bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Federalism and Foreign Affairs in Mexico: The International Negotiations of Mexican Sub-State Governments
Authors: Schiavon Jorge A.
Published: May 2017

This article analyzes the international negotiations of sub-State governments (inssg) in Mexico. It addresses five questions: 1) What factors explain the increasing number ofinssgs? 2) What is the impact of federalism oninssg? 3) What are the levels ofinssgand how have they changed over the years? 4) How do Mexican sub-State governments (ssg) institutionalize their international negotiations? 5) What are the perceptions and capacities of thessgin their internationalization process? The study explains the growth ofinssgdue to democratization, arguing that renewed Mexican federalism has generated incentives forssgs to participate more intensively in international negotiations. It analyzes the wide variation in theinssgand explains how it has evolved over the last decade. It focuses on the analysis of Inter-Institutional Agreements (iia) and explains the perceptions and capacities of Mexicanssgto conduct international negotiations.
Tricks of the Slave Trade
Authors: Pérez Morales Edgardo
Published: May 2017

Around 1808, Spaniards’ ability to outfit and successfully complete slaving expeditions to Africa paled in comparison to the skill of French and British slavers. In the wake of British Abolitionism and the Cuban sugar revolution, however, some Spaniards learned the tricks of the slave trade and by 1835 had brought over 300,000 captives to Cuba and Puerto Rico (most went to Cuba). This article presents evidence on the process through which some Spaniards successfully became slave traders, highlighting the transition from early trial ventures around 1809–15 to the mastering of the trade by 1830. It pays particular attention to the operations and perspectives of the Havana-based firm Cuesta Manzanal & Hermano and to the slave trading activities on the Pongo River by the crewmen of the Spanish ship La Gaceta. Although scholars have an increasingly solid perception of the magnitude and consequences of the Cuba-based trade in human beings in the nineteenth century, the small-scale dynamics of this process, ultimately inseparable from long-term developments, remain elusive. This article adds further nuance to our knowledge of the post-1808 surge in the Spanish transatlantic slave trade.
Contesting “White Slavery” in the Caribbean
Authors: Handler Jerome S. , Reilly Matthew C.
Published: May 2017

Seventeenth-century reports of the suffering of European indentured servants and the fact that many were transported to Barbados against their wishes has led to a growing body of transatlantic popular literature, particularly dealing with the Irish. This literature claims the existence of “white slavery” in Barbados and, essentially, argues that the harsh labor conditions and sufferings of indentured servants were as bad as or even worse than that of enslaved Africans. Though not loudly and publicly proclaimed, for some present-day white Barbadians, as for some Irish and Irish-Americans, the “white slavery” narrative stresses a sense of shared victimization; this sentiment then serves to discredit calls for reparations from the descendants of enslaved Africans in the United States and the former British West Indies. This article provides a detailed examination of the sociolegal distinctions between servitude and slavery, and argues that it is misleading, if not erroneous, to apply the term “slave” to Irish and other indentured servants in early Barbados. While not denying the hardships suffered by indentured servants, referring to white servants as slaves deflects the experiences of millions of persons of African birth or descent. We systematically discuss what we believe are the major sociolegal differences and the implications of these differences between indentured servitude and the chattel slavery that uniquely applied to Africans and their descendants.
An Approach to Simulate the Effects of Antenna Patterns on Polarimetric Variable Estimates
Authors: Ivić Igor R.
Published: May 2017

One of the main challenges of using phased array radar for weather observations is the implementation of dual polarization with acceptable errors of polarimetric variable estimates. This is because the differences between the copolar antenna patterns at the horizontal and vertical polarizations, as well as cross-polar fields, can introduce unacceptable measurement biases, as the main beam is electronically steered away from the principal planes. Because the sufficient cross-polar isolation is difficult to achieve by the phased array antenna hardware and because the copolar as well as cross-polar patterns inevitably vary with each beam position, it is crucial to properly evaluate errors of estimates due to radiation patterns. Herein, a method that combines the measured or simulated radiation patterns and simulated time series is introduced. The method is suited for phased array and parabolic antennas, and it allows for evaluation of radiation-pattern-induced polarimetric variable biases and standard deviations specific to the antenna used to produce the patterns. The method can be used either as an alternative to a well-established approach using analytical derivations or as a tool for cross validation of the bias computations. For standard deviation evaluation in the presence of antenna cross-polar fields, the analytical approach becomes overly complex, which inexorably leads to the introduction of numerous approximations to obtain the results. These approximations inevitably compromise the accuracy of such computations. The method proposed herein avoids such approximations and therefore provides a valuable tool for accurate assessment of polarimetric measurement precision.
Determining Criteria for Missed Events to Evaluate Significant Severe Convective Outlooks
Authors: Hitchens Nathan M. , Brooks Harold E.
Published: May 2017

Among the Storm Prediction Center’s (SPC) probabilistic convective outlook products are forecasts specifically targeted at significant severe weather: tornadoes that produce EF2 or greater damage, wind gusts of at least 75 mi h−1, and hail with diameters of 2 in. or greater. During the period of 2005–15, for outlooks issued beginning on day 3 and through the final update to the day 1 forecast, the accuracy and skill of these significant severe outlooks are evaluated. To achieve this, criteria for the identification of significant severe weather events were developed, with a focus on determining days for which outlooks were not issued, but should have been based on the goals of the product. Results show that significant tornadoes and hail are generally well identified by outlooks, but significant wind events are underforecast. There exist differences between verification measures when calculating them based on 1) only those days for which outlooks were issued and 2) days with outlooks or missed events; specifically, there were improvements in the frequency of daily skillful forecasts when disregarding missed events. With the greatest number of missed events associated with significant wind events, forecasts for this hazard are identified as an area of future focus for the SPC.
Development of a return-to-work planning tool for cancer survivors
Authors: Amin Leila , Stergiou-Kita Mary , Jones Jennifer M.
Published: May 2017

Background.

The ability to return to work (RTW) after a cancer diagnosis can present significant challenges for survivors and can be an important predictor of their long-term quality of life. Survivors report concerns related to disclosing their cancer diagnosis, describing ongoing late effects of cancer, and negotiating workplace accommodations.

Purpose.

This paper outlines the development of an RTW planning template (RTW-PT) designed to improve communication with stakeholders involved in the RTW process. Lessons learned throughout the process of developing the RTW-PT and implications for clinical practice are presented.

Key Issues.

The RTW-PT assists the survivor and his or her health care provider to prioritize job demands during a graded RTW and to identify potential accommodations. The RTW-PT also helps survivors plan how they will communicate their RTW needs, particularly with employers and insurance representatives.

Implications.

The RTW-PT offers a structured approach to support communication among stakeholders involved in the RTW process and to assist survivors in negotiating workplace accommodations.
TRPM7 Is Involved in Volume Regulation in Salivary Glands
Authors: Kim J.M. , Choi S. , Park K.
Published: May 2017

Under hypotonic conditions, the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is essential to maintain physiological homeostasis and functions in diverse biological systems. Intracellular Ca2+ has been reported as an important mediator of this response, but the underlying Ca2+ mechanism responsible for RVD is still controversial. Here we investigate the role of Ca2+ in the RVD response using live-cell imaging, microspectrofluorimetry, and a patch-clamp technique. A typical RVD was observed in submandibular gland acinar cells after swelling in a hypotonic solution, whereas intracellular Ca2+ chelation completely inhibited the RVD response. The incidence and magnitude of the Ca2+ transient were proportional to the degree of hypotonicity of the extracellular medium, and there was a close relationship between intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the volumetric changes of the cells. Notably, this response was mediated by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, which is triggered by Ca2+ influx via stretch-activated TRPM7 channels. Furthermore, we detected the generation of Cl− currents in the swelling acinar cells upon hypotonic stress, and the current profile matched that of the Ca2+-activated Cl− currents. A specific inhibitor of Cl− currents also inhibited the RVD response. In conclusion, an intracellular Ca2+ increase in response to osmotically induced cell swelling plays a critical role in RVD in salivary gland acinar cells.
Progress towards more culturally and gender-sensitive policing
Authors: Perrott Stephen B
Published: May 2017

In view of rapidly growing criticism of western police forces, the perceptions of 156 Canadian municipal officers were examined in this quantitative study to determine their views on the state of culturally- and gender-competent practice. Respondents also completed a measure of authoritarianism and three indices of empathy. Regression analyses showed female officers to be less positive in their appraisals than men, especially in how well female officers are treated. Authoritarianism emerged as the sole psychological predictor and then only on the racial equity variable. Discussion focuses on the extent to which findings can be considered in broader discussions of reform.
Interlaminar reinforcement for enhancing low-velocity impact response of woven composites
Authors: Castellanos AG , Islam Md S , Tarango E , Lin Y , Prabhakar P
Published: May 2017

This paper proposes a novel technique for improving the low-velocity impact response of woven composites, which involves synthesizing ZnO nanowires on dry woven carbon fabric layers. ZnO nanowire reinforcements were added to the interlaminar regions that are most susceptible to damage within layered composites, which were determined using finite element method analysis. Upon fabricating the laminates with and without ZnO nanowire interlaminar reinforcements, low-velocity impact responses were investigated next and the degree of damage was experimentally determined. The physical tests reveal that the samples with ZnO nanowires experience a lower degree of damage, up to a maximum of 25% for different impact energies, in comparison to the samples without ZnO nanowires. Therefore, the study presented in this paper shows the potential of using ZnO nanowires as interlaminar reinforcements for woven composites to improve their impact damage resistance.
An Overview of the Performance Improvement Initiatives by the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hassanain Mazen
Published: May 2017

Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Health (MOH) use corporate performance improvement methodologies to develop and implement performance improvement initiatives designed to continue building on the Ministry’s vision of transforming hospital operations and instituting a culture of quality and performance focused on the “patient first” principle. We evaluated the feasibility of setting up a performance improvement unit (PIU) within the MOH to apply the principles of Lean Six Sigma and to change management methodologies. The MOH collaborated with external consultants to implement PIU initiatives in 4 steps: PIU Setup, PIU Capability Building, High-Impact Project Implementation, and Project Sustainability and Knowledge Transfer. PIU units were setup across the 13 provinces over 90 days. The process included the promotion of knowledge sharing to strengthen the skill set of Saudi health care professionals and develop local performance improvement champions within the MOH who could lead, implement, and sustain future projects. Implementation was a challenge; though, early results from the High-Impact Project Implementation phase were encouraging. However, the sustainability of PIU interventions was poor, with performance improvement processes returning to baseline levels within 9 months. This case study shows that PIU implementation is a feasible approach for improving health care delivery in Saudi Arabia. Poor sustainability despite initial success highlights the need to further improve the engagement, incentivization, and training of team leaders and members to achieve long-term success with the program.
Legislation to Practice: An Analysis of Domestic Violence Cases from Kerala’s Lower Courts
Authors: Arathi P.M.  , Athira P.M.
Published: May 2017

The regulation of an intimate family relationship to control and prevent violence against women in the domestic space is analysed as an instance of interference by the state to regulate and monitor a hitherto ‘private’ space. This article explores to what extent can the interference of law help suppressed women to use law as a tool to change situations of familial violence and thereby enhance their capacity to engage with the ‘male space’ of courtrooms? The ‘result’ from the whole legal and judicial process may not give a solution to the ‘violence’ they have undergone but the courtroom and client counselling experience reveals that it does provoke the woman to think in terms of emancipation. The everyday practice of domestic violence law in the lower courts of Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala has been analysed in this article.
Changing place of death in children who died after discharge from paediatric intensive care units: A national, data linkage study
Authors: Fraser Lorna K , Fleming Sarah , Parslow Roger
Published: May 2017

Background:

Although child mortality is decreasing, more than half of all deaths in childhood occur in children with a life-limiting condition whose death may be expected.

Aim:

To assess trends in place of death and identify characteristics of children who died in the community after discharge from paediatric intensive care unit.

Design:

National data linkage study.

Setting/participants:

All children resident in England and Wales when admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit in the United Kingdom (1 January 2004 and 31 December 2014) were identified in the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network dataset. Linkage to death certificate data was available up to the end of 2014. Place of death was categorised as hospital (hospital or paediatric intensive care unit) or community (hospice, home or other) for multivariable logistic modelling.

Results:

The cohort consisted of 110,328 individuals. In all, 7709 deaths occurred after first discharge from paediatric intensive care unit. Among children dying, the percentage in-hospital at the time of death decreased from 83.8% in 2004 to 68.1% in 2014; 852 (0.8%) of children were discharged to palliative care. Children discharged to palliative care were eight times more likely to die in the community than children who died and had not been discharged to palliative care (odds ratio = 8.06 (95% confidence interval = 6.50–10.01)).

Conclusions:

The proportion of children dying in hospital is decreasing, but a large proportion of children dying after discharge from paediatric intensive care unit continue to die in hospital. The involvement of palliative care at the point of discharge has the potential to offer choice around place of care and death for these children and families.
Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine
Authors: Vogel Peter , Janke Laura , Gravano David M. , Lu Meifen , Sawant Deepali V. , Bush Dorothy , Shuyu E , Vignali Dario A. A. , Pillai Asha , Rehg Jerold E.
Published: May 2017

Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
Endoscopic Cytology for the Diagnosis of Chronic Enteritis and Intestinal Lymphoma in Dogs
Authors: Maeda S. , Tsuboi M. , Sakai K. , Ohno K. , Fukushima K. , Kanemoto H. , Hiyoshi-Kanemoto S. , Goto-Koshino Y. , Chambers J. K. , Yonezawa T. , Uchida K. , Matsuki N.
Published: May 2017

Although cytology is a rapid diagnostic procedure in dogs, the cytologic criteria of endoscopic biopsies for chronic enteritis and intestinal lymphoma are not well defined. An immediate diagnosis using cytology would benefit patients by enabling prompt initiation of therapy. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the results of endoscopic cytology and histopathology. In this study, 167 dogs with clinical signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease were included. On the basis of histopathology, the following diagnoses were determined: lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in 93 dogs; eosinophilic enteritis in 5 dogs; small cell intestinal lymphoma in 45 dogs; and large cell intestinal lymphoma in 24 dogs. Two clinical pathologists retrospectively evaluated the endoscopic cytology of squash-smear preparations. The cytologic diagnoses of inflammation, small cell lymphoma, and large cell lymphoma were based on the severity of lymphocyte infiltration, the size of infiltrated lymphocytes, and eosinophil/mast cell infiltration. The clinical severity score was significantly increased along with the degree of lymphocyte infiltration evaluated by cytology. The cytologic diagnosis was in complete agreement with the histopathologic diagnosis in 136 of 167 (81.4%) cases. For the differentiation between enteritis and lymphoma, endoscopic cytology had a sensitivity of 98.6%, a specificity of 73.5%, a positive predictive value of 72.3%, and a negative predictive value of 98.6%. The log-rank test and Cox regression analysis showed that the results of cytology predicted the prognosis. These results suggest that endoscopic cytology is a useful technique to aid diagnosis of intestinal inflammation and lymphoma in dogs.
Brucellosis in Endangered Hector’s Dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori)
Authors: Buckle Kelly , Roe Wendi D. , Howe Laryssa , Michael Sarah , Duignan Padraig J. , Burrows E. , Ha Hye Jeong , Humphrey Sharon , McDonald Wendy L.
Published: May 2017

Brucella spp infections of marine mammals are often asymptomatic but have been associated with reproductive losses and deaths. Zoonotic infections originating from marine isolates have also been described. Hector’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) are an endangered species with a declining population, and the role of infectious disease in population dynamics is not fully understood. In this study, 27 Hector’s dolphins found dead around the New Zealand coastline between November 2006 and October 2010 were evaluated for lesions previously associated with cetacean brucellosis. Tissues were examined using histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) techniques. Seven of 27 dolphins (26%) had at least 1 tissue that was positive on PCR for Brucella spp. Lesions consistent with brucellosis were present in 10 of 27 (37%) dolphins, but in 8 of these dolphins Brucella infection could not be demonstrated in lesional tissues. Two dolphins (7%) were diagnosed with active brucellosis: 1 female with placentitis and metritis, and 1 stillborn male fetus. Brucella identified in these 2 dolphins had genetic similarity (99%) to Brucella pinnipedialis. The omp2a gene amplicon from the uterus of the female had 100% homology with ST27 genotype isolates from a human in New Zealand and a bottlenose dolphin of Pacific origin. The remaining 5 PCR-positive dolphins were assessed as having asymptomatic or latent infection. While most Brucella infections identified in this study appeared to be subclinical, the finding of 2 dolphins with reproductive disease due to Brucella infection suggests that this disease has the potential to affect reproductive success in this species.
The Epidemiology and Effect of Sliding Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball Players
Authors: Camp Christopher L. , Curriero Frank C. , Pollack Keshia M. , Mayer Stephanie W. , Spiker Andrea M. , D’Angelo John , Coleman Struan H.
Published: May 2017

Background:

Although sliding occurs frequently in professional baseball, little is known about the epidemiology and effect of injuries that occur during sliding in this population of elite athletes.

Purpose:

To describe the incidence and characteristics of sliding injuries, determine their effect in terms of time out of play, and identify common injury patterns that may represent appropriate targets for injury prevention programs in the future.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiologic study.

Methods:

All offensive sliding injuries occurring in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MLB) that resulted in time out of play during a span of 5 seasons (2011-2015) were identified. In addition to player demographics, data extracted included time out of play, location on field where injury occurred, level of play, treatment (surgical vs nonsurgical), direction of slide (head vs feet first), body region injured, and diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the distribution of these injuries, and injury rates were calculated per slide.

Results:

From 2011 to 2015, 1633 injuries occurred as a result of a slide. The total number of days missed per season was 4263. Surgical intervention was required for 134 (8.2%) injuries, and the mean days missed was 66.5 for players treated surgically and 12.3 days for players treated nonoperatively ( P < .001). MLB players were more likely than MiLB players to require surgical intervention (12.3% vs 7.5%, P = .019). Injuries to the hands/fingers represented 25.3% of all injuries and 31.3% of those requiring surgery. Although the majority of injuries occurred at second base (57%), the per-slide injury rate was similar across all bases ( P = .991). The estimated overall frequency of injury in MLB was once per every 336 slides, and the rate of injury for head- and feet-first slides was 1 in 249 and 413 slides, respectively ( P = .119).

Conclusion:

Injuries occurring while sliding in professional baseball result in a significant amount of time out of play for these elite athletes. Injuries occurring at second base and those occurring to the hands and fingers were most prevalent and may be an appropriate target for future injury prevention programs.
Alcohol Use, Hostile Sexism, and Religious Self-Regulation: Investigating Risk and Protective Factors of IPV Perpetration
Authors: Lynch Kellie R. , Renzetti Claire M.
Published: May 2017

Research suggests that the relationship between alcohol use and intimate partner violence (IPV) is moderated by a range of other factors. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between alcohol use, hostile sexism, and religious self-regulation with perpetration. Using a national sample of 255 men, we found that hostile sexism was associated with physical violence toward a partner and alcohol use was positively associated with psychological abuse toward a partner. With regard to religious self-regulation, we found that introjected religious self-regulation was positively associated with hostile sexism and positively associated with perpetrating physical IPV. Identified religious self-regulation was negatively associated with physical violence perpetration. We also found significant interactions among our independent measures on physical IPV perpetration. These analyses suggest that increased alcohol consumption elevates the risk for physical violence perpetration among men who are high in introjected religious self-regulation and low in hostile sexism, while reducing the risk for perpetration in men who are high in identified religious self-regulation and low in hostile sexism. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.
Novel high-barrier polyimide containing rigid planar dibenzofuran moiety in main chain
Authors: Tan Jinghua , Huang Jie , Liu Yiwu , Ding Qian , Zeng Yi , Zhang Hailiang , Liu Yuejun , Xiang Xianwei
Published: May 2017

A novel aromatic diamine monomer (4,4′-(dibenzofuran-2,8-diyl) dianiline (DFPDA)) derived from the rigid planar dibenzofuran was synthesized through Suzuki coupling reaction. The aromatic polyimide (2-methyl-6-(4-(8-(p-tolyl)dibenzo[b,d]furan-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolo[3,4-f]isoindole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone (DFPPI)) based on such new diamine DFPDA and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was prepared by two-step polymerization and subsequent thermal imidization. Compared with traditional polyimide (Kapton), the resulted DFPPI exhibits improved barrier properties with water vapor transmission rate and oxygen transmission rate which is 22.9 g m−2 day−1 and 20.7 cm3 m−2 day−1, respectively. Wide-angle X-ray diffractograms and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy reveal that the improved barrier properties of DFPPI are mainly due to the higher crystallinity and lower free volume of the polymer, which are resulted from the rigid planar structure. The DFPPI also shows excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties with a glass transition temperature of 427°C, 5% weight-loss temperature of 558°C, and tensile strength of 121.0 MPa. The polyimide has attractive potential applications in flexible electronics and high-grade packaging area.
An analytical model to predict interfacial burr height for metal stack drilling
Authors: Hu Yongxiang , Song Yao , Li Yuan , Yao Zhenqiang
Published: May 2017

Interfacial burrs of metal stack drilling deteriorate quality and require significant cost of time and labor to deburr. An analytical model is proposed to predict interfacial burr height in double-layered stack drilling, which can be used to control the interfacial burrs by adjusting the clamping force and pressure foot sizes. In this model, the deflections of top and bottom metal sheets are investigated under complex drilling conditions to provide an analytical model. The effect of interlayer compression was clarified and an iterative method was utilized to determine the interlayer contact region and its effect on the deflections during drilling. Experiments were conducted to drill stacked 7075T6 and 2024T3 Aluminum alloy sheets under different clamping forces. The total burr height measured from experimental results agrees well with the gap predicted by the analytical model.
Construction of unwinding equation of motion for thin cable in spherical coordinate system
Authors: Kim Kun-Woo , Lee Jae-Wook , Jang Jin-Seok , Oh Joo-Young , Kang Ji-Heon , Kim Hyung-Ryul , Yoo Wan-Suk
Published: May 2017

The transient-state unwinding equation of motion for a thin cable can be derived by using Hamilton’s principle for an open system, which can consider the mass change produced by the unwinding velocity in a control volume. In general, most engineering problems can be analyzed in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. In the field of unwinding dynamics, until now, only Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems have been used. A spherical coordinate system has not been used because of the complexity of derivatives. Therefore, in this study, the unwinding motion of a thin cable was analyzed using a spherical coordinate system in both water and air, and the results were compared with the results in Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems. The unwinding motions in the spherical, Cartesian, and cylindrical coordinate systems were nearly same in both water and air. The error related to the total length was within 0.5% in water, and the error related to the maximum balloon radius was also within 0.5 % in air. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is possible to solve the transient-state unwinding equation of motion in a spherical coordinate system.
Detection of structural damage and estimation of reliability using a multidimensional monitoring approach
Authors: Ortiz JO , Betancur German R , Gómez J , Castañeda Leonel F , Zaja̧c G , Gutiérrez-Carvajal RE
Published: May 2017

Many structural elements are exposed to load conditions that are difficult to model during the design phase, such as environmental uncertainties, random impacts, and overloading, amongst others, thus increasing unprogrammed maintenance and reducing confidence in the reliability of the structure in question. One way to deal with this problem is to monitor the structural condition of the element. This approach requires supervising several signals coming from critical locations and then performing an accurate condition estimation of the element in question based on the data collected. This study implements a method to diagnose and evaluate the reliability of the bolster beam structure of the railway vehicle during a fatigue test. The results show that multidimensional monitoring not only diagnoses the element accurately but also results in correct estimation of reliability.
Numerical simulation of parachute inflation: A methodological review
Authors: Cao Yihua , Nie Shuai , Wu Zhenlong
Published: May 2017

The parachute inflation process involves fluid–structure interaction problems posing several mathematical and engineering challenges, e.g. accurate aerodynamics calculations for bluff-body geometries involving with moving boundary, appropriate structural models in predicting the behavior of canopy, and realization of the coupling between the fluid and structure. These challenges attract the attention of scholars worldwide, and considerable achievements have been obtained in applying numerical methods and simulations to design multifarious parachutes. In this paper, the authors highlight the advances in the following fields: the methods suitable for time-dependent flow around bluff-body geometries, the accurate structural models in consideration of the under-constrained and no-compression nature of the canopy, and the advantages and disadvantages of different coupling algorithms in terms of numerical stability and computational economics. Moreover, in order to simulate the parachute inflation more realistically, we focus on accurate representation of three physical phenomena, as follows: an appropriate model of the flow through porous media, an accurate treatment of the wrinkling phenomenon of the canopy, and a consistent representation of the impact-contact problem associated with the inflation process. Finally, based on a review of existing literature, we offer recommendations for future research on the application of numerical methods for simulating the inflation process.
Whistle-blowing process in healthcare: From suspicion to action
Authors: Pohjanoksa Johanna , Stolt Minna , Suhonen Riitta , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Leino-Kilpi Helena
Published: May 2017

Background:

Whistle-blowing is an ethical activity that tries to end wrongdoing. Wrongdoing in healthcare varies from inappropriate behaviour to illegal action. Whistle-blowing can have negative consequences for the whistle-blower, often in the form of bullying or retribution. Despite the wrongdoing and negative tone of whistle-blowing, there is limited literature exploring them in healthcare.

Objective:

The aim was to describe possible wrongdoing in Finnish healthcare and to examine whistle-blowing processes described on the basis of the existing literature in healthcare as perceived by healthcare professionals.

Research design:

The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey. The data were collected using the electronic questionnaire Whistle-blowing in Health Care and analysed statistically.

Participants and research context:

A total of 397 Finnish healthcare professionals participated, 278 of whom had either suspected or observed wrongdoing in healthcare, which established the data for this article.

Ethical considerations:

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University (20/2015). Permission to conduct the study was received according to the organisation’s policies.

Findings:

Wrongdoing occurs in healthcare, as 96% of the participants had suspected and 94% had observed wrongdoing. Regarding the frequency, wrongdoing was suspected (57%) and observed (52%) more than once a month. Organisation-related wrongdoing was the most common type of wrongdoing (suspected 70%, observed 66%). In total, two whistle-blowing processes were confirmed in healthcare: (1) from suspicion to consequences occurred to 27%, and (2) from observation to consequences occurred to 37% of the participants.

Discussion and conclusion:

Wrongdoing occurs in healthcare quite frequently. Whistle-blowing processes were described based on the existing literature, but two separate processes were confirmed by the empirical data. More research is needed on wrongdoing and whistle-blowing on it in healthcare.
Weakening trade union power
Authors: Moen Eli
Published: May 2017

For the past two decades – and in particular after the 2008 crisis – atypical employment has expanded across Europe. The crisis led to increased demand for more flexible labour markets, and thus atypical employment became an important tool for employment, competitiveness and economic growth. However, recent research reveals that employers are using atypical employment not just to compensate for unstable markets, but also as an opportunity to cut costs by bypassing collective agreements and to discipline workers, works councils and unions. The case study presented in this article corroborates these findings, arguing that employers – in addition to reducing costs – are making use of atypical employment to weaken organised labour as a goal in its own right. Whether such behaviour forms part of a larger drive to resist unions needs to be further researched. In any event, atypical employment represents an increasing challenge to trade unions across Europe.
Light-induced vibration control of parabolic cylindrical shell panels
Authors: Li Huiyu , Guo Da , Tzou Hornsen
Published: May 2017

Parabolic cylindrical shell panel is useful in the aerospace. Light-activated shape memory polymer is a novel kind of smart materials. It is capable of offering a non-contact control way at the room temperature. In this study, the parabolic cylindrical shell panel laminated with light-activated shape memory polymer actuators is analyzed. First, the dynamic equations of the parabolic cylindrical shell panel coupled with light-activated shape memory polymer actuators are established; the modal control force of light-activated shape memory polymer actuators is derived with the modal expansion method. Then, the strain variation of light-activated shape memory polymer actuators is modeled based on the chemical kinetics. Furthermore, Young’s modulus of light-activated shape memory polymer actuators is measured through the biaxial tension experiments. The strain variation of light-activated shape memory polymer actuator with initial strain is also measured. The established strain model is validated by the experimental data of strain variation. In this case study, the snap-back control effects of the first four modes, that is, the (1,3), (1,4), (2,4), and (2,5) modes are evaluated. The study shows light-activated shape memory polymer actuators are effective to control the vibration of parabolic cylindrical shell panels. Light-activated shape memory polymer actuators have potential applications for the vibration control of double-curvature shells.
In-Service Training for Increasing Teachers’ ADHD Knowledge and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Latouche Alexandre Pascal , Gascoigne Michael
Published: May 2017

Objective: The aim of this article is to evaluate the efficacy of a brief in-service training workshop at increasing primary school teachers’ ADHD knowledge and sense of self-efficacy. Method: Teachers from 10 schools participated in the study ( n = 274) and were allocated into either an intervention or waitlist control group. Teachers’ ADHD knowledge and self-efficacy were assessed following the provision of a brief training workshop on ADHD. Knowledge and self-efficacy retention were also assessed at a 1-month follow-up. Results: Within the intervention group, ADHD knowledge and self-efficacy increased following the intervention (both ps < .001). Knowledge increased more than twofold, from very low to high levels, although increases in self-efficacy were more modest. Both knowledge and self-efficacy decreased at the 1-month follow-up but, nevertheless, remained higher than baseline levels ( p < .001). Conclusion: Results demonstrate that a brief training workshop can increase primary school teachers’ ADHD knowledge and self-efficacy. Whilst increases in self-efficacy were modest, our findings suggest that a brief professional development intervention can be utilized to greatly increase teachers’ ADHD knowledge, providing a cost-effective, practical solution to address this well-evidenced gap in teachers’ training and knowledge about the disorder.
Association Between Media Doses of the Tips From Former Smokers Campaign and Cessation Behaviors and Intentions to Quit Among Cigarette Smokers, 2012-2015
Authors: Davis Kevin C. , Patel Deesha , Shafer Paul , Duke Jennifer , Glover-Kudon Rebecca , Ridgeway William , Cox Shanna
Published: May 2017

Background. Since 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has implemented Tips From Former Smokers ( Tips), the first federally funded tobacco education campaign in the United States. To date, there are no evaluations of its long-term impact. Aims. To assess the impact of varied doses of the Tips campaign from 2012 through 2015 on cessation-related behaviors and intentions among U.S. smokers. Method. We used a national probability-based online survey of cigarette smokers ( n = 22,189) and recent quitters ( n = 776) to examine associations between doses of Tips advertising, measured by gross rating points (GRPs), and intentions to quit smoking in the next 30 days and quit attempts within the past 3 months. A curvilinear (i.e., square root) functional form of GRPs was used to capture patterns of diminishing effects at higher GRP levels. Results. An increase of 1,000 quarterly Tips GRPs at the media market level was associated with increased odds of making a quit attempt in the past 3 months (adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, p < .001) and increased odds of intending to quit in the next 30 days (adjusted odds ratio = 1.17, p = .030). Discussion. Results suggest that CDC-recommended media buys of 800 to 1,000 GRPs per quarter are sufficient to generate statistically significant increases in the likelihood of quit attempts in the past quarter. Conclusions. The Tips campaign has had a substantial impact on cessation behaviors among U.S. adult smokers over time. These data support the continued use of graphic and/or emotional media campaigns that encourage smokers to quit to further reduce tobacco use in the United States.
Comparison of in-clinic point-of-care and reference laboratory total thyroxine immunoassays for diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Peterson Mark E , Rishniw Mark , Bilbrough Graham E , Cote Kate B
Published: May 2017

Objectives

The Catalyst One Chemistry Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories) is a point-of-care instrument that can measure total thyroxine (TT4) by immunoassay. The aims of this study were to evaluate the analytic performance of the Catalyst TT4 assay in feline sera and to examine agreement of the Catalyst TT4 results with those measured by immunoassay at a veterinary reference laboratory.

Methods

Assay precision, reproducibility and linearity were evaluated for the Catalyst TT4 assay. For method comparison, TT4 concentrations in serum samples from 157 cats (127 hyperthyroid, 30 radioiodine-treated cats) were analyzed by both in-clinic and reference laboratory methods.

Results

The Catalyst TT4 demonstrated good precision and reproducibility (coefficients of variation ⩽8.5%) and excellent linearity in the diagnostic range of 6–150 nmol/l. Differences between the two TT4 methods showed no proportional or fixed bias (Bland–Altman plots) but did demonstrate greater spread of values at higher TT4 concentrations. Statistical analysis of percent differences between methods indicated 95% limits of agreement of ± 30%. When serum TT4 concentrations were classified as low, high or within the reference interval (12–50 nmol/l) for each assay, there was strong agreement (96.8%) in classification between methods.

Conclusions and relevance

The Catalyst TT4 assay provided precise serum TT4 concentrations in the 157 samples analyzed, which agreed well with results provided by a reference laboratory. Cats with Catalyst TT4 concentrations near decision thresholds (eg, normal vs high) should either have TT4 concentration repeated a few weeks later and/or undergo further testing (eg, free T4, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid scintigraphy) to determine thyroid status.
Vascular complications associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Sardar M Rizwan , Goldsweig Andrew M , Abbott J Dawn , Sharaf Barry L , Gordon Paul C , Ehsan Afshin , Aronow Herbert D
Published: May 2017

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is now an accepted pathway for aortic valve replacement for patients who are at prohibitive, severe and intermediate risk for traditional aortic valve surgery. However, with this rising uptrend and adaptation of this new technology, vascular complications and their management remain an Achilles heel for percutaneous aortic valve replacement. The vascular complications are an independent predictor of mortality for patients undergoing TAVR. Early recognition of these complications and appropriate management is paramount. In this article, we review the most commonly encountered vascular complications associated with currently approved TAVR devices and their optimal percutaneous management techniques.
Medical training for police officers in specialist role (D13): A retrospective review of patient report forms from 2010–2015
Authors: Hartley FL , Howells A , Thurgood A , Hall FJ , Porter KM
Published: May 2017

Introduction

D13 is a nationally agreed bespoke medical training package for specialist firearms police officers introduced in 2010. Patient report forms are completed after every episode of care provision.

Methods

A review of patient report forms submitted by police firearms officers in five regions of England over the five years since the introduction of D13.

Results

Officers attended a large range of incidents, both traumatic and medical, minor and life critical. The majority (69.5%) were responded to as part of a normal police response, while 30.5% of cases were due to primary firearm deployments. Catastrophic haemorrhage was dealt with in 8.1% of cases including the use of haemostatic dressings and tourniquet application. Airway interventions were required in 36.1% of patients and 50.4% required interventions for external bleeding.

Discussion

From a background of a minimum of 18 h for Standard and 24 h for Enhanced courses and with regular simulation refreshers, specialist police officers, who are part of a robust clinical governance process, play an important role in providing immediate medical care in non-permissive or dangerous environments where ambulance personnel will not be present and when the officers are frequently first on scene.
Prevalence of anemia and its influence on hospital readmissions and emergency department visits in outpatients with heart failure
Authors: Son Youn-Jung , Kim Bo Hwan
Published: May 2017

Background:

Anemia is a frequent comorbidity in patients with heart failure. However, the incidence of anemia in patients with heart failure varies widely, and there is limited evidence on the association between anemia and rehospitalization and on the health consequences of anemia in patients with heart failure.

Aims:

We aimed to identify the prevalence of anemia and its influence on hospital readmissions and emergency department visits in outpatients with heart failure.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study included 284 patients with heart failure diagnosed at outpatient cardiology clinics at a tertiary care university hospital in Cheonan, South Korea. We obtained socio-demographic and clinical information, including frequency of readmissions and emergency department visits, using face-to-face interviews and medical record reviews.

Results:

The prevalence of anemia, defined based on World Health Organization guidelines, was 39.1% among patients with heart failure. Anemia was significantly more prevalent among patients with one or more re-admissions or emergency department visits compared with patients with no history of hospital re-admissions or emergency department visits (42.7% vs. 13.9% ( p = 0.001) and 55.1% vs. 34% ( p = 0.002) respectively). Anemia increased the risk of hospital readmission (odds ratio =8.04, 95% confidence interval, 2.19–29.54) and emergency department visit (odds ratio=2.37, 95% confidence interval, 1.22–4.60) in patients with heart failure.

Conclusion:

It is imperative that patients with heart failure presenting with anemia undergo appropriate nursing assessment and intervention. Future prospective studies targeting interventions to improve anemia are required to determine whether anemia influences readmission rates and emergency department visits.