bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ion‐Exchange Synthesis of ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe Core/Shell Heterostructured Nanowire Photoanodes toward High‐Performance Photocathodic Protection of 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Lin Yichang , Liu Sheng
Published: December 2021

Photocathodic protection technology is emerging to harvest solar light for electrochemical corrosion protection of metals. Herein, ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe heterostructured nanowire arrays were synthesized on conductive glass substrates by a two‐step ion‐exchange reaction in ZnO nanowire arrays. The as‐prepared ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe core/shell nanostructure was unveiled by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX elemental mapping, and XPS analyses. The ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe ternary heterojunction photoanode exhibits a considerably enhanced absorption for visible light and a significantly increased separation, transfer, and collection efficiencies for photogenerated charges. When working as photoanodes, the as‐deigned ZnO/ZnSe/CdSe heterostructured nanowire arrays demonstrates a superior photocathodic protection performance for the coupled 304 stainless steel under illumination with AM 1.5G.
Synthesis of Potential Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors by Thio‐Click Reactions
Authors: Debreczeni Nóra , Bege Miklós , Borbás Anikó
Published: December 2021

Leloir glycosyltransferases play an important role in many fundamental processes of living systems by catalyzing biological glycosylations. Neutral analogues of nucleotide sugars, as potential donor‐substrate inhibitors of Leloir glycosyltransferases, are of prime interest in medicinal chemistry. We report the development of S‐linked sugar‐nucleotide analogues by replacing the α‐O‐pyrophosphate bridge with an electroneutral ethyl or propyl linker by radical mediated hydrothiolation of 2‐substituted glycals and olefinic nucleoside analogues. UDP‐glucose and UDP‐GlcNAc analogues were assembled from 2‐substituted glycals, 1,2‐ethanedithiols and uridine 4’‐exomethylene derivative by two subsequent thio‐click reactions. Morpholino type mimetics of UDP‐, GDP‐ and CMP‐sugars were constructed by photoinitiated additions of 1‐thiosugars (Glc, GlcNAc, Gal, Man) and 2‐thio‐Neu5Ac onto N‐allyl morpholinos.
Enzyme immobilization in hydrogels: A perfect liaison for efficient and sustainable biocatalysis
Authors: Meyer Johanna , Meyer Lars‐Erik , Kara Selin
Published: December 2021

Biocatalysis is an established chemical synthesis technology that has by no means been restricted to research laboratories. The use of enzymes for organic synthesis has evolved greatly from early development to proof‐of‐concept – from small batch production to industrial scale. Different enzyme immobilization strategies contributed to this success story. Recently, the use of hydrogel materials for the immobilization of enzymes has been attracting great interest. Within this review, we pay special attention to recent developments in this key emerging field of research. Firstly, we will briefly introduce the concepts of both biocatalysis and hydrogel worlds. Then, we list recent interesting publications that link both concepts. Finally, we provide an outlook and comment on future perspectives of further exploration of enzyme immobilization strategies in hydrogels.
A seismic fragility model accounting for torsional irregularity in low‐rise non‐ductile RC moment‐resisting frames
Authors: Bhasker Rohan , Menon Arun
Published: December 2021

Buildings characterized by torsional irregularity are notorious for their vulnerability to earthquakes. However, most fragility/vulnerability models used for regional seismic risk assessment fail to distinguish between buildings with torsionally balanced and unbalanced configurations. The present study aims to develop a seismic fragility model sensitive to torsional irregularity for low‐rise non‐ductile RC moment frame buildings. To this end, a numerical investigation centred on 13 three‐storied plan‐asymmetric models, each characterized by a distinct combination of normalized stiffness eccentricity, torsional radius to mass radius of gyration ratio and normalized strength eccentricity, is presented. Using high‐dimensional model representation (HDMR), a metamodel for the maximum inter‐storey drift under bi‐directional seismic action is calibrated, considering average spectral acceleration and the above trio of torsional irregularity descriptors (TIDs) as the predictor variables. Carrying out numerical simulations on limit state functions formulated using the above demand model and appropriate capacity thresholds, the seismic fragility is estimated. The parameters of a lognormal fragility function compatible with the above estimates are determined using the method of maximum likelihood. A strong correlation is observed between the TIDs and the fragility function parameters. This reinforces the importance of accounting for all three TIDs while rating the seismic fragility of a building. Using least‐square error minimization technique, a functional relationship is established between the fragility model parameters and the TIDs. The framework described herein provides a simple, yet rational means to develop the next generation of seismic fragility models accounting for one of the most critical factors governing seismic behaviour––‘torsional irregularity’.
The impact of COVID‐19 on the continuum of integrated perinatal, infant, and early childhood behavioral health services
Authors: Talmi Ayelet
Published: December 2021

This is a brief introduction to four papers examining the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the continuum of integrated infant and early childhood mental health services offered across hospital and community settings. The COVID‐19 pandemic profoundly impacted the delivery of perinatal, infant, and early childhood behavioral health services. Perinatal and early childhood integrated behavioral health services ensured access to early childhood and family mental health services, adapted service delivery to meet the needs of the populations being served and comply with public health guidelines, and promoted appropriate utilization of preventive, primary care, and hospital services for populations with and without medical complexity during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Chemical modification of ordered/disordered carbon nanostructures for metal hosts and electrocatalysts of lithium‐air batteries
Authors: Lee Jeongyeon , Lee Tae Hyung , Jang Ho Won , Park Ho Seok
Published: December 2021

Although lithium‐air batteries (LABs) are considered the promising alternative of existing lithium–ion batteries owing to their high energy density of 11 680 W h kg−1, their practical applications are limited by the technical issues, such as unstable solid electrolyte interface and dendrite formation from metal anode and insufficient bifunctional activities and durability from cathode catalyst. In order to resolve these bottlenecks, carbon nanostructures have been investigated owing to their high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, electrochemical stability, and various modification chemistries. Herein, we comprehensively review a recent progress on the design of carbon nanostructures for their applications into metal hosts, protection layers, and bifunctional electrocatalysts of LABs. The correlation between the crystalline, electronic, porous, and chemical structures and the electrochemical properties of carbon nanomaterials are discussed depending on their classification and characteristics. Various chemical modifications, such as morphological control, hierarchical architecturing, heteroatom incorporation, and the formation of composites, for the improved electrochemical performances of anode and cathode will be also addressed. Furthermore, we deal with the perspectives for the ongoing obstruction and future guidance.

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Rapid estimations of intensity standard deviations for optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Yang Chaojiang , Zhu Jiang , Zhu Lianqing , Fan Fan , Ma Zongqing , Zhang Fan
Published: December 2021

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can map microvascular networks and quantify blood flow velocities with high resolution by calculating intensity standard deviations of time‐series signals. However, statistical calculations of the standard deviations need much processing time and reduce the analysis efficiency. In this study, we proposed three optimized OCTA algorithms incorporating rapid estimations of the intensity standard deviations, including the range algorithm, the mean absolute error algorithm and the maximum absolute error algorithm. The abilities of the optimized algorithms to quantify the flow velocities were validated by a flow phantom. After a rat cerebral cortex was imaged, the optimized OCTA algorithms were compared with the conventional relative standard deviation algorithm in the metrics of imaging quality and processing time. The results show that the optimized algorithms incorporating rapid estimations of the intensity standard deviations have faster processing speeds with equivalent image quality.
Immunogenic and immunotolerogenic effects of extracorporeal photopheresis in high immunological risk kidney recipients. A single center case series
Authors: Xipell Marc , Molina‐Andújar Alícia , Cid Joan , Piñeiro Gastón J. , Montagud‐Marrahi Enrique , Cofan Frederic , Oppenheimer Frederic , Rovira Jordi , Diekmann Fritz , Lozano Miquel
Published: December 2021

The immunomodulatory effects of extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) have been used for the treatment of T‐cell mediated disorders, such as rejection in organ transplantation. Currently, it is an established therapy for heart and lung rejection, but not for kidney transplantation (KT), where experience is limited. In addition, some data suggest that ECP could generate an immune response against infections, thus being an alternative for the treatment of rejection in case of active or high‐risk of infection. In the present study, we analyze four cases of use of ECP as concomitant therapy in patients with KT and high risk of opportunistic infections due to the high burden of immunosuppression throughout their renal diseases. Two patients had concomitant viral infection (cytomegalovirus and BK virus, respectively) and three patients were on treatment for graft rejection. In the two patients with active viral infection, the infection was successfully controlled during ECP treatment. In all cases, ECP has been shown to be a safe procedure, without complications.
Early predictors of severe COVID‐19 among hospitalized patients
Authors: Zhao Qiongrui , Yuan Youhua , Zhang Jiangfeng , Li Jieren , Li Wei , Guo Kunshan , Wang Yanchao , Chen Juhua , Yan Wenjuan , Wang Baoya , Jing Nan , Ma Bing , Zhang Qi
Published: December 2021

Background

Limited research has been conducted on early laboratory biomarkers to identify patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). This study fills this gap to ensure appropriate treatment delivery and optimal resource utilization.

Methods

In this retrospective, multicentre, cohort study, 52 and 64 participants with severe and mild cases of COVID‐19, respectively, were enrolled during January‐March 2020. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and binary forward stepwise logistic regression were used to construct a predictive risk score. A prediction model was then developed and verified using data from four hospitals.

Results

Of the 50 variables assessed, eight were independent predictors of COVID‐19 and used to calculate risk scores for severe COVID‐19: age (odds ratio (OR = 14.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–22.7), number of comorbidities (OR = 7.8, 95% CI 1.4–15.5), abnormal bilateral chest computed tomography images (OR = 8.5, 95% CI 4.5–10), neutrophil count (OR = 10.1, 95% CI 1.88–21.1), lactate dehydrogenase (OR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.2–19.2), C‐reactive protein OR = 16.7, 95% CI 2.9–18.9), haemoglobin (OR = 16.8, 95% CI 2.4–19.1) and D‐dimer levels (OR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.2–23.1). The model was effective, with an area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve of 0.944 (95% CI 0.89–0.99, p < 0.001) in the derived cohort and 0.8152 (95% CI 0.803–0.97; p < 0.001) in the validation cohort.

Conclusion

Predictors based on the characteristics of patients with COVID‐19 at hospital admission may help predict the risk of subsequent critical illness.
Biochemical testing for the diagnosis of Wilson's disease: A systematic review
Authors: Salman Hafiz Muhammad , Amin Mahwish , Syed Javaria , Sarfraz Zouina , Sarfraz Azza , Sarfraz Muzna , Farfán Bajaña Maria Jose , Felix Miguel , Cherrez‐Ojeda Ivan
Published: December 2021

Background

Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare inherited disorder that leads to copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other organs. WD is prevalent worldwide, with an occurrence of 1 per 30,000 live births. Currently, there is no gold standard diagnostic test for WD. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the diagnostic accuracy for WD of three biochemical tests, namely hepatic copper, 24‐hour urinary copper, and ceruloplasmin using the Leipzig criteria.

Methods

Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched. Studies that comprised of confirmed or suspected WD along with normal populations were included with adult and pediatric group. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were computed using RevMan 5.4.

Results

Nine studies were included. The best practice evidence for 24‐hour urinary copper test ranged from a cutoff value of 0.64–1.6 μmol/24 h (N = 268; sensitivity = 75.6%, specificity = 98.3%). Hepatic copper test was optimally cutoff based on the ROC curve analysis at 1.2 μmol/g yielding a power of 96.4% sensitivity and 95.4% specificity (N = 1,150); however, the tried and tested 4 μmol/g cutoff, with 99.4% sensitivity and 96.1% specificity, is more widely accepted. The ceruloplasmin test cutoff value was found to be ranging from 0.14 to 0.2 g/L (N = 4,281; sensitivity = 77.1%–99%, specificity = 55.9%–82.8%).

Conclusion

This paper provides a large‐scale analysis of current evidence pertaining to the biochemical diagnosis of WD employing the Leipzig criteria. The laboratory values are typically based on specific subgroups based on age, ethnicity, and clinical subgroups. The findings of this systematic review must be used with caution, given the over‐ or under‐estimation of the index tests.
Factors influencing the performance of rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen tests under field condition
Authors: Begum Mst. Noorjahan , Jubair Mohammad , Nahar Kamrun , Rahman Sezanur , Talha Muhammad , Sarker Md Safiullah , Uddin A K M Nasir , Khaled Saifuddin , Uddin Mohammed Shehab , Li Zhibiao , Ke Tianlin , Rahman Mohammed Ziaur , Rahman Mustafizur
Published: December 2021

Background

Globally, real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) is the reference detection technique for SARS‐CoV‐2, which is expensive, time consuming, and requires trained laboratory personnel. Thus, a cost‐effective, rapid antigen test is urgently needed. This study evaluated the performance of the rapid antigen tests (RATs) for SARS‐CoV‐2 compared with rRT‐PCR, considering different influencing factors.

Methods

We enrolled a total of 214 symptomatic individuals with known COVID‐19 status using rRT‐PCR. We collected and tested paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and nasal swab (NS) specimens (collected from same individual) using rRT‐PCR and RATs (InTec and SD Biosensor). We assessed the performance of RATs considering specimen types, viral load, the onset of symptoms, and presenting symptoms.

Results

We included 214 paired specimens (112 NP and 100 NS SARS‐CoV‐2 rRT‐PCR positive) to the analysis. For NP specimens, the average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the RATs were 87.5%, 98.6%, and 92.8%, respectively, when compared with rRT‐PCR. While for NS, the overall kit performance was slightly lower than that of NP (sensitivity 79.0%, specificity 96.1%, and accuracy 88.3%). We observed a progressive decline in the performance of RATs with increased Ct values (decreased viral load). Moreover, the RAT sensitivity using NP specimens decreased over the time of the onset of symptoms.

Conclusion

The RATs showed strong performance under field conditions and fulfilled the minimum performance limit for rapid antigen detection kits recommended by World Health Organization. The best performance of the RATs can be achieved within the first week of the onset of symptoms with high viral load.
Pollen morphology of the genus Sophora (Fabaceae) and its taxonomic implications
Authors: Liao Min , Ullah Fazal , Deng Heng‐Ning , Zhang Jun‐Yi , Xu Bo , Gao Xin‐Fen
Published: December 2021

The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) is one of the taxonomically challenging genera with high economic and medical values. In this study, the pollen morphology of 43 samples of 27 species, 4 subspecies, and 4 varieties of the genus Sophora and 3 closely related genera was examined using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the pollen diversity of the genus and its taxonomic significance. Pollen grains of the studied species were tricolporate (rarely six‐aperture), and pollen shape varied from suboblate, spheroidal, subprolate to prolate. Echinate external ornamentation was reported for the first time in some species of the genus. Aperture membrane ornamentation and outline in a polar/equatorial view were described for the first time in the genus. Principal component analysis was used to understand the relationship and discrimination between the species and the genera, with six components accounting for 79.92% of the total variance. Taxonomic keys based on pollen morphology were also constructed to easily identify the taxa of the genus through palynological characteristics. Results showed that pollen morphology alone is not sufficient to elucidate or reconstruct taxonomic relationships within the genus Sophora, but palynological assessments can provide some useful information for identifying taxonomically problematic taxa.
Sodium hypochlorite as an oxidizing agent for removal of soil organic matter before microplastics analyses
Authors: Bottone Anna , Boily Jean‐Francois , Shchukarev Andrey , Andersson Patrik L. , Klaminder Jonatan
Published: December 2021

The omnipresence of microplastics (MPs) across Earth's surface has raised concerns about their environmental impact and created an urgent need for methods to identify them in complex soil and sedimentary matrices. However, detecting MPs in the O horizons of soils is difficult because plastic polymers share many physical and chemical properties with natural soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, we assessed whether sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a reagent that can oxidize SOM and simultaneously preserve mineral constituents, can be used for MP analysis and characterization in soil environments. In addition, we scrutinized how factors such as MP size, polymer type, extraction methods, and soil matrix affect the recovery of microplastic particles. We used both hydrophobic and density‐dependent separation methods to assess the effects of our oxidation treatment on the recovery of MP. We observed that NaOCl effectively removed SOM without greatly altering the surface properties of resistant MP polymers (polypropylene, polylactic acid, low‐density polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate), which were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy after SOM removal. The NaOCl treatment caused some chlorination and formation of additional C–OH bonds on polymer surfaces, which likely contributed to the reduced efficiency of the hydrophobic‐based (oil) extraction. We conclude that NaOCl treatment can improve detection of MPs in SOM‐rich soil and that recovery of MPs from soils is influenced by MP size, polymer type, extraction method, and soil type, which makes it challenging to develop a universal analytical method.
Complex formation of lactic acid by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Authors: Son Chae Eun , Choi Sung‐Seen
Published: December 2021

Oligomers and polymers of lactic acid are generally synthesized through condensation reactions by dehydration at high emperature under catalysis. In the present work, ionization behaviors of lactic acid produced by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization were investigated. Influence of the sample concentration, the heating zone temperature, and the source fragmentor voltage on kinds and abundances of the product ions was examined. Complex formation of the product ions with neutral species was also investigated. Not only lactate, [M–H]− and its complexes but also ions of condended species, [nM–(n‐1)H2O–H]− with n = 2–5, and their complexes were observed. The condensation reactions occurred in an aerosol state generated in the heating zone for evaporation. By increasing the concentration of lactic acid, abundances of the product ions were increased and the increase of larger ones was noticeable. By increasing the heating zone temperature, abundances of the product ions were decreased and the decrease of larger ones was remarkable. By increasing the source fragmentor voltage, abundances of small product ions were increased and those of the complexes, [nM–(n‐2)H2O–H]− with n = 2–5, were significantly decreased. Complex formation of lactate with the neutral condensed species was more favorable than that of the condensed oligomer ions with a neutral lactic acid. The experimental results were explained by energies and structures of the product ions and neutral species obtained by theoretical calculations.
Measurement of image quality for large‐screen displays based on audience viewing: Overview of standardization and preliminary study on laser projection displays and LED displays
Authors: Wang Jianping , Mou Xi , Wen Chunao
Published: December 2021

The large screens used in stadiums, shopping malls, and movie theaters typically have multiple viewers looking at them simultaneously. The quantification of these displays' image quality would require more considerations of measurements at different locations to satisfy the multiviewing condition. In this paper, we describe the practical implementation method involved in the current standardization activities. Additionally, a vantage point measurement method is studied. In the actual use case scenarios, the vantage point method is more appropriate. This method mimics the viewing behavior of audiences. The displays we measured were laser projection and LED. The method shows validity in both displays. Using the vantage point method, the experimental data show that the existing large displays may have very prominent differences in luminance and chromaticity at different viewing locations.
Direct Photolysis RAFT Polymerization of (Metha)acrylate with 2‐Cyano‐2‐propyldodecyl Trithiocarbonate as Mediator
Authors: Zhang Jianxiong , Duan Junjin , Chen Dong , Ma Yuhong , Yang Wantai
Published: December 2021

A direct photolysis reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of (meth)acrylates is developed with 2‐cyano‐2‐propyldodecyl trithiocarbonate (TTP), which plays the dual role as photoinitiator and chain transfer agent. The polymerizations can be efficiently activated by blue light while maintaining a linear increase in Mn versus conversion. With poly(methyl methacrylate)‐TTP (PMMA‐TTP, Mn = 6700 g mol–1, Ð = 1.29) as precursor, a higher molecular weight PMMA (Mn = 14 600 g mol–1, Ð = 1.67) by chain extension, and a series of block copolymers, including poly(methyl methacryalte)‐b‐poly(glycidyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate), and poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(benzyl meacrylate)(PMMA‐b‐PBnMA), are prepared. The Mn,NMR = 14 900 g mol–1 of PMMA‐b‐PBnMA measured by NMR is very close to Mn,GPC = 14 200 g mol–1 determined by gel permeation chromatography. Furthermore, the polymerization of acrylates exhibits higher controllability in regarding to dispersity (Ð < 1.20) compared to those of polymethacrylates (Ð = 1.10–1.80). With poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA‐TTP, Mn = 11 900 g mol–1, Ð = 1.09) as macro‐RAFT agent, a higher molecular weight PMA (Mn = 23 500 g mol–1, Ð = 1.28) by chain extension, and PMA‐b‐PBnA (Mn = 26 500 g mol–1, Ð = 1.19) are also prepared. A positive synergic effect is demonstrated by enhanced apparent polymerization rates at elevated temperature. For example, the apparent polymerization rates of MA increases from 0.0860 to 0.115 h–1 with temperature rising from 32 to 50 °C.
Strategic use of immersive media and narrative message in virtual marketing: Understanding the roles of telepresence and transportation
Authors: Chen Chen , Yao Mike Z.
Published: December 2021

This study differentiates the roles of telepresence and transportation, the two widely cited processes underpinning an immersive media viewing experience, in the context of virtual marketing. In Study 1, college students viewed a real estate property tour in virtual reality (VR; high immersion) or as a 360° video (low immersion) in a research lab. The tour was accompanied by a voiceover presenting descriptive information about the apartment (descriptive evidence) or a narrative‐based introduction (narrative evidence). We found the enhanced telepresence under the VR viewing condition negatively impacted users' memory of the property; this effect was particularly pronounced with the narrative voiceover. Study 2 replicated key findings from Study 1 in an online experiment with a larger and more diverse sample. We also found that narrative‐induced transportation strengthened attitudinal outcomes, and enhanced telepresence boosted this effect. Our studies disentangle the impacts of VR‐induced telepresence on cognitive processing from the effects of narrative‐induced transportation on persuasive outcomes. The highly immersive media experience combined with deep transportation into the narrative can strengthen viewers' positive attitude towards the overall experience but hinder their ability to remember the details of the content. The findings point to a medium‐message matching strategy to achieve marketing goals.
Thalamic Dorsomedial Nucleus Free Water Correlates with Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Guttuso Thomas , Sirica Daniel , Tosun Duygu , Zivadinov Robert , Pasternak Ofer , Weintraub Daniel , Baglio Francesca , Bergsland Niels
Published: December 2021

Background

Brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been shown to reflect cognitive changes in early Parkinson's disease (PD) but the diffusion‐based measure free water (FW) has not been previously assessed.

Objectives

To assess if FW in the thalamic nuclei primarily involved with cognition (ie, the dorsomedial [DMN] and anterior [AN] nuclei), the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), and the hippocampus correlates with and is associated with longitudinal cognitive decline and distinguishes cognitive status at baseline in early PD. Also, to explore how FW compares with conventional DTI, FW‐corrected DTI, and volumetric assessments for these outcomes.

Methods

Imaging data and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database were analyzed using partial correlations and ANCOVA. Primary outcome multiple comparisons were corrected for false discovery rate (q value).

Results

Thalamic DMN FW changes over 1 year correlated with MoCA changes over both 1 and 3 years (partial correlations −0.222, q = 0.040, n = 130; and − 0.229, q = 0.040, n = 123, respectively; mean PD duration at baseline = 6.85 months). NbM FW changes over 1 year only correlated with MoCA changes over 3 years (−0.222, q = 0.040). Baseline hippocampal FW was associated with cognitive impairment at 3 years (q = 0.040) and baseline nbM FW distinguished PD‐normal cognition (MoCA ≥26) from PD‐cognitive impairment (MoCA ≤25), (q = 0.008). The exploratory comparisons showed FW to be the most robust assessment modality for all outcomes.

Conclusions

Thalamic DMN FW is a promising cognition progression biomarker in early PD that may assist in identifying cognition protective therapies in clinical trials. FW is a robust assessment modality for these outcomes. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Study on the acceleration of single‐cone PDC composite bit
Authors: Kong Chunyan , Wang Chongyang , Zhu Rongjun , Wang Guojun , Liu Chunlin , Zhang Derong
Published: December 2021

The single‐cone bit has become the first choice for slim hole sidetracking and deep well drilling with its unique rock breaking method and high ROP (rate of penetration). The single‐cone bits currently used in the oil field all use cemented carbide inserts, with its main failure mode being of early excessive wear of the cutting teeth. In order to improve the adaptability of single‐cone bits to hard and highly abrasive formations, a single‐cone PDC composite bit is designed. According to the characteristics of the tooth profile, the way of tooth arrangement and the way of contact between the cutting teeth and the rock, the acceleration equation to the cutting teeth of the single‐cone PDC composite bit is established. The shaft inclination angle of the cone, the position and height of the PDC teeth, the radius of the PDC teeth, the lateral rotation angle, and the front inclination angle on the acceleration are studied. The acceleration of the single‐cone bit is verified by numerical simulation and drilling experiment of rock‐breaking. Rock formation properties have an impact on the acceleration of the cutting teeth, with the acceleration of the cutting teeth in hard rock formations being higher than that in soft rock formations. On the premise that the bearing life of the single‐cone bit is allowed, the value of the shaft inclination angle β can be approached to 70°. This research lays a theoretical foundation for the dynamic research and wear analysis of single‐cone PDC composite bit.
Periodic‐phase‐diagram similarity method for weak signal detection
Authors: Tian Ruilan , Zhang Yangkun , Yang Shaopu , Yuan Kai , Xue Qiang , Ren Quanrong
Published: December 2021

The periodic‐phase‐diagram similarity method is proposed to identify the frequency of weak harmonic signals. The key technology is to find a set of optimal coefficients for Duffing system, which leads to the periodic motion under the influence of weak signal and strong noise. Introducing the phase diagram similarity, the influences of strong noise on the similarity of periodic phase diagram are discussed. The principle of highest similarity of periodic phase diagram with the same frequency is detected by discussing the persistence of similarity of periodic motion phase diagram under the strong noise and the periodic‐phase‐diagram similarity method is constructed. The weak signals of early fault and strong noise are input into Duffing system to obtain the identified system. The stochastic subharmonic Melnikov method is extended to obtain the conditions of the optimal coefficients for the identified system. Based on the results, the constructed frequency conversion harmonic weak signals are considered to form a datum periodic system. With the change of frequency in the datum periodic system, the phase diagram similarity of the two constructed systems can be calculated. Based on the periodic‐phase‐diagram similarity method, the frequency of weak harmonic signals can be identified by the principle of highest similarity of periodic phase diagram with the same frequency. The results of numerical simulation and the early fault diagnosis results of actual bearings verify the feasibility of the periodic‐phase‐diagram similarity method. The accuracy of the detection effect is 97%, and the minimum signal‐to‐noise ratio is −80.71 dB.
Monitor gastrointestinal tolerance in children who have switched to an “enteral formula with food‐derived ingredients”: A national, multicenter retrospective chart review (RICIMIX study)
Authors: O'Connor Graeme , Watson Marie , Van Der Linde Martha , Bonner Rita Shergill , Hopkins Julia , Saduera Sharan
Published: December 2021

Background

Enteral tube feeding intolerances, such as diarrhea, are commonly reported in children. In the pediatric population, interest is growing in the use of blended diets for the management of enteral feeding intolerances. Fiber within a blended diet stimulates the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, which in turn produce short‐chain fatty acids, which are utilized as energy substrates for enterocytes. Enteral formula manufacturers have responded to this trend towards “real‐food” blended diets and developed an enteral formula with food‐derived ingredients. The aim of this study was to collect data relating to feed tolerance in children who had switched to an “enteral formula with food‐derived ingredients.”

Methods

A national multicenter retrospective study.

Results

Dietitians collected data from 43 medically unwell children between March 2021 and July 2021. Significant improvements were reported in children who had switched to an “enteral formula with food‐derived ingredients” in retching 17 of 18 children (95%), flatulence 6 of 8 children (85%), loose stools 10 of 11 children (90%), and constipation 10 of 11 children (90%). These improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms were reflected in weight change during the one month period measurements were collected (baseline, 19.5 kg [SD, 9]; 1 month, 20.1 kg [SD, 9]; P = 0.002).

Conclusion

We have observed beneficial outcomes in medically complex children who have switched to an “enteral formula with food‐derived ingredients.” Our data should motivate healthcare professionals to implement more research to better evaluate the clinical impact and mechanisms of action of blended diets and enteral formulas with food‐derived ingredients.
Topology Optimization of a Cableway Pylon with Assessment of Uncertain Loading
Authors: Hofer Philipp , Sturm Fabian , Wehrle Erich
Published: December 2021

Topology optimization is an effective numerical tool to design high‐performance, efficient and economical lightweight structures. The objectives of this work are threefold: development of an open‐source large‐scale three‐dimensional topology optimization framework, assessment of uncertain loading on optimal topology and validation on large‐scale engineering example. We introduce the cableway pylon design problem [1] developing the load case and boundary conditions supported by data based on an existing structure and provided by an industry partner. The resulting lattice‐truss‐like topology agrees with the loading conditions and model characteristics. The effects of uncertain loading on the optimal compliance is investigated per [2].
Release of drought‐tolerant pinto SB‐DT2 and small red SB‐DT3 common bean germplasm from a shuttle breeding program between Nebraska and Puerto Rico
Authors: Urrea Carlos A. , Smith James R. , Porch Timothy G.
Published: December 2021

Drought stress is an increasingly prevalent constraint to common bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) production in the United States and internationally. SB‐DT2 (Reg. no. GP‐310, PI 698187) is a pinto bean germplasm and SB‐DT3 (Reg. no. GP‐311, PI 698188) is a small red bean germplasm developed through shuttle breeding between Nebraska and Puerto Rico with broad temperate and tropical adaptation. These germplasm lines were developed through combining drought tolerance from the common bean Mesoamerican and Durango races and within the Mesoamerican race. SB‐DT2 had the highest geometric mean (GM) compared with the drought checks SB‐DT1, TARS‐MST1, and ‘Matterhorn’ from 2012 to 2018, meaning that it performed well under both stress and non‐stress environments. SB‐DT3 had the third highest GM, which was greater than the small red check ‘Merlot’. In addition to drought stress tolerance, SB‐DT2 and SB‐DT3 showed resistance to endemic strains of the rust pathogen at Fort Collins, CO (caused byUromyces appendiculatus). SB‐DT2 carries the single dominant hypersensitiveIgene that provides strain nonspecific resistance to theBean common mosaic virus. Under drought stress, SB‐DT2 and SB‐DT3 flowered at 44 and 46 d, respectively; matured 86 and 88 d after planting, respectively; and are adapted to both temperate and tropical production environments. These germplasm lines were developed cooperatively by the University of Nebraska and the USDA‐ARS.
A novel violet fluorescent protein contains a unique oxidized tyrosine as the simplest chromophore ever reported in fluorescent proteins
Authors: Roldán‐Salgado Abigail , Muslinkina Liya , Pletnev Sergei , Pletneva Nadya , Pletnev Vladimir , Gaytán Paul
Published: December 2021

We describe an engineered violet fluorescent protein from the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (bfVFP). This is the first example of a GFP‐like fluorescent protein with a stable fluorescent chromophore lacking an imidazolinone ring; instead, it consists of oxidized tyrosine 68 flanked by glycine 67 and alanine 69. bfVFP contains the simplest chromophore reported in fluorescent proteins and was generated from the yellow protein lanFP10A2 by two synergetic mutations, S148H and C166I. The chromophore structure was confirmed crystallographically and by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The photophysical characteristics of bfVFP (323/430 nm, quantum yield 0.33, and Ec 14,300 M−1 cm−1) make it potentially useful for multicolor experiments to expand the excitation range of available FP biomarkers and Förster resonance energy transfer with blue and cyan fluorescent protein acceptors.
Application of fuzzy logic and machine learning techniques to improve inherently safer design in process safety management: A brief study
Authors: Karun Baiju , V. R. Renjith , Elayidom Sudheep
Published: December 2021

Over the last decade, one of the most significant areas under focus in process safety management was developing an inherently safer design. The main objective of having an inherently safer design is to avoid hazards and risks from developing in the first place, rather than to reduce them after they have already occurred. A number of strategies, including index‐based and other types, are used in today's process industries. This paper provides a brief overview of the current inherent design methods used in the process industries. This study also details how new technologies such as fuzzy logic and machine learning are used in the improvement of inherently safer designs. Traditional safety evaluation methods have flaws such as poor accuracy, large human element influence, which can affect the degree of safety. Inherently safer design prediction was modeled using various machine learning techniques like random forest, support vector machine (SVM), and K‐neighborhood algorithm. Accuracy obtained for the sample prediction of upper flammability limit while using random forest algorithm was found to be more efficient while comparing with K‐neighborhood and support vector machine algorithms. Accuracy obtained was in the range of 90%–95% for each epoch. The accuracy of the model will always be dependent on the type of parameters that we select for prediction. By considering more safety parameters and efficient machine learning algorithms for training models, we can develop systems with high accuracy predictions for inherently safer process plants.
Surface‐Enhanced Electronic Raman Scattering at Various Metal Surfaces
Authors: Kamimura Ryuto , Kondo Toshiki , Motobayashi Kenta , Ikeda Katsuyoshi
Published: December 2021

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been extensively used to obtain vibrational information at metal/dielectric interfaces because of its extremely high chemical sensitivity and surface selectivity. Since the discovery of this effect in 1970s, however, the origin of the spectral background has remained questionable. Because the “background” signals dominate in the low‐frequency region, it is necessary to deeply understand this phenomenon for analyzing SERS spectra properly in the wide spectral range. Herein, scattering spectra for various metal surfaces are measured with and without excitation of plasmonic resonances in the wide frequency ranges covering both Stokes and anti‐Stokes branches, including very low‐frequency region. The comparison of the spectra between smooth surfaces and plasmonic rough surfaces of Au, Ag, and Pt and the theoretical evaluation of local fields at the metal/air interfaces indicate that electronic Raman scattering accounts for the background continuum in SERS spectra. This is also confirmed by the comparison of the spectra with and without ultrathin Ag films on a same Au surface. An analytical method of SERS spectra is demonstrated in which both contributions of electronic Raman scattering and vibrational Raman scattering are considered.
Adaptive dynamic programming for optimal control of discrete‐time nonlinear system with state constraints based on control barrier function
Authors: Xu Jiahui , Wang Jingcheng , Rao Jun , Zhong Yanjiu , Wang Hongyuan
Published: December 2021

Adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) methods have demonstrated their efficiency. However, many of the applications for which ADP offers great potential, are also safety‐critical and need to meet safety specifications in the presence of physical constraints. In this article, an optimal controller for solving discrete‐time nonlinear systems with state constraints is proposed. By introducing the control barrier function into the utility function, the problem with state constraints is transformed into an unconstrained optimal control problem, addressing state constraints which are difficult to handle by traditional ADP methods. The constructed sequence of value function is shown to be monotonically non‐increasing and converges to the optimal value. Besides, this article gives the stability proof of the developed algorithm, as well as the conditions for satisfying the state constraints. To implement and approximate the control barrier function based adaptive dynamic programming algorithm, an actor‐critic network structure is built. During the training process, two neural networks are used for approximation separately. The performance of the proposed method is validated by testing it on a simulation example.
Who's who: How “women of color” are (or are not) represented in STEM education research
Authors: Miles Monica L. , Agger Charlotte A. , Roby ReAnna S. , Morton Terrell R.
Published: December 2021

Despite national calls for increasing diversity and inclusion within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), inequitable recruitment and retention strategies remain commonplace. Inherent to many strategies is a lack of specificity in attending to the needs, desires, and cultures of individuals who are minoritized at the intersections of race, gender, and class through the use of broad, sweeping classifications such as “Women of Color.” Using critical race feminism, we engaged in a meta‐synthesis of recent peer‐reviewed, empirical STEM education articles that used the term “Women of Color” to identify (a) how the term “Women of Color” was defined, (b) who was and was not represented by this term and (c) and how research findings accounted for the presence of WOC. We provide a critical discussion of how terminology is used and a call for specificity in equitable and justice‐oriented STEM programming.
Therapeutic Inhibitory Activities of N‐Hydroxy Derived Cytidines: A Patent Overview
Authors: Rajasekhar Sreerama , Das Soumyadip , Balamurali M. M. , Chanda Kaushik
Published: December 2021

The structural enantiomers of nucleoside analogs are cytidine and β‐D‐N4‐hydroxycytidine derivatives. This implies their significance as excellent anticancer agents by their compatibility with DNA/RNA polymerases and antiviral agents in particular, as polymerase inhibitors by with their ability to selectively inhibit against the Human Corona Virus and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) by reduction assay. This encouraged us to explore and collect the available data on the subject of therapeutic significance of cytidines and β‐D‐N4‐hydroxycytidines. Many of their pharmacologically significant derivatives can serve as alternate targets to be investigated for various therapeutic applications. However, only a few cytidine and β‐D‐N4‐hydroxycytidine derivatives were patented in the past decade. The Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of these patented therapeutic inhibitors range between 0.003 to<50 μM, depending on the nature of the biological assays. The current review examines cytidine and β‐D‐N4‐hydroxycytidine derivatives as anticancer and antiviral targets, to explore over their developments with reference to the advancement of biological, pharmacological and therapeutic activates reported in patents over the last decade. Using various databases of Justia patent, Lens database and Google patents, the granted patents from 2010 to 2020 were retrieved. It is revealed that, the discovery of cytidine scaffolds were encouraged and disclosed for further improvements as therapeutical targets. Further the increase in the number of scientific reports and publications covering anticancer and antiviral agents for selective treatment of different cancers and viral infections indicate the significance of this subject along with few limitations that seek investigations in terms of optimistic, and interactive biological effects.
Exploring the Thermodynamic Behavior and the Effect of Temperature and Electron Radiation on the Structure of Fluorapatite Compounds
Authors: Das Pratik , Vats Bal Govind , Samui Pradeep , Kesari Swayam , Shafeeq Muhammed , Parida Suresh C. , Dash Smruti
Published: December 2021

Fluorapatite compounds of calcium and strontium; (Ca10(PO4)6F2 and Sr10(PO4)6F2), are being explored as alternative to borosilicate glass matrix for nuclear waste immobilization. This study is aimed at investigating the thermodynamic behavior of these compounds as well as the effect of temperature and electron radiation on their crystal lattice. Heat capacity and enthalpy increments of these compounds were measured using calorimetric technique. Thermal expansion up to 1073 K was measured by High Temperature X‐ray Diffraction (HT‐XRD). Electron beam radiation induced polymeric phosphate linkage formation in the structure was evidenced by vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR and Raman). Combined XRD, IR and Raman study revealed that Ca10(PO4)6F2 is more resistant towards structural damage upon electron beam irradiation as compared to Sr10(PO4)6F2.
On the Protonation and Deuteration of Per‐Arylated Amines**
Authors: Hartmann Horst , Heichert Christoph
Published: December 2021

The protonation of certain triarylamines and two N‐arylcarbazoles with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid yields, besides of N‐protonated species with ammonium salt structure, C‐substituted iminium salts with a cylohexa‐1,2‐ or 1,4‐diene structure also. The last mentioned compounds could be detected in some cases only by deuteration experiments. Whereas the C‐substituted iminium salts are formed with triphenylamine and 1‐(N,N‐diphenyl)in a very low extent, they are formed with other naphthylamine and carbazole derivates in higher yields. In accordance with this finding, all per‐aryl substituted amines studied could be transformed by reaction with deuterated trifluormethanesulfonic acid into C‐deuterated species with different deuterium content.