bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking an Early Step in Ethnobiological Research: A Proposal for Obtaining Prior and Informed Consent from Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Medinaceli Armando
Published: July 2018

Based on my own experiences from the field, in this paper I reflect on my work in Bolivia and Guatemala, collaborating with the Tsimane’ and Q’eqchi’ peoples, respectively. The aim of this reflection is to propose a set of guidelines for an early step in ethnobiological research. I understand an early step of research to be obtaining prior, informed consent of the peoples with whom we collaborate; a step I argue should be formalized and included as part of research proposals and documents (publications) resulting from the research. This guideline is offered simply as a reference for encouraging researchers to engage with the collaborating communities in a proper, ethical, and respectful way as a first step in our fieldwork. This proposed guideline, while motivating researchers to engage in this process, also encourages them to adapt and modify the guideline to the particular local situation where the planned research will take place. The proposal responds to local customs and traditions, while also following critical ethical guidelines for ethnobiological research, as well as national and international policy relevant to our field of research. It is therefore relevant to any region and community of collaborators where research takes place.
Analysis of Arc Processes in Multi-chamber Arrester for Lightning Protection at High-voltage Overhead Power Lines
Authors: Murashov Iu. V. , Frolov V. Ya. , Uhrlandt D. , Gortschakow S. , Ivanov D. V. , Sivaev A. D.
Published: July 2018

Nowadays multi-chamber arresters are widely distributed as devices of lightning protection of overhead power lines. A mathematical modelling of processes in the discharge chamber of multichamber arrester is necessary to carry out in order to improve its breaking capacity. A three-dimensional mathematical transient model of thermal, gas-dynamic and electromagnetic processes taking place in the discharge chamber of multi-chamber arrester is presented in the article. Basic assumptions, model equations, a computational domain and the boundary conditions are described. Plasma turbulence is taken into account. The results of the calculation i.e. distributions of plasma temperature and overpressure in the discharge chamber at different time points are shown. The analysis of the results was carried out. It is shown that the presence of cavities in the electrodes design promotes electric arc extinction in the discharge chamber of multi-chamber arrester.
Synthesis of Nanosilver in Plasma-Liquid Microdischarge System
Authors: Chernyak V. , Hamazin D. , Kolomiiets O. , Prysiazhna O. , Goriachko A. , Trohimchuk A. , Legenchuk O. , Lendiel V. , Fedirchyk I.
Published: July 2018

This paper presents the results of investigation of the plasma-liquid system with the secondary discharge supported by atmospheric pressure microdischarge in the vortex Ar flow. The plasma treated fluids were aqueous solutions of AgNO3. The microplasma discharge was powered by a DC supply. The plasma channel behaviour was characterized by photo/video recording, also plasma was studied using emission spectroscopy technique. The working liquid and firm products created after the treatment were studied also.
Influence of Ablation on Differential Arc Resistance
Authors: Bort L. S. J. , Freiermuth V. , Franck C. M.
Published: July 2018

The influence of ablation on the du/di behavior of an arc in a model gas circuit breaker was examined. Specifically the transition from a state without ablation in the nozzle towards states with ablation was of interest, since prior work indicated that for high currents the voltage becomes constant or du/di gets even positive if ablation is present. Measurements with different blow pressures and rectangular DC currents of varying amplitude were compared, using PMMA-nozzles and dry air as blowing gas. Ablation was measured by weighing the nozzle, scanning the cross section, and using a coordinate measuring machine. The results agreed well, and confirmed that higher pressure shifts the du/di curve towards more favorable values.
Investigating of the Recovery Behaviour of a Small Switching Gap after Current Interuption
Authors: Bösche D. , Alija M. , Hilbert M. , Kurrat M.
Published: July 2018

The recovery behaviour of switching arcs in a small gap was investigated experimentally. Therefore a simple mechanical model switch without an arcing chamber was designed. For the investigation the current carring contacts are separated. After various arcing times, the current is interrupted by an electronic switch. At a fixed contact distance, the switching gap was tested with variable voltages to investigate the dielectric strength. Based on these results the recovery behaviour was studied using the Weibull distribution function.
„Demokracja międzyrządowa” – w kierunku rekonstrukcji polskiej koncepcji reformy instytucjonalnej UE
Authors: TOSIEK PIOTR
Published: July 2018

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie głównych problemów aktualnej ogólnoeuropejskiej debaty o reformie instytucjonalnej UE, wyodrębnienie podstawowych elementów polskiej koncepcji „demokracji międzyrządowej”, a także dokonanie wstępnej krytycznej analizy dwóch zoperacjonalizowanych składników tej koncepcji. Główną myślą jest stwierdzenie, że prowadzona w Europie debata o reformie UE nie znajduje odzwierciedlenia w koncepcji „demokracji międzyrządowej” bazującej na mispercepcji i podejściu ideologicznym. Teoretycznym tłem artykułu jest międzyrządowość, w którym procesy integracyjne ocenia się z perspektywy państwa członkowskiego. Potrzeby abstrakcyjnie rozumianego państwa powinny znaleźć swoje odzwierciedlenie w konstrukcji systemu instytucjonalnego UE, ale warunkiem istnienia właściwego systemu jest prowadzenie przez państwa działań dostosowanych do rzeczywistości politycznej.
Cosmopolitan Berlin? Interpreting the linguistic landscape of a cosmopolitan city
Authors: Budarina Lena
Published: July 2018

Cosmopolitan Berlin? Interpreting the linguistic landscape of a cosmopolitan city
Homografia wyrazów rosyjskich o homonimicznych formach podstawowych
Authors: Kaliszan Jerzy
Published: July 2018

Homografia wyrazów rosyjskich o homonimicznych formach podstawowych
Dialektbruk og språkleg klima i Noreg
Authors: Skjekkeland Martin
Published: July 2018

Dialektbruk og språkleg klima i Noreg
Rodzinna polityka dwujęzyczności w Polsce na wybranym przykładzie
Authors: Stępkowska Agnieszka
Published: July 2018

Rodzinna polityka dwujęzyczności w Polsce na wybranym przykładzie
Prawa językowe a empiryczne uniwersalia językowe
Authors: Walczak Bogdan
Published: July 2018

Prawa językowe a empiryczne uniwersalia językowe
Uncovering the multidimensional identity of the human self
Authors: Wąsik Elżbieta Magdalena
Published: July 2018

Uncovering the multidimensional identity of the human self
W stronę cyfrowej dydaktyki akademickiej XXI wieku. Próba rozpoznania
Authors: Wobalis Mirosław
Published: July 2018

W stronę cyfrowej dydaktyki akademickiej XXI wieku. Próba rozpoznania
Wizerunek cmentarza – w wymiarze języka, kultury, dziedzictwa – uwagi wstępne na przykładzie cmentarza mennonitów w Stogach Malborskich
Authors: Puppel Joanna , Koszko Marta
Published: July 2018

Wizerunek cmentarza – w wymiarze języka, kultury, dziedzictwa – uwagi wstępne na przykładzie cmentarza mennonitów w Stogach Malborskich
Rola tła wizualnego w grach komputerowych jako pochodnej jego źródeł: malarstwa pejzażowego, teatru, fotografii i filmu
Authors: Puppel Wojciech
Published: July 2018

Rola tła wizualnego w grach komputerowych jako pochodnej jego źródeł: malarstwa pejzażowego, teatru, fotografii i filmu
Construct Validity, Test-Retest Reliability, and Repeatability of Performance Variables Using a Flywheel Resistance Training Device
Authors: Bollinger Lance M. , Brantley Jason T. , Tarlton Justin K. , Baker Paul A. , Seay Rebekah F. , Abel Mark G.
Published: July 2018

Bollinger, LM, Brantley, JT, Tarlton, JK, Baker, PA, Seay, RF, and Abel, MG. Construct validity, test-retest reliability, and repeatability of performance variables using a flywheel resistance training device. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3149–3156, 2020—Power production is highly associated with physical performance; however, the ability to quantitatively measure power output during resistance exercise is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and test-retest reliability of flywheel-based performance testing. Twelve young, resistance trained subjects completed 2 bouts of resistance exercise using a flywheel resistance training device (Exxentric kbox 4 Pro). Each session consisted of 3 sets of 3 exercise (bent-over row, Romanian deadlift, and biceps curl) with varying moments of inertia (0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 kg·m2, respectively) in random order. Each set consisted of 5 maximal effort repetitions with 3-minute recovery between sets. Average power, peak concentric and eccentric power, average force, average speed, and total work for each set were recorded. Regression analysis revealed a near-perfect relationship between measured and predicted power, force, and work at given workloads. Pearson's r between trials 1 and 2 revealed good (≥0.70) to excellent (≥0.90) test-retest reliability for all outcomes with the exception of peak eccentric power for biceps curls (r = 0.69), which narrowly missed the cutoff for acceptable reliability. Bland-Altman plots revealed small (approximately 5–15%), but statistically significant bias between the 2 trials for some measures. Coefficient of repeatability for all outcomes was relatively high, indicating poor repeatability. Flywheel-based performance testing provides valid data. However, reliability varies between individual lifts and specific outcomes. Given the poor repeatability between trials, it is likely that subjects who are unaccustomed to this modality may require multiple testing sessions or a thorough familiarization period to ensure accurate measures of power, force, speed, and work during flywheel-based performance testing.
Influence of Acute Concurrent Exercise Performed in Public Fitness Facilities on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Older Adults in Rio de Janeiro City
Authors: Cordeiro Ricardo , Monteiro Walace , Cunha Felipe , Pescatello Linda S. , Farinatti Paulo
Published: July 2018

Cordeiro, R, Monteiro, W, Cunha, F, Pescatello, LS, and Farinatti, P. Influence of acute concurrent exercise performed in public fitness facilities on ambulatory blood pressure among older adults in Rio de Janeiro city. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2962–2970, 2018—The project “Third-Age Academies’” (TAAs) is a public policy providing supervised physical activities to over 40,000 seniors at open-access facilities (squares etc.) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We investigated whether TAA concurrent exercise circuit induced postexercise hypotension (PEH) in individuals older than 60 years. Blood pressure (BP) was measured by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) after counterbalanced CEX and nonexercise (CONT) sessions (n = 16; 66.8 ± 1.4 years; systolic/diastolic BP (SBP/DBP): 132.5 ± 4.3/78.0 ± 2.8 mm Hg). For statistical analyses purposes, groups were divided as exhibiting normal SBP (≤120 mm Hg) or high SBP (>120 mm Hg), based on 24-hour ABPM after CONT. The CEX included 2 aerobic and 9 resistance exercises performed alternately in circuit order (40 minutes at 60–70% heart rate reserve using body mass or fixed loads). 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring lowered in individuals with high BP (n = 11; medicated = 5) (SBP: −6.5 ± 1.9 mm Hg; mean arterial pressure [MAP]: −4.3 ± 1.5 mm Hg; p < 0.015), particularly within the first 5–6 hours after exercise (SBP: −13.5 ± 2.6 mm Hg; DBP: −9.4 ± 2.2 mm Hg; and MAP: −11.4 ± 1.6 mm Hg, p < 0.05). Significant BP lowering was not detected among participants with normal BP (n = 5; medicated = 4). In conclusion, CEX provoked PEH in older adults with prehypertension to established hypertension. Because of the potential of TAAs to reach large numbers of older adults, our findings are encouraging and should be confirmed in subsequent studies.
Chrześcijański styl obecności w świecie przekazu informacji
Authors: Misztal Wojciech
Published: July 2018

Artykuł dotyczy chrześcijańskiego stylu obecności w szeroko rozumianym świecie komunikacji społecznej. Inspirację stanowią tu słowa papieża Benedykta XVI z Orędzia na Światowy Dzień Środków Społecznego Przekazu w 2011 roku. Przedstawiono, w jaki sposób papież ukazuje relacje z mediami i troskę o nie oraz papieskie nauczanie na temat sposobu, w jaki Bóg jest obecny i działa m.in. w świecie mediów. W trzeciej części artykułu – w takim właśnie kontekście – podjęto temat chrześcijańskiego stylu obecności w szeroko rozumianym świecie mediów, m.in. jako wynikającego z przykładu i uzdolnienia udzielonego przez Boga i jako troski o dobro własne i wszystkich.
Podmiotowe predyspozycje fundamentem zaufania intra-organizacyjnego w przedsiębiorstwie medialnym
Authors: Soczyński Sławomir
Published: July 2018

Problem zaufaniu w kontekście mediów pojawia się przede wszystkim w odniesieniu do relacji odbiorca–nadawca, czyli relacji między przedsiębiorstwem medialnym a ważną częścią jego otoczenia zewnętrznego. Podkreślana jest przy tym ważność zaufania jako zasobu niematerialnego, stanowiącego o wartości przedsiębiorstwa. Zdecydowanie rzadziej mówimy o zaufaniu w kontekście otoczenia wewnętrznego organizacji medialnych, jego roli i znaczeniu w budowaniu relacji między osobami biorącymi w sposób bezpośredni lub pośredni udział w produkcji przekazu medialnego. Zwrócenie uwagi na tę kwestię przez zarządzających może zarówno pozytywnie wpłynąć na kulturę organizacji, jak i stanowić element strategii działania przedsiębiorstwa i przyczynić się do zdobycia przez nie przewagi konkurencyjnej na rynku. W niniejszym artykule chciałbym zwrócić uwagę na zaufanie jako ważne dobro w procesie zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem medialnym, podkreślając przy tym podmiotowe predyspozycje umożliwiające jego kształtowanie w takim przedsiębiorstwie.
Praca i jej znaczenie dla osób z niepełnosprawnością. Prawny i społeczny wymiar funkcjonowania zawodowego osób z niepełnosprawnością
Authors: Jaglarz Ewa
Published: July 2018

W prezentowanym artykule dokonano krótkiego przeglądu definicji pracy, wartości pracy dla człowieka, a w szczególności dla osób z niepełnosprawnością, gdyż sprzyja rehabilitacji społecznej i zawodowej. Dla osób z niepełnosprawnością praca stanowi szczególną wartość. W artykule przedstawiono problematykę znaczenia pracy dla osób dotkniętych niepełnosprawnością oraz wynikające z tego implikacje dla uwarunkowań środowiskowych w tym prawnych i organizacyjnych. Ograniczone możliwości zatrudnienia stwarzają konieczność tworzenia specjalnych warunków pracy będących zachętą dla pracodawców otwartego i chronionego rynku pracy. Stworzone warunki pomagają osobom z niepełnosprawnością w podjęciu pracy pomimo odczuwanych ograniczeń.
Wokół skryptu generatywnego. Obraz osoby starszej w pisarstwie Doroty Terakowskiej (na wybranych przykładach)
Authors: Bolińska Marta
Published: July 2018

Dorota Terakowska (1938–2004) jako pisarka zadebiutowała dość późno, bo między 40. a 50. rokiem życia. Wśród istotnych tematów, jakie podejmuje jej proza (np. choroby, zaburzenia, trudne relacje w rodzinie), ważne miejsce zajmuje osoba starsza. Warto przywołać tu kilka utworów, w tym szczególnie Babci Brygidy szaloną podróż po Krakowie (1987), Lustro pana Grymsa (1995), Tam, gdzie spadają anioły (1998), Poczwarkę (2001), Ono (2003); rozmowy z krakowskim psychiatrą zatytułowane Być rodziną… (2003–2004) oraz zbiór felietonów Dobry adres to człowiek (2004).
Peculiarities of the Lifestyle and Psychological State of Primary Schoolchildren with Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Timofeeva Alexandra M.
Published: July 2018

The need to develop an integrated approach to the treatment of children with bronchial asthma is conditioned by a significant increase in morbidity, emergence of more severe forms of the disease and a lack of radical treatment methods. Along with the development and implementation of modern drug treatment methods, the most topical issues are a consideration of the socio-psychological characteristics of patients and psychological and pedagogical support of children during treatment. Study Objective: To study the lifestyle peculiarities of primary schoolchildren (7–10 years) with bronchial asthma and their psychological state. Patients and Methods. The study included children with bronchial asthma (atopic form, partially controlled course) as well as conditionally healthy peers (health groups I and II) as a comparison group. The psychological status of the observed was assessed using Dembo-Rubinstein self-evaluation method, modified «Human Figure» method, and Varga-Stolin parental relationship test. Results. The study involved 75 children (mean age 8.2 ± 0.6 years, including girls 59%, illness duration 3.2 ± 0.5 years) and their parents (mothers made 79% of them). The comparison group consisted of 54 conditionally healthy children (mean age 8.4 ± 0.3, girls 54%) and their parents (mothers — 85%, fathers — 15%). It is shown that the lifestyle of primary schoolchildren changed due to illness distorts the process of personality development and leads to the emergence of difficulties in the emotional and personality sphere: a reduced background of mood (35; 46.6% versus 11; 20%), blockage of experiences and difficulties in their verbalization (56; 75% versus 25; 46%), defensive-aggressive type of behavior in a stress situation (68; 91% versus 25; 46%), pronounced intrapersonal conflict (47; 62% versus 32; 59%), and communication problems (unsociability, restriction in communication, social fears). Conclusion. Bronchial asthma changes the child's lifestyle, has a negative impact on the psychological state and personality becoming. It is possible to prevent the emergence of negative social consequences of the disease, to smooth out their severity by providing psychological and pedagogical assistance to a child and his family from the time the disease is detected and throughout all treatment stages. The creation and implementation of psychological support programs for families raising children with bronchial asthma at various treatment stages are extremely important and represent a further research direction.
Improving Connectionist Energy Minimization
Authors: Pinkas G. , Dechter R.
Published: July 2018

Symmetric networks designed for energy minimization such as Boltzman machines and Hopfield nets are frequently investigated for use in optimization, constraint satisfaction and approximation of NP-hard problems. Nevertheless, finding a global solution (i.e., a global minimum for the energy function) is not guaranteed and even a local solution may take an exponential number of steps. We propose an improvement to the standard local activation function used for such networks. The improved algorithm guarantees that a global minimum is found in linear time for tree-like subnetworks. The algorithm, called activate, is uniform and does not assume that the network is tree-like. It can identify tree-like subnetworks even in cyclic topologies (arbitrary networks) and avoid local minima along these trees. For acyclic networks, the algorithm is guaranteed to converge to a global minimum from any initial state of the system (self-stabilization) and remains correct under various types of schedulers. On the negative side, we show that in the presence of cycles, no uniform algorithm exists that guarantees optimality even under a sequential asynchronous scheduler. An asynchronous scheduler can activate only one unit at a time while a synchronous scheduler can activate any number of units in a single time step. In addition, no uniform algorithm exists to optimize even acyclic networks when the scheduler is synchronous. Finally, we show how the algorithm can be improved using the cycle-cutset scheme. The general algorithm, called activate-with-cutset, improves over activate and has some performance guarantees that are related to the size of the network's cycle-cutset.
Building and Refining Abstract Planning Cases by Change of Representation Language
Authors: Bergmann R. , Wilke W.
Published: July 2018

Abstraction is one of the most promising approaches to improve the performance of problem solvers. In several domains abstraction by dropping sentences of a domain description -- as used in most hierarchical planners -- has proven useful. In this paper we present examples which illustrate significant drawbacks of abstraction by dropping sentences. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a more general view of abstraction involving the change of representation language. We have developed a new abstraction methodology and a related sound and complete learning algorithm that allows the complete change of representation language of planning cases from concrete to abstract. However, to achieve a powerful change of the representation language, the abstract language itself as well as rules which describe admissible ways of abstracting states must be provided in the domain model. This new abstraction approach is the core of Paris (Plan Abstraction and Refinement in an Integrated System), a system in which abstract planning cases are automatically learned from given concrete cases. An empirical study in the domain of process planning in mechanical engineering shows significant advantages of the proposed reasoning from abstract cases over classical hierarchical planning.
Translating between Horn Representations and their Characteristic Models
Authors: Khardon R.
Published: July 2018

Characteristic models are an alternative, model based, representation for Horn expressions. It has been shown that these two representations are incomparable and each has its advantages over the other. It is therefore natural to ask what is the cost of translating, back and forth, between these representations. Interestingly, the same translation questions arise in database theory, where it has applications to the design of relational databases. This paper studies the computational complexity of these problems. Our main result is that the two translation problems are equivalent under polynomial reductions, and that they are equivalent to the corresponding decision problem. Namely, translating is equivalent to deciding whether a given set of models is the set of characteristic models for a given Horn expression. We also relate these problems to the hypergraph transversal problem, a well known problem which is related to other applications in AI and for which no polynomial time algorithm is known. It is shown that in general our translation problems are at least as hard as the hypergraph transversal problem, and in a special case they are equivalent to it.
Generalization of Clauses under Implication
Authors: Idestam-Almquist P.
Published: July 2018

In the area of inductive learning, generalization is a main operation, and the usual definition of induction is based on logical implication. Recently there has been a rising interest in clausal representation of knowledge in machine learning. Almost all inductive learning systems that perform generalization of clauses use the relation theta-subsumption instead of implication. The main reason is that there is a well-known and simple technique to compute least general generalizations under theta-subsumption, but not under implication. However generalization under theta-subsumption is inappropriate for learning recursive clauses, which is a crucial problem since recursion is the basic program structure of logic programs. We note that implication between clauses is undecidable, and we therefore introduce a stronger form of implication, called T-implication, which is decidable between clauses. We show that for every finite set of clauses there exists a least general generalization under T-implication. We describe a technique to reduce generalizations under implication of a clause to generalizations under theta-subsumption of what we call an expansion of the original clause. Moreover we show that for every non-tautological clause there exists a T-complete expansion, which means that every generalization under T-implication of the clause is reduced to a generalization under theta-subsumption of the expansion.
A Market-Oriented Programming Environment and its Application to Distributed Multicommodity Flow Problems
Authors: Wellman M. P.
Published: July 2018

Market price systems constitute a well-understood class of mechanisms that under certain conditions provide effective decentralization of decision making with minimal communication overhead. In a market-oriented programming approach to distributed problem solving, we derive the activities and resource allocations for a set of computational agents by computing the competitive equilibrium of an artificial economy. WALRAS provides basic constructs for defining computational market structures, and protocols for deriving their corresponding price equilibria. In a particular realization of this approach for a form of multicommodity flow problem, we see that careful construction of the decision process according to economic principles can lead to efficient distributed resource allocation, and that the behavior of the system can be meaningfully analyzed in economic terms.
Decision-Theoretic Foundations for Causal Reasoning
Authors: Heckerman D. , Shachter R.
Published: July 2018

We present a definition of cause and effect in terms of decision-theoretic primitives and thereby provide a principled foundation for causal reasoning. Our definition departs from the traditional view of causation in that causal assertions may vary with the set of decisions available. We argue that this approach provides added clarity to the notion of cause. Also in this paper, we examine the encoding of causal relationships in directed acyclic graphs. We describe a special class of influence diagrams, those in canonical form, and show its relationship to Pearl's representation of cause and effect. Finally, we show how canonical form facilitates counterfactual reasoning.
A Hierarchy of Tractable Subsets for Computing Stable Models
Authors: Ben-Eliyahu R.
Published: July 2018

Finding the stable models of a knowledge base is a significant computational problem in artificial intelligence. This task is at the computational heart of truth maintenance systems, autoepistemic logic, and default logic. Unfortunately, it is NP-hard. In this paper we present a hierarchy of classes of knowledge bases, Omega_1,Omega_2,..., with the following properties: first, Omega_1 is the class of all stratified knowledge bases; second, if a knowledge base Pi is in Omega_k, then Pi has at most k stable models, and all of them may be found in time O(lnk), where l is the length of the knowledge base and n the number of atoms in Pi; third, for an arbitrary knowledge base Pi, we can find the minimum k such that Pi belongs to Omega_k in time polynomial in the size of Pi; and, last, where K is the class of all knowledge bases, it is the case that union{i=1 to infty} Omega_i = K, that is, every knowledge base belongs to some class in the hierarchy.
The Design and Experimental Analysis of Algorithms for Temporal Reasoning
Authors: Van Beek P. , Manchak D. W.
Published: July 2018

Many applications -- from planning and scheduling to problems in molecular biology -- rely heavily on a temporal reasoning component. In this paper, we discuss the design and empirical analysis of algorithms for a temporal reasoning system based on Allen's influential interval-based framework for representing temporal information. At the core of the system are algorithms for determining whether the temporal information is consistent, and, if so, finding one or more scenarios that are consistent with the temporal information. Two important algorithms for these tasks are a path consistency algorithm and a backtracking algorithm. For the path consistency algorithm, we develop techniques that can result in up to a ten-fold speedup over an already highly optimized implementation. For the backtracking algorithm, we develop variable and value ordering heuristics that are shown empirically to dramatically improve the performance of the algorithm. As well, we show that a previously suggested reformulation of the backtracking search problem can reduce the time and space requirements of the backtracking search. Taken together, the techniques we develop allow a temporal reasoning component to solve problems that are of practical size.
Learning Membership Functions in a Function-Based Object Recognition System
Authors: Woods K. , Cook D. , Hall L. , Bowyer K. , Stark L.
Published: July 2018

Functionality-based recognition systems recognize objects at the category level by reasoning about how well the objects support the expected function. Such systems naturally associate a ``measure of goodness'' or ``membership value'' with a recognized object. This measure of goodness is the result of combining individual measures, or membership values, from potentially many primitive evaluations of different properties of the object's shape. A membership function is used to compute the membership value when evaluating a primitive of a particular physical property of an object. In previous versions of a recognition system known as Gruff, the membership function for each of the primitive evaluations was hand-crafted by the system designer. In this paper, we provide a learning component for the Gruff system, called Omlet, that automatically learns membership functions given a set of example objects labeled with their desired category measure. The learning algorithm is generally applicable to any problem in which low-level membership values are combined through an and-or tree structure to give a final overall membership value.
A Divergence Critic for Inductive Proof
Authors: Walsh T.
Published: July 2018

Inductive theorem provers often diverge. This paper describes a simple critic, a computer program which monitors the construction of inductive proofs attempting to identify diverging proof attempts. Divergence is recognized by means of a ``difference matching'' procedure. The critic then proposes lemmas and generalizations which ``ripple'' these differences away so that the proof can go through without divergence. The critic enables the theorem prover Spike to prove many theorems completely automatically from the definitions alone.
Cue Phrase Classification Using Machine Learning
Authors: Litman D. J.
Published: July 2018

Cue phrases may be used in a discourse sense to explicitly signal discourse structure, but also in a sentential sense to convey semantic rather than structural information. Correctly classifying cue phrases as discourse or sentential is critical in natural language processing systems that exploit discourse structure, e.g., for performing tasks such as anaphora resolution and plan recognition. This paper explores the use of machine learning for classifying cue phrases as discourse or sentential. Two machine learning programs (Cgrendel and C4.5) are used to induce classification models from sets of pre-classified cue phrases and their features in text and speech. Machine learning is shown to be an effective technique for not only automating the generation of classification models, but also for improving upon previous results. When compared to manually derived classification models already in the literature, the learned models often perform with higher accuracy and contain new linguistic insights into the data. In addition, the ability to automatically construct classification models makes it easier to comparatively analyze the utility of alternative feature representations of the data. Finally, the ease of retraining makes the learning approach more scalable and flexible than manual methods.
A Uniform Framework for Concept Definitions in Description Logics
Authors: De Giacomo G. , Lenzerini M.
Published: July 2018

Most modern formalisms used in Databases and Artificial Intelligence for describing an application domain are based on the notions of class (or concept) and relationship among classes. One interesting feature of such formalisms is the possibility of defining a class, i.e., providing a set of properties that precisely characterize the instances of the class. Many recent articles point out that there are several ways of assigning a meaning to a class definition containing some sort of recursion. In this paper, we argue that, instead of choosing a single style of semantics, we achieve better results by adopting a formalism that allows for different semantics to coexist. We demonstrate the feasibility of our argument, by presenting a knowledge representation formalism, the description logic muALCQ, with the above characteristics. In addition to the constructs for conjunction, disjunction, negation, quantifiers, and qualified number restrictions, muALCQ includes special fixpoint constructs to express (suitably interpreted) recursive definitions. These constructs enable the usual frame-based descriptions to be combined with definitions of recursive data structures such as directed acyclic graphs, lists, streams, etc. We establish several properties of muALCQ, including the decidability and the computational complexity of reasoning, by formulating a correspondence with a particular modal logic of programs called the modal mu-calculus.
Connectionist Theory Refinement: Genetically Searching the Space of Network Topologies
Authors: Opitz D. W. , Shavlik J. W.
Published: July 2018

An algorithm that learns from a set of examples should ideally be able to exploit the available resources of (a) abundant computing power and (b) domain-specific knowledge to improve its ability to generalize. Connectionist theory-refinement systems, which use background knowledge to select a neural network's topology and initial weights, have proven to be effective at exploiting domain-specific knowledge; however, most do not exploit available computing power. This weakness occurs because they lack the ability to refine the topology of the neural networks they produce, thereby limiting generalization, especially when given impoverished domain theories. We present the REGENT algorithm which uses (a) domain-specific knowledge to help create an initial population of knowledge-based neural networks and (b) genetic operators of crossover and mutation (specifically designed for knowledge-based networks) to continually search for better network topologies. Experiments on three real-world domains indicate that our new algorithm is able to significantly increase generalization compared to a standard connectionist theory-refinement system, as well as our previous algorithm for growing knowledge-based networks.
Exploring the Decision Forest: An Empirical Investigation of Occam's Razor in Decision Tree Induction
Authors: Murphy P. M. , Pazzani M. J.
Published: July 2018

We report on a series of experiments in which all decision trees consistent with the training data are constructed. These experiments were run to gain an understanding of the properties of the set of consistent decision trees and the factors that affect the accuracy of individual trees. In particular, we investigated the relationship between the size of a decision tree consistent with some training data and the accuracy of the tree on test data. The experiments were performed on a massively parallel Maspar computer. The results of the experiments on several artificial and two real world problems indicate that, for many of the problems investigated, smaller consistent decision trees are on average less accurate than the average accuracy of slightly larger trees.
Applying GSATto Non-Clausal Formulas
Authors: Sebastiani R.
Published: July 2018

In this paper we describe how to modify GSAT so that it can be applied to non-clausal formulas. The idea is to use a particular ``score'' function which gives the number of clauses of the CNF conversion of a formula which are false under a given truth assignment. Its value is computed in linear time, without constructing the CNF conversion itself. The proposed methodology applies to most of the variants of GSAT proposed so far.
Operations for Learning with Graphical Models
Authors: Buntine W. L.
Published: July 2018

This paper is a multidisciplinary review of empirical, statistical learning from a graphical model perspective. Well-known examples of graphical models include Bayesian networks, directed graphs representing a Markov chain, and undirected networks representing a Markov field. These graphical models are extended to model data analysis and empirical learning using the notation of plates. Graphical operations for simplifying and manipulating a problem are provided including decomposition, differentiation, andthe manipulation of probability models from the exponential family. Two standard algorithm schemas for learning are reviewed in a graphical framework: Gibbs sampling and the expectation maximizationalgorithm. Using these operations and schemas, some popular algorithms can be synthesized from their graphical specification. This includes versions of linear regression, techniques for feed-forward networks, and learning Gaussian and discrete Bayesian networks from data. The paper concludes by sketching some implications for data analysis and summarizing how some popular algorithms fall within the framework presented. The main original contributions here are the decompositiontechniques and the demonstration that graphical models provide a framework for understanding and developing complex learning algorithms.
Sexualidade e juventude: experiências e repercussões
Authors: Brêtas José Roberto Silva , Moraes Silvia Piedade de , Zanatta Luiz Fabiano
Published: July 2018

The objective of the study is to qualitatively search for the understanding of the perceptions of experiences experienced by young people of both sexes in terms of love and sexual relationships, seeking to evaluate the impacts of these experiences in their lives. The study adopted a qualitative approach, made with 60 participants, aged between 14 and 20 years old, who attended two public high schools in the southern region of the municipality of São Paulo / Brazil. The data were collected using the strategy of the focus group and analyzed through the method of content analysis, type categorical analysis. The results were categorized and their organization made into three themes: incursions in the love field, sexual initiation and the impact on life. At the end of the study, it was concluded that even if it had limitations, it contributed rich and significant content in terms of the love and sexual experiences and consequences in the lives of young people, what will contribute to the discussions on the subject and in new studies.
Propuesta de internacionalización desde las estrategias didácticas universitarias
Authors: Lopez Montero Rosberly
Published: July 2018

This paper aims at integrating internationalization in university teaching strategies to improve high learning through “internationalization at home” activities that permit the development of students’ skills and values. This would allow for an internationalized vision of the alumni for their professional performance in a globalized, competitive world. Indeed, internationalization should not be viewed as a series of isolated events through which a limited number of people lives an experience abroad but as way for a larger number of individuals to perceive its benefits by means of an educational plan; that is, an international perspective from teaching strategies in higher learning. To do this, a three-phase analysis process is proposed: diagnosis, planning/development and evaluation. In addition, different possible activities with an international component are mentioned to make them part of the teaching strategies according the students’ levels and course objectives. Throughout the analysis for the present proposal, it has been possible to conclude that with the work done in the classroom very valuable skills can be developed in university students for their academic and professional growth, which would fit the current demands of the new millennium.
Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) prMG-Multiplex TaqMan assay (no longer in use; see Guidelines) v1
Authors: A Smith Greg , Pyke Alyssa , A Northill Judy , M Mackay Ian
Published: July 2018

This protocol was designed and developed at this laboratory by Greg A. Smith and colleagues for Public Helath Virology, Queensland's Department of Health, prior to his departure. It has not been previously published. The protocol aims explicitly to amplify DENV-2 viruses and not other dengue viruses. The assay targets the membrane glycoprotein precursor region and is designed as a qualitative test for investigating suspected human cases of DENV-2 infection. This assay has been superseded by the Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) MGB TaqMan (DENV2-2016MGB) assay.
ALGILANAN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEĞİN YARDIM ETME DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİNDE YÖNETİCİ DESTEĞİNİN ARACILIK ROLÜ
Authors: BEKTAŞ Meral , KARAGÖZ Şerife
Published: July 2018

Günümüzde
işletmeler varlıklarını sürdürebilmek ve rekabet üstünlüğü sağlayabilmek için,
çalışanlarına daha fazla önem vermeye başlamışlardır. Bu sebeple çalışan
davranışlarını anlamak ve açıklamak giderek önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Çalışanların yönetici ve arkadaşlarıyla
düşüncelerini açıkça paylaşmaları, örgütlerin rekabet avantajı sağlamasında ve
gelişmesinde önemli bir husustur. Bu bağlamda çalışanların
katkısını ve katılımını bir değer kabul eden işletmeler için algılanan örgütsel
destek, yönetici desteği ve yardım etme davranışları önemli dinamikler
arasındadır. Bu araştırma, Burdur’da faaliyet gösteren işletme çalışanlarında
algılanan örgütsel desteğin yardım etme davranışına etkisinde yönetici
desteğinin aracılık rolünü tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada
veri toplama aracı olarak anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma
sonucuna göre, algılanan örgütsel destek düzeyinin artması yönetici desteğini
pozitif yönde etkilemekte ve yönetici desteği çalışanlarda yardım etme davranışını
ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Ayrıca hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonucunda
algılanan örgütsel destek ve yardım etme davranışı arasındaki ilişkide,
yönetici desteğinin kısmi aracılık rolü üstlendiği tespit edilmiştir.
ETİK OLMAYAN ÖRGÜTSEL VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: ET-KİLEŞİM ADALETİ, YÖNETİCİYE DUYULAN GÜVEN VE SOSYAL BAĞLARIN ROLÜ
Authors: KÖKSAL Kemal , GÜRSOY Ali , TOPCU Mustafa Kemal
Published: July 2018

Sosyal mübadele kuramına göre, çalışanlar olumlu etkileşime karşılık örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı (ÖVD) gibi olumlu tutum ve davranışlarda bulunmaktadır. Güven ise bu etkileşimde kritik bir görev üstlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte çalışanların mübadele kapsamında performanslarını yüksek gösterme gayretleri, daha fazla karşılık verme çabaları, bazen etik olmayan örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışların ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilmektedir. Kısa vadede olumlu sonuçlar doğurabilecek etik olmayan bu davranışlar uzun vadede kurumsal itibarı zedeleyebileceği için müsaade edilmemesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle belirleyicilerinin tespit edilerek önlem alınması yerinde olacaktır. Bu çerçevede, çalışmada etik olmayan ÖVD’nin belirleyicileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, yöneticiye duyulan güvenin ve etkileşim adaletinin etik olmayan ÖVD’yi anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkilediği, çalışanların yöneticilerine güven duymasının, örgüt yararına olan fakat etik olmayan ÖVD’nin gösterilmesini artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Yöneticiye güven duyan çalışanın sosyal bağı kuvvetliyse etik olmayan ÖVD sergileme eğiliminin yüksek olduğu da çalışma bulguları arasındadır. Ayrıca yöneticiye duyulan güvenin etik olmayan ÖVD üzerindeki etkisinde etkileşim adaleti algısının tam aracılık etkisi bulunmaktadır.
YEŞİL YAKLAŞIMLAR VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİN YÜKSELİŞİ: İŞLETMELER SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK RAPORLARINA NEDEN ÖNEM VERİYOR?
Authors: HANCIOĞLU Yasemin , GÜLENÇER İlker , TÜNEL Rabia Kübra
Published: July 2018

Yeşil olmak işletmeler için rekabet avantajı yaratan önemli faktörlerden biridir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı, yeşil yaklaşım ve sürdürülebilirliğin önemini vurgulamak ve işletmeler tarafından sürdürülebilirlik raporları neden hazırlanır sorusunu cevaplamaktır. Çalışmanın amacına ulaşabilmesi adına BIST sürdürülebilirlik endeksinde yer alan belirli formatlara ve içeriklere uygun olarak sürdürülebilirlik raporu hazırlayan işletmelerden faydalanılmıştır. Sürdürülebilirlik raporlarında açıklanan bilgi düzeyleri ile işletmelerin finansal performansları arasındaki ortaya çıkan ilişki incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla BİST sürdürülebilirlik endeksinde yer alan işletmelerin son iki yılına ait verilerinden hareket edilerek sürdürülebilirlik bilgilendirme düzeyleri ve finansal performansları çeşitli değişkenler yoluyla ölçülmüştür. Çalışmada çok değişkenli regresyon analizi ve korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Çok değişkenli regresyon analizi sonucunda, sürdürülebilirlik skoru ve brüt satışlar, toplam aktifler, PD/DD, aktif karlılığı değişkenleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Nazi Almanyası Etkisindeki İtalyan Sosyal Cumhuriyeti'nin Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme
Authors: Çakı Caner
Published: July 2018

İkinci
Dünya Savaşı'nda posterler gerek Mihver Devletleri (Almanya, Japonya, İtalya),
gerekse Müttefik Devletler (ABD, İngiltere, SSCB) tarafından propaganda amaçlı
etkin bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Bu süreçte propaganda posterleri, ülkelerin
kamuoyları nezdinde düşman ve dost algısı oluşturmada önemli bir işleve sahip
olmuştur. Özellikle Nazi Almanyası'nın nüfuzu içerisinde Faşist Lider Benito
Mussolini önderliğinde kurulan İtalyan Sosyal Cumhuriyeti'nin (1943-1945) dost
ve düşman algısı oluşturmada propaganda posterlerinden yararlandığı
görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden göstergebilimsel
analiz yöntemi kullanılarak, dost ve düşman algısı oluşturması bağlamında Musil
Brescia'nın tespit ettiği İtalyan Sosyal Cumhuriyeti'ne ait dönemin en etkili
58 propaganda posteri içerisinden amaçlı örneklem metodu kullanılarak
belirlenen 8 propaganda posteri incelenmiştir. İncelenen posterler Fransız
Göstergebilimci Roland Barthes'ın ortaya koyduğu düzanlam (detonation) ve
yanalam (connotation) boyutunda analiz edilerek, posterlerde verilmek istenen
gizli mesajlar açıklanmaya çalışmıştır. Bunun yanında posterler içerisinde
düşman algısı oluşturulurken hangi metaforların kullanıldığı, hangi
metonimlerden yararlanıldığı ve dost ve düşman algısı oluşturulurken hangi
mitlerin inşa edilmeye çalışıldığı ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.
Turizmin Etkilerine Karşı Yerel Halkın Algılarının Değerlendirilmesi: Gelibolu Tarihi Alan Bölgesinde Bir Araştırma
Authors: Köleoğlu Nilay
Published: July 2018

Turizmin etkilerine karşı yerel halkın
tutumlarını incelenmesi, daha iyi planlama yapmak ve turizmi geliştirme
açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Gelibolu tarihi alan bölgesinde
yaşayan yerel halkın turizmin etkilerine karşı algılarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu
amaca ulaşmak için, bölgede yaşayan 319 kişiye anket uygulanmıştır. Veriler
çoklu uyum analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Analiz sonucunda, yerel halkın turizmin
etkilerine karşı algılarının genel olarak olumlu olduğu söylenebilir. Yaş
gruplarına göre incelendiğinde ise (30+) yaş grubunda olumlu bir algı
görülürken diğer yaş gruplarında görülmemektedir. Cinsiyet açısından yapılan
değerlendirmede ise kadınlar, turizmin Çanakkale’ye olumlu desteği olduğunu
ifade etmişlerdir.