bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing soil functions for a sustainable bioeconomy—Assessment framework and state of the art
Authors: Helming Katharina , Daedlow Katrin , Paul Carsten , Techen Anja‐Kristina , Bartke Stephan , Bartkowski Bartosz , Kaiser David , Wollschläger Ute , Vogel Hans‐Jörg
Published: July 2018

Bioeconomy strategies have been adopted in many countries around the world. Their sustainable implementation requires a management of soils that maintains soil functions and avoids land degradation. Only then, ecosystem services can be maintained and resources used efficiently. We present an analytical framework for impact assessment that links policy and technology driving forces for soil management decisions to soil processes, soil functional changes, and their impacts on ecosystem services and resource use efficiency, both being targets that have been set by society and are anchored in bioeconomy policy strategies and sustainable development goals. Although the resource use efficiency concept has a long‐term tradition, most studies of agricultural management do not address the role of soils in their efficiency assessment. The concept of ecosystem services has received increasing attention over the last years; however, its link to soil functions and soil management practices is still not well established. This study is the first to conceptually link the socioeconomic processes of external drivers for soil management with the natural processes of soil functions and connect them back to impacts on the social system. Application of the framework helps strengthen the science‐policy interface and to systemically assess and compare the opportunities and threats of soil management practices from the perspective of goals set by society at different spatial and temporal scales. Insights gained in this way can be applied in stakeholder decision‐making processes and used to inform the design of governance instruments aimed at sustainable soil management within a bioeconomy.
A framework for scaling sustainable land management options
Authors: Thomas Richard , Reed Mark , Clifton Kathyrn , Appadurai Nathan , Mills Anthony , Zucca Claudio , Kodsi Elie , Sircely Jason , Haddad Fida , Hagen Christopher , Mapedza Everisto , Woldearegay Kifle , Shalander Kumar , Bellon Mauricio , Le Quang , Mabikke Samuel , Alexander Sasha , Leu Stefan , Schlingloff Stefan , Lala‐Pritchard Tana , Mares Victor , Quiroz Roberto
Published: July 2018

Improvements in land use and management are needed at a global scale to tackle interconnected global challenges of population growth, poverty, migration, climate change, biodiversity loss, and degrading land and water resources. There are hundreds of technical options for improving the sustainability of land management and preventing or reversing degradation, but there are many sociocultural, institutional, economic, and policy barriers hindering their adoption at large scale. To tackle this challenge, the Dryland Systems Program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification convened an expert group to consider barriers and incentives to scaling technologies, processes, policies, or institutional arrangements. The group reviewed existing frameworks for scaling sustainable land management (SLM) interventions across a range of contexts and identified eight critical actions for success: (a) plan iteratively; (b) consistently fund; (c) select SLM options for scaling based on best available evidence; (d) identify and engage with stakeholders at all scales; (e) build capacity for scaling; (f) foster institutional leadership and policy change to support scaling; (g) achieve early benefits and incentives for as many stakeholders as possible; and (h) monitor, evaluate, and communicate. Incentives for scaling were identified for the private sector, farmers and their communities, and policy makers. Based on these findings, a new action framework for scaling is presented that analyses the contexts where specific SLM interventions can be scaled, so that SLM options can be screened and adapted to these contexts, piloted and disseminated. The framework can help countries achieve land degradation neutrality.
Basic forms and Morse–Novikov cohomology of Lie groupoids
Authors: Ding Hao
Published: July 2018

Given a basic closed 1‐form on a Lie groupoid , the Morse–Novikov cohomology groups are defined in this paper. They coincide with the usual de Rham cohomology groups when θ is exact and with the usual Morse–Novikov cohomology groups when is the unit groupoid generated by a smooth manifold M. We prove that the Morse–Novikov cohomology groups are invariant under Morita equivalences of Lie groupoids. On orbifold groupoids, we show that these groups are isomorphic to sheaf cohomology groups. Finally, when θ is not exact, we extend a vanishing theorem from smooth manifolds to orbifold groupoids.
Technical Note: Enhancing soft tissue contrast and radiation‐induced image changes with dual‐energy CT for radiation therapy
Authors: Noid George , Tai An , Schott Diane , Mistry Nilesh , Liu Yu , Gilat‐Schmidt Taly , Robbins Jared R. , Li X. Allen
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to investigate the use of low‐energy monoenergetic decompositions obtained from dual‐energy CT (DECT) to enhance image contrast and the detection of radiation‐induced changes of CT textures in pancreatic cancer.

Methods

The DECT data acquired for 10 consecutive pancreatic cancer patients during routine nongated CT‐guided radiation therapy (RT) using an in‐room CT (Definition AS Open, Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, PA) were analyzed. With a sequential DE protocol, the scanner rapidly performs two helical acquisitions, the first at a tube voltage of 80 kVp and the second at a tube voltage of 140 kVp. Virtual monoenergetic images across a range of energies from 40 to 140 keV were reconstructed using an image‐based material decomposition. Intravenous (IV) bolus‐free contrast enhancement in pancreas patient tumors was measured across a spectrum of monoenergies. For treatment response assessment, the changes in CT histogram features (including mean CT number (MCTN), entropy, kurtosis) in pancreas tumors were measured during treatment. The results from the monoenergetic decompositions were compared to those obtained from the standard 120 kVp CT protocol for the same subjects.

Results

Data of monoenergetic decompositions of the 10 patients confirmed the expected enhancement of soft tissue contrast as the energy is decreased. The changes in the selected CT histogram features in the pancreas during RT delivery were amplified with the low‐energy monoenergetic decompositions, as compared to the changes measured from the 120 kVp CTs. For the patients studied, the average reduction in the MCTN in pancreas from the first to the last (the 28th) treatment fraction was 4.09 HU for the standard 120 kVp and 11.15 HU for the 40 keV monoenergetic decomposition.

Conclusions

Low‐energy monoenergetic decompositions from DECT substantially increase soft tissue contrast and increase the magnitude of radiation‐induced changes in CT histogram textures during RT delivery for pancreatic cancer. Therefore, quantitative DECT may assist the detection of early RT response.
Effects of isometric, eccentric, or heavy slow resistance exercises on pain and function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy: A systematic review
Authors: Lim Hui Yin , Wong Shi Hui
Published: July 2018

Background and Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate current evidence and provide a review on the effects of isometric, eccentric, or heavy slow resistance (HSR) exercises on pain and function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy (PT).

Methods

Academic journals from CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus™, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to August 2017. Screening of reference lists was also performed. Human interventional studies investigating outcomes of pain and function in PT using either isometric, eccentric, or HSR training exercises were included. The McMaster Critical Review Form‐Quantitative Studies was used to assess for risk of bias. Levels of evidence were obtained using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) evidence hierarchy. The NHMRC Body of Evidence Framework was utilized to formulate recommendations for clinical practice. Extraction of data was performed by two independent reviewers according to predefined data criterion, data were then tabulated, and a descriptive, qualitative data synthesis was performed.

Results

Fifteen studies (3 isometric, 2 HSR, and 10 eccentric) were included for this review. Mean quality score across all studies was 81.6% (range 70% to 93%). Nine studies were of high quality, whereas six studies were of moderate quality. Nine studies were randomized controlled trials, which provided good Level II evidence; four studies were of satisfactory Level III evidence; and two studies were case series (Level IV evidence).

Conclusions

Findings from isometric exercises can be trusted to guide clinical practice (Grade A), whereas eccentric exercises can be trusted to guide clinical practice in most clinical situations (Grade B). It is recommended that HSR exercises should be applied carefully to individual clinical circumstances (Grade C) and interpreted with care. Isometric exercises appear to be more effective during competitive seasons for short‐term pain relief, whereas HSR or eccentric exercises are more suitable for long‐term pain reduction and improvement in knee function.
The Spin–Orbit Mechanism of Electron Pairing in Quantum Wires
Authors: Gindikin Yasha , Sablikov Vladimir A.
Published: July 2018

A two‐body problem for electrons in a one‐dimensional system is solved here to show that two‐electron bound states can arise as a result of the image‐potential‐induced spin–orbit interaction (iSOI). The iSOI contributes an attractive component to the electron–electron interaction Hamiltonian that competes with the Coulomb repulsion and overcomes it under certain conditions. It is found that there exist two distinct types of two‐electron bound states, depending on the type of the motion that forms the iSOI: the relative motion or the motion of the electron pair as a whole. The binding energy lies in the meV range for realistic material parameters and is tunable by the gate potential.
QoE enhancements on satellite networks through the use of caches
Authors: Thibaud Adrien , Fasson Julien , Arnal Fabrice , Pradas David , Dubois Emmanuel , Chaput Emmanuel
Published: July 2018

A high throughput does not necessarily translate to a good Quality of Experience, especially in a satellite context. The round trip time, for instance, also has a tremendous impact on the reactivity of applications and thus on the Quality of Experience. Content delivery networks are massively used for over‐the‐top services in terrestrial network: They reduce the load of network and the delay as they draw the content closer to the end user. In a satellite system, the content delivery network presents a good opportunity for enhancing the end users' Quality of Experience and can change the conventional use of performance‐enhancing proxies. This paper investigates the satellite as access link for home networks or a backhaul link for small cells for a 5G perspective.

We analysed the impact of caching on both gateway side and satellite terminal side for 2 on‐trend services: web browsing and adaptive video streaming (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP). The main contribution is an evaluation of transparent caching through a satellite platform. The caching policy is out of the scope of this paper. One large part of the testbed is based on an open‐source platform, OpenSAND that emulates the satellite system. To confirm the results, some real experiments have been conducted on a commercial satellite link.

As expected, the transparent caching at the satellite terminal side can increase the Quality of Experience to its upper border as long as the content is available in the cache. For the satellite gateway cache, the performances exceed the expectations. Although the application experiences the satellite delay in this case, the traversal time of different Internet service provider networks also delays the delivery of content. Then it may have a greater impact on reactivity than the satellite itself. Through careful analysis of the different results, we noticed some issues. Transparent caching is unable to cache encrypted or dynamic content. Moreover, a misuse of caching can provoke bad behaviour of dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP mechanisms and severely decrease the Quality of Experience. We designed a solution that in addition to solving the issue, alleviates the storage space of satellite terminal caches.
Engineered ZnO‐TiO2 Nanospheres for High Performing Membrane Assimilated Photocatalytic Water Remediation and Energy Harvesting
Authors: Shejale Kiran P. , Laishram Devika , Gupta Ritu , Sharma Rakesh K.
Published: July 2018

This paper is a study of ZnO doped TiO2 in various percentages ranging from 0% (undoped) up to 10%. The effect of doping was observed via the change in morphological, optical, electrical and physical properties of ZnO‐TiO2 nanospheres. Hydrothermally grown nanospheres are used for removing contaminants photo‐catalytically from waste water and also as photoanodes in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with graphene as counter electrode. Of the many approaches that have been explored for purification of contaminated water, this work presents designing of an environmental friendly solution, based on easily available filter paper membrane and incorporating it with the synthesized catalyst for photodegradation of the harmful toxic substances. These reusable membranes assist in the photodegradation process by creating room for better light‐catalyst‐dye interaction via large surface sites. The spherically structured heterojunction of ZnO‐TiO2 generates excitons that oxidize methyl orange (MO) and reduce harmful Cr(VI) to non‐toxic Cr(III) with high efficacy. Additionally, the agile nanostructures were employed as efficient photoanode material by fabricating dye sensitized solar cells with graphene as counter electrode.
Potentially toxic elements in the riparian soils of the Sava River
Authors: Marković Milica , Zuliani Tea , Simić Snežana Belanović , Mataruga Zorana , Kostić Olga , Jarić Snežana , Vidmar Janja , Milačič Radmila , Ščančar Janez , Mitrović Miroslava , Pavlović Pavle
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Riparian zone contamination is a growing problem for several European catchments due to high anthropogenic pressures. This study investigates As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the Sava River riparian zone, characterized by wide agricultural areas, various geological substrates, and different types of industrial pollution. The accumulation and mobility of these elements were studied because they are listed as priority substances in the Water Framework Directive and environmental objectives for surface waters.

Materials and methods

Sampling was performed during the sampling campaign of the EU 7th FW-funded GLOBAQUA project in September 2015 during a low-water event. Soil samples were collected along the Sava River at 12 selected sampling sites, from a depth of 0–30 cm, at a distance of 10–15 m from the river bank. The extent of pollution was estimated by determining total and readily soluble element concentrations in the soils. Potential ecological risk and the source of the selected elements in the soils was determined using the enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (RI), and statistical methods such as the principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA).

Results and discussion

This study showed that concentrations of the selected elements increase along the Sava. In terms of origin, PCA and MLRA indicated that Cr and Ni in soils are predominantly lithogenic, while As, Cd, Pb, and Zn are both lithogenic and anthropogenic (ore deposits, industry, and agriculture). PCA singled out Cu since its origin in soil is most probably from specific point-source pollution. EF was generally minor to moderate for most of the examined elements, apart from Cu, for which the EF was significant at one sampling site. Overall ecological risk (RI) fell within the low-risk category for most sites, apart from Belgrade sampling site (BEO), where high total Cd content affected individual and overall ecological risk indicators, indicating Cd could represent a considerable ecological risk for the downstream riparian zone.

Conclusions

At downstream sites, there was a noticeable increase in PTE content, with Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn exceeding the proposed threshold values for European soils, indicating rising contamination in riparian soils. In terms of the ecological risk, only Cd could pose a potential ecological threat for the downstream riparian zone.
Research in the pipeline
Authors: Miller Julia
Published: July 2018

In the pipeline is an English idiom referring to something abstract, such as a project, that is in progress but is not yet complete. Although some research has been published on initiatives linking lexicography and phraseology, and more research may be in the pipeline, there is plenty of room for further collaboration. This paper will explore ways in which phraseology (epitomised here by the phrase known as an idiom) contributes to lexicography in diverse felds: online dictionaries; headwords; the labelling of idiom entries; example sentences; the possibility of crowdsourcing; the role of corpora; pedagogical lexicography; teachers’ use of dictionaries in class; user skills; and ways in which phraseology can contribute to the portrayal of culture in a dictionary. It is hoped that this will inspire joint research projects between phraseologists and lexicographers so that future papers can report on more research in the pipeline.
Toward design of the antiturbulence surface exhibiting maximum drag reduction effect
Authors: Krieger V. , Perić R. , Jovanović J. , Lienhart H. , Delgado A.
Published: July 2018

The flow development in a groove-modified channel consisting of flat and grooved walls was investigated by direct numerical simulations based on the Navier–Stokes equations at a Reynolds number of $5\times 10^{3}$ based on the full channel height and the bulk velocity. Simulations were performed for highly disturbed initial flow conditions leading to the almost instantaneous appearance of turbulence in channels with flat walls. The surface morphology was designed in the form of profiled grooves aligned with the flow direction and embedded in the wall. Such grooves are presumed to allow development of only the statistically axisymmetric disturbances. In contrast to the rapid production of turbulence along a flat wall, it was found that such development was suppressed over a grooved wall for a remarkably long period of time. Owing to the difference in the flow structure, friction drag over the grooved wall was more than 60 % lower than that over the flat wall. Anisotropy-invariant mapping supports the conclusion, emerging from analytic considerations, that persistence of the laminar regime is due to statistical axisymmetry in the velocity fluctuations. Complementary investigations of turbulent drag reduction in grooved channels demonstrated that promotion of such a state across the entire wetted surface is required to stabilize flow and prevent transition and breakdown to turbulence. To support the results of numerical investigations, measurements in groove-modified channel flow were performed. Comparisons of the pressure differentials measured along flat and groove-modified channels reveal a skin-friction reduction as large as $\text{DR}\approx 50\,\%$ owing to the extended persistence of the laminar flow compared with flow development in a flat channel. These experiments demonstrate that early stabilization of the laminar boundary layer development with a grooved surface promotes drag reduction in a fully turbulent flow with a preserving magnitude as the Reynolds number increases.
Aeroacoustics of a rotor ingesting a planar boundary layer at high thrust
Authors: Murray Henry H. , Devenport William J. , Alexander W. Nathan , Glegg Stewart A. L. , Wisda David
Published: July 2018

Aeroacoustic measurements and analysis have been made for an unshrouded rotor partially immersed in a planar equilibrium turbulent boundary layer at low Mach number. This configuration provides an idealized model of inflow distortion effects seen when a rotor is mounted adjacent to the hull or fuselage of a vehicle. At low and moderate thrust conditions, the rotor produces broadband noise organized into haystacks produced by large eddies of the ingested turbulence being cut multiple times by successive rotor blades. At high thrust, however, the acoustic signature changes and becomes louder and more tonal. This change is accompanied by separation of the boundary layer from the wall in the vicinity of the rotor blade disk. The separation region is highly unsteady and populated by intense vortex structures. Acoustic analysis suggests that blade–vortex interactions with these structures are the source of the additional tonal noise at high thrust.
The evolution of a front in turbulent thermal wind balance. Part 1. Theory
Authors: Crowe Matthew N. , Taylor John R.
Published: July 2018

Here, we examine the influence of small-scale turbulence on the evolution of fronts in the ocean and atmosphere. Specifically, we consider the evolution of an initially balanced density front subject to an imposed viscosity and diffusivity as a simple analogue for small-scale turbulence. At late times, the dominant balance is found to be the quasisteady turbulent thermal wind balance with time evolution due to an advection–diffusion balance in the buoyancy equation. We use the leading-order balance to determine analytical similarity solutions for the spreading of a front and find that the spreading rate is maximum for an intermediate value of the Ekman number, with the spreading resulting from shear dispersion associated with the cross-front flow and vertical diffusion of density. In response to shear dispersion, the front evolves towards a density profile that is nearly linear in the cross-front coordinate. At the edges of the frontal zone, the density field develops large curvature, and these regions are associated with narrow bands of intense vertical velocity.
Large-eddy simulation of laminar transonic buffet
Authors: Dandois Julien , Mary Ivan , Brion Vincent
Published: July 2018

A large-eddy simulation of laminar transonic buffet on an airfoil at a Mach number $M=0.735$, an angle of attack $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=4^{\circ }$, a Reynolds number $Re_{c}=3\times 10^{6}$ has been carried out. The boundary layer is laminar up to the shock foot and laminar/turbulent transition occurs in the separation bubble at the shock foot. Contrary to the turbulent case for which wall pressure spectra are characterised by well-marked peaks at low frequencies ($St=f\cdot c/U_{\infty }\simeq 0.06{-}0.07$, where $St$ is the Strouhal number, $f$ the shock oscillation frequency, $c$ the chord length and $U_{\infty }$ the free-stream velocity), in the laminar case, there are also well-marked peaks but at a much higher frequency ($St=1.2$). The shock oscillation amplitude is also lower: 6 % of chord and limited to the shock foot area in the laminar case instead of 20 % with a whole shock oscillation and intermittent boundary layer separation and reattachment in the turbulent case. The analysis of the phase-averaged fields allowed linking of the frequency of the laminar transonic buffet to a separation bubble breathing phenomenon associated with a vortex shedding mechanism. These vortices are convected at $U_{c}/U_{\infty }\simeq 0.4$ (where $U_{c}$ is the convection velocity). The main finding of the present paper is that the higher frequency of the shock oscillation in the laminar regime is due to a different mechanism than in the turbulent one: laminar transonic buffet is due to a separation bubble breathing phenomenon occurring at the shock foot.
The enigmatic metazoan Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota, Yunnan Province, South China
Authors: Li Yujing , Williams Mark , Gabbott Sarah E. , Chen Ailin , Cong Peiyun , Hou Xianguang
Published: July 2018

Vetulicolians are a group of exclusively Cambrian animals characterized by an anterior section with lateral pouches and a posterior section that appears segmented. The precise phylogenetic affinity of vetulicolians is debated because there is a lack of consensus regarding the interpretation of their anatomical features. Their disparate morphology might even cause one to question whether this is a monophyletic taxon. In total, there are 15 species grouped into three families included in vetulicolians. Here we focus on new specimens of Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi Chen, Feng, and Zhu in Chen et al., 2003, a species that was first described from only a single specimen from the Chengjiang Biota (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3, Eoredlichia-Wutingaspis trilobite Biozone), Yunnan Province, China. The species is notable in being exceptionally large (up to 20 cm long). Morphological observations on the new specimens clarify the nature of the wide circular opening at the presumed anterior end of the animal and the cowl-shaped lateral openings within this anterior section. Taphonomic observations identify wrinkles in the anterior section and twists in the posterior segmented section. In particular, the shape of the anterior opening of Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi suggests significant differences from other vetulicolians. Taxonomic reappraisal of Y. magnificissimi indicates that it belongs within the family Didazoonidae, as that is presently defined.
Estimating the burden on general practitioner services in England from increases in respiratory disease associated with seasonal respiratory pathogen activity
Authors: Morbey R. A. , Elliot A. J. , Harcourt S. , Smith S. , de Lusignan S. , Pebody R. , Yeates A. , Zambon M. , Smith G. E.
Published: July 2018

Understanding the burden of respiratory pathogens on health care is key to improving public health emergency response and interventions. In temperate regions, there is a large seasonal rise in influenza and other respiratory pathogens. We have examined the associations between individual pathogens and reported respiratory tract infections to estimate attributable burden. We used multiple linear regression to model the relationship between doctor consultation data and laboratory samples from week 3 2011 until week 37 2015. We fitted separate models for consultation data with in-hours and out-of-hours doctor services, stratified by different age bands. The best fitting all ages models (R2 > 80%) for consultation data resulted in the greatest burden being associated with influenza followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). For models of adult age bands, there were significant associations between consultation data and invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae. There were also smaller numbers of consultations significantly associated with rhinovirus, parainfluenza, and human metapneumovirus. We estimate that a general practice with 10 000 patients would have seen an additional 18 respiratory tract infection consultations per winter week of which six had influenza and four had RSV. Our results are important for the planning of health care services to minimise the impact of winter pressures.

•

Respiratory pathogen incidence explains over 80% of seasonal variation in respiratory consultation data.

•

Influenza and RSV are associated with the biggest seasonal rises in respiratory consultation counts.

•

A third of consultation counts associated with respiratory pathogens were due to influenza.
Drumming-associated anthrax incidents: exposures to low levels of indoor environmental contamination
Authors: Bennett E. , Hall I. M. , Pottage T. , Silman N.J. , Bennett A.M.
Published: July 2018

Two fatal drumming-related inhalational anthrax incidents occurred in 2006 and 2008 in the UK. One individual was a drum maker and drummer from the Scottish Borders, most likely infected whilst playing a goat-skin drum contaminated withBacillus anthracisspores; the second, a drummer and drum maker from East London, likely became infected whilst working with contaminated animal hides.

We have collated epidemiological and environmental data from these incidents and reviewed them alongside three similar contemporaneous incidents in the USA. Sampling operations recovered the causative agent from drums and drum skins and from residences and communal buildings at low levels. From these data, we have considered the nature of the exposures and the number of other individuals likely to have been exposed, either to the primary infection events or to subsequent prolonged environmental contamination (or both).

Despite many individual exposures to widespread low-level spore contamination in private residences and in work spaces for extended periods of time (at least 1 year in one instance), only one other individual acquired an infection (cutaneous). Whilst recognising the difficulty in making definitive inferences from these incidents to specific residual contamination levels, and by extending the risk to public health, we believe it may be useful to reflect on these findings when considering future incident management risk assessments and decisions in similar incidents that result in low-level indoor contamination.
The impact of the number of tuberculin skin test reactors and infection confirmation on the risk of future bovine tuberculosis incidents; a Northern Ireland perspective
Authors: O'Hagan M. J. H. , Stegeman J. A. , Doyle L. P. , Stringer L. A. , Courcier E. A. , Menzies F. D.
Published: July 2018

Currently policies enabling cattle herds to regain Official Tuberculosis Free (OTF) status after a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) herd incident vary between individual parts of the British Isles from requiring only one negative single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT) herd test when bTB infection is not confirmed to needing two consecutively negative SCITT herd tests after disclosure of two or more reactors, irrespective of bTB confirmation. This study used Kaplan–Meier curves and univariable and multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard models to evaluate the effect of the number of SCITT reactors and bTB confirmation on the risk of future bTB herd incident utilising data extracted from the national animal health database in Northern Ireland. Based on multivariable analyses the risk of a future bTB herd incident was positively associated with the number of SCITT reactors identified during the incident period (hazard ratio = 1.861 in incidents >5 SCITT reactors compared to incidents with only one SCITT reactor; P < 0.001), but not with bTB confirmation. These findings suggest that the probability of residual bTB infection in a herd increases with an increasing number of SCITT reactors disclosed during a bTB herd incident. It was concluded that bTB herd incidents with multiple SCITT reactors should be subjected to stricter control measures irrespective of bTB infection confirmation status.
Contact effects on the technical lexis of Middle English: a semantic hierarchic approach
Authors: SYLVESTER LOUISE
Published: July 2018

In the context of multilingualism in later medieval Britain, the influx of French terminology into the emerging technical vocabulary of Middle English is likely to have produced synchronous synonyms. For functional reasons, some native terms are expected to be dropped from the language, others to undergo differentiation through semantic shift. A significant proportion of the French borrowings are often seen as having been new technical terms, but earlier historical research on the nature of technical vocabulary in English has not clearly characterized this lexical domain; ways are therefore explored here of identifying technical terminology in this period. Definitions contained in historical dictionaries, principally theMiddle English Dictionary, provide the main diagnostic, specificity of meaning. As a case study, borrowings in a technical register are examined using the terms contained in the subdomain ‘Instruments’ within the Middle English vocabulary for Building (extracted from theBilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval Englandproject) supplemented with lexis from theHistorical Thesaurus. Utilizing the components of meaning in theMiddle English Dictionaryand theOxford English Dictionarydefinitions, the lexical items are classified into semantic hierarchies as was done for theHistorical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. In addition to dates of first usage, etymological information about the lexical items is included in the semantic hierarchies, allowing analysis of patterns of replacement by borrowed terms at different levels of the lexicon. It is found that the impact of French on the native lexicon in this dataset is most evident at the superordinate and basic levels of the lexicon, where we find almost equal numbers of native and borrowed terms, while at the hyponymic level native terms are in the vast majority. The study provides an insight into the vocabulary of speakers of the Middle English period with a high level of experience and expertise in technical fields and the findings suggest a resistance to borrowed vocabulary not at the lowest section of the social stratum, but rather by the class of skilled workers.
The critical roles of errors and individual differences in bilingual translation
Authors: TOKOWICZ NATASHA
Published: July 2018

Multilink moves the field a step forward in being able to make clear predictions about how a bilingual's languages interact in a variety of tasks. It addresses some shortcomings of the BIA (Dijkstra, van Heuven & Grainger, 1998) and BIA+ (Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002) models, which did not explain performance from bilinguals of varied proficiency levels or on translation tasks. However, there are still gains that can be made – Dijkstra, Wahl, Buytenhuijs, van Halem, Al-jibouri, de Korte, and Rekké (2018) themselves point out that there are additional ways in which they plan to expand the model.
The Commission’s Power to Withdraw Legislative Proposals and its ‘Parliamentarisation’, Between Technical and Political Grounds
Authors: Lupo Nicola
Published: July 2018

European Commission – Monopoly on legislative initiative – Power to withdraw legislative proposals, as recognised and limited by the Court of Justice – Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law-Making – European Parliament Rules of Procedure – Interinstitutional programming procedures – Technical and political usages of the withdrawal – Question of confidence in national parliamentary systems – National Parliaments and Early Warning System – Parliamentarisation of the decision to withdraw – Principle of institutional balance
Is There Scientific Method In Creationism Madness?
Authors: Schwimmer David R.
Published: July 2018

While no consensus exists among philosophers of science on a definition and paradigm for the “Scientific Method,” certain principles and methods of inquiry are nearly universal among working scientists and constitute a minimum framework for the concept. These include: the use of logic and Occam's Razor, objectivity, a positive approach to knowledge (i.e. that the universe is knowable and the knowledge should be obtained), and at least implicit application of the hypothesis/theory/law/fact hierarchy of generalization. Investigations of natural phenomena within these parameters may be termed “scientific” and, conversely, the circumvention of even one essential principle should remove the cachet of “Science.”

A sample of “Creation Science” literature is examined to determine whether it adheres to the minimum “Scientific Method” described. Examination reveals that, indeed, all of the enumerated criteria are violated. Objectivity and the positive approach to knowledge are flouted overtly in several documents, whereas logical fallacies, violations of Occam's Razor, and misapplications of the heirarchy of generalization are rampant among (and intrinsic to) “Creationist” arguments, but typically must be ferreted out. Most distressful logical fallacies are non-factual statements, false assumptions, anachronisms, and a set of novel errors which may be termed “apparent scientism” (e.g. the citation of nonrefereed polemical writings, using conventional journal format). It is concluded that the methodological bankruptcy evidenced in materials examined removes the philosophy espoused from “Science” and leaves only the “Creationist” component.
Angehörige Suchtkranker: Prävalenz, Gesundheitsverhalten und Depressivität
Authors: Bischof Gallus , Meyer Christian , Batra Anil , Berndt Johannes , Besser Bettina , Bischof Anja , Eck Sandra , Krause Kristian , Möhring Anne , Rumpf Hans-Jürgen
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Internationale Studien belegen eine erhöhte gesundheitsbezogene Morbidität bei Angehörigen von Suchtkranken. Ziel der Studie ist die Einschätzung des Ausmaßes des Problems und von Belastungsmaßen bei Angehörigen außerhalb des Suchthilfesystems in Deutschland. Methodik: In Arztpraxen und Allgemeinkrankenhäusern wurden konsekutiv aufgenommene Patienten im Alter von 18 bis 64 Jahren (N = 2.773) im Rahmen eines Gesundheitsscreenings befragt, ob bei einem Angehörigen eine Suchterkrankung (außer Tabakgebrauchsstörung) akut oder remittiert vorliegt. Das Verwandtschaftsverhältnis und die Art der Suchterkrankung wurden spezifiziert. Zusätzlich wurden Depressivität und Gesundheitsverhalten der Patienten erfasst. Patienten ohne suchtkranken Angehörigen wurden verglichen mit Angehörigen von aktual bzw. remittierten suchtkranken Angehörigen. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt gaben 12,7 % (95 % CI 11,4–14,0) der Befragten an, einen suchtkranken Angehörigen mit bestehender Suchterkrankung in den letzten 12 Monaten zu haben, weitere 6,5 % (95 % CI 5,6–7,4) gaben an, einen Angehörigen zu haben, dessen Suchterkrankung schon länger als 12 Monate zurücklag. Die Prävalenz war bei Krankenhauspatienten signifikant erhöht. Bei Kontrolle auf soziodemographische und gesundheitsbezogene Verhaltensweisen wiesen Angehörige Suchtkranker gegenüber der Referenzpopulation erhöhte Depressionswerte auf. Schlussfolgerung: Angehörige von Suchtkranken stellen eine vulnerable, hochprävalente Population bei Patienten der medizinischen Basisversorgung dar. Wirksame Behandlungsansätze liegen vor und könnten zu einer Belastungsreduktion in dieser Gruppe beitragen.
Das Körperbild von Jugendlichen in der Schweiz – Studienergebnisse
Authors: Widmer Howald Franziska , Schär Gmelch Marcel , Peterseil Marie
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Personen mit einem positiven Körperbild sind zufriedener mit ihrem Körper, reflektieren die in der Gesellschaft vorherrschenden Schönheitsideale kritischer, können sorgsam mit ihrem Körper umgehen und sind weniger von Depressionen betroffen. Die Adoleszenz ist eine besonders kritische Entwicklungsphase in Bezug auf das Körperbild. Die Resultate der 1023 befragten Jugendlichen zwischen 13 und 16 Jahren sind eindeutig: In den untersuchten zwei Sprachregionen der Schweiz korreliert das positive Körperbild signifikant positiv mit der psychischen Gesundheit und signifikant negativ mit dem Einfluss der Medien. Zukünftig sollen auf nationaler Ebene zielgruppen- und genderspezifische Sensibilisierungs- und Kommunikationsmassnahmen, insbesondere unter Einbezug der sozialen Medien, sowie damit verbundene Möglichkeiten zur Stärkung der psychischen Gesundheit der Jugendlichen entwickelt werden.
Nicht jede Gesichtsschwellung ist ein Angioödem
Authors: Hayoz Christelle , Rickenbacher-Frey Sarah , Ernst Susanne
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über eine Zuweisung einer 69-jährigen Patientin mit Verdacht auf eine allergische Reaktion Grad III aufgrund einer ausgeprägten Gesichtsschwellung, Dyspnoe und Schwindel. Als Ursache fand sich jedoch ein beidseitiger Pneumothorax mit massivem Weichteilemphysem, auf der einen Seite aufgrund spontan sekundärer Genese im Rahmen einer chronisch obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung, auf der anderen Seite traumatisch bedingt bei Rippenserienfraktur.
Biomarker für Rauchen – Welche Cut-off-Werte sind anwendbar?
Authors: Gruber Damian , Schuurmans Macé M.
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Überprüfung des Raucherstatus mittels Biomarkern ist wichtig für Behandlungsentscheidungen von Patienten mit rauchbedingten Erkrankungen. Cotinin ist derzeit der beste Biomarker zur Dokumentation des Nikotinkonsums. Eine kostengünstige Alternative zur Bestimmung des Raucherstatus ist die Messung von Carboxyhämoglobin (CO-Hb) in der Ausatmungsluft. Der Hauptnachteil von CO-Hb ist die kurze Halbwertszeit. Der entsprechende Grenzwert für den aktiven Nikotinkonsum in der Schweiz liegt bei 50 ng/ml oder mehr Cotinin im Urin bzw. 10 ng/ml und 12 ng/ml im Serum und Speichel. CO-Hb-Werte von mehr als 2 % deuten mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auf aktives Rauchen hin, Werte über 3 % mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit.
Impacts of Development Pattern on Urban Groundwater Flow Regime
Authors: Barnes Michael L. , Welty Claire , Miller Andrew J.
Published: July 2018

We compare the effects of urban development type and spatial pattern on the hydrology of six small headwater catchments near Baltimore, Maryland, utilizing a three‐dimensional coupled groundwater‐surface water‐land atmosphere model (ParFlow.CLM). The catchments range in size from 0.2 to 2 km2, across a spectrum of older heavily urbanized development to less developed exurban residential areas. The topography and land cover of each model domain are defined using high‐resolution LiDAR topography and orthoimagery. Simulations were conducted at an hourly time step for calendar years 2012–2015 using a 10‐m terrain‐following horizontal grid with variable dz (0.1 to 8 m). Differences in development type and pattern across catchments give rise to complex spatial and temporal trends in the water budget. Catchments with the lowest amounts of impervious cover show the greatest variability in total storage response to climatic variation, whereas those with the greatest amount of impervious cover show less variability in response of subsurface storage to annual and seasonal variability in precipitation input. The storage response among catchments tends to be pronounced during prolonged dry and wet periods, with the variability in response being less pronounced over short‐term events. A negative correlation is observed across catchments between impervious cover and net subsurface storage variability. Temporal variability in subsurface storage is most responsive to development pattern in near‐surface layers, but transitions to topographic control at depth. Spatially, the development footprint controls where recharge and evapotranspiration occur in the unsaturated zone. Infiltration in pervious areas flows laterally beneath impervious surfaces.
Comprehensive analysis of lung cancer pathology images to discover tumor shape and boundary features that predict survival outcome
Authors: Wang Shidan , Chen Alyssa , Yang Lin , Cai Ling , Xie Yang , Fujimoto Junya , Gazdar Adi , Xiao Guanghua
Published: July 2018

Pathology images capture tumor histomorphological details in high resolution. However, manual detection and characterization of tumor regions in pathology images is labor intensive and subjective. Using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN), we developed an automated tumor region recognition system for lung cancer pathology images. From the identified tumor regions, we extracted 22 well-defined shape and boundary features and found that 15 of them were significantly associated with patient survival outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients from the National Lung Screening Trial. A tumor region shape-based prognostic model was developed and validated in an independent patient cohort (n = 389). The predicted high-risk group had significantly worse survival than the low-risk group (p value = 0.0029). Predicted risk group serves as an independent prognostic factor (high-risk vs. low-risk, hazard ratio = 2.25, 95% CI 1.34–3.77, p value = 0.0022) after adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, and stage. This study provides new insights into the relationship between tumor shape and patient prognosis.
The Co-operation of RUNX1 with LDB1, CDK9 and BRD4 Drives Transcription Factor Complex Relocation During Haematopoietic Specification
Authors: Gilmour Jane , Assi Salam A. , Noailles Laura , Lichtinger Monika , Obier Nadine , Bonifer Constanze
Published: July 2018

Haematopoietic cells arise from endothelial cells within the dorsal aorta of the embryo via a process called the endothelial-haematopoietic transition (EHT). This process crucially depends on the transcription factor RUNX1 which rapidly activates the expression of genes essential for haematopoietic development. Using an inducible version of RUNX1 in a mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation model we showed that prior to the EHT, haematopoietic genes are primed by the binding of the transcription factor FLI1. Once expressed, RUNX1 relocates FLI1 towards its binding sites. However, the nature of the transcription factor assemblies recruited by RUNX1 to reshape the chromatin landscape and initiate mRNA synthesis are unclear. Here, we performed genome-wide analyses of RUNX1-dependent binding of factors associated with transcription elongation to address this question. We demonstrate that RUNX1 induction moves FLI1 from distal ETS/GATA sites to RUNX1/ETS sites and recruits the basal transcription factors CDK9, BRD4, the Mediator complex and the looping factor LDB1. Our study explains how the expression of a single transcription factor can drive rapid and replication independent transitions in cellular shape which are widely observed in development and disease.
Toxicological evaluation of convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neuronal networks using an MEA system
Authors: Odawara A. , Matsuda N. , Ishibashi Y. , Yokoi R. , Suzuki I.
Published: July 2018

Functional evaluation assays using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons can predict the convulsion toxicity of new drugs and the neurological effects of antiepileptic drugs. However, differences in responsiveness depending on convulsant type and antiepileptic drugs, and an evaluation index capable of comparing in vitro responses with in vivo responses are not well known. We observed the difference in synchronized burst patterns in the epileptiform activities induced by pentylentetrazole (PTZ) and 4-aminopryridine (4-AP) with different action mechanisms using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs); we also observed that 100 µM of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin suppressed epileptiform activities induced by PTZ, but increased those induced by 4-AP. To compare in vitro results with in vivo convulsive responses, frequency analysis of below 250 Hz, excluding the spike component, was performed. The in vivo convulsive firing enhancement of the high γ wave and β wave component were observed remarkably in in vitro hiPSC-derived neurons with astrocytes in co-culture. MEA measurement of hiPSC-derived neurons in co-culture with astrocytes and our analysis methods, including frequency analysis, appear effective for predicting convulsion toxicity, side effects, and their mechanism of action as well as the comparison of convulsions induced in vivo.
Correction: Corrigendum: Cancer Cell Mitochondria Targeting by Pancratistatin Analogs is Dependent on Functional Complex II and III
Authors: Ma Dennis , Pignanelli Christopher , Tarade Daniel , Gilbert Tyler , Noel Megan , Mansour Fadi , Adams Scott , Dowhayko Alexander , Stokes Kyle , Vshyvenko Sergey , Collins Jonathan , Hudlicky Tomas , McNulty James , Pandey Siyaram
Published: July 2018

Scientific Reports 7; Article number: 42957; published online: 21 February 2017; updated: 04 July 2018 Jonathan Collins was omitted from the author list in the original version of this Article. This has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying SupplementaryData file.