bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constitution, Viability, and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Stationary-Phase L-Cell Suspension Cultures
Authors: Glinos André D. , Werrlein Robert J. , Papadopoulos Nicholas M.
Published: October 2006

Starved suspension cultures of L cells exhibit a plateau phase of short duration followed by loss of key cellular constituents and rapidly decreasing viability. In contrast, regularly fed, undiluted cultures remain stationary at a high cell density for prolonged periods without structural alterations or loss of viability. The L cells contain a single lactate dehydrogenase isozyme with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of lactate-dehydrogenase-5. High-density stationary cultures show a tenfold increase of the specific activity of this enzyme and a recurrent biphasic pattern of carbohydrate utilization with, first, production and, later, consumption of lactate.
Hybridization Experiments: Evidence of Dissociation Equilibrium in Hemerythrin
Authors: Keresztes-Nagy Steven , Lazer Lavera , Klapper Michael H. , Klotz Irving M.
Published: October 2006

Partial succinylation of hemerythrin alters its electrophoretic mobility even though it remains an octameric macromolecule. Mixtures of this modified protein and unmodified hemerythrin generate species of intermediate electrophoretic mobility. Such behavior provides strong evidence that the octameric macromolecule is in mobile equilibrium with monomeric subunits.
Macroglobulin-Producing Plasma-Cell Tumor in Mice: Identification of a New Light Chain
Authors: McIntire K. R. , Asofsky R. M. , Potter M. , Kuff E. L.
Published: October 2006

A transplantable plasma-cell tumor in mice produces both a γM-macroglobulin serum protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 17
S
and a kappa-type urinary protein. The reduced and alkylated macroglobulin, when examined by electrophoresis in acid-urea polyacrylamide gel, had a fast component which migrated in the same position as the urinary protein and also a slow component. These two components, as shown by exclusion chromatography, represent the light and heavy polypeptide chains of the γM-macroglobulin. The aforementioned macroglobulin was antigenically related to that in normal mouse serum.
Autocatalytic Synthesis of a Viral RNA in vitro
Authors: Haruna I. , Spiegelman S.
Published: October 2006

Experiments with an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ("replicase") purified from
Escherichia coli
infected with an RNA bacteriophage (Qβ) demonstrate that the enzyme generates a polynucleotide of the same molecular weight as viral RNA; the "replicase" cannot distinguish the polynucleotide from its own RNA genome. By starting reactions at input ratios below the saturation levels of template to enzyme, autocatalytic kinetics of RNA increase are observed. The data are consistent with the conclusion that self-propagation of complete viral genomes is occurring in this simple system.
Paleozoic Reef in Pakistan
Authors: Teichert Curt , Stauffer Karl W.
Published: October 2006

A Silurian, and perhaps Devonian, limestone belt in northern West Pakistan contains the first Paleozoic reefs found on the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The belt contains a rich fauna entirely new to Pakistan. Its presence indicates that this area was inundated in Silurian and Devonian times by seas bordered by reefs or containing reef platforms.
Hybridization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Rat and Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Collins Zeola
Published: October 2006

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rats and from humans was partially purified and was inactivated (dissociated) by removing triphosphopyridine nucleotide by repeated washing and dialysis, and then it was reactivated by addition of triphosphopyridine nucleotide and incubation at 25°C. When enzyme from each species was mixed with enzyme from the other during or after inactivation, a new electrophoretic band located between the fast-moving rat dehydrogenase and the slow-moving type B human enzyme appeared. This band is interpreted as representing a hybrid composed of polypeptide chains from each enzyme.
Thyrocalcitonin: Inhibitor of Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture
Authors: Friedman Judith , Raisz Lawrence G.
Published: October 2006

A partially purified protein from thyroid glands of rats inhibits release of calcium from long bones of embryo rats in tissue culture. Inhibition was more easily detected when resorption of bone was stimulated by parathyroid hormone.
Disulfide-Bond Cleavage and Formation in Proteins
Authors: Smithies Oliver
Published: October 2006

Disulfide bonds can be cleaved at an alkaline
p
H by treating a protein with excess of a reagent disulfide in the presence of catalytic amounts of thiol. The cleavage products are stable and can be isolated; they contain the mixed disulfide between the reagent and the exposed thiol groups of the protein. The extent of cleavage is readily controlled by the
p
H of the reaction, temperature, and the addition of urea. Disulfide bonds cleaved by the reaction can be re-formed by exposing the mixed disulfide of the protein to catalytic amounts of thiol. Specific side chains can be added on to the thiol groups in native proteins by treatment with a reagent disulfide alone.
Differential Enzymatic Activity in Ecological Races of
Typha latifolia
L.
Authors: McNaughton S. J.
Published: October 2006

Glycolic acid oxidase activity in chloroplast fragments from ecotypic populations of
T. latifolia
L. was much greater, particularly at lower temperatures, in populations adapted to a semimaritime climate than in populations adapted to a continental climate.
Inositol Deficiency Resulting in Death: An Explanation of Its Occurrence in
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Matile P.
Published: October 2006

The incorporation of radioactive inositol and choline into the cytoplasmzic membranes of inositol- and choline-auxotrophic mutants of
Neurospora crassa
revealed that the membrane of particles which contain proteases is relatively poor in lecithin and rich in inositol-phospholipid. In mycelia of the mutant requiring inositol, grown in a suboptimum amount of exogenous inositol, the structural integrity of the protease particles is lost, and the bulk of intracellular protease activity is recovered in the soluble fraction of the cell. Death from this kind of inositol deficiency is interpreted as autolysis of the cytoplasm caused by free proteases.
Homograft Target Cells: Contact Destruction in vitro by Immune Macrophages
Authors: Granger Gale A. , Weiser Russell S.
Published: October 2006

Specific adherence of immune macrophages to monolayers of target cells is a passive phenomenon which represents only the first step in the mutually destructive interaction of immune macrophages and target cells. A specific hemagglutinin, responsible for specific adherence, was eluted from well-washed immune macrophages by heat treatment. The nature of the events in the interaction subsequent to adherence are unknown, but apparently demand the biosynthetic activities of the immune macrophage.
Gene-Specific Messenger RNA: Isolation by the Deletion Method
Authors: Bautz Ekkehard K. F. , Reilly Eugene
Published: October 2006

Messenger RNA molecules, homologous to a small portion of the genome of bacteriophage T4, have been isolated. RNA fragments specific to the rII A and the rII B cistrons have been separated by hybridization with DNA isolated from appropriate deletion mutants. An RNA species homologous in nucleotide sequence to a defined part of the rII A cistron has been identified.
Auxin and Kinetin Interaction in Apical Dominance
Authors: Davies C. R. , Seth A. K. , Wareing P. F.
Published: October 2006

The effects of auxin on the inhibition of lateral buds in decapitated bean plants are enhanced if kinetin is applied together with auxin. The uptake of
14
C-indoleacetic acid by the stumps of decapitated plants is increased in the presence of kinetin and leads to extensive transport of
14
C-indoleacetic acid in the stems. The increased bud inhibition resulting when auxin and kinetin are applied together may be due to greater amounts of auxin reaching the buds, but an alternative explanation is that metabolites are directed from the buds to the point of hormone application.
Nuclear Number in the Rotifer
Asplanchna
: Intraclonal Variation and Environmental Control
Authors: Birky C. W. , Field Bonnie
Published: October 2006

The gastric glands and vitellarium of
Asplanchna
are exceptions to the rule of constancy of the number of nuclei in rotifers. The two glands of a female may have different numbers of nuclei. Nuclear number in both organs varies widely among different individuals in a single culture. The mean nuclear number characteristic of a clone may be modified by dietary changes.
Acquisition of Imitative Speech by Schizophrenic Children
Authors: Lovaas O. Ivar , Berberich John P. , Perloff Bernard F. , Schaeffer Benson
Published: October 2006

Two mute schizophrenic children were taught imitative speech within an operant conditioning framework. The training procedure consisted of a series of increasingly fine verbal discriminations; the children were rewarded for closer and closer reproductions of the attending adults' speech. We found that reward delivered contingent upon imitation was necessary for development of imitation. Furthermore, the newly established imitation was shown to have acquired rewarding properties for the children.
Visual-Cliff Preference by Infant Rats: Effects of Rearing and Test Conditions
Authors: Eichengreen Jeffrey M. , Coren Stanley , Nachmias Jacob
Published: October 2006

In monocular tests, normally reared infant rats, aged 21 to 22 days, fail to show a side preference on the visual-cliff apparatus. Rats of the same age, but reared in an "enriched" environment, prefer the shallow side of the apparatus. In binocular tests, even normally reared animals prefer the shallow side, although experimentally reared animals show a stronger preference. The results appear to reopen the question of what cues are employed on the visual cliff.
Fluctuations of Resting Neural Membrane Potential
Authors: Derksen H. E. , Verveen A. A.
Published: October 2006

The membrane potential of myelinated axons in the resting state shows fluctuations for which the power per cycle of bandwidth is inversely proportional to frequency between 1 and 10,000 radians per second. Reduction of potassium ion flux leads to a decrease in noise power.
Target Enzyme Recognition by Calmodulin: 2.4 Å Structure of a Calmodulin-Peptide Complex
Authors: Meador William E. , Means Anthony R. , Quiocho Florante A.
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of calcium-bound calmodulin (Ca
2+
-CaM) bound to a peptide analog of the CaM-binding region of chicken smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase has been determined and refined to a resolution of 2.4 angstroms (Å). The structure is compact and has the shape of an ellipsoid (axial ratio ∼2:1). The bound CaM forms a tunnel diagonal to its long axis that engulfs the helical peptide, with the hydrophobic regions of CaM melded into a single area that closely covers the hydrophobic side of the peptide. There is a remarkably high pseudo-twofold symmetry between the closely associated domains. The central helix of the native CaM is unwound and expanded into a bend between residues 73 and 77. About 185 contacts (<4 Å) are formed between CaM and the peptide, with van der Waals contacts comprising ∼80% of this total.
Thyrocalcitonin: Cytological Localization by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Hargis Gary K. , Williams Gerald A. , Tenenhouse Alan , Arnaud Claude D.
Published: October 2006

Thyrocalcitonin was detected in the cytoplasm of all epithelial cells of the thyroid gland of the pig, by means of antibody fluorescence. It was present in those cells which normally elaborate thyroglobulin but was not present in the follicular colloid.
Tanning of Grasshopper Eggs by an Exocrine Secretion
Authors: Eisner Thomas , Shepherd Julian , Happ G. M.
Published: October 2006

Eggs of the grasshopper,
Romalea microptera
, are laid in a tight cluster, encased within a matrix of hardened froth. When first laid, the eggs are yellow and soft, and the froth is white and lathery. During subsequent hours, eggs and froth undergo a tanning process, as a result of which they harden and darken. An exocrine secretion, supplied by a pair of glands situated beside the gonopore, is mixed with the froth as the eggs are laid, and serves to promote tanning. Similar glands are found in some, but not all grasshoppers.
Bivalve Mollusks: Fluid Dynamics of Burrowing
Authors: Trueman E. R.
Published: October 2006

When bivalves burrow into soft substrates the foot is first extended and then dilated to obtain a firm anchorage before retraction pulls the shell downward. Pedal dilation is principally caused by adduction of the valves. The hinged shell functions as a hydraulic machine in which the strength of the adductor muscles is transferred to the distal part of the foot by means of the body fluids.
Stable Complex of Fibrinogen and Fibrin
Authors: Sasaki Takeru , Page Irvine H. , Shainoff John R.
Published: October 2006

Fibrin-stabilizing factor acts on monomeric fibrin combined with fibrinogen to form a stable complex that is soluble at physiologic
p
H and ionic strength. The complex has been isolated by chromatography on agarose gel and characterized by sedimentation rate near 24 S
w.20
at both
p
H 5.3 and 7.4, by coagulability when treated with thrombin, and by content of fibrinopeptides. Formation of the complex could provide a pathway for solubilization of monomeric fibrin produced in circulating blood.
Galactosamine Glycan of
Chondrococcus columnaris
Authors: Johnson John L. , Chilton W. S.
Published: October 2006

The marked viscosity of liquid cultures of the myxobacterium
Chondrococcus columnaris
is caused by production of an extracellular polysaccharide. The polysaccharide is a high-molecular-weight homopolymer of D-galactosamine in which the galactosamine subunits are connected by
α
-(1→4) glycosidic linkages. Half of the amino groups are acetylated.
Chimeric and Ex-Parabiotic Frogs (
Rana pipiens
): Specificity of Tolerance
Authors: Davison John
Published: October 2006

Rejection of orthotopic neural-fold transplants may be prevented by either embryonic parabiosis or reciprocal exchange of presumptive blood. These observations form the basis of the no blood-no tolerance hypothesis, which states that persistent tolerance by the host requires that the somatic transplant be accompanied by presumptive blood from the donor. Regarding parabionts and chimeras as special cases of transplantation of whole or partial animals, I found that ex-parabionts accept subsequent skin exchanges only from the homologous ex-parabiont; reciprocal chimeras are compatible provided each animal portion contains a primary blood source, and will accept transplants as frogs only from the homologous recombinant. Chimeric recombinations made anterior to the heart field prove incompatible and fail to survive to maturity. Successful chimeras as well as ex-parabionts survive to maturity and are apparently normal in every respect.
Chloroquine: Physiological Basis of Drug Resistance in
Plasmodium berghei
Authors: Macomber Peter B. , O'Brien Richard L. , Hahn Fred E.
Published: October 2006

Mouse erythrocytes, parasitized by chloroquine-sensitive plasmodia, concentrate this drug in vivo to levels over twice as high as erythrocytes parasitized by chloroquine-resistant plasmodia; nonparasitized red cells accumulate little chloroquine. Selective toxicity of this drug may depend upon a special drug-concentrating mechanism of plasmodia, while resistance may result from an impairment of such mechanism.
Experiencing and Perceiving Visual Surfaces
Authors: Nakayama Ken , Shimojo Shinsuke
Published: October 2006

A theoretical framework is proposed to understand binocular visual surface perception based on the idea of a mobile observer sampling images from random vantage points in space. Application of the generic sampling principle indicates that the visual system acts as if it were viewing surface layouts from generic not accidental vantage points. Through the observer's experience of optical sampling, which can be characterized geometrically, the visual system makes associative connections between images and surfaces, passively internalizing the conditional probabilities of image sampling from surfaces. This in turn enables the visual system to determine which surface a given image most strongly indicates. Thus, visual surface perception can be considered as inverse ecological optics based on learning through ecological optics. As such, it is formally equivalent to a degenerate form of Bayesian inference where prior probabilities are neglected.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: Lens Changes in Dogs during Oral Administration
Authors: Rubin Lionel F. , Mattis Paul A.
Published: October 2006

Oral administration of dimethyl sulfoxide to young dogs reduces relucency of the lens cortex, causing the normal central zone of the lens to act as a strong biconvex lens.
Lipid Films as Transducers for Detection of Antigen-Antibody and Enzyme-Substrate Reactions
Authors: del Castillo J. , Rodriguez A. , Romero C. A. , Sanchez V.
Published: October 2006

The transverse electrical impedance of thin lipid films separating two aqueous saline solutions containing a small concentration of antibodies or enzymes decreases markedly and reversibly after immunological and enzymatic reactions involving such protein molecules, which presumably are adsorbed to the lipid-water interface.
Compound Ocellus of a Starfish: Its Function
Authors: Yoshida M. , Ohtsuki H.
Published: October 2006

The relative effect of light in inducing downward movements of the tips of isolated arms of
Asterias amurensis
is maximal at 485 millimicrons when the compound ocellus is intact; at 504 millimicrons when the ocellus has been removed. This finding suggests the coexistence of two photoreceptive systems, ocellar and nonocellar.
Interpretation of Some Organic Photochemistry
Authors: Zimmerman Howard E.
Published: October 2006

A general introduction to current organic photochemical research is presented. A limited survey of typical organic photochemical reactions, with an emphasis on recent studies, is given. Reactions of the n-π* and π-π* type are included. Some new thoughts are included; among these is the relation of Möbius strip geometry to organic photochemistry.
Diabetes, a New Mutation in the Mouse
Authors: Hummel Katharine P. , Dickie Margaret M. , Coleman Douglas L.
Published: October 2006

Diabetes (
db
), which occurred in an inbred strain of mouse, is inherited as a unit autosomal recessive and is characterized by a metabolic disturbance resembling diabetes mellitus in man. Abnormal deposition of fat at 3 to 4 weeks of age is followed shortly by hyperglycemia, polyuria, and glycosuria. Accompanying morphological changes in the islets of Langerhans suggest neogenesis to compensate for insulin depletion.
Aminooxyacetic Acid: Interactions with Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and the Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Fisher Morris A. , Hagen Duane Q. , Colvin Robert B.
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis that the administration of aminooxyacetic acid, a competitive inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase, might allow γ-aminobutyric acid to cross the blood-brain barrier was tested by analyzing the brains of rats for this compound after intraperitoneal injection of aminooxyacetic acid, or a mixture of both acids, and by observing behavioral and physiological changes in cats after similar drug administrations. The results do not support the postulate that γ-aminobutyric acid enters the brain more readily after administration of aminooxyacetic acid.
Interaction Between Human Cyclin A and Adenovirus E1A-Associated p107 Protein
Authors: Faha Barbara , Ewen Mark E. , Tsai Li-Huei , Livingston David M. , Harlow Ed
Published: October 2006

The products of the adenovirus early region 1A (E1A) gene are potent oncoproteins when tested in standard transformation and immortalization assays. Many of the changes induced by E1A may be due to its interaction with cellular proteins. Four of these cellular proteins are the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), p107, cyclin A, and p33
cdk2
. The pRB and p107 proteins are structurally related and have several characteristics in common, including that they both bind to the SV40 large T oncoprotein as well as to E1A. Cyclin A and p33
cdk2
are thought to function in the control of the cell cycle. They bind to one another, forming a kinase that closely resembles the cell cycle-regulating complexes containing p34
cdc2
. Cyclin A is now shown to bind to p107 in the absence of E1A. The association of p107 with cyclin A suggests a direct link between cell cycle control and the function of p107.
The Elongation-Termination Decision in Transcription
Authors: von Hippel Peter H. , Yager Thomas D.
Published: October 2006

At any template position, the decision to extend the transcript by one residue or to release the nascent RNA represents a kinetic competition between elongation and termination pathways. This competition is discussed in terms of alternative Eyring transition state barriers; changes in termination efficiency correspond to small changes in the relative heights of these barriers. Elongation complexes are stable at nonterminator positions; a model is presented to explain the destabilization of these complexes at intrinsic termination sites. Functionally analogous effects can operate at rho-dependent terminators. Mechanisms for modulation of termination efficiency by regulatory proteins are described.
Protein- Polysaccharide Loss during Endochondral Ossification: Immunochemical Evidence
Authors: Hirschman Albert , Dziewiatkowski Dominic D.
Published: October 2006

Fluorescein-labeled antibodies to protein-polysaccharides from rat and calf cartilage were used for the histochemical localization of protein-polysaccharide in epiphyseal cartilage. There was less protein-polysaccharide in the zone of provisional calcification than in the proliferating and maturing zones, and none was demonstrable in the metaphysis. During or just preceding calcification, protein-polysaccharide or its protein component is lost or drastically altered.
Mechanism of Polarized Light Perception
Authors: Waterman Talbot H. , Horch Kenneth W.
Published: October 2006

As background for a report on our current selective adaptation experiments in decapod crustaceans, the various facts and hypotheses generally relevant to intraretinal sensitivity to polarized light in arthropods as well as cephalopods have been marshaled. On the basis of this review, the following working hypotheses have been made.

1) One ommatidium in the compound eye is the functional unit in image perception but contains in its component retinular cells subunits which can work independently in detecting other visual parameters, such as polarization.

2) Single retinular cells do respond differentially to light polarized in various planes.

3) Light sensitivity, including
e
-vector detection, is localized in the rhabdomeres, which comprise closely packed arrays of microvilli protruding axially from retinular cells; the dichroism of the photopigment molecules, which are contained within the microvilli, provides the molecular basis of
e
-vector detection.

4) The visual pigment molecules have their major dichroic axis aligned predominantly parallel to the long axis of the microvillus containing them; typically all microvilli in a single rhabdomere are closely parallel to one another, thus comprising at the cellular level a unit dichroic analyzer with maximum optical density to photons vibrating in the direction parallel to these microvillous protrusions.

5) In most decapod crustaceans, in cephalopods, and in some insects the microvilli in all rhabdomeres of a retinula are oriented in only two directions, perpendicular to each other. Therefore,
e
-vector perception must depend at the retinular level on a two-channel system consisting of a pair of dichroic analyzers with their major transmitting axes fixed at a 90° angle determined by the two directions of microvillus orientation.

Our new results on selective adaptation in the eye of
Cardisoma
provide direct experimental evidence for such a two-channel analyzer in which the pair of functional units have their maximum sensitivity to polarization in the same retinal directions as the rhabdom microvilli observed in electron micrographs. In turn, these directions correspond with the vertical and horizontal axes of the animal's normal spatial orientation. In
e
-vector detection the seven retinular cells of a single decapod ommatidium thus form two operational subgroups of four and three cells, respectively. The correspondence of the electrophysiological evidence for a dual polarization analyzer with the perpendicular directions shown by the microvilli in a single rhabdom strengthens the idea that one ommatidium is enough for detecting
e
-vector orientation.

On this evidence we may conclude that the model developed above for a two-channel polarization analyzer effectively accounts for the relevant spectrophotometric, fine-structural, electrophysiological, and behavioral data currently available for a considerable number of arthropods and cephalopods.
Insect Embryogenesis: Macromolecular Syntheses during Early Development
Authors: Lockshin Richard A.
Published: October 2006

A new technique permits the injection of aqueous solutions into the eggs of certain Coleopteran insects. DNA and protein are synthesized from the outset of development, but the synthesis of RNA is not detectable until the migrating cleavage nuclei arrive at the cortex of the egg.
Air-Sea Waves from the Explosion of Krakatoa
Authors: Press Frank , Harkrider David
Published: October 2006

The distant sea disturbances which followed the explosion of Krakatoa are correlated with recently discovered atmospheric acoustic and gravity modes having the same phase velocity as long waves on the ocean. The atmospheric waves jumped over the land barriers and reexcited the sea waves with amplitudes exceeding the hydrostatic values. An explosion of 100 to 150 megatons would be required to duplicate the Krakatoa atmospheric-pressure pulse.
Early Eocene Bat from Wyoming
Authors: Jepsen Glenn L.
Published: October 2006

A fossil skeleton of an early Eocene bat, the oldest known flying mammal, was found in southwest Wyoming. The bat is assigned to the new species
Icaronycteris index
of the suborder Microchiroptera. It was apparently of a young male whose body was buried in varved marls of the Green River Formation, on the bottom of Fossil Lake, about 50 million years ago. The bones, some as slender as a human hair, show a few "primitive" characteristics such as a clawed index finger and a complete phalangeal formula, but the bat was fully developed —an anatomically precocious contemporary of the dog-sized polydactylous horse.
Radiant Solar Energy and the Function of Black Homeotherm Pigmentation: An Hypothesis
Authors: Hamilton William J. , Heppner Frank
Published: October 2006

White zebra finches exposed to artificial sunlight used an average of 22.9 percent less energy after they were dyed black. The hypothesis that black homeotherm coloration functions primarily to maximize absorption of radiant solar energy is suggested. This hypothesis may explain the dark skin pigmentation of certain human populations.
Mechanism of Antibody Synthesis: Size Differences between Mouse Kappa Chains
Authors: Gray William R. , Dreyer William J. , Hood Leroy
Published: October 2006

Structural analysis of immunoglobulin light chains has been carried out in an attempt to elucidate the genetic mechanisms involved in antibody synthesis. Analysis of two mouse kappa-chain proteins is almost complete. The differences are localized in one-half of the molecules, and do not reflect the operation of any one mutational mechanism. The peculiar character of the differences is discussed with reference to various theories of antibody formation. The finding that the two proteins differ in size is incompatible with certain proposed theories.
Lunar Receiving Laboratory
Authors: McLane James C. , King Elbert A. , Flory Donald A. , Richardson Keith A. , Dawson James P. , Kemmerer Walter W. , Wooley Bennie C.
Published: October 2006

The Lunar Receiving Laboratory will be the permanent depository of a portion of the collection of lunar samples; it will safeguard the collection, providing continuing security and ensuring scientific integrity. In carrying out the time-dependent experiments and continuing functions of the laboratory, NASA will rely on visiting expert scientists supplementing a relatively small resident staff; outside scientists will be relied upon for most investigations and detailed analyses of samples. It is believed that the designed procedures and facilities provided will ensure the maximum scientific return from the Apollo Program in the way of information from lunar samples.
Contact Inhibition in Colony Formation
Authors: Fisher Harold W. , Yeh Jen
Published: October 2006

Contact inhibition of replication of the established mammalian cell line 3T3 was examined during growth of the colony and compared with that of the Chinese-hamster cell line CHL-1. The growth curves of cells in the colonies conformed to the predicted exponential and linear rates for CHL-1 and 3T3 respectively. Autoradiographs of colonies in which DNA was labeled with tritiated thymidine showed that in 3T3 colonies, only peripheral cells were labeled, while CHL-1 colonies were labeled throughout.
Isolation of 2,6-Dibromophenol from the Marine Hemichordate,
Balanoglossus biminiensis
Authors: Ashworth Raymond B. , Cormier Milton J.
Published: October 2006

2,6-Dibromophenol has been isolated from a luminous marine enteropneust,
Balanoglossus biminiensis
, found on intertidal beach areas at Sapelo Island, Georgia. This compound, responsible for the characteristic "iodoform-like" odor of these animals, is present in relatively large amounts; the estimated quantity per organism is 10 to 15 milligrams. Identity of the isolated substance as 2,6-dibromophenol is based on analyses of ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectrometry analysis, and on melting-point data.
Hampea
Schlecht.: Possible Primary Host of the Cotton Boll Weevil
Authors: Frycell Paul A. , Lukefahr M. J.
Published: October 2006

The boll weevil severely infests buds in natural stands of
Hampea
sp. in Veracruz, Mexico. The geography and ecology of these trees suggest that they may be the long-sought primary host of the boll weevil.
Turgor Pressure: Direct Manometric Measurement in Single Cells of
Nitella
Authors: Green Paul B. , Stanton Frederick W.
Published: October 2006

A small capillary, fused at one end, serves as a micromanometer when the open end is inserted into a large
Nitella
cell. The cell's ability to compress the gas reveals its turgor pressure directly—save for a small correction due to capillarity. The method gives a lower limit to turgor pressure for the same cell in the normal state. The common method, incipient plasmolysis, gives an upper limit. On
Nitella axillaris
cells the two methods limit the turgor pressure at 5.1 to 5.7 atmospheres. The manometric method is also applicable to growing cells, where osmotic equilibrium is not present.
The Size of Gating Charge in Wild-Type and Mutant
Shaker
Potassium Channels
Authors: Schoppa Nathan E. , McCormack Ken , Tanouye Mark A. , Sigworth Fred J.
Published: October 2006

The high sensitivity of voltage-gated ion channels to changes in membrane potential implies that the process of channel opening is accompanied by large charge movements. Previous estimates of the total charge displacement,
q
, have been deduced from the voltage dependence of channel activation and have ranged from 4 to 8 elementary charges (e
0
). A more direct measurement of
q
in
Drosophila melanogaster
Shaker
29-4 potassium channels yields a
q
value of 12.3 e
0
. A similar
q
value is obtained from mutated
Shaker
channels having reduced voltage sensitivity. These results can be explained by a model for channel activation in which the equilibria of voltage-dependent steps are altered in the mutant channels.
Amphibole: First Occurrence in a Meteorite
Authors: Olsen Edward
Published: October 2006

This is the first report of an amphibole mineral found in any meteorite. The amphibole richterite (soda tremolite), Na
2
Ca(Mg,Fe)
5
Si
8
O
22
(OH,F)
2
, occurs as a primary (preterrestrial) mineral enclosed within graphite nodules in the iron meteorite from Wichita County, Texas.
Internal Behavior in Fish Schools
Authors: McFarland William N. , Moss Sanford A.
Published: October 2006

Structural changes within fish schools correlate with declines in environmental oxygen. The changes may result from the responses of individual fish to the environmental consequences of group metabolism. Individual behaviors are adaptive to the school in that they tend to maintain stability between school members and their environment.
Regulation of Food Intake and Obesity
Authors: Mayer Jean , Thomas Donald W.
Published: October 2006

This is not the place to consider the medical significance of obesity in terms of conditions such as heart disease and hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. These very complex interrelationships have been dealt with elsewhere. We hope that enough evidence has been presented to demonstrate that energy balance is normally maintained by a precise and reliable physiologic mechanism, and that the energy surplus represented by obesity may reflect direct failure of this mechanism or some combination from a variety of neurological, endocrine, enzymatic, and psychological disorders. Environmental conditions as well as genetic and traumatic factors may contribute to the development of obesity. If increasing mechanization brings us below the level of energy expenditure at which food intake is properly regulated, appropriate habits of exercise will have to be established and maintained.
Progesterone: Its Possible Role in the Biosynthesis of Cardenolides in
Digitalis lanata
Authors: Caspi E. , Lewis D. O.
Published: October 2006

The incorporation of progestrone-7α-
3
H and pregnenolone-7α-
3
H into digitoxigenin, gitoxigenin, and digoxigenin in isolated, surviving leaves of Digitalis lanata was demonstrated. In addition, the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in the same system was proved. The results tend to indicate that progesterone is as good a precursor of cardenolides as pregnenolone. It is suggested that the biosynthesis of cardenolides might proceed through the intermediacy of progesterone.
Humoral Agent from Calf Lung Producing Pulmonary Arterial Vasoconstriction
Authors: Robin Eugene D. , Cross Carroll E. , Millen J. Eugene , Murdaugh H. Victor
Published: October 2006

Saline washings obtained in vivo from the lung of young calves produce pulmonary hypertension upon intravascular (systemic or pulmonary) injection into either the dog or the calf. This pulmonary hypertension is produced by vasoconstriction of small, precapillary pulmonary vessels. The active agent, pulmonary arterial constrictor substance, differs chemically and physiologically from other substances which have been investigated with respect to vasomotor activity in the pulmonary circulation. Although the chemical nature of the active agent is not known it appears to have a relatively large molecular weight. Whether this agent plays a role in the physiological regulation of the pulmonary circulation is not known.
Protection through Parabiosis against the Lethal Effects of Exposure to Large Doses of X-Rays
Authors: Carroll Harold W. , Kimeldorf Donald J.
Published: October 2006

Parabiotic rat pairs with a skin-vascular anastomosis were used to test whether shielding of one member of the pair would protect the irradiated partner against exposure to very large doses of x-rays (1200 to 2400 roentgens). Except with the lowest dose, all unshielded, irradiated pairs or single irradiated animals died before 5 days had elapsed. In contrast, irradiated rats that had a shielded parabiont partner survived the 5-day period and many survived beyond 30 days. This is interpreted as protection against the acute intestinal death that normally occurs in the dose range investigated.
Scaling Data on Inter-Nation Action
Authors: Moses Lincoln E. , Brody Richard A. , Holsti Ole R. , Kadane Joseph B. , Milstein Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2006

We conclude (i) that the marker-card method is as reliable a measure as the ordinary Q-sort method; (ii) that Q and the marker-card score are measuring very nearly the same thing—in this case, presumably conflict; and (iii) that the use of marker cards permits comparison of judgments about a given quantity in the context of different situations and may even permit comparison of results obtained by different research teams if the different teams use the same marker decks.

A fundamental issue involved in scoring the entries on the cards in this study by either Q-sort or marker cards is the "judgability" of the items as indicators of conflict. We noted above that items with the highest variances in scoring, from judge to judge, were concentrated at the low-conflict end of the scale. A possible explanation is that judges are able to make finer distinctions concerning an attribute when it is present than when it is absent. Differences in scoring could also arise from a lack of unidimensionality in the attribute being scaled. If judges find that conflict has several distinct aspects, the task of placing items in a single order becomes more difficult.

Difficulties in making judgments also arose from the fact that the actions were being judged out of context, or in contexts that varied from judge to judge, since no standard context was supplied. But these difficulties lie outside our problem, which was to find an alternative to Q-sorting which would permit intersituational comparisons. Our success in finding an alternative is apparent in our results, but problems of judgability remain with both techniques.

Beyond providing a standard for intersituational comparisons, the marker-card technique has other advantages. It is possible that the use of marker decks will be of help in training judges to score such a variable as conflict. In our study it permitted identification of a judge inadequately trained to do so. Possibly the marker cards will be useful in assigning scale values to batches of data too small for Q-sort, or even to individual items. It further appears that the marker cards should be useful in discriminating among high-conflict items which heretofore would all have tended to appear in the top Q-sort category.

The marker-card technique has given us a reliable alternative to Q-sort for scaling conflict. The method should be capable of extension to dimensions other than conflict.
Alarm, Defense, and Construction Behavior Relationships in Termites (Isoptera)
Authors: Stuart Alastair M.
Published: October 2006

Evidence indicates that building behavior in termites is a direct consequence of low-level alarm stimuli and that its immediate function is defense. As in other forms of termite defense behavior, recruitment of nymphs and workers is accomplished by trail laying in conjunction with transmission of the alarm. The number recruited is related to the intensity of the input stimulus. Primary construction ceases when the original causal stimulus is eliminated by the effects of the actual building.
Hydroxamic Acids in Nature
Authors: Neilands J. B.
Published: October 2006

The hydroxamic acid bond occurs in products from fungi, yeast, bacteria, and plants. The —CON(OH)— bond arises by oxidation of a free or bound amino group in a unit structure which is often closely related to conventional amino acids. Products are known with one, two, or three hydroxamic acid groups per molecule. The chemistry of the ferrichrome type compounds, which are ferric trihydroxamate-containing peptides, has been worked out in detail and includes a complete crystallographic analysis of the ferrichrome A molecule. The trihydroxamates form potent complexes with ferric ion, called siderochromes, and these are believed to play a role in the metabolism of the metal ion in microorganisms. The actual physiological activity observed ranges from that of growth factor, antibiotic, antibiotic antagonist, tumor inhibitor or cell-division factor. The precise molecular mechanism whereby these substances exert their potent biological activity remains to be elucidated.
L
-Asparaginase: Inhibition of Early Mitosis in Regenerating Rat Liver
Authors: Becker F. F. , Broome J. D.
Published: October 2006

L-Asparaginase in agouti serum and in extracts from
Escherichia coli
inhibits the early wave of mitosis occurring in rat liver approximately 30 hours after hepatectomy, but even with continued treatment of the animal the later wave at 50 hours is not inhibited. This result differs from the permanent inhibition of growth which asparaginase causes in various tumors.
The Pure-Science Ideal and Democratic Culture
Authors: Daniels George H.
Published: October 2006

These early experiences of pure scientists will have an unmistakable ring of familiarity to anyone familiar with the current situation. Charles Sanders Peirce, with characteristic insight, had stated the fundamental dilemma of the pure scientist operating within a democratic framework. How can one ask the public to provide support, much less facilities, for the intellectual gratification of one select group? A part of the answer, of course, is simply that one cannot. As long as a group is dependent upon public support it must seek some means of contact with the values of the enveloping society, and the moment it does this it departs in some measure from the ideal purity. The schizophrenic attitude described by Dubos therefore became a professional necessity as soon as the new ideal was adopted. Since the time of Gould, scientists have been able to tell each other that the man who based science's claim to support on grounds of immediate practical utility was "no loyal follower and true friend of science" and, at the same time, to trust that the popularizers and technicians would convey a different message to the public. On the whole, they have not been disappointed in their expectation, and there has been little need for them to go beyond the standard formula: Utility is not to be a test of scientific work, but all knowledge will ultimately prove useful. Since the continued existence of scientists in this society depends upon the believability of that vague claim, there is little likelihood that the schizophrenia will disappear.
Cholinesterase in Plasma: First Reported Absence in the Bantu; Half-life Determination
Authors: Jenkins Trefor , Balinsky Doris , Patient D. W.
Published: October 2006

A Bantu schoolgirl is the first non-Caucasoid found homozygous for the "silent" cholinesterase gene. Investigation of her family revealed two heterozygotes. The propositus possesses no antibody to normal cholinesterase. Transfused cholinesterase had in her a half-life of approximately 10 days.
Skin-Pigment Regulation of Vitamin-D Biosynthesis in Man
Authors: Loomis W. Farnsworth
Published: October 2006

The known correlation between the color of human skin and latitude is explainable in terms of two opposing positive adaptations to solar ultraviolet radiation, weak in northern latitudes in winter yet powerful the year around near the equator. In northern latitudes there is selection for white skins that allow maximum photoactivation of 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D at low intensities of ultraviolet radiation. In southern latitudes, on the other hand, there is selection for black skins able to prevent up to 95 percent of the incident ultraviolet from reaching the deeper layers of the skin where vitamin D is synthesized. Selection against the twin dangers of rickets on the one hand and toxic doses of vitamin D on the other would thus explain the world-wide correlation observed between skin pigmentation and nearness to the equator.
Sea Levels 7,000 to 20,000 Years Ago
Authors: Emery K. O. , Garrison Louis E.
Published: October 2006

Relative sea levels for early post-Pleistocene time are best known from radiocarbon dates of sediments on the continental shelves off Texas and off northeastern United States. Differences in indicated rates of the rise of relative sea level and in depths of the shelf-breaks reveal differential vertical movement of the two shelves during this time, with the result that the Atlantic shelf has sunk with respect to the Texas shelf.
Clear-Air Turbulence: Simultaneous Observations by Radar and Aircraft
Authors: Hicks John J. , Katz Isadore , Landry Claude R. , Hardy Kenneth R.
Published: October 2006

Ultrasensitive radars and uninstrumented jet aircraft in concert have probed regions of the clear atmosphere in search of clear-air turbulence. All sources of clear-air radar echoes above 6 kilometers that were probed simultaneously by the aircraft were found to be turbulent.
Sea Floor Spreading, Topography, and the Second Layer
Authors: Menard H. W.
Published: October 2006

Local sea floor topography and also the thickness of the second layer of the oceanic rise-ridge system appear related to the spreading rate in the region. Slow spreading, away from the ridge center at 1 to 2 centimeters per year, is associated with a thick second layer, a central rift, and adjacent rift mountains. Fast spreading, 3 to 4.5 centimeters per year, is associated with a thin second layer and subdued topography lacking any central rift. The volume of lava discharged in this layer per unit time and per unit length along the crest of the whole active system is relatively constant regardless of the spreading rate. Total second layer discharge of the system has been about 5 to 6 cubic kilometers per year during the last several million years.
Cytotoxic Effect of Lymphocyte-Antigen Interaction in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Ruddle Nancy H. , Waksman Byron H.
Published: October 2006

Lymph node cells from inbred rats having delayed sensitivity to soluble proteins inhibit growth of syngeneic or allogeneic fibroblasts in the presence of specific antigen. A relation is suggested between this in vitro phenomenon and other systems believed to be specific manifestations of delayed hypersensitivity.
Intracellular Olfactory Response of Hippocampal Neurons in Awake, Sitting Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Yokota Toshikatsu , Reeves Alexander G. , MacLean Paul D.
Published: October 2006

Intracellular recordings of archicortical neurons in a primate have been made and the responses of these neurons in awake, sitting animals have been observed. Electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulbs elicits excitatory postsynaptic potentials in these neurons, which unlike those evoked by septal stimulation, are subliminal for generating spikes. The olfactory and septal pathways may be considered representative of inputs from exteroceptive and interoceptive systems. The findings are discussed in relation to a paradigm for archicortical conditioning.
Evaporation of Ice in Space: Saturn's Rings
Authors: Harrison Halstead , Schoen R. I.
Published: October 2006

The photosputtering erosion velocity of ice in space is estimated to be 400 centimeters per billion years at 1 astronomical unit.
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Variants in Phyletically Diverse Organisms
Authors: Lebherz Herbert G. , Rutter William J.
Published: October 2006

Electrophoretically distinct forms of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (TDH) have been detected in turtle, perch, trout, spinach, and yeast. Multiple forms were not detected in rat, rabbit, chicken, frog, honey bee,
Euglena
, or
Escherichia coli
. The combination of two different subunits into tetramers is a probable explanation for the five-membered sets usually detected in extracts exhibiting TDH multiplicity.
Gynogenesis and Triploidy in the Viviparous Fish
Poeciliopsis
Authors: Schultz R. Jack
Published: October 2006

Three all-female strains of the viviparous fish
Poeciliopsis
occur in the Río Fuerte of Sinaloa, Mexico.
Poeciliopsis lucida
, a bisexual species, provides sperm for these monosexual forms which I designate as Cx, Cy, and Cz. Form Cy is a triploid that when test-mated to males of various species produces all-female, triploid offspring devoid of paternal characters. Both Cx and Cz are diploid and express characteristics of both parents.