bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociology and Industrial Relations
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: November 2023

In many ways the relationship between sociology and industrial relations parallels the tripartite frame of reference within industrial relations itself, those of unitarism, pluralism, and conflict. At times conflict over the legitimacy of the approaches involved by those active in the two spheres has reigned supreme. At other points co-operation and sympathy with those involved in a common enterprise has characterized the relationship. As sociologists and industrial relations practitioners we can be variously seen to be pursuing the same issues using overlapping methodologies (a form of unitary endeavour). Alternatively, the two activities can at times be seen to be pursuing a similar object by means of differing approaches (a form of pluralism). Finally, there are those who have believed that sociology and industrial relations are very different endeavours which have different objects of study, use different methodologies and are largely incommensurable (a kind of conflict perspective).
Consumer Capitalism and Industrial Relations
Authors: Korczynski Marek
Published: November 2023

This book is inspired by a crisis of the institutions and study of industrial relations. Often this crisis is seen as revolving around the rise of managerialism and HRM. This crisis is a real one and is investigated in a number of chapters in this book. By focusing on the rise of consumer capitalism, however, this chapter highlights a different sort of crisis affecting industrial relations—a crisis of legitimacy stemming from the rise of the customer as a figure of authority within organizations and society. The argument proceeds in the following way. First, there is an examination of the importance of, and nature of, legitimacy within traditional industrial relations practice and study. The subsequent section charts the rise of the customer as a figure of authority, that is, of legitimate power, within organizations, particularly service organizations. The final section considers how the institutions and study of industrial relations can respond to this crisis of legitimacy.
The Future of Industrial Relations
Authors: Edwards Paul
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to consider the analytical value of the concept ‘industrial relations’ and to indicate some lines of future development. The label is unfortunate in so far as ‘industry’ is often taken to mean ‘manufacturing’ (a usage perhaps more common where English is a second language than in the Anglo-Saxon world). Yet as Kaufman (this volume) demonstrates, in the US ‘industrial relations’ was for a considerable period the overall term for employer-employee relations. If we were starting from scratch, ‘employment relations’ might be the most convenient term, but as long as IR is understood to refer to any form of the employment relationship there is plainly no restriction to manufacturing.
The Historical Context Of Statutory Nuisance And Public Health Legislation
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

Statutory nuisance is a concept that originated in the huge changes and adverse environmental conditions brought about during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. It was fundamental to the social legislation that was first enacted in the 1840s and 1850s, and which continued into the twentieth century in the Public Health Act of 1936. Some of this early sanitary legislation continues in the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’), either virtually unaltered from its original formulation or in an amended form; some early formulations are to be found in other legislation, such as the Building Act 1984.
Offences And Prosecution For Breach Of An Abatement Notice
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

Local authority prosecutions for breach of an abatement notice invoke the rules of evidence and procedure of the magistrates’ courts acting in their criminal capacity. These rules are more restrictive than apply in appeals against abatement notices under section 80(3) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’) where the rules and procedures are based on civil law.1 Hearsay evidence that would be admissible in an appeal is subject to much more stringent conditions in criminal proceedings.
Accumulations And Deposits
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

This statutory nuisance has its origins in the earliest public health legislation. It first appeared in section 8 of the Nuisances Removal Act 1855: ‘Any Accumulation or Deposit which is a Nuisance or injurious to Health.’ It was consolidated in section 92(c) of the Public Health Act 1936: ‘any accumulation or deposit which is prejudicial to health or a nuisance’ and, is now contained in the EPA 1990 with the same wording.
The Rise and Fall of a Local Version of Management Consulting in Finland
Authors: Ainamo Antti , Tienari Janne
Published: November 2023

To address this gap in the literature, this chapter presents a historical account of the emergence of management consulting in Finland from the Second World War until the late 1990s. The historical account of the creation of the local version of management consulting in Finland is generally informative about how management consulting becomes institutionalized in countries where American-style consultants lack access to the boardrooms of corporations, where cultural norms resist learning about working with consultants, or where there exist other obstacles to consultants becoming a link for knowledge transfer across managers in different locations.
Collaborative Relationships in the Creation and Fashioning of Management Ideas: Gurus, Editors, and Managers
Authors: Clark Timothy , Greatbatch David
Published: November 2023

The management advice industry is an interrelated community of knowledge entrepreneurs and organizations which include management consultants, management gurus, business schools, and mass media organizations. Each of these groups is concerned with the creation, production, and dissemination of ideas and techniques to managers. These groups compete with each other and thrive or falter on their ability to convince the management audience why it is imperative that they should pursue certain organizationalgoals and why their particular technique offers the best means to achieve these goals. The findings of a number of studies suggest that management consultants and gurus currently dominate contemporary notions of the organizational ideal and the nature of the management role (Barley, Meyer, and Gash 1988; Gerlach, 1996; Spell 2000). Hence, those ideas with popular appeal and being disseminated by media organizations are primarily the ones created by these two groups. In contrast, the academic literature tends to lag behind the popular management press, so that the research agenda is not being set by academics. Management academics increasingly research the outcomes of management actions that are influenced by the ideas of a small number of consultants and gurus.
Financial Intermediary-Coalitions
Authors: Boyd John H , Prescott Edward C
Published: November 2023

Much has been written about financial intermediaries, and there is general agreement that these firms, which account for about 8%1 of U.S. gross national product, are somehow important. Despite the volume of past studies, however, research on this topic remains at a relatively primitive stage. This is primarily so because in Arrow-Debreu economies such organizations are unneeded. Until quite recently, serious analysis of intermediaries was therefore hindered by the lack of convincing general equilibrium theories that give rise to trading frictions.
Financial Intermediation with Risk Aversion
Authors: Aversion Financial Intermediation with Risk
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to study the impact of risk aversion on financial intermediation in the agency cost approach to financial relations. Two questions will be addressed: First, what is the impact of risk aversion on the viability of financial intermediation? Second, what is the impact of risk aversion on the allocation of risks in a financial system based on intermediation? As pointed out by Diamond (1984), viability of financial intermediation is an issue because intermediation lengthens the chain of transactions in the provision of finance. This may widen the scope for moral hazard.
The Governance of Exchanges: Members’ Cooperatives versus Outside Ownership
Authors: Hart Oliver , Hardman-Moore John
Published: November 2023

In all countries, securities exchanges face a number of important new challenges. First, exchanges compete increasingly with each other. This is in large part a result of the reduced cost of communications, which has allowed exchanges to gain access to a geographically dispersed set of customers. The impact of this changing technology was initially felt by regional exchanges, which lost their local franchises and in many cases were forced out of business. However, national exchanges are now also to a large extent in competition internationally. Competition has been heightened by the fact that quite similar economic attributes may often be shared by apparently different securities.
Financial System Architecture
Authors: Boot Arnaud W A , Thakor Anjan V
Published: November 2023

A primary function of the financial system is to facilitate the transfer of resources from savers (“surplus units”) to those who need funds (“deficit units”). In a well-designed financial system, resources are efficiently allocated. The question we address is, what is the configuration of such a financial system? In particular, we examine why bank lending and capital market financing coexist and the factors-such as regulation and the stage of economic development-that determine which dominates.
Constituency and Theta Roles
Authors: Adger David
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the idea that syntactic structures are hierarchical in nature, with smaller structures coming together to make larger structures, which, themselves, can be parts of yet larger structures, and so on. We shall motivate a syntactic operation, which we will call Merge, whose function is to build up larger structures out of smaller ones, with the smallest elements being lexical items.
Mismatching By Design: Explaining the Dynamics of Innovative Capabilities of the Firm with a Penrosean Mark
Authors: Turvani Margherita
Published: November 2023

My attention will be addressed to the understanding of the features that are respon sible both for promoting and limiting the capability of firms to innovate. Following Penrose’s mark I will look at the process of generation and utilisation of knowledge within the firm to highlight the mechanisms at work that govern the day-to-day pro cess of knowledge creation, mechanisms that may foster or hinder the development of innovative capabilities of the firm and its capacity to grow.
London Dismembered
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala
Published: November 2023

Getting rid of the Greater London council was one thing. Providing a long-term alternative was another. Not only did it not prove easy; the problem was almost entirely ignored. Yet the very failure to tackle it raised an unexpected question. Did it matter? The abolition of the GLC in 1986 left London’s future in the hands of ministers, the 32 London boroughs, and a web of joint arrangements. Decision making became highly fragmented, with powers drifting to Whitehall. A network of joint bodies struggled to build a basis for the planning of the metropolis, while Labour politicians looked on askance as the London Residuary Body set about its task of disposing of the remaining GLC assets. Yet, despite all predictions, the governance of London continued to function.
Marketizing Higher Education: Neoliberal Strategies and Counter-Strategies
Authors: Levidow Les
Published: November 2023

Higher education has special stakes for ruling ideologies and strategies. Universities represent the needs of the state and capital as the needs of society, while adapting the skills of professional workers to labour markets. Despite this role, often spaces are created for alternative pedagogies and critical citizenship.

As part of that long-standing conflict, marketization tendencies have a long history. Student numbers have increased, while teaching has been under-resourced and so appears as an ‘inefficiency’ problems, to be solved by standardizing curricula. Knowledge has been packaged in textbook-type formats, so that students become customers for products. As a US critic once remarked, ‘the various universities are competitors for the traffic in merchantable instruction’ (Veblen 1918: 65).
Direct monitoring and profitability: Are large shareholders beneficial?
Authors: Gugler Klaus
Published: November 2023

One natural question from Table 1.1 is whether manager-controlled (MC) firms (QI) are less profitable than owner-controlled (QC) firms (QN) because of the presence of the separation of ownership and control and the resulting absence of direct monitoring. Before we try to answer this question, Table 2.1 presents an overview over the potential severity of the problem of the separation of ownership and control in Europe, Japan, and the USA. Concentrated holdings of common stock potentially reduce agency problems among shareholders and managers; the larger ownership (and voting power) concentration, the higher the incentive and ability of shareholders to monitor management. This reduction in the’free-rider problem, of monitoring is accompanied by a’convergence-of-interest’effect if managers hold large blocks of shares.
Beneficial block-holders versus entrenchment and rent extraction?
Authors: Gugler Klaus
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, we saw that large shareholders can improve the supervision of management and thereby improve firm performance. However, large blockholders, by virtue of their increased scope of influence over the company may also have detrimental effects. Quadrant IV of Table I.I exhibited the costs and benefits of concentrated voting power and concentrated ownership. The benefits of large shareholders are associated with the alignment of cash-flow and control interests and direct monitoring.
Moral Rights: Moving from Rhetoric to Reality in Pursuit of European Harmonisation
Authors: lea* Gary
Published: November 2023

The two basic characteristics of moral rights are, on the face of it, easy to state: they are personal in that they relate to the creative processes and products of a human actor (‘the author’) and they are non-proprietary in that they relate to interests arising from authorship which reflect fundamental aspects of human dignity rather than simple commercial gain or ownership of property;1 in broad terms, these are one or more of the protection of the status of the author, the protection of the status of the work and the protection of the special creative link between the two.
Defamation Law and the Liability of Internet Intermediaries: Recent Developments in the United Kingdom, the USA and Australia
Authors: Collins* Matthew
Published: November 2023

Civil defamation law balances the right to reputation against the public interest in freedom of speech. Despite a common legal heritage, this balance has come to be drawn differently in each of the United Kingdom, the USA and Australia, as a result of different emphases in the common law authorities and the statutes which apply in each country.
Reforming the Regulation of Communications
Authors: gibbons* Thomas
Published: November 2023

Recent developments in the media, telecommunications and information technology sectors have prompted the need for widespread rationalisation of policy and regulation. There has been considerable debate, especially at the European level,1 about which measures might be appropriate to consider, and this has informed the Labour administration’s thinking about the way forward. Following a lengthy consultation process, the White Paper published at the end of 2000 sets out the strategy for a new framework in the United Kingdom.2 Since future advances and their timescale are difficult to predict, it emphasises flexibility: to prevent new initiatives from being stifled, but without compromising the interests of the public, both as consumers and as citizens. The principal proposals are the increased use of competition regulation, both general and sector-specific, as the basic tool for supervising the communications infrastructure, together with an attempt to provide a more coherent framework for content regulation.
Main Developments in Broadcasting Law
Authors: Ballard* Tony
Published: November 2023

The new Millennium began with an exuberant endorsement of the broadband future. The Government staged an auction of five licences for blocks of spectrum for third generation (‘3G’) mobile services. 3G systems will permit the delivery of higher bandwidth services to users on the move. Users should be able to surf the Internet and to access music, high quality pictures and video. The reserve prices for the licences totalled £500m; 13 bidders took part; the auction ran for seven weeks. The bids exceeded all expectations, the winning bids totalling £22,477m.
Co-articulation and Sequences
Authors: Catford J C
Published: November 2023

We completed our survey of articulatory stricture types (stop, trill, fricative, etc.) and articulatory locations (bilabial, labiodental, apico-dental, etc.) in Chapter 5. However, there are still some things that remain to be said about articulation, and we discuss them here under the headings of co-articulation and sequences.
Two Cultural Approaches for Understanding the Reproductive Health Consequences of Marital Violence in an Indian Area of Mexico
Authors: Montes Soledad González
Published: November 2023

In 1993 the United Nations’ World Health Organization produced a broad definition of violence against women as: ‘Any act based on gender, that results or can result in physical, sexual or psychological damage, or suffering to the woman, including coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, occurring in private or public life.’ Research done during the last two decades has shown the marital relationship to be the most frequent-but certainly not the only-context in which violence against women occurs. It has dismissed the notion that conjugal violence is the result of individual pathology, stressing its socio-cultural basis, bringing to light the way gender identities and relations are shared by familial and societal contexts where male control and authority are asserted in the family and society at large (Counts et al.).1 While physical forms of violence exerted against wives are the most obvious and can have immediate health consequences, such as bodily injuries or in the case of pregnant women-miscarriages and low-birth-weight babies (Newberger et al. 1992; Gielen et al. 1994), recent research is exploring the possible long-term effects of both physical and psychological/emotional violence upon the mental and physical health of women (Dixon-Mueller 1993; Heise et al. 1994, 1995).
Culturalism as Ideology
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: November 2023

The anthropologist is often asked to speak about ‘culture’. It is generally thought that such is his fate, as part of the attributions of his discipline, just as the sociologist is expected to study ‘society’, thus following a long scientific tradition, from Franz Boas to George Foster by way of Malinowski. But the culture he is expected to describe is particular: it corresponds to what is believed not to be yet known, to what is in some way at a cultural distance. In other words, he is called upon when his anthropological knowledge is deemed to be irreplaceable. He is therefore supposed, with the support of ethnographic research and conceptual tools, to provide insight into far-away societies that are often referred to as traditional, or into segments of his own society that are in some way distinct from its dominant values, whether those segments be the poor, deviants, or immigrants. The culture of which he draws the portrait is thus defined by its difference. It is the culture of the Other insofar as it is different.
The Structure of the Military Business Complex and its Key Corporations
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

One of the toughest cha1lenges for military authorities during the PLA’s engagement in business was to re&rulate and manage the activities of thousands of enterprises that were hungry to make money by any means. An interlocking structure of administra¬tive bodies and corporate entities slowly evolved from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s to oversee this smiling and loosely connected corporate structure. But this bureaucratic apparatus struggled to keep pace with the rapidly changing and disorderly growth of army-owned businesses.

In the military business complex’s aspirations of becoming a domestic and interna¬tional commercial powerhouse, a key goal was the development of a stable of conglomerates that controlled many of the largest and most profitable PLA commer¬cial entities. They were given special treatment to boost their growth, inc1uding numerous financial and administrative privileges. At the helm of these corporations were well-connected military entrepreneurs, often the sons and daughters of top leaders, as we11 as an expanding breed of market-savvy managers.
The PLA’s Divestiture From Business, 1998-1999
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

At a national anti-smuggling seminar held by the PLA high command in July I 998, Jiang Zemin instructed the military, paramilitary, and law enforcement bodies public security, state security, judicial, and procurational bodies) to clean up and divest themselves from commercial activities. He told the assembled military brass that to properly develop the army in an all-round manner, the central authorities decided that the anny and the anned police should earnestly screen and rectify various commercial companies operated by their subordinate units and sha1l not carry out commercial activities in the future.’
Reducing the Costs of Proxy Voting
Authors: Stapledon Geof P , Bates Jonathan J
Published: November 2023

In recent years, there have been several regulatory changes in the UK directed at removing the need for share certificates and decreasing the settlement period for share transactions. Further reforms have been proposed (HM Treasury 1999). These changes have been justified on efficiency grounds.
Abstraction and Decontextualization: An Anthropological Comment
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: November 2023

Many of the findings in this book, writes the editor, are counter-intuitive. This is itself a finding, one reached early on in the ‘Virtual Society?’ programme on which these contributions are based, and it has remained importantly true. The ethnographic reach of the diverse studies brought together here underpins it. But to know that as a finding then makes it part of the study. This chapter reflects on the process of study.
The Theoretical Thinking On the Law of the Arbitration
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to present the main schools of thought in the debate on which law, if any, should be the one that gives an international arbitration its binding force and efficacy—the law of the arbitration or lex arbitri. Conceptually, the lex arbitri is a notion wider than and hierarchically prior to the law specifically applicable to arbitral procedure; but it is central and implicit in the discussion on the law of the arbitration that this law would govern the arbitral procedure.

Although the discussion here is largely in terms of abstract legal theory, it is far from being theological.
Enforceability of Awards Annulled in their State of Origin
Authors: Petrochilos Georgios
Published: November 2023

May an award which has been set aside in the ‘country in which or under the law of which’ that award was made be enforced by the courts of another country? Although this chapter will attempt to answer this question in terms of the New York Convention (the Convention), the discussion here is relevant to other international treaties and national law provisions which are modelled after the Convention, as well as certain bilateral treaties that incorporate it by reference.

This chapter does not start from the premise that the setting-aside judgment will be made by the courts of the ‘seat’ of the arbitration, as that concept was defined in Chapter 3; nor that it will have set an award aside on grounds that Chapter 4 argues are both permissible and, in principle, imperative under international law.
Controversies about humanitarian military intervention
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B
Published: November 2023

Once considered an aberration in international affairs, humanitarian military intervention is now a compelling foreign policy issue. It is on the front line of debates about when to use military force; it presents a fundamental challenge to state sovereignty; it radically influences the way humanitarian aid organizations and military organizations work; and it is a matter of life or death for thousands upon thousands of people.
The prospects for success and the limits of humanitarian intervention
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B
Published: November 2023

It is not an exaggeration to say that humanitarian military intervention has been common since the end of the cold war. The 17 landmark cases in six countries or territories from the 1990s which this book analyses from multiple perspectives are but a subset of all the humanitarian interventions during the past decade and a half. Other instances of military force being used in the service of humanitarian objectives (often in conjunction with political objectives) include, but are not limited to, interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone by the Economic Community of West African States (in 1990 and 1998, respectively), the United Kingdom’s intervention in Sierra Leone in 2001, France’s intervention in Côte d’Ivoire in 2003 and Australia’s intervention in the Solomon Islands in 2003. Most of the interventions have been controversial.
On using ANT for studying information systems: a (somewhat) Socratic dialogue
Authors: Latour Bruno
Published: November 2023

For this chapter on the use of Actor Network Theory (ANT), I have conflated several real conversations into one imaginary one. Since English was not the native tongue of any of the participants, some improprieties have been kept. The scene in which the dialogue takes place is an office at the LSE on a dark February Tuesday. It is the end of the afternoon, close to the time for moving to the nearby Beaver pub for a pint of beer. A quiet but insistent knock is heard on the door of the Professor. An IS doctoral student peers into the office.
Actor network theory and cultural aspects of interpretative studies
Authors: Monteiro Eric
Published: November 2023

It has become something of a truism to say that the development and use of information systems are socio-technical processes. From its conception as a purely technical discipline, Information Systems research has grown to encompass a broad and rich field. It is easily forgotten how cumbersome the legitimization of social aspects of IS research has been historically. What we today take as obvious are, in fact, insights gained over many years. Examples of valuable implications of under standing this socio-technical nature include how IS implementation projects get caught up with-and subsequently feed into-the unfolding dynamics that get abbreviated in corporate strategies, hence undermining simplistic notions of project management. Specification and design imply the privileging of some users and leaving others marginalized, thus underscoring the intrinsically political nature of organizations. The use and uptake of information systems hinge on training, on perception, and on structures of incentives.
Socially self-destructing systems
Authors: Baskerville Richard L , Land Frank
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about systems and organizational destruction, which is rather atypical for an information systems study. The study of IS has usually been shaped by its ‘vocational’ mission: the construction of practical and beneficial applications of information technology (see Banville and Landry 1989; Keen 1991). Not surprisingly, therefore, an important role in our research is played by the constructive aspect of IS: how people can, and do, construct practical systems. Knowledge of the construction of is broad, for example based on an understanding of the interrelationship between the information system and the social-organizational system. However, there are many open debates about this relationship. For instance, discussions regarding determinism are concerned with issues such as whether IT determines organization structure or vice-versa (Markus and Robey 1988)-or whether there is some process of co-evolution, as the complexity theorists maintain (Lewin and Volberda 1999; Lewin, Long, and Carroll 1999; McKelvey 2002).
Geographies Of The Nation: Masculinity On The Home Front
Authors: Rose Sonya O
Published: November 2023

In popular imagination nations are presumed to be ‘ natural’ groupings that incline people to experience a sense of belonging, identity, and commonality of sentiment. The metaphoric relationship between the family and the nation links what is supposed to be ‘ natural’, the family, constituted with both gender difference and a hierarchy of age and generation as central components, with the nation, containing at its centre power differentials such as those based on gender, class, and race. But other images-images that combined unity with non-hierarchical diversity were necessary to depict Britain as a nation constituted as both a multiplicity of regions and as a cultural, if not political, ‘ multi-nation’ composed of four distinctive ‘national’ cultures: Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England.
‘The End Is Bound To Come’: Race, Empire, And Nation
Authors: Rose Sonya O
Published: November 2023

As we have seen in the last chapter, urban-rural contestation and the straining against singularity of Britain’s constituent national cultures troubled the idea that the British were one people. As a nation state Great Britain, geographically and politically speaking, was as much an empire as it was a nation for it had been formed by England’s incorporation of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. Moreover, Britain was, of course, an imperial nation, both materially and symbolically dependent upon its ties to lands that were geographically much further removed than Wales, Scotland, and Ireland--the dominions and the colonial dependencies.
Conclusions and Afterthoughts
Authors: Rose Sonya O
Published: November 2023

I began to think about patriotism and national identity when the United States went to war with Iraq in 1990. Almost overnight, or so it seemed, yellow ribbons were everywhere. Initially, when the bombing of Baghdad first started, there were protests in college and university towns--I distinctly remember the sounds of ‘Give Peace a Chance’, that wonderful Beatles song from another age booming over loudspeakers. But in a matter of days, the yellow ribbons adorned clothing and decorated campus buildings. I wondered at how easily patriotic sentiment and the sense of belonging to a nation under threat-even if that threat was so far away could be aroused. My previous work had convinced me that collective identities like gender and class were difficult to forge, and so I looked with amazement as so many of my compatriots rallied to the flag.
The Normative, Political, and Administrative Frameworks
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we have emphasized the problems that the French conception of the superordinate role of the state has posed to the protagonists of integrated government activity. The difficulties encountered in sustaining such an elevated image in contemporary conditions have led to the development of mechanisms to overcome the ensuing dissensions. This chapter will describe what these coordinating mechanisms are in general terms, indicating the disparity between the orderly presuppositions and the messy realities. It will be the task of subsequent chapters to show how these coordinating institutions fare in a variety of specific contexts.
Budget Coordination and the Core Executive
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent
Published: November 2023

‘All the ministries have at least one important function in common: they must prepare their annual budgets.’ While this truism suggests a very dispersed and fragmented budgetary process, coordination proceeding by stages within spending ministerial bureaux, through their budget bureau and the minister’s cabinet budget specialist, and then the minister in person, much of the work at this level is dominated by past commitments and is of a largely routine character. Although heroic attempts such as ‘zero budgeting’ have been made to overcome this inertial effect and reopen the compromise results of past adversarial encounters between spenders and the guardians of public finance, they have been quickly followed by a return to the humdrum, well-tried incremental adjustments at the margin.
The Fall and Rise of Psychological Explanations in the Economics of Intertemporal Choice
Authors: Loewenstein George
Published: November 2023

This chapter was first published in a volume, titled Choice Over Time that I coedited with Jon Elster. The paper covers the historical evolution of the ‘utility’ concept in economics and the consequences of the evolving inter-pretation of utility for the economic analyses of intertemporal choice. A subsidiary, but more general purpose of the paper is to trace the history of how psychology, though once integral to economics, was expunged from economics during the first half of the twentieth century and then subsequently became rediscovered. Unlike the other chapters in this book, this paper never appeared in a refereed journal, and not for lack of trying.
Adam Smith, Behavioral Economist
Authors: Ashraf Nava , Camerer, Colin F , Loewenstein George
Published: November 2023

The genesis of this paper is a typical story in academia. Nava Ashraf was a graduate student at Harvard, and had participated in the biennial Russell Sage Foundation Summer Institute in Behavioral Economics that Colin Camerer and I co-organized at different times. She wrote a paper for a class on Adam Smith, and it caught the attention of one of her advisers at Harvard, an editor at the Journal of Economic Perspectives, who asked her to write a longer piece on Adam Smith for the journal. Nava enlisted the help of Colin, and Colin, knowing of my obsession with Smith, enlisted me. Smith fascinates me not only for what he wrote, but for the different ways that people use his work.
Preference Reversals Between Joint and Separate Evaluations of Options: A Review and Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Hsee Christopher K , Loewenstein George F , Blount, Sally , Bazerman Max H
Published: November 2023

The origin of this paper was a hiring dispute that took place in Max Bazerman’s department in the early 1990s. Max is a remarkable person, who manages the tricky balancing act of being extraordinarily strategic (before his academic career he played Bridge professionally) and extraordinarily nice at the same time. Max has been a major supporter of mine ever since he heard me give an academic talk very early in my career that, he later admitted, “was horrible, but revealed some kind of spark.” He once wrote a promotion letter for me and asked me whether I wanted to read it , an offer which I vehemently declined. He sent it anyway, and of course I read it (consistent with the ideas discussed in Chapter 6). It said nice things, but my initial inclination was the right one: it took me years thereafter not to feel self-conscious in Max’s presence.
Anticipation and the Valuation of Delayed Consumption
Authors: Loewenstein George
Published: November 2023

One day during graduate school I went to Naples Pizza—the second-most famous eating and drinking establishment in New Haven—for lunch, and found there a fellow economics graduate student. He had always struck me as a bit uptight and he seemed particularly so on that day. He reported to me that he was passing the hours at Naples waiting for his girlfriend—perhaps already at that point his fiancé—to meet him after her oral qualifying exam. I commented that the waiting must be stressful, and was surprised when he reacted with a long, quizzical, gaze followed by the statement: “George, you know me better than anyone does.” As a behavioral economist, I’ve always been surprised at how far a tiny sliver of psychology can take one with economists. But, as the saying goes, in the land of the blind.
Investment Behavior and the Negative Side of Emotion
Authors: Shiv Baba , Loewenstein George , Bechara Antoine , Damasio, Hanna , Damasio Antonio R
Published: November 2023

The germ for this paper was a suggestion that Chris Hsee made during a phone conversation we had as I was leaving on a trip to Iowa to explore possible collaborations with Baba Shiv and his colleagues. Chris suggested that we might want to examine the dark side of emotions (though I don’t think he used that exact language). Historically, the dark side was the main side of emotions that people recognized; emotions were seen as opposed to the rule of reason and as the major cause of self-destructive behavior. Psychology, for much of the twentieth century, did not adopt this negative view of emotions—or any other for that matter; it ignored emotions altogether.
Introduction
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia
Published: November 2023

In April 2000, the European Asset Management Association (EAMA) commissioned Professors Franks and Mayer and Oxford Economic Research Associates Ltd. (OXERA) to extend their 1989 study of the regulation of the UK investment industry to an analysis of the European asset management business (Franks and Mayer 1989).
The Policy Implications
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia
Published: November 2023

This book provides a detailed analysis of the structure and regulation of asset management businesses in seven European countries and the USA. It evaluates the operational risks that asset management firms incur in running their businesses, and estimates the size of losses sustained by the industry from these risks in 1999.
Assets under Management: Europe and the USA
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins by comparing the assets under management for eight countries-France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the USA. Detailed country-by-country analyses follow. Global assets under management during 1999 have been estimated at a value of €33 trillion (British Invisibles, 2000).
Protolinguistic Variation: a Link Between Historical Linguistics And Sociolinguistics*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H
Published: November 2023

This study resumes and expands some of the topics discussed in Greenberg (1978) on the stages of the definite article and Greenberg (1981) which is devoted to two additional examples of Stage III articles, Nila-Saharan k-and Penutian -s. In the present context, I will be especially concerned with an aspect of the Stage III article which only received incidental treatment in the earlier studies, namely, the fact that the distribution of the forms with and without the article shows a certain kind of randomness in relation to the languages and dialects of the linguistic stock in which it is found.
Comparative Law and the Legal Mind
Authors: Samuel Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In a letter written to the Times Higher Educational Supplement a correspondent, described as a consultant in teaching methods, claimed that most law students in higher education institutions ‘find themselves being taught “the law” rather than how to reason as a lawyer’.1 No doubt some might wish to contest this assertion, although the correspondent himself does go on to add that the generalizations he makes do not apply to every teacher and every course. But those who know Professor Bernard Rudden, to whom this essay is dedicated, will be well aware that such a criticism never applied to him, despite his implacable insistence on legal and stylistic accuracy. It would not of course be true to say that all comparatists have been, and are, so imaginative and stimulating as this distinguished Oxford Emeritus Professor of Comparative Law. Indeed comparative law as a discipline has come in for some devastating criticism in recent years.
Primary Rights and Rights in Rem
Authors: Pretto Arianna
Published: November 2023

The quality of modern legal writing is often diminished by prolixity. The temptation is always to submit long papers. From this fault of verbosity Bernard Rudden’s writing is exempt. One distinguishing quality of his compositions is undoubtedly conciseness. Some legal literary genres do demand that quality. The Clarendon Law Series is one such. There the Ruddenian mastery is unsurpassed.1 It might not be the best tribute to a master of compact writing to attempt to expand his published thought. However, to abstain would some¬ times contradict another Ruddenian tenet, namely that one must write to explain things to oneself, and, only should that explanation have proved credible, offer it to others, too.
Supply Chain Complexity
Authors: Sivadasan Suja , Efstathiou Janet , Calinescu Ani , Huatuco Luisa Huaccho
Published: November 2023

The concept of the supply chain as an entity that enables companies and commercial organizations to carry out business functions has become well established.
Supply Chain Relationships
Authors: Harland Christine , Knight Louise , Cousins Paul
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the evolution of understanding of supply relationships from several academic perspectives. First, we evaluate the key issues addressed through the different approaches, and consider their contributions.
The Ethical Supply Chain
Authors: New Steve
Published: November 2023

‘Business ethics’ has become an important feature of commercial life, and-in terms of publishing and consulting-a major industry in its own right. Most MBA courses pay attention to the subject, and corporate mission statements are full of noble declarations of ethical intent and high moral purpose.
Capturing Constituent Structure: Phrase Structure Grammars
Authors: Carnie Andrew
Published: November 2023

The analysis of sentences as structured entities is a very old idea. The discipline of pure logic is based on this intuition. Logic distinguishes between predicates (properties and the relations between entities) and arguments (the participants in the predicate relations). Since predicates and arguments can be represented by strings of words, it follows that a basic notion of constituency can be found in this semantic distinction. We can trace this at least as far back as Apollonius Dyscolus (c. ad 200), and probably much earlier to Aristotle.
Multidominated, Multidimensional, and Multiplanar Structures
Authors: Carnie Andrew
Published: November 2023

The “standard” version of phrase structure sketched in the beginning part of this book has the following properties, whether it is defined using a PSG, an X-bar grammar, Merge, or by other means: it graphically represents constituency; it represents word order—even if in a derived manner—and as claimed in Chapter 3 it is subject to restrictions on the interaction of the vertical and horizontal axes of the graph such that vertical relations such as dominance must be represented in the linear order (the horizontal relations).
Accommodation Rights for Hispanics in the United States
Authors: Pogge Thomas W
Published: November 2023

English is the predominant language in the United States. However, Spanish is the native language of some 35 million US citizens and residents, whom, in this chapter, I will refer to as ‘Hispanics’. Many of them do not speak English well. Clearly, the fact that English is the predominant language brings a number of significant advantages to native speakers of English (‘Anglos’) and, correspondingly, a number of significant disadvantages to at least those Hispanics who do not speak English well. This suggests the question whether justice might require special measures designed to protect and/or support Hispanics and the Spanish language within the US and, if so, what specific measures might be appropriate.
Discretionary Leadership: From Control/ Co-ordination to Value Co-Creation Through Polylogue
Authors: Kakabadse Nada , Kakabadse Andrew
Published: November 2023

Considerable easing of the restrictions on world trade and the impact of the information revolution has undermined the importance of national boundaries (Kakabadse and Kakabadse, 2001). Within the international workplace, leaders are increasingly being held accountable, not only by their corporations, but also by the wider community. In effect, contemporary leaders are faced with greater demands from both shareholders and other stakeholders, whereby the requirement for shareholder return is counterbalanced by those who question the benefits of globalization and demand a fairer distribution of wealth, locally and globally.
Twenty-First-Century Leadership—The God of Small Things; or Putting the ‘Ship’ back into ‘Leadership’
Authors: Grint Keith
Published: November 2023

What twenty-first-century leadership will look like is often derived from some configuration of the kind of organization that such leadership ‘requires’. Since we will allegedly have flatter organizations (less hierarchical), more sophisticated technologies making virtual organizations viable, a more educated and culturally less quiescent workforce, all set within an ever-more competitive global environment that makes long-term careers irrelevant, then future leaders will need to reflect this brave new world.
Leading Human Capital and the Global Economy
Authors: McRae Hamish
Published: November 2023

The key theme over the next generation will be variety. There will be no preferred models of corporate organization, no single route to assured success. But all forms of organization in the developed world will have to focus on developing one particular resource: human capital. There will be more pressure than ever before on attracting skilled and creative people, and identifying and enhancing those special qualities. Unless there is some global catastrophe, the next generation will see the further advance of globalization. In shorthand, more and more of the world’s manufacturing output will be located in China and more and more of its service capacity in India. The question for the developed world—or rather the present developed world, for many more countries will make the leap to developed status in the next thirty years—will be to find ways of justifying its high wage levels. The ageing of the population of Europe will put particular pressures on management to get the maximum productivity out of a shrinking workforce.
The Narrative Veil: Truth and Untruths in Storytelling
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

It is said that an ancient Greek painter was challenged by a younger rival to a painting contest. The younger man produced a painting of grapes so realistic that it attracted the attention of nearby birds that mistook them for real. Confident of victory, he invited his rival to reveal his own painting, hiding under a veil. The older man asked him to lift the veil himself, whereupon the young man realized that the veil was the painting. He at once acknowledged the superiority of his rival.
Paradise in Heaven and on Earth: Western Ideas of Perfect (Non)-Organization
Authors: Kyrtatas Dimitris J
Published: November 2023

As every careful reader of the Book of Genesis realizes, there are inconsistencies in the story told regarding the origin of humanity. Actually, it may be reasonably assumed that the account, as it now stands, developed out of two independent traditions or two distinct mentalities. According to one, human beings were the ultimate product of creation. Heaven and earth as well as every kind of living creature were already in their place awaiting them.