bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employment Status Among Parenting Teenage Mothers Enrolled in High School
Authors: Smith Matthew Lee , Wilson Kelly L.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Many programs emphasize subsequent pregnancy prevention and high school graduation among teenage mothers; however, less is known about their ability to increase financial earnings from employment opportunities while concurrently enrolled in school. This study evaluates factors influencing employment status among teenage mothers after enrolling in a community‐based randomized intervention.

METHODS

Project Mothers and Schools (PMAS) initiative participants were surveyed at baseline and 12 months after enrollment. The 56 control group participants received homebound education and family case management, whereas the 59 intervention group participants received these basic‐level services as well as group parenting time, life skills, and leadership training. A generalized estimating equation was used to identify statistically significant changes associated with the intervention.

RESULTS

Participants were significantly more likely to receive money from their jobs at postintervention relative to baseline (OR = 4.75, p = .023); however, this change was not statistically significant when comparing the control group to the intervention group. At postintervention, those who received money from parents were significantly less likely to receive money from their job (OR = 0.12, p = .002).

CONCLUSIONS

While PMAS benefited participants in terms of employment, the role of parental support requires additional investigation to determine its influence on teenage mothers' ability to achieve financial independence.
Species variation in the enantioselective metabolism of tegafur to 5-fluorouracil among rats, dogs and monkeys
Authors: Yamamiya Ikuo , Yoshisue Kunihiro , Ishii Yuji , Yamada Hideyuki , Yoshida Ken-ichiro
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Tegafur (FT), a pro-drug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is a racemate consisting of two enantiomers, R and S-FT. The aim of this study was to clarify interspecies variation in the enantioselective metabolism of FT.

Methods

Plasma concentrations of FT enantiomers were determined in rats, dogs and monkeys following intravenous and oral dosing of the racemate (5 mg/kg). In addition, the enzymatic conversion of FT enantiomers to 5-FU was assayed using hepatic preparations.

Key findings

Metabolic clearance of R-FT was higher than that of S-FT in rats and monkeys, but S-FT was the preferential substrate for dogs. An inhibition study revealed that cytochrome P450 is primarily responsible for the enantioselective metabolism of FT in rats and dogs. In contrast, in monkeys, thymidine phosphorylase was a determinant of the enantioselectivity in FT metabolism. Although oral bioavailability was not enantioselective, in-vitro and in-vivo kinetic studies suggested that the enantioselectivity in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of FT directly influences the body clearance in all animal species examined.

Conclusions

The interspecies variations were observed in the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of FT, and the in-vivo enantioselectivity could be extrapolated from the in-vitro metabolic activities.
Uliginosin B, a natural phloroglucinol derivative, presents a multimediated antinociceptive effect in mice
Authors: Stolz Eveline Dischkaln , Hasse Diego Rafael , von Poser Gilsane Lino , Rates Stela M K
Published: August 2014

Objective

Investigate the involvement of monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems on the antinociceptive and ataxic effects of uliginosin B, which we have already demonstrated to be a promising molecular scaffold to develop new analgesic drugs.

Methods

Uliginosin B was obtained from hexane extract of aerial parts of Hypericum polyanthemum by chromatographic methods. Uliginosin B antinociceptive and motor coordination effects were evaluated in mice by using hot-plate (15 and 90 mg/kg, i.p.) and rotarod (90 mg/kg, i.p.) tests, respectively. The mechanism of action was investigated through pretreatments with prazosin 1 mg/kg intraperitoneal (α1 receptor antagonist), yohimbine 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal (α2 receptor antagonist), pCPA 300 mg/kg intraperitoneal (serotonin synthesis inhibitor) and MK-801 0.25 mg/kg intraperitoneal (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist).

Key findings

The antinociceptive effect of uliginosin B (15 and 90 mg/kg, i.p.) was reduced significantly by pCPA and MK-801. Prazosin and yohimbine improved the antinociceptive effect of the highest dose (90 mg/kg, i.p.) of uliginosin B only. The ataxic effect of uliginosin B (90 mg/kg, i.p.) was completely prevented by pretreatment with pCPA or MK-801, but it was unaffected by pretreatment with prazosin or yohimbine.

Conclusion

These data confirm the contribution of monoaminergic neurotransmission as well as provide the first evidence of glutamatergic neurotransmission contribution to the uliginosin B effects.
Cross‐cultural validation of the factor structure for theKorean version of theClassroomClimateInventory
Authors: Choi Hyunju , Rhee Eunjeong , Ito Ayako , Lee Sang Min
Published: August 2014

The purpose of the present study was to validate theClassroomClimateInventory (CCI) inKorean middle schools. Specifically, we investigated whether the original eight‐factor structure of theJapanese version of theCCI(Involvement,Affiliation,Friction,Satisfaction,Self‐disclosure,TaskOrientation,Order, andEquity) is appropriate forKorean middle schools. The results indicated that theKorean version of theCCIshowed a different factor structure from theJapaneseCCI. In the cross‐culturally validatedCCI, theFriction factor included in theJapanese version was divided into two factors (i.e.,Harmony andConflict), andEquity was excluded. The final model of theKoreanCCIdisplayed acceptable goodness‐of‐fit indices, which indicated that it is a valid instrument by which to measure the classroom climate ofKorean middle schools. Lastly, implications for future research and limitations are discussed.
Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs: A Comparative Study of Heterosexual Men and Women, Gay Men, and Lesbian Women With and Without Sexual Problems
Authors: Peixoto Maria Manuela , Nobre Pedro
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Conservative and dysfunctional sexual beliefs are commonly associated with sexual problems among heterosexual men and women. However, little is known about the role of sexual beliefs in sexual problems in gay men and lesbians.

Aim

The present study aimed at analyzing the role of sexual beliefs in sexual dysfunction in a sample of heterosexual and homosexual men and women.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants answered questions about self-perceived sexual problems and completed the Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire.

Methods

Two hundred twelve men (106 gay) and 192 women (96 lesbian) completed a Web survey.

Results

Findings indicated that men with sexual dysfunction (regardless of sexual orientation) reported significantly more conservative beliefs and more erroneous beliefs related to partner's sexual satisfaction compared with sexually healthy men. Also, gay men with sexual dysfunction (but not heterosexual men) scored higher on belief in sex as an abuse of men's power compared with healthy controls. In addition, heterosexual men scored higher on “macho” beliefs, beliefs regarding partner's sexual satisfaction, and partner's power, compared with gay men. For women, a main effect was found for sexual orientation, with lesbian women scoring higher on sexual desire as a sin, age-related beliefs, and affection primacy and lower on beliefs related to motherhood primacy.

Conclusions

Overall, findings suggest that dysfunctional sexual beliefs may play a role as vulnerability factors for sexual dysfunction regardless of sexual orientation, particularly in men.
Distributive justice and proprietary remedies over bribes
Authors: Barnett Katy
Published: August 2014

It is often said that distributive justice has no place in private law. However, distributive justice considerations feature strongly in cases involving the remedies imposed over bribes gained in breach of fiduciary duty. This paper argues that courts should exercise structured discretion, guided by principles of distributive justice, in ascertaining the appropriate remedy. The distributive factors of desert, needs and equality should inform the determination of what remedy is apposite to provide justice in the circumstances.
Staff‐Prisoner Relationships, Staff Professionalism, and the Use of Authority in Public‐ and Private‐Sector Prisons
Authors: Crewe Ben , Liebling Alison , Hulley Susie
Published: August 2014

Prison privatization has generally been associated with developments in neoliberal punishment. However, relatively little is known about the specific impact of privatization on the daily life of prisoners, including areas that are particularly salient not just to debates about neoliberal penality, but the wider reconfiguration of public service provision and frontline work. Drawing on a study of values, practices, and quality of life in five private‐sector and two public‐sector prisons in England and Wales, this article seeks to compare and explain three key domains of prison culture and quality: relationships between frontline staff and prisoners, levels of staff professionalism (or jailcraft), and prisoners' experience of state authority. The study identifies some of the characteristic strengths and weaknesses of the public and private prison sectors, particularly in relation to staff professionalism and its impact on the prisoner experience. These findings have relevance beyond the sphere of prisons and punishment.
SdrC induces staphylococcal biofilm formation through a homophilic interaction
Authors: Barbu E. Magda , Mackenzie Chris , Foster Timothy J. , Höök Magnus
Published: August 2014

The molecular pathogenesis of many Staphylococcus aureus infections involves growth of bacteria as biofilm. In addition to polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) and extracellular DNA, surface proteins appear to mediate the transition of bacteria from planktonic growth to sessile lifestyle as well as biofilm growth, and can enable these processes even in the absence of PIA expression. However, the molecular mechanisms by which surface proteins contribute to biofilm formation are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that self‐association of the serine‐aspartate repeat protein SdrC promotes both bacterial adherence to surfaces and biofilm formation. However, this homophilic interaction is not required for the attachment of bacteria to abiotic surfaces. We identified the subdomain that mediates SdrC dimerization and subsequent cell‐cell interactions. In addition, we determined that two adjacently located amino acid sequences within this subdomain are required for the SdrC homophilic interaction. Comparative amino acid sequence analysis indicated that these binding sites are conserved. In summary, our study identifies SdrC as a novel molecular determinant in staphylococcal biofilm formation and describes the mechanism responsible for intercellular interactions. Furthermore, these findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that homophilic interactions between surface proteins present on neighbouring bacteria induce biofilm growth.
Dynamin‐mediated lipid acquisition is essential for Chlamydia trachomatis development
Authors: Gurumurthy Rajendra Kumar , Chumduri Cindrilla , Karlas Alexander , Kimmig Sonja , Gonzalez Erik , Machuy Nikolaus , Rudel Thomas , Meyer Thomas F.
Published: August 2014

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for a high burden of human disease. Here, a loss‐of‐function screen using a set of lentivirally transduced shRNAs identified 14 human host cell factors that modulate C. trachomatis infectivity. Notably, knockdown of dynamin, a host GTPase, decreased C. trachomatis infectivity. Dynamin functions in multiple cytoplasmic locations, including vesicle formation at the plasma membrane and the trans‐Golgi network. However, its role in C. trachomatis infection remains unclear. Here we report that dynamin is essential for homotypic fusion of C. trachomatis inclusions but not for C. trachomatis internalization into the host cell. Further, dynamin activity is necessary for lipid transport into C. trachomatis inclusions and for normal re‐differentiation from reticulate to elementary bodies. Fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is proposed to be an important strategy used by C. trachomatis for efficient lipid acquisition and replication within the host. Here we show that a subset of C. trachomatis‐infected cells displayed Golgi fragmentation, which was concurrent with increased mitotic accumulation. Golgi fragmentation was dispensable for dynamin‐mediated lipid acquisition into C. trachomatis inclusions, irrespective of the cell cycle phase. Thus, our study reveals a critical role of dynamin in host‐derived lipid acquisition for C. trachomatis development.
Global biogeography of Alnus‐associated Frankia actinobacteria
Authors: Põlme Sergei , Bahram Mohammad , Kõljalg Urmas , Tedersoo Leho
Published: August 2014

Macroecological patterns of microbes have received relatively little attention until recently. This study aimed to disentangle the determinants of the global biogeographic community of Alnus‐associated actinobacteria belonging to the Frankia alni complex.

By determining a global sequence similarity threshold for the nitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene, we separated Frankia into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and tested the relative effects of Alnus phylogeny, geographic relatedness, and climatic and edaphic variables on community composition at the global scale.

Based on the optimal nifH gene sequence similarity threshold of 99.3%, we distinguished 43 Frankia OTUs from root systems of 22 Alnus species on four continents. Host phylogeny was the main determinant of Frankia OTU‐based community composition, but there was no effect on the phylogenetic structure of Frankia. Biogeographic analyses revealed the strongest cross‐continental links over the Beringian land bridge.

Despite the facultative symbiotic nature of Frankia, phylogenetic relations among Alnus species play a prominent role in structuring root‐associated Frankia communities and their biogeographic patterns. Our results suggest that Alnus species exert strong phylogenetically determined selection pressure on compatible Actinobacteria.
Selling a natural community: Exploring the role of representations in promoting a new urban development
Authors: Opit Simon , Kearns Robin
Published: August 2014

We explore the rhetoric and symbolism deployed in the course of selling residential properties at Hobsonville Point, a new development in Auckland. Specifically, we ask what understanding of community is promoted in this development, and how this understanding is represented in promotional material. Our study is informed by analysis of newspaper articles, promotional material and planning/legal documents as well as field observation (2011–2012). We conclude that appealing to a contemporary yearning for nature and social cohesion at an urban coastal location has generated a situation in which community is being ‘sold’ at Hobsonville Point, yet paradoxically is yet to be found.
Sleeping with the past? Heritage, recreation and transition in New Zealand tramping huts
Authors: Kearns Robin , Fagan Joe
Published: August 2014

New Zealand tramping huts are a rudimentary but valued form of recreational accommodation. While huts fundamentally offer shelter, their aesthetics and history can also be valued. We review the origins of the huts system and draw on entries in visitor books to demonstrate divergent views regarding newer and more traditional huts. We conclude that while ‘new‐generation’ huts facilitate a broader spectrum of users, ‘heritage’ huts may need partnerships with user groups and corporate sponsorship to ensure their survival.
The p‐EVES study design and methodology: a randomised controlled trial to compare portable electronic vision enhancement systems (p‐EVES) to optical magnifiers for near vision activities in visual impairment
Authors: Taylor John , Bambrick Rachel , Dutton Michelle , Harper Robert , Ryan Barbara , Tudor‐Edwards Rhiannon , Waterman Heather , Whitaker Chris , Dickinson Chris
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To describe the study design and methodology for the p‐EVES study, a trial designed to determine the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and acceptability of portable Electronic Vision Enhancement System (p‐EVES) devices and conventional optical low vision aids (LVAs) for near tasks in people with low vision.

Methods

The p‐EVES study is a prospective two‐arm randomised cross‐over trial to test the hypothesis that, in comparison to optical LVAs, p‐EVES can be: used for longer duration; used for a wider range of tasks than a single optical LVA and/or enable users to do tasks that they were not able to do with optical LVAs; allow faster performance of instrumental activities of daily living; and allow faster reading. A total of 100 adult participants with visual impairment are currently being recruited from Manchester Royal Eye Hospital and randomised into either Group 1 (receiving the two interventions A and B in the order AB), or Group 2 (receiving the two interventions in the order BA). Intervention A is a 2‐month period with conventional optical LVAs and a p‐EVES device, and intervention B is a 2‐month period with conventional optical LVAs only.

Results

The study adopts a mixed methods approach encompassing a broad range of outcome measures. The results will be obtained from the following primary outcome measures: Manchester Low Vision Questionnaire, capturing device ‘usage’ data (which devices are used, number of times, for what purposes, and for how long) and the MNRead test, measuring threshold print size, critical print size, and acuity reserve in addition to reading speed at high (≈90%) contrast. Results will also be obtained from a series of secondary outcome measures which include: assessment of timed instrumental activities of daily living and a ‘near vision’ visual functioning questionnaire. A companion qualitative study will permit comparison of results on how, where, and under what circumstances, p‐EVES devices and LVAs are used in daily life. A health economic evaluation will provide results on: the incremental cost‐effectiveness of p‐EVES compared to optical magnifiers; cost‐effectiveness; and cost‐utility.

Conclusions

The evidence base in low vision rehabilitation is modest and further high quality clinical trials are required to inform decisions on healthcare provision. The p‐EVES study findings are anticipated to contribute to this broader evidence requirement, with the methodological issues evident here being relevant to other trials within the field.
Challenges for paediatric transplantation in Africa
Authors: Spearman C. W. N. , McCulloch M. I.
Published: August 2014

Transplantation is the accepted mode of treatment for patients with end‐stage organ disease affecting the heart, lungs, kidney, pancreas, liver and intestine. Long‐term outcomes have significantly improved and the aim of management is no longer only long‐term survival, but also focuses on quality of life especially in children. Transplantation in Africa faces a number of challenges including wide socioeconomic disparity, lack of legislation around brain death and organ donation in many countries, shortage of skilled medical personnel and facilities, infectious disease burden and insecure access to and monitoring of immunosuppression. Whilst there is a need for transplantation, the establishment and sustainability of transplant programmes require careful planning with national government and institutional support. Legislation regarding brain death diagnosis and organ retrieval/donation; appropriate training of the transplant team; and transparent and equitable criteria for organ allocation are important to establish before embarking on a transplant programme. Establishing sustainable, self‐sufficient transplant programmes in Africa with equal access to all citizens is an important step towards curtailing transplant tourism and organ trafficking and has a further beneficial effect in raising the level of medical and surgical care in these countries.
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 as inflammation markers of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis infections in mice
Authors: Bruschi F. , Bianchi C. , Fornaro M. , Naccarato G. , Menicagli M. , Gomez‐Morales M. A. , Pozio E. , Pinto B.
Published: August 2014

Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis exhibit differences in the host‐parasite relationship such as the inflammatory response in parasitized muscles. Several studies indicate that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) represent a marker of inflammation since they regulate inflammation and immunity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of gelatinases (MMP‐9 and MMP‐2) in mice experimentally infected with T. spiralis or T. pseudospiralis, to elucidate the involvement of these molecules during the inflammatory response to these parasites. Gelatin zymography on SDS polyacrilamide gels was used to assess the serum levels and in situ zymography on muscle histological sections to show the gelatinase‐positive cells. In T. spiralis infected mice, the total MMP‐9 serum level increased 6 days post‐infection whereas, the total MMP‐2 serum level increased onward. A similar trend was observed in T. pseudospiralis infected mice but the MMP‐9 level was lower than that detected in T. spiralis infected mice. Significant differences were also observed in MMP‐2 levels between the two experimental groups. The number of gelatinase positive cells was higher in T. spiralis than in T. pseudospiralis infected muscles. We conclude that MMP‐9 and MMP‐2 are markers of the inflammatory response for both T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis infections.
Disease protection and growth promotion of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) by Paenibacillus dendritiformis
Authors: Lapidot D. , Dror R. , Vered E. , Mishli O. , Levy D. , Helman Y.
Published: August 2014

One of the challenges in developing plant‐beneficial bacterial agents for agricultural application is ensuring that an effective selection and screening procedure is in place. The sporadic success of using bacterial agents in the field is usually due to the inability of added bacteria to compete with the local microorganisms. In the present study, the effectiveness of Paenibacillus dendritiformis, a unique pattern‐forming, Gram‐positive, soil bacterium, to reduce disease indices and increase yield in potato crops was examined. This bacterium was chosen as a potential agent based on genome analysis carried out in previous studies. In vitro laboratory experiments, as well as three greenhouse and one field experiment, were conducted. The results show that, in agreement with the hypothesis, P. dendritiformis significantly reduced the maceration area of tuber slices infected by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, significantly reduced disease indices in greenhouse experiments and significantly increased tuber yield of infected plants in the field. This work demonstrates the potential of preliminary screening based on genome analysis to identify effective biocontrol agents.
Differences in the responses of melon accessions to fusarium root and stem rot and their colonization by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐cucumerinum
Authors: Cohen R. , Orgil G. , Burger Y. , Saar U. , Elkabetz M. , Tadmor Y. , Edelstein M. , Belausov E. , Maymon M. , Freeman S. , Yarden O.
Published: August 2014

Fusarium root and stem rot caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐cucumerinum is a major disease in greenhouse cucumbers. Over the past decade, the disease has been documented in melon greenhouses in Greece, and recently it has been sporadically recorded in greenhouse melons in Israel. Variations in disease response were found among 41 melon accessions artificially inoculated with the pathogen: 10 accessions were highly susceptible (90–100% mortality), 23 exhibited an intermediate response (20–86%) and eight were resistant (0–4%). Two melon accessions – HEM (highly resistant) and TAD (partially resistant) – were crossed with the susceptible accession DUL. The responses of the three accessions and F1 crosses between the resistant and susceptible parents were evaluated. HEM contributed higher resistance to the F1 hybrid than TAD. Roots of susceptible and resistant accessions were 100 and 79% colonized, respectively, following artificial inoculation. However, only susceptible plants showed colonization of the upper plant tissues. Microscopic evaluation of cross sections taken from the crown region of the susceptible DUL revealed profuse fungal growth in the intercellular spaces of the parenchyma and in xylem vessels. In the resistant cultivar HEM, very little fungal growth was detected in the intercellular spaces of the parenchyma, and none in the xylem or any other vascular tissue. Finding resistant accessions may create an opportunity to study the genetics of resistance inheritance and to develop molecular markers that will facilitate breeding resistant melon cultivars.
Comparison of root transcriptomes and expressions of genes involved in main medicinal secondary metabolites from Bupleurum chinense and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, the two Chinese official Radix bupleuri source species
Authors: Sui Chun , Chen Meng , Xu Jiesen , Wei Jianhe , Jin Yue , Xu Yanhong , Sun Jing , Gao Ke , Yang Chengmin , Zhang Zheng , Chen Shilin , Luo Hongmei
Published: August 2014

Radix bupleuri, roots of Bupleurum species, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine. Here, we compared the root transcriptomes of both Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. A total of 313 483 and 342 263 high quality expressed sequence tags were obtained, respectively. In addition, 17 117 (59.2%) and 19 416 (62.8%) unigenes for B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium had homologous genes in the opposite dataset. For B. chinense, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG) annotation identified carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism as the three highest groups in the metabolism category. For B. scorzonerifolium, the lipid metabolism group had the most unigenes. Genes that may participate in the biosynthesis of terpenoid, triterpenoid, sterol, lignan and flavonoids were identified according to their annotations. (Tri)terpenoid‐related genes were predominantly found in B. chinense. The expressions of certain genes were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in the roots of the two species. A total of 558 putative transcription factors (TFs) and 137 transcriptional regulators (TRs) among 1364 TFs and 327 TRs, and 610 TFs and 129 TRs among 1600 TFs and 323 TRs were specific for B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, respectively. Our transcriptome comparison reflects the different types and proportions of metabolites synthesized by the two species. The data, especially, those genes involved in the biosynthesis of particular types of metabolites, will provide the basis for further investigations of the secondary metabolite repertoire of the two Bupleurum species, as well as other species from the genus of Bupleurum.
Science, Badgers, Politics: Advocacy Coalitions and Policy Change in Bovine Tuberculosis Policy in Britain
Authors: Lodge Martin , Matus Kira
Published: August 2014

Badgers represent one of the most controversial and hotly debated environmental issues in modern Britain. This paper advances the study of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) by examining the limited extent to which extensive scientific research over a 15‐year period changed the basic composition and argumentation of different advocacy coalitions in a highly adversarial setting. Based on coding of the media coverage over the period 1986–2013, this paper analyzes the composition of the advocacy coalitions, their stability over time, and the limited extent to which learning took place in response to scientific disputes. It also highlights how coalitions between actors with similar policy beliefs did not form, highlighting the importance of the ACF and other policy processes to consider dynamics that go beyond the individual subsystem under investigation.
Short‐term trained lexical categories produce preattentive categorical perception of color: Evidence from ERPs
Authors: Zhong Weifang , Li You , Li Peixin , Xu Guiping , Mo Lei
Published: August 2014

The present study investigated whether short‐term trained lexical categories could produce lateralized preattentive categorical perception (CP) of color. Participants' event‐related potentials were recorded while performing a visual oddball task in which standard and deviant colored stimuli from the same or different novel lexical categories were presented. Two groups of participants were recruited: a group trained on these novel categories (n = 26), and an untrained control group (n = 26). Results of paired t tests showed that deviants did not evoke significant visual mismatch negativity, with the exception of deviants from different novel categories presented in the right visual field of the training group. This suggests that short‐term trained lexical categories produce lateralized preattentive color CP, and language enhances sensitivity to the differences among between‐category stimuli.
The Minamata Convention: A Comprehensive Response to a Global Problem
Authors: Eriksen Henrik Hallgrim , Perrez Franz Xaver
Published: August 2014

This article gives an overview of the negotiation history and the main elements of the Minamata Convention. It starts with a short description of the global risks posed by mercury and the findings of the global assessment of 2002 that led to the proposal by Norway and Switzerland in 2003 to develop a legally binding instrument on mercury. It then discusses the international process that led to the adoption of a mandate to negotiate such an instrument in 2009, followed by a summary of the negotiation process. The article next offers an overview of the key provisions of the Convention and provides an analysis of the main factors behind the outcome. It also analyzes particular difficulties of the negotiations connected to the concerns of specific countries. The article concludes by highlighting reasons why the negotiations were so successful.
Bridging the Divide between Toxic Risks and Global Chemicals Governance
Authors: Ditz Daryl , Tuncak Baskut
Published: August 2014

Over the past four decades, a set of global environmental agreements has developed to address certain issues in chemicals management at the global level. In addition, the global community has proclaimed the goal of achieving the sound management of chemicals by 2020. Recognizing the need to implement existing agreements, this article examines the current cluster of global agreements for chemicals and waste, and their ability to achieve the sound management of chemicals in 2020 and beyond. The Basel, Minamata, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, as well as the non‐binding Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, are analyzed using core elements of environmental treaties, including principles and approaches of international environmental law. From this analysis, five challenges are identified: supporting implementation; ensuring adequate finance; filling global information gaps; expanding the narrow scope of current legally binding instruments; and avoiding the development of a ‘treaty thicket’ in the global governance of chemicals and waste.
Variation of Parameters and the Renormalization Group Method
Authors: O'Malley Robert E. , Kirkinis Eleftherios
Published: August 2014

This paper presents a straightforward procedure for using Renormalization Group methods to solve a significant variety of perturbation problems, including some that result from applying a nonlinear version of variation of parameters. A regular perturbation procedure typically provides asymptotic solutions valid for bounded t values as a positive parameter ε tends to zero. One can eliminate secular terms by introducing a slowly‐varying amplitude obtained as a solution of an amplitude equation on intervals where is bounded. With sufficient stability hypotheses, the results may even hold for all . These ideas are illustrated for a number of nontrivial problems involving ordinary differential equations.
Primary dolomite in the Late Triassic Travenanzes Formation, Dolomites, Northern Italy: Facies control and possible bacterial influence
Authors: Preto Nereo , Breda Anna , Dal Corso Jacopo , Spötl Christoph , Zorzi Federico , Frisia Silvia
Published: August 2014

In the late Carnian (Late Triassic), a carbonate‐clastic depositional system including a distal alluvial plain, flood basin and sabkha, tidal flat and shallow carbonate lagoon was established in the Dolomites (Northern Italy). The flood basin was a muddy supratidal environment where marine carbonates and continental siliciclastics interfingered. A dolomite phase made of sub‐micrometre euhedral crystals with a mosaic microstructure of nanometre‐scale domains was identified in stromatolitic laminae of the flood basin embedded in clay. This dolomite is interpreted here as primary and has a nearly stoichiometric composition, as opposed to younger early diagenetic (not primary) dolomite phases, which are commonly calcian. This primary dolomite was shielded from later diagenetic transformation by the clay. The stable isotopic composition of dolomite was analyzed along a depositional transect. The δ13C values range between ca −6‰ and +4‰, with the most 13C‐depleted values in dolomites of the distal alluvial plain and flood basin, and the most 13C‐enriched in dolomites of the tidal flat and lagoon. Uniform δ18O values ranging between 0‰ and +3‰ were found in all sedimentary facies. It is hypothesized that the primary dolomite with mosaic microstructure nucleated on extracellular polymeric substances secreted by sulphate reducing bacteria. A multi‐step process involving sabkha and reflux dolomitization led to partial replacement and overgrowth of the primary dolomite, but replacement and overgrowth were facies‐dependent. Dolomites of the landward, clay‐rich portion of the sedimentary system were only moderately overgrown during late dolomitization steps, and partly retain an isotopic signature consistent with bacterial sulphate reduction with δ13C as low as −6‰. In contrast, dolomites of the marine, clay‐free part of the system were probably transformed through sabkha and reflux diagenetic processes into calcian varieties, and exhibit δ13C values of ca +3‰. Major shifts of δ13C values strictly follow the lateral migration of facies and thus mark transgressions and regressions.
In vivo evaluation of two forms of urea in the skin by Raman spectroscopy after application of urea‐containing cream
Authors: Egawa M. , Sato Y.
Published: August 2014

Background/purpose

As urea is one of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) components in the stratum corneum, it has been used in topical products to improve skin conditions. However, the penetration behavior of urea in the skin after application of urea‐containing cream has not been determined as there has been no technique with which to measure the urea content in the skin in vivo non‐invasively. We therefore applied Raman spectroscopy to evaluate the depth profile of urea content in the skin. We investigated changes in depth profiles of two forms of urea to evaluate the penetration behavior of urea after application of urea‐containing cream.

Methods

Commercially available moisturizing creams F and R in quantities of 2.2‐mg/cm2 and containing 20% (w/w) urea were applied to volar forearm skin of six Japanese subjects. Raman spectra of the skin were measured at 2‐μm intervals from the skin surface toward the interior using a confocal Raman spectrometer (model 3510 SCA) before and 15, 60, and 120 min after the application of the creams. The amounts of the two forms of urea, urea in water solution and urea in a solid state, were calculated by adding the spectra of solid urea and the cream base to a previously reported algorithm including the spectrum of urea in water solution.

Results

The characteristic band of urea in water solution was observed at approximately 1004/cm and that of the solid state at approximately 1010/cm in the Raman spectra of the skin after application of either cream. There was more urea in water solution form in the area where cream F was applied than in the area where cream R was applied. There was more urea in a solid state in the area where cream R was applied than in the area where cream F was applied at all depths and measurement times. In particular, there was significantly more urea in a solid state below a depth of 2 μm in the area where cream R was applied than in the area where cream F was applied 15 min after application.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that we can measure both urea forms in the skin after the application of urea‐containing creams. The proposed technique would be useful in the evaluation of characteristics of the penetration behavior of urea in the skin after the application of various urea‐containing moisturizers.
The BSD2 ortholog in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a polysome‐associated chaperone that co‐migrates on sucrose gradients with the rbcL transcript encoding the Rubisco large subunit
Authors: Doron Lior , Segal Na'ama , Gibori Hadas , Shapira Michal
Published: August 2014

The expression of the CO2‐fixation enzyme ribulose‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which is affected by light, involves the cysteine‐rich protein bundle‐sheath defective‐2 (BSD2) that was originally identified in maize bundle‐sheath cells. We identified the BSD2 ortholog in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a small protein (17 kDa) localized to the chloroplast. The algal BSD2‐ortholog contains four CXXCXGXG DnaJ‐like elements, but lacks the other conserved domains of DnaJ. BSD2 co‐migrated with the rbcL transcript on heavy polysomes, and both BSD2 and rbcL mRNA shifted to the lighter fractions under oxidizing conditions that repress the translation of the Rubisco large subunit (RbcL). This profile of co‐migration supports the possibility that BSD2 is required for the de novo synthesis of RbcL. Furthermore, BSD2 co‐migrated with the rbcL transcript in a C. reinhardtii premature‐termination mutant that encodes the first 60 amino acids of RbcL. In both strains, BSD2 shared its migration profile with the rbcL transcript but not with psbA mRNA. The chaperone activity of BSD2 was exemplified by its ability to prevent the aggregation of both citrate synthase (CS) and RbcL in vitro following their chemical denaturation. This activity did not depend on the presence of the thiol groups on BSD2. In contrast, the activity of BSD2 in preventing the precipitation of reduced β‐chains in vitro in the insulin turbidity assay was thiol‐dependent. We conclude that BSD2 combines a chaperone ‘holdase’ function with the ability to interact with free thiols, with both activities being required to protect newly synthesized RbcL chains.
Provision ofKEL1‐negative blood to obstetric patients: a 3‐year single‐institution retrospective review
Authors: O'Brien Kerry L. , Kim Yeowon A. , Haspel Richard L. , Uhl Lynne
Published: August 2014

Background

KEL1 alloimmunization is a major cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). While select countries have guidelines for preventing transfusion‐associatedKEL1 alloimmunization, theUnitedStates does not.BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter instituted a policy inApril 2009 whereby women not more than 50 years of age on the obstetric service were transfusedKEL1‐negative red blood cells (RBCs). We sought to determine compliance and impact for prevention ofKEL1 alloimmunization andHDFN.

Study Design and Methods

All women not more than 50 years of age without anti‐KtransfusedRBCs during an obstetric admission fromApril 9, 2009, toApril 9, 2012, were identified (227). Adherence to policy, factors contributing to nonadherence, and subsequent impact were evaluated. For comparison, all cases of anti‐Kdetection in women not more than 50 years of age admitted to nonobstetric services and all cases of transfusion‐associatedKEL1 alloimmunization in women not more than 50 years of age during the 10 years prior were identified.

Results

Eighty‐four percent received onlyKEL1‐negative units. Three (1.3%) women not more than 50 years of age on the obstetric service were identified with anti‐K, while 17 (1.5%) women not more than 50 years of age on nonobstetric services had anti‐Kdetected; only five of 20 had a priorRBCtransfusion. In the 10 years prior, there were 27 cases of transfusion‐associatedKEL1 alloimmunization in women not more than 50 years of age. There were no cases ofKEL1HDFNin either period.

Conclusion

Although the findings demonstrate feasibility of providingKEL1‐negativeRBCs to women of childbearing potential, evidence for clinical benefit is lacking. The low prevalence ofKEL1 in blood donors, the lack of significant differences in alloimmunization rates, and no cases ofHDFNduring the study period questions the clinical benefit of such a policy.
Chemical Methods for the Separation of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles From Colloidal Suspension in Dodecane
Authors: Sheikh Mohammed H. , Sharif Muhammad A. R. , Rupar Paul A.
Published: August 2014

Several chemical methods for the separation of nanoparticles from a colloidal mixture in a phase change material (PCM) have been developed and systematically investigated. The phase changing property of the colloidal mixture is used in energy storage applications and the mixture is labeled as the nanostructure enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM). The objective is to investigate viable methods for the separation and reclamation of the nanoparticles from the NEPCM before its disposal after its useful life. The goal is to find, design, test, and evaluate separation methods which are simple, safe, effective, and economical. The specific NEPCM considered in this study is a colloidal mixture of dodecane (C12H26) and CuO nanoparticles of 1–5% mass fraction and 5–15 nm size distribution. The nanoparticles are coated with a surfactant to maintain colloidal stability. Various methods for separating the nanoparticles from the NEPCM are explored. The identified methods are: (i) chemical destabilization of nanoparticle surfactants to facilitate gravitational precipitation, (ii) silica column chromatography, and (iii) adsorption on silica particle surface. These different methods have been pursued, tested, and analyzed; and the results are presented in this article. These methods are found to be highly efficient, simple, safe, and economical.
Quadriceps Femoris Strength and Sagittal-Plane Knee Biomechanics During Stair Ascent in Individuals With Articular Cartilage Defects in the Knee
Authors: Thoma Louise M. , Flanigan David C. , Chaudhari Ajit M. , Siston Robert A. , Best Thomas M. , Schmitt Laura C.
Published: August 2014

Context:

Few objective data are available regarding strength and movement patterns in individuals with articular cartilage defects (ACDs) of the knee.

Objectives:

To test the following hypotheses: (1) The involved limb of individuals with ACDs would demonstrate lower peak knee-flexion angle, peak internal knee-extension moment, and peak vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) than the contralateral limb and healthy controls. (2) On the involved limb of individuals with ACDs, quadriceps femoris strength would positively correlate with peak knee-flexion angle, peak internal knee-extension moment, and peak vGRF.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Biomechanics research laboratory.

Participants:

11 individuals with ACDs in the knee who were eligible for surgical cartilage restoration and 10 healthy controls.

Methods:

Quadriceps femoris strength was quantified as peak isometric knee-extension torque via an isokinetic dynamometer. Sagittal-plane knee kinematics and kinetics were measured during the stance phase of stair ascent with 3-dimensional motion analysis.

Main Outcome Measures:

Quadriceps strength and knee biomechanics during stair ascent were compared between the involved and contralateral limbs of participants with ACD (paired t tests) and with a control group (independent-samples t tests). Pearson correlations evaluated relationships between strength and stair-ascent biomechanics.

Results:

Lower quadriceps strength and peak internal knee-extension moments were observed in the involved limb than in the contralateral limb (P < .01) and the control group (P < .01). For the involved limb of the ACD group, quadriceps femoris strength was strongly correlated (r = .847) with involved-limb peak internal knee-extension moment and inversely correlated (r = −.635) with contralateral peak vGRF. Conclusions: Individuals with ACDs demonstrated deficits in quadriceps femoris strength with associated alterations in movement patterns during stair ascent. The results of this study are not comprehensive; further research is needed to understand the physiological characteristics, activity performance, and movement quality in this population.
The Progression of Isokinetic Knee Strength After Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Implications for Rehabilitation and Return to Activity
Authors: Ebert Jay R. , Smith Anne , Edwards Peter K. , Ackland Timothy R.
Published: August 2014

Context:

Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is an established technique for the repair of knee chondral defects. Despite the reported clinical improvement in knee pain and symptoms, little is known on the recovery of knee strength and its return to an appropriate level compared with the unaffected limb.

Objective:

To investigate the progression of isokinetic knee strength and limb symmetry after MACI.

Design:

Prospective cohort.

Setting:

Private functional rehabilitation facility.

Patients:

58 patients treated with MACI for full-thickness cartilage defects to the femoral condyles.

Intervention:

MACI and a standardized rehabilitation protocol.

Main Outcome Measures:

Preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 y postsurgery, patients underwent a 3-repetition-maximum straight-leg raise test, as well as assessment of isokinetic knee-flexor and -extensor torque and hamstring:quadriceps (H:Q) ratios. Correlation analysis investigated the association between strength and pain, demographics, defect, and surgery characteristics. Linear-regression analysis estimated differences in strength measures between the operated and nonoperated limbs, as well as Limb Symmetry Indexes (LSI) over time.

Results:

Peak knee-extension torque improved significantly over time for both limbs but was significantly lower on the operated limb preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 y. Mean LSIs of 77.0%, 83.0%, and 86.5% were observed at 1, 2, and 5 y, respectively, while 53.4–72.4% of patients demonstrated an LSI ≤ 90% across the postoperative timeline. Peak knee-flexion torque was significantly lower on the operated limb preoperatively and at 1 year. H:Q ratios were significantly higher on the operated limb at all time points.

Conclusions:

While peak knee-flexion and hip-flexor strength were within normal limits, the majority of patients in this study still demonstrated an LSI for peak knee-extensor strength ≤ 90%, even at 5 y. It is unknown how this prolonged knee-extensor deficit may affect long-term graft outcome and risk of reinjury after return to activity.
Lost but making progress—Where will new analgesic drugs come from?
Authors: Borsook David , Hargreaves Richard , Bountra Chas , Porreca Frank
Published: August 2014

Understanding the long-term consequences of pain on brain circuits is critical to improving assessment of potential treatments for chronic pain in humans.
Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cell transplants show robust therapeutic efficacy in high-mortality murine sepsis
Authors: Fletcher Anne L. , Elman Jessica S. , Astarita Jillian , Murray Ryan , Saeidi Nima , D’Rozario Joshua , Knoblich Konstantin , Brown Flavian D. , Schildberg Frank A. , Nieves Janice M. , Heng Tracy S. P. , Boyd Richard L. , Turley Shannon J. , Parekkadan Biju
Published: August 2014

Infusion of lymph node–derived fibroblastic reticular cells into septic mice increases survival at late time points after disease onset.