bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opposing directions of stage-specific body shape change in a close relative of C. elegans
Authors: Hammerschmith Eric W. , Woodruff Gavin C. , Moser Kimberly A. , Johnson Erik , Phillips Patrick C.
Published: July 2022

Background

Body size is a fundamental organismal trait. However, as body size and ecological contexts change across developmental time, evolutionary divergence may cause unexpected patterns of body size diversity among developmental stages. This may be particularly evident in polyphenic developmental stages specialized for dispersal. The dauer larva is such a stage in nematodes, and Caenorhabditis species disperse by traveling on invertebrate carriers. Here, we describe the morphology of a stress-resistant, dauer-like larval stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis inopinata, whose adults can grow to be nearly twice as long as its close relative, the model organism C. elegans.

Results

We find that a dauer-like, stress-resistant larval stage in two isolates of C. inopinata is on average 13% shorter and 30% wider than the dauer larvae of C. elegans, despite its much longer adult stage. Additionally, many C. inopinata dauer-like larvae were ensheathed, a possible novelty in this lineage reminiscent of the infective juveniles of parasitic nematodes. Variation in dauer-like larva formation frequency among twenty-four wild isolates of C. inopinata was also observed, although frequencies were low across all isolates (< 2%), with many isolates unable to produce dauer-like larvae under conventional laboratory conditions.

Conclusion

Most Caenorhabditis species thrive on rotting plants and disperse on snails, slugs, or isopods (among others) whereas C. inopinata is ecologically divergent and thrives in fresh Ficus septica figs and disperses on their pollinating wasps. While there is some unknown factor of the fig environment that promotes elongated body size in C. inopinata adults, the small size or unique life history of its fig wasp carrier may be driving the divergent morphology of its stress-resistant larval stages. Further characterization of the behavior, development, and morphology of this stage will refine connections to homologous developmental stages in other species and determine whether ecological divergence across multiple developmental stages can promote unexpected and opposing changes in body size dimensions within a single species.
Efficacy of some entomopathogenic fungi against tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Karaca Gürsel , Erol Alime Bayındır , Çığgın Burcu Açıloğlu , Acarbulut Hatice , Karaca İsmail
Published: July 2022

Background

Effects of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF); Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea and Pupureocillium lilacinum against tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), which is one of the most economic pests of tomato, were investigated in Petri dish, pot and greenhouse experiments. Commercial bioinsecticide Met 52 was also used in the experiments. In the Petri dish trials, I. fumosorosea applied to the third instar larvae by dipping method was recorded as the most effective entomopathogen, while the efficacy of B. bassiana was high in the spray and residue methods. In the pot experiments, entomopathogenic fungi were applied to tomato plants before and after infestation with T. absoluta.

Results

As a result of the applications, it was found that the EPF significantly reduced the formation of galleries on tomato leaves when applied before or at the beginning of tomato leafminer infestation. In the greenhouse experiments a registered insecticide Voliam Targo was also applied. All applications significantly reduced the numbers of galleries on tomato leaves than in the control plants, in both greenhouse trials, made in Antalya and Isparta Provinces. I. fumosorosea was the most effective one among the tested 3 EPF.

Conclusions

In this study, it was determined that the EPF B. bassiana and P. lilacinum can reduce tomato leafminer damage, while the efficacy of I. fumosorosea was the highest, and especially after two applications it was nearly effective as the registered insecticide.
Induction of mastitis by cow-to-mouse fecal and milk microbiota transplantation causes microbiome dysbiosis and genomic functional perturbation in mice
Authors: Hoque M. Nazmul , Rahman M. Shaminur , Islam Tofazzal , Sultana Munawar , Crandall Keith A. , Hossain M. Anwar
Published: July 2022

Background

Mastitis pathogenesis involves a wide range of opportunistic and apparently resident microorganims including bacteria, viruses and archaea. In dairy animals, microbes reside in the host, interact with environment and evade the host immune system, providing a potential for host-tropism to favor mastitis pathogenesis. To understand the host-tropism phenomena of bovine-tropic mastitis microbiomes, we developed a cow-to-mouse mastitis model.

Methods

A cow-to-mouse mastitis model was established by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and milk microbiota transplantation (MMT) to pregnant mice to assess microbiome dysbiosis and genomic functional perturbations through shotgun whole metagenome sequencing (WMS) along with histopathological changes in mice mammary gland and colon tissues.

Results

The cow-to-mouse FMT and MMT from clinical mastitis (CM) cows induced mastitis syndromes in mice as evidenced by histopathological changes in mammary gland and colon tissues. The WMS of 24 samples including six milk (CM = 3, healthy; H = 3), six fecal (CM = 4, H = 2) samples from cows, and six fecal (CM = 4, H = 2) and six mammary tissue (CM = 3, H = 3) samples from mice generating 517.14 million reads (average: 21.55 million reads/sample) mapped to 2191 bacterial, 94 viral and 54 archaeal genomes. The Kruskal–Wallis test revealed significant differences (p = 0.009) in diversity, composition, and relative abundances in microbiomes between CM- and H-metagenomes. These differences in microbiome composition were mostly represented by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus crispatus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterococcus faecalis, Pantoea dispersa in CM-cows (feces and milk), and Muribaculum spp., Duncaniella spp., Muribaculum intestinale, Bifidobacterium animalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Massilia oculi, Ralstonia pickettii in CM-mice (feces and mammary tissues). Different species of Clostridia, Bacteroida, Actinobacteria, Flavobacteriia and Betaproteobacteria had a strong co-occurrence and positive correlation as the indicator species of murine mastitis. However, both CM cows and mice shared few mastitis-associated microbial taxa (1.14%) and functional pathways regardless of conservation of mastitis syndromes, indicating the higher discrepancy in mastitis-associated microbiomes among lactating mammals.

Conclusions

We successfully induced mastitis by FMT and MMT that resulted in microbiome dysbiosis and genomic functional perturbations in mice. This study induced mastitis in a mouse model through FMT and MMT, which might be useful for further studies- focused on pathogen(s) involved in mastitis, their cross-talk among themselves and the host.

Graphical Abstract
Progress towards an eco-friendly insect pest management approach in subtropical agro-ecosystems (South Africa)
Authors: Grové Tertia
Published: July 2022

South Africa is a known exporter of subtropical fruit (avocado, litchi and mango). The main production areas for subtropical fruit in South Africa are parts of Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. The avocado and litchi industries are export orientated while the majority of mangoes produced are processed. The main export markets are the European Union and the United Kingdom. Subtropical fruit production is susceptible to various insect pests that significantly contribute to yield losses. Twenty years ago mainly broad spectrum insecticides (organophosphates and pyrethroids) had been registered for control of pests and progress was made in adopting eco-friendlier management approaches. The lowering of maximum residue levels for pesticides on food products by importing countries provide new challenges for growers. Here, details are provided on the important insect pests of subtropical crops and the current management strategies use for controlling these pests. An integrated pest management strategy should aim to use interventions that lower maximum residue levels. A challenge that still remains is the sucking bug complex on avocado and more environmentally friendly strategies used for suppression need to be developed. An effective trapping system to monitor adult sucking bugs coming into the orchards will be important for effective management. Challenges that still remain are the litchi moth, Cryptophlebia peltastica (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on litchi, and the citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the mango seed weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on mango. The development and testing of mating disruption products, attract and kill products, and biological control products for litchi moth is important. Biological control products also need to be tested against citrus thrips on mango. The mango industry needs to find more environmentally safe suppression methods that can be used with sanitation to manage mango seed weevil as it is a pest of phytosanitary concern. The set of economic thresholds for the important pests also need some attention. The use of botanical pesticides has not yet been tested on a large scale and could possibly contribute to the control of pests in the future.
The impact of the international rice genebank (IRG) on rice farming in Bangladesh
Authors: Villanueva Donald , Enriquez Yuji , Capilit Grace Lee
Published: July 2022

Background

The International Rice Genebank (IRG) currently safeguards the largest and most diverse collection of rice genetic resources in the world. Over the past decades, genetic resources from the IRG have been used effectively to increase smallholder farmers’ rice productivity in developing economies. Bangladesh is one of the direct and indirect recipients of IRG germplasm for rice genetic improvement. This study aimed to map the impact pathways of IRG germplasm transfers to Bangladesh, evaluate the genetic contribution of IRG germplasms to rice productivity of farmers, and compute the equivalent economic benefit.

Methods

Impact pathway analysis was conducted to map the IRG’s germplasm transfer for varietal improvement and seed dissemination of improved rice varieties in Bangladesh using the information collected from key informant interviews. Using data from the farm household survey conducted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 2016 in five divisions in Bangladesh, a pedigree analysis was conducted that related the productivity changes in farmers’ fields explicitly to genebank accessions through varietal improvement. Afterward, we evaluated the economic benefit of IRG contribution in rice varietal improvement in Bangladesh using the computed marginal increases in productivity, average paddy price, and estimated total rice area.

Results

IRG’s impact pathway on germplasm transfer in Bangladesh showed that impacts for farmers were achieved through joint efforts with IRRI and the National Agricultural Research and Extension System’s research-for-development programs. On average, 52% of the improved rice varieties’ genetic composition, cultivated by farmers in Bangladesh, definitely came from IRG accessions. This contribution factor could increase up to 67% if possible contributions were taken into account. The results of the Cobb–Douglas model implied that for every 1% increase in the definite IRG contribution to an improved rice variety, there was an increase in rice yield of about 0.99%, holding other factors constant. This yield increase can be translated into an additional US$ 8,576,973 aggregated net benefit of farmers during the wet season in Bangladesh. The enhanced yield can be associated with the added important agronomic traits contributed by the accession provided by the IRG in the genetic background of the rice varieties developed for farmers in Bangladesh.

Conclusions

The findings of the study demonstrate that IRG accession forms a significant part of the ancestry of improved rice varieties which is associated with improved yield. The study highlights the valuable contribution of IRG’s conservation and distribution of genetic accessions to the research and development of improved rice varieties and rice production on farms in Bangladesh.
Study on the characteristics and influencing factors of Chang 7 ultralow-porosity and low-permeability reservoirs in the Heshui area, Ordos Basin
Authors: Liu Xinju , Liu Yuetian , Lu Zhendong , Zhang Tao , Yu Linjun , Yi Tao , Xu Hanwen , Lei Yutian , Zang Qibiao , Awan Rizwan Sarwar , Li Wenda , Liu Chenglin , Yunfei Wu
Published: July 2022

Recently, the exploration and development of the Chang 7 shale oil reserves and production have increased in the Ordos Basin. However, the characteristics of the Chang 7 reservoir vary greatly in different areas, which affect the exploration and development of shale oil. We used various analytical methods such as core observation, casting section, high-pressure mercury injection, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and logging interpretation to study characteristics of the reservoir in the Heshui area. The lithology of the Chang 7 member is mainly feldspathic quartz sandstone suggesting that the content of quartz is higher than that of feldspar, and it has relatively low carbonates. In addition, the kinds of feldspar are mainly plagioclase and potassium feldspar, and the concentration of clay minerals is 80%, mainly comprising illite and chlorite. The reservoir of the Chang 7 member is chiefly comprised of submicron pores, such as feldspar dissolved pores, intergranular pores, dissolved pores, microfractures, and intergranular pores. The porosity ranges from 6% to 12%, whereas permeability is less than 0.2 × 10−3 [Formula: see text]. The Chang 7 reservoir has a strong heterogeneity. Specifically, the heterogeneity of Chang 71 is weaker than that of Chang 72. There is a complex diagenesis such as compaction, dissolution, and cementation, and the compaction and cementation are relatively more and the dissolution is dominated by constructive diagenesis of feldspar dissolution. Sedimentary microfacies are one of the main factors controlling reservoir development. The physical properties of the reservoir in the branch channel are better than the edges of the branch channel and the lacustrine. The diagenesis affects the development and distribution of good reservoirs, and destructive diagenesis such as compaction and cementation reduces porosity and permeability. Conversely, dissolution increases the physical properties of the reservoir. Tectonics has no obvious effects on reservoir but plays a positive role in the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon when microfractures developed.
Guadalupe or Guadaloop?
Authors: Regan Brendan
Published: July 2022

To examine the social evaluations of place-name variation, a matched-guise study was created using audio clips of four bilingual and four monolingual Austinites performing a map task. The audio clips were digitally manipulated to vary only in place-name pronunciation, using English or Spanish phonology for Spanish place-names and established local or newcomer nonlocal for English place-names. Based on the responses of 126 residents of Austin, mixed-effects linear regression models and qualitative comments found that listeners uniformly perceived English place-name variation only in terms of localness, while Spanish variation indexed several social meanings that varied by listener and speaker demographics, particularly listener ethnicity (i.e., non-Hispanic listeners evaluated Spanish phonology as nonlocal while Hispanic listeners considered both English and Spanish phonology local). The author contends that (1) not all listeners perceive the same indexical fields but rather partially overlapping fields; (2) differing perceptions of Spanish place-names reveal underlying monoglossic ideologies in the United States; and (3) place-name variation is a rich site of indexical information for the construction of place identity, particularly in bilingual regions.
Afro-Latina Disidentification and Bridging
Authors: Lomas Laura
Published: July 2022

The exiled Cuban poet, editor, and feminist Lourdes Casal breaks with social scientific convention and identifies in the first person with “Hispanic Blackness,” feminism, and Cuba in her essays about race and revolution. Her bridging of identity categories informs Casal’s self-definition as a “radicalized” social scientist who sheds light on academic feminism’s blindspots and who applauds the revolutionary recognition of Cuban culture as “Latin-African.” Casal forges decolonial tools for dismantling the master’s house by adapting feminist rhetorical strategies of self-inscription that make palpable the entrenched effects of anti-Black violence. Casal’s scholarship practices what queer Cuban philosopher José Muñoz calls “disidentification.” Against a tradition that dismisses women as monsters, she reformats Cuban and Black thought by assuming the role of Shakespeare and Fernández Retamar’s Caliban. This essay invites the reader to remember Casal’s 1970s essays as foundationally intersectional, decolonial, antiracist, and feminist.
“You're Not Defeated as Long as You're Resisting”
Authors: Meari Lena , Esmeir Samera , McGlazer Ramsey
Published: July 2022

This interview with Lena Meari considers the history and present of Palestinian hunger strikes. Meari reflects on the political and theoretical dimensions of hunger strikes by Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli colonial prisons and illuminates their relationship to the history of the Palestinian liberation struggle and its transformations from the 1960s into the post-Oslo present. The interview situates the hunger strike at the center of a Palestinian political culture of anticolonial protest and argues that this form of strike manifests Palestinian aspirations for freedom that have continued to permeate the prison while transforming it into a space of struggle and reproducing Palestine as resistance. Each singular/collective hunger strike interrupts the colonial order within and beyond the prison walls and asserts Palestinians' persistent struggle for a liberated future. The demise of the collective hunger strike and the rise of individual strikes, Meari argues, does not necessarily signal the collapse of collective struggles. Rather, individual hunger strikes are what at present maintain the memory of past collective struggles and anticipate while activating anticolonial collectivity-in-struggle to come.
Εξέλιξη της Διδακτικής της Ιστορίας: Επιστημολογικό και Πολιτικοκοινωνικό Πλαίσιο
Authors: Αποστολίδου Ελένη Δ.
Published: July 2022

Αυτή η συμβολή στοχεύει στην περιγραφή της πορείας της Διδακτικής της Ιστορίας από τη δεκαετία του 1970 όταν πρωτοκαθιερώθηκε ως αυτόνομο διδακτικό αντικείμενο στα πανεπιστήμια μέχρι και σήμερα. Σημαντικές στιγμές στην πορεία τής παραπάνω επιστήμης είναι οι δεκαετίες του 1980 και 1990. Στη δεκαετία του 1980 και του 1990 έλαβαν χώρα εμπειρικές μελέτες που σχετίζονται με την ιστορική συνείδηση και την πολιτική στάση των νέων και τονίζουν την ανάγκη να εφαρμοστούν οι ιστορικές γνώσεις στην πρακτική καθημερινή ζωή, ακολουθώντας τα ενδιαφέροντα των μαθητών, και ενδεχομένως να σηματοδοτείται μια ‘συναισθηματική’ στροφή στην ιστορική εκπαίδευση σε αντίθεση με τη δεκαετία του 1970 όπου έχουμε επικέντρωση στην ιστορική σκέψη. Σήμερα, βιώνουμε μια μετάβαση εμπειρικής εκπαιδευτικής έρευνας σχετικά με το ρόλο των διαφόρων «μαθησιακών περιβαλλόντων», εκτός από το σχολείο, στον σχηματισμό ιστορικής σκέψης και ιστορικής συνείδησης. Η συμβολή των θεσμικών εκπαιδευτικών ρυθμίσεων, των προγραμμάτων σπουδών, των σχολικών βιβλίων, στην ιστορική σκέψη των μαθητών, φαίνεται να έχει ακμάσει σε προηγούμενες περιόδους. Η έμφαση τόσο στην ιστορική σκέψη όσο και στη συνείδηση των μαθητών σε επίσημα και ανεπίσημα εκπαιδευτικά περιβάλλοντα, θα μπορούσε να ταυτιστεί με την «πολιτισμική» στροφή στην ιστοριογραφία και τις διαδικασίες της «αντίληψης» παρά της «παραγωγής» όσον αφορά τα πολιτισμικά προϊόντα.
A scientific methodology course for advanced medical students: an eight-year perspective
Authors: Bartesaghi Silvina , Garcés Gastón , Barrios Enrique , Radi Rafael
Published: July 2022

Background: Exponential increases in the development of medical knowledge, the expansion of areas where medicine develops its activities, the emergence of new pathologies (e.g., COVID-19), novel diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies, together with the appearance of multiple communication and information technologies, determined that the education of future physicians required targeted training in scientific methodology.

Methods: The design and execution of a course in scientific methodology in the curriculum of Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, is described. The course is carried out at an advanced stage of the medical studies for all the students, in which they develop a 10-month research project supervised by the medical school faculty. Students undergo all stages of a research endeavor: generation of hypothesis, elaboration of a research protocol, submission to the Research Ethics and Animal Welfare Committees, data recollection, analysis, interpretation and publication of the results.

Results: The course is undertaken at the Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, the main university of the country, with high numbers of students enrolled. The course involves the participation of 600 students and up to 300 professors per year, which implies a huge institutional effort

Conclusions: The scientific methodology course resulted in one of the most important incorporations of the current 2008 curriculum. Local students, faculty and international evaluators have qualified this activity as an educational breakthrough, being a gratifying and productive experience. The course represented the first exposure of medical students to the research methodology, scientific literature and publication rules, and emphasized the dynamic nature of medical knowledge within modern medical education. Moreover, for some students it constituted the onset of academic research careers. An additional positive outcome was the reactivation of some faculty research projects, in a way that largely exceeded the boundaries of the course.
The Role of Managers in R&D Organizational Networks. Are They Knowledge Workers or Bureaucrats?
Authors:   Center for Science Technology and Innovation Policy and Management Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Setiawan Sigit , Lestari Rahmi
Published: July 2022

Abstract. In today’s competition-driven world, competitive advantage is the only way for an organization to survive. There are various ways to gain a competitive edge through the application of knowledge, technology, and science. Indonesian public research and development (R&D) faces numerous challenges, one of which is researchers’ low productivity in terms of international journal publications. To boost research productivity and performance, efforts must be made to streamline knowledge flows within public R&D institutions. Additionally, data from dynamic information flows in networks can be used to evaluate bureaucratic effectiveness and identify potential knowledge talents or actors within R&D organizations. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of managers at all levels in a public R&D organization in coordinating information flow through knowledge networks and bureaucratic relationships. The social network analysis (SNA) technique was used to map managers’ role in aligning knowledge flows in an Indonesian public R&D organization. Individuals were classified according to their type and centrality in the network, and network metrics such as “degree of centrality,” “eigenvector centrality,” and “clustering coefficient” were determined. It was found that the organization has some issues with knowledge flows and power distribution. The two distinct knowledge flow patterns, one for knowledge-seeking and the other for administrative knowledge, do not appear to be synchronized. The director of the R&D center is assumed to be less influential than the top manager in terms of knowledge and bureaucratic influence. At the managerial level, clique tendency is lower, while it is higher at the nonmanagerial level. Such centralization and cliques are dangerous because managing knowledge cannot be handled by a single person in a knowledge-intensive organization such as an R&D institution. Additionally, it was discovered that middle managers are critical for knowledge-seeking purposes, whereas administrative managers dominate the bureaucratic role. The research implications are dependent on deciphering the complexities of knowledge flows among employees and the variables that influence the knowledge-transfer process within an organization. This issue will exacerbate the problem by decreasing productivity and increasing reliance on a small number of people. Additional research is required to generalize the findings to other Indonesian R&D institutions. Keywords: Bureaucracy, knowledge management, social network analysis
Analysis of Consumer Technology Acceptance Model on Indonesian Telemedicine Applications
Authors:   Department Of Management (PJJ) Binus Online Learning Bina Nusantara University Indonesia, Alfarizi Muhammad
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The digital era makes it easier for humans to cope with pandemic-related confinement, including in terms of access to healthcare. Health e-commerce facilitates consumers' access to healthcare and pharmaceuticals without having to leave the house, and startups in the health sector can contribute to economic growth and a culture of healthy living. This study gauges consumer perceptions as related to the purchase of medicines and doctor consultations online through telemedicine platforms in Indonesia. More specifically, we use the technology acceptance model to investigate how consumer perceptions on the quality, services, and products of both web- and application-based platforms influence consumer purchasing intentions for online health consultations and prescription and non-prescription medicines. Our data comprise the responses of 250 survey participants, analyzed via structural equation modeling techniques. The results show that trust can play a positive role in determining consumer intentions to purchase health consultation services or medicines through telemedicine platforms in Indonesia. Moreover, they show that 1) e-commerce telemedicine can earn greater consumer confidence via the improvement of product and service perceptions, and 2) websites and applications can ensure consumer trust via the improvement of website quality and service perceptions. The analysis of our research findings indicates that the quality of websites, applications, services, and product perceptions determine trust, and hence build consumer confidence in shopping for health products or for online consultations with competent doctors. Keyword: Covid-19, digitization, consumer , start up, telemedicine
Factors Influencing Willingness to Invest in Peer-to-Peer Lending
Authors:   Bina Nusantara University Indonesia, Surjadi Ferdinand , Gunawan Jonathan , Feryanto Sherine Amanda , Gunadi Willy
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The present study examines factors which influence willingness to invest in peer-to-peer lending. While many other studies have discussed peer-to-peer lending, few have focused on the lender's perspective or on the expected return variable. This quantitative study uses the non-probability sampling method with 157 online questionnaire respondents from Jakarta and Tangerang, along with the PLS method of analysis. The results obtained from SmartPLS show that company reputation and expected return had a positive influence on trust and that trust, in turn, had a positive influence on willingness to invest. Conversely, perceived risk was shown to have no influence on trust. From this research, it can be concluded that if a peer-to-peer lending platform desires to be more successful, it should consider focusing on improving the company's reputation and on setting a higher rate of return, rather than on the risk perceived by lenders. Keywords: peer-to-peer lending platforms, lenders, perceived risk, trust, willingness to invest
Density or variability: is it time for a paradigm shift in ecology?
Authors: Uchmanski Janusz
Published: July 2022

In ecology, the paradigm of density is commonly used. It is used to construct mathematical models and to plan and interpret ecological experiments. This leads to mathematical models using differential equations in ecology. It seems, however, due the fundamental discontinuity in ecological systems, which appears in the form of discrete individuals in the population, we should use in models of population dynamics a paradigm that speaks of the variability of these individuals and the discontinuity of basic demographic processes in populations. This should result in the further development of individual-based modelling in ecology as well as the development of experimental individual-based ecology. The paradigm of dependence on density in a slightly altered form and the assumption of the continuity of ecological processes can continue to be used in those branches of ecology that deal with the cycling of matter and the flow of energy through ecological systems.
Assessment of Urban Sprawl in Sargodha City using Remotely Sense Data
Authors: Ashraf Humayun , Mobeen Muhammad , Miandad Muhammad , Khan Mehtab Ahmed , Rahman Ghani , Munawar Saira
Published: July 2022

The current study focuses on tracking urban sprawl in one of the rapidly growing cities of Pakistan i.e., Sargodha. The secondary cities have the capacity to persuade people from rural areas to relocate. In this regard, the current study is unique in that it will give a comprehensive analysis of urban sprawl of Sargodha City. The remotely sensed data is used for this purpose. The study is primarily based on the collecting of both primary and secondary data. For the last 30 years, from 1987 to 2017, primary data was gathered from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF). ERDAS Imagine 2013 is used to classify land use using remotely sensed data. The Kappa Coefficient was used to compute the accuracy assessment of classified maps. Maps are used to depict a comparative analysis of urban sprawl in the city. In addition, regression analysis and simple statistical computations are also utilised to assess dynamic changes in urban sprawl. From 1987 to 2017, a 10-year interval was used to measure change in built-up land using an equation. According to the findings of the study, Sargodha City has experienced considerable changes in land use patterns. This current study is beneficial for policymakers to design the city in a well-planned manner. The appropriate design of cities can pave the way for higher living standards in rapidly growing cities of Pakistan.
Cuba, el Caribe y Estados Unidos: el interamericanismo del diplomático Miguel Ángel de la Campa (1925-1959).
Authors: Verdugo Álvez María Nieves
Published: July 2022

: Abordamos en este trabajo la figura de Miguel Ángel de la Campa, diplomático cubano que desde 1919 representó a Cuba en diferentes países. En el contexto de la II Guerra Mundial se planteó la unión de las naciones americanas para la defensa de la integridad territorial, pero también en términos comerciales y culturales. Miguel Ángel de la Campa sería uno de los precursores de esta unión, aunque desde una perspectiva identitaria e interamericana.
De la guerra de España a los inicios de la Guerra Fría: la evolución ideológica de Carlos Morla Linch.
Authors: Carrellán Ruiz Juan Luis
Published: July 2022

El diplomático chileno Carlos Morla Lynch fue testigo excepcional de una Europa convulsa como funcionario, primero, en la Embajada chilena en Madrid antes y durante la Guerra Civil española; segundo, en Alemania y Suiza durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial; y, finalmente, en Suecia en los inicios de la Guerra Fría. Durante todo este periplo Morla Lynch sufrió una evolución ideológica que tratamos de entender y explicar en este trabajo.
Política religión y representación del tiempo en el “Ensayo estadístico del Estado de Jalisco” del Ingeniero Mariano Bárcena.
Authors: Carbajal López David
Published: July 2022

El Ensayo estadístico de Mariano Bárcena, aunque obra científica y técnica, es testimonio del proceso de secularización en el mundo hispánico. Así lo muestran la delimitación política del territorio, la presencia de la jerarquía urbana (pueblo, villa, ciudad), la toponimia asociada al santoral, y la representación del tiempo, todos marcados por referentes que proceden de la tradición católica y la ideología liberal.
Un Dogma papal, dos Estados contrapuestos. España y México entre el progresismo liberal y el conservadurismo santannista, 1854-1855.
Authors: Fonseca Ramírez Cristina
Published: July 2022

El régimen posrevolucionario mexicano utilizó la diplomacia cultural para contrarrestar estereotipos negativos y proyectar una imagen positiva en el exterior a fin de normalizar sus relaciones con el resto del mundo y construir contrapesos al intervencionismo estadounidense. La gestión de Enrique González Martínez en Sudamérica y España entre 1920 y 1931 es un ejemplo de la diplomacia cultural mexicana de Entreguerras.
Las elecciones a prior y cónsul del consulado de Sevilla en la visita de Juan de Góngora (1618-1648).
Authors: Heredia López Alfonso Jesús
Published: July 2022

En este artículo se analizan las elecciones a prior y cónsul del Consulado de Sevilla entre 1618 y 1648, periodo que coincidió con la visita de Juan de Góngora al órgano consular. Se muestran las prácticas que una camarilla de mercaderes ejecutó para tener el control de los cargos dirigentes, y cómo la visita fue clave para romper esta dinámica e introducir reformas que modificaron la normativa electoral del Consulado.
Arte de la lengua chínica que vulgarmente se llama mandarina: la gramática sínico-hispánica compuesta por los frailes Juan Rodríguez y José de Villanueva.
Authors: Hernández Hidalgo José Luis
Published: July 2022

: El presente artículo tiene como objeto de estudio una gramática sínico-hispánica compuesta a finales del siglo XVIII por el fraile agustino Juan Rodríguez y modificada por su correligionario José de Villanueva tras su fallecimiento. Se procederá a la reconstrucción de la historia de este manuscrito prestando especial atención a los círculos sociales que influyeron en su desarrollo
Can Big Data Cure Risk Selection in Healthcare Capitation Program? A Game Theoretical Analysis
Authors: She Zhaowei , Ayer Turgay , Montanera Daniel
Published: July 2022

Problem definition: This paper analyzes a market design problem in Medicare Advantage (MA), the largest risk-adjusted capitation payment program in the U.S. healthcare market. Evidence exists that the current MA capitation payment program unintentionally incentivizes health plans to cherry pick profitable patient types, which is referred to as “risk selection”. However, the root causes of the risk selection are not comprehensively understood, which we study in this paper. Academic / Practical Relevance: The existing literature primarily attributes the observed risk selection in MA market to data limitations and low explanatory power (e.g. low R2) of the current risk adjustment design. As a result, the current understanding and expectation are that risk selection would gradually disappear over time with increased availability of big data. However, if informationally imperfect risk adjustment is not the only cause of risk selection, big data would provide false assurance to key stakeholders, which we investigate in this paper. Given that risk-adjusted capitation payment models have been increasingly adopted by payers in the U.S., our study would be of primary interest to payers, providers and policy makers in the healthcare market. Results: This paper shows that big data alone cannot cure risk selection in the MA capitation program. In particular, we show that even if the current MA risk adjustment design became informationally perfect (e.g. R2 = 1), health plans would still have incentives to conduct risk selection, as imperfect risk adjustment is not the only cause of risk selection in the MA market. More specifically, we show that incentives would continue to persist for risk selection in the age of big data through strategically subsidizing some subgroups of patients using capitation payments collected from other subgroups, which we call “risk selection induced by cross subsidization.” We further propose a simple mechanism to address this risk selection problem induced by cross subsidization in MA. Methodology: We construct a game-theoretical model to derive the MA capitation rates under informationally perfect risk adjustment, and show that these capitation rates cannot eliminate risk selection in MA. Managerial Implications: To eliminate risk selection, payers should modify their current capitation mechanisms to take into account the cross subsidization incentives, as proposed in this paper.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1127 .
Maximum Entropy Distributions with Applications to Graph Simulation
Authors: Glasserman Paul , de Larrea Enrique Lelo
Published: July 2022

The problem of simulating graphs (networks) subject to constraints has been studied extensively across several areas. Applications of this problem include modeling inter-bank financial networks, predator-prey ecological graphs, contingency tables, and even studying larger networks such as the Internet. In “Maximum Entropy Distributions with Applications to Graph Simulation,” P. Glasserman and E. Lelo de Larrea study the more general problem of sampling uniformly from product sets under linear constraints, which includes simulating bipartite, directed, and undirected graphs with given degree sequences. For this purpose, they consider two suitable probability distributions: one that maximizes the entropy of the system, and another that maximizes the minimum probability of hitting the desired target set. Although apparently different, the authors provide conditions under which both distributions coincide. In addition, they propose a simple sequential algorithm to sample medium-sized graphs with fixed degrees.
Adaptive method for image dynamic range adjustment and detail enhancement
Authors: Lang Yi-Zheng , Qian Yun-Sheng , Kong Xiang-Yu , Zhang Jing-Zhi
Published: July 2022

Tone mapping operators (TMOs) aim to adjust high dynamic range (HDR) images to low dynamic range (LDR) ones so that they can be displayed on conventional devices with visual information retained. Nonetheless, existing TMOs can successfully tone-map only limited types of HDR images, and the parameters need to be manually adjusted to yield the best subjective-quality tone-mapped outputs. To cope with the aforementioned issues, an adaptive parameter-free and scene-adaptive TMO for dynamic range adjusting and detail enhancing is proposed to yield a high-resolution and high-subjective-quality tone-mapped output. This method is based on detail/base layer decomposition to decompose the input HDR image into coarse detail, fine detail, and base images. After that, we adopt different strategies to process each layer to adjust the overall brightness and contrast and to retain as much scene information. Finally, a new method, to the best of our knowledge, is proposed for visualization to generate a sequence of artificial images to adjust the brightness. Experiments with numerous HDR images and state-of-the-art TMOs are conducted; the results demonstrate that the proposed method consistently produces better quality tone-mapped images than the state-of-the-art methods.
ISSM-ELM – a guide star selection for a small-FOV star sensor based on the improved SSM and extreme learning machine
Authors: Zhu ZiJian , Ma YueBo , Dan BingBing , Zhao RuJin , Liu EnHai , Zhu ZiFa
Published: July 2022

The construction of a guide star catalog is crucial for a star sensor
to achieve accurate star map recognition and attitude determination.
At present, the methods of a guide star catalog for a large field of
view (FOV) star sensor have been relatively mature. However, for a
small-FOV star sensor, there are still certain problems, such as a
large storage capacity of a guide star catalog, uneven distribution of
stars, and easy occurrence of voids. To address these problems, we
propose a construction method of a small-FOV star sensor guide star
catalog based on the combination of the improved spherical spiral
method (ISSM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) named the ISSM-ELM.
First, a spiral reference point is used as an optical axis pointing of
the star sensor, and the guide stars are preliminarily screened based
on the star-diagonal distance between the star and the reference
point, and the star-density and magnitude characteristics of the guide
star. Then the ELM is used to supplement the guide star empty sky area
to construct an integrity guide star catalog. The experimental results
demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce the storage capacity
of the guide star catalog and improve its uniformity, integrity, and
average brightness.
Demodulation of polarization information for a spatially modulated snapshot imaging polarimeter based on the coherent demodulation theory
Authors: Pan Yangliu , Zhang Jing , Jiang Min , Tang Jinfeng , Jiang Siyue , Jia Chenling , Deng Ting , Fan Dongxin , Wang Huahua
Published: July 2022

The snapshot imaging polarimeter (SIP) using spatial modulation can obtain all the Stokes parameters of the target through a single measurement. During demodulating of the polarization information of the target, the reference light calibration method is generally used, including a bandpass filter. In this work, a method to demodulate the target polarization information is proposed, which is based on the coherence demodulation theory. Additionally, this method includes a multiplier and a low-pass filter. Taking a spatially modulated SIP using modified Savart polariscopes as an example, a detailed theoretical analysis of the method is derived, and the computer simulation and experiments are carried out to verify the method’s feasibility. To the best of our knowledge, this work provides a novel method for demodulating polarization information of spatially modulated SIPs.
Experimental investigation of flow-focusing-assisted magnetorheological jet polishing
Authors: Liu Qiang , Dong Zhiwei , Chen Zhen , Shen Yang , Li Qiang , An Peng
Published: July 2022

To improve the stability of magnetorheological jet polishing (MJP), a processing method of flow-focusing-assisted MJP is proposed in this paper. A relevant experimental setup was developed based on this method. The effects of the parameters (gas pressure drop, diameter of the small hole, and focusing distance) in the flow-focusing technique on the jet stability were studied by computational fluid dynamics simulation and experiment. The results show that the optimal gas pressure range is from 0.6 to 0.7 times the jet pressure, the optimal diameter of the small hole range is from 2.1 to 2.3 times the nozzle diameter, and the optimal focusing distance range is from 3.5 to 4.5 times the nozzle diameter. This is a preliminary attempt to provide a reference for future experimental studies of flow-focusing-assisted MJP.
Underwater wireless optical communication utilizing low-complexity sparse pruned-term-based nonlinear decision-feedback equalization
Authors: Fei Chao , Chen Ruilin , Du Ji , Wang Yuan , Tian Jiahan , Zhang Guowu , Zhang Junwei , Hong Xiaojian , He Sailing
Published: July 2022

The nonlinearity of the light-emitting diode (LED) in underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems is considered the one major limiting factor that degrades the system’s performance. Volterra series-based nonlinear equalization is widely employed to mitigate such nonlinearity in communication systems. However, the conventional Volterra series-based model is of high complexity, especially for the nonlinearity of higher-order terms or longer memory lengths. In this paper, by pruning away some negligible beating terms and adaptively picking out some of the dominant terms while discarding the trivial ones, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a sparse pruned-term-based nonlinear decision-feedback equalization (SPT-NDFE) scheme for the LED-based UWOC system with an inappreciable performance degradation as compared to systems without the pruning strategy. Meanwhile, by replacing the self/cross beating terms with the terms formed by the absolute operation of a sum of two input samples instead of the product operation terms, a sparse pruned-term-based absolute operation nonlinear decision-feedback equalization (SPT-ANDFE) scheme is also introduced to further reduce complexity. The experimental results show that the SPT-NDFE scheme exhibits comparable performance as compared to the conventional NDFE (nonlinear decision-feedback equalization) scheme with lower complexity (the nonlinear coefficients are reduced by 63.63% as compared to the conventional NDFE scheme). While the SPT-ANDFE scheme yields suboptimal performance with further reduced complexity at the expense of a slight performance degradation, the robustness of the proposed schemes in different turbidity waters is experimentally verified. The proposed channel equalization schemes with low complexity and high performance are promising for power/energy-sensitive UWOC systems.
Wide-angle and high-efficiency flat retroreflector
Authors: Suo Hongfei , Ding Jigen , Tang Xing , Chin Lip Ket , Qian Chengbin , Zhu Zhiwei , Liao Yiming , Fan Zhenhong , Yu Yefeng
Published: July 2022

We propose a flat retroreflector that can efficiently reflect the electromagnetic waves back along its incident direction in a wide continuous range of angles. This retroreflector consists of a quadratic metalens and a flat metallic reflector at the focal plane of the former. The quadratic metalens is a dielectric pillar array encoded with a quadratic phase profile and it is embedded in the top side of the substrate. The flat reflector is on the bottom side of the substrate. The designed retroreflector has a diameter of 40 mm, a thickness of 15 mm, and a working frequency of 77 GHz. Through meta-units optimization, a retroreflection efficiency of 38.51% at ± 60° incidence and an average retroreflection efficiency of 46.39% for the incident angles from 0° to 60° can be numerically demonstrated. This flat retroreflector is easy for integration, which is promising for potential applications in the miniature wireless communication systems.
Proposal and realization of V-groove color tunable µLEDs
Authors: Hartensveld Matthew
Published: July 2022

Color tunable micro light emitting diodes (µLEDs) are proposed and realized, making use of V-grooves to vary the Indium content during growth. The V-grooves make use of semi-polar crystal planes and strain relaxation to provide distinct regions of low to high Indium concentration which are simultaneously integrated. The differing Indium content provides emission from 425 to 640 nm. µLEDs ranging from 2 to 500 µm are demonstrated to showcase the concept.