bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavior of human cells in contact with a poly(d,l-lactic acid) porous matrix after calcification using phosphatidylserine
Authors: Remy Muriel , Leclercq Xiaoling , Naji Abdes , Harmand Marie-Françoise , Vert Michel
Published: May 2012

As part of a strategy aimed at improving bioresorbable scaffolds for the engineering of bony tissues, a route to deposit calcium phosphate onto surfaces of poly(dl-lactic acid)–based porous matrices was investigated. Porosity was generated using the NaCl-leaching technique. Calcification was achieved after deposition of phosphatidylserine, a nucleating agent of natural origin, onto pore surfaces, followed by incubation of the phospholipid-coated matrix in a pH 6.5 aqueous medium consisted of 3.5 mmol CaCl2 and 2.6 mmol KH2PO4 for 3 days. Calcified matrices were noncytotoxic according to the ISO10993-5 standard test and exhibited low inflammatory potential. To compare responses of human cells of different types, human osteogenic bone marrow cells from the femoral head, human chondrocytes from femoral cartilage collected after hip surgery, and human vascular endothelial cells isolated from an umbilical cord were allowed to grow in the presence of the calcified matrices in vitro. Articular chondrocytes adhered to and grew on the calcified matrices up to colony formation. In contrast, the other two types of cells attached and proliferated for approximately 3 days and then detached. These different cell behaviors are discussed with respect to the nature of the cells and to the release of calcium ions from the coating.
Bordering Community
Authors: Hudson Kimberly D.
Published: May 2012

Critically investigating the concept of community, this article explores some of the ideological and epistemological frameworks that have defined both the potentialities and the limitations of community as a liberatory and/or liberated space. This article sheds light on how ambiguously identified, bodied, and placed people are affected by cultures and systems of oppression in ways that create unique tensions with community and generate knowledge of the meaning of community itself. The major foci include the transgression, occupation, and policing of racial, gendered, and sexualized borders. In the final section, emerging questions, reflections, and implications for the field of social welfare are discussed.
Transnational Cross-Racial Surrogacy
Authors: Ross-Sheriff Fariyal
Published: May 2012

The Indian movie Mala Aai Vhhaychy (“I Want to Be a Mother” in the Marathi language), in juxtaposition with the article in this issue of Affilia by Rotabi and Bromfield entitled “Intercountry Adoption Declines and New Practices of Global Surrogacy: Global Exploitation and Human Rights Concerns,” bring to the surface several cultural, social, ethical, economic, and professional social work issues that I address in this editorial. The movie asks a challenging question in relation to mothering: Does the poor, rural, Gujarati (Indian) mother, who would benefit financially from surrogacy, have any claim to the child she is bearing for an American fertility-touring couple? More questions are raised with the possibility that the child may be born with a handicap, with the response of the commissioning couple, and additional more positive and negative twists in the story. Rotabi and Bromfield’s article raises the ethical dilemma as well as human rights concerns arising from international surrogacy, using India as a case example. Both the movie and the article focus on gestational surrogacy by Indian women, for predominantly western couples.
Perceptions of Domestic Violence
Authors: Yamawaki Niwako , Ochoa-Shipp Monica , Pulsipher Craig , Harlos Andrew , Swindler Scott
Published: May 2012

Researchers in this study examined the attitudes toward domestic violence, the victim, and her perpetrator. A total of 194 participants were randomly assigned to one of 4 hypothetical scenarios to evaluate how observers’ perceptions were influenced by their own sex and myths about domestic violence, by the victim’s decision to return to the abusive relationship, and by the relationship status of the victim (dating or married to the perpetrator). Results demonstrated significant main effects of participant’s sex, domestic violence myths, and of the victim’s relationship status and decision to return. That is, participants blamed the victim who reportedly returned to her abuser more than the victim about whom there is no such information. Further, participants with greater domestic violence myths tended to blame the victim more than those with less myths, and male participants blamed the victim and minimized the incident more than female participants. Implications, limitations of the study, and future research are discussed.
Maternal Request for In-hospital Supplementation of Healthy Breastfed Infants among Low-income Women
Authors: DaMota Katie , Bañuelos Jennifer , Goldbronn Jennifer , Vera-Beccera Luz Elvia , Heinig M. Jane
Published: May 2012

Background:

While hospital policies and medical issues are important factors in determining exclusive breastfeeding rates, medically unnecessary supplementation of infants is likely to be due, in part, to maternal request for formula.

Objectives:

The goal of this project was to gain an understanding of the facilitating factors and decision-making processes surrounding maternal request for formula in the early postpartum period.

Methods:

A series of 12 focus groups were conducted among 97 English- and Spanish-speaking low-income participants in California’s Supplementary Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Mothers were asked to share their in-hospital infant-feeding experiences.

Results:

The overarching theme that emerged was “lack of preparation” for what the early postpartum period would be like. Specifically, the decisions to formula feed fell into the following categories: inadequate preparation for newborn care (the need for rest and unrealistic expectations about infant behavior), lack of preparation for the process of breastfeeding, and formula as a solution to breastfeeding problems. Cultural factors were not mentioned as reasons for supplementation.

Conclusion:

Interventions to promote in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding must address mothers’ real and perceived barriers, specifically mothers’ expectations related to breastfeeding and infant behavior.
Information structure required for life-cycle monitoring of electronic products
Authors: Bindel Axel , Conway Paul P , West Andrew A
Published: May 2012

Real time visibility of product-centric data has become increasingly important to original equipment manufacturers in order to optimise supply chain operations, increase quality, reduce resource usage and increase the retained value at the end-of-life of the product. The development of a system capable of supporting collection and visualisation of product-centric data that is used in life-cycle monitoring systems for electronic products is described in this article. The concepts behind intelligent products in the electronics manufacturing domain are discussed. In particular the research is focused on which product-related information is needed throughout the supply chain and how business processes can be optimised if this knowledge is available. A review of intelligent products is outlined and product information that is generated and travels with the product through the supply chain is described by analysis of business processes and identification of those processes, which could be made redundant if product-related data were available. A survey of manufacturing experts within this domain has been undertaken to determine what information should travel with the product, what opportunities exist for embedded information and what barriers for the implementation exist with regard to the specific constraints and needs in the electronics manufacturing domain. The results of this survey are discussed with conclusions drawn and future research derived and described.
Analysis of incremental sheet metal forming using the upper-bound approach
Authors: Mirnia Mohammad J , Dariani Bijan M
Published: May 2012

The incremental sheet metal forming is a flexible process producing various parts with no need for dedicated dies. In this article, the upper-bound approach is used to study the deformation zone of single point incremental forming of truncated cones. The velocity field and the dissipated power of the process are achieved using an assumed deformation zone and streamlines defined by Bezier curves. The tangential force acting on the tool is attained by optimizing the presented upper-bound solution. Then, influences of the effective parameters including vertical pitch, initial thickness, tool diameter, and wall angle on the tangential force and the predicted equivalent strain are investigated. A strain hardening law is utilized to consider the work hardening behavior of sheet metals. In order to validate the presented upper-bound solution, predicted tangential forces are compared with experimental data reported in literature for forming AA3003 truncated cones. The comparison shows an appropriate agreement between experimental and predicted tangential forces.
3D simulation of stationary gas tungsten arc welding of L-shape, V-shape and open-corner joints
Authors: Abid Muhammad , Parvez Shahid , Nash David H , Fawad Hassan F
Published: May 2012

This paper presents a three-dimensional simulation of stationary gas tungsten arc welding which studies the development of the arc and weld pool in three types of joints, namely L-shape, V-shape and open-corner. Temperature, heat flux, current density and gas shear stress are determined in the arc and are used as input to the workpiece to determine the heat, fluid flow and weld pool shape. Buoyancy and surface tension gradient which affect the pool shape are taken into consideration. It is observed that the current density, heat flux and gas shear distribution in the arc domain is the same in all the cases. The electromagnetic force is observed to be the same in L-shape and V-shape joints. In the case of the open-corner joint, some electromagnetic force is also observed on the bottom edge of the weld. The fluid flow and weld pool shape is found to be the same in the case of L-shape and V-shape joints which shows that the orientation of workpiece does not produce any gravity effect. Due to the sharp edge in the open-corner joint, the weld pool is observed to be shallow and wide. In all three cases, the molten metal flows from the sides and the weld pool is formed slightly upwards at the weld centre in the experimental results. This phenomenon is not considered in the numerical analysis and the weld pool depth near the weld centre is a little different from the experimental results; however, the remaining pool shapes are observed to be in good agreement.
An investigation on the cutting performance of nano-crystalline diamond coatings on a micro-end mill
Authors: Wu Tao , Cheng Kai
Published: May 2012

In conventional milling, appropriate coatings can be used on tools to enhance their cutting performance and efficiency of the production process. In an effort to improve the tooling performance in micro-scale milling, nano-crystalline diamond films were applied on a micro-end mill by a hot filament chemical vapour deposition process. The cutting performance of the nano-crystalline diamond-coated tool, including cutting forces, tool integrity, surface roughness and burr formation, were evaluated in slot milling of aluminium 6061-T6 against that of an uncoated tool in dry cutting conditions. Reduced cutting forces, free chip adhesion, lower tool wear, improved surface roughness, as well as smaller burrs, were observed using the nano-crystalline diamond-coated tool. The investigation illustrates the possibility of applying nano-crystalline diamond coatings on micro-milling tools for dry cutting and better tooling performance.
Weighty matters: Negotiating ‘fatness’ and ‘in-betweenness’ in early pregnancy
Authors: Nash Meredith
Published: May 2012

Feminist scholars have comprehensively examined why women suffer from body image woes (see Bordo, 1993 ). On the surface, it seems strange to think that pregnant women fear ‘fat’. After all, pregnancy is a time when women are supposed to gain weight. This article draws on longitudinal narrative data to examine experiences of weight gain and ‘fatness’ in early periods of pregnancy among women in Melbourne, Australia. Informants’ accounts demonstrate that they constantly feared that their pregnant corporealities would be ‘misread’ when they were not unambiguously ‘pregnant’. The concept of ‘in-betweenness’ is critical in challenging socio-cultural and biomedical representations of maternal weight gain and for understanding how women feel about their bodies over the duration of pregnancy. Narratives highlight the need for multiple pregnant corporealities.
Interpretation of laboratory data and need for reference laboratories
Authors: Pengo V , Denas G , Banzato A , Bison E , Bracco A , Visentin MS , Hoxha A , Ruffatti A
Published: May 2012

A single positive laboratory test among those exploring the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies is not associated with thromboembolic events and does not identify patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. On the other hand, more than one laboratory test positive, and in particular all three tests positive, is strongly associated to thromboembolic events and identifies high risk patients. Triple positivity is in fact related to the presence of a specific anti-β2-glycoprotein I (anti-Domain I) antibody, also able to prolong coagulation tests. Monoclonal antibodies against Domain I with Lupus Anticoagulant activity might be candidate material for standardization of antiphospholipid assays. Much work remains to be done in this field.
Dynamic social representations of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic: Shifting patterns of sense-making and blame
Authors: Mayor Eric , Eicher Véronique , Bangerter Adrian , Gilles Ingrid , Clémence Alain , Green Eva G. T.
Published: May 2012

We investigate dynamics of public perceptions of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic to understand changing patterns of sense-making and blame regarding the outbreak of emerging infectious diseases. We draw on social representation theory combined with a dramaturgical perspective to identify changes in how various collectives are depicted over the course of the pandemic, according to three roles: heroes, villains and victims. Quantitative results based on content analysis of three cross-sectional waves of interviews show a shift from mentions of distant collectives (e.g., far-flung countries) at Wave 1 to local collectives (e.g., risk groups) as the pandemic became of more immediate concern (Wave 2) and declined (Wave 3). Semi-automated content analysis of media coverage shows similar results. Thematic analyses of the discourse associated with collectives revealed that many were consistently perceived as heroes, villains and victims.
What actions promote a positive ethical climate? A critical incident study of nurses’ perceptions
Authors: Silén Marit , Kjellström Sofia , Christensson Lennart , Sidenvall Birgitta , Svantesson Mia
Published: May 2012

Few qualitative studies explore the phenomenon of positive ethical climate and what actions are perceived as promoting it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore and describe actions that acute care ward nurses perceive as promoting a positive ethical climate. The critical incident technique was used. Interviews were conducted with 20 nurses at wards where the ethical climate was considered positive, according to a previous study. Meeting the needs of patients and next of kin in a considerate way, as well as receiving and giving support and information within the work group, promoted a positive ethical climate. Likewise, working as a team with a standard for behaviour within the work group promoted a positive ethical climate. Future research should investigate other conditions that might also promote a positive ethical climate.
Compression and thermal conductivity characteristics of magnetorheological fluid–spacer fabric smart structures
Authors: Mistik Suleyman I , Shah Tahir , Hadimani Ravi L , Siores Elias
Published: May 2012

There have been many reported applications of magnetorheological fluids but very few in combinations with the textile structures. Increasing the stiffness of magnetorheological fluid contained in a fabric by applying a magnetic field has considerable potential in engineering applications. In this work, we have used a spacer (three dimensional) fabric to contain the magnetorheological fluid and then investigated the changes in the stiffness value of the composite material by applying magnetic field using neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets. Compression tests were performed at different temperatures with and without the application of a magnetic field. It was observed that the stiffness properties of the magnetorheological fluid–filled spacer fabric were increased significantly upon the application of the magnetic field at ambient temperature; however, a decrease in the stiffness value of the magnetorheological–spacer fabric composite was observed when the tests were carried out at higher temperatures. A considerable increase in the thermal conductivity of the magnetorheological fluid–containing spacer fabric was obtained under the influence of an applied magnetic field.
Signals and Signs
Authors: Douglas Kitrina
Published: May 2012

My PhD explored the lives of seven women in professional golf and prior to this, like the women in my research, I had earned my living in the supposedly cutthroat world of professional sport. During my viva, I was asked why I thought I was competent to use poetry to present one participant’s story, given that I was a “golfer/academic,” not “a poet.” It is a question I continue to ponder given that I utilize a variety of arts-informed practices to understand, present, and perform research. In this performance piece my aim was to explore song writing, and in particular, some of the steps along my own journey to writing songs. One aim was to demystify the process as others have done with poetry and thereby make this type of journey and the creative process more visible. A further aim is that by sharing the performance and reflections with a wider audience it will contribute to the ongoing dialogue with arts-informed and performative researchers regarding the way these genres may offer valuable or even unique ways of understanding the social world.
Economic impact of prescribing error prevention with computerized physician order entry of injectable antineoplastic drugs
Authors: Nerich V , Borg C , Villanueva C , Thiery-Vuillemin A , Helias P , Rohrlich P-S , Demarchi M , Pivot X , Limat S
Published: May 2012

A cost–benefit analysis was carried out to determine the potential economic costs and benefits of pharmaceutical analysis in preventing prescribing errors for full standardized injectable antineoplastic drugs computerized physician order entry, in a pharmaceutical unit (University teaching hospital), compared with theoretical setting with no pharmaceutical analysis. The viewpoint is that of the payer or the French national Public Health Insurance system, and is limited to hospital cost (only direct medical costs related to net cost and net benefit. A decision analysis model was performed to compare two strategies: with pharmaceutical analysis (±pharmacy intervention) and without pharmaceutical analysis. Results are expressed in terms of benefit-to-cost ratio and total benefit. The robustness of the results was assessed through a series of one-way sensitivity analyses. Over 1 year, prescribing error incidence was estimated at 1.5% [1.3–1.7], i.e. 218 avoided prescribing errors. Potential avoidance of hospital stay was estimated at 419 days or 1.9 ± 0.3 days per prescribing error. Cost–benefit analysis could estimate a net benefit-to-cost ratio of 33.3 (€17.34/€0.52) and a total benefit at €16.82 per pharmaceutical analysis or €249,844 per year. The sensitivity analysis showed robustness of results. Our study shows a substantial economic benefit of pharmaceutical analysis and intervention in the prevention of prescribing errors. The clinical pharmacist adds both value and economic benefit, making it possible to avoid additional use of expensive antineoplastic drugs and hospitalization. Computerized physician order entry of antineoplastic drugs improves the relevance of clinical pharmacist interventions, expanding pharmaceutical analysis and also the role of the pharmacist.
Risk Screening for ADHD in a College Population
Authors: Burlison Jonathan D. , Dwyer William O.
Published: May 2012

Objective:The present study examines the relationship between self-reported levels of ADHD and academic outcomes, as well as aptitude. Method: A total of 523 college students took the Adult Self-Report Scale–Version 1.1 (ASRS-V1.1), and their scores were compared with course performance and ACT (American College Test) composite scores. Results: The measure identified 70 students (13.4%) as being in the “highly likely” category for an ADHD diagnosis. Course exam and ACT scores for the 70 “highly likely” students were statistically identical to the remaining 453 students in the sample and the 77 students identified as “highly unlikely” as well. Only 4 of the “highly likely” 70 students were registered with the university’s Office of Student Disability Services as having been diagnosed with ADHD. Conclusions: The ASRS-V1.1 failed to discriminate academic performance and aptitude differences between ADHD “highly likely” and “highly unlikely” individuals. The use of self-report screeners of ADHD is questioned in contexts relating ADHD to academic performance.
Parent-of-Origin Effects in ADHD
Authors: Thissen Andrieke J. A. M. , Rommelse Nanda N. J. , Altink Marieke E. , Oosterlaan Jaap , Buitelaar Jan K.
Published: May 2012

Objective: The authors examined parent-of-origin effects in transmission of ADHD and neuropsychological functioning. Proof of these effects can identify more etiologically homogeneous ADHD subgroups and facilitate genetic studies. Method: The authors included 238 ADHD and 147 control families. ADHD in children was assessed using parent and teacher ratings, while parents completed self-reports. Children were assessed with neuropsychological paradigms measuring IQ, motor, timing, and executive functions. Results: Paternal and maternal ADHD were equally positively related to ADHD in offspring. Paternal ADHD was related to poorer time reproduction in offspring and to lower verbal and total IQ in daughters. Maternal ADHD was related to poorer inhibition and motor control in offspring. No mediating effects of neuropsychological functions were found between parent and offspring ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: Neuropsychological functions may be more sensitive to parent-of-origin effects than ADHD symptoms and possibly useful in detecting the transmission of different gene-brain network pathways depending on parental sex.
Child Impairment and Parenting Self-Efficacy in Relation to Mothers’ Views of ADHD Treatments
Authors: Jiang Yuanyuan , Gurm Mandeep , Johnston Charlotte
Published: May 2012

Objective: This study assessed the relations of child impairment and parenting self-efficacy with parental views of the acceptability and effectiveness of behavioral, medication, and combined treatments for child ADHD. Child impairment and parenting self-efficacy were also assessed in relation to the effectiveness views of specific behavioral treatment strategies. Method: Ninety-five mothers of children with ADHD completed questionnaires assessing child impairment, parenting self-efficacy, perceptions of the overall acceptability and effectiveness of ADHD treatments, and views of the effectiveness of specific behavioral treatment strategies. Results: Hierarchical linear modeling using child impairment and parenting self-efficacy as predictors of treatment views suggests that mothers viewed combined treatments as most acceptable and effective when their child was more impaired, and mothers with higher parenting self-efficacy rated behavioral treatment strategies as more effective. Conclusion: Child impairment and parenting self-efficacy are related to perceptions of the acceptability and/or effectiveness of ADHD treatments.
Video Game Performances Are Preserved in ADHD Children Compared With Controls
Authors: Bioulac Stéphanie , Lallemand Stéphanie , Fabrigoule Colette , Thoumy Anne-Laure , Philip Pierre , Bouvard Manuel Pierre
Published: May 2012

Objective: Although ADHD and excessive video game playing have received some attention, few studies have explored the performances of ADHD children when playing video games. The authors hypothesized that performances of ADHD children would be as good as those of control children in motivating video games tasks but not in the Continuous Performance Test II (CPT II). Method: The sample consisted of 26 ADHD children and 16 control children. Performances of ADHD and control children were compared on three commercially available games, on the repetition of every game, and on the CPT II. Results: ADHD children had lower performances on the CPT II than did controls, but they exhibited equivalent performances to controls when playing video games at both sessions and on all three games. Conclusion: When playing video games, ADHD children present no difference in inhibitory performances compared with control children. This demonstrates that cognitive difficulties in ADHD are task dependent.
Impact of State-Level Tax and Expenditure Limits (TELs) on Government Revenues and Aid to Local Governments
Authors: Kioko Sharon N. , Martell Christine R.
Published: May 2012

This article investigates the impact of state-level tax and expenditure limits (TELs) on state government revenues and aid to local governments. Using an instrumental variable approach to control for endogeneity, the authors find that the general fund TELs (i.e., revenue and expenditure limits) have led to substantial increases in tax and nontax revenues. States with procedural limits (i.e., those with voter approval and/or legislative supermajority requirements votes) have significantly lower tax revenues. For states with these procedural limits, their ability to impose new or higher taxes is limited by the rules for passing such legislation. This study also finds that states with general fund TELs have higher levels of aid to local governments, while those with procedural TELs have lower levels of aid. Local government property tax limits do not have any impact on taxing authority of states and have only marginal impacts on the state-aid programs.
Failure of uniformly compression loaded debond damaged sandwich panels — An experimental and numerical study
Authors: Moslemian Ramin , Quispitupa Amilcar , Berggreen Christian , Hayman Brian
Published: May 2012

This paper deals with the failure of compression-loaded sandwich panels with an implanted circular face/core debond. Uniform compression tests were conducted on intact sandwich panels with three different types of core material (H130, H250 and PMI) and on similar panels with circular face/core debonds having three different diameters. The strains and out-of-plane displacements of the panel surface were monitored using the digital image correlation technique. Mixed mode bending tests were conducted to determine the fracture toughness of the face/core interface of the panels. Finite element analysis and linear elastic fracture mechanics were employed to determine the critical buckling load and compression strength of the panels. Modeling approaches and failure criteria are discussed. Numerically determined crack propagation loads in most of the cases show a fair agreement with experimental results, but in a few cases up to 45% deviation is seen between numerical and experimental results. This can be ascribed to several factors such as the large scatter in the measured interface fracture toughness, differing crack tip details and crack growth mechanisms between the panels and the mixed mode bending specimens. Tentative strength reduction curves are presented, but uncertainty concerning the intact strengths of the materials used needs to be removed before these can be utilized with confidence.
Drop weight testing on sandwich panels with a novel thermoplastic core material
Authors: Tuan Christopher Y
Published: May 2012

A series of drop weight tests were conducted to evaluate the dynamic flatwise compression strength and flexural strength of sandwich panels with a novel core structure. This sandwich core material, known as Norcore, consists of interconnected cells in a unique configuration of truncated pyramid with sloping cell walls. Core materials made of thermoplastic including virgin Lexan, polycarbonate, polycarbonate regrind, high-impact polystyrene, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene were tested. The test results showed that these sandwich panels have good strength as well as energy absorption capacities.
How population size affects party systems and cabinet duration
Authors: Sikk Allan , Taagepera Rein
Published: May 2012

This study develops and tests theoretical formulas for linking country size and party system characteristics. For countries using one-seat electoral districts or nationwide districts, the averages of the largest seat-share, effective number of assembly parties and mean duration of cabinets can be predicted based solely on population. For countries allocating seats by PR in multi-seat districts, the averages of these characteristics can be predicted based on population and district magnitude. We show that first-past-the-post countries of less than one million tend to have highly dominant largest parties and one-and-a-half party assemblies, rather than a balance of two parties. For larger countries, and PR countries of any size, population is not destiny, as far as party system is concerned.
Major practicum as a learning site for exercise science professionals: A pilot study
Authors: Tinning Richard , Jenkins David , Collins Jessie , Rossi Tony , Brancato Tania
Published: May 2012

Exercise science is now an integral part of the allied health framework in Australia and graduates from accredited programmes are equipped with skills recognised as being important in the prevention and management of lifestyle-related diseases. This pilot study sought to determine the experiences of 11 final-year exercise science students in their major practicum and identify skills learned and developed while on placement. Analysis of the interview data established that the students worked with clients from a broad range of sociocultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, both within and between practicum sites; the students’ experiences and their preparedness to engage with clients from different backgrounds varied as a result. Although the students generally reported being technically skilled for their major placement, many reported being underprepared to deal with people from different backgrounds. However, all participants held that their interpersonal skills greatly improved in response to their placement and several remarked that they developed their problem-solving skills through watching and assisting their supervisors work with clients. The present study confirms the practicum as a critical learning site for improving communication and problem-solving skills with exercise science and exercise physiology students.
Gender, Globalization and Aesthetic Surgery in South Korea
Authors: Holliday Ruth , Elfving-Hwang Joanna
Published: May 2012

This article explores the unusually high levels of cosmetic surgery in South Korea – for both women and men. We argue that existing explanations, which draw on feminist and postcolonial positions, presenting cosmetic surgery as pertinent only to female and non-western bodies found lacking by patriarchal and racist/imperialist economies, miss important cultural influences. In particular, focus on western cultural hegemony misses the influence in Korea of national identity discourses and traditional Korean beliefs and practices such as physiognomy. We show how these beliefs provide a more ‘gendered’ as opposed to feminist analysis, which allows space for discussion of men’s surgeries. Finally, we critique the accepted notion of the ‘western body’, especially its position in some literature as a more unobtainable ideal for non-western than for western women. We argue that this body has little in common with actual western women’s bodies, and more in common with a globalized image, embodying idealized elements from many different cultures.
Socially differentiated cardiac rehabilitation: Can we improve referral, attendance and adherence among patients with first myocardial infarction?
Authors: Meillier Lucette Kirsten , Nielsen Kirsten Melgaard , Larsen Finn Breinholt , Larsen Mogens Lytken
Published: May 2012

Aim: The comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programme after myocardial infarction (MI) improves quality of life and results in reduced cardiac mortality and recurrence of MI. Hospitals worldwide face problems with low participation rates in rehabilitation programmes. Inequality in recruitment and participation among low educated and socially vulnerable patients must be addressed to lower inequality in post-MI health. Our aim was to improve referral, attendance, and adherence rates among socially vulnerable patients by systematic screening and by offering a socially differentiated cardiac rehabilitation programme. Methods: From 1 September 2002 to 31 December 2005, 388 first-incidence MI patients ≤75 years were hospitalised. Register check for newly hospitalised MI patients, screening interview, and systematic referral were conducted by a project nurse. Patients were referred to a standard rehabilitation programme (SRP). If patients were identified as socially vulnerable, they were offered an extended version of the rehabilitation programme (ERP). Excluded patients were offered home visits by a cardiac nurse. Concordance principles were used in the individualised programme elements. Adherence was registered until the 1-year follow up. Results: 86% were referred to the CR. A large share of elderly patients and women were excluded. The attendance and adherence rates were 80% and 71%, respectively among all hospitalised patients. Among referred patients, the attendance rate was 93%. Patients were equally distributed to the SRP and the ERP. No inequality was found in attendance and adherence among referred patients. Conclusions: It seems possible to overcome unequal referral, attendance, and adherence in cardiac rehabilitation by organisation of systematic screening and social differentiation.
Will sick leave after a counselling intervention prevent later burnout? A 3-year follow-up study of Norwegian doctors
Authors: Isaksson Ro Karin E. , Tyssen Reidar , Gude Tore , Aasland Olaf G.
Published: May 2012

Introduction: Burnout and mental distress in working doctors increase the risk for both suboptimal treatment of patients and negative health consequences for the doctors. Doctors have low rates of sickness absence and are reluctant to seek help, especially for mental distress. We examined whether a spell of sickness absence after a counselling intervention could predict reduction in emotional exhaustion among doctors at work 3 years later. Methods: A 3-year follow up after a counselling intervention for burnout at the Resource Centre Villa Sana in Norway in 2003–05 was completed by 184/227 doctors. Self-report assessments were administered at baseline, 1-, and 3-years. The effect of number of weeks of sickness absence on reduction in emotional exhaustion among doctors working 3 years after the intervention was assessed by linear regression. Results: Of the 184 doctors completing assessment, 149 were working at 3-year follow up. Emotional exhaustion (scale 1–5) was significantly reduced at follow up (from 3.00±0.96 to 2.37±0.79, p<0.001). The number of weeks of sickness absence after the intervention was a significant positive predictor of this reduction (β=0.31, p<0.001), also after including sex, age, neuroticism, reduction of work hours, and other forms for treatment in the model. Conclusions: The number of weeks of sickness absence after a counselling intervention for burnout had a positive predictive effect on reduction in emotional exhaustion among doctors at work 3 years later. Sick leave thus seems to “prevent” later burnout, which can be of importance both for their patients and for the doctors themselves.
Lesbian women coping with challenges of minority stress: A qualitative study
Authors: Bjorkman Mari , Malterud Kirsti
Published: May 2012

Aims: Even though homosexuality is apparently widely accepted, minority stress prevails. Successful coping may reduce the negative impact of minority stress on health. We wanted to explore lesbian women’s positive coping experiences related to sexual minority stress. Methods: A convenience sample of self-defined lesbian women living in Norway was recruited mainly via internet. Qualitative data about coping strategies were obtained as written answers to a web-based, open-ended questionnaire. Data were analysed with systematic text condensation supported by theories of stress and coping, and salutogenesis. Results: Openness about the lesbian orientation, and how disclosure was carried out, were means to counter anticipated prejudice. Maintaining dignity when prejudice appeared could be accomplished by actions to demand one’s rights or claim respect, or by unexpressed thoughts boosting self-respect when unable to talk back. Prejudice within family relations lead to compromises to enable contact, but never compromising self-respect. Underlying successful coping strategies we identified a personal conviction that being lesbian is respectable and worthy – lesbian confidence. Conclusions: Promoting lesbian confidence, a healthcare provider can contribute to psychological wellbeing and enhance health among lesbian women. Open lesbian women in the community, who are responded to in a positive or every-day-like manner, may nurture lesbian confidence and contribute to coping and health.
An experimental and modeling study investigating the ignition delay in a military diesel engine running hexadecane (cetane) fuel
Authors: Cowart Jim S , Fischer Warren P , Hamilton Leonard J , Caton Patrick A , Sarathy S Mani , Pitz William J
Published: May 2012

In an effort aimed at predicting the combustion behavior of a new fuel in a conventional diesel engine, cetane (n-hexadecane) fuel was used in a military engine across the entire speed–load operating range. The ignition delay was characterized for this fuel at each operating condition. A chemical ignition delay was also predicted across the speed–load range using a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism with a constant pressure reactor model. At each operating condition, the measured in-cylinder pressure and predicted temperature at the start of injection were applied to the detailed n-hexadecane kinetic mechanism, and the chemical ignition delay was predicted without any kinetic mechanism calibration. The modeling results show that fuel–air parcels developed from the diesel spray with an equivalence ratio of 4 are the first to ignite. The chemical ignition delay results also showed decreasing igntion delays with increasing engine load and speed, just as the experimental data revealed. At lower engine speeds and loads, the kinetic modeling results show the characteristic two-stage negative temperature coefficient behavior of hydrocarbon fuels. However, at high engine speeds and loads, the reactions do not display negative temperature coefficient behavior, as the reactions proceed directly into high-temperature pathways due to higher temperatures and pressure at injection. A moderate difference between the total and chemical ignition delays was then characterized as a phyical delay period that scales inversely with engine speed. This physical delay time is representative of the diesel spray development time and is seen to become a minority fraction of the total igntion delay at higher engine speeds. The approach used in this study suggests that the ignition delay and thus start of combustion may be predicted with reasonable accuracy using kinetic modeling to determine the chemical igntion delay. Then, in conjunction with the physical delay time (experimental or modeling based), a new fuel’s acceptability in a conventional engine could be assessed by determining that the total ignition delay is not too short or too long.
The effectiveness of dyadic interventions for people with dementia and their caregivers
Authors: Moon Heehyul , Adams Kathryn Betts
Published: May 2012

The need for dyadic intervention is enhanced with increasing numbers of older adults with early-stage dementia. The purpose of this paper is to review the effects of dyadic interventions on caregivers (CGs) and care recipients (CRs) at the early stage of dementia. Four databases, AgeLine, Medline, EBSCO, and PyscINFO were searched and relevant literature from 2000 onwards was reviewed. The twelve studies identified used a variety of intervention approaches including support group, counseling, cognitive stimulation, skill training, and notebook-keeping. This review suggests that intervention programs for early-stage dementia caregiving dyads were feasible and well accepted by participants. The reviewed studies provided rich evidence of the significance of mutual understanding and communication to partners’ well-being and relationship quality within the caregiving process. The findings suggest that these intervention approaches improved cognitive function of the CRs, social relations, and the relationship between the primary CG and the CR, although evidence of long-term effectiveness is lacking.
Arbiter of science: Institutionalization and status effects in FDA drug review 1990–2004
Authors: Kim Jerry W.
Published: May 2012

In this article the author proposes that firm status has a significant effect on the regulatory evaluation process. Regulators rely on external signals of quality such as status to resolve uncertainty, and the tendency to be infused with ‘value beyond the technical requirements of the task at hand’ (Selznick, 1957) causes status positions in institutionalized domains to be particularly salient. Using review times for 839 New Drug Applications approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 1990 and 2004, the author finds that firms with higher status in the scientific knowledge domain receive faster approval for their drugs. The effect of status strengthened when products address underserved disease areas, and when following a major product withdrawal in the industry. Status in areas unrelated to the therapy category had a stronger effect on approval speed than therapy-specific status, implying that status effects are driven by values in addition to technical concerns.
Peers and delinquency among girls and boys: Are sex differences in delinquency explained by peer factors?
Authors: Weerman Frank M. , Hoeve Machteld
Published: May 2012

In this article, we investigate sex differences in the relationship between peers and delinquency. We analyse to what extent peers have different effects on delinquency among girls and boys, and to what extent sex differences in the level of delinquency can be explained by differential exposure or vulnerability to criminogenic peer contexts. Data are used from the School Study of the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, in which rich data about peers were collected, including measurements of peer delinquency as reported by nominated peers themselves, time spent with peers, peer attachment, peer pressure and the sex composition of peer networks. The results indicate that, although the characteristics of peer relationships differ in many respects between the sexes, the effects of peers on delinquent behaviour are remarkably similar for girls and boys. Further, it appears that the investigated peer variables explain a substantial part of the sex differences in delinquent behaviour.
Do the police trust in citizens? European comparisons
Authors: Kääriäinen Juha , Sirén Reino
Published: May 2012

Trust is expected to promote cooperation between the police and citizens. The trust of citizens in the police has been studied a great deal. This article, however, focuses on the other side of this relationship: the trust of the police in citizens. Literature dealing with the police culture indicates that the police have a rather cynical approach to citizens. However, empirical proof of this is scarce and mainly comes from major cities in the United States and the United Kingdom. On the other hand, literature focusing on social capital suggests that generalized trust varies greatly between societies and that it stems from social equality, good administration and high citizen activity. This article is based on the cumulative materials gathered for the European Social Survey 2002–8 from 22 countries. The study compares the level of generalized trust among police officers and other respondents. The analysis to some extent supports the assumption of cynicism among the police. However, the primary finding of the study is that the generalized trust of those working in the police forces closely reflects the level of generalized trust in the society as a whole. In countries where citizens generally trust each other, the police also trust the citizens; whereas in countries with a low level of trust in general, the police are also cynical towards citizens.
Beliefs Regarding the Impact of Accent Within Speech-Language Pathology Practice Areas
Authors: Levy Erika S. , Crowley Catherine J.
Published: May 2012

With the demographic shifts in the United States, it is increasingly the case that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) come from different language backgrounds from those of their clients and have nonnative accents in their languages of service. An anonymous web-based survey was completed by students and clinic directors in SLP training programs in New York State regarding their beliefs about the appropriate scope of practice of SLPs with accents in English and other languages. Responses were received from 28 directors and 530 students. Perceived appropriateness of service by accented clinicians depended on particular disorders serviced and degree of accent, with phonologically based services believed by the greatest number of respondents to require more native-like speech than other areas. Further efforts must be made to research effects of SLPs’ accents on service delivery and plan strategies, if needed, for successful service provision in SLPs’ diverse areas of practice when mismatches in language backgrounds occur.
Transcatheter Transcaval Embolization of a Type II Endoleak After EVAR Using a Transseptal Needle-Sheath System
Authors: Midulla Marco , Perini Paolo , Sundareyan Ramanivas , Lazguet Younes , Dehaene Aurelie , Goyault Gilles , Martinelli Thomas , Haulon Stéphan
Published: May 2012

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to present an alternative technique for management of a type II endoleak associated with aneurysm sac enlargement. Technique. We report the use of a transseptal needle-sheath system for a transcatheter transcaval embolization (TTE) in a 3-staged treatment of a persistent type II endoleak after abdominal EVAR. Inferior vena cava is cannulated through a femoral venous access, and aneurysmal sac access is gained with a puncture through the walls of the 2 vessels at the site where the vein is adjacent to the aneurysm. The whole system (sheath–dilator–needle) is then advanced across the vascular walls into the aortic sac. Thus, embolization with glue is performed. Conclusion. The TTE using a transseptal needle-sheath system demonstrated to be feasible and effective to treat a persistent type II endoleak after failure of 2 attempts of transarterial embolization of the feeding vessels.