bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN BANGLADESH: INVESTIGATING THE COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Sanawar Saifa Binte , Islam Mohammad Amirul , Majumder Shankar , Misu Farjana
Published: March 2018

The aim of this study was to assess whether women’s empowerment ensures reduced intimate partner violence (IPV). The differential relationship between women’s empowerment and IPV among married women in Bangladesh was investigated using 2007 Demographic and Health Survey data. Logistic regression models were used to assess whether women’s empowerment had any influence on their likelihood of experiencing IPV while controlling for other covariates. The analyses revealed that older cohorts of women, who were more empowered, were more vulnerable to physical violence than less-empowered, younger women. The likelihood of being affected by physical violence among less-empowered, childless women was greater than that of more-empowered women with only male children. Less-empowered, uneducated women were more likely to experience physical violence than more-empowered, primary-educated women. Less-empowered women who had been married for less than 5 years were more likely to suffer from physical violence than more-empowered women who had been married for more than 19 years. The likelihood of experiencing sexual violence was not found to have any significant association with women’s empowerment. The findings suggest that although women’s empowerment in Bangladesh is gradually improving, some sub-groups of empowered women are still susceptible to IPV.
Effects of CO2on Spray Solution pH
Authors: Braverman Michael P. , Griffin James L.
Published: March 2018

The pH of deionized water, initially adjusted to a pH of 6 to 9, all decreased to near pH 5 upon pressurization with CO2in a backpack spray system. When deionized water contained bicarbonate (NaHCO3or KHCO3) at 0 to 800 mg/L to buffer against a pH decrease from CO2pressurization the return to their initial pH was more rapid than deionized water alone regardless of bicarbonate source. Acidification of spray solution following CO2pressurization of 138, 276, or 414 kPa was similar and bicarbonate had a greater effect than spray pressure. Addition of acidifying buffer and bicarbonate to the solution resulted in an initial and post-CO2pressurization pH range of less than one pH unit. All spray solution pH levels returned to near their initial pH following depressurization, indicating that the pH decrease was not permanent. Rate of recovery from acidification with CO2increased with initial pH and bicarbonate concentration.
Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Interference in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.)
Authors: Mesbah Abdelouhab , Miller Stephen D. , Fornstrom K. James , Legg David E.
Published: March 2018

Two furrow irrigated field experiments were conducted for two years at the Research and Extension Center, Powell, WY to determine the influence of various mixed densities and durations of wild oat and wild mustard interference in sugarbeet. Sugarbeet root yields were reduced by competition from all examined densities of wild oat and wild mustard, alone and in combination. Root yield reduction was less than additive with mixed densities of wild oat and wild mustard. Root yields decreased as the duration of interference after sugarbeet emergence from a mixed density of wild oat and wild mustard increased. Sucrose content of sugarbeet was not altered by competition. Based on regression analysis, the minimum time that a mixed density of 0.8 wild mustard and 1 wild oat/m of row can interfere with sugarbeet before causing an economic root yield loss was approximately 1.6 weeks after sugarbeet emergence.
Response of Sweet Corn (Zea mays) Cultivars to Nicosulfuron plus Rimsulfuron
Authors: O'Sullivan John , Brammall Ronald A. , Bouw William J.
Published: March 2018

Sixteen sweet corn cultivars, representing a range of endosperm genotypes, were evaluated to determine cultivar tolerance to nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron in greenhouse and field studies conducted over a two-year period. Response to nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron varied widely, depending on cultivar and application rate. In the field, four cultivars were tolerant to applications of nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron at rates of 50 g/ha. In the greenhouse, eight cultivars were tolerant to nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron at 25 g/ha. ‘Merit’ and ‘Silver Extra Sweet’ were most sensitive, with applications of nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron resulting in death of all plants. ‘Miracle,’ ‘Extra Early Super Sweet,’ ‘Bunker Hill,’ and ‘Sweet Belle’ were tolerant.
Quinclorac for Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Franetovich Lora M. , Peeper Thomas F.
Published: March 2018

Thirteen field experiments were conducted to evaluate quinclorac for cheat control in hard red winter wheat. Cheat control with quinclorac was variable. Quinclorac at 560 and 1120 g a.i./ha applied to tillered wheat controlled cheat 93 to 100% at four sites. In contrast, pooled over four other experiments and four application times, quinclorac at 420 g/ha and 560 g/ha controlled cheat only 20 and 31%, respectively. Quinclorac at 420 g/ha plus chlorsulfuron:metsulfuron (5:1) at 35 g a.i./ha applied PRE increased wheat yield 28% at one of three sites. At two of these sites, averaged over chlorsulfuron:metsulfuron rates of 0, 18, and 35 g a.i./ha, quinclorac at 280 and 420 g/ha applied POST, increased wheat yield 32 to 112%. In two cultivar tolerance experiments, quinclorac treatments did not damage any cultivar. Pooled over cultivars, yields were increased 7 and 10% when quinclorac at 280 and 560 kg/ha was applied, respectively. In a greenhouse experiment, quinclorac plus dicamba or esfenvalerate consistently reduced the leaf area of cheat in a manner suggesting synergistic effects. Of eight adjuvants evaluated in a laboratory experiment, only quinclorac plus the adjuvant BCH 864 01S reduced cheat leaf area more than quinclorac alone.
Integrating Weed-feeding Insects and Herbicides for Weed Control
Authors: Messersmith Calvin G. , Adkins Steve W.
Published: March 2018

Literature concerning interactions between herbicides and insects is reviewed. Herbicides can be toxic to insects or can affect them indirectly, such as by destroying food supplies, but they usually can be used with proper application timing without affecting insects adversely. Herbicides and biocontrol insects can interact either favorably or unfavorably depending on the life cycle stage of weed and insect, effect on predatory insects, changes in food quality, mobility of the biocontrol insect, and impact of herbicides on weed growth. Thus, interactions between a biocontrol insect and herbicide can be antagonistic, additive, complementary, or synergistic. Split-plot techniques to evaluate these interactions at an early stage of insect establishment are proposed to improve weed biocontrol.
Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)
Authors: Mitich Larry W.
Published: March 2018

Carolus Linnaeus described common groundsel,Senecio vulgaris, in hisSpecies Plantarum, published in 1753 (2). The generic name is derived from the Latinsenexmeaning old or old man, the pappus resembling a white beard (4).Vulgarisis from the Latinvulgarimeaning common, usual, or ordinary (7, 18).
Postemergence Broadleaf Weed Control in Potato (Solanum tuberosum) with Rimsulfuron and HOE-075032
Authors: Blackshaw Robert E. , Lynch Dermot R. , Entz Toby
Published: March 2018

Few postemergence (POST) herbicides provide adequate control of broadleaf weeds in potato. Field experiments were conducted at Lethbridge and Vauxhall, Alberta in 1991 and 1992 to determine the suitability of rimsulfuron and HOE-075032 for selective POST control of weeds in potato. Rimsulfuron applied at 15 to 30 g ai/ha controlled flixweed, kochia, and redroot pigweed and suppressed the growth of redstem filaree. HOE-075032 at 50 to 60 g ai/ha provided comparable control. The potato cultivars, ‘Shepody,’ ‘Norchip,’ ‘Russet Burbank,’ ‘Niska,’ and ‘Ranger Russet,’ tolerated up to 80 g/ha rimsulfuron, but rimsulfuron at 120 g/ha caused fissures in some tubers and reduced marketable and total tuber yields. Tuber quality factors such as specific gravity and chipping ability were not affected by rimsulfuron. HOE-075032 at 15 to 30 g/ha caused fissures in tubers and reduced marketable and total tuber yield of all potato cultivars. Rimsulfuron, but not HOE-075032, provided excellent selective POST broadleaf weed control in potato.
Ammonium Sulfate Effects on the Activity of Herbicides for Selective Grass Control
Authors: Harker K. Neil
Published: March 2018

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted from 1987 to 1990 at the Lacombe Research Station to determine the influence of ammonium sulfate (AS) on various grass control herbicides. In field studies, AS had slight or no effects on the phytotoxicity of aryloxyphenoxypropanoate (APP) herbicides (fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, and quizalofop). The largest AS-mediated increase in APP herbicide phytotoxicity was 19% (based on fresh weight reduction) for wild oat with haloxyfop at 50 g/ha. AS consistently mediated increases in cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide phytotoxicity. With added AS, barley fresh weight was reduced 75% (1988) with BAS 517 at 50 g/ha, and 100% (1990) with clethodim at 25 g/ha. Greenhouse studies confirmed field studies, but differences were less substantial and consistent. It is suggested that APP herbicides are either less susceptible to UV degradation than CHD herbicides, and/or that APP herbicides may penetrate plant cuticles quickly enough to nullify any protection from UV degradation that AS might provide via rapid absorption.
Broadleaf Herbicide Effects on Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Seedhead Density, Forage Yield, and Quality
Authors: Moyer Joseph L. , Kelley Kenneth W.
Published: March 2018

Four broadleaf herbicides and combinations were compared for two years with mefluidide, a growth regulator, for effects on ‘Ky 31’ and ‘Fawn’ tall fescue. Seedhead densities averaged 33% of the check with 8.4 g ai/ha of metsulfuron, 17% with 70 g ai/ha of imazethapyr, and 9% with 280 g ai/ha of mefluidide, while forage yields were reduced to about 40% of the check. Forage crude protein (CP) concentrations were increased by mefluidide, imazethapyr, and 8.4 g/ha of metsulfuron. Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) of Ky 31 but not Fawn forage was reduced by mefluidide, imazethapyr, and metsulfuron at 6.3 and 8.4 g/ha, but Fawn NDF was increased by dicamba plus 2,4-D. In vitro dry matter digestibility was increased by metsulfuron at 6.3 and 8.4 g/ha, mefluidide, and imazethapyr in one of two years. Adding 2,4-D to metsulfuron reduced some effects of metsulfuron. Total CP/ha was no more adversely affected by imazethapyr and metsulfuron than mefluidide. Imazethapyr and metsulfuron can thus be used to control weeds without reducing fescue forage value.
Surfactant Effects on Glyphosate Efficacy
Authors: Riechers Dean E. , Wax Loyd M. , Liebl Rex A. , Bullock Don G.
Published: March 2018

Field and greenhouse studies were performed to examine the influence of various surfactants with glyphosate on whole plant efficacy. Relationships were examined between glyphosate phytotoxicity and surfactant properties, including ionic form, degree of ethoxylation, and hydrophobe composition. Cationic tertiary amine surfactants enhanced glyphosate performance in both field and greenhouse studies. Nonionic allinol and octoxynol surfactants were not effective in combination with glyphosate. In field studies, glyphosate efficacy increased with increasing surfactant ethylene oxide (EO) content. Soybean and velvetleaf responded similarly to glyphosate-surfactant spray applications, as both demonstrated significant linear and quadratic relationships between increasing surfactant ethoxylation and phytotoxicity, while common lambsquarters showed a significant linear relationship only. Cationic surfactants were evaluated in the greenhouse and a significant quadratic regression of glyphosate phytotoxicity to common lambsquarters on increasing surfactant ethoxylation indicated an optimum surfactant EO content of about 10 moles. Both tertiary and quaternary ethoxylated fatty amines were effective with glyphosate in decreasing common lambsquarters' fresh weight. Fatty amine hydrophobe composition did not correlate with glyphosate phytotoxicity to common lambsquarters.
Effectiveness of Nicosulfuron and Primisulfuron on Wirestem Muhly (Muhlenbergia frondosa)in No-Till Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Nandula Vijay K. , Curran William S. , Roth Gregory W. , Hartwig Nathan L.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to evaluate wirestem muhly control in no-till corn with application of glyphosate, nicosulfuron, and primisulfuron. Glyphosate was applied preplant at 1.1 kg ai/ha. Nicosulfuron and primisulfuron were applied at 0.018, 0.036, and 0.072 kg ai/ha and 0.020, 0.040, and 0.080 kg ai/ha, respectively, at four postemergence timings that included a split application. Similar experiments were conducted with wirestem muhly grown from rhizomes and seed in the greenhouse. Glyphosate was the most effective herbicide in the greenhouse, providing at least 96% control. However, preplant application of glyphosate in the field was ineffective in controlling wirestem muhly. On average, nicosulfuron and primisulfuron never exceeded 72% control of wirestem muhly in the greenhouse or in the field. Nicosulfuron was generally more effective than primisulfuron. Control with split application timings was more uniform over a 12-wk period than single applications and late postemergence applications were often too slow acting to affect wirestem muhly growth. Although neither nicosulfuron nor primisulfuron controls wirestem muhly, both can provide suppression of this weed where other alternatives do not exist.
Response of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) Cultivars to Post-Transplant Oxyfluorfen
Authors: Farnham Mark W. , Harrison Howard F.
Published: March 2018

Broccoli cultivars were evaluated for differential response to oxyfluorfen applied postemergence (0.1 to 1.6 kg ai/ha) in the greenhouse and post-transplant (0.125 to 1.0 kg/ha) in a spring and a fall field study. One cultivar, ‘Green Goliath,’ was injured more by oxyfluorfen than other cultivars in all environments. ‘Pinnacle,’ was consistently less injured than others. ‘Early Dawn’ and ‘Emerald City’ were intermediate in response to oxyfluorfen. At application rates of 0.25 kg/ha or less, all cultivars recovered sufficiently from injury to produce broccoli heads of equal weight and quality as controls. Cultivars differed in their tolerance of oxyfluorfen at rates above 0.25 kg/ha. Late-maturing cultivars (i.e., Pinnacle) usually recovered from injury to yield similarly to hand-weeded plots while early-maturing cultivars were more likely to show yield losses. Broccoli cultivars possess sufficient tolerance to oxyfluorfen applied post-transplant for weed control. Appropriate choice of cultivar will enhance its utility.
Effect of Adjuvants on Bentazon Efficacy in Green Pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Al-Khatib Kassim , Kadir Sorkel , Libbey Carl
Published: March 2018

Bentazon efficacy was evaluated in early, normal, and late plantings of green pea with the addition of four adjuvants: crop oil concentrate (COC), LI-700, Sylgard 309, and X-77. Weed control was improved by all adjuvants in normal and late plantings of green pea, but only by Sylgard 309, X-77, and LI-700 in the early planting. In normal and late plantings, weed control with bentazon applied at 0.56 kg/ha with any adjuvant was equal to weed control with bentazon applied alone at 1.12 kg/ha. Bentazon injury on green pea plants varied from slight to severe, with the lowest injury resulting from bentazon applied with COC and LI-700 and highest injury from bentazon applied with Sylgard 309. Bentazon injury was greater in normal and late plantings than in the early planting.
Efficacy and Economy of Weed Management Systems for Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) and Morningglory (Ipomoeaspp.) Control in Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Vencill William K. , Wilcut John W. , Monks C. Dale
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted in Tifton, Midville, and Athens, GA to determine economic net returns from PRE-broadcast, PRE-banded, POST, and POST-directed herbicide treatments and inter-row cultivation in conventional-tillage soybean. Metribuzin applied PRE-broadcast was more effective for sicklepod and morningglory control than PRE-banded. Soybean net returns were not significantly reduced in two of three years in plots treated with metribuzin applied PRE-banded compared with broadcast application. The addition of POST or POST-directed herbicides increased treatment net returns over PRE-broadcast and PRE-banded metribuzin two of the three years of the study. No significant soybean injury was observed.
Bentazon Tank-Mixtures for Improved Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Control in Navy Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Wall David A.
Published: March 2018

Field studies were conducted from 1991 to 1994 to investigate the effectiveness of reduced rates of bentazon in tank-mixtures with imazethapyr, thifensulfuron, or HOE 075032 for improved control of redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters in navy bean. Tank-mixtures of bentazon at 600 g ai/ha plus imazethapyr at 25 g/ha or HOE 075032 at 5 to 15 g/ha controlled both redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters. These rates represent an approximate 45% reduction in total amount of active ingredient needed to control these weeds compared with full label rates. Bentazon tank-mixtures with 2 or 4 g/ha of thifensulfuron controlled these weeds but caused severe injury and delayed crop maturity. In greenhouse studies, the GR25for HOE 075032 in navy bean was > 90 g/ha, while in soybean it was 16 to 24 g/ha.
Poison-Ivy/Poison-Oak/Poison-Sumac—The Virulent Weeds
Authors: Mitich Larry W.
Published: March 2018

The word poison entered the English language in 1387 as ‘poysoun”, and in Memoirs of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 1, 1785, the word poison-ivy was used for the first time: “Poison ivy … produces the same kind of inflammation and eruptions … as poison wood tree”.

The first known reference to poison-ivy, Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze., dates from the 7th century in China and the 10th century in Japan. Since Toxicodendron species do not grow in Europe, the plants remained unknown to Western civilization until explorers visited the New World seven centuries later. Capt. John Smith (1579–1631) wrote the first description of poison-ivy and originated its common name; he noted a similarity in the climbing habit of North American poison-ivy to English ivy (Hedera helix L.).
Fall-Applied Trifluralin Granules in Conservation-till Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Endres Gregory J. , Ahrens William H.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate postplant crop residue, green and yellow foxtail control, and wheat grain yield after fall application of trifluralin granules in undisturbed small grain stubble. Levels of postplant residue were at least 48% cover (line transect method) and 2750 kg/ha of aboveground dry matter where herbicide granules were left unincorporated or were incorporated with conservation-till methods, including an undercutter, rotary hoe, or undercutter followed by a rotary hoe. Trifluralin at 0.56 kg/ha applied as granules in mid October in untilled stubble and incorporated with conservation-till methods controlled foxtail 81 to 88%, with control appearing slightly lower when granules were not incorporated. The 81 to 88% foxtail control in conservation-till treatments was comparable to control achieved with trifluralin at 0.56 kg/ha applied in mid October on conventionally-tilled soil and incorporated by a field cultivator. Foxtail control improved somewhat as trifluralin rate was increased to 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha in conservation-till treatments. Slight wheat stand reductions at 1.12 kg/ha of trifluralin did not appear to reduce wheat yield. Fall application of trifluralin granules in these high-residue conditions apparently minimizes herbicide losses by photodecomposition and volatility, thereby facilitating good trifluralin efficacy the following season.
Influence of Adjuvants on the Antagonism of Graminicides by Broadleaf Herbicides
Authors: Jordan David L.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments evaluated barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, and rhizomatous johnsongrass control with sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop-P, quizalofop-P, and fenoxaprop applied alone and with bentazon or chlorimuron when crop oil concentrate or BCH 815 was used. Bentazon strongly antagonized sethoxydim and clethodim. BCH 815 partially reduced the antagonism with sethoxydim and clethodim compared with crop oil concentrate. Chlorimuron was most antagonistic towards fluazifop-P, fenoxaprop, and quizalofop-P, and BCH 815 did not reduce antagonism. Additional experiments evaluated Italian ryegrass control with diclofop applied alone and with bromoxynil, metribuzin, 2,4-D amine, or tribenuron plus thifensulfuron with these adjuvants. The amine formulation of 2,4-D and tribenuron plus thifensulfuron reduced Italian ryegrass control with diclofop, irrespective of the adjuvant.
Bentazon Spray Retention, Activity, and Foliar Washoff in Weed Species
Authors: Reddy Krishna N. , Locke Martin A. , Howard Kevin D.
Published: March 2018

Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the effects of adjuvant and rainfall on bentazon spray retention, efficacy, and foliar washoff in hemp sesbania, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and velvetleaf. Bentazon was applied at 0.28 to 2.24 kg ai/ha with Agri-Dex, a crop oil concentrate (COC) or Kinetic, an organiosilicone-nonionic surfactant blend (OSB) when weeds were at the three- to five-leaf stage. Plants were subjected to 2.5 cm simulated rainfall for 20 min at 1 and 24 h after application of bentazon. Shoot fresh weight reduction assessed 2 wk after treatment was similar with either adjuvant on velvetleaf and smooth pigweed. OSB enhanced bentazon efficacy in hemp sesbania and sicklepod as compared to COC. Rainfall at 1 h after application generally reduced bentazon activity in all weeds. OSB maintained bentazon activity in hemp sesbania when subjected to rainfall at 1 h after application as compared to COC. Overall, bentazon spray retention on plants was 9 to 550% higher with OSB as compared to COC among the species at 1 h after application. Amount of bentazon residue washed off from the foliage by rainfall within a weed species was relatively similar for both adjuvants except in smooth pigweed and ranged from 39 to 98% among the four weed species at 1 h after application. OSB exhibited specificity for certain weed species and the potential to minimize bentazon spray reaching the soil by increasing deposition.
AC 263,222 and Imazethapyr Rates and Mixtures for Weed Management in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Richburg John S. , Wilcut John W. , Wiley Gerald L.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments conducted at three locations in Georgia during 1991 and 1992 evaluated AC 263,222 and imazethapyr rates alone at 18, 36, 54, or 72 g ai/ha and in mixture for a total of 36, 54, or 72 g/ha of herbicide applied early-POST for weed control, peanut injury, and yield. An application of AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha controlled (> 90%)Ipomoeamorningglories, sicklepod, smallflower morningglory, and yellow nutsedge in all experiments and coffee senna and Florida beggarweed at Chula in 1991. Bristly starbur was controlled at least 90% with AC 263,222 at 72 g/ha at Tifton in 1991, but less than 62% at Chula in 1991. Imazethapyr applied at 72 g/ha controlled coffee senna,Ipomoeamorningglories, and smallflower morningglory at least 85%, but did not control Florida beggarweed or sicklepod and provided inconsistent bristly starbur and yellow nutsedge control. Bristly starbur and yellow nutsedge control was increased with several AC 263,222 plus imazethapyr mixtures. High peanut yields comparable to the standard were indicative of the AC 263,222 rate applied whether alone or in mixture with imazethapyr.
Cinquefoils (Potentillaspp.)—The Five Finger Weeds
Authors: Mitich Larry W.
Published: March 2018

In 1753 Linneaus named the genusPotentillain hisSpecies Plantarum. The common name five finger is used frequently for this group of plants. The genus, in the rose family (Rosaceae), is composed of about 500 north temperate species (50 in North America, 75 European species) of mostly boreal herbs and shrubs. Indeed,Potentillaextends far into arctic regions. However, a few species are south temperate. And although less common, some species are also found in alpine and high mountain regions of the tropics and South America;P. anserinoidesLehm. is a New Zealand native.
Reducing Herbicide Inputs When Establishing No-till Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Moseley Carroll M. , Hagood Edward S.
Published: March 2018

In full-season soybean experiments, adding glyphosate, paraquat, or HOE-0661 to chlorimuron, chlorimuron plus linuron, chlorimuron plus metribuzin, or imazaquin was required for effective weed control, especially eastern black nightshade. In double-crop soybean experiments, chlorimuron plus linuron provided similar weed control and yields with or without either glyphosate, paraquat, or HOE-0661. In both full-season and double-crop soybeans, metolachlor combined with chlorimuron mixtures did not enhance weed control or increase yield. These studies indicate a potential for reducing the use of nonselective herbicides or metolachlor when chlorimuron or imazaquin are components of tank mixes, particularly in double-crop no-till soybeans.
Red Rice (Oryza sativa) Control Options in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Griffin James L. , Harger Thomas J.
Published: March 2018

Both alachlor at 3.6 kg ai/ha and metolachlor at 2.8 kg ai/ha applied preplant incorporated consistently controlled red rice 82% and 90%, respectively, over a 3-yr period. Averaged across years, only mefluidide at 0.14 kg ai/ha plus bentazon at 0.84 kg ai/ha, haloxyfop at 0.28 kg ai/ha, and quizalofop at 0.14 kg ai/ha applied postemergence controlled red rice comparable to the preplant herbicide treatments. High rates of sethoxydim and fluazifop (0.56 kg ai/ha), haloxyfop (0.28 kg ai/ha), and quizalofop (0.14 kg ai/ha) were needed to obtain soybean yields equivalent to alachlor and metolachlor.
Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Interference in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Durgan Beverly R. , Dexter Alan G. , Miller Stephen D.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted in 1983 and 1984 at two locations to determine the influence of various densities and durations of kochia interference in sunflower. Sunflower achene yield and dry weight were reduced by all densities of kochia, averaged over locations and years. Season-long competition by kochia densities of 0.3, 1, 3, and 6 plants/m of row decreased sunflower achene yield 7, 10, 20, and 27%, respectively. Sunflower achene yield and sunflower dry weight decreased as weeks of kochia competition increased. Only 2 weeks of kochia competition after sunflower emergence decreased sunflower achene yield 6%. Sunflower achene yield loss increased as the duration of kochia competition increased. Sunflower 200 achene weight, oil content, and plant height were not influenced by various densities or durations of kochia competition.
Influence of Atomizers Upon Efficacy of Tridiphane plus Atrazine Applied Postemergence
Authors: Reed Joseph P. , Hall Franklin R. , Reichard Donald L.
Published: March 2018

Field studies with flatfan, twinjet, flood and rotary atomizers were conducted in 1987 and 1988. The results indicated that tridiphane at 0.6 kg ai/ha plus atrazine at 1.7 kg ai/ha with 2.0 L/ha of soybean oil adjuvant was more effective in controlling giant foxtail and common lambsquarters when applied by the flatfan, twinjet, and rotary atomizers. Image analysis indicated that weed control by a postemergence herbicide was generally enhanced by better application coverage. Droplet size measurement by phase droplet particle/droplet analyzer demonstrated that the rotary atomizer produced a narrower range of droplet diameters between the Dv.1and Dv.9volumes than any of the other atomizers.
Toxicity of Residual Herbicides to Peaches (Prunus persica) and the Interaction With Soil Mounding
Authors: Majek Bradley A. , Welker William V.
Published: March 2018

The phytotoxicity of three herbicides commonly used on peaches was evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field. Peaches grown using standard sand culture techniques in the greenhouse were treated with diuron, terbacil, and simazine at 0, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ppmw for 4 weeks. Peaches were most sensitive to diuron and least sensitive to terbacil. Field studies showed peaches grown in a sandy loam soil low in organic matter were more likely to be injured by terbacil than diuron or simazine. Soil mounded around the trunk to prevent winter injury did not affect peach tolerance to diuron or simazine but increased terbacil injury in one year.
Compatibility of Sethoxydim with Five Postemergence Broadleaf Herbicides
Authors: Holshouser David L. , Coble Harold D.
Published: March 2018

Experiments were conducted to investigate the interactions of tank-mix combinations of sethoxydim plus the sodium salt of bentazon, the sodium salt of acifluorfen, fomesafen, imazaquin, or the ethyl ester of chlorimuron. Antagonistic interactions were observed with tank-mixes of sethoxydim plus bentazon, imazaquin, or chlorimuron applied for fall panicum, large crabgrass, and goosegrass control in field experiments. Antagonism was observed in greenhouse experiments with tank-mixes of sethoxydim plus bentazon or imazaquin applied to goosegrass. Bentazon, acifluorfen, and fomesafen reduced14C-sethoxydim uptake by large crabgrass. However, imazaquin and chlorimuron did not affect14C-sethoxydim uptake. In field experiments, no interactions occurred with tank-mixes of sethoxydim plus any of the broadleaf weed control herbicides applied to entireleaf or tall morningglory.
Electronic Data Recorders for Weed Science Research
Authors: Barstow Ben , Chernicky Jon P.
Published: March 2018

Most field data are recorded in a notebook or on paper in the field and later re-entered into computer files for statistical analyses. Using electronic field data recorders, data can be entered directly into computer files. Initial communication problems between electronic data recorders and personal computers and learning time requirements may limit effective use of these tools. Use of a dedicated field data recorder and software developed by the authors produced an estimated first-year labor cost savings of $500 to $700.
Responses of Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Seedlings to Mechanical Damage and/or Drought Treatments
Authors: Cavers Paul B. , Kane Marguerite
Published: March 2018

Seedlings of proso millet usually were killed by discing and rototilling in field experiments but populations were not reduced by mowing or by compressing under tractor wheels. In greenhouse experiments, recently emerged seedlings had the greatest mortality after raking and desiccation treatments but were less affected by shoot and/or root damage. In contrast, seedlings treated several weeks after emergence suffered greater mortality from shoot damage and less from desiccation. Two weedy proso millet biotypes, black and Crown, were used in the field experiments, and up to six biotypes were used in the greenhouse. Few significant differences among biotypes were found. Young (emerging) seedlings were extremely resilient to all treatments.
Genetic Manipulation of Broad Host-Range Fungi for Biological Control of Weeds
Authors: Sands David C. , Ford Eugene J. , Miller R. Vincent
Published: March 2018

Few plant pathogens are both lethal and specific enough to be effective weed control agents. In short, highly specific organisms seldom kill. Two genetic approaches to overcome this problem are to delimit the host range of lethal pathogens or to enhance the efficacy of host-specific ones. Narrowing the virulence or survival of a deadly pathogen seems more plausible than imparting new characters to a nonlethal organism. Our approach has been to genetically restrict the host range or to decrease the survival and/or spread ofSclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.) de Bary, a highly virulent and aggressive pathogen of several weeds. Working with this fungus, three classes of induced mutants which meet criteria for delimitation were obtained: auxotrophic mutants that only attack plants when applied concomitantly with an exogenous source of the required nutrient; mutants unable to form sclerotia, structures required for long-term survival and precursors to fruiting bodies; and mutants with reduced virulence and/or host ranges. These studies demonstrate the validity of genetically improving bioherbicides and greatly expanding the number of fungi that may be useful as bioherbicides.
Effect of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Row Spacing, Seeding Rate, and Cultivar on Yield Loss from Cheat (Bromus secalinus)
Authors: Koscelny Jeffrey A. , Peeper Thomas F. , Solie John B. , Solomon Stanley G.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to determine the effects of row spacing, cultivar, seeding rate, and water or ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer injection in the row at seeding, on the competitiveness of hard red winter wheat with cheat. Decreasing row spacing from 23 to 8 cm increased yield of weed-free wheat at two of three locations and cheat-infested wheat in six of ten experiments. Increasing seeding rate from 265 to 530 seeds m-2increased wheat yield. Injecting water at 20 ml m-1of row at seeding did not increase wheat emergence or yield. Cheat seed production was not consistently suppressed by any one cultivar. Juvenile growth habit was unrelated to wheat competitiveness.
Weed Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Pyridate
Authors: Hicks T. Vint , Wehtje Glenn R. , Wilcut John W.
Published: March 2018

Pyridate was evaluated alone and as a component in herbicide systems for weed control and peanut tolerance. Pyridate at 1.0 and 1.5 kg ai ha-1applied postemergence controlled 79 and 96% of Florida beggarweed, respectively. Pyridate was less effective on sicklepod than 2,4-DB. Peanuts exhibited no visible foliar injury or yield reduction with pyridate at 1.5 kg ha-1, the highest rate evaluated. Comprehensive weed control and maximum yield required that pyridate be tank mixed with 2,4-DB at 0.22 kg ae ha-1.
Influence of Burial Depth on Wild Oats (Avena fatua) Seed Longevity
Authors: Miller Stephen D. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were initiated in 1973 at Fargo and Williston, ND, to evaluate wild oats seed longevity in soil at six burial depths. The number of viable seed decreased rapidly during the first 7 mo from 99% to 21 and 15% at Fargo and Williston, respectively, when averaged over depths. The number of viable seed decreased gradually over the 7- to 168-mo period at Fargo; however, at Williston, viability remained relatively constant for 84 mo and decreased rapidly after 108 mo. At both locations, several wild oats seed were viable 168 mo after burial. More viable wild oats seed were recovered from deep than shallow depths regardless of sampling date. Seed viability at the 6- to 10-cm burial depth was lost more rapidly with nitrogen fertilizer than without nitrogen fertilizer. The percentage of dormant viable seed remained constant for 33 mo at Fargo and 60 mo at Williston regardless of burial depth, but decreased gradually thereafter. Dormant seed percentages at the various depths did not relate to differences in seed viability at these depths.
Increasing Postemergence Herbicide Efficacy and Rainfastness with Silicone Adjuvants
Authors: Roggenbuck Frank C. , Rowe Loston , Penner Donald , Petroff Len , Burow Richard
Published: March 2018

A greenhouse study was designed to evaluate a series of silicone adjuvants for increasing efficacy and rainfastness of Na-acifluorfen, isopropylamine-glyphosate, and Na-bentazon on velvetleaf and common lambsquarters. Silicone adjuvants were identified that increased both herbicide efficacy and rainfastness at 0.9 to 1.2 L ha-1. Specificity of adjuvants for specific target weed species and herbicides was evident. Effective silicone adjuvants were identified that did not increase soybean injury by Na-acifluorfen or Na-bentazon beyond that observed with crop oil concentrate. The efficacy of the best silicone adjuvant did not appear to be solely a function of reduced surface tension of the spray solution.
Poison-Hemlock (Conium maculatum) Control in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
Authors: Jeffery Larry S. , Robison Laren R.
Published: March 2018

Ten herbicides were evaluated for poison-hemlock control in established alfalfa in Utah. Hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil controlled poison-hemlock 90% or more but diuron and pronamide did not. Either glyphosate or 2,4-D applied in May at 1.1 kg ae ha-1 controlled poison-hemlock 97 to 98% compared to 60 to 75% with 2,4-DB at that rate. Dicamba and bromoxynil did not control poison-hemlock.
Differential Growth of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Biotypes in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Bryson Charles T.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted in 1983, 1984, and 1985 at Stoneville, MS, to evaluate the differential growth of 17 biotypes of bermudagrass in two cotton planting patterns. Growth comparisons (parallel = along the row, perpendicular = across the row, and height) were made among biotypes and between solid and skip-row cotton planting patterns, 1- and 2-m row widths, respectively. Biotype growth parameters differed significantly regardless of cotton planting patterns. Bermudagrass growth, perpendicular and parallel to rows, was greater in skip-row than in solid planted cotton by ≥5 and ≥7 wk after planting, respectively. Bermudagrass was taller in skip-row vs. solid planted cotton at ≥18 wk after planting. When averaged over biotypes, growth of bermudagrass was 3 to 4 times greater in skip-row than in solid cotton planting patterns by 18 wk after planting.
Cost-Effective Long-Term Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Control with Herbicides
Authors: Lym Rodney G. , Messersmith Calvin G.
Published: March 2018

Four herbicide treatments applied in the spring or fall were evaluated for leafy spurge control and forage production in eastern and western North Dakota during a 5-yr experiment. All treatments gradually reduced the leafy spurge infestation at both locations except 2,4-D at 2.2 kg ae ha-1applied annually in the spring or fall and picloram plus 2,4-D at 0.28 plus 1.1 kg ae ha-1applied annually in the fall. The most cost effective treatment was picloram plus 2,4-D applied annually in the spring which provided a net return of $284 and $108/ha in eastern and western North Dakota, respectively, and averaged 80% leafy spurge control. Picloram at 2.2 kg ha-1was reapplied only when leafy spurge control declined to less than 70% and provided a net return of $96/ha in eastern North Dakota, but a net loss of $235/ha in western North Dakota. Dicamba at 9 kg ae ha-1was applied up to four times to maintain 70% control with an average net loss of $458/ha. Total potential production and value of forage will determine if a specific treatment is cost effective in any one location.
Clomazone for Weed Control in Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)
Authors: Porter Wayne C.
Published: March 2018

Clomazone was evaluated preplant incorporated (PPI) or post-transplant (PT) for weed control in sweet potatoes. No crop injury by clomazone was detected. Clomazone controlled (≥90%). broadleaf signalgrass, large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, and prickly sida at all rates and methods of application (MOA). Common cocklebur was controlled (≥93%) by clomazone at 1.1 kg ai ha-1applied PT or at 3.4 kg ai ha-1PPI in 1988 and at all rates and MOA in 1989. Clomazone did not control carpetweed.
Plant Photography Techniques
Authors: Swan Dean G. , Burrill Larry C.
Published: March 2018

Accurate identification is the first step in weed control. Weed photography is important because a good picture, plus a descriptive botanical key, more accurately identifies plants. Also, quality pictures provide an important learning tool for students, agribusiness personnel, and producers. This paper includes recommendations for selecting photographic equipment and film as well as practical techniques for controlling backgrounds, light, plant movement, and depth of field in photographing plants.
Factors Influencing Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Injury from Sulfonylurea Herbicides
Authors: Ferreira Kenneth L. , Baker Thomas K. , Peeper Thomas F.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted to determine factors that predispose winter wheat to injury by sulfonylurea herbicides. Wheat was injured occasionally when herbicides were applied postemergence in November or when tank mixed with malathion. CGA 131036 at 28 or 56 g ha-1was less injurious than chlorsulfuron or DPX-G8311 at 26 or 53 g ha-1, and preemergence treatments of chlorsulfuron and DPX-G8311 were less injurious than preplant incorporated or postemergence treatments. Wheat growth stage, minimum post-treatment daily temperature, and summed diurnal temperature fluctuations after treatment and after first post-treatment rainfall were correlated with wheat injury. Grazing and cultivar selection did not affect injury.
Sequential Herbicide Treatments for Corn (Zea mays) Planted into Mixed-Species Perennial Sod
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Proost Richard T.
Published: March 2018

Field research from 1986 to 1988 evaluated control of alfalfa, dandelion, orchardgrass, and annual weeds in corn with sequential herbicide treatments. Glyphosate applied the previous fall controlled 95% or more of the dandelion and orchardgrass before postemergence treatments. Atrazine applied early preplant or with paraquat the day before planting only partially controlled the perennial species. Atrazine applied postemergence usually controlled vegetation escaping initial treatment except orchardgrass following the atrazine treatments. Adding tridiphane increased weed control with atrazine or cyanazine applied postemergence only when fall panicum was present. Herbicides applied postemergence increased corn yield compared to the initial treatments alone, and few differences among postemergence treatments were observed. Sequential treatments which included glyphosate applied in the fall controlled 82% or more of each perennial species before the next growing season. Orchardgrass control was 81% or less the following spring when the initial treatment was atrazine or atrazine plus paraquat.
Inheritance of Sulfonylurea Herbicide Resistance inLactucaspp.
Authors: Mallory-Smith Carol A. , Thill Donald C. , Dial Michael J. , Zemetra Robert S.
Published: March 2018

Sulfonylurea herbicide resistance was crossed into a susceptible (S) prickly lettuce biotype and into ‘Bibb’ (B), a domestic lettuce cultivar, and inheritance of the resistance trait was determined. The best fit for Chi Square analysis of the metsulfuron treated F2generations was a 1:2:1 ratio indicating the trait was controlled by a single nuclear gene with incomplete dominance. F3generations also were treated with metsulfuron. The F3seedlings from resistant F2plants were resistant while the F3seedlings from intermediate F2plants segregated.
Growing Broomrape (Orobanche spp.) in a Soilless System
Authors: Jacobsohn Reuven , Foy Chester L. , Marton Kela
Published: March 2018

A soilless unit was devised in which host plant (carrot, tomato) roots can be readily infected with broomrape. The simple, inexpensive and reusable unit consists of two glass plates, synthetic cloth, and foam rubber. The host plants are placed (or grown) between the glass plates, being held against one of the plates by foam rubber. The unit provides proper growing conditions, convenient visibility of host roots and parasite from an early stage of infection, and nondestructive access to the roots and parasite. Exposure of the broomrape seeds to a synthetic germination stimulant (GR 24) prior to their application to the host roots, generally, but not always, caused some increase in the number of parasitic infections and/or the rate of broomrape growth.
Assessing Herbicide Phytotoxicity with Covariance Analysis
Authors: Harrison S. Kent , Regnier Emilie E.
Published: March 2018

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the statistical precision of estimating herbicide dose-response treatment effects by covariance analysis (ANOCOVA) relative to standard analysis of variance (ANOVA). Analyses of corn seedling response to the translocated herbicides fluazifop-P, sethoxydim, and quizalofop at 10 to 60 g ai ha-1indicated that treatment effects were estimated with 26 to 116% greater precision by ANOCOVA than ANOVA. Covariance analyses of treatment effects for corn response to the contact herbicides paraquat, acifluorfen, and lactofen at 50 to 300 g ai ha-1gave 8 to 13% greater precision than ANOVA. Gains in precision by ANOCOVA for all experiments were generally greatest when shoot dry weight was analyzed as the response variable and pretreatment fifth leaf length served as the covariate.
Crop Response and Weed Control from New Herbicide Combinations in Water-Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Hill James E. , Roberts Stacey R. , Bayer D. E. , Williams J. F.
Published: March 2018

In five field experiments from 1986 to 1988, herbicides were evaluated alone and in combinations for weed control in water-seeded rice. Combinations of bensulfuron with either molinate or thiobencarb applied into the paddy water at the 2-leaf stage of rice, controlled all broadleaf and sedge weeds, and 92% or more early watergrass. These combinations were equivalent to a commercial standard of molinate at the 2-leaf stage followed by a separate application of bentazon to the drained paddy at midtillering.
Seed Protectants Safen Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Against Chloroacetamide Herbicide Injury
Authors: Foy Chester L. , Witt Harold L.
Published: March 2018

Alachlor at 3.4 and 6.7 kg ha-1, metolachlor at 2.8 and 5.6 kg ha-1, and propachlor at 4.5 and 9.0 kg ha-1were applied to grain sorghum in field experiments conducted in 1981 and 1982. ‘Dekalb E-59’ and ‘Pioneer 8311’ grain sorghum were tested with and without the seed protectants cyometrinil and flurazole in both experiments. ‘Funk's G-1350’ was tested with and without cyometrinil and CGA-92194 in one experiment. Alachlor and metolachlor caused serious injury (stunting and, in some instances, reductions in stand and yield) to grain sorghum without the seed protectants. Less severe injury to grain sorghum occurred with alachlor and metolachlor at high rates even in the presence of the seed protectants. The three seed protectants were equally effective in preventing crop injury. Only minor injury to grain sorghum, with or without the seed protectants, occurred with propachlor at both rates. Overall, early-season weed control was 81 to 100%; however, propachlor at the rates tested was noticeably weaker than alachlor and metolachlor against some annual grasses.
Effects of Herbicide Application Timing on Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Control
Authors: Shaw David R. , Ratnayake Sunil , Smith Clyde A.
Published: March 2018

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of application timing of imazethapyr and fluazifop-P on rhizome johnsongrass and pitted morningglory control in soybean. Herbicides were applied at three timings keyed to johnsongrass heights of 15, 30, and 60 cm and 3-, 6-, and 9-leaf pitted morningglory. Evaluations 6 wk after the final treatment indicated imazethapyr controlled both species best when applied at the 15-cm johnsongrass growth stage. Increasing imazethapyr rate did not increase control of pitted morningglory, but did increase johnsongrass control at the 15-cm application timing. However, at the 30-cm johnsongrass application timing, increasing the rate from 0.07 to 0.10 kg ha-1improved control of both species. Johnsongrass control with imazethapyr was no more than 64% when applications were delayed to 30-cm or larger johnsongrass. Fluazifop-P controlled johnsongrass well at all timings.