bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On a Mammoth Molar from North Woodchester, near Stroud
Authors: Raw Frank
Published: May 2009

The tooth, of which a photograph (half-size) is reproduced, was found during Easter, 1916, by the late Mr. W. Harrison, of Selly Oak, Birmingham, who kindly lent it to the writer. Though similar finds are fairly common, this tooth by its form is of rather special interest, and so the writer thinks merits description.
A Note on the Classification of the Coal-measures
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

DURING recent years considerable progress has been made in the study of the palaeontology of the Coal-measures. Attention has been directed to the flora, and to the marine and non-marine faunas. Although it is undesirable to attempt a complete revision of the classification of the Coal-measures until further work has been carried out, it may be useful to indicate certain conclusions which appear to be in accord with present knowledge.
The Coniston Limestone Series of the Kentmere District
Authors: Mitchell G. H.
Published: May 2009

The paper by Dr. B. Smith, recently published in the Geological magazine, has drawn attention to the interesting relations of the Coniston Limestone Series in the Coniston District.
Petrographical Notes on some Chloritoid Rocks
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

Chloritoid-Bearing schists have so far not been recorded from the State of South Australia, though such are known from the Pre-Cambrian rocks of the Broken Hill area. The chloritoid rocks now to be shortly described occur interbedded with quartzites, forming the meridional ridge of the “Frenchman”, on the western coast of southern Eyre Peninsula. In a previous paper (l)1 the rocks of this area have been referred to, as comprised within two groups, a sedimentary series—the Warrow series, and the Dutton series, a group of acid granites of gneissic habit with associated aplites and pegmatites, often rich in tourmaline and carrying garnet, and beryl. These rocks invade the sediments of the Warrow series.
On the Fossil Flora of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield
Authors: Crookall Robert
Published: May 2009

The present paper is a continuation of that published in the Geological Magazine, vol LXII, NO. IV, April, 1925 PP.145–80.
On New Carboniferous Gastropoda from the Isle of Man
Authors: Weir John
Published: May 2009

The fossils described in the following pages were collected by Mr. James L. Begg, The Elms, Mount Vernon, Glasgow, fromthe Poolvash Limestone, Balladoole, Isle of Man. The fauna of these limestones, according to Dr. Wheelton Hind, indicates an upper Dibunophyllum age. The most recent and most complete list of Carboniferous Limestone fossils from the south of the I.O.M. is that published by Mr. John Smith, and compiled from the Survey list, from Dr. Hinde's list, and from Cuming's list, as well as from Mr. Smith's own collection.
The Old Red Sandstone and Avonian Succession at Westbury-on-Trym.
Authors: Reynolds S. H. , Smith Stanley
Published: May 2009

In the erection of a new home of rest—St. Monica's, in the grounds of what was formerly Cote House, near the top of Westbury Hill, an interesting section1 of the upper part of the Old Red Sandstone and of the lower Avonian rocks up to the top of Zx was exposed in digging the foundations. Although the section lies only a little over a mile north-east of the Avon section and the general succession of the two is very similar, the Westbury section is of considerable interest, particularly as certain levels were well seen which are not exposed in the Avon section. In all the following tables the strata are described from below upwards.
The Scotland Beds of Barbados
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

Barbados, occupying as it does the position of the most easterly isolated and the furthest out in the Atlantic Ocean of all the West Indian Islands, deserves special attention from geologists. Its rocks consist essentially of three units each separated from the other by an important unconformity, namely in descending order the Coral Rock, the Oceanic Series, and the Scotland beds.
Radioactivity and the Earth's Thermal History. Part IV: A Criticism of Parts I, II and III.
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Ten years ago I published two papers in this Magazine under the above title. They constituted a first attempt to attack the new problems suggested by the universal presence of the radioactive elements in rocks, the discovery of which by the present Lord Rayleigh made it immediately necessary to abandon Kelvin's classical theory of the cooling of the earth. In 1913 I had already pointed out the possibility that Kelvin's problem might profitably be reversed, and that instead of calculating the age of the earth from its thermal condition, the latter, that is to say the distribution of temperature in depth, might be deduced from the earth's age. Two years later the new problems were brought to a tentative solution on the general assumption that the earth had cooled down from a molten state, an assumption which, although traditional, was at that time less clearly justified than it is to-day. As a working hypothesis it was further assumed that the total amount of the radioactive elements in the earth was limited by the condition that the earth had in fact cooled down and was not, as seemed to-be a possibility, growing hotter. Taking the age of the earth as Holmesthe Rockies (60 kins.), have recently been considerably increased. For these reasons geologists have rejected the new thermal contraction theory as being by itself still inadequate. My own opinion was that the theory explained about a third or a quarter of all the folding and overthrusting that has demonstrably occurred during the earth's known history.
Seasonal Rhythm in the Tertiary Sediments of Burma.
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

At the Bournemouth meeting of the British Association in 1919, Dr. J. W. Evans, in his characteristically stimulating address to Section C, pleaded for the closer examination of sediments by geologists in the field. He instanced especially the presence of rhythmic banding on a small scale in sediments of widely varying ages as a phenomenon badly in need of further study. Engaged in field work on the oil-bearing Tertiary rocks of Burma, the writer has been struck by the repeated occurrence of rhythmic banding in those beds. The present note embodies the firstfruits of the detailed examination of the banding.
Notes on the Fauna of the Lower Devonian Beds of Torquay
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The diagnosis of this species given by Dr. Woodward in 1881 may be summarized as follows: Body with little or no signs of trilobation. Glabella oblong, with three pairs of lateral spines and three median spines, the anterior one apparently double. No evidence of cheek-spines. Eyes nearer genal border than in H. armatus, and rostrum more prominently developed. Thorax composed of thirteen segments with broadly expanded pleuræ; each axial ring with pair of widely separated spines. Pygidium imperfectly known. Total length of type-specimen 8 inches; breadth (measured along curve of thorax at widest part) 3¾ inches. Spines on thorax about 1 inch apart.
On the Investigation of the Mechanical Constitution of Loose Arenaceous Sediments by the method of Elutriation, with special reference to the Thanet Beds of the Southern Side of the London Basin
Authors: Baker Herbert Arthur
Published: May 2009

WITH regard to the laws governing the transport, sorting, and deposition of sediments, much has still to be learned, but one fact emerges clearly from the mass of present data. During the process of transport by water the load undergoes selective treatment, or, in other words, is sorted. The late Dr. G. K. Gilbert, in the course of his important work on the transportation of débris by running water, carried out experiments with mixtures of several grades of detrital material and found that before the slope of the stream had been definitely established (i.e. before the attainment of uniformity of conditions), and especially when low velocities were used, the current tended to sort the débris, building deposits with the coarser part and continuing to transport the finer material. This fact has a special bearing on the study of natural sediments. The state of equilibrium, or of perfect uniformity of conditions, is seldom, if ever, completely realized in nature, and even when approximately reached is not, as a rule, of long duration.
The Metamorphism of the Pre-Cambrian Dolomites of Southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

THE basement platform of Southern Eyre Peninsula consists of a series of igneous and metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrianage. Rising from beneath the Mesozoic and Tertiary strata of the Nullarbor plains, they may be regarded as a south-easterly prolongation of the great pre-Cambrian Shield of Western Australia. The platform is for the most part within a few hundred feet of sea-level, and large areas of the region are covered by the products of long-continued weathering of the older rocks or by siliceous deposits of late Tertiary age. The best sections for geological study are those exposed along the coastline, and in the hilly areas of Hutchison and Warrow.
The Quartzose Conglomerate at Caldon Low, Staffordshire
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid , Charlesworth J. Kaye
Published: May 2009

IN the Geological Magazine for February, 1919 (pp. 59–64), one of the present writers, in collaboration with W. E. Alkins, described an exposure of a quartzose conglomerate on the north-west flank of Caldon Low. The conclusions arrived at in that paper were adversely criticized by F. Barke, Wheelton Hind, and A. Scott in a later paper in the same Magazine. These writers maintain that the conglomerate was not a contemporaneous deposit, but an assemblage of materials, analogous to that seen in the Weaver Sand-pits, south of the Ribden Mine, about one and a quarter miles away, which had filled up a solution cavity in the limestone and had become consolidated by the percolation of calcareous matter.
The Mineral Composition of the Modern Fenland Silt, with special reference to Carbonate Minerals
Authors: Hardy F.
Published: May 2009

1. A sample of modern Fenland silt containing 8·98 per cent of carbonate was found on minaralogical examination to include dolomite as well as aragonite in its mineral assemblage.

2. The dolomite is present in fresh angular crystal grains which suggest a secondary and recent origin of the mineral. It has possibly been deposited from sea-water which periodically covers the foreshore of the Fenland border of the Wash.

3. The general mineral composition of the silt resembles closely that of certain geologically recent deposits of Cambridgeshire, and points to the boulder-clay left by the North Sea glacier as the chief source of the material of which the silt is composed. The silt has mainly been deposited by sea-currents which carry southwards the eroded glacial deposits of the South Yorkshire and North Licoln-shire coasts.

4. An attempt is made to interpret the results of a chemical analysis of the silt in the light of its mineralogical composition, chiefly with regard to carbonate, potash, and phosphate. Muscovite, is found to be the main source of potash, and apatite of phosphate in the silt.
On the Geological Features of the Oil Region in the Northern Punjab (British India)
Authors: Preiswerk H.
Published: May 2009

In the great chains of mountains belonging to the alpine system, stretchin from the Armenian upland throught Eastern Mesopotamia, Western and Sourthern Persia, and Baluchistan up to the Indus, then—in a great curve—encircling the Indian tableland in the Kirthar and Suleiman ranges and the Himalayas, then in the east turing south to Burma—there are several regions rich in oil, following the foot of the mountain-ranges on the border of the plains extending in front to the south. The most important of these oil-regions arrange themselves into three chief groups: the Mesopotamian-Persian region, the Baluchistan-Punjab region, and the Burmese region.
The Interglacial Problem and the Glacial and Postglacial Sequence in Northumberland and Durham
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

Since my papers on “The Superficial Deposits and Preglacial Valleys of the Northumberland and Durham Coalfield” 1 and “The Origin and Influence of the chief Physical Features of Northumberland and Durham” 2 were published, a great deal of detailed work has been done on the glacial phenomena in the two north-eastern counties by Smythe,3 Merrick,4 Herdman,5 Trechmann,6 and myself.7 As I have given much attention to this subject it may be of interest and value if I give a brief resume of my views, a general summary of the work done, and attempt to show the general sequence of the phenomena that have been described. My extensive study of the Drift in these two countries and elsewhere has convinced me of its complexity. I cannot, therefore, be dogmatic on any points, but will endeavour to show the general trend of my thoughts on the subject.
The Representation of Stratigraphical Divisions by Shading
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: May 2009

Black and white shading is frequently employed in geological maps and sketches, but there is a remarkable absence of uniformity in the means by which different strata have been represented.
The Plutonic Intrusions of the Southern Uplands East of the Nith Valley
Authors: Walker Frederick
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to give a connected account of the small plutonic masses which pierce the Lower Palaeozoic strata of South-East Scotland. These intrusions have been overshadowed by their larger neighbours the Galloway Granites, of which Teall has given such admirable descriptions, but are worthy of more attention than they have received in the past.
Type and Figured Fossils in the National Museum of Wales
Authors: North F. J.
Published: May 2009

The National Museum of Wales has not existed, as a working institution, long enough to have accumulated an extensive series of type and figured fossils, but since recent developments have rendered available for reference geological collections that were hitherto packed in store rooms, it is felt that the time is opportune for the publication of a note concerning the geological material which the Museum possesses, with special reference to the specimens that have been described or figured.
Pleistocene Marine Gravels at Eye, Northamptonshire
Authors: Marr J. E. , King W. B. R.
Published: May 2009

The section was visited by us in company with Dr. H. H. Thomas, of the Geological Survey, and F. A. Marr, Esq., in May, 1927.
“Washouts” in the Estuarine Series of Yorkshire
Authors: Black Maurice
Published: May 2009

The Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire consists of non-marine strata, known collectively as the Estuarine Series, and several intercalated marine bands. The non-marine beds have the characteristics of deposits formed as a delta rather than in an estuary, and are, in fact, strongly reminiscent of the Coal Measures in their general appearance. In the coast section, where they are admirable exposed, which are usually due to the presence of false bedded sediments replacing the normally parallel bedded strata. Thick wedges of sandstone replacing the Dogger, and sometimes part of the Upper Lias too, have been described by Dr. Rastall and Fox-Strangways. They are particularly noticeable when they interrupt the top seam (i.e. the Dogger) in the iron mines, where they are called “freestone baulks” by the miners. The same phenomenon is better known in the Coal Measures, where the term “washout” is used for a mass of sandstone suddenly replacing coal. Although there are several objections to the term “washout”, it is used here since it had become so well established in Coal Measures geology.
Chalky Boulder-Clay at Wembley Park
Authors: Mantle H. G.
Published: May 2009

The Exhibition Grounds, which include the site for the Empire Stadium as well as for the British Empire Exhibition, comprise an area of roughly 216 acres. The north-eastern boundary runs parallel with the Metropolitan Railway, and the North Entrance to the Exhibition is only a few yards south of Wembley Park Railway Station bridge. At or near the station the mean level is about 110 feet above O.D.; but the surface of the ground is uneven, and rises to 210 feet above O.D. at Wembley Hill, outside the south-western extremity of the Exhibition area. The Wealdstone Brook runs irregularly along the northern boundary in an easterly direction in the neighbourhood of the Amusement Park, but for the sake convenience its regular course has been slightly diverted at this point and an old lake filled up. The main sections to be described are north of the brook.
Notes on the Geology of the Faeröe Islands
Authors: Simpson J. B.
Published: May 2009

The Faeröe Islands, 180 miles north-west of the Shetlands, are a part of that far-flung region known geologically as the Brito-Arctic or Thulean province of Tertiary volcanic rocks, here represented mainly by basalt lavas. Various investigators have visited them, and written about them from time to time, but as yet, no complete, detailed geological description of them has appeared. My acquaintance with them is limited to the islands of Stromöe and Suderöe, and my visit was of too short duration to allow much detailed field-work being done. These brief notes and analyses are presented now in the hope that they may be of use to other geologists.
The Lower Carboniferous of the Skyreholme Anticline, Yorkshire
Authors: Anderson F. W.
Published: May 2009

The area east of the Burnsall Knolls in the north-east Lowlands of Craven is occupied by limestones of the Northern facies type, apparently unaffected by the presence of the North Craven Fault.

The beds are overlain unconformably by the Grassington Grit, which, overstepping the flanks of the Skyreholme anticlne, thus continues to the south the unconformity noticed north of the fault. It is suggested hat the line of the Skyreholme anticlne is the axis of uplift which gave rise to pre-Millstone Grit denudation. Passing westwards the beds become Reef-like in character and eventually grade into the Reef limestones of Burnsall.

Finally, my best thanks are due to Mr. R. G. S. Hudson for much help and guidance during the progress of the above work.
Note on Traces of Recent Ice-action in N. China
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

The question whether N. China was under the grip of Polar severity towards the close of the Tertiary or the beginning of the Pleistocene time, and whether there was sufficient precipitation to allow the existence of large glaciers even if the temperature had become for a time arctic, has, on account of its important bearing on the problem of the cause of glaciation, aroused from time to time forcible but conflicting arguments. As cumulative evidence tends to show the wide prevalence of desert conditions all over N. China throughout recent geological times, geologists seem to have generally agreed, and naturally so, to provide a negative answer to the second part of the question. But as to the first part, it remains so far completely shrouded in doubt. In matter of this kind nobody would expect to wrest out truth by mere theoretical contention. Any relevant fact, therefore, deserves to be placed on record.
On the Liassic Succession of Pabay, Inner Hebrides
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

It is intended to give in the present paper the results of the writer's collecting in the Lower Liassic (Carixian = Lower Pliensbachian) Ammonite Beds of the Island of Pabay (Pabba), known to fame since MacCulloch and Hugh Miller drew attention to the abundance of its fossils and Murchison and A. Geikie collected its ammonites. Some of these were many years ago described by Sowerby and Wright, and in the more recent Survey Memoir1 a list of fourteen ammonite species was given, a number trebled in the present account. Unfortunately, the hundred feet or so of micaceous, metamorphic shale at Pabay is cut up by “dolerite and basalt dykes and sills” to such an extent that the tracing of the succession is not an easy matter.
An Outline of the Tertiary Geology of Burma
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

For more than a quarter of a century the Tertiary geology of Burma has been the subject of investigation from the point of view of the petroleum resources of the country. A vast amount of detailed information must be stored up in the private files of the various oil companies operating in Burma, and it is a source of continual regret to the geologist that at least some of this information—much of which has great scientific but little commercial value—cannot be made public. Although there exists Dr. Noetling's important but misleading monograph on the supposed “Miocene Fauna of Burma”, published in the Palæontographia Indica, 1901, it is only within the last decade that the Tertiary stratigraphy has been seriously considered from a palæontological standpoint, and for this progress the officers of the Geological Survey of India are almost entirely responsible. In this direction immensely valuable results have already been obtained, though the study is scarcely more than in its infancy.
On the Occurrence of Pre-Cambrian Shale in Guernsey
Authors: Plymen George Horace
Published: May 2009

It was noted by the Rev. C. Noury in 1886 that sedimentary rocks were found in a small coastal area to the south of Fort Pezerie, on the south-western extremity of Guernsey. Professor T. G. Bonney observed the same area independently in September, 1910, after describing it in field notes in 1888 as a closejointed and rather schistose diabase. The Rev. E. Hill in 1884 had also regarded the rock in this area as constituting a dyke-formed diabase.
The Age of the Hirnant Beds
Authors: Elles Gertrude L.
Published: May 2009

The age of the Hirnant Beds has for a long time been a matter of uncertainty, occurring as they do at the junction of the Ordovician with the Silurian. They were originally included by Sedgwick in his “Upper Bala”, and in the Memoir of the Geological Survey on North Wales they are grouped with the Bala, and therefore in a modern classification would be relegated to the Ordovician. In 1879, however, Ruddy stated that the grits representing the gritty facies of these beds in the northern part of the area were the same as those coloured Lower Llandovery on the Geological Survey map, and he then held this view of their age, though later, in 1885, the placed them at the top of the “Caradoc or Bala Series”. Hughes also regarded the Hirnant Beds as representing the base of the Silurian, though he regarded the Ashgill Shales of Fairy Gill and elsewhere as Ordovician. Marr has also always regarded the Ashgill Shales of Fairy Gill as “Upper Bala”, and has included them in his Ashgillian division at the top of the Ordovician. It is perhaps significant that Salter in his Catalogue includes the fossils from both sets of beds in the “Upper Bala”, but divides this into two: (a) The Hirnant Limestone and Llanfyllin Beds. (b) The Llandovery (Lower Llandovery of the Survey).
Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

Liassic Irregular Echinoids are rare. The interest attaching to them is exceptionally great, and is enhanced by this rarity. Separation of Exocyclic from Endocyclic types can hardly have preceded the Rhaetic period; hence each Irregular form found in the Lias might be expected to display evidence as to the origin of its sub-class. It cannot be claimed that the few such genera known fulfil expectation. Plesiechinus (represented by P. reynesi) occurs in the “Charmouthian”; it is but little removed from “Regularity”, but the Bajocian species P. ornatus (whieh is locally abundant) seems “just as good” in that respect. Holectypus appears in the Toarcian with H. conquensis; its occurrence at this horizon gives a striking illustration of morphogenetic acceleration, and there by negation to hopes of “genealogical” evidence. Species of Galeropygus are recorded from the Upper Lias; orthodoxy would probably repeat the preceding sentence here, but vide infra. The case of Collyrites, recorded from deposits of Liassic age, must surely be compared with that of Holeclypus; for every feature of the Collyritidae is in violent contrast with “Regular” structures.
A Recent Exposure of the “Marine bed”, Hordle, Hants
Authors: Chandler M. E. J.
Published: May 2009

During part of the year 1920–1 the much-discussed “Middle Headon Marine” bed was again exposed in the cliffs near Milford, in such a position that there could be no doubt of its being truly in situ. No records on this subject have appeared for nearly forty years; and the recent exposure has given an opportunity of verifying the observations of earlier writers, and of explaining the discrepancies which occur in their several accounts.
Notes on the Brandesburton Kame, Yorkshire
Authors: Phemister James
Published: May 2009

1. The direction of the ridge is roughly parallel to the line of the moraine in Holderness as sketched by Carvill Lewis.
2. The material of the gravels is ice-collected, but is well waterworn though not rounded. The bulk of the pebbles are of northeastern England and Yorkshire origin, and a small proportion of Scandinavian rocks is present.
3. The stratification is horizontal and current bedding is frequent.
4. There is no seasonal banding nor any alternations of broad and narrow parts along the length of the ridge.
On the 60-ft. Raised Beach at Easington, Co. Durham
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

An excellent exposure of a Raised Beach has lately been discovered at Easington. This deposit, in my opinion, forms a part of the beds of sand, gravel, conglomerate, and breccia which are exposed along this part of the Durham coast for at least 5 or 6 miles, and which were described by me as Raised Beaches in 1905. I also consider that the upraised littoral formations were produced in late Pleistocene times.
The Carboniferous Limestone Series of West Cumberland
Authors: Edmonds Charles
Published: May 2009

The area under consideration extends from the mining town ot Egremont to Scalesmoor Farm in the parish of Lamplugh in West Cumberland, and comprises a tract of country 9 miles in length and rather less than 3 miles in width, running from S.S.W. to N.N.E. It forms the south-eastern margin of the Whitehaven Coalfield, and is the western portion of the “collar” of Lower Carboniferous rocks almost surrounding the older Palæozoic rocks of which the Lake District proper is composed. The area consists in the main of fahly continuous outcrops, but is much disturbed by faulting. In the unravelling of the tectonics of the district, however, the difficulty caused by excessive faulting is counterbalanced by the multiplicity of the borings that have been made during the exploration and development of the valuable haematite deposits associated with the limestones. In no single instance is there an exposure giving a complete section of the sequence, yet with the help of the journals of the “bores” every one of the exposures mentioned in this paper can be placed at its exact horizon with great accuracy.
Note on the Llwydmor Bâch Granophyre
Authors: Heard Albert
Published: May 2009

The rock which is described in this communication, occurs along the western flank of Llwydmor Bâch, about 6 miles eastsouth-east of Bangor, and about 8 miles south-west of Conway. On the 1 in. map of the Geological Survey, this rock, together with entirely different types on its eastern margin, are all marked as intrusive felspathic rocks. On the ¼ in. map, it is described as granite, and its eastern boundary is mapped.
II.—The ‘Dragon-tree’ of the Kentish Rag, with Remarks on the Treatment of Imperfectly Petrified Woods
Authors: Stopes M. C.
Published: May 2009

In the early numbers of the Geological Magazine the ‘Dragon-tree’ received considerable attention. It was thought to be a Monocotyledon and described as a species of Dracæna by Mackie in 1862 (Geologist, p. 401, pl. xxii). The specimen appears to have attracted an unusual amount of interest prior to 1870, and it is referred to by Mantell and other contemporary writers. Carruthers placed it among the British fossil Pandanaceæ in 1868 (GEOL. MAG., p. 154). Like other specimens from the sandstones of the Iguanodon Quarry (Lower Greensand of Maidstone), no internal structure appeared to be preserved, and the determination of its nature rested entirely on the external features.
IV.—Preliminary Note on the Geology of South-Eastern Kincardineshire
Authors: Campbell Robert
Published: May 2009

The district under consideration embraces that part of the county of Kincardine which lies south of the Highland fault. Excellent maps on the 1 inch and ¼ inch scale have been issued by H.M. Geological, Survey, but no detailed description of the geology of the area has yet been published. Most of my vacations during the past three years have been spent in studying the geology of this interesting region, and although the work, which has included detailed mapping of the whole area on the 6 inch scale, is not yet complete, several points have been made out, the importance of which has led to the publication of this preliminary note.
II.—Notes on British Dinosaurs. Part IV: Stegosaurus priscus, sp. nov.
Authors: Nopcsa Baron Francis
Published: May 2009

Since the Omosaurus of the Kimeridge Clay may still be regarded as the only well-known European representative of the Stegosauridæ, it seemed advisable, after discussing in previous papers the Ornithopodous Hypsilophodon and the Acanthopholidid Polacanthus, to examine a representative of this type. I am therefore greatly indebted to Dr. A. S. Woodward for permitting me to do so at the Natural History Museum, and also for putting at my disposal a magnificent hitherto undescribed Stegosaurian discovered by Mr. Alfred Leeds, F.G.S., in the Oxford Clay of Fletton, near Peterborough.
I.—Notes on British Dinosaurs. Part IV: Stegosaurus priscus, sp. nov.
Authors: Nopcsa Baron Francis
Published: May 2009

Limb-bones.—Since the humerus is known in Hylœsaurus (?), Omosaurus, and Stegosaurus, it is quite easy to compare the humerus of our new species with that of the other genera mentioned. Whether the shaft is hollow as in Omosaurus or solid as in Stegosaurus, cannot be ascertained without breaking the specimen; the outline of the new humerus is, however, that of Omosaurus, not that of Stegosaurus.
III.—On some British Pillow-lavas and the Rocks associated with them
Authors: Dewey Henry , Flett John Smith
Published: May 2009

The pillow-laves are a group of basic igneous rocks that occur, in our experience, only as submarine flows, and very frequently exhibit ‘pillow-structure’. A lava-flow of this type is composed of sack-shaped masses, globular or elongated, and varying in size. The external surface of the pillows may be compact, but in their interior there are numerous cavities often concentrically arranged. First described in Britain by Nicholas Whitley (1), and figured also by De la Beche (2), they have become generally known through the work of Teall (3), Raisin (4), Reid and Dewey (5), and their importance among the Palæozoic eruptive rocks of Britain is now well established.
I.—On some British Pillow-lavas and the Rocks associated with them
Authors: Dewey Henry , Flett John Smith
Published: May 2009

If we take a rapid glance over the volcanic history of the British Isles we find that eruptions having the spilitic facies have occurred repeatedly, over a wide area and on a large scale.
II.—A new Genus of Fossil Plants from the Stormberg Series of Cape Colony
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: May 2009

The single specimen which forms the subject of this note was sent to me for examination by Mr. Hewitt, of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, Cape Colony; it was found at Cyphergat and presented to the Museum by Mr. S. R. Gardner. Fossil plants from Cyphergat in Cape Colony have been described by Feistmantel and, more recently, by myself from beds containing the remains of a flora assigned to the Rhætic age. Our knowledge of this flora is based on material obtained from the Molteno Beds at the base of the Stormberg Series at Molteno, Stormberg, Cyphergat, and other places.
III.—On the Occurrence of Beds of the Yellow Sands and Marl in the Magnesian Limestone of Durham
Authors: Burton R. Cooksey
Published: May 2009

During an investigation of the ‘Yellow Sands’ and Magnesian Limestone of Durham and Northumberland, several lenticular and irregular hollows or caverns, containing ‘Yellow Sands’ and light yellow marl, were noticed in the Lower Brecciated Magnesian Limestone at Trow Rocks, about one mile south of the Tyne (see Map, Fig. 1).
II.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

By the publication of Die Chemische Natur der Meteoriten, in 1870, Professor Rammelsberg accomplished the task which he had set himself, that of presenting to students of mineralogy a careful digest of the scattered contributions of the time to the literature of meteorites. Since that date no similar work of reference has been issued. Buchner's papers, intituled Die Meteoriten in Sammlungen, the first of which was issued at an earlier date than Rammelsberg's memoir, do not apparently continue to be published, the last one having appeared in Poggendorff's Annalen in 1869. It is from this period that I propose to take up the thread, and to give in the following pages a digest of all that has been published on the subject of meteorites since the beginning of that year.
III.—Descriptions of New Species of Cystiphyllum from the Devonian Rocks of North America
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

No less than seven species of Cystiphyllum have already been recorded as occurring in the Devonian Rocks of North America; viz. C. vesiculosum, Goldf., C. Senecaense, Billings, C. grande, Billings, C. sulcatum, Billings, C. Americanum, Edw. and Haime, C. aggregatum, Billings, and C. mundulum, Hall. To these I have now to add the following four species, all of which have been obtained by me from the Devonian Formation of Canada and Ohio.
IV.—On the Post-pliocene Formations of the Isle of Man
Authors: Birds J. A.
Published: May 2009

It is not a little remarkable that, while almost every part of England and Scotland, and particularly the district of “the Lakes” and North Wales, has been abundantly studied and written about,—and while Ireland also has been almost completely surveyed,—the Isle of Man should not only have been left untouched by the Geological Survey, but, latterly at least, should have well-nigh escaped the attention of geologists altogether. With the exception of three or four papers by the Rev. J. G. Cumming, published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, and their embodiment in a more popular form in his History of the Isle of Man, and Guide Book, scarcely anything appears to have been written upon the geology of the island, besides some Memoirs published in the infancy of the science, or a few brief notices of special points since.
V.—Åsar, Esker, or Kaims
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

As I have paid some attention to the Eskers of Ireland, perhaps I may be allowed to make a few notes on the papers of Mr. F. J. Jamieson recently read before the Geological Society of London, and the letter of M. Jespersen that appeared in the Geol. Mag. for December, 1874. These observers put forward the theory (if I understand them rightly) that these peouliar ridges of shingle, gravel, and sand may be in part glacial, they having been accumulated as marginal fringes to the different stages of the ice-cap that at one time covered the northern portion of the Continent of Europe, as it intermittingly retreated. This suggestion seems worthy of consideration, as possibly, if the ice-cap had an intermittent retrogression, there would be fringes or ridges of shingle, gravel, and sand marking each rest, formed of the detritus from each successive portion of the ice that disappeared; but such accumulations should be at different altitudes, and being carried by water off the ice, and deposited successively at its edge, should be stratified outwards,—or if the margin was retreating, they would be jumbled together.
I.—Some Suggestions on Extinction
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

The sudden disappearance of groups of animals, which have existed through long periods of time and have attained a high degree of specialization, is a phenomenon of which many instances will occur to every student of Palæozoology. For instance, to mention only two cases in illustration, we may refer to the disappearance of the Dinosaurs at the end of the Secondary period, and that of the North American Titanotheres in the Miocene. Of the proximate causes of this extinction little is known: they must have been either inherent in the organisms themselves, or have been connected with the relations of the organisms with their environment; probably in every case several factors co-operated to bring about the observed result. In a recent paper by Mr. C. B. Crampton (Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. xiv, p. 461) a possible inherent cause of extinction is suggested. It is impossible to do justice to this interesting paper in a short note, but the gist of the argument seems to be as follows:—In the original unicellular organism the possibilities of variation are almost infinite, but as soon as evolution along any line begins, these possibilities are restricted, and become more and more so the more highly specialized the animal is; in short, the potential variation of an organism becomes less and less as specialization advances. Furthermore, under the influence of natural selection, in each generation the individuals which tend to vary in the same direction will survive, while at the same time, as already pointed out, their capacity for variation becomes more and more restricted.
IV.—The Blown Sands and Associated Deposits of Towan Head, near Newquay, Cornwall
Authors: Kennard A. Santer , Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

At Towan Head and in the cliffs of Fistral Bay, near Newquay, there is seen, at a few feet above high-water mark, the remains of the Pleistocene Raised Beach. This consists of pebbly beds associated with ancient blown sands, sometimes of considerable thickness. Above this series of deposits comes the Head or Rubble Drift, formed during a greater elevation of the land. These beds have been fully described by many authors—De la Beche, W. A. E. Ussher, Sir Joseph Prestwich, and others. While capping the Head and Raised Beach, and on the top of the cliff, there is a series of more recent Æolian sandy beds.
VII.—Belemnites of the Faringdon ‘Sponge-Gravels’
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: May 2009

During a preliminary traverse of the Lower Cretaceous outcrop in the Midlands last June, I visited Faringdon for the first time, and examined the famous sections in the ‘Sponge-gravels.’ My chief aim was to obtain some evidence by which the relative position of these beds in the Lower Cretaceous series might be determined. The greater part of the fauna was so anomalous and peculiar that it afforded little or no assistance towards this purpose, and the only common fossil which gave definite promise of service was the fragmentary Belemnites, which I found in unexpected abundance. It is true that I had previously noticed a few specimens among the Faringdon fossils in the Natural History Museum (from the Caleb Evans’ Collection) and in other public collections, and had seen references to Belemnites in descriptions of the ‘Spongegravels’; but I went with the impression that its occurrence was rare and exceptional, whereas I found that it could be collected plentifully from every pit, though always in a more or less worn and fragmentary condition, and generally encrusted with small oysters, serpulæ and polyzoa, and perforated by marine borers. The scant attention which the fossil has hitherto received is probably due to the prevalent opinion that it is derivative from the Jurassics, but this opinion is almost certainly erroneous, as I shall now try to show.

In the large number of specimens which I obtained only one species appears to be represented, and this species cannot, I think, be matched among Jurassic Belemnites.
VIII.—Quartz Dykes Near Foxdale, Isle of Man
Authors: Lomas J.
Published: May 2009

In the neighbourhood of Foxdale, Isle of Man, and especially on Granite Mountain, the ground is strewn with numerous blocks of quartz. Many of them are of large size, 10 feet or more in diameter.

On the slopes of South Barrule similar blocks are found in great profusion, and they can be traced across the hills to the west coast. North of Foxdale other bands are found, some of which are inserted in the geological map. They lie principally in the altered slates of the Barrule Series, and have a general trend corresponding with the main axis of the island, from north-east to south-west. In places they are seen to be in sitû, and where the granite mass of Foxdale intervenes the general direction changes, and is principally tangential to the intrusion.

Numerous micro-granite dykes extend along the axis of the island in the same direction.

In an old quarry at Renshent on the north margin of the granite several quartz veins are seen to traverse the granite itself. They can be traced along the floor of the quarry and up the vertical face about 30 feet high.

One of these, about 3 feet in width, shows perfectly sharp margins when cutting through the granite, dips at 65° W., and strikes 10° E. of S. It consists mainly of quartz, some clear and some white and opaque, but on entering the granite it changes locally to a pegmatite. The pegmatite contains, in addition to the quartz, large felspars, some over 3 inches long, perfectly formed, and showing crystal faces, and mica in crystals over an inch in diameter.
IX.—The Term ‘Hemera’
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

In the December number of this Magazine Mr. Buckman complains that the use of his term hemera has been widely misunderstood. He says that it was never intended to be used for a subdivision of a zone, but solely as a chronological term to indicate the time during which the beds composing a zone were deposited, just as the term age is now generally accepted in a technical sense to mean the time during which a stage was deposited.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Gaudey Albert Jean
Published: May 2009

The recent retirement of Professor Albert Jean Gaudry, who for fifty years has been associated with the Jardin des Plantes, gives us an opportunity of presenting our readers with his portrait.

Born in 1827, he started for Cyprus and Greece at the age of 25, on what was destined to prove an epoch-making visit, for while there he obtained satisfactory information about the rich deposit of vertebrata at Pikermi, which he afterwards visited. The results of his labours are embodied in the classic “Animaux fossiles et Géologie de l'Attique” (1862–67), and a new world of vertebrate life was fully opened to zoologists, of which the first glimpse had been obtained by Wagner. But perhaps the best known of Gaudry's writings is his “Enchainements du monde animal dans les temps géologiques” (1878), reprinted in 1895, a work which has had great influence on the younger school of thought (see Geol. Mag., 1878, pp. 221–227, and 1884, pp. 32–40).

Appointed Assistant to Professor Alcide d'Orbigny (the first to hold the Chair of Palaeontology at the Jardin des Plantes) in 1853, while still in Cyprus, he succeeded Edouard Lartet in that Chair in 1872. He was Vice-Secretary of the Geological Society of France in 1852, Secretary in 1854, and President in 1863, 1878, and 1887; while in 1900 he presided over the Meetings of the Eighth International Congress of Geology, held in Paris.

Gaudry's first published works dealt with Starfishes (1852) and the Origin of Flint (1852), but soon afterwards he confined himself to Vertebrate Palaeozoology, with a result that is known to even the most superficial student of the science throughout the world.
II.—Creechbarrow in Purbeck.—No. 2.
Authors: Hudleston W. H.
Published: May 2009

Additional Points in Stratigraphy.

In my paper published in the Proceedings of the Dorset Field Club (vol. xxiii), I dwelt at some length on certain borehole sections made towards the northern base of Creechbarrow with a view to the discovery of Pipeclay. This course was adopted in the hope that a study of these sections might throw some light on the stratigraphical relations between the Creechbarrow Beds on the hilltop and the Pipeclays lower down, if indeed there are any stratigraphical relations beyond a mere jumble of irregular deposits whose precise orientation can never be disentangled. Whether this latter supposition is the true one or not, the exceptional character of the Creechbarrow Beds, as a local feature, remains the same, even although we cannot decide whether they go under, over, or into the Pipeclay series. Before attempting any further speculation as to the possible stratigraphy of the region I will call attention, at any rate, to its topography as shown in the accompanying figure.
II.—Creechbarrow in Purbeck.—No. 2 (continued)
Authors: Hudleston W. H.
Published: May 2009

Varieties of the Creechbarrow Limestone.—There are considerable extremes in this respect, ranging from a soft marly deposit, which soils the fingers like whitening, to a hard compact rock, which takes a good polish. Unquestionably the most dense and compact lime-stone is that near the summit, whilst the soft marly beds are on the northern slope, and especially near the 500 feet contour, where some of them are earthy and contain a considerable amount of impurity, so that they may at least be called marly limestones. On the other hand, there are compact white limestones, where nests of dog-tooth spar form no inconsiderable portion of the mass. Quartz grains may be noted on most of the weathered surfaces.

The more compact and denser limestones, which prevail near the summit, may be roughly divided into non-pisolitic and pisolitic rocks. Thus, for instance, I have before me (Group 1) specimens of a very heavy and partially calcitic rock. It is a hard whitish limestone without pisolites, but largely interspersed with buff-coloured patches, not unlike some dolomites. Calcitic nests and strings occur, and also strings and stars of black oxide of manganese: the external surface is rough and somewhat honeycombed, and full of curious impressions, some of which may have had an organic origin.

Group 2 comprises those specimens where the pisolitic character is indicated, but not very obviously. A characteristic specimen may be described as follows:—A large fragment of a creamy white tufaceous limestone, with specks and threads of black oxide of manganese in places: flattened pisolitic bodies in brownish calcite are numerous, but not very distinct.
IV.—The Diffusion of Granite into Crystalline Schists
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

About a year ago my friend Professor Dobbie, of the University College of North Wales, drew my attention to the remarkable experiments of Sir W. Roberts-Austen (whose premature death we must lament as a very great loss to science) on the diffusion of solid metals, suggesting that they might have some geological application. The phenomena referred to in this paper, in which I have been very keenly interested ever since my work as a Geological Surveyor in Eastern Sutherland, occurred to my mind at the time as a probable case; but after some reflection certain difficulties began to appear, and I put the subject aside for a while. The very suggestive address of General McMahon to the Geological Section of the British Association at Belfast has reawakened my interest; and it seems to me worth while to put forward some considerations on the matter, somewhat speculative indeed, but which may perhaps be of service in stimulating research on a fascinating though difficult subject.
I.—Cave Hunting in Cyprus
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

From the days when Nimrod began to be “a mighty hunter before the Lord,” down to those in which our friend Fred. C. Selous shot ‘big game’ in Africa, the hunter has always occupied a specially exalted position and enjoyed a much envied notoriety in all countries. But alas for the wild animals! they are now rapidly becoming exterminated by man, and their place on the prairie, the pampa, the veldt, and in the forest will soon know them no more.