bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Euthanasie bij mensen met dementie volgens het supported decision-making regime van artikel 12 van het Internationaal Verdrag inzake de Rechten van Personen met een Handicap
Authors: Rozemond N.
Published: July 2021

Euthanasie bij mensen met dementie volgens het supported decision-making regime van artikel 12 van het Internationaal Verdrag inzake de Rechten van Personen met een Handicap

Op 21 april 2020 wees de Hoge Raad twee arresten over euthanasie bij dementie in de spraakmakende Koffie-zaak. De belangrijkste rechtsbronnen van de Hoge Raad waren de tekst en de parlementaire geschiedenis van de Wet toetsing levensbeëindiging op verzoek en hulp bij zelfdoding uit 2002. De Hoge Raad heeft het Internationale Verdrag inzake de Rechten van Personen met een Handicap uit 2006 niet als rechtsbron gebruikt. Op grond van dat verdrag moet de handelingsbekwaamheid van personen met een handicap worden erkend en mag de wilsonbekwaamheid van deze personen niet worden gebruikt om hun zelfbeschikkingsrecht te beperken. Uit het commentaar van het Comité voor de Rechten van Personen met een Handicap op artikel 12 van het verdrag blijkt dat deze personen zo veel mogelijk moeten worden ondersteund bij het nemen van eigen beslissingen over alle aspecten van hun leven, wat in de Koffie-zaak niet is gebeurd.
En nu mét mensen met een beperking
Authors: Bosselaar J.H.
Published: July 2021

En nu mét mensen met een beperking

In 2015 werd de Participatiewet ingevoerd. Met de invoering van de wet werden onder meer de Wajong, de Wet werk en bijstand en de Wet sociale werkvoorziening samengevoegd tot één regeling. Het doel hiervan was om de arbeidsintegratie van werkzoekenden, in het bijzonder van werkzoekenden met een handicap, te stroomlijnen en te verbeteren. Ruim vier jaar na invoering lieten diverse effectevaluaties zien dat de centrale doelstelling van de wet niet was gehaald. In dit artikel worden de resultaten van de Participatiewet geduid aan de hand van artikelen uit het boek Met andere ogen. Onderzoekers over vijf jaar Participatiewet, dat in 2020 verscheen. De centrale boodschap van dit artikel is dat wetgeving, zoals de Participatiewet, niet bijdraagt aan de verbetering van de positie van mensen met een beperking zolang zij niet nadrukkelijk in het discours rond de ontwikkeling en de implementatie van de wetgeving betrokken worden. Waar dit wel gebeurt en hun verhalen en belangen een volwaardige plaats in het debat krijgen, leidt dit tot praktijken die daadwerkelijk (kunnen) aansluiten bij de behoeften, wensen en uitdagingen van de betrokkenen. De ervaringen met de Participatiewet onderstrepen het belang, zoals in het VN-verdrag Handicap is neergelegd, dat bij de totstandkoming en implementatie van wet- en regelgeving voor mensen met een beperking, altijd met hen gesproken moet worden en niet over hen. Het betrekken van mensen met een beperking is een belangrijke voorwaarde om daadwerkelijk te komen tot een inclusieve arbeidsmarkt, ondersteund met adequate voorzieningen.
Kleine kroniek van het VN-verdrag Handicap in de rechtspraak van het EHRM
Authors: Pulles G.J.
Published: July 2021

Kleine kroniek van het VN-verdrag Handicap in de rechtspraak van het EHRM

Het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens (EHRM) past regelmatig het VN-verdrag Handicap toe in zaken waarin de rechten van personen met een handicap in het geding zijn. Dit artikel geeft een overzicht van de uitspraken waarin het Verdrag een rol heeft gespeeld. Het inventariseert de rechtspraak waarin het Verdrag expliciet in de rechtsoverwegingen is aangehaald. Het komt tot de conclusie dat het gebruik van het Verdrag door het EHRM enerzijds een inconsistente indruk maakt. Het is niet gemakkelijk te achterhalen waarom het in sommige zaken een duidelijke rol speelt en in veel belangrijke andere zaken niet. Anderzijds blijkt uit de onderzochte rechtspraak dat het EHRM het Verdrag in toenemende mate gebruikt voor het aanscherpen van de normatieve inhoud van het EVRM en voor het invullen van een aantal belangrijke thema’s uit het internationale recht inzake personen met een handicap.
In control-regelingen in Nederland en de Verenigde Staten: een vergelijkende analyse
Authors: Koster H. , Lycklama à Nijeholt M.P. , Verdoes T.L.M.
Published: July 2021

In control-regelingen in Nederland en de Verenigde Staten: een vergelijkende analyse

In dit artikel onderzoeken de auteurs de nu al bestaande in control-regelingen in Nederland en vergelijken die met de bestaande wettelijke regeling van de in control-verklaring in de Verenigde Staten. Ook beantwoorden zij de vraag in hoeverre er verschillen tussen beide rechtsstelsels op dit terrein bestaan.
De ontwikkelingen op het gebied van fiscale mediation in Nederland
Authors: Vos Roelof , Molenaars Diede
Published: July 2021

Recent developments of tax mediation in the Netherlands

In this article the authors summarize the current position of tax mediation in the Netherlands and pay attention to several differences between mediation in Belgium and the Netherlands. They also outline the recent developments in order to the proposed mediation legislation and the options for using mediation in tax fraud cases. Mediation legislation could be the incentive that tax mediation needs.
De nieuwe deontologische code van de Belgische erkende bemiddelaars
Authors: Lancksweerdt Eric
Published: July 2021

The new code of ethics for Belgian accredited mediators

Pursuant to Article 1727, § 2, 5 of the Belgian Judicial Code, the federal mediation commission, which manages the mediation process in Belgium, must draw up a code of ethics. After drawing up a code of conduct in 2007, she recently developed a new code of ethics on 16 December 2020. The main lines of this code of ethics are discussed in this contribution.
30 Years of CEDR
Authors: Mackie Karl
Published: July 2021

30 Years of CEDR

Karl Mackie writes some thoughts on CEDR’s experience, giving insights into the growth of ADR and strategies for change. He expects there will be a major demand for strategies for change on many fronts as the world comes out of a pandemic, so there may be some more generic lessons for readers with new ambitions as well as insights into ADR.
Drugscriminaliteit in de Lage Landen
Authors: Roks Robby , Kleemans Edward , Blokland Arjan
Published: July 2021

Drug crime in the Low Countries. Estimating the size of the illicit drug economy and examining the links between the illicit drug industry and the licit world in the Netherlands and Belgium

As drug producing countries and logistical hubs, the Netherlands and Belgium are topping the worldwide charts in the field of international drug trafficking. For this reason, the Netherlands – and to a lesser extent Belgium – is depicted as a ‘narco state’ in the media and the political arena. Another term that is frequently used when it comes to crime problems related to drugs is ‘subversive crime’. In this introduction of the special issue on drug crime, the authors elaborate on two themes that are central to the terms ‘narco state’ and ‘subversive crime’: the size and estimates of the drug economy and the embeddedness of the drug industry in the legal world in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Open heimelijke netwerken in de Nederlandstalige georganiseerde synthetische-drugscriminaliteit
Authors: Vermeulen Irma , Soudijn Melvin , van der Leest Wouter
Published: July 2021

Overt covert networks within the Dutch-speaking synthetic drug market

In recent years, the authorities have dismantled several encrypted phone providers. These providers stored millions of messages about covert activities that were overtly exchanged between criminals. This type of communication offers a unique insight into serious organized crime and the people involved. Based on one such intercepted encrypted phone network, called PGP-Safe, we carried out a social network analysis on the Dutch-speaking synthetic drug market. Three findings stand out. Firstly, three-quarters of all accounts (N=4,158) are interconnected in a giant component, resulting in a criminal small-world effect. Secondly, the network appears to be robust. As a consequence, the removal of central accounts will hardly have any impact on the network as a whole. Thirdly, the majority of the accounts within the synthetic drug market is involved in poly-drug trafficking. The Dutch synthetic drug market is much more closely intertwined with other drug markets than is commonly known.
Fear of drowning by numbers?
Authors: van Valkenhoef Judith , Tops Pieter
Published: July 2021

Fear of drowning by numbers? Turnover calculations of synthetic drugs production in the Netherlands

In 2018 we published a report on the production of synthetic drugs in the Netherlands. We calculated the turnover of synthetic drugs produced in the Netherlands in 2017; we estimated it to be at least 18.9 billion euro (worldwide, street prices). In this article, we will discuss how these calculations were executed and on which assumptions they were based. We describe the responses to these calculations, nationally and internationally. Finally, we describe problems we encountered when performing a repetition of the calculations for the year 2018. Our central message is: drug turnover calculations can be an important addition to scientific and political discussions about illicit drugs, provided they are presented in a transparent way and acknowledging the inherent limitations of these calculations.
Current indications for the treatment with cochlear and brainstem implants in children. New directions and possibilities.
Authors: Mierzwinski Jozef , Wrukowska Iwona , Lewandowski Artur , Mierzwińska Paulina , Haber Karolina
Published: July 2021

The publication presents the latest trends in indications for cochlear implantation in children. The principles of early detection of hearing loss in children as well as the detailed methodology and tools for diagnosis of a child before cochlear implant were discussed. Based on a review of publications from recent years, reference was made to the latest trends in implantation, taking into account: electroacoustic stimulation, electronatural stimulation, unilateral deafness, asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss, early implantation in children under 12 months of age and indications for brainstem implants in children with inner ear malformations . The significance of residual hearing in patients with cochlear implants as well as the use of appropriate electrodes for a specific clinical situation were also discussed. These factors may influence future development of speech and hearing.
Comparison of criteria for elective tracheostomy in head and neck cancer surgery
Authors: Kissin Filip , Rysz Maciej , Budziszewska Magdalena , Krajewski Romuald
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Elective tracheostomy before resection of a malignancy in head and neck region assures unobstructed ventilation during postoperative period but is associated with an increased risk of complications. We aimed to evaluate retrospectively, how application of elective tracheostomy scales would influence frequency of tracheostomy in comparison with preoperative clinical judgement.
Methods: In 205 patients operated from 2013 till 2017 resection of a malignancy involved suprahyoid or pharyngeal muscles, neck dissection and flap reconstruction. Elective tracheostomy decision was made on clinical basis. Score for each patient in 3 published scales has been calculated.
Results: In the study group 76 patients had an elective tracheostomy at the outset of a resection procedure. Among 129 patients without elective tracheostomy 9 had a tracheostomy in postoperative period. Indications for elective tracheostomy were calculated for scale I, II and III. Only in 120 patients the decision to perform elective tracheostomy or not would be identical in each scale.
Conclusion: Our results suggest that decisions to perform an elective tracheostomy based on the 3 scales has low specificity. The factors used in the published scales should be evaluated in a prospective multicenter study.
Human Thermal Comfort Conditions during Heat Wave Events in Kyiv, Ukraine
Authors: Shevchenko Olga
Published: July 2021

Assessment of the big cities bioclimate during heat wave (HW) events is a highly topical issue and a focus point for many researchers. Reliable results of the assessment of heat stress (HS) intensity during HWs form the basis for the development and implementation of heat adaptation measures.
In Ukraine, first HW studies started only a few years ago, and the thermal comfort conditions during these atmospheric phenomena have not been explored yet. The purpose of this article is to assess characteristic features of thermal bioclimate in Kyiv during heat wave events. The assessment is based on the thermal index – physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The RayMan model was used to simulate PET values. As shown in the study, during the period of 1961–2020, 24 heat wave events were observed in Kyiv. Those HWs were characterized by different duration (from 6 to 18 days) and intensity (with the maximum value of cumulative Ta,MAX 108.6°C). Thermal comfort conditions registered during heat waves were characterized by heat stress varying from slight (23.7°C) to extreme (47.0°C). To assess the impact of HWs on the human, a classification based on mean PET values during a single heat wave and its duration was proposed. According to this classification, heat waves belong to three following grades: HWs with moderate, strong, and extreme HS. Analysis of HW events in Kyiv for the research period demonstrates four (4) heat waves with moderate heat stress, nineteen (19) with strong stress, and one (1) with extreme stress (specifically, the heat wave in late July–first half of August 2010). The daily PET values at 12 UTC during this HW varied from 37°C to 47°C and were much higher than mean PET values for these days during 2005 and 2014.
Die konkludente Willenserklärung
Authors: von zur Gathen Lajana
Published: July 2021

The work considers the implied declaration of intent in the area of conflict between the expression of legal self-determination and pure equity. By means of case groups, the subjective and objective requirements of conclusive declarations of intent as required by case law are worked out and classified dogmatically. Contrary to an increasing objectification of legal transaction doctrine, the author presupposes the will or the consciousness of explanation as the reason for a primary obligation. Furthermore, the author formulates minimum requirements for the determination of the legal consequences in order to counteract the increasing dissolution of the boundary between explanatory and supplementary interpretation.
Theorie der Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Ekardt Felix
Published: July 2021

Ist Deutschland wirklich Umweltvorreiter? Nachhaltigkeit fordert dauerhaft und global durchhaltbare Lebensformen. Doch wenn dies nicht rein technisch erreichbar ist, ist das dann das Ende der Wachstumsgesellschaft?

Die transdisziplinäre, für die Neuauflage stark überarbeitete Habilitationsschrift integriert rechts-, politik-, sozial-, wirtschaftswissenschaftliche und ethische Diskurse und fordert sie kritisch heraus. Sind wirtschaftliche und politische Macht und „der“ Kapitalismus die Haupthemmnisse der Nachhaltigkeit? Welche Rolle spielen Gefühle und Normalitätsvorstellungen für die Transformation? Inwiefern scheitert Nachhaltigkeitspolitik bislang an zentralen Steuerungsproblemen? Wie viel Klimaschutz kann man ethisch und juristisch einfordern, etwa aufgrund der Menschenrechte? Und was ist eigentlich Freiheit?

Gezeigt wird, wie das Paris-Abkommen mit seiner Temperaturgrenze die Wachstumsgesellschaft transzendiert. Wie der Emissionshandel radikal reformiert werden muss, aber auch kann. Warum CSR, Bildung, Kooperations- und Glücksforschung überschätzt werden. Wie eine integrierte Politik für Klima, Biodiversität, Stickstoff und Böden aussehen könnte. Und es wird der Grund gelegt für die 2021 schließlich erfolgreiche Klimaklage vor dem BVerfG.
Satire vor Gericht
Authors: Brinkmann Franziska
Published: July 2021

„Deutsche Arbeiter! Die SPD will euch eure Villen im Tessin wegnehmen“

In his posters, the artist and lawyer Klaus Staeck commented on the political events of the late FRG. He continues to confront his audience with major social issues such as gender equality, climate protection, and peace policy – to the particular annoyance of those affected. In the numerous legal proceedings brought against him, the tensions of satirical expression between artistic freedom and freedom of opinion, as well as the personal rights of those affected, become clear. Access to Staeck's archive made it possible to conduct a comprehensive study of his posters and associated legal proceedings from the perspectives of art history and law.
The Political Economy of International Prohibition Regimes
Authors: Jung Ludwig
Published: July 2021

What are the calculations of states in the international system when it comes to cooperation in the area of prohibition? By shifting the focus from normative policy outcomes to the importance of relationship-specific negotiation incentives, this work helps to explain the emergence and stability of international regimes in terms of the regulation of drugs and small arms/light weapons (SALW). It develops a model which focuses on the interplay between transaction and governance costs in order to explain the varying extent of cooperation we observe in international prohibition.
Emma und Henry Budge
Authors: Michels Karen
Published: July 2021

Verantwortung und Passion - Emma und Henry Budge als großzügige Stifter und Förderer der hamburgischen Kultur.

Das am Hamburger Alsterufer erbaute, bemerkenswert großzügig dimensionierte Wohnhaus von Emma und Henry Budge trug zu Recht den Titel »Palais«. Heute residiert hier die Hochschule für Musik und Theater. Von der Hansestadt aus entfaltete das Ehepaar eine rege mäzenatische Tätigkeit, in deren Zuge unter anderem Heime für Hilfsbedürftige etabliert und die Universitäten in Frankfurt und Hamburg unterstützt wurden.

Vor allem Emma Budge trug zudem eine umfangreiche und hochkarätige Sammlung angewandter Kunst zusammen, die nach ihrem Tod in den Besitz der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg übergehen sollte. Doch dazu kam es nicht: Nach ihrem Tod musste die Sammlung von den Erben versteigert werden, und im Palais am Alsterufer richtete sich der nationalsozialistische »Reichsstatthalter« ein. Das philanthropische Lebenswerk war damit unwiederbringlich zerstört. Mit dieser ersten umfassenden Biographie aus der Feder Karen Michels` über das außergewöhnliche Ehepaar Budge wird es verdient gewürdigt.

Emma (1852-1937) und Henry (1840-1928) Budge

Jahrzehntelang lebten die Budges in New York, wo der aus Frankfurt stammende Henry Budge als erfolgreicher Banker und Eisenbahnfinanzier ein enormes Vermögen machte. 1903 kehrte er mit seiner Frau Emma nach Deutschland zurück und ließ sich in Hamburg nieder, der Heimat seiner Gattin.
Adoption of Conservation Agriculture as a Disaster Risk Reduction Tool in Chivi District, Zimbabwe
Authors: Chineka Jestina , Samuel Nethengwe Nthaduleni , Chikoore Hector
Published: July 2021

Drought tops the list of disasters affecting southern Africa. In Zimbabwe droughts recur, leaving approximately three million people food insecure. Hence the adoption of sustainable adaptation strategies to drought becomes imperative. Conservation Agriculture (CA), has been successfully adopted in southern Africa to avert drought shocks among other agricultural challenges. Despite the success of CA in some regions, its effectiveness in semi-arid parts of Zimbabwe has been widely contested. However the effectiveness of a new technology, in the face of disasters depends on its adoption, reflecting its strength and usefulness. This chapter seeks to evaluate the adoption of CA in the semi-arid Chivi District of Zimbabwe and unpack factors affecting CA adoption to provide baseline data to policy makers in Zimbabwe and other similar environments. The chapter is based on data elicited from a survey held across Chivi District in Zimbabwe.
Advances in Food Development with Plant-Based Proteins from Seed Sources
Authors: O. Daniel Isaac , T. Kassa Mulualem
Published: July 2021

Increased awareness on the effects of food on human health and the environment has compelled the need to look for alternative food sources. This resulted in the steady increase in demand for plant-based protein foods as opposed to animal food sources on the premises of significant health benefits, environment-friendly sustainable production systems and moral ethics. This trend has also been reflected in recently reviewed national food guides. Research on plant-based food systems primarily aims to understand the nutritional and functional roles of dietary proteins sourced from crop seeds. Recent scientific advances in this field explore the use innovative technologies in the research and commercial applications of seed proteins. The objective of this paper is to review and summarize key research efforts and recent advances on the utility of seed-sourced proteins in the food product development applications. Important topics covered in the review are: exploration of sources of dietary protein seeds, the status of seed dietary protein research for nutrition and health, and the deployment of new and innovative technologies for developing dietary seed proteins. The topics draw on research and publications on the availability, functionality, quality, genetics, and innovative technologies to develop value-added products from dietary plant-based proteins. The review will fill knowledge gaps in the utilization of emerging plant-based protein food systems in relation to nutritional and health benefits, process technologies and promoting food system sustainability.
Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: A Public Health Concern
Authors: Mohammad Ali Mir , Hossain Delower , Al-Imran  , Suzan Khan Md. , Begum Maksuda , Hasan Osman Mahadi
Published: July 2021

Heavy metals (HMs) are natural environmental constituents, but their geochemical processes and biochemical equilibrium have been altered by indiscriminate use for human purposes. Due to their toxicity, persistence in the environment and bioaccumulative nature; HMs are well-known environmental contaminants. As result, there is excess release into natural resources such as soil and marine habitats of heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, arsenic, mercury, lead, nickel, copper, zinc, etc. Their natural sources include the weathering of metal-bearing rocks and volcanic eruptions, while mining and other industrial and agricultural practices include anthropogenic sources. Prolonged exposure and increased accumulation of such heavy metals may have detrimental effects on human life and aquatic biota in terms of health. Finally, the environmental issue of public health concern is the pollution of marine and terrestrial environments with toxic heavy metals. Therefore, because of the rising degree of waste disposal from factories day by day, it is a great concern. Pollution of HMs is therefore a problem and the danger of this environment needs to be recognized.
Design and Optimization of Networks-on-Chip
Authors: Herwanto Riko , Nurfiana
Published: July 2021

The modules on the IC unit now and then semiconductor science centers schematizing fluctuated elements of the PC framework and unit intended to be ordinary among the feeling of organization science. Another issue in NoC environmental factors is that the directing recipe. Regarding conveying system, for example alteration strategy, their unit contrasting sorts of adjustment strategies like circuit change, bundle alteration, and empty adjustment. The configurable interconnection parts give a data profitable, significantly progressed association from the processor and information perilous in place based knowledge official structures. What’s extra, the configurable Interconnect supports a multi-layer topography that guarantees the fundamental plan of assessment and low torpidity for each related Ip and it gives related advancements, as for voltage and repeat scaling. The Open Core Protocol can be a fitting and play interface for a middle having every master and slave interfaces. Organization interfacing: The achievement of the NoC style worldview relies significantly upon the normalization of the interfaces between science centers and furthermore the interconnection material. As demonstrated inside the figure beneath, for a center having each expert and slave interfaces, the OCP agreeable signs of the deliberate science block square measure packetized by a subsequent interface.
Fermentation in the Perspective of Agriculture
Authors: Oreoluwa Faniyi Tolulope , Stephen Oyatokun Olukayode
Published: July 2021

Fermentation is a multi-disciplinary concept that is defined from the perspectives of various disciplines. It connotes different meanings to microbiologist, biochemist, food and nutritionist (rumen modulator/manipulation) and soil scientist. However, the overall is that it results in the breakdown of substrates (organic or inorganic) in the absence of air to yield intermediate by-products including methane gas (loss of feed energy). The concept includes activities bothering on anaerobic and aerobic processes to enhance the breakdown of substrates to produce some useful materials and biogases. Although carbohydrates are often regarded as essential materials for fermentations, organic acids (including amino acids), proteins, fats, and other organic compounds are fermentable substrates for selected microorganisms with the production of total volatile fatty acids and their individual components (i.e. propionates, butyrates and acetates). Today, fermentative process involves the transformation of raw materials, aerobically or anaerobically, to other valuable products through the activities of microorganisms.
Global Warming and Climate Change (GWCC) Realities
Authors: Chophel Yonten
Published: July 2021

The study attempted to investigate the urgency of the global warming and climate change by analyzing the available data from the secondary sources. The document analysis technique was used to examine the available literature. When it comes to the urgency of global warming and climate change, the study showed that there are two schools of thought. One is in support of the motion, claiming that global warming is a real phenomenon triggered by anthropogenic behavior, while the other is opposed to the motion, claiming that global warming and climate change are complicated phenomena, and that forecasting future climates is difficult due to the various players involved, about which climate specialists know little or nothing. Based on document analysis, study infers that there is certain uncertainty about the future of the climate, because climate always changes, and it cannot be certainly affirmed that the climate change is man- made (anthropogenic activities) or is due to natural occurrence. However, it is evident that the global surface temperature, borehole temperature, sea surface temperature, and the sea level is increasing over the years. The study suggests that for the humanity to be certain about their future, treating the global warming and climate change as an act of urgency and working towards prevention and mitigation by limiting the production of greenhouse gases and mindfully consuming the natural resources would be the plausible solution for the larger problem of Global Warming and Climate change.
Bioelectrochemical Processes in Industrial Biotechnology
Authors: Beschkov Venko , Razkazova-Velkova Elena
Published: July 2021

Industrial fermentation and biological wastewater treatment are usually based on redox processes taking place in living cells and on enzyme processes. The practical application of these redox processes is usually associated with electricity generation in microbial fuel cells or process enhancement in microbial electrolysis cells. The microbial fuel cell approach leads to straightforward wastewater treatment with less energy demand. Additional advantages of these processes are the direct removal of various pollutants and the avoidance of addition of chemical agents with the resulting waste products of treatment as it is familiar with the traditional chemical methods. Another option for the use of bioelectrochemical processes in practice is the approach of microbial electrolysis cells. The application of electric field on fermentation or microbial wastewater treatment processes might result in different aspects: either in purely electrochemical processes on the electrodes or in different types of bioelectrochemical stimulation of enzyme activity in the living cells. These applications are associated with the combination of enzyme activity with electrochemical processes to produce or remove certain compounds rapidly at high concentrations with no additions of other chemicals. In the present chapter, both approaches (microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells) are presented and discussed. Some practical applications and experimental examples of such bioelectrochemical redox processes stimulated by constant electric field are demonstrated.
Evaluation of Professors Toward E-learning During COVID-19 and Its Associated Factors from the Perspective of the Students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (2020)
Authors: Sepahi Vida , Salari Farhad , Khoshay Ahmad , Rezaei Mansour
Published: July 2021

Background: Teacher evaluation is an essential tool in educational processes, which could be performed by various methods, such as the assessment of students' opinions. Currently, the evaluation of university professors by students is an online process implemented by a questionnaire. However, the questionnaire items do not suit the current conditions, and university classes are held virtually or online due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Objectives: The present study aimed to identify the influential factors in teacher evaluation regarding e-learning during COVID-19 from the perspective of the students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 213 students selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with 18 items. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 education experts, and its reliability was confirmed at the Cronbach's alpha of 0.96. Data analysis was performed in SPSS. Results: The most to least significant influential factors in the students' evaluation of professors were respectively teacher's educational skills (54.9%), teacher's personal and ethical characteristics (56.6%), and observance of educational principles and rules (43.2%). The viewpoints of the male and female students toward these factors had a significant difference (P < 0.001). In addition, a significant difference was observed between the effects of various factors on the students' evaluation of their professors in different faculties and different educational levels (P < 0.001). Conclusions: According to the results and given the importance of the influential factors in teacher evaluation, the empowerment of professors regarding effective teaching methods and communication skills in e-learning is recommended to improve the quality of virtual education.
Relapse, Mortality, and the Associated Factors in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; A Competing Risks Analysis
Authors: Hosseini-Baharanchi Fatemeh Sadat , Baghestani Ahmad Reza , Bashash Davood , Bonakchi Hossein , Farhangi Hamid
Published: July 2021

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent form of malignant neoplasia diagnosed in ages 0 to 14 years old. Efforts have not yet converted into a better prospect. Bone marrow relapse is still the leading cause of person-year of life lost in this malignancy. Objectives: This study aimed at identifying the associated risk factors for relapse and mortality for pediatric patients with ALL in standard and high-risk groups. Methods: This study included a cohort of pediatric (0 - 16 years old) patients with ALL referred to Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad, Iran from 2007 to 2016. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory information were considered. Hazard ration (HR) with 95% highest posterior density region was obtained, using a Bayesian competing risks model. Results: Of 424 patients with a mean age of 5.56 ± 3.75 years, 172 (40%) were female. Median follow-up time was 43.29 months, 10.6% had a relapse, and 17.2% had mortality related to ALL. Relapse-free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 97, 91, and 88%, respectively. Overall survival rates were 86, 83, and 82%, respectively. In the standard-risk group, tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) significantly increased either the relapse risk [HR: 13.47 (2.05 - 67.54)] or mortality risk [HR: 19.57 (2.24 - 32.18)]. In the high-risk group, the higher level of hemoglobin, platelet, and lactic acid dehydrogenase was significantly associated with higher relapse risk. TLS was associated with a higher risk of mortality in high-risk groups. Conclusions: It was suggested that TLS was a predictor for the disease relapse as well as mortality in pediatric patients with ALL. However, further evaluation on the larger population of patients is demanded to ascertain the precision of such parameters in leukemic management strategies.
El servus/serva Dei El monje/monja (frater/soror) agustiniano
Authors: Grossi Vittorino ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: July 2021

The article approaches the fiuure of the Augustinian monk taking as point of departure some of the Works of Saint Augustine, particularly the Regula ad servos Dei and sermons 354, 355 and 356, to show how Augustine from the initial anthropological category of homo interior-homo exterior –typical from the Latin Christian tradition–, he shifts, already in the Regula ad seruos Dei (probably around 400), to the category of homo spiritalis, in relationship to a spirituality of freedom under the grace of God. From this anthropological perspective, famulus/a seruus/a Dei (= the monk, the virgin) is considered not as “he who tames the flesh”, but rather as “he who loves spiritual beauty”, he who is born of Holy Spirit. The article points out how for Augustine, the monastery must be a place with an atmosphere of freedom and grace that gives life, “not as servants under the law”, but “as free men under grace” (reg. 3 8, 1).
Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenological Itinerary From Body Schema to Situated Knowledge
Authors: Watson Stephen H. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

This paper addresses a number of issues concerning both the status of phenomenology in the work of one of its classical expositors, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and the general relation between theoretical models and evidence in phenomenological accounts. In so doing, I will attempt to explain Merleau-Ponty's departure from classical transcendental accounts in Husserl's thought and why Merleau-Ponty increasingly elaborated on them through aesthetic rationality. The result is a phenomenology that no longer understands itself as foundational and no longer understands itself in the strict opposition of intuition and concept. Rather both emerge from an operative experience generated in the exchange between situated embodied knowing and historical knowledge.
Affective Proprioception
Authors: Cole Jonathan , Montero Barbara ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

Proprioception has been considered, within neuroscience, in the context of the control of movement. Here we discuss a possible second role for this 'sixth sense', pleasure in and of movement,homologous with the recently described affective touch. We speculate on its evolution and place in human society and suggest that pleasure in movement may depend not on feedback but also on harmony between intention and action. Examples come from expert movers, dancers and sportsmen, and from those without proprioception due to neurological impairment. Finally we suggest that affective proprioception may help bind our sense of agency with our embodied selves at an emotional level.
A Situated or a Jvdetaphysical Body?
Authors: Rawnsley Andrew C. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

A common feature of much recent work done in a variety of disciplines is the foregrounding of embodiment. Thinking in terms of a situated body however, brings up a complex problem which has often been overlooked: the re-importation of a kind of metaphysics of the body or a covert idealism, which stubbornly persists in many such discussions. This is seen in treatments ofthe body as a mediation or as a site for inscription of socio-cultural codings. We will briefly show how even such an influential account ofritualization practices, that of Catherine Bell, shows traces of these problems. The corrective strategy to such conceptions is a properly situational ontology as suggested by Merleau-Ponty's later philosophy and Tim Ingolds critical work on environments.
Standing Unearthed
Authors: Calderón Ma. Teresa ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

Auto-description does not typically start with people introducing themselves saying "l am vertical". From our human condition as bipeds we associate the upright position as the typical conscious human body situation. The sheer fact that someone mentions this detail about their personas, makes their individual experience of themselves no less than remarkable. With its title, Sylvia Plath's poem "I Am Vertical" invites the reader to investigate on the persona speaking behind its words. In order to study how the mention of body position contributes here to the readers mental construction of this persona, I shall start from Cámara's definition of "lyrical subject" and move on to construe an integration mental space corresponding to the persona behind the poem. With this purpose I shall use Lakoff and Johnsons study on image-schemas, Sweetser and Ibarretxe's account of the way sensory experience influences conceptualisation, and Fauconniers proposal of mental spaces.
Recovering Play
Authors: Aho Kevin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

This paper attempts to reconcile, what appear to be, two conflicting accounts of authenticity in Heidegger's thought. Authenticity in Being and Time (1927) is commonly interpreted in 'existentialist' terms as willful commitment and resoluteness (Entschlossenheit) in the face of one's own death but, by the late 1930's, is reintroduced in terms of Gelassenlieit, as a non-willful openness that "lets beings be." By employing Heidegger's conception of authentic historicality (Geschiclidichkeit), understood as the retrieval of Dasein's past, and drawing on his writings on Hölderlin in the 1930'sand 1940's, I suggest that the ancient interpretation of leisure and festivity may play an important role in unifying these conflicting accounts. Genuine leisure, interpreted as a form of play (Spiel), frees us from inauthentic busy-ness and gives us an opening to face the abyssal nature of our own being and the mystery that "beings are" in the flrst place. To this end, leisure re-connects us with wonder (Erstaunen) as the original temperament of Western thought. In leisurely wonder, the authentic self does not seek purposive mastery and control over beings but calmly accepts the unsettledness ofbeing and is, as a result, allowed into the original openness or space of play of time (Zeit-Spiel-Raum) that lets beings emerge-into-presence on their own terms.
"Is There a Difference?"
Authors: Pope Alan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

This article explores the different ways in which suffering is represented iconographically in Christianity and in Buddhism. The disparate images of Christ nailed to a cross and Buddha sitting serenely under a tree surest diametrically opposed attitudes toward the role of suffering in religion. In line with the suggestion posed by a Tibetan lama to the author, this article seeks to demonstrate that these various approaches to suffering—seeking redemption through suffering versus transcendence of suffering—are at a deeper level not in actuality different. This rapprochement is achieved through appealing to Jungian and post-Jungian theories in situating Christ and Buddha within a singular process of psychospiritual transformation.
A Heideggerian Reflection on the Prospects of Technology
Authors: Sabatino Charles J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

Heidegger understands technology as an act of revealing rather than merely a human achievement. Within the modem era, technology represents the manner in which humans stand within and make manifest the open interplay and inter-relatedness that is world. The danger of this era is the extent to which everything has become available, accessible, and disposable to human manipulation, practically without limit. However, the very totalizing extent to which this is happening and the forgetfuUness that takes it all for panted, can also make us suddenly aware that everything, including world itself, is at risk; that we ourselves are at risk; that we are the danger He calls for an attitude of releasement that handles world with a sense of receiving and not just taking a sense of thankfulness. Such a change could directly impact how we see ourselves and our responsibilities as we go about developing and using technologies.
Problems and Possibilities of Global Techno-Scientific Culture
Authors: Mullins Phil , Richmond Sheldon ,   The Polanyi Society
Published: July 2021

In this interview, Phil Mullins questions Sheldon Richmond about the main ideas developed in his 2020 book A Way Through the Global Techno-Scientific Culture.
The effect of magnetic field on the tunneling yield of ammonia molecules
Authors: Petrović Violeta , Delibašić Hristina , Petrović Ivan
Published: July 2021

We analyzed the influence of magnetic component of the laser field on the tunneling yield, in a strong near-relativistic field for a squared hyperbolic secant pulse distribution. The obtained results indicate that the inclusion of the magnetic component is necessary in the observed regime.
Health risk assessment of natural and artificial radionuclides in medicinal plants
Authors: Živković Milena , Zlatić Nenad , Krstić Dragana , Stanković Milan
Published: July 2021

In the present work, we determined activity concentrations of ten Medicinal herbs using gamma spectrometry. The radioactivity concentration of 226 Ra, 232 Th, 40 K and 137 Cs were 2.82, 0.63, 984.32, 0.28 Bq/kg, respectively. These doses are not hazardous to the general public's health. The mean values of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rates (D), annual effective dose (De) and external hazard index (Hex) are 79.51 Bq/kg, 42.73 nGy-1 , 52.40 µSv and 0.21, respectively. Medicinal plants used to make tea do not contain a concentration of tested radionuclides that would cause negative consequences to one's health.
DNA-based molecular identification of Urnula mediterranea (Ascomycota, Pezizales) collected in Central Serbia
Authors: Arsenijević Dejan , Blagojević Stefan , Planojević Nevena , Nikezić Aleksandra , Vidanović Dejan , Milosavljević Nenad , Marković Snežana
Published: July 2021

Molecular systematics is a branch of systematics that analyzes genetic markers for the classification of organisms. Genetic markers include target sequences of molecules DNA, RNA, and amino acids. The most often used genetic markers are DNA markers, localized on DNA molecules. The study aim was DNA-based molecular identification of species Urnula mediterranea (M. Carbone, Agnello & Baglivo) M. Carbone, Agnello & P. Alvarado (2013), by using molecular systematics methods. This species was recently discovered for the first time in Central Serbia and determined only based on morphological characteristics. For the first time, U. mediterranea sampled in Serbia, was identified with DNA molecular markers. Extraction of DNA molecules was performed from the fruiting body of U. mediterranea. ITS region and the part of the gene for 28S rRNA were amplified and sequenced by the Sanger method. Comparing the analyzed sequences with the sequences from the database, a match of 99.72% was found for the ITS region and 100% for the part of the gene for 28S rRNA. By molecular identification, it has been established that the sample belongs to the species U. mediterranea. Both analyzed DNA sequences of U. mediterranea were deposited into the NCBI database.
Effect of seed halopriming on improving salt tolerance in Raphanus sativus L
Authors: Kanjevac Milica , Bojović Biljana , Todorović Marija , Stanković Milan
Published: July 2021

In this paper, effect of halopriming on germination, initial growth and development of radish under salt stress conditions was investigated. The seeds were treated with different concentrations salts of calcium, potassium, and sodium chloride (CaCl2, KCl, NaCl, respectively) in the form of a standard germination method and priming method, which involves modification of the metabolic activity of seeds in the pregerminative phase. The obtained results showed that all applied salts had inhibitory effects on germination characteristics (GP, RG and U, except MTG) and development of radish seedlings (shoot and root elongation, weight and vigour). Halopriming contributed to the improvement of tolerance to stress conditions, because the obtained values of all germination and growth characteristics were significantly increased. The best effect being achieved by priming with CaCl2 for germination characteristics and vigour and with KCl for initial development.
What lies between rigidity and flexibility of structures
Authors: Stachel Hellmuth
Published: July 2021

The borderline between continuous flexibility and rigidity of structures like polyhedra or frameworks is not strict. There can be different levels of infinitesimal flexibility. This article presents the mathematical background and some examples of structures which under particular conditions are flexible or almost flexible and otherwise rigid.
Validation numerical modeling with 3D optical measurement of deformations of foldable plastic packaging buckling failure
Authors: Maneski Taško , Nestorović Biserka
Published: July 2021

This paper describes the numerical and experimental methodology for analysis of plastic packaging buckling characteristics that are representative of its strength in the real life. The experiments were executed with 'GOM' equipment and 'ARAMIS' software application for modern optical 3D measurement of deformations. Numerical analysis was conducted by the application of finite elements using 'KOMIPS' software. The fundamental question to be answered is related to the mechanism of failure of foldable packaging - does the buckling precede plasticity or vice versa? This article will show how experimental results can be predicted by means of finite element analysis; this is found a very strong learning tool that would enable designers to improve the structural strength of the new products in future. Experimental and numerical analysis results to date have shown high degree of correlation. This paper describes the access that allows real structure behavior diagnostic, reliable prospect for structure in exploitation reacting, elements receiving for different decision making (operating regime, rehabilitation, reconstructions, revitalizations, optimization, confirmation to variable solution selection and so on), poor performance sample defining or structure loosening, structure life time estimation and similar. The described developed diagnosis access is shown in solved examples.