bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECOGNIZING REFERENCES TO PHYSICAL PLACES INSIDE SHORT TEXTS BY USING PATTERNS AS A SEQUENCE OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
Authors: Romero A. , Sol D.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Collecting data by crowdsourcing is an explored trend to support database population and update. This kind of data is unstructured and comes from text, in particular text in social networks. Geographic database is a particular case of database that can be populated by crowdsourcing which can be done when people report some urban event in a social network by writing a short message. An event can describe an accident or a non-functioning device in the urban area. The authorities then need to read and to interpret the message to provide some help for injured people or to fix a problem in a device installed in the urban area like a light or a problem on road. Our main interest is located on working with short messages organized in a collection. Most of the messages do not have geographical coordinates. The messages can then be classified by text patterns describing a location. In fact, people use a text pattern to describe an urban location. Our work tries to identify patterns inside a short text and to indicate when it describes a location. When a pattern is identified our approach look to describe the place where the event is located. The source messages used are tweets reporting events from several Mexican cities.
World-Historical Gazetteer Research Report
Authors: Mostern Ruth
Published: September 2017

n/a
The backward operator of double almost $\left(\lambda_{m}\mu_{n}\right)$ convergence in $\chi^{2}-$Riesz space defined by a Musielak-Orlicz function
Authors: Subramanian Nagarajan , Esi Ayhan
Published: September 2017

In this paper we introduce the backward operator is $\nabla$ and study the notion of $\nabla-$ statistical convergence and $\nabla-$ statistical Cauchy sequence using by almost $\left(\lambda_{m}\mu_{n}\right)$ convergence in $\chi^{2}-$Riesz space and also some inclusion theorems are discussed.
The Funk-Hecke formula, harmonic polynomials, and derivatives of radial distributions
Authors: Estrada Ricardo
Published: September 2017

We give a version of the Funk-Hecke formula that holds with minimal assumptonsand apply it to obtain formulas for the distributional derivatives of radialdistributions in Rn of the typeYk􀀀rj(f (r)) ;where Yk is a harmonic homogeneous polynomial. We show that such derivatives havesimpler expressions than those of the form p􀀀r(f (r)) for a general polynomial p:
An inverse problem for one-dimensional diffusion equation in optical tomography
Authors: Addam Mohamed
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we study the one-dimensional inverse problem for the diffusion equation based optical tomography. The objective of the present work is a mathematical and numerical analysis concerning one-dimensional inverse problem. In the first stage, the forward diffusion equation with boundary conditions is solved using an intermediate elliptic equation. We give the existence and the uniqueness results of the solution. An approximation of the photon density in frequency-domain is proposed using a Splines Galerkin method. In the second stage, we give theoretical results such as the stability and lipschitz-continuity of the forward solution and the Fréchet differentiability of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann nonlinear map with respect to the optical parameters. The Fréchet derivative is used to linearize the considered inverse problem. The Newton method based on the regularization technique will allow us to compute the approximate solutions of the inverse problem. Several test examples are used to verify high accuracy, effectiveness and good resolution properties for smooth and discontinuous optical property solutions.
Job Engagement as a Mediator of the Relationship between Organizational Agility and Organizational Performance: A Study on Teaching Hospitals in Egypt
Authors: Nafei Wageeh A.
Published: September 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating significant role of Job Engagement (JE) in the relationship between Organizational Agility (OA) and Organizational Performance (OP).Research Design/Methodology: To assess positive OA, refer to (OA Questionnaire, Jaworski and Kohli 1993), JE (JE Questionnaire, Rich et al., 2010) and OP (OP Questionnaire, Darroch, 2003; Pathirage, et al., 2007; and Chen & Mohamed, 2007). The data of the study was collected from 310 employees at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt. Out of the 357 questionnaires that were distributed to employees at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt, 310 usable questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 86%. Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used to confirm the research hypotheses.Findings: The research has found that there is significant relationship between OA, JE and OP at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt. JE significantly influenced OA and OP. The finding reveals that OA affects OP through JE. Accordingly, the study provided a set of recommendations including the necessity to pay more attention to OA as a key source for organizations to enhance the competitive advantage which is of prime significance for OP through JE.Practical implications: This research helps boost scientific research, particularly in terms of testing the model content, as well as studying the study variables and the factors affecting them. In addition, it pointed to the need for organizations to practice OA in order to be able to meet contemporary intense competition, as this trend is to play an important role in enhancing JE.Originality/value: This research dealt with OA in terms of its concept and dimensions, in addition to dealing with the role of OA in promoting JE at Teaching Hospitals in Egypt.
Nutrient Composition of Raw, Dry-Roasted, and Skin-On Cashew Nuts
Authors: Griffin Laura Elizabeth , Dean Lisa Louise
Published: September 2017

Cashew nuts are the second most popular tree nut in the US with sales growing at a rate of 7% per annum. The highest quality cashew nuts are traditionally whole, oil-roasted, and devoid of skins. The development of a technique to remove the caustic cashew nut shell liquid from cashews and leave the skins intact allows for the production of novel cashew products including skin-on or “wrapped” in addition to raw and dry roasted products. This study investigated the nutritional characteristics of these newer cashew products. These products were found to contain bioactive compounds including mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, arginine, magnesium, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. All the types of cashews exhibited higher levels of phytosterols than the amounts reported for other tree nuts. The skin-on cashews had higher levels of phenolic compounds compared to the other cashew varieties tested, indicating additional health benefits of consuming cashew nuts with skins.
WEB SERVER LATENCY REDUCTION STUDY
Authors: Mbarek Fatma , Mosorov Volodymyr , Wojciechowski Rafał
Published: September 2017

This paper investigates the characteristics of web server response delay in order to understand and analyze the optimization techniques of reducing latency. The analysis of the latency behavior for multi-process Apache HTTP server with different thread count and various workloads,
was made. It was indicated, that the insufficient number of threads used by the server handling the concurrent requests of clients, is responsible
for increasing latency under various loads. The problem can be solved by using a modified web server configuration allowing to reduce the response time.
TOPOGRAPHY DEPENDENT VERTICAL WIND DISTRIBUTION ESTIMATION
Authors: Lamkowska Karolina , Domagalski Piotr
Published: September 2017

We propose a novel technique for estimation of vertical wind distribution. Proposed modification of logarithmic profile relies on introducing topography dependent dispersion parameter calculated based on fractal dimension of topography. Initial results compared against full scale wind measurement show high agreement. Proposed methodology brings promise of precise a priori calculations of wind profile in case of non-flat, nonhomogeneous surface roughness terrain, improving the precision of wind potential estimation for wind energy sector.
INVESTMENT PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF AN ON-GRID PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Authors: Szpulak Piotr , Paszkiel Szczepan , Wawrzyniak Stanisław , Gryszpiński Mirosław
Published: September 2017

The potential of the solar energy sector is starting to become increasingly important. The possibility to produce electrical power for household needs, as a result of an investment in photovoltaics is gaining popularity, and storing its surplus in a power grid and settlement of its consumption on the basis of an annual balance, allows to limit electricity bills to the minimum. The implementation stage, which promotes investing in solar renewable energy for own household needs was introduced by the new Act on RES, promoting the prosumer On-Grid system. The paper focuses on presenting the analysis of profitability of installing photovoltaic On-grid systems.
Rheumatologists’ beliefs about medication barely differ from patients’ medication beliefs
Authors: Van den Bemt Bart , Zwikker Hanneke , Lesuis Nienke , DenBroeder Alfons , Van den Ende Cornelia , Horne Robert , Van Dulmen Sandra
Published: September 2017

Rationale, aims and objectivesStudies suggest that both healthcare providers’ and patients’ beliefs about medication influence medication adherence. This study aims to describe and compare rheumatologists’ and patients’ beliefs about medication. MethodData were collected in a specialized rheumatology clinic in the Netherlands. An adapted version of the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) was used to measure beliefs about medication in rheumatologists. (Dichotomized) scores on the BMQ of rheumatologists were compared to RA patients’ scores on the BMQ, using t-tests and two-group tests of proportions with 95% confidence intervals.  ResultsTwenty-seven (96% of the eligible) rheumatologists (mean age 42 years, 63% female) and 580 (71% of the eligible) RA patients (mean age 63 years, 68% female) were included. Generally, beliefs about medication did not differ between rheumatologists and patients. Both groups strongly perceived the need to take prescribed medication, but also had significant concerns about the long-term effects of the medication (63% of rheumatologists and 68% of patients expressed concerns). Some differences in beliefs were also present: Fewer rheumatologists worried about the fact that patients have to take medicines (15% versus 44%, respectively) and about the possibility that patients become too dependent on the medicines (15% versus 30%, respectively). ConclusionsThis study indicates that, generally, rheumatologists’ beliefs about medication barely differ from those of patients. However, in some respects, patients do have stronger concerns about medication than rheumatologists. Future research should focus on the interplay between rheumatologists’ and patients’ beliefs about medication and its impact on medication adherence.
Development of a Care Coordinator Performance Measurement Tool for Indonesian Family Physicians
Authors: Werdhani Retno Asti , Sulistomo Astrid , Mansyur Muchtaruddin , Herqutanto Herqutanto , Wirawan Ismail , Rahajeng Ekowati , Husodo Adi Heru
Published: September 2017

Background, aims and objectives: One of the roles of a family physician is as a care coordinator. This study aimed to develop a care coordinator measurement tool for family physicians in Indonesia. The instrument development method was conducted using Expert Judgement, the Delphi Technique and Factor Analysis. Thirteen themes relevant to the work of a care coordinator were obtained from 19 experts. Eighty-eight items were drafted from thematic definition and a literature search. Fifty-four items were selected through 2 rounds of Delphi Technique. No significant characteristic difference were found in both Delphi samples. The items considered very relevant to the work of a care coordinator (Likert scale 8-9) from more than 75% respondents were selected for factor analysis. A factor analysis was conducted on 249 samples. It showed an adequate number of samples and correlation for all items (KMO of Sampling 0.936 and Bartlett’s Test < 0.001). Eleven factors were derived from the results of eigenvalue > 1. Thirty-three items were filtered after determined loading factor > 0.4. Cronbach's alpha for each factor varied from 0.7-0.91. Cronbach's alpha for a total of 33 items was 0.94 with total variation documented as high as 77%. Conclusion: A valid and reliable care coordinator measurement tool for Indonesian Family Physicians has been developed, consisting of 11 factors and 33 items.
Building empathy among the people of an Emergency Department: Staff and patients, a two-way interaction
Authors: Luther Matt , Gardiner Fergus , Brady Bernadette
Published: September 2017

Background: The sharing of a story, related to a co-worker or patient, is believed to lead to an increased personalisation of the empathy message. Previous clinical interventions aimed at improving empathy, primarily considered one stakeholder and were often patient-centric. Objective: The aim of this study was to test whether an intervention consisting of audio clips concerning the experiences of the people of an Emergency Department, can lead to increases in measured empathy.Methods: To promote a multidisciplinary approach, the researchers included patients (including their significant others) and clinical staff in the study design. The researchers recorded interviews focusing on the participants lived experience within the Emergency Department (ED).The audio recordings aimed to capture the perspective of: working in the ED (including the multidisciplinary team), being a patient in the ED and being a significant other in the ED (the people of an Emergency Department). This design enabled sharing of the lived experience of the participants, thus encouraging empathetic feelings bilaterally, between the patient and clinician. Results: Participants indicated that after listening to a story, 93.2% (n=55) felt they had a better understanding of the situation experienced by emergency department staff, patients or their visitors/significant others. Furthermore, 88.3% (n=53) of participants indicated that their empathy towards the people of the ED increased. Participants were asked to indicate their ability to empathise before listening to a recording, with a resulting weighted average of 3.25/5. This was then compared to their weighted average result, following listening to an audio recording of 4.17/5. Overall, the participant results were highly significant t(6.1174)=0.0001, p=<0.001. Conclusion: Audio recordings, demonstrating patient and healthcare clinician experiences, from a 360° perspective, are an effective way to share the familiarities of the people of an ED, promoting an ability in the listener to ‘walk in another’s shoes’.
The economic burden of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME): an initial summary of the existing evidence and recommendations for further research
Authors: Brenna Elenka , Gitto Lara
Published: September 2017

Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) describes a condition of chronic weakness that cannot be alleviated by rest and which is associated with lower quality of life and higher healthcare utilization. In Western countries, its prevalence ranges from 0.2% to 1%. Despite the many efforts carried out during recent decades to investigate the nature of this syndrome, there are still uncertainties and controversies with respect to its definition, diagnosis and what constitutes optimal treatment. Some authors suggest that there may be a significant percentage of patients that are not yet diagnosed with this illness, due to the difficulty in identifying the symptoms. Thus, the economic burden of the disease remains unclear, although it is well recognized that the costs associated with CFS are mainly related to productivity loss.Methods: A literature review was conducted to investigate this topic, by considering, with a chronological perspective, the most relevant contributions focussed on the economic costs and consequences of CFS/ME. Results: The literature review describes how the economic burden of CFS has been increasingly considered over recent decades and addresses the aspects of CFS that deserve more attention as this field of study moves forward.Conclusion: The economic burden of CFS has not been well studied, but recent research demonstrates an increasing interest in the direct and indirect costs of CFS on individuals and Society. The need to establish an optimal, person-centered approach to the diagnosis, management and follow-up of CFS, is an imperative for modern medicine, given the relationship between the nature of clinical practice and the costs incurred by CFS. Further research is required to explore this relationship and to define its policy implications.
Circumventing High School Rules That Expire
Authors: Dougherty Barbara J. , Bush Sarah B. , Karp Karen S.
Published: September 2017

Many times what is taught in one grade can “expire” when students face topics and situations that are more sophisticated in the grades that follow.
The Role of Examples in Teaching
Authors: Kinzel Margaret T. , Cavey Laurie O.
Published: September 2017

“A good stock of examples, as large as possible, is indispensable for a thorough understanding of any concept, and when I want to learn something new, I make it my first job to build one.” (Halmos 1985, p. 63)
La transparencia de los ayuntamientos de Cataluña antes de la entrada en vigor de la legislación estatal y autonómica
Authors: Molina Rodríguez-Navas Pedro , Rodríguez Breijo Vanessa , Corcoy Rius Marta , Vadillo Bengoa Nerea
Published: September 2017

El objetivo del proyecto Mapa Infoparticipa es mejorar la transparencia de las administraciones públicas locales. Se ha desarrollado un procedimiento de auditoria cívica que comienza con la evaluación de la información publicada en las webs de las corporaciones. Los resultados se muestran en el Mapa Infoparticipa, se elaboran informes para darlos a conocer a los medios de comunicación, se asesora a los ayuntamientos para que mejoren sus resultados y se concede un sello acreditativo a los que obtienen resultados satisfactorios. En 2012 se hizo una primera evaluación de las webs de los 947 ayuntamientos de Cataluña y se han hecho dos más en los años siguientes. Comparando los resultados obtenidos, mostramos el estado de la transparencia en esos dos momentos y la utilidad del procedimiento. Los ayuntamientos que han aplicado los criterios del proyecto están mejor preparados para adecuarse a la Ley de Transparencia, vigente desde diciembre de 2015.
Twelve‐year mortality in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa
Authors: Cornell Morna , Johnson Leigh F. , Wood Robin , Tanser Frank , Fox Matthew P. , Prozesky Hans , Schomaker Michael , Egger Matthias , Davies Mary‐Ann , Boulle Andrew ,   for the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS‐Southern Africa collaboration
Published: September 2017

Introduction: South Africa has the largest number of individuals living with HIV and the largest antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme worldwide. In September 2016, ART eligibility was extended to all 7.1 million HIV‐positive South Africans. To ensure that further expansion of services does not compromise quality of care, long‐term outcomes must be monitored. Few studies have reported long‐term mortality in resource‐constrained settings, where mortality ascertainment is challenging. Combining site records with data linked to the national vital registration system, sites in the International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa collaboration can identify >95% of deaths in patients with civil identification numbers (IDs). This study used linked data to explore long‐term mortality and viral suppression among adults starting ART in South Africa.

Methods: The study was a cohort analysis of routine data on adults with IDs starting ART 2004–2015 in five large ART cohorts. Mortality was estimated overall and by gender using the Kaplan‐Meier estimator and Cox's proportional hazards regression. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated by dividing observed numbers of deaths by numbers expected if patients had been HIV‐negative. Viral suppression in patients with viral loads (VLs) in their last year of follow‐up was the secondary outcome.

Results: Among 72,812 adults followed for 350,376 person years (pyrs), the crude mortality rate was 3.08 (95% CI 3.02–3.14)/100 pyrs. Patients were predominantly female (67%) and the percentage of men initiating ART did not increase. Cumulative mortality 12 years after ART initiation was 23.9% (33.4% male and 19.4% female). Mortality peaked in patients enrolling in 2007–2009 and was higher in men than women at all durations. Observed mortality rates were higher than HIV‐negative mortality, decreasing with duration. By 48 months, observed mortality was close to that in the HIV‐negative population, and SMRs were similar for all baseline CD4 strata. Three‐quarters of patients had VLs in their last year, and 86% of these were virally suppressed.

Conclusions: The South African ART programme has shown a remarkable ability to initiate and manage patients successfully over 12 years, despite rapid expansion. With further scale‐up, testing and initiating men on ART must be a national priority.
Multicentre analysis of second‐line antiretroviral treatment in HIV‐infected children: adolescents at high risk of failure
Authors: Boerma Ragna S. , Bunupuradah Torsak , Dow Dorothy , Fokam Joseph , Kariminia Azar , Lehman Dara , Kityo Cissy , Musiime Victor , Palumbo Paul , Schoffelen Annelot , Sophan Sam , Zanoni Brian , Rinke de Wit Tobias F. , Calis Job C.J. , Sigaloff Kim C.E. ,   for the Paediatric Second‐line Study Group
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The number of HIV‐infected children and adolescents requiring second‐line antiretroviral treatment (ART) is increasing in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). However, the effectiveness of paediatric second‐line ART and potential risk factors for virologic failure are poorly characterized. We performed an aggregate analysis of second‐line ART outcomes for children and assessed the need for paediatric third‐line ART.

Methods: We performed a multicentre analysis by systematically reviewing the literature to identify cohorts of children and adolescents receiving second‐line ART in LMIC, contacting the corresponding study groups and including patient‐level data on virologic and clinical outcomes. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazard models were used to describe cumulative rates and predictors of virologic failure. Virologic failure was defined as two consecutive viral load measurements >1000 copies/ml after at least six months of second‐line treatment.

Results: We included 12 cohorts representing 928 children on second‐line protease inhibitor (PI)‐based ART in 14 countries in Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. After 24 months, 16.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 13.9–19.4) of children experienced virologic failure. Adolescents (10–18 years) had failure rates of 14.5 (95% CI 11.9–17.6) per 100 person‐years compared to 4.5 (95% CI 3.4–5.8) for younger children (3–9 years). Risk factors for virologic failure were adolescence (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.93, p < 0.001) and short duration of first‐line ART before treatment switch (aHR 0.64 and 0.53, p = 0.008, for 24–48 months and >48 months, respectively, compared to <24 months).

Conclusions: In LMIC, paediatric PI‐based second‐line ART was associated with relatively low virologic failure rates. However, adolescents showed exceptionally poor virologic outcomes in LMIC, and optimizing their HIV care requires urgent attention. In addition, 16% of children and adolescents failed PI‐based treatment and will require integrase inhibitors to construct salvage regimens. These drugs are currently not available in LMIC.
Mechanism of environmentally driven conformational changes that modulate H-NS DNA-bridging activity
Authors: van der Valk Ramon A , Vreede Jocelyne , Qin Liang , Moolenaar Geri F , Hofmann Andreas , Goosen Nora , Dame Remus T
Published: September 2017

Bacteria frequently need to adapt to altered environmental conditions. Adaptation requires changes in gene expression, often mediated by global regulators of transcription. The nucleoid-associated protein H-NS is a key global regulator in Gram-negative bacteria and is believed to be a crucial player in bacterial chromatin organization via its DNA-bridging activity. H-NS activity in vivo is modulated by physico-chemical factors (osmolarity, pH, temperature) and interaction partners. Mechanistically, it is unclear how functional modulation of H-NS by such factors is achieved. Here, we show that a diverse spectrum of H-NS modulators alter the DNA-bridging activity of H-NS. Changes in monovalent and divalent ion concentrations drive an abrupt switch between a bridging and non-bridging DNA-binding mode. Similarly, synergistic and antagonistic co-regulators modulate the DNA-bridging efficiency. Structural studies suggest a conserved mechanism: H-NS switches between a ‘closed’ and an ‘open’, bridging competent, conformation driven by environmental cues and interaction partners.
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) prime the limb specific Shh enhancer for chromatin changes that balance histone acetylation mediated by E26 transformation-specific (ETS) factors
Authors: Peluso Silvia , Douglas Adam , Hill Alison , De Angelis Carlo , Moore Benjamin L , Grimes Graeme , Petrovich Giulia , Essafi Abdelkader , Hill Robert E
Published: September 2017

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the limb bud organizing centre called the zone of polarizing activity is regulated by the ZRS enhancer. Here, we examine in mouse and in a mouse limb-derived cell line the dynamic events that activate and restrict the spatial activity of the ZRS. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling in the distal limb primes the ZRS at early embryonic stages maintaining a poised, but inactive state broadly across the distal limb mesenchyme. The E26 transformation-specific transcription factor, ETV4, which is induced by FGF signalling and acts as a repressor of ZRS activity, interacts with the histone deacetylase HDAC2 and ensures that the poised ZRS remains transcriptionally inactive. Conversely, GABPα, an activator of the ZRS, recruits p300, which is associated with histone acetylation (H3K27ac) indicative of an active enhancer. Hence, the primed but inactive state of the ZRS is induced by FGF signalling and in combination with balanced histone modification events establishes the restricted, active enhancer responsible for patterning the limb bud during development.
Identification of highly-protective combinations of Plasmodium vivax recombinant proteins for vaccine development
Authors: França Camila Tenorio , White Michael T , He Wen-Qiang , Hostetler Jessica B , Brewster Jessica , Frato Gabriel , Malhotra Indu , Gruszczyk Jakub , Huon Christele , Lin Enmoore , Kiniboro Benson , Yadava Anjali , Siba Peter , Galinski Mary R , Healer Julie , Chitnis Chetan , Cowman Alan F , Takashima Eizo , Tsuboi Takafumi , Tham Wai-Hong , Fairhurst Rick M , Rayner Julian C , King Christopher L , Mueller Ivo
Published: September 2017

The study of antigenic targets of naturally-acquired immunity is essential to identify and prioritize antigens for further functional characterization. We measured total IgG antibodies to 38 P. vivax antigens, investigating their relationship with prospective risk of malaria in a cohort of 1–3 years old Papua New Guinean children. Using simulated annealing algorithms, the potential protective efficacy of antibodies to multiple antigen-combinations, and the antibody thresholds associated with protection were investigated for the first time. High antibody levels to multiple known and newly identified proteins were strongly associated with protection (IRR 0.44–0.74, p<0.001–0.041). Among five-antigen combinations with the strongest protective effect (>90%), EBP, DBPII, RBP1a, CyRPA, and PVX_081550 were most frequently identified; several of them requiring very low antibody levels to show a protective association. These data identify individual antigens that should be prioritized for further functional testing and establish a clear path to testing a multicomponent P. vivax vaccine.
Natural mismatch repair mutations mediate phenotypic diversity and drug resistance in Cryptococcus deuterogattii
Authors: Billmyre R Blake , Clancey Shelly Applen , Heitman Joseph
Published: September 2017

Pathogenic microbes confront an evolutionary conflict between the pressure to maintain genome stability and the need to adapt to mounting external stresses. Bacteria often respond with elevated mutation rates, but little evidence exists of stable eukaryotic hypermutators in nature. Whole genome resequencing of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus deuterogattii identified an outbreak lineage characterized by a nonsense mutation in the mismatch repair component MSH2. This defect results in a moderate mutation rate increase in typical genes, and a larger increase in genes containing homopolymer runs. This allows facile inactivation of genes with coding homopolymer runs including FRR1, which encodes the target of the immunosuppresive antifungal drugs FK506 and rapamycin. Our study identifies a eukaryotic hypermutator lineage spread over two continents and suggests that pathogenic eukaryotic microbes may experience similar selection pressures on mutation rate as bacterial pathogens, particularly during long periods of clonal growth or while expanding into new environments.
Neural stem cells induce the formation of their physical niche during organogenesis
Authors: Seleit Ali , Krämer Isabel , Riebesehl Bea F , Ambrosio Elizabeth M , Stolper Julian S , Lischik Colin Q , Dross Nicolas , Centanin Lazaro
Published: September 2017

Most organs rely on stem cells to maintain homeostasis during post-embryonic life. Typically, stem cells of independent lineages work coordinately within mature organs to ensure proper ratios of cell types. Little is known, however, on how these different stem cells locate to forming organs during development. Here we show that neuromasts of the posterior lateral line in medaka are composed of two independent life-long lineages with different embryonic origins. Clonal analysis and 4D imaging revealed a hierarchical organisation with instructing and responding roles: an inner, neural lineage induces the formation of an outer, border cell lineage (nBC) from the skin epithelium. Our results demonstrate that the neural lineage is necessary and sufficient to generate nBCs highlighting self-organisation principles at the level of the entire embryo. We hypothesise that induction of surrounding tissues plays a major role during the establishment of vertebrate stem cell niches.
Estimated effects of implementing an open access policy for grantees at a private foundation
Authors: Strasser Carly , Khare Eesha
Published: September 2017

Background

The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF) was interested in understanding the potential effects of requiring that grantees publish their peer-reviewed research in open access journals.

Methods

We collected data on more than 2,000 publications in over 500 journals that were generated by GBMF grantees since 2001. We then examined the journal policies to establish how two possible open access policies might have affected grantee publishing habits.

Results

We found that 99.3% of the articles published by grantees would have complied with a policy that requires open access within 12 months of publication. We also estimated the maximum annual costs to GBMF for covering fees associated with “gold open access” to be between $400,000 and $2,600,000 annually.

Discussion

Based in part on this study, GBMF has implemented a new open access policy that requires grantees make peer-reviewed publications fully available within 12 months.
Analysis of Potential for Human Exposure to Aerial Dispersant Application
Authors: Konkel Wolfgang J.
Published: September 2017

The response to the Macondo oil well blow-out in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, utilized significant quantities of dispersants. The way dispersants make oil available to natural biodegradation, their environmental effects, and overall benefits in oil spill reponse were well understood by the oil and spill response industries. These materials have been studied and improved for over 40 years. In spill response scenarios like Macondo, the large quantities of dispersant utilized raised concerns regarding human exposures.

This paper provides the following:An analysis of dispersant spray drift from aerial application of oil dispersant.A review of the exclusion zones established by the Region IV and VI Regional Response Teams (RRT’s).Evidence that the controls to protect cleanup workers were effective.

The volume of chemical dispersant utilized in the Macondo response is often presented as an indicator suggesting human exposure. While the volume is interesting, the application, its dilution in the water column, and its environmental persistence are far better measures of the potential for human exposure. Furthermore, the controls that were required by the Federal–On-Scene-Coordinator to ensure responder and public safety are critical considerations. These controls were designed and implemented by Regulators and supported by appropriate health professionals to avoid the possibility of human exposure. These controls were established and published well before the Macondo spill.

Studies were undertaken during the 2010 spill response to examine surface and subsurface waters to determine the presence of dispersant constituents. Spill response worker exposure was evaluated in both offshore and on-shore clean-up areas during dispersant application. The studies found no evidence that response workers were exposed to levels of constituents that approached occupational exposure limits.
Exploring the putative self‐binding property of the human farnesyltransferase alpha‐subunit
Authors: Hagemann Anna , Müller Grit , Manthey Iris , Bachmann Hagen S.
Published: September 2017

Farnesylation is an important post‐translational protein modification in eukaryotes. Farnesylation is performed by protein farnesyltransferase, a heterodimer composed of an α‐ (FTα) and a β‐subunit. Recently, homodimerization of truncated rat and yeast FTα has been detected, suggesting a new role for FTα homodimers in signal transduction. We investigated the putative dimerization behaviour of human and rat FTα. Different in vitro and in vivo approaches revealed no self‐dimerization and a presumably artificial formation of homotrimers and higher homo‐oligomers in vitro. Our study contributes to the clarification of the physiological features of FTase in different species and may be important for the ongoing development of FTase inhibitors.
Cell cycle‐dependent regulation of cytoglobin by Skp2
Authors: John Rince , Atri Yama , Chand Vaibhav , Jaiswal Neha , Raj Kritika , Nag Alo
Published: September 2017

Cytoglobin (Cygb) is a cellular haemoprotein belonging to the globin family with ambiguous biological functions. Downregulation of Cygb in many cancers is indicative of its tumour‐suppressive role. This is the first report showing the cell cycle regulation of Cygb, which was found to peak at G1 and rapidly decline in S phase. Importantly, Skp2‐mediated degradation of Cygb was identified as the key mechanism for controlling its oscillating levels during the cell cycle. Moreover, overexpression of Cygb stimulates hypophosphorylation of Rb causing delayed cell cycle progression. Overall, the study reveals a novel mechanism for the regulated expression of Cygb and also assigns a new role to Cygb in cell cycle control.
A Numerical Investigation on Tidal and Gravity Wave Contributions to the Summer Time Na Variations in the Midlatitude E Region
Authors: Cai Xuguang , Yuan Tao , Eccles J. Vincent
Published: September 2017

The Na density variations in the E region have been studied over the past few decades. Although considerable progress in understanding and in modeling the metal layer observations has been made, Na density features above 100 km have yet to be explained. Various studies have linked them to the Na+ variations, a major reservoir for Na in E region. But the lack of comprehensive modeling investigations and of wind and temperature observations prevents further understanding on this important ion‐neutral coupling topic. In this study, we conduct a numerical simulation on the summer time Na density behavior in the midlatitude E region, where both the ion density and the neutral atmosphere are modulated by tidal and gravity waves. Simulation results show good agreement with Na lidar measurements and reveal that atmospheric waves can transport Na upward to generate Na layers and variations in E region considerably. The vertical wind component of the large amplitude tidal wave can extend the Na layer above 120 km into the thermosphere. The simulation also demonstrates that the modulation of large amplitude gravity (GW) wave can generate small‐scale sporadic Na layers (Nas) in the E region. Finally, eddy diffusion enhancement in the GW saturation process can significantly alter the Nas spatial and temporal structures.
Projections of the future occurrence, distribution, and seasonality of three Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay under a high‐emission climate change scenario
Authors: Muhling Barbara A. , Jacobs John , Stock Charles A. , Gaitan Carlos F. , Saba Vincent S.
Published: September 2017

Illness caused by pathogenic strains of Vibrio bacteria incurs significant economic and health care costs in many areas around the world. In the Chesapeake Bay, the two most problematic species are V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, which cause infection both from exposure to contaminated water and consumption of contaminated seafood. We used existing Vibrio habitat models, four global climate models, and a recently developed statistical downscaling framework to project the spatiotemporal probability of occurrence of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae in the estuarine environment, and the mean concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters in the Chesapeake Bay by the end of the 21st century. Results showed substantial future increases in season length and spatial habitat for V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, while projected increase in V. cholerae habitat was less marked and more spatially heterogeneous. Our findings underscore the need for spatially variable inputs into models of climate impacts on Vibrios in estuarine environments. Overall, economic costs associated with Vibrios in the Chesapeake Bay, such as incidence of illness and management measures on the shellfish industry, may increase under climate change, with implications for recreational and commercial uses of the ecosystem.
Tidal Response in Shallow Tectonic Tremors
Authors: Katakami S. , Yamashita Y. , Yakiwara H. , Shimizu H. , Ito Y. , Ohta K.
Published: September 2017

Various types of slow earthquakes (e.g., tectonic tremors and slow slip events) have been reported in tectonic zones, especially in the subduction zone. The tidal response of a tremor is considered to be strongly related to the weak friction state of the plate interface, and many studies have reported observational evidence of such correlation between tides and deep tremor activity. Here we used the modified frequency scanning method at a single station to detect micro tectonic tremors that have not been previously reported in southern Kyushu. In the early stage of the tremor activity, tremors are mostly modulated by slow slip events. In contrast, we found a seismic response to ocean tides during the later stage in the shallower part of the subduction zone. This might indicate that the tremors are triggered by tidal changes caused by fault weakening due to slow slip events as same as deeper condition.
Durable Terrestrial Bedrock Predicts Submarine Canyon Formation
Authors: Smith M. Elliot , Finnegan Noah J. , Mueller Erich R. , Best Rebecca J.
Published: September 2017

Though submarine canyons are first‐order topographic features of Earth, the processes responsible for their occurrence remain poorly understood. Potentially analogous studies of terrestrial rivers show that the flux and caliber of transported bedload are significant controls on bedrock incision. Here we hypothesize that coarse sediment load could exert a similar role in the formation of submarine canyons. We conducted a comprehensive empirical analysis of canyon occurrence along the West Coast of the contiguous United States which indicates that submarine canyon occurrence is best predicted by the occurrence of durable crystalline bedrock in adjacent terrestrial catchments. Canyon occurrence is also predicted by the flux of bed sediment to shore from terrestrial streams. Surprisingly, no significant correlation was observed between canyon occurrence and the slope or width of the continental shelf. These findings suggest that canyon incision is promoted by greater yields of durable terrestrial clasts to the shore.
Brittle to Semibrittle Transition in Quartz Sandstone: Energetics
Authors: Kanaya Taka , Hirth Greg
Published: September 2017

Triaxial compression experiments were conducted on a quartz sandstone at effective pressures up to 175 MPa and temperatures up to 900°C. Our experiments show a transition from brittle faulting to semibrittle faulting with an increase in both pressure and temperature. The yield behavior of samples deformed in the semibrittle regime follows a compactant elliptical cap at low strain, but evolves to a dilatant Mohr–Coulomb relationship with continued compaction. Optical microscopy indicates that semibrittle deformation involves cataclastic flow through shear‐enhanced compaction and grain crushing; however, transmission electron microscopy shows evidence for dislocation glide in limited portions of samples. To constrain the relative contribution of brittle and crystal plastic mechanisms, we estimate the partitioning of the inelastic work into the dissipation energy for microcracking, intergranular frictional slip, and dislocation glide. We conclude that semibrittle deformation is accommodated primarily by cataclastic mechanisms, with only a limited contribution from crystal plasticity. Mechanical data, acoustic emission records, and analysis of surface energy all indicate the activation of subcritical cracking at elevated temperature. Hence, we infer that the enhancement of subcritical cracking is responsible for the transition to semibrittle flow through promoting distributed grain‐scale fractures and millimeter‐scale shear bands. Subcritical cracking promotes the nucleation of microfractures at lower stresses, and the resulting decrease in flow stress retards the propagation of transgranular microfractures. Our study illuminates the important role of temperature on the micromechanics of the transition from brittle faulting to cataclastic flow in the Earth.
Cholera toxin B subunit induces local curvature on lipid bilayers
Authors: Pezeshkian Weria , Nåbo Lina J. , Ipsen John H.
Published: September 2017

The B subunit of the bacterial cholera toxin (CTxB) is responsible for the toxin binding to the cell membrane and its intracellular trafficking. CTxB binds to the monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside at the plasma membrane of the target cell and mediates toxin internalization by endocytosis. CTxB induces a local membrane curvature that is essential for its clathrin‐independent uptake. Using all‐atom molecular dynamics, we show that CTxB induces local curvature, with the radius of curvature around 36 nm. The main feature of the CTxB molecular structure that causes membrane bending is the protruding alpha helices in the middle of the protein. Our study points to a generic protein design principle for generating local membrane curvature through specific binding to their lipid anchors.
The Effects of Cycling on a Desk Bike on Attention, Retention and Mood during a Video Lecture
Authors: Ruiter Margina , Loyens Sofie , Paas Fred
Published: September 2017

This study investigated whether cycling on a desk bike would foster sustained attention in a lecture setting. This was measured by effects on retention, task experience (e.g. self‐reported attention) and affect (i.e. happiness and energy). Participants were 122 students, who watched a two‐part video lecture and made the associated retention tests administered right after each lecture part. In four experimental conditions, students sat still during the first part of the lecture and either cycled or not during the second part of the lecture and the subsequent retention test. Our main hypothesis that cycling would reduce negative time‐on‐task effects on retention of the lecture content, task experience (e.g. self‐reported attention) and affect was only confirmed for energy ratings. The results of this study suggest that desk bikes can be used in educational facilities without negatively affecting memory and positively influencing learners' affective state.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Time Fly 20 m above the Ground? Exploring the Role of Affective Response on Time Perception in a High‐risk Sport
Authors: Castellà Judit , Cuello Cristina , Sanz Antoni
Published: September 2017

A field study (n = 61) was performed in aVia Ferratato explore how affective response influences time perception during an arousing activity in a real‐life setting (passing through a 69‐m‐long, 20‐m‐high, two‐rope bridge). Two questionnaires were administered (i) at the end point of the bridge (high‐arousing condition) and (ii) close to the end of theVia Ferrata(low‐arousing condition). Participants assessed their affect (arousal, valence, and dominance) and provided retrospective (duration estimation and passage of time judgments) and prospective (to produce a subjective minute using a stopwatch) temporal judgments. The results showed that the actual performance mediated the relationship between affect and retrospective time perception measures, with the exception of dominance, which directly predicted passage of time judgments. Regarding prospective measures, an increase in arousal was parallel to shorter temporal productions. The results are discussed in terms of the emotional factors underlying time perception in ecological contexts.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Amination and Annulation of Arenes with Anthranils: C‐H Activation Assisted by Weakly Coordinating Amides
Authors: Wang Manman , Kong Lingheng , Wang Fen , Li Xingwei
Published: September 2017

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C−H amination of benzamides and isoquinolones with anthranils has been realized under assistance of weakly coordinating amide, leading to a bifunctionalized amination product which can further cyclize to acridine under in situ or ex situ conditions.

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