bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sarcomas of the Soft Tissue and Bone
Authors: Lerner Adam , Xu Huihong , Antman Karen H
Published: January 2021

Sarcomas originate from bone or soft tissue. The most common bone sarcomas are osteosarcomas, Ewing sarcomas, and chondrosarcomas. Soft tissue sarcomas develop in fibrous tissue, fat, muscle, blood vessels, and nerves. Historically, soft tissue sarcomas of the trunk and extremities were reported separately from those of visceral organs (e.g., gastrointestinal and gynecologic sarcomas). This chapter discusses the classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of sarcomas of bone and cartilage, and classic soft tissue sarcomas. Management of Kaposi sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), mesothelioma, and rhabdomyosarcoma is also described. Figures include images of patients with osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, uterine leiomyosarcoma, GIST, and osteosarcoma in a patient with Paget disease of bone. Tables list epidemiologic features of sarcomas, a summary of sarcomas by histology, familial syndromes associated with increased risk of sarcoma, survival rates in sarcoma patients, staging of soft tissue sarcomas, and results of a meta-analysis of doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy for localized resectable soft tissue sarcoma. This chapter contains 126 references.
Osteoarthritis
Authors: Wise Christopher
Published: January 2021

Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and pathologic changes in surrounding bone and periarticular tissue. The disease process results in pain and dysfunction of affected joints and is a major cause of disability in the general population. Prognosis is variable; greater muscle strength, mental health, self-efficacy, social support, and aerobic exercise are associated with better outcomes. This review outlines the classification of osteoarthritis (primary and secondary) and its epidemiology and etiologic factors, including risk factors, normal articular cartilage, and pathologic changes. Diagnosis is reviewed in terms of general considerations and specific joint involvement and related complications. The differential diagnosis is discussed. Management of osteoarthritis includes nonpharmacologic measures, pharmacologic therapy, surgery, and disease-modifying or chondroprotective therapy. 
This review contains 6 figures, 8 tables, and 84 references.
Keywords: Knee, hand, hip, osteoarthritis, joint pain, synovial fluid, inflammation, weight-bearing
Fibromyalgia
Authors: Clauw Daniel Joseph
Published: January 2021

Clinicians often encounter individuals who present with pain that they cannot adequately explain based on the degree of damage or inflammation noted in peripheral tissues. This typically prompts an evaluation looking for a cause of the pain. If no cause is found, these individuals are often given a diagnostic label that merely connotes that the patient has chronic pain in a region of the body, without an underlying mechanistic cause. Fibromyalgia (FM) is merely the current term for widespread musculoskeletal pain for which no alternative cause can be identified. This review covers the epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and complications and prognosis of FM. Figures show underlying mechanisms that can cause chronic pain; an individual’s “set point” or “volume control setting” for pain as set by a variety of factors, including the levels of neurotransmitters that either facilitate pain or reduce pain transmission; the 2011 Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria; symptoms and syndromes frequently seen in individuals with FM; the distribution of the 2011 Fibromyalgia Survey scores in a large cohort of individuals undergoing joint replacement surgery; and an algorithm showing the importance of dually focused treatment for FM and other chronic pain conditions. Tables list clinical characteristics of centralized pain, pharmacologic therapies for FM, and nonpharmacologic therapies for FM.
This review contains 6 figures, 9 tables, and 78 references.
Keywords: Fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, headache, temporomandibular joint disorder, gastrointestinal disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), nonulcer dyspepsia, or esophageal dysmotility,  interstitial cystitis, chronic prostatitis, vulvodynia, vulvar vestibulitis, and endometriosis
Infertility
Authors: Levens Eric D. , Green Katherine A , DeCherney Alan H.
Published: January 2021

Infertility affects 12 to 18% of couples in the United States and may be due to female factors, male factors, or both. A systematic evaluation of the common causes of infertility can identify conditions that may be treated by the obstetrician-gynecologist to help the couple achieve their family-building goals or those that require referral to a subspecialist. This review discusses current recommendations regarding the workup and treatment of the common causes of infertility, including tubal and pelvic factors, ovulatory disorders, and male factors. Advances in assisted reproductive technology are also discussed, including the use of genetic screening in in vitro fertilization and fertility preservation options for individuals facing gonadotoxic therapy.
This review contains 6 figures, 6 tables, and 50 references.
Key words: anovulation, assisted reproductive technology, clomiphene citrate, infertility, letrozole, oocyte cryopreservation, ovulation induction, semen analysis, tubal factor, uterine factor
Pulmonary Function Testing
Authors: Kreider Maryl
Published: January 2021

Intelligent management of pulmonary disease requires a fundamental understanding of the complex interrelationships between multiple elements that interact to maintain homeostasis in the respiratory system. This chapter discusses the physiologic basis for pulmonary function testing and the use of these tests to diagnose disease, quantitate functional impairments, and follow the effects of treatment. Figures illustrate the relationships between lung volume, airway conductance, and airway resistance; the relationship between forced expiratory volume and time (spirogram); the relationship between spirometry and maximum expiratory flow volume; dynamic airway compression; patterns of abnormalities seen on flow-volume curves; lung volumes and capacities; pressure-volume relationships in health and disease; and the clinical assessment of lung function. Tables list the capacities and volumes of gas contained in the lungs during various breathing maneuvers, conditions associated with alterations in diffusing capacity, and recommendations for tests for various clinical scenarios.
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 86 references.
Approach to the Patient with Dyspnea
Authors: Badr Eslam Roza , Waxman Aaron B
Published: January 2021

Dyspnea is a common, distressing symptom of cardiopulmonary and neuromuscular disease. In a consensus statement, the American Thoracic Society defined dyspnea as “a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity.” Dyspnea is a nonspecific complaint and is one of the most frequent patient complaints. This review discusses the definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, peripheral mechanisms, and evaluation of dyspnea. Figures depict cellular metabolism and exercise physiology, and an invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing (iCPET) flow diagram. Tables list the common causes of dyspnea, invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing (iCPET) diagnosis, and iCPET characteristics of pulmonary hypertension.
This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 51 references.
Peripheral Nerve Blocks for the Lower Extremity
Authors: Shavit Candace , Harbell Monica W.
Published: January 2021

Lower extremity peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are often used for surgical anesthesia and postoperative pain management. The use of PNB provides improved analgesia, reduced opioid consumption, and improved patient satisfaction and can facilitate earlier rehabilitation and discharge. As the number of lower extremity total joint arthroplasties is projected to increase significantly, the role of peripheral nerve blocks can be expected to grow in similar fashion. With the growing number of procedures and the increasing focus on patient experience and expeditious hospital discharge, PNBs are increasingly recognized as a powerful tool to improve patient care and facilitate recovery after lower extremity surgery. We provide a basic review of regional anesthesia for lower extremity surgical procedures. The widespread availability of ultrasonography has improved the performance and efficacy of PNBs; thus, we focus on ultrasonography-guided procedures. In this review, we discuss pertinent lower extremity anatomy and sonoanatomy, indications, patient outcome measures, techniques, and complications of the most commonly used blocks.
This review contains 35 figures, 11 tables, 5 videos, and 103 references. 
Key words: adductor canal block, analgesia, ankle block, clinical applications of peripheral nerve blocks, complications of peripheral nerve blocks, continuous peripheral nerve catheter, early ambulation, fascia iliaca compartment block, femoral nerve block, lower extremity nerve blocks, lower extremity regional anesthesia, lumbar plexus block, obturator nerve block, peripheral nerve block, peripheral nerve catheter, popliteal block, psoas compartment block, regional anesthesia, regional anesthesia techniques, saphenous nerve block, sciatic nerve block, ultrasonography guided
Acute Kidney Injury - Part II: Special Situations
Authors: Sanders Paul W , Agarwal Anupam
Published: January 2021

Acute renal failure (ARF) has been defined as a syndrome in which an abrupt decrease in renal function produces retention of nitrogenous waste products. Translating this abstract description into a clinically useful, accurate, and widely accepted definition has been challenging, in large part because of the focus on serum creatinine concentration, which is easily obtained but has the inherent limitation of poor detection of rapid or subtle, but clinically important, changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In recent years, therefore, the term acute kidney injury (AKI) has replaced ARF because AKI denotes the entire clinical spectrum from mild increases in serum creatinine to overt renal failure. AKI is defined by the Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss-ESRD (RIFLE) criteria, based on serum creatinine concentration and urine flow rate. The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) subsequently modified the definition further and divided AKI into three stages. This part of the AKI review specifically discusses special situations: rhabdomyolysis, aristolochic acid nephropathy, acute urate nephropathy, acute phosphate nephropathy, AKI in multiple myeloma, ehytlene glycol poisoning, contrast-induced nephropathy, AKI in sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome, and AKI in pregnancy.

This review contains 10 tables, and 47 references.
Keywords:Acute kidney injury, dialysis, contrast, rhabdomyolysis, nephropathy, urinalysis, multiple myeloma, ethylene glycol, sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome
Diverticulitis and Colitis
Authors: Rempell Joshua
Published: January 2021

Diverticulitis and colitis (which may be broadly grouped into inflammatory, infectious, and ischemic categories) are commonly encountered in the emergency department, and patients’ conditions can range from mild to severe. This review details the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, dispositions and outcomes of diverticulitis and colitis. Figures include a computed tomographic scan showing diverticulitis, a bedside sonogram of a patient with diverticulitis, an ultrasound showing bowel wall thickening, a plain abdominal film showing grossly dilated small and large bowel (as seen in toxic megacolon in a patient with inflammatory bowel disease), a computed tomographic image of a patient presenting with known Crohn disease showing thickening of the distal ileum and a small abscess formation, and a computed tomographic image of a patient with ischemic colitis showing air in the small bowel. Tables list the Hinchey classification and the modified Hinchey classification showing stages of diverticulitis, differential diagnosis of left lower quadrant pain, empirical coverage for diverticulitis, indications for surgical treatment for acute diverticulitis, and differential diagnosis of colitis.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 105 references.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea
Authors: Nee Judy , Wolf Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2021

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex, functional gastrointestinal condition characterized by abdominal pain and alteration in bowel habits without an organic cause. One of the subcategories of this disorder is IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D). Clinically, patients who present with more than 3 months of abdominal pain or discomfort associated with an increase in stool frequency and/or loose stool form are defined as having IBS-D. This review addresses IBS-D, detailing the epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and physical examination findings, differential diagnosis, treatment, emerging therapies, complications, and prognosis. Figures show potential mechanisms and pathophysiology of IBS, IBS-D suspected by clinical assessment and Rome III criteria, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options, potential mechanisms of action of probiotics, and potential treatment modalities. Tables list the Rome criteria for IBS, alarm signs and symptoms suggestive of alternative diagnoses, IBS criteria, differential diagnosis of IBS-D, dietary advice options for IBS-D, and alternative and emerging therapies in IBS-D.
This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 99 references.
Pain Syndromes Other Than Headache
Authors: Ross Edgar L.
Published: January 2021

Pain is experienced within a complex biologic, emotional, psychological, and social context that may defy physical examination, diagnostic procedures, and laboratory tests. This chapter aims to empower internists to improve their medical practices in pain management. It provides a scientific background that covers nociception and how sensory processing occurs at multiple levels in the body. Clinical assessment is detailed, as well as diagnostic categories that include mixed or uncertain chronic pain syndromes (back pain, fibromyalgia, postamputation pain, pain from cancer and bone) and neuropathic pain syndromes (polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex, ganglionopathy, genetic disorders, focal and regional syndromes). Treatment of chronic pain can be surgical or interventional. Pharmacologic treatment for acute and chronic nociceptive pain includes special considerations for geriatric and terminal patients. For treatment of neuropathic pain, medications are the major component. One tables lists iatrogenic nerve injuries that can cause posttraumatic neuralgia and complex regional pain syndrome. Other tables detail stepwise pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain and cite recommendations on opioid use from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One figure illustrates how pain transducers monitor and influence tissue conditions. Other figures show sensory processing in the spinal cord dorsal horn, physical findings in the feet of patients with bilateral foot pain from small-fiber polyneuropathy, illustrate how examination can identify specific nerve injuries causing chronic pain, and provide classification of chronic pain syndromes. This chapter contains 82 references.
Motor Neuron Diseases
Authors: Ratti Elena , Cudkowicz Merit E. , Berry James D
Published: January 2021

The motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a family of diseases commonly categorized by their propensity to affect upper or lower motor neurons and by their mode of inheritance. The chapter provides some content on infectious MNDs caused by viral infections affecting the motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. However, the chapter devotes most of its attention to the inherited and sporadically occurring MNDs. The majority of research into adult MND focuses on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) due to its high prevalence, rapid progression, and phenotypical similarities between its inherited form and its sporadic form. As our knowledge of genetic mechanisms underlying ALS pathology has grown, common themes have emerged. These include abnormalities in RNA biology, axonal transport, protein folding, and inflammatory responses. These themes currently drive much of the direction in ALS experimental therapy development. It is clear that MND is complex and involves several different molecular pathways. Given this complexity, ALS might not be a single disease entity, and if this is the case, treatment approaches may need to be targeted to specific pathologies rather than all ALS patients on a broad scale. Chapter content is enhanced by tables outlining the types of MNDs, criteria for supporting a diagnosis, first-line workup, the genes associated with ALS, ALS efficacy outcome measures, symptom management of ALS, and spinal muscular atrophy classification. Mechanisms of ALS are illustrated, and clinical photographs demonstrate symptoms.
This review contains 5 figures, 14 tables and 253 references
Keywords: motor neuron disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, electromyography, Guillain-Barré syndrome
Pengimbasan Ketahanan Tanaman Pisang Terhadap Penyakit Darah (Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotipe IV) MengGunakan Bakteri Endofit
Authors: Marwan Husda
Published: January 2021

Induced resistance of banana against blood disease (Ralstonia solanacearum Phylotipe IV) using endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria play a role to control plant pathogenic bacteria indirectly by inducing the plant to increase production of the metabolites  in activating the plant resistance. This study aimed to determine the ability of endophytic bacteria to induce resistance in banana plants against blood disease. Indicators of induced resistance of banana plant were analyzed  through the existence of defense enzyme activities (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) and the amount of salicylic acid on banana roots. The results showed that endophytic bacteria isolates EAL15, EKK10, EKK20 and EKK22 suppressed the incidence of blood disease  in Cavendish banana by 70-85%. Increased activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in roots of banana plants were higher in plants treated with endophytic bacteria compared to untreated plants. Salicylic acid content in banana plants treated with isolates EAL15, EKK10 and EKK20 was higher than that of EKK22 isolates and control plants.
ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI PATOGEN GETAH KUNING MANGGIS MELALUI PENDEKATAN POSTULAT KOCH DAN ANALISIS SECARA MOLEKULER
Authors: Suada I Ketut , Suniti Ni Wayan
Published: January 2021

Isolation and identification of mangosteen yellow latex pathogen through Koch’s Postulate application and molecular analysis. The yellow latex disease decreases fruit quality of mangosteen because exogenic latex causes dirty fruit and the endogenic latex makes the bitter fruit taste and does not deserve to be consumed. The causal agent of the disease caused phusilogical disorder so that cells break due to unstability of cell turgor, the drift irrigation treatment was able to decrease the disease of 35.22%, therefore the causal agent could be microbe that promote the yellow latex. This research was aimed to find the yellow latex pathogens with its characteristics. The Koch Postulate was apllied to isolate and proved the microbes associated to the yellow latex and molecular analysis was constructed subsequently to find the microbe species.  The result of the research proved that there were three fungus species as the biotic agent responsible to the disease. The fungus were Verticillium albo-atrum with the highest pathogenecity ( 74.87%), followed by Fusarium oxysporum ( 70.15%), and Pestalotia macrotricha (20.32%).
ASAI KEMAMPUAN BAKTERI ENDOFIT DARI KACANG TANAH DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Sclerotium sp. PADA KECAMBAH KACANG TANAH
Authors: Arios Lisa Novita , . Dwi Suryanto , . Kiki Nurtjahja , . Erman Munir
Published: January 2021

Assay on ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from peanut to inhibit Sclerotium sp. growth in peanut seedlings.   A study on assay of ability of endophytic bacteria to inhibit Sclerotium sp. in peanut seedling has been done. The bacteria were isolated from peanut healthy plants, while Sclerotium sp. was isolated from infected peanaut plant. Antagonistic assay was conducted by dual culture method.  In vivo assay of inhibiting Sclerotium sp. was conducted by dipping peanut seed in bacterial solution, and planting the seed in soil:compost (3:1) growing media. Six endophytic bacterial isolates showed to inhibit the growth of Sclerotium sp. in vitro. LN1 seemed to inhibit more of Sclerotium sp., while LN5 showed to inhibit less. Two potential isolates LN1 of gram-negative and LN2 of gram-positive using for further study showed to decrease more of dumping off. It also seemed that the isolates increased the seedling height, number of leaves, and dry weight.
Study of League Championship Algorithm Efficiency for Global Optimization Problem
Authors: Zaharov D. O. , Karpenko A. P.
Published: January 2021

The article objective is to study a new League Championship Algorithm (LCA) algorithm efficiency by its comparing with the efficiency of the Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.

The article presents a brief description of the terms used in the League Championship algorithm, describes the basic rules of the algorithm, on the basis of which the iterative process for solving the global optimization problem is built.

Gives a detailed description of the League Championship algorithm, which comprises a flowchart of the algorithm, as well as a formalization of all its main steps.

Depicts an exhaustive description of the software developed to implement the League Championship algorithm to solve global optimization problems.

Briefly describes the modified particle swarm algorithm. Presents the values of all free parameters of the algorithm and the algorithm modifications, which make it different from the classical version, as well.

The main part of the article shows the results of a great deal of computational experiments using two abovementioned algorithms. All the performance criteria, used for assessment of the algorithms efficiency, are given.

Computational experiments were performed using the spherical function, as well as the Rosenbrock, Rastrigin, and Ackley functions. The results of the experiments are summarized in Tables, and also illustrated in Figures. Experiments were performed for the vector dimension of the variable parameters that is equal to 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64.

An analysis of the results of computational experiments involves a full assessment of the efficiency of the League Championship algorithm, and also provides an answer about expediency for further algorithm development.

It is shown that the League Championship algorithm presented in the article has a high development potential and needs further work for its study.
Space-time Poisson Flow Intensity Density with Zero Occurrence Probability on Stochastic Subsets of Its Spatial Definition Domain
Authors: Khutortsev V. V.
Published: January 2021

Object of research: space-time Poisson flows.

Subject of research: influence patterns of the stochastic subset characteristics of the spatial definition domain of the space-time Poisson flow on its intensity density.

Work objective: to determine a relationship between the space-time Poisson flow intensity density and the characteristics of the inhomogeneity subdomains of the spatial definition domain where this flow is specified.

A problem to be solved: to determine the space-time Poisson flow intensity density to meet a selected criterion, i.e. a conditional intensity density, where the condition is that the points in the flow state space belong to the stochastic inhomogeneity subdomains.

We consider a space-time Poisson flow whose spatial domain contains stochastic subdomains of inhomogeneity. An equality criterion to zero occurrence probability generated by this flow in the inhomogeneity subdomains is used to derive an expression for the flow intensity density.

The case has been considered when positions of inhomogeneity subdomain centers are random, and their angular positions relative to these centers and their shapes are defined and unchanged at analysis interval.

To describe them, we used the probability densities of the inhomogeneity subdomain centers, which are time variant. A theorem is proved that substantiates the structure of the intensity density of the space-time Poisson flow with a stochastic inhomogeneous spatial domain of definition. The relationship of this characteristic with the probabilistic characteristics of inhomogeneity subdomain parameters is shown.

Examples are given to illustrate a procedure for determining the intensity densities of space-time Poisson flows for both stochastic and deterministic structures of inhomogeneity subdomains. It is shown that for the stochastic case, taking into account the random nature of their location leads to a solution significantly different from the singular case.

The scope of possible practical use of the results obtained for tasks related to the search for objects of observation is determined.
Algebraic Criteria of the Integral Separation for Solving Certain Classes of Ordinary Differential Equations Systems
Authors: Akhrem A. A. , Nosov A. P.
Published: January 2021

One of the important directions of the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations is to study the properties of linear systems that satisfy the condition of integral separation. Anyway, integral separation becomes apparent in all studies concerning the asymptotic behavior of the solutions for the linear systems under the action of small perturbations.

The papers of V.M. Millionschikov, B.F. Bylov, N.A. Izobov, I.N. Sergeev et al. proved that the available integral separation is the main reason for the rough stability of the characteristic Lyapunov exponents, the rough stability of the highest Lyapunov exponent, and the rough diagonalizability of systems by Lyapunov transformations, and other fundamental properties of linear differential systems.

The paper presents the basic properties of the set of linear systems with constant, periodic, reducible coefficients and proves the algebraic criteria for their property of integral separation of solutions to be available.

The results can be used in modeling dynamic processes.
Ideological foundations of modern political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the USA
Authors:   Kuzbass state technical university named after T.F. Gorbachev, Kemerovo, Russia, Ravochkin N.N. ,   Kuzbass state agricultural academy, Kemerovo, Russia
Published: January 2021

The author examines the ideological foundations of political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the United States and presents its structure. Close attention is paid to the role of social ideas and the development of these issues in modern scientific directions. The author clarifies the principles of synthesis of ideal and institutional and shows three ways of ideological determination of political and legal institutional settings. The mutually conditioned nature of functioning of the system of ideological frameworks and management institutions is substantiated.
Audio recording in a closed court session: its compliance with some principles of civil procedural law
Authors:   Chairman of the Zelenograd District Court of Moscow, Trefilov С.A.
Published: January 2021

The problems of correlation of the principles of civil procedural law with the prohibition of audio recording in a closed court session are considered. The problematics of the democracy of the civil procedure is disclosed when the case is considered in a closed court session, a number of guarantees are proposed, taking into account the legislative prohibition on audio recording of a closed court session by persons participating in the case.
Development of research and production complexes based on the management of total intellectual capital
Authors:   National Research University of Electronic Technology, Vendina I.A.
Published: January 2021

In the innovative development of the Russian economy, the author identifies knowledge-intensive segments of industry and the creation of scientific and production complexes as a consequence of the integration of enterprises in these segments. The author analyzes this evolutionary form of integration and considers organizational-economic mechanisms and strategies of science cities development. The author proves that when developing scientific and methodological support for management of development of knowledge-intensive segments of industry, it is reasonable to focus on the aggregate intellectual capital of enterprises. The efficiency of intellectual capital management is directly proportional to the advanced development and competitiveness of the Russian economy.
Concept of scientific and production complex development management on the basis of system and synergy approach
Authors:   National Research University of Electronic Technology, Moscow, Russia, Budarov A.Yu.
Published: January 2021

The author integrates into a single concept the theoretical provisions and principles of the system-synergy approach to managing the development of scientific and production complexes. The principles of development management at various stages of qualitative change of an open complex socio-economic system are substantiated. It is assumed that practical implementation of the methodology will make it possible to form a system of organizational and economic management mechanisms using its potential.
Ecological Culture and Sustainable Development: unity of nature, society and culture
Authors:   Moscow State Pedagogical University, Vinogradova E.G.
Published: January 2021

An attempt is made to identify aspects of the relationship between nature, society and culture in order to understand the principles on which it is possible to build sustainable development in the modern world on the basis of environmental conservation. It is suggested to consider this problem within the framework of studying the laws of nature, the interdependence of nature and culture, in particular its scientific component. The historical influence of cultural factors and world understanding of philosophical schools on the nature of practical development is traced. The primary role in solving the global environmental problem is assigned to education, as well as the direction of spiritual culture to respect the rights of future generations and respect for other national traditions.
Military Priest’s Ethos in the Patriotic War of 1812: Mission on the Battlefield
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Latyshev Dmitry Mikhailovich
Published: January 2021

Under the conditions of an anthropological turn in the contemporary scientific idea there can be seen an escalating interest to a “man of 1812”, his behaviour on the battlefield among all-encompassing violence. One of the main figures translating the military norms and orders for soldiers was a military priest. Based on the sources of private origin there is reconstructed the mission of a military priest on the battlefield. Besides, the present study analyzes the specifics of understanding the concepts of war and motherhood by the clergy, how the priests understood the set tasks and their own mission, which took place in the context of the Orthodox culture and not through the lens of political rhetoric. Such an understanding of war formed an original content of church minister’s mission in the field. The mission of military priests was both preserving the confessional identity and participation in the “holy war” as it was called for by state-approved slogans. The author concludes by stating that the ethos of a military priest was not monolithic, which was determined by the peculiarities of understanding the concept of war by the clergy.
Financial Support for the Imperial Troops of the Lower Corps Quartered in Derbent (1722–1735)
Authors:   Dagestan Federal Research Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magomedov Nazim Abdurakhmanovich , Chekulaev Nikolay Dmitrievich ,   Dagestan Federal Research Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

The paper deals with the problem of financial support for the imperial troops quartered in the Derbent garrison in 1722–1735. It was part of the Lower Corps created for the management and economic development of lands along the western coast of the Caspian Sea, which were incorporated into the Russian Empire as a result of the Persian campaign of Peter the Great. In the Derbent garrison, there were both regular troops of the Imperial army and irregular ones, consisting mainly of Ukrainian and Don Cossacks. The study of archival sources makes it possible to restore a complete picture of the troops’ financing. The types of financial support were salary payments to officers and soldiers, payments for food, relocation allowance, and payments for accommodation. A significant part of payments was made from local revenues.
Participation of Far Eastern Eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Socio-Cultural Life of the Far East in the 1990s
Authors:   Far Eastern branch of Russian Academy  of Sciences Institute of History,  Archeology and Ethnography, Fedirko Oksana Petrovna , Dudarenok Svetlana Mikhailovna ,   Far Eastern branch of Russian Academy  of Sciences Institute of History,  Archeology and Ethnography
Published: January 2021

The paper, using archival sources and media materials, examines the participation of the Far Eastern eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate in the socio-cultural life of the Far East in the 1990s. The main forms of education of representatives of diocesan structures and individual clergy among the population of the region are noted. The effectiveness of different approaches to the organization of cultural and scientific events organized by the secular authorities together representatives of Orthodoxy is analyzed. The authors come to the conclusion that the peculiarity of the revitalization of religion in the Far East in the 1990s was the demand of the population in gaining new knowledge about the history of the region, the history of Christianity and the ROC MP. Moreover, it was as the desire of Far Eastern eparchies to organize educational activities, expand their sphere of influence, using a variety of forms of work.
The Process of Institutionalization of the Green Party in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1979–2019
Authors:   Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University  of Telecommunications, Berezina Irina Sergeyevna , Geht Anton Borisovich ,   Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University  of Telecommunications, Tsverianashvili Ivan Alekseyevich ,   Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University  of Telecommunications, Shutman Denis Valeryevich ,   Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University  of Telecommunications
Published: January 2021

The present research considers the problem of institutionalization of the Green Party in Germany for the period of 40 years, which was determined by a multi-stage process of the party formation, as well as the innovative approach of “The Greens” in the development of the party's political course. “The Greens” began their activities by creating small local environmental groups, which by the 1980s had formed a single political party and began to actively participate in the political life of the country, which had marked the beginning of “The Greens” institutionalization process. Initially, the party positioned itself as an “alternative” to existing traditional political forces, which was clearly reflected in their proposed initiatives. However, over time, during the institutionalization process, “The Greens” began to move towards a “systemic” integration into the political life of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the status of “marginal opposition” disappeared. During its existence, the party put forward hundreds of various initiatives aimed at improving the environmental situation and the socio-economic system of Germany. These initiatives found receptive audience among the country’s population, which in recent years has had a positive impact on the dynamics of the party's popularity and made it one of the main socio-political forces in the country, finally completing the process of institutionalizing “The Greens”.
Eastern Transcaucasia on the Eve and During the Persian Campaign of Peter the Great
Authors:   Daghestan Federal Research Centre,  Russian Academy of Sciences, Khalaev Zahid Alievich
Published: January 2021

The study examines little-studied issues of the socio-political history of Eastern Transcaucasia on the eve and during the Persian campaign of Peter the Great. Based on the analysis of a wide range of narrative and archival sources, the influence of the military campaign of Peter the Great on the socio-political situation in the studied region is shown. The relations of the Russian authorities with the Christian rulers of the Transcaucasia in the international context are considered. As a result, the conclusion is substantiated that during his Persian campaign, Peter I paid special attention not only to representatives of the Dagestan political elite, but also to the Christian rulers of the Eastern Transcaucasia, to the Georgian and Armenian rulers, in particular, which gave him a great advantage in the struggle for domination in the Caucasus. The results of the Persian campaign of Peter for the Russian state were successful. The campaign put the western part of the Caspian region under the control of the Russian state, such cities of Derbent and Baku were occupied. In general, this campaign marked the beginning of the process of the accession of the Transcaucasia to the Russian Empire.
Regional Orthodox culture: Brotherhood of Saint Nicholas of Mirliki
Authors:   Ryazan State University, Ledovskikh Natalia Petrovna
Published: January 2021

The author analyzes one of the brightest pages of the regional cultural heritage, the Brotherhood of Saint Nicholas based on archival documents and printed pre-revolutionary sources. The brotherhood was created at the end of the 19th century in Tuma, the village of Ryazan province, by the initiative of the clerics and the most active parishioners of the Holy Trinity Church. The main goal of the created organization was to attract people to the Trinity Church activities, to teach them to be socially active themselves, to solve pressing issues all together. The Brotherhood took care of low-income citizens, of charity development, provided financial support to start-up entrepreneurs, was engaged in education, special attention was paid to promoting a sober lifestyle. The key role in the work of the Brotherhood was played by Stefan Ostroumov, rector of the Church, a deputy of the IV State Duma from the Ryazan region. The study presnts the analyses of his biography, published works, publications in periodicals.
Digital Identity as a Phenomenon of Information Modernity
Authors:   Serpukhov branch of the Military Academy  of the Strategic Missile Forces  named after Peter the Great, Solovieva Ludmila Nikolaevna
Published: January 2021

The paper is devoted to the philosophical understanding of digital identity as a phenomenon of information modernity. It is substantiated that the existence of a modern person is constituted in the real and virtual worlds, which contributes to the transformation of traditional anthropological attributes and the introduction of a digital component into it. It is stated that in the virtual space, identification is carried out through virtual communication with network communities. It is concluded that the result of adaptation to life in hybrid reality is the formation of a virtual personality as a carrier of digital attributes: а digital image, а digital profile, and a digital identity as an awareness of oneself as an integral part of information reality. Through the “real-virtual” dichotomy, the definition of digital identity is formulated as the unity of “I-virtual” and “I-real”, the aggregate perception and experience of oneself in indissoluble unity with the real and virtual worlds.
Methodological Approaches to Assessing the Profitability of Assets
Authors:   Northern State Medical University, Zykova Natalia Valerievna
Published: January 2021

The paper examines approaches to assessing the profitability of assets. Based on the study and gen-eralization of scientific works, the definition of the concept of “profitability” is concretized. The ap-proaches to the assessment of profitability are in-vestigated. The relevance of the topic is due to the importance of analyzing the profitability of an enter-prise's assets to determine ways and reserves to improve the efficiency of financial and economic activities. The scientific novelty of this work con-sists in the study of theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of profitability, as well as the development of practical recommendations for organizing the analysis of the profitability of assets. It is based on the specification of profits by type and the introduction of indicators, such as the tax effect coefficient and the interest effect coefficient. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to make eco-nomically effective management decisions related to the development of a company in the context of dynamically changing factors of both the external and internal environment.
“Non-Title” Status as a Basis of Collective Status and Self-Identification of Russian Compatriots in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors:   Kirghiz-Russian Slavic University, Khoperskaya Larisa Lvovna
Published: January 2021

The present research presents the study of the polit-ical and legal situation of Russian compatriots in the Kyrgyz Republic. It analyzes various versions of the Kyrgyz constitution, other normative legal docu-ments and political statements defining the political and legal status of the “non-title” population of this state, provides statistical data and monitoring re-sults of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. It is shown that the political and legal environment where Russian compatriots live is characterized by the fact that the numerically dominant part of society has consolidated its group self-identification as a “title nation” in the Constitu-tion, as well as in the main regulatory legal acts and strategic planning documents. As a result, “non-title” status turned out to be the main factor in the self-identification of Russian compatriots in the Kyrgyz Republic. There is substantiated the conclu-sion that purposeful diplomatic efforts are needed to overcome the structural discrimination of the “non-title” population of the Kyrgyz Republic, which includes Russian compatriots. Since the au-thor has been dealing with this topic for a long time, the research partially uses previously published ma-terials from the author's archive (factual data; ex-cerpts from regulatory documents, quotes from speeches of political leaders, many of which have now found themselves in opposition and exile; cur-rently unavailable documents), copyright definitions and conclusions.
Features and Priorities of Foreign Policy of Turkey in the Countries of the Middle East and North Africa
Authors:   Plekhanov Russian University of Economics  and Gnesin’s Russian Academy of Music, Glazunov Oleg Nikolaevich , Davydova Yulia Alexandrovna ,   Political Science and Sociology Department,  Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the features of Turkish foreign policy in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The attempt to analyze the influence of Anka-ra on global and regional processes has been made. The author examines the phenomenon of “neo-Ottomanism” in the context of regional policy of Turkey. The special attention is paid to the manifes-tations of this phenomenon in the post-Soviet re-gion and the Middle East, as well as “soft power” in Turkish diplomacy. Nowadays Turkey is positioning itself as a global player, which is involved in the main geopolitical processes and is trying to extend its influence to neighboring regions. It is concluded that the combination of military and political poten-tial with “soft” instruments gives Ankara the oppor-tunity to declare itself as an authoritative regional and global leader. The authors predict possible di-rections of Turkish foreign policy in the near future.
The Standards of Living of Pensioners in the Murmansk Region
Authors:   Kola Science Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Korchak Elena Anatolyevna , Skufyina Tatyana Petrovna ,   Kola Science Center  of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

Nowadays research on the development of concep-tual provisions governing the standard of living of pensioners is of particular importance. This actual-ization is due to an increase in the retirement age of the population, an increase in life expectancy, as well as a low level of material well-being of elderly citizens. The analysis of social challenges of the modern pension reform was the goal of this study, while the standard of living of pensioners in the Murmansk region is the subject of the study. A sta-tistical analysis of social phenomena and processes in the Murmansk region (demographic characteris-tics of the population, the situation in the sphere of employment and living standards of the population) was used as a methodological basis for the study. The main tendencies and trends in the field of de-mographic development, employment development, living standards and pensions in the Murmansk re-gion were identified in the course of the study. The conclusion of the study was the thesis that under the conditions of the new pension reform, a social challenge is the low standard of living of pension-ers, whose growth in the future will cause an expan-sion of the social localization of poverty.
Tourism Development in Terms of the Pandemic: New Trends and Anti-crisis Measures
Authors:   Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Maksanova Lyudmila Bato-Zhargalovna , Andreeva Alyona Mikhailovna ,   Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

The main trends in tourism development, which have emerged in the terms of the coronavirus pan-demic, are analyzed in the paper. The anti-crisis measures to support the industry in the difficult period and experience of countering the spread of COVID-19 were considered by the case of Russia, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia. These countries are characterized by integration cooperation on the implementation of international tourist routes. It was revealed that these countries have taken tough measures to limit the international tourism devel-opment. The main strategy of these countries is to rely on their internal recreational opportunities. The borders opening and the international tourism re-covery will be slow and uneven. The need to update the integration processes in the field of tourism is substantiated not only on the principles of mutual benefit and joint development, but also of mutual responsibility and preparedness for crises and their management. The research results can be used in the preparation or correction of conceptual, strate-gic and program documents for the tourism devel-opment both at the national and regional levels, especially in the post-COVID period.