bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To the Issue of M. E. Saltykov’s Circle in Tver: Natalya Sergeevna Rzhevskaya
Authors:   State Academy of Slavic Culture, Stroganova E. N.
Published: September 2015

The article raises the question of whether the people from M. E. Saltykov’s circle in his provincial periods of life should be noticed. N. S. Rzhevskaya, a talented singer and composer, a friend of Saltykov in his Tver and later Ryazan periods, was one of them; her relationships with the writer were based on trust.
Born at the Turn of the Centuries: On the Tragic Consciousness in the Works of Kuzebay Gerd
Authors:   Udmurt Institute of History, Language, and Literature, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Kamitova A. V.
Published: September 2015

The article analyses Kuzebay Gerd’s creative work that had been developing at the turn of the centuries. The events of this period impacted the artistic consciousness of the Udmurt poet. Painfully perceived historic disasters are reflected in the tragic world-view of his works.
Quality and Competition in Retail: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Duggal Ekta , Verma Harsh V.
Published: September 2015

With the tremendous growth in the Indian retail sector, quality in retail has become one of the most pertinent issues. Keeping pace with the competitive environment and dynamic consumer lifestyle, the compatibility of retail services with consumer needs and demands becomes crucial. Relationships with customers need to be prioritised securing the future of retail in India. The retail experimentation with modern retail formats needs to be substantiated with accurate assessment and management of retail quality. The present study strives to assess retailers with the parameters of service quality and relationship quality so as to derive useful insights for bringing out retail efficiencies.
The Study of Teacher Competence of Management Teachers in National Capital Region of India
Authors: Bakhru Kanupriya M. , Sanghi Dr. Seema , Medury Dr. Y.
Published: September 2015

The research study aimed to determine the teacher competence level and investigate the relationship between teacher gender, age, qualification, experience, position level, publication, Institute type and teacher competence of management teachers at management institutes in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. The method of survey research was through questionnaire. The unit of analysis was management teachers, 320 were selected by simple random sampling methods from NCR region of India. The instrument used for collecting data was 5–item rating scale questionnaire pertaining to teacher competencies. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the reliability was 0.85. The statistical devices used in analyzing data were descriptive statistics; percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation to determine the teacher competence level and employed the "t" test, Anova and Correlations coefficient to investigate the relationship between teacher gender, age, qualification, experience, position level, publication, Institute type and teacher competence.
Intergenerational Social Networks and Health Behaviors Among Children Living in Public Housing
Authors: Kennedy-Hendricks Alene , Schwartz Heather , Thornton Rachel Johnson , Griffin Beth Ann , Green Harold D. , Kennedy David P. , Burkhauser Susan , Pollack Craig Evan
Published: September 2015

Objectives. In a survey of families living in public housing, we investigated whether caretakers’ social networks are linked with children’s health status.

Methods. In 2011, 209 children and their caretakers living in public housing in suburban Montgomery County, Maryland, were surveyed regarding their health and social networks. We used logistic regression models to examine the associations between the perceived health composition of caretaker social networks and corresponding child health characteristics (e.g., exercise, diet).

Results. With each 10% increase in the proportion of the caretaker’s social network that exercised regularly, the child’s odds of exercising increased by 34% (adjusted odds ratio = 1.34; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 1.69) after the caretaker’s own exercise behavior and the composition of the child’s peer network had been taken into account. Although children’s overweight or obese status was associated with caretakers’ social networks, the results were no longer significant after adjustment for caretakers’ own weight status.

Conclusions. We found that caretaker social networks are independently associated with certain aspects of child health, suggesting the importance of the broader social environment for low-income children’s health.
The Laugh Model: Reframing and Rebranding Public Health Through Social Media
Authors: Lister Cameron , Royne Marla , Payne Hannah E. , Cannon Ben , Hanson Carl , Barnes Michael
Published: September 2015

Objectives. We examined the use of low-cost social media platforms in communicating public health messages and outline the laugh model, a framework through which public health organizations can reach and engage communities.

Methods. In August 2014, we developed an online campaign (Web site and social media) to help promote healthy family meals in Utah in conjunction with the state and local health departments.

Results. By the end of September 2014, a total of 3641 individuals had visited the Utahfamilymeals.org Web site. Facebook ads reached a total of 29 078 people, and 56 900 people were reached through Twitter ads. The per-person price of the campaign was 0.2 cents, and the total estimated target population reach was between 10% and 12%.

Conclusions. There are 3 key takeaways from our campaign: use of empowering and engaging techniques may be more effective than use of educational techniques; use of social media Web sites and online marketing tactics can enhance collaboration, interdisciplinary strategies, and campaign effectiveness; and use of social media as a communication platform is often preferable to use of mass media in terms of cost-effectiveness, more precise evaluations of campaign success, and increased sustainability.
Access to Dental Services for People Using a Wheelchair
Authors: Rashid-Kandvani Farnaz , Nicolau Belinda , Bedos Christophe
Published: September 2015

Objectives. We investigated the perspectives of people using a wheelchair and their difficulties in accessing dental services.

Methods. Our participatory research was on the basis of a partnership between people using a wheelchair, dental professionals, and academic researchers. Partners were involved in a committee that provided advice at all stages of the project. Our team adopted a qualitative descriptive design. Between October 2011 and October 2012 we conducted semistructured individual interviews with 13 adults who lived in Montreal, Québec, Canada, and used a wheelchair full time. We audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim interviews, and we interpreted data using an inductive thematic analysis.

Results. Oral health is of heightened importance to this group of people, who tend to use their mouth as a “third hand.” We identified successive challenges in accessing dental services: finding a dentist and being accepted, organizing transportation, entering the building and circulating inside, interacting with the dental staff, transferring and overcoming discomfort on the dental chair, and paying for the treatments.

Conclusions. Governments, dental professional bodies, dental schools, and researchers should work with groups representing wheelchair users to improve access to dental services.
Intergenerational Patterns of Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among US Adolescents
Authors: Kandel Denise B. , Griesler Pamela C. , Hu Mei-Chen
Published: September 2015

Objectives. We examined associations between parental and adolescent smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States.

Methods. We used data from the 2004 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which ascertained smoking behaviors of 1 parent and 1 adolescent aged 12 to 17 years in 35 000 dyads. We estimated associations between parental and adolescent smoking behaviors, adjusted for covariates.

Results. Parental current dependence was strongly associated with adolescents’ lifetime smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.47, 3.55), whereas parental current nondependent smoking (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.92, 2.67) and former smoking (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.75) were less strongly associated. Only parental nicotine dependence was associated with adolescent nicotine dependence (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.74). Associations between parental and adolescent smoking did not differ by race/ethnicity. Parents’ education, marital status, and parenting and adolescents' mental health, beliefs about smoking, perception of schoolmates’ smoking, and other substance use predicted adolescent smoking and dependence.

Conclusions. Reducing parental smoking would reduce adolescent smoking. Prevention efforts should encourage parental smoking cessation, improve parenting, address adolescent mental health, and reinforce adolescents' negative beliefs about smoking.
Effects of Racial Prejudice on the Health of Communities: A Multilevel Survival Analysis
Authors: Lee Yeonjin , Muennig Peter , Kawachi Ichiro , Hatzenbuehler Mark L.
Published: September 2015

Objectives. We examined whether and how racial prejudice at both the individual and community levels contributes to mortality risk among majority as well as minority group members.

Methods. We used data on racial attitudes from the General Social Survey (1993–2002) prospectively linked to mortality data from the National Death Index through 2008.

Results. Whites and Blacks living in communities with higher levels of racial prejudice were at an elevated risk of mortality, independent of individual and community sociodemographic characteristics and individually held racist beliefs (odds ratio = 1.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 1.49). Living in a highly prejudiced community had similar harmful effects among both Blacks and Whites. Furthermore, the interaction observed between individual- and community-level racial prejudice indicated that respondents with higher levels of racial prejudice had lower survival rates if they lived in communities with low degrees of racial prejudice. Community-level social capital explained the relationship between community racial prejudice and mortality.

Conclusions. Community-level racial prejudice may disrupt social capital, and reduced social capital is associated with increased mortality risk among both Whites and Blacks. Our results contribute to an emerging body of literature documenting the negative consequences of prejudice for population health.
Evaluating the Use of an Electronic Death Registration System for Mortality Surveillance During and After Hurricane Sandy: New York City, 2012
Authors: Howland Renata E. , Li Wenhui , Madsen Ann M. , Wong Howard , Das Tara , Betancourt Flor M. , Nicaj Leze , Stayton Catherine , Matte Thomas , Begier Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2015

Objectives. We evaluated the use of New York City’s (NYC’s) electronic death registration system (EDRS) to conduct mortality surveillance during and after Hurricane Sandy.

Methods. We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for surveillance system evaluation to gather evidence on usefulness, flexibility, stability, timeliness, and quality. We assessed system components, interviewed NYC Health Department staff, and analyzed 2010 to 2012 death records.

Results. Despite widespread disruptions, NYC’s EDRS was stable and collected timely mortality data that were adapted to provide storm surveillance with minimal additional resources. Direct-injury fatalities and trends in excess all-cause mortality were rapidly identified, providing useful information for response; however, the time and burden of establishing reports, adapting the system, and identifying indirect deaths limited surveillance.

Conclusions. The NYC Health Department successfully adapted its EDRS for near real-time disaster-related mortality surveillance. Retrospective assessment of deaths, advanced methods for case identification and analysis, standardized reports, and system enhancements will further improve surveillance. Local, state, and federal partners would benefit from partnering with vital records to develop EDRSs for surveillance and to promote ongoing evaluation.
“We’re Part of the Solution”: Evolution of the Food and Beverage Industry’s Framing of Obesity Concerns Between 2000 and 2012
Authors: Nixon Laura , Mejia Pamela , Cheyne Andrew , Wilking Cara , Dorfman Lori , Daynard Richard
Published: September 2015

We investigated how industry claim-makers countered concerns about obesity and other nutrition-related diseases in newspaper coverage from 2000, the year before the US Surgeon General’s Call to Action on obesity, through 2012. We found that the food and beverage industry evolved in its response. The defense arguments were made by trade associations, industry-funded nonprofit groups, and individual companies representing the packaged food industry, restaurants, and the nonalcoholic beverage industry. Individual companies used the news primarily to promote voluntary self-regulation, whereas trade associations and industry-supported nonprofit groups directly attacked potential government regulations. There was, however, a shift away from framing obesity as a personal issue toward an overall message that the food and beverage industry wants to be “part of the solution” to the public health crisis.
Multinational Alcohol Market Development and Public Health: Diageo in India
Authors: Esser Marissa B. , Jernigan David H.
Published: September 2015

Alcohol is a risk factor for communicable and noncommunicable diseases, and alcohol consumption is rising steadily in India. The growth of multinational alcohol corporations, such as Diageo, contributes to India’s changing alcohol environment.

We provide a brief history of India’s alcohol regulation for context and examine Diageo’s strategies for expansion in India in 2013 and 2014. Diageo is attracted to India’s younger generation, women, and emerging middle class for growth opportunities.

Components of Diageo’s responsibility strategy conflict with evidence-based public health recommendations for reducing harmful alcohol consumption. Diageo’s strategies for achieving market dominance in India are at odds with public health evidence. We conclude with recommendations for protecting public health in emerging markets.
Implications of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Tax Exemption on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L.
Published: September 2015

US state and local governments are debating sugar-sweetened beverage excise taxes to support public health. A related issue is whether such taxes would apply to beverage purchases made by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. Federal law proscribes states from collecting excise taxes on SNAP purchases, but the law is confined to taxes at the point of sale. I provide legal analysis and recommendations for policymakers to enact taxes that are not subject to the SNAP tax exemption to potentially deter consumption by all consumers.
Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines Among Transgender Persons and Sexual Minority Women
Authors: Bazzi Angela Robertson , Whorms Debra S. , King Dana S. , Potter Jennifer
Published: September 2015

We used retrospective (2012–2013) chart review to examine breast cancer screening among transgender persons and sexual minority women (n = 1263) attending an urban community health center in Massachusetts. Transgender were less likely than cisgender patients and bisexuals were less likely than heterosexuals and lesbians to adhere to mammography screening guidelines (respectively, adjusted odds ratios = 0.53 and 0.56; 95% confidence intervals = 0.31, 0.91 and 0.34, 0.92) after adjustment for sociodemographics. Enhanced cancer prevention outreach is needed among gender and sexual minorities.
Overdose Epidemic, Prescription Monitoring Programs, and Public Health: A Review of State Laws
Authors: Davis Corey S. , Johnston Jill E. , Pierce Matthew W.
Published: September 2015

Prescription monitoring programs (PMPs), state-level databases that collect patient-specific prescription information at the time medications are dispensed, have been suggested as tools to address the overdose epidemic. We reviewed all laws in the United States (n = 25) that articulated the purposes PMPs are intended to serve. Attributes related to reducing abuse, misuse, and diversion of prescription medications appeared most commonly. Only 5 purpose statements mentioned the promotion of public health as goals of the PMP, and only 3 listed improving health care. None listed overdose prevention as a goal of the PMP.
Updating North Carolina Corn Yields and Nitrogen Recommendations to Match Current Production Practices and New Hybrids
Authors: Rajkovich Shelby R. , Crozier Carl R. , Smyth T. Jot , Crouse David , Osmond Deanna L.
Published: September 2015

Corn (Zea mays L.) nitrogen (N) rate trials conducted in North Carolina over a recent 10‐year time frame (2001–2011) were reviewed to potentially adjust yield goals (realistic yield expectations [RYE]) and their associated N rate recommendations in the North Carolina RYE database. The analyzed trial data provided evidence that corn yields increased by 15, 18, and 31% in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain regions, respectively. To reflect these increases, realistic yield expectations in the database were adjusted upward by 20%. However, linear‐plateau regressions confirmed that the current N rate recommendations in the RYE database were appropriate for obtaining optimum agronomic yields and therefore were not adjusted. While our approach does not permit direct statistical comparison of different tillage methods or crop rotations, long‐term no‐till (>10 years) was the only tillage category with higher measured optimum yields and significantly lower calculated N factors (amount of N applied per unit of yield [lb N bu−1] at the optimum N rate) than the standard RYE database values. However, measured yields and optimum N rates between conventional and no‐till (>10 years) were similar. For corn following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations (but not corn following corn), mean optimum yield was higher and the value of the N factor was lower than the standard values.
The Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association is Pleased to Provide Comments on PCAOB Staff Consultation Paper No. 2015-01, The Auditor's Use of the Work of Specialists
Authors: Joe Jennifer R. , Janvrin Diane J. , Barr-Pulliam Dereck , Mason Stephani , Pitman Marshall K. , Rezaee Zabihollah , Sanderson Kerri-Ann , Wu Yi-Jing
Published: September 2015

On May 28, 2015 the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (hereafter, the Board) issued Staff Consultation Paper No. 2015-01 (hereafter, the Staff Consultation Paper) to seek information and input on the potential need to improve standards related to the auditor's use of the work of specialists. The Board requested input from investors, accounting firms, specialists, companies, and others (such as academics) about (1) current practices, (2) the potential need for changes, and (3) possible alternative regulatory approaches, and any associated economic implications, for potential improvement in standards related to oversight and assessing the objectivity of employed and engaged specialists. The comment period ended July 31, 2015. This commentary summarizes the contributors' views on selected questions posed in the Staff Consultation Paper.

Data Availability: The invitation to comment (through July 31, 2015), with links to the Consultation Paper, is available at: http://www.pcaobus.org/Standards/Pages/SCP_Specialists.aspx
Autocrine Action of IGF2 Regulates Adult β-Cell Mass and Function
Authors: Modi Honey , Jacovetti Cecile , Tarussio David , Metref Salima , Madsen Ole D. , Zhang Fu-Ping , Rantakari Pia , Poutanen Matti , Nef Serge , Gorman Tracy , Regazzi Romano , Thorens Bernard
Published: September 2015

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), produced and secreted by adult β-cells, functions as an autocrine activator of the β-cell insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling pathway. Whether this autocrine activity of IGF2 plays a physiological role in β-cell and whole-body physiology is not known. Here, we studied mice with β-cell–specific inactivation of Igf2 (βIGF2KO mice) and assessed β-cell mass and function in aging, pregnancy, and acute induction of insulin resistance. We showed that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was markedly reduced in old female βIGF2KO mice; glucose tolerance was, however, normal because of increased insulin sensitivity. While on a high-fat diet, both male and female βIGF2KO mice displayed lower GSIS compared with control mice, but reduced β-cell mass was observed only in female βIGF2KO mice. During pregnancy, there was no increase in β-cell proliferation and mass in βIGF2KO mice. Finally, β-cell mass expansion in response to acute induction of insulin resistance was lower in βIGF2KO mice than in control mice. Thus, the autocrine action of IGF2 regulates adult β-cell mass and function to preserve in vivo GSIS in aging and to adapt β-cell mass in response to metabolic stress, pregnancy hormones, and acute induction of insulin resistance.
Differential Association Between HDL Subclasses and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in a Prospective Study of Japanese Americans
Authors: Hwang You-Cheol , Hayashi Tomoshige , Fujimoto Wilfred Y. , Kahn Steven E. , Leonetti Donna L. , McNeely Marguerite J. , Boyko Edward J.
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE

Recent studies have suggested that HDL cholesterol is inversely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the association between different HDL subclasses and the risk for future type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study enrolled 406 Japanese Americans (51% male) without diabetes, aged 34–75 years. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed to determine type 2 diabetes status at baseline, 2.5 years, 5 years, and 10 years after enrollment. HDL2, HDL3, total HDL cholesterol, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area by computed tomography were measured at baseline.

RESULTS

In univariate analysis, total HDL and HDL2 cholesterol were inversely associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes, but HDL3 cholesterol was not. In multivariate analysis, total HDL cholesterol (odds ratio per 1-SD increment, 0.72 [95% CI 0.52–0.995], P = 0.047) and HDL2 cholesterol (odds ratio per 1-SD increment, 0.64 [95% CI 0.44–0.93], P = 0.018) were inversely associated with the risk for type 2 diabetes independent of age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, lifestyle factors, systolic blood pressure, lipid-lowering medication use, triglyceride level, HOMA-insulin resistance, and 2-h glucose; however, HDL3 cholesterol was not associated with diabetes risk. The association between diabetes risk and total HDL and HDL2 cholesterol became insignificant after adjustment for VAT area.

CONCLUSIONS

Subjects with higher HDL2 cholesterol were at lower risk for incident type 2 diabetes, but this association was confounded by and not independent of VAT. Higher HDL3 cholesterol was not associated with diabetes risk.
Momentary Predictors of Insulin Restriction Among Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and Eating Disorder Symptomatology
Authors: Merwin Rhonda M. , Dmitrieva Natalia O. , Honeycutt Lisa K. , Moskovich Ashley A. , Lane James D. , Zucker Nancy L. , Surwit Richard S. , Feinglos Mark , Kuo Jennifer
Published: September 2015

OBJECTIVE

Individuals with type 1 diabetes who restrict insulin to control weight are at high risk for diabetes-related complications and premature death. However, little is known about this behavior or how to effectively intervene. The aim of the current study was to identify predictors of insulin restriction in the natural environment that might inform new treatment directions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Eighty-three adults with type 1 diabetes and a range of eating disorder symptomatology completed 3 days of ecological momentary assessment. Participants reported emotions, eating, and insulin dosing throughout the day using their cellular telephone. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effects of heightened negative affect (e.g., anxiety) before eating and characteristics of the eating episode (e.g., eating a large amount of food) on the risk of insulin restriction.

RESULTS

Individuals who reported greater-than-average negative affect (general negative affect and negative affect specifically about diabetes) during the study period were more likely to restrict insulin. Momentary increases in anxiety/nervousness and guilt/disgust with self before eating (relative to an individual’s typical level) further increased the odds of restricting insulin at the upcoming meal. Insulin restriction was more likely when individuals reported that they broke a dietary rule (e.g., “no desserts”).

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggest that insulin restriction might be decreased by helping patients with type 1 diabetes respond effectively to heightened negative affect (e.g., anxiety, guilt) and encouraging patients to take a less rigid, punitive approach to diabetes management.
Implant-associated neoplasia in dogs: 16 cases (1983–2013)
Authors: Burton Andrew G. , Johnson Eric G. , Vernau William , Murphy Brian G.
Published: September 2015

Objective—To characterize clinical and pathological features of implant-associated neoplasms in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—16 dogs with implant-associated neoplasia and 32 control dogs with osteosarcoma without implants.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs with tumors associated with metallic implants (cases) treated between 1983 and 2013 were reviewed. Two dogs with naturally occurring osteosarcoma (controls) were matched to each case on the basis of tumor location, age, and sex.

Results—Median time from implant placement to diagnosis of neoplasia was 5.5 years (range, 9 months to 10 years). Pelvic limbs were most frequently affected, including the tibia (8/16) and femur (5/16), with 1 neoplasm involving both the femur and pelvis. Implant-associated tumors most commonly affected the diaphysis (15/16), with osteosarcomas significantly more likely to involve the long bone diaphysis in case dogs than in control dogs with naturally occurring osteosarcomas. Osteosarcoma was the most common tumor, accounting for 13 of 16 implant-associated tumors. For 7 of these osteosarcoma cases, review of histopathology results enabled subclassification into osteoblastic nonproductive (n = 3), chondroblastic (2), osteoblastic productive (1), and fibroblastic (1) groups. Three case dogs had a diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and spindle cell sarcoma.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study highlighted important anatomic differences between spontaneous and implant-associated neoplasia in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:778–785)
Aligning Documentation With Congenital Muscular Torticollis Clinical Practice Guidelines: Administrative Case Report
Authors: Gutierrez Dennis , Kaplan Sandra L.
Published: September 2015

Background and Purpose

A hospital-based pediatric outpatient center, wanting to weave evidence into practice, initiated an update of knowledge, skills, and documentation patterns with its staff physical therapists and occupational therapists who treat people with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). This case report describes 2 cycles of implementation: (1) the facilitators and barriers to implementation and (2) selected quality improvement outcomes aligned with published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).

Case Description

The Pediatric Therapy Services of St Joseph's Regional Medical Center in New Jersey has 4 full-time, 1 part-time, and 3 per diem staff. Chart audits in 2012 revealed variations in measurement, interventions, and documentation that led to quality improvement initiatives. An iterative process, loosely following the knowledge-to-action cycle, included a series of in-service training sessions to review the basic anatomy, pathokinesiology, and treatment strategies for CMT; reading assignments of the available CPGs; journal review; documentation revisions; and training on the recommended measurements to implement 2 published CPGs and measure outcomes.

Outcomes

A previous 1-page generic narrative became a 3-page CMT-specific form aligned with the American Physical Therapy Association Section on Pediatrics CMT CPG recommendations. Staff training on the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain scale, classification of severity, type of CMT, prognostication, measures of cervical range of motion, and developmental progression improved documentation consistency from 0% to 81.9% to 100%. Clinicians responded positively to using the longer initial evaluation form.

Discussion

Successful implementation of both clinical and documentation practices were facilitated by a multifaceted approach to knowledge translation that included a culture supportive of evidence-based practice, administrative support for training and documentation redesign, commitment by clinicians to embrace changes aimed at improved care, and clinical guidelines that provide implementable recommendations.
BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism Is Related to Motor System Function After Stroke
Authors: Kim Dae Yul , Quinlan Erin B. , Gramer Robert , Cramer Steven C.
Published: September 2015

Background

The val66met polymorphism in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been associated with poorer outcomes after stroke. The mechanism for this finding remains uncertain but might be related to the reduced motor system activation associated with this polymorphism in healthy people.

Objective

The current study examined whether the presence of the BDNF val66met polymorphism is associated with reduced motor system activation after stroke.

Design and Methods

Forty-two patients with stroke who were enrolled in 1 of 2 studies of robot-assisted arm motor therapy participated in the study. All participants were tested for the BDNF val66met polymorphism followed by functional magnetic resonance imaging during affected hand movement.

Results

Participants averaged 12 months poststroke and had wide-ranging motor deficits (Fugl-Meyer scale scores=14–60). Brain activation in participants without the BDNF val66met polymorphism (n=26) spanned bilateral motor networks with a larger volume (total=334 cc) than that found in participants with this polymorphism (n=16) (97 cc). Regional analyses were consistent. Participants without this polymorphism showed larger ipsilesional primary sensorimotor cortex activation volume and magnitude compared with those in whom the polymorphism was present.

Limitations

The extent to which these findings generalize to other populations of people with stroke, such as those with stroke <7 days prior, remains uncertain.

Conclusions

Functional magnetic resonance imaging during affected hand movement showed decreased brain activation among participants with the BDNF val66met polymorphism compared with those lacking this polymorphism, especially in the ipsilesional primary sensorimotor cortex contralateral to movement. These results echo findings in healthy people and suggest that genetic factors affecting the normal brain continue to be operative after stroke. The findings suggest a potential imaging-based endophenotype for the BDNF val66met polymorphism's effect on the motor system that may be useful in a clinical trial setting.
Inmemoriam Dr Samten Tenzing
Authors: Badhu Badri Prasad
Published: September 2015

This issue of the journal is dedicated to Dr SamtenTenzing.Born on 21st September 1961, Samten completed his secondary level education from the St Xavier’s School, Kathmandu. He was awarded a Colombo Plan Scholarship in 1981 to undergo his MBBS at the Rajendra Medical College, Ranchi University, India after which he joined the same college as an Honorary Junior Resident House Physician in the Department of General Medicine. He returned home and served at the Bir Hospital as a House Surgeon from December 1989 till July 1990.
Indicators for monitoring cataract surgery outcomes; evolution and importance
Authors: Khandekar Rajiv , May W , Alasbali T
Published: September 2015

Cataract is one of the leading causes of blindness globally (Pascolini & Mariotti, 2012). Cataract surgery restores vision and is a cost-effective health intervention ranked second to the vaccination. In the ‘VISION 2020 -The Right to Sight’ initiative, cataract is given the highest priority so that member countries of the World Health Organization can eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020 (World Health Organization, 2007). From a public health perspective, the quantity and quality of cataract surgery is important. Hence, indicators to monitor cataract surgeries are both quantitative and qualitative. These indicators have changed along with the evolution of cataract services.
Epidemiology and etiological diagnosis of infective keratitis in eastern region of Nepal
Authors: Sitoula R P , Singh S K , Mahaseth V , Sharma A , Labh R K
Published: September 2015

Objective: This study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors predisposing to corneal ulceration in patients presenting to Biratnagar Eye Hospital (Nepal). Methods: All patients presenting to Biratnagar Eye Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2011 with corneal ulceration were retrospectively reviewed. Sociodemographic data and information pertaining to risk factors were recorded, all patients were examined and corneal scrapping and cultures were carried out. Results: Over one year period 1644 patients with corneal ulcer were evaluated, out of which 76.6% of patients were in the age range of 30 to 69 years and 65% of patients had presenting visual acuity < 3/60. Ocular trauma was the most common cause of keratitis accounting for 60.3% of corneal ulcer and majority of the patients (40%) presented after 2 weeks of symptoms. Among corneal scraping positive cases 1150 (70%) showed fungus, 73 (4.4%) showed bacteria and 20 (1.2%) showed both bacterial and fungus. Conclusion: Corneal ulcer continues to be one of the leading causes of preventable blindness in this region. Lack of awareness about gravity of this disease, financial constraints and geographic barriers remain the major reasons for delay in seeking proper medical help.
Orbital foreign body- Study of a case series
Authors: Dasgupta S , Vats V , Mittal K S
Published: September 2015

Background: Orbital foreign bodies (OFBs) may remain in the orbital cavity for considerable time and manifest with secondary complications.Objective: To report five consecutive cases of orbital trauma with OFBs, who presented at our institute from Jan 2010 to Dec 2013. Cases: The first case of our series with a non-specific history of injury had a chronic granulomatous discharging sinus in the left upper eyelid and an intact globe. The second case, with an injury to the left lower eyelid following an assault, presented late and the manifestations were similar to that of the first case. The third case, of a road traffic accident, had sustained multiple facial and periocular injuries. The nature of all of three OFBs was uncertain by CT- scan, till surgical exploration. The fourth case had sustained injury to his left eye by a flying metal object. X-ray was sufficient to detect the OFB, but as scleral penetration was associated, management was complex. The fifth case had a nonspecific history of injury and the manifestation was similar to that of the first case. The surgical exploration revealed multiple OFB (wood). Conclusion: The OFBs pose difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Management of such cases, at times, calls for innovation in decision making and formulation of strategies.
Efficiency Measurement of Bridge Management with Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Zhang Zhibo , Agbelie Bismark R. , Labi Samuel
Published: September 2015

This study explored the feasibility of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure objectively the efficiency of Interstate bridge replacement and rehabilitation programs of the state highway agencies in the United States. Past applications of DEA indicated that this method showed promise for such assessments because of the ability to take into account the effect of uncontrollable factors and scale efficiency. The current study developed a modified input-oriented variable returns to scale model that treated the uncontrollable variables as uncontrollable. The two variables selected as outputs were (a) the change in area of structurally deficient bridges and (b) the change in area of functionally obsolete bridges between two consecutive years. The six variables selected as inputs were (a) expenditures on Interstate bridge replacement and rehabilitation, (b) average daily traffic on Interstate bridges per deck area, (c) proportion of Interstate truck vehicle miles traveled (VMT) to Interstate total VMT, (d) average age of Interstate bridges, (e) annual precipitation, and (f) annual freeze–thaw cycles. For each state, the DEA efficiency score and the corresponding target states were identified. The performances of the states and the possible reasons for inefficiencies were assessed. The Malmquist productivity index model was applied to calculate the technical efficiency change (catch-up effect) and the technological change (frontier shift). Over the analysis period, an overall improvement was observed in the frontier of the studied industry; this improvement suggested within this period a general improvement in the efficiencies of the Interstate highway bridge replacement and rehabilitation programs at highway agencies in the United States.
Risk Analysis of Vulnerable Bridges on the National Road Network in France
Authors: Cremona Christian F.
Published: September 2015

After several years of operation, some structures and components show distress, which may increase their vulnerability and reduce their level of service and safety for users. A risk-based methodology is a powerful tool to achieve certain strategic choices when resources are not extensible (e.g., for the management of a stock of existing structures, or their upgrade, to respond to a particular risk, such as a seismic or climate change risk). Risk analysis also allows for the definition of a strategy to monitor and inspect or to prioritize upgrade actions (e.g., to repair, strengthen). In this sense, risk analysis alone is necessary but is not sufficient: it must precede the decision as part of an overall risk management process. This paper presents risk analysis methodology and its application to two families of structures developed and implemented by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy (in charge of transportation) on the national road network of France.
Development of Loaded Wheel Test for Evaluating Bleeding in Chip Seals
Authors: Chaturabong Preeda , Hanz Andrew J. , Bahia Hussain U.
Published: September 2015

Bleeding is one of the most common distresses that leads to premature failure of chip seals. Bleeding reduces the surface texture of the pavement and thus compromises the safety of the traveling public, particularly during wet seasons and at intersections. Although factors that lead to premature bleeding are known, currently no laboratory test methods for evaluating bleeding in chip seals have been specified. The objective of this study was to develop a laboratory testing procedure and analysis framework for the evaluation of bleeding in chip seals by means of the loaded wheel test (LWT), specified in ASTM D6372. A new sample preparation, testing procedure, and analysis framework were proposed in this study to account better for the effects of existing pavement substrate, traffic load, traffic volume, and temperature. After samples were tested, bleeding was assessed on the basis of the percentage of asphalt at the surface of the seal; this percentage was determined with image processing analysis software (IPAS2) and surface texture measurements based on the sand patch method specified in the ASTM E965 standard procedure. Results indicated that the modified LWT method could quantify bleeding potential and bleeding development of laboratory prepared chip seal samples. Experimental factors including temperature, number of loading cycles, and contact stress were found to influence bleeding. Results showed that a moderate relationship existed between texture loss and the percentage of bleeding as measured by the IPAS2. Limited field validation results showed that texture loss could be an indicator of bleeding resistance.
Ultrahigh-Pressure Watercutting Treatment of Flushed Chip Seals in the United States
Authors: Lawson William D. , Senadheera Sanjaya P. , Surles James G.
Published: September 2015

This paper discusses the effectiveness and durability of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) watercutting as a preventive or corrective maintenance strategy to treat flushed chip seals in the United States. The data presented here originated from an implementation project conducted in 2011–2012 in which UHP watercutting was used to treat chip-seal-surfaced roads at 13 field sites located in four FHWA climatic regions in Texas. Initial treatment effectiveness varied depending on the site but typically was high, with an average increase in pavement texture of about 200% and an average increase in friction of about 135%. Therefore, the UHP water-cutting treatment did improve pavement texture and friction. Follow-on monitoring of the field test sites over an 18-month period showed that the surface friction and texture values achieved at treatment survived at or above the desirable performance threshold for seven of 13 sites, and these values survived at or above the maintenance threshold for 12 of 13 sites. The life expectancy achieved by UHP watercutting varied in terms of pavement texture and friction values. Predictive decay models indicated that texture and friction values would last 1 or more years at 90% of the test sites. For 40% of the test sites, the treatment would last four or more years, and these life expectancy estimates were consistent with published data. Overall, the results from this study were promising for the application of UHP watercutting to chip seal maintenance in the United States.
Viscosity Evaluation Index of Hot-Applied Sealant for Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Li Feng , Li Li , Li Tinggang
Published: September 2015

The relationship of viscosity to temperature is one of the most important factors in the application of hot-applied sealants. However, the present evaluation system cannot fully reflect the field performance of the sealants, given the lack of consideration of application conditions. A rotational viscometer and Rotor SC4-27 were used in this study to test the viscosity of hot-applied sealants, with viscosity at 50% torsional moment taken as the apparent viscosity. Nine kinds of sealants were tested in the temperature range of 160°C to 200°C. Analysis also was conducted to evaluate the correlation of the viscosity index with other indexes. The results showed no obvious correlation between them. Thus the viscosity index proposed in this study could be included in the present evaluation system in which the recommended pour temperature is 190°C, and the rotational viscosity is in the range of 1 to 3 Pa-s.
Virginia's Experience with High-Friction Surface Treatments
Authors: Sprinkel Michael M. , McGhee Kevin K. , de León Izeppi Edgar David
Published: September 2015

High-friction surface (HFS) treatments entail an application of epoxy and aggregate to roadway surfaces to provide a high degree of skid resistance. These treatments may be particularly effective in cases in which demand for tire–pavement friction is especially high, such as on rural asphalt roads at high risk for crashes, or with a record of crashes, or both, that may relate to lower skid resistance. In 2012, the Virginia Department of Transportation placed HFS materials at four locations that met this description. This paper provides information on the construction, skid resistance, bond strength, condition after 1 year, and cost of the Virginia HFS treatments. For comparison purposes, alternatives to HFS are briefly described also. The 2012 Virginia HFS installations were successfully constructed on time. The materials were of high quality and bond strength exceeded the tensile strength of the asphalt. Testing with continuous friction measurement equipment was particularly effective and served to con-firm high comparative skid resistance on the new surfaces. Unfortunately, the marginal quality of the underlying material is expected to limit the performance life of at least some of the HFS applications. For small applications, HFS treatments cost about the same as most alternative treatments used to increase skid resistance and provide the highest constructed friction. These materials may provide an effective tool in a systemwide pavement friction management program, but they will perform only as long as the structure that supports them. Pretreatment surveys with continuous friction measurement equipment can be coupled with project geometric characteristics to ensure appropriate limits on HFS applications.
Assessment of image-derived risk factors for natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms
Authors: Ramachandran Manasi , Retarekar Rohini , Raghavan Madhavan L. , Berkowitz Benjamin , Dickerhoff Benjamin , Correa Tatiana , Lin Steve , Johnson Kevin , Hasan David , Ogilvy Christopher , Rosenwasser Robert , Torner James , Bogason Einar , Stapleton Christopher J. , Harbaugh Robert E.
Published: September 2015

OBJECT

The goal of this prospective longitudinal study was to test whether image-derived metrics can differentiate unruptured aneurysms that will become unstable (grow and/or rupture) from those that will remain stable.

METHODS

One hundred seventy-eight patients harboring 198 unruptured cerebral aneurysms for whom clinical observation and follow-up with imaging surveillance was recommended at 4 clinical centers were prospectively recruited into this study. Imaging data (predominantly CT angiography) at initial presentation was recorded. Computational geometry was used to estimate numerous metrics of aneurysm morphology that described the size and shape of the aneurysm. The nonlinear, finite element method was used to estimate uniform pressure-induced peak wall tension. Computational fluid dynamics was used to estimate blood flow metrics. The median follow-up period was 645 days. Longitudinal outcome data on these aneurysm patients—whether their aneurysms grew or ruptured (the unstable group) or remained unchanged (the stable group)—was documented based on follow-up at 4 years after the beginning of recruitment.

RESULTS

Twenty aneurysms (10.1%) grew, but none ruptured. One hundred forty-nine aneurysms (75.3%) remained stable and 29 (14.6%) were lost to follow-up. None of the metrics—including aneurysm size, nonsphericity index, peak wall tension, and low shear stress area—differentiated the stable from unstable groups with statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings in this highly selected group do not support the hypothesis that image-derived metrics can predict aneurysm growth in patients who have been selected for observation and imaging surveillance. If aneurysm shape is a significant determinant of invasive versus expectant management, selection bias is a key limitation of this study.