bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence in primary school youth of pica and rumination behavior: The understudied feeding disorders
Authors: Murray Helen B. , Thomas Jennifer J. , Hinz Andreas , Munsch Simone , Hilbert Anja
Published: September 2018

Objective

Little epidemiological evidence exists on rumination disorder behavior (RB) and pica behavior (PB). We examined prevalence of RB and PB and presence of comorbid feeding/eating disorder symptoms among school‐aged children.

Method

In elementary schools in Switzerland, 1,430 children (54.0% female) ages 7–13 completed the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire for children (ChEDE‐Q) and the Eating Disturbances in Youth Questionnaire (EDY‐Q).

Results

EDY‐Q behavior frequency showed 9.7% reported RB only, 10.0% reported PB only, and 3.1% reported RB + PB (≥1 on 0–6 Likert scale). At a clinical cut‐off score of ≥ 4, 1.7% had RB only, 3.8% had PB only, and 1.1% had RB + PB. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder symptoms were most common in those with RB + PB, and more common in those with RB or PB than those without. The degree of eating disorder symptoms (by ChEDE‐Q) over the past 28 days were similar among those with RB, PB, or RB + PB, but less common in those without RB or PB.

Discussion

RB and PB were commonly reported in our sample of school‐aged children, even at a potential clinically significant cut‐off. Our findings also suggest that the degree of eating disorder symptom comorbidity is similar between those with RB and PB.
Advancing Age and Comorbidity in a US Insured Population‐Based Cohort of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Nguyen Mindie H. , Lim Joseph K. , Burak Ozbay A. , Fraysse Jeremy , Liou Iris , Meyer Nicole , Dusheiko Geoffrey , Gordon Stuart C.
Published: September 2018

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) comorbidity data are limited. Using insurance claims databases, our aims were to determine the prevalence and incidence of nonliver comorbidities in CHB patients over time and the predictors of select comorbidities in CHB patients. Patients were adults with continuous coverage (commercial/Medicare or Medicaid) 6 months prior to and after the first CHB diagnosis and matched non‐CHB patients. Deyo‐Charlson Comorbidity Index (DCCI) and comorbidities were analyzed (cardiovascular disease [CVD], carcinoma, diabetes mellitus [DM], obesity, hypertension [HTN], hyperlipidemia, alcohol use, renal impairment, chronic kidney disease [CKD], and osteoporosis/fracture [OF]). The study population included 44,026 CHB cases and 121,568 matched controls. CHB patient mean age increased from 48.1 ± 11.9 years in 2006 to 51.8 ± 12.4 years in 2015 for commercial/Medicare and from 44.1 ± 11.1 years to 50.2 ± 10.2 years for Medicaid (P < 0.001 for both). The Medicaid CHB cohort was the sickest (DCCI, 2.6, P < 0.001). The commercial/Medicare 2006 CKD prevalence rate was 36.1/1,000 in CHB patients and 10.2/1,000 in controls, increasing to 97.6 and 38.8 in 2015, respectively. The 2006 CKD incidence (per 1,000 person‐years) was 10.3 and 4.8 and 15.2 and 11.3 by 2015, respectively (P < 0.05 for all). The strongest predictors for CKD were DM (hazard ratio [HR], 2.48), HTN (HR, 3.29), and CVD (HR, 2.61) (all P < 0.0001). Similar prevalence and incidence changes were observed for OF. The strongest predictors for OF were female gender (HR, 2.22), alcohol use (HR, 2.02), and viral coinfection (HR, 1.37) (all P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Insured CHB patients were older, had more comorbidities, and experienced higher incidence and prevalence of CKD and OF than controls.
Stability of medial entorhinal cortex representations over time
Authors: Diehl Geoffrey W. , Hon Olivia J. , Leutgeb Stefan , Leutgeb Jill K.
Published: September 2018

Distinct functional cell types in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) have been shown to represent different aspects of experiences. To further characterize mEC cell populations, we examined whether spatial representations of neurons in mEC superficial layers depended on the scale of the environment and changed over extended time periods. Accordingly, mEC cells were recorded while rats repeatedly foraged in a small or a large environment in sessions that were separated by time intervals from minutes to hours. Comparing between large and small environments, we found that the overall precision of grid and non‐grid cell spatial maps was higher in smaller environments. When examining the stability of spatial firing patterns over time, differences and similarities were observed across cell types. Within‐session stability was higher for grid cells than for non‐grid cell populations. Despite differences in baseline stability between cell types, stability levels remained consistent over time between sessions, up to 1 hr. Even for sessions separated by 6 hrs, activity patterns of grid cells and of most non‐grid cells lacked any systematic decrease in spatial similarity over time. However, a subset of ~15% of mEC non‐grid cells recorded preferentially from layer III exhibited dramatic, time dependent changes in firing patterns across 6 hrs, reminiscent of previous characterizations of the hippocampal CA2 subregion. Collectively, our data suggest that mEC grid cell input to hippocampus in conjunction with many time invariant non‐grid cells may aid in stabilizing hippocampal spatial maps, while a subset of time varying non‐grid cells could provide complementary temporal information.
MIL‐53 and its Isoreticular Analogues: a Review of the Chemistry and Structure of a Prototypical Flexible Metal‐Organic Framework
Authors: Millange Franck , Walton Richard I.
Published: September 2018

We present a review of the structural chemistry of metal‐organic framework materials with the MIL‐53 type structure. This family of materials is well‐known for its structural flexibility, and also the wide variety of metal cations and functional ligands that can be included. This gives rise to a set of multivariate materials and isoreticular analogues, to which isoreticular functionalisation can also be applied. Starting from the parent structure, containing infinite chains of octahedral trivalent metal cations cross‐linked by benzene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate, we illustrate the compositional variety possible: this includes materials that contain tetravalent and divalent cations, mixtures of metal cations, functionalised ligands, expanded structures from extended linkers and inclusion of pendant ligands. We emphasise the crystal chemistry of this group of materials, but will give some examples of properties, particularly those associated with the structural breathing effect of relevance to molecular sieving, and also discuss emerging practical applications.
Overexpression of c‐type cytochrome, CymA in Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 for enhanced bioelectricity generation and cell growth in a microbial fuel cell
Authors: Vellingiri Aswini , Song Young Eun , Munussami Ganapathiraman , Kim Changman , Park Chulhwan , Jeon Byong‐Hun , Lee Sun‐Gu , Kim Jung Rae
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

The c‐type cytochrome of the CymA of Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 is essential for the anaerobic respiration of Shewanella sp. and transfers electrons from the inner membrane to various terminal electron acceptors, such as soluble redox shuttles and insoluble metal oxides. CymA is believed to be a passage to the outer membrane for dissipating the respiratory electron to the carbon electrode in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) with simultaneous electricity generation. While the deletion and heterologous expression of cymA in Escherichia coli have been studied, there are no reports of the overexpression and its effects on the corresponding bioelectrochemical performance in a MFC.

RESULTS

The cymA gene was overexpressed in Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1, and its upregulation was examined under aerobic, anaerobic, and MFC operating conditions by a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Overexpression of the CymA protein was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). The MFCs inoculated with the engineered strains of MR‐1 achieved a higher maximum power of 0.13 mW and specific growth rate of 0.087 h−1 than those of the wild type MR‐1 (0.11 mW and 0.043 h−1, respectively). The higher electrochemical activity of the mutant strains demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry, indicates that more respiratory electrons can be transferred to the electrodes through overexpression of the cymA gene of MR‐1 in a MFC.

CONCLUSION

Overexpression of CymA improves the bioelectrochemical performance of MFCs. This suggests that metabolic engineering of a membrane‐associated redox protein, such as CymA, can further improve electricity generation of MFCs and produce an electrochemically enhanced bioprocess. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
GLIM Criteria for the Diagnosis of Malnutrition: A Consensus Report From the Global Clinical Nutrition Community
Authors: Jensen Gordon L. , Cederholm Tommy , Correia M. Isabel T.D. , Gonzalez M. Christina , Fukushima Ryoji , Higashiguchi Takashi , de Baptista Gertrudis Adrianza , Barazzoni Rocco , Blaauw Renée , Coats Andrew J.S. , Crivelli Adriana , Evans David C. , Gramlich Leah , Fuchs‐Tarlovsky Vanessa , Keller Heather , Llido Luisito , Malone Ainsley , Mogensen Kris M. , Morley John E , Muscaritoli Maurizio , Nyulasi Ibolya , Pirlich Matthias , Pisprasert Veeradej , de van der Schueren Marian , Siltharm Soranit , Singer Pierre , Tappenden Kelly A. , Velasco Nicolas , Waitzberg Dan L. , Yamwong Preyanuj , Yu Jianchun , Compher Charlene , Van Gossum Andre
Published: September 2018

Background

This initiative aims to build a global consensus around core diagnostic criteria for malnutrition in adults in clinical settings.

Methods

The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) was convened by several of the major global clinical nutrition societies. Empirical consensus was reached through a series of face‐to‐face meetings, telephone conferences, and e‐mail communications.

Results

A 2‐step approach for the malnutrition diagnosis was selected, that is, first screening to identify at risk status by the use of any validated screening tool, and second, assessment for diagnosis and grading the severity of malnutrition. The malnutrition criteria for consideration were retrieved from existing approaches for screening and assessment. Potential criteria were subjected to a ballot among GLIM participants that selected 3 phenotypic criteria (non‐volitional weight loss, low body mass index, and reduced muscle mass) and 2 etiologic criteria (reduced food intake or assimilation, and inflammation or disease burden). To diagnose malnutrition at least 1 phenotypic criterion and 1 etiologic criterion should be present. Phenotypic metrics for grading severity are proposed. It is recommended that the etiologic criteria be used to guide intervention and anticipated outcomes. The recommended approach supports classification of malnutrition into four etiology‐related diagnosis categories.

Conclusions

A consensus scheme for diagnosing malnutrition in adults in clinical settings on a global scale is proposed. Next steps are to secure endorsements from leading nutrition professional societies, to identify overlaps with syndromes like cachexia and sarcopenia, and to promote dissemination, validation studies, and feedback. The construct should be re‐considered every 3–5 years.
Ultrafast Carrier Transfer Promoted by Interlayer Coulomb Coupling in 2D/3D Perovskite Heterostructures
Authors: Wei Ke , Jiang Tian , Xu Zhongjie , Zhou Junhu , You Jie , Tang Yuxiang , Li Han , Chen Runze , Zheng Xin , Wang Shanshan , Yin Ke , Wang Zhenyu , Wang Jun , Cheng Xiangai
Published: September 2018

Engineering 2D‐structured lead halide perovskites leads to both excellent optoelectronic performance and intriguing photophysics. Here, the underlying mechanisms of exciton interaction and carrier transfer in 2D/3D hybrid perovskites are studied. The investigated perovskites are in the form of self‐assembled microplatelets, which are naturally composed of multiple perovskite phases, with n being 1, 2, 3, or 4 or nanocrystals in bulk phase (n ≈ ∞). Excitonic energy transfer and charge separation between different phases are found to coexist in this hybrid system, which occur at an ultrafast timescale (<100 fs) followed by a relatively slow channel (2–15 ps). The experimental results reveal that this hybrid perovskite naturally forms a series of “heterostructures,” with excitons generated in different phases, showing Coulomb interactions across the interface. This interlayer Coulomb coupling should account for the aforementioned ultrafast carrier transfer. This work provides an accurate and thorough explanation for the remarkable charge transfer rate, which is extremely beneficial for their applications in photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices, even with the apparent interfacial scattering, defect trapping, and disorder‐induced exciton localization in 2D/3D hybrid perovskites.
Enhancement of work‐hardening behavior of dual phase steel by heat treatment
Authors: Nasiri Z. , Mirzadeh H.
Published: September 2018

The work‐hardening response and mechanical properties of dual phase steels originated from different initial microstructures under low and high martensite volume fractions were investigated using a typical carbon‐manganese steel. The modified Crussard‐Jaoul analysis was used for studying the work‐hardening stages and the deformation behavior of ferrite and martensite. It was revealed that the initial martensitic microstructure before intercritical annealing is much better than the full annealed banded ferritic‐pearlitic and spheroidized microstructures in terms of work‐hardening capacity and strength‐ductility trade off. By increasing the amount of martensite, via intercritical annealing at higher temperatures, the ductility decreased but the tensile toughness of dual phase steels increased toward reaching the domain of extra‐advanced high‐strength steels due to the enhancement of work‐hardening rate.
Estimating Myofiber Size With Electrical Impedance Myography: a Study In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis MICE
Authors: Kapur Kush , Nagy Janice A. , Taylor Rebecca S. , Sanchez Benjamin , Rutkove Seward B.
Published: September 2018

Introduction: A method for quantifying myofiber size noninvasively would find wide use, including primary diagnosis and evaluating response to therapy.Methods: Using prediction algorithms, including the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, we applied multifrequency electrical impedance myography (EIM) to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis superoxide dismutase 1 G93A mice of different ages and assessed myofiber size histologically.Results: Multifrequency EIM data provided highly accurate predictions of myofiber size, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of only 14% in mean myofiber area (corresponding to ± 207 µm2for a mean area of 1,488 µm2) and an RMSE of only 8.8% in predicting the coefficient of variation in fiber size distribution.Discussion: This impedance‐based approach provides predictive variables to assess myofiber size and distribution with good accuracy, particularly in diseases in which myofiber atrophy is the predominant histological feature, without the requirement for biopsy or burdensome quantification.Muscle Nerve58: 713–717, 2018
Anticraving therapy for alcohol use disorder: A clinical review
Authors: Shen Winston W.
Published: September 2018

Aim

In this review, the author focused on anticraving therapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD) defined by DMS‐5. A comprehensive review was carried out on the available published papers on anticraving drugs for treating AUD patients.

Methods

The author described all drugs with anticraving benefits for treating AUD patients approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States (US FDA) and European Medicines Agency of the European Union. Then, the commonly prescribed anticraving drugs and those under development were also described.

Results

The US FDA‐approved anticraving drugs included acamprosate and naltrexone, and those approved by European Medicines Agency were gamma‐hydroxybutyrate and nalmefene. The author also highlighted topiramate, gabapentin, ondansetron, LY196044, ifenprodil, varenicline, ABT‐436, mifepristone, citicoline, and baclofen. The putative mechanisms of action of and the use in clinical practice of those anticraving drugs were also described.

Conclusion

Although slowly developing, the field of anticraving drugs is getting into shape as a promising entity of a pharmaceutical class of drugs. Then, the author addressed on the underused issues of those recommended, and suggested anticraving drugs by the practice guideline of the American Psychiatric Association. The author urges that clinicians should be more “adventurous” in prescribing those promising drugs because benefits of those anticraving drugs are far‐outweighing the possible side effects of anticraving drugs, or the harms of untreated AUD itself.
Youth Unemployment and Poverty in Egypt
Authors: Bremer Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Egypt's 2011 Tahrir Revolution was fueled by the volatile combination of pervasive public governance failures and a large youth population blocked from successfully navigating the transition to adulthood. Far from addressing these problems, this Revolution led to instability, economic stagnation, and the rapid return to power of Egypt's military–elite alliance, further marginalizing the youth population. This article argues that Egyptian youth's predicament must be understood as the result of public governance failures. Their dependence on a failed and unaccountable public education system leaves them without the skills needed for productive employment, while Egypt's dualistic “limited access order” leads to the suppression of medium‐size firms, forcing low‐income youth to accept poorly paid, insecure employment in the informal sector, and constraining opportunities for educated youth, particularly young women, who remain outside the workforce. Viable, sustained solutions to youth's problems require that the Egyptian government tackle the underlying public governance failures by introducing accountability to citizens for public service quality, streamlining regulatory systems to accelerate enterprise growth and expand competition, and instituting greater transparency to achieve inclusive and broad‐based growth. Though not directed at youth per se, such systemic reforms must underpin any successful effort to relieve Egypt's youth crisis.
Photothermally Active Upconversion Core–Shell NaGdF4:Yb:Tm@Cu Nanostructures: Synthesis and Theranostic Properties
Authors: Ibrahim Khaleelullah Mohamed Mathar Sahib , Tanaka Asahi , Dheivasigamani Thangaraju , Sugimoto Kyohei , Shimura Yosuke , Inami Wataru , Kawata Yoshimasa , Hayakawa Yasuhiro
Published: September 2018

Near infrared (NIR) active nanostructures with applications in imaging and therapy have attracted significant attention in cancer diagnosis and treatment. NIR active structures can provide molecular images, penetrating from deep within tissue with high resolution. In addition, particles with photothermal properties can lead to a new era of cancer diagnostics. The first synthesis of core–shell NaGdF4:Yb:Tm@Cu (NGF@Cu) nanostructures is reported. NGF@Cu particles have molecular imaging and photothermal activation properties owing to an upconverting core and metallic shell. The upconversion core means that cancer cell location can be recognized and the Cu‐based photothermal therapy is subsequently able to disrupt the cells. NGF@Cu characterization studies, including scanning tunneling electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, confirm the core–shell structure with Cu as the shell. This study demonstrates the use of a single nanostructure for diagnosis in the NIR therapeutic window (650–1400 nm) and photothermal therapy, with a core–shell particle efficiency of ≈36.3%.
Parametric representation of molecular surfaces
Authors: Bugeanu Monica , Harbrecht Helmut
Published: September 2018

This article is dedicated to the computation of a parametric representation of solvent excluded surfaces and isosurfaces by smooth four‐sided patches. Such surface representations allow for the isoparametric discretization of the boundary integral equations which arise from solvation continuum models. Thus, higher‐order ansatz functions can be applied in the boundary element method that is commonly used to solve the underlying equations, yielding a more accurate approximation of the sought apparent surface charge. Numerical results are reported to illustrate the approach.
The any particle molecular orbital approach: A short review of the theory and applications
Authors: Reyes Andrés , Moncada Félix , Charry Jorge
Published: September 2018

The any particle molecular orbital (APMO) approach extends regular electronic structure methods to study atomic and molecular systems in which electrons and other particles are treated simultaneously as quantum waves. A number of electronic structure methodologies have been extended under the APMO framework and applied to investigate nuclear quantum effects including isotope effects and nuclear delocalization and to calculate proton binding energies and affinities. In addition, APMO methodologies have been employed to analyze physical and chemical properties of atomic and molecular systems containing exotic subatomic particles.
Increasing and Retaining African Surgeons Working in Rural Hospitals: An Analysis of PAACS Surgeons with Twenty‐Year Program Follow‐Up
Authors: Van Essen Caleb , Steffes Bruce C. , Thelander Keir , Akinyi Beryl , Li Hsin‐Fang , Tarpley Margaret J.
Published: September 2018

Background

African surgical workforce needs are significant, with largest disparities existing in rural settings. Pan‐African Academy of Christian Surgeons (PAACS), a primarily rural‐based general surgery training program, has published successes in producing rural African surgeons; however, long‐term follow‐up data are unreported. The goal of our study was to define characteristics of PAACS alumni surgeons working in rural hospitals, documenting successes and illuminating strategies for trainee recruitment and retention.

Method

PAACS’ twenty‐year surgery residency database was reviewed for 12 programs throughout Africa regarding trainee demographics and graduate outcomes. Characteristics of PAACS’ graduate surgeons were further analyzed with a 42‐question survey.

Results

Among active PAACS graduates, 100% practice in Africa and 79% within their home country. PAACS graduates had 51% short‐term and 35% long‐term (beyond 5 years) rural retention rate (less than 50,000 population).

Conclusion

Our study shows that PAACS general surgery training program has a high retention rate of African surgeons in rural settings compared to all programs reported to date, highlighting a multifaceted, rural‐focused approach that could be emulated by surgical training programs worldwide.
Mindful Parenting Training in a Clinical Versus Non-Clinical Setting: An Explorative Study
Authors: Potharst Eva S. , Baartmans Jeanine M. D. , Bögels Susan M.
Published: September 2018

Mindful parenting (MP) as a group-based training for parents of clinically referred children with psychopathology has shown to effectively reduce child and parent mental health problems. This study investigated the effects of MP as a “preventive” intervention for parents who experienced parental stress or problems in parenting (non-clinical setting) compared to MP as a “curative” intervention (clinical setting). Parents from a non-clinical setting (n = 98, 18% fathers) and a clinical setting (n = 87, 21% fathers) completed questionnaires about themselves, their partner relationship, and their child at waitlist (non-clinical setting only), pre-test, post-test, and 8-week follow-up. Before the intervention, the children of parents in the non-clinical setting, as expected, showed higher well-being and lower behavior problems, but parental stress levels, parental overreactivity, mindful parenting, partner relationship, and parental well-being were no different in the clinical and preventive group pre-intervention. No improvement was observed at waitlist, except for parental well-being, while improvement on parent and child functioning measures did occur after MP. No differences in MP effects in both settings were found in improved parental functioning (parental stress, overreactivity, mindful parenting, partner relationship, and well-being [small to medium effect size improvements]) and child functioning (well-being and behavior problems, small effect size improvements). Improvements in child functioning were associated with improved mindful parenting. Results suggest that MP training may be an effective intervention not only for families of children referred to mental health care because of child mental disorders but also for parents who experience parental stress or parenting problems as it is.
Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) as biomarkers for gastric cancer: A review
Authors: Räihä Meri R. , Puolakkainen Pauli A.
Published: September 2018

Gastric adenocarcinoma is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, with an incidence of a million new cases annually. In addition to having a high mortality rate due to often delayed detection and its poor response to cancer therapy, it also spreads aggressively. Inflammation has been shown to play a role in carcinogenesis. Consequently, macrophages are important in phagocytosis, antigen presenting and producing cytokines and growth factors. As a response to microenvironmental signals, they may polarize into tumor resisting M1 or tumor promoting M2 macrophages. Recently, studies have indicated that M2‐type macrophage resembling tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) might be used as an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer. This review will discuss the possible use of TAMs as prognostic tools for gastric cancer and whether they are suitable for use in clinical environment.
Prediagnosis plasma concentrations of enterolactone and survival after colorectal cancer: the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort
Authors: Kyrø Cecilie , Frederiksen Kirsten , Holm Marianne , Nørskov Natalja P. , Knudsen Knud E. B. , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja
Published: September 2018

The association between lifestyle and survival after colorectal cancer has received limited attention. The female sex hormone, oestrogen, has been associated with lower colorectal cancer risk and mortality after colorectal cancer. Phyto-oestrogens are plant compounds with structure similar to oestrogen, and the main sources in Western populations are plant lignans. We investigated the association between the main lignan metabolite, enterolactone and survival after colorectal cancer among participants in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. Prediagnosis plasma samples and lifestyle data, and clinical data from time of diagnosis from 416 women and 537 men diagnosed with colorectal cancer were used. Enterolactone was measured in plasma using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method. Participants were followed from date of diagnosis until death or end of follow-up. During this time, 210 women and 325 men died (170 women and 215 men died due to colorectal cancer). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. Enterolactone concentrations were associated with lower colorectal cancer-specific mortality among women (HRper doubling: 0·88, 95 % CI 0·80, 0·97, P=0·0123). For men, on the contrary, enterolactone concentrations were associated with higher colorectal cancer-specific mortality (HRper doubling: 1·10, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·21, P=0·0379). The use of antibiotics affects enterolactone production, and the associations between higher enterolactone and lower colorectal cancer-specific mortality were more pronounced among women who did not use antibiotics (analysis on a subset). Our results suggest that enterolactone is associated with lower risk of mortality among women, but the opposite association was found among men.
THE BRITISH RATIFICATION OF THE UNDERWATER HERITAGE CONVENTION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Roberts Hayley
Published: September 2018

The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 came into force in 2009, providing a much-needed international legal framework for the protection of underwater cultural heritage (UCH). This article explores the reasons why the UK has neglected to ratify the Convention and why accession should now be prioritized. In doing so, the article reconciles the UK's stance with the agreement; moving the State into a position where it can reconsider ratification. In this context, it examines the definition of UCH and the purpose of the Convention, the extension of sovereign immunity for wrecked warships, and the likelihood of creeping coastal State jurisdiction beyond the competences conferred by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. This transformative analysis moves forward the debate on these issues and is of international significance to States that have been similarly hesitant to ratify the Convention until now.
The Divine Comedy at Corinth: Paul, Menander and the Rhetoric of Resurrection
Authors: Cover Michael Benjamin
Published: September 2018

This article asks how the New Comedy of Menander might have influenced Paul's theological rhetoric in 1 Cor 5–15. An intertextual reading of Paul's letter against the backdrop of Menander'sSamiareveals a number of shared topics, ethical concerns and dramatic characteristics. Paul's citation of Menander'sThaisin 1 Cor 15.33 is part of this larger strategy to frame the struggles in Corinth within the ambit of Greek household ‘situation comedy’. Like Menander, Paul hybridises tragic and comic motifs throughout his epistle, inflecting the comedy of the Christ narrative with tragic examples of human misapprehension in this plea for ecclesial reconciliation.
Interpreting Atom Probe Data from Oxide–Metal Interfaces
Authors: McCarroll Ingrid , Scherrer Barbara , Felfer Peter , Moody Michael P. , Cairney Julie M.
Published: September 2018

Understanding oxide–metal interfaces is crucial to the advancement of materials and components for many industries, most notably for semiconductor devices and power generation. Atom probe tomography provides three-dimensional, atomic scale information about chemical composition, making it an excellent technique for interface analysis. However, difficulties arise when analyzing interfacial regions due to trajectory aberrations, such as local magnification, and reconstruction artifacts. Correlative microscopy and field simulation techniques have revealed that nonuniform evolution of the tip geometry, caused by heterogeneous field evaporation, is partly responsible for these artifacts. Here we attempt to understand these trajectory artifacts through a study of the local evaporation field conditions. With a better understanding of the local evaporation field, it may be possible to account for some of the local magnification effects during the reconstruction process, eliminating these artifacts before data analysis.
Intergenerational transmission of adverse childhood experiences via maternal depression and anxiety and moderation by child sex
Authors: Letourneau N. , Dewey D. , Kaplan B. J. , Ntanda H. , Novick J. , Thomas J. C. , Deane A. J. , Leung B. , Pon K. , Giesbrecht G. F. ,   the APrON Study Team
Published: September 2018

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of parents are associated with a variety of negative health outcomes in offspring. Little is known about the mechanisms by which ACEs are transmitted to the next generation. Given that maternal depression and anxiety are related to ACEs and negatively affect children’s behaviour, these exposures may be pathways between maternal ACEs and child psychopathology. Child sex may modify these associations. Our objectives were to determine: (1) the association between ACEs and children’s behaviour, (2) whether maternal symptoms of prenatal and postnatal depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between maternal ACEs and children’s behaviour, and (3) whether these relationships are moderated by child sex. Pearson correlations and latent path analyses were undertaken using data from 907 children and their mothers enrolled the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition study. Overall, maternal ACEs were associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression during the perinatal period, and externalizing problems in children. Furthermore, we observed indirect associations between maternal ACEs and children’s internalizing and externalizing problems via maternal anxiety and depression. Sex differences were observed, with boys demonstrating greater vulnerability to the indirect effects of maternal ACEs via both anxiety and depression. Findings suggest that maternal mental health may be a mechanism by which maternal early life adversity is transmitted to children, especially boys. Further research is needed to determine if targeted interventions with women who have both high ACEs and mental health problems can prevent or ameliorate the effects of ACEs on children’s behavioural psychopathology.
Placement of closed-cell designed venous stents in a mixed cohort of patients with chronic venous outflow obstructions – short-term safety, patency, and clinical outcomes
Authors: Lichtenberg Michael , Breuckmann Frank , Friedrich Stahlhoff Wilhelm , Neglén Peter , de Graaf Rick
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Background: To evaluate the performance of a closed-cell designed venous stent for the treatment of chronic ilio-femoral venous outflow obstruction (VOO) in the shortterm. Patients and methods: Safety, stent patency and clinical outcome after placement of the Vici Venous Stent® in patients with chronic ilio-femoral venous obstruction were assessed retrospectively. Stent patency was evaluated by duplex ultrasound scanning, and clinical outcome was determined using the revised Venous Clinical Severity score (rVCSS). Results: 75 patients (49 % female; median age 57 years; 82 limbs) with symptomatic significant VOO had stents placed in the ilio-femoral veins. Lower limb venous skin changes including ulcers (C-class in CEAP 4–6) were found in 31 patients (41 %). Nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVLs) and post-thrombotic obstruction (PTO) were found in 40 and 42 limbs, respectively. There were no safety issues. Cumulative primary, assisted-primary, and secondary stent patency in the entire cohort at 12 months were 94 %, 94 % and 96 %, respectively. Five limbs presented with stent occlusion. Two limbs had no intervention, 2/3 remained patent after reintervention. Clinical improvement (a decrease ≥ 2 rVCSS points) was observed in 81 %, 81 %, and 77 % of patients at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months, respectively. There was a marked drop in the frequency of more marked pain and swelling (VCSS ≥ 2) from 62 % to 5 % and 93 % to 19 %, respectively. Four limbs had venous ulcers, three healed during the follow-up. Cumulative pri- mary stent patency at 12 months was 100 % and 87 % in patients with NIVL and PTO, respectively (p= 0.032). There was no statistical difference in clinical outcome between these subgroups. Conclusions: The Vici Venous Stent® placed in the ilio-femoral vein segment in patients with symptomatic VOO revealed no safety issues, had excellent primary patency and substantial symptom improvement. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the durability of this stenting procedure.
Does Long‐Term GPS in the Western Alps Finally Confirm Earthquake Mechanisms?
Authors: Walpersdorf A. , Pinget L. , Vernant P. , Sue C. , Deprez A. ,   the RENAG team
Published: September 2018

The availability of GPS survey data spanning 22 years, along with several independent velocity solutions including up to 16 years of permanent GPS data, presents a unique opportunity to search for persistent (and thus reliable) deformation patterns in the Western Alps, which in turn allow a reinterpretation of the active tectonics of this region. While GPS velocities are still too uncertain to be interpreted on an individual basis, the analysis of range‐perpendicular GPS velocity profiles clearly highlights zones of extension in the center of the belt (15.3 to 3.1 nanostrain/year from north to south), with shortening in the forelands. The contrasting geodetic deformation pattern is coherent with earthquake focal mechanisms and related strain/stress patterns over the entire Western Alps. The GPS results finally provide a reliable and robust quantification of the regional strain rates. The observed vertical motions of 2.0 to 0.5 mm/year of uplift from north to south in the core of the Western Alps is interpreted to result from buoyancy forces related to postglacial rebound, erosional unloading, and/or viscosity anomalies in the crustal and lithospheric root. Spatial decorrelation between vertical and horizontal (seismicity related) deformation calls for a combination of processes to explain the complex present‐day dynamics of the Western Alps.
Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors
Authors: Hyder Patrick , Edwards John M. , Allan Richard P. , Hewitt Helene T. , Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Gregory Jonathan M. , Wood Richard A. , Meijers Andrew J. S. , Mulcahy Jane , Field Paul , Furtado Kalli , Bodas-Salcedo Alejandro , Williams Keith D. , Copsey Dan , Josey Simon A. , Liu Chunlei , Roberts Chris D. , Sanchez Claudio , Ridley Jeff , Thorpe Livia , Hardiman Steven C. , Mayer Michael , Berry David I. , Belcher Stephen E.
Published: September 2018

The Southern Ocean is a pivotal component of the global climate system yet it is poorly represented in climate models, with significant biases in upper-ocean temperatures, clouds and winds. Combining Atmospheric and Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (AMIP5/CMIP5) simulations, with observations and equilibrium heat budget theory, we show that across the CMIP5 ensemble variations in sea surface temperature biases in the 40–60°S Southern Ocean are primarily caused by AMIP5 atmospheric model net surface flux bias variations, linked to cloud-related short-wave errors. Equilibration of the biases involves local coupled sea surface temperature bias feedbacks onto the surface heat flux components. In combination with wind feedbacks, these biases adversely modify upper-ocean thermal structure. Most AMIP5 atmospheric models that exhibit small net heat flux biases appear to achieve this through compensating errors. We demonstrate that targeted developments to cloud-related parameterisations provide a route to better represent the Southern Ocean in climate models and projections.
A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture
Authors: Knapp Samuel , van der Heijden Marcel G. A.
Published: September 2018

One of the primary challenges of our time is to enhance global food production and security. Most assessments in agricultural systems focus on plant yield. Yet, these analyses neglect temporal yield stability, or the variability and reliability of production across years. Here we perform a meta-analysis to assess temporal yield stability of three major cropping systems: organic agriculture and conservation agriculture (no-tillage) vs. conventional agriculture, comparing 193 studies based on 2896 comparisons. Organic agriculture has, per unit yield, a significantly lower temporal stability (−15%) compared to conventional agriculture. Thus, although organic farming promotes biodiversity and is generally more environmentally friendly, future efforts should focus on reducing its yield variability. Our analysis further indicates that the use of green manure and enhanced fertilisation can reduce the yield stability gap between organic and conventional agriculture. The temporal stability (−3%) of no-tillage does not differ significantly from those of conventional tillage indicating that a transition to no-tillage does not affect yield stability.
Stereoselective oxidative glycosylation of anomeric nucleophiles with alcohols and carboxylic acids
Authors: Yang Tianyi , Zhu Feng , Walczak Maciej A.
Published: September 2018

Oligosaccharides, one of the most abundant biopolymers, are involved in numerous biological processes. Although many efforts have been put in preparative carbohydrate chemistry, achieving optimal anomeric and regioselectivities remains challenging. Herein we describe an oxidative glycosylation method between anomeric stannanes and oxygen nucleophiles resulting in the formation of a C−O bond with consistently high anomeric control for glycosyl donors bearing a free C2-hydroxyl group. These reactions are promoted by hypervalent iodine reagents with catalytic or stoichiometric amounts of Cu or Zn salts. The generality of this transformation is demonstrated in 42 examples. Mechanistic studies indicate that the oxidative glycosylation is initiated by the hydroxyl-guided delivery of the hypervalent iodine and tosylate into the anomeric position, and results in excellent 1,2-trans selectivity. The unique mechanistic paradigm, high selectivities, and mild reaction conditions make this method suitable for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and for integration with other methodologies such as automated synthesis.
Compartmentalised RNA catalysis in membrane-free coacervate protocells
Authors: Drobot Björn , Iglesias-Artola Juan M. , Le Vay Kristian , Mayr Viktoria , Kar Mrityunjoy , Kreysing Moritz , Mutschler Hannes , Tang T-Y Dora
Published: September 2018

Phase separation of mixtures of oppositely charged polymers provides a simple and direct route to compartmentalisation via complex coacervation, which may have been important for driving primitive reactions as part of the RNA world hypothesis. However, to date, RNA catalysis has not been reconciled with coacervation. Here we demonstrate that RNA catalysis is viable within coacervate microdroplets and further show that these membrane-free droplets can selectively retain longer length RNAs while permitting transfer of lower molecular weight oligonucleotides.
Sub-2 Å Ewald curvature corrected structure of an AAV2 capsid variant
Authors: Tan Yong Zi , Aiyer Sriram , Mietzsch Mario , Hull Joshua A. , McKenna Robert , Grieger Joshua , Samulski R. Jude , Baker Timothy S. , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis , Lyumkis Dmitry
Published: September 2018

Single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) provides a powerful methodology for structural biologists, but the resolutions typically attained with experimentally determined structures have lagged behind microscope capabilities. Here, we exploit several technical advances to improve resolution, including per-particle contrast transfer function (CTF) refinement and correction for Ewald sphere curvature. The latter is demonstrated with several experimental samples and should become more standard as resolutions increase or at lower microscope accelerating voltages. The combined application of the described methods to micrographs recorded on a Titan Krios enables structure determination at ~1.86-Å resolution of an adeno-associated virus serotype 2 variant (AAV2), an important gene-delivery vehicle. The resulting structural details provide an improved model for understanding the biology of AAV that will guide future vector development for gene therapy.
Height at three months can indicate overweight at two years in catch-up growth of small for gestational age infants
Authors: Chen Shi , Liu Zeyu , Zhu Huijuan , Yang Hongbo , Gong Fengying , Wang Linjie , Jiang Yu , Yan Chengsheng , Li Jianqiang , Wang Qing , Pan Hui
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to find an indicator at three months to predict overweight and short stature at two years in small for gestational age (SGA) infants. A total of 468 SGA infants and 4642 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants were included. Weight and height were measured at birth, three months and two years. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed for the catch-up growth. As compared to AGA infants, the weight of SGA infants was lower and the length/height was shorter at birth, three months, and two years. The weight of the catch-up group was significantly greater at birth and two years. The length/height of the catch-up group was greater at three months and two years. Trajectories of weight standard deviation score (SDS) and height SDS showed that the overweight group (BMI over the 85th percentile) had a shorter length/height SDS but a higher rate of the change in weight SDS during catch-up growth. The multivariate logistic regression indicated that that height at three months was an independent factor for prediction of catch-up growth at two years. The area under curve (AUC) was 0.801 with the 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.726 to 0.876. Therefore, height at three months can predict overweight at two years.
Retraction Note: Impact of different promoters, promoter mutation, and an enhancer on recombinant protein expression in CHO cells
Authors: Wang Wen , Jia Yan-long , Li Yi-chun , Jing Chang-qin , Guo Xiao , Shang Xue-fang , Zhao Chun-peng , Wang Tian-yun
Published: September 2018

This paper has been retracted at the request of the authors.
Hydrological interactions between oases and water vapor transportation in the Tarim Basin, northwestern China
Authors: Zhou Xiangyang , Lei Wenjuan
Published: September 2018

The spatial evolution of the oasis cold-wet effects in Tarim Basin, northwestern China, are explored quantitatively by using the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset, with spatial and temporal resolution of 0.1 degree and 3 hours, respectively, and the hydrological interactions between the oases and water vapor transfer are discussed to uncover the influence of oases on regional precipitation. The results reveal that the annual precipitation exhibits an increasing trend from desert toward oasis at all four oases. However, the cold effect is not the dominating factor increasing precipitation, since the maximum increasing rate of precipitation is accompanied by the minimum decreasing rate of temperature. Indeed, water vapor transportation is more important than the cold effect. The maximum promotion of precipitation is observed in western basin, where the water vapor transfer follows the gradients of decreasing temperature and increasing humidity. Conversely, the minimum promotion in southwestern basin results from water vapor transportation following the temperature increasing. Therefore, the transfer of water vapor and its interactions with local surface conditions determine the precipitation in oasis areas. Understanding these processes is crucial to exploring the formation and spatial layout of oases, which is helpful for preventing desertification and protecting the fragile oasis ecosystem.
Differential effects of dietary fibres on colonic barrier function in elderly individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Ganda Mall J. P. , Löfvendahl L. , Lindqvist C. M. , Brummer R. J. , Keita Å. V. , Schoultz I.
Published: September 2018

Gastrointestinal problems are common in elderly and often associated with psychological distress and increased levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, a hormone known to cause mast cell (MC) degranulation and perturbed intestinal barrier function. We investigated if dietary fibres (non-digestible polysaccharides [NPS]) could attenuate MC-induced colonic hyperpermeability in elderly with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Colonic biopsies from elderly with diarrhoea and/or constipation (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 19) were mounted in Ussing chambers and pre-stimulated with a yeast-derived beta (β)-glucan (0.5 mg/ml) or wheat-derived arabinoxylan (0.1 mg/ml) before the addition of the MC-degranulator Compound (C) 48/80 (10 ng/ml). Permeability markers were compared pre and post exposure to C48/80 in both groups and revealed higher baseline permeability in elderly with GI symptoms. β-glucan significantly attenuated C48/80-induced hyperpermeability in elderly with GI symptoms but not in healthy controls. Arabinoxylan reduced MC-induced paracellular and transcellular hyperpermeability across the colonic mucosa of healthy controls, but did only attenuate transcellular permeability in elderly with GI symptoms. Our novel findings indicate that NPS affect the intestinal barrier differently depending on the presence of GI symptoms and could be important in the treatment of moderate constipation and/or diarrhoea in elderly.