bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellular resolution anatomical and molecular atlases for prenatal human brains
Authors: Ding Song‐Lin , Royall Joshua J. , Lesnar Phil , Facer Benjamin A.C. , Smith Kimberly A. , Wei Yina , Brouner Kristina , Dalley Rachel A. , Dee Nick , Dolbeare Tim A. , Ebbert Amanda , Glass Ian A. , Keller Nika H. , Lee Felix , Lemon Tracy A. , Nyhus Julie , Pendergraft Julie , Reid Robert , Sarreal Melaine , Shapovalova Nadiya V. , Szafer Aaron , Phillips John W. , Sunkin Susan M. , Hohmann John G. , Jones Allan R. , Hawrylycz Michael J. , Hof Patrick R. , Ng Lydia , Bernard Amy , Lein Ed S.
Published: September 2021

Increasing interest in studies of prenatal human brain development, particularly using new single‐cell genomics and anatomical technologies to create cell atlases, creates a strong need for accurate and detailed anatomical reference atlases. In this study, we present two cellular‐resolution digital anatomical atlases for prenatal human brain at postconceptional weeks (PCW) 15 and 21. Both atlases were annotated on sequential Nissl‐stained sections covering brain‐wide structures on the basis of combined analysis of cytoarchitecture, acetylcholinesterase staining, and an extensive marker gene expression dataset. This high information content dataset allowed reliable and accurate demarcation of developing cortical and subcortical structures and their subdivisions. Furthermore, using the anatomical atlases as a guide, spatial expression of 37 and 5 genes from the brains, respectively, at PCW 15 and 21 was annotated, illustrating reliable marker genes for many developing brain structures. Finally, the present study uncovered several novel developmental features, such as the lack of an outer subventricular zone in the hippocampal formation and entorhinal cortex, and the apparent extension of both cortical (excitatory) and subcortical (inhibitory) progenitors into the prenatal olfactory bulb. These comprehensive atlases provide useful tools for visualization, segmentation, targeting, imaging, and interpretation of brain structures of prenatal human brain, and for guiding and interpreting the next generation of cell census and connectome studies.
Predicting time to relapse in acute myeloid leukemia through stochastic modeling of minimal residual disease based on clonality data
Authors: Dinh Khanh N. , Jaksik Roman , Corey Seth J. , Kimmel Marek
Published: September 2021

Event‐free and overall survival remain poor for patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Chemoresistant clones contributing to relapse arise from minimal residual disease (MRD) or newly acquired mutations. However, the dynamics of clones comprising MRD is poorly understood. We developed a predictive stochastic model, based on a multitype age‐dependent Markov branching process, to describe how random events in MRD contribute to the heterogeneity in treatment response. We employed training and validation sets of patients who underwent whole‐genome sequencing and for whom mutant clone frequencies at diagnosis and relapse were available. The disease evolution and treatment outcome are subject to stochastic fluctuations. Estimates of malignant clone growth rates, obtained by model fitting, are consistent with published data. Using the estimates from the training set, we developed a function linking MRD and time of relapse with MRD inferred from the model fits to clone frequencies and other data. An independent validation set confirmed our model. In a third dataset, we fitted the model to data at diagnosis and remission and predicted the time to relapse. As a conclusion, given bone marrow genome at diagnosis and MRD at or past remission, the model can predict time to relapse and help guide treatment decisions to mitigate relapse.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of new benzofuran and indole derivatives as tubulin polymerization inhibitors
Authors: El‐Sayed Naglaa F. , El‐Hussieny Marwa , Ewies Ewies F. , El Shehry Mohamed F. , Awad Hanem M. , Fouad Marwa A.
Published: September 2021

Microtubules and the mitotic spindle have become an important target for cancer treatment due to their critical role in cell division. In this work, a novel series of benzofuran and indole derivatives were designed and synthesized, to be evaluated as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. 2‐Acetylbenzofuran derivatives 1a,b and 3‐acetylindole 1c were condensed with Wittig reagents 2a–d and Wittig‐Horner reagents 3a–e to afford the respective 2‐ethylidene derivatives 5a–j and 7a–e. Also, iminomethylene triphenylphosphine (2e) reacted with 1a,b to afford benzofuran‐2‐ylethylidene aniline derivatives 6a,b. In addition, compounds 1a,b reacted with trialkylphosphites 4a–c to give 1:1 adduct for which the Oxaphospholo[4,3‐b]benzofuran‐7‐yl)diazene derivatives 8a–f, were assigned. The possible reactions mechanisms were discussed and structural reasoning for the new compounds were based upon spectroscopic data. Their antiproliferative activities against two cell lines namely, HepG2 and MCF7 cells were then evaluated. It was found that the benzofuran compounds 5b, 6a, and 8c exhibited the strongest antiproliferative activities against both cell lines compared to doxorubicin. By studying the mechanism of action, compound 6a showed good inhibition of tubulin polymerization which leads to mitotic spindle formation disruption, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and apoptosis of HepG2 cells. A conducted docking study confirmed the in vitro results indicating that compound 6a fitted properly at the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Based on these findings, compound 6a can be considered as a promising anticancer candidate that can be subjected for further development as a tubulin polymerization inhibitor for treating liver and breast cell carcinoma.
Introgressive hybridization erodes morphological divergence between lentic and lotic habitats in an endangered minnow
Authors: Baker Henry K. , Hankins Danielle C. , Shurin Jonathan B.
Published: September 2021

Introgressive hybridization may erode phenotypic divergence along environmental gradients, collapsing locally adapted populations into a hybrid swarm. Alternatively, introgression may promote phenotypic divergence by providing variation on which natural selection can act. In freshwater fishes, water flow often selects for divergent morphological traits in lake versus stream habitats. We tested the effects of introgression on lake–stream morphological divergence in the minnow Owens Tui Chub (Siphateles bicolor snyderi), which has been rendered endangered by introgession from the introduced Lahontan Tui Chub (Siphateles bicolor obesa). Using geometric morphometric analysis of 457 individual Tui Chub from thirteen populations, we found that both native and introgressing parent taxa exhibited divergent body and caudal fin shapes in lake versus stream habitats, but their trajectories of divergence were distinct. In contrast, introgressed populations exhibited intermediate body and caudal fin shapes that were not differentiated by habitat type, indicating that introgression has eroded phenotypic divergence along the lentic–lotic gradient throughout the historic range of the Owens Tui Chub. Individuals within hybrid populations were less morphologically variable than those within parent populations, suggesting hybrid adaptation to selective agents other than water flow or loss of variance by drift.
Recent Advances in Synthesis of Molecular Heteroleptic Osmium and Iridium Phosphorescent Emitters
Authors: Buil María L. , Esteruelas Miguel A. , López Ana M.
Published: September 2021

The application of new procedures of organometallic synthesis based on alternative starting complexes has given rise to a significant enhancement in the preparation of osmium(IV), osmium(II), and iridium(III) emitters, since 2012. The choice of the precursors should be done taking into account its ligands, since they may cooperate in the emitter synthesis. Three different functions are clearly pointed out in the revised procedures: the ligands of the starting compounds can direct the selectivity of competitive ruptures of σ‐bonds of the chromophores, without having direct participation in the activation; on the contrary, they can directly participate in the generation of a ligand, being a part of the new coordinated group; and the ligands can also act as internal base in σ‐bond heterolytic activation reactions. In addition, the ability of the polyhydrides OsH6(PiPr3)2 and IrH5(PiPr3)2 to activate C−H bonds is pointed out as one of the determining factors of the success in many cases.
Enantioselective Addition of Sodium Bisulfite to Nitroalkenes. A Convenient Approach to Chiral Sulfonic Acids
Authors: Sheikhi Ehsan , Rezaei Narjes , Castilla Alvaro , Sanz‐Marco Amparo , Vila Carlos , Muñoz M. Carmen , Pedro José R. , Blay Gonzalo
Published: September 2021

An enantioselective organocatalytic addition of sodium bisulfite to (E)‐nitroalkenes has been developed by using a chiral bifunctional organocatalyst. The present methodology provides a variety of chiral β‐nitroethanesulfonic acid compounds (17 examples) with excellent results: up to 99 % yield and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 96 % ee). The reaction tolerates (hetero)aryl and alkyl substituents on the β‐nitroalkenes, and β,β‐disubstituted nitroalkenes.
Combining geophysical and geomorphological data to reconstruct the development of relief of a medieval castle site in the Spessart low mountain range, Germany
Authors: Trappe Julian , Büdel Christian , Meister Julia , Baumhauer Roland
Published: September 2021

Within the Spessart low mountain range in central Germany, numerous castle ruins of the 13th century ce exist. Their construction and destruction were often determined by the struggle for political and economic supremacy in the region and for control over the Spessart's natural resources. Wahlmich Castle is located in a relatively uncommon strategic and geomorphological position, characterized by a fairly remote position and atypical rough relief. In order to reconstruct the local relief development and possible human impact, a multi‐method approach was applied combining two‐dimensional geoelectrical measurements, geomorphological mapping and stratigraphic‐sedimentological investigations. This provides new insights into the influence of landscape characteristics on choices of castle locations.

The combined geoelectrical, geomorphological and stratigraphic‐sedimentological data show that the rough relief is of natural origin and influenced by regional faulting, which triggered sliding and slumping as well as weathering and dissection of the surface deposits. The rough relief and the lithology permitted intensive land use and building activities. However, the location of the castle offered access to and possibly control over important medieval traffic routes and also represented certain ownership claims in the Aschaff River valley.

The economic situation combined with rivalry between different elites led to the castle being built in a geomorphological challenging and strategically less valuable location. Focusing on castles located in rare and challenging geomorphological positions may therefore lead to a better understanding of castle siting in the future.
Beyond Nuclear Families: Development of Inclusive Student Socioeconomic Status Survey Questions
Authors: Whorton Ryan , Almonte Debby , Steiger Darby , Robins Cynthia , Gentile Christopher , Bertling Jonas
Published: September 2021

Social changes have resulted in an increase of students living in households that do not include both a mother and a father, reducing the efficacy of common survey questionnaire approaches to measuring student socioeconomic status (SES). This paper presents two studies conducted to develop and test a new, more inclusive set of student SES items appropriate for students from a range of household types. In the first study, we held group interviews with 57 students in Grades 4, 8, and 12 who lived in four nontraditional household types. The study goal was, first, to understand how students thought about their household members and learn what they knew about the educational background and employment status of their caregivers and, second, to develop draft items based on these findings. In the second study, we held 51 individual cognitive interviews with a similar sample to evaluate draft item clarity and function. We found that although students may live with a broad range of family members and other adults, they understood the term caregiver to refer to a person who provides resources and support. Students found it easier to answer items when the items included the titles of their caregivers. Our results demonstrate that a customizable approach to measuring student SES allows more students to report information about their caregivers than the current standard of asking about mothers and fathers. We provide recommendations for student SES measurement and potential next steps for research on this topic.
The economic costs of child maltreatment in UK
Authors: Conti Gabriella , Pizzo Elena , Morris Stephen , Melnychuk Mariya
Published: September 2021

Child maltreatment is a major public health problem with significant consequences for individual victims and for society. In this paper, we quantify for the first time the economic costs of fatal and nonfatal child maltreatment in the UK in relation to several short‐, medium‐, and long‐term outcomes ranging from physical and mental health problems to labor market outcomes and welfare use. We combine novel regression analysis of rich data from the National Child Development Study and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging with secondary evidence to produce an incidence‐based estimate of the lifetime costs of child maltreatment from a societal perspective. The discounted average lifetime incidence cost of nonfatal child maltreatment by a primary caregiver is estimated at £89,390 (95% uncertainty interval £44,896 to £145,508); the largest contributors to this are costs from social care, short‐term health, and long‐term labor market outcomes. The discounted lifetime cost per death from child maltreatment is estimated at £940,758, comprising health care and lost productivity costs. Our estimates provide the first comprehensive benchmark to quantify the costs of child maltreatment in the UK and the benefits of interventions aimed at reducing or preventing it.
Assessment of pharyngeal motor function using a novel velopharyngeal squeeze maneuver and a novel endoscopic pharyngeal contraction grade scale in patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Ku Peter K. M. , Vlantis Alexander C. , Hui Thomas S. C. , Yeung David C. M. , Lee Alex K. F. , Law Thomas , Chan Simon Y. P. , Poon Esther S. M. , Lee Sophie Y. Y. , Chan Becky Y. T. , Cheung Twinky Y. L. , Lok Laurie Y. W. , Cheng Dennis T. H. , Li Jade W. S. , Yam Ken C. W. , Ho Christina S. M. , Fung Kristy P. T. , Chan Coco S. Y. , Wang William H. S. , Wong Jeffrey K. T. , Abdullah Victor , van Hasselt Andrew , Tong Michael C. F.
Published: September 2021

Background

To investigate a novel velopharyngeal squeeze maneuver (VPSM) and novel endoscopic pharyngeal contraction grade (EPCG) scale for the evaluation of pharyngeal motor function.

Methods

During endoscopic examination of 77 post‐irradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and control subjects, VPSM was rated and lateral pharyngeal wall movement graded with EPCG scale during swallowing. Pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR) measured by videofluoroscopy was used for correlation.

Results

VPSM and EPCG scale showed almost perfect intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability (Kappa: >0.90). VPSM was present in 61% of patients suggesting good pharyngeal motor function. VPSM was predictive of EPCG scale (Wald statistic = 29.99, p < 0.001). EPCG scale also correlated strongly with PCR (r: 0.812) and was predictive for aspiration (odds ratio: 22.14 [95% CI 5.01–97.89, p < 0.001]).

Conclusions

VPSM and EPCG scale are two novel tools to assess pharyngeal motor function, and both correlate well with pharyngeal contractility and aspiration.
Scoping the literature on patient travel abroad for cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Lunt Neil , Fung Ka‐wo
Published: September 2021

The incidence of cancer is on the rise globally. Under particular circumstances, patients are willing to travel abroad for healthcare treatments. We know relatively little however about patients travelling overseas for cancer‐related screening, diagnosis and treatment. Where do patients go, for what treatments, what are their motivations, decision‐making processes and treatment experiences? What do we know about patient safety and risk, and outcomes? More broadly, what are the ethical and legal implications? This review presents the first published assessment of what we term ‘transnational oncology treatment’, defined as patients travelling overseas or across borders for cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment. The review undertakes detailed search and retrieval of the literature, using an accepted scoping review method. We present a narrative review of existing knowledge and themes, identifying coverage and gaps. There is a five‐fold agenda for future investigation: trajectories and itineraries; in depth focus on treatment decisions, experiences and outcomes; locating patient travel within wider health system analysis; exploration of professional perspectives and coordination; and situating travel within the context of health trade. Such an agenda is multidisciplinary and wide‐ranging, encompassing epidemiology, health economics, health policy ethics, health politics, health management, and health policy.
Implementation efficiency of the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system in China: A case study of primary medical and health institutions in Fujian province
Authors: Wu Qinde , Xie Xianyu , Liu Wenbin , Wu Yong
Published: September 2021

The hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system is at the core of China's new round of medical reforms. We evaluated the operational efficiency of the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system in primary medical and health institutions in Fujian Province. We used the data envelopment analysis algorithm to calculate ‘input–output’ data from 2016 to 2018 and established an index system. Regarding results for efficiency value, the implementation efficiency of Xiamen was 1.15, Fuzhou was 1.10, Zhangzhou was 1.09, Ningde was 1.06, Quanzhou was 0.98, Nanping was 0.96, Putian was 0.94, Longyan was 0.92, Sanming was 0.86, and Pingtan was 0.82. There were few and insufficient doctors providing services; in 2018, the number of practicing (assistant) doctors per 1000 permanent residents in primary medical institutions in Fujian was only 0.799. Outpatient and emergency service visits were increasing yearly; in Fujian, they increased by 8.39% from 2016 to 2018. From the incentive system of hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, the redundancy rate of each city was generally high, with only that of Nanping (3.28%) and Longyan (0.00%) being lower. In general, for the hierarchical medical system to succeed, we should start with innovative management policy and explore ways to adapt to local circumstances (such as population, economy, etc.).
Energy and exergy analysis of spiral turns in optimum design spiral plate heat exchangers
Authors: Sabouri Shirazi Amir Hossein , Ghodrat Maryam , Behnia Masud
Published: September 2021

The present study investigates exergy analysis of optimal designed spiral plate heat exchangers (SPHEs) based on energy criteria. A new design algorithm is developed to obtain a higher overall heat transfer coefficient and more compact SPHE by (1) maintaining the geometric aspect ratio (GAR), (2) enhancing channel pressure drops, and (3) minimizing the total costs. Mathematical modeling of spiral turns of designed SPHEs as a hypothetical network of heat exchangers (HEs), and implementation of energy balance equations contribute to the determination of channel temperature distributions. In the second part of the study, two new dimensionless energy‐based numbers have been introduced besides thermal effectiveness, temperature difference number, and modified temperature difference number. These two newly defined dimensionless numbers can add to the exergy evaluation in channels. To reach the set goals, several studies are conducted in different cases of single‐phase counter‐current SPHEs. First, temperature distribution obtained from the mathematical modeling was validated with computational fluid dynamics simulation results, which shows less than 5% deviation in dimensionless temperature distribution. Afterward, results of energy‐based criteria were assessed by thermal effectiveness correlation of counter‐current HEs. Second, comparing the new algorithm with other algorithms highlights the key role of GAR, pressure drop, and economic factors. The results show the highest enhancement in the relative heat rate capacity per volume of the newly designed SPHE, up to 54%, in comparison with other designs. Finally, analysis of various designed SPHEs and their channels confirms the reliability of newly defined criteria and temperature distribution significance in performance and irreversibility evaluation of spiral turns. Nevertheless, results show contradictions in total exergy loss number for SPHEs with larger and smaller than 12 spiral turns in numbers
Bulk and Surface‐Mediated Polymorphs of Bio‐Inspired Dyes Organic Semiconductors: The Role of Lattice Phonons in their Investigation
Authors: Salzillo Tommaso , Giunchi Andrea , Pandolfi Lorenzo , Brillante Aldo , Venuti Elisabetta
Published: September 2021

Raman spectroscopy of organic molecular materials in the low‐wavenumber region gives access to lattice vibrational modes and to the wealth of information on solid state properties that these can provide. In the field of organic electronics a useful application concerns the discrimination of the crystalline forms i. e. polymorphism of the semiconductor. The capability of characterizing and identifying the polymorphs of a compound is in fact the prerequisite for an exhaustive study of the charge transport characteristics which arise from the relationship between molecular, electronic, and crystal structures. Thus, the need is felt of a non‐invasive, non‐destructive tool such as Raman, which probes the crystal phase by detecting the lattice modes which are sensitive even to subtle variations of the packing. Here we review the contribution of the technique to the study of organic pigments displaying promising semiconducting properties and characterized by polymorphism both in their bulk and thin film phases.
Mechanistic modeling of continuous capture step purification of biosimilar monoclonal antibody therapeutic
Authors: Deulgaonkar Prashant , Bhambure Rahul , Prasad Bhaskarjyoti , Mishra Ashok , Tiwari Sanjay , Mody Rustom
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Continuous multicolumn Protein A chromatography offers various advantages for capture stage purification of monoclonal antibody therapeutics, like higher productivity and resin capacity utilization, lower buffer consumption, small footprint, etc. Due to the complexity of the continuous process, experimental optimization is time‐consuming and cost‐intensive. This investigation proposes a hybrid process development approach integrating experimental and mechanistic modeling for time‐ and cost‐effective development and optimization of continuous Protein A affinity chromatography.

RESULTS

Productivity and capacity utilization of the continuous CaptureSMB process under varying operating conditions were predicted using the Chromatography Analysis and Design Toolkit (CADET) framework and validated with experimental results. Effects of critical process parameters like feed concentration (c0), loading breakthrough (s) and residence time (RT) on productivity and capacity utilization were evaluated. Model predictions were validated using the experimental results proving the reliability and feasibility of the modeling approach. At 15.00 ± 0.20 mg mL–1 feed model mAb concentration, the model‐based approach predicted the best performance giving 27.56 g L–1 h–1 productivity (RT = 2 min, s = 80%) using MabSelect™ PrismA resin. This productivity prediction was validated by performing the continuous CaptureSMB experiment at the same operating conditions and was found to be 25.59 g L–1 h–1 with a root mean square error of 1.96.

CONCLUSIONS

The hybrid process development and optimization approach for CaptureSMB purification of biosimilar mAb purification is demonstrated and validated using the experimental and model‐based framework. The observed results showcase the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid process development approach, enabling a better understanding of the chromatography process and parameters affecting the CaptureSMB process. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Assessment of two‐pool multiplex long‐amplicon nanopore sequencing of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Liu Hongjie , Li Jinhui , Lin Yanfeng , Bo Xiaochen , Song Hongbin , Li Kuibiao , Li Peng , Ni Ming
Published: September 2021

Genomic surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) plays an important role in COVID‐19 pandemic control and elimination efforts, especially by elucidating its global transmission network and illustrating its viral evolution. The deployment of multiplex PCR assays that target SARS‐CoV‐2 followed by either massively parallel or nanopore sequencing is a widely‐used strategy to obtain genome sequences from primary samples. However, multiplex PCR‐based sequencing carries an inherent bias of sequencing depth among different amplicons, which may cause uneven coverage. Here we developed a two‐pool, long‐amplicon 36‐plex PCR primer panel with ~1000‐bp amplicon lengths for full‐genome sequencing of SARS‐CoV‐2. We validated the panel by assessing nasopharyngeal swab samples with a <30 quantitative reverse transcription PCR cycle threshold value and found that ≥90% of viral genomes could be covered with high sequencing depths (≥20% mean depth). In comparison, the widely‐used ARTIC panel yielded 79%–88% high‐depth genome regions. We estimated that ~5 Mbp nanopore sequencing data may ensure a >95% viral genome coverage with a ≥10‐fold depth and may generate reliable genomes at consensus sequence levels. Nanopore sequencing yielded false‐positive variations with frequencies of supporting reads <0.8, and the sequencing errors mostly occurred on the 5′ or 3′ ends of reads. Thus, nanopore sequencing could not elucidate intra‐host viral diversity.
Advanced optical methods for safe image reproduction on automotive displays
Authors: Blankenbach Karlheinz , Vogelmann Matthaeus , Schmitz Norbert
Published: September 2021

Modern cars are equipped with camera monitor systems (CMSs), such as a backup camera or side‐mirror replacement. These systems are expected to perform optimally and achieve high safety levels (ASIL). Currently, only digital data are supervised in CMSs and safety mechanisms for such systems are individually derived on a case‐by‐case basis which is not effective. This study proposes generic optical supervision for displays of automotive CMS. This paper introduces “light‐to‐light” (camera to display output) protection for both in‐car CMS and remote operator monitors used in autonomous car fleet operation centers. The first method is based on photodiodes attached to the display to optically supervise, for instance, the speedometer of vehicles. By combining intensities of photodiodes with calibration data, we can compare the measured speed with the value from CAN (Controller Area Network) data. The second method that entails capturing the display content using a camera enables top safety levels for both in‐car displays and remote operator monitors. This safeguarding was successfully verified by conventional image processing and artificial intelligence (AI)‐based analysis methods. Our results demonstrate that AI methods allow a substantial reduction in the wireless transmission bandwidth from a car to a remote operator compared with conventional image processing.
Control of Polymer Properties by Entanglement: A Review
Authors: Kong De‐Chao , Yang Ming‐Hao , Zhang Xue‐Song , Du Zu‐Chen , Fu Qiang , Gao Xue‐Qin , Gong Jia‐Wei
Published: September 2021

Chain entanglement, either cohesional or topological, distinguishes polymers from other engineering materials. It impedes the movement of molecular segments and influences the polymer rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties. Although a high level of entanglement can increase the polymer toughness, excessive entanglement should be avoided because it causes a high melt viscosity making the processing difficult. This review tended to elucidate the influence of entanglement on the polymer structure, determining the material properties and processability. A wide range of methods used to fine control the degrees of chain entanglement are summarized. The methods are applicable to polymers in solutions, melts, and condensed states with advantages and limitations discussed in detail. The authors also examined the effect of the entanglement on polymer crystallization—the mechanism remains a controversial issue. This review will provide general guidance to designing and processing polymer materials with desired properties via a rational route of controlling the chain entanglement.
Updated Information Display Measurements Standard Serves as Premier Reference for Metrology Methods
Authors: Fiske Tom
Published: September 2021

The International Committee for Display Metrology develops and updates the key metrology methods standard to support and aid the display industry.
Compensatory bladder behaviors (“coping”) in women with overactive bladder
Authors: Reynolds William Stuart , Kaufman Melissa R. , Bruehl Stephen , Dmochowski Roger R. , McKernan Lindsey C.
Published: September 2021

Aims

There is little information on how often or within what contexts individuals with OAB use compensatory behaviors (“coping”) to manage symptoms. We sought to examine how frequently women with OAB report using coping behaviors and whether these are associated with psychosocial factors.

Methods

One hundred twenty adult women with OAB completed the OAB questionnaire (OAB‐q), ICIQ‐FLUTS questionnaire, PROMIS Anxiety and Depression, Perceived Stress Scale, patient perception of bladder condition, and demographic and clinical data. Responses from five items from the OAB‐q Quality‐of‐Life scale asking about coping with OAB symptoms (i.e., “compensatory coping behaviors”) were summed to generate a total Coping Score. Linear regression was used to identify associations between individual coping behaviors, total Coping Scores, and exposure variables.

Results

Most (88%) subjects reported using at least one compensatory coping behavior at least “a little of the time,” with “locating the nearest restroom in a new place” the most frequent. Higher BMI, lower education, using OAB medication, and urgency incontinence as well as urinary symptom severity were all associated with higher coping scores. Beyond the influence of OAB severity, higher anxiety (β = 0.15, 95% CI [0.05–0.26], p = 0.004) and stress (β = 0.16 [0.03–0.25], p = 0.02) were significantly associated with higher total coping scores, although depression was not.

Conclusions

Compensatory bladder behaviors (coping) were common in women with OAB and were associated with greater urinary symptom severity and higher anxiety and stress. Further study is needed to understand how coping behaviors and psychosocial factors relate, as these may represent important opportunities for interventions.
Efficacy and safety of electrical stimulation in the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in myelomeningocele—Systematic review of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Silva Tamiris , T. Horliana Anna C. R. , Malavazzi Tainá C. S. , Santos Elaine M. , Gonçalves Marcela L. L. , Fernandes Kristianne P. S. , Mesquita‐Ferrari Raquel A. , Martimbianco Ana Luiza C. , Bussadori Sandra K.
Published: September 2021

Aims

The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate and synthesize the effects (benefits and harms) of electrical stimulation (EE), alone or in association with other interventions, compared with sham and other interventions, for the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in myelomeningocele.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted following the methodological recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020200425). A search was performed in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, LILACS, and PEDro. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that assessed any EE in children diagnosed with myelomeningocele and neurogenic bladder and/or urinary incontinence were included and reported.

Results

When comparing EE versus sham groups, some estimated effects showed a wide confidence interval, probably due to the small sample size of the included studies. This indicates an imprecision in these findings. Regarding the safety of this intervention and safety of the lower urinary tract, no adverse events resulting from EE were reported. All the included studies have evaluated the efficacy of EE compared with sham, but different EE parameters and electrode positions among studies make it impossible to perform a meta‐analysis.

Conclusions

Based on very low certainty evidence, the findings of this systematic review suggested no difference between EE and sham to improve urinary incontinence in children with myelomeningocele. However, the small sample size and the imprecision arising from the wide confidence intervals must be considered. Future RCTs following a rigorous methodology, as recommended by the CONSORT statement, should be conducted to support the use of this intervention in clinical practice.
Ultrasensitive polyaniline‐nickel oxide cladding modified with urease immobilized intrinsic optical fiber urea biosensor
Authors: Botewad Sunil N. , Gaikwad Dhammajyot K. , Girhe Nitin B. , Pawar Pravina P.
Published: September 2021

Herein, we report a polyaniline‐nickel oxide (PANI‐NiO) nanocomposite as an efficient immobilization matrix for development the optical fiber urea biosensor. Optical fiber sensing probe was developed by removing some portion of optical fiber at middle and modified with PANI‐NiO matrix. After the modification of cladding removed portion, it was immobilized with enzyme urease via glutaraldehyde as a bi‐functional cross‐linking agent. The physicochemical and optical properties of the PANI‐NiO matrix were explored by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. The characteristic features and performance of the developed sensor were evaluated via recording the output power and modal power distribution by means of a charge‐coupled device camera. The developed urea biosensor exhibits a selective response towards urea concentrations in the linear range 1 nM–100 mM with a lower detection limit of 1 nM. Sensor recorded as a 40 days stability and response time ~1 min. Thus, the obtained experimental results of the developed sensor promote its applicability with practical prospects in diverse field.
Effect of different dosages of carbon nanotubes on the metal friction and metal wear in the mixing process
Authors: Han Deshang , Li Shuang , Xiao Xinxin , Xu Minghui , Chen Yihui , Wang Chuansheng , Bian Huiguang
Published: September 2021

Internal mixer is an important mixing equipment. After working for a long time, the end face of the internal mixer will be worn. The abrasion of the end face can increase the gap between the mixing chamber and the end face, and then material leakage occurs, which reduces the mixing effect and affects the performance of rubber compound. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the wear of the end face in the mixing process. As one‐dimensional nanomaterial, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a perfect hexagonal structure and many unusual mechanical, electrical and chemical properties. In recent years, with the deepening of the research of CNTs and nanomaterial's, their broad application prospects have also been continuously revealed. This paper analyzes the influence of rubber compounds with different CNTs content on the friction and wear of the end face from the perspective of formulation, and the correlation between corrosive wear and abrasive wear is studied. In the present study, it is found that as CNTs increase, the proportion of abrasive wear increases, the proportion of corrosive wear decreases, and the amount of the metal wear decreases. With the increase of CNTs, the hindering effect of CNTs on SiO2 molecules is strengthened, the degree of silanization reaction is reduced, the output of high‐temperature water vapor is reduced, and the corrosive wear of the metal is reduced. The spatial structure of CNTs is a cylinder with hexagonal plane, and it has extremely high toughness and softness, so it has slight wear on the metal. On the one hand, CNTs hinder the movement of SiO2 molecules. On the other hand, because CNTs have the wrapping effect on SiO2 molecules, some silica aggregates have no direct contact with the metal, CNTs become the medium for silica aggregates to contact with the metal. Therefore, with the increase of CNTs, the proportion of abrasive wear gradually increases, but the total amount of the metal wear gradually decreases.
Improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalysts for direct arylation polymerization (DArP)
Authors: Ye Liwei , Thompson Barry C.
Published: September 2021

In the past decade, direct arylation polymerization (DArP) has rapidly developed as a sustainable synthetic protocol for cost‐effective, atom‐economical preparation of conjugated polymers. By circumventing monomer functionalization with toxic transmetallating reagents such as organostannane and organoboron required for Stille‐Migita and Suzuki‐Miyaura polymerization methods, DArP proceeds through a metal‐catalyzed CH activation pathway for the preparation of high‐performance conjugated polymer materials. This review evaluates the development of several classes of efficient catalysts/catalytic systems from small‐molecule studies to polymerizations, including the mechanisms involved in these transformations and how they inspire catalyst and monomer design for defect‐free conjugated polymer synthesis. Recent advances in developing more sustainable first‐row transition metal catalysts for DArP are also highlighted, and the fundamental understanding of these efficient and sustainable catalysts should motivate the pursuit for the next generation of catalytic design to enable more effective and environmentally friendly conjugated polymer synthesis.
Gut microbiota disorder caused by diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis aggravates intestinal mucosal damage
Authors: Wang Kuilong , Xu Xiaofen , Maimaiti Aikebaier , Hao Min , Sang Xianan , Shan Qiyuan , Wu Xin , Cao Gang
Published: September 2021

Gut microbiota disorder will lead to intestinal damage. This study evaluated the influence of total diterpenoids extracted from Euphorbia pekinensis (TDEP) on gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier after long‐term administration, and the correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier were analysed by Spearman correlation analysis. Mice were randomly divided to control group, TDEP groups (4, 8, 16 mg/kg), TDEP (16 mg/kg) + antibiotic group. Two weeks after intragastric administration, inflammatory factors (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β) and LPS in serum, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were tested by Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The expression of tight junction (TJ) protein in colon was measured by western blotting. Furthermore, the effects of TDEP on gut microbiota community in mice have been investigated by 16SrDNA high‐throughput sequencing. The results showed TDEP significantly increased the levels of inflammatory factors in dose‐dependent manners, and decreased the expression of TJ protein and SCFAs, and the composition of gut microbiota of mice in TDEP group was significantly different from that of control group. When antibiotics were added, the diversity of gut microbiota was significantly reduced, and the colon injury was more serious. Finally, through correlation analysis, we have found nine key bacteria (Barnesiella, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Arthromitus, Enterorhabdus, Alistipes, Bilophila, Mucispirillum, Ruminiclostridium) that may be related to colon injury caused by TDEP. Taken together, the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by TDEP may aggravate the colon injury, and its possible mechanism may be related to the decrease of SCFAs in feces, disrupted the expression of TJ protein in colon and increasing the contents of inflammatory factors.
Effect of sublethal Spirotetramat on host locating and parasitic behavior of Encarsia formosa Gahan
Authors: Yang Shao‐Wu , Li Ming‐Jiang , Shang Hao‐Pei , Liu Yu‐Han , Li Xing‐Xing , Jiang Zheng‐Xiong , Chen Guo‐Hua , Zhang Xiao‐Ming
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

The use of chemical insecticides to control Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is widespread, although it might exert a sublethal effect on its dominant parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). To investigate the sublethal effect of spirotetramat on E. formosa, we observed the ability of E. formosa to locate and handle the host, oviposit and preen after exposure to sublethal concentrations of spirotetramat.

RESULTS

After exposure to spirotetramat at LC50, the response time of E. formosa to the volatile reached 223.40 s and was significantly prolonged. Only 56.44% of the wasps were attracted by the volatile and the insect crawled the slowest among all of the treatments. The averages of oviposition posture adopted and host handled by each E. formosa in 1 h decreased significantly to 1.79 and 1.27, respectively. At the sublethal concentration of LC10, 94.59% of the wasps were attracted by the volatile and the insect crawled the fastest. The average of host handled by each E. formosa was 3.92, and the frequency of drumming while walking and drumming the host was 12.34 times per second and 12.30 times per second, respectively, demonstrating a significant acceleration in these abilities.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate that spirotetramat induced hormesis in E. formosa on exposure to its LC10 concentration and accelerated its host locating, host handling and frequency of antennae drumming. These findings could assist in balancing the chemical and biological control of B. tabaci and enhancing the efficacy of E. formosa as a biocontrol agent. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Parkinson's disease: is pharmacotherapy on the move?
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: September 2021

Despite intensive research, there have been few important pharmacological innovations in Parkinson's disease (PD) in the last 30 years and treatment remains difficult. But earlier diagnosis and novel disease‐modifying drugs in development may improve treatment outcomes in the future.
Minimising risk of cardiovascular drug interactions with statins
Authors: Thompson Angus
Published: September 2021

There are several medications used in the management of cardiovascular disease that can interact with statins, and these drugs are very likely to be indicated in patients who are also prescribed a statin. This article discusses what prescribers and pharmacists can do to minimise the risk of harm from these potential interactions.
MSCs relieve SLE by modulation of Th17 cells through MMPs–CCL2–CCR2–IL‐17 pathway
Authors: Jiang Bo , Yao Genhong , Tang Xiaojun , Yang Xi , Feng Xuebing
Published: September 2021

Objective

To explore the modulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on T helper 17 (Th17) cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and underlying mechanism.

Methods

The concentration of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), CC chemokine ligand‐2 (CCL2), and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) in the serum of SLE patients and mice were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of CCR2 and IL‐17 of T lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. The effects of MSCs on Th17 cells were analyzed in lupus mice and coculture system in vitro.

Results

The levels of MMPs, CCL2, IL‐17, CCR2, and percentages of Th17 cells were significantly increased in SLE patients. These molecules and numbers of Th17 cells were downregulated by umbilical cord‐derived MSCs (UC‐MSCs) which relieve SLE disease. CCL2 neutralizing antibody blocked the effects of MSCs on Th17 cells. MMPs reversed the function of CCL2.

Conclusion

The beneficial effects of MSCs on SLE patients rely on secreting MMPs, which reverse the activity of CCL2 to inhibit Th17 cells, suggesting the crucial MSCs–MMP–CCL2–CCR2–Th17–IL‐17 pathway in SLE.
Voluntary exercise influences metastatic organotropism in a murine colorectal cancer model
Authors: Wijler Liza A. , Raats Danielle A.E. , Verheem Andre , den Otter Anna M. , Rundqvist Helene , van Dijk Miriam , May Anne M. , Kranenburg Onno
Published: September 2021

Background

Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC‐specific mortality. However, evidence for a causal relationship between physical activity and disease progression is lacking. Here, we have used CRC organoids to create a novel mouse model for spontaneous metastasis formation to multiple organs. We have used this model to assess the influence of voluntary exercise on disease progression.

Methods

Collagen‐embedded murine colorectal tumour organoids were transplanted into the livers of immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice using microsurgery. Voluntary exercise in tumour‐bearing mice was modelled by offering running wheels continuously (n = 12) or 3 h/day (n = 12) versus no wheel access (n = 12). Running wheel revolutions were cumulatively measured every 30 min and physical activity was continuously monitored by infrared cameras. Food intake was monitored throughout the experiment and body composition was assessed with echoMRI. Animals were sacrificed 14 weeks after tumour initiation. Tumour load was quantified by EpCAM immunohistochemistry staining. Systemic inflammation parameters were assessed in blood plasma by a multiplex immunoassay.

Results

Tumour growth was initiated by implantation of CRC organoids into the livers of immunocompetent mice. The resulting tumours spontaneously formed distant metastases to non‐implanted liver lobes and to the lungs. Mice with access to the running wheels for 3 h/day ran relatively short distances (2.3 ± 0.3 km/night; 221 ± 29 km total distance) with relatively high intensity (wheel revolutions/h). Mice with continuous access to the running wheels ran significantly longer distances (6.6 ± 3.0 km/night; 600 ± 290 km total distance) with a significantly lower intensity. Both exercise groups showed increased lean body mass, and decreased fat mass and body weight compared with tumour‐bearing control mice. Food intake was unaffected by exercise or tumour growth. Primary tumour growth was not significantly affected by exercise. However, mice with continuous wheel access (long distance‐lower intensity group) displayed increased lung metastasis and decreased liver metastasis formation, when compared with the sedentary control group. Short distance‐higher intensity exercise did not affect metastasis formation. Analysis of blood cytokine levels revealed that mice with continuous wheel access displayed signs of systemic inflammation.

Conclusions

These results suggest that exercise has the potential to influence the patterns and extent of metastasis in CRC, and that the degree and intensity of exercise are likely to be important variables. Confirmation of these results in additional preclinical models with or without systemic treatment is warranted.