bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitosan/DNA Polyelectrolyte Complex Membranes for Controlling Cell Spreading and Aggregation
Authors: Kawazoe Naoki , Narita Yujiro , Chen Guoping , Satomi Tadaatsu , Tateishi Tetsuya
Published: February 2014

Three kinds of polyelectrolyte complex membranes were prepared by mixing chitosan and DNA at the ratios of
3:1, 1:1, and 1:3. The effects of the membranes on cell adhesion, spreading, and viability were investigated. The membrane
with the high ratio of chitosan had a less hydrophilic surface. The surface of the polyelectrolyte complex membranes
became rough as the DNA content increased. The ratio of DNA to chitosan showed some effect on cell adhesion,
spreading, and viability. Human mesenchymal stem cells adhered and spread on membranes prepared at chitosan/DNA ratios
of 1:1 and 3:1, while they did not on membranes prepared at a chitosan/DNA ratio of 1:3. Cells aggregated on the
membrane prepared at a chitosan/DNA ratio of 1:3. Cell viability was also higher on membranes prepared at chitosan/
DNA ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 than that on the membrane prepared at a chitosan/DNA ratio of 1:3. The membrane with a
high content of chitosan facilitated cell adhesion and spreading, while a high content of DNA suppressed cell adhesion
and spreading.
Innate Immune Activity Is Detected Prior to Seroconversion in Children With HLA-Conferred Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility
Authors: Kallionpää Henna , Elo Laura L. , Laajala Essi , Mykkänen Juha , Ricaño-Ponce Isis , Vaarma Matti , Laajala Teemu D. , Hyöty Heikki , Ilonen Jorma , Veijola Riitta , Simell Tuula , Wijmenga Cisca , Knip Mikael , Lähdesmäki Harri , Simell Olli , Lahesmaa Riitta
Published: February 2014

The insult leading to autoantibody development in children who will progress to develop type 1 diabetes (T1D) has remained elusive. To investigate the genes and molecular pathways in the pathogenesis of this disease, we performed genome-wide transcriptomics analysis on a unique series of prospective whole-blood RNA samples from at-risk children collected in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study. We studied 28 autoantibody-positive children, out of which 22 progressed to clinical disease. Collectively, the samples covered the time span from before the development of autoantibodies (seroconversion) through the diagnosis of diabetes. Healthy control subjects matched for date and place of birth, sex, and HLA-DQB1 susceptibility were selected for each case. Additionally, we genotyped the study subjects with Immunochip to identify potential genetic variants associated with the observed transcriptional signatures. Genes and pathways related to innate immunity functions, such as the type 1 interferon (IFN) response, were active, and IFN response factors were identified as central mediators of the IFN-related transcriptional changes. Importantly, this signature was detected already before the T1D-associated autoantibodies were detected. Together, these data provide a unique resource for new hypotheses explaining T1D biology.
Globalization and children’s diets: The case of Maya of Mexico and Central America
Authors: Bogin Barry , Azcorra Hugo , Wilson Hannah J. , Vázquez-Vázquez Adriana , Avila-Escalante María Luisa , Varela-Silva Inês , Dickinson Federico , Castillo-Burguete Maria Teresa
Published: February 2014

Globalization is, in part, an economic force to bring about a closer integration of national econ­omies. Globalization is also a biological, social and ideological process of change. Globalization results in powerful multinational corporations imposing their products on new markets. Food globalization brings about nutritional transitions, the most common being a shift from a locally-grown diet with minimally refined foods, to the modern diet of highly processed foods, high in saturated fat, animal products and sugar, and low in fiber. This paper will examine the influences of food globalization using the Maya of Mexico as a case study. The Maya people of Mexico are a poignant case. Maya health and culture has deteriorated as a result, with highly processed foods affecting physical growth and health of Maya children and their families. The case of the Maya is not isolated and we must come to terms with food globalization if we are to translate research into better child health and well-being.
Effect of elevated physical activity on changes in body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution in boys aged 10 to 16 years: a longitudinal study
Authors: Pastuszak Anna , Lewandowska Joanna , Buśko Krzysztof , Charzewska Jadwiga
Published: February 2014

The study is aimed at evaluation of the effect of regular physical activity on total and subcutaneous body fat and its distribution in boys aged 10 to 16 years. A three-year longitudinal study was carried out in order to monitor physical development in 237 boys from sports schools and regular schools in Warsaw, Poland. The boys were selected so that their rate of puberty changes was similar based on evaluation of voice and facial hair. The authors measured 5 skinfolds in the following sites: triceps, calf, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal skinfolds. The percentage fraction of total body fat in body mass was measured by means of Tanita TBF 300 electronic body composition analyser. A limb fat to trunk fat ratio (LF/TF) was also calculated in order to evaluate the type of distribution of subcutaneous fat in boys and monitor its changes as affected by regular high physical activity throughout puberty. Lower total body fat and subcutaneous fat in boys from sports schools was the effect of considerably higher physical activity. It was demonstrated that with some minimal values of total body fat and subcutaneous fat, physical activity did not cause a reduction in body fat. It was found that elevated physical activity in boys is conducive to development of a more limb-oriented (peripheral) fatness, which is more favourable to human health.
Original Research Article Biogas Yield from Anaerobic Batch Co-Digestion of Rice Husk and Zebu Dung
Authors: Cundr Ondrej , Haladova Dagmar
Published: February 2014

The main objective of this work was to test the suitability of rice husk waste biomass for anaerobic digestion and to examine the energy potential of the co-digestion of rice husk with zebu dung. Rice husk and zebu dung were studied under batch anaerobic conditions as separate wastes as well as mixed in various proportions. All experiments were carried out at 5% of total solids. The methane yield achieved by single substrate digestion of rice husk and zebu dung was 13.9 l and 44.58 l CH4/kg volatile solids (VS), respectively. The co-digestion of 50% total solids (TS) rice straw with 50% total solids zebu dung gave the result of 38.42 l CH4/kg VS. According to these results, the degradation and methane production potential of rice husk were not sufficient and it was found that this residue material is less suitable for single substrate digestion without additional pretreatment than for co-digestion. Even if co-digestion of rice husk with zebu dung improved the digestibility of rice husk and hence increased the biogas production, the methane yield was lower in comparison with the result for zebu dung, due to the high lignin content in rice husk. Nevertheless, the proof of digestibility of rice husk showed the possibility of rational exploitation of this waste material.
Original Research Article Milk Yield and Feed Conversion of Sokoto Gudali Cows Fed Elephant Grass Ensiled with Cassava Peel
Authors: Olorunnisomo Olusola Adeyanju , Ibhaze Gladys Abiemwense
Published: February 2014

Year-round availability of feed is a major concern for dairy farmers in many parts of the tropics. Silage making is a reliable means of providing feed for dairy cattle during periods of forage scarcity. In this study, Elephant grass (EG) (Pennisetum purpureum) was ensiled with cassava peel (CSP) at 0, 10, 30 and 50% levels of inclusion on a wet basis. At 21, 42 and 63 days of ensiling, silage samples were taken for chemical analysis and the remaining materials were fed to four lactating Sokoto Gudali cows for a period of 84 days using a Latin square design. Dry matter (DM) content of silage mixtures increased from 18.22 to 28.70% as level of CSP in the silage mixture increased while crude protein (7.33 to 6.08%) and crude fibre (32.80 to 23.95%) decreased. Dry matter intake of cows, milk yield and feed conversion ratio (FCR) varied (P < 0.05) with inclusion of cassava peel in the silage mixtures. Dry matter intake of cows increased from 2.56 to 3.84% of body weight (BW) and milk yield from 2.90 to 6.70 kg/d as proportion of CSP in the grass silage increased. Feed conversion ratio of cows ranged from 2.08 to 3.23 and improved with inclusion of CSP in the silage. These results show that addition of cassava peel to Elephant grass silage improved intake and milk production in Sokoto Gudali cows fed Elephant grass silage.
Ribosomal ITS2 structure in Caryophyllaeus laticeps and Caryophyllaeus brachycollis (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), parasites of cyprinid fish
Authors: Králová-Hromadová I. , Bazsalovicsová E. , Bokorová S. , Hanzelová V.
Published: February 2014

Ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) structure was studied in monozoic tapeworms Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781) from freshwater bream Abramis brama (L.) and white-eyed bream Ballerus sapa (Pallas) and Caryophyllaeus brachycollis Janiszewska, 1951 from A. brama and Mediterranean barbel Barbus meridionalis (Risso). Homologous intragenomic ITS2 structure (474 bp) was determined for C. brachycollis from both fish hosts and for C. laticeps from A. brama (486 bp). Contrary to this, divergent intragenomic ITS2 copies (ITS2 paralogues) were detected in C. laticeps from B. sapa. They were mostly induced by different numbers of short repetitive motif (TA)n within the sequences, allowing their assortment into two ITS2 variants (457 and 467 bp). Current data represent first information on ITS2 structure/ITS paralogues in the caryophyllidean family Caryophyllaeidae with focus on their applicability in the molecular taxonomy of the genus Caryophyllaeus.
Redescription of Skrjabinus skrjabini and validity reassessment of selected species of Skrjabinus (Digenea, Dicrocoeliidae)
Authors: Sitko J.
Published: February 2014

Four specimens of Skrjabinus skrjabini, were isolated from two out of 93 red-backed shrikes (Lanius collurio) examined during 1962–2012. The species have been re-described and the generic diagnosis amended. Eight species of the genus have been validated: S. aenigma, S. indicus, S. latus, S. pancreaticus, S. rarus, S. skrjabini, S. similis, and S. sp. of Oshmarin (1970). Others have been reclassified as Platynosomum (P. dicruri, P. gracile, and P. talischense with synonyms P. butei and S. sp. of Oshmarin (1963)) and Zonorchis (Z. francolini, and Z. petiolatus with synonyms S. biliosus, S. gvozdevi, S. popovi). Skrjabinus petrovi is a synonym of Brachydistomum ventricosum. Lubens lubens determited by Bhuta & Khan (1975) is a synonym of S. aenigma.
The effects of heavy metals and pesticides on survival of miracidia stage of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Falis M. , Krupicer I. , Legáth J. , Pitoňák V. , Špalek M.
Published: February 2014

The effect of heavy metals and pesticides on viability of miracidia stage of Fasciola hepatica was investigated. The experimental groups with chemicals were compared with the untreated control group. After 16 days of exposure, the groups contained Cr, Zn, CdZn, exhibited decreased motility of miracidia inside the egg shells. In the groups which contain AGCr, GCdZn, CdCrZn and AGCdCrZn no effect on movement of emerged miracidia were observed. In the rest of the groups immobile or dead miracidia inside the egg shells have been identified. The possible protective effect of zinc on miracidia of Fasciola hepatica is discussed.
The first determination of Eustrongylides excisus Jägerskiöld, 1909 — larvae (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in the pike-perch Sander lucioperca in Vojvodina (Serbia)
Authors: Bjelić-Čabrilo O. , Novakov N. , Ćirković M. , Kostić D. , Popović E. , Aleksić N. , Lujić J.
Published: February 2014

Twenty-one specimens of pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) were caught in the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal in the city area of Novi Sad for parasitological examination. The presence of nematodes in the muscles was revealed in three fish. The parasites were identified to belong to the species Eustrongylides excisus, for which the pike-perch is a paratenic host. This finding represents the first determination of the larvae in the pike-perch in Serbia. The pike-perch is infected by ingestion of benthos- or plankton-eating fishes, the second intermediate hosts harbouring the fourth-stage nematode larvae. E. excisus is pathogenic to humans, who may be infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish.
Silver Ferns of Bangladesh and the exclusion of reported Aleuritopteris grisea (Blanf.) Panigrahi (Pteridophyta, Pteridaceae)
Authors: Jenkins CR Fraser
Published: February 2014

The three species of Aleuritopteris ("Silver Ferns") present in Bangladesh are discussed, A. bicolor (Roxb.) Fraser-Jenk, A. anceps (Blanf.) Panigrahi and A. subdimorpha (C.B.Clarke & Baker) Fraser-Jenk., correcting some previous erroneous reports. Aleuritopteris grisea (Blanf.) Panigrahi has recently been reported from the Chittagong Hills, S.E. Bangladesh. But that species is well known to be a high Himalayan Sino-Himalayan species of the Tibetan subtype, confined to the main Himalayan ranges and occurring from c. 2900 - 4000 m altitude. The specimen misreported as it from Bangladesh belongs to the low-altitude species, A. anceps (Blanf.) Panigrahi, which occurs from c. 300-750 m altitude and is a S.E. Asian (Malesian) element in the flora of the Indian subcontinent. This species was first knowingly collected in Bangladesh in the same District in 2003 by the present author, but unfortunately Bangladesh was then inadvertently omitted from its range in his monographic summary of Indian subcontinental cheilanthoid ferns. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18020 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 195-206, 2013 (December)
Screening of Cellulase, Pectinase and Xylanase activities and optimization of radial Mycelial growth of two Thermophilic Fungi
Authors: Azad Kumkum , Hossain Feroza , Halim Md Abdul
Published: February 2014

The enzymatic activity of Thermomyces lanuginosus BPJ-10 and Rhizomucor pusillus BPJ-2 were observed through qualitative screening programme which was demonstrated by the hydrolysis of substrate on solid media. Both the fungi exhibited potential xylanolytic and pectinolytic activities whereas no cellulase activity was observed in T. lanuginosus BPJ-10 and very low cellulase activity was found in R. pusillus BPJ- 2. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of T. lanuginosus BPJ-10 and R. pusillus BPJ-2 were found to be 50 and 45°C, respectively, whereas the optimum pH for both of them were 6.5 and 5, respectively. Out of five culture media used, both the fungi showed maximum radial mycelia growth on Potato Dextrose Agar. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18021 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 207-213, 2013 (December
Combining ability studies for developing new rice hybrids in Bangladesh
Authors: Hasan MJ , Kulsum UK , Lipi LF , Shamsuddin AKM
Published: February 2014

Combining ability on grain yield and its components from line × tester analysis of 70 rice hybrids produced by crossing seven CMS lines and ten testers of local and exotic origin were studied. The analysis revealed higher sca variance than gca variance for all the traits indicating the prevalence of non-additive gene action. Testers played important role towards panicle length (48.18%), spikelet fertility (60.46%) and grain yield/plant (55.44%) indicating predominant of paternal influence for these traits. The contribution of interactions (line × tester) were found vital for plant height (58.55%), effective tillers/plant (51.69%), days to 50% flowering (48.95%), days to maturity (48.32%), flag leaf length (68.55%), panicles/m2 (48.61%) and panicle weight (50.39%). D.ShanA was the only good general combiner among the female parent for earliness and dwarfness. Male parent IR64R was best general combiner for dwarfness. The crosses BRRI9A × BR168R and D.ShanA × BR168R were identified as most promising for yield and desired traits based on sca effects, per se performance and gca effects of parents for grain yield and its components in rice which could be exploited beneficially in future rice breeding program by adopting heterosis breeding strategy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18022 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 215-222, 2013 (December
Limnology of lake Rainkhyongkain of Bangladesh with a new record of Marchantia polymorpha L. var. aquatica Nees
Authors: Alfasane Md Almujaddade , Ullah Md Sharif , Khondker Moniruzzaman
Published: February 2014

In lake Rainkhyongkain, water temperature, pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were recorded 33.5°C, 7.39, 308 ?S/cm and 49 mg/l, respectively. The mean values (n = 4) of dissolved oxygen content (DO), alkalinity, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), soluble reactive silicate (SRS) and NO3-N were 7.93 ± 0.78 mg/l, 1.70 ± 0.12 meq/l, 17.25 ± 0.62 ?g/l, 10.44 ± 0.72 mg/l and 34.00 ± 4.00 ?g/l, respectively. The phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll a (chl a) was found very low (4.93 ± 0.51 ?g/l) with a phaeopigment concentration of 1.97 ± 0.51 ?g/l. A total of 16 phytoplankton taxa were recorded of which Cyclotella comensis (V. Keissler) Lemm. was dominant followed by Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum Näg., Euglena spp. and Mallomonas paxillata Bardley. For the first time in Bangladesh Marchantia polymorpha L. var. aquatica Nees was found to grow in masses in the shallow littoral of the lake. Among the dominant macrophytes of the littoral, Nymphaea stellata Willd., Nymphoides indicum (L.) O. Kuntze and Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms were common. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18023 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 223-229, 2013 (December)
Effects of Paraquat-induced oxidative stress on antioxidants and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in stay-green wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flag leaves
Authors: Zhang Li , Chen Junbo , Zhang Huaiyu , Ren Zhenglong , Luo Peigao
Published: February 2014

Paraquat, a highly toxic herbicide, induces the production of reactive oxygen species in the cell. Paraquat resistance in stay-green wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated. Two cultivars, CN12 and CN17, were found to have a higher photo-oxidative resistance than that of common wheat MY11, as measured with antioxidant indexes and chlorophyll a fluorescence. The flag leaves of both CN12 and CN17 maintained a relatively high antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic index and a low level of lipid degradation after 24 h of treatment with 10 ?M paraquat. The Stay-green wheat cultivars CN12 and CN17 had a high resistance to paraquat-induced photo-oxidative stress, which can potentially alleviate some of the damage induced by environment pollution. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18025 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 239-245, 2013 (December)
Notes on the Rubiaceae-5: five new records for Bangladesh
Authors: Das Sujit C , Dev Pradip K , Rahman M Atiqur
Published: February 2014

Five species of the family Rubiaceae belonging to five genera are reported here as new records for Bangladesh. These species are Catunaregam longispina (Link) Tirveng, Galium pusillosetosum Hara, Ophiorrhiza eriantha Wight, Spermacoce exilis (Williams) Adams ex Burger et Taylor and Tarenna stellulata (Hook.f.) Ridl. In Bangladesh, occurrence of the genus Galium L. is also a new record. Each species is presented with updated nomenclature, commonly known synonyms, taxonomic description, ecology, geographical distribution, places of occurrence in Bangladesh, citation of examined specimens and supplementary notes. Illustrations with field photographs of these new records are also provided. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18027 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 257-264, 2013 (December)
Aeromycoflora of the Dhaka University campus
Authors: Ahmed Juglul , Hossain KS , Bashar MA
Published: February 2014

In an average, 2106 fungal colony forming units were settled within ten minutes on one square meter area at noon from the air of Dhaka University campus during February 2011 to January 2012. Among the identified fungi, Aspergillus was one of the most dominating genus in all the stations over the study period. The second was Penicillium followed by Cladopsorium, Curvularia, Alternaria, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Pestalotia, Rhizopus and Colletotrichum. In the dry winter (December - February), Alternaria, Cladosporium, Curvularia and Rhizopus showed its peak. Hot humid summer (April) is the most favourable season for the occurrence of Colletotrichum. Similarity has been found in fungal biodiversity in the indoor and outdoor air. However, higher number of colony was recorded from indoor (57.23%) than that of outdoor air. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18029 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 273-278, 2013 (December)
Seasonality of Phytoplankton productivity of the river Turag of Dhaka in relation to its water quality
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Abed Syeda Gousia
Published: February 2014

A total of 16 water quality parameters together with the phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll a and potential primary productivity of the river Turag of Bangladesh were measured for one year (July 1994 - June 1995). Potential primary productivity ranged from 6.22 - 199.7 ?gC/l/hr which showed a closer peak with total phytoplankton. Chlorophyll a, phosphate-phosphorus and nitrate-nitrogen concentration of the river ranged from 1.84 - 162.8, 30.28 - 796.54 and 27.02 - 905.04 ?g/l, respectively. A decrease in the mean concentration of these parameters in monsoon was seen compared to their high concentration in pre-monsoon period, which however, increased again in post-monsoon and winter. In the one hand, strong positive correlation was observed between primary productivity and chl a, on the other hand, chl a showed strong positive correlation with phosphate-phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen. Significant negative correlation between dissolved oxygen (DO) and phosphate-phosphorus indicates the eutrophic nature of the river. This effect was minimized in monsoon. Concentration of phosphate-phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen and chl a remained high in pre-monsoon period but reduced by 90, 87 and 97%, respectively in monsoon. Besides, DO recovered 90% in monsoon compared to its pre-monsoon concentration. Within a span of one and a half decade, the concentration of PO4-P and NO3-N in the water has increased 4 - and 32-fold, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18031 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 287-294, 2013 (December)
Caffeine, Polyphenol and crude fat contents in tea varieties available in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam GM Rabiul , Nabi Muhammad Intizer , Hoque Md Mozammel , Yusuf Abu
Published: February 2014

The total caffeine content in Bangladesh Tea (BT) varieties (BT1-BT18) ranged from 1.59 ± 0.155 - 4.15 ± 0.399 g/100g of DM and the crude fat content in BT varieties varied from 6.69 ± 0.64 - 9.87 ± 0.9509 g/100g of dry material (DM). In this study, the highest amount of caffeine (4.15 ± 0.399 g/100g DM) was found in BT-16 variety (p < 0.05) while the highest amount of crude fat (9.24 ± 0.889g/100g DM) was found in BT 10 variety (p > 0.5). The total polyphenol content ranged:8.66 ± 0.831 - 14.89 ± 1.432 GAE; g/100 g DM. The highest amount of polyphenol was found in BT 9 variety (14.890 ± 1.432 GAE; g/100 g DM) (p < 0.05). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18037 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 321-325, 2013 (December)
Proteolytic activity, growth and nutrient release by Bacillus cereus LW-17
Authors: Karim Md Abdul , Akhter Nazneen , Hoque Sirajul
Published: February 2014

Bacillus cereus LW-17 enhanced net regeneration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the Gulshan lake water by about two-folds at temperatures of 26°C and 30ºC, respectively. Application of Bacillus cereus LW-17 would be promising for improvement of polluted environment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i2.18043 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(2): 349-353, 2013 (December)
Human Cytolytic Fusion Proteins: Modified Versions of Human Granzyme B and Angiogenin Have the Potential to Replace Bacterial Toxins in Targeted Therapies against CD64+ Diseases
Authors: Berges Nina , Hehmann-Titt Grit , Hristodorov Dmitrij , Melmer Georg , Thepen Theo , Barth Stefan
Published: February 2014

Targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer, but also inflammation and autoimmune diseases will reduce major side effects accompanied with conventional treatment modalities. The immunotoxin concept uses bacterial or plant toxins, coupled to antibodies or natural ligands targeting cancer cells. Initially, immunotoxins suffered from drawbacks like nonspecific cytotoxicity. Even the third generation of immunotoxins comprised of truncated antibodies and modified effector molecules experienced clinical set-backs due to immune responses. Long-term treatment of cancer and non-life-threatening chronic inflammatory diseases requires their complete ‘humanization’. This lead to evaluating human cytolytic fusion proteins (hCFPs), based on human apoptosis-inducing proteins. Lacking an endogenous translocation domain dramatically reduces the cell-death inducing capacity of such proteins. Here, we report on optimizing hCFPs, based on the anti-CD64 single chain variable fragment H22(scFv), specifically eliminating CD64+ macrophages and malignant progenitor cells. We replaced the bacterial toxin in H22(scFv)-ETA' with the pro-apoptotic human granzyme B or angiogenin. Translocation was promoted by a sophisticated adapter containing a membrane transfer peptide (MTD) flanked by endosomal and cytosolic cleavable peptides, thus achieving in vitro cytotoxic activity comparable to bacterial immunotoxins. We demonstrate for the first time that optimized hCFPs, based on granzyme B or angiogenin, can compete with classical ETA-based immunotoxins.
B Cell Tolerance in Health and Disease
Authors: Gururajan Murali , Sindhava Vishal , Bondada Subbarao
Published: February 2014

B lymphocyte receptors are generated randomly during the bone marrow developmental phase of B cells. Hence, the B cell repertoire consists of both self and foreign antigen specificities necessitating specific tolerance mechanisms to eliminate self-reactive B cells. This review summarizes the major mechanisms of B cell tolerance, which include clonal deletion, anergy and receptor editing. In the bone marrow presentation of antigen in membrane bound form is more effective than soluble form and the role of dendritic cells in this process is discussed. Toll like receptor derived signals affect activation of B cells by certain ligands such as nucleic acids and have been shown to play crucial roles in the development of autoimmunity in several animal models. In the periphery availability of BAFF, a B cell survival factor plays a critical role in the survival of self-reactive B cells. Antibodies against BAFF have been found to be effective therapeutic agents in lupus like autoimmune diseases. Recent developments are targeting anergy to control the growth of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.
Flotillins in Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling and Cancer
Authors: Banning Antje , Kurrle Nina , Meister Melanie , Tikkanen Ritva
Published: February 2014

Flotillins are highly conserved proteins that localize into specific cholesterol rich microdomains in cellular membranes. They have been shown to be associated with, for example, various signaling pathways, cell adhesion, membrane trafficking and axonal growth. Recent findings have revealed that flotillins are frequently overexpressed in various types of human cancers. We here review the suggested functions of flotillins during receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and in cancer. Although flotillins have been implicated as putative cancer therapy targets, we here show that great caution is required since flotillin ablation may result in effects that increase instead of decrease the activity of specific signaling pathways. On the other hand, as flotillin overexpression appears to be related with metastasis formation in certain cancers, we also discuss the implications of these findings for future therapy aspects.
Comprehensive Implementation of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) in a Dental School and University Oral Health Centre: A Stepwise Framework
Authors: Ahlawat Priya , Parolia Abhishek , Hasan Zeinab , Smales Frederick , Pau Allan , Toh Chooigait
Published: February 2014

ICDAS (the International Caries Detection and Assessment System) is a new approach to the detection and classification of dental caries, starting with the stage showing the earliest visual changes. Methodology: This article describes the implementation of the ICDAS at the School of Dentistry, International Medical University, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in a step-by-step systematically planned process. Beginning with the setting up of a Task Force in 2011 for the evaluation and preparation of the training resources and the running of exploratory training exercises, it finally culminated in carrying out training workshops for the entire staff and students. After the internal processes had been completed, an international expert (KE) was invited to evaluate the process and conduct another workshop using the resources developed within the University, including a reference set of carious teeth. The overall time taken was one and a half years. Conclusions: The implementation of the ICDAS has been comprehensively set into motion within the context of our local curriculum and oral healthcare delivery arrangements. However, this will be an ongoing process with further quality assurance measures being required clinically together with the continuing training of new staff. Sharing this ‘framework’ of the ICDAS implementation process should considerably ease the path and reduce the time period of future implementations by other dental teaching institutions.
The Application of Weighted Entropy Theory in Vulnerability Assessment and On-Line Reconfiguration Implementation of Microgrids
Authors: Zhan Xin , Xiang Tieyuan , Chen Hongkun
Published: February 2014

With the consideration of randomness of distributed generations and loads, this paper has proposed a method for vulnerability assessment of microgrids based on complex network theory and entropy theory, which can explain the influence of the inherent structure characteristics and system internal energy distribution on the microgrid. The vulnerability assessment index is built, and the on-line reconfiguration model considering the vulnerability assessment of microgrid is also established. An improved cellular bat algorithm is tested on the CERTS system to implement the real time reconfiguration fast and accurately to provide the basis of theory and practice.
Fractionation for Biodiesel Purification Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wei Chao-Yi , Huang Tzou-Chi , Yu Zer-Ran , Wang Be-Jen , Chen Ho-Hsien
Published: February 2014

In recent years, biodegradable and alternative biodiesel has attracted increased attention worldwide. Producing biodiesel from biomass involves critical separation and purification technology. Conventional technologies such as gravitational settling, decantation, filtration, water washing, acid washing, organic solvent washing and absorbent applications are inefficient, less cost effective and environmentally less friendly. In this study supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with few steps and a low environmental impact, was used for biodiesel fractionation from impure fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) solution mixes. The method is suitable for application in a variety of biodiesel production processes requiring subsequent stages of purification. The fractionation and purification was carried out using continuous SC-CO2 fractionation equipment, consisting of three columns filled with stainless steel fragments. A 41.85% FAME content solution mix was used as the raw material in this study. Variables were a temperature range of 40–70 °C, pressure range of 10–30 MPa, SC-CO2 flow rate range of 7–21 mL/min and a retention time range of 30–90 min. The Taguchi method was used to identify optimal operating conditions. The results show that a separated FAME content of 99.94% was verified by GC-FID under optimal fractionation conditions, which are a temperature of 40 °C of, a pressure level of 30MPa and a flow rate of 7 mL/min of SC-CO2 for a retention time of 90 min.
Human Factors and Human-Computer Considerations in Teleradiology and Telepathology
Authors: Krupinski Elizabeth
Published: February 2014

Radiology and pathology are unique among other clinical specialties that incorporate telemedicine technologies into clinical practice, as, for the most part in traditional practice, there are few or no direct patient encounters. The majority of teleradiology and telepathology involves viewing images, which is exactly what occurs without the “tele” component. The images used are generally quite large, require dedicated displays and software for viewing, and present challenges to the clinician who must navigate through the presented data to render a diagnostic decision or interpretation. This digital viewing environment is very different from the more traditional reading environment (i.e., film and microscopy), necessitating a new look at how to optimize reading environments and address human factors issues. This paper will review some of the key components that need to be optimized for effective and efficient practice of teleradiology and telepathology using traditional workstations as well as some of the newer mobile viewing applications.
Ketogenic Diet for Obesity: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Paoli Antonio
Published: February 2014

Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and is a strong risk factor for a number of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and also certain types of cancers. Despite the constant recommendations of health care organizations regarding the importance of weight control, this goal often fails. Genetic predisposition in combination with inactive lifestyles and high caloric intake leads to excessive weight gain. Even though there may be agreement about the concept that lifestyle changes affecting dietary habits and physical activity are essential to promote weight loss and weight control, the ideal amount and type of exercise and also the ideal diet are still under debate. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have been focused on reducing dietary fat with little positive results over the long-term. One of the most studied strategies in the recent years for weight loss is the ketogenic diet. Many studies have shown that this kind of nutritional approach has a solid physiological and biochemical basis and is able to induce effective weight loss along with improvement in several cardiovascular risk parameters. This review discusses the physiological basis of ketogenic diets and the rationale for their use in obesity, discussing the strengths and the weaknesses of these diets together with cautions that should be used in obese patients.
Gram-Negative Flagella Glycosylation
Authors: Merino Susana , Tomás Juan
Published: February 2014

Protein glycosylation had been considered as an eccentricity of a few bacteria. However, through advances in analytical methods and genome sequencing, it is now established that bacteria possess both N-linked and O-linked glycosylation pathways. Both glycosylation pathways can modify multiple proteins, flagellins from Archaea and Eubacteria being one of these. Flagella O-glycosylation has been demonstrated in many polar flagellins from Gram-negative bacteria and in only the Gram-positive genera Clostridium and Listeria. Furthermore, O-glycosylation has also been demonstrated in a limited number of lateral flagellins. In this work, we revised the current advances in flagellar glycosylation from Gram-negative bacteria, focusing on the structural diversity of glycans, the O-linked pathway and the biological function of flagella glycosylation.
Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon Expression Predicts Poorer Prognosis in Low T-Stage Oral Cancer Patients
Authors: Lin Shu-Hui , Lin Yueh-Min , Yeh Chung-Min , Chen Chih-Jung , Chen Mei-Wen , Hung Hsiao-Fang , Yeh Kun-Tu , Yang Shun-Fa
Published: February 2014

Casein kinase 1 is a group of ubiquitous serine/threonine kinases that are involved in normal cellular functions and several pathological conditions, such as DNA repair, cell cycle progression, cytokinesis, differentiation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have indicated that casein kinase 1-epsilon (CK1ε) and casein kinase 1-delta (CK1δ) expression has a role in human cancers. We investigated the associations between CK1ε and CK1δ expression and the clinical parameters of oral cancer using immunohistochemical study methods on oral squamous cell carcinoma specimens. The results of our immunohistochemical analysis showed that the loss of CK1ε expression was greatly associated with a poor four-year survival rate in oral cancer patients (p = 0.002). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients who had a loss of CK1ε expression had a considerably poorer overall survival rate than patients who had positive CK1ε expressions (p = 0.022). A univariate analysis revealed that patients who had a loss of CK1ε expression had considerably poorer overall survival (OS) than patients who had positive expression (p = 0.024, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.7). In conclusion, our data indicated that the loss of cytoplasmic CK1ε expression is greatly associated with poor survival and might be an adverse survival factor.
NTCP and Beyond: Opening the Door to Unveil Hepatitis B Virus Entry
Authors: Watashi Koichi , Urban Stephan , Li Wenhui , Wakita Takaji
Published: February 2014

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, affecting approximately 240 million people worldwide, is a major public health problem that elevates the risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given that current anti-HBV drugs are limited to interferon-based regimens and nucleos(t)ide analogs, the development of new anti-HBV agents is urgently needed. The viral entry process is generally an attractive target implicated in antiviral strategies. Using primary cells from humans and Tupaia belangeri, as well as HepaRG cells, important determinants of viral entry have been achieved. Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) was identified as an HBV entry receptor and enabled the establishment of a susceptible cell line that can efficiently support HBV infection. This finding will allow a deeper understanding of the requirements for efficient HBV infection, including the elucidation of the molecular entry mechanism. In addition, pharmacological studies suggest that NTCP is able to serve as a therapeutic target. This article summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of HBV entry and the role of NTCP in this process.
Gelatin-Based Hydrogels Promote Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro
Authors: Salamon Achim , Van Vlierberghe Sandra , Van Nieuwenhove Ine , Baudisch Frank , Graulus Geert-Jan , Benecke Verena , Alberti Kristin , Neumann Hans-Georg , Rychly Joachim , Martins José , Dubruel Peter , Peters Kirsten
Published: February 2014

Due to the weak regeneration potential of cartilage, there is a high clinical incidence of articular joint disease, leading to a strong demand for cartilaginous tissue surrogates. The aim of this study was to evaluate a gelatin-based hydrogel for its suitability to support chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Gelatin-based hydrogels are biodegradable, show high biocompatibility, and offer possibilities to introduce functional groups and/or ligands. In order to prove their chondrogenesis-supporting potential, a hydrogel film was developed and compared with standard cell culture polystyrene regarding the differentiation behavior of human mesenchymal stem cells. Cellular basis for this study were human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which exhibit differentiation potential along the adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage. The results obtained show a promotive effect of gelatin-based hydrogels on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and therefore encourage subsequent in vivo studies.
Plant-Mediated Fabrication and Surface Enhanced Raman Property of Flower-Like Au@Pd Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Daohua , Zhang Genlei , Huang Jiale , Wang Haitao , Li Qingbiao
Published: February 2014

The flower-like nanostructures of an Au core and Pd petals with the average size of 47.8 nm were fabricated through the successive reduction of HAuCl4 and Na2PdCl4 at room temperature. During the synthesis, Cacumen Platycladi leaf extract served as weak reductant and capping agent. Characterization techniques such as Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction characterizations were employed to confirm that the as-synthesized nanoparticles have the structure of core-shell. The obtained core-shell nanoflowers exhibited good surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic activity with Rhodamine 6G.
Modeling Accumulated Volume of Landslides Using Remote Sensing and DTM Data
Authors: Chen Zhengchao , Zhang Bing , Han Yongshun , Zuo Zhengli , Zhang Xiaoyong
Published: February 2014

Landslides, like other natural hazards, such as avalanches, floods, and debris flows, may result in a lot of property damage and human casualties. The volume of landslide deposits is a key parameter for landslide studies and disaster relief. Using remote sensing and digital terrain model (DTM) data, this paper analyzes errors that can occur in calculating landslide volumes using conventional models. To improve existing models, the mechanisms and laws governing the material deposited by landslides are studied and then the mass balance principle and mass balance line are defined. Based on these ideas, a novel and improved model (Mass Balance Model, MBM) is proposed. By using a parameter called the “height adaptor”, MBM translates the volume calculation into an automatic search for the mass balance line within the scope of the landslide. Due to the use of mass balance constraints and the height adaptor, MBM is much more effective and reliable. A test of MBM was carried out for the case of a typical landslide, triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake of 12 May 2008.
Gait Analysis Methods: An Overview of Wearable and Non-Wearable Systems, Highlighting Clinical Applications
Authors: Muro-de-la-Herran Alvaro , Garcia-Zapirain Begonya , Mendez-Zorrilla Amaia
Published: February 2014

This article presents a review of the methods used in recognition and analysis of the human gait from three different approaches: image processing, floor sensors and sensors placed on the body. Progress in new technologies has led the development of a series of devices and techniques which allow for objective evaluation, making measurements more efficient and effective and providing specialists with reliable information. Firstly, an introduction of the key gait parameters and semi-subjective methods is presented. Secondly, technologies and studies on the different objective methods are reviewed. Finally, based on the latest research, the characteristics of each method are discussed. 40% of the reviewed articles published in late 2012 and 2013 were related to non-wearable systems, 37.5% presented inertial sensor-based systems, and the remaining 22.5% corresponded to other wearable systems. An increasing number of research works demonstrate that various parameters such as precision, conformability, usability or transportability have indicated that the portable systems based on body sensors are promising methods for gait analysis.
Characterization of Scintillating X-ray Optical Fiber Sensors
Authors: Sporea Dan , Mihai Laura , Vâţă Ion , McCarthy Denis , O'Keeffe Sinead , Lewis Elfed
Published: February 2014

The paper presents a set of tests carried out in order to evaluate the design characteristics and the operating performance of a set of six X-ray extrinsic optical fiber sensors. The extrinsic sensor we developed is intended to be used as a low energy X-ray detector for monitoring radiation levels in radiotherapy, industrial applications and for personnel dosimetry. The reproducibility of the manufacturing process and the characteristics of the sensors were assessed. The sensors dynamic range, linearity, sensitivity, and reproducibility are evaluated through radioluminescence measurements, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray imaging investigations. Their response to the operating conditions of the excitation source was estimated. The effect of the sensors design and implementation, on the collecting efficiency of the radioluminescence signal was measured. The study indicated that the sensors are efficient only in the first 5 mm of the tip, and that a reflective coating can improve their response. Additional tests were done to investigate the concentricity of the sensors tip against the core of the optical fiber guiding the optical signal. The influence of the active material concentration on the sensor response to X-ray was studied. The tests were carried out by measuring the radioluminescence signal with an optical fiber spectrometer and with a Multi-Pixel Photon Counter.
Recent Observations on Australian Bat Lyssavirus Tropism and Viral Entry
Authors: Weir Dawn , Annand Edward , Reid Peter , Broder Christopher
Published: February 2014

Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is a recently emerged rhabdovirus of the genus lyssavirus considered endemic in Australian bat populations that causes a neurological disease in people indistinguishable from clinical rabies. There are two distinct variants of ABLV, one that circulates in frugivorous bats (genus Pteropus) and the other in insectivorous microbats (genus Saccolaimus). Three fatal human cases of ABLV infection have been reported, the most recent in 2013, and each manifested as acute encephalitis but with variable incubation periods. Importantly, two equine cases also arose recently in 2013, the first occurrence of ABLV in a species other than bats or humans. Similar to other rhabdoviruses, ABLV infects host cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent pH-dependent fusion facilitated by its single fusogenic envelope glycoprotein (G). Recent studies have revealed that proposed rabies virus (RABV) receptors are not sufficient to permit ABLV entry into host cells and that the unknown receptor is broadly conserved among mammalian species. However, despite clear tropism differences between ABLV and RABV, the two viruses appear to utilize similar endocytic entry pathways. The recent human and horse infections highlight the importance of continued Australian public health awareness of this emerging pathogen.
A Rule-based Attacks Detection Method for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Zihao Shen , Shufen Liu
Published: February 2014

Wireless sensor networks have become an increasingly important area for research and application. Compared to traditional networks, its security faces many unfavorable factors such as severe resource constraints, inability to secure the wireless medium, potentially harsh sensing environment, etc. Attacks detection is an important issue to a wireless sensor network security. In this paper, sensors were classified and different kinds of malicious attacks in a wireless sensor network were analyzed, based on which a rule-based attacks detection method was proposed. The detection rules were given to detect most kinds of malicious attacks.