bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Normative Tipping Point
Authors: Laurence Marion
Published: November 2024

This chapter draws on evidence from Sierra Leone, and is the first of three examining how practice change occurs at the field level within UN peace operations. Spanning the years 1998 to 2014, it shows how new ways of practicing impartiality emerged, spread, and became–to varying degrees–institutionalized among peacekeepers in Sierra Leone. Moments of crisis, especially armed attacks on civilians and UN personnel, served as catalysts for practice change, and high-level expert reports provided peacekeepers with authoritative justifications for nontraditional practices. The chapter also illustrates the key role played by senior mission leaders, who drove the emergence of new practices through innovation, and it highlights the impact of both vertical and horizontal learning among blue helmets. Finally, the chapter shows that buy-in from member states and the Secretariat is an important enabling condition for institutionalization, while bureaucratic inertia and opposition from peacekeepers themselves can inhibit institutionalization.
Elections and Air Strikes
Authors: Laurence Marion
Published: November 2024

This chapter explains how new ways of practicing impartiality emerged, spread, and became institutionalized within UN peace operations in Côte d’Ivoire. Covering the period from 2003 to 2017, it shows that crises like the 2010–2011 post-election conflict drove changes in peacekeeping practice, and that new practices tapped into narratives about democratization and protection of civilians that had previously been articulated in high-level expert reports. The chapter also demonstrates that new practices spread primarily through vertical and horizontal learning, while managed learning had significant limitations and less impact overall. Finally, the chapter illustrates the degree to which normative contestation among member states can inhibit the institutionalization of new practices.
Recipe for Disconnection
Authors: Kerr Natalie , Kurtz Jaime
Published: November 2024

Here, we draw your attention to the modern social norms that make connection more difficult. For example, many of us live alone. We’re spending less time socializing in person, and more time on our devices. And, when we do get together, many of us are distracted by our phones. In addition, many of us view busyness as a status symbol, and our busyness can crowd out opportunities for meaningful connection. Finally, modern parenting norms and traditional masculinity norms can make it even harder to connect. If we want to improve our social lives, we need to recognize the often subtle but powerful influence social norms have on us—and be willing to push back against them at times.
Conclusion
Authors: Kerr Natalie , Kurtz Jaime
Published: November 2024

For reasons that often lie outside of one’s personal control, finding meaningful social connection can be a challenge. In this concluding section, the idea of barriers to connection is revisited, with an eye toward self-understanding and self-compassion. Disconnection and loneliness pervade modern life for a variety of societal and psychological reasons, and understanding these reasons is critical to achieving more and deeper connections. But it cannot be done in a vacuum. Reaching out to others, actively listening, practicing vulnerability, and other strategies explored throughout this book, won’t just benefit this individual, but will have benefits that extend out to others as well.
Networking, Community Partnerships, and Technology
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 6, “Networking, Community Partnerships, and Technology: Designing Connections Between People, Organizations, and Values,” highlights the various approaches that the health and human service leader can use to build partnerships with other organizations to address service needs and social problems that are larger than one single organization can accomplish. Technology, mainly social media, can be a powerful tool for communication, networking, and reaching out to others beyond one agency. In coordination and cooperation with other innovative leaders, the social architect can be highly effective in many ways that are both innovative and instrumental in bringing about positive organizational and social change.
A Theory of Financial Globalization
Authors: Park Clara
Published: November 2024

This chapter presents a theory of financial globalization: how firms pushed for the creation of an international regime, which is often considered as state's domain. It demonstrates that understanding the preferences of firms and governments helps explain the push and pull of liberalization: who wants to liberalize, what they want to liberalize, and how (and why) countries vary in their level of liberalization. It presents the four stages of financial globalization and discusses alternative explanations.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Martelli Francesca K. A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 1 addresses the identity of the editors whose belated perspectives on Cicero’s letters are the focus of this study. The question of who assembled and published ad Fam. is unknown. But it is given an answer of sorts by the closing book of the collection, Fam. 16, which consists entirely of letters to or about Tiro, Cicero’s freedman secretary, and the figure commonly identified as editor of the individual books of letters that make up this letter collection. Whether Tiro actually played such a role is uncertain. But the paratextual position of book 16, which occupies a space in the frame commonly reserved for discussion of the editing, transmission, and dissemination of an ancient text, invites readers to cast Tiro as editor of the collection. This chapter traces the editorial commentary that the positioning of this book on the outermost frame of ad Fam. imposes on its content and offers readings of a number of different narrative threads that lend themselves to this commentary: the story of Tiro’s manumission showcases the role-reversal that takes place when Tiro, the servile object, is made a subject and when Cicero, the authorial master, is transformed into the object of his ex-slave’s procedures of editorial rewriting. At the same time, Cicero’s concern for Tiro’s ill health and ardent expressions of love for Tiro, express the desire to close the gap between author and editor and to make their identities merge.
Enclosing the Collection
Authors: Martelli Francesca K. A.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2 focuses on the enframing effect that ad Fam., as a composite sixteen-book unit, imposes on its content. One significant frame is found in Fam. 1 and Fam. 15, at either end of the collection, which ask to be read in dialogue with one another because they track the same spatial trajectory, albeit in reverse: both books consist of correspondence between Rome and the eastern province of Cilicia, where Lentulus Spinther, Cicero’s main correspondent in Fam. 1, and Cicero himself in Fam. 15 were provincial governors. In dwelling on this province on the periphery of Roman power shortly before it was dissolved into other provinces and placed under the administrative control of the emperor, these letter books represent the enclosure of late republican space, and the marking off of the Roman from the non-Roman world at the point in historical time that ad Fam. delineates. However, the spatial concerns of these books extend beyond geopolitical forms of enclosure to encompass social forms of alienation and inclusion as well, as both Cicero and Lentulus experience their proconsular tenures as forms of exile and/or social exclusion from the factional political scene in Rome. This chapter considers how the act of positioning these letter books at opposite ends of the collection has the effect of writing Lentulus and Cicero in the mirror image of each other and draws out the implications of this resemblance for the collection that these letter books enclose.
Prison History and Private Prisons
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D.
Published: November 2024

In this chapter, readers of this new edition will find a new chapter containing a host of information that was not present in the first edition of the book. This chapters provides a backdrop to the modern Western prison system, looking specifically at how inmates have for centuries been profit centers for those who desire to make quick, easy money. The chapter discusses the history of both public and private prisons to give readers a more complete understanding of how prisons have been used in the past, so that it may enlighten their perspective on the present and the future.
World War I and Its Aftermath
Authors: Grymes James A. , Kusz Veronika
Published: November 2024

At the beginning of World War I, Dohnányi returned to Budapest, where he proudly sent his sister word of the son he had just had with actress Elsa Galafrés, who would later become his second wife. Dohnányi joined the faculty of the Academy of Music and proposed sweeping reforms to the curriculum that were ultimately rejected. During the political turmoil that followed World War I, Dohnányi was named director of the academy, instead of the long-standing violin professor Jenő Hubay, but was unable to implement his reforms before being removed as director by a new political regime. It was during this period that he testified on behalf of Zoltán Kodály for the Academy of Music disciplinary board. Dohnányi would not immediately return to the academy, but would instead continue to build his international reputation as a pedagogue and performer with interviews and other writings.
Serbia and the Serbs Before the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Medieval Serbia arose with the Roman Empire’s decline and the accompanying migrations of so-called barbarians—Slavs and Serbs—into Roman territory. It rose to become the most powerful state in the Balkans by the first half of the fourteenth century, then declined, finally disappearing from the map of Europe when conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the mid-fifteenth. The modern Serbian state that arose in the early nineteenth century was not straightforwardly the continuation of medieval Serbia, but the latter left a foundation on which the former could be built. The long Ottoman occupation added a layer to this foundation, decisively shaping the character of the eventual modern nation-state.
The Serbian Uprisings
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Modern Serbia arose from the Sanjak of Smederevo. This Ottoman administrative unit roughly corresponded to the region of Šumadija, modern Serbia’s heartland. The social, economic and geopolitical circumstances of this region, on the Habsburg Empire’s border, combined explosively: its Orthodox Serbs were increasingly oppressed, exploited and fractious yet retained the residual communal autonomy granted them by the Ottomans—a starting point for their bid for statehood. Meanwhile, across the border in Austria, Serb national life flourished. Austria, which since 1687 incorporated Hungary and which in 1804 would be formally constituted as the Empire of Austria, served as a wrecking ball to weaken Ottoman rule in the sanjak while mobilizing Serbs to fight it. These factors produced a revolution in the sanjak in the first two decades of the nineteenth century. Historiography traditionally divides this into the First and Second Serbian Uprisings, though they formed a continuous process of resistance divided by a briefly successful episode of Ottoman repression. The revolution resulted in a reborn Serbian statehood, that began as little more than limited autonomy based on the existing Ottoman framework and its traditional Serb institutions, whose enhancement the Ottomans permitted so as to re-establish order.
The Constitutionalist Era
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

The Constitutionalist regime presided over the birth of a Rechtsstaat involving constitutional government, a modern bureaucracy and full private property rights. Yet this involved the oligarchy and bureaucracy growing culturally apart from the peasantry, dividing Serbia into distinct worlds of elite and people. This division would increasingly influence Serbian politics as the century progressed. Serbia’s transformation in this period was accelerated by its increasing integration into the wider European world— diplomatically, economically and culturally. This found expression in the birth of modern nationalism, pioneered by Ilija Garašanin with his “Plan” and his military intervention to defend the Habsburg Serbs. Nationalism was the preoccupation of Serbs, such as Garašanin and Vuk Karadžić, who had been educated abroad or exposed to foreign ideas. Serbia’s intervention against the Hungarians marked its emergence as an independent international actor and catalyzed the development of its officer corps and military industry along modern European lines. These social, economic and cultural changes provoked a populist backlash against the regime that fueled an opposition combining conservative oligarchs, the Obrenović dynasty’s supporters and a new faction in Serbian politics: the liberals.
Liberals, Socialists and Nationalism from Below
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Prince Mihailo's shift by 1867 to a more moderate, flexible foreign policy, ready to achieve Serbia’s national goals through collaboration with the Habsburg Empire, made Liberal disillusionment with him complete. His domestic policy having also created many losers from among the old Obrenovićite camp, his regime was faced by 1867–1868 with a dangerously burgeoning domestic opposition. This catalyzed a split in the ruling elite between the Conservatives and a new Court Liberal faction, while from the ranks of the Liberal-nationalist opposition a more radical socialist-nationalist current emerged. Mihailo’s assassination, though executed by fringe malcontents, expressed the strong, widespread opposition to his regime that had developed by 1868. The split that had emerged in it between Conservatives and Court Liberals enabled the latter to take power after his death, through controlling the army and appeasing the desire for liberal constitutional reform, resulting in a new constitution and establishment of controlled parliamentarism. Yet this did not quell pressure for more radical change. The nationalism of the opposition, first Liberal, then socialist, not only demanded a more aggressive reckoning with the Ottoman enemy but was directed against Serbia’s own governing institutions created since the 1830s and against cultural Westernization of its elite.
A Royal ‘Honour Killing’
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

The conspiracy to murder King Aleksandar and Queen Draga united civilian conspirators, who came predominantly from the authoritarian and anti-democratic or at least anti-Radical segment of the elite, and younger officer-conspirators who reflected a paradoxical synthesis: as children of Milan's army, they inherited his elitism and contempt for political parties, constitutionalism and democracy, but as restless young men they imbibed the zeitgeist from the contemporary opposition press, with its ferocious hostility to the notion of royal tyranny and often demagogic championing of the idea of liberty. Formally, the conspirators did not seek a military dictatorship but embraced the demands of the legal opposition to the regime, for constitutional and parliamentary government. In practice, the conspiracy incubated a force in Serbian politics that would obstruct this. The brutal 1903 putsch, catalyzed by extreme misogyny, marked the end not only of the Obrenović dynasty but also of the political traditions represented by the civilian conspirators and their friends. All future court regimes in Serbia were based on alliances with elements of the Radicals. Though the civilian conspirators dominated the first post-putsch government, none played a significant role in Serbian politics thereafter. The military conspirators, by contrast, would play a decisive role.
Radical–Conspirator Condominium
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Following the 1903 putsch, power in Serbia was inherited firstly by the military conspirators who had executed the putsch, secondly by the Radical party. In the putsch’s immediate aftermath, the Radicals still enjoyed the support of most of Serbia’s population. Meanwhile the conspirators formally obtained key positions in the army and informally established control over the entire officer corps. The initial collaboration and later conflict of the two factions determined the course of Serbian politics in this period. The Radical party completed its division into two separate parties—the “Old” Radicals and Independent Radicals. Its electoral hegemony was consequently replaced by a bitter rivalry between these two fractions. The domestic struggle became also a struggle over international alignment. Austria- Hungary supported the conspirators in opposition to the pro-Russian, pro-French Radicals, while conservative Serbian politicians supported Austria-Hungary as the Radicals’ enemy. The period 1903–1914 has been idealistically viewed as the “golden age” of Serbian parliamentary democracy. But the reality was military interference in parliamentary politics and the army’s politicization. With Old Radicals and Independents regularly accusing each other of capitulating to Austria-Hungary, governments found it difficult to manage foreign policy independently of nationalist public opinion.
The Balkan Wars and the Road to World War I
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

The 1903 putsch ended the long struggle over Serbia’s constitutional order, allowing Serbia’s political classes to focus on pursuing national goals. Radical ideology increasingly diverged between a conservative, Old Radical, “Great Serbian” current favoring national unification through imposition of Serbia’s political order on the other South Slav lands, and a progressivist, Independent Radical, “Yugoslav” current viewing South Slav unification as an opportunity to transcend the old order in Serbia and the other South Slav lands alike. The Independents’ Yugoslavism reflected their opposition to the Old Radicals’ hegemony in Serbia and their desire to find new allies against it from among the South Slavs outside Serbia. Meanwhile, Radical governments’ pursuit of national goals faced rivalry and interference from the Black Hand, making a sober foreign policy, in an increasingly fraught international climate, ever harder to maintain. Serbia’s victory in the Balkan Wars, involving its acquisition of a large territory in the Sanjak, Kosovo and Macedonia, catalyzed the power struggle between the Radicals and the Black Hand, by expanding its arena. Serbia’s expansion heightened Austro-Hungarian enmity, yet Pašić could not navigate this situation successfully because he could not restrain the Black Hand. The Sarajevo assassination and war with Austria-Hungary were the result.
The Promise of the Afcfta
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

The existing size of the African market is often underappreciated. Measured in purchasing power parities, the African economy is collectively already the 4th largest in the world. But because the continent does not function as a single entity, its firms and farmers are placed at a disadvantage. Scale economies and large firms continue to dominate many sectors of the global economy. By removing the constraint of domestic market size and opening firms up to the opportunities of a larger regional one, the AfCFTA can provide the right environment for African companies to upscale their activities. Success in trade tends to be through exporting new products, not by simply increasing the volume of existing exports. Whereas there are only limited opportunities to diversify through exporting to the rest of the world, within the continent, there is a far greater chance of successful diversification through “going the regional route” through the AfCFTA. The chapter also makes some reflections too about the feasibility of “recapturing the domestic market” at the continental level, particularly in agro-processing.
What the Studies Say on the Afcfta’s Impact—And how to Interpret Them
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Chapter 11 provides a “user’s guide” to the quantitative studies that have been published in recent years on the AfCFTA’s impact on trade and economic growth. Diverse methodologies have been employed, showing a fairly wide range of results. The authors critically review those studies, and summarize their findings. The authors also stress that there is ample post-hoc evidence on the impact of other comparable regional schemes, which can provide useful insights. Because of the declining dependence on tariffs as a source of tax revenue, tariff revenue losses from the implementation of the AfCFTA should be manageable for the vast majority of African countries.
The Free Movement Protocol
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Free movement is commonly recognized as the handmaiden of greater cross-border trade and investment. A greater mobility of labor across the continent will also help address skill shortages, contribute to a faster rate of economic growth and reduce unemployment. Creating a regional labor market will help reduce the number of workers who are unemployed or underemployed due to a lack of available jobs that match their skills. Additionally, it can assist employers find workers with the specific skills they need. Particularly for the millions of under- and unemployed young people on the continent, this is arguably the greatest gift that the AfCFTA can give them. Without the implementation of the Free Movement Protocol, the AfCFTA will be firing on three cylinders, not four. Yet thus far, this protocol has not enjoyed such strong support as the AfCFTA itself, with just 4 countries having ratified it—far short of the 15 needed so that the protocol can enter into its implementation stage.
Help Not Hinder
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

While parts of the donor community have provided technical support and generously financed Africa’s integrational agenda in the past, their own agendas have left an indelible mark on continental integration, often stressing the wrong things and detracting attention from the core objective of raising the level of intra-African trade and investment. This includes placing an excessive emphasis on trade facilitation for SMEs at the expense of the more promising middle-sized and larger firms responsible for the bulk of intra-African trade. International partners have also recently been pushing bilateral trade deals which risk undermining the coherence of the AfCFTA. A better agenda would be for external parties to promote more diversified FDI into the productive sectors of the continent—in high-valued services, agriculture and, crucially, in manufacturing. Producing in Africa for the burgeoning African market would play a much more decisive roll in accelerating continental integration. The chapter also argues in favor of taking greater heed of the plentiful empirical evidence on what is more effective in terms of promoting integration—particularly with regard to the importance of better infrastructural provisions and support for trade facilitation.
Love in the Time of Scholarship
Authors: Venkatkrishnan Anand
Published: November 2024

Where is the life in scholarly life? Is it possible to find life in academic writing, so otherwise abstracted from everyday life? How might religion bridge that gap? This book explores these questions in the intellectual history of a popular Hindu scripture, the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. It shows that Brahmin intellectuals writing in Sanskrit were neither impervious to the quotidian religious practices of bhakti, or love for God, nor uninterested in its politics of language and caste. They supported, contested, and repurposed the social commentary of bhakti even in highly technical works of Sanskrit knowledge. Their personal religious commitments featured in a language and a genre of writing that deliberately isolated itself from worldly matters. The religion of bhakti bound together the transregional discourse of Sanskrit learning and the local devotional practices of everyday people, although not in a top-down manner. Instead, vernacular ways of being, believing, and belonging in the world could and did reshape the contours of Sanskrit intellectuality. The book also revisits the historiography of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa to expand our knowledge of the many different religious and philosophical communities that interpreted and laid claim to the themes of the text. While most commonly associated with the traditions of Vaiṣṇavism, the Bhāgavata was also studied by Śaivas, Śāktas, and others on the periphery of the text’s history.
The Pulse Beneath The Page
Authors: Venkatkrishnan Anand
Published: November 2024

The introduction contextualizes this study of scholarly life in comparative studies of early modern intellectual history, the systems of Sanskrit knowledge in precolonial India, and the historiography of bhakti in Hinduism. Between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries, the religion of bhakti introduced subtle, differentiated, and identifiable changes in the conventions of Brahmin scholarly life. Vernacular, quotidian practices, such as singing the name of God or storytelling in public spaces, filtered into the forbidding world of Sanskrit scholastic writing. By reading bhakti from the bottom up, the chapter shows that Sanskrit śāstra was reshaped by the presence of those on its margins. Provincializing Brahmanism in this way requires a reappraisal of the textual orientation of Indology and learning from fields of knowledge that work at the limits of the archive. This playful mode of philological study can be called “subtextual reading.”
Threads of bhakti
Authors: Venkatkrishnan Anand
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines Sanskrit scholastic engagement with the Bhakti Sūtras of Śāṇḍilya, arguing that they most likely do not predate the sixteenth century. The Bhakti Sūtras became the object of study primarily among Advaita Vēdāntins, who were known for their emphasis on nondual knowledge, or jñāna, which is often contrasted with bhakti, loving an embodied God. The writings of Nārāyaṇa Tīrtha, a protégé of the more famous Advaitin Madhusūdana Sarasvatī, and of Bhāskararāya, a South Indian Śākta intellectual, demonstrate a more wide-ranging intersection between bhakti and Advaita. Bhakti also reconfigured their understanding of several systems of knowledge, including yōga and Tantra. The chapter argues that instead of assuming the coherence of Advaita Vēdānta and singling out those who deviate from a norm, we might be better served to consider the tradition itself fragmented and fractured, which will allow us to be more expansive in our reading practices.
Conclusion
Authors: Venkatkrishnan Anand
Published: November 2024

The conclusion establishes an analogy between the scholars studied in this book and those of the present by focusing on the author’s scholarly practice and how he came to write this book. The same methods by which one may understand the social history of Indian intellectual culture—attention to individual style, social spaces, subtextual and paratextual comments—apply to this work as well. This metatextual commentary suggests that reflecting on what goes into scholarship in the present may illuminate the past. Everyday life has always filtered into the forbidding world of academic discourse. Understanding it in the present makes its past versions seem less foreign.
Blurring Boundaries
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores the blurred boundaries of art and life as presented in Harold and the Purple Crayon. It highlights the book’s central innovation: the central character creates his universe. It notes that the line between fantasy and reality is a central theme of Crockett Johnson’s comic strip, Barnaby (1942–1952), and is a particular focus of the strip in the late 1940s, when it often seemed more interested in blurring the boundary between real and imagined events. The chapter cites a four-year-old reader’s review of Harold and the Purple Crayon as an expression of how people’s imaginings can become real, and how the book’s blurring of the boundary between art and life that pulls the reader into the story.
One, Two, Three Dimensions; or, “And the moon went with him”
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the shifting number dimensions of Harold and the Purple Crayon. Due to the stylistic consistency of Crockett Johnson’s clear line, Harold and his artwork all inhabit the same reality—unlike in Winky-Dink wherein the children’s scribbly drawing separates the artist from the medium. The chapter explains how Harold creates the illusion of three dimensions in what has been two-dimensional space. It finds an answer in the role of the moon—a companion, guiding light, and constant visual motif in Harold and the Purple Crayon. The differing numbers of dimensions do not seem inconsistent or out-of-place because the moon helps trick readers into seeing these scenes in three-dimensional space.
The Moon
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the significance of the moon in Harold and the Purple Crayon. In the Harold books, the phases and glow of the moon become dependable and reassuring, making the moon an ideal nighttime companion. Crockett Johnson spent more waking hours with the moon than most people do and often drew his comic strips or children’s books as moonlight streamed through his window. The chapter then explains that the moon itself does not become a narrative interest for Johnson until he begins thinking about the possibility of space travel.
Color, Part I
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the color choices in Harold and the Purple Crayon, noting that brown colored Harold’s outline, the type, the cover, and much of his own daily life: Johnson typically wore brown clothes. Additionally, Johnson understood that color is about relationships, allowing him to create nighttime on a white page. The chapter explains how the white page lightens the mood, and allows the purple crayon to pop. It then elaborates on how, in the book, language and props create reality.
Narrative & Perspective
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the narrative and perspective within Harold and the Purple Crayon. Using the term “short cut” as an example, it shows how the narrative style invites the readers to adopt Harold’s perspective. In voicing Harold’s thoughts, apparently while Harold is thinking them, Crockett Johnson’s narrator creates an emotional intimacy between the reader and the boy, encouraging them to imagine Harold imagining. The chapter also identifies the narration as a “kind of” free indirect discourse because its diction and perspective exceed that of the 3-year-old protagonist.
Humor
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter considers the humor in Harold and the Purple Crayon. Crockett Johnson’s jokes frequently arrives via language that oscillates between adults’ and children’s perspectives or gestures. The chapter posits that humor emerges less in the books’ art because Johnson rarely indulges in the exaggerations of visual caricature. Johnson’s approach of writing humor for adults results in the youngest readers missing some of the Harold books’ humor, but enjoying the books does not depend upon readers getting every joke. The chapter explains that the idiosyncrasies of a child’s logic, another recurring source of humor in the books, are never delivered in a way that invites laughter at young people.
Windows, Part II
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter returns to windows via the view from Crockett Johnson’s desk as he wrote Harold and the Purple Crayon. It suggests that Johnson’s location influenced Harold’s adventures, even if the visual experience of immersing oneself in a Harold book is very different from the experience of being in Johnson’s house. The house’s physical presence creates a context of imagining its former residents, but the blank page lacks the context to jog a memory or attempt to correlate with a photo. The chapter explains that Harold’s purple minimalism offers enough specificity to distinguish between things but not enough to trigger realistic specificity.
The Big Picture
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses the big picture presented in Harold and the Purple Crayon. It contends that Crockett Johnson thinks and draws with the precision of a mathematician because he was an amateur mathematician. To present a precise, carefully laid-out landscape of Harold’s apparently spontaneous creation, Johnson must have mapped it all out in advance and then decided which moments to reveal on each page. The chapter then explains how Johnson helped with Gene Deitch’s animation of Harold’s Fairy Tale. Johnson’s Harold books are so meticulously designed that the films could only deliver the magic of Harold’s crayon by animating in reverse.
Translating Harold
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores some differences in translations of Harold and the Purple Crayon. The current Swedish edition calls the protagonist Harald, while he is Tullemand in Danish. Meanwhile, instead of crayons in German, Harold uses magic chalk. Even the color of the crayon changes: red in German and Swedish, pink in French. The differences are neither flaws nor the result of a careless translator, whose job is to find the intended effect of the original in the new language.
Dream or Nightmare?
Authors: Nel Philip
Published: November 2024

This chapter wonders whether, since Harold never leaves the imaginary realm in Harold and the Purple Crayon, the book should be read as more nightmare than dream? Even though Harold’s imagination will always provide a furnished dwelling, a hand-drawn house on a flat page is the only home Harold has in this seven-book series. The book begins and ends with paradoxes which invite readers to dwell in these contradictions, but somehow not to dwell on them. It suggests that Harold’s ability to find a home in nothingness challenges the readers to confront their blank canvases, dream, and think.
Somaliland
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter recounts Ismay’s military service in the British Somaliland Protectorate from 1914 to 1920. It gives the background to British rule in Somaliland and to the actions of Mullah Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, the leader of an insurgency and known to the British press and public as “the Mad Mullah”. It narrates Ismay’s role as an officer in the Somaliland Camel Corps and describes the major operations in which he participated. It also describes Ismay’s immense frustration at being prevented from leaving Somaliland to fight in the major campaigns of the First World War and his resulting depression. It details the major operation in which Ismay led the Camel Corps and for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
Apprenticeship
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the appointments which Ismay successively held between 1920 and 1936, all of which were part of the process of learning his trade as a staff officer. It recounts his attendance at both the Army staff college at Quetta and the Royal Air Force staff college at Andover, his logistics appointment at Headquarters India and his selection as an assistant secretary at the prestigious Committee of Imperial Defence in London—the appointment that first brought him to the notice of senior military officers and ministers, including Churchill. It describes his subsequent appointment as military secretary to Viceroy Willingdon in India, and his return to London in 1933 for a three-year appointment as a colonel in the military intelligence directorate of the War Office working for Major General John Dill.
Introduction
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: November 2024

The US Supreme Court was the most powerful court in the world when it was established in the late 1700s. Until recently, it had no competitors for the title. The Court “is justly regarded by all lawyers as the most august tribunal upon earth,” one popular magazine explained more than a century ago. This book is about how the Court acquired so much power, how it has retained its power in the face of repeated challenges, whether it has been as powerful in practice as in theory, and what it has done with its power over the years.
The Liberal Court
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: November 2024

From the late 1950s through the early 1970s, the Court interpreted the Constitution to guarantee a wide variety of individual rights that had not previously been recognized, rights that could now be wielded against the government by political and religious dissenters, by penniless criminal defendants, and by others who lacked influence in their own communities. This brief period of liberal constitutional reinterpretation lasted scarcely a decade and a half, but it produced some of the Court’s most famous—and still most controversial—decisions, including Engel v. Vitale (1962), which outlawed prayer in public schools; Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which placed strict limits on the power of the police to obtain confessions from suspects; and Roe v. Wade (1973), which recognized a constitutional right to abortion.
New Paths to the Court
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: November 2024

The Supreme Court changed in some important ways in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. New kinds of people became justices, as concern for racial and gender diversity supplanted the earlier interest in regional and religious diversity. The process for selecting them changed, as nominations and confirmations came to resemble political campaigns. And as the justices were taking new paths to the Court, so were the cases, as the sheer volume of work required the Court to make some significant adjustments to its personnel and to its working procedures. In each of these respects, changes at the Court reflected changes in the world outside.
Eternal Hacking
Authors: Blake David Haven
Published: November 2024

As “Benito Cereno” and Clarel suggest, Melville remained interested in dismemberment as an image of the body politic after Moby-Dick. Having lost an arm and leg fighting for Mexican independence, Clarel’s Don Hannibal laments the New World’s democratic progress, but he has none of Ahab’s aggrievement, nor the will to power that it creates. The chapter argues that scholars should reject Cold War readings of Ahab, not to de-emphasize his authoritarianism but to view him as an explicitly American threat. At the same time, it rejects the Cold War tendency to present Ishmael as a quintessential democrat, especially considering his detachment from the politics of slavery and expansionism. Turning to “Benito Cereno,” the discussion juxtaposes Babo and Fedallah, two loosely Islamicized men whose corpses gaze into the eyes of a shaken white power. The chapter concludes by discussing the wooden prosthesis that Ahab wears during his final battle.
Lifeworlds in Crisis
Authors: Behrends Andrea
Published: November 2024

The continuing Darfur War has caused mass displacement since 2003, with hundreds of thousands driven from their homes and many forced into refugee camps in western Sudan and neighboring Chad. Building on twenty years of research in the region, Andrea Behrends tracks the repercussions of this conflict—sometimes referred to as the “first genocide of the twenty-first century”—for those living through it: those who stayed put, those who fled from rural areas to towns, those who moved to refugee camps, and those who fought. Telling the story of everyday survival on the Chad–Sudan border, an area central to state politics in the larger region, her account sheds light on how people create belonging, exchange knowledge, develop new practices and build futures in the face of extreme uncertainty. Departing from the focus on large-scale humanitarian and military interventions associated with “states of emergency”, Behrends highlights the forms of cooperation and mutual knowledge production that emerge on the ground in these lifeworlds in crisis. She combines meticulous ethnographic description with theoretically grounded arguments to offer a pioneering study of how individuals have anticipated, survived and adapted to recurring crises and war in one of the world’s most economically marginalized regions.
Clearly, they are ‘internally displaced persons’
Authors: Behrends Andrea
Published: November 2024

Moving the perspective from the direct borderlands to the UNHCR refugee camps a bit further inland, the book’s second part starts with a reflection on the way the “refugee category” affects politics. It focuses firstly on the interaction of the borderland’s population with international aid agencies. In this situation, aid functions as a driver of new modes of belonging and difference among those receiving and resisting aid. This chapter explores knowledge systems and the practice of regulation within the world of aid by continuing with the opening story about the list (of Part I), drawn up by the villagers during wartime,to recapture the author’s encounters with a number of aid agencies and their respective, varied reactions. The chapter also considers competition among aid agencies and how these actors also categorize each other and the people they target.
Conclusion
Authors: Behrends Andrea
Published: November 2024

By engaging the concept of emplacement, the concluding chapter aligns the book’s analytical results of lifeworlds in crisis with a brief review of the relevant literature on how people stay and continue to live in precarious and uncertain places. It also takes account of a personal conclusion regarding getting involved in each other’s lives, and about what crisis made visible. To follow up on the way knowledge is productive in situations of uncertainty, how it constantly changes and relates to human practice in the context of lifeworlds in crisis, is reiterated as the prime incentive for this book.
Thomas Howard and the Character of English Violence During the Reign of Henry Viii
Authors: Murphy Neil
Published: November 2024

The chapter examines the use of violence against civilians by Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, who was one of Henry VIII’s leading generals. Over the course of almost four decades, Howard employed a military strategy which was based on the use of extreme violence against civilian populations. In France, Scotland and Ireland, he implemented a military strategy based on the extensive use of scorched earth which was aimed at depopulating entire regions of populations who were labelled “rebels”. As well as considering the ruination of the countryside and the sack of towns, this chapter examines the use of sexual violence against women as well as the killing of children. It situates Howard’s action within both contemporary European laws of war and a colonial context.
Violence in Scotland the British Army and Government After Culloden
Authors: Pittock Murray
Published: November 2024

This chapter goes beyond the well-rehearsed scholarship concerning atrocities in the wake of the battle. It identifies the global implications of the Forty-Five, noting that men from 18 regiments which had fought one another at Fontenoy were on the field at Culloden, and placing both the Rising and its imperial legacy in the shape of the Acadian deportations in the context of the imperial struggle over Canada. The Army’s desire to implement a Cromwellian “Irish” policy of population transplantation and summary execution was nullified by British political pressure, but the military struggle to control the institutions of Scottish governance and society throughout the whole of the country continued deep into the 1750s, until population transplantation in Canada was accompanied by extensive Scottish recruitment to fight the French there.
‘You Have Not Had a Sufficient Number Killed and Wounded’1
Authors: Lambert Andrew
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the conduct of two successful British Baltic campaigns in the Crimean War in 1854 and 1856. It argues the classic “British Way of Warfare”, maritime economic warfare, blockades to stop trade, backed by naval combat and limited power projection against hostile naval bases, resulted in very few casualties among civilians, or British personnel. This strategy was a deliberate policy choice, to minimize casualties among non-Russian populations, and a striking contrast to the violence against civilians, both deliberate and random, that occurred in other campaigns examined in this book. War at sea minimizes civilian involvement, especially that of women and children, and some claim this renders it more “humane”. These campaigns had an important role in defeating Russia.
The Blockade in the First World War
Authors: Cox Mary Elisabeth
Published: November 2024

During the First World War, the Allied Blockade of Germany, (also known as the British Blockade) stopped goods, including food and fertilizer, from entering Germany. It is estimated that these actions resulted in the deaths of some 424,000 – 763,000 civilians, or 0.5 – 1% of the population. While the actions of the British government were legal, for some it was an immoral and diplomatic embarrassment given the recent 1909 Declaration of London. Over the past century, arguments in support of the Allied Blockade have included the likely fact that Germany, with its submarine warfare, would have issued a similarly devastating blockade on Britain if it had been possible, and that technological changes in weaponry would have made a traditional close blockade of Germany impossible. This episode suggests that deadly violence that is inflicted slowly through nutritional deprivation and blockades may be easier for the international community to accept than instantaneous violence.
Creating a Deeper State
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: November 2024

The government’s lack of will to reform and strengthen the police and the judiciary resulted in a persistently high level of criminality and corruption. The ruling party was so tainted that it had a vested interest in weakening the police and the judiciary. While RTI activists were among the last whistleblowers, they were also among the first casualties of corruption and the criminalization of politics. The kind of state that the BJP started to create in Gujarat was “deeper” than its predecessor because it relied not only on forms of surveillance but also on Hindu vigilante groups which imposed a de facto Hindu Rashtra (state or nation) on the ground by exerting a form of cultural policing.
Personal Power Versus Hindutva’s Collegiality
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: November 2024

Narendra Modi managed to concentrate power in his hands very quickly in the first half of the 2000s. The first group to fall in line was the bureaucracy. Indian civil servants considered that they could not resist their political masters easily because they could be transferred, penalized, and even dismissed. The conquest of the Gujarat state BJP was more difficult, not only because state party leaders resisted, but also because they were supported by personalities within the RSS. Modi surmounted all these opponents, including Keshubhai Patel and ultimately exerted a largely personal authority after developing a parallel power structure and building networks that allowed him to relate directly to the people, and to rely on local bodies (including municipal corporations and cooperatives).