bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CRITICAL LISTENING AND THE DIALOGIC ASPECT OF MORAL EDUCATION: J.F. HERBART'S CONCEPT OF THE TEACHER AS MORAL GUIDE
Authors: English Andrea
Published: June 2011

In his central educational work, The Science of Education (1806), J.F. Herbart did not explicitly develop a theory of listening, yet his concept of the teacher as a guide in the moral development of the learner gives valuable insight into the moral dimension of listening within teacher‐student interaction. Herbart's theory radically calls into question the assumed linearity between listening and obedience to external authority, not only illuminating important distinctions between socialization and education, but also underscoring consequences for our understanding of the role of listening in educational relations. In this inquiry, Andrea English argues that critical listening in teaching contributes to the moral education and development of the learner. To do this, she examines Herbart's view of the teacher's task as a moral guide in the realm of moral education. English contends that reexamining Herbart's theory of education (a theory that is, for the most part, no longer discussed in Anglo‐American educational philosophy) can productively inform our understanding of moral education in democratic and pluralist societies.
JOHN DEWEY ON LISTENING AND FRIENDSHIP IN SCHOOL AND SOCIETY
Authors: Waks Leonard J.
Published: June 2011

In this essay, Leonard Waks examines John Dewey's account of listening, drawing on Dewey's writings to establish a direct connection in his work between listening and democracy. Waks devotes the first part of the essay to explaining Dewey's distinction between one‐way or straight‐line listening and transactional listening‐in‐conversation, and to demonstrating the close connection between transactional listening and what Dewey called “cooperative friendship.” In the second part of the essay, Waks establishes the further link between Dewey's notions of cooperative friendship and democratic society with particular reference to machine‐age technologies of mass communication. He maintains that while these technologies provide the means for extending communications throughout modern industrial nations, they simultaneously undermine the conditions fostering face‐to‐face listening‐in‐conversation. It remains an open question, Waks concludes, whether new educational arrangements incorporating interactive digital communication technologies will embody and promote transactional listening‐in‐conversation and revitalized democratic community.
Tropisetron versus metoclopramide for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in the emergency department: A randomized, double‐blinded, clinical trial
Authors: Chae John , McD Taylor David , Frauman Albert G
Published: June 2011

Aim: We aimed to compare the relative efficacy of tropisetron and metoclopramide in treating nausea/vomiting in undifferentiated ED patients.

Methods: We undertook a randomized, double‐blinded, clinical trial. Adult patients requiring treatment for nausea/vomiting were randomly assigned to either tropisetron (5 mg) or metoclopramide (10 mg), by i.v. bolus. The primary end‐point was incidence of vomiting. Secondary end‐points were decrease in nausea score from baseline (0–100 VAS), the requirement of ‘rescue’ anti‐emetics, ongoing nausea over 48 h and side‐effects.

Results: Fifty patients were enrolled in each group. The demographic variables, presenting complaints and nausea scores at baseline did not differ (P > 0.05). By 180 min, two (4.0%) and nine (18.0%) patients had vomited in the tropisetron and metoclopramide groups respectively (difference 14.0%, 95% CI 0.1–28.0, P= 0.05). Also, there were two and 20 episodes of vomiting respectively. Vomiting rates were 0.02 and 0.16 episodes/person‐hour (difference 0.14 episodes/person‐hour, 95% CI 0.07–0.21, P < 0.001) respectively. By 60 min and thereafter, the decrease in nausea score from baseline was greater (although not significantly so) in the tropisetron group. At 180 min, the decreases were 47.9 mm and 37.0 mm respectively (difference 10.9 mm, 95% CI −0.7–22.6). Five (10.0%) and 13 (26.0%) patients required a rescue anti‐emetic respectively (difference 16.0%, 95% CI −0.7–32.7, P= 0.07). Of patients followed up, 13/47 (27.7%) and 20/49 (40.8%) had ongoing nausea respectively (difference 13.2%, 95% CI −7.7–34.0, P= 0.25). The tropisetron group had less akathisia.

Conclusions: Tropisetron was associated with a significantly lower vomiting rate and shows promise as an alternative anti‐emetic in the ED.
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Combination Aliskiren/Amlodipine and Amlodipine Monotherapy in African Americans With Stage 2 Hypertension
Authors: Black Henry R. , Weinberger Myron H. , Purkayastha Das , Lee Joleen , Sridharan Kanaka , Israel Marc , Hilkert Robert , Izzo Joseph
Published: June 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:571–581. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Initial multiple drug therapy for hypertension achieves greater and quicker reductions and higher blood pressure (BP) control rates than monotherapy. This 8‐week, prospective, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind study compared the efficacy and safety of the initial combination of aliskiren/amlodipine with amlodipine monotherapy in African Americans with stage 2 hypertension. After a 1‐ to 4‐week washout, patients received aliskiren/amlodipine 150/5 mg or amlodipine 5 mg for 1 week and then were force‐titrated to aliskiren/amlodipine 300/10 mg or amlodipine 10 mg for 7 weeks. At week 8, greater reductions in mean sitting systolic BP were obtained with aliskiren/amlodipine (n=220) than with amlodipine (n=223) (least squares mean change [standard error of the mean], −34.1 [1.14] mm Hg vs −28.9 [1.12] mm Hg; P<.001). Ambulatory and central BP measures were consistent with clinic BP findings, although these were conducted in a small subset of patients (n=94 in ambulatory BP monitoring substudy and n=136 for central BP). More patients achieved goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg) with aliskiren/amlodipine than with amlodipine at week 8 (57.3% vs 48.0%; P = .051). Both treatment groups had similar adverse event rates (35.0% and 32.7%, respectively). The most common adverse events were peripheral edema (7.7% with aliskiren/amlodipine and 9.0% with amlodipine), headache, fatigue, and nausea. The combination of aliskiren/amlodipine reduced peripheral, ambulatory, and central BP more than amlodipine alone with similar tolerability in African Americans with stage 2 hypertension.
Analysis of the transcription factor cascade that induces endocrine and exocrine cell lineages from pancreatic progenitor cells using a polyoma‐based episomal vector system
Authors: Yamato Eiji , Bamba Yohei , Kamiya Yukimasa , Yagi Kiyohito , Miyazaki Jun‐ichi
Published: June 2011

Aims/Introduction:  We recently established a strategy for isolating multipotential duct‐like cells, called pdx‐1‐positive pancreatic cell‐derived (PPPD) cells, from the pancreas. To analyze the molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cell differentiation, we introduced a polyoma‐based episomal vector system into PPPD cells.

Materials and Methods:  PPPD cells were stably transfected with a polyoma large T (PLT)‐expressing plasmid vector, which included the polyoma origin of replication, to generate PLT‐PPPD cells. Various cDNA for pancreas‐related transcription factors were subcloned into the expression plasmid pPyCAG, which included the polyoma origin of replication. PLT‐PPPD cells were stably transfected with the resulting plasmid vectors and then subjected to gene and protein expression analyses.

Results:  The coexpression of Mafa, Neurod1 and Ipf1 induced Ins1 and Ins2 expression in PLT‐PPPD cells. The forced expression of Pax6 alone induced the expression of glucagon. The coexpression of Neurod1 and Isl1 induced Ins2 and Sst expression. In contrast, the expression of Ptf1a and Foxa2 induced the expression of exocrine markers Cpa1 and Amy2. Transfections with multiple transcription factors showed that Isl1 is required for the differentiation of both insulin‐positive cells and somatostatin‐positive cells. In addition, Foxa2 induced the differentiation of glucagon‐positive cells and inhibited the differentiation of insulin‐positive and somatostatin‐positive cells. PLT‐PPPD cells allow episomal vector‐based gene expression and should be useful for studying the transcription factor cascades involved in the differentiation of pancreatic cell types in vitro.

Conclusions:  Our coexpression study showed novel critical roles for Isl1 and Foxa2 in the differentiation of PPPD cells into endocrine cells. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00136.x, 2012)
Peripartal cognitive impairment: Secondary to depression?
Authors: Harris Natalia D. , Deary Ian J. , Harris Marlene B. , Lees M. M. , Wilson Janet A.
Published: June 2011

Twenty pregnant women and 20 controls matched for age and IQ were tested on a range of cognitive functions at three time points: in the last month of pregnancy, 48 hours after delivery, and four weeks after delivery. Pregnant women obtained significantly lower scores on digit symbol and paced auditory serial addition tests 48 hours after delivery. There were no significant differences between the groups on logical memory, trail making or letter cancellation tasks. The degree of cognitive impairment was correlated with the severity of depression, and the differences between the pregnant and control groups in cognitive function became nonsignificant when the effect of depression was controlled. Cognitive functions related to fluid cognitive ability are impaired in the immediate post‐partum period and the severity of impairment is correlated with self‐reported depression.
A review of the psychological effects of vertically acquired HIV infection in infants and children
Authors: Campbell Tomas
Published: June 2011

Mother to child transmission of HIV (vertical transmission) is the main source of paediatric HIV in the UK and worldwide. Research in Europe indicates that the rate of vertical transmission is 15–20 per cent. This rate is lower than that of less developed countries such as those in sub‐Saharan Africa where the rate is approximately 30 per cent. Approximately 40 per cent of HIV+ children develop AIDS within the first four years of life. Prognosis is poor for children who rapidly progress from asymptomatic to symptomatic HIV disease. Neurological and associated conditions are common in children and frequently take the form of developmental delay, neurological symptoms, specific cognitive difficulties and sometimes behavioural problems. However, there are a growing number of children who survive for longer, due in part to advances in medical understanding, but in whom visuo‐spatial and language problems are common. It has been difficult to separate the effects of HIV and in utero drug exposure but recent studies point to the effects of parental intravenous drug use (IVDU) as more important than HIV in the emergence of behavioural difficulties in HIV+ children. Factors such as chronic illness (in parents, child, or both), stigmatization of HIV and missed schooling may also contribute to psychological and emotional difficulties.
Convergent validity and reliability for a measure of perception of control for those with diabetes
Authors: Bunting Brendan P. , Coates Vivien
Published: June 2011

Objectives. This study assesses the reliability and factor structure of six positive and six negative dimensions of perceived control with people with insulin‐dependent diabetes.

Design. The dimensional structure of these six positive and six negative constructs was assessed in terms of six one‐factor models, where positive and negative factors were combined. This solution was compared with one where a separate factor structure was proposed for each of the positive and negative dimensions.

Methods. The reported results were based upon a series of confirmatory factor models using weighted least squares.

Results. Maintaining a separate factor structure for the positive and negative dimensions was the preferred solution. The reliabilities from these 12 factors ranged from .59 to .74.

Conclusions. These results provide evidence for the internal validity and reliability of this particular measure of perceived control among individuals with insulin‐dependent diabetes.
Developing items for the WHOQOL: An investigation of contemporary beliefs about quality of life related to health in Britain
Authors: Skevington S. M. , Arthur P. Mac , Somerset M.
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to develop the items for a new quality of life assessment—the WHOQOL—which would simultaneously create a UK national instrument as well as contribute to an international pool of items for a cross‐cultural measure. The important ways which people in contemporary Britain represent facets of their quality of life relating to health were investigated by obtaining samples of patients, health professionals and community members who participated in extended focus group discussions. The method of using focus groups to create three types of items for the WHOQOL is described. The relevance, importance and comprehensiveness of 33 facets of quality of life, and five domains proposed for the WHOQOL, was largely confirmed. Rankings showed that happiness was the most important aspect of quality of life, and religion and dependence on substances least important, yet highly valued by a subsection. Free‐listing highlighted omissions of job insecurity, fears of loss or bereavement, the need for loving relationships and specific environmental concerns like pollution. These were first considered for inclusion in the international core and then as items specific to the national instrument. This is the first stage in the development of a generic profile for international use.
Pain assessment for children with sickle cell disease: Improved validity of diary keeping versus interview ratings
Authors: Gill L. J. , Shand P. A. X. , Fuggle P. , Dugan B. , Davies S. C.
Published: June 2011

This paper describes the development and piloting of the Central Middlesex Hospital Children's Health Diary (CMHCHD) for children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD), and examines the reliability and validity of its key outcome measures. The diary has a semi‐structured format to be completed daily, covering general well‐being, common symptoms, pain events, coping strategies and the impact of any pain/illness events. Key summary measures consisted of total pain and impact scores for the diary‐keeping period. A pilot study was carried out with 25 children with SCD, and 25 matched controls who completed the diary for a four‐week period. Compliance with the procedure was satisfactory and adequate reliability was indicated although fatigue affects were observed during the fourth week of record keeping on some variables. The pain score had satisfactory concurrent validity with higher pain scores associated with more school absence (u = 88.5, p < .03) and greater disruption of daily life (u = 57, p < .01) and demonstrated encouraging construct validity by identifying expected higher rates of limb pain in children with SCD compared with controls (u = 196, p < .02). Parent and child interview ratings of pain frequency were not associated with quality of life measures, and could not discriminate between the clinical and non‐clinical population. Compared with both parent and child interview ratings of pain frequency, the total pain score was a more accurate predictor of the impact of pain in children's everyday life (F(47) = 10.80, p < .001). In conclusion, the CMHCHD shows considerable potential both for research, improving clinical assessment, and for enhancing coping strategies of children and their families.
A cognitive model of dysfunctional illness behaviour
Authors: Williams Chris
Published: June 2011

The use of psychological interventions within medical contexts is a relatively new field. The adaptation of cognitive therapy for use in this context holds promise. However, at present the lack of a generalized cognitive model of illness behaviour is a restriction to further development. Recently developed social cognitive models of ‘normal’ illness behaviour may also be able to offer some insights into dysfunctional illness behaviour. Self‐regulation theory (Leventhal, Meyer & Nerenz, 1980) and existing cognitive models of chronic pain and health anxiety are reviewed and a new cognitive model of dysfunctional illness behaviour is proposed. A central role is given to the patient's beliefs about their illness, other beliefs, particularly about self, others and the world, and the net interaction of these two sets of beliefs which give the illness its own unique meaning for that individual. These three components are described as the illness belief triad. The model leads to specific suggestions for the clinical assessment and treatment of dysfunctional illness behaviours using cognitive behavioural interventions.
Appraisal and coping in immunologically distinct subgroups of women with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Stewart Malcolm W. , Knight Robert G.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. Previous research has indicated stronger relationships between stress and disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who are seronegative (SNRA) for the autoantibodies called rheumatoid factor compared with seropositive RA patients (SPRA). The study compared women with SNRA and SPRA on measures of appraisal and coping responses to general stressors and pain.

Design. A cross‐sectional comparison of the patterns of appraisal, coping and affective responses was undertaken with groups of women with either SNRA or SPRA of less than eight years' duration. Data for some measures were collected at an initial interview, and for other measures 18 months later.

Methods. Standardized measures (including the Coping Strategies Questionnaire and the Ways of Coping Checklist) and specially developed measures were completed by a sample of female RA patients.

Results. The SNRA group reported more negative future expectancies and a higher level of worry about their disease. No differences in coping strategy use were found. The groups were comparable on a wide range of clinical, functional and demographic variables, and standardized depression and general anxiety scales.

Conclusions. These results suggest that appraisal processes may be particularly significant for the SNRA group. This may relate to the stronger stress‐disease relationship seen for the SNRA group. The SNRA group may particularly benefit from psychological intervention to assist them to modify the impact of appraisal processes.
The measurement of exercise motives: Factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory
Authors: Markland David , Ingledew David K.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. The aim of this study was to further develop and refine the Exercise Motivations Inventory (EMI), a measure of individuals' reasons for exercising.

Design. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures using LISREL were employed to test the hypothesized 14‐factor structure of the revised instrument (the EMI‐2) and the invariance of the factor structure across gender.

Methods. Four hundred and twenty‐five civil servants completed the revised instrument. Analyses were conducted in three phases. Phase 1 involved detailed examination of the fit of the 14‐factors separately in order to detect and eliminate poor indicators. In Phase 2 each factor was paired with every other factor in order to detect and eliminate ambiguous items. In Phase 3 factors were grouped with conceptually related factors into five submodels and the fit and factorial invariance across gender of these submodels was tested.

Results. Item elimination at Phases 1 and 2 led to the development of a set of internally consistent factors with strong indicators and good discriminant validity. Phase 3 gave further evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the items and factors and strong support for the invariance of the factor structure across gender.

Conclusions. The EMI‐2 is a factorially valid means of assessing a broad range of exercise participation motives in adult males and females, applicable to both exercisers and non‐exercisers.
Emotional expression in healthy women and those with breast cancer
Authors: Fernandez‐Ballesteros Rocio , Ruiz Maria Angeles , Garde Santiago
Published: June 2011

The Rationality/Emotional Defensiveness (R/ED) and Need for Harmony (N/H) scales developed by Spielberger were administered to 311 women with breast cancer and 103 healthy women. Women with breast cancer were assessed after diagnosis (74), during treatment (105) and during follow‐up, approximately 12 months after treatment (132). Women with breast cancer had substantially higher scores than healthy women in rationality and emotional defensiveness (or anti‐emotionality), and need for harmony. All comparisons were less than p < .0000. Rationality/emotional defensiveness and need for harmony scores classified correctly 86 per cent of the participants (87 per cent of the breast cancer patients and 82 per cent of the healthy participants). Although older participants in both groups had higher scores on R/EM and N/H, women with breast cancer had higher scores than healthy women if age was controlled for. Results support previous studies, and are in accordance with other findings showing that breast cancer patients tend to suppress, inhibit, repress or deny their emotions, as well as are ready to sacrifice their needs in order to achieve and maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships.
The personal experience of chronic benign lower back pain: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Osborn Mike , Smith Jonathan A.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. Chronic low back pain is a major health problem and one where pain, physical impairment and biological pathology are only very loosely correlated). It is considered that the experience of pain, its distress and disability is mediated by its meaning to the sufferer. The intention of this study was to explore the sufferers' personal experience of their pain.

Design. Qualitative research is often recommended to complement the quantitative work on chronic pain that has been published to date. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed in an in‐depth study of a small sample of chronic pain patients.

Method. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with nine women pain patients. The verbatim transcripts of those interviews served as the data for an interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results. Four themes emerged which are described under the broad headings: searching for an explanation; comparing this self with other selves; not being believed; and withdrawing from others.

Conclusions. The participants shared an inability to explain the persistent presence of their pain or to reconstruct any contemporary self‐regard. While they used social comparisons to try and help them make sense of their situation, these comparisons proved equivocal in their outcome. Participants were unable to establish the legitimacy of the chronic nature of their pain and in certain situations felt obliged to appear ill to conform to the expectations of others. By default, participants treated their own pain as a stigma and tended to withdraw from social contact. They felt confused, afraid for their future and vulnerable to shame.
The generation gap in menstrual cycle attributions
Authors: Lawlor S. , Choi P. Y. L.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. To replicate research from the 1980s that consistently found people to attribute negative moods experienced in the premenstrual phase to the menstrual cycle but positive moods to other factors such as work and to extend the research to examine community samples of different age groups.

Methods. Four groups of women: under 18 years, 18–34 years, 35–54 years and over 55s were presented with four vignettes of a woman in either a positive or negative mood and in either the premenstrual phase or the middle of her cycle.

Results. Two‐way split plot MANOVA and subsequent post hoc analyses revealed findings consistent with earlier studies but group differences emerged. The under 18s did not differ in their mood attributions and between‐group analyses revealed that they were significantly more likely to attribute premenstrual positive moods to the menstrual cycle than the other groups.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that the younger generation of British women today may hold more positive attitudes towards the menstrual cycle.
THERMODYNAMIC GEOMETRY OF THE BORN–INFELD–ANTI-DE SITTER BLACK HOLES
Authors: CHEN PENG
Published: June 2011

Thermodynamic geometry is applied to the Born–Infeld–anti-de Sitter black hole (BIAdS) in the four dimensions, which is a nonlinear generalization of the Reissner–Nordström–AdS black hole (RNAdS). We compute the Weinhold as well as the Ruppeiner scalar curvature and find that the singular points are not the same with the ones obtained using the heat capacity. Legendre-invariant metric proposed by Quevedo and the metric obtained by using the free energy as the thermodynamic potential are obtained and the corresponding scalar curvatures diverge at the Davies points.
THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE ENERGY SPECTRUM AND PRESSURE SHIFTS OF R1 LINE FOR LiNbO3:Cr3+
Authors: YANG KUO , SONG YONG , TANG JIAN
Published: June 2011

Based on the improved ligand-field theory, the energy levels of spectrum, wavefunctions and crystal-field parameters of LiNbO 3: Cr 3+ at 10 K and normal pressure, have been calculated by diagonalizing the complete d3+ energy matrix (120 × 120) under the strong-field scheme of the ligand-field theory. Furthermore, the values of R1 line of LiNbO 3: Cr 3+ under different pressure have been calculated, which agrees well with the experimental data. At last, the contributions from various crystal-field parameters to the energy levels at normal pressure and the variaton rates of the R1 line shifting with the pressure have been calculated, and the physical origin of the red shift of R1 line under the increasing pressure has been clearly shown.
EFFECTS OF SVM PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION BASED ON THE PARAMETER DESIGN OF TAGUCHI METHOD
Authors: HUANG MEI LING , HUNG YUNG HSIANG , LIN EN JU
Published: June 2011

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are based on the concept of decision planes that define decision boundaries, and Least Squares Support Vector (LS-SVM) Machine is the reformulation of the principles of SVM. In this study a diagnosis on a BUPA liver disorders dataset, is conducted LS-SVM with the Taguchi method. The BUPA Liver Disorders dataset includes 345 samples with 6 features and 2 class labels. The system approach has two stages. In the first stage, in order to effectively determine the parameters of the kernel function, the Taguchi method is used to obtain better parameter settings. In the second stage, diagnosis of the BUPA liver disorders dataset is conducted using the LS-SVM classifier; the classification accuracy is 95.07%; the AROC is 99.12%. Compared with the results of related research, our proposed system is both effective and reliable.
STATIC STRATEGIC GAME APPROACH FOR MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING PROBLEMS WITHOUT WEIGHT INFORMATION
Authors: ZHOU LIHUA , LIU WEIYI , WANG LIZHEN
Published: June 2011

In multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problems, it is usual that no single alternative works best for all performance attributes, so it is difficult to select the best from among multiple available alternatives, especially in the situation that the attribute weights are completely unknown. This research propose a game theory-based approach (GMADM) which incorporates static strategic game theory into MADM problems to derive the attribute weights, and then utilize the weight arithmetic average (WAA) operator to aggregate the attribute values corresponding to each alternative and rank alternatives by means of aggregated information. In GMADM, each attribute is regarded as a player taking part in the game, and the player's strategy is to select a value from interval [0,1] to assign corresponding attribute weight, and the player's utility is defined as the agreement between the ranking of alternatives determined by the aggregated information and the one determined by the attribute values. When the game is in equilibrium status, the strategy profile is the best attribute weights which make each player have good utilities. Moreover, the equilibrium solution of game and the resolution method for the MADM problem without weight information have also been developed. Finally, the result of proposed approach for a practical MADM problem and its comparisons with one of other methods are given.
PASSIVE DECOY STATE QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION WITH FINITE RESOURCE
Authors: TAN YONG-GANG , CAI QING-YU
Published: June 2011

The passive decoy state quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is practically interesting for its longer transmission distance and convenience on the decoy states choice. In this paper, its unconditional security with finite length of the key bits is guaranteed. And its performances under this practical condition are demonstrated.
CORRELATION ENERGY AND ENTANGLEMENT GAP IN CONTINUOUS MODELS
Authors: MARTINA LUIGI , RUGGERI GIOVANNA , SOLIANI GIULIO
Published: June 2011

Our goal is to clarify the relation between entanglement and correlation energy in a bipartite system with infinite dimensional Hilbert space. To this aim, we consider the completely solvable Moshinsky's model of two linearly coupled harmonic oscillators. Also, for small values of the couplings, the entanglement of the ground state is nonlinearly related to the correlation energy, involving logarithmic or algebraic corrections. Then, looking for witness observables of the entanglement, we show how to give a physical interpretation of the correlation energy. In particular, we have proven that there exists a set of separable states, continuously connected with the Hartree–Fock state, which may have a larger overlap with the exact ground state, but also a larger energy expectation value. In this sense, the correlation energy provides an entanglement gap, i.e. an energy scale, under which measurements performed on the 1-particle harmonic sub-system can discriminate the ground state from any other separated state of the system. However, in order to verify the generality of the procedure, we have compared the energy distribution cumulants for the 1-particle harmonic sub-system of the Moshinsky's model with the case of a coupling with a damping Ohmic bath at 0 temperature.
Electrical Characteristics of Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Thin-Film Transistors with Six-Step Photomask Structure
Authors: Lee Sang-Jin , Park Jae-Hoon , Oh Kum-Mi , Lee Seok-Woo , Lee Kyung-Eon , Shin Woo-Sup , Jun Myung-chul , Yang Yong-Suk , Hwang Yong-Kee
Published: June 2011

We propose two types of six-step photomask, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS), thin-film transistor (TFT) PCT device structures in order to simplify their fabrication process compared with that of conventional, low-temperature, polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) CMOS TFT devices. The initial charge transfer characteristics of both types of six-step PCT are equivalent to those of the conventional nine-step PCT. Both types of six-step PCT are comparable to the conventional nine-step mask lightly doped drain (LDD) device in terms of the dc device lifetime of over 10 years at V
ds=5 V for line inversion driving, which is the normally recognized duration time for semiconducting devices.
The Ideal Doping Concentration in Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Devices
Authors: Jeon Woo Sik , Choi Jin Woo , Park Jung Soo , Yu Jae Hyung , Suh Min Chul , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: June 2011

The method for prediction of an ideal doping concentration in phosphorescent organic light emitting devices (PHOLEDs) is proposed by consideration of filling imaginary spherical molecules in 4×4×4 face-centered cubic lattice. Calculated ideal doping concentration is about 0.93 mol % in similar spherical size of host and guest molecules. Two different host materials are selected to demonstrate this concept. The ideal doping concentration of 4,4'-N,N '-dicarbazolebiphenyl (CBP) host with fac-tris(2-phenyl-pyridinato)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)3] guest system is predicted to be 1.19 wt % (0.93 mol %), which is observed at relatively thin (∼10 nm) emitting layer (EML) condition presumably due to a deep trapping nature of the hole carriers at dopant molecules. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) is improved with increasing the doping concentration and thickness due to a preliminary trap filling process at the dopant molecules. Hence, we obtain the maximum EQE of 17.3% at a slightly over-doped and thicker condition (3%, 20 nm EML). Conversely, maximum EQE value of 20.7% is obtained at 1.5% doping concentration which is relatively less value from that of the calculated ideal doping concentration condition (∼1.93 wt %) from bis[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-pyridine] beryllium (Bepp2) host with Ir(ppy)3 guest system.
Enhancement of Operating Lifetime and Performance on Polymer Light Emitting Diode by Mg–Zn–F Passivation
Authors: Lee Sung-Youp , Son Myung-Rak , Shin Byong-Wook , Kim Do-Eok , Kang Byoung-Ho , Kang Shin-Won , Lee Hyeong-Rag
Published: June 2011

Fluorine material MgF2 with Zn has recently been reported to have good encapsulation properties with high optical transmittance. We fabricated a 200 nm Mg–Zn–F passivation film for encapsulation of organic light emitting diodes using a radio frequency magnetron sputter. The water vapor transmission rate of Mg–Zn–F passivation film on poly(ethylene naphthalate) was determined using a calcium degradation test. Heating of the substrate during sputtering enhanced the device performance, and Mg–Zn–F film applied to a polymer light emitting diode device almost doubled its operating lifetime.
Passivation Effect of Diamond-Like Carbon Films for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Butou Hirokazu , Okada Hiroyuki , Naka Shigeki
Published: June 2011

We have studied organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with double-layered inorganic molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)/diamond-like carbon (DLC) as passivation films. The initial device characteristics were identical to those of devices without a passivation film, namely, the maximum luminance and electro luminescence (EL) efficiency were 15,000 cd/m2 and 1.9 lm/W, respectively. However, in the device without a 20 nm MoO3 inorganic film, the device durability was markedly lower than that of the device with a double-layered structure. By adding MoO3 as an additional passivation layer, plasma damage in the peripheral region of the organic layer was markedly reduced, and the resultant device durability was improved significantly.
Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy Detection of N2O Using a Direct-Bonded Quasi-Phase-Matched LiNbO3-Ridge-Waveguide Mid-Infrared Laser
Authors: Sakamoto Yosuke , Tanaka Kotaro , Asakawa Takashi , Tonokura Kenichi
Published: June 2011

We measured nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration by mid-infrared wavelength modulation spectroscopy at a wavelength of 3.87 µm. Mid-infrared laser light from difference frequency generation in a fiber-coupled direct-bonded quasi-phase-matched LiNbO3-ridge-waveguide module is obtained using a diode-pumped Nd-doped yttrium alminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser at 1064 nm together with a distributed feedback diode laser at 1466 nm. The absorption line of N2O centered at 2583.39 cm-1 (3.871 µm), which originates from the first overtone band of the ν1 asymmetric stretching mode, is measured by second-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy detection. The limits of N2O detection measured by wavelength modulation spectroscopy are found to be 150 ppbv using a 29.9 m Herriott multipass cell at a pressure of 12 kPa. We demonstrated the real-time monitoring of atmospheric N2O using our developed spectrometer with a difference-frequency-generation mid-infrared laser light source.
Polarization and Excitation Dependence of Photoluminescence of InAs Quantum Wires and Dots Grown on GaAs(631)
Authors: Méndez-García Víctor Hugo , García-Liñán Gerardo , López-Luna Edgar , Cruz-Hernández Esteban , López-López Máximo
Published: June 2011

We studied the optical properties of self-assembled InAs nanostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs substrates with (631) crystallographic orientation by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The growth of InAs proceeded on GaAs(631) buffer layers conformed by corrugated surfaces with a high degree of lateral periodicity (uniformly spaced nano grooves). The grooved surface is sustained even after the growth of InAs with thicknesses below 2 monolayers (ML), indicating the formation of InAs quantum wires. The one-dimensional confinement is corroborated by PL polarized along the [113] and [8,19,9] orthogonal directions. The calculated polarization degree, Πd, was 0.13 and 0.125 for InAs thicknesses of 1 and 1.5 ML, respectively. As the InAs thickness is increased, the InAs film reaches the critical thickness and quantum dots aligned along the grooved surface are formed, as observed by atomic force microscopy. Excitation-power-dependent luminescence is observed to a larger extent for low-energy PL lines in addition to a blue shift related to the band-filling effect.
Selective Product of Magnetite through Addition of Small Amount of Metal Element
Authors: Abe Seishi , Ping De Hai , Ohnuma Masato , Ohnuma Shigehiro
Published: June 2011

In this study, we investigate the transformation mechanism from a phase mixture of magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) to a single-phase magnetite through the addition of a specific metal element. The thin films were prepared by rf sputtering with a composite target of metal chips set on a ceramic magnetite (or hematite) target in Ar atmosphere. It is revealed that the addition of Ge to the polycrystalline hematite film obviously produces single-phase magnetite, indicating that the hematite is fully transformed to magnetite through an addition of Ge. Such transformation is also seen with slight additions of Mo, W, Cr, and Mg, whereas the addition of Sn does not affect the phase mixture of magnetite and hematite. According to the free energy of the reaction, elements of Ge, Mo, W, Cr, and Mg are capable of reducing hematite, whereas hematite remains unreactive with addition of Sn. This is in good agreement with the experiment results. This unique technique additionally provides the maximum magnetization of 3.9 kG at 8 ×105 A·m-1(10 kOe) at a Mo concentration of 1.3 at. %.
Quantitative Analysis of Coherent and Incoherent Tunneling Currents in MgO-Based Epitaxial Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Matsumoto Rie , Fukushima Akio , Nagahama Taro , Tamura Eiiti , Suzuki Yoshishige , Ando Koji , Yuasa Shinji
Published: June 2011

We studied spin-dependent transport in fully epitaxial Fe/MgO/Cr/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a Cr(001) layer grown above or below the MgO barrier layer to clarify the scattering process of tunneling electrons at the barrier/electrode interfaces. From the Cr-thickness dependence of tunneling resistance, it was clearly shown that the Cr layer having no Δ1Bloch states at Fermi energy acts as a tunnel barrier for coherent-tunneling current (Icoh) carried by electrons with Δ1symmetry and acts as a metallic layer for incoherent-tunneling current (Iinc) mediated by nonspecular scattering. We evaluatedIcohandIincin Fe/MgO/Fe MTJs from the Cr-thickness dependence. TheIcoh/Iincratio for the upper MgO/Fe interface was estimated to be 16, which corresponded to tunneling spin polarization above 0.9. The lower Fe/MgO interface with higher-density dislocations had a smallerIcoh/Iincratio and spin polarization. Reducing structural defects at the lower interface is the key to achieving higher MR ratios.
Enhancement of Drain Current by an AlN Spacer Layer Insertion in AlGaN/GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistors with Si-Ion-Implanted Source/Drain Contacts
Authors: Nanjo Takuma , Motoya Tsukasa , Imai Akihumi , Suzuki Yosuke , Shiozawa Katsuomi , Suita Muneyoshi , Oishi Toshiyuki , Abe Yuji , Yagyu Eiji , Yoshiara Kiichi , Tokuda Yasunori
Published: June 2011

In AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with an AlN spacer layer, which improves two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) properties, it is important to decrease ohmic contact resistance because an AlN spacer layer with an extremely wide band gap decreases the contact resistance significantly. We employed Si ion implantation doping to solve this problem and successfully obtained a sufficiently low contact resistance equivalent to that of HEMT without an AlN spacer layer. In the fabricated AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMTs with Si-ion-implanted source/drain contacts, as another effect of AlN spacer layer insertion, a reduction in the forward Schottky gate current was found, which made it possible to apply a high gate voltage in the transistor operation. Combined with the improvement in 2DEG properties, a marked enhancement in drain current density of 25–30% was observed.
Strain-Dependent Characteristics of Triangular Silicon Nanowire-Based Field-Effect Transistors on Flexible Plastics
Authors: Koo Jamin , Jeon Youngin , Lee Myeongwon , Kim Sangsig
Published: June 2011

Top-gate field-effect transistors (FETs) based on triangular silicon nanowires (SiNWs) obtained from a silicon bulk wafer using a conventional silicon manufacturing technology are constructed on flexible plastic substrates. Their field-effect mobility and peak transconductance are enhanced by 10% in the upwardly bent state and by 29% in the downwardly bent state at a strain of 1.02%, compared with the flat state. The strain effect resulting from the bending of the flexible substrates is higher in the downward state than in the upward state, and the increase in strain improves the performance of SiNW-based FETs. Moreover, their device performance is stable even after bending the substrate several thousand times.
Decomposition of Ethanol and Dimethyl Ether during Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Hou Bo , Xiang Rong , Inoue Taiki , Einarsson Erik , Chiashi Shohei , Shiomi Junichiro , Miyoshi Akira , Maruyama Shigeo
Published: June 2011

In this study, we investigated carbon feedstock decomposition conditions on the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by chemical vapor deposition. We simulated gas-phase thermal decomposition of ethanol and dimethyl ether (DME) at typical SWNT growth conditions using the chemical kinetic model, and confirmed the reaction trends and primary products using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Molar fractions were correlated against residence time in the reactor by adjusting the volumetric gas flow rate, and concentration profiles of reaction species were compared to the predicted decomposition mechanism. Signature peak intensities indicated concentrations of both ethanol and DME.
Adsorption Density Control of Ferritin Molecules by Multistep Alternate Coating
Authors: Hanasaki Itsuo , Isono Yoshitada , Zheng Bin , Uraoka Yukiharu , Yamashita Ichiro
Published: June 2011

We have developed a process to control adsorption density of ferritin molecules on SiO2 surface in the high-density regime. We use two types of ferritin molecules: titanium-binding peptide ferritin (TBF) and Fer8S. The former has a property to get adsorbed on the SiO2 surface, and it is positively charged in the buffer solution. The latter is negatively charged in the solution. Exposure of the TBF solution on the substrate followed by rinse in water and drying leads to 4.6×103 molecules/µm2 of adsorption density, corresponding to a half of the coverage of the whole surface. Subsequent drop of the Fer8S solution leads to 6.0×103 molecules/µm2, and repeating this alternate coating process enables the full coverage of the surface. We also discuss the dominant factors that determine the adsorption patterns using Monte Carlo simulations.
Effect of Oxygen Adsorption on Polaron Conduction in Nanometer-Scale Nb5+-, Fe3+-, and Cr3+-Doped SrTiO3 Thin Films
Authors: Hara Toru , Shinozaki Kazuo
Published: June 2011

In this study, the effect of oxygen (O2) adsorption on polaron conduction in nanometer-scale Nb5+-, Fe3+-, and Cr3+-doped SrTiO3 thin films was investigated. The SrTiO3-based thin films were epitaxially grown onto SrTiO3(001) single-crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). It was found that polaron diameter decreases owing to O2 adsorption; this can be understood by assuming that O2 adsorbates induce local distortions of TiO6 unit cells, at which conduction electrons are frequently trapped. Furthermore, the polaron diameter of Sr(Ti,Nb)O3 and Sr(Ti,Fe)O3 exhibited less dependence on O2 concentration than that of Sr(Ti,Cr)O3; this can be explained by the shielding of electron–phonon interaction by doped electrons in Sr(Ti,Nb)O3, and by the electronic structure of Sr(Ti,Fe)O3.
Silicon Trench Oxidation in Downstream of Microwave Oxygen Plasma
Authors: Takahashi Shuuji , Shindo Haruo
Published: June 2011

For one application of nonequilibrium oxygen plasma, low-temperature silicon trench oxidation is examined under the conditions of radio frequency bias as well as DC bias applications. The silicon oxidation has a very strong dependence on the substrate bias and is drastically reduced under the condition of no bias. The oxidation depth shows a maximum in a far downstream position from the microwave window. The silicon trench oxidation mapping clearly demonstrates that the maximum depth occurs along the line of the substrate bias of +20 V just above the plasma potential. In particular, silicon trench bottom oxidation is limited to higher radio frequency bias under the above conditions. It is concluded, for the reasons above, that the oxidation is due to the negative oxygen ions in downstream.
Experimental and Computational Analysis of Water-Droplet Formation and Ejection Process Using Hollow Microneedle
Authors: Kato Norihisa , Oka Ryotaro , Sakai Takahiro , Shibata Takayuki , Kawashima Takahiro , Nagai Moeto , Mineta Takashi , Makino Eiji
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we present the possibility of liquid delivery using fabricated hollow silicon dioxide microneedles of approximately 2 µm in diameter. As a fundamental study, the water-droplet formation and ejection process was examined via dynamic observations during water ejection tests and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The experimental results indicated that fluid flow in a microneedle follows the Hagen–Poiseuille law, i.e., the flow rate is approximately directly proportional to the fourth power of the inner diameter. Moreover, the ejection pressure and maximum droplet curvature obtained using the proposed microfluid ejection model were in good agreement with the experimental results. The resulting ejection pressure is equal to the theoretical pressure difference of a spherical droplet, which is determined using the Young–Laplace equation. The maximum curvature of a droplet formed at the tip of a microneedle can be estimated on the basis of the contact angle theory expressed by the Young equation.
Negative Refraction and Energy-Transmission Efficiency of Acoustic Waves in Two-Dimensional Phononic Crystal: Numerical and Experimental Study
Authors: Kasai Yuuki , Tsuruta Kenji , Fujimori Kazuhiro , Fukano Hideki , Nogi Shigeji
Published: June 2011

The negative refraction of acoustic waves in a two-dimensional phononic-crystal slab is studied by numerical simulation based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and by ultrasonic measurement. The incident-angle dependences of energy-transmission efficiency in the simulation and experiment are in good agreement in the frequency range of approximately 1.2 MHz. Using the FDTD method, we optimize the efficiency by varying structural parameters such as filling fraction and slab thickness. The effect of deviation from the ideal crystallinity is also evaluated quantitatively via the simulation. These results indicate that an energetically efficient acoustic lens can be fabricated by carefully optimizing the structure of the phononic crystal.