bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributed‐series compensator for controlling voltage in distribution line with clustered distributed generations
Authors: Simanjorang Rejeki , Miura Yushi , Ise Toshifumi
Published: April 2009

A method of controlling voltage profile in distribution line with many distributed generations (DGs) using distributed‐series compensator (D‐SC) is proposed. These DGs are assumed to be clustered photovoltaics (PVs) which are installed at residential area. A large power injected by PVs may result in reverse power flow from PVs to main source, which can lead to overvoltage in the distribution line. To mitigate this problem, it is proposed to install D‐SCs close to pole transformer of the distribution line. A D‐SC is a series compensator that can imitate characteristic of negative resistance and reactance, while reverse power flow occurs in distribution line. This is carried out by injecting active and reactive power to the distribution line through voltage injection. Providing active power for the D‐SC is done by a bidirectional rectifier which is connected to the secondary side of a pole transformer. The effectiveness of the proposed method is achieved by the improvement of voltage profile with small capacity of D‐SC and bidirectional rectifier. Theoretical analysis is discussed and simulation results are shown to verify the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Corrosion control by antioxidant DBPC in insulating oil
Authors: Ito Takashi , Morishima Yoshiyuki
Published: April 2009

In order to evaluate corrosive sulfur in insulating oil quantitatively, wave length dispersive X‐ray (WDX) technique has been reported 1. Using this technique, antioxidant 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐cresol (DBPC) was found to be effective to suppress corrosion caused by dibenzyl disulfide (DBDS). The effect of corrosion prevention continues for a long term when a certain amount of DBPC is added to oil. The durability of DBPC was also evaluated by HPLC. It is possible to add relatively a good deal of DBPC to oil because DBPC has higher solubility than passivator and little effect on dielectric strength. Furthermore, DBPC was used with passivator simultaneously, and corrosion control time was far extended by their synergy effect. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bi‐directional lightpath reconfiguration in regional IP‐over‐WDM networks by a centralized control system
Authors: Hashimoto Michio , Koyama Osanori , Nooruzzaman MD. , Katsuyama Yutaka
Published: April 2009

Bi‐directional lightpath reconfiguration performance has been evaluated experimentally for regional IP‐over‐wavelength‐division multiplexing network applications, making the network scalable and stable when traffic changes occur. The reconfiguration performance was examined in an experimental network with reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) to connect four nodes with bi‐directional dual‐fibers. The experiment was conducted by controlling the ROADMs. The control signals were sent by a developed system. The lightpaths were added or deleted by the control system in the experimental network, and IP packets were monitored. The results clarified that lightpaths could be reconfigured by controlling the ROADMs, and IP packets could be routed dynamically by Open Shortest Path First so as to adapt the lightpath changes. The reconfiguration functions of the system together with the ROADMs provide network administrators with easy management of the network in a skill‐less, centralized and remotely controlled way. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Water‐vapor permeability control of PDMS by the dispersion of collagen powder
Authors: Zhang Yuhua , Ishida Masatoshi , Kazoe Yutaka , Sato Yohei , Miki Norihisa
Published: April 2009

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used as a material for micro‐total analysis system (µTAS) devices due to the superior nature of its manufacturability and chemical resistance, etc. PDMS is known to allow the permeation of gas and water vapor. This characteristic was applied to ensure an efficient oxygen supply to cells cultivated in micro‐chambers and power‐free sample injection into micro‐fluidic devices. Some applications, such as long‐term experiments with aqueous samples, however, prefer to avert the permeation of water vapor through PDMS. This paper reports on a new method to control the water‐vapor permeability of PDMS by dispersing collagen powder (collagen/PDMS polymer). First, we evaluated the manufacturability and material strength of the collagen/PDMS polymer to see whether the polymer could be employed as a material for µTAS devices. Subsequently, we designed and fabricated micro‐fluidic devices to directly measure the amount of water vapor permeating through a PDMS or collagen/PDMS membrane, and evaluated the effect of the dispersed collagen. The use of the dispersed collagen powder successfully reduced the water‐vapor permeability of PDMS by 54%. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Cationic Gemini Surfactant with the Hydrophenanthrene Structure
Authors: Jia Weihong , Rao Xiaoping , Song Zhanqian , Shang Shibin
Published: April 2009

A novel cationic gemini surfactant with the hydrophenanthrene structure has been synthesized from dehydroabietic acid by use of conventional thermal conditions and microwave irradiation. Its structure was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that microwave‐assisted synthesis is an efficient means of preparation of this cationic gemini surfactant, with shorter reaction times and higher yields. The title compound had high surface activity. The CMC was 3.1 × 10−5 mol L−1, γCMC was 26.3 mN m−1, and emulsifying power (with benzene) reached five days. Comparison of this gemini surfactant and its monomeric counterpart proved the gemini surfactant was more surface active.
Synthesis of Sodium (+)‐(12S,13R)‐Epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl Sulfonate from Vernonia Oil
Authors: Sutton Darryl C. , Johnson Nikki S. , Hlongwane Caswell , Ayorinde Folahan O.
Published: April 2009

A water‐soluble, foaming epoxyalkene sulfonate, sodium (+)‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl sulfonate, was synthesized from vernonia oil (VO) by a series of simple reactions that include transesterification, metal hydride reduction, tosylation, and SN2 reactions. Conversion of VO into vernonia oil methyl esters (VOME) using sodium methoxide was quantitative. Subsequent reduction of VOME with lithium aluminum hydride yielded (+)‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenol (94%), along with minor amounts of hexadecenol, octadecenol, cis‐9‐octadecenol, and cis‐9,12‐octadecandienol. The (+)‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenol, was tosylated with p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride to give (+)‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl tosylate at 96% yield. Iodination of the tosylate with sodium iodide and subsequent SN2 reaction with sodium sulfite afforded (+)‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl sulfonate (63% yield). This study demonstrates the ability to produce an epoxyalkenyl sulfonate, belonging to a class of anionic surfactants, from VO without destroying the epoxy functionality in the (+)‐(12S,13R)‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenyl moiety of VO. The critical micelle concentration of the synthesized sulfonate was also determined.
Laparoscopically‐assisted transabdominal oocyte retrieval in an infertility patient with ovarian malposition
Authors: Nakagawa Koji , Ohgi Shirei , Nakashima Akira , Horikawa Takashi , Saito Hidekazu , Sugiyama Rikikazu
Published: April 2009

Infertility patients with malpositioned ovaries have considerable difficulty conceiving naturally because of extended fallopian tubes and ovarian malposition; such patients turn for help to assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment. For most of these patients, ovarian malposition prevents transvaginal oocyte retrieval, so the transabdominal approach for oocyte retrieval is required. One of our infertility patients presented with ovarian malposition, and laparoscopy‐assisted transabdominal oocyte retrieval was performed. We performed a Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRH‐a) long protocol with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) ovarian stimulation, and used a standard transvaginal probe through the anterior abdominal wall for ovarian imaging and monitoring of the growing follicles. The patient underwent laparoscopically‐assisted transabdominal oocyte retrieval—9 oocytes were recovered, and 5 were fertilized, and 2 embryos were transferred to the patient's uterus. The patient became pregnant and a gestational sac was detectable by transvaginal ultrasonography, but she spontaneously miscarried. The patient then received several laparoscopically‐assisted transabdominal oocyte retrievals and finally became pregnant following a thawed embryo transfer during a hormone replacement cycle, and now her pregnancy is going well.
Non‐genomic regulation of mammalian sperm hyperactivation
Authors: Fujinoki Masakatsu
Published: April 2009

Although it has been suggested that the acrosome reaction is induced through non‐genomic regulation in a ligand‐dependent manner, it is not known whether hyperactivation is similarly regulated. Progesterone and melatonin have been identified as ligands that regulate hyperactivation, the former through non‐genomic regulation with phospholipase C and the latter most likely through a reactive oxygen species‐mitogen activated protein kinase cascade. Both may be involved in spontaneous regulation of hyperactivation via tyrosine phosphorylation. The concentration of many hormones changes according to environmental conditions and biological rhythms, which will modulate ligand‐dependent regulation of hyperactivation.
Activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains of wheat under different irrigation patterns
Authors: DAI Z. , YIN Y. , WANG Z.
Published: April 2009

It is generally accepted that sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) play a key role in starch synthesis in wheat grains. Starch synthesis in wheat grains is influenced by genotype and environment. However, what is not known is the degree of variation in enzyme activities during starch accumulation of wheat cultivars field-grown in different water regimes. The present study was undertaken to determine whether irrigation patterns could cause differences in starch accumulation and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis. Starch accumulation and related enzyme activities were investigated in two winter wheat varieties, JM20 and BY535, differing in grain starch content, under two irrigation patterns. Results showed that soil water deficit led to an increase at early grain filling and decrease during late grain filling in starch accumulation rate (SAR) and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis, especially AGPase, SSS and SBE. Water deficit enhanced grain starch accumulation in two wheat cultivars, suggesting that rainfed treatments increase physiological activities during early grain filling and promote starch accumulation. Furthermore, the change of SAR is consistent with SuSy, AGPase, SSS and GBSS. The results suggest that these enzymes play a key role in starch synthesis, and the decrease of photosynthate produced in the source organ is not the factor inhibiting starch accumulation.
Genetic parameters of selection and stability and identification of divergent parents for hybridization in rice bean (Vigna umbellata Thunb. (Ohwi and Ohashi)) in India
Authors: GUPTA S. , KOZAK M. , SAHAY G. , DURRAI A. A. , MITRA J. , VERMA M. R. , PATTANAYAK A. , THONGBAM P. D. , DAS A.
Published: April 2009

Fifty-two genotypes of rice bean (Vigna umbellata Thunb. (Ohwi and Ohashi)), an under-cultivated crop, were evaluated in the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2001, 2002 and 2003 in the North Eastern Hill Region, India to select suitable genotypes for cultivation in the North Eastern Hill region and to identify promising parents for hybridization programmes. The germplasm studied comprised 44 Indian and eight foreign genotypes. A wide range of variability was observed for eight characters studied (plant height, number of branches/plant, stem thickness, pod length, number of seeds/pod, 100-seed weight, pod weight/plant and seed yield/plant). Number of days to mid-flowering and number of days to maturity showed little variation. High heritability (0·58) and high genetic advance (0·53) were observed for 100-seed weight, high heritability (0·93) and moderate genetic advance (0·37) for seed yield/plant, and high heritability (0·60) and low genetic advance (0·13) for number of days to mid-flowering. Since the main aim in rice bean breeding is to develop high yielding, early maturing genotypes with low plants, selection was based mainly on the mean performance of these three traits over the 3 years, as well as their stability. One of the genotypes, RBL 1, was very high yielding, although the yield was not stable across years. Another genotype, RBS 24, was very early maturing and had very short plants compared with the other genotypes studied. These two, along with several other genotypes selected, may be promising for a hybridization programme aiming to develop dwarf, early maturing genotypes with high yield. The best yielding genotypes, namely RBL 1, RCRB1-3 and IC 187911, may be recommended for cultivation in the shifting cultivation areas (Jhum) regions of North Eastern India.
DEVELOPING DIASPORA LITERACY AND MARASA CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Clark VèVè A.
Published: April 2009

The New Negro, Indigenist, and Négritude movements of the 1920s and 1930s constitute the grounded base of contemporary Afro-American, Caribbean, and African literary scholarship. Critics return repeatedly to this textual field as if to embrace a heralded center, familiar and stable. Skepticism regarding presentations of the era as a coherent whole has inspired redefinitions of the period's demarcations, classic works as well as national and transnational intertextualities. Bearing in mind the discontinuities, one must acknowledge, however, that among other achievements, the new letters movements provided an epistemological break away from the predominance of Euro-American influences on black texts, the discursive agendas previously defining textual production particularly in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Caribbean writing. New letters works became communal property to be read and revised across national boundaries. Antilleans and some Hispanics, for instance, embraced texts by Langston Hughes and Claude McKay and were challenged by the Afro-American example to respond in stylistic kind. Unlike any other epoch of African-American expression, new letters shared a common ideology: writing regional, ethnic, and peasant experiences into existence. Their very articulation signified protest directed against cultural repression on the one hand and racial self-hatred on the other. The paradox of such a posture is suggested by Jean Price-Mars's use of the term collective bovaryism to describe in retrospect his generation's capitulation during the American Marine Occupation of Haiti (1915–1934). From the Haitian contradictions emerged defensive political, cultural, and textual agendas as of 1927, which paralleled the black revolts of Harlem and Paris but were determined by the particular circumstances provoking their enunciation.
PAGE TO PRAXIS: BRINGING DIASPORA LITERACY TO LIFE
Authors: Johnson Sara E.
Published: April 2009

On 14 December 2007, on what would have been VèVè A. Clark's sixty-third birthday, hundreds of people gathered for her memorial service at UC Berkeley. In the week leading up to the celebration, people from all over the country, including friends, family, colleagues, and students, contributed memories celebrating her life. Poems and testimonies chronicled emotions ranging from triumphant to despairing, yet all affirmed thease, or energy, she so graciously shared with those around her. As I recall the whirl of activities, one particular element of preparing the program stands out: the accents on proper names and the musical and dance selections had to be properly placed. Drafts were edited, printed, and corrected in order to ensure accuracy. In an Anglophone context, this preoccupation may seem trivial. Yet as her colleagues and former students, we knew that Clark's insistence upon precision was critical to her entire scholarly enterprise; the visual effect of a bodily gesture in a staged or ritual context or the pinpointing of the exact timing of a historical event had tremendous meaning and importance to her. Her precision was a formative aspect of her conceptualization of diaspora literacy, a hallmark of a research methodology and teaching pedagogy grounded in multilingualism, historical contextualization, and respect for the specificity of other cultures. This attention to detail endowed her work as an interdisciplinary scholar of the literature and performance traditions of the African diaspora in the Americas with nuance and complexity.
THE CHALLENGES OF ARCHIVING AND RESEARCHING CARNIVAL ART
Authors: Ferris Lesley
Published: April 2009

The fact that live performance is unrepeatable is both its greatest attribute and a constant worry to theatre historians. How is it possible to study an art form that is fleeting, short-lived, ephemeral? Nowhere is the challenge more acute than with Carnival, a popular art form that comes from the grassroots and is acknowledged as an art of resistance. Initiated by newly emancipated Africans in British colonies in 1834, Caribbean-derived Carnival struggled against endless confrontations with governmental authorities for its survival. In 1962, when Trinidad and Tobago achieved independence from Britain, the country's first prime minister, Eric Eustace Williams, recognized Carnival as the national art form. Despite this recognition, Carnival artists continue to struggle because of lack of funding, misrepresentation in the press, and lack of appropriate credit for their role as artists. So it is particularly gratifying to find the National Library of Trinidad and Tobago leading the way by making the work of Carnival artists available digitally on its Web site. This essay examines this new online resource and considers issues related to studying and researching Carnival.
Not just old and sick – the ‘will to health’ in later life
Authors: HIGGS PAUL , LEONTOWITSCH MIRANDA , STEVENSON FIONA , JONES IAN REES
Published: April 2009

The end of the ‘Golden Age’ of welfare capitalism in the 1970s was the prelude to a period of greater individualisation within societies and was accompanied by an increase in the importance of consumption as a way of organising social relations. During the same period there was also an expansion in the discourses aimed at enhancing the government of the autonomous self. One such discourse operates around what has been termed the ‘will to health’: it suggests that health has become a required goal for individual behaviour and has become synonymous with health itself. The generational groups whose lifecourses were most exposed to these changes are now approaching later life. We explore the extent to which social transformations related to risk, consumption and individualisation are reflected in the construction of later-life identities around health and ageing. We examine how the growth in health-related ‘technologies of the self’ have fostered a distinction between natural and normal ageing, wherein the former is associated with coming to terms with physical decline and the latter associated with maintaining norms of self-care aimed at delaying such decline. Finally, we consider anti-ageing medicine as a developing arena for the construction of later-life identities and discuss the implications of the social changes for researching later life.
A new measurement of stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugation fidelity for high pump energies
Authors: Wang Y.L. , Lu Z.W. , He W.M. , Zheng Z.X. , Zhao Y.H.
Published: April 2009

In order to measure the phase conjugation-fidelity of stimulated Brillouin scattering with high pump energy more accurately and conveniently, a new measurement is proposed. According to the definition of the fidelity with optical field correlated integral, the method of recording the far-field by array camera is analyzed theoretically. By the method, an experiment for high energy stimulated Brillouin scattering is arranged, and the maximum energy of 3.42 J is achieved in a single-cell stimulated Brillouin scattering generator. For small pump pulse, the fidelity maintains a high value of more than 0.9. However, the reflectivity fluctuation is significant when the pump energy is larger than 1.5 J. As a result, the fidelity decreases gradually to 0.5 at the pump energy of 3.42 J. The reflectivity shows the same character of great fluctuation as the fidelity at high pump energy.
X-ray Thomson scattering cross-section in strongly correlated plasmas
Authors: Fortmann C. , Bornath T. , Redmer R. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G. , Schwarz V. , Thiele R.
Published: April 2009

With the advent of intense, coherent light sources in the XUV and soft X-ray regime, X-ray Thomson scattering becomes a unique tool for the diagnostics of dense plasmas. The scattering spectrum gives direct access to plasma properties like density, temperature, and composition. In dense systems, collisions among constituents are of primary importance for the prediction and interpretation of the scattering signal. We present a systematic approach to the dynamical structure factor using the Born-Mermin ansatz to include collisions via the dynamical collision frequency. Calculations of the scattering spectrum are performed for X-ray scattering on solid and compressed beryllium targets as well as for XUV-photons scattering on hydrogen at near solid density.
Mono-energetic ions from collisionless expansion of spherical multi-species clusters
Authors: Popov K.I. , Bychenkov V.Yu. , Rozmus W. , Kovalev V.F. , Sydora R.D.
Published: April 2009

Kinetic collisionless expansion of a spherical cluster composed of light and heavy cold ions and hot electrons is studied for arbitrary electron temperature. A wide set of regimes of plasma expansion, from nearly quasi-neutral to Coulomb explosion, is described from a unified description. The time evolution of the velocity, density, and energy spectra for accelerated ions is studied. The study demonstrates that an optimum light ion concentration from few percent to few tens percent, depending on the electron temperature, leads to a quasi-monoenergetic spectra with numbers as high as 70–80% of the total number of light ions.
OBSTETRIC CHOLESTASIS
Authors: KENYON ANNA P , SHENNAN ANDREW
Published: April 2009

Obstetric cholestasis (OC) also known a intrahepatic cholestatsis of pregnancy (ICP) is defined as pruritus of onset in pregnancy in association with abnormal liver function in the absence of any other identifiable liver pathology which resolves on delivery. It may be associated with adverse obstetric outcome and significant maternal morbidity. In the UK the prevalence is thought to be 0.6–0.7%, with up to 39–41% of women with OC being of Indian or Pakistani origin. Higher prevalence is also observed in Scandinavia (2%) and Chile (4%), (especially women of Araucanian Indian descent 24%). The condition occurs more commonly amongst twin pregnancies (20–22%) and is more common in the winter months in both Scandinavian and Chilean populations. The condition may occur more frequently in those >35 years of age (25% of cases).
Morphodynamic evolution of experimental cohesive deltas
Authors: Hoyal D. C. J. D. , Sheets B. A.
Published: April 2009

Here we describe new techniques for creating river‐dominated (birds foot) deltas with strong channelization in the laboratory. The key to achieving strong self‐channelization is the addition of a commercially available polymer to the sediment mixture. This polymer enhances the substrate strength increasing the critical erosion stress, an important geomorphic threshold. More importantly it increases the rate of cohesion onset to account for increased rates of morphodynamic evolution in small‐scale experiments. A cyclic pattern of delta evolution is observed. The delta “avulsion cycle” begins with channel avulsion, erosion, and channel elongation and ends with channel backfilling and abandonment. This cycle appears to be universal but is subject to a range of controls, including sediment size distribution, sediment concentration, substrate cohesiveness, and Froude number. We propose that the observed depositional cycle is characteristic of an avulsion mechanism that is more complex than current models of fluvial systems, which generally explain avulsion probability as an upstream effect dependent on channel superelevation or levee slope. The experiments suggest that in many distributary channel systems, including deltas, alluvial, and deep water fans, downstream mediated topographic effects or “morphodynamic backwater effects” may dominate over upstream avulsion processes and control the surface mechanics and stratigraphy. The experimental observations are synthesized into a new depositional model for river‐dominated deltas which emphasizes the importance of self‐organization and feedback in delta surface evolution and stratigraphy.
Modeling petrological geodynamics in the Earth's mantle
Authors: Tirone M. , Ganguly J. , Morgan J. P.
Published: April 2009

We have developed an approach that combines principles of fluid dynamics and chemical thermodynamics into a fully coupled scheme to model geodynamic and petrological evolution of the Earth's mantle. Transport equations involving pressure, temperature, velocities, and bulk chemical composition are solved for one or more dynamic phases and interfaced with the thermodynamic solutions for equilibrium mineralogical assemblages and compositions. The mineralogical assemblage and composition are computed on a space‐time grid, assuming that local thermodynamic equilibrium is effectively achieved. This approach allows us to simultaneously compute geophysical, geochemical, and petrological properties that can be compared with a large mass of observational data to gain insights into a variety of solid Earth problems and melting phenomena. We describe the salient features of our numerical scheme and the underlying mathematical principles and discuss a few selected applications to petrological and geophysical problems. First, it is shown that during the initial stage of passive spreading of plates, the composition of the melt near Earth's surface is in reasonable agreement with the average major element composition of worldwide flood basalts. Only the silica content from our model is slightly higher that in observational data. The amount of melt produced is somewhat lower than the estimated volumes for extrusive and upper crustal intrusive igneous rocks from large igneous provinces suggesting that an active upwelling of a larger mantle region should be considered in the process. Second, we have modeled a plume upwelling under a moving plate incorporating the effects of mineralogy on the density structure and viscous dissipation on the heat transport equation. The results show how these effects promote mantle instability at the base of the lithosphere. Third, we have considered a mantle convection model with viscosity and density directly related to the local equilibrium mineralogical assemblage. Interesting lateral variations and significant differences in the viscosity structure of the upper and lower mantle are revealed from our model results. The averaged viscosity variations with depth retrieved from our numerical simulations seem to reproduce the main features of the mantle viscosity structure under the Pacific ocean obtained from recent studies based on inversion of seismic data.
Pollution‐enhanced reactive chlorine chemistry in the eastern tropical Atlantic boundary layer
Authors: Lawler M. J. , Finley B. D. , Keene W. C. , Pszenny A. A. P. , Read K. A. , von Glasow R. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: April 2009

This study examines atmospheric reactive chlorine chemistry at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory in the eastern tropical Atlantic. During May–June, 2007, Cl2 levels ranged from below detection (∼2 ppt) to 30 ppt. Elevated Cl2 was associated with high HNO3 (40 to 120 ppt) in polluted continental outflow transported in the marine boundary layer (MBL) to the site. Lower Cl2 was observed in recently subsided air masses with multiday free tropospheric oceanic trajectories and in air containing Saharan dust. Model simulations show that the observations of elevated Cl2 in polluted marine air are consistent with initiation of Cl chemistry by OH + HCl and subsequent heterogeneous, autocatalytic Cl cycling involving marine aerosols. Model estimates suggest that Cl atom reactions significantly impact the fates of methane and dimethylsulfide at Cape Verde and are moderately important for ozone cycling.
Impact of electric field variability on Joule heating and thermospheric temperature and density
Authors: Deng Yue , Maute Astrid , Richmond Arthur D. , Roble Raymond G.
Published: April 2009

A new quantitative empirical model of the high‐latitude forcing of the thermosphere, which is the first empirical model with an electric field variability component consistent with the average electric field, is used with the NCAR‐TIEGCM to investigate the influence of the electric field variability on the Joule heating, neutral temperature and density. The electric field variability increases the Joule heating by more than 100%, and significantly improves the agreement between the total Joule heating and integrated Poynting flux, while the horizontal distributions of the height‐integrated Joule heating and the Poynting flux have some detailed differences in the polar cap and nightside regions. Including the electric field variability into the energy calculation results in significant changes in the neutral temperature and density. At 400 km, it causes a 120 K polar average temperature increase and the corresponding percentage difference of density is close to 30%.
Rapid ocean wave teleconnections linking Antarctic salinity anomalies to the equatorial ocean‐atmosphere system
Authors: Atkinson C. P. , Wells N. C. , Blaker A. T. , Sinha B. , Ivchenko V. O.
Published: April 2009

The coupled climate model FORTE is used to investigate rapid ocean teleconnections between the Southern Ocean and equatorial Pacific Ocean. Salinity anomalies located throughout the Southern Ocean generate barotropic signals that propagate along submerged topographic features and result in the growth of baroclinic energy anomalies around Indonesia and the tropical Pacific. Anomalies in the Ross, Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas exchange the most barotropic kinetic energy between high and low latitudes. In the equatorial Pacific, baroclinic Kelvin waves are excited which propagate eastwards along the thermocline, resulting in SST anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific. SST anomalies are subsequently amplified to magnitudes of 1.25°C by air‐sea interaction, which could potentially influence other coupled Pacific phenomena.
First application of a Petschek‐type reconnection model with time‐varying reconnection rate to THEMIS observations
Authors: Kiehas S. A. , Semenov V. S. , Kubyshkina M. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Nakamura R. , Keika K. , Ivanova V. V. , Biernat H. K. , Baumjohann W. , Mende S. , Magnes W. , Auster U. , Fornaçon K.‐H. , Larson D. , Carlson C. W. , Bonnell J. , McFadden J.
Published: April 2009

We present a method to determine the location of the reconnection site and the amount of reconnected magnetic flux out of an analytical time‐dependent reconnection model and apply this method to disturbances observed on 2 February 2008 at about 0200 and 0815 UT by THEMIS B (P1). During these events, P1 detected two tailward propagating traveling compression regions, associated with typical variations in Bz and Bx. We find the reconnection site to be located at about −16 RE for the event at 0200 UT and −17.5 RE for the event at 0815 UT. These locations are consistent with simple timing considerations with respect to disturbances detected by the inner THEMIS spacecraft. The amount of reconnected flux in our 2‐D model can be found to be in the order of 108 nT m for both events. The calculations for the reconnection site's location are done by using two approaches, i.e., by using the Bz and the Bx signals, yielding consistent results. The reconnected flux can be determined using Bz and vz. Also, these results are in good agreement. A comparison between the disturbances detected by P1 and the modeled variations shows that our model describes disturbances in the magnetic field and the background plasma very well.
Midlatitude and high‐latitude electron density profiles in the ionosphere of Saturn obtained by Cassini radio occultation observations
Authors: Kliore A. J. , Nagy A. F. , Marouf E. A. , Anabtawi A. , Barbinis E. , Fleischman D. U. , Kahan D. S.
Published: April 2009

Nineteen new radio occultations of the ionosphere of Saturn have been obtained since 2006. Sixteen of these occultations were from midlatitude and high latitudes and thus provided important, new information of the ionosphere for these regions. A high degree of variability in the electron densities were observed, but grouping and averaging the observations as low‐, middle‐, and high‐latitude ones clearly showed that the electron densities increase with latitude. The topside scale heights also indicate small increases with latitude, but these changes are small enough so these increases may not be statistically significant.
Modification of midlatitude ionospheric parameters in the F2 layer by persistent high‐speed solar wind streams
Authors: Denton M. H. , Ulich T. , Turunen E.
Published: April 2009

High‐speed solar wind streams (HSSs) are periods of persistently high solar wind, which emanate from coronal holes and may recur with a frequency related to the solar rotation period of 27 days. On arrival at the Earth's magnetopause, such streams cause a series of events which ultimately lead to changes in the ionospheric F layer. We present a superposed epoch analysis of parameters in the midlatitude F2 layer for a collection of 124 high‐speed solar wind streams which occurred between 1993 and 2006. Clear changes in the critical frequency (foF2), density (NmF2), and height (hmF2) are found to occur after the onset of magnetospheric convection associated with HSS arrival at the Earth's magnetosphere. A fall in foF2 occurs immediately following convection onset accompanied by a sudden decrease in NmF2 and an increase in hmF2. During the events under study, the height of the F2 layer is found to increase by ∼20 km at convection onset. A period of more than 4 days is required for the ionosphere to return to preevent levels. This behavior is explained as the occurrence of ionospheric F region storms following HSS arrival. The results raise the possibility of improved predictions for ionospheric parameters on the basis of upstream solar wind conditions and prior identification of stream interfaces.
Neural network for tsunami and runup forecast
Authors: Namekar Shailesh , Yamazaki Yoshiki , Cheung Kwok Fai
Published: April 2009

This paper examines the use of neural network to model nonlinear tsunami processes for forecasting of coastal waveforms and runup. The three‐layer network utilizes a radial basis function in the hidden, middle layer for nonlinear transformation of input waveforms near the tsunami source. Events based on the 2006 Kuril Islands tsunami demonstrate the implementation and capability of the network. Division of the Kamchatka‐Kuril subduction zone into a number of subfaults facilitates development of a representative tsunami dataset using a nonlinear long‐wave model. The computed waveforms near the tsunami source serve as the input and the far‐field waveforms and runup provide the target output for training of the network through a back‐propagation algorithm. The trained network reproduces the resonance of tsunami waves and the topography‐dominated runup patterns at Hawaii's coastlines from input water‐level data off the Aleutian Islands.
Seismic tremor in subduction zones: Rock physics evidence
Authors: Burlini Luigi , Di Toro Giulio , Meredith Philip
Published: April 2009

Episodic tremor and slip (ETS) have been correlated with rupture phenomena in subducting oceanic lithosphere at 30–45 km depth, where high VP/VS ratios, which suggest high‐fluid pressures, have been observed. ETS, by accommodating slip in the down‐dip portion of the subduction zone, may trigger megathrust earthquakes up‐dip in the locked section. During dehydration experiments on serpentinite (typical rock of the oceanic lithosphere) at temperatures found in nature at 30–45 km depth (400–550°C), we observe seismic signals in the form of acoustic emissions that closely resemble low frequency earthquakes, seismic tremor and regular earthquakes. Our findings support the concept that water released during dehydration reactions increases the pore pressures and can trigger ETS and regular earthquakes by reducing slip resistance.
Can global warming make Indian monsoon weather less predictable?
Authors: Mani Neena Joseph , Suhas E. , Goswami B. N.
Published: April 2009

Reliable medium range prediction of monsoon weather is crucial for disaster preparedness. Weather in tropics, controlled by fast growing convective instabilities is, however, intrinsically less predictable than that in extra‐tropics. Increased frequency and intensity of extreme rain events in the tropics in the backdrop of global warming has a potential for further decreasing the potential predictability of the tropical weather. Using nonlinear dynamical techniques on gridded daily rainfall data over India for 104 years (1901–2004), here we show that the deterministic predictability of monsoon weather over central India in the latest quarter of the period has indeed decreased significantly compared to that in the earlier three quarters. The decrease of initial error doubling time from approximately 3.0 days to 1.5 days is consistent with higher frequency of extreme events and increased potential instability of the atmosphere in the recent quarter. To overcome the increased difficulty in predicting monsoon weather, significant increase in efforts to improve models, observations and enhancement of computing power would be required.
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Increase Oligodendrogenesis after Stroke
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Yi , Zhang Zheng Gang , Lu Mei , Borneman Jade , Buller Ben , Savant-Bhonsale Smita , Elias Stanton B , Chopp Michael
Published: April 2009

Oligodendrocytes are sensitive to ischemic damage. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is critical in oligodendrogenesis; Gli1 is the principal effector of Shh signaling. We investigated oligodendrogenesis and Shh/Gli1 pathway activation after bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) treatment of stroke in rats. Rats were subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). BMSCs have been shown to promote functional recovery post stroke. A therapeutic dose of BMSC (3times106 cells) treatment was initiated 1 day after MCAo. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to measure the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, oligodendrocytes, myelin, and expressions of Shh and Gli1 at 14 days after MCAo. Gene expression of Shh and Gli1 was tested at 2 days after MCAo. An in vitro study was used to investigate the effects of BMSC on a premature oligodendrocyte cell line (N20.1 cells). BMSC treatment significantly increased 04+ oligodendrocytes, MBP+ area, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)+, NG2+, BrdU+-NG2+ cells, and mRNA and protein expressions of Shh and Gli1 in the ipsilateral brain of the MCAo rats than that in phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated rats. BMSCs promoted N20.1 cell proliferation and Gli1 mRNA expression, and these effects were abolished by the Shh pathway inhibitor cyclopamine. These data indicate that the BMSC treatment stimulates oligodendrogenesis by activation of the Shh/Gli1 pathway post stroke.
Water-Diffusion Slowdown in the Human Visual Cortex on Visual Stimulation Precedes Vascular Responses
Authors: Kohno Satoru , Sawamoto Nobukatsu , Urayama Shin-ichi , Aso Toshihiko , Aso Kenji , Seiyama Akitoshi , Fukuyama Hidenao , Le Bihan Denis
Published: April 2009

We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the temporal dynamics of changes in water diffusion and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses in the brain cortex of eight subjects undergoing visual stimulation, and compared them with changes of the vascular hemoglobin content (oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin) acquired simultaneously from intrinsic optical recordings (near infrared spectroscopy). The group average rise time for the diffusion MRI signal was statistically significantly shorter than those of the BOLD signal and total hemoglobin content optical signal, which is assumed to be the fastest observable vascular signal. In addition, the group average decay time for the diffusion MRI also was shortest. The overall time courses of the BOLD and optical signals were strongly correlated, but the covariance was weaker with the diffusion MRI response. These results suggest that the observed decrease in water diffusion reflects early events that precede the vascular responses, which could originate from changes in the extravascular tissue.
P-POD, The Princeton Protein Orthology Database, as a Tool for Identifying Gene Function
Authors: Livstone Michael , Oughtred Rose , Heinicke Sven , Kang Fan , Vernot Benjamin , Goldman Aiton , Durand Dannie , Botstein David , Dolinski Kara
Published: April 2009

P-POD, the Princeton Protein Orthology Database, classifies proteins from model organisms and medically-important organisms into families of homologs and provides curated evidence from the literature addressing these relationships. The web page for each protein family includes a phylogenetic tree, sequence alignment, and cross-references to disease-related papers from SGD, papers describing complementation experiments, and OMIM gene and disease information.As participants in the Gene Ontology Consortium’s Reference Genome project, we seek to provide a consistent centralized method to identify orthologous proteins. We have expanded P-POD to include the protein complement of the twelve Reference Genomes. In addition, we have added new tools and search options to provide greater depth, breadth, and flexibility. Users may view families from multiple analyses generated by different methods and/or based on different sets of proteins. Using Notung, a software package that uses duplication-loss parsimony to resolve uncertainty in protein family trees, we have improved P-POD’s phylogenetic trees by fitting the protein trees to an established species phylogeny and annotating them with duplications and losses. A Notung applet on the P-POD web site identifies orthologous and paralogous relationships within each family and allows users to perform custom analyses on the phylogenies. These improvements and others make P-POD, in conjunction with the PANTHER database, an ideal tool for predicting the function of new, uncharacterized genes on the basis of their orthologous relationships to characterized ones.All the data in P-POD are freely and publicly available through the web and by downloading the entire database system via the URL "http://ortholog.princeton.edu/". This work is supported by supplemental funds (Kara Dolinski, subcontract PI) to NHGRI grant HG002273 (PIs Judith Blake, Michael Ashburner, J. Michael Cherry and Suzanna Lewis).
Capturing Protein Sequence Data: UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) submissions and Journal Scanning
Authors: Browne Paul , Eberhardt Ruth
Published: April 2009

Most sequences in UniprotKB are derived from the translation of nucleotide sequence, but we also add sequences obtained through direct sequencing of peptides by Edman degradation and tandem mass spectrometry. This allows us to capture protein sequences for which no nucleotide sequence is available, and can also confirm that a predicted protein exists and elucidate the post-translational processing it undergoes. Scientists submit protein sequences to UniProtKB via the web-based submission tool "SPIN":http://www.ebi.ac.uk/swissprot/Submissions/spin. Curators use a range of sequence analysis tools to check the submission and frequently discuss the sequence and supporting evidence with the submitter. Submitted entries can be kept confidential for a limited period at the submitter's request. UniProtKB submission is complemented by the journal scan project that monitors the scientific literature for papers containing directly sequenced proteins. UniProtKB entries are then created for those sequences that are not yet in the database and have not been submitted via SPIN.
Ontology-based Assisted Curation of Biomedical Data
Authors: Plake Conrad
Published: April 2009

Manual curation of biomedical data is highly accurate but time consuming, and does not scale with the ever increasing growth of biomedical literature. Text mining as a high-throughput computational technique scales well but requires human expertise to produce highly accurate results. Ontologies can help organizing large quantities of unstructured information. Here we present three systems, namely GoGene, GoPubMed and GoWeb, employing biomedical ontologies and show how they can assist manual curation of biomedical data.GoGene associates all genes from different model organisms to concepts of the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The hierarchical structures of both terminologies support clustering and summarizing long lists of genes. Through the integration of known gene annotations from UniProt and EntrezGene with text-mined annotations from all abstracts in PubMed, GoGene currently contains up to 4,000,000 associations between genes and concepts from GO and MeSH for ten model organisms. The quality of all associations can be verified by following the links to their origin, that is, literature or database entries.GoPubMed aims at reducing the limitations of classical keyword search. It handles inconsistent vocabulary such as synonyms and specialized terminology. It shows the most relevant concepts in GO and MeSH for a search and thus reveals information which otherwise remains buried in the masses of text. This feature as well as the entire bibliography of all authors in PubMed facilitate comprehensive literature search. GoWeb translates these ideas to the World Wide Web and is thus not only limited to PubMed abstracts. GoWeb uses a standard web-search service and organizes search results based on GO, MeSH, and other concepts such as companies and institutions.
PDBWiki
Authors: Stehr Henning , Duarte Jose , Lappe Michael , Bhak Jong , Bolser Dan
Published: April 2009

*Background:*

The success of community projects such as Wikipedia has recently prompted a discussion about the applicability of such tools in the life sciences. However, there is currently no consensus about how best to achieve this goal.*Methodology/Principal Findings:* Here we present a community knowledge base for the annotation of biological molecular structures that addresses some of these issues. This Wiki-style database consists of one structured page for each entry in the the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and allows users to attach categorised comments and discussions to the entries. The core data for each entry is shown as a summary and can be used for searching and navigation via categories. A user-editable list of database cross references is automatically included in each page. Like in a database, it is possible to produce tabular reports and 'structure galleries' based on user defined queries. PDBWiki runs in parallel to the PDB and is automatically synchronised every week.

*Conclusions/Significance:*

"PDBWiki":http://www.pdbwiki.org is a simple but usable system that serves as a bug-tracker, discussion forum and community annotation system for the structures in the PDB. We believe that PDBWiki can serve as a model for better understanding how to capture community knowledge in the biological sciences.