bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tax fairness and cryptocurrency
Authors:   University of Bialystok, Poland, Modzelewska Agnieszka , Grodzka Paulina ,   University of Bialystok, Poland
Published: July 2021

Reluctance to pay taxes is a natural feature of man. Given the above, it is not surprising that taxpayers are constantly looking for all possible ways to avoid taxation. The legislator, realizing the above, introduces a number of regulations aimed at counteracting dishonest actions of taxpayers. In the context of cryptocurrencies, these are in particular solutions aimed at limiting anonymity in the circulation of cryptocurrencies. The taxpayers, taking advantage of the fact that trading in cryptocurrencies is very specific, complicated and partially anonymous, try to outsmart the tax authorities and pay no taxes on income from such transactions. Also, the fact that until January 1, 2019, there was no regulation regarding the taxation of cryptocurrencies, and the introduced regulation also raises many doubts, does not encourage taxpayers to honestly settle accounts with tax authorities. Tax authorities, on the other hand, do not have the tools that would enable them to counteract taxpayers’ dishonesty effectively, what leads to the depletion of tax liabilities.
Warmińska idylla dla oka turysty. Poetyka popularnych przewodników i blogów
Authors:   Wydział Filologiczny, Uniwersytet Gdański, Możejko Agnieszka
Published: July 2021

The article offers a comparative analysis of the selected fragments of tourist guides, photographical albums, advertisements and travel blogs about Warmia. The author points out how the language of commercial offers intersects with the accounts of tourist bloggers. The texts present Warmia as a secluded idyll, away from the hectic urban life, where people live in peace with nature.
Stereotyping Scotland: Groundskeeper Willie’s illocutionary acts in The Simpsons
Authors:   University of Cagliari, Italy, Virdis Daniela Francesca
Published: July 2021

This article explores the Scottish character of Groundskeeper Willie in the American animated sitcom The Simpsons with a pragmatic and social-psychological approach. It firstly introduces Willie’s linguistic and visual features, the sample of three episodes the analysis is based on, Scottish stereotypes in Lindsay’s (1997) sociological research, and Searle’s (1976) taxonomy of illocutionary acts (representatives or assertives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations). Secondly, the turns uttered by the groundskeeper in the sample are classified by applying Searle’s taxonomy, and his illocutionary acts are examined in their contexts and compared with the list of national-ethnic Scottish stereotypes compiled by Lindsay. This study demonstrates that Willie’s illocutionary acts and the stereotypes they convey depict him as a figure characterised by positive traits; nevertheless, the responses his illocutionary acts are met with not only counter his pleasant aspects, but also ultimately represent the Scottish groundskeeper as a ludicrous victim of his American fellow townspeople.
Karcenie dzieci na ziemiach polskich. Regulacje prawne od XIX wieku do dziś
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Truszkowski Bartosz Kamil
Published: July 2021

Until the early 19th century, the selection of educational measures by parents and guardians in relation to the children under their care, including those serving to discipline the youngest, was not usually legally restricted. A change in this issue can be observed with the emergence of family law regulations in large European civil law codifications. Each of these regulations in force on the Polish territories of the 19th century, partitioned between three neighbouring powers, clearly referred to the power to discipline a disobedient child. Such disciplining was allowed in each of them, though it was regulated differently, both in terms of defining its grounds, relations to paternal/parental authority, as well as the established restrictions and measures to protect the child. After the Second World War, in Polish legislation we can observe an increasing interference in the autonomy of parents and guardians, when disciplining disappeared from the catalogue of explicitly mentioned educational measures, until the most recent times, when corporal punishment of the youngest was explicitly prohibited in 2010. In the following article, the author attempts to review and briefly summarize the regulations on disciplining children in the basic legal acts in force in Poland since the beginning of the 19th century, going through the early 20th century and the interwar period, the times of the occupation and People's Republic of Poland, until the current legal status. In addition to the parental powers, the author examines similar provisions regarding the legal guardian.
Opieka komunalna nad dziećmi w działalności międzywojennego Zarządu Miasta Lublina
Authors:   Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Szewczak-Daniel Mariola Magda
Published: July 2021

The concern for the youngest was given a special prominence in the social care system of the resurgent Polish State, both for humanitarian and political reasons. Pursuant to the Act of August 16, 1923 on social care, the obligation to provide and to finance social care was born by local governments units and among them by the communes. The aim of this article is to present the activity of the Department of Social Care of the Lublin City Board in the field of organizing care for children who, in accordance with the applicable legislation, were entitled to benefit from the commune assistance. To achieve this goal, the article primarily presents the functioning of Lublin care and educational institutions which provided help to the youngest. However, issues related to social care for adults and the sick remain outside the scope of this study. Another vital aim is to present the legal situation prevailing in Poland in the interwar period in the field of the development of legislation on social care, including childcare. To achieve the above presented goals, the author used mostly historical-legal method which consists in the examination and critical evaluation of the archival sources and legal phenomena. The statistical method was also broadly applied to present the numerical data illustrating the condition of social childcare organized by the Social Care Department of the Lublin City Board. The material base of this study was not only the literature on the subject, treating on the organization of the social care in the Second Polish Republic, but also archival and printed sources deposited in the National Archives in Lublin, i.e. series no. 7 – The Files of the Lublin City in the years 1918-1939. Mostly used were files of the Department of Social Care of Lublin City Board concerning the organization of the local care and educational institutions, statistic data and general reports on the activity of the Department of Social Care and reports on closed care, semi-open care, open care and other activities. Also, the reports concerning the care activity of the Department of Social Care, publicized in the Journal of the Lublin City Board [Dziennik Zarządu miasta Lublina] which was the official local government publisher of the executive body.
Entre glosas y censuras. Recepción y circulación del Corpus Iuris Civilis en la nueva España (siglos XVI y XVII)
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hernández Santiago Oscar
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this article is to show the reception and circulation of the Corpus Iuris Civilis the New Spain (Mexico) during the XVI and XVII centuries. It analyzes the importance of the Roman law as a part of the phenomenon of legal reception in the Spanish America. It studies the readings, comments and censorships of the different editions of these books, which were introduced extensively since the first decades of the American conquest. In the recent years, the Latin American historiography has analyzed the reception of the ius commune in the Spanish colonies, but it appears to give more priority to other legal sources as laws and customs. As a result of this point of view, it has been forgotten the knowledge contained in the legal books. In this research, my main sources are the books preserved in the Mexican National Library. The choice of the materials is due to it preserves the prints of some of the major libraries during this period (university, seminars and religious colleges). In order to achieve this objective, I analyze my period according to the Robert Darnton’s communication circuit. This methodological model focuses on the role of authors, publishers, printers, distributors and readers in the process of production, distribution and consumption of the books.
Der Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Volksrepublik Polen über die Grundlagen der Normalisierung ihrer gegenseitigen Beziehungen als Zäsur in der Geschichte der Bonner Republik
Authors:   Universität Regensburg, Löhnig Martin
Published: July 2021

For Poland, the "Warsaw Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the People's Republic of Poland" brought legal certainty: The Polish western border was now recognized by both German states under international law. For the Federal Republic of Germany, the tough domestic political struggle for ratification of the treaty marks a turning point. The essay describes this struggle between the social-liberal government and the conservative opposition against the background of the German constitution (Basic Law), which should ensure the stability of the democratic system based on the experiences from the Weimar period. It shows how the conflict parties used instruments of the no-confidence vote and the dissolution of parliament and what role the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) played in this conflict: The leading decision of the court is analysed in detail. Last but not least, the surprising role of the GDR in this conflict is also examined.
The Polish Contribution to the Baden Revolution 1848/49
Authors:   Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Schäfer Frank L.
Published: July 2021

This essay examines the work of the Polish freedom fighters in the revolution in southwest German Baden in 1848/49 by identifying the personal connections between the uprisings in Baden and Poznań and identifying Prussia as a common enemy. In particular, the role of the Polish military officer Ludwik Mierosławski as general of the Baden troops is honoured. The goal is thus to determine the exact contribution of Polish fighters in the Baden Revolution and how they interacted with the Baden revolutionaries. Thus, the essay also sheds light on the help of Baden for the Polish fight for freedom in the form of so-called Polish associations. For this purpose, the essay presents the eyewitness accounts of the year 1849 from the perspective of Baden and Polish participants. Methodologically, the article extracts the specific events in Baden and Poznań from the general revolutionary history of the years 1848/49. Chronologically, the essay also looks back at prehistory up to 1815 and offers a look at the life of the revolutionaries after 1849. The events in Baden and Poznań are finally placed in a larger context, especially in the context of the European freedom movements, the international cooperation of the revolutionaries, and Polandʼs striving for independence.
Czesława Martyniaka krytyka normatywizmu Hansa Kelsena
Authors:   Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Stochmal Mirosław Piotr
Published: July 2021

The article aims to present a critique of Hans Kelsen’s pure theory of law by Czesław Martyniak and to present a “positive’ solution. Martyniak reduced his criticism of Kelsen’s normativism to three issues: 1) the uniformity of its philosophical foundations, 2) the force of applicable law, and 3) natural law. Martyniak’s critique of Kelsen’s concept of law shows two extremely different attitudes regarding the separation of the sphere of being and duty in the field of law made by I. Kant. Kelsen is an extreme supporter of the separation of Sein and Sollen, while Martyniak, on the contrary, assumes the coexistence and connection of these spheres. According to Martyniak, a mutual separation of the spheres of being and duty results with many absurd consequences on the basis of law and its theory. Martyniak’s critique of normativism remains close to Thomistic doctrine and is clearly inspired by the thoughts of Thomas Aquinas. However, it should be considered as a creative adaptation of Thomas ideas. It is debatable to what extent Czesław Martyniak’s criticism of Kelsen’s normativism is only of a historical value or could be considered timeless. It probably depends on the importance and “eternity” of the problems we take under our consideration, moreover, whether one is capable to work out their original solutions.
Przestępczość kobiet na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX w.
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Zajkowska Milena
Published: July 2021

The aim of the article is to present how women's crime has evolved over the years, whether it has changed or whether it has looked similar in each period. The story is divided into three periods, women's crime up to 1918, 1918-1939, and 1946-1989, because socio-economic changes in those times were so important that they certainly influenced society. The study presents, as far as possible, trends, structure and dynamics of crime, and also discusses crimes characteristic of women. A paper shows what was characteristic of crime in particular periods, how economic changes affected society and which crimes were most frequently committed by women. The picture of women's crime from antiquity to 1989 is analysed using official data (crime statistics, court statistics), as well as stories of individual cases, such as witchcraft trials, medieval cases of women accused of adventurism, or the most famous murder in the interwar period - the case of Rita Gorgonowa. The article presents, as far as possible, a historical picture of women's crime, using various sources. Materials from before the Second World War, and even from the 19th century were used and also the scientific works of the most eminent criminologists of the time. The article was enriched with statistical data from the Ministry of Justice and pre-war statistical yearbooks. This paper uses three research methods, a dogmatic method, literature analysis and the analysis and interpretation of statistical data in order to present a picture of women's crime in those times as best as possible.
Status prawny zawodnika w Polsce w dobie późnego socjalizmu i w pierwszych latach po transformacji ustrojowej (lata 1984-1996)
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Niwiński Radosław
Published: July 2021

The main objective of this article is to present an overall insight into the legal status of sportsmen in Poland, from 1984 to 1996, i.e., in the period when the sports system was thoroughly transformed. The study uses historical and formal-dogmatic methods. In addition, the author interviewed a long-time curator of Legia Warsaw Museum and a sports fan, perfectly familiarised with reality of sport in Poland at that time, which enriches theoretical and legal considerations with a practical value. The research strives to draw attention to the importance of political aspects in the sports sector within the era of late socialism and in the first years after the transformation of political system in Poland. Additionally, it also aims to discuss their ramifications for legal protection of players. The author highlights the implications of interventionist regulatory model in sport which was adopted by the authorities of People’s Republic of Poland by virtue of the Physical Culture Act of 3 June 1984. The article also presents the main tasks and importance of the state in process of creating the sports reality, in particular the position of Polish athletes. The article includes theoretical and practical issues related to amateur sport under the socialism in Poland. The research is intended to compare the regulatory framework concerning sportsmen stated in the Physical Culture Act of 3 June 1984 with the provisions of the Physical Culture Act of 18 January 1996. The author undertakes an evaluation of specific legal institutions from the point of view of the competition between Polish sport on the world stage and dynamic development of professional sport.
Unraveling mechanisms of pentraxin 3 secretion in adipocytes during inflammation
Authors: Lin Te-Yueh , Guo Hong , Chen Xiaoli
Published: July 2021

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor playing an important role in immune response and inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation can significantly induce PTX3 expression and secretion in adipocytes. Appropriate regulation of PTX3 secretion is critical for inflammatory homeostasis. Using chemical inhibitors of conventional and unconventional protein secretion, we explored the mechanisms that control LPS-stimulated PTX3 secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Inhibiting the conventional protein secretion blocked LPS-stimulated PTX3 secretion, resulting in cellular PTX3 accumulation in adipocytes. We also detected PTX3 in exosomes from LPS-treated adipocytes; inhibiting exosome trafficking attenuated PTX3 secretion. However, only 4.3% of secreted PTX3 was detected in exosomes compared to 95.7% in the non-exosomal fractions. The fractionation of isolated exosomes by the iodixanol density gradient centrifugation confirmed that a small portion of secreted PTX3 overlapped with exosomal markers in small extracellular-vesicle fractions. We conclude that PTX3 is secreted mainly through conventional protein secretion, and a small percentage of PTX3 is released in exosomes from LPS-stimulated adipocytes.
Nowoczesne testy koagulologiczne i wpływ hemodylucji na procedury mikrochirurgiczne
Authors: Wilhelm Grzegorz , Korzeniowski Tomasz , Torres Kamil , Strużyna Jerzy
Published: July 2021

Sukces operacji mikrochirurgicznych przeprowadzanych z wykorzystaniem wolnych płatów tkankowych zależy od wielu czynników. Zapewnienie optymalnego przepływu naczyniowego w okresie pooperacyjnym decyduje często o końcowym efekcie zabiegu. Chirurgiczny uraz naczynia, indukując kaskadę krzepnięcia, doprowadza do powstania skrzepliny w miejscu zespolenia. Zastosowanie monitorowania ukrwienia płata wraz z oceną układu krzepnięcia pozwala zminimalizować ryzyko niepowodzenia oraz umożliwia szybkie podjęcie ewentualnej decyzji operacyjnej. Obecnie brak jest ustandaryzowanych metod postępowania farmakologicznego dotyczącego profilaktyki przeciwzakrzepowej w mikrochirurgii. W ośrodkach lubelskich chorzy poddawani operacjom mikrochirurgicznym otrzymują w okresie okołooperacyjnym profilaktykę przeciwzakrzepową opartą m.in. na preparatach heparyny (UFH, LMWH). W związku z tym postanowiono poddać ocenie stan układu krzepnięcia za pomocą nowoczesnych testów koagulologicznych w warunkach hemodylucji i przy zastosowaniu preparatów heparyn. W przeprowadzonym badaniu własnym, opartym na analizie tromboelastometrii oraz agregometrii przepływowej, uzyskano wyniki wskazujące, iż rozcieńczenie krwi in vitro zbilansowanymi płynami infuzyjnymi w stopniu 20–25% nie wpływa na pogorszenie parametrów krzepnięcia i formowania skrzepu. Rozcieńczenia w przedziale 30–35% powodują wyraźne zaburzenia pod postacią wydłużenia czasu okluzji w agregometrii oraz wydłużenia czasu krzepnięcia i czasu formowania skrzepu w tromboelastografii, a jednocześnie pogorszeniu ulega stabilność skrzepu. Obserwowana w tym zakresie rozcieńczeń koagulopatia nie znajduje jeszcze odwzorowania w wynikach badania standardowego układu krzepnięcia, lecz w tromboelastografii i agregometrii. Hemodylucja przekraczająca 40% wydatnie zaburza proces krzepnięcia oraz indukuje koagulopatię pogłębianą przez specyficzne działanie koloidów. Nowoczesne testy koagulologiczne, w tym agregometria i tromboelastografia, w porównaniu do standardowych badań układu krzepnięcia, są badaniami czulszymi, szybszymi i bardziej kompleksowymi, dzięki czemu znajdują coraz szersze zastosowanie w warunkach klinicznych.
Clinical application of MRI diagnostics in BCC operations of the medial eye canthus – a case study
Authors: Klimeczek Piotr , Lis Michał , Chrapusta Anna
Published: July 2021

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant skin neoplasm. Imaging modalities, such as ultrasound and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are valuable in diagnosing and staging BCC. This case report aims to demonstrate contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging features in the pre-operative assessment of BCC infiltrate tissues in the medial periorbital area. MRI results are presented alongside intraoperative assessment and histopathology examination results.
Increasing the impregnability of Oriental spruce wood via microwave pretreatment
Authors: Şahin Kol Hamiyet , Çayır Barış
Published: July 2021

Microwave (MW) pretreatment was used to increase the impregnability of Oriental spruce sapwood (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.). Wood samples with moisture contents of 55% and 83% were subjected to different MW energy treatments (1156 MJ/m3 and 1542 MJ/m3). Additionally, the mechanical properties of the treated wood samples were tested to determine the degradation caused by exposure to the MW radiation. According to the test results, the average preservative material retention rates increased by 47.5% and 70% for the samples with initial moisture contents of 55% and 83%, respectively, compared to the reference samples. The mechanical properties of the MW pretreated wood samples decreased within the range of 1.7% to 2.9% in the case of the compression strength; changed within the range of (+)1.9% to (-)6.1% in case of the bending strength; and changed within the range of (+)0.9% to (-)6.2% in case of the modulus of elasticity (MOE). The application of MW energy at different power settings on the samples with similar moisture levels was determined to have no impact on the mechanical properties of treated wood.
For Peculiarities of Representation of Women's Roles and Their Changes in Women's Magazines: Case of the Magazine Moteris
Authors: Siudikienė Daiva , Stundžė Lijana
Published: July 2021

For a long time, the patriarchal tradition of portraying a woman as stereotypical has been established, confining her to traditional roles in the family and society. Media publications often become the main source of constructing attitudes and beliefs in society. The peculiarities of portraying women in the media are an important means of constructing women's self-awareness. The purpose of this article – to introduce the research conducted to investigate the peculiarities of representation of the women‘s roles in the women's magazines and their transformation. For implementation this research it has been chosen the largest monthly magazine for the Lithuanian women „Woman“ and the issues have been chosen published in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2018 to fulfill the qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The transition from the Soviet system to the capitalist society is characterized by transformation of values, the search for national identity, the establishmen the new models of relations in the society, the establishmen to the lifestyle characteristic to the capitalist society, etc. The images presented in the media draw the attention of individuals and shape the public's perception of what a woman should be and what responsibilities are assigned to her.
Innovative Technologies for Social Capital Development
Authors: Zvonar V. P.
Published: July 2021

The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the implementation of social capital and the formation of civil society in modern conditions require innovative solutions and new organizational scenarios that can take into account the accelerated pace of social life and challenges of value transformations in society. In view of this, the aim of the article is to form a modern tool for the development of social capital, which would use the social and innovative potential of civil society institutions and at the same time affirm their activities as one of the basic social values of today. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, methods of abstraction and generalization, comparative analysis. The scientific nove lty of the work lies in justification of the feasibility of introducing new resource, communication and infrastructure technologies designed to stimulate the accumulation of social capital in Ukrainian society through the activation of the solidarity role of civil society. The article outlines the possibilities of using public-private-people partnership as a modernized structure of public-private partnership for innovative impact on social capitalization in society. The author identifies priority areas in which cooperation between different actors of socio-economic development in the framework of a modernized partnership should be intensified. It is substantiated that this cooperation strengthens the resource base of social capital development, revealing the potential of civil society institutions. New approaches to the infrastructural provision of social capital increase activities based on the principles of public activism and systemic decentralization are proposed. The importance of hubs of social activity as a central element of innovation infrastructure to support community projects and the functioning of local communities is identified. The advantages of agile frameworks as innovative communication technologies for strengthening social capital are substantiated.
On the correlation between GDP and energy consumption in macroeconomic development
Authors:   Institute of Industrial Economics of the NAS of Ukraine, Cherevatskyi Danilo , Smirnov Roman ,   Dalhousie University, Canada
Published: July 2021

There is substantial literature devoted to the study of the dependence between energy production and economic development. At the same time, the long-standing discussion of the relationship between the gross domestic product and consumption of primary energy resources, numbering thousands of publications, eventually degenerated into a dispute about econometric methods but did not give final results, which caused the need to resort to other approaches. This paper is an attempt to find a solution to this problem by the methods of theoretical mechanics and regression analysis of the relationship between GDP and energy production in macroeconomic development. Our case studies include the economies of Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine. In each case, we characterize the gross domestic product, recalculated at purchasing power parity in 2017 prices, and the consumption of primary energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas, hydro and nuclear energy, energy from renewable sources). Within the framework of the study, it was assumed that the development of any national economy over time is its path in the economic space, and the consumption of primary energy resources is due to dynamic characteristics inherent in macroeconomics, in particular, "mass", which serves as a measure of the inertia of the country's economic complex, the presence of an informal sector, etc. The path, traversed by macroeconomics in the economic space, is the gross domestic product accumulated over time. The observation period is from 1990 to 2019, that is – 30 years. The use of the theory of classical mechanics, in particular – kinematics and dynamics, is justified by the fact that macroeconomics in its development requires the expenditure of energy resources, and this likens it to a machine that moves in a certain space that models a given economyсs. The article introduces methodological approaches to defining the conventional mass of macroeconomics, accelerating its movement, expenditure of energy resources for the functioning of the formal sector of the national economy, the efficiency of energy use in the formal sector.
The Child Opportunity Index 2.0 and Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions
Authors: Krager Molly K. , Puls Henry T. , Bettenhausen Jessica L. , Hall Matt , Thurm Cary , Plencner Laura M. , Markham Jessica L. , Noelke Clemens , Beck Andrew F.
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) are thought to be avoidable with high-quality outpatient care. Morbidity related to ACSCs has been associated with socioeconomic contextual factors, which do not necessarily capture the complex pathways through which a child’s environment impacts health outcomes. Our primary objective was to test the association between a multidimensional measure of neighborhood-level child opportunity and pediatric hospitalization rates for ACSCs across 2 metropolitan areas.

METHODS

This was a retrospective population-based analysis of ACSC hospitalizations within the Kansas City and Cincinnati metropolitan areas from 2013 to 2018. Census tracts were included if located in a county where Children’s Mercy Kansas City or Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center had >80% market share of hospitalizations for children <18 years. Our predictor was child opportunity as defined by a composite index, the Child Opportunity Index 2.0. Our outcome was hospitalization rates for 8 ACSCs.

RESULTS

We included 604 943 children within 628 census tracts. There were 26 977 total ACSC hospitalizations (46 hospitalizations per 1000 children; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.4–46.5). The hospitalization rate for all ACSCs revealed a stepwise reduction from 79.9 per 1000 children (95% CI: 78.1–81.7) in very low opportunity tracts to 31.2 per 1000 children (95% CI: 30.5–32.0) in very high opportunity tracts (P < .001). This trend was observed across cities and diagnoses.

CONCLUSIONS

Links between ACSC hospitalizations and child opportunity extend across metropolitan areas. Targeting interventions to lower-opportunity neighborhoods and enacting policies that equitably bolster opportunity may improve child health outcomes, reduce inequities, and decrease health care costs.
Pediatric Telehealth in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era and Beyond
Authors: Curfman Alison , McSwain S David , Chuo John , Yeager-McSwain Brooke , Schinasi Dana A. , Marcin James , Herendeen Neil , Chung Sandy L. , Rheuban Karen , Olson Christina A.
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to an unprecedented demand for health care at a distance, and telehealth (the delivery of patient care using telecommunications technology) became more widespread. Since our 2018 state-of-the-art review assessing the pediatric telehealth landscape, there have been many changes in technology, policy, payment, and physician and patient acceptance of this care model. Clinical best practices in telehealth, on the other hand, have remained unchanged during this time, with the primary difference being the need to implement them at scale.

Because of the pandemic, underlying health system weaknesses that have previously challenged telehealth adoption (including inequitable access to care, unsustainable costs in a fee-for-service system, and a lack of quality metrics for novel care delivery modalities) were simultaneously exacerbated. Higher volume use has provided a new appreciation of how patients from underrepresented backgrounds can benefit from or be disadvantaged by the shift toward virtual care. Moving forward, it will be critical to assess which COVID-19 telehealth changes should remain in place or be developed further to ensure children have equitable access to high-quality care.

With this review, we aim to (1) depict today’s pediatric telehealth practice in an era of digital disruption; (2) describe the people, training, processes, and tools needed for its successful implementation and sustainability; (3) examine health equity implications; and (4) critically review current telehealth policy as well as future policy needs. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is continuing to develop policy, specific practice tips, training modules, checklists, and other detailed resources, which will be available later in 2021.
Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Intervention: Current Perspective
Authors: Simard Trevor J , Eleid Mackram F
Published: July 2021

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) adversely impacts both quality of life and long-term survival, which generates interest in therapeutic approaches to mitigate these effects. Historically, therapeutic options for TR were limited to surgical approaches, which are often complicated by significant morbidity and mortality in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. This gap in therapeutic options led to the rapid evolution of transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention (TTVI), with a wide variety of approaches pursued and early results suggesting that TTVI improves clinical outcomes. Numerous strategies, including edge-to-edge repair, annular reduction, spacers, caval valve implantation, and transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement form the basis of TTVI today. In this review, the authors discuss the current state of each approach.
THE RATIO BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS OF A LEGAL ACT AND A LEGAL DOCUMENT
Authors: Sydorenko O. O.
Published: July 2021

The article explores various approaches to determining the relationship between the concepts of a legal act and a legal document. Two approaches to the study of legal acts have been identified: narrow and wide. Depending on the approach chosen, the ratio of legal acts and documents will be determined. With a narrow approach, legal acts and documents practically coincide, but at the same time the document will act as a generic concept, that is, a wider category. With a broad approach, the ratio of legal acts and documents will be exactly the opposite: an act-document from these positions is part of a legal act as a broader concept. Analyzing the essence of a legal act, it can be characterized as the result of the action of a competent legal entity, expressed in a certain form in accordance with the legislation, is focused on the regulation of public relations. From the point of view of the methodology of the study of legal phenomena, the main way to determine the truth of this or that position is its empirical verification, connection with practice. It was stated that there are documents that are not legal acts. So, the methodological premise underlying the characterization of an act through a document can be considered correct. It has been established that the legislator in a number of cases recognizes the legal consequences of the phenomena of social reality, which are not documents: by oral expression of will, actually committed actions, signs and symbols. Despite the prevalence of a wide approach to the study of legal acts in legal science, more attention in their study is given to the acts-documents. Acts-documents are an important type of legal acts. The most significant legal consequences are documented, which is intended to establish such an objective property of law as formal certainty. Legal acts-documents are an important, basic part of both legal acts and documents as broader concepts. So, the optimal time frame capable of solving the task at hand is a “legal document”, which gives rise to legal consequences. At the same time, a legal document will differ from other legal acts in the form of external expression – documentary.
THE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS FOR UNDERSTANDING CONCEPT OF THE RELIGIOUS LEGAL SYSTEM
Authors: Taranovska A. O.
Published: July 2021

The author considers a number of issues concerning the content component of such a fundamental category of legal science as the legal system, and the variety of its classifications offered within the subject of comparative jurisprudence (legal comparative studies). The article argues that the legal system is a multifaceted phenomenon belonging to the social plane; it is the embodiment of the legal evolution of society; namely, the result of the civilization development of mankind, which is characterized by a dynamic and objective nature. The conclusions of prominent foreign and domestic legal scholars on the content of the concept of “legal system” are considered. In addition, the author explores the general principles of the interaction of law and religion in today’s globalization. Particular attention is paid to the disclosure of the regulatory nature of law and religion, common and distinctive features of legal and religious norms. The article also discusses the main goals of law – the regulation of human relations and practical conflicts, and religion – the provision of guidelines for the functioning of society. The unique place of religious and legal systems on the legal map of the world is determined. In addition, on the example of the current Islamic religious and legal system, the characteristic features of a legal system with a religious dominant are noted: the undeniable divine nature of legal sources and their conservatism, the will of the Almighty is an undoubted authority for the believer; in addition to the above, there is an impossibility of a full-fledged settlement of modern social relations exclusively within religious norms, without resorting to analogies, interpretations, etc. The lively interest in the Islamic religious and legal system (or, as it is sometimes noted in the scientific literature, “Muslim law”) is due primarily to the powerful influence that Islam has on the social life of the faithful and the demographic growth of the Muslim population. The author emphasizes the relevance of the research topic today, as social processes in the socio-cultural space of Europe and the world are rapidly evolving and changing, and it is religion and law that play a decisive role in such reforms.
SOURCES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF FAMILY RELATIONS IN UKRAINE
Authors: Hryschenko O. P. , Yefremova O. P.
Published: July 2021

With the adoption of the Civil Code of Ukraine (2003) and the Family Code of Ukraine (2002), the process of reforming the family legislation of Ukraine began. The study of sources of family law is relevant and has important theoretical and practical significance. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems in the sources of legal regulation of family relations in Ukraine. Sources of family law – a set of state and legal, social and legal requirements and legal positions, which regulate family relations and are reflected in such forms as regulations, general principles of family relations, principles of family law, generally accepted principles and norms of international law, international treaties normative legal agreements, legal acts of the European Union, family agreements, legal doctrine, judicial and administrative precedent, case law of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the Supreme Court determine the types of sources of family law according to the legal tradition of origin and existence of legal sources in the family legislation of Ukraine, according to the subject of legal regulation, depending on the subject of perception, depending on the action in space, depending on the legal force and the place of the system of sources of law, depending on the primary origin and primary derivative in content. Conclusions. 1. The concept of sources of family law as a special legal category, which denotes a set of state and legal, social and legal regulations and crisis legal positions in the field of family and marriage, regulating a special area of public relations using a special method of legal regulation, as a set state-legal, social-legal prescriptions and legal positions that contain norms of family law and regulate family relations. 2. The system of sources of family law is characterized as a single dynamic legal system taking into account the international and European experience of regulating family relations. 3. The normative-legal agreement is a source of family law and a social regulator of family relations, which carries out individual legal regulation of family relations. It is proved that the normative-legal contract is an exclusive source of family law, which is applied in cases of necessity of settlement of opinion of several public-legal subjects.
Differences in sleep quality and body mass index in asthmatic children and healthy control group
Authors: Gokcek Ozden , Yurdalan Ufuk , Dogru Huzmeli Esra , El Cigdem
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Childhood asthma has become a serious public health problem. Obesity has been determined to be one of the risk factors of asthma.Aim: We aimed to determine the difference in body mass index (BMI) and sleep quality in pediatric asthmatic individuals compared to their peers.Method: Thirty children aged 8–17 years were followed up in the Pediatric Outpatient Clinic for asthma along with 30 healthy children. The BMI percentile values of the children were recorded. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality.Results: Each group in our study had 10 girls and 20 boys. The mean age was found to be 11.76 ± 2.69 years in asthma group and 11.33 ± 2.29 years in the healthy group. The asthma group were found to be more obese than the healthy group (P = 0.033). There was a significant difference between groups interested in a sport (P = 0.028) and sleep quality (P = 0.007).Conclusion: It was observed that the asthma group had more obesity and poorer sleep quality than the healthy group. Further, it was determined that in the asthma group, the level of interest in any sport was less than that in the healthy group. We think that high obesity in the asthma group reduces the effect of corticosteroids, and the continuity of nighttime cough symptoms causes deterioration in sleep quality. We conclude that participation in sports activities should be encouraged to reduce the level of obesity in asthmatic children.
The relationship between allergic diseases and internalizing and externalizing behaviours in Spanish children: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Berzosa-Grande Pilar , González-Fraile Eduardo , Sánchez-López Rocío , Soria-Oliver María , Rueda-Esteban Santiago
Published: July 2021

Introduction and objectives: The relationship between allergic diseases and behavioural disorders is still unclear. The objective of this study is to describe and compare children’s behaviour (internalising and externalising) across a sample of children between 6 and 11-years-old with and without allergic diseases.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational case-control study that comprises a survey of 366 families (194 cases and 172 controls) including a Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and a sociodemographic questionnaire with questions related to family, school education, health conditions, and allergy symptoms was administered.Results: Children with a diagnosis of allergy showed higher scores in the overall CBCL score (standardised mean differences [SMD] = 0.47; CI: 0.26–0.68) and in the internalising and externalising factors (SMD = 0.52 and SMD = 0.36, respectively) than non-allergic children. Odds ratio analyses showed a higher risk (OR = 2.76; CI 95% [1.61 to 4.72]) of developing a behavioural difficulty in children diagnosed with allergies. Age and level of asthma appears as modulatory variables.Conclusions: Children diagnosed with allergies at age 6 to 11 years show larger behavioural problems than non-allergic children, especially in internalising behaviours. These findings suggest the importance of attending to them and treating them in the early stages of the diagnosis to avoid future psychological disorders.
Atypical Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in children: Is IgE sensitization an issue longitudinally?
Authors: Papadopoulou Athina , Lagousi Theano , Hatzopoulou Elpiniki , Korovessi Paraskevi , Kostaridou Stavroula , Mermiri Despina -Zoe
Published: July 2021

Background: Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) is a clinically well-characterized, non-IgE mediated, food allergy syndrome yet its rare atypical presentation remain poorly understood.Objective: Aim of this study was to present the 10-year experience of a referral center highlighting the atypical FPIES cases and their long-term outcome.Methods: FPIES cases were prospectively, longitudinally evaluated in respect of food outgrowth and developing other allergic diseases with or without concomitant IgE sensitization later on in life.Results: Out of a total of 14,188 referrals (0.7%), 100 cases were identified. At presentation, 15 cases were found sensitized to the offending food. Fish was the most frequent eliciting food, followed by cow’s milk and egg. Tolerance acquisition was earlier for cow’s milk, followed by egg and fish, while found not protracted in atypical cases. Resolution was not achieved in half of the fish cases during the 10-year follow up time. Sensitization to food was not related to infantile eczema or culprit food but was related to sensitization to aeroallergens. In the long-term evaluation, persistence of the FPIES or aeroallergen’s sensitization was significantly associated with an increased hazard risk of developing early asthma symptoms.Conclusion: Sensitization to food was neither related to eczema, culprit food, nor to tolerance acquisition but rather to the development of allergic asthma through aero sensitization. In addition to an IgE profile in an early age, FPIES persistence may also trigger mechanisms switching FPIES cases to a Th2 immune response later in life, predisposing to atopic respiratory symptoms; albeit further research is required.
Microbiological profile in chronic granulomatous disease patients in a single Brazilian primary immunodeficiencies center
Authors: Bifulco Oliveira Aimé Filippini , Carlos Pastorino Antonio , Barros Dorna Mayra de , Beltran Moschione Castro Ana Paula , Mendes Pegler José Roberto , Morgenstern Beni , Sales Carneiro-Sampaio Magda Maria
Published: July 2021

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency. Infections of the lungs, skin, lymph nodes, and liver are the hallmark of CGD with frequent initial manifestations of the disease. The aim of the present study was to describe the sites of infections and their causative agents in 38 CGD pediatric patients.Methods: This was a retrospective single-center cohort study comprising CGD patients, and followed for over last 40 years at the Allergy and Immunology Unit of a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Sites of infections and their causative agents were described.Results: A total of 38 patients were included (36 males and 2 females). Median age at the onset of symptoms was 45 days (7 days–7 years) and that at the time of diagnosis was 23 months (1 month–12 years); 31.6% of the parents reported death of relatives during childhood and 21% (8 cases) had another male family member with CDG. The most common infections were pneumonia (81.6%), skin infections (50.0%), adenitis (42.1%), and liver abscess (23.7%). In all, 188 cultures were positive (85.6% for bacteria and 14.4% for fungi). The most prevalent bacterial agents were Staphylococcus sp. (12.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.2%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.3%). Aspergillus sp. and Candida sp. were 56% and 22.2% of the isolated fungi, respectively. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 5.6% and Mycobacterium bovis in 0.9% (only in 1 patient) of cultures.
Conclusion: Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus sp. were the most frequent agents in this cohort. M. tuberculosis should be considered in endemic areas. Detection of infectious agents drives to find adequate treatment and benefits the evolution of patients with CGD.