bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single Crystals of V‐Amylose Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Putaux Jean‐Luc , Cardoso Mateus B. , Dupeyre Danielle , Morin Morgane , Nulac Adrien , Hu Yang
Published: December 2008

Summary: Lamellar single crystals of V‐amylose have been prepared from dilute solutions in the presence of various complexing agents (isopropanol, thymol, linalool, terpineol, α‐naphthol and quinoline). They were characterized by means of electron microscopy imaging and electron crystallography. Crystals of the Visopropanol‐type were more frequently obtained even with complexing molecules with different sizes and chemical structures. α‐naphthol and quinoline formed crystals involving 8‐fold amylose helices. Flower‐like “pseudo‐spherocrystals” of lamellar units were observed when the crystallization was carried out at higher amylose concentration.
Noncovalent Macromolecular Architectures of Oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene)s (OPVs): Role of End Functional Groups on the Gelation of Organic Solvents
Authors: Babu Sukumaran S. , Praveen Vakayil K. , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai
Published: December 2008

Summary: Self‐assembly of a few OPV derivatives having different end functional groups to aggregates, fibrous networks and organogels are discussed. OPV1 and OPV2 functionalized with ester moieties form gels in nonpolar hydrocarbon solvents whereas OPV3 with carboxylic acid groups form gel from THF and dichloromethane. OPV4 with dicyano moieties form aggregates but could not gelate solvents. AFM and TEM studies revealed considerable difference in the morphology of the self‐assembled structures of OPV1‐4. From the optical, morphological and gelation data it is concluded that the nature of the end functional groups strongly influences upon the self‐assembly and gelation properties of OPVs.
Ionic Complexes of Biotechnological Polyacids with Cationic Surfactants
Authors: García‐Alvarez Montserrat , de Ilarduya Antxon Martínez , Portilla José Antonio , Alla Abdelilah , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián
Published: December 2008

Summary: Stoichiometric complexes of biotechnological poly(γ‐glutamic) acid and poly(β,L‐malic) acid with alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants of long alkyl chains could be readily prepared in aqueous medium. They adopt a biphasic layered structures in which the main chain and the side chain alternate with nanometric periodicity. Alkyl side chains show reversible melting that involves generation of mesophases. Complexes degraded by water by different mechanisms depending on the constitution of the main chain; the polymalic complexes underwent surface erosion whereas the polyglutamic ones degraded in bulk. Erythromycin could be homogenously loaded into the paraffinic subphase of the complexes and delivered upon incubation under physiological conditions in parallel to the hydrolysis of the polymer.
Studies on the Effect of Glass Transition on the Crystalline Transition in Syndiotactic Polystyrene – Solvent Complexes
Authors: Naidu Sudhakar , Ramesh N.C.
Published: December 2008

Summary: Amorphous syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) was crystallized at room temperature in Norbornadiene (bicyclo[2,2,1]‐hepta‐2,5‐diene), Mesitylene (1,3,5‐ Trimethylbenzene), 3‐Carene (3,7,7‐trimethyl bicyclo[4,1,0]hept‐3‐ene) and DMN (1,4‐Dimethylnaphthalene) to form the sPS‐solvent complex (δ form) with respective solvent molecules. In situ HTFTIR studies showed that the δ form to γ form transformation temperature occurs well below the glass transition temperature of sPS, which is depressed due to the presence of solvent in the amorphous phase; higher the solvent content in the complex, lower the transition temperature. Glass transition temperatures determined by Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) coincide with the transition temperatures, indicating that the δ form transforms into γ form at the glass transition temperature for these complexes. Such a behavior is very different from the behaviour of the sPS‐ solvent complexes formed by dichloromethane, chloroform, toluene, o‐dichlorobenzene, decalin (cis‐trans) etc. and for these complexes the transition occur well above the Tg.1
Kinetic Study of the Aggregation of Colloids Immersed in a Binary Mixture of Polymers
Authors: Chafi N. , Benelmostafa M. , Benhamou M.
Published: December 2008

Summary: We consider an assembly of colloidal particles, which are immersed in a binary mixture of polymers. At temperatures close to the critical point of the free mixture, the fluctuations of the composition induce a critical Casimir force between colloids. This force naturally depends on their distance and it is responsible for the colloidal aggregation. In this paper, we propose to study the kinetics of such a transition leading colloids from a dispersed phase (gas) to a dense one (liquid). This kinetics is studied through the relaxation rate, which is a function of the transfer wave‐vector.
Difference in Glass Transition Behavior Between Semi Crystalline and Amorphous poly(lactic acid) Thin Films
Authors: Narladkar Ashok , Balnois Eric , Vignaud Guillaume , Grohens Yves
Published: December 2008

Summary: Semi crystalline and amorphous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) thin films exhibit different glass transition temperature and behaviour, as revealed by ellipsometry. For semi‐crystalline poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) thin film (with crystalline content between 40 and 60%), the glass transition temperature (Tg) is found to decrease below a film thickness of 50 nm. This depression was interpreted in term of disentenglement effect which is likely to occur upon confining the amorphous PLA phase near a non interacting surface. New results performed on non completed films, i.e. isolated objects, also reveal the lower transition temperature, thus underlying the importance of the entanglement state of the polymer chains on their mobility. For amorphous PLA thin film, obtained from the L and D copolymer, two distinct glass transitions were observed, with the highest Tg attributed to the presence of some nano‐phase domains, formed by a possible cooperation of the D and L blocks to form stereocomplexes sequences, within the film. Furthermore, if these Tg remained constant as film thicknesses decrease down to 50 nm, they were also found to slightly decrease for isolated objects, thus supporting the importance of the entanglement hypothesis on the glass transition.
A Hierarchical Optimization Approach to Optimal Production Scheduling in an Industrial Continuous Olefin Polymerization Reactor
Authors: Chatzidoukas Christos , Pistikopoulos Stratos , Kiparissides Costas
Published: December 2008

The time‐optimal grade‐transition policies, as well as the selection of the optimal grade production sequence, are calculated for a gas‐phase ethylene/but‐1‐ene copolymerization FBR. The tuning parameters (i.e., proportional gain and integral time) of the feedback PI process controllers, as well as the time‐optimal trajectories of the feedforward controllers, are treated as decision variables. A two‐level decomposition approach is applied for solving the optimal‐grade transition‐scheduling problem, taking into account the impact of both transient operation and the sequence of grade transitions on the overall amount of off‐spec polymer and overall transition time.

magnified image
Mechanistic study on the substitution reactions of O‐ethyl S‐aryl dithiocarbonates with quinuclidines
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Gazitúa Marcela , Ríos Paulina , Tobar Paula , Santos José G.
Published: December 2008

The quinuclidinolysis of 4‐nitrophenyl, 2,4‐dinitrophenyl and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl O‐ethyl dithiocarbonates (1, 2, and 3, respectively) are studied kinetically at 25.0 °C, ionic strength 0.2 M; the two former in water and the latter in 44 wt% ethanol–water. The Brønsted plots (log kN vs. pKa of quinuclidinium ions) for the reactions of 1 and 2 are linear with slopes β = 0.94 and 0.76, respectively, and that of 3 shows a smooth curvature. From these results and other arguments it can be concluded that the quinuclidinolysis of dithiocarbonate 1 in water is stepwise, in contrast to those of dithiocarbonates 2 in water and 3 in aqueous ethanol, which are concerted. The kinetics and mechanistic effects of the leaving and electrophilic groups and the amine nature are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation of protonated flavone and flavonol aglycones: a re‐examination
Authors: Justino Gonçalo C. , Borges Carlos M. , Florêncio M. Helena
Published: December 2008

Flavonoids are important phytochemicals which have been intensively studied in the last decades in view of their antioxidant activity, which is of particular importance in the case of flavones and flavonols, that differ in a single 3‐OH group. Mass spectrometry has been used to elucidate the structures of many types of flavonoids and their metabolites. The work we present here is focused on the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) analysis of flavone and flavonols aglycones. Their fragmentation mechanisms in the positive ion mode are described and compared with previously reported mechanisms. We analyzed flavonoid derivatives produced by reaction of the flavonoids with chemically synthesized hypohalous acids (HOCl, HOBr and HOI) and peroxynitrite, reactive species involved in the inflammatory response. All the proposed pathways have been analyzed using computational chemistry methods in order to seek for possible variations and establish the most plausible ones. We observed that the losses of one and two CO molecules can be useful in terms of antioxidant activity prediction. Losses of one and two C2H2O groups are also informative in terms of structure and activity predictions. The retro‐Diels‐Alder fragmentations, and subsequent neutral losses, were reviewed and, according to our calculations, the most plausible structures for the product ions were established. These fingerprints will be of great value for differentiating flavonoids from other compounds in complex biological mixtures and for a thorough structural identification of flavonoid aglycones and their in vivo metabolites. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic turnover rates of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in captive juvenile snakes
Authors: Fisk Aaron T. , Sash Kim , Maerz John , Palmer William , Carroll John P. , MacNeil M. Aaron
Published: December 2008

Metabolic turnover rates (m) of δ15N and δ13C were assessed in different tissues of newly hatched captive‐raised corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata) fed maintenance diets consisting of earthworms (Eisenia foetida) that varied substantially in δ15N (by 644‰) and δ13C (by 5.0‰). Three treatments were used during this 144 day experiment that consisted of the same diet throughout (control), shifting from a depleted to an enriched stable isotope signature diet (uptake), and shifting from an enriched to depleted stable isotope signature diet (elimination). Values of δ13C in the liver, blood, and muscle of the control snakes reached equilibrium with and were, respectively, 1.73, 2.25 and 2.29 greater than in their diet, this increase is called an isotopic discrimination factor (Δδ13C = δ13Csnake − δ13Cfood). Values of δ15N in snake tissues did not achieve equilibrium with the diets in any of the exposures and thus Δ15N could not be estimated. Values of metabolic turnover rates (m) for δ13C and δ15N were greater in liver than in muscle and blood, which were similar, and relative results remained the same if the fraction of 15N and 13C were modeled. Although caution is warranted because equilibrium values of stable isotopes in the snakes were not achieved, values of m were greater for δ13C than δ15N, resulting in shorter times to dietary equilibrium for δ13C upon a diet shift, and for both stable isotopes in all tissues, greater during an elimination than in an uptake shift in diet stable isotope signature. Multiple explanations for the observed differences between uptake and elimination shifts raise new questions about the relationship between animal and diet stable isotope concentrations. Based on this study, interpretation of feeding ecology using stable isotopes is highly dependent on the kind of stable isotope, tissue, direction of diet switch (uptake versus elimination), and the growth rate of the animal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relative importance of positive and negative interactions for pollinator attraction in a plant community
Authors: Hegland Stein Joar , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Totland Ørjan
Published: December 2008

Plant–pollinator interactions provide ideal frameworks for studying interactions in plant communities. Despite the large potential influence of such interactions on plant community structure, biodiversity and evolutionary processes, we know surprisingly little about the relative importance of positive and negative interactions among plant species for pollinator attraction. Therefore, we explored the relationships between conspecific and heterospecific floral densities and the flower visitation rates of nine plant species mainly visited by bumble bees, and six plant species mainly visited by flies, in a temperate grassland, through stepwise multiple regressions. Significant relationships were interpreted as interactions for pollinator attraction. Our results revealed that positive intra‐ and interspecific interactions for pollinator attraction were far more frequent than negative ones. Seventeen interspecific interactions were revealed of which 14 were significantly positive, whereas three of four significant intraspecific interactions were positive. Seven species experienced only positive interactions and two species experienced only negative interactions. The results presented here indicate that negative interactions are not necessarily the dominant ecological interaction for pollination among plants within a community, and the study represents a straightforward approach to study intra‐ and interspecific interactions among multiple species within a community. We discuss which mechanisms may drive the positive interactions for pollinator attraction and whether this may result in facilitative effects on reproductive success.
Detection of Adulteration in Iranian Olive Oils Using Instrumental (GC, NMR, DSC) Methods
Authors: Jafari Maryam , Kadivar Mahdi , Keramat Javad
Published: December 2008

This paper describes an investigation into the usefulness of some instrumental methods (GC, NMR, and DSC) in the detection of adulteration of olive oil with soybean, sunflower, and canola oils (that are relatively cheap oils mixed as adulterants with olive oil). These seed oils were compared with genuine and commercial olive oils, two of which appeared to have been adulterated. It was observed that from among physical and chemical indices, the iodine value and the refractive index in the two olive oil samples (named A and B) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the reference (genuine) olive oil, both values being above standard limits established for olive oil. On the other hand, fatty acid (FA) profiles in these two samples exhibited higher amounts of linolenic and linoleic acids (5.34 and 39.92%, 6.38 and 54.42%, 0.79 and 12.88% for A, B and genuine olive oils respectively) but significantly lower amounts of oleic acid (30.07, 21.72 and 67.86%, respectively). The number and intensity of signals observed using 1H NMR indicated that the peaks numbered 2 and 7 were useful in the determination of olive oil purity. Because of higher linolenic and linoleic acid contents in samples A and B, the intensity and integrated areas for these two signals were higher than those for other olive oil samples in which signal 2 was not observed and signal 7 had a very low intensity. Satisfactory results were achieved from quantitation of DSC parameters. The results show that due to increased unsaturated FAs in samples A and B and the consequent changes in triacylglycerol profiles, offset crystallization temperature and onset melting temperature in these two olive oils differed from those of the reference and clearly shifted to lower values. Crystallization and melting curves were similar to the corresponding curves observed for soybean and sunflower oils in terms of shape and number of peaks.
Sunflower Lecithin: Application of a Fractionation Process with Absolute Ethanol
Authors: Cabezas D. M. , Diehl B. W. K. , Tomás M. C.
Published: December 2008

Native or modified lecithins are widely used as a multifunctional ingredient in the food industry. A fractionation process of sunflower lecithin (a non GMO product) with absolute ethanol was used for obtaining enriched fractions in certain phospholipids under different experimental conditions (temperature 35–65 °C, time of fractionation 30–90 min, ethanol/lecithin ratio 2:1, 3:1). Phospholipid enrichment in PC and PI fractions was obtained and analyzed by 31P NMR determinations. The percent extraction coefficients for different phospholipids (%EPC, %EPE and %EPI) in both fractions were calculated. Values of %EPC in PC fractions significantly increased (p < 0.05) from 12.8 (35 °C, 30 min, 2:1) to 57.7 (65 °C, 90 min, 3:1) at increasing temperature and incubation time. %EPE varied from 3.0 to 18.3 in the same fraction while %EPI presented lower values (<3%) under all the conditions assayed. The study of the effect of the operating conditions on the fractionation process evidenced a relevant influence of temperature, incubation time and to a minor extent of the ethanol/lecithin ratio on the enriched fraction yield% and selectivity of the main phospholipids (PC, PI, PE) estimated by %EPL. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to explain the influence of the different parameters to optimize this process.
Ein unbekanntes Kapitel aus Marx' Leben
Authors: Blumenberg W.
Published: December 2008

Während die Literatur über den Marxismus unübersehbar geworden ist, wurde der Erforschung von Marx' Persönlichkeit und Lebensgang nicht die erforderliche Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet, und zudem ist der grösste Teil der biographischen Literatur unkritisch. Das ist um so auffallender, als die Kenntnis der Marx-Biographie unerlässlich für das Verständnis des Marxismus ist; E. H. Carr hat darauf nachdrücklich hingewiesen. Es ist nun kein Geheimnis, dass Marx' Biographie grosse Lücken aufweist; über wichtige Ereignisse und ganze Abschnitte seines Lebens sind wir ungenügend unterrichtet. Selbst der Briefwechsel mit Engels, die Hauptquelle der Biographie, ist ein Torso; man darf annehmen, dass einige hundert Briefe fehlen. Nicht nur quantitativ ist das ein entsetzlicher Verlust; zweifellos sind sehr viele wichtige Briefe vernichtet worden. Engels selbst gab Marx einmal den Rat, bestimmte Briefe zu vernichten, was Marx jedoch bei der Gelegenheit nicht tat.

Für die Kenntnis des Menschen Marx fehlen uns die wichtigsten Unterlagen. Wie war sein Verhältnis zur Familie, zur Mutter, zur Frau, zu Engels? Welche Motive und Einflüsse bestimmten die Wandlung seiner Beziehungen zu politischen Freunden und Gegnern? Rjazanov erinnert sich, Laura Lafargue einmal sein Bedauern darüber ausgesprochen zu haben, dass „Marx uns so wenig ‘Subjektives’, rein Persönliches hinterlassen” habe; sie habe ihm darauf die „Bekenntnisse” gezeigt, mehr nicht. Gerade viel intimes Material ist verloren.
Buonarroti
Authors: Lehning Arthur
Published: December 2008

On the 27th May 1797 the High Court at Vendôme sentenced Babeuf to death and Buonarroti, then 36 years old, to deportation, but this being postponed there followed a long life of imprisonment and exile. Buonarroti led a mysterious life, and our knowledge about certain phases of his life and activities since Vendôme is incomplete. Buonarroti has, of course, always been known as one of the important actors of the conspiracy connected with the name of Babeuf, and as the author of a book, dealing with this conspiracy. This rare and famous book, published in 1828, was mainly regarded as the historical account of an eye-witness and participant of a post-thermidorian episode of the French Revolution. The book, however, was also a landmark in the historiography of the French Revolution, and did much for the revaluation and the rehabilitation of Robespierre and the revival of the Jacobin tradition under the Monarchy of July. By exposing the social implications of the Terror, and by a detailed account of the organisation and the methods and the aims of the conspiracy of 1796, the book became a textbook for the communist movement in the 1830's and fourties in France, and the fundamental source for its ideology. In fact, with the “Conspiration” started the Jacobin trend in European socialism.
Bourgeoise und plebejische Revolution im Spiegel der Menschenrechte
Authors: Frölich Paul
Published: December 2008

Aus dem Nachlass des am 16. März 1953 verstorbenen Historikers Paul Frölich veröffentlichen wir die nachfolgende Studie zu seinem unvollendet gebliebenen Werk: „Demokratie und Diktatur in der Französischen Revolution”.
The Earl Marshal, the Heralds, and the House of Commons, 1604–1641
Authors: Hardacre P. H.
Published: December 2008

The successful reassertion of the authority of the Court of the Earl Marshal, in the recent case of the Corporation of Manchester vs. The Manchester Palace of Varieties, Ltd., has renewed interest in this ancient institution. The court ruled that The Manchester Palace of Varieties had wrongly displayed the heraldic arms of the Corporation, contrary to the laws and customs of arms, and that the court itself, which had last sat in 1751 and which Blackstone described as having fallen into contempt and disuse, was still empowered to give relief to those who thought themselves aggrieved in such matters.
The General Election of 1859 in the Cities of Yorkshire.
Authors: Guttsman W. L.
Published: December 2008

A study of parliamentary elections in a certain area must be preceded by the attempt to describe the character of the electorate. This is the more necessary as it is often little recognised to what a large extent the size and composition of the new electorate created by the £ 10 franchise varied from borough to borough. This was due to some extent to the strength of local registration societies and the different interpretation which the revising barristers gave to the term ratepayer, but its main cause was the character of the housing in the constituencies. Land values, custom and, of course, the wage structure of the community determined the quality and standard of building and in consequence rent and rates. While the urban middle classes were probably everywhere in possession of the vote the above mentioned factors clearly determine the proportion of the working-class who enjoyed the franchise. It seems useful therefore to compare the Yorkshire figures with those for other parts of the country. To do this it is best to disregard York and Hull with their large number of freemen voters and to concentrate on the newly enfranchised boroughs.

The electorates in the five new boroughs were all of a fair size; the smallest, Halifax, had 1,491 electors and Sheffield over 7,000. Yet with the exception of the latter, where as the result of the many skilled workmen and small masters we expect to find a large democratic electorate, the proportion of voters, whether measured in terms of inhabitants or houses, is almost inversely related to the size of the town.
Collective Bargaining or Legal Enactment? The Austrian Development
Authors: Gulick Charles A.
Published: December 2008

In the final years of the Nineteenth Century, when Sidney and Beatrice Webb crystallized parts of their research and of current thought in the terms “Method of Collective Bargaining” and “Method of Legal Enactment”, the ideas embodied in those terms were the foci of hot debates among working people and their leaders in the greater part of the western world. Gompers and his lieutenants in the adolescent American Federation of Labor (AFL) had convinced themselves that the federal character of the government of the United States plus the power of the judiciary to declare laws unconstitutional formed an insurmountable roadblock to comprehensive, effective use of legal enactment; but the dissenting voices were by no means muted. The leaders of the burgeoning “New Unionism” in England sought to combine more militant collective bargaining with more emphasis on attempts to secure protective legislation - to the evident displeasure of adherents of the aging “New Model”. In France, the infant General Confederation of Labor (CGT) scornfully rejected both of the Webbs' methods in favor of revolutionary syndicalism. And in Germany the workers' movements strode forward uncowed by the stick of Bismarck's anti-Socialist law and unseduced by the carrot of his social legislation.
Les Cahiers de lecture de Karl Marx
Authors: Rubel Maximilien
Published: December 2008

Comment Marx travaillait-il? La question prend une importance toute spéciale si l'on convient que seule une étude de genèse pourrait nous éclairer, non seulement sur le sens réel des oeuvres inachevées ou posthumes, mais encore, à n'en pas douter, sur l'ensemble de l'oeuvre.

Aucun examen de détail n'a été tenté pour étudier une méthode de travail que l'on sait ou devine pourtant toute personnelle, et, plus particulièrement, opposée à celle de Hegel. Un critique russe ayant commenté la methode dialectique de Marx, celui-ci ajoute à la seconde edition du Capital les réflexions que voici: «…le procédé d'exposition doit se distvnguci formellement du procédé d'investigation. A l'investigation de faire la matière sienne dans tous ses détails, d'en analyser les diverses formes de développement, et de découvrir leur lien intime.
Die russische Parteispaltung im Urteil der deutschen Sozialdemokratie 1903–1905
Authors: Geyer Dietrich
Published: December 2008

Im Laufe der Herbstwochen des Jahres 1904 wurde das nicht nur für Aussenstehende unentwirrbare Labyrinth der Richtungen unter den russischen Sozialisten mehr und mehr zu einem internationalen Ärgernis. Die chronische Misere der Exilintrigen und Organisationsrivalitäten, die schliesslich nicht allein das gespaltene Lager der russischen Sozialdemokratie zerrütteten, war in ihren grösseren Zusammenhängen erneut während des Amsterdamer Sozialistenkongresses in das Bewusstsein der europäischen Parteien getreten. Anteil daran hatte weniger der Machtkampf zwischen Menschewiki und Bolschewiki, wenngleich das “Internationale Sozialistische Büro” bei der Bestätigung der russischen Mandate auch damit befasst wurde, als vielmehr die Debatten über die Stimmberechtigung der nationalen Fraktionen und Gruppen aus Russland und Österreich-Ungarn. Die nationale Frage musste in Amsterdam als Organisationsproblem der Internationale vor allem deshalb neu durchdacht werden, weil die grossen Parteien erstmals der Gefahr einer Majorisierung durch kleine nationale Gruppen gegenüber zu stehen glaubten. Mit der gleichberechtigten Aufnahme der russischen Sozialrevolutionäre in die Internationale war in bezug auf Russland vor allem die Stellung des 1903 aus der RSDRP ausgeschiedenen jüdischen Arbeiterbundes spruchreif geworden, dem nach seinem Austritt aus der RSDRP (August 1903) ein gesondertes Stimmrecht neben den Sozialdemokraten verweigert worden war. Die leidenschaftlichen Proteste des Auslandskomitees der Bundisten gegen diese Regelung hat den Führungsgremien der Sozialistischen Internationale fraglos Sorgen bereitet, Zumal der Bund mit Recht auf seine für russische Verhältnisse bewundernswert gefestigten und regen Komitees verweisen konnte. Neben dem jüdischen Arbeiterbund waren in Amsterdam auch ukrainische, lettische und armenische Gruppen im Gefolge der sozialdemokratischen Delegation aufgetreten und hatten bei den mittel- und westeuropäischen Kongressteilnehmern an der Verhärtung des Eindrucks mitgewirkt, dass das organisatorische Chaos in Russland schwerlich an einen koordinierten Einsatz der Kräfte gegen das autokratische Regime denken liess.
E. S. Beesly Karl Marx
Authors: Harrison Royden
Published: December 2008

Edward Spencer Beesly was born in the village of Feckenham, Worcestershire in 1831. His father was an evangelical minister, a man of severe moral standards. He imposed upon his son an onerous system of academic and religious discipline, and in 1849 dispatched him to Wadham College, Oxford, which was at that time the stronghold of the evangelical party in the University.
Solidarity: The Social History of an Idea in Nineteenth Century France
Authors: Hayward J. E. S.
Published: December 2008

The survival of a concept is generally only secured at the price of an intellectual odyssey in the course of which it is transformed out of all recognition. The nineteenth century fortunes of the idea of solidarity exemplify this axiom only too strictly. It became the victim of a multiplicity of ingenious puns and metaphors as well as outright malicious distortions that rendered a simple, technical word, drawn from the sphere of jurisprudence, at once emotive and obscure, influential and diffuse. As the eminent and caustic critic of the twentieth century, Julien Benda, formulated this vital problem of the fate of concepts, “pour l'historien des idées des hommes, la réalité ce n'est point ce qu'ont été les idées dans l'esprit de ceux qui les ont inventées, mais ce qu'elles ont été dans l'esprit de ceux qui les ont trahies… car il est clair qu'une doctrine se propage d'autant plus largement qu'elle est apte à satisfaire un plus grand nombre de sentiments divers.” This pessimistic view has been all too frequently verified in human history.
La Première Internationale à Barcelone (1868–1870)
Authors: Marti Casimir
Published: December 2008

La connaissance des tendances qui prédominaient dans les milieux ouvriers barcelonais avant 1868 quant au travail et à la politique, nous permet d'évaluer avec quelque certitude l'influence exercée par la visite de Fanelli sur l'orientation du mouvement ouvrier, et de mieux comprendre la signification des courants qui se manifestèrent au Congrès Ouvrier de Barcelone en juin 1870.
The Stockholm Conference of 1917
Authors: Meynell Hildamarie
Published: December 2008

In 1917, in the midst of war, the internationalist ideals of the old Second Socialist International came close to achieving an unparalleled diplomatic triumph of non-governmental initiative by bringing together responsible political leaders of the left from the countries of opposing belligerents to discuss peace terms with neutrals on neutral ground at Stockholm.
Les Cahiers d'Etude de Karl Marx II. 1853–1856
Authors: Rubel Maximilien
Published: December 2008

Marx a lu pendant près de sept ans les ouvrages des économistes et en a fait des extraits, souvent annotés, qui emplissent une quarantaine de cahiers. En 1851, il se croit, avec quelque apparence de raison, au bout de ses recherches, et s'apprête à rédiger l'oeuvre méditée. L'accueil des éditeurs allemands ne l'y encourage guère. Malade, sans ressources, il se voit offrir la correspondance européenne d'un grand quotidien new-yorkais et accepte avec empressement. Le problème est d'écrire en anglais. Il aura recours à Engels et signera les articles que son anti lui enverra pendant plusieurs mois de Manchester.
The Stockholm Conference of 1917
Authors: Meynell Hildamarie
Published: December 2008

As was shown in the first part of this article, some sections of Socialist opinion throughout Europe had never fully accepted the need for war in 1914, and the advent of the first Russian Revolution in March, 1917, had stimulated a general hope for an early peace. The Dutch and Scandinavian Socialist parties took the initiative in proposing an international Socialist conference to be held at Stockholm to discuss peace terms. By the end of July, 1917, this proposal seemed likely to succeed. The Petrograd Soviet had joined forces in preparing for the conference with the Dutch-Scandinavian Committee led by Huysmans, the Secretary of the Second International; the Governments of Russia, Great Britain, and Germany showed at least some degree of benevolence towards the idea; the Socialist parties of the Central and neutral powers, and also of France, had agreed to attend; and a Russian mission from the Petrograd Soviet had set off to gain support for Stockholm from the Socialists of the Entente countries.
Marxismus und Bürokratie
Authors: Fetscher Iring
Published: December 2008

Wissenschaft von der Politik kann so wenig an die Stelle von Politik treten wie Literaturwissenschaft an die Stelle von Literatur. Aber, wie sich im Laufe der Zeit die Reflexion über Probleme der Literatur von dieser loslöste, so mußte auf einer bestimmten Stufe der Entwicklung des gesellschaftlichen und politischen Lebens auch die Reflexion über das Gemeinwesen und über politisches Handeln ein selbständiger Gegenstand der Forschung werden. Was vermag wissenschaftliche Besinnung über politische Probleme zu leisten? Vor allem kann sie – wie Wissenschaft überhaupt – dazu beitragen, die Elemente der uns umgebenden Wirklichkeit nüchtern und rational zu sehen und unsere politischen Urteile aus der Sphäre vorschneller, unbegründeter Meinungsbildung und gefühlsmässiger Voreingenommenheiten auf eine Ebene vernünftiger Erwägungen und begründbarer Erwartungen heben. Sie kann das politische Urteil klären und schärfen und damit die Voraussetzungen für politische Entscheidungen verbessern, diese selbst jedoch vermag sie weder zu ersetzen, noch zu bewirken. Zu einer solchen klärenden Besinnung sollen auch die vorstehenden Überlegungen über Marxismus und Bürokratie beitragen.
The British Working Class and the General Election of 1868
Authors: Harrison Royden
Published: December 2008

The history of working-class politics in Britain during the last hundred years might be written in terms of changing attitudes towards Liberalism; a Liberalism which was continuously redefining itself as its social composition altered and political circumstances changed. Successive generations of working-class leaders attempted both to identify themselves with Liberalism and to disengage themselves from it. Those who saw the political future of labour in terms of full incorporation within the Liberal party were never left unchallenged; those who believed in political independence rarely thought of that independence as involving a complete break with Liberal values. From the eighteen-sixties onwards the conflict between the desire to be assimilated and the urge to independence was continuously present within individuals as well as within movements.
The Guesdists and the Small Farmer: Early Erosion of French Marxism
Authors: Landauer Carl
Published: December 2008

The internal conflicts of the socialist movement before 1914 grew out of the antagonism between orthodox Marxists and reformist Socialists, or were at least closely related to that antagonism, as for instance the conflict between the labor unions and the party leadership in Germany in 1905–6. This running battle of pre-war days, which set the scene for the splitting of the movement during the first World War, reached its most spectacular expression in Germany in Bebel's attack on the Revisionists at the Dresden party convention of 1903. But the conflict unfolded first in France, and it was in France rather than in Germany that the fundamental issues were posited most clearly. In 1882, nine years before Georg von Vollmar in his “Eldorado” addresses in Munich started the revolt of the German Revisionists and fourteen years before Eduard Bernstein in his “Evolutionary Socialism” published the first comprehensive exposition of Revisionist ideas, Paul Brousse broke with the Marxist leaders, Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue, whom he forced out of the Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France, thus transforming the latter into a Possibilist party, whereas the expelled Marxists formed the Parti ouvrier. Even the debates at Dresden – and subsequently at the International Socialist Congress at Amsterdam – developed from a French issue – namely, the acceptance of a position in a liberal cabinet by the French reformist, Alexandre Millerand.
La revolution ou la mort: Raymond Lefebvre and the Formation of the French Communist Party
Authors: Wohl Robert
Published: December 2008

The year was 1920, the month September. Three men, one young and impatient, the other two calmer, less flushed, prepared their things and packed them in the tiny sailboat that was to ferry them across the White Sea. The sailboat left the shore, disappeared slowly from sight and was lost in a flood of grey. The three men were never heard from again.
War and Slavery in More'sUtopia
Authors: Avineri Shlomo
Published: December 2008

The formal structure of Thomas More'sUtopiais simple and well known. It consists of two books, the first of which contains, in the form of a dialogue between More and an imaginary traveller, Raphael Hythloday, a sharp criticism of English social conditions, the enclosure movement, the penal code and the existing pattern of international relations. The second, in the form of a lengthy tale related by Hythloday, is a description of the social, economic, political and religious conditions of the Isle of Nowhere, Utopia.
Karl Marx' belgischer Freundeskreis (1845-48): Einige Notizen aus belgischen Archiven
Authors: Kuypers Julien
Published: December 2008

Es muss einem Belgier auffallen, dass im algemeinen die Sozial-geschichte seines Landes im Ausland wenig bekannt ist. Oft ergibt sich, dass man Belgier, die eine nicht unbeträchtliche Rolle gespielt haben, eigentlich nur dem Namen nach kennt.
Soziale Unterschichten im Zeitalter der Frühindustrialisierung
Authors: Fischer Wolfram
Published: December 2008

Wenn wir von sozialen Unterschichten im Zusammenhang mit dem Prozeß der Industrialisierung sprechen, denken wir unwillkürlich an die Fabrikarbeiterschaft. Es liegt daher nahe, unser Thema als eine Frage nach der Entstehung der industriellen Lohnarbeiterschicht aufzufassen. In der Tat möchte ich mich auch im wesentlichen auf diese Frage konzentrieren; doch sei gleich eingangs bemerkt, daß, wie immer wir auch die Periode der Frühindustrialisierung zeitlich abgrenzen, das Thema „soziale Unterschichten” damit bei weitem nicht ausgeschöpft ist, ja daß wir uns den Zugang zur Beantwortung wesentlicher Fragen nach Herkunft, Zusammenset2ung, sozialer Bewertung und Lebensgefühl der Fabrikarbeiterschaft verbauen, wenn wir unseren Blick zu eng auf diese selbst richten. Deshalb müssen andere Gruppen, die sog. „unterbäuerliche Schicht”, die Handwerksgesellen, die bald agrarisch, bald gewerblich tätigen Tagelöhner, die ländliche und städtische Heimarbeiterschaft, die Dienstboten und ebenso das herren- und heimatlose Volk der Bettler und Vagabunden einbezogen werden, auch wenn wir sie hier nur als Reservoir für die gewerblich-industrielle Unterschicht behandeln können.
The Origins of Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration
Authors: Allen V. L.
Published: December 2008

Trade unionism has always involved the settlement of industrial disputes by negotiations between workers' representatives and employers. On occasions in the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries demands made by workers or employers were granted without question by the other side; at other times the demands were rejected out of hand and this was acquiesced in by the other side. In between these extremes lay a number of possible outcomes. Demands were sometimes conceded after strikes or lockouts or they were moderated and then accepted. The precise outcome depended upon the state of the labour market, and hence the degree of labour organization, and the cost position of the employers. These factors not only varied over time but differed in their intensity between industries and firms at any one point of time. The extreme situations occurred at high and low levels of employment. In the competition for labour, which a high level of employment implies, employers readily gave way to collective demands but as commodity markets deteriorated and the volume of production declined, they at first resisted claims which would have increased labour costs and then deliberately set out to cut wages, lengthen hours and intensify work. Workers commonly resisted initial attempts to reduce labour costs so that a spate of strikes and lockouts ensued. At the onset of the depression in 1819 and at the first suggestion of wage reductions the Lancashire miners, the North Staffordshire potters and the Nottingham framework knitters all responded by striking. The Glasgow cotton spinners resisted wage cuts in 1837 as did the London building workers and miners and textile workers in the midlands and north in 1841 and the typographical workers in 1846. Frequently, however, these disputes resulted in compromise settlements which were superseded by other compromises as trade conditions got worse.
The French Working Class and the Blum Government (1936–37)
Authors: Mitzman Arthur
Published: December 2008

To the French Left in May 1936, the electoral triumph of the Front Populaire – a coalition of the Communist, Socialist, and Radical Parties – signified nothing if not the victory of legal republicanism over the criminal machinations of domestic fascism. Consequently, embarrassment – not to mention confusion – was widespread, when the proletariat chose to greet this victory with a wave of sit-down strikes that was at once massive, spontaneous, joyful, and utterly illegal. It is true that the roots of the strikers' grievances went much further back than the political campaign of recent months. Five years of lowered wages, poorer working conditions, and the indifference of many employers to the lot of their men were behind the workers' monumental audacity. Nevertheless, the coincidence of the strikes with Leon Blum's accession to office was far from accidental.
The Role of the Labour Department in the Birth of African Trade Unionism in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Hooker J. R.
Published: December 2008

Where possible, European minorities in Africa during this century have sought to insure their favored position, especially their economic position, through political action. The trend of labor legislation in Southern Rhodesia after it became a “self-governing Colony” in 1923 is a case in point. But this was not always possible. In Northern Rhodesia, for instance, the color bar was far more difficult to introduce, especially after Lord Passfield's 1929 revival of the native paramountcy doctrine for east and central Africa. The history of the white miners' trade union is apposite.
George Potter, the Junta, and the Bee-Hive
Authors: Coltham Stephen
Published: December 2008

One of the best-known incidents in the history of the Bee-Hive is the reorganisation of 1870, which enabled the Junta to put in their own nominee as editor. What has received far less attention is the way in which the process began in 1868. The first intimation of this to the Bee-Hive's readers was the report of the half-yearly shareholders' meeting held on 29 May. After Potter had again stressed the effects of “the great depression in all trades”, Troup, on behalf of the Directors, “laid a plan before the meeting, by which he thought that the paper could be more advantageously carried on in the interests of the shareholders”. No details of this plan are given in the report; but from the ensuing discussion it is clear that it involved far-reaching changes, since Connolly, Whetstone, and others objected that “any alteration in the constitution of the paper” required the sanction of a specially-convened meeting. Having secured this respite, the shareholders then adopted a resolution, moved by Hartwell, which was obviously intended to provide an alternative solution to their problems – that arrangements should immediately be made for canvassing societies and holding district meetings to advocate the taking up of shares. But this was really a forlorn hope. At the special meeting, on 17 June, the discussion mainly centred round a proposal from the floor that a small committee should be elected to protect the shareholders' interests in the “impending negotiations”. Eventually this was withdrawn, and the Directors were empowered to make “such alterations in the management and arrangements of the paper as would probably effect the object they all desired – increased circulation and influence, and the payment of a dividend on the shares”.
Rüter, the Historian
Authors: Locher Th. J. G.
Published: December 2008

The unexpected death of Adolf Johann Cord Rüter on August 11, 1965, has deeply affected his colleagues and co-workers, his students and his friends. But if for them all his decease was a grievous personal loss, for his country it was more; both the pursuit and the teaching of history have suffered inestimably through his passing. In the following pages an attempt will be made to give a brief outline of Rüter's work as a historian and a professor of history, an account of his activities as director of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam being left to a more competent hand.
Werner Blumenberg
Authors: Van Tijn B.
Published: December 2008

Wenige Wochen nach dem plötzlichen Ableben seines Direktors, Professor A. J. C. Rüter, hat das Internationale Institut für Sozial-geschichte am 1. Oktober 1965 mit dem Tode Werner Blumenbergs, des Leiters der Deutschland-Abteilung, einen zweiten schweren Verlust erlitten.
The Syndicat des Employes du Commerce et de L'Industrie (1887–1919)
Authors: Caldwell T. B.
Published: December 2008

The history of the Syndicat des Employés du Commerce et de l'Industrie is of interest both for its considerable success in organising clerical workers, who, in general, have been slow to recognise the value of trade unionism and on account of the dominant role it played in the history of the Christian trade-union movement in France. In 1920 the 30,000 clerical workers organised in the Fédération Française des Syndicats d'Employés Catholiques (which had developed from the SECI) accounted for nearly a third of the membership of the Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens. The SECI provided the new confederation with its chairman, Jules Zirnheld, its general secretary, Gaston Tessier and almost the whole of its secretariat; its principles, its attitudes, its methods exercised a powerful influence on the confederation until Tessier's retirement from the chairmanship in 1953. Although its action developed in the context of a growing body of official Catholic doctrine on social and industrial questions, from the Papal Encyclical Rerum Novarum of 1891 onwards, its approach was determined essentially by the pressure of the needs of its members; “practical organisation has always attracted it more than ideology” wrote its general secretary, Charles Viennet, in 1914. In serving these needs it was deflected neither by the traditionalism of René de la Tour du Pin and Albert de Mun, who envisaged a corporate organisation of masters and men which would recreate the mediaeval guilds, nor by the democracv of Marc Sanpriier. which, involving acceotance of the Revolution as well as the Republic, looked forward to a trade-union movement „strictly concerned with trade and industrial questions, democratic to the core and deeply respectful of all moral convictions” and therefore implied membership of a broadly-based, democratic Confédération Générale du Travail. Nevertheless, in solving its problems as they arose the SECI evolved, and in so doing it gave to the Christian confederation a tradition of evolution, which led it finally, in 1964, to the abandonment of its specifically religious character.