bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survey of Advantages Obtained by Judoka in Competition by Level of Practice
Authors: Calmet Michel , Ahmaidi Said
Published: September 2010

In judo, placing the opponent in a situation of uncertainty requires the mastery of several throws. French young judoka learn, respectively, 10, 9, and 8 throws to earn yellow, orange, and green belts. These techniques allow throwing down a judoka in several directions (backward, forward, left and right). To see what happens in competition 82 judoka were observed during regional competitions. The average number of matches was 3.3 ± 0.5. The average number of successful attack directions was 2.8 ± 1.3 for 8 children at orange to green belt level; 2.1 ± 0.7 for 11 children at blue belt level; 2.2 ± 0.8 for 17 children at brown belt level; 2.8 ± 0.9 for 20 cadets at brown to black belt level, 2.6 ± 1.1 for 10 juniors at brown to black belt level, and 3.3 ± 0.9 for 16 seniors at black belt level. These scores for children with blue and brown belts were significantly different ( p = .02) from those of seniors with black belts. Such results imply a nonlinear progression between the technical level (represented by the belt) and the capacity to create uncertainty (the ability to throw down the opponent with at least three techniques in three different directions). Judo is a sport of slow technical maturation; it requires this adaptation before its mastery in competition.
Picture-Name Priming in the Cerebral Hemispheres: Evidence for Phonological Access in the Right Hemisphere
Authors: Shibahara Naoki
Published: September 2010

This study investigated right hemisphere involvement in access to phonology, using a picture-naming priming paradigm where pictures and names of common objects printed in Japanese Kana were presented in succession to the same visual field or different visual fields with a stimulus onset asynchrony of 250 msec. A naming task was used for this purpose. The result showed that, when primes and targets were presented to the same visual field, facilitation for related pairs was observed in each hemisphere, with overall naming latencies being slower in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. This result indicates that the prior access to phonology for a picture in the right hemisphere facilitates phonological activation of a word that names the picture in this hemisphere, suggesting that the right hemisphere is involved in access to phonology. On the other hand, when primes and targets were presented to different visual fields, there was no facilitation for related pairs with inhibition for unrelated pairs, irrespective of prime and target visual fields. It is suggested that this inhibition-dominant pattern of priming may occur due to homotopic inhibition processes proposed by N. D. Cook.
Mood Changes after Maximal Exercise Testing in Subjects with Symptoms of Exercise Dependence
Authors: Rosa Daniel Alves , de Mello Marco Túlio , Negrão André B. , de Souza-Formigoni Maria Lucia Oliveira
Published: September 2010

Considering exercise has positive and negative reinforcing properties, the mood states of sedentary, nonexercise-dependent and exercise-dependent volunteers were compared after maximal exercise testing. Mood status was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory, Trait-State Anxiety Inventory, and Profile of Mood States (POMS). No differences were detected before the test or after it, indicating little possibility of positive reinforcement. However, a significant reduction in the POMS Tension-Anxiety scores was observed in both exerciser groups (greater in the exercise-dependent group) but not in the sedentary group. Only in the exercise-dependent group were significant reductions in Anger and Total Mood Disorders scores observed compared with their pre-exercise scores. These data suggest that exercising has stronger negative reinforcement properties for exercise-dependent volunteers and is a factor which could increase the odds of their becoming dependent on exercise.
Bridging the Divide between Laboratory and “Real World” in Stuttering
Authors: Venkatagiri H. S.
Published: September 2010

Stutterers stutter significantly less in the laboratory and the clinic than in everyday speaking situations. This paper reviews pertinent literature to show that, in the outside world, stutterers have a stake in what they say and therefore message content and interpersonal dynamics command attention-relegating speech-motor planning and execution to an automatic, memory-based process called speech concatenation. In the laboratory and the clinic, content of communication and interpersonal dynamics are less important, allowing stutterers to concentrate on the motor planning of articulation and prosody. Evidence reviewed here suggests that speech construction (real time preparation of an utterance motor plan) is incompatible with stuttering. Evidence also suggests that a slight delay in retrieving motor plans from memory during speech concatenation is the immediate source of stuttering.
Relation between Polysomnographic Measures during Nocturnal Sleep and a Quotient of Behavioral Development in Infants with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Shibagaki Masamitsu , Sawata Takenori , Tachibana Toshiaki
Published: September 2010

Polysomnographic features during nocturnal sleep were investigated in 27 infants with developmental disabilities. With the use of a multiple regression analysis, 78% of the variance of a Development Quotient (DQ) measured by a questionnaire on behavioral development for infants was explained by sleep measures. Of 14 sleep measures employed in the study, (1) cumulative awakening time during a nocturnal sleep time, (2) duration of REM stage, and (3) percentage of REM to total sleep time were important in association with the DQ. The findings are consistent with the sleep-cognition hypothesis proposed by Espie, et al.
Body Image, Figure Rating, and Body Mass Index of Girls Enrolled in Health, Physical Education, or Athletics Classes
Authors: Sherblom Patricia R. , Rust Dawnella M.
Published: September 2010

The aim was to examine associations among body-image, figure rating, and Body Mass Index of seventh grade girls who chose health, physical education, or athletics classes. Measurements were taken prior to and following the course. Class choice was significantly related to body-image satisfaction but not to figure rating or Body Mass Index. Research is needed to examine inaccurate self-perception of fatness in underweight girls, whether there is a higher risk for eating disorders for students in athletics and physical education classes, whether the curriculum is effective with students in physical education and athletics, and why girls who chose the health class began with higher body-image satisfaction than those in physical education or athletics, even though their Body Mass Index and figure-rating size did not differ.
Sleep Quality, Sleep Propensity and Academic Performance
Authors: Howell Andrew J. , Jahrig Jesse C. , Powell Russell A.
Published: September 2010

We examined associations between measures of sleep propensity on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep quality on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and academic performance by GPA and grades in introductory psychology for 414 students. In the total sample, neither sleep propensity nor sleep quality correlated with GPA or introductory psychology grades. However, among students carrying a full course load, those reporting poor sleep quality performed less well on academic measures than those reporting a better quality of sleep. Further research is needed to assess the moderating influence of overall demands of daytime functioning on the association between sleep quality and academic performance.
Self-Corrected Elaboration Effects on Incidental Memory
Authors: Toyota Hiroshi
Published: September 2010

Subjects performed an orienting task involving 3 conditions followed by an unexpected free recall test. The conditions were designed to force 3 types of corrected elaborations: Generated Correction, Chosen Correction, and No Correction. In the Generated Correction condition the subjects were presented with a target word (e.g., Baby) and a bizarre sentence frame (e.g., “_____ drinks beer.”) and asked to correct the target to a congruous word (e.g., Uncle) to make a common sentence. In the Chosen Correction condition, the subjects were presented with a target and its bizarre sentence frame and asked to choose one of the alternative congruous words (e.g., Uncle, Aunt) to make a common sentence. In the No Correction condition, the subjects were presented with a target and its bizarre sentence frame and asked to rate the congruity of each target to its sentence frame. Generated Correction led to a better performance than Chosen Correction and No Correction, but a difference between the last two correction types was not found. These results were interpreted as showing that, by generating correct information, self-corrected elaboration led to facilitation of incidental memory.
Relationships between Mood State, Time Estimation, and Selected Movement Speed
Authors: Naruse Kumi
Published: September 2010

We investigated whether different aspects of mood state influence sense of time estimation and movement speed. Mood states were measured on the Multiple Mood Scale for 142 female undergraduate students, who were then asked to estimate the interval of time elapsed between the words “start” and “stop” spoken by a tester. Next, the same subjects were told to draw circles inside 1-cm squares printed on an A4 size sheet of paper in succession at their freely elected comfortable speed. Scores on Concentration ( r = −.22, p<.01) and Being Startled ( r = −.26, p<.01) each correlated significantly and negatively with time estimation, while scores on Boredom ( r = .17, p<.05) had a significant positive correlation with movement speed. These results suggest that different aspects of mood state have some association with time estimation and selected movement speed. Values account for small common variance.
Reliability and Validity of Scores on the Slosson Visual Perceptual Skill Screener
Authors: Erford Bradley T. , Snyder Henry
Published: September 2010

Psychometric characteristics of the Slosson Visual Perceptual Skill Screener were studied using three independent samples of 595 boys and 578 girls ages 5 to 10 years. Adequate characteristics for item selection were indicated by item difficulty ( Mdn = .49) and item discrimination ( Mdn = .59). Interitem consistency of .93 ( n1 = 1,045) was recorded for the total scale, while 30-day test-retest reliability was .80 ( n2 = 55). Convergent validity was estimated using the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt test (Koppitz developmental scoring system; r = .43, n3 = 47), the Developmental Test of Visuo-motor Integration, Visual Perception subtest ( r = .62, n3 = 73), and the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills–Revised-Nonmotor Total Score ( r = .63, n2 = 59).
Moral Development and Form of Participation, Type of Sport, and Sport Experience
Authors: Proios Miltiadis , Doganis George , Athanailidis Ioannis
Published: September 2010

The present study investigated aspects of moral development in sport, according to the form of participation, type of sport, and sport experience. 510 participants, 14 to 49 years of age ( M = 24.9, SD = 8.3) who came from organized competitive sports included athletes ( n = 327), referees ( n = 138), and coaches ( n = 45) in football ( n = 161), handball ( n = 198), and basketball ( n = 150). Years of sport experience ranged from 1 to 6, 7 to 14, and 15 to 30 years of participation in sports. The Defining Issues Test was given; analysis showed no significant differences in development of moral reasoning among participants across different types of sports, forms of participation, and years of experience in sport.
Recognition Accuracy and Reaction Time of Vocal Expressions of Emotion by African-American and Euro-American College Women
Authors: Weathers Monica D. , Kitsantas Panagiota , Lever Teresa , O'Brien Patrick , Campbell Stacy , Rastatter Michael
Published: September 2010

This study examined the relationship of racial group membership and vocal expressions of emotion. Recognition accuracy and reaction time were examined using the Diagnostic Assessment of Nonverbal Accuracy 2 Receptive Paralanguage subtests with 18 young Euro-American and African-American women. Participants listened to Euro-American children and adults speaking a neutral sentence, and identified the emotion as happy, sad, angry, or fearful. Analysis identified a significant effect for race on reaction time. Euro-American participants had faster mean RT than the African-American women for the recognition of vocal expression of emotion portrayed by Euro-Americans. However, no significant differences were found in mean accurate identification between the two groups. The finding of a significant difference in recognition RT but not in accuracy between the stimuli spoken by an adult and a child was unexpected. Both racial groups had faster mean RT in response to vocal expression of emotion by children.
Construct Validity of the Self-Assessment Evaluation Form for the Olympic Education Training Program in Greece
Authors: Grammatikopoulos Vasilios , Papacharisis Vassilios , Koustelios Athanasios
Published: September 2010

The Professional Development Evaluation Form, developed to evaluate training of physical education teachers for the Olympic education program in Greece, was administered to 438 physical educators (205 men and 233 women; M age = 32.2 yr., SD = 9.1). A confirmatory factor analysis indicated an adequate fit of the proposed model.
Physical Self-Perception of Elite Athletes and Nonathletes: A Turkish Sample
Authors: Aşçi F. Hülya
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical self-perception and sports participation by comparing physical self-perception in a sample of elite Turkish athletes and a nonathletic control group. A total of 329 elite athletes from variety of sports at the national level ( nmen = 207; Mage=19.1 yr., SD = 3.3 and nwomen = 122; Mage = 18.5 yr., SD = 3.6) and 469 nonathletic university students ( nmen = 275; Mage = 20.8, SD = 1.6 and nwomen = 194; Mage = 20.7 yr., SD=1.7) voluntarily participated and answered the Physical Self-perception Profile. Scores for the elite athletes were significantly different from those of nonathletes on self-perception in all psychomotor subdomains. Further, physical self-perception of athletes and nonathletes also differed with regard to their sex.
Effect of Physical Exercise on Human Preference for Solutions of Various Sweet Substances
Authors: Horio Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2010

The effect of physical exercise on taste preference for various sweet solutions was examined with 44 healthy university students (19 men, 25 women; M age = 20, SD = 0.9). None had participated in regular exercise programs during the previous year. After 30 min. of exercise using a bicycle ergometer at the heart-rate intensity corresponding to 50% VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake), a rating scale for taste hedonic tone was performed. The test solutions included various concentrations of sucrose, glucose, stevioside, D-sorbitol, erythritol, and saccharin. The preference ratings for sucrose, glucose, stevioside, D-sorbitol, and erythritol increased after exercise, whereas the preference ratings for saccharin were unchanged after exercise at all the concentrations tested. Taste preference for many sweet substances increased after physical exercise.
T-Maze Performance after Developmental Exposure to 19F Tagged 5-HTP in Chicks
Authors: Dingman Sherry , Nash Laurie , Hogan Jeremy , Branch Craig
Published: September 2010

Chicks were used as a model to investigate behavioral effects of administering a new compound intended for use with magnetic resonance. The compound has multiple 19F atom tags covalently bonded to the indole ring of 5-hydroxytryptophan (PF-5HTP), the immediate precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin. On incubation Day 17, 5μg of PF-5-HTP, an equivalent amount of 5-HTP, or just 200 μL of the weak phosphate buffered saline (PBS) vehicle was injected into the airsac of each egg. Three days after hatching, chicks were isolated at the top of a simple T-Maze which, when traversed correctly, enabled them to return to their brood mates. A second trial in the T-Maze was conducted about three hours later. The brief period of isolation at the start of a trial causes social distress in chicks who are reinforced by returning to the brood. The task was selected as being sensitive to functioning of the serotonin pathways whose development might be altered by administering the compound during brain development. Repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded a statistically significant main effect for trial within groups, but no significant difference between injection groups. Administering a low dose of the fluorine tagged compound during development did not impair performance on this T-maze task.
Subjectively Optimal Delay in Computer Response to a User's Voluntary Action
Authors: Nittono Hiroshi , Shimizu Koichi , Hori Tadao
Published: September 2010

It is typically assumed that the shorter the delay in a computer response to a user's action is, the better. In a study examining this assumption, 16 university students were asked to judge the timing of occurrence of either an auditory or a visual stimulus following a voluntary mouse button-press with various durations of delay from 0 to 400 msec. Both a category scaling and an adjustment method of assessment were used to specify the optimal delay with which the user felt most comfortable. When the delay was 50 msec. or shorter, both auditory and visual responses were judged as too fast to be a consequence of the action. The responses were judged as too slow when the delay was 200 msec. or longer for auditory and 300 msec. or longer for visual stimuli. Analysis for the adjustment method indicated that the optimal delay was within 100 to 200 msec. and was longer for visual than for auditory responses. The present study suggests that immediate responses from a computer are not always comfortable and that the insertion of a moderate delay interval may increase the user's sense of control.
Footedness across the Age Span among Brazilian Right- and Left-Handers
Authors: Martin William Lee Berdel , Machado Angélica Homobono , Paixão Carlos Benedito
Published: September 2010

Previous cross-sectional surveys have reported a decreasing prevalence of left-footedness with increasing age. Bell and Gabbard attributed this pattern to a developmental process wherein the right hemisphere ages earlier than the left, leading to a decline in left-footedness among older individuals. A major flaw in this hypothesis is that age-related data were derived exclusively from right-handed samples. To test the generality of the hypothesis we obtained foot preferences from 1462 right and 172 left-handed Brazilians ranging from 10 to 94 years of age. In only one of the three analyses did dextrals show the predicted age-related decline. Together with accelerating trends towards left-footedness among older males and nonlinear trends among left-handers as a group, these results do not sustain the basic assumptions implicit in the right hemisphere aging hypothesis.
Modalities of Submaximal Exercises on Ratings of Perceived Exertion by Young Girls: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lazaar Nordine , Esbri Carine , Gandon Nicolas , Ratel Sébastien , Doré Eric , Duché Pascale
Published: September 2010

This pilot study compared the rating of perceived exertion scores (RPE) in young girls for two modalities of exercises (running vs cycling) performed at the same absolute heart rate. 23 girls, ages 8 to 11 years, from a gymnastic club performed graded, intermittent, and submaximal running and cycling exercises at a similar absolute heart rate (±5 bpm). These exercises consisted of three stages of 3 min. duration separated by 1-min. recovery intervals. RPE was estimated using the Children's Effort Rating Table scale at the end of each stage of each exercise. Mean ratings were only significantly different during cycling, compared to running for the Stage 3 (cycling 5.3 ± 2.7 and running 7.0 ± 1.9, p < .05). During low exercise intensity, measured as heart rate, the modality of exercise does not seem to affect RPE. In contrast, with high heart rates, RPE are higher during cycling than running, so it is necessary to take account of the type of exercise.
False Recall for People's Names in the Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott Paradigm: Conspicuousness and Semantic Encoding of the Critical Lure
Authors: Mukai Akira
Published: September 2010

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm for studying false recall uses people's names as critical lures. In this study the contextual organization of list structure was manipulated in an effort to make the critical lure's absence inconspicuous and consequently increase the likelihood of false recall of the critical lures. Following Brédart's 2000 work, a list structure that appears to make the critical lure inconspicuous was constructed (Inconspicuous lure structure), according to the characteristics of two lists that previously induced a number of false memories. The rate of false recall for this structure was compared with Conspicuous lure structure, which was similar to his other lists that rarely induced false recall. 80 participants (age range 18–28 years, M age = 21.5 yr.) were presented eight 10-item lists, composed of four lists from each list structure. Contrary to expectations, the Inconspicuous lure structure produced less false recall than the Conspicuous lure structure. Moreover, better recall of list items was found in the Inconspicuous lure structure. These results were discussed in terms of semantic encoding related to contextual organization of the lists' structure.
Perceived Enclosure of Space, Angle above Observer, and Distance to Boundary
Authors: Stamps Arthur E. , Krishnan V. V.
Published: September 2010

Most previous research suggests that the horizontal size of a space has a strong effect on the perception of enclosure, but Hayward and Franklin reported in 1974 that the main determinant of perceived enclosure was the ratio of boundary height (H) over the distance to boundary (D) rather than just the boundary height per se or distance per se. We attempted replication of that finding. Students (41 male, mean age = 24.7 yr., SD = 7.7) rated 16 images on a scale of open/enclosed. There was a strong effect on impressions of enclosure for angle above observer ( r = .91), and this effect was larger than the effect of height ( r = −.17), but there also was another strong effect for distance ( r = −.68). Moreover, the effect of distance was dependent on angle above observer ( r = −.52). Thus, partial replication was achieved, and a new relationship between the geometry of environments and perceived enclosure was identified.
Clinical Utility of Color–form Naming in Alzheimer's Disease: Preliminary Evidence
Authors: Nielsen Niels Peter , Wiig Elisabeth H. , Warkentin Siegbert , Minthon Lennart
Published: September 2010

Performances on Alzheimer's Quick Test color–form naming and Mini-Mental State Examination were compared for 38 adults with Alzheimer's disease and 38 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Group means differed significantly and indicated longer naming times by adults with Alzheimer's disease. The specificity for AQT color–form naming was 97% and sensitivity 97%, i.e., 3% false negatives. The specificity for Mini-Mental State Examination was 100% and sensitivity 84%, i.e., 16% false negatives. These findings, while supporting AQT color–form naming as a screening test for reductions in cognitive speed associated with Alzheimer's disease, are preliminary given the relatively small sample.
Measuring the Distribution of Suicide Rates by Age in a Population
Authors: Lester David , McIntosh John L.
Published: September 2010

In the United States from 1968–1996, the mean age of the suicides was not associated with Diekstra's measure of the variation of suicide rates across ages.
Isometric Strength and Dynamic Back Extensor Endurance are Unrelated in Children Ages 6–10 Years: A Pilot Study
Authors: O'Connell Dennis G. , O'Connell Janelle K. , Garrett Mary Lou , Adams Nicole , Patterson Bryan , Spencer Edward
Published: September 2010

This study assessed the correlation between back extensor isometric force and dynamic endurance in 69 children 6–10 years of age. Subjects were positioned prone with legs and hips supported and restrained on two folded 6-in. mats. 42 subjects (20 girls; 22 boys) performed three 5-sec. isometric back extension efforts against a calibrated dynamometer and peak force values were averaged. An additional 27 subjects (9 girls; 18 boys) also performed a dynamic (0°→45° flexion→0°) back extension test at a frequency of 20 per minute, and the number of repetitions was recorded. Both tests were repeated at a 1-wk. interval. Pearson correlations for the endurance, the isometric force test, and test-retest, and between the functional concentric endurance vs isometric force were .55, .79 (both p < .01), and .03, respectively. These tests have moderate to high reliability but they examine different aspects of back muscle fitness. They should not be used interchangeably to assess back extensor muscle fitness. Further investigation must determine whether different dynamic test frequencies and mat heights yield different results.
Efficacy of a Mail Survey Appeal for a Dissertation
Authors: Gaski John F.
Published: September 2010

Of all the determinants of mail survey response investigated, a dissertation as the purpose is one type of appeal not used in a covering letter. Two parallel field experiments involving populations of wholesale organizations ( N = 743 and 509) are reported in which such an appeal was tested. Lack of statistically significant findings indicates use of this appeal did not enhance response rate or quality.
Effects of Natural Stress Relief Meditation on Trait Anxiety: A Pilot Study
Authors: Coppola Fabrizio
Published: September 2010

Natural Stress Relief meditation, a mental technique which is practiced for 15 minutes twice a day, aims to reduce stress and anxiety by eliciting a specific state of physiological rest along with mental alertness. The meditation is taught in a self-administered program, requiring one hour of training during the first three days, followed by the regular twice daily practice. Each 15-min. session consists in sitting quietly with closed eyes while applying a specific mental procedure. To test the effectiveness of meditation in reducing trait anxiety, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to 25 participants four times over a 3-wk. period: one week before starting to practice the meditation, a few hours before starting, 1 wk. after, and 2 wk. after. The difference in Trait Anxiety score between pretreatment and before starting the practice was not significant, while it was significant both after the first week of practice (Cohen d= .46) and after the first 2 wk. of practice ( d= .67).
Stability of Scores for the Slosson Full-Range Intelligence Test
Authors: Williams Thomas O. , Eaves Ronald C. , Woods-Groves Suzanne , Mariano Gina
Published: September 2010

The test-retest stability of the Slosson Full-Range Intelligence Test by Algozzine, Eaves, Mann, and Vance was investigated with test scores from a sample of 103 students. With a mean interval of 13.7 mo. and different examiners for each of the two test administrations, the test-retest reliability coefficients for the Full-Range IQ, Verbal Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, and Memory were .93, .85, .80, .80, and .83, respectively. Mean differences from the test-retest scores were not statistically significantly different for any of the scales. Results suggest that Slosson scores are stable over time even when different examiners administer the test.
Dynamics of Emotional Expression in Autobiographic Speech of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Doba Karyn , Pezard Laurent , Lesne Annick , Vignau Jean , Christophe Véronique , Nandrino Jean-Louis
Published: September 2010

Emotional disturbances in persons with anorexia nervosa have mainly been documented using static descriptions. This study presents the temporal organisation of emotional expression in autobiographical speech of anorexic patients and thereby provides a first attempt to quantify the dynamics of emotions in patients' speech. The temporal pattern of emotional expression for persons with anorexia nervosa was studied after transforming the autobiographical narratives of 14 patients and 13 matched controls into symbolic sequences of positive, negative, and neutral emotional expressions. These symbolic sequences of emotional states and silences were analyzed using static and dynamic indices. Static indices showed that patients with anorexia nervosa expressed more negative emotions and fewer neutral states than control participants. Dynamic indices showed in patients' speech a cycle of negative emotions and silence. These results showed specific dynamics of emotional expression in persons with anorexia nervosa characterised by the presence of negative emotional perseveration. The possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Gay and Lesbian Coaches' Teams: Differences in Liking by Male and Female Former Sport Participants
Authors: Sartore Melanie L. , Cunningham George B.
Published: September 2010

Previous literature suggests that men, more than women, both adhere to traditional gender beliefs and evaluate violators more harshly. Thus, within the heteronormative sport environment it was hypothesized that men's liking of a team coached by a gay or lesbian may be influenced more than women's liking. Respondents were college-age men ( n =130) and women ( n = 98), former sport participants. Multivariate analysis of covariance (controlling for the presence of gay and lesbian friends and acquaintances) supported the hypothesis. Findings are discussed in terms of sports' heterosexual environment, adherence to gender-role norms, and motivational sexual prejudice.
Creativity, Unique Designs, and Schizotypy in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Krysanski Valerie , Ferraro F. R.
Published: September 2010

The present study examined whether creativity and novel design construction differ in 60 individuals who scored low and high (based on a median split) on a measure of schizotypy. Groups differed on one measure, total designs made, but not on creativity.
Individual and Social Risk Factors Related to Overt Victimization in a Sample of Spanish Adolescents
Authors: Cava Maria Jesus , Musitu Gonzalo , Murgui Sergio
Published: September 2010

This study analyzes the role of adolescents' self-esteem, loneliness, sociometric status, and perceptions of family and classroom environment on overt vicitimization by peers in a sample of 1,319 Spanish adolescents (48% boys and 52% girls), ages 11 to 16 years ( M = 13.7, SD = 1.5). The findings from structural equation modeling suggest that adolescents' self-esteem, loneliness, and sociometric status had a significant direct effect on overt victimization by peers, and adolescents' perceptions of family and classroom environment had a significant indirect effect on peer overt victimization mediated by self-esteem, loneliness, and sociometric status. The findings are discussed with the consideration of these variables as individual and social risk factors for overt victimization by peers.
Five Factor Biodata Inventory: Resistance to Faking
Authors: Sisco Howard , Reilly Richard R.
Published: September 2010

Faking on a biographical inventory compared to a traditional personality inventory was assessed in measuring the Five Factor Model of Personality. 705 subjects were randomly assigned to either an Answer Honestly or Faking condition. All subjects were recruited from psychology classes at two New Jersey State colleges. Women comprised 68.6% of the participants. The average age of the subjects was 24 yr. 383 subjects took part in the Answer Honestly condition. 322 participated in the Faking condition. In the Faking condition, subjects responded as if applying for the position of librarian. All subjects completed a biodata inventory, the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, a social desirability scale, a letter-cancellation task, and self-reported their grade point average. Criterion-related validity was assessed for both test scores across samples. Comparisons between samples indicated that subjects inflated scores on both inventories in socially desirable directions. Biodata Inventory scores were less elevated under the Faking conditions than the NEO-Five Factor Inventory scores.
Pilot Study of Relationship between Fertility Risk and Bargaining
Authors: Lucas Margery M. , Koff Elissa , Skeath Susan
Published: September 2010

Competition for resources to support a healthy pregnancy and later offspring was likely very important for ancestral women. Therefore, it was predicted that women evolved a propensity for intrasexual competition over resources during times of their highest conception risk. To investigate this hypothesis, women played a series of ultimatum games, bargaining games that test participants' willingness to share a monetary stake. During periods of high conception risk, intrasexual competition increased as evidenced by lower offers to share a stake with others as well as higher rates of rejection of offers.
Effects of Retrieval Practice on Consumer Memory for Brand Attributes
Authors: And Andrew Parker , Dagnall Neil
Published: September 2010

The effect of retrieval practice on memory for brand attributes was examined. Participants were presented with advertisements for fictional products so each contained a number of brand attributes relating to the nature of the product and its qualities. Following this, participants practiced recalling a subset of those attributes either 3 or 6 times. The act of retrieving some brand information inhibited the recall of other brand information that was not practiced, but only when repeated retrieval practice took place 6 times. This is the first demonstration of inhibitory effects in consumers' memory using the retrieval practice paradigm.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Iranian Acculturation Scale
Authors: Shahim Sima
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid scale to measure acculturation of Iranian immigrants in Canada. The 20-item Iranian Acculturation Scale showed Cronbach alpha of .83. Item-total correlations ranged from .25 to .65. Four factors were extracted, based on responses from 119 Iranian immigrants (43 men and 76 women) living in Toronto. The scale tapped different acculturation dimensions, cultural identity, language, family-related attitude and family-related values. The longer these Iranian immigrants had lived in Canada, and the earlier the age of moving to Canada the better acculturation suggested by their scores.
Menstruation and Suicide: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Dogra T. D. , Leenaars Antoon A. , Raintji Ravi , Lalwani Sanjeev , Girdhar Shalini , Wenckstern Susanne , Lester David
Published: September 2010

Previous research has reported mixed findings on the effect of the menstrual cycle on suicidal behavior. The contribution of menstruation to completed suicide is also controversial, though the studies are very limited and have not been carefully designed. To explore the relationship, 217 autopsies on completed suicides were performed, matched to a control group at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi. The results show that 54.46% of people who died by suicide were menstruating (results excluded pregnancies), compared to 6.75% of the control group. Menstruation in those who completed suicide, compared to a control group, appeared to have an association with suicide. More research is warranted.
Assessing Extraversion and Emotional Stability in Adolescents: Development and Validation of a Questionnaire
Authors: Vigil-Colet Andreu , Lorenzo-Seva Urbano , Morales-Vives Fabia , Chico Eliseo
Published: September 2010

A reduced version of the Five-factor Personality Inventory, which only considers two of the five original dimensions, was constructed to assess Extraversion and Emotional Stability especially for a sample of 581 adolescents. This used Items 6, 9, 11, 19, 21, 39, 41, 46, 54, 59, 61, 66, 84, 89, 91, and 99. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor structure of the questionnaire is acceptable, and both scales are reliable and correlated with similar measures as The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised.
Burnout and Workplace Deviance among Flight Attendants in Taiwan
Authors: Liang Su-Chiun , Hsieh An-Tien
Published: September 2010

The relationship between burnout and workplace deviance, identified as a component of job performance, was examined. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory which has three dimensions, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Reduced Personal Accomplishment. Workplace deviance was defined as voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and threatens the well-being of an organization, its members, or both. This was assessed with the Workplace Deviance Scale, measuring the extent to which the participants had engaged in workplace deviant behavior such as taking property from work without permission, making fun of someone at work, or cursing at someone at work. Anonymous questionnaires with stamped envelopes were distributed to a sample of 1,470 Taiwanese flight attendants at the Arrival Hall of Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. A response rate of 22.45% was obtained. After cases with missing data ( n = 27) had been eliminated, the sample totaled 303, 17 men and 286 women. The average age was 28.7 yr. ( SD = 4.6). Results of hierarchical regression showed that Depersonalization scores were significantly predictive of Workplace Deviance scores but not Emotional Exhaustion and Reduced Personal Accomplishment scores. Possible reasons and implications of these findings were discussed.
Differences in Smoking Attitudes of Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Kosmidou Evdoxia , Theodorakis Yannis
Published: September 2010

This study employed the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine the differences between adolescent ( n = 182) and young adults ( n = 209) in their intention to smoke and examined possible differences. Analysis showed that young adults had more positive self-reported attitudes toward smoking than adolescents, had higher intentions to smoke, lower perceived behavioral control over smoking and perceived they were more informed about smoking. The Theory of Planned Behavior provided good prediction of intention for both young adults ( R2 = .70, attitudes, information, and past behavior significant) and adolescents ( R2 = .68, attitudes, past behavior significant). For both samples attitudes were the strongest predictor of intentions to smoke. Implications for understanding intention toward smoking between adolescents and young adults are discussed.
Four Multi-Item Interrater Agreement Options: Comparisons and Outcomes
Authors: Kline Theresa J. B. , Hambley Laura A.
Published: September 2010

This study compared four multi-item indices of interrater agreement: (a) intraclass correlation coefficient, (b) within-group interrater agreement, (c) modified within-group interrater agreement, and (d) average deviation index. Findings included (a) that the different indices of interrater agreement provided different information about the agreement across raters, (b) standards for acceptable agreement are inconsistent for the several indices, (c) the average deviation index showed most groups had acceptable agreement, and (d) removing data from analyses based on unacceptable interrater agreement values does little in the way of affecting overall outcomes. Implications include that interrater agreement indices are not interchangeable and that for research purposes the concern about interrater agreement may be overstated.
The Organizational Learning Survey: A Re-Evaluation of Unidimensionality
Authors: Goh Swee C. , Quon Tony K. , Cousins J. Bradley
Published: September 2010

An earlier study by Chakrabarty and Rogé evaluated the dimensionality of the Organizational Learning Survey for assessing the learning capability of organizations developed by Goh and Richards. In this paper, the survey was re-evaluated for unidimensionality using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Retaining 18 of the original 21 items was sufficient to establish unidimensionality. A number of different confirmatory models validated the unidimensional measurement model on two independent data sets. Implications for further empirical research using this inventory are discussed.
The Executive Personal Finance Scale: Item Analyses
Authors: Lester David , Spinella Marcello
Published: September 2010

A scale devised to measure executive personal money management was examined for its factorial structure using 138 college students. On the whole, the factor analysis confirmed the subscale structure of the scale, but the Planning subscale appeared to consist of two distinct components, investment behavior and saving behavior.
Year in College and Sorority Membership in Predicting Self-Esteem of a Sample of College Women
Authors: Saville Bryan K. , Johnson Kristen B.
Published: September 2010

The empirical base for judging whether fraternity membership may be associated with higher self-esteem of college women as well as men is not strong and does not extend beyond the freshman year. This study was done to examine the relations among year in college, sorority membership, and self-esteem. Senior women reported highest scores on self-esteem. Members of sororities did not have a higher mean self-esteem than those who were not. No significant interaction between year in college and sorority membership was noted.
Overdispersion Tests in Count-Data Analysis
Authors: Vives Jaume , Losilla Josep-Maria , Rodrigo Maria-Florencia , Portell Mariona
Published: September 2010

Count data are commonly assumed to have a Poisson distribution, especially when there is no diagnostic procedure for checking this assumption. However, count data rarely fit the restrictive assumptions of the Poisson distribution. The violation of much of such assumptions commonly results in overdispersion, which invalidates the Poisson distribution. Undetected overdispersion may entail important misleading inferences, so its detection is essential. In this study, different overdispersion diagnostic tests are evaluated through two simulation studies. In Exp. 1, the nominal error rate is compared under different sample sizes and Λ conditions. Analysis shows a remarkable performance of the χ2 df test. In Exp. 2 and 3, statistical power is compared under different sample sizes, Λ, and overdispersion conditions. χ2 and LR tests provide the highest statistical power.
Psychologists' and Social Workers' Self-Descriptions Using DSM—IV Psychopathology
Authors: Nachshoni Tali , Abramovitch Yehuda , Lerner Vladimir , Assael-Amir Miriam , Kotler Moshe , Strous Rael D.
Published: September 2010

There is limited information on mental health of psychologists and social workers despite their rendering mental health services, so their subjective perception of mental disorder was explored via a self-evaluation survey in which they self-diagnosed the presence of DSM-IV disorders within themselves. The sample of 128 professionals included 63 psychologists and 65 social workers. The presence of Axis I traits was reported by 81.2%, the three most frequent traits being mood, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorder. Axis II traits were reported by 73.4% of subjects, the three most frequent conditions being narcissistic, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality traits. While a high percentage of subjects reported the presence of either an Axis I or Axis II disorder, the average severity reported was low. More psychologists reported on mood, social phobia, and eating problems than social workers, while the latter reported more on psychotic problems. Psychologists reported more Axis II traits, especially paranoid, narcissistic, and avoidant subtypes. More women than men reported eating problems, while more men reported schizoid and avoidant personality traits. In conclusion, manifestations of subthreshold psychiatric conditions were prominently reported. These findings suggest encouraging mental health care professionals to explore treatment for problems if present.
Psychometric Properties of Scheier and Carver's Life Orientation Test in a Sample of Australian Prisoners
Authors: Allan Maria M. , Giles Margaret
Published: September 2010

The psychometric properties of Scheier and Carver's 1985 Life Orientation Test (LOT), which is a measure of optimism, were examined as part of a study of education, training, work experience, and expectations of sentenced adult prisoners in Western Australia. All prisoners at five metropolitan public prisons were invited to participate and 453 accepted. This represented a response rate overall of about 41%, with response rates at each of the individual prisons ranging from 13% to 90%. The average age of the prisoner sample was 34.4 yr. ( SD= 10.2 yr.). The proportion of men in the sample was 79.7%. Mean sentence length was 66.9 mo. (58.5 for women and 69.2 for men), and the number of months of sentence remaining averaged 44.4 mo. (41.0 for women and 45.3 for men). Means and standard deviations of the LOT scores for prisoners were similar to those of other groups, and demographic differences between prisoners were not statistically significantly related to scores. The internal reliability of the LOT scores was acceptable. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the two-factor item-keying model fitted the prisoner data better than a one-factor model. However, the two factors did not simply reflect underlying optimism and pessimism constructs but were substantially affected by item keying.
Evidence for Attenuated Affective Processing in Obesity
Authors: Wegener Ingo , Wawrzyniak Astrid , Imbierowicz Katrin , Conrad Rupert , Musch Jochen , Geiser Franziska , Wermter Florentine , Liedtke Reinhard
Published: September 2010

Attenuated affective processing is hypothesized to play a role in the development and maintenance of obesity. Using an affective priming task measuring automatic affective processing of verbal stimuli, a group of 30 obese participants in a weight-loss program at the Psychosomatic University Clinic Bonn ( M age = 48.3, SD = 10.7) was compared with a group of 25 participants of normal weight ( M age = 43.6, SD= 12.5). A smaller affective priming effect was observed for participants with obesity, indicating less pronounced reactions to valenced adjectives. The generally reduced affective processing in obese participants was discussed as a possible factor in the etiology of obesity. Individuals who generally show less pronounced affective reactions to a given stimulus may also react with less negative affect when confronted with weight gain or less positive affect when weight is lost. Consequently, they could be expected to be less motivated to stop overeating or to engage in dieting and will have a higher risk of becoming or staying obese.
Evening Types among German University Students Score Higher on Sense of Humor after Controlling for Big Five Personality Factors
Authors: Randler Christoph
Published: September 2010

Humor research has focused on relationships between humor and various personality traits. As personality and morningness–eveningness, as well as personality and humor, are related based on genetics and neurobehavioral function, one might also expect a relationship between humor and chronotype. 197 students responded to the Composite Scale of Morningness as a measure of chronotype, the Sense of Humor Questionnaire and a 10-item version of the Big Five Inventory. Individuals scoring as evening types reported a greater sense of humor than morning individuals, with higher morningness scores. In a stepwise linear regression. Extraversión, Agreeableness, Openness, and Chronotype each accounted for a significant amount of variance in sense of Humor scores. That is, the relationship between scores on Sense of Humor and evening orientation was significant after controlling for personality dimensions. Eveningness was related to sense of Humor scores in women but not in men. Social but not cognitive humor was predicted by eveningness.