bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do We Really Need Collective Social Process to Understand Why Crime Occurs and Offenders Commit Crime?
Authors: Groff Elizabeth R.
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the potential role of social process in contributing to our understanding of why crime occurs where it does. It focuses on the role of social process in explaining crime that occurs at microplaces; in “small-scale social systems whose components include people and inanimate objects” known as behavior settings. Behavior settings emphasize the situational and dynamic nature of interactions between the social and physical environment of the microplace as situated within a particular context. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to social process and its operation at microplaces. It then identifies instances where the inclusion of social process enhances current environmental criminology. It concludes by discussing some of the challenges to the measurement of social process-related mechanisms hypothesized to affect crime events and suggesting a way forward.
The Importance of High Offender Neighborhoods within Environmental Criminology
Authors: Bottoms Anthony
Published: February 2018

This chapter argues that the study of the geographical distribution of crimes is significantly enriched when it takes into account the location of offender residences, especially high offender-rate neighborhoods. It first explains why the study of high offender neighborhoods is vital to the study of the criminology of place, both in explanatory terms and as regards implications for crime prevention. It then shows that high offender neighborhoods are not all the same, and that the single concept of social disorganization is not adequate to explain these differences. The conclusion summarizes the argument and considers its implications for the important question of the optimum units of analysis in the study of environmental criminology.
Evaluating Theories of Environmental Criminology
Authors: Cullen Francis T. , Kulig Teresa C.
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of environmental criminology. Environmental criminology’s strengths include the shift in the focus from criminals to conventional people, thus enriching understanding of crime events and their prevention; challenging the view that some sort of “evil” condition generated the evil of crime; rejecting the root causes approach to crime, instead showing the benefits of a situational perspective; and rejecting the “nothing works” professional ideology of criminology in favor of practical solutions to reducing crime. The weaknesses of environmental criminology include neglecting the study of “motivated offenders,” treating them as a given in the crime event; reliance on the concept of “informal social control,” which is often ill-defined and its components left unspecified; and neglecting the role of inequality in the broader social environment.
Research on Neighborhoods in European Cities
Authors: Pauwels Lieven J. R. , Bruinsma Gerben J.N. , Weerman Frank M. , Hardyns Wim , Bernasco Wim
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides an overview of European neighborhood studies of crime, victimization, and delinquency that were explicitly guided or inspired by social disorganization theory. Although the origin of social disorganization theory lies in the United States with a long-lasting tradition in urban research, considerable attention has also been given to this perspective in Europe, as well as in other parts of the world. In Europe, a long research tradition of studies on the effects of city or neighborhood characteristics on crime-related outcomes existed before the social disorganization perspective emerged in the United States. Recently, several studies have been conducted in European cities that report findings that differ from those usually found in an American context. Therefore, knowledge about these European studies is paramount for our insights on the role of the neighborhood in crime and criminal behavior.
“Subjectivity Must Be Defended”
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: February 2018

In Otherwise Than Being, Levinas offered a new account of subjectivity, and in order to present it, he introduced a number of new terms into his lexicon: “vulnerability,” “substitution,” “intrigue,” and “proximity.” This chapter explores the work done by each of these terms. By contrasting the accounts of pain, enjoyment, and hospitality in Totality and Infinity and Otherwise Than Being, it becomes possible to clarify the continuities and discontinuities in his work. The chapter also draws on Levinas’s remarkably fluid account of the duality of the me and the self that was developed in Existence and Existents to show that in order to think it, he had to think otherwise, employing what could be called “an entangled thinking.”
Levinas and the Face of the Other
Authors: Perpich Diane
Published: February 2018

Tracing the genesis of the notion of the face in a series of early writings published between 1947 and 1954, this essay shows that this notion does not develop in a linear fashion but through several distinct lines of argument that are then welded or woven together without being completely unified. Although this braided structure makes the notion of the face an exceptionally powerful and flexible tool in Levinas’s philosophical repertoire, it is also what makes the notion unsuitable for the work that many readers want and expect it to do, namely, to provide a grounding for ethics in the usual sense.
The State and Global Health
Authors: Schrecker Ted
Published: February 2018

Although global health researchers and practitioners routinely interact with state agencies, the research literature contains little theorizing or critical reflection on the role of the state. This chapter addresses this neglect on two dimensions: states’ policies within their borders and states’ involvement with global health politics and other areas of international interaction that influence health. Examples are drawn from both rich and poor countries. The chapter concludes by examining three lines of argument related to the declining relevance of the nation-state, organized around pressures for economic policy convergence; the proliferation of non-state actors in global health; and the emergence of a nascent transnational state. While each has merit, each likewise risks overstating the case for a ‘post-Westphalian’ global order.
Towards a Critical Political Economy of Global Health
Authors: Schrecker Ted
Published: February 2018

This chapter begins with a conception of political economy that foregrounds unequal distributions of power and resources and the role of transnational actors and processes. Two specific case examples are described in some detail: (1) the structural adjustment conditionalities demanded by the international financial institutions roughly post-1980 and their impacts on health systems and social determinants of health and (2) the connections between trade and investment liberalization and health outcomes, with a focus on harmonization of intellectual property protection regimes, on food systems, and generically of the incorporation of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanisms in many bilateral and regional agreements. The chapter concludes by identifying two directions for future inquiry: the erosion of familiar distinctions between global North and South and the normative implications of the proliferation of cross border influences on health.
Nonmarital and Teen Fertility
Authors: Fletcher Jason M. , Polos Jessica
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores trends, causes, and consequences of nonmarital and teen fertility in the United States and in selected European countries. First, the chapter describes some key factors, including changes in economic institutions and family planning technologies, that likely contribute to the large changes in patterns of marriage and fertility observed in developed countries in recent decades. Second, it indicates that substantial empirical hurdles to credibly estimating the impacts of nonmarital and teen fertility on adults’ and children’s outcomes remain, though recent evidence suggests more modest impacts than early evidence. Finally, it explores new directions in this research area, arguing that the conventional comparison between nonmarital and marital births should be revised to incorporate more adequately the rapidly growing number of births to cohabiting partners. Additional directions include continuing analysis of the dynamic impacts of the Great Recession and an integration of biological considerations into the economic analysis of fertility.
Sustainable Conservation of Urban Heritage
Authors: Rojas Eduardo
Published: February 2018

Cities confront complex choices in managing rapid growth, including whether to protect their material heritage or let new development take its place. These topics are not well researched and call for a more systematic treatment. Governance-focused studies bring to the attention of conservators and city managers the institutional, regulatory, and financial underpinnings of the urban heritage conservation process that are not commonly discussed when listing monuments and heritage areas or when establishing rules and regulations for their conservation. This approach to the analysis of urban heritage conservation helps cultural institutions and city governments to identify the variety of social actors holding an interest in the urban heritage, better understand their interactions and conflicts, implement more effective institutional arrangements and regulations, and increase and better allocate financial resources to conserve the heritage.
Creating Universal Value
Authors: Brumann Christoph
Published: February 2018

This chapter traces the gestation of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the rise of the World Heritage title to a global brand and major catalyst for heritage aspirations, activities, and discourses. Despite conceptual reforms in the 1990s and a more nation-centered mode of World Heritage Committee operations since 2010, Northern dominance and biases persist. Global co-custodianship of sites has remained largely symbolic and the contribution of World Heritage to international cooperation and site conservation is uneven. World Heritage has clearly broadened conceptions of cultural heritage, even if inconsistently. Social effects of site designation tend to be complex, producing both winners and losers on the local level, with external actors extending their influence. Recent financial difficulties make ambitious change unlikely for the coming years. The power of the World Heritage title is increasingly at the mercy of the treaty states’ internal conditions, rather than of the global institutional framework.
The Transatlantic Security Landscape in Europe
Authors: Mattox Gale A.
Published: February 2018

The geopolitical and strategic landscape in Europe has transformed fundamentally under the Russian challenge to the Transatlantic Alliance. The alliance response to the annexation of Crimea and Russian hybrid warfare in Ukraine strengthened and demonstrated resolve on the part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the Baltic states and Poland with an Enhanced Forward Presence of rotational troops. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and disintegration of the Soviet Union, NATO has accepted new members that pursued democracy, free markets, rule of law, and human rights as well as a stable European and international order. The future of Transatlantic relations will be impacted by European defense spending, the implications of U.K. withdrawal from the European Union, Russian foreign policy, and the ability of the Atlantic Alliance to move from assurance to a strong deterrence and defense posture in the East and at the same time confront the challenges from the south. The chapter addresses the major challenges to transatlantic security, focuses on the UK, France, and Germany and lays out future challenges.
Political Violence
Authors: Murer Jeffrey Stevenson
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the phenomenon of political violence in its many forms. It focuses on distinctions among physical, structural or cultural, and symbolic violence, rather than focusing on more traditional forms of political violence, such as riots and assassinations. Thus the chapter analyzes the role of violence at the core of the modern nation-state, especially through discussing Walter Benjamin’s distinction between law-preserving and law-making violence. The chapter concludes that political violence is often at its worst, most intense, and most widespread when trust in political institutions falters and significant portions of a given polity no longer find these institutions credible or legitimate. Conversely, political violence can be minimized through the construction of strong, inclusive, and vibrant political institutions based on principles of inclusion and procedural justice, qualities Johan Galtung saw as the foundations for positive peace.
Overview
Authors: Creighton Oliver
Published: February 2018

Medieval castles are increasingly studied not as an isolated phenomenon but within the wider context of medieval landscapes, environments, and social structures. Developments and trends in archaeological excavation, survey and analysis and in the integration of documentary information continue to transform castle studies, building upon a formidable dataset of well-studied examples. Archaeological attention has moved from elite and defensive components of castles to their baileys and surroundings, and these sites have a central role to play in debates about ‘designed medieval landscapes’ that articulated lordship. This overview recommends research priorities, including sensory experiences of castles, the place of the castle in the medieval mind set, and within its wider European context, which will develop alongside new primary research on an enlarged range of sites.
Medieval Palaces and Royal Houses
Authors: James Tom Beaumont
Published: February 2018

This chapter revises the concept of ‘palaces’ as residences, their uses and evolution, stressing the role that archaeology can play in their understanding and study. Royal palaces in rural settings are associated with specialized landscapes and generate a distinctive archaeology because of their intermittent use and purpose; medieval kings and their queens could be exceptionally mobile and households left little behind. Elements of European design, some of which are considered here, could be influential and architectural practice was often in the vanguard of fashionable taste. Personal taste too played its part but by the mid-fifteenth century the more remote residences were less visited, while the sixteenth century brought new residences into royal hands. Current projects and themes are all outlined as well as threats to sites and standing buildings.
The Written Evidence for the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Draper Simon A.
Published: February 2018

The period 1100–1500 saw a boom in writing of all kinds in Britain, from literary works such as romances and treatises to legal and administrative documents including charters, registers, and accounts. This article considers the main types of written evidence available for the study of later medieval Britain, as well as the various means of accessing them in archives, libraries, and online. Some pitfalls of interpreting documents and texts are then explored, before a discussion of how medieval archaeologists can make use of historical sources and vice versa, using examples drawn from recent research. Lastly, there is a consideration of the current state of the relationship between medieval archaeology and history, where interdisciplinary agendas are increasingly being followed.
Overview
Authors: Morris Richard
Published: February 2018

By 1250 there were over eleven thousand parishes in Britain and every household was notionally allocated a parish church. This overview introduces the wider landscape of monastic houses, hospitals, and other institutions alongside informal devotion at places such as hermitages and stresses regional differences in sacred landscapes. It points to themes such as communications between churches and religious features such as wayside crosses, and links between urban spaces, parishes, and their churches, along with city-wide studies and the role of symbolism in town plans. Interdisciplinary approaches are fruitful, especially regarding responses to different kinds of space through the study of processional routes and performance places rendered holy at particular times of the year through communal behaviour. Finally, the display of religion through the architecture of steeples and towers is discussed and the impact of the attachment of landowners and their families to particular churches.
Later Medieval Death and Burial
Authors: Daniell Christopher
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses medieval burial ritual, including the act of burial, cemeteries and burial location, and the grave goods of priest, bishops, nobility, and royalty which included a wide range of clothing and objects associated with their office. The burial of Richard III illustrates how much bioarchaeology can now reveal to us about the biography of the body in the grave. Also outlined here are the distinctive mortuary practices of, for example, Jews, lepers, heretics, and suicides as well as the mainstream Christian tradition of heart burials. Commemorative monuments of all levels of society are described, from medieval royal tombs to the graves of the poorest parishioner, though minor monuments within the graveyard are only rarely discovered.
The Medieval Afterlife
Authors: Roffey Simon
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the influence of medieval beliefs in the afterlife on church form and fabric, as well as the role of archaeology in articulating a more holistic approach to the surviving evidence. In particular, this study reassesses traditional art historical approaches in light of recent archaeological research. It considers the various theoretical approaches, such as spatial and view-shed analysis, which have provided a more interpretative and contextual framework for the investigation of medieval religion, particularly with regard to the importance of ‘seeing’ within church memorial and intercessory ritual. In particular, this paper examines the development of Purgatorial beliefs and the role of the chantry chapel and related memorial spaces in late medieval religious experience, as well as the crucial and implicit role of the laity in church memorial practice.
The Medieval Manor House and the Moated Site
Authors: Campbell Jill
Published: February 2018

The medieval manor house and moated site are a familiar site in the landscape of Britain. Recognized as the power houses of the medieval period, they were more than just a home, they were symbolic of wealth and status. Despite their importance, the archaeological interest in these monuments has not been as extensive as for other buildings from the period. This chapter discusses the development of the form and character of the medieval manor house as it evolves during the late medieval period. A post-processual framework allows the exploration of the importance of the interaction with the physical landscape, the use of material culture, environmental evidence, and artefacts which will enable us to understand the day-to-day experiences of late medieval society.
Approaching Medieval Sacrality
Authors: Hall M. A.
Published: February 2018

Creating, inviting, and repurposing sacrality was a fundamental quest of social behaviour in the medieval period. From the major shrines of cathedrals down to the portable sanctity of amulets, the pursuit of sacredness affected the everyday lives of Christian believers, helping to fashion memories and create heirlooms. Drawing on history, art history, anthropology, and folklore under the broad umbrella of material culture, this contribution takes a socially informed and trans-disciplinary approach to archaeology and seeks a holistic interpretation of the medieval past, one that does not neglect the intangible. This contribution seeks to underline the value of recent, new perspectives in this area and to broaden their application. Three overlapping themes are considered: relics, places, and mobility.
Medieval Colour
Authors: Huxtable Michael , O'Donnell Ronan
Published: February 2018

As well as being a highly significant and potentially symbolic phenomenon in medieval visual culture, colour was a serious topic for the learned concerned with its physical nature and means of perception. This article discusses the relationship between philosophical and theoretical understandings of colour and the use of colour in objects which survive in the archaeological record. In order to do this four classes of artefact are used as case-studies, namely: wall-paintings, clothing, illuminated manuscripts, and ceramics. It is clear that while use of colour was always contextual and informed by practical matters such as cost of dyestuffs medieval colour theories played an important role in everyday use of colour.
The Medieval Wild
Authors: Pluskowski Aleks
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the exploitation of wild fauna in late medieval Britain. It outlines the prevalent trends in the presence and exploitation of the most important wild mammals, birds, and exotics which feature in the archaeology of late medieval sites. The period following the Norman Conquest saw the introduction of a new elite hunting culture which, in turn, resulted in the proliferation of imported exotics, in particular fallow deer and rabbits, alongside the gradual decline and in some cases extirpation of indigenous species such as the beaver and wolf. Above all, the exploitation of wild species was linked to the construction of elite social identities.
The Cathedral
Authors: Fawcett Richard
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the forms and functions of cathedrals, the principal churches of bishops within their dioceses. It outlines the ways in which the architecture and furnishings were designed to accommodate and enhance the unbroken round of worship that was their principal justification, and the means by which an ambience was created for worship that offered a foretaste of heaven for the faithful. The complex processes of design and construction of buildings that were the most sophisticated and structurally demanding of their age are touched upon. Changing architectural fashions are discussed, with emphasis on the ways in which the taste for greater structural lightness and decorative ingenuity in successive phases of the Gothic developed out of the more robustly conceived Romanesque architecture of the twelfth century. There is also consideration of the historiography of the study of the cathedrals.
A Last Word
Authors: Gerrard Christopher
Published: February 2018

Drawing on the contributions to the Handbook as a whole, this final chapter begins by summarizing the current infrastructural issues surrounding the study of later medieval archaeology. These include unresolved questions around access to unpublished reports generated by developer archaeology, the numerous barriers to synthesis and collaboration across disciplines, and the surge in applications of new techniques. Also mentioned in this context are the challenge of integrating the results of public archaeology projects and the impact of new theoretical perspectives, many of which are applied to good effect in this volume. The second part of the article focuses on four ‘grand challenges’ which hold promise for the future. These are defined as social complexity, resilience, behaviour and identity, humans, and the environment.
Behaviour in Context
Authors: Clark Gordon L.
Published: February 2018

The behavioural revolution has profoundly affected how we conceptualize behaviour. The rational agent of standard microeconomic theory has been found wanting and, in its place, new formulations have been presented which take seriously human traits like myopia and loss aversion. Here it is argued that the behavioural revolution offers a way of understanding common problems in economic geography, such as co-location, clusters of innovation, the diffusion of innovation, and home bias. It is noted that earlier versions of behaviouralism stressed bounded rationality but underestimated the far-reaching consequences of the behavioural revolution. To explain the significance of these developments for understanding the intersection between cognition and context, we look closely at behaviour in time and space. The implications of behaviouralism for institutions are briefly considered, emphasizing the role that collective action in or through institutions can play in ameliorating the adverse effects of behavioural biases and anomalies.
Economic Growth and Economic Development: Geographical Dimensions, Definition, and Disparities
Authors: Feldman Maryann P. , Storper Michael
Published: February 2018

This chapter reviews and critiques conventional ideas about the relationship of economics to geography and the implications for growth and development. While economic development occupies our collective imagination, the term is often not well defined, or defined in a limited manner that does not accommodate the full range of places faced with restructuring and economic uncertainty. All too often the emphasis is on innovation and entrepreneurship as ends to themselves rather than as a means to the end of widely shared prosperity and human fulfillment. This chapter summarizes recent work that differentiates economic development for economic growth, and provides a definition of economic development that argues for policy focused on building capacities in order to reduce the highly unequal social and geographical distributions that result from current frameworks.
The Logic of Agglomeration
Authors: Duranton Gilles , Kerr William
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses frontier topics in economic geography as they relate to firms and agglomeration economies. The chapter focuses on areas where empirical research is scarce but possible. The chapter first outlines a conceptual framework for city formation that allows us to contemplate what empiricists might study when using firm-level data to compare the functioning of cities and industries with each other. The chapter then examines a second model of the internal structure of a cluster to examine possibilities with firm-level data for better exposing the internal operations of clusters. An overwhelming theme of the review is the vast scope for enhancements of our picture of agglomeration with the new data that are emerging.
Firms in Context: Internal and External Drivers of Success
Authors: Delgado Mercedes
Published: February 2018

How important is location for successful regional and firm performance? To answer this question the first part of the chapter reviews studies using sophisticated methods for defining and mapping clusters—geographical concentrations of related industries, firms, and supporting institutions. These studies show the importance of clusters for entrepreneurship, innovation, and other performance dimensions. The second part of the chapter examines the relationship between location and firm strategy and performance. Location within a cluster by itself does not ensure that a firm will benefit. Thus, a firm’s strategic positioning and its location choices are interrelated. I offer a framework that takes into account the role of internal agglomerations (intra-firm linkages that are facilitated by geographical proximity) and external agglomerations (inter-firm linkages in clusters) on the location choices and performance of firms.
Income Inequality and Growing Disparity: Spatial Patterns of Inequality and the Case of the USA
Authors: Glasmeier Amy
Published: February 2018

Deemed one of the major concerns of our time, income inequality has been on the rise for decades. While there is ample discussion and a vast body of knowledge already written on the subject, the focus of this chapter is on tracing the geography of rising inequality starting in the 1970s. An absence of support to maintain a middle class, an erosion of the value of wage labour, and stagnant minimum wages are a few of the many reasons for rising income inequality. Data show that inequality is highest in areas where there are growing disparities in the difference of employment opportunities between high- and low-income families. Evidence also suggests income and wealth gaps go hand in hand. If you do not own anything now your chances of ever owning anything in the future are bleak despite the pacification accorded the American dream. While this chapter highlights events and policies within the USA, rising income inequality is a significant global issue.
Carbon Markets: Resource Governance and Sustainable Valuation
Authors: Knox-Hayes Janelle
Published: February 2018

Carbon markets open several important avenues of inquiry into resource governance designed to address problems like climate change. The discipline of economic geography is well situated to add insight. This chapter examines the underlying assumptions behind market-based governance, particularly the emphasis on controlling greenhouse gases through pricing. The pricing of externalities alone does not guarantee the material changes in energy use now in the future that are required to combat climate change. A new framework for consideration of the spatial and temporal dynamics of value is proposed. A renewed focus on use value and its spatial characteristics could lend considerable insight to the understanding of industry, market creation, and resource governance. For example, entraining the temporal production of instruments of exchange to their sources of production and creating property rights to manage natural resources as service stocks rather than commodities could better generate external value.
Finance and Financial Systems: Evolving Geographies of Crisis and Instability
Authors: Dymski Gary
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores geographical approaches to financial systems, with special attention to their instability. After examining the foundational contributions that launched the geography of finance, the chapter summarizes spatial research on the global spread of innovative practices in finance. It then asks why so little attention was paid to macro-aspects of financial crises prior to September 2008. A review of geographers’ research of sub-prime lending and crisis finds that this work, extensive as it is in analyzing the microfoundational aspects of sub-prime lending and securitization, pays no attention to the macro-dimension of financial instability. This lacuna is shared with mainstream macroeconomics, which famously failed to see the sub-prime crisis coming. The chapter then explores economist Hyman Minsky’s macro-approach to financial instability and crisis. The chapter concludes by arguing that developing a spatial analysis of financial instability should be a high priority for the emerging geography of finance.
The Emerging Transformation of China’s Economic Geography
Authors: Chan Kam Wing
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines China’s economic and urban geography by focusing on its urbanization and city size distribution. The chapter first outlines some essential feature of China’s spatial economy, with an emphasis on its configurations and institutions, and goes on to examine China’s dual system and the hukou system. The main analysis concentrates on China’s various forms of ‘incomplete urbanization’ and its under-agglomerated city economies. The chapter concludes with a summary, a discussion of the policy significance, and directions for future research.
Just Growth: Strategies for Growth with Equity
Authors: Chapple Karen
Published: February 2018

Increasing income inequality and the rescaling of the state have shaped the rise of various strategies to achieve more equitable and inclusive local and regional growth. The two basic approaches to growth with equity are increasing regional economic growth and then redistributing the benefits, or reducing inequality directly by providing a safety net and/or building new capabilities, in the hopes of spurring growth. The first approach finds its theoretical underpinnings in regional economic development, while the second grows more from local and community economic development. Both strategies have proven challenging to implement in practice. With inequality likely to increase, regions will need to continue developing inclusive growth strategies. Understanding how to develop intentional strategies for inclusive growth is an important area for comparative research by economic geographers.
Shocking Aspects of Regional Development: Towards an Economic Geography of Resilience
Authors: Martin Ron Leonard
Published: February 2018

Over the last decade the notion of resilience has attracted increasing attention from economic geographers, as part of an interest in the impact of shocks and disruptions to the process and pattern of regional development. But increasing popularity is no guarantee of profundity, and the application of the idea in economic geography raises a range of issues and questions, concerning not only the meaning and conceptualization of the notion of resilience in an economic-geographical setting, but also about the relationship of both shocks and resilience to the very process of uneven regional development itself. Clarifying these definitional, conceptual, and analytical issues is necessary given that the notion has assumed growing prominence in urban and regional policy-making arenas.
Green Growth
Authors: Hepburn Cameron , Pfeiffer Alexander , Teytelboym Alexander
Published: February 2018

Debates about whether limits to economic growth are necessary or desirable have moved on to discussions about the type and quality of economic growth. The notion of ‘green growth’ has become widely adopted as a core objective of international institutions and national governments. The concept of ‘green growth’ is used flexibly and its definition contested. Green growth is defined as long-run increases in gross domestic product alongside the enhancement of natural capital. An analysis is undertaken that dismisses some environmental concerns, and instead leads to a focus on others. Theoretical economics of green growth are reviewed. The chapter observes that implementation of policies in the real world is far from the theoretical ‘optimal’ in narrow economic models. Developing practical green growth policies for the Anthropocene will require a careful and different approach to technology, markets, and prices, a realistic assessment of political economy constraints, and an acceptance of pragmatic solutions.
Global Sourcing of Business Processes: History, Effects, and Future Trends
Authors: Manning Stephan , Larsen Marcus Møller , Kannothra Chacko George
Published: February 2018

The chapter reviews key drivers, trends, and consequences of global sourcing of business processes—the sourcing of administrative and more knowledge-intensive processes from globally dispersed locations. It is argued that global sourcing, which is also associated with ‘offshoring’ and ‘offshore outsourcing’, has co-evolved over the last three decades with the advancement of information and communication technology, a growing pool of low-cost, yet-often-qualified labour and expertise in developing countries, and increasing client-side global sourcing experience. It is shown how this dynamic has led firms to develop new global capabilities, governance and business models, changed the geographical distribution of work and expertise, and promoted the emergence of new geographical knowledge services clusters. Further, three new trends are introduced—the emergence of global delivery models, information technology-enabled service automation, and impact sourcing—and discuss future directions for research.
Pluralizing Labour Geography
Authors: Peck Jamie
Published: February 2018

The chapter presents a sympathetic overview of labour geography in its various and evolving forms. This has mapped the shifting politics of production, together with old and new forms of labour organization; it has problematized the workplace, as a site of struggle and as an arena for the performance of social identities; it has tracked the restructuring of labour markets, as spaces of socio-institutional stress and regulatory transformation; and it has deployed labour as a diagnostic for understanding different (local) varieties of capitalism, economies of care and reproduction, and alternative modes of socio-economic organization. The field has consequently been shaped by an accumulating array of concerns with (industrial) restructuring, (labour) regulation, (union) reorganization, and (social) reproduction.
Infrastructure and Finance
Authors: O'Neill Philip
Published: February 2018

Infrastructure in advanced nations has been transformed from a sector dominated by state-owned utilities into one characterized by the presence of private capital and diverse non-state organizations. The chapter shows how these changes not only affect the ways infrastructure steers economic relations within cities, but also reconstitutes urban governance in surprising ways. The chapter explores the theoretical challenges that these trends bring to economic geography. On one hand, there is growing redundancy of the historical taxonomy of infrastructure and the idea of infrastructure as a public good. One the other there is normative obsession with the idea of the state-run utilities system as if no other form of infrastructure provision can be just and sustainable. The chapter draws eclectically on economic sources to build a model of analysis that combines capital, organizational, and regulatory structures into a single frame, and demonstrates the theoretical and policy power of such an approach.
First-Rank Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Authors: Jansson Lennart
Published: February 2018

Coined in 1939 by K. Schneider (KS), the concept of the first-rank symptoms (FRS) of schizophrenia covers a selection of symptoms allegedly of first-rank importance for the differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and cyclothymia (bipolar disorder). Following a tortuous path, the FRS were eventually adopted as diagnostic criteria in the operational definitions of DSM-III and ICD-10 schizophrenia. FRS consist of three areas of psychopathology: delusional perception, phenomena of passivity or influence, and certain verbal-acoustic hallucinations. The basic psychopathology governing these phenomena are self-disorders like self-alienation, transitivism, and solipsism, well-known for clinicians of that time. The question of the diagnostic significance of FRS hangs on their definition. Deprived of their basic psychopathological structure and hence their specific quality through “operationalization,” the FRS no longer appear specific for schizophrenia. The proposed inclusion of self-disorders in the diagnostic criteria for ICD-11 schizophrenia exemplified by passivity phenomena may, however, serve to counteract this trend.
Dysphoria in Borderline Persons
Authors: Monti Mario Rossi , D’Agostino Alessandra
Published: February 2018

This article on dysphoria as a psychopathological organizer in borderline patients examines the borderline personality disorder (BPD) from a contemporary psychopathological perspective, focusing on the dimension of lived experience rather than on the description of psychiatric symptoms. It presents dysphoria as a process which structures the borderline patient’s experience in multiple, psychopathological pathways moving from basic lived experience to symptomatic disturbances (and vice versa), through here-and-now lived experience. It describes the psychopathological features characterizing the BPD basic lived experience (background dysphoria and negative interpersonal disposition) as well as the temporary affect related to situational triggers saturating the BPD here-and-now lived experience (situational dysphoria). It also discusses two specific pathways of situational dysphoria, one organizing and another disorganizing, each ending up in different, acute phenomena. A final paragraph of this article is dedicated to the role of shame in borderline psychopathology.
The Psychopathology of Psychopaths
Authors: Englebert Jérôme
Published: February 2018

This article presents a holistic conception of psychopathy inspired by phenomenological psychopathology and compares it with the mainstream nosographic diagnosis (Schneider, Cleckley, Hare, and Cooke). The article illustrates how a structural-phenomenological approach enhances the investigation of psychopathy. An epistemological discussion of the concept of emotions reveals that psychopaths are competent at managing emotional stimuli, which bestows a psychological advantage upon them. More specifically, a reflection enlightened by the contributions of phenomenological philosophy on empathy and sympathy clarifies the presentation of “psychopathic being-in-the-world.” Starting with the tension between clinical practice and criticism of the dominant diagnostic scales, this article considers the “essential characteristics” of the psychopathic disorder to be: reification of the alter ego without an ego-related disorder, emotional coldness as it provides adaptive benefits, and empathic skills without sympathy.
Phenomenological Psychopathology and Autobiography
Authors: Bortolan Anna
Published: February 2018

This article explores the role of memoirs and autobiographical accounts of mental illness in phenomenological psychopathology. First, it argues that, due to the specific nature of phenomenology as a discipline, and despite the concerns which may be raised regarding the use of illness narratives, the examination of life stories is in this context a fundamental research tool. It is then suggested that the consideration of autobiographical stories can enhance our understanding of mental illness also because various forms of psychiatric experience involve alterations of narrative self-understanding, and the case of depression is discussed as an example. Finally, it is also suggested that narrativity is relevant to phenomenological psychopathology because autobiographical story-telling can contribute in various ways to the processes which are involved in the recovery from mental illness.
The Effects and Benefits of Singing Individually and in a Group
Authors: Theorell Töres
Published: February 2018

This chapter is devoted to the biology of singing. Immediate effects have been extensively scientifically studied. Breathing and its synchronization with heart rate variability has been an important theme. Endocrine (endorphins, oxytocin, cortisol, testosterone) and immunological (TNF alpha, fibrinogen, immunoglobulines) reactions have also been studied during singing. In collective singing, cohesiveness is a major factor. Singing in a group during a choir rehearsal has stronger stimulation effects on oxytocin secretion than chatting in the same group. High levels of oxtytocin coincide with strong feelings of cohesiveness. In addition, oxytocin dampens anxiety and pain. Long-term effects of singing training and regular practice have been less extensively studied but there is evidence that singing training may influence such things as the brain´s development, the ability to synchronize heart and lung function, and the level of regenerative activity in the body.
Diet, Nutrition, and Disease across the Lifespan
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J.
Published: February 2018

Diet and nutrition need to be adequate to sustain human growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, and the physical labour needed to obtain food and support the successful maturation of offspring to reproductive age. This chapter examines human diet and nutrition as they relate to infectious disease experience, and how nutrition and infection influence the human life course, which is organized according to life history stages. Human life history theory organizes growth and reproduction into largely exclusive processes: available energy goes first into the former, and then, after puberty, into the latter. Human life history is extremely plastic, with child growth, onset of sexual maturity, fecundity and longevity all being sensitive to nutrition. Such plasticity has been fundamental to human ecological success and it is important to understand it to be able to interpret evidence for biological quality of life among past populations.
Operatic Adaptations and the Representation of Non-normative Sexualities
Authors: Jarman Freya
Published: February 2018

This article argues that the normativity or otherwise of desire in an operatic text is significantly connected to the use of music because music in an operatic context not only represents but also performatively embodies characters. The central material involves close readings of Carmen (Bizet, 1875) and Death in Venice (Britten, 1973), the novellas on which they were based, and other adaptations of the same narrative, using the nature of adaptation to test the varying effects of musical representation in each case. In Carmen Jones (dir. Preminger, 1954), music defuses the threat of cross-racial desire in Bizet’s opera, which itself is more immersive in its non-normativity than the source text. In Death in Venice, music invites the spectator to identify with the protagonist’s queer desire in ways that exceed the source novel and even the film version of the same year.
Agent-Based Macroeconomic Modeling and Policy Analysis
Authors: Dawid Herbert , Gemkow Simon , Harting Philipp , van der Hoog Sander , Neugart Michael
Published: February 2018

This chapter introduces the Eurace@Unibi model, one of the agent-based simulation models that are relatively new additions to the toolbox of macroeconomists, and the research that has been done within this framework. It shows how an agent-based model can be used to identify economic mechanisms and how it can be applied to spatial policy analysis. The assessment is that agent-based models in economics have passed the proof-of-concept phase and it is now time to move beyond that stage. It has been shown that new kinds of insights can be obtained that complement established modeling approaches. The chapter concludes by pointing toward some potentially fruitful areas of agent-based macroeconomic research.
Agent-based Modeling for Financial Markets
Authors: Iori Giulia , Porter James
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses a step in the evolution of agent-based model (ABM) research in finance. Agent-based modeling has concentrated on the development of stylized market models, which have been extremely useful for understanding how complex macro-scale phenomena emerge from micro-rules. In order to further develop ABMs from proof of concept into robust tools for policy makers, to control and forecast complex real-world financial markets, it is essential to permit agents to behave as active data-gathering decision makers with sophisticated learning capabilities. The main focus of this chapter is to show how agent based models (ABMs) in financial markets have evolved from simple zero- intelligence agents that follow arbitrary rules of thumb into sophisticated agents described by microfounded rules of behavior. The chapter then briefly looks at the challenges posed by and approaches to model calibration and provides examples of how ABMs have been successful at offering useful insights for policy making.
Agent-Based Models of the Labor Market
Authors: Neugart Michael , Richiardi Matteo
Published: February 2018

The chapter reviews the literature concerning agent-based labor market models by tracing its roots to the microsimulation literature and surveying a selection of con- tributions made since the work by Bergmann and Eliasson et al. Agent-based models have been applied to explain stylized facts of labor markets as well as labor market policy evaluations. They also constitute a major part of agent-based macroeconomic models. Besides reviewing the various results achieved, the chapter discusses modeling choices with respect to agents' behavior and the structure of interaction. The overall assessment is that agent-based labor market models have given us valuable insights into the functioning of labor markets and the consequences of labor market policies, and that they will increasingly become an essential tool of analysis, in particular, when the construction of large macro-models is involved.