bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tooth Loss and Risk of Dementia in the Community: the Hisayama Study
Authors: Takeuchi Kenji , Ohara Tomoyuki , Furuta Michiko , Takeshita Toru , Shibata Yukie , Hata Jun , Yoshida Daigo , Yamashita Yoshihisa , Ninomiya Toshiharu
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To clarify the effect of tooth loss on development of all‐cause dementia and its subtypes in an elderly Japanese population.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

The Hisayama Study, Japan.

Participants

Community‐dwelling Japanese adults without dementia aged 60 and older (N = 1,566) were followed for 5 years (2007–2012).

Measurements

Participants were classified into four categories according to baseline number of remaining teeth (≥20, 10–19, 1–9, 0). The risk estimates of the effect of tooth loss on the development of all‐cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) were computed using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

During follow‐up, 180 (11.5%) subjects developed all‐cause dementia; 127 (8.1%) had AD, and 42 (2.7%) had VaD. After adjusting for potential confounders, there was a tendency for the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratio of all‐cause dementia to increase with decrease in number of remaining teeth (P for trend = .04). The risk of all‐cause dementia was 1.62 times as great in subjects with 10 to 19 teeth, 1.81 times as great in those with one to nine teeth, and 1.63 times as great in those with no teeth as in those with 20 teeth or more. An inverse association was observed between number of remaining teeth and risk of AD (P for trend = .08), but no such association was observed with risk of VaD (P for trend = .20).

Conclusion

Tooth loss is associated with an increased risk of all‐cause dementia and AD in the Japanese population.
Problem behaviour and psychosocial functioning in young children with Williams syndrome: parent and teacher perspectives
Authors: Klein‐Tasman B. P. , Lee K.
Published: March 2017

Background

There is sparse literature about problem behaviour in young children with Williams syndrome (WS) and little consideration of the perspectives of multiple respondents.

Methods

Problem behaviour of 35 children with WS ages 2 to 6 was examined based on both parent and teacher report using the Achenbach preschool forms.

Results

The most prominent areas of difficulty based on both parent and teacher report were attention problems, pervasive developmental problems and emotion reactivity difficulties. Some rater differences were observed; most notably, teachers reported more externalising behaviour problems including more aggressive behaviour, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity problems and Oppositional Defiant problems than did parents. Few relations to intellectual functioning, age or gender were observed.

Discussion

Some aspects of problem behaviour evident in older children (e.g. attention problems, social problems) are also apparent for young children with WS, while other areas are less prominent (e.g. anxiety). The implications of the findings for understanding the behavioural phenotype associated with WS are discussed.
Survey of Malassezia sp and dermatophytes in the cutaneous microbiome of free‐ranging golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas ‐ Kuhl, 1820)
Authors: Neves Juan JA , Francelino Marcelo , Silva Flavia GL , Baptista Luana CL , Bueno Marina G , Catão‐Dias José L , Molina Camila , Kierulff Maria CM , Pissinatti Alcides , Coutinho Selene DA
Published: March 2017

Background

Data about the presence of fungi on the cutaneous surface of wild animals are scarce. The aim of this study was to survey dermatophytes and Malassezia sp in the external ear canal and haircoat of Leontopithecus chrysomelas.

Methods

A total of 928 clinical samples were collected from 232 animals: For Malassezia screening 696 samples were studied, 464 of cerumen and 232 of haircoat; another 232 haircoat samples were studied for dermatophyte analysis.

Results

A geophilic dermatophyte, Microsporum cookie, was isolated from one young female. Lipodependent Malassezia was isolated from 76 animals and 87 clinical samples, 26 from the cerumen and 61 from the haircoat (statistically significant); there were no differences related to gender and age.

Conclusions

Results suggested that lipodependent Malassezia is part of the skin microbiome of these animals. The prevalence of dermatophytes was too low and probably not relevant for the health of the studied population.
An AANAT/ASMT transgenic animal model constructed with CRISPR/Cas9 system serving as the mammary gland bioreactor to produce melatonin‐enriched milk in sheep
Authors: Ma Teng , Tao Jingli , Yang Minghui , He Changjiu , Tian Xiuzhi , Zhang Xiaosheng , Zhang Jinlong , Deng Shoulong , Feng Jianzhong , Zhang Zhenzhen , Wang Jing , Ji Pengyun , Song Yukun , He Pingli , Han Hongbing , Fu Juncai , Lian Zhengxing , Liu Guoshi
Published: March 2017

Melatonin as a potent antioxidant exhibits important nutritional and medicinal values. To produce melatonin‐enriched milk will benefit the consumers. In this study, a sheep bioreactor which generates melatonin‐enriched milk has been successfully developed by the technology that combined CRISPR/Cas9 system and microinjection. The AANAT and ASMT were cloned from pineal gland of Dorper sheep (Ovis aries). The in vitro studies found that AANAT and ASMT were successfully transferred to the mammary epithelial cell lines and significantly increased melatonin production in the culture medium compared to the nontransgenic cell lines. In addition, the Cas9 mRNA, sgRNA, and the linearized vectors pBC1‐AANAT and pBC1‐ASMT were co‐injected into the cytoplasm of pronuclear embryos which were implanted into ewes by oviducts transferring. Thirty‐four transgenic sheep were generated with the transgenic positive rate being roughly 35% which were identified by Southern blot and sequencing. Seven carried transgenic AANAT, two carried ASMT, and 25 carried both of AANAT and ASMT genes. RT‐PCR and Western blot demonstrated that the lambs expressed these genes in their mammary epithelial cells and these animals produced melatonin‐enriched milk. This is the first report to show a functional AANAT and ASMT transgenic animal model which produce significantly high levels of melatonin milk compared to their wild‐type counterparts. The advanced technologies used in the study laid a foundation for generating large transgenic livestock, for example, the cows, which can produce high level of melatonin milk.
Bedtime, shuteye time and electronic media: sleep displacement is a two‐step process
Authors: Exelmans Liese , Van den Bulck Jan
Published: March 2017

This study argues that going to bed may not be synonymous with going to sleep, and that this fragmentation of bedtime results in a two‐step sleep displacement. We separated bedtime (i.e. going to bed) from shuteye time (i.e. attempting to go to sleep once in bed) and assessed the prevalence of electronic media use in both time slots. A convenience sample of 338 adults (aged 18–25 years, 67.6% women) participated in an online survey. Results indicated a gap of 39 min between bedtime and shuteye time, referred to as ‘shuteye latency’. Respondents with a shuteye latency of, respectively, ≤30 min, ≤1 or >1 h, were 3.3, 6.1 and 9.3 times more likely to be rated as poor sleepers compared to those who went to sleep immediately after going to bed. Before bedtime, volume of electronic media use (17 h 55 min per week) was higher than non‐media activities (14 h per week), whereas the opposite was true after bedtime (media = 3 h 41 min, non‐media = 7 h 46 min). Shuteye latency was related exclusively to prebedtime media use. Findings confirmed the proposed fragmentation of bedtime. Sleep displacement should therefore be redefined as a two‐step process, as respondents not only engage in the delay of bedtime, but also in the delay of shuteye time once in bed. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed.
Factors Associated with Survival in 97 Horses with Septic Pleuropneumonia
Authors: Arroyo M.G. , Slovis N.M. , Moore G.E. , Taylor S.D.
Published: March 2017

Background

Septic pleuropneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, but there is limited data available regarding factors associated with survival.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To identify factors predictive of survival in horses with septic pleuropneumonia.

Animals

A total of 97 horses with septic pleuropneumonia at 2 referral institutions.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed. A diagnosis of septic pleuropneumonia was based on the presence of sepsis, pleural effusion, and positive bacterial culture from tracheal aspiration (TA) or pleural fluid (PF).

Results

Thirty‐one percent of horses had a recent history of travel. Clinical signs included lethargy (78%), tachycardia (75%), tachypnea (60%), fever (43%), prolonged capillary refill time (22%), and ventral edema (14%). The most common clinicopathologic abnormality was hyperfibrinogenemia (79%). Increased serum creatinine concentration at presentation was negatively associated with survival (OR, 5.13;CI, 1.88–14.01;P= .001) and return to work (OR, 6.46;CI, 1.10–37.92;P= .034). Eighty‐fourTAand 67PFsamples were submitted for culture, 98 and 84% of which were positive, respectively. The most common isolate wasStreptococcus equisubspzooepidemicus. Tracheal aspirates were more sensitive thanPFfor bacterial growth, but some organisms isolated fromPFwere not isolated fromTA. Thoracotomy was positively associated with survival (OR, 0.13;CI, 0.01–0.83;P= .028).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Increased serum creatinine concentration is a negative prognostic indicator and is likely a reflection of dehydration. Submission ofTAandPFis recommended. Thoracotomy should be considered as a treatment for pleuropneumonia.
Cuticular hydrocarbon cues of immune‐challenged workers elicit immune activation in honeybee queens
Authors: Hernández López Javier , Riessberger‐Gallé Ulrike , Crailsheim Karl , Schuehly Wolfgang
Published: March 2017

Recently, evidence has shown that variations in the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) profile allow healthy honeybees to identify diseased nestmates, eliciting agonistic responses in the former. Here, we determined whether these ‘immunologic cues’ emitted by diseased nestmates were only detected by workers, who consequently took hygienic measures and excluded these individuals from the colony, or whether queens were also able to detect these cues and respond accordingly. Healthy honeybee queens were exposed to (i) healthy, (ii) Ringer‐injected and (iii) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐injected nestmates by allowing direct body contact. Quantitative differences in the CHC profiles of these three groups were measured using GC‐MS. The transcript levels of the products of four genes that encode for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are part of the queen's immune response, were measured in bees exposed to direct contact using qPCR. A significant increase in the transcript levels of these AMP genes over baseline levels in queens was observed when body contact was allowed between the queens and the Ringer‐ and LPS‐injected nestmates. These results provide the first evidence that the detection of CHCs contributes to the initiation of an immune response in insects. In an additional experiment, CHCs were extracted from diseased workers and directly presented to queens, which also evoked a similar immune response. A potential mechanism that relied on volatile compounds could be ruled out by conducting a distance experiment. The study helps to expand our knowledge of chemical communication in insects and sheds light on a likely new mechanism of social immunity.
Multi‐layered inhibition of Streptomyces development: BldO is a dedicated repressor of whiB
Authors: Bush Matthew J. , Chandra Govind , Findlay Kim C. , Buttner Mark J.
Published: March 2017

BldD‐(c‐di‐GMP) sits on top of the regulatory network that controls differentiation in Streptomyces, repressing a large regulon of developmental genes when the bacteria are growing vegetatively. In this way, BldD functions as an inhibitor that blocks the initiation of sporulation. Here, we report the identification and characterisation of BldO, an additional developmental repressor that acts to sustain vegetative growth and prevent entry into sporulation. However, unlike the pleiotropic regulator BldD, we show that BldO functions as the dedicated repressor of a single key target gene, whiB, and that deletion of bldO or constitutive expression of whiB is sufficient to induce precocious hypersporulation.
Mapping carbon fate during bleaching in a model cnidarian symbiosis: the application of 13C metabolomics
Authors: Hillyer Katie E. , Dias Daniel A. , Lutz Adrian , Roessner Ute , Davy Simon K.
Published: March 2017

Coral bleaching is a major threat to the persistence of coral reefs. Yet we lack detailed knowledge of the metabolic interactions that determine symbiosis function and bleaching‐induced change.

We mapped autotrophic carbon fate within the free metabolite pools of both partners of a model cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis (Aiptasia–Symbiodinium) during exposure to thermal stress via the stable isotope tracer (13C bicarbonate), coupled to GC‐MS.

Symbiont photodamage and pronounced bleaching coincided with substantial increases in the turnover of non13C‐labelled pools in the dinoflagellate (lipid and starch store catabolism). However, 13C enrichment of multiple compounds associated with ongoing carbon fixation and de novo biosynthesis pathways was maintained (glucose, fatty acid and lipogenesis intermediates). Minimal change was also observed in host pools of 13C‐enriched glucose (a major symbiont‐derived mobile product). However, host pathways downstream showed altered carbon fate and/or pool composition, with accumulation of compatible solutes and nonenzymic antioxidant precursors.

In hospite symbionts continue to provide mobile products to the host, but at a significant cost to themselves, necessitating the mobilization of energy stores. These data highlight the need to further elucidate the role of metabolic interactions between symbiotic partners, during the process of thermal acclimation and coral bleaching.
Refiguring creativity in virtual work: the digital‐material construction site
Authors: Pink Sarah , Lingard Helen , Harley James
Published: March 2017

In this article, we advance the question of how creativity is emerging in new virtual work configurations. We take two steps: first we draw on theoretical perspectives from phenomenological anthropology to engage an understanding of creativity as emerging through a relationship between the processual concepts of improvisation and knowing; second, we develop a focus on the digital materiality of virtual labour. To examine and draw together these themes we focus on a novel example of the use of digital technologies for improving worker safety and health in the construction industry by recognising how safety is constituted through worker creativity. We argue, on the basis of this, for a view of creativity as constituted through improvisation and knowing, and that invokes the possibility of thinking about virtual elements of work as part of the ongoing processes of work.
Prevention of Flares in Children with Atopic Dermatitis with Regular Use of an Emollient Containing Glycerol and Paraffin: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Tiplica George Sorin , Kaszuba Andrzej , Malinauskienė Laura , Konno Pille , Boralevi Franck , Garrigue Eric , Saint‐Aroman Markéta , Delarue Alain
Published: March 2017

Background/Objectives

Emollients are part of the standard treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), although there is limited evidence that regular use of emollients as management therapy reduces the frequency of flares and corticosteroid consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of emollient use in the management of mild to moderate AD in children by assessing the ability of two different emollients (particularly V0034CR) to prevent flares and to reduce the use of corticosteroids.

Methods

In this randomized, open‐label study, patients with a current flare were treated with a potent topical corticosteroid. After flare resolution, patients were centrally randomized to V0034CR emollient, reference emollient, or no emollient (1:1:1 ratio) for 12 weeks. New flares were medically assessed before being treated with a moderately potent corticosteroid.

Results

A total of 335 children 2 to 6 years of age were randomized. At 12 weeks, the percentage of patients with one or more flares was statistically significantly lower with V0034CR (35.1%) than without emollient (67.6%; p < 0.001). Fewer patients treated with V0034CR required any corticosteroids or immunosuppressants (23.6%) than patients with no emollient (43.3%) at 12 weeks. The difference was significant at all time points (p = 0.002). Patients treated with emollients had a longer time to first flare, fewer flares, higher complete remission rates, less corticosteroid consumption, lower Investigator Global Assessment scores, and lower Scoring Atopic Dermatitis scores than those who were not. V0034CR was well tolerated, with no specific safety concerns.

Conclusion

Regular emollient use in children with mild to moderate AD reduces flares and corticosteroid consumption.
Beyond the water cooler: using socialization to understand use and impact of networking services on collaboration in a business incubator
Authors: Nijssen Edwin J. , van der Borgh Michel
Published: March 2017

Scholars and policymakers claim that Business Incubators (BIs) add value by facilitating internal cooperation between tenant firms. Taking a tenant perspective, this research investigates the impact of a tenant's length of BI tenure on the use of formal internal networking services the BI management provides, and then on the tenant's level of intra‐BI cooperation. The premise is that BI tenants use and benefit more from formal internal networking services when their socialization through participation in BI informal networking activities is low. When socialization is high they will enjoy a stronger direct effect of tenant tenure on cooperation with other tenants. Findings from data collected from a Dutch BI confirm the premise of our moderated‐mediation model. Results also show that both mechanisms complement each other and that each contributes significantly to tenants' sales growth. It lends support to the effectiveness of BI formal internal networking services, but also stresses the importance of socialization through informal networking activities.
Coach‐led prevention programs are effective in reducing anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: A number‐needed‐to‐treat analysis
Authors: Pfile K.R. , Curioz B.
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effectiveness of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevention program is impacted by the individual(s) directing the program. A number‐needed‐to‐treat analysis compared the effectiveness of injury prevention measures when either directed by a coach or a mixed leadership group consisting of coach and healthcare providers. Eleven studies were included for analysis. Number‐needed‐to‐treat and relative risk reduction (RRR) were calculated for each study and data sets were pooled based on the intervention leader. Quality of evidence was determined by assessing individual studies (PEDro score =4.55±1.97, range=2‐7), applying the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Levels of Evidence (CEBM=2a), and the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT=Level B). The mixed leadership group studies' RRR=48.2% (95% confidence interval (CI)=22‐65) and a number‐needed‐to‐benefit of 120 (CI=73‐303) while the coach‐led group's RRR=58.4% (CI=40‐71) and a number‐needed‐to‐benefit=133 (CI=96‐217). These results demonstrate that a coach‐led ACL injury prevention program approach is as effective as a mixed group leadership approach. Coach‐led prevention programs can be more widely implemented; however, it is imperative to ensure adequate training is in place prior to implementation of such intervention.
The psychological consequences of income inequality
Authors: Buttrick Nicholas R. , Oishi Shigehiro
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we review and integrate the contemporary literature on the societal effects of income inequality, drawing on social, personality, developmental, and organizational psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and public health. Living in highly unequal regimes is associated with both increased mistrust and increased anxiety about social status; these psychological mechanisms help explain some of the negative outcomes associated with income inequality, such as lower happiness, lower social cohesion, weaker morality, higher mortality, worse health, and weaker governance.
The reproducibility and clinical utility of the 3D camera for measuring scar height, with a protocol for administration
Authors: Tyack Z. , Simons M. , Kimble R. M. , Muller M. J. , Leung K.
Published: March 2017

Background

This study aimed to determine the reproducibility and clinical utility of a 3D camera for measuring burn scar height in adults.

Methods

Participants from a larger prospective longitudinal study were included. Reproducibility data were collected using an immediate test‐retest interval and a 1‐2 week test‐retest interval and included reliability and agreement. The LifeViz™ 3D camera was used to measure scar height. Reproducibility was tested using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), percentage agreement within 1 mm between test and retest, standard error of measurement, smallest detectable change (SDC) and Bland Altman limits of agreement.

Results

Burn scar images from 55 adult participants were included. Intra‐rater reliability was acceptable using an immediate retest interval (maximum and minimum height ICC=0.85, 0.86 respectively). Agreement using an immediate retest interval was borderline acceptable (maximum and minimum height SDC=1.11, 0.69 respectively) to detect changes of close to 1 mm. Reproducibility was largely not acceptable using a 1‐2 week test‐retest interval (eg, maximum and minimum height ICC=0.34, 0.68 respectively; maximum and minimum height SDC=2.66, 1.16). The clinical utility of the camera was supported for scars over relatively flat areas and well‐defined border margins. A protocol for administration of the camera was developed.

Conclusion

The 3D camera appears capable of detecting gross changes or differences in scar height above the normal skin surface, in adults with scars over relatively flat areas and well‐defined border margins. However, further testing of reproducibility using a shorter test‐retest interval than 1‐2 week retest is recommended to confirm the suitability of the device for measuring changes or differences in scar height.
African Americans and American Values: Does South Matter?
Authors: Sullivan Jas M. , Henderson Michael , Parent T. Wayne , Winburn Jonathan
Published: March 2017

Objective

This article examines the effects of southern culture on the attitudes and political predisposition of southern African Americans.

Method

Using unique survey data, with large oversamples of African Americans, this article explores whether southern blacks have a more positive opinion of the American system than African Americans who reside outside the south.

Results

We find a “southern effect” occurs among African Americans. Southern blacks express more support for traditionally defined American political and social values than nonsouthern blacks; however, this gap is less than a third the size of the regional gap among whites.

Conclusion

Together, these findings suggest a complex interplay of race and region on political values and raise profound normative concerns. A group that arguably stands at a greater disadvantage in the political system expresses higher levels of support for that system.
Women's Rights Organizations and Human Trafficking
Authors: Bell Sam R. , Banks Victoria
Published: March 2017

Objectives

This article examines the impact of women's rights organizations (WROs) in preventing human trafficking and improving state policies on trafficking. WROs, through their knowledge and experience working with governments, and the services they provide to women, are in a strong position to influence trafficking outcomes and policies.

Methods

Implementing a cross‐national time series analysis of states between the years 2000 and 2007 with data on WRO presence within states, shaming by WROs, and data on trafficking flows and policy, we test our hypotheses.

Results

We show support for the hypothesis that WRO presence and shaming can lead to improvements in this important policy area.

Conclusions

In a growing literature on the effects of NGOs on state policy and human rights, this study illustrates an additional important area where NGOs lead to improvements in policy outcomes.
A retrospective study to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of opportunistic infections after abdominal organ transplantation
Authors: Helfrich Mia , Dorschner Peter , Thomas Kathryn , Stosor Valentina , Ison Michael G.
Published: March 2017

Background

Most epidemiologic studies of opportunistic infections (OI) following abdominal organ transplantation are derived prior to the era of contemporary immunosuppression and prophylaxis. These studies suggest that most OI occur within the first 6 months post transplant.

Method

In this single‐center, retrospective cohort study, we describe the epidemiology of OI in 359 consecutive abdominal organ transplant recipients, in the era of contemporary prophylaxis practices and alemtuzumab induction in kidney and simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplant recipients.

Results

Ninety patients (25.1%) developed OI, with 53.3% of these occurring beyond 6 months. The most common OI were BK polyomavirus nephropathy (5.0%), cytomegalovirus (10.2%), varicella zoster virus (4.4%), and herpes simplex virus (1.1%), which typically occurred after discontinuation of antiviral prophylaxis, and Clostridium difficile infections (7.8%).

Conclusion

OI had no impact on patient or graft survival at 12 months post transplant. In the era of contemporary immunosuppression and prophylaxis, a significant proportion of OI occur beyond 6 months. Additional strategies may be important to reduce the incidence of such late‐onset infections.
Clinical presentation and outcomes of norovirus infection in intestinal allograft compared to native intestine
Authors: Florescu Diana F. , Sonderup Jessica L. , Grant Wendy , Chong Pearlie P. , van Duin David , Kalil Andre C.
Published: March 2017

Background

No data are available on clinical manifestations and course of norovirus gastroenteritis (NVE) in intestinal allograft (from intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients, ITR) compared to native intestine (from other allograft recipients, nITR).

Methods

This was a retrospective study of solid organ transplant recipients with NVE at two centers from January 1, 2010 to April 1, 2014. Chi‐square, t‐test, linear and logistic regression analyses were done to compare NVE in ITR vs nITR patients.

Results

The ITR (45 patients) were compared to nITR (107 patients). ITR were younger (odds ratio [OR]=0.90; P<.0001), less likely to receive anti‐lymphocyte induction therapy (OR=0.15; P<.0001), and had shorter time from transplant to NVE (OR=0.99; P=.008). On presentation ITR had less frequent nausea (OR=0.11; P<.0001) or vomiting (OR=0.36; P=.01), higher white blood cell count (OR=1.09; P=.001), and higher glomerular filtration rate (OR=1.02; P<.0001). ITR were less likely to receive anti‐motility agents (OR=9.6; P<.0001). ITR were more likely to stay longer on intravenous (IV) fluids (OR=1.18; P<.0001); have recurrent NVE (OR=4.25; P<.0001); have longer hospital stay (OR=1.07; P<.0001); develop acute rejection (OR=5.1; P=.006); and have lower overall survival (OR=0.28; P=.006).

Conclusions

Compared to nITR, the ITR with NVE were significantly younger, had less nausea and vomiting at presentation, received less anti‐motility agents, required more IV fluids, and had longer hospital stay. A trend was seen for lower survival with NVE in ITR.
Clinically healthy overweight and obese dogs differ from lean controls in select CBC and serum biochemistry values
Authors: Radakovich Lauren B. , Truelove Matthew P. , Pannone Stephen C. , Olver Christine S. , Santangelo Kelly S.
Published: March 2017

Background

Obesity is a global disease, affecting nearly half a billion people. Unfortunately, this trend is mirrored in our canine population.

Objectives

As obesity is a complex inflammatory disease, there is a need to determine whether routine medical screening tests may indicate, or be influenced by, its presence. The objective of the current study was to determine if significant differences exist between CBC and biochemical profile values from control vs overweight/obese, client‐owned dogs considered clinically healthy.

Methods

Dogs presented for routine health examinations, including minor dental or elective surgical procedures, were retrospectively identified from a hospital population. Animals were allocated to 2 categories based on body condition score (BCS), and data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney nonparametric analysis with statistical significance at aP≤ .05.

Results

After exclusions, 116 dogs were assigned to the overweight/obese group (BCS ≥ 7) and 240 dogs to the control group (BCS = 4–6). Overweight/obese dogs had higher total leukocyte counts and higher plasma protein and globulin concentrations. Other differences were attributed to decreased serum water fraction (increased sodium, albumin, calcium, and anion gap) in the overweight/obese group. Interestingly, chloride concentration was decreased (in the face of increased sodium) in the obese group.

Conclusions

There is CBC and biochemical evidence to support the concern that obesity influences laboratory values, even in dogs considered clinically healthy. Prospective studies aimed at characterizing these changes are needed to provide insight into the connection between obesity and its comorbidities.
Use of the PARIHS Framework for Retrospective and Prospective Implementation Evaluations
Authors: Hill Jennifer N. , Guihan Marylou , Hogan Timothy P. , Smith Bridget M. , LaVela Sherri L. , Weaver Frances M. , Anaya Henry D. , Evans Charlesnika T.
Published: March 2017

Background

The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework has been used by implementation researchers to assess factors impacting implementation and to use that information to identify optimal interventions and implementation strategies. In this paper, two studies are presented demonstrating the utility of PARIHS as a tool for retrospective and prospective evaluation of implementation in the health care setting.

Study Design

Descriptive case study.

Methods

A qualitative consensus process was used to evaluate provider perceptions of PARIHS constructs of evidence, context, and facilitation and their subelements which were scored on a continuum of low to high.

Results

The first example demonstrates retrospective use of PARIHS which provided insight into the factors contributing to variations in implementation across sites in an ongoing program. Evidence was strong (high), whereas context noted some challenges in culture and measurement (mixed), and the presence of dedicated program facilitators was positive but dual roles limited their ability to fully support implementation (mixed). The second example demonstrates prospective use of PARIHS for evaluation which gathered information about intervention sites for the purposes of selecting implementation strategies responsive to site needs. Evidence supporting the intervention was limited (low), context noted that limited awareness of the intervention was a challenge (low), and that a strong internal facilitator supported implementation (high).

Linking Evidence to Action

The descriptive case study presented here underscores the value of a theory‐guided approach to implementation and highlights that PARIHS can help implementers understand factors impacting implementation, identify areas for future intervention, and inform selection of strategies to support or enhance implementation efforts.
Spinors and essential dimension
Authors: Garibaldi Skip , Guralnick Robert M.
Published: March 2017

We prove that spin groups act generically freely on various spinor modules, in the sense of group schemes and in a way that does not depend on the characteristic of the base field. As a consequence, we extend the surprising calculation of the essential dimension of spin groups and half-spin groups in characteristic zero by Brosnan et al. [Essential dimension, spinor groups, and quadratic forms, Ann. of Math. (2) 171 (2010), 533–544], and Chernousov and Merkurjev [Essential dimension of spinor and Clifford groups, Algebra Number Theory 8 (2014), 457–472] to fields of characteristic different from two. We also complete the determination of generic stabilizers in spin and half-spin groups of low rank.
Homomorphisms between standard modules over finite-type KLR algebras
Authors: Kleshchev Alexander S. , Steinberg David J.
Published: March 2017

Khovanov–Lauda–Rouquier (KLR) algebras of finite Lie type come with families of standard modules, which under the Khovanov–Lauda–Rouquier categorification correspond to PBW bases of the positive part of the corresponding quantized enveloping algebra. We show that there are no non-zero homomorphisms between distinct standard modules and that all non-zero endomorphisms of a standard module are injective. We present applications to the extensions between standard modules and modular representation theory of KLR algebras.
Numerical Study of Transient Convection With Volumetric Radiation Using an Hybrid Lattice Boltzmann Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook–Control Volume Finite Element Method
Authors: Chaabane Raoudha , Askri Faouzi , Jemni Abdelmajid , Ben Nasrallah Sassi
Published: March 2017

In this paper, a new hybrid numerical algorithm is developed to solve coupled convection–radiation heat transfer in a two-dimensional cavity containing an absorbing, emitting, and scattering medium. The radiative information is obtained by solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE) using the control volume finite element method (CVFEM), and the density, velocity, and temperature fields are calculated using the two double population lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). To the knowledge of the authors, this hybrid numerical method is applied at the first time to simulate combined transient convective radiative heat transfer in 2D participating media. In order to test the efficiency of the developed method, two configurations are examined: (i) free convection with radiation in a square cavity bounded by two horizontal insulating sides and two vertical isothermal walls and (ii) Rayleigh–Benard convection with and without radiative heat transfer. The obtained results are validated against available works in literature, and the proposed method is found to be efficient, accurate, and numerically stable.
Rare Event Analysis Considering Data and Model
Uncertainty
Authors: El-Gheriani Malak , Khan Faisal , Zuo Ming J.
Published: March 2017

In risk analysis of rare events, there is a need to adopt data from different sources with varying levels of detail (e.g., local, regional, categorical data). Therefore, it is very important to identify, understand, and incorporate the uncertainty that accompanies the data. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis (HBA) addresses uncertainty among the aggregated data for each event through generating an informative prior distribution for the event's parameter of interest. The Bayesian network (BN) approach is used to model accident causation. BN enables both inductive and abductive reasoning, which helps to better understand and minimize model uncertainty. In this work, the methodology is proposed to integrate BN with HBA to model rare events, considering both data and model uncertainty. HBA considers data uncertainty, while BN uses an adaptive model to better represent and manage model uncertainty. Application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using three types of offshore accidents. The proposed methodology provides a way to develop a dynamic risk analysis approach to rare events.
Operation Parameters' Effect on Gaseous Bubbles in Lubricant of Groove Textured Journal Bearing
Authors: Meng F. M. , Zhang L. , Long T.
Published: March 2017

Operation parameter influences on the behavior of the gaseous bubble in the lubricant for a groove textured journal bearing are studied under the consideration of the thermal effect of the bearing–shaft system. The influence is analyzed by simultaneously solving Rayleigh–Plesset (RP), energy, and Reynolds equations. The computer code for the analyzing the bubble behavior is validated. Numerical results show that appropriately increasing the width–diameter ratio of the bearing and rotational speed of the shaft, or decreasing the applied load and inlet temperature of the lubricant, can decrease the maximum radius, collapse pressure, and temperature of the bubble.
Analysis of Microwaviness-Excited Vibrations of a Flying Head Slider in Proximity and Asperity Contact Regimes
Authors: Ono Kyosuke
Published: March 2017

The vibration characteristics of a thermal fly-height control (TFC) head slider in the proximity and asperity contact regimes attract much attention, because the head–disk spacing (HDS) must be less than 1 nm in order to increase the recording density in hard disk drives. This paper presents a numerical analysis of the microwaviness (MW)-excited vibrations in the flying head slider during the touchdown (TD) process. We first formulate the total force applied to the TFC head slider as a function of the HDS, based on rough-surface adhesion contact models and an air-bearing force model. Then, the MW-excited vibrations of a single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) slider model at TD are simulated by the Runge–Kutta method. It is found that, when the MW amplitude is less than the spacing range of static instability in the total force, the slider jumps to a contact state from a near-contact or mobile-lubricant-contact state. It then jumps to a flying state even when the head surface is protruded further by increasing the TFC power. When the MW amplitude is relatively large, a drastically large spacing variation that contains a wide range of frequency components below 100 kHz appears in the static unstable region. These calculated results can clarify the mechanisms behind a few peculiar experimental phenomena reported in the past.
Top-down technique for scaling to nano in silicon MEMS
Authors: Yilmaz Mustafa , Kilinc Yasin , Nadar Gokhan , Tasdemir Zuhal , Wollschläger Nicole , Österle Werner , Leblebici Yusuf , Alaca B. Erdem
Published: March 2017

Nanoscale building blocks impart added functionalities to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The integration of silicon nanowires with MEMS-based sensors leading to miniaturization with improved sensitivity and higher noise immunity is one example highlighting the advantages of this multiscale approach. The accelerated pace of research in this area gives rise to an urgent need for batch-compatible solutions for scaling to nano. To address this challenge, a monolithic fabrication approach of silicon nanowires with 10-μm-thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS is developed in this work. A two-step Si etching approach is adopted, where the first step creates a shallow surface protrusion and the second step releases it in the form of a nanowire. It is during this second deep etching step that MEMS—with at least a 2-order-of-magnitude scale difference—is formed as well. The technique provides a pathway for preserving the lithographic resolution and transforming it into a very high mechanical precision in the assembly of micro- and nanoscales with an extreme topography. Validation of the success of integration is carried out via in situ actuation of MEMS inside an electron microscope loading the nanowire up to its fracture. The technique yields nanowires on the top surface of MEMS, thereby providing ease of access for the purposes of carrying out surface processes such as doping and contact formation as well as in situ observation. As the first study demonstrating such monolithic integration in thick SOI, the work presents a pathway for scaling down to nano for future MEMS combining multiple scales.
Optical imaging of propagating Mach cones in water using refracto-vibrometry
Authors: Huber Nathan R. , Huber Thomas M. , Huber Matthew T.
Published: March 2017

Refracto-vibrometry was used to optically image propagating Mach cones in water. These Mach cones were produced by ultrasonic longitudinal and shear waves traveling through submerged 12.7 mm diameter metal cylinders. Full-field videos of the propagating wave fronts were obtained using refracto-vibrometry. A laser Doppler vibrometer, directed at a retroreflective surface, sampled time-varying water density at numerous scan points. Wave speeds were determined from the Mach cone apex angles; the measured longitudinal and shear wave speeds in steel (6060 ± 170 m/s and 3310 ± 110 m/s, respectively) and beryllium (12 400 ± 700 m/s and 8100 ± 500 m/s) agreed with published values.
Exploring Pre-Service Physical Education Teacher Technology Use During Student Teaching
Authors: Jones Emily M. , Baek Jun-hyung , Wyant James D.
Published: March 2017

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing preservice teachers’ (PST) experiences integrating technology within a guided action-based research project in the context of student teaching.

Methods:

Participants were enrolled at a rural, mid-Atlantic university (N = 80, 53 male; 27 female). Researchers retrieved archived data from five semesters of physical education (PE) student teaching cohorts. Data sources included: Technology Action Research Project poster presentations (n = 75) and reflective journal entries (n = 234). All identifiable information was removed, and qualitative data were analyzed inductively.

Results:

Three themes and subthemes emerged Student Clientele, Self as Teacher, and Others as Systems of Support as contributing agents in PSTs’ experiences integrating technology.

Discussion/Conclusion:

Results of this study support technology-rich field-based experiences for PSTs that are guided by an action research framework. Findings enhance our understanding of factors that facilitate and hinder early career PE teachers use of technology in teaching and learning settings.
Influence of Teaching Games for Understanding on Game Performance, Knowledge, and Variables Related to Adherence in Youth Sailing
Authors: Morales-Belando María Trinidad , Arias-Estero José L.
Published: March 2017

Purpose:

To determine whether a TGfU intervention improved participants’ decision-making, skill execution, game performance, game involvement, game knowledge, enjoyment, perceived competence, and intention to continue practicing sailing.

Method:

Participants were 19 sailors (age: M = 8.44, SD = 1.24 years old). This study followed a mixed-methods approach. The children participated in 12 TGfU intervention sessions and 2 prepost assessment sessions. We designed and validated the sessions, and the coach was trained in TGfU. Data were collected using GPAI during an Olympic triangle race, an ad hoc knowledge questionnaire, two psychological scales, and interviews of children and coach.

Results:

Statistically significant improvements were found in decision-making, Δ = 3.97, skill execution, Δ = .43, game performance, Δ = 5.34, and game involvement, Δ = 7.89.

Discussion/Conclusion:

The results support TGfU may serve to sail training in youth sport. Sailing coaches now have a teaching-learning framework that determines “what” and “how” the tasks must be, the feedback, and participant and coach behavior.
Narratives of Experiential Learning: Students’ Engagement in a Physical Activity-Based Service-Learning Course
Authors: Whitley Meredith A. , Walsh David , Hayden Laura , Gould Daniel
Published: March 2017

Purpose:

Three undergraduate students’ experiences in a physical activity-based service learning course are chronicled using narrative inquiry.

Method:

Data collection included demographics questionnaires, pre- and postservice interviews, reflection journals, postservice written reflections, and participant observations. The data were analyzed with comprehensive deductive and inductive analysis procedures, along with the creation of detailed narratives summarizing students’ individual experiences and outcomes.

Results:

Results revealed student growth and development, including leadership development, improved interpersonal skills, increased knowledge of social justice issues, and enhanced self-understanding. However, the number, depth, and complexity of these outcomes varied significantly, which was largely explained by individual variables (e.g., interest in learning, level of effort, degree of adaptability).

Discussion:

These findings highlight the opportunity for course instructors to lead reflective activities before and during the service-learning experience, along with providing individualized guidance and feedback on students’ learning, effort, and adaptability throughout the service-learning course.
Gender-Biased Communication in Physical Education
Authors: Valley Julia A. , Graber Kim C.
Published: March 2017

Purpose:

This study examined physical education teachers’ awareness of gender equitable practices as well as the language and behaviors they employed in the physical education environment. The purpose of the study was to determine (a) what teachers know about gender equitable practices, (b) what types of gender bias are demonstrated, and (c) how teachers are influenced to adopt gender equitable behaviors in the physical education context.

Method:

A multiple-case study approach was used to provide an in-depth analysis of the attitudes and behaviors of four physical education teachers from four different schools. Teachers were formally and informally interviewed before, during, and after four extensive two-week periods of observations that included being audio recorded throughout the school day.

Results:

Themes emerged across the cases indicating that teachers engaged in teaching practices that reinforced gender stereotypes through biased language and gender segregation.

Discussion/Conclusion:

Teachers’ lack of awareness and understanding of gender equity prevented them from providing an inclusive learning experience for all students.
Is a Change to Active Travel to School an Important Source of Physical Activity for Chinese Children?
Authors: Huang Wendy Y. , Wong Stephen H. , He Gang
Published: March 2017

This study investigated the association between a change in travel mode to school and one-year changes in physical activity (PA) among children in Hong Kong. Data from 677 children aged 7–10 years (56% boys) who participated in the Understanding Children’s Activity and Nutrition (UCAN) study were analyzed. During the 2010/11 and 2011/12 school years, the children wore an accelerometer for a week and their parents completed a questionnaire about the children’s modes of travel to school and nonschool destinations. Associations between a change in the mode of travel to school and changes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were determined using linear mixed models, adjusting for covariates. Compared with children who consistently used passive travel modes, a change from passive to active travel to school was positively associated with changes in the percentage of time spent in MVPA (b = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.63, 2.02) and MVPA min/day (b = 10.97, 95% CI = 5.26, 16.68) on weekdays. Similar results were found for weekly MVPA. Promoting active travel to school may help to combat age-related decline in PA for some Chinese children. However, maintaining active travel to school may not be sufficient to halt the decreasing trend in MVPA with age.