bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrafamilial variability in the clinical manifestations of mucopolysaccharidosis type II: Data from the Hunter Outcome Survey (HOS)
Authors: Ficicioglu Can , Giugliani Roberto , Harmatz Paul , Mendelsohn Nancy J. , Jego Virginie , Parini Rossella
Published: December 2017

Several cases of phenotypic variability among family members with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) have been reported, but the data are limited. Data from patients enrolled in the Hunter Outcome Survey (HOS) were used to investigate intrafamilial variability in male siblings with MPS II. As of July 2015, data were available for 78 patients aged ≥5 years at last visit who had at least one affected sibling (39 sibling pairs). These patients were followed prospectively (i.e., they were alive at enrollment in HOS). The median age at the onset of signs and symptoms was the same for the elder and younger brothers (2.0 years); however, the younger brothers were typically diagnosed at a younger age than the elder brothers (median age, 2.5 and 5.1 years, respectively). Of the 39 pairs, eight pairs were classified as being discordant (the status of four or more signs and symptoms differed between the siblings); 21 pairs had one, two, or three signs and symptoms that differed between the siblings, and 10 pairs had none. Regression status of the majority of the developmental milestones studied was generally concordant among siblings. Functional classification, a measure of central nervous system involvement, was the same in 24/28 pairs, although four pairs were considered discordant as functional classification differed between the siblings. Overall, this analysis revealed similarity in the clinical manifestations of MPS II among siblings. This information should help to improve our understanding of the clinical presentation of the disease, including phenotype prediction in affected family members.
“Dumbbell”‐ and “Clackers”‐Shaped Dimeric Derivatives of Monocarba‐closo‐dodecaborate
Authors: Kitazawa Yu , Watanabe Mamoru , Masumoto Yui , Otsuka Mai , Miyamoto Kazunori , Muranaka Atsuya , Hashizume Daisuke , Takita Ryo , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: December 2017

We designed, synthesized, and characterized two types of dimeric forms of monocarba‐closo‐dodecaborate, namely, a “dumbbell”‐shaped dianion having a C−C bond and a “clackers”‐shaped monoanion having an iodonium linker. The unique architectures of these anionic molecules were established by X‐ray analysis. Spectroscopic analysis, DFT calculations, and reactivity experiments revealed high anionic and chemical stability of both anions, which are crucial properties for weakly coordinating anions.
A 30 nm Nanopore Electrode: Facile Fabrication and Direct Insights into the Intrinsic Feature of Single Nanoparticle Collisions
Authors: Gao Rui , Ying Yi‐Lun , Li Yuan‐Jie , Hu Yong‐Xu , Yu Ru‐Jia , Lin Yao , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: December 2017

Clarifying the hidden but intrinsic feature of single nanoparticles by nanoelectrochemistry could help understand its potential for diverse applications. The uncontrolled interface and bandwidth limitation in the electrochemical measurement put the obstacle in single particle collision. Here, we demonstrate a well‐defined 30 nm nanopore electrode with a rapid chemical‐electrochemical fabrication method which provides a high reproducibility in both size and performance. A capacitance‐based detection mechanism is demonstrated to achieve a high current resolution of 0.6 pA ±0.1 pA (RMS) and a high the temporal resolution of 0.01 ms. By utilizing this electrode, the dynamic interactions of every single particle in the mixture could be directly read during the collision process. The collision frequency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous reports, which helps reveal the hidden features of nanoparticles during the complex and multidimensional interaction processes.
Visible‐Light Emulsion Photopolymerization of Styrene
Authors: Le Quéméner Frédéric , Subervie Daniel , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Lalevée Jacques , Lansalot Muriel , Bourgeat‐Lami Elodie , Lacôte Emmanuel
Published: December 2017

The photopolymerization of styrene in emulsion is achieved in a conventional double‐wall reactor equipped with a LED ribbon coiled around the external glass wall. Styrene mixed to acridine orange is added to the water phase containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, a water‐soluble N‐heterocyclic carbene–borane and disulfide, and irradiated. Highly stable latexes are obtained, with particles up to a diameter of 300 nm. The ability to reach such large particle sizes via a photochemical process in a dispersed medium is due to the use of visible light: the photons in the visible range are less scattered by larger objects and thus penetrate and initiate better the polymerizations. They are also greener and cheaper to produce via LEDs, and much safer than UVs. The method presented does not require any specific glassware; it works at lower temperature and delivers larger particles compared to thermal processes at similar solids contents and surfactant concentrations.
Cleavage of Unstrained C−C Bonds in Acenes by Boron and Light: Transformation of Naphthalene into Benzoborepin
Authors: Wang Suning , Yuan Kang , Hu Ming‐Feng , Wang Xiang , Peng Tai , Wang Nan , Li Quan‐Song
Published: December 2017

Naphthalene and acenaphthene with peri 2‐py and BMes2 (py=pyridyl, Mes=mesityl) substituents have been found to undergo facile phototransformation, cleavage of a C−C bond of naphthalene, and formation of 2‐py‐bound benzoborepins as the major products. Mechanistic pathways of this photoreaction have been established by examination of both excited and ground states by using CASSCF and CASPT2 methods in DFT and time‐dependent DFT calculations. The mesityl to py‐naphthyl charge‐transfer transition and the mesityl migration from the boron atom to the naphthyl moiety drive this unprecedented C−C bond cleavage and boron‐insertion reaction.
Robustness of Decision‐Making Competence: Evidence from Two Measures and an 11‐Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Parker Andrew M. , Bruine de Bruin Wändi , Fischhoff Baruch , Weller Joshua
Published: December 2017

Decision‐making competence (DMC) is the ability to follow normative principles when making decisions. In a longitudinal analysis, we examine the robustness of DMC over time, as measured by two batteries of paper‐and‐pencil tasks. Participants completed the youth version (Y‐DMC) at age 19 and/or the adult version (A‐DMC) 11 years later at age 30, as part of a larger longitudinal study. Both measures are composed of tasks adapted from ones used in experimental studies of decision‐making skills. Results supported the robustness of these measures and the usefulness of the construct. Response patterns for Y‐DMC were similar to those observed with a smaller initial sample drawn from the same population. Response patterns for A‐DMC were similar to those observed with an earlier community sample. Y‐DMC and A‐DMC were significantly correlated, for participants who completed both measures, 11 years apart, even after controlling for measures of cognitive ability. Nomological validity was observed in correlations of scores on both tests with measures of cognitive ability, cognitive style, and environmental factors with predicted relationships to DMC, including household socioeconomic status, neighborhood disadvantage, and paternal substance abuse. Higher Y‐DMC and A‐DMC scores were also associated with lower rates of potentially risky and antisocial behaviors, including adolescent delinquency, cannabis use, and early sexual behavior. Thus, the Y‐DMC and A‐DMC measures appear to capture a relatively stable, measurable construct that increases with supportive environmental factors and is associated with constructive behaviors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Hydrogen Pyrophosphate Selective Anion Receptor Based on Thiosemicarbazone
Authors: Pandian Thiravidamani Senthil , Srinivasadesikan Venkatesan , Lin Ming‐Chang , Park Jong IL , Kang Jongmin
Published: December 2017

A novel rigid anion receptor 1 containing thiosemicarbazone groups were synthesized. Receptor 1 displayed competitive turn‐off fluorescence and colorimetric response for hydrogen pyrophosphate. This recognition process was confirmed by UV–vis, fluorescence titrations. A detailed analysis of the TD‐density functional theory calculations was consistent with the observed colorimetric experiments. These experiments revealed that the colorimetric and fluorescent response is triggered by thiourea/ HP2O73− hydrogen bonding.
Longitudinal report of child with de novo 16p11.2 triplication
Authors: Wallace Arianne S. , Hudac Caitlin M. , Steinman Kyle J. , Peterson Jessica L. , DesChamps Trent D. , Duyzend Michael H. , Nuttle Xander , Eichler Evan E. , Bernier Raphael A.
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

16p11.2 deletions and duplications are commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder and linked to mirrored phenotypes of physical characteristics and higher penetrance for deletions. A male with a rare 16p11.2 triplication demonstrated a similar phenotypic presentation to deletion carriers with neurocognitive and adaptive skill deficits and above‐average physical growth.
Highly Luminescent CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) Nanocrystals Achieved by a Rapid Anion Exchange at Room Temperature
Authors: Fang Shaofan , Li Guangshe , Lu Yantong , Li Liping
Published: December 2017

Cesium lead halide perovskite (CsPbX3) nanocrystals (NCs) exhibit an excellent photoelectric performance, which is directly governed by fine‐tuning of the composition and preparation of materials with a special phase structure and morphology. However, it is still facing challenges to achieve highly stable and luminescent CsPbX3 NCs at room temperature. Herein, we report on a novel exchange reaction, in which metal halides MX2 (M=Zn, Mg, Cu, or Ca; X=Cl, Br, or I) solids act as anion source to directly prepare CsPbX3 NCs at room temperature without any pretreatment. Introducing small amount of oleic acid or oleylamine speed up the exchange reaction through different promotion mechanisms. Oleic acid coordinates to the surface of the NCs, which increases the reaction activity, and oleylamine greatly enhances the dissolution of ZnCl2. XRD and TEM tests demonstrate that the cubic phase structure and the morphology of the parent CsPbX3 were well preserved. Moreover, the band‐gap energies and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were readily tunable over the entire visible spectral region of λ=406–685 nm. Our findings could open up the possibilities of using metal halide solids as new anion sources to prepare high‐quality CsPbX3 NCs at room temperature.
Tris(pentafluoroethyl)stannane: Tin Hydride Chemistry with an Electron‐Deficient Stannane
Authors: Wiesemann Markus , Niemann Mark , Klösener Johannes , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold
Published: December 2017

A versatile two‐step synthesis of tris(pentafluoroethyl)stannane, HSn(C2F5)3, is presented. Electron‐withdrawing C2F5 groups significantly influence the polarity of the tin–hydrogen bond, which allows facile deprotonation of the compound, even in water. The utility of this electron‐deficient stannane was illustrated in hydrostannylations of alkenes and alkynes, as well as in dehalogenation reactions. The remarkably high reactivity of HSn(C2F5)3 is demonstrated in fast hydrostannylations, even in the absence of activators, whereby the regioselectivity of this process turns out to be solvent dependent. It is of great advantage that in dehalogenation reactions volatile halogenotris(pentafluoroethyl)stannanes, XSn(C2F5)3 (X=I, Br), are formed that allow facile separation of the tin‐containing byproducts from the reaction mixtures.
Activities of 11‐Azaartemisinin andN‐Sulfonyl Derivatives againstNeospora caninumand Comparative Cytotoxicities
Authors: Harmse Rozanne , Wong Ho Ning , Smit Frans J. , Müller Joachim , Hemphill Andrew , N'Da David D. , Haynes Richard K.
Published: December 2017

Neosporosis caused by the apicomplexan parasiteNeospora caninumis an economically important disease that induces abortion in dairy and beef cattle. There are no vaccines or drugs available on the market for control or treatment of the disease in bovines. The peroxide artemisinin and its derivatives used clinically for treatment of malaria are active againstN. caninumand other apicomplexan parasites. We have now evaluated the activities of the readily accessible and chemically robust 11‐azaartemisinin5and selectedN‐sulfonyl derivatives prepared as described in the accompanying paper againstN. caninumtachyzoites grown in infected human foreskin fibroblasts. Azaartemisinin elicited an IC50value of 150 nm, and the 2′,5′‐dichloro‐3′‐thienylsulfonyl‐11‐azaartemisinin17was found to be the most active, with an IC50value of 40 nm. Comparison with normal human fetal lung fibroblasts HFLF WI‐38 revealed relatively benign cytotoxicity. The compounds were also screened in vitro against TK‐10 (renal), UACC‐62 (melanoma) and MCF‐7 (breast) cancer cell lines; overall, in line with activities against HFLF cells, most compounds in the series were found to be inactive.
Electronic Properties of h‐BCN–Blue Phosphorene van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Kaewmaraya Thanayut , Srepusharawoot Pornjuk , Hussian Tanveer , Amornkitbamrung Vittaya
Published: December 2017

Van der Waals heterostructures, a new class of materials made of a vertically selective assembly of various 2D monolayers held together by van der Waals forces, have attracted a great deal of attention due to their promise to deliver novel electronic and optoelectronic properties that are not achievable by using individual 2D crystals. Using density functional theory (DFT), it is revealed that van der Waals heterostructures composed of monolayers of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) and the latest P allotrope blue phosphorus (blue phosphorene, BlueP) forms a straddling type I band offset for which the band edges exclusively belong to BlueP. This feature enables h‐BN to act as a protective coating material to resolve the air instability of BlueP. Furthermore, substitutional doping of C into h‐BN (h‐BCN) at a suitable concentration induces h‐BCN–BlueP into staggered type II band offset. The type II band alignment triggered by the intensified built‐in electric field across the sheets implies improved carrier mobility and the suppressed recombination of photogenerated hole pairs. These major benefits can pave the way for the potential functionality of h‐BCN–BlueP to be exploited for efficient photovoltaic devices.
Further Studies on How the Nature of Zeolite Cavities That Are Bounded by Small Pores Influences the Conversion of Methanol to Light Olefins
Authors: Kang Jong Hun , Walter Raimund , Xie Dan , Davis Tracy , Chen Cong‐Yan , Davis Mark E. , Zones Stacey I.
Published: December 2017

A series of small‐pore zeolites are synthesized and investigated as catalysts for the methanol‐to‐olefins (MTO) reaction. Small‐pore zeolites SSZ‐13, SSZ‐16, SSZ‐27, SSZ‐28, SSZ‐52, SSZ‐98, SSZ‐99, SSZ‐104, SSZ‐105 and an ITQ‐3‐type material are synthesized, and the results from their use as catalytic materials in the MTO reaction compared to those obtained from SAPO‐34. The production of propane that tends to correlate with catalytic material lifetime (higher initial propane yields lead to shorter lifetimes) declines with increasing Si/Al (as has been observed previously for SSZ‐13), and a larger cage dimension leads to higher propane yields at a fixed Si/Al. Data from these materials and others reported previously, for example, SSZ‐39 and Rho, that were tested at the same reaction conditions, revealed four different patterns of light olefin selectivities: 1) ethylene greater than propylene with low butene, for example, SSZ‐17, SSZ‐98, SSZ‐105, 2) ethylene equal to propylene and low butene, for example, SAPO‐34, SSZ‐13, SSZ‐16, SSZ‐27, SSZ‐52, SSZ‐99, SSZ‐104, 3) propylene greater than ethylene with butene similar to ethylene, for example, SSZ‐28, SSZ‐39, and 4) ethylene equal to propylene equal to butene, for example, Rho. No clear relationships between zeolite cage architecture and light olefin selectivity emerged from this investigation, although several trends are presented as suggestions for further study.
Controllable Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Ceria Nanocubes by Template‐Free Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Zhang Hepeng , Yang Bo , Li Huan , Wu Chen , Wang Wenbin , Zhang Baoliang , Zhang Qiuyu , Zhang Chongyin
Published: December 2017

Different crystal planes of CeO2 have a different number of broken bonds, surface energy and catalytic activities, so preparing the CeO2 with different exposed planes has attracted extensive attention. In recent years, the preparation of CeO2 nanocubes with {100} exposed plane has been a real hotspot of research because of its good catalytic performance. Based on the research about the alkali concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time, the formation mechanism of CeO2 nanocubes was explored. It is believed that the dissolution‐recrystallization process is accelerated in the condition of strong base, high temperature and high pressure. In other word, the Ostwald ripening process is strengthened, which is the decisive factor for the formation of CeO2 nanocubes.
Tracking Ionic Rearrangements and Interpreting Dynamic Volumetric Changes in Two‐Dimensional Metal Carbide Supercapacitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: Xu Kui , Lin Zifeng , Merlet Céline , Taberna Pierre‐Louis , Miao Ling , Jiang Jianjun , Simon Patrice
Published: December 2017

We present a molecular dynamics simulation study achieved on two‐dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx MXenes in the ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM]+[TFSI]−) electrolyte. Our simulations reproduce the different patterns of volumetric change observed experimentally for both the negative and positive electrodes. The analysis of ionic fluxes and structure rearrangements in the 2D material provide an atomic scale insight into the charge and discharge processes in the layer pore and confirm the existence of two different charge‐storage mechanisms at the negative and positive electrodes. The ionic number variation and the structure rearrangement contribute to the dynamic volumetric changes of both electrodes: negative electrode expansion and positive electrode contraction.
Reactivity of a (Benzene)Ruthenium(II) Cation on a Di‐lacunary γ‐Keggin‐Type Silicotungstate and Synthesis of a Mono‐(Benzene)Ruthenium(II)‐Attached γ‐Keggin‐Type Silicotungstate
Authors: Kikuchi Masaya , Ota Hiromi , López Xavier , Nakaya Toshimi , Tsunoji Nao , Sano Tsuneji , Sadakane Masahiro
Published: December 2017

Reaction of a (benzene)Ru2+ complex, [Ru(C6H6)Cl2]2, with a di‐lacunary γ‐Keggin‐type silicodecatungstate, K8[γ‐SiW10O36], at a (C6H6)Ru2+/[γ‐SiW10O36]8– ratio of 1 produces [γ‐SiW10O36Ru(C6H6)]6–. The cesium salt was characterized using experimental and theoretical methods; one (C6H6)Ru2+ moiety is attached through three bridging oxygen atoms of the non‐lacunary site, and the anion is stable in aqueous solution. 1H NMR spectroscopy and high‐resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry measurements of the reaction mixture with different (C6H6)Ru2+/[γ‐SiW10O36]8– ratios indicate that the (C6H6)Ru2+ complex first reacts with the three bridging oxygen atoms to form [γ‐SiW10O36Ru(C6H6)]6–, and then react on the terminal oxygen atoms of the lacunary site to form a [γ‐SiW10O36Ru(C6H6)]6– complex, which was reported by the Kortz and Nadjo group.
Mild Upgrading of Bio‐Crude Pyrolysis Oil: A Concept Based on Bio‐Based Alcohols with Selective Water Adsorption
Authors: Kumar Pazhavelikkakath Purushothaman Rajeesh , Buntara Teddy , Zhang Zheng , Vehoff Ilse J. , Boyadjian Cassia , Falco Lorena , Seshan Kulathuiyer , Gómez Natalia , Heeres Hero J. , Melián‐Cabrera Ignacio
Published: December 2017

Biocrude pyrolysis oil is obtained by a process called fast‐pyrolysis, in which almost any organic‐based feedstock is thermally processed at moderate temperatures, in the range of 400–600 °C, in the absence of oxygen at short residence times. After condensing the vapors in a cooling tray, a dark‐brown bioliquid is obtained. The quality of the thus obtained fast pyrolysis oil has some barriers for its direct use as transportation fuel. Low caloric value, high viscosity, and corrosion are the major challenges for its implementation in conventional engines. There have been sustained efforts to improve the quality of the oil. In this Communication we are reporting a concept on improving the acidic properties by means of a combined catalysis and adsorption approach. We found that fast pyrolysis oil can be upgraded through alcoholysis using n‐butanol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, which are biomass‐derived bulk chemicals. The reaction is acid catalyzed whereas water is continuously separated from the condensate mixture through molecular sieve adsorption. Under optimal conditions, the ultimate acidity and water content of the upgraded product are negligible.
Effect of simulated combustion atmospheres on oxidation and microstructure evolution of aluminum alloy 5052
Authors: Xie Dongbai , Wang Wen , Lv Shilei , Shan Guo
Published: December 2017

Among the common materials, metals can be hardly destroyed by flame or the heat emanating from a normal fire. Consequently, investigation on the thermal patterns produced on metallic objects after fire exposure can provide important physical evidence for fire cause/origin determination. Aluminum alloy is widely used in our daily life and the industry; hence, it can be easily found on a domestic or industrial fire scene. In this paper, the aluminum alloy 5052 was exposed in the simulated combustion gases with and without kerosene in the range of 300 to 500°C. Mass change, morphologies, and microstructures of each sample were carefully characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, morphologic observation, and electron microscopy observation with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis after exposure. As expected, the microstructure of alloy changed during high temperature exposure. At the same time, an oxide scale formed and was thickened on the surface of alloy. The results reveal that the temperature can significantly affect the growth of oxide scale and the metallurgical microstructure of alloy. It is noteworthy that the presence of kerosene in the combustion gas accelerated oxidation rate and produced oxide scales different from those formed in air. These feature evolutions in surface oxide are expected to offer complementary insight on determining the fire characteristics, such as the exposure temperature, period and whether liquid accelerant is involved.
Fire‐retarding properties of nanowollastonite in particleboard
Authors: Esmailpour Ayoub , Taghiyari Hamid R. , Nouri Pezhman , Jahangiri Asghar
Published: December 2017

Effects of wollastonite nanofibers on fire‐retarding properties of particleboard were studied here. Nanowollastonite (NW) was applied at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% based on the dry weight of wood particles. The size range of wollastonite nanofibers was 30 to 110 nm. Two application methods of NW were used: surface application (SA) in which NW was mixed with a water‐based paint and sprayed on the specimens, and internal application (IA) in which NW was mixed with the urea‐formaldehyde resin. Density was kept constant at 0.68 g/cm3 for all treatments. Specimens of 150 × 130 × 9 mm were prepared, and fire‐retarding properties were measured using 2 apparatuses: slide fire test apparatus and fixed fire test apparatus. The obtained results indicated that most fire‐retarding properties were improved with the increase in NW content up to 15% when applied internally. More than this amount resulted in decreasing of properties that was partly due to the less wood‐chips content and partly due to the absorption of resin by the NW fibers. Surface application showed higher improving effects on the properties. It can be concluded that SA of NW is more effective in improving fire‐retarding properties of particleboard; furthermore, 10% of NW is recommended as an optimum level of consumption.
Oxidative stability of canola oil by Biarum bovei bioactive components during storage at ambient temperature
Authors: Farahmandfar Reza , Ramezanizadeh Mohammad Hossein
Published: December 2017

In this study, antioxidative activities of aqueous extract of Biarum bovei (BBE) in stabilizing of canola oil during storage at 20°C was evaluated. For this purpose, the total phenolic (TP), flavonoids (TFC), and tocopherol content (TTC) of the extract were determined and β‐carotene bleaching system was used to assess the antioxidant efficacy of BBE. The amount of TP, TFC, and TTC in BBE indicated high antioxidant activity. So, different concentrations (0, 200, 800, and 1400 ppm) of BBE and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA; 100 ppm), were added to canola oil for 60 days at 20°C. Peroxide value (PV), carbonyl value (CV), Total polar compounds (TPC), acid value (AV), iodine values (IV), and conjugated dienes (CD) were employed to evaluate the BBE effect on canola oil stabilizing. Results indicated that 1,400 ppm of BBE exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in canola oil than BHA.
Problems of dual vulnerability in nutrition: A qualitative study of older persons caring for under 5‐year‐olds in post‐disaster Haiti
Authors: Raybould Stephanie , Ward Thomas , Burnett Renée , Manikam Logan , Tibe Mackentoch , Munslow Barry
Published: December 2017

Situation

Malnutrition plays a significant role in under‐five mortality rates following disasters. Older people play an important role in childcare in non‐Western societies, which often increases in displacement contexts. Until now, policy, in general, and nutrition programmes, in particular, have focused on the mother‐child dyad.

Aim

To gather information on possible barriers to older carers accessing nutritional services for the children they care for and explore ways to overcome these obstacles.

Method

A qualitative approach was taken to explore the experiences of the carers themselves. Focus group discussions provided data, which were analysed using grounded theory.

Results

Data collected showed older people have similar needs to other caregivers in emergency settings, needs that are often amplified by age. Moreover, many barriers to accessing services were elicited, including targeting and advertising of nutritional programmes, alongside physical and psychosocial barriers to assessing existing support. Participants generated potential solutions to each identified barrier.

Conclusion

As older people in Haiti were often the sole carers of under‐fives, there is a need to recognise their importance in this role and support them within. More generally, in any emergency setting, organisations need take into account all stakeholders in child nutrition when planning and implementing programmes.
Higher serotonin transporter availability in early‐onset obsessive–compulsive disorder patients undergoing escitalopram treatment: A [11C]DASB PET study
Authors: Lee Junhee , Kim Bo‐Hyung , Kim Euitae , Howes Oliver D. , Cho Kang Ik Kevin , Yoon Youngwoo Bryan , Kwon Jun Soo
Published: December 2017

Objective

Early‐onset obsessive–compulsive disorder (EOCD) and late‐onset obsessive–compulsive disorder (LOCD) are distinct subtypes of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD patients are treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, but the difference in serotonin transporter (SERT) availability between medicated EOCD and LOCD is unexplored yet.

Methods

Six EOCD and 6 LOCD patients were enrolled. They underwent serial [11C]DASB positron emission tomography scans during maintenance therapy with escitalopram, and their plasma concentration of escitalopram was measured simultaneously with the scan. Then, the drug‐free binding potential of SERT was calculated by pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling.

Results

In comparison with LOCD patients, SERT availability was significantly higher in the putamen of EOCD patients (U = 4, p = .026), but not in the caudate nucleus (U = 14, p = .589), thalamus (U = 16, p = .818), and dorsal raphe nucleus (U = 7, p = .093). Binding potential of putamen showed a negative correlation (r = −.580, p = .048) with age of onset of the disease, but not with the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that the earlier the age of onset of OCD, the less serotonergic pathology there is and that this difference remains even after long‐term serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Clinically, it might suggest that nonserotonergic treatments would be a better option for EOCD patients.
Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Schwingshackl Lukas , Schwedhelm Carolina , Hoffmann Georg , Knüppel Sven , Laure Preterre Anne , Iqbal Khalid , Bechthold Angela , De Henauw Stefaan , Michels Nathalie , Devleesschauwer Brecht , Boeing Heiner , Schlesinger Sabrina
Published: December 2017

The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to summarize the evidence on the relationship between intake of 12 major food groups, including whole grains, refined grains, vegetables, fruit, nuts, legumes, eggs, dairy, fish, red meat, processed meat and sugar‐sweetened beverages with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a systematic search in PubMed and Embase for prospective studies investigating the association between these 12 food groups and risk of CRC until April 2017. Summary risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using a random effects model for high vs. low intake categories, as well as for linear and nonlinear relationships. An inverse association was observed for whole grains (RR30g/d: 0.95, 95% CI 0.93, 0.97; n = 9 studies), vegetables (RR100g/d: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96, 0.98; n = 15), fruit (RR100g/d: 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 0.99; n = 16) and dairy (RR200g/d: 0.93, 95% CI 0.91, 0.94; n = 15), while a positive association for red meat (RR100g/d: 1.12, 95% CI 1.06, 1.19; n = 21) and processed meat (RR50g/d: 1.17, 95% CI 1.10, 1.23; n = 16), was seen in the linear dose‐response meta‐analysis. Some evidence for nonlinear relationships was observed between vegetables, fruit and dairy and risk of colorectal cancer. Findings of this meta‐analysis showed that a diet characterized by high intake of whole grains, vegetables, fruit and dairy products and low amounts of red meat and processed meat was associated with lower risk of CRC.
Technical Efficiency of Rainfed and Irrigated Rice Production in Tanzania
Authors: Mkanthama Joseph , Makombe Godswill , Kihoro John , Ateka Elija M. , Kanjere Matshidiso
Published: December 2017

Tanzania produces rice from two major ecologies, namely irrigated and rainfed lowland. Currently most of the rice is produced from the rainfed lowland but the country's National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS) hopes to reverse this trend. The NRDS aims to increase the rice production area for irrigated lowland ecology from 200 000 ha in 2008 to 390 000 ha by 2018, with productivity increasing from 2.13 t ha−1 in 2008 to 3.5 t ha−1 in 2018. This study evaluated the performance of irrigated and rainfed lowland rice production using technical efficiency. This paper estimates the technical efficiency of rice production in Tanzania for the irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies. Data were collected from an irrigated site in Bagamoyo and a lowland rainfed site, Dakawa in the Morogoro area. The study found that the average technical efficiency of the irrigating farmers is 96% compared to an average 39% for the rainfed lowland system. For the irrigated system, there are no farmers with technical efficiency less than 80%. This high technical efficiency indicates that in order to achieve the rice production targets aspired to, the opportunity for increasing production therefore lies in changing the production technology. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Deficit Irrigation Responses of Moroccan Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Landraces Grown Under Field Conditions
Authors: Mouradi Mohammed , Bouizgaren Abdelaziz , Farissi Mohamed , Ghoulam Cherki
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to assess the responses of five alfalfa genotypes to summer drought under field conditions. Landraces from oases, Adis1 and Tata2, others, Demnate208 and Demnate206, from the Moroccan Atlas Mountains and Siriver, were grown at the experimental station of INRA. The plants were subjected to 100% ETc (crop potential evapotranspiration) as control, 75% as moderate and 50% as severe drought. Growth, water parameters and physiological responses were assessed. Results showed that stress significantly reduced plant dry biomass, height, stomatal conductance and increased water productivity (WP) in all of tested cultivars with variation between them. The highest biomass reductions were registered under 50% ETc and were more pronounced in Demnate208 (exceeded 50%), than in Adis1 (did not reach 37%). Therefore, we qualified the latter as more tolerant and the former as less tolerant. Adis1 presented high WP (0.11 kg m−3). It accumulated the highest proline, sugars and K+ under stress. Siriver presented intermediate behaviour. For all of the assessed parameters, we noted high consistency between growth and water parameters and proline, sugars and K+ accumulations, particularly in Adis1. Thus, we suggested that these compatible solutes could be involved in the alfalfa drought tolerance mechanism. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stationarity of two statistical downscaling methods for precipitation under different choices of cross‐validation periods
Authors: Wang Yaoping , Sivandran Gajan , Bielicki Jeffrey M.
Published: December 2017

Statistical downscaling methods require the stationarity assumption, that is, the statistical relationship between the grid‐scale input and the observed precipitation does not change between present‐day and climate change conditions. We implemented a skill score to test the stationarity assumption in two simple and popular statistical downscaling methods, quantile‐mapping and the generalized linear model method Rglimclim, in downscaling precipitation in the eastern United States, and examined the sensitivity of the results of the stationarity test to different ways to construct cross‐validation periods that differ in climate conditions. The Rglimclim method passed the stationarity test at slightly more stations than quantile‐mapping and was less impaired by increase in the resolution of input data. But neither method can be reliably applied to downscale the whole marginal distribution or time series of precipitation at the 54 stations in the study region, and only passed the stationarity test at a few stations on the annual extreme precipitation. We also found that the number of identified non‐stationary stations was sensitive to which criterion (chronology, precipitation, temperature, large‐scale circulation indices) was used to construct the cross‐validation periods, and whether one or several criteria for cross‐validation periods were used. These results raise caution against using the two statistical downscaling methods that we examined in climate change impact studies without testing their stationarity assumption, and also point to the need for more research into how to choose cross‐validation periods and stationarity metrics in order to maximize their relevance to the reliability of statistical downscaling methods under future climate change.
Validation of SERS enhancement factor measurements
Authors: Pilot R. , Bozio R.
Published: December 2017

The huge signal enhancement that motivates the rapid spreading of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in a wide range of applications is commonly quantified by measuring the enhancement factor (EF). Concerning this important parameter, in this paper, we tackle 2 points: (a) We validate the use of a Macro Raman configuration with line focus to measure the EFs, against the more common Micro Raman one. The validation is carried out by comparing the EFs measured in the 2 configurations with the well‐established methodology, on the same set of commercial substrates. Macro Raman with line focus can be advantageous over the Micro Raman because it can provide a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio at equal laser intensity impinging on the sample (useful in sensing or analytical applications). (b) It is a common practice for practitioners validating an experiment by measuring a commercial compound, acting as a “standard,” whose properties have been already determined in the literature: To our knowledge, an equivalent “standard” does not exist for EF measurements, probably due to the reproducibility and aging issues that prevent them from being identically reproduced in different laboratories. Because the EF is the cross‐section ratio of a test molecule under SERS and normal Raman conditions, if one replaces the SERS substrate and the reference liquid with 2 commercial materials in the EF measurement procedure, this leads to the determination of another cross‐section ratio: We propose then to use the cross‐section ratio of suitable commercial materials for the validation of the instrumental procedure used to measure EFs.
25 years of European Union (EU) quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs across EU Member States
Authors: Albuquerque Tânia G , Oliveira M Beatriz PP , Costa Helena S
Published: December 2017

Consumers are increasingly turning their attention to the quality and origin of products that they consume. European Union (EU) quality schemes are associated with a label, which was introduced to allow consumers to perform an informed choice and to protect producers from unfair practices. This present study provides an overview of the last 25 years of EU quality schemes [Protected Designations of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) and Traditional Specialities Guaranteed (TSG)] on agricultural products and foodstuffs across the 28 EU Member States. According to the results, it was possible to conclude that Southern European countries have the highest number of registered products. The most used EU quality scheme is PGI, followed by PDO. Concerning the analysis of the evolution in the last 25 years, the number of registered products among EU Member States has increased significantly. The fruit, vegetables and cereals (fresh or processed) category is the one that accounts for the highest percentage (26.8%) of registered products, followed by cheeses and meat products (cooked, salted, smoked) categories, with 17.2% and 13.5%, respectively. Further investigations should address consumer preferences, knowledge and attitudes, especially Northern European countries with a lower number of registered products. Moreover, the investigation and registration of products should be encouraged among all EU Member States to allow the maintenance of important elements of the history, culture and heritage of the local areas, regions and countries. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Advances on the impact of thermal processing on structure and antigenicity of chicken ovomucoid
Authors: Stănciuc Nicoleta , Creţu Alexandra Andreea , Banu Iuliana , Aprodu Iuliana
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Ovomucoid (OVM) is the dominant allergen found in egg white. The heat‐induced changes on chicken OVM structure and antigenic properties were assessed at acidic, neutral and alkaline pH values.

RESULTS

The fluorescence spectroscopy measurements indicated changes in the conformation of OVM caused by both pH and thermal treatment. The OVM molecule exhibited higher exposure of hydrophobic residues at 7.0, as indicated by the synchronous spectra, intrinsic fluorescence and quenching experiments. When heating the protein at pH 9.5, the molecular structure appeared more compact. The antigenic properties of OVM, estimated through the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, appeared not to be sensitive to heat at pH 7.0 and 4.5. Single molecule level investigations indicated that the secondary and tertiary structure of OVM was affected by the thermal treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Experimental results indicated over 90% reduction of the antigenicity at pH 9.5 and temperature of 100 °C. Significant changes of the linear epitopes exposure and location of the conformational epitopes were highlighted after performing heating molecular dynamics simulations of OVM from 25 °C to 100 °C. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of silica microspheres with a broad pore size distribution and their use as the support for a coated cellulose derivative chiral stationary phase
Authors: Huang Mingxian , Ma Hongyan , Niu Mengna , Hu Fei , Wang Shige , Li Lulu , Lv Chunguang
Published: December 2017

A templating strategy using crosslinked and functionalized polymeric beads to synthesize silica microspheres with a broad pore size distribution has been developed. The polymer/silica hybrid microspheres were prepared by utilizing the combination of a templating weak cation exchange resin, a structure‐directing agent N‐trimethoxysilylpropyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium chloride, and a silica precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate. The silica microspheres were then obtained after calcinating the hybrid microspheres. The as‐prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimeter, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results showed that the starting templating beads were about 5 μm in diameter and the formed silica microspheres were less than 3 μm with a pore size range of 10–150 nm, some pores were even extended to beyond 250 nm. It was demonstrated that cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) was readily coated onto the surface of the as‐synthesized silica microspheres without any additional surface pretreatment. The coated silica microspheres were uniformly dispersed even with high loading of the chiral stationary phase, which exhibited high resolution chiral separations in high‐performance liquid chromatography.
Quantification of noninvasive fat reduction: A systematic review
Authors: Auh Sogyong L. , Iyengar Sanjana , Weil Alexandra , Bolotin Diana , Cartee Todd V. , Dover Jeffrey S. , Maher Ian A. , Sobanko Joseph F. , Cohen Joel L. , Poon Emily , Alam Murad
Published: December 2017

Background and Objective

Noninvasive fat reduction appears effective, but there are various methods for quantifying changes. The objective of this review is to assess comparative utility measures of subcutaneous fat.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Articles describing noninvasive fat reduction were searched using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Scopus electronic databases on two dates (January 28, 2014 and February 16, 2016). Titles of studies and abstracts were screened for eligibility. Manual review was performed by two investigators to detect those that: (1) included original data; (2) were randomized controlled trials, or prospective or retrospective cohort studies; (3) quantified fat outcomes; and (4) enrolled at least 10 subjects.

Results

Of 1,057 retrieved articles, 36 met criteria. Most reported four or more measurement techniques. Circumference measurements were most commonly cited. Other objective techniques, like caliper thickness, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and three‐dimensional (3D) photography, were also used. Common subjective methods were evaluation of standardized photographs by blinded raters and patient satisfaction surveys.

Conclusions

For quantifying noninvasive fat reduction, all available methods had significant limitations: photographic comparisons were subjective; circumference or caliper measurements were confounded; ultrasound was operator dependent; MRI was expensive; computed models and simulations were in early development. As new technologies are developed, the need for reliable, accurate and practical measures of subcutaneous fat will increase. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:96–110, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
pH‐Responsive Polyacetal–Protein Conjugates Designed for Polymer Masked–Unmasked Protein Therapy (PUMPT)
Authors: Escalona Gabriela Rodríguez , Sanchis Joaquin , Vicent María J.
Published: December 2017

Polymer masked–unmasked protein therapy (PUMPT) employs polymer conjugation to protect therapeutic proteins during transit through the bloodstream and allow controlled release at a disease site via triggered degradation of the polymeric component. Most reported PUMPT systems are based on the specific enzymatic degradation of the polymeric component to release the protein and reinstate its activity. In these cases, therapeutic output is dependent on the presence of the required enzyme at the disease site at a sufficiently high concentration. The present study aims to overcome this design limitation by using pH as the protein release trigger. An acidic‐pH triggered PUMPT system is described herein employing biodegradable polyacetals (PAs) and trypsin as a model protein. While this system protects trypsin activity at the neutral pH of the bloodstream, acidic pH (characteristic of disease sites, tissue damage, or lysosomal compartments) contributes to PA degradation and the “unmasking” of protein activity.
Control of Pore Structure in Polymeric Monoliths Prepared from Colloidal Dispersions
Authors: Cingolani Alberto , Cuccato Danilo , Storti Giuseppe , Morbidelli Massimo
Published: December 2017

Reliable control of pore size distribution in porous materials is a key feature for addressing specific applications. The reactive gelation process represents a robust and efficient method to obtain mechanically stable monoliths with tunable pore size distribution. Primary polymer nanoparticles are destabilized and aggregated in a controlled way, forming a percolating gel. Afterward, this structure is hardened by a postpolymerization, carried out through heating. Different parameters play a major role in determining the final morphology of the monolith. In this work, the effect of primary particle architecture (i.e., core‐to‐shell ratio) and initial solid content of the latex is investigated, using two different sizes of nanoparticles. Actually, the first parameter affects the pores in the small range (0.01–1 µm) whereas the latter those in the larger one (1 µm to several micrometers), independently of the primary particle size. As a result, monoliths with very well‐defined pore size distributions are obtained.
Enhanced Fluorescence Properties of Stilbene‐Containing Alternating Copolymers
Authors: Huang Jing , Geng Xi , Peng Chong , Grove Tijana Z. , Turner S. Richard
Published: December 2017

In recent years, nonconjugated, fluorophore‐free organic polymers have emerged as potentially useful light‐emitting materials. The fluorescence properties of a novel class of nonconjugated, tert‐butyl carboxylate functionalized stilbene‐containing alternating copolymers are investigated in this work. These sterically crowded, semi‐rigid copolymers exhibit very strong blue fluorescence in organic solvents upon irradiation. The origin of the fluorescent band with high quantum yield is attributed to the “through space” π–π interactions between the phenyl rings from the stilbene and CO groups from the anhydride groups. To the best of our knowledge, the di‐tert‐butyl group‐containing stilbene and maleic anhydride alternating copolymer showed one of the highest fluorescent intensities among all fluorophore‐free polymers. The excellent linearity of the luminescence property of this copolymer is an important attribute for future potential quantitative applications. The fluorescence is maintained when the tert‐butyl groups are removed and the resulting carboxylic acid‐functionalized copolymer is dissolved in water at neutral pH, which can render these copolymers as attractive candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.