bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE GUINEA PIG IMMUNIZED WITH KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI IN ADJUVANT
Authors: Kostiala Anja A. I.
Published: August 2010

Guinea pigs were immunized with 2.4 mg of killed tubercle bacilli in adjuvant. The effect of Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) concentration on peritoneal cell migration was studied at various times from 7 days to 6 months after sensitization. At 7 days migration was inhibited significantly in the presence of 25 γ PPD/ml but not in the presence of 0.8 γ PPD/ml. At 28 days migration was inhibited highly significantly also with the lower dose. Later after sensitization inhibition was even stronger, at 6 months 0.01 γPPD/ml was also inhibitory.
PREPARATION OF ANTISERA TO BOVINE IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES BY IMMUNIZATION WITH AGAR‐GEL PRECIPITATES
Authors: Nansen Peter , Flagstad Thøger , Pedersen Knud B.
Published: August 2010

Antisera to bovine IgM and IgA were developed by immunizing rabbits with specific agar‐gel immune‐precipitates. By precipitation with a polyvalent anti‐immunoglobulin serum the immunoglobulin classes were isolated from solutions which contained IgM (G‐200 gel‐filtration fractions) or IgA (lacrimal fluid) as the only or at least predominant immunoglobulin. Antibodies developed against shared antigenic determinants (light polypeptide chains) and non‐immunoglobulin proteins were easily removed using selected absorptive materials. Attempts to produce antisera exclusively reactive with either IgG slow or IgG fast were unsuccessful, presumably due to slight antigenicity of subclass‐specific determinants.
EVIDENCE FOR GENE DOSE EFFECT OF HI (AgB) DETERMINED ANTIGENS IN RAT MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE
Authors: Sørensen Søren Freiesleben
Published: August 2010

The stimulation obtained in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) with mitomycin treated target cells of a different HI (AgB) type has been investigated for the possible effect of gene dosage. Almost invariably it was found that target cells carrying two rather than one chromosome with a particular foreign HI allele caused a significantly higher degree of stimulation. This fact pertained to the comparison of target cells from homozygous pure strain and the Fl hybrid. It also holds for the comparison of F2 hybrids homozygous and heterozygous respectively for a given foreign HI allele (3). The greater degree of stimulation by homozygous target cells was manifested during the entire culture period and was found to exist over a wide range of target cell concentrations. These findings contrast with other published data when no evidence for a gene dose effect of HI determined antigens was found. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
IMMUNITY TO ASCARIS SUUM
Authors: Bindseil Erling
Published: August 2010

The presence of immunological factors active in the regulation of the magnitude of a primary infection with Ascaris suum was investigated in X‐irradiated mice and in neonatally thymectomized mice. More larvae developed in thymectomized mice than in their controls, but fewer larvae were recovered from irradiated mice than from the controls. It is suggested that some thymus dependent innate immunity against Ascaris suum may be present in mice. The radiation is supposed to have rendered the mice unsuitable hosts for the parasites.
THE PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES FROM GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL RATS
Authors: Trippestad Arne , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

By means of radioisotope technique the phagocytic activity in vitro of peritoneal poly‐morphonuclear leucocytes from germfree and conventional rats was compared, using 32P‐labelled Escherichia col. When opsonized with serum from conventional rats, no differences were observed in the ingesting capacity of the two cell types. When opsonized with serum from germfree rats, cells from germfree rats were slightly more active than cells from conventional rats. The opsonic activity of conventional rat sera was higher than that of germfree rat sera. Differences in phagocytosis appeared to depend on differences in opsonic activity rather than on functional differences on the cellular level.
DEVELOPMENT OF SULPHONAMIDE RESISTANCE IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Authors: Sander Jan , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

The RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii was transferred intraperitoneally in parallel in two different groups of mice. One group received conventional food, the other the same diet plus sulphamethoxazole 0.5 mg per mouse daily. The strain transferred on the mice fed sulphamethoxazole was designed the SR strain. After transfers for 290 days the effect of sulphamethoxazole on infections caused by the SR stra, in was significantly less than on the infections caused by the RH strain. It is concluded that a relative resistance to sulphamethoxazole may develop in T. gondii when the protozoan is exposed to sublethal doses of the drug for long periods.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY‐CONTAINING CELLS IN LYMPH NODES AND THE LYMPH OF RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ACCORDING TO VARIOUS SCHEDULES
Authors: Nilsson Olle
Published: August 2010

The results of the present study agree with the view that antibody‐synthesizing lymphoid cells spreading along the lymph route take part in the dissemination of the immune response. At an immune response with a more localized antigenic stimulation of the lymphoid tissue, antibody‐containing cells were demonstrable in cell populations from the efferent lymph of the regional lymph node, but never in the thoracic duct lymph. However, such cells were found in the thoracic duct lymph at an immune response with a more generalized antigenic stimulation of the lymphoid tissue contributing to the thoracic duct cell population. The difference in content of antibody‐containing cells in the thoracic duct lymph at the studied immune responses is discussed. A de novo antibody synthesis of antibodies in vitro was conclusively proved in cultures of cell populations from the efferent lymph vessel and the thoracic duct.
TRIMETHOPRIM FOR THE PREVENTION OF OVERGROWTH BY SWARMING PROTEUS IN THE CULTIVATION OF GONOCOCCI
Authors: Ödegaard Kristian
Published: August 2010

799 samples to be examined for gonococci by culture were inoculated onto a) routine culture medium which contained the concentration of vancomycin, colistin and nystatin most usually employed, and b) the same medium containing in addition 5 /μg/ml trimethoprim lactate. The routine cultures were, in 21 instances, overgrown by swarming Proteus. In all instances where trimethoprim was used, swarming was completely hindered whilst growth of gonococci was apparently unhampered. A further 100 specimens, which on routine culture medium showed growth of swarming Proteus were then inoculated onto medium containing trimethoprim where swarming growth appeared only once and not until the second day of incubation. Gonococci were isolated more often where trimethoprim was added than when routine medium was used. The result was considered to be so favourable that trimethoprim is now added, as a matter of routine, to the medium used for isolation of gonococci at this laboratory. Composition of this medium is given in the context.
GROUP R STREPTOCOCCI IN MAN
Authors: Perch Beate , Kjems E.
Published: August 2010

A new case of human infection caused by group R streptococci (de Moor 1963) is reported. Thus, the total number of cases described in the literature is brought up to four.
TRANSFORMATION OF RABBIT BLOOD LEUCOCYTES WITH A BOVINE ENCEPHALITOGEN—TEMPORAL PATTERN OF REACTIVITY
Authors: Bergstrand Håkan , KäLién Bengt
Published: August 2010

Peripheral blood leucocytes from rabbits immunized with encephalitogenic antigen of bovine origin transform in vitro under the influence of the antigen. Transformation was registered as incorporation of tritiated thymidine. A closer analysis showed that lymphoid cells which transform are present in the circulation mainly before the debut of the disease. Similar findings have previously been made on cytotoxic lymphoid cells. A possible explanation is that “sensitized” lymphocytes capable of reaction with the antigen are withdrawn from the circulation at the attack on the central nervous sysem. The implications of these findings for the understanding of similar phenomena at multiple sclerosis are briefly discussed.
INHIBITION OF TRANSFORMATION IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS BY ACRIFLAVIN AND ETHIDIUM BROMIDE
Authors: Jyssum Kaare , Gundersen Wenche Blix
Published: August 2010

Ethidium bromide and acriflavin at low concentration were found to inhibit transformation in Neisseria meningitidis. The transformation efficiency gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of the drugs. In the presence of RNA the effect of the drugs was reduced. The uptake of 3H‐labelled DNA by the recipient cells was also affected, although not as strongly as the transformation efficiency. This shows that N. meningitidis lacks a step in the DNA uptake that is to these drugs.
SORPTION OF DNA AND RNA DURING TRANSFORMATION OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Jyssum Kaare , Jyssum Sidsel , Gundersen Wenche Biix
Published: August 2010

The fate of homologous and heterologous (Escherichia coli) labelled DNA and RNA was examined after sorption to vNeisseria meningitidis cells. RNA was bound to competent as well as to incompetent cells in relatively large quantities, but RNA did not interfere with the transformation. In CsCl gradients from lysates of transformed cells a labelled peak corresponding to double‐stranded DNA was constantly found. The specific labelling of this peak increased with the time of exposure to DNA, and was proportional to the transformation efficiency. The attempts' to demonstrate radioactivity corresponding to single‐stranded DNA in lysates from transformed cells were altogether negative. The experiments support the assumption that the step in the transformation leading to deoxyribonuclease insensitivity is specific for homologous DNA. This specificity has been discussed in relation to the lack of a similar specificity in other transformable species.
ANTIBODY FORMATION IN CELL CULTURES
Authors: Kvarnfors Per , Svehag Sven‐Eric
Published: August 2010

The role of rabbit peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in the induction of secondary in vitro antibody responses to poliovirus was studied. IgG antibody responses were inhibited by the addition of syngeneic or allogeneic PEC to sensitized lymphoid cells of spleen origin prior to restimulation with viral antigen. Stimulation with macrophage‐associated antigen, after in vitro uptake by PEC, caused a similar inhibition. In contrast, antigenic restimulation of lymphoid cells 30 minutes prior to the addition of PEC induced secondary IgG antibody responses. In vitro stimulation with PEC‐associated poliovirus also appeared less efficient than free virus in inducing IgG antibody formation. PEC had no clearly demonstrable effect on secondary in vitro IgM antibody responses. Poliovirus was rapidly taken up by PEC, the uptake reaching a maximum within about 40 minutes. An initial decline in the infectivity of PEC‐associated virus was noted alter 5 to 10 minutes interaction and more than 85 per cent of this virus was rendered noninfectious within 30 minutes. PEC inhibited blastogenesis in antigen restimulated spleen cell cultures.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON REJECTION OF ALLOTRANSPLANTED HEARTS IN THE RABBIT AND RAT
Authors: Heron I. , Jensen K. Gert
Published: August 2010

The effect of pregnancy on the rejection time and pattern of heterotopic heart allografts has been studied in outbred rabbits and in inbred rats. Female rabbits pregnant by donor‐unrelated males rejected within normal periods of time. In the rat system recipients were transplanted during 1) intrastrain pregnancy 2) interstrain non donorrelated pregnancy and 3) during interstrain donor‐specific pregnancy. No significant prolongation of allograft survival time was found regardless of the genetic constitution of the foetuses. It is concluded that pregnancy‐induced immunosuppression cannot explain the success of the foetal allograft to survive the period of gestation.
Bacteriophage Typing and Serogrouping of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from Animals
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

Bacteriophage typing and serogrouping were carried out on 349 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mainly from domestic animals. A new bacteriophage set for P. aeruginosa ‐ which had been developed entirely on the basis of human strains ‐ also worked satisfactorily in animal strains. The percentage of non‐typable strains isolated from animals was 7.9 as compared to 4.5 in a previous examination on 486 human strains. Part of this investigation was carried out on isolates with known herd relationships, such that reservoir and transmission could be evaluated. In several instances, humans had infections with pseudomonas of the same phage typing pattern and serogroup characteristics as simultaneously caused infections in cattle. The ubiquitous nature of P. aeruginosa as a pathogen was shown. This induces interesting hypotheses regarding the zoonotic aspects of pseudomonas infections. No particular phage types were characteristic for any particular animal species, or type, or site of infection—a finding which relates well with the omnipresence of pseudomonas. The serogroup 0:6 was the most frequent among bovine and musteline strains, but this is in accordance also with the high frequency thereof in strains of human origin. The most frequent phage typing pattern was 8, 12, 16 and related patterns (8; 8, 12; 12; 16; 8, 16; 12, 16) which together was found in approximately 1/3 of the isolates. The significance of milking equipment as a reservoir and a vector of infection was indicated by the occurrence of the same bacterial types from equipment and from udders.
The Synthesis of Phospholipase C by Bacillus Cereus and its Relation to Sporulation
Authors: Otnæss Anne‐Brit , Prydz Hans
Published: August 2010

Some conditions for the synthesis of phospholipase C by Bacillus cereus have been investigated. Nutrient broth dialysate, containing only substances of low molecular weight, was a convenient growth medium when starting material for the purification of phospholipase C was desirable. An unidentified low molecular medium component completely inhibited the synthesis of phospholipase C. Sporulation and growth rate were not detectably influenced by the presence or absence of the enzyme.
The Growth and Morphology of Acholeplasma (Mycoplasma) Laidlawii a in Different Media
Authors: Virkola Pertti
Published: August 2010

In the present study we have tried to find optimal cultural conditions for rapid growth and large yields of the actively growing A. laidlawii A cells. The earlier findings on the growth promotion of oleic and elaidic acids were confirmed. The modified Edward and Butler & Knight medium was superior to all other media tested when colony forming units were used as a measure of growth. The highest yields expressed as a total cell protein were obtained both in the elaidic acid—tryptose broth and in the Edward medium after 24 hours' growth. The cells grown in the basal tryptose broth appeared in the electron microscope as large (Ø 600–1000 nm) spherical bodies throughout the growth cycle. The addition of unsaturated fatty acids induced A. laidlawii A to divide and to multiply as smaller (Ø 300–500 nm) round bodies, connected with the active growth. On the basis of earlier findings and the present results it is suggested that the multiplication of A, laidlawii A occurs by division.
Rapidly Growing Mycobacterium in Chronic Abscess
Authors: Aaneland T. , Roland Magne
Published: August 2010

In a chronic, spontaneous abscess with fistula on the thigh of a 53‐year‐old woman, acid‐fast rods were found to be the only infectious agent. No other apparent aetiological factors have been recorded. The bacteria are rapidly‐growing and the colonies appear in two variations, with and without reddish pigment. The strain is strongly niacin positive as are the catalase—and arylsulphatase—tests. It does not ferment carbohydrates and produces a strong smell of vanilla. In the course of almost 2 years, therapeutic efforts have been without success.
Two New Escherichia Coli O Antigens, O150 and O157, and One New K Antigen, K92, in Strains Isolated From Veterinary Diseases
Authors: Furowicz A. J. , Ørskov F.
Published: August 2010

Two Eschericia coli strains, one representing strains from septicaemia in chickens and the other strains from diarrhoea in piglets, were established as antigen test strains for two new E. coli O groups, O150 and O157. One of the strains was at the same time designated as K antigen test strain for a new E. coli K antigen, K92. E. coli strains with O group 150 are not uncommon among human strains.
ENHANCED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION
Authors: Solberg Claus O.
Published: August 2010

A new method for the evaluation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes in human disease has been developed by which the total number of viable bacteria and the number of viable intracellular bacteria in an in vitro phagocytic system are measured. Standardization of the granulocyte, bacteria and serum opsonin concentrations at their optimum has made available a sensitive method by which minor variations in neutrophil granulocyte functions can be measured. In a preliminary clinical study, patients with unrecognized abnormalities of neutrophil granulocyte functions were readily diagnosed. The results indicate that abnormal neutrophil granulocyte function is more prevalent than realized.
COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL PROCEDURES FOR GROUPING PSEUDOMONAS BACTERIOPHAGES ACCORDING TO LYTIC SPECTRA
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

The host ranges of 113 typing bacteriophages have been studied at their Routine Test Dilution (RTD) for 486 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resulting data matrix has been analysed by numerical allocating procedures employed in numerical taxonomy. The Jaccard‐Sneath similarity index (SJS) and the simple matching coefficient (SSM) were calculated and the results of the weighted and the unweighted pair group average cluster analysis (WPGA and UWPGA) compared. The SSM seemed to produce misleading results. Phages that lysed less than 15 per cent of the bacterial strains tended to be grouped together at high similarity levels, regardless of real differences in their host ranges. For such phages, there was a linear relationship between per cent lysis and SSM. The best representation of the similarity index was obtained with the UWPGA applied to the SJS‐matrix ([SJS] UWPGA). This rendered a cophenetic correlation coefficient of 0.9303 in contrast to r = 0.8933 with the [SJS] WPGA.
EVALUATION OF NON‐PHENOLICS BY A QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Bergan Tom , Lystad Arve
Published: August 2010

The minimum performance concentration of five non‐phenolics have been tested by the British Standard Quantitative Technique which is a suspension procedure. By least squares regression in log‐probit and log‐log graphs, the 99.99 per cent kill concentrations of the disinfectants have been calculated. For non‐phenolics, the unweighted log‐probit least square regression has been found preferable to end point determinations.
GROWTH OF SIMIAN ADENOVIRUS SA7 DURING ARGININE STARVATION
Authors: Mäntyjärvi R. A.
Published: August 2010

The effect of arginine starvation on the growth of simian adenovirus SA7 has been studied. Omission of arginine from the medium inhibited production of infectious virus. Extracts from virus‐infected cells maintained in arginine‐free medium were tested for immature virus particles. Small amounts of virus activity found in these extracts seemed to be caused by the low levels of normal virus present, rather than by defective forms of virus.
RABBIT ANTI RAT LYMPHOCYTE SERUM: COMPARISON OF IN VITRO ACTIVITIES AND IN VIVO EFFECT OF THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTISERA
Authors: Jakobsen Arnt
Published: August 2010

In vitro lymphocytotoxic characteristics and the effect on skin allograft survival were studied. Antisera raised with 3 injections showed more lymphocytotoxic activity in the IgM fraction than in the IgG fraction. With increasing number of immunizations the IgM/IgG ratio as judged by the in vitro lymphocytotoxic test was reversed. Antisera raised with 3 injections were much more effective than antisera raised with 8 injections in prolonging the survival of skin allografts. The implications of these findings are discussed.
INHIBITION BY RABBIT ANTIBACTERIAL IgG OF THE BACTERICIDAL EFFECT ON SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM 395 MRO BY NORMAL CATTLE SERUM
Authors: Normann Bengt E.
Published: August 2010

The component of rabbit anti‐Salmonella typhimurium 395 MRO responsible for specific inhibition of the bactericidal effect of normal cattle serum can be isolated by chromatographic fractionation. The inhibitory fraction, when examined by analytical ultracentrifugation, contained a single peak with sedimentation coefficient (s20, w) of 6,6 S. Immunoelectrophoresis of this fraction revealed a single precipitation are with anti‐whole rabbit serum which gave a reaction of identity with the line developed by specific anti‐rabbit IgG serum. The inhibitory effect of immune rabbit serum is concluded to be due to specific IgG antibodies directed against bacterial surface antigens.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN BOVINE LACHRYMAL FLUID
Authors: Pedersen Knud Børge , Nansen Peter
Published: August 2010

By immunochemical quantitation it has been shown that IgA is the main immunoglobulin in bovine lachrymal fluid, constituting approximately 40 per cent of the total protein content. The concentrations of IgM and IgG‐1 were considerably lower. IgG‐2 usually occurred in concentrations too low to be quantitated. While lachrymal IgA levels varied mainly independently from the IgA serum levels there was a significant positive correlation between the lachrymal and serum levels of both IgM and IgG‐1, indicating that the bulk of these immunoglobulins may be derived from the plasma.
ANTIGENIC STUDIES OF GENUS MICROCOCCUS
Authors: Hasselgren Inger Louise , Oeding P.
Published: August 2010

Forty strains of micrococci representing all the 8 biochemical types of Baird‐Parker (4) were examined for their content of bacterial agglutinogens and antigens sensitizing normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes. Special attention was paid to the urinary pathogens of type 3. Agglutination of the strains in 10 rabbit immune sera against all biochemical types, before and after absorption, showed that the Micrococcus strains have a number of agglutinogens without any systematic pattern. The majority of the agglutinogens are shared by many strains, irrespective of biochemical type. Agglutinogens characteristic of the biochemical types were not demonstrated. Strains of the same biochemical type were, as a rule, not more related antigenically than strains of different types. The indirect haemagglutinations revealed that the micrococci have several shared antigens sensitizing normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes to agglutination in Micrococcus and Staphylococcus aureus immune sera.
ANTIGENIC STUDIES OF GENUS MICROCOCCUS
Authors: Oeding P. , Hasselgren Inger Louise
Published: August 2010

Fifty‐six Micrococcus strains representing all the 8 biochemical types were tested on double diffusion in agar gel against Micrococcus immune sera and reference antigen/antibody systems. Eighty per cent of the strains were found to have polysaccharide AβC. The polysaccharide Aβ precipitin line is produced by wall ribitol teichoic acid in which β‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine is the specific determinant. The structure determining the polysaccharide C activity is unknown.
CONTENT IN CELL CULTURES OF COMPLEMENT ESTERASE AND TWO FURTHER ESTERASES MAINLY HYDROLYSING ETHYL ESTERS OF ACETYL‐L‐PHENYLALANINE AND ACETYL‐L‐TRYPTOPHAN, RESPECTIVELY
Authors: von Zeipel Gerolf
Published: August 2010

Cell cultures of various origin—from cornea, cervix cancer, kidney, lung or skin from man, monkey or rabbit—were found to synthetize complement esterase and two further esterases mainly hydrolysing ethyl esters of acetyl‐L‐phenylalanine and acetyl‐L‐tryptophan, respectively. Whether cells were tested directly after outgrowth in serum‐containing medium or after a prolonged period of maintenance in serum‐free medium or after years of growth in serum‐free medium they all contained high levels of all three esterases. After intervals of time varying for different cell cultures either all three esterases or only one of them (Cls or acetyl‐phenylalanine esterase) also appeared in the serum‐free media nourishing the cells. This release of esterases from cells into media was suppressed by cycloheximide. Some evidence is also presented that Cls recovered from cells disrupted by sonication differed in esterolytic capacity from Cls found in the medium. Finally an inhibition phenomenon was encountered, predominantly in cell extracts. The phenomenon was temperature dependent affecting all three esterases at 37† C but almost not noticed at a test temperature of 25° C.
LABELLING OF DNA AND RNA FROM THYMINE AND THYMIDINE IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Jyssum Sidsel
Published: August 2010

Radioactivity was taken up from labelled thymine and thymidine by whole cells of Neisseria meningitidis strain M1, and both DNA and RNA were labelled. The labelling from substrates carrying the radioactivity in the C‐2 position and in the methyl group was compared. The uptake of radioactivity from thymine uniformly labelled, and from thymidine with label in the 6‐position was also measured. The incorporation of radioactivity varies with the location of the label in the molecule, and the uptake kinetics for the compounds with the label in the C‐2 position is different from the uptake kinetics of the compounds with label in other positions. The findings point to a utilization of break‐down products from thymine and thymidine.
Growth Inhibition and Cell Enlargement in P‐388 Cells Treated with Mitomycin C
Authors: Ørstavik Jon
Published: August 2010

The effects of mitocycin C on growth and cell size in shake flask cultures of P‐388 mouse cells have been investigated. Concentrations of the antibiotic in the range 0.01 to 1.0 μg/ml progressively inhibited cell growth. With 0.5 μg/ml of mitomycin C, cell multiplication stopped after 1 day and an increasing fraction of the cells were dying, reaching 20 per cent after 3 days' treatment. At least 50 per cent of the cell population grew into giant cells. Exposure for 1 hour to 0.5 μg/ml of the antibiotic caused a slight inhibition of cell multiplication and a significant increase in giant cell formation after 1 day. Upon further incubation these effects were overcome. Increased mean cell size was also found 1 day after this treatment, followed by a return to a normal cell size distribution.
Haemophilus in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Children
Authors: Kilian Mogens , Heine‐Jensen John , Bülow Per
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of Haemophilus in nasopharyngeal material from 130 hospitalized children aged 0—7 years has been investigated. If a selective medium was used, the carrier rates were very close to 100 per cent. The lowest rate was found in children aged less than one year (78 per cent). Out of a total of 137 Haemophilus strains isolated, H. influenzae amounted to 49 per cent, the remaining 51 per cent were shared between the species H. parainfluenzae, H. haemolyticus and H. parahaemolyticus. V‐factor independent strains were rarely found. The methods used for the determination of the growth‐factor requirements and their importance for the classification of the bacterial strains are discussed. An unclarified but constant finding of antibodies to H. influenzae type d antigen in sera from children aged more than nine months is described. Such antibodies were not found in children below that age, and were rather infrequent in sera from a group of young adults. No correlation was found between the bacteriological findings, the clinical findings and the presence of antibodies to the six H. influenzae types in sera from the children investigated. Thus the investigation does not contribute to the understanding of the clinical significance of any of the Haemophilus species.
A Polysaccharide Antigen of an Anaerobic Oral Filamentous Microorganism (Eubacterlum Saburreum) Containing Heptose and O‐acetyl as Main Constituents
Authors: Hofstad Tor
Published: August 2010

The polysaccharide antigen PS L44 isolated from the filamentous organism L44 proved to be highly active in precipitation and complement fixation tests, and inhibited the agglutination of whole L44 bacteria in four units of antiserum L44. Sensitization of normal or tanned sheep erythrocytes was not achieved. Deacetylation of the antigen with mild alkali reduced the serological activity, and disclosed another antigenic specificity as evidenced by precipitation in agar gel. Under the experimental conditions used purified PS L44 was non‐immunogenic in rabbits. Specific low‐molecular‐weight antibodies were readily obtained by immunization of rabbits with whole bacteria or isolated cell walls. In addition the immunization stimulated to production of an antibody giving passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea‐pigs and rabbits when challenged with PS L44. Cross‐reactivity experiments suggested that PS L44 is a type‐specific antigen in Eubacterium saburreum.
Cell Adhesion During the Cell Life Cycle
Authors: Attramadal Audun
Published: August 2010

The initial adhesion of cells in synchronized and steady state cell cultures has been investigated, and was found to be of a constant value through all stages of the cell cycle. This is contrary to observations on established cell adhesion in monolayer cell cultures where adhesion is decreased during mitosis. It is suggested that this decrease in cell adhesion is caused by a reduced contact area between the mitotic cell and the substratum.
Gas Chromatography of Bacterial Whole Cell Methanolysates
Authors: Frøholm Leif Oddvar , Jantzen Erik , Hytta Ruth , Bovre Kjell
Published: August 2010

Twentyfive strains or substrains belonging to the bacterial species Moraxella nonliquefaciens, M. bovis, M. kingii, M. osloensis, M. phenylpyrouvica and M. urethralis (tentative designation) were examined by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) of whole cell methanolysates. Each strain gave a reproducible chromatogram, usually with no difference between non‐fimbriated and fimbriated variants. With a few exceptions, there was no significant difference between the elution profiles of strains belonging to the same species. The study revealed similarities as well as distinct dissimilarities in interspecies comparisons. When compared with M. bovis, the species M. nonliquefaciens and M. phenylpyrouvica showed most similarity, whereas M. kingii revealed the greatest chromatographic deviation. The remaining two species were intermediate in this respect. The results are discussed in relation to taxonomic data previously arrived at by other methods, in particular measurements of nucleic acid homologies and heterologies. Generally, the two groups of results were consistent, and it is concluded that GLC is a valuable tool for evaluation of relationship between species, adding significantly to the reliability of species allocation to genus. GLC appears also applicable for species identification of isolates of moraxellae and similar organisms. However, the sometimes great similarities between closely related species and the occasionally observed (minor) intraspecies variations in elution profile substantiate the need for supplementary methods.
Gas Chromatography of Bacterial Whole Cell Methanolysates
Authors: Bøvre Kjell , Hytta Ruth , Jantzen Erik , Frøholm Leif Oddvar
Published: August 2010

Fourteen strains of altogether eight species of neisseriae were “fingerprinted” by gas‐liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of their trifluoroacetyl derivatized whole cell methano‐lysates. The elution profiles were compared with each other and with those of previously analysed Moraxella species. The chromatograms of “false neisseriae” (Neisseria catarrhalis, N. ovis and N. caviae) and of cocci belonging to “true neisseriae” (N. cinerea, N. flavescens, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae examined) formed two relatively homogeneous groups distinctly different from each other. The “false neisseriae” group showed a striking chromatographic resemblance to most species of the present genus Moraxella. The M. kingii profile, however, differing from other moraxellae, also differed from both groups of neisseriae. The recently described rodshaped Neisseria elongata revealed, as expected from nucleic acid compatibility tests, a chromatographic pattern almost completely identical to those of other “true neisseriae” species. The results therefore confirm previous conclusions on group relations in Neisseriaceae based on genetic affinities.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Isolation and Ultrastructural Characterization of A Measles‐Like Virus From Brain Obtained At Autopsy
Authors: Degré Miklos , Vandvik Bodvar , Hovig Torstein
Published: August 2010

Brain tissue was obtained at autopsy from a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and kept frozen for nine months prior to attempts at virus isolation. Mixed cultures of trypsinized brain material and Vero monkey kidney cells developed cytopathic changes resembling those associated with measles virus. The cytopathogenic effect (CPE) was transferred by cells, and in later passages, also by culture supernatants. Cells and supematants from cultures showing CPE agglutinated monkey red cells. Haemagglutinationinhibition, immunofluorescent and neutralization experiments showed the cytopathogenic agent to be serologically similar to measles virus. Gel precipitation experiments, on the other hand, indicated differences in antigenic composition between the SSPE cultures and cultures of a vaccine (Edmonston) strain of measles virus. Ultrastructural studies revealed cytoplasmic inclusions of nucleocapsids in the SSPE cultures. The appearance and diameter of the SSPE nucleocapsids differed from those of the vaccine strain. Budding and complete viral particles were seen in both SSPE and vaccine strain cultures. It is concluded that the SSPE agent isolated here is most probably a measles virus, but in some respects different from the Edmonston strain of measles virus.
The Effect of Mitomycin C on DNA Synthesis in P‐388 Cells
Authors: Ørstavik Jon
Published: August 2010

The effect of mitomycin C on the synthesis and degradation of DNA in mouse P‐388 cells grown in suspension culture has been investigated. Treatment for 24 hours with 0.5 μ/ml of the antibiotic selectively suppressed DNA synthesis in these cells. DNA synthesis was measured as incorporation of 3H‐TdR, and during the first 2.5 hours of treatment the only effect of mitomycin C on this parameter was a reduced incorporation on the DNA polymerization level. However, more than 8 hours after exposure to the antibiotic, reduced uptake of this precursor into the cold acid soluble pool was found in the treated cells. Exposure for 1 hour to 0.5 μg/ml of mitomycin C also caused a slightly reduced rate of DNA synthesis initially, but in these cells no significant decrease in total DNA was found 24 hours after the treatment. Mitomycin C‐induced degradation of DNA was not found during the first 24 hours of treatment.
Semliki Forest Virus Glycoproteins and Canavanine
Authors: Ranki Marjut , Kääriäinen Leevi , Renkonen Ossi
Published: August 2010

By means of carbohydrate labelling two virus‐specific glycoproteins were revealed in BHK21 cells infected with Semliki Forest virus: a non‐structural protein (NSP68) and a structural protein (VP53). In addition, a third virus‐induced, carbohydrate‐containing compound (G20) was found, which is probably a glycopeptide. In the presence of canavanine, under conditions in which viral RNA synthesis continued but no virus was produced, the glycosylation of both VP53 and NSP68 was reduced, whereas the formation of G20 was totally inhibited. The possibility that NSP68 is a precursor for VP53 is suggested by the results of pulse‐chase experiments: During the chase period the radioactivity of VP53 increased, while that of NSP68 decreased correspondingly. With canavanine present, the amount of radioactivity in NSP68 and VP53 remained unchanged during the period of observation, strongly supporting the above hypothesis.
THE EFFECT OF TRYPSIN ON CELL SUSPENSIONS AND CULTURE SUPERNATANTS OF STRAINS OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPES B AND E
Authors: Tjaberg Tore Bjarne
Published: August 2010

The influence of trypsin on cell suspensions and culture supernatants of non‐proteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum types B and E has been investigated. Tryptic activation of cell suspensions of the Clostridium botulinum type B strains increased the amount of toxin considerably compared to the amount of toxin produced after trypsinization of the supernatants. This was not the case with Clostridium botulinum type E. The length of the tryptic activation period influenced the toxicity of cell suspensions and supernatants.
CHEMOTACTIC ACTIVITY OF INTESTINAL STRANGULATION OBSTRUCTION FLUID FROM GERMFREE AND CONVENTIONAL RATS
Authors: Trippestad Arne , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

The chemotactic activity of rat strangulation fluid on rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes was investigated. Chemotactic activity was demonstrated in strangulation fluid from conventional as well as from germfree rats. The chemotactic substances resisted heat treatment at 56° C for 30 min. The chemotactic activity was destroyed following heat treatment at higher temperatures. Dialysis did not remove the chemotactic activity. Gel‐filtration chromatography on Sephadex G‐100 of strangulation fluid from germfree rats resulted in fractions with three to four peaks of chemotactic activity. The possible relationship to the complement system was discussed.
CASEIN INDUCED AMYLOIDOSIS IN T‐CELL DEPRIVED MICE
Authors: Nielsen G. , Leuchars E. , Doenhoff M. , Ebbesen P.
Published: August 2010

The degree of casein induced amyloid development was found to be similar in both untreated and adult thymectomized, irradiated bone marrow grafted CBA mice. Less amyloidosis occurred as a result of either adult thymectomy alone or lethal irradiation and bone marrow grafting of non‐thymectomized animals. Circulating antibodies to casein were found in similar concentrations in all four situations. It appears that amyloid development is not directly affected by the thymus or the T‐lymphocyte.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TREPONEMA CUNICULI
Authors: Hougen Kari Hovind , Birch‐Andersen Aksel , Jensen Hans‐Jørgen Skovgaard
Published: August 2010

Treponema cuniculi was studied in the electron microscope by means of negative staining and ultrathin sectioning techniques. The sectioned organisms were studied in situ in biopsies from lesions of infected skin. Cells of T. cuniculi were found to be regular helices 8–15 μm long and 0.15 μm wide. The ends of the cells were pointed and three flagella were inserted in a row subterminally at each end. The flagella wound around the organisms and overlapped in the middle of the treponemes. The fine structure of isolated flagella was similar to that of flagella obtained from other treponemes. Treatment of T. cuniculi with Myxobacter AL‐1 protease 1 revealed bundles of intracytoplasmic microtubules. The diameter of each tubule was about 7 nm. In the ultrathin sections of infected tissue T. cuniculi was observed in intercellular spaces in the stratum spinosum and the stratum basale layers of the epidermis. No treponemes were observed in the connective tissue of the dermis. Sections of the microorganisms show the same structural pattern as previously described for T. pallidum Nichols. The organisms are surrounded by two tripple‐layered membranes with the flagella situated in between. The ultrastructure of the pathogenic treponemes, T. cuniculi, T. pallidum and T. pertenue is compared.
THE EFFECTS OF DETERGENT‐TREATMENT ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN POSITIVE PARTICLES
Authors: Traavik T. , Kjeldsberg E. , Siebke J. C.
Published: August 2010

On treatment of a serum positive for Australia antigen, with increasing concentrations of the detergent Tween 80, an advancing disintegration of the Australia antigen particles can be demonstrated. It is noteworthy that the Australia antigen tubules, after having passed a stage of periodical constrictions of approximately 20 nm, eventually disappear completely, while the 20 nm spherical Australia antigen particles remain. The Dane particles (42 nm) showed increasing destruction of their outer, Australia antigen containing membrane, finally releasing a 27 nm particle with “capsomere‐like” structures on its surface. At the highest detergent concentration utilized (0.5 per cent), no particles could be demonstrated in the specimens. The 27 nm particles were aggregated by sera containing no Australia antibodies or antigen, drawn from patients who had previously undergone virus B hepatitis. It is concluded that the 20 nm Australia antigen particles may be a secondary phenomenon produced by a detachment mechanism from the tubules, only the latter being actually produced in connection with virus replication.
GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASES IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Holten Eirik , Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

In cell free extracts from Neisseria meningitidis 2 species of glutamate dehydrogenase are found by agar gel electrophoresis, one NAD‐linked and the other NADP‐linked. The activity of the NAD‐linked enzyme is decreased when glucose is added to the medium, while the activity of the NADP‐linked one is increased by the same conditions. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that NAD‐linked GDH mainly has a degradative function, while the NADP‐linked one is active in the biosynthesis of glutamate.
THREE NEW ESCHERICHIA COLI O ANTIGENS O154, O155 AND O156, AND ONE NEW K ANTIGEN, K94
Authors: ØRskov Ida , ØRskov F. , Rowe B.
Published: August 2010

Three Escherichia coli strains representing strains from faeces and foods were established as antigenic test strains for three new E. coli O groups, O154, O155 and O156. One of the strains, O154, was also designated as K antigen test strain for a new E. coli K antigen, K94.
TYPING OF HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS STRAINS BY INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS
Authors: Leinikki Pauli
Published: August 2010

An indirect immunofluorescence technique was applied to the typing of Herpesvirus Hominis (HVH) strains of genital and non‐genital origin. The virus type was determined from aceton‐fixed cells with rabbit convalescent sera and anti‐rabbit conjugate. Results from kinetic neutralization confirmed the results. Cytopathic effect and plaque characteristics in Vero and chick embryo cell monolayers were evaluated for their usefullness in distinguishing type 1 strains from type 2 strains. Cytopathic effect was found to be a less reliable marker even under standardized conditions. On the other hand, the plaque size in Vero cells and the plaque forming capacity in chick embryo cell monolayers discriminated the two types.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Bergan Tom
Published: August 2010

On epidemiologically heterogeneous pseudomonas strains, have been compared the use of bacteriophage typing by two procedures, serogrouping and pyocine typing. The new phage typing procedure of the author was demonstrated to be preferable to a previous phage typing procedure which is extensively used. A combination of serogrouping and pyocine typing renders a good alternative typing procedure to phage typing for the bacteriological laboratories with a relatively modest load of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phage typing is preferable to other typing procedures in terms of rendering a high degree of differentiation and demonstrating strain relatednes in serial cultures from the same sites.
FATE OF EXOGENOUS DNA IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Gundersen Wenche Blix , Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

A method is presented for the isolation of 153H DNA from Neisseria meningitidis. The 15N DNA separates from ordinary 14N DNA of N. meningitidis when analysed in analytical density centrifugation corresponding to a difference in buoyant density of approximately 0.013 g/cm3. The specific density of regular N. meningitidis DNA is found to be 1.7105 g/cm3. Analysis by preparative density centrifugation of cell extracts of N. meningitidis transformed with 15N3H DNA shows that the radioactivity taken up during transformation assumes a specific density very close to that of the recipient DNA. The absence of radioactivity corresponding to that of the donor DNA in these cell extracts supports the notion that N. meningitidis lacks a DNase insensitive site outside the membrane, and supports the hypothesis of a concomitant uptake and integration of homologous, exogenous DNA in N. meningitidis transformation.
FATE OF EXOGENOUS DNA IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: Gundersen Wenche Blix , Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

Density gradient centrifugations of cell extracts from Neisseria meningitidis transformed by 15N3H DNA in the presence of acriflavin or ethidium bromide show that in spite of a substantial reduction of viable transformants in the presence of these drugs, the radioactivity taken up assumes a specific density indistinguishable from that of the DNA of the recipient cells. Thus DNA uptake and integration are inseparable steps in N. meningitidis. The genetically incompetent (cp‐) variant of N. meningitidis is unable to integrate exogenous DNA into its chromosome. Furthermore it does not take up exogenous DNA to DNase insensitivity, neither homologous nor heterologous DNA. Exogenous DNA is only taken up by genetically competent (cp+) N. meningitidis if of homologous origin, and when it is integrated into the recipient chromosome in a transformation event.
AGGLUTINATION AND IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE STUDIES ON SURFACE ANTIGENS OF S. AUREUS
Authors: Forsum Urban
Published: August 2010

Serological typing of 200 S. aureus strains from clinical specimens has been performed with the Oeding‐Haukenes factor sera. Since weak agglutinations were recorded, serologically reacting antigens were studied in immunofluorescence with FITC‐labelled type‐specific anti‐S. aureus F(ab')2‐fragments of IgG and IgM and TRITC‐labelled normal IgG to detect protein A by its reaction with the Fc‐part of IgG. Protein A was found to be unevenly distributed among the S. aureus cells derived from a single colony and, by trypsin digestion of the bacteria, type‐specific antigens were found to be masked by the common cell surface constituent, protein A.
RABBIT ANTI RAT LYMPHOCYTE SERUM: IN VITRO ANTIMACROPHAGE ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTISERA AND RELATIONSHIP TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Authors: Jakobsen Arnt
Published: August 2010

Antimacrophage activity has been demonstrated in antilymphocyte sera raised with thoracic duct, thymus, and spleen cells. Comparison of various anti spleen cell antisera raised with different antigen doses (1 × 106 ‐ 1 × 108 cells) and immunization schedules (2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 immunizations) was carried out. The presence and degree of antimacrophage activity was related to the cell dose and even more so to the number of immunizations. Antisera with strong antimacrophage activity were less able to prolong the survival of skin allografts than antisera with only moderate antimacrophage activity, the lymphocytotoxic titres being similar. Possible mechanisms for the presence of antimacrophage activity in antilymphocyte sera and in vivo implications of such activity are discussed.