is reduced to avoid over-fusion. The comparison between the buoy observation and fused SWH shows that this method can be used for fusion, especially for capturing peak SWHs during large wave processes. It may allow for comprehensive monitoring and understanding of ocean waves during extreme conditions, providing important support for disaster prevention and mitigation.
Numerical investigation of stator suction-type self-circulating casing treatment effects on the aerodynamic performance of a single-stage axial flow compressor
Authors: Zhang Haoguang , Wang Hao , Xiao Jinhang , Feng Yiming , Chu Wuli
Published: November 2024

This study addresses the technical challenge that conventional self-recirculating casing treatments predominantly enhance the compressor stability with minimal efficiency gains. Focusing on a transonic axial flow compressor, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Stage35, the research designed an innovative stator suction-type self-circulating casing treatment (SS-SCT), which features the suction slots on the stator instead of the traditional self-circulating casing treatment's suction port. Using multipassage unsteady numerical simulations, this paper investigated the underlying mechanisms by which the SS-SCT affects the compressor performance. The numerical results reveal that the SS-SCT not only increases the compressor stall margin by 3.36% but also enhances the efficiency by 0.13% at the design point and by 0.6% at the near-stall point. The jetting action of the SS-SCT mitigates the detrimental effects of the rotor tip leakage flow and alleviates the blockages in the rotor tip passage at the near-stall point, thereby improving the compressor stability. Concurrently, the suction slots extract the low-speed fluid generated by the boundary layer separation in the stator passage, reducing flow losses, and consequently enhancing the compressor efficiency.
Study on hydrodynamic characteristics of multiple fish based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Authors: Wang X. J. , Huang C. , Yan W. H. , Aly Abdelraheem M. , Zhao Q. L. , He G. P.
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the effect of spatial configurations and quantities of fish school on the hydrodynamic characteristics of fish is numerically investigated by smoothed particle hydrodynamics, revealing the hydrodynamic mechanism of the fish school in terms of shedding vortices and channel effects. In this study, the spatial configuration of fish school includes three types, namely, side-by-side, triangle, and staggered; the number of fish varies from one to six. The pressure, velocity, and vortex contours are discussed to investigate the hydrodynamic parameters of fish school. The results show that the shedding vortex has a greater effect on the hydrodynamic characteristics of fish school than the channel effect; as the longitudinal distance increases, the channel effect rapidly declines while the shedding vortex still generates an effect on the hydrodynamic characteristics of fish school at a relatively big longitudinal distance; the inverted triangular configuration has a stronger channel effect than the positive triangle configuration; the number of fish has a greater impact on the hydrodynamic characteristics of fish located at the back of the fish school than on the hydrodynamic characteristics of fish located at the front of the fish school.
Beyond inhalation protection: Assessing cloth mask effectiveness as source control devices
Authors: Masouminia Mahtab , Irannezhad Ashkan , Laengert Scott , de Lannoy Charles-François , Clase Catherine , Zhao Benzhong
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of cloth masks as source control devices during violent respiratory events such as coughing and sneezing. Utilizing a novel experimental platform integrating a mechanical cough simulator and high-speed laser visualization, we quantitatively assess the filtration efficiency of various cloth mask materials. Our results reveal significant variability in the cumulative escaped droplet volume across different fabrics, challenging the assumption that fabrics with similar porosity yield comparable performance. We introduce the concept of active porosity, highlighting its critical role in mask performance for source control, and demonstrate that masks with lower active porosity more effectively mitigate droplet transmission. Furthermore, our findings suggest that a mask's performance in inhalation protection does not directly correlate with its efficacy in source control, emphasizing the need for tailored testing standards. The study also explores the impact of water content on mask performance, revealing that moisture accumulation can significantly alter the filtration efficiency and pressure dynamics of the mask, potentially compromising its protective seal. These insights provide a foundation for improving cloth mask design and standards to better address the challenges of airborne transmission during pandemics.
Evolution equations for open systems and collective variables: Which equation would you like to solve by molecular dynamics simulation?
Authors: Schilling Tanja
Published: November 2024

In molecular dynamics simulations, the Langevin equation is frequently used to model the dynamics of collective variables and of systems coupled to baths. Often, external forces are added to the Langevin equation (e.g., when using targeted or steered molecular dynamics in biomolecular simulation). It is also popular to add derivatives of thermodynamic potentials to the Langevin equation as effective forces (e.g., when using a potential of mean force in a coarse-grained polymer model). These practices can be adventurous. In this article, we recall derivations of different versions of the Langevin equation and we discuss why care is needed if one would like to make changes to the structure of the equation.
Rotational flow field of a particle-laden fluid on a co-rotating disk
Authors: Ru C. Q.
Published: November 2024

The particle-modified velocity field of a rotating particulate fluid on a co-rotating disk is studied. Unlike a clear fluid, which admits pure rigid-body rotation with a zero radial velocity component, it is shown here that an unbounded particle-laden fluid does not admit pure rigid-body rotation. An exact solution is given for an unbounded rotating particle-laden fluid, which contains a non-zero radial velocity component and cannot meet the no-slip boundary conditions on a disk co-rotating at the same angular velocity. Explicit leading-order solutions are derived for the particle-modified velocity field of a rotating particulate fluid on a co-rotating disk. It is shown that the disturbed radial and azimuthal velocities due to the co-rotating disk are oscillatory and decay exponentially with the distance from the disk, while the disturbed axial velocity approaches a constant at infinity. The derived formula is used to discuss the radial, azimuthal, and axial velocities of dispersed particles and their effects on the rotational flow of the rotating particle-laden fluid.
Nobel Prize highlights neural networks’ physics roots
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: November 2024

The road to the modern machine-learning marvels was paved with ideas from statistical mechanics and collective phenomena.
Cotranscriptional splicing is required in the cold to produce
COOLAIR
isoforms that repress
Arabidopsis FLC
Authors: Long Xiaogang , Cai Yajun , Wang Huamei , Liu Yue , Huang Xiaoyi , Xuan Hua , Li Wenjuan , Zhang Xiaoling , Zhang Hongya , Fang Xiaofeng , He Hang , Xu Guoyong , Dean Caroline , Yang Hongchun
Published: November 2024

Plants use seasonal cold to time the transition to reproductive development. Short- and long-term cold exposure is registered via parallel transcriptional shutdown and Polycomb-dependent epigenetic silencing of the
Arabidopsis thaliana
major flowering repressor locus
FLOWERING LOCUS C
(
FLC
). The cold-induced antisense transcripts (
COOLAIR
) determine the dynamics of
FLC
transcriptional shutdown, but the thermosensory mechanisms are still unresolved. Here, through a forward genetic screen, we identify a mutation that perturbs cold-induced
COOLAIR
expression and
FLC
repression. The mutation is a hypomorphic allele of SUPPRESSORS OF MEC-8 AND UNC-52 1 (SMU1), a conserved subunit of the spliceosomal B complex. SMU1 interacts in vivo with the proximal region of nascent
COOLAIR
and RNA 3′ processing/cotranscriptional regulators and enhances
COOLAIR
proximal intron splicing to promote specific
COOLAIR
isoforms. SMU1 also interacts with ELF7, an RNA Polymerase II Associated Factor (Paf1) component and limits
COOLAIR
transcription. Cold thus changes cotranscriptional splicing/RNA Pol II functionality in an SMU1-dependent mechanism to promote two different isoforms of
COOLAIR
that lead to reduced
FLC
transcription. Such cotranscriptional mechanisms are emerging as important regulators underlying plasticity in gene expression.
Modeling extrahepatic hepatitis E virus infection in induced human primary neurons
Authors: Jagst Michelle , Gömer André , Augustyniak Sanja , Klöhn Mara , Rehm Adriana , Ulrich Rainer G. , Bader Verian , Winklhofer Konstanze F. , Brüggemann Yannick , Gold Ralf , Gisevius Barbara , Todt Daniel , Steinmann Eike
Published: November 2024

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are one of the most common causes of acute viral hepatitis, annually causing over 3 million symptomatic cases and 70,000 deaths worldwide. Historically, HEV was described as a hepatotropic virus, but has recently been associated with various extrahepatic manifestations including neurological disorders such as Guillain–Barré syndrome and neuralgic amyotrophy. However, the underlying pathogenesis of these neurological diseases remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate extrahepatic HEV manifestations in a neuronal model system using human-induced primary neurons (iPNs). Renal epithelial cells from human urine were reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells to generate neuronal progenitor cells, which were subsequently differentiated into iPNs over 21 d. These iPNs supported HEV infection preferentially in neurite-bearing cells. Transcriptional profiling of the neuronal development process as well as viral infection dynamics in iPNs uncovered a lack of antiviral innate immune responses to HEV infection with only an intrinsic expression of distinct interferon-regulated genes and signaling molecules. Viral open reading frame 2 encoded capsid protein could be visualized by volumetric three-dimensional reconstitution within the neurites, which were reduced in length in an HEV inoculation-dependent manner. In conclusion, this neuron-derived human model system provides a powerful tool for studying extrahepatic manifestations of HEV infection. It further indicates a potential mechanism of pathogenesis driven by the interaction between host and viral factors.
Embodied constructions
Authors: Luraghi Silvia
Published: November 2024

In Ancient Greek two-place verbs can take three different argument structure constructions, with nominative first arguments and either accusative or genitive or dative second arguments. While the accusative is the default case across all verb classes, the genitive indicates low agentivity of the first participant and low affectedness of the second, and the dative is especially frequent with social interaction verbs. The paper focuses on constructional patterns and construction variation with experiential verbs. Referring to data from experimental psychology, I argue that the distribution of constructions with either accusative or genitive second arguments reflects physical embodiment based on narrow vs. broad attention focus, as also indicated by constructional patterns of perception verbs. Emotion verbs that take the dative indicate potentially interactive situations, including those that involve social judgment, thus conforming to the pattern of interaction verbs and reflecting social embodiment.
Robust intrinsic chirality empowered by pair of off-Γ accidental BICs in a triangular lattice metasurface
Authors: Wang Keda , Guan Chunying , Zhuang Zhengqi , Ye Peng , Hu Hui , Shi Jinhui , Liu Jianlong
Published: November 2024

Optical chiral metasurfaces with high quality factors enhance light–matter interactions. However, intrinsic chirality based on breaking the symmetry-protected BIC hardly reveals strong circular dichroism (CD) against structural perturbations. Here, we propose a design of the intrinsic chirality empowered by a pair of off-Γ accidental BICs and demonstrate a robust intrinsic chiroptical response continuously exhibiting strong and sign-controllable transmitted CD up to 0.98 and stable high-quality factors under a wide range of perturbations of geometrical parameters. A triangular lattice with slant T-shaped meta-atoms is employed to break all mirror symmetries. The at-Γ quality factor of the chiral resonance is enhanced by four C points and maintains the range of 105–106. Our work is beneficial for designing chiral metasurfaces with a strong intrinsic chirality.