bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cholesterol‐Lowering Effect of Alisol Acetates Based on HMG‐CoA Reductase and Its Molecular Mechanism
Authors: Xu Fei , Yu Hui , Lu Cai , Chen Jun , Gu Wei
Published: October 2016

This study measured the impact of alisol B 23‐acetate and alisol A 24‐acetate, the main active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicine Alismatis rhizoma, on total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels of hyperlipidemic mice. The binding of alisol B 23‐acetate and alisol A 24‐acetate to the key enzyme involved in the metabolism of TC, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutary‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase, was studied using the reagent kit method and the western blotting technique combined with a molecular simulation technique. According to the results, alisol acetates significantly lower the TC, TG, and LDL‐C concentrations of hyperlipidemic mice, while raising HDL‐C concentrations. Alisol acetates lower HMG‐CoA reductase activity in a dose‐dependent fashion, both in vivo and in vitro. Neither of these alisol acetates significantly lower the protein expression of HMG‐CoA. This suggests that alisol acetates lower the TC level via inhibiting the activity of HMG‐CoA reductase by its prototype drug, which may exhibit an inhibition effect via directly and competitively binding to HMG‐CoA. The side chain of the alisol acetate was the steering group via molecular simulation.
Hip Replacement Surgery in 14-Year-Old Girl with Factor V Deficiency: Haemostatic Treatment and Thromboprophylaxis
Authors: Mingot-Castellano María Eva , Pérez-Núñez Josefina , Baeza-Montañez Lourdes
Published: October 2016

Factor V (FV) is a pivotal coagulation factor present in plasma and platelets. It plays an essential role in secondary haemostasis acting as a cofactor in the prothrombinase complex, catalysing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. There is little evidence on the management of mayor orthopaedic surgery in paediatric or adolescents subjects with this coagulopathy and almost no information about thromboprophylaxis in these situations. We report a case of a hip replacement in a 14-year-old girl with moderate FV deficiency (0.07 IU mL−1). As haemostatic replacement, inactivated fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was transfused at doses of 600 mL (15 mL kg−1, 45 kg weight) 2 hours before surgery and then sequential FFP infusions of 250 mL (7 mL kg−1) every 12 hours for 7 days. Plasma factor VIII, von Willebrand factor antigen, and von Willebrand ristocetin cofactor were monitored to avoid supranormal levels. Since the patient was sexually mature (Marshall and Tanner stage 5) with the hormone replacement therapy, she was immobilized and the surgery was considered as a high thrombotic risk. Thus, low molecular weight heparin was administered at doses of intermediate risk (Enoxaparin 20 mg daily, by weight) after finishing the daily infusion of plasma: 24 hours and during the 7 days after intervention. No tranexamic acid was used. No haemorrhagic or thrombotic adverse event was described.
Kinematics Comparative Study of Two Overconstrained Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Yan Qiang , Li Bin , Li Yangmin , Zhao Xinhua
Published: October 2016

A comparison study of kinematics characteristics of two overconstrained 2-RPU&SPR parallel manipulators (PMs) is introduced in this paper. The two 2-RPU&SPR PMs have the same kinematics properties in terms of one translational degree of freedom (DOF) and two rotational DOFs kinematics outputs. But there are some differences between the two PMs as far as joints distribution is concerned, leading to the differences in respect of workspace and dexterity of the two PMs. Firstly, based on screw theory, the structural characteristics and DOFs of the two PMs are analyzed. Secondly, the inverse and forward displacements problems for the two PMs are formulated by analytic formulae. Some numerical examples are simulated by software. Thirdly, based on algorithm for the direct displacement solution, the workspace characteristics of the two PMs are analyzed and compared. Then, the Jacobian matrices of the mechanisms are formulated. Based on the Jacobian matrices, the dexterities of the two PMs are established and compared. Finally, according to the comparisons of the properties between the two PMs, some useful conclusions are provided.
Modelling Seasonal Brucellosis Epidemics in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, China, 2010–2014
Authors: Lou Pengwei , Wang Lei , Zhang Xueliang , Xu Jiabo , Wang Kai
Published: October 2016

Brucellosis is one of the severe public health problems; the cumulative number of new human brucellosis cases reached 211515 from 2010 to 2014 in China. Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture is situated in the southeast of Xinjiang, where brucellosis infection occurs every year. Based on the reported data of newly acute human brucellosis cases for each season in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, we proposed a susceptible, exposed, infected, and vaccinated (SEIV) model with periodic transmission rates to investigate the seasonal brucellosis transmission dynamics among sheep/cattle and from sheep/cattle to humans. Compared with the criteria of MAPE and RMSPE, the model simulations agree to the data on newly acute human brucellosis. We predict that the number of newly acute human brucellosis is increasing and will peak 15325 [95% CI: 11920–18242] around the summer of 2023. We also estimate the basic reproduction numberR0=2.5524[95% CI: 2.5129–2.6225] and perform some sensitivity analysis of the newly acute human brucellosis cases and the basic reproduction numberR0in terms of model parameters. Our study demonstrates that reducing the birth number of sheep/cattle, raising the slaughter rate of infected sheep/cattle, increasing the vaccination rate of susceptible sheep/cattle, and decreasing the loss rate of vaccination are effective strategies to control brucellosis epidemic.
A New Decentralized Approach of Multiagent Cooperative Pursuit Based on the Iterated Elimination of Dominated Strategies Model
Authors: Souidi Mohammed El Habib , Piao Songhao
Published: October 2016

Game Theory is a promising approach to acquire coalition formations in multiagent systems. This paper is focused on the importance of the distributed computation and the dynamic formation and reformation of pursuit groups in pursuit-evasion problems. In order to address this task, we propose a decentralized coalition formation algorithm based on the Iterated Elimination of Dominated Strategies (IEDS). This Game Theory process is common to solve problems requiring the withdrawal of dominated strategies iteratively. Furthermore, we have used the Markov Decision Process (MDP) principles to control the motion strategy of the agents in the environment. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and the validity of the given approach in comparison with different decentralized methods.
Development of a Novel Test for Simultaneous Bacterial Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Authors: Faro Jonathan , Mitchell Malika , Chen Yuh-Jue , Kamal Sarah , Riddle Gerald , Faro Sebastian
Published: October 2016

Background. Elucidation of a pathogen’s antimicrobial susceptibility requires subculture after the organism is first isolated. This takes several days, requiring patients to be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. This approach contributes to the development of bacterial resistance.Methods. Microtiter wells were coated with a polyclonal antibody targeting the pathogen of interest. Bacterial suspensions were added in the presence/absence of selected antibiotics. After washing, captured bacteria were detected.Findings. Group B streptococcus (GBS),Enterococcus faecalis, andNeisseria gonorrhoeaewere each detected at 105 bacteria/mL following a 20-minute incubation period. Susceptibility to select antibiotics was discernable following a 6-hour incubation period (GBS andEnterococcus). Sensitivity was increased to 10−2 bacteria/mL for GBS, 10−1 bacteria/mL forE. faecalis, and 101 bacteria/mL forN. gonorrhoeaefollowing 18–24-hour culture.Conclusion. This novel assay allows for the highly sensitive and specific identification of a pathogen and simultaneous determination of its antimicrobial susceptibility in a reduced time.
The Oxidative and Inflammatory State in Patients with Acute Renal Graft Dysfunction Treated with Tacrolimus
Authors: Carrillo-Ibarra Sandra , Cerrillos-Gutiérrez José Ignacio , Escalante-Núñez Ariadna , Rojas-Campos Enrique , Gómez-Navarro Benjamín , Sifuentes-Franco Sonia , Cardona-Muñoz Ernesto Germán , Miranda-Díaz Alejandra Guillermina
Published: October 2016

Objective. To determine the oxidative stress/inflammation behavior in patients with/without acute graft dysfunction (AGD) with Tacrolimus. Methods. Cross‐sectional study, in renal transplant (RT) recipients (1‐yr follow‐up). Patients with AGD and without AGD were included. Serum IL‐6, TNF‐α, 8‐isoprostanes (8‐IP), and Nitric Oxide (NO) were determined by ELISA; C‐reactive protein (CRP) was determined by nephelometry; lipid peroxidation products (LPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined by colorimetry. Results. The AGD presentation was at 5.09 ± 3.07 versus 8.27 ± 3.78 months (p < 0.001); CRP >3.19 mg/L was found in 21 versus 19 in the N‐AGD group (p = 0.83); TNF‐α 145.53 ± 18.87 pg/mL versus 125.54 ± 15.92 pg/mL in N‐AGD (p = 0.64); IL‐6 2110.69 ± 350.97 pg/mL versus 1933.42 ± 235.38 pg/mL in N‐AGD (p = 0.13). The LPO were higher in AGD (p = 0.014): 4.10 ± 0.69 µM versus 2.41 ± 0.29 µM; also levels of 8‐IP were higher in AGD 27.47 ± 9.28 pg/mL versus 8.64 ± 1.54 pg/mL (p = 0.01). Serum levels of NO in AGD were lower 138.44 ± 19.20 µmol/L versus 190.57 ± 22.04 µmol/L in N‐AGD (p = 0.042); antioxidant enzyme SOD activity was significantly diminished in AGD with 9.75 ± 0.52 U/mL versus 11.69 ± 0.55 U/mL in N‐AGD (p = 0.012). Discussion. Patients with RT present with a similar state of the proinflammatory cytokines whether or not they have AGD. The patients with AGD showed deregulation of the oxidative state with increased LPO and 8‐IP and decreased NO and SOD.
Ciprofloxacin and Clozapine: A Potentially Fatal but Underappreciated Interaction
Authors: Meyer Jonathan M. , Proctor George , Cummings Michael A. , Dardashti Laura J. , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: October 2016

Objective. Clozapine provides a 50%–60% response rate in refractory schizophrenia but has a narrow therapeutic index and is susceptible to pharmacokinetic interactions, particularly with strong inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2. Case Report. We report the case of a 28-year-old nonsmoking female with intellectual disability who was maintained for 3 years on clozapine 100 mg orally twice daily. The patient was treated for presumptive urinary tract infection with ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily and two days later collapsed and died despite resuscitation efforts. The postmortem femoral clozapine plasma level was dramatically elevated at 2900 ng/mL, and the cause of death was listed as acute clozapine toxicity. Conclusion. Given the potentially fatal pharmacokinetic interaction between clozapine and ciprofloxacin, clinicians are advised to monitor baseline clozapine levels prior to adding strong CYP450 1A2 inhibitors, reduce the clozapine dose by at least two-thirds if adding a 1A2 inhibitor such as ciprofloxacin, check subsequent steady state clozapine levels, and adjust the clozapine dose to maintain levels close to those obtained at baseline.
The Impact of Variable Wind Shear Coefficients on Risk Reduction of Wind Energy Projects
Authors: Corscadden Kenneth W. , Thomson Allan , Yoonesi Behrang , McNutt Josiah
Published: October 2016

Estimation of wind speed at proposed hub heights is typically achieved using a wind shear exponent or wind shear coefficient (WSC), variation in wind speed as a function of height. The WSC is subject to temporal variation at low and high frequencies, ranging from diurnal and seasonal variations to disturbance caused by weather patterns; however, in many cases, it is assumed that the WSC remains constant. This assumption creates significant error in resource assessment, increasing uncertainty in projects and potentially significantly impacting the ability to control gird connected wind generators. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge relating to the evaluation and assessment of wind speed, with particular emphasis on the development of techniques to improve the accuracy of estimated wind speed above measurement height. It presents an evaluation of the use of a variable wind shear coefficient methodology based on a distribution of wind shear coefficients which have been implemented in real time. The results indicate that a VWSC provides a more accurate estimate of wind at hub height, ranging from 41% to 4% reduction in root mean squared error (RMSE) between predicted and actual wind speeds when using a variable wind shear coefficient at heights ranging from 33% to 100% above the highest actual wind measurement.
Effective Concentration of Lidocaine Plus Fentanyl for Caudal Block in Patients Undergoing Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy
Authors: Wang Jinguo , Zhou Honglan , An Wei , Wang Na , Gao Yang
Published: October 2016

Objective. This study determined the effective concentration (EC) of lidocaine plus 75 μg fentanyl for caudal block in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy. Methods. Consecutive male patients scheduled for TRUS guided prostate biopsy were enrolled. The mixed solution for caudal block contained lidocaine and 75 μg fentanyl, in total 20 mL. The concentration of lidocaine was determined using the up-and-down method, starting at 0.8% (a step size of 0.1%). A successful caudal block was defined by no pain perception during biopsy. The EC50 of lidocaine for successful caudal block was calculated and side effects were evaluated. Results. A total of 23 patients were recruited. The EC50 of lidocaine for successful caudal block was 0.53%. Conclusions. Lidocaine of 0.53% combined with 75 μg fentanyl resulted in excellent caudal block in 50% of male patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.
Controlled Release of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist from Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Microspheres Attenuates Interleukin-1β-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Chondrocytes
Authors: Qiu Bo , Gong Ming , He Qi-Ting , Zhou Pang-Hu
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates the protective effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) released from hyaluronic acid chitosan (HA-CS) microspheres in a controlled manner on IL-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes. The IL-1Ra release kinetics was characterized by an initial burst release, which was reduced to a linear release over eight days. Chondrocytes were stimulated with 10 ng/ml IL-1β and subsequently incubated with HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres. The cell viability was decreased by IL-1β, which was attenuated by HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres as indicated by an MTT assay. ELISA showed that HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres inhibited IL-1β-induced inflammation by attenuating increases in NO2- and prostaglandin E2 levels as well as increase in glycosaminoglycan release. A terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay revealed that the IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis was decreased by HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres. Moreover, HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres blocked IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and decreasing Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 expressions at mRNA and protein levels, as indicated by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that HA-CS-IL-1Ra microspheres as a controlled release system of IL-1Ra possess potential anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties in rat chondrocytes due to their ability to regulate inflammatory factors and apoptosis associated genes.
Nonlinear Least Square Based on Control Direction by Dual Method and Its Application
Authors: Fu Zhengqing , Liu Guolin , Guo Lanlan , Liu Weike , Guo Hua
Published: October 2016

A direction controlled nonlinear least square (NLS) estimation algorithm using the primal-dual method is proposed. The least square model is transformed into the primal-dual model; then direction of iteration can be controlled by duality. The iterative algorithm is designed. The Hilbert morbid matrix is processed by the new model and the least square estimate and ridge estimate. The main research method is to combine qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The deviation between estimated values and the true value and the estimated residuals fluctuation of different methods are used for qualitative analysis. The root mean square error (RMSE) is used for quantitative analysis. The results of experiment show that the model has the smallest residual error and the minimum root mean square error. The new estimate model has effectiveness and high precision. The genuine data of Jining area in unwrapping experiments are used and the comparison with other classical unwrapping algorithms is made, so better results in precision aspects can be achieved through the proposed algorithm.
Partial Portal Vein Arterialization Attenuates Acute Bile Duct Injury Induced by Hepatic Dearterialization in a Rat Model
Authors: Jiang Jun , Wei Jishu , Wu Junli , Gao Wentao , Li Qiang , Jiang Kuirong , Miao Yi
Published: October 2016

Hepatic infarcts or abscesses occur after hepatic artery interruption. We explored the mechanisms of hepatic deprivation-induced acute liver injury and determine whether partial portal vein arterialization attenuated this injury in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either complete hepatic arterial deprivation or partial portal vein arterialization, or both. Hepatic ischemia was evaluated using biochemical analysis, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Hepatic ATP levels, the expression of hypoxia- and inflammation-associated genes and proteins, and the expression of bile transporter genes were assessed. Complete dearterialization of the liver induced acute liver injury, as evidenced by the histological changes, significantly increased serum biochemical markers, decreased ATP content, increased expression of hypoxia- and inflammation-associated genes and proteins, and decreased expression of bile transporter genes. These detrimental changes were extenuated but not fully reversed by partial portal vein arterialization, which also attenuated ductular reaction and fibrosis in completely dearterialized rat livers. Collectively, complete hepatic deprivation causes severe liver injury, including bile infarcts and biloma formation. Partial portal vein arterialization seems to protect against acute ischemia-hypoxia-induced liver injury.
Oxygenation of the Intraportally Transplanted Pancreatic Islet
Authors: Suszynski Thomas M. , Avgoustiniatos Efstathios S. , Papas Klearchos K.
Published: October 2016

Intraportal islet transplantation (IT) is not widely utilized as a treatment for type 1 diabetes. Oxygenation of the intraportally transplanted islet has not been studied extensively. We present a diffusion-reaction model that predicts the presence of ananoxiccore and a largerpartly functionalcore within intraportally transplanted islets. Four variables were studied: islet diameter, islet fractional viability, external oxygen partial pressure (P) (in surrounding portal blood), and presence or absence of a thrombus on the islet surface. Results indicate that an islet with average size and fractional viability exhibits an anoxic volume fraction (AVF) of 14% and a function loss of 72% at a low externalP. Thrombus formation increased AVF to 30% and function loss to 92%, suggesting that the effect of thrombosis may be substantial. ExternalPand islet diameter accounted for the greatest overall impact on AVF and loss of function. At our institutions, large human alloislets (>200μm diameter) account for ~20% of total islet number but ~70% of total islet volume; since most of the total transplanted islet volume is accounted for by large islets, most of the intraportal islet cells are likely to be anoxic and not fully functional.
Wideband, Low-Profile, Dual-Polarized Slot Antenna with an AMC Surface for Wireless Communications
Authors: Hu Wei , Lian Rui-Na , Tang Zhao-Yang , Yin Ying-Zeng
Published: October 2016

A wideband dual-polarized slot antenna loaded with artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is proposed for WLAN/WIMAX and LTE applications. The slot antenna mainly consists of two pairs of arrow-shaped slots along the diagonals of the square patch. Stepped microstrip feedlines are placed orthogonally to excite the horizontal and vertical polarizations of the antenna. To realize unidirectional radiation and low profile, an AMC surface composed of 7 × 7 unit cells is designed underneath a distance of 0.09λ0 (λ0 being the wavelength in free space at 2.25 GHz) from the slot antenna. Both the dual-polarized slot antenna and the AMC surface are fabricated and measured. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna achieves for both polarizations a wide impedance bandwidth (return loss 10 dB) of 36.7%, operating from 1.96 to 2.84 GHz. The isolation between the two input ports keeps higher than 29 dB whereas the cross-polarization levels basically maintain lower than −30 dB across the entire frequency band. High front-to-back ratios better than 22 dB and a stable gain higher than 8 dBi are obtained over the whole band.
Altered Expression ofEPOMight Underlie Hepatic Hemangiomas inLRRK2Knockout Mice
Authors: Wu Ben , Xiao Kaifu , Zhang Zhuohua , Ma Long
Published: October 2016

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder caused by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain. The molecular mechanism of PD pathogenesis is unclear. Mutations in theleucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2) gene are a common genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD. However, studies onLRRK2mutant mice revealed no visible dopaminergic neuronal loss in the midbrain. While surveying aLRRK2knockout mouse strain, we found that old animals developed age-dependent hepatic vascular growths similar to cavernous hemangiomas. In livers of these hemangioma-positiveLRRK2knockout mice, we detected an increased expression of the HIF-2αprotein and significant reactivation of the expression of the HIF-2αtarget geneerythropoietin(EPO), a finding consistent with a role of the HIF-2αpathway in blood vessel vascularization. We also found that the kidneyEPOexpression was reduced to 20% of the wild-type level in 18-month-oldLRRK2knockout mice. Unexpectedly, this reduction was restored to wild-type levels when the knockout mice were 22 months to 23 months old, implying a feedback mechanism regulating kidneyEPOexpression. Our findings reveal a novel function ofLRRK2in regulatingEPOexpression and imply a potentially novel relationship between PD genes and hematopoiesis.
17β-Estradiol Promotes Schwann Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Accelerating Early Remyelination in a Mouse Peripheral Nerve Injury Model
Authors: Chen Yan , Guo Wenjie , Xu Liangzhi , Li Wenjuan , Cheng Meng , Hu Ying , Xu Wenming
Published: October 2016

Estrogen induces oligodendrocyte remyelination in response to demyelination in the central nervous system. Our objective was to determine the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on Schwann cell function and peripheral nerve remyelination after injury. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were used to prepare the sciatic nerve transection injury model and were randomly categorized into control and E2 groups. To study myelination in vitro, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explant culture was prepared using 13.5-day-old mouse embryos. Primary Schwann cells were isolated from the sciatic nerves of 1- to 3-day-old Sprague–Dawley rats. Immunostaining for myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and toluidine blue staining for myelin sheaths demonstrated that E2 treatment accelerates early remyelination in the “nerve bridge” region between the proximal and distal stumps of the transection injury site in the mouse sciatic nerve. The 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation assay revealed that E2 promotes Schwann cell proliferation in the bridge region and in the primary culture, which is blocked using AKT inhibitor MK2206. The in vitro myelination in the DRG explant culture determined showed that the MBP expression in the E2-treated group is higher than that in the control group. These results show that E2 promotes Schwann cell proliferation and myelination depending on AKT activation.
A Cache System Design for CMPs with Built-In Coherence Verification
Authors: Dalui Mamata , Sikdar Biplab K.
Published: October 2016

This work reports an effective design of cache system for Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs). It introduces built-in logic for verification of cache coherence in CMPs realizing directory based protocol. It is developed around the cellular automata (CA) machine, invented by John von Neumann in the 1950s. A special class of CA referred to as single length cycle 2-attractor cellular automata (TACA) has been planted to detect the inconsistencies in cache line states of processors’ private caches. The TACA module captures coherence status of the CMPs’ cache system and memorizes any inconsistent recording of the cache line states during the processors’ reference to a memory block. Theory has been developed to empower a TACA to analyse the cache state updates and then to settle to an attractor state indicating quick decision on a faulty recording of cache line status. The introduction of segmentation of the CMPs’ processor pool ensures a better efficiency, in determining the inconsistencies, by reducing the number of computation steps in the verification logic. The hardware requirement for the verification logic points to the fact that the overhead of proposed coherence verification module is much lesser than that of the conventional verification units and is insignificant with respect to the cost involved in CMPs’ cache system.
The Impacts of Satellite Remotely Sensed Winds and Total Precipitable Vapour in WRF Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts
Authors: Ren Diandong
Published: October 2016

This study assesses the impact assimilating the scatterometer near-surface wind observations and total precipitable water from the SSMI, into WRF on genesis and track forecasting of four tropical cyclones (TCs). These TCs are selected to be representative of different intensity categories and basins. Impact is via a series of data denial experiments that systematically exclude the remote sensed information. Compared with the control case, in which only the final analysis atmospheric variables are used to initialize and provide the lateral boundary conditions, the data assimilation runs performed consistently better, but with very different skill levels for the different TCs. Eliassen-Palm flux analyses are employed. It is confirmed that if a polar orbital satellite footprint passes over the TC’s critical genesis region, the forecast will profit most from assimilating the remotely sensed information. If the critical genesis region lies within an interorbital gap then, regardless of how strong the TC later becomes (e.g., Katrina 2005), the improvement from assimilating near-surface winds and total precipitable water in the model prediction is severely limited. This underpins the need for a synergy of data from different scatterometers/radiometers. Other approaches are suggested to improve the accuracy in the prediction of TC genesis and tracks.
The Role of Interleukin-17 in Lung Cancer
Authors: Wu Feng , Xu Juanjuan , Huang Qi , Han Jieli , Duan Limin , Fan Jinshuo , Lv Zhilei , Guo Mengfei , Hu Guorong , Chen Lian , Zhang Shuai , Tao Xiaonan , Ma Wanli , Jin Yang
Published: October 2016

Tumour-associated inflammation is a hallmark of malignant carcinomas, and lung cancer is a typical inflammation-associated carcinoma. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is an important inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and in inflammation-associated tumours. Numerous studies have shown that IL-17 directly or indirectly promotes tumour angiogenesis and cell proliferation and that it inhibits apoptosis via the activation of inflammatory signalling pathways. Therefore, IL-17 contributes to the metastasis and progression of lung cancer. Research advances with respect to the role of IL-17 in lung cancer will be presented as a review in this paper.
Emergency Planning Zones Estimation for Karachi-2 and Karachi-3 Nuclear Power Plants using Gaussian Puff Model
Authors: Şahin Sümer , Ali Muhammad
Published: October 2016

Emergency planning zones (PAZ and UPZ) around the Karachi-2 and Karachi-3 nuclear power plants (K-2/K-3 NPPs) have been realistically determined by employing Gaussian puff model and Gaussian plume model together for atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition of radioactive material using onsite and regional data related to meteorology, topography, and land-use along with latest IAEA Post-Fukushima Guidelines. The analysis work has been carried out using U.S.NRC computer code RASCAL 4.2. The assumed environmental radioactive releases provide the sound theoretical and practical bases for the estimation of emergency planning zones covering most expected scenario of severe accident and most recent multiunit Fukushima Accident. Sheltering could be used as protective action for longer period of about 04 days. The area about 3 km of K-2/K-3 NPPs site should be evacuated and an iodine thyroid blocking agent should be taken before release up to about 14 km to prevent severe deterministic effects. Stochastic effects may be avoided or minimized by evacuating the area within about 8 km of the K-2/K-3 NPPs site. Protective actions may become more effective and cost beneficial by using current methodology as Gaussian puff model realistically represents atmospheric transport, dispersion, and disposition processes in contrast to straight-line Gaussian plume model explicitly in study area. The estimated PAZ and UPZ were found 3 km and 8 km, respectively, around K-2/K-3 NPPs which are in well agreement with IAEA Post-Fukushima Study. Therefore, current study results could be used in the establishment of emergency planning zones around K-2/K-3 NPPs.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Pus Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Punjab, India
Authors: Trojan Rugira , Razdan Lovely , Singh Nasib
Published: October 2016

We determined the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibilities patterns of bacterial isolates from pus samples collected from patients in a tertiary care hospital of Punjab, India. E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen (51.2%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.8%), Citrobacter spp. (3.5%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.3%), Proteus mirabilis (2.3%), and Streptococcus spp. (2.3%). E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and Citrobacter isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics including higher generation cephalosporins. S. aureus and Streptococcus isolates were sensitive to cloxacillin and vancomycin. However, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, and Streptococcus isolates were found to be less resistant to the spectrum of antibiotics tested. Overall, our findings indicate the prevalence of resistance to different classes of antibiotics in bacterial isolates from pus infections and hence highlight the need for effective surveillance, regulator reporting, and antibiogram-guided antibiotic prescription.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of Prostate: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Hsieh Kun-Lin , Lu Chih-Cheng , Li Chien-Feng , Feng Yin-Hsun , Liao Alex C.
Published: October 2016

A mid-aged male presented with progressive lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) for years. Huge prostate with low serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was detected. The specimen from transurethral resection revealed surprising pathology finding as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). Considering its huge size (more than 300 gm) and location, we prescribed neoadjuvant chemotherapy firstly. The tumor became regressive and then radical surgical resection was achieved. Adjuvant multimodality treatment including concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and target therapy was given. However, he expired about one year later. MPNST originating from prostate is very rare and seldom reported before. We here present this extremely rare disease and share our treatment experience.
Downregulation of Glutathione Biosynthesis Contributes to Oxidative Stress and Liver Dysfunction in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Shang Yue , Siow Yaw L. , Isaak Cara K. , O Karmin
Published: October 2016

Ischemia‐reperfusion is a common cause for acute kidney injury and can lead to distant organ dysfunction. Glutathione is a major endogenous antioxidant and its depletion directly correlates to ischemia‐reperfusion injury. The liver has high capacity for producing glutathione and is a key organ in modulating local and systemic redox balance. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which kidney ischemia‐reperfusion led to glutathione depletion and oxidative stress. The left kidney of Sprague‐Dawley rats was subjected to 45 min ischemia followed by 6 h reperfusion. Ischemia‐reperfusion impaired kidney and liver function. This was accompanied by a decrease in glutathione levels in the liver and plasma and increased hepatic lipid peroxidation and plasma homocysteine levels. Ischemia‐reperfusion caused a significant decrease in mRNA and protein levels of hepatic glutamate‐cysteine ligase mediated through the inhibition of transcription factor Nrf2. Ischemia‐reperfusion inhibited hepatic expression of cystathionine γ‐lyase, an enzyme responsible for producing cysteine (an essential precursor for glutathione synthesis) through the transsulfuration pathway. These results suggest that inhibition of glutamate‐cysteine ligase expression and downregulation of the transsulfuration pathway lead to reduced hepatic glutathione biosynthesis and elevation of plasma homocysteine levels, which, in turn, may contribute to oxidative stress and distant organ injury during renal ischemia‐reperfusion.
Experimental Research on 2 : 1 Parametric Vibration of Stay Cable Model under Support Excitation
Authors: Zhang Li-Na , Li Feng-Chen , Yu Xiang , Cui Peng-Fei , Wang Xiao-Yong
Published: October 2016

For 2 : 1 parametric vibration problem of stay cable under support excitation, a sliding support only in the vertical moving is designed to simulate the bridge stay cable’s vibration test model. Meanwhile, using numerical simulation of cable free vibration and dynamic characteristic test analysis, the experimental research under various conditions is implemented in the actual cable-stayed bridge as the research object, which is compared with the corresponding numerical simulation results. According to the analysis results, it shows that as the vibration test model has 2 : 1 parametric vibration under the support excitation the results of maximum cable displacement from experimental analysis and numerical simulation are basically consistent which revealed that the parametric vibration of stay cable exists and is easy to occur. Additionally, when the bridge bearing excitation frequency is similar to the 2 : 1 frequency ratio, small excitation can indeed lead to the sharp “beat” vibration of cable; therefore it is very necessary to limit the amplitude of support excitation to prevent the occurrence of a large main parametric resonance.
Serine Synthesis Helps Hypoxic Cancer Stem Cells Regulate Redox
Authors: Samanta Debangshu , Semenza Gregg L.
Published: November 2016

Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is the metabolic enzyme responsible for shunting the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate to the serine synthesis pathway. In breast cancer and several other types of cancer, increased PHGDH expression is associated with patient mortality. Early studies focused on the role of PHGDH in promoting cell proliferation in the small percentage of breast cancers with PHGDH gene amplification. However, recent studies have revealed a critical role for PHGDH and downstream enzymes of the serine synthesis pathway and one carbon metabolism in NADPH production and the maintenance of redox homeostasis, which are required for enrichment of breast cancer stem cells in response to hypoxia or chemotherapy. These results provide a mechanism for PHGDH overexpression in breast cancers in which PHGDH is not amplified and have implications for improving the response of triple-negative breast cancers to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6458–62. ©2016 AACR.
Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer for Mismatch Repair Gene Mutation Carriers
Authors: Dashti S. Ghazaleh , Buchanan Daniel D. , Jayasekara Harindra , Ait Ouakrim Driss , Clendenning Mark , Rosty Christophe , Winship Ingrid M. , Macrae Finlay A. , Giles Graham G. , Parry Susan , Casey Graham , Haile Robert W. , Gallinger Steven , Le Marchand Loïc , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Lindor Noralane M. , Newcomb Polly A. , Potter John D. , Baron John A. , Hopper John L. , Jenkins Mark A. , Win Aung Ko
Published: November 2016

Background: People with germline mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes have increased colorectal cancer risk. For these high-risk people, study findings of the relationship between alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive.

Methods: 1,925 MMR gene mutations carriers recruited into the Colon Cancer Family Registry who had completed a questionnaire on lifestyle factors were included. Weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer.

Results: Colorectal cancer was diagnosed in 769 carriers (40%) at a mean (SD) age of 42.6 (10.3) years. Compared with abstention, ethanol consumption from any alcoholic beverage up to 14 g/day and >28 g/day was associated with increased colorectal cancer risk (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.09–2.07 and 1.69; 95% CI, 1.07–2.65, respectively; Ptrend = 0.05), and colon cancer risk (HR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.27–2.49 and 1.94; 95% CI, 1.19–3.18, respectively; Ptrend = 0.02). However, there was no clear evidence for an association with rectal cancer risk. Also, there was no evidence for associations between consumption of individual alcoholic beverage types (beer, wine, spirits) and colorectal, colon, or rectal cancer risk.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that alcohol consumption, particularly more than 28 g/day of ethanol (∼2 standard drinks of alcohol in the United States), is associated with increased colorectal cancer risk for MMR gene mutation carriers.

Impact: Although these data suggested that alcohol consumption in MMR carriers was associated with increased colorectal cancer risk, there was no evidence of a dose-response, and not all types of alcohol consumption were associated with increased risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 366–75. ©2016 AACR.
High Estrogen Receptor β Expression Is Prognostic among Adjuvant Chemotherapy–Treated Patients—Results from a Population-Based Breast Cancer Cohort
Authors: Elebro Karin , Borgquist Signe , Rosendahl Ann H. , Markkula Andrea , Simonsson Maria , Jirström Karin , Rose Carsten , Ingvar Christian , Jernström Helena
Published: November 2016

Purpose: Isoform-specific tumor estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression may hold prognostic information in breast cancer, especially among endocrine-treated breast cancer patients. The study's purpose was to evaluate ERβ isoform 1 (ERβ1) expression in relation to tumor characteristics, ESR2 genotypes, and prognosis in different treatment groups.

Experimental Design: A population-based prospective cohort of 1,026 patients diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer in Lund, Sweden, between October 2002 and June 2012 was followed until June 2014 (median 5 years). Associations between immunohistochemical ERβ1 expression, patient and tumor characteristics, as well as outcome within treatment groups were analyzed.

Results: Tumor ERβ1 expression was available for 911 patients (89%) and was not associated with ESR2 genotypes. ERβ1 positivity, defined as >75% (ERβ175+, 72.7%), was positively associated with established favorable tumor characteristics. Overall, ERβ175+ was associated with lower risk of breast cancer events [HRadj = 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41–0.89]. The magnitude of the association was larger in patients with ERα− tumors (HRadj = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12–0.76), compared with ERα+ tumors (HRadj = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42–1.03). Among the 232 chemotherapy-treated patients, ERβ175+ tumors were associated with lower risk of breast cancer events compared with ERβ175− tumors (HRadj = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15–0.64). Among the 671 chemonaïve patients, ERβ175 status was not associated with the outcome.

Conclusions: High ERβ1 expression was a favorable prognostic marker in this breast cancer cohort, especially in chemotherapy-treated patients, but not in endocrine therapy–treated patients. These results warrant confirmation, preferably via a biomarker study in a previously conducted randomized trial. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 766–77. ©2016 AACR.
Phase Ib Trial of the Toll-like Receptor 8 Agonist, Motolimod (VTX-2337), Combined with Cetuximab in Patients with Recurrent or Metastatic SCCHN
Authors: Chow Laura Q.M. , Morishima Chihiro , Eaton Keith D. , Baik Christina S. , Goulart Bernardo H. , Anderson Leslie N. , Manjarrez Kristi L. , Dietsch Gregory N. , Bryan James Kyle , Hershberg Robert M. , Disis Mary L. , Martins Renato G.
Published: November 2016

Purpose: As Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key mediators of immune responses, TLR agonists may be important for augmenting the efficacy of therapies for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Motolimod (VTX-2337), a selective small-molecule agonist of TLR8, stimulates natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. A phase Ib clinical trial assessed the safety and antitumor activity of motolimod in combination with cetuximab in patients with SCCHN. Correlative biomarkers of immune activity were explored.

Experimental Design: Thirteen patients with recurrent or metastatic SCCHN were enrolled in this open-label, dose–escalation study using a standard 3 + 3 design. Doses of motolimod (2.5, 3.0, or 3.5 mg/m2) were given on days 1, 8, and 15, in combination with fixed weekly doses of cetuximab in 28-day cycles.

Results: There were no protocol-defined dose-limiting toxicities, drug-related deaths, or evidence of synergistic toxicities between motolimod and cetuximab. Clinical tolerability at the 3.5 mg/m2 dose level was not optimal for repeated dosing and 3.0 mg/m2 was identified as the MTD. Two patients achieved partial responses for an overall response rate of 15%. Five patients had disease stabilization equating to a disease control rate of 54%. Statistically significant increases in plasma cytokines and in the frequency and activation of circulating NK cells were observed.

Conclusions: Motolimod can be safely administered in combination with cetuximab with an acceptable toxicity profile. Encouraging antitumor activity and robust pharmacodynamic responses were observed. Motolimod is being further investigated in a phase II trial in patients with SCCHN (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01836029). Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2442–50. ©2016 AACR.
Estrogen Enhances Matrix Synthesis in Nucleus Pulposus Cell through the Estrogen Receptor β-p38 MAPK Pathway
Authors: Li Pei , Xu Yuan , Gan Yibo , Wang Liyuan , Ouyang Bin , Zhang Chengmin , Luo Lei , Zhao Chen , Zhou Qiang
Published: November 2016

Background/Aims: Matrix homeostasis within the disc nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue is important for disc function. Increasing evidence indicates that sex hormone can influence the severity of disc degeneration. This study was aimed to study the role of 17β-estradiol (E2) in NP matrix synthesis and its underlying mechanism. Methods: Rat NP cells were cultured with (10-5, 10-7 and 10-9 M) or without (control) E2 for48 hours. The estrogen receptor (ER)-β antagonist PHTPP and ERβ agonist ERB 041 were used to investigate the role mediated by ERβ. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 was used to investigate the role of p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Gene and protein expression of SOX9, aggrecan and collagen II, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and immunostaining assay for aggrecan and collagen II were analyzed to evaluate matrix production in rat NP cells. Results: E2 enhanced NP matrix synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner regarding gene and proetin expression of SOX9, aggrecan and collagen II, protein deposition of aggrecan and collagen II, and GAG content. Moreover, activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway was increased with elevating E2 concentration. Further analysis indicated that ERB 041 and PHTPP could respectively enhance and suppress effects of E2 on matrix synthesis in NP cells, as well as activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Additionally, inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling pathway significantly abolished the effects of E2 on matrix synthesis. Conclusion: E2 can enhance matrix synthesis of NP cells and the ERβ/p38 MAPK pathway is involved in this regulatory process.
Short-Term Use of Uncovered Self-Expanding Metallic Airway Stents for Severe Expiratory Central Airway Collapse
Authors: Majid Adnan , Alape Daniel , Kheir Fayez , Folch Erik , Ochoa Sebastian , Folch Alejandro , Gangadharan Sidhu P.
Published: October 2016

Background: Patients with severe symptomatic expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC) undergo a stent trial to determine whether they are candidate for tracheobronchoplasty. Most stent trials were done using silicone stents. However, there was a higher number of silicone stent-related complications. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of short-term uncovered self-expanding metallic airway stents (USEMAS) in patients with ECAC. Methods: This was a retrospective review. Baseline measurements were compared to those obtained after 7-14 days. Measurements included: Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), Cough Quality of Life Questionnaire (CQLQ), spirometry testing, and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Stent- and procedure-related complications were reported. Results: 33 patients (median age, 52 years) underwent the USEMAS trial. Presenting symptoms were dyspnea in 100%, intractable cough in 90.3%, recurrent infection in 42.2%, and inability to clear secretions in 21.4%. Dyspnea, cough, and secretion clearance improved in 88, 70, and 57%, respectively. Overall, there was a significant improvement in mMRC (p < 0.001), CQLQ (p = 0.015), and 6MWT (p = 0.015). There was 1 airway infection, 1 stent migration, and 1 pneumothorax. The median duration of USEMAS was 7 days. All stents were removed without any complications. At the time of stent removal, no granulation tissue was observed in 30.9%, and mild granulation tissue was observed in 69.1%. Conclusion: The short-term USEMAS trial improves respiratory symptoms, quality of life, and exercise capacity with few complications in patients with severe symptomatic ECAC when performed by a multidisciplinary airway team in highly specialized centers with experience in the evaluation and treatment of this patient population.