bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in the Human Pain Stress Experience Mediated by Ventral and Dorsal Basal Ganglia Dopamine Activity
Authors: Scott David J. , Heitzeg Mary M. , Koeppe Robert A. , Stohler Christian S. , Zubieta Jon-Kar
Published: October 2006

In addition to its involvement in motor control and in encoding reward value, increasing evidence also implicates basal ganglia dopaminergic mechanisms in responses to stress and aversive stimuli. Basal ganglia dopamine (DA) neurotransmission may then respond to environmental events depending on their saliency, orienting the subsequent responses of the organism to both positive and negative stimuli. Here we examined the involvement of DA neurotransmission in the human response to pain, a robust physical and emotional stressor across species. Positron emission tomography with the DA D2receptor antagonist radiotracer [11C]raclopride detected significant activation of DA release in dorsal and ventral regions of the basal ganglia of healthy volunteers. Activation of nigrostriatal (dorsal nucleus caudate and putamen) DA D2receptor-mediated neurotransmission was positively associated with individual variations in subjective ratings of sensory and affective qualities of the pain. In contrast, mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens) DA activation, which may impact on both D2and D3receptors, was exclusively associated with variations in the emotional responses of the individual during the pain challenge (increases in negative affect and fear ratings). These data demonstrate that basal ganglia dopamine D2receptor-mediated neurotransmission is involved in responses to pain and that it contributes to individual variations in the pain experience at the levels of physical and emotional elements, albeit with different neuroanatomical substrates.
Presynaptic Kainate Receptor Activation Is a Novel Mechanism for Target Cell-Specific Short-Term Facilitation at Schaffer Collateral Synapses
Authors: Sun Hua Yu , Dobrunz Lynn E.
Published: October 2006

Target cell-specific differences in short-term plasticity have been attributed to differences in the initial release probability of synapses. Using GIN (GFP-expressing inhibitory neurons) transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in a subset of interneurons containing somatostatin, we show that Schaffer collateral synapses onto the EGFP-expressing somatostatin interneurons in CA1 have very large short-term facilitation, even larger facilitation than onto pyramidal cells, in contrast to the majority of interneurons that have little or no facilitation. Using a combination of electrophysiological recordings and mathematical modeling, we show that the large short-term facilitation is caused both by a very low initial release probability and by synaptic activation of presynaptic kainate receptors that increase release probability on subsequent stimuli. Thus, we have discovered a novel mechanism for target cell-specific short-term plasticity at Schaffer collateral synapses in which the activation of presynaptic kainate receptors by synaptically released glutamate contributes to large short-term facilitation, enabling selective enhancement of the inputs to a subset of interneurons.
Role of Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 in Retinal Patterning and Retinotectal Projection
Authors: Sakuta Hiraki , Takahashi Hiroo , Shintani Takafumi , Etani Kazuma , Aoshima Akihiro , Noda Masaharu
Published: October 2006

It has been long believed that the anteroposterior (A-P) and dorsoventral (D-V) axes in the developing retina are determined independently and also that the retinotectal projection along the two axes is controlled independently. However, we recently demonstrated that misexpression ofVentroptin,a bone morphogenic protein (BMP) antagonist, in the developing chick retina alters the retinotectal projection not only along the D-V (or mediolateral) axis but also along the A-P axis. Moreover, the dorsal-high expression ofBMP4is relieved by the dorsotemporal-high expression ofBMP2at embryonic day 5 (E5) in the retina, during whichVentroptincontinuously counteracts the two BMPs keeping on the countergradient expression pattern, respectively. Here, we show that the topographic molecules so far reported to have a gradient only along the D-V axis and ephrin-A2 so far only along the A-P axis are both controlled by the BMP signal, and that they are expressed in a gradient manner along the tilted axis from E6 on in the developing chick retina: the expression patterns of these oblique-gradient molecules are all changed, whenBMP2expression is manipulated in the developing retina. Furthermore, in bothBMP2knockdown embryos andephrin-A2-misexpressed embryos, the retinotectal projection is altered along the two orthogonal axes. The expressional switching fromBMP4toBMP2thus appears to play a key role in the retinal patterning and topographic retinotectal projection by tilting the D-V axis toward the posterior side during retinal development. Our results also indicate thatBMP2expression is essential for the maintenance of regional specificity along the revised D-V axis.
Neuromechanics of Multifunctionality during Rejection inAplysia californica
Authors: Ye Hui , Morton Douglas W. , Chiel Hillel J.
Published: October 2006

How are the same muscles and neurons used to generate qualitatively different behaviors? We studied this question by analyzing the biomechanical and neural mechanisms of rejection responses in the marine molluskAplysia californicaand compared these mechanisms with those used to generate swallowing responses (Ye et al., 2006). During rejection, the central grasper of the feeding structure closes to push inedible food out of the buccal cavity. This contrasts with swallowing, during which the grasper is open as it moves toward the jaws (protracts). We examined how the shape change of the grasper during rejection mechanically reconfigured the surrounding musculature. Grasper shape change increased the effectiveness of protractor muscle I2. The closed grasper alters the function of another muscle, the hinge, which becomes capable of inducing ventral rotations of rejected material. In contrast, during large-amplitude swallows, the hinge muscle mediates dorsal rotations of ingested material. Finally, after the grasper opens, its change in shape induces a delay in the activation of other surrounding muscles, the I1/I3/jaw complex, whose premature activation would close the halves of the grasper and induce it to pull inedible material back inward. The delay in activation of the I1/I3/jaw complex is partially attributable to identified multiaction neurons B4/B5. The results suggest that multifunctionality emerges from a periphery in which flexible coalitions of muscles may perform different functions in different mechanical contexts and in which neural circuitry is capable of reorganizing to exploit these coalitions by changes in phasing, duration, and intensity of motor neuronal activation.
Presidential Libraries: A View from the Center
Authors: FAWCETT SHARON K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: This article is the author's reflection on the long-term viability of the presidential library system and how it continues to evolve to meet the needs of the twenty-firstcentury visitor and researcher. The reflections and assessments are based on the author's long association with this unique system from the time in 1969 when she started as an archivist at the Lyndon B. Johnson Library until her present position as the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries.
Toward Better Policies and Practices for Presidential Libraries
Authors: HACKMAN LARRY J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Pesidential libraries need stronger coordination and leadership from the National Archives, better oversight by the Congress, and more informed and vigorous monitoring by the public and by the public history community. This is true not only for access to documents and services to researchers, but also, and perhaps especially now, for the “museum side” of the libraries, including exhibits and public and educational programs. The increasing reliance on funds from various library partner foundations to support programs aimed at the public is a worrisome trend. Although they have supported many worthy programs in the libraries, these “hidden hand” partners greatly reduce the transparency of the operation of the libraries which are, after all, public institutions still chiefly supported by American taxpayers. This article examines selected issues where better policy and practice would improve the programs and operations of the presidential libraries.
Briefing: Britain finally begins to rise to the energy challenge
Authors: Freer Robert
Published: October 2006

In July this year the UK Government launched its third publication on national energy policy in just over four years. Robert Freer says there are at last some signs of positive action to solve the main problem, which is keeping Britain's lights on.
Acute decompression illness in UK tunnelling
Authors: Lamont Donald , Booth Richard
Published: October 2006

Civil engineers have used compressed air to stabilise wet ground for over 150 years and continue to do so. But since 2001, compressed-air workers in the UK can no longer decompress on air alone—it now has to be done with the aid of oxygen. Despite one of the strictest regulatory environments in the world, Britain's construction industry recorded 428 cases of decompression illness between 1984 and 2002, leading to air-only decompression being banned. This paper provides an analysis of the UK's uniquely comprehensive database of compressed air exposure and decompression illness records which led to the ban. It provides a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of oxygen decompression as well as informing other countries considering making the change.
Implementing Planning Policy Statement 6
Authors: Simpson B. J.
Published: October 2006

Planning Policy Statement 6 (PPS 6): Planning for Town Centres succeeds a consultation draft of December 2003 and replaces Planning Policy Guidance Note 6 (PPG 6): Town Centres and Retail Developments. This paper examines how effective the former guidance has been, how it has been modified to form PPS 6, the likely impacts of the new guidance and what support from other policies will be necessary to achieve the stated objectives. Although PPG 6 has supported some successes in achieving objectives relating to accessibility of services by public transport, walking and cycling, and has supported some central areas, the overall picture is one of continued aggravation of the problems identified in it, principally the decline of many central areas, increasing problems of accessibility to services and deteriorating environmental quality. PPS 6 places greater emphasis on analysing relationships between central areas and on assessing development needs. These changes will help clarify the problems but will need the support of other policies outside PPS 6, in particular policies relating to the amount of travel. Increasing travel over many years has been accompanied by polarisation of central areas; the decline of many commercial centres, especially the smaller ones, is causing social exclusion, deteriorating performance on sustainability criteria, and results in greater demands for expenditure on transport infrastructure. A case study of Dudley in the West Midlands examines how the guidance might help a town centre severely affected by decline since the mid 1980s.
Safety culture in the construction industry
Authors: Wamuziri S.
Published: October 2006

This paper provides an evaluation of safety culture in the construction industry. Safety culture is part of an organisation's culture. The concepts of safety culture and organisational culture are discussed, including the main characteristics of organisational culture. The cultural changes that health and safety law has sought to bring about in the construction industry are provided; these include top management commitment, employee involvement, training, co-ordination, communication, information sharing, forward planning, risk assessment and control. Research on safety culture in the aviation, mining, nuclear and offshore sectors is assessed with a view to drawing lessons for the construction industry. It is concluded that the safety climate or culture of an organisation can be assessed and a toolkit to assist in this process has been developed and published by the UK Health and Safety Executive. However, studies are required to develop this toolkit further to take account of the regulations, risks and management systems that are specific to the construction industry. Furthermore, it is concluded that safety is more than a cultural issue; it is an ethical issue as well. Although safety performance in construction has improved in recent years, it remains an unresolved issue for the industry.
AN EMPIRICAL EXPLORATION OF THE EFFECT OF PERSONALITY ON GENERAL AND JOB-RELATED MENTAL ILL HEALTH
Authors: Hochwälder Jacek
Published: October 2006

In the present study it was empirically explored how work-situation dimensions, personality dimensions, and personality-by-situation interactions are related to burnout and general mental ill health. Questionnaire data from 694 subjects were analyzed using hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses. The results suggest that: (a) personality should not be disregarded in theoretical discussions and empirical studies of burnout and general mental ill health; (b) personality can, to some extent, condition how the work environment dimensions affect an individual with regard to various aspects of burnout and general mental ill health; (c) attention should be given to the fact that some measures of burnout and mental ill health are more dependent on situational factors while other measures are more dependent on personality factors.
CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDATION OF MEASURES OF TRAUMATIC SYMPTOMS IN GROUPS OF ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM CHECHNYA, AFGHANISTAN, AND WEST AFRICA
Authors: Renner Walter , Salem Ingrid , Ottomeyer Klaus
Published: October 2006

Internal consistencies and convergent validities of (a) the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25; Mollica, Wyshak, deMarneffe, Khuon, & Lavelle, 1987), (b) the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; Mollica et al., 1992), (c) the Impact of Event Scale (IES-R; Weiss & Marmar, 1997),
(d) the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI; Mumford et al., 1991), (e) the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-1; Blake et al., 1990), and (f) the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS; Bosc, Dubini, & Polin, 1997), were determined in 150 asylum seekers from Chechnya, Afghanistan,
and West Africa using diagnostic interviews as a criterion. For all the instruments, except the SASS, estimates of internal consistency were satisfactory. When used as a continuous measure of symptom frequency and intensity, the CAPS-1 had excellent convergent validity for all three ethnic
groups, while formal PTSD criteria yielded high numbers of false negative diagnoses. Among the questionnaires, for Chechnyans the HTQ, and for Afghans and West Africans the IES-R achieved best results with respect to convergent validity.
Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis
Authors: Chou Jaime , Wünschmann Arno , Hodzic Emir , Borjesson Dori L.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To develop a quantitative PCR assay for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues; compare results of this assay with results of immunohistochemical staining of tissues from seropositive dogs; and determine whether B burgdorferi DNA could be detected in renal tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme nephritis.

Design—Cohort study.

Sample Population—Archived tissue samples from 58 dogs.

Procedures—A quantitative PCR assay was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the dogs. Results were compared with results of immunohistochemical staining, B burgdorferi serostatus, clinical signs, and necropsy findings.

Results—38 dogs were classified as having positive or equivocal results for Lyme borreliosis, and 20 were classified as having negative results on the basis of clinical signs, serologic findings, and pathologic abnormalities. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA was amplified from tissue samples from only 4 (7%) dogs, all of which had been classified as having positive or equivocal results for Lyme borreliosis and had signs of presumptive Lyme nephritis. Results of PCR assays of renal tissue were positive for only 1 dog, and there was no agreement between results of immunohistochemical staining (ie, detection of B burgdorferi antigen) and results of the PCR assay (ie, detection of B burgdorferi DNA) for renal tissues.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that detection of B burgdorferi DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is feasible, but that intact B burgdorferi DNA is rarely found in tissues from naturally infected dogs, even tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis. Further, findings support the contention that Lyme nephritis may be a sterile, immune complex disease.
Syndiotactic polystyrene: Process and applications
Authors: Schellenberg Jürgen , Leder Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2006

In this review, a summary is provided of the manufacturing process for syndiotactic polystyrene together with an overview of applications of syndiotactic polystyrenes, including selected examples of typical applications. The manufacturing process of syndiotactic polystyrene, consists of several basic sections: catalyst premix preparation, monomer treatment, polymerization reaction using a powder bed reactor together with an evaporative cooling system, devolatilization and extrusion, and finally finishing, including cooling and crystallization of the strands. This process is suitable for providing a wide range of syndiotactic polystyrenes comprising homopolymers, with a broad range of melt flow rates as well as copolymers of various comonomer contents, leading to products with various melting temperatures. Essential relationships and correlations of the separate process stages are demonstrated, in addition to useful analytical methods to control the process. These polymers' unique combination of heat resistance, chemical resistance, and electrical properties has led to their successful application in automotive, electrical and electronics, consumer and industrial uses. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:141–151, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20069
Effect of preheat temperature on the location of the minimum state of cure in a molded component
Authors: Warley Russell L.
Published: October 2006

The distribution of state of cure in a molded rubber component is usually nonuniform due to the slow heat transfer processes involved in the molding–cooling cycle. The minimum in the distribution usually occurs in the center of the rubber section. For large components, one method of reducing molding time is to preheat the uncured rubber prior to molding, thus carrying out a portion of the required heat transfer in a more favorable geometry than the molded shape. In this work, computation of the state of cure distribution in preheat–molding–cooling cycles for one‐dimensional rectangular geometry shows that as the preheat temperature is increased, the locus of the minimum state of cure will move outward from the center toward the surface of the component. This has important implications for the range of cure states existing in an article and calls into question the convention of removing samples for state of cure tests from the center of the component. The variables considered in this work are the preheat temperature, the component thickness, and the target state of cure of the rubber compound. A design curve is developed whereby the preheat temperature to optimize the distribution of the cure can be established. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:195–207, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20070
Superficial brain is cooler in small piglets: Neonatal hypothermia implications
Authors: Iwata Sachiko , Iwata Osuke , Thornton John S. , Shanmugalingam Shanthi , Bainbridge Alan , Peebles Donald , Wyatt John S. , Cady Ernest B. , Robertson Nicola J.
Published: October 2006

Objective

Hypothermia was not neuroprotective in low body weight (BW) infants on subgroup analysis in a recent clinical trial of selective head cooling (SHC) in neonatal encephalopathy (CoolCap Trial).

Methods

The BW dependence of regional cerebral temperature was investigated in 14 newborn piglets under normothermia (38.5°C), whole‐body cooling (WBC; 36.5, 34.5, 32.5, and 30.5°C), or SHC (20, 15, and 10°C).

Results

Normothermia: Lower BW led to lower superficial brain temperature (p < 0.01). Deep to superficial brain and rectal to superficial brain temperature gradients increased with decreasing BW (both p < 0.05). WBC: Lower BW led to lower superficial brain temperature and higher rectal to superficial brain temperature gradient (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). SHC: For lower BW, superficial and deep brain temperatures decreased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), whereas rectal to deep, rectal to superficial, and deep to superficial brain temperature gradients increased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively). Compared with SHC alone, superimposition of WBC (34.5°C) reduced all regional temperatures (all p < 0.001); gradients were unaffected.

Interpretation

Brain cooling (under normothermia, WBC, or SHC) was more efficient with lower BW due to greater head surface area‐to‐volume ratios. In the CoolCap Trial, low BW infants might have been excessively cooled. WBC and SHC may require BW adjustment to accomplish consistent regional temperatures and optimal neuroprotection. Ann Neurol 2006
New Quinolines as Potential CNS Agents
Authors: Sathi Garima , Gujrati Vibha R. , Sharma Manju , Nath Chandishwar , Bhargava Krishna P. , Shanker Kirpa
Published: October 2006

The compounds 1a—1l and 2a—2m were synthesized by condensation of various aryl‐1‐(4‐aminophenyl)piperazines and substituted piperidines with substituted 4‐chloroquinolines. The compounds were screened for their monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitory activities (in vitro) and various CNS activities (in vivo). Some compounds showed promising MAO inhibitory and antidepressant activities. The compounds did not produce acute neurological deficits and have low toxicity. Compound 1b is the most active member of the series. Structure‐activity relationships are discussed.
3‐Mercaptochromone
Authors: Löwe Werner , Kennemann Angela
Published: October 2006

Die 3‐Mercaptochromone 6a–c erhält man aus den Disulfiden 4a‐c durch Reduktion mit 2‐Mercaptoethanol. Die Verbindungen 4a‐c wurden aus den Chromon‐3‐sulfinsäuren 2a‐c über die Stufe der Thiosulfonsäureester 3a‐c oder direkt mit Bromwasserstoffsäure hergestellt.
Asymmetrische reduktive Aminierung von Cycloalkanonen, 3. Mitt. Der Einfluß von Katalysator und Reduktionsmittel auf die Diastereo‐ und Enantioselektivität
Authors: Knupp Gerd , Frahm August W.
Published: October 2006

Es wurde die Abhängigkeit der Diastereo‐ und Enantioselektivität bei der asymmetrischen reduktiven Aminierung racemischen 2‐Methylcyclohexanons (1) von der Art der verwendeten Katalysatoren und Reduktionsmittel untersucht. Die Diastereo‐ und Enantioselektivität wurden 13C‐NMR‐spektroskopisch bestimmt. Dabei erweist sich Raney Ni als Katalysator der Wahl. Dagegen lassen sich die entsprechenden Campherazomethine 5 nur mit Pd/C hydrieren und gleichzeitig zu 2‐exo‐Aminobornanen 6 hydrogenolysieren.
Valepotriat‐Artefakte aus Centranthus ruber (L.) DC
Authors: Schneider Georg , Veith Jörg
Published: October 2006

Aus dem ethanol. Soxhlet‐Extrakt von Centranthus‐Wurzeln wurden 11‐Ethoxyviburtinal (= Ethylether von Desacylbaldrinal) (1) und aus den toluollöslichen Anteilen des Extraktes 8,9‐Didehydro‐7‐hydroxy‐dolichodial (2) nach Hitzeeinwirkung als Artefakte von Valepotriaten isoliert. Die dc Eigenschaften von 1 und 2 werden mit denen einiger Valepotriate und der bekannten Abbauprodukte von Dienvalepotriaten verglichen.
Synthesen und spektroskopische Eigenschaften von donor‐akzeptor‐substituierten Chinodimethanen mit 1,6‐Methano‐(10)‐annulenpartialstruktur
Authors: Neidlein Richard , Köhler Thomas
Published: October 2006

Darstellung, chemische und spektroskopische Eigenschaften der donor‐akzeptor‐substituierten Chinodimethane 3a, 3b, der dicyanomethylen‐substituierten Verbindungen 5a, 5b, 7 sowie die Synthese von 10 werden beschrieben.
Chinon‐Amin‐Reaktionen, 16. Mitt. Synthese und Eigenschaften C‐2/3‐substituierter Benzochinoxalinone
Authors: Kallmayer Hans‐Jörg , Seyfang Karlheinz
Published: October 2006

Aus 1.4‐Naphthochinonen 1 und 2.3‐Diamino‐propan (4), 1.2‐Diaminocyclohexan (7) sowie 2.3‐Diamino‐2.3‐dimethyl‐butan (9) wurden die C‐2‐und/oder C‐3‐alkylierten Benzochinoxalinone 5/6,8 und 10 hergestellt. Die 5‐Brom‐benzochinoxalinone 5b/6b sowie 10b und das 6‐Brombenzophenazinon 8b zeigen, daß die C‐2/3‐Alkylierung deinen Einfluß auf das Elektronenspektrum und die Farbe des C‐2/3‐unsubstituierten 5‐Brom‐benzochinoxalinons (3b, R3 = H) hat.
Chinazolinone, 5. Mitt. Synthese von 3‐Chloracylamino‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐chinazolinon‐Derivaten mit antikonvulsiver und hypnotischer Wirkung
Authors: Büyüktimkin Servet
Published: October 2006

Ausgehend von den 3‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐4(3H)‐chinazolinonen 1 wurden durch Acylierung die Amide 3a–h erhalten. Kondensation mit Imidazol bzw. 4‐Methylimidazol ergab die Imidazolderivate 4a–h bzw. die 2‐Pyrrolidone 5a,b. Die meisten dieser Verbindungen zeigen signifikante antikonvulsive und hypnotische Wirkungen.
Violet laser diodes in flow cytometry: An update
Authors: Telford William , Kapoor Veena , Jackson James , Burgess Walter , Buller Gayle , Hawley Teresa , Hawley Robert
Published: October 2006

Introduction:

In previous studies we and others have demonstrated the usefulness of violet laser diodes (VLDs) as replacement laser sources for krypton‐ion lasers on stream‐in‐air cytometers. Previously available VLDs had a maximum available power of less than 25 mW; this was sufficient for excitation of densely labeled cell surface antigens using fluorochromes such as Cascade Blue or Pacific Blue, but may have been insufficient for applications requiring higher levels of photon saturation, such as low‐level expression of Cyan Fluorescent Protein (ECFP) in CFP‐YFP FRET applications. In this follow‐up study, we have tested more powerful VLDs emitting at 55 mW, and a beam‐merged dual module VLD with 100 mW combined output, for their ability to excite a variety of violet‐excited fluorochromes, including CFP.

Methods:

A dual module VLD (two linear polarized VLDs with their beams merged by a polarized beam combiner) emitting at 404 nm was mounted on a BD FACSVantage DiVa stream‐in‐air cytometer. The individual polarized 55 mW beams or the 100 mW combined beams were used to analyze PBMCs labeled with the violet‐excited probes Cascade Blue, Alexa Fluor 405, Cascade Yellow and Pacific Orange dyes. Violet‐excited fluorescent microsphere mixtures with decreasing fluorescence levels were also used to detect the minimum sensitivity threshold and precision of these lasers. VLD excitation on a gel‐coupled cuvette flow cytometer was used as a sensitivity baseline.

Results:

The dual module 100 mW VLD gave both sensitivity and precision levels approaching that observed for lower‐power sources on a cuvette cytometer. Single polarized VLD modules at 55 mW gave slightly decreased sensitivity for the microspheres standards and all the tested fluorochromes compared to the 100 mW source.

Conclusions:

While 55 mW laser sources performed adequately in the stream‐in‐air format, increasing the power to 100 mW did give a small but detectable increase in instrument sensitivity. This sensitivity level approached that of cuvette systems. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Quantitative analysis of the expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins during the maturation of different hematopoietic cell compartments of normal bone marrow
Authors: Hernández‐Campo Pilar María , Almeida Julia , Matarraz Sergio , de Santiago María , Sánchez María Luz , Orfao Alberto
Published: October 2006

Background:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins (GPI‐AP) are a heterogeneous group of proteins deficiently expressed in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Up till now, no study has been reported in which the exact patterns of expression of a large number of GPI‐AP are quantitatively evaluated in normal bone marrow (BM) cells classified according to their lineage and maturation stage.

Methods:

In the present study, we have quantitatively analyzed the expression of eleven different GPI‐AP (CD14, CD16, CD24, CD48, CD52, CD58, CD59, CD66b, CD87, CD109 and CD157) during maturation of the neutrophil, monocytic, erythroid, lymphoid, basophil and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) lineages in normal BM as a frame of reference for the understanding of the abnormal patterns of expression of GPI‐AP observed in the BM of PNH patients.

Results:

Our results show that expression of most GPI‐AP varies during normal BM maturation, different profiles being frequently observed depending on the cell lineage or the GPI‐AP analyzed.

Conclusion:

Overall, these results provide a detailed map GPI‐AP expression during normal hematopoietic differentiation, which could serve as a basis for the identification and characterization of changes occurring in PNH. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Power flow congestion relief by using customer‐side energy storage systems
Authors: Furusawa Ken , Sugihara Hideharu , Tsuji Kiichiro , Mitani Yasunori
Published: October 2006

In recent years, energy storage systems have increasingly been expected as a means of load leveling of the annual load factor. Of course there is an effect of installing the energy storage systems at the substation. But some customers operate their storage system in an integrated way and it also has an effect of increasing the load factor. In this paper the authors proposed that the energy storage systems on the customer side be used for congestion relief on transmission networks. However, it is not clear which kind of customer has the effect of relieving transmission line congestion. First, this paper assumes the authors determine the optimal configuration of energy equipment including energy storage systems. We propose a new contract whereby electric utility subsidizes a part of the entrance cost of the energy storage systems and customers change the output pattern of energy storage according to the request of the electric utility. This paper evaluates the possibility that the contract gives merit to both the electric utility and the customer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(1): 36–45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20299
Cobalt and Nickel Complexes Bearing Pyrazolyliminophosphorane Ligands: Synthesis, Characterisation and Catalytic Ethylene Oligomerisation Behaviour
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Sun Wen‐Hua , Wang Zhong‐Xia
Published: October 2006

Treatment of 1‐(2′‐azidophenyl)‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazole (1) with Ph2PR (R = Ph, Me) and (Ph2P)2CH2, respectively, affords the pyrazolyliminophosphoranes 2, 3 and 4. Reaction of 2 or 3 with [NiCl2(dme)] or NiBr2 yields the N,N‐chelate nickel complexes 5–8, and with CoCl2 complexes 9 and 10. Reaction of 4 with [NiCl2(dme)], NiBr2 and CoCl2, respectively, affords the N,N,P‐chelate complexes 11–13. Compounds 2–4 were characterised by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, while complexes 5–13 were characterised by IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The structures of complexes 5, 9 and 12 were further characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. Complexes 5–13 are active catalysts for ethylene oligomerisation upon activation with alkylaluminium derivatives(Et2AlCl, MAO or MMAO). These complexes exhibit good to high catalytic activities (up to 3.54 × 106 g mol–1 h atm for the nickel complexes and 5.48 × 105 g mol–1 h atm for the cobalt complexes). The effects of varying ethylene pressure, temperature and aluminium co‐catalyst/Ni or Co ratios with complexes 5, 9, 11 and 12 are reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The hydrology of northern peatlands as affected by biogenic gas: current developments and research needs
Authors: Rosenberry Donald O. , Glaser Paul H. , Siegel Donald I.
Published: October 2006

Recent research indicates that accumulation and release of biogenic gas from northern peatlands may substantially affect future climate. Sudden release of free‐phase gas bubbles into the atmosphere may preclude the conversion of methane to carbon dioxide in the uppermost oxic layer of the peat, resulting in greater contribution of methane to the atmosphere than is currently estimated. The hydrology of these peatlands also affects and is affected by this process, especially when gas is released suddenly and episodically. Indirect hydrological evidence indicates that ebullitive gas releases are relatively frequent in some peatlands and time‐averaged rates may be significantly greater than diffusive releases. Estimates of free‐phase gas contained in peat have ranged from 0 to nearly 20% of the peat volume. Abrupt changes in the volume of gas may alter hydraulic gradients and movement of water and solutes in peat, which in turn could alter composition and fluxes of the gas. Peat surfaces also move vertically and horizontally in response to accumulation and release of free‐phase gas. Future research should address the distribution, temporal variability, and relative significance of ebullition in peatlands and the consequent hydrological responses to these gas‐emission events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promutagen activation with mammalian and avian S9 liver microsomes
Authors: Tometsko Andrew M. , Sheridan Kathleen M. , DeTraglia Michael C.
Published: October 2006

Metabolic activation activity of Aroclor 1254 induced rat liver microsomes (S9) were compared with uninduced microsomes obtained from beef, pig, sheep and chicken liver. Using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium mutagenesis assay (strains TA98 and TA100), in conjunction with benzo(a)pyrene and 2‐aminoanthracene, the highest promutagen activation levels were obtained with chicken liver S9. The S9 from the other domestic animals gave results which were close to those of the induced rat S9 values. Enhanced promutagen activation activity was observed with chicken S9 following freeze drying and reconstitution of the S9 preparation.
Deposition and clearance of inhaled diesel exhaust particles in the respiratory tract of fischer rats
Authors: Chan T. L. , Lee P. S. , Hering W. E.
Published: October 2006

The fate of inhaled diesel particles was determined in male Fischer 344 rats using radioactive tracers of 131Ba and 14C. Test animals were exposed in a ‘nose‐only’ inhalation chamber for 40–45 min to diluted diesel exhaust generated from diesel engines burning type 2D diesel fuel containing either 131Ba labelled barium dodecylbenzene sulfonate or 14C labelled n‐hexadecane. Immediately after exposure, the deposition efficiency of inhaled diesel particles in the respiratory tract was determined to be 15 ± 6% by external gamma counting of 131Ba and 17 ± 2% by liquid scintillation counting of 14C in the lung tissue samples. Elimination of the particles was observed by measuring the 131Ba activity in which 40% of the initial deposition was excreted in the feces via the GI tract in 4 days. The long‐term retention was determined with the 14C tag in the insoluble ‘core’ of the diesel particles. Two distinct phases of clearance were evident in the experimental data collected up to 105 days. Clearance half‐times of 1 day and 62 days were found for mucociliary and alveolar clearance, respectively. A small fraction of the particles, about 6% of the initial deposition, was found in the mediastinal lymph nodes after 28 days. This demonstrated that the lymphatic system was also involved in the removal of diesel particles from the pulmonary airways.
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity induced by injected diesel particulate extract vs inhalation of diluted diesel exhaust
Authors: Chent K‐C. , Vostal J. J.
Published: October 2006

The effects of long‐term inhalation of diluted diesel exhaust on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity (AHH) and cytochrome P‐450 content in lung and liver microsomes were investigated in male Fischer‐344 rats and compared with repeated parenteral administration of organic solvent extracts of hydrocarbons adsorbed on the diesel particulate surface during the combustion process. The animals were exposed to concentrations of 750 μg m−3 or 1500 μg m−3 of diesel particulates from a 5.7L GM diesel engine 20 h per day, 5 1/2 days per week for up to 9 months or treated by repeated IP injections of diesel particulate extract (dissolved in corn oil) from the same engine at several dose levels for 4 days. No significant effects of long‐term inhalation exposure were observed in liver microsomal AHH activity. A slight decrease in lung microsomal AHH activity was found in rats following 6 months of exposure to diesel exhaust at the particulate concentration of 1500 μg m−3. The total mass of particles deposited in the lung during the inhalation exposure was estimated and an equivalent dose of extractable hydrocarbons was administered intraperitoneally; no increase in AHH activity was observed in the lung or liver microsomes. In contrast, 1.4‐to 9‐fold increases in AHH activity were observed in liver and lung microsomes of rats pretreated by intraperitoneal doses 10‐50 times larger than the most conservative estimate of the deposited lung burden. No changes in cytochrome P‐450 content were observed in the microsomes of rat liver after inhalation or injection treatment studies. The data indicate that hydrocarbons adsorbed on inhaled diesel particles are not effective as enzyme inducers primarily due to their absence in quantities necessary for enzyme induction which is further potentiated by the lack of their availability for distribution in the body.
Effect of diesel particulate exposure on adenylate and guanylate cyclase of rat and guinea pig liver and lung
Authors: Schneider David R. , Felt Barbara T.
Published: October 2006

An examination of the effects of 250 or 1500 μg m−3 concentrations of diesel particulate from diesel exhaust on the activity of adenylate or guanylate cyclase was undertaken using liver and lung tissue of rats and guinea pigs. These membrane and cytosolic enzymes were selected to screen for functional or regulatory alterations in these tissues. The studies for adenylate cyclase used the microsomal membrane fraction of each tissue; for guanylate cyclase, the microsomal membrane and supernate fractions were used. Basal and fluoride‐stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were measured. Basal and sodium azide‐stimulated guanylate cyclase activity were also determined. The basal activity of rat liver adenylate cyclase is generally unchanged throughout 52 weeks of diesel exposure. Stimulated adenylate cyclase shows an age‐related decrease for all animal treatments throughout the study. Changes in enzyme activity occurred at 12 weeks and 52 weeks after 1500 μg m−3 exposure. Soluble stimulated guinea pig lung guanylate cyclase was first increased (6 weeks) and then decreased (24 weeks) by diesel exposure. At 52 weeks, there was no change. The data suggest the following trends: (1) an increased basal adenylate cyclase in the rat lung; (2) an age‐related decrease in adenylate cyclase activity in rat liver, and (3) a biphasic exposure‐related response of soluble guanylate cyclase for the guinea pig lung during the first 24 weeks, but no change at 52 weeks. In general, however, these studies suggest that diesel exposure does not substantially alter either of these intracellular regulating enzymes.
A rapid in vitro assay for carcinogenicity of chemical substances in mammalian cells utilizing an attachment‐independence endpoint 2 – assay validation
Authors: Traul Karl A. , Takayama K. , Kachevsky V. , Hink R. J. , Wolff J. S.
Published: October 2006

In vitro carcinogenesis assays, in mammalian cells, are proving to be a necessary part of batteries of in vitro tests for detecting potential mutagens/carcinogens. The selection of which particular test to use requires an evaluation of test reliability, repeatability, sensitivity and degree of validation. Validation is particularly important because it is an integral part of the other criteria. Attachment independence is a common characteristic of transformed cells and is often used in follow‐up testing to confirm transformation. In an earlier report we described a transformation assay, the Survival Assay, which measures the acquisition of attachment independence. The Rauscher leukemia virus‐infected rat embryo target cells are treated with test compound for 72 h. Cells are then transferred to petri dishes containing a bottom layer of agar/medium. After 6 days the viable cell numbers of treated and control cultures are compared. We report here the results of testing 77 additional compounds in this assay; 73 of these were tested under code. Since definitive Carcinogenicity data were not available for 18 of the test compounds, it is not possible to list specific correlations with in vivo test results. None the less the assay correctly identified 44 of the 49 carcinogens and 7 of the 10 noncarcinogens in the list. The noncarcinogen status of two of the latter is, however, open to question. Thus the Survival Assay appears to provide information rapidly as to the potential carcinogenicity of a test material, even when subjected to validation testing with coded compounds.
Identification of 2‐Nitrofluorene in diesel exhaust particulates
Authors: Xu X. B. , Nachtman J. P. , Rappaport S. M. , Wei E. T. , Lewis S. , Burlingame A. L.
Published: October 2006

Diesel exhaust particulates contain mutagens which are direct‐acting in the Ames test. A dichloromethane extract of these particulates was separated by liquid chromatography and analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). 2‐Nitrofluorene, a known carcinogen and direct mutagen, was positively identified by comaxima of ion fragments and retention time on the gas chromatograph.
The inhibitory action of dithiocarbamates and carbon disulphide on malondialdehyde formation resulting from lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes
Authors: Freundt K. J. , Römer K. G. , Kamal A. M.
Published: October 2006

The dithiocarbamates (DTCs) disulfiram, thiram, diethyldithiocarbamate and dimethyldithiocarbamate on the equimolar base inhibited to the same extent both the lipid peroxidation (LPO) induced by ascorbic acid (non‐enzymatic) and that stimulated by an NADPH‐regenerating system with CCl4 admixture (enzymatic). Lipid peroxidation measurements were made in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in rat liver microsomes, or in the 9000 × g supernatant. The inhibitory action of tetramethylthiuram monosulphide was considerably weaker. Carbon disulphide (CS2) inhibited the enzymatic and non‐enzymatic stimulated microsomal LPO by 4 orders less than the DTCs. In parallel with the inhibition of MDA formation, oxidative destruction of microsomal cytochrome P‐450 was delayed with increasing concentrations of the DTCs. A well‐correlated, non‐linear, semi‐logarithmic relation was found for the concentration‐activity relationship for all DTCs and CS2. As the DTCs inhibited LPO both in heat‐denatured and freshly prepared microsomes, it can be deduced that the DTCs intervene in a non‐enzymatic oxidation phase of the LPO. The DTC inhibitory action is attributed to a radical‐trap mechanism since LPO that has already been initiated was inhibited with the DTCs. However, more inhibitor is required to trap the radicals the later the DTC administration takes place.
The acute toxicity and teratogenicity of cadmium in the pregnant rat
Authors: Samarawickrama G. P. , Webb M.
Published: October 2006

Until the 16th day of gestation the intravenous LD50 of Cd2+ in the pregnant Wistar‐Porton rat is higher, but not significantly different from that (1.8 mg Cd2+ per kg body weight) in nulliparous females. At 20 days it is 1.1 mg Cd2+ kg per body weight. This decrease is related to the rapid increase in weight of the conceptuses in late gestation and to the retention of most of the dose in the maternal compartment. If the dose is based on body weight at conception, the LD50for the 20‐day pregnant rat (1.6 mg Cd2+ per kg body weight) and non‐gravid female do not differ significantly. Nevertheless, after the same Cd2+ dose, hepatic and renal Cd2+ concentrations are less in the pregnant than in the non‐pregnant animal. The Cd2+ concentrations, therefore, do not determine the liver and kidney damage, which is restricted to the pregnant rat. Placentae also accumulate Cd2+ and placental haemorrhage follows the injection of the appropriate Cd2+ LD50 on day 12–20 of gestation. In those animals that die between 16 and 30 h after dosing, haemorrhage and death appear to be correlated. Renal damage, therefore, probably results from haemorrhagic shock. It is not dependent on the transfer of protein‐bound Cd2+ from the necrotic placentae to the kidney. Between the 8th and 15th day of gestation, Cd2+ (1.25 mg per kg body weight) is highly teratogenic. Hydrocephalus is the most frequent abnormality when the dose is given between the 8th and 12th day. Other malformations include eye defects, gastroschiasis and umbilical hernia.
Limitations on the uptake of mercury vapour by human erythrocytes in a closed exposure system
Authors: Halbach Stefan
Published: October 2006

Previous in vitro studies using the exposure of suspensions of normal human erythrocytes to mercury vapour (Hg°) in Warburg vessels revealed a broad variation of the cellular Hg uptake in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and furnished evidence for an oxidation of Hg° by the catalase‐H2O2 pathway. This report describes the uptake of Hg° in the same exposure system as it depends on haematocrit, H2O2 supplementation and exposure time. The results indicate that the uptake of vapour by the whole suspensions was virtually independent of haematocrit and of the H2O2 supplementation at high rates of H2O2 infusion, whereas at low rates it was directly proportional to the amount of peroxide added. Since the retention of mercury by the medium is negligible, the haemoglobin‐related (specific) uptake is inversely proportional to the haematocrit at high rates of H2O2 infusion. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the incorporation of Hg° by erythrocytes is controlled by two processes: transfer of vapour to the cells and enzymic oxidation. The net rate of uptake is limited by the oxidizing capacity at low, and by the vapour transfer at high H2O2 supplementation. As a practical consequence of these findings the spread of the specific uptakes reported in the literature is considerably reduced if the values observed when transfer becomes rate limiting are related to the haematocrit.
Bendiocarb poisoning in birds and a dog
Authors: Humphreys D. J. , Stodulski J. B. J.
Published: October 2006

An incident involving the poisoning of sparrows, blackbirds and a dog in the garden of a block of flats in London is described. An aluminium foil tray and bread recovered from the garden were shown to contain the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb. The gastrointestinal tract contents of the birds contained a cholinesterase‐inhibiting material which behaved in the same manner as bendiocarb on thin layer chromatography. The clinical signs shown by the dog and the presence of bendiocarb in the bread it consumed are consistent with it having died as a result of bendiocarb poisoning. The use of concentrated preparations containing this material for the illegal killing of urban birds has not been described previously. The source of the preparation used, which is not freely available to the public, was not established.