Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017
Authors: Burstein Roy , Henry Nathaniel J. , Collison Michael L. , Marczak Laurie B. , Sligar Amber , Watson Stefanie , Marquez Neal , Abbasalizad-Farhangi Mahdieh , Abbasi Masoumeh , Abd-Allah Foad , Abdoli Amir , Abdollahi Mohammad , Abdollahpour Ibrahim , Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi , Abrigo Michael R. M. , Acharya Dilaram , Adebayo Oladimeji M. , Adekanmbi Victor , Adham Davoud , Afshari Mahdi , Aghaali Mohammad , Ahmadi Keivan , Ahmadi Mehdi , Ahmadpour Ehsan , Ahmed Rushdia , Akal Chalachew Genet , Akinyemi Joshua O. , Alahdab Fares , Alam Noore , Alamene Genet Melak , Alene Kefyalew Addis , Alijanzadeh Mehran , Alinia Cyrus , Alipour Vahid , Aljunid Syed Mohamed , Almalki Mohammed J. , Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M. , Altirkawi Khalid , Alvis-Guzman Nelson , Amegah Adeladza Kofi , Amini Saeed , Amit Arianna Maever Loreche , Anbari Zohreh , Androudi Sofia , Anjomshoa Mina , Ansari Fereshteh , Antonio Carl Abelardo T. , Arabloo Jalal , Arefi Zohreh , Aremu Olatunde , Armoon Bahram , Arora Amit , Artaman Al , Asadi Anvar , Asadi-Aliabadi Mehran , Ashraf-Ganjouei Amir , Assadi Reza , Ataeinia Bahar , Atre Sachin R. , Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala , Ayanore Martin Amogre , Azari Samad , Babaee Ebrahim , Babazadeh Arefeh , Badawi Alaa , Bagheri Soghra , Bagherzadeh Mojtaba , Baheiraei Nafiseh , Balouchi Abbas , Barac Aleksandra , Bassat Quique , Baune Bernhard T. , Bayati Mohsen , Bedi Neeraj , Beghi Ettore , Behzadifar Masoud , Behzadifar Meysam , Belay Yared Belete , Bell Brent , Bell Michelle L. , Berbada Dessalegn Ajema , Bernstein Robert S. , Bhattacharjee Natalia V. , Bhattarai Suraj , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Bijani Ali , Bohlouli Somayeh , Breitborde Nicholas J. K. , Britton Gabrielle , Browne Annie J. , Nagaraja Sharath Burugina , Busse Reinhard , Butt Zahid A. , Car Josip , Cárdenas Rosario , Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A. , Cerin Ester , Chanie Wagaye Fentahun , Chatterjee Pranab , Chu Dinh-Toi , Cooper Cyrus , Costa Vera M. , Dalal Koustuv , Dandona Lalit , Dandona Rakhi , Daoud Farah , Daryani Ahmad , Das Gupta Rajat , Davis Ian , Davis Weaver Nicole , Davitoiu Dragos Virgil , De Neve Jan-Walter , Demeke Feleke Mekonnen , Demoz Gebre Teklemariam , Deribe Kebede , Desai Rupak , Deshpande Aniruddha , Desyibelew Hanna Demelash , Dey Sagnik , Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda , Dhimal Meghnath , Diaz Daniel , Doshmangir Leila , Duraes Andre R. , Dwyer-Lindgren Laura , Earl Lucas , Ebrahimi Roya , Ebrahimpour Soheil , Effiong Andem , Eftekhari Aziz , Ehsani-Chimeh Elham , El Sayed Iman , El Sayed Zaki Maysaa , El Tantawi Maha , El-Khatib Ziad , Emamian Mohammad Hassan , Enany Shymaa , Eskandarieh Sharareh , Eyawo Oghenowede , Ezalarab Maha , Faramarzi Mahbobeh , Fareed Mohammad , Faridnia Roghiyeh , Faro Andre , Fazaeli Ali Akbar , Fazlzadeh Mehdi , Fentahun Netsanet , Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad , Fernandes João C. , Filip Irina , Fischer Florian , Foigt Nataliya A. , Foroutan Masoud , Francis Joel Msafiri , Fukumoto Takeshi , Fullman Nancy , Gallus Silvano , Gebre Destallem Gebremedhin , Gebrehiwot Tsegaye Tewelde , Gebremeskel Gebreamlak Gebremedhn , Gessner Bradford D. , Geta Birhanu , Gething Peter W. , Ghadimi Reza , Ghadiri Keyghobad , Ghajarzadeh Mahsa , Ghashghaee Ahmad , Gill Paramjit Singh , Gill Tiffany K. , Golding Nick , Gomes Nelson G. M. , Gona Philimon N. , Gopalani Sameer Vali , Gorini Giuseppe , Goulart Bárbara Niegia Garcia , Graetz Nicholas , Greaves Felix , Green Manfred S. , Guo Yuming , Haj-Mirzaian Arvin , Haj-Mirzaian Arya , Hall Brian James , Hamidi Samer , Haririan Hamidreza , Haro Josep Maria , Hasankhani Milad , Hasanpoor Edris , Hasanzadeh Amir , Hassankhani Hadi , Hassen Hamid Yimam , Hegazy Mohamed I. , Hendrie Delia , Heydarpour Fatemeh , Hird Thomas R. , Hoang Chi Linh , Hollerich Gillian , Rad Enayatollah Homaie , Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi Mojtaba , Hossain Naznin , Hosseini Mostafa , Hosseinzadeh Mehdi , Hostiuc Mihaela , Hostiuc Sorin , Househ Mowafa , Hsairi Mohamed , Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen , Imani-Nasab Mohammad Hasan , Iqbal Usman , Irvani Seyed Sina Naghibi , Islam Nazrul , Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful , Jürisson Mikk , Balalami Nader Jafari , Jalali Amir , Javidnia Javad , Jayatilleke Achala Upendra , Jenabi Ensiyeh , Ji John S. , Jobanputra Yash B. , Johnson Kimberly , Jonas Jost B. , Shushtari Zahra Jorjoran , Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy , Kabir Ali , Kahsay Amaha , Kalani Hamed , Kalhor Rohollah , Karami Manoochehr , Karki Surendra , Kasaeian Amir , Kassebaum Nicholas J. , Keiyoro Peter Njenga , Kemp Grant Rodgers , Khabiri Roghayeh , Khader Yousef Saleh , Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif , Khan Ejaz Ahmad , Khan Junaid , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Khang Young-Ho , Khatab Khaled , Khater Amir , Khater Mona M. , Khatony Alireza , Khazaei Mohammad , Khazaei Salman , Khazaei-Pool Maryam , Khubchandani Jagdish , Kianipour Neda , Kim Yun Jin , Kimokoti Ruth W. , Kinyoki Damaris K. , Kisa Adnan , Kisa Sezer , Kolola Tufa , Kosen Soewarta , Koul Parvaiz A. , Koyanagi Ai , Kraemer Moritz U. G. , Krishan Kewal , Krohn Kris J. , Kugbey Nuworza , Kumar G. Anil , Kumar Manasi , Kumar Pushpendra , Kuupiel Desmond , Lacey Ben , Lad Sheetal D. , Lami Faris Hasan , Larsson Anders O. , Lee Paul H. , Leili Mostafa , Levine Aubrey J. , Li Shanshan , Lim Lee-Ling , Listl Stefan , Longbottom Joshua , Lopez Jaifred Christian F. , Lorkowski Stefan , Magdeldin Sameh , Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy , Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy , Majeed Azeem , Maleki Afshin , Malekzadeh Reza , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Mamun Abdullah A. , Manafi Navid , Manda Ana-Laura , Mansourian Morteza , Martins-Melo Francisco Rogerlândio , Masaka Anthony , Massenburg Benjamin Ballard , Maulik Pallab K. , Mayala Benjamin K. , Mazidi Mohsen , McKee Martin , Mehrotra Ravi , Mehta Kala M. , Meles Gebrekiros Gebremichael , Mendoza Walter , Menezes Ritesh G. , Meretoja Atte , Meretoja Tuomo J. , Mestrovic Tomislav , Miller Ted R. , Miller-Petrie Molly K. , Mills Edward J. , Milne George J. , Mini G. K. , Mir Seyed Mostafa , Mirjalali Hamed , Mirrakhimov Erkin M. , Mohamadi Efat , Mohammad Dara K. , Darwesh Aso Mohammad , Mezerji Naser Mohammad Gholi , Mohammed Ammas Siraj , Mohammed Shafiu , Mokdad Ali H. , Molokhia Mariam , Monasta Lorenzo , Moodley Yoshan , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Moradi Ghobad , Moradi Masoud , Moradi Yousef , Moradi-Lakeh Maziar , Moradinazar Mehdi , Moraga Paula , Morawska Lidia , Mosapour Abbas , Mousavi Seyyed Meysam , Mueller Ulrich Otto , Muluneh Atalay Goshu , Mustafa Ghulam , Nabavizadeh Behnam , Naderi Mehdi , Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman , Nahvijou Azin , Najafi Farid , Nangia Vinay , Ndwandwe Duduzile Edith , Neamati Nahid , Negoi Ionut , Negoi Ruxandra Irina , Ngunjiri Josephine W. , Thi Nguyen Huong Lan , Nguyen Long Hoang , Nguyen Son Hoang , Nielsen Katie R. , Ningrum Dina Nur Anggraini , Nirayo Yirga Legesse , Nixon Molly R. , Nnaji Chukwudi A. , Nojomi Marzieh , Noroozi Mehdi , Nosratnejad Shirin , Noubiap Jean Jacques , Motlagh Soraya Nouraei , Ofori-Asenso Richard , Ogbo Felix Akpojene , Oladimeji Kelechi E. , Olagunju Andrew T. , Olfatifar Meysam , Olum Solomon , Olusanya Bolajoko Olubukunola , Oluwasanu Mojisola Morenike , Onwujekwe Obinna E. , Oren Eyal , Ortega-Altamirano Doris D. V. , Ortiz Alberto , Osarenotor Osayomwanbo , Osei Frank B. , Osgood-Zimmerman Aaron E. , Otstavnov Stanislav S. , Owolabi Mayowa Ojo , P. A. Mahesh , Pagheh Abdol Sattar , Pakhale Smita , Panda-Jonas Songhomitra , Pandey Animika , Park Eun-Kee , Parsian Hadi , Pashaei Tahereh , Patel Sangram Kishor , Pepito Veincent Christian Filipino , Pereira Alexandre , Perkins Samantha , Pickering Brandon V. , Pilgrim Thomas , Pirestani Majid , Piroozi Bakhtiar , Pirsaheb Meghdad , Plana-Ripoll Oleguer , Pourjafar Hadi , Puri Parul , Qorbani Mostafa , Quintana Hedley , Rabiee Mohammad , Rabiee Navid , Radfar Amir , Rafiei Alireza , Rahim Fakher , Rahimi Zohreh , Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa , Rahimzadeh Shadi , Rajati Fatemeh , Raju Sree Bhushan , Ramezankhani Azra , Ranabhat Chhabi Lal , Rasella Davide , Rashedi Vahid , Rawal Lal , Reiner Jr Robert C. , Renzaho Andre M. N. , Rezaei Satar , Rezapour Aziz , Riahi Seyed Mohammad , Ribeiro Ana Isabel , Roever Leonardo , Roro Elias Merdassa , Roser Max , Roshandel Gholamreza , Roshani Daem , Rostami Ali , Rubagotti Enrico , Rubino Salvatore , Sabour Siamak , Sadat Nafis , Sadeghi Ehsan , Saeedi Reza , Safari Yahya , Safari-Faramani Roya , Safdarian Mahdi , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Salahshoor Mohammad Reza , Salam Nasir , Salamati Payman , Salehi Farkhonde , Zahabi Saleh Salehi , Salimi Yahya , Salimzadeh Hamideh , Salomon Joshua A. , Sambala Evanson Zondani , Samy Abdallah M. , Santric Milicevic Milena M. , Jose Bruno Piassi Sao , Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer , Sarmiento-Suárez Rodrigo , Sartorius Benn , Sathian Brijesh , Saxena Sonia , Sbarra Alyssa N. , Schaeffer Lauren E. , Schwebel David C. , Sepanlou Sadaf G. , Seyedmousavi Seyedmojtaba , Shaahmadi Faramarz , Shaikh Masood Ali , Shams-Beyranvand Mehran , Shamshirian Amir , Shamsizadeh Morteza , Sharafi Kiomars , Sharif Mehdi , Sharif-Alhoseini Mahdi , Sharifi Hamid , Sharma Jayendra , Sharma Rajesh , Sheikh Aziz , Shields Chloe , Shigematsu Mika , Shiri Rahman , Shiue Ivy , Shuval Kerem , Siddiqi Tariq J. , Silva João Pedro , Singh Jasvinder A. , Sinha Dhirendra Narain , Sisay Malede Mequanent , Sisay Solomon , Sliwa Karen , Smith David L. , Somayaji Ranjani , Soofi Moslem , Soriano Joan B. , Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T. , Sudaryanto Agus , Sufiyan Mu’awiyyah Babale , Sykes Bryan L. , Sylaja P. N. , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Tabb Karen M. , Tabuchi Takahiro , Taveira Nuno , Temsah Mohamad-Hani , Terkawi Abdullah Sulieman , Tessema Zemenu Tadesse , Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman , Thirunavukkarasu Sathish , To Quyen G. , Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto , Tran Bach Xuan , Tran Khanh Bao , Ullah Irfan , Usman Muhammad Shariq , Uthman Olalekan A. , Vahedian-Azimi Amir , Valdez Pascual R. , van Boven Job F. M. , Vasankari Tommi Juhani , Vasseghian Yasser , Veisani Yousef , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Violante Francesco S. , Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch , Vlassov Vasily , Vos Theo , Vu Giang Thu , Vujcic Isidora S. , Waheed Yasir , Wakefield Jon , Wang Haidong , Wang Yafeng , Wang Yuan-Pang , Ward Joseph L. , Weintraub Robert G. , Weldegwergs Kidu Gidey , Weldesamuel Girmay Teklay , Westerman Ronny , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Wondafrash Dawit Zewdu , Woyczynski Lauren , Wu Ai-Min , Xu Gelin , Yadegar Abbas , Yamada Tomohide , Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid , Yilgwan Christopher Sabo , Yip Paul , Yonemoto Naohiro , Lebni Javad Yoosefi , Younis Mustafa Z. , Yousefifard Mahmoud , Yousof Hebat-Allah Salah A. , Yu Chuanhua , Yusefzadeh Hasan , Zabeh Erfan , Moghadam Telma Zahirian , Bin Zaman Sojib , Zamani Mohammad , Zandian Hamed , Zangeneh Alireza , Zerfu Taddese Alemu , Zhang Yunquan , Ziapour Arash , Zodpey Sanjay , Murray Christopher J. L. , Hay Simon I. 
Published: October 2019

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.