bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epratuzumab modulates B‐cell signaling without affecting B‐cell numbers or B‐cell functions in a mouse model with humanized CD22
Authors: Özgör Lamia , Brandl Carolin , Shock Anthony , Nitschke Lars
Published: June 2016

Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with epratuzumab (Emab), a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD22, leads to moderately reduced B‐cell numbers but does not completely deplete B cells. Emab appears to induce immunomodulation of B cells, but the exact mode of action has not been defined. In the present study, we aimed to understand the effects of Emab on B cells using a humanized mouse model (Huki CD22), in which the B cells express human instead of murine CD22. Emab administration to Huki CD22 mice results in rapid and long‐lasting CD22 internalization. There was no influence on B‐cell turnover, but B‐cell apoptosis ex vivo was increased. Emab administration to Huki CD22 mice had no effect on B‐cell numbers in several lymphatic organs, nor in blood. In vitro exposure of B cells from Huki CD22 mice to Emab resulted in decreased B‐cell receptor (BCR) induced Ca2+ mobilization, whereas B‐cell proliferation after Toll‐like receptor (TLR) stimulation was not affected. In addition, IL‐10 production was slightly increased after TLR and anti‐CD40 stimulation, whereas IL‐6 production was unchanged. In conclusion, Emab appears to inhibit BCR signaling in a CD22‐dependent fashion without strong influence on B‐cell development and B‐cell populations.
The Mechanical Behavior During (De)lithiation of Coated Silicon Nanoparticles as Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries Studied By In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Van Havenbergh Kristof , Turner Stuart , Marx Nicolas , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: June 2016

One approach to cope with the continuous irreversible capacity loss in Si‐based electrodes, attributed to lithiation‐induced volume changes and the formation of a solid–electrolyte interface (SEI), is by coating silicon nanoparticles. A coating can improve the conductivity of the electrode, form a chemical shield against the electrolyte, or provide mechanical confinement to reduce the volume increase. The influence of such a coating on the mechanical behavior of silicon nanoparticles during Li insertion and Li extraction was investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The type of coating was shown to influence the size of the unreacted core that remains after reaction of silicon with lithium. Furthermore, two mechanisms to relieve the stress generated during volume expansion are reported: the initiation of cracks and the formation of nanovoids. Both result in a full reaction of the silicon nanoparticles, whereas with the formation of cracks, additional surface area is created, on which an SEI can be formed.
Behavior of rigid blocks with geometrical defects under seismic motion: an experimental and numerical study
Authors: Mathey Charlie , Feau Cyril , Politopoulos Ioannis , Clair David , Baillet Laurent , Fogli Michel
Published: June 2016

The present work investigates the influence of small geometrical defects on the behavior of slender rigid blocks. A comprehensive experimental campaign was carried out on one of the shake tables of CEA/Saclay in France. The tested model was a massive steel block with standard manufacturing quality. Release, free oscillations tests as well as shake table tests revealed a non‐negligible out‐of‐plane motion even in the case of apparently plane initial conditions or excitations. This motion exhibits a highly reproducible part for a short duration that was used to calibrate a numerical geometrically asymmetrical model. The stability of this model when subjected to 2000 artificial seismic horizontal bidirectional signals was compared with the stability of a symmetrical one. This study showed that the geometrical imperfections slightly increase the rocking and overturning probabilities for earthquake signals in a narrow range of peak ground acceleration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep Patterns Before and After Weight Restoration in Females with Anorexia Nervosa: A Longitudinal Controlled Study
Authors: El Ghoch Marwan , Calugi Simona , Bernabè Jasmine , Pellegrini Massimo , Milanese Chiara , Chignola Elisa , Dalle Grave Riccardo
Published: June 2016

Objective

To assess sleep patterns in female patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight restoration.

Methods

Sleep patterns were measured objectively using a Sense Wear Armband before and after weight restoration in 50 female patients with anorexia nervosa, and in 25 healthy females.

Results

At baseline, patients with anorexia nervosa exhibited lower total sleep time and sleep onset latency than controls, the former apparently associated with baseline BMI, duration of illness and age. However, after weight restoration, total sleep time and sleep onset latency were similar to controls, despite the persistence of longer periods of wake after sleep onset.

Discussion

In patients with anorexia nervosa, total sleep time and sleep onset latency appears to be reduced. This sleep disturbance seems to be influenced by the duration and severity of malnutrition, and appears to normalize with weight restoration. Even though a discontinuous sleep pattern seems to persist, this finding should be discussed with patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Influence maximization by probing partial communities in dynamic online social networks
Authors: Han Meng , Yan Mingyuan , Cai Zhipeng , Li Yingshu , Cai Xingquan , Yu Jiguo
Published: June 2016

With the rapid development of online social networks, exploring influence maximization for product publicity and advertisement marketing has attracted strong interests from both academia and industry. However, because of the continuous change of network topology, updating the variation of an entire network moment by moment is resource intensive and often insurmountable. On the other hand, the classical influence maximization models Independent Cascade and Linear Threshold together with their derived varieties are all computationally intensive. Thus, developing a solution for dynamic networks with lower cost and higher accuracy is in an urgent necessity. In this paper, a practical framework is proposed by only probing partial communities to explore the real changes of a network. Our framework minimizes the possible difference between the observed topology and the real network through several representative communities. Based on the framework, an algorithm that takes full advantage of our divide‐and‐conquer strategy, which reduces the computational overhead, is proposed. The systemically theoretical analysis shows that the proposed effective algorithm could achieve provable approximation guarantees. Empirical studies on synthetic and real large‐scale social networks demonstrate that our framework has better practicality compared with most existing works and provides a regulatory mechanism for enhancing influence maximization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear mesh network planning for power transmission line management
Authors: Passos Diego , Rolim e Souza Felipe , Albuquerque Célio
Published: June 2016

Power transmission line management presents unique challenges, and a smart grid approach could effectively reduce costs and improve reliability. For years, wireless mesh networks have been studied because of their capability of providing good performance with low deployment cost even in environments with scarce communication infrastructure. Because of these characteristics, the employment of wireless mesh networks as a communication infrastructure for monitoring power transmission lines has gained popularity. While mesh networks allow organic growth, for this application, an a priori network planning is mandatory to ensure the required levels of performance and fault tolerance while maintaining deployment costs within a specified budget. This paper studies the problem of wireless mesh network planning in that environment, that is, how to deploy a minimum number of wireless mesh nodes along a power transmission line (or any linear system) so that coverage and connectivity constraints are met. We show that the linearity of power transmission lines and the large distances between towers result in networks with very particular characteristics and that previous proposals found in the literature cannot be readily adapted for these scenarios. We then propose both an integer programming model and a polynomial‐time heuristic for this particular version of the planning problem. Our evaluation shows that the proposed heuristic is able to closely match the optimal results obtained with the integer programming model while being more scalable and easily allowing the addition of more constraints that can be useful in practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic impact of brief electrical nerve stimulation on the neural immune axis—polarization of macrophages toward a pro‐repair phenotype in demyelinated peripheral nerve
Authors: MLean Nikki A. , Verge Valerie M. K.
Published: June 2016

Demyelinating peripheral nerves are infiltrated by cells of the monocyte lineage, including macrophages, which are highly plastic, existing on a continuum from pro‐inflammatory M1 to pro‐repair M2 phenotypic states. Whether one can therapeutically manipulate demyelinated peripheral nerves to promote a pro‐repair M2 phenotype remains to be elucidated. We previously identified brief electrical nerve stimulation (ES) as therapeutically beneficial for remyelination, benefits which include accelerated clearance of macrophages, making us theorize that ES alters the local immune response. Thus, the impact of ES on the immune microenvironment in the zone of demyelination was examined. Adult male rat tibial nerves were focally demyelinated via 1% lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) injection. Five days later, half underwent 1 hour 20 Hz sciatic nerve ES proximal to the LPC injection site. ES had a remarkable and significant impact, shifting the macrophage phenotype from predominantly pro‐inflammatory/M1 toward a predominantly pro‐repair/M2 one, as evidenced by an increased incidence of expression of M2‐associated phenotypic markers in identified macrophages and a decrease in M1‐associated marker expression. This was discernible at 3 days post‐ES (8 days post‐LPC) and continued at the 5 day post‐ES (10 days post‐LPC) time point examined. ES also affected chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2; aka MCP‐1) expression in a manner that correlated with increases and decreases in macrophage numbers observed in the demyelination zone. The data establish that briefly increasing neuronal activity favorably alters the immune microenvironment in demyelinated nerve, rapidly polarizing macrophages toward a pro‐repair phenotype, a beneficial therapeutic concept that may extend to other pathologies. GLIA 2016;64:1546–1561
Partnership in/as/for Literacies
Authors: Zenkov Kristien , Bertrand Shamaine , Clark Ellen , Taylor Laurel , Newman Kerry , Sciarrino Suzanne , von Topel Kirsten , Angle Dorothy , Pellegrino Anthony
Published: June 2016

Often coauthored by university‐ and school‐based educators, preservice teachers, and youths, this department column considers how literacies are best developed through context‐crossing partnerships among university, school, and community constituents.
SHBG, Sex Steroids, and Kyphosis in Older Men: The MrOS Study
Authors: Woods Gina N , Huang Mei-Hua , Cawthon Peggy M , Laughlin Gail A , Schousboe John T , McDaniels-Davidson Corinne , Cauley Jane A , Orwoll Eric , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Kado Deborah M ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group
Published: June 2016

Accentuated kyphosis is associated with adverse health outcomes, including falls and fractures. Low bone density is a risk factor for hyperkyphosis, and each vertebral fracture adds roughly 4° to forward spine curvature. Sex steroids, in particular low bioavailable estradiol and high sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), are associated with bone loss and high SHBG is associated with vertebral fractures in older men. We, therefore, hypothesized that low bioavailable estradiol and high SHBG would be associated with worse kyphosis. To test this hypothesis, we examined the cross-sectional associations between individual bioavailable sex hormones and SHBG with radiographically assessed kyphosis. Participants included 1500 men aged 65 and older from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study, in whom baseline measures of kyphosis and sex hormones were available. Modified Cobb angle of kyphosis, calculated from T4 through T12, was assessed from supine lateral spine radiographs. Serum total estradiol and total testosterone were measured by mass spectrometry, and bioavailable sex steroids were calculated from mass action equations. After adjustment for age and other confounding variables, no association was found between bioavailable estradiol or testosterone and Cobb angle, either when kyphosis was analyzed as a continuous variable or dichotomized into highest versus lower three quartiles. In linear regression models adjusted for age and clinic site, there was a significant association between SHBG and kyphosis (parameter estimate = 0.76 per SD increase, p = 0.01). In the fully adjusted model, this association was weakened and of only borderline statistical significance (parameter estimate = 0.61 per SD, p = 0.05). Logistic models demonstrated similar findings. Although associated with bone loss, we did not demonstrate that low bioavailable estradiol translates into worse kyphosis in older men. High SHBG is associated with bone loss and vertebral fractures. Our results suggest that high SHBG may also be a risk factor for hyperkyphosis. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Derivational, Structural, and Biological Studies of Some New Pyrazolyl, Isoxazolyl, Pyrimidinyl, Pyridazinyl, and Pyridopyridazinyl from 4‐Substituted Antipyrine
Authors: Fadda Ahmed A. , Rabie Ramy , Bondock Samir , Etman Hassan A.
Published: June 2016

(1,5‐Dimethyl‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)carbono‐hydrazonoyl dicyanide was used as a key intermediate for the synthesis of novel pyrazole, isoxazole, pyrimidine, and pyridazine derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and mass spectra). The compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria as (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The investigated compounds were tested against two strains of fungi Botrytis fabae and Fusarium oxysporum using diffusion agar technique. The biological results showed clearly that most of the synthesized compounds revealed mild to moderate activity against the used microorganisms.
Cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism: Key pathophysiological modulators promote neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Daulatzai Mak Adam
Published: June 2016

Aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), obesity, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, depression, and traumatic brain injury synergistically promote diverse pathological mechanisms including cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism. These risk factors trigger neuroinflammation and oxidative‐nitrosative stress that in turn decrease nitric oxide and enhance endothelin, Amyloid‐β deposition, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and blood–brain barrier disruption. Proinflammatory cytokines, endothelin‐1, and oxidative‐nitrosative stress trigger several pathological feedforward and feedback loops. These upstream factors persist in the brain for decades, upregulating amyloid and tau, before the cognitive decline. These cascades lead to neuronal Ca2+ increase, neurodegeneration, cognitive/memory decline, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, strategies are available to attenuate cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism and ameliorate cognitive decline. AD is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly. There is significant evidence that pathways involving inflammation and oxidative‐nitrosative stress (ONS) play a key pathophysiological role in promoting cognitive dysfunction. Aging and several comorbid conditions mentioned above promote diverse pathologies. These include inflammation, ONS, hypoperfusion, and hypometabolism in the brain. In AD, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and glucose hypometabolism precede decades before the cognitive decline. These comorbid disease conditions may share and synergistically activate these pathophysiological pathways. Inflammation upregulates cerebrovascular pathology through proinflammatory cytokines, endothelin‐1, and nitric oxide (NO). Inflammation‐triggered ONS promotes long‐term damage involving fatty acids, proteins, DNA, and mitochondria; these amplify and perpetuate several feedforward and feedback pathological loops. The latter includes dysfunctional energy metabolism (compromised mitochondrial ATP production), amyloid‐β generation, endothelial dysfunction, and blood–brain‐barrier disruption. These lead to decreased cerebral blood flow and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion‐ that would modulate metabolic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In essence, hypoperfusion deprives the brain from its two paramount trophic substances, viz., oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, the brain suffers from synaptic dysfunction and neuronal degeneration/loss, leading to both gray and white matter atrophy, cognitive dysfunction, and AD. This Review underscores the importance of treating the above‐mentioned comorbid disease conditions to attenuate inflammation and ONS and ameliorate decreased cerebral blood flow and hypometabolism. Additionally, several strategies are described here to control chronic hypoperfusion of the brain and enhance cognition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance evaluation of RegCM4 in simulating extreme rainfall and temperature indices over the CORDEX‐Southeast Asia region
Authors: Ngo‐Duc Thanh , Tangang Fredolin T. , Santisirisomboon Jerasorn , Cruz Faye , Trinh‐Tuan Long , Nguyen‐Xuan Thanh , Phan‐Van Tan , Juneng Liew , Narisma Gemma , Singhruck Patama , Gunawan Dodo , Aldrian Edvin
Published: June 2016

In this study, simulations over Southeast Asia (15°S–40°N, 80°–145°E) at 36 km resolution were conducted for the period 1989–2007 using the Regional Climate Model version 4.3 (RegCM4.3) under the framework of the Southeast Asia Regional Climate Downscaling/Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment – Southeast Asia (or SEACLID/CORDEX‐SEA) project. Forced by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Reanalysis (ERA‐Interim), 18 experiments were carried out using different combinations of cumulus parameterization and ocean flux schemes. Twelve extreme indices for both rainfall and temperature were estimated from the model output. A statistical omega index was used to measure the degree of similarity among the 18 experiments in phase and shape. The results showed relatively high similarities among the experiments over mainland Asia compared to those over the Maritime Continent for both seasonal and inter‐annual variability. The extreme rainfall indices had a lower omega compared to that of temperature. Observed daily rainfall and temperature data at 52 meteorological stations over the SEA region were used to validate the simulated extreme indices. The results showed that extreme temperature indices were generally underestimated across the region. Systematic biases for each simulated rainfall index were also identified. A score ranking system was established to compare the relative performance of the 18 experiments over the 52 selected stations objectively. It was shown that the experiments with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)‐Emanuel scheme performed relatively better than the other convective schemes. The combination of the MIT‐Emanuel convective scheme with the Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer scheme (BATS1e) ocean flux scheme produced the best performance.
Australian east coast mid‐latitude cyclones in the 20th Century Reanalysis ensemble
Authors: Pepler Acacia S. , Fong Josephine , Alexander Lisa V.
Published: June 2016

Extratropical and subtropical cyclones, and their associated fronts, produce the majority of rainfall and extreme weather in the mid‐latitudes around the world. In the Southern Hemisphere in particular, where observations are sparse, we have limited knowledge of their long‐term variability and trends. While the long time period of the 20th Century Reanalysis (20CR) offers potential to assess longer‐term changes, the lack of observational data sets makes it difficult to assess its reliability.

We assess the skill of the 20CR at representing mid‐latitude cyclones through a case study on the east coast of Australia. In this region, a comprehensive database has recently been developed of all severe floods between 1871 and 2012, of which >70% are associated with a coastal low‐pressure system. Through use of the full 20CR 56‐member ensemble, we are able to identify the majority of severe Australian east coast lows as early as the late 19th century, as well as recreate the cyclone tracks for some of the most severe events. The analysis shows that the full ensemble can be used for a long‐term assessment of interannual variability in cyclone frequency from at least 1911, despite large inhomogeneities in the ensemble mean pressure fields.
Assessment of nickel's sufficiency critical levels in cultivated soils, employing commonly used calibration techniques
Authors: Nikoli Thomai , Matsi Theodora , Barbayiannis Nikolaos
Published: June 2016

Although Ni has been officially recognized as an essential micronutrient for all higher plants since 2004, research on assessing its sufficiency critical levels with different soil tests is missing in the literature. The objective of the study was to determine Ni critical levels in unpolluted cultivated soils utilizing four methods, employing three commonly used calibration techniques. Ten soils with different physical–chemical properties and low Ni content were treated with Ni at rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg−1. After equilibration for one month, the soils were analyzed for extractable Ni by four methods, namely DTPA, AB‐DTPA, AAAc‐EDTA, and Mehlich‐3. Response to soil‐applied Ni was assessed by a greenhouse pot experiment, with the untreated and Ni‐treated soils in three replications, using ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The aboveground biomass of ryegrass was harvested two months after sowing, dry weight of biomass was measured and relative biomass yield was calculated. Nickel's critical levels were determined employing the: (a) graphical technique of Brown and co‐workers, (b) Mitscherlich–Bray equation, and (c) Cate and Nelson graphical technique. According to the first technique, Ni critical levels were ≈ 2 mg kg−1 for the DTPA and AB‐DTPA methods, and 6.0 and 5.3 mg kg−1 for the AAAc‐EDTA and Mehlich‐3 methods, respectively. Similar levels were obtained by the Mitscherlich–Bray equation. However, the critical levels assessed by the Cate and Nelson technique were lower and ranged from 0.5 to 1.3 mg kg−1 for all four methods. Conclusively, Ni sufficiency critical levels for all four methods are expected to range at levels of a few mg Ni kg−1 of soil. As far as the three calibration techniques are concerned, a distinct boundary between Ni response and non‐response was accomplished by none. However, the fact that 60–74% of the soils were correctly separated into responsive and non‐responsive to added Ni by the graphical technique of Brown and co‐workers suggests that this is the most suitable technique.
Phase‐specific Raman analysis of n‐alkane melting by moving‐window two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Jin Ying , Kotula Anthony P. , Hight Walker Angela R. , Migler Kalman B. , Lee Young Jong
Published: June 2016

We use moving‐window two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy (MW‐2DCOS) for phase‐specific Raman analysis of the n‐alkane (C21H44) during melting from the crystalline solid phase to the intermediate rotator phase and to the amorphous molten phase. In MW‐2DCOS, individual peak‐to‐peak correlation analysis within a small subset of spectra provides both temperature‐resolved and spectrally disentangled Raman assignments conducive to understanding phase‐specific molecular interactions and chain configurations. We demonstrate that autocorrelation MW‐2DCOS can determine the phase transition temperatures with a higher resolving power than commonly used analysis methods including individual peak intensity analysis or principal component analysis. Besides the enhanced temperature resolving power, we demonstrate that asynchronous 2DCOS near the orthorhombic‐to‐rotator transition temperature can spectrally resolve the two overlapping peaks embedded in the Raman CH2 twisting band in the orthorhombic phase, which had been only predicted but not observed because of thermal broadening near the melting temperature. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The surgical anatomy of the supraclavicular lymph node flap: A basis for the free vascularized lymph node transfer
Authors: Steinbacher Johannes , Tinhofer Ines E. , Meng Stefan , Reissig Lukas F. , Placheta Eva , Roka‐Palkovits Julia , Rath Thomas , Cheng Ming‐Huei , Weninger Wolfgang J. , Tzou Chieh Han
Published: June 2016

Background

Vascularized lymph node transfer is an effective surgical method in reducing lymphedema. This study provides the first detailed description of the surgical anatomy of the supraclavicular lymph node flap in regard to pedicle length, pedicle diameter, and the number of lymph nodes and their exact location inside the flap.

Methods

Bilateral supraclavicular dissections of nine fresh cadavers (five female) were performed. Before the dissection, the exact number of lymph nodes was determined sonographically by an experienced radiologist, and their distance from the jugular notch was measured. After anatomic dissection, the vascular pedicle's diameter and length were measured.

Results

The mean number of lymph nodes was 1.5 ± 1.85 on the right side and 3 ± 2.26 on the left. Their mean distance from the jugular notch was 8.29 ± 2.15 cm on the right and 6.10 ± 1.21 cm on the left. The pedicle's length was 4.72 ± 1.03 cm on the right and 4.86 ± 0.99 cm on the left, and its diameter 2.03 ± 0.83 on the right and 1.80 ± 0.77 on the left.

Conclusion

The pedicle length and diameter of the supraclavicular lymph node flap are suitable for a microvascular tissue transfer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:60–62. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transition from Forest‐based to Cereal‐based Agricultural Systems: A Review of the Drivers of Land use Change and Degradation in Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Kassa Henok , Dondeyne Stefaan , Poesen Jean , Frankl Amaury , Nyssen Jan
Published: June 2016

The southwestern Ethiopian montane forests are one of the most species‐rich ecosystems and are recognised globally as a priority area for the conservation of biodiversity. Particularly, in contrast to the drier central and northern Ethiopian highlands, they have received little attention by researchers. Here, we review changes to agricultural systems in and around these forests that are known as the genetic home of coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) and that are important to the livelihoods of many rural people who have developed traditional management practices based on agro‐ecological knowledge, religious taboos and customary tenure rights. We explored the impacts of conversions to agroforestry and cereal‐based cropping systems on biodiversity, soil fertility, soil loss and the socio‐economic conditions and culture. The increasing trend of cereal cropping, resettlement and commercial agriculture causes the deterioration of natural forest cover in the region and threatens biodiversity, land quality, sustainable, traditional farming practices and the livelihood of the local community. Large‐scale plantations of tea, coffee, soapberry locally known asendod(Phytolacca dodecandraL'Hér.) and cereals have resulted in biodiversity loss. Following the conversion of forests, cultivated fields exhibit a significant decline in soil fertility and an increase in soil loss as compared with the traditional agroforestry system. The establishment of a sustainable agricultural system will require a change in paradigm, whereby the intrinsic values of the traditional forest‐based agricultural system are recognised, rather than the ongoing mimicking of agricultural policies that were developed for the open fields of central Ethiopia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent (2000–2015) developments in the analysis of minor unknown natural products based on characteristic fragment information using LC–MS
Authors: Cai Tian , Guo Ze‐Qin , Xu Xiao‐Ying , Wu Zhi‐Jun
Published: June 2016

Liquid chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) has been widely used in natural product analysis. Global detection and identification of nontargeted components are desirable in natural product research, for example, in quality control of Chinese herbal medicine. Nontargeted components analysis continues to expand to exciting life science application domains such as metabonomics. With this background, the present review summarizes recent developments in the analysis of minor unknown natural products using LC–MS and mainly focuses on the determination of the molecular formulae, selection of precursor ions, and characteristic fragmentation patterns of the known compounds. This review consists of three parts. Firstly, the methods used to determine unique molecular formula of unknown compounds such as accurate mass measurements, MSn spectra, or relative isotopic abundance information, are introduced. Secondly, the methods improving signal‐to‐noise ratio of MS/MS spectra by manual‐MS/MS or workflow targeting‐only signals were elucidated; pure precursor ions can be selected by changing the precursor ion isolated window. Lastly, characteristic fragmentation patterns such as Retro‐Diels–Alder (RDA), McLafferty rearrangements, “internal residue loss,” and so on, occurring in the molecular ions of natural products are summarized. Classical application of characteristic fragmentation patterns in identifying unknown compounds in extracts and relevant fragmentation mechanisms are presented (RDA reactions occurring readily in the molecular ions of flavanones or isoflavanones, McLafferty‐type fragmentation reactions of some natural products such as epipolythiodioxopiperazines; fragmentation by “internal residue loss” possibly involving ion–neutral complex intermediates). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:202–216, 2018.
FolC2‐mediated folate metabolism contributes to suppression of inflammation by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri
Authors: Thomas Carissa M. , Saulnier Delphine M. A. , Spinler Jennifer K. , Hemarajata Peera , Gao Chunxu , Jones Sara E. , Grimm Ashley , Balderas Miriam A. , Burstein Matthew D. , Morra Christina , Roeth Daniel , Kalkum Markus , Versalovic James
Published: June 2016

Bacterial‐derived compounds from the intestinal microbiome modulate host mucosal immunity. Identification and mechanistic studies of these compounds provide insights into host–microbial mutualism. Specific Lactobacillus reuteri strains suppress production of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and are protective in a mouse model of colitis. Human‐derived L. reuteri strain ATCC PTA 6475 suppresses intestinal inflammation and produces 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolic acid polyglutamates. Insertional mutagenesis identified the bifunctional dihydrofolate synthase/folylpolyglutamate synthase type 2 (folC2) gene as essential for 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolic acid polyglutamate biosynthesis, as well as for suppression of TNF production by activated human monocytes, and for the anti‐inflammatory effect of L. reuteri 6475 in a trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid‐induced mouse model of acute colitis. In contrast, folC encodes the enzyme responsible for folate polyglutamylation but does not impact TNF suppression by L. reuteri. Comparative transcriptomics between wild‐type and mutant L. reuteri strains revealed additional genes involved in immunomodulation, including previously identified hdc genes involved in histidine to histamine conversion. The folC2 mutant yielded diminished hdc gene cluster expression and diminished histamine production, suggesting a link between folate and histadine/histamine metabolism. The identification of genes and gene networks regulating production of bacterial‐derived immunoregulatory molecules may lead to improved anti‐inflammatory strategies for digestive diseases.
TARDBP Mutation Presenting as Progressive Hemiplegia
Authors: Lidstone Sarah C. , Tang‐Wai David F. , Silver Frank L. , Lang Anthony E.
Published: June 2016

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Trajectories of body mass indices and development of frailty: Evidence from the health and retirement study
Authors: Mezuk Briana , Lohman Matthew C. , Rock Andrew K. , Payne Martha E.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To estimate trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and determine their association with incident frailty in later life.

Methods

Data come from the 2004 to 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal survey of older adults. Analysis was restricted to respondents who were not frail at baseline (n = 10,827). BMI (kg/m2) was calculated from self‐reported weight and height. Incident frailty was assessed using the Frailty Index. Longitudinal growth mixture modeling was used to estimate the relationship between BMI trajectories and incident frailty over a 10‐year period.

Results

Four trajectory classes were identified: weight gain (n = 162 [1.4%], mean final BMI = 42 kg/m2), weight loss (n = 171 [1.7%], mean final BMI = 25.0 kg/m2), consistent obesity (n = 640 [6.8%], mean final BMI = 34.7 kg/m2), and consistent overweight (n = 9,864 [90.1%] mean final BMI = 26.0 kg/m2). Cumulative incidence of frailty was 19.9%. Relative to the consistent overweight class, the weight gain class had the highest likelihood of incident frailty (odds ratio, OR: 3.61, 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.39–5.46). The consistent obesity (OR: 2.72, 95% CI: 2.06–3.58) and weight loss (OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.84–4.30) classes had similarly elevated risk of frailty.

Conclusions

Weight change and obesity are associated with risk of frailty.
The Productivity Costs of Inefficient Hiring Practices: Evidence From Late Teacher Hiring
Authors: Papay John P. , Kraft Matthew A.
Published: June 2016

We use matched employee–employer records from the teacher labor market to explore the effects of late teacher hiring on student achievement. Hiring teachers after the school year starts reduces student achievement by 0.042 SD in mathematics and 0.026 SD in reading. This reflects, in part, a temporary disruption effect in the first year. In mathematics, but not in reading, late‐hired teachers remain persistently less effective, evidence of negative selection in the teacher labor market. Late hiring concentrates in schools that disproportionately serve disadvantaged student populations, contributing to challenges in ensuring an equitable distribution of educational resources for all students.
Injectable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for sustained doxorubicin release
Authors: Gao Lilong , Sun Qiang , Wang Ying , Zhu Weipu , Li Xiaojun , Luo Qiaojie , Li Xiaodong , Shen Zhiquan
Published: June 2016

Water‐soluble poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives with multiple “clickable” mercapto groups or double bonds were facilely synthesized in a large scale by direct polycondensation of oligo(ethylene glycol) diol with mercaptosuccinic acid or maleic acid catalyzed by scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate under mild conditions. Injectable hydrogels containing doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX · HCl) could be rapidly formed using these poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives as precursors via in situ thiol‐ene “click” reaction under physiological conditions without light, initiator, or metal catalyst. DOX · HCl could be sustained released from the hydrogels as a result of the hindrance of the three dimensional hydrogel network on the drug molecules, which makes this kind of DOX‐loaded hydrogels a promising candidate for localized tumor chemotherapy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of empty and endohedral fullerenes
Authors: Romero Elkin L. , Echegoyen Luis
Published: June 2016

Fullerene derivatives exhibit many interesting structural, electronic, and chemical properties, largely determined by the carbon cage's ability to accept electrons. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy is a very sensitive and important technique to detect open shell species and to determine HOMO and LUMO density distributions. Here we present a short overview of the most significant and informative reports of electron spin resonance studies of empty and endohedral fullerenes, classified on the basis of the entrapped moiety, cage size symmetry, and on the techniques used to generate the paramagnetic states. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thioetherphenolate group 4 metal complexes in the ring opening polymerization of rac‐β‐Butyrolactone
Authors: Luciano Ermanno , Buonerba Antonio , Grassi Alfonso , Milione Stefano , Capacchione Carmine
Published: June 2016

Group 4 complexes 1–3 [1 = (t‐BuOS)2Ti(O‐i‐Pr)2; 2 = (t‐BuOS)2Zr(O‐t‐Bu)2; 3 = (t‐BuOS)2Hf(O‐t‐Bu)2] supported by two phenolate bidentate ligands (t‐BuOS‐H = 4,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐phenylsulfanylphenol) promote the well‐controlled ring opening polymerization of rac‐β‐butyrolactone. In presence of isopropanol, low dispersities and molecular weights proportional to the equivalents of isopropanol are achieved. Moreover, the zirconium complex is effective in the copolymerization of rac‐β‐butyrolactone with rac‐lactide. The C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that the obtained copolymers have a tapered diblock microstructure consisting of an initial block composed of lactide sequences and a terminal block composed of butyrolactone sequences. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3132–3139
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Pt/Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5/MgAl2O4 trilayers
Authors: Wu Yong , Xu Xiaoguang , Li Lu , Wang Zhicheng , Miao Jun , Jiang Yong
Published: June 2016

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) has been achieved in Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 (CFAS) based trilayers with MgAl2O4 (MAO) as oxide layer. It was found that the PMA is sensitive to the annealing conditions, the thicknesses of MAO (tMAO) and CFAS (tCFAS) layers. A strong PMA can be observed in the Pt/CFAS/MAO structure after 340 °C annealing and maintained as high as 400 °C. For a fixed CFAS thickness (tCFAS = 1.5 nm), there is a narrow range of tMAO to keep the PMA in this structure. Oxidation at the CFAS/MAO interface plays a very significant role to the PMA, which can be controlled by tuning tMAO for fixed annealing temperature and tCFAS.
SAFE Medication Management for Patients With Physical Impairments of Stroke, Part Two
Authors: Yetzer Elizabeth , Blake Karen , Goetsch Nancy , Shook Mary , St. Paul Marilyn
Published: June 2016

Purpose:

Part one of this series addressed impairments of stroke affecting motor skills. This second article focuses on the sensory impairments of stroke as they affect medication management: vision, hearing, memory and thinking, communication, and emotional disturbances.

Design:

Each impairment is discussed, and possible interventions are proposed. Every patient is an individual and requires variable care plans.

Method:

Interventions and strategies, such as tools for assessment, practice tips, and assistive devices, aid patients, families, and their caregivers in practicing safe medication management.

Findings:

Development of a comprehensive care plan will assist the patient to return as close to previous capabilities as possible. Patient outcomes and successes are variable.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:

The rehabilitation nurse uses observation, skills, and experience to assess stroke patients’ needs and develop strategies to assist the patient in managing their medications. Involving patient, family, and caregivers in the teaching of SAFE (Systematic, Accurate, Functional, Effective) medication management increases safety, decreases the number of adverse drug events, and prevents hospitalizations.
Effects of Sling Exercise on Flexibility, Balance Ability, Body Form, and Pain in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Park Haejin , Jeong Tchaewon , Lee Junwoo
Published: June 2016

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sling exercise on pain, balance, flexibility, and body form in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP).

Design:

The pretest–posttest control group design.

Methods:

Thirty participants with chronic lumbar pain were divided into three groups (Sling only, Sling + Swing stick flexible bar, and Sling + Ball cushion) and exercised for 12 weeks.

Findings:

All types of sling exercises provided significant positive effects on pain scale, body balance, flexibility, and body form. In particular, the sling exercise with swing stick flexible bar or ball cushion was more effective on body form, flexibility, and balance than a sling alone.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, sling exercises over a period of 12 weeks had positive effects on flexibility, balance, pain, and body form in patients with chronic lumbar pain.

Clinical Relevance:

This study has generated effects of sling exercise, which will assist nursing practitioners in prescribing the beneficial physical rehabilitation for patients with chronic LBP.
First‐Language Longitudinal Predictors of Second‐Language Literacy in Young L2 Learners
Authors: Shum Kathy Kar‐man , Ho Connie Suk‐Han , Siegel Linda S. , Au Terry Kit‐fong
Published: June 2016

Can young students’ early reading abilities in their first language (L1) predict later literacy development in a second language (L2)? The cross‐language relationships between Chinese (L1) and English (L2) among 87 Hong Kong students were explored in a longitudinal study. Chinese word‐reading fluency, Chinese rapid digit naming, and Chinese rhyme awareness at age 7 (grade 1), with age and IQ taken into account, were significant concurrent and longitudinal predictors of English word reading, and text‐level reading and writing skills across ages 7–10. These three Chinese measures together accounted for 16–28% of unique variance in the English literacy tasks across the three‐year period. Students who showed word‐reading difficulties in Chinese in grade 1 also performed more poorly than average Chinese readers in English reading and related cognitive tasks later on, especially on phonological tasks. The results provided evidence for the cross‐language transfer of cognitive‐linguistic abilities between two distinctly different orthographies. L1 markers underlying reading difficulties in both L1 and L2 can serve as early indicators of possible reading problems that may arise later in L2. These findings have clinical, educational, and theoretical implications.
Earth observation archives for plant conservation: 50 years monitoring of Itigi‐Sumbu thicket
Authors: Baena Susana , Boyd Doreen S. , Smith Paul , Moat Justin , Foody Giles M.
Published: June 2016

Itigi thicket is a spatially restricted ecosystem only present in Zambia and Tanzania. It is thought to be highly threatened and therefore we need to urgently assess the threats to this ecosystem as well as extent and rates of change to derive its true conservation status. In this study we focus on the Itigi‐Sumbu thicket surrounding Lake Mweru Wantipa in Zambia, which occurs both inside and outside a National Park (IUCN category II). Earth observation data archives provide the means to assist the conservation assessment process by allowing the monitoring of the ecosystem over time. In particular, the Landsat archive offers over 40 years of imagery at a resolution suited to the distribution of this ecosystem. In this study we exploit this archive and extend it back 50 years using historical aerial photography. The remote‐sensing data were classified according to presence of thicket at five dates across a 50‐year period and these outputs were combined to produce a deforestation map. Crucially, this map was assessed for accuracy using a novel approach to expert knowledge, which shows that the resultant map is highly accurate (93% overall accuracy). A confusion matrix was used to provide a confidence interval to the deforestation figures. Results indicate that 64% of the Itigi‐Sumbu thicket around Lake Mweru Wantipa has been cleared over the last 50 years and that the largest area of remaining thicket is currently situated within the Mweru Wantipa National Park. This deforestation figure provides the means to assess the conservation status of Itigi‐Sumbu thicket as part of the Red List of Ecosystem as Endangered (EN).
Rational Development as a Sustainable Progress Welfare Vector: A Cross‐Country Analysis
Authors: Momete Daniela Cristina
Published: June 2016

This paper aims to incorporate welfare into sustainable development by arguing that sustainability should be scaled on rationality and safety premises. The paper describes the manner in which sustainable development principles have been distorted over time and the need for an enrichment of the concept with original ideas based on safety and rationality in development that would lead to an actual consideration of individual welfare. To this end, safety and rationality components are described, as they are regarded as requirements of sustainable development, and the rationality component is further analyzed. The methodology allows the building of an index of rationality for the 2007–2013 research interval, which attempts to capture the complexity of the rationality dimension of sustainability. The index of rationality is applied to specific circumstances from different countries and is used on a cross‐country analysis to determine the progress of the member states of the European Union on the sustainability road. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Dual Functionalized Bacteriophage Qβ as a Photocaged Drug Carrier
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Li Na , Chen Luxi , Lee Jiyong , Gassensmith Jeremiah J.
Published: June 2016

Proteinatious nanoparticles are emerging as promising materials in biomedical research owing to their many unique properties and our interest focuses on integrating environmental responsivity into these systems. In this work, the use of a virus‐like particle (VLP) derived from bacteriophage Qβ as a photocaged drug delivery system is investigated. Ideally, a photocaged nanoparticle platform should be harmless and inert without activation by light yet, upon photoirradiation, should cause cell death. Approximately 530 photocleavable doxorubicin complexes are installed initially onto the surface of Qβ by CuAAC reaction for photocaging therapy; however, aggregation and precipitation are found to cause cell death at higher concentrations. In order to improve solution stability, thiol‐dibromomaleimide chemistry has been developed to orthogonally modify the VLP. This chemistry provides a robust method of incorporating additional functionality at the disulfides on Qβ, which was used to increase the stability and solubility of the drug‐loaded VLPs. As a result, the dual functionalied VLPs with polyethylene glycol and photocaged doxorubicin show not only negligible cytotoxicity before photoactivation but also highly controllable photorelease and cell killing power.