bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manual and Mental Labor
Authors: Elger Tony
Published: December 2017

The separation of manual and mental labor is often seen as a pivotal feature of the social division of labor. However, social theory must also address the varied ways in which expertise continues to be lodged within the hierarchical division of labor, reflecting the interplay of capitalist strategies, state policies, and forms of occupational organization and mobilization. Many terms are used to characterize such expertise but all remain contentious.
M
arshall,
T. H.
Authors: Kivisto Peter
Published: December 2017

Thomas Humphrey Marshall (1893–1981) was a British sociologist educated at Cambridge, where he taught before moving to the London School of Economics. His reputation rests chiefly on his Alfred Marshall Lecture presented at Cambridge in 1949, titled “Citizenship and Social Class.” The lecture was published the following year and has been the touchstone for scholars of citizenship ever since, even though most commentators concede that it is very much the product of its time (post‐World War II) and place (Britain).
Marxism
Authors: Kalyan Rohan
Published: December 2017

Marxism is the intellectual tradition associated with the life, work, and ideas of Karl Marx, the German political economist and theorist of modern industrial capitalism. Marxism critiques capitalism's veneration of private property and exacerbation of social inequality. Since its initial elaboration by Marx in the middle of the nineteenth century, Marxism has become one of the world's most influential political economic theories and ideologies. It has guided the thinking and strategy of political movements, social organizations, local and national governments, and other institutions for a century and half.
Meritocracy
Authors: Nasir Kamaludeen Mohamed
Published: December 2017

The concept of meritocracy is one of the most respected values in many democratic and multicultural countries. Be that as it may, scholars continue to debate its status as a universal good. The main criticism of the concept is that it is not empathetic to social inequalities.
Naturalism
Authors: Williams Pedro Saez
Published: December 2017

Naturalism can be understood as commitment to metaphysical immanence, monism, and/or horizontality. The use of the term most commonly emphasized in the contemporary academic context is as an appeal for continuity between science and philosophy. In this regard,
ontological naturalism
can be understood as the commitment to restrict one's ontological positing to that which falls within the purview of science;
methodological naturalism
can be understood as an appeal for continuity between the ends and methods of science and philosophy at the expense of the latter. Naturalism finds its most pressing challenge against claims for the need of normativity. This results from the seemingly necessary requirement of normativity to place that which norms as metaphysically firmer in relation to that which is to be normed, a requirement that does not find continuity with naturalism's metaphysical monism and horizontality.
Networked Individualism
Authors: Quan‐Haase Anabel , McCay‐Peet Lori
Published: December 2017

We provide an overview of the concept of networked individualism and its core tenets. The theoretical origins of networked individualism are discussed with its current manifestation within the context of the rapid proliferation of the Internet and mobile devices. The core idea of the networked individualism concept is that society has moved away from being clustered in groups to individuals connected through loosely tied personal networks by means of digital technology.
New Social Movements
Authors: Gare Arran
Published: December 2017

The term “social movement” was coined in the nineteenth century. However, it was only after the 1960s, when they were recognized as a major social phenomenon, that social movements became a central object of research. Some treated the upsurge of protest activity in the 1960s as a homogeneous social movement; others identified numerous “new social movements.” In each case, their unique characteristics were examined in relation to recent transformations in technology and the global economy. Still other social theorists argued at the time that social movements originated in the eighteenth century and were always central to democracy, but, without being identified as such, had not been properly studied or appreciated. Tracing these theoretical debates, this entry describes the major work on this topic. Through this it shows what are the nature and diversity of forms of social movements and describes how their transformations from the eighteenth century to the present are being conceptualized, and their successes and failures accounted for.
Philosophy of Social Sciences
Authors: Yoshida Kei
Published: December 2017

Philosophy of social sciences is a subfield of the philosophy of science. By examining the debate between naturalism and interpretivism, this entry first considers the question of whether the social sciences are really scientific and then expands its discussion to relevant problems. Behind the debate, there is an old metaphysical dichotomy between nature and convention. Unintended consequences of human actions are helpful in overcoming the dichotomy. This entry concludes with a discussion about Karl Popper's alternative to naturalism and interpretivism.
Social Class
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: December 2017

While there is general agreement that social class is a fundamental feature of society, the study of social class has had a checkered career in sociology. The analysis of social class was a central feature in Karl Marx's analysis of capitalism. The Marxist approach was modified by Max Weber to include class, status, and power as the three fundamental dimensions of the social structure. American sociology saw class differences in terms of gradations of power rather than sharp and conflictual differences between classes. American sociology was more inclined to refer to social stratification than to social classes. There has been much debate around the question as to why the working class has not been more revolutionary and antagonistic toward capitalism. Various answers have been given: the affluent worker, the deferential worker, democracy, the development of industrial relations, the impact of citizenship. There has also been a debate about whether there is an integrated ruling class or a power elite, and whether elites control society. How many classes are there? Marx spoke about a proletariat, a bourgeoisie, and a petty bourgeoisie and argued that the peasantry would disappear with the growth of capitalism. Marx had followed David Ricardo who had also postulated a three‐class model in terms of profit, rent, and wages. As the capitalist crisis intensified, there would be a systemic conflict between capitalists and workers. With social mobility, citizenship, mass consumption and democracy, many sociologists argue that while there are fundamental differences in income and wealth, classes no longer operate through collective agency such as strikes and they do not share a common consciousness, and hence classes do not exercise political power which is dispersed through the population. This debate led to a distinction between a strong class theory and a weak class theory.
Social Networking Sites
Authors: Miltsov Alex
Published: December 2017

Social networking sites (SNSs) are web‐based services that allow Internet users to establish and sustain connections, debate social and political issues, interact professionally, and educate and entertain themselves. The emergence of SNSs as a global social phenomenon, their popularity, and their pervasiveness has generated considerable cross‐disciplinary research on their sociocultural, psychological, economic, and other implications.
Survey Techniques
Authors: Kerr Eric T.
Published: December 2017

Survey techniques are methods used in behavioral and social sciences. Rather than acquiring information about every individual in a population, a sample is used to estimate the traits and opinions of a particular population. Advances in probabilistic sampling in the 1930s and 1940s allowed researchers to use formal survey techniques to study large populations relatively easily. These techniques are valued by researchers for being reasonably accurate, relatively inexpensive, and fast. In recent years, information technologies such as mobile phones and the World Wide Web have rapidly expanded the use of surveys by researchers and improved access for participants. Researchers across diverse areas including government bodies, market researchers, business, as well as psychologists, sociologists, researchers in health and medicine, philosophers, and many others, routinely make use of these techniques.
Situationists
Authors: Pinder David
Published: December 2017

The Situationist International was a revolutionary avant‐garde group active between 1957 and 1972, whose ideas and practices have proved influential and provocative in the decades since. The situationists are best known for their critique of the alienating and image‐saturated conditions of “the society of the spectacle,” as well as for their role in the movements and occupations in France of May 1968. Their theoretical perspectives owed much to Marx, Hegel, Lukács, Lefebvre, and earlier avant‐gardes, especially dada and surrealism, but they were forged out of attempts to change everyday life and its situations. As such their activities cut across conventional boundaries between politics, art, and theory. The diverse, collective, and changing nature of the situationist project raises profound questions about the relationships between art and politics, and about political organization; it also continues to inspire efforts to transform social life and space.
Fatherhood
Authors: Kiester Elizabeth
Published: December 2017

Fatherhood is a concept that combines biological processes with socially constructed expectations and gender roles. Tofatherrefers to the biological process of impregnating a woman. However,fatherhoodis a set of social practices that have become institutionalized throughout society in families, labor markets, and state policies. Contemporary changes in both family and labor market structure have increased awareness of the expectations men face especially once they become fathers. At the same time, existing social expectations of fatherhood have created barriers for fathers interested in equality in caring for and nurturing their families and building intimate relationships with their children. While many policies are in fact gender neutral and applicable to both mothers and fathers, the social construction of the father as the breadwinner makes men less able to partake in the benefits that would allow them to combine work and family obligations.
Rex,John
Authors: Abbas Tahir
Published: December 2017

John Rex (1925–2011) was a South African born sociologist who explored the importance of class, status, power, and ethnicity in social groups. He combined structural and cultural analyses, cutting through existing functionalist and social conflict theories.
R
yōsai
K
enbo
Authors: Ochiai Emiko
Published: December 2017

Ryōsai kenbo
, which literally means “good wife, wise mother,” has been a widely accepted norm for women in Japan and other East Asian countries. In contrast to the conventional knowledge that the concept has its root in traditional Confucianism, it is a modern role of women that originated in the West and was spread across East Asia via Japan. With the emergence of the “new woman” as an individual equal to a man, the “new woman” was rephrased as a Western view of women, and the “good wife and wise mother” was brought into the Oriental tradition and became a symbol of their cultural identity.
Modernity
Authors: GÖRAN THERBORN
Published: December 2017

“Modernity” developed in opposition to “antiquity,” mainly in aesthetic contexts. In social theory it rose as an epochal concept after the postmodernist challenge of the 1970s, with interpretations of the meaning and of the experience of the epoch, and inspiring investigations into its historical origins, crucial moments, and cultural forms. “Modernization” emerged in post‐World War II sociology and political science, referring to catching‐up processes in less developed countries. It has been criticized for a unilinear, West‐centric evolutionism. In response, theories of multiple and entangled modernities, and of enduring effects of different historical pathways, have developed from the 1990s.
A
nti‐
G
lobalization
M
ovements
Authors: Mertes Tom
Published: December 2017

Anti‐globalization refers to the international social movement critique of deepening economic integration from the 1980s onward especially as it benefited multinational corporations. Anti‐globalization activists and intellectuals documented the corrosive tendencies of this form of integration on societies, cultures, politics, and the environment. In so doing, they also offered numerous alternatives to this neoliberal form of capitalism. The movements also created a new global consciousness built on personal and organizational networks that strengthened affinities and solidarities across borders, ideologies, and social divisions.
W
ittgenstein,
L
udwig
Authors: Presskorn‐Thygesen Thomas , Basbøll Thomas
Published: December 2017

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was a British‐Austrian philosopher, widely considered one of most influential philosophers of the twentieth century. His early work played a significant role in twentieth‐century logical positivism while his later work has been a main methodological influence in the works of key social theorists such as Pierre Bourdieu, Jürgen Habermas, and Anthony Giddens. The entry briefly describes Wittgenstein's philosophy and summarizes his overall influence within social theory.
Behaviorism
Authors: Losh Susan Carol
Published: December 2017

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Russian and US psychologists crafted behaviorism. However, scholars such as George Herbert Mead and George Homans adapted it for more explicitly social theories. The study of learning and stimulus‐response (S‐R) connections became the dominant theoretical paradigm in social and behavioral sciences during the first two thirds of the twentieth century. Because of its emphasis on socialization and the environment, behaviorism starkly contrasted with the Social Darwinist and biological determinism paradigms of the time, and helped pave the way for social egalitarian movements. Other adaptations, such as those by Lev Vygotsky, contributed to explaining the development of the self and internalizing social norms.
B
eck,
U
lrich
Authors: Hong Chan‐Sook
Published: December 2017

Ulrich Beck (1944–2015) was a German sociologist. His work aimed to revitalize the nineteenth‐century sociological tradition of diagnosis of the times, because to him contemporary society represented a historical novelty (similar to the way Durkheim, Simmel, and Weber perceived nineteenth‐century society). Beck understood contemporary society neither as simply modern nor as postmodern, but as reflexive – or better to say, second – modernity.
Japanese Style Management
Authors: Pudelko Markus
Published: December 2017

Like any other management model, Japanese style management is also in constant flux, as it has to adapt to a changing competitive environment. However, the Japanese management model in particular has been under a significant amount of pressure to change since its glory days in the 1980s. This was in order to respond to the economic malaise in Japan, which started in the early 1990s. This entry presents key characteristics of the traditional Japanese style management and describes the opposing pressures of change and continuity under which it has since evolved.
G
racilibacteraceae
Authors: Lee Yong‐Jin , Wiegel Juergen
Published: December 2017

Gra.ci.li.bac.te.ra.ce'ae, N.L. masc. n.
Gracilibacter
type genus of the family; suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Gracilibacteraceae
the family of
Gracilibacter
.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Gracilibacteraceae

Based on the phylogenetic positions,
G. thermotolerans
and
L. thermophila
are clustered together between Collins's Clostridium clusters I/II and III. Thus, the family
Gracilibacteraceae
herein is represented and described by both genera. Species of the family
Gracilibacteraceae
are obligatorily anaerobes that are
thermotolerant
or
moderately thermophilic
chemoorganotrophs that require yeast extract for growth. Cells are straight to curved rods and occur singly or form chains. All contain Gram‐positive wall structure, but stain Gram‐negative. Cells contain flagella and are motile.

Type genus: Gracilibacter
Lee, Romanek, Mills, Davis, Whitman and Wiegel 2006, 2092
VP
.
Metamorphosis of Ichthyophonus Schizonts Transiting the Gastrointestinal Tract of Experimentally Exposed Rainbow Trout
Authors: Kocan R. M. , LaPatra S. E.
Published: December 2017

Other than the initial infectious cell, schizonts are the only stage of the parasite Ichthyophonus sp. that has been identified in the tissues of a living host, and they are known to initiate new infections when ingested by a suitable host. However, after feeding Ichthyophonus-infected tissue to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, we observed that once infection was initiated, some schizonts proceeded to develop into several other morphologic forms indistinguishable from those previously described from recently deceased hosts, decomposing infected corpses, and in vitro culture. It appeared that not all schizonts participated in the infection process; some initiated infection, as expected, while others passed into the intestines, where they morphed into multiple cell types (e.g., schizonts, some with partially digested or ruptured capsules, ameboid plasmodia, merozoites, hyphenated cells, and empty capsules). Some of these cells were viable when cultured, but none was infectious to naïve Rainbow Trout when administered by gavage. We posit that (1) not all tissue schizonts are programmed to perform the same function or (2) not all respond similarly to their environment. After consumption by a piscivore, those schizonts that do not initiate an infection do not die but rather metamorphose into different cell types as they transit the gastrointestinal tract and are ultimately released back into the aquatic environment through defecation. The fate of these cells after exiting the host is presently unknown, but they likely represent a segment of the Ichthyophonus life cycle.
Microcavity Structure Provides High‐Performance (>8.1%) Semitransparent and Colorful Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Lu Jong‐Hong , Lin Yi‐Hung , Jiang Bing‐Huang , Yeh Chun‐Hung , Kao Jui‐Chih , Chen Chih‐Ping
Published: December 2017

High‐performance colored aesthetic semitransparent organic photovoltaics (OPVs) featuring a silver/indium tin oxide/silver (Ag/ITO/Ag) microcavity structure are prepared. By precisely controlling the thickness of the ITO layer, OPV devices exhibiting high transparency and a wide and high‐purity color gamut are obtained: blue (B), green (G), yellow‐green (YG), yellow (Y), orange (O), and red (R). The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the G, YG, and Y color devices are greater than 8% (AM 1.5G irradiation, 100 mW cm−2) with maximum transmittances (TMAX) of greater than 14.5%. An optimized PCE of 8.2% was obtained for the YG OPV [CIE 1931 coordinates: (0.364, 0.542)], with a value of TMAX of 17.3% (at 561 nm). As far as it is known, this performance is the highest ever reported for a transparent colorful OPV. Such high transparency and desired transmitted colors, which can perspective see the clear images, suggest great potential for use in building‐integrated photovoltaic applications.
Ultrastretchable Kirigami Bioprobes
Authors: Morikawa Yusuke , Yamagiwa Shota , Sawahata Hirohito , Numano Rika , Koida Kowa , Ishida Makoto , Kawano Takeshi
Published: December 2017

An ultrastretchable film device is developed that can follow the shape of spherical and large deformable biological samples such as heart and brain tissues. Although the film is composed of biocompatible parylene for the device substrate and metal layers of platinum (Pt)/titanium (Ti), which are unstretchable materials, the film shows a high stretchability by patterning slits as a “Kirigami” design. A Pt/Ti‐microelectrode array embedded in 11 µm thick parylene film with 5 × 91 slits exhibits a film strain of ≈250% at 9 mN strain‐force (0.08 MPa in stress) with a Young's modulus of 23 kPa, while the 3 × 91‐slit film shows a Young's modulus of 3.6 kPa. The maximum strains of these devices are ≈470% and ≈840%, respectively. It is demonstrated that the Kirigami‐based microelectrode device can simultaneously record in vivo electrocorticogram signals from the visual and barrel cortices of a mouse by stretching the film and tuning the electrode gap. Moreover, wrapping the Kirigami device around a beating mouse's heart, which shows large and rapid changes in the volume and the surface area, can record the in vivo epicardial electrocardiogram signals. Such a small Young's modulus for a stretchable device reduces the device's strain‐force, minimizing the device‐induced stress to soft biological tissues.
Achieving Nearly 30% External Quantum Efficiency for Orange–Red Organic Light Emitting Diodes by Employing Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Composed of 1,8‐Naphthalimide‐Acridine Hybrids
Authors: Zeng Weixuan , Lai Hsin‐Yu , Lee Wei‐Kai , Jiao Min , Shiu Yi‐Jiun , Zhong Cheng , Gong Shaolong , Zhou Tao , Xie Guohua , Sarma Monima , Wong Ken‐Tsung , Wu Chung‐Chih , Yang Chuluo
Published: December 2017

The combination of rigid acridine donor and 1,8‐naphthalimide acceptor has afforded two orange–red emitters of NAI‐DMAC and NAI‐DPAC with high rigidity in molecular structure and strongly pretwisted charge transfer state. Endowed with high photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦPL), distinct thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics, and preferentially horizontal emitting dipole orientations, these emitters afford record‐high orange–red TADF organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with external quantum efficiencies of up to 21–29.2%, significantly surpassing all previously reported orange‐to‐red TADF OLEDs. Notably, the influence of microcavity effect is verified to support the record‐high efficiency. This finding relaxes the usually stringent material requirements for effective TADF emitters by comprising smaller radiative transition rates and less than ideal ΦPLs.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted Alkylation of Indoles with Tertiary Amines by the Oxidation of a sp3 C‐H Bond
Authors: Ding Xuan , Dong Chun‐Lin , Guan Zhi , He Yan‐Hong
Published: December 2017

A visible‐light driven reaction for the synthesis of 3‐arylmethyl indole derivatives using tertiary amines and indoles was first reported. Corresponding products were obtained with yields of up to 70%, and various functional groups on the indoles were well tolerated when Rose Bengal was used as a photosensitizer and air was used as a green oxidant under mild reaction conditions.

magnified image
One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Thiophenes through Three‐Component Assembly of Arylacetaldehydes, Elemental Sulfur, and 1,3‐Dicarbonyls
Authors: Wang Zilong , Qu Zhonghua , Xiao Fuhong , Huang Huawen , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: December 2017

The three‐component reaction for the synthesis of 2‐arylthiophenes has been developed. Easily available arylacetaldehydes, 1,3‐dicarbonyls, and elemental sulfur were directly assembled through cascade condensation/ annulation under base conditions. The present protocol provides a facile entry to 2,3,5‐trisubstituted thiophenes with moderate to excellent yields and good functional group tolerance.

magnified image
Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Montalban‐Bravo Guillermo , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo
Published: December 2017

Disease overview

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a very heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias and increased risk of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). MDS occurs more frequently in older males and in individuals with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of MDS is based on morphological evidence of dysplasia upon visual examination of a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Information obtained from additional studies such as karyotype, flow cytometry or molecular genetics is usually complementary and may help refine diagnosis.

Risk‐stratification

Prognosis of patients with MDS can be calculated using a number of scoring systems. In general, all these scoring systems include analysis of peripheral cytopenias, percentage of blasts in the bone marrow and cytogenetic characteristics. The most commonly used system is probably the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). IPSS is now replaced by the revised IPSS‐R score. Although not systematically incorporated into new validated prognostic systems, somatic mutations can help define prognosis and should be considered as new prognostic factors.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Therapy is selected based on risk, transfusion needs, percent of bone marrow blasts and cytogenetic and mutational profiles. Goals of therapy are different in lower risk patients than in higher risk. In lower risk, the goal is to decrease transfusion needs and transformation to higher risk disease or AML, as well as to improve survival. In higher risk, the goal is to prolong survival. Current available therapies include growth factor support, lenalidomide, hypomethylating agents, intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The use of lenalidomide has significant clinical activity in patients with lower risk disease, anemia and a chromosome 5 alteration. 5‐azacitidine and decitabine have activity in both lower and higher‐risk MDS. 5‐azacitidine has been shown to improve survival in higher risk MDS. A number of new molecular lesions have been described in MDS that may serve as new therapeutic targets or aid in the selection of currently available agents. Additional supportive care measures may include the use of prophylactic antibiotics and iron chelation.

Management of progressive or refractory disease

At the present time there are no approved interventions for patients with progressive or refractory disease particularly after hypomethylating based therapy. Options include participation in a clinical trial or cytarabine based therapy and stem cell transplantation.
Die gemeinsamen Zwischenprodukte von Sauerstoffentwicklung und Auflösung während der Wasserelektrolyse an Iridium
Authors: Kasian Olga , Grote Jan‐Philipp , Geiger Simon , Cherevko Serhiy , Mayrhofer Karl J. J.
Published: December 2017

Dem Wissen über Reaktionsmechanismen beim Katalysatorabbau während der Sauerstoffentwicklung kommt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Weiterentwicklung von effizienteren und stabileren Elektrolyseuren zu, da die korrosiven Bedingungen an der Anode selbst für vielversprechende Materialien auf Iridium‐Basis problematisch sind. Der Auflösungsmechanismus ist von komplexer Natur, und Zusammenhänge mit der Sauerstoffentwicklung sind wenig erforscht. Die Kopplung einer Rasterflusszelle mit Massenspektrometrie ermöglicht es, Sauerstoffentwicklungs‐ und Abbauprodukte in situ zu detektieren. Demnach sind bei hohen anodischen Potentialen mehrere Auflösungswege möglich, welche auch die Bildung von gasförmigem IrO3 beinhalten. Auf der Basis der experimentellen Daten werden mögliche Reaktionswege der, durch Sauerstoffentwicklung bedingten, Auflösung von Iridium aufgezeigt und die Rolle von gemeinsamen Intermediaten dieser Reaktionen diskutiert.
Katalyse der Kohlenstoffdioxid‐Photoreduktion an Nanoschichten: Grundlagen und Herausforderungen
Authors: Sun Zhenyu , Talreja Neetu , Tao Hengcong , Texter John , Muhler Martin , Strunk Jennifer , Chen Jianfeng
Published: December 2017

Die Umwandlung von CO2 in Treibstoffe und Chemikalien mithilfe der Photokatalyse ist eine vielversprechende Methode, um die Probleme der globalen Erwärmung und Energieversorgung nachhaltig zu lösen. Erfolge im Bereich der Photokatalyse während des letzten Jahrzehnts haben verstärktes Interesse an der Nutzung des Sonnenlichts zur Reduktion von CO2 hervorgerufen. Traditionelle Halbleiter in der Photokatalyse (z. B. TiO2) sind für die Anwendung in natürlichem Sonnenlicht nicht geeignet und sogar unter UV‐Bestrahlung nicht effizient genug. Kürzlich wurden einige zweidimensionale (2D) Materialien für die katalytische CO2‐Reduktion entwickelt. Diese Materialien müssen noch erheblich verbessert werden, was eine Herausforderung für die Entwicklung photokatalytischer Prozesse darstellt. Hier wird die Literatur über die photokatalytische CO2‐Umwandlung mit 2D‐Materialien in der Flüssigphase zusammengefasst, um eine Grundlage für die Suche nach verbesserten Materialien zu schaffen.
Nanosized cationic and anionic manganese porphyrins as mesoporous catalysts for the oxidation of olefins: Nano versus bulk aggregates
Authors: Zakavi Saeed , Ebadi Samira , Javanmard Mohaddese
Published: December 2017

In this study, catalytic activity of bulk and nano‐sized meso‐tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) acetate, MnTPPS4(OAc), (ammonium salt) and meso‐tetrakis(3‐methylpyridyl)porphyrinatomanganese(III) acetate, MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc) (tosylate salt) for the oxidation of olefins with tetra‐n‐butylammonium Oxone has been studied and compared with that of the bulk counterparts. The nanoparticles were prepared by mixing solvent techniques using water, (triethyleneglycol) monomethyl ether and dimethylsulfoxide or acetonitrile. The formation of nano‐sized catalysts was confirmed by UV‐Vis spectroscopy, DLS and AFM. Nitrogen porosimetry measurements indicated the homogeneous pore size distribution in the bulk and nano‐sized manganese porphyrins. In spite of the high oxidizability of Oxone, the heterogenized manganese porphyrins showed a significantly higher oxidative stability relative to their homogeneous counterparts within a reaction time of 6 h. The increase in the catalytic activity induced by the formation of nano‐sized catalysts was more pronounced in the case of MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc). MnT(3‐MePy)P(OAc) may be recovered and reused for at least 4 times without any significant decrease in the catalyst efficiency. In the case of MnTPPS4(OAc) a large decrease in the catalytic activity was observed after the first use of the catalyst. The latter was attributed to higher degrees of catalyst degradation in the case of MnTPPS4(OAc).
Exploring the relation between referencing practices and citation impact: A large‐scale study based on Web of Science data
Authors: Ahlgren Per , Colliander Cristian , Sjögårde Peter
Published: December 2017

In this large‐scale contribution, we deal with the relationship between properties of cited references of Web of Science articles and the field normalized citation rate of these articles. Using nearly 1 million articles, and three classification systems with different levels of granularity, we study the effects of number of cited references, share of references covered by Web of Science, mean age of references and mean citation rate of references on field normalized citation rate. To expose the relationship between the predictor variables and the response variable, we use quantile regression. We found that a higher number of references, a higher share of references to publications within Web of Science and references to more recent publications correlate with citation impact. A correlation was observed even when normalization was done with a finely grained classification system. The predictor variables affected citation impact to a larger extent at higher quantile levels. Regarding the relative importance of the predictor variables, citation impact of the cited references was in general the least important variable. Number of cited references carried most of the importance for both low and medium quantile levels, but this importance was lessened at the highest considered level.
Behavior profiles of children with autism spectrum disorder in kindergarten: Comparison with other developmental disabilities and typically developing children
Authors: Janus Magdalena , Mauti Emma , Horner Matt , Duku Eric , Siddiqua Ayesha , Davies Scott
Published: December 2017

Monitoring behavior patterns that may be specific to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a population level has the potential to improve the allocation of intervention strategies and reduction of the burden of the disease. In Ontario, Canada, developmental data are regularly collected for all kindergarten children with the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher‐completed questionnaire that provides information on children's status in five domains: physical, social, emotional, language/cognitive, and communication/general knowledge. Our main research questions are: (a) are there differences in kindergarten EDI domain scores between children who are diagnosed with ASD by Grade 3 and those who develop typically or have other disabilities?; (b) do these differences show a different pattern in relation to an early (by kindergarten) or late (by Grade 3) diagnosis?; and (c) are there specific subdomains on the EDI that demonstrate a consistent pattern of differences? EDI domain and subdomain scores were compared among groups using multivariate analysis of variance controlling for age, gender, EDI year, and EDI year by age interaction. Children with ASD, regardless of timing of identification, had significantly lower scores on all domains of the EDI than typically developing children. Children with later ASD diagnosis had higher scores in kindergarten in cognitive areas but lower scores in social‐emotional areas than children with other disabilities. These findings support the potential of the EDI to monitor ASD‐like behaviors at the population level. Autism Res 2018, 11: 410–420. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Identifying behavior patterns among kindergarten children that may be specific to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) at a population level has the potential to improve intervention strategies and thus reduce the burden of the disease. In Ontario, Canada, developmental data are regularly collected with the Early Development Instrument (EDI) for all kindergarten children. The behavior in kindergarten of a sub‐population of children diagnosed with developmental disabilities by age 9 is investigated here for patterns that may distinguish children with ASD from those with other disorders. Children with later ASD diagnosis had higher scores in kindergarten in cognitive areas but lower scores in social‐emotional areas than children with other disabilities, indicating meaningful differences between those groups even before diagnosis. These results support the potential of using the EDI to monitor ASD‐like behaviors at the population level.
Faserbewehrter ultrahochfester Beton
Authors: Stengel Thorsten
Published: December 2017

Der vorliegende Beitrag berichtet von umfangreichen Untersuchungen zum Verbundverhalten von Stahlfasern in UHPC und dem Biegetragverhalten entsprechender Faserbetone. Auf Basis der Verbundversuche und weiterführender Überlegungen zur Faserwirkung im Werkstoff wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches es erlaubt, Kenngrößen für das Biegetragverhalten für beliebige faserhaltige UHPC zu prognostizieren. Dabei können der Fasergehalt Vf im Bereich von 0 Vol.‐ % < Vf ≤ 3,0 Vol.‐ % sowie der Anteil der untersuchten Faserarten (Fasergemische) beliebig variiert werden. Somit wird erstmals die Wahl eines maßgeschneiderten Fasergemischs und Fasergehalts für die jeweilige Anwendung von faserbewehrtem UHPC mithilfe eines werkstoffmechanischen Modells ermöglicht.
Phosphoenolpyruvate Transporter Enables Targeted Perturbation During Metabolic Analysis of L‐Phenylalanine Production With Escherichia coli
Authors: Tröndle Julia , Albermann Christoph , Weiner Michael , Sprenger Georg A. , Weuster‐Botz Dirk
Published: December 2017

Usually perturbation of the metabolism of cells by addition of substrates is applied for metabolic analysis of production organisms, but perturbation studies are restricted to the endogenous substrates of the cells under study. The goal of this study is to overcome this limitation by making phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) available for perturbation studies with Escherichia coli producing L‐phenylalanine. A production strain overexpressing a PEP‐transporter variant (UhpT‐D388C) is applied in a standardized fed‐batch production‐process on a 42 L‐scale. Four parallel short‐term perturbation experiments of 20 min are performed with glucose and glycerol as fed‐batch carbon sources after rapid media transition of cells from the production‐process. PEP is added after 9 min and is immediately consumed by the cells with up to 1.5 mmol gCDW−1 h−1. L‐phenylalanine production rates increased by up to 200% after addition of PEP. This clearly indicates an intracellular PEP‐limitation in the L‐phenylalanine production strain under study. Thus, it is shown that overexpressing specific transporters for analytical reasons makes exogenous substrates available as perturbation substrates for metabolic analyses of cells sampled from production‐processes and thereby allows a very targeted perturbation of whole‐cell metabolism.
FastFeedback Questions: A new teaching method
Authors: Elnashar Magdy Mahmoud
Published: December 2017

In Australian Universities, based on a study from 1992 to 2014, the Feedback item has been consistently poorly rated by students. In addition, Biochemistry is a complex STEM subject which many students find difficult and was considered the hardest subject according to a recent study by Antigua medical school in the United States. In this work, a new and interactive teaching method, FastFeedback Questions (FFQs), has been devised. FFQs are a rapid formative feedback method that involves embedding carefully crafted focus questions alongside PowerPoint slides (outside the slide field). The PPT is then projected as usual, but not in slide show mode, so the areas outside the main slide window are visible to the students. Prior to the lecture students receive a version without the answers. During the face‐to‐face lecture, the lecturer goes through the answers in an interactive way by requesting that students answer the FFQs, which can be verified immediately from the PPT slide. The focus questions not only increase students' understanding of the slides, they also model good answers. FFQs were delivered to the students of third year clinical biochemistry at Curtin University. Number of students in this study, n = 311. The final exam marks support the use of FFQs as there is an overall improvement of the student average grade by ≈10% from ≈63% in 2010–2014 (no FFQs) to ≈72.6% in 2015–2017 (FFQs). FFQs have also gained the accolade of the students as their feedback was on average ≈97% compared to ≈80.5% for the Faculty and University. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(2):121–129, 2018.
Characterisation of CYP102A25 from Bacillus marmarensis and CYP102A26 from Pontibacillus halophilus: P450 Homologues of BM3 with Preference towards Hydroxylation of Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Porter Joanne L. , Manning Jack , Sabatini Selina , Tavanti Michele , Turner Nicholas J. , Flitsch Sabine L.
Published: December 2017

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are highly desired biocatalysts owing to their ability to catalyse a wide variety of chemically challenging C−H activation reactions. The CYP102A subfamily of enzymes are natural catalytically self‐sufficient proteins consisting of a haem and FMN‐FAD reductase domain fused in a single‐component system. They catalyse the oxygenation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids to produce primarily ω−1, ω−2 and ω−3 hydroxy acids. These monooxygenases have potential applications in biotechnology; however, their substrate range is still limited and there is a continued need to add diversity to this class of biocatalysts. Herein, we present the characterisation of two new members of this class of enzymes, CYP102A25 (BMar) from Bacillus marmarensis and CYP102A26 (PHal) from Pontibacillus halophilus, both of which express readily in a recombinant bacterial host. BMar exhibits the highest activity toward myristic acid and shows moderate activity towards unsaturated fatty acids. PHal exhibits broader activity towards mid‐chain‐saturated (C14–C18) and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, PHal shows good regioselectivity for the hydroxylation of myristic acid, targeting the ω−2 position for C−H activation.
Patient characteristics and outcome measurement in a low secure forensic hospital
Authors: Longdon Laura , Edworthy Rachel , Resnick Jeremy , Byrne Adrian , Clarke Martin , Cheung Natalie , Khalifa Najat
Published: December 2017

Background

Health services are increasingly required to measure outcomes after treatment, which can be reported to the funding body and may be scrutinised by the public. Extensive high‐quality measurements are time consuming. Routinely collected clinical data might, if anonymised, provide good enough evidence of useful change consequent on service received.

Research question

Do the Health of the Nation Scale and the 20‐item Historical, Clinical, Risk structured professional judgement tool scores provide evidence of clinical and risk change among low security hospital patients at 6 and 12 months after admission?

Methods

One hundred and eight men were either resident on the unit on 1 January 2011 or new admissions to the census date of 31 May 2013. Their routinely collected data were added to an outcome register following each patient's Care Programme Approach clinical review meeting and analysed using repeated measures t‐tests with Bonferroni corrections.

Results

Most of the men, mean age 34.3 years, were single (93%), White British (71%) and with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia (62%). There were significant reductions in the 11‐item Health of the Nation Scale (excluding the community living condition scale) scores between baseline and 6 months and between 6 and 12 months, but no change on its additional 7‐item secure subscale. Individual effect sizes indicated that 39% of the men had better social function, although 18% had deteriorated at 6 months. There was little overall change in the 20‐item Historical, Clinical, Risk; individual effect sizes indicated that 11 men (15%) were rated as being at lower risk level and 10 (14%) at higher after 6 months in the study.

Conclusions/implications for clinical practice

Standard clinical measures are promising as indicators of change in low security hospital patients. Risk ratings may be conservative, but at this stage of a secure hospital admission, higher scores may be as likely to indicate progress in identifying and quantifying risks as apparent increase in risk. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racial/Ethnic Minority Vocational Research Trends: An 11‐Year Update
Authors: Lee Bo Hyun , Zhu Jiajia , Diaz David , Fischer Jeffrey , Flores Lisa Y. , Lin Ching‐Lan , Beilgard Jennah , May Sarah , Munoz Melissa , Shahin Mohamad , Atilano Ruben
Published: December 2017

This study extends Flores et al.'s () 36‐year analysis of racial/ethnic minority (REM) career research to identify recent trends in choice of topics and leading individual and institutional contributors. The authors identified 166 articles on REM career research published from 2005 to 2015 in the Journal of Vocational Behavior, The Career Development Quarterly, the Journal of Career Assessment, and the Journal of Career Development. Of these studies, 92% were empirical, with more than three quarters of these using quantitative rather than qualitative methodology. Most frequently, the empirical studies (n = 153) were based on samples of high school (30.7%) or undergraduate (34.6%) students. The authors discuss the implications of their findings and suggest ways to expand REM career research in the future.
Technostress: Implications for Adults in the Workforce
Authors: Atanasoff Lynn , Venable Melissa A.
Published: December 2017

The use of technology can enhance workplace efficiency, productivity, and flexibility; yet, technological tools can have negative effects on individuals’ cognitive, psychological, and physical health, as well as on organizations (e.g., lowered employee satisfaction, decreased employee commitment). The use of information and communications technologies (ICT) adds to existing work stress. The authors reviewed recent literature to identify ICT trends, define key terms, and gain insights to improve awareness of ICT issues related to career development, health and wellness, and job security. The potential for inquiry as it relates to career exploration, development, and advancement is relevant to counselors and clients in today's workplace. Research is needed to examine the effects of technostress across different industries, to identify workers at greatest risk of adverse effects, to explore the impact on career decision making, to help clients develop personal coping resources, and to determine strategies for career professionals to collaborate with workplace managers.
Initial Validation of the Planned Happenstance Career Inventory–English Version
Authors: Lee Ji Hae , Cho Soohyun , Lee Sujung , Eum Wonsun Jini , Jang Hansori , Suh Suhyun , Lee Sang Min
Published: December 2017

This study examined the cross‐cultural validity of the Planned Happenstance Career Inventory (PHCI) for a sample of 262 U.S. college students. The original 5‐factor structure of the Korean PHCI was supported in the U.S. sample. Further analysis with career decision self‐efficacy and vocational identity status showed evidence of convergent and divergent validity of the measure. Results suggest that career counselors use a customized counseling approach based on PHCI scores. Suggestions for future cross‐cultural and longitudinal studies are made to extend the utility of the PHCI.
The Relationship Between Counselors’ Multicultural Counseling Competence and Poverty Beliefs
Authors: Clark Madeline , Moe Jeff , Hays Danica G.
Published: December 2017

The authors explored the relationship between counselors’ multicultural counseling competence (MCC), poverty beliefs, and select demographic factors. Results of hierarchical linear regressions indicate that MCC is predictive of counselor individualistic and structural poverty beliefs. Implications for counselor multicultural training and immersion and future research directions are included.
Benchmarking the Oxygen Reduction Electroactivity of First‐Row Transition‐Metal Oxide Clusters on Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Allen‐Ankins Mikaela , Zeng Qingcong , Zhang Bingsen , Pan Jian , Zhang Jiayun , Su Dang‐Sheng , Gentle Ian R. , Wang Da‐Wei
Published: December 2017

Transition‐metal oxide/nanocarbon hybrids are known to deliver a cooperative oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with a synergistic effect of the hybrid interface. This work assesses a series of first‐row transition‐metal oxides in the form of surface‐confined clusters on carbon nanotubes, as a mimic of fully exposed hybrid interfaces, providing an activity benchmark for hybrid catalysts. Among the selected metal oxides, MnOx and CoOx are found to be the most active first‐row transition‐metal oxide clusters for the ORR, given their excellent peroxide‐reducing capability at low overpotential. FeOx and CuOx are also active for the same role, except their peroxide‐reducing activity is only activated with substantial overpotential. Other metal oxides (NiOx and ZnOx) do not appear to show any activity toward the ORR, even with an integrated interface as a source for the possible synergistic effect.