bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inequality of opportunity in health service utilization among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China
Authors: Zhu Lin , Peng Mingyao , Jiang Luyan , Wang Zhonghua
Published: January 2023

Background

The inequality caused by circumstances is known as "inequality of opportunity" (IOp). Many scholars have studied IOp in the health field, but few studies have quantified contributors to the IOp of health service utilization among middle-aged and elderly people. This study measured the IOp of health service utilization and decomposed the contributors to IOp present among Chinese middle-aged and elderly people.

Methods

Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013, 2015 and 2018. A mean-based regression method was adopted to measure the IOp of health service utilization. Shapley–Shorrocks decomposition was used to analyze the main contributors to IOp seen among the middle-aged and elderly.

Results

Although the absolute IOp of health service utilization decreased over time, IOp still explains the total inequality to a large extent. The absolute IOp and relative IOp were greatest in the areas of self-treatment and inpatient care utilization, respectively. Shapley decomposition results showed that the out-of-pocket (OOP) ratio contributed most to the IOp of outpatient care utilization; and the residence area highly explains the IOp of inpatient service utilization. Meanwhile, social and economic factors such as work status and income contribute more to the IOp of inpatient care utilization than outpatient and self-treatment.

Conclusions

Strategies aimed at achieving equal opportunities remain necessary to ensure the fairness of health service utilization. Policies and measures should further adjust the medical insurance compensation policies, and pay more attention to the middle-aged and elderly residents in rural areas, optimize health resource allocation, improve the social security systems, and narrow the socioeconomic gap between urban and rural areas in China.
Retraction Note: Mechanisms for protecting children’s rights and the role of psychological services in the juvenile justice system of Russia against the background of international practices
Authors: Orsayeva Raissa , Vasyaev Alexander , Shestak Viktor
Published: January 2023

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00242-6.
Growth, yield and fiber quality characteristics of Bt and non-Bt cotton cultivars in response to boron nutrition
Authors: MEHRAN Muhammad , ASHRAF Muhammad , SHAHZAD Sher Muhammad , SHAKIR Muhammad Siddique , AZHAR Muhammad Tehseen , AHMAD Fiaz , ALVI Alamgir
Published: January 2023

Background

Boron (B) deficiency is an important factor for poor seed cotton yield and fiber quality. However, it is often missing in the plant nutrition program, particularly in developing countries. The current study investigated B's effect on growth, yield, and fiber quality of Bt (CIM-663) and non-Bt (Cyto-124) cotton cultivars. The experimental plan consisted of twelve treatments: Control (CK); B at 1 mg·kg−1soil application (SB1); 2 mg·kg−1B (SB2); 3 mg·kg−1B (SB3); 0.2% B foliar spray (FB1); 0.4% B foliar spray (FB2); 1 mg·kg−1B + 0.2% B foliar spray (SB1 + FB1); 1 mg·kg−1B + 0.4% B foliar spray (SB1 + FB2); 2 mg·kg−1B + 0.2% B foliar spray (SB2 + FB1); 2 mg·kg−1B + 0.4% B foliar spray (SB2 + FB2); 3 mg·kg−1B + 0.2% B foliar spray (SB3 + FB1); 3 mg·kg−1B + 0.4% B foliar spray (SB3 + FB2). Each treatment has three replications, one pot having two plants per replication.

Results

B nutrition at all levels and methods of application significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected the growth, physiological, yield, and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars. However, SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray showed superiority over others, particularly in the non-Bt cultivar which responded better to B nutrition. Maximum improvement in monopodial branches (345%), sympodial branches (143%), chlorophyll-a (177%), chlorophyll-b (194%), photosynthesis (169%), and ginning out turn (579%) in the non-Bt cultivar was found with SB2 compared with CK. In Bt cultivar, although no consistent trend was found but integrated use of SB3 with foliar spray performed relatively better for improving cotton growth compared with other treatments. Fiber quality characteristics in both cultivars were improved markedly but variably with different B treatments.

Conclusion

B nutrition with SB2 either alone or in combination with foliar spray was found optimum for improving cotton's growth and yield characteristics.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E-5 is required for spermiogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Shao Lisa , Fingerhut Jaclyn M. , Falk Brook L. , Han Hong , Maldonado Giovanna , Qiao Yuemeng , Lee Vincent , Hall Elizabeth , Chen Liang , Polevoy Gordon , Hernández Greco , Lasko Paul , Brill Julie A.
Published: January 2023

Drosophila sperm development is characterized by extensive post-transcriptional regulation whereby thousands of transcripts are preserved for translation during later stages. A key step in translation initiation is the binding of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) to the 5′ mRNA cap. In addition to canonical eIF4E-1, Drosophila has multiple eIF4E paralogs, including four (eIF4E-3, -4, -5, and -7) that are highly expressed in the testis. Among these, only eIF4E-3 has been characterized genetically. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we determined that eIF4E-5 is essential for male fertility. eIF4E-5 protein localizes to the distal ends of elongated spermatid cysts, and eIF4E-5 mutants exhibit defects during post-meiotic stages, including a mild defect in spermatid cyst polarization. eIF4E-5 mutants also have a fully penetrant defect in individualization, resulting in failure to produce mature sperm. Indeed, our data indicate that eIF4E-5 regulates non-apoptotic caspase activity during individualization by promoting local accumulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitor Soti. Our results further extend the diversity of non-canonical eIF4Es that carry out distinct spatiotemporal roles during spermatogenesis.
A near-miss diagnosis of necrotizing breast fasciitis complicated by atrial fibrillation secondary to septic focus: a case report and brief review of literature
Authors: Klapper Rachel Jane , Horn Benjamin Joseph Michael , Amalraj Benedict , Venkataraj Maamannan , Sheikh Mohammad Abdurrehman , Pullmann Dominika , Malikayil Kiran , Wooliscroft Jeffrey
Published: January 2023

Necrotizing fasciitis of the breast is a rare, life-threatening entity characterized by a rapidly aggressive infection of the soft tissue. There are few literature reports on necrotizing fasciitis at the level of the breast tissue as the most common locations are within the abdominal wall or extremities, but this entity can lead to sepsis and systemic multiorgan failure if not adequately managed. Here, we report a case that highlights the course of a 68-year-old African American female with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, who presented with the complaint of a painful right breast abscess with intermittent, purulent drainage. An initial point-of-care ultrasound displayed an area of induration of the right breast as well as soft tissue edema with no identifiable fluid collection. A subsequent CT abdomen and pelvis was obtained given new onset abdominal pain, which demonstrated incidental findings of inflammatory changes and subcutaneous emphysema along with colonic diverticulosis. Surgical intervention was immediately sought for which she underwent debridement and exploration of the right breast with findings that were consistent with necrotizing transformation. The patient was sent back to the OR for an additional surgical debridement the next day. Of note, the patient had post-op atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response and had to be admitted to the ICU for conversion to sinus rhythm. She returned to sinus rhythm and was transferred back to medicine before application of a negative pressure wound dressing on discharge. The patient was transitioned from Enoxaparin to Apixaban for anticoagulation control in the setting of atrial fibrillation before being discharged to a Skilled Nursing Facility with long-term antibiotics. This case highlights the difficulty and significance in establishing a prompt diagnosis for necrotizing fasciitis.
Applications and future of aptamers that achieve rapid-onset anticoagulation
Authors: Yu Haixiang , Frederiksen James , Sullenger Bruce A.
Published: January 2023

In this short Perspective, we discuss the history of, and recent progress toward, the development of aptamers that can serve as rapid onset anticoagulants during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and catheter-based diagnostic and interventional procedures, several million of which are performed each year worldwide. Aptamer anticoagulants provide potent and antidote-controllable anticoagulation and have low immunogenicity. New methods of aptamer isolation and engineering have not only improved the quality of aptamers, but also accelerated their development. Unfortunately, no aptamer identified to date can produce an anticoagulant effect as potent as that produced by unfractionated heparin (UFH), the standard anticoagulant for CPB. We have suggested several possible strategies to amplify the anticoagulant potency of existing aptamer anticoagulants.
Special congenital dacryocystocele
Authors: Han Li-po , Wang Feng-xian , Zhang Cheng-yue
Published: January 2023

Congenital Dacryocystocele is a rare disease of the eye and nose, which originates from congenital obstruction of lacrimal duct system, but accounts for a low proportion in congenital obstruction of lacrimal duct system. We present a case of congenital dacryocystocele to analyze the clinical features and to explore the clinical treatment effect of special congenital dacryocyst protrusion.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6819

How to cite this: Han L, Wang F, Zhang C. Special congenital dacryocystocele. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(2):---------.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6819

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Effect of Butylphthalide combined with Oxiracetam on cognitive function, Intellectual recovery and serum inflammatory factors in patients with cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction
Authors: Jiang Wenxin , Yu Xiao-dong , Deng Yanqing
Published: January 2023

Objective: To evaluate the effect of butylphthalide combined with oxiracetam on cognitive function, intellectual recovery and serum inflammatory factors in patients with cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction.

Methods: This is a Clinical comparative study. A total of 80 patients with cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction who visited Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine from January 2020 to January 2022 were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the control group were treated with oral oxiracetam combined with routine treatment. Patients in the study group were given butylphthalide combined with oxiracetam on the basis of routine treatment. Compare the clinical effect, cognitive function and intellectual recovery, inflammatory factor level changes, CBV, CBF, MTT and other cerebral blood flow perfusion indicators, as well as post-treatment incidence of adverse drug reactions in the two groups of patients.

Results: The efficacy of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p=0.03). After treatment, the levels of CBV and CBF in the study group were higher than those in the control group, the levels of TNF-α, CRP and IL-6 were significantly lower than those of the control group, while MTT was shorter than that in the control group, with statistically significant difference (p=0.00). Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference that the MMSE score and MOCA score of the study group were higher than those of the control group (p=0.00).

Conclusion: Butylphthalide combined with oxiracetam has an obvious curative effect in the treatment of patients with cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction. It is a safe and effective therapeutic option that can significantly recover cognitive function and intelligence, improve cerebral blood flow perfusion and reduce inflammatory factors, without an obvious increase in adverse reactions.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6901

How to cite this: Jiang W, Yu X, Deng Y. Effect of Butylphthalide combined with Oxiracetam on cognitive function, Intellectual recovery and serum inflammatory factors in patients with cognitive impairment after cerebral infarction. Pak J Med Sci. 2023;39(2):---------.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.39.2.6901

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Model predictive control of sun-coupled innovative heat pumps: a comparison of economic and environmental optimizations
Authors: Roure Robin , Chèze David , Vallée Mathieu
Published: January 2023

Background: Heating and cooling in buildings represents a significant amount of the energy demand in the EU, but the market penetration of renewable solutions is still marginal. The SunHorizon project aims at proving the viability and benefits of innovative coupling between heat pumps and various advanced solar panels.

Methods: This study focuses on the optimal operation strategies of a technological package composed of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) panels, a gas driven heat pump and a hot water storage tank. In this work, a model predictive control is developed, based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization. This model uses innovative elements compared to traditional model predictive control (MPC), with environmental indicators for the electricity grid accounting for imports, co-simulation with TRNSYS using the transmission control protocol (TCP) and modelling of inter-seasonal storage for long and short-term decisions.

The usual minimization of costs is compared to two new optimization approaches, which aims to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and maximizing renewable use.

Results and conclusions: The results of the optimization of costs and GHG emissions show that gains can be found within the variations in time series related to the electricity grid, but the overall operation strategies remain similar. Optimization of renewable share and self-consumption is another path for control strategy, but with less economic and environmental performance.
Scoping review protocol on research prioritisation for preparedness and response to outbreaks of high consequence pathogens
Authors: Antonio Emilia , Chepkirui Dorothy , Levanita Shanthi , Ibrahim Susan Khader , Foster Isabel , Harriss Eli , Sigfrid Louise , Norton Alice
Published: January 2023

Background: Prioritisation of research activities for infectious disease pathogens is usually undertaken through the identification of important research and knowledge gaps. Research prioritisation is an essential element of both effective responses to disease outbreaks and adequate preparedness. There is however currently no published mapping of activities on and evidence from research prioritisation for high consequence pathogens. The objectives of this review are to map all published research prioritisation exercises on high-consequence pathogens; provide an overview of methodologies employed for prioritising research for these pathogens; describe monitoring and evaluation processes for research areas prioritised; and identify any standards and guidance for effectively undertaking research prioritisation activities for high consequence pathogens.

Methods: The Joanna Briggs Institute guidance of scoping review conduct will be used. The search will be undertaken using the key terms of “research prioritisation”, “response”, “control”, and related terms, and a list of high-consequence pathogens derived from WHO (2020), EMERGE (2019), Europe CDC (2022) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (2021). We will search WHO Global Index Medicus; Ovid Medline; Ovid Embase; Ovid Global Health; and Scopus. Backward citations review of the included full text documents will also be conducted. Google Scholar and Overton will be searched for grey literature. Two independent reviewers will screen the retrieved documents using Rayyan and extract data in a data extraction template in Microsoft Excel 2021. Screening results will be presented using the PRISMA-ScR template with narrative synthesis undertaken for the extracted data.

Conclusion: This review will map existing research priorities for high consequence pathogens. Further, it will provide an understanding of methodologies used for prioritisation, processes for monitoring and evaluation of progress made against research agendas, and evidence on standards that could be recommended for effective prioritisation of research for high consequence pathogens.
Tic-“tack”-toe, out I go: A strategic implementation of flexible bronchoscopy in the removal of an aspirated thumbtack
Authors: Tasnim Saria , Mohanakrishnan Balaji , Ray Nandini , Patel Manish
Published: January 2023

Thumbtack aspiration is a medical emergency as the sharp end poses a risk of injuring the respiratory tract and potentially causing fatal complications. Its removal can be difficult, even under bronchoscopy guidance, as the sharp end can potentially lead to bronchial mucosal tears and perforation. We present a case of a 16-year-old male who was admitted following the unintentional ingestion of a thumbtack which was removed via flexible bronchoscopy. These sharp metal objects are commonly removed using rigid bronchoscopy, but removal by flexible bronchoscopy, although challenging, is still possible.
Relapsing polychondritis presenting as otitis externa
Authors: Benjamin Lee  , Peterson Christopher , Joshua Peterson  , Lacy Mark
Published: January 2023

Relapsing polychondritis remains a challenging diagnosis with cartilage inflammation being the hallmark disease pathology. Typical presentations include inflammation of auricular cartilage and joints, although multiple sites can be affected. Symptoms often overlap with other diseases and diagnosis is often delayed. Neurologic symptoms are rare and are attributed to CNS vasculitis. Here we report a rare case of relapsing polychondritis with neurological symptoms. This case illustrates both the challenges of diagnosis and the need to consider relapsing polychondritis in cases of cartilaginous inflammation.
Carotid cavernous fistula presenting as orbital cellulitis
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Benjamin Lee  , Mark Lacy
Published: January 2023

Carotid cavernous fistula is a serious vascular pathology that is commonly misdiagnosed due to clinical signs that overlap with several other pathologies and the need for sensitive imaging techniques, most notably digital subtraction angiography, to make the diagnosis. Here we present a case of carotid cavernous fistula mimicking orbital cellulitis, ultimately diagnosed with magnetic resonance venography.
Clinical forum: Running medicines training for ruminant farmers
Authors: Button Ellie , Hart Kat , Howard Rebecca , Potter Tim , Walker Claire , Warboys Tom
Published: January 2023

Increasing numbers of veterinary practices are running courses on the safe and effective use of veterinary medicines. During the last 5 years, demonstration of medicines competence has become increasingly important as part of the farm assurance process. It is now compulsory for Red Tractor assured beef, sheep and dairy farmers to have undertaken recent and suitable medicines training. The correct use of veterinary medicines provides an essential contribution to many topical issues; including antimicrobial and anthelmintic resistance, animal welfare and consumer safety. This article discusses the requirements and content of a medicines course and then draws on the experience of a panel of veterinary surgeons to explore the various approaches to running a medicines course as a veterinary practice.
A DESCRIPTIVE-EXPLANATORY APPROACH TO EUPHEMIZATION: THE TRANSLATION OF THE "PAINTED BIRD" INTO TURKISH
Authors: Kansu-Yetkiner Neslihan , Aktener Ilgin
Published: January 2023

Euphemization regarding sexually-loaded texts should not merely be considered as a translator’s personal choice, but as an alternative strategy to handle multifaceted dynamics of publishing world, especially efficient in the case of restrictive publishing contexts, which might require evasion to ensure trouble-free publication and to minimize the risk of censorship, prohibition, and confiscation. This study examines the treatment of sexually-loaded scenes by the two Turkish translators of Painted Bird, Polish-American writer Jerzy Kosinski’s master-work of a shattered post-War Europe, and to explore the strategies used in the target text to mirror and propagate ideological hegemony in Turkish context, focusing on the euphemization processes. The theoretical framework was built upon Descriptive-Explanatory Translation Studies (Toury 1995: 33; 1998: 11) (henceforth DETS) backed by Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA) in which Fairclough’s (1992a: 4; 1992b: 213) three-dimensional model consisting of text, discursive practices and social practices creates a supportive plane. DETS employed in this perspective throws light on translators’ incorporation of euphemistic strategies as preemptive attempts to minimize social and political risks as the reflections of the internal dynamics of the country.
Experiencias de soledad y dependencia en (algunas) personas mayores hospitalizadas. La crisis de los cuidados como un reto para el Trabajo Social.
Authors: Casas Martí Joan
Published: January 2023

A partir de una aproximación cualitativa, se exploran los factores socioculturales que explican y significan las soledades de algunas personas mayores. Los resultados apuntan a que la pérdida de funcionalidad subyacente a algunos procesos de salud-enfermedad, y la consecuente necesidad de un mayor cuidado social que no siempre puede ser satisfecha, se convierten en una coyuntura a través de la cual la soledad puede hacerse patente, escenificándose, en ocasiones, en los procesos de hospitalización. La crisis de los cuidados se ha situado como un marco explicativo sobre el que estas experiencias individuales trascienden al sujeto, reconociendo su dimensión política y social.
Range selective phase-shifting frequency-modulated digital holography with temporal-heterodyning
Authors: Hammond Cole , Babbitt Wm. Randall , Mohan R. Krishna
Published: January 2023

We demonstrate that a time of flight (TOF) camera can be used to
perform range selective temporal-heterodyne frequency-modulated
continuous wave digital holography (TH FMCW DH). The modulated arrayed
detection of a TOF camera allows efficient integration of holograms at
a selected range with range resolutions significantly less than the
optical system’s depth of field. TH FMCW DH also allows for
on-axis geometries to be achieved, where background light not at the
internal modulation frequency of the camera is filtered out. Range
selective TH FMCW DH imaging was achieved for both image holograms and
Fresnel holograms using on-axis DH geometries. A 2.39 GHz FMCW
chirp bandwidth resulted in a DH range resolution of
6.3 cm.
Investigation into the structure of crystalline maltodextrin particles by second harmonic generation microscopy
Authors: Bennett Elisha , Harvey MacAulay , Cisek Richard , Tokarz Danielle
Published: January 2023

Crystalline maltodextrin particles (CMPs) were investigated using polarization-sensitive second harmonic generation (PSHG) microscopy to determine changes in their crystalline organization due to crystal type (A- and B-type) and hydration for application as starch model systems. Optimization of their synthesis resulted in intense SHG emission, exceeding maize starch granules. PSHG data showed that CMPs have a radial macrostructure with respect to their nucleation regions, fitted ρ values of 2-6, and some similar hydration variations, mimicking starch granules and validating that CMPs may be used as a model system for improved understanding of the SHG properties and applications of starch granules.
Multi-period planning in metro-aggregation networks exploiting point-to-multipoint coherent transceivers
Authors: Mohammad Hosseini Mohammad , Pedro João , Napoli Antonio , Costa Nelson , Prilepsky Jaroslaw E. , Turitsyn Sergei K.
Published: January 2023

This paper proposes an integer linear programming framework to optimize the multi-period planning of metro-aggregation networks exploiting point-to-multipoint coherent pluggable transceivers and a filterless line system architecture. We investigate several planning strategies to minimize capital expenditure caused by transceiver cost based on the predictability horizon of traffic and availability of transceivers during planning while considering operational expenses (OpEx) as well. The results obtained by evaluating a deployed reference network provide evidence of reductions in transceiver cost between 20% and 32% compared to that in the point-to-point approach, and the OpEx can be reduced by around 30% at the expense of a 10% increase in transceiver cost over a five-year planning period.
Neural-network-powered pulse reconstruction from one-dimensional interferometric correlation traces
Authors: Kolesnichenko Pavel , Zigmantas Donatas
Published: January 2023

Any ultrafast optical spectroscopy experiment is usually accompanied by the necessary routine of ultrashort-pulse characterization. The majority of pulse characterization approaches solve either a one-dimensional (e.g., via interferometry) or a two-dimensional (e.g., via frequency-resolved measurements) problem. Solution of the two-dimensional pulse-retrieval problem is generally more consistent due to the problem's over-determined nature. In contrast, the one-dimensional pulse-retrieval problem, unless constraints are added, is impossible to solve unambiguously as ultimately imposed by the fundamental theorem of algebra. In cases where additional constraints are involved, the one-dimensional problem may be possible to solve, however, existing iterative algorithms lack generality, and often stagnate for complicated pulse shapes. Here we use a deep neural network to unambiguously solve a constrained one-dimensional pulse-retrieval problem and show the potential of fast, reliable and complete pulse characterization using interferometric correlation time traces determined by the pulses with partial spectral overlap.
Characterization of Transverse Mode Instability with a 4-Quadrant Photodiode
Authors: Kholaif Sobhy , Jauregui Cesar , Tu Yiming , Limpert Jens
Published: January 2023

Transverse mode instability (TMI) represents the main limitation for the power scaling of fiber laser systems with a diffraction-limited beam quality. In this context, it has become increasingly important to find a cheap and reliable way to monitor and characterize TMI and distinguish this effect from other dynamic perturbations. In this work, with the help of a position-sensitive detector, a novel method is developed to characterize the TMI dynamics even in the presence of power fluctuations. The position information of the fluctuating beam is recorded in the X- and Y-axis of the detector, which are used to track the temporal evolution of the center of gravity of the beam. The trajectories described by the beam within a specific time window contain rich information about TMI, which can be used to gain further insight into this phenomenon.
Radiative transfer equation-based color prediction and color adjustment strategies
Authors: Glöckler Felix , Reitzle Dominik , Gierke Anna-Maria , Kienle Alwin
Published: January 2023

This paper discusses different strategies for color prediction and matching. While many groups use the two-flux model, i.e. Kubelka-Munk theory, or its extensions, we introduce a solution of the PN-approximation of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) with modified Mark-boundaries for the prediction of transmittance and reflectance of turbid slabs with or without a glass layer on top. To demonstrate the capabilities of our solution we present a way to prepare samples with different scatterers and absorbers where we can control and predict the optical properties and discuss three color matching strategies, namely the approximation of the scattering and absorption coefficient, the adjustment of the reflectance, and the direct matching of the color value L*a*b*.
The World Health Organization’s Disease Outbreak News: A retrospective database
Authors: Carlson Colin J. , Boyce Matthew R. , Dunne Margaret , Graeden Ellie , Lin Jessica , Abdellatif Yasser Omar , Palys Max A. , Pavez Munir , Phelan Alexandra L. , Katz Rebecca
Published: January 2023

The World Health Organization (WHO) notifies the global community about disease outbreaks through the Disease Outbreak News (DON). These online reports tell important stories about both outbreaks themselves and the high-level decision making that governs information sharing during public health emergencies. However, they have been used only minimally in global health scholarship to date. Here, we collate all 2,789 of these reports from their first use through the start of the Covid-19 pandemic (January 1996 to December 2019), and develop an annotated database of the subjective and often inconsistent information they contain. We find that these reports are dominated by a mix of persistent worldwide threats (particularly influenza and cholera) and persistent epidemics (like Ebola virus disease in Africa or MERS-CoV in the Middle East), but also document important periods in history like the anthrax bioterrorist attacks at the turn of the century, the spread of chikungunya and Zika virus to the Americas, or even recent lapses in progress towards polio elimination. We present three simple vignettes that show how researchers can use these data to answer both qualitative and quantitative questions about global outbreak dynamics and public health response. However, we also find that the retrospective value of these reports is visibly limited by inconsistent reporting (e.g., of disease names, case totals, mortality, and actions taken to curtail spread). We conclude that sharing a transparent rubric for which outbreaks are considered reportable, and adopting more standardized formats for sharing epidemiological metadata, might help make the DON more useful to researchers and policymakers.
The integration of tuberculosis and HIV testing on GeneXpert can substantially improve access and same-day diagnosis and benefit tuberculosis programmes: A diagnostic network optimization analysis in Zambia
Authors: Girdwood Sarah , Pandey Mayank , Machila Trevor , Warrier Ranjit , Gautam Juhi , Mukumbwa-Mwenechanya Mpande , Benade Mariet , Nichols Kameko , Shibemba Lunda , Mwewa Joseph , Mzyece Judith , Lungu Patrick , Albert Heidi , Nichols Brooke , Choonga Powell
Published: January 2023

Diagnostic network optimization (DNO), a geospatial optimization technique, can improve access to diagnostics and reduce costs through informing policy-makers’ decisions on diagnostic network changes. In Zambia, viral load (VL) testing and early infant diagnosis (EID) for HIV has been performed at centralized laboratories, whilst the TB-programme utilizes a decentralized network of GeneXpert platforms. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended point-of-care (POC) EID/VL to increase timely diagnosis. This analysis modelled the impact of integrating EID/VL testing for children and pregnant/breastfeeding-women (priority-HIV) with TB on GeneXpert in Zambia. Using OptiDx, we established the baseline diagnostic network using inputs for testing demand (October 2019-September 2020), referrals, testing sites, testing platforms, and costs for HIV/TB testing (transport, test, device) respectively in Zambia. Next, we integrated priority-HIV testing on GeneXpert platforms, historically only utilized by the TB-programme. 228,265 TB tests were conducted on GeneXpert devices and 167,458 (99%) of priority-HIV tests on centralized devices at baseline, of which 10% were tested onsite at the site of sample collection. With integration, the average distance travelled by priority-HIV tests decreased 10-fold (98km to 10km) and the proportion tested onsite increased (10% to 48%). 52% of EID tests are likely to be processed within the same-day from a baseline of zero. There were also benefits to the TB-programme: the average distance travelled/specimen decreased (11km to 7km), alongside potential savings in GeneXpert device-operating costs (30%) through cost-sharing with the HIV-programme. The total cost of the combined testing programmes reduced marginally by 1% through integration/optimization. DNO can be used to strategically leverage existing capacity to achieve the WHO’s recommendation regarding POC VL/EID testing. Through DNO of the Zambian network, we have shown that TB/HIV testing integration can improve the performance of the diagnostic network and increase the proportion of specimens tested closer to the patient whilst not increasing costs.
Happiness and associated factors amongst pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates: The Mutaba’ah Study
Authors: Ali Nasloon , Elbarazi Iffat , Al-Maskari Fatima , Loney Tom , Ahmed Luai A.
Published: January 2023

Objective

Prenatal happiness and life satisfaction research are often over-shadowed by other pregnancy and birth outcomes. This analysis investigated the level of, and factors associated with happiness amongst pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates.

Methods

Baseline cross-sectional data was analyzed from the Mutaba’ah Study, a large population-based prospective cohort study in the UAE. This analysis included all expectant mothers who completed the baseline self-administered questionnaire about sociodemographic and pregnancy-related information between May 2017 and July 2021. Happiness was assessed on a 10-point scale (1 = very unhappy; 10 = very happy). Regression models were used to evaluate the association between various factors and happiness.

Results

Overall, 9,350 pregnant women were included, and the majority (60.9%) reported a happiness score of ≥8 (median). Higher levels of social support, planned pregnancies and primi-gravidity were independently associated with higher odds of being happier; adjusted odds ratio (aOR (95% CI): 2.02 (1.71–2.38), 1.34 (1.22–1.47), and 1.41 (1.23–1.60), respectively. Women anxious about childbirth had lower odds of being happier (aOR: 0.58 (0.52–0.64).

Conclusion

Self-reported happiness levels were high among pregnant women in the UAE. Health services enhancing social support and promoting well-being during pregnancy and childbirth may ensure continued happiness during pregnancy in the UAE.
Urban form and its impacts on air pollution and access to green space: A global analysis of 462 cities
Authors: Rezaei Nazanin , Millard-Ball Adam
Published: January 2023

A better understanding of urban form metrics and their environmental outcomes can help urban policymakers determine which policies will lead to more sustainable growth. In this study, we have examined five urban form metrics–weighted density, density gradient slope, density gradient intercept, compactness, and street connectivity–for 462 metropolitan areas worldwide. We compared urban form metrics and examined their correlations with each other across geographic regions and socioeconomic characteristics such as income. Using the K-Means clustering algorithm, we then developed a typology of urban forms worldwide. Furthermore, we assessed the associations between urban form metrics and two important environmental outcomes: green space access and air pollution. Our results demonstrate that while higher density is often emphasized as the way to reduce driving and thus PM2.5 emissions, it comes with a downside–less green space access and more exposure to PM2.5. Moreover, street connectivity has a stronger association with reduced PM2.5 emissions from the transportation sector. We further show that it is not appropriate to generalize urban form characteristics and impacts from one income group or geographical region to another, since the correlations between urban form metrics are context specific. Our conclusions indicate that density is not the only proxy for different aspects of urban form and multiple indicators such as street connectivity are needed. Our findings provide the foundation for future work to understand urban processes and identify effective policy responses.
Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on glycemic control, and weight reduction in adults: A multivariate meta-analysis
Authors: Yeh Tzu-Lin , Tsai Ming-Chieh , Tsai Wen-Hsuan , Tu Yu-Kang , Chien Kuo-Liong
Published: January 2023

Aims

To explore the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RAs) on glycemic control and weight reduction in adults.

Methods

Databases were searched from August 2021 to March 2022. Data were analyzed using mean difference (MD) values with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Both random-and fixed-effect models were employed. Heterogeneity was explored using pre-specified subgroup analyses and meta-regression. Structural equation modeling fitting was used for the multivariate meta-analysis.

Results

A total of 31 double-blind randomized controlled trials with 22,948 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The MD and 95% CI of the pooled GLP1-RA-induced change in the glycated hemoglobin level was -0.78% (-0.97%, -0.60%) in the random-effects model and -0.45% (-0.47%, -0.44%) in the fixed-effect model, with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 97%). The pooled body weight reduction was -4.05 kg (-5.02 kg, -3.09 kg) in the random-effects model and -2.04 kg (-2.16 kg, -1.92 kg) in the fixed-effect model (I2 = 98%). The standardized pooled correlation coefficient between HbA1c levels and body weight was -0.42. A negative correlation between glycemic control and weight reduction was obtained.

Conclusion

Long-acting GLP-1 RAs significantly reduced the glycated hemoglobin level and body weight in adults.
Cryptic diversity in Zoraptera: Latinozoros barberi (Gurney, 1938) is a complex of at least three species (Zoraptera: Spiralizoridae)
Authors: Kočárek Petr , Horká Ivona
Published: January 2023

The order Zoraptera contains relatively few species, but current molecular phylogenetic studies suggest an unexpectedly high level of cryptic diversity in the order with many overlooked species based on morphology alone.LatinozorosKukalova-Peck & Peck, 1993 represents the only genus of monotypic Latinozorinae (Zoraptera: Spiralizoridae) with only one species described,L.barberi(Gurney, 1938), until now. Although this species has been repeatedly reported from a number of locations in South and Central America, it is likely a complex of unrecognized species. Here, we present a molecular phylogenetic reconstruction revealing three genetically distinct lineages inLatinozoros, and we also present detailed morphological comparisons that prove the species status ofLatinozoros cacaoensissp. nov. from French Guiana andL.gimmelisp. nov. from the Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Panama. The results indicate that the species previously referred toL.barberiis actually a species complex that includesL.barberi, the new species described here, and perhaps other species.
Becoming a tree with a tree
Authors: Arlander Annette
Published: January 2023

This text reflects on an artistic practice based on repeated visits to chosen trees, performing for camera with them in the context of the project ‘Meetings with Remarkable and Unremarkable Trees’. The individual daily practice of becoming a tree, based on a yoga exercise, together with a variety of trees, is complemented with a collective online performance, the ‘Be-coming Tree’ event. The daily practice brought to the fore the tension between a heightened perceptual awareness of the bodymind while balancing and the awareness of the tree and the broader environment. Noticing the tension between an inward and an outward focus, the text proposes that sustaining this very tension is relevant for developing an ecologically informed consciousness of our co-dependency with other life forms, such as trees.
Being human now: The theatre of protest
Authors: Solomons Zoë
Published: January 2023

In this personal account of a moment participating in a large group protest, the author reflects on how her training and experience as a performer, body-based therapist and parent have sensitized her to ecological destruction and equipped her to play a part in the ‘theatre of protest’: Non-violent direct action (NVDA). The author attributes her confidence while participating in protest to skills gained from embodied practices. This may lead the reader to reflect on the ways in which their own embodiment supports them in eco-somatic or eco-justice contexts and/or a variety of life practices. NVDA could be considered inherently embodied, in that it is the strategy of this form of protest for the bodies and actions of protestors to express the messages they want to communicate. When art is used in NVDA the artist may describe themselves as an ‘artivist’. This account endeavours to convey an embodied experience of NVDA, including emotions that arise as a result of active acceptance of the subject of the protest: climate and ecological breakdown. Specifics of time, place and collaborators are intentionally omitted from the narrative and accompanying photo, so as to evoke rather than document the themes described. This omission in text and image serves to protect the identities of protesters and anonymise the author’s role in protest movements. In addition, the choice to focus on the sensory/embodied quality rather than the specifics or academic qualifiers of the experience invites the reader to connect with the humanity that can be present in NVDA.
Body and Awareness, Sandra Reeve (ed.) (2021)
Authors: de Wet Micia
Published: January 2023

Review of: Body and Awareness, Sandra Reeve (ed.) (2021)

Axminster: Triarchy, 278 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-91374-300-0, p/bk, £20
Short‐term removal of exercise impairs glycemic control in older adults: A randomized trial
Authors: Reynolds Leryn J. , Williams Troy M. , Harden Joel E. , Twiddy Hannah M. , Kearney Monica L.
Published: January 2023

Postprandial glycemia (PPG) predicts cardiovascular disease, and short‐term physical inactivity increases PPG in young, active adults. Whether this occurs in older, active adults who may be more prone to bouts of inactivity is unknown. This study determined if postprandial interstitial glucose (PPIG) was impaired in active older adults following the removal of exercise for 3 days (NOEX) compared to active young adults. In this randomized, crossover study, 11 older (69.1 ± 1.9 years) and 9 young (32.8 ± 1.8 years) habitually active (≥90 min/week of exercise) adults completed 3‐days of NOEX and 3‐days of normal habitual exercise (EX), separated by ≥1 week. Diet was standardized across phases. Glycemic control (3‐day average) was assessed via continuous glucose monitoring during both phases. Significant main effects of age and phase were detected (p < 0.05), but no interaction was found for steps/day (p > 0.05) (old EX: 6283 ± 607, old NOEX: 2380 ± 382 and young EX: 8798 ± 623, young NOEX: 4075 ± 516 steps/day). Significant main effects of age (p = 0.002) and time (p < 0.001) existed for 1‐h PPIG, but no effect of phase or interactions was found (p > 0.05). Significant main effects (p < 0.05) of age (old: 114 ± 1 mg/dl, young: 106 ± 1 mg/dl), phase (NOEX: 112 ± 1 mg/dl, EX: 108 ± 1 mg/dl), and time (0 min: 100 ± 2, 30 min: 118 ± 2, 60 min: 116 ± 2, 90 min: 111 ± 2, 120 min: 108 ± 2 mg/dl) in 2‐h PPIG were detected, but no interaction was found (p > 0.05). However, only significant main effects of phase (NOEX: 14 ± 1 and EX:12 ± 1, p > 0.05) were found for 24‐h blood glucose standard deviation. Older adults appear to have impaired glycemic control compared to young adults and exercise removal impairs glycemic control in both populations. Yet, the impairment in glycemic control with exercise removal is not different between old and young adults.
Asymptotic stability of equilibria for difference equations via fixed points of enriched Prešić operators
Authors: Păcurar Mădălina
Published: January 2023

We introduced a new general class of Prešić-type operators, by enriching the known class of Prešić contractions. We established conditions under which enriched Prešić operators possess a unique fixed point, proving the convergence of two different iterative methods to the fixed point. We also gave a data dependence result that was finally applied in proving the global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium of a certain k-th order difference equation.
Mild depolymerization of alkaline lignin in a formic acid-choline chloride type deep eutectic solvent system
Authors: Li Penghui , Li Xiaoyu , Jiang Zhengwei , Xu Xuewen , Jin Yongcan , Wu Wenjuan
Published: January 2023

The degradation of lignin can generate a variety of products with diverse applications. Lignin is abundant on earth; however, its high molecular weight and stable properties impede its development. Currently, acid-catalyzed degradation of lignin is a relatively common and promising catalytic method, particularly DES catalytic degradation, which is not only environmentally friendly but also features an excellent degradation effect. This report discusses the degradation mechanism and effect of the formic acid-choline chloride DES system for the degradation of alkaline lignin. According to fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, it is evident that the phenolic hydroxyl content of lignin increases after degradation, which indicates the cleavage of β-O-4′ ether bonds in the macromolecular structure. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was employed to determine the molecular weight of degraded lignin, and regenerated lignin with low molecular weight and low dispersibility was obtained. The minimum average molecular weight (M

w
) was 2.3 × 103 g/mol. During the depolymerization process, it was also discovered that the repolymerization and degradation reactions formed a competitive relationship. The lignin oil contained primarily propanoic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid butyl ester, 2-methoxy-4-propyl phenol, 2-methoxy phenol, and apocynin, as determined by GC-MS.