bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting nematode genes by RNA silencing.
Authors: Fosu-Nyarko J. , Iqbal S. , Jones M. G. K.
Published: June 2017

Despite prominent differences in lifestyles of obligate parasitic and free-living nematodes, the intensive research in characterizing genes and proteins of Caenorhabditis elegans using RNA silencing has inspired research and technological applications for parasitic nematodes. This is exemplified in dsRNA-mediated silencing of plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) genes to study their function, and demonstration of the existence of similar functional mechanisms of RNA silencing in these species. Armed with this knowledge, it then became possible to explore and identify appropriate genes of PPNs as targets for new strategies of nematode control. This chapter focuses on the methods and applications of RNA silencing to PPNs. There is no doubt that commercial implementation of biotechnology-based control strategies for nematode pests via host-induced gene silencing, for example, is now closer to reality. This advance is based on RNA silencing technology, in which research into the free-living nematode C. elegans has played a major role. Intensive efforts to address practical issues of implementation will make gene silencing technology capable of delivering effective nematode resistance for crops, either as a stand-alone approach, or in combination with alternative nematode control options.
Introduction and overview of lime.
Authors: Khan M. M. , Al-Yahyai R. , Al-Said F.
Published: June 2017

This chapter introduces the lime crop (Rutaceae), discussing its taxonomy, history, origin, distribution, global production, plant description, propagation, cultivars, pests, diseases, and uses. Although the documented history of limes is more than 700 years old, the parentage and origin of limes is not clear. Advancement of biotechnological and molecular tools can aid in resolving these issues. Lime plants are facing a number of problems across the world, including excessive attacks from insect pests. The emerging threats to the lime industry are climate change impact and new diseases. Substantial work on rootstock intervention on other closely related citrus fruits (e.g. oranges, mandarins and grapefruit) has led to remarkable achievements. However, very little work has been reported on rootstock scion interaction on lime, and it is hard to find standard rootstocks being used for limes. Lime genetic resources are eroding and face serious threats and losses. These valuable resources need to be preserved and broadened for future crop improvement programmes by the breeders and geneticists. Keeping in view the customer and industry demands, new lime cultivars/hybrids are expected to emerge to meet the demands of different countries across the world. Conventional and emerging biotechnological tools are creating interesting new lime genotypes, which will include biotic/abiotic resistance as well as possessing health/ornamental values.
Advances in lime breeding and genetics.
Authors: Ali M. A. , Nawaz M. A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an account of germplasm and genetic diversity, and advancement in lime (Rutaceae) breeding and genetics. It also discusses the use of various classical and modern strategies (such as biotechnology and genetic transformation) used for improvements in lime scions and rootstocks. Altogether, by using cutting edge technologies and recent developments such as protoplast fusion, polyploidization, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and genetic engineering, scion and rootstock cultivars in acid limes could be improved. This will ultimately lead to better fruit and plant characteristics, along with enhanced shelf life and tolerance to multiple biotic (such as diseases) and abiotic (including chilling) stresses.
Growth, development and reproductive physiology of the Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm (Swingle)).
Authors: Almaguer-Vargas G. , Márquez-Berber S. R. , González-Hernández V. , Cruz-Huerta N. , Ramírez-Ramírez I.
Published: June 2017

Lime trees develop as shrubs, with a dense canopy and small, abundant sharp spines on all their branches. If lime trees are allowed to grow freely in deep, sandy, loam soil, with ample nutrient availability, they can reach up to 8 m tall in 12 years. Lime trees are evergreen and have functional leaves all year round. The distance between two leaves is the internode. When there is strong branch growth, internodes tend to be longer. When a terminal bud appears on a branch, thus halting new leaf production and growth of any existing ones, internodes become shorter. These are fundamental concepts that aid differentiation of the kinds of lime branches. This chapter describes the Mexican lime (C. aurantifolia [C. aurantiifolia]) branches with different types of buds and leaves, as well as the tree phenology, focusing on vegetative sprouting, flower sprouting, fruit development and maturation, and flowering management.
Planning and orchard establishment.
Authors: Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman , Khan M. M.
Published: June 2017

A well established successful commercial orchard depends on better selection of plant material and successful initial establishment. Proper orchard establishment followed by better and timely cultural practices helps avoid many risks and reduces losses. This chapter discusses planning to establish a commercial lime (Rutaceae) orchard, which involves site selection, selection of rootstock and scion cultivars, selection of proper orchard design and layout, irrigation systems, selection and planting of the plant material, post-planting care and orchard hygiene.
Cultural practices.
Authors: Siqueira D. L. de , Salomão L. C. C. , Aquino C. F.
Published: June 2017

Tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia) is a widely cultivated species among all lime species, therefore, the information presented in this chapter is mainly focused on this species. Some cultural practices are described, including planting density, types of pruning (tree training, cleaning and rejuvenation), weed management (using mechanical, green manure, mulching and chemical control methods), intercropping, and fertilizer management.
Assessment of the grieving processes in people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review / Evaluación de los procesos de duelo en personas con discapacidad intelectual: revisión sistemática
Authors: Fernández-Ávalos Mª Inmaculada , Fernández-Alcántara Manuel , Cruz-Quintana Francisco , Pérez-Marfil Mª Nieves
Published: June 2017

The grieving process in people with intellectual disabilities has been one of the least-discussed topics in the scientific literature on grief, despite the important implications involved. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the subject. A total of seven research papers exploring different evaluation tools were identified.
Exploring Social Work Student Education: The Effect of a Harm Reduction Curriculum on Student Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Opioid use Disorders
Authors: Estreet Anthony , Archibald Paul , Tirmazi M. Taqi , Goodman Sapphire , Cudjoe Tracy
Published: June 2017

Background

This study evaluates the degree to which a harm reduction intervention course module impacted Master of Social Work (MSW) students’ knowledge and attitudes towards addressing opioid use disorder issues and clients.

Methods

Using a mixed-methods approach, data from 124 MSW students were collected between 2011 and 2015. Students completed a 3-hour course module that focused on harm reduction philosophy and interventions specifically for opioid use disorders. Students completed pre- and posttest of the Harm Reduction Attitude Scale. Students were also engaged in focus groups to gain a better understanding of how and if their knowledge and attitudes changed.

Results

Overall, attitudes towards harm reduction approaches for opioid use disorder shifted favorably following the course module. Paired t-test results show a statistically significant difference in the mean scores for pretest attitudes ( M = 2.64, SD = 0.16) and posttest attitudes ( M = 2.86, SD = 0.12) among social work students. This trend remained consistent despite treatment orientation and having a family history of substance use.

Conclusion

Given the increased capacity for social work students to encounter clients with opioid use disorders, it is important to ensure that students are provided with relevant and accurate information related to client-centered approaches such as the harm reduction model to address opioid use disorders. Moreover, given the dearth of social work programs that have and required substance use disorder courses, it is imperative for schools of social work to ensure that students are provided with more than practical information, which is often gained during field placement.
The socio-political dynamics of secularism and epistemological injustice in global justice theory and practice
Authors: Wilson Erin K.
Published: June 2017

This article explores the potential implications for the pursuit of global justice if certain non-secular ways of thinking, being in and responding to the world are devalued, marginalized and excluded by dominant secular norms that presently guide global justice theory and practice. I argue that pervasive assumptions about the nature of religion and the role that it should (or should not) play in public life undermine existing approaches to the pursuit of global justice in theory and practice. Specifically, I suggest that this dominance of secular assumptions constitutes a form of epistemological injustice that contributes to undermining efforts to address material injustices. I explore these issues through an examination of research and practice on global justice, utilizing specific examples from human rights, humanitarian aid and development, and forced migration. I conclude by considering some possible alternatives to dominant secular frames, though argue that these is still in need of further research and development to offer a useful alternative.
RASSF4 controls SOCE and ER–PM junctions through regulation of PI(4,5)P2
Authors: Chen Yu-Ju , Chang Chi-Lun , Lee Wan-Ru , Liou Jen
Published: June 2017

RAS association domain family 4 (RASSF4) is involved in tumorigenesis and regulation of the Hippo pathway. In this study, we identify new functional roles of RASSF4. First, we discovered that RASSF4 regulates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), a fundamental Ca2+ signaling mechanism, by affecting the translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) to ER–plasma membrane (PM) junctions. It was further revealed that RASSF4 regulates the formation of ER–PM junctions and the ER–PM tethering function of extended synaptotagmins E-Syt2 and E-Syt3. Moreover, steady-state PM phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P2) levels, important for localization of STIM1 and E-Syts at ER–PM junctions, were reduced in RASSF4-knockdown cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that RASSF4 interacts with and regulates the activity of adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a small G protein and upstream regulator of type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIP5Ks) and PM PI(4,5)P2 levels. Overall, our study suggests that RASSF4 controls SOCE and ER–PM junctions through ARF6-dependent regulation of PM PI(4,5)P2 levels, pivotal for a variety of physiological processes.
Concerted actions of distinct nonmuscle myosin II isoforms drive intracellular membrane remodeling in live animals
Authors: Milberg Oleg , Shitara Akiko , Ebrahim Seham , Masedunskas Andrius , Tora Muhibullah , Tran Duy T. , Chen Yun , Conti Mary Anne , Adelstein Robert S. , Ten Hagen Kelly G. , Weigert Roberto
Published: June 2017

Membrane remodeling plays a fundamental role during a variety of biological events. However, the dynamics and the molecular mechanisms regulating this process within cells in mammalian tissues in situ remain largely unknown. In this study, we use intravital subcellular microscopy in live mice to study the role of the actomyosin cytoskeleton in driving the remodeling of membranes of large secretory granules, which are integrated into the plasma membrane during regulated exocytosis. We show that two isoforms of nonmuscle myosin II, NMIIA and NMIIB, control distinct steps of the integration process. Furthermore, we find that F-actin is not essential for the recruitment of NMII to the secretory granules but plays a key role in the assembly and activation of NMII into contractile filaments. Our data support a dual role for the actomyosin cytoskeleton in providing the mechanical forces required to remodel the lipid bilayer and serving as a scaffold to recruit key regulatory molecules.
Biases introduced by filtering electronic health records for patients with “complete data”
Authors: Weber Griffin M , Adams William G , Bernstam Elmer V , Bickel Jonathan P , Fox Kathe P , Marsolo Keith , Raghavan Vijay A , Turchin Alexander , Zhou Xiaobo , Murphy Shawn N , Mandl Kenneth D
Published: June 2017

Objective

One promise of nationwide adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) is the availability of data for large-scale clinical research studies. However, because the same patient could be treated at multiple health care institutions, data from only a single site might not contain the complete medical history for that patient, meaning that critical events could be missing. In this study, we evaluate how simple heuristic checks for data “completeness” affect the number of patients in the resulting cohort and introduce potential biases.

Materials and Methods

We began with a set of 16 filters that check for the presence of demographics, laboratory tests, and other types of data, and then systematically applied all 216 possible combinations of these filters to the EHR data for 12 million patients at 7 health care systems and a separate payor claims database of 7 million members.

Results

EHR data showed considerable variability in data completeness across sites and high correlation between data types. For example, the fraction of patients with diagnoses increased from 35.0% in all patients to 90.9% in those with at least 1 medication. An unrelated claims dataset independently showed that most filters select members who are older and more likely female and can eliminate large portions of the population whose data are actually complete.

Discussion and Conclusion

As investigators design studies, they need to balance their confidence in the completeness of the data with the effects of placing requirements on the data on the resulting patient cohort.
The CD44 standard isoform contributes to radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Tsubouchi Kento , Minami Kazumasa , Hayashi Naoki , Yokoyama Yuhki , Mori Seiji , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Koizumi Masahiko
Published: June 2017

Resistance to chemoradiotherapy is one reason for the increased recurrence rate of pancreatic cancer after these therapies. These cells change the expression levels of several proteins, such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), while acquiring the chemo- or radio-resistance. In this study, we focused on CD44, a pancreatic cancer stem cell marker. CD44 has isoforms with different functions: standard isoform (CD44s) and several variant isoforms (CD44v). However, little is known about the roles of these isoforms after ionizing irradiation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CD44 isoforms in radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. AsPC-1 (a human pancreatic cancer cell line) was irradiated with 4 MV X-rays. The mRNA and protein levels of CD44s were strongly upregulated, dose dependently, compared with CD44v after irradiation. Thus, we further investigated CD44s at the point of cell proliferation. We evaluated cell proliferation and survival, using CD44s knockdown cells. CD44s knockdown did not change the proliferation rate for up to 72 h after the irradiation, but decreased cell viability in the colony formation assay. As one of the reasons for these effects, we found downregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase (Erk; which is involved with cell proliferation) by CD44s knockdown, time dependently. Moreover, radiation-induced EMT-like expression changes were detected and suppressed by CD44s knockdown. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that CD44 standard isoform was especially upregulated after high-dose X-ray irradiation in several isoforms of CD44 and contributed to longer-term cell survival after the irradiation through the maintenance of Erk phosphorylation and radiation-induced EMT.
Part Two Rights, 6 Social Rights
Authors: Manuel José Cepeda Espinosa , David Landau
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at the Court’s extensive jurisprudence on social rights. The Colombian Constitution of 1991 contains a long list of social rights, however it was initially unclear to what extent they were justiciable. The Constitutional Court quickly established that they could be litigated in many circumstances, and has since developed case law reaching across many different domains. This chapter considers, for example, the Court interventions in the rights to health, housing, and water. It also reviews the Court’s response to the economic crisis of the late 1990s, in which it weighed the need for austerity against the rights of homeowners and civil servants. Finally, it looks at the Court’s major structural injunctions and ongoing supervision on certain large-scale public problems, including the rights of internally displaced persons and the structure of the healthcare system.
Ch.1— The Best Rules for Non-Intermediated Securities
Authors: Thomas Keijser
Published: June 2017

This section of the noter-up complements Transnational Securities Law by Thomas Keijser and directs the reader to section N-4-1 of the noter-up which compares in the Geneva Securities Convention and UNCITRAL texts on the subject of secured transactions. These include the following subject areas: Geneva Securities Convention; Security interest; Securities account; Hague Securities Convention; and Enforcement.
7 Comity
Authors: F A Mann
Published: June 2017

Comity is one of the most ambiguous and multifaceted conceptions in the law in general and in the realm of international affairs in particular. It may denote no more than that courtoisie international, that courtesy which ships observe when they salute each other or which is usual among diplomats or even judges. At the opposite extreme it may be a synonym for public international law. Or it may mean, not a rule of law at all, but a standard to be respected in the course of exercising judicial or administrative discretion. Or it may be the equivalent of private international law (or the conflict of laws) or at least indicate the policy underlying particular rules or what is more generally known as public policy. Or it may be used to justify the existence of the conflict of laws or the origin of its sources or the public policy pursued by it. In most cases the meaning of comity is coextensive with public international law.
10 The British Act of State
Authors: F A Mann
Published: June 2017

The difficulty of identifying and defining a foreign act of State would probably be less aggravating if an established meaning could be attributed to the British act of State. This, unfortunately, is not the case. The consequence is that even the meaning of the British act of State is obscure, the more so, as very justifiably Lord Wilberforce said that the doctrine of the act of State ‘cannot be stated in terms of a principle, but develops from case to case; it has perhaps the disadvantage that it includes within itself two different conceptions or rules’. It is submitted that the phrase indeed carries two, perhaps three, entirely different meanings and that as a result of a confusing argument presented on behalf of the Crown in Attorney-General v. Nissan, the opinions delivered by their lordships make difficult reading and the present status and scope of the two branches of the doctrine cannot easily be unravelled.
The Rome Statute and the Attempted Corseting of the Interpretative Judicial Function
Authors: Powderly Joseph
Published: June 2017

At the Rome Conference, states sought to curtail judicial interpretation through the inclusion of a set of specific disciplining rules, enshrined in the provisions of Articles 21 and 22 of the Rome Statute on the applicable law and nullum crimen sine lege respectively. This chapter examines the law and practice of the ICC with respect to these two provisions, with a view to determining whether or not they are effectively corseting the interpretative freedom of the bench as intended by the drafters of the Rome Statute. It is argued that Article 21 constitutes much more than a mere provision delineating the sources of law, and should be viewed as being akin to a general interpretative provision. It is suggested that Article 22, and in particular the provision of strict construction under Article 22(2), do not necessarily prohibit progressive interpretation and judicial creativity in all circumstances.
Debt Restructuring
Authors: Olivares-Caminal Rodrigo , Kornberg Alan , Paterson Sarah , Douglas John , Guynn Randall , Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2017

The US and English models for financial restructurings of companies in financial difficulties are fundamentally different. The first edition of this book was written in the wave of restructurings precipitated by the credit crisis which brought into the spotlight arguments that the principles behind the US chapter 11 regime ought to be imported into a UK statutory scheme. Since then, the American Bankruptcy Institute Commission to Study Reform of Chapter 11 has reported, and the European Commission has issued a recommendation on a new approach to business failure and insolvency. Creditors increasingly have security over the debtor’s assets in the US, whilst the very nature of the finance market is changing in the UK. Across much of Europe reform of restructuring procedures is underway or under consideration. This edition is written against a backdrop of reflection and revision, and the corporate chapters seek to contribute three things. First, they seek to identify a coherent body of UK restructuring law from the disparate sources which provide it. Secondly, they provide a comparative functional account of restructuring law in the US and the UK so that each jurisdiction can learn from the other with a view to the development of an effective debt restructuring regime. Finally, they consider the different normative concerns and assumptions of fact which have contributed to the development of law in both jurisdictions, the extent to which these require reconsideration in today’s finance markets, and the implications for restructuring law and practice in the twenty-first century.
Out-of-Court vs Court-Supervised Restructurings
Authors: Olivares-Caminal Rodrigo , Douglas John , Guynn Randall , Kornberg Alan , Paterson Sarah , Singh Dalvinder
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at the advantages and disadvantages of out-of-court workouts in both the US and UK. It starts by looking at the reasons for which companies seek reorganization relief. When considering the advantages, it shows how in many instances an out-of-court workout may be a more efficient method of debt restructuring than a court-supervised bankruptcy proceeding. The chapter then looks at the considerations that are fundamental to the workout process, irrespective of the restructuring process that a debtor might choose. It also considers typical out-of-court approaches. Successful execution of an out-of-court restructuring begins with an analysis of the debtor’s business. Such analysis should identify the specific problems that led to the necessity of a restructuring and should address the company’s financial prospects on a realistic basis.
Preamble: Préambule, Preamble/Préambule
Authors: William A Schabas
Published: June 2017

This chapter comments on the Preamble to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Preamble consists of eleven paragraphs and some 305 words. It addresses several of the important principles that underpin the Statute, such as complementarity and gravity, the commitment to address impunity, and the obligations of States with respect to international justice in general. The Preamble also provides an appropriate place for the Statute to make reference to such instruments as the Charter of the United Nations. Although the final version of the Preamble provides indications as to the general philosophy animating the Statute, the earlier versions actually influenced the drafting process, most notably in the debate as to whether complementarity was merely an underlying principle or whether it required specific provisions and mechanisms for its implementation, and as regards the importance of gravity or seriousness in establishing the subject-matter jurisdiction of the Court.
1 Constitutional History and Political Developments
Authors: HP Lee
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the constitutional history and political developments in Malaysia. An independent Federation of Malaya began on 31 August 1957. Though described as a ‘federal’ Constitution of an ‘orthodox’ nature, the chequered history of the birth of the then Malayan Constitution indicated that the negotiations were concerned not with the distribution of federal and State powers, but rather with the tortuous hammering out of acceptable terms and compromises among the various racial components of the Malaysian society, especially on matters of communal interests. The chapter covers establishment of the Malayan Union; the Federation of Malaya Agreement of 1948; creation of the independent Constitutional Commission under the chairmanship of Lord Reid; formation of Malaysia; the separation of Singapore from Malaysia; the 1966 Sarawak crisis; the 1983 and 1993 constitutional crises; the 1988 judiciary crisis; 1988 constitutional amendments; the Anwar Ibrahim saga and rise of Reformasi; and the 2009 general elections.
2 The Constitutional Crisis of 1983
Authors: HP Lee
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the constitutional crisis of 1983, which focused on the King’s power to assent to legislation in relation to federal legislation and on the State Rulers’ equivalent power in relation to State legislation. The crisis should be viewed while considering that amendments to the Federal Constitution are common in Malaysia. However, intense national interest was generated by the refusal of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Ahmad Shah, to assent to the Constitution (Amendment) Bill 1983. What was the significance of the 1983 Amendment Bill? What were the motives of the government in mooting the amendments? The chapter reviews the chain of events and clarifies many of the constitutional issues that were clouded by the confrontation between the dissenting parties.
Part III The Relationship Between the Judiciary and the Political Branches, 6 An Overview of Judicial and Executive Relations in Lusophone Africa
Authors: Fernando Loureiro Bastos
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines judicial–executive relationships in Africa’s Lusophone systems, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and the island nations of Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, which are often neglected in the English-language literature. These systems continue to follow the Portuguese system closely not only because of their colonial history but also due to an ongoing process in which Portuguese sources are widely used and judicial officers and law professors often receive training in Portugal. The result is the persistent view of the separation of powers wherein the judiciary is subordinate to the legislature, the executive, and to the law that those branches alone create; its role is understood chiefly as a resolver of disputes between private parties. While the constitutions of these states offer textual protection for the judiciary’s independence, only Cape Verde has made important strides to realizing this in practice. Executive influence over the judiciary is strong.
Part III The Relationship Between the Judiciary and the Political Branches, 13 An Overview of the Diverse Approaches to Judicial and Executive Relations: A Namibian Study of Four Cases
Authors: Nico Horn
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the relationship between the judiciary and executive in Namibia. It begins with a short overview of the last decade before independence to shed some light on the historical tension between the executive and the judiciary that the first democratically elected government inherited. It then considers conflicts that threatened the independence of the judiciary in four different situations: a case where the government ignored judgments against them; the issue of the independence of the prosecutorial authority; the independence of the lower courts; and the indirect influence of the executive on judgments of the court. It concludes that although there has generally been friction between the executive and the judiciary, with the former trying to control the latter, the Namibian judiciary has remained fairly independent and withstood pressure from the executive. This has enabled it to ensure that the executive does not abuse its dominant position.
II Trust Arbitration at the Institutional Level, 5 Institutional Approaches to Trust Arbitration: Comparing the AAA, ACTEC, ICC, and DIS Trust Arbitration Regimes
Authors: SI Strong
Published: June 2017

This chapter compares four different institutional approaches to internal trust arbitration: the American Arbitration Association (AAA) Wills and Trusts Arbitration Rules, the American College of Trust and Estate Counsel’s (ACTEC) proposed model statutes and arbitration provisions, a model trust arbitration clause promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in 2008, and a specialized arbitral procedure created by the Deutsche Institution für Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (DIS) in 2009. It analyses each of these approaches in terms of enforceability and procedural incentives so as to determine whether each or any of the four procedures provides parties with sufficient reason to choose that mechanism over other options. The chapter concludes with an overall analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the four institutional approaches to internal trust arbitration.
III Trust Arbitration as a Matter of National Law, 12 Trust Arbitration in Guernsey
Authors: Paul Buckle
Published: June 2017

In 2008, Guernsey adopted the Trusts (Guernsey) Law 2007, which provides in section 63(1) for a binding alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process for claims ‘founded on breach of trust’. Whilst this legislation is in many ways positive, it has been rarely if ever used. The reason seems to be that the legislation is still not regarded as a workable way of achieving finality due to perceived difficulties in securing proper representation of minor and unborn beneficiaries and achieving a binding resolution of trust disputes. Indeed, there appears to be a fundamental incompatibility between trusts and commercial arbitration that has not yet been overcome. This chapter considers why and what more might be done to improve on what is still surely a very promising legislative start.
III Trust Arbitration as a Matter of National Law, 18 Trust Arbitration in Liechtenstein and Austria
Authors: Johannes Gasser , René Saurer
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the availability of arbitration to resolve internal trust and foundation disputes in Liechtenstein. It first describes the characteristics of the Liechtenstein trust and explains the basic concept of the Liechtenstein foundation. It then introduces Liechtenstein arbitration law and considers a set of specialized rules: the Liechtenstein arbitration rules issued by the Liechtenstein Chamber of Commerce in cooperation with the Liechtenstein Arbitration Association. The chapter focuses primarily on the law of Liechtenstein. Detailed discussions pertaining to the Austrian trust and foundation law have been deliberately left out because Austria does not recognise trusts and establishing private foundations (especially for tax purposes) is no longer particularly attractive under Austrian law. However, some characteristics of Austrian foundation law are presented. Because arbitration law is relatively similar in both Liechtenstein and Austria, Austrian arbitration law will not be discussed in great detail.
IV Trust Arbitration as a Matter of International Law, 20 International Enforcement of an Arbitration Provision in a Trust: Questions Involving the New York Convention
Authors: Margaret L Moses
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers whether an arbitration clause that requires all disputes arising out of a trust instrument to be arbitrated can be enforced under the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, more commonly known as the New York Convention. To address the question of whether a mandatory arbitration provision in a trust instrument falls within the scope of the Convention, a court must consider: whether the dispute is capable of settlement by arbitration; whether there is an agreement in writing to arbitrate the subject of the dispute and whether that agreement binds all the parties to arbitration; whether the dispute is foreign; in some cases, whether the agreement arises out of a legal relationship, contractual or not, which is considered ‘commercial’; and (v) in some cases, whether the agreement provides for arbitration in the territory of a state party to the convention (Contracting State).
International Financial and Monetary Law
Authors: Lastra Rosa M
Published: June 2017

This book studies the international monetary and financial system from a legal perspective. The new edition has been renamed to reflect the book's breadth of coverage, which includes an in-depth study of central banking, a fresh look at supervision, regulation and crisis management after the global financial crisis and updated material on the law of the European Central Bank (and its responses to the twin banking and sovereign debt crisis in the eurozone), Banking Union, the law of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and work undertaken by international standard-setters, in particular the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the Basel committee on Banking Supervision. The book is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on national developments, the second part deals with EU developments, and the third part examines international developments. There is a certain symmetry among the three parts of the book (which has been preserved in the second edition) each one of them commencing with a historical chapter, analyzing then the framework of the ‘monetary architecture’ and ending up with a consideration of the ‘financial architecture’ with regard to the functions of financial supervision (micro and macro) and surveillance, regulation, and crisis management, including lender of last resort and resolution.
Introduction
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: June 2017

This chapter offers a historiographic survey of country music scholarship from the publication of Bill C. Malone’s “A History of Commercial Country Music in the United States, 1920–1964” (1965) to the leading publications of the today. Very little of substance has been written on country music recorded since the 1970s, especially when compared to the wealth of available literature on early country recording artists. Ethnographic studies of country music and country music culture are rare, and including ethnographic methods in country music studies offers new insights into the rich variety of ways in which people make, consume, and engage with country music as a genre. The chapter traces the influence of folklore studies, sociology, cultural studies, and musicology on the development of country music studies and proposes some directions for future research in the field.
Goin’ Hillbilly Nuts
Authors: Gnagy Caroline
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of country music and visual style from the genre’s inception to the present day. Examining how country music performers have navigated gender expectations in an ever-changing—and now arguably postmodern—mainstream culture, case studies of male and female performers are presented, employing their personal perspectives on visual style and comparing them to several prominent theories of social identity through fashion, antifashion, and counterculture fashion. The chapter posits some new classifications for country music visual style, attempting to define certain established country music visual images as “Hollywood western” and “western classic,” supported by established analyses of country music within a larger socioeconomic context—such as modernization and nationalization (Jeffrey Lange), mountaineer and cowboy identity (Bill C. Malone), and rusticity and authenticity (Richard Peterson).
Theorizing Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities
Authors: Majchrzak Ann , Jarvenpaa Sirkka L. , Faraj Samer
Published: June 2017

Online communities and crowds (OCs) are a virtual and distributed organizational form in which knowledge collaboration can occur in unparalleled scale and scope, in ways embedded in interaction, not structure. We argue that the management literature needs to recognize that new organizational theories are needed to explain this new organizational form. We describe a theory published by the authors in 2011 as one example of such theorizing. We briefly review the theory and propose updates to the theory. The proposed theory differs from traditional organizational and management theory by explaining organizational outcomes to a greater extent that are emergent and embedded rather than structural dynamics of the organization, and identifying hitherto largely ignored explanatory factors such as technology affordances.
Is There a Hype Problem in Science? If So, How Is It Addressed?
Authors: Weingart Peter
Published: June 2017

As scientists increasingly communicate with the public, hype (i.e., exaggerating and/or sensationalizing communication with other scientists and with public audiences) has become a matter of concern. There are many sources of hype, some of which reinforce each other—science itself, mass media science reporting, and universities engaging in public relations and self-promotion with varying degrees of legitimacy. Competition for public attention affects science in particular when the resulting hype undermines public perception of science’s commitment to factual evidence, and hype borders on fraud when claims of discoveries prove to be unsubstantiated. Science organizations have reacted by formulating codes of conduct and trying to eliminate both practices that overstate the impact of findings and postpublication activities that distort scholarly conclusions. More research is needed on the effects of hype on public trust in science and the effectiveness of alternative ways to discourage and penalize it.
A Recap
Authors: Akin Heather
Published: June 2017

This synthesis chapter recaps the key themes found in Part III of the handbook, which presents several case studies of singular instances of science communication about contentious (or potentially contentious) topics. While the cases are diverse, there are several recurring themes that are summarized in this synthesis. One theme is that public response to science issues is highly dependent on social and political factors and contexts, meaning any issue is not predestined for controversy. A second is that communication about science by authorities or key actors should honor scientific complexity but avoid false assurances. The third theme summarized in this synthesis is how the chapters in this section note the value in accounting for and validating public viewpoints. This summary concludes with suggestions for future research and public engagement activities that constructively capture and analyze public responses to science controversies and debates.
Promoting Popular Understanding of Science and Health Through Social Networks
Authors: Southwell Brian G.
Published: June 2017

To explore how interpersonal interactions affect popular understanding of science, this chapter discusses the ways in which social interaction affects understanding of science among individuals outside of scientific institutions, the emergence of scientists as important social network hubs and nodes, dimensions of social networks that affect discussion of science, and message and context factors that appear to facilitate or temper the diffusion of information related to science, including rumor. Interpersonal communication concepts and evidence offer much to science communication scholars and practitioners concerned with public understanding but important work remains to be done. The review concludes with several research questions that warrant future attention and hold implications for policymakers.
Overcoming Confirmation and Blind Spot Biases When Communicating Science
Authors: Kenski Kate
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on two biases that lead people away from evaluating evidence and scientific studies impartially—confirmation bias and bias blind spot. The chapter first discusses different ways in which people process information and reviews the costs and benefits of utilizing cognitive shortcuts in decision making. Next, two common cognitive biases, confirmation bias and bias blind spot, are explained. Then the literature on “debiasing” is explored. Finally, the implications of confirmation bias and bias blind spot in the context of communicating about science are examined, and an agenda for future research on understanding and mitigating these biases is offered.
Protecting or Polluting the Science Communication Environment?
Authors: Kahan Dan M.
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines childhood vaccines. It is animated by two reciprocal goals. One is to illustrate how the quality of the science communicating environment—the sum total of practices and cues that orient individuals in relation to what is known by science—affects the public’s recognition of one vital form of decision-relevant science. The other is to underscore the critical need for self-conscious management of the quality of the science communication environment to protect public health.
Rethinking the Relationship of African American Men to the Street
Authors: Young Alford A.
Published: June 2017

This article examines how the street has become a point of reference in scholarly and public discussions of the behavior of low-income African American men living in urban communities. It begins with a discussion of how the street has attained such an overriding centrality in the cultural analyses of low-income, urban-based African American men in public space, especially in the formation of images and understandings about them. It then considers how and why African American men have come to be viewed as a frighteningly disturbing presence on the street because of the social power they are assumed to have in affecting the actions and lives of others who make use of the streets. It also looks at various frameworks for the cultural analysis of African American men and concludes by arguing that the street has been both overdetermined and incompletely theorized in terms of its significance for cultural analysis.
Cultural Sociology as Research Program: Post-Positivism, Meaning, and Causality
Authors: Reed Isaac Ariail
Published: June 2017

This article examines cultural sociology as a research program from an epistemological standpoint within the larger context of “post-positivist” social science. It first outlines an understanding of what sociological knowledge is and does before discussing the problematic status of cultural interpretations, with particular emphasis on the distinction between minimal and maximal interpretations. A minimal interpretation is a report upon some social actions that happened, whereas a maximal interpretation is a synthesis of abstract theoretical terms with one or more minimal interpretations. The article proceeds with an analysis of post-positivism and the debate over maximal interpretations and concludes by exploring three presuppositions that describe how the cultural sociologist is able to make explanatory knowledge claims about social life: reasons are causes; cultural theory is nominalist; and the sociohistorical world is metaphysically pluralist.
Rationalization Processes inside Cultural Sociology
Authors: Biernacki Richard
Published: June 2017

This article examines the use of analytic continua with spatial scaling and with potentially similar reifying effects to rationalize social meaning rather than just sound or sight in cultural sociology. It considers the use of the figure of spatial scaling as a point of entry to elucidate the basic logic by which many sociologists interpret the relation between what is culturally meaningful and what lies “outside” culture (or our concept of culture). Four case studies that illustrate how cultural practices generate meanings and reference in social life are presented: one relating to the creation of distinct color categories from the spectrum of hues in the rainbow as a paradigm for cultural analysis, and the other three relating to the views of Pierre Bourdieu, Randall Collins, and Philip Gorski. These four exemplars suggest that cultural sociology would benefit from dialogue with skeptical counter-principles for establishing—and questioning—our objects of explanation.
Religion and Spirituality
Authors: Streib Heinz , Klein Constantin
Published: June 2017

An enormous change in the semantic field of religion has occurred, by which ‘spirituality’ has emerged as a serious competitor for ‘religion.’ This chapter presents selected results of a recently completed research project about the semantics and psychology of spirituality. Regarding the semantics of spirituality, this research has identified ten components of ‘spirituality’ that characterize a variety of rather contradictory meanings: While ‘spirituality’ can be associated with a theistic worldview for some, it is associated with a non-theistic worldview by others; some understand ‘spirituality’ as lived religion, while others associate it with opposition to religion. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether spirituality should be a concept in the scientific study of religion. While spirituality should not be established as a scientific concept (to compete with or replace ‘religion’), spirituality as self-attribution of the people on the street needs to be studied.
Intellectual Property Incentives
Authors: Maurer Stephen M.
Published: June 2017

Classical proofs for the efficiency of markets do not apply to innovation. Since the 1960s, economists have worked to construct a theoretical framework for deciding when patent incentives do and do not make society better off. This chapter reviews the literature’s main findings and asks how well the legal system implements them. It begins by reviewing how patents balance the benefits of faster innovation against the burden of monopoly. It then shows how these arguments change in more complicated models where patents must also coordinate effort across multiple independent inventors. It also asks how faithfully current patent doctrines implement economists’ insights in practice. It explores how our patents framework is extended to other bodies of law, including copyright, trademark, and competitions policy. Finally, it concludes with proposals for aligning current IP law more closely with theory.