bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of Rat Dental Pulp‐derived Cells into an Osteoblastic Lineage
Authors: Nozaki Tadashige , Takeyasu Masaharu , Hirao Akinori , Shinohara Mitsuko , Daito Michiharu , Ohura Kiyoshi
Published: August 2012

The in vitro differentiation potential of rat dental pulp‐derived cells into an osteoblastic lineage was examined. Induction was carried out under in vitro osteogenesis‐inducing conditions used for mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow. We previously reported that the level of mineralization was high at 6 weeks after induction, as determined by von Kossa staining. In the present study, we quantitatively measured the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after induction. The ratios of ALP‐positive cells to total cells were 44.4 ± 1.0, 46.9 ± 0.9, 40.5 ± 0.5 and 21.0 ± 1.8% at 1, 2, 3 and 6 weeks after induction, respectively. The level of ALP activity was significantly decreased at 6 weeks after induction (p ＜ 0.05). The stem cell markers STRO‐1, SSEA‐1, Nanog and Oct‐3/4 were expressed in a subset of the cells, suggesting that stem cells were present. To elucidate gene regulation in the osteoblastic lineage of the cells, quantitative gene expression analyses were carried out using real‐time RT‐PCR. Col1a2 (collagen type I) and Bglap (osteocalcin) were up‐regulated by about 1.7‐fold and 1.3‐fold, respectively, at 6 weeks after induction compared with their corresponding levels at 1 week. These results indicate that the cells differentiated into an osteoblastic lineage in parallel with decreasing ALP activity during induction. Moreover, the expressions of Col1a2 and Bglap were inversely correlated with Alpl (ALP) expression after induction, which was correlated with Bmp2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) expression. Taken together, the findings indicate that these molecules contribute to the differentiation of rat dental pulp‐derived cells into an osteoblastic lineage.
Chemokine Receptor Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Growth Factor‐ and Cytokine‐mediated Cell Migration in vitro
Authors: Muraoka Katsumi , Okumura Kazuhiko , Kitajo Hiroyuki , Kato Hidetaka , Arisue Makoto
Published: August 2012

Metastasis is the chief cause of mortality in cancer patients. Recently, chemokines and chemokine receptors were shown to play an important role in the metastasis of various cancers. We examined the role of chemokine receptor‐mediated signaling in the invasion potential of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines that were derived from 5 primary tumors and 6 cervical lymph node metastases. Comprehensive analysis of the mRNAs for human chemokine receptors showed that the OSCC cell lines had uniform expression patterns of chemokine receptors. Overall, there were no consistent differences in the expression of chemokine receptors between primary site‐ and lymph node metastasis‐derived cell lines. However, a highly invasive OSCC cell line (SAS‐Hl) expressed up‐regulation of CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CXCR1, CXCR6 and CX3CR1 compared to a poorly invasive OSCC cell line (SAS‐Ll). Then we examined whether factors in the tumor microenvironment regulated chemokine receptor expression in SAS‐Hl cells. Specifically, transforming growth factor (TGF) ‐β1 enhanced the expression of CCR5, CCR6, CCR7 and CX3CR1. Pretreatment of SAS‐Hl cells with transforming growth factor (TGF) ‐β1 increased the expression of CCR7 and CX3CR1, and then enhanced CCL21‐ and CX3CLl‐induced directional migration (l.5‐fold enhancement as compared with untreated control). In addition, CX3CL1 increased the adhesion of SAS‐Hl cells on uncoated tissue culture plates. Neither chemokine stimulated cell proliferation. Treatment of SAS‐Hl cells with CX3CL1 activated the phosphotidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) and MEK signal transduction pathways. Our results suggest that chemokine receptor‐mediated signaling is involved in the local invasion and metastasis of human OSCC.
The Effect of Methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin on the Differentiation of RAW264 Cells into Osteoclasts
Authors: Ogawa Yumiko , Goda Seiji , Morita Shosuke
Published: August 2012

Bone is continuously remodeled by bone resorption and formation and, accordingly, bone metabolism is tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis. Deviation from the normal conditions of bone resorption can result in bone diseases. Lipid rafts are specialized plasma membrane microdomains that are enriched with glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and cholesterol. Lipid rafts are important for the transport of select membranes and relay stations involved in intracellular signaling.

To investigate the role of lipid rafts in RAW264 cells signaling, lipid rafts were disrupted by depleting cholesterol through the introduction of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD). We found that sRANKL‐induced differentiation into osteoclasts was markedly inhibited by MβCD in a dose‐dependent manner. MβCD enhanced the sRANKL‐induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAP kinase. In contrast, MβCD blocked the phosphorylation of IκB. These findings suggest that cholesterol might play a crucial role in the regulation of the sRANKL‐mediated signaling pathway and in osteoclast differentiation of RAW264 cells, thereby reflecting its importance in the formation of plasma membrane lipid rafts.
Effects of Bulb Type Palatal Lift Prosthesis Therapy on Nasality and Velopharyngeal Function of Patients Following Palatoplasty
Authors: Ogata Yuko , Matsuzaki Sachiyo , Sasaguri Masaaki , Kubota Yasutaka , Suzuki Akira , Nakamura Seiji , Shirasuna Kanemitsu , Nakamura Norifumi
Published: August 2012

In the present study, the effects of bulb type palatal lift prosthesis (bulb‐PLP) therapy on nasality and velopharyngeal function (VPF) of patients with velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) following palatoplasty were longitudinally assessed.

The subjects included 18 patients (3 to 52 years of age) who had shown persistent VPI following palatoplasty and who had received bulb‐PLP therapy. Nasality and VPF were assessed by perceptual voice analysis, nasometer test, blowing test, and cephalometric radiographic examination. Based on the outcomes of bulb‐PLP therapy, the subjects were classified into two groups: the effective group and the ineffective group. Furthermore, the obturating and VPF‐activating effects by bulb‐PLP therapy were analyzed, and factors relating to different VPF activities were determined.

All subjects achieved adequate VPF by wearing a bulb‐PLP. After treatment, 10 patients (55.6%) achieved successful activation of VPF without bulb‐PLP (the effective group), while persistent VPI remained in 8 patients (the ineffective group). The beginning‐blowing ratio of the effective group was significantly greater than that of the ineffective group (P < 0.05) and the velopharyngeal distance (V‐P distance) of the effective group tended to be smaller (P = 0.07). Regarding the shape of the bulb head, the angular type was dominant in the ineffective group, while the round type was dominant in the effective group.

Bulb‐PLP therapy was useful for providing adequate VPF activation. Possible signs of the subsequent effective activation of VPF are considered to be: 1) preexisting adequate VPF on blowing, 2) smaller V‐P distance, and 3) synchronized palatopharyngeal movement.
Trigeminovagal Reflex Caused by Stimulation of the Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal Nerve under General Anesthesia:
Authors: Sanuki Takuro , Yamamoto Naoko , Miki Mari , Sugioka Shingo , Kotani Junichiro
Published: August 2012

We report a rare case of trigeminovagal reflex (TVR) resulting from stimulation of the
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve under general anesthesia. Although general anesthesia
reportedly prevents TVR, it should be part of the differential diagnosis in all cases of unexplained
sinus arrest during oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Type A Wolff‐Parkinson‐White Syndrome Generating an Antidromic Atrioventricular (AV) Reentrant Tachycardia (AVRT) and an Orthodromic AVRT with a Long RP Interval Initiated only after Incomplete Impairment of an AV Accessory Pathway
Authors: Tanaka Kazushi , Watanabe Yoshio
Published: August 2012

We report on a case of a 23‐year‐old male with Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome. At baseline, constant right atrial pacing induced antidromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), whereas constant right ventricular (RV) pacing only revealed a normal His‐Purkinje system. Mapping below the mitral annulus during sinus rhythm revealed fusion of atrial and ventricular potentials at multiple lateral sites. After unsuccessful ablation at these sites, constant RV pacing induced a long RP interval, orthodromic AVRT with the earliest atrial site being located at an anterior aspect, where successful ablation was later achieved. These phenomena may indicate an unexpected arrhythmogenic effect of initial ablations.
Anodal Capture May Prevent Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy from Working Effectively. A Case Report of Left Ventricular Lead Dislodgement
Authors: Kashiwase Kazunori , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Wada Mitsuru , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Hirata Akio , Ueda Yasunori
Published: August 2012

A 78‐year‐old man was implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator. One month later, chest X‐ray and electrocardiography suggested left ventricular (LV) lead dislodgement. However, the LV lead pacing threshold obtained by a programmer was unchanged because anodal capture had developed, which made it difficult to confirm the LV lead dislodgement. Radiographs obtained in the catheterization laboratory revealed that the tip of the LV lead had dislodged into the right atrium. The LV lead was relocated into another lateral coronary vein. Electrocardiography showed the QRS duration to be shorter than prior to this revision.
The Political Geography of Inequality
Authors: Beramendi Pablo
Published: August 2012

This book addresses two questions - why some political systems have more centralized systems of interpersonal redistribution than others, and why some political unions make larger efforts to equalize resources among their constituent units than others. This book presents a new theory of the origin of fiscal structures in systems with several levels of government. The argument points to two major factors to account for the variation in redistribution: the interplay between economic geography and political representation on the one hand, and the scope of interregional economic externalities on the other. To test the empirical implications derived from the argument, the book relies on in-depth studies of the choice of fiscal structures in unions as diverse as the European Union, Canada and the United States in the aftermath of the Great Depression; Germany before and after Reunification; and Spain after the transition to democracy.
Transformation of a shoaling undular bore
Authors: El G. A. , Grimshaw R. H. J. , Tiong W. K.
Published: August 2012

We consider the propagation of a shallow-water undular bore over a gentle monotonic bottom slope connecting two regions of constant depth, in the framework of the variable-coefficient Korteweg–de Vries equation. We show that, when the undular bore advances in the direction of decreasing depth, its interaction with the slowly varying topography results, apart from an adiabatic deformation of the bore itself, in the generation of a sequence of isolated solitons – an expanding large-amplitude modulated solitary wavetrain propagating ahead of the bore. Using nonlinear modulation theory we construct an asymptotic solution describing the formation and evolution of this solitary wavetrain. Our analytical solution is supported by direct numerical simulations. The presented analysis can be extended to other systems describing the propagation of undular bores (dispersive shock waves) in weakly non-uniform environments.
Sheep cheese naturally enriched in α-linolenic, conjugated linoleic and vaccenic acids improves the lipid profile and reduces anandamide in the plasma of hypercholesterolaemic subjects
Authors: Pintus Stefano , Murru Elisabetta , Carta Gianfranca , Cordeddu Lina , Batetta Barbara , Accossu Simonetta , Pistis Danila , Uda Sabrina , Elena Ghiani Maria , Mele Marcello , Secchiari Pierlorenzo , Almerighi Guido , Pintus Paolo , Banni Sebastiano
Published: August 2012

Intake of dairy fat has long been considered as a risk factor for CVD. Pasture and dietary lipid supplementation have been reported to be reliable strategies in ruminant nutrition, in order to increase the content of α-linolenic acid (ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA), and decrease SFA in milk fat. In the present study, we aimed at verifying whether consumption of a sheep cheese, naturally enriched in ALA, CLA and VA, would modify the plasma lipid and endocannabinoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. A total of forty-two adult volunteers (nineteen males and twenty-three females) with diagnosed mildly hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol 5·68–7·49 mmol/l) were randomly assigned to eat 90 g/d of a control or enriched cheese for 3 weeks, with a cross-over after 3 weeks of washout. Plasma lipids, endocannabinoids, adipokines and inflammatory markers were measured. The intake of enriched cheese significantly increased the plasma concentrations of CLA, VA, then-3 fatty acids ALA and EPA, and more remarkably decreased that of the endocannabinoid anandamide. LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly (7 %). No changes were detected in the levels of inflammatory markers; however, a significant correlation was found between the plasma levels of anandamide and leptin. The control cheese modified none of the parameters measured. The results obtained do not support the view that intake of dairy fat is detrimental to hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Indeed, they show that a naturally enriched cheese possesses beneficial properties, since it ameliorates the plasma lipid profile, and more remarkably reduces endocannabinoid biosynthesis.
Word-final nasal velarisation in Spanish
Authors: RAMSAMMY MICHAEL
Published: August 2012

In velarising dialects of Spanish, nasal place contrasts neutralise to [ŋ] word-finally. However, whereas velarisation applies transparently in word-final prepausal environments, place neutralisation ‘overapplies’ to stem-final presuffixal nasals and to word-final nasals which resyllabify into onset position across word boundaries. Yet since previous analyses of Velarising Spanish have been based exclusively on theory-led interpretations of impressionistic data, doubts exist as to whether word-final nasals in velarising dialects are consistently realised as [ŋ] (Baković 2000). The first goal of this paper therefore is to submit the claims put forward in these analyses to empirical testing. Experiments using electropalatography confirm that speakers of Velarising Spanish produce robustly dorso-velar nasals in word-final environments; this result refutes the claim that word-final nasals are placeless in velarising varieties. Secondly, because opaque instances of nasal place neutralisation pose challenges for Optimality Theory (OT), I compare two approaches to modelling the nasal alternations in Velarising Spanish, namely Output–Output correspondence in classic OT and a cyclic analysis in Stratal OT. This comparison reveals that classic OT cannot account for the opaque patterns without stipulating fixed OO-constraint rankings. By contrast, the stratal model straightforwardly predicts the occurrence of both opacity effects on the basis of general architectural principles.
Measurement of growth in the lichenRhizocarpon geographicumusing a new photographic technique
Authors: McCARTHY Daniel P. , HENRY Nicole
Published: August 2012

Adobe® Photoshop® CS3 Extended software and a photographic time series were used to generate accurate and precise measures of change in the area, perimeter and diameter ofRhizocarponthalli at one, three and seven year intervals. Systematic measurements at a fixed grid of eight diameters per thallus showed a rapid and highly variable diametric growth phase in the smallest thalli (<5 mm2) and slower diametric growth (<0·01 mm2yr–1) in larger thalli (5–500 mm2). When standardized to an annual rate, the areal growth trend was similar, regardless of the number of years studied. This suggests that the areal and diametric growth of small and mid-sizedRhizocarponthalli may be insensitive to annual climatic variation and can be accurately characterized by repeat measurements taken over months rather than decades. Unlike diametric growth rate, change in thallus area and perimeter are statistically robust measures of growth inRhizocarponthalli. Our mean measurement accuracy was 99%. Measurement precision (reproducibility) was >95% (P>0·05) for thallus area and >96% for thallus perimeter. Our technique is tedious, but on flat rocks it can resolve and accurately measure change in thallus morphology at the sub-millimeter scale, and it can be used with recent and/or historical images.
Investigation of the importance of rock chemistry for saxicolous lichen communities of the New Idria serpentinite mass, San Benito County, California, USA
Authors: RAJAKARUNA Nishanta , KNUDSEN Kerry , FRYDAY Alan M. , O'DELL Ryan E. , POPE Nathaniel , OLDAY Fred C. , WOOLHOUSE Suzie
Published: August 2012

Although several lichen inventories exist for European ultramafic sites, only four surveys of serpentine lichens for North America have been published to date. Of those, only one has been conducted in California. We conducted a survey of saxicolous lichens from ultramafic rocks (including nephrite, partially serpentinized peridotite, and serpentinite) and non-ultramafic rocks (including silica-carbonate, shale, and sandstone) at the New Idria serpentinite mass, San Benito County, California. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of the rocks from which the lichens were collected revealed significant elemental differences between the ultramafic and non-ultramafic rocks for 26 of the 32 major and trace elements analyzed. We identified a total of 119 species of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi; 60 species were restricted to ultramafic substrata, 19 to silica-carbonate, and 15 to shale and sandstone. Only 4 species were shared in common. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance (perMANOVA) test revealed significant differences in lichen assemblages between ultramafic and non-ultramafic rocks at the species level but not at the generic level, with species richness (alpha-diversity) significantly greater at the ultramafic sites. We suggest that, although differences in geochemistry clearly influence the lichen community composition, other factors, especially substratum age and the physical characteristics of the rock, are of equal, if not greater, importance. Of all the species collected, six,Buellia aethalea,B. ocellata,Caloplaca oblongula,Rhizocarpon saurinum,Thelocarpon laureri, andTrapelia obtegens, are reported new to California, along with an apparently previously undescribedSolenopsorasp. The rest of the species encountered are relatively frequent in the lichen flora of southern and central California, exceptAspicilia praecrenata, a rare California endemic that we collected on both ultramafic and non-ultramafic rocks.
Genetic diversity of photobionts in Antarctic lecideoid lichens from an ecological view point
Authors: RUPRECHT Ulrike , BRUNAUER Georg , PRINTZEN Christian
Published: August 2012

As part of a comprehensive study on lecideoid lichens in Antarctica, we investigated the photobiont diversity and abundance in 119 specimens of lecideoid lichens from 11 localities in the continental and maritime Antarctic. A phylogeny of these photobiont ITS sequences, including samples from arctic, alpine and temperate lowland regions, reveals the presence of five majorTrebouxiaclades in Antarctic lecideoid lichens. Two clades are formed by members of theT. jamesiiandT. impressaaggregates but for all other clades no close match to any knownTrebouxiaspecies could be found in sequence databases. One genetically uniform and well-supportedTrebouxiaclade was found only in the climatically unique cold desert regions of the Antarctic (preliminarily calledTrebouxiasp.URa1), where it is preferentially associated with the highly adapted Antarctic endemic lichenLecidea cancriformis. Levels of genetic photobiont diversity differ slightly, but insignificantly among ecological regions of the Antarctic and do not decrease towards regions with more unfavourable ecological conditions. The genetic diversity of photobionts varies among mycobiont species. Most pairwise comparisons reveal that these differences are insignificant, probably due to the small sample size for most species. The Antarctic lichens studied here are predominantly not specific for a single photobiont species or lineage, except forLecidella greeniiandL. siplei. These two species are preferably associated withTrebouxiasp. URa2, although in the sampling areas of both species, a pool of several other photobionts is available.Lecidea cancriformisassociates with the highest diversity of photobionts followed byL. andersonii.
Lecania falcata, a new species from Spain, the Canary Islands and the Azores, close to Lecania chlorotiza
Authors: SÉRUSIAUX Emmanuël , van den BOOM Pieter P. G. , BRAND Maarten A. , COPPINS Brian J. , MAGAIN Nicolas
Published: August 2012

Lecania chlorotiza and L. falcata, described here as new from Spain/Navarra, the Canary Islands and the Azores, do not belong to Lecania s. str. They belong to a strongly supported clade comprising Bacidia, Bacidina, Scutula and Toninia when examined with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences using mtSSU, nuLSU and nuITS sequences. This clade represents the Bacidiaceae and is included in the Ramalinaceae s. lat. Most genera included in that family need further work before a new genus can possibly be described for Lecania chlorotiza and L. falcata.
Hypogymniain the Himalayas of India and Nepal
Authors: McCUNE B. , DIVAKAR P. K. , UPRETI D. K.
Published: August 2012

Morphological and chemical studies ofHypogymniafrom the Himalayas revealed one new species, three species new to the region, and a previously unrecognized synonym.Hypogymnia crystallina, distinguished by its rimmed holes in the lobe axils, a pruinose disc, POL+ epihymenium, and distinctive chemistry (zeorin, hypoprotocetraric acid, usnic acid and atranorin) is described as new.Hypogymnia pseudohypotrypa(Asah.) A. Singh is synonymized withH. thomsonianaand a second location is reported for the recently describedH. sikkimensis.Hypogymnia bitteri,H. mundata, andH. subarticulataare reported as new to India. A total of 17 species of the genusHypogymniaare accepted for the Himalayan region of India and Nepal, with one additional species from southern India. A key is given to the species known from this region.
Plectocarpon dirinariae (Arthoniales), a new lichenicolous species from Cape Verde
Authors: ERTZ Damien , van den BOOM Pieter P.G.
Published: August 2012

Plectocarpon dirinariae Ertz & van den Boom is described from Cape Verde from the thallus of saxicolous Dirinariaapplanata. The new species is characterized by convex rounded ascomata not inducing basally constricted galls, non-carbonized sterile stromatic tissue, mainly 4–6-spored asci and 3-septate ascospores. Similar Plectocarpon sp. are discussed.
‘Who's who’ in renal sphaerosporids (Bivalvulida: Myxozoa) from common carp, Prussian carp and goldfish – molecular identification of cryptic species, blood stages and new members of Sphaerospora sensu stricto
Authors: HOLZER ASTRID SIBYLLE , BARTOŠOVÁ P. , PECKOVÁ H. , TYML T. , ATKINSON S. , BARTHOLOMEW J. , SIPOS D. , ESZTERBAUER E. , DYKOVÁ I.
Published: August 2012

Myxozoans are a group of diverse, spore-forming metazoan microparasites bound to aquatic environments. Sphaerospora dykovae (previously S. renicola) causes renal sphaerosporosis and acute swim bladder inflammation (SBI) in juvenile Cyprinus carpio carpio, in central Europe. A morphologically similar species with comparably low pathogenicity, S. angulata has been described from C. c. carpio, Carassius auratus auratus and Carassius gibelio. To clarify uncertainties and ambiguities in taxon identification in these hosts we decided to re-investigate differences in spore morphology using a statistical approach, in combination with SSU and LSU rDNA sequence analyses. We found that developing spores of S. angulata and S. dykovae cannot be distinguished morphologically and designed a duplex PCR assay for the cryptic species that demonstrated S. dykovae is specific to C. c. carpio, whereas S. angulata infects C. a. auratus and C. gibelio. The molecular identification of myxozoan blood stages in common carp and goldfish, which had previously been ascribed to Sphaerospora spp. showed that approximately 75% of blood stages were from non-sphaerosporid coelozoic species infecting these cyprinids and more than 10% were from an alien species, Myxobilatus gasterostei, developing in sticklebacks. We hereby report non-selective myxozoan host invasion and multi-species infections, whose role in SBI still requires clarification.
MRSA-ST398 in livestock farmers and neighbouring residents in a rural area in Germany
Authors: BISDORFF B. , SCHOLHÖLTER J. L. , CLAUßEN K. , PULZ M. , NOWAK D. , RADON K.
Published: August 2012

Prevalence of and risk factors associated with MRSA-ST398 carriage in 1872 (response 70%) farmers and neighbouring residents in a pig- and poultry-dense area in Germany were investigated using a cross-sectional study and self-sampling nasal swabs. In the population, 1% without occupational livestock contact and 24% with occupational livestock contact tested positive for MRSA-ST398. The group without occupational livestock contact was 3·8 times [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·5–9·3] more likely to be colonized if a household member had livestock contact and 3·2 times (95% CI 1·4–7·4) more likely if they regularly made private farm visits (e.g. to buy eggs or milk). In the group with occupational livestock contact, pig contact had an odds ratio of 7·1 (95% CI 2·9–17·2) for MRSA-ST398 acquisition. This is the first study to associate private farm visits with acquisition of MRSA; more research to explore the exact transmission routes is necessary.
Risk factors for sporadicYersinia enterocoliticainfections, Germany 2009–2010
Authors: ROSNER B. M. , STARK K. , HÖHLE M. , WERBER D.
Published: August 2012

Yersinia enterocoliticais an important cause of acute gastrointestinal disease and post-infectious complications. In Germany, incidence of reported yersiniosis is relatively high compared with other countries of the European Union. Children aged <5 years are most frequently affected. The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for sporadic yersiniosis in Germany. A population-based case-control study was conducted in five federal states of Germany from April 2009 to June 2010. Cases exhibiting gastrointestinal symptoms were notified to the local health department with aYersinia enterocoliticainfection culture-confirmed from stool. Controls were selected from population registries and frequency-matched on age group and state of residency. Cases and controls received a questionnaire on possible risk factors by mail. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to identify risk factors and to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs). Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were estimated for exposures associated with yersiniosis. We analysed data on 571 case patients and 1798 controls. Consumption of raw minced pork, a dish frequently consumed even by young children in Germany, was the main risk factor for disease (aOR 4·7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·5–6·3, PAF 30%). This association varied by age group and, unexpectedly, was strongest for children aged <2 years (aOR 17·5, 95% CI 6·0–51·2). Other independent risk factors included recent preparation of minced pork in the household (aOR 1·4, 95% CI 1·1–1·9, PAF 21%), playing in a sandbox (aOR 1·7, 95% CI 1·3–2·4, PAF 17%), and contact with birds (aOR 1·7, 95% CI 1·1–2·6, PAF 4%). Prevention efforts should specifically target parents and caregivers of young children and focus on the high infection risk associated with consumption of raw minced pork.
On (Not) Computing the Möbius Function Using Bounded Depth Circuits
Authors: GREEN BEN
Published: August 2012

Any function F: {0,. . ., N − 1} → {−1,1} such that F(x) can be computed from the binary digits of x using a bounded depth circuit is orthogonal to the Möbius function μ in the sense that

\[
\frac{1}{N} \sum_{0 \leq x \leq N-1} \mu(x)F(x) → 0 \quad\text{as}~~ N → \infty.
\]

The proof combines a result of Linial, Mansour and Nisan with techniques of Kátai and Harman, used in their work on finding primes with specified digits.
Lunchtime food and nutrient intakes of secondary-school pupils; a comparison of school lunches and packed lunches following the introduction of mandatory food-based standards for school lunch
Authors: Pearce Jo , Wood Lesley , Nelson Michael
Published: August 2012

Objective

To compare the key differences between school lunches and packed lunches as eaten in eleven secondary schools in England, 21 months after the food-based standards for school lunch became mandatory, but before the introduction of nutrient-based standards.

Design

Data on 358 school lunches and 139 packed lunches were collected in May and June 2008 from pupils attending secondary schools in Sheffield, Manchester, Leicester City and Essex. Fieldwork was conducted over five consecutive school days at each school. Fieldworkers randomly selected five pupils taking a school lunch and five pupils bringing a packed lunch each day. All food and drink items chosen by pupils were weighed and recorded. Leftovers were also weighed.

Setting

Eleven state-maintained, co-educational secondary schools from four local authorities in England.

Subjects

Four hundred and ninety-seven pupils aged 11–16 years.

Results

Pupils taking school lunches, on average, had significantly higher intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, NSP, vitamin C, folate, Fe and Zn than pupils bringing a packed lunch to school. Mean intakes of protein, fat and vitamin C from both types of lunch met the nutrient-based standards and school lunches also met standards for carbohydrate, NSP and energy.

Conclusions

Nutrient intakes from school lunches were more favourable than those from packed lunches, but typically failed to meet nutrient-based standards for school food. A combination of continued improvements to school food, educating pupils to make healthier choices and policies to encourage pupils to eat at school or bring healthier packed lunches is needed.
A new model for the Paleogene motion of Greenland relative to North America: Plate reconstructions of the Davis Strait and Nares Strait regions between Canada and Greenland
Authors: Oakey Gordon N. , Chalmers James A.
Published: August 2012

A simplified plate kinematic model for the Paleogene motion of Greenland relative to North America has been developed to provide a new framework for modeling the oceanic spreading system in Baffin Bay and the intraplate tectonic development of the Davis Strait and Nares Strait regions of the Arctic. A single Euler rotation pole was calculated for the C13N to C24N Eocene motion of the Greenland Plate relative to North America using spreading centers and fracture zones interpreted from satellite derived gravity data in Baffin Bay combined with fracture zones in Labrador Sea from published sources. A single stage pole is proposed for the C25N to C27N portion of the Paleocene and a short‐lived stage pole was found necessary to accommodate the C24N to C25N interval. This kinematic model has been used to reinterpret published shipborne magnetic profiles in central Baffin Bay to reveal a Paleocene spreading center and limits of both Eocene and Paleocene oceanic crust. Aeromagnetic data over northeastern Baffin Bay have been used to identify a new fracture zone in northern Baffin Bay. Plate reconstructions are presented incorporating constraints on plate boundaries from onshore and offshore geological and geophysical mapping. Within the Davis Strait, Paleocene oceanic crust was emplaced in an elongated rift that was subsequently inverted by approximately 300 km of Eocene transpression along the Ungava Fault Zone. In the Nares Strait Region, a “microplate” scenario is presented to explain the simultaneous formation of the Lancaster Sound Rift Basin and complex deformation within the Eurekan Orogenic Belt.
Signatures and significance of aeolian, fluvial, bacterial and diagenetic magnetic mineral fractions in Late Quaternary marine sediments off Gambia, NW Africa
Authors: Just Janna , Dekkers Mark J. , von Dobeneck Tilo , van Hoesel Annelies , Bickert Torsten
Published: August 2012

Two gravity cores retrieved off NW Africa at the border of arid and subtropical environments (GeoB 13602–1 and GeoB 13601–4) were analyzed to extract records of Late Quaternary climate change and sediment export. We apply end‐member (EM) unmixing to 350 acquisition curves of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM). Our approach enables to discriminate rock magnetic signatures of aeolian and fluvial material, to determine biomineralization and reductive diagenesis. Based on the occurrence of pedogenically formed magnetic minerals in the fluvial and aeolian EMs, we can infer that goethite formed in favor to hematite in more humid climate zones. The diagenetic EM dominates in the lower parts of the cores and within a thin near‐surface layer probably representing the modern Fe2+/Fe3+ redox boundary. Up to 60% of the IRM signal is allocated to a biogenic EM underlining the importance of bacterial magnetite even in siliciclastic sediments. Magnetosomes are found well preserved over most of the record, indicating suboxic conditions. Temporal variations of the aeolian and fluvial EMs appear to faithfully reproduce and support trends of dry and humid conditions on the continent. The proportion of aeolian to fluvial material was dramatically higher during Heinrich Stadials, especially during Heinrich Stadial 1. Dust export from the Arabian‐Asian corridor appears to vary contemporaneous to increased dust fluxes at the continental margin of NW Africa emphasizing that meltwater discharge in the North Atlantic had an enormous impact on atmospheric dynamics.
Direct measurement of riverine particulate organic carbon age structure
Authors: Rosenheim Brad E. , Galy Valier
Published: August 2012

Carbon cycling studies focusing on transport and transformation of terrigenous carbon sources toward marine sedimentary sinks necessitate separation of particulate organic carbon (OC) derived from many different sources and integrated by river systems. Much progress has been made on isolating and characterizing young biologically‐formed OC that is still chemically intact, however quantification and characterization of old, refractory rock‐bound OC has remained troublesome. Quantification of both endmembers of riverine OC is important to constrain exchanges linking biologic and geologic carbon cycles and regulating atmospheric CO2 and O2. Here, we constrain petrogenic OC proportions in suspended sediment from the headwaters of the Ganges River in Nepal through direct measurement using ramped pyrolysis radiocarbon analysis. The unique results apportion the biospheric and petrogenic fractions of bulk particulate OC and characterize biospheric OC residence time. Compared to the same treatment of POC from the lower Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River system, contrast in age spectra of the Ganges tributary samples illustrates the difference between small mountainous river systems and large integrative ones in terms of the global carbon cycle.
Estimating transient crater size using the crustal annular bulge: Insights from numerical modeling of lunar basin‐scale impacts
Authors: Potter R. W. K. , Kring D. A. , Collins G. S. , Kiefer W. S. , McGovern P. J.
Published: August 2012

The transient crater is an important impact cratering concept. Its volume and diameter can be used to predict impact energy and momentum, impact melt volume, and maximum depth and volume of ejected material. Transient crater sizes are often estimated using scaling laws based on final crater rim diameters. However, crater rim estimates, especially for lunar basins, can be controversial. Here, we use numerical modeling of lunar basin‐scale impacts to produce a new, alternative method for estimating transient crater radius using the annular bulge of crust observed beneath most lunar basins. Using target thermal conditions appropriate for the lunar Imbrian and Nectarian periods, we find this relationship to be dependent on lunar crust and upper mantle temperatures. This result is potentially important when analyzing lunar basin subsurface structures inferred from the GRAIL mission.
High‐speed stream impacts on the equatorial ionization anomaly region during the deep solar minimum year 2008
Authors: Liu Jing , Liu Libo , Zhao Biqiang , Wei Yong , Hu Lianhuan , Xiong B.
Published: August 2012

To demonstrate high‐speed stream effects during the recent deep solar minimum year 2008, we have analyzed manually scaledfoF2 and hmF2 at Jicamarca and total electron content (TEC) in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region over the America longitudinal sector. Our results reveal that a prominent 9 day oscillation appears in the hmF2 and foF2 at the dip equator. The 9 day oscillation amplitudes of foF2are not always positively correlated with TEC in the equatorial ionosphere, and they show nonlinear dependence on the intensity of geomagnetic disturbances. With the outputs of Fejer and Scherliess's (1997) empirical model, we found that this periodicity is also present in equatorial vertical drifts caused by disturbance dynamoelectric field (DDEF) but absent in the drifts due to prompt penetration electric field (PPEF). DDEF effects on the equatorial periodic variations alone are not sufficient to explain the observed phenomena; other mechanisms, such as thermal expansion/contraction and neutral composition changes, are also the plausible causes of the periodic oscillation in the equatorial ionosphere. Further, the complicated patterns appear in the 9 day band‐pass‐filtered TEC perturbations in the EIA region, and they are quite different from the patterns of global coherent thermospheric oscillations triggered by high‐speed streams. We also found that the latitudinal variations of band‐passed‐filtered TEC present different behaviors involving tilt latitudinal configuration, antiphased correlation between the crests and trough, and south‐north asymmetry, which vary as a function of season, local time, or even from event to event.
The scattering properties of horizontally aligned snow crystals and crystal approximations at millimeter wavelengths
Authors: Adams I. S. , Bettenhausen M. H.
Published: August 2012

The capability of current and future sensors to make accurate measurements of polarized microwave radiation allows for the investigation of particle shape and orientation. Additionally, the dichroic properties of media consisting of particles with preferential alignment will alter the polarization state of radiation emitted and reflected by the surface below a cloud boundary. Therefore, a deep understanding of the influence of particle orientation and shape upon radiation are required for remote sensing of both cloud and surface properties. In this study, we compute the scattering properties of three horizontally aligned snow crystals: two dendrites and an hexagonal plate. Additionally, we create two approximations using cylindrical plates. One uses a plate with a diameter equal to the maximum dimension of the respective snow crystal, utilizing an effective dielectric model which assumes the disk to be a matrix of ice with air inclusions. The other approximation uses a cylindrical plate of equal mass, with a radius chosen to conserve mass. To simplify the analysis, all particles have equal thickness. The results show a strong polarization response, particularly in the Q element of the Stokes vector. This polarization response is captured well by the two approximations. While the approximations are applicable for certain cases, there are discrepancies between the scattering properties of the idealized snow crystals and the two cylindrical plate models that may limit the generality of the approximations. Further radiative transfer studies are required to test the full applicability of the crystal approximations.
Thoracic Aortic Dissection and Mycotic Pseudoaneurysm in the Setting of an Unstable Upper Thoracic Type B2 Fracture
Authors: Chaudhary Saad B. , Roselli Eric , Steinmetz Michael , Mroz Thomas E.
Published: August 2012

Thoracic type B2 fractures are high-energy injuries. It is crucial to maintain a high index of suspicion for concomitant visceral injuries. A 33-year-old man presented after a motor vehicle accident with a T4 type B2.3 fracture with an associated sternum fracture. He was treated with a T4 corpectomy and an expandable titanium cage and lateral plate construct at T3–T5. Two months later he developed focal kyphosis and loosening of his screws. This was addressed with an instrumented posterior fusion from T1 to T8 complicated by a wound infection, pneumonia, and fungal esophagitis requiring several debridements and vacuum assisted closure therapy. Worsening back pain prompted a thoracic computed tomography scan, revealing a dissecting thoracic-aortic aneurysm, which was treated with an endovascular stent graft. Few months later, he presented with fevers, chills, and hemoptysis secondary to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, endovascular leak, and T3–T5 osteomyelitis. He was transferred to our institution and restented by the cardiothoracic service. Subsequently, he underwent a thoracotomy, evacuation of infected aneurysmal hematoma with removal of instrumentation. A revision corpectomy with iliac crest autograft reconstruction was performed without complications. The patient's infection and thoracic pain resolved. However, there was a significant delay in treatment, resulting in substantial morbidity. Patients with thoracic type B2 fractures require careful evaluation for concomitant aortic and visceral injuries. Missed associated injuries result in increased morbidity and mortality.
Librational motion of CO in solid Ar: Raman and IR spectra and quantum simulations
Authors: Lindgren Johan , Olbert-Majkut Adriana , Pettersson Mika , Kiljunen Toni
Published: August 2012

Rovibrational Raman spectra of CO molecules isolated in solid Ar are measured at temperatures of 9–30 K and compared to past and present IR spectra. The fundamental band appears as a triplet-split structure, while the center peak has completely different IR and Raman responses to temperature. The Raman peak is sharp and stable but broadens reversibly beyond recognition in the IR upon annealing. The red-shifted, intense line of the triplet is thermally inert in both spectroscopies. The third line is the weakest, and since it is concentration dependent, it is ascribed to a dimer, as before. The CO-H2O impurity complex is identified as a side band. We employ crystal field and quantum chemical modeling to interpret the disparity between the spectroscopies. The stable and broadened lines are assigned to double- and single-substitution sites, respectively. Thermal excitation is not effective in the former case of an angularly tight-confined, deep potential well. In the single-substitution case, the librational level structure shows up as a difference in the Raman and IR selection rules. An effectively ΔJ = 0 totally symmetric transition is found for the Raman spectrum that is uncoupled from lattice phonons and related broadening mechanisms. The low-temperature limit necessitates the use of a fixed lattice approach, while the warmer end of the range is best described by an adiabatic, pseudorotating lattice approach.
Photo-stimulated desorption from water and methane clusters on the surface of solid neon
Authors: Arakawa Ichiro , Matsumoto Daigo , Takekuma Shinichi , Tamura Reimi , Miura Takashi
Published: August 2012

Photo-stimulated desorption of ions from methane and water heteroclusters on the surface of solid neon was studied. The desorption yields of various photo-desorbed species showed strong dependence on the composition and size of the mother cluster. It was found that presence of a water molecule in the cluster significantly enhanced, or was almost essential for, desorption of all species observed. Systematic investigation of the correlation between the cluster size and desorption yield of each ion revealed the corresponding mother cluster for each species of the desorbed ions.
Transient HDO rovibrational satellite peaks in solid parahydrogen: Evidence of hydrogen atoms or vacancies?
Authors: Wonderly William R. , Anderson David T.
Published: August 2012

In this paper we present FTIR studies of the 193 nm photolysis of fully deuterated formic acid (DCOOD) isolated in solid parahydrogen at 1.9 K, which show evidence of transient HDO rovibrational satellite peaks. The S1 and S2 satellite peaks are readily detected for a-type (101 ← 000) rovibrational transitions of HDO either during or immediately after photolysis. Intensity measurements show the HDO b-type (111 ← 000) rovibrational transitions have satellite peaks as well, but due to the greater linewidth of these absorptions, the satellite peaks cannot be spectroscopically resolved from the monomer transition, and are therefore difficult to detect. These newly identified HDO satellite peaks may result from the HDO photoproduct being formed next to an H atom or a vacancy in the parahydrogen solid. The development of infrared spectroscopy of these satellite peaks can provide a new means to study radiation effects on low-temperature hydrogen solids doped with chemical species.
High resolution resistive thermometry for micro/nanoscale measurements
Authors: Sadat S. , Meyhofer E. , Reddy P.
Published: August 2012

High resolution thermometry plays an important role in several micro/nanoscale studies. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the resolution of resistance thermometry schemes that employ an electrical sensing current to monitor the temperature-dependent resistance. Specifically, we theoretically and experimentally analyze four different schemes where modulated or unmodulated temperatures in microdevices are measured using modulated or unmodulated sensing currents. Our analysis and experiments suggest that measurement of unmodulated temperatures using a modulated sensing current improves the resolution in comparison to a scenario where an unmodulated sensing current is used. However, depending on the exact measurement conditions, such improvements might be modest as the overall resolution may be limited by random low frequency environmental temperature fluctuations. More importantly, we find that high-resolution thermometry can be achieved in the measurement of modulated temperatures. Specifically, we show that by using appropriate instrumentation and a 10 kΩ platinum resistance thermometer it is possible to measure modulated temperatures (0.5–20 Hz) with a resolution of about 20–100 μK. The advances described here will enable a dramatic improvement in the heat-current resolution of resistive thermometry based microdevices that are used for probing nanoscale phonon and photon transport.
Red-IR stimulated luminescence in K-feldspar: Single or multiple trap origin?
Authors: Thalbitzer Andersen Martin , Jain Mayank , Tidemand-Lichtenberg Peter
Published: August 2012

We investigate on the origins of the infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals in 3 potassium feldspars based on IR-red spectroscopy (∼700–1050 nm) using a fiber-coupled tunable Ti:Sapphire laser, in combination with different thermal and optical (pre)treatments of the samples. We also measure dose-response curves with different wavelengths and at different stimulation temperatures so as to be able to distinguish between traps based on their electron trapping cross-sections. Our data suggest that the dosimetric signals, IRSL, and the post IR-IRSL in K-feldspars arise from a single electron trapping centre.