bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragilidades do conceito de infância na formação inicial na Licenciatura em Educação Física
Authors: Caraçato Yedda Maria da Silva , Anversa Ana Luíza Barbosa , Solera Bruna , Flores Patric Paludett , Oliveira Amauri Aparecido Bássoli de , Souza Vânia de Fátima Matias de
Published: September 2020

Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar o conceito de infância na formação inicial nos cursos de Licenciatura em Educação Física, a partir dos indicadores contidos nas ementas dos cursos das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) públicas do estado do Paraná. Utilizou-se dos pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa do tipo documental, com o intuito de apresentar as interlocuções percebidas sobre o reconhecimento da infância no processo formativo. Os resultados indicam a escassez de disciplinas que tratem das questões da infância; sendo evidenciado que o conceito está sendo associado a fases e etapas de desenvolvimento motor, atrelados à perspectiva desenvolvimentista. Como resultado, pode-se desprender que os currículos de formação inicial, apresentam fragilidades nas múltiplas interjeições com os campos antropológicos e sociais, evidenciando uma lacuna conceitual no processo de formação docente dos cursos investigados.
Estilo de Vida, Adesão Medicamentosa e Não Medicamentosa em Hipertensos: Uma Revisão Bibliográfica
Authors: Pereira Patrícia Moreno , Landim Keytiani Secundo Duarte , Martins Danielle Pereira , Chimello Marianne de Faria , Santos Juliana Leandro Silva , Kutz Nyvian Alexandre , Salgueiro Marcia Maria Hernandes de Abreu de Oliveira
Published: September 2020

Introdução: Hipertensão arterial sistêmica é uma doença crônico-degenerativa multifatorial e com alta taxa de mortalidade. É considerada um dos problemas mais graves de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. Estilos de vida inadequados e a não adesão medicamentosa têm colaborado para o aumento dos níveis pressóricos, podendo aumentar as complicações na saúde dos indivíduos, risco de hospitalização e a mortalidade. Objetivo: Conhecer as relações do estilo de vida, bem como os efeitos da adesão medicamentosa e não medicamentosa em indivíduos hipertensos. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados “US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health”, “Scientific Electronic Library Online” e “Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde”, através dos descritores Hipertensão, Adesão a medicação e Estilo de vida. A busca envolveu artigos de 2009 a 2019. Resultados: Foram incluídos31 artigos e discutidos em temas como Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, Estilo de vida dos indivíduos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica, e Hipertensão arterial sistêmica e adesão medicamentosa. Conclusão: Tais achados reforçam a necessidade dos profissionais de saúde em direcionar ações que permeiem todas as etapas do processo saúde-doença: identificação precoce da elevação da pressão arterial, proposição e adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e não medicamentoso para o controle dos níveis pressóricos, além de proporcionar o desenvolvimento no próprio indivíduo da consciência do seu papel em todo o processo de prevenção e tratamento da doença.
La formación del espíritu investigativo en los estudiantes universitarios
Authors: González Pérez Maricela , Marín Cuba Luis Gustavo , Fernández Lorenzo Angie
Published: September 2020

Las universidades latinoamericanas están enfrascadas en perfeccionar su enfoque y las misiones a asumir, fundamentalmente en el ámbito de investigación. Este aspecto se entrelaza con otros como el perfeccionamiento de los planes y programas de estudio, el vínculo de la universidad y la práctica social, la actualización del claustro de profesores y en general el nuevo ambiente universitario. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis valorativo sobre la necesidad, importancia y vías fundamentales a utilizarse para formar el espíritu investigativo en los estudiantes de pregrado, a partir de la exposición de autores, base normativa en Cuba y Ecuador, así como la experiencia de valor de los autores. A partir del análisis realizado se concluye en relación a la importancia del desarrollo del espíritu científico en los estudiantes universitarios como una vía para lograr el desarrollo integral de las sociedades a través de la educación superior.
Programa universitario ESPOCH de Educación Física. La resistencia-fuerza abdominal como indicador de la capacidad física
Authors: Obregón Vite Grace Amparo , Santillán Altamirano Humberto Rodrigo , Santillán Obregón Rodrigo Roberto , Vásquez Cáceres Marcelo Geovanny
Published: September 2020

Introducción: La calidad de un programa educativo implica evaluar la integración de diversas dimensiones como la eficiencia de sus indicadores, donde pueden incluirse el nivel presentado en una capacidad física como la resistencia-fuerza. Objetivo: Analizar un programa universitario de Educación Física de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), utilizando el índice de resistencia-fuerza en abdominales. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva-explicativa, estudiando a 517 alumnos del género femenino en dos momentos de implementado un programa de educación física universitario en el periodo académico septiembre 2019-febrero 2020. Resultados: El promedio como parte del pretest se estableció en 17,7 movimientos (≈18 mov.), y como parte del postest en 19.02 movimientos (≈19 mov.), determinándose adicionalmente los percentiles más notables. Wilcoxon establece la existencia de diferencias significativas a favor del postest (p=0.000), donde se establecieron 120 rangos negativos, 228 rangos positivos y 169 empates. El 55.90% de los sujetos del género femenino no mejoraron o presentaron el mismo rendimiento que el pretest, aunque de compararse con el programa implementado en el periodo anterior (2019) la mejora fue ±16%. Conclusiones: Se evidencia que el programa universitario ESPOCH de Educación Física ha presentado mejoras en el indicador de resistencia-fuerza, teniendo la necesidad de perfeccionarlo, dado que a opinión de los autores el programa podría influenciar en un número mayor de variables relacionadas con las capacidades y habilidades físicas.
The Impact of Regulatory Quality on the Nexus between Life Insurance Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Developing Countries
Authors: Chiang Gengnan , Liu Chin-Chi
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore whether the regulatory quality influences the relation between life insurance development and economic growth by applying a nonlinear panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model. Using the data from Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) to assess the soundness of regulatory quality, this paper finds that the relationship between life insurance development and economic growth is significantly positive in the countries with relatively better regulatory quality. Our findings not only indicate that sound regulatory quality could encourage the growth effect of life insurance sectors but also have far-reaching practical implications for other economies to realize regulatory quality should matter for the development of the economic growth.
Investing in mutual funds: are you paying for performance or for the ties of the manager?
Authors: Siriopoulos Costas , Skaperda Maria
Published: September 2020

This study analyses the performance of US Mutual Funds, from the perspective of Long Memory (LM), exploring if the returns of MFs are systematic due to their active management or they are random. The sample was 200 US equity MFs, from four categories, Large Cap, Middle Cap, Small Cap and World Stock, both 1- and 5-stars rating funds according to Morning Star rating. The time period was starting between 1981 and 2006 and ending 2016. Rescaled Range Analysis (R/S) employed for the Hurst exponent estimation, so to detect LM. Using Surrogate Data Analysis (SDA), the study was extended to Hurst exponent estimation for surrogate time series. The findings suggest that the selection of a MF presents a lot of complexity for investors. The 5-star MFs, with high qualified, and so expensive managers, tend to achieve random returns, while the returns of 1-star MFs, are more systematic. These MFs have higher fees than the 5-star MFs, but the management fees paid are quite inferior. This leads to the conclusion, that it might be preferable to pay for gaining an almost the same, but systematic return than to pay for the ties of the manager.
Crises econômicas, ascensão da extrema direita e a relativização dos direitos humanos
Authors: Soares Alessandra Guimarães , Simões Catharina Libório Ribeiro , Romero Thiago Giovani
Published: September 2020

Este artigo aborda a relação existente entre as crises financeiras, a ascensão da extrema direita e a relativização dos direitos humanos, especialmente, dos grupos minoritários. A Longa Depressão, a Grande Depressão e a Crise Financeira de 2008, todas crises sistêmicas do capitalismo, serviram de background para fomentar o retorno da extrema direita, e o mais preocupante, a relativização dos direitos humanos, especialmente, àqueles voltados a proteção dos grupos minoritários. O Estado passa a ser usado como forma de oprimir, ainda mais, os definidos como inimigo comum, sejam eles os pobres, os negros, os refugiados ou os homossexuais. Posto esse cenário, surge, então, uma estranha e feroz classe que se define como a dos cidadãos de bem e que usa o Estado para relativizar e negar direitos fundamentais.
Eles querem quebrar a mesa”: terrorismo e diálogo
Authors: Faciulli Mariana dos Santos
Published: September 2020

Este artigo se propõe a discutir a figura do novo terrorista enquanto uma construção política e epistêmica que se fundamenta sobre a produção histórica do Outro racial e serve de veículo à sua manutenção. Partindo de alguns fundamentos característicos à abordagem teórica em torno do conceito de novo terrorismo, discuto como a apreensão epistêmica racializada de determinadas ações violentas, ao confina-las na categoria contemporânea de terrorismo, extirpa-as de sua inteligibilidade e impede a priori a consideração de seu caráter dialógico.
Relationship between vertical depth of the kickoff point of a fracking operation and methane concentrations in groundwater resources
Authors: Acosta Haley Dillon , Courage J. Mike , Danielson-Francois Serge
Published: September 2020

There is a problem with hydraulic fracturing and water contamination. Despite Safe Drinking Water Act regulations, risk to water resources remains in areas of water acquisition, chemical mixing, well injection, produced water handling, and wastewater disposal and reuse. This problem has negatively impacted some relying on groundwater resources surrounding hydraulic fracturing operations because of inadequate information (e.g. unmapped faults, abandoned/unfilled wells, unknown mechanisms of risk, etc.). Perhaps a study which investigates the correlation between the vertical depth of the kickoff point (point at which fracking fluids are dispersed underground in vertical wells) and thermogenic methane concentrations in groundwater resources could remedy this situation by filling a gap in the research and identifying a potential risk to groundwater resources. The question: to what extent does the vertical depth of the kickoff point in a fracking operation correlate to thermogenic methane concentrations in groundwater resources?
Civic Engagement and Opinion of Politics at a High School Level
Authors: Cruz Diana Isabel , Everson Brian
Published: September 2020

"At one point or another, young people will become the majority that can vote compared to baby boomers and other demographics. Therefore it is important to address the political efficacy and engagement of youth, because they will be-or already are- making change. However, this is by no means a new idea. There have been studies in the past, however, this in particular will be addressing the question of, “To what extent do ethnicity, participation in political organization, party affiliations, and civic engagement level factor into students opinions of politics and their civic engagement?”"

After collecting 220 responses, students ethnicity, political affiliation, their level of civic engagement, and whether they were involved in a political organization was taken into account to determine the effect on their opinions of politics and how they interacted with government. It was found that involvement in a political organization was the greatest factor when looking at the data quantitatively and qualitatively.
The Integration of Color and the Retention of Text
Authors: Lucic Michelle Emily , Talarczyk Patricia R
Published: September 2020

The following essay will present research that studies the interweaving of color and memory. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of different formats of color within a prose fiction text, and to show how color affects the retention of the information read. To perform the study, one passage made in three different formats – black and white throughout the text, colored font on random words, or highlighted text on random words – will be randomly assigned to Advanced Placement (AP) and College Prep (Regular) English class juniors, followed by a test based on accuracy. The results show that color has a more positive influence than normal black and white text in regards to retaining information. Moreover, women overall were seen to perform significantly better on the text with highlighted text compared to colored font, whereas men overall were seen to be more successful using colored font than highlight. One can conclude from this research that using color to study and remember information for a test or a job-related interview can improve one’s performance. Due to the positive influence of color, students should ask their teachers to promote a more color-coded study plan, present key parts in a slideshow using highlighting or colored font, or more, which could lead to higher student scores and steer attention towards the information being given.
The Effects of Different Musical Auditory Backgrounds on a High School Student’s Comprehension Performance
Authors: Chrosniak Kaitlyn M , Talarczyk Patricia
Published: September 2020

The Mozart Effect is a phenomenon where it is believed that students benefit from listening to classical music while studying or completing a class task. Studies released about the Mozart Effect have proven to not be the most reliable or replicable of studies. Similarly, very few studies have been released using music other than classical to see how all genres of music impact a students performance in the classroom. This research study began with a pre-assessment survey to determine characteristics of the population sample, 79 students varying from grades 10-12 in both Advanced Placement and College Prep English courses. The next part of the study included an experiment where students were to complete a portion of a released ACT reading excerpt. Students were to perform the task in silence, listening to a Mozart Sonata, or while listening to one of five pieces deemed to be the most popular of the year 2018. Upon completion, students were to complete a post-assessment survey in which they reviewed how they felt about the experience. Through an ANOVA, the scores from all students in the silent group, the classical group, and the popular group were compared in order to determine if any one treatment group performed significantly better or worse than others in terms of accuracy, as well as to see if different auditory factors were to blame. The results proved to be insignificant, showing how students do not perform better or worse on comprehension tasks when different auditory backgrounds are applied.
The Effect of Antibiotics on the Respiration of Microorganism in Northern Ohio Rivers
Authors: Gonia David Patrick , Talarczyk Patricia
Published: September 2020

This experiment was conducted for the purpose of inquiring how the concentration of antibiotics, specifically Amoxicillin and Cephalexin, would affect the productivity of aquatic microorganisms within Northeastern Ohio rivers. In acknowledgment of the growing concerns over agricultural pollution, the study was devised to increase current knowledge of how the presence of antibiotics could affect aquatic microorganisms other the well-documented creation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In order to achieve the research goal, water was collected from a Northeastern Ohio river and then tested with various amounts of antibiotics. Over the following five days, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was measured which was used to calculate the overall rate of respiration of the sample. The overall respiration rates of the samples with Amoxicillin were 0.0369 mg/L·hr (milligram per liter per hour) with no antibiotics, 0.835 mg/L·hr with 250 mg, 1.16 mg/L·hr with 500 mg, and  0.951 mg/L·hr with 750 mg. The samples with Cephalexin yielded rates of 0.963 mg/L·hr with 250 mg, 0. mg/L·hr with 500 mg, mg/L·hr with 750 mg. These yielded R-values of 0.694 and 0.788 respectively.. This means that the null hypothesis was rejected, thus showing a statistically significant correlation. However, the alternate hypothesis was not supported as a positive correlation between the respiration rate and antibiotic concentration was shown.
Twin Study: A Comparison of Nature vs Nurture on Cognitive Skills in Academic Achievement in Identical and Fraternal Twins
Authors: Dada Amina
Published: September 2020

This research study is looking at the academic achievement levels in identical and fraternal twins at the high school level through a measurable cognitive perspective. The purpose is to see if the data collected agrees with past research on how much academic achievement is due to genetics or environmental influences (nature vs nurture). Twins were asked to take three online cognitive tests and score differences were computed to determine statistical significance. I then drew connections on how much the scores were due to genetics while accounting for confounding variables in the environmental influence’s aspect. Therefore, the study concludes that the majority of academic achievement is due to genetics in both identical and fraternal twin sets. This indicates my research supports past research that shows genetics plays the majority factor in academic achievement whether twins are younger or older in age. This study is purely correlational and analyzes data with the twin method which means it in no way proves anything but rather shows a connection between academic achievement and genetics. This research adds more support to the current body of knowledge, but also brings up an important point of how future research can study environmental influences in-depth to see how it influences academic achievement beyond what can be measured in the classroom.
Contemporary Perception of Mental Health’s Stigma in the Bay Area
Authors: Pham John , Flowers Kate
Published: September 2020

Mental health is a common topic of discussion in our society today, especially in the Bay Area. What was once viewed as a taboo by many is now at the forefront of discussion and a high priority for both schools and workplaces. As a result of this change, there has been a drastic shift in public perception towards mental health and the stigma pertaining to it. There have been many studies that address the public’s views on mental health, but have failed to address the change towards the stigma of mental health today. In this study, I will be studying the contemporary perception of mental health combined with views of its stigma and public ideas on reducing this issue. The study consists of a thematic analysis of survey responses from a group of 45 respondents that were collected online through the site, Reddit, and other social media platforms. Responses were systematically sorted into separate themes to better group respondents' views and combine similar ideas in responses. The results of this study align with initial views and show an overall view from respondents that shows the Bay Area has undergone a reduction in the stigma and is implementing better methods of addressing these problems. This study increases the current body of knowledge regarding contemporary the Bay Area’s citizens’ views towards mental health and provides additional ways to reduce this stigma, allowing for more effective methods of counseling and mental health services in the near future.
War Journalism and Vietnam Veterans
Authors: Nguyen Alexander , Hill Heather , Lee Mai Na
Published: September 2020

Occurring as a major conflict of the Cold War, the Vietnam War is perhaps the most memorable modern war in the nation’s memory. This project has goals to study the interactions between press and the soldiers of this war, to understand the impact of the press during this time. The question leading this project is “Did the war journalism in Vietnam have an impact on the morale of American soldiers?” To investigate this, the researcher conducted surveys, interviews, and watched past CSPAN interviews to collect both broad and detailed data based on questions that would inquire into their interactions with press overall. The researcher found that overall, the morale of soldiers during the time were unaffected by the press. However, the number of people interviewed along with the amount of data gathered from the recorded interviews may have not been sufficient to accurately draw such a conclusion. These results allow for an understanding of the new form of television and radio press during the war, as well as a way to draw connections between the press of this war and others in terms of interactions of press.
Musical Variables and Color Association in Classical Music
Authors: Freeman Sarah
Published: September 2020

As studies between behavioral neuroscience and music have become increasingly popular, color association with music has grown as a topic of interest. Many studies analyze color correlation with individual musical variables such as the speed of the music or the notes used. However, there has not been significant research comparing the influence of these variables or exploring instrumentation. Due to this apparent gap, this study addresses the question: to what extent do tempo, key, and instrumentation affect variation in colors associated with classical music created from 1750 to 1910? Data was collected from approximately 150 participants, ages 11-18, who all had musical experience. Responses were recorded through a Google Form that asked participants to listen to a 20-second clip of music and choose 1 of 14 offered colors. A Chi-Squared test was utilized to test the statistical significance of the influence of the variable groups on the tonality and brightness of color choices. It was found that only one group, instrumentation, did not have a statistically significant effect on brightness. Previous studies were reaffirmed as major keys were heavily correlated with light colors and minor keys with dark. When grouping colors by neutral, warm, and cool, tempo was found to be the most influential variable for color choice tonality. Instrumentation in both color groupings yielded similar results as there was not much variation in the colors, indicating that instrumentation does not heavily influence the color choices of the listener.
Effects of Dog Ownership and Academic Success: A Correlational Study
Authors: Woehr Andrea , Newman Kristin
Published: September 2020

It is well known that dogs are effective stress relievers. Specifically, certified therapy dogs and service dogs have been proven to reduce stress in the academic realm. With the reduction of stress comes an increase in test scores and academic performance. Scientific trails have shown that dog visitations have helped children in elementary school increase their literacy and reading rates. College students report that meet and greets with therapy dogs during finals weeks have left them feeling more confident about upcoming exams. Though, what is not commonly considered are students at the high school level and the influence of dogs, particularly one that they own. This study involved the collecting and analyzing of surveys to see whether or not high schoolers who owned dogs had higher academic success as compared to their peers who didn’t own dogs. The findings show that there is no such correlation between high schoolers who own dogs experiencing higher academic rates, however it did support the proven theory of dogs relieving stress.
BROCKHAMPTON: Social Advocacy and Diversity in Rap Music
Authors: Opara Ndidi
Published: September 2020

BROCKHAMPTON is a diverse, multiracial rap group that has recently garnered rapidly increasing popularity and influence in the rap industry. Because of this, I wanted to determine if the popularity of the group’s SATURATION  trilogy was affected by the content matter they addressed and how that intersected with the American color line in music marketing. With the research question, “To what extent does the race of a BROCKHAMPTON member and the advocacy they utilize, whether it be pro-social or anti-social advocacy examined through the usage of corresponding social themes, influence the popularity of a given song from BROCKHAMPTON’s SATURATION trilogy?”, this study found that it was influenced to a minor extent, with no strong correlation found between race and social themes discussed, or between popularity and the dominant thematic category of a song.
The Officer Corps
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

The chapter opens with a character sketch of Bragg as abrasive, outspoken, and an inadequate strategist. The chapter goes on to discuss Bragg’s lieutenants, who exacerbated his infamous reputation. Leonidas Polk, a friend of President Davis, served as corps commander and was known to be disobedient; it is speculated that he wanted to take Bragg’s place. General Hardee, a decent soldier but a womanizer, eventually transferred to Mississippi in 1863 and was replaced by Daniel H. Hill, who was considered abrasive and insultingly sarcastic but popular with troops.
The next sections of the chapter discuss command, field, and line turnovers. In general, Bragg preferred competency over seniority when assigning leadership positions. As war continued, experience made up for the loss of educated leaders. However, lack of qualified individuals and the mortality rate of officers ultimately contributed to the Army of Tennessee’s defeat.
The Army Staff
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

When Bragg took command, his staff was composed of two separate groups—holdovers from Bragg’s corps in Pensacola, and people previously under P.G.T. Beauregard. At times these two groups harbored petty prejudices against each other.
The next section delineates the characteristics of various staff members and divisions. When Bragg took command, the chief of staff was Thomas Jordan from Pensacola. Distaste for members of Bragg’s court eventually drove him out. Bragg served as his own chief of staff for a time but decided to hire someone when he realized he did not have enough time for this and his other duties. In general, people filled and vacated roles for a multitude of reasons and with varying frequency. Some of the criticisms historians have levelled against Bragg’s staff was their inexperience in their failure to provide strategy outside of the day to day.
The Stones River Campaign
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

After departure from Kentucky, the army of Tennessee was undersized, starving, and insufficiently clothed for the winter. The ranks were replenished by Kentuckians who followed the army back to Tennessee, recalled men who had been on detached service, and A.W.O.L. soldiers who were promised pardons if they returned immediately. Bragg then moved the army to Middle Tennessee, near Nashville. A union army lead by William S. Rosecrans was also in the area. Jefferson Davis travelled to Chattanooga to personally assess the morale of the army of Tennessee before giving orders. The battles with Rosecrans’s forces near Stone River resulted in numerous casualties on both sides but ultimately ended with Union victories. The Army of Tennessee retreated. With success in war and the Emancipation Proclamation, Union morale was increasing. After another failure, the Confederate senators, journalists, and other public individuals debated replacing Bragg.
The Sway of Religion
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

Two revivals occurred in the Army of Tennessee: The first in spring 1863 and the second in Winter 1864. Before the revivals, the army was generally apathetic toward religion. The war had been dragging on with no victory in sight, and some thought individual soldiers must begin behaving more righteously to ensure God’s favor for the cause. Then, in late April and early May, visiting ministers inspired a revival. The ministers were not very focused on dogma or denominationalism, but believed because slavery was part of God’s design that he would ensure a Confederate victory. Bragg was not swept up in revivals but did get baptised in June. Ultimately, the new religious fervor boosted morale. The revival in February 1864 coincided with enlistment.
The Road Off the Mountain
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

In late September 1863, Bragg ordered Officer Wheeler to raid the Sequatchie Valley at Rosencran’s rear. Wheeler’s men succeeded and began looting the area to Bragg’s disappointment. After losing Missionary Ridge outside of Chattanooga, Bragg resigned from his position at the Army of Tennessee, and he instead serves as a military adviser in Richmond. Even in retirement, Bragg continued to express bitterness about his enemies in the Army of Tennessee. Hardee assumed temporary command of the army. After Missionary Ridge, the army was in very poor condition with low rations, decreased morale, and poor shelter.
Cleburne, Blacks, and the Politics of Race
Authors: Daniel Larry J.
Published: September 2020

Many Confederates believed the Emancipation Proclamation was a folly and would jeopardize the unity of the Union. Hundreds of African Americans worked as personal body servants in the Army of Tennessee. On December 17, 1803, 32 officers sent a petition drafted by Hardee to Richmond asking to expand the draft age to include 15 to 60-year-olds and have all able-bodied African Americans be placed in supportive, non-combatant roles. This petition was denied. Cleburne then suggested African Americans be armed, trained, and placed in ranks in exchange for freedom. He believed this would undercut the abolitionist message of the North and inspire aid from England or France. Cleburne’s suggestion received backlash because slavery drove the southern economy, many believed it to be a God-sanctioned institution, and freeing slaves was contrary to the south’s position that slavery remain intact. Davis and Johnston admonished Cleburne for his motion. He immediately dropped the idea and destroyed all but one copy of the proposal. Ultimately, the proposal lead to more infighting in the Army of Tennessee and inspired confusion about the goal of the war.
Carceral Shadows
Authors: Hernández David Manuel
Published: September 2020

The chapter stretches across two centuries, from the antebellum period to the dawn of the twenty-first century, to reveal the blueprint of immigration control that marked, regulated, controlled, and expelled migrant peoples from the nation. This immigration control regime racially targeted Asian and Latina/o noncitizens as “racial bookends” to the twentieth century that allowed the state to associate in the public mind migration with criminality while issuing a strict legal definition that catalogued the migration of these two racial peoples as “criminal aliens,” invoking “’perpetual foreignness.” In this long survey of immigration control, the chapter considers how particular moments of economic crisis and depression, public health fears, foreign wars, and national security anxieties fed racial fears over new migrant groups that were subsequently labeled as “enemy aliens” and criminalized within an immigration control regime that resorted to carceral practices. What made this detention regime distinct from criminal law was the practice of plenary power and administrative punishment where the state enacted criminal prosecutorial power over immigration but denied due process to noncitizens.
Unwanted
Authors: Marinari Maddalena
Published: September 2020

In the late nineteenth century, Italians and Eastern European Jews joined millions of migrants around the globe who left their countries to take advantage of the demand for unskilled labor in rapidly industrializing nations, including the United States. Many Americans of northern and western European ancestry regarded these newcomers as biologically and culturally inferior--unassimilable--and by 1924, the United States had instituted national origins quotas to curtail immigration from southern and eastern Europe. Weaving together political, social, and transnational history, Maddalena Marinari examines how, from 1882 to 1965, Italian and Jewish reformers profoundly influenced the country’s immigration policy as they mobilized against the immigration laws that marked them as undesirable. Strategic alliances among restrictionist legislators in Congress, a climate of anti-immigrant hysteria, and a fickle executive branch often left these immigrants with few options except to negotiate and accept political compromises. As they tested the limits of citizenship and citizen activism, however, the actors at the heart of Marinari’s story shaped the terms of debate around immigration in the United States in ways we still reckon with today.
Stirrings
Authors: Povitz Lana Dee
Published: September 2020

In the last three decades of the twentieth century, government cutbacks, stagnating wages, AIDS, and gentrification pushed ever more people into poverty, and hunger reached levels unseen since the Depression. In response, New Yorkers set the stage for a nationwide food justice movement. Whether organizing school lunch campaigns, establishing food co-ops, or lobbying city officials, citizen-activists made food a political issue, uniting communities across lines of difference. The charismatic, usually female leaders of these efforts were often products of earlier movements: American communism, civil rights activism, feminism, even Eastern mysticism. Situating food justice within these rich lineages, Lana Dee Povitz demonstrates how grassroots activism continued to thrive, even as it was transformed by unrelenting erosion of the country's already fragile social safety net.
Using dozens of new oral histories and archives, Povitz reveals the colorful characters who worked behind the scenes to build and sustain the movement, and illuminates how people worked together to overturn hierarchies rooted in class and race, reorienting the history of food activism as a community-based response to austerity. The first book-length history of food activism in a major American city, Stirrings highlights the emotional, intimate, and interpersonal aspects of social movement culture.
Speaking of Feminism
Authors: Seidman Rachel F.
Published: September 2020

From the Women's Marches to the #MeToo movement, it is clear that feminist activism is still alive and well in the twenty-first century. But how does a new generation of activists understand the work of the movement today? How are their strategies and goals unfolding? What worries feminist leaders most, and what are their hopes for the future?
In Speaking of Feminism, Rachel F. Seidman presents insights from twenty-five feminist activists from around the United States, ranging in age from twenty to fifty. Allowing their voices to take center stage through the use of in-depth oral history interviews, Seidman places their narratives in historical context and argues that they help explain how recent new forms of activism developed and flourished so quickly. These individuals' compelling life stories reveal their hard work to build flexible networks, bridge past and present, and forge global connections. This book offers essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the contemporary American women’s movement in all its diversity.
No Game for Boys to Play
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

From the untimely deaths of young athletes to chronic disease among retired players, roiling debates over tackle football have profound implications for more than one million American boys—some as young as five years old—who play the sport every year. In this book, Kathleen Bachynski offers the first history of youth tackle football and debates over its safety. In the postwar United States, high school football was celebrated as a “moral” sport for young boys, one that promised and celebrated the creation of the honorable male citizen. Even so, Bachynski shows that throughout the twentieth century, coaches, sports equipment manufacturers, and even doctors were more concerned with “saving the game” than young boys’ safety—even though injuries ranged from concussions and broken bones to paralysis and death.
By exploring sport, masculinity, and citizenship, Bachynski uncovers the cultural priorities other than child health that made a collision sport the most popular high school game for American boys. These deep-rooted beliefs continue to shape the safety debate and the possible future of youth tackle football.
Analysis of the influence of environmental change on river runoff in Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Jing Yong , Zhou Zuhao
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The double interaction between climate change and human
activity affects the changes in the environmental conditions of catchment
runoff and confluence. Using 1956–2012 57 years of river runoff series data
of 27 rivers in hilly gully area of Loess Plateau in Shaanxi province 39
hydrological station data, reduction of social and economic water
consumption, plotting the annual precipitation and annual runoff double
cumulative curve of annual runoff flow series consistency test, the
consistency processing of annual runoff data and the quantitative analysis
of its influence were also made. The results show that: the consistency of
annual runoff data sequence of 21 hydrological stations is affected by the
change of environmental conditions of runoff generation and confluence, and
the turning point (year) and the degree of impact can be divided into three
situations or three periods. One is the 12 station in 2000 after the annual
runoff system is small; Two, there are 4 stations before and after in 1970,
the annual precipitation and annual runoff double cumulative curve is
obviously turning point. Before the turning point, a series of systems has a
large high production period. After turning, it shows that a series of
systems with low runoff yield caused by the Changes in environmental
conditions of runoff and confluence in the underlying surface and climate
and so on; the three is to have 5 stations occurred both before and after
the 1970 high low flow period of the transition period in 2000, and after
the annual runoff series of small low again.
Hydrological Drought Characteristics Based on Groundwater and Runoff Across Europe
Authors: Sutanto Samuel Jonson , Van Lanen Henny A. J.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Hydrological drought often gets less attention compared to meteorological drought. For water resources managers, information on hydrological drought characteristics is prerequisite for adequate drought planning and management. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse hydrological drought characteristics in the pan-European region based on past drought events from 1990 to 2017. The annual average drought duration, deficit volume, onset, termination, and intensity during drought years were calculated using daily runoff and groundwater data. All data were simulated with the LISFLOOD hydrological model (resolution 5×5 km) fed with gridded time series of observed weather data. Results based on runoff and groundwater data show that regions in Northeast to Southeast Europe, which stretched out from Poland to Bulgaria, were identified as profound regions to severe hydrological drought hazards. The most severe droughts during our study period were observed in 1992 to 1997, where on average Europe experienced drought events, which lasted up to 4 months. Long average drought durations up to 4 and 8 months in runoff and groundwater occurred in a few parts of the European regions (around 10 % area). Longer drought durations and a lower number of drought events were found in groundwater drought than in runoff, which proved that slow responding variables (groundwater) are better in showing extreme drought compared to fast responding variables (runoff). Based on our results, the water managers can better prepare for upcoming drought and foster drought adaptation actions.
The challenges of hydrological drought definition, quantification and communication: an interdisciplinary perspective
Authors: Stahl Kerstin , Vidal Jean-Philippe , Hannaford Jamie , Tijdeman Erik , Laaha Gregor , Gauster Tobias , Tallaksen Lena M.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Numerous indices exist for the description of
hydrological drought. The EURO FRIEND-Water Low flow and Drought Group has
repeatedly discussed changing paradigms in the perception and use of
existing and emerging new indices for hydrological drought identification
and characterization. Group members have also tested the communication of
different indices to stakeholders in several national and international
transdisciplinary research projects. This contribution presents the
experience gained with regard to the purpose and applicability of different
classes of drought indices. A recent paradigm shift is the use of anomalies,
traditionally from climatology, in hydrology. For instance, anomaly-based
indices, such as the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) and the variable
threshold level method to define streamflow deficiencies, are used
increasingly for real-time monitoring. How these indices relate to low flows
and their impacts may have become less clear as a result. Assessments of the
severity of a particular drought may also differ depending on whether return
periods based on traditional low flow or drought frequency analyses or
whether SSI time series index values are used. These experiences call for a
systematic comparison, classification and evaluation of different low flow
and drought indices and their usages.
The Groundwater Drought Initiative (GDI): Analysing and understanding groundwater drought across Europe
Authors: Brauns Bentje , Cuba Daniela , Bloomfield John P. , Hannah David M. , Jackson Christopher , Marchant Ben P. , Heudorfer Benedikt , Van Loon Anne F. , Bessière Hélène , Thunholm Bo , Schubert Gerhard
Published: September 2020

Abstract. In Europe, it is estimated that around 65 % of
drinking water is extracted from groundwater. Worryingly, groundwater
drought events (defined as below normal groundwater levels) pose a threat to
water security. Groundwater droughts are caused by seasonal to
multi-seasonal or even multi-annual episodes of meteorological drought
during which the drought propagates through the river catchment into the
groundwater system by mechanisms of pooling, lagging, and lengthening of the
drought signals. Recent European drought events in 2010–2012, 2015 and
2017–2018 exhibited spatial coherence across large areas, thus
demonstrating the need for transboundary monitoring and analysis of
groundwater level fluctuations. However, such monitoring and analysis of
groundwater drought at a pan-European scale is currently lacking, and so
represents a gap in drought research as well as in water management
capability. To address this gap, the European Groundwater Drought Initiative
(GDI), a pan-European collaboration, is undertaking a large-scale data
synthesis of European groundwater level data. This is being facilitated by
the establishment of a new network to co-ordinate groundwater drought
research across Europe. This research will deliver the first assessment of
spatio-temporal changes in groundwater drought status from ∼1960 to present, and a series of case studies on groundwater drought impacts
in selected temperate and semi-arid environments across Europe. Here, we
describe the methods used to undertake the continental-scale status
assessment, which are more widely applicable to transboundary or large-scale
groundwater level analyses also in regions beyond Europe, thereby enhancing
groundwater management decisions and securing water supply.
Trends in national and regional scale drought in New Zealand
Authors: Kingston Daniel G. , Treadwell Eleanor J.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Drought is a critical natural hazard in New Zealand,
affecting both agricultural production and hydro-electric generation.
However, the detection and characterisation of drought events are
complicated by the range of different drought metrics available. Here,
time-series variation in drought is investigated for New Zealand using two
commonly used indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the
Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Both the SPI and
SPEI are calculated from WATCH Forcing ERA-Interim data (a bias-corrected
version of ERA-Interim). Analyses are based on the proportion of New Zealand
experiencing at least “moderate” drought (i.e. index values at the threshold
of −1 or lower). There is no statistically significant difference in area in
drought between the two indices averaged over the time series, and no
national-scale trends in drought occurrence are identified. However, a
statistically significant trend of divergence between the SPI and SPEI is
present when examining drought at moderate spatial coverage (10 % and
20 % coverage based on SPEI), with the SPEI showing increasingly greater
drought coverage. These typically become more apparent either as a major
drought event is building or terminating. As such, the SPEI generally
indicates an extended duration (rather than higher peak extent) of drought
events. The spatial expression of the largest SPI-SPEI differences reveals
“hotspots” in terms of both average and divergent trends in drought extent,
results which are reflected in a regional drought analysis using a cluster
analysis of the SPI and SPEI area in drought. In particular, SPEI drought
coverage is greater in the South Island east coast and central/southwestern
North Island regions. Conversely, SPI drought extent is greater in the
eastern North Island. Overall, the differences and similarities in drought
extent between the SPI and SPEI can be linked to the highly varied nature of
New Zealand climate, with the instances of greater SPEI drought located in
regions of driest and most continental climate.