bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satisfacción laboral del profesorado de educación secundaria
Authors: Anaya Nieto Daniel , López-Martín Esther
Published: November 2015

El estudio ha estado dirigido a evaluar la satisfacción laboral de los profesores de educación secundaria con un interés centrado en aportar datos que sirvan para la adopción de medidas eficaces en pro de su mejora si ello resultara pertinente. La investigación ha contado con una muestra de 2943 profesores de centros públicos distribuidos por toda la geografía nacional y los datos se han recogido mediante el procedimiento de encuesta a través de una versión on-line de la Escala de Satisfacción Laboral - Versión para Profesores (ESL-VP), que proporciona información sobre la satisfacción laboral a nivel global, a nivel de dimensión y a nivel de faceta. Los resultados indican en el profesorado una satisfacción laboral global media, pero con fuerte discrepancia a nivel de dimensión y de faceta. Además, las medidas externas a la ESL-VP utilizadas en el estudio aportan datos adicionales sobre el gusto con el trabajo actual, el gusto con la vida en el centro de trabajo, el deseo de cambio laboral y el deseo de jubilación anticipada, y ofrece resultados en función del género y de la antigüedad profesional de los profesorados.
Educar para la ciudadanía trabajando con temas controvertidos en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria
Authors: Pineda-Alfonso José Antonio
Published: November 2015

Presentamos una investigación basada en una propuesta de trabajo con temas controvertidos que pretende una reorientación de la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales para dar respuesta a una demanda: la necesidad de adecuar la escuela a las necesidades del mundo en el que vivimos como forma de promover una ciudadanía más participativa. Esta propuesta curricular ha sido experimentada con un grupo de alumnos de 4º curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y de su seguimiento investigativo se deriva la posibilidad de desarrollar aprendizajes procedimentales relacionados con la identificación de problemas, la planificación de su resolución, la argumentación, la producción de conclusiones con sentido personal y la reflexión sobre el propio proceso de aprendizaje.
La percepción de la calidad de vida en las mujeres mayores y su envejecimiento activo a través de actividades socioeducativas en los centros sociales
Authors: Escarbajal De Haro Andrés , Martinez de Miguel López Silvia , Salmerón Aroca Juan Antonio
Published: November 2015

En el presente artículo se presenta una investigación sobre la percepción de la calidad de vida en las mujeres mayores usuarias de los centros sociales, y la importancia de participar en actividades socioculturales para un envejecimiento activo, así como sus opiniones acerca del modelo educativo más adecuado a sus intereses y motivaciones vitales. Se ha llevado a cabo en centros sociales de los municipios que conforman el Valle de Ricote de la Región de Murcia. A todas las participantes se les administró la escala de valoración psicoafectiva Yesavage (GDS) y el cuestionario sobre estereotipos negativos hacia la vejez CENVE. Una vez obtenidos los resultados, fueron analizados en varios grupos de discusión. Se seleccionaron inicialmente 77 participantes; no obstante hubo "muerte experimental" de 13 usuarias, por lo que la muestra definitiva se conformó con 64 usuarias. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS v. 15.0. Respecto a la percepción que tienen de sí mismas expresa un grado de satisfacción elevado con la manera en que transcurren sus vidas, aunque existen diferencias interindividuales. En lo que concierne a la vivencia de su participación en centros sociales, se puede señalar que las actividades socioeducativas desarrolladas hacen que el asociacionismo se vaya asentando entre las mujeres mayores. También presentan una actitud abierta hacia nuevos aprendizajes, mostrando preferencia por las actividades de grupo.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Smith Peter L , Dalgleish Angus
Published: November 2015

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immune deficiency viruses (HIV)‐1 and 2 discovered 30 years ago. AIDS is a life‐threatening disease which lacks either a cure or a protective vaccine. Yet, during the past three decades of HIV research, a great deal has been learned about HIV‐1 evolution, structure, replication cycle, pathogenicity and protection. These findings have led to the development of anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) which is capable of blocking viral replication, dramatically increasing life expectancy and preventing the progression to AIDS. However, there are significant problems associated with ART, not least the inability of ART to cure HIV infection and important questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which HIV‐1 cause's disease and the host and viral factors associated with protection. Recent research has revealed both pathogenic immune activation and viral latency as important processes established early during acute infection which drive chronic disease and prevent vaccination or cure. These insights into HIV infection are being harnessed to advance the development of immunotherapy to control the infection, identify and reactivate latently infected cells and design the new generation of vaccines needed to end the pandemic.

Key Concepts

HIV‐1 is the causative agent of AIDS

There is a great degree of diversity between strains of HIV‐1 and between HIV and SIV

Knowledge gained during the past 30 years has been essential in developing ART

ART has been very successful but is associated with significant problems that need to be addressed

HIV‐1 causes a multifaceted chronic activation of the immune system

Vaccination against HIV‐1 has so far failed

Combining different treatment arms including immunomodulation and activation of latency offers an opportunity to create a functional cure for HIV‐1
Hypersensitivity: Immunological
Authors: Thomas Wayne R , Cunningham Paula T
Published: November 2015

Immunological hypersensitivities are immunological states where the immune system produces harmful responses upon reexposure to sensitising antigens. There is a sensitisation phase where the memory T and B cells develop and an effector phase where they elicit inflammatory responses. In 1963, Gell and Coombs classified hypersensitivity into four types by their different effector mechanisms. Type 1 encompassed the IgE‐mediated hypersensitivities, type II the action of antibodies on cells, type III the action of antigen–antibody complexes and type IV the direct action of lymphocytes exemplified by delayed hypersensitivity. A category of type V, introduced by others, is sometimes used to describe noncytotoxic responses mediated by antibodies to affect cell function, especially applied to the endocrine system. Subcategories of type IV were introduced to categorise the clinically distinct hypersensitivities induced by different types of T‐cell response and are elaborated here in terms of Th1, Th2 and Th17 differentiation lineages.

Key Concepts

Type I hypersensitivity consists of the IgE‐mediated immediate hypersensitivity responses found in anaphylaxis and asthma attacks and slower responses caused by inflammatory cascades triggered by mediators released in the immediate reaction and by accompanying Th2 responses.

Type II hypersensitivity is mediated by the direct effects of antibody and killing mediated by complement or antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity.

Type III hypersensitivity is mediated by the formation of antigen–antibody complexes that either activate complement for direct toxic effects or attract inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils that bind the complexes by Fc receptors and cause tissue damage.

Type IV hypersensitivity can be subdivided depending on the differentiation lineage of the sensitised T cells. The Th1, Th2 and Th17 lineages are determined by innate immune mechanisms activated by tissue damage and direct interactions with innate immune receptors and are typically respectively determined by the production of IL‐12, IL‐4 and IL‐23.

Type IVa corresponds to the classical monocytic tuberculin‐type delayed hypersensitivity mediated by Th1 cells and Th17/Th1 cells.

Type IVb corresponds to the eosinophilic inflammation produced by Th2 cells.

Type IVc corresponds to tissue damage produced by cytotoxic T cells and can have either granzyme B/perforin or Fas/FasL killing mechanisms.

Type IVd hypersensitivity produces tissue damage by the infiltration of neutrophils attracted by IL‐8 from Th17 responses.

Type V hypersensitivity categorises direct effects of antibodies on cell functions for example the agonist effects of antibodies binding to endocrine receptors.

The tissue damage in individual hypersensitivity reactions is often caused by a mixture of the types of hypersensitivity reaction, for example, a combination of types I and IVa, IVb and IVc in contact hypersensitivity.
Graft Rejection: The Basics
Authors: Sarwal Minnie M , Sarwal Reuben D
Published: November 2015

Organ failure results in major human morbidity and economic burden. Quality of life and life expectancy are optimised with organ transplantation, usually occurring across histocompatibility barriers. The molecular mechanisms of graft rejection are based on recognition of foreign transplanted cells or tissues by the expression of polymorphic, codominant genes coded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or genes on chromosome 6 by recipient T cells and by the generation of donor‐specific antibodies to HLA and other donor‐specific immunogenic antigens. Advances in histocompatibility and immunosuppression have improved short‐term graft and patient survival rates, but rates of accelerated graft loss due to humoral alloimmunity have remained largely unchanged.

Key Concepts

In the ‘direct’ pathway of antigen presentation, MHC molecules on donor APCs from the graft tissue present graft‐derived peptides to host T cells.

In the ‘indirect’ pathway of antigen presentation, host APCs take up graft antigens and present donor‐derived processed peptides on host MHC molecules to host T cells.

HLA antibodies and endothelial cell activation are important regulators of immunogenicity, recruiting leukocytes to the site of inflammation.

Acute rejection can be classified by presentation into hyperacute (occurring within minutes), acute (occurring within days to weeks), late acute (occurring after 3 months) or chronic (occurring months to years after transplantation).

Acute rejection can be classified according to pathophysiological changes (cellular‐interstitial, vascular, antibody‐endothelial) or underlying immunologic mechanisms (adaptive or innate immune injury) or severity (histologic injury graded by the Banff schema).

Acute rejection can be clinical or subclinical (based on the presence or absence of associated renal dysfunction).

Acute rejection can be treatment resistant or sensitive (based on clinical and histologic resolution of diagnostic histology 4–6 weeks after treatment intensification).
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
Authors: Lüttge Ulrich
Published: November 2015

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon dioxide acquisition, transient storage and concentrating mechanism of plants based on organic acid synthesis. Amongst 350 000 species of vascular plants, 21 000 species perform CAM. In this variant of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can be fixed nocturnally in the dark and is stored in the form of organic acids from which it is remobilised during the day for assimilation in the light. This has arisen polyphyletically during evolution. It is an ecophysiological adaptation that allows carbon dioxide acquisition with exceptionally economic use of water. CAM allows acclimation to a variety of interacting stresses. It is an adaptation for survival and not for high productivity. Nevertheless, performance of CAM species on drought‐prone marginal lands makes them potential alternative crop plants and biofuel plants. CAM is regulated in a natural night/day rhythm, but can also oscillate freely under the control of circadian biological clocks.

Key Concepts

Metabolic mechanisms concentrating carbon dioxide internally in plants are important for photosynthesis at the low external carbon dioxide concentration in the present atmosphere.

Massive nocturnal CO2uptake, fixation and storage in the form of organic acids result in inorganic carbon acquisition with high water‐use efficiency (WUE).

Rearranged internal management of available metabolic housekeeping functions can generate new metabolic options of adaptive value.

Generation of isoforms of housekeeping enzymes can facilitate polyphyletic evolution of new metabolic pathways.

Circadian oscillations can be controlled by different biological clocks, which are feedback related to each other and present in many copies.

Flexibility in the expression of metabolic pathway variants facilitates adaptation under variable stress situations.

Stress adaptation in plants is for survival and mostly not for high productivity.

Resistance to drought stress and high water‐use efficiency supports the quest for new crop plants including biofuel crops to be grown on marginal land.
Complement: Deficiency Diseases
Authors: Skattum Lillemor , Truedsson Lennart
Published: November 2015

The complement system is crucial for defence against pathogens, removal of unwanted materials such as dying cells or immune complexes as well as for development of adaptive immune responses. Genetically determined deficiencies of components of the complement system are usually relatively rare, but they result in many severe diseases such as an increased susceptibility to recurrent, severe bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus), glomerulonephritis including dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria or angioedema. In addition, mutations and polymorphisms in complement proteins, particularly complement inhibitors, have been associated with atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome and age‐related macular degeneration. The elucidation of the pathophysiological basis for the different clinical presentations of complement‐deficient individuals has contributed to a better understanding of the physiological role of complement in normal individuals as well as to the development of emerging therapies.

Key Concepts

The majority of complement deficiencies are rare but cause severe diseases.

Deficiencies of the components of the classical pathway (C1q/r/s, C4 and C2) predispose to bacterial infections and systemic lupus erythematosus.

The majority of complement deficiencies predispose to infections either withNeisseriaspecies (deficiency of factor D, factor B, properdin, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9) or with other encapsulated bacteria (C1q/r/s, mannose‐binding lectin, C2, C4, C3 and factor I).

Mutations in C1q/r/s, C2, C4, C3, factor I and factor H can cause glomerulonephritis.

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria is caused by deficiency of complement inhibitors CD55 and CD59.

Hereditary angioedema is found in patients with low C1‐inhibitor level or dysfunctional C1‐inhibitor.

Atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome is mainly associated with mutations and polymorphisms in complement inhibitors.

Age‐related macular degeneration is associated with polymorphisms in complement inhibitor factor H.
Iron‐Loading Anaemia
Authors: Jr Benz Edward J
Published: November 2015

This article outlines the key pathophysiologic factors underlying the three major forms of anaemia that are particularly likely to cause severe iron overload in patients, even without chronic transfusion therapy: the thalassaemia syndromes, sideroblastic anaemias and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. These forms of anaemia cause iron overload by impairing erythropoiesis in ways that cause accelerated turnover of developing erythroblasts in the marrow (ineffective erythropoiesis). The increased demand for non‐productive proliferation of erythroblasts disrupts the hepcidin‐mediated regulation of iron homeostasis. This leads to continued high levels of oral iron absorption despite the fact that iron from the destroyed erythroblasts cannot be excreted. As correction of the underlying illness is often not feasible, management usually focuses on judicious use of blood replacement and iron chelation.

Key Concepts

Iron is essential for aerobic life because it mediates the ability of oxygen to interact productively with the energy‐producing biochemical systems of the organism.

Iron is indispensable for haemoglobin and red cell production, and therefore, the oxygen tranportation system of the body.

Giving its essentiality for survival, iron stores are jealously protected by the body. Thus, there are no mechanisms for excreting iron, even when iron stores are present in excess amounts.

Almost all of the iron in the body is conserved by an intricate recycling mechanism from senescent red cells.

Absorption of new iron is intended to replace only the small amount of iron lost daily by bleeding and ell shedding.

Iron stores are regulated by controlling uptake from dietary sources. A complex endocrine system regulated by the hormone hepcidin plays the key role. In this regulatory cycle, increased erythroid activity in the marrow is interpreted to be a response to iron deficiency, even if iron stores are normal or high.

Iron‐overloading anaemias are those in which inefficient production of red cell results in excess iron absorption despite normal or elevated total body iron stores.

Ineffective erythropoiesis more severe than that seen in other anaemias is the hallmark of the major iron‐loading anaemias: thalassaemia, sideroblastic anaemias and congenital dyserythropietic anaemias.

These anaemias are not easily corrected at the mechanistic level so that iron chelation therapy, with or without red cell transfusion support, is usually necessary.
B
utenandt,
A
dolf
Authors: Gausemeier Bernd
Published: November 2015

Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995) was a German biochemist who pioneered the chemistry of sex hormones and made significant contributions to insect endocrinology. For his work on sex hormones, he was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. As the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (1937–1945) respectively the Max Planck Institute (1949–1960) for Biochemistry, he was one of the formative personalities in twentieth century German life science. As long‐standing president of the Max Planck Society (1960–1972), he was a pivotal figure in the reconstruction of West German science.
Innate Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Cousins David J , Weston Cathryn
Published: November 2015

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are white blood cells derived from a common progenitor in the bone marrow. They respond rapidly to a limited array of antigens at the site of infection to provide immediate protection. The first identified ILCs were natural killer cells. However, several non‐cytotoxic members of the family have since been reported. All ILCs lack the rearranged antigen receptors characteristic of T‐ and B‐cells but can be similarly divided into three main groups based on cell surface markers and cytokine expression profiles. Similar to their adaptive immune response counterparts, they play specific roles in providing host defence against different pathogens. In addition, there is growing evidence that ILCs can contribute to multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Key Concepts

ILCs are lymphocytes of the innate immune system and provide a rapid response to invading pathogens.

ILCs lack the specific antigen receptors found on cells of the adaptive immune system.

Development of ILCs is governed by sequential expression of different transcription factors and proceeds from a common precursor found in the bone marrow.

Differential expression of cell surface markers and cytokines allows ILCs to be grouped into three families, each having a different role in host immunity.

ILCs respond to signals released from epithelial and other cells to provide a rapid source of cytokines that can recruit other immune cells and stimulate tissue repair.

The dysregulation of ILC activation has been linked to several human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Signalling from Endosomes and Exosomes
Authors: Huckaby Adam , Dombrovski Mark , Maher Erin , Naimi Waheeda , Perez Matthew , Skyberg Rolf , Smolko Christian , Barford Kelly , Winckler Bettina , Deppmann Christopher
Published: November 2015

Cellular signalling is a dynamic process that underlies all aspects of organismal development, function and disease. While signal transduction at the plasma membrane has received a great deal of attention, we now appreciate that activated receptors reside at the plasma membrane for only a small fraction of their life‐time. Upon activation by ligand, these receptors are often internalised and sorted into different membrane‐bound compartments that allows for enhanced, modified or quenched signalling. Herein we focus on post‐endocytic signalling cargo as it traverses compartments including early endosomes, multivesicular bodies, lysosomes, synaptic vesicles or exosomes.

Key Concepts

Much of cellular signal transduction emanates from endosomal membranes

Sorting, trafficking and maturation in endosomes are major regulators of signal transduction.

Exosome biogenesis and secretion is an emergent property of cell–cell communication and a target for dysregulation in disease
Positive Interactions in Community Organisation
Authors: Crotty Sinéad M , Bertness Mark D
Published: November 2015

Positive interactions are ubiquitous in ecological communities and can be facultative or obligate mutualisms or commensalisms. Recent decades of work have developed a framework for understanding positive interactions and their role in community structure and function. The
stress‐gradient hypothesis
was the first conceptual model developed to explain positive interactions and predicted that the frequency of positive interactions increases at physical and biological stress extremes. More recent work has expanded this perspective to habitat‐forming foundation species and the hierarchical organisation of communities. Currently positive interactions are being incorporated into the most utilised models in ecology – niche theory and the Menge–Sutherland Model – expanding the accuracy and predictive value of these models. Simultaneously, the role of positive interactions is being recognised and incorporated into evolutionary theory.

Key Concepts

Positive interactions are ubiquitous under stressful conditions in communities

Mechanistically, positive interactions alleviate physical and biotic stresses

Positive interactions are slowly being incorporated into community models

Foundation species often provide multiple positive interactions to communities

Physical and biotic stresses select for the evolution of mutualisms

Evolutionary biology has more proactively incorporated positive interactions into their theoretical framework than community ecology
Evolutionary Origin of
MicroRNAs
Authors: Chevalier David , Roberts Justin T , Borchert Glen M
Published: November 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate gene expression and are involved in crucial cellular functions such as development, metabolism and disease. While the biogenesis pathway leading to the formation of functional miRNAs is relatively well understood, the evolutionary origin of miRNAs remains controversial. In the past 10 years, a marked amount of computational and more recently experimental evidence points to an original formation of many miRNAs from transposable elements (TEs). Thousands of miRNAs have been shown to have striking sequence similarity with a wide range of TEs, and the genomic events resulting in the formation of many of these miRNAs have now been well described. This article primarily focusses on the origins of miRNAs and the relationship between miRNAs and TEs summarising the evidence supporting the existence and relevance of TE‐derived miRNAs followed by an examination of the implications of a TE origin for miRNA regulations in target prediction.

Key Concepts

MiRNAs are important regulators of gene expression.

Many miRNAs were formed from TEs.

The transcripts of the gene targets of the TE‐derived miRNAs contain 3′ UTR sequences that have sequence homology to TEs.

Experiments confirmed that TE‐derived miRNAs are functional and can regulate gene expression using the same mechanism as non‐transposable element‐derived miRNAs.

Taxa‐specific miRNAs can be identified by analysing taxa‐specific TEs.

The formation of miRNAs from TEs may have played an important role during evolution of organisms including the development of complex organisms.
Inversions and Evolution of the Human Genome
Authors: Hellen Elizabeth HB
Published: November 2015

Inversions are a type of naturally occurring DNA mutation in which the sequence of the DNA is reversed, resulting in it being read in the opposite direction to the wild type. Most of these inversion mutations are thought to have no direct phenotypic effect, although those that do are often lethal. Although inversions are mostly phenotypically functionless, inversions cause recombination suppression both within and extending slightly outwards from the inverted region. Recombination suppression between heterozygotic inversions can lead to linkage disequilibrium and cause the independent evolution of chromosomes, eventually leading to speciation. Comparative genomics of humans and primates has identified many inversions which may have contributed to the evolution of the human genome. Population genomics has also identified many inversions which are polymorphic in humans, some of these are under selection and may be contributing to the continued evolution of the human genome.

Key Concepts

Inversions are naturally occurring mutations within a genome where the DNA has been excised and reinserted in the opposite orientation.

Inversions have a range of phenotypic effects including lethality, amino acids changes, regulatory changes or no discernible effect.

Alu and L1 elements may have directly caused many inversions in primates through recombination between very similar elements.

Inversions suppress recombination within the inverted region and may be involved in evolution and speciation through the recombination‐suppression mechanism.

Nine large inversions can be detected cytogenetically when comparing human and chimpanzee genomes, approximately 1500 further microinversions have been identified through sequencing.

Polymorphic inversions exist in the human population, some of which have been found to be under positive selection.
Models of Primate Evolution
Authors: Sayers Ken
Published: November 2015

Models are generalised abstractions or explanatory hypotheses used to organise or understand data. Primates are the order of mammals to which humans belong, and for that reason have attracted considerable attention. Competing models have been proposed to explain the origin of primates, their evolutionary relationships, their unique social and ecological behaviour and their remarkable intelligence and brain complexity. Other models have focused on the origins of perhaps the strangest primate, the human being. All can be examined with ever‐accumulating information from both living and extinct species, and problematic proposals can be discarded or modified. While a considerable amount is known about primate anatomical and behavioural evolution, it is likely that the most comprehensive models regarding many relevant topics have actually yet to be constructed.

Key Concepts

Model building is key to scientific progress, and is vital for helping to understand primate evolution.

The models of primate origins developed to date focus on anatomical features related to locomotion and feeding, as opposed to social or other life variables.

There is wide consensus on the broad outline of primate evolutionary relationships, but often less consensus on the recognition of particular genera or species, or relationships between species.

The two major approaches to explaining patterns of primate socioecology have focused on identifying environmental and/or physiological determinants; future work should give detailed consideration to both.

Models of primate brain evolution have in the past emphasised either complex feeding behaviour or social relationships; some more recent work incorporates these and other factors.

Models for human origins and evolution are particularly controversial.

Models for human origins (e.g. why hominids walk on two legs) have focused on carrying tools, thermoregulation, reproductive behaviour and other factors.

Models of primate evolution are continuously subject to reevaluation as new data from living and fossil species accumulates.

Successful models of primate evolution should consider their subjects in a holistic sense, as opposed to focusing on a small subset of anatomical and/or behavioural characters.
Coupling Diffraction Contrast Tomography with the Finite Element Method
Authors: Proudhon Henry , Li Jia , Reischig Peter , Guéninchault Nicolas , Forest Samuel , Ludwig Wolfgang
Published: November 2015

This paper explains how to turn full three dimensional (3D) experimental grain maps into a finite elements (FE) mesh suitable for mechanical analysis. Two examples from diffraction contrast tomography characterizations are presented. Deformation of a pure titanium sample with 1400 grains is computed using elastic anisotropy and accurate boundary conditions allows to correctly capture the grain to grain elastic strain variations. In the second example a significantly large zone of a polycrystalline Al–Li sample is meshed and computed using elastoplastic finite strain calculation. Mean lattice reorientations and intra‐grain lattice orientation spread are obtained as a function of deformation.
Stereochemical Studies of the Karlotoxin Class Using NMR Spectroscopy and DP4 Chemical‐Shift Analysis: Insights into their Mechanism of Action
Authors: Waters Amanda L. , Oh Joonseok , Place Allen R. , Hamann Mark T.
Published: November 2015

After publication of karlotoxin 2 (KmTx2; 1), the harmful algal bloom dinoflagellate Karlodinium sp. was collected and scrutinized to identify additional biologically active complex polyketides. The structure of 1 was validated and revised at C49 using computational NMR tools including J‐based configurational analysis and chemical‐shift calculations. The characterization of two new compounds [KmTx8 (2) and KmTx9 (3)] was achieved through overlaid 2D HSQC NMR techniques, while the relative configurations were determined by comparison to 1 and computational chemical‐shift calculations. The detailed evaluation of 2 using the NCI‐60 cell lines, NMR binding studies, and an assessment of the literature supports a mode of action (MoA) for targeting cancer‐cell membranes, especially of cytostatic tumors. This MoA is uniquely different from that of current agents employed in the control of cancers for which 2 shows sensitivity.
Conductivity‐Dependent Completion of Oxygen Reduction on Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Lee Dong‐Gyu , Gwon Ohhun , Park Han‐Saem , Kim Su Hwan , Yang Juchan , Kwak Sang Kyu , Kim Guntae , Song Hyun‐Kon
Published: November 2015

The electric conductivity‐dependence of the number of electrons transferred during the oxygen reduction reaction is presented. Intensive properties, such as the number of electrons transferred, are difficult to be considered conductivity‐dependent. Four different perovskite oxide catalysts of different conductivities were investigated with varying carbon contents. More conductive environments surrounding active sites, achieved by more conductive catalysts (providing internal electric pathways) or higher carbon content (providing external electric pathways), resulted in higher number of electrons transferred toward more complete 4e reduction of oxygen, and also changed the rate‐determining steps from two‐step 2e process to a single‐step 1e process. Experimental evidence of the conductivity dependency was described by a microscopic ohmic polarization model based on effective potential localized nearby the active sites.
Nickel(II) complexes bearing pyrazolylpyridines: synthesis, structures and ethylene oligomerization reactions
Authors: Nyamato George S. , Alam Mohd. Gulfam , Ojwach Stephen O. , Akerman Matthew P.
Published: November 2015

Reactions of 2‐bromo‐6‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (L1) and 2,6‐bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (L2) with NiCl2 and NiBr2 led to the formation of their respective metal complexes [NiCl2(L1)] (1), [NiBr2(L1)] (2) and [NiBr2(L2)] (3) in moderate to high yields. The complexes were characterized using elemental analyses, mass spectrometry and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction for 2. The solid‐state structure of 2 confirmed the bidentate coordination mode of L1 and formation of a monometallic compound. Activation of the nickel(II) pre‐catalysts with methylaluminoxane afforded active catalysts in the ethylene oligomerization reaction to produce mainly butenes (84–86%). In contrast, activation of nickel(II) pre‐catalyst 2 with ethylaluminium dichloride resulted in partial Friedel–Crafts alkylation of the toluene solvent by the preformed oligomers. Complex structure, nature of co‐catalyst employed, type of solvent and reaction conditions influenced the catalytic behaviour of these pre‐catalysts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The New Nationalism in Indonesia
Authors: Aspinall Edward
Published: November 2015

A new nationalist mood is visible in Indonesia, expressed in increasingly bellicose rejection of alleged foreign interference in Indonesia's affairs and in demands for greater international recognition of Indonesia's power and status. This new mood has been visible for several years, but became particularly marked during the 2014 presidential election and under the new Joko Widodo administration. This article analyses Indonesia's new nationalism, especially as manifested in economic, cultural and territorial spheres, noting both continuities with past episodes, and novel features. A chief novelty is contemporary nationalism's markedly non‐ideological and non‐intellectual form; continuity is visible in its discursive style, with many contemporary nationalists anachronistically reproducing tropes rooted in earlier periods. The article concludes by identifying forces driving the contemporary resurgence of nationalism, notably the effects of democratisation as well as deeper feelings of insecurity about Indonesia's achievements.
The Contemporary Politics of Child Protection: Part Two (the BASPCAN Founder's Lecture 2015)
Authors: Parton Nigel
Published: November 2015

This paper is based on the Founder's lecture of the same title presented at the BASPCAN Congress, ‘New Directions in Child Protection and Well‐being’, in April 2015 in Edinburgh. In a very schematic way, it attempts to critically review changes in child protection policies in the UK since the first BASPCAN Congress in 1991. It argues that while there are similarities, there are also important differences. The nature of the problems to be addressed has become both broader and more complex and this is reflected in developments in policy and practice. At the same time, the challenges for child protection have become increasingly politicised such that the narrative of professional and system failure has become more dominant and pervasive. This has the effect of deflecting political and policy attention from the size and nature of the social problems to be addressed. The paper concludes by considering the most recent developments and their possible impact including the statutory Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse chaired by Justice Lowell Goddard.

‘Attempts to critically review changes in child protection policies in the UK’

Key Practitioner Messages

The changing political contexts are significant for the way in which practice is and can be carried out.

In many ways, developments over the last 24 years can be seen as a story of growing social awareness and progress rather than one of ‘blame and failure’.

‘Changing political contexts are significant for the way in which practice is and can be carried out’
Chemistry and Biology of the GenusFlourensia(Asteraceae)
Authors: Rios María Yolanda
Published: November 2015

Flourensiaspecies are dominant plants that are adapted to semidesertic and desertic regions. It is believed that they are successful plants because they employ several protection mechanisms, including the formation of a waxy film on their aerial parts to protect them from dehydration. This waxy film contains chemical compounds that are capable of inhibiting the growth of other plants and of acting as allelopathic and herbicidal agents and as germination inhibitors. These plants also limit herbivory, and they exhibit insecticidal, insect antifeedant, antibacterial, antifungal, antialgal, and antitermite activities. Sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, benzofurans, chromenes, coumarins, lupan triterpenes, aliphatic lactones, and aromatic and acetilenic compounds have all been isolated from the organic extracts ofFlourensiaspecies. Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic hydrocarbons are the main constituents found in their essential oils. This review is an overview of the chemical constituents and of the biological activities ofFlourensiaspecies.
Chemical Composition and Character Impact Odorants in Volatile Oils from Edible Mushrooms
Authors: Usami Atsushi , Motooka Ryota , Nakahashi Hiroshi , Marumoto Shinsuke , Miyazawa Mitsuo
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and the odor‐active components of volatile oils from three edible mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus abalonus, which are well‐known edible mushrooms. The volatile components in these oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by GC/MS, GC‐olfactometry (GC‐O), and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The oils contained 40, 20, and 53 components, representing 83.4, 86.0, and 90.8% of the total oils in P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, and P. abalonus, respectively. Odor evaluation of the volatile oils from the three edible mushrooms was also carried out using GC‐O, AEDA, and odor activity values, by which 13, eight, and ten aroma‐active components were identified in P. ostreatus, P. eryngii, and P. abalonus, respectively. The most aroma‐active compounds were C8‐aliphatic compounds (oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol, octan‐3‐one, and octanal) and/or C9‐aliphatic aldehydes (nonanal and (2E)‐non‐2‐enal).
Indole Alkaloids from the Sea Anemone Heteractis aurora and Homarine from Octopus cyanea
Authors: Shaker Kamel H. , Göhl Matthias , Müller Tobias , Seifert Karlheinz
Published: November 2015

The two new indole alkaloids 2‐amino‐1,5‐dihydro‐5‐(1H‐indol‐3‐ylmethyl)‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐one (1), 2‐amino‐5‐[(6‐bromo‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methyl]‐3,5‐dihydro‐3‐methyl‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐one (2), and auramine (3) have been isolated from the sea anemone Heteractis aurora. Both indole alkaloids were synthesized for the confirmation of the structures. Homarine (4), along with uracil (5), hypoxanthine (6), and inosine (7) have been obtained from Octopus cyanea.
4α‐Acetoxyamijidictyol – A New Antifeeding Dolastane Diterpene from the Brazilian Brown Alga Canistrocarpus cervicornis
Authors: Miguel Bianco Éverson , Martins Francisco Thiago , Basílio Pinheiro Carlos , Bagueira de Vasconcellos Azeredo Rodrigo , Laneuville Teixeira Valéria , Crespo Pereira Renato
Published: November 2015

Chemical investigation of the CH2Cl2 crude extract from the brown alga Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Dictyotaceae) led to isolation of one new (1) and four previously reported dolastane diterpenes (2–5). Their structures were characterized by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic techniques, including a full single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis for 1, 2, and 4. In addition, the new structure 1 was assayed as chemical defense inhibiting the feeding by the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. This study constitutes an additional report broadening the known spectrum of action and defensive roles of secondary metabolites of the C. cervicornis and Dictyotales species.
Antioxidants, Enzyme Inhibitors, and Biogenic Compounds in Grain Extracts of Barleys
Authors: Maliar Tibor , Slaba Gabriela , Nemeček Peter , Maliarová Mária , Benková Michaela , Havrlentová Michaela , Ondrejovič Miroslav , Kraic Ján
Published: November 2015

The content of biogenic compounds and the biological activities of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)‐grain extracts was evaluated. The sufficiently large and heterogeneous set of barley genotypes (100 accessions) enabled the selection of special genotypes interesting for potential industrial, pharmaceutical, and medicinal applications. Barley genotypes with the highest contents of phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, biogenic thiols, and amines, radical‐scavenging activity, as well as inhibitory activities of trypsin, thrombin, collagenase, urokinase, and cyclooxygenase were identified.
Application of NMR Spectroscopy in the Assessment of Radiation Dose in Human Primary Cells
Authors: Kang Chang‐Mo , Seong Hyeon Jin , Ra Kim So , Kyeong Lee Eun , Jin Yun Hyun , Young Kim Sun , Kee Chae Young
Published: November 2015

We employed the primary cell model system as a first step toward establishing a method to assess the influence of ionizing radiation by using a combination of common and abundant metabolites. We applied X‐ray irradiation amounts of 0, 1, and 5 Gy to the cells that were harvested 24, 48, or 72 h later, and profiled metabolites by 2D‐NMR spectroscopy to sort out candidate molecules that could be used to distinguish the samples under different irradiation conditions. We traced metabolites stemming from the input 13C‐glucose, identified twelve of them from the cell extracts, and applied statistical analysis to find out that all the metabolites, including glycine, alanine, and gluatamic acid, increased upon irradiation. The combinatorial use of the selected metabolites showed promising results where the product of signal intensities of alanine and lactate could differentiate samples according to the dose of X‐ray irradiation. We hope that this work can form a base for treating radiation‐poisoned patients in the future.
Social media networking: Parent guidance required
Authors: Hajirnis Aditi
Published: November 2015

Social media networking is the number‐ one online activity for teenagers. Children and teens are social beings who love engaging with means that enable them to interact with others, around the clock, through texts, pictures, videos, instant messaging, and more. Over 60% of 13–17‐year‐olds have at least one profile on a social networking site, with many spending more than 2 hours per day on social networking sites. Recent data suggests that social media venues like Facebook and Twitter have surpassed e‐mail as the preferred method of communication in all age groups. While today's tweens and teens may be more digitally savvy than their parents, their lack of maturity and life experience can quickly get them into trouble with these new social venues. For this reason, it is imperative that parents help their children of all ages to use social media wisely.
Investigations into Metal Leaching from Polystyrene‐Supported Rhodium Catalysts
Authors: Fischer Christian , Thede Richard , Baumann Wolfgang , Drexler Hans‐Joachim , König Anja , Heller Detlef
Published: November 2015

The anchoring of molecularly well‐defined Rh complexes on a solid support allows the combination of the advantages of homogeneous catalysis with the benefit of catalyst recycling offered by heterogeneous catalysis. Unfortunately, the common approach to attach the soluble Rh catalyst onto a variety of polystyrene supports has not in general led to useful catalysts, and a major problem is metal leaching into the solution. We report herein that, besides the binding of the Rh catalysts to the polymeric matrix, in principle η6‐aromatic complexes can also be formed, as shown by NMR spectroscopy and XRD. The stability constants of such complexes for styrene and soluble polystyrenes (PS4000, 38.4 monomers and PS30000, 288 monomers) have been measured by UV/Vis spectroscopic titrations. The establishment of equilibrium with the Rh‐solvent complex is very rapid to the point that, after the anchoring of the catalyst to the polystyrene matrix, the rinsing of the material with solvent during work‐up causes part of the Rh coordinated originally as an aromatic complex to be washed away.
PPV Polymerization through the Gilch Route: Diradical Character of Monomers
Authors: Nikolić Jelena D. , Wouters Sebastian , Romanova Julia , Shimizu Akihiro , Champagne Benoît , Junkers Tanja , Vanderzande Dirk , Van Neck Dimitri , Waroquier Michel , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Catak Saron
Published: November 2015

Despite various studies on the polymerization of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) through different precursor routes, detailed mechanistic knowledge on the individual reaction steps and intermediates is still incomplete. The present study aims to gain more insight into the radical polymerization of PPV through the Gilch route. The initial steps of the polymerization involve the formation of a p‐quinodimethane intermediate, which spontaneously self‐initiates through a dimerization process leading to the formation of diradical species; chain propagation ensues on both sides of the diradical or chain termination occurs by the formation of side products, such as [2.2]paracyclophanes. Furthermore, different p‐quinodimethane systems were assessed with respect to the size of their aromatic core as well as the presence of heteroatoms in/on the conjugated system. The nature of the aromatic core and the specific substituents alter the electronic structure of the p‐quinodimethane monomers, affecting the mechanism of polymerization. The diradical character of the monomers has been investigated with several advanced methodologies, such as spin‐projected UHF, CASSCF, CASPT2, and DMRG calculations. It was shown that larger aromatic cores led to a higher diradical character in the monomers, which in turn is proposed to cause rapid initiation.
Polymer‐Decorated Carbon Nanotubes as Transducers for Label‐Free Photonic Biosensors
Authors: Villemin Elise , Gravel Edmond , Izard Nicolas , Filoramo Arianna , Vivien Laurent , Doris Eric
Published: November 2015

A biosensor taking advantage of the optical properties of sorted carbon nanotubes has been developed. A polyfluorene polymer bearing azido groups was synthesized and used for the selective extraction of semi‐conducting nanotubes from the bulk population. The resulting polymer‐decorated nanotubes were then conjugated by click‐chemistry to a ligand unit (biotin), and the sensing properties of the biotinylated nanotubes were investigated by photoluminescence measurements, upon interaction with the streptavidin target.
Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Revision of Phacelocarpus 2‐Pyrone A
Authors: Ronson Thomas O. , Burns Michael J. , Voelkel Martin H. H. , Evans Kieren J. , Lynam Jason M. , Taylor Richard J. K. , Fairlamb Ian J. S.
Published: November 2015

The first total synthesis of phacelocarpus 2‐pyrone A is reported. The original natural compound was tentatively assigned (by NMR spectroscopy) as containing two cis‐alkenes and a trans‐vinyl ether connected to a 2‐pyrone ring motif. Our computational predictions indicated that a cis‐vinyl ether motif was equally feasible. Attempts to prepare the trans‐vinyl ether were met with no success. The all cis‐target compound was synthesised in nine steps, employing key regio‐ and stereoselective reactions including AuI‐catalysed vinyl etherification, Wittig alkenylation and end‐game Stille macrocyclisation. Analysis of the NMR data enabled identification and confirmation of the correct structure of phacelocarpus 2‐pyrone A, containing a cis‐vinyl ether. Our studies pave the way for future development of methodologies to these structurally distinct pyrone skipped‐polyenyne natural products.