bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an electrochemical Limulus amebocyte lysate assay technique for portable and highly sensitive endotoxin sensor
Authors: Inoue Kumi Y , Takahashi Satoko , Ino Kosuke , Shiku Hitoshi , Matsue Tomokazu
Published: August 2011

Here, we report the development of an electrochemical detection method for endotoxin based on the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. A mixture of LAL reagent and endotoxin sample solution was incubated for 1 h. The endotoxin activated a cascade reaction of zymogens contained in the LAL to generate p-nitroaniline (pNA) which was then electrochemically detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The generated pNA gave a clear peak at –0.75 V vs. silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl), which increased with the concentration of endotoxin in the LAL assay solution. This DPV detection was performed using an electrode chip device fabricated from a diamond-like carbon-coated glass substrate. This chip device could detect as low as 10 endotoxin units l−1 at room temperature within 1 h. This novel electrochemical method for the detection of endotoxin appears promising for the development of compact, low-cost and easy-to-use sensors for on-site monitoring of potentially contaminated medical supplies, including dialysis fluid, transplanted tissue and culture medium for assisted reproduction.
Immunomodulatory properties of human adult and fetal multipotent mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Chen Pei-Min , Yen Men-Luh , Liu Ko-Jiunn , Sytwu Huey-Kang , Yen B-Linju
Published: August 2011

In recent years, a large number of studies have contributed to our understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms used by multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Initially isolated from the bone marrow (BM), MSCs have been found in many tissues but the strong immunomodulatory properties are best studied in BM MSCs. The immunomodulatory effects of BM MSCs are wide, extending to T lymphocytes and dendritic cells, and are therapeutically useful for treatment of immune-related diseases including graft-versus-host disease as well as possibly autoimmune diseases. However, BM MSCs are very rare cells and require an invasive procedure for procurement. Recently, MSCs have also been found in fetal-stage embryo-proper and extra-embryonic tissues, and these human fetal MSCs (F-MSCs) have a higher proliferative profile, and are capable of multilineage differentiation as well as exert strong immunomodulatory effects. As such, these F-MSCs can be viewed as alternative sources of MSCs. We review here the current understanding of the mechanisms behind the immunomodulatory properties of BM MSCs and F-MSCs. An increase in our understanding of MSC suppressor mechanisms will offer insights for prevalent clinical use of these versatile adult stem cells in the near future.
Overexpression of Insig-1 protects β cell against glucolipotoxicity via SREBP-1c
Authors: Chen Ke , jin ping , He Hong-hui , Xie Yan-hong , Xie Xiao-yun , Mo Zhao-hui
Published: August 2011

Background

High glucose induced lipid synthesis leads to β cell glucolipotoxicity. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is reported to be partially involved in this process. Insulin induced gene-1 (Insig-1) is an important upstream regulator of Insig-1-SREBPs cleavage activating protein (SCAP)-SREBP-1c pathway. Insig-1 effectively blocks the transcription of SREBP-1c, preventing the activation of the genes for lipid biosynthesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Insig-1 protects β cells against glucolipotoxicity.

Methods

An Insig-1 stable cell line was generated by overexpression of Insig-1 in INS-1 cells. The expression of Insig-1 was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blotting, then, cells were then treated with standard (11.2 mM) or high (25.0 mM) glucose for 0 h, 24 h and 72 h. Cell viability, apoptosis, glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), lipid metabolism and mRNA expression of insulin secretion relevant genes such as IRS-2, PDX-1, GLUT-2, Insulin and UCP-2 were evaluated.

Results

We found that Insig-1 suppressed the high glucose induced SREBP-1c mRNA and protein expression. Our results also showed that Insig-1 overexpression protected β cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis by regulating the proteins expressed in the IRE1α pathway, such as p-IRE1α, p-JNK, CHOP and BCL-2. In addition, Insig-1 up-regulated the expression of IRS-2, PDX-1, GLUT-2 and Insulin, down-regulated the expression of UCP-2 and improved glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Finally, we found that Insig-1 inhibited the lipid accumulation and free fatty acid (FFA) synthesis in a time-dependent manner.

Conclusions

There results suggest that Insig-1 may play a critical role in protecting β cells against glucolipotoxicity by regulating the expression of SREBP-1c.
Kinome expression profiling and prognosis of basal breast cancers
Authors: Sabatier Renaud , Finetti Pascal , Mamessier Emilie , Raynaud Stéphane , Cervera Nathalie , Lambaudie Eric , Jacquemier Jocelyne , Viens Patrice , Birnbaum Daniel , Bertucci François
Published: August 2011

Background

Basal breast cancers (BCs) represent ~15% of BCs. Although overall poor, prognosis is heterogeneous. Identification of good- versus poor-prognosis patients is difficult or impossible using the standard histoclinical features and the recently defined prognostic gene expression signatures (GES). Kinases are often activated or overexpressed in cancers, and constitute targets for successful therapies. We sought to define a prognostic model of basal BCs based on kinome expression profiling.

Methods

DNA microarray-based gene expression and histoclinical data of 2515 early BCs from thirteen datasets were collected. We searched for a kinome-based GES associated with disease-free survival (DFS) in basal BCs of the learning set using a metagene-based approach. The signature was then tested in basal tumors of the independent validation set.

Results

A total of 591 samples were basal. We identified a 28-kinase metagene associated with DFS in the learning set (N = 73). This metagene was associated with immune response and particularly cytotoxic T-cell response. On multivariate analysis, a metagene-based predictor outperformed the classical prognostic factors, both in the learning and the validation (N = 518) sets, independently of the lymphocyte infiltrate. In the validation set, patients whose tumors overexpressed the metagene had a 78% 5-year DFS versus 54% for other patients (p = 1.62E-4, log-rank test).

Conclusions

Based on kinome expression, we identified a predictor that separated basal BCs into two subgroups of different prognosis. Tumors associated with higher activation of cytotoxic tumor-infiltrative lymphocytes harbored a better prognosis. Such classification should help tailor the treatment and develop new therapies based on immune response manipulation.
Media composition influences yeast one- and two-hybrid results
Authors: Liu Ying , Merchant Zabeena , Hsiao Hao-Ching , Gonzalez Kim L , Matthews Kathleen S , Bondos Sarah E
Published: August 2011

Although yeast two-hybrid experiments are commonly used to identify protein interactions, the frequent occurrence of false negatives and false positives hampers data interpretation. Using both yeast one-hybrid and two-hybrid experiments, we have identified potential sources of these problems: the media preparation protocol and the source of the yeast nitrogen base may not only impact signal range but also effect whether a result appears positive or negative. While altering media preparation may optimize signal differences for individual experiments, media preparation must be reported in detail to replicate studies and accurately compare results from different experiments.
Fabrication of flexible UV nanoimprint mold with fluorinated polymer-coated PET film
Authors: Shin Ju-Hyeon , Lee Seong-Hwan , Byeon Kyeong-Jae , Han Kang-Soo , Lee Heon , Tsunozaki Kentaro
Published: August 2011

UV curing nanoimprint lithography is one of the most promising techniques for the fabrication of micro- to nano-sized patterns on various substrates with high throughput and a low production cost. The UV nanoimprint process requires a transparent template with micro- to nano-sized surface protrusions, having a low surface energy and good flexibility. Therefore, the development of low-cost, transparent, and flexible templates is essential. In this study, a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film coated with a fluorinated polymer material was used as an imprinting mold. Micro- and nano-sized surface protrusion patterns were formed on the fluorinated polymer layer by the hot embossing process from a Si master template. Then, the replicated pattern of the fluorinated polymer, coated on the flexible PET film, was used as a template for the UV nanoimprint process without any anti-stiction coating process. In this way, the micro- to nano-sized patterns of the original master Si template were replicated on various substrates, including a flat Si substrate and curved acryl substrate, with high fidelity using UV nanoimprint lithography.
What do we have to know from migrants' past exposures to understand their health status? a life course approach
Authors: Spallek Jacob , Zeeb Hajo , Razum Oliver
Published: August 2011

Empirical findings show that morbidity and mortality risks of migrants can differ considerably from those of populations in the host countries. However, while several explanatory models have been developed, most migrant studies still do not consider explicitly the situation of migrants before migration. Here, we discuss an extended approach to understand migrant health comprising a life course epidemiology perspective.

The incorporation of a life course perspective into a conceptual framework of migrant health enables the consideration of risk factors and disease outcomes over the different life phases of migrants, which is necessary to understand the health situation of migrants and their offspring. Comparison populations need to be carefully selected depending on the study questions under consideration within the life course framework.

Migrant health research will benefit from an approach using a life course perspective. A critique of the theoretical foundations of migrant health research is essential for further developing both the theoretical framework of migrant health and related empirical studies.
Birth outcomes in South African women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective observational study
Authors: van der Merwe Karin , Hoffman Risa , Black Vivian , Chersich Matthew , Coovadia Ashraf , Rees Helen
Published: August 2011

Background

Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a triple‐drug combination, in HIV‐infected pregnant women markedly reduces mother to child transmission of HIV and decreases maternal morbidity. However, there remains uncertainty about the effects of in utero exposure to HAART on foetal development.

Methods

Our objectives were to investigate whether in utero exposure to HAART is associated with low birth weight and/or preterm birth in a population of South African women with advanced HIV disease. A retrospective observational study was performed on women with CD4 counts ≤250 cells/mm3 attending antenatal antiretroviral clinics in Johannesburg between October 2004 and March 2007. Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) and preterm birth rates (<37 weeks) were compared between those exposed and unexposed to HAART during pregnancy. Effects of different HAART regimen and duration were assessed.

Results

Among HAART‐unexposed infants, 27% (60/224) were low birth weight compared with 23% (90/388) of early HAART‐exposed (exposed <28 weeks gestation) and 19% (76/407) of late HAART‐exposed (exposed ≥28 weeks) infants (p = 0.05). In the early HAART group, a higher CD4 cell count was protective against low birth weight (AOR 0.57 per 50 cells/mm3 increase, 95% CI 0.45‐0.71, p < 0.001) and preterm birth (AOR 0.68 per 50 cells/mm3 increase, 95% CI 0.55‐0.85, p = 0.001). HAART exposure was associated with an increased preterm birth rate (15%, or 138 of 946, versus 5%, or seven of 147, in unexposed infants, p = 0.001), with early nevirapine and efavirenz‐based regimens having the strongest associations with preterm birth (AOR 5.4, 95% CI 2.1‐13.7, p < 0.001, and AOR 5.6, 95% CI 2.1‐15.2, p = 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

In this immunocompromised cohort, in utero HAART exposure was not associated with low birth weight. An association between NNRTI‐based HAART and preterm birth was detected, but residual confounding is plausible. More advanced immunosuppression was a risk factor for low birth weight and preterm birth, highlighting the importance of earlier HAART initiation in women to optimize maternal health and improve infant outcomes.
Peer Effects, Teacher Incentives, and the Impact of Tracking: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Kenya
Authors: Duflo Esther , Dupas Pascaline , Kremer Michael
Published: August 2011

To the extent that students benefit from high-achieving peers, tracking will help strong students and hurt weak ones. However, all students may benefit if tracking allows teachers to better tailor their instruction level. Lower-achieving pupils are particularly likely to benefit from tracking when teachers have incentives to teach to the top of the distribution. We propose a simple model nesting these effects and test its implications in a randomized tracking experiment conducted with 121 primary schools in Kenya. While the direct effect of high-achieving peers is positive, tracking benefited lower-achieving pupils indirectly by allowing teachers to teach to their level. (JEL I21, J45, O15)
Competition among Sellers in Securities Auctions
Authors: Gorbenko Alexander S , Malenko Andrey
Published: August 2011

We study simultaneous security-bid second-price auctions with competition among sellers for potential bidders. The sellers compete by designing ordered sets of securities that the bidders can offer as payment for the assets. Upon observing auction designs, potential bidders decide which auctions to enter. We characterize all symmetric equilibria and show that there always exist equilibria in which auctions are in standard securities or their combinations. In large markets the unique equilibrium is auctions in pure cash. We extend the model for competition in reserve prices and show that binding reserve prices never constitute equilibrium as long as equilibrium security designs are not call options. (JEL D44, D82, G10)
Unhealthy Insurance Markets: Search Frictions and the Cost and Quality of Health Insurance
Authors: Cebul Randall D , Rebitzer James B , Taylor Lowell J , Votruba Mark E
Published: August 2011

We analyze the effect of search frictions in the market for commercial health insurance. Frictions increase insurance premiums (enough to transfer 13.2 percent of consumer surplus from fully insured employer groups to insurers—approximately $34.4 billion in 1997); and increase insurance turnover (by 64 percent for the average policy). This rent transfer harms consumers and—when combined with heightened turnover—reduces incentives to invest in future health. We also find that a publicly financed insurance option can improve the efficiency of private insurance markets by reducing search friction induced distortions in pricing and marketing efforts. (JEL D83 G22, I18)
Finance and Development: A Tale of Two Sectors
Authors: Buera Francisco J , Kaboski Joseph P , Shin Yongseok
Published: August 2011

We develop a quantitative framework to explain the relationship between aggregate/sector-level total factor productivity (TFP) and financial development across countries. Financial frictions distort the allocation of capital and entrepreneurial talent across production units, adversely affecting measured productivity. In our model, sectors with larger scales of operation (e.g., manufacturing) have more financing needs, and are hence disproportionately vulnerable to financial frictions. Our quantitative analysis shows that financial frictions account for a substantial part of the observed cross-country differences in output per worker, aggregate TFP, sector-level relative productivity, and capital-to-output ratios. (JEL E23, E44, O41, O47)
The Unexpected Impact of Information Sharing on US Pharmaceutical Supply Chains
Authors: Schwarz Leroy B. , Zhao Hui
Published: August 2011

This paper examines a change in business practices in the pharmaceutical manufacturer-to-distributor supply chain, a change that essentially forced pharmaceutical distributors to maintain lower inventories. This change also provided pharmaceutical manufacturers with information about distributor customer demand and inventories that had previously been withheld from them. Supply chain theory and practice in other industries suggest that by improving decision making and implementation, companies can operate with substantially lower inventories. This happened in pharmaceutical distribution when a Securities and Exchange Commission investigation led manufacturers to force distributors to operate with less inventory. Theory and practice further suggest that manufacturers who are provided with relevant information that they did not have previously would take advantage of this information to reduce their inventories. This evidently did not happen in pharmaceutical manufacturing. We contend that pharmaceutical manufacturers either do not know how to take advantage of such information or they do not care.
Anastomosing Hemangioma of the Genitourinary System
Authors: Kryvenko Oleksandr N. , Gupta Nilesh S. , Meier Frederick A. , Lee Min W. , Epstein Jonathan I.
Published: August 2011

We describe 3 ovarian and 5 renal anastomosing hemangiomas. One manifested with polycythemia, others were incidental; none recurred. The mean patient age was 58 years. Three hemangiomas developed in end-stage renal disease. Tumors were well-demarcated, mahogany brown, spongy lesions measuring 0.1 to 5 cm. Tortuous large vessels fed and drained tightly packed anastomosing sinusoidal capillary channels. Four hemangiomas exhibited lobular architecture, central edema/hyalinization, and intravascular growth. Five cases had thrombosis, hemorrhage, and hemosiderin. One ovarian tumor induced stromal luteinization. Three tumors had foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis (one associated with polycythemia). Six cases demonstrated eosinophilic intracytoplasmic globules. Three cases included hobnail endothelial cells. Atypia was minimal and mitoses were absent in all cases. We find this vascular neoplasm unique for the genitourinary system. Despite selected features mimicking angiosarcoma, our data support its benign nature. The current study expands the gross and radiographic appearance, clinical aspects, and ultrastructure, with the first report of the lesion occurring in the ovary.
Strategies for Addressing Barriers to Publishing Pediatric Quality Improvement Research
Authors: Van Cleave Jeanne , Dougherty Denise , Perrin James M.
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

Advancing the science of quality improvement (QI) requires dissemination of the results of QI. However, the results of few QI interventions reach publication.

OBJECTIVE:

To identify barriers to publishing results of pediatric QI research and provide practical strategies that QI researchers can use to enhance publishability of their work.

METHODS:

We reviewed and summarized a workshop conducted at the Pediatric Academic Societies 2007 meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on conducting and publishing QI research. We also interviewed 7 experts (QI researchers, administrators, journal editors, and health services researchers who have reviewed QI manuscripts) about common reasons that QI research fails to reach publication. We also reviewed recently published pediatric QI articles to find specific examples of tactics to enhance publishability, as identified in interviews and the workshop.

RESULTS:

We found barriers at all stages of the QI process, from identifying an appropriate quality issue to address to drafting the manuscript. Strategies for overcoming these barriers included collaborating with research methodologists, creating incentives to publish, choosing a study design to include a control group, increasing sample size through research networks, and choosing appropriate process and clinical quality measures. Several well-conducted, successfully published QI studies in pediatrics offer guidance to other researchers in implementing these strategies in their own work.

CONCLUSION:

Specific, feasible approaches can be used to improve opportunities for publication in pediatric, QI, and general medical journals.
Anogenital Human Papillomavirus in Sexually Abused and Nonabused Children: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Unger Elizabeth R. , Fajman Nancy N. , Maloney Elizabeth M. , Onyekwuluje Juanita , Swan David C. , Howard Laurie , Beck-Sague Consuelo M. , Sawyer Mary K. , Girardet Rebecca G. , Sautter Robert L. , Hammerschlag Margaret R. , Black Carolyn M.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES:

To characterize the epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in children without previous consensual sexual activity, comparing HPV prevalence by certainty of child sexual abuse (CSA).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Patients presenting for evaluation of CSA in 8 sites in Atlanta, Houston, Harrisburg, and New York City were recruited along with patients presenting for unrelated health visits. CSA certainty was classified as definite, probable, possible, or no evidence following published guidelines and the results of history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Urine and swabs of external genitalia were tested for HPV using L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS:

The study included 576 participants (89.9% female) aged 6 months to 13 years (mean: 7.9); 534 of whom were evaluated for CSA and 42 for unrelated reasons. Of those evaluated for CSA, 14 had genital warts. One or more HPV types were detected in 11.8% (61 of 517) of participants with adequate samples. HPV detection was more likely among abused participants (definite, probable, or possible) than among participants without evidence of CSA (13.7% and 1.3%, respectively; P < .0001) and increased with certainty of abuse (8.4%, 15.6%, and 14.5% in participants with possible, probable, and definite CSA, respectively; P < .0001). Participants aged 10 years or older had a higher prevalence of HPV (20.6%) than others (5.6%) (P < .0001). CSA, anogenital warts, and age were independently associated with HPV detection.

CONCLUSIONS:

HPV detection was associated with CSA and increased with CSA certainty. In this population, genital HPV seemed to behave as a sexually transmitted infection.
Recurrence Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study
Authors: Ozonoff Sally , Young Gregory S. , Carter Alice , Messinger Daniel , Yirmiya Nurit , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Bryson Susan , Carver Leslie J. , Constantino John N. , Dobkins Karen , Hutman Ted , Iverson Jana M. , Landa Rebecca , Rogers Sally J. , Sigman Marian , Stone Wendy L.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE:

The recurrence risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is estimated to be between 3% and 10%, but previous research was limited by small sample sizes and biases related to ascertainment, reporting, and stoppage factors. This study used prospective methods to obtain an updated estimate of sibling recurrence risk for ASD.

METHODS:

A prospective longitudinal study of infants at risk for ASD was conducted by a multisite international network, the Baby Siblings Research Consortium. Infants (n = 664) with an older biological sibling with ASD were followed from early in life to 36 months, when they were classified as having or not having ASD. An ASD classification required surpassing the cutoff of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and receiving a clinical diagnosis from an expert clinician.

RESULTS:

A total of 18.7% of the infants developed ASD. Infant gender and the presence of >1 older affected sibling were significant predictors of ASD outcome, and there was an almost threefold increase in risk for male subjects and an additional twofold increase in risk if there was >1 older affected sibling. The age of the infant at study enrollment, the gender and functioning level of the infant's older sibling, and other demographic factors did not predict ASD outcome.

CONCLUSIONS:

The sibling recurrence rate of ASD is higher than suggested by previous estimates. The size of the current sample and prospective nature of data collection minimized many limitations of previous studies of sibling recurrence. Clinical implications, including genetic counseling, are discussed.
Joint Action Analysis Utilizing Concentration Addition and Independent Action Models
Authors: Abendroth Julie A. , Blankenship Erin E. , Martin Alex R. , Roeth Fred W.
Published: August 2011

In weed science literature, models such as concentration addition, independent action, effect summation, and the parallel line assay technique have been used to predict and analyze whole-plant response to herbicide mixtures. Although a joint action reference model is necessary for determining whether the herbicide mixture provides less than (antagonistic), equal to (zero-interaction or additive), or greater than (synergistic) expected control, model selection often occurs with little regard to the model's underlying biological assumptions. The joint action models of concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) are the appropriate models to consider for analysis of herbicide mixtures of two active components. CA assumes additivity of dose, with herbicides differing only in potency, whereas IA assumes multiplicativity of effects, in which herbicides behave independently and sequentially within the plant. CA and IA predicted mixture responses were computed for a sample mixture data set of mesotrione plus atrazine. IA predicted lower mixture responses than CA; for example, mesotrione at 17.5 g ha−1+ atrazine at 140 g ha−1was predicted to provide 45% (IA) compared with 53% (CA) control of Palmer amaranth. Joint action claims of synergism and antagonism were shown to be dependent on the reference model selected. Although mesotrione plus atrazine combinations were synergistic under IA assumptions, analysis under CA assumptions indicated mesotrione plus atrazine to be synergistic, additive, and antagonistic according to the selected effective concentration (ECx) level and fixed-ratio mixture. Because it is not possible to determine the appropriate joint action model on the basis of fit of predicted to observed mixture data, the appropriateness of underlying biological assumptions was considered for the sample mixture data set. Additionally, we provide decision criteria to aid researchers in their selection of an appropriate joint action reference model.
Nitrogen Influences Bispyribac-Sodium Efficacy and Metabolism in Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) and Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Hart Stephen E. , Gianfagna Thomas , Chaves Fabio
Published: August 2011

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted in New Jersey to investigate the influence of nitrogen on annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass metabolism and responses to bispyribac-sodium. In field experiments, withholding nitrogen during the test period increased sensitivity of both grasses to bispyribac-sodium, and grasses fertilized biweekly had darker color on most rating dates. Nitrogen generally increased annual bluegrass tolerance to bispyribac-sodium at 74 g ha−1but not at 148 g ha−1. Creeping bentgrass was influenced by nitrogen at both herbicide rates. In laboratory experiments, weekly nitrogen treatments increased14C-bispyribac-sodium metabolism in both grasses compared to unfertilized plants. Annual bluegrass metabolized approximately 50% less herbicide regardless of nitrogen regime compared to creeping bentgrass. Overall, routine nitrogen fertilization appears to improve annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass tolerance to bispyribac-sodium, which may be attributed to higher metabolism.
Aminocyclopyrachlor Enhances Fenoxaprop Efficacy for Smooth Crabgrass Control
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Hart Stephen E. , Brosnan James T. , Breeden Gregory K.
Published: August 2011

Fenoxaprop effectively controls crabgrass in tall fescue turf, but antagonism with growth-regulating herbicides reduces potential to apply fenoxaprop in combination with many herbicides registered for broadleaf weed control. Aminocyclopyrachlor is a new broadleaf weed control herbicide that has not been evaluated in combination with fenoxaprop. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia, New Jersey, and Tennessee to investigate tank mixtures of fenoxaprop with aminocyclopyrachlor for smooth crabgrass and white clover control. Fenoxaprop alone exhibited substantial activity on smooth crabgrass but control was greater with fenoxaprop + aminocyclopyrachlor treatments. By 4 and 6 wk after treatment (WAT), approximately 22 and 44% less fenoxaprop was required to achieve 80% smooth crabgrass control when the herbicide was tank-mixed with aminocyclopyrachlor at 52.5 and 79 g ai ha−1, respectively. Fenoxaprop did not reduce white clover control with aminocyclopyrachlor because 97% control was achieved by 4 WAT for all aminocyclopyrachlor + fenoxaprop treatments. Tall fescue was not injured by any treatment. Results suggest aminocyclopyrachlor enhances fenoxaprop efficacy for smooth crabgrass control in tall fescue.
Corn Tolerance to Weed Interference Varies with Preceding Crop
Authors: Anderson Randy L.
Published: August 2011

Crop diversity may improve tolerance to weed interference and reduce the need for herbicides. This experiment measured weed interference in corn as affected by the preceding crop in two studies. The first study, based on interference of the resident weed community, compared dry pea, soybean, canola, and spring wheat for effect on corn tolerance to weeds. Prominent weeds were green and yellow foxtail. The second study examined corn tolerance to a uniform infestation of foxtail millet as affected by dry pea, soybean, spring wheat, and corn as preceding crops. Each plot was split into weed-free and weed-infested subplots in both studies. Corn was most tolerant to weed interference following dry pea; compared with soybean, dry pea improved corn tolerance more than twofold. Corn also yielded the highest in weed-free conditions following dry pea; compared across 4 yr, corn yielded 7 to 23% more following dry pea than following either soybean or spring wheat. Crop diversity has helped producers reduce herbicide inputs in the Great Plains and may provide an additional benefit of reducing weed impact on crop yield.
Neurocognitive Outcomes in Young Adults With Early-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ly Trang T. , Anderson Mike , McNamara Kaitrin A. , Davis Elizabeth A. , Jones Timothy W.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to reexamine the neurocognitive function of a cohort of young adults with early-onset type 1 diabetes and compare their cognitive function to a matched control group. We also examined whether cognitive function was related to prospectively obtained severe hypoglycemia history, long-term glycemic control, or severe diabetic ketoacidosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Testing included Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Adults, Wechsler Memory Scale, Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CCFIT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), youth and adult self-report, and Beck Depression Inventory. We tested 34 control subjects (mean ± SE, age 19.5 ± 0.5 years) and 33 type 1 diabetic subjects (age 19.3 ± 0.5 years, age at type 1 diabetes onset 3.3 ± 0.3 years, A1C from diagnosis 8.7 ± 0.1%, and diabetes duration 16.0 ± 0.5 years).

RESULTS

There was no difference in full-scale IQ scores in type 1 diabetic and control subjects (100.7 ± 2.0 vs. 102.5 ± 1.4). There was no difference between groups in memory subtests or in reporting of emotional and behavioral difficulties. The type 1 diabetes group scored lower on the CCFIT for fluid intelligence compared with control subjects (P = 0.028) and also scored lower on WCST with more perseverative errors (P = 0.002) and fewer categories completed (P = 0.022).

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest no difference in general intellectual ability, memory, and emotional difficulties in our cohort of young adults with early-onset type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects and no deterioration over time. There were, however, findings to suggest subtle changes leading to poorer performance on complex tasks of executive function.
Impact of Malnutrition and Smoking Habits of Parents on ARI
Authors: Bari MI , Haque MI , Siddiqui AB , Haidary MH , Hossain MA
Published: August 2011

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the leading common causes of death in young children in Bangladesh. Three hundred fifty one patients of ARI below five years of age are selected as per WHO guidelines. Out of 351 patients, one patient died due to very severe pneumonia with severe malnutrition. There was male preponderance in all the age groups and also 41% of male children had recurrent attacks of ARI. In this study, it was statistically proved that malnutrition (p=Q.00028) and smoking habits of parents (p=0.04054) had significant important risk factors on recurrent attacks of ARI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v14i2.8390 TAJ 2001; 14(2): 74-77
Success of External Dacryocystorhinostomy in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Alam Tanjila
Published: August 2011

Epiphora caused by nasolacrimal duct (NDL) obstruction is managed by surgery of dacryocystorhinostomy (OCR) is well established. Now a day OCR can be done by two ways: external OCR and endonasal OCR. There are various success rates reported by various authors. It is seen that the current laser assisted OCR is still not able to attain success over the conventional external OCR. A newer modification of dacryocystorhinostomy operation where flap anastomosis with ceiling stitch with orbicularis and subcutaneous tissue has given high rate of success. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v14i2.8391 TAJ 2001; 14(2): 78-80
Achalasia Cardia - Case Report
Authors: Islam Md Baharul , Rahman Md Khalilur , Sarker Abul Kashem
Published: August 2011

A 45 years old man was admitted in the surgery unit-ll at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital with the complaints of prolonged dysphagia and regurgitation of food and saliva. The patient had some weight loss but no anorexia, Barium swallow oesophagus showed marked dilatation of oesophagus with regular tapering of its lower end. The patient was diagnosed as achalasia cardia and underwent oesophago-cardio-myotomy operation. The patient relieved from his symptoms. He was followed up for 1 year and found healthy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v14i2.8393 TAJ 2001; 14(2): 85-87
Climate Variability and Its Impact on Forest Hydrology on South Carolina Coastal Plain, USA
Authors: Dai Zhaohua , Amatya Devendra M. , Sun Ge , Trettin Carl C. , Li Changsheng , Li Harbin
Published: August 2011

Understanding the changes in hydrology of coastal forested wetlands induced by climate change is fundamental for developing strategies to sustain their functions and services. This study examined 60 years of climatic observations and 30 years of hydrological data, collected at the Santee Experimental Forest (SEF) in coastal South Carolina. We also applied a physically-based, distributed hydrological model (MIKE SHE) to better understand the hydrological responses to the observed climate variability. The results from both observation and simulation for the paired forested watershed systems indicated that the forest hydrology was highly susceptible to change due to climate change. The stream flow and water table depth was substantially altered with a change in precipitation. Both flow and water table level decreased with a rise in temperature. The results also showed that hurricanes substantially influenced the forest hydrological patterns for a short time period (several years) as a result of forest damage.
Leaf Area Index, Biomass Carbon and Growth Rate of Radiata Pine Genetic Types and Relationships with LiDAR
Authors: Beets Peter N. , Reutebuch Stephen , Kimberley Mark O. , Oliver Graeme R. , Pearce Stephen H. , McGaughey Robert J.
Published: August 2011

Relationships between discrete-return light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and radiata pine leaf area index (LAI), stem volume, above ground carbon, and carbon sequestration were developed using 10 plots with directly measured biomass and leaf area data, and 36 plots with modelled carbon data. The plots included a range of genetic types established on north- and south-facing aspects. Modelled carbon was highly correlated with directly measured crown, stem, and above ground biomass data, with r = 0.92, 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. LiDAR canopy percentile height (P30) and cover, based on all returns above 0.5 m, explained 81, 88, and 93% of the variation in directly measured crown, stem, and above ground live carbon and 75, 89 and 88% of the modelled carbon, respectively. LAI (all surfaces) ranged between 8.8–19.1 in the 10 plots measured at age 9 years. The difference in canopy percentile heights (P95–P30) and cover based on first returns explained 80% of the variation in total LAI. Periodic mean annual increments in stem volume, above ground live carbon, and total carbon between ages 9 and 13 years were significantly related to (P95–P30), with regression models explaining 56, 58, and 55%, respectively, of the variation in growth rate per plot. When plot aspect and genetic type were included with (P95–P30), the R2 of the regression models for stem volume, above ground live carbon, and total carbon increment increased to 90, 88, and 88%, respectively, which indicates that LiDAR regression equations for estimating stock changes can be substantially improved by incorporating supplementary site and crop data.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Synthesis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Three Varieties of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia Pumila Blume)
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Hafiz , Jaafar Hawa Z.E. , Rahmat Asmah , Rahman Zaharah Abdul
Published: August 2011

A split plot 3 by 4 experiment was designed to examine the impact of 15-week variable levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N/ha) on the characteristics of total flavonoids (TF), total phenolics (TP), total non structurable carbohydrate (TNC), net assimilation rate, leaf chlorophyll content, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), phenyl alanine lyase activity (PAL) and protein content, and their relationships, in three varieties of Labisia pumila Blume (alata, pumila and lanceolata). The treatment effects were solely contributed by nitrogen application; there was neither varietal nor interaction effect observed. As nitrogen levels increased from 0 to 270 kg N/ha, the production of TNC was found to decrease steadily. Production of TF and TP reached their peaks under 0 followed by 90, 180 and 270 kg N/ha treatment. However, net assimilation rate was enhanced as nitrogen fertilization increased from 0 to 270 kg N/ha. The increase in production of TP and TF under low nitrogen levels (0 and 90 kg N/ha) was found to be correlated with enhanced PAL activity. The enhancement in PAL activity was followed by reduction in production of soluble protein under low nitrogen fertilization indicating more availability of amino acid phenyl alanine (phe) under low nitrogen content that stimulate the production of carbon based secondary metabolites (CBSM). The latter was manifested by high C/N ratio in L. pumila plants.
Plasmonic nanostructures fabricated using nanosphere-lithography, soft-lithography and plasma etching
Authors: Gonçalves Manuel R , Makaryan Taron , Enderle Fabian , Wiedemann Stefan , Plettl Alfred , Marti Othmar , Ziemann Paul
Published: August 2011

We present two routes for the fabrication of plasmonic structures based on nanosphere lithography templates. One route makes use of soft-lithography to obtain arrays of epoxy resin hemispheres, which, in a second step, can be coated by metal films. The second uses the hexagonal array of triangular structures, obtained by evaporation of a metal film on top of colloidal crystals, as a mask for reactive ion etching (RIE) of the substrate. In this way, the triangular patterns of the mask are transferred to the substrate through etched triangular pillars. Making an epoxy resin cast of the pillars, coated with metal films, allows us to invert the structure and obtain arrays of triangular holes within the metal. Both fabrication methods illustrate the preparation of large arrays of nanocavities within metal films at low cost.

Gold films of different thicknesses were evaporated on top of hemispherical structures of epoxy resin with different radii, and the reflectance and transmittance were measured for optical wavelengths. Experimental results show that the reflectivity of coated hemispheres is lower than that of coated polystyrene spheres of the same size, for certain wavelength bands. The spectral position of these bands correlates with the size of the hemispheres. In contrast, etched structures on quartz coated with gold films exhibit low reflectance and transmittance values for all wavelengths measured. Low transmittance and reflectance indicate high absorbance, which can be utilized in experiments requiring light confinement.
Another Face of Health Care Disparity: Stigma of Mental Illness
Authors: Pope William Stuart
Published: August 2011

In many everyday situations, individuals with mental illness face stigma that leads to discrimination. A growing body of evidence suggests that those with mental illness experience disparities in health care and that their medical needs are often overlooked. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness to this problem. Fictional vignettes in which individuals with mental illness seek medical care are presented, followed by discussion on the role discrimination may play in the level of care these patients received. To help alleviate disparities, nurses are encouraged to advocate and speak out when they suspect discrimination is affecting the quality of care of those with mental illness.
La productividad científica argentina en Ciencias Sociales: Economía, Psicología, Sociología y Ciencia Política en el CONICET (2004-2008)
Authors: Gantman Ernesto R.
Published: August 2011

Este trabajo analiza una base de datos elaborada por el autor a partir de los curriculum vitae de 414 investigadores argentinos en economía, sociología, ciencia política y psicología con afi liación institucional en el Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Se examinan los patrones de publicación de dichos investigadores, revelándose diferentes patrones por disciplina científica. Además, se presenta un análisis de regresión multivariado, cuyos resultados indican que el lugar de formación doctoral de los investigadores está asociado en forma positiva y estadísticamente significativa al circuito de revistas científicas en las que los mismos publican.
The Design Concept Application on RMS for Tail Drive System of Civil Helicopter
Authors: Liu Wei Zhen , Ding Wen Qiang , Wang Yong Hong
Published: August 2011

To raise the market competition ability of the civil helicopter, it is required to have high technical content in RMS including reliability, maintainability, safety, supportability and testability for the new generation civil helicopter. To meet the requirements of the civil helicopter, it is decided to follow strictly the maintenance matrix from the preliminary design phase of the transmission system. To decrease the maintenance cost, the structure will be optimized during the detail design phase and checked by DMU (Digital Mockup) in VPM (Virtual Product Model) system. And to get the high safety and reliability, some advanced design technical are applied and substantiated by some new test methods. This paper explains design concept application on RMS for tail drive system of the civil helicopter by showing some practice for an example. It can provide the method and reference for the development of civil helicopter transmission system.
Dynamics Analysis of A Planetary Mechanism Soft Starter
Authors: Jiang Xue , Bao Ji Hua , Zhang Yuan , Yu Yan
Published: August 2011

For studying controlling tragedy of soft starter with disc brake, its working principle was analyzed, and system dynamics equation was established. Besides, the brake torque provided by the disc brake was counted. The analysis indicates that, for the constant load starting in uniform acceleration, the brake oil-pressure must keep invariable. The conclusions provide theoretical basis for the hydraulic and electrical controlling of soft starter.
Improve the Wear Resistant Life of the Sprag Clutch by Used the Chemical Vapor Deposition Technology
Authors: Jiang Yan Ying , Yang Zhen Rong , Shi Kai Hong
Published: August 2011

In order to improve the wear resistance of the sprag clutch under the work condition, the chemical vapor deposition technology is used on the surface of sprag. The hardness of surface is HV0.11700~2300, the thickness is 5~8μm, and the adhesion force isn’t less than 65N. In the end, the wear resistant life of the sprag surface used the chemical vapor deposition process is improved 5 times than that of the sprag surface used the physical vapor deposition process by the low cycle fatigue test. The life of the sprag clutch is effectively improved.
Study on the Calculating Method of Bending Stress for Non-Circular Gear
Authors: Li Ji Qang , Liu Zhong Ming , Zhang He Ping , Meng Ling Xian , Zhang Li Yong , Wang Zheng Bing
Published: August 2011

Profiles of non-circular gears and equivalent gears are compared in this paper, and profile differences are specifically investigated. Based on the cantilever beam theory, the calculating method of bending stress for non-circular gear is researched, and computational error by using equivalent gear instead of non-circular gear to calculate the bending stress is analyzed through the comparison of tooth form factors. Simultaneously, the numerical simulation of bending stress of non-circular gear is conducted on the basis of the FEM method. By the fitting curve comparison, the feasibility of using equivalent gear instead of non-circular gear to calculate the bending stress is testified.
Bifurcation Analysis of Impact Model in Gear Transmission System
Authors: Tang Jin Yuan , Wang Qi Bo , Wu Li Juan , Chen Si Yu
Published: August 2011

Considering the meshing gear system as an impact-contact model, the nonlinear viscoelastic contact force model is introduced to establish the impact dynamic equations. With the application of numerical integration, the bifurcation characteristics and energy dissipation are analyzed. Numeric results show that the system has complex dynamic behaviors: ①during the excitation frequency zone[0.1,1.2], many forms of periodic collisional vibration and chaotic vibration appear alternately, ②excitation frequency being ω>ω7(ω7=1.147), there are significant differences on the value of energy dissipation between the forward bifurcation diagram and backward bifurcation diagram, which indicate that the initial state has great influence on the steady responses, ③the energy dissipation reaches its peaks at ω=0.45 and ω=0.8, corresponding to multiple collisions and large relative deformation.
Effect of Shot Peened and Overload on Low Cycle Fatigue of Simulated Terminal Gear Specimen
Authors: Zhao Yong Ming , Ge Guang Cheng , Cai Xian Xin
Published: August 2011

This paper investigates the effect of shot peened and overload on low cycle fatigue of simulated terminal gear specimen using experimental method. The TC11 specimen is used for two size types of terminal gear. The results indicate that shot peened and overload can both improve the low cycle life of simulated terminal gear specimen, and the shot peened is more efficient than overload. But the research also indicates that there is no obvious difference in low cycle fatigue life between the shot-peened-overload specimen and shot-peened-non-overload specimen.