bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Media literacy for older people facing the digital divide: The e-inclusion programmes design
Authors: Abad-Alcalá Leopoldo
Published: November 2013

This article is based on the fact that the Spanish population is aging, and is second only to Japan in its total number of senior citizens. Given this situation and the omnipresence of new technologies in everyday life, the use of Internet and ICT for older people is essential. The latest report by IMSERSO shows that only 15.6% of people aged be tween 65 and 74 connected to the Internet in the 3-month period measured. The data seem to show that there is a generational digital divide to be overcome. The studies that have addressed this issue have focused more on regional and specific aspects of the relationship between age and Internet use intensity, and these studies use age ranges as criteria. Other studies have introduced variables such as seniors’ economic situation or educational level. With this in mind, public policies have sought to reduce this generational digital divide through a number of media literacy and e-learning projects but without success due to their poor methodological approach. This paper proposes a number of new methodological approaches to tackle the design of digital literacy programs for older people based on criteria such as degree of autonomy and the possibilities for enjoying everyday life, proposing the development of programs based on contextualism, incrementalism, motivation and absorption processes.

Tras la japonesa, la población española es la segunda población que más envejece. Ante esta situación y la omnipresencia de las nuevas tecnologías, el uso de Internet y las TIC en la vida cotidiana se hace imprescindible para las personas mayores. El último informe del IMSERSO establecía que solo se habían conectado a Internet en los últimos tres meses un 15,6% de las personas entre 65 y 74 años. Estos datos muestran la existencia de una brecha digital de carácter generacional que debe ser superada. Los estudios que han abordado esta problemática se han centrado más en aspectos regionales, y los específicos sobre la relación entre edad e Internet han abordado solo la intensidad de uso vinculada a intervalos de edades. Otros estudios han introducido variables como el nivel económico o educativo. Frente a esta realidad, las políticas públicas han pretendido disminuir esta brecha digital generacional mediante diferentes proyectos de alfabetización mediática y e-learning, sin lograr su objetivo por el deficiente planteamiento metodológico de los cursos. Este artículo propone una serie de nuevas perspectivas metodológicas a la hora de abordar el diseño de programas de alfabetización digital de las personas mayores basadas en criterios tales como el grado de autonomía o falta de la misma para la vida cotidiana así como el desarrollo de programas basados en el contextualismo, incrementalismo, motivación y proceso de absorción.
GREEN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TOOLS AND EFFICIENCY METRICS
Authors: Kallaos James , Bohne Rolf André
Published: November 2013

Residential buildings have the function of providing shelter, comfort, and a host of other amenities to their occupants, yet they are responsible for a large share of global negative environmental impacts. Understanding the need to reduce the negative impacts of buildings has led to an increase in both the quantity and popularity of green building rating schemes in recent years. Within most green building schemes, the common goal generally consists of an attempt at increasing aspects of the efficiency of resource use or environmental damage. Impact quantification is often reduced to modeled operational energy consumption, while the actual function is less simple to define or assess quantitatively. In many green building schemes, consideration of function is basically omitted from the assessment, except for the inclusion of a simple proxy metric. The dominant “function” metric that has emerged is floor area, carried over from commercial building assessments. Not only is floor area not a useful proxy for function provided by residential buildings, but placing it in the denominator of an eco-intensity metric results in a perverse ratio of two impacts. All else equal, increasing floor area gives the impression of increased efficiency, while masking the increased embodied and use-phase energy, GHG emissions, and materials use. This paper provides a review and initial inquiry into environmental assessment of residential buildings, addressing the utility of common metrics.
Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2
Authors: Kurokawa J. , Ohara T. , Morikawa T. , Hanayama S. , Janssens-Maenhout G. , Fukui T. , Kawashima K. , Akimoto H.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We have updated the Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) as version 2.1. REAS 2.1 includes most major air pollutants and greenhouse gases from each year during 2000 and 2008 and following areas of Asia: East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia and the Asian part of Russia. Emissions are estimated for each country and region using updated activity data and parameters. Monthly gridded data with a 0.25° × 0.25° resolution are also provided. Asian emissions for each species in 2008 are as follows (with their growth rate from 2000 to 2008): 56.9 Tg (+34%) for SO2, 53.9 Tg (+54%) for NOx, 359.5 Tg (+34%) for CO, 68.5 Tg (+46%) for non-methane volatile organic compounds, 32.8 Tg (+17%) for NH3, 36.4 Tg (+45%) for PM10, 24.7 Tg (+42%) for PM2.5, 3.03 Tg (+35%) for black carbon, 7.72 Tg (+21%) for organic carbon, 182.2 Tg (+32%) for CH4, 5.80 Tg (+18%) for N2O, and 16.0 Pg (+57%) for CO2. By country, China and India were respectively the largest and second largest contributors to Asian emissions. Both countries also had higher growth rates in emissions than others because of their continuous increases in energy consumption, industrial activities, and infrastructure development. In China, emission mitigation measures have been implemented gradually. Emissions of SO2 in China increased from 2000 to 2006 and then began to decrease as flue-gas desulphurization was installed to large power plants. On the other hand, emissions of air pollutants in total East Asia except for China decreased from 2000 to 2008 owing to lower economic growth rates and more effective emission regulations in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Emissions from other regions generally increased from 2000 to 2008, although their relative shares of total Asian emissions are smaller than those of China and India. Tables of annual emissions by country and region broken down by sub-sector and fuel type, and monthly gridded emission data with a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° for the major sectors are available from the following URL: http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/.
The effects of intermittent exposure to low-pH and low-oxygen conditions on survival and growth of juvenile red abalone
Authors: Kim T. W. , Barry J. P. , Micheli F.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Exposure of nearshore animals to hypoxic, low-pH waters upwelled from below the continental shelf and advected near the coast may be stressful to marine organisms and lead to impaired physiological performance. We mimicked upwelling conditions in the laboratory and tested the effect of fluctuating exposure to water with low-pH and/or low-oxygen levels on the mortality and growth of juvenile red abalone (Haliotis rufescens, shell length 5–10 mm). Mortality rates of juvenile abalone exposed to low-pH (7.5, total scale) and low-O2 (40% saturation, mg L−1) conditions for periods of 3 to 6 h every 3–5 days over 2 weeks did not differ from those exposed to control conditions (O2: 100% saturation, 12 mg L−1; pH 8.0). However, when exposure was extended to 24 h, twice over a 15-day period, juveniles experienced 5–20% higher mortality in the low-oxygen treatments compared to control conditions. Growth rates were reduced significantly when juveniles were exposed to low-oxygen and low-pH treatments. Furthermore, individual variation of growth rate increased when juveniles were exposed simultaneously to low-pH and low-O2 conditions. These results indicate that prolonged exposure to low-oxygen levels is detrimental for the survival of red abalone, whereas pH is a crucial factor for their growth. However, the high individual variation in growth rate under low levels of both pH and oxygen suggests that cryptic phenotypic plasticity may promote resistance to prolonged upwelling conditions by a portion of the population.
Development and comparative evaluation of a stochastic analog method to downscale daily GCM precipitation
Authors: Hwang S. , Graham W. D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. There are a number of statistical techniques that downscale coarse climate information from general circulation models (GCMs). However, many of them do not reproduce the small-scale spatial variability of precipitation exhibited by the observed meteorological data, which is an important factor for predicting hydrologic response to climatic forcing. In this study a new downscaling technique (Bias-Correction and Stochastic Analog method; BCSA) was developed to produce stochastic realizations of bias-corrected daily GCM precipitation fields that preserve both the spatial autocorrelation structure of observed daily precipitation sequences and the observed temporal frequency distribution of daily rainfall over space. We used the BCSA method to downscale 4 different daily GCM precipitation predictions from 1961 to 1999 over the state of Florida, and compared the skill of the method to results obtained with the commonly used bias-correction and spatial disaggregation (BCSD) approach, a modified version of BCSD which reverses the order of spatial disaggregation and bias-correction (SDBC), and the bias-correction and constructed analog (BCCA) method. Spatial and temporal statistics, transition probabilities, wet/dry spell lengths, spatial correlation indices, and variograms for wet (June through September) and dry (October through May) seasons were calculated for each method. Results showed that (1) BCCA underestimated mean daily precipitation for both wet and dry seasons while the BCSD, SDBC and BCSA methods accurately reproduced these characteristics, (2) the BCSD and BCCA methods underestimated temporal variability of daily precipitation and thus did not reproduce daily precipitation standard deviations, transition probabilities or wet/dry spell lengths as well as the SDBC and BCSA methods, and (3) the BCSD, BCCA and SDBC methods underestimated spatial variability in daily precipitation resulting in underprediction of spatial variance and overprediction of spatial correlation, whereas the new stochastic technique (BCSA) replicated observed spatial statistics for both the wet and dry seasons. This study underscores the need to carefully select a downscaling method that reproduces all precipitation characteristics important for the hydrologic system under consideration if local hydrologic impacts of climate variability and change are going to be reasonably predicted. For low-relief, rainfall-dominated watersheds, where reproducing small-scale spatiotemporal precipitation variability is important, the BCSA method is recommended for use over the BCSD, BCCA, or SDBC methods.
Gender needs awareness and gender asymmetry: an analysis of a rural women survey in mountainous areas of South-Eastern Spain
Authors: Sayadi S. , Calatrava Requena J.
Published: November 2013

The integration of gender symmetry in rural areas is no longer a choice but an obligation in the design and implementation of rural development programmes and projects. Some European initiatives (NOW, EQUAL, LEADER, etc.) have already been taken to improve rural women's opportunities to participate more actively in economic and pubic life. In this context, surveying and the data collection will be considered an important preliminary step in the implementation of gender symmetry-focused development policies. In this paper, after a brief comment of the different gender paradigms in rural development, some results of a survey conducted on 304 rural women living in mountainous rural areas of the province of Granada (Southern Spain) are presented. The position of rural women as regards employment, family, socio-cultural, institutional matters, etc., and the level of connection with agricultural sector and opinions about farming occupations are described. Then women's perception and awareness regarding both practical and strategic gender needs in the area are analysed. Factors related to how women stand with respect to gender needs have been identified using the probit regression model. From the above results, some conclusions have finally been drawn that could be helpful for designing strategies to achieve a better level of gender symmetry in the region, focusing sustainable rural development on a "gender planning" approach.
Metais pesados nos sedimentos de corrente, como indicadores de risco ambiental - Vale do Rio dos Sinos, RS
Authors: Robaina Luis Eduardo , Formoso Milton Luis L. , Pires Carlos Alberto da F.
Published: November 2013

A área de pesquisa representa uma das regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, com intensas atividades industriais e ocupação urbana. Os metais analisados foram Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn e Ni. A análise da poluição foi realizada através de quatro relações: concentração total de metais traços nos sedimentos e o nível de base estabelecido nesse estudo; concentração de metais traços na fração disponível e o nível de base; concentração total de metais traços nos sedimentos e os teores médios, conforme dados apresentados na literatura; determinação do Índice de Geoacumulação. Este estudo revela que os processos de urbanização e industrialização estão associados com alta concentração de metais pesados. Os metais Cr, Cu e Zn apresentam risco de muito alto a extremo em algumas drenagens da área. Para a despoluição do rio dos Sinos e seus tributários no futuro é necessário tratar os efluentes antes de chegarem às drenagens.
Cumulative water‐use impacts in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin
Authors: Piskur Mike
Published: November 2013

Through a formal compact and agreement that includes periodically conducting a cumulative water‐use impact assessment, leaders in the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence River Basin are working as a team to measure, evaluate, and manage their shared water resources.
Water treatment energy management
Authors: Raschke Steve
Published: November 2013

This case study examines how a large water treatment facility implemented a monitoring and control system using cost‐effective cloud‐based tools to measure, analyze, and manage its energy consumption.
Water utility executive leadership, Part 1: Who our CEOs are
Authors: Teodoro Manuel P. , Whisenant Travis E.
Published: November 2013

This article is the first of three that discuss the findings of the Water Research Foundation Report Water Utility Executive Leadership for the 21st Century.
Florida's New Crop: Is Water Farming For You?
Authors: Diffenderfer Michelle , Rossmell Kathryn B.
Published: November 2013

One of the biggest challenges of water management is getting water in the right place at the right time in the right amount. Government agencies and water users are constantly seeking alternative ways to expand the “water pie” during dry times and avoiding flooding during the wet season. One supply‐side alternative being explored in South Florida attempts to control the flow and storage of water through contracts with private landowners in a water farming program known as dispersed water management.
When Do Legal Sanctions Produce Conformity? A Review of the Literature on the Interaction of Perceived Legal Risk with Stakes in Conformity
Authors: Rosbough Christopher P
Published: November 2013

This paper reviews ten published articles on deterrence that address the interaction of stakes in conformity with the perception of legal risk. These articles are classified by types of stakes in conformity examined, such as marriage, education, and employment, and more general types of stakes in conformity, such as social identity. Analysis of evidence suggests that some individuals with low stakes in conformity may be less deterrable by legal sanctions and for those with high stakes in conformity, legal sanctions, such as imprisonment, may increase recidivism. The results, however, continue to show an incongruence between whether and which stakes in conformity act as a consistent deterrent.
Impact of HIV‐related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta‐synthesis
Authors: Katz Ingrid T , Ryu Annemarie E , Onuegbu Afiachukwu G , Psaros Christina , Weiser Sheri D , Bangsberg David R , Tsai Alexander C
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a critical determinant of HIV‐1 RNA viral suppression and health outcomes. It is generally accepted that HIV‐related stigma is correlated with factors that may undermine ART adherence, but its relationship with ART adherence itself is not well established. We therefore undertook this review to systematically assess the relationship between HIV‐related stigma and ART adherence.

Methods

We searched nine electronic databases for published and unpublished literature, with no language restrictions. First we screened the titles and abstracts for studies that potentially contained data on ART adherence. Then we reviewed the full text of these studies to identify articles that reported data on the relationship between ART adherence and either HIV‐related stigma or serostatus disclosure. We used the method of meta‐synthesis to summarize the findings from the qualitative studies.

Results

Our search protocol yielded 14,854 initial records. After eliminating duplicates and screening the titles and abstracts, we retrieved the full text of 960 journal articles, dissertations and unpublished conference abstracts for review. We included 75 studies conducted among 26,715 HIV‐positive persons living in 32 countries worldwide, with less representation of work from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Among the 34 qualitative studies, our meta‐synthesis identified five distinct third‐order labels through an inductive process that we categorized as themes and organized in a conceptual model spanning intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural levels. HIV‐related stigma undermined ART adherence by compromising general psychological processes, such as adaptive coping and social support. We also identified psychological processes specific to HIV‐positive persons driven by predominant stigmatizing attitudes and which undermined adherence, such as internalized stigma and concealment. Adaptive coping and social support were critical determinants of participants’ ability to overcome the structural and economic barriers associated with poverty in order to successfully adhere to ART. Among the 41 quantitative studies, 24 of 33 cross‐sectional studies (71%) reported a positive finding between HIV stigma and ART non‐adherence, while 6 of 7 longitudinal studies (86%) reported a null finding (Pearson's χ2=7.7; p=0.005).

Conclusions

We found that HIV‐related stigma compromised participants’ abilities to successfully adhere to ART. Interventions to reduce stigma should target multiple levels of influence (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural) in order to have maximum effectiveness on improving ART adherence.
Assessment of HIV‐related stigma in a US faith‐based HIV education and testing intervention
Authors: Berkley‐Patton Jannette Y , Moore Erin , Berman Marcie , Simon Stephen D , Thompson Carole Bowe , Schleicher Thomas , Hawes Starlyn M
Published: November 2013

Introduction

The African American church is a highly influential institution with the potential to greatly increase the reach of HIV prevention interventions and address HIV‐related stigma in US African American communities. However, there are few studies on HIV‐related stigma and African American church populations. This study explored HIV‐related stigma among church and community members participating in an HIV education and testing intervention pilot study in African American churches, named Taking It to the Pews.

Methods

Four African American churches located in Kansas City, MO and KS, were randomized to either intervention or comparison groups. Churches assigned to the intervention group received religiously tailored HIV education, testing and compassion messages/activities (e.g., sermons, brochures/church bulletins, testimonials) via the Taking It to the Pews HIV Tool Kit. Comparison churches received non‐religiously tailored HIV information. HIV‐related stigma was assessed with 543 church members and with community members served through church outreach services (e.g., food/clothing pantries, social services) in the four churches. Participants completed surveys at baseline, 6 months and 12 months to assess their HIV‐related stigma beliefs, exposure to intervention components and satisfaction with the study.

Results

At baseline, HIV‐related stigma beliefs were similar across experimental groups and were quite low. Mean HIV‐related stigma scores were not significantly different between experimental groups at 6 months (p=0.92) or at 12 months (p=0.70). However, mean HIV‐related stigma scores within both groups showed decreasing trends at six months, which approached significance. Analysis of previously studied HIV‐related stigma factors (e.g., age, gender, income, HIV knowledge, religiosity) did not yield changes in the null findings. Intervention group participants were highly exposed to several intervention components (sermons, HIV resource tables, posters, brochures/church bulletins). Overall, participants were highly satisfied with the intervention pilot study.

Conclusions

African American churches may be well positioned to increase the reach of HIV prevention interventions to church and community members and could serve an important role in addressing HIV‐related stigma in their church communities. Future research is needed on measuring HIV‐related stigma beliefs and on testing intensive, scalable, religiously tailored HIV interventions to impact HIV‐related stigma in African American churches.
Global action to reduce HIV stigma and discrimination
Authors: Grossman Cynthia I , Stangl Anne L
Published: November 2013

There is no question that the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV and AIDS can be reduced through intervention. The inclusion of stigma and discrimination reduction as a critical component of achieving an AIDS‐free generation in recent UNAIDS, UN and PEPFAR political initiatives is promising. Yet national governments need evidence on effective interventions at the individual, community and societal levels in order to strategically incorporate stigma and discrimination reduction into national AIDS plans. Currently, the heterogeneity of stigma and discrimination reduction approaches and measurement makes it challenging to compare and contrast evaluated interventions. Moving forward, it is critical for the research community to: (1) clearly link intervention activities to the domains of stigma to be shifted; (2) assess the stigma domains in a consistent manner; and (3) link stigma and discrimination reduction with HIV prevention, care and treatment outcomes (e.g., uptake, adherence and retention of ART). These steps would further advance the scientific evidence base of stigma and discrimination reduction and allow for the identification of effective interventions that could be scaled up by national governments.
Rotating radiative‐convective equilibrium simulated by a cloud‐resolving model
Authors: Khairoutdinov Marat , Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2013

The results of a series of cloud‐resolving radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) simulations are presented. The RCE simulations, used as an idealization for the mean tropical climate, are run for a wide range of prescribed sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs), from 21oC to 36oC, representing the range of past, present, and, possibly, future mean tropical SSTs. The RCE with constant Coriolis parameter f is contrasted with nonrotating RCE. The Coriolis parameter is artificially increased from typical values in the Tropics by about one order of magnitude to allow multiple tropical cyclones (TCs) to coexist in a relatively small 2300 × 2300 km2 domain with a 3 km horizontal grid spacing. Nonrotating RCE is also simulated, but using a substantially smaller, 384 × 384 km2 domain. Rotating RCE, which we nickname “TC World,” contains from 8 to 26 TCs with the average number of TCs monotonically decreasing with increasing SST. At the same time, the TCs' size, intensity, and per‐TC precipitation rate tend to increase in response to increasing SST. For example, the average per‐TC kinetic energy and precipitation rate tend to double for every 6oC SST increase. These results are consistent with scaling laws in which TC velocities and inner core diameters scale with the potential intensity and its ratio to the Coriolis parameter, respectively, while the separation between cyclone centers appears to scale with the deformation radius. It is also found that the outflow temperature of TC's, as defined as the height of the local maximum of the upper‐troposphere cloud fraction, remains relatively invariant with SST. The cold‐point tropopause height in TC World is found to be about 2 km higher than the corresponding height in nonrotating RCE.
Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the os coxae and the effects of microevolutionary processes
Authors: Betti Lia
Published: November 2013

Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis has been studied widely for forensic purposes, but it is still unclear to what extent it varies among human populations. There is evidence that microevolutionary processes, both neutral (i.e., population history) and selective (e.g., thermoregulatory adaptation and size‐related obstetrical constraints) contribute to explain pelvic variation among populations, but the extent to which these factors affect pelvic sexual dimorphism is unknown. In this study, I analyze sexual dimorphism of the os coxae in 20 globally distributed human populations, using 3D morphometric data to separate the size and shape components of sexual differences. After evaluating population differences in the degree and pattern of sexual dimorphism, I test for the effect of population history, climate, and body size in shaping global diversity. The results show that size and shape dimorphism follow different patterns. Coxal size dimorphism is generally quite consistent through populations, with males bigger than females, but it appears to be reduced in small‐bodied populations, possibly in relation to obstetrically‐related selective pressures for a spacious birth canal. Beyond a general species‐wide pattern of shape dimorphism, commonly used for forensic sex determination, other aspects of sexual differences in coxal shape vary among human populations, reflecting the effects of neutral demographic processes and climatic adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:167–177, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clickable Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas: Synthesis, Click Reactions, and Adsorption of Antibiotics
Authors: Gao Jinsuo , Zhang Xueying , Xu Shutao , Tan Feng , Li Xinyong , Zhang Yaobin , Qu Zhenping , Quan Xie , Liu Jian
Published: November 2013

Pharmaceutical antibiotics are not easily removed from water by conventional water‐treatment technologies and have been recognized as new emerging pollutants. Herein, we report the synthesis of clickable azido periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) and their use as adsorbents for the adsorption of antibiotics. Ethane‐bridged PMOs, functionalized with azido groups at different densities, were synthesized by the co‐condensation of 1,2‐bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTME) and 3‐azidopropyltrimethoxysilane (AzPTMS), in the presence of nonionic‐surfactant triblock‐copolymer P123, in an acidic medium. Four different alkynes were conjugated to azide‐terminated PMOs by means of an efficient click reaction. The clicked PMOs showed improved adsorption capacity (241 μg g−1) for antibiotics (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride) compared with azido‐functionalized PMOs because of the enhanced π–π stacking interactions. These results indicate that click reactions can introduce multifunctional groups onto PMOs, thus demonstrating the great potential of PMOs for environmental applications.
Scaling the primate lateral geniculate nucleus: Niche and neurodevelopment in the regulation of magnocellular and parvocellular cell number and nucleus volume
Authors: Finlay Barbara L. , Charvet Christine J. , Bastille Isle , Cheung Desmond T. , Muniz José Augusto P.C. , de Lima Silveira Luiz Carlos
Published: November 2013

New stereological assessments of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neuron numbers and volumes in five New World primates (Cebus apella, Saguinus midas niger, Alouatta caraya, Aotus azarae, and Callicebus moloch) and compiled LGN volumes for an additional 26 mammals were analyzed for a better understanding of visual system evolution. Both the magnocellular (M)‐ and the parvocellular (P)‐cell populations scale allometrically with brain volume in primates, P cells with a significantly higher slope such that, for every increase in M neuron number, P neuron numbers more than double (ln scale; y = 0.89x + 2.42R2 = 0.664). In diurnal primates, the ratio of P to M cells was slightly but significantly higher than in nocturnal primates. For all mammals, including primates, LGN volume was unrelated to nocturnal or diurnal niche but showed marked differences in slope and intercept depending on taxonomic group. The allometric scaling of M and P cells can be related to the order of neurogenesis, with late‐generated P cells increasing with positive allometry compared with the earlier‐generated M cells. This developmental regularity links relative foveal representation to relative isocortex enlargement, which is also generated late. The small increase in the P/M cell ratio in diurnal primates may result from increased developmental neuron loss in the M‐cell population as it competes for limited termination zones in primary visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1839–1857, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing olive harvest time under hot climatic conditions of Jordan Valley, Israel
Authors: Dag Arnon , Harlev Guy , Lavee Shimon , Zipori Isaac , Kerem Zohar
Published: November 2013

Global climate change leads to the exposure of olive orchards to higher temperatures than in the past. We followed yield and quality parameters of olive oils from Barnea, Coratina, and Picual, under hot climatic conditions through different levels of ripeness. Oil yield per tree increased throughout the monitoring period due to continuous oil accumulation. Toward the last harvest date, significant fruit drop occurred, which resulted in substantial loss in oil yield. Maximal oil yield was obtained in Barnea at a maturity index of 2.1–2.5, in Coratina at 2.3 and in Picual at 3.2. A reduction in quality parameters was found with delay of harvest date: free fatty acid content increased and the ratio of monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid declined, but only in one season. Nevertheless, all parameters remained within the trade standard for extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). In contrast to most previous studies, no consistent reduction was observed in total polar phenol content in the oils. Hence, maximizing oil yield should be the main criterion for the determination of harvest date under these conditions. It is therefore suggested that olives exposed to hot climate be harvested earlier than those in typical Mediterranean climate areas.

Practical applications: Harvest timing has a strong effect on both oil yield and quality. However, in most of the studies published on the topic until now only a sample of fruit was taken to determine oil accumulation and quality, but little or no information is available on oil yield at tree level, which is an important parameter from the grower's perspective. Moreover, this study describes changes in oil yield and quality along the ripening period, under hot climatic conditions prevailing in Jordan Valley. The Mediterranean basin region, where more than 90% of the world's olive oil is produced is expected to be exposed to higher temperatures in the future due to global climate changes. The current work provides information on the effect of those unfavorable growing conditions on oil production and quality. One of the major findings is the necessity to harvest early (in a relatively low ripening index) under those conditions.
Chemical Compatibility between Boron Oxides and Electrolyte and Cathode Materials of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Chen K. , Ai N. , Jiang S. P.
Published: November 2013

Boron is a key component in glass and glass–ceramic sealants for planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this paper, the chemical compatibility between boron and commonly used electrolyte and cathode materials of SOFCs such as Y0.16Zr0.84O2 (YSZ), Gd0.1Ce0.9O2 (GDC), La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM), La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF), SrCo0.2Fe0.8O3 (SCF), and (Ba,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3 (BSCF) are studied. The oxide couples with 43 wt.% H3BO3 (equivalent to 30 wt.% B2O3) were heat‐treated at 600–800 °C in air for 20 h. XRD analysis shows that the selected electrolyte and electrode materials are not chemically compatible with boron at temperatures above 600 °C. YSZ and GDC react with boron, forming YBO3 and GdBO3, respectively. In the case of LSM, LSCF, and BSCF powders, the chemical reaction with boron causes the disintegration and decomposition of the perovskite structures. Boron shows a higher reactivity with La2O3 as compared with SrO. On the other hand, the chemical reaction is substantially reduced between volatile boron species and dense electrolyte pellets, but porous electrolyte scaffolds are more susceptible by boron attack as compared to dense electrolyte pellets. The present study suggests that the direct contact between the volatile boron species and electrolyte and cathode materials should be avoided to minimize the detrimental damage of the boron poisoning on the stability and durability of SOFCs.
Voltage Oscillations in Single‐Chamber Fuel Cells Operating under a C3H8/O2 Mixture
Authors: Gadacz G. , Viricelle J.‐P. , Pijolat C. , Pijolat M.
Published: November 2013

Single‐chamber fuel cells (SCFCs) are an alternative way to conventional SOFCs. Effectively, they do not require any more sealing between anodic and cathodic compartment's as the cell is fed with a mixture of hydrocarbon and oxygen. This paper deals with voltage oscillations observed with an SCFC composed of GDC (Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95) supported electrolyte, Ni‐GDC anode and a BSCF (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3–δ) cathode, operating in the temperature range 500–600 °C and under various propane and oxygen mixtures, with a C3H8/O2 ratio between 0.2 and 0.66. Electrical and Thermo‐Programmed Oxidation (TPO) measurements combined with SEM observations allowed us proving that these oscillations are due to carbon nanowires deposition/oxidation cycles. A mechanism is proposed to explain this behavior.
Estimation of Se(VI)/Se(IV) ratio in water by the ratio recorded in barite
Authors: Tokunaga Kohei , Yokoyama Yuka , Takahashi Yoshio
Published: November 2013

It is possible that the distribution behaviors of redox‐sensitive elements such as selenium (Se) between authigenic minerals and water can provide information on the oxidation state of the element in the coexistent water during mineral deposition. Considering the similar chemical characteristics of Se(IV) and Se(VI) oxyanions, we propose that the Se(VI)/Se(IV) ratio in a particular precipitate, such as barite, may enable us to estimate the Se(VI)/Se(IV) ratio in the coexistent water. The coprecipitation experiments of Se with barite coupled with the determination of the oxidation state of Se both in the aqueous phase and in barite were conducted by Se K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure and high‐performance liquid chromatography connected to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, respectively, to investigate the influence of the oxidation state of Se on its immobilization into barite at pH 4.0 and 8.0. The results showed that the Se(VI)/Se(IV) ratio in barite was correlated with the Se(VI)/Se(IV) ratio in water, which in turn can provide physicochemical and biogeochemical information related to the Se(VI)/Se(IV) ratio in water in the environment where barite precipitated.
Avian Remains from Marmot Cave, A New Site in the North‐West Altai, Siberia
Authors: Volkova N. V. , Zelenkov N. V.
Published: November 2013

Avian remains from a new quaternary site (Marmot Cave) in the NW Altai, Siberia, located very close to the famous Denisova Cave, have been studied. The fauna from Marmot Cave includes 19 extant taxa, three of which were not reported previously from Denisova Cave. Taphonomic analysis of the bird bones from the new site indicates a mixed origin for the material. The largest portion of bones evidently represents remains not eaten by large falcons, while a small part of the sample may be the prey of the Golden Eagle. Bones of the Black Grouse are of anthropogenic origin and apparently were brought to Marmot Cave from the human settlement of Denisova Cave. The faunal composition suggests a Holocene age for the sediments of Marmot Cave, which is in contradiction with data from mammal remains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of α‐aminoboronic‐containing peptidomimetics
Authors: Gozhina Olga V. , Svendsen John Sigurd , Lejon Tore
Published: November 2013

A library of 175 dipeptidomimetics and tripeptidomimetics containing an α‐amino boronic acid or boronate has been synthesized, and the activity toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been screened. Although there is no clear structure–activity relationship, several compounds exhibit promising activity against different pathogens. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature dependence of forward I ‐V in SiC pin diodes considering stacking faults
Authors: Ohtsuka K. , Furukawa A. , Tanaka R. , Yamamoto S. , Nakata S.
Published: November 2013

Temperature dependence of forward I‐V properties in SiC pin diodes with relatively low sustaining voltage is investigated. Decrease of forward voltage and differential resistance with increase of temperature is characterized by device simulation considering stacking faults. Band structure in stacking faults is suggested to be type‐I quantum well due to strain by the difference of lattice interval in basal plane. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructure analysis and properties of spherical silicon solar cells with anti‐reflection thin films
Authors: Oku Takeo , Kanayama Masato , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Kanamori Youichi , Murozono Mikio
Published: November 2013

Structure and properties of spherical silicon solar cells with anti‐reflection thin films were investigated and discussed. Conversion efficiencies of spherical Si solar cells coated with F‐doped SnO2 anti‐reflection films were improved by annealing. Optical absorption and fluorescence of the solar cells increased after annealing. Lattice constants of F‐doped SnO2 anti‐reflection layers, which were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, decreased after annealing. Mechanisms of atomic diffusion in SnO2 and reactions at the Si/metal interface were discussed. The present work indicated a guideline for spherical silicon solar cells with higher efficiencies. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NaSi and Si clathrate prepared on Si substrate
Authors: Kume Tetsuji , Iwai Yoshiki , Sugiyama Tomoya , Ohashi Fumitaka , Ban Takayuki , Sasaki Shigeo , Nonomura Shuichi
Published: November 2013

In this study, we attempted to prepare films of Si clathrates (Na8Si46 (Type I) and Nax Si136(Type II)) and NaSi by using Si single crystalline substrates as the Si source. NaSi, which is the precursor of the Si clathrate, was successfully generated as a highly orientated film on the Si substrate, by exposing Na vapor under Ar atmosphere. The NaSi film was then transformed into Si clathrate film of several µm in thickness, by heat treatment (400 °C, 3 h) under vacuum (∼ 10‐4 Pa). Type I and II clathrates were selectively synthesized by using the crystal orientation (100) and (111) of Si substrates, respectively. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compound Semiconductors
Authors: Fujita Shizuo , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Kumakura Kazuhide , Yamaguchi Hiroshi
Published: November 2013

This issue of physica status solidi contains manuscripts presented at the 40th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS 2013) held in Kobe, Japan, May 19–23, 2013. The ISCS 2013 was co‐located with the 25th International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials (IPRM 2013) during the Compound Semiconductor Week (CSW 2013).

The CSW 2013 was kicked‐off with a joint plenary session. The four distinguished plenary speakers and the titles of their talks were: Prof. Chennupati Jagadish (III–V Semiconductor Nanowires for Optoelectronics and Energy Applications), Dr. Daisuke Ueda (GaN based “Green” Devices), Prof. Osamu Wada (Advances in III–V Semiconductor Photonics: Nanostructures and Integrated Chips), Prof. Peide Ye (III–V MOS Technology: from Planar to 3D and 4D). The opening session was followed by invited talks, contributed oral presentations, and poster presentations in both the ISCS and the IPRM. Also included in the technical program were two short courses given by Prof. Masafumi Yamaguchi and Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagarajan as well as a rump session.

The week also included an awards ceremony, three courses of excursions and conference banquet in Kacho‐en, a theme park of flowers and birds.

We would like to thank all the participants of the ISCS 2013 for contributing to the success of the symposium and acknowledge the diligent work of the committee members and the referees of manuscripts. A special appreciation is due to Prof. Takashi Kita and other members of Kobe University for their excellent local organization.

The 41st International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS 2014), organized by Prof. Eric Tournié will be held in Montpellier, France, May 11–15, 2014. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doppler radar radial wind assimilation using an hourly cycling 3D‐Var with a 1.5 km resolution version of the Met Office Unified Model for nowcasting
Authors: Simonin D. , Ballard S. P. , Li Z.
Published: November 2013

This article describes the development and trials at the Met Office of the assimilation of radar Doppler radial winds in a pre‐operational framework. It uses a high‐resolution 1.5 km convective‐scale version of the Unified Model for nowcasting, on a small domain covering southern England and Wales. The assimilation was performed using a version of the Met Office 3D‐variational data assimilation system at 1.5 km resolution. The Doppler radial wind observations were provided by the original four Dopplerized C‐band single‐polarization radars in the UK radar network, all situated in the south of England. This article provides a description of the Doppler radial wind observation operator, pre‐processing, observation errors and data assimilation configuration. The system is tested on and verified for four case studies using continuous hourly cycling with 7 h forecasts. A significant positive impact for rain and wind is found in the first half of the forecasts (nowcasting time‐scale).
Models and Concepts for Socio‐Technical Complex Systems: Towards Fractal Social Organizations
Authors: De Florio Vincenzo , Bakhouya Mohamed , Coronato Antonio , Di Marzo Giovanna
Published: November 2013

We introduce fractal social organizations—a novel class of socio‐technical complex systems characterized by a distributed, bio‐inspired, hierarchical architecture. Based on a same building block that is recursively applied at different layers, said systems provide a homogeneous way to model collective behaviors of different complexity and scale. Key concepts and principles are enunciated by means of a case study and a simple formalism. As preliminary evidence of the adequacy of the assumptions underlying our systems here, we define and study an algebraic model for a simple class of social organizations. We show how despite its generic formulation, geometric representations of said model exhibit the spontaneous emergence of complex hierarchical and modular patterns characterized by structured addition of complexity and fractal nature—which closely correspond to the distinctive architectural traits of our fractal social organizations. Some reflections on the significance of these results and a view to the next steps of our research conclude this contribution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, Crystal Structure, and Thermal Decomposition of a Novel Nitrogen‐rich Compound Zn3(ATZ)6(N3)6 (ATZ = 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, N% = 61.7 %)
Authors: Tong Wen‐Chao , Yang Li , Wu Bi‐Dong , Zhang Tong‐Lai
Published: November 2013

The green nitrogen‐rich coordination compound Zn3(ATZ)6(N3)6 (1) (ATZ = 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole) was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, DSC and TG/DTG analyses. Its crystal structure was determined through X‐ray single crystal diffraction at 153(2) K. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic P21/n space group with crystal parameters of the unit cell dimensions: a = 0.9187(3) nm, b = 1.4109(4) nm, c = 1.3395(4) nm, β = 92.593(4)°, V = 1.7345(8) nm3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.824 g·cm–3. The kinetic parameters of the first exothermic process of 1 were studied by the Kissinger's method and Ozawa‐Doyle's method. Sensitivity tests revealed that 1 is insensitive to mechanical stimuli.
Dimensions de personnalité et trouble de déficit d’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité : étude multicentrique des patients d’alcoolodépendants
Authors: Sala L. , Romo L. , Martinotti G. , Rouillon F. , Janiri L. , Dubertret C.
Published: November 2013

La présence d’un Trouble Déficit d’Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDAH) serait corrélée avec l’utilisation de substances (surtout l’alcool), chez des adolescents, avec des taux de 16 % en population générale et 25 à 40 % en population adulte [3,4]. Chez des adultes, un taux de 6 % à 25 % est signalé chez des patients traités pour abus ou dépendances aux substances psychoactives [2]. Par ailleurs, il est nécessaire de connaître ce double diagnostic ainsi que les dimensions de personnalité afin de pouvoir adapter la prise en charge [1]. Nous avons réalisé cette étude multicentrique auprès d’une population de 60 patients alcoolodépendants suivis en consultation dans deux centres hospitalo-universitaires, à Colombes et à Rome. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser la sévérité de la pathologie alcoolique et les liens avec la présence d’un éventuel TDAH et des dimensions de personnalité selon le modèle de Costa et Mc Crae (Big Five). Pour le diagnostic de TDAH, nous avons utilisé la Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) en rétrospectif et la Brown Attention Déficit Disorder Scale (ADD). Et pour l’évaluation de la personnalité, nous avons utilisé le questionnaire NEO PI-R, et nous avons analysé les facteurs et les facettes. Les résultats des analyses statistiques descriptives seront présentés.