bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La politique nationale de réconciliation et de relocalisation des populations déplacées dans le Liban d’après-guerre
Authors: de Clerck Dima
Published: January 2022

La Guerre du Liban, longue de 16 ans, a été, dans de nombreuses régions du pays, l’occasion d’un « nettoyage confessionnel », qui a engendré d’importants déplacements de population. Ces déplacements ont profondément affecté la société et l’économie libanaises. La répartition démographique nationale a été modifiée, de nombreux villages ont été vidés de leurs habitants et de nombreuses régions et des secteurs de l’économie sont restés sous-développés.Pour que les populations déplacées reprennent leur vie dans leurs localités d’origine à la fin de la guerre, dans un contexte d’amnistie quasi générale, il était nécessaire de développer une stratégie nationale de relocalisation (SNR). Une telle politique à l’échelle nationale ne pouvait être élaborée et mise en œuvre que par l’État, car elle nécessitait des ressources financières importantes, une législation spécifique et des mesures de sécurité. Un ministère et un fonds pour les déplacés ont été créés en 1992 pour assurer le retour de toutes les personnes déplacées au Liban. La SNR a dû être étoffée d’une étape supplémentaire pour les villages du sud du Mont Liban, qui avaient été le théâtre de massacres en 1983. Il s’agit d’un processus de réconciliation dont l’objectif était d’endiguer toute violence vindicative entre chrétiens et druzes.Trente ans après son lancement, le processus n’a pas atteint ses objectifs. Les ressources du Ministère des déplacés ont été utilisées à des fins politiques et électorales. Une logique communautaire a dilué la responsabilité individuelle dans l’ensemble plus large qu’est le groupe confessionnel et contribué à consolider le système communautaire et alimenter les luttes de pouvoir au niveau national. En outre, le processus laissait peu de place au deuil personnel des victimes. Cet article examine l’échec de la politique de réconciliation de l’État libanais à encourager les populations déplacées à retourner dans leurs villages d’origine et à promouvoir une pacification durable.
Le Rif : les méandres d’une réconciliation
Authors: Nahhass Badiha , Bendella Ahmed
Published: January 2022

L’objet de cet article, qui s’appuie sur des entretiens réalisés avec différents acteurs sociaux et politiques ainsi que sur des observations participantes, est d’étudier les déclinaisons locales de processus de la réconciliation, sous le prisme de la réparation, à travers le cas d’une région victime, le Rif. La mise en place au Maroc de l’Instance équité et réconciliation (IER) en 2004 a permis l’émergence sur la scène publique, notamment nationale, de récit(s) d’évènements qui ont longtemps marqué l’actualité politique du pays et dont la mémoire est encore vive et mobilisée par les acteurs (la guerre de la résistance, les évènements de 1958-1959, les émeutes de 1984…). L’IER n’a pas classé de manière explicite le Rif comme région victime mais l’a inclus dans le programme de réparation communautaire. Cette désignation du Rif comme région victime conforte et appuie les différentes narrations de la marginalité de la région et répond, en grande partie, aux revendications des acteurs associatifs relatives au traitement de la marginalité dans le cadre d’une réparation communautaire sous le prisme des programmes socio-économiques. Toutefois, ni les revendications des acteurs locaux, ni les programmes de réparation, ne reconnaissent ni n’énoncent la marginalité dans ses sens multiples, la réduisant à son seul aspect économique, retard en développement ou enclavement de la région.
Repenser le rôle des victimes dans la justice transitionnelle en Tunisie : le cas de la « Journée de la loyauté »
Authors: Kebaili Sélima
Published: January 2022

En Tunisie, un processus de justice transitionnelle a été initié en 2011 et s’est concrétisé par la mise en place d’une commission de vérité (2014-2018), dans un contexte de fort clivage politique et de réappropriation partisane du label. Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont les associations de victimes ont investi ce processus et ses espaces de politisation. Il s’appuie plus spécifiquement sur l’analyse de la mobilisation d’une association de victimes femmes et montre comment, par le biais de l’organisation d’une conférence sur le mode des commissions de vérité, celle-ci parvient à infléchir le processus de justice transitionnelle dès les premières étapes de sa mise en place en 2011. A partir d’entretiens menés entre 2015 et 2018 avec des membres de l’association et une analyse des archives produites par cette dernière, l’article étudie la construction de la figure de victime femme, montre comment les témoignages des plaignantes ont été des éléments-clés de leur affirmation au sein du processus et met en lumière les effets de ces derniers sur les dispositifs formels de la justice transitionnelle tunisienne. L’article montre ainsi que la figure de victime femme est construite et travaillée par des militantes qui s’approprient le label de la justice transitionnelle en négociations avec les acteurs de la sphère politique instituée.
Réconciliation nationale et compensation en Algérie et au Maroc
Authors: Ben Hounet Yazid
Published: January 2022

L’Algérie et le Maroc ont mis en place au début de ce XXIe siècle, des politiques affichées de « réconciliation ». L’Algérie, après sa politique de la clémence (1995) et sa concorde civile (1999), a mis en œuvre, à la suite d’un référendum (2005), les mesures de la Charte pour la paix et la réconciliation nationale ; politique ultime, à ce jour, pour solder les comptes d’une décennie meurtrière (années 1990) opposant l’État et les groupes islamiques armés. Au Maroc, un comité d’arbitrage (1999), puis l’Instance équité et réconciliation (2004) ont été installés pour tourner la page de la période des « années de plomb » (règne de Hassan II) pendant laquelle ont été commis des crimes d’État (tortures, emprisonnements, assassinats, etc.). Au centre de ces mécanismes de réconciliation, se trouve une pratique : la compensation (monétaire) pour les crimes perpétrés. Celle-ci a été très peu étudiée. Dans cet article, j’explique pourquoi, m’intéressant aux politiques de réconciliation nationale en Algérie et au Maroc, j’en suis venu à consacrer mon analyse à l’acte compensatoire. L’idée que je développe est que la compensation demeure en Afrique du Nord une pratique centrale des mécanismes de réconciliation, notamment pour des raisons normatives, sociales et culturelles, mais elle n’apparaît plus suffisante, en soi, parce que la vision de la personne, de la souffrance et du trauma a profondément changé. La compensation, en elle seule, échoue à intégrer les attentes de réparations, telles qu’elles sont de plus en plus promues, ici comme ailleurs ; c’est- à-dire davantage centrées sur la « condition de victime » (Rechtman, 2011).
Paisaje y nación: la majestuosa montaña en el imaginario del siglo XIX
Authors: Ahumada F. Paulina
Published: January 2022

Este trabajo se propone seguir un hilo que va del Atlas de Claudio Gay (1854) a la pintura La Fundación de Santiago (1889), analizando cómo se instala la cordillera nevada como telón de fondo de la nación. Un paisaje nacional que se construye en el siglo XIX, desde la élite republicana, desde Santiago, y que se reproduce hasta hoy. En un segundo plano, usando como referencia los estudios sobre paisaje y poder y paisaje como lugar de vida, el artículo busca indagar en los márgenes de estas representaciones: ¿Existen otras cordilleras (ocultas) del siglo XIX? ¿Cómo se explica el arraigo popular de este imaginario? Relatos sobre de mineros, arrieros o bandidos pueden ser el otro hilo con que se teje el paisaje de la nación.
Du paysage au territoire : des imaginaires sociaux à la lutte des Mapuche dans le sud Chili (XIX-XXIe siècle)
Authors: Le Bonniec Fabien
Published: January 2022

Les représentations paysagères du XIXe siècle dont recèlent les récits de voyages en pays mapuche ont la particularité de toutes se référer à la présence de forêts vierges et impénétrables habitées par des farouches Indiens, suscitant divers sentiments contradictoires allant de l’exaltation à la crainte. Si toutes représentations paysagères renvoient à des processus de construction sociale, culturelle et historique, reste à savoir les différents univers et héritages socioculturels dont elles sont porteuses et les effets produits par les « géographies imaginaires » qu’elles contribuent à générer. Les politiques de colonisation, de « pacification » et de réduction du territoire mapuche et de leurs populations sont étroitement liés aux imaginaires alimentés par ces représentations paysagères et qui étaient partagés au sein de la classe dirigeante. Appréhender les origines et les déterminants socioculturels de ces représentations ancrées dans l’histoire peut ainsi contribuer à comprendre des situations plus contemporaines telle que la drastique transformation du paysage de l’Araucanie au cours du XXe siècle et les conflits entre entreprises forestières et communautés mapuche que cela a provoqué.
Naissance de l’art chilien ou naissance chilienne de l’art ?
Authors: Dujour Bosquet Charles
Published: January 2022

Cet article vise à repérer et interroger les liens entre l’histoire de l’art et l’État-nation chilien ainsi que l’émergence des institutions culturelles, notamment celle de l’Académie de Peinture qui est vue comme le lieu où s’est consolidée la mémoire collective et où s’est créée de façon officielle une identité nationale. Afin d’animer un sentiment d’appartenance et de construire une « tradition artistique », il a fallu à la peinture chilienne, dite « républicaine », embrasser des « métarécits » symboliques : l’attachement à la terre, la sacralisation d’une géographie nationale, le culte du héros, la lecture des mythes, le recueillement d’une mémoire du passé. Le paysage de cette époque fut alors un lien privilégié de quête et construction identitaire fondée sur l’appartenance à une communauté imaginée dans son rapport à la géographie. Cet article tente d’interroger, en la laissant ouverte, la question des catégories d’analyse de l’histoire de l’art et des hiérarchies de périodisation.
De resemantizaciones, remedos y reminiscencias. El Cerro Santa Lucía y su intervención
Authors: Chávez Fajardo Soledad
Published: January 2022

El presente ensayo tiene por finalidad analizar los cambios que sufrió el cerro Santa Lucía en la década del 70 del siglo XIX, proceso entendido como la instrumentalización de la naturaleza al servicio de la urbanización. Por objeto de estudio se ha tomado la crónica y propaganda de este proceso, el Álbum del Santa Lucía, de autoría de Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, intendente de aquel entonces quien también fue el artífice de esta modernización. El análisis se centrará, además, en la resemantización de este referente geográfico. Para ello se entenderá al Santa Lucía como un ente polifuncional, en tanto posee un peso estético, logra un efecto higienista, se instala como un monumento de la gloria republicana, manifiesta el triunfo de la técnica al servicio de la modernidad y el arte y, dentro de esta dinámica, se cuestiona su rol de espectáculo moderno, todo dentro del marco de su esencia: el ser un referente natural.
Alegorías del paisaje petrificado: "Casa de campo"
Authors: García Pilar
Published: January 2022

En este artículo proponemos un acercamiento a la novela Casa de campo de José Donoso a partir de la relación entre naturaleza y paisaje, considerada decisiva para la identificación del papel que cumple el arte dentro de la novela en su condición de artificio. Asimismo, la figura del narrador será analizada tanto en su transformación en personaje como en la ruptura de planos ficcionales al presentarse como el escritor de la novela. La compleja intervención del narrador personaje en la fábula de los Ventura desencadena una lectura alegórica, visible en la articulación naturaleza–arte/artificio–paisaje, que despliega a la naturaleza como naturalización de los códigos estéticos y, por consiguiente, de los contenidos ideológicos, planteando el conflictivo asunto del potencial de denuncia de la ficción.
Vicisitudes y horizontes de las artesanías de la Región del Rapel, en Chile Central frente a la Globalización: del metal en Coya y de la fibra vegetal en Chimbarongo
Authors: Caviedes Brante Héctor , Codelia Contreras Catalina , Aranda Bellenger Claudia
Published: January 2022

El artículo analiza dos topos de artesanía que se desarrollan en la actualidad en el área de la Región del Rapel: la de cobre de la localidad de Coya y la de mimbre de la comuna de Chimbarongo. Dichas localidades fueron impactadas por procesos de modernización y globalización que han contribuido a la desterritorialización y han puesto en el debate la problemática de la identidad y los productos culturales. Si bien los gobiernos han optado por fomentar rutas turísticas en la zona que permitan incluir a estas artesanías en un circuito de ventas sin mucho éxito, también han utilizado estos bienes culturales “típicos” para formar un repertorio bajo el rótulo de patrimonio cultural que tiende a reforzar la identidad nacional bajo los moldes del Estado. Mientras tanto, estas artesanías no han contribuido a terminar con el éxodo de población en las localidades aludidas y permanecen aún como actividad de complemento del presupuesto familiar.
Sobrevivir con la Muerte: ecología de una práctica “pagana” en el valle de México
Authors: Mancini Silvia
Published: January 2022

El origen y la difusión del culto de la Santa Muerte, que se está propagando en México de manera exponencial, suscitó las interpretaciones más diversas: herencia del mundo precolonial; iconografía de la “hermana Muerte” promovida por los franciscanos, evangelizadores de México; estética barroca; rehabilitación antirreligiosa y polémica, a comienzos del siglo XX, de un culto precolombino. Cada una de estas interpretaciones constituye una lectura diferente convocada consecutivamente para dar cuenta de esta institución. Si bien todas estas formas de abordaje son legítimas, sin embargo no son incompatibles con el cuestionamiento sobre la ecología de este culto. A partir de la hipótesis de una co-génesis y de un co-desarrollo de esta práctica devocional con la catástrofe medioambiental que ha impactado al valle de México, este artículo quiere explorar la lógica de las prácticas que rodean a la Santa Muerte, especie de prtótesis simbólica por la cual los adeptos prolongan su dominio sobre el mundo y se adaptan a él.
La ville dans la littérature mexicaine, effritements, pouvoirs et mensonges
Authors: Ollé-Laprune Philippe
Published: January 2022

Dans toute littérature, la présence de la ville s’accentue avec le temps. La société urbaine devient majoritaire au XXème siècle au Mexique. Mais une spécificité accompagne ce développement ; alors que partout ailleurs, la ville est le symbole de la fermeté et de la solidité, Mexico rentre en littérature en présentant un caractère d’effritement permanent, de lieu catastrophique par excellence, qui ne protège en rien ses habitants. Lieu d’où sont absents les repères personnels (un comble pour un espace urbain), elle invite plus au chaos et au mensonge qu’à la transparence et à la raison. Cela est remarquable chez bon nombre d’écrivains contemporains, en particulier José Emilio Pacheco et Juan Villoro.
Palimpsesto
Authors: Suter Gerardo
Published: January 2022

El Valle de México comenzó a cambiar cuando en su lago surgieron pequeñas islas, montículos de tierra que después se fueron expandiendo e interconectando y poco a poco le ganaron terreno al agua. Desde sus orígenes y hasta hace muy poco, los límites naturales al crecimiento lo marcaban las montañas que conforman el valle. Cuando la ciudad se topó con esos muros y ya no pudo escalar, decidió saturar el espacio mudando lo extensivo por lo intensivo. Propongo una visión de la Ciudad de México que sea en esencia eso: una visión. Un punto de vista para resolverse en amplios espacios, ocupados por fotografías de gran formato, por proyecciones que envuelvan al visitante ; donde la espacialidad de la obra juegue un papel determinante, donde el sonido y la superposición de imágenes fijas y cinemáticas provoquen al espectador en todo momento, creando una sensación inmersiva, de saturación visual y de estímulos encontrados.
Huellas urbanas: “Flor de Asfalto”
Authors: Krauze Perla
Published: January 2022

Durante mis caminatas y recorridos, realizo intervenciones en las grietas que encuentro a mi paso en las calles, carreteras, tanto en sitios urbanos como en zonas rurales, “rellenando” estas grietas de diversas maneras. El objetivo es evidenciar o hacer “visible” lo que cotidianamente pasa desapercibido en el paisaje urbano: la enorme fuerza de la naturaleza que continúa presente, ahí en el asfalto, mostrando su potencia, hablando de vida y de entereza. Al conferir importancia a las grietas de las calles, en las que crecen miles de plantitas y de flores a pesar del paso de miles de automóviles, intento darle un lugar, por momentos monumental, a lo pequeño y efimero.
Roberto Burle Marx dans le chaudron moderniste brésilien : la part du paysage
Authors: Leenhardt Jacques
Published: January 2022

Burle Marx met en évidence sa conviction que le motif moderne par excellence n’est pas, comme le laisserait entendre une conception bornée, la réduction de la nature à l’artifice, mais la reconnaissance des organisations complexes qui réunissent les plantes dans des écosystèmes extrêmement élaborés.
Espaços de Paulo Prado: tradição e modernismo
Authors: Waldman Thaís Chang
Published: January 2022

Além de ser um dos maiores exportadores e produtores de café da época, Paulo Prado é autor de dois livros sobre a história de São Paulo e a formação do povo brasileiro. Publicou textos em importantes periódicos, (re)editou documentos inéditos sobre o período colonial, participou da fundação e do controle de revistas modernistas, e se fez presente como um dos principais organizadores e financiadores da Semana de 1922. Foi também um elo fundamental entre os modernistas e um grupo de intelectuais que compõem uma geração anterior a sua, que ele conhece na Europa, por intermédio de seu tio, Eduardo Prado. Possui ainda um forte vínculo com Capistrano de Abreu, um marco da moderna historiografia brasileira. Paulo Prado mostra-se assim um importante mediador entre diferentes universos, sendo este o foco do presente artigo.
Le désir d’Amérique : De la nostalgie occidentale à l’affirmation du métissage américain : trois artistes d’Amérique latine en France
Authors: Frérot Christine
Published: January 2022

D’un indéniable désir d’Amérique (le paradis perdu, la nature vierge, l’exotisme…) à l’exigence d’un art engagé nourrie par les exilés des dictatures, le regard porté sur l’art de l’Amérique latine en France a subi plusieurs transformations. Un Uruguayen, Joaquín Torres García, propose au début des années 30 une alternative à l’avant-garde occidentale, dans la version à la fois américaine et universelle d’une géométrie influencée par Mondrian, alors que règne à Paris un climat hostile envers ceux que l’on considère comme des « métèques ». En dehors des poètes – surtout ceux liés au surréalisme – et certains critiques qui reconnaissent à partir des années 40 la valeur d’altérité de plusieurs artistes (dont Matta, Tamayo et Lam), il faudra attendre les années 60 pour que s’ébranle le schéma bi-polaire (narration et engagement) d’un regard essentiellement eurocentriste et que se modifie lentement de la réception de l’art latino-américain en France. Plusieurs artistes installés à Paris (comme Julio Le Parc, Jésus Soto et Carlos Cruz‑Diez) tiennent une place décisive dans ce nouveau mouvement qu’est l’art cinétique. C’est seulement au cours des années 90 que l’on observe un vrai changement lorsque l’art latino-américain s’impose internationalement dans l’expression et la revendication de ses particularités. C’est dans une modernité paradoxale et assumée, entre (village) local et (village) global, qu’il s’installe avec une grande liberté dans le passé et le présent, entre identité traditionnelle et altérité moderne. Aujourd’hui, la mondialisation engendre une uniformisation de la production artistique. Paris n’y échappe pas et depuis une dizaine d’années, l’art latino-américain y est reçu dans les galeries ou dans des expositions collectives selon une perspective critique normative qui répond aux exigences du marché international. Pourtant, c’est bien sa diversité d’origines et de cultures qui lui a permis de s’imposer et de transcender les questions de territoire et de lieu pour dépasser la simplification d’un débat Nord‑Sud, en créant un espace artistique sui-generis, celui de « l’entre-deux », en rejetant la simplification des oppositions et en écartant l’idée de deux mondes qui s’affrontent.
Intelligent Data Mining-Based Method for Efficient English Teaching and Cultural Analysis
Authors: Ai Qing , Guo Hongyu
Published: January 2022

The emergence of online education helps improving the traditional English teaching quality greatly. However, it only moves the teaching process from offline to online, which does not really change the essence of traditional English teaching. In this work, we mainly study an intelligent English teaching method to further improve the quality of English teaching. Specifically, the random forest is firstly used to analyze and excavate the grammatical and syntactic features of the English text. Then, the decision tree based method is proposed to make a prediction about the English text in terms of its grammar or syntax issues. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of English grammar or syntax recognition.
Optimization of DH Parameters of 6R Robotic Manipulator Using JAYA Approach
Authors: Kesaba P.  , Choudhury Bibhuti Bhusan
Published: January 2022

Manipulation of robots is carried out by the operators through a sequence of commands. However, the accuracy of the manipulation is still hindered due to parameter uncertainty. This results in less accurate robotic operations and hence affects the job performance. Due to measurement errors and sensor faults, the operation of robots malfunctions. Generally, errors are reduced with the use of high precision sensors and correcting hardware faults. However, corrections can also be made on a software platform to handle the correction process. Presently, the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters of a robotic manipulator are optimized for forward kinematics problems. The optimization is carried out using the JAYA approach. The 6R MTAB Aristo XT robot is selected as a case study for the experimental validation of the proposed approach. Experimental results reveal that the optimization of DH parameters improves accuracy for forward kinematic estimation problems. The proposed JAYA approach can further be extended to other robotic manipulators for parameter optimization problems.
Effect of Natural and Polypropylene Fibers on early Age Cracking of Mortars
Authors: Saad Mahmoud , Sabathier Vincent , Turatsinze Anaclet , Geoffroy Sandrine
Published: January 2022

Throughout time, the use of lignocellulosic resources has been implemented in the development of building materials. Among these resources, natural fibers are used as mineral binders reinforcement due to their specific mechanical properties. This experimental investigation focused on effect of flax and hemp fiber reinforcement on the resistance of pozzolanic-based mortars to cracking due to restrained plastic shrinkage. Results were compared with polypropylene fiber reinforcement and with control mortar without fibers. The quantity of fibers added to the mortar mix were respectively 0.25% - 0.5% by mass of binder for polypropylene fibers and 0.5% - 1% by mass of binder for flax and hemp fibers. All fibers have a similar length of 12 mm. The cracking sensitivity was evaluated based on two different methods: the first consists in casting the mortar in a metal mold with stress risers whose criteria are inspired by the ASTM standards. The second consists in pouring the mortar on a brick support. In order to assess the effect of fibers on cracking due to restrained plastic shrinkage, the number of cracks, total crack area and maximum crack width within the first 6 hours after casting were determined using digital image correlation (DIC). Results showed that the flax and hemp fibers were more effective in controlling restrained plastic shrinkage cracking compared to polypropylene fibers. With a natural fiber of 1% by mass of binder, maximum crack width was reduced by at least 70% relative to control mortar based specimens. Natural fibers show great ability to propensity for cracking due to restrained plastic shrinkage; so that, they could be an alternative and ecological solution for polypropylene fibers.
First Step towards the Upscaling of the Production of Washing Fines - Hemp Composite. Study of Multiphysical Properties
Authors: Collet Florence , Khaled Sana , Prétot Sylvie , Bart Marjorie
Published: January 2022

This study investigates the feasibility of scaling-up to industrial scale the production of washing fines – hemp composite. In previous studies (Mazhoud, 2017), (Mazhoud et al., 2017), such composites were developed with a high control of formulation. The washing mud were fully dried, and then milled. The washing fine – hemp composites were prepared from stabilized washing fine and hemp. This study aims to reduce the mud conditioning process in order to save energy and time. In a first time, the methodology for the conditioning of washing mud is detailed. Composite are then prepared considering unstabilized matrix and stabilized matrix with three stabilizer to fine mass ratios (5, 10 and 20 %). The apparent density increases with stabilizer to fine mass ratios according a degree two polynomial law. The mechanical compressive strength increases linearly with apparent density and the performance allows the studied composites to be used as wall formulation regarding the French national rules for hemp concrete. The thermal conductivity values range from 0.107 to 0.123 W/(m.K) at (23°C; 50%RH) reached from production point, this corresponds to a mass water content about 6%. Like for mechanical compressive strength, the thermal conductivity is mainly induced by apparent density. These thermal conductivity values make studied composite suitable for use as distributed insulation or thermal corrector. On hygric point of view, the Moisture Buffer Values classify all formulations as excellent hygric regulators. Finally, this paper shows the feasibility of scaling-up and that multi-physical properties of produced composites make them suitable for use in building envelop. The HSC-10 formulation seems to be the most promising regarding MBV results and considering that it would be possible to reduce thermal conductivity by acting on implementation in order to reduce apparent density.
Linseed Oil and Xanthan Gum: Promising Stabilisers for Earthen Building Materials
Authors: Guihéneuf Simon , Perrot Arnaud , Rangeard Damien
Published: January 2022

In the current context, the development of new bio-based and local building materials is becoming mandatory. Among them, earthen materials have a strong potential to be used as sustainable structural materials but their variability and their water sensitivity impact their mechanical properties that are difficult to guaranty. Recent developments have emphasised the ability of some bio-based additions to help to ensure these properties: linseed oil and xanthan gum are part of them. In this paper three different Breton earths, representative of a certain local variability, are studied. The impact of the selected bio-based additions on earths’ rheological behaviour is followed in order to adapt it to different forming processes. Then, the mechanical properties of different earth-addition combinations at the dry state, exposed to hygric variations and immersion are investigated for different forming processes. The findings highlight the fact that xanthan gum and linseed oil have a relevant ability to stabilise earthen blocks, that can be processed using different promising forming methods.
How Reliable is the Thermal Conductivity of Biobased Building Insulating Materials Measured with Hot Disk Device?
Authors: Colinart Thibaut , Pajeot Mathilde , Vinceslas Théo , Hellouin de Ménibus Arthur , Lecompte Thibaut
Published: January 2022

Thermal conductivity is of high importance for insulating materials since it strongly influences the thermal performance of the building. Generally, it is recommended to measure this property with steady-state methods like guarded hot plate (GHP) or heat flow meter (HFM). These methods are reliable, but steady-state condition can take a long time to be reached. Therefore, transient methods were developed to speed-up the measurements. For instance, the hot disk transient plane source method is a widely used standard technique (ISO 22007-2) for measuring thermal conductivity of various materials. In the last 20 years, this technique has been applied also to bio-based insulating materials. However, overestimated thermal conductivity (compared to steady state method) are frequently measured. More generally, such differences are also observed for low thermal conductivity materials. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of numerous factors to explain the origin of these differences. The factors include the experimental setting parameters, the measurement analysis parameter or even the discrepancies between the theoretical model and the real experimental set-up. The analysis is performed for a light-earth biobased concrete made of raw earth and hemp shiv. Recommendations are proposed in conclusion.
An Experimental Study on Clay and Sand Mixes to Develop a Non-Linear Homogenized Model for Earth Construction Materials
Authors: Anglade Elsa , Sellier Alain , Aubert Jean-Emmanuel , Papon Aurélie
Published: January 2022

Due to its ecological interest and large availability, a renewed attention is paid to earth as building material. Indeed, raw earth consumes CO2 only during its processing and transportation, and it provides a natural hygrothermal comfort. However, its mechanical properties are highly linked to its composition, which causes an important variability of performances. That is why any soil has to be characterized before being used as a building material. The aim of this study is to propose a model able to predict the hydromechanical behavior of a reconstituted soil according to its composition. As earth is a heterogeneous material, the model is based on homogenization procedures. The sand is considered as spherical inclusions inside a clay matrix. The particularity of the model stands to consider both positive and negative effects of volume variation and mechanical properties of clay under hydric variations. The model parameters are determined according to an original experimental campaign, which is conducted on various mixes of a single type of clay (kaolinite) and of sand, and water. The experimental study provides some mechanical properties of the mixes versus water content and sand content to test the ability of the homogenization model to assess the main properties of this material.
Mechanical Properties and Fracture Energy of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Basalt Fibres
Authors: Da Costa Santos Ana Caroline , Archbold Paul
Published: January 2022

Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is widely employed in the construction industry, with assorted fibre types being used for different applications. Typically, steel fibres give additional tensile strength to the mixture, while flexible fibres may be used in large sections, such as floor slabs, to control crack width and to improve the handling ability of precast sections. For many reasons, including durability concerns, environmental impact, thermal performance, etc, alternatives to the currently available fibres are being sought. This study examines the potential of using basalt fibres, a mineral and natural material, as reinforcement of concrete sections in comparison to steel fibres and plain concrete mix. Mixes were tested containing 0.5% and 1.0% of basalt fibres measuring 25mm length, 0.5% of the same material with 48mm length and steel fibres measuring 50mm by 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15% and 0.2% of the concrete volume. For the mechanical performance analysis, the 3-point bending test was led and the fracture energy, Young’s modulus and tensile strength in different moments of the tests were calculated. When compared to the control mixtures and the steel-fibre-reinforced concrete, the mixes containing basalt had a reduction in their elastic modulus, representing a decrease in the concrete brittleness. At the same time, the fracture energy of the mixtures was significantly increased with the basalt fibres in both lengths. Finally, the flexural strength was also higher for the natural fibre reinforced concrete than for the plain concrete and comparable to the results obtained with the addition of steel fibres by 0.15%.
Study of the Impact of Rice Straw Particle Size on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Straw Lime Concretes
Authors: El Moussi Youssef , Clerc Laurent , Benezet Jean-Charles
Published: January 2022

The use of bio-based concretes performed with lignocellulosic aggregates constitute an interesting solution for reducing the energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and CO2 generated by the building sector. Indeed, bio-based materials could be used as an alternative of traditional materials such as expended polystyrene and mineral resources (e.g. glass and rock wools) for insulation. Furthermore, these bio-based concretes are known for their interesting insulation properties, indeed they allow to enhance thermal properties of buildings and enables moisture management which lead to design efficient building materials. For this purpose, bio-based concrete using rice straw as aggregate are studied in this present work. The impact of the characteristics of rice straw particle (particle size distribution, bulk density, and water absorption capacity, etc.) on both the mechanical and thermal properties of the bio-based concrete are investigated. Five formulations of rice straw concrete are examined, compared and then classified in terms of insulation properties and mechanical properties. The assessments are based on the measurement of density and thermal conductivity. The variation of compressive strength in function of the characteristics (mean particle length) of rice straw particle are assessed and discussed. The investigation covers also the porosity and density. Tests are also carried out on agricultural by-products with a view to highlight their chemical, physical and structural proprieties. The results show that the use of large particles with low water absorption capacity induce lighter concretes with the density between 339 and 505 kg/m3 and lead to a high compressive strength with a high mechanical deformability. Furthermore, it appears that an increase in the average length of rice straw particle lead to decrease of thermal conductivity of bio-based concretes. It varies from 0.062 to 0.085 W/(m.K).
Comparison of Numerical HMT Codes to Simulate MBV Test of Hemp-Earth Composites
Authors: Khaled Sana , Bart Marjorie , Moissette Sophie , Collet Florence , Prétot Sylvie , Mazhoud Brahim
Published: January 2022

Bio-based and earth materials are growingly used for the building envelopes because of their numerous benefits such as slight environmental impact, great hygrothermal performances, effective regulation of the perceived indoor air quality and human comfort. In such materials, the phenomenon of mass transfer is complex and has a great impact on the performance of building envelope. Therefore, it is important to identify and understand the hygrothermal phenomena to be able to simulate accurately the envelope behavior. Nevertheless, the classical models that depict hygric transport within building materials seem not accurate enough for bio-based materials as they are simplified on several points of view. The correlation that exists between water content and relative humidity is mostly simplified and is modeled by a single curve, the hygric storage capacity is often overstated and the hysteresis is neglected. This paper deals with numerical study of hygric transfer within hemp-earth building material by using WUFI® Pro 6.5, a commercial software, and TMC code developed at the LGCGM (Moissette and Bart, 2009) . This code was validated regarding EN 15026 standard (Moissette and Bart, 2009) and has evolved over the years by integrating the hysteresis phenomena (Aït-Oumeziane et al., 2015). Thus, a significant enhancement of the numerical simulations on desorption phase was shown. This study investigates the simulation of MBV test performed on a hemp-earth material for which only the adsorption curve is known as input. Missing parameters (water vapor permeability and desorption curve) are fitted considering the first cycle of MBV test with TMC code. Then, MBV test is simulated with WUFI® Pro 6.5 and TMC code without and with hysteresis. The results highlight the need to include hysteresis to accurately simulate dynamic hygric phenomena, and show that it is possible to find missing parameters by fitting dynamic solicitations.
Water Stabilization of Clay Bricks with Improved Tannin and Iron Mixes
Authors: Du Yi , Brumaud Coralie , Habert Guillaume
Published: January 2022

Weak water resistance is a big obstacle for clay materials to overcome in modern construction industry. Compared to the hydraulic stabilized additives, bio-additives have a lower carbon footprint and have been used in many vernacular construction techniques to immobilize clay. In this work, the traditional recipes of tannin and iron have been revisited, in particular, the question of pH and iron solubility has been explored. Oak tannin and FeCl3 were chosen and their influence on the properties of clay materials in terms of rheological properties, compressive strength, and water resistance were characterized in the lab. Based on the results, tannin can reduce the yield stress of paste while with the addition of FeCl3, the yield stress of tannin dispersed pastes increased to a value similar to the reference sample but lower than the value contain only FeCl3. The increase was attributed to the complex reaction between tannin and Fe3+. The iron-tannin complexes can also increase the samples’ strength and water resistance. Although the complexes did not change the hydrophilic properties of the samples’ surface, they prevent the ingression of water. These results are very promising as they allow the production of a fluid earth material that is water-resistant. This opens a wide range of application potentials and can help to mainstream earth materials in construction.
Reflections on the Environmental Impact of 'Vegetarian' Buildings, and on the Reliability of Databases
Authors: Bocco Andrea , Bocci Martina
Published: January 2022

This paper proposes some considerations stemming from the analysis of fourteen ecologically oriented buildings, that show different approaches to “vegetarian architecture” – a theoretical stance based on principles learnt from agriculture and nutrition. The research includes a systematic investigation of the constructional characteristics of each building, and the inventorisation of their components. The ‘cradle to gate’ embodied energy and ‘embodied carbon’ were then calculated, based on two open access databases, ICE and Ökobaudat. The comparison of the results allowed a discussion of the design solutions in terms of building form, as well as of efficient use of building materials and construction technologies. The interest in verifying whether such ‘vegetarian’ buildings have a lower environmental impact than conventional buildings led to note that at the present time there is still a lack of credible benchmarks. The sometimes disorienting discrepancy between the two databases and their change over time suggested a reflection on the databases’ assumptions and their reliability. It was also found that mainstream databases are ill-suited to calculate the impact of ‘vegetarian’ constructions, as they don’t cover organically grown, little processed building materials, which imply labour-intensive building technologies.
Development of GHG Emissions Curves for Bio-Concretes Specification: Case Study for Bamboo, Rice Husk, and Wood Shavings Considering the Context of Different Countries
Authors: Caldas Lucas Rosse , Bezerra Carolina Goulart , Pittau Francesco , Araujo Arthur , Franco Mariana , Hasparyk Nicole , Toledo Filho Romildo Dias
Published: January 2022

Bio-concretes are receiving special attention in recent research as an alternative for climate change mitigation due to their low carbon footprints. Different bio-based materials can be used, e.g., wood shavings, bamboo, rice husk, and coconut. However, various methodological parameters can influence the carbon footprint of bio-based materials, especially bio-concretes, like biogenic carbon, amount of carbon in dry matter, rotation period of bio-aggregates, and type of cementitious materials. It is important to have easier ways of estimating the carbon footprint of bio-concretes, using parameters and data easily available. This research aims to evaluate the (1) carbon footprint of different mixtures of three bio-concretes (wood bio-concrete - WBC, bamboo bio-concrete - BBC and rice husk bio-concrete - RBC), and the (2) development of GHG emissions curves for bio-concretes specification based on easily available data (such as density, biomass content, and compressive strength). Based on experimental data, the carbon footprint was performed using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. In order to extend the findings of this study, the context of the following four countries was evaluated: Brazil, South Africa, India, and China. In addition, the replacement of Portland cement for Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) are evaluated hypothetically. The results show that the increase of biomass content in bio-concretes and the replacement of Portland cement by SCMs leads to a radical decrease in life cycle GHG emissions. The percentage of carbon in biomass is a critical factor for reducing the carbon footprint. The WBC was the biomass that performed better for this parameter. The presented GHG emissions curves can be a useful way to estimate the carbon footprint of bio-concretes and can be adapted to other kinds of bio-concretes and countries.
Successful Circular Bio-Based Construction Initiatives: Five Essentials from Case Studies
Authors: Koster Myron , Schrotenboer Irene
Published: January 2022

There are challenges surrounding circularity and the application of bio-based material in construction, but also potentials. This paper aims to identify success and fail factors for the initiation phase of construction projects and shows what is essential to realize affordable circular and bio-based. This was specifically investigated for initiators of construction projects, like real estate professionals, property owners and developers. Based on case studies, we describe what these actors should focus on and pursue before the actual construction starts. For the purpose of this paper, research was done and interviews were held with people involved in exemplary projects (case studies). The interviews focused on choices that were made during the initiation phase that were decisive for the degree of circularity and the extent to which bio-based materials were applied. Motivations and consequences were covered. We found that are five essentials for successful circular bio-based construction. These five essentials form the outline of this paper: 1. AFFORDABLE cost-effective & inclusive reuse; 2. FLEXIBLE prepare for future functions; 3. PASSIVE stay cool & healthy with bio-based materials; 4. INTEGRAL continuously reflect on circular bio-based benefits; 5. TRADITIONAL OWNERSHIP keep it, simple. In one case, all five essentials were put into practice, while in the other cases it was a combination of three or four essentials. The five essentials and cases in this paper can be used as inspiration for product and process and could help realize affordable and feasible circular bio-based constructions. By focusing on the essentials, initiators have guidance to prevent valuable resources (including energy) going to waste, today and in the future.
Substitution of Synthetic Fibers by Bio-Based Fibers in a Structural Mortar
Authors: Audouin Marie , Philippe Nicolas , Bernardeau Fabien , Chaussy Mariann , Pons Ribera Sergio , Bredy Tuffe Patricia , Gasparutto Antoine , Chalencon Florian , Bessette Laetitia , Bono Pierre
Published: January 2022

The use of bio-based material is now widespread in insulation concrete, for example hemp concrete. The bio-based materials in concrete provide many advantages: lightness, sound and thermal insulation, hydrothermal regulation while contributing to a reduction in the environmental impact due to the carbon capture during the plant growth. The development of materials incorporating plant is therefore an important objective for the construction. The next step will be to introduce bio-based materials in structural mortars and concretes. The project FIBRABETON proposes to substitute synthetic or metallic fibers by natural fibers in screed and slab. After a selection of biomass on the resources availability, separation and fractionation are the key step in processing to obtain technical natural fibers. Bulk fiber shaping and packaging methods for easy handling and transportation are tested. Then, functionalization of technical natural fibers by physical & chemical treatments to improve the durability with cement paste is carried out. The second step concerns the introduction of treated or not treated fibers in mortar and concrete formulations. The variation of the nature of the biomass, fibers shape and dosage in concrete are studied. The workability, the compressive strength and withdrawal resistance are measured in order to obtain the best formulation parameters. The evolution of properties over time is also evaluated. The project FIBRABETON is carried out with ESTP, FRD and Vicat and is subsidized by ADEME, Grand Est region and FEDER.
β-Cyclodextrin Substituted Polyoxyethylene in the Synthesize of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizers
Authors: Li Bin , Wang Ling
Published: January 2022

In this study, the starch-based material β-cyclodextrin was used as the original material to substitute petrochemical product-polyoxyethylene (HPEG) to synthesize concrete admixture polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE). During the synthesis, β-cyclodextrin was first grafted on the PEO chain to prepare β-CD-HPEG by click reaction. Then β-CD-HPEG was used to substitute the macromonomer HPEG to synthesize β-CD-PCE. When the substitution amount HPEG was 3%, the synthesized β-CD-PCE showed better dispersion ability.
Efficiency of Bio-Sourced Composites in Confining Recycled Aggregates Concrete
Authors: Ghorbel Elhem , Limaiem Mariem
Published: January 2022

This research investigates the efficiency of using Flax Fibers reinforced bio-sourced polymer by comparison to traditional system based on Carbone Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Polymer in order to confine recycled aggregates concrete. Four concrete formulations have been formulated by incorporating recycled aggregates from demolition waste (0%, 30%, 50% and 100%). An air-entraining agent was added to the formulations to achieve the level of 4% occluded air. The main objective is to discuss and to evaluate the effectiveness of confining them using bio-sourced composite by comparison to traditional ones. To hit this target, the developed approaches are both experimental and analytical. The first part is experimental and aimed to characterize the mechanical behavior of the materials: the composites used in the confining process the unconfined concrete (effect of incorporating recycled aggregates on the overall mechanical characteristics). We establish that bio-sourced composites are efficient in strengthening recycled aggregates concrete especially if they are air-entrained. The second part of this work is dedicated to analytical modeling of mechanical behavior of confined concrete with composite under compression based on Mander’s model. The input parameters of the model were modified to consider the rate of recycled aggregates incorporation. Comparison between experimental results and the modified Mandel’s Model is satisfactory.