bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Concentration of DNA by Fluorometry Using Hoechst 33258
Authors: Green Michael R. , Sambrook Joseph
Published: May 2017

Measuring the concentration of DNA using fluorometry is more sensitive than spectrophotometry, allowing the detection of nanogram quantities of DNA. In this assay, DNA preparations of known and unknown concentrations are incubated with the fluorochrome Hoechst 33258. Absorption values for the unknown sample are compared with those observed for a known dilution series, and the concentration of the unknown sample is estimated by interpolation. The assay can only be used to measure the concentration of DNAs whose sizes exceed ∼1 kb, as Hoechst 33258 binds poorly to smaller DNAs.
Indirect Immunometric ELISA
Authors: Kohl Thomas O. , Ascoli Carl A.
Published: May 2017

This assay facilitates the immunometric determination of assay-associated reagents including the capture and detection antibodies as well as the analyte (i.e., antigen or antibody). It can precede the development of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which optimal antibody concentrations are applied for the quantitative measurement of the antigen. This protocol describes the materials and equipment required for the measurement of chromogenic substrate development; however, it can be adapted for use with chemiluminescent- and fluorescent-labeled reporters.
Analyzing and Understanding Lipids of Yeast: A Challenging Endeavor
Authors: Kohlwein Sepp D.
Published: May 2017

Lipids are essential biomolecules with diverse biological functions, ranging from building blocks for all biological membranes to energy substrates, signaling molecules, and protein modifiers. Despite advances in lipid analytics by mass spectrometry, the extraction and quantitative analysis of the diverse classes of lipids are still an experimental challenge. Yeast is a model organism that provides several advantages for studying lipid metabolism, because most biosynthetic pathways are well described and a great deal of information is available on the regulatory mechanisms that control lipid homeostasis. In addition, the composition of yeast lipids is much less complex than that of mammalian lipids, making yeast an excellent reference system for studying lipid-associated cell functions.
Analysis of RNA Metabolism in Fission Yeast
Authors: Wise Jo Ann , Nielsen Olaf
Published: May 2017

Here we focus on the biogenesis and function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in fission yeast cells. Following a general introduction that also briefly touches on other classes of RNA, we provide an overview of methods used to analyze mRNAs throughout their life cycles.
Cellular and Synaptic Properties of Local Inhibitory Circuits
Authors: Hull Court
Published: May 2017

Inhibitory interneurons play a key role in sculpting the information processed by neural circuits. Despite the wide range of physiologically and morphologically distinct types of interneurons that have been identified, common principles have emerged that have shed light on how synaptic inhibition operates, both mechanistically and functionally, across cell types and circuits. This introduction summarizes how electrophysiological approaches have been used to illuminate these key principles, including basic interneuron circuit motifs, the functional properties of inhibitory synapses, and the main roles for synaptic inhibition in regulating neural circuit function. It also highlights how some key electrophysiological methods and experiments have advanced our understanding of inhibitory synapse function.
Accurate estimation of acoustic impedance based on spectral inversion
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhang Jianzhong , Huang Zhong‐lai
Published: May 2017

Acoustic impedance is one of the best attributes for seismic interpretation and reservoir characterisation. We present an approach for estimating acoustic impedance accurately from a band‐limited and noisy seismic data. The approach is composed of two stages: inverting for reflectivity from seismic data and then estimating impedance from the reflectivity inverted in the first stage. For the first stage, we achieve a two‐step spectral inversion that locates the positions of reflection coefficients in the first step and determines the amplitudes of the reflection coefficients in the second step under the constraints of the positions located in the first step. For the second stage, we construct an iterative impedance estimation algorithm based on reflectivity. In each iteration, the iterative impedance estimation algorithm estimates the absolute acoustic impedance based on an initial acoustic impedance model that is given by summing the high‐frequency component of acoustic impedance estimated at the last iteration and a low‐frequency component determined in advance using other data. The known low‐frequency component is used to restrict the acoustic impedance variation tendency in each iteration. Examples using one‐ and two‐dimensional synthetic and field seismic data show that the approach is flexible and superior to the conventional spectral inversion and recursive inversion methods for generating more accurate acoustic impedance models.
Effects of crown architecture and stand structure on light absorption in mixed and monospecificFagus sylvaticaandPinus sylvestrisforests along a productivity and climate gradient through Europe
Authors: Forrester David Ian , Ammer Christian , Annighöfer Peter J. , Barbeito Ignacio , Bielak Kamil , Bravo‐Oviedo Andrés , Coll Lluis , del Río Miren , Drössler Lars , Heym Michael , Hurt Václav , Löf Magnus , den Ouden Jan , Pach Maciej , Pereira Mário Gonzalez , Plaga Benjamin N. E. , Ponette Quentin , Skrzyszewski Jerzy , Sterba Hubert , Svoboda Miroslav , Zlatanov Tzvetan M. , Pretzsch Hans
Published: April 2017

When tree‐species mixtures are more productive than monocultures, higher light absorption is often suggested as a cause. However, few studies have quantified this effect and even fewer have examined which light‐related interactions are most important, such as the effects of species interactions on tree allometric relationships and crown architecture, differences in vertical or horizontal canopy structure, phenology of deciduous species or the mixing effects on tree size and stand density.

In this study, measurements of tree sizes and stand structures were combined with a detailed tree‐level light model (Maestra) to examine the contribution of each light‐related interaction on tree‐ and stand‐level light absorption at 21 sites, each of which contained a triplet of plots including a mixture and monocultures ofFagus sylvaticaandPinus sylvestris(63 plots). These sites were distributed across the current distribution of these species within Europe.

Averaged across all sites, the light absorption of mixtures was 14% higher than the mean of the monocultures. At the whole community level, this positive effect of mixing on light absorption increased as canopy volume or site productivity increased, but was unrelated to climate. At the species population or individual tree levels, the mixing effect on light absorption resulted from light‐related interactions involving vertical canopy structure, stand density, the presence of a deciduous species (F. sylvatica), as well as the effects of mixing on tree size and allometric relationships between diameter and height, crown diameter and crown length.

The mixing effects on light absorption were only correlated with the mixing effects on growth forP. sylvestris, suggesting that the mixing effects on this species were driven by the light‐related interactions, whereas mixing effects onF. sylvaticaor whole community growth were probably driven by non‐light‐related interactions.

Synthesis. The overall positive effect of mixing on light absorption was the result of a range of light‐related interactions. However, the relative importance of these interactions varied between sites and is likely to vary between other species combinations and as stands develop.
New mutations in GJA8 expand the phenotype to include total sclerocornea
Authors: Ma A.S. , Grigg J.R. , Prokudin I. , Flaherty M. , Bennetts B. , Jamieson R.V.
Published: April 2017

This project expands the disease spectrum for mutations in
GJA8
to include total sclerocornea, rudimentary lenses and microphthalmia, in addition to this gene's previously known role in isolated congenital cataracts. Ophthalmic findings revealed bilateral total sclerocornea in 3 probands, with small abnormal lenses in 2 of the cases, and cataracts and microphthalmia in 1 case. Next‐generation sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous mutations affecting the same codon of
GJA8
: (c.281G>A; p.(Gly94Glu) and c.280G>C; p.(Gly94Arg)) in 2 of the probands, in addition to the c.151G>A; p.(Asp51Asn) mutation we had previously identified in the third case. In silico analysis predicted all of the mutations to be pathogenic. These cases show that deleterious, heterozygous mutations in
GJA8
can lead to a severe ocular phenotype of total sclerocornea, abnormal lenses, and/or cataracts with or without microphthalmia, broadening the phenotype associated with this gene.
GJA8
should be included when investigating patients with the severe anterior segment abnormality of total sclerocornea.
Multiple spinal nerve enlargement and SOS1 mutation: Further evidence of overlap between neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan phenotype
Authors: Santoro C. , Giugliano T. , Melone M.A.B. , Cirillo M. , Schettino C. , Bernardo P. , Cirillo G. , Perrotta S. , Piluso G.
Published: April 2017

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has long been considered a well‐defined, recognizable monogenic disorder, with neurofibromas constituting a pathognomonic sign. This dogma has been challenged by recent descriptions of patients with enlarged nerves or paraspinal tumors, suggesting that neurogenic tumors and hypertrophic neuropathy may be a complication of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) or RASopathy phenotype. We describe a 15‐year‐old boy, whose mother previously received clinical diagnosis of NF1 due to presence of bilateral cervical and lumbar spinal lesions resembling plexiform neurofibromas and features suggestive of NS. NF1 molecular analysis was negative in the mother. The boy presented with Noonan features, multiple lentigines and pectus excavatum. Next‐generation sequencing analysis of all RASopathy genes identified p.Ser548Arg missense mutation in SOS1 in the boy, confirmed in his mother. Brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging scans were negative in the boy. No heart involvement or deafness was observed in proband or mother. This is the first report of a SOS1 mutation associated with hypertrophic neuropathy resembling plexiform neurofibromas, a rare complication in Noonan phenotypes with mutations in RASopathy genes. Our results highlight the overlap between RASopathies, suggesting that NF1 diagnostic criteria need rethinking. Genetic analysis of RASopathy genes should be considered when diagnosis is uncertain.
Do traumatic events have more impact on the development of dental anxiety than negative, non‐traumatic events?
Authors: De Jongh Ad , van Eeden Astrid , van Houtem Caroline M. H. H. , van Wijk Arjen J.
Published: April 2017

The importance of exposure to traumatic events for the development of dental anxiety has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to test the hypotheses that individuals who reported having been exposed to a traumatic event [that is, fulfilling Criterion A of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM‐5), for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)] as the cause of their dental anxiety would report significantly higher levels of dental anxiety, typical trauma‐related (PTSD) symptoms, and greater disturbance of memories involving these events than those who reported being exposed to non‐traumatic events. Patients of a specialized dental fear clinic (n = 90) were divided into those who reported a traumatic event that initiated their dental trait anxiety and those who did not. The two groups did not differ in their severity of dental anxiety and number of PTSD symptoms, but the memories of those who had been exposed to traumatic events were significantly more vivid than the memories of those in the reference group. Length of time since the event took place did not play a role. Hence, traumatic events are remembered more vividly, but do not seem to initiate more severe forms of dental anxiety than other events.
Telling friend from foe: Environmental cues improve detection accuracy of individuals with hostile intentions
Authors: Wijn Remco , van der Kleij Rick , Kallen Victor , Stekkinger Michael , de Vries Peter
Published: April 2017

Purpose

Detecting deviant behaviours that precede and are related to crimes can help prevent these crimes. Research suggests that the psychological mindset of wrongdoers may differ from others, such that they are more anxious, self‐focussed, and vigilant. As a result, their responses to environmental cues, specifically those that signal risk of exposure, may differ.

Method

In two randomized controlled trials, participants with high (vs. low) cognitive load walked a pre‐defined route to carry out a hostile or non‐hostile task. En route, participants were exposed to a strong (vs. mild) cue from a security officer (Study 1), or a cue (vs. no cue) resembling police walkie‐talkie static noise (Study 2). Participants filled out a questionnaire measuring psychological constructs. Reactions during the task were recorded and presented to independent observers to determine the participants’ intent.

Results

Participants with high (vs. low) cognitive load who were exposed to a strong (vs. mild or no) cue while carrying out their task were more often correctly identified by observers as either innocent or hostile based on their behaviour. Analysis of the questionnaire revealed that the experience of hostile intentions is related to anxiety, inhibitory control of anxiety, activation control of normal behaviour, and to other relevant constructs which may explain why cues that signal risk of exposure can improve the detection accuracy of individuals with hostile intentions.

Conclusion

These studies show that cues that signal risk of exposure can improve the detection of wrongdoers and the role of self‐regulation in the suppression of anxiety and deviant behaviours.
On the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in approach and withdrawal motivation: An updated review of the evidence
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Eddie , Gable Philip A.
Published: May 2017

We review conceptual arguments and research on the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in emotional and motivational processes. The current article organizes and reviews research on asymmetrical frontal cortical activity by focusing on research that has measured trait (baseline) frontal asymmetry and related it to other individual differences measures related to motivation (e.g., anger, bipolar disorder). The review also covers research that has measured state frontal asymmetry in response to situational manipulations of motivation and emotion and as an intervening variable in motivation‐cognition interactions. This review concludes that much research supports the view that greater left than right frontal cortical activity is associated with greater positively or negatively valenced approach motivation. The view that greater right than left frontal cortical activity is associated with withdrawal motivation, although supported, has received less empirical attention. In addition to reviewing research on the emotive functions of asymmetric frontal cortical activity, the reviewed research illustrates the need to consider motivational direction as separate from affective valence in conceptual models of emotional space.
Transoral approach for ventral tympanic bulla osteotomy in the dog: A descriptive cadaveric study*
Authors: Manou Maria , Moissonnier Pierre H. M. , Jardel Nicolas , Tissier Aymeric , Vallefuoco Rosario
Published: May 2017

Objective

To describe a transoral approach for tympanic bulla osteotomy in the dog.

Study design

Anatomic cadaveric study.

Sample population

Fifteen canine cadavers (n = 29 tympanic bullae), including mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic, and brachycephalic breeds.

Materials and methods

The oral surface of the tympanic bulla was identified during an anatomical study (3 canine cadavers) and the ventral approach to the tympanic bulla was described (3 canine cadavers). The safety of the technique was assessed (9 canine cadavers, n = 17 bullae) during further anatomical dissections, where a complete approach and drilling of the tympanic bulla were performed.

Results

In all cases, tympanic bulla osteotomy was performed without damaging the inner ear, the epitympanic recess contents, and the neurovascular structures. The oral approach to the tympanic bulla was easier in mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic dogs than in brachycephalic breeds.

Conclusion

This study defines anatomical landmarks for transoral bulla osteotomy, without a high risk of damage to neurovascular and anatomical structures within and/or surrounding the tympanic cavity. This minimally invasive approach to the tympanic bulla is performed via a natural opening, and does not require simultaneous access through the ear canal. In vivo evaluation of this technique is required to verify its safety in clinical cases prior to large scale application.
Effect of stem sizing and position on short‐term complications with canine press fit cementless total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Townsend Sarah , Kim Stanley E. , Pozzi Antonio
Published: May 2017

Objective

To determine the influence of stem sizing and positioning with early subsidence and stem complications with cementless (BFX) total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Fifty‐five dogs; 58 THAs.

Methods

Eighty cobalt‐chromium BFX THAs were reviewed, 58 met inclusion criteria. Implant size, positioning, and major complications within 12 months of surgery were recorded. Femoral canal flare (FCF), canal fill, stem angle, and subsidence at 3 months were measured from postoperative radiographs. Appropriateness of final stem size was assessed with digital templates. Odds ratios for associations were calculated.

Results

Mean ± SD coronal canal fill (Fillcor) was 75% ± 6, FCF was 2.0 ± 0.3, and subsidence was 1.7 mm ± 2.6. Stem angulation ranged from 7° varus to 6° valgus, and 7° cranial to 3° caudal. Appropriately sized stems (n = 45) had a mean Fillcor of 78%. Major stem complications occurred in 12% of THAs. Femora with subsidence > 3 mm were 45.3 times more likely to develop postoperative stem complications (P = .02). Stems with varus angulation ≥ 5° were 12.5 times more likely to sustain intraoperative fissures (P = .03). Stems considered undersized based on postoperative digital templating were 5.6 times more likely to develop stem complications (P = .04) and 5.7 times more likely to subside > 3 mm (P = .03).

Conclusion

Varus stem angulation should be avoided to prevent fissures. Canal fill is a poor indicator of optimal stem size and the current recommendation of >85% is unnecessarily high. Postoperative templating may be useful for assessing appropriateness of stem size.
Measurement of low-frequency tissue response of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica
Authors: Johnson Jay R. , Venegas Gabriel R. , Wilson Preston S. , Hermand Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2017

A one-dimensional acoustic resonator technique was used to study leaves of the Mediterranean seagrass species Posidonia oceanica collected from Crete and Sicily. The leaf blades were finely divided, mixed with artificial seawater, and degassed to create a suspension of tissue independent of leaf structure and free bubbles or internal voids. The low-frequency (1 to 8 kHz) bulk modulus of the leaf tissue was inferred from the acoustic measurements and independent density measurements. The measured density of the seagrass tissue was 960 ± 20 kg/m3 which agrees with previously published values. The inferred bulk modulus was 2.1 GPa with 90% confidence limits 1.0–5.0 GPa.
Infectious Mononucleosis in an Athlete: Another Potentially Life-Threatening Complication
Authors: Moran Byron , Corris Eric E.
Published: May 2017

A 19-year-old male intercollegiate football player presented to the athletic training room with symptoms of sore throat, nasal congestion, fatigue, and bleeding, experienced for 3 weeks. His clinical and laboratory evaluation was consistent with infectious mononucleosis and severe thrombocytopenia. The athlete was immediately removed from participation and evaluated by a hematologist who confirmed the diagnosis and started oral glucocorticoid therapy. The athlete’s symptoms improved and thrombocytopenia resolved with therapy. Timely identification of severe thrombocytopenia allows for safe removal from participation. Collaboration among the sports medicine team as well as specialists, when needed, allows for optimal management of these rare complications.
Can Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy be Used Over Surgically-Implanted Metal?
Authors: Draper David O.
Published: May 2017

Pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD) is an electrical-magnetic modality used for generating thermal effects in tissues. Contemporary practice recommendations indicate PSWD should not be used over tissues surrounding surgically-implanted metal. There is recent evidence to show PSWD is safe over metal implants except looped wires. This study investigated the thermal effects of PSWD over the upper humerus of a patient with a surgically-implanted rod in his humerus and found no posttreatment temperature differences between the rod and surrounding tissue. Based upon this exploratory Clinical CASE Report, PSWD does not heat up surgically-implanted metal when used at 100 watts total power.
Current Evidence in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation: Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Combined With a Strengthening Program: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Lynch Michael E. , Lauber Christine A.
Published: May 2017

Clinical Question:

Is it beneficial to add neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to a strengthening program after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery?

Clinical Bottom Line:

There is sufficient evidence to support the inclusion of NMES in a rehabilitation strengthening program post ACL reconstruction. All three included studies reported significant quadriceps strength gains (p < .05) in favor of the group that completed both NMES and strengthening exercises compared with a strength-only group. Two studies initiated NMES within 4 days of surgery. One study found significant quadriceps strength increases when NMES was implemented 6 months after surgery.
Strength Training for Middle- and Long-Distance Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Berryman Nicolas , Mujika Iñigo , Arvisais Denis , Roubeix Marie , Binet Carl , Bosquet Laurent
Published: May 2017

Purpose: To assess the net effects of strength training on middle- and long-distance performance through a meta-analysis of the available literature. Methods: Three databases were searched, from which 28 of 554 potential studies met all inclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated and weighted by the inverse of variance to calculate an overall effect and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses were conducted to determine whether the strength-training intensity, duration, and frequency and population performance level, age, sex, and sport were outcomes that might influence the magnitude of the effect. Results: The implementation of a strength-training mesocycle in running, cycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming was associated with moderate improvements in middle- and long-distance performance (net SMD [95%CI] = 0.52 [0.33–0.70]). These results were associated with improvements in the energy cost of locomotion (0.65 [0.32–0.98]), maximal force (0.99 [0.80–1.18]), and maximal power (0.50 [0.34–0.67]). Maximal-force training led to greater improvements than other intensities. Subgroup analyses also revealed that beneficial effects on performance were consistent irrespective of the athletes’ level. Conclusion: Taken together, these results provide a framework that supports the implementation of strength training in addition to traditional sport-specific training to improve middle- and long-distance performance, mainly through improvements in the energy cost of locomotion, maximal power, and maximal strength.
Relationship of Teacher Training and School Characteristics to Middle School State Assessment Results
Authors: Hall Tina J. , Hicklin Lori K. , French Karen E.
Published: May 2017

Purpose:

To examine the relationship between the South Carolina middle school physical education assessment results and the school characteristics. In addition, the relationship between teacher training attendance and student achievement were determined.

Method:

Student performance on four physical education indicators in 63 middle schools (and 116 teachers) were reported to the South Carolina Physical Education Assessment Program. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between school characteristics as predictors of the performance indicator. ANOVAs were conducted to determine the relationship to teacher training and the performance indicators.

Results:

Statewide averages of student performance indicated that slightly over 50% of middle school students were rated as competent in all physical education indicators except health-related fitness (31.2%). The variability was high among all indicators. The correlations between the poverty index and the physical education indicators were significant and low. Teachers who attended data collection training sessions scored higher on all performance indicators, particularly health-related fitness knowledge. Teachers who attended professional development had significantly higher scores on motor skills, health-related fitness knowledge, and the overall weighted scores and approached significance on the health-related fitness performance.

Discussion/Conclusion:

This study suggests that teachers and the programs they deliver have a greater impact on student learning than do school characteristics. Teacher training and professional development is warranted. Most compelling is that the results of this study provide a strong argument against the practice of using student scores from other academic content areas to evaluate teacher effectiveness in physical education.
Fatness, Fitness, and Feminism in the Built Environment: Bringing Together Physical Cultural Studies and Sociomaterialisms, to Study the “Obesogenic Environment”
Authors: Esmonde Katelyn , Jette Shannon
Published: May 2017

In a climate where the “obesity epidemic” is a consistent focus within discussions of public health, the theory that the environment is one of the main drivers of the “obesity epidemic” is coming to the fore. In this paper, we look to the example of the “obesogenic environment” and the literature tracing the relationship between bodies, the environment, and physical activity as a vehicle through which to explore the potential for sociomaterialist theories within a feminist Physical Cultural Studies (PCS). First, we examine the ways in which the relationship between obesity and the environment is explicated in the academic literature on the topic, with a focus on how—or if— the environment is depicted as shaping inhabitants’ physical activity practices, or vice versa. We then explore how we might work to reconcile the paradoxical binary of environmental determinism and individual agency in the literature. More specifically, and following calls for PCS to move beyond anthropocentrism, we examine how the relationship between physically (in)active bodies and their environments might be complicated through engagement with sociomaterialisms. We conclude by outlining an approach to the study of “obesogenic environments” that combines Physical Cultural Studies (PCS) and feminist sociomaterialisms to maintain a focus on the politics of health and fatness in this neoliberal moment.
Experimental demonstration of nonbilocal quantum correlations
Authors: Saunders Dylan J. , Bennet Adam J. , Branciard Cyril , Pryde Geoff J.
Published: April 2017

Local theories using two independent hidden variables to model separate sources are violated with two entangled photon pairs.
Laboratory Evolution to Alternating Substrate Environments Yields Distinct Phenotypic and Genetic Adaptive Strategies
Authors: Sandberg Troy E. , Lloyd Colton J. , Palsson Bernhard O. , Feist Adam M.
Published: April 2017

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments are often designed to maintain a static culturing environment to minimize confounding variables that could influence the adaptive process, but dynamic nutrient conditions occur frequently in natural and bioprocessing settings. To study the nature of carbon substrate fitness tradeoffs, we evolved batch cultures of
Escherichia coli
via serial propagation into tubes alternating between glucose and either xylose, glycerol, or acetate. Genome sequencing of evolved cultures revealed several genetic changes preferentially selected for under dynamic conditions and different adaptation strategies depending on the substrates being switched between; in some environments, a persistent “generalist” strain developed, while in another, two “specialist” subpopulations arose that alternated dominance. Diauxic lag phenotype varied across the generalists and specialists, in one case being completely abolished, while gene expression data distinguished the transcriptional strategies implemented by strains in pursuit of growth optimality. Genome-scale metabolic modeling techniques were then used to help explain the inherent substrate differences giving rise to the observed distinct adaptive strategies. This study gives insight into the population dynamics of adaptation in an alternating environment and into the underlying metabolic and genetic mechanisms. Furthermore, ALE-generated optimized strains have phenotypes with potential industrial bioprocessing applications.

IMPORTANCE
Evolution and natural selection inexorably lead to an organism's improved fitness in a given environment, whether in a laboratory or natural setting. However, despite the frequent natural occurrence of complex and dynamic growth environments, laboratory evolution experiments typically maintain simple, static culturing environments so as to reduce selection pressure complexity. In this study, we investigated the adaptive strategies underlying evolution to fluctuating environments by evolving
Escherichia coli
to conditions of frequently switching growth substrate. Characterization of evolved strains via a number of different data types revealed the various genetic and phenotypic changes implemented in pursuit of growth optimality and how these differed across the different growth substrates and switching protocols. This work not only helps to establish general principles of adaptation to complex environments but also suggests strategies for experimental design to achieve desired evolutionary outcomes.
Validation of the Hirst-Type Spore Trap for Simultaneous Monitoring of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Biodiversities in Urban Air Samples by Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Núñez Andrés , Amo de Paz Guillermo , Ferencova Zuzana , Rastrojo Alberto , Guantes Raúl , García Ana M. , Alcamí Antonio , Gutiérrez-Bustillo A. Montserrat , Moreno Diego A.
Published: April 2017

Pollen, fungi, and bacteria are the main microscopic biological entities present in outdoor air, causing allergy symptoms and disease transmission and having a significant role in atmosphere dynamics. Despite their relevance, a method for monitoring simultaneously these biological particles in metropolitan environments has not yet been developed. Here, we assessed the use of the Hirst-type spore trap to characterize the global airborne biota by high-throughput DNA sequencing, selecting regions of the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer for the taxonomic assignment. We showed that aerobiological communities are well represented by this approach. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of two traps working synchronically compiled >87% of the total relative abundance for bacterial diversity collected in each sampler, >89% for fungi, and >97% for pollen. We found a good correspondence between traditional characterization by microscopy and genetic identification, obtaining more-accurate taxonomic assignments and detecting a greater diversity using the latter. We also demonstrated that DNA sequencing accurately detects differences in biodiversity between samples. We concluded that high-throughput DNA sequencing applied to aerobiological samples obtained with Hirst spore traps provides reliable results and can be easily implemented for monitoring prokaryotic and eukaryotic entities present in the air of urban areas.

IMPORTANCE
Detection, monitoring, and characterization of the wide diversity of biological entities present in the air are difficult tasks that require time and expertise in different disciplines. We have evaluated the use of the Hirst spore trap (an instrument broadly employed in aerobiological studies) to detect and identify these organisms by DNA-based analyses. Our results showed a consistent collection of DNA and a good concordance with traditional methods for identification, suggesting that these devices can be used as a tool for continuous monitoring of the airborne biodiversity, improving taxonomic resolution and characterization together. They are also suitable for acquiring novel DNA amplicon-based information in order to gain a better understanding of the biological particles present in a scarcely known environment such as the air.
Engineering Escherichia coli Nicotinic Acid Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase for Fully Active Amidated NAD Biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Xueying , Zhou Yongjin J. , Wang Lei , Liu Wujun , Liu Yuxue , Peng Chang , Zhao Zongbao K.
Published: April 2017

NAD and its reduced form NADH function as essential redox cofactors and have major roles in determining cellular metabolic features. NAD can be synthesized through the deamidated and amidated pathways, for which the key reaction involves adenylylation of nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), respectively. In
Escherichia coli
, NAD
de novo
biosynthesis depends on the protein NadD-catalyzed adenylylation of NaMN to nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NaAD), followed by NAD synthase-catalyzed amidation. In this study, we engineered NadD to favor NMN for improved amidated pathway activity. We designed NadD mutant libraries, screened by a malic enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay, and identified two variants, 11B4 (Y84V/Y118D) and 16D8 (A86W/Y118N), with a high preference for NMN. Whereas in the presence of NMN both variants were capable of enabling the viability of cells of
E. coli
BW25113-derived NAD-auxotrophic strain YJE003, for which the last step of the deamidated pathway is blocked, the 16D8 expression strain could grow without exogenous NMN and accumulated a higher cellular NAD(H) level than BW25113 in the stationary phase. These mutants established fully active amidated NAD biosynthesis and offered a new opportunity to manipulate NAD metabolism for biocatalysis and metabolic engineering.

IMPORTANCE
Adenylylation of nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) and adenylylation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), respectively, are the key steps in the deamidated and amidated pathways for NAD biosynthesis. In most organisms, canonical NAD biosynthesis follows the deamidated pathway. Here we engineered
Escherichia coli
NaMN adenylyltransferase to favor NMN and expressed the mutant enzyme in an NAD-auxotrophic
E. coli
strain that has the last step of the deamidated pathway blocked. The engineered strain survived in M9 medium, which indicated the implementation of a functional amidated pathway for NAD biosynthesis. These results enrich our understanding of NAD biosynthesis and are valuable for manipulation of NAD homeostasis for metabolic engineering.
Panniculus morbidus: obesity-related abdominal wall lymphoedema
Authors: Fadel Michael G , Chatzikonstantinou Michail , Gilchrist Charlotte , Andrews Brian
Published: April 2017

A 52-year-old female patient presented with a massive abdominal wall swelling that adversely affected her lifestyle. Imaging revealed significant subcutaneous oedema and the presence of grossly distended veins. Subsequently, she underwent a ‘toilet’ panniculectomy and abdominoplasty. We describe the surgical technique used to retract the lymphoedematous tissue facilitating excisional surgery, and discuss the pathophysiology of this condition and the possible contribution of venous obstruction to the development of subcutaneous oedema.
What is the physiological time to recovery after concussion? A systematic review
Authors: Kamins Joshua , Bigler Erin , Covassin Tracey , Henry Luke , Kemp Simon , Leddy John J , Mayer Andrew , McCrea Michael , Prins Mayumi , Schneider Kathryn J , Valovich McLeod Tamara C , Zemek Roger , Giza Christopher C
Published: April 2017

Aim or objective

The aim of this study is to consolidate studies of physiological measures following sport-related concussion (SRC) to determine if a time course of postinjury altered neurobiology can be outlined. This biological time course was considered with respect to clinically relevant outcomes such as vulnerability to repeat injury and safe timing of return to physical contact risk.

Design

Systematic review.

Data sources

PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, PsychINFO.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Studies were included if they reported original research on physiological or neurobiological changes after SRC. Excluded were cases series <5 subjects, reviews, meta-analyses, editorials, animal research and research not pertaining to SRC.

Results

A total of 5834 articles were identified, of which 80 were included for full-text data extraction and review. Relatively few longitudinal studies exist that follow both physiological dysfunction and clinical measures to recovery.

Summary/conclusions

Modalities of measuring physiological change after SRC were categorised into the following: functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cerebral blood flow, electrophysiology, heart rate, exercise, fluid biomarkers and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Due to differences in modalities, time course, study design and outcomes, it is not possible to define a single ‘physiological time window’ for SRC recovery. Multiple studies suggest physiological dysfunction may outlast current clinical measures of recovery, supporting a buffer zone of gradually increasing activity before full contact risk. Future studies need to use generalisable populations, longitudinal designs following to physiological and clinical recovery and careful correlation of neurobiological modalities with clinical measures.
Improving access for Urgent patients in Paediatric Neurology
Authors: Mohamed Khalid , Al Houri Basema , Ibrahim Khalid , M Khair Abdulhafeez
Published: April 2017

Referral and flow management is an important part of outpatient care; some patients require to be seen earlier than the next available appointment because of the nature of their presentation. We did not have a clear pathway for urgent patients being referred to our pediatric neurology service. When we reviewed this process in our Quality Improvement meeting we identified wide variation in the length of time such patients wait to be seen in clinic ranging from 2 to 11 weeks. Only 25% of patients identified as requiring urgent clinic appointments were seen in clinic within 2 weeks of triage.

A new triage system was designed to identify urgent patients consistently. Three PDSA cycles tested change ideas: the first cycle tested introducing an urgent triage system, the second cycle tested giving urgent appointments directly from the triage decision utilising clinic cancellations and the third PDSA tested double notification of appointments for all urgent patients using the call centre and the neurology specialist nurses.

After the third PDSA the percentage of patients seen within 2 weeks of triage increased from 25% to 80%. This change was tested across one clinic initially then tested across two more clinics. Our balancing measure, the third available routine appointment, remained stable indicating that improving access to emergency patients did not affect the waiting time for routine appointments.

With good management of triage it is possible to improve access for urgent patients to be seen in clinic without impact on availability of routine appointments, resulting in better quality of care and patient satisfaction. Earlier appointments also improve clinic attendance rates.
Transitional care management in the outpatient setting
Authors: Baldonado Analiza , Hawk Ofelia , Ormiston Thomas , Nelson Danielle
Published: April 2017

Patients who are high risk high cost (HRHC), those with severe or multiple medical issues, and the chronically ill elderly are major drivers of rising health care costs.1 The HRHC patients with complex health conditions and functional limitations may likely go to emergency rooms and hospitals, need more supportive services, and use long-term care facilities.2 As a result, these patient populations are vulnerable to fragmented care and “falling through the cracks”.2 A large county health and hospital system in California, USA introduced evidence-based interventions in accordance with the Triple AIM3 focused on patient-centered health care, prevention, health maintenance, and safe transitions across the care continuum. The pilot program embedded a Transitional Care Manager (TCM) within an outpatient Family Medicine clinic to proactively assist HRHC patients with outreach assistance, problem-solving and facilitating smooth transitions of care. This initiative is supported by a collaborative team that included physicians, nurses, specialists, health educator, and pharmacist. The initial 50 patients showed a decrease in Emergency Department (ED) encounters (pre-vs post intervention: 33 vs 17) and hospital admissions (pre-vs post intervention: 32 vs 11), improved patient outcomes, and cost saving. As an example, one patient had 1 ED visit and 5 hospital admission with total charges of $217,355.75 in the 6 months' pre-intervention with no recurrence of ED or hospital admissions in the 6 months of TCM enrollment. The preliminary findings showed improvement of patient-centered outcomes, quality of care, and resource utilization however more data is required.
Measuring and improving cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening rates in a multi-site urban practice in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Feldman Joshua , Davie Sam , Kiran Tara
Published: April 2017

Our Family Health Team is located in Toronto, Canada and provides care to over 35 000 patients. Like many practices in Canada, we took an opportunistic approach to cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer screening. We wanted to shift to a proactive, population-based approach but were unable to systematically identify patients overdue for screening or calculate baseline screening rates. Our initiative had two goals: (1) to develop a method for systematically identifying patients eligible for screening and whether they were overdue and (2) to increase screening rates for cervical, breast, and colorectal cancer. Using external government data in combination with our practice's electronic medical record, we developed a process to identify patients eligible and overdue for cancer screening. After generating baseline data, we implemented an evidence-based, multifaceted intervention to improve cancer screening rates. We sent a personalized reminder letter to overdue patients, provided physicians with practice-level audit and feedback, and improved our electronic reminder function by updating charts with accurate data on the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT). Following our initial intervention, we sought to maintain and further improve our screening rates by experimenting with alternative recall methods and collecting patient feedback. Screening rates significantly improved for all three cancers. Between March 2014 and December 2016, the cervical cancer screening rate increased from 60% to 71% (p<0.05), the breast cancer screening rate increased from 56% to 65% (p<0.05), and the overall colorectal screening rate increased from 59% to 70% (p<0.05). The increase in colorectal screening rates was largely due to an increase in FOBT screening from 18% to 25%, while colonoscopy screening remained relatively unchanged, shifting from 45% to 46%. We also found that patients living in low income neighbourhoods were less likely to be screened. Following our intervention, this equity gap narrowed modestly for breast and colorectal cancer but did not change for cervical cancer screening. Our future improvement efforts will be focused on reducing the gap in screening between patients living in low-income and high-income neighbourhoods while maintaining overall gains.
Using real-time, anonymous staff feedback to improve staff experience and engagement
Authors: Frampton Anne , Fox Fiona , Hollowood Andrew , Northstone Kate , Margelyte Ruta , Smith-Clarke Stephanie , Redwood Sabi
Published: April 2017

Improving staff engagement has become a priority for NHS leaders, although efforts in this area vary between organisations. University Hospital Bristol NHS Foundation Trust (UH Bristol) is a tertiary teaching hospital where concerns about staff satisfaction and communication were reflected in the 2014 staff survey. To improve staff engagement, a real-time feedback mechanism to capture staff experience and to facilitate feedback from local leaders, was developed and piloted using the Model for Improvement. Initially piloted in two areas in January 2015, the Staff Participation Engagement and Communication application (SPEaC-app) was gradually rolled out to 23 areas within the trust by November 2016.

The 2015 staff survey revealed significant improvements in staff motivation, satisfaction with level of responsibility and involvement, and perceived support from managers. These improvements cannot be attributed to this new mechanism in their entirety, but local surveys indicated satisfaction with SPEaC-app, the majority reporting that giving feedback about their shift was valuable while fewer staff had noticed changes in their work area as a result of the comments made via SPEaC-app. Between March 2015 and November 2016, 9259 entries were recorded, with an average of 15 entries per day across all areas. Of the entries, 45.7% were positive and nearly 40% were negative, and ‘team working’ was the most frequent theme.

The project has identified the key factors associated with usability of the SPEaC-app, including, access, location, reliability and perceived privacy of the SPEaC-app. The SPEaC-app is valued and used most by staff in areas where feedback from local leaders is regular, rapid and comprehensive, and where staff comments are acted upon, leading to tangible change. This suggests that strong, consistent local management is required in order to embed it in new areas. SPEaC-app has the potential to support local engagement between managers and their service delivery teams, stimulate tangible improvements in service delivery and support the process of change. Longer term data are needed to determine whether SPEaC-app can influence other factors including staff turnover, recruitment and retention.