bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation and evaluation of Discharge Coefficient for the trapezoidal labyrinth weir
Authors: Shlash Marwah Abdullah , Mohammed Hayder Sami , Aal-khalaf Safaa K.Hashim
Published: March 2020

The spillway capacity can be adjusted to increase the crest of spillway length, or increasing the coefficient discharge or effective head, or any others permutation of these approaches. In a standing spillway, a labyrinth weir constructing is a case of an active technique for increasing the length of spillway crest and as resultant increase the capacity of discharge (up to 3-4 times) for the identical effective head. Therefore, labyrinth weirs are well-matched to the sites. There are many effective factors such as width to the height of the weir which is called a vertical aspect ratio (w/p), head of water to height of crest ratio (Ht/p), angle of the side wall (α), and conditions of channel that effect on the weir capacity and labyrinth weir hydraulic design of. In this paper four different geometric variations applied to a two cycle of sharp crested trapezoidal labyrinth weir under free flow condition which include changing of vertical aspect ratio (w/P) (width to height ratio) that have effects on the hydraulic efficiency of the labyrinth weir and state the effect of the hydraulic parameter Ht/P on the coefficient of discharge (Cdw
) over weir. It was concluded that decreasing w/P has affirmative effect on the discharge capacity. On adverse it has influence of decreasing the discharge coefficient by about 20% (when increasing w/P to 1.5), while increasing it to 2.0 and 2.5 will cause more reduction to Cdw
ranging from 32% to 25% for w/P=2.0 & 40% to 35 for w/P=2.5. The smaller values of the head Ht provide more discharge coefficient.
Three-dimensional numerical model of Baghdad metro with fluctuation of ground water
Authors: Al-Adili Aqeel , Al-Taee Muammar
Published: March 2020

When a tunnel is excavated below the ground water table, water flows into the excavated faces of the opening tunnel and leads to affecting the stability by reducing the effective stress and shear resistance by generating seepage forces towards the excavation boundaries. The seepage flow may lead to ground water drawdown and time dependent subsidence due to consolidation and rearrangement of the pores. The effect of interaction between tunnelling and ground water on the soil around boring tunnel and ground surface has become an essential part of the planning, design, and construction of tunnelling project. This paper presents the analysis and the results of a numerical solution for a series of actual tunnelling processes of the proposed Baghdad metro as a case study. The finite element package, ABAQUS 2017, was used for this study. A fully coupled three dimensional stress-pore pressure model has been adopted to realistically capture the mechanical and hydrological interaction between tunnelling and ground water. The effect of fluctuation of ground water level on the pore water pressures for soil surrounding tunnel have been computed. Four sequential simulation steps have been done for the location approximately under Kasra Square where the tunnel will be approximately passed through different soil layer profiles. It is concluded that increased pore water pressures is associated with rising ground water and vice versa. It was also concluded that the left tunnel route will be under danger during the excavation only because of presence of negative pore water pressures along it. Therefore, preliminary proceedings of safety are recommended during the excavation of the left tunnel route.
The rationing system effect on seepage from the cement-treated gypsum canals
Authors: Al-Hadidi Maysam Th , Al-Jassim Wissam S.
Published: March 2020

The shortage of irrigation water requires specific measures. One of these measures is the application of the rationing system (a period of irrigation followed by a period of drought). This system could have an effect on the behavior and properties of irrigation canals. So, studying rationing system on the irrigation canals is important both in civil engineering and water resources engineering, especially if these channels constructed with gypsum soil. This study includes the calculation of seepage velocity and water content in each cycle (10 days wetting and 10 days of drying). The model is built for this research contains four samples, two samples for untreated soil one of them exposed to a rationing system while the other two samples mixed with 10% cement also one of them exposed to rationing system. The paper reveals that the seepage velocity decreases about 90% when using cement as a treatment material. The seepage velocity and water content value changes with cycles of rationing, where the seepage velocity relatively increases and stabilizes in the case of untreated soil. In the case of the treatment soil, the seepage velocity is very little and reduces with each cycle of rationing. In the absence of a rationing system, the results are completely reversed.
Modelling water quantity parameters using Artificial Intelligence techniques, A case study Abu-Ziriq Marsh in south of Iraq.
Authors: Al-Mukhtar Mustafa , Al-Yaseen Fuaad , Sahib Jamal
Published: March 2020

The low water quantity has a significant impact on the ecosystem and the food chain of living organisms, thus causing a loss of biodiversity and a lack of natural food sources. Abu-Ziriq Marsh, located in the south of Iraq, is chosen as the case study for the application of the proposed methodology. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of using three different models of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques: Adaptive Neural-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multiple Regression Model (MLR) to predict and estimate the discharge of Abu-Ziriq Marsh by depending on flow release from upstream Al-Badaa regulator. Daily discharge of Al-Badaa regulator(QB
) and Abu-Ziriq Marsh(Qz
) were used in this study. The water quantity data, consisting of 720 records of daily data between the years 2017 and 2018, were used for training and testing the models. The training and testing data were randomly partitioned into 515 (70.5 %) and 215 (29.5 %) datasets, respectively. The performance of all models was assessed through the correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE). Results of RMSE, R and NSE for the calibration (validation) of ANFIS model were 4.11 (4.17), 0.87 (0.83) and 0.76 (0.70), respectively. The evaluation of the results indicates that ANFIS model is superior to other models. The identified ANFIS models can be used as tools for the computation of water quantity parameter(Qz
) in Iraqi Marshes.
3D Filtration Membrane prepared from ceramic
Authors: Ali Ghasaq Abd , Al-Anbari Riyad , Al-Obaidy Abdul Hameed
Published: March 2020

A ceramic membrane (CFM) was prepared from Iraqi raw materials by using two main types of clay, white clay soil (Kaolin) and the red clay soil. The red clay soil was Sused for its low melting point, which is lower than kaolin and matured in low firing temperature, in addition to its higher porosity compared to kaolin. The manufacture of this (CFM) was Slip Casting Method, and different additives were used in ratios as pores forming agents in (CFM) such as sawdust and porcelanite rock. These additives were added in ratios (5%, 10%,15%). Porcelanite rock was used in three grades of particle size (106, 75, 53) μm. The result revealed that the porosity and absorption of the filter increased linearly with an increase in the amount of the additives materials. On the other hand, its density inversely related to the porosity. The porosity and absorption increased on increasing porcelanite particle size, while density reduced on increasing porcelanite particle size. The result showed that porosity and absorption of the filter increased linearly with an increase in the additives materials amount, while porosity was inversely affected by the density of ceramic filter. Also, porosity, absorption increased with increasing porcelanite particle size, while density reduced with increasing porcelanite particle size.
Decolorization of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution Using Electrofenton Process
Authors: Fattahi Hadis , Karimi Hazhir , Amiri Samira , Heshmati Shohreh , Hosseini Fatemeh , Hossini Hooshyar , Mustafa Yaseen T
Published: March 2020

In recent years, advance oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely interested for treatment of industrial wastewater and organic matter. At among, Electrofenton has been proposed as a strong oxidative method. So, the aim of this work was purification of colored aqueous containing crystal violet by electrofenton process and steel mesh electrodes. All regents and methods were prepared from analytical grad and standard methods. The amounts of crystal violet were determined by colorimetric using a spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength about 586 nm. The main parameters such as pH, applied current, dye concentration, reaction time and supporting electrolyte dose were investigated. Experimental data analysis was also performed using excel software. The results of this study showed that the better dye degradation is occurred in acidic pH (pH3), contact time of 5 minutes, initial concentration of crystal violet 50 mg/l, applied current 0.8 A and an electrolyte level about 0.1 g/L of NaCl. Higher electrical current and lower pHs were caused to generate the higher amount of oxidative radical and regeneration of Fe2+. Under optimal condition, crystal violet was removed around 99.72%. Referring to the results, it can be concluded that the electrofenton is a suitable in situ hydrogen peroxide generation technology for treatment of colored wastewater.
Urban landscape improvement by small architectures Case study: Al-Kadhimiya Shrine
Authors: Kawther Khawla k. , Hussien Rasha
Published: March 2020

Focus on all elements that might improve the city, the community, and the environment in general, with special elements level of small scales or so-called small architectures by considering the distribution, characteristics, quality, and location of the elements of street furniture (seats, lights, telephone booths, trees, posters, billboards, etc.).

The Research Problem: increased visual distortion and urban chaos in Iraqi cities. The importance of studying small architectures: improve the urban environment by improving urban design. Scope of Study: The selection of the spaces surrounding the holy shrine in the city of Al-Kadhimiya is considered as a model.

Research Hypothesis: the development process must determine how to deal with street furniture, which is deemed to be one of elements adopted towards solving the urban problem as well as an important element in promoting the city frontispiece.

It has become very important to infer the imbalances in the streets, as well as propose scientific solutions for development. The conclusion of the research is that the realization process of the urban scene abstractly is conducted by means of symbols, heritage meanings, and signs of urban street spaces, which in turn increases the population’s interaction with the urban environment, as well as the need to conduct studies providing the design of the streets using the small architectures.
Comparative analysis of weighted arithmetic and CCME Water Quality Index estimation methods, accuracy and representation
Authors: Noori Mohammed Dheyaa
Published: March 2020

This paper aims to investigate and evaluate the difference in the computed WQI using the weighted arithmetic method (WAM) and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the reasons of the exaggeration and permissive of these WQIs. In addition, it also aims to specify the suitable WQI computation method in Iraq. Al-Shula City, Baghdad, Iraq was considered as the case study. The results of estimating the WQI in the Al-Shula City using WA and (CCME) methods for each month fluctuated between 0.103 to 8645 and 8.53 to 58.56, respectively. Hence the WQ fluctuated between excellent to unsuitable for drinking (excellent to poor). However, the range of the computed accumulated WA and CCME WQI was between 8 to 3886 and 9 to 59. Consequently, for the two methods, the class of WQ is fluctuated between excellent to unsuitable and excellent to poor. In addition, the calculated CCME WQIs were always lower than the computed WA WQIs. Therefore, the CCME method is permissive or somewhat lenient in contrast to the WA method. Consequently, the WA WQI is more sensitive to presence of toxic contaminants than the CCME WQI. Therefore, the WA WQI is more suitable to use in Iraq because of the high fluctuation in the level and types of pollution sources.
Reusing of condensate water harvesting from spilt units for domestic and irrigation purposes: residential complex in Al-Mussiab Technical Institute and College, Iraq, as a case study
Authors: Al-Qaisi A Z , Ali Z H , Mahdi M A
Published: March 2020

The research deals with the sustainable development of water resources. It considers with the possibility to benefit from condensate water harvesting from split units for domestic and irrigation purposes in residential complex of Al–Mussiab Technical Institute and College located in the Babylon Government of Iraq, which is selected as a case study. Ten samples of the water are collected in the scaled containers distributed in selected houses and apartments during six months of test in summer and winter seasons. The required physical and chemical parameters of water quality that is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes requirements are tested. The results of the tests showed that the physical parameters are within Iraqi Standards while only Sulfates for heating condensate water are out of Iraqi Standards of chemical parameters. The results are also showed that the condensate water from cooling is soft in terms of suitability for washing clothes; while the condensate water from heating spilt units is very hard and the soap does not soak in the water; but they could be used to wash the floors and toilet as well as in the air coolers because there is no salt in them. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the validity of condensate water for drinking animals; especially the Poultry. The amount of condensate water harvesting from the split units that is collected from the residential complex forms 11% from the total consumption of water and this quantity of water could be added to the available water in the residential complex. It is concluded from the research, the condensate water from the cooling spilt units is within the limits, while the heating water exceeded the specified specifications for irrigation water and household water pumps. The research recommends to consider the placement of pipes and reservoirs for condensation water when designing residential complex, and to conduct studies about the effect of reusing the condensate water in agriculture on soil.
Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater by use of Cyclopentane - Clathrate Hydrate formation technology
Authors: AL-Hemeri Shurooq T. , AL-Mukhtar Riyadh S. , Hussine Marwa N.
Published: March 2020

In this research, the experimental system was built up for treatment of wastewater containing substantial metal particles by the hydrate-based technique. The whole experimental system comprises of five fundamental methodologies: hydrate formation, hydrate separation, hydrate dissociation, centrifugal separation, and characterization. Many technologies were being utilized to remove substantial metal particles; however these frameworks had special prerequisites for raw wastewater, such as pH, temperature, contamination type and amount. Consequently, there is a evolving requirement for elective techniques for treating wastewater containing heavy metals, for which hydrate-based separation seems promising. The removal of the heavy metal ion Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cr3+by the hydrate-based method gives an enhancement to the ordinary wastewater treatment innovation. Aqueous solutions of the wastewater were synthesized by adding a certain amount of each salt such as copper sulfate anhydrous (CuSO4·5H2O), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), Zinc chloride (Zncl2) and tri-chloro chromium (CrCl3) to the distilled water. Cyclopentane was employed to form hydrate in this research on account of its immiscibility with water, non-toxicity, and thermodynamic stability. Clathrate for ternary systems (cyclopentane, water and ionic salt) were formed at different types and concentrations of salts in the liquid state at temperature below 7 °C and normal atmospheric pressure. An effect of the cyclopentane-heavy metal solution volume ratio and concentration of the heavy metal on removal efficiency of heavy metal ions, the enrichment factor and a yield of the dissociated water are discussed. The results show that the technology has higher removal efficiency upon changing the volume ratio from 1/2 to 1/6, and achieve wastewater minimization, but lower enrichment factor and yield of dissociated water. This work gives thoughts into low-energy, serious treatment of wastewater.
The place attachment value, measurement of place potentials
Authors: Khalil Safiya. M. , Ebrahim Mustafa A.
Published: March 2020

In highlight the way for better understanding of the importance of place attachment value-not just the economic value - in the urban place. The process of measuring this value helps in the planning, management and understanding of the urban system. The study has a specific goal to know the place attachment value in two areas in al-Hilla city (Hai bakerly and Hai alimam), so that this paper is the start to draw the correct path in the investment for the place in suitable way and help to explain the characteristics of attachment values of place in al-Hilla city. The search will be designed to cross three stages:

- Understand the place and place attachment value philosophically and clarify the associated studies

- Find indicators for place attachment value and determine best predict urban development priorities using multiple linear regression

- Draw important conclusions
Using GIS Technique for evaluating water quality of Abu Zarag marsh during the flood season
Authors: Hassan Ahmed Zamel , Al-Musawi Nawar O.A.
Published: March 2020

This research deals with the most important heritage in Iraq, which are the Iraqi marshes, especially Abu Zarag marsh in Al-Nasiriyah city south of Iraq. The research is divided into two parts. The first part deals with evaluating the water quality parameters of Abu Zarag marsh for the period from December 2018 to April 2019 which is the flooding season. The parameters are Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulfate, Nitrate. The second part is a comparison between the water quality parameters during the recent period with the same period during the previous years from 2014 to 2019. The results are represented in Arc GIS map. Modeling and simulation of flooding were made during the study period through the Arc GIS-Arc Scene program. The results of the research indicated the refilling of the Iraqi marshes especially Abu Zarag marsh, and recovery of the natural ambient in the south of Iraq.
Lead, Nickel and Cadmium in the coating of children’s toys effects and influencing factors
Authors: Al Kindi G Y , Ali Z H
Published: March 2020

The paint covering the toy contains a high percentage of heavy metal, which is a cumulatively toxic source despite the limitations set by organizations such as WHO standard. This study is concerned about measuring the amount of Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel in the children’s toys. Thirty-two samples of plastic toys were collected, in different colors i.e. black, red, and yellow that are used for all age groups 3-12 months, 1-3 years and finally 3-6 years. The samples were analyzed using SPSS program. From the results it was found that the concentration of Lead between (8.0625-12.1875 mg / kg), Nickel (7.125-12.8125 mg / kg), and Cadmium, (2.96875-4.0625 mg / kg), provided that all results were lower from that recommended by the standard of (ISO-8124-3) and US EPA. The black color toys have high concentration of heavy metal, from the SPSS program analysis show high correlation between concentration of heavy metal with different parameter, except the correlation between lead with prices and Nickel with color.
Nitric Oxide Reduction by Applying Various Coating Methods of TiO2 on Cementitious Materials
Authors: Hussein Ayat , Al Anbari Riyad H , Hassan Maan S.
Published: March 2020

Nitric oxide generated from various sources like car combustion is one of the most surrounding pollutants. Titanium dioxide considered an environmentally friendly active photocatalytics that can be used with building materials safely and effectively to react with nitric oxides in the presence of UV radiation from sunlight.

To study the possibility for the reduction of air pollutants two strategies were adopted. First one included mixing of micro particles of TiO2 with cement paste in two percentages: 3% and 6%. In the second one mortar substrates were coated with micro TiO2 (mT) aqueous solution by either dipping or spraying coating method. A laboratory test procedure was adopted to assess the performance of the prepared photoactive specimens. The specimens were subjected to NO gas and there efficiency in gas removal was monitored with time.

Results showed that coating strategy was more effective than mixing strategy in term of gaseous pollutants removal. The comparison between the two coating methods showed that the dipping method reached 98.08 % removal capacity and was better than spring method which reached 87.69 % only.
Electrocoagulation treatment of oil-based mud wastewater
Authors: Al-Rubaiey# N A , Albrazanjy M G , Abdulkareem M
Published: March 2020

Electrocoagulation has been found to be a promising topic for an efficient remediation of water and wastewater. This is due to its ability to eradicate a wide range of pollutants that are generally harder to remove by other available techniques such as filtration or chemical treatment systems. These contaminants may comprise of heavy metals, suspended solids, emulsified oil, and hydrocarbons. Oily mud wastewater indicates a dangerous threat if released to the environment; as a result, treating it is essential in oil industry. This research has examined a new simple, effective and low cost technique called “electrocoagulation” for the handling of oily mud wastewater using turbidity measurements. “Bench scale” reactor was used to investigate features that may affect the treatment. Al metal was applied as a sacrificial anode. Multi-holes electrodes were structured at horizontal configuration to obtain optimal maximum efficiency. Other tested operation parameters include electrolysis time, initial concentration, applied voltage, the distance separating electrodes, initial pH value and added NaCl concentration. This study demonstrated that this process is a feasible method for treating heavily contaminated oily mud wastewater.
Production of environment friendly diesel fuel from sunflower oil over Iraqi limestone synthesized catalyst
Authors: Saeed A N , Al-Sudani F T
Published: March 2020

An environment friendly diesel fuel with remarkable characteristics that is basically methyl esters was synthesized from the reaction of sunflower oil (tri-glycerides) with methanol in a batch reactor using a heterogeneous catalyst with a conversion of 94% and very favorable characteristics. The heterogeneous catalyst used in this research was in the form of fine powder and synthesized from Iraqi limestone through calcination at 900 °C for 2.5 h under air. The raw limestone synthesized catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX and BET analysis.
Evaluation of existing transportation in Holy Najaf
Authors: Sharaa Hisham M Jawad Al , Hatem Israa , Ziboon Heba Abdul Razzak T
Published: March 2020

This research assessed the road network system of the Holy Najaf City. Survey of the study area was done to collect necessary data to assess the present state of the road network. The study infers that the Holy Governorate is connected to the neighboring Governorates but not with highways or railways or airways. So the journey time to the nearby capital cities is very long. Besides the condition and size of the current road network, this fact is a major disadvantage for the Holy Governorate. A connection to the railway system is very important for the Governorate. It would improve the public and goods transportation systems. for pilgrims and tourists. Railway and highway connections are basic (in a wider range). But they are not available. Furthermore, the location of the airport itself isn’t optimal. The airport is close to the city centers and is a restriction for the urban development. The noise and pollution affected the population and the environment. So, an urban development into the south isn’t possible.
Accessibility indicators from a gender perspective
Authors: AL-hussaini Zahraa Imad Hussain , Al-ahbabi Shaimaa Hussain Hameed
Published: March 2020

Accessibility is an important parameter that expresses how to access everyday activities. The research assumes that accessibility varies according to a number of variables (economic, social, age, gender, etc.) thus, the research focuses on interpreting the concept of accessibility in relation to gender. It aims to analyze the four accessibility components (land-use, transportation, temporal and individual) according to the gender perspective to achieve suitable access for all.

The multiplicity of women’s destinations according to their different needs at all levels of the city and the attempt to balance the different tasks creates a kind of confusion, the accessibility parameter organizes this confusion and works to ease the achievement of various activities by organizing land use in a way that achieves the shortest time, less cost and more comfort.

The research concluded that accessibility can be assessed from a gender perspective and at the level of daily activities through measures such as: Service Access Distances, Convergence of services, the presence of elements or areas strengthens the concept of accessibility.

At the field level, a study area has been selected and a sample of women has been selected to test and determine the daily tasks and patterns of urban activity to emphasize the importance and necessity of taking into account women’s roles in assessing accessibility parameters. And then assess the reality of the study area according to the criteria that reached in the theoretical research.
Combination of visible and thermal remotely sensed data for enhancement of Land Cover Classification by using satellite imagery
Authors: Abdalkadhum Aysar Jameel , Salih Mohammad Mejbel , Jasim Oday Zakariya
Published: March 2020

On a large scale, the land cover classification has been investigated throughout the world in remote sensing for different kinds of applications such as water resources, agricultural, environmental, as well as ecological and hydrological applications. In order enhance accuracy of the classification results, Landsat and multispectral bands are used to study the numerous classification methods. Remote sensing thermal data provides valuable information in order to examine the effectiveness of applying the thermal bands to extract useful land cover thematic maps. In this research, Landsat-8 satellite data captured by Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared (TIRS) Sensors, with using remotely sensing data and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis with using ground truth data collect from fieldwork in same time of imagery capturing by using infrared thermometer camera. In 2018, single date Landsat-8 image of the study area in Iraq was captured in winter. This image is used to estimate Land Surface Temperature (LST) by split window algorithm and performing Land Cover (LC) classification after image noise removal by using supervised classification algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM) with multi-spectral and thermal bands combinations to find out which one has more accuracy. Result shows the effective and efficiency of the proposed method compared by traditional classification methods. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient are 94.25%, 64.43% and 0.93, 0.63, respectively.
How geometric reverse engineering techniques can conserve our heritage; a case study in Iraq using 3D laser scanning
Authors: Thamir Zahraa S , Abed Fanar M
Published: March 2020

Laser scanning has become a popular technique for the acquisition of digital models in the field of cultural heritage conservation and restoration nowadays. Many archaeological sites were lost, damaged, or faded, rather than being passed on to future generations due to many natural or human risks. It is still a challenge to accurately produce the digital and physical model of the missing regions or parts of our cultural heritage objects and restore damaged artefacts. The typical manual restoration can become a tedious and error-prone process; also can cause secondary damage to the relics. Therefore, in this paper, the automatic digital application process of 3D laser modelling of artefacts in virtual restoration is presented based on reverse engineering techniques. Two case studies were selected and processed in Iraq to meet the aim of this research and show how reverse engineering approaches can save our culture. The efficiency and safety of the preservation and restoration of cultural relics are improved and visually demonstrated. Different reverse engineering techniques applied to show the geometric potential for such approaches following laser-based 3D data application.
Spatial analysis of the geomorphic evolution of Tigris River basin using developed ArcGIS-Morphometric toolbox
Authors: Beg A A F
Published: March 2020

Studied parts of Tigris river basin extended over an area of about 202702 square kilometres mostly extended within Turkish, Iranian and Iraqi territories with a narrow area in Syria and located between latitudes 32° 30′ to 38° 30′ N and longitudes 40° 00′ to 48° 00′ E. The basin is characterised by a complex topography, lithology, and structural features, which have impacts on the geomorphic development stages of the sub-basins. The study aims to evaluate the geomorphic stages of the river sub-basins based on hypsometric and volumetric analysis of each sub-basin using ArcGIS-morphometric toolbox developed by the author. The analysis was carried out using SRTM one arc-second DEM data. The basin is divided into 34 sub-basins and the hypsometric and volumetric parameters i.e., area, elevation, volume ratios, hypsometric and volumetric curves and integrals are calculated. The results show Tigris river basin has been passing in the Monadnock phase, while the sub-basins are classified into three geomorphic development stages i.e, middle - later maturity stage, early Monadnock phase and later Monadnock phase. According to the hypsometric curves, hypsometric integral, volumetric integrals; most of the sub-basins are passing in steady state of erosions and weathering processes with the prevailed fluvial system, terrain slopes and rock types.
The environmental planning vision for development of human settlements in marshes by using GIS techniques
Authors: Alrikabi Nada Khaleefah , Alumery Abbas Oudah
Published: March 2020

Marshlands environment in southern Iraq is unique and is considered a habitat of thousands of migratory birds as shelter and a source of livelihood for thousands of people living there. Its environment is characterized by a fragile ecosystem that requires great care and effort to achieve the greatest possible balance and parallelism of development, which necessarily require careful environmental planning that accurately regulates the resources of the environment and therefore, planned the best way to use them. The idea of research for creating the spatial organization of the development of the human settlements and taking into account the environmental aspect by thinking for the planning of development, creating environmental vision for the present and a future that will contribute to organization of human settlements and sustainable spatial development. For achieving that, the research uses Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as techniques for analyzing and choosing the appropriate zones for development and environmental planning. The research concluded to suggest the environmental sensitivity zones, and the appropriate projects that can be established in these zones as well as evaluated with EIA approaches, and the most important recommendation is the need to commitment by the environmental sensitivity zones map for appropriate development.
Environmental assessment of land use in the city of Samawah using spatial techniques
Authors: Mohammed Ali N K , Ebraheem A K , Ebraheem M A , Laffta S J
Published: March 2020

The city of Samawah is one of the most important cities which emerged in the poverty area within the poverty map produced by the Ministry of Planning, despite being an important provincial centre. Although it has great development potentials, it was neglected for more than 50 years,. This dereliction has caused a series of negative accumulations at the urban levels (environmental, social and economic). Therefore, the basic idea of this research is to detect part of these challenges that are preventing growth and development of the city. The methodology of the research is to extrapolate the reality with the analysis of the results, data and environmental impact assessment of the projects using the methods of spatial analysis and modelling provided by different spatial techniques. The environmental side was chosen because it is the most sensitive aspect in terms of its impact and its impact on the development side, also on the stability of the population in any city. All environmental and urban elements that are affected by human activities and natural factors and their spatial distribution in the city and its environs will be identified, and analysis of the mutual influences between the environmental elements and the urban land uses of the city will be done. The main results and conclusions are: preserve the green areas within the city and not expand in its direction, develop the sewage system and develop sewage treatment plant especially for the small part of the city to end the discharge of sewage to the river, transferring the gas station outside the city border as it is adjacent to the residential neighbourhoods and adopting a technology friendly to the environment in its establishment.
Using Geomatics methodology to study gentrification indicators of urban heritage districts case study (Alkurd and Altaees neighbourhood) in Babylon Province - Iraq
Authors: Hasan S A , Hazem G
Published: March 2020

The current study addresses the gentrification process in the old neighbourhoods of low qualification, a process that could lead to changes in the re composition of the area and re-use of it is appearance. The research hypothesis of gentrification has imposed a feasible process in reconstructing historical areas by emphasizing its advantages in the study; this study will provide a thorough understanding of the process of gentrification through the method of analysis and description and try to understand how it occurs within the locality of the Al-Krad and Al-Taees area in old historical centre of Hilla City as a case study. The localities of the AI-Krad and Al-Taees are within the historical area of the province of Babylon, where this camp has undergone rapid changes in urban areas, urban and social. The research dealt with two aspects, the first one; dealing with the concept of gentrification process, and how could affected on the area. Second one is about historical analysis of the area, to understand the problems caused by merging economic, cultural, services function that lead to changes in physical and urban form with losing urban identity, where historic cities are at a risk of destruction and neglect, where the population is growing and therefore, the need for more capacity for its citizens, and changing their functions, cities lose their identity, with a lack of awareness of the importance of the region, so research aims was the depending on the gentrification concept, the results and effecting of this concept on the physical enhancement to the study area, with improve their economic, social and cultural level by providing investment opportunities for the residents and improving the quality of life and encouraging the poor and middle class to stay and develop them. The importance of the study lies in the representation of new ideas to look at the historical city itself and think about development in a different way, so this methodology was applied by analysing the locality of the Al-Krad and Al-Taees district within the old city centre as a case study. Then we examined the area indicators of gentrification derived from the theoretical framework and to suit the conditions of the region to improve the quality of life in the study area. The area is very vulnerable to the gentrification process, which needs further study to see how this process evolves in the near future, especially with the recent activities and work that the region may face following changes in recent years.
Magnetic interactions in Ge1−xEuxTe semiconductors: random distribution of magnetic Eu ions versus spinodal decompositions
Authors: Kilanski L , Górska M , Khaliq A , Bartosik F , Arciszewska M , Podgórni A , Minikayev R , Brodowska B , Reszka A , Kowalski B J , Slynko V E , Slynko E I
Published: March 2020

We present the studies of structural, magnetotransport, and magnetic properties of Ge1−x
Eu
x
Te bulk crystals with the chemical composition, x, changing from 0.008 to 0.025. For the samples with x > 0.015 the sample synthesis leads to formation of Ge1−x
Eu
x
Te spinodal decompositions with a broad range of chemical contents. The presence of Ge1−x
Eu
x
Te spinodal decompositions is responsible for the antiferromagnetic order in our samples with x > 0.015. For the samples with x < 0.015 the structural characterization shows no evidence for clusters, the samples are paramagnetic, but the analysis of the results of magnetic measurements indicates deviations from the random distribution of Eu ions.
Thermoelectric behaviour with high lattice thermal conductivity of Nickel base Ni2CuCrFeAlx (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5) high entropy alloys
Authors: Kush Lav , Srivastava Sanjay , Jaiswal Yash , Srivastava Yogesh
Published: March 2020

In this article, investigated Ni-based Ni2CuCrFeAl
x
(0.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5) alloys were prepared by powder metallurgy route. On varying x, the alloy changes from single FCC to single BCC with a transition duplex in FCC/BCC region. The severe scattering effect of lattice in these high-entropy alloys was observed by weak x-ray diffraction intensities. Also, owing to this lattice effect, the observed electrical and thermal conductivity are much smaller than those of pure metal components. On a contrary, because of additional scattering effect of FCC/BCC phase boundaries in the alloys, both conductivity values are even higher than those in the duplex phase region. Present work explains the properties of temperature dependant High-Entropy alloys (HEA’s) as a potential new class of thermoelectric materials. The thermoelectric properties can be controlled significantly by changing the valence electron concentration via appropriate substitutional elements. Both the electrical and thermal properties were found to decrease with a lower VEC number. These findings highlight the possibility to exploit HEA’s as a new class of futuristic high temperature TE materials.
Microstructures and properties of 90W-4Ni-6Mn alloy prepared by vacuum sintering
Authors: Duan Bohua , Zhou Tao , Yang Guo , Yang Donglin , Wang Dezhi
Published: March 2020

Tungsten-nickel-manganese alloy is an excellent potential replacement of depleted uranium alloy for kinetic energy penetrator (KEP) due to its high self-sharpening effect. In this work, the 90W-4Ni-6Mn alloy was prepared by vacuum sintering, and the effects of the sintering temperature and oxygen content on its microstructure and properties were discussed. Sintering temperature had a great influence on the properties of tungsten heavy alloy. The optimal properties of 90W-4Ni-6Mn with the relative density of 99.43%, the W grain size of 3.80 μm, and the compressive strength of 2790 MPa were obtained at the sintering temperature of 1125 °C for 60 min under a vacuum of 10−2∼10−3 Pa. With the increase of oxygen content, the densification of powders became more difficult, and the microstructure homogeneity and mechanical properties of sintered samples decreased accordingly. The results provide a new effective way to prepare W–Ni–Mn alloy with high performance.
High-order harmonic generation in a microfluidic glass device
Authors: Ciriolo A G , Martínez Vázquez R , Tosa V , Frezzotti A , Crippa G , Devetta M , Faccialá D , Frassetto F , Poletto L , Pusala A , Vozzi C , Osellame R , Stagira S
Published: March 2020

We report on the efficient generation of high-order harmonics in helium gas inside complex glass micro-devices fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining. By exploiting the three-dimensional capabilities and extreme flexibility of this fabrication technique we developed fluidic micro-structures in a fused-silica substrate that allowed us to achieve accurate control of the gas density inside a micrometer-sized microchannel. As a result, we achieved a broadband spectrum of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation which extends up to 200 eV and we observed a considerable increase in the harmonics generation efficiency if compared with traditional harmonic generation in gas jets. We foresee that the application of femosecond-laser-micromachined glass devices to high-order harmonics generation can be extended to more complex on-chip systems including different functionalities, thus opening the possibility to future miniaturization of XUV and Attosecond beamlines.
Pursuance: The Movement of The Common Wind
Authors: Smith Matthew J.
Published: March 2020

The 2018 publication of Julius S. Scott’s The Common Wind: Afro-American Currents in the Age of the Haitian Revolution inspired a renewed focus on the reverberations of the Haitian Revolution. Here, six scholars of the Atlantic World and the Age of Revolutions consider the historiographical implications of The Common Wind and remind us how the Haitian upheaval belongs at the very center of the ripples of modernity that spread across the globe from the revolutionary Atlantic.
Evaluating Percentage-Based Reporting of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Enzymatic Activity
Authors: Calvaresi Emilia C , Genzen Jonathan R
Published: March 2020

Objectives

The World Health Organization recommends measurement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity before initiation of 8-aminoquinoline therapy. A new drug for malaria prophylaxis and treatment (tafenoquine) is contraindicated in patients with G6PD deficiency or unknown G6PD status given its prolonged half-life. Assessments of percentage of normal G6PD activity using laboratory-specific result distributions are not widely available, making tafenoquine-eligibility decisions potentially challenging.

Methods

Using an institutional review board–exempt protocol, a data set of quantitative G6PD results was retrieved from a national reference laboratory. G6PD testing was previously performed at 37 °C using an automated enzymatic assay configured on a Roche cobas c501 chemistry analyzer.

Results

Overall, 52,216 results from patients 18 years and older and 6,397 results from patients younger than 18 years were obtained. A modified adjusted male median of 12.7 U/g Hb was derived for adult males in this assay configuration. Result distributions showed higher G6PD activity in neonates.

Conclusions

Retrospective data analysis can be used to determine laboratory-specific normal G6PD activity values in clinical populations and thus can assist in clinical-eligibility considerations for 8-aminoquinoline treatment.
The ecological context and fitness impact of categorical perception: a comment on Green et al.
Authors: Luro Alec B , Hauber Mark E
Published: March 2020

Animals, including humans, must make sense of information, bombarding them from the enviroment, quickly and effectively. Categorical perception is one such process, and the evidence for it is increasing. We argue that the next step in the research of category-based decision making should be to study wild animals in the field and in behavioral contexts that have strong fitness-relevant impacts. We illustrate this point by the promise of categorical perception in the rejection of foreign egg colors by American robins (Turdus migratorius).
RobustClone: a robust PCA method for tumor clone and evolution inference from single-cell sequencing data
Authors: Chen Ziwei , Gong Fuzhou , Wan Lin , Ma Liang
Published: March 2020

Motivation

Single-cell sequencing (SCS) data provide unprecedented insights into intratumoral heterogeneity. With SCS, we can better characterize clonal genotypes and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of tumor cells/clones. However, SCS data are often error-prone, making their computational analysis challenging.

Results

To infer the clonal evolution in tumor from the error-prone SCS data, we developed an efficient computational framework, termed RobustClone. It recovers the true genotypes of subclones based on the extended robust principal component analysis, a low-rank matrix decomposition method, and reconstructs the subclonal evolutionary tree. RobustClone is a model-free method, which can be applied to both single-cell single nucleotide variation (scSNV) and single-cell copy-number variation (scCNV) data. It is efficient and scalable to large-scale datasets. We conducted a set of systematic evaluations on simulated datasets and demonstrated that RobustClone outperforms state-of-the-art methods in large-scale data both in accuracy and efficiency. We further validated RobustClone on two scSNV and two scCNV datasets and demonstrated that RobustClone could recover genotype matrix and infer the subclonal evolution tree accurately under various scenarios. In particular, RobustClone revealed the spatial progression patterns of subclonal evolution on the large-scale 10X Genomics scCNV breast cancer dataset.

Availability and implementation

RobustClone software is available at https://github.com/ucasdp/RobustClone.

Contact

lwan@amss.ac.cn or maliang@ioz.ac.cn

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.