bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inference of population admixture network from local gene genealogies: a coalescent-based maximum likelihood approach
Authors: Wu Yufeng
Published: May 2020

Motivation

Population admixture is an important subject in population genetics. Inferring population demographic history with admixture under the so-called admixture network model from population genetic data is an established problem in genetics. Existing admixture network inference approaches work with single genetic polymorphisms. While these methods are usually very fast, they do not fully utilize the information [e.g. linkage disequilibrium (LD)] contained in population genetic data.

Results

In this article, we develop a new admixture network inference method called GTmix. Different from existing methods, GTmix works with local gene genealogies that can be inferred from population haplotypes. Local gene genealogies represent the evolutionary history of sampled haplotypes and contain the LD information. GTmix performs coalescent-based maximum likelihood inference of admixture networks with inferred local genealogies based on the well-known multispecies coalescent (MSC) model. GTmix utilizes various techniques to speed up the likelihood computation on the MSC model and the optimal network search. Our simulations show that GTmix can infer more accurate admixture networks with much smaller data than existing methods, even when these existing methods are given much larger data. GTmix is reasonably efficient and can analyze population genetic datasets of current interests.

Availability and implementation

The program GTmix is available for download at: https://github.com/yufengwudcs/GTmix.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inference attacks against differentially private query results from genomic datasets including dependent tuples
Authors: Almadhoun Nour , Ayday Erman , Ulusoy Özgür
Published: May 2020

Motivation

The rapid decrease in the sequencing technology costs leads to a revolution in medical research and clinical care. Today, researchers have access to large genomic datasets to study associations between variants and complex traits. However, availability of such genomic datasets also results in new privacy concerns about personal information of the participants in genomic studies. Differential privacy (DP) is one of the rigorous privacy concepts, which received widespread interest for sharing summary statistics from genomic datasets while protecting the privacy of participants against inference attacks. However, DP has a known drawback as it does not consider the correlation between dataset tuples. Therefore, privacy guarantees of DP-based mechanisms may degrade if the dataset includes dependent tuples, which is a common situation for genomic datasets due to the inherent correlations between genomes of family members.

Results

In this article, using two real-life genomic datasets, we show that exploiting the correlation between the dataset participants results in significant information leak from differentially private results of complex queries. We formulate this as an attribute inference attack and show the privacy loss in minor allele frequency (MAF) and chi-square queries. Our results show that using the results of differentially private MAF queries and utilizing the dependency between tuples, an adversary can reveal up to 50% more sensitive information about the genome of a target (compared to original privacy guarantees of standard DP-based mechanisms), while differentially privacy chi-square queries can reveal up to 40% more sensitive information. Furthermore, we show that the adversary can use the inferred genomic data obtained from the attribute inference attack to infer the membership of a target in another genomic dataset (e.g. associated with a sensitive trait). Using a log-likelihood-ratio test, our results also show that the inference power of the adversary can be significantly high in such an attack even using inferred (and hence partially incorrect) genomes.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/nourmadhoun/Inference-Attacks-Differential-Privacy
On specification tests for composite likelihood inference
Authors: Huang Jing , Ning Yang , Reid Nancy , Chen Yong
Published: May 2020

Composite likelihood functions are often used for inference in applications where the data have a complex structure. While inference based on the composite likelihood can be more robust than inference based on the full likelihood, the inference is not valid if the associated conditional or marginal models are misspecified. In this paper, we propose a general class of specification tests for composite likelihood inference. The test statistics are motivated by the fact that the second Bartlett identity holds for each component of the composite likelihood function when these components are correctly specified. We construct the test statistics based on the discrepancy between the so-called composite information matrix and the sensitivity matrix. As an illustration, we study three important cases of the proposed tests and establish their limiting distributions under both null and local alternative hypotheses. Finally, we evaluate the finite-sample performance of the proposed tests in several examples.
Individualized Treatment of Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Using Whole-Genome Sequencing and Expanded Drug-Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Dookie Navisha , Padayatchi Nesri , Lessells Richard J , Naicker Cherise L , Chotoo Sunitha , Naidoo Kogieleum
Published: May 2020

A case of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is presented. It highlights the role of whole-genome sequencing, expanded phenotypic drug susceptibility testing, and enhanced case management, offering a more complete understanding of drug susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This approach guides an effective individualized treatment strategy that results in rapid sustained culture conversion.
Whiteness and School Shootings: Theorization toward a More Critical School Social Work
Authors: Gregory Joshua R
Published: May 2020

In the United States, school shootings have become an increasingly prevalent and publicly salient social problem. School social workers play a central role in developing understanding of their etiology and intervening to prevent their further occurrence. Even though nearly all school shootings are committed by white students, no etiological theory has contemplated the possibility that whiteness contributes in any meaningful way to the perpetration of school shootings. Popular theories suggest that gun availability, mental illness, and bullying bear some relationship to school shootings; however, levels of gun availability, mental illness prevalence, and bullying victimization do not differ substantially between whites and non-whites, indicating that these factors might account for school shootings within, but not between, races. The present article takes up the task of beginning to theorize the relationship between whiteness and school shootings, exploring the likelihood that whiteness acts as a moderator, leading whites, but not non-whites, to commit school shootings in response to similar antecedents. This novel theorization provides an opening for school social workers to more critically interrogate whiteness not as an individual trait, but as a structural phenomenon that influences not only the etiology of school shootings, but schools and educational processes more broadly.
Mid-term outcomes with the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiopulmonary failure secondary to massive pulmonary embolism
Authors: Sertic Federico , Diagne Dieynaba , Chavez Lexy , Richards Thomas , Berg Ashley , Acker Michael , Giri Jay S , Szeto Wilson Y , Khandhar Sameer , Gutsche Jacob , Pugliese Steven , Fiorilli Paul , Rame Eduardo , Bermudez Christian
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES

There has been increasing interest in using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to rescue patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) in the advanced stages of respiratory or haemodynamic decompensation. We examined mid-term outcomes and risk factors for in-hospital mortality.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study of 36 patients who required ECMO placement (32 veno-arterial ECMO, 4 veno-venous) following acute PE. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Functional status and quality of life were assessed by phone questionnaire.

RESULTS

Overall survival to hospital discharge was 44.4% (16/36). Two-year survival conditional to discharge was 94% (15/16). Two-year survival after veno-arterial ECMO was 39% (13/32). In patients supported with veno-venous ECMO, survival to discharge was 50%, and both patients were alive at follow-up. In univariable analysis, a history of recent surgery (P = 0.064), low left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.029), right ventricular dysfunction ≥ moderate at weaning (P = 0.083), on-going cardiopulmonary resuscitation at ECMO placement (P = 0.053) and elevated lactate at weaning (P = 0.002) were risk factors for in-hospital mortality. In multivariable analysis, recent surgery (P = 0.018) and low left ventricular ejection fraction at weaning (P = 0.013) were independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality. At a median follow-up of 23 months, 10 patients responded to our phone survey; all had acceptable functional status and quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS

Massive acute PE requiring ECMO support is associated with high early mortality, but patients surviving to hospital discharge have excellent mid-term outcomes with acceptable functional status and quality of life. ECMO can provide a stable platform to administer other intervention with the potential to improve outcomes. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality after PE and veno-arterial ECMO support were identified.
A randomized controlled trial of dapagliflozin on left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type two diabetes: the DAPA-LVH trial
Authors: Brown Alexander J M , Gandy Stephen , McCrimmon Rory , Houston John Graeme , Struthers Allan D , Lang Chim C
Published: May 2020

Aim

We tested the hypothesis that dapagliflozin may regress left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods and results

We randomly assigned 66 people (mean age 67 ± 7 years, 38 males) with T2D, LVH, and controlled blood pressure (BP) to receive dapagliflozin 10 mg once daily or placebo for 12 months. Primary endpoint was change in absolute left ventricular mass (LVM), assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. In the intention-to-treat analysis, dapagliflozin significantly reduced LVM compared with placebo with an absolute mean change of −2.82g [95% confidence interval (CI): −5.13 to −0.51, P = 0.018]. Additional sensitivity analysis adjusting for baseline LVM, baseline BP, weight, and systolic BP change showed the LVM change to remain statistically significant (mean change −2.92g; 95% CI: −5.45 to −0.38, P = 0.025). Dapagliflozin significantly reduced pre-specified secondary endpoints including ambulatory 24-h systolic BP (P = 0.012), nocturnal systolic BP (P = 0.017), body weight (P < 0.001), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (P < 0.001), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) (P = 0.001), insulin resistance, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (P = 0.017), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (P = 0.049).

Conclusion

Dapagliflozin treatment significantly reduced LVM in people with T2D and LVH. This reduction in LVM was accompanied by reductions in systolic BP, body weight, visceral and SCAT, insulin resistance, and hsCRP. The regression of LVM suggests dapagliflozin can initiate reverse remodelling and changes in left ventricular structure that may partly contribute to the cardio-protective effects of dapagliflozin.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier

NCT02956811
Identifying patients who could benefit from palliative care by making use of the general practice information system: the Surprise Question versus the SPICT
Authors: van Wijmen Matthijs P S , Schweitzer Bart P M , Pasman H R , Onwuteaka-Philipsen Bregje D
Published: May 2020

Objective

We compared the performance of two tools to help general practitioners (GPs) identify patients in need of palliative care: the Surprise Question (SQ) and the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT).

Methods

Prospective cohort study in two general practices in the Netherlands with a size of 3640 patients. At the start of the study the GPs selected patients by heart using the SQ. The SPICT was translated into a digital search in electronic patient records. The GPs then selected patients from the list thus created. Afterwards the GPs were interviewed about their experiences. The following year a record was kept of all the patients deceased in both practices. We analysed the characteristics of the patients selected and the deceased. We calculated the performance characteristics concerning predicting 1-year mortality.

Results

The sensitivity of the SQ was 50%, of the SPICT 57%; the specificity 99% and 98%. When analysing the deceased (n = 36), 10 died relatively suddenly and arguably could not be identified. Leaving out these 10, the sensitivity of the SQ became 69%, of the SPICT 81%. The GPs found the performance of the digital search quite time consuming.

Conclusion

The SPICT seems to be better in identifying patients in need of palliative care than the SQ. It is also more time consuming than the SQ. However, as the digital search can be performed more easily after it has been done for the first time, initial investments can repay themselves.
Terrorists as Rebels: Territorial Goals, Oil Resources, and Civil War Onset in Terrorist Campaigns
Authors: Ghatak Sambuddha , Karakaya Suveyda
Published: May 2020

Recent studies show terrorist organizations that target only civilians almost always fail to achieve their ultimate objectives. On the contrary, groups that target combatants and civilians have better chances of success. Yet, most terrorist organizations do not directly target the state. When terrorist organizations shift their strategy from purely terrorist acts to confrontation against the target state, we may see a transition from terrorism to civil war. A terrorist organization's decision to engage in civil war largely depends on the organization's ability to alleviate the collective action problem. We argue terrorist groups with a territorial goal and groups operating in oil-rich countries are more likely to engage in civil war. The desire to gain a separate homeland is a powerful motivator to overcome the collective action problem. Terrorist organizations that operate in oil-rich countries are more likely to resort to civil war because oil dependence has the potential to increase grievances, which motivate rebellion, and resources provide a means of financing rebellion, while weakening target state institutions. Our findings confirm the existence of a territorial goal and availability of oil resources trigger transition from terrorism to civil war.
Wisdom Once Gained Is Not Easily Lost: Implicit Theories About Wisdom and Age-Related Cognitive Declines
Authors: Barber Sarah J , Kireeva Dina , Seliger Jordan , Jayawickreme Eranda
Published: May 2020

Background and Objectives

Most people agree that cognitive capabilities are an integral component of wisdom and its development. However, a question that has received less attention is whether people view maintaining cognitive capabilities as a necessary prerequisite for maintaining wisdom.

Research Design and Methods

This study used a mixed-methods approach to evaluate people’s views about the relationship between age-related cognitive declines, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and wisdom. Our final sample of 1,519 adults ranged in age from 18 to 86.

Results

The majority of participants stated that wisdom could be present even in people with significant age-related cognitive declines or with AD. In the qualitative responses, common justifications for this were (a) that even people with severe AD can still exhibit wise behaviors during lucid moments, (b) that wisdom is an immutable characteristic that is impossible to lose, and (c) that wisdom maintenance and cognitive capability maintenance are separate constructs.

Discussion and Implications

Although prior research has examined implicit theories about the role of cognition in the development of wisdom, this is the first study to examine implicit theories about whether cognitive declines lead to wisdom declines. The results suggest that most people hold essentialist beliefs about wisdom, viewing it as a fixed and unchangeable trait rather than as a malleable skill.
How glycosylation affects glycosylation: the role of N-glycans in glycosyltransferase activity
Authors: Mikolajczyk Krzysztof , Kaczmarek Radoslaw , Czerwinski Marcin
Published: May 2020

N-glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins. It plays important roles in the biogenesis and functions of proteins by influencing their folding, intracellular localization, stability and solubility. N-glycans are synthesized by glycosyltransferases, a complex group of ubiquitous enzymes that occur in most kingdoms of life. A growing body of evidence shows that N-glycans may influence processing and functions of glycosyltransferases, including their secretion, stability and substrate/acceptor affinity. Changes in these properties may have a profound impact on glycosyltransferase activity. Indeed, some glycosyltransferases have to be glycosylated themselves for full activity. N-glycans and glycosyltransferases play roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases (including cancers), so studies on glycosyltransferases may contribute to the development of new therapy methods and novel glycoengineered enzymes with improved properties. In this review, we focus on the role of N-glycosylation in the activity of glycosyltransferases and attempt to summarize all available data about this phenomenon.
Black PRAISE: engaging Black congregations to strengthen critical awareness of HIV affecting Black Canadian communities
Authors: Husbands Winston , Kerr Jelani , Calzavara Liviana , Tharao Wangari , Greenspan Nicole , Muchenje-Marisa Marvelous , Luyombya Henry , Nakamwa Joanita , Arnold Keresa , Nakiweewa Susan , Browne Orville
Published: May 2020

In Canada, HIV disproportionately affects Black communities. Though Black faith leaders play an influential role engaging Black communities around social care and social justice, their response to HIV has been somewhat muted. Black PRAISE is a novel intervention for Black churches to strengthen congregants’ critical awareness of HIV affecting Black communities. A multi-stakeholder team developed and tested the intervention in 2016 − 17 among six churches in the province of Ontario, where more than half of Black Canadians reside, using a community-based participatory approach. Specifically, the intervention aimed to strengthen how congregants understand HIV among Black communities and reduce their level of stigma toward people living with HIV. We addressed critical awareness among the participating congregations through (i) disseminating a booklet with validated information that promoted critical health literacy related to HIV; (ii) enabling pastors to deliver a sermon on love, compassion and social justice; and (iii) developing and screening a short film that featured Black Canadians discussing their experiences of HIV-related stigma. We assessed changes in knowledge and stigma by surveying congregants (N = 173) at baseline and two follow-ups using validated instruments and other measures. Through Black PRAISE, congregants significantly increased their HIV-related knowledge; moreover, exposure to all the intervention components was associated with a significantly reduced level of stigma. A likely strategic outcome of Black PRAISE is that churches are empowered to help strengthen Black people’s community-based response to HIV and join efforts to eliminate the structural conditions that increase Black people’s vulnerability to HIV.
Innovation–diffusion, the economy and contemporary challenges: a comment
Authors: Fagerberg Jan , Verspagen Bart
Published: May 2020

According to Christopher Freeman technological revolutions play a key role in capitalist development. In this article, we ask to what extent more recent developments are consistent with the perspective advanced by Freeman. We focus on two issues in particular, the climate challenge and what has been dubbed “A Fourth Industrial Revolution” that is, advances in artificial intelligence and the proliferation of the internet of things.
A Peptide-Based Magnetic Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay for Serological Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Cai Xue-fei , Chen Juan , li Hu Jie- , Long Quan-xin , Deng Hai-jun , Liu Ping , Fan Kai , Liao Pu , Liu Bei-zhong , Wu Gui-cheng , Chen Yao-kai , Li Zhi-jie , Wang Kun , Zhang Xiao-li , Tian Wen-guang , Xiang Jiang-lin , Du Hong-xin , Wang Jing , Hu Yuan , Tang Ni , Lin Yong , Ren Ji-hua , Huang Lu-yi , Wei Jie , Gan Chun-yang , Chen Yan-meng , Gao Qing-zhu , Chen A-mei , He Chang-long , Wang Dao-Xin , Hu Peng , Zhou Fa-Chun , Huang Ai-long , Wang De-qiang
Published: May 2020

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel β-coronavirus, causes severe pneumonia and has spread throughout the globe rapidly. The disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the only test able to confirm this infection. However, the accuracy of RT-PCR depends on several factors; variations in these factors might significantly lower the sensitivity of detection.

Methods

In this study, we developed a peptide-based luminescent immunoassay that detected immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM. The assay cutoff value was determined by evaluating the sera from healthy and infected patients for pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2.

Results

To evaluate assay performance, we detected IgG and IgM in the sera from confirmed patients. The positive rate of IgG and IgM was 71.4% and 57.2%, respectively.

Conclusions

Therefore, combining our immunoassay with real-time RT-PCR might enhance the diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19.
Life cycles of the rhizocephalan Boschmaella japonica Deichmann & Høeg, 1990 (Cirripedia: Chthamalophilidae) and its host barnacle Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883 (Cirripedia: Chthamalidae)
Authors: Yabuta Miku , Høeg Jens T , Yamato Shigeyuki , Yusa Yoichi
Published: May 2020

Although parasitic castration is widespread among rhizocephalan barnacles, Boschmaella japonica Deichmann & Høeg, 1990 does not completely sterilise the host barnacle Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883. As little information is available on the relationships with the host in “barnacle-infesting parasitic barnacles” (family Chthamalophilidae), we studied the life cycles of both B. japonica and C. challengeri and the effects of the parasite on the host reproduction. Specimens of C. challengeri were collected from an upper intertidal shore at Shirahama, Wakayama, western Japan from April 2017 to September 2018 at 1–3 mo intervals. We recorded the body size, number of eggs, egg volume, and the presence of the parasite for each host. Moreover, settlement and growth of C. challengeri were followed in two fixed quadrats. Chthamalus challengeri brooded from February to June. The prevalence of B. japonica was high (often exceeded 10%) from April to July, and was rarely observed from September to next spring. The life cycle of the parasite matched well with that of the host. The parasite reduced the host’s brooding rate and brood size, to the extent that no hosts brooded in 2018.
Environmental DNA reveals cryptic diversity within the subterranean amphipod genus Pseudocrangonyx Akatsuka & Komai, 1922 (Amphipoda: Crangonyctoidea: Pseudocrangonyctidae) from central Japan
Authors: Yonezawa Satoru , Nakano Takafumi , Nakahama Naoyuki , Tomikawa Ko , Isagi Yuji
Published: May 2020

An environmental DNA (eDNA) detection method confirms the presence of the subterranean amphipod genus PseudocrangonyxAkatsuka & Komai, 1922 in the city of Kyoto, Honshu, Japan for the first time in more than 90 years. Phylogenetic trees using partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of eDNA samples from Kyoto and specimens collected from various locations in Japan and Korea highlight that two genetically distinct taxonomic units inhabit Kyoto’s subterranean environments. Results reveal that the ranges of distinct phylogroups of Pseudocrangonyx widely overlap with each other around Lake Biwa in central western Honshu. The eDNA results increase our understanding of the species richness and complicated evolutionary history of these stygobitic amphipods.
2D investigation of water permeability in hydrate-bearing sediment with coexisting hydrate growth habits
Authors: He Gaofeng , Luo Xianqi , Shakya Chandan
Published: May 2020

Permeability variation in the presence of hydrates plays an important role in hydrate dissociation and may lead to extraction issues. Therefore, a wide range of pore-scale studies considering the hydrate growth habit have been conducted by various researchers. Here, we use microscopic training images of hydrate-bearing sediment to replicate the micromorphology of hydrates and coexisting hydrate growth habits (pore filling and coating) into 2D reconstruction models by multiple point statistics (MPS). Accounting for the geometric differences between each realisation and the different ratios between coating hydrate and pore-filling hydrate, permeability simulation is performed by the lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Results show that subtle geometric differences of hydrates may result in great changes in permeability for a given hydrate saturation for the same hydrate growth habit. The Kozeny–Carman model for single hydrate growth habit can also be used for the hydrate-bearing sediment with coexisting hydrate growth habits if the ratio of these two hydrate saturations is about 4, where the effect of coating or pore-filling hydrate can be neglected. This reconstruction model agrees well with experimental results and can be easily implemented in reservoir simulators for complex hydrate distributions.
Consecutive single-institution case series of primary central nervous system lymphoma treated by R-MPV or high-dose methotrexate monotherapy
Authors: Sasaki Nobuyoshi , Kobayashi Keiichi , Saito Kuniaki , Shimizu Saki , Suzuki Kaori , Lee Jeunghun , Yamagishi Yuki , Shibahara Junji , Takayama Nobuyuki , Shiokawa Yoshiaki , Nagane Motoo
Published: May 2020

Objective

The optimal regimen for use of high dose-methotrexate-based chemotherapy in primary central nervous system lymphoma is still under debate. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the treatment outcome of a combination immunochemotherapy consisting of rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine followed by with or without whole brain radiotherapy and consolidation cytarabine, in comparison with high dose-methotrexate monotherapy followed by full dose whole brain radiotherapy.

Methods

Newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma patients treated with either rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine or high dose-methotrexate in Kyorin University Hospital were identified, and the response rates and survival were compared. Toxicities, post-treatment transition of Mini-Mental State Examination, Karnofsky performance status score, Fazekas scale and prognostic factors were analysed in the rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine group.

Results

Ninety-five patients treated with rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine (n = 39) or high dose-methotrexate (n = 56) were analysed. The complete response/complete response unconfirmed rate was significantly higher in the rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine group (74.4 vs. 15.4%, P < 0.001). Accordingly, both median progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly longer in the rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine group (median progression-free survival: unreached vs. 14.75 months, P < 0.001) (median overall survival: unreached vs. 63.15 months, P = 0.005). Although the rate of grade 3/4 hematologic toxicities was high both during rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine and consolidation cytarabine, the rate of grade 3/4 infections was low, and no treatment related deaths were observed. Deterioration in Karnofsky performance status or Mini-Mental State Examination was rare, except on disease recurrence. Although whole brain radiotherapy was associated with Fazekas scale deterioration, its association with Karnofsky performance status or Mini-Mental State Examination deterioration was not significant.

Conclusions

Rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine and vincristine was apparently promising in comparison with high dose-methotrexate monotherapy with manageable toxicity in this retrospective study, and further investigation is warranted.
Parotid adenocarcinoma metastasis to the breast: a case report
Authors: Smith Brandon M , Azouz Vitali , Liu Louisa , Williams Gary
Published: May 2020

Metastatic salivary gland tumors are rare clinical entities of the head and neck. Parotid gland carcinoma with distant metastases heralds a poor prognosis with a median survival of 4.3–7.3 months. The lungs, long bones, liver and brain are the most common sites of metastasis for parotid gland cancer, along with a few reported cases describing metastasis to the ileum, spleen and iliac crest. We present the first case to our knowledge of parotid adenocarcinoma metastasis to the breast.
Fruit water content as an indication of sugar metabolism improves simulation of carbohydrate accumulation in tomato fruit
Authors: Chen Jinliang , Vercambre Gilles , Kang Shaozhong , Bertin Nadia , Gautier Hélène , Génard Michel
Published: May 2020

Although fleshy fruit is mainly made up of water, little is known about the impact of its water status on sugar metabolism and its composition. In order to verify whether fruit water status is an important driver of carbohydrate composition in tomato fruit, an adaptation of the SUGAR model proposed previously by M. Génard and M. Souty was used. Two versions of the model, with or without integrating the influence of fruit water content on carbohydrate metabolism, were proposed and then assessed with the data sets from two genotypes, Levovil and Cervil, grown under different conditions. The results showed that, for both genotypes, soluble sugars and starch were better fitted by the model when the effects of water content on carbohydrate metabolism were taken into consideration. Water content might play a regulatory role in the carbon metabolism from sugars to compounds other than sugars and starch in Cervil fruit, and from sugars to starch in Levovil fruit. While water content influences tomato fruit carbohydrate concentrations by both metabolism and dilution/dehydration effects in the early developmental stage, it is mainly by dilution/dehydration effects in the late stage. The possible mechanisms underlying the effect of the fruit water content on carbohydrate metabolism are also discussed.
Type II Fusarium head blight susceptibility conferred by a region on wheat chromosome 4D
Authors: Hales Benjamin , Steed Andrew , Giovannelli Vincenzo , Burt Christopher , Lemmens Marc , Molnár-Láng Marta , Nicholson Paul
Published: May 2020

Fusarium head blight (FHB) causes significant grain yield and quality reductions in wheat and barley. Most wheat varieties are incapable of preventing FHB spread through the rachis, but disease is typically limited to individually infected spikelets in barley. We point-inoculated wheat lines possessing barley chromosome introgressions to test whether FHB resistance could be observed in a wheat genetic background. The most striking differential was between 4H(4D) substitution and 4H addition lines. The 4H addition line was similarly susceptible to the wheat parent, but the 4H(4D) substitution line was highly resistant, which suggests that there is an FHB susceptibility factor on wheat chromosome 4D. Point inoculation of Chinese Spring 4D ditelosomic lines demonstrated that removing 4DS results in high FHB resistance. We genotyped four Chinese Spring 4DS terminal deletion lines to better characterize the deletions in each line. FHB phenotyping indicated that lines del4DS-2 and del4DS-4, containing smaller deletions, were susceptible and had retained the susceptibility factor. Lines del4DS-3 and del4DS-1 contain larger deletions and were both significantly more resistant, and hence had presumably lost the susceptibility factor. Combining the genotyping and phenotyping results allowed us to refine the susceptibility factor to a 31.7 Mbp interval on 4DS.
Immigration and Race
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. , Pumariega Andres J.
Published: May 2020

The chapter on Immigration and Race describes the history of race relations and the present and future and the rapidly changing racial topography of the United States. It explains these changes are based on the high rates of ethnic-racial intermarriage that have appeared in the last two decades. It analyzes the complexity of ethnic-racial self-identification, taking into account the tensions that appear between the identification imposed by the majority culture, in contrast with the person’s individual self-concept of ethnicity and race, especially in the face of the increasing multi-ethnic and multi-racial American population. It addresses the history of racism and discrimination experienced by minority populations and immigrants of color and the psychological effects of discrimination and racism on these populations. It describes the risk factors and protective factors that come into play when individuals are faced with experiences of discrimination and racism. It describes the process of ethnic-racial identity development and the different styles of ethnic-racial socialization and cultural orientation. Ultimately, it discussed the importance of ethnicity and race in the psycho-therapeutic encounter and offers treatment recommendations on how to approach and discuss issues of ethnicity and race in psychotherapy.
Transnational Identities, Pilgrimages, and Return Migrations
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. , Pumariega Andres J.
Published: May 2020

The chapter on transnational identities, pilgrimages, and return migrations explains the concept and importance of the term transnationalism and the new socioeconomic dynamics that take place between immigrants to the United States and the flow of cultural exchange and monetary remittances to the relatives in the country of origin. It expands on how the use of new communication technologies and more accessible air transportation have contributed to globalization and how this globalization has changed the immigrant experience, leading to a process of interculturation. It expands on the particular immigrant experience of Puerto Ricans and also discusses the dynamics of those whose stay behind in the country of origin. This chapter explains the psychodynamic meaning of nostalgia and discusses the reasons and motivations that generate return migrations to the country of origin. It also discusses the socioeconomic and psychodynamic issues of those who chose to return and how the transfer of newly acquired skills and knowledge impacts the country of origin, as well as the psychodynamic and socioeconomic issues that result in the encounter between those who chose to stay and those who return. This chapter also discusses the meaning of pilgrimages to the lands, not of the immigrants’ birth, of their ancestral family histories and how these pilgrimages serve as intrapsychic organizers that lead to the integration and enrichment of the person’s cultural identity and may promote personal growth. The topics are explained and illustrated with various case studies.
Criminality Among Immigrants to the United States
Authors: Rothe Eugenio M. , Pumariega Andres J.
Published: May 2020

The chapter on criminality among immigrants seeks to dispel the myths and to clarify the true statistics of criminality among the immigrant population in the United States. It provides a historical perspective of criminality and immigration and describes the anti-immigrant currents and rhetoric that have emerged throughout the history of the country. It describes the crime rates and socioeconomic factors that generate criminality among legal and undocumented immigrants, providing an in-depth analysis of the three principal federal, state, and local justice system U.S. government databases in order to clarify the true statistics on immigrant criminality. It discusses the variables that affect the levels of criminality, including immigration, class, and race and the statistics and factors affecting criminality among second-generation immigrants and beyond. It describes what constitutes a cultural crime and the plight of immigrants as victims, including border crossings, human trafficking, violence, and exploitation and the contribution of post-traumatic stress disorder as a cause of criminality and as a result of victimization. Ultimately, it discusses the dilemma of immigration as an issue of national security.
Hospital and Asylum
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M.
Published: May 2020

The history of medicine can never be understood without its buildings and its interior. A physical venue is needed to create a healing place for the injured and sick and for medicine to advance. In cinema, hospitals resemble block-like structures loaded with technology. To obtain a better perspective of how hospitals are portrayed in film, this chapter reviews the historical development of the hospital and the history of asylums as places of confinement for patients with mental illness. More than a few films paint hospitals and psychiatric institutions as understaffed with disrespect from top to bottom in the professional hierarchy. This chapter reviews the depiction of hospital wards and psychiatry wards in fictional and documentary film.
Epidemics
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M.
Published: May 2020

Medicine has been powerless against the disaster of a major epidemic disease. There is also a perception that officials and our governments are unable to cope with an epidemic and that a disease cannot only stop civilization in its track but also can destroy it rapidly. Historically speaking, a number of important films have addressed epidemics over time. Many have interpreted these epic films as affirmations of the basic values that keep humankind afloat even in the worst of circumstances and to imagine the future—even if you think there won’t be one. Medical epidemics in film, in particular the longstanding AIDS epidemic, also allow a political (and bioethical) interpretation, show preconceptions and stigmatization when treatments are concerned, and have criticized the belittling response to a threat. Films on poliomyelitis often show the emotional and physical hardships faced by patients and families.
Mental Illness
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyzes the ways that films showcase personality disorders and the common psychiatric disorders. Screenwriters have long been interested in the portrayal of psychiatrists and personality disorders. The explanation is obvious: abnormal, irrational behavior provides a rich, endless source of material. and. Many filmmakers explore the impact of psychiatric disorders on relatives. However, the stigmatization of mental illness and its association with murder and mayhem have not been minimized by cinema in its short history. Cinematic depictions of psychiatric disorders are short on theme development and direct disproportionate attention to the (extremely rare) split-personality disorders, hyper-sexuality, and “psychopathic killers.” Nevertheless there are a number of noteworthy works both in fiction and documentary form. Huston’s film on PTSD remains an important contribution and provides a glimpse of what could affect soldiers in battle. Fiction film has been enamored with psychoanalysis.
Death and Dying
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F.M.
Published: May 2020

There have been major advances in care of dying patients, and screenwriters, like physicians, have grappled with quality-of-life concerns, artificial prolongation of life, and active assistance in death. Palliation and active euthanasia have been constant, side-by-side considerations in the history of medicine. Assisted death, euthanasia, and self-determination in how to end life have been interests for film directors, and this chapter places these films in context. In real life death is dignified and peaceful, whereas in the movies death from disease is often agonizing and not easily over. In the movies, the sick seldom leave earthly existence in a convincing way.
Preventive General Pediatrics
Authors: Yung Siyi Zhang , Cheong Kimberly , Lee James Heaysung
Published: May 2020

The preventive care chapter of this book examines aspects of a pediatric patient’s well-child care that may be relevant to the general primary care pediatrician in an outpatient setting. It reviews normal growth and nutrition, developmental milestones and how to conduct surveillance and screening, and routine vaccinations, as well as the precautions and special considerations for specific immunizations and diseases. It also reviews common anticipatory guidance and key injury prevention and safety discussions that should take place at each well-child check interval according to the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for preventive pediatric healthcare. This chapter is written for pediatric residents who are still in training as well as for the practicing pediatrician who wishes to study and refresh his or her knowledge of updated evidence-based guidelines in primary care pediatrics.
Mental and Behavioral Health
Authors: Koolwijk Irene , Iyer Sai N. , Schram Patricia Cintra Franco
Published: May 2020

The chapter on mental and behavioral health reviews the clinical presentation and management of children with developmental challenges, psychiatric challenges, and it discusses presentation and screening for substance abuse in the pediatric population. The authors describe the recognition and management of developmental challenges, including global developmental delay, intellectual disability, and language disorders, as well as challenges in learning (learning disorder), social skills (autism spectrum disorder), and attention (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). The authors discuss recognition and management of several psychiatric challenges, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, disruptive behavior, as well as conversion disorder. Finally, the authors describe the presentation and options for screening for substance use in the pediatric population.
Emergency Medicine/Critical Care Medicine
Authors: Rosenblatt Samuel A. , Morgan Ryan W.
Published: May 2020

Using pediatric board review questions, this chapter reviews key concepts in pediatric critical care and emergency medicine. Topics in this chapter include but are not limited to recognition and management of pediatric patients with fever of unknown origin, respiratory failure, sepsis, neurologic failure, traumatic injuries, cardiac arrest, ingestions, and burn injuries. The chapter provides answers to each question with explanations of the correct and incorrect answers.
Allergy and Immunology
Authors: Lippner Elizabeth , McGhee Sean A.
Published: May 2020

The chapter on allergy and immunology reviews the risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of atopic diseases and immunodeficiency diseases. The material is presented in an engaging clinical vignette and question-and-answer format. The key medical conditions covered in the chapter include allergic and atopic diseases such as asthma, food allergy, anaphylaxis, urticaria/angioedema, drug allergy, and stinging insect allergy; it also touches on rarer primary immunodeficiency diseases. It highlights key clinical features to enable differentiation of allergic disorders from their mimickers; it provides a diagnostic approach to evaluate primary immunodeficiency diseases, and it covers both acute/urgent and long-term disease management.
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Authors: Goldman Joshua T. , Duffaut Calvin J. , Thompson Rachel M. , Beck Jennifer J.
Published: May 2020

Musculoskeletal issues account for 8% of chief complaints in the pediatric outpatient setting, making the subject of particular interest to pediatricians. This chapter reviews the spectrum of musculoskeletal issues seen in the pediatric population. The spectrum of pediatric pathology ranges from congenital issues such as clubfoot, acquired pathology such as scoliosis, and activity-related complaints such as patellofemoral pain syndrome. Sports medicine is a concurrently rapidly evolving field, investigating numerous pathologies unique to active individuals. With 69% of youth participating in team or individual sports on a regular basis, a thorough understanding of the medical care of active youth is essential. The chapter reviews key sports-related topics, including preparticipation screening examinations, sport-related concussion, exercise-induced bronchospasm, and much more.
Ear, Nose, and Throat
Authors: Shapiro Nina , Moayer Roxana , Pettijohn Kelly J. , Shay Sophie G.
Published: May 2020

The practice of pediatrics, in large part, comprises issues related to the ears, nose, and throat. For example, ear symptoms, often due to otitis media, are one of the most common reasons for a child’s visit to a pediatrician. This chapter reviews many of the common ear, nose, and throat pathologies in children. These include ear infections (otitis media), neck masses, vascular lesions, airway disorders, and adenotonsillar disease. Other less common, albeit important, issues such as hearing loss, congenital abnormalities, and sleep disorders are also discussed. The material is presented via vignettes, each followed by a question-and-answer format for review.
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Authors: Giefer Matthew J. , Lane Erin R. , Green Nicole , Miller Talya L. , Pietzak Michelle
Published: May 2020

This chapter on gastrointestinal disorders uses clinical scenarios and a question-and-answer format to make the material covered both engaging and relevant. The topics addressed in this chapter range from common gastrointestinal conditions seen in everyday practice to emergent and rarer diseases that may only be encountered a few times in a career. The clinical scenarios in this chapter take place in multiple different clinical settings in order to provide exposure to a diverse array of acuity represented in clinical practice. Specific topics include acute and chronic abdominal pain, vomiting, esophageal disorders, diarrhea, constipation, jaundice, gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcer disease, hepatomegaly, malabsorption, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Nephrology and Urology
Authors: Weng Patricia L. , Wesseling Perry Katherine
Published: May 2020

This chapter on pediatric nephrology and urology examines normal renal physiology and urological anatomy along with common manifestations of renal and urological dysfunction in children. It reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders. It describes the presentation and management of glomerular diseases associated with proteinuria, hematuria, and chronic kidney disease. Inherited diseases and syndromes affecting the kidney, bladder, and urinary tract are described. In addition, age-related changes in glomerular filtration, common pathogens associated with urinary tract infection, the diagnosis and management of inguinal masses and vaginal discharge, and the management of acute kidney injury are discussed. This chapter is written for pediatric residents in training.