bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of endocytosis blocks Wnt signalling to β‐catenin by promoting dishevelled degradation
Authors: Bryja V. , Čajánek L. , Grahn A. , Schulte G.
Published: April 2007

Aim:  The Wnt/Frizzled signalling pathway is highly conserved through evolution. Frizzled, the receptors for Wnts, have the topology of seven transmembrane spanning domain receptors. An important means of regulation of these receptors is internalization and desensitization through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. Therefore, we investigated the effects of endocytosis inhibition on Frizzled4‐green fluorescent protein (FZD4‐GFP) localization, dishevelled levels and Wnt‐3a signalling to β‐catenin.

Methods:  Experiments were performed in the mouse neuronal cell line SN4741 that has previously proven to be valuable for the investigation of Wnt/Frizzled signalling. FZD4‐GFP distribution has been examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dishevelled protein expression levels and the activation of β‐catenin upon treatment with endocytosis inhibitors (hyperosmolaric sucrose and K+ depletion), kinase inhibitors and Wnt‐3a were analysed by immunoblotting.

Results:  Hyperosmotic sucrose and K+ depletion increased the membrane localization of FZD4‐GFP, and in parallel triggered fast (1–2 h) and almost complete (approx. 95%) degradation of endogenous dishevelled, which was independent of Wnt‐induced, CK1‐mediated phosphorylation of dishevelled. In addition, dishevelled depletion induced by endocytosis inhibition completely prevented canonical signalling by Wnt‐3a to β‐catenin even when osmotic conditions and endocytosis were reverted to normal.

Conclusions:  The data provide evidence for a molecular mechanism that could be a basis for a novel negative feedback loop within the Wnt/Frizzled pathway depending on dishevelled degradation. The identification of molecular details of regulatory mechanisms for the Wnt/Frizzled signalling pathway increases our understanding of pathway regulation, which might be of special physiological significance for embryonic development, cancer and neurological disorders.
Sex differences in mouse heart rate and body temperature and in their regulation by adenosine A1receptors
Authors: Yang J.‐N. , Tiselius C. , Daré E. , Johansson B. , Valen G. , Fredholm B. B.
Published: April 2007

Aim: To examine cardiac function, body temperature and locomotor behaviour in the awake adenosine A1receptor knock out mouse of both sexes.

Methods: Male and female A1R (+/+) and (−/−) mice, instrumented with telemetric devices, were recorded during basal conditions and after drug administration.

Results: Female mice had higher heart rate, body temperature and locomotion, both during daytime and during the night. Awake A1R (−/−) mice had a slightly elevated heart rate, and this was more clear‐cut in males. Heart rate was also higher in Langendorff‐perfused denervated A1R (−/−) hearts. Body temperature was higher in A1R (−/−) males and females; locomotor activity was higher in A1R (−/−) females, but not in males. The adenosine receptor agonist R‐PIA (0.2 mg kg−1) decreased heart rate and body temperature, but less in A1R (−/−) animals than in A1R (+/+) mice (P < 0.001 in both parameters). The unselective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine had a minor stimulatory effect on heart rate in lower doses, but depressed it at a dose of 75 mg kg−1. Body temperature was increased after a low dose (7.5 mg kg−1) of caffeine in both sexes and genotypes, and markedly reduced after a high dose (75 mg kg−1) of caffeine. An intermediary dose of caffeine 30 mg kg−1increased or decreased body temperature depending on genotype and sex. Locomotor responses to caffeine were variable depending both on genotype and sex.

Conclusion: Thus, the adenosine A1receptor is involved in the regulation of heart rate, body temperature and locomotor activity, but the magnitude of the involvement is different in males and females.
Seven transmembrane receptors: something old, something new
Authors: Lefkowitz R. J.
Published: April 2007

Receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, sensory stimuli and many other agents represent the gateway to cellular metabolism and activity. They regulate virtually all physiological processes in mammals. Yet as recently as 40 years ago their very existence was still in question. One class of receptors, those coupled to G proteins (also known as GPCRs or seven transmembrane receptors) comprise by far the largest group (approx. 1000), and are the most important target of clinically used drugs. Here I provide a very personal retrospective of research over the past 35 years which ultimately led to the identification, purification, reconstitution and cloning of the adrenergic receptors; the discovery of their homology with the seven transmembrane spanning visual light receptor rhodopsin and the realization that there was a large gene family of G protein coupled receptors; the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitization and signalling through G protein‐coupled receptor kinases and β‐arrestins; and the appreciation that the structure, signalling, and regulatory mechanisms of the receptors are all highly conserved across the large receptor superfamily.
Regulation of G protein‐coupled receptor trafficking
Authors: Xu Z. ‐Q. D. , Zhang X. , Scott L.
Published: April 2007

G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate cellular responses to diverse extracellular stimuli to play a vital role in the control of physiology and behaviour. GPCR trafficking is of fundamental importance for the regulation of GPCRs signaling. In this mini review, we will discuss some of the recent findings on the mechanisms that regulate GPCR trafficking, which include (i) large dense‐core vesicle (LDCV)‐associated GPCR delivery which could be a general cell biological mechanism for rapid modulation of membrane receptors in response to certain stimuli; (ii) lateral diffusion of GPCRs in the plasma membrane for rapid change of the number of neurotransmitter receptors during synaptic plasticity and (iii) constitutive internalization of GPCRs, that contributes to receptor resensitization and distribution, including axonal polarization.
Recent developments in the understanding and management of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Authors: Hill Anita , Richards Stephen J. , Hillmen Peter
Published: April 2007

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) has been recognised as a discrete disease entity since 1882. Approximately a half of patients will eventually die as a result of having PNH. Many of the symptoms of PNH, including recurrent abdominal pain, dysphagia, severe lethargy and erectile dysfunction, result from intravascular haemolysis with absorption of nitric oxide by free haemoglobin from the plasma. These symptoms, as well as the occurrence of thrombosis and aplasia, significantly affect patients’ quality of life; thrombosis is the leading cause of premature mortality. The syndrome of haemolytic‐anaemia‐associated pulmonary hypertension has been further identified in PNH patients. There is currently an air of excitement surrounding therapies for PNH as recent therapeutic developments, particularly the use of the complement inhibitor eculizumab, promise to radically alter the symptomatology and natural history of haemolytic PNH.
Predicting the outcome in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with molecular markers
Authors: Kwong Yok‐Lam
Published: April 2007

The World Health Organization classification divides non‐Hodgkin lymphomas into B‐cell, T‐cell and natural killer‐cell lymphomas. They are heterogeneous in epidemiology, histopathology and outcome. Clinical prognostic indices rely only on patient factors and staging. Molecular prognostic markers reflect the intrinsic lymphoma biology, measure tumour load and may provide novel therapeutic targets. Lymphomagenesis involves mutations, deletions or dysregulations of genes critical in the control of cell cycle and apoptosis, which are in turn prognostically important. Genome‐wide gene expression profiling, either by allowing lymphomas to be classified according to different stages of lymphoid maturation, or by defining specific gene expression signatures, is also of prognostic significance. In lymphomas where viral infections of the neoplastic cells occur, quantification of viral copies is a surrogate marker for tumour load and hence prognosis. Molecular markers together with patient and clinicopathological features will provide more accurate prognostic models for risk stratification, in order to improve treatment outcome.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of orally administered firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses
Authors: KVATERNICK V. , POLLMEIER M. , FISCHER J. , HANSON P. D.
Published: April 2007

The primary objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses. Horses were administered either a single oral or intravenous dose of firocoxib at 0.1 mg/kg in a two‐period crossover study with 12 animals. The dosage was based on previously determined pharmacodynamic parameters. Oral firocoxib was well absorbed with an average bioavailability (absolute) of 79% and aCmaxof 75 ng/mL at 3.9 h. The average elimination half‐life was 30 h. Following intravenous administration the averageCmaxwas 210 ng/mL and the elimination half‐life was 34 h. The area under the curve [AUC(0–tlast)] was 1.8 μg·h/mL for the oral dose and 2.3 μg·h/mL for the intravenous dose. Firocoxib was widely distributed with a volume of distribution value of 1.7 L/kg for the intravenous dose. Biotransformation of firocoxib was via dealkylation and glucuronidation to inactive metabolites, namely descyclopropylmethylfirocoxib and its glucuronide conjugate. Urinary excretion was the major route of elimination, and the clearance rate was 37 mL/h/kg.
Effect of intestinal inflammation on the cell‐specific expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes in the murine ileum1
Authors: Van Op Den Bosch J. , Van Nassauw L. , Lantermann K. , Van Marck E. , Timmermans J.‐p.
Published: April 2007

Abstract  Despite our knowledge of somatostatin (SOM) in gastrointestinal functions, little information is available on the SOM receptors (SSTRs) mediating these effects. This study focussed on the expression of SSTRs in non‐inflamed and Schistosoma mansoni‐infected murine ileum using immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase (RT)‐PCR and quantitative real time RT‐PCR (qPCR). In the non‐inflamed ileum, SSTRs showed a widespread, cell‐type specific expression pattern. For instance, SSTR2A immunoreactivity was detected in a minor population of submucous but not myenteric glial cells. In the inflamed ileum, significant changes in the expression pattern of SSTRs occurred, with SSTR1 and SSTR3 expression on mucosal mast cells (MMCs) and mucosal nerve fibres. SSTR4‐immunoreactive nerve fibres were detected in granulomas and the lamina propria. qPCR experiments indicated significantly increased mRNA levels for SOM, SSTR1 and SSTR3 in inflamed ileum. This study reveals that SSTRs are expressed in specific cell types in murine ileum. Expression of SSTR1 and SSTR3 on MMCs and increased density of SOM‐expressing nerve fibres in the lamina propria during inflammation, support the hypothesis that SOM is implicated in the physiological control of MMCs during intestinal inflammation. Evidence is provided that in mouse mainly SSTR1, SSTR3 and SSTR4 are involved in the somatostatinergic inflammatory effects during intestinal schistosomiasis.
VERTICAL MIGRATION OF THE NARCISSUS STEM EELWORM IN SOIL
Authors: Hesling J. J.
Published: April 2007

Narcissus stem eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci, migrated and infested narcissus plants up to 5 in. above it in soil. The number of attacked plants and severity of bulb damage was less the deeper the eelworm inoculum beneath the bulb. Foliage of attacked plants rarely showed external symptoms, and bulb symptoms were not apparent without dissection. Bulb weight was not affected. Most of the offsets were infested.
ALTERNATIVES TO DDT FOR THE CONTROL OF PRE‐BLOSSOM PESTS ON APPLE
Authors: Gould H. J. , French N. , Vernon J. D. R.
Published: April 2007

‘Supracide’ and fenitrothion gave good control of many of the pre‐blossom pests of apple, including winter moth, tortricids, aphids and apple sucker. DDT controlled winter moth gave some control of tortricids and apple grass aphid but no control of apple sucker. Azinphos‐methyl controlled winter moth and tortricids but gave variable results for apple sucker and aphids. Phosalone gave control of winter moth and aphids and variable control of tortricids and apple sucker. Carbaryl controlled winter moth and gave variable control of aphids. B. thuringiensis gave no control. More information is needed on the effect of these pesticides on capsids.
Copper, Dithiocarbamates and Organotin Compounds for the Control of Potato Blight, 1962–65
Authors: Jarvis R. H. , Short J. L. , Shotton F. E.
Published: April 2007

Trials from 1962–65 at Terrington E.H.F. compared copper oxychloride with other fungicides for the control of potato blight in ‘King Edward’. In two of the four years copper oxychloride gave little or no increase in yield over control. In all years higher yields were obtained from the use of other fungicides (which on all occasions gave positive yield increases over control) except in 1963 when a copper‐maneb spray was very slightly inferior to copper oxychloride.

The superior performance of the newer fungicides was not due to better control of foliage blight but to reduced phytotoxicity and, whereas total yield cannot be simply related to the efficacy of foliage blight control, in the 1965 trial good agreement is demonstrated between total yield and haulm death from all causes. Maneb and mancozeb caused no apparent scorch but did not control tuber blight as well as copper. Fentin hydroxide caused appreciable scorch in the presence of aphids but gave outstanding control of tuber blight in 1965.
The Effect of Simazine on the Incidence of American Gooseberry Mildew on Black Currants
Authors: Upstone M. E. , Davies J. C.
Published: April 2007

In 1964, American gooseberry mildew on black currants in a trial in Northamptonshire increased in incidence and severity with increasing rate of application of simazine.
An Electric Insect Barrier Using a Neon Oscillator
Authors: Arnold K. J.
Published: April 2007

An inexpensive mains or battery operated relaxation oscillator is described. The output of 25 volts at 300 cycles per second is coupled to an electric barrier designed to confine insects within a given area.
Verticillium Wilt of Hedysarum coronarium (‘Sulla’)
Authors: Milton J. M. , Isaac Ivor
Published: April 2007

A hitherto unrecorded disease of Hedysarum coronarium L. caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is described. The isolate had a marked requirement for biotin, a characteristic it retained even when reisolated from different types of inoculated host plants. Although pathogenicity was readily established in preliminary pot experiments, difficulties were encountered in later years in inducing infection. The most successful method of inoculation was by dipping the roots into a spore suspension of the isolate in water. Variations in a range of soil conditions appeared to have no effect upon the incidence of disease. The isolate induced wilt in garden pea, sweet pea, and sainfoin, caused dark‐brown discoloration of the vascular tissue of apparently healthy broad bean, runner bean, lupin and Brussels sprouts, but had no apparent effect upon lucerne, potato, antirrhinum, chrysanthemum and tomato.
Preliminary Studies on Lettuce Big‐vein Control
Authors: Garrett R. G. , Tomlinson J. A.
Published: April 2007

In studies on the control of lettuce big‐vein disease it was found that delay in symptom expression occurred when seedlings were planted into contaminated soil while enclosed in 11/4‐in. sq. peat pots containing autoclaved soil. The consequent reduction in the number of affected plants at harvest was sufficient to warrant the use of the method in commercial practice.

The lettuce cultivar ‘Merit’, previously reported to show some tolerance to big‐vein, became as severely affected as control cultivars when inoculated with viruliferous zoospores of a British isolate of Olpidium. Plants of ‘Lobjoit's Green’ cos lettuce showed marked differences in the time taken for symptom expression but tests of their progenies showed that these differences were caused by experimental variation and were not heritable.
A Comparison of Eleven Different Fungicides for Control of Celery Leaf Spot (Septoria apiicola Speg.)
Authors: Sheridan J. E.
Published: April 2007

In field trials in England in 1963, of 11 fungicides tested fentin acetatewith‐maneb, Bordeaux mixture (4:5:40) and captafol, gave good control of celery leaf spot (Septoria apiicola Speg.). Fentin acetate‐with‐maneb was significantly better than nine other fungicides, including captafol, but was not significantly better than Bordeaux mixture.
Experiments on the Control of Root Pests of Brassicae
Authors: Rosborough T.
Published: April 2007

Chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, mecarbam, and bromophos granules gave good protection against a mild cabbage root fly attack but were not satisfactory for the control of gall weevil on cabbages.
A Technique for Studying Inhibition of the Parasitic Activity of Ophiobolus graminis (Sacc.) Sacc. in Field Soils
Authors: Lester E. , Shipton P. J.
Published: April 2007

A new technique is described for demonstrating and measuring inhibition of parasitic activity of Ophiobolus graminis in soils. Results of the use of the technique are presented to show the widespread occurrence of this inhibition in fields with long runs of cereals.
Observations on the Timing of Irrigation and the Incidence of Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Authors: Lapwood D. H. , Lewis B. G.
Published: April 2007

Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) on ‘Majestic’ potato tubers was checked by irrigation maintaining the soil at saturation (‘field capacity’) throughout tbe growing season more than it was by irrigating only before the first tubers had grown to 1/4‐1/2 in. diameter.

The stage of the tubers when irrigation was started or stopped affected the distribution of scab lesions on their surfaces and infections were rare on tissue formed when soil was saturated.
Further Observations on the Susceptibility of Maincrop Potato Cultivars to Slug Damage
Authors: Winfield A. L. , Wardlow L. R. , Smith B. F.
Published: April 2007

Observations on two maincrop potato cultivar trials have confirmed that there are marked differences between cultivars in susceptibility to tuber damage by slugs. The cultivars recommended by the N.I.A:B. (and Pentland Falcon) may be categorized as follows: least susceptible to slug damage, Pentland Falcon; moderately susceptible, Pentland Dell, Majestic; more susceptible. Record, Pentland Crown, King Edward (both paracrinkle virus free and paracrinkle infected); most susceptible, Ulster Glade and Maris Piper.
Soil Testing for Club Root in Devon and Cornwall
Authors: Melville S. C. , Hawken R. H.
Published: April 2007

A method for estimating the level of club root infection in field soils is described. Results obtained with the method indicate that it provides a reliable means of forecasting the incidence of the disease in susceptible brassica crops.
Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Soil Infested by the Fungus Causing Brown Root Rot Complex of Tomatoes and by the Potato Cyst Nematode
Authors: James G. L. , Hague N. G. M.
Published: April 2007

In glasshouse soils infested with grey sterile fungus, the cause of brown root rot of tomato, and the potato cyst nematode, methyl bromide fumigation increased yield, and controlled the nematode at all except the lowest treatment applied. In the experiments described here methyl bromide did not affect the development of brown root rot.
The Effect of some Cultivation Factors on the Incidence of Downy Mildew in Sugar‐beet Root Crops
Authors: Byford W. J.
Published: April 2007

The incidence of downy mildew in sugar‐beet root crops was increased by large dressings of nitrogen, by decreases in the plant population, and by late sowing.
Losses of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ Apples During Refrigerated Storage in England, 1961‐65
Authors: Preece T. F
Published: April 2007

Surveys of refrigerated stores of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples in England during four seasons, 1961–65, showed that about six per cent of the stored crop was rejected after storage. Each year, gloeosporium rots were an important cause of rejection but, together with brown rot and other fungal rots, were responsible for only about half of the loss: russetting and bruising were other important causes of loss. Gloeosporium rotting was often associated with severe stalk‐end russetting.
Factors Influencing Pre‐emergence Mortality in Peas
Authors: Matthews S. , Whitbread R.
Published: April 2007

Seedling emergence of 25 samples of wrinkle‐seeded peas (Pisum sativum L.) was determined in unsterilized soil and sterilized sand at 15°C in the laboratory, and in a spring sowing in the field. Seed exudate from the seed samples was examined by steeping seed in water for 24 hours and measuring the electrical conductivity of the steep water and its soluble carbohydrate content. Significant correlations were found between the amount of exudation and the number of viable seed in the test samples (negative) and between the amount of exudation and the predisposition of the viable seed to pre‐emergence mortality (positive). Samples containing a large proportion of seed that readily exuded into steep water showed poor emergence in soil, both in the laboratory and in the field. Pythium spp. were isolated from ungerminated seeds taken from the field and laboratory soil.

The role of exudates in stimulating fungal pathogens in soil is discussed as a possible explanation for the association between exudation and predisposition to pre‐emergence mortality. A routine test for indicating seed samples of potentially low field emergence is suggested.
Root Drenches Against the Cabbage Root Fly
Authors: Rosborough T.
Published: April 2007

Experiments were done in Northern Ireland for two seasons using root drenches containing diazinon, mecarbam, chlorfenvinphos and bromophos against the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae Bouche) on cauliflowers. All treatments were generally effective against this pest.
The Resistance of Various Cultivars and Species of Chrysanthemum to White Rust (Puccinia horiana Henn.)
Authors: Dickens J. S. W.
Published: April 2007

Thirty‐seven cultivars of the florists' chrysanthemum remained uninfected under experimental conditions favouring infection of the susceptible cultivars Golden, Yellow and White Favourite and Yellow Delaware. Although reported in the literature as susceptible, a number of cultivars, including Princess Anne and Brietner, remained uninfected. Twenty‐six other Chrysanthemum species, and some of their cultivars, were also tested and of these only C. yezoense, a number of the hybrids of C. indicum and C. koreanum and also, to a lesser extent, C. nipponicum and C. uliginosum became infected.
The Food of Female Wheat Bulb Flies (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.))
Authors: Raw F. , Jones Margaret G. , Gregory P. H.
Published: April 2007

In several areas of England, female wheat bulb flies feed chiefly on the conidiospores of Septomyxa affinis (Sherb.) Wr., a hyphomycete growing on dead wheat leaves and dead Poa annua at or just above the soil surface. The spores may supply the protein needed for the maturation of the eggs.
Viuses in Horseradish
Authors: Hickman Anthea J. , Varma Anupam
Published: April 2007

Of forty‐seven clones of horseradish, originating from several different countries, tested, 30 contained sap‐transmissible viruses; arabis mosaic virus was obtained from 53 per cent of the clones, cabbage black ring spot virus from 36 per cent and cauliflower mosaic virus from 13 per cent. Apical‐meristem culture freed a clone from cabbage black ring spot and cauliflower mosaic viruses.
Hop Black Root‐rot (Phytophthra citricola Sawada) in England
Authors: Royle D. J.
Published: April 2007

Recent outbreaks of hop black root‐rot in England are described in relation to the disease in New Zealand and to previous records in this country.

Rates of growth along detached hop storage roots were compared for several isolates of Phytophthora citricola from hop and other host plants. Isolates from New Zealand hops and recently diseased plants in England could not be distinguished from one another, but the original English isolate, obtained in 1942, appeared to be a distinct strain. A number of commercial cultivars exhibited differential responses to infection by the fungus in both detached root and entire rootstock inoculations. The cultivars Northern Brewer and Progress were amongst the most resistant.
Mercury‐resistant Pyrenophora avenae in Northern Ireland Seed Oats
Authors: Malone J. P.
Published: April 2007

Examination of 104 samples of Northern Ireland seed oats showed that 84 were contaminated with Pyrenophora avenae. The fungus from 25 of these samples was resistant to seed treatment with organomercury while from 34 other samples it was susceptible. Mercury resistance was associated with colony appearance in that isolates forming light‐coloured coremial colonies were resistant and those forming dark‐coloured colonies with few coremia were susceptible; both groups were pathogenic to oat seedlings. A sample of organomercurial dust obtained in 1942 had no more effect on the mercury‐resistant P. avenae than a sample of the same brand obtained in 1965. The most effective control treatment was a thiram soak.
Effects of MCPA on Lettuce pro‐inoculated with Lettuce Mosaic Virus
Authors: Way J. M.
Published: April 2007

Small lettuce plants were sprayed with MCPA at 0⋅01 Ib/ac 13 days after inoculation with lettuce mosaic virus. Analysis of the subsequent growth of the plants showed that the effects were additive and not synergistic.
Autumn Treatments against Leatherjackets
Authors: LaCroix E. A. S. , Newbold J. W.
Published: April 2007

Trials were carried out to assess the effectiveness of applying insecticides to leatherjackets in the autumn instead of the spring. The control exerted by the autumn treatments was satisfactory.

Some alternative insecticides to DDT were also examined. Of these, parathion was outstanding from the aspect of effectiveness and cheapness.
The Effects of Methyl Bromide Fumigation and Grafting on Yield and Root Diseases of Tomatoes
Authors: Upstone M. E.
Published: April 2007

Methyl‐bromide (1 lb/100 sq. ft), applied as in commercial practice, gave an increase in yield of both grafted and ungrafted tomato plants in glasshouse soils naturally‐infested with root diseases. Grafted plants greatly outyielded ungrafted plants on treated and untreated soil where phytophthora stem and root rot was present. The effect of the gas on corky root rot varied in the experiments and, on one nursery, control of the disease was not reflected by increased yield.
Examination of Cucumber Seed for Mycosphaerella melonis
Authors: Brown Marion E. , Preece T. F.
Published: April 2007

Methods of cucumber seed production in the Lea Valley district of England, where Mvcosphaerella melonis is widespread, were examined in 1967. No evidence that this fungus is seed‐borne on cucumber was obtained. An illustrated description of the pathogen is given, and diagnosis by inoculating test plants described.
Tobacco Streak Virus in Dahlias
Authors: Brunt A. A.
Published: April 2007

Tobacco streak (TSV), a virus hitherto unrecorded in Britain, was isolated from five of 73 cultivars in three of six stocks of dahlias tested. Three cultivars infected with TSV alone were symptomless, and 12 dahlia seedlings (‘Ideal Bedder’) infected by mechanical inoculation produced only inconspicuous leaf symptoms within six months.

TSV is unstable in vitro but was isolated from dahlias without difficulty when inocula were prepared with cold phosphate buffer containing either thioglycolhc acid or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. The virus was readily distinguished from cucumber mosaic, dahlia mosaic and tomato spotted wilt viruses by the symptoms it induced in Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. murale, C. quinoa and Nicotiana tabacum.

Partially purified virus preparations reacted in serological gel‐diffusion tests with an antiserum to a North American isolate of TSV but not with antisera to 23 isometric viruses commonly occurring in Britain. Like those of other well‐characterised isolates, purified preparation of TSV from dahlias were infective, contained numerous ‘spherical’ particles c. 30mû in diameter, contained two components with sedimentation coefficients of 85 and 98 S and produced two zones when centrifuged in sucrose density‐gradient columns.
Cereal Cyst Eelworm in Spring Barley Damage Assessment Experiments 1963–4
Authors:   Conference of Advisory Entomologists,   National Agricultural Advisory Service, Stone L. E. W.
Published: April 2007

In small plots marked out in barley fields in 1963–4, the relationships between initial cereal cyst eelworm populations, plant performance, and final eelworm populations were investigated. Fifteen experiments were carried out over the two years, but in only two of them was there a significant decline in yield associated with initial eelworm density in the soil. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
An Apparatus for Separating Round Cysts of the Genus Heterodera, from Dry Float Debris
Authors: Brodie J.
Published: April 2007

Cysts of the potato cyst nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis, were separated from dry float debris by rolling the mixture down the inside of a specially constructed revolving metal cylinder. From 4⋅2 g of dry float, 85 per cent of the cysts, containing 91 per cent of the larvae, were recovered free from debris.
Preliminary Studies on the Use of New Seed Treatments for the Control of Loose Smut of Barley
Authors: Maude R. B. , Shuring C. G.
Published: April 2007

In a semi‐commercial field trial, the soaking of barley seeds infected with Ustilago nuda in a 0⋅2 per cent suspension of thiram for 24 hours at 30°C reduced the number of infected plants from 244 (0⋅95 per cent) to 2⋅25 (0⋅009 per cent) per plot. Hot‐water treatment (2 hr at 42⋅7°) was less effective. In a second, smaller, trial soaks in thiram and “Vitavax” gave 100 per cent control and seed treatment with a 10 per cent “Vitavax” dust reduced infection from 3⋅44 per cent to 0⋅14 per cent.
Protection of Sugar Beet Stecklings against Aphids and Viruses by Cover Crops and Aluminium Foil
Authors: Heathcote G. D.
Published: April 2007

Stecklings were grown without cover, between rows of mustard or barley, or with strips of aluminium foil between the rows. Stecklings in open beds, with or without foil, were larger than those beneath cover crops. In 1966, Stecklings in plots with mustard cover were the most heavily infested with Myzus persicae, but in 1967 most M. persicae were on Stecklings in the open beds. Aphis fabae were always most abundant in the open beds, and there were few on Stecklings under cover crops. Very few plants beneath cover crops contracted virus yellows. The metal strips also decreased yellows incidence, but much less so than the cover crops, and less than they affected aphid infestation.
Potato Leaf and Stem Damage by Slugs
Authors: Hunter P. J. , Symonds B. V. , Newell P. F.
Published: April 2007

Foliage damage to potatoes in the laboratory and field is described. Field observations showed that leaves of the cultivar Maris Piper were more extensively damaged than those of Majestic.
A Soil‐borne Virus of Winter Oats
Authors: Macfarlane I. , Jenkins J. E. E. , Melville S. C.
Published: April 2007

A mosaic of winter oats in Devon was caused by a virus that is soil‐borne, transmissible by sap inoculation and has long particles (ca. 700 ± 12 nm.). These particles, which were found only in sap from the chlorotic lesions, suggest oat‐mosaic virus, previously unrecorded in Great Britain.
Chemical Control of Raspberry Ringspot and Tomato Black Ring Viruses in Strawberry
Authors: Taylor C. E. , Murant A. F.
Published: April 2007

Treatment of soil in October 1963 with 60 1b (a.i.)/acre (67⋅3 kg/ha) quintozene or 400 1b acre (448⋅4 kg/ha) D‐D killed more than 95 per cent of the Longidorus elongatus present and largely prevented transmission of raspberry ringspot and tomato black ring viruses to ‘Red‐gauntlet’ strawberry planted in April 1964. The herbicide chloroxuron at 5 1b (a.i)/acre (5⋅6 kg/ha) did not affect L. elongatus numbers but delayed infection of the strawberry plants by controlling weed sources of virus. Quintozene and D‐D increased fruit yields four to six‐fold in 1965 and nine to twelve‐fold in 1966; chloroxuron caused only small increases. Quintozene persisted in the soil for several years but was not detected in strawberry fruit. In an experiment on virus‐free soil, quintozene had no effect on ‘Talisman’ strawberry or ‘Mailing Jewel’ raspberry, but adversely affected growth of ‘Lloyd George’ raspberry and sugar beet. L. elongatus migrated slowly through soil and congregated in the root zone of strawberry plants. Populations in untreated plots increased about two‐fold per year. Eggs were laid from April to July.
Dieldrin Resistant Carrot Fly in England
Authors: Gostick K. G. , Baker Patricia M.
Published: April 2007

Dieldrin, aldrin and gamma‐BHC were applied topically, in microdrops of Cellosolve, to adult carrot fly Psila rosae (F.) from an apparently susceptible strain and two suspected resistant strains. Flies resistant to all three chemicals were found in eastern England in the period 1966–67.
Club Root in Brassica A Standard Inoculation Technique and the Specification of Races
Authors: Johnston T. D.
Published: April 2007

A simple and reliable technique for artificial inoculation of Brassica seedlings with Plasmodiophora brassicae is described. The technique is suitable for use in race surveys of the disease and in studies on the genetics of host resistance.

A system of nomenclature of races, based on the use of B. napus differential genotypes of known genetic constitution, is outlined and results of pathogenicity tests with three races are presented.
Resistance of the Red Beet Cultivar Avonearly to Infection by Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae
Authors: Channon A. G.
Published: April 2007

In glasshouse and field experiments, Avonearly red beet at the seedling and young plant stage was more resistant to downy mildew than several other commercial cultivars. Similar resistance was observed in Avonearly stecklings overwintered in frames or in a cool store (maximum temperature 4·4°C)for subsequent seed production. This resulted in better survival, both during the winter and the following summer, than was shown by the mildew‐susceptible cv. Detroit Improved Globe.
Population Increases of Steneotarsonemm pallidus (Banks) following Spray applications of Dimethoate
Authors: Harris K. M.
Published: April 2007

Field experiments on chemical control of Steneotarsonemus pallidus on Michaelmas daisies (Aster novi‐belgii) at Wisley in 1967 and 1968 showed that massive increases in mite populations follow single spray appl.ications of dimethoate. Published reports of similar effects on strawberries indicate that predators are adversely affected by some organophosphorus pesticides. Predators were present on Michaelmas daisies at Wisley and may have been affected by dimethoate but there may also be some biochemical or other effect on the host plant that increases mite fecunditv.
The Economics of Mass Rearing Encarsia formosa, a Parasite of the Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum, for use in Commercial Horticulture
Authors: Scopes N. E. A.
Published: April 2007

A rearing system capable of producing up to half a million parasites a week is described. The production costs for controlling whitefly on cucumbers in the United Kingdom are estimated.
The Effect of Septoria Diseases on the Yield of Winter Wheat
Authors: Jenkins J. E. E. , Morgan Wyndham
Published: April 2007

A partial control of Septoria diseases was obtained with frequent appl.ications of tank‐mix zineb. In the control Pl.ots traces of glume blotch (S. nodorwn) and a moderate attack of leaf disease (mainly S. tritici) occurred, but the full spray programme increased yields by about 35 per cent. The disease did not develop until after ear emergence and the increased yields were due to an increase in grain weight. When only two sprays were applied, after ear emergence, the yield increase was about 10 per cent.
Studies on a ‘Strap‐Leaf’ Disease of Celery caused by Strawberry Latent Ringspot Virus
Authors: Walkey D. G. A. , Mitchell J.
Published: April 2007

Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRV), arabis mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus and an unidentified filamentous rod–shaped virus were isolated from cv. Lathom Blanching celery Plants showing symptoms of ‘strap‐leaf’. Only SLRV induced the disorder when these viruses were sap–transmitted to healthy celery seedlings; the symptoms did not develop until the Plants were mature.

The filamentous virus was sap‐ or aphid‐transmitted (in a non‐persistent manner) to only a few umbelliferous species and its particles were appro.ximately 770 nm long.
The Effects of Simulated Slug Damage on the Yield of Winter Wheat
Authors: Jessop H.
Published: April 2007

Winter wheat Plants were removed by hand in December to simulate loss caused by different levels of slug attack.

As a rule, the more severe the thinning, the greater the number of tillers, ears, and weight of grain produced per plant. The effect of plant loss on grain yield varied, but in three cases out of five where attempts were made to remove 75 per cent of the Plants (between 56 and 72 per cent achieved), there was no significant difference in grain yield compared with the control Pl.ots. This level of thinning gave on average a stand of five Plants per ft of row (16–4 per m).
Rubbery Rot (Oospora lactis (Fres.) Sacc.) of Potatoes
Authors: Humphreys‐Jones U. R.
Published: April 2007

Rubbery rot (Oospora lactis) of potatoes occurred in Wales in 1967/8. Field observations and infection studies indicated that infection is most likely to occur under warm wet conditions.
Potato Verticilium Wilt in the East Midlands in 1967
Authors: Rosser W. R.
Published: April 2007

Seed from potato crops in which verticillium wilt was widespread in 1967, when planted in 1968 produced only 7 per cent visibly infected plants although there was some indication that the percentage of symptomless infected plants might have been as high as 30 per cent. The pathogen in these observations was always Verticillium dahliae, and there is a need for further work on the provision of disease‐free stock and the interaction of this pathogen with pest and husbandry aspects of potato growing.
Assessment of Spraing caused by Tobacco Rattle Virus in Potato Tubers
Authors: Alonso Annette B. , Preece T. F.
Published: April 2007

An assessment method for spraing symptoms, caused by tobacco rattle virus in potato, tubers is described and illustrated. For the assessment of spraing, two figures are useful: the percentage of tubers affected and the proportion of quarter tubers affected in affected tubers. To determine this the tubers are quartered by cutting once longitudinally and once transversely. Any quarter not showing symptoms is then cut into small pieces to ensure that it is free from symptoms.
Decoy‐crop Trapping of House Sparrows
Authors: Norris J. D. , Whitehouse R. N. H.
Published: April 2007

Control of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) on experimental plots of ripening cereals justifies more expensive techniques than on commercially grown cereals. Sowing of decoy crops of very early to very late ripening cultivars and enclosing these in a cage of netting designed to trap sparrows offers a promising method of minimizing damage.
Effect of Plant Spacing and Time of Sowing of Sugar Beet on Aphid Infestation and Spread of Virus Yellows
Authors: Heathcote G. D.
Published: April 2007

Aphid infestation and incidence of plants with virus yellows in sugar‐beet crops at Broom's Barn Experimental Station from 1964 to 1968 differed greatly with changes in densities of stand ranging from 8,000 to 68,000 plants per acre (0.4047 ha), and with changes in sowing date. The numbers of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and of Aphis fabae Scop, infesting beet during June and July, the numbers of virus‐itifected plants per unit area, and the percentages of plants with yellows, usually decreased as the plant population increased but usually increased with delay in sowing from mid‐March to early May.
Contrasting Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Potato Tuber Blight
Authors: Herlihy M.
Published: April 2007

Statistically significant effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the incidence of potato tuber blight were detected. Quantitative data for three sites where the effect was significant were compared with results from combined analyses of 15 sites. Nitrogen increased the proportion of blighted tubers. Phosphorus had the opposite effect, the biggest differences occurring on sites with higher than average levels of infection.
Some Observations on the Effect of ‘Temik’ on the Potato Cyst Eelworm, Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.
Authors: Hague N. G. M. , Pain B. F.
Published: April 2007

Treating encysted larvae of the potato cyst eelworm (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) in pots with drenches of ‘Temik’ (2‐methyl‐2‐(methylthio) propionaldehyde‐O‐(methylcarbamoyl) oxime) had little effect on hatching, but there was a marked effect on the hatched larvae: they were either killed (at 5 p.p.m.) or prevented from entering roots (at 1 p.p.m.). Treatment at 1 p.p.m. (2 lb/acre (2.24 kg/ha)) nearly doubled the yield of potatoes.
Oat Sterile Dwarf Virus
Authors: Catherall P. L.
Published: April 2007

Oat sterile dwarf virus was found for the first time in Britain. It occurred in a crop of oats in which 15 per cent of the plants were infected. Infected plants were severely stunted, deep blue‐green in colour and produced a profusion of juvenile shoots with 2–3 much‐shortened mis‐shapen leaves. Panicle emergence was completely or almost completely suppressed. The virus was transmitted by the Delphacid, Javesella pellucida to wheat, oats, barley, meadow fescue and to Italian and perennial ryegrasses. Nearly 25 per cent of the J. pellucida population caught in the vicinity of the diseased oat crop were infective. A large proportion of non‐infective J. pellucida became infective within 2–4 weeks of feeding on infected plants.
A Survey of Brassica Cyst Eelworm in Bedfordshire
Authors: Winfield A. L. , Coppock L. J. , Whitlock A. J.
Published: April 2007

Brassica cyst eelworm (Heterodera cruciferae Franklin) was found in 74 out of 99 fields in a random survey of 11 parishes in Bedfordshire. Population densities of up to 25 eggs/g of soil occurred in 70 fields, and denser populations in only four fields. Population densities were greater, and more fields were infested, on farms of less than 50 acres than on larger farms.
Mercury‐tolerant Pyrenophora avenae in Seed Oat SamPles from England and Wales
Authors: Dickens J. S. W. , Sharp M. K.
Published: April 2007

Mevcuvy‐toltxaiai Pyrenophora avenae was present in samPles examined from all parts of England and Wales. Tolerant isolates were obtained from 32 of 123 winter oat samPles and 31 of 33 spring oat samPles, and the level of infection was less than 10 per cent in most winter oat, but averaged 28 per cent in the spring oat, samPles.
The Effect of Potato Haulm Treatment on the Incidence of Potato Gangrene in Storage
Authors: Logan C.
Published: April 2007

The incidence of potato gangrene in the progeny from diseased parent tubers after damage and storage at 4–6dGC was found to depend, to a large extent, on the haulm treatment carried out four weeks prior to harvest. There was a marked reduction in gangrene incidence in tubers from plots where the haulm was pulled out and removed instead of cut and removed or burnt off. This reduction is considered to result from a lowering of the level of fungal inoculum on the tuber surface rather than through a difference in tuber maturity. The incidence of gangrene was not reduced by mancozeb (Dithane 945) foliar sprays during the growing season nor was there any difference between the chemicals (sodium chlorate and sulphuric acid) used to burn off the haulms.
Gibberella zeae on Oats in Scotland, 1967–1969
Authors: Richardson M. J.
Published: April 2007

Gibberella zeae was reintroduced to Scotland in 1967 with new stocks of cvs. Astor and Condor oats. The pathogen has not become established in seed stocks or soil, but several points of interest concerning the development and survival of the pathogen, the oestrogenic properties of infected seed, and the effects of seed treatment are noted.
The Possible Control of Steneotarsonemus pallidus on Strawberries by Phytoseiulus persimilis
Authors: Simmonds S. P.
Published: April 2007

During observational trials on the control of the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, on strawberries by the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis in south‐west England in 1967–69 it was noticed that the strawberry mite, Steneotarsonemus pallidus, when present at the time of introduction of the predator, did not build up sufficiently to cause damage. It did, however, build up when the predator was not used. It is suggested that the predator could be used to control both red spider mite and strawberry mite on strawberries in the field in this part of England.
Nitrogen Nutrition and Susceptibility of Mailing Jewel Raspberries to Infection by Spur Blight (Didymella applanata)
Authors: Goode J. E.
Published: April 2007

Spur blight (Didymella applanata) spread rapidly and recurred annually in cv. Mailing Jewel raspberries that received inorganic nitrogen fertilizer but the disease was less severe and spread relatively slowly in the absence of applied nitrogen. Infection reduced cropping by 20 to 30 per cent.
Infestation of Wheat Plants by the Larvae of Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.) in an Insectary
Authors: Jones Margaret G.
Published: April 2007

When wheat bulb fly eggs were placed in a row between two rows of wheat plants 18 cm apart in seed boxes in an outdoor insectary, more of the newly hatched larvae invaded plants as the distance to the nearer row diminished; whereas only 61 per cent succeeded when both rows were 9 cm away, 80 per cent did so when the nearer row was 2 cm away and 87 per cent when the eggs were placed between the plants in one row.

Some wheat bulb fly eggs hatched as late as mid‐April.

Only about a quarter of the undamaged larvae dissected out of shoots and replaced in the soil near unattacked plants survived.

From 67 to 89 per cent of the eggs failed to become adults. The proportion that failed increased as competition for host plants increased.
Septoria Species on Cereals‐a Note to aid their Identification
Authors: Richardson M. J. , Noble Mary
Published: April 2007

Short notes and illustrations of spores of Septoria spp., together with some observations on their occurrence in Scotland, are given to help in their identification, and their distinction from other common fungi. Septoria avenae f.sp. triticea on wheat and barley, S. nodorum and Ascochyta hordei, or a closely related species, on barley are recorded as new in Britain.
The Persistence of Septoria apiicola on Diseased Celery Debris in Soil
Authors: Maude R. B. , Shuring Catriona G.
Published: April 2007

summary

Tests made on a mineral soil in two seasons showed that celery planted in June could be infected with Septoria blight from crop debris put into the soil nine months earlier but not from that incorporated 21 months earlier. Viable Septoria spores could be obtained from buried debris for as long as visible plant material persisted (seven months).
Stem Eelworm (Ditylenchus dipsaci), a Seed and Soil‐borne Pathogen of Field Beans (Vicia faba)
Authors: Hooper D. J.
Published: April 2007

Both the ‘oat race’ and ‘giant race’ of Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev infest field beans (Vicia faba L.) in Britain and the infested seed sometimes produced is an important means of spreading them. The large soil populations, especially of the ‘oat race’, that build up in beans from infested seed may damage subsequent crops of beans, peas, sugar beet and especially susceptible oats. Bean seed for sowing should be saved from uninfested fields only. Only oat cultivars resistant to D. dipsaci should be grown in crop rotations that include beans.