bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A GRB Afterglow Model Consistent with Hypernova Observations
Authors: Ruffini R. , Karlica M. , Sahakyan N. , Rueda J. A. , Wang Y. , Mathews G. J. , Bianco C. L. , Muccino M.
Published: December 2018

We describe the afterglows of the long gamma-ray-burst (GRB) 130427A within the context of a binary-driven hypernova. The afterglows originate from the interaction between a newly born neutron star (νNS), created by an Ic supernova (SN), and a mildly relativistic ejecta of a hypernova (HN). Such an HN in turn results from the impact of the GRB on the original SN Ic. The mildly relativistic expansion velocity of the afterglow (Γ ∼ 3) is determined, using our model-independent approach, from the thermal emission between 196 and 461 s. The power law in the optical and X-ray bands of the afterglow is shown to arise from the synchrotron emission of relativistic electrons in the expanding magnetized HN ejecta. Two components contribute to the injected energy: the kinetic energy of the mildly relativistic expanding HN and the rotational energy of the fast-rotating highly magnetized νNS. We reproduce the afterglow in all wavelengths from the optical (1014 Hz) to the X-ray band (1019 Hz) over times from 604 s to 5.18 × 106 s relative to the Fermi-GBM trigger. Initially, the emission is dominated by the loss of kinetic energy of the HN component. After 105 s the emission is dominated by the loss of rotational energy of the νNS, for which we adopt an initial rotation period of 2 ms and a dipole plus quadrupole magnetic field of ≲7 × 1012 G or ∼1014 G. This scenario with a progenitor composed of a COcore and an NS companion differs from the traditional ultra-relativistic-jetted treatments of the afterglows originating from a single black hole.
Possible Phase-dependent Absorption Feature in the X-Ray Spectrum of the Middle-aged PSR J0659+1414
Authors: Arumugasamy Prakash , Kargaltsev Oleg , Posselt Bettina , Pavlov George G. , Hare Jeremy
Published: December 2018

We report on the energy-resolved timing and phase-resolved spectral analysis of X-ray emission from PSR J0659+1414 observed with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR. We find that the new data rule out the previously suggested model of the phase-dependent spectrum as a three-component (two blackbodies + power law) continuum, which shows large residuals between 0.3 and 0.7 keV. Fitting neutron star atmosphere models or several blackbodies to the spectrum does not provide a better description of the spectrum and requires spectral model components with unrealistically large emission region sizes. The fits improve significantly if we add a phase-dependent absorption feature with central energy 0.5–0.6 keV and equivalent width up to ≈50 eV. We detected the feature for about half of the pulse cycle. Energy-resolved pulse profiles support the description of the spectrum with a three-component continuum and an absorption component. The absorption feature could be interpreted as an electron cyclotron line originating in the pulsar magnetosphere and broadened by the nonuniformity of the magnetic field along the line of sight. The significant phase variability in the thermal emission from the entire stellar surface may indicate multipolar magnetic fields and a nonuniform temperature distribution. The strongly pulsed nonthermal spectral component detected with NuSTAR in the 3–20 keV range is well fit by a power-law model with a photon index Γ = 1.5 ± 0.2.
Fabrication and Diffraction Efficiency of a Large-format, Replicated X-Ray Reflection Grating
Authors: Miles Drew M. , McCoy Jake A. , McEntaffer Randall L. , Eichfeld Chad M. , Lavallee Guy , Labella Michael , Drawl William , Liu Bangzhi , DeRoo Casey T. , Steiner Tyler
Published: December 2018

We present the methodology used to fabricate an X-ray reflection grating and describe a technique for grating replication. Further, we present the experimental procedure and results of a study to measure the diffraction efficiency of a replicated X-ray reflection grating in an extreme off-plane geometry. The blazed grating demonstrates a total diffraction efficiency of ∼60% from 0.34 to 1.2 keV at a grazing angle of ∼1.°5, with single-order efficiency ranging from ∼35% to 65% for energies within the blaze envelope. The diffraction efficiency of the grating measured relative to the reflectivity of the metal coating averages ∼90% above 0.34 keV. Data collected as a function of beam position on the grating indicate a relative variation in total efficiency of <1% rms across the grating surface.
G11.92–0.61 MM 1: A Fragmented Keplerian Disk Surrounding a Proto-O Star
Authors: Ilee J. D. , Cyganowski C. J. , Brogan C. L. , Hunter T. R. , Forgan D. H. , Haworth T. J. , Clarke C. J. , Harries T. J.
Published: December 2018

We present high-resolution (∼300 au) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the massive young stellar object G11.92–0.61 MM 1. We resolve the immediate circumstellar environment of MM 1 in 1.3 mm continuum emission and CH3CN emission for the first time. The object divides into two main sources—MM 1a, which is the source of a bipolar molecular outflow, and MM 1b, located 0.″57 (1920 au) to the southeast. The main component of MM 1a is an elongated continuum structure, perpendicular to the bipolar outflow, with a size of 0.″141 × 0.″050 (480 × 170 au). The gas kinematics toward MM 1a probed via CH3CN trace a variety of scales. The lower energy J = 12–11 K = 3 line traces extended, rotating gas within the outflow cavity, while the v8 = 1 line shows a clearly resolved Keplerian rotation signature. Analysis of the gas kinematics and dust emission shows that the total enclosed mass in MM 1a is 40 ± 5 M
⊙ (where between 2.2 and 5.8 M
⊙ is attributed to the disk), while MM 1b is <0.6 M
⊙. The extreme mass ratio and orbital properties of MM 1a and MM 1b suggest that MM 1b is one of the first observed examples of the formation of a binary star via disk fragmentation around a massive young (proto)star.
Catching a Planet: A Tidal Capture Origin for the Exomoon Candidate Kepler 1625b I
Authors: Hamers Adrian S. , Portegies Zwart Simon F.
Published: December 2018

The (yet-to-be confirmed) discovery of a Neptune-sized moon around the ∼3.2 Jupiter-mass planet in Kepler 1625 puts interesting constraints on the formation of the system. In particular, the relatively wide orbit of the moon around the planet, at ∼40 planetary radii, is hard to reconcile with planet formation theories. We demonstrate that the observed characteristics of the system can be explained from the tidal capture of a secondary planet in the young system. After a quick phase of tidal circularization, the lunar orbit, initially much tighter than 40 planetary radii, subsequently gradually widened due to tidal synchronization of the spin of the planet with the orbit, resulting in a synchronous planet-moon system. Interestingly, in our scenario the captured object was originally a Neptune-like planet, turned into a moon by its capture.
Mécanismes de survie en littérature hostile
Authors: Bon François
Published: December 2018

L’histoire des supports de l’écrit montre que la production d’une œuvre littéraire est fonction des modes de publication par lesquels elle se transmet. Publier, comme on le fait depuis quelques années, de la littérature via YouTube, c’est par exemple faire quasiment l’économie de l’écrit, rejouer l’origine même du geste de création en déplaçant l’écriture du côté de l’oralité, de la voix et de l’improvisation. Ce nouveau mode de publication qui produit le texte comme lecture d’image et temps de cette lecture, réouvre la littérature à sa fabrique et permet de mettre en avant ce qui, en elle, reste imprédictible.
Le process tracing
Authors: Maillet Antoine , Mayaux Pierre-Louis
Published: December 2018

Resume Cet article compare deux recherches menées en Amérique latine sur des transformations de politiques publiques. Dans un cas l’entrée fut déductive, dans l’autre inductive. Malgré ces différences initiales, les résultats finaux de ces recherches – des explications historiques stylisées, jugées minimalement suffisantes – ont un statut épistémologique similaire. Comparer ces recherches permet de contribuer de deux manières à la discussion sur les méthodes qualitatives et historiques en science politique. La première est de donner à voir l’aptitude particulière du process tracing à articuler, dans le cours d’une même étude de cas, des moments de raisonnement inductifs et déductifs, au-delà de l’opposition d’inspiration positiviste entre les deux démarches. La seconde est de montrer que cette articulation permet d’expliciter au maximum les critères mobilisés par le chercheur lorsqu’il est amené à juger, en pratique, de la suffisance de son explication historique.
Décapiter les aigles, plumer les cygnes. Jules Vallès antiromantique
Authors: Saminadayar-Perrin Corinne
Published: December 2018

Des débuts du Second Empire à l’apothéose républicaine de Hugo, l’antiromantisme paradoxal de Vallès offre un « point d’optique » privilégié. Vallès partage avec le romantisme social l’idéal d’un art engagé, révolutionnaire et démocratique ; c’est précisément cette convergence originelle qui précipite la rupture : quand la canaille lyrique dégrade la solidarité en sensiblerie hypocrite, quand l’esthétique intimiste se renverse en autolâtrie forcenée, quand la grandiloquence du style dérobe le réel, la modernité se trouve sommée de forger des poétiques inédites, réalistes et actualistes, afin de réinventer une littérature faite par tous et destinée à tous.
Giraudoux, juge des romantiques français. L’écrivain et la crise de la nation
Authors: Brancourt Vincent
Published: December 2018

Les liens de Giraudoux avec la tradition romantique sont avérés. Cependant, au tournant des années 1930, tout en appelant à un « nouveau romantisme », il multiplie les attaques contre la génération romantique de 1830. Celle-ci est accusée d’imposture, d’avoir empêché l’avènement d’un véritable romantisme français et surtout d’avoir laissé la France démunie face à ses problèmes en retranchant l’écrivain de la société. La réflexion de Giraudoux sur le romantisme français s’inscrit en effet dans un cadre plus vaste où se trouve posée la question de la mission sociale et politique de l’écrivain et où est affirmée sa tâche, l’élaboration d’une langue permettant à tous d’affronter le présent. C’est donc au nom d’un romantisme plus large conçu comme conscience intime de la crise que Giraudoux prononce son réquisitoire contre ceux que la tradition scolaire appelle les romantiques français.
Una mirada a los Hospitales Neogranadinos de la Orden San Juan de Dios desde las visitas-reforma (1774-1777)
Authors: Rivera-Sandoval Javier
Published: December 2018

Para la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII se hizo evidente la crisis financiera, administrativa y asistencial de los hospitales de la América colonial. Como parte de las políticas de mejoramiento y control de los establecimientos financiados por la Corona española, se implementaron mecanismos de registro que tenían como propósito evaluar la situación por la que estaban atravesando estos centros asistenciales. El presente trabajo reúne la serie documental producida entre 1774 y 1777 por Fray Nicolás de la Concepción Delgado, visitador nombrado para los catorce hospitales de la Orden San Juan de Dios en la provincia de Nueva Granada, territorio que hoy ocupan las repúblicas de Colombia y Panamá. El objetivo principal del trabajo es brindar información sobre la situación que vivían estas instituciones a partir de las descripciones hechas en las visitas-reforma y la relevancia que adquiere para el gobierno peninsular la labor de registrar e inventariar los aspectos de la vida económica y social de los hospitales.
Juan P. Quinteros, espiritista. Disputas por los sentidos legítimos del arte de curar. Santa Fe, fines del siglo XIX
Authors: Sedran Paula , Carbonetti Adrián , Allevi José Ignacio
Published: December 2018

A fines del siglo XIX, se anunció en Argentina un proceso de medicalización que formó parte de la formación del Estado y de la modernización social. Sobre él, las realidades locales y regionales evidencian características distinguibles, aunque se destaca como rasgo común que la consolidación de la élite médica como corporación se dio a partir de la lucha con otros actores sociales que también se ocupaban de la salud de la población. El presente artículo analiza los argumentos esgrimidos por el sanador espiritista Juan Quinteros, frente a la persecución que sufrió a manos del Consejo de Higiene, con el fin de identificar qué características del espiritismo fueron las que Quinteros hizo visibles en la defensa de su subjetividad y de su práctica sanadora.
British and American Diplomatic Memoirs as Factual Narratives: A Resource for the Linguistic and Cultural Analysis of the Specialised Domain of Diplomacy
Authors: Stark Jessica
Published: December 2018

Cet article propose une analyse préliminaire des mémoires de diplomates dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la langue-culture spécialisée du domaine professionnel de la diplomatie. Nous nous appuyons sur un corpus de 28 mémoires de diplomates britanniques et américains publiés depuis 2000 afin de définir un « prototype générique » pour ce type de texte. Nous examinons ensuite le « substrat professionnel » des mémoires diplomatiques afin d’étudier comment les pratiques, les connaissances et les spécificités langagières du domaine diplomatique sont décrites. Enfin, nous explorons les convergences possibles entre ces récits de vie professionnelle et la « culture diplomatique ».
Zip6 Transporter Is an Essential Component of the Lymphocyte Activation Machinery
Authors: Colomar-Carando Natalia , Meseguer Alberto , Company-Garrido Iván , Jutz Sabrina , Herrera-Fernández Víctor , Olvera Alex , Kiefer Kerstin , Brander Christian , Steinberger Peter , Vicente Rubén
Published: December 2018

Zinc deficiency causes immune dysfunction. In T lymphocytes, hypozincemia promotes thymus atrophy, polarization imbalance, and altered cytokine production. Zinc supplementation is commonly used to boost immune function to prevent infectious diseases in at-risk populations. However, the molecular players involved in zinc homeostasis in lymphocytes are poorly understood. In this paper, we wanted to determine the identity of the transporter responsible for zinc entry into lymphocytes. First, in human Jurkat cells, we characterized the effect of zinc on proliferation and activation and found that zinc supplementation enhances activation when T lymphocytes are stimulated using anti-CD3/anti-CD28 Abs. We show that zinc entry depends on specific pathways to correctly tune the NFAT, NF-κB, and AP-1 activation cascades. Second, we used various human and murine models to characterize the zinc transporter family, Zip, during T cell activation and found that Zip6 was strongly upregulated early during activation. Therefore, we generated a Jurkat Zip6 knockout (KO) line to study how the absence of this transporter affects lymphocyte physiology. We found that although Zip6KO cells showed no altered zinc transport or proliferation under basal conditions, under activation, these KO cells showed deficient zinc transport and a drastically impaired activation program. Our work shows that zinc entry into activated lymphocytes depends on Zip6 and that this transporter is essential for the correct function of the cellular activation machinery.
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: December 2018

No abstract available.
Essais d’infection et d’immunisation du Furet par le virus de Carré adapté au Lapin
Authors: Goret Pierre , Martin L.- A. , Joubert L.
Published: December 2018

Le virus de Carré adapté au lapin perd très rapidement son pouvoir pathogène pour le furet. La perte de la virulence s’accompagne de la perte du pouvoir immunigène.
Paramount Pictures v. Axanar Productions: identifying the infringed work when an unauthorized production is set in an existing fictional universe
Authors: Dunford Michael D.
Published: December 2018

The copyright status of the fictional universes that form the foundation of many interactive and conventional entertainment franchises is unclear, making it difficult to determine how to assess copyright infringement claims when the universe is appropriated for use by an unauthorized work. A recent American case, Paramount Pictures v. Axanar Productions, represents one of the only known examples of such a case that does not involve the corresponding use of major plot elements or characters from within the main franchise works.

This paper uses the Paramount Pictures v. Axanar Productions case as an example of the effect that decisions about how to identify the infringed work have on both the substantial similarity and fair use inquiries. The aggregation approach adopted by the court is critiqued, and an alternative approach – treating the fictional universe itself as a copyright protected work – is suggested as an alternative consistent with existing law. However, even that approach is likely to have potential pitfalls. Ultimately, those interested in copyright as applied to multi-work franchises should be aware that this is an area of lingering uncertainty, with both the nature and the extent of the copyright protection afforded to fictional universes undefined at the current time.
Stanisław Bednarski SJ and prof. Stanisław Kot: pupil and master
Authors: Cieślak SJ Stanisław
Published: December 2018

On September 15th 1922, a young Jesuit, Father S. Bednarski, enrolled at the Jagiellonian University, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, with specialization in modern history, history of culture and history of art. One of his college professors was a well-known historian, Prof. Stanisław Kot.The Jesuit and Prof. S. Kot shared historical interests and ties of friendship. Prof. S. Kot became the mentor and professor adviser of the Jesuit’s doctoral dissertation, Collapse and rebirth of Jesuit schools in Poland (Kraków, 1933), which on June 15th 1934 was awarded a prize by the PAU General Assembly and was considered the best historical work in 1933.During his research in archives and libraries in Poland and abroad, the Jesuit had in mind not only his own plans but also his mentor’s interests. The student was loyal to his mentor, who was associated with the anti-Piłsudski faction and politically engaged in activities of the Polish Peasant Party. For this reason, Prof. S. Kot did not enjoy the trust of the state authorities. In 1933, as a result of Jędrzejewicz reform, the Chair of Cultural History headed by him was abolished. Fr. S. Bednarski bravely stood in its defence.The friendship of the mentor and student’s ended in World War II. Prof. S. Kot survived the War and emigrated, where he remained active in politics, while his student died on July 16, 1942 in the German Nazi concentration camp in Dachau near Munich.
The genesis of the Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Wrocław, Poland
Authors: Tomaszewski Paweł E.
Published: December 2018

Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research of Polish Academy of Sciences celebrated its 50th anniversary in November 2016. The paper presents the history of the Institute going backward to the history of other ten scientific institutions from which the Institute was finally founded in 1966. It shows the efforts of Prof. Roman Ingarden and Prof. Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski to establish a powerful center of physics and physico-chemistry of solid state in Wrocław.
A vacuum to be filled. Central and Eastern Europe in the times of ‘geography without the Germans’
Authors: Górny Maciej
Published: December 2018

This article analyses strategies used by geographers of Central and Eastern Europe, foremost Poland, to improve their international position, in the interwar. The boycott of Germany and its former allies almost until mid-1930s was a challenge to this group and it gradually hindered its development. The most original attempt at overcoming the threat of marginalization were congresses of Slavic geographers organized from 1924. The greatest success, however, came with the 1934 Warsaw congress of the Geographical Union, which was also the occasion for German geographers to fully return to international scholarly exchange.
Physicists in Cracow – on the 70th anniversary of the First International Cosmic Rays Conference
Authors: Pawłowska Maria
Published: December 2018

The article discusses an extraordinary event, i.e. the First International Cosmic Rays Conference, which took place in Cracow in 1947, shortly after the end of the Second World War. The conference was organized by a group of theoretical physicists from the Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Mining under the leadership of Professor Jan Weyssenhoff. The achievements of Polish physicists, especially Cracow scientists, who were involved in the study of cosmic radiation in the 1930s and 1940s are reminded of in this article. The author recalls names of outstanding physicists representing the most wellknown research centers in Europe and the United States during the Conference. The article was enriched with photographs taken during the Conference and numerous unofficial meetings that took place in October 1947 in Cracow. The author of the pictures, Andrzej Hrynkiewicz, was a young scientist, and later professor of nuclear physics at the Jagiellonian University and the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
Basic objections to the draft and the adopted Act 2.0 vel the Constitution for science
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: December 2018

The article presents essential reservations about the proposal and the adopted Act 2.0 vel Constitution for Science. It focuses on the analysis of two topics: model of university and model of evaluation of journals and books. Our analysis is made in the light of knowledge of integrated sciences of science (containing, i.a., history of science, history of organization of higher education system and science, scientometrics and bibliometrics) and a model of university of new humanism.The article calls for introduction of series of vital modifications in the analyzed Act 2.0 and implementing regulations to remedy their fundamental drawbacks.
About Marie Skłodowska-Curie on the occasion of her 150th anniversary of the birth
Authors: Rafalska-Łasocha Alicja
Published: December 2018

The article regards the celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the birth of Marie Sklodowska-Curie − a discoverer of polonium and radium, twice decorated with a Noble Prize, the first woman professor of the Sorbonne, who in the ranking organized by the periodical New Scientist was considered the most outstanding and inspiring scientist of all time.In her youth, many universities (among them also Polish) were closed to women, so Marie Skłodowska studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. When, after her studies, she was not accepted as an assistant at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland), Marie Skłodowska came back to Paris, married Pierre Curie and started her scientific work in his humble lab.The scientific achievements of Maria Skłodowska-Curie were a breakthrough in the history of exact sciences and the basis for the application of new methods in oncological therapies. For modern scientists she is a timeless source of inspiration and is admired not only for her scientific achievements but also for her courage in breaking barriers and helping to redefine the role of women in society and science.On November 7, 2017, we celebrated the 150th anniversary of Marie Skłodowska-Curie’s birth. In Poland and abroad many events were organized during the whole year of 2017 to commemorate her life and achievements. Some of them, as well as some aspects of Skłodowska-Curie’s life and work are described in this paper.
The report on the activities of the PAU Commission on the History of Science
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: December 2018

The report discusses the activities of the Commission on the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017/2018. It presents the lists of: scientific meetings, new members, new publications, and members who have died.
History of pharmacy according to Zbigniew Bela
Authors: Magowska Anita
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on life and scientific developments of Zbigniew Bela (1948–2018) who was professor of the history of pharmacy and director of the Museum of Pharmacy of Jagiellonian University in Cracow. The aim of the article is to identify specificity of his research activity, particular because he was a Polish language scholar, however, interested in the history of pharmacy. It was proven that he used literary perspective to investigate the history of pharmacy that was very original and peculiar. His most important achievements were monographs inspired and illustrated by items from the Museum of Pharmacy in Cracow, especially the 16th century formulary by Alexey from Piedmont.
Bibliography of the works by Zbigniew Bela (1949–2018), a philologist, prosaist, and pharmacy historian
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: December 2018

The bibliography presents the list of publications by Zbigniew Bela (1949–2018), a philologist, prosaist, and historian of pharmacy.
Diplomacia cultural: aproximación al concepto, y apuntes sobre el modelo de diplomacia cultural en España
Authors: Menéndez Reyes Mª Eugenia
Published: December 2018

El presente ensayo gira en torno al estado de la cuestión de qué es la diplomacia cultural desde varios puntos de vista, ya planteados por distintos autores: la diplomacia pública, sus actores y objetivos, y la relación entre diplomacia y cultura. Una vez delimitado el concepto, se repasa el modelo español de diplomacia cultural, destacando una serie de apuntes críticos sobre el mismo. En el análisis, hemos partido de ejemplos prácticos de diplomacia cultural, para insertarlos en algunas de las líneas académicas ya planteadas por distintos autores sobre esta cuestión. La principal conclusión es la asunción de la diplomacia cultural como una forma de diplomacia en la que la cultura es un instrumento, siendo esencial, por tanto, la clarificación de los mensajes políticos que quieren transmitirse a través de ésta, que es quizá la principal falla del modelo español.
Joint retrieval of surface reflectance and aerosol properties with continuous variation of the state variables in the solution space – Part 1: theoretical concept
Authors: Govaerts Yves , Luffarelli Marta
Published: December 2018

Abstract. This paper presents a new algorithm for the joint retrieval of
surface reflectance and aerosol properties with continuous variations of the
state variables in the solution space. This algorithm, named CISAR (Combined
Inversion of Surface and AeRosol), relies on a simple atmospheric vertical
structure composed of two layers and an underlying surface. Surface
anisotropic reflectance effects are taken into account and radiatively
coupled with atmospheric scattering. For this purpose, a fast radiative
transfer model has been explicitly developed, which includes acceleration
techniques to solve the radiative transfer equation and to calculate the
Jacobians. The inversion is performed within an optimal estimation framework
including prior information on the state variable magnitude and
regularisation constraints on their spectral and temporal variability. In
each processed wavelength, the algorithm retrieves the parameters of the
surface reflectance model, the aerosol total column optical thickness and
single-scattering properties. The CISAR algorithm functioning is illustrated
with a series of simple experiments.
Hourly probabilistic snow forecasts over complex terrain: a hybrid ensemble postprocessing approach
Authors: Stauffer Reto , Mayr Georg J. , Messner Jakob W. , Zeileis Achim
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Accurate and high-resolution snowfall and fresh snow forecasts are important for a range of economic sectors as well as for the safety of people and infrastructure, especially in mountainous regions. In this article a new hybrid statistical postprocessing method is proposed, which combines standardized anomaly model output statistics (SAMOS) with ensemble copula coupling (ECC) and a novel re-weighting scheme to produce spatially and temporally high-resolution probabilistic snow forecasts. Ensemble forecasts and hindcasts of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) serve as input for the statistical postprocessing method, while measurements from two different networks provide the required observations.This new approach is applied to a region with very complex topography in the eastern European Alps. The results demonstrate that the new hybrid method allows one not only to provide reliable high-resolution forecasts, but also to combine different data sources with different temporal resolutions to create hourly probabilistic and physically consistent predictions.
From substrate to soil in a pristine environment – pedochemical, micromorphological and microbiological properties from soils on James Ross Island, Antarctica
Authors: Meier Lars A. , Krauze Patryk , Prater Isabel , Horn Fabian , Schaefer Carlos E. G. R. , Scholten Thomas , Wagner Dirk , Mueller Carsten W. , Kühn Peter
Published: December 2018

Abstract. James Ross Island (JRI) offers the exceptional opportunity to study pedogenesis without the influence of vascular plants or faunal activities (e.g. penguin rookeries) in a landscape marking the transition from maritime to continental Antarctica. Here, primarily microbial communities control soil biological processes and affect soil chemical and physical properties in a semiarid region with mean annual precipitation from 200 to 500 mm and mean air temperature below 0 °C. The impact of climate change on soil forming processes in this part of Antarctica and its related microbial processes is unknown. In this study, two soil profiles from JRI (one at St. Martha Cove – SMC, and another at Brandy Bay – BB) were investigated by combining pedological, geochemical and microbiological methods. The soil profiles are similar in respect to topographic position and parent material but are spatially separated by an orographic barrier and therefore represent lee- and windward locations towards the mainly south-westerly winds. Opposing trends in the depth functions of pH and differences in EC-values are caused by additional input of bases by sea spray at BB, the site close to the Prince Gustav Channel. Both soils are classified as Cryosols, dominated by bacterial taxa such as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadates and Chloroflexi. A shift in the dominant taxa in both soils and an increased abundance of multiple operational taxonomic units (OTUs) related to potential chemolithoautotrophic Acidoferrobacteraceae was observed. This shift was accompanied by a change in soil microstructure below 20 cm depth, with potential impact on water availability and matter fluxes. Multivariate statistics revealed correlations between the microbial community structure and soil parameters such as chloride, sulfate, calcium and organic carbon contents, grain size distribution, as well as the pedogenic oxide ratio.
Extreme lowering of deglacial seawater radiocarbon recorded by both epifaunal and infaunal benthic foraminifera in a wood-dated sediment core
Authors: Rafter Patrick A. , Herguera Juan-Carlos , Southon John R.
Published: December 2018

Abstract. For over a decade, oceanographers have debated the interpretation
and reliability of sediment microfossil records indicating extremely low
seawater radiocarbon (14C) during the last deglaciation –
observations that suggest a major disruption in marine carbon cycling
coincident with rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Possible
flaws in these records include poor age model controls, utilization of mixed
infaunal foraminifera species, and bioturbation. We have addressed these
concerns using a glacial–interglacial record of epifaunal benthic
foraminifera 14C on an ideal sedimentary age model (wood calibrated
to atmosphere 14C). Our results affirm – with important caveats –
the fidelity of these microfossil archives and confirm previous observations
of highly depleted seawater 14C at intermediate depths in the
deglacial northeast Pacific.
From climatological to small-scale applications: simulating water isotopologues with ICON-ART-Iso (version 2.3)
Authors: Eckstein Johannes , Ruhnke Roland , Pfahl Stephan , Christner Emanuel , Diekmann Christopher , Dyroff Christoph , Reinert Daniel , Rieger Daniel , Schneider Matthias , Schröter Jennifer , Zahn Andreas , Braesicke Peter
Published: December 2018

Abstract. We present the new isotope-enabled model ICON-ART-Iso. The physics package of
the global ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) modeling framework has been
extended to simulate passive moisture tracers and the stable isotopologues
HDO and H218O. The extension builds on the infrastructure
provided by ICON-ART, which allows for high flexibility with respect to the
number of related water tracers that are simulated. The physics of
isotopologue fractionation follow the model COSMOiso. We first present a
detailed description of the physics of fractionation that have been
implemented in the model. The model is then evaluated on a range of temporal
scales by comparing with measurements of precipitation and vapor. A multi-annual simulation is compared to observations of the isotopologues in
precipitation taken from the station network GNIP (Global Network for
Isotopes in Precipitation). ICON-ART-Iso is able to simulate the main
features of the seasonal cycles in δD and
δ18O as observed at the GNIP stations. In a comparison with
IASI satellite retrievals, the seasonal and daily cycles in the isotopologue
content of vapor are examined for different regions in the free troposphere.
On a small spatial and temporal scale, ICON-ART-Iso is used to simulate the
period of two flights of the IAGOS-CARIBIC aircraft in September 2010, which
sampled air in the tropopause region influenced by Hurricane Igor. The
general features of this sample as well as those of all tropical data
available from IAGOS-CARIBIC are captured by the model. The study demonstrates that ICON-ART-Iso is a flexible tool to analyze the
water cycle of ICON. It is capable of simulating tagged water as well as the
isotopologues HDO and H218O.
Does NDVI explain spatial and temporal variability in sap velocity in temperate forest ecosystems?
Authors: Hoek van Dijke Anne J. , Mallick Kaniska , Teuling Adriaan J. , Schlerf Martin , Machwitz Miriam , Hassler Sibylle K. , Blume Theresa , Herold Martin
Published: December 2018

Abstract. There is a need for a better understanding of the link between vegetation characteristics and tree transpiration to facilitate satellite derived transpiration estimation. Many studies use the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a proxy for tree biophysical characteristics, to estimate evapotranspiration. In this study we investigated the link between sap velocity and 30 m resolution Landsat derived NDVI for twenty days during two contrasting precipitation years in a temperate deciduous forest catchment. Sap velocity was measured in the Attert catchment in Luxembourg in 25 plots of 20 × 20 m covering three geologies with sensors installed in 2–4 trees per plot. The results show that sap velocity and NDVI were significantly positively correlated in April, i.e., NDVI successfully captured the pattern of sap velocity during the phase of green-up. After green-up, a significant negative correlation was found during half of the studied days. During a dry period, sap velocity was uncorrelated to NDVI, but influenced by geology and aspect. In summary, in our study area, the correlation between sap velocity and NDVI was not constant, but varied with phenology and water availability. The same behaviour was found for the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). This suggests that methods using NDVI or EVI to predict small-scale variability in (evapo)transpiration should be carefully applied and that NDVI and EVI cannot be used to scale sap velocity to stand level transpiration in temperate forest ecosystems.
Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: the role of seiche oscillations
Authors: Kirillin Georgiy , Aslamov Ilya , Leppäranta Matti , Lindgren Elisa
Published: December 2018

Abstract. We performed a field study on mixing and vertical heat transport under the
ice cover of an Arctic lake. Mixing intensities were estimated from
small-scale oscillations of water temperature and turbulent kinetic energy
dissipation rates derived from current velocity fluctuations. Well-developed
turbulent conditions prevailed in the stably stratified interfacial layer
separating the ice base from the warmer deep waters. The source of turbulent
mixing was identified as whole-lake (barotropic) oscillations of the water
body driven by strong wind events over the ice surface. We derive a scaling
of ice–water heat flux based on dissipative Kolmogorov scales and
successfully tested against measured dissipation rates and under-ice
temperature gradients. The results discard the conventional assumption of
nearly conductive heat transport within the stratified under-ice layer and
suggest contribution of the basal heat flux into the melt of ice cover is
higher than commonly assumed. Decline of the seasonal ice cover in the Arctic
is currently gaining recognition as a major indicator of climate change. The
heat transfer at the ice–water interface remains the least studied among the
mechanisms governing the growth and melting of seasonal ice. The outcomes of
the study find application in the heat budget of seasonal ice on inland and
coastal waters.
Temporal- and spatial-scale and positional effects on rain erosivity derived from point-scale and contiguous rain data
Authors: Fischer Franziska K. , Winterrath Tanja , Auerswald Karl
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Up until now, erosivity required for soil loss
predictions has been mainly estimated from rain gauge data at point scale
and then spatially interpolated to erosivity maps. Contiguous rain data from
weather radar measurements, satellites, cellular communication networks and
other sources are now available, but they differ in measurement method and
temporal and spatial scale from data at point scale. We determined how the
intensity threshold of erosive rains has to be modified and which scaling
factors have to be applied to account for the differences in method and
scales. Furthermore, a positional effect quantifies heterogeneity of
erosivity within 1 km2, which presently is the highest
resolution of freely available gauge-adjusted radar rain data. These effects
were analysed using several large data sets with a total of approximately 2×106 erosive events (e.g. records of 115 rain gauges for 16 years
distributed across Germany and radar rain data for the same locations and
events). With decreasing temporal resolution, peak intensities decreased and
the intensity threshold was met less often. This became especially
pronounced when time increments became larger than 30 min. With decreasing
spatial resolution, intensity peaks were also reduced because additionally
large areas without erosive rain were included within one pixel. This was
due to the steep spatial gradients in erosivity. Erosivity of single events
could be zero or more than twice the mean annual sum within a distance of
less than 1 km. We conclude that the resulting large positional effect
requires use of contiguous rain data, even over distances of less than 1 km,
but at the same time contiguously measured radar data cannot be resolved to
point scale. The temporal scale is easier to consider, but with time
increments larger than 30 min the loss of information increases
considerably. We provide functions to account for temporal scale (from 1
to 120 min) and spatial scale (from rain gauge to pixels of 18 km width)
that can be applied to rain gauge data of low temporal resolution and to
contiguous rain data.
The Use of the Discussion Method at University: Enhancement of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Abdulbaki Khalid Kamil , Suhaimi Muhamad , Alsaqqaf Asmaa , Jawad Wafa
Published: December 2018

The current paper attempts to examine the various aspects of the discussion method of teaching at university and its role in enhancing students’ linguistic and academic skills as well as its shortcomings. In Oman, research on English language teaching at universities and colleges show that a considerable number of students who move from secondary schools and join higher education institutions would confront difficulties in using the English language to meet their personal, social, academic, and career needs efficiently and appropriately. The discussion method allows establishing a rapport with students, stimulating their critical thinking and articulating ideas clearly (McKeachie & Svinicki, 2006). It is relatively acceptable among university academics who use it to promote active learning and long-term retention of information (Bonwell, 2000). It could provide students with a platform to contribute to their own learning and would offer the lecturer an opportunity to check students’ understanding of the material (Craven & Hogan, 2001). Critics argue that some problems may show up such as that several participants dominate the discussion sessions while other students may remain passive, and often, resentful (Brookfield & Perskill, 2005). The discussion could also include other signs of limitation such as that it may get off track or that only few students may dominate it during the whole session (Howard, 2015). Hence, the objectives of this research study are to identify students’ views and opinions of the use of the discussion method in teaching English as well as its strengths and weaknesses. The findings showed that majority of respondents indicated that a good opportunity to interact is provided during the discussion and that the lecturer is not the sole authority in class. The implications of this research could be reflected on students’ learning through their participation in class discussion.
Is There a Law Commission in France?
Authors: Combrade Bertrand-Léo
Published: December 2018

Is There a Law Commission in France - About the Commission Supérieure de Codification

The ‘Commission Supérieure de Codification (‘High Commission on Codification’) is a body that was created with the aim of providing support for the process of codifying the texts of positive law. Analysis of both its place in France’s institutional architecture and its working methods highlights certain particularities in the body’s functioning and raises questions as to its degree of proximity to the Law Commissions.
Berechting door de enkelvoudige kamer
Authors: Korthals Altes W.F.
Published: December 2018

Berechting door de enkelvoudige kamer

De regeling van de berechting door de enkelvoudige kamer (politierechter en kantonrechter) wordt aanzienlijk vereenvoudigd door het opnemen van gemeenschappelijke regels, de verwijzing naar de algemene regels voor berechting en het schrappen van in onbruik geraakte procedures. Inhoudelijk en terminologisch blijft vrijwel alles bij het oude. De vraag is of deze aspecten niet ook moeten worden gemoderniseerd.
Na chrbte koňa k lepšiemu fyzickému a psychickému zdraviu
Authors: Boriová Soňa , Pěnička Robin
Published: December 2018

Tento článok sa venuje hipoterapii ako terapeutickému využitiu koňa, jej charakteristike a biomechanickým zákonitostiam, ktoré sú kľúčové pre tento druh terapie.  V oblasti hipoterapie sme pomocou dotazníkovej metódy vykonali prieskum laickej verejnosti (kontrolná skupina; 40 respondentov) a účastníkov terapie (výskumná skupina; 38 respondentov). Výsledky v kontrolnej skupine poukazujú na dobrú informovanosť verejnosti (100% respondentov) o tomto druhu terapie a jej využití. Výsledky v skupine výskumnej poskytli náhľad do zloženia klientely (najmä pacienti s problémami fyziologického a kombinovaného charakteru; 76% respondentov) a spôsobu akým pacienti terapiu najviac využívajú (hlavne ako doplnkový typ terapie; 92% respondentov). Rozdiely medzi skupinami boli pozorované napríklad v informačných zdrojoch. V kontrolnej skupine bol najbežnejším zdrojom informácií internet (29% respondentov) zatiaľ čo v skupine výskumnej sa povedomie o využití a účinnosti terapie šíri najmä ústnym podaním medzi pacientmi a klientmi (47% respondentov). Naopak boli vo oboch skupinách zaznamenané zhodné odpovede týkajúce sa zdravotných problémov, od ktorých hipoterapia uľavuje, efektivity a využitia terapie najmä ako doplnkovej. Tento fakt ukazuje, že široká verejnosť je dobre a pravdivo informovaná o použití a účinkoch hipoterapie.
Research Commentary: Critiques of the Common Core in Early Math: A Research-Based Response
Authors: Clements Douglas H. , Fuson Karen C. , Sarama Julie
Published: December 2018

We respond to a call to analyze issues of curriculum standards and to present alternative storylines by addressing criticisms of the Common Core State Standards in early childhood. We describe a storyline from multiple media and evaluate this storyline's criticisms, focusing on the criticism that the standards are developmentally inappropriate. We review research and conclude that the criticism is invalid and may reflect a historical belief in the primacy of development over learning rather than the research record. Misinterpreting or ignoring relevant research has equity consequences because it may particularly harm those children most in need of learning support in learning grade-level mathematics. Fortunately, theory and research illuminate learning trajectories that help all children meet these standards.
Repellent Activity of the essential oil of Bursera graveolens Jacq. ex L., against Tribolium castaneum Herbst, 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Fernández-Ruiz Mashiel , Yepes-Fuentes Liris , Tirado-Ballestas Irina , Orozco Mauricio
Published: December 2018

Tribolium castaneum es una plaga que infesta los productos agrícolas almacenados, principalmente granos. Una alternativa de control son los productos naturales, destacándose los aceites esenciales. Se evaluó la actividad repelente del aceite esencial de Bursera graveolens Jacq. ex L. contra T. castaneum aplicando el método de área de preferencia. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas (p menor que 0.005) entre el área tratada y no tratada en las dosis 0.02, y 0.2 µL/cm2 luego de dos horas de exposición. Dicha actividad decreció al aumentar el tiempo de exposición. En conclusión, el aceite esencial de B. graveolens podría ser un repelente efectivo contra este insecto plaga.

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) is a plague that infest store products, mainly grains. One alternative to control it is the use of natural products, highlighting the essential oils. It was evaluated the repellent activity of the essential oil of Bursera graveolens Jacq. ex L. towards T. castaneum. Results shows significant differences (p less than 0.005) between the treated area and the non trated area at 0.02, and 0.2 µL/cm2 doses after two hours of exposition. Repellent activity decreased when the time of exposition increased. In conclusión, the essential oil of B. graveolens could be an effective repellent against plague insects, being also this report the first related to repellency in this plant.
"What is The SI?” A Proposal for an Educational Adjunct to the Redefinition of the International System of Units
Authors: Zimmerman Neil M. , Newell David B.
Published: December 2018

We discuss how the impending redefinition of the SI system of units might affect the ability of students to understand the link between the units and the new system. The redefinition will no longer define a set of base units, but rather a set of constants of nature, such as the elementary charge, e. We point out that this list of constants need not be the only way to introduce students to the subject, either in class or in textbooks. We suggest an alternative way to introduce high school and undergraduate students to the redefined SI, by suggesting a list of experiments for some units; this list would be completely compatible with the redefined SI, and would have all of the same scientific and technological advantages. We demonstrate by questionnaire results that this alternative is more appealing to students. We hope to spur a discussion amongst teachers regarding this important topic for high school and undergraduate physics courses.