bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permanent deconstruction of intracellular primary cilia in differentiating granule cell neurons
Authors: Ott Carolyn M. , Constable Sandii , Nguyen Tri M. , White Kevin , Lee Wei-Chung Allen , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer , Mukhopadhyay Saikat
Published: August 2024

Primary cilia on granule cell neuron progenitors in the developing cerebellum detect sonic hedgehog to facilitate proliferation. Following differentiation, cerebellar granule cells become the most abundant neuronal cell type in the brain. While granule cell cilia are essential during early developmental stages, they become infrequent upon maturation. Here, we provide nanoscopic resolution of cilia in situ using large-scale electron microscopy volumes and immunostaining of mouse cerebella. In many granule cells, we found intracellular cilia, concealed from the external environment. Cilia were disassembled in differentiating granule cell neurons—in a process we call cilia deconstruction—distinct from premitotic cilia resorption in proliferating progenitors. In differentiating granule cells, cilia deconstruction involved unique disassembly intermediates, and, as maturation progressed, mother centriolar docking at the plasma membrane. Unlike ciliated neurons in other brain regions, our results show the deconstruction of concealed cilia in differentiating granule cells, which might prevent mitogenic hedgehog responsiveness. Ciliary deconstruction could be paradigmatic of cilia removal during differentiation in other tissues.
FLRW cosmology in metric-affine F(R,Q) gravity*
Authors: Maurya Dinesh Chandra , Yesmakhanova K. , Myrzakulov R. , Nugmanova G.
Published: August 2024

We investigated some Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmological models in the context of metric-affine

gravity, as proposed in [arXiv: 1205.5266v6]. Here, R and Q are the curvature and nonmetricity scalars using non-special connections, respectively. We obtained the modified field equations using a flat FLRW metric. We then found a connection between the Hubble constant

, density parameter

, and other model parameters in two different situations involving scalars u and w. Next, we used new observational datasets, such as the cosmic chronometer (CC) Hubble and Pantheon SNe Ia datasets, to determine the optimal model parameter values through a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis. Using these best-fit values of the model parameters, we discussed the results and behavior of the derived models. Further, we discussed the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for the derived models in the context of the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM). We found that the geometrical sector dark equation of state parameter

behaves just like a dark energy candidate. We also found that both models are transit phase models. Model-I approaches the ΛCDM model in the late-time universe, whereas Model-II approaches quintessence scenarios.
Black Hole Mass and Optical Radiation Mechanism of the Tidal Disruption Event AT 2023clx
Authors: Zhong Shiyan , Xu Xian , Chen Xinlei , Guo Helong , Fang Yuan , Du Guowang , Liu Xiangkun , Liu Xiaowei
Published: August 2024

We present the optical light curves of the tidal disruption event AT 2023clx in the declining phase, observed with Mephisto. Combining our light curve with the ASAS-SN and ATLAS data in the rising phase, and fitting the composite multi-band light curves with MOSFiT, we estimate black hole mass for AT 2023clx is between 105.67 and 105.82
M
⊙. This event may be caused by either a full disruption of a 0.1 M
⊙ star, or a partial disruption of a 0.99 M
⊙ star, depending on the data adopted for the rising phase. Based on those fit results and the non-detection of soft X-ray photons in the first 90 days, we propose that the observed optical radiation is powered by stream-stream collision. We speculate that the soft X-ray photons may gradually emerge in 100–600 days after the optical peak, when the debris is fully circularized into a compact accretion disk.
Computer-aided design of MEMS-FP based on reinforcement learning
Authors: Liu Zhenya , Wang Junchao
Published: August 2024

The Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems Fabry-Perot (MEMS-FP) filter is a pivotal photosensitive component within optical instrumentation, serving an integral role across various optical applications, including frequency selection spectroscopy and spectral analysis. The advent of MEMS-FP technology has significantly contributed to advancements in the optical field, underscoring the necessity for precise pre-fabrication theoretical predictions of device properties through finite element analysis (FEA). Nonetheless, the complexity inherent in three-dimensional modelling of MEMS-FP structures, coupled with the intricate nature of finite element simulations, presents substantial challenges that impede progress in MEMS-FP research. To navigate these challenges, this paper introduces a novel approach employing reinforcement learning (RL) for the automated design of MEMS-FP devices. This method encompasses the development of a Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm, the formulation of a tailored reward function, and an innovative strategy for updating the status of MEMS-FP devices. Various designs schemes of MEMS-FP devices can be acquired using MEMS-FP state search. The disparity between the MEMS-FP device design scheme and performance index can be assessed using a reward function. The DQN algorithm is crafted to update the network responsible for predicting Q-values. The agent trained by our method can rapidly calculate the MEMS-FP device design scheme that fulfils a specified performance index when provided with the performance index of the MEMS-FP device. By amalgamating reinforcement learning with MEMS-FP device research, this approach adeptly identifies optimal design configurations that meet specified performance criteria with enhanced precision and efficiency and promote the advancement of MEMS-FP devices.
A Low-Power MEMS Micro-Hotplate for Ethanol Sensing
Authors: Han Xuefei , Zhang Yunjing , Li Lingfeng , Li Peng , He Xingli
Published: August 2024

The MEMS-based micro-hotplate was widely used for gas sensing and has demonstrated a responsive range of 1-200 ppm for ethanol detection. In this study, a low-power micro-heater was designed and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics. The hybrid 1D and 2D ZnO nanoparticles were utilized as the sensing layers for ethanol sensing. The sensing devices were fabricated and characterized. The electrical performance of the gas sensors was consistent with the simulation results, demonstrating low power consumption and high reliability. In gas sensing characterizations, the sensors exhibited high sensitivity, excellent repeatability, short response/recovery time, strong anti-interference capability, and high reliability.
3D printed biocompatible scaffolds combined with electrical stimulation promote wound healing in diabetic rats
Authors: Yang Xi , Zhong Yufan , Zhang Liang , Zhuo Fengling , Liu Yulu , Li Guangyang , Wang Xiaozhi
Published: August 2024

The directional movement of ions at the wound creates an endogenous electric field, which plays a crucial role in the wound healing process. However, wounds in diabetic patients are difficult to heal due to insufficient endogenous electric fields, and existing treatment methods still have limitations. Therefore, we propose a treatment regimen using 3D printed scaffolds combined with electrical stimulation to promote wound healing in diabetic rats. Through simulation studies, it is found that the number of scaffold layers is positively correlated with the electric field energy. Animal experiment results show that the regimen can promote the orderly arrangement of collagen fibers and improve the wound healing rate of diabetic rats. Further analysis based on simulation and experimental results indicate that under single-phase pulse electrical stimulation with the same parameters, the wound healing rate is higher in the scaffold group with higher electric field energy. Therefore, the combination of scaffolds with electrical stimulation can accelerate wound healing. Our research provides an effective means for healing wounds in diabetic patients.
Fabrication of a sidewall reflective optical switch by using FIB etching
Authors: He Zhen , Cao Jun , Dai Jun
Published: August 2024

As a key device of micro-optical electromechanical system technology, silicon-based MEMS optical switches have become a frontier research hotspot in the current world of science and technology development. The mechanical analysis and structural design of sidewall reflective optical switch is straightforward. However the high roughness of the sidewall limits the application of MEMS sidewall reflective optical switches. This study proposes an effective method to process the sidewall surface by using focused ion beam (FIB) etching. The effect of FIB etching on an Si sidewall surface was experimentally investigated. The surface roughness of the sidewall mirror was improved from 126 nm to 5 nm. The improvement in FIB etching for a MEMS sidewall reflective optical switch was demonstrated. The output power of the MEMS sidewall reflective optical switch has been increased by more than 300%. We believe this work is significant for high precision processing for sidewall reflective optical switches, promoting the application in the research fields of optical engineering, microfluidics, instrumentation and so forth.
Audio-visual Fusion of Artificial Intelligence for Enhanced Human Recognition
Authors: Li Zening , Wang Jiachuang , Yue Xiawei , Zhao Fangyu , Wei Xiaoling , Tao Tiger H. , Qin Nan
Published: August 2024

In complex rescue environments, the information that can be perceived by a single vision is often limited, and it is easy to miss the best opportunity to help disaster victims. We designed an intelligent robotic system that fuses audio-visual information to solve the problems of poor lighting, heat source interference, and line-of-sight occlusion in complex rescue environments. By carrying visible optics cameras, infrared cameras, and microphone arrays, the system realizes multi-modal information sensing of vision, temperature, and hearing in complex environments. And we designed an intelligent recognition algorithm for multi-modal fusion. It searches for rescuers outside the camera’s field of view through sound source localization, and uses audio-visual fusion for human recognition, which ensures the normal operation of the rescue system in obscured or poorly lit environments. We conducted data acquisition and testing experiments in six different complex environments. The results show an accuracy of 95.17% using the audio-visual fusion algorithm. It has better performance compared to the single visual modality in all scenes.
Microfluidic Sensor for Dielectric Spectroscopy Measurement of Microliter Biological Fluids over 1-60 GHz
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Sun Wen , Wang Qinyu , Sun Lingling
Published: August 2024

A wideband microfluidic sensor based on a microfluidic channel and a millimeter wave coplanar waveguide sensor is proposed. The sensor operates in a frequency band ranging from 1GHz to 60GHz and is used to measure the dielectric spectrum of microliter volume liquids. When the microwave signal incident on the interface of the liquid sample, transmission and reflection will occur, and the transmission and reflection coefficients are related to the dielectric constant of the liquid sample, and the dielectric constant of the sample to be measured can be deduced from the measured scattering parameters. The dielectric spectrum results measured at 150mmol/L NaCl were compared with the commercial Keysight results to verify the accuracy of the sensor. Finally, complex biological liquid samples tumor cell suspension MCF-7 and WBC were measured. The difference between NaCl solution and the working frequency band reflected the difference between different cell suspensions. The error range of the five consecutive measurements was much smaller than the difference between tumor cells. These results provide support for distinguishing different tumor cell suspensions.
The cell elastic modulus sensing based on surface acoustic wave devices
Authors: Ye Boya , Sun Lingling
Published: August 2024

Elastic modulus is an important parameter to reflect the status of the cell. In this work, the elastic modulus of liquid and cancer cell were studied based on the delay line type surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. Firstly, the finite element method (FEM) was used to analyse and design the sensor, a cavity was etched on the propagation path. After the acoustic wave transmit through the cavity, the transmission parameter was disturbed by the material in the cavity. The phase shift of the S21
parameter of the SAW sensor was used to detect the elastic modulus of liquid or cell in the cavity.
Studies on the safe application techniques of high-pressure hydrogen gas
Authors: Suwa Yoshihide
Published: August 2024

Hydrogen is expected to be a clean next-generation energy source. Although hydrogen technologies such as FCVs have already reached the practical stage, hydrogen energy has not yet been fully utilized. One of the reasons for this may be that many people feel that hydrogen gas is dangerous. Now the development of safe technologies such as hydrogen storage materials is progressing. However, hydrogen is still stored and used as high-pressure gas in FCVs and supply stations. Hydrogen gas is certainly highly flammable and explosive. However, it can be used as safely as any other fuel, when it is properly managed and operated. To popularize the use of hydrogen energy, it is very important to correctly recognize the properties of hydrogen gas and take appropriate safety measures. In this paper, analysis of past hydrogen gas accidents, simulations of gas flow during the leak accident, damage of structures caused by explosion tests, and effective safety measures technologies for these accidents will be shown.
Effect of rotation speed on hydrogen storage properties of Ti45Zr38Ni17 alloy ribbons produced by melt spinning
Authors: Takasaki A , Klimkowicz A , Takahashi N , Czub J , Gondek L , Zywczak A
Published: August 2024

Ti/Zr-based icosahedral (i) quasicrystals are believed to have a Bergman-type cluster with a large number of tetrahedral interstitials, making them attractive as potential hydrogen storage materials. In this study, Ti45Zr38Ni17 alloy ribbons were prepared by melt spinning at different rotation speeds, and the effect of the rotation speed on the microstructures and hydrogen storage capacities was investigated. The i-phase with a small amount of Ti2Ni phase and/or some minor crystal phase was identified after melt spinning, but the amount of amorphous phase increased and the Ti2Ni and the other crystal phases decreased with increasing rotation speed. After gaseous hydrogen loading at 573 K and a pressure of 3 MPa, a hydride phase was observed in the samples with more amorphous phase, suggesting that the amorphous phase turned into the hydride phase. The maximum gaseous hydrogen capacity (H/M), 1.31, was obtained for the sample with more i-phase. After electrochemical hydrogen loading, a slightly higher maximum discharge capacity was observed in a less-quality quasicrystal sample at the first loading, that decreased drastically after the second cycle, but gradually increased with increasing cycling up to 20 cycles. The maximum hydrogen discharge capacity obtained in sample with more i-phase, reached about 10 mAh/g, while the less-amount one 4 mAh/g, suggesting the i-phase has higher hydrogen capacity than the crystal and the amorphous phases.
CFD modelling and analysis of a radial ORC turbine with backswept rotor blades
Authors: Szemraj Dawid , Jankowski Marcin
Published: August 2024

Global electricity demand has steadily risen over the past five decades due to increased industrialization and improved accessibility worldwide. Addressing this escalating demand requires expanding electricity production, achievable through adopting renewable energy sources or enhancing production efficiency. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power systems offer a promising solution for efficient electricity generation by utilizing organic fluids with lower critical parameters. Unlike conventional steam power plants, ORC systems operate at lower temperatures, making them adaptable to various applications. The efficiency of ORC power systems heavily relies on the design and performance of their turbines. This study focuses on modelling and analyzing the ORC turbine using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques, specifically employing a radial-inflow design with backswept rotor blades. Geometric parameters were derived from a simplified zero-dimensional (0-D) turbine model developed in MATLAB. CFD modelling was conducted using ANSYS software, integrating the BladeGen module for turbine geometry generation and the TurboGrid toolbox for mesh creation. Comparative analysis with the 0-D design method validated the accuracy of the CFD turbine modelling and the achievement of desired operational parameters. This research underscores the potential of CFD techniques in optimizing ORC turbine design thus allowing to achieve efficient electricity generation, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy technologies.
Polygeneration System for Hydrogen-Containing Synthetic Fuel Production: A Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment
Authors: Sochański P , Gładysz P , Hasegawa H
Published: August 2024

The growing demand for sustainable and energy-ef6icient solutions has led to the development of polygeneration systems, which can generate various energy forms from a single source. This study focuses on assessing a polygeneration system based on the integrated gasi6ication combined cycle (IGCC), aimed to simultaneously produce electricity, hot water for district heating system, and syngas with 30% hydrogen content. Utilizing Ebsilon Professional, a comprehensive model for the IGCC system is developed and the system is assessed in terms of its techno-economic and environmental performance. The technical evaluation focuses on determining the system’s energy ef6iciency, while economic feasibility is determined through a thorough analysis of factors such as internal rate of return, and simple payback time. Environmental assessment provides insights on how the system contributes to reducing CO2 emissions compared to separate production methods. The analyses provide valuable insights into this polygeneration plant’s performance, empowering stakeholders, including plant operators, energy managers, and policymakers, to make informed decisions on resource allocation and operational strategies. Serving as a signi6icant reference, this study contributes to future advancements in sustainable energy systems, fostering the ongoing transition toward environmentally conscious energy practices.
Application of the electrospinning technique in the preparation of selected electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Prajsner M , Winiarz P
Published: August 2024

The electrospinning technique was applied to prepare cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The research aimed to determine the influence of the Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) content in the solution of a Sm0.5Ba0.25Sr0.25Co0.5Cu0.5O3-d perovskite oxide on the properties of the spun material, and consequently, on the performance of the fuel cell. The chosen material, commonly used as a cathode material for SOFCs, has been altered by the replacement of toxic barium and cobalt with less harmful strontium in the A-site and copper in the B-site. A single-phase perovskite structure was obtained after annealing at 900°C for two hours. The research included a process of preparing the precursor solution and obtaining samples by the electrospinning technique, followed by a series of studies to determine the morphology and phase composition, electrode and cell fabrication, and characterization of their electrochemical properties. The results indicated that material derived from a precursor with the addition of 15 wt.% PVP had the lowest polarization resistance values (e.g. 0,865 Ω cm−2 at 800 °C) between 600°C - 900°C temperature range. This material was then screen-printed on a commercial anode-supported fuel cell as a cathode layer, which allowed to achieve a promising power density value close to 300 mW cm−2 at 800 °C.
Perspectives of Energy Transition in Poland with an Emphasis on Environmental, Economic and Technical Aspects
Authors: Nowak K , Michalak J , Złotecka D
Published: August 2024

In this article four paths of energy transition in Poland were compared within selected aspects. Perspectives of reducing human, environmental and economic cost of power generation were main motivations. Research analysed Polish Energy Policy by 2040, its unapproved update, back-to-coal and zero-nuclear scenarios. These scenarios differed in available power capacities and energy production. Current policies are outdated and insufficient, since wind and solar power capacities in 2023 almost exceeded levels expected for 2035. In scenarios with a high pace of coal phase-out emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx are notably reduced. CO2 emissions per energy unit can decrease from 779 gCO2/kWh in 2022 to 188 gCO2/kWh in 2040. Rapid transformation scenarios had significantly lower cost of buying allowances in EU ETS. Without creating other capacities, power shortages may occur if Poland’s nuclear energy program proves unsuccessful. According to analysed scenarios, power gap might happen in late 2030s. Calculations and data visualisations were conducted in Python using custom scripts.
Development of water vapor recovery membrane for efficient recycling system
Authors: Horiguchi Towa , Muto Takahiro , Taguchi Miwa , Nomura Mikihiro
Published: August 2024

In wastewater treatment at semiconductor plants separation operations are currently conducted mainly by distillation. Membrane distillation using ceramic surface-treated membranes is expected to provide more efficient separation. In this study, we investigated the improvement of acid resistance of surface-treated ceramic membranes by using four silicon alkoxides, Hexamethyldisiloxane(HMDS), Dimethyldimethoxysilane(DMDMOS), 3,3,3-Trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (TFPrTMOS), Tetramethoxysilane(TMOS) were used as surface treatment and it was performed in the gas phase. The water vapor permeance of the TFPrTMOS surface treated membrane was 2.35✕10−6 [mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1], and it maintained its functionality after immersion in a 10 wt% sulfuric acid solution under 60°C for 170 h. The membrane with multiple surface treatments with TFPrTMOS showed an increase in acid resistance to 491h, indicating that unreacted alkoxide affected the degradation. The water vapor permeance of the TFPrTMOS-DMDMOS treated membrane combined silicon alkoxides was 2.85✕10−6[mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1] and the acid resistance was 687 h. It is possible that DMDMOS acted as a cross-linker in modifying the unreacted alkoxide portion of the membrane, leading to improved resistance.
Management of compressed air expansion dynamics in piston expander by pressure and heat impingement
Authors: Markowski Jan , Gryboś Dominik , Leszczyński Jacek , Kubala Piotr
Published: August 2024

Scientists and engineers recognise the main disadvantage of microscale compressed air energy storage (CAES) installations as their low round-trip storage efficiency. This is attributed to the unstable generation of electrical energy, associated with pressure fluctuations during the discharge of the air tank, and the exothermic and endothermic nature of the compression and expansion processes. Here, we focus on operational processes where Hutchinson’s theory of impinging pressure feeding the piston expander and Steinfeld’s experiments on thermal energy storage will be implemented. Hutchinson’s theory involves air wave impinging on a cylinder, transporting energy and momentum that are converted into the motion of the piston. Control of the heat input is crucial to increase the thermodynamic efficiency of the gas expansion process in the expander, involving the selection of the input location and method to achieve a process as close to isothermal as possible. The essence of this approach lies in selecting a compressed air expansion and heat injection strategy to be pulsed, intermittent, or continuous to achieve the highest possible expander efficiency. Computer simulations showed that with proper heat management efficiency can increase by 0.12.
Artificial Neural Networks as Efficient Models of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Przepiórski Michał , Moździerz Marcin
Published: August 2024

Utilization of machine learning methodologies, particularly artificial neural networks (ANNs), presents a good approach to accurately model physical systems. Such predictive simulations offer the ability to predict system performance across diverse operational conditions without the need of use mathematical descriptions. This approach contrast with traditional, time-consuming and unstable approaches reliant on partial differential equations. In this study, ANN methodology is used to obtain the characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEMFC are low temperature devices which convert chemical energy into electricity. This devices are promising applications in the automotive sector. Utilizing data gained from computational fluid dynamics simulations of PEMFCs, was explored various data collection techniques and network architectures to check their impact on predictive fidelity. Conclusions show that the ANN-based framework enables rapid prediction of current-voltage characteristics, achieving accuracy levels surpassing 90%. Practical of machine learning model implications were discussed, accenting its utility in optimizing PEMFC operational parameters and its potential integration within digital twin frameworks as a data-driven surrogate model. This study underscores the efficiency of machine learning techniques in advancing the comprehension and optimization of complex physical systems such as PEM-FCs, thereby paving the way for their use in engineering and energy sectors.
UAV path planning method based on modeling in complex forest environment
Authors: Chen Jiahui
Published: August 2024

Using drones in forest fire prevention and geological surveys is becoming increasingly widespread, but it also brings safety hazards. Due to the complex forest environment, drones face issues such as low stability, long path planning, and inefficient dynamic obstacle avoidance. If a drone crashes in such an environment, it may trigger wildfires, causing enormous losses. Therefore, correct and safe drone path planning is crucial. However, current drone path planning often only considers reducing time and distance, neglecting risk costs. Hence, this paper proposes a drone path planning method based on third-party risk modeling. This approach optimizes terrain maps by considering obstacles, and forming a three-dimensional risk map. It uses ant colony algorithms to assess risks and re-implement path planning. The research shows that in planning new routes, the minimum path length is significantly lower than the average path length, reducing risks and improving path planning efficiency. This makes drone path planning more convenient and reliable. This study’s findings apply to drone path planning in high-risk areas.
Behaviour of liquefaction for Darbandikhan Dam consequence impact of seismic load
Authors: Abbas Mohammed Omar , Mohammed Salih Ameen Ameen
Published: August 2024

Embankment dams are at risk of damage due to the impact of earthquakes. Rock-filled dam structures are especially vulnerable to earthquakes. To assess the impact of earthquakes, it is important to study liquefaction, which is a significant factor affecting the dynamic behavior of the dams. This study aims to determine the probability that the Darbandikhan rock-fill dam on the (Sirwan- Diyala) river in Iraq may liquefy using two-dimensional numerical modelling and finite element analysis, which is located in Alsulamaniyah north of the capital of Iraq, Baghdad 230 km. The simulation results are compared in terms of different water levels 434, 472, and 485m.a.s.l., different peak accelerations of the earthquakes (0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) and different duration of earthquakes 25, 50, 75, and 100sec. As, a result the liquefaction zone increases with increasing upstream water level, acceleration, and duration. So, when the maximum operation water level was 485 m, the percentage of liquefaction area was 20% at peak acceleration of 0.08 g, and a duration of 100s. After that, the liquefaction zone decreases with a decreasing upstream water level of 472 m, for the same acceleration and duration of up to 12.5%. However, this percentage when the minimum water level of 434 m, acceleration 0.08g, and duration 100s, decreases by 65% from the liquefaction zone at elevation 485 m.a.s.l.
Effect of Soil Degree of Saturation on Pile Lateral Resistance at Different L/D Ratios
Authors: Mohammed Saeed Lateef J. , Majeed Qutaiba G. , Jalut Qassem H.
Published: August 2024

This study had performed the investigation of behavior for single pile inserted in clay soil. The test was performed under lateral resistance by using different degrees of saturation (Sr.=100, 80, 60, and 40%). A pile of 15x15 mm cross section with different slenderness ratios (L/D) (24, 30, and 36) employed in the study. A steel box with (60x40x60 cm) filled with clay soil layers having density of 16 kN/m3 at different degrees of saturation. The matric suction measured using Em50 potential sensors. The impact of saturation degree, matric suction and slenderness ratio on pile lateral resistance is examined. The results illustrate that pile lateral resistance influenced considerably by the saturation degree, matric suction, and slenderness ratio. The results showed that when saturation degree reduced from 100% to (80, 60, and 40%) lateral resistance of pile increased at all L/D used (24, 30, and 36). As example lateral resistance of pile of L/D (24) at saturated condition (Sr.=100%) is (65 N), by decreasing Sr. to (80, 60, and 40%) Lateral resistance becomes (210, 165, and 100 N) respectively, the percent increase in lateral resistance was (223, 154, and 54%) respectively.
Laterally and Vertically Loaded Batter Piles: An Overview
Authors: Ibrahim Hussain Qassim , Al-Neami Mohammed A. , Rahil Falah H.
Published: August 2024

Piles subjected to lateral forces are commonly employed in scenarios were structures face significant lateral pressures. Various structures, including chimneys, towers, docks, harbors, and high-rise buildings, make use of both batter and vertical piles. The literature encompasses a variety of approaches to address issues related to piles under lateral loads, with a preference for the p-y method. This study investigates analytical solutions proposed by different researchers for both batter and vertical pile scenarios. Research experiments show that negative batter piles demonstrate significant strength against lateral loads in comparison to their vertical equivalents. Analytical solutions were used to derive deflection values, and these were compared with model tests, revealing a satisfactory level of agreement. Additionally, the study explores the numerical simulations conducted by different scholars concerning the structural modeling of both vertical and batter piles.
Geotechnical Engineering and Geological Study for Soil of Hilla District in Babylon Governorate in Iraq
Authors: Al-Amar Haider A. S. , Alkhalidy Amer A. L.
Published: August 2024

A geotechnical, geological and physical properties of soil in Hilla city in middle of Iraq was conducted, three boreholes over geotechnical purposes were examined. The analysis of the soil was performed in the laboratory of Babylon University / College of Science, using samples of three boreholes dug in the study area. furthermore examining the ground water impacts assessment to identify any problems that occurring in study site. The most soil at the site is a cohesive mixture of brown silty clay and clayey silt. In accordance to the unified soil classification system (USCS), the soil that cohesive is clay (CL) Clay with low plasticity. In addition to poorly graded silty sand, small graded layers of coherence-less silty sand were observed at various locations. The liquid limit (LL) of the samples is ranges from 41 to 46%, with a average of 43.3% . The plastic limit (PI)of samples ranges from 23 to 26% with average of 24.3%, and the Activity (A) values which is less than 0.75 % are classified as inactive clays. The active clays typically have activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.25% . The activity of sample greater than 1.25% are active of clay ; however, the test findings show that the majority of the sample of soil had activity less than 0.75%, indicating inactive clay. The chemical examinations of the soil revealed that the proportions of sulfates (SO3) ranges from 0.26 to 1.1% with average of 0.76 %, total soluble salts (TSS) ranges from 2.16 to 8.59% with average of 5.91%, organic matter (ORG) ranges from 0.41 to 0.65% with average of0.52%, gypsum content ranges from 1.7 to 4.62% with average of 3.41%, calcium carbonates content (CaCO3) ranges from 2 to 8% with average of 5.4%, PH ranges from 7.8 to 8.1 with average of 7.9 and chloride (Cl) ranges from 0.04 to 0.051% with average of 0.044 %.The groundwater table is approximately 1.70 m below the ground level. The leakage of water surrounding the foundations could cause erosion beneath the foundations.
Assessing the Environmental Footprint of the Cement Industry: A Pathway to Sustainable Development
Authors: Abdulwadood Huda W. , Hameed Reem Sh. , Mustafa Reem I.
Published: August 2024

Achieving a connection between sustainability processes and environmental protection, or what is known as sustainable development, requires paying more attention to environmental and sustainability issues for various projects and their effects on environmental problems. It involves determining the most appropriate ways to deal with them within pillars of sustainability (environmental, social, economic, and natural resources. As cement is a fundamental component of industrial services and construction in cities, it has a direct and significant interaction with the development process, making it one of the most important industries in Iraq. Because of the clinker particles and combustion gases that are released by the furnaces, this industry is recognized as one of the most polluting sectors of the economy. The effects of these polluted sites create negative impacts on the environment through their impact on green lands and cities adjacent to cement factories, leading to a decrease in tree growth and their spread areas, as well as their impact on residential communities and various other health and environmental impacts. Works and residential areas near cement factories are infected with respiratory and nervous system diseases, difficulty breathing, impact on mucous membranes, bronchitis, asthma, allergies, pharyngeal irritation, and direct impact on the nervous system if the necessary prevention methods and pollution reduction measures are not used.
Studying the Properties of the Contaminated Soil Mixed with Organic Compost
Authors: Hassan Noor Al-Huda S. , Mohamed Zainab B. , Karim Ibtisam R.
Published: August 2024

As a result of high levels of food consumption and general economic expansion, there has been a concomitant increase in the amount of organic waste produced. This increase was the result of significant advances in agricultural production techniques. Good waste management is one of the most effective ways to restore levels of depleted organic substances in the soil by re-entering carbon into the system in the form of organic inputs. Fertilization is a means of treating wastes that have increased their popularity over the years. In this research, two experiments were conducted. The first is C/N 50% in winter and the second is an unspecified C/N study in summer of the characteristics affecting the application after mixing 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% fertilizer with soil contaminated with organic pollutants from Aldora refinery in Baghdad. These characteristics are (Specific gravity, Falling Head permeability, TDs, SO3, Unconfined compressive strength). It has been found that there is an inverse relationship between the Specific gravity and the compost percentage. The permeability and Unconfined compressive strength are increasing with increased compost, and salts and SO3 depend on their concentration in both contaminated soil and fertilizer. From these results, it is possible to take advantage of this fertilizer produced to improve some soil properties, especially silty clay soil, not only in the field of agriculture, improving the soil and strengthening it for plant growth.
Assessing Interface Friction in Sand Treated Clayey Soil-Concrete Composites
Authors: Nadhir Ali Alshareef Huda , Hamed Majid
Published: August 2024

Understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing friction mobilization at the interface between construction materials and soil is crucial for the design and performance assessment of conventional underground structures like footing, piles, and anchors. This research investigates the interface friction behavior between concrete construction materials and clayey soil, treated with varying sand content of (0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). Additionally, two levels of water content were examined for each sand content: 8.5% and 17%. The friction angle generated between the solid surface and soil was calculated through experimental tests conducted by using shear test, with three different normal stresses that have been applied at a rate of 0.25 mm/min. The results indicate showed that created friction resistance between the clayey soil and concrete construction material is influenced by both sand and water contents. The increase in the percentages of the interface friction angle when the soil is treated with sand at a water content of 8.5% varied. It was approximately 4, 11, and 15% for sand contents of 20, 30, and 40%, respectively. Similarly, when the clayey soil was treated with the same sand dosages at a water content of 17%, the percentage increase in the interface friction angle differed. It amounted to 5%, 13%, and 27% for sand contents of 20, 30, and 40%, respectively.
Distinctive properties and structure of a block rock massif in assessing the stability of slopes in the deposits of Kyrgyzstan.
Authors: Gulzat Asanbekovna Kadyralieva , Aida Kubanychbekovna Orozobekova , Elzat Baktybekovna Sherimbekova , Dinara Raketaevna Shamyrova
Published: August 2024

In this paper, the issues of slope stability in the open-pit mining of mineral deposits are considered if the slope is composed of a block structure of an array of rocks. The block structure is usually characteristic of upland quarries. It has been established that the presence of crack systems in the side massif forms a block structure and leads to disjunctive disturbances with loss of stability of individual blocks and it is not possible to calculate the stability of such a rock mass using methods for an isotropic massif. In this regard, the authors carried out work on the study of a blocky rock mass and conducted laboratory studies. The paper presents the results of field observations of the study of the mechanism of destruction of such a rock mass structure and the results of laboratory tests of the shear resistance of a separate block depending on the thickness, humidity between the block filler and the shear angle.
Determination of safe parameters of storage overburden dumps on slopes during the development of upland deposits
Authors: Zulfiia Atamyrzaevna Asilova , Kulumkan Asanovna Kokumbaeva , Nurgul Tashtanovna Osmonova , Keneshbek Zhumabekovich Usenov
Published: August 2024

Dumping during open-pit mining of upland deposits is one of the most difficult problems when storing overburden dumps on mountain slopes. Dump formation is accompanied by deformations of the dumps, which depend on the properties of the overburden rocks, in particular lumpiness, humidity. In order to ensure the safety of work on the dump, dump operations can be conditionally divided into dump formation with ensuring the stability of the dump tiers at all stages of the formation of the array and dump formation under controlled deformation conditions. In this article, the authors present the results of calculations of the stability of the overburden dump formed over mountainous terrain in the gold deposit of Kyrgyzstan.
Features of assessing the stability of the open pit - overburden dump geotechnical system during the development of upland deposits in an open-pit manner
Authors: Zulfiia Atamyrzaevna Asilova , Gulshair Tynybekovna Mamatova , Kulumkan Asanovna Kokumbaeva , Zhakyp Bakirovich Shamiev
Published: August 2024

The main criterion for mining operations in the development of upland deposits by open-pit mining is the safety of their operation, and therefore the assessment of the stability of the geotechnical system is always relevant and requires a special approach and study. The article reveals the features of the assessment of the geotechnical system of the open pit - overburden dump of the a mountainous, consisting in studying the interaction of the geological and geomechanical environment. The factors of both the geological and geomechanical environment affecting the change in the natural stress state of the studied object are described. A scheme for evaluating a geotechnical system has been constructed, the essence of which is to study the elements of both the geological and geomechanical environment.
Combining Bourgoyne and Young Equations by Bagging Tree Regression to Predict Rate of Penetration in a Southern Iraqi Field, Case Study
Authors: Al-Assad Ebrahim A. , Hamd-Allah Sameera M.
Published: August 2024

Achieving an accurate and optimal rate of penetration (ROP) is critical for a cost-effective and safe drilling operation. While different techniques have been used to achieve this goal, each approach has limitations, prompting researchers to seek solutions. This study’s objective is to conduct the strategy of combining the Bourgoyne and Young (BYM) ROP equations with Bagging Tree regression in a southern Iraqi field. Although BYM equations are commonly used and widespread to estimate drilling rates, they need more specific drilling parameters to capture different ROP complexities. The Bagging Tree algorithm, a random forest variant, addresses these limitations by blending domain knowledge and capturing non-linear relationships. Its ensemble nature also mitigates the impact of outliers. This approach combines physics-based equations with machine learning to enable more accurate ROP predictions in drilling operations. It enhances drilling efficiency, reduces expenses, and improves decision-making in the oil and gas sector. Extensive testing on actual drilling datasets has demonstrated outstanding performance compared to the multiple linear regression (MLR) method. With the increased R2 and zero P-value. positive findings show that this tool can benefit precise future ROP prediction in southern Iraqi oil well drilling.
Integrated Spectral Reflectance Band Recognition and Artificial Neural Network Intelligence Model for monitoring water quality
Authors: Jassam Jamilah D , Sayl Khamis N , Mawlood Ibtihal A
Published: August 2024

Due to high costs and site accessibility, it is sometimes impractical to monitor water quality indicators in waterbodies or isolated watersheds. An approach that utilizes remote sensing and is cost-effective was created to forecast water quality metrics across a vast and logistically challenging region. In order to monitor water quality parameters for the Euphrates River in Ramadi, Anbar Governorate, Iraq, this study integrated survey data and remote sensing with artificial neural networks (ANNs). Water quality parameters, such as pH, alkalinity (ALK), orthophosphate (PO4), nitrate (NO3), sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total suspended solid (TSS), temperature, turbidity, and electrical conductivity (EC), during the wet and dry seasons were all quantified using a neural network model. The outcomes show that a good link between the simulated and observed water quality metrics was provided by the neural network model that was created. Calculations were made to show how beneficial this approach is for predicting water quality parameters in complicated ecosystems. These calculations included the quantities of chemical and physical parameters that were stored in the column of water.
A Study in Preserving Cultural Heritage Using Portable Laser Devices Embedded in Mobile Phones
Authors: Aljadire Ahmed Adnan , Khalaf Yousif H.
Published: August 2024

There is a need for more documentation and quantitative data on architectural and cultural objects, especially considering the deteriorating condition of certain historical assets and the required treatments for them. In this circumstance, it is crucial to have metric documentation of the history being investigated in order to comprehensively comprehend the asset and aid engineers and architects in the restoration process. 3D data acquisition technologies, such as the photogrammetric approach, are frequently associated with high costs. Alternatively, it may necessitate a significant investment of both time and effort, prompting users to explore cost-effective solutions that nevertheless allow them to achieve their desired levels of precision. Recently, geomatic equipment and processes have been developed to optimize efficiency and cost-effectiveness in surveying cultural assets. Apple has incorporated a LiDAR sensor into its products, enabling the creation of a three-dimensional representation of objects or locations. This project aims to assess the precision and practicality of this sensor in generating three-dimensional depictions of cultural artifacts. The study explores the capacity of iPhone lidar (IPL) to aid in the conservation of cultural heritage, examines potential barriers and difficulties that may develop, and evaluates its effectiveness in certain areas. To assess the accuracy of each technique, a scan was performed on the case study utilizing Close Range Photogrammetric (CRP) & iPhone 13 pro max, with confirmed artificial targets monitored by Total Station (TS). The results indicated that the root mean square error (RMSE) for IPL was 8mm, whereas for TLS it was 3 mm. The lidar sensor has rapid scanning capabilities at a relatively cheap expense while maintaining an acceptable level of precision. However, it should not be regarded as a replacement for TLS, as the latter is an indispensable instrument for collecting data over wider distances. The causes for this are the sensor’s precision, its ability to cover vertical space, and its restricted range, which is capped at a maximum of 5 meters. The sensor’s specification is expected to undergo additional improvements and advancements, despite these limitations. A crucial tool for collecting data over extensive regions.
Land use mapping from sentinel satellite imagery using remote sensing and GIS techniques
Authors: Abdullah Abbas Hamid , Sabah Jaber Hussein , Salman Alaa D.
Published: August 2024

The need to classify sentinel-2 satellite images to extract land use /land cover (LULC) are essential to analysis the processes of environment problems and to improve living conditions. Hence, this research aims to create LULC maps from sentinel-2 satellite images through Maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm using remote sensing and GIS. The selected study area for this research is Baghdad city because of it has a unique political stability and due to rapid urbanization, that lead to rise additional request for natural resources and affected on LULC in Baghdad city. After preprocessing and processing of satellite images, thematic maps were created and classified into five main classes based on visual interpretation and visit the field of the study area that containing: urban, vegetation, soil, asphalt roads, and water bodies. The results showed that classification accuracy assessment of ML algorithm is acceptable because of overall accuracy and Kappa index equal (86%, 0.82) respectively.