bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis
Toovey. Hosts: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Cameroon, Congo, Nigeria, SOUTH AMERICA, Colombia.
Coleosporium ipomoeae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Coleosporium ipomoeae
(Schw.) Burrill. Hosts: Hard pines (Pinus spp.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Malawi, South Africa (Natal), Tanzania, Uganda, ASIA, Indonesia (Java), NORTH AMERICA, Bermuda, USA (New Jersey to Florida, Arizona, Illinois, Kansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Belize, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, St Vincent, Trinidad, SOUTH AMERICA, Bolivia, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
Cercospora elaeidis
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Cercospora elaeidis
Steyaert. Hosts: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Angola, Cameroon, Congo Republic, Dahomey, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Portuguese Guinea, Rhodesia, Sao Tomé, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire Republic (Congo).
Rhizina undulata
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Rhizina undulata
Fr. Hosts: Coniferae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Rhodesia, South Africa, Swaziland, EUROPE, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, USSR (Lativa, Lithuania), NORTH AMERICA, Canada (British Columbia), USA.
Phomopsis theae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Phomopsis theae
Petch. Hosts: Tea (Camellia sinensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, ASIA, Ceylon, India.
Aecidium mori
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Aecidium mori
Barclay. Hosts: mulberry (Morus spp.), Broussonetia spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Afghanistan, Burma, China, Nanjing (Nanking), Zhejtang (Chekiang), Jiangsu (Kiangsu), Yunnan, Sichuan (Szechwan), India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand.
Sorosporium saponariae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Sorosporium saponariae
Rudolphi. Hosts: Saponaria officinalis, Dianthus spp. and other Caryophyllaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Algeria, Morocco, ASIA, Pakistan, USSR, AUSTRALASIA, Australia, EUROPE, Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, German, Democratic, Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, USA, New York, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Connecticut, Nevada. SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Chile.
Lachnellula willkommii
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Lachnellula willkommii
(Hartig) Dennis. Hosts: larch (Larix spp. ; also Pseudolarix). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, China, northeast, Japan, EUROPE, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, UK, England, England & Wales, Scotland, USSR, Minsk, Estonia, Byelorussia, Leningrad, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, NB, Nova Scotia, USA, MA.
Stagonospora meliloti
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Stagonospora meliloti
(Lasch) Petrak. Hosts: Medicago, Melilotus and Trifolium species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Iran, Japan, Korea, Turkey, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, SA, Vic., WA, Tas, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, EUROPE, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England, Scotland, USSR, Estonia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, USA, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Chile, Colombia.
Embellisia allii
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Embellisia allii
(Campanile) E.G.Simmons. Hosts: White garlic (Allium sativum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Egypt, Morocco, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Israel, Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia, Singapore, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Spain, UK, Britain, England, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela.
Nimbya gomphrenae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Nimbya gomphrenae
(Togashi) E.G. Simmons syn. Alternaria gomphrenae Togashi. Hosts: Gomphrena globosa. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Burma, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Java, Japan, Kampuchea, Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, Queensland, NORTH AMERICA, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Trinidad.
Phyllachora lespedezae
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Phyllachora lespedezae
(Schwein.) Sacc. Hosts: Lespedeza spp., also Desmodium and Kummerowia. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA.
Phyllachora machaeriicola
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Phyllachora machaeriicola
(P. Henn.) Theiss. & H. Sydow. Hosts: Machaerium spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Trinidad, SOUTH AMERICA, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
Phomopsis asparagi
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Phomopsis asparagi
(Sacc.) Bubák. Hosts: Asparagus officinalis, A. plumosus, A. verticillatus. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, ASIA, China, India, Bihar, Karnataka, MP, Uttar Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Sabah, Pakistan, Russia, Siberia, Taiwan, Thailand, EUROPE, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Bermuda, USA, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil.
Pseudococcus comstocki
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pseudococcus comstocki
(Kuwana) Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae (Comstock's mealybug, white peach scale). Attacks apple, pear, mulberry, cherry, peach, litchi, coffee, pomegranate. Information is given on the geographical distribution in USSR, Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Moldavian SSR, Russian SSR, Tadzhik SSR, Turkmen SSR, Ukrainian SSR, uzbek SSR, Africa, St. Helena, Asia, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Tibet, North America, Canada, British Columbia, Ontario, USA, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth and Electronic Structures of Monolayer GdTe3
Authors: Xu Zhilin , Ji Shuai-Hua , Tang Lin , Wu Jian , Li Na , Cai Xinqiang , Chen Xi
Published: August 2021

GdTe3 is a layered antiferromagnetic (AFM) metal with charge density wave (CDW). We grew monolayer (ML) GdTe3 on graphene/6H-SiC(0001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The electronic and magnetic structures are studied by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, quasi-particle interference (QPI) and first-principles calculations. Strong evidence of CDW persisting at the two-dimensional (2D) limit is found. Band dispersions and partially gapped energy bands near the Fermi surface are revealed by the QPI patterns. By density functional theory +U calculations, AFM order with stripe pattern is found to be the magnetic ground state for ML GdTe3. These results provide fundamental understanding and pave the way for further investigation of GdTe3 at the 2D limit.
Entrustable professional activities for pharmacy students: A primer for solid organ transplant preceptors
Authors: Lichvar Alicia , Chandran Mary Moss , Do Vincent , Rendulic TrisAnn , Szczepanik Amanda , Pierce Dana , Park Jeong M
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The role of a solid organ transplant pharmacist is multifaceted and translates to diverse experiential and elective learning experiences that can be provided to pharmacy learners. Here we provide a guide to integrating pharmacy students into patient care and other pharmacist activities in solid organ transplantation.

Thoughtful incorporation of learners into clinical practice and clinical research creates a positive learning environment for pharmacy students that can foster the development of core skills necessary for students to become “practice-ready” and “team-ready” pharmacy graduates and can equip them with valuable skills to incorporate into the specialty practice areas and careers they pursue. To help develop educational experiences, attention to the list of core entrustable professional activities (EPAs) established by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy can help create a rich environment of learning with carefully cultivated tasks. Furthermore, learners can serve as transplant pharmacist extenders to assist in overall patient care and multidisciplinary involvement on the transplant team. This article serves as a “how-to” guide for applying the EPA framework to integrating pharmacy students in patient care and other pharmacist activities in solid organ transplantation and other specialty practice areas.

Conclusion

As pharmacy preceptors design and operationalize their teaching to incorporate EPAs, they can benefit from recommendations tailored to specialty practice areas such as solid organ transplantation. Students may start and finish these experiences at different EPA levels, but continuance of training will allow them to achieve the final EPA level across the 6 EPA domains.
Defending the Kratzerian presuppositional error theory
Authors: Salinger Elliot
Published: August 2021

This paper provides a new solution to the problem of moral permissions for the moral error theory. The problem is that the error theorist seems committed to the claim that all actions are morally permitted, as well as to the contradictory claim that no action is morally permitted. My solution understands the moral error theory as the view that folk moral discourse is systematically in error by virtue of suffering from semantic presupposition failure, which I show is consistent with a Kratzerian semantics for deontic modals in natural language. Formally, the solution is to treat the ordering source parameter within Kratzer’s semantics as undefined in the case of folk moral discourse. The paper concludes with thoughts about the import of the solution proffered for the alleged independence of the moral error theory from normative ethics.
A Prospective, Multicenter, Single-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Study of VYC-15L, a Hyaluronic Acid Filler, in Adults for Correction of Infraorbital Hollowing
Authors: Fabi Sabrina , Zoumalan Christopher , Fagien Steve , Yoelin Steve , Sartor Marta , Chawla Smita
Published: August 2021

Background

Rejuvenation of the under-eye area is a popular facial aesthetic treatment option.

Objectives

This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of VYC-15L for the correction of moderate or severe infraorbital hollowing.

Methods

This was a randomized, controlled, single-blind study with a primary endpoint defined as the proportion of participants with ≥1-grade improvement at Month 3 assessed by an evaluating investigator employing the Allergan Infraorbital Hollow Scale. Three-dimensional imaging was conducted to assess infraorbital volume up to Month 12. Procedure pain and injection-site responses (ISRs) were documented, and safety was monitored throughout the study.

Results

At Month 3, the difference between treatment (83.1%) and control (15.6%) was 67.5% (95% CI = 52.9 to 82.0, P < 0.0001). 3D imaging showed a mean volume increase from baseline of 0.733 mL (left) and 0.777 mL (right) at Month 12. Mean pain scores were ≤1.7 (scale of 0 to 10). Most ISRs with initial treatment were mild/moderate and resolved in ≤1 week, including tenderness (49.5%), bruising (42.7%), and swelling (41.7%). Thirty-four participants had treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), of which 14 (10.3%) had treatment-related TEAEs, including bruising (3.8%) and swelling/edema (2.9%), which resolved in ≤2 weeks. Three participants had swelling/edema starting >30 days posttreatment; 2 resolved in ≤4 days, 1 by 45 days. No treatment-related serious AEs were reported.

Conclusions

VYC-15L was safe and effective for the correction of moderate or severe infraorbital hollowing and lasted through 1 year.

Level of Evidence: 2
A comparison of deep learning-based pre-processing and clustering approaches for single-cell RNA sequencing data
Authors: Wang Jiacheng , Zou Quan , Lin Chen
Published: August 2021

The emergence of single cell RNA sequencing has facilitated the studied of genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes. As available single-cell RNA-seq datasets are released continuously, one of the major challenges facing traditional RNA analysis tools is the high-dimensional, high-sparsity, high-noise and large-scale characteristics of single-cell RNA-seq data. Deep learning technologies match the characteristics of single-cell RNA-seq data perfectly and offer unprecedented promise. Here, we give a systematic review for most popular single-cell RNA-seq analysis methods and tools based on deep learning models, involving the procedures of data preprocessing (quality control, normalization, data correction, dimensionality reduction and data visualization) and clustering task for downstream analysis. We further evaluate the deep model-based analysis methods of data correction and clustering quantitatively on 11 gold standard datasets. Moreover, we discuss the data preferences of these methods and their limitations, and give some suggestions and guidance for users to select appropriate methods and tools.
Comparison of the Spatiotemporal Expression Patterns of Three Cre Lines, Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre, Commonly Used in Neocortical Development Research
Authors: Zhou Jiafeng , Liu Gaoao , Zhang Xiaoling , Wu Chao , Ma Mengjie , Wu Jiarui , Hou Lin , Yin Bin , Qiang Boqin , Shu Pengcheng , Peng Xiaozhong
Published: August 2021

Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre are commonly used to conditionally manipulate gene expression or lineage tracing because of their specificity in the dorsal telencephalon during early neurogenesis as previously described. However, the spatiotemporal differences in Cre recombinase activity would lead to divergent phenotypes. Here, we compared the patterns of Cre activity in the early embryos among the three lines by mating with reporter mice. The activities of Emx1IRES-Cre, D6-Cre and hGFAP-Cre were observed in the dorsal telencephalon, starting from approximately embryonic day 9.5, 11.5 and 12.5, respectively. Although all the three lines have activity in radial glial cells, Emx1IRES-Cre fully covers the dorsal and medial telencephalon, including the archicortex and cortical hem. D6-Cre is highly restricted to the dorsal telencephalon with anterior-low to posterior-high gradients, partially covers the hippocampus, and absent in the cortical hem. Moreover, both Emx1IRES-Cre and hGFAP-Cre exhibit Cre activity outside the dorsal neocortex. Meanwhile, we used the three Cre lines to mediate Dicer knockout and observed inconsistent phenotypes, including discrepancies in radial glial cell number, survival and neurogenesis in the neocortex and hippocampus. Together we proved differences in Cre activity can perturb the resultant phenotypes, which aid researchers in appropriate experimental design.
Efficient Realizability Checking by Modularization of LTL Specifications
Authors: Ito Sohei , Osari Kenji , Shimakawa Masaya , Hagihara Shigeki , Yonezaki Naoki
Published: August 2021

Realizability is an important requirement for reactive system specifications. A reactive system interacts with an environment and responds to input events. Realizability ensures the reactive system behaves as specified, no matter how its environment provides input. Typically, reactive system specifications are given using linear temporal logic (LTL), and they can be tested to ascertain whether the specification is realizable. However, the LTL specification realizability problem is 2EXPTIME-complete, which hinders its application to large-scale systems. In this article, we present a modularization method to mitigate this computational challenge.
Rumor Identification and Verification for Text in Social Media Content
Authors: Suthanthira Devi P , Karthika S
Published: August 2021

Twitter led a remarkable breakthrough in information sharing on online social media. The eminent technology can propagate a piece of rumor to a large community of people in a short period. The timely detection of rumor tweets in social media curtails panic among the public during critical situations. Traditional machine learning techniques are not capable of categorizing rumor information effectively. To address this problem, the author has proposed a novel neural network approach called veracity detection neural network for identifying the rumor-related Twitter posts’ content in real-time events. This algorithm utilized the convolutional sentence encoder–bi-directional long short-term memory (CSE-BiLSTM) model with pre-trained vectorization methods such as Word2vec, fastText and universal sentence encoder (USE). The hybrid CSE-BiLSTM with USE vectorization technique yields the best results for the performance metrics of accuracy, F1-score, precision and recall. The proposed algorithm achieves 90.56%, 86.18% and 93.89% accuracy values to classify the tweet into rumor or non-rumor for the datasets such as PHEME, newly emerged rumors on Twitter and #gaja, respectively. Finally, a comparative study shows that the proposed neural network model outperformed all other existing rumor text classification systems.
Measurement of compensatory arterial remodelling over time with serial coronary computed tomography angiography and 3D metrics
Authors: van den Hoogen Inge J , van Rosendael Alexander R , Lin Fay Y , Gianni Umberto , Andreini Daniele , Al-Mallah Mouaz H , Budoff Matthew J , Cademartiri Filippo , Chinnaiyan Kavitha , Hyun Choi Jung , Conte Edoardo , Marques Hugo , de Araújo Gonçalves Pedro , Gottlieb Ilan , Hadamitzky Martin , Leipsic Jonathon , Maffei Erica , Pontone Gianluca , Shin Sanghoon , Kim Yong Jin , Lee Byoung Kwon , Chun Eun Ju , Sung Ji Min , Lee Sang Eun , Berman Daniel S , Virmani Renu , Samady Habib , Stone Peter H , Narula Jagat , Chang Hyuk Jae , Min James K , Shaw Leslee J , Bax Jeroen J
Published: August 2021

Aims

The magnitude of alterations in which coronary arteries remodel and narrow over time is not well understood. We aimed to examine changes in coronary arterial remodelling and luminal narrowing by three-dimensional (3D) metrics from serial coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).

Methods and results

From a multicentre registry of patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent clinically indicated serial CCTA (median interscan interval = 3.3 years), we quantitatively measured coronary plaque, vessel, and lumen volumes on both scans. Primary outcome was the per-segment change in coronary vessel and lumen volume from a change in plaque volume, focusing on arterial remodelling. Multivariate generalized estimating equations including statins were calculated comparing associations between groups of baseline percent atheroma volume (PAV) and location within the coronary artery tree. From 1245 patients (mean age 61 ± 9 years, 39% women), a total of 5721 segments were analysed. For each 1.00 mm3 increase in plaque volume, the vessel volume increased by 0.71 mm3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63 to 0.79 mm3, P < 0.001] with a corresponding reduction in lumen volume by 0.29 mm3 (95% CI −0.37 to −0.21 mm3, P < 0.001). Serial 3D arterial remodelling and luminal narrowing was similar in segments with low and high baseline PAV (P ≥ 0.496). No differences were observed between left main and non-left main segments, proximal and distal segments and side branch and non-side branch segments (P ≥ 0.281).

Conclusions

Over time, atherosclerotic coronary plaque reveals prominent outward arterial remodelling that co-occurs with modest luminal narrowing. These findings provide additional insight into the compensatory mechanisms involved in the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.
The Saint Lazare Affair, 13 July 1789
Authors: Sutherland Dmg
Published: August 2021

This article breaks the Saint Lazare Affair into its components. Usually treated as a single act of pillage, the Affair splits into three parts: the search for arms whereby this and other religious institutions were searched for arms between 12 and 14 July 1789; the spectacular vandalism that followed; and the sale (not the pillage) of much of the Mission’s grain stocks. The significance of some of this remains a mystery. Not the search for arms; not the grain sales. But the pillage does. Without ideological slogans, the Affair illustrates the gulf between the rage of a silent crowd and the condemnations of the revolutionary leadership and the journalists.
Draft genome sequence of a prodigiosin-hyperproducing Serratia marcescens strain isolated from Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Elkenawy Nora M , Youssef Noha H , Aziz Ramy K , Amin Magdy A , Yassin Aymen S
Published: August 2021

Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative bacterium with both environmental and host-associated strains. Pigmentation is reportedly inversely correlated with infection frequency, and prodigiosin is one of Serratia pigments that has medical and industrial applications. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of prodigiosin-hyperproducing Serratia marcescens strain N2, isolated from Cairo, Egypt. The sequence is assembled into 142 contigs, with a combined size of 5,570,793 bp. The assembled genome carries typical S. marcescens genes, with potential prodigiosin-biosynthesizing genes detected.
TTI equivalent medium parametrization method for the seismic waveform modelling of heterogeneous media with coarse grids
Authors: Jiang Luqian , Zhang Wei
Published: August 2021

In recent years, many higher-order and optimized schemes have been developed to reduce the dispersion error with the use of large grid spacing in finite-difference seismic waveform simulations. However, there are two problems in the application of coarse grids for heterogeneous media: the generation of artefact diffraction from the stair-step representation of non-planar interfaces and the inaccuracy of the calculated waveforms due to the interface error. Several equivalent medium parametrization approaches have been proposed to reduce the interface error of the finite-difference method in heterogeneous media. However, these methods are specifically designed for the standard (2,4) staggered-grid scheme and may not be accurate enough for coarse grids when higher-order and optimized schemes are used. In this paper, we develop a tilted transversely isotropic equivalent medium parametrization method to suppress the interface error and the artefact diffraction caused by the staircase approximation under the application of coarse grids. We use four models to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and analyse the accuracy of each seismic phase related to the interface. The results show that our method can be used with higher-order and optimized schemes at 3 points per wavelength and produce satisfactory results.
False positive findings during genome-wide association studies with imputation: influence of allele frequency and imputation accuracy
Authors: Zhang Zhihui , Xiao Xiangjun , Zhou Wen , Zhu Dakai , Amos Christopher I
Published: August 2021

Genotype imputation is widely used in genetic studies to boost the power of GWAS, to combine multiple studies for meta-analysis and to perform fine mapping. With advances of imputation tools and large reference panels, genotype imputation has become mature and accurate. However, the uncertain nature of imputed genotypes can cause bias in the downstream analysis. Many studies have compared the performance of popular imputation approaches, but few investigated bias characteristics of downstream association analyses. Herein, we showed that the imputation accuracy is diminished if the real genotypes contain minor alleles. Although these genotypes are less common, which is particularly true for loci with low minor allele frequency, a large discordance between imputed and observed genotypes significantly inflated the association results, especially in data with a large portion of uncertain SNPs. The significant discordance of P-values happened as the P-value approached 0 or the imputation quality was poor. Although elimination of poorly imputed SNPs can remove false positive (FP) SNPs, it sacrificed, sometimes, more than 80% true positive (TP) SNPs. For top ranked SNPs, removing variants with moderate imputation quality cannot reduce the proportion of FP SNPs, and increasing sample size in reference panels did not greatly benefit the results as well. Additionally, samples with a balanced ratio between cases and controls can dramatically improve the number of TP SNPs observed in the imputation based GWAS. These results raise concerns about results from analysis of association studies when rare variants are studied, particularly when case–control studies are unbalanced.
Nodal Sets of Steklov Eigenfunctions near the Boundary: Inner Radius Estimates
Authors: Decio Stefano
Published: August 2021

We show that Steklov eigenfunctions in a bounded Lipschitz domain have wavelength dense nodal sets near the boundary, in contrast to what can happen deep inside the domain. Conversely, in a 2D Lipschitz domain $\Omega $, we prove that any nodal domain of a Steklov eigenfunction contains a half-ball centered at $\partial \Omega $ of radius $c_{\Omega }/{\lambda }$.
One-Level Density and Non-Vanishing for Cubic L-Functions Over the Eisenstein Field
Authors: David Chantal , Güloğlu Ahmet M
Published: August 2021

We study the one-level density for families of $L$-functions associated with cubic Dirichlet characters defined over the Eisenstein field. We show that the family of $L$-functions associated with the cubic residue symbols $\chi _n$ with $n$ square-free and congruent to 1 modulo 9 satisfies the Katz–Sarnak conjecture for all test functions whose Fourier transforms are supported in $(-13/11, 13/11)$, under the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. This is the first result extending the support outside the trivial range$(-1, 1)$ for a family of cubic $L$-functions. This implies that a positive density of the $L$-functions associated with these characters do not vanish at the central point $s=1/2$. A key ingredient in our proof is a bound on an average of generalized cubic Gauss sums at prime arguments, whose proof is based on the work of Heath-Brown and Patterson [22, 23].
Usability Problem Identification Based on Explainable Neural Network in Asynchronous Testing Environment
Authors: Hwang Hohyun , Lee Younghoon
Published: August 2021

Usability testing is an essential element in human–computer interaction studies, and its core purpose is not only to evaluate usability in general but also to identify specific problems. Synchronous usability testing methods are costly to conduct on a large scale, as well as subject to time constraints. Thus, in realistic practice, asynchronous testing is often performed and usually adopts an automatic logging approach to identify usability problems based on collected data. However, in prior research, an in-depth human evaluation review phase has been required to examine each user interaction for usability problems. This consumes considerable time, and the results are likely to be subjective. In this study, we propose a novel method to identify and prioritize usability problems quantitatively using an explainable neural network approach and conduct an experiment based on device usage logs collected in a usability test. Using an explainable neural network, we assess user interactions for their relative influence on an overall usability score, predicting each interaction’s probability of causing a usability problem. Assigning usability scores to each task, we model the relative importance of each individual interaction by calculating a weight for each based on feature maps output by the neural network. Then, we identify usability problems by reviewing the interactions showing the highest importance weight values. The experimental results indicate that our proposed method effectively identifies usability problems and demonstrate that it performs quantitatively better compared to other benchmark methods.
Effect of electrolytes on the self-protection of natural gas hydrate decomposition
Authors: Zhang Haixiang , Xu Jinze , Li Zhandong , Tian Xin , Meng Wenbo , Wang Dianju
Published: August 2021

This paper presents an experimental study of methane hydrate decomposition with different concentrations of electrolytes Na+ and K+, with the aim of exploring the electrolyte's behaviour characteristics shown in its effect on the self-protection effect of methane hydrate during decomposition. The study used an experimental device for hydrate synthesis and decomposition. It focuses on the effect of electrolytes on the self-protection effect of methane hydrate during the self-protection effect during methane hydrate decomposition. (i) Na+ ions have an inhibitory effect on self-protection, whereas K+ ions do not have a significant effect. (ii) There is a negative correlation between the hydrate self-protection effect and the concentration of Na+ ions. However, an excessive Na+ concentration can inhibit the hydrate gas production rate. (iii) The synergistic system of Na+ and K+ ions has a better inhibitory effect on the hydrate's self-protection effect than a single Na+ ion solution. As the concentration of the synergistic system increased, the hydrate gas production rate was not inhibited. However, in contrast to a single Na+ ion solution, when the concentration of the synergistic system was too high, the methane hydrate gas production rate was not inhibited because of the coexistence of cations.
Multiple Paternity in Garter Snakes With Evolutionarily Divergent Life Histories
Authors: Gangloff Eric J , Manes Megan B , Schwartz Tonia S , Robert Kylie A , Huebschman Natalie , Bronikowski Anne M
Published: August 2021

Many animal species exhibit multiple paternity, defined as multiple males genetically contributing to a single female reproductive event, such as a clutch or litter. Although this phenomenon is well documented across a broad range of taxa, the underlying causes and consequences remain poorly understood. For example, it is unclear how multiple paternity correlates with life-history strategies. Furthermore, males and females may differ in mating strategies and these patterns may shift with ecological context and life-history variation. Here, we take advantage of natural life-history variation in garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans) to address these questions in a robust field setting where populations have diverged along a slow-to-fast life-history continuum. We determine both female (observed) and male (using molecular markers) reproductive success in replicate populations of 2 life-history strategies. We find that despite dramatic differences in annual female reproductive output: 1) females of both life-history ecotypes average 1.5 sires per litter and equivalent proportions of multiply-sired litters, whereas 2) males from the slow-living ecotype experience greater reproductive skew and greater variance in reproductive success relative to males from the fast-living ecotype males despite having equivalent average reproductive success. Together, these results indicate strong intrasexual competition among males, particularly in the fast-paced life-history ecotype. We discuss these results in the context of competing hypotheses for multiple paternity related to population density, resource variability, and life-history strategy.
Implementation of a parallel high-order WENO-type Euler equation solver using a CUDA PTX paradigm
Authors: Kuo F A , Wu J S
Published: August 2021

This study proposes the optimization of a low-level assembly code to reconstruct the flux for a splitting flux Harten–Lax–van Leer (SHLL) scheme on high-end graphic processing units. The proposed solver is implemented using the weighted essentially non-oscillatory reconstruction method to simulate compressible gas flows that are derived using an unsteady Euler equation. Instructions in the low-level assembly code, i.e. parallel thread execution and instruction set architecture in compute unified device architecture (CUDA), are used to optimize the CUDA kernel for the flux reconstruction method. The flux reconstruction method is a fifth-order one that is used to process the high-resolution intercell flux for achieving a highly localized scheme, such as the high-order implementation of SHLL scheme. Many benchmarking test cases including shock-tube and four-shock problems are demonstrated and compared. The results show that the reconstruction method is computationally very intensive and can achieve excellent performance up to 5183 GFLOP/s, ∼66% of peak performance of NVIDIA V100, using the low-level CUDA assembly code. The computational efficiency is twice the value as compared with the previous studies. The CUDA assembly code reduces 26.7% calculation and increases 37.5% bandwidth. The results show that the optimal kernel reaches up to 990 GB/s for the bandwidth. The overall efficiency of bandwidth and computation performance achieves 127% of the predicted performance based on the HBM2-memory roofline model estimated by Empirical Roofline Tool.
The Parkes pulsar timing array second data release: timing analysis
Authors: Reardon D J , Shannon R M , Cameron A D , Goncharov B , Hobbs G B , Middleton H , Shamohammadi M , Thyagarajan N , Bailes M , Bhat N D R , Dai S , Kerr M , Manchester R N , Russell C J , Spiewak R , Wang J B , Zhu X J
Published: August 2021

The main goal of pulsar timing array experiments is to detect correlated signals such as nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves. Pulsar timing data collected in dense monitoring campaigns can also be used to study the stars themselves, their binary companions, and the intervening ionized interstellar medium. Timing observations are extraordinarily sensitive to changes in path-length between the pulsar and the Earth, enabling precise measurements of the pulsar positions, distances and velocities, and the shapes of their orbits. Here we present a timing analysis of 25 pulsars observed as part of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) project over time spans of up to 24 yr. The data are from the second data release of the PPTA, which we have extended by including legacy data. We make the first detection of Shapiro delay in four Southern pulsars (PSRs J1017−7156, J1125−6014, J1545−4550, and J1732−5049), and of parallax in six pulsars. The prominent Shapiro delay of PSR J1125−6014 implies a neutron star mass of Mp = 1.5 ± 0.2 M⊙ (68 per cent credibility interval). Measurements of both Shapiro delay and relativistic periastron advance in PSR J1600−3053 yield a large but uncertain pulsar mass of $M_p = 2.06^{+0.44}_{-0.41}$ M⊙ (68 per cent credibility interval). We measure the distance to PSR J1909−3744 to a precision of 10 lyr, indicating that for gravitational wave periods over a decade, the pulsar provides a coherent baseline for pulsar timing array experiments.
Radiative association of atomic and ionic nitrogen
Authors: Qin Zhi , Bai Tianrui , Liu Linhua
Published: August 2021

Radiative association for the formation of molecular nitrogen cation ${\rm{N}}_2^ + $ during the collision of an N(4Su) atom and an N+(3Pg) ion is investigated. The corresponding cross-sections and rate coefficients are computed by the quantum mechanical method based on ab initio potential energy curves and transition dipole moments, which are obtained by the internally contracted multireference configuration interaction method with the Davidson correction and aug-cc-pCV5Z-DK basis set. A number of low-lying doublet, quartet, and sextet states correlating to the N(4Su) + N+(3Pg) dissociation limit are considered. Hence, we investigate a number of dipole-allowed transitions and determine their contributions to the radiative association. The results show that transitions originating in the f4Πu, D2Πg, ${{\rm{B}}^2}\Sigma _{\rm{u}}^ + $, ${{\rm{1}}^4}\Sigma _{\rm{g}}^{\rm{ + }}$, and ${{\rm{1}}^6}\Sigma _{\rm{u}}^{\rm{ + }}$states are the main contributors for the radiative association process. The calculated rate coefficients are valid for temperatures from 100 to 10 000 K and fitted to the analytical function suitable for astrochemical reaction applications.
Reconstructing H i power spectrum with minimal parameters using the dark matter distribution beyond haloes
Authors: Ando Rika , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Shimizu Ikko , Nagamine Kentaro
Published: August 2021

Intensity mapping of 21-cm line by several radio telescope experiments will probe the large-scale structure of the Universe in the post-reionization epoch. It requires a theoretical framework of neutral hydrogen (H i) clustering, such as modelling of H i power spectrum for baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) analysis. We propose a new method for reconstructing the H i map from dark matter distribution using N-body simulations. Several studies attempt to compute the H i power spectrum with N-body simulations by pasting H i gas at the dark matter halo centre, assuming the relation between the halo and H i masses. On the other hand, the method proposed in this paper reproduces the H i power spectrum from simulated dark matter distribution truncated at specific scales from the halo centre. With this method, the slope of H i power spectrum is reproduced well at the BAO scales, k < 1 h/Mpc. Furthermore, we find the fluctuation of spin temperature, which is often ignored at the post-reionization epoch, alters the power spectrum of brightness temperature by at most 8 per cent in the power spectrum. Finally, we discuss how our method works by comparing the density profiles of H i and dark matter around the dark matter haloes.
The Geminid meteor shower radiant: a mathematical model
Authors: Ryabova G O
Published: August 2021

The origin of the Geminid meteoroid stream and its parent body the asteroid (3200) Phaethon is still under discussion. The observed bimodal activity profile of the Geminid shower agrees with a cometary scheme of the stream formation. We show that the radiant areas for meteors of different magnitudes may also be used to provide arguments supporting or undermining the cometary hypothesis. We used semi-analytic and numerical models of the stream. The resulting model radiants for meteors of various magnitudes (masses) have peculiar patterns that might be detected in a real shower.
Identification of Sagittarius stream members in angular momentum space with gaussian mixture techniques
Authors: Peñarrubia Jorge , Petersen Michael S
Published: August 2021

This paper uses Gaussian mixture techniques to dissect the Milky Way (MW) stellar halo in angular momentum space. Application to a catalogue of 5389 stars near the plane of the Sagittarius (Sgr) stream with full 6D phase-space coordinates supplied by Gaia EDR3 and SEGUE returns four independent dynamical components. The broadest and most populated corresponds to the smooth MW halo. The narrowest and faintest contains 40 stars of the Orphan stream. We find a component with little or no angular momentum likely associated with the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus substructure. We also identify 925 stars and 7 globular clusters with probabilities $\gt 90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ to be members of the Sgr stream. Comparison against N-body models shows that some of these members trace the continuation of the leading/trailing tails in the Southern/Northern hemispheres. The new detections span ∼800° on the sky, thus wrapping the Galaxy twice.
Little Evidence the Standard Genetic Code Is Optimized for Resource Conservation
Authors: Rozhoňová Hana , Payne Joshua L
Published: August 2021

Selection for resource conservation can shape the coding sequences of organisms living in nutrient-limited environments. Recently, it was proposed that selection for resource conservation, specifically for nitrogen and carbon content, has also shaped the structure of the standard genetic code, such that the missense mutations the code allows tend to cause small increases in the number of nitrogen and carbon atoms in amino acids. Moreover, it was proposed that this optimization is not confounded by known optimizations of the standard genetic code, such as for polar requirement or hydropathy. We challenge these claims. We show the proposed optimization for nitrogen conservation is highly sensitive to choice of null model and the proposed optimization for carbon conservation is confounded by the known conservative nature of the standard genetic code with respect to the molecular volume of amino acids. There is therefore little evidence the standard genetic code is optimized for resource conservation. We discuss our findings in the context of null models of the standard genetic code.
Coevolution between MHC Class I and Antigen-Processing Genes in Salamanders
Authors: Palomar Gemma , Dudek Katarzyna , Migalska Magdalena , Arntzen J W , Ficetola G Francesco , Jelić Dušan , Jockusch Elizabeth , Martínez-Solano Inigo , Matsunami Masatoshi , Shaffer H Bradley , Vörös Judit , Waldman Bruce , Wielstra Ben , Babik Wiesław
Published: August 2021

Proteins encoded by antigen-processing genes (APGs) provide major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) with antigenic peptides. In mammals, polymorphic multigenic MHC-I family is served by monomorphic APGs, whereas in certain nonmammalian species both MHC-I and APGs are polymorphic and coevolve within stable haplotypes. Coevolution was suggested as an ancestral gnathostome feature, presumably enabling only a single highly expressed classical MHC-I gene. In this view coevolution, while optimizing some aspects of adaptive immunity, would also limit its flexibility by preventing the expansion of classical MHC-I into a multigene family. However, some nonmammalian taxa, such as salamanders, have multiple highly expressed MHC-I genes, suggesting either that coevolution is relaxed or that it does not prevent the establishment of multigene MHC-I. To distinguish between these two alternatives, we use salamanders (30 species from 16 genera representing six families) to test, within a comparative framework, a major prediction of the coevolution hypothesis: the positive correlation between MHC-I and APG diversity. We found that MHC-I diversity explained both within-individual and species-wide diversity of two APGs, TAP1 and TAP2, supporting their coevolution with MHC-I, whereas no consistent effect was detected for the other three APGs (PSMB8, PSMB9, and TAPBP). Our results imply that although coevolution occurs in salamanders, it does not preclude the expansion of the MHC-I gene family. Contrary to the previous suggestions, nonmammalian vertebrates thus may be able to accommodate diverse selection pressures with flexibility granted by rapid expansion or contraction of the MHC-I family, while retaining the benefits of coevolution between MHC-I and TAPs.
The genusJorunna(Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) in Europe: a new species and a possible case of incipient speciation
Authors: Neuhaus Jenny , Rauch Cessa , Bakken Torkild , Picton Bernard , Pola Marta , Malaquias Manuel António E
Published: August 2021

To investigate the conspecificity of different morphotypes of Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804) (type species of genus Jorunna Bergh, 1876), we studied specimens sampled from across part of the geographical distribution of the species, using a combination of morphoanatomical characters and molecular phylogenetics. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylograms were inferred based on the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA, and the nuclear gene histone H3. We used the automatic barcode gap discovery method to aid in species delimitation. COI genetic uncorrected p-distances were estimated between and within species. Animals were dissected and the reproductive system, radulae and labial cuticles were examined; scanning electron microscopy was employed to study ultrastructural elements of anatomical characters. The results revealed the presence of a new species (Jorunna artsdatabankia n. sp.) and a possible case of incipient speciation in J. tomentosa with our COI data indicating the presence of two morphoanatomically indistinct lineages that are separated from each other by distances of 3.2–5.0%. The genetic distance between J. artsdatabankia n. sp. and its sister species J. tomentosa was 9.0–12.3%; the former species is characterized by a plain white to yellow background colour with irregularly placed small brown spots, smooth radular teeth and a longer vas deferens, wider vagina and a longer copulatory spine (up to 600 μm longer) than the latter. A diagnostic comparison of all species of European Jorunna is included, as well as a discussion of the assignment of J. lemchei to the genus Gargamella.