bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inequality in health versus inequality in lifestyle choices
Authors: Øvrum Arnstein , Rickertsen Kyrre
Published: October 2015

Repeated Norwegian cross-sectional data for the period 2005 to 2011 are used to compare sources of inequality in health, as represented by self-assessed health and obesity, with sources of inequality in lifestyles that are central to the production of health, as represented by physical activity, cigarette smoking and dietary behavior. Sources of overall inequality and socioeconomic inequality in these lifestyle and health indicators are compared by estimating probit models, and by decomposing the explained part of the associated Gini and concentration indices with respect to education and income. As potential sources of inequality, we consider education, income, occupation, age, gender, marital status, psychological traits and childhood circumstances. Our results suggest that sources of inequality in health are not necessarily representative of sources of inequality in underlying lifestyles. While education is generally an important source of overall inequality in both lifestyles and health, income is unimportant in all lifestyle indicators except physical activity. In several cases, education and income are clearly outranked by other factors in terms of explaining overall inequality, such as gender in eating fruits and vegetables and age in fish consumption. These results suggest that it is important to decompose both overall inequality and socioeconomic inequality in different lifestyle and health indicators. In indicators where other factors than education and income are clearly most important, policy makers should consider to target these factors to efficiently improve overall population health.Published: Online October 2015. In print December 2015.
Comparison of Drivers’ Aggression Frequency on and off the Road According to the Propensity to Experience Anger behind the Wheel
Authors: Herrero-Fernández David
Published: October 2015

AbstractAn important question in the study of driving anger is whether drivers express anger the same way on and off the road. With the aim of analyzing the between-group and within-group differences in a heterogeneous sample of 157 drivers divided in high, moderate and low–driving anger, four ways of expressing anger were assessed (verbally, physically, displacedly and adaptatively), both in general and behind the wheel. The between-group results showed that high anger drivers scored higher than low angered in all types of desadaptative expression on the road (h2 = .08 – .16) as well as in the physical (h2 = .06) and displaced (h2 = .10) ways off the road. The within-group comparisons evidenced high equivalence in each of the three groups about the preference of anger expressions on and off the road, concluding the apparent equivalence of the behavior in all the contexts. Clinical and road safety implications are discussed.
Concepciones acerca de la violencia filio-parental en el contexto de Servicios Sociales: un estudio exploratorio
Authors: Del Moral Arroyo Gonzalo , Varela Garay Rosa María , Suárez Relinque Cristian , Muaitu Ochoa Gonzalo
Published: October 2015

ResumenEl número de denuncias por violencia filio-parental (VFP) está aumentando significativamente en los últimos años. Sin embargo los dispositivos y servicios especializados para atender esta problemática son aún escasos, ocupándose en muchas ocasiones los profesionales de Servicios Sociales de la intervención en estos casos. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las concepciones que estos profesionales tienen respecto de la VFP  y las características de las familias en las que tiene lugar este tipo de violencia. Aplicando un diseño de investigación cualitativo de corte inductivo se analizaron las respuestas de 43 profesionales de Servicios Sociales siguiendo los pasos propuestos por la Teoría General Inductiva (análisis temático de frecuencias, generación y depuración de categorías,  creación de modelos de categorías principales y secundarias). Los resultados indican que las concepciones de los profesionales se clasifican en dos tipos: las conductuales y las relacionales y se situarían a lo largo de la dimensión unidireccionalidad- bidireccionalidad de la violencia. Hay un acuerdo generalizado en que no existe un único tipo de familia en el que sea más probable la VFP aunque sí identifican algunos indicadores familiares que se relacionan con la mayor probabilidad de desarrollo de violencia de hijos a padres (estilos parentales permisivo-sobreprotector, autoritario-violento, el negligente y el confuso; inversión de roles; falta de habilidades parentales y dificultades económicas). AbstractThe number of reported adolescent-towards-parents violence cases is increasing significantly in recent years. However, the specialized services to deal with this problem are still scarce, dealing in many cases practitioners of Social Services intervention in these cases. The aim of this study is to analyze the conceptions of these workers about adolescent-towards-parents violence and what are the family characteristics most strongly associated with this type of violence according to their beliefs. Using an inductive qualitative research design was analyzed responses of 43 workers from Social Services, using as a guide the Inductive General Theory phases (frequency thematic analysis, generation and depuration of categories, creation of models and networks of primary and secondary categories). The results indicate that the definitions of the professionals are divided in two types: behavioral and relational, and can be situated along the unidirectional-bidirectional dimension of violence. There is general agreement that there isn’t a single type of family in which violence is more likely although some indicators are related to the increased likelihood of development of abuse from children to parents (permissive parenting styles-overprotective, authoritarian, violent, neglectful and confused, role reversal, lack of parenting skills and economic difficulties).
Análisis de las atribuciones de guarda y custodia de menores en las sentencias judiciales
Authors: Rodríguez-Domínguez Carles , Jarne Adolfo , Carbonell Xavier
Published: October 2015

ResumenDada la trascendencia que tienen sobre la vida de los menores involucrados en los procesos de separación o divorcio de sus padres, la atribución de la guarda y custodia de menores está determinada en la jurispruden­cia española por la supremacía del Interés Superior del Menor. Aún son escasos en nuestro entorno los estudios de las resoluciones judiciales sobre las atri­buciones de la custodia de menores. A fin de analizar las sentencias emitidas en separaciones o divorcios ad litem por los tribunales de familia, se confeccionó un protocolo para dar a conocer en el presente estudio los razonamientos sobre la atribución de la guarda y custo­dia, y las medi­das reguladoras entre las partes emitidas por los tribu­nales así como para exponer la evolución de la custodia compartida versus exclusiva en el período 2007 a 2013 en siete juzgados de familia de la ciudad de Barcelona. Los resultados revelaron evidencias de que todas las sentencias analizadas fueron motivadas, mos­traron un incremento a favor de la atribución de la custodia com­partida y un decremento de la custodia exclusiva atri­buida a favor de la madre en dicho período. AbstractGiven the significance on the lives of children in­volved in the processes of separation or divorce of their parents, the attribution of custody and child custody is determined in Spanish jurisprudence by the supremacy of the greater interest of the Child. Are still rare in our environment studies of judicial decisions on the powers of the custody of children. In order to analyze the judgments in separation or divorce ad litem by the family courts, a protocol was drawn to publicize in this study reasoning about the attribution of the custody, and regulatory measures among parts issued by the courts and for explaining the evolution of shared versus sole custody in the period 2007-2013 in seven courts in Barcelona city. The results revealed evidence that all the sentences analyzed were motivated, showed an increase in favor of the attribution of joint custody and a de­crease in sole custody attributed in favor of the mother in that period.
Análisis factorial confirmatorio. Recomendaciones sobre mínimos cuadrados no ponderados en función del error Tipo I de Ji-Cuadrado y RMSEA
Authors: Morata-Ramirez Mª Ángeles , Holgado Tello Francisco Pablo , Barbero-García María Isabel , Mendez Gonzalo
Published: October 2015

Resumen En Psicología, para obtener evidencias sobre validez de constructo mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio es habitual trabajar con variables ordinales que presentan asimetría. En este estudio de simulación se analiza el comportamiento del método de Mínimos Cuadrados no Ponderados (ULS) en escalas tipo Likert con base en los índices χ2 de razón de verosimilitud (C2) y RMSEA. Para ello, se han manipulado cuatro factores experimentales: el número de factores o dimensiones (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), número de puntos de respuesta (3, 4, 5, 6), grado de asimetría de la distribución de respuestas (simétrica, asimétrica moderada y severa) y tamaño muestral (100, 150, 250, 450, 650, 850) de los modelos simulados. Según los principales resultados, el índice C2 muestra siempre un error Tipo I mayor que RMSEA, con independencia de los factores experimentales analizados. Finalmente, se discuten diferentes alternativas de acción y se presentan futuras líneas de investigación. AbstractIn order to obtain evidences about construct validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Social Sciences, working with skewed ordinal variables has been usual. In this simulation study the performance of Unweighted Least Squares (ULS) method in Likert scales according to Likelihood Ratio Test (C2) and RMSEA indices is analysed through Type I error. For this purpose, four experimental factors have been manipulated: the number of factors or dimensions (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), the number of response points (3, 4, 5, 6), the degree of skewness of the responses distribution (symmetric, moderately and severely asymmetric) and the sample size (100, 150, 250, 450, 650, 850) of the simulated models. According to the main results, C2 index always shows a bigger Type I error than RMSEA, regardless of the experimental factors analysed. Finally, different action alternatives are discussed and future research lines are presented.
Vancomycin Tissue Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Lower-Limb Infections via In Vivo Microdialysis
Authors: Housman Seth T. , Bhalodi Amira A. , Shepard Ashley , Nugent James , Nicolau David P.
Published: October 2015

Background

Vancomycin is a common treatment option for skin and skin structure infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Given the increasing prevalence of MRSA, vancomycin is widely used as empirical therapy. In patients with lower-limb infections, antimicrobial penetration is often reduced because of decreased vascular perfusion. In this study, we evaluated the tissue concentrations of vancomycin in hospitalized patients with lower-limb infections.

Methods

An in vivo microdialysis catheter was inserted near the margin of the wound and was perfused with lactated Ringer's solution. Tissue and serum samples were obtained after steady state for one dosing interval. Tissue concentrations were corrected for percentage of in vivo recovery using the retrodialysis technique.

Results

Nine patients were enrolled (mean ± SD: age, 54 ± 19 years; weight, 105.6 ± 31.5 kg). Patients received a mean of 12.8 mg/kg of vancomycin every 12 hours (n = 7), every 8 hours (n = 1), or every 24 hours (n = 1). Mean ± SD steady-state trough vancomycin concentrations in serum and tissue were 11.1 ± 3.3 and 6.0 ± 2.6 μg/mL. The mean ± SD 24-hour free drug areas under the curve for serum and wound were 283.7 ± 89.4 and 232.8 ± 75.7 μg*h/mL, respectively. The mean ± SD tissue penetration ratio was 0.8 ± 0.2.

Conclusions

These data suggest that against MRSA with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1 μg/mL or less, vancomycin achieved blood pharmacodynamic targets required for the likelihood of success. Reduced concentrations may contribute to poor outcomes and the development of resistance. As other literature suggests, alternative agents may be needed when the pathogen of interest has a minimum inhibitory concentration greater than 1 μg/mL.
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Clostridial Collagenase
Authors: Galperin Richard C. , Lange Darrell L. , Ramsay Sarah J. , Shi Lei , Weedon Kathy A. , Hudson Nancy M. , Dickerson Jaime E. , Cargill D. Innes , Slade Herbert B.
Published: October 2015

Background

Digestion of collagen with clostridial collagenase (CC) produces peptides that can induce cellular responses consistent with wound healing in vivo. However, nonhealing human wounds are typically in a state of chronic inflammation. We evaluated the effects of CC on markers of inflammation in cell culture and wound fluid from diabetic patients.

Methods

Lipopolysaccharide-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 from interferon-γ–activated THP-1 monocytes was measured in the presence or absence of CC or CC collagen digests. In the clinical study, 17 individuals with mildly inflamed diabetic foot ulcers were randomized to receive CC ointment (CCO) or hydrogel. Weekly assessments included wound appearance and measurements. Wound exudate was collected at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. A multiplex assay was used to measure levels of analytes, including those associated with inflammation and with inflammation resolution.

Results

Lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were found in media of cells cultured with CC or CC digests of collagen type I or III than for untreated lipopolysaccharide controls (P < .05). Clinically, CCO and hydrogel resulted in improvement in wound appearance and a decrease in mean wound area. The CCO, but not the hydrogel, was found to increase the level of analytes associated with resolution of inflammation while decreasing those associated with inflammation. There was a general correlation between resolution of inflammation and healing.

Conclusions

These results support a hypothesis that debridement with CCO is associated with decreased inflammation and greater progress toward healing.
Cell-to-cell infection by HIV contributes over half of virus infection
Authors: Iwami Shingo , Takeuchi Junko S , Nakaoka Shinji , Mammano Fabrizio , Clavel François , Inaba Hisashi , Kobayashi Tomoko , Misawa Naoko , Aihara Kazuyuki , Koyanagi Yoshio , Sato Kei
Published: October 2015

Cell-to-cell viral infection, in which viruses spread through contact of infected cell with surrounding uninfected cells, has been considered as a critical mode of virus infection. However, since it is technically difficult to experimentally discriminate the two modes of viral infection, namely cell-free infection and cell-to-cell infection, the quantitative information that underlies cell-to-cell infection has yet to be elucidated, and its impact on virus spread remains unclear. To address this fundamental question in virology, we quantitatively analyzed the dynamics of cell-to-cell and cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections through experimental-mathematical investigation. Our analyses demonstrated that the cell-to-cell infection mode accounts for approximately 60% of viral infection, and this infection mode shortens the generation time of viruses by 0.9 times and increases the viral fitness by 3.9 times. Our results suggest that even a complete block of the cell-free infection would provide only a limited impact on HIV-1 spread.
Nanoparticulate carbon black in cigarette smoke induces DNA cleavage and Th17-mediated emphysema
Authors: You Ran , Lu Wen , Shan Ming , Berlin Jacob M , Samuel Errol LG , Marcano Daniela C , Sun Zhengzong , Sikkema William KA , Yuan Xiaoyi , Song Lizhen , Hendrix Amanda Y , Tour James M , Corry David B , Kheradmand Farrah
Published: October 2015

Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke is the major cause of sterile inflammation and pulmonary emphysema. The effect of carbon black (CB), a universal constituent of smoke derived from the incomplete combustion of organic material, in smokers and non-smokers is less known. In this study, we show that insoluble nanoparticulate carbon black (nCB) accumulates in human myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from emphysematous lung and in CD11c+ lung antigen presenting cells (APC) of mice exposed to smoke. Likewise, nCB intranasal administration induced emphysema in mouse lungs. Delivered by smoking or intranasally, nCB persisted indefinitely in mouse lung, activated lung APCs, and promoted T helper 17 cell differentiation through double-stranded DNA break (DSB) and ASC-mediated inflammasome assembly in phagocytes. Increasing the polarity or size of CB mitigated many adverse effects. Thus, nCB causes sterile inflammation, DSB, and emphysema and explains adverse health outcomes seen in smokers while implicating the dangers of nCB exposure in non-smokers.
Ferritinophagy via NCOA4 is required for erythropoiesis and is regulated by iron dependent HERC2-mediated proteolysis
Authors: Mancias Joseph D , Pontano Vaites Laura , Nissim Sahar , Biancur Douglas E , Kim Andrew J , Wang Xiaoxu , Liu Yu , Goessling Wolfram , Kimmelman Alec C , Harper J Wade
Published: October 2015

NCOA4 is a selective cargo receptor for the autophagic turnover of ferritin, a process critical for regulation of intracellular iron bioavailability. However, how ferritinophagy flux is controlled and the roles of NCOA4 in iron-dependent processes are poorly understood. Through analysis of the NCOA4-FTH1 interaction, we demonstrate that direct association via a key surface arginine in FTH1 and a C-terminal element in NCOA4 is required for delivery of ferritin to the lysosome via autophagosomes. Moreover, NCOA4 abundance is under dual control via autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Ubiquitin-dependent NCOA4 turnover is promoted by excess iron and involves an iron-dependent interaction between NCOA4 and the HERC2 ubiquitin ligase. In zebrafish and cultured cells, NCOA4 plays an essential role in erythroid differentiation. This work reveals the molecular nature of the NCOA4-ferritin complex and explains how intracellular iron levels modulate NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in cells and in an iron-dependent physiological setting.
It takes two
Authors: Nicolson Teresa
Published: October 2015

Two forms of an unconventional myosin motor protein have separate functions in the growth and maintenance of hair bundles in auditory hair cells.
Correcting for the influence of ice‐rafted detritus on grain size‐based paleocurrent speed estimates
Authors: Jonkers Lukas , Barker Stephen , Hall Ian R. , Prins Maarten A.
Published: October 2015

The grain size of deep‐sea sediments provides an apparently simple proxy for current speed. However, grain size‐based proxies may be ambiguous when the size distribution reflects a combination of processes, with current sorting only one of them. In particular, such sediment mixing hinders reconstruction of deep circulation changes associated with ice‐rafting events in the glacial North Atlantic because variable ice‐rafted detritus (IRD) input may falsely suggest current speed changes. Inverse modeling has been suggested as a way to overcome this problem. However, this approach requires high‐precision size measurements that register small changes in the size distribution. Here we show that such data can be obtained using electrosensing and laser diffraction techniques, despite issues previously raised on the low precision of electrosensing methods and potential grain shape effects on laser diffraction. Down‐core size patterns obtained from a sediment core from the North Atlantic are similar for both techniques, reinforcing the conclusion that both techniques yield comparable results. However, IRD input leads to a coarsening that spuriously suggests faster current speed. We show that this IRD influence can be accounted for using inverse modeling as long as wide size spectra are taken into account. This yields current speed variations that are in agreement with other proxies. Our experiments thus show that for current speed reconstruction, the choice of instrument is subordinate to a proper recognition of the various processes that determine the size distribution and that by using inverse modeling meaningful current speed reconstructions can be obtained from mixed sediments.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (
FBI
)
Authors: Fox Bryanna Hahn
Published: October 2015

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (
FBI
) is among the most well‐known, respected, and powerful law enforcement agencies in the world. Still, much of its history, priorities, and most infamous cases remain unknown to most of the public. This entry discusses the origins and rise of the
FBI
, highlighting the cases and social changes that led to the Bureau's constantly updating challenges and priorities. It also looks at the modern‐day
FBI
.
Life‐Course/Developmental Theories
Authors: Jennings Wesley G.
Published: October 2015

Although there are a number of criminological theories that have been discussed and have garnered empirical support for some time, only recently has the criminal career paradigm and developmental/life‐course criminology emerged as a novel theoretical perspective. In general, developmental/life‐course theories focus on offending behavior over time (e.g., trajectories) and on dimensions of the criminal career and make an effort to identify risk and protective factors that relate to life‐course patterns of offending. Recognizing this contribution, this entry provides a brief review of criminal career research, developmental/life‐course theories of crime, and offending trajectories. Directions for future developmental/life‐course criminology research are also discussed.
Cyberbullying
Authors: Marcum Catherine D. , Higgins George E.
Published: October 2015

This entry provides a comprehensive review of cyberbullying. Specifically, it focuses on a myriad of germane topics including the nature of cyberbullying, the characteristics of cyberbullying, and cyberbullying prevention.
Biosocial Criminology
Authors: Eichelberger Rebecca , Barnes J. C.
Published: October 2015

Biosocial criminology analyzes the biological and social factors related to the etiology of antisocial behavior. This includes genetic, biological, and neurological factors in combination with environmental influences and external sources of control. This entry will introduce the reader to biosocial criminology; it includes a brief discussion of evolutionary criminology, biological criminology, and neurocriminology. Behavioral genetics is also explored in detail. Finally, we consider the future of criminology and biosocial criminology.
Cycle of Violence
Authors: Tomsich Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2015

“Cycle of violence,” or “intergenerational transmission of violence,” describes the relationship between maltreatment in childhood and violence in adolescence and adulthood. Research has emerged in the late 1980s documenting higher rates of violent offending among survivors of childhood maltreatment than among individuals not abused in childhood. More recent research extends the cycle of violence to victimization and considers specific violent outcomes, such as intimate partner violence. Explanations for the cycle of violence include social learning, strain, and genetics theories. Inconclusive findings in extant research suggest the need for methodological innovation.
Messtechnische Ermittlung der U‐Werte von Außenwänden im Vergleich mit Typologiewerten für den Gebäudebestand
Authors: Merzkirch Alexander , Hoos Thorsten , Maas Stefan , Scholzen Frank , Waldmann Daniéle
Published: October 2015

Die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Renovierungsvorhaben an Altbauten hängt im Wesentlichen von der erwarteten Wertsteigerung, der Miethöhe und den zu erreichenden Energieeinsparungen ab. Um diese Einsparungen zu berechnen, wird ein rechnerischer Vergleich zwischen dem aktuellen Verbrauch und dem Verbrauch nach der Sanierung angestrebt. Zahlreiche Studien zeigen auf, dass der rechnerische Energiebedarf von Gebäuden häufig von dem tatsächlichen Verbrauch abweicht. Dies gilt vor allem für vor 1970 errichtete Altbauten. Ein wichtiger Eingangsparameter der Berechnungsmethodik sind die U‐Werte der Außenwände, welche typischerweise vom Energieexperten vor Ort aus Typologien des Gesetzgebers für die jeweilige Wandkonstruktion ausgewählt werden. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden Mess‐ und Simulationsergebnisse von verschiedenen Wandtypen präsentiert. Die ermittelten Werte lagen dabei zwischen 0,9 und 1,2 W/(m²K) und somit deutlich unter den in Luxemburg angenommenen Typologiewerten von 1,4 und 2,1 W/(m²K). Die beschriebenen Abweichungen zwischen Energiebedarfsberechnung und tatsächlichem Energieverbrauch können somit zum Teil auf fehlerhafte Annahmen des ausstellenden Experten vor Ort zurückgeführt werden, welche sich an Typologiewerten orientieren.

Measuring determination of U‐values of external walls in comparison with typical catalogue values for existing buildings. The economic benefit of retrofit actions for old buildings depends on possibly increasing building value and rents and also on the achieved energy savings. To estimate the savings, usually the calculated energy demand before and after the renovation is compared. Several studies show, that calculated energy demand and consumed energy often show great differences, especially for old buildings before the 1970s. One important input parameter for the energy demand calculation is the u‐value of the façade which is commonly chosen by the energy expert on site, out of a catalogue, where typical values for certain wall constructions are presented. In this publication, results of heat flow measurements and dynamic simulations of different typical wall constructions of old buildings are presented. The measured and simulated u‐values for those facades were between 0.9 and 1.2 W/(m²K) and significantly lower, than the values in the Luxembourgish catalogue, which range from 1.4 to 2.1 W/(m²K), depending on the construction material. The deviations between calculated building energy demand and actual consumed energy can at least partly be explained by false assumptions of energy experts on site, who use the u‐value catalogue for choosing the input parameters of their calculation.
Stressor oder Ressource? Die Bedeutung der bauphysikalischen Bedingungen für den Menschen am Beispiel der Lichtumgebung
Authors: Steidle Anna , de Boer Jan , Werth Lioba , Sedlbauer Klaus
Published: October 2015

Im Zeitalter der Wissensarbeit steigt die Bedeutung mentaler und psychologischer Faktoren wie Konzentrationsfähigkeit, Stimmung und Motivation für eine hohe Leistungsfähigkeit. Die physikalischen Bedingungen an Büroarbeitsplätzen können einerseits einen Stressor darstellen, der die Konzentration erschöpft und den Nutzer ermüdet, oder eine räumliche Ressource, die Arbeitstätigkeiten erleichtert oder Nutzerbedürfnisse befriedigt und dadurch Engagement und Stimmung bei der Arbeit steigert. Inwiefern bestimmte räumliche Bedingungen am Arbeitsplatz eine Ressource oder einen Stressor darstellen, lässt sich anhand der drei Ebenen des Komforts abschätzen: physischer, funktionaler und psychischer Komfort. Ein solcher Ansatz soll helfen, “psychisch nachhaltige“ physikalische Raumbedingungen zu schaffen, die die psychischen Ressourcen der Nutzer schonen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dieses neue Verständnis von Komfort mithilfe der zugrunde liegenden psychologischen Prozesse erklärt und am Beispiel der bauphysikalischen Variablen “Beleuchtung“ illustriert.

Stressor or resourse? The significance of physical conditions and comfort exemplified by lighting conditions. In the era of knowledge work, high performance increasingly depends on mental and psychological factors like concentration, mood, and motivation. Physical conditions in offices can either constitute a stressor depleting concentration and fatiguing users, or an environmental resource facilitating work activities and satisfying user needs and, in turn, heightening engagement and mood at work. To what extent certain physical conditions at the workplace function as resources or as stressors can be estimated based on three levels of comfort: physical, functional, and psychological comfort. This approach aims at supporting the creation of “psychologically sustainable” physical conditions, which conserve the users’ psychological resources. In this article, this new understanding of comfort will be explained based on the underlying psychological processes and will be illustrated using the example of the physical variable of lighting.
Mesoporous Zirconium Phenylenesiliconate‐phosphonate Hybrids with Ordered Lamellar Nanostructures
Authors: Maeda Kazuyuki , Kobayashi Hiroki , Oguro Kaku , Otsu Masato , Kondo Atsushi , Maki Tei
Published: October 2015

Novel ordered lamellar mesostructure pZrPS‐2 was hydrothermally prepared by using zirconium propoxide and 4‐(EtO)2OPC6H4Si(OEt)3 (pPPS‐E), which was hydrolyzed to organic building units substituted with both siliconate and phosphonate groups, in the presence of CnTAB and TMAOH. The pZrPS‐2 materials were obtained at a Zr/PPS ratio of 2 or higher and the basal spacing was increased by using a longer‐chain surfactant (n=12–18). Removal of the occluded surfactants at 300 °C resulted in retention of the lamellar structure with negligible shrinkage of the interlayer distance. Nitrogen adsorption studies revealed the ordered mesoporous nature of pZrPS‐2 with a pore diameter of approximately 2 to 3 nm. The lamellar structure is assumed to be composed of layers that include zirconia‐based crystalline nanodomains and interlayer pillars mainly based on PPS units. Although lamellar structures with the same crystalline phase also formed when no surfactant was added or when the meta isomer of PPS was used, no mesoporous materials were obtained except pZrPS‐2. A possible schematic model to elucidate these results is also proposed.
Facile Synthesis of Trisubstituted Carbazoles by Acid‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Annulation of 2‐Amidodihydrofurans with Indoles
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , Li Pan , Xia Chungu , Li Fuwei
Published: October 2015

A mild and convenient synthesis of carbazoles by TfOTMS (trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate)‐catalyzed ring‐opening annulation of 2‐amidodihydrofurans is presented with a high degree of chemoselectivity and regioselectivity. This procedure was also scaled up to a gram‐scale synthesis. The reaction could involve an iminonium intermediate through a series of CO, CN bond cleavages, CC bond formations, and a 1,2‐migration process.
A Simple Chiral Cu(II) Complex as an Effective Phase‐Transfer Catalyst for the Enantioselective Alkylation of Dissymmetric Glycinate Ketimines
Authors: Bafqiren Hanane , Zouihri Hafid , Gmouh Said , Jamal Eddine Jamal
Published: October 2015

Catalytic asymmetric benzylation of a dissymmetric tert‐butylglycinate ketimine, incorporating 1‐naphthyl and phenyl groups as the Schiff base substituents, under phase‐transfer conditions was investigated. It was interesting to note that the sense of asymmetric induction of the alkylation of Z‐imine stereoisomer is opposite to that of the corresponding E stereoisomer with a similar degree of enantioselectivity. More interestingly, the chiral Cu(II) complex of the Schiff base derived from (R)‐2‐phenylglycinol and 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde was found to catalyze the same reaction under solid‐liquid conditions with comparable enantioselectivity (up to 60% ee) with respect to known cinchona alkaloid catalysts. The solvent/base‐system parameter was shown to control the optimal catalytic activity. Chirality 27:944–950, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbon monoxide impairs mitochondria‐dependent endosomal maturation and antigen presentation in dendritic cells
Authors: Riquelme Sebastián A. , Pogu Julien , Anegon Ignacio , Bueno Susan M. , Kalergis Alexis M.
Published: October 2015

Heme‐oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) prevents T cell‐mediated inflammatory disease by producing carbon monoxide (CO) and impairing DC immunogenicity. However, the cellular mechanisms causing this inhibition are unknown. Here, we show that CO impairs mitochondrial function in DCs by reducing both the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, and resembling the effect of a nonlethal dose of a classical mitochondria uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). Moreover, both CO and CCCP reduced cargo transport, endosome‐to‐lysosome fusion, and antigen processing, dampening the production of peptide‐MHC complexes on the surface of DCs. As a result, the inhibition of naive CD4+ T‐cell priming was observed. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction in DCs also significantly reduced CD8+ T cell‐dependent type 1 diabetes onset in vivo. These results showed for the first time that CO interferes with T‐cell priming by blocking an unknown mitochondria‐dependent antigen‐processing pathway in mature DC. Interestingly, other immune functions in DCs such as antigen capture, cytokine secretion, costimulation, and cell survival relied on glycolysis, suggesting that oxidative phosphorylation might only play a key role for the maturation of antigen‐containing endosomes. In conclusion, CO produced by HO‐1 impairs antigen‐dependent inflammation by regulating DC immunogenicity by a mitochondria‐dependent mechanism.
Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Mesopore Distribution and Morphology Control of Hierarchical ZSM‐5 Zeolites Synthesized by Double‐Acyloxy Organosilane Surfactants
Authors: Han Jiaji , Liu Dongliang
Published: October 2015

A novel type of double‐acyloxy amphiphilic organosilanes with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized as mesoporous templating agents to prepare mesoporous ZSM‐5 zeolites. The zeolites obtained had sponge‐like surfaces and variable morphology; mesopores of 4, 13, and 33 nm were constructed in the crystals without damaging their crystallinity. The H2O/Si ratio, Si/Algel ratio, and organosilane template content all had an influence on zeolite crystallinity and surface properties as indicated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, variation of the alkyl chain length of the organosilanes resulted in different zeolite crystal size, morphology, and pore‐size distribution.
Supramolecular Assembly of Metal‐Organic Tubes Constructed from the Ditopic Heteroscorpionate Ligand (4‐NH2C6H4)CHpz2 (pz = Pyrazol‐1‐yl) and Silver(I)
Authors: Gardinier James R. , Hewage Jeewantha S. , Hoffman Justin , Lindeman Sergey V. , Williams Derek E. , Shustova Natalia B.
Published: October 2015

The possibility of constructing tubular metal‐organic structures with aid of weak hydrogen‐bonding interactions between suitably designed metallacycles was explored. For this purpose, the new heteroditopic ligand (4‐NH2C6H4)CHpz2 (L1) was prepared in good (75 %) yield by a one‐pot procedure starting from commercial 4‐acetamidobenzaldehyde. The equimolar reactions between L1 and various silver(I) salts gave the intended 1:1 complexes in which the metallacycles were assembled into tubes. However, the exact nature of the assemblies (including their solvate compositions) varied depending on anion, solvent, and concentration of the original crystallization solution. For the trifluoromethanesulfonate anion, a hexameric structure was observed, whereas cyclic dimers were obtained for other anions. In the case of PF6–, an unusual, opened‐cycle structure with the composition [(L1)Ag(μ‐L1)Ag(CH3CN)2]2+ was also identified crystallographically. The capacity for desolvated tubular structures to be used for gas adsorption was also investigated.
Determination of the Relative Configuration of β‐Amino Acid Esters Based on Residual Dipolar Couplings
Authors: Niklas Thomas , Steinmetzger Christian , Liu Weiping , Zell Daniel , Stalke Dietmar , Ackermann Lutz , John Michael
Published: October 2015

Configurational and conformational characterization of two synthetic β‐amino acid esters comprising an indan motif was achieved by residual dipolar couplings. We further observed that the stability of Q factors upon addition of structural noise substantially facilitates the selection of the “correct” structure. The two analyzed compounds differ by a single methyl group, which leads to a remarkable conformational change.
Klinische Forschung: Jetzt ist die Politik gefragt
Authors: Bruckner‐Tuderman Leena Kaarina
Published: October 2015

Die Universitätsmedizin steht vor enormen wissenschaftlichen und strukturellen Herausforderungen. Die Wissenschaft mit ihren Förderaktivitäten und die Klinika können die Probleme lindern, aber nicht grundsätzlich lösen. Notwendig ist eine Gesundheits‐ und Wissenschaftspolitik, die moderne Entwicklungen und veränderte Rahmenbedingungen gleichermaßen aufnimmt und danach handelt.
Silicon nanorods‐based all‐dielectric waveguides with long decay‐length at the telecommunication band
Authors: Ahmadivand Arash , Golmohammadi Saeed , Pala Nezih
Published: October 2015

We investigate subwavelength waveguides composed of silicon nanorods array in straight and nonstraight regimes deposited on a silica (SiO2) substrate. It is shown that using all‐dielectric nanorods with high permittivity to design an all‐dielectric optical waveguide provides several advantages such as low‐dissipation coefficient and long decay length for the distributed fields. Exploiting silicon arrays in touching and nontouching arrangements, we examined the optical response of the structure to the guiding of magnetic and electric fields with transverse and longitudinal polarization modes. We studied the decay length for all propagated modes in both nanochain orientations numerically. Simulation results for straight arrays showed that the averaged decay length for the structure with dielectric particles in touching regime is 1.6 µm (for the waveguide with the length of 2.2 µm), and for the nontouching array is 2.2 µm (for the array with the length of 3.1 µm). Calculating transmission loss factors and considering decay length of the proposed waveguide, we verified the strong potential of the proposed structure to design all‐dielectric photonic devices to operate at telecommunication spectra (λ~1310 nm and 1550 nm). Also, we computed bending losses [dB] for the examined structures based on the bends degree. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A climatological analysis of the incidence of brown haze in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Salmond J. A. , Dirks K. N. , Fiddes S. , Pezza A. , Talbot N. , Scarfe J. , Renwick J. , Petersen J.
Published: October 2015

Brown haze has been observed over a number of urban centres in different geographical locations around the world. It is a clear indication of degradation in air quality above a city; however, little is known about its underlying causes. This study examines the incidence of brown haze over the subtropical city of Auckland, New Zealand between 2001 and 2011. Using photographs to document the incidence and severity of the haze and a combination of near‐surface meteorological observations, reanalysis data and three‐dimensional modelling approaches, a detailed climatology of the incidence of haze is developed. The results show that haze is observed during weekday mornings in the cool months, most commonly associated with cold, calm conditions. These conditions are most commonly prevalent with the slow eastward movement of anticyclones (classified as Kidson weather types H and HSE). However, the conditional probability of haze events occurring within these classes is less than 25%, and there is little consistency in the thresholds of surface meteorological conditions between classes. Re‐analysis of the mean sea‐level pressure at regional to synoptic scales reveals that the strength and stability of the anticyclone is important in determining the occurrence and severity of brown haze events. Brown haze development is associated with a strong NE‐SW temperature gradient immediately prior to the event, and anticyclonic development is enhanced by a well‐developed wave train across the Southern Ocean. Back trajectory modelling shows these conditions are associated with slow moving air masses and suggest that the source of pollution is most likely to be local in origin. The results demonstrate the importance of a detailed understanding of synoptic and regional scale meteorology in predicting urban scale pollution events, even when the source of the pollution is local.
High spatial and temporal organization of changes in precipitation over Germany for 1951–2006
Authors: Murawski Aline , Zimmer Janek , Merz Bruno
Published: October 2015

Temporal changes in daily precipitation observed at more than 2300 stations in Germany during the second half of the 20th century are analysed. Compared to other studies, this analysis is based on a very high spatial density of observation locations and complete areal coverage of Germany. Changes in four precipitation characteristics are investigated: (1) total amount of seasonal and monthly precipitation, (2) mean and 95% quantile (q95) of daily precipitation, (3) transition probabilities to quantify wet and dry spells, and (4) precipitation amounts for a 7‐day event with return period 100 years. For all parameters, strikingly clear trend patterns in space and time (of the year) emerged. Stations with increasing and decreasing trends are never found in direct neighbourhood, but are well separated from each other. Changes are season and even month specific. These clear spatial and temporal patterns are an expression of the organization of precipitation mechanisms over Germany. These findings add a note of caution in regard to trend analyses: Spatially and temporally aggregated trend studies might not disclose the complete range of changes and might miss important details. Interestingly, the variability of daily precipitation has changed in parallel with the mean behaviour: Those regions and seasons that show an increase in mean show also an increase in standard deviation, leading to a disproportional increase in heavy precipitation. In addition, there is a tendency towards higher persistence, in particular, longer wet spells in winter, spring, and autumn, and longer dry spells in summer. If these trends continue, there will be an increasing potential for floods in winter and spring, and increasing problems for water availability in summer in regions that show signs of water stress today.
Global solutions to the Navier‐Stokes‐Landau‐Lifshitz system
Authors: Zhai Xiaoping , Li Yongsheng , Yan Wei
Published: October 2015

This paper is dedicated to the study of the Navier‐Stokes‐Landau‐Lifshitz system. We obtain the global existence of a unique solution for this system without any small conditions imposed on the third component of the initial velocity field. Our methods mainly rely upon the Fourier frequency localization and Bony's paraproduct decomposition.
A comparative study of Cd‐ and Zn‐compound buffer layers on Cu(In1−x,Gax)(Sy,Se1−y)2 thin film solar cells
Authors: Kobayashi Taizo , Jehl Li Kao Zacharie , Kato Takuya , Sugimoto Hiroki , Nakada Tokio
Published: October 2015

This paper reports a comparative study of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) thin‐film solar cells with CBD‐CdS, CBD‐ZnS(O,OH) and ALD‐Zn(O,S) buffer layers. Each buffer layer was deposited on CIGSSe absorber layers which were prepared by sulfurization after selenization (SAS) process by Solar Frontier K. K. Cell efficiencies of CBD‐CdS/CIGSSe, CBD‐ZnS(O,OH)/CIGSSe and ALD‐Zn(O,S)/CIGSSe solar cells exceeded 18%, for a cell area of 0.5 cm2. The solar cells underwent a heat‐light soaking (HLS) post‐treatment at 170 °C under one‐sun illumination in the air; among the three condtions, the ALD‐Zn(O,S)/CIGSSe solar cells showed the highest cell efficiency of 19.78% with the highest open‐circuit voltage of 0.718 V. Admittance spectroscopy measurements showed a shift of the N1 defect's energy position toward shallower energy positions for ALD‐Zn(O,S)/CIGSSe solar cells after HLS post‐treatment, which is in good agreement with their higher open‐circuit voltage and smaller interface recombination than that of CBD‐ZnS(O,OH)/CIGSSe solar cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unravelling the Dynamics of Border Crossing and Rural‐to‐Rural‐to‐Urban Mobility in the Northeastern Thai–Lao Borderlands
Authors: Rungmanee Soimart
Published: October 2015

A considerable number of migration studies to date have focused on either internal or international migration. Such studies tend to highlight the economic inequality that underlies human mobility, and hold that migration proceeds according to the rural‐to‐urban divide, as well as between nation‐states. However, these approaches fail to describe how labour moves internally, internationally, and within and across sectors. This paper addresses this complexity by examining cross‐border migration that takes Lao migrants from agricultural to service sectors, from the hinterland of Laos to the borderlands of northeast Thailand, and from Laos to Bangkok and other urban centres in Thailand. By drawing upon case studies in a border village in northeast Thailand and in two villages in Lao People's Democratic Republic, this study shows that Lao migrants engage in rural‐to‐rural migration at different stages of their lives and reveals how internal migration in Thailand leads to emigration from Laos. Although a relatively high wage rate in Thailand plays a critical role in human mobility across the border, there are other determining factors that need to be considered, including the historical context of the movement between the sending and receiving areas, geographical proximity, and a shared linguistic and cultural background that supports cross‐border migration and which complicates migration patterns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft Cold EI – approaching molecular ion only with electron ionization
Authors: Amirav Aviv , Keshet Uri , Danon Albert
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Cold EI is defined as electron ionization of cold molecules in supersonic molecular beams (SMB). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with Cold EI provides informative mass spectra, which combine the usual library‐searchable EI fragment ions with enhanced molecular ions for improved library‐based identification probabilities. However, in some cases, such as in the analysis of complex petrochemical matrices, a soft ionization method that provides only molecular ions is desirable.

Methods

GC/MS with Cold EI was used with a fly‐through ion source at selected electron energies, including at low electron energies, in an attempt to observe molecular ions alone.

Results

We explored low electron energy Cold EI and found that once the sample compound is cooled by the supersonic expansion it can be reheated via reflected scattered helium atoms near the skimmer. Furthermore, once a labile molecular ion is formed it can undergo undesirable collision‐induced dissociation (CID) in the same way as in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and the magnitude of such CID can be significant for labile molecular ions such as those of hydrocarbons. In order to reduce these adverse effects we reduced the helium pressure at the ion source and MS vacuum chamber by increasing the nozzle‐skimmer distance. Cold EI at low electron energies was explored with a squalane isomer (C30H62) and with n‐C24H50.

Conclusions

It was found that an increased nozzle‐skimmer distance resulted in a noticeable increase in the abundance ratio of molecular ions to low mass fragment ions. Consequently, Cold EI at low electron energies and a large nozzle‐skimmer distance converts EI into Soft Cold EI while further approaching the ideal of a molecular ion only ionization method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.