bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graduate recruitment in Britain: A survey of selection methods used by organizations
Authors: Keenan Tony
Published: July 2007

This investigation consisted of a questionnaire survey of the graduate selection methods used by 536 organizations in the U.K. The use of application forms for pre‐selection purposes was widespread, although only a minority of organizations appeared to have approached this task in a systematic way. While references were also widely used, they were often taken up very late in the selection process, and only a minority of organizations sought specific information about job related abilities from referees. Interviews were universally used, both on their own, and as a component of an assessment centre. A total of 44 per cent of organizations used assessment centres as part of graduate recruitment. For most of those organizations using assessment centres, the interview was reported as being the most important component of the centre in determining final selection decisions. Most organizations provided some training for their selectors but this was typically general in nature, rather than being specific to graduate recruitment. The results are discussed in terms of their implications, both for practical application, and for future research.
Increasing coping resources at work: A field experiment to increase social support, improve work team functioning, and enhance employee mental health
Authors: Heaney Catherine A. , Price Richard H. , Rafferty Jane
Published: July 2007

Correlational studies have identified worksite coping resources such as social support and perceived control, and have suggested a positive role for such resources in employee stress processes. However, little experimental evidence has demonstrated the causal role of worksite coping resources in improving mental health, nor how worksite coping resources can be enhanced. This paper reports the results of a field experiment intended to provide such evidence. Human service workers participated in a theory‐driven training program designed to increase individual and group psychosocial coping resources and individuals' abilities to use those resources when coping with job demands. The inclusion of selection variables in models used to estimate the impact of the intervention controlled for selection biases and also allowed for the assessment of the impact of the training on those workers identified as most prone to turnover and on those most likely to participate in such an intervention. Results indicated that the program enhanced the work team climate and reduced depresssive symptoms and somatization in those most at risk for leaving their jobs. The program was also effective in increasing the amount of supervisor support received on the job and strengthening perceptions of coping abilities in those workers most likely to participate in the program.
Individual and group determinants of employee absenteeism: Test of a causal model
Authors: Gellatly Ian R.
Published: July 2007

This study examined whether an employee's level of absenteeism was affected by age, organizational tenure, perceptions of interactional justice, affective and continuance commitment, and the perceived absence norm in the employees' work unit or department. One hundred and sixty‐six nursing and food services employees in a mid‐size chronic care hospital provided attitudinal and perceptual data on an employee survey. Absence data (absence frequency and total days absent) were collected during the 12‐month period immediately following an employee survey. Hypothesized relations between the various individual‐ and group‐level factors and employee absenteeism were specified in a structural model and tested using LISREL 7 (Joreskog and Sorbom, 1989). General support was found for the study hypotheses.
Union commitment: Conceptual changes in the German context
Authors: Trimpop Rüdiger M.
Published: July 2007

This study examined the concept of union commitment in a German sample utilizing research predominantly developed and tested in Anglo‐American countries (U.S.A., Canada, South Africa). Due to cultural and structural differences in the context of German unions it was assumed that the structure and level of commitment should also be different from those in the countries tested and that the instrument may have to be adjusted. Gordon and Ladd's Union Commitment scale was translated and tested on 194 West‐German trade union members. Five major structural differences between German, Canadian, U.S.‐American and South African unions were identified. Those are, for example, in Germany closed‐shop agreements are forbidden, a high degree of centralization exists, the existence and form of labor courts and legally binding participation, the influence of workers council and the well protected situation of German workers. The data were factor‐analyzed and revealed four factors. A comparison of the item structures showed that the German sample put a much stronger emphasis on the factor 1:Union Instrumentalityand less emphasis on factor 4:Union Loyaltythan the previously examined samples where union loyalty always emerged as the strongest factor. The other factors were identified as: factor 2:Prounion Behavioral Intentionsand factor 3:Union Trust.The results are discussed in relation to structural differences that may have led to findings in the German sample.
Short‐term potassium release and fixation in some calcareous soils
Authors: Jalali Mohsen , Kolahchi Zahra
Published: July 2007

Potassium (K+) directly released from primary K‐bearing minerals can contribute to plant nutrition. The objective of this research was to assess short‐term K+ release and fixation on a range of intensively cropped calcareous soils. Potassium sorption and desorption properties and the contributions of exchangeable‐K+ (EK) and nonexchangeable‐K+ (NEK) pools to K+ dynamics of the soil‐solution system was measured using a modified quantity‐to‐intensity (Q : I) experiment. Release and fixation of K+ were varied among soils. The relation between the change in the amount of NEK during the experiment and the initial constrain was linear, and soil ability for K+ release and fixation (β) for all soils varied from 0.041 to 0.183, indicating that 4% to 18% of added K+ converted to NEK when fixation occurred. The equilibrium potential buffering capacity (PBC) for K+ derived from Q : I experiments had significant correlation (r = 0.75, p < 0.01) with β, indicating that PBC depends not only on exchange properties but also on release and fixation properties. The depleted soils showed higher β value than the other soils, indicating much of the added K+ was converted to NEK in case of positive constraint. The range of the amount of EK which was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca (Emin) in the experimental conditions was large and varied from 0.68 to 9.00 mmol kg–1. On average, Emin amounted to 64% of EK. This fraction of EK may not be available to the plant. The parameters obtained from these short‐term K+ release and fixation experiments can be used in plant nutrition.
Influence of phosphorus application on growth and cadmium uptake of spinach in two cadmium‐contaminated soils
Authors: Dheri Gurmeet Singh , Singh Brar Mukand , Malhi Sukhdev Singh
Published: July 2007

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of phosphate (P) application on diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable cadmium (Cd) in soil and on growth and uptake of Cd by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Two soils varying in texture were contaminated by application of five levels of Cd (NO3)2 (0, 20, 30, 40, and 60 mg Cd kg–1). Three levels of KH2PO4 (0, 12, and 24 mg P kg–1) were applied to determine immobilization of Cd by P. Spinach was grown for 60 d after seeding. Progressive contamination of soils through application of Cd affected dry‐matter yield (DMY) of spinach shoot differently in the two soils, with 67% reduction of DMY in the sandy soil and 34% in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P increased DMY of spinach from 4.53 to 6.06 g pot–1 (34%) in silty‐loam soil and from 3.54 to 5.12 g pot–1 (45%) in sandy soil. The contamination of soils increased Cd concentration in spinach shoots by 34 times in the sandy soil and 18 times in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P decreased Cd concentration in shoot. The decrease of Cd concentration was higher in the sandy soil in comparison to the silty‐loam soil. Phosphorus application enhanced DMY of spinach by decreasing Cd concentration in soil as well as in plants. The results indicate that Cd toxicity in soil can be alleviated by P application.
A Parallelised High Performance Monte Carlo Simulation Approach for Complex Polymerisation Kinetics
Authors: Chaffey‐Millar Hugh , Stewart Don , Chakravarty Manuel M. T. , Keller Gabriele , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: July 2007

A novel, parallelised approach to Monte Carlo simulations for the computation of full molecular weight distributions (MWDs) arising from complex polymerisation reactions is presented. The parallel Monte Carlo method constitutes perhaps the most comprehensive route to the simulation of full MWDs of multiple chain length polymer entities and can also provide detailed microstructural information. New fundamental insights have been developed with regard to the Monte Carlo process in at least three key areas: (i) an insufficient system size is demonstrated to create inaccuracies via poor representation of the most improbable events and least numerous species; (ii) advanced algorithmic principles and compiler technology known to computer science have been used to provide speed improvements and (iii) the parallelisability of the algorithm has been explored and excellent scalability demonstrated. At present, the parallel Monte Carlo method presented herein compares very favourably in speed with the latest developments in the h‐p Galerkin method‐based PREDICI software package while providing significantly more detailed microstructural information. It seems viable to fuse parallel Monte Carlo methods with those based on the h‐p Galerkin methods to achieve an optimum of information depths for the modelling of complex macromolecular kinetics and the resulting microstructural information.

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Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin‐1 levels in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Martinez‐Rodriguez Jose Enrique , Seppi Klaus , Cardozo Adriana , Iranzo Alex , Stampfer‐Kountchev Michaela , Wenning Gregor , Tolosa Eduardo , Högl Birgit , Santamaria Joan , Poewe Werner
Published: July 2007

Hypocretin (orexin) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels have been previously found normal or decreased in Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease, two synucleinopathies commonly associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). We evaluated CSF hypocretin‐1 levels in 15 patients with moderately severe multiple system atrophy (MSA), another synucleinopathy where sleep disorders occur frequently and EDS has been reported, performing additional electrophysiological studies in 5 of them to assess the presence of EDS and sleep onset REM (SOREM) periods. Despite relatively low sleep efficiencies in nocturnal sleep, mean sleep latencies in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test were normal with no SOREM periods. All patients had CSF hypocretin‐1 levels in the normal range (>200 pg/mL) suggesting that the hypocretin system is not altered in MSA, at least in patients with a moderately severe disease. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Chemical‐shift artifact reduction in hadamard‐encoded MR spectroscopic imaging at high (3T and 7T) magnetic fields
Authors: Goelman Gadi , Liu Songtao , Fleysher Roman , Fleysher Lazar , Grossman Robert I. , Gonen Oded
Published: July 2007

Proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at higher magnetic fields (B0) suffers metabolite localization errors from different chemical‐shift displacements (CSDs) if spatially‐selective excitation is used. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the decreasing radiofrequency (RF) field strength, B1, at higher B0s, precluding its suppression with stronger gradients. To address this, two new methods are proposed: 1) segmenting the volume‐of‐interest (VOI) into several slabs, allowing proportionally stronger slice‐select gradients; and 2) sequentially cascading rather than superposing the components of the Hadamard selective pulses used for reasons of better point‐spread function (PSF) to localize the few slices within each slab. This can reduce the peak B1 to that of a single slice. Combining these approaches permits us to increase the selective gradient four‐ to eightfold per given B1, to 12 or 18mT/m for 4‐ or 2‐cm VOIs. This “brute force” approach reduces the CSD to under 0.05 cm/ppm at 7T, or less than half that at 3T. Magn Reson Med 58:167–173, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of GABA and contaminants in gray and white matter in human brain in vivo
Authors: Choi Changho , Bhardwaj Paramjit P. , Kalra Sanjay , Casault Colin A. , Yasmin Umme S. , Allen Peter S. , Coupland Nicholas J.
Published: July 2007

A preliminary study of discrimination between GABA and macromolecules (MMs) in human brain by proton double quantum filtering (DQF) at 3.0T in vivo is presented. GABA‐tuned and MM‐tuned DQ filters were designed with dual‐band 180° radiofrequency (RF) pulses that were tuned for selective refocusing of GABA (3.0 and 1.9 ppm) and putative MM resonances (3.0 and 1.7 ppm), respectively. GABA and putative MM signals were extracted from a combined analysis of the filtered mixture signals and the calculated editing yields. Unexpectedly, the GABA and putative MM signals exhibited a similar doublet linewidth at the optimized TE = 82 ms. Furthermore, substantial MM‐tuned DQF signal remained at TE = 148 ms, indicating the presence of a component other than MM. With water segmentation data, the GABA‐tuned and MM‐tuned DQF measures from the medial prefrontal and left frontal lobes were combined to give the concentrations of GABA and the additional component as 1.1 ± 0.1 and 0.8 ± 0.1 mM (mean ± SD, N = 3) for gray matter (GM) and 0.4 ± 0.1 and 0.7±0.1 mM (N = 3) for white matter (WM), respectively. Magn Reson Med 58:27–33, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and spatial relationships in captive southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)
Authors: Metrione Lara C. , Penfold Linda M. , Waring George H.
Published: July 2007

Although critical to the conservation of white rhinoceros, captive breeding has proven challenging because of the poor and irregular reproductive health of many captive rhinos, and social interactions may play a significant role. This research investigated the social and spatial relationships of two captive groups of southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) by examining the frequency of companion changes, the number of space maintenance vocalizations made per hour by each reproductively mature female, and dominant/subordinate interactions. The observed captive rhinos did not change their companionships during the study. They exhibited space maintenance vocalizations and display greater than once per hour, particularly when feeding. Females housed with four calves on 0.033 km2exhibited space maintenance vocalizations more frequently (X±SE = 6.19±0.199/hr) than females housed with one calf and more space (0.06 km2,X±SE = 0.55±0.182/hr) and females housed without calves and more space (0.65 km2,X±SE = 1.90±0.086/hr). Wider separation of food piles and of females with young calves is suggested to reduce the interpreted spatial stress. The presence of a large number of rhinos in restricted captive space resulted in the formation of herds with dominance hierarchies that were enforced during competition for food and shade. The most subordinate rhino in each of the herds exhibited unusual behaviors such as dung‐kicking and nonestrus urine squirting, and neither has ever reproduced. Suppression of subordinate rhinos might lead to social stress that could negatively impact reproductive success. Zoo Biol 26:487–502, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of UVB reduction by materials commonly used in reptile husbandry
Authors: Michael Burger R. , Gehrmann William H. , Ferguson Gary W.
Published: July 2007

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation (285–320 nm) is considered important for metabolic processes and reproduction in many reptile species by facilitating the synthesis of vitamin D3. In captivity, UVB radiation reaching an animal may be diminished by the properties of the materials used in enclosure construction. We investigated the UVB‐attenuating properties of 14 materials commonly used in cage tops for reptile enclosures. Irradiances were measured by two types of hand‐held broadband radiometers and the D3‐synthesizing potential was assessed by the use of an in vitro model. For UV‐transmitting acrylic, a significant discrepancy between meter irradiances and in vitro model values for D3‐synthesizing ability was observed, with meter readings underestimating the blocking effect. In contrast, attenuation of UVB irradiances by air‐permeable materials, such as wire screen, measured with meters was generally comparable to the attenuation of D3‐synthesizing ability as measured by in vitro models. Relatively simple meter readings can therefore be used to reflect reduction of D3‐synthesizing ability through air‐permeable materials. Zoo Biol 26:417–423, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphic behavior of some fully hydrogenated oils and their mixtures with liquid oil
Authors: deMan L. , deMan J. M. , Blackman B.
Published: July 2007

Fully hydrogenated soybean oil, beef fat, rapeseed oil, a rapeseed, palm and soybean oil blend, cottonseed oil and palm oil were characterized by fatty acid composition, glyceride carbon number and partial glyceride content, as well as melting and crystallization properties. The latter were established by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymorphic behavior was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction of the products in the flake or granulated form and when freshly crystallized from a melt. The hard fats were dissolved in canola oil at levels of 20, 50 and 80% and crystallized from the melt. Palm oil had the lowest crystallization temperature and the lowest melting temperature; rapessed had the highest crystallization temperature and soybean the highest melting temperature. All of the hard fats crystallized initially in the =00 form. When diluted with canola oil, only palm oil was able to maintain β′ stability.
Effect of TBHQ on quality characteristics of RBD olein during frying
Authors: Asap Telingai , Augustin M. A.
Published: July 2007

The changes in quality characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD olein) during heating with intermittent frying for 5 hr/day for weight consecutive days in three systems were compared. The systems were (i) RBD olein without antioxidant (system 1); (ii) RBD olein to which 200 ppm of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) had been added prior to frying on the first day (system 2), and (iii) RBD olein which had TBHQ added to a level of 200 ppm at the start of each day. The addition of TBHQ reduced the level of polar components and polymers in the oil, decreased the rates of change in iodine value and dielectric constant and decreased the rate of oxidation of C18:2. The reduction in the rates of these undesirable changes was more pronounced when the TBHQ was added to the system on each day of frying than when there was a single addition of TBHQ prior to frying on the first day. The undesirable effect of adding TBHQ was that it darkened the oil.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep‐fat frying of foods1
Authors: Chang Stephen S. , Peterson Robert J. , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: July 2007

Deep‐fat frying is one of the most commonly used procedures for the preparation and manufacture of foods in the world. During deep‐fat frying, oxidative and thermal decompositions may take place with the formation of volatile and nonvolatile decomposition products, some of which in excessive amounts are harmful to human health. A limited survey of frying fats used in commercial operations indicated that some were maintained at good quality and others were overused or abused. The volatile decomposition products produced by corn oil, hydrogenated cotton‐seed oil, trilinolein, and triolein, under simulated commercial frying conditions, were collected, fractionated, and identified. A total of 211 compounds were identified. The nonvolatile decomposition products produced by trilinolein, triolein, and tristearin under simulated commercial frying conditions were collected and characterized. After being treated under deep‐fat frying conditions at 185 C for 74 hr, trilinolein yielded 26.3% non‐urea‐adduct‐forming esters, triolein yielded 10.8%, and tristearin also yielded 4.2%.
The occurrence of 6,9,12,15‐octadecatetraenoic acid inEchium plantagineum seed oil
Authors: Smith C. R. , Hagemann J. W. , Wolff I. A.
Published: July 2007

The seed oil ofEchium plantagineum, a mem‐ber of the borage family, has been shown to contain two polyunsaturated fatty acids not com‐monly found in vegetable oils: all‐cis‐6,9,12‐octa‐deeatrienoic acid and all‐cis‐6,9,12,15‐octadeca‐tetraenoic acid. Prior to their discovery in the Boraginaceae, nonconjugated tetraenoid acids were not known to occur in oils of higher plants.
Studies of soiling and detergency
Authors: Fort Tomlinson , Billica H. R. , Grindstaff T. H.
Published: July 2007

A study was made of the desorption of carbon‐14 labeled fatty acid, fatty alcohol, hydrocarbon, triglyceride, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic particulate carbon from cellulose, Nylon, and polyethylene terephthalate films into aqueous solutions of cationic, anionic, and nonionic deter‐gents. Use of the polymers in film form as end‐windows of a Geiger counter and labeling of the soils with radioactive carbon‐14 allowed con‐tinuous monitoring of the amount of sorbed material and normalized the usual complication of fiber and fabric geometry so that results ob‐tained with different polymers could be directly compared. An excellent correlation was established be‐tween fatty soil removal from polyethylene terephthalate film and fabric surfaces; thus re‐sults obtained with film substrates have practical significance. Wash variables were carefully con‐trolled and were altered one at a time to learn their effect on the soil‐removal process. Results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms of soil removal.
New developments in the fatty acid industry
Authors: Sonntag N. O. V.
Published: July 2007

Many changes are taking place in the fatty acid industry, both corporation wise and technology wise. Some are sudden and obvious; others are gradual on a day‐to‐day basis. Important nerwer developments are highlighted and discussed.
Crambe meal as a protein source for feeds
Authors: Carlson K. D. , Tookey H. L.
Published: July 2007

Crambe abyssinica may be grown for its seed oil containing 55‐60% erucic acid, which fills a long‐term, technologically important US industrial market. The residual meal could serve in animal feeds, but, like other Cruciferae, crambe seed contains glucosinolates that limit the feed value of the defatted meal. Protein content, amino acid composition, protein efficiency tests and numerous animal feeding experiments show that crambe meal contains protein of good nutritional quality. Means of reducing, nullifying or removing the glucosinolates and their hydrolysis (aglucon) products have been the object of many studies, and crambe meals containing native levels of glucosinolates and/or aglucon products have been shown to be lethal to mice, rats and chicks when fed at significant dietary levels. Animal performance is inversely related to sublethal concen‐trations of these compounds in modified meals. However, water‐extracted crambe meals have excellent nutritional quality when such extraction removes the glucosinolates and/or aglucon products. Feeding experiments suggest that these meals, although more costly to prepare, could be used in feeds for nonruminant animals. On the other hand, moist heat‐toasting of crambe meals in conventional oilseed extraction facilities provides meals of value for supplemental protein in beef rations. For this use, specifications and FDA ap‐proval are in place for commercial exploitation of crambe meal. These studies and the status of crambe as a protein source in feeds are reviewed.
Effects of refining on chemical and physical properties of palm oil products
Authors: Siew W. L. , Mohammad Yassin
Published: July 2007

Some chemical changes in the composition and physical properties of palm oil products are discussed. The effects of bleaching and deodorization on oxidative properties and possible isomerization and interesterification of the fatty acids were indicated from laboratory refining experiments. Investigation of commercial samples of refined palm oil products showed that the conjugated dienes and trienes formed are minimal, indicating the use of good quality raw materials and mild processing conditions. Very little isomerization occurred in commercial refined products as indicated from the level oftrans acids, and changes in the POP to PPO triglycerides due to possible interesterification were insignificant. Changes in physical properties were inevitable due to the removal of free fatty acids and diglycerides and to minor impurities.
Effects of ammoniation on aflatoxins in rations fed lactating cows
Authors: Mckinney John D. , Cavanagh George C. , Bell J. T. , Hoversland A. S. , Nelson D. M. , Pearson J. , Selkirk R. J.
Published: July 2007

A multifaceted cooperative research program involving industry, government and universities was initiated to determine the effects of feeding lactating dairy cows rations containing various levels of cotton‐seed and cottonseed meal that had been naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. Evidence is presented that ammoniation of aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed and cottonseed meal eliminates the aflatoxins, producing a product safe for feeding to ruminants. The aflatoxin M1 content of milk samples of individual cows receiving rations containing (a) prime cottonseed meal, (b) aflatoxin contaminated meal, and (c) aflatoxin contaminated meal that had ammoniation treatment is reported. Data comparing results with (d) prime cottonseed, (e) aflatoxin contaminated seed, and (f) aflatoxin‐contaminated seed that had ammoniation treatment are also reported. None of the milk samples from cows fed ammoniated rations contained any detectable M1 by the modified Jacobson et al. methodology used. The sensitibity of the method in this laboratory is 0.1 μg M1/liter of milk. Under the conditions of this study, aflatoxin M1 levels are related to the levels of aflatoxin B1 consumed in the diet of the cows. Conversion ratios are reported. Aflatoxin M1 levels in the milk, relative to the time of the cows’ initial ingestion of aflatoxin B1, the persistence of M1 in the milk after discontinuing ingestion of B1, and disappearance of M1 under the conditions of the analytical methodology used relative to storage time and temperatures, are reported for liquid milk and for frozen milk. Milk containing the highest level of aflatoxin M1 was treated with rennet. An 80:20 partion of aflatoxin M1 was observed between curd and whey, respectively.
Soybean protein in human nutrition: An overview
Authors: Young V. R. , Scrimshaw N. S. , Torun B. , Viteri F.
Published: July 2007

The nutritional value of processed soy protein in human protein nutrition is reviewed on the basis of growth, nitrogen balance and metabolic studies in infants, children, adolescents and adults. When well processed soy products serve as the major or sole source of the protein intake, their protein value approaches or equals that of foods of animal origin, and they are fully capable of meeting the long term essential amino acid and protein needs of children and adults. The significance of the sulfur amino acid content of soy protein for practical human nutrition is also examined. For young children and adults, under conditions of normal usage of soy protein, it is concluded that methionine supplementation of good quality products is unnecessary and possibly undesirable. For feeding of the newborn, the limited data available suggest that supplementation of soy‐based formulas with methionine may be beneficial. However, the appropriate level of supplementation is considerably less than that suggested from results obtained in rat feeding studies. At total protein intakes that approximate current dietary protein allowances, well processed soy protein products can replace meat and fish proteins without reducing the utilization of dietary nitrogen in adults, and they can serve as nutritionally valuable protein sources in cereal‐based diets for child feeding. The value of long term studies concerned with tolerance to and acceptability of new soy protein products in adults is emphasized, and favorable results with two isolated soy protein products are described. The data indicate that properly processed soy protein foods are well tolerated and of good protein value for humans of all ages.
Fermented vegetable protein and related foods of Southeast Asia with special reference to Indonesia
Authors: Winarno F. G.
Published: July 2007

As rising populations cause more demand for food, Southeast Asian residents will depend increasingly on plant sources, rather than animal sources, for their dietary protein and calorie needs. Tempeh and other fermented vegetable protein products already are familiar parts of the diet throughout Southeast Asia. The low cost production process also provides protection against aflatoxin contamination, an important consideration. All these factors indicate that fermented foods will play a larger role in the future diet for millions of people in Southeast Asia.
Infant formulas and the use of vegetable protein
Authors: Thomson W. A. B.
Published: July 2007

Soy‐based formulas and meat‐based formulas are used as successful replacements for milk in the nutritional management of infants who are, or are suspected to be allergic to milk. Used most widely are soy‐based formulas which eliminate the symptoms and ensure normal growth and well being of the infant. Soy‐based formulas are made in both powdered and liquid forms, and the trend during the past decade has been to use a soy protein isolate to reduce or eliminate the presence of carbohydrates which cause flatulence and abnormal stooling. Details of the nutritional composition of soy‐based infant formulas are discussed together with the selection and processing of protein in order to minimize the presence of antinutritional factors.
Food uses of wheat gluten
Authors: Sarkki Marja‐Leena
Published: July 2007

New separation methods for wheat gluten have increased production and made possible the use of mass wheat as a raw material. This widens the use of gluten in the fields where functional as well as baking properties are important. Solubility, swelling, viscosity and nutritional aspects of gluten are reviewed. The current applications of wheat gluten are mainly in baked products, breakfast foods, and meat analogs. Many chemical modifications of gluten have been developed. Modifications are not in use, but the increased gluten production will bring them into use.
Chemical composition and characteristics ofMoringa peregrina seeds and seeds oil
Authors: Somali M. A. , Bajneid M. A. , Al‐Fhaimani S. S.
Published: July 2007

TheMoringa peregrina kernel contains 1.8% moisture, 54.3% oil, 22.1% protein, 3.6% fiber, 15.3% carbohydrate and 2.5% ash. The composition and characteristics of the extracted oil were determined. Gas liquid chromatography of methyl esters of the fatty acids shows the presence of 14.7% saturated fatty acids and 84.7% unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition is as follows: palmitic 9.3%, palmitoleic 2.4%, stearic 3.5%, oleic 78.0%, linoleic 0.6%, linolenic 1.6%, arachidic 1.8% and behenic 2.6%.
Nutritive value of poppy seed protein
Authors: Eklund A. , Ågren G.
Published: July 2007

The chemical and biological properties of poppy seed (Papaver somniferum) were studied to evaluate its possible role as a complement to or replacement for rapeseed in Sweden. A white variety of the seed contained 40% crude oil and 27% protein (N × 6.25), while a blue variety contained 33% oil and 21% protein. The amino acid composition of the two varieties were similar with chemical score values of 60 and 66, respectively. A meal was prepared by hydraulic pressing at room temperature. The protein efficiency ratio for this meal in rats was 2.34. A protein concentrate was prepared from the poppy seed meal by alkaline water extraction followed by iso‐electric precipitation of protein. The freeze‐dried precipitate contained 70% protein and 18% fat. Available lysine was the limiting amino acid in the protein concentrate.
Crismer values and erucic acid contents of rapeseed oils
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Crismer Values of rapeseed oil extracted from different Canadian varieties are reported. Seventeen samples of oil containing up to 4.1% erucic acid gave an average value of 68.45±0.92 C with a range of 67.10 to 69.29. Crismer Values of high erucic acid oils (20~45% erucic acid) ranged from 76 to 82 C.
Examination of the parameters governing oily soil removal from synthetic substrates
Authors: Dillan K. W. , Goddard E. D. , Mckenzie D. A.
Published: July 2007

The rate of removal of mineral oil soils from model polyester sub‐strates by the roll‐up mechanism shows a marked dependence on nonionic surfactant concentration even above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). Similarly, although the solid/water interfacial tension is observed to be constant, the equilibrium oil/water inter‐facial tension in these systems consistently decreases as the nonionic surfactant concentration is increased. The dependence of removal time and oil/water interfacial tension on surfactant concentration above the cmc is most pronounced for nonionic surfactants having relatively high cmc. At a given concentration, surfactants exhibiting the lowest equilibrium oil/water interfacial tension generally provide the most effective soil removal, suggesting that the reported depen‐dence of removal time on surfactant concentration is related to the commensurate lowering of the oil/water interfacial tension. Nonyl phenol ethoxylates perform exceptionally well with mineral oil on polyester substrates because of the combination of a low oil/water interfacial tension and high solid/water adhesion tension. Regardless of surfactant structure, mineral oil on Teflon FEP maintains a high contact angle in the water because the solid/oil interfacial tension is less than the solid/water interfacial tension. Oil removal in such systems occurs only by an inefficient necking and drawing process. Oleyl alcohol displays a high contact angle in the water on both Teflon FEP and Mylar substrates for reasons similar to that of mineral oil on Teflon FEP. Partial oil removal occurs from both substrates in selected built systems, presumably because a low oil/ water interfacial tension promotes necking and drawing. Given sufficient time, unremoved oils develop a liquid crystalline phase which results in slow oil removal via dispersion. Triolein soils also possess a relatively low solid/oil interfacial tension and similarly exhibt a high contact angle (in water) on both Teflon FEP and Mylar substrates in unbuilt surfactant systems. Builder addition lowers the oil/water interfacial tension and thereby prompts necking and drawing action.
Differences in arterial compliance, microvascular function and venous capacitance between patients with heart failure and either preserved or reduced left ventricular systolic function
Authors: Balmain Sean , Padmanabhan Neal , Ferrell William R. , Morton John J. , McMurray John J.V.
Published: July 2007

Background

Up to 50% of patients with the clinical syndrome of heart failure have preserved left ventricular systolic function (HF‐PSF). These patients may have abnormalities of ventriculo‐vascular coupling, due to increased vascular and ventricular stiffness.

Methods

We compared arterial compliance, microvascular vasodilator function and venous capacitance (VC) in 3 groups of patients (n<=12 each) matched for the presence of coronary heart disease: 1) HF and preserved systolic function (HF‐PSF), 2) HF and reduced systolic function (HF‐RSF) and 3) controls (no HF, PSF). Arterial compliance was assessed by measuring aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) with applanation tonometry. Cutaneous microvascular function was assessed using Laser Doppler imaging (LDI) coupled with iontophoresis of endothelium‐dependent (acetylcholine) and ‐independent (sodium nitroprusside) vasodilators. VC was measured using venous occlusion plethysmography.

Results

PWV was significantly higher in HF‐PSF subjects than in both HF‐RSF and control groups (10.7 [1.1], 8.9 [1.7] and 8.6 [2.1] m/s respectively, p<0.05). Acetylcholine and nitroprusside induced vasodilatation were equally impaired in HF‐PSF and HF‐RSF, as compared to controls (p<0.01). VC was higher in HF‐RSF subjects compared with HF‐PSF subjects (1.75 [0.41], 1.34 [0.34] ml/100 ml forearm vol. respectively, p<0.05).

Conclusions

These findings are consistent with a more marked increase in vascular stiffness in HF‐PSF than in HF‐RSF and suggest that arterial stiffness, dynamic vasodilator function and venous abnormalities may be implicated in the complex pathophysiology of HF‐PSF.
GARPUN-MTW: A hybrid Ti:Sapphire/KrF laser facility for simultaneous amplification of subpicosecond/nanosecond pulses relevant to fast-ignition ICF concept
Authors: Zvorykin V.D. , Didenko N.V. , Ionin A.A. , Kholin I.V. , Konyashchenko A.V. , Krokhin O.N. , Levchenko A.O. , Mavritskii A.O. , Mesyats G.A. , Molchanov A.G. , Rogulev M.A. , Seleznev L.V. , Sinitsyn D.V. , Tenyakov S.YU. , Ustinovskii N.N. , Zayarnyi D.A.
Published: July 2007

The first stage of the petawatt excimer laser project started at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, implements a development of multiterawatt hybrid GARPUN-MTW laser facility for generation of ultra-high intensity subpicosecond ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses. Under this project, a multi-stage e-beam-pumped 100-J, 100-ns GARPUN KrF laser was upgraded with a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire front-end, to produce combined subpicosecond/nanosecond laser pulses with variable time delay. Attractive possibility to amplify simultaneously short and long pulses in the same large-scale KrF amplifiers is analyzed with regard to the fast-ignition, inertial confinement fusion problem. Detailed description of hybrid laser system is presented with synchronized KrF and Ti:Sapphire master oscillators. Based on gain and absorption measurements at GARPUN amplifier and numerical simulations with a quasi-stationary code, we are predicting that 1.6 J can be obtained in a short pulse at hybrid GARPUN-MTW Ti:Sapphire/KrF laser facility, combined with several tens of joules in nanosecond pulse. Amplified spontaneous emission, which is responsible for the pre-pulse formation on a target, was also investigated: its acceptable level can be provided by properly choosing staged gain or loading the amplifiers by quasi-steady laser radiation. Fluorescence and transient absorption spectra of Ar/Kr/F2 mixtures conventionally used in KrF amplifiers were recorded to find out the possibility for femtosecond pulse amplification at the broadband Kr2F (42Γ → 1,2 2Γ) transition, which benefits in 100 times higher saturation energy density than for KrF (B → X) transition.
Connexin 35/36 is phosphorylated at regulatory sites in the
retina
Authors: KOTHMANN W. WADE , LI XIAOFAN , BURR GARY S. , O'BRIEN JOHN
Published: July 2007

Connexin 35/36 is the most widespread neuronal gap junction
protein in the retina and central nervous system. Electrical and/or
tracer coupling in a number of neuronal circuits that express this
connexin are regulated by light adaptation. In many cases, the regulation
of coupling depends on signaling pathways that activate protein kinases
such as PKA, and Cx35 has been shown to be regulated by PKA
phosphorylation in cell culture systems. To examine whether
phosphorylation might regulate Cx35/36 in the retina we developed
phospho-specific polyclonal antibodies against the two regulatory
phosphorylation sites of Cx35 and examined the phosphorylation state of
this connexin in the retina. Western blot analysis with hybrid bass
retinal membrane preparations showed Cx35 to be phosphorylated at both the
Ser110 and Ser276 sites, and this labeling was eliminated by alkaline
phosphatase digestion. The homologous sites of mouse and rabbit Cx36 were
also phosphorylated in retinal membrane preparations. Quantitative
confocal immunofluorescence analysis showed gap junctions identified with
a monoclonal anti-Cx35 antibody to have variable levels of phosphorylation
at both the Ser110 and Ser276 sites. Unusual gap junctions that could be
identified by their large size (up to 32 μm2) and location
in the IPL showed a prominent shift in phosphorylation state from heavily
phosphorylated in nighttime, dark-adapted retina to weakly phosphorylated
in daytime, light-adapted retina. Both Ser110 and Ser276 sites showed
significant changes in this manner. Under both lighting conditions, other
gap junctions varied from non-phosphorylated to heavily phosphorylated. We
predict that changes in the phosphorylation states of these sites
correlate with changes in the degree of coupling through Cx35/36 gap
junctions. This leads to the conclusion that connexin phosphorylation
mediates changes in coupling in some retinal networks. However, these
changes are not global and likely occur in a cell type-specific or
possibly a gap junction-specific manner.
Services liberalization in the new generation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs): how much further than the GATS?
Authors: ROY MARTIN , MARCHETTI JUAN , LIM HOE
Published: July 2007

This paper attempts to fill a gap in the trade literature by providing a comprehensive overview of services liberalization commitments in the new generation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) as compared to prevailing GATS commitments and Doha Round offers. The paper reviews the commitments undertaken by 36 WTO Members (counting the EC as one) under mode 1 (cross-border supply) and mode 3 (commercial presence) in 32 PTAs negotiated since 2000. Among other things, the results suggest that, overall, PTA commitments tend to go significantly beyond GATS offers. Countries that have signed PTAs with the United States have made spectacular improvements, but GATS+ commitments are not limited to such agreements. The paper also discusses the potential economic costs arising from these preferential agreements and implications for the role of GATS and for multilateral services negotiations. The paper concludes by exploring possible approaches to overcome the downsides of services PTAs, including suggestions for a more pro-active role for the WTO in the surveillance of these agreements.
Modeling afterslip and aftershocks following the 1992 Landers earthquake
Authors: Perfettini H. , Avouac J.‐P.
Published: July 2007

One way to probe the rheology of the lithosphere and fault zones is to analyze the temporal evolution of deformation following a large earthquake. In such a case, the lithosphere responds to a known stress change that can be assessed from earthquake slip models constrained from seismology and geodesy. Here, we model the postseismic response of a fault zone that is assumed to obey a rate‐strengthening rheology, where the frictional stress varies as aσ ln(), being the deformation rate and aσ > 0 a rheological parameter. The model is simple enough that these parameters can be estimated by inversion of postseismic geodetic data. We apply this approach to the analysis of geodetic displacements following the Mw7.3, 1992, Landers earthquake. The model adjusts well the measured displacements and implies aσ ≈ 0.47–0.53 MPa. In addition, we show that aftershocks and afterslip follow the same temporal evolution and that the spatiotemporal distribution of aftershocks is consistent with the idea that they are driven by reloading of the seismogenic zone resulting from frictional afterslip.
Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in a coastal environment
Authors: Marshall J. , Lohmann U. , Leaitch W. R. , Lehr P. , Hayden K.
Published: July 2007

An optical closure study was carried out on the basis of measurements taken during five research flights in October 2003 over the waters surrounding Nova Scotia. Measurements of aerosol size spectra were made using a variety of instruments, and the size‐segregated chemical signature was determined with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. The aerosol scattering and backscattering coefficients were determined with an integrating nephelometer at three visible wavelengths. At a wavelength of 550 nm and at altitudes less than 1000 m, the mean total scattering coefficient of the dry in‐cabin aerosol is 26 Mm−1, with a standard deviation of 10 Mm−1, while the mean backscattering coefficient is 1.7 Mm−1 with a standard deviation of 0.8 Mm−1. On the basis of data from instruments within the cabin, closure between the directly measured and calculated total scattering coefficients is attained for more than 70% of cases, but is not attained for the backscattering coefficients. Coarse particles are found to account for roughly half of the total scattering and 70% of the backscattering for altitudes up to ∼1000 m. The scattering contribution from coarse particles is found to account for approximately 65% of the total scattering and 88% of the backscattering when calculated on the basis of measurements taken outside of the aircraft, which are not subject to inlet losses for larger particles.
Observations of the south seasonal cap of Mars during recession in 2004–2006 by the OMEGA visible/near‐infrared imaging spectrometer on board Mars Express
Authors: Langevin Y. , Bibring J.‐P. , Montmessin F. , Forget F. , Vincendon M. , Douté S. , Poulet F. , Gondet B.
Published: July 2007

The OMEGA visible/near‐infrared imaging spectrometer on board Mars Express has observed the southern seasonal cap in late 2004 and 2005 and then in the summer of 2006. These observations extended from the period of maximum extension, close to the southern winter solstice, to the end of the recession at Ls 325°. The spectral range and spectral resolution of OMEGA make it possible to monitor the extent and effective grain size of CO2 ice and H2O ice on the ground, the level of contamination of CO2 ice and H2O ice by dust, and the column density of μm‐sized ice grains in the atmosphere. The CO2 seasonal cap is very clean and clear in early southern winter. Contamination by H2O ice spreads eastward from the Hellas basin until the southern spring equinox. During southern spring and summer, there is a very complex evolution in terms of effective grain size of CO2 ice and contamination by dust or H2O ice. H2O ice does not play a significant role close to the southern summer solstice. Contamination of CO2 ice by H2O ice is only observed close to the end of the recession, as well as the few H2O ice patches already reported by Bibring et al. (2004a). These observations have been compared to the results of a general circulation model, with good qualitative agreement on the distribution of H2O ice on the surface and in the atmosphere. Resolving the remaining discrepancies will improve our understanding of the water cycle on Mars.