bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1995 mass mortality of pilchard: no role found for physical or biological oceanographic factors in Australia
Authors: Griffin D. A. , Thompson P. A. , Bax N. J. , Bradford R. W. , Hallegraeff G. M.
Published: November 2005

An unprecedented mass mortality of pilchard,
Sardinops sagax, occurred in Australia in 1995,
spreading east and west from the Great Australian Bight at approximately
0á5 m s-1 and 0·3 m
s-1 respectively to span the 6000-km range of the
species from Noosa, Queensland, to Geraldton, Western Australia. Mortalities
with the same clinical signs of hypoxia also occurred in New Zealand.
Upwelling and phytoplankton blooms preceded the first mortalities, leading to
widely publicized speculation that environmental stress caused the
mortalities. However, upwellings as strong as in February 1995 off Eyre
Peninsula occur as often as once every three or four years, and environmental
conditions surrounding mortalities elsewhere were normal. Phytoplankton blooms
were absent through much of the range; where they did accompany mortalities
they were of widely differing species. Hence, the hypothesis that
environmental stress caused the mortalities is quite confidently rejected. The
hypothesis that ocean currents were a vector of an aeteological agent is also
rejected, since the Leeuwin and East Australian currents were both flowing
strongly against the spread of mortalities. Other potential vectors exist,
however, so the hypothesis that an introduced pathogen was responsible cannot
be rejected.
A Revision of the Inland Water Genus Calamoecia (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Bayly AG
Published: November 2005

The status of the genus is discussed, the synonymy of Brunella with Calamoecia being upheld, and the synonymy of Calamoecia with Limnocalanus being rejected. A new description is proposed for the genus which is considered as now containing nine species, one of which is new. A key to species is given for both male and female specimens. Eight of the species are figured and where necessary redescribed. The distribution of the genus and some of the species is discussed, together with some general aspects of their ecology.
Hydrology of the Indian Ocean. I. The Water Masses in Intermediate Depths of the South-East Indian Ocean
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Three water masses have been identified from maxima and minima in temperature-salinity diagrams for intermediate depths of the south-east Indian Ocean.
(1) The Antarctic Intermediate occurred as a salinity minimum within the density range of 7.00-27.28 σt.
(2) The North-West Indian Intermediate was found as a salinity maximum within the σt range 27.20-27.50.
(3) The Banda Intermediate, lying below the North-West Indian Intermediate, had the characteristic of a salinity minimum within the σt range of 27.28-27.59.
Preformed phosphate has been found useful as a third conservative property for the identification of major paths of spreading. The distribution and paths of spreading of the three water masses are shown in charts of the Indian Ocean east of 90�E.
The Identity of the Australian Lymnaeid Snail Host of Fasciola hepatica L. and its Response to Environment
Authors: Boray JC , McMichael DF
Published: November 2005

The taxonomic literature on the Australian Lymnaeidae is reviewed, with reference to the names used for Australian snail groups. The three generic names based on Australian type species are all considered to be synonyms of Lymnaea Lamarck.
The specific names are discussed and new synonymies are given as a result of a comparison of type material, laboratory breeding experiments, and field observations. It is concluded that there is only one species which acts as the intermediate host for Fasciola hepatica L., in both Australia and New Zealand, and that its correct name is Lymnaea tomentosa (Pfeiffer, 1855).
A Study of Distribution, Habitat, Behaviour, Venom Apparatus, and Venom of the Stone-Fish
Authors: Endean R
Published: November 2005

Two species of stone-fish occur in Queensland waters. Synanceja verrucosa Bloch & Schneider is found on the Great Barrier Reef, whilst S. trachynis Richardson occurs in mainland waters.
S. trachynis is found commonly in sheltered bays and estuaries. It usually occurs partially embedded in mud or sand amidst weed-encrusted rubble, and it may be exposed to the atmosphere at low tide. The mean standard length of 62 specimens examined was 20.3 cm.
Twin venom glands are attached to each of the 13 stout dorsal spines which are normally covered by sheaths of tubercular skin. Venom production results from a holocrine type of secretion. Proteinaceous granules, 1.6-3.5� in diameter, are the end products of glandular activity. The venom ducts, which extend from the venom glands to the tips of the spines, are essentially attenuated portions of the glands. However, the ducts are enclosed within grooves in the spines and these
grooves are spanned by dense collagenous fibres. The distal extremities of the
grooves are plugged with connective tissue.
Only the tip of each spine can normally be protruded through the small aperture in its sheath. When a spine penetrates an object, such as a rubber sheet', the sheath is pushed down the tapering spine away from the tip of the spine and towards the twin venom glands. The sheath constricts the venom glands and, when sufficient pressure is transmitted to the intraglandular contents, the connective tissue plug at the distal end of the duct belonging to each gland tears. The intraglandular contents are thereby injected into the wound made by the spine.
Each spine must penetrate to a certain depth before expulsion of venom occurs. This depth depends on the distance of the attached glands from the tip of the spine. Small fish of standard length about 8 cm have a well-developed venom apparatus.
Regeneration of the intraglandular contents occurred after firing of venom
glands in the one specimen where this regeneration was studied.
The contents of each gland are expelled in a single burst and the venom
contains gland cells and venom granules. Dilute acid disrupts the venom granules.
Geopotential Topographies and Associated Circulation in the South-Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Wyrtki K
Published: November 2005

Geopotential topographies of the surface and several subsurface depths are drawn from the observations on three cruises of H.M.A.S. Diamantina in the waters to the west and south of Australia in 1959 and 1960. The associated circulation is discussed. Surface circulation is found to be in general agreement with the observed surface currents. The subsurface flow between 300 and 1200 m depth indicates an entry of water from the south across 32� S. which turns to the west south of 20� S. Transports in certain current systems and eddies are calculated. The importance of internal waves in the south-west of the region, having amplitudes of more than 100 m, is discussed.
The Intermediate Depth Waters of the Tasman and Coral Seas. III. Succession of Water Types East of Port Hacking in 1957-1959
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

The seasonal occurrences of three water types on the 27.20 and 26.80 σt,
surfaces on a section east of Port Hacking, 153-160� E., and at certain stations
north of this line are discussed.
On the 27.20 σt, surface it is shown that the Pacific Equatorial Intermediate
is found in maximum intensity during September-October at longitude 158-160� E.
Subsequently it moves west and during April-June it occurs at longitude 153-157� E.
The South-West Pacific Intermediate appears at maximum intensity during
March-July at 158-160� E. but in September-February it moves west to longitude
152-154� E. The Antarctic Intermediate is only about 30% of the water type mixture
and occurs at the eastern end of the section during December to April and at the
western end (152-154� E.) during March-April.
On the 26.80 σt, surface the Subtropical formed between 30 and 75% of the
water type mixture and was the principal water type, though it was not possible
to distinguish between the part formed by local vertical mixing and that formed
by actual movement from the Subtropical Convergence.
No seasonal cycle could be determined for the Upper Antarctic Intermediate
which varied between 0 and 55% of the water type mixture.
The Upper Equatorial Intermediate varied from 5 to 45% of the mixture
and showed no seasonal cycle.
Geopotential Topographies and Associated Circulation in the Western South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wyrtki K
Published: November 2005

Geopotential topographies of the surface and several subsurface depths are
drawn from observations on three cruises of H.M.A.S. Gascoyne in the waters of the
western South Pacific Ocean in 1960 and 1961. The associated circulation is discussed.
Surface circulation is found to be in agreement with the topographies only
in the major current branches, while wind-induced currents do not show in the
topographies. The inflow into the region occurs from the east between 25� S. and
the Solomon Islands. It is stronger in subsurface layers than at the surface. A
comparison with five cruises made by the Institut Franpais d'Oceanie in Noumea
into the region between Kew Caledonia and the Solomons shows a permanent inflow
in layers between 100 and 700 m, while the geostrophic circulation at the surface
is very variable. The outflow from the region is effected by a current in the Tasman
Sea between 30� and 36� S. flowing east and leaving the region north of New Zealand.
Between Tasmania and New Zealand an outflow to the south occurs, reaching to
1200 m depth. The East Australian Current continues as an eddy system as far
south as Tasmania. The calculated current pattern agrees in all parts with the
circulation as derived from water mass analysis.
Zooplankton Abundance in Australasian Waters
Authors: Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

The seas surrounding Australia contain a relatively low zooplankton biomass,
particularly in the open ocean. There is a region of higher biomass in an upwelling
area between the north-west coast of Australia and Indonesia, and there are indications
that there may be a shortlived spring increase in the southern Tasman Sea;
otherwise, the biomass of zooplankton in the open ocean is no higher than in the
Sargasso Sea. An examination of values for other parts of the world reveals that
subtropical regions of the open ocean are characteristically poor in plankton.
The mean zooplankton biomass on the Australian continental shelf was
estimated to be about 100 mg/m³ (exclusive of salp swarms), varying from 82 to
213 mg/m³ with the area and the year. The biomass in the upwelling area south of
Java was of the same magnitude, but in most parts of the open ocean it was no
greatsr than 50 mg/m³, and was usually less than 25 mg/m³. Salp swarms were
found more commonly in the southern part of the area investigated, and constituted
local concentrations of higher biomass. These swarms took place in sprlng and
summer and led to a seasonal cycle in the biomass level on the shelf regions of the
New South Wales south coast. An increased biomass was also observed off the
north-west coast of Australia during the period of prevailing offshore winds. This
was crustacean in character.
The Australian Freshwater Amphipods. I. The Genus Austrochiltonia (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae)
Authors: Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The genus Austrochiltonia Hurley is rediagnosed and the two known species are fully redescribed and figured. Additional information concerning the distribution of these species is presented.
Hydrology of the Indian Ocean. II. The Surface Waters of the South-East Indian Ocean and Arafura Sea in the Spring and Summer
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

The hydrological properties of five major surface zones in the south-east
Indian Ocean are discussed. These are the Subantarctic, the Subtropical, the
Tropical, and two transition zones separating them. Two regions of upwelled water
are described.
The Subantarctic Zone lies south of the 35.00‰ isohaline and has an inorganic
phosphate P content hetween 0.30 and 0.60 μg-atom/l.
The Subtropical Zone lies between the 35.80‰ isohaline in the south and the
35.50‰ isohaline in the north and has an inorganic phosphate P content between
0.10 and 0.15 μg-atom/l. For this zone waters with salinity greater than 36.00‰ in
the south-east Indian Ocean and greater than 36.30‰ in the Great Australian
Bight constitute the major source regions of high salinity water. Both of these, but
particularly the latter, are very low in phosphate.
The Tropical Zone lies between the south equatorial salinity minimum
(34.26‰) and the Monsoon Current (salinity 34.10‰), at about 2°N. Four hydrological regions have been distinguished in this zone. From north to south these are
(1) the Monsoon Current with low salinity (34.10‰), high temperature (28.9°C),
and low phosphate P (0.12 μg-atom/l.); (2) the Equatorial Counter-Current with
moderately high salinity (34.50‰), high temperature (28.7°C), and high phosphate
(0.21 μg-atom/l.); (3) the South Equatorial Divergence with moderately high
salinity (34.48-34.55‰), moderate temperature (26-27.5°C), and high phosphate
(0.20-0.30 °g-atom/l.); (4) the South Equatorial Current with waters at its core
of salinity 34.26-34.31‰, temperature 26-27°C, and phosphate 0.20-0.25 μg-atom/l.
In the transitional zone between the Subantarctic and the Subtropical Zones
salinity changes rapidly with latitude. The centre of the zone is marked by the
position of the 35.40‰ isohaline. The centre of the transitional zone between the
Subtropical and the Tropical Zones is marked by the position of the 34.90‰ isohaline.
Two regions of upwelled water were found: (1) along the shelf and elope
regions of north-west Australia south of Timor, distinguished by high phosphate P
(0.20-0.30 μg-atom/l.) and a maximum upwelling occurring before September;
(2) along the shelf and slope region of the eastern Arafura Sea, from the Aroe Islands
to the Gulf of Carpentaria,, where the highest surface phosphate values in oceanic
waters of Australia were found (0.66 μg-atom/l.), and a maximum upwelling
probably occurring before August.
Comparison of the Strychnidine and Hydrazine Methods for the Estimation of Nitrate in Seawater
Authors: Dal Pont G , Newell B , Staniforth J
Published: November 2005

It has been shown that the hydrazine reduction method is superior to the strychnidine method for the estimation of nitrate in seawater samples containing less than 10 �g-atom nitrate N per litre. On samples containing higher amounts of nitrate than this both methods give similar results. Samples should be filtered and stored in chemically clean glass bottles for analysis by the hydrazine method, but may be kept in seasoned polyethylene vessels and preserved by the addition of mercuric chloride, for analysis by the strychnidine method.
Effects of Antifouling Paints on Settling Larvae of the Bryozoan Bugula neritina L
Authors: Wisely B
Published: November 2005

The external anatomy, attachment, and metamorphosis of larvae of the
bryozoan Bugula neritina L. are outlined briefly. Larvae placed in dishes of still
water containing upward-facing, horizontal, copper antifouling and control paint
surfaces aggregated on the former, but failed to attach and metamorphose properly.
It is considered that this aggregation effect was initiated by copper ions progressively
restricting the swimming movements of larvae passing over the antifouling paint
surfaces, which would in time result in an accumulation of larvae in these particular
sectors. Larvae no longer capable of swimming actively would gradually descend onto
the antifouling paint, and would therefore be exposed to an increased concentration
of copper ions. The attachment of larvae to vertical copper, mercury, and control
paint strips in slowly moving seawater was compared. The numbers attaching to
the control strips was 7 times greater than on the copper, and 20 times greater
than on the mercury. The larvae attaching to the antifouling paints were moribund
and easily dislodged. Observations made on larvae attempting to attach to vertical
copper antifouling strips painted on the side of a shallow tray of still water showed
no evidence of a repellent effect. Larvae remained at the antifouling surface until
they eventually succumbed and descended to the tray floor in a moribund condition.
The attachment of larvae to vertical surfaces of control and antifouling paints was
compared in troughs of still water. About 90% of the larvae fell to the trough
floor in a moribund condition after coming in contact with an antifouling paint;
attachment to the latter was negligible. The effect was similar in all 24 antifouling
paints tested. It is suggested that the terms "pre-attachment mortality" and "postattachment
mortality" could be used to describe the effects observed in bryozoan and barnacle larvae respectively.
Chlorophyll a and c in Cultures of Marine Algae
Authors: Humphrey GF
Published: November 2005

Gymnodinium, Nitzschia closterium, and Skeletonema costatum were grown in the
presence of bacteria, and N. closterium in the absence of bacteria, for 7 weeks. Each
week samples were analysed by the Richards-Thompson method for chlorophyll a and
c. Maximum cell numbers were reached in 1-3 weeks. Gymnodinium grew better at
680 f.c. than at 420 f.c. but the reverse was true of Nitzschia and Skeletonema. The
chlorophyll content of the Gymnodinium cultures was similar at each light intensity but
Nitzschia gave more chlorophyll at 420 f.c. With Skeletonema there was no consistent
effect of light. During the initial growth phase, Gymnodinium contained 0.33-0.87 �g
chlorophyll a and 0.56-1.88 pg chlorophyll c per million cells. The corresponding
figures for Skeletonema were 0.03-0.06 and 0.03-0.08, and for Nitzschia 0.13-1.08
and 0.11-0.87. The ratio of c to a varied from 1.30 to 1.84 for Gymnodinium, 0.69
to 1 .61 for Skeletonema, and 0.44 to 2.21 for Nitzschia. These ratios are all less than
the maximum (3.3) found for natural populations of phytoplankton from the Coral
and Tasman Seas. There was no evidence in the culture experiments that chlorophyll c
breaks down more slowly than a and thus accumulates in old populations.
Suspended Organic Matter in the Tasman Sea
Authors: Dal Pont G , Newell B
Published: November 2005

Samples of particulate material were collected down to 4500 m at a station in the Tasman Sea. The material was analysed for its carbon and nitrogen content. Determinations of total organic phosphorus were also made on water samples collected at the same depths. Some 400 g of carbon were found under 1 m² of sea surface, and the vertical distribution of particulate carbon, nitrogen, and organic phosphorus was closely related to the hydrological structure.
The Ecology of Six Species of Littoral Gastropods. I. Associations between Species and Associations with Wave Action
Authors: Meyer GR , O'Gower AK
Published: November 2005

The abundances and distributions of the molluscs Austrocochlea constricta,
Bembicium nanum, Cellana tramoserica, Melanerita melanotragus, Montfortula conoidea,
and Morula marginalba were studied on three marine, tidal, rock platforms, which
varied in their degree of exposure to the action of ocean waves. The abundances and
distributions of A. constricta, B. nanum, C, tramoserica, Mn. conoidea, and Mr. Marginalba
were associated with wave action, but this was not the case with MI. melanotragus.
The distribution of Hormosira banksii affected the distribution of A. constricta
and the distribution of B. nanum was affected by other undetermined, environmental
factors. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to present and future
studies on the abundances and distributions of these six species of molluscs.
A Revision of the Coastal Water Genus Gladioferens (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

The genus, which now contains five species, is redefined so as to include a new subgenus. The number of previously described species is reduced from seven to four by synonymy. A new subgenus and species G. (Protogladioferens) symmetricus is described. A key to subgenera and species is given for both male and female specimens. All species are figured and described. General aspects of the ecology and distribution of the species are discussed.
Salinity maxima in the upper 1000 metres of the North Indian Ocean
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

The comprehensive hydrological data from cruise 31 of R.S. Vityaz in the north Indian Ocean have been used to identify all salinity maxima of the upper 1000 m. On the basis of density differences these salinity maxima have been grouped into five water masses. Three of these have been named according to their assumed origin; Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea. The other two can not as yet be assigned origins, although one is confined largely to the northern part of the Arabian Sea and the other to the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean. Paths of flow of these water masses to the south and east have been established from salinity charts. Submarine topography in the Madagascar-Seychelles and Maldive-Chagos regions provides an explanation for the diversion and separation of the flow paths of these water masses.
Chemical and biological studies on some acidic lakes of east Australian sandy coastal lowlands
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

The chemical composition of the water of 16 lakes, three streams and a swamp
were investigated. Most of these were located on coastal islands of southern Queensland
which consist entirely of siliceous sand. The majority of these lakes apparently originated
by the formation of an impermeable organic layer in dune depressions. Complete
major ionic analyses are presented together with data on total ionic concentration,
optical density, dissolved organic matter and pH. The cationic and anionic order of
dominance were unusual, being Na > Mg > Ca > K and Cl > SO4 > HCO3, respectively.
This is explicable on the basis that atmospheric supply of ions from the sea is
of major importance and that supply by land-weathering processes is relatively insignificant.
With two exceptions the pH of the waters did not exceed 5.3. It is considered that
the acidity of those with pH < 5.0 is due mainly to organic acids. Experiments were
carried out on the effect of pH on coloured dissolved organic matter. It is pointed out
that the colour of dissolved organic matter depends on pH, only if pH is determined
mainly by an inorganic influence.
Biological observations were restricted mainly to Crustacea and to the calanoid
copepod Calamoecia tasmanica in particular. It was the observed coastal distribution
of this species that prompted the chemical studies. The distribution and abundance of
C. tasmanica is discussed in relation to chemical factors.
Some chemical features of Tasmanian inland waters
Authors: Williams WD
Published: November 2005

This paper presents data on alkalinity, pH, total dissolved solids, and concentrations of calcium and magnesium in Tasmanian inland waters. The majority of both lentic and lotic localities have low amounts of total dissolved solids (<100 p.p.m.) and calcium (<10 p.p.m.), and contain either "soft" or "extremely soft" water (with <28 and <10 p.p.m. of bicarbonate, respectively). Their pH usually lies between 6.0 and 8.0 and they display various orders of ionic dominance.
Seasonal abundance of first stage nauplii in 10 species of barnacles at Sydney
Authors: Wisely B , Blick RAP
Published: November 2005

Monthly sampling of mantle cavities was used to determine the seasonal abundance of eyed nauplii. The latter were present from 6 to 12 months, depending on the species. In any month the number of species with eyed nauplii present was between five and nine. Probable liberation periods were estimated.
A revision of the Australasian species of the freshwater genera Boeckella and Hemiboeckella (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

The taxonomic utility of various characters is discussed. The status of Hemiboeckella
searli Sars is discussed, and the retention of the monotypic genus Hemiboeckella
is considered to be justified. A list of generic characters is given for both
Boeckella and Hemiboeckella, a key is given to the Australasian species of Boeckella
and is accompanied by comparative drawings. Except for B. minuta Sars, this
key does not enable female specimens to be identified. The number of Australasian
species of Boeckella previously described is reduced from 25 to 14 by synonymy. Two
new species, B. geniculata and B. montana, and a new subspecies, B. robusta maxima,
are described. Another apparently new species is figured but not named (based on a
single specimen only). Two species described from New Zealand are recorded from
Australia for the first time. The male fifth legs of all species are described and, except
for B. opaqua Fairbridge, all are figured. Additional features are also figured
for some species. The distribution of species and some general aspects of their ecology
are discussed.
A new species of Isias (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the Brisbane River estuary, and a comparison of the Australasian centropagid genera
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

Isias uncipes sp. nov. described here is the first representative of the genus to be
recorded from the southern hemisphere. Comparison is made of structural features of
Centropages, Isias clavipes, I. uncipes, Gladioferens, Boeckella, Hemiboeckella, and
Calamoecia. The phylogeny of the Centropagidae is discussed.
Studies on the physiology of a shrimp, Metapenaeus sp. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae). II. Endocrines and control of moulting
Authors: Dall W
Published: November 2005

Eyestalk ganglionic neurosecretory endocrine glands, the sinus gland, and sensory-pore organ are described and figured. The thoracic gland was found to be a narrow longitudinal strip of epitheloid tissue immediately inside the dorsal cuticle of the anterior branchial chamber. Neurosecretory cells were present in the brain and thoracic ganglia, and post-commissural organs were identified. Moulting was erratic under laboratory conditions and tended to be arrested at an early premoult stage. Moulting could not be induced in intact, nor accelerated in eyestalkless animals by injections of sensory-pore-complex extracts. Ventral glands (Y-organs) and ventral gland extracts from two species of crab donor at different seasons and from eyestalkless donors were also without effect. Eyestalk ablation induced moulting, but the response was relatively slow and erratic. It is concluded that there is little evidence for the existence of a specific moult-accelerating hormone in this species, that morphogenetic hormone is ineffective unless extrinsic factors and nutritional state are optimal, and that moult-inhibiting hormone is largely produced within the eyestalk.
Studies on the physiology of a shrimp, Metapenaeus sp. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae). III. Composition and stucture of the integument
Authors: Dall W
Published: November 2005

Inorganic constituents comprised 38.7 % by weight of intermoult cuticle of
which 98.5% was calcium carbonate. Chitin was 34.3% of organic constituents.
No inorganic materials were resorbed from the cuticle prior to moulting, but there
was a reduction of 39% in chitin-protein. Polarized light showed that the epicuticle
contained vertical submicroscopic structures, while the procuticle consisted of fibrils
parallel with the surface. Acid mucopolysaccharides could be detected histochemically in
the epicuticle, but not in the procuticle which gave a green reaction with toluidine blue.
During premoult the epidermal cells grew progressively taller and the new epicuticle
and exocuticle were synthesized. Ductless tegumental glands and amoeboid cells
containing high concentrations of acid mucopolysaccharides and calcium, with some
glycogen, were present among the apices of the epidermal cells. The epidermis of
early postmoult showed an accentuation of these premoult features. The sequence
of events in the integument is similar to that of other Crustacea except that glycogen is
not particularly abundant. The mucopolysaccharide-containing amoebocytes are
believed to play a major role in cuticle formation.
Southern bluefin tuna populations in south-west Australia
Authors: Hynd JS
Published: November 2005

Length-frequency histograms of southern bluefin tuna caught for tagging and
other purposes by F.V. Estelle Star in the course of survey operations showed heterogeneity
in that the catches contained size groups, the differences between which could
not be regarded as simply those to be expected between the age groups of a single stock.
The times at which these groups appeared in the catches showed that the groups were
characterized by distinct distributional behaviour, and this was confirmed by the results
of the tagging operations. However, the groups are indistinguishable in their growth
rate, so far as this has been shown by the present work, and no evidence is yet available
as to the origins or status of these groups.
Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski)
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

Results of studies of the structure and dynamics of two humpback whale stocks
of the southern hemisphere (group IV, 70� E.-130°E.; group V, 130� E.-170� W.)
are drawn together. Estimates are made of recruitment and mortality rates, and an
assessment is made of the yields to be taken from these stocks under various conditions.
The two stocks are shown to be, in the main, independent of one another although
there is a negligible sporadic exchange between them. The group V stock is shown to
fragment, but probably randomly, in its northern migration.Reproduction, nutrition, and growth are described. Birth rate of females is
estimated to be 0.186, and since the sex ratio is approximately 1, the total birth rate is
about 0.37. Parameters (von Bertalanffy) for growth are L∞ 42.58 ft for males, 45.21 ft
for females; k(male) = 0.266, k(female): = 0.205.
The history of exploitation is reported.
Population structure is described from evidence drawn from examination of
commercial catches; substantial changes in recent years (reduction of the numbers in
older groups) are described.
Measurement of effort, and an analysis of variations in selectivity of the killings
are reported in detail. Decline in the abundance of these groups, group IV steadily since 1954 and
group V sharply since 1959, is described. Total mortality, natural mortality, fishing mortality, and recruitment rates are estimated and are used in estimating stock numbers and sustainable yields. The group IV stock probably consisted of 12,000-17,000 individuals in its unfished state, of about 10,000 individuals in 1949, and no more than 800 in 1962. The group V stock probably contained about 10,000 individuals in its unfished state, but only 500 or less in 1962. In its present state, group IV could give a sustainable yield of 18 (range 4-32) whales, and group V of 12 (range 3-21) whales. The maximum yields these stocks could sustain in completely regenerated state are: group IV, 390 whales per year; group V, 330 whales per year. Group IV would require 28-49 years to reach that state, group V would require 36-63 years.
Studies on the physiology of a shrimp, Metapenaeus sp. (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae). V. Calcium metabolism
Authors: Dall W
Published: November 2005

The gills, functioning as simple membranes in exchange with the external medium, account for 90 % of total 45Ca uptake and 70 % of total output. Exchange also occurred across abdominal cuticle and via the anus (net outwards exchange 13 % and 7 %, respectively, of total). The long midgut appeared to be a site of calcium excretion.
Antenna1 gland output was only 0.5% of the total. Blood 45Ca uptake gave an exponential curve, resolved by graphical analysis into three components: (1) a "fast" component due to completely reversible exchange across the gills; (2) a "medium" component due to loss via the abdomen; and (3) a "slow" component due to deposition in the cuticle.
Calcium was lost rapidly in calcium-low artificial seawater, and most of the loss was made good within 24 hr. Calcium above normal levels did not result in a significant increase in body calcium. 45Ca was freely exchangeable between soft tissues but complete exchange did not occur with the external medium, largely due to "bound" calcium in the cuticle.
Calcium in the exocuticle was revealed only by histochemical tests, but visible calcium deposits occurred at the exocuticle-endocuticle interface. The latter begin at scattered calcification centres, grow concentrically, and may become confluent; deposition continuing through the intermoult period. This type of calcification appears to occur in a number of Malacostraca. Calcium ot the exocuticle seems to be "bound", but that of the interface is labile and apparently serves as a calcium (or alkaline) reserve, though this calcium does not appear to be resorbed prior to ecdysis.
The ecology of six species of littoral gastropod molluscs. II. Seasonal variations in the six populations
Authors: O'Gower AK , Meyer GR
Published: November 2005

The seasonal variations in the abundances of Austrocochlea constricta (Lamarck),
Cellana tramoserica (Sowerby), and Montfortula conoidea (Reeve) were associated
dominantly with seasonal variations in temperature. Temperature influenced survival
of Mn. Conoidea, and probably was associated with the dispersal behaviour of G. tramoserica,
but its influence on the abundance of A. constricta was unknown. The seasonal
variations in the abundances of Bembicium nanum (Lamarck) was most probably
associated only with wave action. No association was found between the seasonal
abundances of Melanerita melanotragus (Smith) and any factor of the environment,
whilst the density of Morula marginalba (Blainville) was too low for significant associations
to be determined.
Species groups in the zooplankton of eastern Australian slope waters, 1938-41
Authors: Sheard K
Published: November 2005

Some 1700 plankton net hauls (642 on the slope reglon of the continental shelf
and 1100 in neritic waters) were made during surveys carried out by F.R.V. Wavreen
(C.S.1 R., Division of Fisheries) in the eastern Australian Pacific Ocean area between
latitudes 24�S. and 44�S from 1938 to 1941. The Tunicata. Euphausiacea, Hyperiidae.
Chaetognatha, and Pteropoda totalling 118 species in the slope and shelf hauls were
identified by various authors.
In this paper 27 species which were frequently a part of each other's biological
environment in the slope plankton, were assorted into groups: (1) by the use of an
index derived from the corrected geometric mean of the joint occurrence of pairs of
species, following Fager and McGowan (1963); and (2) by assessing the significance
(using X 2 ) of the departure of a joint occurrence from an expected value calculated on
the basis of empirical probability for each pair of species. Groups were set up according
to the method of Fager (1957). The tests yielded similar results.
Groups found, using test (2), and their tentative water mass affiliations were
follows. (i) Central Tasman and south-west Tasman: GROUP A, Sagitta planctonis,
S. lyra, S. minima, Krohnitta subtilis, Eukrohnia hamata; GROUP B, Thysanoessa
gregaria, Euphausia recurva, N. dificilis, E. spinifera. (ii) South equatorial and Coral
Sea: GROUP C, Oikopleura fusiformis, O. cophocerca, O. longicauda; GROUP D
Stegosoma magnum, Megalocercus huxleyi, Oikopleura rufescens, Traustedtia multitentaculata, Doliolum denticulatum; GROUP E, Sagitta hexaptera, Pterosagitta draco,
S. regularis, S. serratodentata pacifica, S. bipunctata, S. enflata, S. ferox, S. robusta, and
Stylocheiuon carinatum.
Recent references to the grouped species are discussed. The major affiliations
and the temperature, chlorinity, and latitudinal ranges of the three forms of Sagitta
serratodentata (tasmanica, atlantica, and pacifica) are set out and a tentative list of the
water mass preferences of a number of the ungrouped species is given.
Filtration characteristics of Clarke-Bumpus samplers
Authors: Tranter DJ , Heron AC
Published: November 2005

The Australian and American models of the sampler were tested at water
velocities up to 3.5 kt. A calibration tank designed to simulate normal flow conditions
through the flowmeter was used to calibrate flowmeter rate against flow rate measured
at a 90� V-notch exit. This calibration was used to determine the discharge through
samplers towed for a measured distance in a water channel. Thus the filtration
characteristics of the samplers were examined.
The filtration coefficient for the American sampler without a net averaged 88 %,
compared with 92% for the Australian sampler. Australian nets reduced the filtration
coefficient of the Australian sampler by 2-15 %. The American net had little effect on the
filtration coefficient of the American sampler.
The filtration coefficient varied with mesh aperture and clogging but was largely
independent of towing velocity. Other experiments suggested that net length was less
important, and the flow of water around the net more important, than previously
thought.
Above approximately 1 kt, the calibration value was nearly independent of
velocity and hardly altered with net attachment no matter how fine the mesh.
Paper chromatographic seperation of pigments in marine phytoplankton
Authors: Jeffery SW
Published: November 2005

A paper chromatographic method was used to separate chlorophylls from
carotenoids in marine phytoplankton from seawater and benthic samples. In seawater,
chlorophylls a and c and the carotenoids fucoxanthin and carotene were always present.
Chlorophyll b was a major pigment on the two occasions when blooms of a green
euglenoid organism were abundant. The two main types of degradation products found
in the plankton were chlorophyllides and pheophytins.
Ecological studies on the planktonic copepoda of the Brisbane River estuary with special reference to Gladioferens pectinatus (Brady) (Calanoida)
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

The seasonal salinity and temperature characteristics of the Brisbane River estuary are discussed, and, in addition, the changes in relative ionic proportions that occur in passing from the gradient to the freshwater zone. Preliminary consideration is given to the taxonomy of three species of Pseudodiaptomus that occurred in the estuary. The spatial and temporal distribution of the following copepods is discussed in relation to salinity and temperature: Oithona sp. ; Acartia sp. ; Pseudodiaptomus, 3 spp. ; Labidocera sp. ; Isias uncipes; Gladioferens pectinatus; Sulcanus conflictus. The most striking features of the distribution of Gladioferens pectinatus were its continuous presence at the freshwater end of the gradient zone, and its downstream extension into water of high salinity during the colder months. Spatial and seasonal variation in egg number within the Gladioferens population was studied. In this population the relative proportion of immature copepodid stages decreased with increasing depth. There was evidence that portion of the mature female component of the Gladioferens population underwent diurnal vertical migration. The occurrence of Isias uncipes was restricted to winter and early spring when population densities were at a maximum immediately adjacent to the bottom and rapidly decreased to zero at higher levels. Evidence is presented that the range of salinity tolerance of Sulcanus is less than that of Gladioferens. Results obtained are compared with those of similar studies elsewhere. Possible relationships between congeneric occurrence, sex ratio, and relative abundance are discussed.
The spiny lobster, Jasus lalandei (H. Milne-Edwards), in South Australia. III. Food, feeding, and locomotor activity
Authors: Fielder DR
Published: November 2005

Observations made of stomach contents of the spiny lobster, Jasus lalandei (H. Milne-Edwards),indicated that it is an opportune feeder, calcareous food forming a large proportion of the natural diet. Laboratory experiments showed that J. lalandei feeds preferentially if given a choice, and selects baits of marine origin before those of terrestrial origin. Feeding is a rhythmic process, most feeding taking place during the early night. Feeding records made in the laboratory under constant conditions of light and dark indicated some persistence of this feeding rhythm in constant darkness, but no persistence in constant light. However, the feeding rhythm observed under normal diurnal conditions of light and dark was altered by abnormal day lengths. J. lalandei is stimulated to feed by the change from light to dark. An initial correlation was made between feeding and locomotor activity.
Some larval stages of three Australian crabs belonging to the families Homolidae and Raninidae, and observations on the affinities of these families (Crustacea: Decapoda).
Authors: Williamson DI
Published: November 2005

Descriptions are given of the first zoeal stage of Latreillia australiensis Henderson (Homolidae), a megalopa ascribed to Paromola petterdi (Grant) (Homolidae) and all zoeal stages and the megalopa of Lyreidus tridentatus de Haan (Raninidae). These larvae are compared with other known larvae of their respective families and the larval characters of these families are summarized. Larval characters indicate the Homolidae to be a rather primitive offshoot from the ancestral stock of the Brachyura and the Raninidae to be a less primitive offshoot from the same stock. They do not favour the grouping of the Homolidae with the Dromiidae in the Dromiacea or the grouping of the Raninidae with the Dorippidae, Calappidae, and Leucosiidae in the Oxystomata.
The Australian species of Diaptomus (Copepoda: Calanoida) and their distribution
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

The species Diaptomus (Eodiaptomus) lumholtzi Sars and D. (Tropodiaptomus)
australis (Kiefer) are redescribed and figured. Both species are recorded from numerous
new localities in northern Australia. The southern limit of distribution of D. lumholtzi
is discussed in relation to the northern limit of Boeckella. A single example of the coexistence
of D. lumholtzi with Boeckella triarticulata, and three examples of coexistence
of D. lumholtzi with Calamoecia are cited.
The concentration of chlorophylls a and c in the south-east Indian Ocean
Authors: Humphrey GF
Published: November 2005

Samples were collected in 1959-62, usually at 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 m,
in the region between 90 and 140� E., and 10� N. and 50�S. At 0 m (and 150 m) the
regional average for chlorophyll a was 0.08 (and 0.09) �p/l in summer and 0.12 (and
0.09) �p/l in winter; for chlorophyll c the values were 0.17 (and 0.21) �p/l in summer
and 0.21 (and 0.21) �p/l in winter. Most samples had chlorophyll c/a ratios between
1 and 2. The average amount of chlorophyll a in the water column to 150 m was
15 mg/m² in summer and 23 in winter; for chlorophyll c the values were 29 mg/m²
in both summer and winter. At most stations the maximum amounts of chlorophyll
were at 75 m, often near density and temperature discontinuities. At 75 m the
regional average for chlorophyll a was 0.14 �pll in summer and 0.19 in winter; for
chlorophyll c the values were 0.35 and 0.24. The results of the present and similar
work show that the amounts of the chlorophylls in the water column under 1 m²
are similar for all oceans.
A volumetric analysis of the catch of the Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl and two types of plankton net in the Antarctic
Authors: Hopkins TL
Published: November 2005

A comparison was made of plankton samples collected by different nets along
the Antarctic convergence between 95 and 150°W. in October-November 1964. The
nets were a 3-m Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl (IKMT) (4-mm mesh liner, 500-� mesh codend
net), 0.5 m² Bé closing nets (202-μ mesh), and a 0.2 m² net (76-μ mesh).
IKMT catch volumes were much greater than those of the smaller plankton nets.
However, when volumes of water filtered were considered, the smaller nets caught
more plankton. In the upper 100 m the ratio of IKMT to closing net plankton volume
per cubic metre was 1 : 10 (1 : 4 if phytoplankton-rich samples were excluded). The
ratio decreased to 1 : 3 for the upper 500 m and to 1 : 2 for the 500-1000-m zone. In
both the 0-250 and 0-500-m ranges the 76-μ mesh catch per cubic metre was double
that of the 202-μ mesh nets.
The greatest portion of the IKMT catch was fishes, squids, scyphomedusae, and
plankton larger than 4 mm. The smaller nets caught proportionately less micronekton
and large plankton. The fraction of plankton greater than 4 mm increased with
increasing sampling depth and diminished with decreasing mesh aperture. The IKMT
in the upper 100 m caught more fishes and greater plankton volumes in twilight and
dark hours than during daylight. Diurnal variations in 202-μ net catches were
scarcely noticable.
Seasonal variations in length of copepods in South Pacific New Zealand waters
Authors: Deevey GB
Published: November 2005

Measurements of cephalothorax length were made on females and males of Centropages aucklandicus, Acartia clausi, Paracalanus parvus, and Clausocalanus arcuicornis, and on female Calanus australis for the period from April 1964 to May 1965. Centropages aucklandicus and A. clausi increased gradually in length during autumn and winter to maximal size in the spring and were smaller again in summer. Paracalanus parvus was larger in spring and smaller the rest of the year. Calanus australis and C. arcuicornis were large in spring, but during summer they were also large on occasion, possibly because offshore populations had been brought into the area. Length-temperature-phytoplankton correlations showed that in temperate New Zealand waters with a relatively narrow temperature range the seasonal variations in length of all the copepods studied were significantly related to the annual phytoplankton cycle; temperature was an important factor for only two of the species. Some of the species measured are primarily herbivorous whereas others, such as Centropages and Acartia, are probably omnivores. Data are lacking for carnivorous copepods. However, since the spring bloom acts as a stimulus to zooplankton reproduction, it is suggested that all copepods that feed on living food might attain maximal size at around the time of the spring bloom in temperate waters with a relatively narrow temperature range.
Conductivity and the concentration of total dissolved soilds in Australian lakes
Authors: Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The relationship between specific conductance and concentration of total
dissolved solids was investigated in 62 samples from Australian lakes over a wide range
of concentration of total dissolved solids (from 0.5 to >200‰). A high correlation
was found particularly in highly saline lakes. This suggests that with much greater
confidence than elsewhere conductivity determinations may be used in Australia as an
indication of the amounts of total dissolved solids in lake waters over a wide range of
concentration.
Chemical and biological studies on some saline lakes of south-east Australia
Authors: Bayly IAE , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Chemical and biological data for a number of saline lakes in south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria are presented and discussed. The chemical information includes discussions on the major ionic composition of the lakes in March 1964, on the nature and extent of seasonal variations in the concentration of total dissolved solids in these lakes, and on the nature and extent of secular variations in salinity at Lake Corangamite. The biological data (almost exclusively faunal, and based mainly on a single series of collections made in March 1964) are discussed with particular reference to affinities, tolerance to high salinities, level of endemicity, uniqueness, and related topics. It is concluded that the fauna is different in many respects from that of similar habitats outside Australia.
Further chemical observations on some volcanic lakes of south-east Australia of South Australia
Authors: Bayly IAE , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The chemical composition of two volcanic lakes in south-east South Australia
is discussed. Data for these lakes were omitted in a previous study of lakes in the same
area. For one of the lakes discussed, Lake Edward, it is suggested that the proportionately
larger amount of sulphate ions is related to the presence of conifer plantations
in its catchment area.