bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Identification of Pre‐Lesional Tissue in Multiple Sclerosis With Advanced Diffusion MRI
Authors: Caranova Maria , Soares Júlia F. , Pereira Daniela Jardim , Lima Ana Cláudia , Sousa Lívia , Batista Sónia , Castelo‐Branco Miguel , Duarte João V.
Published: February 2025

Background and Purpose

Structural MRI (sMRI) is used in monitoring multiple sclerosis (MS) but lacks sensitivity in detecting clinically relevant damage to normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM), that is, pre‐lesional tissue, and specificity for identifying the underlying substrate of injury. In this longitudinal study, we identified pre‐lesional tissue in MS patients and investigated its microstructure by modeling diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) data using diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI).

Methods

We enrolled 18 patients with relapsing‐remitting MS (10 females, 31.92 ± 8.09 years, disease duration 0.91 ± 1.81 years) and 18 healthy controls (10 females, 31.89 ± 8.15 years). Participants underwent two sMRI and DWI sessions (baseline and follow‐up) with the same protocols. Average apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), orientation dispersion index (ODI), and neurite density index (NDI) were estimated in data‐driven regions of interest: nonpersistent lesional tissue (lesional tissue at baseline, resolved at follow‐up), lesions that only existed at follow‐up (pre‐lesional tissue at baseline, lesions at follow‐up), persistent lesional tissue (lesions at baseline and follow‐up), and NAWM.

Results

Compared to NAWM, pre‐lesional tissue showed lower ODI, and resolved lesional tissue showed higher FA and ADC and lower ODI and NDI. Over time, persistent lesional tissue showed a decrease in FA and ODI and an increase in NDI. Compared to nonpersistent lesional tissue, persistent lesional tissue showed higher ADC and lower NDI.

Conclusions

DWI and, more particularly, NODDI, can reveal the unique microstructure of persistent, resolved, and pre‐lesional tissue in MS.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Combined Physical Activity and Attitude Education Intervention on Weight Stigma and Health Outcomes
Authors: Huang Hongyuan , Xiao Xiao
Published: February 2025

Background

Weight stigma is prevalent among adolescents and can negatively impact physical and mental health. This study examined the effects of a combined physical activity and attitude education intervention on weight stigma and related outcomes among high school students.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 524 high school students. The intervention group received a 3‐month program combining physical activity education and anti‐stigma attitude training. Outcomes measured included the use of weight loss medication, physical activity levels, weight loss, and depressive symptoms.

Results

The intervention group showed significant decreases in weight loss medication use and depressive symptoms, and increases in physical activity levels compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in weight loss between groups. Gender differences were noted, with girls showing greater improvements in physical activity.

Implications

Findings support integrating weight stigma reduction strategies into school health programs. Schools should adopt attitude modification approaches, promote inclusive physical activities, and foster social support to address weight stigma and associated depression symptoms.

Conclusions

Combining physical activity and attitude education can effectively reduce weight stigma and improve health behaviors among high school students. Future research should explore long‐term effects and tailored approaches for different student populations.
Combined Treatment of Severe Denture Stomatitis With Topical Antifungal Drugs and Diode Laser. A Case Report
Authors: Kuraitby Shahed , ALhomsi Alaa , Aljoujou Abeer A.
Published: February 2025

Aim

To report a case of a 58‐year‐old male smoker patient presented with severe class three papillary denture stomatitis which was surgically treated with diode laser and nystatin mouthwash.

Material and Methods

A patient came with a primary complaint of experiencing pain in his oral cavity. During an intraoral examination, acute pseudomembranous candidiasis and diffuse erythematous oral mucosa were found. Small papillary nodules were also observed under the patient's denture, along with reactive hyperplasia in the mandibular. To confirm the diagnosis, a candida swab was taken and the patient was prescribed nystatin mouthwash for 21 days. Additionally, surgical treatment using a diode laser was performed.

Results

The candida swab confirmed the diagnosis of denture stomatitis (DS) after 1 month of treatment. The patient's oral mucosa had fully healed, and a three‐month follow‐up was conducted.

Conclusions

The case highlights the benefits of a dual treatment strategy for a severe case of class three denture stomatitis. This approach aimed to reduce the high candida count, speed up the healing process and avoid the negative side effects that often accompany invasive surgical procedures.
Rapid Development of Lipoxygenase‐2 Free Vegetable Soybean Genotypes (Glycine max (L.) Merill) Through Molecular Breeding Under Controlled Environment
Authors: Taku Meniari , Saini Manisha , Kumar Rahul , Rathod Nenavath Krishna Kumar , Reshma Onteddu , Yadav Manu , Langyan Sapna , Rajendran Ambika , Lal S. K. , Talukdar Akshay
Published: February 2025

Vegetable soybean, or edamame, renowned for its taste and nutritional benefits, faces a challenge in consumer preference due to its beany flavour produced primarily by the gene Lox2. The development of lipoxygenase‐2 free vegetable soybeans through conventional breeding approaches is time‐consuming. In this study, we attempted to eliminate lipoxygenase‐2 from a vegetable soybean variety Swarna Vasundhara by replacing its allele Lox2 with an alternative allele, that is, lox2 through a molecular breeding approach under controlled environmental conditions. The allele lox2 was obtained from a lipoxygenase‐2 free seed‐type soybean genotype PI596540. The hybrids were confirmed with molecular markers and crossed back to Swarna Vasundhara. The foreground selection was done with a lox2‐specific marker, while the background selection was done with 159 SSR markers. In BC1F1 plants, the recovery of the recurrent parent genome ranged from 73.4% to 83.02%. Similarly, in the BC2F1, the recurrent parent genome recovery was 94.01%–97.2%. The recombinant selection and background selection in the BC2F2 generation found plants with 96.23%–98.74% recovery of the recurrent parent genome. The controlled environments and the molecular breeding approaches expedited the development of Lox2 free introgression lines of Swarna Vasundhara within 24 months. The biochemical analysis in the seeds for lipoxygenase‐2 activity identified 11 lox2 introgressed BC2F2 lines with similar lipoxygenase‐2 activity as in the donor parent, which was further confirmed in a colorimetric test. The field performance of some of these introgression lines was comparable to the recurrent parent Swarna Vasundhara in terms of yield and other morphological traits. The lipoxygenase‐2 free lines of Swarna Vasundhara would contribute towards popularizing vegetable soybean among consumers.
Excited state relaxation mechanisms and tautomerism effects in 2,6‐Diamino‐8‐Azapurine
Authors: Oliveira Leonardo M. F. , Valverde Danillo , Costa Gustavo Juliani , Borin Antonio Carlos
Published: February 2025

The photochemistry of 9H‐2,6‐diamino‐8‐azapurine (9H‐8AZADAP), a promising fluorescent probe, was investigated using the Multi‐State Complete‐Active‐Space Second‐Order Perturbation Theory (MS‐CASPT2) quantum chemical method, along with the Average Solvent Electrostatic Configuration and Free Energy Gradient (ASEC‐FEG) and Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) to take into account water solvation effects. For both isolated and solvated species, the main photochemical event is initiated by the absorption of light from ground‐state to the bright 1(ππ* La) state, which undergoes barrierless evolution to its minimum energy region (1(ππ* La)min) without crossing any other potential energy surface (PES). Subsequently, the excess of energy is released through fluorescence. From the 1(ππ* La)min region, two radiationless decay pathways back to the initial ground state, mediated by two distinct conical intersections between the ground and 1(ππ* La) states, are found to be unlikely due to the presence of high energy barriers in both environments. Our results also indicate that the solvation effects are more pronounced when using the ASEC‐FEG method, which predicts larger structural and energy changes, especially concerning energetic barriers. Based on the free energy perturbation theory (FEP), a hypothetical thermodynamic cycle was devised, from which we infer that in an aqueous environment the N3 site is the most favorable for protonation. We also conclude that the 8H‐8AZADAP tautomer is responsible for the fluorescent band observed experimentally at 410 nm and elucidates the mechanism of phototautomerism.
Combined use of immunoreactivities of Efp and ZCCHC3 for predicting prognosis of patients with triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Fujimoto Akihiro , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Kinowaki Keiichi , Ogura Takuya , Takeiwa Toshihiko , Kawabata Hidetaka , Osaki Akihiko , Horie Kuniko , Inoue Satoshi
Published: February 2025

We previously reported that strong immunoreactivity (IR) of estrogen‐responsive finger protein (Efp), also known as tripartite motif‐containing 25 (TRIM25), predicts poor prognosis in patients with estrogen receptor‐positive and ‐negative invasive breast cancers. In the present study, we investigated the clinicopathological role of Efp and ZCCHC3, the latter of which is an Efp interactor, in a triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) cohort which was composed of 118 Japanese female breast cancer patients underwent surgical treatment. Efp and ZCCHC3 IRs were analyzed using specific antibodies for these proteins. We demonstrated that positive Efp IR was significantly associated with shorter distant disease‐free survival (p = 0.0108) and that positive ZCCHC3 IR was also significantly associated with shorter distant disease‐free survival (p = 0.0153). Notably, ZCCHC3 IR was positively associated with Efp IR (p = 0.003). When IRs of the two proteins were combined, double positivity was associated with shorter distant disease‐free survival (p = 0.0007) and was an independent factor for poor prognosis. These results suggest that IR positivity of Efp and ZCCHC3 has clinical significance as a poor prognostic factor in patients with TNBC. Thus, we propose that the combined use of both IRs can be used as a prognostic marker for TNBC.
Effects of microplastics and salt single or combined stresses on growth and physiological responses of maize seedlings
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Wang Zongshuai , Shi Guiyang , Gao Yingbo , Zhang Hui , Liu Kaichang
Published: February 2025

Plastic film (mulch film) is widely used in saline and alkaline soils because it can effectively reduce salt stress damage. However, it results in the accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in the soil, which pose a threat to crop growth and production. This study investigates the effects of 50 mg l−1 MPs and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), individually or in combination, on the growth and physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays) seedlings. The results demonstrated that compared to the control, MPs and NaCl single or combined stress reduced seedling biomass and water content, and the combined stress was more serious. Stress significantly reduced N and K contents in leaves, and Na content under combined stress was lower than under single NaCl stress. Compared to single stress, the combined stress further enhanced oxidative damage by increasing H2O2 and MDA content, a disrupted chloroplast structure, and reduced chlorophyll content, ultimately leading to a decline in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic efficiency. Single MPs or NaCl stress led to the accumulation of proline, soluble proteins, and soluble sugars, while the combined stresses further increased the content of these osmotic substances in plants. Moreover, single or combined stress increased the activity of CAT, POD, SOD and the content of AsA and GsH. Collectively, NaCl and MPs single or combined stress exert notable toxic effects on maize seedling growth. Although the combined stress inhibited seedling growth more than the single stress, the combined stress of MPs and NaCl showed antagonistic effects. These findings underscore the importance of assessing the ecological risks posed by the combined effects of MPs and salt stresses on maize plants.
Assessment of Fruit Waste as Feed Additives in Aquafeed for Growth Performance and Health Benefits of Fishes Under Biofloc Technology
Authors: Sulaiman Muhammad Aliyu , Nin Lee Yih , Amin S. M. Nurul , Fotedar Ravi , Yusoff Fatimah Md , Moh Julia Hwei Zhong
Published: February 2025

The rising demand for fish and crustacean products has placed significant pressure on traditional aquaculture practices, which are increasingly unsustainable. Utilizing fruit waste as a feed ingredient in biofloc systems presents a promising solution for enhancing the sustainability and cost‐efficiency of fish farming. Studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of fruit waste into aquafeed improves growth performance, feed utilization, and health outcomes in aquatic animals. This practice also addresses waste management issues and reduces dependency on conventional feed ingredients, which are becoming more expensive. However, factors such as the availability sustainability and scalability of fruit waste, remain important considerations. Research has shown that fish and crustacean fed diets supplemented with fruit waste exhibit superior growth, survival rates, and health compared to those on conventional diets. The highest weight gain and specific growth rates were observed in those fishes, with normal liver and intestinal histopathology. Additionally, fruit waste diets significantly enhanced hematological parameters, such as hemoglobin, red blood cells, and white blood cells, leading to improved immune responses and resilience during stress.
A Two‐Staged, Risk‐Stratified Strategy Combining FEV1/FEV6 and COPD Diagnostic Questionnaire Acts as an Accurate and Cost‐Effective COPD Case‐Finding Method
Authors: Lo Po‐Chun , Ko Hsin‐Kuo , Chou Kun‐Ta , Hsiao Yi‐Han , Perng Diahn‐Warng , Su Kang‐Cheng
Published: February 2025

Background and Objective

Symptom‐based questionnaires and handheld lung function devices are widely used for COPD case finding, but the optimal combination remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy (DA) of various combinations of handheld lung function devices and questionnaires and develop a COPD case‐finding strategy.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, prospective, observational study enrolled participants aged ≥ 40 years with respiratory symptoms and ≥ 10 smoking pack‐years. Participants completed three questionnaires (COPD diagnostic questionnaire [CDQ], lung function questionnaire; COPD Population Screener) and 2 handheld lung function devices (peak flow meter, microspirometer), followed by spirometry to confirm COPD (post‐bronchodilation FEV1/FVC < 0.7). DA is assessed using the area under the ROC curve (AUROC).

Results

Among 224 participants, COPD incidence was 29%. Individually, handheld devices showed significantly higher DA than questionnaires (AUROC 0.678–0.69 for questionnaires vs. 0.807 for peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] and 0.888 for FEV1/FEV6; all pairwise p < 0.05). FEV1/FEV6‐based combinations outperformed PEFR‐based combinations (all n = 224; AUROC 0.897–0.903 vs. 0.810–0.818; p < 0.05). The CDQ and FEV1/FEV6 combination reached the highest DA (AUROC 0.903). FEV1/FEV6 < 0.76 was the optimal cutoff value. A two‐staged strategy (sensitivity/specificity 0.82/0.84) was proposed: low‐risk participants (CDQ ≤ 13) need no further testing; middle‐risk (CDQ 14–26) should undergo FEV1/FEV6; and high‐risk (CDQ ≥ 27) and middle‐risk with FEV1/FEV6 < 0.76 require confirmatory spirometry. This approach would reduce misdiagnoses and save costs and time compared to FEV1/FEV6 alone.

Conclusion

FEV1/FEV6 and CDQ combination achieves the highest DA. A two‐staged, risk‐stratified strategy combining CDQ and FEV1/FEV6 can be accurate and cost‐effective to detect at‐risk, undiagnosed COPD subjects. External validation is required.

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Selective HLA Haplotype Loss in NPM1‐Positive Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: A Model of Immunological Escape
Authors: Rombolà Giovanni , Crocchiolo Roberto , Falco Michela , Iozzi Sara , Marseglia Giuseppina , Amoriello Roberta , Ballerini Clara , Donnini Irene , Nozzoli Chiara , Papola Franco
Published: February 2025

The exposure of cancer neoantigens to the patient's immune system by the HLA system sustains immune surveillance and shapes tumour clonal evolution. In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), the mutation of Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) at exon 12 represents a driver mutation, raising a set of highly immunogenic peptides. Whereas the phenomenon of HLA loss is a mechanism of immune escape broadly described in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, less is known about this phenomenon at leukaemia diagnosis. In this study, we present a case of a 47‐year‐old patient with de novo NPM1‐positive AML characterised by HLA loss at diagnosis due to copy neutral number loss of heterozygosity in leukaemic blasts. In silico analyses showed a high affinity of all the lost HLA allotypes for the mutated NPM1‐derived tumour neopeptides, suggesting that the selective HLA loss was a relevant mechanism for blast escape from autologous T lymphocyte immunosurveillance. The HLA loss did not lead to any predicted missing ligand for educated natural killer (NK) cells expressing inhibitory killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) for self‐HLA allotypes, thus not affecting NK‐mediated immunosurveillance. The present case represents a model of a ‘perfect crime’ by immunological escape of leukaemic blasts and supports mutated NPM1‐derived neopeptides as an attractive target for AML immunotherapy.
Characterisation of the Novel HLA‐A*32:01:62 Allele by Sequencing‐Based Typing
Authors: Pajot Thibault , Elsermans Vincent , Top Isabelle , Labalette Myriam
Published: February 2025

HLA‐A*32:01:62 differs from HLA‐A*32:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 291 in exon 5.
Characterisation of the Novel HLA‐B*38:121 Allele by Sequencing‐Based Typing
Authors: Pajot Thibault , Elsermans Vincent , Top Isabelle , Labalette Myriam
Published: February 2025

HLA‐B*38:121 differs from HLA‐B*38:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 106 in exon 3.
Metabolome and comparative genome provide insights into secondary metabolites generation of a rare karst‐growing Rhododendron in vitro culture
Authors: Wen Sulin , Cai Xiaowei , Zhou Kui , Min Yi , Shang Chunqiong , Shen Luonan , Deng Lin , Liu Di , Qiao Guang , Shen Xiaohui
Published: February 2025

Rhododendron species have the potential to be rich in secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical or industrial value. However, there is a lack of comprehensive metabolome studies at the genome level, particularly for unique and rare species like Rhododendron bailiense, which exclusively grows in karst environments in Guizhou, southwest China. Recently, genome assembly data for this species was available. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics was employed to investigate the secondary metabolites profile of R. bailiense callus. The callus of R. bailiense was induced using 0.2 mg L−1 TDZ (Thidiazuron) + 0.1 mg L−1 IBA (3‐Indole butyric acid). A comparison between light‐treated calli and dark‐cultured calli revealed differential accumulation of metabolites, particularly in flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, and hydroxycinnamic acids, known for their beneficial effects such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Proanthocyanidins, with various health‐promoting effects, were found to accumulate significantly in dark‐cultured calli. Light conditions promoted diterpene and triterpene products, whereas darkness favored sesquiterpene products. Additionally, the study demonstrated the potential of utilizing Agrobacterium transformation technology on callus suspension cells to enhance secondary metabolite production. Comparison with the genome of Rhododendron molle revealed that the R. bailiense genome exhibited active ‘glycosyltransferase activity,’ possessed a higher number of copies of monoterpene and sesquiterpene terpene synthases, and contained high copies of specific cytochrome P450 members (CYP71, CYP76, CYP79, CYP82, CYP736). This study offers valuable insights and potential strategies for the biosynthesis and production of Rhododendron secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical or industrial significance.
Haplotype‐resolved genome and population genomics provide insights into dioscin biosynthesis and evolutionary history of the medicinal species Dioscorea nipponica
Authors: Hu Ke , Feng Yu , Li Pan , Chen Min , Shen Zi‐Jie , Sun Xiao‐Qin , Lu Rui‐Sen
Published: February 2025

Dioscorea nipponica, a perennial herb widely distributed in the Sino‐Japanese Floristic Region, is renowned for its medicinal properties, particularly its ability to produce dioscin. Here, we present a haplotype‐resolved genome assembly of the diploid D. nipponica, comprising 511.41 Mb for Haplotype A and 498.29 Mb for Haplotype B, each organized into 10 chromosomes. The two haplotypes exhibited high similarity, with only 2.75% of the allelic genes exhibiting specific expression. Key genes in the dioscin biosynthesis pathway were identified, and expression analysis revealed that the majority (16/21) of genes involved in the first two stages were highly expressed in rhizomes. Notably, significant expansion of the CYP90, CYP94, and UGT73 gene families was observed in dioscin‐producing species, highlighting their critical roles in dioscin biosynthesis. Additionally, genome size estimation and population genomic analyses of diverse D. nipponica accessions identified four principal clades in D. nipponica, corresponding to diploid, di‐tetra‐octoploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid accessions from various geographic regions, with clade A (diploids) further divided into five subclades. Demographic analysis of the diploid D. nipponica revealed a prolonged decline in effective population size from the Pleistocene to the Last Glacial Maximum, with population splits occurring during the mid‐to‐late Pleistocene. Selective sweep analysis identified key genes, including HD‐Zip I, ADH1, SMT1, and CYPs that may contribute to adaptation to high‐latitude environments and the geographical variations in dioscin content. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the genomic architecture, biosynthetic pathways, and evolutionary dynamics of D. nipponica, providing valuable insights into its medicinal potential and evolution.
Identification of UDP‐glucosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of phloridzin in Gossypium hirsutum
Authors: Zhang Xiaomeng , Tian Xinquan , Luo Junyu , Wang Xiaoyang , He Shoupu , Sun Gaofei , Dong Ruidan , Dai Panhong , Wang Xiao , Pan Zhaoe , Chen Baojun , Hu Daowu , Wang Liru , Pang Baoyin , Xing Aishuang , Fu Guoyong , Wang Baoquan , Cui Jinjie , Ma Lei , Du Xiongming
Published: February 2025

Phloridzin has various functions, including antioxidant properties and the treatment of diabetes, and has long been used in pharmaceutical and physiological research. The glycosylation of phloretin is a key step in the biosynthesis of phloridzin. In this study, a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) based on phloridzin content was applied, and the key gene GhUGT88F3 for phloridzin‐specific biosynthesis was identified in cotton. A single‐base deletion in GhUGT88F3 in haplotype I caused a frameshift mutation, leading to premature translation termination and a significant reduction in phloridzin content. Molecular docking revealed important amino acid residues for GhUGT88F3's UDP‐glucose transfer activity. Additionally, the transcription factor GhMYB330 was found to positively regulate GhUGT88F3 expression through population transcriptome analysis and LUC experiment. Moreover, phloridzin content was significantly elevated in both GhUGT88F3 and GhMYB330 overexpression transgenic plants. This study expands the diversity of UDP‐glucosyltransferases in plants and offers a potential strategy for the sustainable production of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential.
Exercise responses to perceptually regulated high intensity interval exercise with continuous and intermittent hypoxia in inactive overweight individuals
Authors: Soo Jacky , Goods Paul , Girard Olivier , Deldicque Louise , Lawler Nathan G. , Fairchild Timothy J.
Published: February 2025

To investigate the acute effects of hypoxia applied during discrete work and recovery phases of a perceptually regulated, high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on external and internal loads in inactive overweight individuals. On separate days, 18 inactive overweight (28.7 ± 3.3 kg m−2; 31 ± 8 years) men and women completed a cycling HIIE protocol (6 × 1 min intervals with 4 min active recovery, maintaining a perceived rating of exertion of 16 and 10 during work and recovery, respectively, on the 6–20 Borg scale) in randomized conditions: normoxia (NN), normobaric hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction ∼0.14) during both work and recovery (HH), hypoxia during recovery (NH) and hypoxia during work only (HN). Markers of external (relative mean power output, MPO) and internal load (blood lactate concentration, heart rate and tissue saturation index (TSI)) were measured. MPO was lower in HH compared to NN, NH and HN (all P < 0.001), with HN also being lower than NN (P < 0.001) and NH (P < 0.023). Heart rate was higher in HN than NN, HH and NH (all P < 0.001). Blood lactate response was higher in NN than HH (P = 0.003) and NH (P = 0.008). Changes in the TSI area above the curve were greater in HN relative to NN, HH and NH (all P < 0.001). Hypoxia applied intermittently during the work or recovery phases may mitigate the declines in mechanical output observed when exercise is performed in continuous hypoxia, although hypoxia implemented during the work phase resulted in elevated heart rate and lactate response. Specifically, exercise performance largely comparable to that in normoxia can be achieved when hypoxia is implemented exclusively during recovery.
Multi-Objective Optimal Control Method for Interior Vehicle Personal Sound Zone Generation
Authors: Cao Lei , Huang Shuang , Guo Hui , Wang YanSong , Yuan Tao , Liu Ningning
Published: February 2025

Generation interior vehicle personal sound zone (PSZ) has great application prospects since it can meet the listening requirements of different people without causing interference to other people. Acoustic contrast, signal distortion, and array effort are often used to measure the performance of the PSZ system. However, these three indicators cannot reach their optimal values simultaneously. To obtain optimal performance in one aspect, it is necessary to reduce the other two indicators at a cost. Therefore, when designing the PSZ system, these three indicators must be balanced so that the comprehensive performance of the PSZ system can be optimized. Combining the power constraints of the speaker array, based on the Non-dominated Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), a multiobjective optimal control method PSZ-MOGA is proposed for the generation interior vehicle PSZ, which is used to optimize the three performance indices comprehensively. In addition, the mixed speaker array is used for the reproduction of the sound field. The results show that the proposed PSZ-MOGA method improves the reproduction accuracy of the bright zones compared to the acoustic contrast control methods and also enhances the acoustic contrast (AC) while achieving lower array power consumption compared to the pressure matching method.
Survey and evaluation of classical guitar soundboard design methods with finite element analysis
Authors: Quintavalla Martino , Santini Maurizio , Nicoletti Giuliano
Published: February 2025

Designing the soundboards of guitars based on an acoustical and structural approach would ideally allow for the realization of instruments with reproducible acoustical properties and structural stability. This task is challenging because wood, the most common material used for this purpose, is a natural material with variable properties and building instruments using strict geometrical tolerances alone does not ensure reproducible results. Several approaches have been developed so far, some based on tradition and, more recently, on measurement of material properties and computer optimization. In this article, some approaches used to design classical guitar soundboards are reviewed and evaluated. An original builder-friendly method, based on simple definitions of mass and stiffness, is also considered. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate their robustness against variability in wood density and orthotropic stiffness by using the experimentally measured properties of 29 spruce specimens. The results are assessed by comparing the coefficient of variation of acoustically relevant parameters (eigenmodes, eigenfrequencies, mass, and monopole mobility) as well as structurally significant ones (mechanical stiffness of the soundboard and bridge rotation angle). Additionally, the correlation between sound radiation coefficient and monopole mobility is examined. Finally, the practical applicability of these methods is evaluated and discussed.
Enhancing museum experiences: Using immersive environments to evaluate soundscape preferences
Authors: J. Bem Milena , Chabot Samuel R. V. , Brooks Vic , Braasch Jonas
Published: February 2025

Research on indoor soundscapes is an emerging topic that aims to create more comfortable and supportive environments based on occupant perceptions and preferences. However, this topic remains under-explored in museum environments. This research addresses this gap by investigating soundscape preferences and their impact on the museum experience. The hypothesis is that soundscapes composed of sounds congruent with the exhibitions' context are more effective in reducing distractions, enhancing engagement, and creating a more immersive experience. Audiovisual experiments were conducted at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute using a panoramic screen system. The 360° screen, combined with an 8-channel loudspeaker array, featured panoramic photos combined with different soundscapes from 16 exhibitions in 5 museums, including the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art and the New York State Museum. Participants experienced four soundscape scenarios: one with an on-site recorded soundscape, two combining this recording with either a conventional or congruent sound masker, and one featuring “no added sound.” While immersed in these scenarios, 23 participants completed a questionnaire using a developed controller to interact directly with the experiment through a wireless device. The statistically significant results supported the hypothesis and showed that in 58% of cases, participants preferred the exhibition-congruent soundscapes over the other three tested scenarios.
Caffeinated Ice Slushy Enhances 1,200 kJ Cycle Time-Trial Performance in the Heat
Authors: Landers Grant J. , Ward Shannon , Zimmermann Matthew
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to assess the effects of caffeine ingestion incorporated into an ice slushy on cycling time-trial (CTT) performance in hot, humid conditions. Nine moderately trained recreational male cyclists or triathletes ingested 6.8 g/kg crushed ice with either 6% carbohydrate concentration only (CON) or 6% carbohydrate concentration and 3 mg/kg caffeine (CAF) consumed over a 30 min period prior to exercise in a single-blind, counterbalanced design. Postingestion, participants completed a CTT equating 1,200 kJ of work (∼40 km) in a climate-controlled chamber (33 °C and 60% relative humidity). Experimental sessions were separated by 7 days. During each CTT, rectal temperature, cycling time, heart rate, blood lactate, and ratings of perceived exertion and thermal sensation were measured at set intervals of work. The 1,200 kJ CTT was completed faster in CAF (4,716 ± 785 s) compared with CON (4,911 ±755 s) (p < .05); and split times were completed faster in CAF compared with CON from the 800 to 1,200 kJ timepoints of the CTT. Precooling lowered rectal temperature similarly in both CAF (−0.6 ± 0.2 °C) and CON (−0.6 ± 0.1 °C) (p > .05). No differences were observed between CAF and CON for heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, rating of perceived thermal sensation, or blood lactate across the measured time points (p > .05). Precooling with the combination of a carbohydrate-based ice slushy and caffeine resulted in improved CTT performance in hot conditions compared with a carbohydrate-based ice slushy alone. Therefore, the addition of caffeine to ice slushies might be considered by endurance athletes competing in the heat for enhanced performance gains.
Gut IgA functionally interacts with systemic IgG to enhance antipneumococcal vaccine responses
Authors: Gutzeit Cindy , Grasset Emilie K. , Matthews Dean B. , Maglione Paul J. , Britton Graham J. , Miller Haley , Magri Giuliana , Tomalin Lewis , Stapylton Matthew , Canales-Herrerias Pablo , Sominskaia Musia , Guzman Mauricio , Pybus Marc , Tejedor Vaquero Sonia , Radigan Lin , Tachó-Piñot Roser , Martín Nalda Andrea , García Prat Marina , Martinez Gallo Monica , Dieli-Crimi Romina , Clemente José C. , Mehandru Saurabh , Suarez-Farinas Mayte , Faith Jeremiah J. , Cunningham-Rundles Charlotte , Cerutti Andrea
Published: February 2025

The gut microbiota enhances systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to vaccines, but it is unknown whether this effect involves IgA, which coats intestinal microbes. That IgA may amplify postimmune IgG production is suggested by the impaired IgG response to pneumococcal vaccines in some IgA-deficient patients. Here, we found that antipneumococcal but not total IgG production was impaired in mice with IgA deficiency. The positive effect of gut IgA on antipneumococcal IgG responses started very early in life and could implicate gut bacteria, as these responses were attenuated in germ-free mice recolonized with gut microbes from IgA-deficient donors. IgA could exert this effect by constraining the systemic translocation of gut antigens, which was associated with chronic immune activation, including T cell overexpression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). This inhibitory receptor may attenuate antipneumococcal IgG production by causing B cell hyporesponsiveness, which improved upon anti–PD-1 treatment. Thus, gut IgA functionally interacts with systemic IgG to enhance antipneumococcal vaccine responses.
Humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in vasculitis-related immune suppression
Authors: Kamelian Kimia , Sievers Benjamin , Chen-Xu Michael , Turner Sam , Cheng Mark Tsz Kin , Altaf Mazharul , Kemp Steven A. , Abdullahi Adam , Csiba Kata , Collier Dami A. , Mlcochova Petra , Meng Bo , Jones Rachel B. ,   The CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration, Smith Derek , Bradley John , Smith Kenneth G. C. , Doffinger Rainer , Smith Rona M. , Gupta Ravindra K.
Published: February 2025

Immune suppression poses a challenge to vaccine immunogenicity. We show that serum antibody neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron descendants was largely absent post-doses 1 and 2 in individuals with vasculitis treated with rituximab. Detectable and increasing neutralizing titers were observed post-doses 3 and 4, except for XBB. Rituximab in vasculitis exacerbates neutralization deficits over standard immunosuppressive therapy, although impairment resolves over time since dosing. We observed discordance between detectable IgG binding and neutralizing activity specifically in the context of rituximab use, with high proportions of individuals showing reasonable IgG titer but no neutralization. ADCC response was more frequently detectable compared to neutralization in the context of rituximab, indicating that a notable proportion of binding antibodies are non-neutralizing. Therefore, use of rituximab is associated with severe impairment in neutralization against Omicron descendants despite repeated vaccinations, with better preservation of non-neutralizing antibody activity.
Canalization-based super-resolution imaging using an individual van der Waals thin layer
Authors: Duan Jiahua , Martín-Luengo Aitana Tarazaga , Lanza Christian , Partel Stefan , Voronin Kirill , Tresguerres-Mata Ana Isabel F. , Álvarez-Pérez Gonzalo , Nikitin Alexey Y. , Martín-Sánchez Javier , Alonso-González Pablo
Published: February 2025

Canalization is an optical phenomenon that enables unidirectional light propagation without predefined waveguiding designs. Recently demonstrated using phonon polaritons in twisted van der Waals (vdW) layers of α-MoO
3
, it offers unprecedented possibilities for controlling light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. However, practical applications have been hindered by the complex sample fabrication of twisted stacks. In this work, we introduce a previously unexplored canalization phenomenon in a single-thin vdW layer (α-MoO
3
) interfaced with a substrate exhibiting a given negative permittivity. This enables a proof-of-concept application of polariton canalization: super-resolution nanoimaging (~λ
0
/220). Canalization-based imaging transcends conventional projection constraints, allowing the super-resolution images to be obtained at any desired location in the image plane. This versatility stems from the synergetic manipulation of three key parameters: incident frequency, rotation angle of the thin vdW layer, and thickness. Our results provide insights into the properties of canalization and constitute a seminal step toward multifaceted photonic applications, including imaging, data transmission, and ultracompact photonic integration.
Rapidly self-healing electronic skin for machine learning–assisted physiological and movement evaluation
Authors: Lee Yongju , Tian Xinyu , Park Jaewon , Nam Dong Hyun , Wu Zhuohong , Choi Hyojeong , Kim Juhwan , Park Dong-Wook , Zhou Keren , Lee Sang Won , Tabish Tanveer A. , Cheng Xuanbing , Emaminejad Sam , Lee Tae-Woo , Kim Hyeok , Khademhosseini Ali , Zhu Yangzhi
Published: February 2025

Emerging electronic skins (E-Skins) offer continuous, real-time electrophysiological monitoring. However, daily mechanical scratches compromise their functionality, underscoring urgent need for self-healing E-Skins resistant to mechanical damage. Current materials have slow recovery times, impeding reliable signal measurement. The inability to heal within 1 minute is a major barrier to commercialization. A composition achieving 80% recovery within 1 minute has not yet been reported. Here, we present a rapidly self-healing E-Skin tailored for real-time monitoring of physical and physiological bioinformation. The E-Skin recovers more than 80% of its functionality within 10 seconds after physical damage, without the need of external stimuli. It consistently maintains reliable biometric assessment, even in extreme environments such as underwater or at various temperatures. Demonstrating its potential for efficient health assessment, the E-Skin achieves an accuracy exceeding 95%, excelling in wearable muscle strength analytics and on-site AI-driven fatigue identification. This study accelerates the advancement of E-Skin through rapid self-healing capabilities.
Molecular spin-probe sensing of H-mediated changes in Co nanomagnets
Authors: Fétida Alex , Bengone Olivier , Goyhenex Christine , Scheurer Fabrice , Robles Roberto , Lorente Nicolás , Limot Laurent
Published: February 2025

The influence of hydrogen on magnetization is of substantial interest to spintronics. Understanding and controlling this phenomenon at the atomic scale, in particular in nanoscale systems, is crucial. In this study, we used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) combined with a nickelocene molecule to sense the spin of a hydrogen-loaded nanoscale Co island grown on Cu(111). Magnetic exchange maps obtained from the molecular tip revealed the presence of a hydrogen superstructure and a 90° rotation of the magnetization compared to the pristine island. Ab initio calculations corroborate these observations, indicating that hydrogen hybridization with Co atoms on the island surface drives the spin reorientation of the island. This reorientation is further reinforced by hydrogen penetration into the island that locates at the Co/Cu interface. However, the subsurface sensitivity of the magnetic exchange maps indicates that this effect is limited. Our study provides valuable microscopic insights into the chemical control of magnetism at the nanoscale.
A thallus-forming N-fixing fungus-cyanobacterium symbiosis from subtropical forests
Authors: Chen Che-Chih , Xie Qiao-Yi , Chuang Po-Shun , Darnajoux Romain , Chien Yi-Ying , Wang Wen-Hong , Tian Xuejiao , Tu Chiao-Hui , Chen Bi-Chang , Tang Sen-Ling , Chen Ko-Hsuan
Published: February 2025

Fungi engage in diverse symbiotic relationships with phototrophs. Lichens, symbiotic complexes involving fungi and either cyanobacteria, green algae, or both, have fungi forming the external layer and much of the interior. We found an erect thallus resembling a lichen yet with an unexpected thallus structure composed of interwoven cyanobacterial filaments with numerous fungal hyphae inserted within individual cyanobacterial sheaths, contrasting with typical lichen structure. Phylogenetics identified the fungus as a previously undescribed species,
Serendipita cyanobacteriicola
, closely related to endophytes, and the cyanobacterium belongs to the family Coleofasciculaceae, representing a genus and species not yet classified,
Symbiothallus taiwanensis
. These thalli exhibit nitrogen-fixing activity similar to mosses but lower than cyanolichens. Both symbiotic partners are distinct from known lichen-forming symbionts, uncovering a phylogenetically and morphologically unprecedented thallus-forming fungus-cyanobacterium symbiosis. We propose the name “phyllosymbia” for these thalli to underscore their unique symbiotic nature and leaf-like appearance. This finding marks a previously unknown instance of fungi solely residing within structures generated by cyanobacteria.
Coactivation of innate immune suppressive cells induces acquired resistance against combined TLR agonism and PD-1 blockade
Authors: Nishinakamura Hitomi , Shinya Sayoko , Irie Takuma , Sakihama Shugo , Naito Takeo , Watanabe Keisuke , Sugiyama Daisuke , Tamiya Motohiro , Yoshida Tatsuya , Hase Tetsunari , Yoshida Takao , Karube Kennosuke , Koyama Shohei , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi
Published: February 2025

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has been successfully applied in clinical settings as a standard therapy for many cancer types, but its clinical efficacy is restricted to patients with immunologically hot tumors. Various strategies to modify the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists that can stimulate innate immunity, have been explored but have not been successful. Here, we show a mechanism of acquired resistance to combination treatment consisting of an agonist for multiple TLRs, OK-432 (Picibanil), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. Adding the TLR agonist failed to convert the TME from immunogenically cold to hot and did not augment antitumor immunity, particularly CD8
+
T cell responses, in multiple animal models. The failure was attributed to the coactivation of innate suppressive cells, such as polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) expressing CXCR2, through high CXCL1 production by macrophages in the TME upon OK-432 treatment. A triple combination treatment with OK-432, PD-1 blockade, and a CXCR2 neutralizing antibody overcame the resistance induced by PMN-MDSCs, resulting in a stronger antitumor effect than that of any dual combinations or single treatments. The accumulation of PMN-MDSCs was similarly observed in the pleural effusions of patients with lung cancer after OK-432 administration. We propose that successful combination cancer immunotherapy intended to stimulate innate antitumor immunity requires modulation of unwanted activation of innate immune suppressive cells, including PMN-MDSCs.
Painful chest wall swelling: First rib osteochondroma in a paediatric patient with Hereditary Multiple Exostoses
Authors: Pai Suraj , Kamath K Ramachandra , Dhawan Samaksh , Baliga Saiprasad Sarvothama
Published: February 2025

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is an autosomal dominant condition with variable penetrance. As per Dr Waller’s audit of the Leeds regional bone tumour registry, 90 primary bone tumours of the thoracic skeleton were recorded, accounting for 4.5% of all cases in the registry. Osteochondromas represent 8% of rib tumours and approximately 50% of benign rib tumours. The patient presented with a chronic swelling in the right supraclavicular region with restricted shoulder motion and was diagnosed with osteochondroma of the first rib after evaluation. Surgical management by excision of the first rib tumour was done. Excision of the osteochondroma in the concerned case showed drastic symptomatic relief with complete recovery in range of motion. The hypothesis regarding common association of rib osteochondroma with a syndromic condition, namely HME, was also found to be fitting in the given case.
Association between adjuvant radiotherapy in adults with gastric cancer and risk of second primary malignancy: a retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database
Authors: Li Zheng , Li Zefeng , Sun Chongyuan , Zhang Xiaojie , Fei He , Xing Cheng , Zhao Dongbing
Published: February 2025

Objectives

This study aims to assess the association between adjuvant radiotherapy and the development of second primary malignancies (SPMs) and identify its determinants in patients who have undergone surgical treatment for gastric cancer.

Design

Retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database.

Setting

Cohorts (18 registries, 2000–2018, from SEER) were screened for any malignancy that developed after sufficient latency from diagnosis of surgically treated non-metastatic gastric cancer.

Participants

24 777 surgically treated gastric cancer cases were included in the cohort. Among them, 6128 patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy.

Outcome measures

The cumulative incidence of SPMs was estimated using Fine and Gray’s competing risk model and the radiotherapy-correlated risks were calculated using Poisson regression analysis.

Results

Among patients with sufficient latency, there was no significant association between radiotherapy and the risk of developing second primary solid malignancies (relative risk=1.05, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.33) or haematological malignancies (relative risk=1.17, 95% CI 0.62 to 2.11). Interestingly, radiotherapy was associated with a reduced cumulative incidence of second lung and bronchus cancer compared with no radiotherapy, with a 15-year incidence of 1.4%–3.17% (p<0.05). Radiotherapy was not associated with a significant increase in standardised incidence ratios of SPMs.

Conclusions

Adjuvant radiotherapy was not associated with an increased risk of developing SPMs in surgically treated patients with gastric cancer. Clinical trials are warranted to further verify the findings.