bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amino Group Functionalized Hf‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework for Knoevenagel‐Doebner Condensation
Authors: Das Aniruddha , Anbu Nagaraj , Gogoi Chiranjib , Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Biswas Shyam
Published: July 2021

A Hf(IV) metal‐organic framework (MOF) with di‐amino functionalized linker was obtained as a crystalline solid with UiO‐67 topology under solvothermal reaction conditions. The guest free form of Hf(IV) MOF (1′) was efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to synthesize cinnamic acid derivatives via Knoevenagel‐Doebner reaction for the first time. The catalyst (1′) was efficiently active to directly achieve cinnamic acid from benzaldehyde and malonic acid. The solid retained its activity up to 6th cycle with no decay in its activity. The noticeable advantages of the catalyst are its milder reaction conditions, high yield, high stability, recyclable nature towards catalysis and wide substrate scope as well as shape‐selective behaviour. The possible mechanism of the reaction was also studied thoroughly with suitable control experiments.
Targeting Zinc Finger Proteins with Exogenous Metals and Molecules: Lessons Learned from Tristetraprolin, a CCCH type Zinc Finger
Authors: Ok Kiwon , Filipovic Milos R. , Michel Sarah L. J.
Published: July 2021

ZF proteins are ubiquitous eukaryotic proteins that play important roles in gene regulation. ZFs contain small domains made up of a combination of four cysteine and histidine residues and are classified on the basis of the identity of these residues and their spacing. One emerging class of ZFs are the Cys3His (or CCCH) class of ZFs. These ZFs play key roles in regulating RNA. In this minireview, an overview of the CCCH class of ZFs, with a focus on tristetraprolin (TTP), is provided. TTP regulates inflammation by controlling cytokine mRNAs, and there is an interest in modulating TTP activity to control inflammation. Two methods to control TTP activity are to target with exogenous metals (a “metals in medicine” approach) or to target with endogenous signaling molecules. Work that has been done to target TTP with Fe, Cu, Cd, and Au as well as with H2S is reviewed. This includes attention to new methods that have been developed to monitor metal exchange with the spectroscopically silent ZnII including native electro‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), spin‐filter inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), and cryo‐electro‐spray mass spectrometry (CSI‐MS); along with fluorescence anisotropy (FA) to follow RNA binding.
Synthesis of Lactams by Reductive Amination of Carbonyl Derivatives with ω‐Amino Fatty Acids under Hydrosilylation Conditions
Authors: Tongdee Satawat , Wei Duo , Wu Jiajun , Netkaew Chakkrit , Darcel Christophe
Published: July 2021

An efficient method for the preparation of lactams from ω‐amino fatty acids under hydrosilylation is described. A variety of lactams such as pyrrolidinones, piperidinones and 2‐azepanones were selectively synthesised in moderate to excellent yields (29 examples, up to 95 % isolated yields) with a good functional group tolerance. Notably, no metallic based catalyst was required to perform this transformation.
Capillary electrophoresis method for analysis of inorganic and organic anions related to habitability and the search for life
Authors: Jaramillo Elizabeth A. , Ferreira Santos Mauro S. , Noell Aaron C. , Mora Maria F.
Published: July 2021

In situ missions of exploration require analytical methods that are capable of detecting a wide range of molecular targets in complex matrices without a priori assumptions of sample composition. Furthermore, these methods should minimize the number of reagents needed and any sample preparation steps. We have developed a method for the detection of metabolically relevant inorganic and organic anions that is suitable for implementation on in situ spaceflight missions. Using 55 mM acetic acid, 50 mM triethylamine, and 5% glycerol, more than 21 relevant anions are separated in less than 20 min. The method is robust to sample ionic strength, tolerating high concentrations of background salts (up to 900 mM NaCl and 300 mM MgSO4). This is an important feature for future missions to ocean worlds. The method was validated using a culture of Escherichia coli and with high salinity natural samples collected from Mono Lake, California.
Dietary fat intake during early pregnancy is associated with cord blood DNA methylation at IGF2 and H19 genes in newborns
Authors: Chiu Yu‐Han , Fadadu Raj P. , Gaskins Audrey J. , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Laue Hannah E. , Moley Kelle H. , Hivert Marie‐France , Baccarelli Andrea , Oken Emily , Chavarro Jorge E. , Cardenas Andres
Published: July 2021

Maternal fat intake during pregnancy affects fetal growth, but mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. We performed an exploratory study of the associations of fat consumption during pregnancy with cord blood DNA methylation of the insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and H19 genes. We used data from 96 uncomplicated full‐term pregnancies of mothers of whom majority had normal body mass index (BMI) (66%) in Project Viva, a prospective pre‐birth cohort. We assessed maternal diet with validated food frequency questionnaires during the first and second trimesters and measured DNA methylation in segments of the IGF2‐ and H19‐differentially methylated regions (DMRs) by pyrosequencing DNA extracted from umbilical cord blood samples. Mean (SD) age was 32.8 (4.1) years and prepregnancy BMI was 24.0 (4.4) kg/m2. Mean DNA methylation was 56.3% (3.9%) for IGF2‐DMR and 44.6% (1.9%) for H19‐DMR. Greater first trimester intake of omega‐6 polyunsaturated fat (effect per 1% of calories at the expense of carbohydrates) was associated with lower DNA methylation of IGF2‐DMR (−1.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.2%, −0.2%) and higher DNA methylation at H19‐DMR (0.8%; 95% CI: 0.3%, 1.3%). On the other hand, greater first trimester intake of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fat was associated with lower DNA methylation of the H19‐DMR (−4.3%; 95% CI: −7.9%, −0.8%). We did not find significant associations of IGF2 and H19 methylation with IGF2 cord blood levels. Our findings suggest that early prenatal fat intake (omega‐3, omega‐6, and saturated fatty acids) may influence DNA methylation at the IGF2 and H19 locus, which could impact fetal development and long‐term health.
A multi‐objective model for the analysis of investments to achieve an electricity cleaner production. The case of the Argentinean system
Authors: Alvarez Gonzalo E.
Published: July 2021

The electric power systems are in a transition to forms of generation that achieve cleaner production. In this regard, a new multi‐objective model that helps with the problem of cleaner production investments is presented. The model can obtain convenient solutions where actors with opposed interests are participating. The novelty is the model considers more points of view than the classical approaches of the literature, which only consider a maximum of two actors involved in this field (the new model considers investment costs, greenhouse emissions, and operating costs). Another key contribution is that the real procedures of the generation and transmission stages and the dependences between electrical‐natural gas systems are carefully represented and included in the model. It allows obtaining solutions in concordance with the real conditions. The model is applied to the energy system of Argentina by using an epsilon‐constraint approach and Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulations. The test system supplies electricity to over 40 million people and neighboring countries. Besides, there is interdependency with the Argentinean Natural Gas system that operates in one of the most extended territories in Latin America. Results indicate that the solutions that are more convenient for all actors represent a mix between renewables and non‐renewables technologies. Consequently, this proposal is differentiated from other ones that only consider the expansion concerning renewables technologies. The study reveals decreases in emissions up to 39% and the reduction in production costs up to 12% in comparison with the solution without investments.
Use of suggestive seizure manipulation methods in the investigation of patients with possible psychogenic nonepileptic seizures—An international ILAE survey
Authors: Gras Adrien , Wardrope Alistair , Hirsch Edouard , Asadi Pooya Ali A , Duncan Rod , Gigineishvili David , Hingray Coraline , Kanemoto Kousuke , Ladino Lady , LaFrance William Curt , McGonigal Aileen , Pretorius Chrisma , Valenti Hirsch Paola , Vidailhet Pierre , Zhou Dong , Reuber Markus
Published: July 2021

Video‐encephalographic (vEEG) seizure recordings make essential contributions to the differentiation of epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). The yield of vEEG examinations can be increased through suggestive seizure manipulation (SSM) (ie, activation/provocation/cessation procedures), but its use has raised ethical concerns. In preparation for guidelines on the investigation of patients with PNES, the ILAE PNES Task Force carried out an international survey to investigate practices of and opinions about SSM. An online questionnaire was developed by the ILAE PNES Task Force. Questions were asked at clinical unit or individual respondent level. All ILAE chapters were encouraged to send questionnaires to their members. The survey was open from July 1, 2019, to August 31, 2019. A total of 487 clinicians from 411 units across 94 countries responded. Some form of SSM was used in 296/411 units (72.0%). Over 90% reported the use of verbal suggestion, over 80% the use of activation procedures also capable of eliciting epileptic activity (hyperventilation or photic stimulation). Only 26.3% of units used techniques specifically intended to provoke PNES (eg, saline injection). Fewer than 10% of units had established protocols for SSM, only 20% of units required written patient consent, in 12.2% of units patients received explicitly false information to provoke seizures. Clinicians using SSM tended to perceive no ethical problems, whereas those not using SSM were likely to have ethical concerns about these methods. We conclude that the use of invasive nocebo techniques intended to provoke PNES in diagnostic settings has declined, but SSM is commonly combined with activation procedures also capable of eliciting epileptic activity. While research suggests that openness about the use of PNES‐specific nocebo techniques does not reduce diagnostic yield, very few units have suggestion protocols or seek patient consent. This could be addressed through establishing consensus guidance for the practice of SSM.
Are We Underestimating Anthropogenic Microfiber Pollution? A Critical Review of Occurrence, Methods, and Reporting
Authors: Athey Samantha N. , Erdle Lisa M.
Published: July 2021

Anthropogenic microfibers, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, can be categorized as synthetic, semisynthetic, or natural according to material of origin and production process. Although natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, originated from natural sources, they often contain chemical additives, including colorants (e.g., dyes, pigments) and finishes (e.g., flame retardants, antimicrobial agents, ultraviolet light stabilizers). These additives are applied to textiles during production to give textiles desired properties like enhanced durability. Anthropogenically modified “natural” and semisynthetic fibers are sufficiently persistent to undergo long-range transport and accumulate in the environment, where they are ingested by biota. Although most research and communication on microfibers have focused on the sources, pathways, and effects of synthetic fibers in the environment, natural and semisynthetic fibers warrant further investigation because of their abundance. Because of the challenges in enumerating and identifying natural and semisynthetic fibers in environmental samples and the focus on microplastic or synthetic fibers, reports of anthropogenic microfibers in the environment may be underestimated. In this critical review, we 1) report that natural and semisynthetic microfibers are abundant, 2) highlight that some environmental compartments are relatively understudied in the microfiber literature, and 3) report which methods are suitable to enumerate and characterize the full suite of anthropogenic microfibers. We then use these findings to 4) recommend best practices to assess the abundance of anthropogenic microfibers in the environment, including natural and semisynthetic fibers. By focusing exclusively on synthetic fibers in the environment, we are neglecting a major component of anthropogenic microfiber pollution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:822–837. © 2021 SETAC
Characterization of functional sweetened condensed milk formulated with flavoring and sugar substitute
Authors: Jouki Mohammad , Jafari Somayeh , Jouki Ali , Khazaei Naimeh
Published: July 2021

In the present study, the effect of sugar replacement and enrichment with cinnamon extract (CE) on the physicochemical, functional, and organoleptic properties of sweetened condensed milk (SCM) and the production of flavored functional dairy dessert was investigated. The results demonstrated that by adding CE (0.5 and 1%) and fructose sugar (50 and 100% replacement) in the formulation containing maltodextrin, the physicochemical, functional, and organoleptic properties of SCM samples were improved. However, adding fructose and CE at the maximum concentration increased the acidity, particle size, redness (a), yellowness (b) and decreased the lightness (L), viscosity, and sensory scores of the SCM samples (p < .05). Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated that as the fructose level increased, the number of cavities increased, while the size of the cavities decreased (p < .05). Microstructure analysis also showed that the application of CE increased the density of the structure in the SCM samples. However, the SCM samples formulated with maltodextrin, 0.5% CE, and 50% fructose substitution were identified as optimal samples. Evaluation of the functional properties of SCM formulated with 0.5% CE revealed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity were in the range of 139.21–143.24 mg GAE / g and 50.12%–52.01%, respectively.
Countering educational inequities in refugee and immigrant communities: Family navigational strategies in educational settings
Authors: Vigil Darsella , Lynn Lopez Shannon
Published: July 2021

Although immigrant and refugee youth are entering higher education at increasing rates, they complete high school and college at dramatically lower rates than their native‐born counterparts. Literature in the K‐12 educational sector examines a host of challenges that immigrant and refugee children encounter in US schools which further contributes to the ever present educational gap between them and their peers. In this article, the authors examine challenges immigrant and refugee families encounter and the navigational strategies they employ in their pursuit to access quality education for their children. The authors draw upon funds of knowledge (FoK) and transformational resistance as guiding frameworks to critically unpack how these navigational strategies are leveraged by families to counter oppressive schooling structures, functioning as strategic resistance. School choice, strategic relationship building, and advocacy are only a few of the diverse ways families mobilize their FoK to subvert inequitable educational systems.
Ninety‐day mortality after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: Population‐based comparison between rural and urban patients
Authors: Schlijper Roel , Bos Siske , Hamilton Sarah N. , Tran Eric , Berthelet Eric , Wu Jonn , Olson Robert A.
Published: July 2021

Background

This study assesses whether 90‐day mortality differs between patients living in rural and urban areas, as lower access to supportive care services in rural areas could result in higher mortality.

Methods

All patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) treated between 1998 and 2014 with radiotherapy in British Columbia were included. Patients were divided into rurality areas according to the Modified Statistics Canada (mSC) definition, which classifies a population <30 000 as rural and ≥30 000 as urban.

Results

Five thousand five hundred and fifty‐four patients were included in this study, of which 68% lived in urban centers. The 90‐day mortality for rural versus urban patients were 3.0% and 3.9% (p = 0.09), respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed no association with 90‐day mortality and rurality.

Conclusion

After controlling for potentially confounding factors, we did not find a significant association between 90‐day mortality and rurality in patients who were treated with radiotherapy for HNC in British Columbia.
Inhibition of CMTM4 Sensitizes Cholangiocarcinoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma to T Cell–Mediated Antitumor Immunity Through PD‐L1
Authors: Chui Noreen Nog‐Qin , Cheu Jacinth Wing‐Sum , Yuen Vincent Wai‐Hin , Chiu David Kung‐Chun , Goh Chi‐Ching , Lee Derek , Zhang Misty Shuo , Ng Irene Oi‐Lin , Wong Carmen Chak‐Lui
Published: July 2021

Liver cancers consist primarily of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutic agents against liver cancers. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) is an immunoinhibitory receptor present on T cells that interacts with its ligand programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) found on cancer cells. Blocking PD‐1/PD‐L1 binding improves T‐cell survival, proliferation and cytotoxicity, which enhances their antitumor activity. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing PD‐1/PD‐L1 response is essential to the development of predictive markers and therapeutic combinations that could improve the efficiency of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 treatment. Chemokine‐like factor (CKLF)–like MARVEL transmembrane domain–containing 6 (CMTM6) has been recently identified as a major regulator of PD‐L1. Another member in the CMTM family, CKLF‐like MARVEL transmembrane domain–containing 4 (CMTM4), has been shown to compensate for the effects of CMTM6 when CMTM6 is lost. Interestingly, we found that CMTM4 is the major regulator of PD‐L1 in the context of liver cancer. Up‐regulated CMTM4 in patients with HCC and ICC is associated with poor patient survival, potentially due to its function in stabilizing PD‐L1 expression, hence facilitating escape from T cell–mediated cytotoxicity. We confirmed the role of CMTM4 as a positive regulator of PD‐L1 in multiple HCC and ICC cell lines and demonstrated that CMTM4 stabilizes PD‐L1 through posttranslational mechanisms. In vivo, suppression of Cmtm4 inhibited HCC growth and increased CD8+ T‐cell infiltration in immunocompetent mice. Furthermore, we found that depletion of CMTM4 sensitized HCC tumor to anti‐PD‐L1 treatment compared with control. This suggests that CMTM4 expression level could be a predictive marker for patient response to anti‐PD‐L1 treatment, and CMTM4 depletion can potentially be used to enhance the clinical benefits of anti‐PD‐L1 immunotherapy in patients with liver cancer.
A Practical Route to Cyclobutanols and Fluorocyclobutanes
Authors: Revil‐Baudard Vincent L. , Zard Samir Z.
Published: July 2021

1‐[(Ethoxycarbonothioyl)sulfanyl]cyclobutyl acetate (xanthate 7) was found to add to electronically unbiased alkenes and to certain heteroarenes. In the latter case, this corresponds to a variant of the Minisci reaction and allows the late‐stage modification of biologically active substances. Saponification of the acetate furnishes the corresponding cyclobutanols, which, in the case of the nicotine adduct, can be converted into fluorocyclobutanes by the action of DAST. Fluorocyclobutyl substituted aromatics and heteroaromatics are increasingly present in drug candidates. Heating of the acetoxycyclobutyl derivative of caffeine with TFA gives rise to the cyclobutene analogue. Finally, O‐ethyl S‐[1‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)cyclobutyl] carbonodithioate, obtained unexpectedly while optimizing the synthesis of xanthate 7, is a very promising reagent for the introduction of the very rare 2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxycyclobutyl motif.
How workplace support for the COVID‐19 pandemic and personality traits affect changes in employees' affective commitment to the organization and job‐related well‐being
Authors: Mihalache Mashiho , Mihalache Oli R.
Published: July 2021

How do organizational responses to environmental disruptions affect employees' job‐related well‐being? As the COVID‐19 pandemic has led to new ways of working, increased health concerns, and added responsibilities, employees are facing important challenges in doing their work that can affect their job‐related well‐being. This study aims to understand how different types of work support (i.e., perceived organizational support and supervisor accessibility) in response to environmental disruption interact with personality traits (i.e., core self‐evaluations and future focus) to influence changes in employees' affective commitment to their organization and in their job‐related well‐being. We develop a moderated mediation model and test it on data collected from 295 individuals working in the United Kingdom. We find that work support for the COVID‐19 pandemic, both perceived organizational support and supervisor accessibility, is associated with more positive changes in employees' job‐related well‐being and that this effect is mediated by changes in employees' affective commitment to their organization. Furthermore, we find that personality traits moderate the relationships between these two types of support and changes in affective commitment to the organization, with those relationships being more positive for employees with low core self‐evaluations and for those with a high future focus.
Are hematopoietic cell transplant recipients with Gram‐negative bacteremia spending more time outpatient while on intravenous antibiotics? Addressing trends over 10 years at a single center
Authors: Lind Margaret L. , Roncaioli Steven , Liu Catherine , Bryan Andrew , Sweet Ania , Tverdek Frank , Sorror Mohamed , Phipps Amanda I. , Pergam Steven A.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

The increasing proportion of outpatient allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (HCTs) coupled with increased access of once‐daily broad‐spectrum antibiotics and evidence that outpatient antibiotic treatment may be safer and less costly than inpatient treatment, suggest that allogeneic HCT recipients with Gram‐negative rod bacteremia (GNRBs) are increasingly being treated in ambulatory care settings.

Methods

Using data from the first GNRB event that occurred within the first 100 days posttransplantation among allogeneic HCT recipients transplanted at a single center between 2007 and 2016, we estimated the temporal trends in GNRB incidence and treatment management of GNRBs and identified if patient or infection characteristics impacted observed trends.

Results

A total of 11% (238/2165) of the observed allogeneic HCT recipients experienced ≥1 GNRB with available resistance data and contributed antibiotic treatment time. Patients, on average, received 55.1% of their antibiotic treatment in an outpatient setting and we observed a significant decline in the proportion of treatment time spent outpatient (crude: −3.3% [95% confidence interval: −5.0, −1.6%]). We observed similar declines in the proportion of treatment time spent outpatient among patients with similar GNRB and pretransplant complexity factors but not among patients with similar posttransplant complications (p value: .165).

Conclusion

These results suggest that, despite increased availability of outpatient suitable treatment options, allogeneic HCT recipients with GNRBs received less treatment in outpatient settings. However, among patients with similar posttransplant complications, the lack of significant decline suggests that treatment location decisions remained consistent for patients with similar posttransplant complications. These findings suggest the need for additional interventions targeting outpatient antibiotic treatment among allogeneic HCT recipients with GNRBs.
Gastrointestinal tissue as a “new” target of pollution exposure
Authors: Pambianchi Erika , Pecorelli Alessandra , Valacchi Giuseppe
Published: July 2021

Airborne pollution has become a leading cause of global death in industrialized cities and the exposure to environmental pollutants has been demonstrated to have adverse effects on human health. Among the pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is one of the most toxic and although its exposure has been more commonly correlated with respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal (GI) complications have also been reported as a consequence to PM exposure. Due to its composition, PM is able to exert on intestinal mucosa both direct damaging effects, (by reaching it either via direct ingestion of contaminated food and water or indirect inhalation and consequent macrophagic mucociliary clearance) and indirect ones via generation of systemic inflammation. The relationship between respiratory and GI conditions is well described by the lung‐gut axis and more recently, has become even clearer during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, when respiratory symptoms were associated with gastrointestinal conditions. This review aims at pointing out the mechanisms and the models used to evaluate PM induced GI tract damage.
Mercury Circulation in Aquatic Environment. Part 3: Mercury Transformations in Sediments
Authors: Staeý J. , Havlík B. , Kratzer K. , Prášilová J. , Hanušová J.
Published: July 2021

Two types of sediments, one of them highly polluted by the pulp and chemical industry and the other one polluted by the urban type of sewage, have been analysed for their content of methylmercury and inorganic mercury. The rate of the formation of methylmercury in sediment from inorganic mercury (II) and the decomposition of methylmercury and phenylmercury have been investigated using 203mercury compounds. It has been found that the rates of both processes depend on the experimental conditions. The quickest formation of methylmercury has been observed under the Procedure C which simulates the natural conditions. The lower the rate of demethylation of methylmercury the higher the equilibrium concentration of methylmercury which has been found in sediments.
Untersuchungen zur Sedimentation in der Darß‐Zingster Boddengewässern — ein Beitrag zur Aufstellung einer Energie‐ und Stoffbilanz im Ökosystem. Teil 1: Die Bestimmung der Sedimentationsrate und die Erfassung produktionsbiologisch wichtiger Parameter des sedimentierten Materials
Authors: Nausch‐Stengl M. , Schlungbaum G. , Oertzen J. A. v.
Published: July 2021

Die Ergebnisse der 1975 durchgeführten Sedimentationsuntersuchungen werden dargelegt. Es ist möglich, auch in sehr flachen Gewässern (ca. 2 m) Sedimentationsraten zu messen. Zur Anwendung kommen zwei Arten von Sedimentfallen: trichterförmige Plastbehälter und sogenannte Senkröhren, wobei mit den erstgenannten realere Werte erzielt werden. Zusammenhänge zwischen der Sedimentationsrate und der Größe der Bioproduktion sowie den Windverhältnissen werden diskutiert. Das sedimentierte Material wird durch den Gehalt an organischer Substanz, die Gehalte an Phosphat und Eisen, den chemischen Sauerstoffverbrauch sowie durch den Energiegehalt gekennzeichnet. Aufgestellte Beziehungen lassen Rückschlüsse auf den Sauerstoffverbrauch während der Mineralisation an der Sedimentoberfläche zu.
Ausnutzungsgrad von Anionenaustauschfiltern bei der Nitratentfernung aus Trinkwässern
Authors: Bosholm J.
Published: July 2021

Der Einfluß von Chlorid‐ und Sulfationen auf den Ausnutzungsgrad von Aliionenaustauschern bei der Entfernung von Nitrationen aus Trinkwässern wird berechnet. Die. Übereinstimmung zwischen berechneten und experimentellen Werten ist gut. Es wird ein Diagramm aufgestellt, das eine schnelle Ermittlung des Ausnutzungsgrades und des Durchbruchvolumens für Nitrationen an Filtersaulen für Chlorid‐ und Sulfatgehalte des aufzubereitenden Wassers im Bereich von je 0 … 500 mg/l ermöglicht.
Carbohydrates and Proteins Removals in Activated‐Sludge Procedure
Authors: Barteszewski K.
Published: July 2021

In laboratory model apparatus the process of the biochemical removal of glucose and albumin was investigated in the presence of prepared activated sludge. The carbohydrate and protein components are determined according to colorimetric techniques. The biochemical and chemical oxygen demands of the model waters correlated with the concentrations of carbohydrate and protein. The progress of the removal depends on the concentration of both substrates, the biomass concentration and the composition and type of micro‐organisms.
Cooxidation of Benzo(a)pyrene and Phenols on Activated Sludges
Authors: Kirso U. , Hannus M.
Published: July 2021

In the presence of the cancerogenic benzo(a)pyrene (4 × 10−7 mole/1) the rate the of biochemical oxidation of phenols and a mixture of oil‐shale alkylresorcinols (5 × 10−5 mole/1) on activated sludges adapted to these phenols is reduced up to 30%. The oxidation of benzo(a)pyrene occurs at a high rate, the rate constant on both sludges being 6.8 × 108 mole/1 · sec and exceeds the index of the processes of its selfpurification by two orders.

The high efficiency of the biooxidation of benzo(a)pyrene is retained at a repeated use of the same biomass, thus no additional regeneration being needed.

Some products of the, biooxidation of benzo(a)pyrene, such as 1,6‐ and 3,6‐quinone, derivatives of chrysene and naphthalene, are identified.
Hydrophobicity of Linear Alkyl Aryl Sulfonates
Authors: Krasnoshekova R. , Tshekulajev V. , Gubergrits M.
Published: July 2021

Distilled water solubility of a series of alkyl aryl sulfonates (AAS) with a linear alkyl radical in the para‐position to the sulfo‐group synthesized by the authors was determined. It is shown that the hydrophobicity (‐lgS) of the investigated AAS is a function of their structure and its change is caused by a hydrophobic effect of a substituent.

A relationship between hydrophobicity of AAS and their reactivity is established.

Temperature dependence of water solubility of AAS was investigated. The changes in standard thermodynamic characteristics of the process of dissolving AAS in water were calculated, i.e. the enthalpy (ΔH0), the entropy (ΔS0) and free energy (ΔG0). It is shown that water solubility of the investigated AAS is an entropie process being connected with a decrease in the entropy of the system on account of additional structurization of water by penetrating n‐alkyl radicals into its “icy” structure.

The CMC‐1 values determined are independent of temperature.
Zur Erkundung der phytotoxischen Wirkung von Zink, Kadmium und Kupfer auf Elodea canadensis Michx. durch Erfassen der Deplasmolysezeit
Authors: Reinhardt E. , Burger G. , Weise G. , Ulbricht H.
Published: July 2021

Die zur Deplasmolyse von Elodea‐Protoplasten erforderliche Zeit kann als Maßstab für die Giftigkeit von Seinvermetallionen dienen, denen die Pflanzen zuvor exponiert Waren, In Modellversuchen sind die Blätter der Testpflanzen vor der experimentellen Plasmolyse mindestens 24 h den zu beurteilenden Tonenkonzentrationen auszusetzen. Zur zufallskritischen Absicherung sollten wenigstens 200 Zellen aus dem subapikalen Blatthereich beobachtet werden, wobei die Blätter etwa 10 cm unterhalb des Vegetationskegels gleichlanger Pflanzen gleichen Entwicklungsstadiums inserieren.

Als zytotoxisch erweisen sich >0,005 mg Zn2+ 1−1, ≥0,05 mg Cd2+ 1−1 bzw. ≥0,0005 mg Cu2+ 1−1, bei Kombination schon geringere Mengen. Störende Anioneneffekte treten bei Anwendung von Sulfaten oder Nitraten nicht auf. Die geringsten zytotoxischen Metallgehalte liegen unterhalb bekannter phytotoxischer Konzentrationen. Die zytologische Störung durch solche Grenzkonzentrationen kann von den Pflanzen noch kompensiert werden. Daher ist der Deplasmolysetest nach Schwermetallexposition bei Elodea canadensis eine sehr empfindliche Methode. Ein negativer Ausfall schließt die Anwesenheit phytotoxischer Schwermetallionenkonzentrationen aus. Mit steigender Deplasmolysezeit wird die Anwesenheit phytotoxischer Substanzen immer wahrscheinlicher.

Verallgemeinernde Schlußfolgerungen aus den Ergebnissen des Deplasmolysetest s unterliegen einer Reihe von Vorbehalten. So reagieren die verschiedenen Pflanzenarten unterschiedlich auf gleiche Schwermetallbelastungen, differieren die pflanzlichen Resistenzverhältnisse gegenüber Schwermetallionen mit der Jahreszeit, verstärken simultan anwesende verschiedene Schwermetalle den Hemmeffekt und mindert härteres Wasser die Schwermetallgiftigkeit. Da die Kombination dieser Wirkbedingungen stetigem Wechsel unterliegt, haben mittels Deplasmolysetest nach Schwermetallexposition an Elodea canadensis erkundete Toxizitätsgrenzkonzentrationen nur spezifischen Aktualitätswert.
Methods of Analyzing Qninones in Water and Their Application in Studying the Effects of Hydrophytes on Phenols. Part 1: Quinone Determination with Benzene Sulfinic Acid
Authors: Stom D. J. , Timofeeva S. S. , Kashina N. F. , Bielykh L. J. , Souslov S. N. , Boutorov V. V. , Apartzin M. S.
Published: July 2021

By the example of some phenols and qninones, in aqueous solutions possibilities for the quantitative determination are tested separately and in the mixture. Methods for thin‐layer chromatography and spectrophotometry were developed. There can be chromatographically deteeted between 5 and 80 μg of substance. Phenol and quinone concentrations of 1.5 · 10−3 … 0.5 · 10−4 M were spectrophotometrically investigated.
Zur Bedeutung der Fische als Umweltindikatoren, Laboratoriumsversuche an Karpfen (Cyprinus carpio L.) mit Quecksilber
Authors: Braun F. , Yediler A.
Published: July 2021

– Durch Experimente erzielte Anreicherungsfaktoren für Quecksilber in Karpfen bestätigen, daß eine Rüekrechnung von gemessenen Quecksilberkonzentrationen im Fisch auf solche im Wasser mit Hilfe der Faktoren nicht ohne weiteres möglich ist;

– dagegen zeichnet sich ab, daß ein Vergleich verschiedener quecksilberhaltiger Fischorgane gewisse Rückschlüsse auf die vorangegangene Art (chronisch oder akut) der Quecksilber‐belastung ermöglicht;

– die Höhe der Quecksilberaufnahme der Karpfenkiemen bei akut‐toxischer Quecksilberkonzentration im Wasser hing von der Queckeilberbelastung der Karpfen ab. Ebenso wurde biervon die Manifestationszeit beeinflußt
Toxicity of Distillery Effluent to the Cyprinid Weed Fish Rasbora daniconius (Ham).
Authors: Durve V. S. , Jain S. M.
Published: July 2021

The toxicity of distillery wastes to the fish Rasbora daniconius was tested by bioassay. Ten concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 100% were employed. It was found that the fish were quite tolerant at the 1% concentration for about 24 hours of exposure and survived even up to 96 hours. Mortality was noticed in concentrations from 1.5% onwards. In the concentrations of 3.0% and above there was a heavy mortality beginning at 15 hours of exposure. From the chemistry of the medium studied it was found that the toxicity was inversely proportional to pH but directly proportional to conductivity and bicarbonate alkalinity of the medium.
Untersuchungen über den Sauerstoffhaushalt eines phytoplanktonreichen Fließgewässers (Untere Havel)
Authors: Hannemann W.
Published: July 2021

— Als Beitrag zur Erfassung des Stoffhaushalts phytoplanktonreicher Fließgewässer wurden am Beispiel der Unteren Havel bei Briest intensive Untersuchungen über den Sauerstoffhaushalt und die ihn beeinflussenden Faktoren durchgeführt.

— Die nach der Odum‐Methode errechnete Sauerstoffbruttoproduktion lag im Sommer zwischen 2,1 und 53,4 g O2/m2d und im Whiter zwischen 0,6 und 18.0 g O2/m2d. Die Respiration betrug im Sommer 0,6 … 26,4 g O2/m2d und im Winter 0,0 … 8,4 g O2/m2d.

— Am nachhaltigsten wird der Sauerstoffhaushalt der Unteren Havel durch die Globalstrahlung beeinflußt. Nach einem extrem langen Winter kommt die verzögerte Phytoplanktonentwicklung explosionsartig zum Ausbruch, nach einem kurzen Winter entfaltet sich das Plankton allmählich. Davon abhängig gestaltet sich auch der Sauerstoffhaushalt des Gewässers im Frühjahr extrem unterschiedlich.

— Der Gehalt an gelösten Nährstoffen zeigte eine sehr deutliche und starke Abhängigkeit von der Phytoplanktonentwicklung.

— Die Fourieranalysen ergaben, daß vor allem bei den meteorologisch bedingten physikalischen Kriterien des Sauerstoffhaushaltes eindeutige Jahresperiodizitäten bestehen.

— Für prognostische Zwecke wird die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses Globalstrahlung: Sichttiefe vorgeschlagen. Dieses Verhältnis zeigte bei Regressions‐ und Korrelationsberechnungen überwiegend signifikante Beziehungen zu den einzelnen Kriterien des Sauerstoffhaushaltes. Eine Überprüfung mittels Fourieranalyse ergab, daß eine eindeutige Jahresperiodizität vorhanden ist. Das Verhältnis Globalstrahlung: Sichttiefe eignet sich auch zur Kurz‐ und Langfristprognose der Wasserbeschaffenheit.
Komplexes Schema zur Normierung von Wasserschadstoffen – eine Betrachtung zu Vorschlägen von Krassovskij et al.
Authors: Dobberkau H.‐J. , Höring H. , Strobel K.
Published: July 2021

Die rasch zunehmende Entwicklung, Anwendung und Verbreitung synthetischer chemischer Verbindungen erfordert eine rechtzeitige und wissenschaftlich fundierte hygienische Normierung der potentiellen Umweltschadstoffe. Auf der Suche nach neuen effektiven Methoden wird von Krassovskij et al. ein komplexes Schema zur Normierung von Wasserschadstoffen vorgeschlagen, das vorgestellt und diskutiert wird.
Auslegung eines Kühlwassersystems in der Lebensmittelindustrie
Authors: Hembach K.
Published: July 2021

Beschrieben wird die Auslegung des Kühlsystems unter Gewährleistung einer maximalen Kühlwassertemperatur im Vorlauf von 18 °C. Als optimale Variante wurde die Rückkühlung mittels Kühlturm und nachgeschalteter Dampfstrahlerkühlung zur Absenkung der Wassertemperatur auf den geforderten Wert gewählt. Als Zusatzwasser wird Weichwasser verwendet.
Steuerungsmechanismen des Ionenabflusses und der chemischen Denudation
Authors: Aurada K. D.
Published: July 2021

Der Ionenabfluß und die chemische Denudation mobiler Stoffkomponenten mit niedrigem Ionenpotential repräsentieren den intensivsten Stoffaustauschprozeß zwischen Litho‐ und Hydrosphäre.

Auf der Grundlage jüngerer Angaben zur Weltwasserbilanz und zur hydrochemischen Zusammensetzung terrestrischer Gewässer, bezogen auf die Hauptionenanteile Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO–3, SO2–4 und Cl– bzw. die Gesamtmineralisation, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Referenzflußgebieten der Ionenabfluß und die chemische Denudation der peripheren Abflußgebiete der Kontinente berechnen.

Global kann der Ionenabfluß mit 4,3 · 109 ta–1 bzw. unter Berücksichtigung eines zyklischen Niederschlagsanteils mit 3,6 · 109 ta–1 ermittelt werden. Daraus können chemische Denudationsraten von 1,3 bzw. 1,1 gs–1 km–2 berechnet werden. Unter Berücksichtigung der Größenordnung der Gesamtdenudation von 22,0 · 109 ta–1 ergibt sich der Anteil der chemischen Denudation mit 16,4%.

Die Variabilität der hydrochemischen Zusammensetzung der Oberflächengewässer wird auf der Grundlage eines dominierenden Einflusses des den Steuerungsmechanismen der chemischen Denudation zugänglichen Ausgangsgesteins meteorogen verursacht.

Der global mit 0,7 · 109 ta–1 zu berechnende anthropogene Stoffeintrag kann bei konzentrierter Einflußnahme durch Aktivierung und Beschleunigung des unbeeinflußt in geologischen Zeitdimensionen ablaufenden physiogenen Prozesses zu Störungen der Stabilität in hydrologischgeomorphologischen Systemen führen.

Mit der Skizzierung der anthropogenen Steuerungsmechanismen zur Kompensation der Folgen einer anthropogenen Intensivierung der physiogenen Prozesse des Ionenabflusses und der chemischen Denudation werden Maßnahmen zur Stabilisierung eines durch anthropogenen Einfluß instabil gewordenen hydrologischgeomorphologischen Systems erörtert.
Physico‐Chemical and Phycological Assessment of Certain Polluted Environs of Varanasi and Neighbouring Areas
Authors: Rai L. C.
Published: July 2021

A general survey of the various polluted environs e.g., (i) The cement factory, (ii) The aluminium factory; (iii) The fertilizer factory; (iv) Dairy waste, and (v) Township sewage, has been made with a view to studying the distribution, dominance and diversity of algal communities growing therein. This study has revealed that the algal community structure along with physico‐chemical factors can be best used for the assessment of water pollution. Oscillatoria has been found dominant in all those polluted environs containing a high amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, thereby indicating that this alga is tolerant to organic pollution. However, a sparse vegetation of algae as recorded in other situations is indicative of either a poor nutrient status of the habitat or the presence of some growth inhibitory substances.
Protein Digestibility by Khosti Fish Colisa fasciatus (Pisces, Anabantidae) under the Influence of Certain Factors
Authors: Pandey H. S. , Singh R. P.
Published: July 2021

Protein digestibility was determined via two feeding trials in glass aquaria by the indicator (Chromium oxide) method using a mixture of shrimp powder with oil cake and wheat bran respectively (1: 1 W/W) as food. Analyses of feed were made to calculate the crude protein, carbohydrate, lipid and ash contents. Feces were analysed to determine their total nitrogen and chromium oxide. Protein digestibility was studied in relation to salinity of the medium size and weight of the fish body. The apparent digestibility of crude protein of a corresponding die has shown that 1st: Younger fish do possess a lower capability of protein digestion than fish having a medium weight and medium size; 2nd: Older fish with a high weight and large size exhibit no improvement in efficiency to digest the food protein, though their weight and size are significantly greater than those of middle weight and medium size fish; 3rd: The replacement of oil cake by wheat bran decreases the protein digestibility of shrimp powder mixture with them; 4th: A salinity (NaCl) of the aquatic medium at or above 3 g/l depletes the protein digestibility when fish of the same size were experimented with; but a salinity up to 2 g/l does not result in a significant decrease in the protein digestion rate.
Increasing adherence to a standardized rounding procedure in two hospital in‐patient units
Authors: Gravina Nicole , Sleiman Andressa , Southwick Frederick S. , Matey Nicholas , Harlan Elizabeth , Lukose Kiran , Hack Garret , Radhakrishnan Nila S.
Published: July 2021

Standardized bedside rounds can improve communication and the quality of care for patients in hospitals. However, it can be challenging to change previously established provider practices to adhere to new procedures. This study evaluated 2 packaged interventions, derived from a modified Performance Diagnostic Checklist interview, to increase adherence to standardized rounding practices in 2 hospital units. Researchers observed physicians at a university hospital on rounds 2‐3 times per week, and 2 phases of intervention were implemented to improve adherence. The interventions included task clarification, feedback, and weekly huddles. Compared to baseline, phases 1 and 2 of the intervention improved clinician adherence to the standardized bedside rounding checklist by 24.94% and 30.94% in unit 1 and 26.76% and 44.06% in unit 2, respectively. The standardized rounds did not require additional time following the intervention. These results indicate that physician adherence can be improved through behavioral interventions.
Deep‐learning‐based motion correction in optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Li Ang , Du Congwu , Pan Yingtian
Published: July 2021

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a widely applied tool to image microvascular networks with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. Due to limited imaging speed, the artifacts caused by tissue motion can severely compromise visualization of the microvascular networks and quantification of OCTA images. In this article, we propose a deep‐learning‐based framework to effectively correct motion artifacts and retrieve microvascular architectures. This method comprised two deep neural networks in which the first subnet was applied to distinguish motion corrupted B‐scan images from a volumetric dataset. Based on the classification results, the artifacts could be removed from the en face maximum‐intensity‐projection (MIP) OCTA image. To restore the disturbed vasculature induced by artifact removal, the second subnet, an inpainting neural network, was utilized to reconnect the broken vascular networks. We applied the method to postprocess OCTA images of the microvascular networks in mouse cortex in vivo. Both image comparison and quantitative analysis show that the proposed method can significantly improve OCTA image by efficiently recovering microvasculature from the overwhelming motion artifacts.
Nano/micro implant debris affect osteogenesis by chondrocytes: Comparison between ceramic and UHMWPE from hip walking simulator
Authors: Ben Braham Marwa , Trunfio‐Sfarghiu Ana Maria , Brizuela Leyre , Mebarek Saida , Essefi Ines , Geringer Jean , Berthier Yves , Hamza Samir
Published: July 2021

A new generation of ceramic on ceramic (BIOLOX ®delta) bearings has emerged more than 10 years ago proving a high resistance to wear and good clinical results. However, biological reactions to wear debris, particularly the nanoparticles, need to be evaluated. The first originality of this study is to start from real wear particles obtained by the hip walking simulator (CERsim). These particles were compared with particles obtained by usual methods to assess the biocompatibility of materials: press machine (CERpress). Two ranges of ceramic particles were thus observed: ceramic particles with micron (intergranular fractures) and nano sizes (intragranular fractures), and characterized compared to ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). The second originality of this work is to assess the cellular reaction using the primary joint chondrocyte cultures simulating the osteogenesis process and not the cell lines, which are used to simulate the biological reaction of osteolysis. The first results showed a significant difference in cell viability between the cells in contact with particles from the walking simulator and those obtained with the press machine. On the other hand, it was found that the way of extraction of the particles from the lubricant could significantly affect the biological reaction. More interestingly, nano‐sized ceramic particles showed a significant impact on the secretion of functional inflammatory mediators, agreeing with recent results in vivo. These novel methods of characterizing the osteogenic impact of UHMWPE and ceramic wear debris can complement the conventional expertise method focusing previously on the osteolysis aspect.