bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of crevasse‐squeeze ridges at Trygghamna, Svalbard
Authors: Ben‐Yehoshua Daniel , Aradóttir Nína , Farnsworth Wesley R. , Benediktsson Ívar Örn , Ingólfsson Ólafur
Published: May 2023

Crevasse‐squeeze ridges (CSRs) are landforms that have been unequivocally linked to surge‐type glaciers. The formation of CSRs has been discussed since they were first defined in the mid‐1980s. Here, we describe geometric CSR networks from the terrestrial glacier forefields of two glaciers in Trygghamna, Western Svalbard. No glacier surges have been observed in Trygghamna; however, the presence of the CSRs signifies past surge activity. Detailed geomorphological maps were constructed, and the spatial context of these landforms described. Cross‐sections of several CSRs highlight ridge architecture, structure and relationships to surrounding landforms and sediments. Most CSRs are symmetrical in cross‐profile, orientated perpendicular or oblique to the ice‐flow direction. Like previous investigations, we observe these ridge networks on top of till and flutes. Additionally, we, for the first time, document CSRs deposited directly on non‐glaciogenic subsurfaces, namely, beach gravels and bedrock. Our findings confirm previous CSR formation theories; basal sediments are squeezed into bottom‐up crevasses during surges, which are subsequently transported englacially until surge termination and are finally released by melt out from stagnant ice. Consequently, a network of CSRs is the product of a significant reorganisation and down‐glacier transport of basal sediment, exemplifying how single surges are agents of glacial sediment redistribution. These formation processes are illustrated in a refined schematic model. The results further contemporary understanding of CSRs in terrestrial surge‐type glacier settings and may also apply to landforms and sediments in certain marine settings and palaeoglacial environments.
Mental health and well‐being in primatology: Breaking the taboos
Authors: Setchell Joanna M. , Unwin Steve , Cheyne Susan M.
Published: May 2023

We hope to raise awareness of mental health and well‐being among primatologists. With this aim in mind, we organized a workshop on mental health as part of the main program of the Winter meeting of the Primate Society of Great Britain in December 2021. The workshop was very well received. Here, we review the main issues raised in the workshop, and supplement them with our own observations, reflections, and reading. The information we gathered during the workshop reveals clear hazards to mental health and suggests that we must collectively acknowledge and better manage both the hazards themselves and our ability to cope with them if we are to avert disaster. We call on institutions and learned societies to lead in seeking solutions for the benefit of primatologists and primatology.
Cities as sanctuaries
Authors: Lepczyk Christopher A , Aronson Myla FJ , La Sorte Frank A
Published: May 2023

Cities have classically been viewed as biologically impoverished, homogenized, and simplified systems that harbor low value for biodiversity. However, recent work has demonstrated that cities are critical ecological systems that provide important services to humanity and biodiversity. Cities can play vital roles in conserving biodiversity as well as habitats, providing system stability, and offering direct opportunities for people to engage with nature. In a rapidly changing world with biodiversity loss at an all‐time high, cities have the potential to act as sanctuaries for biodiversity conservation. Here, we propose a “cities as sanctuaries” concept, which demonstrates the importance of cities for ecology and conservation, and provide the groundwork for advancing this novel field of study.
Hedging options in a hidden Markov‐switching local‐volatility model via stochastic flows and a Monte‐Carlo method
Authors: Elliott Robert J. , Siu Tak Kuen
Published: May 2023

The hedging of European contingent claims in a continuous‐time hidden Markov‐regime‐switching diffusion model is discussed using stochastic flows of diffeomorphisms and Monte‐Carlo simulations. Specifically, the price dynamics of an underlying risky asset are governed by a continuous‐time hidden Markov‐modulated local‐volatility model. Filtering theory is used to estimate the unobservable drift given observable price information and to define a filtered market with complete observations. The delta–hedge ratio of a European option is derived using a martingale representation and stochastic flows of diffeomorphisms. The numerical computation of the delta–hedge ratio is estimated via Monte‐Carlo simulations. Numerical results for illustrating the proposed method and the (relative) importance of the impacts of the information risk and the local‐volatility parametrizations on the delta–hedge ratio are provided for the case of European call options.
Critical care pharmacy practice advancement recommendations on direct patient care activities: An opinion of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Critical Care Practice and Research Network
Authors: Buckley Mitchell S. , Acquisto Nicole M. , Adams Christopher , Brandt Kimberly , Ammar Mahmoud A. , Deshpande Ranjit , Bullard Heather , Santibañez Melissa , Fontaine Gabriel V. , Musselman Megan , Noble Melissa , Van Cleve Jonathan , Whitcomb John J. , Johansson Marcia , Jontz Ashlee , Bates Kimberly , O'Connor Michael F. , Mayer Daniel , Lanspa Michael , Uppalapu Suresh , Tompeck Alison J. , Rodricks Michael , Choron Rachel L. , Walls David O.
Published: May 2023

An updated position paper on critical care pharmacy services recommends the development of new clinical programs. However, proposed pragmatic strategies for critical care pharmacy practice advancement are lacking. The purpose of this position paper is to develop consensus recommendations aimed at direct patient care activities for the advancement of critical care pharmacy practice. A 24‐member task force of critical care pharmacists, physicians, and nurses participated in a Recommendation Development Phase and Consensus‐building Phase (using a Delphi method) to produce the final critical care practice advancement recommendations. Proposed recommendations of pragmatic medication management opportunities with an advanced scope of practice involving pharmacist prescriptive authority for initiating, modifying, or discontinuing drug therapy and medication monitoring were developed. Task force participants anonymously voted on each proposed recommendation using a five‐point Likert scale (1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4 = disagree, and 5 = strongly disagree). Recommendations failing to achieve consensus (≥70% agreement on “strongly agree”/“agree” votes) were revised for subsequent voting. Task force response rates during the first and second voting rounds were 71% (n = 17) and 79% (n = 19), respectively. A total of 57 (93.4%) of the 61 proposed practice advancement recommendations achieved consensus of which 88.5% (n = 54) met consensus after the first round. Consensus recommendations involved the critical care pharmacist initiating (n = 15), modifying (n = 22), or discontinuing (n = 9) drug therapy, and ordering relevant laboratory values or tests to optimize drug therapy (n = 11). One recommendation failing consensus was not revised for additional voting given the impracticality of achieving agreement. Fifty‐seven of the proposed 61 recommendation statements (93%) achieved the consensus threshold after two rounds of voting by an interprofessional expert panel. These recommendations provide a conceptual framework for promoting novel critical care pharmacist prescriptive authority over specific aspects of direct patient care. Implementation challenges and barriers, further described in this paper, must be explored at the institutional level for acceptance.
Optical time‐stretch imaging flow cytometry in the compressed domain
Authors: Lin Siyuan , Li Rubing , Weng Yueyun , Mei Liye , Wei Chao , Song Congkuan , Wei Shubin , Yao Yifan , Ruan Xiaolan , Zhou Fuling , Geng Qing , Wang Du , Lei Cheng
Published: May 2023

Imaging flow cytometry based on optical time‐stretch (OTS) imaging combined with a microfluidic chip attracts much attention in the large‐scale single‐cell analysis due to its high throughput, high precision, and label‐free operation. Compressive sensing has been integrated into OTS imaging to relieve the pressure on the sampling and transmission of massive data. However, image decompression brings an extra overhead of computing power to the system, but does not generate additional information. In this work, we propose and demonstrate OTS imaging flow cytometry in the compressed domain. Specifically, we constructed a machine‐learning network to analyze the cells without decompressing the images. The results show that our system enables high‐quality imaging and high‐accurate cell classification with an accuracy of over 99% at a compression ratio of 10%. This work provides a viable solution to the big data problem in OTS imaging flow cytometry, boosting its application in practice.
Comparative analysis of opioid use in sickle cell crisis in an urban facility in Ghana
Authors: Opoku‐Agyakwa Marian , Lawson Henry J. , Olayemi Edeghonghon
Published: May 2023

Vaso‐occlusive crises (VOC) is common and opioids are the treatment of choice.This study compared parenteral pethidine and morphine in the elimination/reduction of pain in acute VOC to tolerable levels. This open‐label randomized study compared intravenous morphine 5 mg 4 hourly to intramuscular pethidine 75 mg 4 hourly. Eighty‐two consenting adult sickle cell disease participants were recruited from the Korle‐Bu Polyclinic. (Forty‐one participants in each arm). There were 42 male and 40 female participants. Median age was 25 years. Pethidine participants totalling 31.7% (13/41) and 53.7% (22/41) in the morphine arm had a sustained response within 6 h, p = 0.027. In the pethidine and morphine arms 60.0% (24/40) and 62.5% (25/40) of participants respectively achieved adequate pain control within 72 h of initiating therapy, p = 0.296. Most participants, 96.3% (79/82) had no side effects to opioids. The commonest side effects were generalized pruritus, nausea and vomiting, and headaches. More pethidine than morphine participants experienced side effects 29.3% and 22.0% respectively; p = 0.448. In conclusion, more morphine participants achieved a sustained pain response compared to the pethidine participants. There was no difference in the tolerability and side effect profile of the opioids. No participant experienced respiratory suppression.
Migratory patterns of mallards in eastern North America as revealed from band‐recovery data
Authors: Lavretsky Philip , Sedinger Benjamin
Published: May 2023

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) distributions have changed in North America over the last century because of altered habitat and the direct augmentation of eastern populations with captive‐bred game‐farm mallards in the early twentieth century. Geographical overlap between wild and game‐farm individuals has resulted in interbreeding, with North American mallard populations now ranging from largely wild to more feral and feral x wild hybrids. How changing genetic integrity of North America's mallards translates behaviorally remains unknown. We analyzed band‐recovery data from 1949–2019 to estimate emigration rates and geographic distributions of mallards to understand whether the admixed genetic heritage of mallards in North America's Mississippi and Atlantic flyways resulted in variable autumn distributions. We included American black ducks (Anas rubripes) as a flyway migratory comparative, and analyzed datasets partitioned by flyway and major international space (i.e., Canada vs. United States). We present results that correspond to the hypothesis that western mallard populations of the 1950s expanded eastward and were the precursor populations of mallards in the Canadian provinces of the Atlantic Flyway, while mallards of the Atlantic Flyway in the United States showed substantially differing patterns. Specifically, we estimate that since 1990, approximately 23% of banded mallards on the United States side of the Atlantic Flyway are annually recovered in the Mississippi Flyway as compared to about 5% of those banded in Canadian provinces of the Atlantic Flyway. Given that mallards from the United States side of the Atlantic Flyway are considered a feral × wild hybrid swarm, annual westward emigration of 23% of these mallards is concordant with increasing prevalence of game‐farm mallard molecular variation detected in the Great Lakes and mid‐continent mallard populations. Our results provide insight into potential means for the movement of game‐farm molecular variation from the Atlantic into the Mississippi Flyway, and suggest that the effect of these mallards on the genetic integrity and future adaptive capacity of mallard populations in the Mississippi Flyway requires attention and consideration in future management decisions.
Monitoring lesion activity on primary teeth with CP‐OCT and SWIR reflectance imaging
Authors: Zhu Yihua , Kim Jungsoo , Lin Brent , Fried Daniel
Published: May 2023

Objective

The purpose of this study was to use cross polarization optical coherence tomography (CP‐OCT) and short wavelength infrared imaging (SWIR) reflectance imaging to monitor changes in the structure and activity of early occlusal caries on primary teeth over a period of 6 months during intervention with fluoride.

Methods

Participants (n = 29) aged 6−10 each with two suspected active occlusal lesions on primary teeth completed the study. Fluoride varnish was applied to tooth surfaces every 3‐months and participants were instructed to brush twice daily with a fluoride toothpaste. Images were acquired using CP‐OCT every 3 months for 6 months. SWIR reflectance images were acquired during forced air‐drying of the lesions for 30 s at 0 and 6‐months.

Results

Most of the 42 lesions appeared initially active at baseline. Only 6 lesions appeared arrested at baseline based on the presence of a highly mineralized transparent surface layer (TSL) in CP‐OCT images. At 6 months, 14 of the lesions appeared arrested including the 6 initially arrested lesions and the TSL thickness increased significantly (p < 0.0001). The mean lesion depth (Ld) and the integrated reflectivity over the lesion depth (ΔR) increased significantly (p < 0.05) after 6 months for the 42 lesions analyzed. SWIR reflectance images showed that there was a significantly higher (p < 0.05) delay before changes in intensity were measured for active lesions versus arrested lesions during lesion drying.

Conclusion

CP‐OCT was able to monitor changes in lesion structure and activity including the formation of a highly mineralized TSL indicative of lesion arrest during nonsurgical intervention. Time‐resolved SWIR reflectance imaging also shows that there are differences in the dehydration kinetics between active and arrested lesions. This study demonstrates two independent imaging methods that can be used to monitor changes in lesion activity over time.
Fine‐Tuning Supramolecular Assemblies by Controlling Micellar Aggregates
Authors: Ghosh Dipankar , Marshall Libby J. , Ciccone Giuseppe , Liu Wanli , Squires Adam , Seddon Annela , Vassalli Massimo , Adams Dave J.
Published: May 2023

Supramolecular assembly can be used to fabricate complex functional materials by organizing simple building blocks. However, it is difficult to control the hierarchical assembly across multiple length scales. The correlation of a supramolecular gel network and a pre‐gelling aggregate will help to understand how a molecular‐level assembly is translated into a higher order. Here, a functional dipeptide 2NapFF is used that can assemble in different micellar structures at high pH by varying the counterion. Replacing the counterions with a divalent calcium salt results in a cross‐linked gel network, or an interesting analog “gel noodles.” The physical properties of the gel noodles can be varied by choosing specific micellar assemblies as the pre‐gel. The mechanical rigidity of the gel networks is compared by nanoindentation and tensile testing, and the pattern to the structures of the micelles observed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering is correlated. The supramolecular assembly can be fine‐tuned by using different micelles as the pre‐gel without affecting the inherent gel‐state properties.
Hospitals aim to transform suicide care for at‐risk patients
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: May 2023

Observing that suicide is a serious public health problem in this country, claiming nearly 50,000 lives in 2021, a network of hospitals around the country are uniting to test methods to detect suicide risk, connect patients to care and improve outcomes.
Fractional differential equations related to an integral operator involving the incomplete I‐function as a kernel
Authors: Bhatter Sanjay , Kumawat Shyamsunder , Jangid Kamlesh , Purohit S. D. , Baskonus Haci Mehmet
Published: May 2023

In this study, we present and examine a fractional integral operator with an
‐function in its kernel. This operator is used to solve several fractional differential equations (FDEs). FDE has a set of particular cases whose solutions represent different physical phenomena. Much mathematical physics, biology, engineering, and chemistry problems are identified and solved using FDE. We first solve the FDE and the integral operator for the incomplete
‐function (I
F) for the generalized composite fractional derivative (GCFD). This is followed by the discovery and investigation of several important exceptional cases. The significant finding of this study is a first‐order integer‐differential equation of the Volterra type that clearly describes the unsaturated nature of free‐electron lasers.
Translation, cross‐cultural adaptation and validation of the traditional Chinese Food Allergy Quality of Life‐Parental Burden questionnaire into simplified Chinese for use in mainland China
Authors: Li Zeen , Leung Tingfan , Tian Lang , Liu Haiyan , He Wei , Tang Siyuan , Chen Qirong , Wang Guiyun
Published: May 2023

Aim

The study aimed to translate and adapt the traditional Chinese Food Allergy Quality of Life‐Parental Burden Questionnaire (TC‐FAQL‐PB) into simplified Chinese language and determine the validity and reliability of the translated version.

Design

A methodologic study design involving instrument translation and psychometric evaluation was used for the present study.

Methods

The simplified Chinese FAQL‐PB (SC‐FAQL‐PB) was developed following Guillemin's guidelines for cross‐cultural adaptation. A convenience sample of 230 participants was recruited. The psychometric properties were examined using internal consistency, test–retest reliability, item discrimination, content validity and construct validity.

Results

The values of I‐CVI ranged from 0.83 to 1.00. The CFA model revealed that the study supported the two‐factor model. The questionnaire had good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.946. The item‐total correlation values ranged from 0.707 to 0.866. Test–retest reliability showed that the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.926 (95% CI, 0.830–0.968).
A novel strategy on the study of whole intestinal metabolic profiles for Polygalae Radix before and after processing
Authors: Zhao Ningning , Xing Junpeng , Zheng Zhong , Song Fengrui , Liu Zhiqiang , Liu Shu
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Relieving toxicity and enhancing a calming effect after processing Polygalae Radix (PR) are widely known. Aromatic carboxylic acids (ACAs) may be crucial processed products. However, due to the limited detection methods for ACAs, the whole metabolic profiles via intestinal bacteria are still not very clear.

Objective

Designing a novel strategy for the detection of ACAs and tracking the whole metabolic profiles before and after processing PR.

Materials and Methods

The stable‐isotope labelling derivatisation (SILD) method based on multidimensional ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (UHPLC‐MS) technology and UNIFI‐pathway mode was firstly designed to systematically study the metabolisms of all the drug‐derived ingredients ranging from m/z 100 to 2000 in processing PR via intestinal bacteria. Firstly, the SILD with UHPLC coupled with a triple‐quadrupole MS technology was designed to trace eight ACA metabolites of the processed PR with intestinal bacteria. Additionally, the UHPLC coupled with a quadrupole time‐of‐flight MS with UNIFI‐pathway mode was adopted to monitor relatively big metabolites.

Results

The metabolism mechanism of ACAs (eight kinds) and the relatively big molecular metabolites (98 kinds) were deeply traced in PR, PR with refined honey (HP), and PR with licorice (LP) via the intestinal bacteria. Totally 106 intact metabolic profiles of drug‐derived ingredients were presented. Importantly, the influence of LP on the metabolism of compounds after incubation of intestinal bacteria was greater than that of HP.

Conclusion

This research provides a comprehensive and systematic guidance for further study on in vivo metabolisms of the processed PR.
Factors influencing the use of ICT to support students' self‐regulated learning in digital environment: The role of teachers in lower secondary education of Shanghai, China
Authors: Xu Jinjie , Zhu Yan
Published: May 2023

Currently, Shanghai, China is facing a contradictory situation in process of digitalization in education. Supply and allocation of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure are relatively adequate and equitable, but the share of teacher‐supported classroom ICT use for student learning in digital environment is much lower than the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development average. This study mainly analyzed the roles of school factors with focus on infrastructure and school climate for innovation as well as teacher factors on their professional preparation and development related to ICT, professional practices, and attitudes toward ICT use. The data from Shanghai sample in the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), which consists of 3976 teachers from 198 lower secondary schools which refer to middle school in China, were used to build multilevel logistic regression models for the investigation. The principal results indicate that teachers' self‐efficacy on ICT use, initial preparation, and professional development related to ICT use and implementation of teaching practice as prompt for ICT use are powerful predictors. Relatively, at the school level, ICT infrastructure and team innovativeness are not significant in attributing to teacher‐supported classroom ICT use. Based on findings, implications, and recommendations are presented to direct Shanghai education policy toward digital transition in education.
Nonthermal plasma synthesis of silicon carbonitride
Authors: Herzberg Steven , Mathaudhu Suveen N. , Mangolini Lorenzo
Published: May 2023

The use of a low‐temperature plasma for the synthesis of amorphous silicon carbonitride (SiCN) nanoparticles enables the realization of sintered bulk samples with high thermal stability. Amorphous SiCN nanoparticles are produced from a mixture of silane, methane, and ammonia utilizing a mid‐pressure, radio‐frequency, continuous flow reactor. Particle characterization shows that the nanoparticles are largely amorphous with some crystalline silicon and silicon carbide domains <10 nm in size. Compositional tuning, controlled by varying the precursor flow rates, coupled with the uniform mixing of elements at the nanoscale, results in samples that resist crystallization even when sintered at temperatures as high as 2000°C. This study suggests that the low‐temperature plasma synthesis of nanoparticles has great potential to produce bulk structural materials for application in harsh environments.
Humidity‐Controlled Molecular Assembly and Photoisomerization Behavior with a Bubble‐Assisted Patterning Approach
Authors: Min Fanyi , Zhang Zhao‐Yang , Qu Zhiyuan , Gao Jie , Shi Xiaosong , Long Haoran , Li Yixin , Chen Shengnan , Dong Dongfang , Yi Yuanping , Jiang Lang , Yang Juehan , Li Tao , Qiao Yali , Song Yanlin
Published: May 2023

Precise control of molecular assembly is of great significance in the application of functional molecules. This work has systematically investigated the humidity effect in bubble‐assisted molecular assembly. This work finds humidity is critical in the evolution of the soft confined space, leading to the formation of microscale liquid confined space under high humidity, and nanoscale liquid confined space under low humidity. It is also revealed that the differences in surface wettability and adhesion play the key role. Consequently, a flat pattern with thermodynamically favorable ordered structure and a sharp pattern with dynamically favorable disordered structure are achieved, which show different solid‐state photoisomerization behaviors and photoresponsiveness. Interestingly, conductivity of sharp pattern with disordered structure is higher than that of flat pattern with layered ordered structure due to electronic transport mechanism of different spatial dimensions. This work opens a new way for manipulating the molecular self‐assembly to control the morphology and function of molecular patterns.
Electronic and Structural Engineering of Atomically Dispersed Isolated Single‐Atom and Alloy Architectures
Authors: Patil Rahul , Dey Tapan , Kang Ling , Liu Shude , Jun Seong Chan , Dutta Saikat
Published: May 2023

Precise configurations of isolated metal atoms in nitrogen‐doped carbon materials with 2D single or multilayers and 3D nanoarchitectures are gaining attention owing to their good stability and activity at high current densities. Atomic metal–Nx moieties, which utilize maximum atoms to attain high intrinsic activity and novel electronic architecture of support materials, facilitate strong interaction between the central metal atom and support matrix. However, resource consumption is considerably high due to the inferior atomic utilization of active sites. Therefore, energy‐efficient electrochemical processes are needed to develop advanced isolated single‐atom architecture, which would provide high atom‐utilization and good durability. Herein, the concepts of atomically dispersed metal sites in single‐atom and alloy architectures and their electronic features associated with structural evolution are discussed. Opportunities and challenges associated with the use of isolated single‐atoms in 2D materials are discussed based on their unique electronic defects, low‐valence central metals, mechanical flexibility, and maximum access to metal sites. This insightful revisit into the engineering of single‐atom and alloy architectures would provide a profound understanding of electronic modulations and regulation of geometric characteristics, and unravels potential directions for electrochemical energy conversion, charge storage, and sensing processes.
Supplementation of seasonal natural resources with year‐round anthropogenic resources by coyotes in natural fragments within a high‐density urban area
Authors: Reed Peregrin M. , Dwyer James F. , Stankowich Theodore
Published: May 2023

Coyotes Canis latrans in urban landscapes provide important food web functions and ecological services but can also trigger human‐wildlife conflict when their diet includes anthropogenic resources or domestic pets. As adaptable omnivores, coyotes adjust their diet to their environment, routinely switching among food items to accommodate spatial and seasonal differences in availability. To evaluate the coyote's potential impacts within the food web of urban Long Beach, California where human‐wildlife conflict involving coyotes may occur, we analyzed 115 scat samples collected once every two weeks from four open space fragments inside the urban matrix. We hypothesized that differences in scat composition would correlate with seasonal and site differences, with greater use of anthropogenic resources during the dry season supplementing lower prey availability, and with greater consumption of wild mammal prey during the wet season when fruiting plants are less abundant. We found coyote diet was predominately composed of natural prey and vegetation year‐round, with seasonal variation. Mammals made up more of coyote diet in the wet season than the dry, while invertebrates and vegetation were more prevalent in dry season scats. Coyotes relied on rabbits as their main prey year‐round across all sites. Domestic cats Felis catus were the third most common individual prey species found in coyote scats, occurring in 14% of scat samples in both seasons. Coyotes also supplemented seasonally available natural food sources with anthropogenic resources, which occurred in 13% of coyote scats overall with no significant seasonal variation. While rabbits appeared in scat from all sites, the occurrence of invertebrates, small mammals, and vegetation in scats varied between sites. While there is a potential for human‐wildlife conflict in coyote's consumption of feral or domestic cats, coyotes may also be providing an ecological service by reducing cats in natural habitat fragments.
Food‐related substrate preference in juveniles seastar Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis (Müller & Troschel,1842) in captivity
Authors: Maganhe Bruna L. , Andrade Laura S. , Camilo Laura de O. , Neto Hugo G. , Sanches Eduardo G.
Published: May 2023

There are only a few studies that describe the larval development of Echinaster or aspects on culture systems for the genus. For starfishes, the choice of suitable substrates has received special attention since it could influence the acid–base balance of the water, movement capacity and predation rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ideal food‐related substrate for the rearing of juvenile Echinaster brasiliensis. A batch of fertilized eggs released in spontaneous spawning was collected and kept in a plankton‐kreisel until metamorphosis. Data on preference of food‐related substrate was recorded for 10 weeks from day 58 post‐release. From release to 132 days old, arm length increased from 0.81 mm to 1.31 ± 0.03 mm. Considering the sudden increase in arm length (AL), it was estimated that feeding started around 40 days of age. Regarding food‐related substrate preferences, biofilm grown on “rocks” showed a significant difference among other treatments, adding up to 50% of preference (p < .05). For sponge and biofilm from bio media, there was no statistical difference for the whole period. In this study, sponges showed to be the least preferred food‐related substrate for post‐settlement juveniles. Considering that Echinaster and other starfish are commonly maintained on a diet of collected or cultured sponges, difficulties in sourcing a ready supply throughout the year represent limitations to their sole use within commercial or laboratory‐scale production. In this sense, the use of biofilm from biological media for the feeding of juvenile starfish is not yet reported in the literature and showed to be an easy and promising option.
Language and Violence
Authors: van Tongeren Paul
Published: May 2023

It has been pointed out that thinking and speaking about violence is paradoxical. Violence, like evil in general, appears to be characterised by absurdity and irrationality. Moreover, violence is not a subject that we can contemplate freely, something that we can think about, but something that we are against and thus think against. Violence seems primarily to demand that we combat it rather than reflect on it. But how can we be sure that our battle against violence is not in itself violent, or whether in fact it needs to be in order to succeed? And what does that imply for our engagement? Based on three short texts by three contemporary French authors—Eric Weil, Emmanuel Levinas and Paul Ricoeur—this chapter explores several avenues in pursuit of answers to the unanswerable question of what violence actually is, in a quest to attain the unattainable and conquer violence.
Exploring the Relevance of the Systems Psychodynamic Approach to Military Organizations
Authors: Kramer Eric-Hans , Visser Max , Moorkamp Matthijs
Published: May 2023

The psychological demands of the military profession have been a focal point of reflection in military studies, yet not from the perspective of organizational science. This chapter explores the relevance of the systems psychodynamic perspective for the military organization. It discusses historical examples to reflect on the differences between armed forces that sustained both a form of social psychological integration and operational effectiveness and those that did not. Subsequently, it focuses on contemporary missions and considers how their characteristic structural configurations influence the ability of operators to deal with the psychological demands of such missions. In doing so, it considers the relationship between structural features of military organizations and the means available to operators for dealing with the psychological demands intrinsic to their profession.
Instrumental Morality Under a Gaze: Israeli Soldiers’ Reasoning on Doing ‘Good’
Authors: Grassiani Erella
Published: May 2023

Soldiers often use different kinds of reasoning to explain, justify or legitimize their behaviour. Often these explanations can be classified as moral, because the end goal is to do what is theoretically ‘good’. However, when looking more closely at the incentives for acting justly, we can see they are often triggered by other, more instrumental, motivations. I then want to categorize such reasoning and subsequent acts as instrumental morality. In this chapter, I focus on Israeli and I look at how their actions and explanations fall into three levels; the personal (protecting the self) focused on the group (the unit, or military as a whole) or even as considering the whole nation state. I will further show how this instrumental morality is often influenced by a ‘disciplinary gaze’. I argue in this chapter for a contextualized approach to morality that takes into account power relations, physical circumstances and interpersonal relationships.
Soldiers as Street-Level Bureaucrats? Military Discretionary Autonomy and Moral Professionalism in a Police Perspective
Authors: Eikenaar Teun
Published: May 2023

Traditionally, the military is associated with obedience, rule compliance and limited discretion on the part of its personnel. This contribution shows that this imagery has been superseded and argues that changes in mission outlook and the partial shift towards police-like work necessitates a revaluation of military discretionary autonomy. In addition, it explores the moral implications of this constabularization of the military and discusses how the moral demands police officers face as street-level bureaucrats might apply to military settings. By comparing the military profession with police officers’ discretion and the moral character of their work, this chapter aims to provide a particular perspective on what it might mean to be a contemporary soldier.
The Future of the Comprehensive Approach as a Strategy for Intervention
Authors: Jansen Marenne , Kramer Eric-Hans
Published: May 2023

‘There will be no development without security and no security without development’ (Annan, 2005). This mantra became the foundation for many missions—a combination of security forces and development strategies—and has been given various names, such as ‘comprehensive approach’, ‘whole of government approach’ and ‘3D -approach’. To date the future of this approach is far from certain. This chapter evaluates the application of the comprehensive approach of the last decades by connecting it to three perspectives on the human security concept, leading to the conclusion that the future of the comprehensive approach as a feasible option for military interventions depends on which version of human security becomes dominant in policy making.
The Future of Entrepreneurship Education and Training: Some Propositions
Authors: Block Joern H. , Halberstadt Jantje , Högsdal Nils , Kuckertz Andreas , Neergaard Helle
Published: May 2023

The education of future entrepreneurs shapes how we will live in the future. Entrepreneurship education is thus of utmost importance. This paper formulates several propositions and critical insights that we deem especially important for the current state of entrepreneurship education and its future development. These propositions concern the goals and target groups of entrepreneurship education as well as its contents, design, and educator role.
What Can SMEs Learn from Universities?: Transferring Entrepreneurship Education Knowledge from the University to the Corporate World
Authors: Fitzky Isabella , Lang Christina , Baltes Guido H.
Published: May 2023

Times of high dynamic and growing new knowledge demand for entrepreneurial education and university engagement. Higher education institutions (HEIs) have established intensive knowledge and resources about entrepreneurial education and relating activities and formats over the last years. As smaller companies (SMEs) are increasingly experimenting with entrepreneurship, they seem to struggle with setting up entrepreneurial activities within their established corporate strategy and innovation structures. It is beneficial for them to collaborate with higher education institutions to minimize the risk and uncertainty associated with implementing entrepreneurship education (EE) and catch up with larger corporates. Further, research lacks a systematic characterization of EE activities in those companies and classification of collaboration formats. Therefore, this study uses qualitative research methods to analyze data from interviews conducted with two German SMEs. Our study contributes to a better understanding of EE in SME and respective HEI collaborations by (1) characterizing EE in SME and SME-HEI collaboration based on attributes and collaboration types defined by their locus of collaboration and intensity of knowledge inflow and (2) identifying differences among EE in SME and HEI. We provide implications to practice—corporate and university EE initiatives—for a more effective design and implementation of EE in SMEs and the SME-HEI collaborations themselves.
Female Entrepreneurs’ Motivations, Intentions and Barriers in Higher Education: A Case Study from Team Academy Bristol
Authors: Urzelai Berrbizne , Caple Lauren , Watkins Samuel
Published: May 2023

The objective of this study is to examine factors contributing to entrepreneurial intention, motivation and barriers among female university students. For this, we take a case study approach and focus on a Team Academy undergraduate degree programme run in Bristol, UK, which bases its pedagogical model on student-centred, experiential and team-based learning where students use their team companies through 3 years to engage in real-world, trade-based activities and ventures and reflect on their learning by getting support and encouragement from team coaches and mentors. Data gathered through semi-structured questionnaires from female students and graduates of the programme since it was launched in 2013–2014 shows that entrepreneurial motivation, intentions and perceptions on barriers might have specific characteristics for entrepreneurial females in higher education as the reasons and ambitions are also influenced by their student identity, beyond their entrepreneurial identity.

Our findings highlight that the experiential-led nature of the Team Academy educational setting provides a supportive environment which facilitates enhanced levels of self-efficacy for female entrepreneurial students, i.e. their belief in their ability to start ventures is enhanced through their practical experiences of doing so during their programme of study.

While female students are in the minority on the programme, making up just 15% of the cohort, their entrepreneurial intentions remain strong or increase during their time at university, and they have a positive attitude towards the benefits of becoming entrepreneurs. However, our data suggests that female students may lack the confidence to take actions and risks, and the support network of their peers and team coaches is key in empowering them and helping to minimise self-doubt.

The findings in this chapter inform changes within the programme and suggestions for future development of a more inclusive and diverse degree. The findings also have implications for entrepreneurship educators in further understanding the potential motivations, entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial barriers of female students engaging in an entrepreneurial degree programme. This offers important considerations in terms of how inclusivity and diversity can be reflected in curriculum design.
Sport as a Vehicle for Entrepreneurship Education: Approaches and Future Directions
Authors: Moustakas Louis , Reynard Stephen
Published: May 2023

The use of sport and physical activity as a method of developing entrepreneurship is an area that has received considerable attention in recent years. This is evidenced, in part, by the proliferation of sport-based education manuals on entrepreneurship from development agencies, NGOs and business actors alike. Moreover, several organisations operate in the sport for development ecosystem that focuses on sport-based entrepreneurship and developing social businesses in and through sport, including Sport dans la Ville and the Yunus Sports Hub. These programmes and existing literature show different approaches to using sport and physical activity to promote entrepreneurship. These approaches raise specific questions that should be considered when implementing sport for entrepreneurship programmes. Combining findings from academic and practitioner literature as well as considerable experience in the field, this chapter will present three approaches to using sport to develop entrepreneurship and highlight critical questions and concerns related to each approach. These approaches include (1) using sport as a hook to attract youth to entrepreneurial education, (2) using sport activities to develop competences related to entrepreneurship and (3) providing specialised education and support to sport entrepreneurs. To conclude, we propose a number of recommendations on how to maximise the potential of using sport for entrepreneurship education and development.
The Role of (Self-)Reflection in an Increasingly Digital Entrepreneurship Education Environment
Authors: Huxtable-Thomas Louisa , Brahm Taiga
Published: May 2023

(Self-)reflection is an increasingly utilised pedagogy in entrepreneurship education. This chapter conceptualises reflection as it pertains to education about, for and through entrepreneurship. It provides a review of the empirical literature, identifies some of the issues for student learning through reflection and introduces new perspectives on the role and requirements of the educator as they seek to create suitable environments for reflection – both for teaching and assessment.
The Impact Circle: A New Design-Based Method for Developing Business Opportunities with Sustainable Impact
Authors: Karahan Marc , Stoeckermann Caro Noemi
Published: May 2023

In sustainable entrepreneurship education (SEE), participants frequently take on the role of would-be entrepreneurs and develop business ideas that contribute to sustainable development. Due to the complexity of entrepreneurial tasks, educators require adequate tools and methods that facilitate the participants’ learning. However, methods for sustainable entrepreneurship are generally scarce, and most existing approaches are either ill-suited for the educational context or encourage users to add new sustainability features to business ideas rather than challenging underlying value creation mechanisms. Hence, a new approach is needed to emphasize sustainability at the center of business model innovation while being suitable for SEE. Based on Koestler’s concept of bisociation, which implies joining seemingly unrelated or conflicting information from different domains, we developed a new method for discovering sustainable business ideas—the Impact Circle. The 2-year development process comprised 8 workshops with 164 participants and multiple scientific methods. We contribute to research and practice by outlining the iterative development process and describing the Impact Circle’s application. Furthermore, we provide novel insights into bisociation as a phenomenon in entrepreneurial cognition and creativity.
Future Proof: Hackathons as Occasions to Experience Entrepreneurial Thinking
Authors: Eimler Sabrina C. , Straßmann Carolin
Published: May 2023

The pandemic has opened up room for a creative reinvention of traditional teaching and learning formats making entrepreneurial skills, as, e.g., described in the EntreComp framework, a more pronounced part of the curriculum. As part of the course “Positive Computing and Diversity in Human Computer Interaction,” which is offered to students of different study programs within the computer science department, a (coding-free) two-day online hackathon was organized as an occasion to experience and strengthen entrepreneurial skills. Two major goals were pursued with the work documented in this chapter: (a) providing students with an intense, challenging hands-on experience of different facets of their own entrepreneurial potential, and (b) describing example hackathon events regarding the content, technical and organizational structure as recommendation for practitioners. Consequently, besides outlining a pilot hackathon, the chapter describes essential elements of the course, in which the hackathon was embedded, and content as well as didactic orchestration of both, the course and the hackathon. Evaluation data from two hackathon rounds are presented and taken up in a discussion and reflection.
Belonging in Entrepreneurship: The Cascading Benefits of the Accelerator Rap Approach
Authors: Campbell Betsy
Published: May 2023

Drawing upon Accelerator Rap – the course that won the 2020 Academy of Management Innovation in Entrepreneurship Pedagogy Award – this chapter explores constructionism before describing the rationale and process of the course. It then suggests ways to bring a constructionist approach to the structure and content of other entrepreneurship courses in order to foster greater diversity across the entrepreneurial ecosystem. It is designed for readers who are interested in issues of diversity in entrepreneurship and who would like entrepreneurship education to be more inclusive.
The “Start-Up” Answer: Examining a Hidden Dramaturgy in Entrepreneurial Learning Beyond the Four Walls of the Classroom
Authors: Nybye Nicolai
Published: May 2023

This chapter, based on findings from an ethnographic field study of entrepreneurship in the realm of non-business educations, combines the logic of effectuation and a narrative discursive perspective, enabling us to see how a certain language of entrepreneurship in use affects the meaning making of students and is perceived by them as counterproductive. The chapter provides insight into normally more hidden sides of student entrepreneurship and analyzes how the “start-up” as grand narrative filters into the micro-processes of students involved in an extracurricular entrepreneurial process. The chapter reflects how language is used as logic, which, however, is also a possibility to choose new pathways in advice, guidance, and training of entrepreneurial expertise among students practicing entrepreneurship.