bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1-Methylpiperazine-1,4-dium bis(hydrogen oxalate)
Authors: Essid Manel , Marouani Houda , Rzaigui Mohamed
Published: February 2014

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C5H14N22+·2HC2O4−, the two crystallographically independent hydrogen oxalate anions are linked by strong intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming two independent corrugated chains parallel to thebaxis. These chains are further connected by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds originating from the organic cations, forming a three-dimensional network. The diprotonated piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation, with the methyl group occupying an equatorial position.
Tetrakis(2-amino-5-chloropyridinium) dihydrogen cyclohexaphosphate
Authors: Hamdi Ahmed , Khederi Lamia , Rzaigui Mohamed
Published: February 2014

In the crystal structure of the title compound, 4C5H6ClN2+·H2P6O184−, the [H2P6O18]4−anions are interconnected by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of infinite ribbons extending along thea-axis direction. These ribbons are linked to the organic cations,viaN—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, into a three-dimensional network. The six P atoms of the [H2P6O18]4−anion form a chair conformation. The complete cyclohexaphosphate anion is generated by inversion symmetry.
2,5-Bis{[(−)-(S)-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]iminomethyl}thiophene
Authors: Mendoza Angel , Bernès Sylvain , Hernández-Téllez Guadalupe , Portillo-Moreno Oscar , Gutiérrez René
Published: February 2014

The title compound, C22H20Br2N2S, was synthesized under solvent-free conditions. The molecule shows crystallographicC2symmetry, with the S atom of the central thiophene ring lying on a twofold rotation axis. Furthermore, as a consequence of the (S,S) stereochemistry, the molecule has a twisted conformation. The dihedral angle between the thiophene and benzene rings is 72.7 (2)° and that between the two benzene rings is 55.9 (2)°. In the crystal, molecules are arranged in a chevron-like pattern, without any significant intermolecular interactions.
9-(4-Bromophenyl)-9H-carbazole
Authors: Kautny Paul , Kader Thomas , Stöger Berthold , Fröhlich Johannes
Published: February 2014

In the title molecule, C18H12BrN, the 4-bromophenyl ring is inclined to the mean plane of the carbazole moiety (r.m.s. devation = 0.027 Å) by 49.87 (5)°. In the crystal, molecules stack along [001] and are linked by C—H...π interactions forming a corrugated two-dimensional network lying parallel to (100).
Benzotriazolium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu A. , Silambarasan A. , Kumar R. Mohan , Umarani P. R. , Chakkaravarthi G.
Published: February 2014

In the title molecular salt, C6H6N3+·C7H7O3S−, the components are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains along [100]. These chains are further connected by weak C—H...O, C—H...π and π–π (centroid-to-centroid distances = 3.510, 3.701 and 3.754 Å) interactions into a three-dimensional network.
Computer models of icosahedral carbon nanostructures (shungite)
Authors: Pleshakov Victor
Published: February 2014

A universal algorithm for the generation of three-dimensional models of icosahedral fullerene-like carbon nanostructures has been developed. Coordinates of atoms on their surface are calculated and three-dimensional models of fulleroids – nested icosahedra – are built. A flat model consisting of five graphite layers of varying diameters is computed in an attempt to explain the nature of the diffraction maximum (d≃ 6.81 Å, 2θ ≃ 13°) in shungite carbon by the existence of edge effects, carbon atoms or small fragments of layers in the interlayer space, or dislocation rings.
Mini droplets to super droplets: evolution of self-assembled Au droplets on GaAs(111)B and (110)
Authors: Sui Mao , Li Ming-Yu , Kim Eun-Soo , Lee Jihoon
Published: February 2014

In this article, the effect of deposition amount on self-assembled Au droplets fabricated on GaAs(111)B and (110) is presented. The investigation is systematically performed by the variation of the Au deposition amount from 2 to 20 nm while fixing the other growth parameters such as annealing temperature and duration to clearly observe the effect. Under identical growth conditions, the self-assembled Au droplets show significantly different size and density depending on the amount of Au deposition:i.e.the average height varies by 436% from 21.8 to 95.5 nm and the average diameter swings by 827% from 52 to 430 nm, showing that the size increase is dominated by the lateral expansion. Meanwhile the average density varies by over two orders of magnitude from 1.24 × 108to 4.48 × 1010 cm−2on GaAs(111)B. With relatively low Au deposition amounts, below 3 nm, round dome-shaped mini Au droplets with high packing density can be fabricated, while super large Au droplets result with higher deposition amounts, above 10 nm, with a density two orders of magnitude lower. It is also found that the surface index has a minor effect on the fabrication of self-assembled Au droplets with the variation of deposition amount. The results are systematically analyzed and discussed in terms of atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images, line profiles, power spectrums, r.m.s. surface roughness, and size and density plots.
Synthesis, formation mechanism and photoelectric properties of GeS nanosheets and nanowires
Authors: Shi Liang , Dai Yumei
Published: February 2014

Single-crystalline GeS nanosheets and nanowires have been selectively synthesized by simply varying the reaction conditionsviaa convenient wet chemical approach. The formation mechanism of the nanosheets and nanowires has been proposed. The results from time-dependent reactions proved that the GeS nanowires were formed by a rolling-up mechanism. Films made of as-synthesized GeS nanosheets and nanowires were found to have an outstanding photoelectric response, suggesting their potential in solar energy applications. The structure, morphology, composition and optical absorption properties of the as-prepared samples were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy.
Approaches to modelling thermal diffuse scattering in triglycine sulfate, (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SO4
Authors: Hudspeth J. M. , Goossens D. J. , Welberry T. R.
Published: February 2014

The thermal diffuse scattering in triglycine sulfate, (NH2CH2COOH)3·H2SO4, has been modelled by treating the intermolecular interactions that give rise to the correlated atomic displacements like Hooke's law springs. To limit the number of variables in the model, the force constants for the interactions were parameterized in a number of ways, the most successful of which was an empirical interaction potential using an exponential function of the interatomic separations.
A symmetry-mode description of rigid-body rotations in crystalline solids: a case study of Mg(H2O)6RbBr3
Authors: Müller Melanie , Dinnebier Robert E. , Dippel Ann-Christin , Stokes Harold T. , Campbell Branton J.
Published: February 2014

The application of rotational symmetry modes to quantitative rigid-body analysis is demonstrated for octahedral rotations in Mg(H2O)6RbBr3. Rigid-body rotations are treated as axial-vector order parameters and projected using group-theoretical methods. The high-temperature crystal structure of the Mg(H2O)6RbBr3double salt consists of a cubic perovskite-like corner-sharing network of RbBr6octahedra with isolated MgO6octahedra at the perovskiteAsites. A phase transition occurs at 411 K upon cooling, whereupon the MgO6octahedra experience a substantial rigid-body rotation, the RbBr6octahedra are translated but not rotated, and both types of octahedra become slightly distorted. The MgO6rotation has three orthogonal components associated with theX5−, Γ4+andX1−irreducible representations of the parent Pm{\overline 3}m space-group symmetry which, given the weakly first-order character of the transition, appear to be strongly coupled. Parametric and sequential refinements of the temperature-dependent structure were conducted using four model types: (1) traditional atomicxyzcoordinates for each atom, (2) traditional rigid-body parameters, (3) purely displacive symmetry modes and (4) rigid-body rotational symmetry modes. We demonstrate that rigid-body rotational symmetry modes are an especially effective parameter set for the Rietveld characterization of phase transitions involving polyhedral rotations.
Sub-micrometre depth-gradient measurements of phase, strain and texture in polycrystalline thin films: a nano-pencil beam diffraction approach
Authors: Vaxelaire Nicolas , Gergaud Patrice , Vaughan Gavin B. M.
Published: February 2014

A single-scan approach to evaluating chemical and structural gradients in polycrystalline thin films with a resolution of tens of nanometres is reported. Thinned samples are measured in cross section in a transmission geometry with a high-energy X-ray nano-pencil beam. Powder diffraction methods can be used because of the strongly asymmetric beam shape (i.e.the large number of diffracting grains), allowing the solution of structural phases within the film thickness. For each phase, microstructural gradients such as strain, stress, texture and grain size are deduced from two-dimensional diffraction patterns. Sample preparation (i.e.sample thinning), stress release and technique throughput are evaluated. The resolution, precision and limitations are discussed. The efficiency of this approach is demonstrated on ferritic thin films, where the phase ratio and stress gradient (in each phase) have been successfully quantified with a 150 nm depth resolution.
The structural properties of a noncentrosymmetric polymorph of 4-aminobenzoic acid
Authors: Benali-Cherif Rim , Takouachet Radhwane , Bendeif El-Eulmi , Benali-Cherif Nourredine
Published: February 2014

The crystal structure of a polymorph of 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), C7H7NO2, at 100 K is noncentrosymmetric, as opposed to centrosymmetric in the structures of the other known polymorphs. The two crystallographically independent PABA molecules form pseudocentrosymmetric O—H...O hydrogen-bonded dimers that are further linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network. The benzene rings stack in thebdirection. The CO2moieties are bent out slightly from the benzene ring plane.
A coordination polymer consisting of two different one-dimensional copper(II) chains
Authors: Wu Yang , Wang Wen-Zhen , Ismayilov Rayyat Huseyn , Lee Gene-Hsiang , Peng Shie-Ming
Published: February 2014

The title compound,catena-poly[[[diaqua(methanol-κO)copper(II)]-μ-N-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl-κN1)pyrazin-2-amine-κ2N1:N4] [[aqua(aqua/methanol-κO)(perchlorato-κO)copper(II)]-μ-N-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl-κN1)pyrazin-2-amine-κ2N1:N4] tris(perchlorate) methanol monosolvate 1.419-hydrate], {[Cu(C9H9N5)(CH3OH)(H2O)2][Cu(C9H9N5)(ClO4)(CH3OH)0.581(H2O)1.419](ClO4)3·CH3OH·1.419H2O}n, is a one-dimensional straight-chain polymer ofN-(4-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)pyrazin-2-amine (L) with Cu(ClO4)2. The complex consists of two crystallographically independent one-dimensional chains in which the CuIIatoms exhibit two different octahedral coordination geometries. TheLligand coordinates to two CuIIcentres in a tridentate manner, with the pyrazine ring acting as a bridge linking the CuIIcoordination units and building an infinite one-dimensional chain. Extensive hydrogen bonding among perchlorate anions, water molecules andLligands results in three-dimensional networks.
3-[(Diphenylphosphinothioyl)oxy]-N-methylpropan-1-aminium diphenylphosphanylthioate
Authors: Karaman Merve , İrişli Sevil , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: February 2014

The title salt, C16H21NOPS+·C12H10OPS, was synthesized from the reaction between 3-(methylamino)propan-1-ol and PPh2(S)Cl in the presence of Et3N. Its structure has been identified using spectroscopic methods and X-ray analysis. Single crystals were obtained from ethanol by slow evaporation. In the asymmetric unit, a cation–anion pair is formed through an intermolecular N—H...O [N...O = 2.6974 (18) Å] hydrogen bond. The molecules are packed through N—H...O and N—H...S hydrogen bonds in the crystal and these hydrogen bonds are responsible for the high melting point. The P atoms of the anion and cation both have distorted tetrahedral environments.
A one-dimensional silver(I) coordination polymer based on an asymmetric flexibleN-donor carboxylate ligand:catena-poly[(μ3-4-{[(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}benzoato-κ3O:O′:N4)silver(I)]
Authors: Zhang Hai-Na , Zhang Qing-Fu , Wang Jia-Jia , Geng Ai-Jing , Zhang Chong
Published: February 2014

The title compound, [Ag(C15H11N4O2S)]n, was synthesized by the reaction of 4-{[(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}benzoic acid (Hptmba) with silver nitrate and triethylamine at room temperature. The asymmetric unit contains one crystallographically independent AgIcation and one ptmba−ligand. Each AgIcation is tricoordinated by two carboxylate O atoms and one tetrazole N atom from three different ptmba−ligands, displaying a distorted T-shaped geometry. Three AgIcations are linked by tris-monodentate bridging ptmba−ligands to form a one-dimensional double chain along thecaxis, which is further consolidated by an intrachain π–π contact with an offset face-to-face distance of 4.176 (3) Å between the centroids of two adjacent aromatic rings in neighbouring benzoate groups. The one-dimensional chains are linked into a three-dimensional supramolecular framework by additional π–π interchain interactions,viz.of 3.753 (3) Å between two phenyl substituents of the tetrazole rings and of 4.326 (2) Å between a benzoate ring and a tetrazole ring. Thermogravimetric analysis and the fluorescence spectrum of the title compound reveal its good thermal stability and a strong green luminescence at room temperature.
Three closely related dibenzazepine carboxylic acids: hydrogen-bonded aggregation in one, two and three dimensions
Authors: Sanabría Carlos M. , Palma Alirio , Cobo Justo , Glidewell Christopher
Published: February 2014

In the structure of (6R*,11R*)-5-acetyl-11-ethyl-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6-carboxylic acid, C19H19NO3, (I), the molecules are linked into sheets by a combination of O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds; in the structure of the monomethyl analogue (6RS,11SR)-5-acetyl-11-ethyl-2-methyl-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6-carboxylic acid, C20H21NO3, (II), the molecules are linked into simpleC(7) chains by O—H...O hydrogen bonds; and in the structure of the dimethyl analogue (6RS,11SR)-5-acetyl-11-ethyl-1,3-dimethyl-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6-carboxylic acid, C21H23NO3, (III), a combination of O—H...O, C—H...O and C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds links the molecules into a three-dimensional framework structure. None of these structures exhibits theR22(8) dimer motif characteristic of simple carboxylic acids.
Enhancing employability in engineering and management students through soft skills
Authors: Rao M.S.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to bridge the gap between campus and industry among the management and engineering students to enhance their employability. It equips students and faculty with creative tools and techniques to acquire soft skills and provides a new perspective to the discipline of soft skills.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper designs an interview questionnaire containing both open and close-ended questions to elicit responses from faculty, students, recruiters, and directors of educational institutions.

Findings

– The study found that there must be effective coordination among faculty, students, industry and directors of educational institutions for enhancing employability skills among students. It places emphasis on the role of Training and Placement Officer (TPO) in the educational institutions for better employability and calls for promotion of finishing schools to enhance employability.

Research limitations/implications

– The article relies on limited survey and interview data from one particular district in India and from students of engineering and management education only.

Practical implications

– The study can be applied in any part of the world as there is a problem of unemployability everywhere currently.

Originality/value

– The paper adds value to the little literature available in the area of soft skills. It sets the agenda for discussion in soft and hard skills and employability, presents problems and prospects and calls for blending both hard and soft skills to enhance employability.
Corporate human rights social responsibility and employee job outcomes in Kenya
Authors: Kimeli Cheruiyot Thomas , Chemngetich Maru Loice
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify dimensionality and evaluate effect of corporate human rights social responsibility (CHRSR) on employee job outcomes among three leading Kenya's horticultural exporters based in Naivasha, Kenya.

Design/methodology/approach

– Exploratory and explanatory survey was utilized on a sample of 450 employees selected using a multistage sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to extract both nominal and ordinal data, the latter's items were anchored on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive, principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression was used to analyze the data.

Findings

– PCA of 32 items representing CHRSR yielded ten components while that of employee job outcomes yielded seven components reflecting the multidimensional nature of the constructs. Results showed that the selected firms have largely satisfied both HR and moral expectations. Regression results showed generally significant effect of CHRSR on employee job outcomes such as employee retention, satisfaction, commitment and pride.

Research limitations/implications

– A business case for CHRSR exists. This implies that compliance with the law, adoption of HR-related corporate social responsibility (CSR) is critical in enhancing employee job outcomes and overall organization performance.

Originality/value

– The study integrates CSR and HR into CHRSR. It demonstrates its multidimensional nature and utilizes statistical analysis to explore its relationship with employee job outcomes in an African export sector context and argues that CSRHR is more critical in Africa than more regulated contexts.
Establishing liability for multinational corporations: lessons from Akpan
Authors: James McConnell Lee
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– This article aims to explore the central challenges that preclude the attribution of liability to multinational corporations (MNCs) through a contextual analysis of the recent Akpan ruling of the District Court of The Hague. It considers the lack of direct regulation for multinationals at the international level and explores the procedural/substantive hurdles which pervade in the domestic systems of “host” and “home” States, in an exposition of the overall deficit in protection.

Design/methodology/approach

– The article employs a case-based approach, utilising the judgement of a recent Dutch case concerning environmental damage in Nigeria as a vehicle to discuss parent/subsidiary liability.

Findings

– The article demonstrates the procedural impediments that arise in the domestic forums of developing countries, as well as the jurisdictional challenges presented by corporate structures which preclude home State protection. Absent effective international regulation, this paper demonstrates that continued emphasis on State responsibility, particularly in developing countries, is unworkable.

Originality/value

– The article provides a fresh illustration of the challenges to the regulation of MNCs in the light of recent case law. It contributes to an evolving literature on the wider topic of non-State actor regulation, which continues to generate significant academic debate.
Developing a values evidence-based clinical supervision model within a forensic intellectual disability service
Authors: Jackson William
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development and proposal of a values evidence-based model of clinical supervision (CS) for the implementation by nursing staff (registered and non-registered nurses) within a forensic intellectual disability service.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a conceptual and technical paper providing a descriptive account for a service provision with nursing staff.

Findings

– The paper does not present any research findings but does demonstrate a novel and innovative approach to the conceptualisation and implementation of CS.

Originality/value

– The paper examines the dominant concepts that shape existing thinking around CS and suggests a new interpretation that involves greater pragmatism through a values evidence-based approach.
Micro-emulsion co-polymerisation of butyl acrylate with acrylic acid as binder for textile pigment printing
Authors: Abd El-Ghaffar M.A. , A. Kantouch Fayza , M. Mahmoud Zainn , Haggag Karima , I. Hashem Ahmed , A. Ramadan Abdelrahim
Published: February 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to prepare nano size micro-emulsion co-polymer particles based on butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AAc) with high monomer/surfactant ratio. The study involved the application of the prepared micro-emulsions co-polymers as textile pigment printing binders.

Design/methodology/approach

– The micro-emulsion co-polymerisations processes were carried out with different mixtures of BA and AAc using modified process. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and potassium peroxy disulphate/glucose were used as emulsifier and redox initiator, respectively. The prepared emulsion co-polymer was characterized via spectroscopic measurements, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and transmission electron microscope (TEM), in addition to thermal analysis. The prepared micro-emulsion co-polymers were applied as binders for pigment printing process onto cotton fabric, polyester and cotton/polyester blend by using flat screen technique. The optimum curing conditions were determined, colour strength and fastness properties of pigment printed areas to light, washing, perspiration and rubbing were evaluated. In addition, stiffness of the prints was studied.

Findings

– The achieved results indicated that particle size and homogeneity of the prepared micro-emulsions depend on monomers weight ratio, initiator and emulsifier concentrations. On the other hand, the prints obtained using the prepared binders with optimum conditions have satisfactory fastness, good handle and high colour yield.

Research limitations/implications

– Monomers were continuously and slowly added into the polymerising system with mild stirring to avoid disturbing the stability of the micro-emulsion. Also, emulsifier and initiator concentrations should be controlled to avoid coagulation.

Practical implications

– The research provides textile pigment printing binder with nano particle size within the range of 24-48 nm. Using the prepared nano binders in pigment printing enhances the stiffness, handle, and fastnesses properties of the prints.

Originality/value

– The prepared co-polymer binders showed high-performance physico-mechanical properties; in addition, the ultimate goal of this study is to prepare a nano size binder with high monomer/surfactant ratio using a modified micro-emulsion process.
What clinicians think of manualized psychotherapy interventions: findings from a systematic review
Authors: Forbat Liz , Black Lynne , Dulgar Kerem
Published: February 2014

This article reports a systematic review of the literature examining therapists' views and experiences of utilizing treatment manuals. Key databases were searched and a thematic narrative analysis was conducted. Twelve articles were identified. The literature contains four distinct subthemes: (i) exposure to and use of manuals; (ii) therapists' beliefs about manuals; (iii) therapist characteristics, such as age/gender/training and (iv) characteristics of the work, such as client group. The analysis finds that clinicians who have used manuals appraise them positively, and view them as facilitating flexibility, allowing for therapeutic relationship and keeping therapy on track. The review is a helpful contribution to the literature and is a prompt to practitioners to consider their own views and exposure to manualized treatments and how this relates to generating the ‘hard’ outcome data that governments and service commissioners internationally find credible and persuasive.

Practitioner points

The positive appraisal of manuals is increased through exposure to them in clinical practice or research settings. Clinicians may wish, therefore, to seek out opportunities to use manuals.

Clinicians are rarely exposed to manuals, which presents a potential topic for training courses to address.
The Effects of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2‐Loaded Tricalcium Phosphate Microsphere–Hydrogel Composite on the Osseointegration of Dental Implants in Minipigs
Authors: Lee Jae Hyup , Ryu Mi Young , Baek Hae‐Ri , Lee Hyun‐Kyung , Seo Jun‐Hyuk , Lee Kyung Mee , Lee A‐Young , Zheng Guang Bin , Chang Bong‐Soon , Lee Choon‐Ki
Published: February 2014

Bone formation in tooth defect areas and the osseointegration of dental implants are very important for successful dental implant surgery. The aim of the present study was to assess the strengthening effect of a β‐TCP microsphere–hydrogel composite containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) on bone healing and implant osseointegration. The molars and premolars on the left and right sides of the maxilla were extracted from six male minipigs, and dental implants were placed using either the β‐TCP microsphere–hydrogel carrier alone or the carrier loaded with rhBMP‐2 (500 μg). The animals were kept alive for a further 8 weeks. The molars and premolars from the left and the right sides of the mandibles of another six minipigs were extracted, and the animals were kept alive for 4 weeks. Two 5‐mm‐diameter bone defects were then made on both sides of the mandible. The defects were filled with saline, β‐TCP microsphere‐hydrogel carrier, or the carrier loaded with rhBMP‐2 (300 μg), and dental implant fixtures were inserted. The animals were kept alive for a further 4 weeks. Bone formation was examined using plane radiographs, micro‐CT, and the histology of undecalcified specimens. The group treated with the rhBMP‐2‐loaded carrier composite showed a significantly higher percentage bone volume and a greater trabecular thickness for the newly formed bone in the tooth defect areas when compared to the group treated with the carrier alone. The rhBMP‐2 group had a significantly higher osseointegration, a larger percentage bone volume, greater trabecular thickness in the newly formed bone in tooth defect areas, a larger newly formed bone fraction in the fixture pitch, and a greater number of newly formed trabecular bones when compared to the other groups. We confirmed that the rhBMP‐2‐loaded carrier composite promotes new bone formation after tooth extraction and strengthens osseointegration of dental fixtures by improving the degree of osseointegration around the dental implant fixture.
Fiducial markers and spacers in prostate radiotherapy: current applications
Authors: Ng Michael , Brown Elizabeth , Williams Andrew , Chao Michael , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Chee Raphael
Published: February 2014

Objectives

To review the use of fiducial markers and spacers in prostate radiotherapy (RT).

Materials and Methods

We reviewed the literature on the use of fiducial markers to improve accuracy in delivery of RT for prostate cancer. We discuss the rationale for fiducials, the types available, the procedures and complications.

We also reviewed the current literature on the novel use of spacers to reduce rectal toxicity during prostate irradiation.

Results

Prostate motion is a significant problem both during and between RT treatments. Intraprostatic fiducials allow accurate prostate localisation ensuring RT treatment accuracy.

Insertion of gold fiducials are a cost‐effective marker that can be easily and quickly implanted and at least three fiducials are recommended.

Severe complications from fiducial implantation are uncommon and marker migration is very rarely clinically significant.

Spacers are a novel method to distance the rectum from the prostate during RT, reducing acute rectal toxicity, and have no detrimental impact on health‐related quality of life.

Conclusions

Intraprostatic fiducials are now standard of care when delivering prostate RT and early data shows benefit of spacers in reducing RT rectal toxicity.
‘It's about the whole family’: family contact for children in kinship care
Authors: Kiraly Meredith , Humphreys Cathy
Published: February 2014

Contact with family for children in care is identified as a right under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. However, such contact often presents challenges because of the protective concerns that have led to care arrangements being made. The Family Links: Kinship Care and Family Contact research study explored the nature and extent of family contact in kinship care, with a particular focus on the circumstances that create positive contact and foster family relationships. Findings included evidence of a large proportion of parental contact that was negatively affecting children's well‐being, and was sometimes unsafe. By contrast, the frequent contact that children were enjoying with their siblings and wider family was reported to be mostly positive and supportive. Kinship carers described a range of services needed to facilitate more positive parental contact and to enable children to keep contact with significant family members.
Pituitarypars intermediadysfunction: Diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Durham A. E. , McGowan C. M. , Fey K. , Tamzali Y. , van der Kolk J. H.
Published: February 2014

Pituitarypars intermediadysfunction is a common problem with which equine practitioners are becoming involved ever more frequently. This current review aims to outline recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the condition when encountered in practice.
Maladaptive Personality at Work: Exploring the Darkness
Authors: Guenole Nigel
Published: February 2014

Important changes in how personality is conceptualized and measured are occurring in clinical psychology. We focus on 1 aspect of this work that industrial psychologists have been slow to embrace, namely, a new trait model that can be viewed as a maladaptive counterpart to the Big 5. There is a conspicuous absence of work psychology research emerging on this trait model despite important implications for how we understand personality at work. We discuss objections to the trait model in a work context and offer rejoinders that might make researchers and practitioners consider applying this model in their work. We hope to stimulate discussion of this topic to avoid an unnecessary bifurcation in the conceptualization of maladaptive personality between industrial and clinical settings.
Indian Farmer Suicides: Is GM Cotton to Blame?
Authors: Plewis Ian
Published: February 2014

“Thousands of Indian farmers are committing suicide after growing GM crops.” It is no minor claim. Genetically modified crops revolutionise agriculture – but are controversial. They will feed the world, reduce the need for pesticides and fertilisers, and add health-protecting nutrients to those who consume them, say some. They are an ecological disaster in the making, say others, and impoverish the Third World farmers who grow them. Often quoted is the example of suicides among Indian farmers who grow GM crops. Ian Plewis examines the data and the conclusion.
North Americans – One Third of the World's Weight?: Obesity and the Comma
Authors: Dudzic Stella
Published: February 2014

One in three people worldwide is overweight – and it is not just a problem of the developed world. The number of overweight and obese adults in the developing world has almost quadrupled since 1980 to around 1 billion, says a report from the Overseas Development Institute1. The increase was primarily in countries with rising incomes such as Egypt and Mexico. A shift from eating grains to more fats, sugar, oils and meat has been blamed. At the same time, millions, particularly children, are undernourished. In the UK, 64% of adults are classed as being overweight or obese. North America has the highest percentage of overweight adults at 70%. Reason for shame? Watch not only your weight, but also your punctuation, says Stella Dudzic.
Involvement of luminal nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of the gastroesophageal reflux disease spectrum
Authors: Iijima Katsunori , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: February 2014

Over the last 3 decades, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in Western countries; a similar increase may be observed in Asian countries in the near future. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises from a sequential gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) spectrum from reflux erosive esophagitis, to Barrett's esophagus, and finally to esophageal adenocarcinoma. At present, gastric acid and bile are assumed to be primarily involved in the etiology of the GERD spectrum. We reported in 2002 that, at the gastroesophageal junction in humans, abundant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are generated luminally through the entero‐salivary re‐circulation of dietary nitrate. Since then, we have carried out a series of experiments to demonstrate that NO diffuses into the adjacent epithelium at cytotoxic levels. This diffusion results in disruption of the epithelial barrier function, exacerbation of inflammation, acceleration of columnar transformation in the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) via the induction of caudal‐type homeobox 2, and the shifting of carcinogenic N‐nitroso compound formation from the luminal to epithelial compartment. These results suggest that, in addition to conventionally recognized causative factors, luminal NO could also be involved in the pathogenesis of the GERD spectrum. In addition, we recently showed that there is a prominent gender‐related difference in NO‐related cytotoxicity in the esophagus and that estrogen attenuated the esophageal tissue damage via the estrogen receptor in female rats. The role of estrogen in attenuating the esophageal tissue damage in NO‐related esophageal damage could explain the well‐recognized male predominance in the GERD spectrum in humans.
Efficacy and safety of esomeprazole with flupentixol/melitracen in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with emotional disorders
Authors: Yu Yan‐Yan , Fang Dian‐Chun , Fan Li‐Lin , Chang Hui , Wu Zhi‐Lin , Cao Yan , Lan Chun‐Hui
Published: February 2014

Background and Aim

This study was designed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of esomeprazole combined with flupentixol/melitracen for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with emotional disorders.

Methods

Two hundred eighty‐nine GERD patients with emotional disorders were divided randomly into two groups: group 1 received esomeprazole only (monotherapy) and group 2 received esomeprazole and flupentixol/melitracen (combination therapy). The patients' GERD questionnaire (GerdQ) and hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scores were obtained before and after treatment. Changes in the scores, rates of symptom remission, and adverse effects were compared between the two groups.

Results

After 2 weeks of treatment, the average decrease in GerdQ score in the combination group (4.04 ± 2.34) was significantly greater than that in the monotherapy group (3.34 ± 2.74; P < 0.05). Significant differences between the two groups were also found for changes in HAD anxiety scores (5.45 ± 2.41 vs 3.34 ± 2.43, P < 0.05), depression scores (5.47 ± 2.47 vs 3.00 ± 3.28, P < 0.05), and anxiety‐depression scores (5.20 ± 2.71 vs 3.60 ± 2.56, P < 0.05). The remission of symptoms (eructation, abdominal pain, anorexia, and other accompanying symptoms) in the combination group was significantly better than that in the monotherapy group, and no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events was observed between the two groups.

Conclusions

The combination therapy has better efficacy than the monotherapy in improving the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with emotional disorders. In addition, this combination treatment is safe, with a low incidence of adverse events.
A new semisynthetic derivative of sauroine induces LTP in hippocampal slices and improves learning performance in the Morris Water Maze
Authors: Vallejo Mariana , Loyola Sebastián , Contreras Darwin , Ugarte Gonzalo , Cifuente Diego , Ortega Gabriela , Cabrera José L. , Zeise Marc , Tonn Carlos , Carreño Mario , Delgado Ricardo , Morales Bernardo , Agnese Mariel
Published: February 2014

Two semisynthetic acetyl derivatives of the alkaloid sauroine from Huperzia saururus, monoacetyl sauroine, and diacetyl sauroine (DAS) were obtained and their chemical structures were analyzed by NMR. While monoacetyl sauroine is the typical product of acetylation, DAS is an unexpected derivative related to the keto‐enol formation of sauroine. Recordings of field excitatory post‐synaptic potentials from the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices showed that only DAS acutely applied induced chemical long‐term potentiation (LTP) in a dose‐dependent manner with an EC50 of 1.15 ± 0.09 μM. This effect was blocked by 10 μM D(‐)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5), suggesting dependence on the NMDA receptor. DAS significantly increased NMDA receptor‐dependent excitatory post‐synaptic currents without affecting α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate receptor‐dependent currents. Repetitive administration of DAS improved visuo‐spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze. In slices from rats tested in the Morris Water Maze, LTP resulting from electrical synaptic stimulation was 2.5 times larger than in controls. Concentration of DAS measured in the brain after repetitive administration was 29.5 μM. We conclude that slices perfused with DAS display a robust NMDA receptor‐dependent chemical LTP. During chronic treatment, DAS enhances learning abilities through a metaplastic mechanism as revealed by the augmentation of LTP in slices. DAS, therefore, may be a promising compound as a nootropic therapeutic drug.

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A semisynthetic derivative of sauroine, diacetyl sauroine (DAS), induces chemical long‐term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices increasing the NMDA receptor‐dependent current. 2 mg/kg prior to each session in a Morris Water Maze (MWM) improves behavior performance. In slices prepared from the tested rats the electrical stimulation‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) was greatly enhanced. Therefore, DAS may have potency as a nootropic drug against the memory decline.
Kinetics of oral colonization by Candida spp. during topical corticotherapy for oral lichen planus
Authors: Pereira Thais dos Santos Fontes , Correia Silva Alves Jeane de Fátima , Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri , Nascimento Adriana Rocha do , Stoianoff Maria Aparecida de Resende , Gomez Ricardo Santiago
Published: February 2014

Background

Oral candidiasis is an important side effect of topical corticotherapy. The purpose of this study was to assess oral mucosa colonization by five Candida species during topical corticotherapy and to investigate Candida spp. pathogenicity and in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and amphotericin B.

Methods

Oral swabbing samples from 11 erosive oral lichen planus (OLP) patients were collected before (day 0) and at days 7 and 30 of topical corticotherapy. Conventional methods for identification and quantification of Candida species, quantitative PCR (qPCR), pathogenicity tests and in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and amphotericin B assays were performed.

Results

Candida albicans was the most prevalent species in the oral mucosa after corticotherapy. Increased number of colony‐forming units (CFU) and Candida albicans DNA copies were observed at day 30 of corticotherapy, despite no clinical evidence of candidiasis in any patient. Colony‐forming units' count of Candida species was less sensitive than qPCR, but both methods positively correlated. No resistance to fluconazole or amphotericin B was observed.

Conclusions

Topical corticoid used for oral erosive lichen planus treatment was associated with increase in Candida spp., in particular, C. albicans, in the oral cavity, independent of clinical manifestation of the disease.
Suppression of Rust and Brown Eye Spot Diseases on Coffee by Phosphites and By‐products of Coffee and Citrus Industries
Authors: Costa Bruno Henrique G. , de Resende Mário Lúcio V. , Ribeiro Júnior Pedro M. , Mathioni Sandra M. , Pádua Moisés A. , da Silva Júnior Manoel B.
Published: February 2014

The rust and brown eye spot, caused by Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola, respectively, are the most important fungal diseases on coffee in South America. Their management is mainly by chemical treatment, and there is no genetic resistance to brown eye spot known so far. Considering the need for developing alternative products for their control, the goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of phosphites and by‐products of coffee and citrus industries on rust and brown eye spot. Formulations of coffee and citrus industry by‐products, phosphites and their combination with fungicide were evaluated in field experiments, and their effect on fungal urediniospores and conidia was evaluated in vitro. In the field, treatments were applied individually or in combination and the in vitro assays were performed with manganese phosphite (Reforce Mn), potassium phosphite and citrus industry by‐product (Fortaleza), copper phosphite and coffee industry by‐product (Fitoforce Full), and fungicide. The severity and incidence of rust and brown eye spot on coffee leaves, yield, and leaf retention were evaluated in the field. Percentage of spore germination was evaluated in vitro for both fungi, whereas mycelial growth was evaluated for C. coffeicola only. The treatments Fortaleza, Reforce Mn and Fitoforce Full suppressed both diseases with a reduction in defoliation. In the year 2012, the plants treated with Reforce Mn and Reforce Mn + Fortaleza showed a yield increase of 72 and 88%, respectively, which was similar to the results shown by the fungicide treatment. In vitro inhibition of germination of H. vastatrix urediniospores and of C. coffeicola conidia was observed and suggests that the products exert some toxic effects to both fungi. Finally, the results observed indicate that the combined use of by‐products of plant‐processing industries and phosphites is an alternative and can be added efficiently to the management of coffee diseases.
Severity Evaluation Methods in Common Bean Recurrent Selection Programme for Resistance to Angular Leaf Spot
Authors: Rezende Breno A. , Abreu Ângela de Fátima B. , Ramalho Magno Antonio P. , de Souza Elaine A.
Published: February 2014

The objectives of this study were to identify which method and period of evaluation of angular leaf spot (ALS) of common bean, caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudocercospora griseola, allow better discrimination among common bean lines derived from seven cycles of recurrent selection for resistance to this pathogen. For that reason, 35 lines of the first seven cycles of the programme were assessed for disease severity on leaves and pods using a rating scale. For leaves, the methods used were severity in field plots (SF), severity in sampled leaflets (SS) and percentage of the sampled leaf area with symptoms (%LAS). Leaf assessments were performed at 7, 14, 21, 28, 33 and 41 days after flowering (DAF), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. On pods, severity was evaluated at 41 DAF. It was observed that the SF using a rating scale is the most efficient method for selection of resistant lines, and the best time period for evaluating the disease is around 33 DAF.
Ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptors in plant innate immunity
Authors: Li Bo , Lu Dongping , Shan Libo
Published: February 2014

Lacking an adaptive immune system, plants largely rely on plasma membrane‐resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen invasion. The activation of PRRs leads to the profound immune responses that coordinately contribute to the restriction of pathogen multiplication. Protein post‐translational modifications dynamically shape the intensity and duration of the signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss the specific regulation of PRR activation and signalling by protein ubiquitination, endocytosis and degradation, with a particular focus on the bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2 (flagellin sensing 2) in Arabidopsis.
ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism and Explosive Leg-Muscle Power in Elite Basketball Players
Authors: Garatachea Nuria , Verde Zoraida , Santos-Lozano Alejandro , Yvert Thomas , Rodriguez-Romo Gabriel , Sarasa Francisco J. , Hernández-Sánchez Sonsoles , Santiago Catalina , Lucia Alejandro
Published: February 2014

Purpose:

To determine the association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with leg-muscle explosive power in Spanish (white) elite basketball players and controls.

Participants:

100 (60 men) elite basketball players (cases) and 283 nonathletic controls.

Methods:

The authors assessed power performance by means of the vertical-squat and countermovement-jump tests.

Results:

Genotype distributions did not differ between groups (cases: 37.0% [RR], 42.0% [RX], and 21.0% [XX]; controls: 31.8% [RR], 49.8% [RX], and 18.4% [XX]; P = .353). The authors did not observe any effect of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism on study phenotypes in either group, including when they performed the analyses separately in men and women. They found no association between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the likelihood of being an elite basketball player using the dominant or the recessive model, and the results remained unaltered when the analyses were adjusted for sex, weight, height, and age or when performed for men and women separately.

Conclusions:

Although the ACTN3 R577X is associated with explosive muscle performance and this phenotype is important in the sport of basketball (ie, during jumps), the authors found no association with leg explosive power in elite basket players or with the status of being this type of athlete.
Does Polarized Training Improve Performance in Recreational Runners?
Authors: Muñoz Iker , Seiler Stephen , Bautista Javier , España Javier , Larumbe Eneko , Esteve-Lanao Jonathan
Published: February 2014

Purpose:

To quantify the impact of training-intensity distribution on 10K performance in recreational athletes.

Methods:

30 endurance runners were randomly assigned to a training program emphasizing low-intensity, sub-ventilatory-threshold (VT), polarized endurance-training distribution (PET) or a moderately high-intensity (between-thresholds) endurance-training program (BThET). Before the study, the subjects performed a maximal exercise test to determine VT and respiratory-compensation threshold (RCT), which allowed training to be controlled based on heart rate during each training session over the 10-wk intervention period. Subjects performed a 10-km race on the same course before and after the intervention period. Training was quantified based on the cumulative time spent in 3 intensity zones: zone 1 (low intensity, RCT). The contribution of total training time in each zone was controlled to have more low-intensity training in PET (±77/3/20), whereas for BThET the distribution was higher in zone 2 and lower in zone 1 (±46/35/19).

Results:

Both groups significantly improved their 10K time (39min18s ± 4min54s vs 37min19s ± 4min42s, P < .0001 for PET; 39min24s ± 3min54s vs 38min0s ± 4min24s, P < .001 for BThET). Improvements were 5.0% vs 3.6%, ~41 s difference at post-training-intervention. This difference was not significant. However, a subset analysis comparing the 12 runners who actually performed the most PET (n = 6) and BThET (n = 16) distributions showed greater improvement in PET by 1.29 standardized Cohen effect-size units (90% CI 0.31–2.27, P = .038).

Conclusions:

Polarized training can stimulate greater training effects than between-thresholds training in recreational runners.