bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At skabe sunde fremtider gennem forskning
Authors: Strand Dixi Louise
Published: December 2020

I international litteratur om sundhedsvidenskab og sundhedsvæsenet finder vi en bred og omfattende akademisk debat om begrebet ’translation’, og om hvordan sunde fremtider bedst kan sikres gennem en forskningsbaseret udvikling af sundhedsvæsenet. Denne debat påvirker sundheds- og forskningspolitik ved danske hospitaler, herunder også universitetshospitaler. Vigtigheden af translation fremhæves i regionernes forskningspolitikker og sundhedsfakulteternes forskningsstrategier og understøttes gennem en række offentlige og private fundingsatsninger. Begrebet translation refererer som oftest til en forestilling og et sæt af aktiviteter, hvor forskningsbaseret viden søges flyttet ’ind i’ klinisk praksis med henblik på at forbedre denne praksis, forbedre patientbehandling og forbedre den almene sundhed i befolkningen i fremtiden. Flere forskellige tilgange til translation bliver dog ofte blandet sammen i debatten, og tilgangene hviler ved nærmere undersøgelse på meget forskellige grundlæggende forståelser - fx på selve forholdet mellem forskning og praksis. Der er derfor behov for at analysere og adskille disse forestillinger om translation og at se nærmere på deres implicitte antagelser og forudsætninger. I denne artikel analyserer jeg tre gængse forståelser af translation for at pege på og diskutere forskellige og sameksisterende blikke på sundhedsforskningen og dennes vilkår og organiseringer i dag.
Hvis Døden banker på døren
Authors: Vestergaard Lea Kronborg
Published: December 2020

Essay
Tænkningens udsving
Authors: Grünfeld Martin
Published: December 2020

Essay
Målebaseret pleje og behandling i psykiatrien
Authors: Pedersen Martin Locht
Published: December 2020

Essay
Pandemiens fortællinger om sygeplejen
Authors: Larsen Trine Schifter , Halberg Nina
Published: December 2020

Essay
International Court of Justice and the threat of use of force
Authors: Afkhazava Durmishkhan Givievich
Published: December 2020

The subject of this research is the threat of use of force in the practice of interpretation of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Special attention is paid to the analysis of formulations of court rulings regarding violations of the principle of non-use of force and threat of use of force. The practice of the ICJ on interpretation of the threat of use of force is directly tied to the practice of the Court on interpretation of the concept of use of force. The research explores rulings on interpretation of the threat of use of force in international law, dissenting opinions of judges, as well as position and arguments of sides. The work reflects the context of circumstances that served as the basis for Court’s decisions. In author’s opinion, major role is played by the circumstances contributing to the Court’s identification and interpretation of international law pertaining to the threat of use. This is first research within Russian doctrine dedicated to practice of interpretation of the threat of use of force in international law by the International Court of Justice. The conclusions reflected in this article allow fully formulate the Court’s stance on the threat of use of force.
Challenging role of the international institutions and production of knowledge in globalization era
Authors: Brambila Martinez Francisco Javier
Published: December 2020

This article is dedicated to examination of the challenging role of current international organizations in the production of knowledge, applicable to the context of globalization and global governance, as well as the required framework and mechanisms. The subject of this research is the mechanisms of international organizations, namely Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in the production of knowledge implemented within the global governance system. The goal consist in overview of the worldwide demand for knowledge in the context of the Dolowitz-Marsh Approach for the purpose of assessment of the prospects of the offered knowledge. Capabilities of OECD as a central standardized think tank, coupled with the role of NGOs within the global governance system, allow activating bilateral relations and transnational governance. Analysis is conducted on the existing hypothesis on the capacity of international organizations to produce knowledge in globalization era. The author carries out a detailed qualitative analysis of the mechanisms of OECD and other NGOs, and proposes new perspectives and a range of actions regarding their capability to provide a wide range of government institutions with the tools oriented towards increasing the efficiency. In this way, the nationalization of the results of policy testifies to the extensive internal review, based on the international standards, that reduce the role of political interference in the results of activity. The role of international organizations in the production of knowledge contributes to expansion of cooperation between all interested parties, which would be based on the results of activity, in terms of simultaneous ensuring standardized interaction and practice on a bilateral basis. This article gives a perspective on capabilities of the centralized, results-oriented production of knowledge and prospects for more extensive international cooperation and accountability of the governments.
Geopolitical activity of Nordic countries in the Arctic and their defense programs
Authors: Kovalev Andrei Andreevich
Published: December 2020

The goal of this research consists in examination of current defense policy of Nordic countries associated with geopolitical activity in the Arctic, as well as the potential role of NATO and the European Union thereof. This goal is specified on the example of defense policy of Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden and Finland. An overview is conducted on the role of defense policy of each state within the overall strategic picture of Nordic countries, as well as framework documents. Assessment is given to the defense plans of each aforementioned state. All Nordic countries along with Euro-Atlantic security institutions showed interest in the Arctic. Current risks in the area of security noticeably differ from those existed during the Cold war; each of the Nordic countries encourages the interested parties to responsible economic and political behavior. The article explores defense strategies of the countries that always belonged to the capitalist socioeconomic formation and had no socialist experience, although in the XX century, the island monarchies of Norway, Sweden and Denmark were able to implement most advanced accomplishments of social and technical thought and achieve extraordinary living standards and utmost level of social security for their citizens. Russia has vested interest in the Arctic region substantiated by the historical, cultural, geopolitical, and even pure geographical reasons. This justifies both, competition and cooperation with Nordic countries, which organically fit in the Western civilization.
Association of p53, VEGF and Microvascular Density in Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Ghosh Rituparna , Raman Sarojini , Rath Jayasree
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is third most common malignancy worldwide. Various genomic alterations play fundamental role in initiation and progression of CRC. Among these, p53 mutation has a crucial role in survival and metastasis and its point mutation induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) promoting vascular permeability, migration and differentiation. The degree of angiogenesis can be measured by Microvascular Density (MVD) using CD34, which is helpful in identifying high risk patients for recurrence and metastasis. Aim: The aim of the study was to analyse the expression of p53, VEGF and MVD in CRC and their association with clinicopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: The ambispective study of 2 year duration was conducted from September 2015 to July 2017 in the Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences and PBMH, Bhubaneswar. It included CRC resection specimens and archival tissue blocks. Tissue microarray blocks were prepared manually for IHC application in total 70 cases (58 (82.9%) adenocarcinomas and 12 (17.1%) adenomas) which were histologically staged and graded as per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. Pearson chi-square test and fisher’s-exact method were used to find significance of p53, VEGF and CD34 expression in adenomas and adenocarcinomas with respect to clinicopathological parameters. Results: No significant statistical association was found between p53, VEGF and MVD with tumour grade and nodal status. Majority, 41 (70.69%) cases were hypervascular (MVD-High). Adenomas 9 (75%) cases, were mostly hypovascular (MVD-Low) with p-value of 0.003. There was significant statistical association between VEGF and MVD with a p-value of 0.01. VEGF and MVD were more expressed on left-sided colon cancers. There was significant statistical association (p=0.01) between p53 graded expression and diagnosis in the present study. MVD and tumour nodal status had an inversely significant relationship (p=0.03). Conclusion: p53 and VEGF expressed more on carcinomas than adenomas. Both p53 and VEGF induce angiogenesis which can be effectively measured by CD34 expression (MVD). There is a directly proportional relationship of angiogenesis and malignant transformation. So these three IHC markers together can be considered a significant prognostic factor involved in CRC.
A Case of Macrophagic Activation Syndrome in a Child with Epilepsy Treated with an Excessive Dose of Sodium Valproate
Authors: Judicael Kambourou , Moyen-Engoba . , Gildas Oko Aymar Pierre , Gokaba Lethso Thibaut Ocko , Galiba Olivia Firmine Atipo
Published: December 2020

Macrophagic Activation Syndrome (MAS) is a rare disorder and is thought to result from non-malignant activation and proliferation of macrophages and T-cells. It can be of primary or secondary origin and its prognosis is often poor. Authors report a case of a three-year-old boy admitted in the intensive care unit for MAS secondary to an overdose of sodium valproate to remind practitioners to think about it in the presence of a febrile pancytopenia.
High Grade Serous Carcinoma Presenting as a Huge Pelvic Mass with Normal Looking Ovaries: A Diagnostic Challenge for Pathologist
Authors: Walke Vaishali , Gaikwad Amrapali , Shaikh Madiha , Kowe Balwant
Published: December 2020

High-grade serous carcinoma represents 50-60% of all ovarian cancers and is the most common type of malignant surface epithelial tumour. Serous carcinoma is often diagnosed in the sixth and seventh decade, while the mean age for high-grade tumours is 63 year. It’s not only the non-specific symptoms like vague abdominal pain, nausea, gastrointestinal disturbances, but also the unusual presentation which is responsible for delayed diagnosis. This diagnostic delay can become the reason for increased mortality, despite advances in surgical management and chemotherapy. Here, authors discuss a case of 60-year-old postmenopausal women who presented with a huge pelvi-peritoneal mass and with grossly normal ovaries. Considering clinical findings and histomorphology, the possibility of malignant mesothelioma was considered as the first differential diagnosis; however extensive sampling of ovaries and supportive immunohistochemical markers helped us to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. The present case emphasises the importance of extensive tissue sampling and ancillary techniques in arriving at a correct diagnosis.
Neonatal Autopsies with Heart Disease: A Challenge for Pathologist
Authors: Singh Smita , Srivastav Srijan , Agarwal Kiran
Published: December 2020

Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) carry significant morbidity and mortality in paediatric patients. Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA) is a common cyanotic CHD. However, onset of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is potentially severe and rare complication reported in 1-3% of newborns. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) is a primary disease of cardiac muscle usually recognised in adulthood. Neonatal HOCM without other congenital anomalies, no family history of HOCM, no history of exposure to corticosteroids or any inborn errors of metabolism is rarely recognised. Authors hereby report two cases of neonatal autopsy showing TGA with PAH (Grade 2) and another with HOCM without any primary cause received in our hospital. With this case report authors wish to stress on the importance of cardiac examination (heart and the associated vessels) in autopsy specimen which in turn requires training of pathologists in cardiac pathology along with routine fetal anomaly scanning in arriving successively at the final diagnosis and detecting the cause of death which helps in management of future pregnancies by the clinicians.
Economic impact of environmental efficiency on sales price and used transaction price of apartment buildings empirical analysis using the assessment data of CASBEE Yokohama
Authors: Takada Hideyuki , Yoshida Yoshikuni , Kawakubo Shun , Yamaguchi Ayuta
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of environmental efficiency of buildings on real estate prices. Therefore, based on the Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) of the local government, we investigated 485 apartment buildings assessed by CASBEE Yokohama. The analysis results revealed the following three points:

When the Built Environment Efficiency (BEE) value increased by one point, the average unit price increased by 5.5%.

A one‐point increase in the BEE value has a positive impact of 1.63% on the annual rate of change of used transaction price.

It is economically advantageous to purchase an apartment building with a high BEE value when considering future sales.
Predictors of Unsuccessful Hydroxychloroquine Tapering and Discontinuation: Can We Personalize Decision‐Making in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treatment?
Authors: Almeida‐Brasil Celline C. , Pineau Christian A. , Vinet Evelyne , Hanly John G. , Peschken Christine A. , Clarke Ann E. , Fortin Paul R. , Abrahamowicz Michal , Bernatsky Sasha
Published: December 2020

Objective

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a key systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) drug, making concerns of drug shortages grave. Our objective was to evaluate factors associated with poor outcomes after HCQ taper or discontinuation in SLE.

Methods

We studied 5 Canadian SLE cohorts between 1999 and 2019, following patients from the date of HCQ tapering (cohort 1) or discontinuation (cohort 2). A composite outcome was defined as any of the following: a need for therapy augmentation, an increase (of at least 4 points) in the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 score, or hospitalization for SLE. In each cohort, multivariable Cox regression was used to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with time to the earliest of these events. A third cohort continuing to receive HCQ was also studied, to assess whether the same factors influenced the outcome even when the HCQ dose was unchanged.

Results

The poor outcome rate, per 100 person‐years, was 35.7 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 31.6–40.3) in the HCQ taper cohort (n = 398), 29.0 (95% CI 25.5–33.0) in the discontinuation cohort (n = 395), and 16.1 (95% CI 13.2–19.6) in the maintenance cohort (n = 395). In patients tapering HCQ, baseline prednisone use was independently associated with greater risk of poor outcomes. In the discontinuation cohort, the risk of poor outcomes was greater for Black patients and those diagnosed with SLE at age ≤25 years. Among those maintaining HCQ, baseline immunosuppressive use and First Nations ethnicity were associated with poor outcomes.

Conclusion

We identified demographic and clinical factors associated with poor outcomes after HCQ taper/discontinuation. This information is critical in the current setting of potential shortages, but over the long term, such information could inform personalized therapies.
A New Water Source for Southern California: The Regional Recycled Water Program
Authors: Chalmers R. Bruce , Tremblay Martha , Soni Rupam
Published: December 2020

Key Takeaways

The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts are working together on a large‐scale program to develop recycled water as a new, much‐needed potable source to the region.

With planning in the works since 2009, an undertaking as extensive as the Regional Recycled Water Program involves equally extensive coordination and evaluation, which includes a local demonstration facility.

Beyond providing an additional water source for Southern California, the program will ensure reliability, sustainability, and flexibility in future expansion of the water supply through raw water augmentation.
Potable Water for an Office Building From Rainwater Collection
Authors: Thompson Phillip L. , Porter Russell L.
Published: December 2020

Key Takeaways

For its rainwater collection system to pass muster as a potable water source, Seattle's Bullitt Center adhered to strict design and building standards.

Meticulous planning, design, and performance testing of the Bullitt Center's water collection and treatment process provide a blueprint for future self‐contained potable water systems in buildings.

The Bullitt Center is a paragon of sustainability, demonstrating triple‐bottom‐line benefits for its tenants, the community, and the environment.
Growing Options for Shrinking Cities
Authors: Doyle Martin W. , Patterson Lauren , Smull Erika , Warren Simon
Published: December 2020

Key Takeaways

When people and industries leave a community, water utilities face the potential loss of revenue from departing customers and the cost and issues associated with maintaining excess system capacity.

Water systems seek to (1) ensure affordability, (2) maintain high service and quality, and (3) sustain fiscal viability; this creates a trilemma for shrinking cities that can ensure only two of the three.

To meet challenges, water service providers in shrinking cities need flexible approaches, such as downsizing, diversifying revenue sources, consolidating with other systems, or privatizing; absent such changes, the federal or state governments must step in.
Modulatory effects of gut microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: A novel paradigm for blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Rezasoltani Sama , Yadegar Abbas , Asadzadeh Aghdaei Hamid , Reza Zali Mohammad
Published: December 2020

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors gut microbiome, which plays a crucial role in preserving homeostasis at the intestinal host‐microbial interface. Conversely, specific gut microbiota may be altered during various pathological conditions and produce a number of toxic compounds and oncoproteins, in turn, to induce both inflammatory response and carcinogenesis. Recently, promising findings have been documented toward the implementation of certain intestinal microbiome in the next era of cancer biology and cancer immunotherapy. Notably, intestinal microbiota can cooperate with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) of its host, especially in enhancing the efficacy of programmed death 1 (PD‐1) protein and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) blockade therapy for cancer. Herein, we review the dual function of gut microbiota in triggering GI cancers, its association with host immunity and its beneficial functions in modulation of cancer immunotherapy responses. Furthermore, we consider the significance of gut microbiota as a potential biomarker for predicting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we summarize the relevant limitations that affect the effectiveness and clinical applications of gut microbiome in response to immunotherapy.
Household finances, financial planning, and COVID‐19
Authors: Fox Jonathan , Bartholomae Suzanne
Published: December 2020

This article provides a brief summary and review of the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on household finances. The stressors related to the pandemic are evaluated as either transitory or permanent shocks to both the practice of financial planning and client financial concerns. Based on qualitative responses from practicing financial planners, changes in practice and client concerns as a result of the pandemic are outlined. At the global level, respondents shared that the practice of financial planning has accelerated its adoption of communication technology while clients are experiencing unprecedented levels of stress related to changes in health, the economy, and the political landscape in the United States. Insights and observations from the sample of practicing financial planners are used to inform recommendations for practice.
Asymmetric synthesis of (S)‐3‐methyleneglutamic acid and its N‐Fmoc derivative via Michael addition–elimination reaction of chiral glycine Ni (II) complex with enol tosylates
Authors: Shigeno Yuhei , Han Jianlin , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Moriwaki Hiroki , Fujiwara Wataru , Konno Hiroyuki
Published: December 2020

The use of chiral Ni (II)‐complexes of glycine Schiff bases has recently emerged as a leading methodology for asymmetric synthesis of structurally diverse Tailor‐Made Amino Acids™, playing a key role in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. Here, we report first example of enantioselective preparation of (S)‐3‐methyleneglutamic acid and its N‐Fmoc derivative via a new type of Michael addition–elimination reaction between chiral nucleophilic glycine equivalent and enol tosylates. This reaction was found to proceed with excellent yield (91%) and diastereoselectivity (>99/1 de) allowing straightforward asymmetric synthesis of (S)‐3‐methyleneglutamic acid derivatives and analogues. The observed results bode well for general application of this Ni (II) complex approach for preparation and biological studies of this previously unknown type of Tailor‐Made Amino Acids™
A case of anti‐OJ antibody‐positive polymyositis with marked muscle involvement and interstitial lung disease
Authors: Oishi Kyosuke , Shimizu Kyoko , Takehara Kouhei , Maeda Shintaro , Matsushita Takashi , Yukami Toru , Takehara Kazuhiko , Hamaguchi Yasuhito
Published: December 2020

An 83‐year‐old man with muscle involvement and interstitial lung disease (ILD) was diagnosed with anti‐OJ antibody (Ab)‐positive polymyositis (PM). He did not have Raynaud's phenomenon, heliotrope rash, Gottron's sign, fever, arthralgia, or mechanic's hand. A literature review of 21 anti‐OJ Ab‐positive patients described that the diagnoses were as follows: 10 with PM, five with dermatomyositis, five with ILD, and 1 with overlap syndrome of PM and rheumatoid arthritis. Myositis was observed in 16, ILD in 19, and skin rash in 5. Physicians need to be aware of the existence of patients with anti‐OJ Ab who have myositis and ILD.
Overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus: a report from the RENSUR3 registry
Authors: Tsimafeyeu Ilya , Shatkovskaya Oxana , Krasny Sergei , Nurgaliev Nurzhan , Varlamov Ilya , Petkau Vladislav , Safina Sufia , Zukov Ruslan , Mazhbich Mikhail , Statsenko Galina , Varlamov Sergey , Novikova Olga , Zaitsev Igor , Moiseyev Pavel , Rolevich Alexander , Evmenenko Alesya , Popova Irina , Kaidarova Dilyara , Vladimirova Liubov
Published: December 2020

Background

Real‐world data describing outcomes of treatment among metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients are limited and heterogeneous.

Aim

RENSUR3 registry study assessed real‐world data on the use of therapies in mRCC and overall survival (OS) in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus.

Methods

Patients were included in the retrospective multicenter registry study. To be eligible, patients were required to have mRCC diagnosed from January 2015 to January 2016. Anonymized data were collected through an online registry. The outcomes of interest were patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and OS.

Results

1094 mRCC patients were identified. Mean age was 62.3 (SD, 11.2) years. Four hundred and forty‐four (41%) patients were 65 years and older. Primary tumor has not been removed in 503 (46%) patients. Subtype of RCC based on WHO classification (clear‐cell or other) has been reported in 402 (37%) patients. In total, 595 (54.4%) patients received systemic therapy for metastatic disease. 58% of elderly patients (≥65) were not treated compared to 37% of younger patients. Cytokines and targeted therapy were used in 298 (50.1%) and 297 (49.9%) of 595 treated patients, respectively. Median OS was 11.9 months (95% CI 10.9‐12.9). The 1‐ and 3‐year OS rates were 49.6% and 19.3%.

Conclusions

Half of patients received no systemic therapy or had only cytokines for mRCC in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus, which doubtless negatively affected OS in this population. Novel therapies should be considered as life prolonging and a priority.
An efficient framework for data aggregation in smart agriculture
Authors: Yuan Jiangjun , Liu Weinan , Wang Jie , Shi Jiawen , Miao Ling
Published: December 2020

With the advanced development of smart devices and network technique, Internet of Things has seen a large number of popular applications, among which, smart agriculture is a good example. The sensor nodes collect some parameters in the greenhouse, and send them to the control center. Then the control center can conduct some operations according to the analysis of the collected parameters. In this paper, we discuss how to efficiently aggregate and collect data with features of privacy protection in smart agricultural system. We propose an effective and scalable framework. The genetic algorithm is used to obtain the optimized data collection route for the agricultural system. The use of unmanned aerial vehicle also greatly improves the communication efficiency of resource‐constrained sensors in the system, which further increases the use time of the entire agricultural system. The experimental analysis shows that our framework has good efficiency and enjoys good scalability.
SACRO : Solid state drive‐assisted chunk caching for restore optimization
Authors: Dagnaw Girum , Zhou Ke , Wang Hua
Published: December 2020

Better duplicate elimination performance causes higher fragmentation which leads to degraded restore performance. As a result, restore performance needs to be optimized either through strengthening locality by selective rewriting and/or making the best use of the limited available memory through cache optimization. In this paper, we explore SACRO, SSD Assitsted Chunk Caching for Restore Optimization. It avoids the need to repetitively access chunk containers in disk by using SSD (Solid State Drives) as a secondary chunk cache. An FRT (Future Reference Table) is constructed from the recipe of a backup stream and a Future Reference Count entry in the FRT is utilized to assign priorities to chunks as they are accessed during restoration. These priority values coupled with access distances are used to decide to cache a chunk either in memory or the SSD. The restore performance of SACRO is shown to significantly outperform other restoring approaches which utilize chunk caching. For one dataset, at 4 MB cache size and 4 MB Look Ahead Window size its restore factor is 3.5 MB/container_access while ALACC and LRU record 3.4 MB/container_access and 0.9 MB/container_access respectively. Moreover, SACRO can be integrated to already existing deduplication systems with very limited amount of modification done on the deduplication system.
Physiological and antioxidative responses in potato under saline irrigation
Authors: Akrimi Rawaa , Hajlaoui Hichem , Elgharbi Sinda , Mechri Beligh , Mhamdi Mahmoud
Published: December 2020

Salinity continues to challenge crop cultivation under current water precarity conditions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of electromagnetic treatment of saline water on agrophysiological and antioxidative responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Three potato varieties (Spunta, Bellini, and Alaska) were subjected, over two growing seasons, to three drip irrigation treatments: saline water (SW), electromagnetic saline water (MSW), and groundwater (control). Phenology, agrophysiological, and biochemical traits were evaluated along the growth cycle. Results showed that, phenological response was similar under SW and MSW. The MSW treatment enhanced the yield, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Plants irrigated with SW showed higher membrane lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]), antioxidant enzymes, and soluble sugar content in their leaves. Alaska was less responsive to salinity, as it exhibits delayed implementation of antioxidative enzymes and lower MDA and H2O2 contents. It was concluded that MSW might be beneficial for potato cultivation under saline conditions.
Effect of Particle Size and Anion Vacancy on Electrochemical Potassium Ion Insertion into Potassium Manganese Hexacyanoferrates
Authors: Hosaka Tomooki , Fukabori Taiga , Kojima Haruka , Kubota Kei , Komaba Shinichi
Published: December 2020

Potassium manganese hexacyanoferrate (KMnHCF) can be used as a positive electrode for potassium‐ion batteries because of its high energy density. The effect of particle size and [Fe(CN)6]n− vacancies on the electrochemical potassium insertion of KMnHCFs was examined through experimental data and theoretical calculations. When nearly stoichiometric KMnHCF was synthesized and tested, smaller particle sizes were found to be important for achieving superior electrochemical performance in terms of capacity and rate capability. However, even in the case of larger particles, introducing a suitable number of anion vacancies enabled KMnHCF to exhibit comparable electrode performance. Electrochemical tests and density functional theory calculations indicated that anion vacancies contribute to the enhancement of K+ ion diffusion, which realizes good electrochemical performance. Structural design, including crystal vacancies and particle size, is the key to their high performance as a positive electrode.
Infant biological sensitivity to father engagement in low‐income Mexican American families
Authors: Luecken Linda J. , Somers Jennifer , Roubinov Danielle S.
Published: December 2020

Despite a sizeable literature documenting meaningful contributions of father involvement to child health and development, researchers have paid little attention to biological characteristics that may render a child more or less sensitive to fathering behavior. The identification of child and paternal characteristics that promote child behavioral health is particularly critical in the context of sociocultural risk. We hypothesized that respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) measured during infancy would moderate the impact of father engagement in caregiving activities on child behavioral health. In a sample of 181 Mexican American families, we evaluated the impact of infant RSA at 6 weeks, mother‐ and father‐reported father engagement in caregiving activities at 15 and 21 weeks, and their interaction on toddler social or emotional behavior problems and competence at 2 years of age. Only infants with average or higher RSA exhibited more behavior problems in the context of low father engagement (p = .021). Neither RSA nor father engagement predicted behavioral competence. The results are consistent with a stress‐diathesis process such that higher infant RSA increases vulnerability to suboptimal father involvement, but does not enhance the benefits of high father involvement.
Sleep and stress in mother–toddler dyads living in low‐income homes
Authors: Bates Randi A. , Singletary Britt , Yacques Alexandre , Justice Laura
Published: December 2020

Optimal sleeping behaviors are critical for overall development, yet some evidence suggests stress and living in a low‐income environment are associated with disruptions of sleeping behaviors early in life. In this study, we investigated the association of toddler sleeping behaviors, particularly difficulties initiating and/or maintaining sleep (DIMS), and maternal and toddler prolonged stress using hair cortisol from dyads living in low‐income homes. Hair cortisol was mainly sampled at the posterior vertex of mothers and toddlers (age 20–24 months) and analyzed with immunoassay (n = 94). Toddler DIMS were assessed at 15–19 and 27–31 months of age through mother‐rated reports using the Tayside Children's Sleep Questionnaire. We found no associations between toddler DIMS and maternal stress. Additionally, early DIMS did not predict toddler stress. However, while controlling for early DIMS and sociodemographic factors, we found that higher toddler stress predicted greater DIMS in later toddlerhood (b = −2.28, SE = 0.98, p = .02, ds = 0.64). These study findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of early life stress on later sleep patterns.
β2‐Adrenoceptor agonist activity of higenamine
Authors: Hudzik Thomas J. , Patel Metul , Brown Andrew
Published: December 2020

Higenamine was included in the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited Substances and Methods List as a β2‐adrenoceptor agonist in 2017, thereby resulting in its prohibition both in and out of competition. The present mini review describes the physiology and pharmacology of adrenoceptors, summarizes the literature addressing the mechanism of action of higenamine and extends these findings with previously unpublished in silico and in vitro work. Studies conducted in isolated in vitro systems, whole‐animal preparations and a small number of clinical studies suggest that higenamine acts in part as a β2‐adrenoceptor agonist. In silico predictive tools indicated that higenamine and possibly a metabolite have a high probability of interacting with the β2‐receptor as an agonist. Stable expression of human β2‐receptors in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to measure agonist activity not only confirmed the activity of higenamine at β2 but also closely agreed with the in silico prediction of potency for this compound. These data confirm and extend literature findings supporting the inclusion of higenamine in the Prohibited List.
Matching methods to quantify wildfire effects on forest carbon mass in the U.S. Pacific Northwest
Authors: Woo Hyeyoung , Eskelson Bianca N. I. , Monleon Vicente J.
Published: December 2020

Forest wildfires consume and redistribute carbon within forest carbon pools. Because the incidence of wildfires is unpredictable, quantifying wildfire effects is challenging due to the lack of prefire data or controls from experiments over a large landscape. We explored a quasi‐experimental method, propensity score matching, to estimate wildfire effects on aboveground forest woody carbon mass in Washington and Oregon, United States. Observational data, including national forest inventory plot measurements and satellite imagery metrics, were utilized to obtain a control set of unburned plots that are comparable to burned plots in terms of environmental conditions as well as spatial locations. Three matching methods were implemented: propensity score matching (PSM), spatial matching (SM), and distance‐adjusted propensity score matching (DAPSM). We investigated if propensity score matching with and without spatial adjustment led to different outcomes in terms of (1) balance in covariate distributions between burned and control plots, (2) mean carbon mass obtained from the selected control plots compared to burned and all unburned plots, and (3) estimates of wildfire effects by burn severity. We found that PSM and SM, which use only the environmental covariate set or the spatial distance for estimating propensity scores, respectively, did not appear to produce a comparable set of control plots in terms of the estimated propensity scores and the outcomes of mean carbon mass. DAPSM was the preferred method both in balancing the observed covariates and in dealing with unobservable confounding variables through spatial adjustment. The average wildfire effects estimated by DAPSM showed clear evidence of redistribution of carbon among aboveground woody pools, from live to dead trees, but the consumption of total woody carbon by wildfire was not substantial. Only moderate burn severity led to significant reduction of total woody carbon mass across Washington and Oregon forests (64% of control plots remained on average). This study provides an applied example of a quasi‐experimental approach to quantify the effects of a natural disturbance for which experimental settings are unavailable. The study results suggest that incorporating spatial information in addition to environmental covariates would yield a comparable set of control plots for wildfire effects quantification.
Pyric tree spatial patterning interactions in historical and contemporary mixed conifer forests, California, USA
Authors: Ziegler Justin P. , Hoffman Chad M. , Collins Brandon M. , Knapp Eric E. , Mell William (Ruddy)
Published: December 2020

Tree spatial patterns in dry coniferous forests of the western United States, and analogous ecosystems globally, were historically aggregated, comprising a mixture of single trees and groups of trees. Modern forests, in contrast, are generally more homogeneous and overstocked than their historical counterparts. As these modern forests lack regular fire, pattern formation and maintenance is generally attributed to fire. Accordingly, fires in modern forests may not yield historically analogous patterns. However, direct observations on how selective tree mortality among pre‐existing forest structure shapes tree spatial patterns is limited. In this study, we (a) simulated fires in historical and contemporary counterpart plots in a Sierra Nevadan mixed‐conifer forest, (b) estimated tree mortality, and (c) examined tree spatial patterns of live trees before and after fire, and of fire‐killed trees. Tree mortality in the historical period was clustered and density‐dependent, because trees were aggregated and segregated by tree size before fire. Thus, fires maintained an aggregated distribution of tree groups. Tree mortality in the contemporary period was widespread, except for dispersed large trees, because most trees were a part of large, interconnected tree groups. Thus, postfire tree patterns were more uniform and devoid of moderately sized tree groups. Postfire tree patterns in the historical period, unlike the contemporary period, were within the historical range of variability identified for the western United States. This divergence suggests that decades of forest dynamics without significant disturbances have altered the historical means of pyric pattern formation. Our results suggest that ecological silvicultural treatments, such as forest restoration thinnings, which emulate qualities of historical forests may facilitate the reintroduction of fire as a means to reinforce forest structural heterogeneity.
Multitrophic diversity sustains ecological complexity by dampening top‐down control of a shallow marine benthic food web
Authors: O’Gorman Eoin J.
Published: December 2020

Biodiversity is typically considered as a one‐dimensional metric (e.g., species richness), yet the consequences of species loss may be different depending on where extinctions occur in the food web. Here, I used a manipulative field experiment in a temperate subtidal marine system to explore the implications of diversity loss at multiple trophic levels for ecosystem functioning and food web structure. The four manipulated predators included the small painted goby and common prawn, which are also fed on by the larger black goby and shore crab. Antagonistic interactions between the manipulated predators (e.g., intraguild predation, intimidation, interference competition) limited their negative effects on the rest of the food web. Top‐down control was so suppressed at the highest level of multitrophic diversity that the resulting food webs were as complex and productive as those containing no manipulated predators. Negative interactions between the predators weakened as multitrophic diversity decreased, however, resulting in stronger consumption of lower trophic levels and a simpler food web with lower rates of two key ecosystem processes: primary production and decomposition. These results show how indirect interactions between predators on multiple trophic levels help to promote the complexity and functioning of natural systems.
Cardiovascular complications in COVID‐19 patients with or without diabetes mellitus
Authors: Abe Temidayo , Egbuche Obiora , Igwe Joseph , Jegede Opeyemi , Wagle Bivek , Olanipekun Titilope , Onwuanyi Anekwe
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has become a major global crisis. Preliminary reports have, in general, indicated worse outcomes in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, but the magnitude of cardiovascular (CV) complications in this subgroup has not been elucidated.

Methods

We included 142 patients admitted with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 from April 1st to May 30th 2020; 71 (50%) had DM. We compared baseline demographics and study outcomes between those with or without DM using descriptive statistics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio for the study outcomes in DM patients, compared to those without DM, stratified by age, sex and glycaemic control. CV outcomes of interest include acute myocarditis, acute heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, new‐onset atrial fibrillation and composite cardiovascular end‐point consisting of all individual outcomes above.

Result

Mean age was 58 years. The unadjusted rates were higher in DM patients compared to non‐diabetics for the composite cardiovascular end‐point (73.2% vs. 40.6% p < .0001), acute myocarditis (36.6% vs. 15.5% p = .004), acute heart failure (25.3% vs. 5.6% p = .001), acute myocardial infarction (9.9% vs. 1.4% p = .03) and new‐onset atrial fibrillation (12.7% vs. 1.4% p = .009). After controlling for relevant confounding variables, diabetic patients had higher odds of composite cardiovascular end‐point, acute heart failure and new‐onset atrial fibrillation.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Indoles Using α‐Aryl‐α‐diazoacetates
Authors: Sakamoto Kenta , Ikawa Yuya , Yoshimura Tomoyuki , Matsuo Jun‐ichi
Published: December 2020

Metal‐free cyclopropanation of N‐protected indoles with α‐aryl‐α‐diazoacetates proceeded by using a catalytic amount of triflic imide as a Brønsted acid catalyst. The use of a catalytic amount of methyl phenylacetate improved the efficiency of the Brønsted acid‐catalyzed cyclopropanation. A reaction mechanism including C‐protonation of diazoacetates with HNTf2, followed by formal [3+2] cycloaddition with indoles and 1,3‐rearrangement was proposed for the cyclopropanation.
A study on the fuzzy evaluation system of carbon dioxide flooding technology
Authors: Lu Yu , Liu Rui , Wang Kexin , Tang Yongqiang , Cao Yue
Published: December 2020

The research and application of carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding to improve enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology has been carried out vigorously all over the world, because it not only helps meet the needs of oilfield development but also solve the problem of carbon sequestration. A comprehensive evaluation of the application of CO2 flooding technology is necessary. In this paper, the maximum membership degree method is used to construct a comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the CO2 gas injection effect of the P1‐1 well group in the P city reservoir to verify the development effect of CO2 flooding. The factors that affect the effect of CO2 flooding include technology, management, and economic benefits. The final evaluation index system is obtained by decomposing the evaluation factors in the effect of CO2 flooding in the waterdrive petroleum reservoir and combining the relevant literature. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is used to weight CO2 injection evaluation factors in the P1‐1 well group, and the results show that the CO2 flooding development effect is excellent; it is better in terms of the management and economic effect, but the score is not high.
A morphological investigation of marine transgression in estuaries
Authors: Townend Ian , Zhou Zeng , Guo Leicheng , Coco Giovanni
Published: December 2020

The landscape setting of estuaries varies widely and is an important aspect of determining how they evolve. This paper focusses on alluvial estuaries in river valleys and how they respond to sea level rise. We examine the implications of marine transgression, as a response to sea level rise, where the estuary moves upwards and landwards to maintain its position in the tidal frame (so‐called stratigraphic rollover). Here we encapsulate such kinematic movement of the estuary morphology using a ‘morphokinematic’ model, to assess the potential response to sea level rise and sediment supply. The model of the estuary form includes a single convergent channel, intertidal and surrounding floodplains (the valley) and allows the relative importance of the space available for deposition of sediments, the accommodation space, to be investigated as a function of rates of sea level rise and sediment supply. The transgression of the system is determined using a sediment mass balance, taking account of any supply from the river and marine environment. Model results confirm that the transgression distance, measured as the distance the entity moves landward, varies in proportion to the change in accommodation space, which mainly depends on the floodplain area. As the size of the floodplain reduces, the transgression distance is less and the system becomes much more sensitive to changes in the rate of sea level rise or changes in sediment supply. The greater demand for sediment when a floodplain is present results in greater cannibalization of the estuary form (i.e. greater landward movement) to meet the sediment demand. When the floodplain is disconnected from the estuary, the synergistic relationship is lost and the accommodation space increases. The capacity for restoration will depend on the availability of sediment and the prevailing rate of sea level rise.
Toward 6G: Understanding network requirements and key performance indicators
Authors: Slalmi Ahmed , Chaibi Hasna , Chehri Abdellah , Saadane Rachid , Jeon Gwanggil
Published: December 2020

Although the fifth‐generation (5G) is not yet officially launched, researchers worldwide have turned to the sixth‐generation (6G) communications system. The 3G has opened the gap to fourth‐generation (4G). It will be the same for 5G, which will facilitate the path to 6G. The technology 5G provides a high‐level infrastructure enabling various technologies such as autonomous cars, artificial intelligence, drone networking, mobile broadband communication, and, most importantly, the Internet of Things (IoT) and the concept of smart cities. We are, therefore, in the middle of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). However, as new technologies gain traction, networks become increasingly complex and difficult to pin down to keep networks operating at the level prescribed by evolving services. The ultimate goal of 6G is to move from the concept of the Internet of intelligent things to the new idea of the intelligent Internet of intelligent things. This article shows the features and tools of 6G technology that will help meet these traffic needs. Besides, we highlight the main feature of the 6G, in terms of architecture and services, scheduled as recommended by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) in its current technical specifications and discussions on the latest research in this area.