bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komandna odgovornost kao oblik krivične odgovornosti
Authors: Romanić Milan
Published: October 2017

Iako je “savremena komandna odgovorno“ nastala nakon presude japanskom generalu Jamašiti 1945. godine,koju presudu su donijeli američki generali, a ne sudije, ova odgovornost se kroz nirnberški proces, procese pred međunarodnim sudom u Tokiju, a naročito pred Haškim tribunalom (član 7. stav 3. Statuta Haškog tribunala), a u BiH pred SudomBiH (član 180. st. 1. i 2 KZBiH) izdefinisala kao odgovornost nadređenog za radnje potčinjenog i odgovornost za djela pot-činjenog koja su rezultat propusta da se nadzire potčinjeni. Koliko god pravni eksperti zastupali i opravdavali postojanjeovog instituta, komandna odgovornost neodoljivo podsjeća na objektivnu odgovornost, a u krivičnom pravu, poznato je,objektivna odgovornost ne postoji.
Native KCC2 interactome reveals PACSIN1 as a critical regulator of synaptic inhibition
Authors: Mahadevan Vivek , Khademullah C Sahara , Dargaei Zahra , Chevrier Jonah , Uvarov Pavel , Kwan Julian , Bagshaw Richard D , Pawson Tony , Emili Andrew , De Koninck Yves , Anggono Victor , Airaksinen Matti , Woodin Melanie A
Published: October 2017

KCC2 is a neuron-specific K+-Cl– cotransporter essential for establishing the Cl- gradient required for hyperpolarizing inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). KCC2 is highly localized to excitatory synapses where it regulates spine morphogenesis and AMPA receptor confinement. Aberrant KCC2 function contributes to human neurological disorders including epilepsy and neuropathic pain. Using functional proteomics, we identified the KCC2-interactome in the mouse brain to determine KCC2-protein interactions that regulate KCC2 function. Our analysis revealed that KCC2 interacts with diverse proteins, and its most predominant interactors play important roles in postsynaptic receptor recycling. The most abundant KCC2 interactor is a neuronal endocytic regulatory protein termed PACSIN1 (SYNDAPIN1). We verified the PACSIN1-KCC2 interaction biochemically and demonstrated that shRNA knockdown of PACSIN1 in hippocampal neurons increases KCC2 expression and hyperpolarizes the reversal potential for Cl-. Overall, our global native-KCC2 interactome and subsequent characterization revealed PACSIN1 as a novel and potent negative regulator of KCC2.
Local processing in neurites of VGluT3-expressing amacrine cells differentially organizes visual information
Authors: Hsiang Jen-Chun , Johnson Keith P , Madisen Linda , Zeng Hongkui , Kerschensteiner Daniel
Published: October 2017

Neurons receive synaptic inputs on extensive neurite arbors. How information is organized across arbors and how local processing in neurites contributes to circuit function is mostly unknown. Here, we used two-photon Ca2+ imaging to study visual processing in VGluT3-expressing amacrine cells (VG3-ACs) in the mouse retina. Contrast preferences (ON vs. OFF) varied across VG3-AC arbors depending on the laminar position of neurites, with ON responses preferring larger stimuli than OFF responses. Although arbors of neighboring cells overlap extensively, imaging population activity revealed continuous topographic maps of visual space in the VG3-AC plexus. All VG3-AC neurites responded strongly to object motion, but remained silent during global image motion. Thus, VG3-AC arbors limit vertical and lateral integration of contrast and location information, respectively. We propose that this local processing enables the dense VG3-AC plexus to contribute precise object motion signals to diverse targets without distorting target-specific contrast preferences and spatial receptive fields.
Nests of red wood ants (Formica rufa-group) are positively associated with tectonic faults: a double-blind test
Authors: Del Toro Israel , Berberich Gabriele M. , Ribbons Relena R. , Berberich Martin B. , Sanders Nathan J. , Ellison Aaron M.
Published: October 2017

Ecological studies often are subjected to unintentional biases, suggesting that improved research designs for hypothesis testing should be used. Double-blind ecological studies are rare but necessary to minimize sampling biases and omission errors, and improve the reliability of research. We used a double-blind design to evaluate associations between nests of red wood ants (Formica rufa, RWA) and the distribution of tectonic faults. We randomly sampled two regions in western Denmark to map the spatial distribution of RWA nests. We then calculated nest proximity to the nearest active tectonic faults. Red wood ant nests were eight times more likely to be found within 60 m of known tectonic faults than were random points in the same region but without nests. This pattern paralleled the directionality of the fault system, with NNE–SSW faults having the strongest associations with RWA nests. The nest locations were collected without knowledge of the spatial distribution of active faults thus we are confident that the results are neither biased nor artefactual. This example highlights the benefits of double-blind designs in reducing sampling biases, testing controversial hypotheses, and increasing the reliability of the conclusions of research.
A Near‐Global Atmospheric Distribution of N2O Isotopologues
Authors: Bernath Peter F. , Yousefi Mahdi , Buzan Eric , Boone Chris D.
Published: October 2017

The distributions of the four most abundant isotopologues and isotopomers (N2O, 15NNO, N15NO, and NN18O) of nitrous oxide have been measured in the Earth's stratosphere by infrared remote sensing with the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) Fourier transform spectrometer. These satellite observations have provided a near‐global picture of N2O isotopic fractionation. The relative abundances of the heavier species increase with altitude and with latitude in the stratosphere as the air becomes older. The heavy isotopologues are enriched by 20–30% in the upper stratosphere and even more over the poles. These observations are in general agreement with model predictions made with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). A detailed 3‐D chemical transport model is needed to account for the global isotopic distributions of N2O and to infer sources and sinks.
Nucleation Phase and Dynamic Inversion of the Mw 6.9 Valparaíso 2017 Earthquake in Central Chile
Authors: Ruiz S. , Aden‐Antoniow F. , Baez J. C. , Otarola C. , Potin B. , del Campo F. , Poli P. , Flores C. , Satriano C. , Leyton F. , Madariaga R. , Bernard P.
Published: October 2017

The Valparaiso 2017 sequence occurred in the Central Chile megathrust, an active zone where the last mega‐earthquake occurred in 1730. Intense seismicity started 2 days before the Mw 6.9 mainshock, a slow trenchward movement was observed in the coastal GPS antennas and was accompanied by foreshocks and repeater‐type seismicity. To characterize the rupture process of the mainshock, we perform a dynamic inversion using the strong‐motion records and an elliptical patch approach. We suggest that a slow slip event preceded and triggered the Mw 6.9 earthquake, which ruptured an elliptical asperity (semiaxis of 10 km and 5 km, with a subshear rupture, stress drop of 11.71 MPa, yield stress of 17.21 MPa, slip weakening of 0.65 m, and kappa value of 1.98). This earthquake could be the beginning of a long‐term nucleation phase to a major rupture, within the highly coupled Central Chile zone where a megathrust earthquake like 1730 is expected.
Stable Oxygen Isotopes and Mg/Ca in Planktic Foraminifera From Modern Surface Sediments of the Western Pacific Warm Pool: Implications for Thermocline Reconstructions
Authors: Hollstein Martina , Mohtadi Mahyar , Rosenthal Yair , Moffa Sanchez Paola , Oppo Delia , Martínez Méndez Gema , Steinke Stephan , Hebbeln Dierk
Published: October 2017

Mg/Ca and stable oxygen isotope compositions (δ18O) of planktic foraminifera tests are commonly used as proxies to reconstruct past ocean conditions including variations in the vertical water column structure. Accurate proxy calibrations require thorough regional studies, since parameters such as calcification depth and temperature of planktic foraminifera depend on local environmental conditions. Here we present radiocarbon‐dated, modern surface sediment samples and water column data (temperature, salinity, and seawater δ18O) from the Western Pacific Warm Pool. Seawater δ18O (δ18OSW) and salinity are used to calculate individual regressions for western Pacific surface and thermocline waters (δ18OSW = 0.37 × S‐12.4 and δ18OSW = 0.33 × S‐11.0). We combine shell δ18O and Mg/Ca with water column data to estimate calcification depths of several planktic foraminifera and establish regional Mg/Ca‐temperature calibrations. Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerinoides elongatus, and Globigerinoides sacculifer reflect mixed layer conditions. Pulleniatina obliquiloculata and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globorotalia tumida preserve upper and lower thermocline conditions, respectively. Our multispecies Mg/Ca‐temperature calibration (Mg/Ca = 0.26exp0.097*T) matches published regressions. Assuming the same temperature sensitivity in all species, we propose species‐specific calibrations that can be used to reconstruct upper water column temperatures. The Mg/Ca temperature dependencies of G. ruber, G. elongatus, and G. tumida are similar to published equations. However, our data imply that calcification temperatures of G. sacculifer, P. obliquiloculata, and N. dutertrei are exceptionally warm in the western tropical Pacific and thus underestimated by previously published calibrations. Regional Mg/Ca‐temperature relations are best described by Mg/Ca = 0.24exp0.097*T for G. sacculifer and by Mg/Ca = 0.21exp0.097*T for P. obliquiloculata and N. dutertrei.
An All‐Integrated Anode via Interlinked Chemical Bonding between Double‐Shelled–Yolk‐Structured Silicon and Binder for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Yajie , Tai Zhixin , Zhou Tengfei , Sencadas Vitor , Zhang Jian , Zhang Lei , Konstantinov Konstantin , Guo Zaiping , Liu Hua Kun
Published: October 2017

The concept of an all‐integrated design with multifunctionalization is widely employed in optoelectronic devices, sensors, resonator systems, and microfluidic devices, resulting in benefits for many ongoing research projects. Here, maintaining structural/electrode stability against large volume change by means of an all‐integrated design is realized for silicon anodes. An all‐integrated silicon anode is achieved via multicomponent interlinking among carbon@void@silica@silicon (CVSS) nanospheres and cross‐linked carboxymethyl cellulose and citric acid polymer binder (c‐CMC‐CA). Due to the additional protection from the silica layer, CVSS is superior to the carbon@void@silicon (CVS) electrode in terms of long‐term cyclability. The as‐prepared all‐integrated CVSS electrode exhibits high mechanical strength, which can be ascribed to the high adhesivity and ductility of c‐CMC‐CA binder and the strong binding energy between CVSS and c‐CMC‐CA, as calculated based on density functional theory (DFT). This electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1640 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1, high rate performance, and long‐term cycling stability with 84.6% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1.
Pressure drop through platinized titanium porous electrodes for cerium‐based redox flow batteries
Authors: Arenas Luis F. , Ponce de León Carlos , Walsh Frank C.
Published: October 2017

The pressure drop,
, across a redox flow battery is linked to pumping costs and energy efficiency, making fluid properties of the electrolyte important in scale‐up operations. The
at diverse platinized titanium electrodes in Ce‐based redox flow batteries is reported as a function of mean linear electrolyte velocity measured in a rectangular channel flow cell. Darcy's friction factor and permeability vs. Reynolds number are calculated. Average permeability values are: 7.10 × 10−4 cm2 for Pt/Ti mesh, 4.45 × 10−4 cm2 for Pt/Ti plate + turbulence promoters, 1.67 × 10−5 cm2 for Pt/Ti micromesh, and 1.31 × 10−6 cm2 for Pt/Ti felt. The electrochemical volumetric mass transport coefficient,
, is provided as a function of
. In the flow‐by configuration, Pt/Ti felt combines high
values with a relatively high
, followed by Pt/Ti micromesh. Pt/Ti mesh and Pt/Ti plate gave a lower
but poorer electrochemical performance. Implications for cell design are discussed. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1135–1146, 2018
Morpho‐Functional Features of the Gonads ofDanio rerio: the Role of Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Authors: Cacialli Pietro , D'Angelo Livia , de Girolamo Paolo , Avallone Luigi , Lucini Carla , Pellegrini Elisabeth , Castaldo Luciana
Published: October 2017

Zebrafish, a suitable and widely used teleost fish model in basic biomedical research, displays morphophysiological features of adult gonads that share some commonalities with those of mammalian species. In mammals, gametogenesis is regulated, among several factors, by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This neurotrophin has a well‐established role in the developing and adult nervous system, as well as gonads development and functions in vertebrate species. We hypothesize that BDNF has a role also in the gonadal functions of zebrafish. At this purpose, we investigated BDNF and its receptors p75 and TrkB in the ovary and testis of adult zebrafish, kept under laboratory conditions. Our results display (1) the expression of BDNF mRNA and pro‐BDNF protein outside of the nervous system, specifically in the ovary and testis; (2) the presence of pro‐BDNF in primary oocytes and follicular layer, and p75 in follicular cells; (3) the localization of pro‐BDNF in type B spermatogonia, and Sertoli cells in testis. Altogether, these data lead us to consider that BDNF is involved in the gonadal function of adult zebrafish, and mainly in the adult ovary. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:140–147, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Directed C−H Amidation of N‐Nitrosoanilines and Subsequent Formation of 1,2‐Disubstituted Benzimidazoles
Authors: Chen Yanyu , Zhang Rong , Peng Qiujun , Xu Lanting , Pan XianHua
Published: October 2017

An efficient rhodium‐catalyzed direct C−H amidation of N‐nitrosoanilines with 1,4,2‐dioxazol‐5‐ones as amidating agents has been developed. This method featured mild reaction conditions, a wide substrate scope and satisfactory yields. Besides, the amidated products could be readily converted to pharmaceutically valuable 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazoles via an HCl‐mediated deprotection/cyclization process in one pot.
State Space Constrained Iterative Learning Control for Robotic Manipulators
Authors: Yovchev Kaloyan , Delchev Kamen , Krastev Evgeniy
Published: October 2017

Real‐life work operations of industrial robotic manipulators are performed within a constrained state space. Such operations most often require accurate planning and tracking a desired trajectory, where all the characteristics of the dynamic model are taken into consideration. This paper presents a general method and an efficient computational procedure for path planning with respect to state space constraints. Given a dynamic model of a robotic manipulator, the proposed solution takes into consideration the influence of all imprecisely measured model parameters, making use of iterative learning control (ILC). A major advantage of this solution is that it resolves the well‐known problem of interrupting the learning procedure due to a high transient tracking error or when the desired trajectory is planned closely to the state space boundaries. The numerical procedure elaborated here computes the robot arm motion to accurately track a desired trajectory in a constrained state space taking into consideration all the dynamic characteristics that influence the motion. Simulation results with a typical industrial robot arm demonstrate the robustness of the numerical procedure. In particular, the results extend the applicability of ILC in robot motion control and provide a means for improving the overall trajectory tracking performance of most robotic systems.
Revised Functional Capacity Index as a predictor of outcome following injury
Authors: Palmer C S , Gabbe B J , Cameron P A
Published: October 2017

Background

Assessment of functional outcomes in survivors of severe injury is an identified priority for trauma systems. The predictive Functional Capacity Index (pFCI) within the 2008 Abbreviated Injury Scale dictionary (pFCI08) offers a widely available tool for predicting functional outcomes without requiring long-term follow-up. This study aimed to assess the 12-month functional outcome predictions of pFCI08 in a major trauma population, and to test the assumptions made by its developers to ensure population homogeneity.

Methods

Patients with major trauma from Victoria, Australia, were followed up using routine telephone interviews. Assessment of survivors 12 months after injury included the Glasgow Outcome Scale – Extended (GOS-E). κ scores were used to measure agreement between pFCI08 and assessed GOS-E scores.

Results

Of 20 098 patients with severe injury, 12 417 had both pFCI08 and GOS-E scoring available at 12 months. The quadratic weighted κ score across this population was 0·170; this increased to 0·244 in the subgroup of 1939 patients who met all pFCI assumptions. However, expanding the age range used in this group did not significantly affect κ scores until patients over the age of 70 years were included.

Discussion

The pFCI08 has only a slight agreement with outcomes following major trauma. However, the age limits in the pFCI development assumptions are unnecessarily restrictive. The pFCI08 may be able to contribute to future systems predicting functional outcomes following severe injury, but is likely to explain only a small proportion of the variability in patient outcomes.
Plasma‐Assisted Synthesis of Monodispersed and Robust Ruthenium Ultrafine Nanocatalysts for Organosilane Oxidation and Oxygen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Gnanakumar Edwin S. , Ng Wesley , Coşkuner Filiz Bilge , Rothenberg Gadi , Wang Sheng , Xu Hualong , Pastor‐Pérez Laura , Pastor‐Blas M. Mercedes , Sepúlveda‐Escribano Antonio , Yan Ning , Shiju N. Raveendran
Published: October 2017

We report a facile and general approach for preparing ultrafine ruthenium nanocatalysts by using a plasma‐assisted synthesis at <100 °C. The resulting Ru nanoparticles are monodispersed (typical size 2 nm) and remain that way upon loading onto carbon and TiO2 supports. This gives robust catalysts with excellent activities in both organosilane oxidation and the oxygen evolution reaction.
Angular Dependence of Si3N4 Etching in C4F6/CH2F2/O2/Ar Plasmas
Authors: Kim Jun-Hyun , Cho Sung-Woon , Kim Chang-Koo
Published: October 2017

The dependence of Si3N4 etching on ion‐incident angles is investigated at various CH2F2 flow rates in C4F6/CH2F2/O2/Ar plasmas. The normalized etch yield (NEY) curves for Si3N4 imply that physical sputtering is a major contributor to Si3N4 etching. An increase in the amount of CH2F2 in the plasma produces thicker and more etch‐resistant fluorocarbon films. Systematic analyses on deposition and etching of the passively deposited fluorocarbon films on Si3N4 in a C4F6/CH2F2/O2/Ar plasma show that the normalized deposition rate of the fluorocarbon film is nearly the same and unaffected by the CH2F2 flow rate while etching of fluorocarbon films is similar to etching of Si3N4, thus, etching of the fluorocarbon film, rather than its deposition, limits Si3N4 etching in C4F6/CH2F2/O2/Ar plasmas.
Que faire? A Bioeconomy and Solar Energy Institute at Italy's Research Council in the Context of the Global Transition to the Solar Economy
Authors: Pagliaro Mario , Meneguzzo Francesco
Published: October 2017

Driven by insight for which new research and education requires new institutional organisation, and drawing on two decades of research and educational efforts, we devise the profile and activities of a new bioeconomy and solar energy institute at Italy's Research Council. We further articulate the institute's activities suggesting avenues on how to deploy sound and giving more useful research, education and policy advice in these crucial fields for making tomorrow's common development sustainable. The outcomes of the study are of general interest, because the transition to a solar economy is of intrinsic global nature and the challenges involved are similar in many countries.
Rational Design and Synthesis of Unsaturated Se‐Containing Osmacycles with σ‐Aromaticity
Authors: Zhou Xiaoxi , Wu Jingjing , Hao Yulei , Zhu Congqing , Zhuo Qingde , Xia Haiping , Zhu Jun
Published: October 2017

Isolation of the simplest 4π three‐membered heterocycles (1H‐azirine, oxirene, thiirene, and selenirene) remains a big challenge due to their π‐antiaromaticity and significant ring strain. Here we demonstrate that the incorporation of a transition‐metal fragment could stabilize the antiaromatic selenirene and pentalene frameworks simultaneously by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Experimental verification leads to the Se‐containing metallapolycycles, osmapentaloselenirenes, with remarkable thermal stability. The osmaselenirene unit in the metallapolycycle is determined to be the first example of σ‐aromaticity dominating in an unsaturated Se‐containing ring. Our results not only highlight a remarkable stabilization by the transition‐metal but also widen the scope of σ‐aromaticity in unsaturated rings, which is traditionally reserved for the domain of π‐aromaticity.
Remarkably High Stability of Late Actinide Dioxide Cations: Extending Chemistry to Pentavalent Berkelium and Californium
Authors: Dau Phuong D. , Vasiliu Monica , Peterson Kirk A. , Dixon David A. , Gibson John K.
Published: October 2017

Actinyl chemistry is extended beyond Cm to BkO2+ and CfO2+ through transfer of an O atom from NO2 to BkO+ or CfO+, establishing a surprisingly high lower limit of 73 kcal mol−1 for the dissociation energies, D[O‐(BkO+)] and D[O‐(CfO+)]. CCSD(T) computations are in accord with the observed reactions, and characterize the newly observed dioxide ions as linear pentavalent actinyls; these being the first Bk and Cf species with oxidation states above IV. Computations of actinide dioxide cations AnO2+ for An=Pa to Lr reveal an unexpected minimum for D[O‐(CmO+)]. For CmO2+, and AnO2+ beyond EsO2+, the most stable structure has side‐on bonded η2‐(O2), as AnIII peroxides for An=Cm and Lr, and as AnII superoxides for An=Fm, Md, and No. It is predicted that the most stable structure of EsO2+ is linear [O=EsV=O]+, einsteinyl, and that FmO2+ and MdO2+, like CmO2+, also have actinyl(V) structures as local energy minima. The results expand actinide oxidation state chemistry, the realm of the distinctive actinyl moiety, and the non‐periodic character towards the end of the periodic table.
Metal–Ligand Multiple Bonding in Thorium Phosphorus and Thorium Arsenic Complexes
Authors: Vilanova Sean P. , Alayoglu Pinar , Heidarian Mohammad , Huang Patrick , Walensky Justin R.
Published: October 2017

The complexes (C5Me5)2Th(EHTipp)2, (E=P or As; Tipp=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl), provide a ligand framework that results in facile access to rare Th–E multiple bonds. The reaction of (C5Me5)2Th(EHTipp)2 with KN(SiMe3)2, proceeds cleanly to the desired bridging phosphinidiide or arsinidiide complex, [{(C5Me5)2Th(μ2‐ETipp)(μ2‐EHTipp)}K]2 under ambient conditions. In the absence of a chelating agent, the potassium cation of one monomeric unit interacts with the aryl ring of a second monomer to form a bridged dimer. In the presence of 2,2,2‐cryptand, the terminal phosphinidene complex, [(C5Me5)2Th=PTipp(PHTipp)][K(2,2,2‐cryptand)] is isolated. Using X‐ray crystallographic analysis, we have determined these complexes display the shortest Th−P and Th−As bond lengths reported.
Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features in the pediatric age group
Authors: Rossi Esther Diana , Mehrotra Swati , Kilic Ayse Irem , Toslak Iclal Erdem , Lim‐Dunham Jennifer , Martini Maurizio , Fadda Guido , Lombardi Celestino Pio , Larocca Luigi Maria , Barkan Güliz A.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

The most common malignant thyroid neoplasm in children is papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In 2015, the Endocrine Pathology Society introduced the terminology “noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features” (NIFTP) to replace the noninvasive follicular variant of PTC. The objective of the current study was to evaluate previously diagnosed PTC in the pediatric population, reappraise it for NIFTP, and discuss the impact of NIFTP on the risk of malignancy (ROM) for each The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology category in the pediatric population.

METHODS

The electronic databases of both study institutions were searched for all thyroidectomy specimens in patients aged <19 years from June 1, 2001 through June 1, 2016. The patient's age, sex, diagnosis, previous fine‐needle aspiration cytology diagnosis, and follow‐up were tabulated. Slides for available cases were reviewed and cases qualifying as NIFTP were separated.

RESULTS

The cohort included 101 resected nodules; cytological diagnoses were available for 95 cases. These cases included diagnoses of nondiagnostic (5 cases; 5.2%), benign (21 cases; 22.1%), atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (9 cases; 9.5%), follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN) (25 cases; 26.3%), suspicious for malignancy (7 cases; 7.4%), and malignant (28 cases; 29.5%). On the histological follow‐up, 50 cases (49.5%) were benign, 49 cases (48.5%) were malignant, and 2 cases (1.9%) were NIFTP. These NIFTP cases originally were diagnosed as FNs on fine‐needle aspiration cytology. The average ROM for FNs with and without NIFTPs was 28% and 25%, respectively

CONCLUSIONS

According to our rate of 1.9% for NIFTPs on reappraisal for resected nodules, this entity is likely to be less frequent in the pediatric population due to the higher prevalence of PTCs and/or more aggressive variants. NIFTPs do not appear to affect the ROM for The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology categories in the pediatric population. However, large‐scale studies are necessary to determine whether NIFTPs could affect the pediatric population. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:27–35. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
PD‐L1 expression in non‐small cell lung carcinoma: Comparison among cytology, small biopsy, and surgical resection specimens
Authors: Heymann Jonas J. , Bulman William A. , Swinarski David , Pagan Carlos A. , Crapanzano John P. , Haghighi Mehrvash , Fazlollahi Ladan , Stoopler Mark B. , Sonett Joshua R. , Sacher Adrian G. , Shu Catherine A. , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Saqi Anjali
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

One immunotherapeutic agent for patients with advanced non‐small cell lung carcinoma, pembrolizumab, has a companion immunohistochemistry (IHC)‐based assay that predicts response by quantifying programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression. The current study assessed the feasibility of quantifying PD‐L1 expression using cytologic non‐small cell lung carcinoma specimens and compared the results with those from small biopsy and surgical resection specimens.

METHODS

PD‐L1 expression was quantified using the IHC‐based 22C3 pharmDx assay, with “positivity” defined as staining in ≥50% viable tumor cells; ≥ 100 tumor cells were required for test adequacy. For cytology specimens, IHC was performed on cell block sections.

RESULTS

A total of 214 specimens were collected from 188 patients, 206 of which (96%) were found to be adequately cellular, including 36 of 40 cytology (90%) and 69 of 72 small biopsy (96%) specimens. There was no significant difference noted with regard to the feasibility of PD‐L1 IHC on small biopsy specimens compared with surgical resection specimens (P = .99), or between the percentage of PD‐L1‐positive cytology and histology (including surgical resection and histologic small biopsy) specimens (P = .083). PD‐L1 expression was found to be concordant among samples from 21 of 23 patients from whom > 1 specimen was collected (91%). There also was no significant difference observed with regard to rates of PD‐L1 positivity when comparing age, sex, diagnosis, and specimen site.

CONCLUSIONS

Quantification of PD‐L1 expression is feasible on cytology specimens, and the results are comparable to those obtained from surgical resection and small biopsy specimens, including in matched specimens and using a single predictive IHC marker. Future studies will be necessary to determine the comparative value of other antibodies and their ability to predict response to immunotherapy. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:896‐907. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
GABAAreceptor subunits in the human amygdala and hippocampus: Immunohistochemical distribution of 7 subunits
Authors: Stefanits Harald , Milenkovic Ivan , Mahr Nina , Pataraia Ekaterina , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Kovacs Gabor G. , Sieghart Werner , Yilmazer‐Hanke Deniz , Czech Thomas
Published: October 2017

GABAergic neurotransmission in the amygdala contributes to the regulation of emotional processes in anxiety, stress, reward, mnestic functions, addiction, and epilepsy. Species‐specific differences in the distribution and composition of GABAAreceptors may account for distinct effects and side‐effects of GABAergic agents. However, data on the distribution and composition of GABAAreceptors in the human amygdala are lacking. Here, the expression of GABAAreceptor subunits α1, α2, α3, α5, β2, β2/3, and γ2 was studied in the human amygdala using immunohistochemistry. Hippocampi were evaluated as a reference structure. Neuronal counts and field fraction analyses were performed, and subcellular expression of GABAAreceptor subunits was analyzed semiquantitatively. In the amygdala, field fraction analyses showed the highest α1 expression in the lateral nucleus (La), whereas α3 was prominent in intercalated nuclei (IC), and α5 and γ2 in the cortical nuclei, and amygdalo‐hippocampal/parahippocampal‐amygdala transition areas. In the hippocampus, α1 and α3 were accentuated in the dentate gyrus, CA1 region, and subiculum, whereas α5 expression was rather uniform. In both regions, α2 was homogenously distributed, and the two β subunits and γ2 showed faint immunostaining. The intensity of subunit expression also varied in the neuropil, neuronal somata, and/or cellular processes in the subregions. GABAAreceptors containing subunit α1, showing the strongest expression in the La, and α3, with the strongest expression in the IC and subiculum, could be targets for treating amygdala‐related disorders. Differences in GABAAreceptor subunit expression between the human and rodent amygdala should be taken into consideration when developing subunit‐selective drugs.
The association between colors and emotions for emotional words and facial expressions
Authors: Takahashi Fumiyo , Kawabata Yasuhiro
Published: October 2017

Color sensations are tied not only to other sensations, but also emotions. There have been many studies on this. One study regarding architectural color showed that colors were associated with mental status; for example, red relates to arousal, excitation, and stimulus. The purpose of the present study is to investigate how colors are evoked by emotions. The emotions were described both by emotional words and by schematic faces. Since facial expressions are accompanied by facial color, facial expressions should relate more closely to facial color than emotional words. Therefore, we used numerous color samples for our experiments to show discrimination sensitivity to stimuli in subtle differences of color. Some associations between colors and emotions were found, and the tendencies of associations were different among emotions. Anger, joy, surprise, sadness, and no emotion were connected to particular colors. The distribution of color responses in sadness was spread among bluish colors. The emotional tendencies, among anger, joy, surprise, and sadness, were similar in the two conditions of our experiment. However, in the schematic face condition, the color responses for all emotions were increased in the skin‐colored samples. Thus, the context of the face elicited the color responses.
Gender difference in color preference across cultures: An archetypal pattern modulated by a female cultural stereotype
Authors: Bonnardel Valérie , Beniwal Sucharita , Dubey Nijoo , Pande Mayukhini , Bimler David
Published: October 2017

A gender difference in color preference among British participants has been repeatedly reported, in which both males and females show a preference for blue‐green colors, while females express an additional preference for pink‐purple colors. To investigate the robustness of gender difference in color preference in a different culture, we tested 81 young adult Indians from a school of design and compared them to 80 young British students in Psychology. The 35‐item International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) and Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) questionnaires were also administered to explore possible links between personality traits, gender schemata, and color preferences. Results confirmed a gender difference in both cultures; participants collectively expressed a preference for cool over warm colors, while in addition females showed a preference for pink colors, with a warm bias for Indian females and a cool bias for British females. While these results extend gender difference to Indian culture and support the universality of an underlying pattern they also reveal a culture‐specific contribution essentially observed in females. In British participants, color preference was correlated exclusively with BSRI scores in females and overwhelmingly with IPIP scores in males; this gender‐specific pattern of correlation was not replicated in the Indian sample. Results point to an archetypal pattern of gender difference in color preference with a remarkable cross‐cultural similarity in men and a subtle but significant cultural difference in women whose origin is yet to be explained.
Impact of the Norepinephrine Prodrug Droxidopa on the QTc Interval in Healthy Individuals
Authors: White William B. , Hewitt L. Arthur , Mehdirad Ali A.
Published: October 2017

A double‐blind, 4‐period crossover study (NCT01327066) was conducted to assess the effect of the novel norepinephrine prodrug droxidopa on the QT interval in in healthy subjects. Subjects were randomized to receive a single dose of droxidopa 600 mg (maximal dose) and 2000 mg (supratherapeutic dose) compared with the positive control, moxifloxacin 400 mg, and placebo, each separated by a 3‐day washout period. Patients were monitored by continuous Holter monitoring, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were extracted 0.5–23 hours after dosing. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected before dosing and after ECG data collection. The primary end point was the time‐matched placebo‐adjusted change from baseline in the individually corrected QT (QTcI). The time‐averaged QTcI mean placebo‐corrected changes from baseline for droxidopa 600 and 2000 mg were 0.1 milliseconds (90%CI, ‐0.9 to 1.0 milliseconds) and 0.3 milliseconds (90%CI, ‐0.6 to 1.3 milliseconds), respectively, and 9 milliseconds (90%CI, 8.4–10.3 milliseconds) for moxifloxacin. This study found no effect of either dose of droxidopa on cardiac repolarization using QTcI. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship and cardiac repolarization showed no association with droxidopa exposure. There were no clinically relevant effects of droxidopa on heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, or cardiac depolarization identified. No morphologic ECG changes were observed.
Effect of Water on the Structure and Stability of Hydrogen‐Bonded Oxalic Acid Dimer
Authors: Hu Yuan‐Chun , Zhang Xiu‐Hui , Li Quan‐Song , Zhang Yun‐Hong , Li Ze‐Sheng
Published: October 2017

As the simplest and most abundant dicarboxylic acid in the atmosphere, oxalic acid (OA) not only plays a key role in aerosol nucleation, but also acts as a prototypical compound for the investigation of intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions. A systematic theoretical study on the hydrated OA dimers performed by using DFT at the M06‐2X/6‐311++G(3df, 2p) level is discussed herein. The properties of hydrogen bonds in clusters are inspected through topological analysis by using atoms in molecules (AIM) theory. The most stable OA dimer involves a cyclic structure with two intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Calculations show that one H2O has a slight effect on the hydrogen bonds, whereas two water molecules weaken and three water molecules break the two intermolecular hydrogen bonds between OAs. Furthermore, there are no hydrogen‐bond interactions between OAs in almost all stable clusters as the number of H2O molecules increases to four and five. Additionally, ionization and isomerization of OA through water‐assisted proton‐transfer phenomena are observed in tetra‐ and pentahydrates. This work provides new insights into the conversion of anhydrous OA into hydrated clusters that are helpful for further understanding the atmospheric nucleation process and nature of hydrogen bond.
Electrochemically Sensitized Luminescence from Lanthanides in d‐/f‐Block Heteronuclear Arrays
Authors: Stringer Bradley D. , Quan Linh M. , Barnard Peter J. , Hogan Conor F.
Published: October 2017

A new class of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) system is reported in which a heterobimetallic array is used to facilitate electrochemically initiated lanthanide emission, following energy transfer from an ECL‐active donor. Spectroscopic measurements are used to probe the efficiency, rate and mechanism of the energy‐transfer process in two bimetallic systems with differing donor energies. Non‐optical sensitization of the luminescence from lanthanide ions opens up exciting new possibilities for the development of ECL probes with sharper emission peaks and a greater variety of emission colours.
The clinical performance of computer‐assisted liquid‐based cytology, primary hrHPV screening, and cotesting at a Turkish Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Kir Gozde , Seneldir Hatice , Cosan Sarbay Billur
Published: October 2017

Background

We aimed to compare the performance of computer‐assisted liquid‐based cytology, primary high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) screening, and cytology‐hrHPV cotesting with regards to the detection rate of cervical cancer precursor lesions.

Methods

A total of 22,653 computer‐assisted liquid‐based cytology specimens interpreted between 2013 and 2015 were included in the study. We compared the false‐negative rates and sensitivities for computer‐assisted liquid‐based cytology, primary hrHPV screening and cytology‐hrHPV cotesting among women with normal and abnormal cytologies. Among 1,748 women who had undergone cotesting, 249 underwent follow‐up biopsies.

Results

For detecting biopsy‐confirmed high‐grade lesions, the sensitivities of using hrHPV, Pap tests, and cytology‐hrHPV cotesting were 90.67%, 88%, and 98.67%, respectively, while the false‐negative rates for hrHPV and Pap tests were 9.3% and 12%, respectively. The false negative rate for cotesting was only 1.3%.

Conclusion

Based on the significantly high sensitivity and lower false‐negative rates achieved, we conclude that the combination of cytologic screening with hrHPV testing is the best preferred strategy for detection of cervical precursor lesions in our country's conditions.
Squash cytology findings of subependymomas: A report of three cases and differential diagnosis
Authors: Tokumitsu Takako , Sato Yuichiro , Fukushima Tsuyoshi , Takeshima Hideo , Sato Shinya , Asada Yujiro
Published: October 2017

Subependymomas are slowly growing glial tumors, corresponding to WHO grade I. Few descriptions of the cytologic features of this neoplasm are available. This study describes the cytologic features of three subependymomas, as well as their differential diagnosis based on cytology. Three men, aged 52, 56, and 63 years, presented with headache. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a nodular intraventricular mass in all three patients. Intraoperative squash cytology specimens from the three intraventricular tumors showed nodular clusters with microcystic changes. Nuclei were round to oval in shape, but showed no evidence of severe nuclear atypia or mitoses. Histological examination showed features of subependymoma. Squash cytology findings, including nodular clusters, mild cellular atypia, microcystic changes, and mucoid material, are useful in the rapid intraoperative diagnosis of subependymoma.
Interactive effects of temperature and habitat complexity on freshwater communities
Authors: Scrine Jennifer , Jochum Malte , Ólafsson Jón S. , O'Gorman Eoin J.
Published: October 2017

Warming can lead to increased growth of plants or algae at the base of the food web, which may increase the overall complexity of habitat available for other organisms. Temperature and habitat complexity have both been shown to alter the structure and functioning of communities, but they may also have interactive effects, for example, if the shade provided by additional habitat negates the positive effect of temperature on understory plant or algal growth. This study explored the interactive effects of these two major environmental factors in a manipulative field experiment, by assessing changes in ecosystem functioning (primary production and decomposition) and community structure in the presence and absence of artificial plants along a natural stream temperature gradient of 5–18°C. There was no effect of temperature or habitat complexity on benthic primary production, but epiphytic production increased with temperature in the more complex habitat. Cellulose decomposition rate increased with temperature, but was unaffected by habitat complexity. Macroinvertebrate communities were less similar to each other as temperature increased, while habitat complexity only altered community composition in the coldest streams. There was also an overall increase in macroinvertebrate abundance, body mass, and biomass in the warmest streams, driven by increasing dominance of snails and blackfly larvae. Presence of habitat complexity, however, dampened the strength of this temperature effect on the abundance of macroinvertebrates in the benthos. The interactive effects that were observed suggest that habitat complexity can modify the effects of temperature on important ecosystem functions and community structure, which may alter energy flow through the food web. Given that warming is likely to increase habitat complexity, particularly at higher latitudes, more studies should investigate these two major environmental factors in combination to improve our ability to predict the impacts of future global change.
Modulating the Lipase‐Mediated Bioactivity of Particle‐Lipid Conjugates Through Changes in Nanostructure and Surface Chemistry
Authors: Joyce Paul , Dening Tahnee J. , Gustafsson Hanna , Prestidge Clive A.
Published: October 2017

The lipase‐mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides can be controlled by confining lipid droplets within highly porous nanostructured particle matrices. Novel hybrid materials with varying bioactivities toward lipase have been developed by spray drying particle‐stabilized emulsions to form highly organized three‐dimensional architectures. In this study, the particle size, nanostructure, and surface chemistry of hybrid particles are tailored to systematically investigate the influence of material characteristics on lipase activity. This is achieved by varying (i) the spray drying process and (ii) the structure and composition of particulate colloids employed to stabilize the precursor emulsions. In all cases, the colloidal self‐assembly of particles and droplets into nanostructured conjugates during the water removal process facilitated enhanced lipase activity compared to submicron triglyceride emulsions, with lipolysis kinetics increasing in the following order: polymer‐lipid hybrid (PLH) < silica‐lipid hybrid (SLH) ≤ clay‐lipid hybrid (CLH). Lipase activity increased as a function of increasing interfacial surface area of the lipid substrate and increasing hydrophilicity of the solid matrix support. The novel insights into the role of hybrid particle nanostructure and surface chemistry on the mechanism of lipase action can be harnessed for the intelligent design of new and improved lipid‐based drug delivery vehicles and functional foods.

Practical Applications: Understanding and controlling the interaction between triglyceride molecules and pancreatic lipase is of fundamental importance for the rational design of new functional foods and drug formulations. Lipid digestion in the body facilitates the delivery of fat and encapsulated bioactive compounds from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the blood and surrounding tissues. Hence, the bioavailability of poorly soluble compounds can be controlled by engineering lipid‐based systems that regulate lipase activity. In this study, three novel solid‐state systems have been designed that finely control the catalytic activity of lipase, and therefore, demonstrate high commercial potential within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

The lipase‐mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides is controlled by designing novel solid‐state particle‐lipid conjugates with unique nanostructures and surface chemistries. The hybrid materials are prepared by spray‐drying particle‐stabilized lipid droplets, which induced the forced agglomeration of particles and droplets into micron‐sized particles with distinctive three‐dimensional architectures. The ability to modulate lipase activity through material design presented novel insights into the mechanism of digestive enzyme action, which is of fundamental importance for the rational design of new functional foods and drug formulations.
Effects of Storage Temperature and Duration on Bioactive Concentrations in the Seed and Oil of Brassica napus (Canola)
Authors: Flakelar Clare L. , Doran Gregory S. , Howitt Julia A. , Luckett David J. , Prenzler Paul D.
Published: October 2017

The effects of storage temperature and duration on phytosterol, tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations are assessed in canola seed, and oil extracted using two different techniques, over a 10 month period. Increases to oxidation indices (K232, K270 and ΔK) are observed in the solvent extracted oils, and in the seed stored at 40 °C, indicating the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products. Only small decreases in the concentrations of γ‐tocopherol and β‐carotene are observed across the 10 month period. Phytosterol concentration decreases over time, with similar degradation rates observed in both seed and oils. α‐tocopherol and lutein are well preserved up to 7 months in all samples, despite oil oxidation, and further research will be needed to identify the cause for retention of bioactives. The results indicate that in order to preserve phytosterols, tocopherols and carotenoids in seed stored in bulk for extended periods, storage temperatures should remain at or below 21 °C. Moreover, oil stored at 4 °C or −18 °C, results in high bioactive concentrations and slows the onset of oil oxidation, compared to oil stored at room temperature.

Practical Applications: Industrial storage conditions have been shown to greatly influence the chemical processes that occur with canola seed and oil. However, the effects of typical storage conditions on phytosterols, tocopherols and carotenoids in canola seed and extracted oil, are not yet known. This study presents the effects of typical seed and oil storage conditions on phytosterol, tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations, whilst monitoring oxidation indices and FFA, and thus provides information to seed handlers and oil processors on storage conditions that may preserve these bioactives. Moreover, the different behaviours of bioactives are examined relative to the oil extraction technique used, and present opportunities to optimise oil extraction techniques.

Time series plots for α‐tocopherol concentrations in canola oil stored at different temperatures over 280 days, illustrating a difference in behaviour between the solvent extracted oil and the hand‐press extracted oil.