bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building a Southern Dynamo: Guizhou and State Power
Authors: Oakes Tim
Published: July 2004

Guizhou's west to east electricity transfer project is a major energy infrastructure development project associated with the campaign to Open Up the West. In terms of state investments, the project has been the major feature of the campaign in Guizhou. It indicates the intensification of, rather than departure from, a long-term pattern of western primary resource exploitation for the purposes of eastern development. Guizhou's experience in the campaign to Open Up the West has mostly been about “big development,” and the campaign may even represent a new stage in the province's long history of internal colonization. In broader terms, the west to east electricity transfer project is indicative of the campaign's agenda to recentralize state political and economic control away from provinces which have gained considerable autonomy during the reform era. Along with the burst of infrastructure, the implications for Guizhou appear to be a continuation of uneven patterns of exchange between coast and interior. Tied increasingly to its role as net supplier of power to Guangdong, Guizhou could face fresh challenges in diversifying its economy sufficiently to withstand the impacts of China's World Trade Organization accession.
Confucianism for the Modern World. Edited by Daniel A. Bell and Hahm Chaibong. [Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xiii+383pp. £18.99. ISBN-521-82100.]
Authors: Peerenboom Randall
Published: July 2004

Few Asians reject the basic hallmarks of modernity: a market economy, some form of democracy, some type of rule of law, and some human rights. At the same time, many Asians and for that matter non-Asians – including, we are told, the contributors to Confucianism and the Modern World ndash; “are somewhat disenchanted with Western-style liberal modernity” (p. 24).

The editors are well aware that Confucianism must be adapted to modernity if it is to remain relevant. They are also well aware that is it necessary to move beyond the often frustratingly abstract assertions about the compatibility or incompatibility of Confucianism with capitalism, democracy, rule of law and human rights. Accordingly, they organize the book into sections that correspond roughly to the first three topics, human rights having been discussed at length elsewhere.

The section on democracy contains Hahm Chaihark's exploration of li (rites, propriety) as a constitutional norm; Jongryn Mo's invocation of the censorate as a possible mechanism for administrative accountability; Wang Juntao's historical account of prominent intellectuals who supported aspects of Confucianism and democracy; Chang Yun-shik's discussion of mutual help and democracy in Korea; David Hall and Roger Ames's account of a pragmatic Confucian democracy; and Geir Helgesen's call for an updated Confucian moral education to offset the existential insecurity individuals feel in this era of globalization.
Chinese Marxism. By Adrian Chan. [London and New York: Continuum, 2003. vi+218 pp. £60.00; $125.00. ISBN 0-8264-5033-4.]
Authors: Dirlik Arif
Published: July 2004

At a time when the discussion of Marxism has disappeared from China scholarship almost completely, the publication of a study that takes Chinese Marxism seriously is to be welcomed, especially as the study is by a scholar who holds this Marxism in great esteem. It is also an important historical reminder against the ideological forgetfulness of the present. It is too bad, then, that the study is guided not by a self-reflexiveness that comes with an appreciation of historical complexity and political wisdom, but a self-righteous dogmatism that substitutes tendentious interpretation for careful consideration of evidence. For all Chan's political professions, the study seems to be driven more by academic one-upmanship than by any serious theoretical and historical engagement that might contribute to furthering the political causes of the theory it upholds.

Chan's thesis can be summarized easily. “Sinologists,” beginning with Benjamin Schwartz in the United States, and under his dominating influence, have all missed the point about both Marxism and Chinese Marxism, first by declaring Marxism to be irrelevant to a peasant society such as China, and secondly, by therefore attributing the appeals of Marxism to the mediation of Lenin's interpretation of Marxism and the influence on Chinese radicals of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union. Against these “arguments,” he posits that:
Private Entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam: Social and Political Functioning of Strategic Groups. By Thomas Heberer, translated by Timothy J. Gluckman. [Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003. vii+398 pp. €100.00; $135.00. ISBN 90-04-12857-3.] Originally published as Unternehmer als strategische Gruppen: Zur sozialen und Politischen von Unternehmern in China and Vietnam [Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 2001.]
Authors: Abrami Regina
Published: July 2004

This volume, first published two years ago in Germany, is a welcome addition to the growing number of English language studies on entrepreneurship and private sector development in Vietnam and China. But, whereas other work aims to account for the operation, financing and development of this sector, Heberer's work has a narrower, if no less ambitious mission: to demonstrate that entrepreneurs are on the way “to replace the state as an agency of development and modernization” (p. 1).

For Heberer, this process is an amalgam of various and often contradictory forces that find private entrepreneurs, intentionally or otherwise, driving substantive social and political change. For this reason, Heberer rejects a number of alternative labels that might be used to describe these actors, such as “class,” “interest group,” and “strata.” Instead, he argues that they are best regarded as a “strategic group,” a phrase meant to indicate the power of entrepreneurs not only as collective self-interested actors, but also as symbols of new values and beliefs (p. 69 and p. 341).
China's New Voices: Popular Music, Ethnicity, Gender, and Politics, 1978–1997. By Nimrod Baranovitch. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2003. xiv+332 pp. £16.95; $24.95. ISBN 0-520-23450-2.]
Authors: Harris Rachel
Published: July 2004

An enjoyable overview of the world of pop, rock and politics in Beijing, accessible for students of Chinese culture and popular music studies. This is an area that has been exceptionally well covered in the literature, and Baranovitch's claim to originality lies mainly in his focus on ethnicity and gender. The overview of the development of pop from 1978–97 does a useful job of drawing together the various strands, though most of this is very familiar from the writings of Geremie Barmé, Andrew Jones et al. We begin with the introduction of Gangtai (Hong Kong and Taiwan pop) to the mainland, led by Deng Lijun whose ‘coquettish nasal slides,’ Baranovitch rightly suggests, were more truly subversive in China in 1978 than any of the subsequent rock and punk styles. Baranovitch chronicles the rise of the xibeifeng, the Shaanbei folk-infused rock style, linking it into the xungun roots movement and Tiananmen. An interesting section on qiuge or ‘prison songs,’ popular in 1988, explores somewhat less well-known territory. We follow the rise of the commercial, the karaoke craze and Mao fever, and the co-option of at least some of the rebellious rockers by the state. Baranovitch enthusiastically reveals the significance of music in the political arena, and its ability to prefigure, even shape the political.
Toward Critical Patriotism: Student Resistance to Political Education in Hong Kong and China. By Gregory P. Fairbrother. [Hong Kong University Press, 2003. x+218 pp. £26.95. ISBN 962-209-622-0.]
Authors: Ku Agnes S.
Published: July 2004

Fairbrother's Toward Critical Patriotism is a timely publication in the “Hong Kong Culture and Society” series: political squabbles and conflicts over the idea of patriotism in the context of the national security legislation in Hong Kong are inflamed following the spectacular mass demonstration by 500,000 people on 1 July 2003. As the author points out, patriotism and nationalism are relatively recent historical phenomena in China. In mainland China, Marxist-Leninism became the guiding ideology after 1949. Yet, from the early 1980s, in the face of a legitimacy crisis, the leadership shifted toward patriotism as a unifying and justificatory ideology while professing ultimate objectives in line with Marxist principles. In Hong Kong, civic education had been de-emphasized under the ideology of de-politicization by the colonial government until the handover in the 1990s. The book rejects the typical characterization of Hong Kong students as simply having a weak sense of patriotism and nationalism, and of mainland students as patriotic dupes under the state and presents a more nuanced analysis.
Taxation and Economic Development in Taiwan. By Glenn P. Jenkins, Chun-Yan Kuo and Keh-Nan Sun. [Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research. Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2003. 284 pp. Paperback £10.95, ISBN 0-674-01133-3.; hard cover £20.95, ISBN 0-674-01102-3.]
Authors: Chen I-Ru
Published: July 2004

This book analyses the evolution of the tax system and economic development in Taiwan over four decades, and argues that three crucial factors – prudent public sector expenditure, an effective revenue system and a set of export-oriented trade policies – contributed to the achievement of macroeconomic stability and growth in Taiwan from 1955 to 1995. It is divided into seven broad themes: evolution of the tax system; various stages of Taiwan's economic development; assessment of tax incentive policies in relation to investment, savings and economic growth; the evolution of Taiwan's trade policies; the correlation between tax policies and other macroeconomic variables; innovation and pragmatism in the inland tax administration; and the management of transaction costs with respect to the trade administration.

The authors argue that like many other countries, Taiwan experienced hyperinflation and fiscal crisis after the Second World War. In order to solve the difficulties, instead of relying on foreign borrowing or using domestic private savings to finance itself, the Taiwanese government effectively limited public spending, which not only pushed inflation rates down but also created a stable macroeconomic environment. In addition, the operation of the tax system played a significant role in promoting economic development. For instance, instead of emphasizing the importance of income tax as a main tool for raising revenues, the government introduced state-run monopolies in alcoholic beverages and tobacco in 1950 and enforced the value-added tax system in 1986, providing a solid foundation for the revenue system. The authors find trade and macroeconomic policies, rather than income tax policies or subsidized finance measures, to be the main determinants in successful industrialization. On this basis, the authors conclude that the trade policies and tax administrative systems in Taiwan have been pragmatic and innovative, resulting in lower compliance costs and improved effectiveness and thereby making a direct contribution to the country's rate of economic growth.
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945. By Hans J. van de Ven. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. xii+377 pp. £70.00. ISBN 0-415-14571-6.]
Authors: Lary Diana
Published: July 2004

This book may seem to be two books in one. In the first, we are given a cogent, superbly researched description of the creation of the Nationalist Army, of its later history in the reunification of China (1926–1937) and then of its fate during the War of Resistance (1937–1945). In the second book, a European scholar undermines one of the icons of the US presence in China, Joseph Stilwell, the salty, profane commander of US forces in China during the War, whose scathing denunciations of Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists set the stage for holding Chiang's incompetence and Nationalist corruption responsible for the Communist victory in China.

At first glance the second story might seem a sidebar to the larger topic of the book – war and nationalism in China. But it turns out to be integral to Western academic understanding of modern China. Views of the War of Resistance were so conditioned by Stilwell and his protagonists (what van de Ven calls the Stilwell–White paradigm, referring to Theodore White whose writings made Stilwell a hero) to accept that the Nationalists were the authors of their own downfall that there has been no room for an examination of where the Nationalists were seriously weakened – on the battlefields fighting the Japanese invaders.
Questions of Style: Literary Societies and Literary Journals in Modern China, 1911–1937. By Michel Hockx. [Leiden: Brill, 2003. 310 pp. $79.00; €63.00. ISBN 90-04-12915-4.]
Authors: Wang David Der-wei
Published: July 2004

This book aims to analyse the rise of modern Chinese literature from the perspective of cultural production. With selected literary communities and publications from the 1910s to the 1930s as points of reference, the book argues that the emergence of Chinese “new literature” hinged not so much on avant-garde thoughts and texts as on a re-configuration of contextual, and sometimes conventional, “relations.” Whereas the extant paradigm sees the literary field from the May Fourth period to the eve of the second Sino-Japanese War as one characterized by gestures such as individualism and iconoclasm, Hockx points to the fact that this field was no less marked by a call for communal solidarity, and a reinstatement of the traditions thought to have been overthrown.

Hockx's case in point is the paradoxical situation that, their searches for selfhood notwithstanding, among modern Chinese writers and literati it has been fashionable to join societies or cliques, as if only group bonding could support personal confidence. In so doing they unwittingly maintained forms of social gathering characteristic of premodern Chinese literature. Meanwhile, these new literary groups capitalized on the modern medium of literary journal, through which they were able to solidify their textual and contextual relationships, and cultivate their “styles.”
Lily Briscoe's Chinese Eyes: Bloomsbury, Modernism and China. By Patricia Laurence. [Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. 488 pp. £45.95. ISBN 1-57003-505-9.]
Authors: Hong Jeesoon
Published: July 2004

This book project began in 1991 when Patricia Laurence, a scholar of Virginia Woolf, encountered a collection of unpublished letters and papers belonging to some members of the Bloomsbury Group and to Ling Shuhua, a renowned modern Chinese woman writer. Although some scholars have read and responded to the materials Laurence used in this book, her expansive coverage, freely traversing the boundaries of time, nation and artistic genres, is exceptional.

The work deals mainly with the intercultural communications between Chinese and British intellectuals in the first half of the 20th century, particularly those between the modernist literary ‘communities’ of the Crescent Moon Group and Bloomsbury. The work is the outcome of the author's dedicated research on the subject over ten years, ever since her discovery of the letters, which motivated her to learn the Chinese language and to attend lectures and seminars in modern Chinese literature.
The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. Edited by Victor Mair. [New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 1,342+xxiv pp. $75.00; £52.50. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.]
Authors: Fuehrer Bernhard
Published: July 2004

Following his Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (1994) and the Shorter Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (2000), the Columbia History of Chinese Literature intends to complement these two widely used readers. Edited by Victor H. Mair, the 55 chapters of this single-volume history of Chinese literature are chronologically arranged with thematic chapters interspersed. Indeed, a closer look at the chapters reveals that the book at hand follows the traditional dictum of wen shi zhe bu fenjia, i.e. that literature, history and philosophy should not be separated but regarded as one field of studies. Hence the scope of this history goes far beyond the scope of what is traditionally subsumed under the heading of literature. In addition to the topics (all genres and periods of poetry, prose, fiction, and drama) that one expects in a book of this sort, wit and humour, proverbs and rhetoric, historical and philosophical writings, classical exegesis, literary theory and criticism, traditional fiction commentary, as well as popular culture, the impact of religion upon literature, the role of women, and the relationship with non-Chinese languages and peoples (ethnic minorities, Korea, Japan, Vietnam) feature as topics of individual chapters.

Most of the chapters are written by leading specialists in those areas and are highly informative as well as concisely presented. Moreover, a number of chapters are thought-provoking enough to inspire questions that may lead towards a more focused research on hitherto neglected or less well-documented topics. In this sense, The Columbia History of Chinese Literature may also be perceived as a potential major impetus for further developments in the study of pre-modern and modern Chinese literature and related fields. Since the volume aims at bringing the riches of China's literary tradition into focus for a general readership, the majority of chapters can probably be best described as outlines of specific developments that should encourage readers to consult more specialized publications.
Shigella serotypes among hospitalized patients in urban Bangladesh and their antimicrobial resistance
Authors: KHAN A. I. , HUQ S. , MALEK M. A. , HOSSAIN M. I. , TALUKDER K. A. , FARUQUE A. S. G. , SALAM M. A. , SACK D. A.
Published: July 2004

We studied the isolation of Shigella spp., and their antimicrobial resistance. S. flexneri (54%) was most frequently isolated, followed by S. dysenteriae (20%), S. boydii (16%) and S. sonnei (10%). Among S. flexneri (n=122), 29 (24%) were 2a, and 23 (19%) were 2b. None of the Shigella strains were resistant to mecillinam or ciprofloxacin. Resistance to nalidixic acid was most frequent among S. dysenteriae type 1 (100%) followed by S. flexneri 2a (69%), and S. flexneri 2b (52%). Systematic monitoring is needed to identify most prevalent serotypes, and to detect changes in the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern.
Group B rotaviruses similar to strain CAL-1, have been circulating in Western India since 1993
Authors: KELKAR S. D. , ZADE J. K.
Published: July 2004

Generally, group A rotaviruses are the most common cause of paediatric diarrhoea. However, group B rotavirus, adult diarrhoea rotavirus (ADRV), was found to be involved in epidemics of severe gastroenteritis in several areas of China during 1982–1983 and had resulted in more than one million cases among adults as well as older children. Human group B rotavirus has been rarely reported outside China, but has been detected first from five adults with diarrhoea in Kolkata, India during 1997–1998 (strain CAL-1). During epidemiological studies at the National Institute of Virology (NIV) on hospitalized diarrhoea patients at Pune, India, faecal specimens from patients of >5 years age, which were negative for group A rotavirus by ELISA were tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). We detected rotavirus RNA migration patterns similar to that of group B rotavirus in three faecal specimens from adults, two from the specimens collected in 1993 and one in 1998 from sporadic diarrhoea cases. RT–PCR was carried out using primers derived from gene 8 which codes for the NS2 protein, followed by nested PCR, which confirmed the presence of group B rotavirus in all three specimens. The sequences of the PCR products of NIV specimens were compared with that of CAL-1, ADRV and IDIR (infectious diarrhoea of infant rat) belonging to group B rotaviruses. The sequence analysis of the PCR products showed the highest identity with CAL-1, which was reported from Kolkata, India during 1997–1998. The finding suggests that human group B rotaviruses have been circulating in Pune, India, since 1993. This emerging virus may lead to more severe disease among adults in India. There is a need for surveillance of group B rotavirus infections, especially in adult diarrhoea cases and seroepidemiological studies on group B rotavirus are required among humans and animals of Western Maharashtra, India.
SARS preventive and risk behaviours of Hong Kong air travellers
Authors: LAU JOSEPH T. F. , YANG XILIN , TSUI HIYI , PANG ELLIE , KIM JEAN H.
Published: July 2004

This study aims to investigate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-related behaviours of travellers returning to Hong Kong by air. A total of 820 travellers returning to Hong Kong by air were interviewed about their SARS-related behaviours in April 2003. Three quarters of the respondents wore a mask most/all of the time on board, 15% did so in public places at the travel destination. Perceived susceptibility to SARS at the destination predicted mask-wearing in public places and avoidance of crowded places, and perceived efficacy was a predictor for mask-wearing during flight. Approximately 16% of the respondents stated that they would delay their medical consultation for flu-like symptoms until returning to Hong Kong. Nearly 18·2% stated that they would not wear a mask in public places at the destination if they had flu-like symptoms. Education programmes, special services and effective thermal screening are required to minimize the chance of the spread of SARS by air travellers.
Wading pool water contaminated with both noroviruses and astroviruses as the source of a gastroenteritis outbreak
Authors: MAUNULA L. , KALSO S. , VON BONSDORFF C.-H. , PÖNKÄ A.
Published: July 2004

In July 2001, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in Helsinki among children and adults after bathing in an outdoor wading pool. The epidemiological survey revealed that at least 242 persons were affected. Microbiological testing of both patient stool samples and of the pool water revealed the presence of two different gastroenteritis viruses: a norovirus (NV) and an astrovirus. Amplicon sequencing of the NV samples showed nucleotide sequence identity between the virus from patients and the water. After changing the pool water and the sand at the bottom of the pool followed by shock chlorination, no virus could be detected in the water. However, NV was continuously detected in the water outlet well as much as 8 months after the incident. Here we show how molecular methods aided in tracing the source of the epidemic and in finding the causative pathogens both in patients and in the environment.
Surveillance of childhood diarrhoeal disease in Hong Kong, using standardized hospital discharge data
Authors: NELSON E. A. S. , TAM J. S. , YU L. M. , GLASS R. I. , PARASHAR U. D. , FOK T. F.
Published: July 2004

Discharge information for all Hong Kong government hospitals, which is routinely collected through the Clinical Management System (CMS), was used to assess the relative importance of all causes of diarrhoeal illness and to address the issue of under-diagnosis of rotavirus by linking discharge diagnostic codes with actual laboratory results for one hospital. Of all children less than 5 years of age hospitalized in Hong Kong in the 2-year period July 1997 to June 1999, 12257 (11%) were discharged with a primary diarrhoea diagnosis (74% coded as non-specified, 10·4% as rotavirus, 11% as Salmonella and 5% as other viral or bacterial). Linked laboratory and discharge data for one hospital demonstrated that 15% (n=1522) of all admissions had a primary diarrhoea diagnosis and that 40% of these had a specimen sent for rotavirus testing, of which 37% were positive. However, 46% (67/145) of children with a diagnosis of rotavirus infection had no virology result, and 69% (172/248) of positive rotavirus results were in children with no diagnosis indicating rotavirus infection. Modification of the CMS to routinely combine existing computerized laboratory data with the CMS discharge diagnoses and to develop mechanisms to enhance reliability of discharge diagnosis coding could produce a powerful resource for disease surveillance, auditing and for monitoring the impact of future vaccination and other prevention programmes.
Biological characterization of Aeromonas spp. isolated from the environment
Authors: RAHIM Z. , KHAN S. I. , CHOPRA A. K.
Published: July 2004

Cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) is a key virulence factor in the pathogenesis of infections caused by Aeromonas spp. The cytotoxic enterotoxin gene (act) was detected in 32 out of 69 environmental isolates of Aeromonas spp. by hybridization with the act gene probe. To evaluate the pathogenic potential of the act gene probe-positive isolates, 32 act gene probe-positive and 31 randomly selected act gene probe-negative isolates were tested for enterotoxicity in a suckling mice assay (SMA), for haemolytic activity on sheep blood agar plates, for the presence of CAMP-like factors, and for cytotoxicity in a Vero cell line. The act gene probe-positive isolates significantly differed from the toxin gene probe-negative ones with respect to enterotoxicity in the SMA (P=0·009) and haemolytic activity (P=0·005). The CAMP–haemolysin phenotype was significantly associated with the rabbit ileal loop assay (P=0·08), Vero cell assay (P=0·064), and haemolysin production under the microaerophilic conditions (P=0·056) of the act gene probe-positive isolates of Aeromonas spp. These data indicated the role of Act in the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections and that the enterotoxic potential of Aeromonas spp. could be assessed by simply performing a CAMP–haemolysin assay.
Re-emergence of meningococcal disease in Taiwan: circulation of domestic clones of Neisseria meningitidis in the 2001 outbreak
Authors: HSUEH P.-R. , TENG L.-J. , LIN T.-Y. , CHEN K.-T. , HSU H.-M. , TWU S.-J. , HO S.-W. , LUH K.-T.
Published: July 2004

The annual incidence of meningococcal disease (meningitis and septicaemia) in Taiwan was 0·94/105 population in 1953. It then declined to below 0·001 from 1980 to 1987, and re-emerged in 2000 with a rate of 0·07/105 population. In 2001 there was a further increase in incidence (43 cases, 0·19/105). Of 43 isolates of Neisseria meningitidis available for this study, including 41 from patients treated in 2001, three (7·0%) were penicillin insensitive (MIC [ges ]0·12 μg/ml), though all were β-lactamase negative; 16 (37·2%) were resistant to trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole sulphamethoxazole (MIC [ges ]4/76 μg/ml). Serogrouping and genotype analysis revealed nine domestic clones. None of the 43 patients had any relationship (travel or contact history) with the 2000 or 2001 Hajj pilgrimage. Epidemiological information and typing results suggested wide dissemination of a limited number of domestic clones of N. meningitidis, manifesting as serogroups W-135, B and Y. Two clones of serogroup W-135 involved in the outbreak were genetically distinct from the 2000 or 2001 Hajj-related W-135 clone.
HIV-1 subtype in Scotland: the establishment of a national surveillance system
Authors: YIRRELL D. L. , SHAW L. , BURNS S. M. , CAMERON S. O. , QUIGG M. , CAMPBELL E. , GOLDBERG D.
Published: July 2004

Historically, subtype B viruses in men who have sex with men (MSM) and injecting drug users (IDU) dominated the HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom, whereas non-B heterosexual infections dominate globally. Heterosexual contact is now the most common route of transmission in the United Kingdom. Here we monitor HIV subtype in Scotland, and link it to origin of infection. HIV-1 sequence was generated from new diagnoses and the subtype thus obtained linked with demographic data. Virus was subtyped from 80% (137/171) of all new diagnoses in Scotland. Of 58 individuals infected by heterosexual contact, 74% (43) harboured non-B viruses, contrasting with 7% (5/68) of those infected by IDU or MSM. Eighty-four per cent of non-Bs (46/55) were probably acquired outside the United Kingdom, but nine individuals probably acquired their non-B infection in the United Kingdom. Non-B subtypes of HIV-1 predominate in recently diagnosed, heterosexually acquired infections in Scotland and are present in all risk groups, even those with no exposure outside the United Kingdom.
Epidemiological features of a newly described serotype of Shigella boydii
Authors: KALLURI P. , CUMMINGS K. C. , ABBOTT S. , MALCOLM G. B. , HUTCHESON K. , BEALL A. , JOYCE K. , POLYAK C. , WOODWARD D. , CALDEIRA R. , RODGERS F. , MINTZ E. D. , STROCKBINE N.
Published: July 2004

We report the clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological features of an emerging serotype, Shigella boydii 20. We interviewed patients about symptoms, and history of travel and visitors during the week before illness onset. Seventy-five per cent of the 56 patients were Hispanic. During the week before illness onset, 18 (32%) travelled abroad; 17 (94%) had visited Mexico. Eight (21%) out of 38 who had not travelled had foreign visitors. There were eight closely related patterns by PFGE with XbaI. S. boydii 20 may be related to travel to Mexico and Hispanic ethnicity. Prompt epidemiological investigation of clusters of S. boydii 20 infection may help identify specific vehicles and risk factors for infection.
Human campylobacteriosis in Scotland: seasonality, regional trends and bursts of infection
Authors: MILLER G. , DUNN G. M. , SMITH-PALMER A. , OGDEN I. D. , STRACHAN N. J. C.
Published: July 2004

Fourier time-series models were constructed to study regional and national seasonality of human campylobacteriosis in Scotland between 1997 and 2001. Strong seasonality was demonstrated with an annual peak of reported cases in late June to early July. The prominence of this peak varied between regions, which was exemplified for the two major population centres: Lothian, with mixed urban/rural population, had a more prominent peak than Greater Glasgow, which has a predominantly urban population. No significant trend of annual cases of campylobacteriosis was found nationally and Fourier models successfully predicted the seasonal pattern of national and regional cases in 2002. During the period studied, the Fourier model identified >20 bursts of infection (potential outbreaks). Multi-regional bursts were also identified in the summers of 1998 and 2000 – the latter comprising the vast majority of the regions in Scotland, which could suggest a national outbreak.
Drug susceptibility and its genetic basis in epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 in Vietnam
Authors: EHARA M. , NGUYEN B. M. , NGUYEN D. T. , TOMA C. , HIGA N. , IWANAGA M.
Published: July 2004

The drug susceptibility and genes responsible for the drug resistance of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated in Vietnam in 1995, 2000 and 2002 were studied. The strains isolated in 1995 were resistant to streptomycin and harboured the class I integron which contained the aadA1 gene responsible for streptomycin resistance. The strains isolated in 2000 were devoid of a class I integron but were multiple-drug resistant and harboured SXT constin, with several drug-resistant genes. The genes responsible for streptomycin resistance were strA and strB. The strains isolated in 2002 were sensitive to all drugs examined, and the organisms were devoid of both class I integron and SXT constin. Cholera outbreaks in the three periods examined (1995, 2000 and 2002) were apparently due to different categories of V. cholerae O1.
Analyse des discours politiques des élections législatives de juin 2002: Linguistique et accommodation
Authors: VIOLIN-WIGENT ANNE
Published: July 2004

Certains éléments linguistiques sont analysés dans les discours de cinq partis en course pour les élections législatives de juin 2002. Ils montrent l'existence d'un continuum linguistique: d'un côté, la droite utilise un langage formel; à l'autre extrême, les petits partis de gauche utilisent davantage les tournures caractéristiques de l'oral. Entre ces deux pôles, le parti socialiste utilise des éléments oraux mêlés à un langage formel. Ce continuum reflète l'accommodation des candidats envers l'électorat: la formalité de la langue fait appel aux électeurs traditionnels et éduqués alors que les formes familières attirent les électeurs des classes plus populaires.
Le français dans la Communauté Wallonie-Bruxelles. Une variété en voie d'autonomisation?
Authors: HAMBYE PHILIPPE , FRANCARD MICHEL
Published: July 2004

La présente étude examine la question du degré d'autonomisation de la variété de français en usage dans la Communauté Wallonie-Bruxelles par rapport au français standard. Nous proposons d'abord une revue critique des réponses apportées par certains auteurs à cette question, qui souligne des carences méthodologiques récurrentes dans de nombreux travaux. Les éléments de réponse basés sur l'étude des représentations des locuteurs sont également pris en considération. Nous montrons ensuite comment les enquêtes menées actuellement par le centre de recherche VALIBEL tentent de dépasser les limites des recherches antérieures et nous conduisent à réévaluer l'importance de la variation diatopique du français en Belgique.
QUR'A¯N AND THE VEIL: CONTEXTS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF THE REVELATION
Authors: Goto Emi
Published: July 2004

Though veiling by Muslim women has been discussed from many angles and with various methodologies, the very basis of the discussion – the relationship between the Qur'a¯n and the veil – still remains unclear. This paper returns to this basis, focusing on three relevant passages from the Qur'a¯n (33:59, 33:53, 24:31). An analysis of the first two of these passages in association with a number of prophetic traditions [hadi¯th] shows clearly that one of the main purposes of veiling in early Islamic society was to distinguish, and secure the safety or status of, privileged women. Problematic is Verse 24:31, which contains another reason for veiling in Islam: to cover women's beauty. Because of the ambiguity of the words contained in this passage, and the absence of any solid hadi¯th concerning it, ample room for interpretation was provided for later religious authorities. The extent of covering changed over time and so did the grounds for argument. By following major exegetic texts [tafsi¯r] on this verse from the ninth to the fourteenth centuries, this paper shows the relationship between the Qur'a¯n, hadi¯th, tafsi¯r, and the veil.
A two‐dimensional Alfvén wave–driven solar wind model with proton temperature anisotropy
Authors: Li Bo , Li Xing , Hu You‐Qiu , Habbal Shadia R.
Published: July 2004

We present the first two‐dimensional (2‐D) Alfvén wave turbulence–driven solar wind model which takes the proton temperature anisotropy into account. While the modeled proton temperature anisotropy in the fast solar wind is established in the inner corona and yields Tp∥/Tp⊥ = 0.57 at 1 AU, which is comparable to measured values, Tp∥ and Tp⊥ are only about half the observed values. In the slow wind, on the other hand, the modeled values for Tp∥ and Tp⊥ as well as their ratio are close to those measured in interplanetary space. Curiously, the dip in the velocity that develops near the cusp at the top of the helmet streamer reduces the effect of transverse expansion and leads to a realistic electron temperature in the slow wind at 1 AU, although no explicit external heating is applied to electrons. Comparison with models with and without proton temperature anisotropy shows that by allowing the proton temperature anisotropy to develop, the average proton temperature is lower than the isotropic case primarily because of the cooling in the direction parallel to the magnetic field. These results imply that ion cyclotron resonance models with isotropic proton temperature are somewhat optimistic in assessing the role of Alfvén wave turbulence in driving the fast solar wind. Inclusion of the temperature anisotropy of protons and proton thermal conduction are necessary for any physically realistic model.
Crustal deformation in Taiwan: Results from finite source inversions of six Mw > 5.8 Chi‐Chi aftershocks
Authors: Chi Wu‐Cheng , Dreger Doug
Published: July 2004

We inverted strong motion data for the finite source parameters of six large aftershocks of the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake to investigate seismogenic structure in Taiwan. For each event we derived a preferred model by testing different focal mechanisms, hypocenters, rupture velocities, and dislocation risetimes, as well as different combinations of stations in more than 1000 inversions. We documented how the fits between the waveforms and the corresponding synthetics deteriorated as the hypocenter and focal mechanism deviate from those of the preferred model. If the deviation in focal mechanisms and hypocenters is less than 20° and 5 km, respectively, we generally recovered 80% of the preferred model's synthetic waveform fit. Unlike the dislocation risetime, the rupture velocity used in the inversion had a strong influence on the waveform fits in this study. We also used the slip models to study fault geometry. Two of the aftershocks ruptured on the southern extension of the main shock slip area. One strike‐slip aftershock nucleated within the basement but ruptured mainly within the overlying sedimentary strata, suggesting that seismogenic deformation in the basement can influence shallow structures. P axes of the derived models have azimuths consistent with current plate motion. Finally, GPS displacement derived from the six slip models can explain 80% of the postseismic deformation observed in the aftershock regions, indicating that studies of postseismic deformation must take into account the cumulative effects of large, shallow aftershocks.
An improved comparison of Chinese loess with deep‐sea δ18O record over the interval 1.6–2.6 Ma
Authors: Sun Youbin , An Zhisheng
Published: July 2004

Based on a refined orbital timescale for the lower portion of Pleistocene loess‐paleosol sequence at Lingtai section, we present an improved comparison of Chinese loess with deep‐sea δ18O record over the interval 1.6–2.6 Ma. Unlike previous land‐ocean comparison, our result suggests that each paleosol unit from S25 to S32 is approximately including two interglacial oxygen isotope stages. The rationality of our revised comparison is supported by the well‐constrained ages of geomagnetic reversal boundaries in Chinese loess, and the almost cycle‐to‐cycle correlation between the grain size and deep‐sea δ18O record. Spectral analyses demonstrate that variations of the magnetic susceptibility and grain size in the interval 1.6–2.6 Ma were dominated by a prominent 410‐ka periodicity, implying a possible response of the East Asian monsoon evolution to orbital eccentricity forcing.
Large gas hydrate accumulations on the eastern Nankai Trough inferred from new high‐resolution 2‐D seismic data
Authors: Nouzé H. , Henry P. , Noble M. , Martin V. , Pascal G.
Published: July 2004

Previous studies have revealed the presence of a widespread Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) on the eastern Nankai slope, as well as the occurrence of enigmatic high amplitude reflections that extend well above the BSR. New high‐resolution 2‐D seismic data were collected on the eastern Nankai slope, during the French‐Japanese SFJ cruise in year 2000 and AVA analyses of the enigmatic reflectors are conducted. At the studied location, these analyses suggest that high amplitude anomalies above the BSR delineate the top of gas hydrate rich sediments. Several tens % of the sediment porosity would be filled with gas hydrates between the BSR and a sharp boundary 30 to 60 m above. To account for these observations, we propose that an invasion by free gas of the present day gas hydrate stability zone occurred in the past. Several mechanisms for this intrusion are discussed.
Crustal structure of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Stretching and igneous intrusion
Authors: Harrison A. J. , White R. S.
Published: July 2004

Seismic data from both explosive and earthquake sources have been used to constrain the crustal and upper mantle velocity structure beneath the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), a back‐arc basin in North Island, New Zealand. A thin (16 km) quartzo‐feldspathic crust is underlain to ∼30 km depth by material with P‐wave velocities 6.9–7.3 km/s, interpreted as heavily intruded or underplated lower crust. Low seismic velocities of 7.4–7.8 km/s are present in the underlying mantle wedge to at least 100 km depth, which we attribute to the presence of volatiles from dehydration of the subducting Pacific plate. A region of high (0.34) Poisson's ratio is found in the lower crust beneath the TVZ, consistent with the presence of partial melt. This melt fractionates and assimilates crustal material before migrating into the upper crust, where it provides a source for the voluminous rhyolitic magmas of the TVZ.
The North Pacific Oscillation–ENSO and internal atmospheric variability
Authors: Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: July 2004

The relationship between the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is reexamined using three runs of a coupled general circulation model. The difference in the three simulations is only in the amplitude of internal atmospheric variability felt by the ocean component at the air‐sea interface. In observations and a standard coupled model (one AGCM coupled to a single OGCM), the NPO and ENSO may be explained by correlated white noise time series or by two independent red noise time series processes. However, there is the possibility the influence of ENSO could be felt depending on the amplitude of the noise in the North Pacific. When the amplitude of the atmospheric noise is reduced, stronger ENSO variability goes with a stronger ENSO‐NPO correlation. The analysis suggests that local North Pacific internal atmospheric dynamics overwhelms the remote influence from ENSO in the coupled model.
Entrainment in bottom gravity currents over complex topography from three‐dimensional nonhydrostatic simulations
Authors: Özgökmen Tamay M. , Fischer Paul F. , Duan Jinqiao , Iliescu Traian
Published: July 2004

By recognizing that oceanic overflows follow the seafloor morphology, which shows a self‐similar structure at spatial scales ranging from 100 km to 1 m, the impact of topographic bumps on entrainment in gravity currents is investigated using a 3D nonhydrostatic spectral element model. It is found that a bumpy surface can lead to a significant enhancement of entrainment compared to a smooth surface. The change in entrainment is parameterized as a function of statistical estimates of the amplitude and wavenumber parameters of bumps with respect to the background slope.
ENSO effect on the sea surface wind and sea surface temperature in the Taiwan Strait
Authors: Kuo Nan‐Jung , Ho Chung‐Ru
Published: July 2004

The ERS scatterometer and NOAA/AVHRR data during 1996/4–2000/12 are used to examine the variations of the sea surface wind and sea surface temperature (SST) in the Taiwan Strait (TS) through Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. It is found that the sea surface wind in the TS is southwesterly in summer but northeasterly in the other seasons. Meanwhile, the sea surface wind was much weaker during the whole 1997/1998 El Niño year than the 1998/1999 La Niña year. The SST in the TS is colder in the northwestern part and warmer around the southeastern region. In the 1997/1998 El Niño year, it was colder in summer but warmer in winter comparing with the 1998/1999 La Niña year. It is suggested that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events can affect the wind patterns in the TS, and therefore modulate the sea surface currents to result in the SST change in interannual scale.
Multiyear aerosol observations with dual‐wavelength Raman lidar in the framework of EARLINET
Authors: Mattis Ina , Ansmann Albert , Müller Detlef , Wandinger Ulla , Althausen Dietrich
Published: July 2004

For the first time, a Raman lidar operating simultaneously in the ultraviolet (UV) and in the visible wavelength range was employed to measure vertical profiles of volume extinction coefficients of particles at 355 and 532 nm, the respective Ångström exponent, and the 355–nm and 532–nm extinction–to–backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) on a routine basis for several years. The long–term observations were performed at Leipzig (52°N, 12°E), Germany, in the framework of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) project from May 2000 to March 2003. The lidar data were acquired under nighttime conditions. The main findings describe the mean optical properties of central European haze (anthropogenic particles) and can be summarized as follows. The 3‐year mean, planetary boundary layer (PBL) extinction coefficients were 191 Mm−1 at 355 nm and 94 Mm−1 at 532 nm. The respective mean Ångström exponent (for the 355–532–nm wavelength range) was 1.4 in the upper PBL (above 1000 m). The PBL stretched, on average, to heights of 1300 m (winter) and 2350 m (summer). PBL mean particle optical depths were 0.38 (355 nm, ±0.23 standard deviation) and 0.18 (532 nm, ±0.11 standard deviation). Free tropospheric particles contributed 2% (clean free troposphere) to 88% (major Saharan dust events) to the tropospheric optical depth. The average was 17% (355 nm) and 22% (532 nm) in 2000–2003. Ångström exponents in the free troposphere of about one reflect the dominant influence of Saharan dust and aged smoke on the optical properties in this height range. Three‐year mean lidar ratios of 58 sr (355 nm) and 53 sr (532 nm) were found in the upper part of the PBL. Free tropospheric lidar ratios were on average 52 sr (355 nm) and 53 sr (532 nm). From combined observations with the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer and the EARLINET lidar, extinction–to–backscatter ratios at 1064 nm were estimated to be, on average, 45 sr. A comparison with optical measurements made at the Leipzig University from 1990 to 1994 indicates that the PBL extinction coefficient at 532 nm decreased by a factor of about 2 (summer half year) to almost 5 (winter season) since the unification of Germany (1990), mainly caused by the industrial breakdown in eastern Germany in the early 1990s.
Driving mechanism of tectonic activity in the northern Apennines: Quantitative insights from numerical modeling
Authors: Viti Marcello , De Luca Johnny , Babbucci Daniele , Mantovani Enzo , Albarello Dario , D'Onza Francesca
Published: July 2004

It is shown, by numerical modeling, that the recent deformation pattern observed in the northern Apennines, mainly characterized by progressive eastward migration and bowing of the belt, thrusting activity along its external front, and tensional tectonics in the internal area, can be reproduced, at a first approximation, by applying a belt‐parallel (SE‐NW) compression to the chain, which is simulated as a structural system characterized by a high mechanical strength and decoupled from the surrounding zones. The above compressional regime, obtained by imposing kinematic boundary conditions to the model, causes the outward escape of crustal wedges from the chain, in particular the northeastward displacement of the Romagna‐Marche‐Umbria Units and the counterclockwise rotation and northwestward displacement of the Ligurian Units. This kinematics produces compressional to transcompressional strain along the external front of the chain and tensional to transtensional strain in the internal area, in line with the observed features that concern both strain style and orientation of principal strains. Evidence and arguments supporting the kinematic boundary conditions and the model parameterization adopted in modeling are discussed. Numerical experiments have also been carried out to evaluate the influence of major features of the model parameterization and boundary conditions we have adopted in modeling and to provide insights into the possible influence of strong decoupling earthquakes in the central Apennines on tectonic and seismic activity in the northern Apennines.