bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical injury assessment of male versus female chiropractic students when learning and performing various adjustive techniques: a preliminary investigative study
Authors: Bisiacchi Debra W , Huber Laura L
Published: September 2006

Background

Reports of musculoskeletal injuries that some chiropractic students experienced while in the role of adjustor became increasingly evident and developed into the basis of this study. The main objective of this study was to survey a select student population and identify, by gender, the specific types of musculoskeletal injuries they experienced when learning adjustive techniques in the classroom, and performing them in the clinical setting.

Methods

A survey was developed to record musculoskeletal injuries that students reported to have sustained while practicing chiropractic adjustment set-ups and while delivering adjustments. The survey was modeled from similar instruments used in the university's clinic as well as those used in professional practice. Stratified sampling was used to obtain participants for the study. Data reported the anatomical areas of injury, adjustive technique utilized, the type of injury received, and the recovery time from sustained injuries. The survey also inquired as to the type and area of any past physical injuries as well as the mechanism(s) of injury.

Results

Data obtained from the study identified injuries of the shoulder, wrist, elbow, neck, low back, and mid-back. The low back was the most common injury site reported by females, and the neck was the most common site reported by males. The reported wrist injuries in both genders were 1% male complaints and 17% female complaints. A total of 13% of female respondents reported shoulder injuries, whereas less than 1% of male respondents indicated similar complaints.

Conclusion

The data collected from the project indicated that obtaining further information on the subject would be worthwhile, and could provide an integral step toward developing methods of behavior modification in an attempt to reduce and/or prevent the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries.
Fatty tissue within the maxillary sinus: a rare finding.
Authors: Stręk Paweł , Zagólski Olaf , Składzień Jacek
Published: September 2006

Background

We report a rare case of fatty tissue within the maxillary sinus in a 21-years-old woman, with a history of several previous punctures of the maxillary sinus.

Case presentation

Clinical data of the patient was analysed retrospectively. The patient presented with symptoms of left-sided chronic maxillary sinusitis and had undergone several punctures of the left maxillary sinus 18 months earlier. Subsequent to one of the procedures an acute pain in the left orbit lasting a couple of days was noted. Left endoscopic transnasal antrotomy was performed. The maxillary sinus was filled with polypous, chronically inflamed mucous membrane. Upon its removal, the maxillary roof was identified as drawn downwards and covered with normal mucous membrane. Upon dissection of the membrane, adipose tissue filling the zygomatic recess of the sinus was identified and subsequently removed. The maxillary roof was unchanged. Histopatologic examination confirmed the material to be adipose tissue. No short or long term sequelae occurred.

Conclusion

Adipose tissue can be found in the maxillary sinus most commonly when penetrating from surrounding locations. It is our hypothesis that in the reported patient it penetrated from the orbit to the maxillary sinus following puncture. It seems that a hole in the maxillary sinus roof, about 1 mm in diameter, caused by the needle, may have been a portal of entry for the adipose tissue into the maxillary sinus. The discussed case suggests particular care be taken in performing puncture of the maxillary sinus.
An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants of Paphos and Larnaca countryside of Cyprus
Authors: Della Athena , Paraskeva-Hadjichambi Demetra , Hadjichambis Andreas Ch
Published: September 2006

An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants of Cyprus was carried out in two sites. Paphos vine zone and Larnaca mixed farming zone. These are among the areas in Cyprus whose inhabitants subsisted primarily on pastoralism and agriculture and therefore still preserve the traditional knowledge on wild edible plants.

The information was collected for three-year period, in the framework of the EU-funded RUBIA Project. Four hundred and thirteen interviews have been administered to 89 informants of various ages and background categories in 29 villages of Paphos site, and 8 in Larnaca site. A total of 78 species were recorded. Ethnographic data related to vernacular names, traditional tools and recipes have also been recorded. A comparison of the data collected from the two sites is undertaken. During this ethnobotanical research it was verified that wild edibles play an important role in Cyprus in rural people, however, it was realized that the transmission of folk uses of plants decreased in the last generations. The research of ethnobotany should be extended to other areas of Cyprus in order not only to preserve the traditional knowledge related to plants but to make it available to future generations as well.
In planta transient expression as a system for genetic and biochemical analyses of chlorophyll biosynthesis
Authors: Sawers Ruairidh JH , Farmer Phyllis R , Moffett Peter , Brutnell Thomas P
Published: September 2006

Background

Mg chelatase is a multi-subunit enzyme that catalyses the first committed step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Studies in higher plants and algae indicate that the Mg chelatase reaction product, Mg-protoporphyrin IX plays an essential role in nuclear-plastid interactions. A number of Mg chelatase mutants have been isolated from higher plants, including semi-dominant alleles of ChlI, the gene encoding the I subunit of the enzyme. To investigate the function of higher plant CHLI, bacterial orthologues have been engineered to carry analogous amino acid substitutions to the higher plant mutations and the phenotypes examined through in vitro characterization of heterologously produced proteins. Here, we demonstrate the utility of a transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana for rapidly assaying mutant variants of the maize CHLI protein in vivo.

Results

Transient expression of mutant maize ChlI alleles in N. benthamiana resulted in the formation of chlorotic lesions within 4 d of inoculation. Immunoblot analyses confirmed the accumulation of maize CHLI protein suggesting that the chlorosis observed resulted from an interaction between maize CHLI and endogenous components of the N. benthamiana chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. On the basis of this assay, PCR-based cloning techniques were used to rapidly recombine polymorphisms present in the alleles studied allowing confirmation of causative lesions. A PCR-based mutagenesis was conducted and clones assayed by transient expression. A number of novel allelic variants of maize ZmChlI were generated and analyzed using this assay, demonstrating the utility of this technique for fine mapping.

Conclusion

Transient expression provides a convenient, high-throughput, qualitative assay for functional variation in the CHLI protein. Furthermore, we suggest that the approach used here would be applicable to the analysis of other plastid-localized proteins where gain-of-function mutations will result in readily observable mutant phenotypes.
Automatic layout and visualization of biclusters
Authors: Grothaus Gregory A , Mufti Adeel , Murali TM
Published: September 2006

Background

Biclustering has emerged as a powerful algorithmic tool for analyzing measurements of gene expression. A number of different methods have emerged for computing biclusters in gene expression data. Many of these algorithms may output a very large number of biclusters with varying degrees of overlap. There are no systematic methods that create a two-dimensional layout of the computed biclusters and display overlaps between them.

Results

We develop a novel algorithm for laying out biclusters in a two-dimensional matrix whose rows (respectively, columns) are rows (respectively, columns) of the original dataset. We display each bicluster as a contiguous submatrix in the layout. We allow the layout to have repeated rows and/or columns from the original matrix as required, but we seek a layout of the smallest size. We also develop a web-based search interface for the user to query the genes and samples of interest and visualise the layout of biclusters matching the queries.

Conclusion

We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach on gene expression data for two types of leukaemia and on protein-DNA binding data for two growth conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The software implementing the layout algorithm is available at http://bioinformatics.cs.vt.edu/~murali/papers/bivoc.
Growing PET positive nodule in a patient with histoplasmosis: case report
Authors: Salhab Khaled F , Baram Daniel , Bilfinger Thomas V
Published: September 2006

Background

Pulmonary histoplasmosis is a mycotic infection that often resembles pulmonary malignancy and continues to complicate the evaluation of pulmonary nodules.

Case presentation

We report a case of an immunocompetent patient who, despite adequate treatment for known histoplasmosis lung infection, presented with radiological and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) findings mimicking primary lung malignancy which eventually required surgical resection.

Conclusion

Histoplasmosis infection may radiologically resemble pulmonary malignancy, often causing a diagnostic dilemma. PET imaging is currently used for and considered accurate in the evaluation of pulmonary nodules. However, overlap in PET standardized uptake value (SUV) between granulomatous and malignant lesions decreases the accuracy of PET as a diagnostic modality. Future advances in PET imaging are needed to improve its accuracy in the evaluation of pulmonary nodules in areas where histoplasmosis is endemic.
The disconnect between animal models of sepsis and human sepsis
Authors: Rittirsch Daniel , Hoesel L Marco , Ward Peter A
Published: October 2006

Frequently used experimental models of sepsis include cecal ligation and puncture, ascending colon stent peritonitis, and the i.p. or i.v. injection of bacteria or bacterial products (such as LPS). Many of these models mimic the pathophysiology of human sepsis. However, identification of mediators in animals, the blockade of which has been protective, has not translated into clinical efficacy in septic humans. We describe the shortcomings of the animal models and reasons why effective therapy for human sepsis cannot be derived readily from promising findings in animal sepsis.
Cholangiocyte marker-positive and -negative fetal liver cells differ significantly in their ability to regenerate the livers of adult rats exposed to retrorsine
Authors: Simper-Ronan Rhonda , Brilliant Kate , Flanagan Donna , Carreiro Marie , Callanan Helen , Sabo Edmond , Hixson Douglas C.
Published: October 2006

We have used monoclonal antibodies against cell-surface developmental epitopes in combination with micromagnetic beads to isolate phenotypically defined subpopulations of cholangiocyte marker-positive fetal liver epithelial cells (CMP-FLEC). Differentiation potential was evaluated by injecting cell isolates from dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) positive (DPPIV+) Fischer donor rats into the spleen of partially hepatectomized, DPPIV negative (DPPIV-)Fischer host rats exposed to retrorsine. At various time points, liver tissue was harvested and cells in DPPIV+ colonies were phenotyped by immunofluorescence and histochemical protocols. Functional differentiation and liver replacement were determined by comparing donor and host hepatocyte protein expression patterns and DPPIV enzyme activity in extracts from livers of host rats receiving CMP-FLEC. Our results showed that bipotentiality was retained during differentiation and maturation of CMP-FLEC, indicating that the acquisition of ductal morphology and phenotype were not indicative of lineage commitment. CMP-FLEC transplanted into the adult rat liver lost ductal and gained hepatocyte markers, and acquired protein expression patterns in 2D gels with a close similarity (>75% spot match) to host hepatocytes but differing significantly from the transplanted CMP-FLEC cell isolate (<25%spot match). The average size of donor hepatocyte colonies increased with time so that by 1 year, up to 70% of the host rat liver was replaced by CMP-FLEC derived DPPIV+ hepatocytes. Depletion of CMP-FLEC from fetal liver isolates resulted in a marked decrease in adult liver colonization, suggesting that a high percentage of the hepatocyte colonies in animals receiving total fetal liver isolates are derived from CMP-FLEC.
The roles of cilia in developmental disorders and disease
Authors: Bisgrove Brent W. , Yost H. Joseph
Published: October 2006

Cilia are highly conserved organelles that have diverse motility and sensory functions. Recent discoveries have revealed that cilia also have crucial roles in cell signaling pathways and in maintaining cellular homeostasis. As such, defects in cilia formation or function have profound effects on the development of body pattern and the physiology of multiple organ systems. By categorizing syndromes that are due to cilia dysfunction in humans and from studies in vertebrate model organisms, molecular pathways that intersect with cilia formation and function have come to light. Here, we summarize an emerging view that in order to understand some complex developmental pathways and disease etiologies, one must consider the molecular functions performed by cilia.
Synthesis of Various Types of Nano Carbons Using the Template Technique
Authors: Kyotani Takashi
Published: September 2006

Using uniform nanochannels of an aluminum anodic oxide film as a template, uniform and unique multiwalled carbon nanotubes can be synthesized with a selectivity of 100%. This technique allows one to precisely control the diameters and the length of nanotubes. Moreover, it is possible to chemically modify only the inner surface of carbon nanotubes and to prepare carbon nanotubes with a double coaxial structure of heteroatom-doped multiwalls. The test tube like carbon prepared by this technique was found to be dispersible in water without any post treatment. In addition to this one-dimensional approach, unique microporous carbon can be prepared by the template technique using zeolite Y. The resulting microporous carbons are characterized by their regular ordering, originating from the regularity of the parent zeolite. When the synthesis conditions were optimized, the specific surface area and the micropore volume of the zeolite-templated carbon reach more than 4000 m2 g−1 and 1.8 cm3 g−1, respectively. This review introduces such a template-mediated approach and highlights how useful and versatile the template technique is for the production of nano carbons.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer of Dialkynyldisilane-Linked Zinc Porphyrin–[60]Fullerene Dyad
Authors: Tsuji Hayato , Sasaki Mikio , Shibano Yuki , Toganoh Motoki , Kataoka Takeshi , Araki Yasuyuki , Tamao Kohei , Ito Osamu
Published: September 2006

A zinc porphyrin–fullerene dyad with a disilane as a σ-conjugated linker has been newly synthesized to evaluate the electron transfer ability of the oligosilane chain. Its photoinduced processes have been studied using the time-resolved fluorescence and absorption measurements. Photoexcitation of the dyad causes the energy and/or electron transfer from the excited singlet state of the ZnP to C60 moiety in polar solvents. The charge separation takes place as a final step in the excited-state process to yield the radical-ion pair with a radical cation on the zinc porphyrin and a radical anion on the fullerene, similar to other porphyrin–fullerene dyads. Its lifetime has been estimated to be 0.43–0.52 μs on the basis of the decay rate of the fullerene radical anion in polar solvents.
The Effects of Chloride Salts of Some Cations on the Molecular Organization of H2O. Towards Understanding the Hofmeister Series. II
Authors: Koga Yoshikata , Katayanagi Hideki , Davies James V , Kato Hitoshi , Nishikawa Keiko , Westh Peter
Published: September 2006

We use the thermodynamic behaviour of 1-propanol (1P) as a probe in ternary 1P–salt–H2O systems to elucidate the effect of a salt on the molecular organization of H2O. For salts, we have chosen CaCl2, NH4Cl, and (CH3)4NCl (TMAC). Having fixed the counter anion at Cl−, we compare here mainly the effects of chosen cations on H2O. Together with an earlier study on NaCl, we found that Ca2+, Na+, and NH4+ are hydrated by a number of H2O molecules and leave the bulk H2O away from the hydration shell unperturbed. The hydration numbers were found to be 6.4 ± 1.6, and 1.2 ± 0.4, for Ca2+ and NH4+, respectively with the hydration number 5.2 for Na+, the result of a simulation study, chosen as a reference. Thus, a salting out (also referred to as structure making, stabilizing, or kosmotropic) tendency would decrease in the order; Ca2+ > Na+ > NH4+. TMA+, on the other hand, showed a more hydrophilic characteristics than the probing 1P. Thus, TMA+ is rather chaotropic (salting in, structure breaking or destabilizing) within this methodology.
Further Study on the Micellization of a Symmetric Amphiphile Using the Monte Carlo Technique
Authors: Gharibi Hussein , Behjatmanesh-Ardakani Reza , Hashemianzadeh Seyed Majid , Sohrabi Beheshteh , Javadian Soheila
Published: September 2006

We use a modified version of Larson’s model to investigate the behaviors of amphiphile molecules in different states of interaction parameters. The regular excluded volume and periodic boundary conditions are used to mimic a box of simulation as a bulk of solution. Several thermodynamic parameters are studied by lattice Monte Carlo simulation, including polydispersity, premicellar phenomena, critical micelle concentration, aggregation number, and cluster shape. For higher interaction parameters aggregation starts at lower concentration, i.e. critical micelle concentration is reduced. Behaviors are linear. With linearizing matrix of gyration, it is shown that at higher interactions micelles tends to reduce their contacts with water, so they take the shape of a sphere. In all of the cases, cluster size distribution has only one peak. Polydispersity behavior indicates that it is possible to determine critical micelle concentration from the polydispersity curve. Configurational bias and reptation moves are used with equal probability to relax the amphiphilic systems. To investigate meta-stability in the thermodynamic parameters two different initial conditions are used.
Hydration Structure around the Carbonyl Group of an Urea Molecule in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions Studied by Neutron Diffraction with 12C/13C Isotopic Substitution
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Sasaki Motoya , Hino Shuji , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi
Published: September 2006

Neutron diffraction measurements were carried out at 25 °C on aqueous 15 mol % urea heavy water solutions, [(ND2)2*C=O]0.15(D2O)0.85, in which the 12C/13C isotopic composition of the carbonyl-carbon atom was changed. The hydration structure around the carbonyl-carbon atom was derived from the least-squares fitting analysis of the observed first-order difference function, ΔC(Q). From the analysis, 4.3(3) water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to the carbonyl-oxygen atom with the intermolecular C···DW1 (DW1: water deuterium atom) distance of 2.46(3) Å. The average angle, ∠C···DW1–OW (OW: water oxygen atom), was determined to be 124(5)°.
Magnetic Properties of 1:4 Complexes of CoIIX2 (X = NCO−, NCS−, and Br−) with 4-(N-tert-Butylaminoxyl)pyridine. Antiferromagnets in Crystalline States and Single-Molecule Magnets in Frozen Solutions
Authors: Kanegawa Shinji , Karasawa Satoru , Nakano Motohiro , Koga Noboru
Published: September 2006

Three cobalt(II) complexes, [Co(X)2(4NOpy)4] (X = NCO−, NCS−, and Br−; 4NOpy = 4-(N-tert-butylaminoxyl)pyridine) were prepared, and their molecular structures were characterized by X-ray structure analysis. The molecular geometry of [Co(X)2(4NOpy)4] (X = NCO− and NCS−) is a compressed octahedron, in which the counter ions occupy the apical positions with short bond distances of 2.064–2.098 Å. In the crystalline state, from plots of χmol vs T and χ′mol vs T, [Co(NCO)2(4NOpy)4] and [Co(NCS)2(4NOpy)4] are antiferromagnets with TN = 4.5 and 15 K, respectively. In frozen solution, on the other hand, both complexes and [Co(Br)2(4NOpy)4] functioned as single-molecule magnets. The χ″mol vs T plot for [Co(Br)2(4NOpy)4] gave a effective activation barrier (Ueff) of 20 K for the reorientation of the spin. From the field dependence of magnetization at various temperatures below 5 K for [Co(X)2(4NOpy)4] (X = NCO−, NCS−, and Br−) the values of the zero-field splitting parameters, D/kB, were estimated to be −14, −9.7, and −4.5 K with S = 5/2, respectively. Theoretical studies based on the ligand-field theory model for [Co(NCO)2(4NOpy)4] gave an exchange coupling parameter, J/kB, of 29 K and a thermodynamic activation barrier, U, of 60 K.
Structural and Spectral Features of Complex Salts Composed of [Ni(dmit)2]− and Four- or Six-Coordination Nickel(II) Complexes of Alkyl-Substituted Cyclam
Authors: Soneta Yuji , Miyamura Kazuo
Published: September 2006

Slow inter-diffusion of (NBu4)[Ni(dmit)2] (dmit = 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolato) and a metal complexes ligated with alkyl-substituted cyclam, [Ni(NMe2-dcyclam)](ClO4)2 (I), [Ni(NMe2-ax-dcyclam)](ClO4)2 (II), and [Ni(NMe4-dcyclam)]Cl2 (III), (NMe2-dcyclam = (1RS,4RS,5RS,8SR,11SR,12SR)-1,5,8,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, NMe2-ax-dcyclam = (1RS,4RS,5SR,8SR,11SR,12RS)-1,5,8,12–tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, NMe4-dcyclam = (1RS,4RS,5RS,8SR,11SR,12SR)-1,4,5,8,11,12-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane), yielded black crystals of [Ni(NMe2-dcyclam)(CH3CN)2][Ni(dmit)2]2 (1), [Ni(NMe2-ax-dcyclam)][Ni(dmit)2]2 (2), and [Ni(NMe4-dcyclam)][Ni(dmit)2]2 (3), respectively. In these complex salts, the cationic complex I adopted an octahedral six-coordination geometry with two molecules of acetonitrile occupying the trans coordination sites (structure A), while those of complexes II and III adopted a square-planar four-coordination geometry (structure B). The Ni–Ni distances between cation and anion in structure B were shorter than those of structure A. In the IR spectra, ν(C=S) of structure B was observed 10 cm−1 higher than that of structure A, and only in compound 2, ν(C=C) was split at 1346 and 1323 cm−1. Electric conductivities of compounds 1–3 were about 10−6 S cm−1 at room temperature behaving as semiconductors.
Mixed ReVII–FeIII and ReVII–CuII Complexes Prepared by the Use of the Complex Ligand [Re(O)3(tpenH-κ3N,N″,N″′)]2+ (tpen = N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine)
Authors: Tabeya Toshihiro , Abe Masaaki , Sasaki Yoichi
Published: September 2006

Reactions of a ReVII complex [ReVII(O)3(tpenH-κ3N,N″,N″′)](ClO4)2 ([1](ClO4)2) (tpen = N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) that has a free bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino group with FeIII and CuII (or CuI) complexes in solution afforded three new mixed-metal complexes. From X-ray structural analyses, the counter anions (EO4−) of the isolated complexes are a mixture of ReO4− and the original ClO4−. The former was most likely produced by the decomposition of [1]2+ during reaction. The tetranuclear ReVII–FeIII complex [{ReVII(O)3(μ-tpen-κ3N,N″,N″′:κ3N′,N″″,N″″′)}2FeIII2(μ-O)(μ-CH3COO)2]4+ ([2]4+) has an oxodi(acetato)-bridged diiron(III) unit with two [ReVII(O)3(tpen-κ3N,N″,N″′)]+ groups coordinated to each iron(III) ion. Structures of the dinuclear ReVII–CuII complexes depend on the reactants. The reactions with CuII(ClO4)2 in CH3OH/CH3CN and CuII(PPh3)2CH3CN in CH2Cl2/CH3CN afforded [ReVII(O)3(μ-tpen-κ3N,N″,N″′:κ3N′,N″″,N″″′)CuII(CH3CN)]3+ ([3]3+) and [ReVII(O)3(μ-tpen-κ3N,N″,N″′:κ3N′,N″″,N″″′)CuIICl]2+ ([4]2+), respectively. The Cu centers have an axially elongated octahedral structure with a bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino moiety and CH3CN for [3]3+ or Cl− of solvent origin for [4]2+ coordinated in the tetragonal plane. The axial sites are occupied by two weakly coordinated EO4− ligands in [3]3+ or EO4− and bridging Cl− from a neighboring complex cation in [4]2+.
Atmospheric Acidic Pollutants at Mt. Tsukuba, Japan, Determined Using a Portable Filter Pack Sampler
Authors: Watanabe Mirai , Takamatsu Takejiro , Koshikawa Masami K , Sakamoto Kazunori , Inubushi Kazuyuki
Published: September 2006

We measured the concentrations of atmospheric acidic pollutants at Mt. Tsukuba using a newly developed portable filter pack sampler. The results were analyzed to characterize the distribution and origin of pollutants, and were compared with measurements from Tsukuba City and from other mountainous areas in Japan.
Investigation of a Tyrosinase-Immobilized Polyacrylamide Membrane Electrode in N,N-Dimethylacetamide
Authors: Ren Jujie , Takeda Hiroyuki , Nakamura Toshio
Published: September 2006

A tyrosinase-immobilized, hydrophilic polyacrylamide membrane electrode was used to investigate the enzymatic reaction of catechol derivatives in DMA and the apparent Michaelis–Menten constants, Km,app, were determined. The method can be used for both monitoring enzymatic activity and solvent effect using only a small amount of enzyme.
Photochromism of Diarylethenes on Gold and Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Yamaguchi Hidehiro , Ikeda Masumi , Matsuda Kenji , Irie Masahiro
Published: September 2006

Gold and silver nanoparticles capped with photochromic diarylethene ligands were prepared and their photochromic performance was investigated. Although the quenching of cyclization reactions by the metal particles took place to some extent, the diarylethene on the nanoparticles underwent reversible photochromic reactions by irradiation with UV and visible light.
Bactericidal Effect of Silica Gel-Supported Porphyrinatophosphorus(V) Catalysts on Escherichia coli under Visible-Light Irradiation
Authors: Fueda Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Hideshige , Komiya Yasuhiro , Asakura Yuka , Shiragami Tsutomu , Matsumoto Jin , Yokoi Haruhiko , Yasuda Masahide
Published: September 2006

Dihydroxo- and dimethoxo(tetraphenylporphyrinato)phosphorus(V) complexes ([P(OR)2tpp]+) were immobilized on silica-gel powder affording a visible-light driven photocatalyst ([P(OR)2tpp]/SiO2; 1). Bactericidal effect of complexes 1a (R = H) and 1b (R = Me) on Escherichia coli were investigated under visible-light irradiation. In the case of complex 1a, the amount of E. coli decreased linearly versus the irradiation time, showing that the bactericidal reaction obeyed zero-order kinetics. Adsorption of bacteria on the catalyst is thought to be a key pathway by analysis according to Michaelis–Menten’s equation. Complex 1a was more effective for sterilization than complex 1b. Stabilities of the [P(OR)2tpp]+ immobilized on silica-gel beads (2) were investigated in aqueous CaCl2 and NaCl solutions. The elution of the [P(OH)2tpp]+ chromophore from complex 2a (R = H) was faster than it was from complex 2b (R = Me).
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Single Small Molecule Encapsulation Properties of Cavitand-Porphyrins
Authors: Nakazawa Jun , Mizuki Maki , Hagiwara Jun , Shimazaki Yuichi , Tani Fumito , Naruta Yoshinori
Published: September 2006

New capsule-shaped hosts “cavitand-linked porphyrin” metal complexes (Mcp: M = H2, Ni, Zn, and Pd) have been synthesized to mimic the substrate binding functions of metalloenzymes such as cytochrome P-450cam. Crystal structures of cavitand 1·MeOH·CHCl3, [Zntpp(MeOH)], [Nicp]·MeOH·2CHCl3·3H2O, [Zncp(MeOH)]·2CHCl3·3H2O, and [Pdcp]·MeOH·2CHCl3·3H2O have been determined. One methanol molecule, originating from crystallization solvent is encapsulated in each host cavity, and coordinates to Zn in Zncp but not in Ni- and Pdcp. Encapsulation of various small hydrocarbon molecules in CDCl3 solutions of Mcps have been evaluated by determining binding constants and thermodynamic parameters obtained from 1H NMR titrations. All Mcps encapsulate hydrocarbons smaller than propane under atmospheric pressure. The guest size selectivity is primarily influenced by cavity size, and partly by metal insertion. The metal ion radius does not affect guest size selectivity. Encapsulation of coordinating guest molecules (MeOH, EtOH, MeCN, and H2O) in Mcps has also been investigated. Only Zncp favors coordination of non-hydrocarbon guests such as MeOH. We concluded that accommodation of different size guests by Mcps depends upon guest sizes and coordination of functional groups depends upon both the identity of the porphyrin’s metal ion and guest sizes.
Carbonylation of Organic Halides with Carbon Monoxide Mediated by Samarium Diiodide. Improvement and Mechanistic Investigations
Authors: Tomisaka Yuri , Harato Nami , Sato Masahiro , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: September 2006

Under an atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide, photoinduced reductive carbonylation of organic halides (RX) with samarium diiodide (SmI2) occurs to afford the corresponding unsymmetrical ketones (RC(O)CH2R) in good yields. Mechanistic insight into this carbonylation, especially the pathway for the generation of an acylsamarium species (RC(O)SmI2) as a key intermediate, is also investigated in detail.
Growth of CdWO4 Nanorods and Nanowires by a Surfactant Directed Adsorption Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Yuanguang , Zhou Gen-Tao , Liu Yi , Gao Ning , Qian Yitai
Published: September 2006

CdWO4 nanorods and nanowires were obtained from surfactant directed adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), respectively, under hydrothermal conditions. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). TEM and HRTEM analyses confirm that the CdWO4 nanorods synthesized in the presence of the cationic surfactant CTAB have an average diameter of 36 nm and lengths of up to 1 μm, with a preferential growth direction along [100], and the CdWO4 nanowires grown in the presence of the anionic surfactant SDBS are around 12 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length, with a growth direction along [110]. Their luminescent properties measured at room temperature show that the nanorod-like CdWO4 has a stronger PL peak at 460 nm than the nanowire-like structures. A surfactant directing adsorption mechanism has been proposed.
Vapor-Phase Ethylation of Biphenyl over MTW Zeolites
Authors: Mulla Shafeek Abdul Rashid , Waghmode Suresh B , Watanabe Seiji , Maekawa Hiroyoshi , Komura Kenichi , Kubota Yoshihiro , Sugi Yoshihiro , Kim Jong-Ho , Seo Gon
Published: September 2006

Vapor-phase ethylation of biphenyl (BP) with ethanol over the MTW zeolites was examined by using a fixed-bed flow reactor, and compared to the catalyses over MOR and MFI zeolites. Two types of MTW zeolites: MTW-S (small crystal) and MTW-L (large crystal) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The selectivity for 4,4′-diethylbiphenyl (4,4′-DEBP) over the MTW zeolites was the highest among the other zeolites, such as MOR and MFI. The catalytic activity of MTW-S was higher than MTW-L. The selectivities for 4,4′-DEBP at 300 °C were ca. 30% for MTW-S and ca. 22% for MTW-L among the DEBP isomers. The dealumination of the MTW zeolites enhanced the selectivity for 4,4′-DEBP although the catalytic activity was slightly decreased. In particular, the selectivity for 4,4′-DEBP over dealuminated MTW-L by steaming and subsequent refluxing in hydrochloric acid increased from 22 to 42% at 300 °C. The enhancement of the selectivity for 4,4′-DEBP is due to the decrease in non-selective reactions at external acid sites because these sites are removed by the dealumination. The selectivities are higher than those of equilibrium mixtures, and the slimmest isomer. 4,4′-DEBP is preferentially formed due to the steric interaction of reactants and products with acidic sites in the MTW channels. Molecular modeling on the diffusion of products in the MTW channel suggests that 4,4′-DEBP isomer can diffuse most easily among DEBP isomers. 4,4′-DEBP and other isomers easily diffuse inside MOR channel; however, they cannot in the MFI channels. These results show that the formation of 4,4′-DEBP is the most favorable due to the diffusion and the restriction of transition state in the MTW channels.
Fabrication of Microreactor Using Glass Capillary with Cu/SiO2 Layer
Authors: Takahashi Ryoji , Sato Satoshi , Sodesawa Toshiaki , Haga Yuta , Kobayashi Kei , Watanabe Souta , Ishizuki Masanari , Matsutani Katsuhiro , Mikami Naoki
Published: September 2006

A catalytic reactor using a capillary column with Cu/SiO2 layer on its inner surface was prepared by injecting a silica sol containing Cu ions in a fused silica capillary and by subsequent gelation under the conditions controlled in order to deposit silica gel uniformly on the inner wall of the capillary. Its catalytic activity was demonstrated in the hydrogenation of propene by constructing a pulse reactor using the catalyst capillary and a separation capillary with pure silica gel layer.
Results of conservation surgery for cancers of the supraglottis and pyriform sinus
Authors: Ogura Joseph H. , Marks James E. , Freeman Richard B.
Published: October 2006

A retrospective review of patients treated by surgery and/or radiation for carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx and the pyriform sinus was accomplished for the period 1964‐1974. This patient population reflects the 10‐year period following earlier experience with conservation surgery at this institution, and, thus, updates the current status of treatment for these cancers. Endpoints examined included survival, control, pattern of failure, the influence of nodal metastasis, and voice preservation.

Of 160 patients treated for supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma, 119 received conservation surgery (subtotal supraglottic laryngectomy, SSL, or partial laryngopharyngectomy, PLP); 21 patients received total laryngectomy; and 20 others received palliative radiation. The 3‐year actuarial survivals for these groups were 67%, 43% and 30%, respectively. Voice was preserved in 85% of the patients treated by conservation surgery, in 70% of those treated by radiation alone, and, of course, in none of the patients receiving total laryngectomy.

There were 175 patients treated for carcinoma of the pyriform sinus; 85 received PLP; 57, total laryngopharyngectomy (TLP); and 33, palliative radiation. Actuarial 3‐year survival was 59% for the PLP‐treated group, 36% for the TLP‐treated group and 11% for the palliation group. Voice was preserved in 52% of the patients treated by conservation surgery, in 6% of those treated by radiation alone, and in none of those patients treated by total laryngectomy.

Comparison of this data with that in other published reports indicates that, for selected patients, conservation surgery is as effective in controlling disease as is radical surgery. Furthermore, it is possible to preserve speaking ability in a significant number of patients having carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx or pyriform sinus.
Anatomical relationships of the cochlear nuclei and the pontobulbar body: Possible significance for neuroprosthesis placement
Authors: Terr Leonid I. , Sinha Uttam K. , House William F.
Published: October 2006

The pontobulbar body (PBB) is located in the cerebellopontine angle caudally to the cochlear nuclear complex (CN). We found the common boundary between these two structures on the surface of the brain stem as well as within it. We used the Kluver‐Barrerastaining technique tocharacterize different neuronal types adjacent to the boundary. Although the majority of them in the CN were globular, we also saw a substantial number of spherical neurons. Neurons in the PBB were substantially different in shape and were mainly angular. The boundary between the PBB and CN at their closest contact runs around the caudal side of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the most proximal part of the eighth nerve. In the more dorsal region, the PBB is completely separated from the CN by the brain stem tissue. In the ventral region, the PBB runs between the seventh and eighth nerves, and it is adjacent to both. These results might aid accurate placement of the central electroauditory prosthesis and further understanding of the general anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle.
Necrotizing tracheobronchitis: A newly recognized cause of acute obstruction in mechanically ventilated neonates
Authors: Wilson Kent S. , Carley Richard B. , Mammel Mark C. , Ophoven Janice P. , Boros Stephen J.
Published: October 2006

Necrotizing tracheobronchitis (NTB) is an acute inflammatory lesion of the lower airway which can result in total airway obstruction. While potentially treatable, this lesion has been described predominantly in autopsy or animal studies. We observed clinical symptoms which reflect development of this lesion. Symptoms of acute airway obstruction (hypercarbia, respiratory acidosis, decreased chest wall movement) occurred in eight neonates undergoing treatment with high‐frequency jet ventilation; five patients treated with HFJV were studied without signs of obstruction. Emergency bronchoscopy using a rigid bronchoscope was performed in the intensive care unit. The diagnosis of NTB was made by the observation of hyperemia, intraluminal debris, or the appearance of eschar formation. Necrotic debris was removed using forceps and/or suction as necessary. All patients survived treatment. Seven were long‐term survivors, all with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In patients who died, autopsy evaluation of the airway revealed a characteristic picture consisting of necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, epithelial erosion, and intraluminal obstruction.

NTB is a newly recognized cause of sudden, potentially fatal airway obstruction. Treatment consists of emergency bronchoscopy and removal of intraluminal debris. All survivors had bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
The diagnostic accuracy of pharyngoesophagram compared to esophagoscopy in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Grossman Thomas W. , Kita Mark S. , Toohill Robert J.
Published: October 2006

Two hundred and fifty‐four patients with head and neck cancer were entered into a prospective study comparing the results of pharyngoesophagram to esophagoscopy. All patients had pharyngoesophagram deemed adequate to evaluate the esophagus and rigid esophagoscopy to at least 30 cm from the upper incisor teeth. In 239 (94.1%) patients both the pharyngoesophagram and esophagoscopy were negative. Four esophageal tumors were found. Only one of these tumors (25%) was detected on pharyngoesophagram. We believe that the pharyngoesophagram should be a part of the initial work‐up of every head and neck cancer patient and should precede esophagoscopy. However, the barium swallow cannot be relied upon exclusively to detect small simultaneous second primary esophageal malignancies.
Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
Authors: Finkelhor Benjamin K. , Harker Lee A.
Published: October 2006

Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood is a vestibular disorder characterized by multiple sudden brief episodes of true vertigo with nystagmus usually beginning after the age of 4. The diagnosis is based on the characteristic history, because the otologic and neurologic examinations, electronystagmogram, audiogram, and electroencephalogram are usually normal. The etiology of the disorder remains unknown, although a vascular disturbance of the posterior circulation with ischemia of the labyrinth or vestibular nuclei is most commonly postulated. A review of the literature and five new cases are used to acquaint otolaryngologists with this entity, review the characteristic clinical history, discuss differential diagnosis, and emphasize the usual clinical course.
Residual and recurrent acoustic neuromas
Authors: Beatty Charles W. , Ebersold Michael J. , Harner Stephen G.
Published: October 2006

A retrospective study was conducted on all 23 patients who underwent operation for residual or recurrent acoustic neuromas during the 10‐year period January 1976 through December 1985. The most common symptoms at the time of reoperation were ataxia (16 patients), facial paresthesias (13 patients), and headaches (9 patients). Primary procedures had consisted of suboccipital posterior fossa approaches in 22 patients and a middle fossa approach in one. Reoperation for recurrent or residual tumor consisted of a retrosigmoid approach in 17 patients and a translabyrinthine or translaby‐rinthine/retrosigmoid approach in six patients. This study confirms that residual or recurrent acoustic tumors are not common. It also suggests that long‐term follow‐up, for at least 7 to 8 years, is indicated.
Brain herniation and space‐occupying lesions eroding the tegmen tympani
Authors: Bowes Anita King , Wiet Richard J. , Monsell Edwin M. , Hahn Yoon S. , O'Connor Cathleen A.
Published: October 2006

Technological advances in neuroradiology and the development of skull base surgery in neurotology have improved diagnosis and management of lesions eroding the tegmen tympani. The diagnosis of brain hernia is to be suspected in patients with a history of complicated chronic ear surgery and a slowly developing pulsatile mass with CSF leak. Patients are best evaluated in the upright position, with an otomicroscope and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Over 6 years, our group has treated seven patients with eight space‐occupying lesions eroding the tegmen. Five of the lesions were repaired with a temporalis muscle flap, 2 with fascia and bone, and 1 with Marlex. A review of new technology in the diagnosis of brain hernia and a modification of previous techniques is given.
Laryngeal pacemaker using a temperature sensor in the canine
Authors: Kim Kwang Moon , Choi Hong Shik , Km Gill Ryoung , Hong Won Pyo , Chun Young Myoung , Paek Yong Jae
Published: October 2006

With the use of a temperature sensor that would detect temperature changes during the respiratory cycle in the pharynx, electrical stimulation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle was achieved in doge whose recurrent laryngeal nerves were artificially paralyzed. Due to the temperature difference between inspiratory and expiratory air flow, a trigger pulse was generated at the beginning of inspiration. The stimulation pulse following the trigger pulse stimulated the electrodes inserted into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. In all five canines, obvious abduction of the vocal folds synchronized with inspiration was observed during electrical pacing.
Challenging the Perceptions of Adult Learners in Fine Art
Authors: Martin Paul
Published: October 2006

A major barrier to learning for students in the field of fine art is the extent to which their established perceptions can inhibit their ability to transform their understanding. To transform perceptions it is necessary to challenge existing frameworks, but such challenges can have
dramatic psychological and social consequences both for the student and the artist/teacher. This paper explores learning in the discipline of fine art and highlights problems for learners and teachers when learners are challenged to explore their socially constructed views on the nature of
reality.
An Interview with Jayne Anne Phillips
Authors: Robertson Sarah
Published: October 2006

Jayne Anne Phillips is the author of two collections of short stories, Black Tickets (1975) and Fast Lanes (1987, 2000). She has also written three novels; Machine Dreams (1984), Shelter (1994) and most recently MotherKind (2000). She is currently
working on a new novel to be published in 2004. Sarah Robertson is currently working on the writings of Jayne Anne Phillips for her doctoral thesis at Keele University. She has written a conference paper on Shelter (1994) and is presently working on Fast Lanes (1987, 2000).
The interview arose from the American Mourning Conference held at Keele in May 2001.
Gothic Logic: Charles Brockden Brown and the Science of Sensationalism
Authors: Verhoeven W.M
Published: October 2006

This essay argues that in his particular brand of transatlantic Gothicism, Charles Brockden Brown (17711810) grafts an earlier, European branch of the Gothic narrative of the incredible and the supernatural on to the New World/New England strand of the apparition tale, producing in
effect a vernacular American Gothic narrative of the empirical beyond in which printing and the discourse of science helped create bizarre and detailed tales reflecting the contemporaneous cultural forces of growing skepticism and materialism.
Book Reviews
Authors: Burn Stephen , Bennett G.H , Kaplan George , Bennett G.H
Published: October 2006

David Cowart, Don DeLillo: The Physics of Language, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002, 257pp., ISBN 0-8203-2320-9

Hugh Ruppersburg and Tim Engles (eds.), Critical Essays on Don DeLillo, New York: Hall, 2000, 321pp., ISBN 0-7838-0458-X

Christopher Hewitt, Understanding
Terrorism In America: From The Klan to Al Qaeda, London and New York: Routledge, 2002, 192 pp., ISBN 0415277663 (paperback) 14.99

Christopher Sandars, America's Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 354 pp., ISBN 0198296878 (hardback)
45.00

Rodney Broome, Amerike: The Briton Who Gave America Its Name, Stroud: Sutton, 2002, 238 pp., ISBN 075092909X (hardback) 14.99
Who's afraid of cooking vegetables? Changing conceptions of American vegetarianism 18501990
Authors: Gvion Liora
Published: October 2006

This essay examines the changing attitude toward vegetarianism in America in the second half of the nineteenth century and in the twentieth century. Vegetarianism in America has never effectively challenged the primacy of meat in American cuisine. Instead it recurrently centres on the
ability to dress meatless dishes in the image of meat and on decontextualizing, appropriating and recontextualizing vegetarian dishes into meat-oriented cuisine. The construction of a cuisine whose boundaries encompassed two culinary doctrines proved to be a mechanism that compelled meat-oriented
cuisine to respond to vegetarianism and prevented the latter from developing into an independent culinary discourse. Exploring the dimensions of these processes reveals that the boundary between the apparent autonomy of cuisines on the one hand and arenas of power on the other has proved highly
permeable: economic and political considerations have affected the popularity and acceptance of the culinary schools shaping American vegetarianism.
La langue de Driss Chraïbi: langue déplacée d'un écrivain déplacé
Authors: Dejean de la Bâtie Bernadette
Published: October 2006

This article explores the notion of displacement in Driss Chraïbi's novels: Une Enquête au pays, La Mère du printemps and Naissance à l'aube. The word 'displacement' is used here in all its acceptions including geographical expatriation, cultural
and linguistic distanciation from the fatherland and the mother tongue as well as acculturation and bilingualism. But 'displacement' also refers to Chraïbi's marginalisation within literature as a Moroccan writing in French, his 'politically incorrect' opinions, and his rejection of the
literary, intellectual world. Various types of linguistic displacements are examined: in particular, the insertion of Arab words, idioms and Qur'anic verses within French sentences, with or without italics, footnote, translation, and explanatory context. These linguistic displacements are
also used as a tool to establish his position, as well as to displace the readers to the margins.