bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viral particles of the endogenous retrovirus ZAM from Drosophila melanogasteruse a pre-existing endosome/exosome pathway for transfer to the oocyte
Authors: Brasset E , Taddei AR , Arnaud F , Faye B , Fausto AM , Mazzini M , Giorgi F , Vaury C
Published: May 2006

Background

Retroviruses have evolved various mechanisms to optimize their transfer to new target cells via late endosomes. Here, we analyzed the transfer of ZAM, a retroelement from Drosophila melanogaster, from ovarian follicle cells to the oocyte at stage 9–10 of oogenesis, when an active yolk transfer is occurring between these two cell types.

Results

Combining genetic and microscopic approaches, we show that a functional secretory apparatus is required to tether ZAM to endosomal vesicles and to direct its transport to the apical side of follicle cells. There, ZAM egress requires an intact follicular epithelium communicating with the oocyte. When gap junctions are inhibited or yolk receptors mutated, ZAM particles fail to sort out the follicle cells.

Conclusion

Overall, our results indicate that retrotransposons do not exclusively perform intracellular replication cycles but may usurp exosomal/endosomal traffic to be routed from one cell to another.
Enhanced Group II mGluR-Mediated Inhibition of Pain-Related Synaptic Plasticity in the Amygdala
Authors: Han Jeong S , Fu Yu , Bird Gary C , Neugebauer Volker
Published: May 2006

Background

The latero-capsular part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeLC) is the target of the spino-parabrachio-amygdaloid pain pathway. Our previous studies showed that CeLC neurons develop synaptic plasticity and increased neuronal excitability in the kaolin/carrageenan model of arthritic pain. These pain-related changes involve presynaptic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and postsynaptic NMDA and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP1) receptors. Here we address the role of group II mGluRs.

Results

Whole-cell current- and voltage-clamp recordings were made from CeLC neurons in brain slices from control rats and arthritic rats (>6 h postinjection of kaolin/carrageenan into the knee). Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were evoked by electrical stimulation of afferents from the pontine parabrachial (PB) area. A selective group II mGluR agonist (LY354740) decreased the amplitude of EPSCs more potently in CeLC neurons from arthritic rats (IC50 = 0.59 nM) than in control animals (IC50 = 15.0 nM). The inhibitory effect of LY354740 was reversed by a group II mGluR antagonist (EGLU) but not a GABAA receptor antagonist (bicuculline). LY354740 decreased frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature EPSCs in the presence of TTX. No significant changes of neuronal excitability measures (membrane slope conductance and action potential firing rate) were detected.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that group II mGluRs act presynaptically to modulate synaptic plasticity in the amygdala in a model of arthritic pain.
Indications for conservative management of scoliosis (guidelines)
Authors:   SOSORT guideline committee, Weiss Hans-Rudolf , Negrini Stefano , Rigo Manuel , Kotwicki Tomasz , Hawes Martha C , Grivas Theodoros B , Maruyama Toru , Landauer Franz
Published: May 2006

This guideline has been discussed by the SOSORT guideline committee prior to the SOSORT consensus meeting in Milan, January 2005 and published in its first version on the SOSORT homepage: http://www.sosort.org/meetings.php. After the meeting it again has been discussed by the members of the SOSORT guideline committee to establish the final 2005 version submitted to Scoliosis, the official Journal of the society, in December 2005.
Arginine-vasopressin in catecholamine-refractory septic versus non-septic shock in extremely low birth weight infants with acute renal injury
Authors: Meyer Sascha , Gottschling Sven , Baghai Ali , Wurm Donald , Gortner Ludwig
Published: May 2006

Introduction

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) as a rescue therapy in catecholamine-refractory septic and non-septic shock in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with acute renal injury.

Methods

Prospective assessment of AVP therapy in three ELBW infants with catecholamine-refractory septic shock and acute renal injury (mean birth weight 600 ± 30 g) and three ELBW infants with non-septic shock and acute renal injury (mean birth weight 770 ± 110 g) at a University hospital. The main outcome measures were restoration of blood pressure with adequate organ perfusion and survival at discharge.

Results

In all three ELBW infants with catecholamine-resistant septic shock, systemic arterial blood pressure increased substantively with restoration of urine output after AVP administration (dosage, 0.035 to 0.36 U/kg/h; length, 70 ± 21 hours). In the three ELBW infants with non-septic shock, only a transient stabilization in mean arterial pressure with restoration of urine output was observed after AVP therapy (dosage, 0.01 to 0.36 U/kg/h; length, 30 ± 16 hours). The mortality rate was 1/3 in the sepsis group versus 3/3 in the non-septic group.

Conclusion

AVP may be a promising rescue therapy in catecholamine-resistant shock in ELBW infants with acute renal injury. Larger prospective clinical trials are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of AVP as a pressor adjunct in septic versus non-septic shock in ELBW infants.
RNA interference is not involved in natural antisense mediated regulation of gene expression in mammals
Authors: Faghihi Mohammad Ali , Wahlestedt Claes
Published: May 2006

Background

Antisense transcription, yielding both coding and non-coding RNA, is a widespread phenomenon in mammals. The mechanism by which natural antisense transcripts (NAT) may regulate gene expression are largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism of reciprocal sense-antisense (S-AS) regulation by studying the effects of a coding and non-coding NAT on corresponding gene expression, and to investigate the possible involvement of endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) in S-AS interactions.

Results

We have examined the mechanism of S-AS RNA base pairing, using thymidylate synthase and hypoxia inducible factor-1α as primary examples of endogenous genes with coding and non-coding NAT partners, respectively. Here we provide direct evidence against S-AS RNA duplex formation in the cytoplasm of human cells and subsequent activation of RNAi.

Conclusion

Collectively, our data demonstrate that NAT regulation of gene expression occurs through a pathway independent of Dicer associated RNAi. Moreover, we introduce an experimental strategy with utility for the functional examination of other S-AS pair interactions.
Quantitative Fluoroestradiol Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Predicts Response to Endocrine Treatment in Breast Cancer
Authors: Linden Hannah M. , Stekhova Svetlana A. , Link Jeanne M. , Gralow Julie R. , Livingston Robert B. , Ellis Georgiana K. , Petra Philip H. , Peterson Lanell M. , Schubert Erin K. , Dunnwald Lisa K. , Krohn Kenneth A. , Mankoff David A.
Published: May 2006

Purpose

In breast cancer, [18F]fluoroestradiol (FES) positron emission tomography (PET) correlates with estrogen receptors (ER) expression and predicts response to tamoxifen. We tested the ability of FES-PET imaging to predict response to salvage hormonal treatment in heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer patients, predominantly treated with aromatase inhibitors.

Patients and Methods

Initial FES uptake measurements in 47 patients with ER-positive tumors were correlated with subsequent tumor response to 6 months of hormonal treatment. Most patients had bone dominant disease and prior tamoxifen exposure. Response was compared to initial FES-PET uptake, measured qualitatively and quantitatively using standardized uptake value (SUV) and estradiol-binding flux.

Results

Eleven of 47 patients (23%) had an objective response. While no patients with absent FES uptake had a response to treatment, the association between qualitative FES-PET results and response was not significant (P = .14). However, quantitative FES uptake and response were significantly associated; zero of 15 patients with initial SUV less than 1.5 responded to hormonal therapy, compared with 11 of 32 patients (34%) with SUV higher than 1.5 (P < .01). In the subset of patients whose tumors did not overexpress HER2/neu, 11 of 24 patients (46%) with SUV higher than 1.5 responded.

Conclusion

Quantitative FES-PET can predict response to hormonal therapy and may help guide treatment selection. Treatment selection using quantitative FES-PET in our patient series would have increased the rate of response from 23% to 34% overall, and from 29% to 46% in the subset of patients lacking HER2/neu overexpression. A multi-institutional collaborative trial would permit definitive assessment of the value of FES-PET for therapeutic decision making.
Genetics, Epidemiology, and Cancer Disparities: Is it Black and White?
Authors: Rebbeck Timothy R. , Halbert Chanita Hughes , Sankar Pamela
Published: May 2006

Epidemiologic studies attempt to understand the distribution and determinants of human disease. Epidemiologic research often incorporates information about race, ethnicity, or ancestry, usually as a self-identified race or ethnicity (SIRE) variable. Differences in the distribution and determinants of disease on the basis of SIRE may be identified in these studies. In addition, genetic and other biologic differences according to SIRE are frequently reported. If these differences are real and meaningful, they may have value in identifying disease-causative or -preventive factors, and thus may be beneficial to human health. However, the concepts of race, ethnicity, or ancestry are often poorly considered or crudely applied, particularly in genetic studies of disease etiology or outcome. Consequently, results suggesting genetic differences with respect to disease etiology or outcome across SIRE groups may not be meaningful; in fact, these differences may prove harmful if they propagate stereotypes or spurious differences. Therefore, it is critical to properly consider the meaning, definitions, and use of race, ethnicity, or ancestry in molecular epidemiologic studies.
Between and Within: International Perspectives on Cancer and Health Disparities
Authors: Jones Lovell A. , Chilton Janice A. , Hajek Richard A. , Iammarino Nicholas K. , Laufman Larry
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this article is to compare reasons for cancer health disparities in developing and developed countries. By 2010, approximately 60% of new cancer cases will occur in the developing world, higher than rates developed countries. However, disparities exist not only between countries but also within countries. Cancer epidemiology in developing countries is paradoxical: Increased incidence is partially due to increased development resulting in longer life expectancy and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Reduced mortality from infectious diseases results in relatively greater mortality from chronic diseases. However, infectious diseases are also risk factors for the leading causes of cancer mortality in these countries. While health disparities in developing versus developed countries are quantitatively worlds apart, they are qualitatively rather similar. They share common causes, such as environmental pollution, the need for social justice, large gaps between the rich and the poor, lack of access to cancer resources, and health services that are available to some but not to all. While industrialization and urbanization elevate a country's economic base while contributing to cancer incidence and mortality. Strategies to reduce international cancer disparities include country- and regional-level interventions, utilizing nongovernmental organizations, and developing long-term inter-institutional partnerships. Although economic aid is undoubtedly necessary, it is not sufficient to control cancer in the developing world. To address these problems, it will be necessary to focus attention on what can be done locally—within countries, not only between countries.
Patterns of Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Prevalence Across Five Continents: Defining Priorities to Reduce Cancer Disparities in Different Geographic Regions of the World
Authors: Kamangar Farin , Dores Graça M. , Anderson William F.
Published: May 2006

Efforts to reduce global cancer disparities begin with an understanding of geographic patterns in cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence. Using the GLOBOCAN (2002) and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents databases, we describe overall cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence, age-adjusted temporal trends, and age-specific incidence patterns in selected geographic regions of the world. For the eight most common malignancies—cancers of lung, breast, colon and rectum, stomach, prostate, liver, cervix, and esophagus—the most important risk factors, cancer prevention and control measures are briefly reviewed.

In 2002, an estimated 11 million new cancer cases and 7 million cancer deaths were reported worldwide; nearly 25 million persons were living with cancer. Among the eight most common cancers, global disparities in cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence are evident, likely due to complex interactions of nonmodifiable (ie, genetic susceptibility and aging) and modifiable risk factors (ie, tobacco, infectious agents, diet, and physical activity). Indeed, when risk factors among populations are intertwined with differences in individual behaviors, cultural beliefs and practices, socioeconomic conditions, and health care systems, global cancer disparities are inevitable. For the eight most common cancers, priorities for reducing cancer disparities are discussed.
Diastereo-Differentiating Isomerization of Meso 3,4-Epoxycyclopentanone Ketal to a Chiral 4-Hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone Ketal
Authors: Yoshikawa Masato , Sugimura Takashi , Tai Akira
Published: May 2006

A new type diastereo-differentiating isomerization of meso 3,4-epoxycyclopentanone carrying a chiral diol as ketal to give 4-hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone ketals was demonstrated in a ratio of up to 87.7 to 12.3.
External Heavy Atom Effect on Intersystem Crossing of Radical Pair in Solvent Cage. Photoreactions of Phthalazine
Authors: Inoue Hiroyasu , Sakurai Tadamitsu , Hoshi Toshihiko , Okubo Jun , Ono Isao
Published: May 2006

External heavy atom effects have been studied for the photoreaction of phthalazine in 2-propanol. Addition of bromine containing compounds alters the product distribution in the dual photoreactions occurred simultaneously. The results can be interpreted in terms of enhancement of the intersystem crossing from the triplet radical pair to the singlet radical pair, including the spin inversion within the solvent cage.
A Bis-Fenced Porphinatoiron Having Seven Pivaloyloxy Groups on the Porphyrin Ring Plane. Synthesis and Ligand Binding
Authors: Tsuchida Eishun , Hasegawa Etsuo , Komatsu Teruyuki , Nakao Keisuke , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: May 2006

A new tetraphenylporphyrin derivative having two pockets on both sides of the porphyrin ring plane, 5,10,15-tri(2′,6′-bis(pivaloyloxy)phenyl)-20-((2′-hydroxy-6′-pivaloyloxy)phenyl)porphine, and its iron complex were synthesized. The 1,2-dimethylimidazole binding to the iron(II) was enhanced by the presence of a steric-hindrance reduced pocket. The complex formed a stable dioxygen adduct in toluene at 25°C.
Micelle Formation of a Sulfobetaine Derivative of Cholic Acid
Authors: Funasaki Noriaki , Hada Sakae , Neya Saburo
Published: May 2006

A gel filtration chromatographic study of CHAPS, a nondenaturing zwitterionic surfactant, reveals a step-wise self-association of CHAPS, which provides important information about its use for membrane biochemistry and about micelle formation of bile salts.
Coupling of 1,3-Dimethylthymine and Adenine with Sodium Peroxodisulfate
Authors: Itahara Toshio
Published: May 2006

Heating of a solution of 1,3-dimethylthymine and adenine in water containing sodium peroxodisulfate at 80 °C resulted in the formation of their coupling products.
Agarose-Poly(9-vinyladenine) Conjugated Gel. Application for Electrophoretic Separation of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Yashima Eiji , Suehiro Natsumi , Akashi Mitsuru , Miyauchi Noriyuki
Published: May 2006

Poly(9-vinyladenine) was conjugated with agarose gel to see the interaction with RNA (polyA and polyU) and DNA for electrophoresis. The conjugated gel showed the nucleobase selective separation for RNA and could discriminate between single-stranded and double-stranded DNA.
Transportation of Carbonaceous Mesophase Spherules in Pitch to the Anode
Authors: Yoshioka Masahiko , Miyake Mikio , Ida Toru , Nomura Masakatsu
Published: May 2006

A pitch containing carbonaceous mesophase spherules was treated at 300 °C for 10 min in an electric field stronger than 600 V/cm. The spherules are transported to the anode without coalescence and aligned with aromatic lamellae parallel to the direction of electric field.
Ion-Pair Recombination of a Carbocation and Hydroxide Ion Observed in Solvolytic Media by Laser Photolysis of 9-Aryl-9-xanthenol
Authors: Okuyama Tadashi , Ueno Kenji , Morishima Yotaro , Kamachi Mikiharu , Fueno Takayuki
Published: May 2006

9-p-Methoxyphenyl-9-xanthenylium ion is generated by laser photolysis of the corresponding xanthenol in aqueous ethanol. The time-dependent absorbance change shows a biphasic first-order decay with halflives of 10−4 and 10−2 s. The rapid reaction is ascribed to the ion-pair recombination.
Topotactic Oxidation Process from Magnetite to Maghemite Studied by Rietveld Analysis and 119Sn Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Yamada Koji , Tobashi Shuji , Ichiba Sumio
Published: May 2006

The topotactic oxidation process from magnetite to maghemite was investigated, using tin substituted magnetite by means of the Rietveld analysis of the powder X-ray diffraction and the 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Optical Properties of Tetrakis(p-n-decyloxyphenyl)porphyrin and the Corresponding Metal Complexes by Casting Method
Authors: Kugimiya Shin-ichi , Takemura Motoko
Published: May 2006

Optical properties of terakis(p-n-decyloxyphenyl)porphyirn and its metal complexes (CoII, ZnII, CuII, and MnIIICl) have been investigated in the casting film (stacking state). Type of stacking of the titled porphyrins in the film has been controlled by changing the number of the porphyrin molecules used for the film preparation.
Synthesis of Chiral 1,3-Diols from the Reaction of Yb Metal Umpoled Diaryl Ketones with Chiral Epoxides
Authors: Takaki Ken , Tanaka Shinji , Beppu Fumikazu , Tsubaki Yuichiro , Fujiwara Yuzo
Published: May 2006

The reaction of diaryl ketones such as benzophenone with chiral epoxides in the presence of Yb metal at room temperature has been found to give chiral 1,3-diols in high optical yields.
8-Chloro-8-cyano-1,2-homoheptafulvene and Its Tricarbonyliron Complexes
Authors: Morita Noboru , Ito Shunji , Asao Toyonobu , Kabuto Chizuko , Sotokawa Hideo , Hatano Masahiro , Tajiri Akio
Published: May 2006

8-Chloro-8-cyano-1,2-homoheptafulvene and its tricarbonyliron complexes have been prepared. Their structures and optical activities were investigated.
Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition of Cyclic Hydrazine to Optically Active Vinyl Sulfoxide. A Novel Synthesis of Optically Active Azalactams
Authors: Matsuyama Haruo , Itoh Nobuhiro , Kamigata Nobumasa
Published: May 2006

Optically active (R)-(+)-l,5-diaza-4-phenylbicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2-one (5) was prepared in high optical purity by diastereoselective conjugate addition of piperidazine to optically active (E)-(S)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-phenylviny p-tolyl sulfoxide, followed by successive reduction of p-tolylsulfinyl group. Nine-membered azalactam was obtained by reductive cleavage of N–N bond of 5.
Magnetic Phase Transition in a Low-Dimensional Organic Antiferromagnet, 1,3-Bisdiphenylene-2-p-chlorophenyl Allyl, under High Pressure. Observation of a High Néel Temperature of 5.03 K
Authors: Yamauchi Jun , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Inoue Mitsuru
Published: May 2006

Hydrostatic pressure dependence of the magnetic phase transition temperature in the organic free radical, 1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-p-chlorophenyl allyl, a one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet, was investigated from the heat capacity measurements in the pressure range of up to 6 kbar at the liquid helium temperature region. A high Néel temperature of 5.03 K was observed at 5.4 kbar.
Very Strong Long Range Attractive Forces between Stable Hydrophobic Monolayers of a Polymerized Ammonium Surfactant
Authors: Kurihara Kazue , Kato Shinji , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: May 2006

Direct measurements of forces between stable hydrophobic monolayers are performed, revealing very long-range attraction which extends to a separation of 300 nm in pure water. The attraction decreases in the presence of NaBr, while the pull-off force changes only moderately.
Estimation of Hydrogen Mobility in Coal Using a Tritium Tracer Method. Hydrogen Exchange Reaction of Coal with Tritiated Water
Authors: Kabe Toshiaki , Takaoka Hisao , Ishihara Atsushi , Daita Yasushi
Published: May 2006

The reaction of coal with tritiated water was investigated under the coal liquefaction conditions to estimate the mobility of hydrogen in coals. In the reaction of Wandoan coal with tritiated water, the hydrogen exchange ratio of coal increased with a rise in temperature and was 30% at 300 °C and 36% at 400 °C, respectively. The results suggested that the hydrogens attached to aromatic carbons in coal was able to exchange with water even at 300 °C.
A Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of a Trisaccharide Sequence Related to the Core Structure of the Asparagine-linked Type Glycoproteins by Using a Chitobiose Derivative as a Key Starting Material
Authors: Nishimura Shin-Ichiro , Kurita Keisuke , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi
Published: May 2006

Allyl 2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4-O-(2-acetamido-3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) was efficiently prepared from chitobiose octaacetate in high yield. Coupling of 5 with 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-L-fucopyranosyl bromide by the halide ion-catalyzed glycosidation reaction afforded the protected trisaccharide intermediate in 58% yield. Deallylation followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis gave 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-6-O-(α-L-fucopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose.
Submicrosecond Time-Resolved ESR Study on Photodissociation of 2,2′-Azobis[isobutyronitrile]
Authors: Takemura Toru , Ohara Keishi , Murai Hisao , Kuwata Keiji
Published: May 2006

A transient signal of the 2-cyano-2-propyl radical was detected in the laser photolysis of the toluene solution of 2,2′-azobis[isobutyronitrile]. The esr spectrum was of an absorption-emission pattern which is characteristic of CIDEP generated in a geminate radical-pair. A dissociation mechanism was deduced on the basis of experimental results.
Novel Three-dimensional Metal-complex Host Structures of catena-[Propylenediaminecadmium(II) Tetra-μ-cyanonickelate(II)] and catena-[Propylenediaminecadmium(II) Tetra-μ-cyanocadmate(II)]
Authors: Park Ki-Min , Hashimoto Masato , Kitazawa Takafumi , Iwamoto Toschitake
Published: May 2006

Two novel metal-complex host structures, consisting of the three-dimensional linkages between square-planar tetracyanonickelate(II) or tetrahedral tetracyanocadmate(II) and propylenediamine-chelated octahedral cadmium(II), have been demonstrated for the 1,2-dichloroethane inclusion compounds.
Allyl Group Transfer between M(II) and M(O) Centers (M = Pd, Pt) Proceeding through Anti Nucleophilic Attack at η3-Allyl Ligand
Authors: Kurosawa Hideo , Ogoshi Sensuke , Chatani Naoto , Kawasaki Yoshikane , Murai Shinji , Ikeda Isao
Published: May 2006

Reactions of [Pd(η3-allyl)(PPh3)2]+ (allyl = CH2CHCH2, CH2CMeCH2, (1c)) with Pt(C2H4)(PPh3)2 in CDCl3 readily afforded the corresponding η3-allylplatinum(II) cations in high yields. Cis–trans isomerization of 1c or its platinum analogue was catalyzed by Pd(0) or Pt(0) complexes via anti attack of M(0) species at the allyl ligand.
Micro-Pore Formation in a Monolayer Adsorbed onto a Solid Substrate with the Subsphase-Lowering Technique
Authors: Iriyama Keiji , Araki Toshinari
Published: May 2006

Micro-pore formation in a monolayer of stearic acid on a glass plate was able to be visualized on the electron microscopic scale. We assumed the origin of numerous micro-pores in a film structure. Finally, we were able to prepare a monolayer of stearic acid without any micro-pore.
A New and Convenient Process for Separation of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Sonoda Noboru , Mtyoshi Noritaka , Tsunoi Shinji , Ogawa Akiya , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: May 2006

A new method for the efficient separation of carbon monoxide from a binary mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen has been established by use of a selenium/secondary amine reaction system. This system consists of the selective uptake of carbon monoxide by the reaction with selenium and secondary amines to form the corresponding ammonium carbamoselenoates (1) in solution and the release of carbon monoxide by thermolysis of 1 into starting components. The amount of separated carbon monoxide was stoichiometric and the purity was higher than 99.9%.
A New Steric Substituent Parameter Ωs. Sophistication of Calculation and Correlation with the Kinetic Data of Several Reactions
Authors: Komatsuzaki Tamiki , Sakakibara Kazuhisa , Hirota Minoru
Published: May 2006

The new steric substituent constant Ωs was applied to correlate kinetic data with the steric hindrance caused by the substituent. Kinetic data were correlated better with Ωs than Es.
A Novel Cu(II) Carrier with High Efficiency and Selectivity for Proton-driven Uphill Transport through Liquid Membranes
Authors: Hiratani Kazuhisa , Hirose Takuji , Fujiwara Kyoko , Saito Kiyoshi
Published: May 2006

N-(8-Quinolyl)-N′-(2-pyridylmethyl)malonamide derivative, which has been synthesized as carrier for transition metal ions, can transport Cu(II) with high selectivity against its concentration gradient through liquid membranes.
A Novel Type of Dimerization of a U-Shaped Unsymmetrical Disulfide Having a Pair of Acylurea Linkages in Solution
Authors: Nakagawa Naoya , Nikki Kunio , Ito Masato M , Kato Jun-ichi , Ota Hisanori , Ogino Masahiko , Miyoshi Ayumu , Endo Tadashi
Published: May 2006

From NMR studies on an unsymmetrical disulfide having a pair of acylurea linkages, the disulfide (monomer) was suggested (i) to adopt a U-shaped conformation, based on the nonequivalence of the methylene protons and on NOE experimental data and (ii) to form dimers in solution.
Crystal Structure of Cycloinulohexaose
Authors: Sawada Masami , Tanaka Takanori , Takai Yoshio , Hanafusa Terukiyo , Hirotsu Ken , Higuchi Taiichi , Kawamura Mishio , Uchiyama Takao
Published: May 2006

X-Ray crystallography analyzed cycloinulohexaose, C36H60O30, whose 18-crown-6 skeleton was the GTGTGT conformational arrangement of the six sequential –O–C–CH2–O– units.
Synthesis, Structure, and Electrical Properties of Ag1.2(2,5-dimethylthio-N,N′-dicyanoquinonediimine)
Authors: Mori Takehiko , Inokuchi Hiroo
Published: May 2006

Several new DCNQI’s (N,N′-dicyanoquinonediirnines) with methylthio groups are synthesized. One of their silver salts, the title compound, is metal down to 188 K. In this salt, a part of the Ag atoms are coordinated by the S and the inner N atoms.
The Structure of a Planar NiN2S2 Complex of the Tetraanionic Form of the Ligand N,N′-Ethylenebis(o-mercaptobenzamide)
Authors: Dutton Jennifer C , Fallon Gary D , Murray Keith S
Published: May 2006

The X-ray crystal structure of a planar [NiIIN2S2]2− complex containing the tetraanionic form of the ligand N,N′-ethylenebis(o-mercaptobenzamide) is described. Comments are made in relation to a recent paper by Yamamura et al.,3 in which a binuclear [NiIIS2O2]2 derivative of the dianionic form of the ligand is described and to the earlier paper of Krüger and Holm5 who first described the present complex.
Characterization of Ruthenium(II) Molecular Hydrogen Complex with (R,R)-4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (diop)
Authors: Saburi Masahiko , Aoyagi Ko , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Takahashi Tamotsu , Uchida Yasuzo
Published: May 2006

The Ru(II) molecular hydrogen complex [RuH(η2-H2)(diop)2]+ was prepared in situ from [RuH(diop)2]+ and H2 gas. The low temperature (213–243 K) 1H and 31P NMR data of this η2-H2 complex indicated the coexistence of two isomers (trans and cis) at equilibrium in solution. At 303 K the coalescence of Ru-H and Ru-(η2-H2) resonances due to their rapid exchanges was observed.
Active Local Control of Propeller-Aircraft Run-Up Noise
Authors: Hodgson Murray , Guo Jingnan
Published: May 2006

Engine run-ups are part of the regular maintenance schedule at airports. The noise generated by the run-ups propagates into neighbouring communities, disturbing the residents. Active noise control is a potentially cost-effective alternative to passive methods, such as enclosures. Propeller aircraft generate low-frequency tonal noise that is highly compatible with active control. This paper presents a preliminary investigation of the feasibility and effectiveness of controlling run up noise from propeller aircraft using local active control. Computer simulations for different configurations of multi-channel active-noise-control systems, aimed at reducing run-up noise in adjacent residential areas using a local-control strategy, were performed. The variations of the attenuation and amplification zones with the number of control channels, and with the source/control-system geometry, were studied. The aircraft was modeled using one or two sources, with monopole or multipole radiation patters. Both free-field and half-space conditions were considered, for the configurations studied, results were similar in the two cases. In both cases, large triangular quiet zones, with local attenuations of 10 dB or more, were obtained when nine or more control channels were used. Increases of noise were predicted outside of these areas, but these were minimized as more control channels were employed. By combining predicted attenuations with measured noise spectra, noise levels after implementation of an active control system were estimated.
Environmental Policy Instruments and Technological Change in the Energy Sector: Findings from Comparative Empirical Research
Authors: Skjærseth Jon Birger , Christiansen Atle Christer ,   With valuable contributions from Jørund Buen, Lars H. Gulbrandsen, Kjetil Røine and Jørgen Wettestad.
Published: May 2006

This article explores the extent to which and in what ways environmental policy instruments may affect patterns of environmental friendly technological change in the energy sector. Our argument is based on the assumption, however, that technological change is also affected by the political context in which the instruments are applied and by the nature of the problem itself. Comparative empirical research involving different European countries, sectors and policy fields were examined, including climate change, air pollution and wind power. The relationship between environmental policy instruments and technological change is extremely complex, not least due to the impact of other factors that may be more decisive than environmental ones. Against this backdrop, it was concluded that: 1) a portfolio of policy instruments works to the extent that different types of policy instruments affect the different drivers and stages behind technological change needed to solve specific problems. The need for a portfolio of policy instruments depends on the technological challenge being faced; 2) voluntary approaches facilitated constructive corporate strategies, but mandatory approaches tended to be more effective in stimulating short term major technological change; 3) voluntary approaches work well in the short term when the problem to be solved is characterized by lack of information and coordination.
Testimony for the Record
Authors: Fertel Marvin
Published: May 2006

The Energy Information Administration (EIA) will release the Annual Energy Outlook 2005 (AEO 2005) next week, and the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee has requested testimony about EIA's forecasting through 2025. Although EIA's forecasting of nuclear power's contribution to U.S. electricity supply has improved in recent years, the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI)1 believes that EIA's outlook, particularly with respect to new nuclear plant construction, is based on erroneous assumptions.
Time for a Fresh Look at Nuclear?
Authors: Kidd Stephen W
Published: May 2006

The revival of interest in nuclear power has brought forward a backlash from those opposed to any expansion of its use. The origin of the civil nuclear sector in military programmes continues to be a problem in explaining the industry to the public. Despite improved operating performances in recent years, combined with an excellent safety record, there remain difficulties in getting the case across. Not much has changed from the past in the more recent arguments raised against nuclear, but the rise of renewable energy sources and the interest in non-carbon emitting sources as a whole provides a new backdrop. It is possible to see some common ground being developed between nuclear and renewable advocates, such that they may be seen as complementary rather than competitive solutions to energy needs.
Real Teaching and Learning through Virtual Reality
Authors: Petric Jelena , Ucelli Giuliana , Conti Giuseppe
Published: May 2006

This paper addresses an articulated vision of Virtual Reality, which lends itself to design collaboration in teaching, learning and communication of architectural design ideas among students, design professionals and client bodies during the early stages of the design process. Virtual Reality (VR) has already acquired a new degree of complexity through development of network-based virtual communities and the use of avatars. A key intrinsic quality of VR technology is to support collaborative design experience.

The design tools developed for this experiment are capable of creating 3D objects in a shared VR environment, thus allowing the design and its evolution to be shared. The choice of programming language (JavaTM) reflects the desire to achieve scalability and hardware independence, which in turn allows for the creation of a VR environment that can co-exist between high-end supercomputers and standard PCs. The prototype design environment was tested using PC workstations and an SGI system running in a Reality Centre.
(Learning from Experience)? Promises, Problems and Side-effects of Case-Based Reasoning in Architectural Design
Authors: Heylighen Ann , Neuckermans Herman
Published: May 2006

Learning from experience is the essence of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR). Because architects are said to learn design by experience, CBR seemed to hold great promises for their field, which inspired, in the 1990s, the development of various Case-Based Design (CBD) tools. Learning from the experience of developing and using these tools is the objective of this paper. On the one hand, the original expectations seem far from being accomplished today. Reasons for this limited success can be found at three different levels: the cognitive model underlying CBR, the implementation of this model into concrete CBD tools, and the context in which these tools are to be used. On the other hand, CBR research seems to have caused some interesting side effects, such as an increased interest in creativity and copyright, and a re-discovery of the key role that cases play in architectural design.
Modeling of Activities: An Approach to the Virtual Representation of Human Behaviors in Architectural Spaces Tested in Emergency Units
Authors: Alvarado Rodrigo Garcia , Abufarde Felipe Baesler , Moreno Pedro Rodríguez , Bravo Mauricio Pezo
Published: May 2006

Despite the increasing interest in the functionality and humanization of architecture, there are few studies covering the occupation of buildings and methods to represent activities in spaces. This article explores new software for simulating and virtual modeling in order to facilitate the analysis and visualization of events in buildings. Of particular importance is programming the behavior of 3D-characters according to the probabilistic evolution of activities, and producing animations and interactive models. This approach was tested in a study of three emergency units of hospitals in Chile. Although a full integration of software was not possible, the process developed (in particular the subjective tours) demonstrated that the technique can provide new information about the functioning and spatiality of the units. In addition, it suggested operative and architectural improvements supporting the management and design of facilities.
Virtual Menus on VRML
Authors: Gabriela Bustos L. , Iván Burgos P.
Published: May 2006

The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) has allowed the expansion of resources and possibilities for architectural applications. In order to take even more advantage of VRML, we developed an application of virtual menus within VRML using Java Script as a first step to the creation of a Synthetic Environment Laboratory for architectural design. This paper briefly presents the criteria used to define the menus, the utilization of Visual Basic programming to allow the addition of said virtual menus to any file with extension *.wrl, specific examples of applicability of the menus developed, and how they were inserted in a methodological model of architectural design.
Internet Based Support for Architectural Planning Processes
Authors: Donath Dirk , Richter Katharina , Hansen Stefan
Published: May 2006

As building projects become increasingly more complex, the number of project participants grows as does their spatial distribution. An effective decentralised work process and co-operation is of increasing importance. The global computer network, the internet, has great potential and recent times have seen the development of a variety of techniques in this field. The project described here is based upon this approach and also takes it a step further. A specific analysis of the topic and the subsequent identification of potential approaches formed the basis for an architectural application that brings the architect in contact with other project participants using the internet as a powerful yet simple and easy to use medium.
The Tangible Interface: Experiments as an Integral Part of a Research Strategy
Authors: de Vries Bauke , Achten Henri , Orzechowski Maciej , Tan Amy , Segers Nicole , Tabak Vincent , Jessurun Joran , Coomans Marc
Published: May 2006

The Human-Computer interface is crucial to good design support tools. It has to be non-interruptive and non-distracting, yet allow the architect to interact with the computer software. The physical reality of the interface, such as the shape and manipulability of devices like the mouse, keyboard, joystick, or data-glove, has to be mapped on actions and commands in the software. Already the current user interfaces are felt to be inadequate for a good support of design, and the functionality of design tools is growing, requiring even more and new physical interface devices. In this paper, we present research on new tangible interfaces for architectural design support. In particular, we focus on the research methodological question how to investigate such devices. The research strategy is introduced and discussed, after which concrete implementations of this strategy are shown. Based on this work, we conclude that the combination of interface and the context of its use in terms of design method and user needs form crucial aspects for such research and cannot be considered separately.
An XML Framework for Simulation and Analysis of Buildings
Authors: Ozel Filiz , Pahle Robert , Juyal Manu
Published: May 2006

This study focuses on the problem of how to structure spatial and component based building data with the intention to use it in the simulation and analysis of the performance of buildings. Special attention was paid to the interoperability and optimization of the resulting data files. The study builds its investigation onto XML (Extensible Markup Language) data modeling framework. The authors have studied different ways of arranging building information in XML format for effective data storage and have developed a data modeling framework called bmXML for buildings. Initial results are two-fold: a VBA application was developed to create the appropriate building model in AutoCAD with the intention to write building data in bmXML format, and a JAVA application to view the file thus created. This paper primarily focuses on the former, i.e. the AutoCAD application and the bmXML format.
Afterword: Why Peer Review Journals?
Authors: Do Ellen Yi-Luen
Published: May 2006

More than 50 % of academic libraries' budgets are spent on peer review journal subscriptions [1]. One may wonder why these publications (often) with plain and dull covers (unlike those attractive, colorful magazines on newsstands), small subscription base and specialized readership carry such importance. The reason is simple.

Publishing a journal for interested researchers, academics, and practitioners benefits the advancement of knowledge. To be recognized as an academic subject, a discipline must publish a peer review journal. Unlike magazines with short shelf lives for general reading, peer review journals are archived and referenced within a discipline. These journals serve as a forum for professional intellectual exchange, and as a platform to present cutting edge research. Peer review (refereed) journals give direction to the field and industry. They also help researchers strengthen their academic careers and seek research funding. This article will review basic definitions of peer review and then discuss in detail issues and concerns that emerged in the editing of this issue.
A Collaborative Design Simulation Game
Authors: Kalay Yehuda E. , Jeong Yongwook
Published: May 2006

Collaboration is an is an im portant aspect of the architect's education. However, it is not am enable to the traditional project-based learning pedagogy that works so well for developing form-making skills, because it can only be revealed when the number of participants exceed a certain threshold, and when actions made by others affect the individual's design decisions. The advent of on-line, multi-player games provides an opportunity to explore interactive collaborative design pedagogies. Their abstraction helps focus attention on the core issues of the simulated phenomenon, while the playful nature of a game, as opposed to ‘work,’ encourages immersion and role playing that contribute to the learning process. This paper describes an on-line game for simulating design collaboration. It espouses to simulate, exercise, and provide a feel for the social dimension of collaboration, by embedding mutual dependencies that encourage players to engage each other – in adversarial or collaborative manner – to accomplish their goals. Specifically, it is intended to help students understand what is collaboration, why it is necessary, and how it is done. The game is modeled after popular board games like Scrabble and Monopoly: players build ‘houses’ made of colored cubes on a site shared with other players.' A carefully constructed set of rules awards or deducts points for every action taken by a player or by his/her neighbors. The rules w ere constructed in such a manner that players who collaborate (in a variety of ways) stand to gain more points than those who do not. The player with the most points ‘wins.’
Augmented Reality Aided Design
Authors: Seichter Hartmut
Published: May 2006

Ten years after Nielsen wrote about the “next generation interface” [1] we are still largely confined to WIMP [2] interfaces in design computing. A big question that lies ahead is ‘Does the integration of computing technology through Augmented Reality help the formal design investigation process?’ There are several suggestions that the conventional desktop metaphors are counter-intuitive for understanding spatial relationships [1, 3, 4]. Main concern is the mismatch in mapping of presentation and interface. Looking at other research areas, one can see that the application of Augmented Environments (AE) can enhance the speed of decision making [5] or creates better understanding of complex spatial arrangements [6] due to the fact that information is displayed where it occurs. Obviously, the representation and interaction is crucial for perceptive performance in design sketching as it is in AEs.

This article will discuss a software prototype called sketchand+ and the implications of Augmented Reality for digital design.
Shape Generation Using Pareto Genetic Algorithms: Integrating Conflicting Design Objectives in Low-Energy Architecture
Authors: Caldas Luisa G. , Norford Leslie K.
Published: May 2006

The Generative Design System [GDS] presented in this paper was developed to assist designers in researching low-energy architecture solutions. The GDS has the capability to evolve architectural forms that are energy-efficient, while complying to design intentions expressed by the architect and responding to conflicting objectives. To achieve this evolutionary development, the system integrates a search and optimization method [Genetic Algorithm], building energy simulation software [DOE2.1E], and Pareto multicriteria optimization techniques. The GDS adaptively generates populations of alternative solutions, from an initial schematic layout and a set of rules and constraints designed by the architect to encode design intentions. The two conflicting objective functions considered in this paper are maximizing daylighting use and minimizing energy consumption for conditioning the building. The GDS generated an uniformly sampled, continuous Pareto front, from which six points were visualized in terms of the proposed architectural solutions.
Interactive Spaces for Advanced Communication Using 3D Video
Authors: Lang Silke
Published: May 2006

Architects integrate more and more modern information technologies in their projects. Based on this background the use of 3D video in an architectural context is discussed. The combination of real-time 3D video and blue-c technology for a distributed shopping experience in shared virtual shops is described.

IN: SHOP illustrates an approach to enhance physical environments in shopping areas and connects geographically distant persons. These technologies offer new architectural design possibilities. The traditional understanding of location, space, and time may be redefined. Interactive spaces are being designed, modified and experienced. We believe that information technologies have an impact on buildings and architecture.
User Adaptive Visualization of Cooperative Architectural Design
Authors: Halin Gilles , Hanser Damien , Bignon Jean-Claude
Published: May 2006

A cooperative design is a social activity inside a group. In this kind of activity, each actor plays a specific role. If each actor wants to realize the actions corresponding to his role, he needs some adaptive information about the cooperation context. The cooperation context of design project is a relational organization where each actor maintains specific relations with other people (designers, project managers, etc.) but also with documents and activities. Such a cooperation context exists in architectural cooperative design which is distinguished by a “mutual prescription” between actors. In architectural design we are in a network model of actors, instead of the hierarchical model that we can find in classical workflow tools. This organization has to be represented in the project management tool to give each user an adaptive vision of the project organization and evolution. The representation and the visualization of such a network, which characterizes each project, is the main objective of the “Relational Model of Cooperation” and the hypermedia view presented in this paper.