bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A practical guide to understanding and validating complex models using data simulations
Authors: DiRenzo Graziella V. , Hanks Ephraim , Miller David A. W.
Published: November 2022

Biologists routinely fit novel and complex statistical models to push the limits of our understanding. Examples include, but are not limited to, flexible Bayesian approaches (e.g. BUGS, stan), frequentist and likelihood‐based approaches (e.g. packages lme4) and machine learning methods.

These software and programs afford the user greater control and flexibility in tailoring complex hierarchical models. However, this level of control and flexibility places a higher degree of responsibility on the user to evaluate the robustness of their statistical inference. To determine how often biologists are running model diagnostics on hierarchical models, we reviewed 50 recently published papers in 2021 in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, and we found that the majority of published papers did not report any validation of their hierarchical models, making it difficult for the reader to assess the robustness of their inference. This lack of reporting likely stems from a lack of standardized guidance for best practices and standard methods.

Here, we provide a guide to understanding and validating complex models using data simulations. To determine how often biologists use data simulation techniques, we also reviewed 50 recently published papers in 2021 in the journal Methods Ecology & Evolution. We found that 78% of the papers that proposed a new estimation technique, package or model used simulations or generated data in some capacity (18 of 23 papers); but very few of those papers (5 of 23 papers) included either a demonstration that the code could recover realistic estimates for a dataset with known parameters or a demonstration of the statistical properties of the approach. To distil the variety of simulations techniques and their uses, we provide a taxonomy of simulation studies based on the intended inference. We also encourage authors to include a basic validation study whenever novel statistical models are used, which in general, is easy to implement.

Simulating data helps a researcher gain a deeper understanding of the models and their assumptions and establish the reliability of their estimation approaches. Wider adoption of data simulations by biologists can improve statistical inference, reliability and open science practices.
Childhood temperamental, emotional, and behavioral characteristics associated with mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence: A prospective study
Authors: Bakken Nora R. , Hannigan Laurie J. , Shadrin Alexey , Hindley Guy , Ask Helga , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Tesli Martin , Andreassen Ole A. , Havdahl Alexandra
Published: November 2022

Background

Mood and anxiety disorders account for a large share of the global burden of disability. Some studies suggest that early signs may emerge already in childhood. However, there is a lack of well‐powered, prospective studies investigating how and when childhood mental traits and trajectories relate to adolescent mood and anxiety disorders.

Methods

We here examine cross‐sectional and longitudinal association between maternally reported temperamental traits, emotional and behavioral problems in childhood (0.5–8 years) and clinical diagnosis of mood or anxiety (“emotional”) disorders in adolescence (10–18 years), using the prospective Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) of 110,367 children.

Results

Logistic regression analyses showed consistent and increasing associations between childhood negative emotionality, behavioral and emotional problems and adolescent diagnosis of emotional disorders, present from 6 months of age (negative emotionality). Latent profile analysis incorporating latent growth models identified five developmental profiles of emotional and behavioral problems. A profile of early increasing behavioral and emotional problems with combined symptoms at 8 years (1.3% of sample) was the profile most strongly associated with emotional disorders in adolescence (OR vs. reference: 5.00, 95% CI: 3.70–6.30).

Conclusions

We found a consistent and increasing association between negative emotionality, behavioral and emotional problems in early to middle childhood and mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence. A developmental profile coherent with early and increasing disruptive mood dysregulation across childhood was the profile strongest associated with adolescent emotional disorders. Our results highlight the importance of early emotional dysregulation and childhood as a formative period in the development of adolescent mood and anxiety disorders, supporting potential for prevention and early intervention initiatives.
Public–private partnership in care provision for ageing‐in‐place: A comparative study in Guangdong, China
Authors: Zhang Jiayu , Chan Wing Kit
Published: November 2022

Objective

This paper investigates how the public–private partnership (PPP) functions in the care provision for older people in Guangdong, China, particularly for ageing‐in‐place programs.

Methods

Three cities with diversified PPP forms of care provision for older people were chosen as case studies. Focus groups were conducted in these cities for the local authorities and care homes involved in the partnerships.

Results

Three forms of PPP, including private sector involvement for the ownership, construction, and operation of the facilities delivering care services, were identified. The public–private co‐constructed and privately run model with greater private sector involvement may lead to higher quality care in one specific program. The publicly constructed and privately run program is widely used in many cities, advancing the expansion of ageing‐in‐place programs in more communities. These PPPs reflect flexible and practical collaboration between the public and private sectors at the local level in the Chinese context.

Conclusions

PPP have accelerated the development of a better care system for older people, mainly in terms of more affordable and higher‐quality care options for the public. They are also a feasible solution for the local government due to more cost‐effective and sustainable care provisions than previous publicly provided programs. The specific forms adopted are primarily associated with the scale of home care provision for ageing‐in‐place and the local government's financial capacity. Despite increasing private sector involvement, the public sector retains its crucial role in delivering care services targeting ageing in China.
Perceptions of people living with dementia regarding patient‐centred aspects of their care and caregiver support
Authors: Carey Mariko , Cameron Emilie , Mansfield Elise , Sanson‐Fisher Rob
Published: November 2022

Objective

This study examined the perceptions of a sample of Australian people living with dementia regarding the person‐centred care and support they received from health professionals and family.

Methods

Community‐dwelling people living with dementia were invited to complete a cross‐sectional survey.

Results

Seventy‐one people participated in the study. More than 90% agreed that health professionals explain who they are, why they are seeing them and listen to what they have to say; 63% agreed that health professionals ask how they would like to be involved in decisions about treatment; 78% agreed health professionals mainly speak to them rather than anyone accompanying them; 76% reported their family ‘support you to do tasks by yourself’, and 36% indicated that family caregivers ‘get frustrated with you’.

Conclusions

Results suggest that people living with dementia have a positive perception of the care and support they receive. Improvements may be needed in how health professionals speak directly to the person living with dementia when exploring how they would like to be involved in treatment decisions. Family caregivers may benefit from education and support on how they can manage frustrations and assist the person they support to maintain their independence.
Accommodating religion and belief in healthcare: Political threats, agonistic democracy and established religion
Authors: Hordern Joshua
Published: November 2022

This paper considers what concept of accommodation is necessary to identify and address discrimination, disadvantages and disparities in such a way that the plurality of religious people with their beliefs, values and practices may be justly accommodated in healthcare. It evaluates threats to the possibility of such accommodation pertaining by considering what beliefs and practices might increase the risk of unjust discrimination against and disadvantage for religious people, whether as individuals or as groups; and the risk of disparities between the care provided to religious people. The claim is that there is an important cluster of risks that are political in kind and emergent within philosophical bioethics. While not amounting (yet) to a trend, they are sufficiently threatening to a just civic life for patients and healthcare staff as to warrant scrutiny. After an Introductory Section 1, Section 2 evaluates a criticism of ‘accommodation’ and the apparently additional health‐related requirements that those of religious faith demand, when compared with other people. It does so by comparing Lori Beaman's idea of agonism with that of a distinct and somewhat complementary approach in Jonathan Chaplin's political philosophy, before examining the role of established religion in setting the conditions for the accommodation of religion and belief in healthcare. Section 3 examines risks to such accommodation by engaging critically with three health‐related instantiations of political philosophy that differ radically from both Beaman and Chaplin. A concluding Section 4 focusses on appropriate modes of communicating about religious and other beliefs in healthcare.
Unpacking COVID‐19 and conspiracy theories in the UK black community
Authors: Vandrevala Tushna , Hendy Jane , Hanson Kristin , Alidu Lailah , Ala Aftab
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Conspiracy theories are associated with significant COVID‐19 health consequences including lower engagement with protective behaviours. This study uses sensemaking theory, a process of constructing meanings through interpersonal exchanges that enable people to interpret their world to explain the theoretical process underlying the development of conspiratorial beliefs around COVID‐19 within Black African and Caribbean communities in the UK.

Design

Qualitative, in‐depth interviews were used.

Methods

Twenty‐eight members of the communities were recruited: semi‐structured interviews were analysed using grounded theory.

Results

Our findings provide an explanation of how an environment of crisis combined with current and historical mistrust, perceived injustice and inequality provided a context in which alternative conspiracy narratives could thrive. The nature of these conspiratorial beliefs made more sense to many of our respondent's than institutional sources (such as the UK Government). Critically, these alternative beliefs helped respondents shape their decision‐making, leading to non‐engagement with COVID protective behaviours.

Conclusions

We conclude that the uncertainty of the pandemic, combined with historical and contemporary perceived injustice and mistrust, and a lack of specific identity‐aligned messaging, created a perfect environment for conspiratorial sense‐making to thrive. This alternative sensemaking was inconsistent with the health‐protection messaging espoused by the Government. To ensure all groups in society are protected, and for health promotion messages to take purchase, the experiences of different target audiences must be taken into account, with sensemaking anchored in lived experience.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after lung transplantation: Risk factors and management
Authors: Yavuz Gökce , Heck Suzette , Sienel Wulf , Irlbeck Michael , Kneidinger Nikolaus , Michel Sebastian , Forbrig Robert , Walter Julia , Zimmermann Julia , Kovács Julia , Glück Olaf M. , Pan Ming , Schneider Christian , Fertmann Jan M. , Hatz Rudolf A. , Kauke Teresa
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a rare neurologic complication that can occur under immunosuppressive therapy with CNI after organ transplantation.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 545 patients who underwent lung transplantation between 2012 and 2019. Within this group, we identified 30 patients with neurological symptoms typical of PRES and compared the characteristics of patients who were diagnosed with PRES (n = 11) to those who were not (n = 19).

Results: The incidence of PRES after lung transplantation was 2%. Notably, 73% of the patients with PRES were female and the mean age was 39.2. Seizure (82% vs. 21%, p = .002) was the most common neurological presentation. The risk of developing PRES was significantly associated with age (OR = .92, p < .0001) and having cystic fibrosis (CF) (OP = 10.1, p < .0001). Creatinine level (1.9 vs. 1.1 mg/dl, p = .047) and tacrolimus trough level (19.4 vs. 16.5 ng/ml, p = .048) within 1 week prior to neurological symptoms were significantly higher in patients with PRES.

Conclusion: Renal insufficiency and high tacrolimus levels are associated with PRES. A change of immunosuppressive drug should be done after confirmed PRES diagnosis or immediately in case of severe neurological dysfunction to improve neurological outcomes and minimize the risk of early allograft rejection.
Spatial and temporal patterns in Arctic mosquito abundance
Authors: DeSiervo Melissa H. , Finger‐Higgens Rebecca A. , Ayres Matthew P. , Virginia Ross A. , Culler Lauren E.
Published: November 2022

Organisms that undergo a shift in ontogeny and habitat type often change their spatial distribution throughout their life cycle, but how this affects population dynamics remains poorly understood.

We examined spatial and temporal patterns in Aedes nigripes abundance, a widespread univoltine Arctic mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae), hypothesizing that the spatial distribution of adults would be closely tied to aquatic habitat.

We tracked adult densities of A. nigripes near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland using emergence traps, CO2‐baited traps, and sweep‐nets.

In back‐to‐back years of sampling (2017 and 2018) we found two‐fold variation in overall abundance.

Adults were spatially patchy when first emerging from aquatic habitats but within a week, mean capture rates for host‐seeking adult females were similar across locations, even in places far from larval habitat.

Daily variation in mosquito captures was primarily explained by weather, with virtually no mosquito activity when temperatures averaged less than 8°C or wind speeds exceeded 6 m/s. Gravid females (3% of resting adults) were spatially patchy on the landscape, but not always in the same places where most adults emerged.

The spatial distribution of adults is quickly uncoupled from the spatial distribution of larvae because A. nigripes females may disperse far from their natal habitats in search of a blood‐meal and high‐quality oviposition habitat.

8. This research highlights the value of studying ecological processes that act at disparate life stages for understanding the population biology of organisms with complex life cycles.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in emergency patients with suspected infection of the central nervous system
Authors: Völk Stefanie , Dobler Fabian , Koedel Uwe , Pfister Hans‐Walter , Bruegel Mathias , Schubert Sören , Klein Matthias
Published: November 2022

Background and purpose

Meningitis and encephalitis are potentially life‐threatening diseases that require fast and accurate diagnostics and therapy. The value of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex testing in clinical practice is still a matter of debate. This study aims to evaluate its benefits and limitations in emergency patients.

Methods

We assessed the value of a meningoencephalitis PCR array in the clinical routine of an emergency department.

Results

Of 1578 emergency patients who received a lumbar puncture, 43% received it for a clinically suspected central nervous system (CNS) infection. After initial workup for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count, protein and glucose, a CNS infection was still considered likely in 307 patients. In these patients, further microbiologic workup was performed. A total of 230 samples were examined by PCR and a pathogen was detected in 66 of these samples. In the case of a positive microbiologic result, a comparison between PCR array and standard method was available for 59 samples, which demonstrated an overcall agreement of 80% (n = 47/59). Of interest, exclusively array‐positive results were observed for patients with meningitis found to be positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae; four out of five patients had been treated with antibiotics before the lumbar puncture. In samples with normal CSF cell count only two positive array results were obtained, both for human herpesvirus 6, and these were not clinically relevant.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the array substantially contributes to a detection of pathogens in patients with suspected CNS infection and seems of particular interest in patients with acute bacterial meningitis under empiric antibiotic treatment. In CSF samples with normal cell count, it might be dispensable.
Surface Water‐Groundwater Connections as Pathways for Inland Salinization of Coastal Aquifers
Authors: Hingst Mary C. , McQuiggan Rachel W. , Peters Chelsea N. , He Changming , Andres A. Scott , Michael Holly A.
Published: November 2022

Coastal agricultural zones are experiencing salinization due to accelerating rates of sea‐level rise, causing reduction in crop yields and abandonment of farmland. Understanding mechanisms and drivers of this seawater intrusion (SWI) is key to mitigating its effects and predicting future vulnerability of groundwater resources to salinization. We implemented a monitoring network of pressure and specific conductivity (SC) sensors in wells and surface waters to target marsh‐adjacent agricultural areas in greater Dover, Delaware. Recorded water levels and SC over a period of three years show that the mechanisms and timescales of SWI are controlled by local hydrology, geomorphology, and geology. Monitored wells did not indicate widespread salinization of deep groundwater in the surficial aquifer. However, monitored surface water bodies and shallow (<4 m deep) wells did show SC fluctuations due to tides and storm events, in one case leading to salinization of deeper (18 m deep) groundwater. Seasonal peaks in SC occurred during late summer months. Seasonal and interannual variation of SC was also influenced by relative sea level. The data collected in this study data highlight the mechanisms by which surface water‐groundwater connections lead to salinization of aquifers inland, before SWI is detected in deeper groundwater nearer the coastline. Sharing of our data with stakeholders has led to the implementation of SWI mitigation efforts, illustrating the importance of strategic monitoring and stakeholder engagement to support coastal resilience.
Protein therapeutics and their lessons: Expect the unexpected when inhibiting the multi‐protein cascade of the complement system
Authors: Schmidt Christoph Q. , Smith Richard J. H.
Published: November 2022

Over a century after the discovery of the complement system, the first complement therapeutic was approved for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It was a long‐acting monoclonal antibody (aka 5G1‐1, 5G1.1, h5G1.1, and now known as eculizumab) that targets C5, specifically preventing the generation of C5a, a potent anaphylatoxin, and C5b, the first step in the eventual formation of membrane attack complex. The enormous clinical and financial success of eculizumab across four diseases (PNH, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), myasthenia gravis (MG), and anti‐aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) antibody‐positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD)) has fueled a surge in complement therapeutics, especially targeting diseases with an underlying complement pathophysiology for which anti‐C5 therapy is ineffective. Intensive research has also uncovered challenges that arise from C5 blockade. For example, PNH patients can still face extravascular hemolysis or pharmacodynamic breakthrough of complement suppression during complement‐amplifying conditions. These “side” effects of a stoichiometric inhibitor like eculizumab were unexpected and are incompatible with some of our accepted knowledge of the complement cascade. And they are not unique to C5 inhibition. Indeed, “exceptions” to the rules of complement biology abound and have led to unprecedented and surprising insights. In this review, we will describe initial, present and future aspects of protein inhibitors of the complement cascade, highlighting unexpected findings that are redefining some of the mechanistic foundations upon which the complement cascade is organized.
Spark plasma sintering of polycrystalline La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6–ZrB2 composites
Authors: Wang Yan , Bao Yan , Luo Shifeng , Han Cuiliu , Yang Xinyu , Zhang Jiuxing
Published: November 2022

This paper has studied the densification, microstructure, and properties of polycrystalline La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6–ZrB2 composites prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The highest relative density of 98.7% is obtained at the SPS condition of axial mechanical pressure 50 MPa, sintering temperature 1900°C and holding time 5 min. The Vickers hardness decreases linearly from the maximum value of 21.49 GPa to the value of 8.24 GPa with the tested temperature increased from room temperature to 1000°C. The effects of crack deflection and bridging have resulted in the fracture toughness of 4.56 MPa m1/2 of dense polycrystalline La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6–ZrB2 composite. The J1kV of 7.02 A/cm2 obtained at 1600°C, the work function of 2.743 eV determined by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and the good oxidation resistance below 1100°C in air have revealed that the dense polycrystalline La0.6Ce0.3Pr0.1B6–ZrB2 composite has a good potential to be a promising hot cathode material.
Stay at home if you can: COVID‐19 stay‐at‐home guidelines and local crime
Authors: Díaz Carlos , Fossati Sebastian , Trajtenberg Nicolás
Published: November 2022

Government responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact on mobility patterns with implications for public safety and crime dynamics in countries across the planet. This paper explores the effect of stay‐at‐home guidelines on thefts and robberies at the neighborhood level in a Latin American city. We exploit neighborhood heterogeneity in the ability of working adults to comply with stay‐at‐home recommendations and use difference‐in‐differences and event‐study designs to identify the causal effect of COVID‐19 mobility restrictions on the monthly number of thefts and robberies reported to police across neighborhoods in Montevideo (Uruguay) in 2020. Our results show that neighborhoods with a higher share of residents with work‐from‐home jobs experienced a larger reduction in reported thefts in relation to neighborhoods with a lower share of residents with work‐from‐home jobs. In contrast, both groups of neighborhoods experienced a similar reduction in the number of reported robberies. These findings cast light on opportunity structures for crime but also on how crime during the pandemic has disproportionately affected more vulnerable areas and households.
Periodontal phenotype modification of complexes periodontal‐orthodontic case scenarios: A clinical review on the applications of allogenous dermal matrix as an alternative to subepithelial connective tissue graft
Authors: Chambrone Leandro , Garcia‐Valenzuela Francisco Salvador
Published: November 2022

Objectives

The aim of this review is to address the potential applications of allogenous dermal matrix (ADM), as an alternative to subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG), in promoting periodontal phenotype modification (PPM) of challenging periodontal‐orthodontic clinical scenarios.

Overview

The rationale behind the need of changing thin to thick gingival tissues is associated to the superior and more stable treatment outcomes promoted by PPM therapy. PPM, via soft tissue grafting, leads to clinical and histological changes of the pre‐established original genetic conditions of the gingiva. Although SCTG‐based procedures are recognized as the “gold standard” for the treatment of sites requiring root coverage and gingival augmentation, ADM has been recognized as the most suitable alternative to SCTG, particularly in clinical scenarios where the use of autogenous grafts is not possible. Thus, ADM is considered an optimal option for the treatment of patients with a history (or in need) of orthodontic tooth movement, due its two‐fold potential indication: (1) the promotion of periodontal soft tissue phenotype modification; and (2) its use, as a barrier membrane, in hard tissues augmentation procedures.

Conclusions

ADM is a viable option for soft tissue augmentation, as well as for treatment approaches involving buccal bone gain.

Clinical Significance

Periodontal phenotype modification therapy, when applied in challenging periodontal‐orthodontic clinical scenarios, promotes root coverage and prevents the onset and development clinical attachment loss.
Combination of high‐density cholesterol level, elastic score, and severity of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction may be useful for a predictive factor for patients with early chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Agawa Shuhei , Futagami Seiji , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Habiro Mayu , Kawawa Rie , Yamawaki Hiroshi , Tsushima Rina , Kirita Kumiko , Noda Hiroto , Akimoto Teppei , Ueki Nobue , Iwakiri Katsuhiko
Published: November 2022

Background

This study aimed to clarify whether any risk factors including clinical characteristics, endosonographic features, and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction may be useful for a predictive factor for patients with early chronic pancreatitis.

Methods

A total of 163 consecutive patients that presented with functional dyspepsia with pancreatic enzyme abnormalities (FD‐P) (n = 46), early chronic pancreatitis (ECP) (n = 47), and asymptomatic patients with pancreatic enzyme abnormalities (AP‐P) (n = 70) based on the Rome III classification and the Japan Pancreatic Association were included in this study. The enrolled patients were evaluated using endosonography (EUS) and EUS elastography. The levels of the five pancreatic enzymes were measured. Pancreatic exocrine function was analyzed using N‐benzoyl‐l‐tyrosyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid (BT‐PABA).

Results

There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics such as age, gender, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking among patients with AP‐P, FD‐P, and ECP. The ratio of BT‐PABA test less than 35% in patients with ECP was significantly (P = 0.043) higher than in AP‐P patients. Elastic score was a useful tool to differentiate the FD‐P group from the ECP group. The high‐density cholesterol levels in patients with ECP were significantly lower than those in AP‐P. In addition, the combination of total and high‐density cholesterol levels, BT‐PABA test, and elastic score has a higher area under the curve value (0.708) of patients with ECP than in the other groups.

Conclusions

The combination of high‐density cholesterol levels, elastic score, and severity of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction may be useful for a predictive factor for patients with ECP.
A short peptide encoded by long non‐coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 promotes cell migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by activating transforming growth factor‐beta/SMAD signaling pathway in human endometrial cells
Authors: Zou Qian , Du Xin , Zhou Limin , Yao Dongmei , Dong Yi , Jin Jing
Published: November 2022

Background

Endometrial dysfunction is closely correlated with the development of multiple severe gynecological disorders including intrauterine adhesion. Accumulating evidence supports that some long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have peptide‐coding potential. In this text, the peptide‐coding ability of lncRNA SNHG6 was examined. Also, the effects of an SNHG6‐encoded peptide on the viability and migration of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) and human endometrial epithelial cells (hEECs) and related molecular mechanisms were explored.

Methods

The peptide‐encoding potential of SNHG6 was predicted by FuncPEP and getorf databases and validated by western blot assay. Cell viability was tested by cell counting kit‐8 assay. Cell migratory ability was examined by wound healing and transwell migration assays. Protein levels of genes were measured by western blot assay.

Results

Prediction analysis suggested that SNHG6 had the potential peptide‐coding ability and multiple open‐reading frames (ORFs). Western blot validated that SNHG6 ORF#1 and ORF#2 could translate into short peptides. SNHG6 ORF#2 overexpression facilitated cell migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hESCs and hEECs, while these effects were abrogated by transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β)/SMAD signaling inhibitor GW788388. Moreover, GW788388 inhibited the increase of p‐SMAD2 and p‐SMAD3 levels induced by SNHG6 ORF#2 in hESCs. SNHG6 ORF#2‐encoded peptide did not influence endometrial stromal and epithelial cell viability.

Conclusions

LncRNA SNHG6 ORF#1 and ORF#2 could translate into small peptides and SNHG6 ORF#2 overexpression promoted cell migration and EMT by activating the TGF‐β/SMAD pathway in hESCs and hEECs, suggesting the potential roles of SNHG6‐encoded peptides in the development of endometrial stromal and epithelial cells and related gynecological diseases.
It's about time: Emphasizing temporal dynamics in dynamic personality regulation
Authors: Wilt Joshua , Revelle Wiliam
Published: November 2022

People change over time. These changes are thought to represent some self‐regulatory, dynamic processes. However, dynamic processes need to be distinguished from mere stochastic variation. Just as the Brownian motion of a dust mote does not help us understand the basic principles of classical physics, neither does random variation within an individual describe the complexity of self‐regulatory processes. This regulation implies solving the problem of competing goals and desires within the constraints of situational presses. And what people feel, think, and do at one moment affects what they feel, think and do in the next moment. Thus, describing and explaining change over time must focus on dynamics in response to environmental cues and competing internal states. That is, we must include time and change over time in our models. We will outline the constructs needed to examine time explicitly in models of personality regulation, distinguishing between those that are not inherently temporal from those that are. We will discuss how computational modeling approaches may be used to study temporal dynamics and explain personality consistency and change. We will consider different time scales and discuss how an information processing perspective may inform choices regarding time scale and corresponding contexts for empirical studies.
The innovator's media dilemma: How journalists cover incumbents' adoption of discontinuous technologies
Authors: Graf‐Vlachy Lorenz , König Andreas , Banfield Richard , Rauch Markus , Boutalikakis Angelo
Published: November 2022

We offer a new vantage to the literature on the role of infomediaries in incumbent firms' struggles to adopt discontinuous technologies: the perspective of news media. Specifically, we combine the discontinuous technology literature with studies on news media journalism to theorize that journalists cover an incumbent's new product introductions differently, depending on whether a given new product builds on a discontinuous technology or on the respective established, continuous technology. First, discontinuous‐technology‐based product introductions receive a greater volume of coverage than continuous‐technology‐based product introductions because journalists prefer covering issues that are novel, deviate from the conventional, and potentially strongly impact society. Second, the coverage of discontinuous‐technology‐based product introductions is more divergent in tenor than the coverage of continuous‐technology‐based product introductions, as journalists seek to present opposing and thus more engaging opinions. Our analyses of unique archival data from two samples of product introductions in the automotive and photography industries, respectively, support our hypotheses. We also find intriguing indications that news media coverage of new products introductions using hybrid technologies is significantly context‐dependent. Overall, our study points to so‐far undescribed, media‐related dilemmas for incumbent firms that aim to adopt discontinuous technologies.
Effect of residence in nonmetropolitan counties on stage and tumor size at diagnosis in patients with breast cancer: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis
Authors: Benavides‐Vasquez Jorge , Shen Chan , McDonald Alicia , Wang Li
Published: November 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of residence in nonmetropolitan versus metropolitan counties on stage and tumor size at diagnosis in patients with breast cancer in the United States.

Methods

Women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer between 2010 and 2015 were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Logistic regression was used to model the effect of residence in nonmetropolitan counties on cancer stage and tumor size, adjusted for age, marital status, and 2 county‐level socioeconomic variables.

Results

The final sample included 267,691 patients. More patients were diagnosed at advanced stages (III‐IV vs I‐II: 51.11% vs 50.21%) and with larger tumors (>2 cm vs < = 2 cm: 47.62% vs 46.77%) in nonmetropolitan counties. After adjustment, residence in nonmetro counties was not associated with advanced stage at diagnosis (OR = 0.987; 95% CI: 0.959‐1.015) or tumor size >2 cm at diagnosis (OR = 0.997; 95% CI: 0.969‐1.026). In stratified analysis by race/ethnicity, however, non‐Hispanic White patients in nonmetropolitan counties were significantly more likely to have an advanced stage (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.003‐1.068) and tumor sizes >2 cm (OR = 1.051; 95% CI: 1.018‐1.084) at diagnosis.

Conclusions

Residence in nonmetropolitan counties in the United States was not associated with advanced stage or tumor size >2 cm at diagnosis in cases of breast cancer, compared to the residence in metropolitan counties. However, among non‐Hispanic White females, residence in nonmetropolitan counties was associated with significantly higher odds of having an advanced stage and a tumor size >2 cm at diagnosis.
Understanding the effects of jury service on jurors' trust in courts
Authors: Pennington Liana , Dolliver Matthew J.
Published: November 2022

Jury service is a positive, even transformative, experience for many jurors. Prior research establishes that jurors who deliberate on a court case develop more positive views of courts in the relatively short time of jury service, but we know little about the reasons underlying why these positive changes develop. This research focuses on changes in jurors' views after serving on criminal cases because jury service is one of the few opportunities community members have to participate directly in the criminal justice system, with jurors acting as the conscience of the community regarding the extent of prosecutorial power. Unlike most work using actual jurors, this research utilizes surveys with jurors both before and after jury service to understand how jury service brings about increased trust in courts. We examine the influence of three categories of potential factors, deliberating on a case, juror satisfaction, and jurors' attitudes relating to law and justice, finding all three categories work together to significantly predict whether jurors' trust in courts increases, decreases, or stays the same. Policy suggestions include developing innovative ways to capitalize on the positive and overall legitimizing aspects of jury service in criminal cases by increasing community members' meaningful involvement in the courts.
Stability justice: Petitioners versus non-petitioners in China's criminal adjudication
Authors: Feng Yuqing , Zeng Yu
Published: November 2022

Different from “judicial repression,” stability justice targets ordinary individuals under the guise of formal judicial procedures, to maintain both social stability and governance legitimacy. Drawing on published judgments and the authors' interviews with judges and prosecutors in China, we find that, in conjunction with the gradual abandonment of traditional violent repression strategies, stability justice has been employed as an alternative tool for managing petitioning activities at the local level. Through the covertly biased application of legal rules and procedural norms, petitioners accused of threatening social stability receive longer terms of pre-trial detention, higher rates of detention before politically sensitive periods, longer custodial sentences, and fewer opportunities for probation. Our findings add new fuel to studies on comparative judicial politics and shed light on judicial behavior in contemporary China.
Glial aging and its impact on central nervous system myelin regeneration
Authors: Rawji Khalil S. , Neumann Björn , Franklin Robin J. M.
Published: November 2022

Aging is a major risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases and is associated with cognitive decline. In addition to affecting neuronal function, the aging process significantly affects the functional phenotype of the glial cell compartment, comprising oligodendrocyte lineage cells, astrocytes, and microglia. These changes result in a more inflammatory microenvironment, resulting in a condition that is favorable for neuron and synapse loss. In addition to facilitating neurodegeneration, the aging glial cell population has negative implications for central nervous system remyelination, a regenerative process that is of particular importance to the chronic demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. This review will discuss the changes that occur with aging in the three main glial populations and provide an overview of the studies documenting the impact these changes have on remyelination.
Age matters if you are cheese, wine or a third molar: Correlating age with the indications for and complications following third molar removal
Authors: Azher Simra , Delpachitra Seth N. , Kumar Ricky , Chandu Arun , Garg Krati
Published: November 2022

Objective

Advanced age is a well‐recognised risk factor for complications following third molar surgery. However, age is largely exempt as consideration in published guidelines regarding the indications for third molar removal. This cross‐sectional study aimed to examine changes in the indications for third molar removal with increasing age.

Materials and Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of 500 consecutive patient records totalling 1446 third molar extractions. The primary measures examined were the patient's age and the surgeon's documented indication for third molar removal. Secondary measures included gender, smoking status, IAN proximity, number of teeth extracted per patient, and short‐term postoperative outcome.

Results

Older patients were significantly more likely to undergo third molar extraction for periodontal disease and caries of adjacent teeth. Prolonged socket pain at 2 weeks was the most common complication encountered by patients across all age groups. Adults below age 25 were 1.69 times more likely to have uneventful healing (p < 0.02).

Conclusion

Older patients are more likely to experience a slower postoperative course following third molar removal, as well as increased complications. Prophylactic removal of symptom‐free third molars may be justified to prevent adjacent caries, periodontal disease and odontogenic infections later in life.
Comparison of Long‐Term Outcomes between the n‐HA/PA66 Cage and the PEEK Cage Used in Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Lumbar Degenerative Disease: A Matched‐Pair Case Control Study
Authors: Zhang Zhuang , Hu Bo‐wen , Wang Liang , Yang Hui‐liang , Li Tao , Liu Li‐min , Yang Xi , Song Yue‐ming
Published: November 2022

Objective

The nanohydroxyapatite/polyamide‐66 (n‐HA/PA66) cage is a novel bioactive nonmetal cage that is now used in some medical centers, while the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage is a typical device that has been widely used for decades with excellent clinical outcomes. This study was performed to compare the long‐term radiographic and clinical outcomes of these two different cages used in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).

Methods

In this retrospective and matched‐pair case control study, we included 200 patients who underwent TLIF from January 2010 to December 2014 with a minimum 7‐year follow‐up. One hundred patients who used n‐HA/PA66 cages were matched with 100 patients who used PEEK cages for age, sex, diagnosis, and fusion level. The independent student's t‐test and Pearson's chi‐square test were used to compare the two groups regarding radiographic (fusion status, cage subsidence rate, segmental angle [SA], and interbody space height [IH]) and clinical (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI], and Visual Analog Scale [VAS] for back and leg) parameters preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the final follow‐up.

Results

The n‐HA/PA66 and PEEK groups had similar fusion rates of bone inside and outside the cage at the final follow‐up (95.3% vs 91.8%, p = 0.181, 92.4% vs 90.1%, p = 0.435). The cage union ratios exposed to the upper and lower endplates of the n‐HA/PA66 group were significantly larger than those of the PEEK group (p < 0.05). The respective cage subsidence rates in the n‐HA/PA66 and PEEK groups were 10.5% and 17.5% (p = 0.059). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the SA, IH, ODI scores, or VAS scores at any time point. The n‐HA/PA66 group showed high fusion and low subsidence rates during long‐term follow‐up.

Conclusion

Both n‐HA/PA66 and PEEK cages can achieve satisfactory long‐term clinical and radiographic outcomes in TLIF. However, the n‐HA/PA66 group showed significantly larger cage union ratios than the PEEK group. Therefore, the results indicated that the n‐HA/PA66 cage is an ideal alternative material comparable to the PEEK cage in TLIF.
Roles of auxin response factors in rice development and stress responses
Authors: Song Xiaoyun , Xiong Yali , Kong Xiuzhen , Huang Guoqiang
Published: November 2022

Auxin signalling plays a key role in various developmental processes ranging from embryogenesis to senescence in plants. Auxin response factor (ARF), a key component of auxin signalling, functions by binding to auxin response element within promoter of auxin response genes, activating or repressing the target genes. Increasing evidences show that ARFs are crucial for plant response to stresses. This review summarises the recent advance on the functions and their regulatory pathways of rice ARFs in development and responding to stresses. The importance of OsARFs is demonstrated by their roles in triggering various physiological, biochemical and molecular reactions to resist adverse environmental conditions. We also describe the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of OsARFs, and discuss the major challenges in this area.
Genome‐wide association and genomic selection in aquaculture
Authors: Yáñez José M. , Barría Agustín , López María E. , Moen Thomas , Garcia Baltasar F. , Yoshida Grazyella M. , Xu Peng
Published: November 2022

Recent advancements in genomic technologies have led to the discovery and application of DNA‐markers [e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] for the genetic improvement of several aquaculture species. The identification of specific genomic regions associated with economically important traits, using, for example, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), has allowed the discovery and incorporation of markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) into aquaculture breeding programs through marker‐assisted selection (MAS). However, most of the traits of economic relevance are expected to be controlled by many QTLs, each one explaining only a small proportion of the genetic variation. For traits under polygenic control, prediction of the genetic merit of animals based on the sum of effects at positions across the entire genome (i.e. genomic estimated breeding values, GEBV, which are used for what has become known as genomic selection), has been demonstrated to speed the rate of genetic gain for several traits in aquaculture breeding. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the development and application of genomic technologies in uncovering the genetic basis of complex traits and accelerating the genetic progress in aquaculture species, as well as providing future perspectives about the deployment of novel molecular technologies for selective breeding in coming years.
Small Data, Big Time—A Retrospect of the First Weeks of COVID-19
Authors: Zhao Qingyuan
Published: November 2022

This article reviews some early investigations and research studies in the first weeks of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic from a statistician's perspective. These investigations were based on very small datasets but were momentous in the initial global reactions to the pandemic. The article discusses the initial evidence of high infectiousness of COVID-19 and why that conclusion was not reached faster than in reality. Further reanalyses of some published COVID-19 studies show that the epidemic growth was dramatically underestimated by compartmental models, and the lack of fit could have been clearly identified by simple data visualization. Finally, some lessons for statisticians are discussed.
Quantifying the Economic Response to COVID-19 Mitigations and Death Rates Via Forecasting Purchasing Managers' Indices Using Generalised Network Autoregressive Models with Exogenous Variables
Authors: Nason Guy P. , Wei James L.
Published: November 2022

Knowledge of the current state of economies, how they respond to COVID-19 mitigations and indicators, and what the future might hold for them is important. We use recently developed generalised network autoregressive (GNAR) models, using trade-determined networks, to model and forecast the Purchasing Managers' Indices for a number of countries. We use networks that link countries where the links themselves, or their weights, are determined by the degree of export trade between the countries. We extend these models to include node-specific time series exogenous variables (GNARX models), using this to incorporate COVID-19 mitigation stringency indices and COVID-19 death rates into our analysis. The highly parsimonious GNAR models considerably outperform vector autoregressive models in terms of mean-squared forecasting error and our GNARX models themselves outperform GNAR ones. Further mixed frequency modelling predicts the extent to which that the UK economy will be affected by harsher, weaker or no interventions.
The novel HLA‐DRB1*14:07:03 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Wu Yuan‐bin , Zheng Zhong‐zheng , Du Ke‐ming , An Lin , Dai Xi‐ping
Published: November 2022

HLA‐DRB1*14:07:03 differs from HLA‐DRB1*14:07:01 by one nucleotide in exon 2.