bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphical Method for Determining the Coefficient of Consolidation cv from a Flow-Pump Permeability Test
Authors: Morin RH , Olsen HW , Nelson KR , Gill JD
Published: October 2008

A graphical method has been developed for determining the coefficient of consolidation from the transient phases of a flow-pump permeability test. The flow pump can be used to infuse fluid into or withdraw fluid from a laboratory sediment specimen at a constant volumetric rate in order to obtain data that can be used to calculate permeability using Darcy's law. When the initial transient-response curve (hydraulic head as a function of time) generated by this test is examined analytically in terms of a one-dimensional consolidation process, representative type-curve solutions to the associated forced-flow and pressure-decay models are derived. These curves provide the basis for graphically evaluating the permeability k, the coefficient of consolidation cv, and the coefficient of volume change mv. The curve-matching technique is easy and rapid, and it can be applied to results of forced-flow tests, both infusion and withdrawal, as well as to subsequent pressure-decay records. Values of k, cv, and mv for a laterally confined kaolinite specimen were determined by this graphical method and appear to be in reasonably good agreement with numerically derived estimates (within 20%). Discrepancies between the two sets of results seem to be largely a function of data quality rather than of method of analysis. Where responses of hydraulic head as a function of time are apparently unaffected by experimental sources of error, agreement is excellent (within 4%). Application of this graphical method to triaxial testing has inherent uncertainties, because the solution curves that describe one-dimensional deformation are used to analyze a three-dimensional process.
A Note on Falling Headwater and Rising Tailwater Permeability Tests
Authors: Daniel DE
Published: October 2008

Falling-head permeability tests may be performed in two ways: (1) with a constant tailwater pressure and (2) with a rising tailwater pressure. Equations published in textbooks and manuals for calculating hydraulic conductivity from a falling-head test are for the first type of test only and are in error by a factor of 2 when applied to the second type of test. The correct equations for calculating hydraulic conductivity for both types of test are derived and confirmed.
Tearing Crack Growth and Fracture Micro-Mechanisms Under Micro Segregation in Zr-2.5%Nb Pressure Tube Material
Authors: Kapoor K. , Saibaba N. , Kashyap B. P. , Ramana Rao A. V.
Published: October 2008

In the case of Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tube material, certain tramp elements (Cl, P, and C) have a deleterious effect on the fracture properties. In order to dramatically reduce the amount of these impurities, vacuum arc re-melting is adopted. The effect of the melting practice (double or quadruple) on the fracture properties of this material has been previously studied in detail. However, in these studies, the micro-mechanisms of fracture and the role of the trace impurities on crack initiation and propagation in the sub-critical regime were not investigated in detail. In the present study, the mechanisms operating during the three stages of crack growth, i.e., initiation, propagation and fracture, in the case of low toughness double melted material, are proposed based on a detailed study. In our observation, the tramp elements segregate in the form of fine stringers. In the regions away from the segregation, the material is found to be very ductile with the appearance of ligaments with high local plastic deformation before fracture. The presence of such ligaments on the fracture surface is an indication of fracture occurring in a transition zone (ductile to brittle). In the case of the failure in this transition region, both cleavage and ductile mechanisms can occur in the same specimen. In the transition region, near the upper shelf region, the initiation of the crack occurs by cleavage at a local discontinuity, but the toughness increases rapidly and crack propagation occurs in ductile manner by formation of microvoids. The crack front propagates finding the local discontinuities, leaving behind the unbroken regions with high toughness (ligaments). As the crack propagation continues and the crack face opens, the ligaments left well behind the crack tip rupture after the crack front moves further. The electron micro-beam analysis and X-ray mapping show a build-up of Cl concentration at the stringer sites. In the present analysis, the fracture behavior of double and quadruple melted Zr-2.5%Nb material is compared using a “tearing instability” criterion. Using this approach, an attempt is made to assess the enhanced safety margins, in terms of critical crack length, achieved by modification in the melting practice. First, an estimate from the small specimen J-R data was obtained. However, to obtain a realistic estimate for fracture under burst condition an appropriate scaling factor was applied.
Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test to Evaluate the Effectiveness of LiNO3 Against Alkali-Silica Reaction—Part 1: Pore Solution Chemistry and Influence of Various Parameters
Authors: Tremblay C. , Bérubé M. A. , Fournier B. , Thomas M. D. A. , Folliard K. J. , Nkinamubanzi P. C.
Published: October 2008

For the time being, the only reliable test method to evaluate the effectiveness of lithium nitrate against alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete is the concrete prism test (CPT) CSA A23.2-14A or ASTM C1293, extended to two years. In its actual form, the more commonly used accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) CSA A23.2-25A or ASTM C1260 is not able to predict this effectiveness and needs to be modified to improve it’s reliability. Part I of this study, which involves a large variety of reactive aggregates from Canada and the United States, aims to evaluate the partition of various ions (OH−, Na+, K+, Li+, and silica species) between the mortar pore solution and the soak solution in the AMBT, and the effect of a number of experimental parameters on the expansion of mortar bars with/without lithium nitrate, e.g., the presence of lithium in the original mortar bars, the Li concentration in the soak solution, the concentration and the composition (NaOH versus KOH) of the soak solution, the cement alkali content, the water-to-cement ratio, and the initial 24-h soaking in pure water. The second part of this study (Part II) compares the above AMBT results with the CPT results for the same aggregates and aims to propose modifications to the AMBT when testing lithium nitrate against ASR to better correlate with the most realistic CPT results.
Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test to Evaluate the Effectiveness of LiNO3 Against Alkali-Silica Reaction—Part 2: Comparison with Results from the Concrete Prism Test
Authors: Tremblay C. , Bérubé M. A. , Fournier B. , Thomas M. D. , Folliard K. J. , Nkinamubanzi P. C.
Published: October 2008

For the time being, the concrete prism test (CPT) CSA A23.2-14A or ASTM C1293 remains the most reliable test method to evaluate the effectiveness of lithium nitrate against alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete; however, the extended testing period of two years has often limited its acceptance by practitioners. In its actual form, the popular accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) CSA A23.2-25A or ASTM C1260 cannot be used to predict this effectiveness, thus it needs to be modified accordingly. Part I of this study looked at the influence of a number of parameters on the effectiveness of lithium to control expansion of mortar bars incorporating a variety of reactive aggregates from Canada and the United States. The second part of this study (Part II) compares the results obtained in modified versions of the AMBT with those from the CPT performed on the same aggregates, with the objective of proposing the best accelerated test procedure for determining the minimum amount of lithium nitrate necessary to counteract ASR expansion in concrete. The results obtained in this study have shown that the effectiveness of lithium nitrate greatly varies from one reactive aggregate to another while not being correlated with the degree of reactivity or the petrographic nature of the reactive aggregates to counteract. A safe method of predicting the effective [Li]/[Na+K] to used in concrete is proposed which uses two AMBTs, one of which involves adding lithium to both the mortar bar and the soak solution. It allows the prediction of an effective [Li]/[Na+K] for aggregates that respond relatively well to lithium. The method allows the identification of aggregates that respond particularly badly to the lithium, for which the concrete prism test is recommended for evaluating the minimum lithium dosage to use for ASR control.
Evaluating Drainage Characteristics of Water Resistive Barriers as Part of an Overall Durable Wall Approach for the Building Enclosure
Authors: Williams Mark F.
Published: October 2008

The most recent model residential building code has been modified to require increased use of water/weather resistive barrier (WRB) materials in construction, and to require some means of draining water from the building enclosure. However, “drainage” performance is not defined, and the Code is unclear about which currently available WRB products and design approaches help provide a durable water-resistant exterior wall enclosure. The present work is a qualitative, “order of magnitude” study of the drainage characteristics of various types of WRB materials (felts, housewraps, drainage wraps, drainage boards, and furring strips), and is a “first step” toward developing an overall durable wall approach for the building enclosure. The ASTM E2273 drainage efficiency test was used in 40 wall assembly mockups to evaluate 11 WRB materials in 8 design configurations. Traditional WRBs and housewraps provided little or no drainage capability to the exterior wall designs tested. Drainage-enhanced housewraps provided an improved level of drainage, but they still retained water. The retained water can migrate through fastener holes to the underlying construction. Best drainage performance was obtained by using WRBs with furring, drainage mats, and profiled sheets (drainage boards). These overall results are in general agreement with similar research by others. These results can guide designers and builders in the proper selection and use of such materials, which should be used as part of an overall durable wall approach to protecting the building enclosure.
Compression Precracking to Generate Near Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in an Aluminum and Titanium Alloy
Authors: Ruschau John J. , Newman James C.
Published: October 2008

The scope of this paper is to determine the fatigue-crack growth rates in the near-threshold regime for both an aluminum and titanium alloy using the compression precracking constant-amplitude (CPCA) test method on compact specimens. Tests were conducted over a wide range of stress ratios (R=Pmin/Pmax=0.1 to 0.9). Results were compared with threshold and near-threshold data generated on the same materials using the ASTM E647, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates,” load-shedding test procedure. On the 7075-T651 alloy, very little difference was observed in threshold values between the load-shedding and CPCA test methods. In contrast, the titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) showed very large differences between the CPCA and load-shedding test results in the near-threshold and threshold regimes for the low stress ratios. Results under high R conditions (R≥0.7) agreed well between the two-threshold test methods for both materials. On the titanium alloy, the load-shedding test method also produced a specimen width effect on near-threshold behavior, whereas the CPCA test method produced results that were independent of specimen width and produced “steady-state” constant-amplitude data in the near-threshold regime, after the crack had grown several compressive plastic-zone sizes.
Accelerated Cooling of Steel Plates: The Time Has Come
Authors: Gorni Antonio Augusto , Dolabela da Silveira José Herbert
Published: October 2008

The accelerated cooling of steel plates is an already standard process that increases the competitiveness of this product and their users, as it allows the adoption of a leaner alloy design and the development of new mechanical property combinations with improved weldability. The maximum cooling rate achievable under industrial conditions depends on plate thickness, from 80°C/s (10 mm) to about 1°C/s (80 mm), in order to assure minimum temperature gradients along plate thickness and greater uniformity of mechanical properties. The main process variants of this process apply cooling over different temperature ranges: interrupted accelerated cooling, between 800 and 500°C, and direct quenching, between 900 and 200°C. In the first case it is aimed at a microstructural grain refining effect; in the latter one a fully martensitic microstructure is desired. The advantages promoted by these new process routes are already benefiting the main fields of application of heavy steel plates, like shipbuilding, civil construction, linepipes, penstocks, and so on. This paper is a brief status report about this technology and its future developments.
Imaginative and Adaptive Economic Strategies for Hmong Livelihoods in Lào Cai Province, Northern Vietnam
Authors: Turner Sarah , Michaud Jean
Published: October 2008

Studies of ethnic minorities in upland northern Vietnam often emphasize how such groups are incorporated within the nation, and how members react to market liberalization. Yet, based on ethnographic research in Lào Cai Province, particularly among the Hmong, we argue that many highlanders see their situation quite differently. Combining locally embedded social, political, and economic forms with the imperatives of Vietnam's liberalization, they adapt their strategies and reinvent their livelihoods as they see fit. What is absorbed and what is discarded depends on the opportunities that arise at any precise moment, not just on rational choice and economic benefit.
On Acanthamoeba keratitis
Authors: Kettesy Beáta , Komár Tímea , Berta András , Módis László
Published: October 2008

Az Acanthamoeba-infekciók száma világszerte, így hazánkban is növekvő tendenciát mutat. A diagnosztikus és terápiás lehetőségek bővülése ellenére ez a betegség súlyosan károsíthatja a látást. A kórkép jellemzőit foglaljuk össze és mutatjuk be. A betegség elsősorban kontaktlencsét viselőkön alakul ki a nem megfelelő higiénia miatt. Szubjektív tünetei a fájdalom, vörös szem, könnyezés és szemhéjduzzanat. A klinikai képben jellegzetes a gyűrű alakú cornea stromájába terjedő infiltrátum. Differenciáldiagnosztikai szempontból a bakteriális, gombás és herpeses keratitistől kell elkülöníteni. Diagnózisában, a részletes anamnézis mellett, elsősorban konfokális corneamikroszkópia és speciális mikrobiológiai vizsgálatok javasoltak. A kórkép kezelésére többféle konzervatív és sebészi terápia létezik. Az eredményes gyógyuláshoz időben történő felismerés és hosszan tartó adekvát terápia szükséges. A legfontosabb azonban a megelőzés, amely az illesztők feladata, a páciensek felvilágosítása a megfelelő higiénés szabályok betartásáról, a korszerű lencsék és ápolószerek használatáról.
Organisational lessons from failures
Authors: Wearne Stephen
Published: October 2008

This paper reviews reported causes of a range of engineering failures from around the world in an attempt to define general lessons for future projects. It draws on cases of major failures reported over the past few years and the conclusions of an earlier review reported in 1979. The reports indicate that not a single failure was caused by hitherto unknown physical phenomena occurring without prior warning. All were caused by failures to use information available somewhere. They were therefore ‘institutional’ risks of systems of organisation, communications and procurement.
Isotope geochemistry and petrogenesis of peralkaline Middle Miocene ignimbrites from central Sonora: relationship with continental break-up and the birth of the Gulf of California
Authors: Vidal Solano Jesús R. , Lapierre Henriette , Stock Joann M. , Demant Alain , Paz Moreno Francisco A. , Bosch Delphine , Brunet Pierre , Amortegui Andrea
Published: October 2008

Middle Miocene peralkaline ignimbrites constitute a specific geodynamic marker of the early stage of opening of the Gulf of California, preserved either in central Sonora or the Puertecitos area, in Baja California. Very uniform ages (12-12.5 Ma) obtained on these rocks show that this volcanic episode corresponds to a specific stage in the tectonic evolution of the proto-gulf area. Field observations and slightly different Sr and Nd isotopic signatures support eruptions from several small volume magma batches rather than from a large-volume caldera forming event. Isotopic ratios help to constrain the petrogenesis of the peralkaline liquids by fractional crystallization of transitional basalts in a shallow reservoir, with slight contamination by Precambrian upper crustal material. Less differentiated glomeroporphyritic icelandites erupted at about 11 Ma, mark an increase in the magma production rate and highlight an easier access to the surface, illustrating an advanced stage in the weakening of the continental crust. The tilting of the Middle Tertiary sequences results from a major change in the tectonic regime, from E-W extension giving rise to N-S grabens, to NNW-SSE strike-slip motion that can be related to the transfer of Baja California from North America to the Pacific plate. The location of peralkaline volcanism coincides with the southern edge of the Precambrian crust and the southernmost extension of the California slab window at 12.5 Ma.
Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Yili Block, western Chinese Tianshan
Authors: Wang Bo , Faure Michel , Shu Liangshu , Cluzel Dominique , Charvet Jacques , De Jong Koen , Chen Yan
Published: October 2008

The Yili block is a triangular area bordered by sutures and fault zones in the western Chinese Tianshan belt. It is often considered as a part of the Central Tianshan micro-continent with Proterozoic basement extending westward into Kazakhstan and Kirgizstan, but this interpretation is questionable. This paper aims to synthesize the available data, discusses the meaning of the tectonic boundaries and proposes a model for the Paleozoic evolution of the Yili block. Alike the entire Tianshan belt, the Yili block underwent a polyphase evolution including subduction of oceanic crust and collision with micro-continents and volcanic arcs. The southern boundary of the Yili block is formed of Proterozoic basement and Early Paleozoic platform sediments, tectonically overlain by oceanic high-pressure metamorphic rocks and ophiolite. It has been involved in a south-dipping subduction associated with the closure of the Tianshan Ocean and the subsequent collision with a micro-continent correlated with Central Tianshan. This tectonic event resulted in top-to-the-north ductile thrusting observed in oceanic HP metamorphic rocks and Proterozoic basement as well. During the Late Paleozoic, the northern boundary of the Yili block was an active continental margin related to the southward subduction of the North Tianshan oceanic basin, this boundary is represented by Late Carboniferous turbidite and ophiolitic mélange. The southern and northern boundaries have been both reworked by Permian strike-slip faults.
The Bipolarity of Adolescents' Feelings toward Their Parents with Various Illnesses and Disabilities
Authors: Duvdevany Ilana , Moin Victor , Yahav Rivka
Published: October 2008

The study examined feelings toward parents among Israeli Jewish adolescents with disabled parents (research group, n = 182) and non-disabled parents (control group, n = 285). It also studied the relationship between the types of parental disability (chronic heart disease, multiple sclerosis, and blindness) and the adolescents' feelings toward their parents. Bipolarity, i.e., coexistence of positive and negative feelings toward parents, was found among all participants. Nevertheless, the intensity of these feelings and a predominance of the positive feelings over the negative were higher in the research group than in the control group. The type of parental disability was significantly correlated with intensity of adolescents' feeling toward their parents. The moderator effect of adolescents' anxiety on the intensity and balance of positive and negative feelings toward parents was found in both the research and control groups. The results of this study underline the importance of examining critical dimensions of family life in cases where the parents have a disability or chronic illness.
Bereavement Customs, Grief and Rituals among Ethiopian Immigrants to Israel
Authors: Grisaru Nimrod , Witztum Eliezer , Malkinson Ruth
Published: October 2008

Based on clinical experience with Ethiopian patients referred to a Mental Health Center the authors observed a “double” cultural discrepancy: On one hand discrepancy between cultural and mourning practices as practiced by Jews in Ethiopia and Israel, and on the other between the professional team and their Ethiopian patients. The article discusses social displacement related to death, mourning customs and rituals as experienced by Ethiopian Jewish immigrants. A number of culturally sensitive elements pertinent to professionals intervening with displaced and bereaved individuals and families are identified and elaborated. Mourning rituals and customs as practiced by the Jewish community in Ethiopia, in particular, breaking bad news and purity customs are compared with those practiced in Israel which often appear to be different, and at times exemplify cultural insensitivity. Case vignettes describing the Ethiopian community in Israel are presented to illustrate complications resulting from a lack of cultural sensitivity. The importance of introducing culturally sensitive procedures involving an Ethiopian Jewish community member or a cultural broker who will similarly arrange to break the bad news to members of the community is proposed.
Offspring Caring for Their Elderly Parents: The Effect of Social Support and Gender-Role Orientation on these Caregivers' Well-Being
Authors: Ron Pnina
Published: October 2008

The present study tried to explore coping processes of sons and daughters of elderly parents. The research also tried to confirm Pearlin and Schooler's stress coping model (1978). On the basis of the literature review, well-being was examined as a function of the following variables: demographic variables related to the caregiver role; stress related to the caregivers' role (The Burden Inventory Questionnaire: Zarit, Reever, & Bach-Peterson, 1980; Stress in Family Relationships: Pearlin & Schooler, 1978); and personality characteristics such as self-esteem (The Self-Esteem Variable: Rosenberg, 1965), and mastery (Pearlin & Schooler, 1978). The two mediating variables in the research model were gender-role orientation, as an internal resource (Sex Role Orientation Inventory questionnaire (BSRI): Bem, 1975), and family support, as an external resource (Cohen, Mermelstein, Kamarck, & Hoberman, 1985). The well-being of the participants was examined using the mental health questionnaire (Veit & Ware, 1983). The study hypotheses were that the internal and the external resources will act as mediating factors such that offspring with masculine gender orientation caring for an elderly parent will report greater well-being than those with feminine or androgynous gender-orientations. Participants were 435 workers of the Israel Electric Company, 211 males and 224 females. The research findings indicated existing correlations between all of the components of the research model.
Auditory feedback during frameless image-guided surgery in a phantom model and initial clinical experience
Authors: Woerdeman Peter A. , Willems Peter W. A. , Noordmans Herke Jan , van der Sprenkel Jan Willem Berkelbach
Published: October 2008

In this study the authors measured the effect of auditory feedback during image-guided surgery (IGS) in a phantom model and in a clinical setting. In the phantom setup, advanced IGS with complementary auditory feedback was compared with results obtained with 2 routine forms of IGS, either with an on-screen image display or with imageinjection via a microscope. The effect was measured by means of volumetric resection assessments. The authors also present their first clinical data concerning the effects of complementary auditory feedback on instrument handling during image-guided neurosurgery. When using image-injection through the microscope for navigation, however, resection quality was significantly worse. In the clinical portion of the study, the authors performed resections of cerebral mass lesions in 6 patients with the aid of auditory feedback. Instrument tip speeds were slightly (although significantly) influenced by this feedback during resection. Overall, the participating neurosurgeons reported that the auditory feedback helped in decision-making during resection without negatively influencing instrument use. Postoperative volumetric imaging studies revealed resection rates of ≥ 95% when IGS with auditory feedback was used. There was only a minor amount of brain shift, and postoperative resection volumes corresponded well with the preoperative intentions of the neurosurgeon. Although the results of phantom surgery with auditory feedback revealed no significant effect on resection quality or extent, auditory cues may help prevent damage to eloquent brain structures.
Predicting aneurysm rupture probabilities through the application of a computed tomography angiography–derived binary logistic regression model
Authors: Prestigiacomo Charles J. , He Wenzhuan , Catrambone Jeffrey , Chung Stephanie , Kasper Lydia , Pasupuleti Latha , Mittal Neelesh
Published: October 2008

Object

The goal of this study was to establish a biomathematical model to accurately predict the probability of aneurysm rupture. Biomathematical models incorporate various physical and dynamic phenomena that provide insight into why certain aneurysms grow or rupture. Prior studies have demonstrated that regression models may determine which parameters of an aneurysm contribute to rupture. In this study, the authors derived a modified binary logistic regression model and then validated it in a distinct cohort of patients to assess the model's stability.

Methods

Patients were examined with CT angiography. Three-dimensional reconstructions were generated and aneurysm height, width, and neck size were obtained in 2 orthogonal planes. Forward stepwise binary logistic regression was performed and then applied to a prospective cohort of 49 aneurysms in 37 patients (not included in the original derivation of the equation) to determine the log-odds of rupture for this aneurysm.

Results

A total of 279 aneurysms (156 ruptured and 123 unruptured) were observed in 217 patients. Four of 6 linear dimensions and the aspect ratio were significantly larger (each with p < 0.01) in ruptured aneurysms than unruptured aneurysms. Calculated volume and aneurysm location were correlated with rupture risk. Binary logistic regression applied to an independent prospective cohort demonstrated the model's stability, showing 83% sensitivity and 80% accuracy.

Conclusions

This binary logistic regression model of aneurysm rupture identified the status of an aneurysm with good accuracy. The use of this technique and its validation suggests that biomorphometric data and their relationships may be valuable in determining the status of an aneurysm.
Sudden blindness as a complication of percutaneous trigeminal procedures: mechanism analysis and prevention
Authors: Agazzi Siviero , Chang Stanley , Drucker Mitchell D. , Youssef A. Samy , Van Loveren Harry R.
Published: October 2008

The authors describe the case of a 76-year-old man in whom reversible sudden blindness developed after a percutaneous balloon compression rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia. His eye became tense and swollen with intraocular pressures of 66 mm Hg. Acetazolamide was administered, and visual acuity (20/50) returned within several months. Despite correct needle placement, the intraocular pressure rose acutely because of transient occlusion of the orbital venous drainage through the cavernous sinus; this was reversed with aggressive medical treatment.

In cadaveric studies (dried skull and formalin-fixed head), the authors studied the mechanism of optic nerve penetration. Their findings showed that excessive cranial angulation of the needle with penetration of the inferior orbital fissure can directly traumatize the optic nerve in the orbital apex. Direct trauma to the optic nerve can therefore be prevented by early and repeated confirmation of the needle trajectory with lateral fluoroscopy before penetration of the foramen ovale.
Bilateral jugular foraminal stenosis in a patient with benign osteopetrosis associated with pseudotumor cerebri syndrome
Authors: Mirsadeghi Sayed Mohammad Haji , Meybodi Ali Tayebi , Nejat Farideh , Saberi Hooshang
Published: October 2008

One of the prominent causes of pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) syndrome is increased impedance of the venous outflow tracts of the brain. Theoretically, this is a justified mechanism for raised intracranial pressure; yet, there had been few cases of such a scenario reported in the literature, and to the authors' knowledge no case of PTC due to benign osteopetrosis has been reported to date. The present case occurred in a 19-year-old woman with a constellation of signs and symptoms compatible with PTC syndrome, whose radiological and laboratory studies confirmed the diagnosis of osteopetrosis. Magnetic resonance venography demonstrated bilateral jugular foraminal stenosis regarding the underlying disease process. The patient did well after she underwent a lumboperitoneal shunt insertion procedure.
L'individu et le temps chez les Baoulé. Un cas de contradiction entre la représentation d'un phénomène social et sa pratique
Authors: Étienne Pierre
Published: October 2008

P. Etienne — Time and the individual among the Baule. Time division among the Baule is not homochronical, and time itself does not appear as a lineal continuum. There follows a contradiction between the way a person's age is reckoned and the daily practices based on age différences, as evidenced, for instance, in kinship terminology. There are no real age-sets, despite the fact that there are Baule words for 'age-mates'.
Sex in Traditional Asaba.
Authors: Isichei Patrick A.C
Published: October 2008

P. A. C. Isichei — La sexualité en Asaba traditionnel. Morale et éducation sexuelles chez les Ibo d'Asaba. La société traditionnelle était répressive en la matière, spécialement en ce qui concerne les jeunes filles, qui devaient arriver vierges au mariage. Il existait cependant une sorte de licence post-conjugale tolérée, analogue au sigisbéisme.
Choc de cultures et restructuration : sexualité et acculturation en Afrique orientale.
Authors: Zajaczkowski Andrzej
Published: October 2008

A. Zajaczkowski — Culture Shock and Re-Structuration: Sex and Acculturation in East Africa. Study based on the "advice to the lovelorn" column in East African magazines. Interrelationship of two normative systems, viewed through sexual mores.
Jeux d'écolières à Bamako.
Authors: Lombard Chantal
Published: October 2008

C. Lombard — Schoolgirls' Games in Bamako. An attempt at a classification of girls' games and plays, and some values pertaining to them. High-school female pupils, aged 12-15, Mali.
Proverbes tabwa, présentés par Geneviève Nagant.
Authors: Kaoze Stephano
Published: October 2008

S. Kaoze & G. Nagant — Tabwa Proverbs. 140 proverbs front Zaïre (Tabwa), collected by the late F. S. Kaoze, edited by G, N.
Markets in Africa : a Review of Research Themes and the Question of Market Origins.
Authors: Good Charles M.
Published: October 2008

C. M. Good — Marchés africains : recension des thèmes de recherche et de la question de l'origine des marchés. État de la question, basé sur l'étude de trente-six publications récentes (sociologie, géographie humaine).
Propriété foncière et politiques urbaines à Douala.
Authors: Haeringer Philippe
Published: October 2008

P. Haeringer — Land Holding and Urbanisation Policies in Douala. Effects of political and legal (land holding and land-claim regulations) factors upon space organisation. The Duala were not dispossessed of their land rights by the French colonial administration and the spontaneous organisation of space in the 'European' and 'business' areas of the city was rather successful. On the other hand it led to serious problems in the 'African' wards occupied by non-Duala who were unable or unwilling to buy or rent land as the European did.
La formation d'une communauté locale à Dakar.
Authors: Osmont Annick
Published: October 2008

A. Osmont — The Formation of a Local Community in Dakar. Story of the development of a local community in a co-operative housing estate. The first stage is marked by the appearance of a sense of common, solidary interest, based at first upon objective institutions (the rules and by-laws governing co-operative building societies) ; then cornes the passage from a one-purpose to a multi-purpose association. In a third stage the experience of communal action leads to the assumption of locality-based power.
Problems of the Natural Environment on the Kano Plains of Western Kenya.
Authors: Millman Roger
Published: October 2008

R. Millman — Problèmes du milieu naturel dans les plaines du Kano au Kenya occidental. Description oro-graphique, hydrologique et climatologique d'une région naturelle à proximité du lac Victoria (golfe du Kavirondo).
La magie à l'école.
Authors: Gibbal Jean-Marie
Published: October 2008

J.-M. Gibbal — Magies at School. Secondary school pupils in Ivory Coast small towns still adhere to the world view and ideology of the rural milieu, despite their immersion in a school System based on modem (or Western) values. Hence their tendency to explain in terms of magical or witcheraft practices most school-life incidents, and espe-cially success and/or failure in exams and competition. It seems that, to a large extent, this kind of divorce between village (traditional) and school (modem) world views is explainable by the very contents of secondary school programs, a carbon copy of the French ones, with little or no relevance to the African environment.
Subsistence to Cash : Economic Change in Rural Kiambu.
Authors: Bullock Ronald A.
Published: October 2008

R. A. Bullock — De l'économie de subsistance à l'économie de marché : transformations économiques dans le district rural de Kiambu. Étude différentielle des transformations économiques récentes dans un district kikuyu du Kenya. Influence des aliénations foncières, de la pression démographique, de la proximité des centres urbains. Critères d'évolution et signes extérieurs de changements.
Une forme d'humour contestataire au Burundi : les wellérismes.
Authors: Rodegen Francis M.
Published: October 2008

F. M. Rodegem — Social Protest and Humour: Wellerisms in Burundi. While court literature in Burundi is completely devoid of humour, the lower strata of society tend to express themselves through stereotyped jokes and allusive humourous formulae. Those analysed in this paper follow the Sam Weller's 'as X said to Y' pattern, with special linguistic characteristics at the syntaxic level and a high degree of elaborateness. They expound a world view and philosophy and have a kind of cathartic function.
Les Maures et le Futa-Toro au XVIIIe siècle.
Authors: Kane Oumar
Published: October 2008

O. Kane — The Moors in 18th Century Futa Toro. The fall of the Denyankobe dynasty is to a large extent a consequence of Moorish interventions in the factional quarrels of the Futa Toro kingdom. After 1786 a national reaction led by the marabouts results into the diminution of both the Denyankobe and the Moorish influence.
Économie de la société féodale rwandaise.
Authors: Vidal Claudine
Published: October 2008

C. Vidal — The economies of Rwanda feudal society. The economic System characteristic of Rwanda's traditional structure was preserved up to 1920. This traditional structure was marked by a contradiction between the main ideological relationship, based upon several forms of personal links and the actual production relationship, based upon agricultural wage-earning. Especially the ubuhake, represented as the basic political relationship, served as mask for a system of land-based dependency which Ml upon everybody except the chiefs.
Chronologie du royaume gun de Hogbonu (Porto-Novo).
Authors: Person Yves
Published: October 2008

Y. Person — Chronology of the Gun Kingdom of Hogbonu (Porto-Novo). The received chronology of the Hogbonu kingdom. is generally based upon the work of Akindele Akinsomon (1911), which proceeded from Marshall (c. 1880). Yet there is a marked discrepancy between this chronology and the king-list of the Agasuvi dynasty. A careful crosscheck of Hogbonu tradition with the oral history of neighbouring states as well as European documents leads to updating the foundation of the kingdom by about half a century: c. 1724 instead of 1688 for the founder's accession.
Lebanese Entrepreneurs in Senegal : Economic Integration and the Politics of Protection.
Authors: Cruise O'Brien Rita
Published: October 2008

R. Cruise O'Brien — Hommes d'affaires libanais au Sénégal : intégration économique et mécanismes de protection. La communauté commerçante libanaise se trouvait en butte à des menaces de nature différente avant et après l'indépendance. Du temps de la colonisation elle était en compétition directe non avec les Africains mais avec les « petits Blancs » métropolitains, et, en contrepartie, bénéficiait du soutien des grandes firmes d'import-export, qui utilisaient à leur profit les intermédiaires libanais et les faisaient, en conséquence, protéger par l'administration. Il n'y avait guère de tensions graves entre Africains et Libanais, ceux-ci se trouvant marginaux dans la dialectique de la domination coloniale, et n'affichant pas d'attitude de supériorité raciale ou culturelle. La situation change avec l'indépendance et l'africanisation d'une partie des circuits commerciaux : on assiste à un repli sur le commerce urbain — en partie, pour les plus jeunes, sur les professions libérales —, la protection vis-à-vis de l'appareil administratif et politique national étant assurée dans une large mesure par l'usage raisonné du pot-de-vin.
Temporal Periodicity and Locational Spacing of Periodic and Daily Markets in Kenya.
Authors: Obudho Robert A.
Published: October 2008

R. A. Obudho — Fréquence et localisation des marchés périodiques et quotidiens du Kenya. Classification des marchés kenyans selon leur localisation (urbaine/rurale), leur périodicité (quotidien/hebdomadaire, pluri-hebdomadaire, saisonnier), leur fonction économique (gros/détail, produits vivriers/d'exportation) et socio-culturelle, cette dernière étroitement liée à l'organisation ethnique. L'évolution économique et démographique tend à transformer les marchés périodiques en marchés quotidiens, avec une multiplication corrélative des boutiques permanentes (duka).
Contribution à une étude de l'armée asante.
Authors: Terray Emmanuel
Published: October 2008

E. Terray—A Contribution to the Study of the Asante Army. Ail the available sources agree on the outstanding military efficiency of the Asante army. Even when hopelessly outclassed by superior weaponry, Asante soldiers and officers still showed a sense of tactics and discipline on a par with their physical courage. It took machine-guns, repeaters and superior logistics to finally overcome them. Asante military superiority vis-a-vis the hinterland tribes is explainable in terms of a near monopoly of firearms, but this does not apply vis-a-vis the coastal people who were better supplied with guns and powder. The ultimate explanation seems to reside in Asante ideology which put a premium on values such as courage and discipline to the detriment, among other things, of economie entrepreneurship : the Asante economy was mainly geared to the maintenance and expansion of military power—and hence of Asante supremacy. This lead eventually to the use of a kind of intellectual conservatism which proved nearly self-defeating.in the long run.
An Introductory Guide to the Study of Negro Slavery in Pernambuco, 1500-1700.
Authors: Cardoso Gérald
Published: October 2008

G. Cardoso — Guide préliminaire pour l'étude de l'esclavage à Pernambouc, 1500-1700. La plupart des études sur l'esclavage au Brésil portent sur le xixe siècle, époque où l'institution était agonisante et où le traitement des esclaves s'était amélioré. On en a déduit improprement que l'esclavage brésilien avait toujours été moins inhumain que dans le reste des Amériques, ce que les documents disponibles pour les périodes antérieures dénient absolument. L'auteur donne, à titre indicatif, une liste de sources (archives et bibliographie) en portugais, en hollandais et en anglais concernant la capitainerie de Pernambouc, siège initial de l'économie de plantation.
Croyance et vérification : les pratiques magico-religieuses en milieu urbain africain.
Authors: Devauges Roland
Published: October 2008

R. Devauges — Belief and ils Check: Magical Practices among Urbanised Africans. In Brazzaville, as in other African towns, a number of local entrepreneurs, whose trade implies that they conform to Western economic and technical rationality, do nevertheless turn to traditional or tradition-inspired magical practices whenever anything goes wrong in their professional life. How then can they conciliate the search for efficiency in two Systems where the possibilities of verification are different, and even opposed ? In fact, these Systems are autonomous and unrelated. The first one is connected to the 'how?' questions, the other to the 'why?' ones.
Islam in West African Politics : Accommodation and Tension between the 'ulamā' and the Political Authorities.
Authors: Levtzion Nehemia
Published: October 2008

N. Levtzion — Islam et politique en Afrique occidentale : compromis et tensions entre les ulémas et l'autorité politique. L'influence islamique en Afrique occidentale a rencontré peu d'opposition parce que l'islam se présentait initialement comme un complément aux religions traditionnelles plutôt que comme un substitut de ces religions. Le plus souvent, les musulmans observaient une sorte de neutralité politique et guerrière à l'égard des sociétés où ils étaient installés. Les tarikh soudanais relatent cependant une forte tension politique entre les souverains songhai, surtout le sonni Ali Ber, et les ulémas de la mosquée Sankoré de Tombouctou. Les causes en sont vraisemblablement la volonté de ces ulémas de préserver le statut particulier de la ville, ce que le souverain songhai ne pouvait accepter pour des raisons économiques. Plus généralement, il apparaît que l'islam traditionnel maraboutique se prête mieux au compromis avec l'autorité politique que ne le font les tendances réformistes, telle celle d'Othman dan Fodyo.
Les potentialités révolutionnaires de l'Afrique noire : les élites dissidentes.
Authors: Buijtenhuijs Robert
Published: October 2008

R. Buijtenhuijs. Revolutionary Potentiality in Africa: The Dissident Elite. Despite all the current fashionable talk about Revolution in Africa, an astonishing number of points remain to be strictly defined or even described, first of ail the real nature of the so-called revolutionary regimes and movements. Likewise there is a scarcity of studies on the role of elites, despite its actual importance in revolutionary processes. R.B. then uses the case of the Arabic-speaking students in Chad, whose exclusion from jobs requiring a knowledge of French has turned them in a 'counter-elite', and the more generai situation of students confronted with a shortage of work (and power) opportunities. There is a similar possibility for the formation of a 'counter-elite' with the losers in the political and economie competition. The whole subject is worth a further approach.
La tradition n'est plus ce qu'elle était... Deux cas d'héritage chez les Nzima Aduvle, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Verdeaux François
Published: October 2008

F. Verdeaux—Tradition is no longer what it Used to Be. Two Cases of Inheritance among the Nzima Aduvle (Ivory Coast).

Legal 'tradition' pertains more to practice than to theory, acted out rather than spoken out or explained in a coherent fashion. This allows for a wide margin of interpretation, and hence of variations, especially in a context of rapid social change. In the present economie situation of the Ivory Coast there is a contradiction between the traditional matrilineal inheritance System and the modem tendency to leave one's property to sons rather than to nephews (Sister's Sons). The analysis of two recent cases of family strife and confiicts of this type shows an interplay of social codes and actual practices in which the symbolic and ideological value of tradition remains predominant, [pp. 69-85]
Le double monstrueux. Les masques-hyène des Sénoufo.
Authors: Jamin Jean
Published: October 2008

J. Jamin—The Monstrous Wraith: Senufo Hyena-Masks.

Rather than objets d'art Senufo masks are but a minor part of the routine production of Senufo craftsmen, not different from plain tools up to the time when they are integrated into a liturgy or a magical process. In other words the carving of a mask is completely dissociated from its religious use. Which explains how the industrial production of masks for the souvenir and 'antique' trade could develop without hurting Senufo opinion. This attitude might well be a reaction to the ideologie fetters of the poro cuit, as evidenced by the wholesale destruction or dere-liction of masks under the influence of recent messianistic cuits. More generally it can be related to a Senufo Weltanschauung based upon a quasi-manichean concept of duality, expressed in the stylistic variants of masks. [pp. 125-142]
Un jeune homme de bonne famille. Logique de l'accusation et de la confession en Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Augé Marc
Published: October 2008

M. Auge—A Young Manfrom a Good Family: The Logic of Accusation and Confession in the Ivory Coast.

Analysis of the confession, made to 'prophet' Atcho, at Bregbo, by Biaise, a young Aladian. The examination of the facts disclosed, as well as the rather précise identification of both his victims and his associâtes, underlines how closely his confession fits with the intellectual schemata underlying pre-Christian witcheraft beliefs and practices. Unhappy events—especially sickness—are not interpreted in a random fashion: an attempt is made hère to reveal the logical dimensions of interprétation, which incorporate the unequal relationships stemming from the various actors' social position, [pp. 177-218]
Peau d'Ânesse.
Authors: Calame-Griaule Geneviève
Published: October 2008

G. Calame-Griaule—Skinning the Donkey Mare.

Pretty girl takes off her donkey skin for bathing. Chief's son catches her unaware, marries her, and, by destroying the donkey skin, compels her to remain as a woman. This taie, widespread in the Niger Republic, has a frequent variant: the king falls in love with his daugter-in-law and, in order to marry her, has her husband thrown down a well; a palm-tree grows from the stone of a date she gave her husband, allowing him to escape from the well and avenge himself. These motifs are close to T 400 'The Swan Girl', T 465 'Husband Persecuted because of his Wife's Beauty', and also reminiscent of T 510 'Donkey Skin'. Yet the taie raises the question of the animal species used as a disguise, and the status of this species in the sub-Saharan Sahel. The dominant theme seems to be woman's ambiguous character —oscillating between human and natural nature—and her socialization through marriage. [pp. 501-515]
Head Tax, Social Structure and Rural Incomes in Cameroun, 1922-1937.
Authors: Guyer Jane I.
Published: October 2008

J. I. Guyer—Impôt de capitation, structure sociale et revenus ruraux au Cameroun, 1922-1937.

Étude du rôle et des effets de l'impôt de capitation dans le développement des cultures d'exportation. Le pourcentage du revenu réel consacré au paiement des taxes sert à évaluer le degré de contrainte exercée par l'administration coloniale et les chefs nommés par elle, plus spécifiquement avant, pendant et après la grande crise économique de 1929.