bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic exercise in pediatric cystic fibrosis
Authors: Klijn Peter H. , Terheggen‐Lagro Suzanne W. , van der Ent Cornelis K. , van der Net Janjaap , Kimpen Jan L. , Helders Paul J.
Published: August 2003

Anaerobic fitness is important for daily functioning of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study was to assess the determinants of anaerobic performance in CF. Anaerobic performance was measured in 39 children with CF (mean age, 13.2 ± 1.8 (SD) years, forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) 81.6 ± 22.1% predicted), using a Wingate anaerobic test. Significant associations were found for peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) with fat‐free mass (FFM) body weight, body mass index, maximal isometric muscle force, and aerobic capacity. Pulmonary function was correlated with anaerobic indices when controlled for FFM. Multiple regression analysis indicated that FFM and FEV1 accounted for 82% and 86% of the variability in PP and MP, respectively. Patients with moderate CF (FEV1 < 80%), as compared to mild CF (FEV1 ≥ 80%), had higher PP (difference = 85 W, 95% CI = 27–144 W) and MP (difference = 53 W, 95% CI = 42–63 W) at equivalent FFM. Our results indicate that FFM and pulmonary function are important determinants of anaerobic exercise performance in children with CF. With progression of pulmonary disease, anaerobic performance may be enhanced. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003; 36:223–229. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey for g‐proteins in the prokaryotic genomes: Prediction of functional roles based on classification
Authors: Pandit Shashi B. , Srinivasan N.
Published: August 2003

The members of the family of G‐proteins are characterized by their ability to bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). Despite a common biochemical function of GTP hydrolysis shared among the members of the family of G‐proteins, they are associated with diverse biological roles. The current work describes the identification and detailed analysis of the putative G‐proteins encoded in the completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes. Inferences on the biological roles of these G‐proteins have been obtained by their classification into known functional subfamilies. We have identified 497 G‐proteins in 42 genomes. Seven small GTP‐binding protein homologues have been identified in prokaryotes with at least two of the diagnostic sequence motifs of G‐proteins conserved. The translation factors have the largest representation (234 sequences) and are found to be ubiquitous, which is consistent with their critical role in protein synthesis. The GTP_OBG subfamily comprises of 79 sequences in our dataset. A total of 177 sequences belong to the subfamily of GTPase of unknown function and 154 of these could be associated with domains of known functions such as cell cycle regulation and t‐RNA modification. The large GTP‐binding proteins and the α‐subunit of heterotrimeric G‐proteins are not detected in the genomes of the prokaryotes surveyed. Proteins 2003;52:585–597. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of the Arabidopsis organ fusion gene HOTHEAD
Authors: Krolikowski Katherine A. , Victor Jennifer L. , Wagler Tina Nussbaum , Lolle Susan J. , Pruitt Robert E.
Published: August 2003

The outer epidermal plant cell wall and cuticle play an important role in regulating both abiotic and biotic interactions between the plant and its environment. In addition to acting as a protective barrier that limits water loss, the effects of detrimental irradiation and invasion by pathogens, the epidermis also offers an interface that is inert to interactions between organs and ensures proper separation and expansion of organs at the growing points of the plant. Here, we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of HOTHEAD (HTH), a gene required to limit cellular interactions between contacting epidermal cells during floral development. HTH is a member of a small gene family in Arabidopsis and encodes an enzyme related to a group of FAD‐containing oxidoreductases that have been described in several other species. Characterization of 11 independently derived mutant alleles suggests that key amino acids are shared between these related groups of enzymes and identify a cluster of other functionally important residues that are highly conserved only within the Arabidopsis gene family. Our findings add this new type of enzyme to a growing list of enzymes that have been shown to be involved in regulating post‐genital organ fusion. Expression analysis of the HTH gene shows that it is expressed in all tissues tested, including roots, and is not epidermis‐specific. Furthermore, the sequence data unequivocally show that none of the alleles isolated are epigenetic alleles as suggested by genetic behavior previously observed at this locus.
Identification and functional expression of ctaA, a P-type ATPase gene involved in copper trafficking in Trametes versicolor
Authors: Uldschmid Andreas , Dombi Renate , Marbach Karin
Published: August 2003

Here the identification and characterization of a gene encoding a copper-trafficking enzyme, ctaA (copper-transporting ATPase), from the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor are described. This P-type copper ATPase gene has two alleles, differing primarily in the length of the second, unusually long intron, and encodes a 983 aa protein with 40 % sequence identity to yeast Ccc2p. Overexpression of ctaA in yeast grown in the presence of copper led to a 15-fold increase in laccase yields, while overexpression of ctaA and tahA, a previously identified copper homeostasis gene of T. versicolor, was additive, leading to a 20-fold increase in laccase production. In T. versicolor, overexpression of ctaA and tahA led to an eightfold increase in laccase expression, and a cotransformant still expressed laccase at 3000 μM copper when hardly any laccase activity is detected in the wild-type strain. Apparently, at low to moderate levels of copper tahA and ctaA overexpression disturbs the normal hierarchy of copper distribution, resulting in more being directed to the Golgi, while with high copper amounts that normally switch on the copper detoxification processes, tahA and ctaA gene products seem to out-compete the metallothionein copper chaperones, meaning laccase is still supplied with copper. These results may lead to a better understanding of copper trafficking and the hierarchy of copper distribution in the cell, and possibly be useful for constructing laccase-overproducing strains for biotechnological purposes.
DNA ligase IV from a basidiomycete, Coprinus cinereus, and its expression during meiosis
Authors: Namekawa Satoshi , Ichijima Yosuke , Hamada Fumika , Kasai Nobuyuki , Iwabata Kazuki , Nara Takayuki , Teraoka Hirobumi , Sugawara Fumio , Sakaguchi Kengo
Published: August 2003

DNA ligase IV is thought to be involved in DNA double-strand break repair and DNA non-homologous end-joining pathways, but these mechanisms are still unclear. To investigate the roles of DNA ligase IV from a biologically functional viewpoint, the authors studied its relationship to meiosis in a basidiomycete,Coprinus cinereus, which shows a highly synchronous meiotic cell cycle. TheC. cinereuscDNA homologue of DNA ligase IV (CcLIG4) was successfully cloned. The 3·2 kb clone including the ORF encoded a predicted product of 1025 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 117 kDa. A specific inserted sequence composed of 95 amino acids rich in aspartic acid and glutamic acid could be detected between tandem BRCT domains. The inserted sequence had no sequence identity with other eukaryotic counterparts of DNA ligase IV or with another aspartic acid and glutamic acid rich sequence inserted inC. cinereusproliferating cell nuclear antigen (CcPCNA), although the length and the percentages of aspartic and glutamic acids were similar. In addition, the recombinant CcLIG4 protein not only showed ATP-dependent ligase activity, but also used (dT)16/poly(dA) and (dT)16/poly(rA) as substrates, and had double-strand ligation activity, like human DNA ligase IV. Northern hybridization analysis andin situhybridization indicated thatCcLIG4was expressed not only at the pre-meiotic S phase but also at meiotic prophase I. Intense signals were observed in leptotene and zygotene. Based on these observations, the possible role(s) ofC. cinereusDNA ligase IV during meiosis are discussed.
Comparison of Five Genotypic Techniques for Identification of Optochin-Resistant Pneumococcus-Like Isolates
Authors: Verhelst Rita , Kaijalainen Tarja , De Baere Thierry , Verschraegen Gerda , Claeys Geert , Van Simaey Leen , De Ganck Catharine , Vaneechoutte Mario
Published: August 2003

Three PCR techniques (amplification of the
psaA
,
ply
, and
lytA
genes) and a commercial kit (AccuProbe [GenProbe, San Diego, Calif.], based on hybridization with the 16S rRNA gene), all four of which claimed to be specific for
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, were used to identify 49 alpha-hemolytic streptococcal isolates suspected of being pneumococci. The definite phenotypic identification of these organisms as
S. pneumoniae
was difficult when optochin susceptibility and the presence of a capsule were taken as markers. Furthermore,
Rsa
I digestion of the amplified 16S rRNA gene was applied. All 49 strains were optochin resistant. Eleven of these were encapsulated and were identified as pneumococci by all tests. Twenty of the 38 unencapsulated strains were unambiguously identified as nonpneumococci by all tests. The identities of another 18 unencapsulated strains remained inconclusive due to highly variable reactions for all phenotypic and genotypic techniques applied. The AccuProbe test was positive for seven strains for which the results of the other tests were inconclusive.
Rsa
I restriction of the amplified 16S rRNA gene confirmed the AccuProbe result for all strains, while the result of the
psaA
-specific PCR was in concordance with encapsulation for all strains. The results presented here indicate that identification problems continue to exist for some strains, despite the application of genotypic and phenotypic tests in combination. We found the
psaA
-specific PCR to be the genotypic technique best suited for the identification of genuine pneumococci and optochin-resistant pneumococci.
Epidemiology and Outcome of Nosocomial and Community-Onset Bloodstream Infection
Authors: Diekema D. J. , Beekmann S. E. , Chapin K. C. , Morel K. A. , Munson E. , Doern G. V.
Published: August 2003

We performed a prospective study of bloodstream infection to determine factors independently associated with mortality. Between February 1999 and July 2000, 929 consecutive episodes of bloodstream infection at two tertiary care centers were studied. An ICD-9-based Charlson Index was used to adjust for underlying illness. Crude mortality was 24% (14% for community-onset versus 34% for nosocomial bloodstream infections). Mortality attributed to the bloodstream infection was 17% overall (10% for community-onset versus 23% for nosocomial bloodstream infections). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the independent associations with in-hospital mortality to be as follows: nosocomial acquisition (odds ratio [OR] 2.6,
P
< 0.0001), hypotension (OR 2.6,
P
< 0.0001), absence of a febrile response (
P
= 0.003), tachypnea (OR 1.9,
P
= 0.001), leukopenia or leukocytosis (total white blood cell count of <4,500 or >20,000,
P
= 0.003), presence of a central venous catheter (OR 2.0,
P
= 0.0002), and presence of anaerobic organism (OR 2.5,
P
= 0.04). Even after adjustments were made for underlying illness and length of stay, nosocomial status of bloodstream infection was strongly associated with increased total hospital charges (
P
< 0.0001). Although accounting for about half of all bloodstream infections, nosocomial bloodstream infections account for most of the mortality and costs associated with bloodstream infection.
Real-Time PCR Assay To Detect Smallpox Virus
Authors: Sofi Ibrahim M. , Kulesh David A. , Saleh Sharron S. , Damon Inger K. , Esposito Joseph J. , Schmaljohn Alan L. , Jahrling Peter B.
Published: August 2003

We developed a highly sensitive and specific assay for the rapid detection of smallpox virus DNA on both the Smart Cycler and LightCycler platforms. The assay is based on TaqMan chemistry with the orthopoxvirus hemagglutinin gene used as the target sequence. With genomic DNA purified from variola virus Bangladesh 1975, the limit of detection was estimated to be approximately 25 copies on both machines. The assay was evaluated in a blinded study with 322 coded samples that included genomic DNA from 48 different isolates of variola virus; 25 different strains and isolates of camelpox, cowpox, ectromelia, gerbilpox, herpes, monkeypox, myxoma, rabbitpox, raccoonpox, skunkpox, vaccinia, and varicella-zoster viruses; and two rickettsial species at concentrations mostly ranging from 100 fg/μl to 1 ng/μl. Contained within those 322 samples were variola virus DNA, obtained from purified viral preparations, at concentrations of 1 fg/μl to 1 ng/μl. On the Smart Cycler platform, 2 samples with false-positive results were detected among the 116 samples not containing variola virus tested; i.e., the overall specificity of the assay was 98.3%. On the LightCycler platform, five samples with false-positive results were detected (overall specificity, 95.7%). Of the 206 samples that contained variola virus DNA ranging in concentrations from 100 fg/μl to 1 ng/μl, 8 samples were considered negative on the Smart Cycler platform and 1 sample was considered negative on the LightCycler platform. Thus, the clinical sensitivities were 96.1% for the Smart Cycler instrument and 99.5% for the LightCycler instrument. The vast majority of these samples were derived from virus-infected cell cultures and variola virus-infected tissues; thus, the DNA material contained both viral DNA and cellular DNA. Of the 43 samples that contained purified variola virus DNA ranging in concentration from 1 fg/μl to 1 ng/μl, the assay correctly detected the virus in all 43 samples on both the Smart Cycler and the LightCycler platforms. The assay may be useful for the early detection of smallpox virus infections should such infections occur as a result of a deliberate or an accidental recurrence.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Hemoplasma Species: an International Study
Authors: Tasker S. , Helps C. R. , Day M. J. , Harbour D. A. , Shaw S. E. , Harrus S. , Baneth G. , Lobetti R. G. , Malik R. , Beaufils J. P. , Belford C. R. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J.
Published: August 2003

Nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences for feline and canine hemoplasma isolates from Europe, Australia, Africa, and Asia showed almost 100% identity to those previously reported for United States isolates. Partial sequences of the RNA subunit of the RNase P gene were also determined, and RNase P-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemoplasmas are most closely related to the members of the
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
group.
Genomic Analysis ofMycobacterium tuberculosisComplex Strains Used for Production of Purified Protein Derivative
Authors: Inwald Jacqueline , Hinds Jason , Palmer Si , Dale James , Butcher Philip D. , Hewinson R. Glyn , Gordon Stephen V.
Published: August 2003

The genomes of the tuberculin production strainsMycobacterium bovisAN5 andMycobacterium tuberculosisDT were compared to genome-sequenced tubercle bacilli by using DNA microarrays. Neither the AN5 nor DT strain suffered extensive gene deletions during in vitro passage. This suggests that bovine tuberculin made fromM. bovisAN5 is suitable to detect infection with presently prevalentM. bovisstrains.
Vertical Transmission of the Hepatitis C Virus to Infants of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Mothers: Molecular Evolution of Hypervariable Region 1 in Prenatal and Perinatal or Postnatal Infections
Authors: Caudai C. , Battiata M. , Riccardi M. P. , Toti M. , Bonazza P. , Padula M. G. , Pianese M. , Valensin P. E.
Published: August 2003

In a prospective study of 33 infants born to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive human immunodeficiency virus-negative mothers the vertical transmission of HCV occurred in 6.8%. The evolution of HCV infection in two babies was studied from birth up to 5 or 6 years of age, and the sequencing of the hypervariable region (HVR) of the putative envelope-encoding E2 region of the HCV genome was performed. The HVR1 sequence variability and the different serological profiles during follow-up could reflect the differences in HCV transmission routes, HCV genotypes, and clinical evolution of infection.
Predicting progeny performance in common bean (PhaseolusvulgarisL.) using molecular marker-based cluster analysis
Authors: Beattie Aaron D , Michaels Tom E , Pauls K Peter
Published: August 2003

Recovery of superior individuals from a cross based solely on the phenotypic characteristics of single-plant selections is inefficient because some traits, like yield, have low heritabilities, or because it is difficult to create the correct conditions for selection, as with disease resistance. In contrast, molecular markers are highly heritable and unaffected by environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of molecular markers to identify superior lines in a breeding population by examining relationships between genetic distances (GDs) and phenotypic data for eight agronomic and architectural traits (branch angle, height, hypocotyl diameter, lodging, maturity, upper pods, pods per plant, and yield) obtained from three locations over a two-year period. From an elite common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cross, 110 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and the two parents were screened with 116 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Pairwise GD values were calculated between each line and a selected "target" (the parent 'OAC Speedvale') using the Jaccard method and correlated to the trait data. The correlations were low and non-significant for all traits, except for branch angle (r = 0.30), maturity (r = 0.25), and pods per plant (r = 0.35). The lines were also grouped according to their cluster-based GD from the target parent using UPGMA cluster analysis. Trait data of lines within groups were combined and correlated to cluster-based GD. Correlation values were large and significant for all traits. Additionally, one-half of the top 10 yielding lines and nearly one-third of the best phenotypically ranked lines were present within the 13% of lines clustered nearest the target. A selection method using marker-based cluster analysis (MBCA) is suggested to assist phenotypic selection by directing a breeder's attention to a subsample of the population containing a high proportion of superior lines.Key words: genetic distance, recombinant inbred lines, RAPD.
A modified mordant technique for staining plant chromosomes
Authors: Kubik T J , Hawkins G P , Stringam G R
Published: August 2003

The ability to produce ferric acetate in house has provided a new mordant source for use in Newcomer's fluid (6:3:1:1:1 isopropanol, propionic acid, acetone, petroleum ether, 1,4-dioxane) for species with small chromosomes. This method improves on one first published in 1970.Key words: mordant, Brassica, cytology.
A mutation in the spindle checkpoint arresting meiosis II inBrachiaria ruziziensis
Authors: Risso-Pascotto Claudicéia , Pagliarini Maria Suely , Valle Cacilda Borges do
Published: August 2003

Cytological characterization of BRA005568 accession of Brachiaria ruziziensis (2n = 2x = 18) showed a totally unexpected high frequency of abnormal meiotic products, from triads to hexads, and also tetrads with micro nuclei or microcytes. Meiosis I had a low frequency of abnormalities, mainly related to the chiasma terminalization process. In meiosis II, however, frequency of abnormalities increased exceptionally. Early prophase II was normal with the chromosome set enclosed by the nuclear envelope. However, in late prophase II, owing to the breakdown of the nuclear envelope, the chromosomes were scattered in the cytoplasm. Some chromosomes did not reach the metaphase II plate and remained scattered. The behavior of sister cells was inconsistent. While in one cell the chromosomes were totally aligned at the metaphase II plate, in the other they could be found completely scattered, leading to an asynchronous cell division. Cells with scattered chromosomes were unable to progress in meiosis. Thus, anaphase II failed to occur and sister chromatids were not released. Cells with non-aligned chromosomes in the metaphase II plate did not receive the "go ahead" sign to initiate anaphase II. Consequently, the scattered chromosomes produced telophase II nuclei of different sizes in situ. The asynchronous behavior led to the formation of a wide range of meiotic products. Results suggest that the present accession contains a mutation affecting the spindle checkpoint that arrests the second meiotic division.Key words: Brachiaria ruziziensis, meiosis II, microsporogenesis, mutation, spindle checkpoint.
Molecular mapping of Or, a gene inducing beta-carotene accumulation in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)
Authors: Li L , Garvin D F
Published: August 2003

The cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) Or gene is a semi-dominant, single-locus mutation that induces the accumulation of high levels of β-carotene in various tissues of the plant, turning them orange. As part of a map-based cloning strategy, molecular mapping of the Or gene in the cauliflower genome was undertaken in a mapping population consisting of 195 F2 individuals. By using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in conjunction with bulked segregant analysis, we identified 10 AFLP markers closely linked to the Or gene. Four of the most closely linked flanking markers were converted into restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Mapping of these markers in the mapping population placed two of them at 0.5 cM from the Or locus on one side, while another marker flanked the Or gene at 1.6 cM on the other side. Three of these markers were also successfully converted into sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. These PCR-based markers will be useful for a large-scale application in facilitating the positional cloning of the Or gene.Key words: cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis), AFLP, Or gene, molecular markers, carotenoids.
Relic Densities for Kaluza–Klein Dark Matter
Authors: Majumdar Debasish
Published: August 2003

We consider the lightest Kaluza–Klein particle in universal extra dimensions (UED) to be a possible candidate for cold dark matter (CDM). We compute the relic densities for such Kaluza–Klein dark matter. This is done by first solving Boltzmann equation numerically to obtain freeze-out temperature and the ratio of number density and entropy density, for different masses. The relic densities (Ωh2) are then computed to find their variation with CDM masses. These calculations are performed considering two coannihilation channels namely B1 B1 → e+e- and B1 B1 → qq.
Dirac Equation in the Confining SU(3)-Yang–Mills Field and the Relativistic Effects in Quarkonia Spectra
Authors: Goncharov Yu. P. , Choban E. A.
Published: August 2003

The recently obtained solutions of Dirac equation in the confining SU(3)-Yang–Mills field in Minkowski spacetime are applied to describe the energy spectra of quarkonia (charmonium and bottomonium). The nonrelativistic limit is considered for the relativistic effects to be estimated in a self-consistent way and it is shown that the given effects are extremely important for both the energy spectra and the confinement mechanism.
Fate of the Born–Infeld Solution in String Theory
Authors: Karatheodoris G. , Pinzul A. , Stern A.
Published: August 2003

We argue that the Born–Infeld solution on the D9-brane is unstable under inclusion of derivative corrections to Born–Infeld theory coming from string theory. More specifically, we find no electrostatic solutions to the first-order corrected Born–Infeld theory on the D9-brane which give a finite value for the Lagrangian.
Acetylsalicylic Acid Pretreatment, Concomitant Heparin Therapy and the Risk of Early Intracranial Hemorrhage following Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Schmülling Susanne , Rudolf Jobst , Strotmann-Tack Timm , Grond Martin , Schneweis Susanne , Sobesky Jan , Thiel Alexander , Heiss Wolf-Dieter
Published: August 2003

Background: The risk of intracerebral hemorrhage in systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke after acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) pretreatment or with subsequent heparin is controversially discussed. Methods: 300 consecutive stroke patients were treated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in a prospective open study (92 pretreated with ASA, 202 ASA nonusers) with 3 months of follow-up. After thrombolysis, 122 patients received low-dose, 153 patients high-dose heparin. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed no relationship of hemorrhagic complications within the first 48 h to ASA pretreatment (p = 0.15), or heparin application (p = 0.38), but dependency on stroke severity (NIHSS) at baseline (p = 0.01). Conclusion: ASA pretreatment does not increase the risk of symptomatic bleeding after systemic thrombolysis with rt-PA, even if thrombolysis is followed by anticoagulation.
Clinical Picture of Patients with Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Patterns of Dural Sinus Involvement
Authors: Bergui Mauro , Bradac Gianni Boris
Published: August 2003

Background/Objectives: Cerebral venous thrombosis may cause focal brain lesions or an isolated intracranial hypertension without focal signs. We investigated whether these different clinical pictures correspond to different patterns of dural sinus thrombosis. Methods: Forty-eight patients with cerebral venous thrombosis were classified in 2 groups based on the clinical and neuroradiological picture at admission: one group had clinical signs of intracranial hypertension, without focal neurological signs; the other group had focal neurological signs. The extension of thrombosis in dural sinuses was compared between the groups. Results: The amount of thrombosed sinuses was significantly different in the two groups, the involvement of the dural sinuses being greater in patients with isolated intracranial hypertension. Conclusions: The clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombosis is related to the pattern of dural sinus involvement. The presence of isolated intracranial hypertension is more frequent in patients with a more extended thrombosis of the dural sinuses.
Postembolic Spectral Patterns of Doppler Microembolic Signals
Authors: Georgiadis Dimitrios , Uhlmann Frank , Schorch Alexander , Baumgartner Ralf W. , Evans David H.
Published: August 2003

Objectives: This study was performed to examine the prevalence of postembolic spectral patterns in patients with prosthetic heart valves and evaluate their potential relation to the underlying embolic material. Methods: The prevalence of the tail (TS) and lambda (LS) signs was examined in artifact signals and microembolic signals (MES) detected in 10 patients with prosthetic heart valves and 13 further patients with artificial heart valves during normobaria as well as during hyperbaric exposure (2.5 and 1.75 bar). Results: A total of 1,721 MES were detected in the 10 patients; prevalence of TS and LS were 11 and 9.8%, respectively. Hyperbaric exposure in the second group of patients resulted in a significant increase of the prevalence of LS (13.7% at 2.5 bar and 9.2% at 1.75 bar, as compared to 7.7 and 8.2% during normobaria), while the prevalence of TS remained unchanged, ranging between 5 and 6.7%. Neither TS nor LS was observed following artifact signals. Conclusions: TS and LS showed a high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity (ranging between 7.7 and 11 and 5 and 9.8%, respectively) for the detection of MES. LS appear to be – at least partially – associated with gaseous embolic material.
Successful Resection of a Large Rare Composite Tumor (Endocrine Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma) of the Gallbladder after Preoperative Arterial and Portal Embolization
Authors: Wakabayashi Hisao , Ushiyama Takafumi , Sao Kousuke , Maeta Hajime
Published: August 2003

Background: We here report a case of a rare composite tumor (endocrine cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) of the gallbladder in a 71-year-old woman. The tumor, which was diagnosed as carcinoid tumor preoperatively, was about 10 cm in diameter and compressed the hilar plate of the liver. Methods: After decreasing the tumor size by right and middle hepatic arterial embolization and increasing the liver remnant volume by embolization of the right branch of the portal, it was successfully resected by extended right lobectomy of the liver. Results: The treatments of choice for endocrine cell or squamous cell carcinoma arising from the gallbladder have not yet been established. In this case, preoperative arterial embolization was effective, and an aggressive approach using portal embolization resulted in long-term survival for more than 3 years without any sign of recurrence.
The Responsible Reporting of Suicide in Print Journalism
Authors: Jamieson Patrick , Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Romer Daniel
Published: August 2003

Prominently placed press reports of suicide have the ability to produce imitation among vulnerable individuals. This led to the release of consensus recommendations supporting the responsible news reporting of suicide in August 2001. This article summarizes research supporting the recommendations and indicates ways that reporters can cover suicide without encouraging imitation. Content analysis of the New York Times for 1990, 1995, and 1999 indicates that although the suicide rate did not increase during this period, the prominence of suicide reporting did. In addition, articles did not focus on treatable preexisting conditions (e.g., depression) that play a role in up to 90% of self-inflicted death. Interviews with 57 journalists indicated that they were unaware that their reporting could produce suicide imitation. Health professionals can aid journalists by underscoring the effectiveness of treatments for depression and encouraging reporters to include sources of help for the suicidal.
Consultant as Container
Authors: Smith Kenwyn K. , Miller Rose S. , Kaminstein Dana S.
Published: August 2003

This case study recounts an intervention into the senior leadership group of a state-owned organization in South Africa. What started as an executive education program was transformed into a consulting project, a journey of discovery for both the leadership of this organization and the consultants. The turbulent and oftentimes inverted experiences of the work with this senior leadership team are examined via five anomalous events that form the basis for theorizing about how consultants can function as containers for the emotions of the client system. In this project, the consultants' willingness to absorb and work with the leadership's anxiety, hopelessness, and projections enabled the participants to address the many troubling emotions blocking their growth. This article documents the processes and the theory that led this executive group to an independent and mature way of functioning.
Strengthening Organizational Change Processes
Authors: Whelan-Berry Karen S. , Gordon Judith R. , Hinings C. R.(Bob)
Published: August 2003

Although the existing organizational change literature identifies the steps in organizational change, it has not conceptualized those steps to provide a comprehensive process model. In particular, the relationships between the change process at the organizational level and the change processes at the inherent individual and group levels have not been fully described. Using a case study and related data from a major organizational change effort in a corporate audit department of a U.S. bank, this article explores change processes by answering two questions: (a) What constitutes a comprehensive change process as initiatives move from the organizational level to the group and individual levels of implementation? and (b) What does an analysis of the individual and group change processes in large scale organizational change add to our understanding of organizational change processes? This article proposes a more detailed and complete change process model and provides further insight into the differences and transition among the change processes at the individual, group, and organizational levels.
An Examination of the Factor Structure of the Index of Race-Related Stress among a Sample of African American Adolescents
Authors: Seaton Eleanor K.
Published: August 2003

In the present study, the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS) was administered to a sample of urban African American adolescents. This instrument has been used among samples of adult and collegiate African Americans, and the purpose of the present study was to examine the factor structure of adolescent responses. The scale was modified and administered to a sample of 324 African American adolescents. The results provided empirical evidence of validity for the IRRS, particularly as a measure of race-related stress among adolescents. The measure required some modifications, which included deletion of items and rewording some questions to make them relevant for an adolescent sample. Future research should consider the assessment of race-related stress among adolescent samples to understand its association with mental and physical health.
Cultural Orientation and Coping with Perceived Discrimination among African American Youth
Authors: Scott Lionel D.
Published: August 2003

This study sought to explore whether the resonance of certain orientations and dimensions asserted to be distinctive of Black culture (affect, communalism, and spirituality) and mainstream American culture (competition, effort optimism, and individualism) wer related to the strategies used by African American youth to cope with perceived discrimination. Participants wer 120 African American youth from two geographical regions in the United States (northern Alabama, n = 71; central Ohio, n = 49). The findings suggested that orientations and corresponding dimensions of Black culture and mainstream American culture might evidence varying degrees of resonance among African American youth from disparate social-environmental contexts. The findings also indicated that spirituality and effort optimism wer related to greater use of self-reliance/problemsolving coping strategies, whereas communalism was related to lower use of externalizing coping strategies. The implications of cultural orientation for the adjustment and psychological functioning of African American youth in the face of multiple racial contingencies are discussed.
Defining Welfare Spells
Authors: Luks Samantha , Brady Henry E.
Published: August 2003

The authors explore how to define a welfare spell and how well surveys measure welfare spells. By comparing survey and administrative data from the Work Pays Demonstration Project in California on the receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), they find that a substantial amount of administrative churning occurs in administrative data. Through a mixing model of several break lengths, the authors find that a single definition of a break in welfare is not applicable to all respondents. Additionally, it appears that there is substantial variation in the break lengths respondents utilize. Finally, the authors show that the complexity of defining an accurate break in spells creates difficulties for detecting biases in survey responses.
What Differentiates Anal Rapists from Vaginal Rapists?
Authors: Neuwirth Wolfgang , Eher Reinhard
Published: August 2003

During the daily assessment routine of the Federal Documentation Centre for Sexual Offenders, important differences between rapists who commit their offence through anal penetration and other rapists became apparent. The hypothesis following these findings assumed that these anal offenders would show a more sexualized behaviour than other rapists. The following differences between these two groups could be shown: violence and hypersexual desire. Anal rapists show a significantly higher degree in both areas, whereas, on the other side, no difference concerning psychopathic behaviour of the offenders could be proved. The preliminary conclusions that could be drawn according to these results express that anal rapists are more sexualized and, furthermore, they have a more obsessive sex life.
Differences in the Predictive Validity of Actuarial Risk Assessments in Relation to Sex Offender Type
Authors: Bartosh Darci L. , Garby Tina , Lewis Deborah , Gray Steve
Published: August 2003

This study seeks to expand on the previously reported validity of the Static-99, RRASOR, MnSOST-R, and SORAG in predicting sexual recidivism utilizing a regional sample of offenders. The predictive validity of each test was determined utilizing subgroups of the sample based on each offender's known offense history. The effectiveness of each instrument varied depending on offender type. The Static-99 and SORAG were both significantly predictive of sexual, violent, and any recidivism for extrafamilial child molesters, and all four tests were predictive of violent or any recidivism in this subgroup. For incest offenders, all four tests were at least moderately predictive of sexual recidivism, whereas the Static-99 and the SORAG were highly predictive of violent or any recidivism. None of the four tests established consistent predictive validity across recidivism categories in regard to rapists or hands-off offenders, however, the Static-99 and the SORAG were significant in terms of sexual recidivism.
Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Travel:3 Days of Advancing Sleep with and without Morning Bright Light
Authors: Burgess Helen J. , Crowley Stephanie J. , Gazda Clifford J. , Fogg Louis F. , Eastman Charmane I.
Published: August 2003

Jet lag is caused by a misalignment between circadian rhythms and local destination time. As humans typically take longer to re-entrain after a phase advance than a phase delay, eastward travel is often more difficult than westward travel. Previous strategies to reduce jet lag have focused on shaping the perceived light-dark cycle after arrival, in order to facilitate a phase shift in the appropriate direction. Here we tested treatments that travelers could use to phase advance their circadian rhythms prior to eastward flight. Thus, travelers would arrive with their circadian rhythms already partially re-entrained to local time. We determined how far the circadian rhythms phase advanced, and the associated side effects related to sleep and mood. Twenty-eight healthy young subjects participated in 1 of 3 different treatments, which all phase advanced each subject's habitual sleep schedule by 1 h/day for 3 days. The 3 treatments differed in morning light exposure for the 1st 3.5 h after waking on each of the 3 days: continuous bright light (> 3000 lux), intermittent bright light (> 3000 lux, 0.5 h on, 0.5 off, etc.), or ordinary dim indoor light (< 60 lux). A phase assessment in dim light (< 10 lux) was conducted before and after the treatments to determine the endogenous salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). The mean DLMO phase advances in the dim, intermittent, and continuous light groups were 0.6, 1.5, and 2.1 h, respectively. The intermittent and continuous light groups advanced significantly more than the dim light group ( p < 0.01) but were not significantly different from each other. The side effects as assessed with actigraphy and logs were small. A 2-h phase advance may seem small compared to a 6- to 9-h time zone change, as occurs with eastward travel from the USA to Europe. However, a small phase advance will not only reduce the degree of re-entrainment required after arrival, but may also increase postflight exposure to phase-advancing light relative to phase-delaying light, thereby reducing the risk of antidromic re-entrainment. More days of preflight treatment could be used to produce even larger phase advances and potentially eliminate jet lag.
Broadening Public Access to Data through the Development of Tools for Data Novices
Authors: Card Josefina J. , Shapiro Lauren , Amarillas Angela , McKean Elizabeth , Kuhn Tamara
Published: August 2003

In this article, the authors describe three new resources aimed at bringing scientific data, data analysis, and data interpretation to nonexperts (e.g., high school students; undergraduates; health practitioners) through innovative web-based and CD-ROM-based tools. In the first resource, original survey questions and answers are used as the basis for searching through data collections instead of analytic software-generated variables and response codes. Search results are presented as data tables, allowing novices to access survey findings without having to conduct data analysis themselves. A second set of tools is aimed at reaching an even larger audience of nonexperts through the development of a research-based data and Internet literacy curriculum, along with associated training materials. Finally, a third approach is looking at bringing math concepts and statistical data to high school students through the use of real-world DataStories that come to life with the help of computer-based story scripts, animation, audio, and interactive exercises.
Examining Social Influence in Information-Sharing Contexts
Authors: Henningsen David Dryden , Henningsen Mary Lynn Miller
Published: August 2003

Research on hidden profiles has found that groups tend to make decisions reflecting the information shared among group members prior to discussion. However, shared information is confounded with individual prediscussion preferences in hidden profile situations. In this article, the authors manipulate information distribution to examine hidden, ambiguous (i.e., prediscussion preferences favor no alternative), and clear (i.e., prediscussion preferences support the decision alternative favored by the total information) profiles. They examine the influence of profile type on group decisions, use of shared and unshared information, and perceptions of normative and informational influence. Results indicate that groups make superior decisions and rely more on unshared information in clear and ambiguous profiles than in hidden profiles. In addition, perceived social influence is most prevalent in ambiguous profiles.
Reducing Hydration-Linked Events in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Mentes Janet C. , Culp Kennith
Published: August 2003

The authors used a quasi-experimental treatment and control group design with 49 participants from four nursing homes to test the effectiveness of an 8-week hydration intervention in reducing hydration-linked events (HLEs). A Kaplan Meier survival curve with log rank test was calculated to determine incidence and time to occurrence of a HLE. Incidence of and time to a HLE did not differ between the treatment and control groups over an 8-week period (p >.05). However, treatment group participants were found to be more frail, more cognitively impaired, and more at risk for acute confusion than the control group participants. Although there were no statistically significant differences between the groups, it is clinically significant that the frailer, more at-risk participants in the treatment group had a lower incidence of HLEs.
Substantiation as a Multitier Process: The Results of a NIS-3 Analysis
Authors: King Gary , Trocmé Nico , Thatte Nandita
Published: August 2003

Background: Previous studies on child maltreatment reporting have focused mainly on one level of substantiation. This article analyzes factors influencing the multitiered substantiation process. Method: The 1993 Third National Incidence Study (NIS-3) data of substantiated and non-substantiated reported incidents (N =7,263) of maltreatment were analyzed. Substantiation was classified into three categories: unfounded, indicated, and founded. Independent variables included demographic characteristics, case-processing variables, and maltreatment characteristics. Data analysis: Bivariate and multiple logistic regression (MLR) analyses were calculated to determine whether demographic and case processing variables predicted unfounded or founded/indicated dispositions. Second-level analysis examined demographic, case processing, and maltreatment characteristics as predictors of founded or indicated status. Results: These results showed that 60.2% of CPS investigations conducted were evaluated as unfounded, about 22% were categorized as founded, and 17% were classified as indicated. In the MLR analysis for the first level of substantiation, case processing variables were highly significant predictors of founded/indicated status. In the second-level substantiation MLR model, cases in the mid-range income level ($15,000-29,999) had a lower probability (adjusted OR = .58, p = .02) of being founded than those of less than $15,000, and reports involving Hispanic children (OR = 3.04, p = .05) were more likely than the “all other” race-ethnic social classification to have been substantiated as founded. Conclusions: This analysis of NIS-3 data suggests that a three-tiered rather than a two-tiered system is a more accurate representation of the CPS substantiation process. Further analysis of substantiation patterns is required to provide a basis for developing more effective investigation systems.
“He's a Man, and I'm a Woman”
Authors: Boonzaier Floretta , de La Rey Cheryl
Published: August 2003

In South Africa, woman abuse is a pervasive social problem. This article explores how abused women give meaning to their experiences. Narrative interviews were used to investigate 15 women's experiences of violence from their partners. In their narratives, women constructed particular gendered identities, which reflected contradictory and ambiguous subjective experiences. Meanings women attached to their experiences of abuse were filtered through the particular social context—characterized by poverty and deprivation—within which their experiences occurred. Women's naming of the violence was linked to broader sociocultural mechanisms that construct woman abuse as a social problem in South Africa.
Community Care in Australia
Authors: Keleher Helen
Published: August 2003

Access and equity are guiding principles for community care in Australia. Community care in Australia is universally provided through Australia's Medicare system, which assures all people access to needed services. The largest community care system, the Home and Community Care Program (HACC), serves frail older and disabled people. The HACC program is undergoing steady reform to provide more seamless transitions of care for people from home care to residential care whether permanent or for respite purposes. Community health services provide a wide range of center-based and outreach services that any person may access and that are provided on the basis of need. Nevertheless, pressures for greater privatization of services cause tensions, and access is jeopardized further by shortages, particularly in rural areas, of aged care nurses, allied health personnel, and medical practitioners.
An Overview of Home Care in Canada: Its Past, Present, and Potential
Authors: Sharkey Shirlee , Larsen Lesley , Mildon Barb
Published: August 2003

Propelled into the national spotlight by unprecedented attention from governments, decision makers, and researchers, home care in Canada is evolving to make its maximum contribution to the health care system. Commencing with an overview of home care in Canada and its fit within the health system, this article showcases recent landmark events and initiatives in Canada's home care sector and describes the context for home care management and practice today. The article closes by identifying strategies to optimize home care's incredible potential to transform the health care system by leading innovations that maximize client access to customized and timely health knowledge, information, and care.