bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accommodating ethnic minority consumers during service encounters: the fine line
Authors: Mady Sarah , Ford John B. , Mady Tarek
Published: September 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the effect of intercultural accommodation efforts on service quality perceptions among ethnic minority consumers. Specifically, the paper postulates that during an intercultural service encounter, the impact of the service provider’s language and ethnicity on the consumer’s service quality perceptions is moderated by the level of service involvement, consumer acculturation and perceived discrimination, which, in turn, influence purchase intent.

Design/methodology/approach

A 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design with an online nationwide consumer panel of Hispanic consumers was conducted where 377 participants were randomly assigned to a series of service encounter scenarios in the banking service context to manipulate accommodation efforts (yes vs no) and the level of involvement with the service (high vs low).

Findings

When such language and ethnicity accommodations were offered, highly acculturated minority consumers regarded the service encounter less favorably than low acculturated minority consumers. Moreover, during low-involvement service encounters, intercultural accommodations positively impacted consumer’s service quality perceptions compared to situations involving high-involvement services. Also, minority consumers with perceptions of past discrimination had less favorable evaluations of the service quality than when such perceptions were nonexistent when intercultural accommodation efforts were made by the service provider.

Research limitations/implications

The findings add to the sparse literature that examines the effectiveness of intercultural accommodation and focuses on the combined use of service provider’s language and ethnicity as a means to enhance service quality.

Practical implications

The study delivers cautions for service firms not to generalize the receptivity of intercultural accommodation efforts. Given the increasingly sizable segments of minority customers, this study offers insights for service providers to develop suitable recruitment strategies and training programs when devising effective ethnic targeting strategies.

Originality/value

This research is among the first to explain why the effect of target marketing is not homogenous by expanding the research on intercultural accommodations toward a new context considering service involvement levels among varied minority consumer groups.
Effect of contact temperature, normal load and dry sliding velocity on the coefficient of friction and wear behavior of nickel based super alloy
Authors: S. Rama Krishna , Lokanadham Patta
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The purpose of the present paper aims to, study the coefficient of friction and wear behavior of nickel based super alloys used in manufacturing of gas and steam turbine blades. In present paper, parametric study focuses on normal load, dry sliding velocity and contact temperature influence on coefficient of friction and wear of a nickel based super alloy material.

Design/methodology/approach

Experimental investigation is carried out to know the effect of varying load at constant sliding velocity and varying sliding velocity at constant load on coefficient of friction and wear behavior of nickel based super alloy material. The experiments are carried out on a nickel based super alloy material using pin on disk apparatus by load ranging from 30 N to 90 N and sliding velocity from 1.34 m/s to 2.67 m/s. The contact temperature between pin and disk is measured using K-type thermocouple for all test conditions to know effect of contact temperature on coefficient of friction and wear behavior of nickel based super alloy material. Analytical calculations are carried out to find wear rate and wear coefficient of the test specimen and are compared with experimental results for validation of experimental setup. Regression equations are generated from experimental results to estimate coefficient of friction and wear in the range of test conditions.

Findings

From the experimental results, it is observed that by increasing the normal load or sliding velocity, the contact temperature between the pin and disk increases, the coefficient of friction decreases and wear increases. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to study the influence of individual parameters like normal load, dry sliding speed and sliding distance on the coefficient of friction and wear of nickel based super alloy material.

Originality/value

This is the first time to study effect of contact temperature on the coefficient of friction and wear behavior of nickel-based super alloy used for gas and steam turbine blades. Separate regression equations have been developed to determine the coefficient of friction and wear for the entire range of speed of gas turbine blades made of nickel based super alloy. The regression equations are also validated against experimental results.
Gravity for Lithosphere Architecture Determination and Analysis: the Central Eastern Mediterranean case study
Authors: Sampietro Daniele , Capponi Martina
Published: September 2021

The Central‐Eastern Mediterranean region is known to be a complex area due to the interaction of four tectonic plates, namely Arabia, Africa, Anatolia and Eurasia, and by the presence of an ancient oceanic crust in the Herodotus and Ionian Basins. The analysis of the available literature highlights that the distribution of the freely available geophysical data (i.e. seismic, gravity and magnetic observations) is quite disparate. In this framework, high‐resolution global gravity field models, such as XGM2019e, mainly based (offshore) on satellite data, can be profitably used as a uniform dataset to study, in a coherent way, large regions.

In the current work, we exploit the XGM2019e model, together with a set of a priori information, derived mainly from geophysical data retrieved from the literature, to study the structure of the crust in the Central‐Eastern Mediterranean area. The study is organized in three different phases: in the first one, we enhanced the map of geological crustal provinces by means of an automatic Bayesian classification algorithm applied to the second radial derivatives of the gravitational potential. In the second phase, using as observation a grid of gravity anomalies, we applied a full three‐dimensional inversion procedure (always based on a Bayesian paradigm) to estimate the mass density variations and the geometries of the main geological units in the whole study area. Finally, in the third phase, we performed a refined three‐dimensional local inversion on the Cyprus area to improve the modelling of the shallowest layers. The main results of this study, carried out in the framework of the European Space Agency GIADA project, are freely available, upon request, at https://www.g‐red.eu/geophysics/.
The dark side of onward migration: Experiences and strategies of Italian‐Bangladeshis in the UK at the time of the post‐Brexit referendum
Authors: Morad Mohammad , Della Puppa Francesco , Sacchetto Devi
Published: September 2021

Drawing on multisited qualitative research in Italy and the UK, this paper documents the dark side of onward migration and the experiences faced by Italian‐Bangladeshis in the UK after the Brexit referendum. The findings show that compared to their position in Italy, Italian‐Bangladeshis experienced a downgrading in symbolic, identity‐related, and, specifically, socio‐economic and cultural aspects in the UK society. The paper also uncovers the potential strategies that Italian‐Bangladeshis intend to adopt in case they lose the special rights provided to them by EU citizenship after Brexit. Since the majority of them have moved to the United Kingdom to build a future for their children, they find themselves forced to further reconfigure their strategies and reactivate different degrees of mobility in order to avoid the loss of social rights (access to welfare, the status of citizens) and material resources (housing and better working conditions) that they have long assumed.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in pregnancy during the first wave of COVID‐19 in the Netherlands: a prospective nationwide population‐based cohort study (NethOSS)
Authors: Overtoom EM , Rosman AN , Zwart JJ , Vogelvang TE , Schaap TP , van den Akker T , Bloemenkamp KWM
Published: September 2021

Objective

To describe characteristics, risk factors and maternal, obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).

Design

Multi‐centre prospective population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Nationwide study in the Netherlands.

Population

Pregnant women with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection admitted to hospital or in home‐isolation: 1 March 2020 to 31 August 2020.

Methods

Pregnant women with positive polymerase chain reaction or antibody tests were registered using the Netherlands Obstetrics Surveillance System (NethOSS). (Selective) testing occurred according to national guidelines. Data from the national birth registry (pregnant pre‐coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID‐19] cohort) and an age‐matched cohort of COVID‐19‐positive women (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; fertile age COVID‐19 cohort) were used as reference.

Main outcome measures

Incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in pregnant women. Maternal, obstetric and neonatal outcomes including hospital and intensive care admission.

Results

Of 376 registered pregnant women with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, 20% (74/376) were admitted to hospital, of whom 84% (62/74) were due to SARS‐CoV‐2; 10% (6/62) were admitted to intensive care and 15% (9/62) to obstetric high‐care units. Risk factors for admission were non‐European country of origin (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95% CI 1.01–2.96) and being overweight/obese (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.51–3.20). No maternal or perinatal deaths occurred. Caesarean section after labour‐onset was increased (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.09–2.28). Hospital and intensive care admission were higher compared with the fertile age COVID‐19 cohort (OR 6.75, 95% CI 5.18–8.81 and OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.11–5.77, respectively).

Conclusions

Non‐European country of origin and being overweight/obese are risk factors for severe course of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in pregnancy, risk of caesarean section and hospital and intensive care unit admission are increased.

Tweetable abstract

Pregnant women with SARS‐CoV‐2 in the Netherlands show increased hospital/ICU admission and caesarean section.
Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungus bolete identity on the community assemblages of endofungal bacteria
Authors: Bai Hong‐Yan , Zhang Ai‐Yue , Mei Yan , Xu Man , Lu Xiao‐Lin , Dai Chuan‐Chao , Jia Yong
Published: September 2021

Ectomycorrhiza‐associated bacteria, especially endofungal bacterial microbiota (EBM) in the fruiting body, play important roles in driving the establishment and function of ectomycorrhizae. However, the influence of ectomycorrhizal fungus bolete identity on their EBM is still unclear. We analysed the EBM of three different bolete fruiting body species on Thousand Island Lake, including Tylopilus felleus, Tylopilus areolatus and Boletus queletii, and compared them with their corresponding mycosphere soil bacterial microbiota by high‐throughput sequencing. The EBM was classified into Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Stenotrophomonas genera. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria were predominant in the EBM of bolete fruiting bodies as well as their mycosphere soil, while Firmicutes was significantly higher in the EBM. Moreover, the core microbiome (342 operational taxonomic units) of the EBM was shared among the three bolete fungal species. The relative abundances of gene families related to cell cycle control and nucleotide, coenzyme and lipid metabolism were significantly higher in the EBM than in the corresponding mycosphere soil bacterial microbiota, but there was no difference among the three different boletes. The results suggested that the host identity of ectomycorrhizal fungus boletes could affect the EBM, which might be mainly due to the selection of host fungi for the different functional EBM needed.
Top executive tournament incentives and corporate innovation output
Authors: Cai Xianjun , Pan Huifeng , Gao Chengcheng , Wang Chunyang , Lu Liping
Published: September 2021

We examine the impact of tournament incentive on corporate innovation output in China. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms during 2007–2015, we find that tournament incentives have a positive effect on the quantity and quality of innovation output. This relationship is more pronounced in the context of a higher probability of promotion, e.g. prior to CEO turnover. Besides, this effect is stronger for private firms than for state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). Our results are robust to instrumental variable regression and other robustness checks. The paper casts light on the role of tournament incentives on corporate executives for policymakers to enhance corporate innovation.
Neural correlates of problematic gaming in adolescents: A systematic review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
Authors: Schettler Leonie , Thomasius Rainer , Paschke Kerstin
Published: September 2021

The addictive use of digital games (problematic gaming [PG]) is a phenomenon with rising prevalence, especially in adolescents. The period of adolescence is characterized by intense brain maturation processes and increased vulnerability for mental disorders. However, no recent systematic review on functional and structural neural correlates of PG is available exclusively for this age group. This paper aimed to close this gap by describing neuroimaging findings and derive clinical implications. A systematic literature search was performed via PubMed, PsycInfo, and PSYNDEX including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on structural and functional changes in problematic gamers under 20 years of age until December 2020. The findings suggest especially prefrontal brain areas (important for cognitive control functions) but also temporoparietal regions (associated with attention processes and self‐concepts), as well as frontolimbic and subcortical regions (connected to emotion regulation and reward processing) to be significantly altered in adolescents with PG compared with healthy controls. Reduced interhemispheric connectivity and altered network activity further support theories of neurofunctional imbalance as well as structural deficits to explain addictive behaviours. Based on these findings, interventions should specifically address executive and cognitive‐affective deficits together with adolescent‐specific developmental tasks such as personality formation. Methodological limitations including heterogeneous PG classifications need to be considered. Additional neuroimaging studies on PG based on the DSM‐5 or ICD‐11 framework for the (Internet) gaming disorder in adolescents with larger sample sizes and prospective designs are highly warranted to understand potential causality and to generate valid and reproducible results.
Does sodium thiosulphate avoid the formation of the brown‐coloured precipitate as an intermediate irrigant between NaOCl and chlorhexidine?
Authors: Alberto Amanda Pereira Leite , Oliveira Diogo da Silva , Oliveira Henrique Eduardo , Maciel Ana Carolina de Carvalho , Belladonna Felipe Gonçalves , Silva Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da
Published: September 2021

This study evaluated the efficacy of sodium thiosulphate (ST) as an intermediate irrigant between sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) to avoid the formation of the brown‐coloured precipitate. The in vitro experiment used microtubes to test the mixture of 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX and 5% ST solutions, varying their order and time of addition. In the ex vivo experiment, 10 bovine teeth were divided into two groups according to the intermediate irrigant used: distilled water (control) and 5% ST (experimental). Colour change occurred in all microtubes after interaction between solutions. While the precipitate was not observed in the experimental group, it was seen in all specimens of the control group. The 5% ST was able to prevent the formation of the brown‐coloured precipitate in the ex vivo experiment, whereas it only prevented its in vitro formation when the waiting time for adding CHX was 10, 15 and 20 min.
Marketing contract choices in agriculture: The role of price expectation and price risk management
Authors: Ricome Aymeric , Reynaud Arnaud
Published: September 2021

We identify factors involved in the decision of farmers to use marketing contracts (pool, storage and forward contracts), and we explicitly account for the hedging and price‐enhancement components of this decision. Using panel corner solution models (Tobit and double‐hurdle) to represent farmers’ contracting decision using a sample of French cereal producers, we find that both the hedging and the price‐enhancement motives are important factors driving marketing choices. When risk aversion or exposure to price risk rises, the price‐enhancement motive becomes less influential. Farmers appear to be more reluctant to base their marketing decisions on their price expectations in that case.
Developing the geographic classification for health, a rural‐urban classification for New Zealand health research and policy: A research protocol
Authors: Nixon Garry , Whitehead Jesse , Davie Gabrielle , Fearnley David , Crengle Sue , de Graaf Brandon , Smith Michelle , Wakerman John , Lawrenson Ross
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Rural‐urban health inequities, exacerbated by deprivation and ethnicity, have been clearly described in the international literature. To date, the same inequities have not been as clearly demonstrated in Aotearoa New Zealand despite the lower socioeconomic status and higher proportion of Māori living in rural towns. This is ascribed by many health practitioners, academics and other informed stakeholders to be the result of the definitions of 'rural' used to produce statistics.

Aims

To outline a protocol to produce a ‘fit‐for‐health purpose’ rural‐urban classification for analysing national health data. The classification will be designed to determine the magnitude of health inequities that have been obscured by use of inappropriate rural‐urban taxonomies.

Methods

This protocol paper outlines our proposed mixed‐methods approach to developing a novel Geographic Classification for Health. In phase 1, an agreed set of community attributes will be used to modify the new Statistics New Zealand Urban Accessibility Classification into a more appropriate classification of rurality for health contexts. The Geographic Classification for Health will then be further developed in an iterative process with stakeholders including rural health researchers and members of the National Rural Health Advisory Group, who have a comprehensive ‘on the ground’ understanding of Aotearoa New Zealand's rural communities and their attendant health services. This protocol also proposes validating the Geographic Classification for Health using general practice enrolment data. In phase 2, the resulting Geographic Classification for Health will be applied to routinely collected data from the Ministry of Health. This will enable current levels of rural‐urban inequity in health service access and outcomes to be accurately assessed and give an indication of the extent to which older classifications were masking inequities.
Defining the decision‐to‐delivery interval at caesarean section: narrative literature review and proposal for standardisation
Authors: May R. L. , Clayton M. A. , Richardson A. L. , Kinsella S. M. , Khalil A. , Lucas D. N.
Published: September 2021

The decision‐to‐delivery interval is a widely used term at non‐elective caesarean section. While the definition may appear self‐evident, there is no universally agreed consensus about when this period begins and ends. We reviewed the literature for original research utilising the terms 'decision‐to‐delivery', 'decision‐to‐incision' or 'incision‐to‐delivery' and examined definitions used for decision, delivery, incision, as well as any additional time intervals that were assessed. Our analysis demonstrated an inconsistent non‐standardised approach to defining these intervals, which might have clinical practice and medicolegal ramifications. We propose that the decision‐to‐delivery interval should be defined as follows: the interval between the time at which the senior obstetrician makes the decision that a caesarean section is required and the time at which the fetus (or first fetus in the case of multiples) is delivered. The decision time should ideally be recorded contemporaneously in the medical notes or partogram.
Defining and understanding the “extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation gap” in the veno‐venous configuration: Timing and causes of death
Authors: Heuts Samuel , Makhoul Maged , Mansouri Abdulrahman N. , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Obeid Amir , Belliato Mirko , Broman Lars Mikael , Malfertheiner Maximilian , Meani Paolo , Raffa Giuseppe Maria , Delnoij Thijs , Maessen Jos , Bolotin Gil , Lorusso Roberto
Published: September 2021

In‐hospital mortality of adult veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V‐V ECMO) patients remains invariably high. However, little is known regarding timing and causes of in‐hospital death, either on‐ECMO or after weaning. The current review aims to investigate the timing and causes of death of adult patients during hospital admittance for V‐V ECMO, and to define the V‐V ECMO gap, which is represented by the patients that are successfully weaned of ECMO but still die during hospital stay. A systematic search was performed using electronic MEDLINE and EMBASE databases through PubMed. Studies reporting on adult V‐V ECMO patients from January 2006 to December 2020 were screened. Studies that did not report on at least on‐ECMO mortality and discharge rate were excluded from analysis as they could not provide the required information regarding the proposed V‐V ECMO‐gap. Mortality rates on‐ECMO and after weaning, as well as weaning and discharge rates, were analyzed as primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were the causes of death and complications. Initially, 35 studies were finally included in this review. Merely 24 of these studies (comprising 975 patients) reported on prespecified V‐V ECMO outcomes (on‐ECMO mortality and discharge rate). Mortality on V‐V ECMO support was 27.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.5%‐33.2%), whereas mortality after successful weaning was 12.7% (95% CI 8.8%‐16.6%, defining the V‐V ECMO gap). 72.2% of patients (95% CI 66.8%‐77.5%) were weaned successfully from support and 56.8% (95% CI 49.9%‐63.8%) of patients were discharged from hospital. The most common causes of death on ECMO were multiple organ failure, bleeding, and sepsis. Most common causes of death after weaning were multiorgan failure and sepsis. Although the majority of patients are weaned successfully from V‐V ECMO support, a significant proportion of subjects still die during hospital stay, defining the V‐V ECMO gap. Overall, timing and causes of death are poorly reported in current literature. Future studies on V‐V ECMO should describe morbidity and mortality outcomes in more detail in relation to the timing of the events, to improve patient management, due to enhanced understanding of the clinical course.
How Do I Get on With my Teacher? Affective Student‐Teacher Relationships and the Religious Match Between Students and Teachers in Islamic Primary Schools
Authors: Charki Fatima Zohra , Hornstra Lisette , Thijs Jochem
Published: September 2021

Background

Despite the growing body of research concerning affective relationships between teachers and ethnic minority students, very little is known about student‐teacher relationship (STR) quality for religious minority students. Many Islamic schools have a mixed workforce consisting of both Muslim and non‐Muslim teachers. This means that the quality of religiously congruent and religiously incongruent STRs can be directly compared.

Aims

We investigated whether the quality of the STR experienced by Dutch Islamic school students depended on the religious background of their teacher (Muslim vs. non‐Muslim). We also examined the role of teachers’ implicitly measured attitudes towards Muslims as a possible explanation for differences in relationship quality.

Sample

Participants were 707 students (56.9% female) from 35 classes (Grade 3–6) (Mage = 10.02 years, SD = 1.25) and their 35 teachers (85.7% female; Mage = 32.94 years, SD = 6.37).

Methods

Students reported on the quality of the relationship with their teacher (closeness, conflict, and negative expectations), and teachers’ implicit attitude towards Muslims (vs. non‐Muslims) was measured with an Implicit Association Test.

Results

Students reported relatively high levels of closeness and low levels of conflict and negative expectations for both Muslim and non‐Muslim teachers. Conflict was slightly higher in religiously incongruent STRs, but only when teachers’ implicitly measured attitude towards Muslims (vs. non‐Muslims) was included in our model.

Conclusion

Results of this study indicate that religious incongruence does not play a major role in STR quality in Islamic primary education.
Social nudges for vaccination: How communicating herd behaviour influences vaccination intentions
Authors: Lazić Aleksandra , Kalinova Kalina Nikolova , Packer Jali , Pae Riinu , Petrović Marija B. , Popović Dora , Sievert D. Elisabeth C. , Stafford‐Johnson Natalie
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This Registered Report attempted to conceptually replicate the finding that communicating herd immunity increases vaccination intentions (Betsch, et al., 2017, Nat. Hum. Behav., 0056). An additional objective was to explore the roles of descriptive social norms (vaccination behaviour of others) and the herd‐immunity threshold (coverage needed to stop disease transmission).

Design

An online experiment with a 2 (herd‐immunity explanation: present vs. absent) × 3 (descriptive norm: high vs. low vs. absent) × 2 (herd‐immunity threshold: present vs. absent) between‐subjects fractional design.

Methods

Sample consisted of 543 people (aged 18–64) residing in the United Kingdom. Participants first received an explanation of herd immunity emphasising social benefits (protecting others) in both textual and animated‐infographic form. Next, they were faced with fictitious information about the disease, the vaccine, their country’s vaccination coverage (80% or 20%), and the herd‐immunity threshold (90%). Vaccination intention was self‐rated.

Results

Compared to the control, communicating social benefits of herd immunity was effective in increasing vaccination intentions (F(1,541) = 6.97, p = .009, Partial Eta‐Squared = 0.013). Communicating the descriptive norm or the herd‐immunity threshold alongside the herd‐immunity explanation demonstrated no observable effect.

Conclusion

Communicating social benefits of herd immunity increased self‐reported vaccination intentions against a fictitious disease, replicating previous findings. Although this result is positive, the practical relevance may be limited. Further research into the effect of social nudges to motivate vaccination is required, particularly with respect to the recent pandemic context and varying levels of vaccine hesitancy.
Novel syphon ureteric access sheath has the potential to improve renal pressures and irrigant flow
Authors: Lazarus John , Kaestner Lisa
Published: September 2021

Objective

To describe a novel syphoning ureteric access sheath (UAS) intended for use during flexible ureterorenoscopy (URS). We aimed to assess if in vitro it could reduce intrarenal pressure (IRP) and increase irrigant flow compared to traditional UASs.

Materials and Methods

A validated phantom kidney with fibre optic pressure sensing capabilities was used to assess the IRP. Standardised 80 cmH2O irrigation via a ureterorenoscope was instilled through traditional UASs (11/13 and 12/14 F) and compared to the novel 11/13‐F syphoning UAS. The measured minute volume, calculated hourly flow volume, and steady state IRP were compared.

Results

The traditional 11/13 and 12/14‐F UASs had statistically poorer irrigant flow than the novel syphoning UAS, at 19.3 vs 29.3 mL/min (P < 0.001) and 22.7 vs 29.3 mL/min (P = 0.002), respectively. The steady state IRP was 20 mmHg for the traditional 11/13 F and 13 mmHg for the 12/14 F compared to 0 mmHg for the novel UAS.

Conclusion

The described novel UAS is different from traditional devices by incorporating a syphon mechanism. Our in vitro assessment demonstrates that the novel UAS holds clinical potential to reduce IRP while allowing a significant increase in irrigant flow compared to larger diameter traditional UASs.
Can cytology reliably subtype non‐small cell lung carcinomas?
Authors: Jain Deepali , Bubendorf Lukas
Published: September 2021

Cytology specimens play an important role in the diagnosis and predictive testing of lung cancer. While morphological characterisation of small cell and non‐small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) on cytology is possible, further subtyping of NSCLC into adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma morphology is also mandatory in the current era of personalised medicine. Notably, cytology specimens in different forms (fine needle aspiration, exfoliative, and cell block) with or without immunocytochemistry are reliable sources for accurate diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as evidenced by numerous studies present in the literature. However, there are instances where subtyping of NSCLC based on morphology alone is challenging on cytology samples, especially non‐cell block preparations. In this paper, we will discuss current concepts, advances, and challenges of subtyping NSCLC in cytology specimens.
Where's the Educational Virtue in Flourishing?
Authors: Carr David
Published: September 2021

Recent philosophy and theory of education have witnessed considerable attention to the notion of flourishing as a benchmark or guiding principle for educational practice. There can also be little doubt that — while not all recent advocates of flourishing have drawn explicitly on Aristotle — a focus on flourishing has emerged in the wake of latter‐day neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics, and contemporary virtue ethicists have indeed been leading educational advocates of flourishing. However, while focusing more on basic formal features of the concept than on the detail of recent educational accounts, David Carr's main aim in this essay is to show that the notion of flourishing — along with ideas of moral and other virtue and (personal or literary) exemplification with which it has lately been associated — ultimately falls well short of illuminating any significant educational issues or concerns.
Forgotten rhythms? Revisiting the first evidence for rhythms in cognition
Authors: Quigley Cliodhna
Published: September 2021

Practically every neuroscientist knows that human brain rhythms were first recorded in the 1920s by Hans Berger, who coined the term ‘alpha waves’ for the regular activity of around 10 cycles per second that was clearly visible in many of his recordings. Almost 100 years later, alpha rhythms are still the subject of active investigation and continue to intrigue researchers. What we have perhaps forgotten though, is the clever experimentation that was carried out during the first decades of electroencephalogram (EEG) research, often using sophisticated, custom‐made analysis and stimulation devices. Here, I review selected findings from the early EEG literature regarding the character, origin, and meaning of human brain rhythms, beginning with Berger's publications and then focusing on the use of regular visual stimulation as a tool to understand intrinsic brain rhythms. It is clear that many of these findings are still relevant to open questions about the role of rhythmic brain activity. In addition, they also contain some general lessons for contemporary neuroscientists, meaning that there is great value in looking back at these forgotten publications.
Practical cognition as volition
Authors: Fix Jeremy David
Published: September 2021

Practical cognitivism is the view that practical reason is the self‐conscious will and that practical cognition is self‐conscious volition. This essay addresses two puzzles for practical cognitivism. In akratic action, I act as I understand is illegitimate and not as I understand is legitimate. In permissible action, I act as I understand is legitimate and also do not act as I understand is legitimate. In both types of action, practical cognition seems to come apart from volition. How, then, can practical reason be our will and practical cognition be volition? Practical cognitivists can solve these puzzles because the claims that practical reason is our will and that practical cognition is volition are about the nature of a capacity, and the nature of a capacity establishes standards of correctness for its exercises. Akratic action is a type of erroneous exercise of practical reason as tripping is an erroneous exercise our capacity to walk. Permissible action is a successful exercise of practical reason as stepping first with my right foot rather than my left is a successful exercise of my capacity to walk. The puzzles of akratic and permissible action do not refute practical cognitivism.
Coastal winds and larval fish abundance indicate a recruitment mechanism for southeast Australian estuarine fisheries
Authors: Schilling Hayden T. , Hinchliffe Charles , Gillson Jonathan P. , Miskiewicz Anthony G. , Suthers Iain M.
Published: September 2021

Coastal winds transport water masses and larval fish onshore or offshore which may influence estuarine recruitment, yet our understanding of the mechanism underlying this relationship is limited. Here, we combine datasets from a historical database of larval fish off southeast Australia with a high‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis model to show that normalised abundance of coastally spawned larvae increased with weak to moderate upwelling favourable winds 14 days prior to sampling. The increase in abundance may reflect increased nutrient and plankton availability for larval fish. Normalised larval abundance decreased following strong upwelling favourable winds but increased after onshore (downwelling favourable) winds, due to wind‐driven transport. By combining a commercial estuarine fisheries catch‐rate dataset (4 species, 8 estuaries, 10 years) and the high‐resolution atmospheric reanalysis model, we show that negative effects of upwelling favourable winds during the spawning period can be detected in lagged estuarine commercial fisheries catch rates (lagged by 2–8 years depending on species' growth rates), potentially representing the same mechanism proposed for larval fish. Upwelling favourable winds in the southeast Australian region have increased since 1850 while onshore winds have decreased, which may have reduced larval recruitment to estuaries. Coastal winds are likely an important factor for estuarine recruitment in the southeast Australian region and future research on the estuarine recruitment of fish should incorporate coastal winds.
EDUARD TRAUTNER (1890–1978): AN ELUSIVE LATE‐EXPRESSIONIST WRITER
Authors: Wallace Wes , Steinle Christa
Published: September 2021

The poet, doctor, writer and editor Eduard Trautner (1890–1978) was a central figure in the literary Expressionist and New Objectivist movements in Germany of the 1920s. This is the first detailed study of his life and literary legacy. His most important works are the short play Haft (1921), the political crime study Der Mord am Polizeiagenten Blau (1924), and the novel Gott, Gegenwart und Kokain (1927). He took part in the Munich revolution of 1919 and was co‐editor of the Munich cultural‐revolutionary journal Der Weg. He served a prison sentence for helping Ernst Toller to escape lynching. After moving to Berlin, he completed his medical studies, worked as an editor for the publishing houses of Kiepenheuer and Die Schmiede, and became a leading figure in the ‘Novembergruppe’ and ‘Gruppe 1925’. A dark but gregarious person, he was a regular presence at the ‘Romanisches Café’, where he was known as a ‘father‐confessor’ to the artists there. In 1930, after a controversial relationship with the French writer Colette Peignot, aka Laure, he withdrew from literary life, finding his way to Mallorca, England and, eventually, Australia, where he achieved distinction as a biomedical researcher with pioneering studies on the psychopharmacology of lithium.
Type 2N VWD: Conclusions from the Spanish PCM‐EVW‐ES project
Authors: Pérez‐Rodríguez Almudena , Batlle Javier , Pinto Joana Costa , Corrales Irene , Borràs Nina , Garcia‐Martínez Iris , Cid Ana Rosa , Bonanad Santiago , Parra Rafael , Mingot‐Castellano María Eva , Navarro Nira , Altisent Carmen , Pérez‐Montes Rocío , Moretó Ana , Herrero Sonia , Soto Inmaculada , Mosteirín Nuria Fernández , Jiménez‐Yuste Víctor , Jacob Aurora de Andrés , Fontanes Emilia , Mateo José , Quismondo Nerea Castro , Batlle Fernando , Vidal Francisco , López‐Fernández María Fernanda ,   investigators and centers involved in the PCM‐EVW‐ES project
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Type 2N von Willebrand disease (VWD) is characterized by a decreased affinity of von Willebrand factor (VWF) for factor VIII (FVIII). Abnormal binding of FVIII to VWF (VWF:FVIIIB), results in low FVIII plasma levels, which can lead to a misdiagnosis of mild haemophilia A. Accurate diagnosis of type 2N VWD is essential for appropriate genetic counselling and therapy. This disease can be distinguished from haemophilia A by in vitro assays (measurement VWF:FVIIIB activity) and/or genetic analysis.

Aim

To identify the current challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of this type of VWD and provide an in‐depth description of the phenotypes and mutations identified.

Results

Twenty‐eight patients had at least one type 2N mutation, and 13 of these had a type 2N mutation combined with other variations. Three type 2N mutations were detected: p.Arg816Trp, p.Arg854Gln, and p.Arg763Ser. Two of these are the most frequently described mutations worldwide. This mutational spectrum differs from the broad spectrum seen in neighbouring France, where at least eight distinct 2N mutations have been found. In the PCM‐EVW‐ES cohort, 11 asymptomatic type 2N carriers with borderline FVIII plasma levels would probably have been excluded if the evaluation had been based on clinical and laboratory data only. Likewise, three patients with a severe phenotype would have been classified as homozygous for a 2N mutation if only the phenotype study had been performed.

Conclusion

The high detection yield and affordability of next‐generation sequencing support the use of this technology as a first‐line diagnostic tool in this setting.
Evaluating programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: concordance between the 22C3 PharmDx assay and the SP263 assay on whole sections from a multicentre study
Authors: Cerbelli Bruna , Girolami Ilaria , Eccher Albino , Costarelli Leopoldo , Taccogna Silvia , Scialpi Renzo , Benevolo Maria , Lucante Teresa , Luigi Alò Piero , Stella Francesca , Gemma Pignataro Maria , Fadda Guido , Perrone Giuseppe , D’Amati Giulia , Martini Maurizio
Published: September 2021

Aims

The introduction of immunotherapy for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) raises the need for harmonisation between different types of antibody and immunohistochemistry platform for evaluating the expression of PD‐L1 by use of the combined positive score (CPS) in this tumour. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of PD‐L1 as determined with the CPS and two widely used assays (the 22C3 PharmDx assay and the SP263 assay) in a cohort of HNSCCs.

Methods and results

We analysed 43 whole sections of HNSCC with two different anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies, 22C3 and SP263. The results, expressed as the CPS, were evaluated by 10 trained pathologists and statistical analyses were performed. We found a very similar results for PD‐L1 expression between the 22C3 PharmDx assay and the SP263 assay in our cohort, and a strong and significant correlation between the two assays for all specimens (P < 0.0001). The interobserver reliability among pathologists for the continuous scores of CPS with the intraclass correlation coefficient and the correlation between the two assays were both good. Moreover, the rate of agreement between assays was high at all cut‐offs and was best for the most relevant cut‐off of CPS ≥ 1, and the kappa values were always in the range of almost perfect.

Conclusions

Two different assays (the 22C3 PharmDx assay and SP263 assay) for PD‐L1 in HNSCC showed high agreement. These data suggest that these two assays are interchangeable in the selection of patients with HNSCC for immunotherapy.
Managing respiratory complications in Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Lee Ken Cheah Hooi , Ko Joanna Phone , Oh Choon Chiat , Sewa Duu Wen
Published: September 2021

In the recently published guidelines by the Society of Dermatology Hospitalists on the management of Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), a brief section was included on airway management. These recommendations provide an easy reference on how to manage respiratory complications of the disease. Understanding the evidence that underlies these recommendations would offer physicians greater clarity on the considerations behind every decision and treatment offered. We present a review of the literature on respiratory manifestations associated with SJS and TEN. In addition, we aim to address specific concerns regarding the respiratory management of these patients. These include issues such as the indications and optimal timing of intubation, tracheostomy, role of flexible nasoendoscopy, bronchoscopy, ventilation strategies, and management of chronic respiratory complications.
Tangential excision (saucerization) of small basal and squamous cell skin cancers with formalin horizontal (en face) comprehensive margin histopathologic evaluation
Authors: Shapiro Robert S.
Published: September 2021

Background

Mohs surgery is not appropriate for all skin cancer removals. D&C has an unacceptable recurrence rate of 10‐20%. A simple method of skin cancer removal is needed to fill the gap. Tangential excision is a more accurate, safer, and more time‐efficient method to treat small basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers.

Objective

Detail the process of performing tangential excision of skin cancers.

Methods

A practitioner has performed this technique for 30 years. His experience is described here.

Results

Tangential excision (saucerization) is an excellent method used to treat small skin cancers.

Conclusion

This technique should be considered as a better choice than D&C for the treatment of skin cancers which are not appropriate for Mohs surgery.
An attempt to use a barley fibre preparation containing β‐glucan in the production of functional canned meat
Authors: Słowiński Mirosław , Miazek Joanna , Dasiewicz Krzysztof , Cegiełka Aneta
Published: September 2021

Nutritional value and physical and sensory quality characteristics of medium‐grounded model canned meat products containing barley fibre preparation Vitacel BG300 (0.0%, 3.0% and 6.0%) were assessed. The results showed that regardless of the type of thermal treatment (pasteurisation and sterilisation), the addition of barley fibre did not significantly (P > 0.05) alter the content of the main nutrients (protein, fat and chlorides) in the block of canned meat product. Increasing the dose of barley fibre from 3.0% to 6.0% significantly increased (P < 0.05) the thermal loss in both pasteurised and sterilised canned meat products. The colour of the blocks of both pasteurised and sterilised canned meat products with barley fibre was significantly (P < 0.05) darker, and the instrumental hardness differed from the corresponding control products. Despite the beneficial nutritional effect of the Vitacel BG300 barley fibre preparation, its use significantly deteriorated the sensory quality of canned meat products.
Impact of the event effect in genetic evaluation for ranking traits in horses
Authors: Arias Katherine Daniela , Cervantes Isabel , Gutiérrez Juan Pablo
Published: September 2021

In genetic evaluation of horses, the genetic trend does not correspond into a phenotypic trend when using ranking as a phenotype due to its uniform distribution, and some other effects might be absorbing that trend. From a founder population, a further four discrete generations of 100 individuals were simulated under random mating. Then, ten additional discrete generations were simulated by selecting the best 10% of the animals. Likewise, an underlying variable with heritability 0.1 or 0.2, affected by an event environmental influence, generation and permanent environment, was simulated to establish the ranking assignment of 10 random participants or according to the competitive level for each event, in 10 or 100 structured or unstructured events. The ranking trait genetic evaluation model was tested to include or exclude the event effect and the permanent environment effect, depending on the scenario. The results showed that the event effect fitted the different competitive level of each event, leading to a 5% to 23% of selection response improvement for structured competitions. Therefore, the event effect should be included in the genetic evaluation models of horses. The permanent environment fitted or simulated did not significantly improve the selection response. The event effect explained the competition genetic level, by compensating the genetic trend obtained by selection.
Societal costs of subclinical depressive symptoms in Dutch adolescents: a cost‐of‐illness study
Authors: Bodden Denise H. M. , van den Heuvel Marieke W. H. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Dirksen Carmen D.
Published: September 2021

Background

Subclinical depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among adolescents and are associated with negative consequences, which may pose an economic burden for society. We conducted a prevalence‐based cost‐of‐illness study using a societal perspective to investigate the cost‐of‐illness of subclinical depressive symptoms among adolescents.

Methods

Using a bottom‐up approach, cost questionnaires were assessed to measure costs from 237 Dutch families with an adolescent aged 11–18 with subclinical depressive symptoms (of which 34 met the criteria of a depressive disorder). The study is registered in the Dutch Trial Register (Trial NL5584/NTR6176; www.trialregister.nl/trial/5584).

Results

Our calculations show that adolescents with subclinical depressive symptoms cost the Dutch society more than €42 million annually, expressed in costs related to depressive symptoms. Secondary analyses were performed to test the reliability and stability of the costs. When costs related to psychological problems were considered, the annual costs amounted to €67 million. The total societal costs related to physical problems amounted to approximately €126 million. All costs combined (depressive, psychological, behavioural and physical problems and other reasons) amounted to a €243 million. Total costs were highest for physical‐related problems of the adolescent (52% of the total costs), followed by psychological (28%), depressive (17%) and behavioural problems (1%). Using an international prevalence rate, societal costs related to depressive symptoms resulted in €54 million a year.

Conclusions

Cost‐effective prevention programmes seem warranted given the high societal costs and risk of future costs as subclinical depressive symptoms could be a precursor of clinical depression later in life.