bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rescue of Vasopressin Synthesis in Magnocellular Neurons of the Supraoptic Nucleus Normalises Acute Stress-Induced Adrenocorticotropin Secretion and Unmasks an Effect on Social Behaviour in Male Vasopressin-Deficient Brattleboro Rats
Authors: Török Bibiána , Csikota Péter , Fodor Anna , Balázsfi Diána , Ferenczi Szilamér , Demeter Kornél , Tóth Zsuzsanna E. , Könczöl Katalin , Perna Judith Camats , Farkas Imre , Kovács Krisztina J. , Haller József , Engelmann Mario , Zelena Dóra
Published: January 2022

The relevance of vasopressin (AVP) of magnocellular origin to the regulation of the endocrine stress axis and related behaviour is still under discussion. We aimed to obtain deeper insight into this process. To rescue magnocellular AVP synthesis, a vasopressin-containing adeno-associated virus vector (AVP-AAV) was injected into the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of AVP-deficient Brattleboro rats (di/di). We compared +/+, di/di, and AVP-AAV treated di/di male rats. The AVP-AAV treatment rescued the AVP synthesis in the SON both morphologically and functionally. It also rescued the peak of adrenocorticotropin release triggered by immune and metabolic challenges without affecting corticosterone levels. The elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary of di/di-rats were diminished by the AVP-AAV-treatment. The altered c-Fos synthesis in di/di-rats in response to a metabolic stressor was normalised by AVP-AAV in both the SON and medial amygdala (MeA), but not in the central and basolateral amygdala or lateral hypothalamus. In vitro electrophysiological recordings showed an AVP-induced inhibition of MeA neurons that was prevented by picrotoxin administration, supporting the possible regulatory role of AVP originating in the SON. A memory deficit in the novel object recognition test seen in di/di animals remained unaffected by AVP-AAV treatment. Interestingly, although di/di rats show intact social investigation and aggression, the SON AVP-AAV treatment resulted in an alteration of these social behaviours. AVP released from the magnocellular SON neurons may stimulate adrenocorticotropin secretion in response to defined stressors and might participate in the fine-tuning of social behaviour with a possible contribution from the MeA.
The Human Gut Microbiome as a Potential Factor in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Alharthi Amani , Alhazmi Safiah , Alburae Najla , Bahieldin Ahmed
Published: January 2022

The high prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders among autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients has prompted scientists to look into the gut microbiota as a putative trigger in ASD pathogenesis. Thus, many studies have linked the gut microbial dysbiosis that is frequently observed in ASD patients with the modulation of brain function and social behavior, but little is known about this connection and its contribution to the etiology of ASD. This present review highlights the potential role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in autism. In particular, it focuses on how gut microbiota dysbiosis may impact gut permeability, immune function, and the microbial metabolites in autistic people. We further discuss recent findings supporting the possible role of the gut microbiome in initiating epigenetic modifications and consider the potential role of this pathway in influencing the severity of ASD. Lastly, we summarize recent updates in microbiota-targeted therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics, dietary supplements, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbiota transfer therapy. The findings of this paper reveal new insights into possible therapeutic interventions that may be used to reduce and cure ASD-related symptoms. However, well-designed research studies using large sample sizes are still required in this area of study.
Questioning Established Theories and Treatment Methods Related to Iron and Other Metal Metabolic Changes, Affecting All Major Diseases and Billions of Patients
Authors: Kontoghiorghes George J.
Published: January 2022

The medical and scientific literature is dominated by highly cited historical theories and findings [...]
Maresin-1 and Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Saito-Sasaki Natsuko , Sawada Yu , Nakamura Motonobu
Published: January 2022

Inflammation is an essential action to protect the host human body from external, harmful antigens and microorganisms. However, an excessive inflammation reaction sometimes exceeds tissue damage and can disrupt organ functions. Therefore, anti-inflammatory action and resolution mechanisms need to be clarified. Dietary foods are an essential daily lifestyle that influences various human physiological processes and pathological conditions. Especially, omega-3 fatty acids in the diet ameliorate chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Recent studies have identified that omega-3 fatty acid derivatives, such as the resolvin series, showed strong anti-inflammatory actions in various inflammatory diseases. Maresin-1 is a derivative of one of the representative omega-3 fatty acids, i.e., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and has shown beneficial action in inflammatory disease models. In this review, we summarize the detailed actions of maresin-1 in immune cells and inflammatory diseases.
Epilepsy in Pregnancy—Management Principles and Focus on Valproate
Authors: Błaszczyk Barbara , Miziak Barbara , Pluta Ryszard , Czuczwar Stanisław J.
Published: January 2022

An estimated 60 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy, half of whom are women. About one-third of women with epilepsy are of childbearing age. The childbirth rate in women with epilepsy is about 20–40% lower compared to that of the general population, which may be partly due to a lower number of these women being in relationships. Lower fertility in women with epilepsy may be linked to the disease itself, but it is mainly a result of the treatment provided. Valproate, as an antiepileptic drug inhibiting histone deacetylases, may affect the expression of genes associated with cell cycle control and cellular differentiation. Evidently, this drug is associated with the risk of malformations although other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may also trigger birth defects, however, to a lower degree. Valproate (and to a certain degree other AEDs) may induce autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The main mechanism responsible for all negative effects of prenatal exposure to valproate seems inhibition of histone deacetylases. Animal studies show a reduction in the expression of genes involved in social behavior and an increase in hippocampal cytokines. Valproate-induced oxidative stress may also contribute to neural tube defects. Interestingly, paternal exposure to this AED in mice may trigger neurodevelopmental disorders as well although a population-based cohort study does not confirm this effect. To lower the risk of congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders, a single AED at the optimal dose and supplementation with folic acid is recommended. VPA should be avoided in women of childbearing age and especially during pregnancy.
Metabolites and Genes behind Cardiac Metabolic Remodeling in Mice with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kambis Tyler N. , Shahshahan Hamid R. , Mishra Paras K.
Published: January 2022

Metabolic remodeling is at the heart of diabetic cardiomyopathy. High glycemic fluctuations increase metabolic stress in the type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) heart. There is a lack of understanding on how metabolites and genes affect metabolic remodeling in the T1DM heart. We hypothesize that differential expression of metabolic genes and metabolites synergistically influence metabolic remodeling preceding T1DM cardiomyopathy. To test our hypothesis, we conducted high throughput analysis of hearts from adult male hyperglycemic Ins2+/− (Akita) and littermate normoglycemic Ins2+/+ (WT) mice. The Akita mouse is a spontaneous, genetic model of T1DM that develops increased levels of consistent glycemic variability without the off-target cardiotoxic effects present in chemically- induced models of T1DM. After validating the presence of a T1DM phenotype, we conducted metabolomics via LC-MS analysis and genomics via next-generation sequencing in left ventricle tissue from the Akita heart. Ingenuity Pathway Analyses revealed that 108 and 30 metabolic pathways were disrupted within the metabolomics and genomics datasets, respectively. Notably, a comparison between the two analyses showed 15 commonly disrupted pathways, including ketogenesis, ketolysis, cholesterol biosynthesis, acetyl CoA hydrolysis, and fatty acid biosynthesis and beta-oxidation. These identified metabolic pathways predicted by the differential expression of metabolites and genes provide the foundation for understanding metabolic remodeling in the T1DM heart. By limited experiment, we revealed a predicted disruption in the metabolites and genes behind T1DM cardiac metabolic derangement. Future studies targeting these genes and metabolites will unravel novel therapies to prevent/improve metabolic remodeling in the T1DM heart.
Metabolites of Cannabis Induce Cardiac Toxicity and Morphological Alterations in Cardiac Myocytes
Authors: Merve Ayse Orme , Sobiecka Pola , Remeškevičius Vytautas , Taylor Luke , Saskoy Lili , Lawton Scott , Jones Ben P. , Elwakeel Ahmed , Mackenzie Francesca E. , Polycarpou Elena , Bennett Jason , Rooney Brian
Published: January 2022

Cannabis is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs worldwide. Rrecent epidemiology studies have linked increased cardiac complications to cannabis use. However, this literature is predominantly based on case incidents and post-mortem investigations. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and its primary metabolites 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Treatment of cardiac myocytes with THC-OH and THC-COOH increased cell migration and proliferation (p < 0.05), with no effect on cell adhesion, with higher doses (250–100 ng/mL) resulting in increased cell death and significant deterioration in cellular architecture. Conversely, no changes in cell morphology or viability were observed in response to THC. Expression of key ECM proteins α-SMA and collagen were up-regulated in response to THC-OH and THC-COOH treatments with concomitant modulation of PI3K and MAPK signalling. Investigations in the planarian animal model Polycelis nigra demonstrated that treatments with cannabinoid metabolites resulted in increased protein deposition at transection sites while higher doses resulted in significant lethality and decline in regeneration. These results highlight that the key metabolites of cannabis elicit toxic effects independent of the parent and psychoactive compound, with implications for cardiotoxicity relating to hypertrophy and fibrogenesis.
Immunopathogenesis of Acute Flare of Chronic Hepatitis B: With Emphasis on the Role of Cytokines and Chemokines
Authors: Liu Chieh , Shih Yi-Fen , Liu Chun-Jen
Published: January 2022

Acute flares (AFs) of chronic hepatitis B usually occur during the immune-active stage (both immune clearance phase and immune reactivation phase), as the host immune system tries to control the virus. Successful host immune control over viral replication is usually presented as hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance; however, 20–30% individuals with chronic hepatitis B may encounter repeated AFs with accumulative liver injuries, finally leading to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. AF can also develop in other clinical situations such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, and under treatment for chronic hepatitis B or treatment for chronic hepatitis C in patients with co-infected hepatitis B/hepatitis C. Understanding the natural history and immunopathogenesis of AF would help develop effective strategies to eradicate the virus and improve the clinical outcomes of patients with chronic hepatitis B. In this review article, the immunopathogenesis of AF, and the involvement of innate and adaptive immune responses on the development of hepatitis B flare will be briefly reviewed, with the emphasis on the role of cytokines and chemokines.
Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in Cardiomyopathies: From Diagnosis to Prognosis
Authors: Casas Guillem , Rodríguez-Palomares José F.
Published: January 2022

Cardiomyopathies are a group of structural and/or functional myocardial disorders which encompasses hypertrophic, dilated, arrhythmogenic, restrictive, and other cardiomyopathies. Multimodality cardiac imaging techniques are the cornerstone of cardiomyopathy diagnosis; transthoracic echocardiography should be the first-line imaging modality due to its availability, and diagnosis should be confirmed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, which will provide more accurate morphologic and functional information, as well as extensive tissue characterization. Multimodality cardiac imaging techniques are also essential in assessing the prognosis of patients with cardiomyopathies; left ventricular ejection fraction and late gadolinium enhancement are two of the main variables used for risk stratification, and they are incorporated into clinical practice guidelines. Finally, periodic testing with cardiac imaging techniques should also be performed due to the evolving and progressive natural history of most cardiomyopathies.
A Versatile Strategy for the Fabrication of Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Composites
Authors: Baker Kayla , Zhitomirsky Igor
Published: January 2022

Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) is dissolved in ethanol, known to be a non-solvent for PEMA, due to the solubilizing ability of an added bile acid biosurfactant, lithocholic acid (LA). The ability to avoid traditional toxic and carcinogenic solvents is important for the fabrication of composites for biomedical applications. The formation of concentrated solutions of high molecular weight PEMA is a key factor for the film deposition using the dip coating method. PEMA films provide corrosion protection for stainless steel. Composite films are prepared, containing bioceramics, such as hydroxyapatite and silica, for biomedical applications. LA facilitates dispersion of hydroxyapatite and silica in suspensions for film deposition. Ibuprofen and tetracycline are used as model drugs for the fabrication of composite films. PEMA-nanocellulose films are successfully prepared using the dip coating method. The microstructure and composition of the films are investigated. The conceptually new approach developed in this investigation represents a versatile strategy for the fabrication of composites for biomedical and other applications, using natural biosurfactants as solubilizing and dispersing agents.
Selective Laser Sintering of High-Temperature Thermoset Polymer
Authors: Hassan Md Sahid , Billah Kazi Md Masum , Hall Samuel Ernesto , Sepulveda Sergio , Regis Jaime Eduardo , Marquez Cory , Cordova Sergio , Whitaker Jasmine , Robison Thomas , Keating James , Shafirovich Evgeny , Lin Yirong
Published: January 2022

Thermoplastic materials such as PA12 and PA6 have been extensively employed in Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 3D printing applications due to their printability, processability, and crystalline structure. However, thermoplastic-based materials lack polymer inter-chain bonding, resulting in inferior mechanical and thermal properties and relatively low fatigue behavior. Therefore, 3D printing of high-performance crosslinked thermosets using SLS technology is paramount to pursue as an alternative to thermoplastics. In this work, a thermoset resin was successfully 3D printed using SLS, and its thermal stability of printed parts after a multi-step post-curing process was investigated. Dimensionally stable and high glass transition temperature (Tg: ~300 °C) thermoset parts were fabricated using SLS. The polymer crosslinking mechanism during the printing and curing process was investigated through FTIR spectra, while the mechanical stability of the SLS 3D-printed thermoset was characterized through compression tests. It is found that 100% crosslinked thermoset can be 3D printed with 900% higher compressive strength than printed green parts.
Structure and Electrical Behavior of Hafnium-Praseodymium Oxide Thin Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kukli Kaupo , Aarik Lauri , Vinuesa Guillermo , Dueñas Salvador , Castán Helena , García Héctor , Kasikov Aarne , Ritslaid Peeter , Piirsoo Helle-Mai , Aarik Jaan
Published: January 2022

Crystal structure and electrical properties of hafnium-praseodymium oxide thin films grown by atomic layer deposition on ruthenium substrate electrodes were characterized and compared with those of undoped HfO2 films. The HfO2 reference films crystallized in the stable monoclinic phase of HfO2. Mixing HfO2 and PrOx resulted in the growth of nanocrystalline metastable tetragonal HfO2. The highest relative permittivities reaching 37–40 were measured for the films with tetragonal structures that were grown using HfO2:PrOx cycle ratio of 5:1 and possessed Pr/(Pr + Hf) atomic ratios of 0.09–0.10. All the HfO2:PrOx films exhibited resistive switching behavior. Lower commutation voltages and current values, promising in terms of reduced power consumption, were achieved for the films grown with HfO2:PrOx cycle ratios of 3:1 and 2:1 and showing Pr/(Pr + Hf) atomic ratios of 0.16–0.23. Differently from the undoped HfO2 films, the Pr-doped films showed low variability of resistance state currents and stable endurance behavior, extending over 104 switching cycles.
Indigo—A New Tribological Substance Class for Non-Toxic and Ecological Gliding Surfaces on Ice, Snow, and Water
Authors: Bützer Peter , Brühwiler Dominik , Bützer Marcel Roland , Al-Godari Nassim , Cadalbert Michelle , Giger Mathias , Schär Sandro
Published: January 2022

The biogenic substance E-indigo can form supramolecular, hydrophobic structures using self-organization. These structures show a low coefficient of friction as a gliding layer against polar surfaces. The formation of primary particles with platelet morphology based on hydrogen-bonded E-indigo molecules is ideal to produce the gliding layer. Structures with excellent gliding properties can be achieved by means of directed friction and high pressure, as well as through tempering. The resulting hard, thin gliding layer of E-indigo does not easily absorb dirt and, thus, prevents a rapid increase in friction. Field tests on snow, with cross-country skis, have shown promising results in comparison to fluorinated and non-fluorinated waxes. Based on quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) data for E-indigo, and its isomers and tautomers, it has been demonstrated that both the application and abrasion of the thin indigo layers are harmless to health, and are ecologically benign and, therefore, sustainable.
Fragmentation of Beaded Fibres in a Composite
Authors: Rodricks Carol Winnifred , Greenfeld Israel , Fiedler Bodo , Wagner Hanoch Daniel
Published: January 2022

The fibre–matrix interface plays an important role in the overall mechanical behaviour of a fibre-reinforced composite, but the classical approach to improving the interface through chemical sizing is bounded by the materials’ properties. By contrast, structural and/or geometrical modification of the interface may provide mechanical interlocking and have wider possibilities and benefits. Here we investigate the introduction of polymer beads along the interface of a fibre and validate their contribution by a single fibre fragmentation test. Using glass fibres and the same epoxy system for both matrix and beads, an increase of 17.5% is observed in the interfacial shear strength of the beaded fibres compared to fibres with no polymer beads. This increase should lead to a similar improvement in the strength and toughness of a beaded fibre composite when short fibres are used. The beads were also seen to stabilise the fragmentation process of a fibre by reducing the scatter in fragment density at a given strain. A case could also be made for a critical beads number—4 beads in our experimental system—to describe interfacial shear strength, analogous to a critical length used in fibre composites.
Mechanical Shunt Resonators-Based Piezoelectric Metamaterial for Elastic Wave Attenuation
Authors: Xu Jiawen , Lu Hang , Qin Weiyang , Wang Ping , Bian Jie
Published: January 2022

The conventional piezoelectric metamaterials with operational-amplifier-based shunt circuits have limited application due to the voltage restriction of the amplifiers. In this research, we report a novel piezoelectric metamaterial beam that takes advantage of mechanical shunt resonators. The proposed metamaterial beam consisted of a piezoelectric beam and remote mechanical piezoelectric resonators coupled with electrical wires. The local resonance of the remote mechanical shunt resonators modified the mechanical properties of the beam, yielding an elastic wave attenuation capability. A finite-length piezoelectric metamaterial beam and mechanical shunt resonators were considered for conceptual illustration. Significant elastic wave attenuation can be realized in the vicinity of the resonant frequency of the shunt resonators. The proposed system has the potential in the application of wave attenuation under large-amplitude excitations.
A Data-Driven Approach for Studying the Influence of Carbides on Work Hardening of Steel
Authors: Vittorietti Martina , Hidalgo Javier , Galán López Jesús , Sietsma Jilt , Jongbloed Geurt
Published: January 2022

This study proposes a new approach to determine phenomenological or physical relations between microstructure features and the mechanical behavior of metals bridging advanced statistics and materials science in a study of the effect of hard precipitates on the hardening of metal alloys. Synthetic microstructures were created using multi-level Voronoi diagrams in order to control microstructure variability and then were used as samples for virtual tensile tests in a full-field crystal plasticity solver. A data-driven model based on Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) was confronted with the classical Voce law for the description of uniaxial tensile curves of synthetic AISI 420 steel microstructures consisting of a ferritic matrix and increasing volume fractions of M23C6 carbides. The parameters of the two models were interpreted in terms of carbide volume fractions and texture using linear mixed-effects models.
Optimisation of Thermal Processes with Plasma Nitriding on Vanadis 4 High Speed Steel
Authors: Alvarez-Antolin Florentino , Gonzalez-Pociño Alejandro , Cofiño-Villar Alberto , Alvarez-Perez Carlos Hugo
Published: January 2022

Vanadis 4 steel is a tool steel processed by powder metallurgy (PM). Its main alloying elements are Cr, V and Mo. Through the application of a design of experiments with six factors and eight experiments, the parameters of the process related to the thermal treatment of these steels are deliberately varied. Those thermal parameters related to the destabilisation of austenite were analysed: the cooling method in quenching, tempering and the application of an ionic nitriding treatment. Through XRD, the percentage and types of precipitated crystalline phases were determined, and, through SEM-EDX, the microstructure was revealed. At the same time, through a pin-on-disc test, those factors with a significant influence on resistance to wear were determined. It has been concluded that, in order to increase resistance to wear, treatments of destabilisation of the austenite at 900 °C with oil quenching, tempering at 550 °C for 4 h and a subsequent treatment of plasma nitriding would be very favourable. This tempering favours a second destabilisation of the austenite and its transformation into martensite, as well as the joint precipitation of type M7C3 and MC carbides. The thickness of the nitrided layer exceeds 100 microns and generates a fully adhesive wear mechanism.
Hydration and Properties of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement Modified by Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag: Influence of Fineness
Authors: Liu Kuisheng , Ma Shanliang , Zhang Zengqi , Han Fanghui
Published: January 2022

Magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) is an excellent rapid repair material for concrete, and many mineral admixtures have been applied to promote its performance. This study focuses on the quantitative characterization of the physical and chemical contributions of granulated blast-furnace slag with various finenesses to the performance development of MKPC. It was found that the addition of slag could increase the setting time, which is mainly due to the dilution of cement. Fine slag tends to decrease the fluidity of MKPC mortar. The physical contributions of ordinary and ultrafine slag to the early performance of MKPC mortar are 23% and 30%, while the chemical contributions are only 6%~10%. At late ages, the physical contribution is less than 10% and the chemical contribution of slag is even slightly negative. The addition of slag is beneficial to the compact packing of MKPC, which is the main reason for the physical contribution. Slag could react in the MKPC system, and increasing the fineness significantly promotes the reaction kinetics.
Self-Supported Fibrous Sn/SnO2@C Nanocomposite as Superior Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Spada Daniele , Bruni Pantaleone , Ferrari Stefania , Albini Benedetta , Galinetto Pietro , Berbenni Vittorio , Girella Alessandro , Milanese Chiara , Bini Marcella
Published: January 2022

Low-cost and simple methods are constantly chased in order to produce less expensive lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) while possibly increasing the energy and power density as well as the volumetric capacity in order to boost a rapid decarbonization of the transport sector. Li alloys and tin-carbon composites are promising candidates as anode materials for LIBs both in terms of capacity and cycle life. In the present paper, electrospinning was employed in the preparation of Sn/SnOx@C composites, where tin and tin oxides were homogeneously dispersed in a carbonaceous matrix of carbon nanofibers. The resulting self-standing and light electrode showed a greatly enhanced performance compared to a conventional electrode based on the same starting materials that are simply mixed to obtain a slurry then deposited on a Cu foil. Fast kinetics were achieved with more than 90% of the reaction that resulted being surface-controlled, and stable capacities of about 300 mAh/g over 500 cycles were obtained at a current density of 0.5 A/g.
3D Finite Element Analysis of a Concrete Dam Behavior under Changing Hydrostatic Load: A Case Study
Authors: Žvanut Pavel
Published: January 2022

In this study, a large arch-gravity Moste Dam was analyzed, where an automated system for the measurements of horizontal displacements of the upper part of the dam was established. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analyses of dam behavior, taking into account the earth pressures and the hydrostatic load, using the finite element method (FEM)-based computer program DIANA, were performed. The influence of lowering the water level of the reservoir by 6.2 m, on the horizontal displacements of the upper part of the dam, at stationary temperature conditions, was investigated. It was found that the results of the performed 2D and 3D FEM analyses fitted in very well with the result of experimentally determined measurement of horizontal displacements (which was 0.48 mm in the upstream direction) that was obtained using a hanging pendulum. An additional comparison of the results of 3D calculations showed that the finite element mesh density had a small effect on the calculated horizontal displacements.
Effect of Austenitization Temperature on Hot Ductility of C-Mn-Al HSLA Steel
Authors: Prislupcak Peter , Kvackaj Tibor , Bidulska Jana , Zahumensky Pavol , Homolova Viera , Juhar Lubos , Zubko Pavol , Zimovcak Peter , Gburik Roman , Demjan Ivo
Published: January 2022

The article aims to investigate the effect of different austenitization temperatures on the hot ductility of C-Mn-Al High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) steel. The thermo-mechanical simulator of physical processes Gleeble 1500D was used for steel hot ductility study. Hot ductility was estimated by measuring the reduction of area after static tensile testing carried out at temperatures in the range 600 °C to 1200 °C with the step of 50 °C. Evaluation of fracture surfaces after austenitization at 1250 °C and 1350 °C with a holding time of the 30 s showed significant differences in the character of the fracture as well as in the ductility. The fracture surfaces and the microstructure near the fracture surfaces of samples at a test temperature of 1000 °C for both austenitization temperatures were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Light Optical Microscopy (LOM), and AZtec Feature analysis (particle analysis of SEM). AlN and AlN-MnS precipitates at grain boundaries detected by the detailed metallographic analysis were identified as the main causes of plasticity trough in the evaluated steel. Moreover, using Thermo-Calc software, it was found that AlN particles precipitate from solid solution below the temperature of 1425 °C.
Influence of pH Cycling on Erosive Wear and Color Stability of High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cements
Authors: Čulina Maja Zečević , Rajić Valentina Brzović , Šalinović Ivan , Klarić Eva , Marković Luka , Ivanišević Ana
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate erosive wear and change in color of high-viscosity glass ionomer cements after pH cycling in two erosive media. There were 3 experimental groups with 22 samples each, (I) EQUIA Forte HT without coat, (II) Fuji IX and (III) Ketac Universal Aplicap. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups (n = 6–8) further exposed to different environments, (1) distilled water, (2) green tea (pH 3.78) and (3) Aceto balsamico vinegar (pH 3.0). Mass and L* a* b* values were recorded before and after pH cycling. The samples in subgroups 2 and 3 were exposed to the acidic media two times a day for 10 min, over a period of 14 days. The differences among materials and erosive effects of the three media were tested using three-way analyses of variance with post hoc LSD test at the significance level p < 0.05. The effect of pH cycling in Aceto balsamico and green tea was degrading for all three materials. pH cycling in Aceto balsamico caused significantly higher erosive wear than pH cycling in Fuzetea and storage in distilled water, in all materials (p < 0.05). pH cycling in both acidic media and in the control group resulted in a significant change in L* a* and b* (p < 0.05). The L* value decreased significantly and the a* and b* values increased significantly (p < 0.05).
Influence of Implant Scanbody Wear on the Accuracy of Digital Impression for Complete-Arch: A Randomized In Vitro Trial
Authors: Arcuri Lorenzo , Lio Fabrizio , Campana Veronica , Mazzetti Vincenzo , Federici Francesca Romana , Nardi Alessandra , Galli Massimo
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of implant scanbody (ISB) wear on the accuracy of digital impression for complete-arch. A polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) edentulous mandibular model with four internal hexagonal interlocking conical connections was scanned with an extraoral optical scanner to achieve a reference file. Four cylindrical polyetheretherketone (PEEK) ISBs were scanned 30 times with IOS, and the test files were aligned to the reference file with a best-fit algorithm. For each analog linear (ΔX, ΔY and ΔZ-axis) and angular deviations (ΔANGLE) were assessed. Euclidean distance (ΔEUC) was calculated from the linear deviation, reporting a mean of 82 µm (SD 61) ranging from 8 to 347 µm. ΔANGLE error mean was 0.33° (SD 0.20), ranging from 0.02 to 0.92°. From a multivariate analysis, when ΔEUC was considered as a response variable, a significant influence of ISB wear by scan number in interaction to position for implant 3.6 was identified (p < 0.0001); when ΔANGLE was considered as a response variable, a significant effect of position 3.6 was recorded ((p < 0.0001). The obtained results showed that the ISB wear negatively influenced the accuracy of IOS, suggesting that ISB base wear could be detrimental for the seating of ISBs on angulated implants.
Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance: Playing the ‘Silver Nanobullet’ Card
Authors: Nocchetti Morena , Boccalon Elisa , Pica Monica , Giordano Nicoletta Maria Rosaria , Finori Francesco , Pietrella Donatella , Cipiciani Antonio
Published: January 2022

Enhancing the antibacterial activity of old antibiotics by a multitarget approach, such as combining antibiotics with metal nanoparticles, is a valuable strategy to overcome antibacterial resistance. In this work, the synergistic antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles and antibiotics, immobilized on a solid support, was investigated. Nanometric layered double hydroxides (LDH) based on Zn(II) and Al(III) were prepared by the double microemulsion technique. The dual function of LDH as an anionic exchanger and support for metal nanoparticles was exploited to immobilize both silver and antibiotics. Cefazolin (CFZ), a β-lactam, and nalidixic acid (NAL), a quinolone, were selected and intercalated into LDH obtaining ZnAl-CFZ and ZnAl-NAL samples. These samples were used for the growth of silver nanoparticles with dimension ranging from 2.5 to 8 nm. Silver and antibiotics release profiles, from LDH loaded with antibiotics and Ag/antibiotics, were evaluated in two different media: water and phosphate buffer. Interestingly, the release profiles are affected by both the acceptor media and the presence of silver. The synergistic antibacterial activity of LDH containing both silver and antibiotics were investigated on gram-positives (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and gram-negatives (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and compared with the plain antimicrobials and LDH containing only antibiotics or silver.
Behaviour of Impurities during Electron Beam Melting of Copper Technogenic Material
Authors: Vutova Katia , Stefanova Vladislava , Vassileva Vania , Kadiyski Milen
Published: January 2022

The current study presents the electron beam melting (EBM) efficiency of copper technogenic material with high impurity content (Se, Te, Pb, Bi, Sn, As, Sb, Zn, Ni, Ag, etc.) by means of thermodynamic analysis and experimental tests. On the basis of the calculated values of Gibbs free energy and the physical state of the impurity (liquid and gaseous), a thermodynamic assessment of the possible chemical interactions occurring in the Cu-Cu2O-Mex system in vacuum in the temperature range 1460–1800 K was made. The impact of the kinetic parameters (temperature and refining time) on the behaviour and the degree of removal of impurities was evaluated. Chemical and metallographic analysis of the obtained ingots is also discussed.
Fabrication, Characterization and Evaluation of an Alginate–Lignin Composite for Rare-Earth Elements Recovery
Authors: Fila Dominika , Hubicki Zbigniew , Kołodyńska Dorota
Published: January 2022

The recent increase in interest in rare earth elements is due to their increasing use in many areas of life. However, along with their increasing popularity, the problem of their natural resources availability arises. In this study, an alginate–lignin composite (ALG-L) was fabricated and tested for adsorptive abilities of the rare earth elements (La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III)) from aqueous solutions. The characterization of the newly synthetized calcium alginate–lignin composite was performed using ATR/FT-IR, SEM, EDX, OM, AFM, XRD, BET, sieve analysis and pHpzc measurements. The adsorption mechanism of the ALG5L1 composite for REEs was analyzed through a series of kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic adsorption experiments. Under the optimum sorption conditions, i.e., sorbent mass 0.1 g, pH 5.0, temperature 333 K, the maximum adsorption capacities of the ALG5L1 composite for La(III), Ce(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III) reached 109.56, 97.97, 97.98, and 98.68 mg/g, respectively. The desorption studies indicate that the new calcium alginate–lignin composite is characterized by good recycling properties and can be also reused. To sum up the advantages of low cost, easy synthesis, high adsorption efficiencies and reusability indicate that the ALG5L1 composite has great application perspectives for REEs recovery.
Enzymatic Polymerization as a Green Approach to Synthesizing Bio-Based Polyesters
Authors: Gkountela Christina I. , Vouyiouka Stamatina N.
Published: January 2022

Given the fossil fuel crisis and the steady consumption of finite resources, the use of green polymers is becoming necessary. However, the term “green” describes materials that present green properties (such as biological origin and/or biodegradability) and are produced via sustainable processes conducted under mild conditions and not requiring the use of chemical catalysts, toxic solvents or reagents. Truly green materials must combine these characteristics; consequently, enzymatically synthesized bio-based and/or biodegradable polymers can be characterized as truly green. The present review focuses on the most promising, commercially available aliphatic and alipharomatic polyesters that can be synthesized enzymatically. In particular, the recent developments in the enzymatic polymerization of PLA and PBS and alipharomatic furan-based polyesters (e.g., PBF) are herein analyzed. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that important steps have been taken toward synthesizing sustainably green polymers. Still, it is necessary to evaluate the applied methods regarding their capability to be used on an industrial scale.
Conceptual DFT-Based Computational Peptidology, Pharmacokinetics Study and ADMET Report of the Veraguamides A–G Family of Marine Natural Drugs
Authors: Flores-Holguín Norma , Ortega-Castro Joaquín , Frau Juan , Glossman-Mitnik Daniel
Published: January 2022

As a continuation of our research on the chemical reactivity, pharmacokinetics and ADMET properties of cyclopeptides of marine origin with potential therapeutic abilities, in this work our already presented integrated molecular modeling protocol has been used for the study of the chemical reactivity and bioactivity properties of the Veraguamides A–G family of marine natural drugs. This protocol results from the estimation of the conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) chemical reactivity descriptors together with several chemoinformatics tools commonly considered within the process of development of new therapeutic drugs. CP-CDFT is a branch of computational chemistry and molecular modeling dedicated to the study of peptides, and it is a protocol that allows the estimation with great accuracy of the CDFT-based reactivity descriptors and the associated physical and chemical properties, which can aid in determining the ability of the studied peptides to behave as potential useful drugs. Moreover, the superiority of the MN12SX density functional over other long-range corrected density functionals for the prediction of chemical and physical properties in the presence of water as the solvent is clearly demonstrated. The research was supplemented with an investigation of the bioactivity of the molecular systems and their ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) parameters, as is customary in medicinal chemistry. Some instances of the CDFT-based chemical reactivity descriptors’ capacity to predict the pKas of peptides as well as their potential as AGE inhibitors are also shown.
Study of the Structure–Activity Relationship of an Anti-Dormant Mycobacterial Substance 3-(Phenethylamino)Demethyl(oxy)aaptamine to Create a Probe Molecule for Detecting Its Target Protein
Authors: Sumii Yuji , Kamiya Kentaro , Nakamura Takehiko , Tanaka Kenta , Kaji Takumi , Mukomura Junya , Kotoku Naoyuki , Arai Masayoshi
Published: January 2022

The current tuberculosis treatment regimen is long and complex, and its failure leads to relapse and emergence of drug resistance. One of the major reasons underlying the extended chemotherapeutic regimen is the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to attain a dormant state. Therefore, the identification of new lead compounds with chemical structures different from those of conventional anti-tuberculosis drugs is essential. The compound 3-(phenethylamino)demethyl(oxy)aaptamine (PDOA, 1), isolated from marine sponge of Aaptos sp., is known as an anti-dormant mycobacterial substance, and has been reported to be effective against the drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. However, its target protein still remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the structure–activity relationship of 1 using 15 synthetic analogues, in order to prepare a probe molecule for detecting the target protein of 1. We succeeded in creating the compound 15 with a photoaffinity group that retained antimicrobial activity, which proved to be a suitable probe molecule for identifying the target protein of 1.
Therapeutic Potential and Nutraceutical Profiling of North Bornean Seaweeds: A Review
Authors: Shah Muhammad , Venmathi Maran Balu , Shaleh Sitti , Zuldin Wahidatul , Gnanaraj Charles , Yong Yoong
Published: January 2022

Malaysia has a long coastline surrounded by various islands, including North Borneo, that provide a suitable environment for the growth of diverse species of seaweeds. Some of the important North Bornean seaweed species are Kappaphycus alvarezii, Eucheuma denticulatum, Halymenia durvillaei (Rhodophyta), Caulerpa lentillifera, Caulerpa racemosa (Chlorophyta), Dictyota dichotoma and Sargassum polycystum (Ochrophyta). This review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of North Bornean seaweeds and their nutraceutical profiling. North Bornean seaweeds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, renal protective and hepatic protective potentials. The protective roles of the seaweeds might be due to the presence of a wide variety of nutraceuticals, including phthalic anhydride, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, 2-pentylthiophene, furoic acid (K. alvarezii), eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, fucoxanthin, β-carotene (E. denticulatum), eucalyptol, oleic acid, dodecanal, pentadecane (H. durvillaei), canthaxanthin, oleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, eicosane (C. lentillifera), pseudoephedrine, palmitic acid, monocaprin (C. racemosa), dictyohydroperoxide, squalene, fucosterol, saringosterol (D. dichotoma), and lutein, neophytadiene, cholest-4-en-3-one and cis-vaccenic acid (S. polycystum). Extensive studies on the seaweed isolates are highly recommended to understand their bioactivity and mechanisms of action, while highlighting their commercialization potential.
Effect of Viscosity on High-Throughput Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD)
Authors: Senf Brian , Kim Jong-Hoon
Published: January 2022

Biosample analysis often requires the purification, separation, or fractionation of a biofluid prior to transport to the biosensor. Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a size-based microfluidic separation technique that shows promise for biosample preparation. Recently, high-throughput DLD separation has been demonstrated with airfoil-shaped pillars at higher flow rates, but this also changes separation dynamics as the Reynolds number (Re) increases. In this work, the particle trajectories in the airfoil DLD with two different angle-of-attacks (AoAs) were studied at a range of Re with alterations of fluid viscosity to mimic biological fluids. Previous studies have found that the critical diameter (Dc) decreases as Re climes. We demonstrated that variations of the fluid viscosity do not alter the separation dynamics if the Re is kept constant. As the associated Re of the flow increases, the Dc decreases regardless of viscosity. The negative AoA with an airfoil DLD pillar design provided the stronger Dc shift to negate pressure increases.
Micro/Nanoarchitectonics of 3D Printed Scaffolds with Excellent Biocompatibility Prepared Using Femtosecond Laser Two-Photon Polymerization for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Yuan Yanping , Chen Lei , Shi Ziyuan , Chen Jimin
Published: January 2022

The fabrication of high-precision scaffolds with excellent biocompatibility for tissue engineering has become a research hotspot. Two-photon polymerization (TPP) can break the optical diffraction limit and is used to fabricate high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. In this study, the biological properties, and machinability of photosensitive gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel solutions are investigated, and the biocompatibility of 3D scaffolds using a photosensitive GelMA hydrogel solution fabricated by TPP is also evaluated. The biological properties of photosensitive GelMA hydrogel solutions are evaluated by analyzing their cytotoxicity, swelling ratio, and degradation ratio. The experimental results indicate that: (1) photosensitive GelMA hydrogel solutions with remarkable biological properties and processability are suitable for cell attachment. (2) a micro/nano 3D printed scaffold with good biocompatibility is fabricated using a laser scanning speed of 150 μm/s, laser power of 7.8 mW, layer distance of 150 nm and a photosensitive GelMA hydrogel solution with a concentration of 12% (w/v). Micro/nano additive manufacturing will have broad application prospects in the tissue engineering field.
Assessing Long-Term Impact of Dietary Interventions on Occurrence of Symptoms Consistent with Hypoglycemia in Patients without Diabetes: A One-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Hall Marianna , Walicka Magdalena , Panczyk Mariusz , Traczyk Iwona
Published: January 2022

Background: A well-balanced nutritional diet pattern has a significant role in the management of diet-related disorders. Currently, there are no specific dietary guidelines to refer to when advising non-diabetic patients with symptoms attributed to hypoglycemia in the postprandial period or patients with confirmed reactive hypoglycemia (RH). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the dietary interventions, and their sustained outcome, on the severity of hypoglycemic-like symptoms occurring in non-diabetic patients. Methods: The study group included forty non-diabetic individuals with symptoms consistent with RH. At the baseline, each patient underwent RH diagnosis and complex dietary evaluation. Over a period of six months, each patient had four appointments with a dietitian. Two sessions were focused on a dietary education about low glycemic index diet (LGID) and Mediterranean diet (MD). The said diets were to be followed for a period of three months, with two additional dietary check-ups. Once dietary supervision was completed, patients had no imposed dietary patterns. The final follow-up appointment took place twelve months later and that is when each patient underwent a detailed assessment of their current dietary habits and evaluation of the frequency of symptoms consistent with hypoglycemia. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the severity in eight out of the ten analyzed hypoglycemic-like symptoms after the dietary interventions. The most significant change was observed in the following symptoms: hunger (η2 = 0.66), impaired concentration (η2 = 0.61), hand tremor (η2 = 0.55), and fatigue (η2 = 0.51). The outcomes were comparable for both recommended diets, the LGID and the MD. The reduction in hypoglycemic-like symptoms continued after the twelve-month period. The individualized dietary counselling significantly improved the patients’ eating habits in comparison to those present prior to intervention in terms of healthy diet index (F(2,78) = 27.30, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.41, 90%CI [0.26; 0.51]) and unhealthy diet index (F(2,78) = 433.39, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.91, 90%CI [0.89; 0.93]). Conclusions: Healthy modifications in dietary habits may improve patient’s well-being and reduce the severity of their postprandial symptoms attributed to hypoglycemia. Therefore, dietary intervention focused on appropriate nutritional management combined with follow-up consultations may be a beneficial step towards comprehensive treatment of non-diabetic patients who present with hypoglycemic-like symptoms in the postprandial period.