bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advanced Powder Feeding Device for Use in Gas/Solid Plasma Synthesis and Processing Applications
Authors: Giacobbe F. W.
Published: March 2011

A series of powder feeders, developed during the course of an experimental study involving the synthesis of carbon monoxide from pure carbon and carbon dioxide, have been described in detail. The most efficient and reliable of these powder feeders was capable of continuously producing uniform mixtures of powdered carbon entrained in carbon dioxide gas. This device was also capable of producing a relatively wide range of solid/ gas mixture ratios (from about 0.8 to 3.2 g/l) at carbon dioxide gas flow rates between 75 and 200 1/min. In addition, it was relatively easy to vary and control solid/gas mixture ratios and gas flow rates using this powder feeder. Similar powder feeders may be useful in other thermal plasma synthesis or processing applications as well as in other applications requiring accurately blended mixtures of gases and powdered solids
A Critical Analysis of Proposed Plasma Jet Models to Predict Temperature and Velocity Profiles
Authors: Wei Daniel Y.C. , Farouk Bakhtier , Apelian Diran
Published: March 2011

The prediction of temperature and fluid flow associated with a d.c. plasma jet exiting from the nozzle has been an important issue for-some years. Modeling efforts have mainly relied on incompressible flow formulations and various turbulence models to predict the d.c. plasma at atmospheric conditions. The primary assumption of such models is that the plasma is in local thermodynamic equilibrium, steady state, and that no other species from the ambient are entrained. In the subsonic parabolic approach, the plasma is treated as a free jet with no downstream influence on the upstream calculations. The elliptic approach needs conditions to bespecified along all boundaries, and calculations are dependent on the extent of the solutiondomain and the exit boundary conditions.

Very few attempts have been made to model plasma jets which are supersonic upon exiting the nozzle. The problem is important due to the advantages of low pressure plasma deposition but is complex and difficult to analyze. Specifically one has to acount for compressibility and viscous dissipation effects. Off-design operating conditions (over or underexpanded conditions) greatly influence and complicate the plasma temperature and velocity profiles.
Design and Commissioning of a Continuous Transferred ARC Plasma Melter for the Vitrification of Nuclear Waste
Authors: Munz R. J. , Chen G. Q.
Published: March 2011

A 40-kW transferred arc plasma melter has been designed and constructed to test the potential of this type of system for the vitrification of high level nuclear waste. Present technology relies on joule or induction heaters which are limited in operating temperature and are characterized by large liquid holdup and long residence times. The use of a plasma melter will allow the production of higher melting glasses and glass ceramics which are more durable and leach resistant in underground storage. The use of a plasma greatly decreases residence times in the heater and may even reduce the loss of volatiles by control of the melting atmosphere and continuous removal of the product as a solid ingot. Standard borosilicate glass has been melted with continuous withdrawal of product in a series of commissioning runs.
Modeling Turbulence in a Thermal Plasma Reactor
Authors: Varacalle D. J. , Reynolds L. E. , Shaw C. B.
Published: March 2011

Numerical models describing the plasma physics in the column and plume of a nontransferred, dc arc torch were used in conjunction with two experiments to quantify the extent of turbulence in the free plume. Numerical predictions were made by solving the governing conservation equations with suitable boundary conditions. The solutions indicate a high temperature, high velocity region starting at the anode which decays rapidly as the plume interacts with the atmosphere. The turbulent viscosity is predicted to be up to 140 times higher than the molecular viscosity at specific locations. Modeling results for the plume compare favorably with spectroscopic temperature measurements, and with the cone angles measured with holographic interferometry, which quantifies the amount of turbulence in the plume.
Taxonomic Revision of the Oriental Planthopper Genus Putala, with Description of a New Species and Resurrection of the Genus Avephora (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Dictyopharidae)
Authors: Song Zhi-Shun , Liang Ai-Ping
Published: March 2011

There has been confusion regarding the taxonomy and distribution of species in the dictyopharid planthopper genus PutalaMelichar, 1903. Based on critical review and examination of parts of type material, Putala is revised and restricted in southern Asia of the Oriental region. Three Putala species are recognized in the genus, including a new species: Putala maculata Distant, 1906; Putala rostrataMelichar, 1903; and Putala spinula sp. nov. The genus Avephora Bierman stat. rev. is resurrected from synonymy with Dictyophara Germar, 1833 and reestablished here as a valid genus. Four recognized Avephora species are Avephora eugeniae (Stål, 1859) comb. nov.; Avephora brachycephala (Distant, 1906) comb, nov.; Avephora rugosa (Shakila-Mushtaq, 1991) comb. nov.; and Avephora hazarensis (Shakila-Mushtaq, 1991) comb. nov.; the latter three species are from Putala. One new generic and two new specific synonyms are suggested: AvephoraBierman, 1910= ElectryoneKirkaldy, 1913 syn. nov.; Avephora eugeniae (Stål, 1859) comb. nov. = Electryone macaonicaKirkaldy, 1913 syn. nov.; and Philotheria apicemaculata (Stål, 1855) = Putala figurata (Gerstaecker, 1895 nec. Singh-Pruthi, 1925) syn. nov. Photographs of all species of Putala and parts of Avephora are presented. Descriptions of the two genera and their included species are provided together with structural illustrations of male genitalia. Distribution map and keys to the species of the both genera are provided. First description and illustration of male genitalia as well as photograph of Philotheria apicata (Melichar) also are provided to distinguish it easily from Putala species.
Review of the Sharpshooter Genus Splonia, with Descriptions of Three New Submacropterous Species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae:Cicadellinae: Proconiini)
Authors: Takiya Daniela Maeda , Mejdalani Gabriel
Published: March 2011

Three new submacropterous species of SploniaSignoret, 1891 are described and illustrated: Splonia dietrichi (Peru, new record for the genus), Splonia flavoscutellata (Ecuador), and Splonia fritilla (Venezuela). A detailed redescription of the genus is given, including the first account of the female terminalia (based on S. fritilla). A key to males of the now six known Splonia species is provided.
A review of pelvic shield morphology in ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)
Authors: Arbour Victoria M. , Burns Michael E. , Currie Philip J.
Published: March 2011

The pelvic shield of ankylosaurian dinosaurs refers to an area of osteoderms lacking differentiated transverse bands over the pelvic region and it is used as a diagnostic character for various ankylosaur groups. The pelvic shield character varies across ankylosaur taxa but is typically coded as a binary character or is excluded from phylogenetic analyses, which obscures evolutionary trends and relationships. This study investigates for the first time pelvic shield morphology in a stratigraphic and geographic context. This paper comprehensively reviews pelvic shield morphology with firsthand observations of specimens, and proposes three categories of pelvic shield morphology. Category 1 pelvic shields have un-fused but tightly interlocking osteoderms. Category 2 pelvic shields have fused osteoderms forming rosettes and are restricted to the Late Jurassic to mid Cretaceous of North America and Europe. Category 3 pelvic shields have fused polygonal osteoderms of similar size, and are found in the mid- to Late Cretaceous of North America. Although the pelvic shield is used to characterize the Polacanthidae, an interpretation supported by this review, the validity of such a clade is dependent upon a global parsimony analysis incorporating this character. Future analyses of the Ankylosauria should incorporate a more detailed treatment of the pelvic shield to determine its diagnostic value within the group.
Global Health and the Global Economic Crisis
Authors: Benatar Solomon R. , Gill Stephen , Bakker Isabella
Published: March 2011

Although the resources and knowledge for achieving improved global health exist, a new, critical paradigm on health as an aspect of human development, human security, and human rights is needed. Such a shift is required to sufficiently modify and credibly reduce the present dominance of perverse market forces on global health. New scientific discoveries can make wide-ranging contributions to improved health; however, improved global health depends on achieving greater social justice, economic redistribution, and enhanced democratization of production, caring social institutions for essential health care, education, and other public goods. As with the quest for an HIV vaccine, the challenge of improved global health requires an ambitious multidisciplinary research program.
Using a Mixed-Methods Approach to Identify Health Concerns in an African American Community
Authors: Weathers Benita , Barg Frances K. , Bowman Marjorie , Briggs Vanessa , Delmoor Ernestine , Kumanyika Shiriki , Johnson Jerry C. , Purnell Joseph , Rogers Rodney , Halbert Chanita Hughes
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We used qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to identify the health concerns of African American residents in an urban community and analyzed the extent to which there were consistencies across methods in the concerns identified.

Methods. We completed 9 focus groups with 51 residents, 27 key informant interviews, and 201 community health surveys with a random sample of community residents to identify the health issues participants considered of greatest importance. We then compared the issues identified through these methods.

Results. Focus group participants and key informants gave priority to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, but most respondents in the community health survey indicated that sexually transmitted diseases, substance abuse, and obesity were conditions in need of intervention. How respondents ranked their concerns varied in the qualitative versus the quantitative methods.

Conclusions. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches simultaneously is useful in determining community health concerns. Although quantitative approaches yield concrete evidence of community needs, qualitative approaches provide a context for how these issues can be addressed. Researchers should develop creative ways to address multiple issues that arise when using a mixed-methods approach.
The Influence of Primary Care and Hospital Supply on Ambulatory Care–Sensitive Hospitalizations Among Adults in Brazil, 1999–2007
Authors: Macinko James , de Oliveira Veneza B. , Turci Maria A. , Guanais Frederico C. , Bonolo Palmira F. , Lima-Costa Maria F.
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We assessed the influence of changes in primary care and hospital supply on rates of ambulatory care–sensitive (ACS) hospitalizations among adults in Brazil.

Methods. We aggregated data on nearly 60 million public sector hospitalizations between 1999 and 2007 to Brazil's 558 microregions. We modeled adult ACS hospitalization rates as a function of area-level socioeconomic factors, health services supply, Family Health Program (FHP) availability, and health needs by using dynamic panel estimation techniques to control for endogenous explanatory variables.

Results. The ACS hospitalization rates declined by more than 5% annually. When we controlled for other factors, FHP availability was associated with lower ACS hospitalization rates, whereas private or nonprofit hospital beds were associated with higher rates. Areas with highest predicted ACS hospitalization rates were those with the highest private or nonprofit hospital bed supply and with low (< 25%) FHP coverage. The lowest predicted rates were seen for areas with high (> 75%) FHP coverage and very few private or nonprofit hospital beds.

Conclusions. These results highlight the contribution of the FHP to improved health system performance and reflect the complexity of the health reform processes under way in Brazil.
Hematopoietic Cell–Restricted Deletion of CD36 Reduces High-Fat Diet–Induced Macrophage Infiltration and Improves Insulin Signaling in Adipose Tissue
Authors: Nicholls Hayley T. , Kowalski Greg , Kennedy David J. , Risis Steve , Zaffino Lee A. , Watson Nadine , Kanellakis Peter , Watt Matthew J. , Bobik Alex , Bonen Arend , Febbraio Maria , Lancaster Graeme I. , Febbraio Mark A.
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE

The fatty acid translocase and scavenger receptor CD36 is important in the recognition and uptake of lipids. Accordingly, we hypothesized that it plays a role in saturated fatty acid–induced macrophage lipid accumulation and proinflammatory activation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In vitro, the effect of CD36 inhibition and deletion in lipid-induced macrophage inflammation was assessed using the putative CD36 inhibitor, sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO), and bone marrow–derived macrophages from mice with (CD36KO) or without (wild-type) global deletion of CD36. To investigate whether deletion of macrophage CD36 would improve insulin sensitivity in vivo, wild-type mice were transplanted with bone marrow from CD36KO or wild-type mice and then fed a standard or high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks.

RESULTS

SSO treatment markedly reduced saturated fatty acid–induced lipid accumulation and inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mice harboring CD36-specific deletion in hematopoietic-derived cells (HSC CD36KO) fed an HFD displayed improved insulin signaling and reduced macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue compared with wild-type mice, but this did not translate into protection against HFD-induced whole-body insulin resistance. Contrary to our hypothesis and our results using SSO in RAW264.7 macrophages, neither saturated fatty acid–induced lipid accumulation nor inflammation was reduced when comparing CD36KO with wild-type bone marrow–derived macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Although CD36 does not appear important in saturated fatty acid–induced macrophage lipid accumulation, our study uncovers a novel role for CD36 in the migration of proinflammatory phagocytes to adipose tissue in obesity, with a concomitant improvement in insulin action.
The index of insulin resistance (FIRI) is not associated with plasma homocysteine levels in young, non-obese healthy men and women
Authors: Czajkowska Anna , Lutosławska Grażyna , Mazurek Krzysztof , Ambroszkiewicz Jadwiga , Żmijewski Piotr
Published: March 2011

The index of insulin resistance (FIRI) is not associated with plasma homocysteine levels in young, non-obese healthy men and women

Study aim: To evaluate plasma homocysteine (Hcy), insulin and glucose levels in blood and the insulin resistance index (FIRI) in young, healthy non-obese men and women.

Material and methods: A total of 152 young, healthy, non-obese (BMI<30) men (n = 81) and women (n = 71) participated in the study. The following substances were assayed in blood using commercial kits: total plasma homocysteine by fluorescence polarisation immunoassay, plasma glucose - by the oxidase method, and insulin by radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibodies. From the latter two, the index of insulin resistance (FIRI) was computed.

Results: Mean plasma homocysteine concentration in men was significantly (p<0.001) higher than in women (10.3 ± 3.0 and 8.4 ± 2.4 μmol/l, respectively) and that of FIRI was significantly (p<0.001) lower than in women (1.310 ± 0.483 and 1.437 ± 0.420, respectively). Neither in men nor in women were plasma homocysteine concentrations correlated with FIRI.

Conclusions: Although no association between circulating homocysteine and FIRI was found in young, non-obese men and women, the existence of such association in Type 2 diabetes cannot be ruled out.
Changes of Dentario Glanduleosae-Fagetum Forest Stand in Roztocze National Park, South Eastern Poland from 1946 to 2001
Authors: Tracz Justyna
Published: March 2011

Roztocze Nation Park (RNP) is located in the central part of Roztocze, a hilly region in south-eastern Poland. The most important type of forest community in RNP is Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum. Potential and real vegetation, as well as forest stand maps were used to analyze changes of the age and species structure of beechwood stand from 1946 to 2001. Beechwoods were dominated by two species: fir and beech. During the last 50 years their proportion has entirely changed and the share of oldest groups of stand (over 120 years old) has increased significantly.
Application of Statistical Methods for Analysis of Agricultural Runoff Monitoring Data
Authors: Lagzdins Ainis , Jansons Viesturs
Published: March 2011

Application of Statistical Methods for Analysis of Agricultural Runoff Monitoring Data

The paper presents a study on water quality concerning nutrients in relation to the hydrological and meteorological conditions in three agricultural catchments in Latvia. Statistical analysis, i.e., descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's Rank-Order correlation and cumulative probability function has been used to quantify relationships between variables. Results of the study could be used to evaluate the impact of agricultural intensity on water quality.
Achene slime content in some taxa of Matricaria L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Inceer Huseyin
Published: March 2011

Achene slime content in some taxa ofMatricariaL. (Asteraceae)

The achenes ofMatricaria aureaand two varieties ofM. chamomilla(var.chamomillaand var.recutita) have slime cells on the surface and they are characterized by slime envelope formation during hydration. The slime in these taxa is composed of pectins and cellulose. The slime could play important role in the distribution and colonisation of new habitats inMatricariataxa.
Life Course as a Policy Lens: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: McDaniel Susan , Bernard Paul
Published: March 2011

This set of research studies on the life course as a policy lens springs from research and discussions over more than a year and a half among academic researchers and policy analysts. The six empirical studies in this special issue all rely on the life-course perspective to extend the reach of the perspective into areas with policy relevance that have not been examined previously with a life-course lens. The studies examine aboriginal health, social participation, housing instability and evictions, earnings trajectories, and late-life transitions. Key conclusions overall from the project are that (1) Canada may have an early lead in conceptual thinking on life course as a policy lens, giving us the momentum to push this advantage further; (2) the life-course perspective focuses less on individual trajectories and more on the ongoing interactions of individuals with social structures, particularly structures of inequality and life-course scripts; (3) the conceptualization of the life course as a tale of path dependency, gravity, and shocks focuses attention on social circumstances rather than on individual choices; (4) a life-course perspective for policy-makers is more realistic, more attuned to the reality experienced by social actors, and social actors accordingly recognize themselves in policies; and (5) the life-course perspective offers the possibility of making social actors, researchers, and policy-makers work more in tandem.
Alternative Music: Jazz and the Performative Resignification of Identity in Anthony Minghella's The Talented Mr. Ripley
Authors: Poluyko Kristen
Published: March 2011

This article examines issues of homosexuality, masculinity, class, and identity as they pertain to the Anthony Minghella's film, The Talented Mr. Ripley, particularly its troubled lead character, Tom Ripley. Through the use of jazz improvisation, I argue that Tom Ripley, Othered due to his homosexuality and class status, is able to performatively resignify himself as a heterosexual, masculine, upper-class Princeton graduate. Tom's improvised performance, which comes at a great sacrifice to himself and others, ultimately fails, however, and leads the film and its protagonist to a rather troubling conclusion.
Non-Linear Electrohydrodynamics in Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Zeng Jun
Published: March 2011

Since the inception of microfluidics, the electric force has been exploited as one of the leading mechanisms for driving and controlling the movement of the operating fluid and the charged suspensions. Electric force has an intrinsic advantage in miniaturized devices. Because the electrodes are placed over a small distance, from sub-millimeter to a few microns, a very high electric field is easy to obtain. The electric force can be highly localized as its strength rapidly decays away from the peak. This makes the electric force an ideal candidate for precise spatial control. The geometry and placement of the electrodes can be used to design electric fields of varying distributions, which can be readily realized by Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) fabrication methods. In this paper, we examine several electrically driven liquid handling operations. The emphasis is given to non-linear electrohydrodynamic effects. We discuss the theoretical treatment and related numerical methods. Modeling and simulations are used to unveil the associated electrohydrodynamic phenomena. The modeling based investigation is interwoven with examples of microfluidic devices to illustrate the applications.
Une lecture de Rainer Maria Rilke
Authors: Rey Maurice
Published: March 2011

Résumé La voyance, au cœur de la parole de la poésie et de la cure, est faite de regard et d’hallucination ; elle est vacillation, non seulement certitude. Avec l’Ouvert, Rilke nous rappelle qu’elle n’est pas seulement présentification d’objets et de relations, mais d’espaces. L’expérience dont il témoigne en poésie est une expérience première/limite, proche de celles qui donnent encore sa spécificité au travail psychanalytique au-delà de toute thérapie. Mais en poésie comme dans la cure, suffit-il, comme il l’écrit aussi, de nommer les choses du quotidien pour faire face à la terreur, de louer à l’Ange le monde et non pas l’indicible ? C’est là un retournement paradoxal du poète : ailleurs, il remarquait au contraire que notre regard ne faisait face qu’au monde, ce périssable où Narcisse se dilue et se perd dans son reflet au lieu de se contenir dans le vent de l’Ouvert et que nous tournions le dos à cet Espace inconnu, celui de l’Ange, mais qui, de tous ses yeux, voit la bête, elle que nous guettons et observons pour cela à quoi nous n’avons pas accès.
Freud et Goethe : affinités et souffrances endocryptiques
Authors: Hachet Pascal
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’hypothèse de la présence d’une crypte dans le Moi chez Freud (par Rand et Torok) et chez Goethe (par Ronell) permet de réinterroger la célèbre identification du fondateur de la psychanalyse au prince des lettres allemandes. L’auteur estime que Goethe a servi de médiateur culturel dans l’effort fait par Freud pour résoudre sa rypte, en vertu de similitudes multiples entre l’écrivain, l’oncle Joseph Freud (dont le forfait et le jugement jetèrent l’opprobre sur toute sa famille) et le maître viennois. La réception fantomatique de ces affinités cryptiques par divers psychanalystes est également examinée.
Cost of AF Ablation: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Khaykin Yaariv , Shamiss Yana
Published: March 2011

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common and frequently disabling chronic condition associated with significant patient morbidity and affecting an increasing stratum of our ageing society. Direct costs related to atrial fibrillation are comprised from direct cost of medical therapy, catheter ablation, and related hospitalizations and imaging procedures, with indirect costs related to complications of the primary therapeutic strategy, management of related conditions, as well as disability and loss in quality of life related to AF. Over the last decade, catheter ablation became a promising alternative to rate and rhythm control among symptomatic AF patients. The purpose of this paper is to describe the evidence on the financial implications related to ablation based on published data and authors' experience.
Proteomic Definitions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Maurer Martin H.
Published: March 2011

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells isolated from the bone marrow and various other organs. They are able to proliferate and self-renew, as well as to give rise to progeny of at least the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Despite this functional definition, MSCs can also be defined by their expression of a distinct set of cell surface markers. In the current paper, studies investigating the proteome of human MSCs are reviewed with the aim to identify common protein markers of MSCs. The proteomic analysis of MSCs revealed a distinct set of proteins representing the basic molecular inventory, including proteins for (i) cell surface markers, (ii) the responsiveness to growth factors, (iii) the reuse of developmental signaling cascades in adult stem cells, (iv) the interaction with molecules of the extracellular matrix, (v) the expression of genes regulating transcription and translation, (vi) the control of the cell number, and (vii) the protection against cellular stress.
Two Conditions on the Structure Jacobi Operator for Real Hypersurfaces in Complex Projective Space
Authors: Pérez Juan de Dios , Suh Young Jin
Published: March 2011

We classify real hypersurfaces in complex projective space whose structure Jacobi operator satisfies two conditions at the same time.
Who “Owns” the Euphronios Krater? Nationalism and Internationalism in the Protection of Archaeological Heritage
Authors: Papa-Sokal Marina
Published: March 2011

This paper is based in part on a longer article, “Beyond the nationalist–internationalist polarisation in the protection of archaeological heritage: A response to Professor Merryman”, that was published in Art Antiquity and Law, vol. XIV, no. 3 (October 2009), pp. 237–274. We thank the editor of Art Antiquity and Law for permission to republish some of this material here.
Public Involvement in the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project
Authors: Nassaney Michael
Published: March 2011

The Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project was initiated in 1998 to locate and investigate an eighteenth-century French mission, garrison, and trading post.  Public education and outreach have been essential to the success of the project from the start.  Various stakeholders are recognizing the potential benefits and consequences of site investigation, heritage tourism, and a partnership with a large state university.  The future of public involvement in the project and the lessons to be learned are dependent upon our ability to identify common ground in which archaeology serves as a metaphor for the discovery and recovery of our collective past.
Adaptive Variable Degree- Zero-Trees for Re-Encoding of Perceptually Quantized Wavelet Packet Transformed Audio and High-Quality Speech
Authors: Ghahabi Omid , Savoji Mohammad Hassan
Published: March 2011

A fast, efficient, and scalable algorithm is proposed, in this paper, for re-encoding of perceptually quantized wavelet-packet transform (WPT) coefficients of audio and high quality speech and is called “adaptive variable degree- zero-trees” (AVDZ). The quantization process is carried out by taking into account some basic perceptual considerations and achieves good subjective quality with low complexity. The performance of the proposed AVDZ algorithm is compared with two other zero-tree-based schemes comprising (1) embedded zero-tree wavelet (EZW) and (2) the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT). Since EZW and SPIHT are designed for image compression, some modifications are incorporated in these schemes for their better matching to audio signals. It is shown that the proposed modifications can improve their performance by about 15–25%. Furthermore, it is concluded that the proposed AVDZ algorithm outperforms these modified versions in terms of both output average bit-rates and computation times.
Using CisGenome to Analyze ChIP‐chip and ChIP‐seq Data
Authors: Ji Hongkai , Jiang Hui , Ma Wenxiu , Wong Wing Hung
Published: March 2011

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with genome tiling array hybridization (ChIP‐chip) and ChIP followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP‐seq) are high‐throughput approaches to profiling genome‐wide protein‐DNA interactions. Both technologies are increasingly used to study transcription‐factor binding sites and chromatin modifications. CisGenome is an integrated software system for analyzing ChIP‐chip and ChIP‐seq data. This unit describes basic functions of CisGenome and how to use them to find genomic regions with protein‐DNA interactions, visualize binding signals, associate binding regions with nearby genes, search for novel transcription‐factor binding motifs, and map existing DNA sequence motifs to user‐supplied genomic regions to define their exact locations.Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 33:2.13.1‐2.13.45. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Zinc(II) Triflate‐Catalyzed Divergent Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrroles
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , Berretta Stefano , De Crescentini Lucia , Favi Gianfranco , Giorgi Gianluca , Mantellini Fabio , Nicolini Simona
Published: March 2011

The zinc(II) triflate‐catalyzed synthesis of highly functionalized pyrroles is described. The sequence involves the preliminary preparation of α‐aminohydrazones by Michael addition of primary amines to 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes. The treatment of these intermediates with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates produces α‐(N‐enamino)‐hydrazones that are converted into the corresponding pyrroles. The substituents on the carbon in position four of 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes drive the regioselectivity of the ring closure process. Starting from 4‐aminocarbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes only dialkyl 1‐substituted 5‐aminocarbonyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylates are achieved by Lewis acid‐catalyzed ring closure. A screening of several Lewis/Brønsted acid catalysts is performed. Zinc(II) triflate is the most efficient catalyst. Under similar reaction conditions, employing 4‐alkoxycarbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes, only 4‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,3‐dicarboxylates are synthesized. These latter reactions can be accomplished regioselectively also in one pot. Using 4‐aminocarbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes, diamines and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates the sequence provides the corresponding α,ω‐di(N‐pyrrolyl)alkanes.
The impact of moving to a novel environment on social networks, activity and wellbeing in two new world primates
Authors: Dufour V. , Sueur C. , Whiten A. , Buchanan‐Smith H.M.
Published: March 2011

Among the stressors that can affect animal welfare in zoos, the immediate effect of relocation to a novel environment is one that has received little attention in the literature. Here, we compare the social network, daily activity and the expression of stress‐related behavior in capuchins (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) before and just after they were relocated to a new enriched enclosure. Results showed similar immediate responses to the move in the two species. Both showed a substantial increase in the time spent resting and spent more time in the highest and “safest” part of their enclosure after relocation. Both capuchins and squirrel monkeys spent significantly more time in close proximity to other group members after relocation, compared to before. In squirrel monkeys, the structure of the social network, which was initially correlated to affiliation, was no longer so after the move. In capuchins, the network analysis showed that individuals regrouped by age, with the youngsters who were potentially more affected by stress being in the center of the network. Social network analysis helped to achieve a more complete picture of how individuals were affected by relocation. We suggest that this type of analysis should be used alongside traditional methods of observation and analysis to encompass the most complex aspects of animal behavior in times of stress and to improve welfare. Am. J. Primatol. 73:802–811, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aktuelle Trends in der Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit
Authors: Andresen Bjarne
Published: March 2011

Das Leitmotiv der Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit (“finite‐time thermodynamics”) ist der Preis der Ungeduld und seine Minimierung. Reversible Prozesse können vollständig effizient sein, laufen jedoch meist unverhältnismäßig langsam ab. In allen Situationen – chemisch, mechanisch oder ökonomisch – sind wir bereit, mehr zu zahlen, damit eine Aufgabe schneller erledigt wird. Die Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Methoden, diese Zusatzkosten zu begrenzen, wobei diese nicht zwingend monetär sein müssen, sondern sich auch auf Energieaufwand, Entropieproduktion oder dergleichen beziehen können. Die Thermodynamik in endlicher Zeit bietet Verfahren, den optimalen Pfad oder Betriebsmodus bei minimalem Zusatzaufwand zu berechnen. Ausgangspunkt ist es dabei, das System durch den Einfluss einer zeitlich variierenden Umgebung auf den optimalen Weg zu bringen; dies ist wie das Lenken eines Pferdes, das man einer Karotte an einem Stock nachlaufen lässt.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Fused‐Ring‐Expanded Aza‐Boradiazaindacenes
Authors: Lu Hua , Shimizu Soji , Mack John , Shen Zhen , Kobayashi Nagao
Published: March 2011

A series of fused‐ring‐expanded aza‐boradiazaindacene (aza‐BODIPY) dyes have been synthesized by reacting arylmagnesium bromides with phthalonitriles or naphthalenedicarbonitriles. An analysis of the structure–property relationships has been carried out based on X‐ray crystallography, optical spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. Benzo and 1,2‐naphtho‐fused 3,5‐diaryl aza‐BODIPY dyes display markedly red shifted absorption and emission bands in the near‐IR region (>700 nm) due to changes in the energies of the frontier MOs relative to those of 1,3,5,7‐tetraaryl aza‐BODIPYs. Only one 1,2‐naphtho‐fused aza‐BODIPY of the three possible isomers is formed due to steric effects, and 2,3‐naphtho‐fused compounds could not be characterized because the final BF2 complexes are unstable in solution. The incorporation of a N(CH3)2 group at the para‐positions of a benzo‐fused 3,5‐diaryl aza‐BODIPY quenches the fluorescence in polar solvents and results in a ratiometric pH response, which could be used in future practical applications as an NIR “turn‐on” fluorescence sensor.
Different amplification patterns of the human telomerase RNA gene in invasive cervical carcinomas and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III
Authors: Xiang Libing , Yang Huijuan , Li Jin , Wu Xiaohua , Zhou Xiaoyan
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to compare the amplification patterns of the human telomerase RNA gene (hTERC) in invasive cervical carcinomas (ICC) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III (CIN III) and to define their potential clinical implications. Cervical liquid‐based cytological (LBC) specimens were collected from 53 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 14 CIN III, and 20 normal controls. Copy numbers of the hTERC gene were measured by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a dual‐color probe containing the hTERC probe and the control, chromosome 3 centromere‐specific probe (CSP3). Nucleus with abnormal FISH pattern for hTERC was observed in 0.94–90.65% of SCC cells and in 0–85.59% of CIN III cells. Using the threshold of 5.89%, the occurrence of hTERC amplification in SCC and CIN III was similar (90.6% vs. 85.7%, P = 0.630). However, the median percentage of cells with extra gains of hTERC (hTERC:CSP3 > 1) in SCC was higher than in CIN III (64.3% vs. 31.7%, P = 0.001). Among those cells, the 3:2 signal pattern was the leading pattern for both SCC and CIN III; high‐level amplification of hTERC was more common in SCC than in CIN III (60.9% vs. 48.9%, P = 0.002). In SCC, it was not found that extra gains of hTERC were associated with any clinicopathological parameters. Thus, hTERC amplification was common in cervical exfoliated cells from SCC and CIN III. More complex amplification patterns of hTERC were present in ICC. Clinical usefulness of hTERC amplification in LBC samples was limited in ICC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of geoadditive models to estimate the spatial distribution of grain weight in an agronomic field: a comparison with kriging with external drift
Authors: Cafarelli Barbara , Castrignanò Annamaria
Published: March 2011

The goal of this study is to analyse the spatial distribution of a wheat production indicator in a field trial located in southeastern Italy, in order to ascertain how the plant characteristics and spatial dependence influence its quantity. In standard agronomical applications this kind of data, recorded in georeferenced locations jointly with crop and soil variables, is quite commonly mapped by using kriging with external drift. Such a predictor assumes covariates to have a linear effect on the crop response variables, but it is well known how this assumption is seldom verified and often violated in a typical agronomic trial. In this work we propose the use of geoadditive models for analysing grain weight of a wheat crop in the presence of other covariates, because these models allow the user to investigate both linear and nonlinear relationships between response and exploratory variables simultaneously with modelling. Moreover, in addition to the original geoadditive model formulation by Kammann and Wand (2003), the use of the exponential and the Gaussian spatial correlation structures was explicitly considered. Different models were compared using a set of cross validation criteria. The results showed that the geoadditive model with an exponential correlation structure was preferred to kriging with external drift in terms of unbiasedness of the predictor, accuracy of the mean squared prediction and goodness of fit for this agricultural trial. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of reactive phosphate rocks as fertilizer on acid upland soils in Indonesia: accumulation of cadmium and zinc in soils and shoots of maize plants
Authors: Rochayati Sri , Du Laing Gijs , Rinklebe Jörg , Meissner Ralph , Verloo Marc
Published: March 2011

A pot experiment was conducted to study the contribution of reactive phosphate rocks (RPRs) on the accumulation of Cd and Zn in 10 acid upland soils in Indonesia and shoots of Zea mays plants grown on these soils. Two types of RPR were used at a rate of 0.5 g (kg soil)–1: RPRL containing 4 mg Cd kg–1 and 224 mg Zn kg–1, and RPRH containing 69 mg Cd kg–1 and 745 mg Zn kg–1. Zea mays was harvested at 6 weeks after planting. The application of RPRH significantly increased the concentrations of Cd in the shoots. The application of this RPR also increased the amount of Cd which could be extracted by 0.5 M NH4‐acetate + 0.02 M EDTA pH 4.65 from the soils. More than 90% of the added Cd remained in the soil. As Zn is an essential element and the studied acid upland soils are Zn‐deficient, increased plant growth upon RPR application might be partly attributed to Zn present in the phosphate rock. However, more experiments are needed to confirm this hypothesis. The Cd and Zn concentrations and CEC of the soils were important soil factors influencing the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the shoots of maize plants grown on these soils.
Determination of the polymer tacticity from calculation of infrared spectra based on classical molecular simulations
Authors: Soldera Armand
Published: March 2011

The infrared absorption spectra of poly(tetrafluoroethylene), PTFE, and poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), PCTFE, are simulated using a method based on a combination of classical molecular simulations of the amorphous polymer phase with Kramers‐Kronig relations. The differences and the analogies between experimental and calculated spectra of the non‐stereoregular fluoride polymer, PTFE, are first reported. The isotactic and syndiotactic configurations of PCTFE are then investigated. The comparison between experimental and simulated spectra is established on a vibrational analysis. It reveals the preferred syndiotactic configuration adopted by the PCTFE chain.
Comparison between the glass transition temperatures of the two PMMA tacticities: A molecular dynamics simulation point of view
Authors: Soldera Armand
Published: March 2011

The difference in the glass transition temperatures, Tg, of the iso‐ and syndiotactic forms of PMMA has been investigated through molecular dynamics simulations of short duration (110 ps) using an accurate force field, pcff. To correlate with the Gibbs‐DiMarzio theory, which specifies that conformational energy is a primary factor in determining Tg, an energetic analysis has been carried out. It is found that syndiotactic PMMA possesses lower intramolecular energy where the governing contribution is brought by the angle bending term; whereas the isotactic PMMA exhibits lower intermolecular energy. Such a behavior suggests that the chain packing greatly determines the difference in the Tg.
Reproducing successful rituals in bad times: Exploring emotional interactions of a new science teacher
Authors: Ritchie Stephen M. , Tobin Kenneth , Hudson Peter , Roth Wolff‐Michael , Mergard Victoria
Published: March 2011

Teaching is emotional work. This is especially the case in the first years of teaching when new teachers are particularly vulnerable. By understanding changes in teacher emotions in the early years of teaching, we hope to identify strategies that might ultimately reduce teacher attrition. As part of a larger study of the transition of new teachers to the profession, this ethnographic case study explores how a new science teacher produced and reproduced positive emotional interaction rituals with her students in her first year of teaching. We show how dialogical interactions were positive and satisfying experiences for the teacher, and how they were reproduced successfully in different contexts. We also illustrate how both teacher and students used humor to create a structure for dialogical interactions. During these successful interactions, the students used shared resources to satisfy their teacher that they were engaging in the relevant science content. The implications of what we have learned for the professional development of new teachers are discussed in relation to an expanded understanding of teacher emotions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95:745–765, 2011
Phase Equilibrium Measurements of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis) and CO2 at High Pressures
Authors: do Prado Ivor M. , Giufrida Willyan M. , Alvarez Víctor H. , Cabral Vladimir F. , Quispe‐Condori Sócrates , Saldaña Marleny D. A. , Cardozo‐Filho Lucio
Published: March 2011

New data on phase equilibria for Sacha inchi seed oil in carbon dioxide have been measured using a variable volume cell phase equilibria system at temperatures of 303, 313 and 323 K and at pressures ranging from 4.3 to 27.7 MPa. The CO2 mole fraction varied from 0.7488 to 0.9997. At the studied concentrations, phase transitions of vapor‐liquid, liquid‐liquid‐vapor and liquid‐liquid were observed. Sacha inchi oil contains 47% of omega‐3 fatty acids, with a ratio of 0.76:1 for omega‐6:omega‐3, which is good for human health. The Peng‐Robinson equation of state was used to describe the experimental data. A qualitative agreement was obtained between experimental and calculated data for the binary system CO2 and Sacha inchi seed oil.
A simulation study on managing plant diseases by systematically altering spatial positions of cultivar mixture components between seasons
Authors: Xu X.‐M.
Published: March 2011

A simulation study was conducted to investigate epidemic development of a race‐specific pathogen in cultivar mixtures over six consecutive seasons where the spatial position of each mixture component was systematically altered between seasons. Results showed that, even for a relative large genotype unit area in a mixture, altering cultivar positions between seasons could, on average, increase disease suppression by a third over the corresponding mixture without position changes between seasons. Overall, the disease suppression achieved by mixtures with position change between seasons was close to that achieved by random mixtures. Greater redistribution distance of overwintered inoculum reduced the disease control efficacy achieved by change in the position of individual mixture components between seasons. It is therefore concluded that using mixtures with a relatively large genotype unit area together with systematic changes in the spatial positions of individual mixture components between seasons is a feasible option for integrated disease management.
Spore traps need improvement to fulfil plant biosecurity requirements
Authors: Jackson S. L. , Bayliss K. L.
Published: March 2011

Spore traps are widely used in plant pathology, but less so in plant biosecurity. Potentially they can be used to determine the geographical extent of a plant pathogen incursion, to track the active spread of an incursion, and to declare area freedom following an eradication program. This review discusses the abilities and constraints of spore traps in the context of plant biosecurity, and highlights the problems that need to be overcome before spore traps can be routinely used for detection and eradication of plant pathogen incursions. To meet biosecurity requirements, spore traps must be efficient, mechanically reliable and any spores captured must be rapidly identified and quantified. At present, there is significant variation in types of spore traps, and in the methods used to capture and identify spores. Standard spore traps are generally inefficient for surveillance because they do not sample large volumes of air or capture samples that are representative of entire crop growing regions. If spore traps are to become routinely used for plant biosecurity purposes, improved designs, novel applications and standard operating protocols must be developed. A better understanding of background atmospheric data and the spatial and temporal characteristics of pathogen spores will be required to design trapping systems and protocols so that incursions can be readily detected, and presence/absence data can be confidently reported.