bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commitment Decisions and Private Enforcement of EU Competition Law: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Rat Dorin
Published: April 2022

The entry into force of the Private Damages Directive might raise questions on the balance that should be struck between public and private enforcement of EU competition law. Although many aspects could be debated, this article will focus on the use of commitment decisions in Article 102 TFEU cases and their impact on the development of the private enforcement of EU competition law. Commitments have emerged as the preferred remedy in abuse of dominance cases. Whether this course of action has been appropriate or not remains to be seen. However, this practice has an indirect impact on the development of the private enforcement of EU competition law. In a damages action, the claimant faces different obstacles such as bearing the burden of proof of the infringement, the harm and the causal link between the illicit deed and the harm suffered. An infringement decision can be relied upon before the court in a damages claim. However, this is not applicable to a commitment decision. Against this background, this article explores the nexus between the increased use of commitment decisions in Article 102 TFEU cases and their effects on potential private damages actions. This article concludes that the European Commission seems to have mixed feelings about the private enforcement of EU competition law and that further steps should be taken towards a more stand-alone-oriented enforcement policy.
Horizontal Mergers in Homogeneous Goods Industries: When Is Spare Capacity Sufficient to Offset Unilateral Effects?
Authors: Kadar Massimiliano , Buettner Thomas , Cilea Andrea
Published: April 2022

The existence of spare capacity is traditionally an important element in the assessment of horizontal mergers in homogeneous goods industries. In principle, non-merging firms with spare capacity can react to a price increase by the merged entity and expand output. This output expansion could make such price increase unprofitable for the merged entity and ultimately offset it. But when do competitors have an incentive to expand output to such an extent as to avert anticompetitive effects? Conversely, when do they have an incentive to follow a price increase by the merged entity?

In previous case practice, the European Commission (Commission) often focussed its assessment on the degree of spare capacity available to competitors, i.e., on competitors’ ability, rather than incentive, to expand output. In some of these cases, the mere existence of a large amount of spare capacity at industry level was considered as sufficient to eliminate the risk of unilateral price effects.

In two recent important merger cases, the Commission carried out an in-depth analysis of spare capacity that was not only focussed on competitors’ ability to react, but also on their incentive to do so: Outokumpu/Inoxum and INEOS/Solvay/JV. As we explain in more detail in this article, these two cases show that normally competitors of a merged entity do not have an incentive to react to a post-merger price increase sufficiently to alleviate competition concerns. This approach is consistent with the Commission’s Horizontal Merger Guidelines, and supported by sound economic analysis and empirical insights.
Patent Trolls: In Search of Efficient Regulatory Standards
Authors: Boscheck Ralf
Published: April 2022

Current concerns about the growth of patent assertion entities (PAEs) are typically related to their presumed anti-competitive behaviour and negative impact on innovation in product and technology markets. Regulators, required to balance the legitimate interests of patent holders and licensees, call for evidentiary standards to efficiently appraise, and for the purpose of policy formulation, prejudge the reasonableness and welfare consequences of these undertakings. And yet, recent economic analyses still seem far from offering operational criteria that could translate into enforceable, let alone efficient, regulatory norms.

And so, case analysis, particularly in the US context, turns into an ordeal trying to tweak the facts of these fairly new business models to suit time-honoured legal principles. Plainly, PAE efforts in general do not seem to be easily caught by US competition rules that assign antitrust liability based on harm to competition and the competitive process. This is not to suggest that they are pro-competitive per se but, rather, that any attack on them may give rise to ‘administratively hopeless, but generally exculpating, rule of reason defence’. It may be for that reason that US judicial, federal and state reforms – for better or for worse – have begun to target some of the leverage points and key drivers of the PAE business model.The welfare consequences of reduced IP enforcement will still need to be established.

The EU Commission expects PAEs to be less active in Europe because of the loser pays principle in European courts, the smaller damage awards offered in successful cases, and because of the higher degree of predictability of outcomes in European specialist patent courts. Yet, similar to the US context, EU regulators are faced with the dilemma of devising standards that fit a variety of circumstances and yet can be easily applied. In both cases, regulatory delegation avoids the pitfalls of ordering complexities centrally. But it requires a set of simple meta-rules to guide lower-level decisions, adjust principles to circumstance and keep matters predictable. Delegation in the area of competition policy is limited by the adequacy of the economic reference that it employs. At this stage, in dealing with outsourced patent assertion and related licensing conditions, economic theory offers a wide yet insufficient menu of advice.

The article has four parts: Section 1 discusses patent trends, actors, rights and obligations, and the nature of current regulatory concerns. Section 2 reviews the scant empirical analyses and model work on patent trolls. Section 3 examines regulatory concerns in view of US antitrust standards and lists alternative remedies. Section 4 concludes and offers some considerations related to the European context.
Re-Pricing through Disruption in Oligopolies with Tacit Collusion: A Framework for Abuse of Collective Dominance
Authors: Petit Nicolas
Published: April 2022

This article proposes an understanding of abuse of collective dominance or shared monopolization that does not outlaw oligopolistic tacit collusion as such, but that reputes abusive a set of tactics adopted by tacitly colluding oligopolists exposed to disruption. As much as deviation is an internal force likely to undermine tacit collusion, disruption is a powerful external force that can cause a return to the competitive equilibrium. The sources of disruption may be technological (e.g., radical innovation), economic (e.g., entry of a low-cost player) or legal (e.g., tax reform). But disruption may never deliver its pro-competitive promises if oligopolists tinker to restore a collusive equilibrium. This article suggests that competition agencies and courts could use the dormant doctrine of abuse of collective dominance to declare unlawful oligopolists’ conduct that seeks to ‘re-price’ through disruption, and elude its pro-competitive effect. This rationalized definition of abuse of collective dominance would both promote legal certainty by clarifying the messy state of the law in this field, and ensure economic efficiency by giving agencies and courts a market-triggered ex post remedy in mature oligopolies with lethargic M&A activity.
The ECJ Ruling in Huawei and the Right to Seek Injunctions Based on FRAND-Encumbered SEPs under EU Competition Law: One Step Forward
Authors: Grasso Roberto
Published: April 2022

The ECJ preliminary ruling in Huawei and the Commission’s findings in Motorola and Samsung provide much needed guidance on the boundaries of FRAND negotiations. They set out a framework for evaluating whether the SEP-holder’s pursuit of an injunction against an alleged infringer is an abuse of dominant position under Article 102 TFEU. This paper provides a roadmap of the issues in the Article 102TFEU analysis of the SEP-holder’s recourse to courts’ injunctions. It examines the framework for FRAND negotiations prescribed by the ECJ in Huawei and the role played by the new concept of ‘willing licensee’ for the purpose of applying Article 102 TFEU in the context of SEPs. Finally, this article sheds light on the legal theories behind the ECJ preliminary ruling in Huawei and the Commission’s decisions in Motorola and Samsung, while providing alternative theories of abuse in principle applicable in the circumstances.
Foreign States Entanglement in Anticompetitive Conduct
Authors: Martyniszyn Marek
Published: April 2022

Transnational competition cases pose numerous challenges – from accessing foreign-based evidence to effectively enforcing decisions or judgments in their aftermath. Some of such cases are quite special in that the underlying conduct involves or implicates a foreign State. This article makes an original contribution to the scholarship by filling the existing gap and developing a typology of State’s entanglement in conduct causing competitive harm abroad. It also examines the way in which foreign State’s involvement or implication can be addressed in the adversely affected forum. Moreover, the key broader considerations which need to inform policies and approaches towards such cases are identified and evaluated. It is argued that competitive harm resulting from commercial dealings should be pursued under competition laws regardless of the character of the parties involved, unless there are overriding reasons justifying abstention. States should not enjoy immunity for competitive harm resulting from their commercial dealings. Agencies and courts in the affected fora should strive to clarify this matter. A clear State’s policy on dealing with inbound competitive harm may also make foreign partners more receptive to concerns about policies which facilitate competitive harm which they may be pursuing.
Solving a Sustainability-Deficit in European Competition Law
Authors: Gerbrandy Anna
Published: April 2022

It is undeniable that there is a tension between European competition law and sustainability-focused agreements between undertakings. Whether it should, and how it could, be resolved is less clear. The necessity of providing ‘more room’ for sustainability-focused agreements is contested. Set within the wider discussion on the (proper) goals for European competition law, these public interests are often seen as alien to an economic approach of competition law. By taking developments in the Netherlands, where the tension seems to play out most visibly, as starting point, this article first sets out the argument that there is a sustainability-deficit within current competition law, and delineates where this deficit is ‘located’. The article then provides an overview of possible solutions. These are not (all) immediately applicable but would need tweaking existing competition law’s instruments. Thus both to the interpretation of the Article 101 (3) TFEU exception clause and to the doctrines relating to placing entities or activities outside the scope of Article 101 (1) TFEU are discussed, as is the underlying rationale relating to the dichotomy between market and government.
Polar Opposites: Judgments and Counterfactuals in Sainsburys V. Mastercard and Asda V. Mastercard
Authors: Hotchkiss James
Published: April 2022

This article explores the recent cases Sainsbury’s v. Mastercard and Asda v. Mastercard and uses them to demonstrate how the decentralization of Article 101 TFEU enforcement is creating legal uncertainty due to national courts being unequipped to apply complex Ex Post counterfactuals consistently. It considers the distinction between restriction of competition by object and restriction of competition by effect to show that EU and national courts now apply the latter. It then considers the requirements for effects-based analysis, focussing on the mandatory use of Ex Post counterfactuals, highlighting their emergence as a legal mechanism in Article 101 application. This article argues that Ex Post counterfactuals’ basis in vague economic theory creates significant difficulties for national courts attempting to enforce Article 101 consistently and evidences these difficulties by considering the courts’ composition, their overreliance on expert economic witnesses, the standard of proof, complex court interplay and referral for preliminary ruling. Ultimately, it argues that despite procedural tools being provided to national courts to ensure consistent application of Article 101 at national and EU levels, the courts are failing to utilize them, resulting in the creation of significant legal uncertainty as evidenced by the polaropposite judgments reached in the Mastercard cases.
Applying (EU) Competition Law to Online Platforms: Reflections on the Definition of the Relevant Market(s)
Authors: Mandrescu Daniel
Published: April 2022

Abuse of dominance cases under Article 102 TFEUconcerning online platforms will require revisiting the process of the market definition in light of the complexities that are likely to arise due to the two- or multi-sided nature of such platforms. This distinctive nature will firstly require determining the number of relevant markets that need to be defined in each case before the scope of such markets can be accurately delineated. Unfortunately, however, the current approaches to this first, new step, of the market definition process are incompatible with business reality. Therefore this article provides an alternative approach to this complexity, which is better suited to guarantee the trueness of the market definition findings. Accordingly, this article indicates that the number of relevant markets in each case should be determined based on the typology of the interactions facilitated by the online platform and the degree of substitutability of such online platform with other non-platform undertakings from the perspective of its customers groups. This approach allows reaching findings of market power in a manner that adequately reflects the business reality of such platforms in the digital economy and the degree of competitive pressure they may experience in practice.
The Limits of the ‘More Economic’ Approach to Antitrust
Authors: Blockx Jan
Published: April 2022

The ‘more economic’ approach to antitrust recites two mantras: first of all, that antitrust analysis should only consider the effects of a practice, and secondly, that only the economic effects of a practice are relevant. The first mantra is impossible to satisfy in practice, thus the ‘more economic’ approach to antitrust has relapsed into formalism. Other tools than effects analysis are needed in antitrust enforcement, such as per se rules and an examination of the intentions of the undertakings concerned. The second mantra implies usurping legislation enacted for other purposes and is based on a naturalistic fallacy. Other objectives than economic efficiency should count in antitrust enforcement as well.
Horizontal Restraints on Platforms: How Digital Ecosystems Nudge into Rethinking the Construal of the Cartel Prohibition
Authors: Thomas Stefan
Published: April 2022

This paper deals with collusive risks that can result from the ecosystems created by digital platforms. Recent case reports reflect that the potential for harm and benefit can be tightly interwoven here. It is not entirely clear, however, in what way the creation of a platform can, in itself, amount to a breach of the cartel prohibition, and how the potential for harm can be balanced against efficiencies in those cases. I argue in favour of an integrated construal of conduct and effect in order to close regulatory gaps whilst preventing false positives.

algorithm, ancillary restraints, cartel, collusion, consumer welfare, digital economy, game theory, machine learning, oligopoly, platform
The Role of (In)formal Governance and Culture in a National Competition System: A Case of a Post- Socialist Economy
Authors: Pecotic Kaufman Jasminka , Šimic Banovic Ružica
Published: April 2022

Research increasingly suggests that the effectiveness of competition laws and policies could be enhanced if their implementation is linked with a better understanding of the cultural influences on competitionrelated decisions.Moreover, the lack of competition culture has been considered one of the main barriers to the enforcement of competition rules. But the studies examining this interplay of competition policy and national culture appear to be rather limited. Based on interviews with key actors of the Croatian competition system, this study examines the interaction of the competition system and the national culture through the governance perspective of a European (post)transitional society. Our findings indicate three key features that are unlikely to support the competition system development: first, collectivism and high power distance in the society; second, a strong influence of planned economy legacy; and third, a clash between the process of Europeanization and inherited collusion-friendly (in)formal governance mechanisms. Based on a unique set of empirical evidence, the contribution of this article lies in the analysis of the relations between modes of governance, national culture, and competition system development in a postsocialist society. This study is expected to have broader resonance for other post-transitional countries and for other developing countries with similar cultural features.

competition law, competition culture, informal governance, trade associations, postsocialist countries, national culture, Central and Eastern Europe, South-East Europe, planned economy legacy, Europeanization
La vulnerabilidad urbana en la metrópoli de Barcelona el rol de la densidad institucional en su persistencia
Authors: Antón-Alonso Fernando , Cruz Gómez Irene
Published: April 2022

La presente investigación aborda el estudio de la vulnerabilidad urbana en el área metropolitana de Barcelona. En una primera fase, se construye un índice de vulnerabilidad urbana para los barrios metropolitanos que permite establecer una estructura jerárquica y realizar un análisis longitudinal para el período 2001-2011 identificando el cambio y la persistencia dentro de la jerarquía. En una segunda fase, se procede a un análisis explicativo de la permanencia y la transición a la vulnerabilidad extrema focalizado en el rol de la densidad institucional. Para ello se utiliza una metodología novedosa en los estudios urbanos basada en el análisis cualitativo comparado. Los análisis aportan evidencia sobre la persistencia de la vulnerabilidad extrema en el territorio y el rol complejo y limitado de la densidad institucional en el fenómeno.
Clinical Data Management System (CDMS) Evaluation
Authors: Bochud Yves , Huf Christina , Helmers Muriel , Wright Patrick R. , Saccilotto Ramon , Mostaguir Khaled , Fares Fady , Lengwiler Daniel
Published: April 2022

The Clinical Trial Unit (CTU) Network of the SCTO has been working with secuTrial for over a decade and more recently several CTUs have incorporated REDCap into their data management (DM) portfolio. The choice of secuTrial was based on a systematic evaluation of Clinical Data Management Systems (CDMS) which was, however, performed over ten years ago. In light of the ever-increasing speed of developments in digital technology it was considered vital to obtain an upto-date impression of the currently available options and assess potential alternatives. For this, a compendium of system requirements was constructed and sent to CDMS vendors for consideration. Based on the replies of the software vendors regarding fulfilment of requirements and pricing, the CDMS solutions secuTrial and REDCap remain not only viable, but currently the best options for the CTU Network.
Preferred Obstetrician-gynaecologist Gender among Female Residents in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aboalshamat Khalid , Aljrary Dalia , Damanhuri Reem , Alnafisah Aohoud , Alghuraybi Shaima , Aljifry Shahad , Turkustani Hiba , Mohamed Khalil
Published: April 2022

Background: A number of studies have investigated female patient’s preference for their obstetrician/gynecologist (OG) physician. This topic was rarely investigated in Saudi Arabia. Aims: This study investigated OG gender preference among female resident in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and factors that influence their choice. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 596 female participants answered a self-reported questionnaire. Participants were recruited from shopping malls in four different areas in Jeddah using convenient sampling. The participants were asked or questioned about their OG gender preference and factors affecting it. Results: OG gender preference was found to be an important issue among females in Jeddah, as 66.6% of the participants do ask about the OG gender before their visit, and 39.4% would feel uncomfortable if the preferred OG gender is not available. The results showed that 57.89% preferred female OG, 20.47% preferred male and 21.64% had no preference. Participants answered that for presence at delivery, 50.34% preferred female OG, 27.35% preferred male OG and 22.32% had no preference. Also, in the case of OG emergency and critical surgery, 9.2% reported they would refuse surgery if the preferred OG was not available and seek an alternative solution such as changing hospital. The most important factors that influenced the participant’s choice were: the ability to handle OG emergencies situations with confidence (53.40%), OG knowledge about women health (45%), and OG sympathy (42%). Conclusions: OG gender is an important issue for Saudi female, as the majority prefer female OG in general, but prefer male OG in critical conditions.
Hearing loss, mobile applications and inclusive social environments: Approach to learning sign language for children without disabilities
Authors: Oleas Orozco Jose , Mena Angel , Ripalda Daniel
Published: April 2022

This project was developed in the interest of social problems by inclusion of people with hearing loss in social environment. The investigation was carried out in two stages. The first, a diagnostic analysis focused on the learning of people in the social environment, instead of the individual with disabilities. The project has used a mixed research approach, in the qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews to the social and family circle of people with hearing loss and to the individual himself. In addition, professionals in the area of learning sign language, expert professionals in special education, were consulted. In the quantitative aspect, surveys were carried out on a group of parents from the "Celite" Bilingual Educational Unit of Ambato city, to determine their willingness to learn sign language to promote social inclusion in their children. Likewise, it was possible to identify their behavior in the face of digital technologies. With the data obtained, it was possible to determine the feasibility of developing interactive applications. The resulting technological application, shows a friendly structure for learning basic phrases in sign language for early ages, focused on children without disabilities. The second stage of the research, with the interactive application for mobile devices running, it was possible to determine the feasibility of using new technologies and communication. The interactive application has audiovisual content in digital animations and interactive resources typical of an application on mobile devices. The App was tested using the target group, children and parents. Subsequently, it was evaluated through the application of surveys to parents, interpreters and people with hearing loss, who certified their experience as users and evaluated its relevance, where favorable results were collected for this initiatives.
Design of Point Pop-ups with Visual Representation based on Weather Map Interface
Authors: Shao Junkai , Tang Wenzhe , Yang Bingqing , Xue Chengqi
Published: April 2022

The point pop-ups in the weather map interface are essential for displaying real-time weather information in different geographic environments. However, with the explosive development of multimodal map information, the unfriendly expression of most pop-ups breaks the smooth user experience, which brings great challenges to the visual design of pop-ups. This paper regarded point pop-ups in the Chinese weather map as the research object and discussed the design strategy of pop-ups from four aspects: information capacity, combination type, layout mode, and transparency. By comparing the design schemes of different factor levels, the user's behavior performance in the two groups of experiments was analyzed. The results found that the behavior performance on graphic-text pop-ups was better than text-only ones at the same level. When point pop-ups were distributed in the weather map interface with high density, the operability and readability of comprehensive weather information could be ensured by adjusting the overlapping and transparency.
Role of Effective Model to Assure Price of Used Cars
Authors:   Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, U.P., ***Er.Dileep Verma Dr Rajeev Singh,**Dr.Pradeep Kr Singh Bhaduria,
Published: April 2022

Predicting the price of used cars is both an important and interesting problem. According to data obtained from the National Transport Authority, the number of cars registered between 2003 and 2013 has witnessed a spectacular increase of 234%. From 68, 524 cars registered in 2003, this number has now reached 160, 701. With difficult economic conditions, it is likely that sales of second-hand imported (reconditioned) cars and used cars will increase. It is reported that the sales of new cars have registered a decrease of 8% in 2013. In many developed countries, it is common to lease a car rather than buying it outright. A lease is a binding contract between a buyer and a seller (or a third party – usually a bank, insurance firm or other financial institutions) in which the buyer must pay fixed installments for a predefined number of months/years to the seller/financier. After the lease period is over, the buyer has the possibility to buy the car at its residual value, i.e. its expected resale value. Thus, it is of commercial interest to 754 Sameerchand Pudaruth sellers/financers to be able to predict the salvage value (residual value) of cars with accuracy. If the residual value is under-estimated by the seller/financer at the beginning, the instalments will be higher for the clients who will certainly then opt for another seller/financer. If the residual value is overestimated, the instalments will be lower for the clients but then the seller/financer may have much difficulty at selling these high-priced used cars at this over-estimated residual value. Thus, we can see that estimating the price of used cars is of very high commercial importance as well. Manufacturers’ from Germany made a loss of 1 billion Euros in their USA market because of mis- calculating the residual value of leased cars . Most individuals in Mauritius who buy new cars are also very apprehensive about the resale value of their cars after a certain number of years when they will possibly sell it in the used cars market. Predicting the resale value of a car is not a simple task. It is trite knowledge that the value of used cars depends on a number of factors. The most important ones are usually the age of the car, its make (and model), the origin of the car (the original country of the manufacturer), its mileage (the number of kilometers it has run) and its horsepower.
AN INSIGHT INTO SESAMOL: PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, AND FUTURE RESEARCH PROSPECTS
Authors:   Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow-226026, Uttar Pradesh, India,, Khatoon Shabana
Published: April 2022

In the current review, most of the pharmacological effects (in vivo and in vitro) of sesamol are summarized as, hepatoprotective activity, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, cardio protective, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti-anxiolytic, wound healing, cosmetic (skin whitening), anti-cancer, antioxidant, and other biological effects. Here compile the proposed mechanism behind these pharmacological effects. The present work summarizes the most interesting in vitro and in vivo studies on the biological effects of sesamol. Another Sesamol work summarizes data available from Pub med and Scopus databases. Keyword: Medicinal uses of sesamol, Pharmacological properties of Sesamol, Bioavailability, Combination Therapy of Sesamol with Other Drugs, Doses, Metabolism and Excretion of Sesamol, The Important Role of Sesamol in the Treatment of osteoporosis Disease
Los bomberos profesionales al servicio de la Administración Local: ¿personal laboral y/o funcionarial?
Authors: Areta Martinez María
Published: April 2022

El art. 26.1.c) de la Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, de Bases de Régimen Local, señala que los municipios con una población superior a 20.000 habitantes deberán prestar, en todo caso, el servicio de prevención y extinción de incendios. Algunos municipios se asocian voluntariamente para gestionar conjuntamente el referido servicio, constituyendo para ello un consorcio local de bomberos como, por ejemplo, el Consorcio de Bomberos de la Provincia de Cádiz. En el ámbito de la Administración Local, si los bomberos profesionales tienen reconocida la condición de agentes de la autoridad para desempeñar mejor sus funciones, sus puestos de trabajo quedan reservados a personal funcionario, no pueden ser ocupados por personal laboral.

Article 26.1.c) of Spanish Law, 7/1985 of the 2nd April regulates the basis of Local Government. This article states that all municipalities with populations of more than 20,000 should provide certain public services including fire prevention and safety. Some municipalities decide voluntarily to join together to form Inter-Municipal Cooperations (IMC) to carry out these services. An example of this provision of shared public services in Spain can be seen in the IMC of firefighters in the province of Cadiz. In the scope of Local Public Administration, if professional firefighters are classed as being "agents of authority" in order to carry out their function then their positions must be filled by civil servants. They cannot be filled under an employment contract.
Prestaciones por hijos a cargo: pérdida de la condición de causante, por recibir rentas de trabajo superiores al límite legal y efectos sobre la prestación económica
Authors: Castro Argüelles María Antonia
Published: April 2022

Según la STS 687/2019, en las prestaciones familiares por hijos a cargo, la obtención por un hijo a cargo de un salario anual superior al 100% del SMI puede suspender la asignación de la madre beneficiaria a partir del último día del primer trimestre en el que se superó ese límite. No es necesario esperar a final de año. Desde esa fecha procederá la devolución de las prestaciones indebidamente percibidas.

Family allowances for dependent children can be received when the beneficiary's income does not exceed a certain amount. Supreme Court ruling 687/2019 has stated that the verification of the income limit does not have to wait at the end of the calendar year, but it is possible to check the requirements at any time. Therefore, when the income of the recipient of the benefits exceeds 100% of the minimum wage, the family allowances for dependent children can be suspended from the last day of the quarter in which that limit was exceeded. The return of unduly perceived benefits will proceed from that date.
No aplicación de la Directiva sobre permiso parental a un supuesto de reducción de jornada y reducción de salario previsto en la normativa española (art. 37.6 LET).
Authors: Rojo Torrecilla Eduardo
Published: April 2022

La sentencia da respuesta a una cuestión prejudicial planteada por un órgano jurisdiccional español, un JS de Madrid, sobre la interpretación de diversos preceptos de la norma europea que tratan del principio de igualdad de trato en materia de empleo y ocupación. Se niega la existencia de discriminación indirecta y la aplicación de la Directiva 2010/18 al supuesto de un trabajador que solicita modificación de su jornada de trabajo, con cambio fijo de turno y sin reducción salarial.

The judgment answers a question referred for a preliminary ruling by a Spanish court, a JS de Madrid, on the interpretation of various provisions of the European legislation dealing with the principle of equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation. The existence of indirect discrimination and the application of Directive 2010/18 are denied in the case of a worker who requests a change in his working day, with a fixed shift change and without a reduction in pay.
Adaptación de la jornada laboral y derecho de conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar. Factores de valoración en la ponderación judicial.
Authors: Sánchez-Urán Azaña Yolanda (
Published: April 2022

La respuesta judicial a la solución del conflicto planteado entre la necesidad de conciliación del trabajador y la necesidad organizativa y productiva de la empresa plantea la cuestión relativa al factor de valoración que haya de utilizarse en la ponderación judicial, así como en la prueba, en su caso, del daño moral que pudiera derivarse de la actuación empresarial en el caso concreto.
The judicial response to the solution of the conflict between the worker's need for conciliation and the company's organisational and productive need raises the question of the valuation factor to be used in the judicial weighting, as well as in the proof, where appropriate, of the moral damage that could derive from the company's actions in the specific case.
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE METAL OF COBALT, COPPER AND ZINC COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM SCHIFF BASE LIGAND OF 3-ETHOXY-2-HYDROXY-BENZALDEHYDE AND ANILINE FOR THEIR ANTICANCER ACTIVITY
Authors: Cyril A , Senthamilselvan G , Sithi B , Dhanalakshmi A
Published: April 2022

New Schiff base transition metal complexes derived from 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde and aniline were characterized by magnetic susceptibility measurements, molar conductance, MS, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Absorbance and EPR spectra. The spectral evidences clearly showed that all the metal chelates distorted octahedral geometry except Zn(II) complex which exist square planar geometry. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectrum of [CuL] complex was coinciding with proposed geometries and other reported complexes. All the synthesized compounds were studied for anticancer studies by MTT method using Hela cells. From anticancer activities, the observed IC50 values of synthesized complexes are significantly higher than standard Cis-platin. The cytotoxicity of the tested compounds against the Hela cell line pursued their order Co(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > ligand. Among them, Co(II) complex showed higher cytotoxic activity than other complexes and Schiff base.
EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENTS AND DRYING METHODS ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM, WEST HIMALAYA
Authors: Barola Anjali , Tewari Ashish , Kabdwa Naresh Chandra
Published: April 2022

Rhododendron arboreum belong to the family Ericaceae is a medicinally and economically important wild edible tree species from the Himalayan region. The fresh flowers of R. arboreum after harvesting were treated at different temperatures separately. The study revealed that a quick- drying process was found for the maximum harnessing of phenolics, flavonoids, flavanols, antioxidant activity (FRAP assay and DPPH assay) and protein content. Likewise, shade drying; a common method for drying was obtained best for nutritional attributes. Correlation analyzed that total phenolic content shows a positive relationship with ABTS and FRAP. However, phenolic content showed non-significant relationship with carbohydrates and protein. The biochemical parameters showed significant variation among drying processing techniques. The report suggested that the quality of a dried product is strongly dependent on the conditions used in the drying process.
PHYTOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF MURRAYA KOENIGII IN DMBA/TPA INDUCED ANGIOGENESIS, HEPATOTOXICITY AND RENAL TOXICITY DURING SKIN CARCINOGENESIS IN MICE
Authors: Aniqa Aniqa , Kaur Sarvnarinder , Negi Anushtha , Sadwal Shilpa , Bharati Sanjay
Published: April 2022

The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE) against DMBA/TPA-induced angiogenesis, hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity during skin carcinogenesis in mice. For the study, male LACA mice were divided into four groups: Group I (C), Group II (DMBA/TPA), Group III (HEMKLE), and Group IV (HEMKLE+DMBA/TPA). 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA), and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were applied on the depilated skin of the mice to raise skin tumors in Group II and Group IV. The chemopreventive response of HEMKLE was evident by histoarchitectural and morphometric analysis of skin/tumors in Group IV (HEMKLE+DMBA/TPA). In addition, HEMKLE administration also decreased the mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α, HMOX-1, VEGF, bFGF, and ANGPT-2 in Group IV (HEMKLE+DMBA/TPA) when compared to Group II (DMBA/TPA) that suggest its anti-angiogenic effect. Moreover, HEMKLE administration protected the liver and kidney tissues from damages incurred during skin carcinogenesis as evident through histological analysis, assessment of ROS and LPO levels, assessment of liver and kidney function markers (viz., SGOT, SGPT, D-bilirubin, T-bilirubin, ALP, urea, creatinine and BUN) and activities of the antioxidant enzymes in Group IV (HEMKLE +DMBA/TPA) when compared to Group II (DMBA/TPA). The outcome of the present study showed that HEMKLE administration markedly alleviated the angiogenesis and also showed the protective effects against damages incurred in liver and kidney tissues during skin carcinogenesis. However, further extensive studies are needed to explore the efficacy of HEMKLE on metastasis before going to human trials.
Parameter al-Dhariʿah Menurut Perspektif Syariʿah
Authors: Mohd Aswadi Mohamad Shafiq , Md Sawari Mohd Fuad , Sitiris Miszairi , Baharuddin Ahmad Syukran
Published: April 2022

Al-Dharīʿah is an important concept in the issuance / establishment of Islamic law. In general, it covers two main parts, namely sadd al-dharīʿah and fath al-dharīʿah. However, this second part (fath al-dharīʿah) is less discussed in depth and extensively by previous scholars. Thus, this study is to produce pragmatic and practical parameters of al- dharīʿah according to the perspective of Sharīʿah. This study uses a library research methodology. The results of this study show that the parameters of al- dharīʿah produced must be holistic and comprehensive to cover the scope of sadd and fath al- dharīʿah so that the law issued/inferred can lead to permissible laws (such as obligatory, preferable and allowable) or vice versa. The researcher suggested a solution so that the parameters of al-dharīʿah that have been produced can be applied in contemporary matters such as Islamic finance, halal industry, education, medicine and so on to ensure that Sharīʿah law is maintained and ensure that the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah is achieved perfectly.
 
Abstrak
Al-Dharīʿah adalah suatu konsep yang penting dalam pengistibatan hukum. Secara umumnya, ianya meliputi dua bahagian utama iaitu sadd al-dharīʿah dan fath al-dharīʿah. Walaubagaimanapun, bahagian kedua ini (fath al-dharīʿah) kurang diperbincangkan secara mendalam dan meluas oleh para ulama’ terdahulu. Justeru, kajian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan parameter al-dhariah yang pragmatik dan praktikal menurut perspektif Syarak. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kajian perpustakaan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawasanya parameter al-dhariah yang dihasilkan perlulah holistik dan syumul merangkumi skop sadd dan fath al- dharīʿah supaya hukum yang dikeluarkan/diistinbatkan boleh membawa kepada hukum yang diperbolehkan (seperti wajib, sunat dan harus) ataupun sebaliknya. Pengkaji mencadangkan solusi agar parameter al-dharīʿah yang telah dihasilkan ini dapat diaplikasikan dalam perkara-perkara yang kontemporari seperti kewangan Islam, industri halal, pendidikan, perubatan dan sebagainya untuk memastikan hukum Syarak terjaga sekaligus memastikan Maqāṣid al- Syarīʿah tercapai dengan sempurna.
Stock Return Jumps and Tail Risk Assessment: The Case of European Non-Euro Banking Sectors
Authors: Tsuji Chikashi
Published: April 2022

This study investigates the linkages between stock return jumps, volatilities, and tail risks in European non-euro banking sectors over the period 2005−2020. As a result, our examinations derive the following significant findings. First, for European non-euro banking sectors, in extending EGARCH models, taking bidirectional stock return jumps into consideration is always effective. Second, for European non-euro banking sector stocks, in extending EGARCH models, incorporating skewed and fat-tailed or fat-tailed densities is also effectual. In addition, our additional analyses further find that when taking bidirectional return jumps into account, the volatility estimates from our extended EGARCH models more precisely capture the tail risks in European non-euro banking sector stocks. This signifies that if we ignore bidirectional stock return jumps, we will undervalue the levels of tail risks when stock prices of international banking sectors plunge.
Necessity of Productive Association with Technological Innovations for Sustainability of Extractive Reserves in the Amazon
Authors: Freitas Josimar S. , Homma Alfredo K. O. , Filho Milton C. Farias , Mathis Armin , Ferreira José Francisco C. , Mariani Milton A. P. , Rabelo Maria C. A. , Araújo José Júlio C. N. , Santos Kennedy M.
Published: April 2022

The first extractive reserves (RESEXs) have completed 32 years of foundation and still encounter environmental and socioeconomic problems. Hence, this study aims to evaluate whether integrating technologies to the productive activities of extractivism, agriculture, and animal husbandry improves the lives of local communities and reduces environmental resource impact. The study employs the association method because more than two variables in the set of environmental, economic, social, and institutional groups manifested a relationship of dependence. Hence, we conclude that the most suitable strategy associates plant extraction, agriculture, and animal husbandry with technological innovations indicated for this model.
¿UN CAPITALISMO QUE NEUTRALIZA LA CRÍTICA? LOS DISCURSOS DE LA NUEVA GESTIÓN EMPRESARIAL FRENTE A LOS CUESTIONAMIENTOS A LA “SOCIEDAD DEL TRABAJO”
Authors: Pagura Nicolás Germinal
Published: April 2022

Las transformaciones acaecidas en el sistema productivo aproximadamente desde principios de la década de 1970 vienen generado una serie de discusiones y posicionamientos teóricos respecto del lugar del trabajo en las sociedades contemporáneas. Habermas y Gorz son dos de los pensadores que en este contexto han sostenido que las sociedades desarrolladas transitan un modelo en el cual inevitablemente el tiempo de trabajo necesario disminuye, tornándose estructurales la desocupación y precarización laborales. Sin embargo, esto será visto como una oportunidad, pues estos autores entienden que el trabajo habría dejado de ser hace tiempo el lugar en el que los individuos podrían realizarse personal y vitalmente, incluso superado el capitalismo. El desafío radicaría entonces en pensar alternativas ante la crisis de la llamada “sociedad del trabajo”. No obstante, los discursos contemporáneos de gestión empresarial parecen colocar un signo de interrogación a dichos análisis al pregonar el involucramiento activo —personal y afectivo— de los sujetos en los procesos productivos. Lo cual estaría dando lugar a la siguiente paradoja: lo que aquellos autores entendían que sólo podía florecer allende los espacios productivos es precisamente lo que la gestión contemporánea del trabajo demanda en primer lugar, y ello en miras de mejorar la productividad e incrementar las ganancias de las empresas. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer con detalle y rigor conceptual esta paradoja, desde el horizonte ético-epistemológico de una teoría crítica que pueda estudiar el presente detectando tanto sus fisuras como sus posibilidades inmanentes de transformación social y política.
EL POTENCIAL HEURÍSTICO DE LA TEORÍA DE LA CIVILIZACIÓN DE NORBERT ELIAS PARA ESTUDIAR LA VIOLENCIA JUVENIL
Authors: Di Napoli Pablo Nahuel
Published: April 2022

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal analizar el potencial heurístico de la teoría de la civilización, propuesta por Norbert Elias, para estudiar la violencia juvenil desde una perspectiva relacional y procesual. Luego de realizar breves aclaraciones respecto de ciertos términos sobre los cuales recaen las críticas en torno a su obra, se presentan tres claves de lectura. La primera se enmarca en los procesos sociogenéticos y psicogenéticos que impulsan, a lo largo del tiempo, el menoscabo del uso de la fuerza física en el trato social cotidiano entre los individuos. La segunda clave hace hincapié en el conflicto generacional basado en los cambios de los equilibrios de poder entre las generaciones más jóvenes y las más viejas. Por último, se indaga sobre los posibles procesos descivilizatorios a partir del resquebrajamiento de las redes de interdependencia y el retorno de las coacciones heterónomas. El análisis realizado se centra mayormente en dos de las obras fundamentales del sociólogo alemán para comprender su teoría de la civilización: Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939) y Studien über die Deutschen (1989). Teniendo en cuenta sus fechas de publicación, se considera que ambas expresan el desarrollo del pensamiento procesual de nuestro autor.
SEGURIDAD Y SEPARACIÓN CLASISTA EN CÓRDOBA: GRUPOS DE WHATSAPP Y APLICACIONES DE ASISTENCIA CIUDADANA PARA LA GESTIÓN DE LA CONFLICTIVIDAD
Authors: Torres Paula
Published: April 2022

La Ciudad de Córdoba no escapa a una particular lógica de organización del espacio-tiempo urbano que, valiéndose de la planificación estratégica de los ritmos y las velocidades de circulación, de los movimientos y posibilidades de permanencia, va regulando la experiencia de los sujetos. Esta (re)definición de los modos de ser y de estar supone una apropiación diferencial de la ciudad en función de la pertenencia clasista de los sujetos: el urbanismo cuantifica las diferencias sociales partiendo del poder de consumir y de hacer consumir configurando escenarios de encierro estructural (Scribano y Boito, 2010) para clientes-consumidores.Bajo esta dinámica espacio-temporal, asistimos en los últimos quince años a una profunda reestructuración del Estado cordobés a partir de la implementación de distintas políticas habitacionales, de embellecimiento estratégico y de seguridad que reproducen la fragmentación y segregación socioespacial.A continuación, propongo tematizar el singular entramado que caracteriza actualmente a las políticas de seguridad en la Ciudad de Córdoba, en el cruce entre modalidades de represión/selectividad y de prevención y participación ciudadana. Partiendo de entender que los modos de participación y de interacción entre los sujetos pero también, las formas de ser y de estar en el espacio de la ciudad, están hoy atravesados la utilización de dispositivos tecnológicos, se vuelve menester analizar la incorporación de herramientas electrónicas de identificación, control y represión de los sujetos –particularmente grupos de Whatsapp y aplicaciones de asistencia ciudadana como parte del Programa Córdoba más segura- como instrumentos para la canalización/evitación de la conflictividad entre clases.En esta línea, postulo cómo la interacción vía Whatsapp va configurándose como lugar fundamental para la construcción de vínculos de solidaridad intraclase, al tiempo que legitima la separación y la segregación de un otro peligroso. Esto permite sedimentar el tratamiento la inseguridad como eje sintomático de la conflictividad social, justificando la intensificación de las formas de represión y violencia a partir de la separación clasista.