bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New forms of gentrification: issues and debates
Authors: Rérat Patrick , Söderström Ola , Piguet Etienne
Published: November 2009

This special issue addresses the questions of gentrification and new‐build gentrification, two processes of urban transformation that significantly contribute to the reconfiguration of the socio‐demographic profile of populations in contemporary cities. Whereas gentrification has long referred to the physical and social transformation of central areas through rehabilitation of existing housing stock and population displacement by more affluent households, the concept has recently been extended to include new high‐status developments (regeneration of brownfield sites or demolition/reconstruction of existing residential areas). Although these new developments do not always cause direct population displacement, the question of the possible indirect consequences has been critically raised while the densification of the built environment appears as a favourable outcome in a context of environmental sustainability concerns. The papers collected in this issue focus on the emerging debates surrounding the new forms of gentrification, the increased residential attractiveness of core cities, and the actors who are involved or affected by these processes. In so doing it discusses the geography of gentrification, expanding analysis towards a wide range of contexts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescent characteristics of praseodymium‐doped zinc aluminate powders
Authors: Hernández‐Pérez C. D. , García‐Hipólito M. , Álvarez‐Pérez M. A. , Álvarez‐Fregoso O. , Ramos‐Brito F. , Falcony C.
Published: November 2009

In this research, we report the cathodoluminescence (CL) and preliminary photoluminescence (PL) properties of praseodymium‐doped zinc aluminate powders. ZnAl2O4:Pr powders were synthesized by a very simple chemical process. X‐ray diffraction spectra indicated a cubic spinel crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of 15 nm. CL properties of the powders were studied as a function of the praseodymium concentration and electron‐accelerating potential. In this case, all the cathodoluminescent emission spectra showed main peaks located at 494, 535, 611, 646, and 733 nm, which were associated to the electronic transitions 3P0 → 3H4, 3P0 → 3H5, 3P0 → 3H6, 3P0 → 3F2, and 3P0 → 3F4 of the Pr3+ ions, respectively. A quenching of the CL, with increasing doping concentration, was observed. Also, an increment on cathodoluminescent emission intensity was observed as the accelerating voltage increased. The PL emission spectrum showed similar characteristics to those of the CL spectra. The chemical composition of the powders, as determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy, is also reported. In addition, the surface morphology characteristics of the powders are shown.
Identification of changes in the inorganic matrix of dye sensitized solar cells during preparation
Authors: Graaf Harald , Maedler Carsten , Kehr Mirko , Baumgaertel Thomas , Oekermann Torsten
Published: November 2009

Nanoporous zinc oxide films can be prepared by electrochemical co‐deposition with the dye eosin Y (EY) as template. A subsequent desorption of the dye with aqueous KOH is a key step for the increased efficiency of such dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). In this contribution, the partial dissolving and reorganization of the zinc oxide film during the desorption step has been studied in detail by X‐ray diffraction, Kelvin probe force microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the reorganization leads to an enhancement of crystal orientation and a reduction of the defect concentration at the surface of zinc oxide, being a possible reason for suppressed recombination of electrons in these films. Also, an increased defect concentration in ZnO was found when co‐deposited with EY. For these co‐deposited films, AFM investigations showed a coverage of the surface with dye aggregates. High resolution AFM investigations revealed the nanocrystalline and highly porous structure of the inorganic matrix after desorption of the dye.

magnified image

Photographs of the organic/inorganic hybrid thin film material were investigated in this study. Left side: film directly after deposition, right side: after desorption of the organic dye.
Effect of growth parameters on the formation of three‐dimensional InAs islands on (001) silicon substrate
Authors: Lim J. Y. , Song J. D. , Choi W. J. , Yang H. S.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this work is to find optimal conditions for the growth of three‐dimensional (3D) InAs islands on (2 × 1) (001) Si substrate using modified Stranski–Krastanow (S–K) method. From the analysis of atomic‐force‐microscopy (AFM) images and reflection‐high‐energy‐electron‐diffraction (RHEED) patterns, we have found that InAs islands can be grown on Si when the growth temperature is in the range of 370–430 °C and also when In‐injection of more than three periods is used. At the growth temperature of 390 °C and In‐injection of four periods, uniform distribution of islands with the highest density of about 600 /µm2 were obtained. The average width and height of these islands were 36.1 ± 9.2 nm and 6.2 ± 2.0 nm, respectively.
Mass spectrometry of hyper‐velocity impacts of organic micrograins
Authors: Srama Ralf , Woiwode Wolfgang , Postberg Frank , Armes Steven P. , Fujii Syuji , Dupin Damien , Ormond‐Prout Jonathan , Sternovsky Zoltan , Kempf Sascha , Moragas‐Klostermeyer Georg , Mocker Anna , Grün Eberhard
Published: November 2009

The study of hyper‐velocity impacts of micrometeoroids is important for the calibration of dust sensors in space applications. For this purpose, submicron‐sized synthetic dust grains comprising either polystyrene or poly[bis(4‐vinylthiophenyl)sulfide] were coated with an ultrathin overlayer of an electrically conductive organic polymer (either polypyrrole or polyaniline) and were accelerated to speeds between 3 and 35 km s−1 using the Heidelberg Dust Accelerator facility. Time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was applied to analyse the resulting ionic impact plasma using a newly developed Large Area Mass Analyser (LAMA). Depending on the projectile type and the impact speed, both aliphatic and aromatic molecular ions and cluster species were identified in the mass spectra with masses up to 400 u. Clusters resulting from the target material (silver) and mixed clusters of target and projectile species were also observed. Impact velocities of between 10 and 35 km s−1 are suitable for a principal identification of organic materials in micrometeoroids, whereas impact speeds below ∼10 km s−1 allow for an even more detailed analysis. Molecular ions and fragments reflect components of the parent molecule, providing determination of even complex organic molecules embedded in a dust grain. In contrast to previous measurements with the Cosmic Dust Analyser instrument, the employed LAMA instrument has a seven times higher mass resolution – approximately 200 – which allowed for a detailed analysis of the complex mass spectra. These fundamental studies are expected to enhance our understanding of cometary, interplanetary and interstellar dust grains, which travel at similar hyper‐velocities and are known to contain both aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient mining of distance‐based subspace clusters
Authors: Liu Guimei , Sim Kelvin , Li Jinyan , Wong Limsoon
Published: November 2009

Traditional similarity measurements often become meaningless when dimensions of datasets increase. Subspace clustering has been proposed to find clusters embedded in subspaces of high‐dimensional datasets. Many existing algorithms use a grid‐based approach to partition the data space into nonoverlapping rectangle cells, and then identify connected dense cells as clusters. The rigid boundaries of the grid‐based approach may cause a real cluster to be divided into several small clusters. In this paper, we propose to use a sliding‐window approach to partition the dimensions to preserve significant clusters. We call this model nCluster model. The sliding‐window approach generates more bins than the grid‐based approach, thus it incurs higher mining cost. We develop a deterministic algorithm, called MaxnCluster, to mine nClusters efficiently. MaxnCluster uses several techniques to speed up the mining, and it produces only maximal nClusters to reduce result size. Non‐maximal nClusters are pruned without the need of storing the discovered nClusters in the memory, which is key to the efficiency of MaxnCluster. Our experiment results show that (i) the nCluster model can indeed preserve clusters that are shattered by the grid‐based approach on synthetic datasets; (ii) the nCluster model produces more significant clusters than the grid‐based approach on two real gene expression datasets and (iii) MaxnCluster is efficient in mining maximal nClusters. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 427‐444, 2009
Transport Gap of Nanoparticle‐Passivated Silicon Substrates
Authors: Ghosh Batu , Das Bikas C. , Pal Amlan J.
Published: November 2009

The transport gap of nanoparticle‐passivated Si substrates is measured by scanning tunneling microscopy. Passivation is achieved using a monolayer of CdSe nanoparticles. It is shown that the transport gap and conduction‐band edge of the system change upon passivation. The size of the nanoparticles that passivate the Si substrate is varied to study its effect on the transport gap of the system. Plots of the tunneling current versus voltage show that the transport gap of the system can be tuned by the binding of just a monolayer of suitable nanoparticles. From the normalized density of states, it is shown that the conduction‐band edge of the system responds to the size of the nanoparticles. Here, a monolayer of the nanoparticles, which were capped with suitable functional groups, has been formed via electrostatic adsorption with the substrate.
Gold Nanoparticles Capped with Polyethyleneimine for Enhanced siRNA Delivery
Authors: Song Wen‐Jing , Du Jin‐Zhi , Sun Tian‐Meng , Zhang Pei‐Zhuo , Wang Jun
Published: November 2009

An efficient and safe delivery system for small interfering RNA (siRNA) is required for clinical application of RNA interfering therapeutics. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are successfully manufactured using PEI as the reductant and stabilizer, which bind siRNA at an appropriate weight ratio by electrostatic interaction and result in well‐dispersed nanoparticles with uniform structure and narrow size distribution. With siRNA binding, PEI‐capped AuNPs induce more significant and enhanced reduction in targeted green fluorescent protein expression in MDA‐MB‐435s cells, though more internalized PEI/siRNA complexes in cells are evidenced by confocal laser scanning microscopy observation and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analyses. PEI‐capped AuNPs/siRNA targeting endogenous cell‐cycle kinase, an oncogene polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK1), display significant gene expression knockdown and induce enhanced cell apoptosis, whereas it is not obvious when the cells are treated with PLK1 siRNA using PEI as the carrier. Without exhibiting cellular toxicity, PEI‐capped AuNPs appear to be suitable as a potential carrier for intracellular siRNA delivery.
Drama activities as ideational resources for primary‐grade children in urban science classrooms
Authors: Varelas Maria , Pappas Christine C. , Tucker‐Raymond Eli , Kane Justine , Hankes Jennifer , Ortiz Ibett , Keblawe‐Shamah Neveen
Published: November 2009

In this study we explored how dramatic enactments of scientific phenomena and concepts mediate children's learning of scientific meanings along material, social, and representational dimensions. These drama activities were part of two integrated science‐literacy units, Matter and Forest, which we developed and implemented in six urban primary‐school (grades 1st–3rd) classrooms. We examine and discuss the possibilities and challenges that arise as children and teachers engaged in scientific knowing through such experiences. We use Halliday's (1978. Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press) three metafunctions of communicative activity—ideational, interpersonal, and textual—to map out the place of the multimodal drama genre in elementary urban school science classrooms of young children. As the children talked, moved, gestured, and positioned themselves in space, they constructed and shared meanings with their peers and their teachers as they enacted their roles. Through their bodies they negotiated ambiguity and re‐articulated understandings, thus marking this embodied meaning making as a powerful way to engage with science. Furthermore, children's whole bodies became central, explicit tools used to accomplish the goal of representing this imaginary scientific world, as their teachers helped them differentiate it from the real world of the model they were enacting. Their bodies operated on multiple mediated levels: as material objects that moved through space, as social objects that negotiated classroom relationships and rules, and as metaphorical entities that stood for water molecules in different states of matter or for plants, animals, or non‐living entities in a forest food web. Children simultaneously negotiated meanings across all of these levels, and in doing so, acted out improvisational drama as they thought and talked science. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 302–325, 2010
Teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues in physics and chemistry: Teacher candidates' beliefs
Authors: Barrett Sarah Elizabeth , Nieswandt Martina
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and explain the origins of physics and chemistry teacher candidates' beliefs about teaching about ethics through socioscientific issues (SSI). This study utilized a series of in‐depth interviews, while the participants (n = 12) were enrolled in a 9‐month teacher education program at an urban university in Canada. Our data analysis revealed that beliefs about teaching physics and chemistry using SSI derive from a complex web of fundamental beliefs exemplified by four archetypes representing the subject‐specific identities of our teacher candidates—Model Scientist/Engineer, Model Individual, Model Teacher, and Model Citizen. Furthermore, we found that the justification for belief change required by a particular teacher candidate depends on these subject‐discipline identities. Thus, the presence of each archetype in preservice classrooms has ramifications for the way a teacher educator should encourage his or her students to include SSI in their teaching. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 380–401, 2010
Lower bounds on lengths of checking sequences
Authors: Jourdan Guy-Vincent , Ural Hasan , Yenigün Hüsnü , Zhang Ji Chao
Published: November 2009

Lower bounds on the lengths of checking sequences constructed for testing from Finite State Machine-based specifications are established. These bounds consider the case where a distinguishing sequence is used in forming state recognition and transition verification subsequences and identify the effects of overlapping among such subsequences. Empirical results show that the existing methods for construction of checking sequences provide checking sequences with lengths that are within acceptable distance to these lower bounds.
Profiles of motivations for alcohol use and sexual behavior among first‐year university students☆
Authors: Patrick Megan E. , Maggs Jennifer L.
Published: November 2009

The links between motivations for alcohol use and for sexual behaviors are not well understood. Latent profile analysis was used to identify drinking motivational profiles (based on motivations for: fun/social, relaxation/coping, image, sex; motivations against: physical, behavioral) and sex motivational profiles (motivations for: enhancement, intimacy, coping; motivations against: not ready, health, values) among college students (N= 227, 51% male). Latent profiles for drinking were: low for/high against drinking (34%), average drinking motives (53%), and high for/low against drinking (13%). Profiles for sex were: low for/high against sex (35%), high for/low against sex (42%), and high for with coping/moderate against sex (23%). Motivational profiles were related across behaviors. Drinking motivational profiles were associated with alcohol use and psychosocial adjustment; sex motivational profiles were associated with sexual experiences. Distinct profiles of motivations support the need for differentiated intervention programs targeting individuals with different patterns of reasons for engaging in risk behaviors during late adolescence.
tRNA as an active chemical scaffold for diverse chemical transformations
Authors: Francklyn Christopher S. , Minajigi Anand
Published: November 2009

During protein synthesis, tRNA serves as the intermediary between cognate amino acids and their corresponding RNA trinucleotide codons. Aminoacyl‐tRNA is also a biosynthetic precursor and amino acid donor for other macromolecules. AA‐tRNAs allow transformations of acidic amino acids into their amide‐containing counterparts, and seryl‐tRNASer donates serine for antibiotic synthesis. Aminoacyl‐tRNA is also used to cross‐link peptidoglycan, to lysinylate the lipid bilayer, and to allow proteolytic turnover via the N‐end rule. These alternative functions may signal the use of RNA in early evolution as both a biological scaffold and a catalyst to achieve a wide variety of chemical transformations.
Efficient mapping of a female sterile gene in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)
Authors: DOU BINGDE , HOU BEIWEI , XU HAIMING , LOU XIANGYANG , CHI XIAOFEI , YANG JINBIN , WANG FANG , NI ZHONGFU , SUN QIXIN
Published: November 2009

Studies on inheritance of fertility are of great importance in wheat breeding. Although substantial progress has been achieved in molecular characterization of male sterility and fertility restoration recently, little effort has been devoted to female sterility. To identify the gene(s) controlling female sterility in wheat efficiently, an investigation was conducted for the seed setting ratio using a set of F2populations derived from the cross between a female sterile line XND126 and an elite cultivar Gaocheng 8901. Bulked segregation analysis (BSA) method and recessive class approach were adopted to screen for SSR markers potentially linked to female fertility gene loci in 2005. Out of 1080 SSRs in wheat genome, eight markers on chromosome 2D showed a clear difference between two disparate bulks and small recombination frequency values, suggesting a strong linkage signal to the sterility gene. Based on the candidate linked markers, partial linkage maps were constructed with Mapmaker 3.0 (EXP) instead of whole genome maps, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was implemented with software QTLNetwork 2.0. A major gene locus designated astaf1, was located on chromosome 2DS. The above result was confirmed by the analysis for 2007 data, andtaf1 was identified on the same chromosome 2DS with a confidence interval of 2·4 cM, which could explain 44·99% of phenotypic variation. These results provided fundamental information for fine mapping studies and laid the groundwork for wheat fertility genetic studies.
Observations on the Incidence of Metastrongylus brevivaginatus and Metastrongylus elongatus in Pigs in Central Wales
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: November 2009

During the winter of 1921–22 I visited the slaughterhouse at Aberystwyth at least once each week for the purpose of studying the helminthic parasites of sheep and pigs in the neighbourhood. An average of 50 sheep and 8 pigs were examined weekly from November 26th, 1921, to April 28th, 1922. Metastrongylus elongatus and M. brevivaginatus were present in the bronchioles of 50 per cent. of the pigs examined, generally both species being present in the same animal, and I took the opportunity of working out the anatomy of these two forms in detail, and indicating the differences between them; but before being able to publish my results Gedoelst covered the ground in his “Le Genre Metastrongylus Molin, 1861,” published in 1923.
On a Collection of Helminths from a South African Farm
Authors: Ortlepp R. J.
Published: November 2009

During the winter of 1925–1926 the writer had the opportunity of staying on a farm in the Northern districts of Natal, South Africa. This farm—about 1,000 acres in extent and situated some 4,000 feet above sea level—is used primarily for sheep grazing, although cattle, horses and goats also form part of the farm stock. Half of the farm consists of a mountain rising to just above 5,000 feet above sea level, and the rest of the farm consists of an undulating plain. Except for a few depressions towards the foot of the mountain, which, during the rainy season become somewhat swampy, the whole farm may be considered as being very well drained. In consequence it is entirely covered with grass, there being no evidence of bush formation. Three rivulets, giving an abundant water supply, take their origin from the mountain.
On the Nematode Parasite of the frit-fly, Oscinella frit, L
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In a paper recently published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, the writer describes the discovery of certain small Tylenchoid nematodes in the swollen stems of the seedling oats suffering from frit-fly attack at Winches Farm, St. Albans. Adults of both sexes and larvæ undergoing the last two moults were found in the destroyed plant tissues surrounding the fly larvæ. The spermatized female worms were next discovered within the body-cavity of the frit-fly larvæ. In due course, they were obtained from pupæ of the fly, having increased in size, and finally were found within adult flies of both sexes lying coiled within the abdomen as comparatively large sausage-shaped worms. As a result of the presence of the worm, the flies are sterilised, being unable to develop their reproductive organs. The worms become viviparous and shed large numbers of larvæ into the body-cavity of the fly and these, after undergoing a certain amount of growth, make their way into the gut of the host and pass to the exterior via the anus. In the present communication a brief account is given of the principal observations on the new parasite, its life-history and the effects on the host, described in detail in the original paper.
On Variations in size of the Nematode Worm Rhabditis succaris n. sp., produced by Different Culture Media
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

(1) During the routine examination of the fauna of samples of clinker removed from the filter beds of Brent Sewage Farm several species of Rhabdilis were met with, one at least of which cannot be relegated to any species as yet described. A new species is therefore suggested for its reception and the name succaris has been given to suggest its origin from the sewage farm.

(2) An account is given of its structure. While being typical for the genus, the lips and bursal rays do not agree with any known species.

(3) Two distinct strains were reared by means of different culture media, differing quite definitely in length. A thousand worms were measured and these differences were found to remain very constant. The relative measurements have not been materially altered.

(4) The length of the large worms has been diminished by means of a return to the original food.

(5) The cultivated strain shows greater variability than the original strain.

(6) Two graphs and a table summarising the results are shown.
Experimental Infection of Sheep with Dicrocœlium dendriticum
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: November 2009

Five years ago, while on a visit to Glasgow, my attention was drawn by Mr. Peter Braid, M.R.C.V.S., to the occasional appearance of Dicroœlium dendriticum in the liver of sheep from the West of Scotland. Mr. Braid arranged to supply me with such livers as in future came to his notice and to ascertain, where possible, the place of origin of the sheep. In this way, I have received from him livers from sheep which came from Tiree, South Uist, Barra, Harris, Campbelltown, and from Berwickshire, Ayrshire and Lanarkshire. Enquiries locally at these places shewed that some at least were mere markets. In Berwick, for example, sheep were on sale which had come from the West; and in the West, sheep which had originated in the islands. In the case of the Hebrides, however, sheep are not habitually imported for subsequent re-sale and the great majority—certainly all the young animals—are bred locally. It seemed legitimate to conclude therefore, that in these cases, the disease also was acquired locally. The various islands were visited in autumn, 1929, and Tiree was selected as affording the best and most convenient situation for an investigation into the life-cycle of the parasite.
On the Prophylactic Action of Vitamin A in Helminthiasis
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

(1) Experiments have been conducted to investigate the part played by Vitamin A in the prophylaxis of helminthiasis.Heterakis gallinæin the chicken andParascaris equorumin albino rats were used.

(2) The evidence tends to show that in Heterakis infestation the vitamin content of the diet has no effect on the course of the infestation. In Ascariasis in rats, however, the vitamin affects significantly the hatching, survival and rate of development of the larvae within the host.

(3) The writer can put forward no reason for this difference except to suggest that it may lie in. the life history of the parasites. Considering her own results and those of previous workers as cited in the introductory part of this paper, it seems obvious that the vitamin is effective in cases where the parasite comes into close contact with the host tissues.

(4) Some notes on the viability of eggs are added.
Observations on the Occurrence of Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn, 1858) on Rhubarb in Yorkshire
Authors: Johnson L. R.
Published: November 2009

The list of recorded hosts of A. dipsaci given by Goodey (1929 and 1933) includes rhubarb, and records and observations in Yorkshire show that infestation by this eelworm is widespread in the rhubarb-growing districts of the county. It is important, at the outset, to note that as far as the writer's observations are concerned the eelworm invariably occurs in rhubarb plants suffering from a disease well-known among growers as Rhubarb Disease or Crown Rot. The following account must therefore include recurring references to this disease with which the eelworm appears to have an intimate association. The earliest records with regard to the disease appeared in the Journal of the Northern Horticultural Society but as this Society has been discontinued a brief summary of these records is given. In the February 1913 issue of this Journal, Hector and Taylor (1913) summarised various notes on the disease. They referred to an editorial in “The Fruit Grower” (9th January, 1913) concerning examination of diseased rhubarb roots received from Yorkshire in 1909 and again in 1913.
Further Experiments on the Chemical Treatment of Soil infected with Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hurst Richard H. , Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: November 2009

Preliminary experiments were carried out during 1935, on the possible application of certain chemical substances to the problem of controlling “potato-sickness.” The results were published in two papers by Hurst & Triffitt (1935, i, ii) and it was shown that calcium cyanamide and ferric oxide were deserving of further trials on a larger scale. Field experiments were devised and carried out during 1936 in various parts of the country, and the results will be communicated when these are available. In the meantime the small-scale experiments were continued and are described below.
Cysticercosis bovis and its prevention
Authors: Penfold W. J. , Penfold H. B.
Published: November 2009

In Australia this disease has occurred in many oxen on sewage farms and despite the economic loss involved, the farms have been prevented from raising cattle for human consumption. It has been claimed that this policy was adopted because of the risk to man of infestation with Taenia saginata. The object of this paper is to show that this economic waste is quite unnecessary, for cattle can be readily immunized against the disease so that there is no risk of Taenia saginata infestation in man from eating beef from such cattle.
The Survial of Free Larvae of Heterodera shachtii in Soil
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

It is a well known fact that Heterodera schachtii in the brown cyst stage can survive in soil for several years in the absence of host plants. Fuchs found living contents in five-year old cysts of the beet strain of this nematode, while eight-year old cysts of the potato strain have been found by the writer still to be infective to the host plant. Thus, the starving out of this parasite by withholding susceptible crops would appear to be impracticable.
On the Eelworm Disease of Primulas caused by Anguillulina dipsaci, Kühn
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: November 2009

In Britain, the year 1937 is likely to be memorable in the history of cultivation of many species and varieties of plants belonging to the genus Primula, as witnessing, for the first time, attacks of great severity by the nematode, Anguillulina dipsaci in a number of plantations of Primulas, reducing the vitality of the plants wherever it occurred, and in many instances causing complete destruction of certain species. The plants classed as members of the Candelabra Section, which includes some of the finest and most extensively grown species and varieties in the whole genus, proved particularly susceptible but, while members of many of the other Sections of Primulas did not escape attack, the injury inflicted was not usually of such high order of severity.
The Stem Eelworm (Anguillulina dipsaci): Attacks on Sugar Beet
Authors: Roebuck A. , Hull R.
Published: November 2009

While examining diseased sugar beet roots at the Brigg Factory of the British Sugar Corporation, Ltd., in 1936, several roots were found which were affected by the eelworm Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn). This identification was kindly confirmed by Dr. T. Goodey.
Observations on Gastrodiscoides hominis and Fasciolopsis buski in Assam
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: November 2009

Fasciolopsis buski and Gastrodiscoides hominis are recorded as common human infections in Kamrup District, Assam, where the examination of 221 faecal specimens from different localities gave an average infection rate of 59·7% with F. buski and 41·2% with G. hominis. In individual infections G. hominis may occur in very large numbers; 989 specimens were obtained on one occasion by means of soap water enemas which are effective in removing these worms.
What is Cephalobus parasiticus Sandground 1939 ?
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Cephalobus parasiticus Sandground, 1939, reported from the stomachs of monkeys, is shown to resemble the sour paste eelworm, Turbatrix rediviva, so closely as to be identical with it.

It is suggested that the monkeys probably acquired the nematodes by consuming fruit, or some other vegetable substance, on which the worms were living saprophagously; having been brought to the food by visiting flies.
Methods for the Recovery and Counting of Cysts of Heterodera schachtii from Soil
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: November 2009

A method of recovering cysts from soils of not more than 10% water content is described. The method is continuous and the yield from it is only slightly lower than that from the dry flotation of soil. The yield was found to contain a slightly lower percentage of full cysts than that obtained by dry flotation but this drop was not considered sufficiently great to justify the drying of soil in large quantities. Quantities of soil in the neighbourhood of 1 cwt. can be handled continuously in a matter of two hours.
Anguillulina dipsaci from “tulip root” oats injuring seedlings of a seeds mixture
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Amongst biological strains or races of the.stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, some are comparatively polyphagous and are capable of causing disease in a number of different host plants whilst others are restricted to one or two hosts. The strain causing “ tulip root” in oats is usually regarded as a restricted one being Confined to oats or, as in Yorkshire, to oats and beans, in which infection takes place in the seedling stage and persists during the greater part of the life of the plant. Whether the parasite will attack other agricultural plants is a matter of some practical importance and since in a crop rotation a seeds mixture for ley production may follow oats, it was decided to test whether the parasite would infect plants comprising a typical seeds mixture. It was also hoped to determine whether any of the grasses or clovers would be more or less permanently affected and thus serve as reservoir hosts for the parasite and so enable it to tide over the period between successive oat crops. The present paper deals with pot experiments set up to test this matter as a result of which it has been found that the oat strain of the parasite is capable of causing serious injury to the young seedlings of a number of grasses and clovers of a seeds mixture.
Single versus Multiple Doses of Phenothiazine in Lambs
Authors: Peters B. G. , Leiper J. W. G.
Published: November 2009

The earlier work of this Institute on phenothiazine in lambs (Peters et al, 1941; J. Leiper et al, 1941) using egg-counts, worm-counts, and lamb-weights as criteria of anthelmintic efficacy, has revealed conflicting results as between one criterion and another. Thus, the lowest dosage rate used (0·15 gm. per Kg.) led to a reduction in the egg-count, whilst even the highest rate (1 gm. per Kg.) led to no reduction in the worm-count: by an irony of chance the worm-counts were lowest in the untreated controls in both experiments. In the first experiment weights were not affected by the drug, and in the second the only significant effect was a set-back in those lambs given tablets. Numerous other workers have reported increased weights due to the drug, in long-term experiments; ours were too short in duration to show such increases, yet the danger of reinfestation precluded any extension of the time, the lambs being kept outside on infective pastures. The most obvious explanation of the egg- and worm-count results appears to be that the drug has a temporary inhibiting effect on egg-laying, which would presumably return to normal in a few weeks; but here again a prolonged experiment increases the liability to reinfestation.

These being the relevant circumstances, the present experiment was designed to take account of them in the following ways. In the first place the lambs were kept inside throughout the experiment, their stalls being cleaned out thoroughly twice a week to obviate reinfestation.
An English Case of Coenurus cerebralis in the human brain
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

In the spring of 1941 a male patient died at Peterborough and the autopsy which followed showed that death was due to pontine haemorrhages. As the brain also carried a coenurus, it was submitted to me for further examination. I am much indebted to Dr. David Fulton, M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., pathologist and physician to the Peterborough and District Memorial Hospital, and to Dr. L. P. Garrod, M.R.C.S., F.R.C.P., pathologist to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, through whose kindness and good offices this interesting specimen was made available to me.
A Refinement of Gemmell's single cyst technique
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: November 2009

Whilst studying the hatching of larvae from cysts of Heterodera rostochiensis in different samples of potato and tomato root excretions, in the hope of ultimately developing a technique for the standardisation of root excretion, the author felt that it might be worth while to publish details of a refinement of Gemmell's (1940) single cyst technique.
An Alien Weed Host of Heterodera rostochiensis in England
Authors: Bates G. H.
Published: November 2009

Many crops of carrots grown in gardens and on a field scale, during the War, have been infested with a weed which bears a resemblance to Solanum nigrum. It has been identified as Solanum sarachoides Sendtner. The plant is a native of Temperate and Sub-temperate South America. The carrot seeds containing this impurity are said to be of Californian origin.

The plant possesses oval leaves, slightly more wavy than those of British specimens of S. nigrum. They are smooth and dark green in colour, but the stems are covered with short hairs. The habit is procumbent to prostrate and the weed creeps extensively through the dense foliage of the carrot crop. The inflorescences are borne laterally and display minute white flowers. Dark green berries are produced in great profusion each containing about 25 seeds. There is evidence that the plant is becoming established on light soils, in the market gardening districts of Staffordshire, and it is doubtless localised elsewhere.

It was noted that where the weed was growing adjacent to plots of potatoes affected with blight (Phytophthora infestans), that its leaves were also attacked. The lesions resembled those of potato blight and the identity of the fungus was confirmed by Mr. N. C. Preston, of Harper Adams Agricultural College.
Observations on a case of Endogenous Budding in Cysticercus tenuicollis Rudolphi
Authors: Crusz Hilary
Published: November 2009

A specimen of Cysticercus tenuicollis is described, which contained many daughter cysts in various stages of development. One of these cysts was a well developed daughter cysticercus.

The daughter cysts at all stages of development, are lined internally by a distinct cuticle, and have no scolices. The daughter cysticercus, like the parent bladder, has an outer cuticle and a well developed scolex and receptacular appendage.

There is evidence for regarding the daughter cysticercus as having been formed from a daughter cyst by a process of evagination of the latter in such a way that the cuticle has come to lie on the outside, rather than by a process of vesiculation of a scolex.

The daughter cysts appear to be homologous with the brood-capsules of Echinococcus. They are not strictly homologous with daughter hydatids or daughter coenuri.
On some new species of Spirurids from Terrestrial Vertebrates, with notes on Habronema mansioni, Physaloptera paradoxa and Hartertia zuluensis
Authors: Kung C. C.
Published: November 2009

Six new species of Spirurids are described from terrestrial vertebrates from various countries. They are Camallanus macabukae n.sp. and Procamallanus brevis n.sp. from bull-frogs in S. Africa, C. multilineatus n.sp. from Rana catesbiana in N. America, Tanqua gigantica n.sp. from Python reticulatus and Naja. hannah in E. Indies and S.E. Asia, respectively, Ancyracanthopsis madagascariensis n.sp. from Dryolimnas cuvieri in Madagascar, and Physaloptera singhi n.sp. from the monkey (?) in S. America. Three species inquirendae, Camallanus sp., Streptocara sp. and Physaloptera sp. are also described. Some new morphological features in Habronema mansioni and Physaloptera paradoxa are discussed and the female of Hartertia zuluensis is described for the first time.
On Trichodorus pachydermus n.sp. (Nematoda: Enoplida)
Authors: Seinhorst J. W.
Published: November 2009

In soil samples taken from around trees of Primus serotina and shrubs near the writer's house at Ede, Holland, the nematode population proved to consist mainly of a hitherto undescribed species of Trichodorus. Small numbers of the same species were found in many other places including a strawberry field on light sandy soil near Beverwijk, where it occurred together with T. primitivus (de Man, 1884) Micoletzky, 1922; a garden at Middelharnis (sandy loam) and in arable land at Ottersum (sandy soil). No data could be collected on its food habits.
On a New Trematode Allechinostomum renale sp. nov. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidæ), from Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Authors: Yeh L. S.
Published: November 2009

An echinostome obtained from the kidney of the North American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos is described as a new species, Allechinostomum renale.

Allechinostomum is regarded as a valid genus.

A differential key to the four-known species of the genus is appended.
On Some Helminth Parasites of the Otter,Lutra lutra
Authors: Fahmy M. A. M.
Published: November 2009

Four species of helminths, two Trematoda and two Cestoda, were collected post-mortem from an otter (Lutra lutra) killed in the suburbs of Edinburgh.

Plagiorchis (Multiglandularis) lutraen. sp. was recovered from the small intestine. This is the first record ofPlagiorchissp. from an otter.

Cryptocotyle lingua(Creplin, 1825), 38 specimens, was recovered from the anterior and middle thirds of the small intestine. This is the first record ofC. linguafrom an otter.

Dibothriocephalus mediusn. sp., a single specimen, was recovered from the small intestine. This is the first record ofDibothriocephalussp. from an otter.

Schistocephalus solidus(Muller, 1776), four specimens, was recovered from the small intestine. This is the second record ofSchistocephalussp. from an otter and the first record of its occurrence in this host in Britain.
Some Observations on the Worm Egg Counts of Scottish Hill Lambs
Authors: Parnell I. W. , Rayski C. , Dunn A. M. , Mackintosh G. M.
Published: November 2009

Worm egg counts have shown that after the end of June infestations of pathogenic significance occur in a considerable percentage of Scottish hill lambs. On the West Coast, however, heavy infestations do not occur until August, when the egg counts in other areas are rising again after falling for a few weeks in July.

Identification of larvae from faeces cultures confirm that Ostertagia spp. are the first cause of high worm egg counts, followed in August by Trichostrongylus spp., then by H. contortus and C. ovina, and finally by B. trigonocephalum. Nematodirus spp. may be sufficiently numerous in a few districts to be of pathogenic importance in June and July.
Three New Species of the Genus Neodiplostomum Railliet, 1919, from Central African Birds of Prey, with a note on Neodiplostomum canaliculatum (Nicoll, 1914) Dubois, 1937
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: November 2009

Three new species of the genus Neodiplostomum Railliet, 1919 (Subgenus Neodiplostomum, Dubois, 1937) are described from avian hosts in Central Africa. They are N. (N.) berghaani from Terathopius ecaudata, N. (N.) prudhoei from Cuncuma vocifer vocifer and N. (N.) pseudogypsis from Pseudogyps africanus.

A note is added on Neodiplostomum canaliculatum (Nicoll, 1914) Dubois, 1937.
On Two New Trematodes (Proterodiplostomatidae) from an African Crocodile, and a List of Strigeid Parasites from Africa
Authors: Bisseru B.
Published: November 2009

A description of Neoparadiplostomum magnitesticulatum gen. et sp. nov. and Neoparadiplostomum kafuensis gen. et sp. nov. is given. The material was obtained from the intestine of Crocodilus niloticus, Kafue River, Northern Rhodesia.

The genus Neoparadiplostomum which is proposed as new is closely related to all the other genera of the subfamily Proterodiplos-tomatinae, but differs from them in the nature of the paraprostate and the arrangement of the sexual ducts.

A catalogue is given of some known strigeid (Trematoda) parasites from the African Continent.
Studies on Digestion in the Monogenetic Trematode Polystoma integerrimum
Authors: Jennings J. B.
Published: November 2009

1. The adult stage of Polystoma integerrimum feeds on blood which is digested by a combination of intraluminar and intracellular processes, haemolysis and partial digestion in the gut lumen being followed by absorption and completion of digestion by the cells of the gastrodermis.

2. The end products of intracellular digestion are the pigment haematin and a crystalline substance identified as haematoidin, which is chemically identical with vertebrate bilirubin, and these are passed back into the lumen to be eventually voided to the exterior.

3. It is probable that the expulsion of haematin from the gut cells results in a simultaneous release of enzymes, traces of which persist in the lumen to effect the early extracellular stages in the digestion of the next meal, so that intraluminar digestion in Polystoma appears to be an incidental extension of the primitive intracellular process arising from the blood-feeding habit and the consequent need to eliminate residues of haemoglobin breakdown from the gastrodermis.

4. Since haematin formation has been described in certain other trematodes it is suggested that their digestive processes probably follow a course similar to that described for Polystoma but an alternative method must exist within the class since other blood feeders such as Haplometra and Gorgodera do not form this pigment.
Preliminary Note on the Anatomy of a Polystome from the Bladder of Xenopus laevis Daud
Authors: Williams Joan B.
Published: November 2009

Six specimens of Xenopus laevis obtained from University College, London, were examined for polystomes; one harboured an adult worm measuring 2·1 mm. in length and two immature specimens, both 0·8 mm. in length, and one was parasitized by a single mature specimen measuring 2·4 mm. in length.
The Identification of Infective Filarial Larvae in Mosquitoes: with a Note on the Species Found in “Wild” Mosquitoes on the Kenya Coast
Authors: Nelson G. S.
Published: November 2009

1. At least twenty-two species of filarial worms are known to develop in mosquitoes. Filarial larvae of non-human origin must often be present in mosquitoes dissected during filariasis surveys yet the larvae seen are commonly assumed to be of human origin.

2. On Pate island off the Kenya coast where bancroftian filariasis is prevalent, several distinct species of infective larvae were found in mosquitoes both in the houses and in the bush. Seven species of filarial worms were found in the local animals and a collection of known infective larvae was made by feeding mosquitoes on these different infections. A study of the material in this “reference collection” showed that many of the larvae in “wild” mosquitoes could be identified with confidence.

3. A technique has been developed for the dissection of preserved and stained mosquitoes; this method has many advantages and can be used in routine filariasis surveys.

4. The characters which were most useful in differentiating the infective larvae were: the length; the position of the anus; and the shape of the caudal extremity. Eight species of infective larvae were available for study, these are described and illustrated: W. bancrofti, W. malayi, W. pahangi, W. patei, D. corynodes, D. repens, D. immitis and S. equina. The literature dealing with a further fourteen species is reviewed.

5. A simple key has been produced to help identify the species of infective larvae found in mosquitoes.

6. On the Kenya coast W. bancrofti infective larvae have been found only in C. fatigans, A. gambiae and A. funestus. Infective larvae of animal origin which might easily be mistaken for those of W. bancrofti have been found in Ae. pembaensis, Ae. aegypti, M. uniformis and M. africanus.

7. Formulae for transmission indices based on infection rates in insect vectors are of little value unless there is confidence in specific identification.

8. A study of the infective larvae in Simulium neavei from an onchocerciasis area in Uganda has shown that not all the larvae are of human origin. A closer examination of the morphology of infective larvae in the vectors of filarial parasites of man in other areas will almost certainly show that the interpretation of infection rates may be complicated by the presence of infections of nonhuman origin.

9. Feeding experiments were carried out with Aedes pembaensis and Ac. aegypti on a donkey infected with Setaria equina; both of these mosquitoes proved to be suitable vectors of this filarial worm.