bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a list of terms in Brazilian Portuguese for the Qualitative Behaviour Assessment of broiler chickens
Authors: Souza APO , Wemelsfelder F , Taconeli CA , Molento CFM
Published: January 2021

Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) is a methodological approach to assess the whole animal using terms to describe and quantify the emotionally expressive qualities of behaviour and identifying larger patterns of expressivity through multi-variate statistical integration. A key condition for the success of QBA is achieving a common understanding of the meaning of descriptive terms by raters. Based on this, our study aimed to develop a list of terms in Brazilian Portuguese for the QBA of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and to test this list by studying its inter- and intra-rater reliability. Fourteen experts participated in a workshop and developed a list of 25 QBA terms, and 40 undergraduates tested this list by scoring 18 video clips using a 125-mm visual analogue scale. Principal Component Analysis was used to analyse observers’ scores. Principal Component (PC) 1 ranged from disturbed/frustrated to comfortable/lively, suggesting this PC may be interpreted in terms of emotional valence. PC2 ranged from calm/dull to agitated/active, suggesting this PC indicates the level of arousal/energy of the birds. Both PC1 and PC2 clip scores showed good inter- and intra-rater reliability. This study demonstrates the importance of producing QBA term lists bottom-up as opposed to merely translating pre-existing lists from the scientific literature. Results suggest the standardised Portuguese QBA term list developed in this study is reliable in assessing the expressive qualities of broiler behaviour; therefore, a next step is to test it on-farm with experienced raters and further refine it concerning terms related to poor welfare.
Plant sciences and phytosemiotics as part of culture
Authors: Strugovshchikova Uliana
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the role of research in the field of biology, behaviorism and cognitive science of plants in changing not only scientific, but also cultural discourses. A brief overview of the cultural plant heritage is given, mentioning the reasons for the objectification of plants with the adoption of a mechanistic picture of the world and the debunking of the mystery of nature. The author examines modern changes in the understanding of plant life on the basis of new research in the field of electrophysiology and plant behaviorism, while providing a small historical digression of how the attitude to plants in biology and semiotics developed and changed. In particular, the emergence of phytosemiotics as part of the semiotic system of humans and animals, and its transformation into phytosemiotics per se under the influence of new research results in the field of neurobiology of plants and their behavior was considered. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of new data in the field of plant behavior and signaling from the standpoint of biosemiotics, rethinking the semiotic reality of plants: despite the fact that plants have a different way of life from animals, functionality and radically different morphology, they are nevertheless comparable, which allows plants to stand on the same level with animal organisms in semiotic reality, to gain agency. This opens up a wide field for further research not only in plant biology, behaviorism, but also the further development of phytosemiotics, ecosemiotics, ethics and aesthetics. A special contribution of the author is the rethinking of the plant semiotic niche: the transition of plants from the iconic semiosis to the index one.
Quantum-synergetic ontology of generalized physicality (III): psychosemantic language of theater, anthropological jazz.
Authors: Budanov Vladimir Grigoryevich , Sinitcyna Tamara Andreevna
Published: January 2021

The paper continues the topic of applications of the methodology of generalized physicality, which goes back to the concept of quantum synergetic anthropology, elaborated in detail in the previous parts of the triptych. Ontologies of states (functional bodies and subteles of generalized corporeality) and temporal ontologies are considered on the material of the theatrical play of actors. An isomorphism of a well-known musical notation and representation of a changing anthropological profile in the form of a chord of simultaneously activated "sounding" states of the actor is constructed. The relevance of such a musical metaphor, an analogy of the freedom of acting improvisation, as an anthropological jazz inherent in any performer, albeit to varying degrees, is discussed. The classical manner has less variability than, in fact, jazz improvisation. В  Parallels of such performances are drawn with the works of classics of theater directing, philosophy of play and communication of musicologists: K. S. Stanislavsky, A. A. Vasiliev, B. Latour, J. Huizinga, I. E. Berendt.In fact, a certain language of interpretation of acting is proposed with the help of dynamic schemes for describing what is happening during the game. If these schemes are adequate to the stage reality, which we tried to prove, then they may well be used in the preparation of actors, staging performances, etc. In fact, a new psychotechnics is being created that allows changing the available capabilities of acting technique, replenishing its tools. In addition, this kind of notational representation of actors' parts allows you to archive and decipher the director's idea in a fairly universal way.
Homelands
Authors: Shelef Nadav G.
Published: January 2021

Why are some territorial partitions accepted as the appropriate borders of a nation's homeland, whereas in other places conflict continues despite or even because of division of territory? This book develops a theory of what homelands are that acknowledges both their importance in domestic and international politics and their change over time. These changes, the book argues, are driven by domestic political competition and help explain the variation in whether partitions resolve conflict. The book also provides systematic, comparable data about the homeland status of lost territory over time that allow it to bridge the persistent gap between constructivist theories of nationalism and positivist empirical analyses of international relations.
Kissinger and Friends
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses Henry Kissinger's relationship with military dictatorships, analyzing U.S. policies toward Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay. What is evident is that the secretary of state was comfortable and loquacious in the presence of men who authorized mass murder, torture, and terrorism. His most revealing memorandums of conversations on political philosophy are with military dictators and their minions. The mayhem created by these military ideologues forced Kissinger to confront the issues of human rights and international terrorism. Kissinger's intellectual defense of military extremism, his reluctant embrace of human rights matters, and his policies toward the military dictatorships revealed fundamental tenets about his character and his concept of international relations.
Conclusion
Authors: Rabe Stephen G.
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter offers a judgment of Henry Kissinger in Latin America. The customary approach for historians is to ask first the “change and continuity” question. Scholars sympathetic to Kissinger were troubled by Kissinger's actions in Latin America and fell back on the argument that his policies were no different than those of his predecessors or successors. Critical scholars assumed that Kissinger's actions in Chile and throughout Latin America were unprecedented in their depravity. What cannot be ignored is that the gross violation of human rights that marked life in the 1970s was unprecedented in the history of Latin America in the national period. Responsibility for the murders, disappearances, and tortures must be assigned.
An Enchanting Bureaucracy
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how, as a result of the historical processes described in the previous chapter, life in Qadian is now dominated by the administrative system of the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat. This system performs a crucial role in the Ahmadis' struggle to demonstrate their Muslimness: through the rational ordering of life, the system creates the intimate and direct relationship with the caliph that Qadian's Ahmadis so fervently desire. As such, this is an “enchanting bureaucracy,” for it sacralizes life in the town. In explicit contrast with the Indian state, Ahmadis in Qadian argue that their Jamaʻat bureaucracy provides them with direct access to justice. This utopian vision is nonetheless impossible to sustain, and when it collapses beneath the weight of disagreements and resentments, the Ahmadi–caliph relationship that the system produced appears to be an imitation. Ultimately, the enchanting bureaucracy simultaneously produces both certainty and its antithesis. It might thus be considered to produce a counterfeit proof of Muslimness.
A Failure to Doubt?
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the unexpected ways in which Ahmadis partake in the culture of sectarian disputation between Muslim sects in South Asia. Much sectarian disputation between Muslim sects in South Asia has as its stated goal the shoring up of intellectual boundaries and the silencing of opponents. The chapter explores how the Ahmadis cultivate an argumentative subjectivity that can be referred to as “heroic polemicism.” It argues that if one continues to approach this heroic polemicism through narrow categories of epistemic doubt and belief, one will miss the actual relationship to truth that Ahmadis in Qadian attempt to cultivate, alongside the uncertainties that they feel in discharging their obligations to truth. The chapter then looks at how Ahmadis embrace the modern world as a landscape of opportunity that offers almost unlimited resources through which they might expand the all-conquering truths of their Promised Messiah.
History, Metaphors, Fables
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This book collects the central writings by Hans Blumenberg and covers topics such as on the philosophy of language, metaphor theory, non-conceptuality, aesthetics, politics, and literary studies. The book demonstrates Blumenberg's intellectual breadth and gives an overview of his thematic and stylistic range over four decades. Blumenberg's early philosophy of technology becomes tangible, as does his critique of linguistic perfectibility and conceptual thought, his theory of history as successive concepts of reality, his anthropology, or his studies of literature. The book allows readers to discover a master thinker whose role in the German intellectual post-war scene can hardly be overestimated.
Observations Drawn from Metaphors
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores Hans Blumenberg's “Observations Drawn from Metaphors” (1971). This work is an attempt to update the metaphorological project by extending research matter from the tropes of strictly philosophical texts to contemporary discourse in the form of journalistic debates, political strategies, scientific projects, and quotidian speech. Blumenberg also discusses typological procedures. To many, they appear to be some kind of display of wares to choose from, that is, as the preliminary stage to a decisionist act. But that is not the primary function of typology. Its primary function is the virtual opposite: it neutralizes decisionist processes that have already occurred by trying to present the complete field of possibilities, that is, confronting prejudice with the judgments that would have been possible in the first place, and by retroactively supplying it with what still is. The decisionist character of preconceived “opinions” becomes transparent with regard to what has not at all been consulted in the life-world and therefore could also not at all have been eliminated.
The Relationship between Nature and Technology as a Philosophical Problem
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on Hans Blumenberg's “The Relationship between Nature and Technology as a Philosophical Problem” (1951), a reception history of technē. Technology has historically constituted itself as applied natural science — as a constructive extension of nature — and this structural continuity would seem to determine the character and methodology of its problems once and for all. The historical reality of human life with technology has failed to confirm this basic assumption, however. Technology, as an objective domain within the modern world, has more and more visibly separated itself from its functional continuity with nature and has entered into new constellations that are sui generis and, indeed, diametrical opposites to natural reality. From the mere use of nature for eking out a living through to the increasing exploitation of nature as a reservoir of energy and natural resources, the development of technical consciousness and the technical will tend toward making a claim for the radical and total transformation of nature as mere materia prima for the exercise of human power.
The African Horizon
Authors: Devereux Andrew W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the principle period of Spain's “African enterprise,” from the conquest of the Canary Islands in the 1490s up through the conquest of Tripoli in 1510. It presents comparisons of arguments over the Spanish conquests in the Americas, such as the instances in which the inhabitants of the land were non-Christians. It also talks about how the right to effect conquests had been enshrined in papal bulls. In the case of Africa, the chapter discusses how Spanish jurists eventually developed arguments that circumvent papal authority in citing historical claims that North Africa had once constituted part of the ancient Visigothic kingdom of Hispania and that, as a formerly Christian territory, Africa might be conquered by a Christian prince in a “just war.” It also describes the status of Africa's Muslim rulers as usurpers ultimately differentiated them from the “Gentile” inhabitants Spanish friars encountered in the Americas.
One Shepherd, One Flock
Authors: Devereux Andrew W.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines Spanish, as well as Christian and Islamic, thought on “universal empire.” It analyzes the thinking on universal empire as a form of political organization that developed as a result of the protracted dialogue of competing claims by fellow Christian and Islamic polities. It also addresses Portuguese, French, and Ottoman iterations of universalist claims as the expression of a utopian ideal of religiopolitical organization. The chapter covers the political ideology of the wide variety of literature that situated the Mediterranean at the center of a drama where a universal Christian order would be instated. It also focuses on the Castilian conquest of Granada and the acquisition of numerous presidios and cities along the coast of the Maghrib, where King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella deployed a variety of propaganda that successfully disseminated the image of the monarchs operating in this capacity.
Hemipteran Pests: Suborder Heteroptera
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at Hemipteran pests. Turfgrass-infesting chinch bugs are true bugs in the suborder Heteroptera, family Blissidae, subfamily Blissinae, originally known as the “chinch bug family.” The family Blissidae has about 50 genera and 400 species, fewer than 10 of which are economically important to humans. Four genera are found in North America, including 30 species that attack grasses and sedges, but only the genus Blissus contains serious turfgrass pests. Adult chinch bugs in the family Blissidae are elongate, usually four times as long as broad. Short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) forms exist in numerous species. The chapter then considers the Blissus chinch bugs, the hairy chinch bug, the southern chinch bug, the western chinch bug, and the common chinch bug.
Scarabaeid Pests: Subfamily Aphodiinae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the black turfgrass ataenius. The black turfgrass ataenius, in the order Coleoptera, family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae, is one of 63 Ataenius species recognized in the United States and Canada. The black turfgrass ataenius was considered only an incidental turfgrass pest prior to the 1970s. From 1970 to about 1995 it was a sporadic but more serious pest on golf course fairways, greens, and tees over a wide area of North America. Since 1995, reports of damage to golf course fairways have been less frequent. Black turfgrass ataenius is now considered a relatively uncommon pest on golf courses, and damage is normally much less severe than damage caused by annual white grubs such as Japanese beetles or European chafers. The chapter also looks at Aphodius granarius, Aphodius pardalis Le Conte, and Aphodius lividus, order Coleoptera, family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae, which are occasional pests of turfgrass.
Coleopteran Pests: Family Chrysomelidae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the dichondra flea beetle, family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Halticinae. The dichondra flea beetle is a member of a genus of minute flea beetles generally smaller than 2.5 mm, with most 1.5–2.0 mm in length. It is a very destructive beetle on lawns of dichondra in California, often destroying many of them. Beetles are so small that they are difficult to detect readily. Once an infestation has become established, destruction of the dichondra lawn is very rapid, and many homeowners are unable to determine the cause until irreversible damage has taken place. Bermudagrass lawns in central and southern California are also subject to attack.
Dipteran Pests: Families Tipulidae and Chloropidae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes two invasive crane fly species which are pests of turfgrass, particularly in the northwestern and northeastern United States, as well as southern British Columbia and the metropolitan Toronto area in Canada. The European crane fly and the common or marsh crane fly, order Diptera, family Tipulidae, subfamily Tipulinae, have elongated maxillary palpi that distinguish members of this subfamily from other subfamilies. Larvae of invasive crane flies are sometimes called leatherjackets, in part because the pupae are leathery in appearance. Invasive crane flies have a relatively limited distribution in North America, but can cause considerable damage on golf courses, lawns, athletic fields, and sod farms, as well as forage fields and hayfields. The chapter also looks at the frit fly, which belongs to the family Chloropidae.
Hymenopteran Pests: Family Formicidae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the many species of ants, order Hymenoptera, family Formicidae, which invade turfgrass areas throughout the United States. The subfamily Formicinae includes many ants found on turf. The fire ants are by far the most important and common pest ants of turfgrass in the southeastern states. Ants are primarily troublesome in turfgrass areas because they build mounds as they form subterranean homes for their colonies. They seek out drier, well-drained sandy soils that have low water-holding capacity. The galleries they form, which damage roots, add to the desiccation of the soil, and the turf in the surrounding areas becomes thin and unsightly. Mounds of various sizes and shapes, formed according to the habits of the ant species, are often detrimental to mower blades. The chapter then looks at the red imported fire ant, the turfgrass ant, and the harvester ant.
Hymenopteran Pests: Families Sphecidae and Vespidae
Authors: Vittum Patricia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies bees and wasps in the families Sphecidae and Vespidae. Many ground-nesting bees and wasps become troublesome pests of turfgrass in much the same way that ants are a pest. Their nesting habits create mounds of soil as they bring subsoil to the surface in making their galleries and nests. One of the more prominent is the cicada killer, a large wasp with unusual habits. It produces major soil surface disruption while burrowing, in part because of its large size. This species is also called the sand hornet or golden digger wasp. Other bees and wasps, such as yellowjackets and hornets, do not damage turf directly but can be a nuisance by virtue of their aggressive behavior and ability to inflict painful stings.
Withdrawal, Opposition, and Aggression
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses why it is expected of humiliating events to alter state behavior. It outlines the various responses that states may have to humiliating events, ranging from withdrawal to direct military conflict. The chapter addresses how responses to humiliating events can affect the behaviors of other states as well as the overall stability of the international system. It shows that the effects of national humiliation on state behavior are not so straightforward. Not all states respond to humiliating events in the same ways. Some states pursue direct military revenge, whereas others may pursue symbols of high status or initiate conflict against third-party states. The chapter also discusses why exactly humiliating events affect international behavior and describes possible reactions to national humiliation.
Why Classic Oil Wars Do Not Pay
Authors: Meierding Emily
Published: January 2021

This chapter challenges a key assumption underpinning classic oil war claims. It argues that, although oil war believers correctly observe that petroleum is extremely valuable, they make a mistake in jumping to the conclusion that fighting for oil pays. It also describes four sets of impediments to seizing and exploiting foreign oil resources, all of which reduce the petroleum payoffs of classic oil wars: invasion, occupation, international, and investment obstacles. The chapter analyzes the intensity of each of the four obstacles that varies temporally and geographically. It discusses the petroleum payoffs of international aggression that are far lower than classic oil war believers have assumed even under favorable conditions. It also points out how states are likely to avoid fighting for petroleum resources.
Red Herrings
Authors: Meierding Emily
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates two prominent red herrings: the Chaco War from 1932 to 1935 and the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988. It explains that the two red herring conflicts were widely assumed to have been oil driven. It also mentions Bolivia and Paraguay that purportedly fought over the Chaco Boreal's prospective petroleum endowments, as well as Iraqi president Saddam Hussein who supposedly invaded Iran in order to seize its oil-rich Khuzestan Province. The chapter points out that in the Chaco War, Bolivia and Paraguay knew that the contested territory did not contain oil resources, while in the Iran–Iraq War, Saddam's territorial ambitions were limited to small areas along the states' bilateral boundary. It emphasizes how the Chaco War and Iran–Iraq War were not fought to grab petroleum resources.
Petro-Myths and Petro-Realities
Authors: Meierding Emily
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarizes findings that challenge the oil wars myth by revealing how states are extremely reluctant to fight for petroleum resources. It explains how oil ambitions may inspire mild international sparring and occasionally affect the trajectories of wars that are already under way. It also discusses the minimal security threat posed by current and future oil competition. The chapter addresses the reasons petroleum has not been subject to the same imperialist logic that governed states' engagement with other natural resources. It also talks about the implications for other types of oil-related contention and US foreign policy, as well as the dangers of allowing myths to drive analysis and decision making.
Qualitative Methods for Testing the Theory
Authors: Kelanic Rosemary A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains the qualitative case-study-research design, with particular emphasis on why the cases chosen constitute strong tests for the theory. The book examines in depth eleven distinct cases across four great powers: the United States, Britain, Germany, and Japan. In combination, the cases span roughly one hundred great-power years. The setup of the cases is to compare the theory's predictions of which anticipatory strategy the state should select, given the values of the independent variables, with the strategy it actually adopted. Historical outcomes that match the theory's predictions count as evidence supporting the theory. If the outcomes contradict the theory's predictions, they count as evidence against the theory. The chapter then outlines the policy-decision process one should observe policymakers engaging in if the theory is correct.
Imagining Peaceful Conquest
Authors: Moran Katherine D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the depiction of Jacques Marquette as a model of civilizing empire. It talks about Marquette's admirers who drew on and transformed historical sources, hagiography, and even anti-Jesuit discourse to depict the Jesuit as a particularly effective civilizer because of his ability to embody gentleness and bravery at the same time, which they often described as his embodiment of both “female” and “male” attributes. The chapter also provides an analysis of the ongoing popularity of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 epic poem, The Song of Hiawatha. It also argues that some turn-of-the-century Hiawatha readers invoked the poem's Marquette figure as a way to imagine and celebrate their own ongoing attempts at purportedly “peaceful” forms of conquest through the forced assimilation of Native Americans. The chapter ends with a review of the Marquette of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century commemorations that became a prototypical embodiment of imperial vision of domination without violence.
Introduction
Authors: Turek Lauren Frances
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how U.S. evangelical groups operated abroad, forged transnational cultural ties, and shaped official U.S. foreign policy in the decades surrounding the end of the Cold War. It focuses on how foreign missionary work contributed to the creation of an influential evangelical lobby with distinct interests in the trajectory of U.S. foreign relations. It also reveals that the vast expansion of evangelical Christianity throughout the world during the 1970s and 1980s nurtured ties between U.S. evangelicals and their coreligionists abroad, which created a diffuse yet energetic global network of faith-based nonstate organizations and actors. The chapter describes American missions in the Global South and the efforts to support persecuted Christians in the Soviet bloc that informed evangelical views of Christian life abroad and the prospects for evangelism. It also illustrates how U.S. evangelicals had the political power necessary to advocate effectively for policies that they believed would nurture global Christendom.
Fighting Religious Persecution behind the Iron Curtain
Authors: Turek Lauren Frances
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines evangelical interest groups on behalf of persecuted Soviet Pentecostals and Baptists during the Reagan administration. It shows how evangelicals combined human rights activism at home with focused network building in the Soviet bloc in order to support their suffering brethren and lay the foundation for expanded evangelistic opportunities in the communist world. It also describes the evangelical organizations and missionary groups that ensured the postcommunist states would guarantee religious liberty for their citizens and allow foreigners to evangelize as the Soviet Union began to collapse during the Bush administration. The chapter discusses how effective were Christian efforts to attain foreign aid for favoured regimes and to impose economic and diplomatic sanctions on those nations that persecuted Christians and stifled evangelism. It also investigates why U.S. evangelicals lend support to repressive authoritarian regimes in the name of human rights.
The Anticommunist International
Authors: Woods Colleen
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines how, by the late 1940s, the Philippine state—with the support of U.S. military dollars, equipment, and advisers—launched a war against its own citizens in the name of global anticommunism. After World War II, peasant uprisings in Central Luzon, labor strikes on U.S. military bases in the islands, and the appeal of the Philippine Communist Party threatened to dissolve U.S. policymakers' efforts to promote Philippine independence as a testament to the benevolence and anti-imperial impulses of U.S. foreign aid and policies. In opposition, a multiyear counterinsurgency campaign brought millions of dollars of U.S. military aid into the country, resulting in the increased militarization of Philippine society as well as the near total defeat of peasant and working-class alternatives to Philippine elite control of the state. But while Filipino politicians affirmed decolonization in Southeast Asia, they also faced the challenge of explaining how Philippine independence could effectively coincide with the substantial U.S. political, economic, and military intervention needed to quell the violence in Central Luzon. Despite U.S. and Philippine pronouncements that the nation represented a “showcase of democracy,” the bloodletting in Central Luzon would eventually attract the attention of the international press, which also called into question the stability and legitimacy of the newly independent Philippine Republic. In response, Americans and Filipinos effectively collaborated to reinterpret peasant complaints against the state through the lens of a global war against communism.
Epilogue
Authors: Woods Colleen
Published: January 2021

This epilogue illustrates how the transformation of anti-imperial struggles into Cold War “fronts” enabled and legitimated the Philippine state's use of repression and coercion. As elsewhere, anticommunism in the Philippines was never simply about combating adherents to the communist cause; the widespread dissent and uprisings in the immediate postwar period challenged a U.S. foreign policy agenda that relied on the Philippines to serve as a model of “orderly” decolonization. In response, the Philippine government, with U.S. aid and support, enacted a campaign of state violence that equated dissent with disloyalty and cast alternative ideas regarding the political and economic direction of postindependence years outside the legal bounds of political debate. In effect, the state was not required to allow those who were deemed to be communists the same freedoms that a liberal state otherwise promised its citizens. In ways strikingly similar to those of the 1950s and the Marcos era, Philippine activists continue to face the reality of state-sanctioned political terrorism today.
Movement, Technology, and Culture in the Making of (Czech) Lives
Authors: Trnka Susanna
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the ways of seeing, experiencing, and moving through the world and the kinds of persons people become through them. It explains the process known as traversing, which was drawn from philosophical concepts developed by two phenomenological philosophers, Martin Heidegger and Jan Patocka. With the ethnographic analyses of the lives of contemporary Czechs, the chapter examines how embodiment is crucial for understanding “being-in-the-world.” Specifically, it focuses on three kinds of movements made as embodied actors in the world: how people move through time and space, how people move toward and away from one another, and how people move toward themselves and the earth they live on. It highlights the significance of both spatiality and temporality, considering how movement varies across different moments in the body's temporality or life course.
Reconnection
Authors: Trnka Susanna
Published: January 2021

This chapter concludes with an analysis of Martin Heidegger, Jan Patocka, and Václav Havel's exhortations on actively envisioning and embracing a world without advanced technology. Indulging in the many pleasures of the great outdoors, the chapter also examines how nature and “the natural” give a different sort of bodily knowledge of who people are. It talks about “Indian camps” that mimic the heavily romanticized and fictionalized lifeways of Native American tribes to the industriousness of a relaxing visit to the familial “chata” or country cottage. It also talks about Czechs in their outdoor pursuits and questions whether the realities of living close to nature can indeed transport people to a deeper understanding of what it is be alive. The chapter explores the possibilities and limits of the acts of beauty and violence, dissolution and transcendence that make up everyday living.
Agency-Led Flexibility and Insecurity in Toronto’s Home Care
Authors: Cranford Cynthia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the Toronto home care program. Home care was distinct from both the In-Home Supportive Services (IHSS) and the Direct Funding Program (DF) in that agencies were the direct employers. But these agencies did little to challenge the insecurity of individualized employment relationships and only contingently responded to the clients who requested flexibility. Clients' willingness to complain was shaped by their age, ability, and class. Agencies indulged clients' requests to switch a worker if clients couched them in relational terms and if the agency was able to produce a new worker when the client needed one; yet the latter was contingent on workers' availability, which was limited by casual employment contracts. Agencies did not assist clients or workers in navigating tensions at the intimate level. Instead, they chose to overlook a precarious economy of favors.
Bargaining for Security with Flexibility in Toronto’s Attendant Services
Authors: Cranford Cynthia J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies Toronto's attendant services. In attendant services, workers had considerable labor market security through relatively high wages, benefits, and job protection. Managers did not willingly support workers' security but rather the union pushed them to do so. This security coincided with limited flexibility at the labor market level in that consumers had little influence over which attendant helped them on a given shift. Nevertheless, attendants and consumers alike gave many examples of bargaining for flexibility and security at the intimate level. Interviews with consumers, attendants, union activists, disability activists, and employers support the claim that, overall, attendant services included a process of collective negotiation marked by representative and participatory democracy for both groups and an outcome of compromises.
Deterrence under Stalemate
Authors: Lieber Keir A. , Press Daryl G.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the ability of nuclear weapons to deter conventional war. For nuclear weapons to mitigate traditional security competition, they must not only render nuclear war unwinnable but also serve as a robust deterrent to major conventional attacks. It explains how a potential victim of conventional attack can make credible threats to escalate to nuclear war if the attacker can retaliate in kind. The chapter also discusses about countries facing threats of overwhelming conventional attack that have almost always opted to develop nuclear forces that are flexible enough to be used in limited ways. It shows that nuclear-armed countries that face dire prospects in conventional war are the same ones that tend to develop nuclear postures tailored to coercive nuclear escalation.
Drama, Anecdote, Case
Authors: Höcker Arne
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at Frank Wedekind's Lulu (1894), which was written more than fifty years after Woyzeck. Unlike Büchner's drama, it is not based on the adaptation of a singular historical case that would allow interpretive access to the documentary material. From a literary perspective, Wedekind has often been seen as a successor to Büchner, insofar as his dramatic work displays similar traits such as an open form and a lack of narrative closure. Although not a single historical case can be identified as the model for the Monstretragödie Lulu, the modern form of the play can be understood as commentary and critique of contemporary discourses on sexuality and deviance that refer to forms of knowledge derived from cases. Wedekind's Lulu presents cases from a sexological context as an arrangement of dramatic skits, exposing their anecdotal potential and staging sexual perversions as the reality of bourgeois fantasies and desires.
Freud’s Cases
Authors: Höcker Arne
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses Sigmund Freud's case histories in his 1895 Studies on Hysteria. Far from removing literature from the psychological context, Freud shifts the focus regarding the function of literary fiction for psychological cognition from authorship to form. The question of literary form initially appears in Freud in connection with his case histories on hysteria and with the problem of casuistic representation. Freud, however, reverses the prevalent criminological perspective when he notes a certain proximity of his own scientific case histories to literature. This comparison concerns less the scientific value of Freud's case histories than it does literary fiction and its reality value, and, thus, his contribution to new conceptions of literary realism.
Amdo and the End of Empire?
Authors: Weiner Benno
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter explains that the violence of 1958 not only destroyed lives but also damaged the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) mechanism of nationality rapprochement and severed its narrative of nationality unity. In order to repair this rupture, in Qinghai the post-Mao leadership sought to return to the promise of the early United Front, even as it continued to condemn the Amdo Rebellion as a counterrevolutionary putsch. While the uprising is blamed on mostly unnamed tribal and religious elites, with few exceptions Amdo's actual secular and monastic leaders have not only been rehabilitated but also memorialized in a myriad of state-sponsored publications as embodiments of nationality unity. Similarly, the “early-Liberation period” is celebrated as a time of ethnic reconciliation, economic development, and nationality unity. In this post-Mao narrative, the United Front era has been transformed from the transitional period of New Democracy—as it was contemporaneously understood—to one purporting to represent the ipso facto integration of the Amdo region and its people into the modern Chinese state and nation.
Introduction
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides an account of the Greek Orthodox Church's interrelationship with the Greek Americans throughout the twentieth century. It analyzes the Orthodox Church in the United States that plays a determining role in community affairs not seen anywhere else, such as its control of Greek-language schools. It also establishes the hegemony of the Greek Orthodox Church over the Greek American community. This chapter argues that the Greek Orthodox Church helped shape Greek American identity throughout the twentieth century and did so by adapting to the steady Americanization of the Greek Americans. It also reaches beyond the domain of Eastern Orthodoxy in America as it illustrates the way a relatively small, ethnically rooted religion can survive in the wider religious marketplace of America.
Greek Orthodoxy and the Ethnic Revival
Authors: Kitroeff Alexander
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how the Greek Orthodox Church dealt with the era of ethnic revival that legitimized European white ethnic identities, including that of Greek Americans. It highlights the controversy Archbishop Iakovo generated when he decreed that parish priests could perform parts of the Sunday liturgy in Greek. It talks about Archbishop Iakovos message to Greek Americans of how most of them were now more comfortable with the English rather than the Greek language and how that development should be reflected in practice. The chapter mentions how Greek Americans experienced the most sustained revival of their identity of all the European “ethnics” due to a big influx of immigrants from Greece in the wake of the immigration reform of 1965. It discusses the exponential growth of Greek presence in the New York borough of Queens, especially in the Astoria section that became a “Greektown,”
A Call from the Task Force
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the task force created by Governor Terry McAuliffe in Richmond, Virginia that are tasked to study the racial violence in the city of Charlottesville during the summer of 2017. It mentions the violence in Richmond that claimed the life of Heather Heyer when a white supremacist, James Alex Fields Jr., slammed his speeding car into a crowd of counter-protesters confronting a “Unite the Right” rally. This chapter explains the work of the task force, which requires them to deeply investigate the constitutional protections of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly and the rules of engagement governing what society could or could not do when confronted with racial supremacist groups rallying in a city. It also describes the famous free speech case called Virginia vs. Black involving vicious racist hate speech. The case involved a cross-burning rally of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in rural western Virginia in 1998 and a second cross-burning incident in Virginia Beach in the yard of an African American, James Jubilee.
Mr. Jefferson’s University
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the University of Virginia (UVA), which was founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. It points out how UVA is a study in contrast and contradiction in the 21st century. Thomas Jefferson loved UVA so much that he insisted it to be inscribed on his gravestone as one of his life's accomplishments. Yet there was also a darker side to Jefferson's legacy. Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal” yet he owned slaves and even took one as his mistress. This chapter also provides a background on UVA's contemporary culture-war campus politics, where issues of race and sex and power and privilege all mingle in confounding and confusing confluence and conflict. It mentions Richard Spencer, the mastermind behind Charlottesville's 2017 summer of violence, and Stephen Miller, who became one of President Donald Trump's most influential advisers.
May Days
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter recalls Judge Moore's ruling on May 2, 2017, which guaranteed that the statues of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson would retain their symbolic presence in the city for some time. It mentions Richard Spencer and Jason Kessler, who were not eased by the ruling over the two symbols of the Confederacy and were not about to let the City of Charlottesville off the hook. It also looks into Spencer and Kessler plan for a May rally in Charlottesville that dramatically understate the breadth of their full agenda. The chapter highlights how Charlottesville in 2017 was linked in mind and spirit to the 1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden. It traces the history of America regarding its impulse to persecute Jews that has been inextricably intertwined with the impulse to persecute the poor, women, Catholics, Muslims, African Americans, gays, lesbians, and immigrants.
The Rise of the Marketplace
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks into the order and morality theory as it gave way to the marketplace as the dominant constitutional position in 2017. It references the story of the evolution of US constitutional law in order to explain the fundamental shift in the American constitutional doctrines of freedom of speech. It also discusses the history of American constitutional law through three broad historical epochs. The “founding epoch” did not accomplish much in the way of exposition of civil rights or civil liberties, while the “middle epoch” was marked by outright hostility to civil rights and civil liberties. The “modern epoch” includes the revolution of withdrawing from the treatment of capitalism as a constitutional value.
The Marketplace Doubles Down
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the shift from the order and morality theory to the marketplace theory that took place in a series of landmark cases that span decades. It recounts events wherein the First Amendment upheld the right to protect critiques of public officials in 1964, rights of racists to engage in rituals such as cross burning in 1971, and right to protect the burning of the American flag in 1989. It also reviews the First Amendment principles of the modern epoch that exerted a powerful gravitational pull on the events in Charlottesville in 2017. The chapter mentions Paul Cohen who was arrested for wearing a jacket designed with a vulgar message and convicted of tumultuous and offensive conduct. It notes how Cohen's involvement with graphic language made a shift to the marketplace theory that embraces the protection for the graphic use of symbols.
When Speech Advances Civil Rights
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws attention to free speech awyers who defend freedom of speech that often find themselves defending people and causes that they personally find reprehensible. It mentions stock free speech clichés used by lawyers, which implies that lawyers may disagree on what their clients say but not their right to say it. It also analyzes Virginia Law School professor Leslie Kendrick's explanation on modern free speech principles, clarifying that it exists to shield unpopular views from the power of majorities. The chapter mentions the believers of the order and morality theory that argues that free speech principles should protect those on the side of righteousness and justice, such as the Black Lives Matter or Antifa in today's civil rights movements. It discusses the New York Times and Claiborne Hardware cases in order to explain why believers of the marketplace theory are not inclined to trust the government.
A Call to Conscience
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter recounts the July 8 ku Klux Klan event that worsened the division among members of Charlottesville's clergy. It looks at religious leaders who had gone to Justice Park to confront the Klan largely that believed that the Charlottesville Police Department had effectively taken sides in favor of the Klan and against the counterprotesters. It also talks about the “Congregate Charlottesville,” which is a clergy group that was created after the Klan rally and who identified themselves as an instrument for organizing faith leaders. The chapter describes the Congregate Charlottesville's determination to take a more aggressive approach to the next Unite the Right rally. It discloses how the group issued a national appeal to the clergy to come to Charlottesville to oppose and confront the national white supremacist rally.