bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Panckoucke and the Circle Squarers
Authors: Loveland Jeff
Published: April 2005

This article chronicles the mathematical career of the publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke and contextualizes his only published work of non-commercial mathematics, a "Mémoire" proving the impossibility of squaring the circle, first published in 1765. Panckoucke's "Mémoire" illuminates several of the cultures he participated in—the minor eighteenth-century sub-cultures of popular mathematics and circle-squaring, as well as the more familiar ones of early modern patronage and the French Enlightenment. The "Mémoire" also points to ambivalence in two of the eighteenth century's defining intellectual struggles—the philosophes' campaign against superstition and ignorance, and the late-century skirmishes between the Académie Royale des Sciences and practitioners of unsanctioned sciences.
The Conscious Swain: Political Pastoral in Pope's Epic
Authors: Santesso Aaron
Published: April 2005

The pastoral passages of Pope's Iliad have been attacked as "pretentious" and inaccurate. I suggest that Pope self-consciously translated (or, to use a contemporary term, "transfused") the Iliad into a pastoral vessel in order to facilitate a political argument: the pastoral world comes to represent traditional Tory England; the epic world, the aggressive new Whig order. Over the course of the translation, "swains" are introduced as "conscious" witnesses to the transition from pastoral to epic society. These swains, with whom Pope gradually associates himself, ultimately succumb to this new, politically contentious age, thereby confirming Pope's Tory philosophy of historical decay.
Two Kinds of Mechanical Inexplicability in Kant and Aristotle
Authors: Ginsborg Hannah
Published: April 2005

I distinguish two senses in which organisms are mechanically inexplicable for Kant. Mechanical inexplicability in the first sense is shared with artefacts, and consists in their exhibiting regularities irreducible to the regularities of matter. Mechanical inexplicability in the second sense is peculiar to organisms, consisting in the reciprocal causal dependence of an organism's parts. This distinction corresponds to two strands of thought in Aristotle, one supporting a teleological conception of organisms, the other supporting a conception of organisms as natural. Recognizing this distinction helps us to see how a teleological conception of organisms is compatible with recent advances in biology.
Spinoza and Prime Matter
Authors: Huenemann Charles
Published: April 2005

Spinoza claims that God is extended and corporeal, but he resists identifying God with the extended, corporeal world. How then are we to understand the relation of God to the physical world? This essay first critically examines interpretations offered by Schmaltz and Woolhouse which claim that Spinoza's God is not actually extended, but a nonextended essence of extension. It is then suggested that Spinoza's God can be understood as something akin to (a modified version of) scholastic prime matter. On this view, Spinoza's God is actually extended, but cannot be identified with the corporeal world, which is changeable and variegated in a way that prime matter is not.
Salomon Maimon and the Rise of Spinozism in German Idealism
Authors: Melamed Yitzhak Y
Published: April 2005

In this paper I explore one issue in the history of German Idealism which has been widely neglected in the existing literature. I argue that Salomon Maimon was the first to suggest that Spinoza's pantheism was a radical religious (or 'acosmistic') view rather than atheism. Following a discussion of the historical context of Maimon's engagement with Spinoza, I point out the main Spinozistic element of Maimon 's philosophy: the view of God as the material cause of the world, or as the subject in which all things inhere. I argue that this doctrine was the basis of Maimon's Law of Determinability.
The Scope of Aristotle's Essentialism in the Posterior Analytics
Authors: Tierney Richard L
Published: April 2005

Aristotle's essentialism distinguishes between what belongs in itself and what belongs accidentally. Yet two distinct kinds of entity belong in itself: those that belong to something in what it is, and those that have what they belong to in the account of what they are; it is not clear in what sense the latter are essential. I articulate the nature of these entities, and argue that they are indeed essential in that they cannot not belong to their subjects. This is because they are 'entrenched' within the generic matter that is 'worked up' into the substance that is their subject.
Advanced Democracies and the New Politics
Authors: Dalton Russell J , Scarrow Susan E , Cain Bruce E
Published: April 2005

The popular pressures for reforms of the democratic process have mounted across the OECD nations over the past generation. In response, democratic institutions are changing, evolving, expanding in ways that may alter the structure of the democratic process. These changes include reforms of representative democracy proceses, the expansion of direct democracy, and the introduction of new forms of advocacy democracy. Indeed, some observers claim that we are witnessing the most fundamental transformation of the democratic process since the creation of mass democracy in the early 20th Century. This essay first summarizes the institutional reforms that are occurring in advanced industrial democracies. Given these changes, we consider how each of the three modes fulfills Dahl's criteria for democracy, and how the shifting patterns of democratic access are transforming the relationship between citizens and their political system. This essay is adapted from their edited volume, Democracy Transformed? Expanding Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies (Oxford University Press, 2003).
Iraq: Setbacks, Advances, Prospects
Authors: Dawisha A. I
Published: April 2005

Since the destruction of the Saddam Hussein's totalitarian Ba'athist regime and the liberation of Iraq in the U.S.- and British-led Second Gulf War of spring 2003, the Coalition Provisional Authority headed in Baghdad by L. Paul Bremer has had to cope with some unpredictable circumstances, has made some unforced errors, and has notched some significant achievements in its efforts to bring security and self-government to the Kurds, Shi'ite and Sunni Arabs, and other peoples of Iraq. Whatever one thinks of how the war began, the whole civilized world has a vast stake in setting Iraq on the path toward democracy and the rule of law, and the case for cautious optimism remains strong.
Indonesia’s Approaching Elections: Politics, Islam, and Public Opinion
Authors: Mujani Saiful , Liddle R. William
Published: April 2005

Abstract: While many Muslims in Indonesia-the world’s most populous Muslim-majority country-believe that laws should be broadly in accord with Islam, relatively few support policies advocated by Islamist activists. At the mass level, Islamism is a rural rather than an urban phenomenon. Islamist leaders may be alienated urbanites, but their followers are disproportionately rural and subscribe to a particularly rural-Indonesian understanding of religion and society. Indonesia’s largest Muslim social organizations are significant obstacles to the further growth of Islamism. Not only are their leaders tolerant and pluralistic, but their broader memeberships seem immune to Islamism’s allure
National Income and Liberty
Authors: Karatnycky Adrian
Published: April 2005

This essay presents the findings of the 2004 Freedom House survey of Freedom in the World. The essay examines broad trends in political rights and civil liberties and finds 88 Free countries, 55 states are rated as Partly Free and 49 are rated as Not Free, with the widespread absence of liberties. In the last year, 25 countries registered improvements and 13 declined in their fundamental freedoms. This essay correlates levels of freedom with economic development and examines the tenure of freedom in every state as reflected by the 31-year times-series record of the survey. Freedom in the World is an annual comparative global survey of political rights and civil liberties as reflected in assessments conducted by 22 analysts and reviewed by 17 senior academic scholars.
Europe Moves Eastward: Beyond the New Borders
Authors: Mungiu-Pippidi Alina
Published: April 2005

Abstract: A border of development, not one of ‘civilization’ divides the European continent in two uneven halves, which have become all the more visible after the Big Bang enlargement This paper discussesâ ‘Wider Europe’, the Europe beyond the current Schengen borders. As the European identity is fuzzy and the European Union borders a combination of haphazard and necessity, notably the need to keep protect wealthy Europe from poor Europe, turning the current border into a new wall would be a mistake. Unlike the countries in the first wave of enlargement, Wider Europe countries are still struggling with weak states and unfinished transitions. More creative policies than just the conditionality based enlargement as usual will be needed to make wider Europe catch up, but the project may prove more realistic and worthwhile than furthering the political integration of the current members. The paper argues therefore that no border should be set for Europe, and enlargement should continue as long as EuropeÕs power as an emulator is not yet exhausted.
Europe Moves Eastward: Challenges of EU Enlargement
Authors: Zielonka Jan
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Despite the economic concerns of those opposed to the eastward expansion of the European Union, the small economies of the new member states should pose few problems; fears of a cultural gap between “old” and “new” Europe are likewise misguided, as are charges that the entrance of the members will paralyze EU decision making. Enlargement reduces the chances of constructing a pan-European state, but it will put the EU under extra pressure to offer citizens meaningful forms of democratic participation. For all the changes that the entrance of postcommunist states will bring to the Union-and for all the democratic challenges in particular-the benefits of enlargement for Europe as a whole will clearly exceed the costs.
Equipoise: Beyond Rehabilitation?
Authors: Menikoff Jerry
Published: April 2005

Challenging the interpretation of Charles
Fried's use of "equipoise" presented by Paul Miller and Charles Weijer
in a recent issue of the
Kennedy Institute of Ethics
Journal, this commentary argues that Fried was in no way
promoting the concept of equipoise. In fact, his key point was that
patients have a right to know and to make their own decisions about
participation in clinical trials,
regardless
of equipoise, however it is defined.
Waking to Modernity: The Classical Tale in Late-Qing China
Authors: Lu Hsiao-peng
Published: April 2005

This essay is a study of the genre of the classical tale in late Qing China, and more specifically the classical tales written by Wang Tao (1828-1897). The author focuses on Wang's collection of short stories Post-Tales of the Strange from the Studio of Leisure (Hou Liaozhai zhiyi), a.k.a. Random Records of a Recluse in Wusong (Songyin manlu). Specific analysis is devoted to three tales of transnational romance between Chinese and European lovers. Such stories by Wang represent a unique Chinese response to the advent of the West on the eve of China's entry into the modern world. They offer imaginary resolutions to real geopolitical problems in international relations between China and the West by way of what amounts to the last flowering of an old literary genre.
No Fixed Address: Pascal, Cervantes, and the Changing Function of Literary Communication in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Berensmeyer Ingo
Published: April 2005

In recent years, literary criticism has focused ever more systematically on the historical development of the relationship between literary forms of communication and the cultural and political knowledge formations in which they are embedded. As a contribution to this greater trend, this essay attempts to situate the historical origins of a modern concept of literature in early modern Europe and to define its specific function in an epistemological perspective. Pascal's PensÃ©es provide a contemporary heuristic with which the new function of fiction is analyzed, using Cervantes' Don Quijote as a paradigmatic example. Combining key elements from the social history of knowledge, systems theory, and reader-response theory, the essay discusses the methodological problems of conceiving fictionality in ahistoric terms and of attributing a system status to literature. As an alternative to these approaches, it proposes a model of discursive virtualization to describe the changing function of literary communication around 1600.
Who is the Indian Shakespeare? Appropriation of Authority in a Sanskrit Midsummer Night's Dream
Authors: Mason David V
Published: April 2005

VASANTIKASVAPNAM, the Sanskrit translation of AMIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM produced by R. Krishnamachariin 1892, shows how, among some communities in colonial India, Shakespeare's authority may have been inevitably subservient to the authority of such cultural icons as Kalidasa. Even as this translation seems to serve the colonial project by promoting Shakespeare, it reconfigures the Elizabethan play to more closely resemble classical Sanskrit drama, and soto better suit the tastes of its target audience.

Consequently, this translation challenges the recent idea that in colonial and post-colonial contexts so-called 'hybrid' texts speak first and subversively to colonizing powers.
The Emperor's New Critique
Authors: Robbins Hollis
Published: April 2005

"The Emperor's New Critique" reads Hans Christian Andersen's famous 1837 tale as critiquing constitutional monarchy's endemic disarray and satirizing its opponents. If, as theorists from Sigmund Freud to Jacques Derrida have noted, the tale's truth is the fantasy-desire for the kind of truth that can be revealed, what happens when what is revealed is not naked power but a weak ruler? Does the public really want transparent government? Like Hamlet's father's ghostly whispering, like Dupin's Queen's purloined love letter, like the prophecy whispered to Laius and Jocasta, the weavers' description of beautiful cloth has the power to topple a king. To those who listen to such fabrications, the words are material and "true." They sell a particular idea that the king has something to be embarrassed about. Disgraceful revelation is the basis for all four stories, each of which is resolved by an act of discovering, recovering, uncovering, or covering up.
Sartre's Legacy in Postcolonial Theory; or, Who's Afraid of Non-Western Historiography and Cultural Studies?
Authors: Wehrs Donald R
Published: April 2005

Despite a guilty conscience about depending upon Western-derived analytical matrices, postcolonial theory continues to exhibit a lack of interest in non-Western cultures' articulations of meaning and value, for its dominant conceptual frameworks remain tethered to assumptions embedded in the anticolonial theorizing of Jean-Paul Sartre and his associates. Taking anticolonialism to be simply the "negation" of colonial oppression and ideas, postcolonial theory replicates existentialist ethical discourse in ways that ensure that it will be unable to engage contemporary research tracing how indigenous acculturation shapes anticolonial ethics and politics. By contrast, Levinas offers ways of revising postcolonial theory so as to allow non-Western historiography to inform postcolonial literary criticism--as may be illustrated by readings of Camara Laye's L'Enfant noir (1953), Ferdinand Oyono's Une Vie de Boy (1956), and Ahmadou Kourauma's Les Soleils des independences (1968).
Mutual Aid and Animal Dispersion: An Historical Analysis of Alternatives to Darwin
Authors: Borrello Mark E
Published: April 2005

Petr Alekseyevich Kropotkin (1842-1921) and Vero Copner
Wynne-Edwards (1906-1997) developed evolutionary theories that emphasized
social groups and cooperation rather than the organism-level natural
selection of standard Darwinian theory. The most important reason
for their alternative interpretations was their experience as field
naturalists. Kropotkin and Wynne-Edwards worked in arctic environments
and were impressed by aspects of the natural world that differed
significantly from those experienced by Darwin or Wallace. These field
experiences led to their emphasis on mutual aid and group selection,
respectively. Understanding the development of their theories helps
to illuminate the continuing debates over evolutionary theory and the
current resurgence of interest in group selection.
Profitable Gifts: A History of the Merck Mectizan Donation Program and Its Implications for International Health
Authors: Collins Kimberly Layne
Published: April 2005

A unique public/private partnership situated around a
pharmaceutical, Merck's Mectizan® donation program
stands out as an example of corporate philanthropy in the history of the
pharmaceutical industry and provides insight into future public/private
partnerships in public health. This paper considers the issues Merck faced
in the decision to donate Mectizan (ivermectin) and in the subsequent
development of the Mectizan donation program, delineating the moral and
financial debates that arose within the company. Coming after almost
15 years of donation, this assessment of the program's strengths and
shortcomings suggests how the pharmaceutical industry can better serve
as a viable partner in improving international health.
Reminiscences from My Medical School and Residency Days
Authors: Gellhorn Alfred
Published: April 2005

A physician who was a medical student and resident in the
1930s at the Washington University School of Medicine recalls many of
the remarkable professors who were recruited after Abraham Flexner had
recommended a complete reorganization of the school in 1910, and who
shaped the development of the school. Each of these individuals pioneered
developments that shaped the research, clinical, and organizational
advances of medicine in the 20th century. More than 60 years after
graduation, the recollections rekindle the excitement and fun of medical
education during that period.
Paleo-Oncology: The Role of Ancient Remains in the Study of Cancer
Authors: Halperin Edward C
Published: April 2005

Paleo-oncology is the study of carcinomas and sarcomas in ancient
human populations and their hominid precursors. These populations are
informative concerning the possible influences on cancer of morphologic
and functional evolution, diet, lifestyle, and other environmental
factors.The prevalence of cancer in ancient populations might have
differed from that in modern humans, because of substantial differences
in tobacco and alcohol use, diet, life expectancy, and the availability
of treatment. The available physical data concerning cancer in antiquity
includes evidence of its existence in animal fossils and ancient humans
and their precursors. The difficulties of paleo-oncologic research
include a limited soft tissue record. In evaluating cancer in ancient
remains, one must also deal with the problem of pseudopathology:
whether an observed tissue change is an antemortem pathologic lesion
or a postmortem artifact. Future archeological discoveries and the
application of improved diagnostic techniques may enable paleo-oncology
to make further contributions to our understanding of cancer.
What the Library and Information Professional Can Learn from the Information Technology and Project Management Knowledge Areas
Authors: Cortez Edwin M , Dutta Sanjay K , Kazlauskas Edward John
Published: April 2005

There are various forces driving change in the knowledge
and skills areas for information professionals: 1) technologies, 2)
changing environments, and 3) the changing role of information technology
management. These forces affect all levels of information technology-based
professionals--those responsible for information processing and those
responsible for information services. This paper discusses and reviews
the pertinent literature that deals with the competencies needed of
information technology (IT) professionals, covering both general and
project management knowledge and skills. Discussion follows relating this
review to the library and information studies (LIS) field. The analysis
leads to a composite picture, presented in a classification framework,
of the competencies and skills needed of the new LIS professional.
Differentiating Information Skills and Computer Skills: A Factor Analytic Approach
Authors: Pask Judith M , Saunders E. Stewart
Published: April 2005

A basic tenet of information literacy programs is
that the skills needed to use computers and the skills needed to find
and evaluate information are two separate sets of skills. Outside the
library this is not always the view. The claim is sometimes made that
information skills are acquired by learning computer skills. All that
is needed is a computer lab and someone to teach computer skills. This
study uses data from a survey of computer and information skills to
determine whether or not these skills are separate entities. The survey
was given to incoming freshmen at Purdue University in 1999 and 2000. A
factor analysis of the data supports the assumption that the two skills
are different. The factors are interpreted as the learning experiences
that lead to the two sets of skills.
Revisiting the Diary : Rereading Anne Frank's Rewriting
Authors: Caplan Nigel A
Published: April 2005

In this close reading of The Diary of Anne Frank: The Critical Edition (1989), Caplan re-evaluates the Diary's importance in the face of recent doubts by tracing the author's process of revising her personal journal for publication as a "novel." As she added and deleted passages and whole letters, Frank constructed a narrative which would "give pleasure or be useful," distancing the reader into the spectator role of reader-response criticism. The unfinished, re-written Het Achethuis leaves us with a disarmingly chilling account of life in hiding in "The Secret Annex."
The Male Readers of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm
Authors: Hardy Rob
Published: April 2005

When it was first published, Kate Douglas Wiggin's Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903), the classic novel for girls, proved also to be popular with male readers. Hardy examines Rebecca's popularity with male readers. He speculates that the young Rebecca invokes their "lost girlhood," while the maturing Rebecca in the later chapters becomes, for them, a version of the romantic ideal woman. Hardy assesses the influence of William Wordsworth on the depiction of Rebecca and focuses on the particular ways in which Rebecca may have appealed to two of her most famous admirers, Mark Twain and Jack London.
Psychoanalysis and Children's Literature: The Case for Complementarity
Authors: Kidd Kenneth B
Published: April 2005

Children's literature and psychoanalysis have a rich mutual history, but all too often critics celebrate one at the expense of the other, rather than exploring the ideological and disciplinary relays between them. This essay addresses some of those relays, concentrating on the rhetoric of mothering as well as the centrality of children's play and folklore to the evolution of psychoanalysis and children's literature alike. Both children's literature and psychoanalysis are organized around the child in ways that we have only begun to understand.
The Wonderful World of the Depression: Disney, Despotism, and the 1930s. Or, Why Disney Scares Us
Authors: Shortsleeve Kevin
Published: April 2005

Shortsleeve suggests that an origin to the widespread mistrust of the Walt Disney Company is that it has not changed since its initial development in the 1930s. The company's success via an Orwellian-style management while selling utopian-drive dreams of monarchical kingdoms has subliminally frightened Disney critics. To divert attention from its totalitarian tendencies, Disney has overcompensated with insincere attractions about freedom and democracy. The Disney experience is a fractured one; the Disney fan is aware of the silent tension, which creates suspicion, paranoia, and mistrust.
Little Brown Sanjay and Little Black Sambo : Childhood Reading, Adult Rereading; Colonial Text and Postcolonial Reception
Authors: Sircar Sanjay
Published: April 2005

Cultures are neither static nor hermetically sealed off from each other. Sircar presents the responses of an ethnic, South Asian reader, now living in Australia, to Helen Bannerman's The Story of Little Black Sambo (1899). Sircar responded positively as a child to the inaccurate South Asian-izing of Sambo by a U.S. publisher, and responds similarly, though more informedly, to it as an adult. Sircar has an emotional, aesthetic, and cultural/political investment in Sambo, claiming it for India. He considers problems of interpreting the alleged racism, and undertakes a literary analysis of this controversial text.
Standardized Approach to Proteome Profiling of Human Serum Based on Magnetic Bead Separation and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Baumann Sven , Ceglarek Uta , Fiedler Georg Martin , Lembcke Jan , Leichtle Alexander , Thiery Joachim
Published: April 2005

Background: Magnetic bead purification for the analysis of low-abundance proteins in body fluids facilitates the identification of potential new biomarkers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The aims of our study were to establish a proteome fractionation technique and to validate a standardized blood sampling, processing, and storage procedure for proteomic pattern analysis.

Methods: We used magnetic bead separation for proteome profiling of human blood by MALDI-TOF MS (mass range, 1000–10 000 Da) and studied the effects on the quality and reproducibility of the proteome analysis of anticoagulants, blood clotting, time and temperature of sample storage, and the number of freeze–thaw cycles of samples.

Results: The proteome pattern of human serum was characterized by ∼350 signals in the mass range of 1000–10 000 Da. The proteome profile showed time-dependent dynamic changes before and after centrifugation of the blood samples. Serum mass patterns differed between native samples and samples frozen once. The best reproducibility of proteomic patterns was with a single thawing of frozen serum samples.

Conclusion: Application of the standardized preanalytical blood sampling and storage procedure in combination with magnetic bead-based fractionation decreases variability of proteome patterns in human serum assessed by MALDI-TOF MS.
One Planet, One Spirit
Authors: King Ursula
Published: April 2005

This special issue of Ecotheology on Pierre Teilhard de Chardin provides a suitable setting for discussing the contemporary search for an ecologically balanced spirituality. From early on in his scientific career, Teilhard was conscious of the emergence of human evolution within the larger setting of cosmic and planetary evolution, and the closely interwoven relationships of the entire web of life were an integral part of his scientific, religious and mystical insights. The emerging spirituality of an unfolding noosphere is intimately connected with the co-evolution and convergence of our biological, mental and social environments. I will examine the important theme of a newly evolving ecological spirituality from four different perspectives: (1) our new consciousness of one planet; (2) the connections between ecology, spirituality, and the world as a whole; (3) the ecological re-visioning of spirituality through recognizing the mutual embeddedness of the biosphere and noosphere; (4) the resources of our global spiritual heritage for an ecologically balanced spirituality.
Teilhard
Authors: O'Murchu Diarmuid
Published: April 2005

Teilhard de Chardin was a seminal figure of twentieth century spirituality. His Christ-centred evolutionary vision inspired new strands like that of Creation-Spirituality and the New Cosmology. While cherished by scholars for his scientific-theological synthesis, his enduring impact belongs to a wider spiritual landscape. He has helped to inspire a new wave of mysticism, celebrating the integration of creation and spirituality, a synthesis that resonates strongly with spiritual seekers of our time.
In Vivo Characterization of Bone Marrow–Derived Fibroblasts Recruited into Fibrotic Lesions
Authors: Ishii Genichiro , Sangai Takafumi , Sugiyama Kenji , Ito Takashi , Hasebe Takahiro , Endoh Yasushi , Magae Junji , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: April 2005

Fibroblasts, which are widely distributed and play a key part in tissue fibrosis, are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous. Recent studies reported that bone marrow can be a source of tissue fibroblast. In the study reported here, we investigated in vivo characterization of bone marrow–derived fibroblasts recruited into various fibrotic lesions. Mice were engrafted with bone marrow isolated from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), and fibrotic lesions were induced by cancer implantation (skin), excisional wounding (skin), and bleomycin administration (lung). A small population of GFP+ fibroblast was found even in nonfibrotic skin (8.7% ± 4.6%) and lung (8.9% ± 2.5%). The proportion of GFP+ fibroblasts was significantly increased after cancer implantation(59.7%±16.3%) and excisional wounding (32.2% ± 4.8%), whereas it was not elevated after bleomycin administration (7.1% ± 2.4%). Almost all GFP+ fibroblasts in fibrotic lesions expressed type I collagen, suggesting that bone marrow–derived fibroblasts would contribute to tissue fibrosis. GFP+ fibroblasts expressed CD45, Thy-1, and α-smooth muscle actin at various proportions. Our results suggested that bone marrow–derived fibroblasts expressed several fibroblastic markers in vivo and could be efficiently recruited into fibrotic lesions in response to injurious stimuli; however, the degree of recruitment frequency might depend on the tissue microenvironment.
Donor Marker Infidelity in Transgenic Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Anderson Daniel A. , Wu Yanna , Jiang Shuguang , Zhang Xingqi , Streeter Philip R. , Spangrude Gerald J. , Archer David R. , Fleming William H.
Published: April 2005

Transgenic marking approaches are increasingly used to evaluate the developmental potential of stem cells. However, cell fate mapping studies using different transgenic marking systems have produced conflicting results. These disparate findings may be due in part to the infidelity of donor marker gene expression. Analysis of hematopoietic stem cells (c-Kit+, Sca-1+, lineage marker− [KSL]) from a transgenic mouse (1Osb) engineered to ubiquitously express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reveals two distinct populations. Forty percent of KSL cells demonstrate intermediate levels of EGFP fluorescence and differentiate into subpopulations of B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells that do not express EGFP. By contrast, progeny of the remaining 60% of KSL cells are almost exclusively EGFP bright. Long-term multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution and serial transplantation experiments show that these differences in EGFP are a property of self-renewing stem cells. Furthermore, both the transgene integration site and the activation status of a cell are important determinants of EGFP expression. These results indicate that a combination of donor cell markers is required to reliably track the full differentiation potential of transgenic stem cells.
Implementation of frequency-modulated thermal wave imaging for non-destructive sub-surface defect detection
Authors: Mulaveesala R , Tuli S
Published: April 2005

Thermal non-destructive testing (TNDT) is a whole field and non-contact technique for defect detection. The present work describes a variant of TNDT for subsurface defect detection based on frequency modulated thermal wave imaging (FMTWI). Use is made of the frequency dependence of
thermal diffusion length, to achieve entire depth scanning of a sample in one run. This novel technique overcomes some of the drawbacks associated with traditional pulse and lock-in thermography. Experimental results are presented in support.
High‐strain‐rate Superplasticity in a Nanostructured Al‐Mg Alloy
Authors: Han B. Q. , Lavernia E.J.
Published: April 2005

In this work, the authors report high‐strain‐rate superplasticity in a nanostructured Al‐7.5%Mg alloy with a mean grain size of 90 nm processed via consolidation of cryomilled Al‐Mg powders. Tensile ductility with an elongation of 291% was observed at a strain rate of 10‐1 s‐1 and at a temperature of 573 K. Noteworthy is the fact that the microstructure is essentially stable during testing at 573 K. Grain boundary sliding is suggested to be the dominant deformation mechanism in the superplastic deformation of the nanostructured Al‐Mg alloy.
Theoretical Predictions for the Intrinsic Converse Longitudinal Piezoelectric Constants of Lead Zirconate Titanate Epitaxial Films
Authors: Ouyang J. , Ramesh R. , Roytburd A. L.
Published: April 2005

The orientation dependences of the converse longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d33,f are calculated for epitaxial Pb(ZrxTi1–x)O3 films with different compositions. This calculation showed that the substrate clamping plays an important role on determining the piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films, and thus may serve as an example illustrating why physical properties of thin films are different from bulk materials.
Fluid dynamics in conically tapered microneedles
Authors: Martanto Wijaya , Baisch Stephen M. , Costner Elizabeth A. , Prausnitz Mark R. , Smith Marc K.
Published: April 2005

Toward achieving painless injections and other microfluidic applications, we microfabricated conically tapered needles of micron dimensions. The relationship between pressure drop and flow rate through microneedles was experimentally quantified as a function of fluid viscosity and microneedle length, diameter, and cone half‐angle. At Reynolds numbers ≲ 100, dimensionless pressure drop (2ΔP/ρv2) sharply decreased with increasing Reynolds number, indicating the importance of viscous forces. At larger Reynolds numbers, the flow was almost inviscid, as indicated by a weak dependency of dimensionless pressure drop on Reynolds number. Numerical simulations showed good agreement with experimental data and predicted that flow through conically tapered microneedles is primarily controlled by the diameter and taper angle at the microneedle tip. A characteristic feature of flow through conically tapered microneedles is a favorable axial pressure gradient that accelerates fluid through the microneedle, thus inhibiting growth of the viscous boundary layer on the microneedle wall. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Modeling of multitype particle flow using the kinetic theory approach
Authors: Iddir Hadjira , Arastoopour Hamid
Published: April 2005

The effects of particle size and/or density on particle interaction and overall behavior of granular flow were studied using the kinetic theory approach. The kinetic theory for granular flow was extended to mixtures of multitype particles assuming a non‐Maxwellian velocity distribution and energy non‐equipartition. Each type of particles was considered as a separate phase with different velocity and granular temperature. The resulting momentum equation for each particulate phase includes phase interaction arising from collisional pressure and particle–particle drag force. When applied to simple shear granular flow of a binary mixture, this model predicts well the energy non‐equipartition and the stresses of particulate systems with different sizes and densities. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Fault‐tolerant control of process systems using communication networks
Authors: El‐Farra Nael H. , Gani Adiwinata , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: April 2005

A methodology for the design of fault‐tolerant control systems for chemical plants with distributed interconnected processing units is presented. Bringing together tools from Lyapunov‐based nonlinear control and hybrid systems theory, the approach is based on a hierarchical architecture that integrates lower‐level feedback control of the individual units with upper‐level logic‐based supervisory control over communication networks. The local control system for each unit consists of a family of control configurations for each of which a stabilizing feedback controller is designed and the stability region is explicitly characterized. The actuators and sensors of each configuration are connected, via a local communication network, to a local supervisor that orchestrates switching between the constituent configurations, on the basis of the stability regions, in the event of failures. The local supervisors communicate, through a plant‐wide communication network, with a plant supervisor responsible for monitoring the different units and coordinating their responses in a way that minimizes the propagation of failure effects. The communication logic is designed to ensure efficient transmission of information between units, while also respecting the inherent limitations in network resources by minimizing unnecessary network usage and accounting explicitly for the effects of possible delays due to fault‐detection, control computations, network communication and actuator activation. The proposed approach provides explicit guidelines for managing the various interplays between the coupled tasks of feedback control, fault‐tolerance and communication. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated through chemical process examples. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Reduction of birth prevalence rates of neural tube defects after folic acid fortification in Chile
Authors: López‐Camelo Jorge S. , Orioli Iêda M. , Dutra Maria da Graça , Nazer‐Herrera Julio , Rivera Nelson , Ojeda María Elena , Canessa Aurora , Wettig Elisabeth , Fontannaz Ana María , Mellado Cecília , Castilla Eduardo E.
Published: April 2005

To verify whether the decreasing neural tube defects birth prevalence rates in Chile are due to folic acid fortification or to pre‐existing decreasing trends, we performed a population survey using a network of Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC, Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) maternity hospitals in Chile, between the years 1982 and 2002. Within each maternity hospital, birth prevalence rates of spina bifida and anencephaly were calculated from two pre‐fortification periods (1982–1989 and 1990–2000), and from one fortified period (2001–2002). There was no historical trend for spina bifida birth prevalence rates before folic acid fortification, and there was a 51% (minimum 27%, maximum 66%) decrease in the birth prevalence rates of this anomaly in the fortified period. The relative risks of spina bifida were homogeneous among hospitals in the two period comparisons. There was no historical trend for the birth prevalence of anencephaly comparing the two pre‐fortified periods, but the relative risks were heterogeneous among hospitals in this comparison. There was a 42% (minimum 10%, maximum 63%) decrease in the birth prevalence rate of anencephaly in the fortified period as compared with the immediately pre‐fortified period, with homogeneous relative risks among hospitals. Within the methodological constraints of this study we conclude that the birth prevalence rates for both spina bifida and anencephaly decreased as a result of folic acid fortification, without interference of decreasing secular trends. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molekulare Organisation und Signaltransduktion an Kontaktstellen zwischen Membranen
Authors: Groves Jay T.
Published: April 2005

Oberflächen schaffen eine Umgebung, in der zahlreiche Kräfte zusammenwirken und dabei eine Vielzahl komplexer chemischer Prozesse auslösen. Dies gilt vor allem für Zellmembranen, deren Fluidität und Flexibilität eine Antwort auf chemische Wechselwirkungen an der Oberfläche ermöglichen, wie man sie bei anorganischen Materialien in dieser Form nicht findet. Die Bildung räumlicher Proteinmuster an Membranoberflächen im Bereich von Membrankontaktstellen liefert viele Beispiele für solche Phänomene und spielt darüber hinaus eine wichtige Rolle bei der interzellulären Signaltransduktion. Entsprechend interessieren sich sowohl Physikochemiker als auch Zellbiologen für Wechselwirkungen an Membranoberflächen. Aktuelle, fachübergreifende Untersuchungen zur Bildung von Proteinmustern in immunologischen Synapsen und zur Rekonstitution und Manipulation von Membranen unter Verwendung moderner bildgebender Verfahren werden in diesem Aufsatz vorgestellt.
Cover Picture: Calix[4]pyrrole: An Old yet New Ion‐Pair Receptor (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 17/2005)
Authors: Custelcean Radu , Delmau Lætitia H. , Moyer Bruce A. , Sessler Jonathan L. , Cho Won‐Seob , Gross Dustin , Bates Gareth W. , Brooks Simon J. , Light Mark E. , Gale Philip A.
Published: April 2005

Ion‐pair complexation properties of the calix[4]pyrroles could open up a new chapter in their chemistry, with potential applications in salt extraction and crystal engineering. In their Communication on page 2537 ff., B. A. Moyer, J. L. Sessler, P. A. Gale, and co‐workers examine the binding properties of this macrocycle, which was first synthesized almost 120 years ago and continues to provide surprises. The cover picture shows various representations of the calix[4]pyrrole unit binding with large diffuse cations, such as the cesium and imidazolium ions, and various halide and oxo‐anions.
On the design of practicable numerical experiments to investigate stratospheric temperature change
Authors: Hare Sylvia H. E. , Gray L. J. , Lahoz W. A. , O'Neill A.
Published: April 2005

Forty‐year, time‐varying GCM integrations have been run both with and without coupled chemistry. The results suggest that while computer resources preclude multi‐member ensemble experiments with coupled chemistry models to achieve statistical significance, robust results can be achieved for some atmospheric parameters by running ensemble experiments with imposed ozone changes. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Monthly forecast and the summer 2003 heat wave over Europe: a case study
Authors: Vitart Frédéric
Published: April 2005

A monthly forecasting system has been set up at ECMWF. Probabilistic scores indicate some potentially useful skill for the periods days 12 to 18 and 19 to 32. A case study of the 2003 heat wave over Europe suggests that the model successfully predicted a risk of heat wave higher than in climatology more than 10 days in advance. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of tetrahydropalmatine after oral administration of (−)‐enantiomer and the racemate
Authors: Hong Zhanying , Fan Guorong , Chai Yifeng , Yin Xueping , Wu Yutian
Published: April 2005

Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is a biologically active ingredient isolated from a traditional Chinese herb Rhizoma corydalis (yanhusuo). THP is a racemic mixture which contains 50% of the (+) and 50% of (−) enantiomer. The (−) enantiomer accounts for most of the analgesic effects. Plasma concentrations of THP enantiomers were analyzed by chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Chiralcel OJ column with quantification by UV at 230 nm. The method was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of THP enantiomers in rats and dogs after oral administration of rac‐THP or (−)‐THP. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the two enantiomers after dosing with rac‐THP were significantly different both in rats and dogs. The mean Cmax and AUC0–∞ values in rats were 1.93 ± 0.36 μg/ml and 6.65 ± 2.34 μg·h/ml for the (−) enantiomer, and 1.11 ± 0.25 μg/ml and 2.03 ± 0.45 μg·h/ml for the (+) enantiomer. The mean Cmax and AUC0–∞ in dogs were 1.60 ± 0.81 μg/ml and 9.88 ± 2.58 μg·h/ml for the (−) enantiomer, while 0.36 ± 0.21 μg/ml and 1.22 ± 0.40 μg·h/ml for the (+) enantiomer. rac‐THP at 40 mg/kg and (−)‐THP at 20 mg/kg had very similar plasma concentration–time profiles, and Cmax, AUC0–∞, and t1/2 of the (−) enantiomer in both rats and dogs, indicating that the two treatments were equivalent with respect to the pharmacokinetic properties of the (−) enantiomer. Chirality 17:293–296, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spinal cord injury is accompanied by chronic progressive demyelination
Authors: Totoiu Minodora O. , Keirstead Hans S.
Published: April 2005

Preceding the development of therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury is an identification of those pathological processes that might serve as therapeutic targets. Although demyelination has been documented as a secondary degenerative component of spinal cord injury in several species including humans, the extent of demyelination and its functional consequence remain unknown. In this report, we document the extent of demyelination and remyelination up to 450 days following contusive spinal cord injury in adult rats. The overall number of demyelinated axons peaked at 1 day post injury, declined by 7–14 days post injury, and then progressively increased up to 450 days post injury. Oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell remyelinated axons appeared by 14 days post injury. Although remyelinated axons were present from 14 to 450 days post injury, remyelination was incomplete, as indicated by the presence of demyelinated axons at every time point examined. These studies demonstrate for the first time that spinal cord injury is accompanied by chronic progressive demyelination, and they substantiate demyelination as a target for therapeutic intervention. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:373–383, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1,1'‐Bis(oxazolin‐2‐yl)ferrocenes: An Investigation of Their Complexation Behavior toward [Pd(η3‐allyl)Cl]2
Authors: Hartinger Christian G. , Nazarov Alexey A. , Arion Vladimir B. , Giester Gerald , Kuznetsov Maxim L. , Galanski Mathea Sophia , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: April 2005

The coordination behavior of several aryl‐ and alkyl‐bis(oxazolinyl)ferrocenes, which were prepared in high yields from ferrocene‐1,1'‐dicarbonyl dichloride and enantiomerically pure or racemic amino alcohols via the corresponding bis(β‐hydroxyamide)s and dimesylates or ditosylates as intermediates, toward [Pd(η3‐allyl)Cl]2 was investigated by ESI mass spectrometry. The synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis and the molecular structures of 1,1'‐bis[(R)‐4‐isopropyloxazolin‐2‐yl]ferrocene (6b), 1,1'‐bis[(S)‐4‐isopropyloxazolin‐2‐yl]ferrocene (7b), 1,1'‐bis[(S)‐4‐sec‐butyloxazolin‐2‐yl]ferrocene (11b), 1,1'‐bis[(S)‐4‐tert‐butyloxazolin‐2‐yl]ferrocene (12b), 1,1'‐bis[(R)‐4‐phenyloxazolin‐2‐yl]ferrocene (13b), and 1,1'‐bis[(S)‐4‐phenyloxazolin‐2‐yl]ferrocene (14b) were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The coordination behavior studies by ESI‐MS show a strong preference for monodentate complex formation. This result is supported by theoretical studies carried out at the B3LYP level of theory. It was found that the latter coordination type of 1,1'‐bis[(S)‐4‐methyloxazolin‐2‐yl]ferrocene (1b) to an allylpalladium moiety is kinetically favored over the bidentate one. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)