bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Challenges on the Brazilian Right to be Forgotten in the Digital Era
Authors: De Alencar Jr Alencar Jr Francisco Nelson
Published: February 2022

This paper is about the right to be forgotten in the digital age. It aims to present some observations on the right to be forgotten in the digital era, in other words, a right of a person to delist an URL – Uniform Resource Locator - which causes him/her prejudice from the index of search engines, for instance, Google. We believe that the right to privacy has a new calling in the digital era, and, here, especially before search engines. In this way, the right to be forgotten in the digital era can represent an expansion of the protection of the right to privacy. As we will discuss, we believe that observations and the experience of the United States, for example, through the protection of the freedom of expression, and the combat of bad speech with more speech can help the Brazilian legal system to consider a practical way of protection of the privacy sphere on the internet
Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Banana (Musa cuminata) Peel for Bioethanol Production
Authors: Tran An T.T. , Nguyen Quan D. , Le Phung T.K.
Published: February 2022

Banana (Musa acuminata) peel is discarded after the fruit processing process. Banana peel biomass can be used as raw material to produce bioethanol. In this research, banana peel was fermented by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Production of bioethanol was determined and the effects of various operation conditions which included different parameters in fermentation process: fermentation time, temperature, medium pH, concentration of yeast, enzyme loading, and shaking period. peel was cut, pretreated with H2SO4 2% and simultaneous hydrolyzed and fermented. Ethanol production was greatest (over 10,5%) when the initial pH of fermentation medium was adjusted to 4.5, 5% yeast supplement (8x107 cfu/ml), 7% cellulase (100 IU, v/v) loading, 24 hours and 37oC incubating,. The results illustrated that the simultaneous  accharification and fermentation (SSF) of banana peel with S.cerevisiae has potential for industrial application.
Adsorption Properties of Azadirachta indica Extract on Corrosion of Aluminium in 1.85 M Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: K.O. Ajanaku , O. Aladesuyi , C.O. Ajanaku , E.A. Adedapo , A.A. Akinsiku , F.E. Sodiya
Published: February 2022

The crude extract of Azadirachta indica was used in the corrosion inhibition study of aluminium metal coupons in 1.85 M hydrochloric acid environment by gasometric technique. The coupons were immersed in test solutions of uninhibited 1.85 M HCl and those containing extract concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (v/v) at room temperature. The rate of the reaction was captured by monitoring the volume of hydrogen gas evolved as a result of the interaction. The inhibition efficiency of the extracts and the adsorption isotherm of the process were calculated using Frumkin, Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin adsorption theories and the surface morphology studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the plant extract retarded the acid induced corrosion of aluminium and the volume of hydrogen gas evolved reduced with increasing extract concentration. The adsorption studies revealed that Langmuir isotherm is the best model for the adsorption of Azadirachta indica (R2 = 0.999) on aluminium surface. This implied that the Azadirachta indica extracts with aluminium metal undergoes chemisorption
Energy Efficient Scheme for Cellular Network Using G-Leach
Authors: Pradeep R. , Elamathi K. , Priyavadhani G. , Suganya E.
Published: February 2022

This paper proposes an energy efficient scheme for cellular network using G-LEACH (Genetic Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). By using the genetic algorithm based upon adaptive clustering protocol the energy consumption of the every node can be reduced and then the lifetime of each node in the cellular network can be increased. The proposed algorithm is compared with LEACH (Low -Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy). The G-LEACH is implemented by using three phase. They are preparation phase, set-up phase, and at last steady-state phase. The preparation phase is the initial phase of the algorithm, in this phase the cluster head extraction process is executed by within all the random cellular network nodes. All nodes send the condition and position within the cluster as a resubmit message to the base station of the cellular network. By using the resubmit message base station exploring the node as cluster head which has the most eminent energy for foster process. By using this phase the energy consumption of the node is reduced. In the set-up phase the base station disseminate the message to all the node and help the random node to form a cluster within the cellular network. At last the steady-state phase is executed merely once ahead the set-up phase in the process of cellular network. Simulation result shows the comparison between LEACH and G-LEACH and energy consumed by the each node in the cellular network
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Sodium Chloride Solution by Nickel Complex of 1-(8-hydroxy quinolin-2yl-methyl) Thiourea
Authors: Abuthahir S. S. Syed , Vijaya K. , Abdul Nasser A. Jamal , Karthikeyan C.
Published: February 2022

The Corrosion inhibition efficiency of an inhibitor namely Nickel complex of 1-(8-hydroxy quinolin-2yl methyl) thiourea (Ni-HTF) in controlling corrosion of mild steel immersed in aqueous solution containing 60 ppm Cl- has been investigated by polarization method. The formulation consisting of 60 ppm of Cl- and 50 ppm of Ni-HTF offers good inhibition efficiency of 80 %. Polarization study reveals that this formulation functions as a cathodic inhibitor. UV-Visible spectral analysis was used to detect the presence of iron-inhibitor complex. The surface morphology has been analyzed by SEM and EDAX.
Adsorption Properties of Azadirachta indicia Extract on Corrosion of Aluminium in 1.85 M Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: K. O. K. O. Ajanaku , O. Aladesuyi , C.O. Ajanaku , E.A. Adedapo , A.A. Akinsiku , F.E. Sodiya
Published: February 2022

The crude extract of Azadirachta indica was used in the corrosion inhibition study of aluminium metal coupons in 1.85 M hydrochloric acid environment by gasometric technique. The coupons were immersed in test solutions of uninhibited 1.85 M HCl and those containing extract concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (v/v) at room temperature. The rate of the reaction was captured by monitoring the volume of hydrogen gas evolved as a result of the interaction. The inhibition efficiency of the extracts and the adsorption isotherm of the process were calculated using Frumkin, Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin adsorption theories and the surface morphology studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the plant extract retarded the acid induced corrosion of aluminium and the volume of hydrogen gas evolved reduced with increasing extract concentration. The adsorption studies revealed that Langmuir isotherm is the best model for the adsorption of Azadirachta indica (R2 = 0.999) on aluminium surface. This implied that the Azadirachta indica extracts with aluminium metal undergoes chemisorption.
Volumetric & Transport behavior of neutral amino acids in different concentrations of an Electrolyte at 250C
Authors: Dhir Vaneet , Grewal R. P. Singh
Published: February 2022

Apparent molar volumes, V2, ? of glycine, DL-?-alanine, DL-?-amino-n-butyric acid, L-valine and L-leucine in water and in (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) mol?kg-1 aqueous potassium nitrate solutions have been determined at T= 298.15 K from density measurements. The standard partial molar volumes at infinite dilution, V20 obtained from V2, ? , have been used to calculate the  corresponding volumes of transfer, ?tV0 from water to aqueous potassium nitrate solutions. The hydration number, nH, side chain contributions and volumetric interaction coefficients of these amino acids have also been calculated. The ?tV0 values for the studied amino acids are positive, and these values increase with an increase in the concentration
Technology in Jain Harivansh Purana: With Special Focus on Travelling by Air
Authors: Jain Alka , Jain Sanyam
Published: February 2022

Jagdish Chandra Basu proved through his experiments that all the plants and trees are alive and have feelings just like a human being has. He proved that plants react, laugh and also feel sad. This was proved in late ninetees. But Jain Agamas have been the source of this information for last 2500 years.carang utra speas a lot aout anaspati ayi eeva (souls living in te bodies of plants and trees) and their feelings.The details are so live that one gets emotional for these so called non living things.Not only vanaspati (plants) but prithvi (earth), Apkaay (water), tejas (fire) Vayu (air) are also alive as per Jain Canons. Unfortunately modern generations do not believe these facts until and unless they are proved by some scientific approach. Hence plants are considered to be alive after agdis andra asus eperiments , while other four types of Kayik Jeevas are considered to be non living things till now. No one believed the stories of Pushpaka Vimana in te pic Ramayana as people flying in air was not a scene that men of that era could imagine,but today we can see a large number of aeroplanes taking a lot of humans from one place to the other by air. Though inclination of scientists towards Indian Hindu literature is appreciable who are exploring ancient scriptures of Hindus for old technologies and ancient theories with new searches and researches based on the information provided in ancient literature, but Jain literature has not been explored well till now while they have case studies of modern sciences like dream interpretation, medical sciences, colour therapies etc. This study attempts to explore an ancient Jain book arivans urana for case studies of air travel. The authors have listed and interpreted case studies from the book which give us a glimpse of flying technologies used in that era, users of the technolgy Further scope of this study can be to prove all the technological evidences in modern theories and references. Modern interpretation of these theories may bring out the truth that ancient Indian stories are not just myths, they have strong technological roots and evidences in their ancient literature Further Scope of Study can be to analyse the case studies in Harivansh Purana for other sciences and technologies also.The authors have focused on flying technology in Harivansh Purana but the fact is that the book is dotted with case studies of many other sciences and technologies like dream interpretation, medical science, architectural sciences, numerology etc. too. A list of armours used in the battles can also be listed. A list of sciences and technologies available in that era has also been given in the book like Pragyapti and maya etc. Experts of various fields should come forward to explore Jaina treasure of sciences for the modern world--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*Lecturer cum Placement Officer, Subodh Institute of Management & Career Studies, Jaipur **Lead Engineer, Samsung Research Institute, Bangalore
A Brief Study on Recycling of Waste Paper
Authors: Meena Jagram
Published: February 2022

Energy harvesting also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging is the process by which energy is derived from external sources solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor. Energy harvesters provide very small low-energy electronics. While the input fuel to some large-scale generation costs money (oil, coal, etc.), the energy source for energy harvesters is present as ambient background and is free. For example,  temperature gradients exist from the operation of a combustion engine and in  urban areas, there is a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the environment  because of radio and television broadcasting
Synthesis of 8-Methoxyquinoline-5-Amino Acetic Acid and its Herbicidal Potential
Authors: E. Adewole , O.T. Oke , A. Ojo
Published: February 2022

The quinoline skeleton is often used for the design of many synthetic compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. 8-Methoxyquinoline 5-amino acetic acid was synthesized from coupling of monochloroacetic acid with 5-amino-8-methoxyquinoline. The IR showed – OH stretch absorption and amino group (-NH) which is not too prominent at 3450cm-1 and 3300cm-1, carbonyl (C=O) absorption depicts at 1614cm-1. The herbicidal activity of the synthesized compound was tested on the weeds and after 11 days of application, the weeds have dried completely indicating the efficacy of the compound.
Bridge Pier Scour Evaluation in Meandering Channels
Authors: Elsaeed Gamal , Elsersawy Hossam , Ibraheem Mohammad , Samir Fatma
Published: February 2022

The objectives of this research are to predict and evaluate the effect of releasing high/extreme flow discharges on scour at 13 bridge piers of (3) bridges located at Kafr El-Zayat City. Field data, empirical equations and a two-dimensional model were used. The empirical equations were used to predict the general, contraction and bend scour of the bed's morphological changes along the entire reach of the osetta Branch. The 2-D model was used to predict scour at the bridge piers in the study area considering two scenarios of high river discharges. The expected extending of the scour holes around the main piers was also predicted. The results showed that in case the released discharges were (69.90, 220.00m.m3/day), the total scour around piers evaluated at the (3) bridges were (13.98, 17.74m) for bridge No. (1), (10.33, 13.93m) for bridge No. (2) and (12.64, 15.34m) for bridge No. (3). It is recommended to follow up the geometry of the scour holes after one year of passing extreme high discharges.
Synthesis of Thiazoline Complexes of Cu(ii), Ni(ii) and Co(ii) Transition Metals
Authors: Malik Dinkar
Published: February 2022

The synthesis and characterization (elemental analysis, IR, electronic and magnetic susceptibility studies) of the transition metal complexes of Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) with 2 - amino -4- (p- methoxy phenyl) thiazoline is described and complexes are obtained in 75-78% yield from the treatment of metal salts with ligand 2-amino- 4-(p-methoxy phenyl) thiazoline in 1:2 molar ratio in ethanolic medium. From the analytical and spectral data the stoichiometry of these complexes have been found to be of the type ML2X2 (where M = Cu (II), Co (II) and Ni (II)}.Evidences indicate that Ni(II), Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes exhibit octahedral and square planar geometry. The fungicidal activities of ligands and metal complexes were screened by growth method against various fungi i.e. Dreschlere setramera, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomera phaseoli at different concentrations. It is found that the activity decreases with decrease of concentration and the metal complexes are less toxic than the parent ligand.
Kinetics of Free-Radical Addition Processes by the Nonbranched-Chain Mechanism
Authors: M. Silaev Michael
Published: February 2022

Five reaction schemes are suggested for the initiated nonbranched-chain addition of free radicals to the multiple bonds of the unsaturated compounds. The proposed schemes include the reaction competing with chain propagation reactions through a reactive free radical. The chain evolution stage in these schemes involves three or four types of free radicals. One of them is relatively low-reactive and inhibits the chain process by shortening of the kinetic chain length. Based on the suggested schemes, nine rate equations (containing one to three parameters to be determined directly) are deduced using quasi-steady-state treatment. These equations provide good fits for the nonmonotonic (peaking) dependences of the formation rates of the molecular products (1:1 adducts) on the concentration of the unsaturated component in binary systems consisting of a saturated component (hydrocarbon, alcohol, etc.) and an unsaturated component (alkene, allyl alcohol, formaldehyde, or dioxygen). The unsaturated compound in these systems is both a reactant and an autoinhibitor generating low-reactive free radicals. A similar kinetic description is applicable to the nonbranched-chain process of the free-radical hydrogen oxidation, in which the oxygen with the increase of its concentration begins to act as an oxidation autoingibitor (or an antioxidant). The energetics of the key radical-molecule reactions is considered.
Treatment of Distillery Spent Wash for Irrigation Purpose by Using Sand as Adsorbent
Authors: Kumar Bharat , Negi Akash , Dhaliwal Hashanpreet , Munakhia Sparsh
Published: February 2022

Sand treatment of distillery effluent has great potential as a sustainable method as it is a low cost method. The aim of this investigation is to study the sand treatment method for purification of distillery spent wash. For this, the study encompassing evaluation of reduction of various physical chemical parameters (pH, COD, TS, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na and K) of distillery spent wash was checked by passing through the sand column. The distillery effluent was acidic (pH 4.7) and dark brown in color which often cause psychological fear in farmers for utilization. Sand treatment of spent wash exhibited good reduction in COD, TS, TDS, Mg,Na, Ca, after 72 hour treatment and increase in pH toward pH 7. Treated spent wash showed a good growth of wheat seeds.
Reasons for Removal of the Moon
Authors: Orlov S.
Published: February 2022

In article the new concept of an explanation of the reason of removal of the Moon from Earth is offered to consideration. It is based on the theory of vortex gravitation, cosmology and a cosmogony. The main reason for this removal is that gravity, the earth's field does not create our planet, and ether vortex The orbital plane of the Moon doesn't coincide with the plane of a gravitational whirlwind that creates reduction of forces of an attraction of the Moon to Earth on some sites of its orbit. Removal of a lunar orbit happens a consequence of it.
Gravitational Properties of Atom
Authors: Orlov S.
Published: February 2022

The evidence that the strength of any body provide nuclear forces of gravity. The nuclear force of gravity generated by the essential micro vortices. The vortex creates a pressure gradient in the ether. The pressure gradient is the source of nuclear energy. The nuclear force of gravity on the surface of the cores is equal for all elementary particles.
On Optimal Trajectory in Space Flight
Authors: Orlov S.
Published: February 2022

Are investigated a trajectory of new type in distant, space flights unlike usual trajectories of direct flight to heavenly object (Moon) it is supposed to use asymmetry of a gravitational field and to carry out flight bypassing the most power gravitational impact on the spacecraft. It leads to economy of power for 20-30 %.
What is a Black Hole
Authors: Orlov S.
Published: February 2022

A new physical model of an astronomical object - Black Hole. Presented by the equation for determining the radius of the object, based on the theory of vortex gravitation. Proposed rationale that the black hole mass does not depend on the strength of gravity on its surface. Schwarzschild solution shows a contradiction by definition radius of the Black Hole.
Ranks, Subdegrees and Suborbital Graphs of Symmetric Group Sn Acting on Ordered Pairs
Authors: Njagi Loyford
Published: February 2022

In this research paper, we study the ranks and subdegrees of the symmetric group Sn (n = 3, 4, 5) acting on ordered pairs from the set X = {1, 2 , … , n}. When Sn (n ? 4) acts on ordered pairs from X, the rank is 7. Therefore the main study will be on the ranks and subdegrees of the suborbitals. The suborbital graphs corresponding to the suborbitals of these actions are also constructed. The graph theoretic properties of these suborbital graphs are also discussed. When Sn (n ? 4) acts on ordered pairs, the suborbital graphs, ?1,?2, ?5, and ?6 corresponding to the non-trivial suborbits, ?1 , ?2 , ?5and ?6 are disconnected, regular and undirected. The suborbital graphs ?3and ?4 are disconnected, and directed.
Status of Water Supply in Parts of Umuahia South Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria: A Look at Alternatives
Authors: S. A. Ngah , U.N. Ekpebegh
Published: February 2022

The study investigated the water supply sources in Old Umuahia semi-urban district in Abia State, Nigeria. Emphasis was on the quality and quantity of available water sources. Some socio-economic considerations such as family sizes, proximity of source, quality and quantity of water actually used per day as compared with quantity required per day were all evaluated. Water supply shortfall was hence evaluated and quantified. Different sources of water in use were evaluated. They include motorized boreholes, Springs, Streams, commercial water vendors and harvested rainwater. The study showed that the majority of residents had bread winners who were civil servants (48%) with an average family size of 5-8 people. Most people practice conjunctive water use of water combining more than one source with comparative advantages. 89% of the people depend on water boreholes for their drinking water supplies. Available hydrogeological data from the area were reviewed. The area was found to be underlain by a prolific aquifer capable of sustainably supplying the area. Water samples were collected from the different water sources and analysed for concentration of key physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Dissolve d Oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, totaldissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, salinity, total alkalinity, copper, iron, manganese, sulphate, chromium, colour and zinc. The results were compared with World Health Organisation (WHO) standards for domestic water supply. From the results, water in the area was found to be acidic with pH values ranging from 4.9 to 5.15 (mean value, 5.02). All the other physico-chemical parameters showed values that plot within the limit of acceptability of WHO standards except for two boreholes sources, two streams sources and samples from the commercial water vendors whose water samples indicated serious bacteriological contamination. Supplies from groundwater sources is of highest quality. Since the area is underlain by aquifers with excellent water yielding properties, the studyrecommended the development of water supply in the area mainly from groundwater sources. This will require additional hydrogeological studies to determine the number, location and depths of new boreholes to serve the domestic water demands of the inhabitants of the area. Existing four boreholes are grossly inadequate to meet and sustain the domestic water needs of about 8000 people who presently inhabit the area. Similarly, people should be discouraged from using the water from commercial water vendors for domestic purposes. This will drastically reducethe incidence of water-borne diseases in the area
Chemical Nature and Water Quality of Jakekur Reservoir (Project) in Context with Drinking Water Standards
Authors: Ugale B. J.
Published: February 2022

The Jakekur Reservoir is one of the most important aquatic water bodies in Ta. Omerga Dist. Osmanabad (M.S). The reservoir is used for irrigation, Drinking purpose, as well as pisciculture by the local communities. Limnological investigations of man-made lakes (reservoirs) are necessary to evaluate water quality is related to the health of people, ecosystem, societies, and potential fish production. It provides information that could be useful in fisheries developmental planning and it is supply for Domestic, Industrial, Agriculture & aquaculture practices. Reservoir has large and varied chemical contents. Innumerable materials enter the system from the atmosphere, catchments area and its own basin. The chemical properties of reservoir not only alter but also have significant bearing on the distribution and metabolic activities of the existing life. During the study period samples were collected from the reservoir for a period of one year. From result it is concluded that sample result was within permissible limits in context with drinking water standards as described by Bureau of Indian Standard for Drinking Water for Water Quality Standards.
Quantum Curvature: Toward the Unity of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Xinzhong Wu
Published: February 2022

Quantum curvature interpretation has greatly promoted the unification of relativity and quantum mechanics in physics thought level. In this paper, we discuss the deep unification of relativity and quantum mechanics according to new research by some scholars. This paper involves the derivition of quantum hypothesis from the relativistic transformation, the relation between Compton's matter wave and De Broglie's matter wave, and the quantum divition mechanism of inertial systems in the superposition principle of quantum states.
Moving Beyond the Green Wall: Overcoming Environmental Pressures
Authors: Subramanian K. R.
Published: February 2022

In response to business environment several organizations in the last few decades added a department having responsibility to deal with environmental related issues. Mostly the activities were dominated by legal and regulatory action and the end-of-the-pipe, technically based solutions to these issues. Their position and authority rarely offered the potential for lending value to the firm; more often, they were viewed as a cost center by top management. When businesses’ responses to environmentalism have been tied to core business decisions, however, a great deal of organizational change has been required— including overcoming the “Green Wall” between early treatment of environmental issues and the language, tools, and culture of business. Corporate leaders have been driven to evolve over time from early focus on industrial, regulatory, and social responsibility toward a mindset of the natural environment as strategic in nature. This recognition is increasingly important, especially with the rise of broader sustainable development and corporate social responsibility concerns. This recognition is increasingly important, especially with the rise of broader sustainable development and corporate social responsibility concerns. Clearly, environmental management and strategy has reached the executive level in many larger businesses, yet often the Green Wall remains a deeply rooted cultural obstacle in organizations.
Towards Implementing a New Maritime Accident Reporting and Analysis System in Namibia
Authors: Amweelo Moses
Published: February 2022

When Namibia became an independent state in 1990, the Republic of Namibia inherited the Merchant Shipping Act No. 57 of 1951 from the old South Africa regime. The Merchant Shipping Amendment Act, 1991 was signed into force “in order to adjust its provisions in view of the independence of Namibia; and to provide for incidental matters.” Maritime issues were placed under the authority of the Ministry of Works and Transport, however, without any particular defined body, except Department of Transport, to enforce the provisions of the amendment Act (The Merchant Shipping Act No. 57 of 1951, as amended in 1991). In 1995 the Directorate Maritime Affairs was established to be the Ministry’s executing body, and one of the first tasks taken on in order to get a firm picture of the maritime legal situation was to carry out an analyse of the Merchant Shipping Act. According to Professor Hilton Staniland of the University of Natal, in his executive summary he states among others: ‘’The 1951 Act is out of date and places, in particular, the safety of life and ships at sea, the protection of the marine environment provide Namibia a disadvantageous position as far as international maritime transport and trade is concerned. It is interesting in this connection to note the concerns at that time expressed by representatives from the fishing industry: ‘’The industry therefore (not sufficient Namibians with certificates) favours the amendment of section 83 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1951 in order to provide for the more ready recognition of foreign certificates. Section 83 of the Act opens up for allowing holders of foreign certificates to serve on board Namibian ships. In the meantime the newly established Directorate Maritime Affairs should make a choice: Either hastily accede to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Conventions or first ensure that relevant instruments were in place and then work for the accession to the Conventions. It was decided to ensure that the Directorate would be able to enforce the Conventions and then accede. The aims of the directorate are: to ensure the safety of life and property at sea; to prevent and combat pollution of the marine environment by ships and to promote the maritime interests of Namibia.
Preparation and Diagnosis of New Azo - Barbiturate Dyes
Authors: Kazim Ali Ghazi , Kadhim Abdullah Jawad
Published: February 2022

The research includes the preparation of new azo-barbiturate dyes derived from shiff bases prepared by reaction Barbituric acid & phenlenediamine and repellency bases by means of double-reaction of repellant bases with different phenolic compounds. These compounds were diagnosed using infrared techniques, ultraviolet-visible radiation, NMR proton and thin layer chromatography. All barbiturate dyes had absorption between (273 – 310) nm and showed hypsochromic shift from the corresponding azo dyes. The crystal structures of barbiturate dyes indicated that barbiturate ring is sterically hindered by phenol rings .
Easily Erectable Prefabricated Solid Waste Recycling Processing Plants (WRPP) with High Temperature Pyrolysis (HTP) Technology for Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Frank Michael Adam , Frank Kavishe , Yuri Kazakov , Arkadij Melnikov
Published: February 2022

Every State has the obligation to promote and maintain the welfare of its people and that all people have the right to live in a clean, healthy environment through sustainable and effective waste management¹. The option for waste management that provides the most benefit or causes the least damage to the environment as a whole, at a cost acceptable to society, in the short term and long term, must be adopted to reduce the generation of waste and polluting substances at source. This means that the reduction, re-use and recycling of waste must be promoted².
Early Growth Performances of Three Legumes (Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala and Parkia biglobosa) and Their Effects on the Nitrogen Content of Three Soil Types
Authors: I. A. Kareem , R. A. Animasaun
Published: February 2022

The fact that numerous benefits are derivable from certain tree legumes especially in the sphere of nitrogen fixation, soil fertility improvement, land reclamation and fodder cannot be over emphasized. Thus, early growth studies on the morphological indices of three leguminous /nitrogen fixing trees (Albizia lebbeck, Leucacea leucocephala and Parkia biglobosa) as influenced by different soil types and variation in their nitrogen fixation potentials were investigated. It was a 3 x 3 factorial experiment in completely randomized design comprising 2 factors (soil types and tree species) each at three levels. Initial / pre-experimental soil analysis, seed sowing/planting in three soil types (river sand, clay, loam) tending operations (watering, thinning, weeding, insect control), data collection on seedling emergence (S.E.), morphological growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves/branches, collar, leaf area) for 12 weeks, post experimental soil analysis and data analysis were carried out. Results indicated that A. lebbeck and P. biglobosa seeds sown in river sand and clayey soil respectively had the fastest germination/ S.E. rate (10 days after planting) and the least were seeds planted in clayey soil. Outstanding performances were observed in L. leucocephala and A. lebbeck seedlings planted in loamy soil while P. biglobosa was the least in most of treatment combinations. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (at P?0.05) among all the morphological growth characters. There were variations in percentage nitrogen (%N) fixed, soil analysis showed that A. lebbeck seedlings in river sand had the highest value (6.29%N)\ and the least value (1.45%N) was observed in P. biglobosa (difference between initial and final soil analyses).
Association of Dietary Patterns with Some Risk Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease of Saudi Patients
Authors: Khogali Fathia
Published: February 2022

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. There have been a marked rise in the prevalence of (CKD) in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to identify dietary pattern of Saudi CKD patients  and to evaluate the relationship between dietary patterns and the  biomarkers in CKD. The study was conducted among 58 previously diagnosed with CKD, both genders, aged > 70 years.  Information regarding dietary patterns, demographic and medical history variables was obtained with an online questionnaire. Four dietary patterns, were identified, explaining 54.06% of the  variance; Veggie Dietary  Pattern, Plant-based Dietary Pattern, Miscellanies  Pattern, and Animal-based Dietary Pattern. Correlation between dietary patterns and the metabolic risk factors of CKD;  glomerular filtration rate (G3a, G3b),  Serum creatinine,  and albumin/creatinine ratio,  showed inverse significant association with Veggie Dietary  Pattern and the metabolic risk factors (r -0.591  P .008,   r -0.574  P.015,  r -.607 P.007, r -.601P.007)  respectively. while Animal-based Dietary Pattern was most closely associated with metabolic risk factors (r.557 P.021, r.551 P.023, r.661,P.001,r.660 P.001) respectively.  Marginally significant association was found between  Plant-based Dietary Pattern and Miscellanies Pattern with CKD complications. After adjustment for age, gender, and BMI same correlation still found.
Solvency Requirements Effect on the Financial Performance of Merged Commercial Banks in Rwanda: A Case of Banque Populaire Du Rwanda Public Limited Company (BPR) Atlas Mara
Authors: Patrick Rwakayigamba , Muiruri Paul Munene
Published: February 2022

As the world is becoming global and competitive is growing at an increasing rate where firms are engaging themselves in the rivalry and   banks are not left behind. One of the best strategies used by firms to penetrate into the competition is mergers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of solvency requirements on merged commercial banks in Rwanda. This study was guided by theories like shareholder’s wealth maximization theories, Trade –off theory of capital structure and the theory of Modigliani and Miller. The targeted population was 70 the employees of BPR Rwanda Atlas Mara being the sample size from the different departments by the help of purposive sampling technique. The researcher used the questionnaires to gather data and also the published information from the company websites and the information was interpreted by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The findings on solvency requirement had influence on the financial performance after merger efforts and the overall mean of 3.138 agreed with the statement. The Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient is 0.674 implying that the variables used in subsequent regression modelling are not similar and thus, there are no multicollinearities. This means that 67.4% of the changes in the financial performance of firms is being affected by the merger process. The regression results indicated that the coefficient is positive (0.79) and the significant levels are less than 0.05 (P-value=0.0033). This indicates that banks engage in various merger activities in order to improve their financial performance. The study concludes that solvency requirements contribute to financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. The researcher recommended that banks should engage themselves in merger activities in order to maintain the competition since it got a bigger effect concerning the performance improvements
Application of Linear Programming for developing Distribution Optimization Model for Services: A Case Study of Hospital Speciality Services Distribution
Authors: Devi Prasad Ghosh
Published: February 2022

The objective of the paper was to extend the tangible goods distribution model to services and develop a decision making tool that services distribution company such as hospital chain could use to derive a more efficient and effective distribution of scarce and expensive resources of specialists to its hospitals. The paper attempts to optimize the creation of speciality services infrastructure at a hospital location and planning for specialists resources. The paper developed the problem definition, the formulation of Linear Programming Model, the procedure is designed as a solution to the problem, and the outcome as benefits to the company is presented.  Linear programming model is formulated that can be solved using commercial software. This paper demonstrates the potential for using linear programming in managing large-scale distribution problems for services.  The model resulted in the creation of new metrics for measuring the performance for services distribution, the model will help the company understand conditions that results in hospital specialty services shortages, and the model lead to the discovery of inefficiencies in company speciality services distribution strategy.  The model is directly beneficial to any company in hospital services distribution particularly speciality or super-speciality services. With a large proportion of speciality services sales is accounted by referral of physicians direct to customers, the distribution of speciality procedure services not only defines the cost but also customer satisfaction by managing services delivery quality & time and return-of-patients for post procedure check-ups. The model is also applicable for cases in any other services industries which operates in multiple markets and have large variety of Services Units.
Evaluation the Activity of Antioxidants and Reproductive Performance for Allium cepa and Allium sativum Extracts on males rats treated with Mycotoxins.
Authors: Dhia Hussain Jassim Al-Delemi  , Abeer Sami Kadhim
Published: February 2022

The present study has been designed to evaluate the beneficial effects of Allium cepa andAllium sativum extract upon Ochratoxin-induced hepatic toxicity, The study has been conductedon adult male rats during the period extended from February, 2017 to, July 2017. Fifty maturemale Wister rats (aged 90 days and weighted 190±10 g),were divided in to Five randomly equalgroups , the first served as negative control received only normal saline , the second as positive control received with contaminated with Asp. niger in diet as a single dose(2.5 mg/kg b.w). thirdgroup received with contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days withAllium cepa (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube during 42 days. fourthgroup received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days withAllium sativum (250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally through stomach tube for 42 days. Fifth group received contaminated with Asp. niger as a single dose then treated after 2 days withAllium cepa and Allium sativum together (250,250 mg /kg b.w.) respectively orally throughstomach tube during 42 days. males were anaesthetized (by injection i/p of 0.3ml ketamine + 0.1ml of xylazine /kg b. w. ip), blood samples were obtained from heart in non-heparinized tubes,Blood serum samples were separated for assessment of GOT, GPT, concentration, andassessment testosterone, FSH in blood serum. Under our experimental conditions, contaminatedwith Asp. niger resulted evidenced by statistically significant ncrease(p>0.05) in the activitiesof GOT, GPT in group 2 of just Ochratoxin compared with the control group, while in the thirdand fourth groups showed statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in GOT, GPT level inBlood serum of contaminated with Asp. niger treated group compared with the control group,while in assessment of hormone shown in contaminated group showed decrease of this hormonesas for as in Allium cepa and Allium sativum groups increase in hormones and in combinationgroups was very high significant in hormones levels. After histological analysis of the groupcontaminated with Asp. niger proved change in the, after the gavage of (Allium cepa and Alliumsativum), and in testicular section was shown the effect of plants extract to repair of tissue. Theresults showed that there was an improvement in liver tissues after treatment with Allium cepaand Allium sativum.In present study we concluded to Allium cepa and Allium sativum together dose 250+250 mg/kgb.w. is better than dose 250mg/kg b.w. alone depending on results in recently study. weconcluded that the administration of (Allium cepa and Allium sativum) together act as antifungaland antioxidant for contaminated with Asp. niger in males rats.
Application of Responsibility Accounting to Productivity Evaluation in the Nigerian Quoted Companies
Authors: Adegbie Folajimi Festus , Rotimi Olusanjo Olugbenga , Samuel Olaoye A
Published: February 2022

The study was designed to identify measure of performance that is related to shareholders wealth and that managers can directly observe and can see the influence of their actions in their responsibilities. The primary objective of business is to maximize the shareholders wealth. The measurement of firm’ s productivity is a good indicator to assess the realization of this objective. The responsibility to achieve this goal however lies heavily in the hands of managers which has become a major challenge in profit oriented organizations. It has been observed that responsibility accounting application to evaluate productivity is missing in Nigerian quoted companies, while in some it is not well instituted and administered. The research work adopted an ex-post facto research design, with a focus on the quoted Nigerian quoted companies as at 31st December 2016.A sample size of 53 companies was selected by using a combination of stratified and purposive sampling techniques. Productivity was proxied by earnings per share while Responsibility accounting was proxied by cost of sales, operating cost, net income and Return on Asset. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analyses. The data collected were analyzed using specified regression models with the aid of E-View statistical package. The findings showed that responsibility accounting variables of cost of sales, operating cost, net income and return on assets have positive and significant impact on earnings per share with p values of t statistics < 0.05.The joint effect of cost of sales, operating cost, net income and return on asset on earning per share is significant. The F-statistics and Adjusted R2 values were prob.F=0.000,R2=0.37.The Adjusted R2 value was not strong in explaining the variations in earning per share. This implied that cost of sales, operating coat, net income and return on asset do not sufficiently explained variations in earning per share. We concluded that responsibility accounting has a significant positive effect on productivity in Nigerian quoted companies. This showed that if all the independent variables can be efficiently managed and controlled, value will be created in the quoted companies. We recommended that managers in profit centres, cost centres and investment centres should focus their actions towards the company’s productivity and maximization of the company’s value and shareholders wealth.
The New Public Management and the Public Sector Performance
Authors: Peter Idoko
Published: February 2022

The proliferation of reforms in public administration based on the principles and instruments of the New Public Management (NPM) have triggered protest from and collective action by many professional groups in various sectors (healthcare, education, justice, social work, research.) and raised questions about the future of professionals working in the public service, particularly as concerns their autonomy. This exploratory study indicates that public administration in the 21st century is undergoing dramatic change, especially in advanced economies, but also in many parts of the developing world such as Nigeria. Globalization and the pluralization of service provision are the driving forces behind these changes. Policy problems faced by governmentsare increasingly complex, wicked and global, rather than simple, linear, and national in focus. And yet the prevailing paradigms through which public sector reform are designed and implemented are relatively static and do not fully encompass the significance or implications of these wider changes. While public sector reforms in the developing world such as Nigeria are influenced by policy experiments and organizational practices originating in OECD countries, they tend to operate within the traditional public administration paradigm. Consequently, there is often a discrepancy between the thrust of public sector reform efforts in developing country contexts and wider shifts in the nature of governance and contemporary approaches to public management grounded in OECD experience. It was concluded therefore that Nigeria has embraced the concept of new public management from their western originator but its core principles and tenets are not strictly applied in the management of public sector administration. It was recommended among others that for us to achieve the tenets of new public management in Nigeria, the government need to be honest, transparent, probity and accountability in the political leadership management including the managers in the public sector organizations.
Impact of Promotion on Profitability of an Organisation: A Study of Nigerian Bottling Company PLC
Authors: Anthonia Uloko
Published: February 2022

The study assesses the impact of promotion on the profitability of the Nigeria Bottling Company Plc, Enugu Plant. The population of the study was made up of 56 management staff drawn from marketing, sales and accounting/finance departments of the company. Employing a census technique, the whole population of 56 management staff constituted the sample size of the study and data obtained from the 56 copies of the questionnaire were presented using descriptive statistics whereas, multiple regression analysis with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was conducted to test both the company’s financial statement from the year 2003 to 2012 and the hypotheses. The findings from data analysis of company’s financial statement shows that, profit is slightly influenced by the variables of sales income not necessary cost of promotion, while the results of the hypotheses testing indicated that, advertising has no significant impact on profitability; sales promotion has a significant impact on profitability; personal selling has no significant impact on profitability; public relations has a significant impact on profitability. The need for an organization to properly coordinate its promotional strategies to achieve a clear consistent and competitive message about itself and its products has become an issue of concern to every result driving firm. The study concluded that, promotion is an important tool that helps companies to improve their profitability. We recommended that there is the need for organizations to increasingly integrate effective promotion in their activities to improved their profitability and competitive advantage.