bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gestação em adolescentes: opiniões de universitários
Authors: Garcia Telma Ribeiro , Almeida Ana Maria de
Published: December 2014

Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo em que se objetivou identificar e analisar as opiniões de uma população universitária da área da saúde face à gestação em adolescentes solteiras. Os resultados apontaram para a existência de opiniões contraditórias e/ou ambivalentes acerca desse fenômeno, representando um foco de preocupação quanto à possível influência sobre o modo como esses profissionais atendem/atenderão essa clientela.
Os direitos do paciente segundo o posicionamento de médicos e enfermeiros: pesquisa exploratória
Authors: Kreischer Elaine Diana , Alonso Patricia de Abreu P. , Salles Patricia de Mello , Ramos Raquel de Souza
Published: December 2014

Considerando que os Direitos do Paciente devem ser respeitados por todos os profissionais da área de saúde, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa exploratória a fim de analisar o posicionamento de médicos e enfermeiros diante da vivência desses princípios. Aplicou-se o método descritivo e a técnica de investigação social, no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de setembro a dezembro de 1994, junto a uma amostra aleatória composta por 26 enfermeiros e 24 médicos. Utilizou-se um questionário com 30 questões que foi distribuído aos mesmos para respondê-lo. O marco referencial compreendeu os princípios éticos e legais que determinam os direitos humanos, a atitude dos profissionais de saúde no relacionamento com os clientes e os próprios direitos do paciente. De acordo com o depoimento desses respondentes, os Direitos do Paciente mais difíceis de serem respeitados são: a escolha dos profissionais que o atenderão, esclarecimento sobre diagnóstico e prognóstico, tratamento individualizado, acesso ao prontuário, participação no planejamento do tratamento, ter acompanhante e receber tratamento atencioso. Já os Direitos do Paciente referidos como mais respeitados são: guarda e sigilo profissional. direito a visitas e a reclamar da equipe e tratamento adequado à sua patologia.
Apoio à decisão em enfermagem nos casos de eliminação urinária alterada: sistema ALTURIN.EXP
Authors: Lopes Maria Helena Baena de Moraes , Teixeira João Machado , Freitas Maria Regina Rocha
Published: December 2014

Foi desenvolvido um sistema de apoio à decisão em enfermagem por LOPES, PALOMBO e SABBATINI denominado ALTURIN.EXP, envolvendo os diagnósticos de enfermagem relacionados à alteração na eliminação urinária, utilizando o programa EXPERTMD, criado por SABBATINI, e a classificação diagnostica da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA). O programa ALTURIN.EXP define o diagnóstico específico da alteração na eliminação urinária e, em seguida, indica as intervenções de enfermagem mais comuns. Foi nosso objetivo testar o Programa clinicamente. Foram descritos 29 casos de alteração na eliminação urinária entre mulheres com problemas ginecológicos e oricoginecológicos. Três enfermeiros determinaram o diagnóstico principal e os secundários, quando pertinentes. Os diagnósticos, foram confrontados com aqueles identificados pelo Programa. Evidenciou-se que esse, na forma como foi originalmente concebido, em alguns casos identificou o diagnóstico secundário e não o principal. A utilização dos casos clínicos levou à revisão da sua estrutura para reduzir a possibilidade de erro.
O papel do enfermeiro hoje
Authors: Medeiros Luzia Cecília de , Tavares Katamara Medeiros
Published: December 2014

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o papel do enfermeiro como resultado das transformações históricas ocorridas na enfermagem. O sistema capitalista coloca ao enfermeiro, no modelo clínico de assistência, a função de administrar os serviços e a equipe de enfermagem restringindo assim sua função a primar pela lucratividade e burocracia da empresa. Dessa forma a assistência é delegada a outras categorias profissionais, muitas vezes sem nenhuma qualificação. Nesse universo, entendemos que o enfermeiro tem como papel principal administrar a assistência de enfermagem para ter uma visão do todo e dessa forma desenvolver uma prestação de serviços qualificada e articulada as atuais necessidades da estrutura social.
Análise do risco de insolvência pelo modelo de cox: uma aplicação prática
Authors: Bressan Valéria Gama Fully , Braga Marcelo José , Bressan Aureliano Angel
Published: December 2014

A previsão de insolvência é um fator importante para o sistema bancário e, por esse motivo, vem sendo estudada por vários autores. Com o intuito de corroborar esses estudos, este trabalho avaliou a situação financeira das cooperativas de crédito rural do Estado de Minas Gerais entre 1998 e 2001, buscando verificar se as mudanças que afetaram o sistema bancário após o Plano Real também atingiram as cooperativas analisadas. Para avaliar o risco de insolvência, utilizou-se o modelo de risco proporcional de Cox (Cox, 1972). Empregou-se o conceito de insolvência como o de encerramento da cooperativa, patrimônio líquido negativo e/ou 40% de resultados finais negativos. Como resultado, verificou-se que, nas cooperativas analisadas, os indicadores importantes para avaliar o risco relativo de insolvência foram os índices de "liquidez geral", "encaixe" e "despesa com pessoal". Apenas 1 cooperativa, entre as 107 pesquisadas, encontrava-se na faixa de risco de insolvência determinada pelo modelo.
Gender Differences in Trauma Treatment: Do Boys and Girls Respond to Evidence-Based Interventions in the Same Way?
Authors: Craig Carlton D. , Sprang Ginny
Published: December 2014

This article investigates gender differences in trauma symptoms from baseline to end of treatment (trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy or parent–child interaction therapy) in children ages 7–18 years. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and trend analysis using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted on baseline and end of treatment University of California at Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (UCLA PTSD-RI) total scores. Results suggest that female children start at higher reported total posttraumatic stress disorder rates than males, but both groups experience significant symptom reduction during the course of treatment. At posttreatment, girls are still reporting higher symptom levels on the UCLA PTSD-RI than boys, suggesting that their clinical presentation at discharge may differ despite significant treatment gains. A full factorial model including the interaction of dose and gender was not significant. Identification of these gender-specific response patterns are an important consideration in treatment and discharge planning for children who have been trauma-exposed and are presenting for treatment with post trauma exposure disturbances.
Nitrogen budget in the Upper Mississippi River watershed
Authors: Carey Anne E. , Lyons W. Berry , Bonzongo Jean-Claude , Lehrter John C.
Published: December 2014

Nitrogen budget calculations performed for highflow and low-flow years in the major sub-basins of the Upper Mississippi River watershed show differences in nitrogen applications and discharges. Nitrogen budgets show that fertilizer is the most important input of nitrogen to the basins, but also show that atmospheric input and animal manures can be significant inputs of nitrogen to the basins. The transport of nitrogen from the land to rivers varies with the prevailing hydrologic conditions. The annual nitrogen budgets are not balanced. In years of high precipitation and river discharge, more nitrogen can be removed than had been applied that year, presumably from N stored in the soil or ground water. Storage of nitrogen in soils is a major unknown in the model, but calculations suggest that it is a significant reservoir of N.
Antioxidant, antifungal and anticancer activities of se-enriched Pleurotus spp. mycelium extracts
Authors: Milovanovic Ivan , Stajic Mirjana , Cilerdzic Jasmina , Stanojkovic Tatjana , Knezevic Aleksandar , Vukojevic Jelena
Published: December 2014

The goal of this study was the evaluation of antifungal, antioxidant and
anticancer potentials of Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius
mycelial extracts, and the influence of mycelium enrichment with selenium on
these activities. Both Se-amended and non-amended extracts showed the same
or similar minimal inhibitory concentration for 14 studied micromycetes,
while a fungicidal effect was not noted, contrary to ketoconazole, which had
inhibitory and fungicidal effects at very low concentrations. Se-non-amended
extracts exhibited antioxidant activity, especially at higher
concentrations. Selenium enrichment influenced activity, its effects
decreasing in P. eryngii and P. pulmonarius, while in P. ostreatus no effect
was noted. The DPPH? radical scavenging capacity of the extracts was in
direct correlation with their phenol and flavonoid contents. Cytotoxic
activity against both HeLa and LS174 cell lines was very low compared with
cis-DDP. These features suggest that mycelium should be an object of
intensive studies.
Analysis of human exhaled breath in a population of young volunteers
Authors: Zaric Bozidarka , Petrovic Srdjan , Bjekic Milan , Rajic Ivana , Popovic Aleksandar , Djordjevic Dragana
Published: December 2014

Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath can provide
information about the current physiological state of an individual, such as
clinical conditions and exposure to exogenous pollutants. The blood-borne
VOCs present in exhaled breath offer the possibility of exploring
physiological and pathological processes in a noninvasive way. However, the
field of exhaled breath analysis is still in its infancy. We undertook this
study in order to define interindividual variation and common compounds in
breath VOCs of 48 young human volunteers. Alveolar breath samples were
analyzed by automated thermal desorption, gas chromatography with flame
ionization detector (FID) and electron capture detector (ECD) using SUPELCO
standards with 66 compounds. Predominant compounds in the alveolar breath of
analyzed subjects are ethylbenzene, 1-ethyl-4-methylbenzene,
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (over 50% of the subjects).
Isopropyl alcohol, propylene, acetone, ethanol were found as well. We
detected substituted compounds in exhaled breath.
Tiazofurin modulates lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia in vitro
Authors: Savic Danijela , Lavrnja Irena , Dacic Sanja , Bjelobaba Ivana , Nedeljkovic Nadezda , Stojiljkovic Mirjana , Herdegen Thomas , Pekovic Sanja
Published: December 2014

Tiazofurin is a purine nucleoside analogue, with a broad spectrum of
antitumoral and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we have
investigated the effect of tiazofurin on microglial inflammatory response to
lipopolysaccharide in vitro. The cytotoxic effect of the drug was examined by
sulforhodamine B assay. The Griess method was used to quantify nitrite
production. Microglial morphology was assessed by measuring cell body size.
Release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-?,
interleukin-1?, interleukin-6, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine
interleukin- 10, were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our
data showed that tiazofurin decreased the number of activated microglia,
lowered nitric oxide production and reduced the average cell surface of these
cells. Tiazofurin reduced tumor necrosis factor-?, interleukin-6 and
increased interleukin-10 secretion. Conversely, this drug promoted the
release of interleukin-1?. Results obtained in this study indicate that TR
displayed both anti- and pro-inflammatory modulation of activated microglia
that could be relevant for its antitumor action within the central nervous
system.
Androblastoma of the Ovary
Authors: Jha M , Shakya B
Published: December 2014

Androblastoma of the ovary occurs most frequently in the 3rd to 4th decades of life and about 75% of the lesions are seen in women younger than 40 years. This tumor produces androgen and virilization is present in more than 70% of the patients. Due to the early diagnosis and treatment of such type of tumor, the prognosis is very good. This was a case report of an 18 years’ unmarried girl who presented with signs of virilization and amenorrhea for two years. On abdominal examination mass was up to epigastric reason, after all investigation we planned for laparotomy. Histopathology report revealed androblastoma of the ovary. After a month of operation, she had regular menstruation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11765
Semen Parameters of Fertile Men Attending Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Lamichhane B , Baral J R , Manandhar R , Shrestha A
Published: December 2014

Aims:  This study was done to analyze the semen parameters of fertile Nepalese men with a known time to pregnancy of less than or equal to 12 months and to compare the values obtained with the newer reference limit of WHO, 2010.Methods: A hospital based prospective cross- sectional study was conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, from 15th April 2012 – 15th April 2013. Sixty fertile men with a known time to pregnancy (TTP) ≤ 12 months were included in the study and semen collection and analysis done at the laboratory of Department of Pathology. Results: The following one-sided reference limits, the fifth centile (with 95th percent confidence interval), were generated: semen volume, 1.0 ml (0.8-1.2); total sperm number, 25 million per ejaculate (11-39); sperm concentration, 10 million per ml (5-15); progressive motility, 15% (10-20); total (progressive plus non-progressive motility) motility, 30% (25 -35); vitality 50% (46-54); morphologically normal form, 99% (99.3- 99.4). Conclusions: The study concluded that only a single semen parameter cannot be conclusive of fertility, therefore combination of all semen parameters is more predictive. In addition the study also concluded that the semen parameters of Nepalese fertile men were found lower as compared to reference limits of WHO. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v9i2.11772
Racialized Capacities and Transgressive Mobility
Authors: Pante Michael D.
Published: December 2014

This article places race at the analytical center of a comparative urban transport history of early twentieth-century Singapore and Manila. It focuses on motorization, as seen in the influx and eventual dominance of streetcars and automobiles. The British and the American colonizers turned these Western-made vehicles into symbols of colonial modernity, defined in racialized terms. They regarded the different “Asiatics” as naturally ill-equipped to handle streetcars and automobiles, and when the colonized proved them wrong, the colonizers framed these acts using the racialist discourse of “potentiality.” Nevertheless, the native transport laborers appropriated motorized vehicles in ways that the colonizers did not imagine. Machines presented the natives a world of knowledge, which was maximized for financial gain. The acquisition of various forms of knowledge thus revealed a paradox of the civilizing mission: the colonizers exposed natives to the world of civilized knowledge, but the acquisition of this knowledge disrupted colonial discipline.
Influence of debris cover and altitude on glacier surface melting: a case study on Dokriani Glacier, central Himalaya, India
Authors: Pratap Bhanu , Dobhal D.P. , Mehta Manish , Bhambri Rakesh
Published: December 2014

Most of the central Himalayan glaciers have surface debris layers of variable thickness, which greatly affect the ablation rate. An attempt has been made to relate debris-cover thickness to glacier surface melting. Thirty stakes were used to calculate ablation for debris-covered and clean ice of Dokriani Glacier (7 km2) from 2009/10 to 2012/13. Our study revealed significant altitude-wise difference in the rate of clean and debris-covered ice melting. We found a high correlation (R2 = 0.92) between mean annual clean-ice ablation and altitude, and a very low correlation (R2 = 0.14) between debris-covered ice melting and altitude. Debris-covered ice ablation varies with variation in debris thickness from 1 to 40 cm; ablation was maximum under debris thicknesses of 1–6 cm and minimum under 40 cm. Even a small debris-cover thickness (1–2 cm) reduces ice melting as compared to that of clean ice on an annual basis. Overall, debris-covered ice ablation during the study period was observed to be 37% less than clean-ice ablation. Strong downwasting was also observed in the Dokriani Glacier ablation area, with average annual ablation of 1.82 m w.e. a–1 in a similar period. Our study suggests that a thinning glacier rapidly becomes debris-covered over the ablation area, reducing the rate of ice loss.
Comparison Study on Two Model-Based Adaptive Algorithms for SOC Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Tian Yong , Xia Bizhong , Wang Mingwang , Sun Wei , Xu Zhihui
Published: December 2014

State of charge (SOC) estimation is essential to battery management systems in electric vehicles (EVs) to ensure the safe operations of batteries and providing drivers with the remaining range of the EVs. A number of estimation algorithms have been developed to get an accurate SOC value because the SOC cannot be directly measured with sensors and is closely related to various factors, such as ambient temperature, current rate and battery aging. In this paper, two model-based adaptive algorithms, including the adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) and adaptive slide mode observer (ASMO) are applied and compared in terms of convergence behavior, tracking accuracy, computational cost and estimation robustness against parameter uncertainties of the battery model in SOC estimation. Two typical driving cycles, including the Dynamic Stress Test (DST) and New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) are applied to evaluate the performance of the two algorithms. Comparison results show that the AUKF has merits in convergence ability and tracking accuracy with an accurate battery model, while the ASMO has lower computational cost and better estimation robustness against parameter uncertainties of the battery model.
Protecting the Melatonin Rhythm through Circadian Healthy Light Exposure
Authors: Bonmati-Carrion Maria , Arguelles-Prieto Raquel , Martinez-Madrid Maria , Reiter Russel , Hardeland Ruediger , Rol Maria , Madrid Juan
Published: December 2014

Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people are exposed to much lower light intensities than under natural conditions. In spite of the positive impact of artificial light, we pay a price for the easy access to light during the night: disorganization of our circadian system or chronodisruption (CD), including perturbations in melatonin rhythm. Epidemiological studies show that CD is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cognitive and affective impairment, premature aging and some types of cancer. Knowledge of retinal photoreceptors and the discovery of melanopsin in some ganglion cells demonstrate that light intensity, timing and spectrum must be considered to keep the biological clock properly entrained. Importantly, not all wavelengths of light are equally chronodisrupting. Blue light, which is particularly beneficial during the daytime, seems to be more disruptive at night, and induces the strongest melatonin inhibition. Nocturnal blue light exposure is currently increasing, due to the proliferation of energy-efficient lighting (LEDs) and electronic devices. Thus, the development of lighting systems that preserve the melatonin rhythm could reduce the health risks induced by chronodisruption. This review addresses the state of the art regarding the crosstalk between light and the circadian system.
Metal Phosphate-Supported Pt Catalysts for CO Oxidation
Authors: Qian Xiaoshuang , Qin Hongmei , Meng Tao , Lin Yi , Ma Zhen
Published: December 2014

Oxides (such as SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CeO2) have often been used to prepare supported Pt catalysts for CO oxidation and other reactions, whereas metal phosphate-supported Pt catalysts for CO oxidation were rarely reported. Metal phosphates are a family of metal salts with high thermal stability and acid-base properties. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, denoted as Ca-P-O here) also has rich hydroxyls. Here we report a series of metal phosphate-supported Pt (Pt/M-P-O, M = Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, Co, Zn, La) catalysts for CO oxidation. Pt/Ca-P-O shows the highest activity. Relevant characterization was conducted using N2 adsorption-desorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CO2 temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR). This work furnishes a new catalyst system for CO oxidation and other possible reactions.
Nano- and Microdelivery Systems for Marine Bioactive Lipids
Authors: Pereira David , Valentão Patrícia , Andrade Paula
Published: December 2014

There is an increasing body of evidence of the positive impact of several marine lipids on human health. These compounds, which include ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to improve blood lipid profiles and exert anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. The high instability of these compounds to oxidative deterioration and their hydrophobicity have a drastic impact in their pharmacokinetics. Thus, the bioavailability of these compounds may be affected, resulting in their inability to reach the target sites at effective concentrations. In this regard, micro/nanoparticles can offer a wide range of solutions that can prevent the degradation of targeted molecules, increase their absorption, uptake and bioavailability. In this work we will present the options currently available concerning micro- and nanodelivery systems for marine lipids; with emphasis on micro/nanoparticles; such as micro/nanocapsules and emulsions. A wide range of bottom-up approaches using casein, chitosan, cyclodextrins, among others; will be discussed.
Conotoxin Gene Superfamilies
Authors: Robinson Samuel , Norton Raymond
Published: December 2014

Conotoxins are the peptidic components of the venoms of marine cone snails (genus Conus). They are remarkably diverse in terms of structure and function. Unique potency and selectivity profiles for a range of neuronal targets have made several conotoxins valuable as research tools, drug leads and even therapeutics, and has resulted in a concerted and increasing drive to identify and characterise new conotoxins. Conotoxins are translated from mRNA as peptide precursors, and cDNA sequencing is now the primary method for identification of new conotoxin sequences. As a result, gene superfamily, a classification based on precursor signal peptide identity, has become the most convenient method of conotoxin classification. Here we review each of the described conotoxin gene superfamilies, with a focus on the structural and functional diversity present in each. This review is intended to serve as a practical guide to conotoxin superfamilies and to facilitate interpretation of the increasing number of conotoxin precursor sequences being identified by targeted-cDNA sequencing and more recently high-throughput transcriptome sequencing.
Inertial Sensor-Based Smoother for Gait Analysis
Authors: Suh Young
Published: December 2014

An off-line smoother algorithm is proposed to estimate foot motion using an inertial sensor unit (three-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers) attached to a shoe. The smoother gives more accurate foot motion estimation than filter-based algorithms by using all of the sensor data instead of using the current sensor data. The algorithm consists of two parts. In the first part, a Kalman filter is used to obtain initial foot motion estimation. In the second part, the error in the initial estimation is compensated using a smoother, where the problem is formulated in the quadratic optimization problem. An efficient solution of the quadratic optimization problem is given using the sparse structure. Through experiments, it is shown that the proposed algorithm can estimate foot motion more accurately than a filter-based algorithm with reasonable computation time. In particular, there is significant improvement in the foot motion estimation when the foot is moving off the floor: the z-axis position error squared sum (total time: 3.47 s) when the foot is in the air is 0.0807 m2 (Kalman filter) and 0.0020 m2 (the proposed smoother).
Les formes cliniques de rapport à la causalité : essai sur causalité et culpabilité
Authors: Enriquez Micheline
Published: December 2014

Analyse des rapports du sujet à l’ordre causal appréhendés par le biais de certains types de discours et de théories tenus sur l’origine, qui faute d’une « raison suffisante » recourent à la culpabilité à fin d’identification et de signification. Ce travail s’intègre dans une réflexion plus large portant sur la fonction du masochisme dans les processus de subjectivation et d’identification. Les hypothèses, propositions et argumentations que j’avance ici, soulèvent pour moi pour l’instant plus de questions qu’elles n’en résolvent. Elles me paraissent simplement esquisser des voies d’approche à une analyse possible des rapports du sujet à l’ordre causal dans ses implications conscientes et inconscientes et dans ses formes culturelles et épistémologiques recevables, aussi bien que dans ses aberrations.
Causalité, déterminisme, interprétation : trois tâches aveugles de la recherche biomédicale
Authors: Falissard Bruno
Published: December 2014

Les scientifiques tirent la valeur de leurs travaux de la qualité des observations qu’ils réalisent. Ces observations sont des pépites brutes qu’il faut nécessairement travailler pour qu’elles puissent exprimer tout leur potentiel. Ce travail est profondément humain, subjectif, et de ce fait déstabilisant pour le savant vivant dans un fantasme d’une objectivité totale. Ce travail fait appel à des interprétations, qui dans le domaine biomédical, non mathématisé, sont souvent difficiles à discerner des observations elles-mêmes. Ces interprétations convoquent parfois des notions philosophiques ardues comme celle de causalité, les quiproquos sur ce terme sont fréquents. Enfin, concernant le déterminisme des lois de la nature, il existe un clivage méconnu entre les tenants du « bio » et ceux du « médical ».
Théorie des pulsions et anthropologie critique : la légitimation et la légitimité
Authors: Moreau de Bellaing Louis
Published: December 2014

Complémentairement aux sciences humaines et sociales actuelles, il est nécessaire de créer, par la démarche psychanalytique, des sciences humaines et sociales critiques au sens d’analyse approfondie (histoire, anthropologie, droit, etc.). Cet article s’efforce de montrer que cette tentative est possible et déjà commencée. Abordant une série de concepts : prohibition de l’inceste, sacré, civil, don, sacrifice, autorité, altérité, reconnaissance, réciprocité, identité, l’auteur, faisant droit à la théorie des pulsions freudienne, les articule au pouvoir, à la volonté, au désir et au libre arbitre, implication qui n’exclut pas la distance entre eux. Ainsi sont rendus visibles des processus et des états de légitimation que la sociologie et l’anthropologie classique, non critique, utilisent sans tellement les définir dans une problématique qui demeure le plus souvent plus ou moins positiviste.
Des frontières épistémologiques aux frontières psychiques
Authors: Robert Philippe
Published: December 2014

La mondialisation ne concerne pas seulement les champs politiques et économiques. Les frontières culturelles et épistémologies sont effractées, voire effacées alors qu’elles doivent être perméables mais sûres. Le risque est alors celui d’une dilution des repères identitaires. Face à ces changements sociétaux, le psychanalyste peut soit se laisser prendre par « l’air du temps », soit se rigidifier dans un dogmatisme réactionnel. Il est lui-même dans une filiation et une appartenance. Il peut ressentir des conflits de loyauté – à l’égard de ses pairs et de ses pères – dont il aurait du mal à se dégager. Il conviendra de ne pas perdre de vue la dimension subversive de la psychanalyse dans son intérêt porté au sens et non à la signification, et à l’interprétation et non au décodage. Les changements, voire les mutations anthropologiques, n’invalident pas la nécessaire invariance du cadre interne de l’analyste.
La normativité démocratique, entre vérité et procédures
Authors: Invernizzi Accetti Carlo
Published: December 2014

Résumé Cet article aborde la question du fondement philosophique de la normativité démocratique en la reliant à un débat qui a récemment suscité beaucoup d’intérêt à l’intérieur de la théorie politique : celui autour de la possibilité d’une justification « purement procédurale » du principe de majorité. Dans un livre de plus en plus influent, David Estlund a récemment soutenu qu’une telle justification est en fait impossible, et que la théorie de la démocratie doit donc nécessairement faire appel à un critère de légitimité « épistémique », c’est à dire à un principe de vérité normative indépendant des procédures par lesquelles les décisions politiques sont effectivement prises. À travers une analyse des travaux de Hans Kelsen sur le principe de majorité, nous montrons, dans un premier temps, qu’une justification purement procédurale du principe de majorité est en réalité possible, sans aller à l’encontre des objections soulevées par Estlund contre une telle entreprise. Dans un deuxième temps nous montrons ensuite qu’introduire un critère substantif de vérité normative dans le cadre de la théorie de la démocratie pose en réalité plus de problèmes qu’il ne résout, car c’est en contradiction avec les trois principes fondamentaux sur lesquels s’appuie la légitimité démocratique : une idée de liberté comme consentement, une idée d’égalité comme absence de discrimination entre les opinions individuelles et une idée de pluralisme comme reconnaissance de la légitimité propre au conflit politique.
Où en sont les élites administratives en Europe ?
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: December 2014

Résumé La crise financière de 2008 comme les politiques de réforme de l’État ont eu pour effet de remettre en cause le statut professionnel et social des hauts fonctionnaires dans les différents pays européens. L’analyse comparative montre qu’il existe un certain nombre de points de convergence dans tous les pays européens. La formation juridique cède du terrain face à la formation en économie ou en gestion. Une différenciation s’est produite au sein de la haute fonction publique entre les cadres dirigeants et les cadres chargés de la gestion quotidienne. Mais les structures sociales de la haute fonction publique n’ont pas beaucoup évolué. La résilience institutionnelle est forte. La crise n’a pas produit un nouveau modèle technocratique de haut fonctionnaire. Elle a plutôt renforcé l’influence du politique.
Contribution of intestinal smooth muscle to Crohn's disease fibrogenesis
Authors: Severi C. , Sferra R. , Scirocco A. , Vetuschi A. , Pallotta N. , Pronio A. , Caronna R. , Di Rocco G. , Gaudio E. , Corazziari E. , Onori P.
Published: December 2014

Mesenchymal cells transdifferentiation and extracellular matrix deposition are involved in the fibrotic process of Crohnâ€™s disease (CD). Mesenchymal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) de-differentiation, driven by Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) that counteracts Transforming growth factor (TGF-Î²) has been studied in vascular muscle. The role of SMCs in intestinal fibrogenesis is still not clearly elucidated. Aim of the study was to evaluate the possible myogenic contribution to CD fibrotic process through the comparative analysis of histological, morphometric and molecular alterations occurring in human smooth muscle. Full thickness specimens were obtained from CD (non-involved and stenotic tracts) and healthy (control) ileum. Tissues were processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses and SMCs were isolated from the muscularis propria for morphofunctional and molecular (qPCR) analyses. CD stenotic ileum showed a significant increased thickness of all layers compared to CD non-involved and control ileum. IHC revealed an overexpression of Î±-smooth muscle actin and collagens I-III throughout all intestinal layers only in stenotic tracts. The two growth factors, PDGF and TGF-Î², showed a progressive increase in expression in the muscle layer from CD non-involved to stenotic tracts. Freshly isolated SMCs presented alterations in CD non-involved tracts that progressively increased in the stenotic tracts consisting in a statistical increase in mRNA encoding for PDGF-Î² and collagen III, paralleled to a decrease in TGF-Î² and Tribbles-like protein-3 mRNA, and altered morphofunctional parameters consisting in progressive decreases in cell length and contraction to acetylcholine. These findings indicate that intrinsic myogenic alterations occur in CD ileum, that they likely precede stricture formation, and might represent suitable new targets for anti-fibrotic interventions.
HIV testing in Lanarkshire
Authors: Acquah RR , Baggott A , McGoldrick C , Kennedy N
Published: December 2014

Introduction The 2008 UK National Guidelines for HIV testing were designed in order to decrease the proportion of people living with undiagnosed HIV infection.

Aims Two audits were conducted. The aim of Audit 1 was to determine the proportion of current medical inpatients with an indicator condition that had been tested for HIV. Audit 2 aimed to identify missed opportunities for testing prior to diagnosis among newly diagnosed individuals with HIV.

Methods Audit 1 involved a case note review looking for indicator conditions and HIV testing of all inpatients. Audit 2 analysed the hospital case notes of all new Lanarkshire HIV patients in 2010 for previous missed diagnostic opportunities.

Results In Audit 1, 36% (63/174) of medical inpatients had a current indicator condition. Of the total population, 1.7% (3/174) had what would be an AIDSdefining condition if they had a positive HIV test. However, only 11% (7/63) of individuals were appropriately HIV tested. For Audit 2, 64% (9/14) of newly diagnosed individuals had previous missed opportunities for diagnosis.

Conclusion Increased education of clinical staff around testing guidelines is needed, as we have demonstrated that the 2008 guidelines are not being adhered to.
Changes to clinician attire have done more harm than good
Authors: Dancer SJ , Duerden BI
Published: December 2014

The introduction of ‘bare below the elbows’ policies to facilitate handwashing led to the disappearance of the white coat from medical and surgical wards. While rates of key healthcare acquired infections in hospitals, e.g. Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, have fallen, argument continues around the contribution of hand hygiene and dress codes to these changes. Conversely, the number of complaints against clinicians continues to rise, and respect for medical staff is falling. Are these phenomena linked to the disappearance of the white coat? Here, we debate the effects of these changes to clinician attire and ask whether the putative benefits in terms of infection control are outweighed by the possible harms to the doctor-patient relationship alleged to be caused by the loss of the white coat.
Cost and value in medical education – what we can learn from the past?
Authors: Walsh K
Published: December 2014

What lessons can be learned from the history of cost and value in medical education? First, the issue of cost and value in medical education has been around for a long time. Rising costs and an economic recession have made us focus on the subject more, but the issue has been just below the surface for over 200 years. A problem like this will not go away by itself – we must tackle it now. Second, the history of cost and value in medical education makes us look critically at who should pay. Should it be students, institutions or governments? We can see from the past that several different models have been tried; that all have their advantages and disadvantages; and that none are perfect. Third, looking at the past should make us realise that the issue of cost in medical education cannot be viewed in isolation. Medical educators throughout history have looked at how cost can affect selection for medical school, how costs can be related to benefits, and the effect of rising costs on career choices. Cost in medical education has always had far reaching consequences and implications. It probably always will. Looking at issues in medical education from the perspective of cost often makes them more stark and explicit – this in turn may help us to start to find solutions. In the future our solutions must be evidence based and must take account of cost.
The Scottish Women’s Hospital at Royaumont, France 1914–1919
Authors: M-F Weiner
Published: December 2014

In 1915, under the aegis of the French Red Cross, volunteer medical women from the Scottish Women’s Hospital Service for Foreign Service established a hospital at Royaumont Abbey in France, to treat casualties of the First World War. By working as a team comprised of radiologists, bacteriologists and surgeons, they were able to combat gas gangrene and record remarkable results. The circumstances and the way in which the doctors were portrayed in France and Britain prevented them from actively promoting their results to gain wider acceptance. After the War, medical women lost their training and employment opportunities and many left the profession.
Concentración de carbono en Pinus cembroides Zucc: fuente potencial de mitigación delcalentamiento global
Authors: Pompa-García Marín , Yerena-Yamalliel José I.
Published: December 2014

Los bosques de Pinus cembroides Zucc, usualmente, han sido segregados del aprovechamiento forestal comercial dadas sus desventajas maderables. Sin embargo, esta especie desempeña un papel importante en la biodiversidad de México. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la concentración de carbono (C) en los principales compartimentos de P. cembroides: raíz, corteza, fuste, ramas, yemas y hojas. La concentración de C total expresado como porcentaje de la biomasa fue determinado con el Solids TOC Analyzer. Los resultados se analizaron en un diseño completamente al azar y mediante comparación de medias de Tukey. El análisis indicó que la concentración de C varía entre los componentes (P < 0.05); la yema tuvo el valor más alto (57.1 %), mientras que el fuste y las ramas registraron los valores más bajos (47.7 y 47.8 %, respectivamente). Los resultados contribuyen a mejorar las estimaciones de C y proveen información importante para definir si los bosques de P. cembroides pueden considerarse como una posible fuente con potencial de mitigación ante el cambio climático y así utilizarlos en un programa de secuestro de C.
Obtención de cepas y producción de inóculo de cinco especies de hongos silvestres comestibles de alta montaña en el centro de méxico
Authors: Arana-Gabriel Yolanda , Burrola-Aguilar Cristina , Garibay-Orijel Roberto , Franco-Maass Sergio
Published: December 2014

Se obtuvieron cepas de Psathyrella spadicea, Floccularia aff. luteovirens, Clitocybe squamulosa, Flammulina mexicana y Lyophyllum aff. shimeji, cuyos esporomas son recolectados y consumidos por habitantes del Nevado de Toluca, México. Las cepas se estudiaron in vitro en seis medios de cultivo (ACP: Agar croquetas de perro, AM: Agar maíz, PDA-PL: Agar papa dextrosa-peptona y levadura, EMA-PL: Agar extracto de malta-peptona y levadura, PDA y EMA) a 18 °C y 25 °C. Las especies se desarrollaron satisfactoriamente a 18 °C, siendo F. mexicana y L. aff. shimeji las que tuvieron mayor velocidad de crecimiento y producción de biomasa. Flammulina mexicana solo se desarrolló a 18 °C, presentando mayor crecimiento y producción de biomasa en ACP. La cepa de L. aff. shimeji creció a 18 y 25 °C, la mayor velocidad de crecimiento se registró en medio PDA a 18 °C y la mayor producción de biomasa en EMA-PL a 18 °C. Considerando las mejores condiciones para el desarrollo de micelio in vitro, se produjo inóculo primario de F. mexicana y L. aff. shimeji en trigo y sorgo. La mayor densidad del micelio y porcentaje de grano cubierto se obtuvieron con el sustrato de trigo.
Revisão conceitual de indicadores costeiros de paleoníveis marinhos quaternários no Brasil
Authors: Angulo Rodolfo José , Souza Maria Cristina de
Published: December 2014

As variações do nível do mar durante o Quaternário no Brasil têm sido estudadas desde trabalhos pioneiros do século XIX. Desde então, centenas de trabalhos têm contribuído para melhor entendê-las. Apesar disto, o conhecimento ainda é incompleto e controvérsias persistem na literatura. Deste modo, para contribuir no conhecimento das variações do nível do mar no Quaternário no Brasil, foi realizada a revisão conceitual dos indicadores de paleoníveis marinhos utilizados em trabalhos anteriores. Na revisão, é apresentada proposta de classificação dos indicadores, descrição de suas características e discussão das incertezas e erros de interpretação. Finalmente, sugere-se a elaboração de mais e mais precisas curvas locais e regionais de nível relativo do mar para poder discriminar as diversas componentes das variações eustáticas e aparentes do nível do mar.
Solubility of CO2 in Brine and Reservoir Oil for Depleted Reservoirs in China
Authors: Zhang Ke , Ma Desheng , Li Shi , Chen Xinglong
Published: December 2014

Many countries play an important role to carbon capture, utilization, and Storage (CCUS) to reduce emission. Geological storage is an important approach to cope with climate change. Live oil combined with saline aquifers and gas reservoirs are among the candidates for carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration, owing to their proven sealing capabilities and characterization. CO2 mainly from power industrial was captured to improve oil recovery in some oilfields in China, and solubility is a key factor to evaluate storage ability of reservoir and saline aquifer. In this paper, CO2 sequestration mechanisms in deplete reservoir and saline aquifer were explained. An experimental method to test solubility of CO2 in emulsion system of liver oil and brine was developed. The experimental results showed that with the salinity increased, the solubility of CO2 in reservoir oil increased slightly, and the solubility of CO2 in brine decreased. Salinity has little impact on solubility of CO2 in reservoir oil. With the pressure increased, the solubility of CO2 in reservoir oil and brine both increased. Molecular diameter of reservoir oil and white oil have inverse proportion relationship with the solubility Research on solubility of CO2 in brine and reservoir oil for depleted reservoir in China enabled us to better predict and deal with the challenges for rapid development of carbon storage.
Nonbranched-Chain Oxidation: Low-Reactive RO•4 and HO•4 1:2 Adduct Radicals Shortening Kinetic Chains
Authors: Silaev Michael M.
Published: December 2014

New reaction scheme is suggested for the initiated nonbranched-chain addition of free radicals to the multiple bond of the molecular oxygen. The scheme includes the reaction competing with chain propagation reactions through a reactive free radical. The chain evolution stage in this scheme involves a few of free radicals, one of which (tetraoxyl) is relatively low-reactive and inhibits the chain process by shortening of the kinetic chain length. Based on the proposed scheme rate equations (containing one to three parameters to be determined directly) are deduced using quasi-steady-state treatment. The kinetic description with use the obtained rate equations is applied to the ϒ-induced nonbranched-chain processes of the free-radical oxidation of liquid o-xylene at 373 K and hydrogen dissolved in water containing different amounts of oxygen at 296 K. In these processes the oxygen with the increase of its concentration begins to act as an oxidation autoingibitor (or an antioxidant), and the rate of peroxide formation as a function of the dissolved oxygen concentration has a maximum. The heat effects are compared for the overall reactions of dissociation of simple alkylperoxyl (exothermic) and alkoxyl (endothermic) free radicals in the gas phase. Possible nonchain pathways of the free-radical oxidation of hydrogen and the routes of ozone decay from the energetic standpoint via the reaction with the hydroxyl free radical in the upper atmosphere (including the addition yielding the hydrotetraoxyl free radical, which can be an intermediate in the sequence of conversions of biologically hazardous UV radiation energy) were examined. The energetics of the key radical-molecule reactions is considered.
Active torque generation by the actomyosin cell cortex drives left–right symmetry breaking
Authors: Naganathan Sundar Ram , Fürthauer Sebastian , Nishikawa Masatoshi , Jülicher Frank , Grill Stephan W
Published: December 2014

Many developmental processes break left–right (LR) symmetry with a consistent handedness. LR asymmetry emerges early in development, and in many species the primary determinant of this asymmetry has been linked to the cytoskeleton. However, the nature of the underlying chirally asymmetric cytoskeletal processes has remained elusive. In this study, we combine thin-film active chiral fluid theory with experimental analysis of the C. elegans embryo to show that the actomyosin cortex generates active chiral torques to facilitate chiral symmetry breaking. Active torques drive chiral counter-rotating cortical flow in the zygote, depend on myosin activity, and can be altered through mild changes in Rho signaling. Notably, they also execute the chiral skew event at the 4-cell stage to establish the C. elegans LR body axis. Taken together, our results uncover a novel, large-scale physical activity of the actomyosin cytoskeleton that provides a fundamental mechanism for chiral morphogenesis in development.
Poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ether sulfone)‐g‐poly(ether glycol) methyl ether methacrylate blend membranes with improved ultrafiltration performance and fouling resistance
Authors: Jiang Shuhong , Wang Jun , Wu Jun , Chen Yinchuan
Published: December 2014

To enhance the permeability, hydrophilicity, and antifouling properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes, in this study, poly(ether glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) was grafted onto poly(ether sulfone) (PES) to first synthesize PES‐g‐PEGMA. Then, PES‐g‐PEGMA was blended with PVC (with blend ratios of PVC/PES‐g‐PEGMA that varied from 10 : 0 to 7 : 3) through the non‐solvent‐induced phase separation method to fabricate PVC/PES‐g‐PEGMA blend membranes. Shear viscosity and Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection experiments showed that PVC/PES‐g‐PEGMA was a partially compatible system and that it was more compatible than a PVC/PES blending system. The contact angle, equilibrium water content, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the PVC/PES‐g‐PEGMA blend membranes had a stronger hydrophilicity than the pure PVC membranes. Additionally, the results of this experiment also show that the PVC/PES‐g‐PEGMA blend membranes exhibited a higher permeability and superior antifouling properties than the pure PVC membranes, and the optimum blend ratio of the PVC/PES‐g‐PEGMA blend membranes was 7 : 3. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41726.