bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lo indio, indigenismo y movimiento campesino en el Perú
Authors: Fernández Fontenoy Carlos
Published: January 2015

En este artículo el autor presenta un análisis histórico sobre la naturaleza de la aparición de movimientos indígenas en Perú, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Se compara la situación del país andino, con otros de la región  y encuentra una relación con las especiales condiciones en las que se conforman los partidos políticos y se describe su dependencia con los movimientos sociales y campesinos.
Globalização e democracia: imigrações internacionais e os limites da cidadania nacional.
Authors: Ribeiro Helcio
Published: January 2015

Embora a democracia tenha se transformado em uma idéia difundida à exaustão pelo mundo nas últimas décadas, também se verifica na literatura especializada e nas pesquisas de opinião que o regime democrático está em crise. Este processo aparentemente paradoxal decorre do fato de que as novas democracias surgidas no final do século XX são desafiadas por dois fatores importantes: a globalização econômica e a crescente complexidade social. Com o declínio do Estado-Nação trazido pelo processo de reestruturação do capitalismo em escala mundial, os mecanismos políticos e jurídicos de intervenção econômica, distribuição da renda, desenvolvimento nacional e proteção dos direitos do cidadão, sofrem um radical enfraquecimento. Por outro lado a globalização intensifica e facilita o deslocamento populacional e a migração internacional
Asociatividad campesina de pequeños productores de leche, resistencias y acciones colectivas en el libre mercado y la globalización
Authors: Cortés Millán Germán Andrés
Published: January 2015

El siguiente artículo surge como resultado de la investigación “Diseño de políticas públicas para la Asociatividad  de productores de leche en Colombia”. Se pone de manifiesto el proceso de creación de asociaciones de productores  de leche en Cundinamarca, con el fin de proporcionar un marco para la política pública que posibilite  apoyar y reconocer a las comunidades campesinas inmersas en los procesos de globalización incorporadas en los tratados de libre comercio con los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea. La metodología definida para el proyecto tuvo un marco de desarrollo cualitativo, expresado en una tipología discursiva interpretativa. Se desarrollaron entrevistas en profundidad que tuvieron la orientación categorial, que para el caso del proyecto vinculó las narraciones y percepciones de los componentes de identidad colectiva, prácticas tradicionales y  acción política colectiva. Por otro lado la experiencia metodológica permitió vincular estrategias complementarias como la cartografía social, la recopilación documental y los diarios etnográficos, con lo cual se logró no solo recoger en una proporción importante información relacionada con las categorías del estudio, sino que a su vez enriqueció el análisis mismo, con la diversidad y la pluralidad que sugiere una investigación de esta naturaleza.
Relatos de experiencias personales en el jardín de infantes potenciados por un dispositivo de formación docente
Authors: Manrique Soledad
Published: January 2015

Este artículo, resultado de investigación, presenta la comparación entre actividades de relato de experiencias personales previas y posteriores a un dispositivo de formación en el que participaron 12 maestras de jardines de infantes, que atienden a niños en situación de vulnerabilidad social. El objetivo consiste en mostrar los cambios que la formación suscita y lo que estos cambios implican respecto de las oportunidades de desarrollo de la narrativa infantil. Por medio del análisis multirreferenciado del análisis de contenido y del método comparativo constante se encontraron modificaciones que afectan a cuestiones instrumentales, sociales y psíquicas de la clase, que implican mayores oportunidades para el desarrollo de la narrativa infantil.
A Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Platinum-Based Adjuvant Treatment on the Outcome of Borderline Ovarian Tumors With Invasive Implants
Authors: Vasconcelos Ines , Olschewski Jessica , Braicu Ioana , Sehouli Jalid
Published: January 2015

Background.

Treatment of borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) remains contentious, and there is no consensus regarding therapy for BOTs with invasive implants (BOTi). The benefits of platinum-based adjuvant treatment were evaluated in patients with BOTi at primary diagnosis.

Methods.

The PubMed database was systematically searched for articles using the following terms: ((borderline) OR (low malignant potential) AND (ovarian)) AND ((tumor) OR (cancer)) AND (invasive implants) AND ((follow-up) OR (survival) OR (treatment) OR (chemotherapy) OR (adjuvant treatment) OR (surgery) OR (surgical treatment)).

Results.

We identified 27 articles including 3,124 patients, 181 with invasive implants. All studies provided information regarding mortality or recurrence rates. Central pathological examination was performed in 19 studies. Eight studies included more than 75% stage I patients; 7 included only advanced-stage patients, and 14 included only serous BOT. The pooled recurrence estimates for both treatment groups (adjuvant treatment: 44.0%, upfront surgery: 21.3%) did not differ significantly (p = .114). A meta-analysis of the 6 studies providing separate mortality data for both treatment groups favored surgical treatment only, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (.05 < p < .1; odds ratio: 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.09–1.71; p = .086). We were unable to pool the results of the included studies because not all studies registered events in both treatment groups. Egger's regression indicated low asymmetry of the studies (p = .39), and no heterogeneity was found (I2 = 0%).

Conclusion.

We did not find evidence supporting platinum-based adjuvant therapy for BOT with invasive implants.
Risks identified with temporary grandstands
Authors: Dickie Jim F.
Published: January 2015

The summer Olympics, held every 4 years, constitute the largest event in the sporting calendar. Temporary grandstands were extensively used to provide large venues for the London 2012 Olympic Games, including the hockey and BMX venues, located in the Olympic Park. The stands were procured by the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. The capacity of the hockey venue approached 15 000 spectators. The hockey competition took place over 14 d with three ticketed sessions each day, meaning that a total of over 600 000 spectators attended the hockey tournament. The BMX venue provided approximately 5100 seats in two stands. The author was an adviser to the joint local authority regulatory services body prior to and during the Olympics and Paralympics on crowd safety issues, primarily concerning spectator circulation. The layout of the viewing accommodation provided by the temporary grandstands was arguably suboptimal regarding spectator safety and interpretation of relevant standards and guidance documents; the end result was an undesirable level of risk. Knowledge of the error chain, given the nature and scale of the endeavour, enables lessons to be learned and will benefit those involved with temporary grandstands.
Identifying a Sample of HIV-Positive Beneficiaries From Medicaid Claims Data and Estimating Their Treatment Costs
Authors: Leibowitz Arleen A. , Desmond Katherine
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We sought to identify people living with HIV/AIDS from Medicare and Medicaid claims data to estimate Medicaid costs for treating HIV/AIDS in California. We also examined how alternate methods of identifying the relevant sample affect estimates of per capita costs.

Methods. We analyzed data on Californians enrolled in Medicaid with an HIV/AIDS diagnosis reported in 2007 Medicare or Medicaid claims data. We compared alternative selection criteria by examining use of antiretroviral drugs, HIV-specific monitoring tests, and medical costs. We compared the final sample and average costs with other estimates of the size of California’s HIV/AIDS population covered by Medicaid in 2007 and their average treatment costs.

Results. Eighty-seven percent (18 290) of potentially identifiable HIV-positive individuals satisfied at least 1 confirmation criterion. Nearly 80% of confirmed observations had claims for HIV-specific tests, compared with only 3% of excluded cases. Female Medicaid recipients were particularly likely to be miscoded as having HIV. Medicaid treatment spending for Californians with HIV averaged $33 720 in 2007.

Conclusions. The proposed algorithm displays good internal and external validity. Accurately identifying HIV cases in claims data is important to avoid drawing biased conclusions and is necessary in setting appropriate HIV managed-care capitation rates.
Weighing In: The Taste-Engineering Frame in Obesity Expert Discourse
Authors: Ortiz Selena E. , Zimmerman Frederick J. , Gilliam Franklin D.
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We sought expert opinion on the problems with 2 dominant obesity-prevention discourse frames—personal responsibility and the environment—and examined alternative frames for understanding and addressing obesity.

Methods. We conducted 60-minute, semistructured interviews with 15 US-based obesity experts. We manually coded and entered interview transcripts into software, generating themes and subthematic areas that captured the debate’s essence.

Results. Although the environmental frame is the dominant model used in communications with the public and policymakers, several experts found that communicating key messages within this frame was difficult because of the enormity of the obesity problem. A subframe of the environmental frame—the taste-engineering frame—identifies food industry strategies to influence the overconsumption of certain foods and beverages. This emerging frame deconstructs the environmental frame so that causal attributes and responsible agents are more easily identifiable and proposed policies and public health interventions more salient.

Conclusions. Expert interviews are an invaluable resource for understanding how experts use frames in discussing their work and in conversations with the public and policymakers. Future empirical studies testing the effectiveness of the taste-engineering frame on public opinion and support for structural-level health policies are needed.
Ethical Challenges in School-Based Immunization Programs for Adolescents: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Braunack-Mayer Annette , Skinner S. Rachel , Collins Joanne , Tooher Rebecca , Proeve Claudia , O’Keefe Maree , Burgess Teresa , Watson Maureen , Marshall Helen
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We investigated ethical issues in school-based immunization programs for adolescents and how they are addressed.

Methods. We used qualitative methods and an ethnographic approach to observe 9 secondary schools on immunization days in South Australia in 2011; concurrently, we conducted 9 focus groups with female secondary school students, 6 semistructured interviews with parents, and 10 interviews with nurses and teachers. We explored ethical challenges from the perspective of these groups.

Results. We identified ethical challenges for the delivery of adolescent immunization in a school-based setting in 3 main areas: informed consent, restrictions on privacy, and harm to students in the form of fear and anxiety.

Conclusions. We found areas in which the design and delivery of school-based immunization programs can be improved. Information about immunization should be provided in ways that are appropriate to young people and their parents, and privacy protections should be enhanced when possible. Involving young people in the design and delivery of programs would assist with making these improvements.
Allostatic Load in Foreign-Born and US-Born Blacks: Evidence From the 2001–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Doamekpor Lauren A. , Dinwiddie Gniesha Y.
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We tested whether the immigrant health advantage applies to non-Hispanic Black immigrants and examined whether nativity-based differences in allostatic load exist among non-Hispanic Blacks.

Methods. We used pooled data from the 2001–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to compare allostatic load scores for US-born (n = 2745) and foreign-born (n = 152) Black adults. We used multivariate logistic regression techniques to assess the association between nativity and high allostatic load scores, controlling for gender, age, health behaviors, and socioeconomic status.

Results. For foreign-born Blacks, length of stay and age were powerful predictors of allostatic load scores. For older US-born Blacks and those who were widowed, divorced, or separated, the risk of high allostatic load was greater.

Conclusions. Foreign-born Blacks have a health advantage in allostatic load. Further research is needed that underscores a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving this health differential to create programs that target these populations differently.
Postarrival Tuberculosis Screening of High-Risk Immigrants at a Local Health Department
Authors: Nuzzo Jennifer B. , Golub Jonathan E. , Chaulk Patrick , Shah Maunank
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We sought to characterize postimmigration tuberculosis (TB) care for Class B immigrants and refugees at the Baltimore City Health Department TB program (BCHD), and to determine the proportion of immigrants with active TB or latent TB infection (LTBI) in this high-risk population.

Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of Class B immigrants and refugees who reported to the BCHD for postimmigration TB evaluation from 2010 to 2012.

Results. We reviewed the clinical records of 153 Class B immigrants; 4% were diagnosed with active TB and 53% were diagnosed with LTBI. Fifty percent of active TB cases were culture positive, and 67% were asymptomatic; 100% received and completed active TB therapy at the BCHD. Among those diagnosed with LTBI, 87% initiated LTBI therapy and 91% completed treatment.

Conclusions. The high prevalence of active TB and LTBI found among Class B immigrants underscore the importance for postarrival TB screening. The absence of reported symptoms among the majority of active cases identified during this study suggest that reliance on symptom-based screening protocols to prompt sputa testing may be inadequate for identifying active TB among this high-risk group.
Household Crowding and Food Insecurity Among Inuit Families With School-Aged Children in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Ruiz-Castell Maria , Muckle Gina , Dewailly Éric , Jacobson Joseph L. , Jacobson Sandra W. , Ayotte Pierre , Riva Mylène
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We examined the relation of household crowding to food insecurity among Inuit families with school-aged children in Arctic Quebec.

Methods. We analyzed data collected between October 2005 and February 2010 from 292 primary caregiver–child dyads from 14 Inuit communities. We collected information about household conditions, food security, and family socioeconomic characteristics by interviews. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between household crowding and food insecurity.

Results. Nearly 62% of Inuit families in the Canadian Arctic resided in more crowded households, placing them at risk for food insecurity. About 27% of the families reported reducing the size of their children’s meals because of lack of money. The likelihood of reducing the size of children’s meals was greater in crowded households (odds ratio = 3.73; 95% confidence interval = 1.96, 7.12). After we adjusted for different socioeconomic characteristics, results remained statistically significant.

Conclusions. Interventions operating across different levels (community, regional, national) are needed to ensure food security in the region. Targeting families living in crowded conditions as part of social and public health policies aiming to reduce food insecurity in the Arctic could be beneficial.
Efficacy of a Savings-Led Microfinance Intervention to Reduce Sexual Risk for HIV Among Women Engaged in Sex Work: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Witte Susan S. , Aira Toivgoo , Tsai Laura Cordisco , Riedel Marion , Offringa Reid , Chang Mingway , El-Bassel Nabila , Ssewamala Fred
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We tested whether a structural intervention combining savings-led microfinance and HIV prevention components would achieve enhanced reductions in sexual risk among women engaging in street-based sex work in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, compared with an HIV prevention intervention alone.

Methods. Between November 2011 and August 2012, we randomized 107 eligible women who completed baseline assessments to either a 4-session HIV sexual risk reduction intervention (HIVSRR) alone (n = 50) or a 34-session HIVSRR plus a savings-led microfinance intervention (n = 57). At 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments, participants reported unprotected acts of vaginal intercourse with paying partners and number of paying partners with whom they engaged in sexual intercourse in the previous 90 days. Using Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson model regressions, we examined the effects of assignment to treatment versus control condition on outcomes.

Results. At 6-month follow-up, the HIVSRR plus microfinance participants reported significantly fewer paying sexual partners and were more likely to report zero unprotected vaginal sex acts with paying sexual partners.

Conclusions. Findings advance the HIV prevention repertoire for women, demonstrating that risk reduction may be achieved through a structural intervention that relies on asset building, including savings, and alternatives to income from sex work.
The Impact of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Installation on Surrounding Health and Safety
Authors: Kondo Michelle C. , Low Sarah C. , Henning Jason , Branas Charles C.
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We investigated the health and safety effects of urban green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) installments.

Methods. We conducted a difference-in-differences analysis of the effects of GSI installments on health (e.g., blood pressure, cholesterol and stress levels) and safety (e.g., felonies, nuisance and property crimes, narcotics crimes) outcomes from 2000 to 2012 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We used mixed-effects regression models to compare differences in pre- and posttreatment measures of outcomes for treatment sites (n = 52) and randomly chosen, matched control sites (n = 186) within multiple geographic extents surrounding GSI sites.

Results. Regression-adjusted models showed consistent and statistically significant reductions in narcotics possession (18%–27% less) within 16th-mile, quarter-mile, half-mile (P < .001), and eighth-mile (P < .01) distances from treatment sites and at the census tract level (P < .01). Narcotics manufacture and burglaries were also significantly reduced at multiple scales. Nonsignificant reductions in homicides, assaults, thefts, public drunkenness, and narcotics sales were associated with GSI installation in at least 1 geographic extent.

Conclusions. Health and safety considerations should be included in future assessments of GSI programs. Subsequent studies should assess mechanisms of this association.
Toward Improved Public Health Outcomes From Urban Nature
Authors: Shanahan Danielle F. , Lin Brenda B. , Bush Robert , Gaston Kevin J. , Dean Julie H. , Barber Elizabeth , Fuller Richard A.
Published: January 2015

There is mounting concern for the health of urban populations as cities expand at an unprecedented rate. Urban green spaces provide settings for a remarkable range of physical and mental health benefits, and pioneering health policy is recognizing nature as a cost-effective tool for planning healthy cities.

Despite this, limited information on how specific elements of nature deliver health outcomes restricts its use for enhancing population health. We articulate a framework for identifying direct and indirect causal pathways through which nature delivers health benefits, and highlight current evidence.

We see a need for a bold new research agenda founded on testing causality that transcends disciplinary boundaries between ecology and health. This will lead to cost-effective and tailored solutions that could enhance population health and reduce health inequalities.
Opportunities for Public Health to Increase Physical Activity Among Youths
Authors: Piercy Katrina L. , Dorn Joan M. , Fulton Janet E. , Janz Kathleen F. , Lee Sarah M. , McKinnon Robin A. , Pate Russell R. , Pfeiffer Karin A. , Young Deborah Rohm , Troiano Richard P. , Lavizzo-Mourey Risa
Published: January 2015

Despite the well-known benefits of youths engaging in 60 or more minutes of daily physical activity, physical inactivity remains a significant public health concern. The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (PAG) provides recommendations on the amount of physical activity needed for overall health; the PAG Midcourse Report (2013) describes effective strategies to help youths meet these recommendations.

Public health professionals can be dynamic change agents where youths live, learn, and play by changing environments and policies to empower youths to develop regular physical activity habits to maintain throughout life.

We have summarized key findings from the PAG Midcourse Report and outlined actions that public health professionals can take to ensure that all youths regularly engage in health-enhancing physical activity.
A Window of Opportunity: Maximizing the Effectiveness of New HCV Regimens in the United States With the Expansion of the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Haley Sean J. , Kreek Mary Jeanne
Published: January 2015

Patients with chronic HCV have predictable overlapping comorbidities that reduce access to care. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) presents an opportunity to focus on the benefits of the medical home model for integrated chronic disease management.

New, highly effective HCV treatment regimens in combination with the medical home model could reduce disease prevalence. We sought to address challenges posed by comorbidities in patients with chronic HCV infection and limitations within our health care system, and recommend solutions to maximize the public benefit from ACA and the new drug regimen.
State and Municipal Innovations in Obesity Policy: Why Localities Remain a Necessary Laboratory for Innovation
Authors: Reeve Belinda , Ashe Marice , Farias Ruben , Gostin Lawrence
Published: January 2015

Municipal and state governments are surging ahead in obesity prevention, providing a testing ground for innovative policies and shifting social norms in the process.

Though high-profile measures such as New York City’s soda portion rule attract significant media attention, we catalog the broader array of initiatives in less-known localities. Local innovation advances prevention policy, but faces legal and political constraints—constitutional challenges, preemption, charges of paternalism, lack of evidence, and widening health inequalities.

These arguments can be met with astute framing, empirical evidence, and policy design, enabling local governments to remain at the forefront in transforming obesogenic environments.
Assessing the Effects of a Complementary Parent Intervention and Prior Exposure to a Preadolescent Program of HIV Risk Reduction for Mid-Adolescents
Authors: Stanton Bonita , Wang Bo , Deveaux Lynette , Lunn Sonja , Rolle Glenda , Li Xiaoming , Braithwaite Nanika , Dinaj-Koci Veronica , Marshall Sharon , Gomez Perry
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We (1) evaluated the impact of an evidence-based HIV prevention program with and without a parent component among mid-adolescents living in the Caribbean and (2) determined the effect of prior receipt of a related intervention during preadolescence on intervention response.

Methods. A randomized, controlled 4-cell trial of a 10-session, theory-based HIV prevention intervention involving 2564 Bahamian grade-10 youths (some of whom had received a comparable intervention in grade 6) was conducted (2008–2011). Randomization occurred at the level of the classroom with follow-up at 6, 12, and 18 months after intervention. The 3 experimental conditions all included the youths’ curriculum and either a youth–parent intervention emphasizing adolescent–parent communication, a parent-only goal-setting intervention, or no parent intervention.

Results. An intervention delivered to mid-adolescents in combination with a parent–adolescent sexual-risk communication intervention increased HIV/AIDS knowledge, condom-use skills, and self-efficacy and had a marginal effect on consistent condom use. Regardless of prior exposure to a similar intervention as preadolescents, youths benefited from receipt of the intervention.

Conclusions. Preadolescents and mid-adolescents in HIV-affected countries should receive HIV prevention interventions that include parental participation.
Impact of Regulatory Interventions to Reduce Intake of Artificial Trans–Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hendry Vivien L. , Almíron-Roig Eva , Monsivais Pablo , Jebb Susan A. , Benjamin Neelon Sara E. , Griffin Simon J. , Ogilvie David B.
Published: January 2015

We examined the impact of regulatory action to reduce levels of artificial trans–fatty acids (TFAs) in food.

We searched Medline, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and EconLit (January 1980 to December 2012) for studies related to government regulation of food- or diet-related health behaviors from which we extracted the subsample of legislative initiatives to reduce artificial TFAs in food. We screened 38 162 articles and identified 14 studies that examined artificial TFA controls limiting permitted levels or mandating labeling. These measures achieved good compliance, with evidence of appropriate reformulation.

Regulations grounded on maximum limits and mandated labeling can lead to reductions in actual and reported TFAs in food and appear to encourage food producers to reformulate their products.
The Case for the World Health Organization’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health to Address Gender Identity
Authors: Pega Frank , Veale Jaimie F.
Published: January 2015

We analyzed the case of the World Health Organization’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health, which did not address gender identity in their final report.

We argue that gender identity is increasingly being recognized as an important social determinant of health (SDH) that results in health inequities. We identify right to health mechanisms, such as established human rights instruments, as suitable policy tools for addressing gender identity as an SDH to improve health equity.

We urge the World Health Organization to add gender identity as an SDH in its conceptual framework for action on the SDHs and to develop and implement specific recommendations for addressing gender identity as an SDH.
Relation Between Annual Trends in Food Pantry Use and Long-Term Unemployment in New York State, 2002–2012
Authors: Shackman Gene , Yu Chengxuan , Edmunds Lynn S. , Clarke Lewis , Sekhobo Jackson P.
Published: January 2015

We examined the correlation between trends in meals provided through food pantries and long-term unemployment from 2002 through 2012. The New York State Hunger Prevention and Nutrition Assistance Program provided about 192 million meals through food pantries in 2012—double the number before the Great Recession. Annual food pantry use was strongly correlated with long-term unemployment and remained on an upward trend from 2006 through 2012, even after the Great Recession had ended. These findings suggest that efforts to reduce hunger and food insecurity should continue to be priorities.
Redesigning Primary Care to Tackle the Global Epidemic of Noncommunicable Disease
Authors: Kruk Margaret E. , Nigenda Gustavo , Knaul Felicia M.
Published: January 2015

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have become the major contributors to death and disability worldwide. Nearly 80% of the deaths in 2010 occurred in low- and middle-income countries, which have experienced rapid population aging, urbanization, rise in smoking, and changes in diet and activity.

Yet the health systems of low- and middle-income countries, historically oriented to infectious disease and often severely underfunded, are poorly prepared for the challenge of caring for people with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease.

We have discussed how primary care can be redesigned to tackle the challenge of NCDs in resource-constrained countries. We suggest that four changes will be required: integration of services, innovative service delivery, a focus on patients and communities, and adoption of new technologies for communication.
Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization Among Middle-School Students
Authors: Rice Eric , Petering Robin , Rhoades Harmony , Winetrobe Hailey , Goldbach Jeremy , Plant Aaron , Montoya Jorge , Kordic Timothy
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We examined correlations between gender, race, sexual identity, and technology use, and patterns of cyberbullying experiences and behaviors among middle-school students.

Methods. We collected a probability sample of 1285 students alongside the 2012 Youth Risk Behavior Survey in Los Angeles Unified School District middle schools. We used logistic regressions to assess the correlates of being a cyberbully perpetrator, victim, and perpetrator–victim (i.e., bidirectional cyberbullying behavior).

Results. In this sample, 6.6% reported being a cyberbully victim, 5.0% reported being a perpetrator, and 4.3% reported being a perpetrator–victim. Cyberbullying behavior frequently occurred on Facebook or via text messaging. Cyberbully perpetrators, victims, and perpetrators–victims all were more likely to report using the Internet for at least 3 hours per day. Sexual-minority students and students who texted at least 50 times per day were more likely to report cyberbullying victimization. Girls were more likely to report being perpetrators–victims.

Conclusions. Cyberbullying interventions should account for gender and sexual identity, as well as the possible benefits of educational interventions for intensive Internet users and frequent texters.
The Impact of Prices and Taxes on the Use of Tobacco Products in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Guindon G. Emmanuel , Paraje Guillermo R. , Chaloupka Frank J.
Published: January 2015

We examined the impact of tobacco prices or taxes on tobacco use in Latin America and Caribbean countries. We searched MEDLINE, EconLit, LILACS, unpublished literature, 6 specialty journals, and reviewed references. We calculated pooled price elasticities using random-effects models.

The 32 studies we examined found that cigarette prices have a negative and statistically significant effect on cigarette consumption. A change in price is associated with a less than proportional change in the quantity of cigarettes demanded. In most Latin American countries, own-price elasticity for cigarettes is likely below  −0.5  (pooled elasticities, short-run: −0.31; 95% confidence interval = −0.39, −0.24; long-run: −0.43; 95% CI = −0.51, −0.35).

Tax increases effectively reduce cigarette use. Lack of studies using household- or individual-level data limits research’s policy relevance.
“Hidden” Social Networks in Behavior Change Interventions
Authors: Hunter Ruth F. , McAneney Helen , Davis Michael , Tully Mark A. , Valente Thomas W. , Kee Frank
Published: January 2015

We investigated whether “hidden” (or unobserved) social networks were evident in a 2011 physical activity behavior change intervention in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Results showed evidence of unobserved social networks in the intervention and illustrated how the network evolved over short periods and affected behavior. Behavior change interventions should account for the interaction among participants (i.e., social networks) and how such interactions affect intervention outcome.
Impact of a Letter-Grade Program on Restaurant Sanitary Conditions and Diner Behavior in New York City
Authors: Wong Melissa R. , McKelvey Wendy , Ito Kazuhiko , Schiff Corinne , Jacobson J. Bryan , Kass Daniel
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We evaluated the impact of the New York City restaurant letter-grading program on restaurant hygiene, food safety practices, and public awareness.

Methods. We analyzed data from 43 448 restaurants inspected between 2007 and 2013 to measure changes in inspection score and violation citations since program launch in July 2010. We used binomial regression to assess probability of scoring 0 to 13 points (A-range score). Two population-based random-digit-dial telephone surveys assessed public perceptions of the program.

Results. After we controlled for repeated restaurant observations, season of inspection, and chain restaurant status, the probability of scoring 0 to 13 points on an unannounced inspection increased 35% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 31%, 40%) 3 years after compared with 3 years before grading. There were notable improvements in compliance with some specific requirements, including having a certified kitchen manager on site and being pest-free. More than 91% (95% CI = 88%, 94%) of New Yorkers approved of the program and 88% (95% CI = 85%, 92%) considered grades in dining decisions in 2012.

Conclusions. Restaurant letter grading in New York City has resulted in improved sanitary conditions on unannounced inspection, suggesting that the program is an effective regulatory tool.
Acceptable Interventions to Reduce Syphilis Transmission Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex With Men in Los Angeles
Authors: Stahlman Shauna , Plant Aaron , Javanbakht Marjan , Cross John , Montoya Jorge A. , Bolan Robert , Kerndt Peter R.
Published: January 2015

Objectives. We examined perceptions of and attitudes toward existing and potential syphilis interventions, including case management and Web-based programs, to increase syphilis testing among high-risk men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods. Between October 2010 and June 2011, we conducted in-depth interviews with 19 MSM in Los Angeles, California, with repeat early syphilis infections (primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis) within the previous 5 years. We analyzed the interviews inductively to determine the most acceptable potential interventions.

Results. Experiences with health department and community-based standard of care case management were generally positive. The most popular interventions among respondents included a Web site providing information on syphilis and syphilis testing, automated Web reminders to test, being paid to test, free online home testing kits, and preexposure prophylactic medication. Respondents’ beliefs that they would continue to practice high-risk sexual behaviors reinforced their reasons for wanting increased accessibility and convenient testing strategies.

Conclusions. Public health officials should consider participant responses to potential interventions for syphilis, which suggest that high-risk MSM would consider testing more often or using other interventions.
Agent-Based Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nianogo Roch A. , Arah Onyebuchi A.
Published: January 2015

We reviewed the use of agent-based modeling (ABM), a systems science method, in understanding noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their public health risk factors.

We systematically reviewed studies in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Sciences published from January 2003 to July 2014. We retrieved 22 relevant articles; each had an observational or interventional design. Physical activity and diet were the most-studied outcomes. Often, single agent types were modeled, and the environment was usually irrelevant to the studied outcome. Predictive validation and sensitivity analyses were most used to validate models.

Although increasingly used to study NCDs, ABM remains underutilized and, where used, is suboptimally reported in public health studies. Its use in studying NCDs will benefit from clarified best practices and improved rigor to establish its usefulness and facilitate replication, interpretation, and application.
When Advocacy Obscures Accuracy Online: Digital Pandemics of Public Health Misinformation Through an Antifluoride Case Study
Authors: Seymour Brittany , Getman Rebekah , Saraf Avinash , Zhang Lily H. , Kalenderian Elsbeth
Published: January 2015

Objectives. In an antifluoridation case study, we explored digital pandemics and the social spread of scientifically inaccurate health information across the Web, and we considered the potential health effects.

Methods. Using the social networking site Facebook and the open source applications Netvizz and Gephi, we analyzed the connectedness of antifluoride networks as a measure of social influence, the social diffusion of information based on conversations about a sample scientific publication as a measure of spread, and the engagement and sentiment about the publication as a measure of attitudes and behaviors.

Results. Our study sample was significantly more connected than was the social networking site overall (P < .001). Social diffusion was evident; users were forced to navigate multiple pages or never reached the sample publication being discussed 60% and 12% of the time, respectively. Users had a 1 in 2 chance of encountering negative and nonempirical content about fluoride unrelated to the sample publication.

Conclusions. Network sociology may be as influential as the information content and scientific validity of a particular health topic discussed using social media. Public health must employ social strategies for improved communication management.
Higher Price, Fewer Packs: Evaluating a Tobacco Tax Increase With Cigarette Sales Data
Authors: Amato Michael S. , Boyle Raymond G. , Brock Betsy
Published: January 2015

In 2013, Minnesota increased cigarette taxes by $1.75, the largest US state increase since 2000.

We obtained convenience store data of cigarette sales from January 2012 to December 2013 from the Nielsen Company. Analysis revealed significantly greater year-to-year reductions in numbers of packs purchased during posttax (−12.1%) than pretax (−3.2%; P < .001) periods.

The results provide contemporary evidence that, despite reduced prevalence and increased tobacco control efforts, tax increases remain an effective tobacco control strategy.
Putting the Mouth Back in the Head: HEENT to HEENOT
Authors: Haber Judith , Hartnett Erin , Allen Kenneth , Hallas Donna , Dorsen Caroline , Lange-Kessler Julia , Lloyd Madeleine , Thomas Edwidge , Wholihan Dorothy
Published: January 2015

Improving oral health is a leading population health goal; however, curricula preparing health professionals have a dearth of oral health content and clinical experiences.

We detail an educational and clinical innovation transitioning the traditional head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat (HEENT) examination to the addition of the teeth, gums, mucosa, tongue, and palate examination (HEENOT) for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of oral–systemic health. Many New York University nursing, dental, and medical faculty and students have been exposed to interprofessional oral health HEENOT classroom, simulation, and clinical experiences. This was associated with increased dental–primary care referrals.

This innovation has potential to build interprofessional oral health workforce capacity that addresses a significant public health issue, increases oral health care access, and improves oral–systemic health across the lifespan.
An Analysis of Rising Bubble Experiments to Determine Minimum Miscibility Pressures
Authors: Zhou D. , Orr F. M.
Published: January 2015

We report an analysis of rising bubble experiments for ternary systems. We present experimental evidence that observations of changes in bubble appearance are primarily controlled by changes in interfacial tension (IFT) that occur as components transfer from the surrounding liquid to the rising bubble. We report experimental observations for an analog ternary system (brine/isopropanol/iso-octane) that confirm the influence of IFT on bubble appearance.

We also describe a simple diffusion model of composition changes during bubbles rise. A combination of experimental results and model calculations indicates that rising bubble experiments can be used to detect minimum miscibility pressure (or enrichment) for ternary vaporizing drives. Similar analysis shows, however, that falling drop experiments are more appropriate for ternary condensing displacements. Questions that remain to be resolved for systems with more than three components are outlined.
Coupling model and solving approach for performance evaluation of natural draft counter-flow wet cooling towers
Authors: Wang Wei , Zeng Deliang , Hu Yong , Liu Jizhen , Niu Yuguang
Published: January 2015

When searching for the optimum condenser cooling water flow in a thermal
power plant with natural draft cooling towers, it is essential to evaluate
the outlet water temperature of cooling towers when the cooling water flow
and inlet water temperature change. However, the air outlet temperature and
tower draft or inlet air velocity are strongly coupled for natural draft
cooling towers. Traditional methods, such as trial and error method, graphic
method and iterative methods are not simple and efficient enough to be used
for plant practice. In this paper, we combine Merkel equation with draft
equation, and develop the coupled description for performance evaluation of
natural draft cooling towers. This model contains two inputs: the cooling
water flow, the inlet cooling water temperature and two outputs: the outlet
water temperature, the inlet air velocity, equivalent to tower draft. In this
model, we furthermore put forward a soft-sensing algorithm to calculate the
total drag coefficient instead of empirical correlations. Finally, we design
an iterative approach to solve this coupling model, and illustrate three
cases to prove that the coupling model and solving approach proposed in our
paper are effective for cooling tower performance evaluation.
Determination of thermal conductivity of pine wood dust filled epoxy composites
Authors: Mohapatra Ramesh , Mishra Antaryami , Choudhury Bibhuti
Published: January 2015

In the present investigation the Thermal conductivity in particulate filler
filled (Pine wood dust) epoxy composites at different volume fractions (6.5%,
11.3%,26.8% and 35.9%) have been determined experimentally by using Forced
Convection apparatus. The composites of pine wood dust particles of 150
micron size have been prepared by using hand-lay-up technique. The
experimental results show that the incorporation of pine wood dust results in
reduction of thermal conductivity of epoxy resin and there by improves its
thermal insulation capability. From the experiments it is also observed that
the composite with 35.9% volume fraction of pine wood dust exhibited lowest
thermal conductivity i.e 0.246 W/m-0K on comparison to 6.5%,11.3% and26.8%
volume fractions. Therefore the composite with 35.9% wood dust may be more
suitable for insulation application. Experimental results (22mm pipe
diameter) are also compared with theoretical models such as Rule of mixture
model, Maxwell model, Russell model and Baschirow & Selenew model to describe
the variation of thermal conductivity versus the volume fraction of the
filler. All these models exhibited results close to each other at low dust
filler content. On comparison, It has been found that the errors associated
with experimental (26mm Dia.) along with all the above four models with
respect to experimental ones (22mm Dia.) lie in the range of 19.60 to 44.10%,
0.76 to 12.10%, 1.86 to 5.12% and 8.24 to 19.68% respectively.
Thermal effect on the thermomechanical behavior of contacts in a Traveling Wave Tube
Authors: Chbiki Mounir , da Silva , Bauzin Jean-Gabriel , Laraqi Najib , Jarno Jean-Francois
Published: January 2015

A new elasto-plastic study of the contact between the helix and the rods of
the delay line of Traveling Waves Tubes (TWT) was realized. Our study is
focused on the analysis of the hot lines shrinking phenomenon. In the
studied case, unlike brazed configuration, the contact areas are not
perfect, resulting in a diminution of the heat transfer process. In order to
maximize the contact area and to homogenize the contact pressure, a soft
thermal conductive material is coated on the helix: copper was chosen for
this study. In the present work, an analytical model is used to identify the
properties of the copper coating at a given temperature. We focused on the
mechanical properties in order to improve the assembly process with a better
numerical study. Experimental method have been made to validate the proposed
model. The first comparison results seem to indicate that the model
represents the reality with a good agreement. It is very clearly shown that
the temperature decreases the mechanical properties. (Young?s modulus, yield
strength, tensile strength?). And the thickness of the coating increases the
contact area. This last point is less important at room temperature (6% of
increase) than at 140?C (22%).
The development of phonological skills in preschool children
Authors: Lazarevic Emilija
Published: January 2015

The paper presents a portion of the results obtained in the first phase of a
longitudinal study of the development of children?s literacy. The aim of the
research was to study the level of development of phonological skills in
preschool children. The development of phonological skills, as part of
metalinguistic skills, was studied by the assessment of voice analysis and
synthesis in words and recognising rhyme. The sample included preschool
children. The obtained results have pointed to an average development of
children?s phonological skills in the domain of the ability of voice
synthesis and analysis in words, as well as to the difficulties in solving
items that contained more complex demands of manipulating phonemes within
words. It was also determined that there were difficulties in recognising
rhyme in words where phonological similarity was more prominent on the level
of the whole word. Since there are very few research studies in our country
that deal with the development of phonological skills in preschool children,
which are an important predictor for the acquisition of reading and writing
skills, the findings of this research can provide an insight into the
development of this aspect of children?s speech and language, while in the
long run they would enable us to observe the influence of this predictor on
the success in initial reading and writing.
Marginal Leakage of Class V Composite Restorations Assessed Using Microcomputed Tomography and Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Rengo C , Goracci C , Ametrano G , Chieffi N , Spagnuolo G , Rengo S , Ferrari M
Published: January 2015

Objective

The aim of the study was to compare in Class V composite restorations marginal leakage measurements obtained with microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations.

Methods

Class V cavities were prepared on 10 human molars and restored using Optibond FL (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA) and Premise Flowable (Kerr). Sealing ability was evaluated by assessing silver-nitrate penetration depth along enamel and dentin margins. Leakage was quantified using a scoring system. Micro-CT analysis provided 502 cross-sectional images for each tooth. Microleakage evaluation was performed first on three cross-sections corresponding to the sections examined by SEM, then on all 502 of the obtained micro-CT images. SEM observations were performed first at 20× magnification, then, if showing a zero score, at 80× magnification. Enamel and dentin microleakage scores assigned to corresponding sections through micro-CT and SEM (20×) were compared (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, α=0.05).

Results

No statistically significant difference in leakage scores emerged between micro-CT and 20×-magnification SEM. Eight tooth sections that were given a zero score under SEM at 20× magnification showed to be infiltrated at the higher magnification (80×). For five teeth a higher score was assigned following scanning of 502 cross-sections than based on the observation of three sections.

Conclusions

Micro-CT presents as a valid, nondestructive in vitro method to quantitatively evaluate marginal leakage of adhesive restorations.