bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adapt or Die: Futureproofing the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Coaffee Jon
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on futureproofing in the twenty-first century. Here, resilience is employed everywhere in the Western world as the futureproofing strategy of choice. In the light of 9/11, it became necessary to articulate how we manage and govern risk given that ‘we live, think and act in concepts that are historically obsolete but which nonetheless continue to govern our thinking and acting’. Although implementation methods differ depending on what is being made resilient, politicians constantly proclaim the need to enhance it, city planners and engineers are constantly being urged to adopt it, while individuals and communities are told they need to have more of it. Professional associations have rapidly incorporated resilience ideas into their existing frameworks of action for sustainability, risk management or emergency planning, in many cases extending their scale and ambition. Resilience has been further incorporated into the modus operandi of numerous policy communities and is almost ubiquitous in media portrayals and political sound bites of the latest crisis or disaster.
Climate Change from the Streets
Authors: Mendez Michael
Published: May 2020

Although the science of climate change is clear, policy decisions about how to respond to its effects remain contentious. Even when such decisions claim to be guided by objective knowledge, they are made and implemented through political institutions and relationships—and all the competing interests and power struggles that this implies.
Michael Méndez tells a timely story of people, place, and power in the context of climate change and inequality. He explores the perspectives and influence low-income people of color bring to their advocacy work on climate change. In California, activist groups have galvanized behind issues such as air pollution, poverty alleviation, and green jobs to advance equitable climate solutions at the local, state, and global levels. Arguing that environmental protection and improving public health are inextricably linked, Mendez contends that we must incorporate local knowledge, culture, and history into policymaking to fully address the global complexities of climate change and the real threats facing our local communities.
Afterword
Authors: Méndez Michael
Published: May 2020

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Britain and Islam
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

In this broad yet sympathetic survey — ranging from the Crusades to the modern day — this book explores the social, political, and cultural encounters between Britain and Islam. The book looks, for instance, at how reactions against the Crusades led to Anglo-Muslim collaboration under the Tudors, at how Britain posed as defender of Islam in the Victorian period, and at her role in rearranging the Muslim world after 1918. It argues that, contrary to current assumptions, Islamic groups have often embraced Western ideas, including modernization and liberal democracy. The book shows how the difficulties and Islamophobia that Muslims have experienced in Britain since the 1970s are largely caused by an acute crisis in British national identity. In truth, Muslims have become increasingly key participants in mainstream British society — in culture, sport, politics, and the economy.
The Myths of the Crusades
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the Crusades, which stamped their indelible mark on English identity. They formed a heroic episode, generated some of the iconic English figures, resulted in the adoption of the red cross as a symbol of England, and created a narrative that was to be resurrected later in the Victorian period. Yet the fact remains that they loom much larger in European history than in the history of the Muslim world; and even in Europe, their impact was largely erased during the period from the Reformation to the eighteenth century. Moreover, as one leading historian of the subject has put it: ‘Most of what passes in public as knowledge of the Crusades is either misleading or false’. Consequently, their significance must be heavily qualified in a number of ways. The most obvious is that they proved to be a failure. It is also arguable that not only did crusading fail, but it even undermined Christendom, in that it eventually weakened the Byzantine Empire, which lost its ability to protect Christians against the expansion of Turkish power in south-east Europe. Moreover, the motivation for participating in the Crusades was, at best, a mixture of the secular and the religious.
Islam, Democracy and Nationalism after the Second World War
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the common assumption that in Muslim societies, religion plays a negative part in the development of democracy. Indeed, some observers uphold the idea of ‘Islamic exceptionalism’ — in effect the view that Muslims are uniquely resistant to liberal democracy and secularism. Democratic institutions left by departing Western regimes, so the argument runs, have failed to survive everywhere except in Turkey; they have been superseded by autocracy and one-party states. Islamists in particular are thought to endorse democracy, before subsequently suppressing democratic opposition as subversive and irreligious. Another obvious limitation of the negative view is that it focuses on a few Muslim countries around the Mediterranean, and ignores those in the Far East, such as Indonesia, not to mention those that do not have a Muslim majority, such as India. Neither of those countries is consistent with the conventional assumptions. Moreover, the negative view tends to overlook the fact that Oriental societies have good grounds for regarding the Western model of parliamentary democracy as suspect — not least because the United States and Britain have a record of collaborating with Muslim autocracies and undermining and overthrowing democracies when they choose left-wing or anti-Western governments. This is notoriously the case in countries such as Iran after 1945.
Muslims and the Crisis of British National Identity
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates how, despite their experience of prejudice, Muslims became involved in a gradual process of integration into mainstream society; in this period they largely thought of themselves as ‘black’ or as Asians, rather than as Muslims. First-generation British Muslims had been fairly relaxed about social behaviour and religious observation. Meanwhile, the second generation of Muslims were not in Britain as temporary economic migrants, and consequently were less passive than their predecessors, more confident and aware of their opportunities and rights in Britain. For them, integration into mainstream society went hand in hand with an increasing assertiveness in the face of prejudice and an awareness of their identity as Anglo-Asians. By the 1980s and 1990s, the younger generation were becoming alienated from their parents due to familiarity with a secular society; many regarded the world of the mosque as boring. Muslims also began to reflect mainstream practice in other ways: more women in their twenties remained unmarried and, with their better language skills and qualifications, they were more likely to be in paid employment.
Muslims in the British Mainstream
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter explains that, amidst the din generated by Islamophobia, it is not easy to recognise that there is an alternative narrative about the evolution of the three million-strong British Muslim community and its role in society today. The alternative account does not make many headlines for two main reasons. First, it does not fit the agenda of most of the newspapers and other media outlets, which flourish on the dramatic story of violence and subversion. And second, it comprises a rather disparate concatenation of underlying social, political, and commercial changes that are not easily represented as a neat, single process. But it involves one significant trend, namely a gradual convergence between the Muslim and the non-Muslim communities in Britain. For the historian, there is no great surprise here, for history is punctuated by quiet social revolutions that have often occurred in spite of politicians, the press, and the opinion leaders who command massive attention, especially in a world driven by instant, 24-hour news. Yet the influence of politicians is far more limited than one might suppose from the relentless prominence they enjoy day by day.
The Boxes We Live in, the Beliefs We Have
Authors: Waters Timothy William
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the proposed new right to secession. In this new right to secession, groups of people may form a new state by holding a referendum on part of an existing state's territory. If the group wins the vote, the existing state must negotiate independence in good faith. The group's members do not need to share ethnicity, language, or culture; they just have to live in the same place. One might think this is a terrible idea—a formula for chaos, instability, and violence—and one can already think of many objections. Surely the current rule—a legal and political system of states with fixed borders—is a much safer and better way to organize the planet and the people living on it. This book considers why this intuition about fixed borders—which is the conventional wisdom and the commonest sense, even though borders have only been fixed since 1945—may well be wrong, why the objections to secession prove less obvious than they seem, and why it is actually very hard to be so sure that the rule people have now does what people think it does. The chapter then looks at the international order established at the end of the Second World War, which has confined questions about the shape of states—and changes to their shape—to a very limited space.
A New Right to Secession
Authors: Waters Timothy William
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes a right of secession by self-identified communities through plebiscites—a truly self-determined process. This new rule allows communities to identify themselves without reference to preexisting units. It takes the democratic aspects of self-determination seriously, prioritizing them over the diktat of borders. However, the rule is also territorial, since it requires the group to constitute a local majority. It expects political communities to be territorial in nature, just as the current system does. A community's right to define itself and its territory is the legal and moral heart of this new rule; the plebiscite is the engine. The plebiscite is the procedural and political expression of the right—the way the community announces its claim and constitutes itself as a recognizable, legally relevant unit. Indeed, the plebiscite is the mechanism by which a local majority's democratic preference is expressed and recognized.
The Value of Asking
Authors: Waters Timothy William
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter studies the value of critically assessing the basic rules people live under: Persistent violence and instability suggest there must be a better rule, and it is only by challenging the current order's hidden assumptions that people will find it. The new rule is a global rule, like the existing one. Each, in its way, offers a global approach that inevitably encourages a single type of solution. This “totalism” can be dangerous. It is possible the new rule would make things worse: destabilizing more societies than it would help; making it harder for groups to get along; producing more illiberal societies and violence. But these are empirical questions: They may or may not be true. Thus, questioning people's commitments is useful. The fixity of people's commitment to rigid borders is not matched with outcomes people ought to find acceptable, whether measured in morality, lives lost, prosperity, or human happiness. It is only because of the impossibility of knowing what a different world might look like that people can retain their unshakable confidence in the current rule.
What’s so special about generations?
Authors: Bristow Jennie
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the problem of generational labels and associated stereotypes. Taken literally, labels such as ‘Baby Boomers’ and ‘Millennials’ seem both stupidly schematic and frustratingly imprecise. All there is is a series of partial cameos drawn from moments in historical time, with extreme — even fictional — characters inflated to represent a whole swathe of human life. In presenting generations as a cycle of hope and gloom, the chapter shows how these categorisations gloss over different experiences, and different interpretations of the same experience. Moreover, the promiscuity and one-sidedness of generation labelling is starkest in what can be described as ‘the race to label the next generation of teenagers’ — a task most fervently pursued by those working in marketing and the media.
Generation fables and the ‘end of history’
Authors: Bristow Jennie
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines ‘generationalism’ — using the language of generations to narrate the social and political. It argues that generationalism means that we are in danger of taking historical stories way too personally. The chapter shows that the generationalism of the Sixties was as much about the failure of established institutions and ideologies to grasp what was happening as it was about the experience of the kids and the counterculture. Moving on half a century, the generationalism of the early twenty-first century tells us as much about our present anxieties as it does about the Sixties as a historical period. Whereas the Sixties Boomer was, until fairly recently, a source of wistful fascination, often bringing with it a romanticised nostalgia for a time when people felt they could think and live outside the box, the Boomer-blaming of the present day mobilises the stereotype as an example of everything that is seen to be wrong with the past.
Ambivalent adulthood
Authors: Bristow Jennie
Published: May 2020

This chapter reveals a new and increasingly prominent strain of Millennial angst — the problem of growing up itself — and the ways in which the Boomers have allegedly made that so much harder to do. The Baby Boomers are blamed not only for creating the problem of rising house prices and unstable employment, but for refusing to understand their children's pain. Given the scattergun vitriol that blames the Boomers for everything, it is perhaps not surprising that delayed adulthood should be framed as their fault too. But there is a curious tension between the thwarted desire to grow up that Millennial angst tries to exude, and the content of this aspiration. Millennials may rail against being ‘trapped in kidulthood’ — but it is far from clear whether they actually want to escape it.
Introduction
Authors: Livesey James
Published: May 2020

This chapter talks about the elements of a new “thin” culture that was created in the European provinces in the eighteenth century. The capacity to manage change depended on the capacity for innovation, for reorientation to new values and ideas. It focuses on innovation particularly on the way new ideas created new kinds of cultural capacity. Global transformation at the beginning of the late eighteenth century was breath-taking in its scope. Growth rates in countries around the Atlantic began to rise and compound themselves annually as prices of a set of basic commodities became integrated across and between continents. Growth in trade networks was paralleled by the extension of public credit networks that stretched out to old empires and newly independent ex-colonies alike, imposing new disciplines and transforming politics. As new technologies lowered transport costs, they made possible exchanges on a new scale and intensity. The chapter also provides evidence that the diffusion of a profusion of manufactured objects and new experiences altered psychological character and the relationship of the species to the rest of nature. Commercial society promised, or threatened, to alter everything, even the foundations of human personality.
The Warrior, the Voyager, and the Artist
Authors: Fullagar Kate
Published: May 2020

Today, the portrait of the Pacific Islander, Mai, painted by Joshua Reynolds is world-renowned as a symbol of empire and of the eighteenth century. But Reynolds painted other visitors from the New World, now forgotten. One especially haunting portrait was of a Cherokee warrior called Ostenaco, who visited Britain a dozen years before Mai. This book is less about Reynolds’s portraits than the full, complicated, and richly illuminating lives behind them. It tells the whole life story of Mai, the refugee from Ra‘iatea who voyaged with James Cook to London in the 1770s and returned home again to seek vengeance on his neighboring Islanders. It traces, for the first time, the entire biography of Ostenaco, who grew up in the southern Appalachians, engaged with colonists throughout his adulthood, and became entangled with imperial politics in complex ways during the American Revolution. And it reveals the experiences of the painter who encountered both Indigenous visitors, Reynolds himself—an artist often celebrated as a founder of modern British art but rarely seen as a figure of empire. This book interweaves all three parallel and otherwise unconnected lives together, explaining their links but also exposing some of the extraordinary diversity of the eighteenth-century world. It shows that Indigenous people pushed back and shaped European expansion far more than is acknowledged. It also reveals how much more conflicted Britons were about their empire in this era than is assumed, even while they witnessed its reach into every corner of the globe.
The ‘Drummer of Tedworth’
Authors: Hunter Michael
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the ‘Drummer of Tedworth’. This was a notorious poltergeist case that occurred in Wiltshire in the early 1660s that has already been noted in connection with Glanvill's role in relation to it. This is a case study which is initially revealing of commonplace attitudes towards witchcraft and related phenomena in the period. Thereafter, the chapter brings out the complexity of the way in which opinion on such subjects developed. These range from the debate between Glanvill and the ‘wits’ that occurred in the 1660s and 1670s and which throws further light on the nature of sadducism, to an ongoing debate as to whether the case was fraudulent, which lasted much longer.
The ‘Decline of Magic’ Reconsidered
Authors: Hunter Michael
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter pulls together the themes emerging from the previous ones to offer an overview of this work. It shows that there can be no doubt that a transition did occur during the period surveyed by this book — that magical ideas that had been widely accepted among the educated at the beginning of this book's chosen period had become marginalised by its end. As far as educated opinion was concerned, there undoubtedly was a ‘decline of magic’ at this time, at some date which seems to fall in about the second quarter of the eighteenth century, so that by 1750 the position was dramatically different from that in 1700. The chapter canvasses alternative potential explanations for this momentous change and suggests a likely trajectory for the developments that occurred. The chapter also comments on the nature of the longer-term legacy that ensued.
The Anglo-Dutch-American Archipelago
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses upon developments within what may be retrospectively designated an Anglo-Dutch-American archipelago. This was a geographical constellation, incorporating the Northern Netherlands, the British Isles and Atlantic North America, connected by people, their culture, and ships. In more modern metaphorical terms it scrutinizes the Anglo-Dutch subsection of the runway, and the aviation fuel in question, which was importantly North American. The chapter describes a series of economic, cultural, political, and military changes which began in the region between the Baltic and North Sea before crossing the North Sea, and then the Atlantic. The result was the process here called Anglo-Dutch-American early modernity. This world-changing current of invention (oceanic to begin with, electric eventually) achieved a breakthrough in the Low Countries, gathered heft and momentum in seventeenth-century England, and by connection with North America made something new.
The West Coast of the North Sea
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers England's early modern economic development. In the sixteenth century, the abundance of English natural resources helped England to remain traditional. Later, this abundance would help it to industrialize. During this time, Tudor society was far from static. It had a rich and connected Renaissance intellectual culture. The regional neighbourhood was transforming, both internally and in its relationship to the world. Moreover, in explaining how the Industrial Revolution became possible, that the English economy in 1600 remained dominated by agriculture was as important as the fact that so many Hollanders were mariners. In particular, this underlay a mode of colonial settlement, in North America and around the world, without which that revolution might not have occurred.
Sea of Thought
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter demonstrates how ideas motivated the movement of people across early modern Europe, the North Sea, and the Atlantic. Some of these migrants were refugees, others political and religious exiles, and others adventurers and pilgrims. The chapter identifies three transnational migrations of constitutive importance to the Anglo-Dutch-American process. The first involved Protestants fleeing from sixteenth-century Germany and France into the Netherlands, and then in some cases from the Netherlands into England. The second saw early seventeenth-century Scots and English Protestants sheltering in the Netherlands and then crossing the Atlantic alongside other Scots and English migrants to Ireland and the American colonies. Finally, after 1660, English dissenters seeking liberty of conscience in the Netherlands and the American colonies overlapped with French Huguenots fleeing to the Netherlands and England, feeding, after the Glorious Revolution, into a more general migration of European Protestant people, culture, and capital into a world city.
The Anglo-Dutch Republic, 1649–53
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter covers the period between the years 1649 and 1653. It was during this time when England embarked on a revolution — the real ‘first modern revolution’ — with profound and permanent consequences. This would involve a jarring process of change, over two generations, in the course of which the institutions, administration, power-structures, and policies of English government were remade to be capable of competing with their Dutch model. That model was not only political, military, and economic but also religious, cultural, and moral. From the Dutch the English republic would take the post-dynastic policies, and the fiscal and administrative practices, of a modern, mercantile, and Protestant free state. These would be applied to the construction of a state and empire which were, or became distinct, by measures directed in the first place against the competing economic pretensions of the Dutch themselves.
1649: Revolutionary Turnpike
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter discusses how the Anglo-Dutch revolution of 1649–1702 stood at the centre of a succession of wider transformations which were agricultural, political, and commercial. All of these had their origins in the Netherlands before spreading to south-eastern England and across the Atlantic. Understanding their development and diffusion has required attention to religion, migration, and war as well as to economic, social, and cultural life. The result connected a series of unique local human environments, including the Dutch water world, the city of London, and the American frontier into a world-altering imperial system. By the later eighteenth century the Atlantic reorientation of the European economy had thrown the Baltic into relative decline, sparking the dramatic growth of Liverpool, Manchester, and Glasgow while Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Amsterdam stagnated.
The Church
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the clergy as a potential profession for young men. Only a minority of the clergy in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries came from the aristocracy or landed gentry: one expert on the subject estimates that these amounted to about one in five. A much larger number came from families already established in the gentlemanly professions: many clergymen were themselves the sons, grandsons, and even great-grandsons of clergymen, while the fathers of others were lawyers, soldiers and sailors. There were also many who had their origin at a slightly lower social level: the sons of apothecaries, successful shopkeepers, and farmers. On the whole they tended to come from small towns and the countryside rather than the cities, and commercial backgrounds were underrepresented. Only a few are known to have come from humble families, but it was possible for an outsider to rise to the very top of the hierarchy.
Banking and Commerce
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses banking and commerce. Banking and commerce were risky activities in the early nineteenth century. For instance, of the thirteen nabobs who invested their Indian wealth in banks and sat in the Commons between 1790 and 1820, no fewer than five saw the bank fail and lost at least part of their fortune. It was this insecurity that helped underpin the social prejudice against trade. A landed gentlemen might prove a wastrel and ruin his estate, but most of his land was generally entailed, and even if it was not, his extravagance could be detected well before the final crash. But a merchant or a banker might appear prosperous and secure until, overnight, his fortune vanished or at least was severely reduced.
Civil Office
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores careers in government service. Such a career had many advantages for a younger son, especially if he could find an office as well suited to his tastes and habits. But procuring such an office was not easy and almost invariably depended on a close connection to someone who was either the dominant local magnate or influential on the national stage. Most gentlemen had some connection — either by family or friendship — with a Member of Parliament or a peer, but this was not enough to give them a realistic chance of securing anything more than a clerk's position in a government office, if indeed it stretched that far. Some politicians were more adept and successful at playing the patronage game than others — but even so they faced far more claims than they could hope to satisfy, and had to make hard choices, disappointing more clients than they pleased.
Conclusion
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter offers reflections on all the career options discussed in the previous chapters. It is rather surprising that the large number of well-educated young men, brought up in comfort if not affluence, only to be faced with such limited and bleak prospects, did not develop a greater sense of collective identity and grievance, and turn to radical politics to remedy the flagrant injustices of a society that could treat them in this manner. Presumably they retained a sufficiently strong sense of belonging to the privileged classes and were not sufficiently alienated to want to upend the applecart, but revolutions have been fuelled by less reasonable complaints, and Britain in the years immediately after Waterloo was seething with discontent. At that time, however, most half-pay officers and other young gentlemen in a similar position probably imagined that some fresh war would soon break out, or some other opportunity would arise, that would rescue them from the doldrums and carry them forward in their career. Like the proverbial frog boiling in water, their disillusionment was gradual and they slowly adjusted to their altered circumstances and diminished prospects.
Subtrochanteric femoral shortening for hip centre restoration in complex total hip arthroplasty with functional outcome
Authors: Oommen A. T. , Chandy V. J. , Jeyaraj Christo , Kandagaddala Madhavi , Hariharan T. D. , Arun Shankar A. , Poonnoose P. M. , Korula Ravi Jacob
Published: May 2020

Aims

Complex total hip arthroplasty (THA) with subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy is necessary in conditions other than developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and septic arthritis sequelae with significant proximal femur migration. Our aim was to evaluate the hip centre restoration with THAs in these hips.

Methods

In all, 27 THAs in 25 patients requiring THA with femoral shortening between 2012 and 2019 were assessed. Bilateral shortening was required in two patients. Subtrochanteric shortening was required in 14 out of 27 hips (51.9%) with aetiology other than DDH or septic arthritis. Vertical centre of rotation (VCOR), horizontal centre of rotation, offset, and functional outcome was calculated. The mean followup was 24.4 months (5 to 92 months).

Results

The mean VCOR was 17.43 mm (9.5 to 27 mm) and horizontal centre of rotation (HCOR) was 24.79 mm (17.2 to 37.6 mm). Dislocation at three months following acetabulum reconstruction required femoral shortening for offset correction and hip centre restoration in one hip. Mean horizontal offset was 39.72 (32.7 to 48.2 mm) compared to 42.89 (26.7 to 50.6 mm) on the normal side. Mean Harris Hip Score (HHS) of 22.64 (14 to 35) improved to 79.43 (68 to 92). Mean pre-operative shortening was 3.95 cm (2 to 8 cm). Residual limb length discrepancy was 1.5 cm (0 to 2 cm). Sciatic neuropraxia in two patients recovered by six months, and femoral neuropraxia in one hip recovered by 12 months. Mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was 13.92 (9 to 19). Mean 12-item short form survey (SF-12) physical scores of 50.6 and mental of 60.12 were obtained.

Conclusion

THA with subtrochanteric shortening is valuable in complex hips with high dislocation. The restoration of the hip centre of rotation and offset is important in these hips.

Level of evidence IV

Femoral shortening useful in conditions other than DDH and septic sequelae. Restoration of hip centre combined with offset to be planned and ensured.
Benefits of the Educational Leadership Programme for Surgeons (ELPS)
Authors: Beard J , Gulati A
Published: May 2020

The Educational Leadership Programme for Surgeons (ELPS) has been developed by The Royal College of Surgeons of England with the aim of helping senior surgeon educators to develop key leadership skills. The format combines the flexibility of online learning with two face-to-face days of interactive activities. Many key management and leadership principles are covered in the context of an educational environment. The two days are separated by a two-month period to encourage participants to develop their own action plan with a view to expanding their role and influence as surgeon educators. This article conveys the content of the ELPS programme in more detail and explains how it helped one of the participants to successfully achieve educational change at his hospital trust regarding induction and training.

Creating and sustaining a learning culture in the NHS.
A regio- and stereoselectivity and molecular mechanism study on the addition reactions of morpholine and m-CPBA to 9α-hydroxyparthenolide using DFT calculations
Authors: Elhamidi Sanaa , Boumya Wafaa , Hammal Redouan , Moumou Mohamed , Ben Naji Asmaa , Mhamed Sadiq , Chekroun Ahmed , Benharref Ahmed , Barka Noureddine , Abdennouri Mohamed
Published: May 2020

The chemoselectivity and stereospecificity of the addition of the morpholine and the meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) onto 9α-hydroxyparthenolide were studied using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) computational level within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT), to demonstrate the key role of the Global Electron Density Transfer (GEDT) and to examine the polar character of these reactions. This work is divided into two parts; the first part concerns the reaction between the morpholine and the 9α-hydroxyparthenolide. The second part deals with the epoxidation of the 9α-hydroxyparthenolide by m-CPBA followed by the addition of the morpholine to the major product resulting from the epoxidation step. The obtained results show that the reaction between the morpholine and the 9α-hydroxyparthenolide takes place on the double bond C3=C4. On the other hand, when 9α-hydroxyparthenolide is attacked by m-CPBA, the epoxidation reaction is carried out on the double bond C1=C2.
Introduction
Authors: Lomazzi Vera , Crespi Isabella
Published: May 2020

The introductory chapter aims at presenting the most important aspects of the book exploring the European policy strategy for gender equality, known as gender mainstreaming.
The book focuses on the historical and socioeconomic changes in Europe regarding gender mainstreaming strategy and gender equality as a concept, while previous contributions focused only on specific aspects (legislation, economy, and politics).Furthermore, the connection between the institutional level of policymaking and the local implementation of European laws in the field of gender equality is an innovative issue because that was not so often connected with the topic of the gender culture of European societies or with their individual opinions/attitudes on gender roles.
Lastly, the book explores innovative intersections between the fields of gender policies and survey research in order to investigate how GM policies affect regional gender cultures.
In this way the issue of gender mainstreaming is observed as an ‘evergreen’ topicin the context of the changing beliefs, social structure, economics and political configuration of the European Union from the beginning till now, and with some critical points to be addressed for the future (such as economic crises, migration and integration process).
Influencing travel behaviour
Authors: Barr Stewart , Preston John
Published: May 2020

As travel planning’s theoretical underpinnings have broadened from engineering and economics to embrace psychology and sociology, an emphasis has been placed on social marketing and nudge theory. It is argued that this is consistent with a neo-liberal trend towards governing from a distance. Using two case studies, one a qualitative study of reducing short-haul air travel, the other a quantitative study of attempts to reduce local car travel, it is found that actual behaviour change is limited. This seems to arise because behavioural change has been too narrowly defined and overly identified with personal choice.
The gentle tyranny of cost–benefit analysis in transport appraisal
Authors: Hickman Robin
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the application of cost-benefit analysis in the UK transport planning process, asking whether a reliance on narrow economic criteria, and a centralised decision-making process, helps us to progress sufficiently against wide-ranging sustainability goals. A case study of the proposed Merseytram is examined, a project that remains unimplemented from the early 2000s.
The journey experience
Authors: Jain Juliet , Clayton William
Published: May 2020

Travel is more than getting from A to B: it is an experience. How people use their time, and how their time use shapes experience, has been subject to enquiry over the last 15 years. This chapter synthesises the evidence demonstrating that while the research emphasis has been on the productivity of passengers in trains and buses, other tropes need to emerge that incorporate the car, and ‘anti-activity’ such as sleep and rest. We conclude by considering the challenge for policy of incorporating the spectrum of individual value of travel time activities. We also question how to direct investment into the elements of travel that affect experience, such as free WiFi on board trains, where technology change is rapid. Finally, we note that where the travel experience is enhanced there is a challenge for sustainability if the experience of longer distance travel becomse too attractive.
Disruption and resilience: new realities?
Authors: Dawson David , Marsden Greg
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews the implications of growing travel demand and the increased risk of climatic events damaging infrastructure on transport policy. Whilst the policy narrative remains one of tackling congestion and removing pinch points, growing travel demand will outstrip investments, placing greater day-to-day pressure on networks and increasing susceptibility to breakdowns and minor demand variations. Less frequent and higher impact climate related events will become more commonplace but will struggle to command resources for anticipatory action relative to the day-to-day pressures, particularly in areas with lower congestion and fewer alternatives. By necessity travellers and businesses will develop their own adaptive strategies to both reduce exposure and create alternatives to disruptive events. Policies which promote greater localism, multi-modalism, flexibility in activity locations (both physically and virtually) should become more highly valued as antidotes to both the regular and irregular patterns of disruption we should anticipate.
Spaces of welfare localism: geographies of locality making
Authors: Jones Martin
Published: May 2020

Situated in the latest incarnation of the ‘localism’ turn, this chapter offers new theoretical insights into the rhetoric of decentralist discourses and the geographical complexities and contradictions of state-remaking realities on-the-ground. The chapter suggests that there is considerable mileage in the notion of ‘locality’ to advance critical social policy analysis and that its earlier jettisoning may have been premature. The chapter urges for a ‘return to locality’ to enlighten studies of social policy and advances its argument through three new readings of locality – locality as bounded territorial space, as an approach to comparative analysis, and to read spaces of flows for diverse policy fields. Taken together the chapter argues that these constitute the basis for the benefits in thinking about geography through the lens of new localities.
Doing space and star power: Foucault, exclusion–inclusion and the spatial history of social policy
Authors: Philo Chris
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses Michel Foucault, the celebrated French intellectual, as a spatial historian of social policy: as someone who, in critical and scholarly veins, consistently probed ideas and practices constitutive of an envisaged ‘right ordering of the social’, particularly but not exclusively in settings from the past of Western Europe. Taking his early-1970s lecture course on The Punitive Society as a pivot-point, the chapter explores a key transition in Foucault’s thinking about the role of space in such an ordering of the social: a shift from seeing space (distance, barrier, boundary) primarily as a tool for excluding troublesome populations (abandonment, banishment, segregation) to seeing space (arrangements, distributions, relations) as additionally a tool for including such populations (reforming, rehabilitation, reintegration). Identifying this transition helps to sharpen understanding of the different ways in which a spatialising of social policy research can proceed.
Governing local social innovations against poverty across Europe
Authors: Oosterlynck Stijn , Kazepov Yuri , Novy Andreas
Published: May 2020

In this introductory chapter, we present our understanding of the core concepts of this book, namely social innovation and poverty, and situate these concepts in contemporary debates on the governance of welfare provision. We define social innovation as actions that satisfy social needs through the transformation of social relations, which crucially implies an increase of the capabilities and access to resources of people living in poverty. Poverty is not reduced to a lack of monetary income, but refers to a range of processes of social exclusion in various spheres of life that hinders people’s full participation in society. We outline the aim of this book as a sustained attempt to analyse how the social innovation dynamics of localised initiatives are shaped by the welfare regime context with its specific spatial and institutional characteristics. Finally, we discuss the methodological strategy of the comparative case study research on which this book is based.
Modalities of governing the welfare mix
Authors: Oosterlynck Stijn , Cools Pieter
Published: May 2020

To address unmet social needs and tackle complex societal challenges, social innovation initiatives often mobilise new actors, resources and/or approaches within specific fields of social action. Changing welfare mixes and the governance of various actors, instruments and resources are therefore key concerns for social innovation research. In this chapter, we analyse the changing welfare mixes in social innovation initiatives and their governance on the micro-level by looking at the networks of organisations and institutions behind these initiatives. We provide a descriptive analysis of the different welfare mixes of social innovation initiatives and their strategies and mode of governance and identify patterns and typologies in the governance of local social innovations. Particular attention is attributed to the role of public actors, resources and instruments. We use our empirical findings to assess the main tendencies on changing welfare mixes as identified in the scholarly literature.
Negotiating diversity and equality
Authors: Novy Andreas , Weinzierl Carla
Published: May 2020

The chapter disentangles the interplay of diversity and equality in Europe from a historical perspective and based on in depth-analysis of case studies in the field of education, intercultural learning and labour market activation. It identifies cultural hierarchies as key causes of poverty, especially in the case of Roma population and migrants. European anti-discrimination policies show the potential and limits of initiatives to combat poverty. The focus on language and communicative skills and the political imperative to stress civic integration results in individualising and culturalizing diversity. Funding restrictions tend to restrict policies that aim at reducing equality to fostering the equal access to the labour market by means of activation policies. These specific reductionist understandings of culturalist and socio-economic approaches are identified as key hindrances for effective policies to combat poverty in its multidimensionality.
Consolidating social innovation
Authors: Kazepov Yuri , Saruis Tatiana , Colombo Fabio
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the consolidation processes of socially innovative initiatives. In particular, it aims at understanding which are the conditions favouring or constraining their (at least potential) survival and/or development.
We consider social innovation as a relational process that is contextually embedded. It raises as a reaction to the inability of existing policies in meeting emerging or existing needs and its potential growth or consolidation may depend (also) on the governance systems’ capacity to identify, accept and share new ideas. It might challenge conventional policy balances, existing stakeholders’ relations and distribution of power and resources. It might also challenge the multi-level institutional arrangements with the aim of expanding and influencing broader contexts.
The chapter focuses mainly on the relation and interaction of social innovation with the respective institutional contexts from the perspective of the consolidation of socially innovative initiatives. In particular, it analyses the conditions at the very basis of the consolidation process, trying to identify the main dimensions influencing it. The analyses addresses the conditions according to which they succeed or fail in developing, mainly highlighting the processes through which they try to integrate into mainstream policies and exert their influence on policies fighting poverty and social exclusion
The research programme in a nutshell
Authors: Zimmermann Katharina
Published: May 2020

In chapter 4, the particular epistemological aspects of the study’s research programme as well as its actual methodological approach and the database are outlined. As sketched out in chapter 3, the study adopts a conditional perspective towards the local context as a crucial factor in shaping local responses to the ESF. For analysing the role of contextual conditions, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is used in the study, and its main features are described in chapter 4. Furthermore, the chapter provides insights into the research design, data gathering and data processing.
What responses under what conditions? Formal qualitative comparative analyses and preliminary interpretations
Authors: Zimmermann Katharina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 6 unravels the contextual conditions enabling the three different response-patterns – 1) no usage, no change. 2) usage without change, and 3) usage and change – described in the previous chapter. The chapter presents in a fist step the results of formal QCA-analyses, which reveal a number of relevant conditions both for usage (e.g. administrative capacity or political stability), and for change (e.g. cognitive engagement or public support structures). The results are then summarised in a preliminary typology of local responses to the ESF, describing specific contextual settings for each of the three patterns.
Conclusion
Authors: Zimmermann Katharina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 9 concludes the book by summarizing the main arguments and findings, by highlighting the main limitations and conclusion, and by discussing broader implications for EU policies. The chapter recapitulates the three types of local responses to the ESF and argues that these findings shed innovative light on Europeanisation studies, as they show that usages of European resources and EU-induced change are two different phenomena, that the subjective perception of local actors need to be taken into account, that the character of the ESF as an integrated governance tool deserves greater attention in research, and that a de-nationalised perspective can be highly fruitful and helps to overcome the still persistent methodological nationalism in Europeanisation and welfare state research. Chapter 9 furthermore argues that the the study’s findings do not suggest greater accountability and stricter implementation procedures for the ESF as policy lessons, but that the role of the local level and its interaction with the EU should be strengthened and politicised, hence transforming the existing ‘bypasses’ into main routes of Europeanisation.
General introduction
Authors: Southall Humphrey , Evans Jeff , Ruane Sally
Published: May 2020

This book is the third in a series of critical reflections on the state of statistics supported by the Radical Statistics Group, following on from Demystifying Social Statistics (Irvine et al, 1979) and Statistics in Society (Dorling and Simpson, 1999). Both earlier books were mainly concerned with UK official statistics, as tools for understanding and sometimes changing the economy and society. In the 20 years since ...