bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Criminology in its Historical Context
Authors: Spierenburg Pieter
Published: July 2016

This essay traces the origins and development of criminology from Beccaria up to about 1940, exploring the intimate connection between criminological thought and the contemporary cultural and social climate. In various ways, all pre-criminologists were influenced by the early bourgeois image of man, with free will and character building as its central tenets. Professionalization coincided with a cultural turn that greatly reduced the role of free will in human behavior, stressing instead heredity or other fixed structures. The concept of a “quest for purity” typifies the cultural undercurrent beneath all criminological theories up to 1914. The essay closes with an examination of the development of professional criminology from the late nineteenth century on, concentrating on the discipline’s contrasting fate in Germany and the Netherlands and arguing that there was no straight line from late nineteenth-century ideas about degeneration and born criminals to the racist fallacies of the Third Reich.
Histories of the Modern Prison
Authors: Meranze Michael
Published: July 2016

This essay examines the history of the prison since late the eighteenth century. Following a discussion of the origins of the reformative prison, the essay analyzes its global expansion as a tool for disciplining populations, expanding imperial control, and establishing national legitimacy. In particular, it emphasizes the dialectic between colonial and national projects and the multiple uses that the prison has come to play in states around the globe. From its origins as a local response to particular issues of crime and disruption, during the nineteenth century the prison became a sign of modernity itself. Its twentieth-century history, in the United States and across the globe, only tightened its relationship with systems of racial domination and the continuing legacy of colonial violence. The prison now marks the collapse of Enlightenment hopes for a more humane system of punishment.
The Historiography of Crime and Criminal Justice
Authors: Lawrence Paul
Published: July 2016

This essay analyzes the historiography of the field of criminal justice history. It traces the development of four broad approaches to the historical study of crime, policing, justice, and punishment from the start of the twentieth century to the present day. The four approaches identified are characterized as positivist/empirical, theoretical, social, and cultural. Concentrating primarily (but not exclusively) on works focused on the United Kingdom, the essay analyzes the development of each approach in turn, considering its antecedents and impact. The final section of the essay highlights emerging areas of research (including digital humanities projects and historical criminology) and proposes avenues for future investigation.
Terrorism and Its Policing
Authors: Bantman Constance
Published: July 2016

Between its emergence in the 1870s and the beginning of the First World War, public perception of the anarchist movement and the theoretical and legal frameworks used to comprehend and control it underwent a dual process of criminalization and internationalization. The use of terrorism by anarchists was pivotal to these evolutions, as was its reception by alarmed populations and governments faced with unprecedented forms of political violence. Anarchism became increasingly identified as a political crime sanctioned by extensive laws at the national level and, at the internal level, by comprehensive protocols and extradition and deportation measures. These changes affected most European nations and the Americas similarly, making anarchism a clear instance of the globalization of militant politics. The “battle against international anarchism” was also a catalyst in the development of an international criminal system, as it accelerated the exchange of policing models and techniques.
Introduction
Authors: Knepper Paul , Johansen Anja
Published: July 2016

ThisHandbookoffers a systematic and comprehensive guide to the historical study of crime and criminal justice. It brings together essays written by researchers who work on crime and criminal justice in the past, with an emphasis on how the interaction between history and social sciences has shaped the field. It describes the methods of historical research, noting the potential, limitations, and pitfalls of these methods. Topics range from the modeling of crime trends to problems in interpretation of crime statistics, the geography of crime, organized crime and the cultural concept of the urban underworld, prostitution, retail theft, crime museums, and the role of women in Soviet criminology. There are also sections on police, courts, and prisons as major components of criminal justice. In addition, the volume explores how approaches to crime have been influenced by cultural assumptions about crime and violence in relation to gender. This introduction discusses the purpose, structure, and conceptual issues related to how theHandbookwas assembled.
Forms of Crime
Authors: Whitlock T.
Published: July 2016

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries servants ordering goods falsely in the names of their masters and criminals posing as wealthy customers defrauded tradespeople alongside outright shoplifters and thieves. . The institution of harsh shoplifting laws in the 1600s and trade protection societies’ attempts at self-policing in the 1700s failed to stem the tide. Developments in marketing like open displays, bazaars, and the department store multiplied the opportunities for crime and led to an atmosphere of fraud that encouraged crime by both retailer and consumer. The Victorian medicalization of crime created the “kleptomaniac,” whose cases dominated the debate over shoplifting from the late nineteenth to the twentieth centuries. Newer scholarship on retail crime promises to balance studies of the gendered nature of shoplifting and the historical emphasis on the middle classes by reintroducing the importance of the less visible working-class retail criminal and expanding beyond the department store–centered focus.
Building Emotional Stability and Mental Capacity
Authors: Dienstbier Richard A. , PytlikZillig Lisa M.
Published: July 2016

Stress and aging deplete some neurochemistry and degrade various brain structures, ultimately affecting stress tolerance and cognitive capacities. However, engaging in various toughening activities prevents and even reverses the ravages of stress and aging. The toughening activities described here include mental stimulation, physical exercise, meditation, self-control, and affectionate activities. Toughening activities enhance neurochemistry and important brain structures by activating or deactivating various genes—sometimes temporarily, but sometimes for a lifetime. Those aspects of physiological toughness lead, in turn, to positive mental/psychological toughness including emotional stability, enhanced mental/cognitive abilities, and even self-control. We review research describing how much each toughening activity fosters mental/psychological toughness, and then the research showing how each activity leads to the components of physiological toughness. Finally we show how physiological toughness leads to mental/psychological toughness. We discuss the usefulness of the toughness concept by assessing the overlapping impacts of the various toughening activities.
Religion as Anthropomorphism
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: July 2016

This chapter reviews and advances a theory the author has long advocated, namely that religion may best be understood as anthropomorphism and that the latter is largely the byproduct of an evolved cognitive strategy. The strategy is to resolve uncertainty, which pervades cognition, with the logic of Pascal’s Wager: When in doubt about the nature of a phenomenon, bet on the most relevant possibility. For humans, that possibility usually is that the phenomenon is personal or has personal features or traces. From earliest infancy, we are preoccupied with persons, and our prototype of intentional agency evidently is our concept of the human mind. We interpret phenomena as personal involuntarily, automatically, and mostly unconsciously.
Plato and the Reform of Athenian Law
Authors: Piérart Marcel , Harris Edward M.
Published: July 2016

The chapter explores Plato’s views about Athenian laws, and his proposal for their reform, advanced in The Laws, in the form of new legislation for the city of Magnesia. After introducing the date and structure of the dialogue, as well as its aims and place in the context of Plato’s thought and production, the chapter examines, with a constant comparison with Athens, the constitutional arrangement of the new city, its officials, the judicial system, and the substantive laws on matters of persons and property, citizenship, family law, women, slaves and freedmen, theft, as well as homicide, assault, and wounding. The chapter highlights how Plato’s legislative project constitutes a reasoned criticism of contemporary Athenian law.
Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron B. Wildavsky,
Authors: Wegrich Kai
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments onImplementation, a book by Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky. It traces its roots to the Economic Development Agency’s Oakland project, designed to promote economic development in cities by increasing employment opportunities for minorities. It considers Pressman and Wildavsky’s account of why the Oakland program failed, as well as their central argument with regards to the role of politics and policy-making in implementation. It discusses the decline of implementation studies as the dominating subfield of public policy research and highlights some key concerns raised by Pressman and Wildavsky that continue to be influential. The chapter concludes by looking at debates about the merits of non-hierarchical coordination, informal interaction, and emergent networks.
Oliver E. Williamson,
Authors: Whitford Andrew B.
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on Oliver Williamson’s 1975 book,Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, a critical analysis of how firms operate in markets. Williamson describes a new way of understanding markets and hierarchies by using the term “New Institutional Economics” for the first time. This chapter examines Williamson’s approach and the impact of his book, first by discussing his arguments about markets and hierarchies in relation to what policy analysts sometimes call “the politics of ideas”. It then considers Williamson’s particular interest in antitrust policy as well as his thesis about transaction cost economics. Finally, it evaluates the implications of Williamson’s research for the long-term development of a politics of ideas about firms in markets.
V. O. Key, Jr.,
Authors: Wlezien Christopher
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on V. O. Key’s 1961 book,Public Opinion and American Democracy, an insightful look into the impact of public opinion on policy. Following an overview of the academic literature at the time the book was written, it discusses Key’s main arguments, including his claim that all the talk about democracy is nonsense unless mass views have some place in the shaping of policy, as well as his emphasis on “opinion dikes”—that is, the public’s impact on policy is constraining rather than directive. It also considers Key’s views about the origins and dynamics of public opinion. The chapter concludes by assessing how research on opinion and policy has evolved and is evolving, and its relationship to what Key offered in his book.
Robert K. Merton et al.,
Authors: Page Edward C.
Published: July 2016

This article offers a critique ofA Reader in Bureaucracy, by Robert K. Merton et al. It examines four themes in the papers and debates in the book, many of which were central to the study of bureaucracy in the 1950s and 1960s: the debate with Max Weber over his historical-comparative ambitions of the ‘ideal type’ of bureaucracy, formality and informality, the relationship between social stratification and bureaucracy, and the problematization of authority. The discussion outlines Weber’s perspectives on bureaucracy, particularly the ideal type of bureaucracy, his preconditions of bureaucracy, and the bureaucratizing tendencies in modern society. The chapter then turns to the problematic link between social class and status and bureaucracy, together with the role of formal rules and hierarchy in explaining bureaucratic behavior. It concludes by assessing the influence of sociology in general, and of theReaderin particular, on contemporary public policy studies.
Aaron Wildavsky,
Authors: Wehner Joachim
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on Aaron Wildavsky’s seminal work,The Politics of the Budgetary Process, an in-depth look at the norms and rules of budgeting in the United States and the stable patterns of interaction between the various actors involved. Considered a classic of public administration scholarship, the book uses a simple yet fundamental theoretical framework for analyzing budgetary decisions. After summarizing the basic elements of Wildavsky’s theory of budgetary incrementalism, the chapter discusses challenges to incrementalism that arose mainly in the context of economic and fiscal crisis that influenced the way the federal government made budgetary decisions. It then considers the relevance and importance of Wildavsky’s work on the politics of the budgetary process by highlighting several elements that have had profound implications for scholarship on budgeting.
Michael Lipsky,
Authors: Gilson Lucy L.
Published: July 2016

This chapter examinesStreet-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services, a classic work by Michael Lipsky that describes what the street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) in charge of delivering public services actually do in terms of policy implementation and how their actions differ from the policy pronouncements of central-level planners. Lipsky identifies the limits of central control over SLBs’ behavior and proposes alternative strategies for holding them accountable for their actions. Before illuminating the analytic and practice relevance of street-level bureaucracy, the chapter outlines the core features of the theory of SLBs and considers its key contributions to the field of public policy analysis. In particular, it discusses how Lipsky’s book linked public administration work to public policy and political science. Finally, the chapter analyzes the nature of administrative discretion and its political consequences, as well as how SLBs can be better supported to offer public value.
Herbert Kaufman,
Authors: Lynn Laurence E.
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses onThe Forest Ranger: A Study in Administrative Behavior, a scrupulous work of public administration scholarship authored by Herbert Kaufman. First published in 1960, the book has generated praise among professionals in forestry, sociology, public administration, and political science. It deals with so-called direct government and its primary instrument, Weberian bureaucracy. It is about the planning and work of the “lower echelons” of the Forest Service in translating policy into operating results, and more specifically about the agency’s administrative behavior. The chapter provides background on Kaufman before proceeding with a discussion of his central argument in the book. It also considers early reception of the book, especially among foresters and natural resource specialists. Finally, it analyzes Kaufman’s research design in terms of social science and concludes by evaluating whether his book can still be considered a classic in public administration.
Christopher Hood, “A Public Management for All Seasons?”
Authors: Lægreid Per
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on ‘A Public Management for all Seasons?” Authored in 1991 by Christopher Hood, the seminal chapter introduced the term “New Public Management” (NPM) for the first time to describe the reforms that had been around in the public sector in many countries, particularly English-speaking countries, since the early 1980s. The chapter summarizes the main assumptions of Hood’s paper, focusing on NPM’s seven different doctrinal components: hands-on professional management, explicit standards and measures of performance, greater emphasis on output control, disaggregation of units, greater competition, private sector styles of management, and discipline and parsimony in resource utilization. It also considers the set of doctrines proposed by Hood that combine managerialism with economic rationalism. Finally, it assesses the NPM-based administrative reforms based on the premise that effective vertical managerial accountability would translate to better performance.
Hugh Heclo, “Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment”
Authors: Schneider Volker
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on Hugh Heclo’s 1978 paper “Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment,” an innovative analysis of modern politics based on four analytical perspectives of public policy: an actor-centered or agent-based dynamic perspective, a relational perspective, a cultural or cognitive perspective, and a long-term perspective. Widely regarded as a classic in policy analysis and public administration, Heclo’s paper uses the concept of “issue networks” to describe the highly intricate and diversified webs of influence that shape modern American policy-making. This chapter discusses Heclo’s concept of issue networks within the context of the American situation in government and public administration, as well as its impact on fields such as political science.
Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones,
Authors: John Peter
Published: July 2016

This chapter examinesAgendas and Instability in American Politics(1993), a classic in public policy authored by Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones. Baumgartner and Jones criticize contemporary studies that predict stability and equilibrium in decision-making and instead offer a distinctive framework for what they call punctuated equilibrium. In particular, they argue that instability may arise due to agenda-setting by key participants in the policy process. The chapter first reviews some aspects of the intellectual environment that shaped the thinking ofAgendas and Instabilitybefore discussing the factors that made the book so important at the time it was originally published. It then summarizes the book’s arguments and empirical work and assesses its value for students and scholars of public policy. Finally, it analyses the framework set out by Baumgartner and Jones for understanding decision-making in American politics, as well as their key assumptions about American politics with respect to governments, Congress, and the Presidency, as well as other interests.
Carol H. Weiss,
Authors: Newcomer Kathryn
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on Carol Weiss’s 1972 bookEvaluation Research: Methods for Assessing Program Effectiveness, an in-depth analysis of many of the crucial and complex issues that plague evaluators and public managers. Weiss explains how the political context in which social programs work and evaluations are implemented could help program managers and evaluators improve service delivery. After summarizing Weiss’s professional and intellectual profile, this chapter considers the influence of her seminal text and the four major threads of her intellectual legacy. More specifically, it examines how evaluation research can help improve public policy-making and how program evaluation studies can be utilized. It also describes theory-based evaluation and why it matters, as well as the implications of the political nature of public programs. Finally, the chapter identifies the challenges involved in using findings for the design of evaluation studies.
Financial History and Financial Economics
Authors: Turner John D.
Published: July 2016

This chapter looks at the bidirectional relationship between financial history and financial economics. It begins by giving a brief history of financial economics by outlining the main topics of interest to financial economists. It then documents and explains the increasing influence of financial economics upon financial history, and warns of the dangers of applying financial economics unthinkingly to the study of financial history. The chapter proceeds to highlight the many insights that financial history can potentially provide to financial economics. The main conclusion finds that financial economics can potentially learn more from financial history than vice versa.
Private Banks and Private Banking
Authors: Cassis Youssef
Published: July 2016

Private banks have been defined as banks whose owners are also their managers and whose legal form is that of a partnership. This chapter emphasizes their continued relevance from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, even though they became increasingly marginalized from the 1870s. Throughout their history, private banks have had two main characteristics: a high degree of specialization, whether in a type of business (trade finance or corporate finance) or a type of customers (foreign governments, or high net worth individuals); and a reliance on networks (family networks, often combined with religious networks, especially Protestant and Jewish). The most successful private bankers (the City of London’s merchant banks and Wall Street’s investment banks) eventually turned into public companies in the 1960s, ringing the knell of private banks. Private banking re-emerged in the 1980s, no longer as a form of organization but as a banking activity: private portfolio management.
A Brief History of Investment Banking from Medieval Times to the Present
Authors: Fohlin Caroline
Published: July 2016

Investment banking taken generally to mean the financing of long-term capital needs, came into being with the merchants of medieval trade routes. In almost all developed economies of the world, even those developing late in the nineteenth century, investment bankers emerged from merchant banking roots. The provision of investment banking services has come from a variety of institutions over time and across countries. Products and services have evolved to include complex, often derivative, securities; and the legal regulation of investment banking has often changed abruptly, particularly in the last 100 years. Thus, even well-known investment banking names that have endured over the centuries bear little resemblance to their ancestors.
European Historiography in English Political Culture
Authors: Popper Nicholas
Published: July 2016

Historical study flourished in early modern Europe, as scholars and counselors adapted venerable genres and modes of analysis and devised new methods and techniques. Their works intended to advance political ends by augmenting their readers’ strategic acumen, familiarizing them with recent events, or deciphering broad providential patterns at work. Early modern England witnessed the importation of every significant form of historical work produced in this period, and these methods came to occupy a central, if variegated, place in its political culture. Above all, the interpretive model of ‘politic history’ and the techniques of continental antiquarianism became powerful ways to intervene in English politics, and editions, translations, and adaptations were disseminated by those both endorsing and challenging royal policy. At the same time, other readers plumbed their histories for empirical information, hoping that their mastery of foreign lands would earn them advancement within the regime.
The Politics of Race in England, Scotland, and Ireland
Authors: Kane Brendan , Smuts Malcolm
Published: July 2016

In Shakespeare’s period, when applied to people the word race normally referred to a lineage, rather than an ethnic group or skin colour. But there were widespread beliefs that individuals who descended from a noble or royal ‘race’ were intrinsically superior to others. This chapter demonstrates the pervasiveness of such concepts of social racism in early modern discourse, distinguishing between different varieties of racist thought. It then explores the role of racial ideas in the politics of England, Scotland and Ireland, where the Gaelic elite was heavily invested in a belief in its racial superiority to Irish peasants. The chapter concludes with a brief consideration of race in Shakespearean plays.
The Earl of Essex
Authors: Hammer Paul E. J.
Published: July 2016

This chapter summarizes the career of Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex (1565–1601), who played a central role in English affairs during the 1590s. Essex has often been caricatured as the royal favourite who lost his head, both literally and figuratively. However, Essex was a hugely consequential figure in England’s political and cultural life during the latter years of Elizabeth’s reign. His dramatic fall in February 1601 caused widespread shock and grief. Although he was defeated in the political power struggle which ultimately cost him his life, Essex looms large in the work of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, with one direct allusion to him inHenry Vand a host of probable allusions to him elsewhere in Shakespeare’s plays.
Families and Households in Early Modern London, 1550–1640
Authors: Harding Vanessa
Published: July 2016

The London family and household were shaped by many interacting factors in the period 1550–1640: the growth of the metropolitan population through migration, the prevalence of apprenticeship and domestic service, comparatively late marriage, the practice of wet-nursing, and high infant and child mortality. Widowhood and remarriage were common, leading to blended families and step-relationships. The rising cost of living, especially property values, encouraged the subdivision of houses, individual mobility, and temporary lodging arrangements. But in many respects family and household, embedded in networks of neighbourly sociability and support, were resilient and able to accommodate change. Plentiful contemporary evidence testifies to the warmth and enduring nature of relationships within and beyond their bounds, and family and household remained a keystone of early modern London society.
Garden Design and Experience in Shakespeare’s England
Authors: Morgan Luke
Published: July 2016

This chapter presents an overview of the design and experience of gardens in Shakespeare’s England. It focuses on key examples, from Hampton Court Palace, laid out by Henry VIII from the 1530s, to Henry, Prince of Wales’s Italianate garden at Richmond Palace, which was never completed due to his premature death in 1612. As well as providing a selective design history, the chapter seeks to reconstruct contemporary attitudes to landscape design during Shakespeare’s period through comparing actual gardens with literary ones such as Spenser’s ‘Bower of Bliss’ inThe Faerie Queene. It is argued that two neglected themes emerge from this comparison: first, the potentially negative connotations of the concept of the enchanted garden and, second, the cultural significance of the representation of monsters in Renaissance landscape design.
Art Collecting and Patronage in Shakespeare’s England
Authors: Goldring Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

This chapter poses the question: ‘What did it mean to be a patron or collector of art in Shakespeare’s England?’ To that end, it seeks, first, to shed light on some of the challenges inherent in any attempt to reconstruct—at a remove of nearly 500 years—patterns of early modern art collecting and patronage; and second, to trace some of the principal shifts in the aesthetic and cultural landscape of England fromc.1564 toc.1616. As this essay demonstrates, Shakespeare’s England was a world in flux, in which native, vernacular objects, ideas, and vocabulary sat cheek by jowl with foreign, imported artefacts, attitudes, and terminology. Moreover, Shakespeare’s writings, and those of some of his contemporaries, both reflect and help to illuminate the complex interaction between the traditional and the novel characteristic of Elizabethan and early Jacobean visual culture—enabling us, like Hamlet, to hold a ‘mirror up to nature’ (3.2.22).
Shakespeare, the Irish, and Military Culture
Authors: Rapple Rory
Published: July 2016

Ireland was peripheral to Shakespeare’s thinking. The notion of the sister kingdom and the existence of its inhabitants were familiar to him, but this familiarity did not lead to curiosity. Ireland and the Irish could be portrayed as bogeymen: current anxieties in London about revolting Gaelic-Irish troops in the Netherlands, the reverses the Crown army suffered in the Nine Years’ War and the corruption that Irish service visited both upon the English body politic and its servitors were all grist to the playwright’s mill. Despite Shakespeare’s diffidence on Irish matters the figures of Henry V, Falstaff and, of course, the English-Irish captain MacMorris provide real insights into the reality of how Ireland and Irish affairs were perceived by a metropolitan English audience in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century.
Egyptian—Demotic
Authors: Hoffmann Friedhelm
Published: July 2016

Demotic is a late phase of the Egyptian language and writing which began in the middle of the seventh century BCE. When after 30 BCE Egypt became part of the Roman Empire, Demotic was still widely used by the Egyptian priestly elite. A large corpus of literary, paraliterary and documentary texts has survived mainly on papyri, sherds, and as graffiti. Only in the middle of the fifth century CE, by which time Christianity was established as the state religion, does Demotic cease to exist. This chapter gives an overview of the Demotic language and writing, as well as its rich textual material and different forms and genres, and also draws the reader’s attention to the international relations (mainly with the ancient Near East and with Greece, but also e.g. with India) which can be observed in Demotic texts.
Composing in Black and White
Authors: Graham Sandra Jean
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines how Sam Lucas (1840–1916), one of the most popular black performers of the late 1870s and 1880s, was able to transcend the restrictions imposed on black entertainers in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, mainly through his songs that deploy ideologically laden codes to signify social constructions of race. Renowned for his songs, comic ingenuity, pleasing tenor voice, nimble dance steps, and dramatic intensity, Lucas holds the distinction of being the only African American to perform in the genres of blackface minstrelsy, variety and vaudeville, turn-of-the-century black musical comedy, and film (as a lead character). This chapter considers Lucas’s “black-coded” and “white-coded” songs and relates them to his deliberate attempt to manage his ambiguous position between sociocultural groups. To illuminate Lucas’s strategy of code-switching, a selective biography of Lucas based on primary sources and his own narratives is presented.
Censorship and the Politics of Reception
Authors: Paul David C.
Published: July 2016

This article examines censorship and the politics of reception by focusing on Marc Blitzstein’s opera The Cradle Will Rock. It first describes the external events that conspired to enable Blitzstein’s work to circumvent the censors, making it a legend in the history of American theater. It then considers three screenplays that translated the events connected with the premiere of The Cradle Will Rock to the big screen: the first two written separately by Ring Lardner Jr. and Orson Welles in the mid-1980s and the third written by Tim Robbins in the late 1990s. The article explains how each screenplay illustrates the fact that the relevance of censorship is open to various interpretations and can be used to serve a number of agendas.
Introduction
Authors: Kaduri Yael
Published: July 2016

The introduction to this volume describes the rationale behind the overall structure of theHandbook, starting with the question of how music and sound have become so important in recent developments in contemporary art. It discusses three aspects, which are reflected in the division of the volume into three sections. The first is the sensorial distinction between art and music; the second is the intangible physicality of sound waves, the raw material of music; and the third is music as a product of live performance. Suggesting a short survey of historical, aesthetic, theoretical, and technological developments, the introduction shows how these three pivotal cores are also threads that run through much of the volume in many different variations. It thus suggests a conceptual map of an audiovisual cultural space, emphasizing the way it creates physical comprehension of philosophical matters that are at the heart of modern and contemporary art in general.
Between Speech, Music, and Sound
Authors: Richardson John
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the growing tendency toward aestheticization of the spoken voice in cinema. It provides a taxonomy of different means of speech aestheticization, including poetic speech; accelerated and decelerated speech; wordy or dialogue-heavy soundtracks; heightened voice and dialogue in literary adaptations; fetishization of the voice; technologically manipulated speech; aesthetically marked speech resulting from distinct physical or psychological attributes; comic timing as musicality in speech; and interaction of voices with environmental sounds or aestheticized non-diegetic sounds. Undoubtedly, this phenomenon is bound up with proliferation of digital technologies, which means that previous inaudible sounds can be perceived with increased clarity and sonic manipulation is accomplished with little effort. Occupying a liminal zone between speech and song, flowing speech in cinema is suspended in the middle stage of what Rick Altman calls “audio dissolve,” where the actor in a musical inflects her speech aesthetically while transitioning into song and dance.
Showing Dance
Authors: Brandstetter Gabriele
Published: July 2016

The lecture performance is a format in contemporary dance, established since the 1990s in various pieces by choreographers and performers from different fields. This chapter draws on the history, aesthetics, and theory of the lecture performance from modern dance and the avant-garde to postmodern dance, and discusses examples of contemporary lecture performance, including Xavier Le Roy, Jérôme Bel, Lindy Annis, Martin Nachbar, among others. Starting from current definitions of “performance,” the chapter focuses on questions of the “solo”—the model of showing/demonstrating that is part of the performative and epistemic presentation of the lecture performance—and questions of gesture and movement, and shows the different formats choreographers have developed for the lecture performance. It also traces the question of media and the intersection of art forms, and shows how audiovisual media are integrated in the process of lecturing/performing.
International Financial Institutions and Market Liberalization in the Developing World
Authors: Nelson Stephen C.
Published: July 2016

This article examines the role played by the two most important international financial institutions (IFIs), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in the developing countries’ transition towards market liberalization and openness. More specifically, it considers whether IFIs are powerful “globalizers” of the developing world or ineffective organizations whose grand plans are forever thwarted by savvy governments promising sweeping reforms that never materialize. Drawing on the findings from thirty-one recent empirical studies, it concludes that there is no clear evidence that the IFIs’ conditional lending has significant effects on structural reforms in developing countries. Nevertheless, the chapter argues that we should not regard the IFIs as completely useless agents in the effort to remake developing countries’ economies over the past thirty years, suggesting that their indirect effects on liberalizing policy reforms may be more important than the direct effects.
Tropes of Continuity and Disjuncture in the Globalization of Gospel Music
Authors: Burnim Mellonnee
Published: July 2016

This chapter tracks the global circulation of gospel music, a movement enabled in part by the transnational record industry, noting in particular the ways some audiences in the African Diaspora receive and participate in the music in continuity with African American religious practice in the United States. A key interest is the way gospel music reflects religiosity and cultural experience and the transformations that can disrupt the link between these elements in global performances. The chapter traces performances and historical moments that show an encounter with the global in the careers of pioneering gospel performers, including Mahalia Jackson and Rosetta Tharpe. It then describes and analyzes the author’s experience as “performer and culture bearer” of gospel music in two transnational sites: collaborative performances in Malawi and Cuba. The author concludes that the comprehensive integrity of gospel music is presented most coherently when the music is mediated through the lens of both cultural and religious identity.
Introduction
Authors: Reily Suzel Ana , Dueck Jonathan
Published: July 2016

This introductory chapter lays the groundwork for the volume, outlining an “ethnomusicology of Christianity” directed at ways of defining and historicizing the relationship between Christianity and its musics in transnational and cross-cultural perspectives. It identifies the movement of Christian musics across space and time, tracking their circulation and transformation over a long historical canvas, as well as the broad range of modalities of encounter and exchange mediated by Christian musicking. The chapter addresses modes of musical imposition, exchange, and transformation in Western missions and colonial projects; cultural boundary openings and closings as managed musically by utopian Christian communities; Christian musics as tools for constructing and challenging “musical spaces”; Christian music within transnational flows of global capitalism; and the ways Christianity is part of musical experience in places where it is a seemingly ever-present dimension of everyday life.
The CSI Effect
Authors: Chin Jason M. , Workewych Larysa
Published: July 2016

The CSI effect posits that exposure to television programs that portray forensic science (e.g., CSI: Crime Scene Investigation) can change the way jurors evaluate forensic evidence. We review (1) the theory behind the CSI effect; (2) the perception of the effect among legal actors; (3) the academic treatment of the effect; and, (4) how courts have dealt with the effect. We demonstrate that while legal actors do see the CSI effect as a serious issue, there is virtually no empirical evidence suggesting it is a real phenomenon. Moreover, many of the remedies employed by courts may do no more than introduce bias into juror decision-making or even trigger the CSI effect when it would not normally occur. We end with suggestions for the proper treatment of the CSI effect in courts and directions for future scholarly work.
Bronze Age Mongolia
Authors: Houle Jean-Luc
Published: July 2016

This article discusses the Bronze Age in Mongolia, a period when pastoralism, mobility, and interaction between regional communities increased dramatically. It also corresponds to the heyday of monumental construction and to the development of societal complexity in this region. After briefly discussing the local Bronze Age chronology, the discussion then turns to the topic of the transition to animal husbandry and to the development of mobile, equestrian pastoralism in particular—a phenomenon that seems to have taken place during the Late Bronze Age. Following this, I examine the monumental landscape as well as what is known from “settlements” before discussing the nature of Late Bronze Age social organization and societal complexity. The article ends with a brief exposé on bronze metallurgy before highlighting what are thought to be the critical issues that continue to challenge research on the Bronze Age in the region.
Extending the Social Psychology of Racism: A Framework for Critical Analysis
Authors: Tileagă Cristian
Published: July 2016

Social psychologists, in dialogue with scholars from kindred fields, should strive to develop critical analyses of social, cultural, and political processes that justify and perpetuate racism and indignity. This chapter proposes an extension of current theorizing in the social psychology of racism toward the study of how racism is propagated and sustained through words, symbols, and material and historical practices. Racism is conceived as a cultural, historical, and societal creation, sustained through societal mechanisms of assigning, transforming, or altering the worth and dignity of specific groups. The case of anti-Romani racism in Europe reveals the potential of this approach to racism for social psychology to offer a more critical perspective on societies and to work for social justice.
A Comparison of British and American Policies for Managing Dangerous Prisoners
Authors: King Roy D.
Published: July 2016

This essay traces the development of policies regarding difficult and dangerous prisoners in Britain and the United States from the 1960s to the present day. In essence policies about dangerous prisoners in the Unites States have been driven primarily by concerns about bad behaviors inside prisons control problems whereas in Britain the driving force has been fears about escapes security risks. Although control problems and security risks can and do sometimes overlap, it is argued that the two issues can be analyzed separately and have different solutions. Failure to distinguish clearly between security and control issues has bedeviled policies in both countries, sometimes seriously undermining the legitimacy of the system concerned, and led to misunderstandings on both sides of the Atlantic. The essay is organized in three chronological periods in the hope that moving the discussion between the two countries will better bring out the similarities and differences.
Aristotelian Freedom
Authors: Keyt David
Published: July 2016

According to Aristotle, the “democratic” freedom treasured by the exponents of ancient Greek democracy has two marks, one personal and one political: (i) to live as one wishes and (ii) to rule and be ruled in turn. Though Aristotle is a critic of such freedom, it has been claimed that he has no notion of his own to set against it. This chapter counters this claim by showing the development within Aristotle’s Politics of a conception of “aristocratic” freedom that is richer than the democratic. By this aristocratic conception a person is free to the extent that he is able to live a life of politics and philosophy, and a polis is free to the extent that its institutions promote such a life for each and every citizen by removing the impediments to its realization such as unfavorable political institutions, lack of moral and intellectual education, and insufficient material resources.
Bias Amplification and Bias Unmasking
Authors: Middleton Joel A. , Scott Marc A. , Diakow Ronli , Hill Jennifer L.
Published: July 2016

In the analysis of causal effects in non-experimental studies, conditioning on observable covariates is one way to try to reduce unobserved confounder bias. However, a developing literature has shown that conditioning on certain covariates may increase bias, and the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully explored. We add to the literature on bias-increasing covariates by first introducing a way to decompose omitted variable bias into three constituent parts: bias due to an unobserved confounder, bias due toexcludingobserved covariates, and bias due to amplification. This leads to two important findings. Although instruments have been the primary focus of the bias amplification literature to date, we identify the fact that the popular approach of adding group fixed effects can lead to bias amplification as well. This is an important finding because many practitioners think that fixed effects are a convenient way to account for any and all group-level confounding and are at worst harmless. The second finding introduces the concept of biasunmaskingand shows how it can be even more insidious than bias amplification in some cases. After introducing these new results analytically, we use constructed observational placebo studies to illustrate bias amplification and bias unmasking with real data. Finally, we propose a way to add bias decomposition information to graphical displays for sensitivity analysis to help practitioners think through the potential for bias amplification and bias unmasking in actual applications.
Rethinking the Effects of Financial Globalization *
Authors: Broner Fernando , Ventura Jaume
Published: July 2016

During the past three decades, many countries have lifted restrictions on cross-border financial transactions. We present a simple model that can account for the observed effects of financial globalization. The model emphasizes the role of imperfect enforcement of domestic debts and the interactions between domestic and foreign debts. Financial globalization can lead to a variety of outcomes: (i) domestic capital flight and ambiguous effects on net capital flows, investment, and growth; (ii) capital inflows and higher investment and growth; or (iii) volatile capital flows and unstable domestic financial markets. The model shows how the effects of financial globalization depend on the level of development, productivity, domestic savings, and the quality of institutions.
Chinese manufacturing industry development strategy from the financial perspective
Authors: Pan Yuxiang , Huang Yimin , Qi Ershi
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Based on literature review, the purpose of this paper is to design a comprehensive evaluation system for pharmaceutical industry from the financial perspective, and then analyses the development strategy of Chinese pharmaceutical industry according to the data of listed companies.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper analyses the development strategy of Chinese pharmaceutical industry through building the grey dominance evaluation model including absolute degree of grey incidence model and relative degree of grey incidence model.

Findings

– Through the analysis of the grey dominance evaluation model, the authors find that four factors including total assets turnover, quick ratio, inventory turnover and current ratio can be grouped into first grade assessment indicator when evaluating the performance of Chinese pharmaceutical industry. These four indexes contain the concept of operational efficiency which shows that operation capability is the key to support the development of Chinese pharmaceutical industry, needing to be highly valued when organizations making business policy. When it comes to velocity of development, the contribution of R
&
D intensity is relatively small, which shows innovation ability of China’s pharmaceutical industry is still weak. Innovation is the lifeblood of enterprise development, needing to be improved to promote enterprise’s core competitiveness in the future development.

Originality/value

– This paper selects Y1-Y7 as the performance evaluation system of pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises, while X1-X15 as performance evaluation index system from the financial perspective, which indicated that the evaluation system is scientific and practical. The empirical result shows that the operation capability makes the largest contribution to the performance of China’s pharmaceutical industry, while R
&
D ability and the enterprise core competitive ability are weak.