bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GERMINATION TESTS ON SORGHUM SEEDS PRESERVED IN EARHEAD
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, G.N RANGASWAMY AYYANGAR , M.A SANKARA AYYAR ,   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

To a plant breeder with whom seed material especially of single plants, accumulates rapidly, the whole of which cannot be worked off each succeeding year, the question of how long and in what way this seed could best be preserved with unimpaired viability is a matter of primary importance. In a previous article (Rangaswami Ayyangar and Vijayaraghavan) the result of the germination tests of loose sorghum seed stored in tin screw top bottles has been reported, and it was recorded that the seeds retain full vitality for about 2 years and when four years old deteriorated to a germination capacity of only about 10 per cent. It was also recorded that preserving the seed in naphthaline, which keeps the seed free from damage from pests of stored grain, does not affect its germination capacity. In breeding work in sorghum the individual head is usually the seed unit and it has been the practice at the Millets Breeding Station to keep the seed material from single plant selections as earheads and to thresh them only just prior to sowing. As the earheads are compact and the seeds safely clipped up in the glumes, it has been found that it was enough to scissor off portions of the earhead for sowing purposes and have the rest of it as a sample for future reference, so that the general configuration of the earhead and the seeds on it is, in a meas- ure, preserved for future use. Leaving the seeds in the glumes is an added advantage.
A NOTE ON PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN THE CURING AND STORING OF TOBACCO.
Authors:   Farm Manager, Agricultural Research Station,Guntur, P GOPALARATNAM
Published: November 2023

Tobacco in its curing and storing stages is subject to being damag ed by attacks of fungi and bacteria which if not controlled properly at the right time will result in serious loss to the producer as well as to the manufacturer. The disenses are peculiar in themselves and occur sporadically due to the negligence on the part of the curer and storer. The nature of the diseases and the possible remedial measures are enumerated below for the benefit of the producer and manufacturer of tobacco.
THE BIONOMICS OF THREE SHORT-DURATION VARIETIES OF RICE
Authors:   Assitant Agricultural Research Station, Maaruteru, V Ch. SARVAYYA
Published: November 2023

In the evolution of high-yielding strains of s variety, a study of the latter to find out its response under varied con ditions of farming is of the utmost importance. Unless its behaviour is previously known the selection will have to be based only on the empirical methods of selecting well tillered and long eared plants. Popular requirements may vote for an attractive ear while tillering may carry weight with considered judgment. But this cannot be said to hold true as a general principle in all varieties of the same duration and much less in those of different durations. The nature, number and mode of tillering though partly a genetic manifestation are a function of the life-period. It has always been the experience in cereals that to make a selection for high yield is no easy task, though many useful characters are correlated.
THE EFFECT OF NAPHTHALENE ON GERMINATION OF PADDY SEED
Authors:   Assitant Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, C RAJASEKHARA MUDALIAR
Published: November 2023

It is a common practice in breeding stations to store the large number of single plant selections and various type collections in tin- screw-top bottles aud preserve them against the attack of paddy moths with a ball of naphthalene. This practice, however, did not seriously affect the vitality of paddy seeds as was observed in our sowing operations. Seeds preserved in naphthalene appeared for all practical purposes to germinate and grow normally. To get more accurate and definite results, a series of experiments were carried out at the Agri- cultural Research Station, Aduturai, to determine the effect of naphthalene on a number of paddy varieties in dry and moist condi- tions. The investigations consisted of determining the effect of naphthalene (1) on dry paddy seeds, and (2) on seeds soaked in water and on those saturated with atmospheric moisture.
NADAM COTTONS
Authors:   Assitant Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003, K.L RAMAKRISHNA RAO
Published: November 2023

Nadam (G. obtusifolium) is a constituent of the group of cottons commercially called 'Salems. One would infer from the name (nadam-country) that it might have been the cotton in general cultivation prior to the spread of annual cottons like Uppam and Karungunni. It is generally found in Coimbatore district mixed with an American type of cotton viz., Bourbon' (G. Purpurascens). Both the types are perennials and stand on the field for more than 4 to 5 years. Bourbon is named after the Isle of that name, where it is supposed to have been introduced by the French from the West Indies. It was first introduced in India during 1820 from Mauritius by Mr. Heath of Messrs. Fischer and Co. Nadam is a tall shrub about 6 feet high branches arising at acute angles with the stem, with small leaves, yellow flowers, lint of short staple (6/8 to 7/8"), slightly adhering to the boll and strongly attached to the seeds. The ginning percentage is also as low as 23. Compared to this, Bourbon, is definitely better. Bourbon plants are about 3 feet high with large reddish leaves, creamy flowers, naked seeds and white lint definitely longer (nearly an inch) than Nadam separating readily from the bolls necessitating gathering immediately after bursting. This last character of this cotton is said to be one of the reasons for its falling out of favour with the ryots. Its ginning percentage (24- 25%) is, however, a little better than that of Nadam.
THE EFFECT OF SULPHUR ON BELLARY SHEEP
Authors:   Deputy Directore of Agriculture Livestock Osur, T MURARI
Published: November 2023

It is well known that sulphur has a beneficial effect on the growth of wool. Considerable work has been done in Australia and elsewhere on the increased production of wool by the inclusion of sulphur in the ration. Bellary sheep on the Hosur Livestock Research Station, has a good conformation and is producing an average wool yield of 2'75 lb. The animals grow very slowly but they are capable of lambing twice a ear. The wool is clipped twice a year, but the quantity and quality annot be compared with those of the Merinos. The object of the xperiment was to see if administration of sulphur to the Bellary heep would have any effect on the growth of wool.
ECONOMIC SURVEY OF A SOUTH INDIAN VILLAGE PERUMANALLUR
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, N GANESAMURTHI
Published: November 2023

Situated eight miles north of Tirupur on the cross- ing of the metalled roads from Tirupur to Kunathoor and Avanasi to Erode is Perumanallur, a Ryotwari village in the Palladam Taluk of the Coimbatore District. It consists of the hamlets of Pidaram- palayam, Valasupalayam, Athikadu, Perumanallur and Purasupalayam. The nearest Railway Station is Kulipalayam, 45 miles from the village reached by an iteri. The village is situated in the plains and there are no jungles or hills in the vicinity, but a small stream which is occasionally flooded for an hour or two in the rainy season runs close by. There are four small ponds (known as Kuttais) in the whole village each about 3 feet deep which is full only during the rainy season and the water seldom used for irrigation. The village appears to be a very ancient one.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY IN ITS RELATION TO INSECT PESTS
Authors:   Agriculture Meteorology, Coimbatore, T.V RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR , K.P ANANTANARAYANAN ,   Agriculture Meteorology, Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

In India, the study of Economic Entomology ön scientific lines may be said to have been started from 1903 when the Department of Agriculture under the Central and Provincial Govern- ments were ro-organised. During the past three decades, the main work in connection with Entomology was confined to Agricultural Entomology and consisted in a sort of survey of the pests-major and minor, the comparative incidence of the different forms with the extent and nature of loss caused, studies on the important phases in the life histories and habits of some of the more important ones, some observations into the bionomics of some of their natural enemies and, finally, the adoption of such control measures as have become possible. In fact, in spite of our meagre knowledge of the ways of several of these insects, it was the last item on which greater attention had to be paid for obvious reasons. It is believed that, with some valuable data so far collected, the time has now come to enter upon another import- ant phase of the work which might lead both the farmer and the Econo- mic Entomologist to adopt prophylactic and direct methods of pest control which might supplement or even replace with advantage those which are now in vogue; one such important line of work appears to be the investigations on the various relations existing between the insects on the one hand and weather and climatic conditions on the other, the two latter constituting what is popularly known as the science of Meteorology.
RADIO AND AGRICULTURAL PROPAGANDA
Authors:   Radio & Agricultural Propaganda, T.V RANGASWAMI
Published: November 2023

Radio has revolutionized the whole world during the past decade and its importance lies in its immense use for imparting, knowledge from a central broadcasting station, simultaneously to millions of people living far apart. Radio is used in foreign countries for recreation and music, Schools, Police, Business, Municipalities, Agriculture, Trains, hospitals and prisons etc. Nothing need be said about radio for recreation as it has become a necessary furniture in every household in foreign countries. School radio was a recent introduction for supplementing education taught by the average teacher in the schools. Radio for the use of Police has become almost indispensable in detecting criminals and evil-doers. For businessmen, broadcasting is in many countries a means of effective advertisement. For the press it is readily a source of news and for the seaman it is really a weather prophet. Broadcasting has already become indelibly interwoven into every branch of industry.
SOME RECENT MANURIAL EXPERIMENTS IN RICE
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, K RAMIAH
Published: November 2023

The principle of manurial trial or in fact the principle underlying any form of agronomic experiment is to get a bigger yield per unit area. We only measure the end result of the treat- ment and we had no clear idea until recently as to how this increased yield is brought about. Developmental studies on the rice plant undertaken in Coimbatore have shown that the two important attri- butes to yield are (1) the number of tillers or ears per plant and (2) the number of grains per ear. A proper understanding of the influ- ence of environment which includes the different forms of manurial trials, on these two developmental phases of the plant is extremely important. A number of experiments have been conducted recently in the rice stations and while the fuller details of these experiments are published in the station reports an outline of the salient features are given in this note.
THE PROBLEM OF MILK SUPPLY TO CITIES
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, T MURARI
Published: November 2023

Intensive urbanisation of a population always creates certain pro- blems which need solution. Housing, lighting, transport, roads and medical aid and food supply are the more important problems of the urban population. As it is not within the scope of this article to study all the problems, only one aspect of food supply will be consi- dered. Milk supply to an urban population has become increasingly important of late, as people find it difficult to maintain a cow to supply home requirements. In cities like Madras where the milk supply is dependent on professional milkmen the problem is acute. Depending on their prosperity these milkmen keep a limited number of cows and try to meet the demand as best they can, with the result that the housing of cows and sanitation in general do not come up to a high standard.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES ON SUGARCANE JAGGERY
Authors:   Assitant to the Government Agricultural Chemist,Coimbatore, T VARAHALU
Published: November 2023

Jaggery is the most important of the products manufactured from sugarcane in India. The consumption of jaggery is about 2 to 2'5 times that of the total white sugar, the latter com- prising of all that is (i) imported, (ii) manufactured in the local facto- ries and (iii) produced by the indigenous 'bel' method. This proves the still greater hold of the cottage industry of jaggery manufacture. Jaggery is used for direct home consumption, and for the manu- facture of refined sugar. On an average about 2'5 to 3 millions tons of jaggery are used for direct consumption and about 1 to 2 lakhs of tons for refining. But according to the Report of the Indian Tariff Board on Sugar Industry (1931), the return from 100 maunds of cane manu- factured into gur (jaggery) and then refined is not more than 5'5 maunds as against 9 maunds obtained by direct manufacture from cane, while the amount of the molasses produced is approximately the same per unit of cane in each case.
CHLOROPHYLL DEFICIENCIES IN PENNISETUM TYPHOIDES (Stapf. & Hubbard.) THE PEARL MILLET
Authors:   Millets Specialist Agricultural Research Institute Coimbatore, G.N RANGASWAMI AYYANGAR , P.V HARIHARAN ,   Assitant Millets Breeding Station Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

Chlorophyll deficiencies are a common occurrence in cereals. They have been noted in some millets, Sorghum, Eleusine coracana2, Setaria italica and Paspalum scrobiculatum. All stable varieties have attained chlorophyll efficiency of degrees, the deficiencies being elimi nated by a process of vigilant mass selection through a number of years. In dry crops where the stand is uncertain, the yield meagre and the seed rate important, no cultivator can afford to sow seed some of which would throw albino seedlings... At the Millets Breeding Station, Coimbatore, where a number of races are brought into an impact with each other, optimum conditions prevail, (especially in a protogynous crop like the pearl millet), for the coming together of factors which in isolation might not be lethal, but whose lethal pro- pensities have been activated by inadvertent association. A number of experiences in the chlorophyll deficiency of this millet have there- fore been met with. The pursuit of albinism in this protogynous crop is beset with peculiar difficulty. No useful Mendelian deductions can be drawn except on selfed material; and selfing is particularly difficult in this crop with its protruding stigmas. Nevertheless n number of plants have been selfed and this phenomenon of albinism pursued in some aspects.
THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS.
Authors:   Department of Bio-Chemistry Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore, A SREENIVASAN
Published: November 2023

The process of mechanical analysis was developed to give more precision to terms such as sand, loam and clay that are employed by a pratical man in describing soils. Its function is to sort out by appropriate means the particles composing a soil into groups of specified limits of diameter. The methods of mechanical soil analysis in their various forms are, undoubtedly, among the more tedious operations, with which soil scientists are confronted. The importance of a determination of this kind lies in the fact that the behaviour of the soil towards water, its power of retaining and hand- ing over the rainfall to the plant and also its physical texture and amenability to cultivation-factors which are of greater importance in the nutrition of the crop than the amount of plant food present- are all determined by the sizes of the particles of which the soil is composed. This fundamental fact has long been recognised and has led to a tremendous amount of work on the part of various investigators, in an effort to devise methods for making mechanical analyses of soils. and determining the proportions of particles of various sizes.
THE WAY OUT
Authors:   Student (B.Sc 3), J RAGHOTHAMA REDDY
Published: November 2023

The complexity of the Indian situation, as it exists to day is so immense and the causes so complicated that it is wellnigh impo- ssible to think of any one aspect as divorced from the other. Yet two problems, the unemployment of the educated and the agricultural backwardness of the masses do loom large on our socio-economic horizon. These two problems have during the past few years defied all attempts at solution and continue to make a demand on the con- structive statesmanship of the greatest of us. And therefore any scheme or any course of action which combines in itself the solution entire or partial of these two important issues merits not only careful consideration but a bold trial, and it would be ideal if a solution of either problem can be achieved as a direct or indirect result of the other being tackled. Of the two issues, the unemployment of the educated middle class being considerably smaller in magnitude, can he tackled first and the enormous energies of educated youth can be liberated and harnessed to the advantage of "greater India". When sure enough we will be nearer the solution of the rural problem with the field of scientific agriculture being so vast and so pregnant with potentialities, that it affords a promising field for the absorption of the energetic youth. If during the last so many years no considerable number of the educated classes has gone back to the land. it is due to no fault of theirs. Students from arts colleges found themselves unfit for the task, and even the graduates of agriculture Incked push and courage to fall back on their own resources. Above all, a secure and comfortable berth in Governmennt service as against the hazardous profession of agriculture held out more temptations. Circumstances have thus conspired to make the Indian youth develop a lethargic outlook with the result that he would rather remain unemployed than resort to an independent though risky profession, as agriculture is at the present day. Whatever may be the reasons for this deplorable state, the tragic fact has to be holdly faced and unless he is put on the land with all conveniences provided, even a graduate in agriculture is not likely to take to his profession in near future.
A SHORT NOTE ON ONION CULTIVATION IN THE ANAKAPALLE AREA
Authors:   Fieldman Agricultural Research Station Berhampore, A SURAPPA NAIDU
Published: November 2023

Onion is an important crop on the Anakapalle area, being a short duration money crop either preceding or succeeding paddy in wet lands or grown in rotation with a variety of crops in garden and dry- lands. Beyond the personal labour of the ryot it does not require much cash expenditure in its cultivation, and generally fetches decent returns. There are three seasons for onions: (1) January to March, during which a Paira crop is raised from seedlings; (2) May to July, during which a punasa crop is raised from bulbs from the paira crop; and (3) September to December, during which a rainy weather crop is raised from bulbs of the Punasa crop.
SOME USEFUL EXPERIENCES REGARDING SUGARCANE CULTIVATION & MANUFACTURE OF WHITE SUGAR AT PALUR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, STATION
Authors:   Farm Manager, Agricultural Research Station,Palur, C.S KRISHNASWAMI
Published: November 2023

The only factory manufacturing white crystalline sugar south of Madras is at Nellikuppam owned by the East India Distilleries and Sugar Factories Ltd., which is managed by Messrs. Parry & Co. Thanks to the interest taken by this firm and their efficient organi- sation, the cultivation of sugarcanes is extending by leaps and bounds in South Arcot District. The abnormal fall in the prices of all agri- cultural commodities and the facilities which the factory is affording to the cane-growing ryots round about the factory, by the grant of cash advances for cultivating the sugarcane crop, have contributel in no small measure to the development of the area under this crop. The variety Badila (Fiji B) which was introduced by the Department some years ago has now entirely replaced other local varieties and the factory prefers this to any other variety because of its high sucrose content and purity.
SOUTH INDIAN BANANAS
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, K CHERIAN JACOB
Published: November 2023

The Banana is one of the oldest and one of the most popular fruits of the world. Mention has been made of it in ancient Sanskrit works and sages are said to have lived entirely on it. It is a highly nutritious article of diet containing 2'14% proteid, 21'8% sugars, 1% fat, 1% mineral matter and the rest being chiefly water. (Analysis of Pacha Vazhai). At the same time the essential ingredi- ents are available in a very agreeable form and with sufficient bulk.
BEES AND BEEKEEPING IN SOUTH INDIA
Authors:   Agricultural College Coimbatore 641003, T.V RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR , S RAMACHANDRAN ,   Agricultural College Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

Among insects, in fact, among the numerous lower animals, the honey bee occupies a unique position. It has been man's associate practically from prehistoric days. In view of the honey it yields and in consideration of the various virtues displayed by the creature in its, social life this creature was not only held by the ancients in high esteem but was even endowed with divine powers and became the centre for many myths and superstitions. It was probably due to such ideas that the bee was added as an insignia by great men it is said to appear on the crowns of the Egyptian kings, on the arms of the Pope and on the imperial robes of Napoleon! Honey and wax were attributed divine properties and in Christian rituals honey was given to babies in baptism and the church candles were to be of pure wax! In India, the existence of bees and the usefulness of the pro- ducts we get from them are facts well known to almost every layman. But very few among us possess any clear and definite ideas regarding the natural history of bees or about the aetiology and purpose of the useful products man gets from them. There is, of course, reference in different Indian literary and medical works to honey as Madhu and to the honey bee as Madhu makshika, (literally honey fly) the exact term by which it is known in the vernaculars, though it is scientifically incorrect to call it a fly. The little that is known of them may be more or less summed up in these statements (1) that hees abound in forests, (2) they give us some very valuable and useful pro- ducts, (3) they are a proverbially hard working and industrious lot, and (4) that they sting. All the rest regarding them has been practi- cally a sealed book to most of us. The honey bee is, therefore, one of our familiar creatures and yet one about which we really know very little !!!
THE BREEDING OF THE THICK TYPE OF CANES FOR INDIA
Authors:   Imperial, Sugarcane Breeding Station Coimbatore, N.L DUTT , M.K KRISHNASWAMI ,   Imperial, Sugarcane Breeding Station Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

So far as their distribution in India is concerned, the thick or tropical type of canes are grown chiefly in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies, as alsc in Burma, parts of Bengal, Assan and in the North-West Frontier Province. Besides their cultivation in the above mentioned parts, these canes are grown for chewing purposes in the United Provinces, the Punjab and Bihar. According to the Sugar Committee of 1921, the area under the thick canes, in the United Provinces alone is estimated to be 75,000 acres, As is well known, the yield from the thick type of canes (Saccharum officinarum L.) is considerably more than that of the indigenous North Indian canes (S. Barberi Jesw.). In the Madras Presidency. the yield is about 28 tons per acre and in the Bombay Presidency the yields are fairly high and compare favourably with those obtained in Java. The drawback, however, is the high cost of production which. is from 7 to 12 annas a maund in Madras and about 12 annas a maund of cane in Bombay, a price which is much bigher than in Bihar where it is between 4 and 5 annas per maund. The aim therefore, has been to produce canes of the thick type which should be hardy and whose cost of production would be less. It is proposed to deal in this brief and preliminary note the manner in which the Imperial Sugarcane Station, Coimbatore, is trying to solve this aspect of the Indian Sugar Industry.
SOME TRIALS WITH ERI SILK WORMS
Authors:   Lecturer in Entomology, Agricultural College Coimbatore, M.C CHERIAN
Published: November 2023

About three lakhs of acres of Castor (Ricinus Com- munis) are grown every year in the Madras Presidency. Coupled with this is the fact that the climatic and the weather conditions in this Presidency are such that Eri silk worms can be reared for at least seven to eight months in the year. The Madras Agricultural and Industrial departments are now studying the problem of popularising Eri silk worm rearing as a cottage industry. With a view to getting detailed information under Coimbatore conditions the writer made a few preliminary trials last year and the following is a short account of the information gained so far..
INSECT PESTS OF STORED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS & THEIR CONTROL
Authors:   Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003, T.V RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR
Published: November 2023

Every cultivator is aware of the fact that it is not alone the crop growing in the fields which suffers from insect attacks but that insects of different kinds also do harm to stored agricultural products. It is well-known that preservation of grains, pulses, etc., for seeds and other purposes is often a serious problem among farmers everywhere. Commodities like grains, pulses, oil seeds and various dry vegetable products are the chief materials which suffer from such damage and the injury so caused is often very substantial. Farm granaries, provision and grocery depots, drug stores and flour mills are the chief haunts of these insects. It must, however, be noted that the great majority of them are quite different in their food habits from those affecting growing crops, and their activities are almost exclusively confined to stored products.
INSECT PHOTOTROPISM AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN INDIA
Authors:   Madras Agricultural Department, T.V RAMAKRISHNA AYYAR , K.P ΑΝΑΝΤANARAYANAN ,   Madras Agricultural Department
Published: November 2023

Studies on the behaviour of organisms, and espe- cially on that of Insects, have formed the theme of many eminent zoologists in the past and yet there exist numerous points in the different aspects of the subject which offer avenues for further inves- tigations. The study of insect tropisms is one of these, and though a good deal of work has been done by eminent workers like, Loeb. Wheeler, Morgan and Jennings in the west, the study of the complex tropic reactions of insects in the Indian region has received hardly any serious attention so far. This paper is the result of some preliminary studies recently started to study the aspect of one of the various insect responses, viz., 'Phototropism' with special reference to South Indian insects, and indicate in what way it has an economic bearing on Agricultural Entomology. To an agriculturist the study of entomology is solely a utilitarian one, particularly with an aim to control his crop pests. Next to a knowledge of the life-history of the insect pests, the study of their behaviour, their adaptations and response to environments, and exter- nal stimuli forms one of the main lines of work for finding ways and means of control on scientific and economic lines.
AGRICULTURE UNDER THE FASCISTS
Authors:   Director of Agriculture Madras, S.V RAMAMURTI
Published: November 2023

I have much pleasure in accepting the invitation of the Madras Agricultural Students' Union, to speak this evening about the many things I have seen in Europe, particularly in Italy. under the new regime. I had the advantage of going to Italy with a request sent by the Madras Government to the Government of Italy, to give me official facilities for seeing the work there, both by way of agricultural re- search and by way of other agricultural organisation; and the Italian Government were extremely kind, and showed me great courtesy and consideration in giving me full facilities for seeing the work that was being done there. Italy. I have visited thrice-I was there in 1922 hefore Signor Mussolini became head of the Government: I was there again in 1927, and the present was my third visit-and, every time I found an enormous change had very emphatically shown itself in the spirit of Agricultural Research in Italy.
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS
Authors:   Formerly Soil Physicist Coimbatore, T.R SESHADRI , S.V KUPPUSWAMI ,   Goverment Agriculture Chemist Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

Though a detailed mechanical analysis is done as a regular routine in the course of a soil study, a rapid separation into two fractions one of which is the coarse fraction including coarse and fine sand and the other is the fine fraction including silt and clay has been tourd to yield useful preliminary information and to be valuable in advisory work especially when large numbers of samples have to be dealt with rapidly. The fine fraction is determined by Robinson's pipette method and the residne left after the removal of clay and silt by the sediment- ation method (beaker method) is the coarse fraction. Both these fr..ctions may be estimated directly or one of them alone determined directly and the other obtained by subtraction from 100.
THE METHODS OF CURING TOBACCO FOR CIGARETTE PURPOSES PRELIMINARY TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF FLUE-FITTED BARNS
Authors:   Post-Graduate Student in Econoic Botany, Imperial  Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, V CH. SARVAYYA
Published: November 2023

Tobacco Industry of India" published in this Journal. July 1934, there have been some enquiries from tracts of probable suitability for growing cigarette tobaccos. The enquirers want to know whether there are any methods to find out whether the tobaccc of a particular tract is suitable for cigarette purposes before they can commit themselves to the construction of costly flue-curing barns. In reply to this enquiry the following information is furnished with the hope of kindling greater and wider interest in the trial of cigarette tobaccos. In view of the co-ordinated programme of research on tobacco under the aegis of the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research in all the provinces, the possibilities of all the tobacco-growing tracts of a province have to be thoroughly explored and for this purpose the provision of only a pair of flue-curing barns in each province by the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research may not be found adequate to tackle all the tracts. Hence the necessity and importance of such methods cannot be over-emphasized. Even if the tobacco were to be unsuitable for cigarette purposes we do yet require some methods of finding whether the tobacco of a particular tract can be cured for ex- port because we find that a large quantity of Indian exports is used in the manufacture of pipe tobaccos.
THE KAPAS MARKET AT DINDIGUL-A STUDY IN THE LOCAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PRICES
Authors:   American College Madura, J.S PONNIAH
Published: November 2023

It will be noticed at once that the staple variety of the Dindigul region is Cambodia unirrigated. Dry Cambodia is rather a speciality for Dindigul; for except in the Avanasi Taluq, it is raised everywhere as an irrigated crop. The hills that encircle the entire region are the cause for this peculiarity. The water that falls on the hills percolates through the soil and provides the necessary moisture for plant growth, and hence the raising of dry Cambodia Cotton. Another peculiarity of this cotton is that the area fluctuates very widely according to the state of rainfall. If the rainfall is poor, the acreage, perforce, is reduced and vice-versa. The area under the other varieties remains more or less constant, unless price changes are sufficiently high or low to cause either an expansion or a contraction. The yield again is poor-that of the dry Cambodia is only about 200 lbs., but the irrigated variety gives about 900 lbs., per acre. Low yield is accounted for by late sowing which the ryots adopt and by heavy rainfall at the close of October, when the growth of the plants is affected.
STUDIES IN PASPALUM SCROBICULATUM, L. THE KODO MILLET
Authors:   Millets Specialist Agricultural Research Institute Coimbatore, G.N RANGASWAMI AYYANGAR , V PANDURANGA RAO ,   Assitant Millets Breeding Station Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

The Kodo millet, Varagu (Tamil) and Arika (Telugu), occupies an area of well over a million acres in the Madras Presidency. The grain of this millet is easily preserved and proves a good famine reserve. It is a poor man's food. The crop is very drought-resistant. Only well-matured grains should be husked and used as food. Husks and immature grains are poisonous. This millet is considered safer for use as the grains get old. Both as food and fodder the crop is poor. While the crop is ripening it is considered dangerous to graze animals on it. This millet is grown mostly rain-fed, though in small areas under irrigation also. Trichinopoly and South Arcot districts have over 170,000 acres each; Kurnool, Nellore and Ramnad have each over 90,000 acres. The Nilgiris, Malabar and South Kanara are the only districts in which this crop is not grown. About 21,000 acres are raised under irrigation. Of these Coimbatore, Ramnad, Madura and Kurnool have about 13 thousand acres. This millet yields on an aver- age 800 lb. of grain per acre with a range of 400 to 1200 ib. according to the tract. The yield of straw is about 1000 to 2000 lb. per acre. The straw is used as a manure in alkaline lands. This millet has been under study at the Millets Breeding Station and the following summa- rise the knowledge so far gained.
HILL VILLAGES OF TIRUPATTUR TALUK.
Authors:   Agricultural Demonstrator Thirupattur, U.B MOHAMED ABBAS
Published: November 2023

A portion of the Eastern Ghats is situated in Tirupattur Taluk, N. Arcot district in two separate blocks viz. the Yelegiris and the Javadhi hills. The entire length of the mountain range is 45 miles in the taluk. The Yelegiri has a range of 13 miles and is situated a mile and a half from Jalarpet Railway Station, while the Javadhis with a range of 32 miles run continuously from north to south forming a boundary on the eastern side of the taluk. The height of the hills above the sea level ranges from 2.700 to 3,900 feet. The total extent of the mountain range can be classed as (a) Reserved Forests 33,641 acres, (b) Patta lands 10,924 acres, (c) Grazing grounds 22,713 acres. Kambugudi the highest plateau in the Javadhi range is 3,900 feet above sea level and is 24 miles from Tirupattur town. There is a travellers' bangalow in the middle of the plateau with a good motorable road leading to it.
Literatura e Neocolonialismo na Guiana Amarga de Waddy Many
Authors: Batista Ramiro Esdras Carneiro , Felício Roselles Magalhães , Carneiro Saulo Esdras de Matos
Published: November 2023

A história da demarcação da fronteira franco-brasileira na região do Cabo Orange (Saint Georges/Guyane - Oiapoque/AP), é fortemente marcada por narrativas racistas que demonstram a ambiguidade e desfa
Desafios e Benefícios na Implantação da Área de Gestão de Pessoas em Restaurante no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Estudo de Caso
Authors:   , PRECIOSO ANA MARCIA
Published: November 2023

2 Bilhões de casos de toxinfecções alimentares por ano. Uma das causas mais comuns de mortalidade em países em desenvolvimento. Doenças diarreicas são as principais causas de doenças e de mortes em países menos desenvolvidos, matando cerca de 1,8 milhões de pessoas
anualmente a maioria das quais são crianças. (Organização Mundial de Saúde – OMS)
O presente trabalho visa compreender a importância da gestão de pessoas e o papel do líder no controle higiênico-sanitário nas diversas áreas de alimentação. Foi feito um estudo de caso em um Restaurante durante um ano e meio, onde a metodologia empregada pela gestão de pessoas foi embasada principalmente nas teorias de Idalberto Chiavenato e outros autores e no controle dos alimentos nas teorias do Dr. Eneo Alves da Silva Jr., e a legislação vigente. O objetivo principal foi avaliar a influência da área de gestão de pessoas e o papel do líder no controle dos alimentos, simplificando os problemas existentes na implantação dos processos, consequentemente a consolidação do empreendimento a qualidade total e a lucratividade. Desse modo, concluímos que cuidar das pessoas individualmente, em seu ambiente de trabalho, valorizando sua auto-estima, trouxe para os gestores a certeza que podemos mudar através delas. Para isso, realizamos treinamentos, monitoramos e avaliamos periodicamente as pessoas e suas equipes. Assim, descobrimos talentos, iniciamos o plano de cargos e salários, incluímos benefícios, diminuímos a rotatividade e melhoramos a relação interpessoal. Destacamos a importância da liderança, controlando o desperdício, investindo em melhorias no ambiente de trabalho, nossas conformidades no início dos trabalhos eram de 43,6% (crítico), chegando a 76,08% (satisfatório). Na busca pelo alimento seguro, elaboramos o Manual de Boas Práticas de Fabricação e em parte implantamos, podendo assim, proteger a saúde dos clientes internos e externos, lembrando que alimento é fonte de saúde.
The Effect of Maximum Residue Limits on Agri-Food Trade: Evidence from Chinese Exports to the EU
Authors: Jiang Dongpo , Li Qi , Li Xia , Sun Ruiqiang
Published: November 2023

There is debate about whether maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides act as a catalyst or barrier to trade. By constructing a trade model based on heterogeneous firm quality and productivity, we show that MRLs’ net effects on total export value, the number of exporting firms, and the average export value per firm depend on the interplay between the effect on import demand and that on variable and fixed compliance costs. We employ firm-level transaction data for agri-food products exported from China to the European Union (EU). We use heterogeneity indices that combine the number and level of MRLs to measure MRL stringency between China and the EU; a Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimator with fixed effects is used for estimation. We find that stricter MRLs, whether imposed by China or the EU, promote China’s agri-food exports to the EU. However, such promotion effects are heterogeneous across agri-food-exporting firms. In China, updates to MRL standards improve agri-food-exporting firms’ ability to comply with stricter MRLs. Public investment and services help reduce compliance costs. Our findings provide new evidence that MRLs are not new non-tariff measures adopted to replace reduced import tariffs.
Assessment of health and social implications of Gari factories for their host communities in Oyo State
Authors: Idowu Oluropo OLOGEH  , Morufu Olakunle Amoo  , Olamiju John Kehinde
Published: November 2023

This paper is a comprehensive assessment of the health and environmental impacts of gari factories on their host communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Four health centers in the host communities of the gari factories under study were surveyed using structured questionnaires to gather data on the prevalent illnesses and perceptions of the local health personnel. The IITA Health Center serviced the IITA gari factory, Moniya served the Laniyonu gari factory, Agunrege catered to the Agunrege gari factory, and Aafin Health Center provided healthcare services to the Sakutu Sabo Oyo gari factory. The study revealed valuable insights into the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the health personnel respondents at these health centers. Notably, these health personnel played a key role in understanding the health dynamics within their communities. The health personnel's responses highlighted the gari factories' impact on the health of their respective communities and the prevalent health issues. Malaria was common in all communities, while headaches, respiratory infections, and cough were reported in specific areas. Stagnant water and cassava peels were identified as sources of environmental concern. In addition to the health assessment, the study explored the social implications of gari processing in these communities. Residents' perceptions of the gari factories varied, with some communities appreciating their contributions to employment and environmental development while others raised concerns about environmental risks. The findings of this study indicate that Agunrege gari factory poses the highest health threats and environmental risk to its host community due to concerns related to smoke and air pollution. These insights can inform policies and interventions to mitigate the negative impact of gari processing on health and the environment in these communities.
Progression of pulmonary cavities beyond HPV papillomatosis: A case report
Authors: Andrew Kim DO  , Lily Liu  , Yi McWhorter DO  , Sapna Bhatia MD
Published: November 2023

The patient is a 22-year-old female with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) requiring multiple laser ablations, presents for fiberoptic bronchoscopy due to worsening cavitary lesions of the right upper lobe seen on computed tomography (CT) scans. While these lesions were first attributed to her human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, bronchial cultures revealed a methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection. Not only is this case a unique presentation of concurrent RRP and MSSA cavitary lesions, it also highlights the importance of avoiding anchoring bias and initiating investigations for other differential diagnoses. We will review epidemiology, pathogenesis, and current therapeutics of RRP.
Time-restricted feeding on blood pressure and blood glucose of prolanis participants at primary health care in Tuban, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Fatimah Zahra Almashur  , Dita Putri Adityasari
Published: November 2023

Introduction: Every year, hypertension claims the lives of over 8 million individuals globally and nearly 1.5 million in Southeast Asia.6 In addition to hypertension, chronic diseases experienced by people in Indonesia are Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes and cardiovascular health are closely related, with diabetes patients having a higher chance of acquiring hypertension and vice versa, creating a potentially harmful synergistic interaction. Newer studies have looked into novel dietary approaches to enhance metabolic health and lower the risk of chronic illnesses. Objective: By shedding light on the intricate relationships between dietary habits, metabolic conditions, and cardiovascular outcomes, this study hopes to advance the development of more specialized and potent treatments for diabetes and hypertension. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted on participants of PROLANIS Primary Health Care in Tuban from August – September 2023, using One Way Anova and Kruskal Wallis. Results: Mean delta BP patients who had a TRF of 12 hours 11.22±9.804, 6 – 12 hours 13.13±10.341 and did not perform TRF 7.40±8.316, p = 0.309. Mean delta blood glucose patients who had a TRF of 12 hours 14.92±10.09, 6 – 12 hours of 7.30±5.708, and who did not perform TRF of 0.20±4.894, p<0.001 Conclusion: TRF significantly lowers blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus, but has not had a significant effect on blood pressure in patients with hypertension.
Extraction, isolation, and standardization of anthocyanin from Vaccinium myrtillus to evaluate their potential in glaucoma
Authors: Neha Sharma  , Pratibha Sharma  , Sonali Sinhmar  , Avinash Kumar Rao  , Tejas Ravindra Sonawane  , Tejashree Raosaheb Nikam  , Pratiksha Prakash Pagar  , Kumari Shanno
Published: November 2023

In order to preserve the structural integrity and bioactivity of anthocyanins while improving their extraction, identification, and isolation from Vaccinium myrtillus berries is the goal of this study. The following three goals were pursued: · Creating effective extraction procedures, · Using cutting-edge chromatographic techniques for identification, and · Isolating certain anthocyanin chemicals for possible bioactivity research. Three extraction techniques (A, B, and C) were contrasted with a fresh berry control for Objective 1. The maximum anthocyanin production (14.2 mg/g) and antioxidant activity (90%) were produced by Method C, which can be attributable to the high concentration of Petunidin-3-glucoside (55%). Method A produced anthocyanins with a concentration of 12.5 mg/g, predominantly made up of cyanidin-3-glucoside (45%), compared to Method B's 9.8 mg/g, primarily made up of delphinidin-3-glucoside (30%). The structural integrity of each approach was kept to a satisfactory level, as shown by the absorbance tests. Objective 2 was to identify anthocyanins using sophisticated chromatographic methods. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (5.21 min, 12500), Delphinidin-3-glucoside (7.46 min, 9800), and Petunidin-3-glucoside (9.83 min, 14200) were measured for retention times and peak areas. Anthocyanin molecules were identified using purification methods to work towards Objective 3. Three fractions were collected, and the anthocyanin chemicals in each fraction were identified: Fraction 1, 2.5 mg, 95% purity of Cyanidin-3-glucoside; Fraction 2, 1.8 mg, 90% purity of Delphinidin-3-glucoside; and Fraction 3, 3.2 mg, 92% purity of Petunidin-3-glucoside. Analysing UV-Vis spectra showed the purity, and chromatographic retention durations matched benchmark values. Further confirmation of chemical identities was obtained by mass spectrometry and NMR investigations, with detected peaks matching recognised references. This thorough investigation contributes to our understanding of how to extract and characterise anthocyanins from V. myrtillus berries. The findings demonstrate that Method C is a better extraction technique, producing high anthocyanin content while maintaining bioactivity.
APLIKASI MIKROKONTROLER BERBASIS SENSOR RADIO FREQUENSI IDENTIFICATION (RFID) SEBAGAI SISTEM PENGAMAN OTOMATIS
Authors: Wattimury Latuhorte , Laamena Fany , Tehubijuluw Charlos Mozes
Published: November 2023

Penelitian   ini bertujuan mengimplementasikan system pengaman otomatis menggunakan mikrokontroler NodeMCU dengan memanfaatkan RFID tag dan keypad sebagai kunci utama berbasis   Web   server   secara   real   time.   Kunci pintu mekanik konvensional memiliki beberapa type pengunci secara teknis yakni; grendel, tuas, dan silinder,   semua   jenis   kunci   ini bekerja secara   manual, dengan system yang   bisa membuka   dan menutup secara   manual melalui komponen   system tertentu . Model penguncian  manual  ini  bisa  dimodifikasi secara otomatis melalui  system remote PIN (Personal Identification Number), Sidik Jari, serta RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) berbasis   arduino UNO. Sistem yang dimodifikasi dalam penelitian   ini dibuat menggunakan mikrokontroler (NodeMCU) dan sensor serta perangkat lunak berupa kode program yang ditanamkan ke memory mikrokontroler dalam menjalankan fungsinya sebagai pengunci, dan  menggunakan E-KTP sebagai  media  pengunci  yang terkoneksi dengan system yang dibuat. Keuntungan sistem pengunci pintu berbasis mikrokontroler (NodeMCU) dengan module wifi seperti  ini,  lebih praktis dalam pengunaannya,  mudah dalam mengontrol akses masuk dan keluar sebuah ruangan tertentu secara  lebih  aman berbasis online  secara  realtime.