bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iridium in Tungsten Trioxide Matrix as an Efficient Bi‐Functional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting in Acidic Media
Authors: Li Pengsong , Duan Xinxuan , Kuang Yun , Sun Xiaoming
Published: October 2021

Electrocatalytic water splitting in acidic media is a promising strategy for grid scale production of hydrogen using renewable energy, but challenges still exist in the development of advanced catalysts with both high activity and stability. Herein, it is reported that iridium doped tungsten trioxide (Ir‐doped WO3) with arrayed structure and confined Ir sites is an efficient and durable bi‐functional catalyst for overall acidic water splitting. A low overpotential (258 mV) is required to achieve an oxygen evolution reaction current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 m H2SO4 solution. Meanwhile, Ir‐doped WO3 processes a similar intrinsic activity to Pt/C toward hydrogen evolution reaction. Overall water splitting using the bi‐functional Ir‐doped WO3 catalyst shows low cell voltages of 1.56 and 1.68 V to drive the current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, with only 16 mV decay observed after 60 h continuous electrolysis under the current density of 100 mA cm−2. Structural analysis and density functional theory calculation indicate that the adjusted coordination environment of Ir within the crystalline matrix of WO3 contributes to the high activity and durability.
A Review on Recent Advances for Boosting Initial Coulombic Efficiency of Silicon Anodic Lithium Ion batteries
Authors: Sun Lin , Liu Yanxiu , Wu Jun , Shao Rong , Jiang Ruiyu , Tie Zuoxiu , Jin Zhong
Published: October 2021

Rechargeable silicon anode lithium ion batteries (SLIBs) have attracted tremendous attention because of their merits, including a high theoretical capacity, low working potential, and abundant natural sources. The past decade has witnessed significant developments in terms of extending the lifespan and maintaining high capacities of SLIBs. However, the detrimental issue of low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) toward SLIBs is causing more and more attention in recent years because ICE value is a core index in full battery design that profoundly determines the utilization of active materials and the weight of an assembled battery. Herein, a comprehensive review is presented of recent advances in solutions for improving ICE of SLIBs. From design perspectives, the strategies for boosting ICE of silicon anodes are systematically categorized into several aspects covering structure regulation, prelithiation, interfacial design, binder design, and electrolyte additives. The merits and challenges of various approaches are highlighted and discussed in detail, which provides valuable insights into the rational design and development of state‐of‐the‐art techniques to deal with the deteriorative issue of low ICE of SLIBs. Furthermore, conclusions and future promising research prospects for lifting ICE of SLIBs are proposed at the end of the review.
Verification of Carrier Concentration‐Dependent Behavior in Water‐Infiltration‐Induced Electricity Generation by Ionovoltaic Effect
Authors: Jin Huding , Park Junwoo , Yoon Sun Geun , Lee Won Hyung , Cho Yong Hyun , Han Junghyup , Yin Zhenxing , Kim Youn Sang
Published: October 2021

Water‐infiltration‐induced power generation has the renewable characteristic of generating electrical energy from ambient water. Importantly, it is found that the carrier concentration in semiconductor constituting the energy generator seriously affect the electricity generation. Nevertheless, few studies are conducted on the influence of semiconductor carrier concentration, a crucial factor on electricity generation. Due to this, understanding of the energy harvesting mechanism is still insufficient. Herein, the semiconductor carrier concentration‐dependent behavior in water‐infiltration‐induced electricity generation and the energy harvesting mechanism by ionovoltaic effect are comprehensively verified. A clue to enhance the electric power generation efficiency is also proposed. When 20 µL of water (NaCl, 0.1 m) infiltrates into a porous CuO nanowires film (PCNF), electric power of ≈0.5 V and ≈1 µA are produced for 25 min. Moreover, the PCNF shows good practicability by generating electricity using various ambient water, turning on LEDs, and being fabricated as a curved one.
Optically Controlled Ultrafast Terahertz Metadevices with Ultralow Pump Threshold
Authors: Lou Jing , Xu Xing , Huang Yindong , Yu Ying , Wang Jun , Fang Guangyou , Liang Jiangang , Fan Chunhai , Chang Chao
Published: October 2021

Arming metasurface with active materials furnishes a feasible solution to dynamically control over terahertz (THz) waves, which is extremely significant for the realization of upcoming sixth generation telecommunications. However, the present active materials are mainly limited to single external driving field, hindering the capability of metasurface for flexible manipulation of THz waves. Besides, less attention has been paid to the energy question how to significantly reduce the pump threshold for achieving the desired function. Here, a germanium (Ge) hybrid Fano metasurface under dual‐stimulus control is experimentally demonstrated. Photoexcitation of Ge thin film enables 100% modulation depth of Fano resonance and ultrafast switching time within 10 ps. By adding current‐bias, the pump threshold to modulate the metasurface is greatly reduced from 1600 to 200 µJ cm−2. Different from the optical modulation independent of film thickness, it is found that the current function is in proportion with the thickness of Ge thin film. Moreover, it is demonstrated that compared to the single optical‐stimulus, the THz amplitude modulation is increased by 56.3% under dual‐stimulus function. This work naturally improves the flexibility and practicality of Ge‐based metadevice and inspires more innovations to boost the development of switchable sensing, lasing spacer, and nonlinear systems.
Aenigmanu, a new genus of Picramniaceae from Western Amazonia
Authors: Thomas William Wayt , Hensold Nancy , Foster Robin , Ree Richard H. , Soares Neto Raimundo Luciano
Published: October 2021

An unusual tree was collected in the Manu National Park in Peru in 1973 and although recollected many times, remained unidentified for decades. Preliminary molecular analysis indicated that it belonged to the Picramniaceae, even though the vegetative features were discordant. Using the nuclear marker ITS and the chloroplast marker rbcL, sequences were analyzed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. The molecular analyses and study of the morphology showed that it is a new genus and species of Picramniaceae, herein described as Aenigmanu alvareziae. We provide a full morphological description, illustrations, and a distribution map of the new taxon, as well as a revised key to the genera of Picramniaceae.
Epitypification of the Linnaean name Crepis bursifolia (Asteraceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Fortini Paola , Di Pietro Romeo
Published: October 2021

The epitypification of the Linnaean name Crepis bursifolia is discussed. An illustration from Boccone's Museo di piante rare della Sicilia, Malta, Corsica, Italia, Piemonte, e Germania was correctly designated as lectotype by Jiménez López & al. in 2013 according to Art. 7.11 of the ICN. However, this image lacks some of the important characters required for a critical identification of the species (i.e., hairiness of receptacle, length of achenes, number of ribs on the achene surface, and presence of a distinct apical beak on the achene). Following Art. 9.9 of the ICN, an epitype deposited at HFLA is selected to serve as an interpretative type of the lectotype of C. bursifolia.
Nano‐selenium attenuates mitochondrial‐associated apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT pathway in nickel‐induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Wang Caixia , Gu Zhangyu , Gu Xueyan , Tan Xinyue , Wang Shuang , Zhang Rui , Li Ruifen , Sun Mingkun , Gui Chunyan , Li Sheng , Ye Yixing , Ma Jianhua , Su Li , Liang Changhao
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Nano‐Se against nickel (Ni)‐induced hepatotoxicity and the potential mechanism. Hence, we constructed in vivo and in vitro models of Ni‐induced hepatotoxicity. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to nickel sulfate (NiSO4, 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without Nano‐Se (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, oral gavage) co‐administration for 14 days, and HepG2 cells were exposed to NiSO4 (1500 μM) with or without Nano‐Se (20 μM) for 24 h. Nano‐Se obviously prevented Ni‐induced hepatotoxicity indicated by ameliorating pathological change and decreasing Ni accumulation in rat livers. Ni induced a significant increase in hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSH‐Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, decreased the glutathione (GSH) content while compared to those in the control group. Nano‐Se administration improved the hepatic antioxidant capacity through increase hepatic GSH contents and GSH‐Px activity, decrease the activities of SOD, CAT, and MDA level. Nano‐Se improved the cell viability, decreased active oxygen (ROS) generation and ameliorated morphological changes of nuclear structures in Ni‐treated HepG2 cells. In addition, Nano‐Se inhibited the Ni‐induced increases of cytochrome c, caspase‐9, cleaved caspase‐3, increased PI3K and AKT phosphorylation both in vivo and in vitro. Besides, the PI3K inhibitor Y294002 could inhibit the protective effects of Nano‐Se on apoptosis. Thus, Nano‐Se significantly activates PI3K/AKT signaling to ameliorate apoptosis in Ni‐induced hepatotoxicity.
Diestrous diabetes mellitus remission in a Yorkshire terrier bitch
Authors: Staroňová Radka , Kožár Martin , Horňáková Ľubica , Fialkovičová Mária
Published: October 2021

Remission of diabetes mellitus in dogs is a very rare condition. In our case, the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus in the nine‐ year‐old Yorkshire terrier bitch disappeared three months after a therapeutic ovariohysterectomy. The diagnosis of diestrous diabetes mellitus, requiring insulin supplementation, was confirmed on the basis of anamnesis, symptomatology, clinical examination and specific laboratory tests. The chosen therapy and a change in diet led to the stabilization of the patient and its preparation for surgery. Repeated follow‐ups, consisting of control blood samplings for glucose and progesterone levels and urinanalysis, has ensured control of insulin therapy and proper insulin dosing. Three weeks after ovariohysterectomy, normoglycaemia, confirmed by control trials, resulted in gradual discontinuation of insulin administration. The stable health status of the patient two months after the performance of therapeutic ovariohysterectomy confirmed the remission of the disease without the need for further insulin supplementation and regular monitoring.
Abatement of water nutrient load in a fish culture system using the aquatic trophic levels
Authors: Poorbagher Hadi , Rafiee Gholamreza , Rezaei Tavabe Kamran , Moezzi Fateh
Published: October 2021

Integrated aquatic systems are used to decrease the nutrient loads of effluents negating the negative environmental impacts of aquacultural systems. Some of these systems have a separate algae compartment requiring high maintenance. An integrated culture system was set up with different trophic levels: algae, zooplankton, and fish. The algal tank was in‐line with the fish and zooplankton components to minimize the maintenance required for the algae. A control flow‐through system was also set up without the algae and zooplankton compartments. The systems were run for 6 weeks, and water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, NO3, NO2, NH4, and PO4 concentrations were measured. A removal rate was determined for each water parameter and the densities of the algae and zooplankton species were measured in each compartment of the integrated system. The concentrations of most nutrients in the integrated system were similar to those of the control system. The density of algae increased during the first 3 weeks and remained almost stable until the end of the experiment. There was an inverse relationship between the densities of two zooplankton suggesting compensatory effects on the control of the algal bloom. The integrated system improved water quality with minimal algal culture maintenance, water exchange, and no fish mortality.

Practitioner Points

An integrated system could effectively reduce the nutrient load of water.

Water replacement in the integrated system was significantly lower than that of a flow through system.

The inline plankton culture tanks decreased greatly the maintenance of the system.
Increased risk for COVID‐19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated patients with substance use disorders in the United States between December 2020 and August 2021
Authors: Wang Lindsey , Wang QuanQiu , Davis Pamela B. , Volkow Nora D. , Xu Rong
Published: October 2021

Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) are at increased risk for COVID‐19 infection and for adverse outcomes of the infection. Though vaccines are highly effective against COVID‐19, their effectiveness in individuals with SUDs might be curtailed by compromised immune status and a greater likelihood of exposures, added to the waning vaccine immunity and the new SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. In a population‐based cohort study, we assessed the risk, time trends, outcomes and disparities of COVID‐19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated SUD patients starting 14 days after completion of vaccination. The study included 579,372 individuals (30,183 with a diagnosis of SUD and 549,189 without such a diagnosis) who were fully vaccinated between December 2020 and August 2021, and had not contracted COVID‐19 infection prior to vaccination. We used the TriNetX Analytics network platform to access de‐identified electronic health records from 63 health care organizations in the US. Among SUD patients, the risk for breakthrough infection ranged from 6.8% for tobacco use disorder to 7.8% for cannabis use disorder, all significantly higher than the 3.6% in non‐SUD population (p<0.001). Breakthrough infection risk remained significantly higher after controlling for demographics (age, gender, ethnicity) and vaccine types for all SUD subtypes, except for tobacco use disorder, and was highest for cocaine and cannabis use disorders (hazard ratio, HR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.30‐3.25 for cocaine; HR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.39‐2.66 for cannabis). When we matched SUD and non‐SUD individuals for lifetime comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic determinants of health, the risk for breakthrough infection no longer differed between these populations, except for patients with cannabis use disorder, who remained at increased risk (HR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.22‐1.99). The risk for breakthrough infection was higher in SUD patients who received the Pfizer than the Moderna vaccine (HR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.31‐1.69). In the vaccinated SUD population, the risk for hospitalization was 22.5% for the breakthrough cohort and 1.6% for the non‐breakthrough cohort (risk ratio, RR=14.4, 95% CI: 10.19‐20.42), while the risk for death was 1.7% and 0.5% respectively (RR=3.5, 95% CI: 1.74‐7.05). No significant age, gender and ethnic disparities for breakthrough infection were observed in vaccinated SUD patients. These data suggest that fully vaccinated SUD individuals are at higher risk for breakthrough COVID‐19 infection, and this is largely due to their higher prevalence of comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic determinants of health compared with non‐SUD individuals. The high frequency of comorbidities in SUD patients is also likely to contribute to their high rates of hospitalization and death following breakthrough infection.
Submerging islands through thermalization
Authors: Balasubramanian Vijay , Craps Ben , Khramtsov Mikhail , Shaghoulian Edgar
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We illustrate scenarios in which Hawking radiation collected in finite regions of a reservoir provides temporary access to the interior of black holes through transient entanglement “islands.” Whether these islands appear and the amount of time for which they dominate — sometimes giving way to a thermalization transition — is controlled by the amount of radiation we probe. In the first scenario, two reservoirs are coupled to an eternal black hole. The second scenario involves two holographic quantum gravitating systems at different temperatures interacting through a Rindler-like reservoir, which acts as a heat engine maintaining thermal equilibrium. The latter situation, which has an intricate phase structure, describes two eternal black holes radiating into each other through a shared reservoir.
K-subadditive and K-superadditive set-valued functions bounded on “large” sets
Authors: Jabłońska Eliza , Nikodem Kazimierz
Published: October 2021

We prove that every K–subadditive set–valued map weakly K–upper bounded on a “large” set (e.g. not null–finite, not Haar–null or not a Haar–meager set), as well as any K–superadditive set–valued map K–lower bounded on a “large” set, is locally K–lower bounded and locally weakly K–upper bounded at every point of its domain.
Parameter identification of a second-gradient model for the description of pantographic structures in dynamic regime
Authors: Shekarchizadeh Navid , Laudato Marco , Manzari Luca , Abali Bilen Emek , Giorgio Ivan , Bersani Alberto Maria
Published: October 2021

Pantographic structures are examples of metamaterials with such a microstructure that higher-gradient terms’ role is increased in the mechanical response. In this work, we aim for validating parameters of a reduced-order model for a pantographic structure. Experimental tests are carried out by applying forced oscillation to 3D-printed specimens for a range of frequencies. A second-gradient coarse-grained nonlinear model is utilized for obtaining a homogenized 2D description of the pantographic structure. By inverse analysis and through an automatized optimization algorithm, the parameters of the model are identified for the corresponding pantographic structure. By comparing the displacement plots, the performance of the model and the identified parameters are assessed for dynamic regime. Qualitative and quantitative analyses for different frequency ranges are performed. A good agreement is present far away from the eigenfrequencies. The discrepancies near the eigenfrequencies are a possible indication of the significance of higher-order inertia in the model.
Implementierung eines individualisierbaren tabletbasierten Trainingsprogramms im Anschluss an eine Parkinson-Komplexbehandlung in der Häuslichkeit – Erfolgsfaktoren und Barrieren
Authors: Wagner Lynn , Deck Ruth
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität ist bei Morbus Parkinson von großer Relevanz. Im Rahmen des Projekts „Individualisiertes Trainingsprogramm für Parkinson-Patienten“ (ParkProTrain) wurde ein individualisierbares tabletbasiertes Programm zur Unterstützung eines individuellen Eigentrainings entwickelt und über einen Zeitraum von 9 Monaten in der Häuslichkeit erprobt. Patienten wurden zur Machbarkeit der Nutzung und zur Zufriedenheit befragt.

Methodik

Patienten, die das Programm im Anschluss an eine stationäre multimodale Komplexbehandlung bei Morbus Parkinson (Parkinson-Komplexbehandlung, PKB) in der Häuslichkeit nutzten, wurden zu zwei Zeitpunkten (9 und 36 Wochen nach PKB) im Rahmen qualitativer Interviews befragt.

Ergebnisse

Das Programm half den Patienten über die gesamte Interventionszeit hinweg, motiviert zu bleiben. Es bot ihnen sowohl Struktur als auch Flexibilität für die Entwicklung einer eigenen Trainingsroutine. Als positive Aspekte (Erfolgsfaktoren) wurden u. a. benannt: die Einführungsseminare in der Klinik, die enge Betreuung während der Interventionszeit, die Fundiertheit und der Parkinson-Bezug, die Machbarkeit und die Handhabbarkeit des Programms sowie die individualisierten Trainingspläne. Patienten geben aber auch Hinweise, wie das Programm noch optimiert werden könnte (Barrieren).

Diskussion

Das Programm unterstützt die Patienten bereits erfolgreich mit einer Vielzahl aktivitätsfördernder Ideen. Es konnten weitere Empfehlungen für zukünftige Vorhaben abgeleitet werden, die verstärkt beachtet werden sollten: Parkinson-Spezifität und Individualisierbarkeit des Programms, örtlich und zeitlich flexibles Training, enge und persönliche Betreuung über die gesamte Studienlaufzeit hinweg und eine einfach erlernbare und handhabbare Technik.
Hart–Mas-Colell consistency and the core in convex games
Authors: Dietzenbacher Bas , Sudhölter Peter
Published: October 2021

This paper formally introduces Hart–Mas-Colell consistency for general (possibly multi-valued) solutions for cooperative games with transferable utility. This notion is used to axiomatically characterize the core on the domain of convex games. Moreover, we characterize all nonempty solutions satisfying individual rationality, anonymity, scale covariance, superadditivity, weak Hart–Mas-Colell consistency, and converse Hart–Mas-Colell consistency. This family consists of (a) the Shapley value, (b) all homothetic images of the core with the Shapley value as center of homothety and with positive ratios of homothety not larger than one, and (c) their relative interiors.
A possible role of gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis (nES GEMMA) in extracellular vesicle research
Authors: Steinberger Stephanie , Karuthedom George Sobha , Lauková Lucia , Weiss René , Tripisciano Carla , Birner-Gruenberger Ruth , Weber Viktoria , Allmaier Günter , Weiss Victor U.
Published: October 2021

The emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as biomarkers and their envisioned therapeutic use require advanced techniques for their detailed characterization. In this context, we investigated gas-phase electrophoresis on a nano electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (nES GEMMA, aka nES differential mobility analyzer, nES DMA) as an alternative to standard analytical techniques. In gas-phase electrophoresis, single-charged, surface-dry, native, polydisperse, and aerosolized analytes, e.g., proteins or bio-nanoparticles, are separated according to their electrophoretic mobility diameter, i.e., globular size. Subsequently, monodisperse particles are counted after a nucleation step in a supersaturated atmosphere as they pass a focused laser beam. Hence, particle number concentrations are obtained in accordance with recommendations of the European Commission for nanoparticle characterization (2011/696/EU from October 18th, 2011). Smaller sample constituents (e.g., co-purified proteins) can be detected next to larger ones (e.g., vesicles). Focusing on platelet-derived EVs, we compared different vesicle isolation techniques. In all cases, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) confirmed the presence of vesicles. However, nES GEMMA often revealed a significant co-purification of proteins from the sample matrix, precluding gas-phase electrophoresis of less-diluted samples containing higher vesicle concentrations. Therefore, mainly peaks in the protein size range were detected. Mass spectrometry revealed that these main contaminants belonged to the group of globulins and coagulation-related components. An additional size exclusion chromatography (SEC) step enabled the depletion of co-purified, proteinaceous matrix components, while a label-free quantitative proteomics approach revealed no significant differences in the detected EV core proteome. Hence, the future in-depth analysis of EVs via gas-phase electrophoresis appears feasible.

Graphical abstract
Shipbuilding capacity optimization using shipbuilding demand forecasting model
Authors: Wada Yujiro , Hamada Kunihiro , Hirata Noritaka
Published: October 2021

The shipbuilding industry has been drastically affected by demand fluctuations. Currently, it faces intense global competition and a crisis because of an imbalance between supply and demand. This imbalance of supply and demand is caused by an excess of shipbuilding capacity. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has considered adjusting the shipbuilding capacity to reduce the imbalance based on the demand forecast. On the other hand, demand forecast of shipbuilding is a complex issue because the demand is influenced indirectly by adjustments in shipbuilding capacity. Therefore, it is important to examine the influence of construction capacity adjustments on the future demand of ships based on demand forecasting for the sustainable growth of the shipbuilding industry. In this study, shipbuilding capacity adjustment is considered using a proposed simulation system based on a demand-forecasting model. Additionally, the system dynamics model of a previous study is improved by developing a ship price-prediction model for evaluating the shipbuilding capacity-adjustment scenario. We conduct simulations using the proposed demand-forecasting model and system to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model and system. Furthermore, several shipbuilding capacity-adjustment scenarios are discussed using the proposed system.
Clinical study showing a lower abundance of Neisseria in the oral microbiome aligns with low birth weight pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Ye Changchang , You Meng , Huang Ping , Xia Zhongyi , Radaic Allan , Tang Jing , Wu Wanhong , Wu Yafei , Kapila Yvonne
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The objective of this study was to examine the association between the oral microbiome and pregnancy outcomes, specifically healthy or preterm low birth weight (PLBW) in individuals with and without periodontal disease (PD).

Material and methods

In this prospective clinical trial, we recruited 186 pregnant women, 17 of whom exhibited PD and delivered PLBW infants (PD-PLBW group). Of the remaining women, 155 presented PD and delivered healthy infants; 18 of these subjects with similar periodontal condition and age matched to the PD-PLBW group, and they became the PD-HD group. From the total group, 11 women exhibited healthy gingiva and had a healthy delivery (HD) and healthy infants (H-HD group), and 3 exhibited healthy gingiva and delivered PLBW infants (H-PLBW group). Periodontal parameters were recorded, and subgingival plaque and serum were collected during 26–28 gestational weeks. For the plaque samples, microbial abundance and diversity were accessed by 16S rRNA sequencing.

Results

Women with PD showed an enrichment in the genus Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Filifactor, whereas women with healthy gingiva showed an enrichment in Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Corynebacterium, independently of the birth status. Although no significant difference was found in the beta diversity between the 4 groups, women that had PLBW infants presented a significantly lower abundance of the genus Neisseria, independently of PD status.

Conclusion

Lower levels of Neisseria align with preterm low birth weight in pregnant women, whereas a higher abundance of Treponema, Porphyromonas, Fretibacterium, and Filifactor and a lower abundance of Streptococcus may contribute to periodontal disease during pregnancy.

Clinical relevance

The oral commensal Neisseria have potential in the prediction of PLBW.
Markets Within the Limit of Feasibility
Authors: Silver Kenneth
Published: October 2021

The ‘limits of markets’ debate broadly concerns the question of when it is (im)permissible to have a market in some good. Markets can be of tremendous benefit to society, but many have felt that certain goods should not be for sale (e.g., sex, kidneys, bombs). Their sale is argued to be corrupting, exploitative, or to express a form of disrespect. InMarkets without Limits, Jason Brennan and Peter Jaworski have recently argued to the contrary: For any good, as long as it is permissible to give it for free, then it is permissible to give it for money. Their thesis has led to a number of engaging objections, and I leverage recent work on the nature of feasibility within political philosophy to offer a new challenge.

I argue that feasibility offers a constraint on which markets can be permissibly implemented. Though it may be possible to create a morally acceptable version of an otherwise repugnant market, some of these markets may be infeasible, and so we are not permitted to implement them. After laying out this challenge, I consider several replies. They concern the relevance of feasibility, and whether any markets really are infeasible. This provides an opportunity to explore the dangers of pursuing the infeasible and with markets generally. I conclude by considering what might lead us to pursue these markets despite their infeasibility, or how knowledge of infeasibility may prove useful regardless.
Comparison Between Surface and Near-Surface Residual Stress Measurement Techniques Using a Standard Four-Point-Bend Specimen
Authors: Rahimi S. , Violatos I.
Published: October 2021

Background

Determination of near-surface residual stresses is challenging for the available measurement techniques due to their limitations. These are often either beyond reach or associated with significant uncertainties.

Objective

This study describes a critical comparison between three methods of surface and near-surface residual stress measurements, including x-ray diffraction (XRD) and two incremental central hole-drilling techniques one based on strain-gauge rosette and the other based on electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI).

Methods

These measurements were performed on standard four-point-bend beams of steel loaded to known nominal stresses, according to the ASTM standard. These were to evaluate the sensitivity of different techniques to the variation in the nominal stress, and their associated uncertainties.

Results

The XRD data showed very good correlations with the surface nominal stress, and with superb repeatability and small uncertainties. The results of the ESPI based hole-drilling technique were also in a good agreement with the XRD data and the expected nominal stress. However, those obtained by the strain gauge rosette based hole-drilling technique were not matching well with the data obtained by the other techniques nor with the nominal stress. This was found to be due to the generation of extensive compressive residual stress during surface preparation for strain gauge installation.

Conclusion

The ESPI method is proven to be the most suitable hole-drilling technique for measuring near-surface residual stresses within distances close to the surface that are beyond the penetration depth of x-ray and below the resolution of the strain gauge rosette based hole-drilling method.
Pubertal development in 46,XY patients with NR5A1 mutations
Authors: Mönig Isabel , Schneidewind Julia , Johannsen Trine H. , Juul Anders , Werner Ralf , Lünstedt Ralf , Birnbaum Wiebke , Marshall Louise , Wünsch Lutz , Hiort Olaf
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Mutations in the NR5A1 gene, encoding the transcription factor Steroidogenic Factor-1, are associated with a highly variable genital phenotype in patients with 46,XY differences of sex development (DSD). Our objective was to analyse the pubertal development in 46,XY patients with NR5A1 mutations by the evaluation of longitudinal clinical and hormonal data at pubertal age.

Methods

We retrospectively studied a cohort of 10 46,XY patients with a verified NR5A1 mutation and describe clinical features including the external and internal genitalia, testicular volumes, Tanner stages and serum concentrations of LH, FSH, testosterone, AMH, and inhibin B during pubertal transition.

Results

Patients who first presented in early infancy due to ambiguous genitalia showed spontaneous virilization at pubertal age accompanied by a significant testosterone production despite the decreased gonadal volume. Patients with apparently female external genitalia at birth presented later in life at pubertal age either with signs of virilization and/or absence of female puberty. Testosterone levels were highly variable in this group. In all patients, gonadotropins were constantly in the upper reference range or elevated. Neither the extent of virilization at birth nor the presence of Müllerian structures reliably correlated with the degree of virilization during puberty.

Conclusion

Patients with NR5A1 mutations regardless of phenotype at birth may demonstrate considerable virilization at puberty. Therefore, it is important to consider sex assignment carefully and avoid irreversible procedures during infancy.
Disparities in Youth Sports and Barriers to Participation
Authors: Pandya Nirav Kiritkumar
Published: October 2021

Purpose of Review

Youth sports participation has shifted from a school-based, seasonal activity to club-based, year-round activity over the past 10–15 years. Single sport specialization has become increasingly common with a concurrent increase in injury and burnout. Paralleling trends seen in other aspects of health care, disparities in regard to participation in youth sports, and subsequent injury treatment exist as well. Recognition of these disparities amongst coaches, parents, and athletes involved in youth sports are essential to promote the short- and long-term health of pediatric and adolescent athletes.

Recent Findings

Multiple barriers exist for youth in regard to sports participation. Youth who come from families without extensive financial means are increasingly finding it difficult to play organized sports, with this trend holding when broken down by insurance status (public versus private). This problem is further exacerbated by the lack of community-based programming in locations where organized (albeit expensive) options do not exist. The lack of athletic trainers increases the divide, as well as the care that injured athletes receive (particularly in public schools within communities of color) is not equivalent to schools with extensive financial resources. Thus, ability to quickly return to play after injury and/or access the health care system is limited. This is further exemplified by inferior outcomes in regard to care for anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus, shoulder instability, and concussions in this population.

Youth sports participation is laden with multiple disparities. This is unfortunately reflective of historical barriers to opportunities/advancements in multiple other areas of society. These disparities place certain groups of children at an uphill battle not only for participation when healthy, but also returning to participation when injured. Larger structural changes in youth sports are necessary to promote life-long, healthy physical activities for individuals most at risk.
Steering Representations—Towards a Critical Understanding of Digital Twins
Authors: Korenhof Paulan , Blok Vincent , Kloppenburg Sanneke
Published: October 2021

Digital Twins are conceptualised in the academic technical discourse as real-time realistic digital representations of physical entities. Originating from product engineering, the Digital Twin quickly advanced into other fields, including the life sciences and earth sciences. Digital Twins are seen by the tech sector as the new promising tool for efficiency and optimisation, while governmental agencies see it as a fruitful means for improving decision-making to meet sustainability goals. A striking example of the latter is the European Commission who wishes to delegate a significant role to Digital Twins in addressing climate change and supporting Green Deal policy. As Digital Twins give rise to high expectations, ambitions, and are being entrusted important societal roles, it is crucial to critically reflect on the nature of Digital Twins. In this article, we therefore philosophically reflect on Digital Twins by critically analysing dominant conceptualisations, the assumptions underlying them, and their normative implications. We dissect the concept and argue that a Digital Twin does not merely fulfil the role of being a representation, but is in fact a steering technique used to direct a physical entity towards certain goals by means of multiple representations. Currently, this steering seems mainly fuelled by a reductionist approach focused on efficiency and optimisation. However, this is not the only direction from which a Digital Twin can be thought and, consequently, designed and deployed. We therefore set an agenda based on a critical understanding of Digital Twins that helps to draw out their beneficial potential, while addressing their potential issues.
Applying elastic‐net regression to identify the best models predicting changes in civic purpose during the emerging adulthood
Authors: Han Hyemin , Dawson Kelsie J.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Changes in civic purpose during the emerging adulthood has been a significant research topic since it is closely associated with active civic engagement later in human lives. While standard regression methods have been used in previous studies to predict civic purpose development, they have limitations that may not always lead to best prediction models. We aimed to address these limitations by utilizing elastic‐net multinomial logistic regression, which favors models with the least number of necessary predictors, in exploration of predictors for civic purpose development in a data‐driven manner.

Methods

We analyzed data from the longitudinal Civic Purpose Project while focusing on the model that best predicted civic purpose from Wave 1 (12th grade before high school graduation) to Wave 2 (two years after Wave 1). The reanalyzed data included responses from 476 participants (60.29% females, 39.08% males) who were recruited from Californian high schools in the United States and completed the survey at both Waves. The elastic‐net regression was performed 5000 times for predicting three dependent variables, Wave 2 political purpose, community service purpose, and expressive activity purpose, with Wave 1 predictors. We identified which predictors were selected as the constituents of the best regression models during the elastic‐net regression process.

Results

Results showed that civic purpose, moral and political identity, and external supports (e.g., parental and peer involvement, school civic opportunities, etc.) in Wave 1 significantly predicted civic purpose in Wave 2. Several predictors were excluded from the regression models during the elastic‐net regression process.

Conclusion

We found that the elastic‐net regression was able to present the more regularized model for prediction. Implications for promoting civic purpose are discussed as well as utilizing the elastic‐net regression method.
Diffusion approximation of multi-class Hawkes processes: Theoretical and numerical analysis
Authors: Chevallier Julien , Melnykova Anna , Tubikanec Irene
Published: October 2021

Oscillatory systems of interacting Hawkes processes with Erlang memory kernels were introduced by Ditlevsen and Löcherbach (Stoch. Process. Appl., 2017). They are piecewise deterministic Markov processes (PDMP) and can be approximated by a stochastic diffusion. In this paper, first, a strong error bound between the PDMP and the diffusion is proved. Second, moment bounds for the resulting diffusion are derived. Third, approximation schemes for the diffusion, based on the numerical splitting approach, are proposed. These schemes are proved to converge with mean-square order 1 and to preserve the properties of the diffusion, in particular the hypoellipticity, the ergodicity, and the moment bounds. Finally, the PDMP and the diffusion are compared through numerical experiments, where the PDMP is simulated with an adapted thinning procedure.
Avalanches in a short-memory excitable network
Authors: Rastegar Reza , Roitershtein Alexander
Published: October 2021

We study propagation of avalanches in a certain excitable network. The model is a particular case of the one introduced by Larremoreet al.(Phys. Rev. E, 2012) and is mathematically equivalent to an endemic variation of the Reed–Frost epidemic model introduced by Longini (Math. Biosci., 1980). Two types of heuristic approximation are frequently used for models of this type in applications: a branching process for avalanches of a small size at the beginning of the process and a deterministic dynamical system once the avalanche spreads to a significant fraction of a large network. In this paper we prove several results concerning the exact relation between the avalanche model and these limits, including rates of convergence and rigorous bounds for common characteristics of the model.
The hidden curriculum in health care academia: An exploratory study for the development of an action plan for the inclusion of diverse trainees
Authors: Enders Felicity T. , Golembiewski Elizabeth H. , Orellana Minerva , Silvano Carmen J. , Sloan Jeff , Balls-Berry Joyce
Published: October 2021

Introduction:

The hidden curriculum encompasses the norms, values, and behaviors within a learning environment. Navigating the hidden curricula of academia is crucial for doctoral trainees, particularly those from underrepresented backgrounds. Faculty mentors have an important role in helping trainees uncover and cope with the hidden curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions of the hidden curriculum among diverse doctoral trainees and mentors.

Methods:

Following a presentation on the hidden curriculum at the Association for Clinical and Translational Science annual meeting in March 2021, attendees were asked to brainstorm ideas for diverse trainees and their mentors. Breakout room discussions were held for specific hidden curriculum topics; participants voted on which topics to discuss from a list of topics defined during the presentation. Ideas from these discussions were presented to the larger group to upvote.

Results:

Participants (n = 116) voted to discuss the following hidden curriculum topics: “coping with bias,” “assertive communication,” “knowing how things work,” and “developing a career.” Many suggestions emphasized the role of institutions in empowering mentors to help diverse trainees and, more generally, to meaningfully support policies and programs that facilitate the career success of trainees and faculty from underrepresented backgrounds.

Conclusions:

This work generated a list of suggested action items for trainees, mentors, and institutions to ameliorate the hidden curricula of academia, especially for diverse trainees. However, institutions need to support changes that will facilitate these discussions as well as more broadly enable the success of faculty and students from diverse backgrounds.
MODAL OPERATORS ON RINGS OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Authors: BEZHANISHVILI GURAM , CARAI LUCA , MORANDI PATRICK J.
Published: October 2021

It is a classic result in modal logic, often referred to as Jónsson-Tarski duality, that the category of modal algebras is dually equivalent to the category of descriptive frames. The latter are Kripke frames equipped with a Stone topology such that the binary relation is continuous. This duality generalizes the celebrated Stone duality for boolean algebras. Our goal is to generalize descriptive frames so that the topology is an arbitrary compact Hausdorff topology. For this, instead of working with the boolean algebra of clopen subsets of a Stone space, we work with the ring of continuous real-valued functions on a compact Hausdorff space. The main novelty is to define a modal operator on such a ring utilizing a continuous relation on a compact Hausdorff space.

Our starting point is the well-known Gelfand duality between the category
${\sf KHaus}$
of compact Hausdorff spaces and the category
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {uba}\ell }$
of uniformly complete bounded archimedean
$\ell $
-algebras. We endow a bounded archimedean
$\ell $
-algebra with a modal operator, which results in the category
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
of modal bounded archimedean
$\ell $
-algebras. Our main result establishes a dual adjunction between
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
and the category
${\sf KHF}$
of what we call compact Hausdorff frames; that is, Kripke frames equipped with a compact Hausdorff topology such that the binary relation is continuous. This dual adjunction restricts to a dual equivalence between
${\sf KHF}$
and the reflective subcategory
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {muba}\ell }$
of
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
consisting of uniformly complete objects of
$\boldsymbol {\mathit {mba}\ell }$
. This generalizes both Gelfand duality and Jónsson-Tarski duality.
El temprano arte de la tradición de tejer esteras en fibra vegetal en la sociedad Chinchorro (10.000-3500 aP): Extremo norte de Chile
Authors: Santos Mariela , Standen Vivien G.
Published: October 2021

Se presentan los resultados de los análisis técnicos de manufactura en fibra vegetal de esteras o mantas funerarias, ampliamente usadas entre los cazadores, pescadores y recolectores de la tradición cultural Chinchorro, que habitaron la costa del norte de Chile y sur de Perú entre los 10.000 y 3500 aP. Se analizaron 153 fragmentos de esteras de 12 sitios funerarios de Arica y Camarones. Se describen y grafican los atributos de las dos técnicas identificadas:twiningo torzal (94%) y técnica de estera cosida (6%) y sus rasgos estéticos de pintados y bordados. Estas técnicas fueron muy conservadoras y no variaron a través del tiempo y el espacio. La excepción es la técnica de estera cosida, que aparece hacia fines del Arcaico Tardío (4000-3500 aP). La aplicación de diseños pintados se registra desde el Arcaico Temprano (10.000-7000 aP) con ajedrezados y franjas bicolor (rojo y negro), a lo que se agregan en el Arcaico Tardío diseños más complejos (escalonados y círculos) además de esteras con aplicación de bordados. No detectamos diferencias en la manufactura de las esteras en relación con la edad, sexo y tipo de tratamiento funerario de los individuos que portaban estas esteras.
Legal Compliance: Founding Elements of a Conception Based on Cultural Theory
Authors: Kretschmann Andrea
Published: October 2021

The state of research on legal compliance in socio-legal studies is limited and partially outdated. Like theories on coercion, recognition, or legitimacy, notions around compliance with the law appear plausible in themselves. However, each of them hold only part of the explanation and yet they cannot be reconciled due to theoretical incompatibilities. Legal sociologists therefore speak of a theory gap regarding legal compliance. The following article takes on this research desideratum and attempts to formulate an alternative concept of legal compliance based on an entirely new terminology without, however, completely renouncing the previous findings of legal sociology. Relying on the above-mentioned theory gap alongside the introduction of this new terminology, I argue that it is possible to analyze legal compliance while heuristically integrating all previous theoretical concepts of its. As a starting point, the article draws on Bourdieu’s fragmentary sociology of law and, by extending it, proposes a larger practice and field-theory-based interpretation of compliance.
Early co-occurrence of peer victimization and aggression
Authors: Hoglund Wendy L. G. , Hau Phillip
Published: October 2021

An accelerated longitudinal research design was used to examine heterogeneity in the developmental co-occurrence of peer relational victimization and aggression and of peer overt victimization and aggression from age 4.5 to 10.5 years. Data were gathered from four cohorts of children in kindergarten to Grade 3 (N = 503) on six occasions across 2 years. Psychopathology, peer, and social–cognitive factors were examined as predictors of the joint trajectories. Sequential process latent growth mixture models identified four distinct subgroups for the relational trajectories (co-occurring increasing aggression, co-occurring increasing victimization, high chronic victimization, typical low risk) and four distinct subgroups for the overt trajectories (co-occurring decelerating aggression, high chronic victimization, moderate chronic victimization, typical low risk). Membership in the co-occurring trajectories was associated with psychopathology and membership in the chronic victimization trajectories was related to internalizing and social–cognitive problems but also peer likeability.