bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of mechanical properties and microstructures of PM steels with chemical compositions Fe-(1-3)%Mn-0.8%C
Authors: Tenerowicz-Zaba Monika , Sulowski Maciej
Published: January 2019

Mechanical properties of sintered steels containing 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 %Mn
and 0.8 %C, candidate materials for structural parts, are compared with
actually used PM steels. H?gan?s iron powder grade NC 100.24, low-carbon
ferromanganese Elkem and graphite powder grade C-UF were used as the
starting powders. Powder mixtures were prepared in a Turbula mixer for 30
minutes and ?dog bone? compacts were single pressed at 660 MPa, according to
PN-EN ISO 2740 standard. Sinterhardening was carried out in a semi-closed
container in a laboratory tube furnace at 1120?C and 1250?C for 60 minutes
in a mixture of 95%N2-5%H2. Microstructures consisted of pearlite and
ferrite, sometimes bainite and martensite, depending on the Mn content.
Yield, tensile and three point bend strengths and Vickers' microhardness
were determined and metallographic observations carried out. The best
combination of properties was for 2.5 %Mn steel: yield strength 620 MPa and
3.7 % elongation. The tensile properties of 2.5/3 %Mn-0.8 %C are not
inferior to the best Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu type PM steels in MPIF Standard 35.
Thermal, ceramic and technological properties of clays used in production of roofing tiles - principal component analysis
Authors: Vasic Milica , Pezo Lato , Zdravkovic Jelena , Vrebalov Marija , Radojevic Zagorka
Published: January 2019

This research describes a study of 11 selected samples of brick clays applied
in roofing tile production, by using simultaneous thermal analysis.
Additionally, the laboratory-sized samples were prepared and fired (850-950
?C) and technological properties were determined. Mathematical analysis was
applied to sum all the experimental results and help discriminate the samples
by their behavior during firing. The samples, very similar according to
mineralogical and chemical content, as well as granulometry tests, were
successfully grouped using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA was
used to explore and easily visualize the differences between samples. The PCA
performed for differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) curves clearly
showed that the heat flow was mainly influenced by carbonate content and its
grain size, while DTG discriminated samples according to the contents of clay
minerals and carbonates. In addition, dilatometry analysis revealed which
samples underwent the highest densification during the firing process. The
PCA analysis of fired products properties showed that the highest
correlations were between water absorption with firing shrinkage and
compressive strength.
Dikdörtgen Parçalar ile İki Boyutlu Kesme ve Paketleme Problemi için Sezgisel Yöntemler Kullanılan Bir Hibrit Metodoloji
Authors: FIRAT Hüseyin , ALPASLAN Nuh , HANBAY Davut
Published: January 2019

Kesme ve paketleme problemi,
endüstrilerde farklı amaçlar için kullanılan malzemelerden belirli büyüklük ve
oranlarda küçük parçaların kesilmesi işlemidir. Bu problem, matematiksel
modellerle ifade edilemediğinden dolayı, çözüm için çok boyutlu uzayda
kombinasyonel optimizasyon kullanılır. Bu problemin amacı, yerleştirme işlemi
için kullanılan malzemenin kullanılabilirliğini arttırmak ve fire oranını
minimize etmektir. Bu çalışmada, iki boyutlu düzenli kesme ve paketleme problemine,
geliştirilmiş alt-sol, alt-sol dolgu yerleşim algoritmaları, uygun olmayan
çokgen ve ilk uygun azalan sezgisel algoritmalarından oluşan birleştirilmiş bir
yöntem ile çözüm sunulmuştur. Parçaların belirli bir permütasyon sırasına göre
alt-sol kısımdan başlayarak yerleşimi için geliştirilmiş alt-sol yerleşim
algoritması, yerleşim modelinde mevcut boş alanlara uygun parçaların
yerleştirilmesi için alt-sol dolgu algoritması, parçalar arasında geometrik
çakışmayı önlemek için uygun olmayan çokgen yöntemi ve parçalar alanlarına göre
büyükten küçüğe doğru sıralandıktan sonra seçim algoritması olarak da ilk uygun
azalan sezgisel algoritması kullanılmaktadır. 11 farklı test verisi için
yerleştirme işlemi gerçekleştirilmiş ve performans değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır.
Birleştirilmiş sezgisel yöntemlerle gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar sonucunda P2 ve
P10 yerleşim modellerinde firesiz bir yerleşim olduğu görülmektedir. Bu da
optimal çözümün elde edildiğini göstermektedir. Diğer yerleşim modellerinde
ise, % 4.54 ile % 16.7 aralığında fire oranı elde edilmiştir. Deneysel
sonuçlar, kesme ve paketleme probleminin çözümü için önerilen sezgisel
yöntemlerin etkinliğini göstermektedir.
ETIKA, AGAMA, DAN CINTA SEBAGAI MODAL DASAR AKUNTAN DALAM MEMBERANTAS KORUPSI
Authors: Dharmawan Nyoman Ari Surya
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAKKorupsi dimulai dari suatu tindakan kecil yang akan berakibat besar. Besar kecilnya suatu tindakan korupsi akan berefek dapat meruntuhkan sebuah negara yang besar. Maka diperlukannya tindakan nyata akuntan untuk pemberantasan korupsi. Artikel ini mencoba untuk membahas dengan sudut pandang etika, agama dan cinta akuntan dalam perannya membangun negara dengan pemberantasan korupsi. Kata kunci: Korupsi; Etika; Agama; Cinta ABSTRACTCorruption starts from a small action that will have a big effect. The size of an act of corruption will have the effect of tearing down a large country. So the real action of accountants is needed to eradicate corruption. This article tries to discuss with the perspective of ethics, religion and love of accountants in their role in building the country by eradicating corruption. Keywords: Corruption; Ethics; Religion; Love
Molecular Machines
Authors: Zocchi Giovanni
Published: January 2019

This book presents a dynamic new approach to the physics of enzymes and DNA from the perspective of materials science. Unified around the concept of molecular deformability—how proteins and DNA stretch, fold, and change shape—the book describes the complex molecules of life from the innovative perspective of materials properties and dynamics, in contrast to structural or purely chemical approaches. It covers a wealth of topics, including nonlinear deformability of enzymes and DNA; the chemo-dynamic cycle of enzymes; supra-molecular constructions with internal stress; nano-rheology and viscoelasticity; and chemical kinetics, Brownian motion, and barrier crossing. Essential reading for researchers in materials science, engineering, and nanotechnology, the book also describes the landmark experiments that have established the materials properties and energy landscape of large biological molecules. The book gives graduate students a working knowledge of model building in statistical mechanics, making it an essential resource for tomorrow's experimentalists in this cutting-edge field. In addition, mathematical methods are introduced in the bio-molecular context. The result is a generalized approach to mathematical problem solving that enables students to apply their findings more broadly.
The Beginnings of Philosophy in Greece
Authors: Sassi Maria Michela
Published: January 2019

How can we talk about the beginnings of philosophy today? How can we avoid the conventional opposition of mythology and the dawn of reason and instead explore the multiple styles of thought that emerged between them? This book, available in English for the first time, reconstructs the intellectual world of the early Greek “Presocratics” to provide a richer understanding of the roots of what used to be called “the Greek miracle.” The beginnings of the long process leading to philosophy were characterized by intellectual diversity and geographic polycentrism. In the sixth and fifth centuries BC, between the Asian shores of Ionia and the Greek city-states of southern Italy, thinkers started to reflect on the cosmic order, elaborate doctrines on the soul, write in solemn Homeric meter, or, later, abandon poetry for an assertive prose. And yet the Presocratics, whether the Milesian natural thinkers, the rhapsode Xenophanes, the mathematician and “shaman” Pythagoras, the naturalist and seer Empedocles, the oracular Heraclitus, or the inspired Parmenides, all shared an approach to critical thinking that, by questioning traditional viewpoints, revolutionized knowledge. The book explores the full range of early Greek thinkers in the context of their worlds, and it also features a new introduction to the English edition in which the author discusses the latest scholarship on the subject.
St. George
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on poet Stefan George (1868–1933). George was one of Germany's dominant cultural figures in the first third of the twentieth century. Some critics rank his poetry next to that of his contemporary Rainer Maria Rilke; others disagree. Either way, by the time of the Great War, large numbers of Germans had come to look on him not only as poet but as prophet. George became the country's first and most important Symbolist poet. George believed in art for art's sake and wrote poetry that aimed to transport his readers into a realm of beauty suffused by the scent of musk. To heighten the effect he assumed the role of messenger from another world.
The Castle Hill
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on Ernst Kantorowicz's move to the castle hill, which ushered in a new phase in his life. The ruined Renaissance castle loomed on a hill overlooking Heidelberg from a height of three hundred feet. Kantorowicz lived there initially with Woldemar von Uxkull, who replaced Fine von Kahler as his amorous attachment. He also oriented his personal goals toward pleasing Stefan George and began writing his biography of the emperor Frederick II. Kantorowicz's decision to write about medieval ruler Frederick II can be attributed to George, which considered Frederick to have been “the most important of the medieval German emperors”.
Becoming a Professional
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details events in Ernst Kantorowicz's life upon reaching the age of thirty-five in 1930. The author of the biography of 1927 was a littérateur. He had called it a Geistbuch, a term that could be translated either as “intellect-book” or “spirit-book.” But his supplementary volume published in 1931 was conceived entirely as scholarship. He worked on it in the library of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH), Germany's research institute for medieval history, and made arrangements to become a professional academic. Although he had not swayed from his devotion to Stefan George or abandoned his George circle friends, he had left Heidelberg figuratively as well as literally.
Year of Drama
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details Ernst Kantorowicz's life after the Nazis took power in Germany in the winter of 1933. His situation as a Jewish professor became precarious. In Frankfurt, the Nazis moved to take control of the university. The university Senate met to discuss ways of forcing out Jewish faculty members. To this end, it requested that Kantorowicz take an immediate leave of absence for the sake of “avoiding disruptions of his classes.” In a draft of a response dated April 3, addressed to the dean of the philosophical faculty for forwarding to the newly installed Nazi commissar for education in the province of Hesse, Kantorowicz requested the suspension of his professorship for the indefinite future albeit with continuing pay.
“Leisure with Dignity”
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details events in Ernst Kantorowicz's life in 1937. Among these is the publication of his essay entitled “The Return of Learned Reclusiveness in the Middle Ages.” The piece did not engage in scholarly debate. Rather, it expatiated on the revival of a classical ideal: Ciceronian otium cum dignitate: “leisure with dignity.” Kantorowicz identified Abelard as the first to return to reclusiveness as a means for pursuing a life of learning, but he acknowledged that Abelard's reclusiveness remained monastic or ascetic and that when he spoke of pursuing philosophy he ultimately meant theology. The main actor in Kantorowicz's story was Petrarch, who sought to live as a philosopher, scholar, and poet away from the madding crowd and whose solitude was to be spent to be in comfortable withdrawal.
Flight
Authors: Lerner Robert E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details Ernst Kantorowicz's departure from Germany and arrival in the United States. On the night of November 9, 1938, the Nazis unleashed their fury against Jews in “the night of broken glass” (Kristallnacht). Kantorowicz all but certainly would have been arrested in the morning and shipped to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp had he not been sheltered. When the danger passed he managed to obtain the necessary visas. Then, at the beginning of December, he crossed the border to Holland and from there ferried to England. Two months later he sailed for New York. His preparations for departure owed much to the helpfulness of friends, particularly Theodor Mommsen, who had emigrated to America in 1936.
Failing in the Field
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

All across the social sciences, from development economics to political science departments, researchers are going into the field to collect data and learn about the world. While much has been gained from the successes of randomized controlled trials, stories of failed projects often do not get told. This book delves into the common causes of failure in field research, so that researchers might avoid similar pitfalls in future work. Drawing on the experiences of top social scientists working in developing countries, the book investigates failed projects and helps guide practitioners as they embark on their research. From experimental design and implementation to analysis and partnership agreements, the book shows that there are important lessons to be learned from failures at every stage. The book describes five common categories of failures, reviews six case studies in detail, and concludes with some reflections on best (and worst) practices for designing and running field projects, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials. There is much to be gained from investigating what has previously not worked, from misunderstandings by staff to errors in data collection. Cracking open the taboo subject of the stumbles that can take place in the implementation of research studies, this is a valuable ‘how-not-to’ handbook for conducting fieldwork and running randomized controlled trials in development settings.
Why Failures?
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the growth of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs found their way into domestic social policy discussions as early as the 1960s when they were used to evaluate government assistance programs, such as negative income tax rates for the poor. In the 1990s, a new crop of development economists began using RCTs in the field to evaluate aid programs. The chapter then argues that researchers must begin talking about failures to ensure evidence plays an appropriate role in policy. The language of RCTs as the “gold standard” for evidence has no doubt helped fuel their rise. However, not every program or theory is amenable to study by an RCT; even when one is, the RCT can be poorly executed, producing no valuable knowledge.
Survey and Measurement Execution Problems
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

This chapter assesses survey and measurement execution problems in field research. Until recently, the vast majority of surveys in development field studies were done the old-fashioned way, on clipboards with pen and paper. The past five years have seen a huge shift toward electronic data collection using laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), or even smartphones. This has several advantages but also poses risks. It requires electricity to charge devices, often a challenge in rural areas of developing countries. Still, even as laptops, tablets, PDAs, and other technologies are incorporated, surveying remains a very human process. On the upside: surveyors can adapt, interpret, and problem-solve when necessary. On the downside: surveyors can adapt, interpret, and problem-solve whenever they want, which can substantially impact respondents' answers. Meanwhile, some researchers prefer to use measurement tools that capture data directly, without asking questions. The problem with measurement tools is that they do not always work as advertised.
Youth Savings
Authors: Karlan Dean , Appel Jacob
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on a study which assesses two sets of policy levers that can be pushed to increase savings: improving the accounts people can access and encouraging people to save more. The researchers worked with local partner organizations on two interventions: a simple group-based savings account and a youth-focused financial literacy curriculum made up of ten 90-minute sessions, to be held weekly for ten weeks. They partnered with the Church of Uganda, whose network of youth clubs counted thousands of members across the country. Keeping track of individuals proved far more difficult than calling names, as club members attempted to cover up each other's absences. This case qualifies as a failure of technical design. Given a setting where official documents are scarce, identifying and tracking individuals over time is always a challenge. The other candidate for a failure of technical design is the set of underlying incentives that led club members to behave badly.
Site Reading
Authors: Alworth David J.
Published: January 2019

This book offers a new method of literary and cultural interpretation and a new theory of narrative setting by examining five sites—supermarkets, dumps, roads, ruins, and asylums—that have been crucial to American literature and visual art since the mid-twentieth century. Against the traditional understanding of setting as a static background for narrative action and character development, the book argues that sites figure in novels as social agents. Engaging a wide range of social and cultural theorists, especially Bruno Latour and Erving Goffman, the book examines how the literary figuration of real, material environments reorients our sense of social relations. To read the sites of fiction, the book demonstrates, is to reveal literature as a profound sociological resource, one that simultaneously models and theorizes collective life. Each chapter identifies a particular site as a point of contact for writers and artists—the supermarket for Don DeLillo and Andy Warhol; the dump for William Burroughs and Mierle Laderman Ukeles; the road for Jack Kerouac, Joan Didion, and John Chamberlain; the ruin for Thomas Pynchon and Robert Smithson; and the asylum for Ralph Ellison, Gordon Parks, and Jeff Wall—and shows how this site mediates complex interactions among humans and nonhumans. The result is an interdisciplinary study of American culture that brings together literature, visual art, and social theory to develop a new sociology of literature that emphasizes the sociology in literature.
Dumps
Authors: Alworth David J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the work and life of William S. Burroughs, and proposes that Naked Lunch (1959) constructs something like a nightmare image of Latourian sociality: a collective of human subjects and nonhuman objects governed by the logic of putrefaction, or “translation” run amok. The novel not only visualizes a welter of “literal garbage” decomposing in a dumpsite, which Burroughs names the “junk world,” but also assumes the formal structure of a landfill, a site governed by the logic of putrefaction. In other words, rather than simply representing the dump, Burroughs enacts a mimetic relation to it, thereby converting spatial into literary form.
Roads
Authors: Alworth David J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses Jack Kerouac and Joan Didion, arguing that the postwar American road narrative produces a sophisticated account of the nonhuman social actor through its treatment of the automobile, an entity that is both a material thing and a social site. In Kerouac's On the Road, a semiautobiographical account of his road trips in the late 1940s, the car plays no less potent a role in facilitating male bonding and in constituting the social world of the novel. To capture the distinctiveness of that world, the chapter contrasts it with the representation of two other automotive subcultures—the hot-rodders and the Merry Pranksters—in seminal works by Tom Wolfe that appeared in the wake of On the Road. Then, the chapter turns to the writing of Joan Didion, arguing that Play It as It Lays functions as a self-conscious response both to Kerouac's novel and to the mythology of road-tripping that it fostered.
Asylums
Authors: Alworth David J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers Ralph Ellison's career-long interest in asylums—sites where “individuals” are, as Goffman writes, “cut off from the wider society”—suggests a new way of defining his relationship to the discipline of sociology. Ellison's treatment of asylums reveals his affinity with sociologist Erving Goffman, whose own writing on such sites still stands among the most influential. The chapter tracks the overlap in their respective approaches to this site in order to develop a new sense of Ellison's sociological imagination: his attempt to apprehend social reality through an engagement with a particular locale. It situates Ellison's writings on the asylum within an intellectual and cultural history that contains Goffman. The chapter concludes by adapting some of the sociologist's key concepts in an effort to rethink the invisible man's “hole,” his distinctive underground lair, itself an asylum and quite possibly the most beguiling site in all of American literature.
The Economy of Ancient Greece: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the conceptual framework used by the book to study the economy of ancient Greece. It begins with a discussion of the debate between “primitivists,” represented by Karl Bücher, and “modernists,” represented by Eduard Meyer, over the nature of the ancient Greek economy. It considers Bücher's adherence to the so-called German Historical School of Political Economy and goes on to examine the views of Moses I. Finley and Max Weber regarding the ancient economy, Karl Polanyi's use of institutionalism as an approach to the study of the ancient economy, and the main assumptions of New Institutional Economics (NIE) with regard to the genesis and evolution of institutions. The chapter also analyzes the transaction costs theory and concludes with an assessment of criticisms against the classical economists' economic agent, the homo economicus, and the influence of constrained choices and limited rationality on economic performance.
People in Their Environment
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the demography of ancient Greece from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods, focusing on the role of people in the development of the ecological environment. It first considers the ecological framework, taking into account the constraints imposed by topography and soils as well as the variability of the climate and vegetation. It then describes the demographic model of the world of the Greek city-states before taking up the question of the size of the population and its evolution, fertility and mortality rates, demographic structures and the potential for expansion, and sex ratio imbalance, birth control, and infanticide. It also discusses the population dynamics of the Greek city-states and concludes with an analysis of the relationship between the ecological environment and population, with emphasis on the variability of climate and whether ancient Greece experienced demographic crises and famine.
Energy, Economy, and Transport Cost
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the role of energy in the economic growth of ancient Greece, with particular emphasis on the impact of the cost of transportation. It first considers the different sources of energy in the Greek city-states, including heat generated by the sun, wood, and charcoal, before discussing the question regarding the cost of energy and the economic conditions for using steam engines during the period. It then explains how wind energy contributed to economic development in the ancient Mediterranean world, and especially in the Greek city-states, by dramatically lowering transport costs and transportation cycles. It also explores how connectivity emerged between Mediterranean countries and concludes with an analysis of overland transportation via roads, the role of ships and ports in maritime transportation, navigational techniques and the construction of artificial ports, and projects aimed at digging canals and building portage routes.
The Polis and the Economy
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the process that allowed the Greek city-states to achieve an impressive level of economic growth. It begins with a short historical overview of the development that took place in Greece from the end of the Bronze Age until the Archaic period, when the “eighth-century revolution” enabled Greece to experience a first phase of significant growth, including population growth. It then considers the taxation system of the city-states, focusing on the fundamental question of tribute and its replacement by comparatively modest levels of communal taxes and private rents in the framework of the polis. It also discusses the role of dignitaries, temples, and the king in the way in which local markets were supplied, as well as status of property and land ownership within the framework of the city. Finally, it compares the status of what the Greeks called “civic land” and “royal land”.
The Economy of the Agricultural World
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the social and technical conditions that both structured the Greek agricultural economy's permanent features and presided over the changes it experienced. It first considers the structures of real property, with a particular focus on the distribution of property, the size of the estates, and access to land and farming systems. It then discusses the crucial questions of risk management in an unpredictable environment, taking into account the different strategies employed by peasants to limit uncertainty caused by, for example, the extreme variability of the climate. It also analyzes tradition and innovation in agriculture and animal husbandry, the development of new lands that increased the area suitable for cultivation, and how general institutional conditions and social power relationships limited the transformations of agriculture, and hence an increase in yields in agricultural production. The chapter concludes with an analysis of changes in ancient agriculture and the market.
Nonagricultural Production, Capital, and Innovation
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the logic of capital and innovation in nonagricultural production in Classical and Hellenistic Greece. It begins with a discussion of fish production and consumption in ancient Greece, focusing on salt production and the preservation of food supplies by means of salt and salting, before discussing the Greek cities' exploitation of their coastal waters. It then considers the importance of fish trade and fish consumption to food supply, artisanal trades, and the distinctive character of artisanal production. In particular, it analyzes the structures of production and the kinds of constraints, both in terms of technology and capital, involved in artisanal work. It also explains how enterprises were structured and how unskilled labor was used by looking at the case of textile manufacturing. Finally, it describes technological innovation in textile manufacturing and in the artisanal trades, including the introduction of rotary movement and the watermill.
Strategies of International Trade
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the strategies employed in international trade in ancient Greece. It explains how the rules of trade and the distribution of “natural advantages” played the role of a system of constraints within which genuine strategies of foreign trade could be constructed. To better understand the specificity of these trade strategies, the chapter first considers the two institutional logics that prevailed in the international market: the first consisted in setting up a “surpluses for surpluses” trade strategy; the second allowed trade partners to act freely. The notions of mutual trade and nondirectional trade are discussed, along with the case of grain. The chapter also looks at the strategies used by cities to control grain trade, such as laws prohibiting grain exports, before concluding with an analysis of the grain policy of Athens as well as food production and supply in Aegean cities.
Know Thyself: What Is “Wilsonianism”?
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Wilsonianism, which comprises a set of ideas called American liberal internationalism. More than a century after Woodrow Wilson became president of the United States, his country is still not certain how to understand the important legacy for the country's foreign policy of the tradition that bears his name. Wilsonianism remains a living ideology whose interpretation continues either to motivate, or to serve as a cover for, a broad range of American foreign policy decisions. However, if there is no consensus on what the tradition stands for, or, worse, if there is a consensus but its claims to be part of the tradition are not borne out by the history of Wilsonianism from Wilson's day until the late 1980s, then clearly a debate is in order to provide clarity and purpose to American thinking about world affairs today.
Wilson’s Wilsonianism
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This chapter assesses Woodrow Wilson's Wilsonianism. At the heart of the Wilsonian project—the keystone of American liberal internationalism—is the promotion of democracy worldwide for the sake of a peaceful international system and thus for American national security. Here is the essential building block of the system of Wilson's notion of “collective security,” itself the best guarantee of world peace his generation could hope to provide. Through the League of Nations, Wilson proposed that a community dominated by democracies pledge itself to a combined military effort to preserve the international system from the threat of a devastating war, or at least to preserve the security of the democratic world. Ultimately, the enduring impact of Wilson's thought on American policy-makers makes him the most important president the United States has ever had with respect to its conduct in world affairs.
From Theory to Practice: Neo-Wilsonianism in the White House, 2001–2017
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines neo-Wilsonianism in the White House, considering the Bush Doctrine—often referred to as the National Security Strategy of the United States, September 2002, or NSS-2002. In the annals of American foreign policy there had never been anything even remotely like NSS-2002, its façade of Wilsonianism covering a far more aggressive imperialist claim for American exceptionalism than Woodrow Wilson had ever espoused, which in due course threatened to destroy altogether the credentials of good stewardship for world affairs that American liberal internationalism had enjoyed from the 1940s through the 1980s. One month after NSS-2002 appeared, the Iraq Resolution passed Congress with strong majorities in both chambers. Neo-Wilsonianism, born in theory during the 1990s, entered into practice five months after this historic vote with the invasion of Iraq that started on March 20, 2003. The chapter then looks at neo-Wilsonianism during the Obama presidency.
Risk Assessment Approach in Airport Security
Authors: Sadono Mahardi , Harahap Saphira Alifa , Putra Dani Yulianto , Randhy Randhy , Nurhakim Muhamad Luthfi Imam
Published: January 2019

Naturally, the threat to flight is generated from all activities at the airport by passenger or freight. With the growth of air transport, the level of threat to flight activity will also increase. Due to ensure the security of passengers, staff, and all elements of the airport, the airport as a place of the flight operations need a reliable protection system. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing the risk level at the airport in order to improve the level of protection at the airport. The level of threats that could jeopardize airport security is categorized into several levels, then analyzed to what extent the risk level can be tolerated as a reference to the formulation of standard protection systems at the airport. The results of this study can be used to deal with threats that occur in the airport through preventive action by setting up a reliable protection system. The risk assessment approach also able to evaluate the airport's existing protection system whether it is tolerable to deal with threats or not, so action can be taken to improve the protection system if the failure rate is still high and have massive consequences to the all airport elements.Keywords— airport security, failure rate, protection system, risk assessment, tolerable risk level.
DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL PLATFORM FOR AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS SIMULATION
Authors: Sasongko Rianto A , Ndaomanu Yorgi A. , Jenie Yazdi I. , Nurhakin M. Luthfi I. , Hadytama M. Rafi , Asalani Yusuf K
Published: January 2019

This paper discusses the development of a numerical simulation platform that can be used for representing the principal works of aircraft systems. The platform consists of some parts each of which is intended to replicate the operation of a system implemented in a modern aircraft, such as hydraulic line, electrical system, landing gear system, control system, etc. The platform is intended to be a tool for modeling and analyzing the operation and performance of certain systems configuration. To some extend the platform can be viewed as a virtual Iron Bird System. Iron Bird is a term representing a platform for simulating the works of aircraft systems using real components, which is very important for aircraft system development. At this stage, the numerical platform will only involve some sub-systems, namely main hydraulic line, control surface actuation, landing gear, and control system. These sub-systems are chosen to be the basis for further development where other sub-systems will be added and integrated to the platform.Keywords—Aircraft System, Numerical Simulation, System Analysis
Poligami: Antara Teks dan Konteks Sosial
Authors: Mukri Moh.
Published: January 2019

This article discusses the proposition of Syara’ concerning polygamy. The aim is to find out the relationship between literal meaning of the text and the socio-historical context underlying the issuance of the provosion. This study utilizes historical, textual approach to obtain a vivid, comprehensive perspective of the literal and contextual meaning. As it is already known, the proposition of polygamy is Surah an-Nisa’: [4]: 3 plus a number of hadiths relating the issue. According to history, the reasons underlying the revelation of Surah an-Nisa’: [4]: 3, actually, was to reprimand companions who wanted to marry orphans in their guardianship but unwilling to give dowry as much as when they married other women. Thus, the verse was not solely about polygamy or limitation of the number of wives, but it also contained a criticism against contemporary tradition which tended to be arbitrary in releasing lust. Furthermore, polygamy itself is not recommended nor even impulsive in Islam. As the above-mentioned shura implies, Islam prefers monogamy than polygamy, as it imposes difficult condition for those who want to do polygamy
Hukum Keluarga Islam di Indonesia: dari Orde Lama hingga Orde Reformasi
Authors: Rajafi Ahmad
Published: January 2019

Historically, the rule of Islamic family law existed and has been practiced since the early arrival of Islam in the archipelago. This is indicated by the phenomenon of massive application of fiqh madzhab asy-syafi’iyyah in the colonialization era.. After the day of Independence, the efforts to established Islamic family law through political institutions has begun, starting from the old order era until the reform era. The reform movement grew stronger mainly after CLD-KHI was echoed to make KHI ( Collection of Islamic Law) a new Marriage Act. Unfortunately, this movement received a negative response from a number of Islamic organizations; so the plan was canceled by the Government. Nevertheless, the struggles between liberal and conservative-fundamentalist Islamic thought still continue to this day.
Menjadi Muslim di Negara Multikultural: Dinamika, Tantangan dan Strategi dalam Perspektif Fikih Multikultural
Authors: Tahir Masnun
Published: January 2019

Indonesian Islam is a unique one, pluralist and multiculturalist as Nahdlatul Ulama Islam, Muhammadiyah Islam, Shiah Islam, Sunni Islam and much more which has diverse consequences for its followers. As matter of fact, the diversity continues to face challenges. An Accusation against moderate and multiculturalism through violence is perpetrated by individual actors, mass organization and the most authoritatve institution that should be the guarantor of religious moderatism within the framework of Indonesian-ness. At the extreme level, the resistance is manifested in a series of intolerant actions such as expulsion.This paper aimed to present how life strategy in the nuances of multicultural from the perspective of Islamic law. The idea of fiqh that is sensitive to multiculturalism becomes important for Muslims in Indonesia to have a diversity of perspectives in the daily basis.
Death Penalty For Drugs Dealers and Traffickers From The Perspective of Islamic Law
Authors: Rachmi Handayani I Gusti Ayu Ketut , Jainah Zainab Ompu
Published: January 2019

This article examines the Islamic legal perspective on the application of capital punishment against drug dealers/traffickers. The aim is to find out whether these provisions are in accordance with the rules of Islamic law or not. This study uses a normative juridical approach which is carried out by examining legal norms or norms related to the object of discussion. This study finds out that Islamic law does not explicitly regulate drug crime, including determining sanctions for the dealers/traffickers. Islamic law only regulates the crime of liquor (khamer). Therefore, this criminal act can be included in the category of jarîmah ta’zîr which its legal sanctions are left to the authorities policy. Although this crime can be classified as a common crime, it is reasonable that the dealers/traffickers of the illicit goods are given severe punishment, even until sentenced to death, as this crime has a tremendously adverse effect not only for individuals but also for society and the nation as a whole. The sanction is in accordance with the principles of ushûl fiqh.
Reconstruction of the National Legal System: Study the Implementation of the Maqâsid al-Shari‘ah Theory
Authors: Faidi Achmad
Published: January 2019

This paper discusses the implementation of the theory of maqâsid al-shari‘ah in the formation of a national legal system in Indonesia. Colonialism in the past has made national law covered with the nuance of European Continental legal system which is not compatible with the character of the national culture. The awareness to reconstruct the national legal system has echoed since the 1998 reform, but until now it has not found the right construction formula. This article offers the theory of maqâsid al-shari‘ah as one of the tools in an effort to reconstruct the national legal system. Based on author analysis, the concept of maqâsid al-shari‘ah is suitable to be applied because it adopts the noble values contained in the national ideology of Pancasila as well as the legal principles that exist in Islam as a religion of the majority of the population of this country
Молекулярная природа ГКР-спектров суспензий E .coli при длинах волн возбуждения 532 и 785 нм с использованием золей наночастиц серебра в качестве ГКР-субстратов
Authors: Дурович Е. А. , Евтушенко Е. Г. , Сенько О. В. , Степанов Н. А. , Ефременко Е. Н. , Еременко А. В. , Курочкин И. Н.
Published: January 2019

Вопрос о молекулярной природе спектров гигантского комбинационного рассеяния (ГКР) бактерий является ключевым для оценки перспектив их дискриминации и идентификации данным методом в целях клинической диагностики, пищевой безопасности и др.Ранее было показано, что при использовании в качестве ГКР-субстрата агрегированных и покрытых слоем SiO2 золотых наночастиц на твердой поверхности источником спектра при длине волны возбуждения 785 нм является смесь шести пуриновых производных (аденина, гуанина, АМФ, гипоксантина, ксантина и мочевой кислоты), выделяемая клетками в раствор. Целью настоящей работы было показать применимость данной интерпретации спектров на примере Escherichia coli для другого класса ГКР-субстратов ― золей наночастиц серебра при длинах волн возбуждения 785 и 532 нм. Выявлены две важные особенности: 1) спектр пуриновых метаболитов регистрируется только при наличии живых клеток; 2) при использовании золей наночастиц серебра в качестве ГКР-субстрата спектрам даже одного и того же штамма присуща значительная вариативность вследствие изменения соотношения концентраций пуриновых метаболитов, выделяемых клетками в раствор.
Problematika Seputar Kodifikasi Al-Qur'an
Authors: Munawir Munawir
Published: January 2019

Historically, the bookkeeping of the Koran is not as complicated as the books of Hadith. But that does not mean that the codification process of the Qur'an is not interesting to learn. In this case, there are a number of questions that remain relevant to convey; Is the Qur'an still true today? What is the true structure of the Qur'an? Are there standard standards for Koran arrangements agreed upon by Muslims throughout the world? These questions about the codification of the Qur'an often arise, because in the course of the Qur'an, in its capacity as a book (a piece of paper) is bound where there are dictums in Arabic that Muslims consider to be revelations from God - the codification process is no longer normative, but very historical, because related to various types of discourses (social, political, etc.) that surround it. In this context, historical and analytic studies of the historical codification of the Qur'an need to be presented, and this paper was written to meet those needs. Through the study of history based on Muslim scholarship about the history of the Quranic codification from the time of the Prophet Saw. to standardization in the form of reading and writing, which was then supplemented with critical analysis based on Western scholarship, it found that standardization "writing" the Qur'an in rasm Uá¹¡mÄnÄ« cultural products, and therefore open and allow for tashih, criticism, or even revision with more valid data findings. This does not mean the desecration of the Qur'an, but as a logical consequence of the existence of rasm Uá¹¡mÄnÄ« as something which is a human form.
Al-Quran dan Epistemologi Pembebasan
Authors: Saifullah Muhammad
Published: January 2019

This article tries to explore Jamal's interpretation of á¸¥ikmah in the Quran. Beside the discourse of á¸¥ikmah still being polemic, Jamalâ€™s decision to lay á¸¥ikmah into fundamental place upon his broad thought is an obvious factor why they were chosen herein. One could catch the later through how Jamal in his interpretation had parallelized á¸¥ikmah with Syafiiâ€™s particular word, qiyÄs. Jamal criticized Syafiiâ€™s interpretation in relation to á¸¥ikmah which state that á¸¥ikmah was not anything except sunnah. On another hand, he also put his construction of á¸¥ikmah into what he called as new Islamic systematic knowledge, al-mandhumah al-jadidah li maâ€™rifat al-Islamiyyah. He regretted fiqh which had made many Moslems being oppressed either in thought or physic and subsequently proposed á¸¥ikmah as the change of fiqh as the third source of new Islamic systematic knowledge. In time, there are two critical points concerning Jamalâ€™s interpretation and the oppressed, those are Jamalâ€™s status as a labor activist and Quranic revolution as the giant project. The article is, thus, plagued to analyze what actually Jamal desired through his interpretation regarding the new source, the Quranic revolution, and labor activist. The frame of critical discourse analysis of Van Dijk felt suitable to be employed herein.
Fenomena Living Islam dalam Sinetron
Authors: HS Muh Alwi , Rosyada Amrina
Published: January 2019

This paper presents various forms of Islamic living (Al-Qur'an and Hadith) contained in the Para Pencari Tuhan sinetron, especially in volume 3 episodes 19. This departs from the assumption that every behavior of Muslims is born with understanding (both textual and contextual ) to religious texts, namely the Qur'an and Hadith, including various scenes displayed in the soap opera. Furthermore, as the focus of the study, this paper discusses the issue of love directed at marriage, both experienced by Azam and Aya, Chelsea and Marni, Barong and Dara, as well as scenes of other people who want to involve themselves in the matter. Finally, this paper presents various Islamic living contained in the Para Pencari Tuhan sinetrons, including the Hadith about fasting for Allah, Hadith about the privileges of Khadijah, Hadith about the criteria of the couple to be chosen, Hadith about the prohibition of approaching women being applied, Hadith about orders married to capable young people, verses on polygamy, verses about the importance of the attitude of tabayyun, verses about help, verses about the benefits of marriage. Various hadiths and verses recorded in the form of scenes in soap operas show that films (soap operas) always have a significant role in broadcasting Islamic teachings.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis and Characterisation of Trinuclear Zinc(II) Schiff Base Complexes Derived from m-phenylenediamine and Salicylaldehyde
Authors: Kassim Karimah , Hamali Muhammad Azwan
Published: January 2019

A series of Schiff base ligand, SALMPD, and its mono- and trinuclear Zn(II) metal complexes were synthesised from m-phenylenediamine and salicylaldehyde in alcoholic solution. The synthesis of ligand and mononuclear complex were synthesised using conventional condensation method, while the trinuclear complex was done using microwave-assisted synthesis method. The structure of each compound was elucidated by elemental analysis, infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum of SALMPD shows a strong azomethine (C=N) band at 1621.62cm-1, indicates the formation of the ligand. Upon complexation of the mononuclear complex, the C=N infrared band shifted and the disappearing of the phenolic hydrogen signal in 1H NMR suggesting the chelation between Zinc(II) metal ion and ligand took place when azomethine and phenolic hydrogen deprotonated. The trinuclear complex, Zn3(SALMPD) obtained was consist of two moieties of mononuclear Zn(SALMPD), which act as ligands that chelating to the third Zn(II) metal ion through oxygen atom due to the shifting of M-O infrared band from 575.12-540.53cm-1, which serves as a coordination site for the metal ion.