bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest fire analysis and classification based on a Serbian case study
Authors: Lukić Tin , Marić Predrag , Hrnjak Ivana , Gavrilov Milivoj B. , Mladjan Dragan , Zorn Matija , Komac Blaž , Milošević Zoran , Marković Slobodan B. , Sakulski Dušan , Jordaan Andries , Đorđević Jasmina , Pavić Dragoslav , Stojsavljević Rastislav
Published: September 2016

A recent forest fire in the Republic of Serbia is discussed concerning classification, legislative framework and fire management, giving a detailed analysis of the forest fire occurrence. Analysing past and predicting future fires are crucial for policy development and forest management practices to prevent and mitigate fires. Fire hazard is discussed through several fire protection and prevention legislative documents. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test was used to analyse resent forest fire data in an attempt to find causality in occurrences and frequency. The meteorological data and fire statistics provided by the Serbian Hydro-meteorological Service and the Ministry of Interior/Sector for Emergency Management of the Republic of Serbia were used to calculate the Forest Fire Weather Indices, along with deficit or surplus of precipitation for the case study of Tara Mountain. The paper highlights the need for better hierarchical classification of fire hazards and its harmonisation along with standardisations presented by leading international research institutions. A significant correlation between meteorological parameters and forest fire occurrence was found. This opens a possibility for further investigation and analysis of geophysical and anthropogenic driven factors that can influence disaster occurrence.
L’hybride, une problématique centrale de l’art actuel face à un monde multipolaire. De la notion à la culture, une évolution de la fonction et des catégories
Authors: Molinet Emmanuel
Published: September 2016

Le passage du caractère à la notion d’hybridité s’inscrit dans un changement de paradigme que matérialise l’art contemporain. L’hybride intègre aussi bien les nouvelles disciplines que l’ensemble des disciplines traditionnelles ou de nouvelles pratiques qui apparaissent. Il se manifeste au travers d’une multiplication des formes et d’un art expérimental, induisant celui-ci comme une notion clé de l’art contemporain. Si la période actuelle intègre l’hybridation comme un enjeu central, il sera intéressant de caractériser les multiples facteurs qui concourent à cette situation, et de déterminer comment de nouvelles acceptions du terme participent en fait à une reconfiguration du champ terminologique, et fondent ainsi de nouvelles approches de cette problématique. Si l’art actuel promeut de nouveaux principes tels que la reconversion et la conversion, il favorise indéniablement l’hybride, y compris en se conjuguant à d’autres plans et dans un contexte général où diverses mutations opèrent simultanément, impliquant l’émergence d’une nouvelle identité de l’art.
Du collage à l’album : Hybridité discursive et générique dans Visión de Nueva York de Carmen Martín Gaite
Authors: Fernández Juan Senís
Published: September 2016

En 1980, lors d’un séjour académique au Barnard College, l’écrivaine espagnole Carmen Martín Gaite entreprend la rédaction d’un document privé qu’elle intitule Visión de Nueva York, où elle traduit ses impressions de la grande ville. À l’origine, son but était d’avoir une sorte de journal intime atypique avec beaucoup d’images et peu de textes, mais avec le temps ses propres textes disparaissent presque et les pages sont remplies d’images et de textes trouvés dans la presse, la publicité et de photographies qu’elle-même faisait. Cette Visión de Nueva York devient alors une œuvre complètement hybride. Ainsi, nous tenterons d’analyser le double aspect hybride de cette œuvre. D’un côté, nous analyserons comment les divers discours s’entrelacent dans les pages du cahier ; et, de l’autre, nous essaierons d’établir une classification générique de l’œuvre en tant qu’album illustré, basé sur la relation entre les textes et les images.
Le Journal de J.-L. Lagarce : l’hétérogénéité d’une parole singulière
Authors: Kornienko Alina
Published: September 2016

Le Journal de Jean-Luc Lagarce (1957-1995), qui n’a pratiquement pas été étudié jusqu’ici, représente une œuvre unique non seulement dans le cadre de la création de ce dramaturge, mais également dans la perspective littéraire française de la fin du XXe siècle. Jean-Luc Lagarce considérait son Journal comme sa production littéraire la plus importante. Les deux volumes 1977-1990 et 1990-1995 de ce Journal donnent lieu à une pratique littéraire unique dans son genre : une écriture hétérogène et complexe renfermant un récit autobiographique très détaillé et une multitude d’inventions poétiques, avant tout grâce à un mélange harmonieux de tous les genres textuels possibles : un journal intime, un roman, un recueil de nouvelles, un texte dramatique, une critique artistique, poétique et littéraire, un brouillon d’écrivain, un carnet de citations, un scénario cinématographique, un scénarimage.
Voyages outremer, à nuls autres pareils ? Mers et fleuves d’Orient dans le programme iconographique du manuscrit Royal 19 D I (1333-1340)
Authors: Gorgievski Sandra
Published: September 2016

L’insertion de textes se rapportant aux croisades dans un recueil principalement dédié au Roman d’Alexandre et autres fabuleux récits de voyage en Orient, en fait un objet potentiellement didactique. Mais l’équilibre harmonieux entre les textes choisis et le programme iconographique mettent au second plan l’aspect confessionnel ou idéologique des récits de croisades au profit d’une perspective globale qui est la relation de voyage et le dépaysement. La mer et les fleuves y ont une place de choix, symbolisant la frontière entre « ici » et « ailleurs », un lieu de passage vers les merveilles de l’Orient.
Fostering Creative Problem Solvers in Higher Education
Authors: Zhou Chunfang
Published: September 2016

Recent studies have emphasized issues of social emergence based on thinking of societies as complex systems. The complexity of professional practice has been recognized as the root of challenges for higher education. To foster creative problem solvers is a key response of higher education in order to meet such challenges. This chapter aims to illustrate how to understand: 1) complexity as the nature of professional practice; 2) creative problem solving as the core skill in professional practice; 3) creativity as interplay between persons and their environment; 4) higher education as the context of fostering creative problem solvers; and 5) some innovative strategies such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and building a learning environment by Information Communication Technology (ICT) as potential strategies of creativity development. Accordingly, this chapter contributes to bridge the complexity of societies, creative problem solving skills, and higher education development in one theoretical framework.
Problem Solving at the Edge of Disciplines
Authors: Connor Andrew , Sosa Ricardo , Jackson Anna G. , Marks Stefan
Published: September 2016

This chapter outlines a new perspective on disciplinary collaboration that draws inspiration from ecology that observes that the edges where ecosystems meet tend to have greater biodiversity than the ecosystems themselves. This thinking is applied to a typical University Faculty consisting of three Schools to show that the potential for collaboration across disciplinary boundaries is rich. The chapter proposes a new degree structure that embeds problem solving skills as core to the production of “pi-shaped” people, defined as those that have disciplinary depth in two areas and the ability to work outside of their core area. In this regard, problem solving is consider an area where a student can achieve depth of knowledge. The degree is designed such that it produces an exchange of students across disciplinary boundaries and also structured so that it takes students on a journey through different models of disciplinary collaboration. The degree is seen as a key enabled of achieving so called “Mode 2” knowledge production.
An Exploration of Darkness within Doctoral Education
Authors: Bengtsen Søren S. E.
Published: September 2016

In doctoral education, the formal structures include the Graduate School system, PhD courses, and supervision contracts, etc. Doctoral education also takes place on informal and tacit levels, where doctoral students learn about the institutional regulations, the research field, academic craftsmanship, and research design by observing how their supervisors talk, act, and handle issues in the professional community. However, the formal-informal divide is not adequate if we want to understand the sprawling, mongrel, and diverse forms of student engagement, coping, and learning strategies within doctoral education today. By drawing on the empirical studies of cross-level institutional voices, as well as international studies into similar grey areas of student learning in doctoral education, this chapter argues that learning spaces of educational ‘darkness' hold unrecognised potential for enhancing learning experiences, harnessing professional competences, and enriching the depth of research in the PhD life that implies significant contributions to future doctoral education development.
Developing Creative Problem Solvers and Professional Identity through ICT in Higher Education
Authors: Horn Line Helverskov , Khalid Md. Saifuddin
Published: September 2016

This chapter regards creative problem solving as a professional identity skill that can be fostered by creative learning environments supported by Information and Communication Technology (ICT). A systematic literature review will be provided in order to build relationships between creative problem solving, creative learning environments, ICT, and professional identity in the context of higher education. The literature review will focus on the following research questions: How do ICTs support a creative learning environment in fostering creative problem solving skills? How do ICTs relate to or affect the characteristics of professional identity in the context of higher education? How do ICTs relate to or affect the formation of professional identity in the context of higher education? These three questions will help allow to organize the structure of this chapter that drive the authors to propose a change of perspective in the study of professional identity and ICT, from the theoretical standpoint of actor-network theory. Accordingly, the conclusion of this chapter contributes to implications of improvement for the better development of creative education by ICT and professional identity in the future.
New Paradigm of Creativity
Authors: Hasegawa Masaaki
Published: September 2016

The author aims to provide an alternative perspective on creativity in order to accelerate a paradigm shift in creativity in higher education. The perspective would enable every single person to extract the full potential and to contribute to society. Due to the idea of science: reproducibility, the main goal of research has been finding an ultimate solution that would be applicable to every single person. This idea comes from Newtonian mechanics; or, in other words, cause and result relation, that a specific factor causes a specific outcome. The problem of this idea is that Newtonian mechanics is designed for such objects as an apple and a car. Obviously, human thought, the main source of creativity, is not an object. This fact suggests the necessity of alternative approach. The author proposes a different perspective to change a paradigm of creativity in higher education.
Transformation of CRM and Supply Chain Management Techniques in a New Venture
Authors: Ditizio Amber A. , Smith Alan D.
Published: September 2016

The implementations of successful Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems and their associated techniques in order to optimize the analytics available in any organization are daunting task, especially in a new business venture. Upper management must to be committed to focusing these embedded systems in order to enhance supplier integration and customer satisfaction. This chapter focuses on the implementation of CRM systems and analytics as well as SCM considerations in the new startup of the Hard Rock Rocksino at Northfield Park (HRRNP) and the transformation/refinement of their systems over their few years of business. A combination of literature research, interviews of upper management, and personal observations, HRRNP has illustrate their ability to deal with these challenges in a continuous improvement and lean management approach.
Student Retention Performance Using Absorbing Markov Chains
Authors: Crossen Dennis M.
Published: September 2016

Performance models are well established in the literature. More specifically, student performance has been of growing concern at all levels. To confront the challenges, researchers have collected data, monitored performance criterion, developed quantitative models, and analyzed patterns to formulate theories and adaptive measures. At the university level, many students' performance deficiencies are keenly noticed and actualized for a variety of reasons. Some reasons may include transition from a home-reporting educational environment to an autonomous setting; lack of a friendly support system; or a host of behavioral circumstances which exacerbate latent academic deficits. One such technique for reviewing student performance can be employed and analyzed using absorbing Markov chains. The use of Markov Chains can provide quantitative information such the characterization potential delays (latency points) within and throughout the system, prediction of probabilistic metrics which define transitions between each stage of a defined state, and adaptability options for enrollment outcomes for use by school administrators. Furthermore, Markov chains can be employed to determine the impact on system resources such as limitations in faculty schedules, classroom assignments, and technology availability. Managers, administrators and advisors may find this information useful when notified of such limitations. This paper is of value to a broad audience such as researchers, managers, and administrators since it augments standard approaches of the Markov model. The blend of stochastic mathematics, applications of stochastic methods and retention theory, as well as the inclusion of adaptive sensitivity analysis are effective performance measures. Therefore, applications in Markov chains and subsequent forecasting models are of contemporary values in educational performance. Each of these concepts and methods contribute to a broader consideration of Markov properties in a branch of mathematics known as Markov Decision Processes (MDP). These types of processes allow researchers the ability to adjust parameters based on rewards, sets of actions, and discount factors. The cases outlined in this paper may be helpful when considering reductions in recidivism rates, improving policies to diminish recidivism, and increasing enrollment options using Markov analysis.
An Analytical Employee Performance Evaluation Approach in Office Automation and Information Systems
Authors: Kalhori Maryam , Kargar Mohammad Javad
Published: September 2016

With the extension of information technology, human resource management has experienced fundamental changes. One of the most important issues in human resource management is performance evaluation. Unlike number of studies in employee performance evaluation, there is a lack for systematic and quantitative approaches. Issues such as incomplete information, subjective and qualitative metrics, and also the difficulty of evaluating the performance are the main problems of this field. Hence, the current study exploits the capabilities of information systems and presents an approach for quantitative and automatic evaluation of employee performance in office automation systems. The results reveal the automatic employee performance evaluation system is a discrete dimension for employee performance evaluation systems.
Rights of Nature to Protect Human Rights in Times of Environmental Crisis
Authors: Borràs Susana
Published: September 2016

The well-being of humans and nature are inextricably linked. Nature is particularly mistreated in light of its characterization as merely “property” to be bought, sold, and ultimately degraded for profit. Reinforcing this misperception is the fact that modern environmental laws themselves implicitly accept this claim of “nature as property.” They legalize nature's destruction by dictating how much of the environment can be exploited and degraded, rather than as an integral ecological partner with its own rights to exist and thrive. Instead, we need laws grounded in the inherent rights of natural world to exist, thrive, and evolve. The article focuses on the transition from the ‘right to the environment' to a biocentric approach constructed around ‘rights of nature.' This transition is evident in various new legal instruments, which serve as models for legal systems that can steer us towards more robust and effective environmental laws.
Farmer Suicides in India
Authors: Jain Saloni , Sukhwani Khushboo
Published: September 2016

Indian farmers are facing a crisis of their extinction caused by their suicides. A suicide, every thirty minutes, reflects towards a deeply rooted structural and policy defect in the country. A defect so extreme that many call the same to be state genocide. The State has several obligations towards its farmers, both nationally and internationally. However, the pressures of globalization combined with the influence of bodies like the WTO and IMF has managed to defeat these obligations. This has resulted in a state where ideas like profit, free trade and removal of barriers are being forced upon ‘sovereign' States, who have allocated their power to decide on economic issues to supranational bodies due to their inability to operate in isolation like a Westphalian State. The aim of this chapter is to explore and elaborate upon the adverse consequences of globalization on the lives of farmers in India due to enhanced competition and policies which have been influenced by MNCs such as Monsanto and capitalist, north dominated supranational bodies like the WTO and World Bank.
Sports and Human Rights from an Ethical Perspective
Authors: Kirchschlaeger Peter G.
Published: September 2016

Sports-associations (e. g. FIFA) engage in the fight against racism. Together with the UN, sports-associations (e. g. IOC) emphasize shared principles (justice, equality, and anti-discrimination). At the same time, athletes use the attention they receive for political activism, and sometimes they face criticism for politicizing sports. Furthermore, mega-sports-events can cause human rights violations, and other human rights challenges belong to sports itself, e.g., doping, child abuse. Therefore, this chapter will analyze the relation between sports and human rights and address the fundamental question if human rights are of relevance for sports. This question has not so far attracted as much of scientific attention as the analysis what sports does wrong and what could be done different. This chapter will discuss reasons justifying a human rights-engagement by sports and reasons for a human rights-abstinence by sports – concluding with a justification that human rights are relevant in different dimensions for sports.
Social Media
Authors: Rao N. Raghavendra
Published: September 2016

Rapid changes are taking place in global business scenario. It has become a necessity for enterprises to adapt to these changes. Social media facilitates business enterprises to make use of the opportunities in the global market. Social media has become an important source of information for the stakeholders of business enterprises. Structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data from social media provide a good scope for developing business models for enterprises. This chapter mainly talks about developing the conceptual business models in the sectors such as automobiles, textiles and software developing companies. Further, this chapter explains making use of the concepts such as virtual reality, multimedia and cloud computing with the data from social media in developing conceptual business models.
Exploring Public Perceptions of Native-Born American Emigration Abroad and Renunciation of American Citizenship through Social Media
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: September 2016

There has been little work done on American emigration abroad and even less done on the formal renunciation of American citizenship. This chapter provides an overview of both phenomena in the research literature and then provides some methods for using the extraction of social media data and their visualization as a way of tapping into the public mindsets about these social phenomena. The software tools used include the following: Network Overview, Discovery and Exploration for Excel (NodeXL Basic), NVivo, and Maltego Carbon; the social media platforms used include the following: Wikipedia, YouTube, Twitter, and Flickr.
Exploration and Exploitation of Developers' Sentimental Variations in Software Engineering
Authors: Islam Md Rakibul , Zibran Minhaz F.
Published: September 2016

Software development is highly dependent on human efforts and collaborations, which are immensely affected by emotions. This paper presents a quantitative empirical study of the emotional variations in different types of development activities (e.g., bug-fixing tasks), development periods (i.e., days and times) and in projects of different sizes involving teams of variant sizes. The study also includes an in-depth investigation of emotions' impacts on software artifacts (i.e., commit messages) and exploration of scopes for exploiting emotional variations in software engineering activities. This work is based on careful analyses of emotions in more than 490 thousand commit comments across 50 open-source projects. The findings from this work add to our understanding of the role of emotions in software development, and expose scopes for exploitation of emotional awareness in improved task assignments and collaborations.
Osservazioni etiche e implicazioni medico-legali in materia di “test genetici”
Authors: Bucci L.M. , Paganelli M. , Ventura A. , Ventura F. , Celesti R.
Published: September 2016

A partire dalla Corea di Huntigton, e procedendo lungo la ricerca del genoma e la sua decodificazione, si sono riscontrate e scoperte numerose conformazioni genetiche che possono preludere all’instaurarsi di malattie o contribuire ad una predisposizione; ciò sembra sempre più importante in termini di eziopatogenesi per esempio nella ricerca oncologica e anche delle malattie degenerative. Tale situazione comporta che l’analisi del patrimonio genetico di ciascun individuo contribuirà ad identificare una schiera innumerevole di non-pazienti, e nello stesso tempo a mutare il concetto di salute e di malattia, dato che predisposizioni genetiche ad una malattia piuttosto che ad un’altra sono presumibilmente ubiquitarie. Ne risulta la necessità di regolamentare secondo principi etici volta per volta identificati l’uso dei tests genetici, e a limitarne l’applicazione indiscriminata; ne risulterebbe altrimenti un’utilizzazione eugenetica o comunque discriminante delle singole persone e/o nascituri. ---------- Beginning from Huntington’s Chorea, and proceeding belong the research of genome and his codification, many genetic conformation have been found to predictive into most of cancers or degenerative diseases. This situation involves that the analysis of genetic heritage of each individual will contribute to an identification of a multitude of un-patients, and will give a contribution to change the concept of health and illness. The result is the need to regulate the useful of genetic tests in agree on ethical principles every time in according with the people or the patients; the indiscriminate application of them risks an eugenic and discriminating utilization against people or new born.
Etica e gestione del rischio clinico
Authors: Cattorini Paolo
Published: September 2016

Il monitoraggio e la gestione del rischio clinco è un compito eticamente importante, che può essere svolto adeguatamente, se si tiene conto dei diversi fattori coinvolti. L’abitudine a riconoscere i propri limiti va coltivata sia attraverso incontri e momenti formativi di ordine etico-psicologico, sia tematizzando criticamente certi ideali trionfalistici ed onnipotenti in medicina. Il neo-paternalismo può essere superato non limitandosi a registrare superficialmente l’immediata soddisfazione degli utenti, ma potenziando il coinvolgimento dei malati, raccogliendo un consenso informato istituzionale, riconoscendo i molti fini dell’azienda sanitaria. ---------- The programs of clinical risk assessment and management may be ethically implemented, if several dimensions are taken into account. Continuous psychological education is to be offered and triumphalistic, almighty medical ideals criticized. Neo-paternalism may be rejected, if costumers’ satisfaction is monitored in fair and scientific ways, laymen empowerment is promoted, istitutional informed consent registered.
Diálogo entre ciencia y ética: superación de un conflicto La Píldora del día después y la duda
Authors: Ventura-Juncá Patricio
Published: September 2016

Il presente articolo vuole mostrare le relazioni che intercorrono tra scienza ed etica attraverso l’analisi di un particolare e attuale caso di bioetica: la “contraccezione d’emergenza” e in particolare l’uso della pillola del “giorno dopo”. Per poter dare delle risposte di natura bioetica è necessario interrogarsi sulla rilevanza antropologica, filosofica, scientifica della questione in gioco, senza omettere nessuno di questi passaggi, fondandosi la bioetica su una interdisciplinarità di base. Anche dallo studio di questo caso emerge l’importanza di una corretta informazione che, tenendo conto di tutti gli elementi sopracitati, contribuisca a superare il conflitto tra scienza ed etica, rivelandone invece la profonda e intrinseca dialogicità. ---------- This article deals with the relationship between science and ethics through the analysis of a particular and actual topic of bioethics: the emergency contracception and the use of a “morning-after pill”. To give bioethical asnwers, we need to examine the anthropological, philosophical, scientific relevance of the questions. We can’t omit one of these steps, being bioethics an interdisciplinary knowledge. Studying this topic, we can see the importance of correct information that could help to overcome the conflict between science and ethics, revealing the deep and intrinsic dialectic between them.
Personalismo e biodiritto
Authors: Palazzani Laura
Published: September 2016

Dopo aver approfondito il significato di ciascuno dei termini, l’Autore indaga sul rapporto tra personalismo e biodiritto, in particolare sulla rilevanza del personalismo per il biodiritto. Se è rintracciabile, infatti, un paradigma tendente a separare o contrapporre personalismo e biodiritto, sulla base di una visione neutrale del diritto (fondata sulla “scientificità del diritto” e il “plularismo etico”), è altresì vero che è possibile riconoscere nel diritto una valenza etica “minimale” (quanto alla valutazione sostanziale) nella difesa della dignità oggettiva dell’essere umano. È in questa prospettiva che è possibile rintracciare una convergenza pratica tra personalismo e biodiritto su cui l’Autore cerca di argomentare anche attraverso la centralità della teoria dei diritti umani. ---------- The Author inquires into the relationship between personalism and biolaw, after making deeper the meanings of these two concepts, and in particular into the importance of personalism for biolaw. If it is findable a paradigm that distinguishes or opposes personalism and biolaw, on the growds of a neutral vision of law (founded on the “scientificity of law” and “ethical pluralism”), is also true that it’s possile to recognize in the law a “minimal” ethical value in defence of the objective dignity of the human being. In this perspective it’s possible to find a practical convergence between personalism and biolaw on which the Author argues through the centrality of theory of “human rights”.
Dignity of the person in the light of international biomedical law
Authors: Andorno Roberto
Published: September 2016

L’emergente diritto internazionale della biomedicina adotta la nozione di dignità umana come principio fondamentale che deve guidare ogni attività biomedica. La Dichiarazione universale sul genoma umano e i diritti umani dell’UNESCO è il migliore esempio di questo fenomeno. Lo scopo di quest’articolo è quello di presentare le due dimensioni della dignità umana contenute nella Dichiarazione UNESCO: la dignità dell’individuo e la dignità dell’umanità. ---------- The emerging international biomedical law adopts the notion of human dignity as the fundamental principle that should guide every biomedical practice. The UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights is the best example of this phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to present the two dimensions of human dignity that are covered by the UNESCO Declaration: the dignity of the individual and the dignity of humanity.
Multiculturalismo, bioetica e cultura occidentale
Authors: Belardinelli Sergio
Published: September 2016

In questo articolo vengono affrontati i seguenti problemi: le linee portanti dell’attuale dibattito sul multiculturalismo, il ruolo delle tematiche bioetiche all’interno di tale dibattito, l’impulso che viene proprio dalle sfide della bioetica, affinché la cultura occidentale, a dispetto di molta retorica multiculturalista, ritrovi il senso del suo universalismo. ---------- This artiche discusses the following subjects: the leading issues in the current debate on multiculturalism; the role of the main topics of bioethics in such debate; the impulse that comes from challenges of bioethics in order that western culture, in spite of much multicultural rhetoric, may find again the spirit of its universalism.
Bioetica e culture: imperialismo, relativismo o transculturalismo?
Authors: Palazzani Laura
Published: September 2016

L’articolo analizza, nella prospettiva filosofica, i percorsi intrapresi dalla bioetica in rapporto al pluralismo culturale, discutendo criticamente i principali orientamenti di pensiero del dibattito attuale. Il punto di partenza è l’imperialismo culturale, quale posizione etnocentrica che assolutizza la cultura (ritenuta, in modo unilaterale, la migliore) marginalizzando le altre. L’orientamento opposto è quello del relativismo culturale che considera la bioetica il prodotto storico-sociale della cultura di appartenenza, proponendo il principio di tolleranza inteso nel senso di sopportazione pragmatica di ogni cultura, ritenuta equivalente rispetto a qualsiasi altra. Alla luce delle incongruenze dell’imperialismo culturale (che finisce con imporre arbitrariamente la propria come la cultura dominante) e del relativismo culturale (che accettando acriticamente ogni cultura non evita anzi acuisce i conflitti e porta alla separazione delle culture), l’articolo cerca le linee argomentative per giustificare una prospettiva bioetica trans-culturale (nell’orizzonte dei diritti umani fondamentali) che consenta il dialogo interculturale in bioetica come ricerca costruttiva dell’integrazione tra le culture nella ricerca della verità comune nel riconoscimento della dignità umana. ---------- The article analyses, in a philosophical perspective, the bioethical theories as regards cultural pluralism, discussing in a critical way the must important trends of actual debate. It identifies cultural imperialism as the ethnocentrical perspective which makes one culture as absolute (considered the best one), marginalizing the other cultures. As opposite trend, the articles discusses cultural relativism which considers bioethics as an historical and social product of a culture, emphasizing tolerance as a pragmatic principle of acceptance of every culture, without condition. In the light of the objections to imperialism (which impose in an arbitrary way one culture as the best one) and cultural relativism (which accepts any culture without condition with conflicts and separation of cultures as consequences) the article looks for arguments able to justify a transcultural bioethics (in the perspective of fundamental human rights) which permits intercultural dialogue in bioethics as a constructive research of integration of cultures in search of a common truth recognized in respect of human dignity.
Il vero ed il falso nella scienza / True and false in science
Authors: Fiori Angelo
Published: September 2016

Non disponibile / Not available
Fecondazione artificiale e crioconservazione degli embrioni
Authors: Serebrovska Z. , Di Pietro M.L. , Bompiani A.
Published: September 2016

Nel ricorso alle tecniche di fecondazione artificiale extracorporea, la produzione di un numero elevato di embrioni e la crioconservazione dell’“eccedenza” è divenuta oramai una prassi. A prescindere dalle discutibili soluzioni adottate nei confronti degli embrioni “in eccedenza” per i quali non vi è più un progetto parentale, le stesse procedure di crioconservazione possono ridurre in modo drammatico le possibilità di sopravvivenza degli embrioni e rappresentare, quindi, un rischio per la vita dell’essere umano. Questa rassegna desidera esporre quanto si conosce, allo stato attuale, sul “rischio” per l’embrione crioconservato e documentarne l’entità attraverso le valutazioni statistiche offerte dai singoli autori. A tal fine vengono riportate: le principali metodiche; i limiti delle procedure di crioconservazione; la fase di sviluppo in cui la crioconservazione viene eseguita; i criteri utilizzati per valutare la qualità degli embrioni dopo lo scongelamento; i dati sulla sopravvivenza degli embrioni, sulle gravidanze e sulle nascite in alcuni centri di fecondazione artificiale. ---------- Production and cryopreservation of spare embryos has already become a routine in the practice of extra-corporal artificial fertilization techniques. Leaving out of considerations ethical problems of the questionable solutions which were taken regarding the “orphan” surplus embryos, who’s parents have no any more projects for pregnancy, it is necessary to underline that cryopreservation itself may dramatically decrease survival rate of embryos, which means create vital risk for human being. In the present review we attend to determine the eventual risks for embryo undergone cryopreservation examining the recent statistical data, published by different groups of authors. For this purpose we describe principal methods and critical points of cryopreservation, age of embryos in which cryopreservation occurs, criterions of evaluation of the quality of embryos after thawing, survival rate, pregnancy rate and life birth rate after cryopreservation in different centers in the world.
I medici ed il testamento biologico / Physicians and living wills
Authors: Fiori Angelo
Published: September 2016

Non disponibile / Not available
La diagnosi pre-impiantatoria Lo stato dell’arte scientifico e gli interrogativi etici - Parte II
Authors: Suaudeau Jacques
Published: September 2016

La diagnosi genetica pre-impiantatoria (Preimplantation genetic diagnosis o PGD) è una tecnica nella quale gli embrioni umani prodotti in vitro per realizzare le tecniche di fecondazione artificiale, vengono selezionati, dal punto di vista genetico, tramite lo studio di uno o di due blastomeri prelevati con una biopsia. Dai reports relativi all’uso della PGD emergono tre punti critici: il primo riguarda le conseguenze della biopsia sullo sviluppo dell’embrione; il secondo la notevole perdita di embrioni nel processo; il terzo l’esattezza diagnostica, con la presenza di falsi positivi e falsi negativi. Oltre al fatto che la PGD è legata alle tecniche di fecondazione artificiale, e, in particolare, alla ICSI, da un punto di vista etico l’obiezione di fondo è che tale pratica si basa su una scarsa considerazione del valore dell’embrione umano. L’aumento della pratica della PGD e l’estensione delle sue indicazioni a casi sempre meno gravi e meno giustificabili dal punto di vista medico è preoccupante. ---------- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a technique in which early human embryos, obtained in vitro to realize artificial fertilization techniques, are genetically screened for selection, through the study of one or two blastomeres taken by biopsy. Reports on the use of PGD in the world make clear that there are three critical points in it: first regards with consequences of biopsy on developing embryo; second in consideration of the important loss of human embryos in the screening process; third related to inaccuracy of diagnosis, with the presence of false positives and false negatives. Besides the fact that PGD is relate to artificial reproductive techniques, generally to ICSI, the basic ethical objection is based on an undervaluation of the value of human embryos. From a medical point of view the increasing use of PGD and the extension of its indications to cases always more futile and less justified is preoccupying.
Considerazioni sullo statuto epistemologico della Filosofia della medicina
Authors: Virdis Andrea
Published: September 2016

Negli ultimi trent’anni si è assistito ad un grande dibattito, sviluppatosi fondamentalmente negli Stati Uniti d’America, e volto a stabilire l’esistenza stessa della Filosofia della medicina (FDM) e a definire la sua natura e il suo specifico ambito d’indagine. Il presente articolo si propone come un esame critico dello sviluppo della FDM come disciplina, evidenziando in particolare due dei maggiori temi del dibattito contemporaneo: lo scopo della disciplina e la sua relazione con le discipline affini, non da ultima la bioetica. Sottolineando l’importanza di una FDM che si presenti come uno studio sistematico della dimensione ontologia, logica ed etica della medicina intesa come prassi clinica, l’Autore mette in luce quale contributo fondamentale può offrire la disciplina nella comprensione della natura della medicina e dei fini dell’atto medico. ---------- In the last thirty years there has been a great debate, fundamentally developed in the United States of America, and aimed to establish the existence itself of the Philosophy of the medicine (FDM) and to define its nature and its specific field of inquiry. The present article is a critical examination of the development of the FDM as a discipline, highlighting particularly two major themes in the contemporary debate: the scope of the discipline and its relation to cognate disciplines, not last bioethics. Underlining the importance of FDM to be a systematic study of the ontological, logical and ethical dimension of medicine as clinical praxis, the Author shows what fundamental contribution the discipline can offer in the understanding of the nature of medicine and the ends of medical act.
Argumentar con la dignidad humana en las prácticas deliberativas de los comités de ética
Authors: Viafora Corrado
Published: September 2016

Los comités de ética, desde un punto de vista ético-normativo, corren el riesgo del formalismo y el riesgo del relativismo. Para encontrar una base común al interno de una sociedad marcada por un fuerte pluralismo moral, se debe buscar la fundamentación de un principio regulador capaz de evitar el relativismo, la dignidad de la persona. Proponienendo un esquema éticonormativo inspirado en la tradición kantiana, interpretada desde una perspectiva personalista, el autor considera que el sistema de referencia adecuado para sustentar la práctica deliberativa de los Comités éticos y, más en general, capaz de constituir el criterio de fondo de una bioética compartida, puede ser individuado en la idea de la “dignidad humana”. Esta referencia indica un nucleo ético mínimo, cuya función es esencialmente delimitar la línea de confín en el espacio recíprocamente inviolable, y encuentra su expresión en el respeto por la humanidad en toda persona como fin. Considerando las presiones mas o menos explícitas a las que se ven expuestos los Comités éticos, es necesaria un fundamento moral para poder interpretar las exigencias de la dignidad humana frente al cambio del obrar humano. ---------- From an ethical-normative point of view, ethics committees must face the problem of formalism and relativism. To find a common base in society characterized by strong moral pluralism, one needs to seek the foundation of a normative principle able to avoid the relativism – the value of life and the dignity of human person. Proposing an ethical normative scheme inspired a kantian tradition, interpreted in the light of a personalist perspective, the author claims that the adequate system of reference to hold a for ethical committees and, in general, able to be a base criterion of a deliberative practice common shared bioethics, can be found in the concept of “human dignity”. This reference limits a minimal ethical nucleus, whose function is essentially to draw a line that limits the reciprocally inviolable space, and find expression through the respect for the humanity in the person as an end. Considering the more or less explicit pressure to which ethical committees are exposed, a moral foundation is necessary to interpret the exigencies of human dignity in front of the changes of human act.
Il Caso Englaro / The Englaro’s case
Authors: Fiori Angelo
Published: September 2016

Non disponibile / Not available
Por una bioética sin adjetivos (III) Importancia de las relaciones entre ética y biología para la constitución de la bioética
Authors: Guerra López Rodrigo
Published: September 2016

L’autore continua nell’esame degli elementi necessari alla fondazione di una Bioetica “senza aggettivi”, ossia di una Bioetica che, lontana da qualsiasi riferimento di tipo ideologico, assuma i connotati di una scienza “in senso stretto”. Nel presente contributo, l’attenzione viene posta, in particolare, sulla relazione intercorrente tra tre differenti forme di sapere: la Biologia, che è una scienza sperimentale; l’Etica, che è una scienza pratico-normativa; la Bioetica, che è una materia interdisciplinare. La suggestiva tesi proposta è che anche la biologia, sebbene rappresenti una scienza sperimentale, possieda una filosofia implicita al momento della sua elaborazione e della sua espressioni. In altre parole, ogni ricerca relativo all’ambito della Biologia presupporebbe una precomprensione di tipo filosofico dal momento che è proprio di questa scienza esprimersi oltre il momento puramente descrittivo-sperimentale. ---------- The author continues to examin the elements that are necessary to the foundation of a Bioethics “without adjectives”, that is a Bioethics which, far from any ideological reference, assumes the characteristics of a science in the strict sense. In the present contribution, the attention is given, particularly, to the existing relationship among three different forms of knowledge: Biology, that is an experimental science; Ethics, that is a practical-normative science; Bioethcis, that is an interdisciplinary subject. The suggestive proposed thesis is that also Biology, although it represents an experimental science, has an implicit philosophy during its elaboration and its expressions. In other words, every research related to the circle of Biology would presuppose a philosophical precomprehension as this science expresses itself beyond the purely descriptive-experimental moment.
Lo status del concepito nell’ordinamento giuridico polacco
Authors: Haberko Joanna , Casini Marina
Published: September 2016

Il contributo si addentra nell’ordinamento giuridico polacco per capire qual è lo statuto dell’essere umano non ancora nato. Ne esce un affresco interessante in cui all’esame del diritto costituzionale segue l’analisi del diritto penale e del diritto civile. Il quadro è complessivamente uniforme nel riconoscere il concepito come essere umano titolare dei diritti personalissimi e fondamentali alla vita, alla salute e all’integrità fisica, tuttavia non mancano contraddizioni e lacune che l’interpretazione dottrinale tenta di superare senza, però, riuscirci completamente. Al prospettato progetto di riforma del Codice civile avviato negli ultimi mesi è, appunto, affidato il compito di colmare le lacune e di superare le contraddizioni. L’aspetto più significativo riguarda la modifica del Codice civile per riconoscere la capacità giuridica del concepito per quanto riguarda i beni personali (vita, salute, integrità fisica), restando subordinata alla nascita la capacità giuridica per i diritti patrimoniali. Infine, l’articolo si sofferma brevemente sulla Petizione europea per la vita e la dignità dell’uomo a cui il Movimento per la vita polacco ha dato, e sta offrendo, un rilevante contributo. ---------- The contribution probes the Polish legal system to understand which is the status of the human being not yet born. An interesting fresco goes out in which the analysis of the criminal and civil law follows the analysis of the constitutional law. The picture is on the whole uniform in recognizing new born as a human being owner of the personal and fundamental rights to life, health and physical integrity, nevertheless there are contradictions and gaps, that the doctrinal interpretation is trying to overcome without, however, succeeding completely. The task of filling gaps and overcoming contradictions is just so committed to the Civil code reform project which began over the last few months. The most meaningful aspect concerns the change of the Civil code to recognize the legal capacity of new born with regards to the personal goods (life, health, physical integrity), legal capacity staying subordinate to the birth with regards to the patrimonial rights. Finally, the article dwells in short upon the European Petition for life and human dignity to which the Polish Movement for life has provided, and it is offering, a remarkable contribution.