bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear-elastic stress field of notched concrete beam: An application of finite element in theory of critical distances
Authors: Shah Mohamad Shazwan Ahmad , Noor Norhazilan Md. , Tamin Mohd. Nasir , Kueh Ahmad Beng Hong , Zardasti Libriati , Yahaya Nordin
Published: May 2021

Fatigue failures occur in all structures including brittle and ductile structures. However, the study on fatigue in ductile material like metal and steel has tremendously developed compared to brittle material such as concrete. Fortunately, the Theory of Critical Distance (TCD) is witnessed successfully assess fatigue fracture in concrete. In obtaining one of the outputs using TCD which is critical distance, fatigue limit of concrete that is obtained through laboratory testing and stress field generated using computational analysis engineering software (CAE) are required. In this article, the concern will be on producing the valid and reliable stress field data since inaccurate input into the CAE will result unreliable output that is exposed to errors. In order to guarantee the result is accurate, validation works were conducted in preprocess and post-process phase while analysing finite model using ABAQUS. As the outputs comply accordingly based on the validation works, the critical distance is confidence to be consumed for the subsequent research related to TCD.
Acoustic Emission Signal Analysis on Corroded Concrete Beam
Authors: Zaki A , Ibrahim Z , Ying TJ
Published: May 2021

The steel corrosion of concrete structures has been one of the primary causes of structural degradation. Early identification of the steel corrosion might help minimize the location and the duration of the repair required and the cost associated with restoration work. The acoustic emission (AE) technique is more effective for assessing the corrosion of the steel reinforcement in the concrete structures. The AE technique successfully monitors and analyses energy signals released from the crack of the concrete matrix by the corrosion activity using AE sensors placed on the concrete surfaces. The main objective of this research is to assess the flexural behaviour of the corroded concrete beam specimens under the loading test using the AE technique. Three concrete beams were performed for the evaluation of corroded concrete beam specimens using the AE technique. During the experiments, the corroded beam specimens were flexural loaded together with data acquisition by the AE technique. The data obtained were processed, and AE parametric-based analysis was carried out. The AE technique was successfully conducted for fracture monitoring of the corroded beam specimen under flexure load. The AE parameters include the AE hits, and the Ib-value of the AE data was successfully introduced to assess the flexure behaviour of the corroded concrete beam specimens. It can be found that fluctuation follows a rising pattern in the Ib-value and then a declining trend in the Ib value. The lowest Ib-value exists at the damage stage IV for all beam specimens except the HC beam specimen. The lowest Ib-value occurs at the beginning of the damage stage III for the HC beam specimen.
Shear Strength and Elastic Modulus Behavior of Coconut Fiber-Reinforced Expansive Soil
Authors: Widianti A , Diana W , Alghifari M R
Published: May 2021

Shear strength behavior of expansive soil reinforced by randomly placed fiber depends on the added materials’ content. This research investigated the effect of the waste coconut fibers content on the stress-strain relationship, the shear strength parameters, and the mixture’s elastic modulus. In this study, the coconut fiber content was varied from 0.25% to 1% with 0% fiber as control. The clay samples were tested after mixing by unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test. In general, according to the test result, the inclusion of randomly placed waste coconut fiber has enhanced the peak deviatoric stress, the shear strength parameters, and the elastic modulus. At 0.6% fiber content, the shear strength and the samples’ elastic modulus have increased to 79.46% and 153%, respectively, compared with those not reinforced with coconut fiber.
Clay as Sustainable Building Material and its Benefits for Protection in the Built Environment
Authors: Muntari M Y , Windapo A O
Published: May 2021

This examination looks at the properties and advantages of clay use as building material that improves natural assurance. The reasoning for this assessment originates from the perspectives held by researchers that clay earth blocks are more liked as supportable structure materials; nonetheless, there is restricted examination into whether the decision of mud materials is impacted simply by its natural advantages. To accomplish the particular exploration targets a blended examination strategy was utilized. The techniques adopted incorporate writing audit, subjective (inquiries questions) and quantitative (poll questionnaire) research strategies, including the review of the chose building and common development firms in Katsina, Kano and Kaduna provinces of Nigeria. The exploration information gathered dependent on the financial, social and ecological properties of clay earth and its advantages in natural properties was examined utilizing unmistakable factual strategies. The examination tracked down that the financial parts of clay earth make it more critical as a structural material that is helpful in built environment. The examination findings suggest further investigation into the improvement of clay as a structural material that tends to the manageable triple main concern of economics matters, social and natural necessities.
Discovering Source of Residents’ Complaint on Air Quality: Preliminary Studies on Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Authors: Nur-Nabilah M N , Nor-Amani-Filzah M K , Norzila O , Azra-Munirah M D , Nurul-Bahiyah A W , Khairuddin M K
Published: May 2021

Based on previous report, air quality in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM) main campus can be categorized as good quality. However, high numbers of complaints especially on dust and unpleasant odour received from residents which located adjacent to industrial area in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. Thus, this preliminary study is to discover the source of complaints with focus on Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentrations. PM2.5 and SO2 were measured by using Temtop airing 1000 and aeroqual series 500, respectively at five sampling stations in UTHM main campus. Measurement for PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations were collected for 24 hours and 1 hours, respectively from July to September 2019. The average concentration for PM2.5 at Tun Dr Ismail Residential College (83.63 ug/m3) and Facuulty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment (40 ug/m3) were above the allowable limit. Meanwhile, SO2 concentrations for all sampling stations were not exceeded the allowable limit. However, very high concentrations were detected at short duration that did not affect the average concentration. This high concentration can be the cause of complaints on unpleasant odour. Finding from this study can be used as preliminary data for detail monitoring and finding the source of air pollution.
Comparison of Missing Rainfall Data Treatment Analysis at Kenyir Lake
Authors: Azman Azreen Harina , Tukimat Nurul Nadrah Aqilah , Malek M A
Published: May 2021

Rainfall is one of the frequent data used in weather-related studies. Sometimes the data have missing information that needs the treatment to make sure the data can be useful, complete and reliable. There are many methods in treating missing data suggested by previous studies. The best selected method to estimate missing rainfall data in different regions may vary depending on the rainfall pattern and spatial distribution. Therefore, this paper discussed and compared 3 different methods in missing data treatment. The selected methods are Expectation Maximization (EM), Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Multiple Imputation (MI). After analysis, the best method is IDW based on root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (r) and percentage of error (% of error) values. The IDW method has RMSE, MAE values and the lowest % of error values. In addition, the r value of IDW method is highest compared to EM and MI method. MI method recorded the highest values of RMSE, MAE and % of error with the lowest r value that proved MI method is the least accurate method to use in missing data treatment. After all methods were implemented, it proved that the IDW method is the best way to treat missing data because the analysis shows monthly rainfall distribution for 4 treatment stations in line to 3 missing data stations compared to EM and MI methods.
The effect of ventilation during peak hours and cooking activities on coarse airborne particulates (PM10 and TSP) in middle-class apartments in Surabaya: a multilevel approach
Authors: Syafei A D , Ciptaningayu T N , Surahman U , Sembiring A C , Pradana A W , Assomadi A F , Boedisantoso R , Hermana J
Published: May 2021

Indoor air pollution is a serious problem today in part because many people spend the majority of their time indoors. The result of multiple indoor activities and outdoor pollutants entering indoor spaces, indoor pollution can cause various potentially fatal respiratory diseases and yet is rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between ventilation, peak hours and cooking activity on indoor pollutants. This research was conducted December 2017-April 2019 in 59 apartment units in Surabaya, Indonesia. A multilevel model with three models was used to determine the relationships between ventilation, peak hour, cooking activities and indoor pollutants, specifically, PM10 and TSP. The concentrations of indoor PM10 and TSP were generally 25-99 μg/m3, and at that concentration, peak hours occurred in the afternoon. Peak hour in the morning can increase indoor PM10 and TSP. Cooking activities carried out near an open window can increase indoor concentrations of PM10 and TSP, likely due to higher outdoor than indoor concentrations.
Effective microorganisms composite scupper drain (EM-CSD) as a new revolution in drainage system: A preliminary study
Authors: Ahmad F H M , Jamal M H , Sam A R M , Nuryazmeen F H
Published: May 2021

Effective microorganisms composite scupper drain (EM-CSD) system, which is designed using eco-composite in porous concrete with the concrete mixture and a cement replacement, consists of the waste material elements that being recycled, such as wood waste ash, egg shells, rice husk ash (RHA), and many more, for the purpose of managing stormwater quantity and quality, and also for ecologically sustainable development. The numerous ecocomposite materials researches have been conducted, specifically for the building materials. In addition, several impermeable surfaces including sidewalks, secondary roads, and also parking lots in several countries have used the porous concrete materials, as it is good quality in terms of the concrete strength, the porosity, the workability, and also the maintenance cost reduction. Besides, previous researches related to effective microorganisms (EM) as an admixture in concrete have been done, as a part of construction materials. However, the previous researches of eco-composite, specifically using RHA and EM did not focus on the drainage systems. Therefore, this paper presents a preliminary study of EM-CSD system using RHA and EM as a cement replacement, as a green technology and sustainable development in urban drainage systems. This kind of technology is a new revolution to replace the existing drainage systems, with high cost effective consideration, high concrete mixture strength and workability, and low temperature. For the part of the research, Shah Alam, Selangor as the main study area to implement this kind of the new drainage system technology for the purpose to reduce the flash flood phenomenon, to overcome the dengue fever issues due to stagnant water in the drainage system, and also vandalism of the drainage cover, which cause a safety issue for public. This preliminary study using EM-CSD as a new revolution in the drainage system indicates the ecocomposite porous concrete mixtures are expected able to overcome the drainage system problems with low cost maintenance and high on concrete strength and workability.
Peat Water Treatment as an Alternative for Raw water in Peatlands Area
Authors: Ali F , Lestari D L , Putri M D
Published: May 2021

Indonesia is the second country that has the largest percentage of peatlands in the world. Peatlands play an important role as a counterweight to environmental ecosystems. However, if not managed properly, then these benefits cannot be used optimally. Areas with peatlands are generally inland areas that do not yet have access to clean water. It is not uncommon to find clean water crisis conditions occurring in areas with peatlands, because peat water as a source of raw water has not yet been implemented. As for water resources in peatlands, most of them come from the peat water itself. The use of peat water as a source of raw water requires in-depth studies both in terms of quality, continuity, and quantity, so that it does not cause health, social, and economic issues, when used by the community as a source of clean water. Through this research, there will be a review of the application of peat water treatment that has been used in previous studies, so that it will be known the challenges to be faced and as an alternative solution to face these challenges, especially in Indonesia.
Relative Treatment Efficiency Index of Eichhornia crassipes in Removing Cd, Pb and Ni from Wastewater
Authors: Zaida Z Nur , He J Lim , Sahibin A R , Vun L W , Fera N C
Published: May 2021

Relative treatment efficiency index (RTEI) is used to identify the efficiency of the treatment by the plant itself. The higher the RTEI indicates the more efficient the treatment by the plant studied. In this research, Eichhornia crassipes were used to evaluate its RTEI value in removing heavy metals cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) from wastewater. E. crassipes were grown in Faculty of Science & Natural Resources’s (FSNR) lake water and spiked with 1 mg/L, 3 mg/L and 5 mg/L of Cd, Ni and Pb respectively. The experiment were conducted within 14 days period to evaluate its potential in phytoremediation of heavy metals from the wastewater. The results showed that the removal of Cd, Ni and Pb by E. crassipes were highest at 1 mg/L respectively. It was observed that E. crassipes were effective in removing Pb compared to Cd and Ni. Antagonistic effects between heavy metals were found in affecting the removal efficiency of each other except for metal Pb. E. crassipes were able to achieve highest RTEI = 0.91 with 98.2% removal of Pb followed by RTEI = 0.52 with 50.2% removal of Cd and RTEI = 0.62 with 44.7% removal of Ni. After 14 days treatment, E. crassipes show significant toxic effects on plant roots and leaves as the concentration of heavy metal increased. The accumulation of heavy metals in plant tissues were shown in ranged from 7.48 mg/kg to 2864.12 mg/kg (Cd), 46.18 mg/kg to 3628.21 mg/kg (Ni) and 2.69 mg/kg to 6012.68 mg/kg (Pb). The results also revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals was higher in the roots than stalks and leaves. It was found that bionconcentration factor (BCF) of Pb, Cd and Ni in root at 1 mg/L were exceed 1000. Study on translocation factor (TF) of all metals were recorded low in ranged of 0.01-0.79 respectively. This indicates that the phytoremediation mechanism uptakes of E. crassipes is rhizofiltration. This study give a better understanding on the potential of E. crassipes in removing heavy metals from wastewater especially industrial wastewater.
Identification of Pollutant Sources on PM10: Case Study in West Surabaya
Authors: Ciptaningayu T N , Syafei A D , Santoso M , Tangahu B V
Published: May 2021

The emission of motor vehicles can cause air pollution, the industry, and household activities and is currently a severe problem. Surabaya City, especially West Surabaya, is an area that has heavy traffic because it is a warehouse area, directly adjacent to Gresik Regency, which is an industrial area and other activities such as garbage Final processing place and port. Therefore, a study needed to monitor the quality of the PM pollutants in West Surabaya and further estimates are the source location of the pollutants. The results of this study can complement previous research and can be used to make policies in air pollution control in Surabaya city. Sampling for fine and coarse particles using Gent Stacked Filter Unit (Gent SFU) every six days between November-December and meteorological data obtained using Kestrel 5500 Weather Meter. The concentration of PM10 was analyzed using the gravimetric method while estimating the pollutant source location using the Conditional Probability Function (CPF). The average concentration of PM10 at the time of research of 32.24 μg/m3. The estimated source location of pollutant for PM10 is from north, northeast, east, south, and southwest and the potential source of pollutant is possible from industrial activities, traffic, warehousing activities, and natural sources such as dirt dust.
Shoreline monitoring using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) at Regency Beach, Port Dickson
Authors: Ishaand I B , Adib M R M
Published: May 2021

For various coastal studies, coastal monitoring, mapping, and analysis include advancement of regression planning, geo-details, decomposition-enhancing research, and theoretical or predictive modelling and/or coastal characterization. The goals of this research were to identify shoreline changes at Regency Beach, Port Dickson using Pix4Dcapture, Pix4Dmapper and ArcGIS 10.3 software to use the images captured by unmanned aerial vehicle. Flight plans were scheduled from February 2020 to June 2020. In five months of study period, improvements to the shoreline have been noticeable and may impact the coastal region in the immediate future. As this study’s objective was successfully achieved, drones can be recommended as an alternative technique for monitoring coastal changes.
Analysis of Sand Mining Impacts on Riverbed in the Downstream of the Progo River, Indonesia
Authors: Ikhsan J , Rezanaldy A , Rozainy M. A. Z Mohd. Remy
Published: May 2021

The Progo River is a river that flows in the Province of Central Java and Yogyakarta Province in Indonesia. This river originates at Mount Sindoro with the main river length of about 138 km and has a watershed area of approximately 243,833,086 hectares. The Progo River is a natural river which has one of its upper reaches, which is sourced from Mount Merapi. This condition resulted in the Progo River being affected by the material carried by cold lava. The research method is carried out by analysing the amount of sand mining, social and economic impacts, sediment transport, degradation or aggradation at the point of review based on primary and secondary data from the results of laboratory measurements and tests. The location of the research was carried out at the point of the Srandakan Bridge to the Progo River Estuary. The results showed that at the Srandakan Bridge point to the Progo River Estuary the volume of sand mining was 459,576 m3/year, one of the social and economic impacts of sand mining was the opening of job opportunities for the community around the mining location, and degradation of the river bed, with a degradation value of 0.43 m/year.
Establishment of flood damage function model for urban area in Kuantan: A preliminary study
Authors: Romali N S , Yusop Z
Published: May 2021

Previous studies on flood damage assessment mostly discussed the relationship between flood damages and hydrological impacts parameters such as flood depth and flood duration. The influence of resistance parameters on flood damages is rarely investigated. Hence, an attempt has been made to establish a flood damage function model based on the relationships between flood damages and the variables of socio-economic and property characteristics for an urban area in Kuantan. Using a face to face interview technique, a field survey was conducted to gather damage data and related information from the 2013 Kuantan flood. Damages to residential structures were found to be influenced by household income, type of construction materials, and house level. On the other hand, household income, house type, and occupation were identified as the most significant variables that influenced the damages of residential content. For the commercial category, only the areas of the premises were significantly affected by the various structural damages, whereas the content damages depended mostly on the type of business, the surrounding areas, and the premises’ number of floors. The relationship between flood damages and their influencing factors is important and should be further tested before proceeding with any application on a wider scale.
Soil Water Variation Due to Grass Water Uptake
Authors: Azween Ismail Siti Saidatul , Ali Nazri
Published: May 2021

Shallow landslide is the phenomenon of slope collapse frequently occurring in tropical rainforest regions such as Malaysia based on geotechnical problem. This paper aims to determine the effects of grass on the shallow slope’s stability in terms of the variability of soil moisture, and to establish 1D suction of soil moisture due to grass water uptake. Moisture variations were used to compare the moisture content with time using GID and Fotran code tools. Based on the literature review findings, numerical simulation modelling was applied to achieve the most suitable condition for replicating grass water uptake within the soil slope. Six types of grasses were used in this research. The correlation between numerical simulation results is appropriate for these six types of grasses, but only Indropogon Gayanus grass with field monitoring results was achieved for validation. This paper assessed slope stability due to the influence of six types of grasses induced suction. The long grassroots are special between both kinds of grass, ranging from 0.3048 m to 4.000 m. This work gives a clear belief that Axonopus Compressus grass extracts water much faster than other grasses and is useful in preserving unsaturated soil stability.
Investigation of Soft Layer in between Hard Layer for Sedimentary Rock Formation by using Electrical Resistivity Analysis
Authors: Fannie Z P , Dan M F , Madun A , Malik A K A , Talib M K Abu , Pakir F , Tonnizam M Edy , Rasminto W A S
Published: May 2021

This study aims to predict the occurrences of soft layers in between hard layers in sedimentary rock formation based on electrical resistivity analysis. ABEM Terrameter LS Box with 40 electrodes with 2.5 meters spacing in pole-dipole method was used. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was conducted to obtain the value for the number of blows (N-value). RES2DINV was used to analyse a two-dimensional illustration of the soil layers in the pseudo section diagram. Results show that the groundwater table is located 2.0 meters below the ground surface. Based on the resistivity analysis, the subsurface profile is consists of topsoil, soft silty clay (N0-N4, 6 > Ω > 20 ohm), medium-stiff silty clay (N5-N6, 20>Ω>360 ohm), medium dense coarse sands (N13-N16, 361>Ω>550 ohm), stiff silty clay (N10-N18, 550>Ω>720 ohm), hard silty clay and gravel (N50, 720>Ω>1100 ohm), and moderate weathered and slightly fractured shale stone (N50, Ω>1100 ohm). Although the correlation between resistivity values and SPT N-values shows a very good relationship with R2 ranges from 0.83 to 0.89, electrical resistivity analysis is not suitable to determine the soft layer in between hard layer in a sedimentary rock formation due to the presence of high ground water table.
The Effectiveness of Demolished Tile Material for Soil Improvement: A Review
Authors: Hillary E , Pakir F , Aziz N A A , Madun A
Published: May 2021

Recently, many researchers have reported the effects of non-traditional additives, on soils geotechnical properties and proven these additives are extensively used to solve the problematic soil. However, there is a lack of publications on the fundamental microstructural behaviour of non-traditional additives treated clay soil soils and their influence on the engineering behaviour. Therefore, this paper focused on determining the improvement mechanism for stabilization and the performance of clay soil mixed with two types of additives: traditional and non-traditional additives, namely cement and Demolished Tile Waste (DTM). A microstructural study pH analysis had been conducted and reviewed to elucidate the stabilization mechanism. It also includes an unconfined compressive test, oedometer consolidation test and compaction test used to assess the stabilized soil’s engineering properties. The laboratory tests showed the effectiveness of the additive on stabilizing the soft clay by using DTM. The microstructural tests results indicated the formation of new mineral products in the mixtures, identified as sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (NASH) and calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) for soils treated with DTM. In the nutshell, at an early period the selected additive had expected to increase the strength of soft soil. Thus, the application combination stabilizer helps to reduce cost for the geotechnical project.
A Case Study of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Subsurface in Malaysia
Authors: Chia K C , Koo C H , Lau S H , Lee M L
Published: May 2021

Unforeseen ground condition often leads to the occurrence of cost overrun and project delay in Malaysia’s architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industries. The implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for subsurface was attempted to reduce uncertainties associated with the underground conditions. A pilot case study was performed to understand the 3D subsurface modelling workflow in BIM environment. A construction site in Ara Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia was selected for the pilot case study. The site investigation data of the study area were interpreted and input into AutoCAD Civil 3D with geotechnical module to perform the 3D subsurface modelling at various detail levels. The workflow of the modelling process in case study was documented for future references. Through this pilot study, it was found that the adoption of BIM for subsurface modelling could produce soil profiles for different engineering purposes such as visualisation of subsurface conditions during project initiation stage, preliminary conceptual design, and detailed analysis and design of geotechnical structures, particularly foundation. The BIM implementation for geotechnical data improves the management of site investigation data, enhances the visualisation of subsurface profile, and improves the efficiency in communicating the subsurface conditions to all stakeholders in a project team.
Effects of Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) on the Rheological Properties of Bitumen
Authors: Al-Sabaeei Abdulnaser , Napiah Madzlan , Sutanto Muslich , Alaloul Wesam , Bala Nura
Published: May 2021

Millions of tires are produced worldwide every year and after a short time become waste. This is considering a massive waste need to be incorporated in various sustainable applications such as in a bitumen modification. In this study, tire pyrolysis oil-modified bitumen was prepared at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by total weight of the blend. The influence of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) on the conventional and high-temperature rheological properties of bitumen was evaluated by conducting penetration grade, ring and ball, dynamic viscosity, complex modulus, phase angle, and rutting resistance evaluations. Results show that the addition of TPO into base bitumen reduces the penetration values and slight reduction in softening points of modified bitumen which indicating the consistency and applicability of the TPO as a bitumen modifier. Based on the dynamic viscosity and temperature sweep test performed by a dynamic shear rheometer, it was observed that overall, TPO improved the viscosity, complex modulus, phase angle, and permanent deformation of bitumen at the temperature range of 40 to 76 °C, particularly at lower TPO content. Furthermore, TPO-modified bitumen exhibits rutting resistance better than base bitumen which could be attributed to the improvement in the elastic behaviour of bitumen with the addition of TPO. 15%TPO-modified bitumen show adequate rheological properties to be used as an alternative for base bitumen in hot regions pavement applications.
Optimization the Physical Properties of Waste Denim Fiber Modified Bio-asphalt Binder Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Al-Sabaeei Abdulnaser , Napiah Madzlan , Sutanto Muslich , Alaloul Wesam , Yusoff Nur Izzi Md , Habib Noor Zainab , Rafiq Waqas
Published: May 2021

This research used waste denim fiber (WDF) as a new modifier to mitigate the inconsistency problem of bio-asphalt that incorporated waste cooking oil (WCO). Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to design and analyze the experimental data. 16 blends of base and bio-asphalt binders were prepared with high shear mixer and evaluated by conducting penetration, ring and ball temperature and temperature susceptibility tests. Optimization of the properties was performed by RSM to come up with the optimum amount of the additives that can be recommended. Results showed that the addition of waste denim fiber reduced the penetration values and increased the ring and ball temperature and the penetration index of base and WDF-modified bio-asphalt binders. These findings reveal that WDF-modified bio-asphalt binders can perform well at the intermediate and high-temperature pavement applications. Numerical optimization results utilizing the developed models exhibited that optimum properties can be achieved with 5% of WCO and 6% of WDF.
Empirical Evaluation of Lane Changing Following Gap Distance on Expressway
Authors: Ataelmanan H , Puan O C , Hassan S A
Published: May 2021

Lane changing (LC) is an essential aspect of driving behaviour on expressways, which impacts on traffic efficiency and safety. Therefore, a wrongful execution of LC, especially the wrong choice following distance before the LC manoeuvre. This could lead to road crashes, mostly in the form of rear-end, sideswipe, or angled crash. This research assesses the characteristics of drivers’ following gap distance during LC. The study was performed on a segment along Kuala Lumpur – Seremban expressway. Data were collected along the selected segment using an instrumented test vehicle approach. A passenger car was instrumented with a Video Velocity Box (VBox), which an on-board data acquisition system used for video recording of field traffic events. Hence, VBox attached to the test vehicle was used for recording the following gap distance during LC manoeuvres in the field. After that, the video records were played back on a computer to estimate the gap distance. A total of 174 following incidences were observed in this work. Finding from the study revealed that the following gap distance before LC of the sampled motorists ranges from 4.89 to 81.15 m with a mean and standard deviation of 18.47 and 12.16 m, respectively. Furthermore, out of the 174 sampled drivers, about 86.7% recorded following gap distances in the range of 10 to 30 m, implying that the majority of the motorists accept short gaps while executing LC. It was also found that the space gap is regarded as an essential variable than the time gap because as drivers travel at desired speeds, they tend to be guided by the available space rather than time.
Examination of Lane Changing Duration Time on Expressway
Authors: Ataelmanan H , Puan O C , Hassan S A
Published: May 2021

Lane changing (LC) manoeuvre has been regarded as an essential characteristic of driving behaviour, which mostly influences traffic efficiency and safety. Thus, a wrongful performance of LC could lead to accident occurrence in the form of rear-end, sideswipe, or angled crash. Consequently, to develop countermeasures to minimize events associated with LC, an understanding of drivers’ behaviours during LC manoeuvres and its duration are essential. This study explores into characteristics of drivers’ LC duration time along Kuala Lumpur – Seremban expressway. Data were collected along a selected segment using an instrumented vehicle. A passenger car was instrumented with a Video Velocity Box (VBox), which used video recording of field traffic event Hence, VBox attached to the test vehicle was used for recording LC manoeuvres in the field after which the video records were played back in a computer to estimate the LC duration times. A total of 174 LC manoeuvre incidences were observed in this study, the LC duration times of the observed motorists’ LC events ranged from 0.90 to 10.52 seconds with mean and standard deviation values of 3.02 and 1.32 seconds, respectively. Out of 174 sampled drivers, an approximate of 162 representing 93% performed LC manoeuvre in less than 5.0 seconds with most of them executed in less than 3.0 seconds. This implies that more than 90% of the drivers observed are characterized by an aggressive LC driving behaviour. It was also found that the LC duration times data obtained in this study fits a Lognormal distribution reasonably.
The Effect of Polyurethane Mix Ratio on the Strength of Polyurethane Treated Marine Clay
Authors: Bak Sen J W , Mohd Yunus N Z , Saleh S , Ahmad K , Rahim A , Mat Said K
Published: May 2021

Marine clay (MC) is recognised as an unfavourable soil in the construction field, given it continues to present problems of bearing capacity, consolidation, and settlements. In this paper, polyurethane was used to improve the properties of MC using a different mix ratio of polyol and isocyanate. The marine clay was characterised examining the particle size distribution (PSD), specific gravity (SG), Atterberg limits (AL), and performing standard proctor tests. Aside from that, an unconfined compressive test (UCT) was conducted to investigate the strength enhancement of treated marine clay (TMC) at various polyol to isocyanate mixing ratios. The UCT results indicated that the TMC could be effectively improved at the polyol to the isocyanate mixing ratio of 45:55. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the MC consequently improved from 146 kPa to 286 kPa due to the addition of polyurethane. At the same time, the axial strain at failure decreased from 5.3% to 2.9% due to the treatment of the MC using polyurethane.
Performance of Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Activated Crumb Rubber as Additive
Authors: Kamarudin S N N , Hainin M R , Warid M N M , Satar M K I M , Hassan N A
Published: May 2021

The major problem of dry mix method is poor interaction between asphalt binder and additive causing improper workability. Hence, air void content will be increased and reduced the strength of asphalt mixture. Activated Crumb Rubber (ACR) as additive is one possible approach to improve these issues. In this study, nine ACR contents were considered in the study i.e. 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0% and 5.0% by weight of total mixtures. The performance of Marshall properties, Resilient Modulus, Tensile Strength Ratio and Hamburg Wheel Tracker (HWT) test were analysed. Based on the results, 0.75% of ACR gave optimum improvement to the performance of Marshall properties, resistance to rutting and cracking but susceptible to stripping.
Road Traffic Noise for Asphalt and Concrete Pavement
Authors: Awwal A , Mashros N , Hasan S A , Hassan N A , Darus N , Rahman R
Published: May 2021

Traffic noise has been recognized as the greatest source of noise pollution. This paper aims to assess roadside noise levels on asphalt and concrete pavements and evaluate the suitability of the existing traffic noise prediction models. Stretches with asphalt and concrete pavements on Skudai-Pontian Highway was selected to observe traffic noise during peak and off-peak periods together with observation of traffic flow characteristic. The finding showed that observed traffic noise falls in the range of 79 and 89 dBA with most of the higher noise found during the peak period for asphalt pavement and off-peak period for concrete pavement. A comparison of observed noise with 5 traffic noise models found that the Penang noise model pattern is almost close to the observed noise. Regression analysis was performed to develop a traffic noise model in order to predict noise generated by different types of pavements in different traffic conditions. All traffic noise models were found to be competent to predict the present traffic noise. Thus, it can be concluded that the pattern for traffic noise for different types of pavements is not similar under different traffic conditions and a new traffic noise model for a specific condition is needed for the better prediction of traffic noise.
Mapping of Blackspots Accident Area at North South Expressway to Produce Expressway Advisory System
Authors: Mansor N S M , Yazid M R Mat , Rashid N A Abdul , Mohd Taib A , Ambak K
Published: May 2021

The study was carried out to produce an advisory system based on the blackspot accidents mapping at the North-South Expressway (NSE). Blackspots are location where the road traffic crashes have historically concentrated by type of accident in which the accident caused fatalities, severe injuries, minor injuries and damage. This research aims to identify accident blackspot and plotting accident data into a digital map of the study area to produce advisory systems for highway users. The software used in this study namely Google Earth Pro, ArcMap and ArcGIS online. Results showed that blackspot location are known in the form of mapping where it can be performed online. In addition, the path with high number of accident points weightage location were identified and prioritized. By applying Google Earth Pro and ArcGIS software, the advisory system was created, and these blackspot locations can also be easily accessed by highway users. Therefore, the advisory system helps in facilitate the users for trip planning base on the accident status locations as a precautionary measure and initiative to reduce the rate of road accident in expressway.
Effect of Tropical Natural Rubber on the Hot Rolled Sheet (HRS) Wearing Course
Authors: Rahmawati Anita , Setiawan Dian , Nudianti Nantia Tresna
Published: May 2021

One effort to improve the performance of road pavement layers and the quality of asphalt mixes is through the modification of asphalt by polymeric materials addition. Latex is a polymer material that can be used and easily found in Indonesia, known as one of the world’s largest natural rubber producer countries. This study intended to improve the quality of Hot Rolled Sheet Wearing Course (HRS-WC) mixture by utilizing latex 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 8% as a partial replacement of asphalt material through Marshall testing. From the test results, it can be summarized that the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) value of the HRS-WC mixture was 7%. Furthermore, the Optimum Latex Content (OLC) meeting the specifications was 1% with a Density value of 2.25, a VMA value of 19.68%, a VFA value of 76.78%, a VIM value of 4.57%, a stability value of 1766.44 kg, a Flow value of 3.14 mm, and MQ value of 629.01 kg/mm
The Effect of Utilizing Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as a Replacement of Mineral Filler in Porous Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Mansor S , Haron S , Joohari M I , Razali M , Ramli R
Published: May 2021

In the past decade, porous asphalt pavements have gained popularity as a stormwater best management practice because this unique asphalt can reduce spray and splash in wet weather, consequently reducing hydroplaning and increasing visibility. However, despite porous asphalt benefits, there are still some weaknesses, such as short service life than dense-graded asphalt due to its lower durability and strength. Coal ash is one of the most abundant industrial wastes and may be harmful to living things and human life if disposed of wrongly. The combustion of coal in the furnace in the power plant produces coal ash, consisting of fly ash and bottom ash. Hence, in this research, utilizing fly ash (class F) and dry bottom ash as a replacement of mineral filler to reduce the drainage value and improve the strength of porous asphalt mix was investigated. Laboratory specimens were prepared using 50 blows of Marshall Hammer per side by the Marshall mix design method. The bituminous binder used was performance grade PG 76, which complies with AASHTO Standard M320-02. The percentage of binder content in the range of 4.0% - 6.0% in increments of 0.5% was used to determine the Design Binder Content (DBC). The mix with both ashes was found to be 5 per cent of DBC. The DBC value for both mixtures was then used to evaluate the mixtures’ performance, which went through a binder drainage test, and rutting test. The performance results were then compared with the control porous asphalt mix using mineral filler. The control mixture and both modified mixtures show drain down values of 0.3%, 0.262%, and 0.167%, respectively. The replacement of both materials into the control mixture indicates that fly ash and bottom ash could increase the binder’s heat resistance and efficiently retain the binder in the modified mixtures. Meanwhile, after the completion of 8000 cycles in the rutting test, it could be seen that the rut depth measured for the mix with mineral filler was 1.6mm, 1.93mm for the mix with fly ash, and 2.04mm for the mix with bottom ash. The bottom ash mix’s higher rut depth value is likely due to the bottom ash characteristic with higher unburned carbon content, thus decreasing the strength mix. It is concluded that an investigation between both ashes in porous asphalt has the potential for the road industry in the future, leading to sustainable highway development.
An Overview of Heavy Vehicle Accidents Characteristic on Expressways in Malaysia
Authors: Manap N , Borhan M N , Yazid Mat M R , Manap N , Wahid N A
Published: May 2021

Heavy vehicles play a vital role in the economic wellbeing of a country. Safety measures are necessary to ensure the safety of heavy vehicles and other vehicles since the majority of crashes involving heavy vehicles are frequently severe crashes. This study utilized the data provided by Malaysian Highway Authorities (MHA) to investigate the accidents involving heavy vehicles on the expressways in Malaysia. Result of the analysis shows that most of the heavy vehicle accidents on expressways occurred during the day (54.8%) and clear weather (88.1%). Most night-time accidents and fatal accidents occurred on roads without street lights, where is a total of 22.2% of the heavy vehicle accidents occurred on roads without street lights with 28.2% are fatalities cases whereas 16.8% of the accidents occurred on roads with street lights with 17.6% are fatalities cases. Heavy vehicle accidents frequently occur in flat areas, and they also cause 32.5% of the deaths in multi-vehicle accidents. The Chi-Square test was also performed in order to identify the relationship between accident severity and type of vehicle (in MVA and SVA) and the relationship between heavy vehicle accident severity and type of topography of road profile. The result shows that there was a significant association between accident severity and type of vehicle in MVA and SVA. It is also revealed type of topography of road profile affects the heavy vehicle accident severity. The finding of this study can help safety planners to develop a safety management plan for heavy vehicles, especially for heavy goods vehicles.
The Comparison of Pile Bearing Capacity using 8 Direct Method based on CPT data in Surabaya Area
Authors: Sari Putu Tantri K , Wardani Mila K
Published: May 2021

This research focuses on comparing the pile bearing capacity resulting from eight different methods that have been developed and are widely used in design. The methods used are the Schmertmann (1978), LCPC (Bustamante & Gianeselli 1982 – Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausees), De Ruiter and Beringen (1979), Tumay and Fakhroo (1982), Price and Wardle (1982), Philipponnat (1980), Aoki and De Alencar (1975), and the Penpile methods (Clisby et al 1978). CPT data is used in this study because it is considered easier, faster and fast and relatively economical, and supplies continuous records with depth. Twenty different CPT data variations in the Surabaya area were used in this study. The piles used in this study are concrete piles with a diameter of 60 cm. The result of this research is that the bearing capacity using the Schmertmann method tends to be greater when compared to other methods while the Penpile method produces the lowest carrying capacity. The ratio of the minimum and maximum carrying capacity of the 8 methods used is up to 20%.
Durability of clayey soil stabilized with Potassium additive
Authors: Asmeel Nabeel K. , Ali Harith E. , Ganiyu Abideen A. , Abdulkareem Muyideen O.
Published: May 2021

Plastic clayey soils are characterised by large volume changes associated with moisture variation. These soils must be enhanced to ensure their suitability for the construction of engineering infrastructures. Chemical stabilisation with Potassium ions additives from Potash fertiliser (KNO3) was explored in this research with main emphasis on durability of KNO3 treated soil. Many complementary techniques were used in both micro and macro tests: X ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry test, full scale water retention curve, shear strength test, and California bearing ratio test were conducted. The results show that the optimum amount of KNO3 required is 5% at 48 hours of curing. The addition of KNO3 causes a reduction in the ability of soil to retain water and a variatabletion in the grain and pore size distributions. Also, the addition of KNO3 to the plastic clayey soil played an important role in the transformation of the soil mineralogical compositions from montmorillonite to illite behaviour. The test results obtained during and after water leaching process on the leachate and leached soils show the ability of soil-KNO3 mixture to resist leaching is weak, and the necessity to protect the potassium stabilized soil against long term water penetration process.
Development of Web-based Mapping Program for Spatially Distributed Slope Stability Analysis
Authors: Dananjaya R H , Djarwanti N , Gunawan B J
Published: May 2021

Rainfall-induced landslide is considered as the deadliest disaster in Indonesia. Many efforts have been made to mitigate the landslide, such as landslide hazard mapping in the landslide-prone area. The traditional landslide mapping is commonly conducted using scoring method which is based on field investigation and data collection. The underlying mechanical theory of this method is vague. In this study, a web based slope instability mapping program was developed using well established geotechnical theory in slope stability. This program is based on infinite slope method. To calculate the infiltration depth, Green-Ampt model was employed. In order to investigate performance of the program, a case study is conducted in Gerdu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. The result shows that the program can map the spatial distribution of the safety factor nicely. The program also works well with the raster and vector data.