bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PARANOIA AND PARTISANSHIP: GENOCIDE STUDIES, HOLOCAUST HISTORIOGRAPHY, AND THE ‘APOCALYPTIC CONJUNCTURE’
Authors: MOSES A. DIRK
Published: May 2011

Recent literature on the Holocaust and (other) genocides reveals that on the whole differences in approach persist. For many historians, as for the public, the Holocaust is the prototypical genocide, such that mass violence must resemble the Holocaust to constitute genocide. Whereas ‘normal’ ethnic/national conflict is commonly believed to involve ‘real’ issues like land, resources, and political power, no such conflict is discernible in the Holocaust of European Jewry, whose victims were passive and agentless objects of the ‘hallucinatory’ ideology of the perpetrators. But is this distinction sustainable on closer inspection? This review suggests that genocide is mistakenly identified as a massive hate crime based entirely on ‘race’. In fact, it has a political logic: irrational or at least exaggerated fears about subversion and national or ‘ethnic’ security. Prejudices do not cause violence: they are mobilized in conditions of emergency. Recent research tends in this direction by emphasizing paranoia rather than racism in the anti-Jewish policies of the Nazis but does not transcend the customary distinction between the ‘delusional’ grounds for the former and ‘real’ ethnic conflict. This separation of categories feeds into the anxieties in some contributors to this literature about potential genocides in the present by forecasting apocalyptic scenarios unless drastic military action is taken against specified enemies. Scholarship is better served by deflating rather than inflating such anxieties.
The occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophium in dogs in China
Authors: Xia Z. , Yu D. , Mao J. , Zhang Z. , Yu J.
Published: May 2011

A survey of the occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophium in dogs was undertaken in the People's Republic of China between October 2008 and October 2009. A total of 600 blood samples were taken from dogs in four cities in China: 300 in Beijing, 150 in Shenzhen, 30 in Shanghai and 120 in Zhengzhou. All samples were tested for the heartworm antigen and antibodies of canine B. burgdorferi, E. canis and A. phagocytophium by using the canine SNAP® 4Dx® test kit. The occurrence of D. immitis, B. burgdorferi, E. canis and A. phagocytophium was 1.17% (7/600), 0.17% (1/600), 2.17% (13/600) and 0.5% (3/600), respectively. In Shenzhen city 2% (3/150), 8.67% (13/150) and 2% (3/150) of samples were positive for D. immitis, E. canis and A. phagocytophium, respectively. The occurrence of heartworm antigen was 0.33% (1/300) in Beijing, 2.00% (3/150) in Shenzhen, 3.33% (1/30) in Shanghai and 1.67% (2/120) in Zhengzhou. We found E. canis and A. phagocytophium only at one site, Shenzhen, while the only occurrence of B. burgdorferi was at Beijing. In conclusion, the dog population in China is at potential risk for D. immitis, B. burgdorferi, E. canis and A. phagocytophium infection, the risk being especially high in southern China.
Wehrmacht occupations in the new world: archaeological and historical investigations in Northeast Greenland
Authors: Jensen Jens Fog , Krause Tilo
Published: May 2011

As the axis powers were denied access to data from international weather stations under allied control, soon after the outbreak of World War II Germany had to establish her own network of manned and automatic weather stations throughout the north Atlantic. These operations were primarily run by the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe. In Greenland, several manned weather stations were established by the former. The two most successful of those were Holzauge and Bassgeiger in Northeast Greenland, each in operation for almost an entire year in 1942–1943 and 1943–1944 respectively. The allied forces, in return, had established the North-East Greenland Sledge Patrol in 1941, in order to defend the Northeast Greenland coast against German activities. In 2007 and 2008, archaeologists and historians from the National Museum of Denmark investigated the remains of the allied station at Eskimonæs on Clavering Ø (Clavering Island) and the German station Holzauge at Hansa Bugt on Sabine Ø (Sabine Island).
Antarctican Society centennial medallion
Authors: Splettstoesser John
Published: May 2011

The Antarctican Society, based in the United States, has produced a medallion (Fig. 1) in recognition of the centennial of the discovery of the South Pole by Roald Amundsen and Captain Robert Falcon Scott, in 1911 and 1912, respectively. This item is representative of both expeditions.
Child-, adolescent- and young adult-onset depressions: differential risk factors in development?
Authors: Shanahan L. , Copeland W. E. , Costello E. J. , Angold A.
Published: May 2011

Background

Previous research reported that childhood adversity predicts juvenile- onset but not adult-onset depression, but studies confounded potentially genuine differences in adversity with differences in the recency with which adversity was experienced. The current study paper took into account the recency of risk when testing for differences among child-, adolescent- and young adult-onset depressions.

Method

Up to nine waves of data were used per subject from two cohorts of the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS;n=1004), covering children in the community aged 9–16, 19 and 21 years. Youth and one of their parents were interviewed using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) between ages 9 and 16; these same youth were interviewed using the Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment (YAPA) at ages 19 and 21. The most common psychosocial risk factors for depression were assessed: poverty, life events, parental psychopathology, maltreatment, and family dysfunction.

Results

Consistent with previous research, most childhood psychosocial risk factors were more strongly associated with child-onset than with adolescent-/adult-onset depression. When potentially genuine risk differences among the depression-onset groups were disentangled from differences due to the recency of risk, child- and young adult-onset depression were no longer different from one another. Adolescent-onset depression was associated with few psychosocial risk factors.

Conclusions

There were no differences in putative risk factors between child- and young adult-onset depression when the recency of risk was taken into account. Adolescent-onset depression was associated with few psychosocial risk factors. It is possible that some adolescent-onset depression cases differ in terms of risk from child- and young adult-onset depression.
Performing Power: Violence as Fantasy and Spectacle in Mark O'Rowe's Made in China and Terminus
Authors: Haughton Miriam
Published: May 2011

Mark O'Rowe's work marks a shift in Irish theatrical form and practice, positing his stories in urban landscapes that defy modernist dramatic frames and established linguistic styles. Here, angels and demons roam the earth with lost human souls and, though mythical creatures and influences are frequently made manifest, the connection to the other world does not remove the presence of popular culture – karate movies and salty snacks in particular. But perhaps the most viscerally striking aspect of O'Rowe's dramaturgy stems from the sense of pain, isolation, and trauma his characters embody and enact. His dramatized communities are either in crisis or no longer visible, thereby situating the scope for human connection or reconnection as the prize sought from their struggle – while comedy is not lost, and the ‘skullduggerous’ tone so applauded in Howie the Rookie accompanies these later works alongside an evolved dramatic voice and sense of theatrical form. Miriam Haughton is currently in the second year of her doctoral work on postmodern Irish drama in the School of English, Drama, and Film at University College Dublin. Her research interests include drama studies, Irish studies, anthropology, and sociology.
Deep simple morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of the basal taxad Cephalotaxus
Authors: Yang Chia Ju , Chien Ching-Te , Liao Yue Ken , Chen Shun-Ying , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. , Kuo-Huang Ling-Long
Published: May 2011

Although mature seeds of the monogeneric conifer family Cephalotaxaceae sensu stricto have underdeveloped embryos, no definitive studies have been done to classify dormancy in this family. Our primary purpose was to determine the kind of dormancy in seeds of Cephalotaxus wilsoniana and to put the results into a broad phylogenetic context for gymnosperms. The species is of horticultural and medicinal value, and information is needed on how to propagate it efficiently from seeds. Embryo growth and germination were monitored for seeds at warm, cold and warm plus cold temperatures, and germination was monitored for seeds subjected to: (1) cold →  warm →  cold →  warm; and (2) warm →  cold →  warm →  cold →  warm temperature sequences. The effects of gibberellic acids GA3 and GA4 were tested on radicle emergence in ungerminated seeds and on shoot emergence in root-emerged seeds. Germination was promoted by ≥ 36 weeks of warm stratification followed by ≥ 8 weeks of cold stratification, but only if seeds were returned to high temperatures. The underdeveloped embryo must increase in length by >120% before the radicle emerges. Neither GA3 nor GA4 was effective in promoting radicle emergence; however, both plant growth regulators increased rate (but not percentage) of shoot emergence in root-emerged seeds. We conclude that seeds of C. wilsoniana have the deep simple level of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), C1b-C3-B1b; thus, warm stratification followed by cold stratification and then warm-temperature incubation are required for germination. In gymnosperms, MPD is known in cycads, Ginkgo and now in three families of conifers.
Secretion profiles from in vitro cultured follicles, isolated from fresh prepubertal and adult mouse ovaries or frozen–thawed prepubertal mouse ovaries
Authors: Dorphin B. , Prades-Borio M. , Anastacio A. , Rojat P. , Coussieu C. , Poirot C.
Published: May 2011

In vitro folliculogenesis could be a new technology to produce mature oocytes from immature follicles that have been isolated from cryopreserved or fresh ovarian tissue. This technique could also be a tool for evaluation of oocyte quality and/or for determination of follicular parameters during follicular growth. Our objective was to characterize in mice the secretion profiles of follicles that had been isolated mechanically during in vitro follicular growth and in relation to the growth curve. Early preantral follicles from fresh prepubertal and adult mouse ovaries or frozen–thawed prepubertal mouse ovaries were cultured individually in microdrops under oil for 12 days. Each day, two perpendicular diameters of the follicles were measured. From day-3 to day-12 of culture, culture medium was collected and preserved for determination of inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and estradiol levels. At the end of the culture, after maturation, the status of the oocyte was evaluated. Follicular growth and their individual hormone production did not always correlate. Inhibin B was never secreted from follicles of less than 200 μm diameter, whether the follicles were examined when fresh or after freezing–thawing. Estradiol secretion was never observed in frozen–thawed follicles. AMH was mainly secreted between day-3 and day-9. Despite similar morphological aspects at the start of culture, follicles selected for in vitro folliculogenesis were found to be heterogeneous and differed in their ability to grow and to produce hormones, even if they had similar growth curves. Follicles from frozen–thawed ovaries developed slowly and produced fewer hormones than freshly collected follicles.
A SOLUTION METHOD FOR LINEAR RATIONAL EXPECTATION MODELS UNDER IMPERFECT INFORMATION
Authors: Shibayama Katsuyuki
Published: May 2011

This article presents a solution algorithm for linear rational expectation models under imperfect information, in which some decisions are made based on smaller information sets than others. In our solution representation, imperfect information does not affect the coefficients on crawling variables, which implies that, if a perfect-information model exhibits saddle-path stability, for example, the corresponding imperfect-information models also exhibit saddle-path stability. However, imperfect information can significantly alter the quantitative properties of a model. Indeed, this article demonstrates that, with a predetermined wage contract, the standard RBC model remarkably improves the correlation between labor productivity and output.
Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual language use
Authors: BHATT RAKESH M. , BOLONYAI AGNES
Published: May 2011

In this article, we provide a framework of bilingual grammar that offers a theoretical understanding of the socio-cognitive bases of code-switching in terms of five general principles that, individually or through interaction with each other, explain how and why specific instances of code-switching arise. We provide cross-linguistic empirical evidence to claim that these general sociolinguistic principles, stated as socio-cognitive constraints on code-switching, characterize multi-linguistic competence in so far as they are able to show how “local” functions of code-switching arise as specific instantiations of these “global” principles, or (products of) their interactions.
Food shopping habits, physical activity and health-related indicators among adults aged ≥70 years
Authors: Thompson Janice L , Bentley Georgina , Davis Mark , Coulson Jo , Stathi Afroditi , Fox Kenneth R
Published: May 2011

Objective

To investigate the food shopping habits of older adults in the UK and explore their potential associations with selected health-related indicators.

Design

A cross-sectional study including objectively measured physical activity levels, BMI, physical function and self-reported health status and dietary intake.

Setting

Bristol, UK.

Subjects

A total of 240 older adults aged ≥70 years living independently.

Results

Mean age was 78·1 (sd 5·7) years; 66·7 % were overweight or obese and 4 % were underweight. Most (80·0 %) carried out their own food shopping; 53·3 % shopped at least once weekly. Women were more likely to shop alone (P < 0·001) and men more likely to shop with their spouse (P < 0·001). Men were more likely than women to drive to food shopping (P < 0·001), with women more likely to take the bus or be driven (P < 0·001). Most reported ease in purchasing fruit and vegetables (72·9 %) and low-fat products (67·5 %); 19·2 % reported low fibre intakes and 16·2 % reported high fat intakes. Higher levels of physical function and physical activity and better general health were significantly correlated with the ease of purchasing fresh fruit, vegetables and low-fat products. Shopping more often was associated with higher fat intake (P = 0·03); higher levels of deprivation were associated with lower fibre intake (P = 0·019).

Conclusions

These findings suggest a pattern of food shopping carried out primarily by car at least once weekly at large supermarket chains, with most finding high-quality fruit, vegetables and low-fat products easily accessible. Higher levels of physical function and physical activity and better self-reported health are important in supporting food shopping and maintaining independence.
Quality indicators for passport data in ex situ genebanks
Authors: van Hintum Theo , Menting Frank , van Strien Elisabeth
Published: May 2011

Given the increasing importance of data quality for the ex situ conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR), an indicator was created that quantifies the level of completeness of passport data. This passport data completeness index (PDCI) uses the presence or absence of data points in the documentation of a genebank accession, taking into account the presence or value of other data points. For example, a wild accession should have a well-defined collection site but no variety name. Any type of accession, wild, landrace, breeding material or modern variety, can attain a maximal score of ten for this index. The applicability of this index was tested on the complete contents of EURISCO, the European catalogue of ex situ maintained PGR containing over one million records. Analysis of the PDCI of the material in EURISCO provided valuable insight in the data quality of European collections. The PDCI can be used to identify datasets that might need additional attention and improvement or datasets that need more careful interpretation than others.
Determinants of branded prescription medicine prices in OECD countries
Authors: Kanavos Panos G. , Vandoros Sotiris
Published: May 2011

This paper investigates the determinants of the prices of branded prescription medicines across different regulatory settings and health care systems, taking into account their launch date, patent status, market dynamics and the regulatory context in which they diffuse. By using volume-weighted price indices, this paper analyzes price levels for a basket of prescription medicines and their differences in 15 OECD countries, including the United States and key European countries, the impact of distribution margins and generic entry on public prices and to what extent innovation, by means of introducing newer classes of medicines, contributes to price formation across countries. In doing so, the paper seeks to understand the factors that contribute to the existing differences in prices across countries, whether at an ex-factory or a retail level. The evidence shows that retail prices for branded prescription medicines in the United States are higher than those in key European and other OECD countries, but not as high as widely thought. Large differences in prices are mainly observed at an ex-factory level, but these are not the prices that consumers and payers pay. Cross-country differences in retail prices are actually not as high as expected and, when controlling for exchange rates, these differences can be even smaller. Product age has a significant effect on prices in all settings after having controlled for other factors. Price convergence is observed across countries for newer prescription medicines compared with older medicines. There is no evidence that originator brand prices fall after generic entry in the United States, a phenomenon known as the ‘generics paradox’. Finally, distribution and taxes are important determinants of retail prices in several of the study countries. To the extent that remuneration of the distribution chain and taxation are directly and proportionately linked to product prices this is likely to persist over time.
Spontanhämatome bei isoliert erhöhter aPTT
Authors: Heimgartner  , Oestmann  , Keller  , Rüsges-Wolter
Published: May 2011

Wir berichten über eine 64-jährige Patientin mit Spontanhämatomen. Eine Blutungsneigung war bisher nicht bekannt. Die Gerinnungsabklärung ergab eine isoliert verlängerte aPTT. Als Ursache konnte ein Inhibitor gegen Faktor VIII ohne fassbare Ursache (idiopathische Hemmkörperhämophilie) gefunden werden. Unter der Therapie mit Steroiden und Cyclophosphamid konnte eine partielle Remission erzielt werden.
Die Neuroborreliose - eine Erkrankung mit vielen Gesichtern
Authors: Czell  , Rodic  , Imoberdorf
Published: May 2011

Die Borreliose spielt in der Schweiz eine grosse Rolle und ist in den letzten Jahren teilweise auch eine Art «Modediagnose» für unklare Fälle geworden. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit versuchen wir, ein wenig mehr Klarheit zu schaffen und einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Diagnostik und Therapie der Neuroborreliose zu geben. Die Grundpfeiler der Diagnostik sind die typische Anamnese und die Lumbalpunktion mit Bestimmung der entsprechenden Antikörper. Bei der Therapie stehen vor allem die intravenöse Gabe von Ceftriaxon und das für die ambulante Therapie besser geeignete perorale Doxycyclin zur Verfügung. Zur Veranschaulichung des theoretischen Teils werden zwei Patienten mit Neuroborreliose, die in unserer Klinik behandelt wurden, vorgestellt.
Kognitive Störungen, Gangataxie und Blickparese bei einem Patienten mit chronischem Alkoholabusus
Authors: Niemann  , Erb  , Ott
Published: May 2011

Die Wernicke-Enzephalopathie ist eine akute neurologische Erkrankung, welche durch einen Vitamin-B1-Mangel verursacht wird und ohne prompte Therapie eine beträchtliche Morbidität und Mortalität hat. Anhand eines Fallberichtes wird auf die für eine radiologische Diagnostik wichtigen und typischen Signalveränderungen in der MRT ausführlich eingegangen.
Orthostatische Kopfschmerzen und Tachykardie
Authors: Mathys  , Beiser  , Maurer  , Humm
Published: May 2011

Wir berichten von einem 17-jährigen Patienten, der seit einigen Monaten unter orthostatischen (nur in aufrechter Position auftretenden) Kopfschmerzen litt. Die Zusatzuntersuchungen (MRI Schädel, MRI spinal, Lumbalpunktion) ergaben keine Hinweise auf eine intrakranielle Hypotension oder ein Liquorleck. Im Schellong-Test kam es im Stehen zu einem exzessiven Pulsanstieg ohne Blutdruckabfall, begleitet von bilateralen Kopfschmerzen. Es wurde die Diagnose eines posturalen Tachykardie-Syndroms gestellt. Die therapeutischen Massnahmen mit erhöhter Flüssigkeits- und Salzzufuhr, Tragen von Kompressionsstrümpfen sowie Ausdauertraining führten innert Wochen zu einer deutlichen Besserung.
A multispecies tree ring reconstruction of Potomac River streamflow (950–2001)
Authors: Maxwell R. Stockton , Hessl Amy E. , Cook Edward R. , Pederson Neil
Published: May 2011

Mean May–September Potomac River streamflow was reconstructed from 950–2001 using a network of tree ring chronologies (n = 27) representing multiple species. We chose a nested principal components reconstruction method to maximize use of available chronologies backward in time. Explained variance during the period of calibration ranged from 20% to 53% depending on the number and species of chronologies available in each 25 year time step. The model was verified by two goodness of fit tests, the coefficient of efficiency (CE) and the reduction of error statistic (RE). The RE and CE never fell below zero, suggesting the model had explanatory power over the entire period of reconstruction. Beta weights indicated a loss of explained variance during the 1550–1700 period that we hypothesize was caused by the reduction in total number of predictor chronologies and loss of important predictor species. Thus, the reconstruction is strongest from 1700–2001. Frequency, intensity, and duration of drought and pluvial events were examined to aid water resource managers. We found that the instrumental period did not represent adequately the full range of annual to multidecadal variability present in the reconstruction. Our reconstruction of mean May–September Potomac River streamflow was a significant improvement over the Cook and Jacoby (1983) reconstruction because it expanded the seasonal window, lengthened the record by 780 years, and better replicated the mean and variance of the instrumental record. By capitalizing on variable phenologies and tree growth responses to climate, multispecies reconstructions may provide significantly more information about past hydroclimate, especially in regions with low aridity and high tree species diversity.
Training a New Scientist to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Environment
Authors: LeDee Olivia E. , Barnes Rebecca T. , Emanuel Ryan , Fisher P. Brian , Henkel Sarah K. , Marlon Jennifer R.
Published: May 2011

The transboundary nature of global environmental change demands collaborative, multiscale, interdisciplinary research [U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 2005]. This requires “a new kind of scientist” [Schmidt and Moyer, 2008]; collaborators must develop both sufficient understanding of one another's work and the skills to integrate data sets and expertise. Although numerous interdisciplinary academic programs have emerged to address this demand, success varies widely. While many address cultural and financial impediments to interdisciplinary research [Weingart, 2000; Rhoten, 2004], there is little discussion of the skills that facilitate interdisciplinary scholarship and how to obtain them.
Applying Geodesy to Hydrologic Cycle Monitoring
Authors: Plag Hans‐Peter , Miller Norman L.
Published: May 2011

IGCP 565 Workshop 3: Separating Hydrological and Tectonic Signals in Geodetic Observations; Reno, Nevada, 11–13 October 2010; The third International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) 565 workshop took place in Nevada. There were 57 participants from 11 countries representing universities, national laboratories, and government agencies. A series of plenary presentations was followed by breakout sessions addressing topics that included the advances needed to improve modeling algorithms for applications of geodesy to hydrology, working with the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Water Cycle Community of Practice, and developing a hydrogeodetic data portal. The presentations and discussions underlined the added value in applying geodesy to support hydrologic cycle monitoring and modeling, especially terrestrial water storage. However, before the full benefits of the emerging field of hydrogeodesy become exploitable, there is a need to reduce model uncertainty through validation with point to basin observations; to increase consistency in processing and modeling displacement, gravity variations, and hydrologic processes; and to develop new technologies that merge scale mismatches. Improving accuracy and stability of the geodetic reference frames will extend the applicability of geodesy to hydrologic problems. In tectonically active areas, joint interpretation of tectonic and hydrologic signals is required. Ground truth networks are needed at a higher density and with quality control protocols that ensure accuracy.
AGU Fellows Elected for 2011
Authors: Anonymous
Published: May 2011

The Union Fellows Selection Committee met in Washington on 29 March 2011 to review candidates nominated in 2010 for the Class of 2011. The first class of AGU Fellows was elected in 1962 with the sole criteria defined as Eminence in Geophysics. AGU bylaws require that the size of the Fellows class be limited to no more than 0.1% of the total AGU membership. The following new Fellows will be recognized during the AGU Fall Meeting in December.
Research Spotlight: First images of Earth's plasma sheet
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: May 2011

New images from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission capture for the first time part of Earth's magnetosphere. The new observations, described byMcComas et al., provide the first images of the extended terrestrial plasma sheet, the sheet separating the north and south lobes of the magnetosphere. The plasma sheet cannot be seen in images in visible light; the IBEX images were created using detections of energetic neutral atoms. One of the images captured what appears to be a magnetic disconnection event, in which magnetic field lines tear and part of the plasma sheet pinches off from the rest. These types of disconnections release energy and can cause charged particles to be accelerated toward Earth, potentially disrupting satellites. This is the first time that a plasma sheet disconnection event may have been directly seen. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Space Physics, doi:10.1029/2010JA016138, 2011)
Research Spotlight: What can opals tell us about past climate?
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: May 2011

New insight into the mechanisms that caused Earth's glacial periods to abruptly end could come from opal accumulations in sediment cores. Previous studies have shown that the most recent glacial period ended when the Southern Hemisphere's westerly winds intensified and shifted southward; this change in the winds led to increased upwelling that stirred up carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean, leading to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and warming through the greenhouse effect. The upwelled water from the Southern Ocean also would have traveled to the equatorial zones, where the added nutrient‐rich water would have enabled increased production of opal shells by diatoms. These opal shells would accumulate in the sediment. (Paleoceanography, doi:10.1029/2010PA002008, 2011)
Formation dynamics of subsurface hydrocarbon intrusions following the Deepwater Horizon blowout
Authors: Socolofsky Scott A. , Adams E. Eric , Sherwood Christopher R.
Published: May 2011

Hydrocarbons released following the Deepwater Horizon (DH) blowout were found in deep, subsurface horizontal intrusions, yet there has been little discussion about how these intrusions formed. We have combined measured (or estimated) observations from the DH release with empirical relationships developed from previous lab experiments to identify the mechanisms responsible for intrusion formation and to characterize the DH plume. Results indicate that the intrusions originate from a stratification‐dominated multiphase plume characterized by multiple subsurface intrusions containing dissolved gas and oil along with small droplets of liquid oil. Unlike earlier lab measurements, where the potential density in ambient water decreased linearly with elevation, at the DH site it varied quadratically. We have modified our method for estimating intrusion elevation under these conditions and the resulting estimates agree with observations that the majority of the hydrocarbons were found between 800 and 1200 m.
Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging of resting-state cerebral blood flow in preclinical Huntington's disease
Authors: Wolf Robert C , Grön Georg , Sambataro Fabio , Vasic Nenad , Wolf Nadine D , Thomann Philipp A , Saft Carsten , Landwehrmeyer G Bernhard , Orth Michael
Published: May 2011

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain could be a powerful tool for discovering early biomarkers in clinically presymptomatic carriers of the Huntington's disease gene mutation (preHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of resting-state perfusion MRI in preHD and to identify neural changes, which could serve as biomarkers for future clinical trials. Differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 18 preHD and 18 controls were assessed with a novel MRI method based on perfusion images obtained with continuous arterial spin labeling. High-resolution structural data were collected to test for changes of brain volume. Compared with controls, preHD individuals showed decreased rCBF in medial and lateral prefrontal regions and increased rCBF in the precuneus. PreHD near to symptom onset additionally showed decreased rCBF in the putamen and increased rCBF in the hippocampus. Network analyses revealed an abnormal lateral prefrontal pattern in preHD far and near to motor onset. These data suggest early changes of frontostriatal baseline perfusion in preHD independent of substantial reductions of gray matter volume. This study also shows the feasibility of detecting neural changes in preHD with a robust MRI technique that would be suitable for longitudinal multisite application.
Influence of 100% and 40% Oxygen on Penumbral Blood Flow, Oxygen Level, and T*2-Weighted MRI in a Rat Stroke Model
Authors: Baskerville Tracey A , Deuchar Graeme A , McCabe Christopher , Robertson Craig A , Holmes William M , Santosh Celestine , Macrae I Mhairi
Published: May 2011

Accurate imaging of the ischemic penumbra is a prerequisite for acute clinical stroke research. T*2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with an oxygen challenge (OC) is being developed to detect penumbra based on changes in blood deoxyhemoglobin. However, inducing OC with 100% O2 induces sinus artefacts on human scans and influences cerebral blood flow (CBF), which can affect T*2 signal. Therefore, we investigated replacing 100% O2 OC with 40% O2 OC (5 minutes 40% O2 versus 100% O2) and determined the effects on blood pressure (BP), CBF, tissue pO2, and T*2 signal change in presumed penumbra in a rat stroke model. Probes implanted into penumbra and contralateral cortex simultaneously recorded pO2 and CBF during 40% O2 ( n = 6) or 100% O2 ( n = 8) OC. In a separate MRI study, T*2 signal change to 40% O2 ( n = 6) and 100% O2 ( n = 5) OC was compared. Oxygen challenge (40% and 100% O2) increased BP by 8.2% and 18.1%, penumbra CBF by 5% and 15%, and penumbra pO2 levels by 80% and 144%, respectively. T*2 signal significantly increased by 4.56% ± 1.61% and 8.65% ± 3.66% in penumbra compared with 2.98% ± 1.56% and 2.79% ± 0.66% in contralateral cortex and 1.09% ± 0.82% and −0.32% ± 0.67% in ischemic core, respectively. For diagnostic imaging, 40% O2 OC could provide sufficient T*2 signal change to detect penumbra with limited influence in BP and CBF.
Lack of association between ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and elite artistic gymnastic performance of Italian gymnasts
Authors: Massidda Myosotis , Vona Giuseppe , Calò Carla M.
Published: May 2011

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism is the most studied genetic marker in the field of human performance. There is a continuing debate in the literature regarding the possible association of ACE genotypes and elite athletic status. In fact, despite recent studies having identified no significant associations in athletes from mixed sporting disciplines, other researchers suggest that the insertion (I) variant may be associated with elite endurance performance, and the deletion (D) variant can be over‐represented among elite sprinters. The purpose of the present study was to determine, for the first time, the association between the ACE genotypes and sprint athlete status among elite Italian gymnasts. To test this hypothesis, we assessed 33 elite Italian gymnasts (17 males, 16 females) and a control group of 53 (31 males, 22 females) unrelated sedentary individuals. DNA was extracted from each participant using a buccal swab and the ACE I/D polymorphism was determined using PCR while different amplified fragments were detected by electrophoresis using agarose gel and ethidium bromide staining. The ACE genotypes and allele frequencies among gymnasts (DD, ID, II=0.39, 0.48, 0.12, respectively; D allele=0.64) were not significantly different from those of Italian sedentary controls (DD, ID, II=0.39, 0.45, 0.15, respectively; D allele=0.62). However, the frequencies of our control group were similar to those observed in a sample of Italian sedentary individuals, and different to those of the general Caucasian population reported by other authors. Furthermore, the frequencies of our control group did not differ from those reported in other association studies involving elite sprint athletes. Our results suggest a lack of association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and elite gymnastics performance in Italians.
Effect of 12 weeks of training on critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state in swimmers
Authors: Machado Marcus V. , Júnior Orival A. , Marques Alessandro C. , Colantonio Emilson , Cyrino Edilson S. , De Mello Marco Tulio
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of training on the critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state of elite swimmers. The tests to determine critical velocity and maximal lactate steady state were performed before and after 12 weeks of training. Critical velocity after 12 weeks of training was significantly higher than before training (1.45±0.10 m · s−1 vs. 1.41±0.11 m · s−1). In contrast, no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training (1.41±0.10 m · s−1 vs. 1.43±0.10 m · s−1). There was also a decrease in mean lactate concentration after 12 weeks of training. Before training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 100% of critical velocity, with a mean lactate concentration of 4.34 mmol · l−1. After training, the velocity at maximal lactate steady state occurred at 98% of critical velocity, with a reduced mean lactate concentration of 3.69 mmol · l−1. Based on these results, it would appear that 12 weeks of training was enough to promote an increase in critical velocity. Although no significant differences in the velocity at maximal lactate steady state were observed before and after training, the decrease in mean lactate concentration after training demonstrated greater efficiency of the aerobic system, leading to less wear during the tests.
Central regulation of physical fatigue via mirror visual feedback
Authors: Tsutsumi Ken , Tanaka Masaaki , Shigihara Yoshihito , Watanabe Yasuyoshi
Published: May 2011

Central fatigue refers to a progressive decline in the ability to activate muscles voluntarily. Although fatigue‐related inhibitory input to the motor cortex from group III and IV afferents that carry sensory information is thought to contribute to the fatigue‐related changes in the motor cortex, other sites effectively driving the motor cortex during physical fatigue have not been identified. Contribution of a mirror visual feedback system to regulate physical fatigue was examined. The study group consisted of 12 healthy participants who performed 60 repetitive left handgrips at maximal voluntary contraction every 1 s as a fatigue‐inducing physical task session. Before and after the session, left and right handgrip forces were measured for fatigue evaluation. After the fatigue‐inducing task session, handgrip forces of the right and left hands were reduced. Although there was no difference in the reduced level of the handgrip force of the right hand between the sessions with and without a Ramachandran's mirror box, that of the left hand was attenuated by watching the mirror of the mirror box. A mirror visual feedback system is involved in the mechanisms regulating physical fatigue.
PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism and elite athlete status
Authors: Eynon Nir , Alves Alberto J. , Yamin Chen , Meckel Yoav
Published: May 2011

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this study was to test for a possible association between the PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism (rs135539) and the attainment of elite athlete status. In total, 155 Israeli athletes (119 males, 36 females) and 240 healthy controls (170 males, 70 females) participated in the study. The group of athletes consisted of endurance athletes (n=74) and sprinters (n=81). Genotyping was performed using PCR‐RFLP on DNA from leucocytes. Results showed that genotype distribution and allele frequencies were similar (P=0.65 for genotypes and P=0.48 for allele frequency) for the endurance athletes (allele frequency A/C 0.7/0.3), sprinters (allele frequency A/C 0.66/0.34), and controls (allele frequency A/C 0.71/0.29). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the sub‐groups of elite endurance athletes (those who had represented Israel in world track‐and‐field championships or in the Olympic Games) and national‐level endurance athletes (P=0.44 for genotypes and P=0.96 for allele frequency), or between elite and national‐level sprinters (P=0.57 for genotypes and P=0.40 for allele frequency). In conclusion, we observed no differences in genotype distribution or allele frequencies across PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism between endurance athletes, sprinters, and controls. Further research is needed in other ethnic groups to verify these results.
Acute effects of endurance exercise on jumping and kicking performance in top‐class young soccer players
Authors: Juárez Daniel , López de Subijana Cristina , Mallo Javier , Navarro Enrique
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of endurance exercise on jumping and kicking performance in young soccer players. Twenty‐one top‐class young soccer players (16.1±0.2 years) performed a countermovement jump test and a maximal instep soccer kick test before and after running for 20 min on a treadmill at 80% of their individual maximum heart rate. Two force platforms were used to obtain the following parameters during the countermovement jump: jump height, maximum power, maximum power relative to body mass, maximum vertical ground reaction force, maximum vertical ground reaction force relative to body mass, and maximum vertical ground reaction force applied to each leg. Maximum vertical ground reaction force and maximum vertical ground reaction force relative to body mass applied to the support leg during the kicks were also calculated with a force platform. The kicking motion was recorded using a three‐dimensional motion‐capture system. Maximum velocity of the ball, maximum linear velocity of the toe, ankle, knee and hip, and linear velocity of the toe at ball contact during the kicks were calculated. Non‐significant differences were found in the parameters measured during the countermovement jump and the maximal instep soccer kick test before and after running, suggesting that the jumping and kicking performances of top‐class young soccer players were not significantly affected after 20 min treadmill running at 80% of their individual maximum heart rate.
Event-Based Prospective Remembering in a Virtual World
Authors: Trawley Steven L. , Law Anna S. , Logie Robert H.
Published: May 2011

Most laboratory-based prospective memory (PM) paradigms pose problems that are very different from those encountered in the real world. Several PM studies have reported conflicting results when comparing laboratory- with naturalistic-based studies (e.g., Bailey, Henry, Rendell, Phillips, & Kliegel, 2010). One key contrast is that for the former, how and when the PM cue is encountered typically is determined by the experimenter, whereas in the latter case, cue availability is determined by participant actions. However, participant-driven access to the cue has not been examined in laboratory studies focused on healthy young adults, and its relationship with planned intentions is poorly understood. Here we report a study of PM performance in a controlled, laboratory setting, but with participant-driven actions leading to the availability of the PM cue. This uses a novel PM methodology based upon analysis of participant movements as they attempted a series of errands in a large virtual building on the computer screen. A PM failure was identified as a situation in which a participant entered and exited the “cue” area outside an errand related room without performing the required errand whilst still successfully remembering that errand post test. Additional individual difference measures assessed retrospective and working memory capacity, planning ability and PM. Multiple regression analysis showed that the independent measures of verbal working memory span, planning ability, and PM were significant predictors of PM failure. Correlational analyses with measures of planning suggest that sticking with an original plan (good or bad) is related to better overall PM performance.
Homophonic Context Effects when Naming Japanese Kanji: Evidence for Processing Costs?
Authors: Verdonschot Rinus G. , La Heij Wido , Paolieri Daniela , Zhang QingFang , Schiller Niels O.
Published: May 2011

The current study investigated the effects of phonologically related context pictures on the naming latencies of target words in Japanese and Chinese. Reading bare words in alphabetic languages has been shown to be rather immune to effects of context stimuli, even when these stimuli are presented in advance of the target word (e.g., Glaser & Düngelhoff, 1984; Roelofs, 2003). However, recently, semantic context effects of distractor pictures on the naming latencies of Japanese kanji (but not Chinese hànzì) words have been observed (Verdonschot, La Heij, & Schiller, 2010). In the present study, we further investigated this issue using phonologically related (i.e., homophonic) context pictures when naming target words in either Chinese or Japanese. We found that pronouncing bare nouns in Japanese is sensitive to phonologically related context pictures, whereas this is not the case in Chinese. The difference between these two languages is attributed to processing costs caused by multiple pronunciations for Japanese kanji.
Plasma models for real-time control of advanced tokamak scenarios
Authors: Moreau D. , Mazon D. , Walker M.L. , Ferron J.R. , Burrell K.H. , Flanagan S.M. , Gohil P. , Groebner R.J. , Hyatt A.W. , La Haye R.J. , Lohr J. , Turco F. , Schuster E. , Ou Y. , Xu C. , Takase Y. , Sakamoto Y. , Ide S. , Suzuki T.
Published: May 2011

An integrated plasma profile control strategy, ARTAEMIS, is being developed for extrapolating present-day advanced tokamak (AT) scenarios to steady-state operation. The approach is based on semi-empirical modelling and was initially explored on JET (Moreau et al
2008 Nucl. Fusion
48 106001). This paper deals with the general applicability of this strategy for simultaneous magnetic and kinetic control on various tokamaks. The determination of the device-specific, control-oriented models that are needed to compute optimal controller matrices for a given operation scenario is discussed. The methodology is generic and can be applied to any device, with different sets of heating and current drive actuators, controlled variables and profiles. The system identification algorithms take advantage of the large ratio between the magnetic and thermal diffusion time scales and have been recently applied to both JT-60U and DIII-D data. On JT-60U, an existing series of high bootstrap current (∼70%), 0.9 MA non-inductive AT discharges was used. The actuators consisted of four groups of neutral beam injectors aimed at perpendicular injection (on-axis and off-axis), and co-current tangential injection (also on-axis and off-axis). On DIII-D, dedicated system identification experiments were carried out in the loop voltage (V
ext) control mode (as opposed to current control) to avoid feedback in the response data from the primary circuit. The reference plasma state was that of a 0.9 MA AT scenario which had been optimized to combine non-inductive current fractions near unity with 3.5 < βN < 3.9, bootstrap current fractions larger than 65% and H
98(y,2) = 1.5. Actuators other than V
ext were co-current, counter-current and balanced neutral beam injection, and electron cyclotron current drive. Power and loop voltage modulations resulted in dynamic variations of the plasma current between 0.7 and 1.2 MA. It is concluded that the response of essential plasma parameter profiles to specific actuators of a given device can be satisfactorily identified from a small set of experiments. This provides, for control purposes, a readily available alternative to first-principles plasma modelling.
Destabilization of beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes in the HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Chen W. , Ding X.T. , Liu Yi. , Yang Q.W. , Ji X.Q. , Yuan G.L. , Zhang Y.P. , Isobe M. , Dong Y.B. , Huang Y. , Zhou J. , Zhou Y. , Li W. , Feng B.B. , Song X.M. , Dong J.Q. , Shi Z.B. , Duan X.R.
Published: May 2011

Beta-induced Alfvén eigenmode (BAE) during a strong tearing mode activity (termed as m-BAE) has been observed and investigated in HL-2A. BAE excited by energetic electrons (termed as e-BAE) has been identified both in the Ohmic and ECRH plasma. The hard x-ray spectrum detected by cadmium telluride and the non-thermal radiation measured by electron cyclotron emission are used to analyse the behaviour of the energetic electrons. Experimental results show that the e-BAE is related not only to the populations of the energetic electrons, but also their energy distribution. An interesting result about the BAEs modulated by a supersonic molecular beam and gas puffing is presented. In addition, BAEs during a sawtooth cycle are described in this paper. To assess the identification of the e-BAE and m-BAE, the generalized fishbone-like dispersion relation and magnetic-island-induced BAE dispersion relation are solved near marginal stability, respectively. Compared with experimental results, the calculation analysis shows that the observed frequencies are all close to the theoretical results.