bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holocene relative shore level changes and Stone Age hunter‐gatherers in Hiiumaa Island, eastern Baltic Sea
Authors: Rosentau Alar , Nirgi Triine , Muru Merle , Bjursäter Stefan , Hang Tiit , Preusser Frank , Risberg Jan , Sohar Kadri , Tõnisson Hannes , Kriiska Aivar
Published: June 2020

Holocene relative shore level (RSL) changes and Stone Age palaeogeography of Hiiumaa Island are reconstructed using airborne LiDARelevation data, sedimentological and archaeological proxies as well asGIS‐based landscape modelling. Altogether, 38RSLindex and limiting points are used in modelling and presented in the current paper. The highest raised shorelines of the Ancylus Lake and Litorina Sea, mapped at the elevations of 47 and 26 m a.s.l., formed around 10.3 and 7.4 cal. kaBP, respectively. The reconstructedRSLcurve reveals a 20‐m drainage of Ancylus Lake followed by a land‐uplift‐driven 3‐m regression during the Initial Litorina Sea period.RSLrise during the Litorina Sea transgression remained below 4 m and its maximum was reached later than proposed previously, discarding therefore the idea of highly diachronous Litorina culmination in the eastern Baltic Sea. During the period 7.4–6.0 cal. kaBP,RSLfall was about 4.3 mm a−1, and afterwards in average at about 1 mm‐1less suggesting deceleration in isostatic rebound. suggesting deceleration in isostatic rebound. Palaeogeographical reconstructions show that during its earliest occupation at about 7.6 cal. kaBPless than 1% of the terrain of Hiiumaa was above the sea level and that wind‐protectedSEexposed shores were the most preferred campsite locations of Late Mesolithic and Neolithic settlers. These campsites are located successively at lower elevations following the shoreline retreat and show repeated use of this coastal area between 7.6 and 4.6 cal. kaBP. Due to the spread of the Corded Ware culture around 4.8–4.0 cal. kaBPthe settlements of Hiiumaa Island and many other coastal areas of the eastern Baltic moved from the coast to more suitable places for agriculture and animal husbandry.
Gender and support for creativity at work
Authors: Taylor Christa , Ivcevic Zorana , Moeller Julia , Brackett Marc
Published: June 2020

Although innovation is vital for the success of organizations, many may not be capitalizing on the creativity of all workers. Gender bias in attributions of creativity may lead to an imbalance in the extent to which organizations support the creativity of men and women. Because organizational support for creativity is positively associated with creative outcomes, this may undermine the creativity of women in the workplace. To determine if gender influences creative workplace behavior through support for creativity, conditional process models were used to analyze the survey responses and external employment data of workers (N = 14,590) across industries in the US. Our analyses demonstrate that men report greater support for creativity in the workplace than women, and greater support for workplace creativity leads to more frequent creative workplace behaviors. The proportion of women employed in an industry influences this relationship, such that differences between men and women become smaller as the proportion of women in an industry increases. However, the level of creativity required in an occupation does not influence the relationship between gender and creativity. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Validation of the fine motor subtest of the Bayley‐III with children with sickle cell disease using Rasch analysis
Authors: L'Hotta Allison J. , Hoyt Catherine R. , Lindsey Terianne , Abel Regina A. , Chang Chih‐Hung , King Allison A.
Published: June 2020

Background

Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk for fine motor (FM) delays; however, screening for FM impairments is not common among young children with SCD. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley‐III) is the most commonly used performance‐based developmental assessment. We aim to determine if the FM subtest of the Bayley‐III is structured hierarchically in accordance with development and comprehensively evaluates FM development in children with SCD.

Methods

Bayley‐III assessments were completed between October 2009 and December 2013. The Bayley‐III FM screening test, a shorter and more rapid method of assessing for FM impairments, was not directly administered to participants. Screening test scores were calculated from full Bayley‐III scores.

Results

Rasch analysis was performed using WINSTEPS. Sixty children with SCD were included in the final Rasch model. The Rasch‐generated Wright map, which jointly positions items and persons on the same latent trait, illustrated that the FM items were slightly skewed towards more challenging items, indicating more difficult items may be overrepresented. High item separation values were reported (17.4), and item outfit statistics were less than 1.7. More than one third of items demonstrated overfit, indicating possible item redundancy. The FM subtest and the screening test, a shorter and faster method of assessing skills, were highly correlated (r = 0.993, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The Bayley‐III FM subtest is structured hierarchically, aligning with motor development, and comprehensively evaluates FM development in children with SCD. The test could be improved by reordering items, removing overfitting items and modifying screening test items to capture all ranges of development. The screening test is comprehensive and has high potential clinical utility among children with SCD.
Development of early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: Illusion or reality?
Authors: Ugrumov Michael
Published: June 2020

The fight against neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease (PD), is a challenge of the 21st century. The low efficacy of treating patients is due to the late diagnosis and start of therapy, after the degeneration of most specific neurons and depletion of neuroplasticity. It is believed that the development of early diagnosis (ED) and preventive treatment will delay the onset of specific symptoms. This review evaluates methodologies for developing ED of PD. Since PD is a systemic disease, and the degeneration of certain neurons precedes that of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons that control motor function, the current methodology is based on searching biomarkers, such as premotor symptoms and changes in body fluids (BF) in patients. However, all attempts to develop ED were unsuccessful. Therefore, it is proposed to enhance the current methodology by (i) selecting among biomarkers found in BF in patients at the clinical stage those that are characteristics of animal models of the preclinical stage, (ii) searching biomarkers in BF in subjects at the prodromal stage, selected by detecting premotor symptoms and failure of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Moreover, a new methodology was proposed for the development of ED of PD using a provocative test, which is successfully used in internal medicine.
Children's Dysregulated Representations Mediate Ineffective Parenting Practices and Effortful Control in Lower Income Families
Authors: Nowak Amanda L. , Braungart‐Rieker Julia M. , Planalp Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2020

Objective

Rooted in attachment theory, we tested the degree to which children's dysregulated representations mediate linkages between ineffective parenting and children's effortful control in a sample of lower income families.

Background

Children in lower income households are at greater risk for difficulties with effortful control. Although ineffective parenting practices may influence children's development of effortful control, there is limited knowledge related to the mechanisms underlying this association. According to attachment theory, it is possible that children who experience ineffective parenting practices have more dysregulated representations, which may then be linked with poorly regulated behavior.

Method

This cross‐sectional study included 40 preschool‐age children enrolled in Head Start and their mothers. Ineffective parenting practices were operationalized using mothers' self‐reported parenting styles and observed parenting behaviors; children's dysregulated representations and effortful control were measured during a series of observed laboratory tasks. Structural equation modeling was used to test pathways between measured variables.

Results

The relation between ineffective parenting practices and children's effortful control was not directly related; however, structural equation modeling indicated a significant indirect effect through children's dysregulated representations. Children whose mothers were more ineffective in their parenting had more dysregulated representations. In turn, more dysregulated representations were related to poorer effortful control.

Conclusion

Children who experience ineffective parenting practices may be less likely to internalize reliable expectations regarding their environment's structure and order. Poorly stabilized perceptions may inhibit adaptive social and behavioral functioning.

Implications

These findings inform intervention efforts aimed toward enhancing parenting practices to improve children's representations and effortful control behaviors.
Effects of multiple drivers of ocean global change on the physiology and functional gene expression of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Feng Yuanyuan , Roleda Michael Y. , Armstrong Evelyn , Summerfield Tina C. , Law Cliff S. , Hurd Catriona L. , Boyd Philip W.
Published: June 2020

Ongoing ocean global change due to anthropogenic activities is causing multiple chemical and physical seawater properties to change simultaneously, which may affect the physiology of marine phytoplankton. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is a model species often employed in the study of the marine carbon cycle. The effect of ocean acidification (OA) on coccolithophore calcification has been extensively studied; however, physiological responses to multiple environmental drivers are still largely unknown. Here we examined two‐way and multiple driver effects of OA and other key environmental drivers—nitrate, phosphate, irradiance, and temperature—on the growth, photosynthetic, and calcification rates, and the elemental composition of E. huxleyi. In addition, changes in functional gene expression were examined to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning the physiological responses. The single driver manipulation experiments suggest decreased nitrate supply being the most important driver regulating E. huxleyi physiology, by significantly reducing the growth, photosynthetic, and calcification rates. In addition, the interaction of OA and decreased nitrate supply (projected for year 2100) had more negative synergistic effects on E. huxleyi physiology than all other two‐way factorial manipulations, suggesting a linkage between the single dominant driver (nitrate) effects and interactive effects with other drivers. Simultaneous manipulation of all five environmental drivers to the conditions of the projected year 2100 had the largest negative effects on most of the physiological metrics. Furthermore, functional genes associated with inorganic carbon acquisition (RubisCO, AEL1, and δCA) and calcification (CAX3, AEL1, PATP, and NhaA2) were most downregulated by the multiple driver manipulation, revealing linkages between responses of functional gene expression and associated physiological metrics. These findings together indicate that for more holistic projections of coccolithophore responses to future ocean global change, it is necessary to understand the relative importance of environmental drivers both individually (i.e., mechanistic understanding) and interactively (i.e., cumulative effect) on coccolithophore physiology.
‘It is always worth the extra effort’: Organizational structures and barriers to collaboration with consumers in mental health research: Perspectives of non‐consumer researcher allies
Authors: Happell Brenda , Gordon Sarah , Roper Cath , Scholz Brett , Ellis Pete , Waks Shifra , Warner Terri , Platania‐Phung Chris
Published: June 2020

Consumer collaboration in mental health research has demonstrated significant benefits and reflects both contemporary research practice and policy goals for the expected genuine involvement of consumers in all aspects of mental health service delivery. Notable barriers have been identified as impeding consumer researcher positions that must be better understood and ultimately addressed. The aim of this research was to better understand these barriers from the perspectives of non‐consumer researchers who have worked collegially with consumer researchers. We developed a self‐report survey, Consumers as Researchers in Mental Health (CaRiMH) and administered it to non‐consumer mental health researchers in Australia and New Zealand. Findings suggest a lack of organizational structures to support both consumer research and capacity building of consumer researchers. Most consumer researchers were employed casually with no set hours. Although consumer researchers were typically remunerated, inadequate funding and inflexibility of employment were highlighted as major barriers. There was variation in opinion about token involvement of consumer researchers and some uncertainty about whether these roles, where they existed, were actively resisted. Despite the acknowledged barriers, participants were positive about collaborations with consumer researchers. Overall, findings suggest consumer research is unlikely to proliferate without greater attention to organizational structures. A systematic and strategic approach to advancing mental health consumer research is required, including extra‐organizational policy factors.
Involving Cultural Sensitivity in the Design Process: A Design Toolkit for Chinese Cultural Products
Authors: Wang Yu‐Han , Ajovalasit Marco
Published: June 2020

Cultural and creative industries have become prosperous, and successful examples in the UK have inspired many countries to commercialise their own cultures by integrating their cultural values into art and design production. Inspired by this trend, the aim of this project is to increase awareness of traditional Chinese cultural aesthetics in modern product development as well as to highlight the role of cultural sensitivity in the product design process. This study focuses on industrial cultural products and examines the meanings and values of cultural products. Through the examination of the user experience of current cultural products with questionnaires and interviews with product designers, a design toolkit for Chinese cultural products was developed and applied in design practice. Design majors from various cultural backgrounds were recruited to participate in workshops to evaluate the usability of the toolkit and to validate whether the toolkit helped in their design processes. The findings of the research revealed that users’ experiences, particularly users’ emotional engagement with the products, could be enriched when the design toolkit was applied in the design process. This design toolkit is designed for use by international designers in the initial stage of the design process when idea generation, brainstorming and sketching occur. The toolkit could be applied not only in product design but also in visual communication design, interior design and digital content design.
LncRNA TUG1 regulates ApoM to promote atherosclerosis progression through miR‐92a/FXR1 axis
Authors: Yang Liu , Li Tie
Published: June 2020

This study aims to explore the possible mechanism of TUG1 regulating ApoM in AS. To this end, expression levels of TUG1 and ApoM were measured in high fat dieted C57BL/6J mice, normal dieted C57BL/6J mice, ob/ob mice and db/db mice. LV‐TUG1 or sh‐TUG1 was injected into C57BL/6J mice before isolating peritoneal macrophages to measure cholesterol efflux (CE) and expression levels of ABCA1, ABCG1 and SR‐BI. Meanwhile, CE in RAW264.7 cells was also measured after cell transfection. Dual luciferase reporter assay and anti‐AGO2 RIP were applied to verify the relationship among TUG1, FXR1 and miR‐92a. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterin (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) as well as expressions of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6) in plasma were measured. Knock‐down or expressed TUG1, FXR1 or miR‐92a in NCTC 1469 cells or in ApoE−/− AS mice to determine the alteration on ApoM and plaque size. TUG1 was highly expressed while ApoM was down‐regulated in high fat dieted C57BL/6J mice, b/ob and db/db mice. Overexpression of TUG1 could reduce the expression of ApoM, ABCA1 and ABCG1 in addition to slowing down CE rate. Reversed expression pattern was found in cells with knock‐down of TUG1. TUG1 can compete with FXR1 to bind miR‐92a. FXR1 negatively target ApoM. Overexpression of TUG1 in ApoE−/− mice can increase plaque size and enhance macrophage contents accordingly. TUG1 can inhibit ApoM in both liver tissues and plasma to inhibit CE through regulating miR‐92a/ FXR1 axis. TUG1 is a promising target for AS treatment.
Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self‐Measure to assess the perceived burden in patients with chronic inflammatory vulvar diseases: an observational study
Authors: Corazza M. , Virgili A. , Toni G. , Valpiani G. , Morotti C. , Borghi A.
Published: June 2020

Background

Chronic inflammatory vulvar diseases can have a huge detrimental impact on patient welfare. A few studies have addressed this issue so far, mainly measuring patients' quality of life or sexual dysfunction.

Objective

To assess the burden of suffering in patients with chronic inflammatory vulvar diseases using the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self‐Measure (PRISM), a visual, non‐verbal instrument. We also assessed (i) the concordance between PRISM and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), (ii) whether some variables, both patient‐related and disease‐related, affect the patient's suffering and quality‐of‐life impairment.

Methods

We evaluated for inclusion in this cross‐sectional study all patients who attended our Vulva Unit over a 9‐month period with histologically proven lichen sclerosus (LS), lichen planus (LP), lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), eczema, plasma cell vulvitis and psoriasis (at least five for each disease). Demographics and disease‐related subjective and objective scores were recorded. The PRISM and DLQI were administered.

Results

We included 87 patients affected with LS, 13 with LSC and seven with LP. Median PRISM values (0–273 mm) ranged from 95 to 120 mm, depending on the disease, and median DLQI scores (0–30) were five for all three groups. Neither PRISM nor DLQI scores differed significantly among the three groups. Moderate coherence was found between PRISM and DLQI (ρ = 0.5455, P < 0.001). Global subjective score was the only variable significantly associated with the degree of suffering and quality‐of‐life impairment.

Conclusions

Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self‐Measure proved to be a valuable, highly reliable tool for measuring the perceived burden in these patients. In spite of a moderate correlation, PRISM resulted more sensitive in capturing patient distress than DLQI.
Demarcated pens and dependent pets: Conservation livelihoods in an indigenous Amazonian protected area
Authors: Oakley R. Elliott
Published: June 2020

Anthropological discussions of indigenous participation in (or exclusion from) conservation projects tend to emphasize contrasting socio‐environmental relations and power asymmetries. By tracing Waiwai interpretations of a protected area partnership in southern Guyana, the article describes how indigenous ideas about land and boundaries have implications beyond enacting the “environment.” Waiwai emphases on an obligation of care implied through enclosure, framed in terms of pets and pens, speak to the practical and political importance of building relationships with powerful outsiders for contemporary Amazonian livelihoods. Despite the value placed on self‐sufficiency in environmentalist discourse, the ability to make claims on others—including from a position of dependency—matters for obtaining land rights, development outcomes, and money. These outcomes, which deepen relations to governments, NGOs, and market economies, are important to how Waiwai people think of sustaining their lives. This article suggests that relations of strategic dependency are an important, though potentially fraught, form of indigenous agency in Amazonia. [agency, dependency, environmental conservation, development, Guyana, Amazonia, Waiwai]
Functional segregation within the pelvic nerve of male rats: a meso‐ and microscopic analysis
Authors: Bertrand Martin M. , Korajkic Nadja , Osborne Peregrine B. , Keast Janet R.
Published: June 2020

The pelvic splanchnic nerves are essential for pelvic organ function and have been proposed as targets for neuromodulation. We have focused on the rodent homologue of these nerves, the pelvic nerves. Our goal was to define within the pelvic nerve the projections of organ‐specific sensory axons labelled by microinjection of neural tracer (cholera toxin, subunit B) into the bladder, urethra or rectum. We also examined the location of peptidergic sensory axons within the pelvic nerves to determine whether they aggregated separately from sacral preganglionic and paravertebral sympathetic postganglionic axons travelling in the same nerve. To address these aims, microscopy was performed on the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) with attached pelvic nerves, microdissected from young adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (6–8 weeks old) and processed as whole mounts for fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The pelvic nerves were typically composed of five discrete fascicles. Each fascicle contained peptidergic sensory, cholinergic preganglionic and noradrenergic postganglionic axons. Sensory axons innervating the lower urinary tract (LUT) consistently projected in specific fascicles within the pelvic nerves, whereas sensory axons innervating the rectum projected in a complementary group of fascicles. These discrete aggregations of organ‐specific sensory projections could be followed along the full length of the pelvic nerves. From the junction of the pelvic nerve with the MPG, sensory axons immunoreactive for calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) showed several distinct patterns of projection: some projected directly to the cavernous nerve, others projected directly across the surface of the MPG to the accessory nerves and a third class entered the MPG, encircling specific cholinergic neurons projecting to the LUT. A subpopulation of preganglionic inputs to noradrenergic MPG neurons also showed CGRP immunoreactivity. Together, these studies reveal new molecular and structural features of the pelvic nerves and suggest functional targets of sensory nerves in the MPG. These anatomical data will facilitate the design of experimental bioengineering strategies to specifically modulate each axon class.
Development of extrinsic innervation in the abdominal intestines of human embryos
Authors: Kruepunga Nutmethee , Hikspoors Jill P. J. M. , Hülsman Cindy J. M. , Mommen Greet M. C. , Köhler S. Eleonore , Lamers Wouter H.
Published: June 2020

Compared to the intrinsic enteric nervous system (ENS), development of the extrinsic ENS is poorly documented, even though its presence is easily detectable with histological techniques. We visualised its development in human embryos and foetuses of 4–9.5 weeks post‐fertilisation using Amira 3D‐reconstruction and Cinema 4D‐remodelling software. The extrinsic ENS originated from small, basophilic neural crest cells (NCCs) that migrated to the para‐aortic region and then continued ventrally to the pre‐aortic region, where they formed autonomic pre‐aortic plexuses. From here, nerve fibres extended along the ventral abdominal arteries and finally connected to the intrinsic system. Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), a subgroup of NCCs that migrate on nerve fibres, showed region‐specific differences in differentiation. SCPs developed into scattered chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla dorsolateral to the coeliac artery (CA) and into more tightly packed chromaffin cells of the para‐aortic bodies ventrolateral to the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), with reciprocal topographic gradients between both fates. The extrinsic ENS first extended along the CA and then along the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and IMA 5 days later. Apart from the branch to the caecum, extrinsic nerves did not extend along SMA branches in the herniated parts of the midgut until the gut loops had returned in the abdominal cavity, suggesting a permissive role of the intraperitoneal environment. Accordingly, extrinsic innervation had not yet reached the distal (colonic) loop of the midgut at 9.5 weeks development. Based on intrinsic ENS‐dependent architectural remodelling of the gut layers, extrinsic innervation followed intrinsic innervation 3–4 Carnegie stages later.
Skin needling for the treatment of acne scarring: A comprehensive review
Authors: Villani Alessia , Carmela Annunziata Maria , Antonietta Luciano Maria , Fabbrocini Gabriella
Published: June 2020

Background

Skin needling, also called “collagen induction therapy,” is a nonpharmacological treatment modality that has been increasingly utilized for the treatment of acne scars.

Aims

To review the medical literature and to select the most significative and recent studies regarding skin needling as a treatment for acne scarring, used alone or combined with other treatments.

Methods

A literature search was performed using the PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases, in addition to reviewing the bibliographies of relevant articles.

Results

Almost all the articles evaluated showed improvement of acne scars severity after microneedling treatment. When combined with other treatments such as autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), chemical peels, filler injections, or laser treatment, a greater improvement was reported. Needling technique is well‐tolerated with erythema and dryness representing the most frequent adverse events.

Conclusions

Microneedling is a useful treatment for acne scarring. Further studies are needed to evaluate its efficacy and safety and to create a standardized protocol to adopt for each patient according to the severity of acne scars.
The effect of hypoxia on the proliferation capacity of dermal papilla cell by regulating lactate dehydrogenase
Authors: Ye Jun , Tang Xiaoli , Long Yunzhu , Chu Zhou , Zhou Qing , Lin Bojie
Published: June 2020

Hypoxia is of great significance for stem cells to maintain the proliferation and differentiation capacity. As a specialized mesenchymal component of the hair follicle (HF), the dermal papilla cell (DPC) not only regulates HF cycle, but also plays a pivotal role in differentiating hair follicle stem cell(HFSC) into HF. However, whether hypoxia could affect DPCs on proliferation or metabolism remains unclear. In our study, DPCs were cultured in normoxia (20%O2) or hypoxia (5%O2). Cell viability assays were performed, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lactate level in DPCs were detected. After that, LDH was overexpressed or knocked down in DPCs; then, the expression of protein markers (ALP, Ki‐67) was assessed by Western blotting, and cell proliferation was also detected after overexpression or knockdown of LDH. Hypoxia did show positive effect on proliferation of DPCs. The LDH activity of DPCs cultured under hypoxic condition was significantly higher than that of cultured under normoxic condition. Overexpression of LDH significantly up‐regulates the expression of ALP and Ki‐67 compared with knockdown and negative control. Cell proliferation was also promoted in DPCs with elevated LDH. Our findings showed that the proliferation activity of DPCs could be stimulated under hypoxia. Meanwhile, LDH plays an important role in maintaining the activity of DPCs in hypoxic condition.
Transient Global Amnesia: A Diffusion and Perfusion MRI study
Authors: Shimizu Kazuhide , Hara Shoko , Hori Masaaki , Tanaka Yoji , Maehara Taketoshi , Aoki Shigeki , Tazawa Toshiaki , Nariai Tadashi
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a rare clinical entity with a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia that recovers within 24 hours. The underlying pathophysiology is uncertain. Imaging studies are controversial, but diffusion‐weighted images often show small diffusion‐restricted lesions in the hippocampus, which may suggest ischemic damage. Thus, we conducted the first clinical study using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) to examine whether the microstructure and perfusion status of the hippocampus are influenced by the presence of diffusion‐restricted lesions.

METHODS

Ten patients with a clinical diagnosis of TGA were evaluated by conventional MRI, NODDI, and ASL. The intracellular volume fraction (ICVF) and orientation dispersion index (ODI) on NODDI and cerebral blood flow (CBF) determined by ASL in the hippocampus were calculated and compared by diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) positivity. Correlations among ICVF, ODI, and CBF were also analyzed.

RESULTS

Three patients had typical unilateral DWI‐positive lesions. No significant differences in any of the three parameters were detected between DWI‐positive and DWI‐negative hippocampi. A statistically significant correlation was detected between the ODI and CBF (R = .51, P = .021).

CONCLUSIONS

The first NODDI and ASL study in patients after TGA demonstrated no obvious microstructural or perfusion abnormalities in the hippocampus with typical DWI‐positive lesions, which may indicate that TGA does not cause destructive damage or involve baseline microstructure or perfusion abnormalities in the hippocampus in relation to diffusion‐restricted lesions.
1-(4-((5-chloro-4-((2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)imidazolidin-2-one (ZX-42), a novel ALK inhibitor, induces apoptosis and protective autophagy in H2228 cells
Authors: Wang Lijing , Xu Xiaobo , Liu Tong , Wang Junfang , Shen Jiwei , Guo Ming , Wu Yingliang , Zhai Xin , Zuo Daiying
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To examine the antiproliferative effects of 1-(4-((5-chloro-4-((2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl)amino)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)imidazolidin-2-one (ZX-42) on the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-4/anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion gene (EML4-ALK) positive lung cancer cell line H2228 and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

The MTT assay was used to study the effect of ZX-42 on H2228 cell growth. Propidium iodide (PI) staining and Western blotting were used to investigate the cell cycle changes. ZX-42-induced cell apoptosis was determined using the Annexin V-FITC/PI (AV/PI) apoptotic assay kit, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and Hoechst 33258 staining, Rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) fluorescence assay and Western blotting. ZX-42-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined by ROS assay kit. Transmission electron microscope, monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining and the AV/PI apoptotic assay kit were used to demonstrate the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis.

Key findings

ZX-42 had good cell viability inhibitory effect on H2228 cells. ZX-42 dramatically inhibited ALK and its downstream pathways. ZX-42 also blocked H2228 cell cycle at G1 phase and then induced apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial pathway. Next, ZX-42 induced the production of ROS, and antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced ROS production and also decreased apoptotic rates. We also found that ZX-42 induced protective autophagy in H2228 cells.

Conclusions

In summary, ZX-42 is a novel ALK inhibitor that significantly inhibits the cell viability of H2228 cells and ultimately induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, in which autophagy plays a protective role. Therefore, inhibition of autophagy might enhance the anti-cancer effect of ZX-42.
A geometric calibration model for the new ultra‐large frame aerial mapping camera DMZ II
Authors: Fang Yong , Hu Haiyan , Gao Li , Jiang Zhenzhi , Cao Bincai , Sun Bijiao
Published: June 2020

The DMZ II (DaMianZhen II) camera uses a multi‐frame optical plane assembly to form a virtual ultra‐large array sensor (23 000 × 23 000 pixels). The geometric model of this aerial mapping camera, with one lens and 12 component CCD panchromatic arrays, is proposed. The new geometric model combines the well‐known global parameters with sensor‐specific local parameters for the individually installed CCD arrays. Test flight evaluations show that the model can improve the geometric accuracy from ±6 μm (1 pixel) to ±1·5 μm (1/4 pixel), equivalent to that of traditional single‐array imaging sensors, providing a multiple‐array large‐frame aerial mapping camera with high accuracy and efficiency.
The Moral Grounds of Reasonably Mistaken Self‐Defense
Authors: Bolinger Renée Jorgensen
Published: June 2020

Some, but not all, of the mistakes a person makes when acting in apparently necessary self‐defense are reasonable: we take them not to violate the rights of the apparent aggressor. I argue that this is explained by duties grounded in agents’ entitlements to a fair distribution of the risk of suffering unjust harm. I suggest that the content of these duties is filled in by a social signaling norm, and offer some moral constraints on the form such a norm can take.
Exogenous 6‐benzyladenine application affects root morphology by altering hormone status and gene expression of developing lateral roots in Malus hupehensis
Authors: Mao J. , Niu C. , Li K. , Mobeen Tahir M. , Khan A. , Wang H. , Li S. , Liang Y. , Li G. , Yang Z. , Zuo L. , Han M. , Ren X. , An N. , Zhang D.
Published: June 2020

Malus hupehensis is an extensively used apple rootstock in China. In the current study, M. hupehensis seedlings were treated with exogenous 2.2 µm 6‐benzyladenine (6‐BA) so as to investigate the mechanism by which 6‐BA affects lateral root development.

The results indicate that 6‐BA treatment promotes elongation and thickening of both root and shoot in M. hupehensis, but reduces the number of lateral roots, as well as reducing the auxin level after 6‐BA treatment. Moreover, MhAHK4, MhRR1 and MhRR2 were also significantly up‐regulated in response to 6‐BA treatment.

Expression levels of auxin synthesis‐ and transport‐related genes, such as MhYUCCA6, MhYUCCA10, MhPIN1 and MhPIN2, were down‐regulated, which corresponds with lower auxin levels in the 6‐BA‐treated seedlings. A negative regulator of auxin, MhIAA3, was induced by 6‐BA treatment, leading to reduced expression of MhARF7 and MhARF19 in 6‐BA‐treated seedlings. As a result, expression of MhWOX11, MhWOX5, MhLBD16 and MhLBD29 was blocked, which in turn inhibited lateral root initiation.

In addition, a lower auxin level decreased expression of MhRR7 and MhRR15, which repressed expression of key transcription factors associated with root development, thus inhibiting lateral root development. In contrast, 6‐BA treatment promoted secondary growth (thickening) of the root by inducing expression of MhCYCD3;1 and MhCYCD3;2. Collectively, the changes in hormone levels and gene expression resulted in a reduced number of lateral roots and thicker roots in 6‐BA‐treated plants.
Identifying reference communities in ecological restoration: the use of environmental conditions driving vegetation composition
Authors: Durbecq Aure , Jaunatre Renaud , Buisson Elise , Cluchier Alexandre , Bischoff Armin
Published: June 2020

In restoration ecology, the reference ecosystem represents a key concept which is well defined from a theoretical point of view. In practice, however, selecting reference systems, such as reference plant communities, often lacks clear methodology. In order to facilitate this selection, we provide a framework based on ecological theory, and more precisely on relationships between vegetation and environmental factors, to identify reference plant communities. The four major steps are: (1) the delimitation of a geographical zone in which habitat types similar to restoration sites occur; (2) the identification of environmental factors structuring non‐degraded plant communities within this geographical zone; (3) the comparison of the environmental factors between non‐degraded and degraded sites; and (4) the selection of the non‐degraded sites most similar to restoration sites in terms of environmental factors to use them as references. We concept‐proved our approach by identifying reference communities using environmental factor combinations for five mountain grassland sites degraded by the construction of a high‐voltage line. In a multivariate analysis of 18 non‐degraded sites, we identified six major environmental factors explaining plant species compositions. A second multivariate analysis including degraded sites provided environmental distances of the 18 non‐degraded to each of the degraded sites. The results demonstrated that the environmentally most similar sites were not necessarily the geographically closest ones. In conclusion, the analysis of regional plant–environment interactions provides an important tool to identify reference communities or source sites for seed transfer if not available adjacent to degraded habitats.
Setting, sulfur isotope variations, and metamorphism of Jurassic massiveZn‐Pb‐Agsulfide mineralization associated with arc‐type volcanism (Skra, Vardar zone, Νorthern Greece)
Authors: Skarpelis Nikolaos
Published: June 2020

Massive Zn‐Pb‐Ag sulfide mineralization appears conformable with felsic volcanism, developed in an Upper Jurassic volcanic arc to the Southwest (SW) of the Serbo‐Macedonian continent in Northern Greece. The host volcanic sequence of the mineralization comprises mylonitized rhyolitic to rhyodacitic lavas, pyroclastics, quartz‐feldspar porphyries, and cherty tuffs. A “white mica—quartz—pyrite” mineral assemblage characterizes the volcanic rocks in the footwall and hanging‐wall of massive sulfide ore layers, formed as a result of greenschist‐grade regional metamorphism on “clay‐quartz‐pyrite” hydrothermal alteration haloes. Massive ore lenses are usually underlain by deformed Cu‐pyrite and quartz‐pyrite stockworks. Most of the sulfide ore bodies have proximal‐type features. Ductile deformation and regional metamorphism have transformed many of the stockwork structures. The mineralization is characterized by high Zn, Pb, and Ag contents, while Cu and critical metals are low. Primary depositional textures, for example, layering, clastic pyrite, colloform, and atoll textures were identified. The overall textural features of the mineralization indicate it has undergone mechanical deformation. The most prominent features of the effects of metamorphism, folding and shearing, are modification of the ore body morphology toward flattened and boudinage structures and transformation of the ore textures toward the dominance of planar fabrics. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides along with textural observations are consistent with a dual source of sulfide sulfur. Sulfur isotope values for sphalerite, non‐colloform pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite fall in a limited range from −1.6 to +4.8‰ (mean δ34S + 2‰), indicating a hydrothermal source derived from the reduction of coeval seawater sulfate in the convective system. Pyrites with colloform and atoll textures are characterized by a34S depletion, indicating a bacterial reduction of coeval seawater sulfate. The morphology of ore beds, the mineralogy, sulfide textures, and ore chemistry along with the petrology and tectonic setting of the host rocks can be attributed to typical of a bimodal‐felsic metallogenesis. Although similar in many respects to classic Kuroko‐type volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization, it has some atypical features, like the absence of barite ore, which is possibly a result of significant temporal depletion in sulfate due to bacterial reduction, a conclusion supported by the widespread occurrence of colloidal and atoll textures of pyrite.
Lethal Means Assessment and Counseling in the Emergency Department: Differences by Provider Type and Personal Home Firearms
Authors: Diurba Sofiya , Johnson Rachel L. , Siry Bonnie J. , Knoepke Christopher E. , Suresh Krithika , Simpson Scott A. , Azrael Deborah , Ranney Megan L. , Wintemute Garen J , Betz Marian E.
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study examined emergency department (ED) and behavioral health (BH) provider attitudes and behaviors related to lethal means screening and counseling of patients with suicide risk, specifically examining differences by provider type and whether providers had firearms in their own home.

Methods

Emergency department providers (physicians and mid‐level practitioners) and behavioral health (BH) providers at four Colorado EDs completed an anonymous, web‐based survey.

Results

Fewer ED providers (35%) than BH providers (81%) felt confident in their ability to counsel patients about lethal means (p < .001). In multivariable analysis, the only clinical or provider factor associated with often or almost always asking patients about firearm access was provider type, with BH providers more likely than ED providers to ask in all scenarios (OR: 5.58, 95% CI 1.68–18.6). Behaviors and attitudes about lethal means counseling did not vary by whether the provider had firearms at home. Almost all providers said that additional training and protocols about how to help patients make firearm storage decisions would be helpful.

Conclusions

Gaps in ED‐delivered lethal means counseling persist, highlighting directions for future provider education and protocol development.
The particle image tracking technique: An accurate optical method for measuring individual kinematics of rigid particles
Authors: Richefeu Vincent , Combe Gaël
Published: June 2020

We present a new approach to assess the two‐dimensional motion of rigid bodies in granular materials. Although it was adapted from digital image correlation technique, the heart of the presented technique relies on specific treatments related to the discrete nature of grain‐displacement fields. The code called Tracker has been developed to process the digital images and measure the in‐plane displacement and rotation of each individual grain from one image to another. A remarkable feature is the use of a specific strategy that allows tracking all particles, without losing any of them (which is a typical problem when tracking assemblies of discrete particles over many images). This is achieved by a two‐step procedure, where, in case of problematic tracking of a grain, the size of the search zone is increased in an adaptive manner, that is, taking into account the results of tracking in the neighbourhood of the particle. The accuracy of the measured displacements and rotations was tested on both perfect synthetic images and digital photographs of a sheared assembly of grains. An automatic procedure that corrects the lens distortion further improves the quality of the measurements. The accurate assessment of the grain kinematics opens very interesting perspectives, especially in the study of displacement fluctuations in granular media.
Distancing Bonus Or Downscaling Loss? The Changing Livelihood of Us Online Workers in Times of COVID‐19
Authors: Stephany Fabian , Dunn Michael , Sawyer Steven , Lehdonvirta Vili
Published: June 2020

We draw on data from the Online Labour Index and interviews with freelancers in the United States securing work on online platforms, to illuminate effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The pandemic's global economic upheaval is shuttering shops and offices. Those able to do so are now working remotely from their homes. They join workers who have always been working remotely: freelancers who earn some or all of their income from projects secured via online labour platforms. Data allow us to sketch a first picture of how the initial months of the COVID‐19 pandemic have affected the livelihoods of online freelancers. The data shows online labour demand falling rapidly in early March 2020, but with an equally rapid recovery. We also find significant differences between countries and occupations. Data from interviews make clear jobs are increasingly scarce even as more people are creating profiles and seeking freelance work online.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in kidney transplant recipients: Early report of five cases
Authors: Silva Filipa , Cipriano Ana , Cruz Hugo , Tavares Joana , Fragoso Joana , Malheiro Jorge , Almeida Manuela , Martins La Salete , Abreu Miguel , Pedroso Sofia , Dias Leonídio , Henriques António Castro
Published: June 2020

From December 2019 to March 2020, China was the epicenter of the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection pandemic, but from that moment on, Europe surpassed China in the number of new cases and deaths related to this novel viral respiratory infection. The emergence of this world pandemic is particularly important for solid organ transplant recipients, who might have an increased risk of mortality, not only due to their chronic immunosuppression status, but also to the cardiovascular risk that correlates with several years of chronic kidney disease. To the extent that there is still a lack of knowledge about the clinical characteristics, evolution, and prognosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in kidney transplant recipients, we will report the first 5 cases diagnosed and followed in our transplant unit, as well as share the therapeutic strategies adopted.
Exploring Family Caregivers’ Subjective Experience of Positive Aspects in Home-Based Elder Caregiving: From Korean Family Caregivers’ Experience
Authors: Lee Jung Hee
Published: June 2020

Recently research has identified positive dimensions of the caregiving experience. However, there is still a dearth of research into positive aspects of home-based family caregiving for older adults in various cultural contexts. This exploratory study seeks to expand our knowledge in this area by exploring the positive experience of Korean family caregivers who cared for older adults with frailty at home and how they can transform their caregiving experience into positive one despite of many challenges. Eighteen family caregivers were explored through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Participants reported several positive aspects from their home-based elder caregiving experience. The positive aspects were categorized into three groups; relational aspects, personal aspects, and spiritual aspects. Findings indicate that Koran family caregivers of older adults in this study perceive that caregiving experience is challenging but also offers an opportunity for gains.