bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tubular Transport of Amino Acids and Small Peptides
Authors: Silbernagl Stefan
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

The Intact Kidney

Plasma Concentrations of Amino Acids

Normal Excretion of Amino Acids

Variability of Aminoaciduria

Interorgan Transport and Renal Metabolism of Amino Acids

The Tubule Level

Sites of Reabsorption

Internephron Heterogeneity

Reabsorption Kinetics

Transport Steps at the Membrane Level

Brush Border

Basolateral Membrane: Exit and Uptake

Carrier, Pore, or Enzymatic Cycle?

Secretion of Amino Acids

Specificity of The Reabsorption Mechanisms

Stereospecificity

Specificities of the Different Reabsorption Systems

Hyperaminoaciduria

Renal Handling of Oligopeptides

Prereabsorptive Hydrolysis in the Tubule Lumen

Glutathione and Other γ‐Glutamyl Peptides

Reabsorption of Intact Peptides
Microwave Radiation
Authors: Carpenter Russell L.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Physical Characteristics and Properties of Microwaves

Effects on Tissue

Thermal and Nonthermal Effects

Exposure Levels

Biological Effects of Microwaves on Human Beings and Experimental Animals

Microwave Effects on the eye

Microwave Effects on the Testes

Microwave Effects on the Nervous System

Microwave Effects on Development
Regional Deposition of Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract
Authors: Lippmann Morton
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Clearance Zones in the Respiratory Tract

Anterior Nares

Ciliated Nasal Passages

Nasopharynx, Oral Passages, and Larynx

Tracheobronchial Tree

Alevolar Zone

Factors Affecting Regional Particle Deposition

Deposition Mechanisms

Aerosol Factors

Respiratory and Flow Factors

Anatomical Factors

Physiological Factors

Environmental Factors

Effects of Pollutant Gases and Aerosols

Effects of Chronic Lung Disease

Techniques for Measuring Particle Deposition

Comparison of Particle Contents in Inhaled and Exhaled Air

External in vivo Measurement of γ‐Labeled Particle Retention

Sacrifice and Dissection by Regions in Experimental Animals

Deposition in Model Systems and Excised Lungs

Experimental Regional Deposition Data

Deposition in Human Beings

Deposition in Experimental Animals

Predictive Deposition Models

Deposition of Ambient Atmospheric Aerosol
Energetics of Muscle Contraction
Authors: Kushmerick Martin J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Perspectives

Nature of the Muscle Machine

Chemical Discoveries

Energetics as an Analytical Tool

Direct Measurements of Chemical Change

Chemical Reactions and Metabolic Principles

Adenosine Triphosphatases

Creatine Phosphokinase

Adenylate Kinase

Adenylate Deaminase and the Purine Nucleotide Cycle

Glycogenolysis and Glycolysis

Oxidative Metabolism

Basic Energetic Model

Thermodynamics

Energy Balance

Myothermic Method

Biochemical Method

Results of Energy Balance Experiments

Energy Balance Studies in Rana temporaria

Energy Balance Studies in Rana pipiens

Amphibian Muscles

Mammalian Muscles

Energetics of Muscles that Shorten or are Stretched

New Directions

Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Use of Single Fibers
Human Studies
Authors: Evans Denis A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Approaching the Study of Human Aging—Advantages of Longitudinal Studies

Study Populations and the Role of Epidemiological Studies

Large‐Scale Population‐Based Studies

Investigating Common Conditions of Multifactorial Origin

Measuring Health and Disease Among Older Persons

Function and Disease

Measurement Issues

Practical Considerations in Conducting Studies Among Older Persons

Obtaining and Maintaining Study Participation

Other Practical Considerations
Cardiac Output During Exercise: Contributions of the Cardiac, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems
Authors: Janicki Joseph S. , Sheriff Don D. , Robotham James L. , Wise Robert A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Intrinsic Properties of the Heart

Heart Rate (Exercise Response)

Stroke Volume (Exercise Response)

Determinants of Stroke Volume

Coupling of the Heart and Peripheral Circulation

Coupling of Left Ventricle to Arterial System

Ventricular Filling Pressure

Relation Between Cardiac Output and Filling Pressure at Rest

Relation Between Cardiac Output and Right Atrial Pressure in Dynamic Exercise

Respiratory System

Effects of Exercise on Respiratory Mechanics

Systemic Venous Return

Right Ventricular Output

Pulmonary Venous Return

Left Ventricular Output

Implications of Ventilatory Stresses during Exercise
Cellular Processes Integrating the Metabolic Response to Exercise
Authors: Meyer Ronald A. , Foley Jeanne M.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

The Central Role of Adenine Nucleotides

Components of the High‐Energy Phosphate System

Phosphate Metabolites are a Linked Network

Approaches to Understanding Metabolic Control

Classic Enzyme Kinetics

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics

Regulated Enzymes and the Role of Calcium

Determinants of Muscle CellATPaseRate

The BasalATPase

The ContractileATPase

Metabolite Changes During Muscle Stimulation

Methodology

The Low‐Rate, Nonfatiguing Domain

The High‐Rate, Fatiguing Domain

The Transitional Domain

Control of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Muscle

Kinetic Control by [ADP]

Thermodynamic Control by Cytoplasmic Phosphates

Experimental Tests of Control Models

The Importance of Muscle Aerobic Capacity

Control of Glycogenolysis/Glycolysis in Muscle

The Conventional View

Problems with the Conventional View

Reaction Disequilibria and Metabolite Diffusion

Enzyme Organization

Control of Force Generation

Summary and Future Directions
Extrarenal Mechanisms in Hydromineral and Acid‐Base Regulation in Aquatic Vertebrates
Authors: Kirschner Leonard B.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Physical Background

Dissipative Flows

Hyperosmotic Regulation

Reducing Dissipative Flows

Compensatory Flows: Water

Compensatory Flows: Active Ion Absorption

The Frog Skin Model: Symmetric Solutions and Voltage Clamp

A Revised Model: Open‐Circuit and Dilute Solutions

Ionic Regulation in Other Aquatic Vertebrates

Apical Membrane Behavior: Fluxes and Electrical

Apical Membrane Mechanisms and the Frog Skin Model

The Energetic Cost of Osmotic Regulation in Freshwater Vertebrates

Acid‐Base Regulation and Epithelial Ion Transfer

Hypoosmotic‐Hypoionic Regulation

Reducing Dissipative Flows

Compensatory Flows: Water

Compensatory Flows: Ions

Model for Salt Extrusion by Gills

Remaining Questions about Hyporegulator Gill Function

Reptilian Salt Gland

Acid‐Base Balance in Marine Fish

Isosmotic, Hypoionic Regulation

Diffusion Gradients

Evasive Mechanisms: Urea/TMAO

Compensatory Mechanisms: Urea/TMAO

Evasive Mechanisms: Water and Electrolytes

Compensatory Flows: Ions

Intracellular Osmotic Regulation

Crab‐Eating Frog and Coelacanth

The Energetic Cost of Osmotic Regulation inSW

Marine Mammals

Osmotic Regulation:FW

Osmotic Regulation:SW

Acid‐Base Balance
Mechanisms of Excretion and Ion Transport in Invertebrates
Authors: O'Donnell M. J.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Ion Transport and Osmoregulation in Invertebrates: Functional Morphology and Cellular Mechanisms

Water Expulsion Vesicles and Contractile Vacuoles in Protozoans, Sponges, and Cnidarians

Nephridia and Coelomoducts: Embryology and Terminology

Nephridia

Coelomoduct‐Derived Renal Organs

Gut‐Derived Renal Organs

Other Ion‐Transporting Structures

Excretion in Invertebrates

Nitrogenous Wastes

Alkaloids

Organic Anions

Organic Cations

Magnesium and Sulfate

Storage and Deposit Excretion

Catabolism of Insect Neurohormones by Malpighian Tubules

Roles of Arthropod Excretory Systems and Molluscan Mantle in Acid‐Base Regulation

Active Transport of Sugars

Transport of Cardiac Glycosides

Passive Permeability to Metabolites and Toxins

Future Research
Organization and Dynamics of the Lipid Components of Biological Membranes
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Sankaram M. B. , Huang C.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

The Lipid Bilayer as A Structural and Functional Component of Biological Membranes

Molecular Structures of Membrane Lipids

Glycerophospholipids

Sphingolipids

Cholesterol

Lipid Composition of Some Mammalian Cell Membranes

Molecular Organization of Membrane Lipids

Lamellar Phases

Binary Phospholipid Mixtures

Nonlamellar Phases

Physical Properties of Bilayers

Experimental Bilayer Systems

Bilayer Thickness

Electrical Properties

Permeability to Non‐Ionic Solutes

Mechanical Properties of Bilayers

Lipid Dynamics in Bilayer Systems

Intramolecular Motions

Whole Molecule Motions

Bilayer Curvature
Membrane Structure/Proteins
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline A.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Environment

What do Proteins Look Like? Information Derived from Water‐Soluble Proteins

Hierarchy of Structures

Subunit Molecular Weights

Conformational Flexibility

Structural Families

Membrane Proteins

Bacteriorhodopsin

Porin

Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

Light‐Harvesting Complex

Concluding Comment

Speculative Structures

Structure‐Function Relationship—Minimal Requirements

Conformational Change

Transport Pathway Across the Membrane

Absorption of Light

Structure‐Function Relationship—Speculative Models

Voltage‐Sensitive Ion Channels

Light‐Driven Proton Pump

ATP‐Driven Ca2+Pump

G‐Protein Coupled Receptors

Appendix: Methods for Structure Determination

Primary Structure

Molecular Weight

Secondary Structure

Tertiary and Quaternary Structure

X‐ray Diffraction

Electron Microscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Compilations of Protein Structures
Osmolytes and Cell‐Volume Regulation: Physiological and Evolutionary Principles
Authors: Somero George N. , Yancey Paul H.
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

What Makes a Solute an Osmolyte?

The Basic Osmoregulatory Response: Conservation Paired with Change

Osmolyte Taxonomy: Evolutionary Convergence and Conservation

The Discovery of Organic Osmolytes

Polyols and Sugars

Free Amino Acids and Their Derivatives

Methylated Ammonium and Sulfonium Compounds

Urea and Urea with Methylamines

Osmolyte Effects: Perturbation, Stabilization, and Compatibility

Changes in Concentrations of Inorganic Ions Are Generally Perturbing of Biochemical Systems

Organic Osmolyte Compatibility with Biochemical Functions In Vitro

Organic Osmolyte Compatibility with Protein Structure In Vitro

Compatibility of Organic Osmolytes: In Vivo and Cell Culture Studies

Organic Osmolyte Effects: Counteracting Solute Systems

Counteracting Solute Effects In Vitro

Urea Counteraction in Living Systems

Salt Counteraction (Haloprotection)

Exceptions to Counteraction

Regulation of Osmolyte Concentrations

Interspecific Similarities in Basic Regulatory Strategies

Osmolyte Regulation in Bacteria and Plants

Osmolyte Regulation in Invertebrates

Osmolyte Regulation in Lower Vertebrates

The Mammalian Kidney

Stress Protein Induction in Hyperosmotic Stress

Mechanisms of Solute Effects—and Non‐Effects

The Hofmeister Series and Organic Osmolyte Structures

Preferential Exclusion of Compatible Osmolytes from the Protein Surface

Solute Interactions with Ligands in Solution

Nonreactivity of Modified Amino Acid Osmolytes

Monosaccharide Reactivity with Proteins

Favorable Effects of Compatible Solutes Not Related to Osmoregulation

Inorganic Ions: Perturbation and Compatibility

Evolutionary Perspectives

Macromolecular vs. “Micromolecular” Evolution

Evolution of Osmolyte Molecules: An Overview of Principles of Selection

Summary: The Adaptive Significance of Osmolyte System Evolution
Cellular Immunology
Authors: Fuchs Ephraim
Published: November 2010

The sections in this article are:

Overview

The Adaptive Immune System Combats Intracellular and Extracellular Pathogens

The Antigen‐Specific Receptors on B and T Lymphocytes Bind Distinct Ligands

MHCClass I andIIMolecules Present Antigens toCD8+andCD4+T Cells, Respectively

The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity Provides a Mechanism for Immunologic Specificity and Memory

Lymphocytes Require Two Signals for Activation to Effector Function

Members of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily

Immunoglobulins

T Cell Receptor Structure, Genes, and the Generation of T Cell Receptor Diversity

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules

Lymphocyte Development

Monoclonal Antibodies and Flow Cytometry Facilitate the Identification of Distinct Lymphocyte Subpopulations

B Cell Development

T Cell Development

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Circulation

Lymphocyte Activation

Antigen Processing and Presentation: The Generation of Signal 1

T Cell Activation

8 Cell Activation

T Cell Effector Functions

Cytokine Secretion

Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity (DTH)

Cytolysis

Control of T Cell Effector Functions

Immunological Memory

B Cells: Somatic Mutation, Affinity Maturation, and Memory

T Cell Memory

Immunological Tolerance

Immunological Self/Nonself Discrimination

Future Directions
Genetic and environmental influences on disordered eating and depressive symptoms
Authors: Slane Jennifer D. , Burt S. Alexandra , Klump Kelly L.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

Research suggests that shared genetic factors underlie relationships between eating disorder and depression diagnoses, but no studies to date have examined these associations using dimensional symptom measures. This study examined whether genetic associations observed between eating disorder and depression diagnoses extend to continuous measures of these phenotypes.

Method:

The sample consisted of 292 young adult female twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. Disordered eating was measured using the Minnesota Eating Behavior Survey. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory.

Results:

Univariate twin models indicated that genetic factors accounted for 55% to 60% of the variance in disordered eating and depressive symptoms, with the remaining variance accounted for by nonshared environmental effects. Bivariate models indicated that genetic factors primarily accounted for associations between disordered eating and depressive symptoms (ra = .70).

Discussion:

Phenotypic associations between disordered eating and depressive symptoms appear to be due to common genetic factors. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
Analysis of polyphenols using capillary zone electrophoresis – Determination of the most effective wine sample pre‐treatment method
Authors: Nicolaou Irene N. , Kapnissi‐Christodoulou Constantina P.
Published: November 2010

A simple CZE method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of eight polyphenolic compounds. The influence of several experimental conditions such as buffer (concentration and pH) and temperature were studied. Optimum separation was achieved in less than 25 min by using a BGE of 50 mM Na2B4O7 and 10 mM Na2HPO4 at pH 9.6, a temperature of 25°C and an applied voltage of 25 kV. Good linearities for all eight analytes were obtained with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. The LODs were between 0.03 and 5.05 μg/mL and the RSD values of the migration times were found to be less than 1%. The optimal separation conditions were then used for the identification and the quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in Cypriot wine samples using six different sample preparation procedures. In particular, two direct injection methods (without any extraction step), three different liquid–liquid extraction procedures and an SPE procedure were examined. These sample pre‐treatment methods were also compared in order to determine the one that is the most effective, in regard to analyte recovery, time, difficulty, and reproducibility. Liquid–liquid extraction using diethyl ether as the organic solvent proved to be the most effective.
Adsorption of disperse blue 2BLN by microwave activated red mud
Authors: Fu Jie , Song Ran , Mao Wen‐Jun , Wang Qing , An Shu‐Qing , Zeng Qing‐Fu , Zhu Hai‐Liang
Published: November 2010

The ability of red mud (RM) to adsorb disperse blue 2BLN from water was studied and the condition of adsorption process was optimized. The results showed that the microwave activated RM had good adsorption capacity. The adsorption process was in accord with Langmuir isotherm model. The saturated adsorption amount of disperse blue 2BLN by activated RM was ∼45 mg/g. The factors that affected the adsorption process included dosage of RM, temperature, and pH value. The optimal condition was 40°C, pH 3.0, 15 g/L RM and 30 min reaction time, under which the removal percentages of color, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon reached ∼99%, 64% and 50%, respectively. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Transmission line parameter identification using PMU measurements
Authors: Shi Di , Tylavsky Daniel J. , Koellner Kristian M. , Logic Naim , Wheeler David E.
Published: November 2010

Accurate knowledge of transmission line (TL) impedance parameters helps to improve accuracy in relay settings and power flow modeling. To improve TL parameter estimates, various algorithms have been proposed in the past to identify TL parameters based on measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). These methods are based on the positive sequence TL models and can generate accurate positive sequence impedance parameters for a fully transposed TL when measurement noise is absent; however, these methods may generate erroneous parameters when the TLs are not fully transposed or when measurement noise is present. PMU field‐measure data are often corrupted with noise and this noise is problematic for all parameter identification algorithms, particularly so when applied to short TLs. This paper analyzes the limitations of the positive sequence TL model when used for parameter estimation of TLs that are untransposed and proposes a novel method using linear estimation theory to identify TL parameters more reliably. This method can be used for the most general case: short/long lines that are fully transposed or untransposed and have balanced/unbalance loads. Besides the positive/negative sequence impedance parameters, the proposed method can also be used to estimate the zero sequence parameters and the mutual impedances between different sequences. This paper also examines the influence of noise in the PMU data on the calculation of TL parameters. Several case studies are conducted based on simulated data from ATP to validate the effectiveness of the new method. Through comparison of the results generated by this novel method and several other methods, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase angle‐based power system inter‐area oscillation detection and modal analysis
Authors: Xia Tao , Zhang Yingchen , Chen Lang , Yuan Zhiyong , Markham Penn N. , Ye Yanzhu , Liu Yilu
Published: November 2010

Electromechanical oscillations associated with power system stability problems have been a primary concern of system planning, operation and control for decades. With growing loads, the need for long distance power exchange between power companies leads to the frequent occurrence of instability phenomena including oscillations. The growth of synchrophasor measurement‐based Wide‐Area Monitoring System (WAMS) technology in recent years provides the platform for real‐time system dynamic monitoring and analysis which has never before been realised. The North American Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET), as the only WAMS that covers the entire North American power grid, has the capability to realise accurate, high density, continuous monitoring of large interconnected power system dynamics. This paper presents an automatic power system oscillation detection method based on FNET phase angle measurements. In addition, dynamic characteristics obtained from modal analysis of 28 FNET event cases are also introduced. The technique used for modal decomposition and reconstruction is called the Matrix Pencil method, which comes from the pencil‐of‐function approach. This is a very computationally efficient and noise robust signal processing method for dynamic information extraction. Inter‐area oscillations, which are associated with groups of generators, are the only concern in this paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multidimensional approach to rarefied and transitional flows with the CIP method
Authors: Yabe Takashi , Ogata Youichi
Published: November 2010

A high‐order kinetic approach based on the CIP method to solve the nonlinear multidimensional Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook equation is presented. Some applications such as Couette/Poiseulle flows and supersonic flows show that the present method can give accurate and stable solutions for both rarefied and transitional gas flows. A new adaptive Soroban‐grid which is suitable for the CIP method is combined with the present method for supersonic flows to track steep profiles such as shock fronts with higher resolution than fixed grids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D Visualisation of PEMFC Electrode Structures Using FIB Nanotomography
Authors: Zils S. , Timpel M. , Arlt T. , Wolz A. , Manke I. , Roth C.
Published: November 2010

It is well known that the electrode structure of a PEMFC has a huge influence on the water management and thereby on the cell performance. In this work, two MEAs – one prepared by an airbrushing technique and the other by a novel fast spray coating technique (multilayered MEA) – were analysed with respect to porosity, pore size distribution, tortuosity and their electrochemical performance. FIB nanotomography with following 3D reconstruction, SEM investigation on ultramicrotomic thin‐sections, and single cell tests were performed on these MEAs. The results show a higher porosity and lower pore size for the multilayered MEA. The multilayered MEA reaches a Pt utilisation of 1,962 mW mg–1 and a peak power density of 210 mW cm–2, whereas the airbrushed MEA only provides a Pt utilisation of 879 mW mg–1 and a peak power density of 218 mW cm–2. The Pt utilisation calculations showed in combination with the structural characterisations that a homogeneous pore structure and Pt distribution provide an advantage with regard to performance and efficiency of the PEMFC. Furthermore, the multilayered MEA may offer an advantage over the airbrushed MEA in its long term stability, which was observed in preliminary tests.
Personality changes in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review
Authors: Robins Wahlin Tarja‐Brita , Byrne Gerard J.
Published: November 2010

Objective

People with Alzheimer's disease (AD) commonly exhibit changes in personality that sometimes precede the other early clinical manifestations of the condition, such as cognitive impairment and mood changes. Although these personality changes reflect the impact of progressive brain damage, there are several possible patterns of personality change with dementia. Early identification of personality change might assist with the timely diagnosis of AD. The objective of this study was to review studies of personality change in AD.

Methods

Systematic searches of the PubMed, Ovid Medline, EBSCOhost, PsychINFO and CINAHL databases were undertaken from inception to November 2009. Published studies of informant‐rated personality traits in AD patients were identified. Studies that mapped changes in traits from the five‐factor model of personality which includes factors for Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, were selected for analysis. The change in each of these five traits was calculated as the mean difference in score before and after the diagnosis of AD.

Results

There was a mean increase in Neuroticism of 10–20 T scores (equivalent to 1–2 SD), a decrease of the same magnitude in Extraversion, consistently reduced Openness and Agreeableness, and a marked decrease in Conscientiousness of about 20–30 T scores (equivalent to 2–3 SD). These changes were systematic and consistent. Particularly striking was the similarity of both the magnitude and direction of change in all studies reviewed.

Conclusions

Conscientiousness and Neuroticism are the personality traits that exhibit the most change in dementia. These traits might be useful early markers of dementia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parents of children with cancer: Which factors explain differences in health‐related quality of life
Authors: Klassen Anne F. , Raina Parminder , McIntosh Cameron , Sung Lillian , Klaassen Robert J. , O'Donnell Maureen , Yanofsky Rochelle , Dix David
Published: November 2010

Research with parents of children with cancer has identified factors related to their adjustment and coping, but it is not fully understood why some parents do well and others do not. Guided by a stress process model, we examined the interrelationships among a comprehensive set of factors to identify the most important determinants of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in parents of children in active treatment for cancer. A cross‐sectional survey of 411 parents (80% response rate) of children receiving cancer treatment in Canada was conducted between November 2004 and February 2007. The following constructs were measured: background and context factors, child characteristics, family‐centered service delivery, caregiver strain, intrapsychic factors, coping/supportive factors and parental HRQoL. The model was evaluated using structural equation modeling. Analysis was stratified by time since diagnosis (i.e., <12 months and ≥12 months). For those within 12 months of their child's diagnosis, family‐centred service provision, caregiver strain, and self‐perception accounted for 58% of the variation in psychosocial health, whereas caregiver strain and social support explained 50% of the variation in physical health. For parents in the >12 month group, caregiving strain was the only factor with a direct relationship with parental psychosocial and physical health, accounting for 66% and 55% of the variance in these constructs, respectively. Our findings reinforce the need for health professionals to be particularly attuned to family caregivers in the early stages of treatment and identify potential areas for interventions to promote parental health.
Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling by everolimus induces senescence in adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma and apoptosis in peripheral T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Darwiche Nadine , Sinjab Ansam , Abou‐Lteif Ghada , Chedid Mirella Bou , Hermine Olivier , Dbaibo Ghassan , Bazarbachi Ali
Published: November 2010

HTLV‐I‐associated adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I)‐negative peripheral T‐cell lymphomas carry poor prognosis mainly because of acquired resistance to chemotherapy. We have shown that this disease is responsive to the combination of zidovudine and interferon‐α. However, long‐term maintenance therapy with this combination is associated with side effects affecting patient quality of life and hence more tolerated alternatives are needed. In this submission, we explored the effect of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex‐1 (mTORC1) inhibitor everolimus (RAD001) on ATL and HTLV‐negative malignant T‐cell lines. We demonstrate that, at clinically achievable concentrations, long‐term treatment with everolimus resulted in a dramatic inhibitory effect on the growth of HTLV‐I‐positive and ‐negative malignant T‐cells, while normal resting or activated T‐lymphocytes were resistant. Everolimus specifically induced oncoprotein Tax degradation and senescence in ATL cells and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HTLV‐I‐negative malignant T‐cells. Everolimus‐mediated apoptosis was also associated with an upregulation of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA‐α) proteins, an increase in Bax proteins and downregulation of Bcl‐xLproteins in all tested HTLV‐I‐positive and ‐negative malignant cell lines. These results support a therapeutic role for everolimus, particularly as long‐term maintenance therapy in patients with ATL and other HTLV‐I‐negative peripheral T‐cell lymphomas.
miR 488* inhibits androgen receptor expression in prostate carcinoma cells
Authors: Sikand Kavleen , Slaibi Jinani E. , Singh Rajesh , Slane Stephen D. , Shukla Girish C.
Published: November 2010

Androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand‐dependent transcription factor, which plays a significant role in prostate carcinogenesis. Blockade of AR and its ligand, androgen is the basis for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Nevertheless, a modest increase in the critical levels of AR mRNA and corresponding protein is sufficient for the development of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. A strategy to further downregulate AR mRNA and protein expression in combination with antiandrogen therapy may prevent or delay the development of androgen‐independent PCa. Recent studies show that microRNAs (miRNAs) perform tumor suppressor functions in various cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that the overexpression of miR 488* downregulates the transcriptional activity of AR and inhibits the endogenous AR protein production in both androgen‐dependent and androgen‐independent PCa cells. In addition, miR 488* blocks the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of PCa cells. Our data indicate that miR 488* targets AR and is a potential modulator of AR mediated signaling. Our findings provide insight for utilizing miRNAs as novel therapeutics to target AR in PCa.
Enhancement of recombinant human BMP‐7 bone formation with bmp binding peptide in a rodent femoral defect model
Authors: Liao Jen‐Chung , Tzeng Shiau‐Tzu , Keorochana Gun , Lee Kwang‐Bok , Johnson Jared S. , Morishita Yuichiro , Murray Samuel S. , Wang Jeffrey C.
Published: November 2010

Bone morphogenetic binding peptide (BBP) is an 18.5 kDa fragment of a bone matrix protein peptide. A rat femoral defect model was used to test the effect of BBP combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (rhBMP‐7) to induced bone healing. Two doses of BBP (500 and 1000 µg) were tested with two doses of rhBMP‐7 (2 and 5 µg), and the results were compared with a positive control (10 µg rhBMP‐7). Bone healing was evaluated by radiology, manual palpation, microcomputed tomography, and histology. The high dose of 10 µg of rhBMP‐7 resulted in a consistent 100% bone union rate and a mature histological appearance on histology, and was used as a positive control. When 1000 µg of BBP was combined with lower doses of BMP‐7 (2 µg rhBMP‐7 or 5 µg rhBMP‐7) significant differences were seen in radiographic scores, manual palpation, and bone volume, when compared to 2 µg rhBMP‐7 or 5 µg rhBMP‐7 alone. The combination of 1000 µg of BBP and 5 µg rhBMP‐7 also achieved 100% fusion rate, induced a larger amount of bone formation, and yielded similar maturity of bone marrow when compared with the high dosage 10 µg rhBMP‐7 group. This study demonstrated that when combined together, BBP can enhance the bone healing of rhBMP‐7. Improved healing imparted by the addition of BBP may result in lesser amounts of rhBMP‐7 needed to achieve union in the clinical setting. © 2010 OrthopaedicResearchSociety.PublishedbyWileyPeriodicals, Inc.JOrthopRes29:753–759,2011
Azone analogues: classification, design, and transdermal penetration principles
Authors: Jampilek Josef , Brychtova Katerina
Published: November 2010

The development in the field of pharmaceutical dosage forms results in the discovery of additional highly sophisticated drug delivery systems that allow maintaining a constant level of the active substance in an organism. Transdermal therapeutic systems are an excellent alternative to conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms. However, the application of transdermal drug delivery faces the problem of insufficient or no penetration of active pharmaceutical substances through the skin. This review article describes the possible fundamental mechanisms of penetration through the skin barrier and refers to the classification of skin penetration enhancers. Azone‐like enhancers are considered in detail and classified according to their structure on the basis of medicinal chemistry approaches. The article also provides a review of original transdermal penetration enhancers prepared in our laboratory and discusses the relationship between the chemical structure of the described Azone analogues and their penetration activity (SAR/QSAR).
Perspectives on medicinal properties of plumbagin and its analogs
Authors: Padhye Subhash , Dandawate Prasad , Yusufi Mujahid , Ahmad Aamir , Sarkar Fazlul H.
Published: November 2010

Plumbagin is one of the simplest plant secondary metabolite of three major phylogenic families viz. Plumbaginaceae, Droseraceae, and Ebenceae, and exhibits highly potent biological activities, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Recent investigations indicate that these activities arise mainly out of its ability to undergo redox cycling, generating reactive oxygen species and chelating trace metals in biological system. The compound is endowed with a property to inhibit the drug efflux mechanism in drug‐resistant bacteria, thereby allowing intracellular accumulation of the potent drug molecules. An interesting bioactivity exhibited by this compound is the elimination of stringent, conjugative, multidrug‐resistant plasmids from several bacterial strains including opportunistic bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii. Moreover, plumbagin effectively induces apoptosis and causes cell cycle arrest, which is, in part, due to the inactivation of NF‐κB in cancer cells. Therefore, it has been suggested that designing “hybrid drug molecules” of plumbagin by combining it with other appropriate anticancer agents may lead to the generation of novel and potent anticancer drugs with pleiotropic action against human cancers. This comprehensive review is an attempt to understand the chemistry of plumbagin and catalog its biological activities reported to date.
In‐Line Monitoring of Emulsion Polymerization Reactions Combining Heat Flow and Heat Balance Calorimetry
Authors: Esposito Marcelo , Sayer Claudia , de Araújo Pedro Henrique Hermes
Published: November 2010

In‐line monitoring of semi‐batch vinyl acetate emulsion polymerizations was performed combining heat flow and heat balance calorimetry to re‐estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient between the reactor and jacket. The initial UARJ was obtained applying a constant power through an electrical heater to the initial reactor charge. As UARJ changed during the reaction, it was re‐estimated combining the mass and energy balances of the jacket and the reactor and minimizing an objective function in terms of TJ_out. Results showed that good in‐line estimations of conversion can be performed without requiring the use of experimental conversion data to re‐estimate UARJ during the reaction.

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Relaxation of shish‐kebab precursor in isotactic polystyrene after short‐term shear flow
Authors: Zhao Yunfeng , Matsuba Go , Nishida Koji , Fujiwara Tetsuaki , Inoue Rintaro , Polec Inga , Deng Cong , Kanaya Toshiji
Published: November 2010

We studied the formation and relaxation of precursors of shish‐kebab in isotactic polystyrene after applying pulse shear flow at temperatures above the nominal melting temperatures Tm (=223 °C). It was found that the string‐like objects that were assigned to precursors in a previous article appeared in micrometer scale up to ∼285 °C, which was very close to the equilibrium melting temperature T (=289 °C), and the length and the diameter showed two‐step decays consisting of the fast and slow (almost nondecaying) components below ∼270 °C, whereas the slow component disappeared above ∼270 °C, suggesting that some mechanism stabilizing the string‐like objects disappeared at ∼270 °C. It was also found that the two‐step decay was a nature of a single string‐like object, but not an average nature of many precursors, showing heterogeneous inner structure of the precursor. We discussed a possibility that the string‐like object had a fringed micelle type structure including large crystals with a melting temperature of ∼270 °C. Within the proposed picture, the highest temperature for the precursor formation (∼285 °C) was explained as a melting of the large crystals in oriented melt. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Understanding Interdisciplinary Collaborations as Social Networks
Authors: Haines Valerie A. , Godley Jenny , Hawe Penelope
Published: November 2010

The dynamics of interdisciplinary collaboration invite further investigation if we are to make this endeavour more rewarding and productive. We are using social network analysis to track the development of a new interdisciplinary collaboration on complex interventions to improve population health. It involves nineteen scholars across four countries. We report the Baseline network of formal relationships among the scholars, along with the impact of the collaboration on these relationships in the first 18 months. We observed statistically significant increases in the density of six types of relationship networks: citing publications by other members of the collaboration, email contact, meeting with each other (outside of the formal annual meeting), visiting one another's institution, submitting research grants together and working on research projects together. The initial strategic role in the network of key ‘gate keepers' has not altered substantially (betweenness centralization of the networks), but reciprocity has increased, that is, people are more likely to cite those who have cited them and work together. Increased collaboration is also reflected in the rise in number of subgroups over time and the increase in the average number of subgroup memberships. Use of social network analysis to understand the dynamics of interdisciplinary collaborations is a relatively new field. It invites reflection about what the optimal network structures for interdisciplinary collaborations would look like.
Lipid Analysis Reveals Quiescent and Regenerating Liver‐Specific Populations of Lipid Droplets
Authors: García‐Arcos Itsaso , González‐Kother Paola , Aspichueta Patricia , Rueda Yuri , Ochoa Begoña , Fresnedo Olatz
Published: November 2010

The mammalian liver, a key organ in lipid homeostasis, can accumulate increased amounts of lipids in certain physiological conditions including liver regeneration. Lipid droplets (LD), the lipid storage organelles in the cytoplasm, are composed of a core of neutral lipids (mainly triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters) surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and cholesterol with associated proteins. It is recognized that LD lipid composition is cell‐ and environment‐specific and enables LD to carry out specific functions, but few descriptive studies aiming to interpret such differences have been published. We characterized eight density fractions of LD isolated from quiescent (control) and regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy, and grouped populations according to their lipid composition. LD from quiescent liver resembled the cholesteryl ester storage LD found in steroidogenic tissues, whereas in the regenerating tissue they were similar to adipocyte LD. Specifically, there were large, light LD with increased triacylglycerol content, the hallmark of liver regeneration. The apparent volume of the dense LD was, however, lower than in the quiescent density‐matched populations, concomitant with increased phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and decreased neutral lipid content. Analysis of the lipid profile of LD populations from quiescent and regenerating tissue leads us to define four physiological LD phenotypes for rat liver.
An overview of epigenetics and chemoprevention
Authors: Huang Yi-Wen , Kuo Chieh-Ti , Stoner Kristen , Huang Tim H.-Y. , Wang Li-Shu
Published: November 2010

It is now appreciated that both genetic alteration, e.g. mutations, and aberrant epigenetic changes, e.g. DNA methylation, cause cancer. Epigenetic dysregulation is potentially reversible which makes it attractive as targets for cancer prevention. Synthetic drugs targeting enzymes, e.g. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase, that regulate epigenetic patterns are active in clinical settings. In addition, dietary factors have been suggested to have potential to reverse aberrant epigenetic patterns. Uncovering the human epigenome can lead us to better understand the dynamics of DNA methylation in disease progression which can further assist in cancer prevention.
Unconscious information processing reduces information overload and increases product satisfaction
Authors: Messner Claude , Wänke Michaela
Published: November 2010

Consumers are less satisfied with a product chosen from an extended assortment than from a limited one. Presumably, information overload causes decreased satisfaction and reducing information overload would increase satisfaction. Building on Unconscious Thought Theory, results suggest that this classic effect reverses when consumers do not deliberate. Consumers reported lower satisfaction with a praline chosen from a large assortment than from a small one, when they either deliberated intensively or chose spontaneously. This effect reversed when consumers were distracted before choosing. Unconscious thinking about a large assortment led to the highest product satisfaction.
Foxtail-associated endocarditis in a cat
Authors: Doyle Crystal G. , Allen Justin W. , Ettinger Stephen J.
Published: November 2010

An adult female neutered domestic shorthair cat developed right heart failure 1 week after having surgical drainage of a neck abscess of unknown etiology established at our hospital. Echocardiography revealed a large vegetative mass adhered to the tricuspid valve. Post-mortem examination revealed fibrinous endocarditis and myocarditis associated with the presence of a grass awn ( Hordeum species) foreign body. Foxtail migration with subsequent thrombus and endocarditis formation on the tricuspid valve is considered a very unusual sequel to foxtail migration.
The civil unrest as an obstacle toward financial development in Georgia, 1991–2007
Authors: Suzuki Yasushi , Miah Md. Dulal
Published: November 2010

Georgia has been experiencing robust GDP growth since the Rose Revolution despite its formal financial system remaining critically underdeveloped. This goes against a strongly supported proposition that a country’s economic development is followed by a welldeveloped and efficient financial system. In this paper we first explain the shallow financial deepening in Georgia and show that the economic growth in Georgia has been driven by such determinants as public spending and construction works mainly supported by foreign debt and FDI inflow. This paper further argues that prolonged civil conflict is one of the critical obstacles toward financial development in Georgia. Bank lending activity is associated with high level of uncertainty stemming from recurrent civil war. Newly privatized commercial banks are excessively cautious in expanding their loan assets to private non-financial corporations due mainly to the banks’ inability to precisely assess borrower’s risk involving not only with individual financial soundness but also with political uncertainty.
Effects of View of Life and Selection Bias on Emotional Memory in Old Age
Authors: Chung Christie
Published: November 2010

Many studies have documented that we remember less negative information as we grow older. The present study examined the effects of view of life and selection bias on this positivity effect using an emotional picture memory task. Young adults were tested in the laboratory, and older adults were either tested in the laboratory or at home. Results confirmed a positivity effect in old age. Selection bias and view of life did not significantly influence older adults’ emotional memory as predicted. Metamemory, however, was affected by selection bias: Older adults tested in the laboratory had higher self-rated memory scores than those who tested at home.
New Unified Sea Ice Thickness Climate Data Record
Authors: Lindsay Ron
Published: November 2010

With the recent dramatic record‐low ice extent of 2007 and with the third‐lowest extent having been recorded in 2010, the changing Arctic climate, and particularly the rapidly changing sea ice cover, is often in the news. The climate models of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report forecast that rising Arctic temperatures and the reduction of sea ice will be the earliest and strongest indications of global warming. However, these models generally underestimate the observed rate of change in summer ice cover over the past 3 decades [Stroeve et al., 2007].
Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability
Authors: Ofori Leslie
Published: November 2010

The Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (SIBER) conference was held in 2006 in Goa, India. The goals of the workshop were to assess the known facts about basin‐wide biogeochemical and ecological dynamics of the Indian Ocean, to answer major questions, and to draw a road map for future research. The AGU monograph Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability, edited by Jerry D. Wiggert, Raleigh R. Hood, S. Wajih A. Naqvi, Kenneth H. Brink, and Sharon L. Smith, synthesizes the talks that were presented at this conference. In this interview, Eos talks with Jerry Wiggert, assistant professor of marine science at University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg.
Correction [to “Report assesses nutrient pollution in U.S. streams and aquifers”]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: November 2010

In the news item “Report assesses nutrient pollution in U.S. streams and aquifers” in the 5 October 2010 issue of Eos (91(40), 359), a sentence in the fourth paragraph should have read, “The assessment found that the proportion of wells that exceed the federal human health drinking water standard—the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)—increased from 16% at the beginning of the assessment period to 21% at the end of the period, Dubrovsky said.”

Eos regrets this error.
Porosity‐driven convection and asymmetry beneath mid‐ocean ridges
Authors: Katz Richard F.
Published: November 2010

Seismic tomography of the asthenosphere beneath mid‐ocean ridges has produced images of wave speed and anisotropy that are asymmetric across the ridge axis. These features have been interpreted as resulting from an asymmetric distribution of upwelling and melting. Using computational models of coupled magma/mantle dynamics beneath mid‐ocean ridges, I show that such asymmetry should be expected if buoyancy forces contribute to mantle upwelling beneath ridges. The sole source of buoyancy considered here is the dynamic retention of less dense magma within the pores of the mantle matrix. Through a scaling analysis and comparison with a suite of simulations, I derive a quantitative prediction of the contribution of such buoyancy to upwelling; this prediction of convective vigor is based on parameters that, for the Earth, can be constrained through natural observations and experiments. I show how the width of the melting region and the crustal thickness, as well as the susceptibility to asymmetric upwelling, are related to convective vigor. I consider three causes of symmetry breaking: gradients in mantle potential temperature and composition and ridge migration. I also report that in numerical experiments performed for this study, the fluid dynamical instability associated with porosity/shear band formation is not observed to occur.