bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modifications produced in food proteins following interactions with oxidizing lipids. II. Mechanisms of oxidizing lipid-protein interactions
Authors: Hidalgo F. J. , Zamora R. , Alaiz M.
Published: November 2010

This part reviews the mechanisms of oxidizing lipid-protein interactions. Hydrophobic interactions, radical reactions and formation of covalent compounds with secondary products of lipid oxidation are described.
Incorporation of new aniline fatty derivatives in to lymphatic chylomicrons
Authors: Ruiz-Gutiérrez V. , Maestro Durán R.
Published: November 2010

Some compounds, other than fatty anilides, which had been isolated from oil samples involved in the "toxic syndrome", has been obtained by chemical synthesis. These substances are 3-phenylamine-1,2 propanediol and its fatty acyl mono- and diesters derivatives. These products have been orally administered to rats whose lymphatic canal had previously been cannulated. Samples of lymph were taken periodically. After isolation of chylomicrons from the lymphatic samples and analysis of its lipids by thin layer chromatography, we were able to detect the presence of the above mentioned compounds as well as a metabolic product of them. These results suggest that these products are incorporated into the blood via lymphatic absortion.
Effects of potassium sorbats and sodium benzoate on the stability of green table olives in brine
Authors: Marsilio V. , Cichelli A.
Published: November 2010

The results of a study on the effects of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate on the chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of green table olives during the preservations, are presented.
The olives stored in glass vessels at room temperature and at 28°C, in aerobic conditions, to promote the growth of surface yeasts and moulds, are added of fungistatics at two concentration levels, calculated by weight on the basis of the total content of the vessel; that is the weight of olives plus the weight of the water in the brine.
The results showed that these additives were effective to preserve the product a period of two months, without affecting the olive flavour.
However a certain darkening of some samples was observed. To increase such period higher initial concentrations must be used, although their residual values should be within the limits permitted by the C.O.I.
Phenolic compounds biodegradation of olive mili wastewater with Aspergillus terreus
Authors: Martínez Nieto L. , Ramos Cormenzana A. , García Paeja María P. , Garrido Hoyos S. E.
Published: November 2010

Olive mill wastewater degradation by Aspergillus terreus and under aerobic conditions at 28°C, was measured by the parameter of phenol content.
We have explored the effect of different concentrations of olive mill wastewater upon the activity of Aspergillus terreus.
Through HPLC, 10 phenol compounds (90% of the total phenolic content of the olive mill wastewater) were identified.
Use and treatment of olive mill wastewater: current situation and prospects in Spain
Authors: Fiestas Ros de Ursinos J. A. , Borja Padilla R.
Published: November 2010

The characteristics of olive mill wastewater are set out the viewpoint of their pollutant capacity and the problems arising from their tipping in olive-growing areas. The national administration's solutions for preventing pollutions of surface waters are also stated.
Special detail is given to the action taken within a research and development program financed by the Spanish Government and the EEC through the Commission MEDSPA 89 for the technical-economic evaluation of different systems for eliminating and treating olive mill wastewater, in order to determine the feasibility of their introduction at industrial level.
At the same time the systems currently under evaluation are described:
- Intensification of natural evaporation from olive mill wastewater stored in ponds (two systems).
- Physical processes using forced evaporation to eliminate the olive mill wastewater, followed by aerobic biological processes or systems of ultrafiltration and inverse osmosis for final treatment of the condensate (two systems).
- Application of physico-chemical processes to eliminate the greater part of the organic components of the olive mill wastewaters and the use of aerobic biological processes or systems of ultrafiltration and inverse osmosis for final treatment of the clarified fraction (three systems).
- Biological process for the complete treatment of the olive mill wastewaters by the successive application of processes: bioconversion, biomethanisation, aerobic treatment, and physico-chemical treatment. Treatment yields of the order of 99,6% are achieved, at the same time obtaining by-products of commercial interest (one system).
Lipidic components oxidation and hexanal formation during the curing of saucisson
Authors: Chasco J. , Beriain M. J. , Bello J.
Published: November 2010

It has studied formation of alcanals of low weight (C3-C6) during the curing of standard Saucisson manufactured in pilot plant. Aldehydes content have been compared to others obtained in three batches of industrial process (I, II and III). Except to hexanal, present in important amounts, the rest of aldehydes appear in reduced levels even are not detected. Statistical correlation has not been obtained between hexanal content and oxidation levels of lipidic components titrated by peroxides value, T.B.A. number or total carbonyl compounds. However, certain correlation has been found between hexanal content and ratio of oleic/linoleic of each batch of saucisson. Absence of hexanal in all of saucissons of batch II is corresponded by a greater proportion of linoleic acid between their A.G.L. It is proposed determination of hexanal like an useful method to check whether oxidative mechanism of lipids during the curing has been corrected.
Nitrogen balance and energy digestibility In rats fed with frying lard
Authors: Jiménez S. , Hernández M. , Prorrata C.
Published: November 2010

This study was carried out during 90 days in order to know the effect of frying lard on the energy digestibility and nitrogen bioavailability. A significant decrease occurred on energy utilization of the diets prepared with frying lard (52 frying times). Nitrogen bioutilization on growing rats was also affected.
Influence of the technological helpers used in the olive oil elaboration process on the kinetics of the anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater
Authors: Borja Padilla R. , Alba Mendoza J. , Durán Barrantes María M.
Published: November 2010

A kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater, which was obtained with the technological helper "Olivex" (Carbohydrase -pectinases, cellulases and hemicellulases- from the Aspergillus aculeatus) was carried out. An identical wastewater, obtained without this enzymatic formulation was also used. The process was carried out in bioreactors with microorganisms immobilized on two micronized clay supports, Sepiolite and Bentonite.
The methane volume-time data pairs obtained were used to calculate the specific rate constant, Ko, by using the Roediger's equation. A decrease of the specific rate constant value was observed over the substrate concentration studied when the volume of wastewater added was increased; this confirmed the occurrence of an inhibition process, which was more marked for the olive mill wastewater obtained with Olivex. The Levenspiel's model was used to obtain the inhibition constants of this process.
The agreement between sensorial characteristics and information produced by stability tests in soybean oil
Authors: Rauen-Miguel A. M. O. , Esteves W. , Barrera-Arellano D.
Published: November 2010

The relationship between sensorial deterioration (shelf-life) and induction period of refined soybean oil was studied, according to data obtained with the Rancimat method and peroxide value during 190 days of storage of the sample at room temperature. The Rancimat curve was obtained at 110 ºC, 10 l/h of air flow and 5,0 g of sample and showed an induction period of 6.75 h. From the variation of the peroxide value the induction period was 107 days, equivalent to 6,4 meg/kg. The sensorial analysis was carried out by a well trained panel which established that the sensorial deterioration of the sample was 102 days.
Lipoxygenase in the plant kingdom. I. Properties
Authors: Sanz L. C. , Pérez A. G. , Olías J. M.
Published: November 2010

Lipoxygenases are a family of related nonheme iron-containing enzymes that are widely distributed in plants. They own a uniform behaviour with respect to most properties but they exhibit some diversity, for instance in relation to their substrate and product specificity. This first part give a brief survey of plant lipoxygenases properties, comparing where necessary plant enzymes with animal lipoxygenases.
Component of the unsaponifiable portion of olive oil with polarity between those of squalene and triterpenic alcohols
Authors: Lanzón A. , Albi T. , Cert A. , Gracián J.
Published: November 2010

In the unsaponifiable matter of refined olive oils and, frequently, virgin olive oils of bad quality, a new compound with polarity between those of squalene and triterpenic alcohols was isolated.
Mass spectrometry of this compound and of their hydrogenated and; sililated derivatives, demonstrated that the compound was a long chain alcohol having 426 of molecular weight, polyisoprenic structure similar to that of squalene, and the hydroxyl group attached at the C-2 carbon atom.
Evolution of the lipids biosynthesis during the maturation of the olive varieties "Picual" and "Gordal"
Authors: García J. M. , Mancha M.
Published: November 2010

The evolution of lipid biosynthesis during the ripening period of two varieties of olive fruits (Olea europaea cv. "Picual" and "Gordal") has been compared by measuring the incorporation of 14C-acetate into lipids of intact exocarp tissue. The variety "Picual" showed a higher activity of lipid synthesis than the variety "Gordal". In the former the maximal activity took place during September and October. In the latter it occurred during august and September. In both varieties the incorporation into polar lipids preceded the incorporation into triacylglycerols the former being slightly more intense. The incorporation into diacylglycerols and free fatty acids was low and variable.
Optimizing conditions for enzymatic extraction of sunflower oil
Authors: Badr F. H. , Sitohy M. Z.
Published: November 2010

Sunflower seed oil was extracted with an enzymatic processes using different hydrolytic enzymes: cellulase, hemicellulase, animal proteinase, acid proteinase, pectinase and pectinex, as compared to enzyme - free aqueous extraction.
All the hydrolytic enzymes enhanced oil extraction from sunflower seeds. The most optimal conditions for oil extraction from sunflower seeds were: 2% enzyme concentration, 30% substrate concentration and 3 hrs period.
Using Boganov and Buchkov equation showed that time must be prolonged to get higher yields. The maximum yield during 3 hrs extraction with enzymatic process ranged between 44,5%-57,1% of the soxhlet extractable oil.
The potency of the investigated enzymes in extracting oil was in the following order: acid proteinase > cellulase > hemicellulase > animal proteinase > pectinex > pectinase when compared at the previous optimal conditions.
Degumming of soybean oil
Authors: Aly Saadia M.
Published: November 2010

Degumming process was carried out on Factory grade crude soybean oil in fats and oils Department. Thirty two samples were treated with different concentrations of phosphoric acid and / or water at different temperatures and with different time of stirring. It was found that degumming 100 gm of oil with 3,5% water only and with 0,34 gm phosphoric acid in 5,8% water, at 75°C with stirring time of 30 minutes gave better results compared with other conditions.
The analysis of variance of factorial experiments for illustrating the different effect and interaction between time of stirring and temperature during degumming process was recorded.
Influence of microwave and conventional cooking on beef liver lipids
Authors: Farag R. S. , Abu-Raiia S. H. , Al-Asfahany A. M.
Published: November 2010

Liver slices were cooked with a mixture of cottonseed oil and margarine using microwave oven and gas cooker. The acid values, peroxide numbers, total sterols and fatty acid profiles of unheated and cooked liver slices conventionally and by microwaves were determined. The time required for cooking liver slices by microwaves was one-half of the time required conventionally. Heating the lipid mixture by both heating methods caused highly significant decrease in the acid value. Conversely, the acid values of lipids extracted from cooked liver slices were highly significantly increased by the heating processes.
The peroxide values of the lipids conventionally heated were always lower than those obtained by microwaves. The peroxide value of microwavable liver lipids was nearly twice as high as that produced by conventional heating. Heating processes significantly reduced the sterol levels for all lipids under study. The fatty acid analysis of the lipids under heat treatments demonstrate the occurrence of oxidative degradation and production of short-chain acids.
Colour Characterization of the virgin olive oils of Catalan cultivars
Authors: Tous Martí J. , Romero Aroca A.
Published: November 2010

Colour variation of virgin oil from 34 olive cultivars growing in Catalonia (Spain) was analyzed by the ABT (Bromthymol Blue) modified method. In addition, the preferences of consumers in the Denomination of Origin Siurana (Tarragona) were studied, in relation to coloration. The results obtained show that varietal differences exist in the colour index studied and that the commercial preferences vary according to the oil markets.
Biochemical changes during vegetable products fermentation
Authors: Montano A. , De Castro A. , Rejano L.
Published: November 2010

Different topics dealing with vegetable products fermentation, from manufacturing to microorganisms, and their growth factors, are reviewed. The main pathways for sugar metabolism and degradation reactions of organic and amino acids are described, as well as their influence on sensorial characteristics of the final product. A thorough research on several areas is considered mandatory, in order to increase the value of fermented vegetable foods.
Plasma lipids and prothrombin time in rats fed palm oil and other commonly used fats in Egypt
Authors: Hussein Mona M. , Salama Fawzy M. , Ebada Karina M.
Published: November 2010

Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for a total period of 8 weeks on six diets that were different in the source of their fat content. The fat content was provided either, palm oil or palm olein or corn oil or hydrogenated fat, or frying palm oil and mixture of corn oil + hydrogenated fat in the ratio (1:1).
The latter was given to the control group. Animals fed these various experimental diets showed statistically significant differences in serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides content among all group. Increased HDL-cholesterol content was evident in animals fed on palm-olein and palm oil. The frying oil fed group showed lowest HDL-cholesterol content. In these experiments palm olein fed animals showed highest ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol while the lowest ratio was shown in rats fed on frying oil.
Prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) showed higher values In palm oil, palm olein and corn oil diets as compared to all groups with each other.
Virgin olive oil quality: Some new criteria for its evaluation
Authors: Hidalgo Casado F. , Navas Fernández M. A. , Guinda Garín A. , Ruiz Gómez A. , León Camacho M. , Lanzón Rey A. , Maestro Durán R. , Janer del Valle M. L. , Pérez Camino M. C. , Cert Ventulá A. , Alba Mendoza J. , Gutiérrez Rosales F. , Dobarganes M. C. , Graciani Constante E.
Published: November 2010

The present study consists in the evaluation of twenty five parameters for determining the influence of continuous system of pastes centrifugation, discontinuous press system and partial extraction system on obtaining of virgin olive oil, and their possible utilization as new quality parameters. Also, those indexes more related to quality than to spoilt degree (acid value, peroxide value and K270) were determined.
The tested oils have been obtained in three oil-mills, from three different olive varieties, in two ripening states.
Characterization of european virgin olive oils using fatty acids
Authors: Alonso García María V. , Aparicio López R.
Published: November 2010

The possibility of discriminating between extra virgin olive oils from different regions of Spain, Italy and Portugal, by means of their fatty acid content, has been investigated. A dendrogram allowed discrimination between the oils starting from their initial grouping and progressing to differentiation on the basis of regions. Multivariant statistical analyses were applied to determine the actual discriminatory capacity of this group of compounds. The confidence associated with the final discrimination was ascertained using the theory of evidence.
Technological challenges to assess n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from marine oils for nutritional and pharmacological use
Authors: Valenzuela A. , Nieto S. , Uauy R.
Published: November 2010

The benefits ascribed to marine oils rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has led to efforts to improve the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of these oils and to develop procedures for the obtention of pure or highly concentrated fractions of some n-3 fatty acids. Two n-3 fatty acids are of main interest; the eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, EPA) and the docosahexaenoic acid (022:6, DHA). The present review is referred to the identification of the main sources of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and to the stabilization of these fatty acids against oxidative rancidity. In addition the procedures for the obtention of EPA and DHA concentrates and the utilization of these fatty acids for nutritional or pharmacological purposes are also discussed.
Lipid composition of two purgative fish: Ruvettus pretiosus and Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
Authors: Pérez Zara M. C. , Ruiz Gutiérrez V. , Bravo L.
Published: November 2010

A review is made on the literature conceming the lipid composition of two fish belonging to PERCIFORMES order, Gempylidae family, Ruvettus pretiosus and Lepidocybium flavobrunneum.

The lipid fraction is principally composed of wax esters (esters of fatty acid with long chain fatty alcohols), as well as phospholipids, triglycerides, hydrocarbons and sterols.
The lipid extracted from these fish is traditionally used in consideration of its purgative properties in fishing villages from islands like Canarias. In Japanese markets, this fish can be found as a fraudulent substitute of other edible fish.
It seems that the toxic-laxative properties are due to the large amount of wax esters in its lipid fraction.
Characterization and anaerobic digestion of waters from washing of virgin olive oil
Authors: Borja R. , Alba J. , Martín A. , Ruiz A. , Hidalgo F.
Published: November 2010

A characterization and kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion of waters from washing of virgin olive oil were carried out. The experimental setup used consisted of a 1;litre thorough mixing bioreactor that was operated at 35 °C and loaded with sepiolite-immobilized biomass at a concentration of 10.8 g VSS/L. The bioreactor worked satisfactorily for a hydraulic retention time of 1.1 to 5.0 days and eliminated more than 92% of the initial COD in all instances.
Guiot's kinetic model was used to determine the macroenergetic parameters of the system, which was found to have a true yield coefficient for the biomass Y = 0.006 g VSS/g COD and a specific rate of substrate uptake for cell maintenance m = 0.072 g COD/g VSS ∙ day.
According to the experimental results obtained, the rate of substrate uptake, Rs (g COD/g VSS ∙ day), was correlated with the concentration of biodegradable substrate, Sb (g COD/L), through an equation of the Michaelis-Menten type.
Antioxidant activity of vitamin C, E, and provitamin A
Authors: Maestro-Durán R. , Borja Padilla R.
Published: November 2010

As a continuation of the study of natural antioxidants, this paper includes vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and provitamin A (β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, lycopene, astaxanthin and cantaxanthin) and, as well as those derivatives of these which have been described as antioxidants, either used as food additives or protectans of cell membranes (in vivo). Their role as inhibitors of chain reactions of prooxidant radicals by irreversible reaction or quenching of such radicals is discussed.
Finally, patents registered during the last years for these compounds, their derivatives and synergists are cited.
Effect of CO2 in fruit storage atmosphere on olive oil quality
Authors: García J. María
Published: November 2010

Olive fruits (Olea europaea, cv. "Picual") were stored at 5°C and four different atmospheres (% CO2/% O2/%N2: 0/21/78; 5/20/75; 10/19/71 and 20/17/63). At 5°C the enrichment of the fruit storage atmosphere with concentrations of CO2 above 5% resulted in a linear increase of the acidity of extracted oils after 60 days of fruit storage time. This fact showed a strong relationship with the appearance of fruit decay. Simple refrigeration of fruits at 5°C for 60 days was sufficient to maintain the commercial quality of "virgin extra" in oil extracted from them. Oils obtained from fruits stored at 5°C in CO2 enriched atmospheres showed lower peroxide index and UV absorbance (270 nm), but developed off-flavor. Therefore, > 5% CO2 concentrations in storage atmosphere of olive fruits for oil production at 5°C must be avoided.
Compositional data on sunflower seed grown in Argentine
Authors: Santalla E. , Riccobene I. , Nolasco S.
Published: November 2010

Constituents seed oil content, physic structure, oil seed quality and wax content are evaluated.
The relations of these characters and its agroclimatic interactions facilitate the introduction of this cultivar into food and/or industrial market improving its utility and profit.
Correlations coefficients on the analyzed characters are presented.
Causality hypothesis on the newer tendency behaviour of this cultivar are planned.
The hull content influence on oil content and like principal wax container is detached.
Iron determination in ripe olives by trichloroacetic acid extraction
Authors: García García P. , Brenes Balbuena M. , Faraud F. , Garrido Fernández A.
Published: November 2010

The paper studies the use of the iron extraction instead of the mineralization, for the iron analysis in ripe olives with o-phenantroline. Results did not show systematic and proportional errors. They were statistically equal and had the same precision. Consequently, the procedure is suitable for the iron control in ripe olives, especially in the industry laboratories, as it is quicker and cheaper than the mineralization.
Bees wax and its unsaponifiables as natural preservative for butter and cottonseed oils
Authors: Farag R. S. , Hassan M. N. A. , Ali H. F. M.
Published: November 2010

Simple model systems consisting of butter oil or refined cottonseed oil mixed with melted bees wax and its unsaponifiables were designated to study their hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity during storage. Whole bees wax at 0,5 and 1% levels possessed significant pro-hydrolytic activity whilst its unsaponifiables at 0,25 and 0,5% exhibited antihydrolytic effect on butter oil. The addition of whole bees wax at 0,5 and 1 % caused no effect on peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of butter oil. However, bees wax unsaponifiables significantly reduced both peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of stored butter oil.
Bees wax unsaponifiables added to refined cottonseed oil had no effect on the acid value, whilst whole bees wax possessed significant prohydrolytic activity. The data for peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of refined cottonseed oil demonstrated that both whole bees wax and its unsaponifiables had approximately the same antioxidant efficacy. The effectiveness of the added materials on the secondary oxidation products of refined cottonseed oil can be ranked according to its inhibition activity as follows: BHT (200 ppm) > bees wax (1%) > bees wax (0,5%) > bees wax unsaponifiables (0,5%) > bees wax unsaponifiables (0,25%) > control.
Study of the factors affecting the rate of neutralization of olive flesh during the production of black olive
Authors: Brenes M. , García P. , Romero C. , Garrido A.
Published: November 2010

The present work investigates the influence of various factors on the rate of neutralization of black olive flesh during the blackening stage. Of the neutralizing agents studied (hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide), CO2 proved to be much more effective. Washing with harder water lessened the rate of neutralization. In addition a rise in temperature also exerts a beneficial influence, although heating never produces a better effect than the use of CO2. These results allow for a more rational and effective neutralizing process to be developed. This, in turn, could lead to a significant reduction in the amount of waste produced in this phase under present practices.
Component changes in olive (Hojiblanca var.) during ripening
Authors: Guillén R. , Fernández-Bolaños J. , Heredia A.
Published: November 2010

The evolution during ripening of the principal components from olive, Hojiblanca var., was studied. The similarities and differences with other varieties were established.
Antioxidant activity of natural sterols and organic acids
Authors: Mastro-Durán R. , Borja-Padilla R
Published: November 2010

This paper deals with antioxidant activity of sterols and natural organic acids not covered on previous papers. The paper «Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds» covered phenolic acids; the second one «Antioxidant activity of vitamin C, D and provitamin A», ascorbic acid, and the third «Antioxidant activity of natural nitrogenous compounds», aminoacids.
The acids studied here included citric, malic, lactic, fumarle, tartaric, kojic (5-hydroxy-2-[hydroxymethyl-γ-pyrone], phytic (inositol-hexaphosphoric acid) and furoic acids.
The reaction mechanisms, either as inhibitors of the chain reaction of prooxidant radicals or by sequestration of free radicals was discussed.
Finally, a list of recent patents of these compounds and their derivatives as antioxidants or synergists was included.
Tocopherols and flavonoids of SOS-7 halophyte
Authors: El-Shami S. M. , El-Negoumy S. I.
Published: November 2010

Halophyte is an oil seed coded as SOS-7 (Salicomia Oil Seed, 7th year of selection). Tocopherol constituents of SOS-7 halophyte oil were determined directly in the oil by using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detector. It was found that the oil contains 710 ppm total tocopherols. The tocopherol constituents, alpha, beta, gamma and delta, were found at the level of 38.2,1.0, 58.7 and 2.1% respectively.
Nine flavonoid glycosides were isolated and identified from the seeds and it was found that they belong to the flavonol class of flavonoids. These flavonol compounds were identified as: quercetin-3, 7-diglucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside-7-galactoside, quercetin-3-sophoroside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, isorhamnetin-3, 7-di-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3, 7-diglucoside and kaempferol-3-glucoside.
Oxidative stability of hake liver oil
Authors: Rodríguez A. , Barrera-Arellano D. , Grampone M. A.
Published: November 2010

Oxidative stability of industrial hake liver oil and its improvement by means of antioxidants were studied. For this purpose the induction period (hours) was determined in a Rancimat (70°C, air flow 8.3 l/h and 5 g sample). The antioxidants employed were BHT, BHA, TBHQ, ascorbyl palmitate and propyl gallate and the commercial products Ronoxan A, Tocomix D and Antracine 220.
The most efficient antioxidant was TBHQ 0,02% (the induction period was increased 6,5 times with regard to the oil without antioxidant). The oxidative stability of the oil did not improve significatively with 0,02% of natural antioxidants.
Technical and nutritional implications of trans fatty acids in hydrogenated oils
Authors: Barrera-Arellano D.
Published: November 2010

Customers are increasingly paying attention to fats and oils because they are strongly health related. Many points are still confusing about this, but certainly there is one that will soon become public concern: the presence of trans fatty acids in hydrogenated fats and their products. Natural fats and oils from vegetable origin lack this trans isomers. Even though the production of the trans isomers during hydrogenation is unavoidable it can be controlled and minimized. The presence of these components modify technical characteristics as well as introduce problems and alterations in health and nutritional aspects. High trans fatty acids values (up 62%) were found in Brazilian products. A relevant effect in solid content (SFC) at low temperatures was observed but no influence in the softening point. Possible nutritional and health effects related to trans fatty acids will be discussed.
Characterization of enzymatically extracted sunflower seed oil as well as the protein residues
Authors: Sitohy M. Z. , Badr E. H. , Perifanova-Nemska M. , Khadjiski T. S.
Published: November 2010

Sunflower seed oil was enzymatically extracted with six different enzymes: cellulase, hemicellulase, animal proteinase, acid proteinase, pectinase and pectinex under the following conditions: substrate concentration in phosphate buffer (0.5M, pH 5) 30%, enzyme concentration 2% (E/S), temperature 50°C and time 3 hours. The obtained oils were analyzed for physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles. The protein residues were analyzed for amino acid compositions.
The results showed that the enzymatic extraction with cellulase or hemicellulase could maintain good oil quality of the extracted oils as their levels of linoleic and oleic acids recorded similar values to those of the control oil extracted with organic solvents. Also the level of iodine value was in the same level of control. On the other hand, the use of proteases in the enzymatic extraction of sunflower seed oil caused some reductions in the levels of the unsaturated fatty acids as well as the iodine value. The pectinases showed a similar trend to that of the proteinase with the least recovery of linoleic acid among the different oils under study.
Similarly, the use of cellulases did not change the amino acid composition of the protein residue as compared to the control, in the contrary to the extraction with the proteinases which caused reduction of some amino acids from the protein residues especially lysine, leucine, iso-leucine, alanine, arginine and aspartic. In that respect the use of pectinases behaved similar to cellulases.
Triacylglycerols and fatty acids composition of egusi seed oil (Cucumeropsis Mannii Naudin)
Authors: Kapseu C. , Kamga R. , Tchatchueng J. B.
Published: November 2010

Triacylglycerols were determined from a Cameroonian (African) white egusi seed oil (Cucumeropsis Mannii Naudin) using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The fatty acid composition of two types of seed (red and white) is obtained by capillary gas chromatography. The study of the triacyiglycerol composition obtained in white egusi seed oil revealed that only nine triacylglycerols were present in amounts above 1% (area). The first five triglycerides represent more than 80% of the total triacylglycerols, and the major triacyiglycerol was palmitoyldilinoleoylglycerol, accounting for 23.6% of the oil. This oil contains a high proportion of linoleic acid (60% wt/wt).
Las bibliotecas de ciencias de la salud en España: una primera aproximación descriptiva
Authors: Lázaro de Mercado Pablo , Poza Sanz M. Angeles , Estrada Lorenzo José Manuel , Sánchez Gómez Cristina , De Investigación en Bibliotecas Grupo
Published: November 2010

Los avances del conocimiento y su difusión en diversos tipos de publicaciones hacen a las bibliotecas centros fundamentales en la asistencia, docencia e investigación en los sistemas de salud. España carece de un sistema bibliotecario organizado y se perciben deficiencias. Este artículo presenta un estudio descriptivo sobre la situación de las bibliotecas de ciencias de la salud en España. Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante encuesta en los siguientes centros públicos: hospitales mayores de 100 camas o menores con acreditación docente, centros de gestión y administración sanitaria, centros de investigación, escuelas de salud pública, facultades de medicina y odontología, y escuelas universitarias de enfermería y fisioterapia. A los centros que tenían biblioteca se les envió por correo un cuestionario autoadministrado con seguimiento telefónico. De los 716 centros identificados, 400 tienen biblioteca propia (55,9%) y 82 compartida (11,5%). El 52,8% de las bibliotecas se encuentra en hospitales. Tienen biblioteca propia o compartida todos los centros de investigación, facultades, escuelas de salud pública, y complejos hospitalarios, el 42,6% de los centros de administración, el 84,6% de las escuelas universitarias, el 79% del conjunto de hospitales, el 72,4% de los hospitales individuales, el 92,5% de los hospitales docentes y el 50,5% de los no docentes. Sólo dos tercios de los centros tienen acceso a biblioteca. La proporción de hospitales con acceso a biblioteca se considera escasa, especialmente en los hospitales no docentes, de pocas camas o que no pertenecen a complejos hospitalarios. Más de la mitad de las bibliotecas son hospitalarias, por lo que serán fundamentales en los diseños de futuros sistemas de documentación.
Academic mediation: the functions of an electronic discussion list
Authors: Banks David
Published: November 2010

Le forum de discussion électronique constitue un sous-genre d'évolution récente. Il n'a de ce fait pas encore fait l’objet de l’attention approfondie des linguistes. Cette étude utilise les concepts de Champ, Teneur et Mode, dérivés de la Linguistique Systémique Fonctionnelle, afin d'analyser un corpus de messages envoyés sur la liste sysfling. Au regard du champ, l’étude indique que les fonctions principales sont de donner de l'information, de solliciter de l'information et de répondre à ces sollicitations. Au regard du concept de Teneur, l'acte illocutoire de loin le plus important est de donner de l'information. Au regard du Mode, l’étude révèle des traces du genre épistolaire dans un nombre considérable de messages.
Médiation(s) : quelques remarques sur un terme pluriel
Authors: Chini Danielle
Published: November 2010

La multiplicité des emplois directs ou dérivés du terme médiation est un signe du flou qui entoure ce concept, sa prise en compte se réduisant souvent à l'analyse de ses implications méthodologiques et technologiques. Or la médiation est un concept cognitif qui ne prend tout son sens que dans le cadre socio-constructiviste. Elle suppose avant tout un étayage social ainsi qu'un processus de contrôle et de re-médiation par le biais du langage, et vise la valorisation des capacités de l'apprenant et, à terme, son autonomisation. Dans le cadre de l'approche communicative cependant, on l'assimile trop souvent aux concepts d'interaction et de communication, confondant ainsi l'objectif instrumental de l'apprentissage et le cadre cognitif de son développement. Or toute interaction n'est pas cognitive. Pour qu'il en soit ainsi il faut créer, grâce à un guidage raisonné, une dynamique maïeutique susceptible de conduire l'apprenant à découvrir l'objet d'apprentissage mais aussi à comprendre et gérer ses propres processus mentaux. Entre médiation enseignante et autorégulation, il n'y a donc pas de différence de nature mais un continuum : la médiation constitue un processus complexe mais unique qu'il ne faut pas limiter aux divers supports et techniques qui lui servent d'outils.
Entre modèle et outil pour l'acquisition de la langue de spécialité : le prototype RAFALES – Recueil automatique favorisant l’acquisition d’une langue étrangère de spécialité
Authors: Zampa Virginie , Raby Françoise
Published: November 2010

Le travail que nous présentons est le produit d'une recherche interdisciplinaire impliquant l'Intelligence Artificielle, la psychologie cognitive et la didactique des langues. LSA (Analyse Sémantique Latente) est un outil informatique qui a été appliqué à l'acquisition du langage (Landauer & Dumais 1997). Nous avons utilisé LSA pour élaborer un prototype appelé RAFALES (Recueil automatisé favorisant l'acquisition d'une langue de spécialité). RAFALES est un outil informatique d’aide à l’acquisition d’une langue étrangère inspiré à la fois des théories de Vygotsky sur la zone proximale de développement (1968) et de la théorie de l’input développée par Krashen (1985). Après avoir exposé les bases théoriques de LSA et de RAFALES, nous présentons la procédure que nous avons adoptée pour valider la Proximité Optimale d'Acquisition des sujets apprenant l'anglais juridique comme langue de spécialité.
Les métaphores dans la publicité scientifique et technique : de la médiation à l'interaction
Authors: Fries-Verdeil Marie-Hélène
Published: November 2010

Cet article a pour but de tester l'utilité de diverses approches théoriques sur les métaphores, appliquées à l'analyse des images publicitaires. Pour la théorie comparative de la métaphore, qui remonte à Aristote, la médiation réside dans le « travail de la ressemblance » (Ricoeur 1976), et elle permet d'exprimer un concept abstrait par un objet concret (cf. le système memory stick de Sony). Pour la théorie de la substitution, qui a eu son jour de gloire à l'époque classique, une métaphore n'a de rôle qu'ornemental et la médiation consiste alors simplement à la « traduire » en termes littéraux. Dans cette optique, les publicitaires utilisent souvent les métaphores picturales comme accroches, pour attirer l'attention du lecteur (cf. le château de cartes de Wyatt Technology). La théorie interactive de la métaphore (Black 1962) amplifie au contraire la place de la médiation, en postulant que certaines caractéristiques du « foyer » métaphorique se projettent sur le « cadre » littéral qui l'entoure, et vice-versa. L'intérêt devient alors heuristique (cf. les verres spéciaux de Schott). Les résultats montrent donc que même des théories de la métaphore souvent considérées comme dépassées peuvent aider à analyser une image publicitaire, pourvu qu'elles soient en accord avec la stratégie de persuasion utilisée dans ce contexte particulier.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activation Attenuates the TLR2-Mediated Macrophage Proinflammatory Cytokine Response toFrancisella tularensisLive Vaccine Strain
Authors: Medina Edward A. , Morris Ian R. , Berton Michael T.
Published: November 2010

An inadequate innate immune response appears to contribute to the virulence of Francisella tularensis following pulmonary infection. Studies in mice suggest that this poor response results from suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production early during infection, but the mechanisms involved are not understood. PI3K is known to regulate proinflammatory cytokine expression, but its exact role (positive versus negative) is controversial. We sought to clarify the role of PI3K in regulating proinflammatory signaling and cytokine production during infection with F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS). In this study, we demonstrate that the induction of TNF and IL-6 expression by LVS in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages was markedly enhanced when PI3K activity was inhibited by either of the well-known chemical inhibitors, wortmannin or LY294002. The enhanced cytokine expression was accompanied by enhanced activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, both of which were critical for LVS-induced expression of TNF and IL-6. LVS-induced MAPK activation and cytokine production were TLR2- and MyD88- dependent. PI3K/Akt activation was MyD88-dependent, but was surprisingly TLR2-independent. LVS infection also rapidly induced MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression; PI3K and TLR2 signaling were required. Peak levels of MKP-1 correlated closely with the decline in p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These data suggest that infection by LVS restrains the TLR2-triggered proinflammatory response via parallel activation of PI3K, leading to enhanced MKP-1 expression, accelerated deactivation of MAPKs, and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production. This TLR2-independent inhibitory pathway may be an important mechanism by which Francisella suppresses the host’s innate immune response.
TLR4 through IFN-β Promotes Low Molecular Mass Hyaluronan-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis
Authors: Leu Shaw-Wei , Shi Liyun , Xu Changqing , Zhao Yili , Liu Baoling , Li Yongqing , Shiedlin Aviva , Xiang Charlie , Shen Huahao , Quinn Deborah A. , Hales Charles A. , Zhao Hang
Published: November 2010

Intratracheal administration of low molecular mass (LMM) hyaluronan (200 kDa) results in greater neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of TLR4−/− mice compared with that in wild-type mice. In general, enhanced neutrophil infiltration in tissue is due to cell influx; however, neutrophil apoptosis also plays an important role. We have assessed the effects of TLR4 in the regulation of neutrophil apoptosis in response to administration of LMM hyaluronan. We found that apoptosis of inflammatory neutrophils is impaired in TLR4−/− mice, an effect that depends upon the IFN-β–mediated TRAIL/TRAILR system. IFN-β levels were decreased in LMM hyaluronan-treated TLR4-deficient neutrophils. The treatment of inflammatory neutrophils with IFN-β enhanced the levels of TRAIL and TRAILR 2. LMM hyaluronan-induced inflammatory neutrophil apoptosis was substantially prevented by anti-TRAIL neutralizing mAb. We conclude that decreased IFN-β levels decrease the activity of the TRAIL/TRAILR system in TLR4-deficient neutrophils, leading to impaired apoptosis of neutrophils and resulting in abnormal accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of LMM hyaluronan-treated mice. Thus, TLR4 plays a novel homeostatic role in noninfectious lung inflammation by accelerating the elimination of inflammatory neutrophils.
Enhancing Blood-Stage Malaria Subunit Vaccine Immunogenicity in Rhesus Macaques by Combining Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Protein-in-Adjuvant Vaccines
Authors: Draper Simon J. , Biswas Sumi , Spencer Alexandra J. , Remarque Edmond J. , Capone Stefania , Naddeo Mariarosaria , Dicks Matthew D. J. , Faber Bart W. , de Cassan Simone C. , Folgori Antonella , Nicosia Alfredo , Gilbert Sarah C. , Hill Adrian V. S.
Published: November 2010

Protein-in-adjuvant formulations and viral-vectored vaccines encoding blood-stage malaria Ags have shown efficacy in rodent malaria models and in vitro assays against Plasmodium falciparum. Abs and CD4+ T cell responses are associated with protective efficacy against blood-stage malaria, whereas CD8+ T cells against some classical blood-stage Ags can also have a protective effect against liver-stage parasites. No subunit vaccine strategy alone has generated demonstrable high-level efficacy against blood-stage infection in clinical trials. The induction of high-level Ab responses, as well as potent T and B cell effector and memory populations, is likely to be essential to achieve immediate and sustained protective efficacy in humans. This study describes in detail the immunogenicity of vaccines against P. falciparum apical membrane Ag 1 in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), including the chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (AdCh63), the poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), and protein vaccines formulated in Alhydrogel or CoVaccine HT adjuvants. AdCh63-MVA heterologous prime-boost immunization induces strong and long-lasting multifunctional CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses that exhibit a central memory-like phenotype. Three-shot (AdCh63-MVA-protein) or two-shot (AdCh63-protein) regimens induce memory B cells and high-titer functional IgG responses that inhibit the growth of two divergent strains of P. falciparum in vitro. Prior immunization with adenoviral vectors of alternative human or simian serotype does not affect the immunogenicity of the AdCh63 apical membrane Ag 1 vaccine. These data encourage the further clinical development and coadministration of protein and viral vector vaccine platforms in an attempt to induce broad cellular and humoral immune responses against blood-stage malaria Ags in humans.
Hydrogeochemical Borehole Studies of the Midwest and McClean Uranium Deposit Environments, northern Saskatchewan
Authors: Dyck W , Da Silva F G , Chowdhury M I
Published: November 2010

Analyses of approximately 500 groundwater samples from 22 boreholes at the Midwest Deposit revealed complex fracture controlled groundwater regimes. The majority of the holes tested were located in unmineralized ground. Water samples from a fence of holes across
the ore zone gave highly anomalous concentrations of He, Rn, and ore elements within the ore zone and revealed two distinct ground­water regimes. At McClean Lake, 70 samples from 8 boreholes, mainly into mineralized ground, contained highly anomalous He and Rn concentrations with hole averages of up
to 77,000 nL/L and 104,000 pCi/L, and individual maxima of 188,000 nL/L and 645,000 pCi/L, respectively. In general, concentrations were found to increase with depth. he Midwest and McClean U-Ni ore deposits generate extremely high concentrations of Rn and He in groundwaters that permeate the
deposits. The spatial dispersion of these dissolved gases seems to be controlled by groundwater movement through fractures in the host sandstones giving rise to Rn and He halos extending at least l km along fractures and less than 300 m in sandstone. · The sirriultaneous presence of both gases
in anomalous amounts in groundwaters (Rn greater than 4,000 pCi/L; He greater than 200 nL/L) is considered a favourable indicator of U mineralization. The presence of suspended matter in many samples, and the formation of hydrous iron oxides in the open boreholes, and in man y samples af ter
collection, presented analytical problems and resulted in approximations of trace element concentrations. Conductivity and major element concentrations were generally higher in samples from the ore zones relative to samples from background areas.
Geology of the Sporting Mountain area, southeastern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
Authors: Sexton A J
Published: November 2010

Metavolcanic rocks in the Sporting Mountain area are correlated with the Late Precambrian Fourchu Group. They consist of interbedded basaltic and rhyolitic flows and varied ash-flow tuffs with minor volcanogen~c sedimentary units, metamorphosed to lower
greenschist facies. Major and trace element. geochemical data indicate that the volcanic rocks are calc-alkalic, formed in a volcanic arc environment. The granitoid rocks, referred to as the Sporting Mountain pluton, consist mainly of granodiorite with minor tonalite. They have many characteristics
of calc-alkalic, !-type intrusions. is interpreted to reflect an amphiboliti~ source rocks _leaving an Crystal fractionation, as well as Peraluminous composition origin by melting of amphibole-rich residue. alteration, may also contributed to chemical variation within the pluton. Copper
mineralization in the area appears to be largely epigenetic. Varied granitoid and volcanic dykes in the area are inferred to be related to the main magmatic event except for the mafic dykes which may be younger. The Sporting Mountain pluton gives a whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age of 557 + 21 Ma and a
K-Ar age (on a hornblende separate) of 587 + 24 Ma. These ages are similar to others from southeastern Cape Breton Island. The volcanic-plutonic complex was formed during Late Precambrian (Avalonian Orogeny).