bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Armyworm Control on Field Corn, 1986
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a commercial field on the Harry Bodwell farm in Kensington (Rockingham Co.), NH. 'Cornell 281' seed was no-till planted on 1 Jun into an area that had previously been a mixed hay field. On 3 Jun, 'Cornell 281' seed that had been treated with a combination of Magnum 90ST and Escort I was hand-planted 9 inches (measured) apart within the same rows along with the machine-planted corn. As soon as the earlier machine-planted corn began to emerge, it was removed from the row. An extra check plot was included to accommodate this treatment. The plots consisted of 2 30 ft long rows and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. On 8 Jul the block was in whorl stage and an average of 19% of the corn plants were injured by armyworms. Spray treatments were applied using a COs pressurized (35 psi) single flat fan nozzle hand held sprayer that delivered 12.8 gal/acre directed into the whorls. At 8 days after the spray applications and 43 days after planting the seed treatment, the number of injured plants was determined and compared to a similar reading made the day sprays were applied 8 days earlier. The injured plants were dissected and the number of live armyworm larvae recorded.
Efficacy of Comite Against Spider Mites Corn, Aerial Test, 1986
Authors: Bushman L. L. , Chowdhury M. A. , Harrison Lloyd
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted in 2 corn fields (south and north fields) less than 1 mile apart in Finney County, KS. The south field was under center pivot irrigation and the north field was furrow-irrigated. Two treatments and a check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 rephcations in each field. Treatments were applied with a Thrush 600 fixed wing plane (wing span = 45.5 ft), flying 105 mph using Spraying Systems #5 hollow cone nozzles at 22 psi and delivering a volume of 2 gpa. Treated plots were 75-rows wide (188 ft or 3 plane-swaths). The untreated plots were 50-rows wide (125 ft). Treatments were applied on 21 Jul, ca. 1 week pre-tassel. During application, the sky was overcast, air temperature was 75°F and the wind was 3-8 mph from the SSE. Spider mites were counted weekly on every other leaf (one half plant) of 5 flagged plants in the central part of each plot between 15 Jul and 21 Aug. Mite predator populations were also recorded. Spider mite populations in one south field check plot collapsed by week 3, apparently due to predator mite activity. Therefore, this plot was treated as a missine data value after week 2. The north field was oversprayed with Furadan 4F 1.0 lb Al/acre after the 2-week counts were made.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Second Generation Corn Borers, 1986
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Jardine D. J.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in sprinkler-irrigated corn in Finney county, KS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows wide × 10 ft and 50 ft long. There were 2 sets of untreated check plots per replicate. The standard insecticide applications were made with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one nozzle directly over the row and 2 suspended on 18 inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delvan 100/140, 0.75 inch rain drop nozzles mounted >n the high clearance sprayer at tassel height between the rows. This system was calibrated to deliver 47 gal in 2.4 min for each plot (5430 gpa). This application was equivalent to a 0.2 inch irrigation on the 2 middle rows. For the high volume applications, the chemicals were added to 200 gal of water in the main tank of the sprayer and agitated by recirculation. Treatments were applied on 28 and 29 Jul. The timing of applications was based on the Kansas State University European corn borer model and the presence of corn borer eggs in the field. Corn borer evaluations were made in late Aug by dissecting 10 corn plants in each plot (5 consecutive corn plants in each of the center 2 rows). The number of plants infested with each species of corn borer was recorded. Corn borer and stalk rot were evaluated in late Sep by dissecting 20 plants in each plot (10 consecutive corn plants in each of the 2 center rows). Stalk rot was rated using a scale of 0 to 3; 0—no visible stalk rot; 1—stalk rot present in one node; 2—stalk rot in 2 nodes; and 3—stalk rot found in 3 or more nodes. The plants dissected for stalk rot were also rated for corn borer incidence. Corn grain yields were determined by hand harvesting 20 row-ft Prom each of the 2 center rows in each plot and correcting to 15.5% moisture. Spider mites were counted by visually searching every other leaf (one half plant) of 4 plants in each plot on 7 Aug. Mites were collected from plants in each plot with a small vacuum sampler and a subsample of about 20 mites per plot was mounted for microscopic determination of mite species.
Valuation of Insecticides for Second Generation European Corn Borer Control in Pennsylvania, 1986
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Yocum John
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide treatments were evaluated during 1986 at the Southeastern Field Research Laboratory near Landisville, PA for efficacy on second brood European corn borer. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 7 treatments was used. Corn plots were 4 rows (30-inch spacing) by 50 ft. Chemical treatments were timed by sampling egg masses to determine the period of peak egg laying. Treatments were applied on 30 Jul, approximately 1 week after peak egg deposition. Granular applications were applied in a 7-inch band over the row using Gandy® applicators mounted on a high clearance sprayer. Plots were evaluated on 26 Sep by dissecting 20 consecutive plants/plot (from one of the center rows) and counting the number of surviving ECB larvae/plant. Yields were not taken in the trial because of uneven stand density and small differences in infestation level. Over 10 inches of rain was recorded between 1 Aug and 1 Sep at the field research laboratory.
Apple, Early Season Aphicide Evaluations, 1986
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental materials were applied to mature semi-dwarf York trees using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff. A randomized block design was used and each treatment was replicated 4 times. The Elgetol treatment was applied on 24 Mar while buds were still dormant. Other treatments were applied during the 1/4 inch bud stage on 2 Apr. Effectiveness of materials was evaluated by counting all rosy apple aphid colonies found on the tree during a 3 minute per tree count.
Evaluation of Several Insecticides for Control of a Univoltine Population Of European Corn Borer in Pennsylvania, 1986
Authors: Calvin Dennis
Published: March 2022

No-till corn plots, 4 rows (30-inch row spacing) × 25 ft, were established using a randomized complete block design to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides used for European corn borer control. Eight chemical treatments and an untreated plot were randomly assigned to corn plots within each of the 6 blocks. Chemical treatments were timed by sampling ECB egg masses to estimate the period of peak egg deposition. Treatments were applied on 30 Jun when the majority of egg masses were in the blackhead stage. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the rows using Gandy® granular applicators mounted on a high clearance tractor. Treatment plots were evaluated on 9 Sep by dissecting 20 consecutive plants/plot (from one of the center rows) and counting the number of surviving ECB larvae/plant. Plots were harvested on 13 Nov from 120 row-ft (three center rows) using a 3-row harvester. Yield from each plot was adjusted to bu/acre and a 15.5% moisture content.
Field Corn, Post-Emergence Treatments for European Corn Borer Control, 1986
Authors: Fletcher Michael G. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Two granular insecticides were evaluated in Montgomery Co, VA, for control of the European corn borer in no-till field corn when applied 9 and 15 weeks post-planting. Pioneer 3233 field corn was planted no-till in 30 inch rows (over winter rye cover crop) on 4 Apr. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design 4 rows × 50 ft × 4 replicates per treatment. The insecticides were applied with a hand-held applicator over the tops of the rows. A tank mix (paraquat, atrazine, simazine, metolachlor, and 30% liquid nitrogen) was applied the day of planting. The insecticides were applied 6 Jun to 22 Jul. One application was made over each row, assuring uniform coverage. The European corn borer damage per plot was estimated by counting the number of tunnels in 10 plants taken from the 2 center rows of each plot on 19 Sep. Yield data was collected by harvesting the whole ears, as for grain, from 40 row ft from the 2 center rows on 10 Oct. Damage and yield data were subjected to analysis of variance (P = 0.05).
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gray M. E. , Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 5 Iowa locations. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time tests. The insecticide histories of the test fields were: Nashua and Sutherland—trap crop (no insecticide)/insecticide test plot, yearly alternation for at least the past 4 years; Creston—Counter '85 and '84, no insecticide '83 and '82; Ames—no insecticide '85, Furadan '84 and '82, Counter '83; Newell—no insecticide '85, '83, '82, insecticide test plot '84. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials and 8 and 12 replications for the Nashua and Sutherland yield trials respectively. All treatments were applied to 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. The registered-chemical and yield trials had double-row treatments. All other trials had single-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble® metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied with a self-contained small plot sprayer pressurized with CO2 Lorsban 50W was applied with a Tee Jet® 8010E nozzle at 13 psi to deliver 20 gpa. All other liquids used a 8004E nozzle with 15 psi to deliver 10 gpa. The applicators were mounted on a 2-row John Deere® Max-Emerge™ 7100 integral planter equipped with ripple coulters. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time granular insecticides were applied with hydraulically-driven Noble units mounted on the front of a tractor. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the plant base for basal applications. A bander positioned directly over the plant whorl was used for whorl applications. Liquid applications were sprayed in a 7-10 inch band at the plant base. Treatments were incorporated with a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. In late July, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no feeding, and 6 equal to 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked by taking stand counts and plant height measurements for each treatment. Lodging counts were taken at harvest time at Nashua and Sutherland. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1986
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to Redspur Delicious trees on 14 Apr (pink), 30 Apr (petal fall), 22 May, 12 Jun, 11 Jul, 2 Aug and 22 Aug. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single tree treatments were used and replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 13 May by randomly selecting 10 leaves per replicate and counting all adults and nymphs present. Effects on mite populations were evaluated by randomly selecting 25 leaves per replicate on several dates throughout the season, brushing with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine onto glass plates and counting mites and eggs under a binocular microscope. Stethorus punctum counts were made on 2 Jul and 21 Jul by counting adults and larvae in a timed count of 3 minutes per replicate. A sample of 50 apples per tree was examined on 19 Aug to evaluate codling moth damage. Spotted tentiform leafminer populations were evaluated for season long control on 25 Aug by counting mines found on each tree in 3 min. A sample of 100 apples per tree was harvested on 15 Sep to evaluate insect damage and to rate fruit finish. Fruit finish was rated from 1 to 5 (1 being best).
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1986
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gray M. E. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Two plots were established in fields replanted because of wireworm damage. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Granular insecticide treatment were applied to single, 50 ft rows with 30 inch centers. Laboratory-calibrated Noble® metering units, mounted on a 4-row John Deere® model 7100 planter, were used to apply the compounds. Seed treatments were machine planted. Following corn emergence, the seeds/seedlings were carefully extracted from two 1-m sections of row and inspected for damage. Percentage damaged seeds/seedlings and stand counts were used to compare treatments. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.
Western Corn Rootworm Control, 1986
Authors: Sandvol Larry E. , Cole Wayne
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted 21 May 86 in furrow irrigated sandy loam soil. Seven soil insecticides were evaluated in Franklin County, Idaho. Individual plots were 4 rows wide and 34 ft long and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied preemergence in a 6-inch band over seed row. Insecticide treatments were evaluated for root damage by digging 10 equally spaced plants from the center two rows of each treatment. Roots were evaluated for rootworm feeding damage using a 1-6 damage scale (1 = no discernible damage; 6 = 3 or more nodes destroyed).
A Comparison of the IGR SD115110 0.42E to Selected Pyrethroids and Larvin, 1986
Authors: Burris Gene , Ratchford Kevin , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of SD115110 0.42E (0.2 and 0.4 lb (AI)/acre) were evaluated against Heliothis spp., boll weevil, mites and aphids in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Plots were 8 rows (40 inch spacing) × 65 ft. Cotton was planted on 25 Apr on a Commerce silt loam soil that was fertilized with 90 lb N/acre preplant. Temik 15G (0.5 lb (AI)/acre) and Terraclor Super × (Terraclor 1.0 lb + Terrazole 0.25 lb (AI)/acre) were applied infurrow behind the planter. Test treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots and delivering 2.5 gal/acre. Applications were made on 9, 20, 24, 30 Jul, and 4 Aug. Guthion 2L (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) was applied on 15 Aug and methyl parathion (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) was applied with the defoliant. Treatment effects on Heliothis spp. and boll weevil were measured by observations on cotton squares on the 2 center rows of each plot. Spider mite and aphid populations were estimated in Aug by collecting 10 leaves (third fully developed terminal leaf) per plot, washing the insects from the leaves onto 200 mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm) and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Yields were determined by solid picking the 4 row plots with a mechanical harvester on 10 Sep and 16 Oct.
Large Plot Evaluation of Monitor for Control of Western Flower Thrips and Two Spotted Spider Mites, 1986
Authors: Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Micinski S.
Published: March 2022

Two large plot field tests were conducted on commercial farms near Shreveport, LA, to evaluate the effectiveness of Monitor (4EC) for control of western flower thrips and twospotted spider mites. Plots were ca. 20 acres in size except for the untreated plot on the Rich farm which measured about 5 acres. Treatments (rates of Monitor) were replicated once on each farm and data from each farm were analyzed separately using one-way ANOVA. Treatments were applied aerially in 3 gal of water/acre on the Connell farm and in 1 gal of water/acre on the Rich farm. Western flower thrips per bloom were estimated by visually examining 25 randomly selected white blooms per treatment on each sampling date. Numbers of thrips per leaf were estimated by visually examining the underside of the third fully expanded leaf below the terminal from 25 randomly selected plants per treatment. Spider mite populations were estimated by counting the number of mites (with the aid of a binocular microscope) within a 1 cm2 area at the base of the petiole of the third fully expanded leaf from the terminal of 10 randomly selected plants per treatment.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and Insecticide Combinations Against Heliothis Spp. on Cotton, 1985
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Graves Jerry B.
Published: March 2022

A full-season field evaluation was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine the efficacy of various insecticides and combinations in controlling Heliothis spp. on cotton. Plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Cotton was plated 16 Apr on 1.02-m centers. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a COa system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of water/acre with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments were applied on 16, 29 Jul, 5, 12, 19 and 26 Aug. All plots were oversprayed on 17 May with Bidrin 8M (0.10 lb (AI)/acre) for thrips and on 13 and 25 Jun with Orthene 75S (0.1875 lb (AI)/acre) for plant bugs. Insect populations and plant damage were monitored 2-3 days following each insecticide application by examining 25 terminals and 25 squares/plot. Terminal counts (eggs and larvae) were not made following the last application date. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows from each plot on 11 Oct and 21 Nov. Insect data presented are seasonal means.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Aphids in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Ratchford Kevin , Burns Gene
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 112 cotton was planted 6 May at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. Treatments were applied to plots that were 6 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow cone nozzles/row. Applications were made on 21 Jul. Insecticides were evaluated 3 and 7 days after treatment by randomly collecting 5 leaves from the upper third of plants in the center 2 rows of all plots. Leaves were placed in 1 qt mason jars and transferred to the lab for processing. A solution of water, soap, and bleach was added to the jars, and the samples in individual jars were washed through a series of mesh sieves (#100 and #40) in order to separate the aphids from leaf samples. The contents collected on the #100 mesh sieve were washed into a Buchner funnel and separated onto filter paper for observation under the microscope.
Insecticides for Suppression of Cotton Fleahoppers in the Texas Blacklands, 1986
Authors: Robinson John R. C. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 4 Apr on 38 inch row spacings and was cultivated using standard management practices for the area. Four insecticide treatments and an untreated check were compared in a randomized block design with 4 replications. Plots were 12 rows wide and 95 ft long, but only the middle 8 rows were sprayed. Applications were made with a high-clearance, self-propelled ground sprayer using TX-4 hollow cone nozzles and calibrated to deliver 5 GPA at 40 psi and 4 mph. Insecticide treatments were applied 29 May and 6 Jun. Fleahopper density was sampled on 28 May and 4 Jun, prior to each application of insecticides. A final sample was delayed until 16 Jun due to rain. No additional insecticide applications were made because of the maturity of the crop and the low level of fleahopper infestation. Sampling consisted of examining 30 randomly selected plant terminals/plot for fleahopper adults and nymphs. Cotton fruiting rates were monitored over a 25-day period by counting white blooms on plants within a designated 20-foot section of row in each plot. White bloom counts were made Monday-Friday. Yield data were collected in a stratified harvest from two separate pickings of cotton from the same 20 ft row section used for counting white blooms. The harvested cotton was bur-extracted, ginned and weighed. Data were anlayzed by conventional analysis of variance and multiple comparison procedures.
Efficacy of Cythion RTU, Orthene and Monitor Against Early-Season Insect Pests on Cotton, 1986
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Schmidt K. M. , Anderson R. M.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi, TX, to evaluate selected insecticides for control of early season insect pests on dryland cotton. Four treatments and an untreated were compared in 4-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 22 Mar on 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied beginning at pinhead-square stage on 24, 29 Apr, 6 and 13 May. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized (36 psi) backpack sprayer equipped with size 3-X hollow-cone nozzles. The application made on 24 Apr was directed over the row bed (i.e., one nozzle/row) at 2.2 gal total spray/acre, whereas all other applications were broadcasted over the row bed and middles (i.e., three nozzles/row) at 6.4 gal total spray/acre. Efficacy of treatments was evaluated by inspecting: (1) the terminals of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of fleahopper nymphs and thrips, and (2) the terminal leaves (third leaf from apex) of 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot for the presence of aphids. Seed cotton was hand-harvested twice from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Control of Black Vine Weevil on Hops with Granular Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Nyberg Carolyn J.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a commericial hop yard near Greenleaf, Idaho. Each plot consisted of 18 hills. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Granular insecticides were manually distributed around hills on 25 Sep '85 (post-harvest) and worked into the top 2 inches of soil with a hoe. Total larval counts were determined b> screening soil around base of plant on 21-22 Apr '86.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Peanuts in North Florida, 1985
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Gilreath M. E. , Gorbet D. W. , Herzog D. C.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted 10 May in Jackson Co. in an RCB design with 6 replicates. Plot size was 4 rows by 35 ft with 36 inch row spacing. The site had been in pasture the previous 15 years. The soil was primarily Tifton loamy sand with a moderate to high amount of organic matter. No rootknot nematodes and low levels of lesion nematodes were detected in preplant soil assays. Standard peanut production practices were followed. Telone applications were made in furrow at a depth of 8-10 inches with a tractor mounted gravity flow soil fumigator equipped with a single chisel per row. Granular insecticides were applied in a 10-12 inch band over the row with a manually powered Gandy. Dimilin was applied in 25 gal/acre of spray at 36 psi with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 3 nozzles/row. Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB) populations were monitored with 2.5-ft adult emergence traps placed over the peanut foliage in the two outer rows of each plot. Traps were moved periodically, based on estimated LCB developmental time. Yields were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (2 rows × 35 ft × 6 reps). Peanuts were harvested 23 Sep.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1986
Authors: Ratchford Kevin
Published: March 2022

Rice was planted 22 May on loessial silt loam soil at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were sampled for root feeding larvae by taking 3 soil cores (9 cm dia × 10 cm deep) from drills rows, once a week, for 4 weeks after establishing permanent flood. Cores were processed by washing through a #40 mesh sieve and floating the larvae out in a saline solution. Granular insecticides were applied by hand shaker to plots measuring 9 square meters. Preplant treatments were incorporated into the top 5 cm of soil with a rotary tiller. Preflood treatments were applied 1 day prior to permanent flood (18 Jun). Postflood treatments were applied 1 week after permanent flood (27 Jun). Plots were mechanically harvested and yields were converted to lb/acre at 12% moisture.
Greenrug Control in Grain Sorghum, 1986
Authors: Michels G. J. , Behle R. W.
Published: March 2022

Etter, TX was the site of a study to determine the relative efficacy of several insecticides for greenbug (GB) control in grain sorghum. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 2 rows wide by 50 ft long and surrounded by an untreated border to prevent overlap of sprays. Sprays were applied 21 Jul with a 4-nozzle hand-held spray boom at 28 psi boom pressure and 26 gpa. Aphid densities were based on 5 plants sampled per plot per evaluation. Triton (AG 98) was tank mixed with the RH 7988 treatments at 1:8 volume to volume. Greenbug evaluations were taken 1, 3, 7, 17, 21, and 28 days post-treatment. Harvest data consisted of machine harvesting 50 ft of row per plot on 14 Oct. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the treatment means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 0.05 level. Evaluations which represent aphid population densities were transformed to natural log values prior to analysis. The means obtained from the analysis were converted back to the original units and reported in the table. Yields were not transformed.
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 3 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 2 replicates of Golden Delicious. Sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer at 25 gal/acre/alternate side at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for the alternate side treatments were, 9, 17 and 27 May; 4, 12, 19 and 26 Jun; 7, 16, 23 and 30 Jul; 8, 15 and 25 Aug; 6 Sep. Lorsban 50WP (1361 g/acre) was substituted for the first 2 Danitol treatments and the Spur treatment on 27 May, 4 Jun (first Danitol treatment only), 12 Jun (first Danitol treatment only), 7, 16, 23 and 30 Jul; 25 Aug (2 Danitol treatments only); 6 Sep (2 Danitol treatments only). Kelthane 4F (1.89 liters/acre) was applied as a complete spray to the Larvin, TD-2207, Lorsban and control treatments on 30 Jul. Effectiveness on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/20 terminals. The effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/ 25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and a picked sample on 23 Sep. Apple samples averaged 170 fruits/replicate and 680/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/ treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate) 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Green Cloverworm and Green Stink Bug Control in Full Season Soybeans, 1986
Authors: Moss Teresa P. , McPherson Robert M. , Liu Bing
Published: March 2022

Larvin 3.2F and Pounce 3.2EC were evaluated for efficacy in controlling green stink bugs and green cloverworms in soybeans. Effects on the arthropod predators (spiders, nabids, and big-eyed bugs) also were examined in the conventionally planted soybeans being grown on the Z. L. Newsome Farm in Richmond County, VA. Soybeans were planted on a 36-inch row spacing on 26 May. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 22 Aug with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer at 30 psi that delivered 28.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual plots were 4 rows by 75 ft with 4 replications. Individual treatments were evaluated 1-, 3-, 7-, 14-, and 21-days after application by comparing the number of pests and predators per 25 sweeps (using a 15-inch diameter net) in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting 25 feet of row from the center rows in all plots.
Pyrethroid Rate Study for Banded Sunflower Moth Control, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michel , Ford Harlan
Published: March 2022

The trial was located at the Southwest Experiment Station at Lamberton, MN. Individual plot size was 4-30 inch rows by 35 ft in length. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block. The insecticides were applied at the 30% 5.1 stage of bloom. The application was broadcast with a CO2 sprayer using flat cone nozzles. Application pressure was 40 psi with approximately 20 gal of total material applied per acre. Heads were harvested by hand from the center 2 plot rows, dried, crushed and a pre-cleaning sample removed. BSM damage per 200 seeds was then counted. The crushed material from each plot was then cleaned and yield of clean seed recorded.
Aphid Control in Winter Wheat with Fall Applied Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were evaluated to determine their effect on grain aphids, barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), and grain yield. Plots were planted on 30 Aug and 3 Sep ‘85 on the Washington State University, Headquarter (trial 1) and Roza (trial 2) Research Farms near Prosser, Washington, respectively, using a tractor-mounted 4-row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Seeding rate was 40 lb/acre. Plots were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) by 17 ft in length, replicated 4 times in randomized complete block design. Applications were made at the 6-8 leaf seedling stage on 24 Sep ‘85 using a CO2 plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage. Sprayer output was 58 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were furrow-irrigated in the spring. Aphid control was determined on the basis of Berlese-TuUgren funnel aphid extractions (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). Plots were harvested 22-30 Jul ‘86 with a Hege Combine.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticide treatments were applied on 6 May for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 6 x 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a carbon dioxide sprayer 'vith four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. Granular formulations were mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay topdressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 78°F; soil temp, 62°F; % RH, 65; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, sandy loam; % soil moisture, 18; soil pH, 5.3; % organic matter, 4; water pH, slightly acidic; amount of rainfall occurring over posttreatment period, 2.8 inches, immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 28 DAT (3 Jun). Three ft2 sod amples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded. An average of 12 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 6 May.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewiston, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticide treatments and 1 entomogenous nematode were applied on 22 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 6 x 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, and mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay top dressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and enviornmental conditions existed: air temp, 75°F; soil temp, 74°F; % RH, 90; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, loam; % soil moisture, 19.6; soil pH, 5.5; % organic matter, 4.1; water pH, 7.3; amount of rain occurring over posttreatment period, 1.7 inches. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made at 30 DAT (23 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded. An average of 18.5 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 22 Aug.
Margosan-O Ovicidal and Larvicidal Efficacy Against Leafminer, 1986
Authors: Harris M. , Warkentin D. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

In Jun, plants used in the larvicidal test were exposec to the leafminer colony, held until small mines could be counted and then sprayed to runoff with treatment solutions from a hand-held mist bottle. Following treatment, plants were maintained until larvae in the control group were well developed. Pupae were collected from each replicate, counted and held t< determine adult emergence. In Jul the same procedure was followed for ovicidal testing with the following exceptions: plants were treated directly afte colony exposure, held 1-2 days at which time feeding punctures were counted. Small mine counts were made when control mines became evident. For eaci test 6 treatments and a control were evaluated with 4 replicates each.
Control of Hawthorn Lace Bugs on Pyracantha, 1986
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Gladin Jodie
Published: March 2022

Hawthorn lace bug control was evaluated on approximately 400 ft of hedge around a track field on the OSU campus on Jun 26. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments consisted of 4 ft high, 10 ft long sections of hedge and each treatment was separated by a 5 ft section of hedge. Applications were made with a FMC DM 010 sprayer at 350 psi. Temperatures and wind velocity was 86° and 10 mph, respectively. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on 6 inches of terminal branch at 6 locations in each replication at 4, 9, and 14 DAT.
Elm Leaf Beetle Control with Carbofuran, 1986
Authors: Jones Alan H.
Published: March 2022

On 15 Apr, 11 juvenile American elm trees were randomly selected and treated with Furdan 15G, (carbofuran) at the rate of lg per 2.54 cm. trunk diameter at ground level. A second group of 11 trees served as untreated experiment controls. All trees ranged from 4 to 6 m tall and 10 to 17 cm trunk diameter at ground level. Each tree was planted in 1.2 by 1.8 m tree spaces along Lincoln Road in northeastern Washington, D.C. Carbofuran granules were applied by driving a steel pipe into the ground around the periphery of each tree space, creating 12 to 14 cicular holes from 2:5 to 5 cm deep. The granules were distributed evenly into each hole and then covered with soil. All trees were watered by rainfall only. On 8 Sep, all trees were examined and results recorded. Each tree was sampled by cutting three 30 cm branches from the tree crown and recording the estimated percentage of leaf surface skeltonized.
Effects of Atmospheric Deposition on Efficacy Of Pesticides for Elm Leaf Beetle Control, Delaware, Co., Oh., 1985
Authors: Hall Richard W. , Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

One-year-old potted elm, Ulmus spp., cuttings were sprayed with insecticides and subjected to a combination of atmospheric pollutants and acid rain treatments to determine if insecticidal efficacies against elm leaf beetle adults were affected. The experiment was a factorial design. The factors were 3 insecticides (Dursban, Mavrik Aquaflow, Sevin XLR) applied at recommended rates; 2 simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments (4.0 pH, ambient); 2 elm cultivars ('Homestead,' 'Pioneer'); 3 atmospheric pollutant treatments (0.1 ppm 03, 0.2 ppm S02 plus 0.1 ppm 03, ambient); and 3 to 6 replicates each. Fumigations were in 4 open-top chambers ca. 3 m in diam and 2.5 m in height. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water with 2 parts H2S04 and 1 part HN03. SAR was applied through beta fog nozzles at 69 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms, 1.2 m in diam, revolving at 4 rpm. Weekly SAR and fumigation treatments began 13 Jun. These treatments were 45 min (1.27 cm) SAR followed by fumigation for 5 days at 7 h/day. Elms that were ttt treated with insecticides, fumigants or SAR served as controls. Cuttings were sprayed to runoff on 8 Jul (32°C, 62% RH, winds calm) using a 11.4-liter c impressed C02 driven R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a no. 5500 adjustable cone tip nozzle opened Vi turn from full closed at 206.8 kPa pressure. At 10 days postspray (Trial l)and at 37 Days postspray (Trial 2), insecticide efficacy was assessed by placing 5 or 10 elm leaf beetle adults in petri dishes with foliage from the different treatments. In Trial 1, foliage from 4 to 6 trees was used per treatment combination. In Trial 2, foliage from 6 trees was used per treatment combination (3 'Homestead' plus 3 'Pioneer'). Percent beetle mortality was determined in each petri dish after 48 h. Data were 3 lbjected to an angular transformation and analyzed by a 3 factor ANOVA at the 5% level. Where significant differences occurred, ANOVA was followed by an SNK multiple comparison test at the 5% level.
Christmas Tree Pest Control with Carbofuran, 1985
Authors: Lanier Gerald N.
Published: March 2022

Alternate trees in rows of Scotch pine and Douglas-fir Christmas trees were designated for treatment with carbofiiran (Furdan 15G, FMC) at 28 g or 84 g per tree (4.2 and 12.6 gm AI, respectively) or as untreated controls. The trees were 1.5-2 m tall and 6-10 cm stump diameter located near Lysander, NY. On 4 May treatment and control trees were designated and granules wei? applied 0-20 cm from the stems of treated trees at the surface of the soil cleared of litter. After treatment, granules were covered by litter. All Scotch pin.. had light to moderate infestations of pine needle scale and all Douglas-fir trees had needles bearing Cooley spruce gall adelgids. Trees were watered on! y by rainfall. On 9 Nov all trees were examined for insects and insect damage.
Effects of Ozone and Acid Rain on Pesticide Degradation, Delaware, CO., OH., 1986
Authors: Barger Jack H. , Cannon William N.
Published: March 2022

Two-year-old red and white oak seedlings were sprayed with insecticides to determine if chemical efficacy against gypsy moth (GM) larvae was affected by exposure to various levels of atmospheric deposition. The experimental parameters (factorial design) were 2 insecticides (Baythroid, Dylox); 3 concentrations (V4, 1, 2 × recommended rate); 3 simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments (3.0 pH, 3.5 pH, 4.2 pH); 2 ozone (O3) exposures (0.15 ppm, ambient); and 3 replicates. Seedlings were sprayed to runoff on 30 Jun (22�C, 45% RH, 0 mph wind) using a 11.4-liter compressed CO2 driven R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a no. 5500 adjustable cone tip nozzle opened Vi turn from full closed at 2.1 kg/cm2 pressure. To establish initial chemical efficacy, 2 leaf disc samples (1.8 cm2 each were removed from leaves (24 h postspray) on each seedling for GM bioassay. Seedlings were then subjected to the appropriate SAR and O3 treatments weekly for 3 weeks. These treatments were 45 min SAR (1.27 cm) followed by fumigation for 3 days at 7 h day. At 22 days postspray, seedlings were resampled to determine degradation effects. For both bioassays, leaf disc samples were placed on moistened filter paper in plastic petri dishes. Two 2nd-instar GM larvae were added to each test dish and allowed to feed for 24 h. Average % mortality of larvae was used to measure effects.
Control of Western Pine Tip Moth in Ponderosa Pine, 1986
Authors: Harrell Mark O.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Dimilin 25W (diflubenzuron) and an untreated check were compared for effectiveness in controlling Rhyacionia bushnelli in a 1.0 ha planting of ponderosa pine in the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, near Halsey, NE. Trees were 2 to 3 m tall. Insecticide treatments consisted of foliar sprays of Dimilin 25W applied to 3 trees per block at either the label rate or one-half the label rate. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were applied using compressed air sprayers on 1 Jul and 8 Jul. The timing corresponded to the period in which second-generation larvae were exposed on the branch tips. Numbers of newly infested tips in the lower 2 m of each tree were determined on 6 Aug. Additional treatments at 2 and 4 times the label rate were applied to detect possible phytotoxic effects.
Asana As a Control for Redheaded Pine Sawfly on Jack Pine & Red Pine, 1986
Authors: Mech R. G. , Sapio F. J. , Atkison C. S.
Published: March 2022

A 4 year old, hand-planted, mixed jack pine/ red pine plantation in central Cheboygan County, MI was used in this test. Trees were approximately 4 ft in height and were planted at a 6 ft by 6 ft spacing. Sawfly larvae appeared to be uniformly distributed across the test block and were fully grown at time of treatment. A total of 5 treatments were randomly assigned to rows of 60 trees each within the test block. A backpack mistblower, calibrated to 29 gal/acre, was used to apply the chemical. A single appUcation of each rate was made during late morning of 15 Jul. Temp at time of treatment was 80 F and wind speed was less than 3 mph. No precipitation was recorded on the day of treatment; 0.07 inches of rain fell on 16 Jul.
Effects of 3% Methoprene Boluses on Dung Inhabiting Insects in Wyoming, 1986
Authors: Watson D. W. , Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R.
Published: March 2022

A cow/calf herd in southeast Wyoming was divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) an untreated group of 13 cows, 2 heifers and 13 calves; (2) a group of 39 cows, 35 calves, and 7 heifers in which the cows and heifers received bolus 1; and (3), a group of 41 cows, 36 calves, and 12 heifers in which the cows and heifers received bolus 2. On 27 Jun, all treated animals were administered one of two formulations of methoprene bolus containing 3% AI. Each treatment group was maintained in a separate pasture. Fresh dung pats were marked 10 days after treatment, and collected 48 h later. Dung pats were placed under cone-type, emergence traps and arthropods were collected 14 days later.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. , Baird R. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 6-yeai old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A randomized complete block design was used, with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applie as dilute sprays to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi on 9 Aug. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. By this date, large majority of second generation WALH eggs had hatched but most nymphs were still in early ins tars. WALH populations were determined by countin nymphs on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment). Mite densitites were estimate by collecting 20 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them in a mite brushing machine, and counting mites of each species recovered.
Apple, Evaluation of The Adjuvant Basic H, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates for each treatment. The trees were 11 years old and the cultivar ‘Delicious'. Treatments were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. The application date was 20 Jun. The effect on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/5 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf. Pest pressure was heavy.
Apple, Pest Control with IGR SD115110, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 17-year-old apple trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied when necessary to the entire block. All treatments except the check received a 2% superior oil spray 25 Mar (delayed dormant). Guthion cover sprays were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bull. 1072). The IGR was applied about 150 to 250°D earlier than Guthion to coincide with the beginning and peak of egg laving. At mid-season (22 Jul) and at harvest (8 Oct), 100 fruit/treatment (25/tree) were inspected for CM and leafroller damage. Mite counts were taken at 2- to 4-week intervals by brushing 100 leaves/treatment (25/tree). On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Aerial Appucation Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Baird R. J. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

Ground airblast and helicopter applications of Seven XLR at 2.0 lb Al/acre were compared for eEFectiveness against WALH nymphs and adults. This test was conducted in an orchard containing 7-year-old trees with under-tree irrigation. Treatments were applied to unreplicated 1.0 acre plots on 27 Aug. The ground application was made with a Parker airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. The helicopter application was made at a speed of 35 mph, approximately 10 ft over the canopy, delivering 7 gal/acre. On the date of application, approximately 13.0% of the WALH population were adults. Adults were sampled with 12.5 x 17.8 cm sticky boards made from bright yellow poster board coated on both sides with Stickem Special Pest Glue, suspended from limbs with a wire hanger. Six traps were evenly spaced in each plot and left in place for a 24 h period to obtain adult counts. Nymphs were counted on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves on terminal growth from 6 trees in each plot (120 leaves per treatment). Half of these leaves were chosen from outer canopy of the tree, the other half from lower central growth.