bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should We Stay or Should We Go? Local and National Factionalism in the National Organization for Women
Authors: Kretschmer Kelsy
Published: July 2018

While the National Organization for Women (NOW) has endured over time, it has faced significant internal factionalism. In this article, I ask why some of these factions resulted in schisms, while other factions persisted in NOW over time. This is a critical question for understanding how organizational location and factional collective identities combine to produce different outcomes when internal conflict breaks out. My analysis of interview, archival, and secondary data indicates that organizational location influences factions’ independent collective identities, shaping what they want and their perceptions of opportunities to change their organization. Compared to national level factions, local factions also lack the ability to use NOW’s hierarchical structure to their advantage in their effort to stay. This sheds lights on the distinct patterns of factionalism and schism in formalized groups.
Neither Morpheme nor Transleme … Revisiting the Unit of Translation, Semiotically
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Faiq Said M.
Published: July 2018

Against the background of the disparities and disagreements across the spectrum of theory and practice about the unit of translation (UT), the purpose of this paper is to postulate that a semiotically - defined UT can fulfil the need of a concrete, viable and stable UT. Labelled textlet, the proposed UT is based on the semiotic triad of the sign, its meaning and its user. As a semiotic sign, textlet represents a particular meaning on the basis of similarity or dissimilarity to other textlets within the text. A textlet is a functional unit with an oppositional value defined by the communicative differences this opposition is capable of producing within texts.
Do Same-Sex and Straight Weddings Aspire To the Fairytale? Women’s Conformity and Resistance to Traditional Weddings
Authors: Fetner Tina , Heath Melanie
Published: July 2018

AbstractCritical heterosexuality studies demonstrates the role of the traditional, white wedding in the reproduction of heteronormativity and gender and contribute to a social order that privileges white, middle-class, heterosexual married couples over other relationships. On the other hand, social science research points to the ways that same-sex weddings offer a site of resistance to heteronormativity and traditional gender roles. We analyze in-depth interviews with women in straight and same-sex marriages. We find that women in straight marriages are more likely to embrace the traditional, white wedding than those in same-sex marriages. Women planning same-sex weddings think deeply about their wedding ceremonies as they relate to heteronormativity. Some participants reject traditional weddings as excessively costly and wasteful. We argue that, while weddings are often sites for the celebration of consumerism, traditional gender and heterosexuality, they can also be sites of resistance that challenge these same social norms.
The revolution can't be finished ths way. Comment on Pedulla and Thebaud's Can we finish the Revolution
Authors: Ferree Myra Marx
Published: July 2018

David Pedulla and Sarah Thebarud 2015 "Can we finish the revolution? Gender, work-family ideals and institutional constraint" American Sociological Review 80(1): 116-139 engages an important question about gendered preferences for a family division of labor with what they present as a significant survey experiment. Unfortunately, the weak and confounded operationalization of the independent and dependent measures, ineffective randomization of treatments, and inappropriate analytic decisions combine to make the conclusions drawn misleading and untrustworthy.
An Introduction to Audit Studies in the Social Sciences
Authors: Gaddis S. Michael
Published: July 2018

An audit study is a specific type of field experiment primarily used to test for discriminatory behavior when survey and interview questions induce social desirability bias. In this chapter, I first review the language and definitions related to audit studies and encourage adoption of a common language. I then discuss why researchers use the audit method as well as when researchers can and should use this method. Next, I give an overview of the history of audit studies, focusing on major developments and changes in the overall body of work. Finally, I discuss the limitations of correspondence audits and provide some thoughts on future directions.
Shifting Power: The Impact of Incarceration on Political Representation
Authors: Remster Brianna , Kramer Rory
Published: July 2018

While prisoners cannot vote, they are counted as residents of the often rural legislative districts where they are incarcerated rather than their often urban home districts. We examine the extent to which incarceration shifts the balance of a representative democracy by considering its impact on legislative apportionment. Drawing on data from the Census, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, and Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission, we develop a counterfactual framework to examine whether removing and returning prisoners to their home districts affects equal representation. Because prisoners are disproportionately African American, we also employ this counterfactual to assess racial differences in the impact of prison gerrymandering. Findings indicate that incarceration shifts political power from urban districts to suburban and rural districts through legislative apportionment. Moreover, non-white communities suffer the most. We conclude by considering how our findings fit a growing literature on the role of mass incarceration in [re]producing racial inequalities in the contemporary United States.
“Elder Brother Tobacco”: Traditional Nicotiana Snuff Use among the Contemporary Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Highland Chiapas, Mexico - PREPRINT
Authors: Groark Kevin P.
Published: July 2018

In Tzotzil and Tzeltal Maya communities throughout the highlands of Chiapas in southeastern Mexico, a potent oral snuff composed of fresh tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is used in a wide range of therapeutic, ritual, and protective contexts. The use of this tobacco snuff—referred to in Tzotzil Maya as “angel” (anjel), “elder brother” (bankilal), “great old man” (muk’ta mol), or simply “tobacco” (moy)—appears to date back to the Classic Maya, and represents continuity in Mayan tobacco culture spanning more than a thousand years. Despite the central importance of this plant in highland Maya medicine and ritual, its use has not previously been documented in any systematic manner. Accordingly, this chapter seeks to present a comprehensive overview of traditional highland Maya tobacco culture among the contemporary Tzotzil and Tzeltal Maya of highland Chiapas, exploring the cultural significance in this quintessentially Amerindian plant in the domains of ethnomedicine, ritual, folklore, and mythology.
Cultural Theory
Authors: Lizardo Omar
Published: July 2018

Contemporary cultural theory has acquired discipline-wide status as the only “subfield” within which quintessentially “theoretical” issues are widely discussed, while at the same time forming core parts of the research agenda. Cultural theory is also one of the few strands of modern theorizing that boasts having a “straight line” of succession stemming from the programmatic concerns that preoccupied the sociological classics. Cultural theory carries this status in spite of the fact that its central concept is a 20th century anthropological importation made prominent in Parsons’s functionalism. This an odd situation because culture seems to be an inherently functionalist concept, and yet functionalism is the theory that is accused of providing a misleading interpretation of the classics and, accordingly, the theory that contemporary “cultural” approaches use to define themselves against. In this chapter I argue that, in spite of the aforementioned pretensions, there is no straightforward conceptual link between modern cultural analysis and the work of the classics, precisely because the contention that the classics were budding cultural theorists is a convenient invention of functionalism in the first place. I close by suggesting that the “problems” of contemporary cultural theory, being problems inherited from functionalism, may only be soluble by abandoning the culture concept. Ironically enough the 19th century classics, especially Durkheim, and one 20th century “classic,” namely Bourdieu, provide a model of how to do social theory without a culture concept.
Do Applicant Patent Citations Matter?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Patent law both imposes a duty on patent applicants to submit relevantprior art to the PTO and assumes that examiners use this information todetermine an application's patentability. In this paper, we test thevalidity of these assumptions by studying the use made ofapplicant-submitted prior art by delving into the actual prosecutionprocess in over a thousand different cases. We find, to our surprise, thatpatent examiners effectively ignore almost all applicant-submitted art,relying almost exclusively on prior art they find themselves. Our findingshave significant implications for a number of important legal and policydisputes, not least of which is the soundness of the strong presumption ofvalidity the law grants issued patents.
THE ANTROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON CUEJDIU RIVER WATER QUALITY
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Water pollution is caused in rural areas, especially by uncontrolled wastedeposits located in river bed and in urban areas is discharged, irregular,untreated sewage. The Cuejdiu River is a tributary of the Bitriţa River inthe left side,with a total length of 24 km. Evaluation of water quality of the CuejdiuRiver was achieved by processing the results obtained from tests analyzedfor 30 samples, taken on March 17, 2012, between the mouth of the RiverBestriţa and upto the exit of the village Cuiejdi. Analysis of water samples was performedin the laboratory of the Department of Geography, at the Faculty ofGeography and Geology and was taken into account several parameters such asconductivity, pH, total acidity, nitrates, chlorine. The values obtainedwere cartographically represented to highlight differences between thesector that cross of the rural area and the sector located in the urbanarea. Water Management System Neamţ realizes assessments of the ecologicaland chemical status of the river Cuejdiu only in urban areas, classifyingwater quality in relation to general indicators. Thus, data obtained over aperiod of 10 years, from 2000 to 2010, and performing through charts,helped us to observe the time evolution of water quality in the area. Theimpact of human activities is evident in both urban and rural areas. In theurban area the connections made by citizens, particularly those who live onthe ground blocks, to the rainwater system, instead of sewerage systems,lead to the degradation of water quality. As regards the rural area, thesituation is just as difficult, meaning that the waste discharged into theriverbed changes the chemical composition of water.
The determinants of and barriers to critical consumption: a study of Addiopizzo
Authors: Partridge Henry
Published: July 2018

‘Addiopizzo’ (Goodbye protection money) is a grassroots anti-mafia movement based in Palermo that stresses the individual consumer's responsibility for maintaining the Sicilian mafia's pizzo system. If you purchase products from a business that pays the pizzo you are indirectly supporting the mafia. By encouraging Palermitans to buy from ‘pizzo-free’ businesses, Addiopizzo uses the purchasing power of the consumer to fight organised crime. The community of ‘pizzo-free’ businesses is small but steadily growing whilst the number of critical consumers pledging to buy their products appears to have peaked. This article aims to investigate the reasons why consumers may be reluctant to support ‘pizzo-free’ businesses by asking those who have already made public their decision to do so. Whilst critical consumers cannot fully explain why the majority of Palermo's citizens continue to tolerate the pizzo system their attitudes towards them do highlight differences that may help to account for wider non-participation in Addiopizzo's campaign.
Varieties of Militarism: Towards a Typology
Authors: Vucetic Srdjan
Published: July 2018

Militarism—a mercurial, endlessly contested concept—is experiencing a renaissance of sorts in many corners of the social science community. In critical security studies, the concept’s purview has become increasingly limited by an abiding theoretical and analytical focus on various practices of securitisation. We argue that there is a need to clarify the logic and stakes of different forms of militarism. Critical security scholars have provided valuable insights into the conditions of ‘exceptionalist militarism.’ However, if we accept that militarism and the production of security are co-constitutive, then we have every reason to consider different manifestations of militarism, their historical trajectories and their inter-relationships. To that end, we draw on the work of historical sociologists and articulate three more ideal types of militarism: nation-state militarism, civil society militarism, and neoliberal militarism. We suggest this typology can more adequately capture key transformations of militarism in the modern period as well as inform further research on the militarism-security nexus.
Consumption Taxes and American Exceptionalism: An Anglo-World Comparative Perspective
Authors: Geschwind Carl-Henry
Published: July 2018

The United States today has the lowest ratio of consumption taxes to GDP among OECD countries, and it is also the only country that does not have a national sales tax or value-added tax. This American aversion to consumption taxes has commonly been attributed to the embrace of a strongly progressive income tax, perfected during World War I. A comparison of tax revenues across all levels of government, however, shows that the United States had much lower levels of consumption taxes (compared to GDP and to total taxes) than Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom as far back as 1902, even before the introduction of the income tax here. At the same time, American ability-to-pay taxes (including income and profit taxes, estate and inheritance duties, and corporate license and franchise fees) remained at the low end of the Anglo-world range until World War II. The most striking difference, though, is that local taxes (essentially equivalent to property taxes) were much higher here, taking around 50% or more of total American taxes until the Great Depression but accounting for only about 40% of total taxes in Canada and roughly 15% to 25% in the other three countries. In other words, American consumption taxes (raised by state and federal governments) were so low in the first third of the 20th century not because of the income tax, but because the American state was unusually reliant on local funding. It is only with the wide-spread property tax revolts of the early 1930s, together with the growth of the federal warfare state during the 1940s, that ability-to-pay taxes came to dominate the American tax system.
Unwarranted Allegations in Unwanted Advances: On Laura Kipnis’s Attack on Title IX
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

Review of the book Unwanted Advances by Laura Kipnis.
The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status may be valid in men ages 18 to 20
Authors: Strunk Kamden K
Published: July 2018

The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status provides standardized scores for adults age 20 to 89. However, there are situations in which the use of the battery for adults aged 18-20 may be appropriate and have practical advantages. Thus, at present, an examiner who uses the battery for adult patients must rely on an entirely different evaluation tool for those adult patients under the age of 20 years. This preliminary investigation suggests the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status is a valid measure for men aged 18-20 years.
An Anatomy of Intergenerational Transmission: Learning from the educational attainments of Norwegian twins and their children
Authors: Baier Tina , Eilertsen Espen Moen , Ystrøm Eivind , Zambrana Imac Maria , Lyngstad Torkild Hovde
Published: July 2018

Research on the intergenerational correlation of educational attainment (ICE) has long attempted to identify the impact of family background, specifically parent’s education. However, previous research has largely ignored genetic inheritance. We address this shortcoming by adopting a Multiple-Children-of-Twin design and decompose the ICE into its environmental and genetic transmission mechanisms. This decomposition reveals to what extent the impact of parents’ education operates through the rearing context and/or genetic factors. We use a register-based dataset from Norway, a context with egalitarian access to education. Our results show that the direct impact of parents’ education is negligible once genetic factors are accounted for. While genetic factors represent the main driver of the ICE, the genetic variants that mattered for educational attainment in the parent generation overlap only partially with those that mattered for their offspring’s attainment. Together, our findings complement common sociological narratives on how parent’s education affects offspring’s education by emphasizing the role of genetic transmission. Furthermore, our study challenges current research practices in genetics that overlook the importance of parallel changes in social structures and gene-expression over generations.
Quality of Work and Quality of Life of Service Sector Workers
Authors: Präg Patrick , Guerreiro Maria das Dores , Nätti Jouko , Brookes Michael , Dulk Laura den
Published: July 2018

How do European service sector workers evaluate their quality of work and life nowadays? Europeanization and globalization are bringing about major shifts in the economy, but we know little about how this is affecting the well-being of Europe’s citizens. This chapter presents a range of subjective indicators for the quality of work and life as reported by service sector employees in eight European countries. In addition, it provides background information on the organizational context. The countries involved are at different stages of economic development and have differing welfare systems. Four organizations were surveyed in each country: one bank or insurance company, one public hospital, one retail organization and one IT or telecom company.
Representation and agency in diplomacy: How Kosovo came to agree to the Rambouillet accords
Authors: Wille Tobias
Published: July 2018

This article traces how Kosovo came to agree to the Rambouillet accords, with the aim of exploring the nexus between diplomatic representation and international agency. It demonstrates that, in the world of diplomacy, entities like 'Kosovo' can act only when they are carefully staged. Thus far, however, the academic discipline of International Relations (IR) has largely failed to acknowledge the role of diplomacy in the constitution of agency. Therefore, to clarify what is at stake in the theoretical debate, I begin with a systematic discussion of how IR has conceived of diplomatic representation. Taking cue from Bruno Latour's and Lisa Disch's writings on political representation, I then suggest an alternative understanding of diplomacy that takes its performative character seriously. Equipped with this conceptual toolkit, I subsequently turn to the story of Kosovo's representation at the Rambouillet conference held in 1999. Tracing how Kosovo Albanians and their international supporters staged Kosovo's diplomatic performance, and how the Yugoslav/Serbian delegation tried to undermine it, I demonstrate that diplomatic representation can indeed generate agency. I also identify three factors that influence whether or not a diplomatic performance succeeds in making those who are represented act: recognition by other international actors, practical competence, and the alignment of the represented.
Lego, Handcraft, and Costumed Zombies: What Zombies do on Flickr
Authors: Owens Trevor
Published: July 2018

The popular photo-sharing site Flickr contains about half a million images associated with the term zombie. What can we learn about our monsters and ourselves by exploring this vernacular collection of depictions? This essay explores this and related questions by treating the first 300 results of a search on Flickr as a single cultural text. In exploring what Zombies might mean on Flickr, this study suggests how existing approaches to the study of cultural texts can be applied to the algorithmically generated presentation of vernacular images. The results document how Flickr facilitates and sustains a vernacular web of participatory media.
Disease and Dowry: Community Context, Gender, and Adult Health in India
Authors: Stroope Samuel
Published: July 2018

AbstractDespite growing research on health and residential contexts, relatively little is understood about gendered contexts that are differentially important for women's and men's physical health in low- and middle-income countries. This study advances the prior knowledge by examining whether the local frequency of a salient and gendered practice in India—dowry—is associated with gender differences in physical health (acute illness, illness length, and chronic illness). Analyses are conducted using multilevel logistic and negative binomial regression models and national data on men and women across India (N = 102,763). Results show that as dowry frequency increases in communities, not only do women have a greater likelihood of poor health across all three health outcomes, but men also have a greater likelihood of acute illness and illness length. Men, however, have a lower likelihood of chronic illness as the frequency of dowry increases in communities. In the case of all three health outcomes, results showed consistently wider health gaps between men and women in communities with a higher frequency of dowry.
Modeling the Factors Affecting Gun Related Homicide Rates (Research Charter)
Authors: Goldman Daniel S
Published: July 2018

This document is a research charter describing the intent to engage in research into the causes of gun related homicides, including the efficacy of gun control laws, income, and educational achievement. The study plans to take an epidemiological approach to answering the question of how we can reduce gun violence while preventing or reducing side effects.
The growing disconnect between food prices and wages in Europe: cross-national analysis of food deprivation and welfare regimes in 21 EU countries, 2004-2012
Authors: Reeves Aaron
Published: July 2018

Food insecurity has been rising across Europe following the Great Recession, but to varying degrees across countries and over time. The reasons for this increase are not well understood, nor are what factors might protect people’s access to food. Here we test the hypothesis that an emerging gap between food prices and wages can explain increases in reported inability to afford protein-rich foods and whether welfare regimes can mitigate its impact. We collected data on 21 countries from 2004-2012 on food prices and deprivation related to food, denoted by reported in ability to afford to eat meat, chicken, fish or a vegetarian equivalent, every second day, from EuroStat 2015 edition and on wages from the OECD 2015 edition. After adjusting for macroeconomic factors, we found that each 1% rise in the price of food over and above wages was associated with greater self-reported food deprivation (β = 0.063, 95% CI: 0.033 to 0.092); particularly among impoverished groups. But, this association also varied across welfare regimes. In Eastern European welfare regimes, a 1% rise in the price of food over wages was associated with a 0.081 percentage point rise in food deprivation (95% CI: 0.051 to 0.11) while in Social Democratic welfare regimes we find no clear association (p = 0.37). Rising prices of food coupled with stagnating wages are a major factor driving food deprivation, especially in deprived groups; however, our evidence indicates that more generous welfare systems can mitigate this impact.
The Changing Meaning of Patent Claim Terms
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

In order to construe the claims of a patent, the court must fix the meaningof the claim terms as of a particular point in time. Both the knowledge ofthe PHOSITA in a particular field and the meaning of particular terms tothat PHOSITA will frequently change over time. But at which point in timeshall we fix the meaning of the claims?It is a fundamental principle of patent law that the time at which wedetermine the meaning of claim terms varies depending on what legal rule isat issue. Where the question is one of novelty or nonobviousness - whetherthe invention is truly new - the courts compare the patented invention tothe prior art as both were understood at the time of the invention. Wherethe question is one of enablement or written description - whether theinventor understood and described the invention in sufficient detail -courts evaluate the adequacy of the disclosure based on the meaning of theclaims at the time the patent application was filed. Where the questioninvolves the meaning of a special patent claim element called ameans-plus-function claim, courts evaluate the scope of that claim elementat the time the patent issues. And where the question involves allegedinfringement of the patent, courts evaluate infringement in at least somecircumstances based on the meaning of the claim at the time ofinfringement.An equally fundamental principle of patent law is that patent claims mustbe construed as an integrated whole. In particular, patentees (or accusedinfringers, for that matter) are not permitted to argue that a patent claimmeans one thing when it comes to validity and something else entirely whenit comes to infringement. Instead, courts give claims a single meaning inany given case, engaging in only one act of claim construction for anygiven patent.These two principles contradict each other. In this paper, I seek toresolve this conflict. In Part I of this paper, I document thedistinguished pedigree of both principles. In Part II, I argue that patentclaim terms should have a fixed meaning throughout time, and that thatmeaning should be fixed at the time the patent application is first filed.Part II also discusses some complications that arise as a result of theprosecution process, and how to deal with the problem of later-developedtechnology.
Sexualizing Sarah Palin: The Social and Political Contexts of the Sexual Objectification of Female Candidates
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

Using Sarah Palin’s candidacy for the vice-presidency, Heflick and Goldenberg (2011) empirically link female sexual objectification with the negative perceptions and poor performances of female candidates. We argue that the authors undersell the importance of their findings, especially considering shifts in the content and ubiquitousness of mass media. Advances in communication technologies have enabled a new era of objectification, marked by an increasing presence and acceptance of sexual objectification in media, greater pornographic content in mainstream media, and greater acceptance of pornography in U.S. society more broadly. In the years since U.S. scholars began critiquing sexual objectification, its normalization and degree of penetration into our daily lives have increased, largely due to a proliferation of marketing and entertainment media images enabled by the Internet and other communication technology. Given this new era of objectification, we conclude that the phenomenon identified by Heflick and Goldenberg is more likely to influence the success of female politicians now than it was in the 1970s (when the sexual objectification of women was first problematized) and that it may also help explain the recent stagnation in U.S. progress towards gender equity in political representation.
Rethinking the RECAP: mapping the relational geographies of concentrated poverty and affluence in Lexington, Kentucky
Authors: Shelton Taylor
Published: July 2018

The idea of concentrated poverty has long held a prominent place in understandings of racial and class inequality in American cities. While the spatial concentration of the poor is undoubtedly an important aspect of the story around urban inequality, concentrated poverty research suffers from a number of conceptual and methodological shortcomings. Through a case study of concentrated poverty and affluence in Lexington, Kentucky, this paper draws on relational socio-spatial theory and critical GIS in order to offer a constructive critique of conventional concentrated poverty research. The paper demonstrates that while concentrated poverty and affluence are both on the rise in recent years, concentrated affluence actually represents a more widespread problem within the city. At the same time, the paper visualizes how these processes are fundamentally interconnected and co-produced through property ownership relations, where the extraction of rents from areas of concentrated poverty works to simultaneously produce areas of concentrated affluence elsewhere in the city.
The Marble Wall Decoration of the Presbytery of the Late Antique Basilica in Jiyeh (Porphyreon) - Lebanon
Authors: Gwiazda Mariusz
Published: July 2018

Podczas wykopalisk w Jiyeh natrafiono na dowody wskazujące na wykorzystanie kamiennych okładzin ściennych do dekoracji murów późnoantycznego kościoła. Są to znaleziska marmurowych płytek, kotew ze stopu miedzi służących do ich mocowania oraz otwory na kotwy w murach prezbiterium bazyliki. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu prezentację tego materiału oraz próbę rekonstrukcji tej dekoracji.
Do Millennials care about NPOs? Intergenerational differences in attitudes towards nonprofit organizations
Authors: Kovic Marko , Hänsli Nina
Published: July 2018

In this study, we analyze whether there are differences in attitudes towards nonprofit organizations (NPOs) between the generational cohorts of Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials. We do so by analyzing survey data from Switzerland in two steps, a Bayesian estimation as well as a cluster analysis. The overall results suggest that there are, at best, only few and small intergenerational differences: The only consistent effect we find are the more negative attitudes of the Baby Boomer cohort towards professional associations and towards sports NPOs, but those differences could be due to life cycle rather than intergenerational effects. Overall, our results suggest that the Millennial generational cohort is at least as interested in and willing to engage with NPOs as previous generational cohorts.
Infrastructuring Aid: Materializing Humanitarianism in Northern Kenya
Authors: Donovan Kevin P.
Published: July 2018

In numerous African countries humanitarian and development organizations—as well as governments—are expanding expenditures on social protection schemes as a means of poverty alleviation. These initiatives, which typically provide small cash grants to poor populations, are often considered particularly agreeable for the simplicity of their administration and the feasibility of their implementation. This paper examines the background work required to deploy social protection in one especially remote area: the margins of postcolonial Kenya. Specifically, it documents the often overlooked social and technical construction of the infrastructure necessary so that cash transfers may function with the ease and simplicity for which they are commended. Attention to the practice of ‘infrastructuring’ offers insights into the tensions and politics of what is rapidly become a key form of transnational govermentality in the global South, showing that humanitarian rationalities and subjects cannot be understood independently of the material networks on which they rely.
Faculty Diversity at the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs): A Preliminary Snapshot
Authors: Joshi Siddharth , Malghan Deepak
Published: July 2018

We present a preliminary snapshot of the social composition of faculty at the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). We find that the faculty body at these institutions is drawn from a very narrow spectrum of Indian society. We argue that by not paying attention to faculty diversity, IIMs engender a crisis of relevance and legitimacy.
Queer Eye on the Gay Rodeo
Authors: Compton D'Lane
Published: July 2018

I do not remember how or when I first heard about gay rodeos, but I do remember how excited I felt. Yet this excitement was coupled with some hesitation. I felt the need to disguise my excitement among my queer friends. I presented the gay rodeo’s allure as rooted in simple curiosity, a chance to further my academic study of queer life. However, I was personally interested in finding others like me - other queers who appreciated country as a lifestyle or one might even say as an ethnicity - rather than simply as a place. Country meant good things to me; I dreamt of owning land and livestock and I loved country music and dancing. One of the most difficult aspects of coming out for me was how drastically the setting for my social life changed as I moved away from the country spaces and country activities that I had previously known and enjoyed.My previous “straight” life involved what one could call “country” entertainment. It took place in dusty arenas, around animals and in bars that played country music. Upon coming out, my social life moved to house parties or venues that played dance and pop music and I rarely took road trips to small towns for markets, fairs, or rodeos. Rather, I was more likely to make trips to a big city for nightlife, shopping, and art. While I know this sounds like a simplistic juxtaposition of bad stereotypes, it really felt that way tome at the time. The sociologist inme often reflected on why this occurred. I now suspect one influential factor was the lack of mainstream knowledge regarding the true diversity of queer life at the time, which was almost two decades ago. On the level of appearances, it seemed simple. Queer people were unwelcome in country places - places associated with rednecks, Republicans, and ignorance. Thus, we did not go there.After all, the mass media had taught us that country was a place where we would die not only from isolation, but also from even more horrible cruel, painful, violent, and undignified deaths like Brandon Teena or being crucified on a fence like Matthew Shepard. Yet, at times I was uncomfortable in ostensibly safe, queer spaces due to tomy country background. Ironically, it often felt like my rural conservative friends and acquaintances were less disapproving of my sexual orientation than my liberal queer friends were of my country tastes.So one can understand why I was so excited to hear about a gay rodeo. I anticipated a queer country wonderland extravaganza that encompassed all of the “good” that country culture had to offer and none of the bad. I did not have to worry about coming out or being too gay and cowboy hats were not associated with fears of homophobic harassment.
Two values are sufficient for choice consistency
Authors: Chintala Vineeth
Published: July 2018

In many situations, people make choices which are optimal under some social and moral rules. So how can an outside observer, with no access to such private rules, make sense of their behavior? One way to understand choices is by assigning different values (or meanings) to the alternatives depending on the context. The number of additional values can then be viewed as a measure of the background information involved while making the choice. In this paper, we show that two values are sufficient to perceive any choice behavior as consistent. This implies that the information gleaned from a menu is never less than the background information involved in making the choice.
The Trademark Use Requirement in Dilution Cases
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The trademark use doctrine plays a critical role in ensuring that trademarklaw serves its proper purpose of encouraging market exchange and loweringconsumer search costs. As we have explained in detail elsewhere, thedoctrine ensures that trademarks do not become a weapon used to suppressspeech or to interfere with rather than promote the efficient operation ofthe marketplace.Those goals are even more important in the context of trademark dilution.Unlike a normal cause of action for trademark infringement, trademarkdilution gives broader rights to a few famous mark owners to prevent evennon-confusing uses in order to protect the uniqueness of their marksagainst blurring and tarnishment. But because trademark dilution can existeven when goods do not compete, and even absent any likelihood ofconfusion, it is even more critical that the universe of actions that cangive rise to dilution be cabined by a clear and effective trademark usedoctrine.The Lanham Act has had a trademark use limitation on dilution since thefirst dilution legislation was enacted in 1996, but recent amendments havechanged the language and scope of that limitation, leading to someconfusion about what is and is not protected. In this article, we parse thelanguage and legislative history of the 2006 Trademark Dilution RevisionAct and explain why the trademark use requirement in the new statute notonly survives but is more robust than before.
Theories of Health Care Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Ernst Richard
Published: July 2018

The core of health care cost-effectiveness analysis is a set of decision rules for enabling public health care agencies to choose the most socially beneficial treatments to provide to or insure for their patient communities. Inappropriate versions of these rules are used by the national and provincial health services of the UK and several of the commonwealth countries, and they are also commonly used in published cost-effectiveness analyses. Here the correct decision rules are derived from standard utilitarian welfare premises and two different models of the optimizing behavior of a rational health care agency. The methods of probabilistic cost-effectiveness are discussed, and statistical tests are proposed for applying the decision rules under conditions of uncertainty.
Archaeology and Autonomies: The Legal Framework of Heritage Management in a New Bolivia
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

The 2009 Bolivian Constitution significantly changed the structure of the state and paved the way for the creation of regional, local, and even indigenous autonomies. These autonomies are charged with the management of archaeological sites and museums within their territory. This article answers the question of who currently owns the Bolivian past, it stems from concerns raised at the 2011 renewal hearing of the Memorandum of Understanding preventing the import of illicit Bolivian antiquities into the United States. By combining an analysis of recent legal changes related to the creation of the autonomies and a short discussion of a notable case study of local management of a Bolivian archaeological site, this article offers a basic summary of the legal framework in which Bolivian archaeology and heritage management functions and some preliminary recommendations for governments and professionals wishing to work with Bolivian authorities at the state and local level.
Trump Voters and the White Working Class
Authors: Morgan Stephen L. , Lee Jiwon
Published: July 2018

To evaluate the claim that white working-class voters were a crucial block of support for Trump in the 2016 presidential election, this article offers two sets of results. First, self-reports of presidential votes in 2012 and 2016 from the American National Election Studies show that Obama-to-Trump voters and 2012 eligible nonvoters composed a substantial share of Trump’s 2016 voters and were disproportionately likely to be members of the white working class. Second, when county vote tallies in 2012 and 2016 are merged with the public-use microdata samples of the 2012-to-2016 American Community Surveys, areal variations across 1,142 geographic units that sensibly partition the United States show that Trump’s gains in 2016 above Romney’s performance in 2012 are strongly related to the proportion of the voting population in each area that was white and working class. Taken together, these results support the claim that Trump’s appeal to the white working class was crucial for his victory.
Humiliation-Revenge in Warfare
Authors: Scheff thomas
Published: July 2018

My book Bloody Revenge (1994) proposed that humiliation can be felt by whole nations, and that it could lead to a war of revenge. World Wars I and II were proposed as examples. The considerable role played by the desire for vengeance in France in the period 1872-1914 was illustrated by the way it dominated the French media and politics following their defeat by Prussia in 1871. In the case of WWII, the rise of Hitler, which led to the war, was described in terms of his emphasis on revenge, although the evidence was not as strong.
Social Mechanisms
Authors: Ylikoski Petri
Published: July 2018

Social mechanisms and mechanism-based explanation have attracted considerable attention in the social sciences and the philosophy of science during the past two decades. The idea of mechanistic explanation has proved to be a useful tool for criticizing existing research practices and meta-theoretical views on the nature of the social-scientific enterprise. Many definitions of social mechanisms have been articulated, and have been used to support a wide variety of methodological and theoretical claims. It is impossible to cover all of these in one chapter, so I will merely highlight some of the most prominent and philosophically interesting ideas.
'Characteristic of a Pirate': Willfulness and Treble Damages
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

In this short piece we take a first look at the Supreme Court's decisionsin Halo and Stryker, identifying some of the questions that remainunanswered in patent treble damages, including the role of willfulness, therole of opinion letters, and the role of the jury.
Infrastructures of legitimacy: The political lives of marriage contracts in Jordan
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey Fitzgibbon
Published: July 2018

Documentary practices legitimizing marriage in what is now Jordan have taken different forms from the late Ottoman period to the present. I analyze the formal characteristics and materiality of these practices to show how initiatives to standardize, aggregate, and circulate information about marriage introduce new notions of personhood, state, and society. Such legitimizing infrastructures entail new forms of accountability that go beyond and even challenge the intentions of those who promulgate such initiatives. The shift in emphasis in Jordan from oral to written contracts and the subsequent aggregation and circulation of those records reifies categories of individual, state, and society while drawing them into a wide array of gendered, generational, and political conflicts. Ironically, the state’s legitimation of marriage may even draw its own legitimacy into question.
A grounded theory for research synthesis of selected distance education literature
Authors: Chen TY
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: 1) in conducting a research synthesis of distance education research studies using grounded theory methodology, this investigation derived a grounded theory from the distance education literature synthesized; and 2) in order to apply grounded theory for research synthesis, a procedure to coalesce grounded theory and research synthesis methods was developed.
Nature in Naomi Shihab Nye’s works: A Vehicle for Creating Peace
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Allani Chekra
Published: July 2018

In Naomi Shihab Nye’s works, the theme of nature as a creative force is recurrent, moving and poignant. It is often juxtaposed with the destructive forces of war and conflict. Nye’s romanticizing over nature gave it a glorified appeal and brought forth its nobility and magnanimity. Her subtle way of intermingling aspects of nature with daily individual experience touches the heart. In her poetry and prose, nature appears to be the connector and the comforter, and at times, it is the spiritual and the sublime. The aim of this paper is to delineate the multi-functions of nature as a vehicle for creating peace and for bridging the gap of misunderstanding and ignorance between East and West in this tempestuous period of human history.
Families in Comparison: An individual-level comparison of life course and family reconstructions between population and vital event registers
Authors: van den Berg Niels , van Dijk ingrid , Mourits Rick J , Janssens Angelique , Slagboom P. Eline , Mandemakers Kees
Published: July 2018

In demographic research large-scale individual-level data have become increasingly available. At the same time, it remains unknown how varying sources affect the reconstruction of individual life courses and families in databases. In this paper, we conduct individual-level comparisons of family and life course reconstructions of 495 individuals simultaneously present in two well-known Dutch datasets: LINKS-Zeeland and the HSN. The first dataset is based on a province’s full population vital event registration data; the other is based on a national sample of birth certificates, after which individuals were followed in population registers. We compare indicators of fertility, marriage, mortality, and measurements of occupational status of individuals found in both databases and conclude that reconstructions in both the HSN and LINKS reflect each other well. LINKS provides more complete family information on siblings and parents, whereas the HSN provides more complete life course information, especially for individuals who migrate out of Zeeland.
Standardizing Government Standard-Setting Policy for Electronic Commerce
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The U.S. government's policy towards open standards in electronic commerceis inconsistent. On the one hand, the Magaziner Report endorses the idea ofinteroperable standards and open standard-setting processes for electroniccommerce. It also suggests that governments should not be involved insetting technical standards. Unfortunately, the Report also endorsesgovernment intervention in the standard-setting process in the case ofencryption. Further, it recommends expanding intellectual property rights,without acknowledging the difficulties this can cause for open standards.Professor Lemley's article draws attention to this inconsistency, andsuggests ways that the government could help promote open standards if ittruly wished to do so.