bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ecological Context of Interpersonal Violence
Authors: Almgren Gunnar
Published: December 2004

This brief essay outlines the progression over the last 20 years of ecological theories of interpersonal violence. The period between the present and the early 1980s began with a revival of cultural explanations of violence that paralleled the introduction of the neo-conservative social science and then witnessed a rediscovery of deficitsbased structural explanations of interpersonal violence under the broad rubric of social disorganization theory. The essay concludes with a more optimistic appraisal of recent refinements of social disorganization theory that consider the mediating effects of collective efficacy on urban crime and interpersonal violence.
Negative Interaction and Heart Disease in Late Life
Authors: Krause Neal
Published: December 2004

Objective: The purpose of this study was to see whether negative interaction is associated with an increased risk of having heart disease. In the process, an effort was made to see if older people in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups were more vulnerable to the potentially deleterious effects of interpersonal conflict than upper SES elders. Methods: Interviews were conducted with a nationwide sample of older adults at three points in time. Survey items were administered to assess exposure to negative interaction, SES, and whether study participants had heart disease. Results: The findings reveal that negative interaction is associated with an increased risk of heart disease for lower SES elders only. Moreover, the data suggest that the pernicious effects of negative interaction on heart disease take between 2 and 4 years to become manifest. Discussion: The findings underscore the role played by interpersonal relationships in the etiology of heart disease.
The Role of Marital Quality in Physical Health During the Mature Years
Authors: Bookwala Jamila
Published: December 2004

Objective: This study examined the role of marital quality in the physical health of mature adults. Method: Participants were from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States aged 50+ years who were in their first marriage. Five dimensions of marital quality and four indicators of physical health were used. Results: Regression analyses indicated that marital quality indices accounted fora significant amount of explained variance in physical health. Most notably, higher levels of negative spousal behaviors uniquely contributed to physical health, predicting more physical symptoms, chronic health problems, and physical disability, and poorer perceived health. Discussion: The occurrence of negative spousal behaviors was consistently associated with poorer physical health. The negativity effect observed regarding the costs and benefits of social support in general also applies to the context of marriage in that negative spousal behaviors outweigh positive spousal behaviors in contributing to mature adults’ physical health.
Teaching Spiritual Synchronicity in a Business Leadership Class
Authors: Pielstick C. Dean
Published: December 2004

Business leaders and business workers are increasingly interested in bringing their whole selves to work, including the spiritual. Students, as prospective leaders, need to understand issues of reasonable accommodation, religious holidays, display of religious objects, religious practices at work, and so forth. Students may also benefit from considering their own spiritual practices. The business curriculum should prepare future leaders to address these concerns. This article (a) describes the evidence for spirituality at work, (b) defines spiritual synchronicity and the implications for work, and (c) describes the integration of these factors into a business-leadership course at a public university.
Creep Failure in Concrete as a Bifurcation Phenomenon
Authors: Challamel N. , Lanos C. , Casandjian C.
Published: December 2004

Softening and time-dependence of fracture are two complex and coupled phenomena that have to be taken into account in order to simulate realistic concrete behaviour. Understanding the interaction between these two phenomena is important to design reliable civil engineering structures subjected to high level-loading for a long time. The aim of this paper is to develop a simple time-dependent softening model applied to concrete. Presentation is restricted to compression behaviour. A constitutive viscodamage model describes concrete phenomena like relaxation, creep and rate-dependent loading using a unified framework. The model could be viewed as a generalisation of a time-independent damage model and is based on strong thermodynamical arguments. The determination of the material parameters linked to the proposed constitutive equation results from constant strain rate experiments. Using these parameters values, creep and relaxation numerical tests give satisfactory qualitative responses. Phenomena as creep failure under high-sustained load are explained quite simply within stability theory. Creep failure appears as the manifestation of a bifurcation phenomenon. Conversely, for low-sustained load, the motion asymptotically converges towards an equilibrium configuration. Consequently, this model is able to predict creep failure for various stress levels. Implementation of this rheological model in a structural code is envisaged in the future: a non-local approach would be probably necessary in order to simulate objective structural behaviour.
Continuum Damage-healing Mechanics with Application to Self-healing Composites
Authors: Barbero Ever J. , Greco Fabrizio , Lonetti Paolo
Published: December 2004

The general behavior of self-healing materials is modeled including both irreversible and healing processes. A constitutive model, based on a continuum thermodynamic framework, is proposed to predict the general response of self-healing materials. The self-healing materials’ response produces a reduction in size of microcracks and voids, opposite to damage. The constitutive model, developed in the mesoscale, is based on the proposed Continuum Damage-Healing Mechanics (CDHM) cast in a consistent thermodynamic framework that automatically satisfies the thermodynamic restrictions. The degradation and healing evolution variables are obtained introducing proper dissipation potentials, which are motivated by physically based assumptions. An efficient three-step operator slip algorithm, including healing variables, is discussed in order to accurately integrate the coupled elastoplastic-damage-healing constitutive equations. Material parameters are identified by means of simple and effective analytical procedures. Results are shown in order to demonstrate the numerical modeling of healing behavior for damaged polymer-matrix composites. Healed and not healed cases are discussed in order to show the model capability and to describe the main governing characteristics concerning the evolution of healed systems.
Bending Dominated Beam Dynamics: Continuous Shape Functions, Boundary Conditions and Internal Loads
Authors: Haering William
Published: December 2004

Predicted solutions to flexible beam dynamics problems involving large overall prescribed motion are investigated using two existing continuous shape function approaches. The beam is cantilevered to a rigid rotating table at one end and attached to the table by way of a tether spring at the other end. It is demonstrated that the free-interface component mode approach provides a significantly more accurate solution than the traditional cantilever beam eigenfunction approach. The chief difference between the two approaches is the continuous shape functions used and the handling of the boundary conditions. The beam in this study, in contrast to a previous study, is oriented such that the steady-state response of the beam is dominated by its bending behavior. It is shown that the internal loads acting on the beam must be considered in order to demonstrate the distinctive differences between the two approaches. Finally, it is demonstrated that adding a new static shape function to the existing free-interface component mode synthesis approach yields a significantly more accurate solution to the problem.
Stability Analysis of Turning With Periodic Spindle Speed Modulation Via Semidiscretization
Authors: Insperger Tamas , Stepan Gabor
Published: December 2004

We investigate a single-degree-of-freedom model of turning with sinusoidal spindle speed modulation and the corresponding delay-differential equation with time-varying delay. The equation is analyzed by the numerical semidiscretization method. Stability charts and chatter frequencies are constructed. Improvement in the efficiency of machining is found for high modulation frequency and for low spindle speed domain. Period-one, period-two (flip), and secondary Hopf bifurcations were detected by eigenvalue analysis.
Rape Reporting After Reforms
Authors: Clay-Warner Jody , Burt Callie Harbin
Published: December 2004

Using data from the National Violence Against Women Survey, the authors examine whether rapes committed after reforms were more likely to be reported to police than those committed before reforms. The authors also consider whether the gap between the reporting of simple versus aggravated rape has narrowed. They find that rapes committed after 1990 were more likely to be reported than rapes occurring before 1974. Aggravated rape continues to be more likely to be reported than simple rape, however, and this effect is stable over time. The authors conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for evaluating the success of rape reform statutes.
Regulating Intimacy
Authors: Crocker Diane
Published: December 2004

This article describes the findings of research into judicial decision making in Ontario courts in cases of intimate violence against women. Judges are condemning the violence, issuing relatively harsh sentences, and arguing that the intimate context of the violence is an aggravating factor. The analysis also reveals that judges often rely on stereotypes and traditional notions of marriage, family, and femininity. As records of decisions, the documents suggest a high level of understanding that wife abuse is a crime. As judicial discourse, they reveal how the justice system regulates intimate relationships and how traditional ideologies persist despite the harsh sentences.
Domestic Violence
Authors: Ventura Lois A. , Davis Gabrielle
Published: December 2004

This article examines the effect of convictions for domestic violence or a related charge on the recidivism of batterers. Findings indicate that convictions reduce the likelihood of domestic violence recidivism. The variance explained by the conviction variable is modest; however, conviction remains significant when the batterers’histories of domestic violence charges and other background variables are introduced. The article also explores the associations between batterers’background characteristics and court convictions, as well as the effect of sanctions on the recidivism of convicted batterers.
Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment of Cantaloupes: Effect on Product Quality
Authors: Castell-Perez E. , Moreno M. , Rodriguez O. , Moreira R. G.
Published: December 2004

Despite the impressive advances in electron beam irradiation, the technology is not ready for application to all types of fresh and/or minimally processed fruits and vegetables. The relationships between food product quality (nutrients, colour and texture) and irradiation dose are still needed. Cantaloupes ( Cucumis melo, L.) have become a product of interest due to the recent food-borne illness outbreaks related to their consumption in the United States and other countries. The main goal of this study was to verify whether treatment of cantaloupes using electron beam technology has any detrimental effects on the product quality. Whole and fresh-cut packaged cantaloupes were irradiated using a linear electron beam accelerator with the single beam (10MeV) fixture. Samples were stored at 10°C for zero, 4, 8 and 12 days along with control (non-irradiated) samples and tested for colour, texture (firmness), size (density), sugars and carotene content to determine the effect of irradiation dose level (1.0, 1.5 and 3.1kGy). Results indicated that irradiation of cantaloupes, as whole fruits with dose up to 1.0kGy, caused no significant changes on the fruit’s physical and nutritional quality attributes. Irradiating at higher doses had an undesirable effect on product quality. The fresh-cut packaged cantaloupe may be irradiated up to 1.5kGy without worsening the product quality attributes. In both cases, carotene content slightly increased as irradiation dose increased. In general, samples irradiated with dose levels between 1.0-1.5kGy had better quality attributes than the non-irradiated samples.
Time Evolution of Exposed Hydrophobicity of Water-Soluble Proteins During their Depolymerisation by Endo-Proteases
Authors: Sendra J. M. , Sentandreu E. , Carbonell J. V.
Published: December 2004

During the depolymerisation of a water-soluble protein by an endo-protease, the exposed hydrophobicity of the substrate, that is the hydrophobicity that is accessible to hydrophobic probes, changes with the progress of the reaction. This work describes the depolymerisation of bovine serum albumin, α-casein and β-lactoglobulin using the proteases Alcalase, Flavourzyme, α-chymotrypsin, mercuripapain and trypsin. Time evolution of substrate hydrophobicity was monitored by a flow-injection analysis (FIA) system with fluorescence detection and an aqueous eluant containing p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (2,6-TNS) as the fluorescent probe. In all cases, the time evolution of the substrate hydrophobicity was fitted using a derived mathematical function containing two adjustable rate constants and two constant parameters. This methodology allowed the determination of protease activities, as well as online monitoring of the depolymerisation process, when using water-soluble proteins as substrate.
Aerobic-Anaerobic Metabolic Transition in ‘Hass’ Avocado Fruits
Authors: Valle-Guadarrama S. , Saucedo-Veloz C. , Peña-Valdivia C. B. , Corrales-García J. J.E. , Chávez-Franco S. H.
Published: December 2004

The aim of this work was to determine the anaerobic compensation point (ACP) in ‘Hass’ avocado fruits as a function of temperature and the advance in ripening. Controlled atmosphere treatments with oxygen in a range from 0 to 4%, with two temperature levels, 5.5 and 20°C, applied to fruits of three firmness levels which included the pre-climacteric, the mid-zone of the climacteric rise and the post-climacteric phase. Mean ACP values of 1.44% and 1.81% were found for 5.5°C and 20°C, respectively. These values increased with ripening. The production of fermentative metabolites was not exclusive of O2 concentrations below to ACP, and temperature affected the accumulation of these compounds, with values of 10.7 mol/100mL at 5.5°C and 101.3 mol/100mL at 20°C. The production of those metabolites significantly increased with ripening and the values were, in the post-climacteric stage, 20 and 39 times greater than in the pre-climacteric one, at 5.5°C and 20°C, respectively. Results obtained here could be used to define adequate storage conditions for ‘Hass’ avocado fruits in modified atmosphere systems.
Note: Estimation of Sorption Isotherm and the Heat of Sorption of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) Seeds
Authors: Rohvein C. , Santalla E. , Gely M. C.
Published: December 2004

A modified Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equation of four parameters was obtained to adjust the experimental sorption data for washed quinoa seeds. From the original GAB equation, only the monolayer moisture resulted in a dependence-temperature parameter showing a negative exponential trend with the absolute temperature. The results of the statistical adjustment showed that the new four parameters GAB equation adequately represented the experimental data in the range of 20 to 30°C with a corrected correlation coefficient of 0.999. The sorption heat of washed quinoa seeds was estimated by combining the GAB model with the Clapeyron equation and it resulted approximately 32% higher than the sorption heat of pure water in the temperature ranges between 20 and 60°C for temperature and 0.003 and 0.30 for moisture content. Using Othmer method the ratio of latent heats varied from 1.18 to 1.0474 in the range of moisture content studied.
Quasi-3D Static and Dynamic Analysis of Undamaged and Damaged Sandwich Beams
Authors: Di Sciuva Marco , Gherlone Marco
Published: December 2004

Static and dynamic analyses of sandwich beams are performed by means of a finite element approach based on: (i) the Hermitian Zig–Zag theory, previously developed by the authors and (ii) the sublaminates approach; the possibility to divide not only the beam length but also its thickness in several sub-domains leads to improved capabilities in describing through-the-thickness distributions of displacements, strains and stresses. The proposed approach is also able to predict the response of damaged beams. The sandwich core is substituted by an equivalent orthotropic layer whose engineering constants are calculated using models proposed in literature. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated presenting and discussing some numerical results (vibration frequencies and static response for undamaged beams, static response of damaged beams). It is shown that the proposed approach is valid in determining global and local responses of sandwich beams.
Nunavut
Authors: Santo Avi
Published: December 2004

This article expands the discussion of Inuit broadcasting in northern Canada to encompass actual texts, about which little has been written. Specifically, I focus on Nunavut, a 13-part television series produced in 1994-5 by Igloolik Isuma Productions. Nunavut is considered the first dramatic series to be created entirely by Inuit. While drawing upon Ginsburg’s emphasis on the significance of ‘embedded aesthetics’ to indigenous media producers, I argue that Nunavut’s visual and narrative forms are essential to its cultural and political goals of sustaining and reviving Inuit culture, and, therefore, that any exploration of the series must not separate form from intention. I also build on John Hartley’s arguments for conceptualizing television as a teacher of cultural citizenship. Inuit media productions not only teach Inuit about their culture, but how to practice it. In this sense, Inuit media has been a significant source in mobilizing cultural citizenship. Nunavut’s aesthetic and narrative choices, which attempt to link past and present Inuit identity and forge a political future that encompasses indigenous identity, exemplify TV’s ‘love of influence’ (Hartley, 1999: 43).
Consuming pop music/constructing a life world
Authors: Dolfsma Wilfred
Published: December 2004

Pop music is an important symbolic good, the advent of which in the 1950s and 1960s is not well understood. In this article I argue that this is due to the fact that its consumption is not usually analyzed. I therefore analyze survey and group interviews material to argue that pop music was not just an instrument in conflict between generations, but that it increasingly came to be associated with socio-cultural meanings such as success, independence and sexuality. In understanding the life world of consumers of pop music, I find that it is essential to know whom it represents but also what it represents.
Capital and the evaluation of the museum experience
Authors: Newman Andrew , McLean Fiona
Published: December 2004

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of how users of museums and galleries make sense of their experience. In order to do this it analyses the results of a research project that aimed to determine the ability of museums to ameliorate the effects of social exclusion. The results are analysed using the constructs of human, social, cultural and identity capital. The analysis presents a complex picture that contributes to an understanding of how the visitors to the exhibitions and participants in the community development projects considered made use of them as a context to make investments, which had a range of social benefits. The motivation behind these investments was that they allowed the individuals concerned to understand and in some cases modify the social world around them. This was carried out in response to the needs of those individuals at a particular time, which for the respondents was related to their personal experience of exclusion.
Contextual Influences on Culture Research
Authors: Sackmann Sonja A. , Phillips Margaret E.
Published: December 2004

This article argues that different contexts in politics, economics, and society have shaped existing conceptions of culture in the field of international cross cultural management research, such as cross-national comparison (CNC) and intercultural interaction. This has led to different assumptions about culture that have, in turn, influenced research methodologies and research questions. An examination of recent changes that have impacted on work realities, and hence the research context, leads us to conclude that the assumptions underlying the dominant CNC perspective, as well as a fundamental construct in the intercultural interaction perspective, no longer fit most work contexts. We describe the multiple cultures perspective as an alternative research paradigm for investigating culture, since its underlying assumptions are shaped by the new work realities. Finally, we explore some key issues and challenges for researchers in the field that influence the way research is currently conducted and will be conducted in the future.
Dope-dyed Polyester Fibers from Recycled PET Wastes for Use in Molded Automotive Carpets
Authors: Gurudatt K. , De P. , Rakshit A. K. , Bardhan M. K.
Published: December 2004

Different techniques used for the mass coloration of polyester fibers are discussed in this article. Dope-dyed fibers have been produced starting from PET bottle wastes. Dope dyeing has been carried out both by the incorporation of pigments during drying before melt extrusion and by masterbatch addition. Fibers produced using different pigments and at different add-ons have been evaluated for color fastness properties and loss of mechanical properties due to dope addition. It has been shown that fibers having excellent fastness properties with little loss in mechanical properties could be obtained by either of these techniques. Fibers produced by recycling PET bottle wastes have been compared with those obtained by recycling polyester fiber wastes and virgin fiber grade polyesters melt spun under identical conditions. It has been demonstrated that bottle wastes yield fibers having properties equivalent to those of virgin polyester but probably cost similar as fiber wastes. Molded automotive carpets developed from recycled fibers from PET bottle wastes have shown excellent mechanical and fastness properties. It is inferred that using dope-dyed fibers based on PET bottle wastes in automotive applications may ensure a high benefit to cost ratio.
School Finance and Equity in England
Authors: Simkins Tim
Published: December 2004

This article analyses the development of school funding in England between 1988 and 2002 from two perspectives. The first perspective is temporal, showing how the history of funding has evolved through a number of phases reflecting changing policy emphases and purposes. A major change that is explored in some detail is the increased use by the post-1997 Labour Government of direct funding tied to specific policy objectives. The second perspective is conceptual, exploring how, as the reform agenda has evolved, there have been changes both in the relative priority given to equity as an objective and to the ways in which it has been defined both explicitly and implicitly in relation to the funding mechanisms used to achieve it. The main theme that emerges here is the change from a funding regime that focuses on the transparent achievement of equity in resource inputs to one which focuses much more emphasis on an ‘adequacy’ agenda: the targeting of resource inputs to achieve specific outcomes for particular groups of students.
Abnormal interleukin-7 function in common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Holm Are Martin , Aukrust Pål , Damås Jan Kristian , Müller Fredrik , Halvorsen Bente , Frøland Stig S.
Published: December 2004

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by low levels of circulating immunoglobulins, leading to frequent infections, particularly of the respiratory tract. Frequently, T-cell abnormalities are observed. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is involved in the homeostasis of lymphocytes, and may be elevated in lymphopenia. Mutations of genes related to IL-7 may lead to severe immunodeficiency disorders. We report elevated plasma levels of circulating IL-7 in a subgroup of CVID. These patients have increased numbers of circulating CD8+ T cells with decreased apoptosis and a predominance of CC chemokine receptor 7- (CCR7-) effector-memory T cells. Moreover, in some of these patients there is impaired response to IL-7 as assessed by in vitro proliferation and secretion of interferon γ and transforming growth factor β. These findings suggest novel pathogenic mechanisms and specific targets for further research in CVID.
In vivo fate-tracing studies using the Scl stem cell enhancer: embryonic hematopoietic stem cells significantly contribute to adult hematopoiesis
Authors: Göthert Joachim R. , Gustin Sonja E. , Hall Mark A. , Green Anthony R. , Göttgens Berthold , Izon David J. , Begley C. Glenn
Published: December 2004

Evidence for the lineage relationship between embryonic and adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the mouse is primarily indirect. In order to study this relationship in a direct manner, we expressed the tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ERT recombinase under the control of the stem cell leukemia (Scl) stem-cell enhancer in transgenic mice (HSC-SCL-Cre-ERT). To determine functionality, HSC-SCL-Cre-ERT transgenics were bred with Cre reporter mice. Flow cytometric and transplantation studies revealed tamoxifen-dependent recombination occurring in more than 90% of adult long-term HSCs, whereas the targeted proportion within mature progenitor populations was significantly lower. Moreover, the transgene was able to irreversibly tag embryonic HSCs on days 10 and 11 of gestation. These cells contributed to bone marrow hematopoiesis 5 months later. In order to investigate whether the de novo HSC generation is completed during embryogenesis, HSC-SCL-Cre-ERT–marked fetal liver cells were transplanted into adult recipients. Strikingly, the proportion of marked cells within the transplanted and the in vivo–remaining HSC compartment was not different, implying that no further HSC generation occurred during late fetal and neonatal stages of development. These data demonstrate for the first time the direct lineage relationship between midgestation embryonic and adult HSCs in the mouse. Additionally, the HSC-SCL-Cre-ERT mice will provide a valuable tool to achieve temporally controlled genetic manipulation of HSCs.
Ly49Q defines 2 pDC subsets in mice
Authors: Kamogawa-Schifter Yumiko , Ohkawa Jun , Namiki Sahori , Arai Naoko , Arai Ken-ichi , Liu YongJun
Published: December 2004

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an important primary role for antiviral innate immunity by rapidly producing large amounts of type 1 interferon (IFN) upon viral infection. To study pDC biology, we generated a monoclonal antibody, termed 2E6, that recognizes pDCs. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the 2E6 antigen revealed that it is a type II C-type lectin, Ly49Q, that consists of 247 amino acids with high homology to the natural killer (NK) receptor family Ly49, with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in the cytoplasmic domain. Ly49Q is expressed on pDCs but not on NK cells or myeloid dendritic cells. B220+, CD11c+, CD11b– pDCs in bone marrow were divided into Ly49Q+ and Ly49Q– subsets. While both subsets produced IFN-α upon cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) and herpes simplex virus stimulation, Ly49Q– pDCs responded poorly to influenza virus. In addition, Ly49Q– pDCs produced inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) upon stimulation at lower levels than those produced by Ly49Q+ pDCs. In contrast to bone marrow, Ly49Q+ pDCs were only found in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleen. These results indicate that Ly49Q is a specific marker for peripheral pDCs and that expression of Ly49Q defines 2 subsets of pDCs in bone marrow.
A low cost, accurate instrument to measure the moisture content of building envelopes in situ: a modelling study
Authors: Davies M , Tirovic M , Ye Z , Baker PH
Published: December 2004

This paper argues that there is a pressing need for a suitable instrument capable of insitu moisture measurements in building envelopes. Techniques do exist for such moisture measurement but all exhibit deficiencies in at least one critical area. A thermal dual-probe is investigated as a candidate for an appropriate instrument. As part of an ongoing study, two modelling approaches to investigate this issue are described. Firstly, the use of a one-dimensional heat and moisture transfer model to investigate the impact of the instrument on any moisture movement within a sample is described. Secondly, the development and testing of two and three-dimensional finite element (FE) models is detailed and initial evidence provided that there are no major barriers to the design of a successful dual-probe instrument for use in a range of building fabrics. It appears that the dual probe approach is indeed applicable to moisture measurements in typical building fabrics. A proven FE model is now available and this model will be used to optimize the design of the probe. Future papers will report on the optimization, building and testing of the instrument.
Validation of multizone IAQ model predictions for tracer gas in a townhouse
Authors: Emmerich SJ , Howard-Reed C , Nabinger SJ
Published: December 2004

To provide additional validation data for the multizone airflow and contaminant model, CONTAMW, experiments were performed in an occupied three-storey townhouse in Reston, VA. A tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), was manually injected within one room of the house and the concentration of SF6 was then measured in nine rooms. This same process was then recreated in CONTAMW and the resulting predictions were statistically compared to the measured values. A total of 10 experiments were conducted and simulated between May 2000 and June 2001. In four cases, the heating and air-conditioning system fan was operating. SF6 was injected in the recreation room (basement level), the kitchen= dining room (main level) and the master bedroom (upstairs level). A statistical comparison of measurements and predictions was performed per ASTM D5157 (ASTM 1997) for all cases. Comparisons were made for overall zone average concentrations and individual zone transient concentrations. The results for zone average concentrations were very good with many cases meeting most or all of the D5157 criteria. Several cases showed a poor to fair correlation between average measurements and predictions due to discrepancies with a single zonemdashthe main floor bathroommdashbut excluding that zone resulted in these cases meeting or nearly meeting the D5157 criteria. Comparisons of individual zone transient concentrations were mixed with many good to excellent cases but also numerous fair to poor. Zones other than the bathroom had occasional poor comparisons between predictions and measurements but no consistent discrepancies. The predicted SF6 concentration averaged over all zones and cases was within 10% of the average measured concentration.
Modelling spray vaporization for evaporative cooling of buildings
Authors: Silva ACSB , Neto JAB Cunha , Lamberts R
Published: December 2004

This article presents a one-dimensional model of spray vaporization that can be easily used in thermal performance simulations of buildings. A mathematical model of momentum, heat and mass transfer in the atomization zone was developed. Using a discrete particles model with separate flows and solving a non-homogeneous ordinary differential equations system, it is possible to verify the outflow, temperature and humidity of the treated air, at the end of the plume. These algorithms could be coupled to a building simulation code.
Analysing sky luminance scans to obtain frequency distributions of CIE Standard General Skies
Authors: Tregenza PR
Published: December 2004

The CIE Standard General Sky consists of a family of luminance distributions which can be matched to measured sky brightness patterns. The daylight climate of a site can be described concisely and effectively by the statistical distribution of the General Sky types that best fit the sky luminance patterns that occur there. This paper gives a procedure for deriving the frequency of occurrence of General Sky types from International Daylight Measurement Programme sky scan data. Measured luminances are normalized with respect to horizontal illuminance and solar elevation, then the sky types giving the best least-squares fit are found. A data structure for daylight climate simulation is proposed.
Male Marmoset Monkeys Express an Adrenal Fetal Zone at Birth, But Not a Zona Reticularis in Adulthood
Authors: Pattison J. Christina , Abbott David H. , Saltzman Wendy , Nguyen Ann D. , Henderson Gary , Jing Hongwu , Pryce Christopher R. , Allen Amy J. , Conley Alan J. , Bird Ian M.
Published: December 2004

Neonatal human males produce high levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfo-conjugated form (DS) that decline within a few months of birth, due to regression of the adrenal fetal zone (FZ). Adult male humans and rhesus monkeys produce C19 steroids in abundance from the adrenal zona reticularis (ZR). Male marmoset monkeys produce DS at birth, but unlike humans and rhesus monkeys, do not produce comparable amounts of DHEA and DS in adulthood. To determine whether male marmosets express a functional ZR in adulthood, we examined adult and neonatal male marmosets for the presence of a ZR and FZ, respectively. Exogenous ACTH failed to stimulate DHEA or DS in adults, and dexamethasone treatment failed to suppress DHEA and DS, although cortisol levels changed as expected. In steroidogenic tissues, the key proteins necessary to synthesize C19 steroids from pregnenolone are P450c17, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) oxido-reductase cytochrome P450 (reductase), and cytochromeb5 (cytb5). Adult adrenal cross sections showed P450c17 and reductase protein expression throughout the cortex but showed no expected decrease in 3β-HSD and increase in cytb5 in the innermost region. Western analysis confirmed these data, demonstrating comparable P450c17 expression to rhesus monkeys, but not cytb5. HPLC analysis revealed similar 17α-hydroxylase action on pregnenolone for adult marmoset and rhesus adrenal microsomes but greatly diminished 17,20-lyase activity in marmosets. Neonatal marmoset adrenals exhibited staining indicative of a putative FZ (with P450c17, reduced 3β-HSD and increased cytb5). We conclude that neonatal marmosets exhibit a C19 steroid-secreting FZ similar to humans, but adult males fail to acquire a functional ZR.
Microarray analysis of bicalutamide action on telomerase activity, p53 pathway and viability of prostate carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Bouchal Jan , Baumforth Karl R N , Šváchová Michaela , Murray Paul G , von Angerer Erwin , Kolár̂ Zdenêk
Published: December 2004

Bicalutamide is a non-steroidal anti-androgen commonly used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma. We analysed the transcriptional response to bicalutamide treatment with the aim of explaining the inhibition of telomerase in the androgen-sensitive cell line LNCaP and the effects of bicalutamide on the androgen-insensitive cell line DU145. Cells treated with 80 μm bicalutamide in steroid-depleted medium for 1 day were analysed in duplicate by Affymetrix Human Genome Focus Arrays. Response to bicalutamide in LNCaP cells was represented by downregulation of androgen-regulated genes, activation of the p53 pathway and inhibition of telomerase, which was associated with downregulation of v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homologue (MYC) and telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit. In DU145 cells we observed the influence of cell density on bicalutamide effectivity such that highly confluent cells showed lesser sensitivity than low confluent ones. In conclusion, we provide an explanation for telomerase inhibition after androgen receptor blockade in LNCaP cells and we also report activation of the p53 pathway in LNCaP cells and in-vitro sensitivity to bicalutamide of low confluent androgen-insensitive DU145 cells. These findings might have implications for both experimental and clinical research into prostate cancer. In particular, activation of the p53 pathway after treatment with 80 μm bicalutamide could justify usage of bicalutamide dosages higher than 150 mg daily in androgen-sensitive carcinoma therapy.
Prey capture kinematics of ant-eating lizards
Authors: Meyers Jay J. , Herrel Anthony
Published: December 2004

While morphological and behavioral feeding specializations are obvious in many vertebrate groups, among lizards there appear to be few dietary specialists. By comparing the prey capture kinematics and overall feeding behavior in two highly specialized ant-eating lizards (Moloch horridus and Phrynosoma platyrhinos) with those of two closely related dietary generalists (Pogona vitticeps and Uma notata), we investigate whether dietary specialization has been accompanied by changes in the function and use of the feeding system. We quantified kinematic variables from high-speed video recordings (200-250 frames s-1) of each species feeding on ants. Prey capture was strikingly different in M. horridus to that of other species, being characterized by a suite of unusual behaviors including the lack of a body lunge, faster tongue protrusion, reduced prey processing and, most notably,the ability to modulate the slow open phase of the gape cycle. In concert,these traits make a single feeding event in M. horridus faster than that in any other iguanian lizard studied to date. Prey capture behavior in P. platyrhinos is kinematically more similar to U. notataand P. vitticeps than to M. horridus, but the ant specialists are similar in that both lack distinct prey processing behaviors,resulting in faster overall capture and feeding events. While ant feeding in P. vitticeps is faster than feeding on other prey, the duration of a single feeding event is still four times longer than in either ant specialist,because of extensive prey processing. Additionally, a phylogenetic comparison of ant specialist lizards with dietary generalists revealed that ant-eating lizards require significantly less time to capture and process prey. Thus there are not only significant behavioral modifications in these ant-eating lizards, but also multiple strategies among specialists, suggesting differing selective pressures or phylogenetic constraints in the evolution of ant eating in lizards.
Non-linear dynamic analysis of a flexible rotor supported by self-acting gas journal bearings
Authors: Wang C-C , Jang M-J , Chen C-K
Published: December 2004

This paper studies the bifurcation of a flexible rotor supported by gas film bearings. A time dependent mathematical model for gas journal bearings is presented. The finite difference method, with the successive overrelation method (SOR), is employed to solve the Reynolds equation. The system state trajectory, Poincare maps, power spectra and bifurcation diagrams are used to analyse the dynamic behaviour of the rotor and journal centre in the horizontal and vertical directions under different operating conditions. The analysis reveals a complex dynamic behaviour comprising periodic and subharmonic response of the rotor and journal centre. This paper shows how the dynamic behaviour of this type of system varies with changes in rotor mass and rotational velocity. The results of this study contribute to a further understanding of the non-linear dynamics of gas film rotor-bearing systems.
A study of the impulse waves discharged from convergent and divergent ducts
Authors: Kweon Y H , Kim H D , Aoki T , Setoguchi T
Published: December 2004

The present study describes experimental and computational works to investigate impulse waves that are generated by discharge of a compression pulse from the exit of convergent and divergent ducts. The objective of the present study is to compare the impulse waves discharged from a straight duct with those discharged from convergent and divergent ducts. Computational analysis is performed using the axisymmetric, unsteady, inviscid, compressible, Euler equations. A second-order total variation diminishing finite difference scheme is used to solve the governing equation system. Experiment is carried out in a simple shock tube with an open end. Convergent and divergent ducts are connected to the open end of the shock tube. Initial compression pulses with different overpressures and wavelengths are made at the entrance of the convergent and divergent ducts. The present computational method predicts the measured impulse waves well. The results obtained show that for a given duct the magnitude of the impulse wave decreases as the wavelength of the initial compression pulse increases and it is a weakly increasing function of the overpressure of the initial compression pulse. Compared with a straight duct, a convergent duct leads to a weaker impulse wave, while a divergent duct causes a stronger impulse wave. It is therefore believed that the convergent duct can be a passive control device used to reduce the magnitude of the impulse wave.
Gearing principle and geometric design of conical involute gear pairs with crossed axes
Authors: He J , Wu X , Cui Y
Published: December 2004

A group of formulae for the geometric parameters, such as the gear mounting distance, crossed-axes angle, centre distance and helix angle of the tooth projection on the reference plane of a reference rack, of a crossed-axes gear drive of different arrangements are derived based on the analysis of the spatial mesh relationship between conjugate gears and their reference rack. A set of geometrical design methods for conical involute gear pairs with crossed axes (non-intersecting and non-parallel axes) is presented. The formulae can be applied not only to all of the possible independent forms of crossed-axes gear drives but also to the case of gearing with parallel axes and intersecting axes. The design methods consist of two parts, the sequential and the reverse methods. The former is used to determine the mounting dimensions when the basic dimensions of a pair of conical involute gears are given, while the latter is used to determine basic dimensions of a pair of gears when the mounting dimensions are known. The formulae and the methods are verified through the design and manufacture of a set of testing gears.
Active suppression of dynamic coupling of the feed supporting system for the square kilometre array using an electrorheological damper
Authors: Su Y X , Sun D , Duan B Y
Published: December 2004

A macro-micro manipulators system consists of a large parallel cable manipulator and a fine tuning Stewart platform, is used to implement the high-precision trajectory tracking of the feed for the square kilometre array (SKA). The dynamic coupling between the two subsystems degrades the tracking precision seriously. An active suppression strategy of this dynamic coupling is proposed in this paper, using the controllable field-dependent damping force of an electrorheological (ER) damper to counteract the reaction forces of the fine-tuning Stewart platform. The reaction forces acting on the base platform is derived first, and the induced vibration is analysed using the finite element method. The design of the proposed ER damper is developed, followed by establishment of the relationship between the controllable damping force and the required voltage. The feasibility of this dynamic coupling suppression strategy is verified by numerical simulations, which has built a solid base for the engineering implementation of the high-precision tracking of the feed for the SKA.
Effect of face velocity during refrigeration on hot-gas coil-defrosting near-saturated conditions
Authors: Mago P J , Sherif S A
Published: December 2004

The heat input required to defrost coils within refrigerated spaces is partially removed with the melt, partially warms the coil and refrigerant and partially escapes to the refrigerated space as sensible heat by convection and radiation and as latent heat by evaporation and sublimation. The evaporated and sublimated portions return again both as a refrigeration load and as part of another defrosting cycle. A previous study by the authors showed that the evaporated and sublimated portions are much larger than originally thought relative to the melted portion. While the previous study considered only a coil-face velocity of 3.81 m/s (750ft/min), the focus of this study is to vary the coil-face velocity during the refrigeration portion of the refrigeration/defrost (R/D) cycle and examine their effect on the defrosting process. This study also examines the differences between the types of frost that form at different coil-face velocities during the operation of freezers near saturated or under supersaturated freezer air conditions. Some of the quantities analysed include the defrost efficiency and the fan defrost contribution.
A numerical study of inkjet refilling
Authors: Yang K-S , Chen I-Y , Wang C-C
Published: December 2004

A numerical study is conducted to examine the flow characteristics of the inkjet printer head with special attention made to the refilling process. By solving the full set of three-dimensional transient Navier-Stokes equations and considering the process of bubble growth and collapse as a movable membrane, the fluid flow inside the channel and the ejected droplet from the nozzle can be modelled. The calculated results indicate that the single refilling channel design provides the fastest refilling rate but also reveals pronounced flow surge/overshot phenomena. By using a double refilling channel design, the flow surge/overshot phenomenon can be reduced considerably owing to the imposed friction. Moreover, the flooding phenomenon is much less pronounced. However, placing an additional cylinder obstacle in the single filling channel will not reduce the flow surge/overshot phenomenon.