bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood and tissue steroid levels and their interrelationship in men with pathological conditions of the reproductive organs
Authors: de la Torre B. , Hedman M. , Norén S. , Sjöberg B.
Published: May 2008

We have investigated the interrelationship of the levels of 10 steroids in peripheral venous, spermatic arterial and spermatic venous blood, and in tissue specimens from the epididymis, vas deferens and testis from 8 patients who underwent orchidectomy for pathological conditions of the reproductive organs. The steroids analyzed by radioimmunoassay were: pregnenolone (5‐P), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OH‐P), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the sulpho‐conjugated forms (‐S) of 5‐P, DHEA, T and DHT. The quantitatively major steroids in peripheral venous blood were, in order of magnitude, DHEA‐S, 5‐P‐S, DHT‐S, T‐S and T. No difference was observed between the levels of any of the steroids measured in peripheral venous and spermatic arterial blood. With the exception of DHEA‐S and DHT‐S, the levels of all steroids in spermatic venous blood were substantially higher than in peripheral venous blood (P < 0.001). No correlation was found between steroid levels in spermatic venous and peripheral venous blood.

Steroid concentrations in tissue from the epididymis, vas deferens and testis were markedly higher than in peripheral venous blood (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001), except for the levels of DHEA‐S which were about equal in the various blood and tissue specimens. Tissue to blood ratios varied from approximately 2.0 to 500 according to the steroid in question. The peripheral blood levels of 5‐P‐S, DHEA‐S and DHT‐S were substantially higher than respective unconjugated steroid levels (P < 0.001); the ratios (sulphoconjugated to unconjugated) were approximately 17, 215 and 30, respectively. In contrast the respective ratios in the tissue specimens vaned from 0.3 to 5.0.

These data indicate differences in the extent of tissue steroid accumulation and/or hnding. Furthermore, the varying relationship in different tissues between sulpho‐conjugated and unconjugated steroids suggests the existence of organ specific regulatory mechanisms for steroids in the human. The possibility that the various steroids, particularly the sulpho‐conjugated steroids studied, have specific tissue functions is discussed. It is suggested that the measurement of sulpho‐conjugated steroids may be useful for evaluation of certain disorders of the connective tissues.
Identification and androgen‐dependence of proteins in the mouse vas deferens
Authors: Taragnat Catherine , Berger Michel , Jean Claude
Published: May 2008

Proteins from ‘luminal fluid’ or from a homogenate of whole vas deferens were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Four major bands with apparent molecular weights of 34·5, 36, 38 and 180 Kilodaltons (K) were observed in homogenates. In ‘luminal fluid’ the same protein pattern was observed except that 38 K band was missing. These four major bands probably originated from the vas deferens as they were not detected in plasma and were still present after ligation between the epididymis and vas deferens. After castration, there was a specific reduction of the 34·5 K MW protein band in both homogenate and ‘luminal fluid’. When the androgen‐dependence of proteins was investigated using radioactive methionine, the piotein spectra from normal and castrated males showed that about 10 polypeptides were differentially induced or repressed by androgens. The synthesis of some proteins (MW's 24, 36 and 180 K) was decreased by castration while the synthesis of several others (MW's between 27 and 82 K) was increased. Most of these androgen‐dependent proteins were detectable at 10 days of age.
Incidence of sperm‐associated immunoglobulins in infertile men with suspected autoimmunity to sperm
Authors: Almeida Marta De , Soumah Arlette , Jouannet Pierre
Published: May 2008

Semen samples from 120 infertile men with suspected autoimmunity to sperm were investigated by a direct immunobead test (IBT). Fifty‐three (44%) of them had 10% or more motile sperm coated with anti‐IgG and/or anti‐IgA immunobeads. Both classes of immunoglobulins were found to be present in 88.7% of the antibody positive ejaculates. These sperm‐bound Igs were associated with sperm autoagglutination in 80% of the ejaculates and with decreased sperm penetration into cervical mucus in 97.6% of the cases. The close correlation found between the IBT results and the occurrence of antisperm antibodies in serum and in seminal plasma suggests that sperm‐bound Ig's are sperm‐specific antibodies. It is concluded that the direct IBT is not only a reliable screening test for sperm antibodies but is also a relevant test to determine whether these antibodies exert an influence on male fertility.
Characteristics of the transport of carnitine into the cauda epididymidis of the rat as ascertained by luminal perfusion in vitro
Authors: Cooper T. G. , Gudermann T. W. , Yeung C. H.
Published: May 2008

An in vitro luminal perfusion technique was used to monitor the transepithelial movement of [3H]L‐carnitine into the cauda epididymal lumen of rats. Movement of the volume marker [4C]inulin into the lumen was limited while the transport of [3H]L‐carnitine was saturable and was dependent on respiratory energy. The transport of L‐carnitine (50 μM) was significantly inhibited by 500 μM D‐carnitine, palmitoyl L‐carnitine and deoxycarnitine but not by trimethylammonium iodide, trimethyl phosphate, acetyl‐L‐carnitine, choline, betaine, gamma‐aminobutyric acid or DL‐carnitinamide. The Kt (116 μM) and Vmax (0.1 nmol/30 min/cm) for the carriers were calculated from the present data and as the Kt is about twice the normal plasma concentration of carnitine, the rate of transport by the pump is presumed to be limited by the plasma concentration
Ultrastructural effects of cadmium on the epididymis of the cryptorchid rat
Authors: Sacerdote F. L. , Cavicchia J. C. , Gutierrez L. S.
Published: May 2008

The short‐term (90 min) effect of an intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (3 μmol/100 g body weight) was studied with the electron microscope in the epididymis of mature rats rendered unilaterally cryptorchid 60 days before injection. It was found that the endothelium of the epididymal capillaries of the cryptorchid organ, at this low dose and short time, showed neither separation of cytoplasmic leaflets, nor platelet damage, nor extravasation, which are the lesions previously described by us and which were present in the contralateral, scrotal epididymis. The possible mechanisms for the protective action of cryptorchidism against the effects of cadmium on capillary endothelia are discussed.
Ejaculate composition after masturbation and coitus in the human male
Authors: Purvis K. , Magnus Ø. , Mørkås L. , Åbyholm T. , Rui H.
Published: May 2008

The levels of fructose, acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, maltase, testosterone, prostaglandin E, putrescine, spermidine and spermine were compared in ejaculates collected by masturbation and after coitus in the same individuals. Coitus was associated with a significantly larger semen volume and increased concentrations and total amounts of prostaglandin E and poly‐amines in the ejaculate. In contrast, the concentrations of the conventional glandular parameters remained relatively unaffected, although a slight dilution of the seminal vesicle contribution to the ejaculate occurred after coitus. In the majority of cases, ejaculates provided by masturbation were significantly enriched in spermatozoa, but the total contributions under both conditions remained the same. It is concluded that the assessment of semen quality in male individuals using the conventional parameters of accessory gland function can be made with ejaculates provided by masturbation or coitus.
Zinc in human semen
Authors: Canale D. , Bartelloni M. , Negroni A. , Meschini P. , Izzo P. L. , Bianchi B. , Menchini‐Fabris G. F.
Published: May 2008

Seminal zinc was measured in normospermic and infertile patients by a new colorimetric method. Analysis of semen from 5 patients with bilateral agenesis of the vas deferens showed high levels of zinc (mean value 1411.2 μg/ml). Lower levels were found in 6 patients with monolateral congenital or acquired obstruction (695.2 μg/ml). The seminal zinc level in 6 patients who had had a vasectomy or who had an epididymal blockage (125.7 μg/ml) was approximately the same as in 41 controls (134.6 ± 42 ± SD). Zinc levels were reduced in hypogonadal patients. These data suggest that zinc is secreted mainly by the prostate, while vesicular, epididymal and testicular secretions are devoid of zinc. Evaluation of this metal therefore permits the diagnosis of patency of the seminal pathways, but does not permit identification of prostatitis. No correlation was found between sperm count or motility and the seminal zinc level, nor between the latter and varicocele.
Morphology of normal and malignant germ cells*
Authors: HOLSTEIN A. F. , SCHÜTTE B. , BECKER H. , HARTMANN M.
Published: May 2008

By means of semithin section histology and electron microscopy the following male germ cells are described: gonocytes and prospermatogonia in the embryonic and fetal testes; spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in the testis of the adult; abnormal spermatogonia and spermatocytes, which are not tumour cells. In contrast to these cells, four main tumour cell types which on the basis of morphological criteria can be said to be derived from germ cells, are classified and designated as Tc 1 to Tc 4. The various tissues accompanying the tumour cells are briefly described.
Immunohistochemical identification of macrophages, lymphoid cells and HLA antigens in the human testis
Authors: PÖLLÁNEN P. , NIEMI M.
Published: May 2008

The presence and distribution of macrophages, several subtypes of lymphocytes and HLA antigens in the human testis were studied using monoclonal antibodies and immunocytochemical staining. Cells identified as tissue macrophages were relatively abundant. They were dispersed individually in the interstitium and were often included in Leydig cell clusters. Occasional macrophages were observed in the tubular wall, but never in the seminiferous tubules. Very few lymphocytes were found in the testicular interstitium. These were mainly T lymphocytes. T helper/inducer and T cytotoxic/suppressor cells were extremely scarce. B1+ cells were not observed, but occasional Leu‐14+ cells could be seen. NK cells were not found. The number of T lymphocytes in the tunica albuginea was considerably higher than in the interstitial tissue. HLA‐ABC and HLA‐DR antigens could be observed in the endothelial cells and macrophages which were both strongly positive. The myoid cells and the Leydig cells expressed these antigens only weakly. Neither of the HLA antigens was expressed in the germinal epithelium.
Oncogenes and germ cell tumours
Authors: SIKORA K. , EVAN G. , WATSON J.
Published: May 2008

The central problem in cancer therapy is the poor selectivity of current systemic agents against the common solid tumours. The demonstration that unique segments of DNA, constant in location and conserved in evolution are involved in growth control opens new avenues for basic and clinical research. The function of the products of these genes needs to be elucidated. Examples of growth control functions include homology to growth factors, surface receptors, protein kinases and cell cycle control proteins. From DNA sequence data peptides predicted to be exposed within intact molecules can be constructed and used to produce monoclonal antibodies to oncogene products. Such antibodies have now been successfully used to demonstrate the intracellular localization of gene products as well as the cell cycle regulatory role of the c‐myc protein. By having a battery of antibodies against the different gene products their direct clinical application for diagnosis and prognosis has become a reality. Immunohistology and flow cytometry permit the geographical and quantitative analysis of function in normal and neoplastic tissues. Furthermore, by purification and biochemical analysis the molecular basis for their action can be elucidated. It is likely that by the end of the decade new drugs that inhibit oncoprotein function will be available for clinical trial.
HLA phenotype and clinicopathological behaviour of germ cell tumours: possible evidence for clonal evolution from seminomas to nonseminomas
Authors: OLIVER R. T. D.
Published: May 2008

Analysis of 101 patients with germ cell tumours of the testis who have been typed for HLA DR antigens has provided confirmatory evidence for an association of DR5 with the development of seminoma and demonstrated an association of DR7 with metastases. These observations taken with the suggestion of HLA linkage in the small numbers of familial cases reviewed, does suggest that there is an HLA linked gene involved in the clinicopathological behaviour of germ cell tumours. Though of only theoretical interest at present these observations may be of considerable importance in the future given the observation in mice that transfection of missing MHC genes into a malignant tumour can produce a vaccine that enables previously unexposed animals to resist the original malignant tumour (Hui et al., 1984).
Human embryonal carcinoma cells and their differentiation in culture
Authors: ANDREWS P. W. , FENDERSON B. , HAKOMORI SEN‐ITIROH
Published: May 2008

Based on the study of two clonal cell lines, 2102Ep and TERA‐2, isolated from human germ cell tumours, we have identified several properties that are commonly expressed by human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the stem cells of teratocarcinomas. These properties include the expression of surface antigens SSEA‐3, SSEA‐4, TRA‐1–60 and TRA‐1–81, and the presence of cytokeratin in the cytoplasm. However, some human EC cells lack expression of SSEA‐3 and ‐4, although glycolipids containing these epitopes can be extracted from such variant cells. Analysis of the glycolipid composition of TERA‐2 cells suggests that the switching of oligosaccharide core structure synthesis from globo‐series to lacto‐ and ganglio‐series is a key event during the differentiation of these cells. Variant, SSEA‐3 and ‐4‐negative EC cells may have already initiated these changes while retaining other features of the EC phenotype. Other studies have indicated that human EC cells variably express class I MHC antigens. We have shown that interferon induces expression of these surface molecules in EC cells without inhibiting their growth or inducing their differentiation or resistance to viral infection.
The spermatocytic seminoma: views on pathogenesis
Authors: MÜLLER J. , SKAKKEBÆK N. E. , PARKINSON M. CONSTANCE
Published: May 2008

The spermatocytic seminoma has clinical and histological characteristics which differ from those of other germ cell tumours of the testis. Classical seminomas and teratomas are believed to originate from intratubular carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIS), which is almost invariably found adjacent to these neoplasms. In addition, DNA analysis of these tumours and the surrounding CIS has shown both to have an aneuploid distribution. In order to throw light on the origin of the spermatocytic seminoma, we have examined the testicular tissue adjacent to fifteen spermatocytic seminomas for the presence of CIS and assessed the DNA content of the tumour cells densitometrically. In twelve specimens seminiferous tubules were present adjacent to the tumour, and in none of these cases was CIS seen. Nuclear DNA measurements were possible in eleven tumours and in five cases the distribution was diploid, in three cases tetraploid, and only in three cases aneuploid. Therefore, we suggest that the spermatocytic seminoma has a different cell of origin from that of other germ cell tumours of the testis.
Lectin binding sites in human seminiferous epithelium, in CIS cells and in seminomas
Authors: MALMI RAIJA , SÖDERSTRÖM K. ‐O.
Published: May 2008

The distribution of glycoconjugates in germ cells during spermatogenic differentiation, in carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIS) cells and in seminoma were studied by lectin histochemistry. The results show that human germ cells are rich in carbohydrate‐containing compounds with specific alterations in the expression of glucosyl moleties during germ cell development. CIS cells reveal different lectin binding sites from spermatogenic cells, but the distribution of glycosubstances in CIS cells is similar to that of seminoma cells which supports the suggestion of the malignant nature of CIS germ cells.
Experience of screening for carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis among young men with surgically corrected maldescended testes
Authors: PEDERSEN K. V. , BOIESEN P. , ZETTER‐LUND C. G.
Published: May 2008

One hundred and twelve young men with maldescended testes which had been surgically corrected were examined for premalignant/malignant changes in the testes. Bilateral testicular biopsies were made in ninety‐four patients. Three had carcinoma‐in‐situ of the testis in the biopsy. Invasive tumour of seminomatous type was found in two of these testes after orchidectomy had been performed. No correlation was found with testicular localization pre‐ or postoperatively, with testicular volume or with tumour markers.
Treatment of poor prognosis germ cell tumours with high dose cisplatin regimens
Authors: OZOLS R. F.
Published: May 2008

We have developed an intensive combination chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of patients with poor risk nonseminomatous testicular cancer. This regimen (termed PVeBV) consists of cisplatin [P] (at twice the dose used in previous combination chemotherapy regimens), vinblastine [Ve], bleomycin [B], and VP‐16 [V]. Cisplatin was administered in hypertonic saline with vigorous chlorouresis. In a pilot study we demonstrated that PVeBV was an active regimen in high risk patients but associated with severe myelosuppression. Consequently, a clinical trial of PVeBV vs standard PVeB chemotherapy in high risk patients is currently in progress at the Medicine Branch of the National Cancer Institute. Patients eligible for this trial must be previously untreated and have bulky disease either in the abdomen or lungs as well as other poor prognostic features. A preliminary analysis of this trial demonstrates a higher complete remission rate (87%) for PVeBV compared to (62%) for PVeB. There has only been one relapse (4%) in patients randomized to receive PVeBV compared to a 20% relapse rate in patients receiving PVeB. There is no statistically significant increase in survival for patients randomized to PVeBV; however, there is a statistically significant prolongation of disease‐free survival in patients receiving the intensive four‐drug regimen. The increased toxicity of PVeBV was due primarily to more severe myelosuppression. These results demonstrate that PVeBV chemotherapy can be administered to high risk testicular cancer patients with acceptable toxicity and that the preliminary analysis of a randomized trial suggests that PVeBV may be superior to PVeB in the treatment of these high risk patients.
Treatment of patients with poor prognosis anaplastic germ cell tumours (AGCT) of the testis and other sites
Authors: NEWLANDS E. S. , BAGSHAWE K. D. , BEGENT R. H. J. , RUSTIN G. J. S. , CRAWFORD S. M. , HOLDEN L.
Published: May 2008

Between 1977 and 1986, 170 male patients with anaplastic germ cell tumours (AGCT) completed chemotherapy with POMB/ACE (platinum, vincristine (oncovin), methotrexate, bleomycin, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide and etoposide). By increasing the number of courses of POMB in 1979 we have been able to compensate for adverse prognostic factors. Since then each patient has received a minimum of three courses of POMB and 139 patients have completed therapy with an overall survival of 89%, and for those patients who had not received prior radiotherapy the survival is 92%. By increasing the number of courses of POMB, the initial serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG greater than 50,000 IU/l) and/or alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP greater than 500 kU/l) have ceased to be poor prognostic variables. Neither stage at presentation nor the volume of metastatic disease is a major adverse prognostic variable using this chemotherapy.
Disseminated testicular cancer with bulky disease: results of a phase‐II study with cisplatin ultra high dose/VP‐16/bleomycin
Authors: SCHMOLL H. J. , SCHUBERT I. , ARNOLD H. , DÖLKEN G. , HECHT Th. , BERGMANN L. , ILLIGER J. , FINK U. , PREISS J. , PFREUNDSCHUH M. , KAULEN H. , BONFERT B. , HO A. D. , MANEGOLD C. , MAYR A. , HOFFMANN L. , WEISS J. , HECKER H.
Published: May 2008

This is a preliminary analysis of the AIO‐Testicular Tumour Study Group trial in patients with disseminated bulky testicular cancer. Treatment plan: cisplatin 35 mg/m2days 1–5, VP‐16 120 mg/m2days 1–5 (two daily divided doses), bleomycin 15 mg/m2days 1, 8, 15. Of 98 patients at present evaluable 63% had complete remission or have no evidence of disease (CR/NED), 30% had partial remission (PR) and 7% had no change or progressive disease (NC/P). Relapse‐free survival is 93% for the CR/NED group after a median follow up of 2.2 years: the overall survival for the entire patient population is 70%. Toxicity included predominantly granulocytopenic fever and infection with septicaemia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, neurotoxicity and lung toxicity, with 7% fatal toxicity. A prospective randomized trial is warranted to evaluate the apparent superior activity of ultra high dose cisplatin in combination with VP‐16 and bleomycin.
Effect of cisplatin on renal haemodynamics and tubular function in the dog kidney
Authors: DAUGAARD GEDSKE , ABILDGAARD U. , HOLSTEIN‐RATHLOU N. H. , AMTORP O. , LEYSSAC P. P.
Published: May 2008

Administration of cisplatin (5 mg/kg) to dogs results in polyuric renal failure due initially to a proximal tubular functional impairment. 48–72 h after the cisplatin administration the depressed renal function can be attributed to impairment of proximal as well as distal tubular reabsorptive capacities associated with increased renal vascular resistance. The polyuria seems to be due to the impaired reabsorption rate in the distal nephron segments.
Vascular toxicity following vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin therapy for germ cell tumours
Authors: SAMUELS B. L. , VOGELZANG N. J. , KENNEDY B. J.
Published: May 2008

Vascular toxicity following the use of vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin (VBP) combination chemotherapy has been described. This report gives details of five patients who suffered acute life‐threatening vascular events following such a chemotherapy regimen for germ cell tumours. In three of the cases no evidence of tumour was found at autopsy. Both acute and long‐term vascular toxicity were seen. Large artery vascular disease may result from synergistic toxicity of the drugs comprising the regimen. These cases, with an additional sixteen collected from the literature, suggest that major vascular disease is a significant side‐effect of the VBP regimen.
Testicular cancer and fertility
Authors: BERTHELSEN J. G.
Published: May 2008

Before treatment, a little over one‐half of patients with testicular cancer have fathered children, while one‐fifth have a history of sterility. Radiotherapy with a gonadal dose of less than 1.5 Gy seems to do little permanent damage to fertility. Following cisplatin‐based combination chemotherapy, a number of conceptions have been reported. The newer regimens affect spermatogenesis less than earlier ones due to a lower toxicity of the drugs and shorter duration of the treatment. New modifications of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy may save ejaculatory ability in over one‐half of the patients. It is uncertain whether this procedure is less detrimental to fertility than the cisplatin‐based combination chemotherapy. Even though semen quality is often poor before treatment, cryopreservation of semen should be considered since in vitro fertilization may be successful even with very poor semen quality. There are no indications in the literature of permanent adverse genetic effects of the treatment.
Pituitary and testicular hormonal function after treatment for germ cell tumours
Authors: BOSL G. J. , BAJORUNAS D.
Published: May 2008

The endocrine effects of cisplatin based chemotherapy in patients with germ cell tumours were studied in twenty‐two patients 9+ to 24+ months after completing treatment. The mean basal FSH and stimulated LH and FSH levels were found to be elevated in treated patients when compared to untreated controls. Serum testosterone levels in treated patients were similar to those in untreated controls. Mean basal LH and FSH levels tended to return toward normal in those patients treated more than 18 months prior to study, and were lower in patients less than 25 years of age at the time of treatment when compared to those aged over 25. These data demonstrate that compensated hypogonadism is common after treatment for metastatic germ cell tumours, that young patients appear to be more resistant to the effects of cisplatin based chemotherapy, and that these effects tend to recover with time.
Plasma reproductive hormones in normal and vasectomized Chinese males
Authors: PENG X. S. , LI F. D. , MIAO Z. R. , YE X. M. , WONG Y. , HU X. Z. , ZHONG Z. Z. , ZENG F. X. , WU X. Q. , LAN J. , LI G. Z. , JING S. S. , FARLEY T. M. M.
Published: May 2008

Plasma reproductive hormones (testosterone, LH, FSH and prolactin) were measured in 298 normal healthy males aged 30–73 years from rural areas of Sichuan Province. People's Republic of China, and in 505 similar men vasectomized between 1 year and 25 years previously. Age‐related increases in LH and FSH but not in testosterone or prolactin were noted in normal men. No adverse effects of vasectomy were observed apart from a 16% increase in mean LH levels in the vasectomized compared to non‐vasectomized men of similar ages.
Comparison of glycosidase levels in bovine seminal plasma
Authors: JAUHIAINEN A. , VANHA‐PERTTULA T.
Published: May 2008

Seven glycosidases (β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase, α‐fucosidase. β‐galactosidase, acid α‐glucosidase, β‐glucuronidase, acid and neutral α‐mannosidase) were analysed in seminal plasma from the first and second successive ejaculates in normal Ayrshire bulls. In comparison to our previous data the results indicate that β‐N‐acetylgluco‐saminidase. β‐galactosidase and β‐glucuronidase are derived mainly from epididymal secretions, while α‐fucosidase and particularly neutral α‐mannosidase originate additionally from the spermatozoan cytoplasmic droplets. The seminal vesicles appear to contribute particularly to the seminal plasma acid α‐glucosidase and acid α‐mannosidase activities. The seminal plasma enzymes derived from the epididymis and cytoplasmic droplets were suppressed in semen samples with low sperm density or with high numbers of abnormal spermatozoa. The epididymal and seminal vesicle enzymes could be utilized in assessment of the secretory/functional capacity of these glands.
Hyperthermia and human spermatogenesis: enhancement of the inhibitory effect obtained by ‘artificial cryptorchidism’
Authors: MIEUSSET R. , BUJAN L. , MANSAT ARLETTE , PONTONNIER F. , GRANDJEAN HÉLÈNE
Published: May 2008

Decreased sperm count and motility were observed in men after induction of local testicular hyperthermia by raising the testicles into the inguinal canal during the day in adult volunteers. A similar technique in which the testicles were better maintained in the inguinal canal resulted in more marked suppression of spermatogenesis. As assessed by the total motile sperm count, the mean inhibitory effect of hyperthermia was at least 97% after 2 months using this technique. This effect of ‘artificial cryptorchidism’ may be of practical interest in the manipulation of male fertility.
Reassessment of the accuracy of traditional sperm characteristics and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in estimating the fertilizing potential of human semen in vivo
Authors: COMHAIRE F. H. , VERMEULEN L. , SCHOONJANS F.
Published: May 2008

Receiver operating characteristic curves and accuracy parameters were computed for traditional sperm characteristics (concentration, motility, morphology) and the number of peroxidase negative cells, and the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in semen from populations of fertile and infertile men, and men who achieved a pregnancy after varicocele treatment. The percentage and concentration per millilitre of spermatozoa with rapid linear progressive motility, and the ATP concentration, provided the best discrimination between fertile and treated fertile from infertile men. The misclassification rate was higher for sperm morphology, total progressive motility and viability, whereas sperm concentration and the total sperm count per ejaculate had the worst discrimating power. The number of peroxidase negative cells per 100 spermatozoa was highly specific in identifying men who achieved pregnancy after varicocele treatment. The lower limit of normality of sperm characteristics was remarkably different between fertile men and men achieving pregnancy after treatment or during infertility work‐up.
Decreased semen quality in a male infected with malaria
Authors: SINGER R. , SEGENREICH E. , SAGIV M. , SHOHAT B. , LIVNI E. , BARTOOV B. , ZUKERMAN Z. , LEIBA S. , SERVADIO C.
Published: May 2008

A 33‐year‐old male of proven fertility suffered six attacks of malaria while resident in an African country. For this he received anti‐malarial drugs. Semen analysis performed after the fourth attack, and repeated during the following 2 years after his return to Israel, revealed severe oligozoospermia. necrozoospermia and occasionally even azoospermia. Immunological examination of the patient revealed an inverse ratio of T‐cell subsets and mast cell degranulation in response to palludrin. Twenty‐five months after the last attack of malaria a significant improvement was found in semen quality and there was an increase in the ratio of T‐helper to T‐suppressor cytotoxic cells. These observations indicate that although malaria and its treatment may affect spermatogenesis, recovery may be expected eventually.
Monoclonal antibody against human sperm acrosome inhibits sperm penetration of zona‐free hamster eggs
Authors: SALONEN I. , KALLAJOKI M.
Published: May 2008

Human spermatozoa were exposed to a monoclonal antibody (C11H), which recognizes sperm acrosin. The antibody was presented to the sperm during capacitation and/or insemination, and its effect on penetration was tested using zona‐free hamster eggs. An inhibitory effect on penetration was observed when the antibody was present during insemination but not when it was included only in the capacitation medium. As judged by immunofluorescence microscopy, most of the sperm bound to the egg surface were devoid of acrosomal staining. Some of the bound sperm were stained at their equatorial segments. Sperm that had penetrated the ooplasm did not exhibit immunofluorescence.
Treatment with hCG increases the size of Leydig cells and testicular macrophages in unilaterally cryptorchid rats
Authors: BERGH A.
Published: May 2008

Adult, unilaterally cryptorchid rats were treated with a single injection of 200 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The morphological response of Leydig cells and testicular macrophages at 24 and 72 h after treatment was quantified using morphometry. Treatment with hCG induced an increase in the volume density of Leydig cells and macrophages, as well as in the average cell profile area of individual Leydig cells and macrophages in both scrotal and abdominal testes. However, the relative response was considerably larger in abdominal than in scrotal testes, and there was a strong positive correlation between the response of Leydig cells and macrophages. It is suggested that hCG, probably via effects on Leydig cells, also influences the function of testicular macrophages.
Effect of antispermatoeoal antibodies in seminal plasma upon spermatozoal function
Authors: MATSON P. L. , JUNK S. M. , SPITTLE J. W. , YOVICH J. L.
Published: May 2008

The indirect immunobead test for antispermatozoal antibodies of the class IgA, IgG and IgM was applied to the seminal plasma of male partners of infertile couples. The presence of both IgA and IgG was associated with a decreased incidence of good post‐coital test results and a reduced rate of fertilization of human oocytes. No significant differences were found for men with IgA or IgG alone when compared to men with no detectable antispermatozoal antibodies.
Abnormal sperm morphology and other semen parameters related to the outcome of the hamster oocyte human sperm penetration assay
Authors: OEHNIGER S. , MORSHEDI M. , KRUGER T. F. , SWANSON R. J. , HAMILTON MARY , SIMMONS KATHRYN F. , ACOSTA ANIBAL A. , MATTAP J. F.
Published: May 2008

A new method for evaluation of sperm morphology using strict criteria is currently used in the andrology laboratory at the Eastern Virginia Medical School. A prospective study was designed to evaluate the following semen parameters in samples of all patients over a set period of time: sperm concentration and motility, and normal sperm morphology. These factors were correlated with results of the hamster zona‐free oocyte/human sperm penetration assay (SPA). One hundred patients with a sperm concentration ranging from 2 to 219 × 106/ml, a motile sperm fraction ranging from 6.9 to 87%, and normal sperm morphology ranging from 1 to 39%, were evaluated. The statistical analysis system general linear model was used to judge the influence of the different variables. There was a statistically significant relationship between the per cent of sperm with normal morphology and penetration rate in the SPA (P = 0.001). Outcome of the SPA was also correlated with in‐vitro fertilization, retrospectively, in 84 patients. Thirty‐eight patients had an SPA < lo%, with no fertilization in vitro in 13 patients (33.3%) and fertilization in 25 (66.7%). Forty‐five had an SPA > 10% with fertilization in 37 (82.2%) and no fertilization in eight (17.8%) patients.
Early effects of hCG on human testicular cyclic AMP content, protein kinase activity, in‐vitro progesterone conversion and the serum concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol
Authors: PETERSSON F. , ANDERSSON R. G. G. , BERG A. Å:SON , HAMMAR M.
Published: May 2008

Ten infertile men underwent testicular biopsy. Cyclic AMP concentration and CAMP‐dependent protein kinase activity were determined in biopsies obtained before, and at 3, 10, 20 and 30 min after an intravenous injection of hCG (1500–5000 IU). The in‐vitro conversion of progesterone by testicular tissue, and the serum concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol were then studied before and at 30 min after hCG injection. Intravenous injection of hCG induced a rapid increase in cAMP concentration and in the activity of CAMP‐dependent protein kinase. The kinetics of this response indicated that cAMP and CAMP‐dependent protein kinase mediate hCG effects on the human testis, presumably via effects on the Leydig cells. No stimulatory effect on steroid conversion in vitro or on the serum concentrations of testosterone and oestradiol were seen after 30 min.
Inhibition of spermatogenesis in men using various combinations of oral progestagens and percutaneous or oral androgens
Authors: GUERIN J. F. , ROLLET J.
Published: May 2008

Eight men (experiment 1) requesting male contraception received a daily oral dose of 20 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) combined with 125 mg percutaneous dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Three months later the mean sperm count was only diminished slightly; the replacement of DHT for four men by percutaneous testosterone at the same concentration led to a dramatic fall in sperm count. For 6–18 months all men were treated with MPA plus percutaneous testosterone (250 mg daily). The latter dose restored physiological levels of plasma testosterone. Follicle‐stimulating hormone levels were inhibited more severely than in the DHT‐treated group, whereas LH levels were variable. Azoospermia was achieved and maintained in six cases; two men were oligozoospermic and in one case a moderate secondary rise in the sperm count was observed. Twelve volunteers (experiment 2) received a daily oral dose of either 5 or 10 mg norethisterone acetate plus percutaneous testosterone (250 mg daily). All of them achieved azoospermia within 2 months, but two subjects later exhibited a partial restoration in sperm count. Follicle‐stimulating hormone and LH levels were inhibited more severely than in the first experiment. The sperm count and gonadotrophin levels returned to initial values within 6 months after cessation of the treatment in both experiments. No side‐effects were noted concerning blood parameters, libido or body weight. However, several female partners had elevated levels of plasma testosterone. In experiment 3 (13 volunteers), percutaneous testosterone was replaced by oral testosterone undecanoate (160 mg daily). Only seven men were azoospermic and most of them had lowered levels of plasma testosterone. Thus, the combination of percutaneous testosterone and oral progestagens appears to be the most convenient for male hormonal contraception.
Effect of unilateral cryptorchidism on the intertubular tissue of the adult rat testis: evidence for intracellular changes within the Leydig cells
Authors: KERR J. B. , RISBRIDGER G. P. , MURRAY P. J. , KNELL C.M.
Published: May 2008

Adult male rats were made unilaterally cryptorchid for 1, 2 or 4 weeks, and the morphological response of the Leydig cells was then studied using morphometric assessment of total Leydig cell volume and number per testis in abdominal and scrotal testes. Serum hormone levels were measured and the steroidogenic properties of isolated Leydig cells were evaluated by in‐vitro stimulation with hCG and interstitial fluid (IF) obtained from normal rat testes. Total Leydig cell volume and number per testis were not altered in abdominal vs scrotal testes, although the volume of the abdominal testis was 46, 29 and 21%, respectively, of the volume of the contralateral scrotal testis after 1, 2 and 4 weeks. This reduction was accompanied by significant (P < 0.05) elevation of the serum levels of FSH and LH, although serum testosterone levels were unchanged from the normal range. Despite the lack of quantitative alterations in Leydig cell morphology, hCG‐ and IF‐stimulated testosterone production was significantly (P < 0.01) greater by abdominal Leydig cells when compared with scrotal Leydig cells derived from the same animals. Ultrastructural examination of Leydig cells in situ suggested an increase in volumetric density of mitochondria in abdominal Leydig cells. Together with the enhanced steroidogenic responses of these cells, these findings suggest that disruption of spermatogenesis in the cryptorchid testis is accompanied by intracelMar activation of Leydig cells. Since these effects were not exhibited by Leydig cells from the scrotal testis it is concluded that local factors within the cryptorchid testis are responsible, at least in part, for regulation of Leydig cell activity.
Endocrine, seminal and peripheral effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and testosterone enanthate in men
Authors: HEDMAN M. , GOTTLIEB C. , SVANBORG K. , BYGDEMAN M. , de la TORRE B.
Published: May 2008

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (D‐MPA, 250 mg) and testosterone enanthate (TE, 200 mg) were administered twice with a 4‐week interval to nine healthy men, and the levels in blood of steroids, gonadotrophins, lipoproteins, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and prostaglandins (PGs) were measured, as well as steroid levels in semen and the sperm count and motility. The hormones analysed were: MPA, testosterone, androstenedione (A), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestradiol (E2), cortisol (C), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the sulphoconjugated forms (‐S) of testosterone, DHT, pregnenolone (5‐P) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Peak values of MPA (10.2 ± 4.6 nmol/l) and testosterone (28.0 ± 10.0) were found in the first blood samples 2 days after each injection. Thereafter the levels of MPA decreased gradually and reached the limit of detection 18–20 weeks after the second injection. Blood levels of testosterone fell sharply from the peak values and were grossly subnormal 2 weeks after each injection; levels did not return to pretreatment values during 24 weeks of follow‐up. The pattern of change of DHT, A, E2 and sulphonated androgens was similar to that of testosterone. These data suggest that D‐MPA and TE are absorbed at similar rates, and that the TE is metabolized rapidly. The subsequent reduction in the levels of A, testosterone‐S and DHT‐S was less marked and reached pretreatment values earlier than did the testosterone levels. No obvious changes were found in the levels of C, 5‐P‐S and DHEA‐S or in the seminal plasma levels of the various steroids studied. The blood levels of LH and FSH fell precipitously 2 days after the first injection, then started to increase 4 weeks after the second injection to reach pretreatment values 12 weeks later. Of the lipoproteins studied only the levels of HDL‐cholesterol and SHBG were found suppressed after treatment. Severe oligozoospermia and the complete absence of progressively motile sperm, in at least one semen sample, was observed in all subjects at 3–7 and at 5–16 weeks, respectively, after the last injection, suggesting that the men were infertile for at least 1 month after treatment. A spurious increase in the PG content of semen was also observed. In spite of the low blood testosterone levels, no subject reported changes in sexual behaviour or other signs of anabolic imbalance during or after the study. However, the increase in levels of E2 in some individuals should be kept in mind as a possible cause of side‐effects. This study suggests the possibility that repeated injections of D‐MPA given alone, at least during an initial period of time, induces and sustains reversible male infertility, and merits further clinical investigation.
Investigation of, the cause of low sperm motility in asthenozoospermic patients by multiple quantitative tests
Authors: YEUNG C. H. , BALS‐PRATSCH M. , KNUTH U. A. , NIESCHLAG E.
Published: May 2008

Multiple tests were done on the ejaculates of 10 asthenozoospermic patients and nine healthy normozoospermic volunteers in an attempt to identify individually the cause of low sperm motility in these patients. Possible defects in the sperm plasma membrane and the motility apparatus of sperm, and in epididymal function affecting the development of motility, were investigated. The presence of seminal sperm antibodies or any motility‐inhibiting factors in the seminal plasma that could be removed by washing were also tested. Each test was positive in only one or two patients but axonemal dysfunction was identified in nine patients. Removal of seminal plasma from asthenozoospermic samples did not improve sperm motility to any greater extent than with donor ejaculates, and the motile sperm of these patients exhibited characteristics mostly similar to those of donors under various incubation conditions. Selection procedures are, therefore, required to obtain samples of good quality sperm from such asthenozoospermic ejaculates.
Pituitary and testicular function in the restricted (Hre) rat
Authors: HEINDEL J. J. , BERKOWITZ A. S. , GROTJAN H. E. , HERBERT D. C. , KLEMCKES H. G. , BARTKE A.
Published: May 2008

A systematic morphological and biochemical examination of the pituitary‐testicular axis in the male restricted (Hre) rat was undertaken in order to understand the possible site(s) and mechanism(s) responsible for their infertility. The adult Hre rat had increased plasma levels of LH and FSH but normal levels of prolactin and testosterone, and normal weights of the sex accessory glands. The increased plasma levels of LH and FSH correlated with hypertrophy and vacuolation of the gonadotrophs in Hre rats. Leydig cells from adult Hre rats exhibited an enhanced testosterone response to LH and hCG in vitro but not in vivo. There was a shift in the normal age‐related decline in the response of cultured Sertoli cells to FSH in Hre rats, which was evident as early as 25 days of age, and which corresponded to a delay of 10–14 days in the pubertal increase in testicular weight. The search for the mechanism of the suppression of spermatogenesis in the Hre rat should take into account two events, which may or may not be related: (i) the delay in the onset of spermatogenesis during puberty and (ii) inhibition of spermatogenesis in the adult, which may result from abnormal function of both the Sertoli and Leydig cells.
Inhibition of growth and differentiation of fetal hamster gonads grafted into the adult testis
Authors: ARRAU J. , BUSTOS‐OBREGÓN E. , CABELLO R.
Published: May 2008

A cytomorphological analysis of the effect of adult testes on growth and differenti ation of grafted fetal testis or ovaries was performed in hamsters. Fetal gonads, taken at 14 days post‐coital age, were grafted for 30 days either under the renal capsule or testicular capsule of scrotal or cryptorchid testes of adult hamsters (weight 115 ± 23 g). Renal grafts were also performed in males castrated 30 days prior to receiving the fetal gonads. Growth and differentiation of the fetal gonads (testis or ovary) was totally inhibited by the scrotal testis. When the cryptorchid testis was the recipient of fetal gonads, inhibition was correlated inversely with the degree of spermatogenic damage elicited in the cryptorchid testis. No inhibition was observed in fetal gonads grafted under the kidney capsule, nor in castrated, normal or cryptorchid animals. As normal growth and differentiation of both testis and ovary occurred when grafted under the kidney capsule, the inhibitory effect of adult gonads seems to be unrelated to plasma testosterone levels in the host, as levels were undetectable in castrated hamsters and reduced drastically in cryptor chid animals. At the same time, the testicular‐inhibiting substance in normal animals did not act at a distance, since its effect was restricted to fetal gonads grafted under the testicular capsule. This inhibitory substance may correspond to the spermatogonial chalone, known to be produced by differentiating spermato genic cells (mainly spermatocytes and round spermatids in the rat and mouse); these chalones prevent spermatogonial proliferation and, consequently, the critical number of spermatogonia needed to enter meiosis is not attained. It is doubtful if the same substance has the ability to differentiate the fetal ovary or if this effect can be ascribed to a more complex situation involving other testicular peptides of paracrine action and/or locally high levels of androgens.
Nutrition‐related alterations in liver microsomal testosterone hydroxylases
Authors: GIL L. , ORELLANA MYRIAM , VASQUEZ H. , SILVA MARCELA
Published: May 2008

The oxidation products of testosterone formed by liver microsomes from normal‐fed and protein‐energy malnourished male rats have been analysed by HPLC. Microsomes from normal‐fed rats oxidized testosterone at a rate of 4.52 nmol/min/ mg protein. The major products formed were: 6β‐, 7α‐ and 16α‐hydroxytestos‐terone; these three metabolites represented 65% of the total testosterone meta bolism. Microsomes from protein‐energy malnourished rats oxidized testosterone at a reduced rate of 2.03 nmol/min/mg protein. The major product formed was 7α‐hydroxytestosterone, which accounted for 43% of total testosterone oxidation. Microsomes from protein‐energy malnourished rats showed a CO‐reduced cyto‐chrome P‐450 spectra with a maxima at 452 nm, and a 38% decrease in the total content of cytochrome P‐450. Some testosterone hydroxylases were drastically affected by protein‐energy malnutrition but others, such as 7α‐hydroxylase, remained unchanged. The present results suggest that nutritional status can modify the relative amounts of individual cytochrome P‐450 isozymes, thus explaining the observed changes in several testosterone hydroxylases. Protein‐energy malnutri tion seems to be an excellent tool with which to obtain a microsomal fraction containing predominantly P‐450 isozymes, which are probably involved in key mono‐oxygenations of physiological substrates.