bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling of the public health costs of fine particulate matter and results for Finland in 2015
Authors: Kukkonen Jaakko , Savolahti Mikko , Palamarchuk Yuliia , Lanki Timo , Nurmi Väinö , Paunu Ville-Veikko , Kangas Leena , Sofiev Mikhail , Karppinen Ari , Maragkidou Androniki , Tiittanen Pekka , Karvosenoja Niko
Published: August 2020

Abstract. We have developed an integrated assessment tool that can be used for
evaluating the public
health costs caused by the concentrations of fine particulate matter
(PM2.5) in ambient
air. The model can be used to assess the impacts of various
alternative air quality abatement
measures, policies and strategies. The model has been applied to
evaluate the costs of
the domestic emissions that influence the concentrations of
PM2.5 in Finland in 2015. The
model includes the impacts on human health; however, it does not address
the impacts on climate
change or the state of the environment. First, the national Finnish
emissions were evaluated using
the Finnish Regional Emission Scenarios (FRESs) model on a resolution of
250×250 m2 for the
whole of Finland. Second, the atmospheric dispersion was analysed by
using the chemical transport
model, namely the System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition (SILAM) model, and the source receptor matrices contained in the FRES model.
Third, the health
impacts were assessed by combining the spatially resolved concentration
and population data sets
and by analysing the impacts for various health outcomes. Fourth, the
economic impacts of the
health outcomes were evaluated. The model can be used to evaluate the
costs of the health damages
for various emission source categories and for a unit of emissions of
PM2.5. It was found that
the economic benefits, in terms of avoided public health costs, were largest
for measures that will
reduce the emissions of (i) road transport, (ii) non-road vehicles and
machinery, and (iii)
residential wood combustion. The reduction in the precursor emissions of
PM2.5 resulted in
clearly lower benefits when compared with directly reducing the emissions of
PM2.5. We have also
designed a user-friendly, web-based assessment tool that is open access.
A comparison of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)
Authors: Elzein Atallah , Stewart Gareth J. , Swift Stefan J. , Nelson Beth S. , Crilley Leigh R. , Alam Mohammed S. , Reyes-Villegas Ernesto , Gadi Ranu , Harrison Roy M. , Hamilton Jacqueline F. , Lewis Alastair C.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in air, soil and water and known to have harmful effects on human health and the environment. The diurnal and nocturnal variation of 17-PAHs in ambient particle-bound PAHs were measured in urban Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) during the summer season using GC-Q-TOF-MS. The mean concentration of particles less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) observed in Delhi was 3.6 times higher than in Beijing during the measurement period in both the day-time and night-time. In Beijing, the mean concentration of the sum of the 17 PAHs (∑17-PAHs) was 8.2 ± 5.1 ng m−3 in daytime, with the highest contribution from Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (12 %), while at night-time the total PAHs was 7.2 ± 2.0 ng m−3, with the largest contribution from Benzo[b]fluoranthene (14 %). In Delhi, the mean ∑17-PAHs was 13.6 ± 5.9 ng m−3 in daytime, and 22.7 ± 9.4 ng m−3 at night-time, with the largest contribution from Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in both the day (17 %) and night (20 %). Elevated mean concentrations of total PAHs in Delhi observed at night were attributed to emissions from vehicles and biomass burning and to meteorological conditions leading to their accumulation from a stable and low atmospheric boundary layer. Local emission sources were typically identified as the major contributors to total measured PAHs, however, in Delhi 25 % of the emissions were attributed to long-range atmospheric transport. Major emission sources were characterized based on the contribution from each class of PAHs, with the 4, 5, and 6 ring PAHs accounting ~ 95 % of the total PM2.5-bound PAHs mass in both locations. The high contribution of 5 ring PAHs to total PAH concentration in summer Beijing and Delhi suggests a high contribution from petroleum combustion. In Delhi, a high contribution from 6 ring PAHs was observed at night, suggesting a potential emission source from the combustion of fuel and oil in power generators, widely used in Delhi. The lifetime excess lung cancer risk (LECR) was calculated for Beijing and Delhi, with the highest estimated risk attributed to Delhi (LECR = 155 per million people), 2.2 times higher than Beijing risk assessment value (LECR = 70 per million people). Finally, we have assessed the emission control policies in each city and identified those major sectors that could be subject to mitigation measures.
Global dataset of thermohaline staircases obtained from Argo floats
and Ice Tethered Profilers
Authors: van der Boog Carine G. , Koetsier J. Otto , Dijkstra Henk A. , Pietrzak Julie D. , Katsman Caroline A.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Thermohaline staircases arise from double diffusive processes. They are characterised by stepped structures consisting of mixed layers of typically tens of meters thick that are separated by much thinner gradient layers. Through these gradient layers enhanced diapycnal salt and heat transport take place. In this study, we present a global dataset of thermohaline staircases derived from observations of Argo profiling floats and Ice Tethered Profilers using a novel detection algorithm. To establish the presence of stepped thermohaline staircases, the algorithm detects subsurface mixed layers and analyses the gradient layers in between. Of each detected staircase, the temperature, salinity, depth and height, as well as some other properties of the mixed layers and gradient layers are computed. The algorithm is applied to 487,647 quality-controlled temperature and salinity profiles to obtain the global dataset. The performance of the algorithm is verified through an analysis of independent regional observations. The algorithm and global dataset are available at the 4TU centre for research data (van der Boog et al. 10 (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:f6529d31-b285-46ac-990b-5f45839f4e11).
Holocene sea-level change on the central coast of Bohai Bay, China
Authors: Wang Fu , Zong Yongqiang , Mauz Barbara , Li Jianfen , Fang Jing , Tian Lizhu , Chen Yongsheng , Shang Zhiwen , Jiang Xingyu , Spada Giorgio , Melini Daniele
Published: August 2020

Abstract. To constrain models on global sea-level change regional proxy data
on coastal change are indispensable. Here, we reconstruct the Holocene
sea-level history of the northernmost China Sea shelf. This region is of
great interest owing to its apparent far-field position during the late
Quaternary, its broad shelf and its enormous sediment load supplied by the
Yellow River. This study generated 25 sea-level index points for the central
Bohai coastal plain through the study of 15 sediment cores and their
sedimentary facies, foraminiferal assemblages and radiocarbon dating the
basal peat. The observational data were compared with sea-level predictions
obtained from global glacio-isostatic adjustment (GIA) models and with published sea-level data from Sunda
shelf, Tahiti and Barbados. Our observational data indicate a phase of rapid
sea-level rise from c. −17 to −4 m between c. 10 and 5 ka with a peak
rise of 6.4 mm a−1 during 8.7 to 7.5 ka and slower rise of 1.9 mm a−1 during
7.5 to 5.3 ka followed by a phase of slow rise from 5 to 2 ka (∼0.4 mm a−1 from −3.58 m at 5.3 ka cal BP to −2.15 m at 2.3 ka cal BP). The comparison with the sea-level predictions for the study area
and the published sea-level data is insightful: in the early Holocene, Bohai
Bay's sea-level rise is dominated by a combination of the eustatic and the
water load components causing the levering of the broad shelf. In the
mid to late Holocene the rise is dominated by a combination of tectonic
subsidence and fluvial sediment load, which masks the mid-Holocene highstand
recorded elsewhere in the region.
Quantifying the buffering of oceanic oxygen isotopes at ancient midocean ridges
Authors: Kanzaki Yoshiki
Published: August 2020

Abstract. To quantify the intensity of oceanic oxygen isotope buffering through hydrothermal alteration of the
oceanic crust, a 2D hydrothermal circulation model was coupled with a 2D
reactive transport model of oxygen isotopes. The coupled model calculates steady-state
distributions of temperature, water flow and oxygen isotopes of solid rock and porewater given the
physicochemical conditions of oceanic crust alteration and seawater δ18O. Using
the present-day seawater δ18O under plausible modern alteration conditions, the
model yields δ18O profiles for solid rock and porewater and fluxes of heat, water
and 18O that are consistent with modern observations, confirming the model's validity.
The model was then run with different assumed seawater δ18O values to evaluate
oxygen isotopic buffering at the midocean ridges. The buffering intensity shown by the model is
significantly weaker than previously assumed, and calculated δ18O
profiles of oceanic crust are consistently relatively insensitive to seawater δ18O. These
results are attributed to the fact that isotope exchange at shallow depths does not reach
equilibrium due to the relatively low temperatures, and 18O supply via spreading solid
rocks overwhelms that through water flow at deeper depths. Further model simulations under
plausible alteration conditions during the Precambrian showed essentially the same results.
Therefore, δ18O records of ophiolites that are invariant at different Earth
ages can be explained by the relative insensitivity of oceanic rocks to seawater
δ18O and do not require constant seawater δ18O through time.
Cross-Diffusion Waves as a trigger for Multiscale, Multi-Physics Instabilities: Theory
Authors: Regenauer-Lieb Klaus , Hu Manman , Schrank Christoph , Chen Xiao , Clavijo Santiago Peña , Kelka Ulrich , Karrech Ali , Gaede Oliver , Blach Tomasz , Roshan Hamid , Jacquey Antoine
Published: August 2020

Abstract. We propose a non-local, meso-scale approach for coupling multiphysics processes across scale. The physics is based on discrete phenomena, triggered by local Thermo-Hydro-Mechano-Chemical (THMC) instabilities, that cause cross-diffusion (quasi-soliton) acceleration waves. These waves nucleate when the overall stress field is incompatible with accelerations from local feedbacks of generalized THMC thermodynamic forces that trigger generalized thermodynamic fluxes of another kind. Cross-diffusion terms in the 4 × 4 THMC diffusion matrix are shown to lead to multiple diffusional P- and S-wave equations as coupled THMC solutions. Uncertainties in the location of meso-scale material instabilities are captured by a wave-scale correlation of probability amplitudes. Cross-diffusional waves have unusual dispersion patterns and, although they assume a solitary state, do not behave like solitons but show complex interactions when they collide. Their characteristic wavenumber and constant speed define mesoscopic internal material time-space relations entirely defined by the coefficients of the coupled THMC reaction-cross-diffusion equations. For extreme conditions, cross-diffusion waves can lead to an energy cascade connecting large and small-scales and cause solid-state turbulence.
The role of North Atlantic–European weather regimes in the surface impact of sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Grams Christian M. , Papritz Lukas
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events can significantly impact tropospheric weather for a period of several weeks, in particular in the North Atlantic–European (NAE) region. While the stratospheric forcing often projects onto the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the tropospheric response to SSW events, if any, is highly variable, and what determines the existence, location, timing, and strength of the downward impact remains an open question. We here explore how the variable tropospheric response to SSW events in the NAE region can be characterized in terms of a refined set of seven weather regimes and if the tropospheric flow in the North Atlantic region around the onset of SSW events is an indicator of the subsequent downward impact.
The weather regime analysis reveals the Greenland blocking (GL) and Atlantic trough (AT) regimes as the most frequent large-scale patterns in the weeks following an SSW. While the GL regime is dominated by high pressure over Greenland, AT is dominated by a southeastward-shifted storm track in the North Atlantic.
The flow evolution associated with GL and the associated cold conditions over Europe in the weeks following an SSW occur most frequently if a blocking situation over western Europe and the North Sea (European blocking) prevailed around the SSW onset. In contrast, an AT regime associated with mild conditions over Europe is more likely following the SSW event if GL occurs already around SSW onset. For the remaining tropospheric flow regimes during SSW onset we cannot identify a dominant flow evolution. Although it remains unclear what causes these relationships, the results suggest that specific tropospheric states in the days around the onset of the SSW are an indicator of the subsequent tropospheric flow evolution in the aftermath of an SSW, which could provide crucial guidance for subseasonal prediction.
Phytochemical Profile and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Echinodorus grandiflorus Crude Extract of the Leaves
Authors: Bonetti Carla Indianara , Dalmagro Mariana , Friedrich Juliana Cristhina , Jesus Douglas Rossi , Pinc Mariana Moraes , Alberton Odair , Lourenço Emerson Luiz Botelho
Published: August 2020

Echinodorus grandiflorus has pharmacological properties due to its secondary metabolism, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, analgesic, anti-rheumatic, antihypertensive, and cardioprotective effects. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of crude extract of E. grandiflorus form its leaves. In the analysis of the phytochemical profile, qualitative tests were performed to identify tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, polysaccharides, and coumarins. Antimicrobial tests were performed using the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in 96-well microplates, using hydroalcoholic crude extract obtained by maceration in the proportions 1:5 and 1:10. The higher content of crude extract was observed by maceration 1:5 (3.26%). In phytochemical tests, the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins was detected. The microbial strains evaluated were Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract has not apparent against the tested organisms. It is concluded that the crude extract present several phytochemical, however did not show antimicrobial activity, and furthermore studies should be carried out researching isolated chemical compounds and the antimicrobial activity leaves crude extract of Echinodorus grandiflorus plant.
Geology and Genesis of the Tuwu Porphyry Cu Deposit, Xinjiang, Northwest China
Authors: Wang Yin-Hong , Zhang Fang-Fang , Xue Chun-Ji , Liu Jia-Jun , Zhang Zhao-Chong , Sun Min
Published: August 2020

The Tuwu porphyry Cu deposit is located in the northern segment of the Jueluotage metallogenic belt in Eastern Tianshan, on the southern margin of the Central Asian orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwest China. Tuwu is hosted by diorite porphyry and tonalite porphyry intrusions, which intruded volcanic rocks of the Carboniferous Qi’eshan Group. Four stages (I-IV) of hydrothermal activity have been identified. Chalcopyrite is the dominant ore mineral and mainly occurs in vein stages II (quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite ± sericite ± bornite ± enargite veins with phyllic halos) and III (quartz-molybdenite-chalcopyrite ± pyrite ± chlorite ± epidote veins). Re-Os dating of molybdenite samples yielded an isochron age of 335.6 ± 4.1 Ma (2σ, mean square of weighted deviates = 0.15, n = 8).

Silicon, oxygen, and carbon stable isotope compositions of quartz and calcite provide evidence for predominantly magmatic contributions with a late meteoric water component at Tuwu. Chalcopyrite samples from stages I and III record a narrow range of bulk δ34S values between −3.9 and 0.4‰, whereas pyrite samples from stages I to IV show decreasing δ34S values from 1.7 to 0.2‰. Chalcopyrite has 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb ratios similar to those of porphyry intrusions, and Pb isotope data from sulfide samples display a positive trend transecting the growth curves of crustal lead. The ore-forming components (metals and sulfur) were sourced from a mantle-derived magmatic reservoir with some upper crustal components in a subduction-related arc setting.

Plagioclase compositions in the porphyry intrusions are consistent with magmatic H2O contents of ~7 wt %. Copper sulfides in the high-grade phyllic alteration zones at Tuwu are characterized by elevated δ65Cu values consistent with deposits from oxidized and hydrous magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, whereas lower δ65Cu values and low copper grades correspond to the potassic alteration zones. Recognition of copper isotope zonation patterns at Tuwu has potential applications in the exploration of porphyry Cu deposits.
A Case of Coincidental Free Floating Thrombus in the Vertebral Artery in a Patient Presenting with an Anterior Circulation Stroke and Literature Review
Authors: Al-Jehani Hosam , Alhamid May Adel , Alkhalaf Yousef , Alabbas Faisal
Published: August 2020

Free-floating thrombus (FFT) is a rare condition with unknown etiology as described by many case reports presented in previous literature. The patients usually present symptomatically while the other few patients remain asymptomatic and are usually discovered incidentally on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Most of the cases reported in the literature are of FFT in the internal carotid artery. We present a 59-year-old female as a case of FFT in the vertebral artery which was coincidently discovered on CTA in a patient initially presenting with an anterior circulation stroke. This case highlights the importance of early contrast-based vascular imaging in patients presenting with large vessel strokes that are cardioembolic in nature and the unique utilization of a direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) for revascularization. Included herein an extensive review of the literature about the decision making in patients with FFT and a devised proposed practical approach to this entity.
Gloss to the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of 24 September 2019, I OSK 2808/17, LEX no. 2728983
Authors: Korzeniewska - Lasota Anna
Published: August 2020

T.B. (hereinafter the applicant), together with his mother – K.B. and his sister – M.B. (later M.Z.) were co-owners of real property situated in the former eastern provinces of the Interwar Poland. The applicant's mother (K.B.) had died in 1948, and her inheritance was acquired by the applicant and his sister, M.Z., each with a share of ½. In February 1990, the applicant's sister declared that she was renouncing her right to inheritance in her shares, and the authenticity of the applicant's signature was confirmed by an official of the Municipal Office. The applicant's sister died in September 2007.
A Development of a Capacitive Voltage Divider for High Voltage Measurement as Part of a Combined Current and Voltage Sensor
Authors: Hrbac Roman , Kolar Vaclav , Bartlomiejczyk Mikolaj , Mlcak Tomas , Orsag Petr , Vanc Jakub
Published: August 2020

This article deals with the development of capacitive voltage divider for high voltage measurements and presents a method of analysis and optimization of its parameters. This divider is a part of a combined voltage and current sensor for measurements in high voltage power networks. The sensor allows continuous monitoring of the network distribution status and performs a quick diagnosis and location of possible network failures. Deployment of these devices will support semi-autonomous control of power networks and it can be considered as a step from traditional power grids toward smart grids. This is a worldwide trend connected with increasing number of renewable energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles as described in. In this way, it contributes to the reliability of the distribution network. Together with automated control techniques and fault location methods, it enables its self-healing capability. The following characteristics required for the sensor include: current measurement error up to 2 %, voltage measurement error up to 0.5 %, and power measurement error up to 5 %. At the same time, it is necessary that the sensor is cost-effective - relatively cheap. There were selected capacitors made in series production for the capacitive divider designing. The capacitive voltage divider was tested in terms of time and temperature stability; the results are described in the paper. Then, the method of mathematical correction of a temperature dependence of the capacitive voltage divider was suggested and tested.
Personalbindung als Führungsaufgabe
Authors: Seifert Anna
Published: August 2020

Social professions constantly show the highest labor requirements in Germany. Simultaneously the level of “inner resignation” constantly rises. Insufficient leadership, unnecessary hierarchies, lack of transparency, loss of communal unity and a growing culture of mistrust lay the groundwork for organizational pathologies such as “inner resignation”. This directly affects the commitment and motivation of employees as well as absenteeism, turnover and the public image of the company. Today, staff retention is the biggest challenge for the company’s survival. What can companies, their leaders as well as those affected do in order to avoid “inner resignation“ and preserve motivation, commitment and satisfaction at work?
Neonatal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women with COVID-19
Authors: Direkvand-Moghadam Ashraf , Karimi Parviz , Nourolahi Sajad
Published: August 2020

Context: COVID-19 is a serious threat to the world as a whole, and pregnant women are at increased risk of the infection. Objectives: In the present study, we have reviewed the outcomes of neonates of pregnant women with COVID-19. Data Sources: We searched Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from December 2019 to April 2020. The search was conducted using the following keywords: COVID-19, newborn, neonatal mortality, neonatal morbidity, pregnant women, pregnancy outcome, or combinations of these keywords. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were all English language articles about COVID-19 in pregnant women and outcomes of pregnancy. Review articles were excluded because of reporting repetitive articles. Study Selection: Two researchers independently screened the titles of all recorded citations, removed duplicate records, and distinguished potentially relevant studies for inclusion. Then, abstracts of selected citations were independently reviewed by two researchers for further relevance, with full-text manuscripts retrieved as appropriate. In disagreement cases, a third consultant was asked to act as an intervener. Results: In total, 6 articles had inclusion criteria. Newborns were examined by laboratory methods, including; the pharyngeal swab specimens, throat swab specimen, amniotic fluid, cord blood, breast milk. The neonatal complications such as a slight increase in the myocardial enzyme, fever, tachycardia, thrombocytopenia, vomiting and pneumothorax, shortness of breath, mild pulmonary infection, transient tachypnea and the skin rashes higher concentrations of IgG and IgM are reported. The shortness of breath was the most frequent clinical first symptom among neonates. Conclusions: There are strong ambiguities concerning the vertical transmission from mother to fetus. Extensive research is needed to resolve ambiguities about the virus and its impact on pregnancy outcomes.
The Teaching Demonstration
Authors: Scholz Sally J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2020

This article seeks to shine some light on the teaching demonstration from the perspective of observers using three guiding attributes of effective teaching: connection, commitment, and coachability. Discussing what observers are looking for and how observers interpret what is seen, the article presents the basic forms, common myths, and practical wisdom for teaching demonstrations. By reframing the goals of the teaching demonstration, the article demystifies a key part of the campus interview for the academic job market.
Revalidation of Enteromius alberti and presence of Enteromius cf. mimus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in the Lake Edward system, East Africa
Authors: Maetens Heleen , Van Steenberge Maarten , Snoeks Jos , Decru Eva
Published: August 2020

A revision was done on the species of Enteromius Cope, 1867 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Lake Edward system with a smooth, flexible third unbranched dorsal fin ray without serrations. Specimens with these characteristics had previously been attributed to E. perince and E. stigmatopygus. A combination of a genetic (COI, mtDNA) and a morphometric approach was used. Based on the COI gene, we found two groups with a distance of 8.5%, though neither of the two corresponded to E. perince or E. stigmatopygus. One group revealed to be conspecific with E. alberti, previously a synonym of E. stigmatopygus, described from the Rutshuru River, May-Ya-Moto (DRC, Lake Edward system), and revalidated here. In addition, E. cercops, described from the Nzoia River (Kenya, Lake Victoria basin), is put in synonymy with E. alberti. The second group was most similar to E. mimus, but differed morphologically somewhat from the types of E. mimus. Therefore, specimens of this group were identified as E. cf. mimus. Morphologically, E. alberti can be separated from E. cf. mimus based on a higher number of lateral line scales and smaller values for interorbital width, pre-pelvic distance, body depth, maximum and minimum caudal peduncle depth, head width and head depth.
Représentants, mandataires et commettants : Robespierre, la relation fiduciaire et le droit à l'existence matériel et politique
Authors: Bosc Yannick
Published: August 2020

Durante la Revolución Francesa, el trabajo político del "lado izquierdo", del cual Robespierre fue uno de los portavoces, consistió en implementar los principios de la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano. Esto implica que el pueblo soberano puede controlar el ejercicio del poder de sus agentes. Su función es garantizar el derecho natural del hombre a la existencia, que es la condición principal de la libertad y la razón de ser de la república.

During the French Revolution, the political work of the "left side", of which Robespierre was one of the spokespersons, consisted in implementing the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. These imply that the sovereign people can control the exercise of the power of their agents. Their function is to guarantee the natural right of man to existence which is the main condition of freedom and the raison d'être of the republic.
Poder político fiduciario y soberanía popular. Libertad política, confianza y revolución en la filosofía política de Locke
Authors: Mundó Jordi
Published: August 2020

La teoría republicana moderna de la concepción revolucionaria de la soberanía popular tuvo un eslabón fundamental en la filosofía política de John Locke, quien elaboró un argumento en favor de la libertad natural y de la autonomía de juicio de los individuos, y en contra de la sujeción natural y la alienación de la libertad política. Concibe la autoridad política como un poder político fiduciario instituido para el fin del bien público. Cuando los gobernantes actúan para fines distintos de los encomendados, arbitrariamente o por su interés propio, la confianza se pierde y el ejercicio del poder político regresa a las manos del pueblo libre.

Modern republican theory of the revolutionary conception of popular sovereignty had a fundamental link in the political philosophy of John Locke, who elaborated an argument in favour of the natural freedom and autonomy of judgment of individuals, and against the natural subjection and alienation of political freedom. He conceives of political authority as a fiduciary political power instituted for the end of public good. When the trustees act for ends other than those entrusted, arbitrarily or for his own interest, trust is forfeited and the exercise of political power returns to the hands of the free people.
Las relaciones fiduciarias y sus contextos: continuidades, analogías y metáforas. (Presentación del número monográfico)
Authors: Mundó Jordi
Published: August 2020

Este número monográfico pretende contribuir a la reflexión sobre el interés de las relaciones fiduciarias en varios sentidos. En primer lugar, quiere coadyuvar a aclarar las ventajas y las limitaciones conceptuales y normativas del principio fiduciario para la reflexión filosófico-política y para la política práctica contemporáneas. En segundo lugar, aspira a enriquecer nuestra apreciación de los hilos entrecruzados de la constitución fiduciaria del mundo moderno mediante el examen de los desarrollos de esta idea en Europa y Estados Unidos. En tercer lugar, pretende refinar nuestra comprensión del potencial que tiene su aplicación a diversas áreas interconectadas de la filosofía, la economía, la sociología y el derecho. Finalmente, se pretende proponer discusiones histórico-conceptualmente informadas sobre la relación entre el republicanismo y los principios fiduciarios.

This monographic issue aims to contribute to the reflection on the interest of fiduciary relationships in several ways. Firstly, it wants to help clarify the conceptual and normative advantages and limitations of the fiduciary principle for contemporary philosophical-political reflection and practical politics. Secondly, it aspires to enrich our appreciation of the interlocking threads of the fiduciary constitution of the modern world by examining the developments of this idea in Europe and the United States. Thirdly, it seeks to refine our understanding of the potential of its application to various interconnected areas of philosophy, economics, sociology, and law. Finally, it is intended to propose historically and conceptually informed discussions on the relationship between republicanism and fiduciary principles.
Tauromaquia, violência e desenvolvimento: opiniões e evidências
Authors: Capucha Luís , Pereira Luís , Tavares Tiago
Published: August 2020

A respeito da tauromaquia tem vindo a ser difundida a ideia de que a participação ou assistência de crianças a espetáculos tauromáquicos (considerados uma prática anacrónica, uma reminiscência do passado indigna das sociedades modernas) prejudica o seu desenvolvimento psicológico e incentiva comportamentos violentos. Alguns organismos internacionais emitiram opiniões no mesmo sentido. O presente artigo pretende, de forma modesta e sem polemizar em torno do assunto, testar a base de sustentação empírica destas afirmações. Para isso construiu-se um índice de atividade tauromáquica que dá conta da intensidade da presença da tauromaquia em cada concelho de Portugal, o qual foi correlacionado com o índice de poder de compra (aproximação ao nível de desenvolvimento concelhio) e a taxa de criminalidade (aproximação aos putativos efeitos psicológicos da tauromaquia). Verificou-se que não existe correlação significativa entre as variáveis analisadas, isto é, o teste não revelou evidências de relação entre a assistência ou participação ativa na tauromaquia, por um lado, e o desenvolvimento e a criminalidade, nomeadamente a criminalidade que envolve violência, por outro lado.
Staged Surgical Management of Open Navicular Fracture Secondary to a Gunshot Injury
Authors: Husain Zeeshan S. , Rahnama-Vaghef Ali
Published: August 2020

The management guidelines of gunshot wound (GSW) injuries to the lower extremities have primarily been described more recently in the literature. A navicular fracture with adjacent joint involvement is presented from a GSW with initial external fixation management to prevent loss of anatomical alignment and successful staged definitive treatment with internal fixation. Based on previous experiences with rearfoot joint involvement from GSW injuries, we were able to direct definitive treatment with arthrodesis of violated joints. After a 1-year follow-up, the patient has returned to normal activities without any limitations. This case report demonstrates a stepwise approach to management of an open navicular fracture secondary to a GSW.
18- and 70-MHz Ultrasonography of Actinomycetoma of the Foot Correlated with Clinical and Histologic Findings
Authors: Arceu Montserrat , Crespo Patricia , Jeraldo Cecilia , Wortsman Ximena
Published: August 2020

We present the ultrasonographic morphology of an actinomycetoma of the foot at 18 and 70 MHz (high-frequency and ultrahigh-frequency ultrasound, respectively), and describe an ultrasonographic sign that may help to discriminate between eumycetoma and actinomycetoma called the “bright hyperechoic halo.” To date, this is the first report on the morphology of mycetoma at 70 MHz with a clinical, ultrasonographic, and histologic correlation of the images, which provides ultrasound images that are very similar to the lower magnification of histology.
Hiding in plain smell
Authors: Joo Youngsung , Schuman Meredith C
Published: August 2020

A common rice pest can avoid its natural parasite by settling on plants that smell like they have been damaged by a species of caterpillar.
Deletion of Stk11 and Fos in mouse BLA projection neurons alters intrinsic excitability and impairs formation of long-term aversive memory
Authors: Levitan David , Liu Chenghao , Yang Tracy , Shima Yasuyuki , Lin Jian-You , Wachutka Joseph , Marrero Yasmin , Ali Marandi Ghoddousi Ramin , Veiga Beltrame Eduardo da , Richter Troy A , Katz Donald B , Nelson Sacha B
Published: August 2020

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of one-trial learning dependent on basolateral amygdala projection neurons (BLApn). Its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. RNAseq from BLApn identified changes in multiple candidate learning-related transcripts including the expected immediate early gene Fos and Stk11, a master kinase of the AMP-related kinase pathway with important roles in growth, metabolism and development, but not previously implicated in learning. Deletion of Stk11 in BLApn blocked memory prior to training, but not following it and increased neuronal excitability. Conversely, BLApn had reduced excitability following CTA. BLApn knockout of a second learning-related gene, Fos, also increased excitability and impaired learning. Independently increasing BLApn excitability chemogenetically during CTA also impaired memory. STK11 and C-FOS activation were independent of one another. These data suggest key roles for Stk11 and Fos in CTA long-term memory formation, dependent at least partly through convergent action on BLApn intrinsic excitability.
Mechanical nociceptive assessment of the equine hoof following distal interphalangeal joint intra-articular anesthesia
Authors: Malacarne Bruno D. , Cota Leticia O. , Neto Antônio C.P. , Paz Cahuê F.R. , Dias Lucas A. , Corrêa Mayara G. , Carvalho Armando M. , Faleiros Rafael R. , Xavier Andressa B.S.
Published: August 2020

Background

With the hypothesis that equine dorsal lamellar tissue can be desensitized by anesthesia injection into distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ), the objective was to assess the mechanical nociceptive threshold of hoof dorsal lamellae following intra-articular (IA) administration of lidocaine into this joint.

Methods

The DIPJ of the forelimbs of six adult healthy horses were injected with either 5 mL of lidocaine, or 5 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution. Treatments were randomly distributed, with each forelimb undergoing a single treatment. The hooves were evaluated pre- and post-injection at pre-selected times over 4 h, using a pressure algometry model. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) were recorded for the sole (dorsal, palmarolateral, and palmaromedial regions), coronary band (medial, lateral, and dorsal regions), heel bulbs (medial and lateral), and dorsal lamellar region (2 cm and 4 cm distal to the coronary band). The MNT means were compared over time using the Friedman test and between treatments using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with values ofP < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

There were no differences between treatments for any region of the hoof during the evaluation period. However, MNT values indicating analgesia were recorded in the dorsal lamellar region in 50% of hooves following adminstration of lidocaine into the DIPJ.

Conclusion

The administration of 5 mL of lidocaine into the DIPJ does not significantly increase the mechanical nociceptive threshold of the equine hoof.
The important role of private wildlife organisations in facilitating scientific research: A case study of the Australian Dingo Foundation
Authors: Smith Bradley P. , Palermo Shennai G. , Watson Lyn
Published: August 2020

As we enter an era of global mass extinctions, it is important to tackle wildlife research and conservation from multiple fronts, including those made available by wildlife organisations, zoos and sanctuaries. Captive studies are particularly useful when studying free-ranging populations is difficult, and/or when controlled conditions are required. Yet, despite the significant role that they play in supporting research and conservation of species and ecosystems, they are rarely recognised in the scientific literature. Here we present a case study of the Australian Dingo Foundation (ADF), a private organisation and captive breeding facility that actively supports research and conservation efforts relating to the dingo (Canis dingo). Over the past decade (2010 to 2020), the ADF has facilitated research across eight research disciplines that include archaeology, behaviour, biology, cognition, evolutionary psychology, non-lethal management, reproduction and parental behaviour, and vocalisations. This has resulted in at least 21 published scientific studies which are summarised in this paper. As this case study demonstrates, captive facilities have the potential to contribute to the understanding and conservation of dingoes by providing practical alternatives to, and/or supplement studies of free-ranging populations. We conclude by outlining some of the implications and limitations of conducting research using captive dingo populations.
Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Three Medicinal Plants From Nigeria
Authors: Ahamefula S. Ezekwe , Kenneth S. Ordu , Ralphael S. Oruamabo
Published: August 2020

Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants were investigated using standard methods. Leaves of Gongronema latifolium, Petrocarpus mildbraedii, and Piper guineense plants were prepared properly and used in the entire study. Results of phytochemical screening for the plants revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugars amongst others at different concentrations. Results of GC-MS analysis for G.latifolium showed a total of thirty-three compounds of which Cyclohexano, 2-l(methlaminomethyl)-trans had the highest retention time, squalene had the highest molecular weight and phytol had the highest peak area. GC-MS result for P.mildbraedii revealed a total of twenty-three of which Acatamide,2,2,2-trichloro- had the highest retention time, Erucic acid had the highest molecular weight whereas n-Hexadecanoic acid the highest peak area. Only ten compound were observed in P.guineense of  which Ethyl (3-hydroxyphenyl) carbamate had the highest retention time, Benzaminde, N-(4,5-dichloro-1,3-benzothiazol-2yl)-3,5-dimethoxy- had the highest molecular weight and Benzene, 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)- has the highest peak area in P. guineense. The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts as assessed, followed the order P.guineense > G.latifolium> P. mildbraedii in comparative with ascorbic acid used as the control. The observed compounds become very important when the usefulness of these plants as medicinal plants are considered. They could as well be behind the antioxidant property of the plants in this study. This study has revealed the phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants.
Evaluation of Phytochemicals of Cassia occidentalis L. for their Binding Affinities to SARS-CoV-2 3C-Like Protease: An in Silico Approach
Authors: Bondhon Tohmina Afroze , Rana Md. Aynal Haque , Hasan Anamul , Jahan Rownak , Jannat Khoshnur , Rahmatullah Mohammed
Published: August 2020

Aims: Corona virus SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as COVID-19 has created a pandemic resulting in social and financial crisis throughout the world. The virus has no known drugs or vaccines for preventive or therapeutic purposes. The objective of the present study was to screen phytochemicals from Cassia occidentalis L. in virtual screening (in silico) studies to evaluate their potential of binding to the main 3C-like protease of the virus and so stop its replication.

Study Design: Molecular docking approach was used for virtual screening studies.

Place and Duration of Study: University of Development Alternative between April and July 2020.

Methodology: Molecular docking (blind) were done with the help of Autodock Vina. We have used the pdb file (6LU7) of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease or SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (monomeric form) to study binding of the phytochemicals.

Results: Of the nine phytochemicals studied, the C-glycosidic flavonoids, cassiaoccidentalins A-C demonstrated excellent binding affinities to the protease. The compounds bound to the active site of the protease with binding energy values of -8.2 to-8.4 kcal/mol.

Conclusion: The in silico studies suggest that the compounds merit actual COVID-19 inhibitory tests and have potential for anti-COVID-19 use.
Amelioration of Salt Affected Soils and Improvement of Rice and Wheat Yields by Adding Compost and Foliar Spray of Zinc, Potassium and Compost Tea
Authors: Amer M. M. , ELSaka M. S. , Zoghdan M. G. , Khalifa T. H.
Published: August 2020

Amelioration of salt-affected soils requires an integrated management approach, by eco-friendly environmental methods which help improve soil properties, increases crop yield and quality.  Hence, a study was done to evaluate the performances of combined use of compost and foliar application of Zn, K and compost tea. In salt affected soil in the rice-wheat system. A field experiment at El Hamool district, Kafr El Sheikh governorate, Egypt was carried out during 2019 summer for rice and 2020 winter season for wheat. A split plot design with three replicates was performed. The main plots were occupied by levels of compost: C1 (2MgFed.-1), C2 (4MgFed.-1) and C3 (6MgFed.-1), (Fed= 0.41ha). Whereas, sub-plots were foliar application: control (T1), Zinc sulphate (T2), Mono potassium phosphate (T3), compost tea (T4), Zinc + potassium (T5), zinc + compost tea (T6), potassium + CT (T7) and Zn + PK + CT (T8). ECe and SAR) were significant decreased due to application of compost up to C3 (6MgFed.-1) while CEC and organic carbon were significantly increased by compost application, C3(6MgFed.-1). The highest results were recorded  due to use of Zn+PK+CT and compost. The grain and straw yields of both rice and wheat were markedly increased due to application of compost and foliar nutrients. The highest values were noted with the interaction of C3 am and T8.Nitrogen uptake, N use efficiency and N-recovery for both rice and wheat were considerably increased due to application of compost and foliar treatments, the highest performance being observed in C3 coupled with T8.
Socio Economic Analysis of Broiler Farms in Perambalur District of Tamil Nadu State
Authors: Kandeeban M. , Praveena S. , Shravanthi Raj
Published: August 2020

The study was conducted to identify the socioeconomic status, assess costs and returns of broiler farms in Perambalur District of Tamil Nadu state in India. The primary data were collected from 30 respondents through face to face interview during the period between November 2019 and January 2020. The results of the study revealed that most of the respondents were male belonging to old age category. Majority of the respondents were running broiler business as a main occupation and highly depended on institutional sources of finance. Major share of the respondents were spending higher amount to the input. The farmers were spending their amount for purchasing of lights, roof material, drinker, feeder etc. Government should initiate various schemes for the upliftment of poultry sector. Low cost vaccine and medicines may be provided by the government to the growers which will minimize the variable cost. If all the above suggestions are implemented by the concerned authorities, the broiler farming will move in the right direction and the farmers will get good income.
Establish Measurement System for Vibration Lab Unit Using Arduino
Authors: Elderrat Haithem , Ashwear Nasseradeen , Aweib Omr , Elmahrouq Ali
Published: August 2020

As science and technology develop quickly, suitable measurement system is becoming more achievable. In dynamics of structures, measuring vibrations take a serious view during the process of design and construction to avoid resonance. The main objective of this study is to establish a vibration measurement system for a laboratory vibration unit by using a virtual instrumentation system. The Arduino microcontroller is used as the receiver of the electrical signals coming from the displacement sensor, which is connected to the vibration unit. The microcontroller then processes the electrical signals and send it to LabVIEW software on the computer for processing. The established measurement system is able to calculate the vibration of the moving body. Hence, the natural frequency of the system could be determined, and shock absorber for the unit could be designed. Results have been validated using calculated theoretical results of the unit. Thus, the unit is ready to conduct laboratory experiments on the concept of mechanical vibration.
Heliospheric Modulation of GCR at Mid and High Latitudes
Authors: Okpala Kingsley Chukwudi , Kalu Darlene Florence , Achu Nnaemeka Onyekachi Njoku-
Published: August 2020

The variations of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) as compared with the behaviour of various solar activity indices, heliospheric parameters and the geomagnetic index Ap during 1999-2015, which covers part of cycles 23 and cycle 24 have been studied.  Two sets of data were considered, consisting respectively of all days of the month and the five quietest days. Neutron Monitor Stations of Moscow and Rome (mid latitude stations) and Inuvik and Oulu (High latitude stations) were employed. Cosmic Ray (CR) wave characteristics were obtained by the harmonics method.  The mean, diurnal amplitude of the first, second, and third harmonics were calculated and profiled. Furthermore, correlation analysis was carried out to determine the association between parameters. Results showed that the total magnetic field BT and the sunspot number (SSN) showed the strongest association with CR in both quiet conditions and all day conditions considered. The higher harmonics showed a slightly stronger association with CR than lower harmonics. A time-lag of about 12-15 months was observed for SSN suggesting a potential for predicting CR flux, while the total magnetic field had a zero lag for all the heliospheric parameters considered.