bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The shared epitope phenomenon—A potential impediment to virtual crossmatch accuracy
Authors: Garcia‐Sanchez Cynthia , Usenko Crystal Y. , Herrera Nancy D. , Tambur Anat R.
Published: May 2020

With the implementation of the new kidney allocation system (KAS), there is increased reliance on a virtual crossmatch/histocompatibility risk assessment (vXM) for evaluating potential presence, as well as strength, of HLA antibodies against a potential donor. The accuracy of such an assessment depends on the precision in the identification of the recipient's antibody profile and the potential donor's HLA typing. While the development of the single antigen bead (SAB) multiplex assay has improved the sensitivity and specificity of HLA antibody detection, several limitations of the assay (specific to certain sensitized patients) can complicate accurate interpretation of results. In this report, we focus on the “shared‐epitope” phenomenon, a condition in which antibody strength can be underrepresented, or its presence completely missed, due to binding of the antibody to competing targets on multiple antigens (beads), effectively “diluting” the resulting MFI readout. Here, we provide a relevant background to understand this phenomenon and present a couple of case studies illustrating how it can be investigated, leading to a more accurate histocompatibility consultation.
An inguinal mass in an elderly man with ipsilateral lower limb oedema
Authors: Gupta Parikshaa , Savlania Ajay , Rajwanshi Arvind
Published: May 2020

Venous leiomyoma is an extremely rare entity. A case of femoral vein leiomyoma accurately diagnosed pre‐operatively based on fine needle aspiration cytology supplemented by immunocytochemistry.
Association of local complete response with prognosis after salvage photodynamic therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Amanuma Yusuke , Horimatsu Takahiro , Ohashi Shinya , Tamaoki Masashi , Muto Manabu
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective salvage endoscopic treatment for local failure at the primary site after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in esophageal cancer patients. However, the contribution of local control by salvage PDT to the prognosis is unclear. We investigated whether complete response at primary site by salvage PDT could improve the prognosis.

Methods

Between January 2008 and March 2016, 34 patients received salvage PDT for local failure of esophageal cancer limited to stage T1–2 after definitive CRT or radiotherapy. Local complete response (L‐CR) rate, adverse events, overall survival (OS), and progression‐free survival (PFS) were assessed retrospectively.

Results

Local complete response rates after PDT were 68% (23/34; 95% CI, 50–83%) in all patients: 81% (17/21; 95% CI, 58–95%) for stage T1 and 46% (6/13; 95% CI, 19–75%) for stage T2 patients. Grade 3 esophageal stricture occurred in one patient. The median follow‐up was 26.0 months (range, 3.7–93.6 months); 21 patients died. The median survival times were 54.3 months in patients who achieved L‐CR after PDT (L‐CR group) and 19.8 months in those who did not (non‐CR group). The 2‐year OS rates were 79% (95% CI, 54–92%) in the L‐CR group and 40% (95% CI, 11–68%) in the non‐CR group (P = 0.0389; log‐rank test). The median PFS was 21.2 months in the L‐CR group and 1.9 months in the non‐CR group (P < 0.001; log‐rank test).

Conclusion

Achieving L‐CR by salvage PDT for local failure after CRT in esophageal cancer was associated with good prognosis.
Short‐term high‐dose zoledronic acid enhances crystallinity in mandibular alveolar bone in rats
Authors: Coutel Xavier , Falgayrac Guillaume , Penel Guillaume , Olejnik Cécile
Published: May 2020

Owing to its antiresorptive properties, zoledronic acid (ZOL) is commonly used in the management of benign as well as malignant bone diseases. This molecule targets sites where bone is actively remodeling, and high concentrations have been reported in the jaw. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether treatment of male rats with ZOL, at a dosage equivalent to that used for antitumor treatment, impacts the short‐term qualitative properties of mandibular bone independent of bone remodeling. Thirty rats were randomly assigned to treatment either with ZOL or with serum‐vehicle (control) (weekly injections: 100 μg kg−1 for 6 wk, n = 15 per group). Using the tetracycline double‐labeling technique, remodeled bone areas, corresponding to the preferential site of bisphosphonate binding, were found in the alveolar bone along the alveolar bone proper. The composition of bone in these areas was characterized using Raman microspectroscopy and compared with adjacent, non‐remodeled, older bone. The ZOL‐treated group exhibited higher crystallinity in the remodeled bone areas (+2%), reflecting an early maturation of the apatite mineral after ZOL injection. Our findings highlight a direct and rapid effect of clinically relevant anti‐tumoral ZOL doses on the qualitative properties of mandibular bone, especially on mineral crystallinity in the vicinity of the teeth, namely, the alveolar bone proper.
Population expansion and breeding success of Bearded VulturesGypaetus barbatusin the French Pyrenees: results from long‐term population monitoring
Authors: Arroyo Beatriz , Lafitte Jerome , Sourp Eric , Rousseau Denis , Albert Luc , Heuacker Vadim , Terrasse Jean François , Razin Martine
Published: May 2020

Based on monitoring of Bearded Vultures over 24 years in the French Pyrenees, we assessed factors explaining temporal and spatial variations in numbers and breeding performance. The number of territorial pairs increased throughout the study period from 16 in 1994 to 44 in 2017. No significant negative trends in mean productivity (fledglings per territorial pair) were detected with increasing population size. Colonization probability increased significantly with breeding population size the previous year and with the regular provision of supplementary food in the territory the winter when colonization occurred. Colonization of new territories simultaneously increased the distribution range and local densities, but we found no effect of number of near neighbours on productivity. Pairs having bred less than 5 years together had a much lower probability of laying clutches, and higher lay rates were observed inside or close to protected areas after accounting for pair‐bond length, so productivity of territories inside protected areas was significantly higher. Nest success decreased with advanced lay date and increased with winter food abundance. Nesting failures in the study area were frequently associated with harsh weather. Additionally, disturbance by human activities was the second most important identified cause of breeding failure. The probability of failing due to disturbance was higher in western areas (where breeding areas are more accessible to humans), outside protected areas, and has increased with time. After a failure due to disturbance, there was a significantly higher probability of not producing a clutch the following year as compared with pairs that had not failed or had failed due to other causes, indicating deferred effects of disturbance. Our results show the benefits of conservation management actions, such as implementation of protected areas or designed supplementary food programmes in winter, to help range expansion. On the other hand, we did not find a significant effect of winter supplementary food on productivity. Management of feeding sites should be adapted to more specific planning, being used only in areas where natural food availability is scarce, avoiding its use close to breeding sites when juveniles disperse, and targeted mainly to help range expansion. Our results also highlight the importance of maintaining or enhancing good populations of wild ungulates and regulating human activities around nesting sites of this threatened species.
Post‐treatment endodontic pain following occlusal reduction in mandibular posterior teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and sensitivity to percussion: a single‐centre randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ahmed Y. E. , Emara R. S. , Sarhan S. M. , El Boghdadi R. M. , El‐Bayoumi M. A. A. , El‐Far H. M. M. , Sabet N. E. , Abou El‐Nasr H. M. , Gawdat S. I. , Amin S. A. W.
Published: May 2020

Aim

This randomized, prospective, controlled trial assessed the effect of occlusal reduction on post‐treatment endodontic pain and medication intake following root canal treatment of mandibular posterior teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with sensitivity to percussion treated in two visits.

Methodology

Three hundred and eight patients were randomly assigned into two equal groups according to whether occlusal reduction was done or not (n = 154). For all patients, root canal treatment was carried out in two visits without intracanal medication. Patients assessed their pain using the 0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS) 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after the first visit (post‐instrumentation) and 6 and 12 h following root canal filling (post‐obturation). Patients, also, recorded their medication intake (sham or analgesic), post‐instrumentation and post‐obturation; patients initially received a sham capsule, but, if pain persisted, an analgesic was prescribed. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U‐test, Friedman’s test, Wilcoxon’s rank test and chi‐square (χ2) test. The relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for binary data.

Results

Occlusal reduction was associated with lower pain intensity than no occlusal reduction at 12 and 24 h post‐instrumentation (P < 0.05). Pain intensity significantly and gradually decreased with both groups at all post‐instrumentation and post‐obturation time‐points compared to preoperative pain (P < 0.05). The RR of moderate‐to‐severe pain was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.91) 12 h post‐instrumentation, and the RR of pain incidence, regardless of its level, was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.92) 24 h post‐instrumentation. There was no significant difference in medication intake (sham or analgesic) between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Occlusal reduction was effective in reducing the intensity of postoperative pain 12 h and 24 h after root canal instrumentation in the first visit in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with sensitivity to percussion. Occlusal reduction lowered the risk of moderate‐to‐severe pain by about 40% 12 h post‐instrumentation and the overall risk of pain by 25% 24 h post‐instrumentation; yet, it did not affect medication intake.
Properties of C/C‐SiC composites produced via transfer moulding and inner siliconization
Authors: Ahmad Husam , Stiller Jonas , Päßler Erik , Nestler Daisy , Kroll Lothar , Wagner Guntram
Published: May 2020

Short carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) are successfully prepared by transfer moulding technology. For this purpose, compounds on the basis of novolac/urotropin with different 6 mm chopped carbon fibers and silicon powder contents are produced utilizing a laboratory tempered sigma‐blade kneader. These compounds are then shaped into 46 × 8 × 3 mm3CFRP specimens using a transfer moulding machine. Depending on the material composition, the conversion to C/C‐SiC composites is performed through liquid silicon infiltration (LSI) process or inner siliconization. First, the short fiber content is varied between 30 and 50 wt% and its influence on the process and properties of the composites is studied. Second, an investigation of the inner siliconization through the co‐mixing of silicon powder (1‐23 wt% in CFRPs) during the compound production as well as a comparison with the external silicon infiltration process are presented and discussed. According to the results, the best mechanical properties are achieved at a fiber content of 40 wt% in the case of the external silicon infiltration and at silicon content below 14 wt% for composites produced by the inner siliconization process.
Association of tumor burden with the eligibility of upfront intensification therapy in metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Hatakeyama Shingo , Narita Shintaro , Takahashi Masahiro , Sakurai Toshihiko , Kawamura Sadafumi , Hoshi Senji , Ishida Masanori , Kawaguchi Toshiaki , Ishidoya Shigeto , Shimoda Jiro , Sato Hiromi , Hamano Itsuto , Okamoto Teppei , Mitsuzuka Koji , Ito Akihiro , Tsuchiya Norihiko , Arai Yoichi , Habuchi Tomonori , Ohyama Chikara
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the association of tumor burden with the prognosis in real‐world patients with metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer and to investigate the eligibility for upfront intensification therapy.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 679 patients with metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer who were initially treated with conventional androgen deprivation therapy between August 2001 and November 2018. The primary purpose was to investigate the eligibility for upfront intensification therapy based on the progression of metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer. The secondary purpose included the comparison of the metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer progression rate, metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer‐free survival and overall survival after castration‐resistance in CHAARTED low‐ or high‐volume disease patients.

Results

The number of patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer progression was 119 (52%) and 319 (71%) in the low‐ and high‐volume disease groups, respectively. The metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer progression rate (P < 0.001) and castration‐resistant prostate cancer‐free survival (P < 0.001) were significantly different between the low‐ and high‐volume disease groups, but no difference was found for overall survival after castration resistance (P = 0.363). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed no significant association between tumor burden and overall survival after castration resistance (P = 0.522; hazard ratio 1.14).

Conclusions

The progression rate in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients with the low‐volume disease under conventional androgen deprivation therapy is approximately 50%. Upfront intensification therapy might be beneficial for approximately half of patients with low‐volume disease. A novel maker to predict the castration‐resistant status is required to select optimal patients for upfront intensification therapy.
Circles of Life: linking metabolic and epigenetic cycles to immunity
Authors: Lio Chan‐Wang Jerry , Huang Stanley Ching‐Cheng
Published: May 2020

Metabolites are the essential substrates for epigenetic modification enzymes to write or erase the epigenetic blueprint in cells. Hence, the availability of nutrients and activity of metabolic pathways strongly influence the enzymatic function. Recent studies have shed light on the choreography between metabolome and epigenome in the control of immune cell differentiation and function, with a major focus on histone modifications. Yet, despite its importance in gene regulation, DNA methylation and its relationship with metabolism is relatively unclear. In this review, we will describe how the metabolic flux can influence epigenetic networks in innate and adaptive immune cells, with a focus on the DNA methylation cycle and the metabolites S‐adenosylmethionine and α‐ketoglutarate. Future directions will be discussed for this rapidly emerging field.
Experimental determination of solidified lithium disilicate crystal bandgap energy using EELS and XPS
Authors: Tashiro Masanori , Sukenaga Sohei , Kawanishi Sakiko , Sato Yohei , Takakuwa Yuji , Shibata Hiroyuki
Published: May 2020

Lithium disilicate (LS2) has been a crucial parent composition for glass‐ceramics since the 1950s because of its excellent chemical and physical durability. In addition, a wide range of electrical properties can be obtained by changing the composition and crystallinity. Bandgap energy is one of the critical electrical properties for designing new lithium silicate‐based materials. In this study, the bandgap energy of a synthesized LS2 crystal is evaluated using electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These two techniques unambiguously establish that the bandgap energy of LS2 is 7.7‐7.8 eV, which is in the vacuum ultraviolet region. This confirms the insulating nature of the LS2 crystal.
Enhanced doping effects of multielement on anisotropic thermal expansion in ZrO2 with new compositions
Authors: Qu Liu , Choy Kwang‐Leong , Wheatley Richard
Published: May 2020

Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of a solid material plays a critical role for a variety of high temperature applications such as thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems during the thermal cycling process. Ceramics contain ionic bonds; hence they tend to exhibit lower CTE values than alloys/metals. Developing new ceramic thermal barrier materials using promising dopants and compositions that have higher CTE values than the conventional 6‐8 wt% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2(8YSZ) will contribute to the decrease in thermal expansion mismatch between a typical ceramic 8YSZ (10 ~ 11 × 10−6°C−1) top coat and a metal alloy based bond coat such as NiCrAlY (14 ~ 17×10−6°C−1, Padture et al., Science, 2002;296:280–4; Liang et al., J Mater Sci Technol, 2011;27(5):408–14), which is highly desirable. This work reports design, modeling, synthesis, and characterization of promising new compositions based on Dy3+, Al3+, and Ce4+‐doped YSZ that consist of the tetragonal structure and have an enhanced thermal expansion than 8YSZ. The intrinsic CTE at the atomic level has been investigated via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The atomic scale analysis provides new insights into the enhanced doping effects of multiple trivalent and tetravalent cations on the lattice structure, lattice energy, and thermal expansion in ZrO2. The calculated lattice energy becomes smaller with the incorporation of Dy3+, Al3+, and Ce4+ions, which corresponds strongly to the increase in CTE. The crystalline size is reduced due to the incorporation of the Al3+ and Ce4+, whereas the sintering resistance is enhanced ascribed to the addition of Dy3+ and Al3+. Doping Dy3+, Al3+, and Ce4+ cations to YSZ increased the CTE value of YSZ and for Dy0.03Y0.075Zr0.895O1.948, the CTE is 12.494 × 10−6°C−1 at 900°C, which has an 11% increase, as compared with that of 8YSZ.
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental investigation of the MgO‐Y2O3‐ZrO2 system
Authors: Roncallo Giacomo , Cacciamani Gabriele , Vacchieri Erica , Ilatovskaia Mariia , Saenko Ivan , Fabrichnaya Olga
Published: May 2020

Solid‐state phase equilibria in the MgO‐Y2O3‐ZrO2 system as well as the equilibria including liquid were investigated in the whole‐compositional range using high‐temperature differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Isothermal sections at 1493, 1573, 1693, and 1923 K were constructed based on experimental studies. The presence of tie line between MgO and Y4Zr3O12 in the temperature range between 1493 and 1573 K was confirmed. The eutectic melting in the MgO‐Y2O3‐ZrO2 system was established using DTA followed by SEM/EDX microstructure investigation. Based on the obtained experimental results, the thermodynamic database was derived.
Association between retinal arterial narrowing and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in masked hypertensives
Authors: Huang Huiling , Cao Yalin , Li Jiayong , Liu Chen , Owusu‐Agyeman Marvin , Chen Baolin , Li Ling , Du Fawang , Hu Xingwei , Liu Yanqiu , Ye Min , Dong Bin , Xue Ruicong , Dong Yugang , Yao Fengjuan
Published: May 2020

Morphological change in retinal vessel diameters has been reported to be associated with negative cardiovascular outcomes, but its association with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is not clear. This study aimed to examine the association between echocardiographic markers of LVDD and retinal vascular diameters, in untreated masked hypertension (MH). In this observational study, 105 MH patients without other cardiovascular risks were included (mean age 48.4 ± 5.7, female 72.4%). All individuals underwent extensive clinical and laboratory investigations, including echocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and retinal vascular diameters measured by optical coherence tomography. In the group, LVDD was diagnosed in 36 participants evaluated by left ventricular volume index, E/A and E/e’ ratio. Compared to non‐LVDD, LVDD subjects displayed narrower retinal arteriolar diameter (139.1 ± 33.8 vs 165.1 ± 29.1; adjusted P = .007) and wider retinal venular diameter (237.9 ± 42.2 vs 214.9 ± 44.8; adjusted P = .045). Significant and independent associations were demonstrated for retinal arteriolar narrowing and E/A ratio (adjusted β = 0.744, P = .031) and for retinal arteriolar diameter and E/e’ ratio (adjusted β = −0.158, P = .001) after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, ambulatory systolic blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and retinal venular diameter. In untreated MH subjects, retinal arteriolar diameter, a marker of microvascular damage, was independently associated with echocardiographic markers of diastolic dysfunction. These findings might underscore the hypothesis that microvascular disease could contribute to cardiac remodeling.
Interplay between vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism and smoking influences Porphyromonas gingivalis proportions in subgingival plaque
Authors: Torrungruang Kitti , Chantarangsu Soranun , Sura Thanyachai , Thienpramuk Lalitsara
Published: May 2020

Aim

This cross‐sectional study investigated the effect of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) FokI polymorphism and its interactions with smoking/drinking on the proportions of periodontal pathogens and periodontitis severity.

Materials and Methods

FokI genotyping and bacterial quantification were performed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Periodontitis severity was determined using mean clinical attachment level (CAL). Regression analyses examined the associations between the FokI polymorphism (rs2228570) and bacterial proportions or periodontitis severity. Effect modification by smoking or drinking was assessed.

Results

The study population comprised 1,460 individuals, aged 39–66 years. After multivariable adjustment, the FokI risk genotypes (CC + CT) were associated with elevated Porphyromonas gingivalis proportions (regression coefficient (β) =0.294 ± 0.139; p = .034) and increased mean CAL (β = 0.130 ± 0.048; p = .007). The effect of the FokI polymorphism on P. gingivalis proportions was greater in smokers (β = 0.897 ± 0.328; p = .006) compared to non‐smokers (β = 0.164 ± 0.153; p = .282) and in drinkers (β = 0.668 ± 0.242; p = .006) compared to non‐drinkers (β = 0.114 ± 0.169; p = .500). The genotype*smoking interaction for P. gingivalis proportions was significant (p = .043), whereas the genotype*drinking interaction was not (p = .061). Similar results were found for the effect of the genotype*smoking/drinking interaction on mean CAL.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the interplay between the host genotype and smoking is important in determining the subgingival microbial composition and periodontitis severity.
Genetic and environmental influences on the developmental trajectory of callous‐unemotional traits from childhood to adolescence
Authors: Takahashi Yusuke , Pease Christopher R. , Pingault Jean‐Baptiste , Viding Essi
Published: May 2020

Background

This study examined the genetic and environmental influences underlying baseline level and developmental course of callous–unemotional (CU) traits across childhood and adolescence.

Methods

The data on 8,958 twin pairs (3,108 MZ twin pairs and 5,850 DZ twin pairs) from the Twins Early Development Study were analysed. CU traits were assessed at ages 7, 9, 12 and 16 by mothers and analysed using a biometric latent growth model.

Results

Individual differences in the baseline level of CU traits were highly heritable (76.5%), while the heritability of the developmental course of CU traits was moderate (43.6%). The genetic influences on baseline level and developmental course of CU traits were mostly nonoverlapping. Nonshared environment made a modest contribution to the baseline level of CU traits (21.7%). Nonshared environmental influences on the developmental course of CU traits were moderate (43.2%), with nearly half of them being the same as those influencing the baseline level and just over half being specific. Shared environmental effects did not contribute to systematic change across childhood and adolescence but were rather age‐specific.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that rather than only being conceptualized as factors of stability, genes also play a dynamic role in explaining systematic change in CU traits. Genetic effects for the initial risk and subsequent development of CU traits are not the same. In addition to genetic factors, nonshared environmental influences play an important role in explaining why some children will increase or maintain their CU traits over time, whereas other will desist. New genetic and environmental influences with age suggest that repeated, age‐tailored interventions may be required throughout development to make a lasting difference in the presentation of CU traits and associated outcomes.
Dietary specificity and overlap in endorheic river fishes: How do native and nonnative species compare?
Authors: Minder Mario , Arsenault Emily R. , Erdenee Bolortsetseg , Pyron Mark
Published: May 2020

The introduction of nonnative species is one of the most critical problems facing freshwater systems today. The rivers of the Great Basin (USA) have been particularly imperilled by nonnative species introductions and represent a valuable location to study the dietary trends of native and nonnative fishes in isolated, endorheic systems. We collected fish from 23 sites, spanning three Great Basin watersheds (Carson, Humboldt and Bear Rivers) and two elevation categories (upland and lowland). Only a single species (speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus) occurred in both elevation zones. Diet item analyses of over 500 fish stomachs indicated significant dietary overlaps between native and nonnative fishes and detailed dietary selectivity for all species. This finding, along with the low species diversity observed in the region, suggests low dietary niche diversity, which could have the potential to amplify the competitive impacts of nonnatives on native species. In upland sites, nonnative trouts were the dominant invaders, while in lowland sites warm‐water nonnatives were prevalent. The management implications we recommend based on our results urge for continued monitoring of water temperature and species occurrences to predict if dietary overlaps observed in this study are likely to change in the future.

Significance Statement

The Great Basin is an ideal endorheic region to study dietary trends in native and nonnative fishes. These trends are important in predicting competitive interactions among fishes. By looking at the diets of fishes within this region we were able to identify multiple significant overlaps among native and nonnative fishes. These results represent a baseline for future studies in the region as well as being comparable to other regions with similar invasive/native overlaps.
Efficient computation of environmentally extended input–output scenario and circular economy modeling
Authors: Çetinay Hale , Donati Franco , Heijungs Reinout , Sprecher Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Industrial ecology tools are increasingly being used in ways that require high computational times. In the policy arena, this becomes problematic when practitioners want to live‐test various alternatives in a responsive and web‐based platform. In research, computational times come into play when analyzing large systems with multiple interventions or when requiring many runs for, for example, Monte Carlo simulations. We demonstrate how the computational time of a number of commonly used industrial ecology tools can be reduced significantly, potentially by multiple orders of magnitude. Our case study was the optimization of scenario calculations in Environmentally Extended Input–Output Analysis (EEIOA). Instead of recalculating the Leontief inverse after individual changes to the interindustry relations, as is done traditionally in EEIOA scenario analysis, we give formulations to find the total value of the change in the environmental indicators in one calculation step. We illustrate these novel formulations both for a simple hypothetical system and for the full EXIOBASE EEIO model. The use of explicit formulas decreases the computational time to the degree that it becomes possible to carry out these analyses in live or web‐based environments. For our case study, we find an improvement of up to four orders of magnitude.
The development of hearing abilities in the shark Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Parmentier Eric , Banse Marine , Boistel Renaud , Compère Philippe , Bertucci Frédéric , Colleye Orphal
Published: May 2020

The few works on audition in sharks and rays concern only adult specimens. We report the hearing abilities in the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula at different stages, from embryos that still have their yolk sac inside their egg, to juveniles. Hearing development corresponds to an increase in the frequency range from 100−300 Hz in early pre‐hatching stages to 100–600 Hz in juveniles. Modifications in hearing abilities correspond to the development of the brain, the increase of the volume of the membranous labyrinth, the growth of the sensory epithelium, and the development of stereocilia in addition to kinocilium before hatching. This work offers solid insights into the development of hearing abilities that usually can only be inferred from the anatomy of vertebrates or after birth/hatching. It shows also that shark can be sensitive to background noise during development.
Legal vs. illegal injectable fillers: The adverse effects comparison study
Authors: Chayangsu Onjuta , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima , Pattanaprichakul Penvadee , Hidajat Inneke Jane , Evangelista Kristy Elleza R. , Manuskiatti Woraphong
Published: May 2020

Background

Over the past decades, soft‐tissue filler injections have become an essential part of cosmetic practice worldwide. Due to the increasing demand, unlicensed practitioners venture in performing this minimally invasive procedure, injecting illegal fillers that pose serious complications.

Objectives

To compare the adverse effects of legal and illegal soft‐tissue fillers injected by licensed and unlicensed practitioners.

Materials and methods

A 10‐year retrospective, descriptive, single‐center study conducted at the outpatient dermatology department and skin laser center at Siriraj Hospital from January 2009 to December 2019. Patients were identified as having treatment‐related complications. Their demographic data, clinical history, and injection history were reviewed.

Results

Forty patients with mean age of 37 years old were included in the study. Thirty‐five of them (87.5%) were female. Illegal soft‐tissue fillers were used in 28 patients (70%) and were performed by unlicensed practitioners (18 cases, 64.3%, P = .001). Adverse effects from illegal fillers (26 cases, 92.9%) developed longer than legal fillers (7 cases, 58.3%) (P = .017). Symptoms significantly lasted longer in patients injected with illegal fillers, 10 (0.07‐288) weeks, as compared to patients injected with legal fillers 0.75 (0.14‐72) weeks (P = .01). Injections from illegal fillers resulted to foreign body reaction (22 cases, 78.6%) and infections (6 cases, 21.4%). Vascular complications were identified in legal fillers injections (5 cases, 41.7%).

Conclusions

The incidence of adverse effects and complications from soft‐tissue filler injections are superior when performed by novice injectors and unlicensed practitioners using illegal fillers. Proper training of filler injections, selection of appropriate fillers, and early recognition of adverse effects are critically important to the success of treatments.
Hubristic Start‐up Founders – The Neglected Bright and Inevitable Dark Manifestations of Hubristic Leadership in New Venture Creation Processes
Authors: Sundermeier Janina , Gersch Martin , Freiling Jörg
Published: May 2020

The hubris tradition of research has been criticized for limiting its scope by associating hubris predominantly with detrimental leadership behaviours. To counteract this bias, we provide a more nuanced exploration of hubris and consider both beneficial and detrimental manifestations of hubris in start‐up founders’ leadership behaviours. Our analysis, based on qualitative data from expert interviews and two case studies, indicates that, whilst hubristic start‐up founders are likely to fail overall, they also excel in creating and communicating visionary scenarios, steering employees through critical situations, and extracting commitment from third parties. These under‐researched ‘bright’ manifestations of hubris allow start‐up founders to lead their venture towards a stage, in which their visionary power and resilience become crucial prerequisites for economic progress. Our findings extend knowledge on hubristic leadership, offer new directions for the hubris tradition of research, and open up avenues for future research with a more balanced view of hubris.
Nociceptive responses in melatonin MT2 receptor knockout mice compared to MT1 and double MT1/MT2 receptor knockout mice
Authors: Posa Luca , Lopez‐Canul Martha , Rullo Laura , De Gregorio Danilo , Dominguez‐Lopez Sergio , Kaba Aboud Matthew , Caputi Francesca Felicia , Candeletti Sanzio , Romualdi Patrizia , Gobbi Gabriella
Published: May 2020

Melatonin, a neurohormone that binds to two G protein‐coupled receptors MT1 and MT2, is involved in pain regulation, but the distinct role of each receptor has yet to be defined. We characterized the nociceptive responses of mice with genetic inactivation of melatonin MT1 (MT1−/−), or MT2 (MT2−/−), or both MT1/MT2 (MT1−/−/MT2−/−) receptors in the hot plate test (HPT), and the formalin test (FT). In HPT and FT, MT1−/− display no differences compared to their wild‐type littermates (CTL), whereas both MT2−/− and MT1−/−/MT2−/− mice showed a reduced thermal sensitivity and a decreased tonic nocifensive behavior during phase 2 of the FT in the light phase. The MT2 partial agonist UCM924 induced an antinociceptive effect in MT1−/− but not in MT2−/− and MT1−/−/MT2−/− mice. Also, the competitive opioid antagonist naloxone had no effects in CTL, whereas it induced a decrease of nociceptive thresholds in MT2−/− mice. Our results show that the genetic inactivation of melatonin MT2, but not MT1 receptors, produces a distinct effect on nociceptive threshold, suggesting that the melatonin MT2 receptor subtype is selectively involved in the regulation of pain responses.
Influence of Temperature and CO2 On Plasma‐membrane Permeability to CO2 and HCO3− in the Marine Haptophytes Emiliania huxleyi and Calcidiscus leptoporus (Prymnesiophyceae)
Authors: Blanco‐Ameijeiras Sonia , Stoll Heather M. , Zhang Hongrui , Hopkinson Brian M.
Published: May 2020

Membrane permeabilities to CO2 and HCO3− constrain the function of CO2 concentrating mechanisms that algae use to supply inorganic carbon for photosynthesis. In diatoms and green algae, plasma membranes are moderately to highly permeable to CO2 but effectively impermeable to HCO3−. Here, CO2 and HCO3− membrane permeabilities were measured using an 18O‐exchange technique on two species of haptophyte algae, Emiliania huxleyi and Calcidiscus leptoporus, which showed that the plasma membranes of these species are also highly permeable to CO2 (0.006–0.02 cm · s−1) but minimally permeable to HCO3−. Increased temperature and CO2 generally increased CO2 membrane permeabilities in both species, possibly due to changes in lipid composition or CO2 channel proteins. Changes in CO2 membrane permeabilities showed no association with the density of calcium carbonate coccoliths surrounding the cell, which could potentially impede passage of compounds. Haptophyte plasma‐membrane permeabilities to CO2 were somewhat lower than those of diatoms but generally higher than membrane permeabilities of green algae. One caveat of these measurements is that the model used to interpret 18O‐exchange data assumes that carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes 18O‐exchange, is homogeneously distributed in the cell. The implications of this assumption were tested using a two‐compartment model with an inhomogeneous distribution of carbonic anhydrase to simulate 18O‐exchange data and then inferring plasma‐membrane CO2 permeabilities from the simulated data. This analysis showed that the inferred plasma‐membrane CO2 permeabilities are minimal estimates but should be quite accurate under most conditions.
Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in a Beagle dog with genetically confirmed Lafora disease
Authors: Alisauskaite Neringa , Beckmann Katrin , Dennler Matthias , Zölch Niklaus
Published: May 2020

Cortical atrophy has been identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans and dogs with Lafora disease (LD). In humans, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) of the brain indicates decreased N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA) relative to other brain metabolites. Brain 1HMRS findings in dogs with LD are lacking. A 6‐year‐old female Beagle was presented with a history of a single generalized tonic‐clonic seizure and episodic reflex myoclonus. Clinical, hematological, and neurological examination findings and 3‐Tesla MRI of the brain were unremarkable. Brain 1HMRS with voxel positioning in the thalamus was performed in the affected Beagle. It identified decreased amounts of NAA, glutamate‐glutamine complex, and increased total choline and phosphoethanolamine relative to water and total creatine compared with the reference range in healthy control Beagles. A subsequent genetic test confirmed LD. Abnormalities in 1HMRS despite lack of changes with conventional MRI were identified in a dog with LD.
Analysis of the proposed solutions for the use of orphan works across the world
Authors: Ahmed Bzhar A. , Al‐Salihi Kameran H.
Published: May 2020

This article analyses solutions proposed to the problem of orphan works. Orphan works are copyrighted works whose owners are difficult or impossible to identify and/or locate after carrying out a diligent search. The first and foremost aim of providing a solution for the problem of orphan works is to regain the goal of copyright protection, which is to enable the public to access and benefit from protected works. This article examines various solutions that have been adopted by different countries. It also analyses solutions that are under examination for introduction into law, such as limited liability in the United States. The authors reveal that the adoption of a solution by any country requires careful study to introduce the most appropriate approach. It was also found that solving the problem of orphan works would benefit both users and copyright holders.
Influence of donor and recipient gender on liver transplantation outcomes in Europe
Authors: Germani Giacomo , Zeni Nicola , Zanetto Alberto , Adam René , Karam Vincent , Belli Luca S. , O'Grady John , Mirza Darius , Klempnauer Jurgen , Cherqui Daniel , Pratschke Johann , Jamieson Neville , Salizzoni Mauro , Hidalgo Ernest , Lerut Jan , Paul Andreas , Garcia‐Valdecasas Juan Carlos , Rodríguez Fernando San Juan , Villa Erica , Burra Patrizia ,   the European Liver, Intestine Transplant Association (ELITA)
Published: May 2020

Background & Aims

The impact of gender and donor/recipient gender mismatch on LT outcomes is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of LT in Europe, using the ELTR database, between male and female recipients, including donor/recipient gender mismatch.

Methods

Recipient, donor and transplant characteristics were compared between male and female patients. Patient survival was compared between groups, and the impact of donor/recipient gender matching as well as donor and recipient anthropometric characteristics were evaluated as potential risk factors for post‐LT death/graft loss.

Results

A total of 46,334 LT patients were evaluated (70.5% men and 29.5% women). Ten‐year survival rate was significantly higher in female than in male recipients (66% vs 59%, P < .0001). At multivariate analysis, adjusted for indication to LT and type of graft, donor/recipient gender mismatch (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04‐1.2; P = .003), donor age > 60 years (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01‐1.18; P = .027) and recipient age (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.1‐1.02; P < .0001) were significantly associated with post‐LT lower survival rate in men. Conversely in female recipients, donor BMI > 30 (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09‐1.6; P = .005), donor age > 60 years (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01‐1.32; P = .027) and recipient age (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01‐1.02; P < .0001) were significantly associated with lower post‐LT survival rate.

Conclusions

Donor/recipient gender mismatch in male recipients and the use of obese donor in female recipients are associated with reduced survival after LT. Therefore, the incorporation of donor and recipient anthropometric quantities in the allocation process should be a matter of further studies, as their matching can significantly influence long‐term outcomes.
Navigating the new landscape of second‐line treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Rimassa Lorenza , Wörns Marcus‐Alexander
Published: May 2020

Sorafenib and lenvatinib are approved for first‐line treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the efficacy of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab has been demonstrated versus sorafenib. Over time, first‐line treatment frequently fails, and regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab (for patients with alpha fetoprotein ≥400 ng/mL), nivolumab, pembrolizumab and ipilimumab plus nivolumab are approved for use after sorafenib (but not lenvatinib) treatment in advanced HCC. Given the considerable complexity in the therapeutic landscape, the objective of this review was to summarize the clinical evidence for second‐line agents and provide practical guidance for selecting the best sequential treatment approach. The timing and sequencing of treatment switches are key to optimizing patient outcomes in advanced HCC, and decisions should be informed by reasons for discontinuation of previous therapy and disease progression. It is important not to switch too soon, because sequential treatment benefit may then be lost, nor should switching be delayed too long. Effectiveness, safety and tolerability, patient quality of life, route of administration, dosing regimen, drug class, molecular target and individual patients’ characteristics, including comorbidities, inform the selection of second‐line systemic treatment, independently of the aetiology of HCC, tumour stage and the response to previous treatment. Biomarkers predictive of treatment effectiveness are of great value, but currently biomarker‐driven patient selection is possible only in the case of ramucirumab. The approval of new combination therapies for advanced HCC in the first‐line setting will further increase the complexity of decision‐making. However, the important factors will remain the individual patient’s characteristics and preferences.
Evaluating the measurement properties of patient‐reported outcome measures in radiotherapy‐induced xerostomia
Authors: Assas Motaz , Wiriyakijja Paswach , Fedele Stefano , Porter Stephen , Ní Ríordáin Richeal
Published: May 2020

Objective

Radiotherapy‐induced xerostomia (RIX) is one of the most common adverse effects of radiotherapy to the head and neck, and a major determinant of survivors’ quality of life. A number of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been used in clinical trials of therapeutic interventions for RIX; however, little is known regarding their measurement properties and methodological quality.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search in Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO for articles published up to May 2019 and evaluating at least one measurement property of PROMs relevant to RIX. The COSMIN guidelines were used to assess relevant measurement properties and methodological quality.

Results

Nine validations studies were identified reporting on four PROMs relevant to RIX. The Xerostomia Questionnaire (XQ) showed overall high‐quality evidence for structural validity and internal consistency, but low‐quality evidence supporting reliability. The methodological quality of the Groningen Radiotherapy‐Induced Xerostomia scale (GRIX), Xerostomia Inventory (XI) and the Xerostomia Quality of Life Scale (XeQoLS) was relatively low for all measurement properties.

Conclusions

The XQ was found to have the highest potential to capture changes in RIX according to COSMIN guidelines. Additional validation studies are required to further understand the methodological quality of the XI, GRIX and XeQoLS.
Frequency of asymptomatic and symptomatic respiratory virus detection in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant patients
Authors: Schuster Jennifer E. , Banerjee Dithi , Ahmed Ibrahim , Selvarangan Rangaraj
Published: May 2020

Respiratory viral infections are common and can cause significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The prevalence of disease has been primarily identified from retrospective studies using standard‐of‐care specimens. The incidence of both asymptomatic respiratory viral detection and symptomatic respiratory viral detection in this high‐risk population is not well described. We performed longitudinal, active, prospective surveillance in pediatric HCT patients. Subjects underwent weekly midturbinate swabs (MTSs) for the detection of 18 respiratory viruses and subtypes peri‐HCT and 100 days post‐HCT. Clinical data were obtained from the medical record. From September 2015 to February 2017, 24 children underwent 29 HCT, and 284 MTSs were collected. Forty‐two (15%) specimens were virus‐positive from 10 (42%) subjects. Specimens from children undergoing allogeneic HCT were more likely to have a virus detected (17% vs 8%, P = .04) compared with specimens from children undergoing autologous HCT. Sixteen (38%) detections were not associated with symptoms. Almost half (8/17) of the unique viral infections occurred during the HCT hospitalization after a negative specimen, suggesting nosocomial acquisition, and preceded detection from a clinical specimen. Rhinovirus, the most common virus detected, was the only virus detected in 33 (81%) virus‐positive specimens; only 11 (33%) rhinovirus detections were asymptomatic. Asymptomatic detection of coronavirus and bocavirus occurred. Asymptomatic respiratory virus detection occurred in more than one‐third of the children undergoing HCT. The acquisition of respiratory viruses during HCT hospitalization suggests nosocomial acquisition. Early detection of respiratory viruses during asymptomatic periods could have infection prevention and treatment implications.