bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial variations in family planning demand to limit childbearing and the demand satisfied with modern methods in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Olakunde Babayemi O. , Pharr Jennifer R. , Adeyinka Daniel A. , Chien Lung-Chang , Benfield Rebecca D. , Sy Francisco S.
Published: June 2022

Background

There is an increasing demand for family planning to limit childbearing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, limited studies have quantified the spatial variations. This study examined: (i) the spatial patterns in the demand for family planning to limit childbearing and satisfied with modern methods, and (ii) the correlates of the demand for family planning to limit childbearing satisfied with modern methods in SSA.

Methods

This study analyzed secondary data on 306,080 married/in-union women obtained from Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2019 in 33 sub-Saharan African countries. We conducted exploratory spatial data analysis, with countries as the unit of analysis. We also performed regression analysis to determine the factors associated with demand for family planning to limit childbearing satisfied with modern methods in SSA.

Results

The mean percentage of women who demanded for family planning to limit childbearing by country was 20.5% while the mean prevalence of demand for family planning to limit childbearing satisfied with modern methods by country was 46.5%. There was a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation in the demand for family planning to limit childbearing (global Moran’s I = 0.3, p = 0.001). The cluster map showed the concentration of cold spots (low–low clusters) in western and central Africa (WCA), while hot spots (high–high clusters) were concentrated in eastern and southern Africa (ESA). Also, the demand for family planning to limit childbearing satisfied with modern methods showed significant positive global spatial autocorrelation (global Moran’s I = 0.2, p = 0.004) and concentration of cold spots in WCA. In the final multivariable regression model the joint family planning decision making (β = 0.34, p < 0.001), and antenatal care (β = 13.98, p < 0.001) were the significant factors associated with the demand for family planning to limit childbearing satisfied by modern methods.

Conclusions

There are significant spatial variations in the demand for family planning to limit childbearing and the demand satisfied by modern methods, with cold spots concentrated in WCA. Promoting joint decision making by partners and increasing uptake of antenatal care may improve the demand for family planning to limit childbearing satisfied with modern methods.
Retraction Note: Long non-coding RNA TPT1-AS1 promotes cell growth and metastasis in cervical cancer via acting AS a sponge for miR-324-5p
Authors: Jiang Hui , Huang Guanqun , Zhao Nianzhang , Zhang Ting , Jiang Mengni , He Yueming , Zhou Xinke , Jiang Xianhan
Published: June 2022

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-018-0846-8.
Current global status, subtype distribution and zoonotic significance of Blastocystis in dogs and cats: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shams Morteza , Shamsi Laya , Yousefi Amirhosein , Sadrebazzaz Alireza , Asghari Ali , Mohammadi-Ghalehbin Behnam , Shahabi Saeed , Hatam Gholamreza
Published: June 2022

Background

Blastocystis is a common intestinal protozoa found in animal and human fecal samples, with over 1 billion individuals infected worldwide. Since domestication, dogs and cats have had a close bond with humans. However, their close proximity poses a potential health risk since they may harbor several zoonotic agents. A global estimate of Blastocystis infection and subtype (ST) distribution in dogs and cats would therefore be of great health importance to humans.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive systematic search of four English-language databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science) for relevant articles up to 8 November 2021. The random-effects model was used to make pooled estimates with confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In total, we identified 49 publications that met our inclusion criteria and subsequently analyzed the 65 datasets in these articles, of which 23 and 42 datasets were on cats and dogs, respectively. Among the 2934 cats included in the 23 datasets, which involved 16 countries, the prevalence rate of Blastocystis infection was 9.3% (95% CI 5.3–15.9%). The prevalence of Blastocystis infection was slightly lower [7%, 95% CI 4.7–10.4%) among the 7946 dogs included in the 42 datasets, involving 23 countries. The sensitivity analysis showed that no remarkable variation in the estimates upon the stepwise removal of each dataset. Higher ST diversity was found among the examined dogs (ST1-8, ST10, ST23, ST24) than among cats (ST1-4, ST10, ST14). Among dogs, ST3 was the most frequent ST (41.3%), followed by ST2 (39.3%), ST1 (30.9%), ST4 (13.4%), ST8 (12.7%), ST10 (11%) and ST5 (8.1%). Also among dogs, each of ST6, ST7, ST23 and ST24 was observed in only one study. Of the ST found in the cats examined, ST4 (29.5%), followed by ST10 (22.5%), ST1 (19.8%) and ST3 (17.6%) were the most common. A single study also reported the presence of both ST2 and ST14 in cats. With respect to zoonotic Blastocystis STs (ST1–ST9 and ST12), eight were reported from dogs (ST1-ST8) and four were isolated from cats (ST1–ST4), showing the implication of dog and cats in zoonotic transmission.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results show that elucidation of the true epidemiology and ST distribution of Blastocystis in dogs and cats demands more comprehensive studies, particularly in the negelected regions of the world.

Graphical Abstract
Anticipated reactions to learning Alzheimer’s disease biomarker results
Authors: Clark Lindsay R. , Erickson Claire M. , Jonaitis Erin M. , Ma Yue , Chin Nathaniel A. , Basche Kristin , Ketchum Frederick B. , Gleason Carey E.
Published: June 2022

Introduction

We developed the Alzheimer’s Biomarker Survey to assess willingness to enroll in biomarker studies that disclose results and anticipated reactions to an elevated biomarker result.

Methods

Participants included cognitively unimpaired adults enrolled in longitudinal AD studies (n = 334, mean age = 64.8 ± 7.7, 44% non-Hispanic Black or African American). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses determined the latent structure comprising anticipated reactions to learning AD biomarker results. Measurement invariance was tested across racial groups.

Results

Two models comprising behavior change and psychological impact fit well for the total sample and the two racial groups. The 2-factor behavior change model assessed constructs of planning and dementia risk-reduction. The 3-factor psychological impact model assessed constructs of distress, cognitive symptoms, and stigma. Both models exhibited measurement invariance across racial groups.

Discussion

The 28-item Anticipated Reactions to AD Biomarker Disclosure scale is a reliable and valid measure of anticipated reactions when communicating AD biomarker results to research participants.
An experimental study of group-by and aggregation on CPU-GPU processors
Authors: Luan Hua , Chang Lei
Published: June 2022

Hash-based group-by and aggregation is a fundamental operator in database systems. Modern discrete GPUs (graphics processing units) have been considered to accelerate the performance. However, the data transfer through the PCIe (peripheral component interconnect express) bus would reduce gains. On recent architectures, the GPU and the CPU (central processing unit) are built into the same chip which removes the data transmission and offers new performance opportunities. Yet there has been no systematic analysis of grouping and aggregation algorithms on such architectures. In this paper, we study the behaviors of various hash-based grouping and aggregation methods on coupled architectures to provide meaningful guidelines. We conduct an extensive experimental study and analysis on the single CPU, the coupled GPU, and both processors. Six dimensions are considered in analyzing the hashing methods carefully: (1) hashing scheme, (2) hash function, (3) data size, (4) group cardinality, (5) load factor, and (6) data distribution. Two additional dimensions are also explored: (7) shared and independent hash tables and (8) running on single processors and co-processing. We hope the results in our study could help database researchers to choose the right direction in terms of algorithm design and system optimization.
Breast Cancer Priorities in Limited-Resource Environments: The Price-Efficacy Dilemma in Cancer Care
Authors: Al-Sukhun Sana , Tbaishat Fayez , Hammad Nazik
Published: June 2022

Breast cancer has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries, where 62% of the world’s total new cases are diagnosed. Therefore, the productivity loss because of premature death resulting from female breast cancer is also on the rise. The major challenge in low- and middle-income countries is to reduce the proportion of women presenting with advanced-stage disease, a challenge unlikely to be overcome by adoption of expensive national mammography screening programs. Awareness and education campaigns should focus not only on patients and societies but also on policy makers to address and optimize breast cancer care. Adaptation of existing guidelines and prioritization according to local resources are essential to address the unique needs and overcome the unique barriers of each society to facilitate practical implementation and improve outcomes. Emphasis on the principle of a cancer groundshot in addressing value in cancer care is vital to improving access to therapies that are proven to work rather than chasing after new drugs or innovations of doubtful or marginal clinical benefit. Until we have drug-pricing interventions that take into account the local income of each society, we must acknowledge the fact that the delivery of cancer care will never be the same all around the world.
Coupling function from bath density of states
Authors: Nemati S. , Henkel C. , Anders J.
Published: June 2022

Modelling of an open quantum system requires knowledge of parameters that specify how it couples to its environment. However, beyond relaxation rates, realistic parameters for specific environments and materials are rarely known. Here we present a method of inferring the coupling between a generic system and its bosonic (e.g., phononic) environment from the experimentally measurable density of states (DOS). With it we confirm that the DOS of the well-known Debye model for three-dimensional solids is physically equivalent to choosing an Ohmic bath. We further match a real phonon DOS to a series of Lorentzian coupling functions, allowing us to determine coupling parameters for gold, yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and iron as examples. The results illustrate how to obtain material-specific dynamical properties, such as memory kernels. The proposed method opens the door to more accurate modelling of relaxation dynamics, for example for phonon-dominated spin damping in magnetic materials.
Equivalent synchronization patterns in chaotic jerk systems
Authors: Mirzaei Simin , Parastesh Fatemeh , Jafari Sajad , Schöll Eckehard , Kurths Jürgen
Published: June 2022

Jerk systems are some of the simplest dynamical systems that can exhibit chaotic dynamics. This paper investigates the synchronization of coupled jerk systems with coupling in single variables. We apply the well-known approach for synchronization analysis, the master stability function, which determines the stability of the synchronization manifold. It is shown that a jerk system in which the jerk equation is not dependent on the acceleration has similar master stability functions when coupled in velocity or acceleration variables. Therefore, the system has the same synchronization behavior in these two coupling configurations. Such an equivalence has not been reported in the literature.
Fluctuation-dissipation theorem with Loewner time
Authors: Shibasaki Yusuke
Published: June 2022

Although the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) is recognized as a general result of statistical physics, its applicability to the non-equilibrium and nonlinear system has not been completely clarified. In this study, we observe that introducing a new type of time coordinate determined by the stochastic Loewner evolution enables the conversion of a certain class of nonlinear Langevin equations into linear ones. The formulation using Loewner time yields a linear response function for the nonlinear systems under a small perturbation. The proposed approach is expected to provide an extension of the conventional FDT in a form applicable to a wide class of non-equilibrium dynamics.
Viscoelastic Testing and Factor Concentrate Therapy to Reduce Bleeding and Transfusions in the Surgical Separation of Ischiophagus Twins: A Case Report
Authors: Sarmiento Ignacio A. , Brenner Ana C. , Haas Thorsten , Cushing Melissa M. ,   Contributors
Published: June 2022

The surgical procedure to separate conjoined twins represents a rare and major challenge. One of the most feared perioperative scenarios is the presence of coagulopathy secondary to bleeding. We present a case of the surgical separation of ischiopagus tetrapus twins using a patient blood management strategy encompassing a tranexamic acid infusion, intraoperative viscoelastic testing, and early fibrinogen supplementation to reduce bleeding and transfusions. This approach allowed early detection and treatment of acquired hypofibrinogenemia, which resulted in minimal exposure to blood products. This case reflects the increasing clinical interest in early avoidance of fibrinogen deficiency in complex noncardiac pediatric surgery.
Anesthetic Considerations in an Infant With Malan Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Partyka Lauren M.
Published: June 2022

Malan syndrome, also known as Sotos-like syndrome or Sotos syndrome 2, is an overgrowth disorder that results from point mutations of the nuclear factor I/X (NFIX) gene. The phenotype consists of macrocephaly, facial dysmorphisms, hypotonia, and developmental delay. While case reports in the anesthesiology literature regarding the care of patients with Sotos syndrome do not identify significant anesthetic problems, more knowledge concerning the care of patients with Malan syndrome is necessary. Anesthesia providers must be aware of this clinical phenotype and prepare for possible difficult intravenous access and difficult airway management.
Three-dimensional radiological anatomy of condyle trabecular bone based on a Volume-of-Interest analysis
Authors: Li Fan , Xu Xiangliang , Rong Qiguo , Wang Jianwei , Zhang Jiwu , Zhou Wen , Zhang Weiguang , Guo Chuanbin
Published: June 2022

Objectives:

Three-dimensional radiological anatomic characteristics of condyle trabeculae was obtained quantitatively based on a volume-of-interest (VOI) analysis.

Methods:

Nine human mandibular condyle specimens were scanned by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). A total of 34 VOIs were selected from each condyle specimen, which were divided into six layers and four parts to analyze the morphological characteristics of trabeculae based on cylindrical VOIs with a diameter and height of 2 mm. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the regional differences of morphological parameters among each layer and part.

Results:

Values for bone mineral density, bone volume/total volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular bone number were greater in the anterior part compared with the posterior part; and the lateral part was larger than the medial part in the first, second, and third layers, while the medial part was larger in the fourth and fifth layers; these values in the first and sixth layers were much larger, while those in the third and fourth layers were smaller. Bone surface area/bone volume, trabecular spacing, and trabecular bone pattern factor were larger in the posterior part than in the anterior part; and the lateral part was larger than the medial part in the fourth and fifth layers, while the medial part was larger in the first and second layers.

Conclusions:

The morphological distribution of VOIs was anisotropic within trabecular bone of human mandibular condyles. The upper and lower ends of trabecular bone were much more compact, with higher bone density, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number than in the middle layers.
Transposable elements contribute to the spatiotemporal microRNA landscape in human brain development
Authors: Playfoot Christopher J. , Sheppard Shaoline , Planet Evarist , Trono Didier
Published: June 2022

Transposable elements (TEs) contribute to the evolution of gene regulatory networks and are dynamically expressed throughout human brain development and disease. One gene regulatory mechanism influenced by TEs is the miRNA system of post-transcriptional control. miRNA sequences frequently overlap TE loci and this miRNA expression landscape is crucial for control of gene expression in adult brain and different cellular contexts. Despite this, a thorough investigation of the spatiotemporal expression of TE-embedded miRNAs in human brain development is lacking. Here, we identify a spatiotemporally dynamic TE-embedded miRNA expression landscape between childhood and adolescent stages of human brain development. These miRNAs sometimes arise from two apposed TEs of the same subfamily, such as for L2 or MIR elements, but in the majority of cases stem from solo TEs. They give rise to in silico predicted high-confidence pre-miRNA hairpin structures, likely represent functional miRNAs, and have predicted genic targets associated with neurogenesis. TE-embedded miRNA expression is distinct in the cerebellum when compared to other brain regions, as has previously been described for gene and TE expression. Furthermore, we detect expression of previously nonannotated TE-embedded miRNAs throughout human brain development, suggestive of a previously undetected miRNA control network. Together, as with non-TE-embedded miRNAs, TE-embedded sequences give rise to spatiotemporally dynamic miRNA expression networks, the implications of which for human brain development constitute extensive avenues of future experimental research. To facilitate interactive exploration of these spatiotemporal miRNA expression dynamics, we provide the “Brain miRTExplorer” web application freely accessible for the community.
Speicies Identification and Dating for Wooden Warehouse Excavated at Baengnyeongsanseong in Geumsan, Korea
Authors: Park Chang Hyun , Lee Kwang Hee , Kim Soo Chul
Published: June 2022

This study aimed for species identification and tree-ring dating and radiocarbon dating of wooden warehous materials excavated from Baengnyeongsanseong in Geumsan. The species of 83 wooden materials were identified as 38 Platycarya spp., 34 Cerris Section, 8 Prinus section, 2 Hard pine, and 1 Kalopanax pictus. After cross-dating of 5 Cerris Section samples with the TSAP program, one Cerris Section chronology (GSQU 1S) was constructed. To identify the exact date, one material which show many tree-ring (GSQU 05) was analyzed by radiocarbon dating using wiggle match. As a result of radiocarbon dating, the outermost edge of east beam (GSQU 05) was found to be A.D. 575-655 or A.D. 665-685. The radiocarbon dating of wooden warehouse material was consistent with the archaeologically estimated date.
A Study of Manufacturing Techniques based on Classification by Uses of Excavated Iron Objects from the Remains in Geumcheok-ri, Gyeongju
Authors: You Ha Rim , Cho Nam Chul , Shin Yong Bi
Published: June 2022

The remains found in Geumcheok-ri, Gyeongju are located in close proximity to the Ancient Tombs in Geumcheok-ri, Gyeongju (Historic Site) which were built between the late 5th and early 6th centuries, and these tombs are known to belong to the powerful rulers of that area. Using metallurgical techniques, this study was conducted on the iron objects obtained from the excavated remains in Geumcheok-ri, Gyeongju which are presumed to have a close relation to the nearby ruins that played an important role in the growth of Silla. To identify differences in manufacturing techniques based on the purpose of the iron objects, eight objects were selected after classifying them by use and the microstructure and non-metallic inclusions were investigated. The analyses results confirmed that the manufacturing process involved forging iron with a high or low carbon content to produce a particular shape, and that the carburization process was applied to iron post forging a shape to increase its strength when necessary. The mechanical properties were improved by selectively applying the steelmaking method and the heat treatment technique considering the functions of the parts, and the low temperature reduction was applied to the smelting process. Furthermore, in comparison with the iron objects excavated from the remains located in the center of Gyeongju and its outskirts, it is confirmed that there is similarity in the smelting and manufacturing techniques between these objects.
Non-Destructive Scientific Analysis of the Gold Fabric Excavated of Cheongsong Shim’s Grave
Authors: Lee Hwang-Jo , Wi Koang-Chul
Published: June 2022

Using non-destructive analytical methods, we identified the material characteristics of two gold fabric artifacts excavated from the Cheongsong Sim clan (Bugeum Wonsam, Jikgeum Chima), including the artifact condition, fiber type, surface contamination, and metallic threads. We found that the artifacts were buried and had turned brown; thus, we were unable to determine their original color. The fiber type was determined to be silk from cocoons, based on scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analyses of Amide I, II, III, and IV peaks, and color reactions Further, the FT-IR and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses identified the white and black stains as natural resin hydrolyzed substances, such as lipids and proteins, that occurred as microbial decomposition due to body decay. Finally, the XRF analyses identified the thin gold layer of the metallic yarn as gold (Au). According to the FT-IR data and the color reaction to the metallic yarn medium, the adhesive component of the medium was a product of-Amides I, II, III, and 3000 cm-1 within Amides A and B (an animal type), respectively. Thus, the medium was identified as Hanji (Korean paper), which is made from domestically produced Broussonetia kazinoki fibers.
Aksjologia finansów publicznych w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych zagrożeń
Authors: Ruczkowski Piotr , Woroniecki Paweł Marek
Published: June 2022

The problems connected with values or the legal principles have aroused interest of legal science for years, and they are present in jurisdiction. There is no doubt that law is axiologically relevant; it is set in values; it refers to values and it should be judged through the prism of values. There is (there should be at least) dependence between the world of values and the process of creating law and effect of this process in the form of normative act as well as acts of applying the law. The process of creating and applying the law consists of activities of a different character. A special significance has a choice of aims and values, which a legal regulation or an act of applying the law are designed to serve and which should be protected by them. Legal principles are first of all a carrier of specified values. As it seems, values in law may take the form of the legal principles. It should be noted however, that a notion of the legal principles does not have uniform meaning. Moreover notions such as: rules, standards, models appear in legal sciences. The legal principles, including budgetary principles, which are analysed in this paper have first of all normative character. They are binding legal norms and they should not be ascribed to only postulative sense. The paper also presents selected values (legal principles), which found their expression in public finances law. In this regard selected budgetary principles, being in force on the central and local level, have been discussed, taking into consideration their significance in situations of the extraordinary threats, especially in the period of crisis caused by SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus) pandemic. The appearance of extraordinary threats and the necessity of counteracting their consequences often has an impact on state of public finances, because it implies bearing additional, previously unplanned, expenses.
AI-Based Real-Time Site-Wide Optimization for Process Manufacturing
Authors: Kalagnanam Jayant , Phan Dzung T. , Murali Pavankumar , Nguyen Lam M. , Zhou Nianjun , Subramanian Dharmashankar , Pavuluri Raju , Ma Xiang , Lui Crystal , da Silva Giovane Cesar
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we propose a site-wide lead advisor, which is an artificial intelligence–based prediction and set-point recommendation engine, by combining the use of machine learning with optimization techniques. It provides operational set-point recommendations to continuously improve site-wide operations for throughput measured in additional barrels of oil produced per day. A key contribution and differentiator is the utilization of sensor data to continuously learn the behavior of all the subsystems of an oil-producing plant and use this within an optimization framework to provide advisory control in near real time. This is novel in that it does not require a model of the plant to be provided as input. The predictive model is learned automatically and continuously from data. This work required the development of a new prediction-optimization modeling framework that optimizes throughput while staying in the vicinity of the historical process behavior and employing the model’s structure in designing algorithms to solve it. This solution has been deployed at Suncor Energy, an oil-sands company, since January 2019 and is estimated to generate business value in the order of tens of millions of dollars per year. The generalized approach of this framework lends it the ability to be applied to any processing or manufacturing plant.
When Is Assortment Optimization Optimal?
Authors: Ma Will
Published: June 2022

Assortment optimization concerns the problem of selling items with fixed prices to a buyer who will purchase at most one. Typically, retailers select a subset of items, corresponding to an “assortment” of brands to carry, and make each selected item available for purchase at its brand-recommended price. Despite the tremendous importance in practice, the best method for selling these fixed-price items is not well understood, as retailers have begun experimenting with making certain items available only through a lottery. In this paper, we analyze the maximum possible revenue that can be earned in this setting, given that the buyer’s preference is private, but drawn from a known distribution. In particular, we introduce a Bayesian mechanism-design problem where the buyer has a random ranking over fixed-price items and an outside option, and the seller optimizes a (randomized) allocation of up to one item. We show that allocations corresponding to assortments are suboptimal in general, but under many commonly studied Bayesian priors for buyer rankings, such as the Multinomial Logit and Markov Chain choice models, assortments are, in fact, optimal. Therefore, this large literature on assortment optimization has much greater significance than appreciated before—it is not only computing optimal assortments; it is computing the economic limit of the seller’s revenue for selling these fixed-price substitute items. We derive several further results—a more general sufficient condition for assortments being optimal that captures choice models beyond Markov Chain; a proof that Nested Logit choice models cannot be captured by Markov Chain, but can, to some extent, be captured by our condition; and suboptimality gaps for assortments when our condition does not hold. Finally, we show that our mechanism-design problem provides the tightest-known Linear Programming relaxation for assortment optimization under the ranking distribution model.

This paper was accepted by Itai Ashlagi, revenue management and market analytics.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4471 .
Application of 68Ga-citrate PET/CT for differentiating periprosthetic joint infection from aseptic loosening after joint replacement surgery
Authors: Xu Tingting , Zeng Yalan , Yang Xiao , Liu Guangfu , Lv Taiyong , Yang Hongbin , Jiang Fei , Chen Yue
Published: June 2022

Aims

We aimed to evaluate the utility of 68Ga-citrate positron emission tomography (PET)/CT in the differentiation of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and aseptic loosening (AL), and compare it with 99mTc-methylene bisphosphonates (99mTc-MDP) bone scan.

Methods

We studied 39 patients with suspected PJI or AL. These patients underwent 68Ga-citrate PET/CT, 99mTc-MDP three-phase bone scan and single-photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT. PET/CT was performed at ten minutes and 60 minutes after injection, respectively. Images were evaluated by three nuclear medicine doctors based on: 1) visual analysis of the three methods based on tracer uptake model, and PET images attenuation-corrected with CT and those not attenuation-corrected with CT were analyzed, respectively; and 2) semi-quantitative analysis of PET/CT: maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of lesions, SUVmax of the lesion/SUVmean of the normal bone, and SUVmax of the lesion/SUVmean of the normal muscle. The final diagnosis was based on the clinical and intraoperative findings, and histopathological and microbiological examinations.

Results

Overall, 23 and 16 patients were diagnosed with PJI and AL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of three-phase bone scan and SPECT/CT were 100% and 62.5%, 82.6%, and 100%, respectively. Attenuation correction (AC) at 60 minutes and non-AC at 60 minutes of PET/CT had the same highest sensitivity and specificity (91.3% and 100%), and AC at 60 minutes combined with SPECT/CT could improve the diagnostic efficiency (sensitivity = 95.7%). Diagnostic efficacy of the SUVmax was low (area under the curve (AUC) of ten minutes and 60 minutes was 0.814 and 0.806, respectively), and SUVmax of the lesion/SUVmean of the normal bone at 60 minutes was the best semi-quantitative parameter (AUC = 0.969).

Conclusion

68Ga-citrate showed the potential to differentiate PJI from AL, and visual analysis based on uptake pattern of tracer was reliable. The visual analysis method of AC at 60 minutes, combined with 99mTc-MDP SPECT/CT, could improve the sensitivity from 91.3% to 95.7%. In addition, a major limitation of our study was that it had a limited sample size, and more detailed studies with a larger sample size are warranted. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(6):398–408.
“Baby Jihad”: Analyzing White Nationalist Fears of Changing Western Demographics
Authors: Hodson Margaret
Published: June 2022

Many white nationalist thinkers have attempted to justify their anti-Muslim views by exploiting fears of “jihad” in various forms. Based on an analysis of alt-right sources, this article proposes a new category of “baby jihad,” or jihad via demography, which undergirds Islamophobia in the West. White nationalists who fear “baby jihad” point to demographic changes in fertility rates, age distribution, religious identification, and migration patterns to argue that Muslims pose an existential threat to Western society. This article places these arguments in context by citing demographic data and begins to explore some of the gendered dynamics associated with the politicization of reproduction. “Baby jihad” is a useful conceptual lens for understanding rising populism and anti-refugee sentiment throughout North America and Europe.
Representations of Inter-Faith Couples: “Inevitable Violence” and the Israeli Arab Conflict
Authors: Hakak Yohai
Published: June 2022

In recent years there is a growing concern amongst Israeli Jewish-religious sectors in relation to Jewish-Arab couples whose number is supposedly on the rise. In this article, I will analyze three key representations of such Jewish-Arab couples, all written, published, or performed within Jewish religious sectors. These representations portray the relations of such couples as following an almost identical trajectory, from an optimistic beginning to a tragic and violent end. They expose a Jewish religious explanatory model for these relations and their assumed inevitable failure, which is disguised by non-religious, behavioral, social, and cultural terminology, to convince wider audiences, including secular ones, to avoid them. This model exploits as well as feeds into a wider contemporary representations of Muslim men and culture as violent. At the same time, the model exposes religious assumptions that are prominent also among many secular Israeli Jews, making this discourse appealing to wide sections of Jewish Israeli society.
Why Common Prosperity is Good for Socialism and for China’s Economy
Authors: Ross John
Published: June 2022

“Common prosperity” is entirely based in Marxism yet is an outstandingly original solution to the problem of inequality in an economy in which there is a socialist state, and in which the state sector of the economy is dominant, but there is also the private sector. This is crucial as it was the social structure envisaged by Marx from the
Communist Manifesto onwards for the primary stage of socialism. When there was a 100% state-owned economy, as in the USSR after 1929, or China by 1978, the problem of inequality was not very significant, but this economic structure was not efficient for long-term economic development—in some cases leading to the erroneous concept that socialism was “sharing out poverty/a low living standard.” Equally erroneous was the concept that capital should be allowed to develop in an unchecked fashion. “Common prosperity” solves this problem in strict conformity with Marx’s analysis in the second volume of
Capital. Income for capital during the initial stage of socialism can be used either for investment, which aids production, is positive, and is to be protected, or for luxury consumption which is economically and socially negative and to be opposed and regarded as negative.
Deficiencies of the Three-Factor Theory of Value
Authors: Bai Baoli , Bai Ruixue
Published: June 2022

The marginal productivity theory is the modern form of the three-factor theory of value. It is the fundamental theory used in Western economics to describe value creation, as well as the fundamental Western theory dealing with wealth theory in the value category. Its original form is the “trinity formula,” composed of three propositions and formulated more than 200 years ago by Jean-Baptiste Say. Because of internal logical defects in the three propositions, the “trinity formula” is merely a hypothesis, and cannot be accepted as a scientific “theory.” The modern form of the three-factor theory of value is the marginal productivity theory proposed more than 100 years ago by John Bates Clark, and subsequently developed further by other researchers. The marginal productivity theory, however, still suffers from three defects of internal logic, and, correspondingly, from three external theoretical difficulties. The article explains that the marginal productivity theory, the modern form of the factor theory of value, has external deficiencies. First, the subject of distribution cannot be defined; second, the contributions made by the factors cannot be defined; and third, the ownership of the contributions cannot be defined.
The Neoliberal Strategy of South Korean Conglomerates
Authors: Kim Kyung-Pil
Published: June 2022

Neoliberal strategy, which was adopted and implemented after 1987, lies behind the success of South Korean conglomerates (
chaebols), and it was strengthened during the Asian financial crisis in 1997. Faced with new spatio-temporal conditions and the massive struggle of workers, the chaebols started a project to restore capitalist power. To this end, the chaebols actively supported the political powers who represented them and adopted American and Japanese strategies for globalization and flexibilization. After enduring the 1997 crisis, the chaebols shifted from growth- to profit-orientedness due to external pressures, and neoliberal strategy intensified due to an emphasis on globalization and flexibilization. However, the chaebols’ neoliberal strategy should be defined as distinctly Korean. They still maintain corporate governance in which the ownership and management are combined, mobilize resources for the owners’ objectives, and conduct unrelated diversification. In addition, the chaebols have accumulated capital by transforming themselves into industrial, commercial, or financial capital since the 1950s.
Explaining Contentious Energy Policy
Authors: Altiparmak Suleyman Orhun
Published: June 2022

The Keystone XL (KXL) pipeline is one of the most polarised examples of contemporary American energy politics. The pipeline policy process has not been stable, so it should be analysed over time via a holistic, historical view of interacting dimensions. Robert Cox’s theoretical notions of the “materials–ideas–institutions” balance are drawn upon to understand how actors’ motivations behind policy development were re-shaped through temporal processes over nearly two decades. A critical feature identified is how such interacting dimensions became significant according to specific US presidential administrations: each, in turn, shifting the direction of decision-making around KXL. The article’s originality lies in operationalising the theory to give an alternative, dynamic explanation for policy motivations around the KXL while also establishing a novel theoretical lens to generally view such policy development.
Examining and explaining the “generalized laws of reflection and refraction” at metasurface gratings
Authors: Schake Markus
Published: June 2022

The widespread concept of “generalized laws of reflection and
refraction” that is commonly applied to wave propagation through
metasurfaces is thoroughly explained on the foundation of diffraction
theory. This allows definition of strict constraints to the
applicability of these generalized laws and highlights the underlying
physical effects. A diffraction-based explanation of the reported
phenomena is provided that yields a solid theoretical foundation for
the prediction of experimental results and that clarifies many of the
convoluted explanations found throughout the literature.
Raman signal extraction from CARS spectra using a learned-matrix representation of the discrete Hilbert transform
Authors: Camp Charles H.
Published: June 2022

Removing distortions in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra due to interference with the nonresonant background (NRB) is vital for quantitative analysis. Popular computational approaches, the Kramers-Kronig relation and the maximum entropy method, have demonstrated success but may generate significant errors due to peaks that extend in any part beyond the recording window. In this work, we present a learned matrix approach to the discrete Hilbert transform that is easy to implement, fast, and dramatically improves accuracy of Raman retrieval using the Kramers-Kronig approach.
Tightly autofocusing beams along the spherical surface
Authors: Guo Zhaojin , Liu Sheng , Li Peng , Wei Bingyan , Zhao Jianlin
Published: June 2022

We theoretically demonstrate different propagation trajectories of tightly autofocusing beams (TABs) along the spherical surface. The generalized expression of the TAB with spherical trajectory is given based on the nonparaxial accelerating Bessel beam. The effect of the spherical trajectory on the focusing performance of the TAB is analyzed. It reveals that the focal field with strong longitudinally polarized component and sub-diffraction-limit focal spot can be further enhanced by shortening the focal length of TAB. Theoretically, the minimum size of the focal spot can be close to 0.096λ2, and the proportion of longitudinal field can go up to 98.36%.
Realization of an ultra-high pressure dynamic calibrate system by drop hammer based on fiber Bragg grating strain sensor
Authors: Zhou Bo-Ning , Bi Chun–Ming , Zhan Hui , Jiang Xu , Lyu Guo-Hui
Published: June 2022

In this letter, we propose a novel technique for dynamic ultra-high pressure calibration that measured pressure by FBG based strain sensor. Generally, the traditional method of dynamic ultra-high pressure calibration by standard sensor is costly and it is difficult to improve the accuracy. Therefore, we prefer FBG strain sensor to replace the standard sensor to calibrate the ultra-high pressure. In this proposal, the calibration process is that the central wavelength of the FBG attached to the elastic element changes rapidly with the strain of the elastic element during the drop hammer impact, synchronously. This allows the calibration accuracy to be easily increased to 0.02% and the cost to be reduced by 1/100 compared to traditional calibration techniques. The experiment results show that coefficient of linear correlation between the strain waveform and the pressure signal reaches 0.999. The strain calibration based on FBG is of great significance to the measurement and calibration of dynamic ultra-high pressure sensors.
Synthesizing the complex orbital-angular-momentum spectrum of hybrid modes existed in a few-mode fiber
Authors: Hao Yuanyuan , Guo Chenji , Huang Xunhua , Xu Jiannan , Lu Huali , Zhao Hua , Wang Peng , Li Hongpu
Published: June 2022

In this study, a simple and reliable method enabling to well synthesize the complex orbit-angular-momentum (OAM) spectrum of hybrid mode in a few-mode fiber is proposed and numerically demonstrated, which is realized by using the so-called inverse scattering method based on the genetic algorithm (GA), where the main Fourier components of a specially-selected ring in intensity distribution of the hybrid mode is used as the optimization objective. As a proof-of-concept example, power spectrum of a hybrid mode consisted of the first- and second-order OAM modes was successfully reconstructed with an accuracy higher than 0.99. This is the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that the complex OAM spectrum of a fiber hybrid mode consisted of more than two kinds of OAM modes is synthesized directly from the intensity distribution of the hybrid mode itself.
Two-dimensional guided-mode resonance gratings with an etch-stop layer and high tolerance to fabrication errors
Authors: Zhou Jianyu , Dong Siyu , Wei Zeyong , Zhang Jinlong , Deng Xiao , Wang Zhanshan , Cheng Xinbin
Published: June 2022

Guided-mode resonance (GMR) bandpass filters have many important applications. The tolerance of fabrication errors that easily cause the transmission wavelength to shift has been well studied for one-dimensional (1D) anisotropic GMR gratings. However, the tolerance of two-dimensional (2D) GMR gratings, especially for different design architectures, has rarely been explored, which prevents the achievement of a high-tolerance unpolarized design. Here, GMR filters with common 2D zero-contrast gratings (ZCGs) were first investigated to reveal their differences from 1D gratings in fabrication tolerance. We demonstrated that 2D ZCGs are highly sensitive to errors in the grating linewidth against the case of 1D gratings, and the linewidth orthogonal to a certain polarization direction has much more influence than that parallel to the polarization. By analyzing the electromagnetic fields, we found that there was an obvious field enhancement inside the gratings, which could have a strong effect on the modes in the waveguide layer through the field overlap. Therefore, we proposed the introduction of an etch-stop (ES) layer between the gratings and the waveguide-layer, which can effectively suppress the interaction between the gratings and modal evanescent fields, resulting in 4-fold increased tolerance to the errors in the grating linewidth. Finally, the proposed etch-stop ZCGs (ES-ZCGs) GMR filters were experimentally fabricated to verify the error robustness.
Spatial aliasing based complementary meta-gratings for the high-efficient generation of different polarized multiple beams
Authors: Gu Chenguang , Yang Rui
Published: June 2022

We demonstrate the synthesis of split dual circularly polarized (CP) beams with an additional linearly polarized (LP) radiation simultaneously from dual superposed birefringent meta-surface lenses formed of zebra crossing shaped meta-gratings. More specifically, each of the meta-surface lens is capable of generating birefringent CP refractions with different helicities and will readily achieve triple beams of different polarizations when a couple of left-hand CP (LHCP) and right-hand CP (RHCP) lobes radiating in the same direction. Polarization states of such triple-beam radiations can be specifically defined, and the vibrating electric field of each beam would thus be prescribed to form the LHCP and RHCP waves as well as a co- /cross-LP wave. Especially, we show that such a spatial aliasing of dual superposed birefringent meta-surface lenses will achieve promising aperture efficiencies for the multiple-beam generation on the basis of the complementary arrangement of different meta-gratings, and should thus pave the way for more advanced spatial-phase engineering with specific radiating characteristics using meta-surfaces.
Terahertz polarimetry with a monolithic metasurface
Authors: Nowack Thomas S. , Shah Yash D. , Escorcia Ivonne , Grant James P. , Kenney Mitchell , Pusino Vincenzo , Faccio Daniele , Wasige Edward , Cumming David R. S.
Published: June 2022

The state of polarization (SoP) is a fundamental property of electromagnetic radiation that can carry a rich set of important information in light transmitted through a test sample. Despite a wide range of applications in material identification, (thin-film) characterization, and defect analysis, the SoP remains difficult to exploit—especially at terahertz frequencies since its measurement requires complex apparatuses with multiple moving parts. We have addressed these challenges by designing a metasurface polarimeter (MSP) that incorporates the entire functionality of a division of aperture polarimeter (DoAP) with high efficiency into a single silicon layer without the need for moving parts. Collective simulations are in perfect agreement with experimental data, both confirming the intended operation. Furthermore, we present an automated analysis algorithm that allows for the complete determination of the SoP from a single image with an experimental accuracy of 92.1% ± 4.2%, following an initial calibration. We anticipate that the presented MSP will find applications in polarimetric sensing and imaging for non-destructive evaluation at terahertz frequencies.