bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Report: Dermoscopy as a diagnostic tool in demodicidosis
Authors: Segal Rina , Mimouni Daniel , Feuerman Hanna , Pagovitz Odelya , David Michael
Published: September 2010

Background  The in vivo demonstration of Demodex infestation is traditionally based on the microscopic identification of Demodex mites, which is time consuming and requires specific equipment and a trained observer.

Objective  The aim of this study was to describe for the first time the use of polarized‐light dermoscopy for the diagnosis of demodicidosis in patients with variable clinical presentations.

Methods  A total of 72 patients with variable facial eruptions were examined clinically, microscopically, and dermoscopically for the presence of Demodex mites.

Results  Of the 72 patients, 55 were found to have demodicidosis. In 54 patients, the dermoscopy examination yielded a specific picture consisting of Demodex “tails” and Demodex follicular openings. In patients with an inflammatory variant of demodicidosis, reticular horizontal dilated blood vessels were also visualized. Microscopically, skin scrapings demonstrated Demodex in 52 patients. Overall, the dermoscopy findings showed excellent agreement with the microscopy findings (kappa value 0.86, 95% CI 0.72–0.99, P < 0.001). In the remaining 17 patients, there was no evidence of Demodex infestation either microscopically or dermoscopically.

Limitations  The study was not blinded. As there are no standards for the diagnosis of demodicidosis, our results were based on criteria developed by our research group.

Conclusions  This is the first description of the specific dermoscopic findings associated with variable clinical presentations of demodicidosis. Dermoscopy may serve as a valuable tool for the real‐time validation of Demodex infestation and the evaluation and follow‐up of affected patients.
Report: In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from acne patients in northern Mexico
Authors: González Roger , Welsh Oliverio , Ocampo Jorge , Hinojosa‐Robles Rosa M. , Vera‐Cabrera Lucio , Delaney Mary L. , Gómez Minerva
Published: September 2010

Background  Antimicrobials are essential in acne therapy. In the last decades, Propionibacterium acnes has become resistant to different antibiotics.

Objective  To determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of P. acnes to frequently used drugs.

Materials and methods  Cutaneous lesion samples were obtained from 50 patients with acne vulgaris, which were cultured in anaerobic media to demonstrate the presence of P. acnes. After that, antimicrobial susceptibility tests to tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, azithromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and levofloxacin were performed.

Results  In the general study group, resistance to azithromycin was 82%, the most prevalent one (P < 0.05), followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68%) and erythromycin (46%). On the other hand, all strains isolated were susceptible to minocycline. Resistance bias were similar when subgroups with and without the previous antimicrobial therapy were performed, finding a low prevalence of resistance to tetracyclines and levofloxacin in both groups.

Conclusions  In our region, P. acnes is highly resistant to azithromycin, SXT, erythromycin and clindamycin; and being very susceptible to minocycline, levofloxacin and tetracycline, in vitro in both groups: with and without the previous antibiotic use. To our knowledge, high resistance prevalence to azithromycin and SXT has never been reported.
Tropical medicine rounds: Treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate: comparison of conventional technique with mesotherapy gun
Authors: Kashani Mansour Nassiri , Sadr Bardia , Nilforoushzadeh Mohammad Ali , Arasteh Mahfar , Babakoohi Shahab , Firooz Alireza
Published: September 2010

Background  The gold standard treatment of Old World leishmaniasis, a common tropical parasitic infestation, is intralesional meglumine antimoniate injection. Mesotherapy is a new minimally invasive method of administration of variable substances to the skin.

Objective  Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of treatment of leishmaniasis with intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate using conventional method and mesotherapy method.

Patients and methods  Eighty‐five patients with proven leishmaniasis were recruited and randomly treated by one of the two methods, either by conventional injection or by mesotherapy administration weekly. Lesion characteristics were evaluated at every treatment session as well as 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after cessation of treatment.

Results  The improvement in lesions was similar in both groups, while it was noted sooner in mesotherapy group with less amount of drug usage (P = 0.005 and 0.016 respectively). Also, patients treated with mesotherapy experienced less pain severity (P = 0.005).

Conclusion  Mesotherapy is a safe and effective method of meglumine antimoniate injection for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and is less painful.
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF A NEW PEPTIDE FROM SQUALUS MITSUKURII LIVER (S‐8300) IN ALLOXAN‐DIABETES
Authors: Huang Fengjie , Wu Wutong
Published: September 2010

1. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of S‐8300 in alloxan diabetic mice.

2. Diabetes was induced by single intravenous injection of alloxan (60 mg/kg bodyweight).

3. The effects of S‐8300 on diabetic mice were investigated by observing changes in the glycometabolic index (fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin), the lipometabolic index (triglyceride, cholesterol, free fatty acids), anti‐oxidant index (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde) and in the degree of injury of β‐cells in the pancreatic islets.

4. A significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids in the plasma and malondialdehyde in the tissues, as well as a significant increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, was observed in diabetic mice treated with 10, 3 and 1 mg/kg S‐8300.

5. Treatment with S‐8300 also attenuated the degree of injury of β‐cells.

6. A comparison was made between the action of S‐8300 and 6 U/kg insulin. The effects of S‐8300 were similar to those of insulin.
INHIBITION OF CYCLIC STRAIN‐INDUCED ENDOTHELIN‐1 SECRETION BY TETRAMETHYLPYRAZINE
Authors: Bi Wei‐Fung , Yang Hung‐Yu , Liu Ju‐Chi , Cheng Tzu‐Hurng , Chen Cheng‐Hsien , Shih Chun‐Ming , Lin Heng , Wang Tze‐Che , Lian Wei‐Shiung , Chen Jin‐Jer , Chiu Heng‐Cheng , Chang Nen‐Chung
Published: September 2010

1. Chuanxiong is a Chinese herb that has been used widely in China to treat vascular disorders. 2,3,5,6‐Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the major components purified from chuanxiong. Many studies have demonstrated that TMP is effective in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism of action by which TMP exerts relaxation in vascular vessels remains unclear.

2. Endothelin (ET)‐1 is a potent vasopressor synthesised by endothelial cells both in culture and in vivo. The aims of the present study were to test the hypothesis that TMP may alter strain‐induced ET‐1 secretion and to identify the putative underlying signalling pathways in endothelial cells.

3. We showed that TMP inhibits strain‐induced ET‐1 secretion. 2,3,5,6‐Tetramethylpyrazine also inhibits the strain‐induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. Furthermore, pretreating cells with TMP or the anti‐oxidant N‐acetyl‐cysteine decreased strain‐induced increases in ET‐1 secretion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Using a reporter gene assay, TMP and N‐acetyl‐cysteine were demonstrated to also attenuate the strain‐induced activity of the activator protein‐1 reporter.

4. In summary, we have demonstrated, for the first time, that TMP inhibits strain‐induced ET‐1 gene expression, in part by interfering with the ERK1/2 pathway via attenuation of ROS formation. Thus, the present study provides important new insights into the molecular pathways that may contribute to the proposed beneficial effects of TMP in the vascular system.
EFFECTS OF A CHINESE HERBAL PREPARATION ON VASCULAR CELLS IN CULTURE: MECHANISMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR PROTECTION
Authors: Ling Shanhong , Dai Aozhi , Guo Zhixin , Yan Xijun , Komesaroff Paul A
Published: September 2010

1. The use of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs or their pharmaceutical products for disease prevention and management is becoming increasingly popular in Western countries. Mixtures of various Chinese herbs have been used for the treatment of syndromes clinically overlapping Western cardiovascular syndromes. One modern preparation, known as the ‘Cardiotonic Pill’ (CP), is a pharmaceutical product derived mainly from a medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge, and recently widely used in Chinese hospitals for the prevention and management of ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. Although the CP is believed to confer an extensive range of benefits, little is known about the physiological actions of this medicine, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore possible cellular mechanisms of the CP on the cardiovascular system.

2. Cultured human vascular endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were exposed to the CP at various concentrations for periods ranging from hours to days. Cellular DNA synthesis was determined by a [3H]‐thymidine incorporation assay, proliferation and death were assessed by investigations of cell numbers and apoptosis, whereas the expression of extracellular adhesion molecules was analysed by flow‐cytometry and Western blotting.

3. The CP extract at concentrations of less than 200 µg/mL was not associated with cell damage. At doses beyond the therapeutic range (10–20 µg/mL), the CP appeared to exert a mild inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis and proliferation of EC in serum‐enriched cultures. The CP significantly attenuated tumour necrosis factor‐α‐induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) in a dose‐dependent manner, with 50 and 100 µg/mL CP producing decreases in the expression of ICAM‐1 of 26–32% and 32–44%, respectively, and of VCAM‐1 of approximately 23% and 27–42%, respectively. The CP did not affect apoptosis in EC under conditions of serum‐deprivation.

4. In VSMC, the CP significantly inhibited platelet‐derived growth factor BB‐induced DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. The CP did not affect VSMC expression of adhesion molecules.

5. We conclude that the CP inhibits expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 in EC and proliferation of VSMC in a manner that has potentially beneficial therapeutic effects.
Downregulation of AP‐1 gene expression is an initial event in the oridonin‐mediated inhibition of colorectal cancer: Studies in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jin Heiying , Tan Xuanzhong , Liu Xiufang , Ding Yijiang
Published: September 2010

Background and Aim:  Oridonin is the active ingredient isolated from the Chinese herb Rabdosia rubescens. We used both in vivo and in vitro approaches to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the oridonin‐mediated inhibition of colorectal cancer.

Methods:  Two colorectal cell lines, Lovo and SW480, were treated with oridonin in solution. The effect of this treatment on the inhibition of the cell proliferation rate was determined by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. The changes in gene expression that occurred in both cell lines in response to treatment with oridonin were determined via an illumine expression sensor. Additionally, a colorectal cancer colostomy implantation model was established. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with an oridonin solution.

Results:  The treatment of Lovo and SW480 cells with oridonin inhibited cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the rate of inhibition increased with prolonged treatment. The growth rate of the colorectal cancer colostomy implantation model was significantly lower than control cells when treated with oridonin (P < 0.001), which meant that oridonin treatment had a significant effect on the tumor growth rate. In the tumor model, activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) was the only gene found to be downregulated after oridonin treatment by the gene expression sensor. After 4 weeks of treatment, AP‐1, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and P38 were all found to be downregulated.

Conclusions:  Our study confirmed the inhibitory effects of oridonin on colorectal cancer. These results indicate that the downregulation of AP‐1 might be an initial response to treatment by oridonin. This regulation could, in turn, affect the expression of the NF‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, thereby inhibiting tumor growth.
Advantages of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy for superficial esophageal tumors
Authors: Urabe Yuji , Hiyama Toru , Tanaka Shinji , Yoshihara Masaharu , Arihiro Koji , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: September 2010

Background and Aim:  In the treatment of superficial esophageal tumors (SET), en bloc histologically‐complete resection reduces the risk of local recurrence. Endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy (EOAM) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) have been applied to resect SET. The aim of this study was to retrospectively determine whether ESD is more advantageous than EOAM for SET.

Methods:  In the present study, there was a total of 122 patients in whom 162 SET were resected endoscopically at Hiroshima University Hospital. EOAM (83 lesions/63 patients) or ESD (79 lesions/59 patients) was performed. En bloc histologically‐complete resection rates, operation time, complications, and the local recurrence rate were studied.

Results:  In SET > 20 mm, the en bloc histologically‐complete resection rate was significantly higher with ESD than with EOAM (94% vs 42%, P < 0.001). In SET of 16–20 mm, the rate tended to be higher with ESD than with EOAM (100% vs 81%, P = 0.08). In SET < 15 mm, the rates did not differ significantly between groups. The average operation time was significantly longer for ESD than for EOAM, regardless of tumor size (49.7 ± 33.0 min vs 19.1 ± 6.1 min, P < 0.001). Complication rates did not differ significantly between groups. The local recurrence rate was significantly lower with ESD than with EOAM (0%, mean observation period: 18.9 months vs 9%, mean observation period: 30.7 months, P = 0.03).

Conclusion:  Although increased operation time with ESD remains problematic, SET >15 mm should be treated with ESD to reduce local recurrence. In lesions ≤15 mm, EOAM might be preferable, especially in high‐risk patients.
Clinical characteristics of TIMP2, MMP2, and MMP9 gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer
Authors: Park Kyung Sook , Kim Seon Jeong , Kim Kyung Ho , Kim Jin Cheon
Published: September 2010

Background and Aim:  Genetic variations and the expression profile of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) are involved in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer.

Methods:  The gene profiles of TIMP2 and MMP were assayed from 333 colorectal cancer using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results:  TIMP2‐418*G/*G, TIMP2 303*G/*G and MMP9‐1562*C/*C were more frequent in patients than in controls (P = 0.020, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.044, respectively). Frequency of TIMP2‐418*G/*G was higher in patients with metastasis than in those without metastasis, and that of TIMP2 303*G/*G was higher in patients with rectal cancer than in those with colon cancer (P = 0.008 and P = 0.022, respectively). TIMP2‐303*A/*A and MMP2‐1575*G/*G were less frequent in patients than in controls (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). The TIMP2‐418*G303*G haplotype was more frequent (P < 0.0001) and MMP2‐1575*G‐735*C haplotype was less frequent in patients than in controls (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:  Specific single‐nucleotide polymorphism in TIMP2 and MMP appeared to be associated with tumorigenesis and biological behavior in colorectal cancer, which is expected be further verified in a larger cohort in the future.
Efficacy of hyaluronic acid in endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal tumors
Authors: Yoshida Naohisa , Naito Yuji , Kugai Munehiro , Inoue Ken , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Takagi Tomohisa , Ishikawa Takeshi , Handa Osamu , Konishi Hideyuki , Wakabayashi Naoki , Yagi Nobuaki , Kokura Satoshi , Morimoto Yasutaka , Kanemasa Kazuyuki , Yanagisawa Akio , Yoshikawa Toshikazu
Published: September 2010

Background and Aim:  Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is the standard procedure for colorectal tumors. High mucosal elevation by submucosal injection is important for definite en bloc resection and the prevention of perforation. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a reportedly useful injection solution for high and long‐lasting mucosal elevation, but the ideal HA concentration for optimization of mucosal elevation maintenance, injection pressure, and cost is unknown. In the present study, we assessed the appropriate concentration of HA for EMR.

Methods:  A resected porcine colon and esophagus were used. The injection solutions examined were 0.9% normal saline (NS) and four concentrations of an 800‐KDa HA preparation (0.4%, 0.2%, 0.13%, and 0.1%). Each solution (2 mL) was injected into the submucosa; injection pressure was calculated, and elevation was measured. The durations of mucosal elevation and EMR were additionally assessed in the living minipig colon.

Results:  In the resected porcine colon, the mucosal elevation was measured 0, 2, 4, and 6 min after the submucosal injection. All concentrations of HA solution maintained greater mucosal elevation at all times than NS (P < 0.05). An almost similar result was obtained in the resected porcine esophagus. The injection pressure correlated with the HA concentration. In the living minipig colon, mucosal elevation diminished 2 min after the submucosal injection with NS, but was maintained 2 min after injection with 0.4%, 0.2%, and 0.13% HA. The average duration of EMR was 139 s.

Conclusions:  Mucosal elevation by HA was greater than that by NS in resected and living animal models. We recommend 0.13% HA for maintaining mucosal elevation, injection pressure, and cost.
Reappraisal of MMR vaccines currently used in Korea
Authors: Lee Hyunju , Kim Han Wool , Cho Hye Kyung , Park Eun Ae , Choi Kyong Min , Kim Kyung‐Hyo
Published: September 2010

Background:  Although MMR vaccine is widely used in Korea, there are limited studies on the currently used vaccines. We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of MMR vaccines in Korean children.

Methods:  For first and second dose immunization, children aged 12–23 months and 4–6 years were enrolled. All subjects received a single dose of either Priorix™ (Glaxo Smithkline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) or MMRII® (Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA). Pre‐ and postvaccine sera were collected from all participants. Antibody levels were determined by ELISA (Enzygnost®; Dade Behring, Schwalbach, Germany). Safety monitoring included local adverse events for 5 days and systemic adverse events for 42 days following vaccination.

Results:  One hundred twenty‐one subjects were enrolled in the 12–23 months age group and 39 in the 4–6 years age group. The seroconversion rate in the 12–23 months age group was 97.9–100.0% for measles, 85.1–88.9% for mumps and 100.0% for rubella. All children 4–6 years of age previously seronegative showed seroconversion for measles, mumps and rubella. Local adverse events were reported in 8.3–16.1% (12–23 months age) and 27.8–31.6% (4–6 years age), and 40.0–48.2% (12–23 months age) and 42.1–61.1% (4–6 years age) experienced at least more than 1 systemic adverse reaction. No vaccine‐related serious adverse events were reported. Among the same age groups, there was no significant difference in adverse events between the two vaccines.

Conclusion:  The MMR vaccines are safe and show good immunogenic responses in children. These data will be invaluable when we introduce diverse vaccines in the following future.
Pressure phosphene self‐tonometry in a patient with Posner–Schlossman syndrome
Authors: Leung Dexter YL , Rao Srinivas K , Lam Dennis SC
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Studies have shown that pressure phosphene tonometry (PPT) may be applied to glaucoma patients. It has the potential for patients to self‐monitor the intraocular pressure (IOP) at home. We describe the successful use of this approach in a patient with Posner–Schlossman syndrome. In the first part of the study, we investigated whether our patient could use PPT accurately and reliably. In the second part of the study, our patient performed daily home self‐tonometry, and was educated to seek ophthalmic assessment if his self‐measured IOP was ≥21 mmHg. The outcome measurements included IOP and the number of unscheduled attendances for ophthalmic assessment. The use of PPT reduced his number of unscheduled hospital visits from 0.82 to 0.47 visits per month. PPT can be applied with accuracy, reliability and safety in patients with Posner–Schlossman syndrome, with potential benefits in reducing unnecessary ophthalmic attendances by nearly 50%.
Rapid and cost‐effective method to assess vision disorders in a population
Authors: Müller Andreas , Vu Hien T , Ferraro John G , Keeffe Jill E , Taylor Hugh R
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Purpose:  The aim was to develop a means of rapidly assessing eye health in a cost‐ and time‐effective way to monitor changes over time.

Methods:  Key features of the five main eye diseases that cause vision loss in Australia were assessed. Participation was volunteer‐based from randomly selected Melbourne suburbs. Recruitment was by mail. Anterior segments and fundi were photographed with a digital non‐mydriatic fundus camera. Visual fields were tested with Frequency Doubling Technology. A questionnaire collected information about demographics, general health and lifestyle. Findings from this rapid assessment were compared with those from a population‐based study.

Results:  A total of 1695 people, aged between 70 and 79 years (mean 74), were recruited. The rates and causes of visual impairment were similar between the rapid assessment method and the population‐based study. Among the 134 people (8%) with visual impairment at presentation, 98 (73%) had undercorrected refractive error, 17 (13%) had age‐related macular degeneration, 11 (8%) had cataract, 2 (2%) had diabetic retinopathy and 2 (2%) had glaucoma. Screening costs per participant were only about AU$145, compared with AU$433 in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (VIP). The application of Frequency Doubling Technology as well as the use of a non‐mydriatic digital camera for fundus and lens photography resulted in an average examination time of less than half the time needed in the VIP. Data collection took 3 months rather than 4 years in the VIP.

Conclusion:  The rapid assessment method was efficient in time and cost and produced results comparable to a normal population‐based survey. Repeating the study design for a similarly sampled group every 2 years would allow the assessment of changes in the prevalence of undiagnosed eye disease.
Enhanced visualization of acute macular neuroretinopathy by Heidelberg Retina Tomography
Authors: Mirshahi Alireza , Scharioth Gàbor B , Klais Christina MC , Baatz Holger
Published: September 2010

Abstract

We report Heidelberg Retina Tomography (HRT) findings in a case of bilateral acute macular neuroretinopathy in a 22‐year‐old man. In addition to fundus photography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and visual field testing, HRT scans of the macula were performed early in the disease and at a follow up of 2 months. We found typical paracentral scotomata in visual field testing corresponding to sharply delineated, hyporeflective areas of the macula as visualized in HRT II scans. Those lesions were almost invisible on regular fundus photographs. Angiography results were unremarkable. The lesion size decreased over time. The visibility of the lesions was markedly enhanced by HRT scans, thus the diagnosis and follow up of acute macular neuroretinopathy could be facilitated by this non‐invasive imaging technique.
Idiopathic retinal holes in monozygotic twins
Authors: Chan Wai H , Michaelides Michel , Towler Hamish MA
Published: September 2010

Abstract

It remains controversial whether there is a significant genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of idiopathic giant retinal tears or retinal dialysis. In contrast, the underlying molecular genetic basis of several inherited vitreoretinal dystrophies is now well established, with also an increasing recognition of genetic factors in the development of myopia. We describe asymptomatic female monozygotic twins who were identified as having identical retinal holes. These cases represent the first evidence to our knowledge of a potential role of inherited factors in the causation of idiopathic peripheral retinal holes. This observation raises the need to examine the twin of any patient presenting with a retinal break(s).
Repair of macular fold following retinal reattachment surgery
Authors: El‐Amir Ahmed N , Every Sean , Patel Chetan Kantibhai (CK)
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Here the management of a macular fold complicating retinal reattachment surgery is discussed. The macular fold was repaired by a technique similar to that used in retinal translocation surgery. Direct injection into the macular fold was performed, which caused a linear, rather than the intended concentric, detachment of the retina. Permanent flattening of the macula fold was achieved and the best‐corrected Snellen visual acuity was 6/12 at 6 months. The importance of intervention, advantages and disadvantages of this technique and alternative methods of managing such cases are discussed. It may be prudent to consider peripheral, rather than direct, injection into the macular fold to detach the macula in such cases.
Choroidal melanoma with extrascleral extension in an Australian Aboriginal man
Authors: Rahman Anmar MA , Selva Dinesh , Davis Garry
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Choroidal melanoma is a rare occurrence in pigmented races. Low clinical suspicion of choroidal melanoma may result in diagnostic delay. We present a rare case of choroidal melanoma with extrascleral orbital extension in an Australian Aboriginal man. We are unaware of previous reports of uveal melanoma in Aboriginal Australians and could find no reference to it in a computerized search utilizing Medline.
Excimer laser surface ablation – a review
Authors: Reynolds Anita , Moore Johnny E , Naroo Shehzad A , Moore CB Tara , Shah Sunil
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Corneal surface laser ablation procedures for the correction of refractive error have enjoyed a resurgence of interest, especially in patients with a possible increased risk of complications after lamellar surgery. Improvements in the understanding of corneal biomechanical changes, the modulation of wound healing, laser technology including ablation profiles and different methods for epithelial removal have widened the scope for surface ablation. This article discusses photorefractive keratectomy, trans‐epithelial photorefractive keratectomy, laser‐assisted sub‐epithelial keratomileusis and epithelial‐laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis.
Technical and equipment challenges for laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery
Authors: Sawyer Mark D. , Ponsky Lee E.
Published: September 2010

Laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery (LESS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTESTM) are new approaches to minimally invasive surgery. A number of technical challenges need to be overcome and new developments of equipment are required before widespread acceptance of either modality occurs. In this paper we discuss novel approaches and innovations as well as review examples of equipment and platforms that have previously been used for LESS and NOTES. Emphasis is given to urological applications.
Mental health needs in schools for emotional, behavioural and social difficulties
Authors: Hackett Latha , Theodosiou Louise , Bond Caroline , Blackburn Claire , Spicer Freya , Lever Rachel
Published: September 2010

Within the UK, around 10% of children have mental health problems, but this is likely to be higher among certain specific populations. Children and young people attending provisions for social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) are a particularly vulnerable group whose mental health needs are under‐researched. The authors, Latha Hackett, Louise Theodosiou, Freya Spicer and Rachel Lever of the Winnicott Centre, Manchester, Claire Blackburn who is a clinical psychologist and Caroline Bond of Manchester University conducted a study which involved all pupils in two schools for children with SEBD. The views of parents and teachers were sought for a sample of 71 children. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and a supplementary questionnaire were used to gain a broad picture of the mental health needs of this group and the services required. The findings from these questionnaires indicate a much higher than national level of perceived mental health difficulties within this population. This piece of research highlights that both teachers and parents identified a need for professional support, from education, social care, health and other services. These findings have implications for future commissioning of services.
Business–NGO Interactions in a Multi‐Stakeholder Context
Authors: VAN HUIJSTEE MARIËTTE , GLASBERGEN PIETER
Published: September 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the conditions under which Business–nongovernmental organization (NGO) interactions lead to improvements in corporate social responsibility (CSR), by assessing the role that the stakeholder context of the firm plays in the processes. As a case study it takes an interaction process between one NGO and one company with both collaborative and confrontational traits, spanning eight years and two issue fields, palm oil and soy, which are characterized by varying stakeholder contexts. The analysis demonstrates that the business–NGO interaction induced a change from a direct to an indirect corporate responsibility, and clarifies how interdependencies between the company and other stakeholders than the NGO influenced the interaction. The stakeholder interdependencies vary per issue field: In some issue fields, the stakeholder context allows for effective, collaborative interaction between business and NGO, while in another issue field, characterized by different stakeholder interdependencies, collaborative, constructive interactionbetween the same business and the same NGO is not feasible and, in addition, less effective in terms of CSR than confrontational interaction.
Shifting Paradigms in Corporate Environmentalism: From Poachers to Gamekeepers
Authors: SANDHU SUKHBIR
Published: September 2010

This article provides an insight into the changing role of businesses in dealing with the natural environment issues. From being regarded as poachers of the natural environment, many businesses have now started to position themselves as gamekeepers of the natural environment. This article traces the events and factors that have contributed toward this shift. The article starts with an introduction to the current state of the natural environment. It then discusses the role that businesses have traditionally played in contributing toward the rapid deterioration of the natural environment. The article then traces the events that have gradually resulted in businesses accepting that they have a responsibility to address environmental issues. This is followed by an overview of the business responses, to the risks and opportunities, posed by changes in the natural environment. The article then provides a brief overview of the various phase models that attempt to categorize business responses to environmental issue. The conclusion focuses on the challenges that lie ahead.
Children's and Adults' Spontaneous False Memories: Long‐Term Persistence and Mere‐Testing Effects
Authors: Brainerd C. J. , Mojardin A. H.
Published: September 2010

In studies of children's false memories of word lists, it has been found that false alarms are stable over long‐term retention intervals (persistence effect), that the stability of false alarms can equal or exceed that of hits, that earlier memory tests increase the frequency of hits on later tests (true‐memory inoculation effect), that earlier memory tests increase the frequency of false alarms on later tests (false‐memory creation effect), and that test‐induced increases in false alarms can equal or exceed increases for hits. We studied these phenomena in 6‐, 8‐, and 11‐year‐olds and in adults using short narratives about everyday objects and events. All of the phenomena were detected at all ages, but levels of spontaneous memory falsification were much higher than for word lists and patterns of developmental change were somewhat different. Important new findings were that the persistence effect and the false‐memory creation effect were greatest for statements that would be regarded as factually incorrect reports of events in sworn testimony and that, like suggestive questioning, interviews that involve nonsuggestive recognition questions may nevertheless taint children's memories.
Attachment and Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning
Authors: Allen Joseph P. , Moore Cynthia , Kuperminc Gabriel , Bell Kathy
Published: September 2010

To explore the meaning and function of attachment organization during adolescence, its relation to multiple domains of psychosocial functioning was examined in a sample of 131 moderately at‐risk adolescents. Attachment organization was assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview; multiple measures of functioning were obtained from parents, adolescents, and their peers. Security displayed in adolescents' organization of discourse about attachment experiences was related to competence with peers (as reported by peers), lower levels of internalizing behaviors (as reported by adolescents), and lower levels of deviant behavior (as reported by peers and by mothers). Preoccupation with attachment experiences, seen in angry or diffuse and unfocused discussion of attachment experiences, was linked to higher levels of both internalizing and deviant behaviors. These relations generally remained even when other attachment‐related constructs that had been previously related to adolescent functioning were covaried in analyses. Results are interpreted as suggesting an important role for attachment organization in a wide array of aspects of adolescent psychosocial development.
VARIETIES OF FORMALISMS FOR KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
Authors: Sloman Aaron
Published: September 2010

Whilst I agree largely with Janice Glasgow's position paper, there are a number of relevant subtle and important issues that she does not address, concerning the variety of forms and techniques of representation available to intelligent agents, and issues concerned with different levels of description of the same agent, where that agent includes different virtual machines at different levels of abstraction. I shall also suggest ways of improving on her array‐based representation by using a general network representation, though I do not know whether efficient implementations are possible.
Concentrated Shareholders as Substitutes for Outside Analysts
Authors: Sabherwal Sanjiv , Smith Stephen D.
Published: September 2010

Manuscript Type: Empirical

Research Question/Issue: We examine the relationship of concentration of shareholdings with the number of financial analysts following a firm to see if concentrated shareholders substitute for the monitoring activities of analysts.

Research Findings/Results: Using a clean ownership dataset with a sample of 3,115 firm‐year observations for U.S. firms and regression techniques that address any potential endogeneity, we find that analyst following is negatively related to the concentration of outsider and insider shareholdings. We find similar relations for changes in analyst following and changes in ownership concentration.

Theoretical Implications: Our results support the argument that an outsider with a larger stake in a firm is more likely to produce its own in‐house information for the monitoring of the firm's managers and avoid both the cost and moral hazard problems associated with analysts. The results also support the argument that if senior managers hold large stakes in the firm, there is a greater likelihood that managerial incentives will be aligned with those of other shareholders.

Practical Implications: We contend that there is a governance substitution effect, with concentrated shareholders substituting for the monitoring activities of analysts. Our results are consistent with the opinion that regulators need not fear large shareholders. This is especially applicable to large outside shareholders as we find that the economic effect of concentrated outsider shareholdings is quite strong and greater than that of concentrated insider shareholdings.
Abstracts: Direct inhibition of elastase and matrixmetalloproteinases and stimulation of biosynthesis of fibrillar collagens, elastin, and fibrillins by xanthohumol
Authors: Philips N. , Samuel M. , Arena R. , Chen Y.‐J. , Conte J. , Natrajan P. , Haas G. , Gonzalez S.
Published: September 2010

pp. 125–132

In skin aging there is deterioration of the extracellular matrix's collagen and elastin fibers, from its reduced biosynthesis and increased degradation by elastase and matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs). Xanthohumol is a flavonoid isolated from the hop plant Humulus lupulus L., with anti‐microbial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐carcinogenic properties. The goal of this research was to investigate xanthohumol as an anti‐skinaging agent via its beneficial regulation of the extracellular matrix. To this purpose, we examined the direct effect of xanthohumol on the activities of elastase and MMPs (MMPs 1, 2, and 9) and its effect on the expression (protein and/or transcription levels) of collagens (types I, III, and V), elastin, and fibrillins (1 and 2) in dermal fibroblasts. Xanthohumol significantly inhibited elastase and MMP‐9 activities from its lowest concentration, and MMP‐1 and MMP‐2 at its higher concentrations, which implies a greater protective effect on elastin. It dramatically increased the expression of types I, III, and V collagens, and elastin, fibrillin‐1, and fibrillin‐2 in dermal fibroblasts. The effects were similar to those of ascorbic acid. This is the first report identifying xanthohumol's potential to improve skin structure and firmness: it simultaneously inhibits the activities of elastase/MMPs and stimulates the biosynthesis of fibrillar collagens, elastin, and fibrillins.
Abstracts: Comparison of hydration, tyrosinase resistance, and antioxidant activation in three kinds of pearl powders
Authors: Shao D.‐Z. , Wang C.‐K. , Hwang H.‐J. , Hung C.‐H. , Chen Y.‐W.
Published: September 2010

pp. 133–145

In recent years, people have bred freshwater pearls as a substitute for natural pearls that occur in seawater, and they have also developed water‐soluble pearl powder (P‐w) and ultra‐micro (P‐μ) and ultra‐nano pearl powder (P‐n) products. However, neither the scientific value of pearl powder, nor the differences in efficiencies of different pearl powder products is still unknown. In this study, the effectiveness of three kinds of pearl powder products in various applications was compared. Tests for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and evaluations of the skin surface hydration of test subjects showed that pearl powder has a satisfactory moisturizing effect on skin and that P‐μ has a distinctly stronger moisturizing effect than P‐w. The three pearl powder products can also significantly reduce the activation of tyrosinase and free radicals. In tests for reducing power and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for scavenging free radicals, P‐n and P‐μ showed better performance than P‐w. These results provide a reliable scientific basis for the use of pearl powder in beauty treatment, resistance to aging, and clinical medical treatment.
Reliability and validity of the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) in young and old people: A Japanese study
Authors: GONDO YASUYUKI , RENGE NOZOMI , ISHIOKA YOSHIKO , KUROKAWA IKUYO , UENO DAISUKE , RENDELL PETER
Published: September 2010

The higher performance of older people in prospective memory (PM) tasks in a naturalistic setting rather than in a laboratory setting is well known in cognitive aging research and is called the “age prospective memory paradox”. The mechanism of the paradox is poorly understood. To clarify this complex phenomenon, testing of the contribution of candidate variables that may influence PM performance in older adults is needed. To identify possible variables, this study used the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ; Smith, Della Sala, Logie, & Maylor, 2000) which was developed to evaluate PM and retrospective memory (RM) failure in daily life. In this large‐sample survey study (n = 2610) we verified the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the PRMQ in young (n = 459), young‐old (n = 1291) and old‐old (n = 860) people. First, we found high reliability for both the PM and RM dimensions of the PRMQ in all age groups. Second, the validity was confirmed not by the simple score on PM items but with a subtraction score (PM score minus RM score). In addition, our results also provide knowledge of how personality and lifestyle relate to self‐rated memory failures.
Cognitive aging and the usability of IT‐based equipment: Learning is the key
Authors: HARADA ETSUKO T. , MORI KENJI , TANIUE NOZOMI
Published: September 2010

Although design universalities have generally been validated through analyses of human‐artifact interactions, older adults frequently exhibit difficulties in using many types of IT‐based equipment compared with younger adults. We hypothesize that the age‐group difference is due to inefficient learning by the older adults, who are affected by declines in their cognitive functions, including episodic memory. In pursuing this hypothesis and exploring ways to compensate for such learning inefficiency, Experiment 1 was conducted to examine learning to use a piece of IT equipment (a diet‐support system, WELLNAVI) with four different designs. The results indicated that older adults had difficulties in learning to use the equipment compared with younger adults. However, comparisons between the four designs revealed that eliminating some decision requirements facilitated learning in the older adults, and that presenting information in a printed book, rather than via computer, also promoted learning. The results of Experiment 2, investigating why the printed format facilitated learning in the older adults, suggest that the task‐structure information physically represented in the book format is effective for learning.
Cytogenetic studies in leucocytes on the general population: subjects of ages 65 years and more
Authors: JACOBS PATRICIA A. , BRUNTON MURIEL , BROWN W. M. COURT
Published: September 2010

The results are reported of chromosome studies on leucocyte cultures from a randomly chosen group of 189 subjects (87 males and 102 females) of ages 65 or more. Particular attention is paid to the distribution of chromosome counts, the frequency of cells with chromosomes showing a structural abnormality, and the frequency of sub ects showing a consistent abnormality or variation in their karyotype.

The writers are particularly indebted to Dr J. Williamson and Dr Mary Fisher of the Edinburgh Geriatric Hospital Service, to Dr R. Scott and his staff of the Edinburgh University General Practice Teaching Unit, and to the following general practitioners who willingly permitted access to their patients: Dr W. G. Batters, Dr T. E. Dickson, Dr A. Irons, Dr J. S. Milne, Dr A. I. Richardson and Dr I. S. Stokoe. They wish also to acknowledge the help of their colleagues, Mrs Jane Bond, Miss Karin Buckton, Dr D. J. Mantle and Miss Ishbel Tough. They are also grateful for the skilled technical assistance of Miss Margaret Bradley, Miss Sheila Brunton, Miss Eileen Inglis and Miss Gillian Woodcock. Finally, the writers wish to acknowledge the help of Dr Alwyn Smith, Mr H. Goldstein and Dr R. Doll.
PLASMA OESTRIOL AND PLACENTAL PROTEINS: A CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY AT 38 WEEKS GESTATION
Authors: Klopper A. , Masson G. , Wilson G.
Published: September 2010

summary

Blood was collected from 53 normal women in the 38th week of pregnancy. The plasma concentration of unconjugated oestriol, total oestriol and oestriol sulphate was measured and also human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific β1 glycoprotein. The normal spread of the two proteins was found to be slightly smaller than that of the oestrogens. The concentrations of unconjugated and of total oestriol were related; otherwise these substances varied independently of one another. The concentration of these substances was not related to other obstetric parameters.
HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN‐POSITIVE OBSTETRIC PATIENTS
Authors: Waterson A. P. , Almeida June D. , Weeple Patricia M. , Hawkins D. F. , Cummins Mary
Published: September 2010

In a period of six years (1971–77) 9400 sera taken at booking from antenatal patients were examined for hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and 40 patients were positive. These 40 patients had 45 pregnancies and were treated with special precautions so far as venepuncture and the management of delivery were concerned. No member of the hospital staff dealing with the patients developed hepatitis B. All infants born to these mothers were normal, two infants were HBsAg‐positive at 7 months and 2 years, but are clinically well. No obstetric problems attributable to the HBsAg‐positive state were encountered.
Research Letter: The flexible needle, a safe and easy new technique to inject the face
Authors: Hertzog B , Andre P
Published: September 2010

A new medical device, a patented flexible needle is described. The tip of the needle is blunt with a lateral hole and smooth rims. Flexibility is possible due to a very thin wall made of stainless steel. It enables us to inject into the skin most of the filling agents, with less traumatism compared to a classical sharp beveled needle.
Research Letter: Hyaluronic acid filler for steroid atrophy
Authors: Elliott Lauren , Rashid Rashid M , Colome Maria
Published: September 2010

The use of hyaluronic acid for atrophy has not been documented in the literature. In this manuscript we present a case of a patient treated with the aforementioned filler with enthusiastic results. This case shows yet another potential application for these novel products.
Review Article: Fragrance technology for the dermatologist – a review and practical application
Authors: Cortez‐Pereira Claudia S , Baby André R , Velasco Maria V R
Published: September 2010

Cosmetic product development has increased in recent years. The value of a product is emphasized in its safety and effectiveness. The stability study in the context of product quality evaluation during shelf life becomes primordial to guarantee the integrity of the physical, chemical, and olfactory properties. In this study, aromatic compositions had been submitted to the stability normal test, at low temperature (4.0 ± 2.0 °C), at room temperature (22.0 ± 2.0 °C), and in oven (45.0 ± 2.0 °C). The compositions were analyzed at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days versus a fresh aromatic composition 48 h after preparation, in which the organoleptic characteristics and pH value were evaluated besides undertaking sensory evaluation. The results demonstrated that at the high temperature (45.0 ± 2.0 °C), in which the oxidative processes of the fragrance components are accelerated, the cosmetic preparation “A” was chosen because it showed more acceptable physical–chemical properties and in terms of sensory evaluation of perfume character and intensity was approved for commercial use.