bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of functional groups on properties of styrene grafted NR using glutaraldehyde as curing agent
Authors: Lehman Nussana , Yung‐Aoon Wanida , Songtipya Ladawan , Johns Jobish , Saetung Nitinart , Kalkornsurapranee Ekwipoo
Published: February 2019

Natural rubber grafted polystyrene (NR‐g‐PS) and natural rubber grafted polystyrene‐co‐methyl methacrylate (NR‐g‐P(S‐co‐MMA)) were prepared by emulsion polymerization technique using tert‐BuHP‐TEPA as a redox initiator to improve the thermal and mechanical stability of NR. Additional peaks appear in the Fourier‐transform infrared spectra at 695 and 1,732 cm−1 confirms the formation of graft polymerization. The existence of functional groups on the grafted NR was also clearly confirmed from the morphology obtained from transmission electron microscopy analysis. The effect of curing on the mechanical and thermal properties of grafted NR has also been studied. Glutaraldehyde was used as the curing agent for the grafted and ungrafted NRs throughout the entire course of investigation. It was found that curing of grafted NR samples enhanced tensile strength, modulus, hardness, and thermal stability. Grafted NR showed the tensile strength values of 12 and 17 MPa for NR‐g‐PS and NR‐g‐P(S‐co‐MMA), respectively. Enhancement in thermal stability of NR was confirmend from the activation energy of degradation calculated based on thermogravimetric analyzer. The value of activation energy for NR (135.13 kJ/mol) was found to be increased to 147.89 kJ/mol (NR‐g‐PS) and 151.6 kJ/mol (NR‐g‐P(S‐co‐MMA)). The overall properties of NR have been strongly affected by the interaction and chain bundling between functional groups present in the grafted copolymer and the unsaturated chains in its structure. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:339–346, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from a wastewater treatment plant using membrane bioreactor technology
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chu
Published: February 2019

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology have been considered a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study chose a small‐scale wastewater treatment plant using MBR technology to estimate its potential for GHG emissions. The total GHG emissions from this wastewater treatment plant ranged from 2,802 to 11,946 kg CO2‐eq/month within the 4‐year study period, and they were mainly attributable to electricity consumption (79.94%) followed by chemical usages (17.13%) and on‐site GHG emissions (2.93%). The on‐site GHG emissions varied monthly, but most of them ranged from 80 to 160 kg CO2‐eq/month. The aeration tank was an important operating unit for GHG emissions. Off‐site GHG emissions mainly came from carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from electricity consumption. The results of this study provide useful information about the potential of GHG emissions from WWTPs using MBR technology and indicate that WWTPs can be sustainably managed.

Practitioner points

Wastewater treatment plants have been considered a source of greenhouse gas emissions.

Total greenhouse gas emissions from the wastewater treatment plants using membrane bioreactor were mainly attributable to electricity consumption.

On‐site greenhouse gas emissions were relatively insignificant in this study.
Magnetic resonance imaging of stem cell–macrophage interactions with ferumoxytol and ferumoxytol‐derived nanoparticles
Authors: Nejadnik Hossein , Tseng Jessica , Daldrup‐Link Heike
Published: February 2019

“Off the shelf” allogeneic stem cell transplants and stem cell nano‐composites are being used for the treatment of degenerative bone diseases. However, major and minor histocompatibility antigens of therapeutic cell transplants can be recognized as foreign and lead to their rejection by the host immune system. If a host immune response is identified within the first week post‐transplant, immune modulating therapies could be applied to prevent graft failure and support engraftment. Ferumoxytol (Feraheme™) is an FDA approved iron oxide nanoparticle preparation for the treatment of anemia in patients. Ferumoxytol can be used “off label” as an magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent, as these nanoparticles provide measurable signal changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this focused review article, we will discuss three methods to localize and identify innate immune responses to stem cell transplants using ferumoxytol‐enhanced MRI, which are based on tracking stem cells, tracking macrophages or detecting mediators of cell death: (a) monitor MRI signal changes of ferumoxytol‐labeled stem cells in the presence or absence of innate immune responses, (b) monitor influx of ferumoxytol‐labeled macrophages into stem cell implants, and (c) monitor apoptosis of stem cell implants with caspase‐3 activatable nanoparticles. These techniques can detect transplant failure at an early stage, when immune‐modulating interventions can potentially preserve the viability of the cell transplants and thereby improve bone and cartilage repair outcomes. Approaches 1 and 2 are immediately translatable to clinical practice.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Spectroscopic analysis of polychromic sculptures belonging to the cultural heritage of Extremadura (Spain)
Authors: Nuevo Maria José , Martín Sánchez Alejandro , Ojeda Miguel Angel
Published: February 2019

Several spectroscopic techniques have been applied in order to characterize the polychrome pigments used in some religious sculptures, from the 13th to the 18th centuries, belonging to the cultural heritage of Extremadura (west of Spain). First, two energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence portable devices were used. The measurements were carried out in situ, where the artworks were been restored. In addition to these nondestructive analyses, various samples with a millimeter size were taken from some of the sculptures and embedded in polyester resins. The stratigraphy of these fragments was observed through an optical microscope. Finally, they were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope in a low‐vacuum mode with two different detectors. Results show a wide range not only in pigments but also in the methods used in their realizations. Moreover, the variety of pigments found allows distinguishability from different restorations carried out along centuries.
Mathematical modeling and analysis of hydroelastodynamics inside a solid tumor containing deformable tissue
Authors: Alam Meraj , Dey Bibaswan , Sekhar G. P. Raja
Published: February 2019

Present work reports a mathematical modeling for the interstitial hydrodynamics and mechanical behavior of the solid phase inside a solid tumor. A tumor tissue is a visco‐poroelastic deformable living biomaterial with cellular phase and extracellular matrix (ECM) as the solid phase (also small volume of blood vessels) and physiological extracellular fluid as the fluid phase. The intravascular fluid or blood and the interstitial fluid form a single fluid phase. We write down the mass and momentum balance equations for both the phases. The momentum equations are coupled due to the relative interaction (or drag) force between the phases. This study shows the well‐posedness of poroelastohydrodynamics in the weak sense under following assumptions (i) motion of interstitial fluid flow and solid phase deformation are slow and (ii) nutrient proliferation rate is much faster than the tumor cell growth. Subsequently, we use the semi‐discrete Galerkin method to establish the well‐posedness. Further, we simulate some analytical results corresponding to the one‐dimensional spherical symmetry model. Our results on the unsteady poroelastohydrodynamic model would give an idea about the time required for the necrosis formation from the initial stage of perfusion based on the system energy which can be computed using L2 and H1 norms.
Dynamic analysis of nonlinear rotating composite shafts excited by non‐ideal energy source
Authors: Kafi H. R. , Hosseini S. A. A.
Published: February 2019

In this article, nonlinear nonstationary vibration of a rotating composite shaft passing through critical speed excited by non‐ideal energy source is investigated. Geometrical nonlinearity, gyroscopic effect, rotary inertia and coupling due to material anisotropy are considered, while shear deformation is neglected. By using Hamilton principle, axial‐flexural‐flexural‐torsional‐rotational equations of motion for a composite shaft with variable rotational speed are derived. External source is assumed as non‐ideal that causes the interaction between external torque and vibrating system. To obtain the approximate analytical solution, perturbation theory (multiple scales method) is applied to reduce the equations in the neighborhood of the first critical speed. Although, the analysis is done for the first critical speed, one‐mode discretization is not enough. Indeed, at least two modes is required to obtain accurate results. The effects of external damping, eccentricity, angle of fibers, resistive torque, nonlinear terms, and also the effect of the extensional–torsional coupling on occurrence of Sommerfeld effect are investigated. It is shown that nonlinearity and coupling possess significant effect on the prediction of Sommerfeld phenomenon. Moreover, as observed, with appropriate implementation of layup and stacking sequence, one can obtain the best performance for the nonstationary behavior of composite shaft.
Finding the Limits of the Limes: Setting the Scene
Authors: Verhagen Philip , Joyce Jamie , Groenhuijzen Mark R.
Published: February 2019

The Dutch Roman limes zone has a rich history of archaeological and historical research. In this paper, we present an overview of the current state of knowledge as an introduction to other chapters in this volume dealing with the area’s demography, economy and transport system (Chaps. 2, 3, 7, 9 and 12). The main historical developments are sketched against the background of ongoing archaeological research in the area, and the main hypotheses concerning the development of settlement and the rural economy are discussed.
Footprints and Cartwheels on a Pixel Road: On the Applicability of GIS for the Modelling of Ancient (Roman) Routes
Authors: Parcero-Oubiña César , Güimil-Fariña Alejandro , Fonte João , Costa-García José Manuel
Published: February 2019

GIS-based digital modelling tools, such as the well-known least cost paths (LCP), have been widely used in archaeology in recent years as ways of approaching forms of mobility in the past. Roman roads are among the best-known examples of ancient networks of paths and have been widely studied using such approaches. In this paper, we shall make a general reflection on the applicability of those tools for the modelling and analysis of ancient routes, with a special focus on Roman roads. Drawing from a case study in the NW Iberian Peninsula, we shall discuss certain aspects related to the potential and limits of Cumulative Costs, LCP and other related tools for the modelling and analysis of ancient roads. We will illustrate how the use of tools which explore potential mobility in less restricted ways can help to overcome some of the limitations of LCP.
Rethinking Approaches for the Study of Urban Movement at Ostia
Authors: Crawford Katherine A.
Published: February 2019

Despite a range of existing approaches for examining movement within ancient cities, the study of movement intent has received limited attention. This paper begins to address this gap by considering how pedestrian movement can be studied at Ostia, Rome’s ancient port, by transitioning focus to what structured movement routes, namely the built environment and social activity. Using the UNA (Urban Network Analysis) Toolbox developed for ArcGIS, betweeness centrality is calculated in relation to different types of buildings. The results, when associated with Ostia’s streets, provide a visualization of potential areas of movement specific to certain social activities that occurred within the urban landscape. This provides a novel methodological approach for assessing different forms of directed movement within ancient urban landscapes.
Current Trends in Roman Demography and Empirical Approaches to the Dynamics of the Limes Populations
Authors: Séguy Isabelle
Published: February 2019

Based on the three principal and inevitably incomplete information sources on ancient historical demography, and taking into account the particularities of the populations living around theLimes Germanicus, a largely male population of soldiers and migrants, this chapter examines the factors that may have influenced their dynamics over the short, medium and long term. It also looks at the possible consequences of increased pressure on the environment, heightened risk of epidemics linked to the rise in population concentration, long-distance communication and adverse climate changes observed from the second half of the second century AD. The proposed empirical approach aims to shed light on the factors that shaped the dynamics of these very specific populations over the long term.
Modelling the Dynamics of Demography in the Dutch Roman Limes Zone: A Revised Model
Authors: Verhagen Philip
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, a simulation model for better understanding the population dynamics of the limes zone is presented, building on our earlier study on the possible effects of recruitment of soldiers for the Roman army (Verhagen et al., Modelling the dynamics of demography in the Dutch limes zone. In: Multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary research in landscape archaeology. Proceedings of LAC 2014 Conference, Rome, 19–20 September 2014. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.5463/lac.2014.62, 2016a). In this earlier study, a number of questions were raised concerning the realism of using estimates from historical demographical sources for understanding the population dynamics of the region. In the current paper, the available data sets, approaches and hypotheses regarding fertility and mortality in the Roman period are re-assessed, together with the available archaeological evidence on the population dynamics of the region. A revised model is then presented that allows for more refined experimenting with various demographic scenarios, showing that a much larger number of parameters can be responsible for changes in population growth than is often assumed in archaeological studies. In particular, marriage strategies would seem to play an important role in regulating the number of births. The model remains a work in progress that can be further refined and linked to models of settlement and land use development.
The Role of Forts in the Local Market System in the Lower Rhine: Towards a Method of Multiple Hypothesis Testing Through Comparative Modelling
Authors: Weaverdyck Eli J. S.
Published: February 2019

This paper analyses rural settlement patterns in the Lower Rhine frontier zone to elucidate the role of forts in the rural economy. Von Thünen’s model of rural marketing suggests that market centres attract intensive cultivation, making them identifiable through spatial analysis of rural settlements. Environmental factors that influenced production capacity, however, can also be expected to exert a strong influence on settlement location, so a multivariate method of spatial analysis is necessary. Using a process of comparative modelling with logistic regression analysis, I test the hypotheses that rural settlements responded to the location of market centres, both civilian and military. I use univariate analysis of settlement territories to identify influential local environmental factors and combine these into a logistic regression model. Then I add a market potential (MP) variable that quantifies the accessibility of marketing opportunities from any location within a market system to see if this factor also shaped settlement patterns. Finally, I vary the centres included in the MP variable to determine whether rural settlements responded to the locations of forts in addition to civilian centres. I find that forts did not generally attract settlements and conclude that smallholders sold their produce primarily in civilian market places.
Schwinger effect by an SU(2) gauge field during inflation
Authors: Lozanov K. D. , Maleknejad A. , Komatsu E.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Non-Abelian gauge fields may exist during inflation. We study the Schwinger effect by an SU(2) gauge field coupled to a charged scalar doublet in a (quasi) de Sitter background and the possible backreaction of the generated charged particles on the homogeneous dynamics. Contrary to the Abelian U(1) case, we find that both the Schwinger pair production and the induced current decrease as the interaction strength increases. The reason for this suppression is the isotropic vacuum expectation value of the SU(2) field which generates a (three times) greater effective mass for the scalar field than the U(1). In the weak interaction limit, the above effect is negligible and both the SU(2) and U(1) cases exhibit a linear increase of the current and a constant conductivity with the interaction strength. We conclude that the Schwinger effect does not pose a threat to the dynamics of inflationary models involving an SU(2) gauge field.
Unitarity and CP violation in leptogenesis at NLO: general considerations and top Yukawa contributions
Authors: Racker J.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

With an emphasis on unitarity and CPT requirements, we study the inclusion of CP-violating processes in baryogenesis at next-to-leading order, particularly those involving the top Yukawa interaction in leptogenesis. We show that there are more contributions than previously considered, but also important cancellations. Some of these involve the interference of connected with disconnected diagrams. We also discuss on the application of the Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg theorem to treat the infrared divergences that are common at next-to-leading order. Finally, we calculate the CP asymmetry in the three-body decay of a sterile neutrino into a lepton and top quarks.
Eigenvalue equation for genus two modular graphs
Authors: Basu Anirban
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We obtain a second order differential equation on moduli space satisfied by certain modular graph functions at genus two, each of which has two links. This eigenvalue equation is obtained by analyzing the variations of these graphs under the variation of the Beltrami differentials. This equation involves seven distinct graphs, three of which appear in the integrand of the D
8

$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{R}} $$

ℛ

4 term in the low momentum expansion of the four graviton amplitude at genus two in type II string theory.
LEF1-AS1 contributes to proliferation and invasion through regulating miR-544a/ FOXP1 axis in lung cancer
Authors: Wang Ansheng , Zhao Chengling , Gao Yuan , Duan Guixin , Yang Yuming , Fan Bo , Wang Xiaojing , Wang Kangwu
Published: February 2019

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as important regulators in tumor development. This study aims to investigate the potential role oflncRNALEF1-AS1, in the progression of lung cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot assays showed that LEF1-AS1 was upregulated while miR-544a was downregulated in lung cancer specimens and cells. Overexpression of LEF1-AS1 led to the enhancement of cell proliferation and invasion, revealed by CCK-8 assay and transwell assay. A negative correlation was found between LEF1-AS1 and miR-544a. BLAST analysis and dual-luciferase assay confirmed that FOXP1 is a downstream effector of miR-544a. Therefore, the LEF1-AS1/miR-544a/FOXP1 axis is an important contributor to lung cancer progression. Collectively, our novel data uncovers a new mechanism that governs tumor progression in lung cancer and provides new targets that may be used for disease monitoring and therapeutic intervention of lung cancer.
The NMR signature of gluconoylation: a frequent N-terminal modification of isotope-labeled proteins
Authors: Schweida David , Barraud Pierre , Regl Christof , Loughlin Fionna E. , Huber Christian G. , Cabrele Chiara , Schubert Mario
Published: February 2019

N-terminal gluconoylation is a moderately widespread modification in recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, in particular in proteins bearing an N-terminal histidine-tag. This post-translational modification has been investigated mainly by mass spectrometry. Although its NMR signals must have been observed earlier in spectra of 13C/15N labeled proteins, their chemical shifts were not yet reported. Here we present the complete 1H and 13C chemical shift assignment of the N-terminal gluconoyl post-translational modification, based on a selection of His-tagged protein constructs (CCL2, hnRNP A1 and Lin28) starting with Met-Gly-...-(His)6. In addition, we show that the modification can hydrolyze over time, resulting in a free N-terminus and gluconate. This leads to the disappearance of the gluconoyl signals and the appearance of gluconate signals during the NMR measurements. The chemical shifts presented here can now be used as a reference for the identification of gluconoylation in recombinant proteins, in particular when isotopically labeled.
Neuroanatomical substrate of chronic psychosis in epilepsy: an MRI study
Authors: Hirakawa Noriaki , Kuga Hironori , Hirano Yoji , Sato Jinya , Oribe Naoya , Nakamura Itta , Hirano Shogo , Ueno Takefumi , Oda Yuko , Togao Osamu , Hiwatashi Akio , Honda Hiroshi , Kanba Shigenobu , Onitsuka Toshiaki
Published: February 2019

There may be different neural bases between subjects with epilepsy only (EP) and interictal chronic epilepsy psychosis (EPS). However, there have been few structural MRI studies of EPS. The current study was conducted to investigate the neural substrate of EPS. T1-weighted images were analyzed in 14 patients with EPS and 14 strictly-matched patients with EP. We conducted volume comparison in the whole brain using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). The VBM method revealed that EPS patients exhibited significantly reduced gray matter volumes in the left postcentral gyrus and the left supra marginal gyrus compared with EP patients (adjusted p = 0.029, FDR corrected q; k = 319 voxels). For clinical correlations, there were no significant associations between psychotic symptoms and gray matter volumes in the left postcentral gyrus and the left supra marginal gyrus. VBM analysis revealed that reduced gray matter volumes in the left postcentral gyrus and the left supra marginal gyrus may be crucial regions for EPS.
Valuing Protection against Health-Related Financial Risks
Authors: Skinner Jonathan , Chalkidou Kalipso , Jamison Dean T.
Published: February 2019

There is strong interest in both developing and developed countries toward expanding health insurance coverage. How should the benefits, and costs, of expanded coverage be measured? While the value of reducing the financial risks that result from insurance coverage have long been recognized, there has been less attention in how best to measure such benefits. In this paper, we first provide a framework for assessing the financial value from health insurance. We focus on three distinct potential benefits: Pooling the risk of unexpected medical expenditures between healthy and sick households, redistributing resources from high- to low-income recipients and smoothing consumption over time. We then use this theoretical framework and an illustrative example to provide practical guidelines for benefit-cost analysis in capturing the full benefits (and costs) of expanding health insurance coverage. We conclude by considering other potential financial effects of broad insurance coverage, such as the ability to consolidate purchases and thus lower input prices.
Law, Moral Facts and Interpretation: A Dworkinian Response to Mark Greenberg’s Moral Impact Theory of Law
Authors: Bustamante Thomas
Published: February 2019

Ronald Dworkin’s philosophy of law, in its mature version, is grounded in at least two central claims: first, a thesis about law and morality, which we might call the One-System Thesis; second, a thesis about how moral and legal propositions can be said to be true or false, which we might call the Interpretive Thesis. While the One-System Thesis holds that law and morality form a single system, the Interpretive Thesis makes two distinct claims: first, truth of interpretive propositions—such as moral and legal propositions—must be established from within the practice in which they figure; second, the soundness of an interpretive proposition is related to the purpose of the practice under consideration. Mark Greenberg’s Moral Impact Theory of Law accepts the One-System Thesis while rejecting the Interpretive Thesis. The Moral Impact Theory is a metaphysical theory of how moral facts rationally determine the content of the law. Its main contention is that the actions of legal institutions have an impact on the moral obligations people have in a polity, and the content of the law is made up of the moral obligations that result from the actions of such institutions. Greenberg assumes that moral facts pre-exist and have some metaphysical priority in relation to legal facts. Moral facts must be prior and independent from legal practice in order to play a part in the rational determination of the content of the law. The point of this paper is to offer a response to Greenberg. I argue that the One-System Thesis only should be supported if the Interpretive Thesis is correct, and that without the latter the former becomes an implausible version of natural law jurisprudence.
Correlativity and its Logic: Asymmetry not Equality in the Law
Authors: Halpin Andrew
Published: February 2019

This article provides a scheme of intelligibility for correlativity, recognising its importance for analytical and normative aspects of legal relations. It considers a variety of types of normative correlativity, investigates the logic of correlativity, and distinguishes three forms of correlation involving legal rights. It undertakes careful re-examination of Aristotelian texts to reveal neglected or misrepresented insights, restores certain Hohfeldian distinctions, and argues for a more complicated relationship between correlativity and reciprocity than previously acknowledged. Specific sections employ the scheme to provide critiques of Weinrib’s use of correlativity in his understanding of private law as corrective justice, and Zylberman’s amalgam of reciprocal correlativity in his non-instrumental view of human rights. A brief concluding section notes the deep asymmetry of law and suggests an understanding of corrective justice based on asymmetry rather than equality. More speculatively, it raises doubts about the core conviction of Kantian thinking on legal and social relationships.
Philosophy and Constitutional Theory: The Cautionary Tale of Jeremy Waldron and the Philosopher’s Stone
Authors: Murray Kyle L.
Published: February 2019

This article considers the relationship between moral philosophy and constitutional theory through a detailed examination of the work of Jeremy Waldron—an unavoidable voice in contemporary constitutionalist debate. Through a rigorous, original and holistic deconstruction of his work and its philosophical implications, I argue that Waldron’s engagement with core philosophy within his constitutional scholarship is wholly problematic, containing a number of ambiguities and apparent inconsistencies. These issues, I suggest, may stem from an at times rather casual treatment of the realist/anti-realist issue of core philosophy, perhaps owing something to his view that it is in fact safely irrelevant to his constitutional pursuits. In any case, this view, I argue, is misguided, and the problems which result are real: they not only create issues of theoretical consistency and clarity; they put Waldron’s constitutional theory in danger. Like all good tales, I suggest there are lessons to be learned from this: one must think, and think carefully, about the philosophical background of one’s work, and take care in setting this out in a clear, thorough and coherent way—the stakes are too high not to. With this in mind, this article also lays some groundwork for a path into constitutional theory firmly grounded in my own anti-realist moral scepticism.
Towards a Linguistic Criticism of Legal Hegemony: Some remarks on ‘Bentham v. Judges and Co.’
Authors: Tusseau Guillaume
Published: February 2019

Bentham’s hatred of the major elements of the legal culture of his times is legendary. He thoroughly criticised the notions of natural law and social contract that were at the roots of Blackstone’s legal doctrine as so many fictions. His criticism also centred, in a more technical manner, on several fictions that belonged to the ordinary legal reasoning of the common lawyers. Substantive fictions such as the crime of grand larceny and procedural fictions such as the procedure of ejectment were everyday fare for legal practitioners. By unveiling how these fictions, understood as linguistic devices, operated, Bentham highlighted how they contributed to debase the law’s addressee’s practical reasoning in order to reinforce her subjection to the class of jurists. His contempt for artificial (but purposeful) legal technicalities allows to understand how full blown the hermeneutics of suspicion he developed against the hegemony of legalism (which will sound familiar to Marxists) was. Nevertheless, one cannot help concluding that Bentham might have been the very victim of the power structure he fought.
AXIOMATIZATION OF PROVABLE n-PROVABILITY
Authors: KOLMAKOV EVGENY , BEKLEMISHEV LEV
Published: February 2019

A formula φ is called n-provable in a formal arithmetical theory S if φ is provable in S together with all true arithmetical ${{\rm{\Pi }}_n}$-sentences taken as additional axioms. While in general the set of all n-provable formulas, for a fixed $n > 0$, is not recursively enumerable, the set of formulas φ whose n-provability is provable in a given r.e. metatheory T is r.e. This set is deductively closed and will be, in general, an extension of S. We prove that these theories can be naturally axiomatized in terms of progressions of iterated local reflection principles. In particular, the set of provably 1-provable sentences of Peano arithmetic $PA$ can be axiomatized by ${\varepsilon _0}$ times iterated local reflection schema over $PA$. Our characterizations yield additional information on the proof-theoretic strength of these theories (w.r.t. various measures of it) and on their axiomatizability. We also study the question of speed-up of proofs and show that in some cases a proof of n-provability of a sentence can be much shorter than its proof from iterated reflection principles.
THE ERROR TERM IN THE SATO–TATE THEOREM OF BIRCH
Authors: MURTY M. RAM , PRABHU NEHA
Published: February 2019

We establish an error term in the Sato–Tate theorem of Birch. That is, for$p$prime,$q=p^{r}$and an elliptic curve$E:y^{2}=x^{3}+ax+b$, we show that$$\begin{eqnarray}\#\{(a,b)\in \mathbb{F}_{q}^{2}:\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{a,b}\in I\}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{ST}(I)q^{2}+O_{r}(q^{7/4})\end{eqnarray}$$for any interval$I\subseteq [0,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}]$, where the quantity$\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{a,b}$is defined by$2\sqrt{q}\cos \unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{a,b}=q+1-E(\mathbb{F}_{q})$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{ST}(I)$denotes the Sato–Tate measure of the interval$I$.
On the Schertz Conjecture
Authors: Koo Ja Kyung , Yoon Dong Sung
Published: February 2019

Schertz conjectured that every finite abelian extension of imaginary quadratic fields can be generated by the norm of the Siegel–Ramachandra invariants. We present a conditional proof of his conjecture by means of the characters on class groups and the second Kronecker limit formula.
Caught in the middle in mid-life: provision of care across multiple generations
Authors: Vlachantoni Athina , Evandrou Maria , Falkingham Jane , Gomez-Leon Madelin
Published: February 2019

With a large baby-boomer generation entering mid-later life in the United Kingdom, and families spanning across multiple generations, understanding how individuals support multiple generations is of increasing research and policy significance. Data from the British 1958 National Child Development Study, collected when respondents were aged 55, are used to examine how mid-life women and men allocate their time to support elderly parents/parents-in-law and their own adult children in terms of providing grandchild care, and whether there is a trade-off in caring for different generations. Binary logistic and multinomial regression models distinguish between individuals supporting multiple generations, only one generation or none. One-third of mid-life individuals are ‘sandwiched’ between multiple generations, by having at least one parent/parent-in-law and one grandchild alive. Among them, half are simultaneously supporting both generations. Caring for grandchildren increases the probability of also supporting one's parents/parents-in-law, and vice versa. More intense support for one generation is associated with a higher likelihood of supporting the other generation. Good health is associated with caring for multiple generations for men and women, while working part-time or not at all is associated with such care provision for women only. Facilitating mid-life men and women in responding to family support demands whilst maintaining paid employment will be critical in fostering future intergenerational support.
Galileo E5 Signal Acquisition using Intermediate Coherent Integration Time
Authors: Leclère Jérôme , Landry René
Published: February 2019

The acquisition of modern Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals may be difficult due to the presence of a secondary code. Indeed, short coherent integration times should be used without non-coherent integration, which implies a low sensitivity; or long coherent integration times should be used, requiring synchronisation with the secondary code and thus a full correlation, which implies a significant computational burden, especially for signals with long secondary codes such as the Galileo E5 signal. A third option that lies between the previous two is to perform a partial correlation using less than one secondary code period as input, however this is less efficient in terms of complexity than using an entire secondary code period, and the code's autocorrelation properties are completely changed. The authors recently proposed a method based on combining secondary code correlations, allowing the use of intermediate coherent integration times with the possibility to do non-coherent integrations, and the method was successfully applied to the Global Positioning System (GPS) L5 signal. This paper studies the application of the method to the Galileo E5 signal, compares it with the partial correlation method, and discusses the case where less than one secondary code period is used as an input
The tug of war between an idiom's figurative and literal meanings: Evidence from native and bilingual speakers
Authors: van Ginkel Wendy , Dijkstra Ton
Published: February 2019

In two lexical-decision experiments, we investigated the processing of figurative and literal meaning in idioms. Dutch native and German–Dutch bilingual speakers responded to target words presented after a minimal context idiom prime (e.g., ‘He kicked the bucket’). Target words were related to the figurative meaning of the prime (‘die’), the literal word at the end of the idiom (‘water’), or unrelated to both (‘face’). We observed facilitation in RTs for figuratively and literally related targets relative to unrelated targets for both participant groups. A higher frequency idiom-final word caused inhibition in responses to the literally related target for native speakers, indicating competition between the idiom as a whole and its literal word constituents. Native speakers further showed sensitivity to transparency of the idiom's meaning and the plausibility of the idiom as a literally interpretable sentence. The results are interpreted in terms of available L1/L2 idiom comprehension models, and a more detailed processing account for literal and idiomatic sentence interpretation.
Hungry for more: key stakeholders’ support for more stringent school food policies
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Talati Zenobia , Sauzier Megan , Ferguson Amanda
Published: February 2019

Objective

School food policies are an important component of comprehensive strategies to address child obesity and improve children’s health. Evaluations have demonstrated that these policies can be initially well accepted and appropriately implemented, however little is known about how acceptance levels may change over time. The present study aimed to re-evaluate a school food policy 10 years after its introduction to assess key stakeholders’ support for various policy extensions that would strengthen the scope of the policy.

Design

Online surveys administered 1 year after policy introduction (n 607, 2008) and 10 years after policy introduction (n 307, 2016).

Setting

Western Australia.

Participants

School principals, teachers, canteen managers and presidents of parents & citizens associations from Western Australian Government primary schools.

Results

At both time points, and especially at time 2 (10 years post policy implementation), high levels of support were reported for the policy and possible policy extensions. Support was strongest for an additional requirement to integrate the canteen menu with the classroom health curriculum.

Conclusions

The results suggest that once a policy has become embedded into school practices, stakeholders may be receptive to modifications that strengthen the policy to enhance its potential effects on children’s diets.
Smoking during pregnancy reduces vitamin D levels in a Finnish birth register cohort
Authors: Lokki A Inkeri , Heikkinen-Eloranta Jenni , Öhman Hanna , Heinonen Seppo , Surcel Heljä-Marja , Nielsen Henriette Svarre
Published: February 2019

Objective

Maternal vitamin D level in pregnancy may have implications for both the mother and fetus. Deficiency of vitamin D has been linked to several pregnancy complications and fetal skeletal health. Smoking has been associated with reduced serum level of the vitamin D metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D).

Design

A nested case–control study within the Finnish Maternity Cohort, a population-based cohort which includes first-trimester sera from 98 % of pregnancies in Finland since 1987. The selection consisted of women with uncomplicated pregnancies. We studied serum concentration of 25(OH)D in 313 non-smoking and forty-six self-reported smoking pregnant women.

Setting

We hypothesize that pregnant smokers may have an increased risk of low 25(OH)D levels especially during winter months.

Participants

A control group from an unpublished pregnancy complication study consisting of 359 uncomplicated pregnancies. Individuals who reported that they do not smoke were considered ‘non-smokers’ (n 313) and those who reported continued smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy were considered ‘smokers’ (n 46).

Results

Smokers had significantly lower levels of 25(OH)D irrespective of sampling time (P<0·0001). Furthermore, during the low sun-exposure season, only 14 % of smokers met the guideline level of 40 nmol/l for serum 25(OH)D in comparison with 31 % of non-smokers.

Conclusions

Expectant mothers who smoke have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency during low sun-exposure months in northern regions. Further studies are needed to assess the associated risks for maternal and fetal health as well as possible long-term implications for the infant.
Design and analysis of a metamaterial inspired dual band antenna for WLAN application
Authors: Garg Priyanka , Jain Priyanka
Published: February 2019

In this paper, a compact, low-profile, coplanar waveguide-fed metamaterial inspired dual-band microstrip antenna is presented for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application. To achieve the goal a triangular split ring resonator is used along with an open-ended stub. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 20 × 24 mm2 fabricated on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with dielectric constant (εr) 4.4. The antenna provides two distinct bands I from 2.40 to 2.48 GHz and II from 4.7 to 6.04 GHz with reflection coefficient better than −10 dB, covering the entire WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) band spectrum. The performance of the proposed metamaterial inspired antenna is also studied in terms of the radiation pattern, efficiency, and the realized gain. A comparative study is also presented to show the performance of the proposed metamaterial inspired antenna with respect to other conventional antenna structures in terms of overall size, bandwidth, gain, and reflection coefficient. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and tested. The simulated results show good agreement with the measured results.
Magnetospheric Chorus, Exohiss, and Magnetosonic Emissions Simultaneously Modulated by Fundamental Toroidal Standing Alfvén Waves Following Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Fluctuations
Authors: Liu Nigang , Su Zhenpeng , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui
Published: February 2019

Magnetospheric quasiperiodic whistler‐mode emissions have long been considered a consequence of the relaxation oscillation or the compressional ultralow‐frequency wave modulation. Here we experimentally demonstrate that the whistler‐mode chorus, exohiss, and magnetosonic emissions can be effectively modulated by the toroidal ultralow‐frequency waves. On 04 August 2017, the solar wind dynamic pressure fluctuations excited the fundamental toroidal standing Alfvén waves in the dayside magnetosphere. These regular toroidal pulsations displayed the approximately same periods as the power variations of the whistler‐mode emissions from 50 Hz to 5 kHz. Along with the decay of the toroidal pulsations, the quasiperiodic feature of these whistler‐mode emissions gradually became indistinct. However, no modulation signatures of background parameters and resonant particles for the whistler‐mode emissions were observable near the equator, and the exact cause for this phenomenon remains to be elucidated.
Residence Time Controls on the Fate of Nitrogen in Flow‐Through Lakebed Sediments
Authors: Hampton Tyler B. , Zarnetske Jay P. , Briggs Martin A. , Singha Kamini , Harvey Judson W. , Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , MahmoodPoor Dehkordy Farzaneh , Lane John W.
Published: February 2019

For many glacial lakes with highly permeable sediments, water exchange rates control hydrologic residence times within the sediment‐water interface (SWI) and the removal of reactive compounds such as nitrate, a common pollutant in lakes and groundwater. Here we conducted a series of focused tracer injection experiments in the upper 20 cm of the naturally downwelling SWI in a flow‐through lake on Cape Cod, MA. We systematically varied residence time and reactant controls on nitrate processing, using isotopically labeled 15N nitrate to monitor the effect of these changes on nitrate removal via denitrification. The addition of acetate, a labile carbon compound, triggered the lake SWI to switch from net production to net removal of nitrate. When acetate was combined with increased residence time created by controlled reductions in water flux, we observed a fivefold increase in nitrate removal, a 26‐fold increase in N2 production, and a 42‐fold increase in N2O production. We demonstrate that water residence time is an important control on the fate of nitrate in these lake SWIs and illustrate that seasonal conditions that alter lake exchange rates and variability in lake carbon may predict dynamic nitrate removal across the SWI. Additionally, observed N2O production during the oxic pore water experiments paired with geophysical characterization of the sediment porosity revealed that the lake SWI has less mobile pores occupying upward of 50% of the total porosity volume, which function as reactive microzones for nitrate processing.
Preparing Graduate Students for 21st Century Climate Conversations
Authors: Bertram Miriam , Thompson LuAnne , Murray James , Bretherton Chris , Bitz Cecilia
Published: February 2019

Graduate students at the University of Washington are becoming skilled in interdisciplinary climate science and finding opportunities to collaborate outside the academy.
Scientists Discover Evidence of Long “Ocean Memory”
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: February 2019

Measurements from a 19th century scientific expedition have revealed that the deep Pacific waters are cooling from lower global temperatures centuries ago.
Crosstalk between Dpp and Tor signaling coordinates autophagy-dependent midgut degradation
Authors: Denton Donna , Xu Tianqi , Dayan Sonia , Nicolson Shannon , Kumar Sharad
Published: February 2019

The majority of developmentally programmed cell death (PCD) is mediated by caspase-dependent apoptosis; however, additional modalities, including autophagy-dependent cell death, have important spatiotemporally restricted functions. Autophagy involves the engulfment of cytoplasmic components in a double membrane vesicle for delivery to the lysosome. An established model for autophagy-dependent PCD is Drosophila larval midgut removal during metamorphosis. Our previous work demonstrated that growth arrest is required to initiate autophagy-dependent midgut degradation and Target of rapamycin (Tor) limits autophagy induction. In further studies, we uncovered a role for Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in coordinating midgut degradation. Here, we provide new data to show that Dpp interacts with Tor during midgut degradation. Inhibiting Tor rescued the block in midgut degradation due to Dpp signaling. We propose that Dpp is upstream of Tor and down-regulation promotes growth arrest and autophagy-dependent midgut degradation. These findings underscore a relationship between Dpp and Tor signaling in the regulation of cell growth and tissue removal.
The impact of ionizing irradiation on liver detoxifying enzymes. A re-investigation
Authors: Bocedi Alessio , Ingrosso Gianluca , Cattani Giada , Miceli Roberto , Ponti Elisabetta , Lancia Andrea , Baldelli Sara , Guidi Arianna , Ciriolo Maria Rosa , Mattei Maurizio , Ricci Giorgio
Published: February 2019

By looking at many studies describing the impact of ionizing irradiations in living mice on a few key detoxifying enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase, we noted conflicting evidences: almost all papers finalized to demonstrate the protective effects of natural or synthetic drugs against the damage by irradiations, described also a relevant inactivation of these enzymes in the absence of these compounds. Conversely, no inactivation and even enhanced activity has been noted under similar irradiation modality in all studies supporting the “adaptive response”. Motivated by these curious discrepancies, we performed irradiation experiments on living mice, explanted mouse livers and liver homogenates observing that, in all conditions the activity of all these enzymes remained almost unchanged except for a slight increase found in explanted livers. Our results put a question about many previous scientific reports in this field.