bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nero
Authors: Shannon-Henderson Kelly E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines Annals 13–16 and their depiction of the reign of Nero, an era Tacitus presents as the nadir of the decline in Roman religious memory. Nero engages in gross impieties (including the sacrilegious murders of his adoptive brother Britannicus and mother Agrippina the Younger, and the ransacking of temples to finance the rebuilding of Rome after the fire of AD 64) and abets the continued religious flattery of Senate and people. The gods send prodigies to demonstrate their increasing displeasure. Yet the problems afflicting Neronian Rome differ mainly in degree and not in kind from those of Nero’s predecessors; even his most egregious acts of negligence and sacrilege have their antecedent in what has come before under Tiberius and Claudius. This does not so much suggest that Nero is a blameless sufferer for the sins of his fathers as it shows that the principate’s evolution has only intensified the problems in Roman cultic memory that have existed since its beginning.
Conclusions
Authors: Shannon-Henderson Kelly E.
Published: December 2018

This chapter summarizes the conclusions that emerge from the analysis conducted in previous chapters. While the reign of each emperor described in the Annals has its own unique religious character, Tacitus nevertheless highlights certain problems that afflict them all: emperor cult, and the way it encourages religious commemoration of living members of the Imperial family; the prosecution of rivals on religious charges; religious flattery; increasing disregard for the cultic traditions of Rome; and the gods’ anger as manifested in prodigies. Tacitus also shows that there is no convincing alternative approach available, since rivals to the emperors’ conduct (such as Germanicus or the Pisonian conspirators) are also plagued by religious problems, and Claudius’ attempt to revive cultic traditions does not make any real difference. A brief consideration of the Histories suggests that, while the Flavians come off better than the Julio-Claudians, Tacitus also does not seem to have considered them to be a real solution to Rome’s religious problems, either. The best Tacitus can offer is his own works, as a conduit that can preserve religious memory in their own right.
Philosophical roots
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason
Published: December 2018

This chapter explains the basic philosophical concepts and features of the interpretive turn, including: meaning holism, the hermeneutic circle, self-interpretation, the social background, and contingent causality. Sociologists, economists, political scientists, psychologists, and other social scientists can no longer afford to ignore philosophy. This is because philosophical reflection is needed in order to decide the concepts and forms of reasoning that are appropriate to a given domain of empirical study. Interpretive philosophy ought to govern the approach social scientists take to research and what kinds of study they favor. This will be contrasted with some of the fundamental philosophical assumptions found in naturalist approaches to social science.
Concept formation
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason
Published: December 2018

Concept formation is inescapable because social scientists cannot study political reality without making tacit assumptions about the basic relevant concepts. An anti-naturalist approach offers a distinctive form of concept formation, one that avoids naturalist distortions like essentialism, reification, and instrumentalism. In order to make this case, this chapter draws on some of the most influential political science methodology literature as well as top research programs of empirical political science (including critical discussions of voter behavior, the study of so-called “contentious politics,” democratic peace, and selectorate theory, to name a few). The chapter concludes by elaborating on the way that an interpretive social science forges concepts that are sensitive to meanings and human agency.
Methods
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason
Published: December 2018

This chapter draws on the latest methodological literature in order to show how an anti-naturalist framework justifies multi-methods in social science research. Contrary to the widespread debate that pits “quantitative” versus “qualitative” methods, researchers are free to use methods from across the social sciences provided they remain aware of anti-naturalist concepts and concerns. Leading methods are analyzed in light of the latest social science, including: mass surveys, random sampling, regression analysis, statistics, rational choice modeling, ethnography, archival research, and long-form interviewing. A full-blown interpretive approach to the social sciences can make use of all the major methods and techniques for studying human behavior, while also avoiding the scientism that too often plagues their current deployment.
Public policy
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason
Published: December 2018

Readers are introduced to how an anti-naturalist framework can ground a distinctively deliberative and interpretive turn in public policy. Over the last three decades there has been an important shift among a minority of public policy scholars toward interpretive and deliberative modes that are critical of naturalism’s justification of rule by supposedly scientific experts of human behavior. Like the interpretive turn more generally, this deliberative remaking of public policy has drawn on a great diversity of philosophical sources, including phenomenology, discourse theory, Dewey’s pragmatism, and post-structuralism. While we embrace the fact that this transformation of policy discourse and practice can be reached by a variety of philosophical routes, we also argue that an anti-naturalist framework can clarify certain confusions that cloud these debates.
Augustine's Early Thought on the Redemptive Function of Divine Judgement
Authors: van Egmond Bart
Published: December 2018

This work addresses the relationship between Augustine’s account of God’s judgement and his theology of grace in his early works. How does God, both personally and through his ‘agents’ on earth, use his law and the penal consequences of its trangression in the service of his grace? From different perspectives Augustine came to reflect upon this question. As a teacher and bishop he thought about the nature of discipline and punishment in the education of his pupils, fellow monks, and congregants. As a polemicist against the Manichaeans and as a biblical expositor, he had to grapple with issues regarding God’s relationship to evil in the world, the violence God displays in the Old Testament, and in the death of his own Son. Futhermore, Augustine meditated upon the way God’s judgement and grace related in his own life, both before and after his conversion. This study follows the development of Augustine’s early thought on judgement and grace from the Cassiacum writings to the Confessions. The argument is contextualized both against the background of the earlier Christian tradition of reflection on the providential function of divine chastisement, and the tradition of psychagogy that Augustine inherited from a variety of rhetorical and philosophical sources. Within the field of Augustine studies, this work intends to contribute to the ongoing scholarly discussion on the development of Augustine’s doctrine of grace, and to the conversation on the theological roots of his justification of coercion against the Donatists.
Introduction
Authors: van Egmond Bart
Published: December 2018

This chapter contextualizes the central question of this book from three perspectives. The first perspective is the anti-Gnostic Alexandrinian tradition, and its discourse on the pedagogical function of divine judgement. The book addresses the question of how Augustine’s developing thought on grace and judgement relates to this tradition. The second context in which the research is situated is the context of philosophical psychagogy. Augustine learned about this psychagogical tradition via Cicero and the Neoplatonists. How does he relate to this tradition when he speaks about the administration of divine and human discipline? A third context is that of Augustine research itself. First, the chapter briefly describes the discussion concerning the development of Augustine’s doctrine of grace. Second, it sketches the conversation on the historical and theological roots of Augustine’s justification of state-sponsored coercion against the Donatists.
Cassiciacum
Authors: van Egmond Bart
Published: December 2018

The second chapter covers the period of Augustine’s stay on the estate Cassiciacum. It addresses three central themes. First, it describes how Augustine Christianizes the pagan idea of fortune, and its disciplinary function. A second theme covered in this chapter is the pedagogical meaning of the dialogues that Augustine organizes for his students at Cassiciacum. It describes how Augustine uses dialogue to confront them with the spiritual poverty of their own souls. The third central theme is Augustine’s view and experience of divine punishment on the road to the contemplation of God. He discovers that his experiences of being ‘pushed back’ on the road to contemplation should not just be seen as spiritual failures, but also as pedagogical means through which God makes Augustine aware of his dependence on God’s grace.
God’s Pedagogy of the Embodied Soul
Authors: van Egmond Bart
Published: December 2018

This chapter deals with Augustine’s thinking on the soteriological meaning of God’s judgement during his stay in Rome and Thagaste. In this period, Augustine starts to engage explicitly with the Manichaean view of evil in the world. Against the Manichees, he interprets the evil that we suffer as a corrective punishment of the Creator on the sinful soul. In continuity with the Alexandrian tradition, Augustine still believes that man by his free will is capable of making a good use of this divine incentive to return. The chapter also addresses God’s use of judgement in the history of salvation. It opposes the views of scholars who have argued that the early Augustine sees the history of salvation as a process of moral progress from the Old to the New Testament, which would imply that God ceased using earthly punishments to educate his people in the time of the New Testament. A final section treats Augustine’s experience of ordination. It argues that Augustine understood his ordination as divine chastisement for his own arrogance.
Reappropriating Paul and Exercising Discipline
Authors: van Egmond Bart
Published: December 2018

The fourth chapter describes Augustine’s intellectual production and practice as presbyter of the Catholic congregation of Hippo Regius. It addresses his rereading of Paul against the Manichees, and describes the development of his thought on sin and free will (in relation to the Origenist tradition), his view of the salvific meaning of the Old Testament law, and his changing interpretation of the cross of Christ. Furthermore, the chapter describes the development of Augustine’s view of divine chastisement in the Christian life. A final series of sections deals with different aspects of fraternal correction and ecclesiastical discipline, and poses the question of how Augustine’s thought on these subjects relates to his later justification of coercion against the Donatists.
Confessions
Authors: van Egmond Bart
Published: December 2018

The fifth chapter asks whether Augustine’s view of the relationship between judgement and grace, as it had developed until 396, returns in his theological autobiography, the Confessions. The conclusion is affirmative. Augustine’s life between the deferral of his baptism and its reception is described as God’s lawsuit with him, which finally leads to his surrender to God as Father. It is further argued that Augustine does not regard his conversion in the garden of Milan as the central moment of his conversion, but rather the moment of his baptism. After his conversion in the garden of Milan, he still had to learn at Cassiciacum—by divine chastisement—that the reign of sin in the Christian life is rather broken through the death of Christ (of which baptism assures the believer) than by the inward, spiritual strenght of the reborn heart.
Conclusions
Authors: van Egmond Bart
Published: December 2018

In a concluding chapter the answers to the three subquestions in the Introduction are given. Augustine develops himself as a representative of the anti-Gnostic tradition. In the course of his development, he retains its theodicy, but breaks with its pedagogical understanding of divine grace. Further, Augustine clearly places himself in the classical pedagogical tradition. This becomes evident in the way he speaks about the educating meaning of fortuna and the pedagogy of dialogue. Having become presbyter, classic notions regarding ‘corrective friendship’ keep determining his thinking, but he increasingly Christianizes them. The research also shows that the debate about grace among Augustine scholars can be enriched with the insight that Augustine increasingly emphasizes the unique meaning of the death of Christ for man’s salvation. With regard to the discussion on Augustine’s justification of coercion, the research shows that there is no rupture in Augustine’s thinking, but, rather, an organic development.
Introduction: Nicaea in Context
Authors: Smith Mark S.
Published: December 2018

This introductory chapter sets out the core dilemma of the centrality of the idea of ‘Nicaea’ in fifth-century orthodox discourse, but also its inadequacy as a means to resolve the doctrinal questions raised by the Christological controversy. The idea of ‘Nicaea’ was both the ground of the church’s unity and the source of her strife. Nicaea’s capacity for flexible re-expression opened up ways for subsequent councils to associate (and even elide) their own work with its sacred authority, but also made possible the refutation of such construals on equally impeccable ‘Nicene’ grounds. The current state of scholarship on the issue is surveyed and critiqued. Wider implications for theories of doctrinal development are considered, and Rush’s account of ‘rejuvenating reception’ is commended.
The Idea of Nicaea in the Two Councils of Ephesus (431)
Authors: Smith Mark S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter begins by arguing that the debate between Nestorius and Cyril (428–31) was characterized by a deep concern for the authentic interpretation of the Nicene Creed. As the controversy grew, it dramatically brought to the surface profound tensions in the inherited assumptions concerning the Nicene faith. This central Nicene theme is then traced through the complex conciliar events of 431. The two rival councils of Ephesus each developed mirroring strategies for defending their particular construal of the Nicene faith, and for portraying their opponents as heretical violators of its tenets. Particular emphasis is put on the way that both sides sought to employ carefully shaped conciliar documentation to advance their respective positions. This opened up new and fruitful discursive possibilities, especially in the attempts to show continuity between the events of 325 and 431.
The Idea of Nicaea at the Constantinopolitan Home Synod (448)
Authors: Smith Mark S.
Published: December 2018

The ecclesial convulsions of 448–51 involved the collision of the conflicting textual receptions of Ephesus 431. The late 440s saw a revival of the controversy over the idea of Nicaea, and the meaning of its Ephesine reception. Domnus, Flavian and Eusebius sought to make the Formula of Reunion (433) the primary locus of Nicaea’s authoritative confirmation, exploiting the reception of Ephesus to grant impeccable Nicene credentials to a strongly dyophysite Christology. The Constantinopolitan ‘Home Synod’ of 448 represented an attempt to enshrine this interpretation of Nicaea as alone authoritative, through the subtle textual shaping of the synodical acta. Eutyches, however, effectively undermined this strategy through his own shrewd counter-presentation of the Nicene faith, and was able to depict Flavian and Eusebius as heretically seeking to add to it.
The Idea of Nicaea at Chalcedon (451)
Authors: Smith Mark S.
Published: December 2018

The emperor Marcian sought at Chalcedon to solve the problem of Nicaea’s reception once and for all, by presenting his oecumenical council as not only the repetition, but also the completion, of Nicaea’s work—seen especially in his desire for the council to promulgate a new statement of faith. The chapter begins with several case studies from the Chalcedonian acta, which demonstrate how problematic the flexibility of ‘Nicaea’ as a cypher of orthodoxy had become by 451. The chapter then explores Marcian’s attempt to make his case for a new ‘Definition’ of the faith to the bishops at Chalcedon. For instance, by re-narrating the Nicene past to include the contribution of Constantinople 381, Marcian provided a precedent for further credal statements, and so blunted the force of ‘Canon 7’ (according to its construal at Ephesus II). The Chalcedonian acta, however, suggest that Marcian met with substantial episcopal opposition in his endeavour, precisely because he was seen as violating Nicaea’s unique status. The chapter then considers the Definition itself, and its earliest reception.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Mark S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter begins by summarizing the key conclusions that have arisen in the course of the work, and then goes on to offer some wider theological reflections on the implications of the study for accounts of doctrinal development and ecclesial reception.
The Social Question Then and Now
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: December 2018

Chapter 2 examines the question whether exit has replaced voice as a dominant strategy to deal with the unequal distribution of life chances between the late nineteenth century and the early 2000s. Instead of exit and voice being exclusive options, there are distinctive combinations of exit and voice across time. Four differences between the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries can be discerned: first, the development of national welfare states in response to political struggles around social inequalities and the implications for social closure towards non-citizens; second, the gradual emergence of sophisticated state migration control; third, the growing political relevance of cultural heterogeneities going beyond class; and fourth, a lack of a coherent theory around the social question which would be able to mobilize politically and intellectually.
The Nexus of Cross-Border Migration and Social Inequalities
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: December 2018

How is cross-border migration a visible reflection of manifold global inequalities, political and economic alike? This question raises two major issues. The first concerns how social inequalities affect opportunities for cross-border migration for different socio-economic groups. The second issue, conversely, is how the outcomes of migration affect social inequalities in life chances in both countries of emigration and immigration. Of ultimate interest is whether migration buttresses the dominant forms of social stratification, or whether it transforms the distribution of valued goods in a fundamental way. The results suggest that cross-border migration constitutes a path to upward social mobility for migrants, and—at the same time—that such processes tend to reinforce durable inequalities on a deeper level. As a consequence, cross-border migration reflects the importance of location, residence, and membership in countries as an important proxy for life chances.
Social Rights and Social Standards in Cross-Border Migration
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: December 2018

Examining social protection in the context of migration is particularly important because it links the disparate, fragmented social spaces of unequal life chances and social protection across the world. We need to analyse how social protection has been organized across borders with special consideration of migrants and their dependents. This includes a description of the assemblages of social protection, encompassing programmes by the state and civil society organizations, but also social protection in kinship groups. It also concerns the issue of how to conceptualize social protection with respect to human rights. Most importantly, an understanding of the current status of cross-border social protection has to address the elements of global governance and existing transnational social standards in the realm of migration. While these norms mostly concern soft law, they are important elements in the political struggles around rights for both migrant labour and workers affected by the mobility of capital.
Migration, Social Protection, and the (Re)Production of Inequalities in the European Union
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: December 2018

Europe, and the European Union in particular, can be conceived as a transnational social space with a high degree of transactions across borders of member states. The question is how efforts to provide social protection for cross-border migrants in the EU reinforce existing inequalities (e.g. between regions or within households), and lead to new types of inequalities (e.g. stratification of labour markets). Social protection in the EU falls predominantly under the purview of individual member states; hence, frictions between different state-operated protection systems and social protection in small groups are particularly apparent in the case of cross-border flows of people and resources. Chapter 5 examines in detail the general social mechanisms operative in cross-border forms of social protection, in particular, exclusion, opportunity hoarding, hierarchization, and exploitation, and also more concrete mechanisms which need to be constructed bottom-up.
Immigration
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: December 2018

In immigration states, politics around migration and inequalities runs along two major lines: economic and cultural divisions. Economic divisions refer to market liberalization and the de-commodification of labour as part of the welfare paradox: economic openness towards capital transfer is in tension with political closure towards migrants. It is the competition state vs. the welfare state. In the cultural realm, the contention relates to a clash between cultural rights based on the rights revolution and the myth of national-cultural homogeneity. It finds expression in the liberal paradox: the extension of human rights to migrants who reside in welfare states vs. the efforts to control borders and cultural boundaries. Threat perceptions often lead to a securitization of migration, a juxtaposition of the multicultural state and the democratic-national state. Economic divisions along class lines structure the politicization of cultural heterogeneities.
Emigration
Authors: Faist Thomas
Published: December 2018

In emigration states, dichotomies in political debates still revolve around the notion of development. In order to understand how emigration states deal with emigration, return migration, remittances, and diaspora formation, Chapter 9 departs from the notion of the developmental state. However, since the 1980s, international organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have cherished and strengthened market mechanisms, civil society actors, and the local state, so politics around emigration helps to elucidate the juxtaposition of the national development state vs. the market–civil society–local state compact. With regard to both economic and cultural issues, the notion of diaspora reigns paramount. On the one hand, emigration states often foster ties to their diaspora abroad. On the other hand, the diaspora is sometimes seen by emigration states as a competitor or threat to nation-building and the consolidation of political power.
The MacKinnon-Dworkin Ordinance
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: December 2018

Several decades ago, Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin formulated and advocated for legislation to restrict pornography. Repudiating the obscenity approach, the legislation was shaped as addressing the equal civil rights of women. This chapter explores their ordinance and criticizes important aspects of it. Even though many critics of the ordinance exaggerate the legal restrictions that it imposes, MacKinnon’s claim that the law has nothing in common with censorship is rejected. And the ordinance would arguably make actionable the display of works belonging to the canon of great Western art, notwithstanding MacKinnon’s contention to the contrary.
Defenses of Pornography
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: December 2018

This chapter addresses criticisms of the sex equality approach from those who argue that pornography is a right flowing from a right to freedom of expression—the free speech defense of pornography, by self-styled feminists, who claim that pornography (its making and its use) is a part of sexual liberation for women, and by gays and lesbians insofar as they allege it plays an important role in the communities of sexual minorities. Finally, I examine the arguments to those, like Altman, who locate a “right to pornography” in the right to sexual autonomy. I argue that none of these arguments sufficiently establishes their conclusions.
Introduction
Authors: Gorvine William M.
Published: December 2018

In this opening section the author introduces Shardza Tashi Gyaltsen, the Tibetan Bön religion’s most renowned and influential luminary of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author describes his own relationship with and approach to the subject matter. The introduction provides a brief overview of Shardza’s life and articulates the main argument of the work. The author also discusses key literary conventions of the genre (known as namtar) that structure the Tibetan works at the center of this study. The plan of the book is set out in a series of chapter summaries.
Teachers, Practice, and Travel
Authors: Gorvine William M.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 turns its attention to the formative phase of Shardza’s youth. The chapter explores how the biographies present the emergent inclinations and religious orientations shaping his temperament. These were determined in large part by a breadth of religious teachers, by the style of training he adopted, and by an important early pilgrimage he undertook that brought him into contact with a broader cultural world. These lasting and varied influences provided an important basis for alternative representations to emerge. They allowed Shardza to be ultimately fashioned by his biographer as an open-minded but well-informed polymath who transcends and reconciles typically contrasting religious types, becoming a great adept and a prolific scholar, a nonsectarian visionary, and a committed Bönpo monastic.
Teaching, Writing, Travel, and Dialogue
Authors: Gorvine William M.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 4 examines the mid-career activities of this minority Bönpo living beyond the framework of an institutionally based monastic life. These developments include his emergence as a sought-after teacher; his contemplative approach to the writing process; his myriad experiences and responsibilities as an itinerant lama; his burgeoning relationships with influential patrons; and his connections with cosmopolitan figures beyond the Bön tradition. During his journeys Shardza typically presided over rituals, offered and occasionally received teachings and initiations, attracted students and patrons, and raised funds for religious purposes. He also engaged in in-depth conversations with other respected teachers he encountered, both Bönpo and Buddhist, often on the basis of his written works. Tenpé Gyaltsen reports that these ecumenical relations attest to his broadmindedness and freedom from narrow sectarian bias.
Translation of  The Pleasure Garden
Authors: Gorvine William M.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 6 consists of a full translation of the condensed edition of Shardza’s life-story. The translation offers the reader an extended look into the rich body of material constituting one of the most popular and widely circulated Bönpo examples of this important Tibetan genre. It combines evocative poetry with prose accounts of key thematic features that constitute a saintly life in the Bön religion in the early twentieth century. In the process, the text covers a breadth of territory, exploring careful accountings of religious qualifications, voicing aspirational prayers, offering authorial asides on the attributes of a saint, and conveying intimate moments in the life of this Bönpo luminary. It is preceded by a brief history of its author.
Before Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Neele Adriaan C.
Published: December 2018

This volume will present the first comprehensive study of Jonathan Edwards’s use of Reformed orthodox and Protestant scholastic primary sources in the context of the challenges of orthodoxy in his day. It will look at the way he appreciated and appropriated Reformed orthodoxy, among other topics. The book studies three time periods in Edwards’s life and work, the formative years of 1703–1725, the Northampton period of 1726–1750, and the final years of 1751–1758. A background of post-Reformation thought, but with particular attention to Mastricht, is offered for each period enabling readers to assess issues of continuity and discontinuity, development and change in Edwards. Since there has been limited research on Edwards’s use of his primary sources this study analyses the theological ideas of the past that found their way into Edwards’s own theological reflections. The book argues that the formation, reflection, and communication of theological thought must be historically informed. The teaching, preaching, and practice of theology must be rooted in the classical curricula, methods of preaching, and systema of theology. Inherited theology must be evaluated on its own terms, historically and theologically, so that meaningful answers for the present can be constructed. Tracing Edwards’s discerning engagement with past ideas exemplifies how theology unfolds in an era of intellectual, religious, social, and political transition.
Introduction
Authors: Neele Adriaan C.
Published: December 2018

Edwards’s debt to Protestant scholasticism, Reformed orthodoxy, and early modern Reformed theology has been largely overlooked in interpretations of his thought. The chapter argues that the model of continuity and discontinuity between the Reformation and post-Reformation era, expressed by the phrase “Calvin vs. the Calvinists,” should be considered and challenged in examining the relationship between Edwards and post-Reformation thought. Therefore, first, a broad sketch of interpretative models will be provided concerning the various appraisals of Reformed orthodoxy. Secondly, a proposal will be offered that the era of Protestant scholasticism and Reformed orthodoxy, as commonly and currently understood, should include early eighteenth-century New England history—thus treating the post-Reformation era as a transatlantic enterprise.
Jonathan Edwards and the Protestant Scholastics
Authors: Neele Adriaan C.
Published: December 2018

Edwards’s theological and philosophical reflections can be found in his treatises, miscellanies, sermons, forms of Scripture commentary, notebooks, and other writings. Given that he lived in the late orthodox period of the post-Reformation era, it is natural to raise the question to what degree there was continuity and discontinuity between his theological and philosophical thought and that of his predecessors. This is all the more important because some of Edwards’s doctrinal formulations found their way into New England’s “New Divinity.” The answer to this question, then, will be formulated, in part, against the background of Petrus van Mastricht (1630–1706), a representative of Protestant scholasticism, who wrote during high orthodoxy. It is hoped that this will also satisfy some in Edwards scholarship who ask who Mastricht is. He is an appropriate subject for comparison considering the praise the preacher of Northampton bestowed upon the German-Dutch theologian, philosopher, and Hebraist.
Sources of Christian Homiletics
Authors: Neele Adriaan C.
Published: December 2018

That Edwards assumed a Puritan style of homiletics is questioned in view of the Christian tradition of preaching. The chapter argues that if the homiletic labors of the preacher of Northampton are “statements on the full range of his thought,” one must situate Edwards’s sermons, both in form and structure, in terms of continuity and discontinuity with Christian preaching. The caricatures and commendations of Puritan preaching must be set aside, so that a broader context of long-standing trajectories of Christian homiletics throughout the ages can be discerned and brought into view. Although Edwards resided on the outskirts of the colonial world, his intellectual endeavors in framing his homiletic discourses resonated strongly with the trajectories of Christian homiletics of earlier centuries—though mediated through the early modern period. Edwards’s sermons, then, as literary devices or discourses with their rhetorical particularities, must be situated in the history of preaching.
Sources for the Formulation of Doctrine
Authors: Neele Adriaan C.
Published: December 2018

The nature and extent of theology is formulated by Edwards in a classical Protestant scholastic way with trajectories reaching back to the Medieval theology. The Medieval and early modern Reformed definitions and distinctions of theology are foundational to Edwards’s formation of doctrine. This chapter attempts to evaluate Edwards’s theological inquiry by a more in-depth view of Protestant scholasticism and its trajectories in terms of continuity and discontinuity. It situates Edwards’s work against the historical context seventeenth-century English Puritanism and continental post-Reformation Reformed thought, when New England’s theological orthodoxy and practice were put to the test. The rise of Arminianism, the dissemination of Deism, and the news about the “New Methodists” contributed to division and realigned allegiances in the British colonies. Edwards was not an insignificant participant in these transformative years for New England, though based in the rural town of Northampton.
Prologue
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

The prologue outlines the main passages in the history of utility measurement in economics and presents the four main goals of the book. First, the book reconstructs in detail economists’ ideas and discussions about utility measurement from 1870 to 1985. Second, it brings into focus the interplay between the evolution of utility analysis, economists’ ideas about utility measurement, and their conception of what measurement in general means. Third, it explores the relationships between the history of utility measurement in economics, the history of the measurement of sensations in psychology, and the history of measurement theory in general. Finally, it discusses some epistemological problems related to utility measurement. Not discussed in the book are the measurement of social welfare, revealed preference theory, the post-1950 econometric approach to demand analysis, and the analysis of discrete choices initiated in the 1970s.
Ordinal Utility
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 deals with the ordinal revolution in utility analysis inaugurated by Vilfredo Pareto around 1900. The fundamental notion of Pareto’s analysis was that of preference, and he conceived of utility as a numerical index expressing the preference relations between commodities. While Pareto’s ordinal approach was highly innovative, his understanding of measurement remained the unit-based one. The second part of chapter 5 reconstructs an important debate on the measurability of utility that took place in Austria from 1907 to 1912. Franz Čuhel and Ludwig von Mises rejected Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk’s idea that it is possible to identify a unit to measure utility, and, independently of Pareto, they advocated an ordinal approach to utility. Especially through Mises’s influence, the ordinal approach to utility rose to prominence among Austrian economists after World War I. The final part of chapter 5 discusses the differences between the Austrian and Paretian approaches to ordinal utility.
Cardinal Utility
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

Chapter 6 reconstructs the progressive definition and stabilization of the current notion of cardinal utility as utility unique up to positive linear transformations. This notion was the eventual outcome of a long-lasting discussion, inaugurated by Vilfredo Pareto, regarding an individual’s capacity to rank transitions among different combinations of goods. This discussion continued through the 1920s and early 1930s and underwent a decisive acceleration from 1934 to 1938, that is, during the conclusive phase of the ordinal revolution. In this latter period, the main protagonists of the debate were Oskar Lange, Henry Phelps Brown, Roy Allen, Franz Alt, and Paul Samuelson. In the discussions that led to the definition of cardinal utility, some of these utility theorists began to envisage a broader notion of measurement according to which utility can be measurable even if no utility unit is available. Until the mid-1940s, however, cardinal utility remained peripheral in utility analysis.
What Is That Function?
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

Chapter 10 reconstructs the first part of the American debate on expected utility theory (EUT), which ranges from 1947, when the second edition of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern’s Theory of Games was published, to April 1950. In this period, a number of eminent American economists, including Milton Friedman, Leonard J. Savage, Jacob Marschak, Paul Samuelson, and William Baumol, wrote papers in which they took stances on the validity of EUT and the nature of the cardinal utility function u featured in the expected utility formula. Friedman, Savage, and Marschak supported EUT, although for different reasons, while Samuelson and Baumol rejected it. Regarding the nature of the cardinal utility function u, however, they all shared the view that it is interchangeable with the utility function U that the earlier utility theorists had used to analyze choices between riskless alternatives.
Measuring Utility, Destabilizing EUT
Authors: Moscati Ivan
Published: December 2018

Chapter 16 shows how the validity of expected utility theory (EUT) was increasingly called into question between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s and discusses how a series of experiments performed from 1974 to 1985 undermined the earlier confidence that EUT makes it possible to measure utility. Beginning in the mid-1960s, in a series of experiments seminal to the field later called behavioral economics, Sarah Lichtenstein, Paul Slovic, Amos Tversky, and others showed that decision patterns violating EUT are systematic. The new experimenters who engaged with the EUT-based measurement of utility from the mid-1970s, namely Uday Karmarkar, Richard de Neufville, Paul Schoemaker, and coauthors, showed that different elicitation methods to measure utility, which according to EUT should produce the same outcome, generate different measures. These findings contributed to destabilizing EUT, undermined the confidence in EUT-based utility measurement, and helped foster a blossoming of novel behavioral models of decision-making under risk.
Challenging the Divide: Socio-economic Rights as Human Rights
Authors: Fredman Sandra
Published: December 2018

This chapter critically examines the ways in which civil and political rights have been distinguished from socio-economic rights, including differing ideologies, subject matter; obligations, resource implications, and justiciability. Instead of such bright-line distinctions, it suggests that all rights should be seen as giving rise to a cluster of duties: to respect, protect, and fulfil. The duty to fulfil is most challenging, especially when framed as a duty of progressive realization subject to maximum available resources. Section II assesses these concepts, particularly the attempt to establish a minimum core. It concludes that a thoroughgoing acceptance of socio-economic rights requires more than the label of ‘human right’. It also entails a re-characterization of human rights values, emphasizing inter-connectedness, mutual dependence, and a substantive conception of equality. Freedom and dignity need to be refashioned to ensure that individuals have genuine choices from a range of valuable options, within a framework of participative democracy.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Fredman Sandra
Published: December 2018

This chapter applies the cross-cutting themes in Chapters 1–5 to the highly contested issue of the death penalty. It begins by considering the differences in constitutional texts, and particularly the ambiguity as to whether the death penalty is permitted. This requires judges to apply their interpretive theories. Original intent, natural meaning, and living tree approaches have all been relied on to achieve a mosaic of different and vehemently contested approaches. The chapter then considers how courts in different jurisdictions have addressed three main issues: whether a fair procedure can be found which justifies the death penalty; whether there are good penological justifications; and the role of substantive values, such as human dignity. The chapter highlights the ways in which courts approach the demarcation between judicial and legislative power; their use of comparative materials; and the increasing interconnectedness of the approach of different jurisdictions to the death penalty.
Introduction
Authors: Begam Richard , Valdez Moses Michael
Published: December 2018

Modernism, Postcolonialism, and Globalism examines how first- and second-generation postcolonial writers responded to the experience of modernism within the context of an increasingly globalized world. The introduction traces the critical reception of modernism over roughly the last forty years, highlighting Edward Said’s and Fredric Jameson’s highly influential critiques of it. In response, some scholars challenged the claim that modernism was necessarily complicit with colonialism and imperialism—as Begam and Moses did in Modernism and Colonialism (2007)—while others, following Mao and Walkowitz’s “The New Modernist Studies” (2008), reconceived the field, temporally and spatially expanding its boundaries beyond Europe and the 1890–1950 period. The canoncial realignments that the New Modernism Studies inspired have generally taken place under four broad rubrics: Geomodernisms, Transnational Modernisms, Global Modernism and Planetary Modernisms. This Introduction examines all these critical approaches, as well as David James and Urmila Seshagiri’s response to them in their influential essay “Metamodernism” (2014).
Locating Gordimer
Authors: Barnard Rita
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines Nadine Gordimer’s postcolonialism in relation to modernism, realism, and the writings of J. M. Coetzee. Especially significant in this context is the “unrepresentability” of the cultural Other, a figure exemplified by the mute and mutilated figure of Friday in Coetzee’s Foe (1986). Gordimer addresses this issue in scenes in Burger’s Daughter (1979) and July’s People (1981), in which black men speak their minds to white women. Unlike Coetzee, Gordimer underscores not the impossibility of communication or representation, but a shift in power relations that enables black speech. The chapter concludes by focusing on two works that inaugurated contrasting views of postcolonialism: Coetzee’s Dusklands (1974) and Gordimer’s The Black Interpreters (1973). The former treats history as an “ungraspable” series of abyssal texts, while the latter validates critical realism within the context of European Marxism. The chapter concludes by arguing that Gordimer represents a form of “modernist realism” or “realist modernism.”
“(The Knocking) Has Never Stopped”
Authors: Gąsiorek Andrzej
Published: December 2018

Arguing against critics who situate Jean Rhys in either the modernist or postcolonial camps, this chapter suggests that these movements complement and reinforce one another. In “Again the Antilles” (1927), Voyage in the Dark (1934), and Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), Rhys consistently employs ellipsis, narrative fragmentation, and multiple narrators to unmask the ideological underpinnings of plantocratic ideology. Of special interest to Rhys are modernity’s discontinuities, which extend to the rigid binaries of the Caribbean: white and black, master and slave, colonizer and colonized. Unable to fit easily into any of these categories, Rhys’s heroines become “marooned in ruinous subject positions.” Although her work is sometimes read as a form of revisionism that exculpates the colonial class, Rhys not only enables the colonized to speak—most memorably through the character of Christophine in Wide Sargasso Sea—but also exposes the ways in which official discourse ratifies the logic and legacy of colonialism.
Walcott, Woolf, and Joyce
Authors: Abravanel Genevieve
Published: December 2018

This chapter on Derek Walcott’s Omeros (1990) examines the Caribbean poet’s ambivalent relationship with Anglophone modernism. It cautions that Walcott’s epic ambition to found a new tradition of Caribbean writing makes him reluctant simply to affirm or imitate the European cultural heritage of modernism. Walcott’s fraught relationship with modernism underscores his objections to the imperial violence and oppressive colonial institutions with which he associates Anglophone modernism. Focusing on Walcott’s complex use of Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway and Joyce’s Ulysses, the chapter examines how the poet manipulates the literary tropes, myths, literary figures, and above all the names (of characters and places) that he borrows from his Anglophone predecessors. The chapter concludes that Walcott’s inventive refashioning of his literary borrowings allows him to gesture “through and against European modernism.” Walcott thus creates a New World literary aesthetic by sublating Anglophone modernism, “absorbing, transforming and rejecting metropolitan aesthetic practices.”
An Introduction to Burn Care
Authors: Hermans Michel H. E.
Published: December 2018

Burns are a very specific type of injury and, particularly in the case of large and/or deep lesions, require highly specialized care. This article gives a basic overview of burns and burn care and is not intended to discuss overall burn care in detail.

GENERAL PURPOSE:

The purpose of this learning activity is to provide an overview about burns and current burn care.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:

After completing this continuing education activity, you should be better able to:1. List factors affecting the types, size, and depth of burns.2. Propose first aid and treatment for various burns.