bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Order Dataset Release Scheme Based on Safe K-Anonymization for Privacy Protection in Cloud Manufacturing
Authors: Xiu Hui , Jiang Xuemei , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: July 2017

Cloud Manufacturing is a new model to increase the manufacturing and business benefits by sharing manufacturing resources. These resources can bring users convenience, but also may be maliciously analyzed by the attacker which may result in personal or corporate privacy disclosure. In this paper, we discuss the privacy disclosure problem in cloud manufacturing, and propose a method for releasing order data securely with the complex relationship between enterprises and other vendors. With regards to the risk of privacy leakage in the process of data analysis or data mining, we improve the traditional method of anonymous releasing for original order data, and introduce the thought of safe k-anonymization to achieve the process. To meet the needs of protecting sensitive information in data, we analyze the users’ different demands for order data in the cloud manufacturing, use the sampling function to satisfy (β, ε, δ) - DPS to increase the uncertainty of the differential privacy, improve the k-anonymization method, apply the anonymous method with generalization, concealment, and reduce data associations to different attributes. The improved method not only preserves the statistical characteristics of the data, but also protects the privacy information in the order data in the cloud manufacturing environment.
Investigation of Relationship Between Sugar Yield and Particle Size in Biofuel Manufacturing
Authors: Kesharwani Rajkamal , Song Xiaoxu , Yang Yang , Sun Zeyi , Zhang Meng , Dagli Cihan
Published: July 2017

Biofuel manufacturing consists of two major processes, i.e., feedstock preprocessing and bioconversion. The preprocessing includes size reduction and pelleting. The bioconversion includes pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation. Various studies have been implemented for these two processes. Most existing literature focuses on a specific process, while very few of them consider the possible interactions between the two processes. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between the particle size in feedstock preprocessing and the sugar yield (proportional to biofuel yield) in bioconversion. The method of design of experiments was used to design experiments and analyze the experimental results of sugar yield with different particle sizes for three different types of biomass. Critical parameters that significantly influence the sugar yield were identified. The optimal configurations of the particle size were recommended.
Effect of Cryogenic Conditions on the Drilling Performance of Carbon-Carbon (C-C) Composites
Authors: Wang Y.-Q. , Han L.-S. , Liu H.-B. , Li K. , Ma Y.
Published: July 2017

C-C composite is a kind of typical difficult-to-machine materials due to its high hardness, high strength, and obvious anisotropy features. But, water-based or oil-based coolant cannot be used during its machining process. As a result, the machining defects, including burrs, orifice ripping, and interlayer delamination, are always unavoidable. In this article, taking the liquid nitrogen as coolant, C-C composite cryogenic drilling is researched experimentally. Taking the way of LN2 external spray cooling, a series of cryogenic drilling experiments were designed. Comparing with dry drilling, the thrust force was reduced, the machining defects were significantly inhibited, and a better roundness of holes was achieved in cryogenic drilling. It indicates that cryogenic condition has a positive effect on improving the C-C composite drilling quality.
Ductile Regime Scratching of a Rock Sample in a Laser Assisted Machining Technique
Authors: Bakir Barkin , Mohammadi Hossein , Patten John A.
Published: July 2017

Rocks are playing an important role in the life of mankind since ancient times. One of the most significant characteristics of the rocks is their brittleness, which makes them exhibit a very poor machinability and usually severe fracture results during machining. In this paper, Micro-Laser Augmented Machining (μ-LAM) technique is applied on scratching a commercial rock, Gabbro-Labradorite, which is a composite of grained natural minerals such as feldspar, magnetite and mica. In the μ-LAM process, a laser is used to locally heat and thermally soften the materials below the scratching tool during the machining operation. In this paper, scratching tests have been done on the Gabbro-Labradorite minerals, with and without laser heating and results are compared and reported. Micro-laser assisted scratch tests (with an actual cutting tool) were successful in demonstrating the enhanced thermal softening of the feldspar and magnetite minerals. The effect of the laser power was studied by measuring the depths of the cuts for the scratch tests. When generating the scratches with a diamond tool, load range was increased from 50 to 500 mN. Laser powers of 10, 15, 20, and 25 Watt (W) have been utilized. All the tests were repeated two times to increase the reliability of the results. 3D profiles were generated by using a white light interferometer and microscopic images of the cuts have been reported. Results show that Ductile to Brittle Transition (DBT) depth, which is the critical depth for machining brittle materials, increased with the aid of the laser. Results are very important for the machining of the Gabbro-Labradorite to get a high material removal rate (MRR), low tool wear and better surface quality.
Investigation of Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites
Authors: Stan Felicia , Fetecau Catalin , Stanciu Nicoleta V. , Rosculet Razvan T. , Sandu Laurentiu I.
Published: July 2017

In this study, the structure-property relationships in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated. Firstly, the contribution of MWCNTs to the melt shear viscosity and the pressure-volume-temperature (pVT) behavior was investigated. Secondly, injection-molded samples and 2 mm diameter filaments of TPU/MWCNT composites were fabricated and their mechanical and electrical properties analyzed. It was found that the melt processability of TPU/MWCNT composites is not affected by the addition of a small amount (1–5 wt.%) of MWCNTs, all composites displaying shear-thinning at high shear rates. The mechanical and electrical properties of the TPU/MWCNT composites were substantially enhanced with the addition of MWCNTs. However, the conductivity values of composites processed by injection molding were two and three orders of magnitude lower than those of composites processed by extrusion, highlighting the role of melt shear viscosity on the dispersion and agglomeration of nanotubes.
Effect of Different Heat Treatments on Mechanical Properties of Laser Sintered Additive Manufactured Parts
Authors: Sarkar Sagar , Kumar Cheruvu Siva , Nath Ashish Kumar
Published: July 2017

One of the most popular additive manufacturing processes is laser based direct metal laser sintering process which enables us to make complex three dimensional parts directly from CAD models. Due to layer by layer formation, parts built in this process tend to be anisotropic in nature. Suitable heat treatment can reduce this anisotropic behaviour by changing the microstructure. Depending upon the applications, a wide range of mechanical properties can be achieved between 482–621° C temperature for precipitation-hardened stainless steels. In the present study effect of different heat treatment processes, namely solution annealing, ageing and overaging, on tensile strength, hardness and wear properties has been studied in detail. Suitable metallurgical and mechanical characterization techniques have been applied wherever required, to support the experimental observations. Results show H900 condition gives highest yield strength and lowest tensile strain at break whereas solution annealing gives lowest yield strength and as-built condition gives highest tensile strain at break. SEM images show that H900 and H1150 condition produces brittle and ductile morphology respectively which in turn gives highest and lowest hardness value respectively.XRD analysis shows presence of austenite phases which can increase hardness at the cost of ductility. Average wear loss for H900 condition is highest whereas it is lowest for solution annealed condition. Further optical and SEM images have been taken to understand the basic wear mechanism involved.
Reinforcement Learning Based Real-Time Control Policy for Two-Machine-One-Buffer Production System
Authors: Zheng Wei , Lei Yong , Chang Qing
Published: July 2017

It is attractive to reduce the total cost of a manufacture system with real-time control of the production. The total cost mainly consists of the production cost, the penalty of the permanent production loss, and the Work-In-Process (WIP) inventory level cost. However, it is difficult to derive an analytical model of manufacture system due to the complexity of starved and blocked phenomena, the random failure and maintenance processes. Therefore, finding a real-time control policy for the manufacture system without exact analytical model is dearly needed. In this paper, a novel reinforcement learning based control decision policy is proposed based on the action of switching the machines on or off at the start of each time slot. Firstly, a simulation model is developed with MTBF and MTTR evaluated from the history data to collect samples. Then, a reinforcement learning method, specifically, Least-Square-Policy-Iteration method, is applied to obtain a sub-optimal policy. The simulation results show that the proposed method performs well in reducing the total cost.
Measurement-Based Adaptive Machining by Direct Spatial Deformation of Template CAM Data
Authors: Zhao Zhengcai , Fu Yucan , Xu Jiuhua , Chen Yong
Published: July 2017

In production and manufacturing engineering, some redesign, distorted or worn parts cannot be milled according to their original CAD geometries due to the existed shape deviations. Generating CAM data in traditional manner for each individual part is time-consuming and labor intensive. This paper proposes a quick and convenient adaptive approach for machining distorted hollow blade, in which a template CAM data is spatially deformed according to some measured points from actual shape. The actual shape of the part was firstly inspected by on-machine measurement method. The measured points data was matched to the original nominal CAD geometry with ICP algorithm afterwards, by which the point-pairs between the measurement points and their corresponding points were established. Based on the distance deviations between these point-pairs, global and local modifying methods of template CAM data were developed using spatial deformation. By embedding the template CAM data in the calculated deformation volume, a new CAM data was achieved. Finally, a series of measurement and machining tests were performed, which validates the feasibility of proposed adaptive machining approach in this paper.
Conceptual Design of an Experiment for the International Space Station About Shape Memory Composite in Space Environment
Authors: Santo Loredana , Bellisario Denise , Tedde Giovanni Matteo , Quadrini Fabrizio
Published: July 2017

Shape memory polymers (SMP) and composites (SMPC) may be used for many applications in Space, from self-deployable structures (such as solar sails, panels, shields, booms and antennas), to grabbing systems for Space debris removal, up to new-concept actuators for telescope mirror tuning. Experiments on the International Space Station are necessary for testing prototypes in relevant environment, above all for the absence of gravity which affects deployment of slender structures but also to evaluate the aging effects of the Space environment. In fact, several aging mechanisms are possible, from polymer cracking to cross-linking and erosion, and different behaviors are expected as well, from consolidating the temporary shape to composite degradation. Evaluating the possibility of shape recovery because of sun exposure is another interesting point. In this study, a possible experiment on the ISS is shown with the aim of evaluating the aging effect of Space on material performances. The sample structure is described as well as the testing strategy.
Cutting Force Prediction of Ball End Milling Based on Fully Voxel Representation of Cutting Edge and Instantaneous Workpiece Shape
Authors: Nishida Isamu , Okumura Ryuma , Sato Ryuta , Shirase Keiichi
Published: July 2017

A new cutting force simulator has been developed to predict cutting force in ball end milling. This new simulator discretely calculates uncut chip thickness based on a fully voxel representation of the cutting edge and instantaneous workpiece shape.

Previously, a workpiece voxel model was used to calculate uncut chip thickness under a complex change of workpiece shape. Using a workpiece voxel model, uncut chip thickness is detected by extracting the voxels removed per cutting edge tooth for the amount of material fed into the cutting edge. However, it is difficult to define the complicated shape of a cutting edge using the workpiece voxel model; the shape of the cutting edge must be defined by a mathematical expression. It is also difficult to model the voxels removed by the cutting edge when the tool posture is non-uniformly changed.

We therefore propose a new method to detect uncut chip thickness, one in which both the cutting edge and the instantaneous workpiece shape are fully represented by a voxel model. Our proposed method precisely detects uncut chip thickness at minute tool rotational angles, making it possible to detect the uncut chip thickness between the complex surface shape of the workpiece and the particular shape of the cutting edge.

To validate the effectiveness of our proposed method, experimental 5-axis milling tests using a ball end mill were conducted. Estimated milling forces for several tool postures were found to be in good agreement with the measured milling forces. Results from the experimental 5-axis milling validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Towards a Robot Task Ontology Standard
Authors: Balakirsky Stephen , Schlenoff Craig , Rama Fiorini Sandro , Redfield Signe , Barreto Marcos , Nakawala Hirenkumar , Carbonera Joel Luís , Soldatova Larisa , Bermejo-Alonso Julita , Maikore Fatima , Goncalves Paulo J. S. , De Momi Elena , Sampath Kumar Veera R. , Haidegger Tamás
Published: July 2017

Ontologies serve robotics in many ways, particularly in describing and driving autonomous functions. These functions are built around robot tasks. In this paper, we introduce the IEEE Robot Task Representation Study Group, including its work plan, initial development efforts, and proposed use cases. This effort aims to develop a standard that provides a comprehensive ontology encompassing robot task structures and reasoning across robotic domains, addressing both the relationships between tasks and platforms and the relationships between tasks and users. Its goal is to develop a knowledge representation that addresses task structure, with decomposition into subclasses, categories, and/or relations. It includes attributes, both common across tasks and specific to particular tasks and task types.
Hierarchical Decomposition of a Manufacturing Work Cell to Promote Monitoring, Diagnostics, and Prognostics
Authors: Weiss Brian A. , Qiao Guixiu
Published: July 2017

Manufacturing work cell operations are typically complex, especially when considering machine tools or industrial robot systems. The execution of these manufacturing operations require the integration of layers of hardware and software. The integration of monitoring, diagnostic, and prognostic technologies (collectively known as prognostics and health management (PHM)) can aid manufacturers in maintaining the performance of machine tools and robot systems by providing intelligence to enhance maintenance and control strategies. PHM can improve asset availability, product quality, and overall productivity. It is unlikely that a manufacturer has the capability to implement PHM in every element of their system. This limitation makes it imperative that the manufacturer understand the complexity of their system. For example, a typical robot systems include a robot, end-effector(s), and any equipment, devices, or sensors required for the robot to perform its task. Each of these elements is bound, both physically and functionally, to one another and thereby holds a measure of influence. This paper focuses on research to decompose a work cell into a hierarchical structure to understand the physical and functional relationships among the system’s critical elements. These relationships will be leveraged to identify areas of risk, which would drive a manufacturer to implement PHM within specific areas.
Axial Control of Two-Photon Polymerization With Femtosecond Bessel Beam
Authors: Yu Xiaoming , Zhang Meng , Lei Shuting
Published: July 2017

Stereolithography of three-dimensional, arbitrarily-shaped objects is achieved by successively curing photopolymer on multiple 2D planes and then stacking these 2D slices into 3D objects. Often as a bottleneck for speeding up the fabrication process, this layer-by-layer approach originates from the lack of axial control of photopolymerization. In this paper, we present a novel stereolithography technology with which two-photon polymerization can be dynamically controlled in the axial direction using Bessel beam generated from a spatial light modulator (SLM) and an axicon. First, we use unmodulated Bessel beam to fabricate micro-wires with an average diameter of 100 μm and a length exceeding 10 mm, resulting in an aspect ratio > 100:1. A study on the polymerization process shows that a fabrication speed of 2 mm/s can be achieved. Defect and deformation are observed, and the micro-wires consist of multiple narrow fibers which indicate the existence of the self-writing effect. A test case is presented to demonstrate fast 3D printing of a hollow tube within one second. Next, we modulate the Bessel beam with an SLM and demonstrate the simultaneous generation of multiple focal spots along the laser propagation direction. These spots can be dynamically controlled by loading an image sequence on the SLM. The theoretical foundation of this technology is outlined, and computer simulation is conducted to verify the experimental results. The presented technology extends current stereolithography into the third dimension, and has the potential to significantly increase 3D printing speed.
New Model for Hyper-Elastic Materials Behavior With an Application on Natural Rubber
Authors: Korba Ahmed G. , Barkey Mark E.
Published: July 2017

This paper is concerned with defining a new Weight Function Based model (WFB), which describes the hyper-elastic materials stress-strain behavior. Numerous hyper-elastic theoretical material models have been proposed over the past 60 years capturing the stress-strain behavior of large deformation incompressible isotropic materials. The newly proposed method has been verified against the historic Treloar’s test data for uni-axial, bi-axial and pure shear loadings of Treloar’s vulcanized rubber material, showing a promising level of confidence compared to the Ogden and the Yeoh methods. A non-linear least square optimization Matlab tool was used to determine the WFB, Yeoh and Ogden models material parameters. A comparison between the results of the three models was performed showing that the newly proposed model is more accurate for uni-axial tension as it has an error value which is less than the Ogden and Yeoh models by 1.0 to 39%. Also, the parameters calculation by more than 95%, for the bi-axial and pure shear loading cases compared to the Ogden model. Natural rubber test specimens have been tensioned using a tensile testing machine and the WFB model was applied to fit the test data results showing a very good curve fitting with an average error of 0.44%.WFB model has reduced processing time for the model.
The Behavior Simulation of Manufacturing Services in a Service-Oriented Networked Manufacturing Environment
Authors: Wang Jingbo , Lou Ping , Jiang Xuemei , Wei Qin , Qu YongZhi
Published: July 2017

In a service-oriented networked manufacturing (SONM) environment, geographically distributed manufacturing resources are encapsulated as various manufacturing services. These manufacturing services release via the Internet and can provide services on the demand of manufacturing tasks. Usually one manufacturing task needs several different services belonged to different organizers to work together. Hence, effective cooperation among services is the foundation of the efficient operation of SONM. In this paper, a bipartite network model is presented to describe the relationship of two different kinds of nodes in SONM, and also is projected as a weighed network for further exploring the behaviors of service nodes. Furthermore, an agent-based model is built for modeling the interactive behaviors of service nodes in a cooperative network and an agent-based simulating system is developed with Repast. The simulation results show that the emergence of cooperative behaviors among service nodes is related to both the cost of cooperation and initial trust of services in the SONM environment.
The Effect of Polyethylene (Glycol) Diacrylate Post-Fabrication Rest Time on Compressive Properties
Authors: Yasar Ozlem , Inceoglu Serkan , Prashad Ramesh
Published: July 2017

In recent years, tissue engineering has been utilized as an alternative approach for the organ transplantation. The success rate of tissue regeneration is influenced by the type of biomaterials, cell sources, growth factors and scaffold fabrication techniques used. The poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) is one of commonly used biomaterials because of its biocompatibility, ease of use, and porous microstructure. The mechanical properties of PEGDA have been studied to some extent by several research groups. However, the stability of the mechanical properties with time has not been investigated.

In this research, we studied how the mechanical properties of different concentrations of PEGDA change with the post-fabrication ageing time. Cylindrical PEGDA samples were prepared 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% concentrations and cured under the UV light. After the solidification process, weight of each sample was monitored in every 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours post-fabrication ageing time until the mechanical testing. Compressive elastic modulus and strength were calculated and statistically analyzed. Our results indicated that the water content of each PEGDA group constantly decreased by time, however, this loss significantly affected the elastic modulus and strength only after 6 hours in some PEGDA concentration.
Cloud Manufacturing-Enabled Production Logistics Service System in Industrial Park
Authors: Kang Kai , Qu Ting , Luo Hao , Xu Suxiu , Li Congdong , Huang George Q.
Published: July 2017

An industrial park is a cluster of enterprises who locate in the same location to share common infrastructures with governmental or privately finance support, which plays an important role in promoting regional economic and industrial development. However, demand volatilities push manufacturing enterprises in a dilemma that excessive resource configuration leads to waste of resource and high production cost when customer demands is low, or lack of resource and capacity for satisfying customer demands when customer demands is high. Therefore, how to temporarily configure dynamic resource for satisfying customer demand with high quality and quick delivery at low cost is a burning issue. To solve above-named issue, combining advantages of both Cloud Manufacturing (CMfg) and product service system (PSS), this paper design CMfg-enabled production logistics service system (CMPLSS) to handle demand volatilities together by sharing resource as service in industrial park. The use of CMPLSS leads to benefits for enterprises in industrial park.
Transport and Interfacial Phenomena in Nanoscale Confined Laser Crystallization
Authors: Shou Wan , Pan Heng
Published: July 2017

Laser processing (sintering, melting, crystallization and ablation) of nanoscale materials has been extensively employed for electronics manufacturing including both integrated circuit and emerging printable electronics. Many applications in semiconductor devices require annealing step to fabricate high quality crystalline domains on substrates that may not intrinsically promote the growth of high crystalline films. The recent emergence of FinFETs (Fin-shaped Field Effect Transistor) and 3D Integrated Circuits (3D-IC) has inspired the study of crystallization of amorphous materials in nano/micro confined domains. Using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation, we study the characteristics of unseeded crystallization within nano/microscale confining domains. Firstly, it is demonstrated that unseeded crystallization can yield single crystal domains facilitated by the confinement effects. A phenomenological model has been developed and tailored by MD simulations, which was applied to quantitatively evaluate the effects of domain size and processing laser pulse width on single crystal formation. Secondly, to predict crystallization behaviors on confining walls, a thermodynamics integration scheme will be used to calculate interfacial energies of Si-SiO2 interfaces.
On the Application of Model-Based Definition Strategies to the Delivery of Technical Training
Authors: Camba Jorge D. , Contero Manuel , Pérez-López David , Company Pedro
Published: July 2017

The application of computer technology to engineering and manufacturing domains has drastically transformed the way products and systems are designed and produced. However, a major drawback of CAD/CAM/CAE systems is the steep learning curve required to understand and master their extensive and increasingly complex set of functionalities. In this paper, we present a new approach to deliver CAD training materials that is inspired by Model-Based Definition (MDB) strategies, where annotated 3D models become the center of the training process. In our system, textual 3D annotations are connected to a Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system to provide access to interactive video tutorials which are linked to specific features of a CAD model. As a proof of concerto to validate this approach, a plugin for a commercial CAD package was developed that enhances the functionality of standard 3D annotation mechanisms and enables users to interact with the technical training materials directly within the CAD interface. New data structures were implemented to support the connection and integration with PLM systems. A group of tutorials are described to illustrate the system architecture and implementation details.
Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Flow Characteristics of Annealed AISI 304 Stainless Steel Sheet in Multi-Scale Bulge Forming
Authors: Olayinka Ayotunde , Emblom William J. , Wagner Scott W.
Published: July 2017

Micro and multiscale material properties are one area that must be considered in order to satisfy the need for increased utilization of miniature devices manufactured with microscale hydroforming processes. The objective of the present research is to evaluate the properties of 0.2-mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel using circular dies of 5 mm and 11 mm diameter and elliptical hydraulic bulge forming processes with minor diameters of 11 mm and various aspect ratios. Macroscale analytical methods for circular dies were compared to experimental results. For the elliptical dies, Banabic’s method and a new modification of Banabic’s method, utilizing work by Rees were used to obtain power law material properties. The Ekineev-Kruglov method was shown to be the best analytical method estimating material properties from circular dies. For elliptical dies, based upon finite element simulations, it was seen that Banabic’s method resulted in the best agreement with experimental results. However, it was found that neither method for elliptical dies resulted in reasonable dome height predictions compared to those from microscale tensile tests.
Improving the Energy Efficiency of Adsorption Chillers by Intensifying Thermal Management Systems in Sorbent Beds
Authors: Paul Brian K. , Lee Kijoon , Wang Hailei
Published: July 2017

The objective of this study was to develop a strategy for miniaturizing heat exchangers used for the thermal management of sorbent beds within adsorption refrigeration systems. The thermal mass of the microchannel heat exchanger designed and fabricated in this study is compared with that of commercially available tube-and-fin heat exchangers. Efforts are made to quantify the overall effects of miniaturization on system coefficient of performance and specific cooling power. A thermal model for predicting the cycle time for desorption is developed and experiments are used to quantify the effect of the intensified heat exchanger on overall system performance.
Characterization of Lattice Structures for Additive Manufacturing of Lightweight Mechanical Components
Authors: Liverani Erica , Lutey Adrian H. A. , Fortunato Alessandro , Ascari Alessandro
Published: July 2017

Tensile and compression test specimens comprising lattice structures with simple cubic, crossing-rod and body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cells are produced via SLM additive manufacturing (AM) of AISI 316L stainless steel and CoCr powder. Equivalent stress-elongation curves are obtained, with equivalent strength, specific strength, stiffness modulus and specific stiffness calculated based on specimen density and sample cross-section. The obtained results highlight the fact that analogous structures can behave very differently depending on the chosen material. While large differences are obtained in strength and stiffness between the different unit cell types, specific strength and specific stiffness vary to a lesser extent. Two case studies are presented, including a porous structure suitable for bone implants in the field of biomedical engineering and an AISI 316L food packaging machine component. The results obtained in this study provide useful guidelines and equivalent properties for designers wishing to exploit the advantages of internal lattice structures in AM.
Multi-Task Scheduling Based on QoS Evaluation in Cloud Manufacturing System
Authors: Li Feng , Zhang Lin , Laili Yuanjun
Published: July 2017

Cloud manufacturing (CMfg) mode provides an effective means to intensely utilize distributed resources and manufacturing capability for personalized production. Increasing personalized customization implies more and more heterogeneous tasks and hence more sorts of requirements for services. As the granularity of tasks vary with changing users and products, the solution (or scheme) of task scheduling should be different. In order to efficiently provide the most suitable solution for each kind of tasks, different scheduling ways should be adopted under different circumstances. In this paper, we study scheduling issues for heterogeneous tasks with variable granularity and present two kinds of optimal scheduling mode based on user-oriented comprehensive evaluation. Then different encoding schemes relied on the genetic algorithm are proposed according to different scheduling strategies.
Investigation of Wear and Corrosion Characteristics of Stellite-6 and Stellite-21 Layers Deposited by Co-Axial Laser Cladding
Authors: Patra Karmakar Debapriya , Gopinath Muvvala , Harmalkar Soham , Nath Ashish Kumar
Published: July 2017

Layers of Stellite-6 and Stellite-21 were deposited on tool steel substrates using co-axial laser cladding process with a goal to obtain hard, wear and corrosion resistant coatings. Clad-layers of the two types of Stellite alloys were investigated and compared in terms of microstructure, hardness and sliding wear resistance. Corrosion tests were also performed to study their corrosion behaviour. Micrographs indicated that both the Stellite grades form dendritic structure. However, there were certain differences in composition of dendritic and interdendritic regions of tungsten (W) containing Stellite-6 and molybdenum containing Stellite-21. Stellite-6 clad-layer was found to be slightly harder than Stellite-21 clad-layer near the top surface. Wear resistance of Stellite-21found to be marginally higher than that of Stellite-6 due to lower coefficient of friction. However, Stellite-21layer was found to be more corrosion resistant. Hence, for application involving mechanical loading and wear, both Stellite-6 and Stellite-21 could be a good choice as a clad-material on engineering components; but if the component is going to be subjected to mechanical loading and wear under corrosive environment Stellit-21 could be a better choice.
Co-Simulation Research of the Balancing Control of the Moving Beam of a Heavy Hydraulic Press During the Die Forging Process
Authors: Wang Wenzhu , Du Dong , Wu Rendong , Yuan Chaolong , Chang Baohua
Published: July 2017

A virtual prototype of the moving beam balancing system of a heavy-duty hydraulic press working under die forging function is built with Adams, AMESim and Simulink, and the balancing control process is analyzed using this prototype. The moving beam of the heavy-duty hydraulic press may tilt due to the eccentric load during the die forging processing, and thus affect the forging quality and the safety of the press. So it is necessary to research the beam balancing control process. Compared to the traditional methods based on simplified mathematical models, virtual prototype technology can obtain a co-simulation model, avoid tedious formula derivation and solving work, and save test time and cost. Based on the analysis of the working principle of balancing system, this paper establishes a dynamical model of the moving beam, a hydraulic circuit model of the single balancing system and a controller model using Adams, AMESim and Simulink, respectively. Then a virtual prototype is built using the three models via co-simulation interface files. The eccentric load signal is constructed in AMESim according to the variation of eccentric load during die forging process. By adjusting the controller parameters, the rapid balancing of the moving beam under eccentric load conditions is realized, and high precision of dynamic balancing and steady equilibrium is obtained. The simulation results show that the single balancing unit can achieve effective balancing of the moving beam, and the co-simulation analysis method based on the virtual prototype built with Adams, AMESim and Simulink is feasible in the research of the synchronous rectification of the moving beam. This work is a useful exploration in the research of synchronous rectification of moving beams.
Rotary Ultrasonic Machining: Effects of Tool End Angle on Delamination of CFRP Drilling
Authors: Fernando Palamandadige K. S. C. , Zhang Meng (Peter) , Pei Zhijian , Cong Weilong
Published: July 2017

Aerospace, automotive and sporting goods manufacturing industries have more interest on carbon fiber reinforced plastics due to its superior properties, such as lower density than aluminum; higher strength than high-strength metals; higher stiffness than titanium etc. Rotary ultrasonic machining is a hybrid machining process that combines the material removal mechanisms of diamond abrasive grinding and ultrasonic machining. Hole-making is the most common machining operation done on carbon fiber reinforced plastics, where delamination is a major issue. Delamination reduces structural integrity and increases assembly tolerance, which leads to rejection of a part or a component. Comparatively, rotary ultrasonic machining has been successfully applied to hole-making in carbon fiber reinforced plastics. As reported in the literature, rotary ultrasonic machining is superior to twist drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics in six aspects: cutting force, torque, surface roughness, delamination, tool life, and material removal rate. This paper investigates the effects of tool end angle on delamination in rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Several investigators have cited thrust force as a major cause for delamination. Eventhogh, it is found on this investigation, tool end angle has more significant influence on the delamination in rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics comparing to cutting force and torque.
Development of Multi-Axis Laser-Assisted Milling Device
Authors: Kim Dong-Hyeon , Woo Wan-Sik , Chu Won-Shik , Ahn Sung-Hoon , Lee Choon-Man
Published: July 2017

Laser-assisted machining (LAM) process is an effective method to facilitate material removal processes for difficult-to-cut materials. In LAM process, the mechanical strength of various materials is reduced by a laser heat source focused in front of the cutting tool during machining. Since the laser heat source is located ahead of the cutting tool, the workpiece is preheated by the heat source. This enables difficult-to-cut materials to be machined more easily with low cutting energy, increasing the machining productivity and accuracy. It is difficult to apply laser-assisted milling (LAMilling) to workpieces having complex shapes, because it is not easy to control laser preheating and the cutting tool path for three-dimensionally shaped workpieces. LAMilling has only been used in limited fields such as single-direction machining of flat surfaces. To apply this process in the industrial field, studies on workpieces having various shapes are needed. This study aims to develop a laser-assisted milling device having multiple axes and to investigate the machining characteristics of several difficult-to-cut materials.
Measuring the Complexity of Additive Manufacturing Supply Chains
Authors: Raihanian Mashhadi Ardeshir , Behdad Sara
Published: July 2017

Complexity has been one of the focal points of attention in the supply chain management domain, as it deteriorates the performance of the supply chain and makes controlling it problematic. The complexity of supply chains has been significantly increased over the past couple of decades. Meanwhile, Additive Manufacturing (AM) not only revolutionizes the way that the products are made, but also brings a paradigm shift to the whole production system. The influence of AM extends to product design and supply chain as well. The unique capabilities of AM suggest that this manufacturing method can significantly affect the supply chain complexity. More product complexity and demand heterogeneity, faster production cycles, higher levels of automation and shorter supply paths are among the features of additive manufacturing that can directly influence the supply chain complexity. Comparison of additive manufacturing supply chain complexity to its traditional counterpart requires a profound comprehension of the transformative effects of AM on the supply chain. This paper first extracts the possible effects of AM on the supply chain and then tries to connect these effects to the drivers of complexity under three main categories of 1) market, 2) manufacturing technology, and 3) supply, planning and infrastructure. Possible impacts of additive manufacturing adoption on the supply chain complexity have been studied using information theoretic measures. An Agent-based Simulation (ABS) model has been developed to study and compare two different supply chain configurations. The findings of this study suggest that the adoption of AM can decrease the supply chain complexity, particularly when product customization is considered.
A New Reinforcement Learning Algorithm With Fixed Exploration for Semi-Markov Control in Preventive Maintenance
Authors: Encapera Angelo , Gosavi Abhijit
Published: July 2017

Artificial intelligence techniques can play a significant role in solving problems encountered in the domain of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). This paper considers a new reinforcement learning algorithm called iSMART, which can solve semi-Markov decision processes underlying control problems related to TPM. The algorithm uses a constant exploration rate, unlike its precursor R-SMART, which required exploration decay. Numerical experiments conducted here show encouraging behavior with the new algorithm.
In-Situ Observations and Pressure Measurements for Autoclave Co-Cure of Honeycomb Core Sandwich Structures
Authors: Anders Mark , Zebrine Daniel , Centea Timotei , Nutt Steven R.
Published: July 2017

In this paper we describe an experimental method for investigating the autoclave co-cure of honeycomb core composite sandwich structures. The design and capabilities of a custom-built, lab-scale “in-situ co-cure fixture” are presented, including procedures and representative results for three types of experiments. The first type of experiment involves measuring changes in gas pressure on either side of a prepreg laminate to determine the prepreg air permeability. The second type involves co-curing composite samples using regulated, constant pressures, to study material behaviors in controlled conditions. For the final type, “realistic” co-cure, samples are processed in conditions mimicking autoclave cure, where the gas pressure in the honeycomb core evolves naturally due to the competing effects of air evacuation and moisture desorption from the core cell walls. The in-situ co-cure fixture contains temperature and pressure sensors, and derives its name from a glass window that enables direct in-situ visual observation of the skin/core bond-line during processing, shedding light on physical phenomena that are not observable in a traditional manufacturing setting. The experiments presented here are a first step within a larger research effort, whose long-term goal is to develop a physics-based process model for autoclave co-cure.
Variable Damping Profiles for Laser Shock Peening Simulation Using Modal Analysis and the SEATD Method
Authors: Hatamleh Mohammad I. , Shankar Mahadevan Jagannathan , Malik Arif S. , Qian Dong
Published: July 2017

Laser shock peening (LSP) is a surface engineering technique, which aims to increase the fatigue life of various metallic components by inducing compressive residual stress at or near their surface. The finite element method (FEM) is used to identify the most suitable parameters in LSP. Various explicit analyses with artificial material damping are used to attain quasistatic equilibrium between laser shots. Dynamic relaxation (DR) is a well-known conventional technique that uses constant artificial damping to settle an excited model to quasi-static equilibrium. In contrast, the recently developed “Single Explicit Analysis using Time-Dependent Damping” (SEATD) method employs variable damping and performs better in terms of simulation time and accuracy. While recent study has shown that a variable damping profile used in the SEATD technique is beneficial for an LSP set up, identifying the most suitable variable damping profile in general is still ambiguous, given the variety of possible set-ups and boundary conditions. In this paper, a systematic procedure to strive for the best variable damping profile is developed, based on the excited modal parameters of the model. The simulation results are compared with those of an optimum constant damping profile developed using the conventional dynamic relaxation technique, as well as for the best variable damping profile based on exhaustive trial-and-error. The simulation case studies involve circular LSP shot(s) of 5.5 mm diameter spot size applied to Al 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plate under different boundary conditions. Dissipation rates of stain energy, kinetic energy, and total energy and the accuracy of surface residual stresses are investigated to compare the performance of different damping profiles. The results indicate that the proposed method involving modal analysis to systematically identify a variable damping profile, to promote simulation efficiency, appears to work well.
Accelerated Geometry Accuracy Optimization of Additive Manufacturing Parts
Authors: Aboutaleb Amir M. , Bian Linkan , Rao Prahalad K. , Tschopp Mark A.
Published: July 2017

Despite recent advances in improving mechanical properties of parts fabricated by Additive Manufacturing (AM) systems, optimizing geometry accuracy of AM parts is still a major challenge for pushing this cutting-edge technology into the mainstream. This work proposes a novel approach for improving geometry accuracy of AM parts in a systematic and efficient manner. Initial experimental data show that different part geometric features are not necessary positively correlated. Hence, it may not be possible to optimize them simultaneously. The proposed methodology formulates the geometry accuracy optimization problem as a multi-objective optimization problem. The developed method targeted minimizing deviations within part’s major Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) features (i.e., Flatness, Circularity, Cylindricity, Concentricity and Thickness). First, principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to extract key components within multi-geometric features of parts. Then, experiments are sequentially designed in an accelerated and integrated framework to achieve sets of process parameters resulting in acceptable level of deviations within principal components of multi-geometric features of parts. The efficiency of proposed method is validated using simulation studies coupled with a real world case study for geometry accuracy optimization of parts fabricated by fused filament fabrication (FFF) system. The results show that optimal designs are achieved by fewer numbers of experiments compared with existing methods.
Smart Production Line: Common Factors and Data-Driven Implementation Method
Authors: Zhang Yongping , Cheng Ying , Tao Fei
Published: July 2017

Smart factory and smart production are the common aims for many countries’ manufacturing development strategies, which have attracted attentions from both academia and industry. Smart production line, which is a basic unit for implementing smart factory and smart production, is emphasized in this paper. The evolution process of production line is summarized first. Then the common factors for smart production line are investigated. Accordingly, a data-driven method for realizing smart production line is proposed. At the same time, the corresponding applications and attainable goals are given. Finally, a case for data-driven energy emulation and analysis in production line is illustrated.
Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing of Li-Ion Batteries and Micropowder Mixing Characteristics
Authors: Ludwig Brandon , Pan Heng , Liu Jin , Zheng Zhangfeng , Wang Yan
Published: July 2017

Lithium ion battery electrodes were manufactured using a new additive manufacturing process based on dry powders. By using dry powder based process, solvent and drying process used in conventional battery process can be removed which allows large-scale Li-ion battery production be more economically viable in markets such as automotive energy storage systems. Thermal activation time has been greatly reduced due to the time and resource demanding solvent evaporation process needed with slurry-cast electrode manufacturing being replaced by a hot rolling process. It has been found that thermal activation time to induce mechanical bonding of the thermoplastic polymer to the remaining active electrode particles is only a few seconds. By measuring the surface energies of various powders and numerical simulation of powder mixing, the powder mixing and binder distribution, which plays a vital role in determining the quality of additive manufactured battery electrodes, have been predicted and compared favorably with experiments.