bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Challenges of Reviving Iraq's Only LPG Storage and Marine Terminals
Authors: Nabet Medhat , Noori Sabah , Salman Muhammad , Abidi Syed , Orrock Steve , Bonner Chris , Kloeck Gert , Everdingen Huib Van
Published: November 2018

Umm Qasr storage and marine terminals are strategic assets for the gas investments in Iraq. Together they are the only Natural Gas Liquids Export Hub in Iraq and a key enabler to increase the capture of Iraq's flared gas.

Basrah Gas Company (BGC) started operating and developing Umm Qasr storage and marine terminals since its commencement of operations in May 2013 with a development plan to increase capture of flared gas and turn Iraq into net exporter of LPG. The development of Umm Qasr and the LPG export journey was phased into work streams that maximize the near-term and long-term value.

Work Stream 1: Early Pressurized LPG Export

Work Stream 2: High Pressure LPG Export

Work Stream 3: Refrigerated Export

The transition from pressurized LPG export to Refrigerated Export and the rehabilitation of Umm Qasr Marine Terminal jetties to comply with international safety and maritime standards is one of the most impactful projects in Southern Iraq. The project will provide the enabling infrastructure to increase export of Iraqi refrigerated propane and Butane positioning Iraq as one of the major players in the international LPG export market and diversifying its export revenues, besides providing impetus for further development of upstream gas capture and developments, and mid stream gas processing and utilization projects not just in south, but also in Norther Iraq using the already existing LPG grid network.

The refrigerated export scope comprises the rehabilitation of refrigeration trains that chills propane (C3) and Butane (C4) to −43 deg and −5 deg. C respectively turning them into liquids at atmospheric pressure, along with associated propane and butane cryogenic Tanks, cryogenic product pipelines between storage and marine terminals, rehabilitation and modernization of marine jetties 1 and 2 including dredging of more than 1 million cbm of soil, automation, safety and integrity upgrades with aim to cater for Very Large LPG Gas Carriers (VLGC) and Medium Range class Product (Naphta) tankers of ~50,000 Tons DWT

This paper pronounces the challenges, approach and impact of reviving Umm Qasr Storage and Marine Terminals infrastructure that was built in 80s, only partially commissioned, suffered dis-repair in successive wars and was extensively modified to suit the country's emergency import needs.
Innovative Epoxy Resin Formulation for Downhole Casing Repair Applications
Authors: Al-Yami Abdullah , Al-Jubran Mohammed , Aswad Hassan , Looni Qadir
Published: November 2018

Downhole casing repair is a major workover operation worldwide, especially in wells which were drilled and put on production decades ago. The presence of corrosive formations is considered a common downhole source that slowly corrodes steel strings over time. Several remedial options are available on the commercial shelf including cement slurry, resin chemicals, and mechanical casing patch technologies. Yet, these suffer from several disadvantages including limited isolation and integrity, cost, internal diameter restriction, etc. These drawbacks could lead to casing leaks reoccurring across the same depth shortly after applying the commercial treatments. In other scenarios, they result in internal diameter reduction and inability to pass tools, such as plugs, packers, whipstocks, etc. The proposed epoxy resin formulation retains improved mechanical and chemical properties over the commercial products to repair challenging downhole casing leaks, especially those with low injectivity.

This formulation is composed of a combination of two different resins and one curing agent. Compared to other commercial epoxy and polyester products, this formulation showed lower rheology of less 50% at room temperature, deeper crack penetration, improved compressive strength and elasticity, and enhanced corrosion resistance.

The product was deployed in the field to cure downhole 7 in. casing leaks with 73 pcf CaCl2 brine in place. The subject leak showed low injectivity of 0.4 bpm at 1,000 psi, requiring solid-free solutions. The innovative formulation was introduced as a result, and 20 bbl were spotted as a balanced plug and squeezed in hesitation to achieve the required pressure integrity of 600 psi after resin plug cleanout. Manganese Tetroxide was used as the weighing agent to mix up 80 pcf epoxy resin as per design. The low-rheology allowed for maximum injected volume at the required lock-up pressure of 1,000 psi. Meanwhile, the elastic nature enabled more resistance during the following re-entry operations and relatively higher rates of penetration during resin plug cleanout.

This paper will discuss the nature of the resin formulation and experimental work to compare this innovative product to the commercial products. The pilot testing, job simulation, and field deployment will be highlighted to emphasize the added value and potential of this product.
Swift Solutions to Avert Major Structural Failures
Authors: Nuthanapati Sreekanth , Adel Khalid , Al Maskari Juma
Published: November 2018

In today's challenging work and business environment, swift response to structural integrity concerns is the need of the hour to minimize the damages that will reduce down time, specifically in oil & gas sector. The solution devised to address structural concerns shall prevent further failure of structural members and avert major catastrophic accidents, as they support process equipment and piping. This paper outlines case studies of such structural failures, potential reasons of incidents and approaches followed in restoring structural integrity in a safe and economical way that ensures uninterrupted plant operation.

Key parameters to be studied / considered while arriving solutions to structural damage / incidents include reliability of data, primary cause of incident, inventory of readily available material, execution feasibility under plant operating conditions thereby avoiding plant or unit shutdowns and manpower skillsets. Due to various constraints, the solution arrived may be temporary that averts multiple structural failures or a major accident. Further studies would be required to identify the root cause and to confirm or enhance the implemented solution that will reaffirm long term integrity of structure.

In almost all of the incidents, some of the common steps followed for swift restoration of structural integrity include conducting a site survey to identify and judge the probable cause, reviewing available data, structural assessment and details of material in stock.

After analyzing numerous factors, diverse approaches unique to each incident were considered in arriving a solution that is fit-for-purpose.

Structural integrity issues, if not attended swiftly, can worsen the situation leading to safety concerns and major accidents. Solutions adopted for various incidents ensured restoration of structural integrity with minimal consequences. Suggested improvements and recommendations were implemented and no further issues were reported until this time.
Integration of Geochemical and Petrophysical Analyses for the Shilaif Formation Characterization
Authors: Makarychev Gennady , Leyrer Karl , Baig Muhammad Zeeshan , Van Laer Pierre
Published: November 2018

Development of unconventional oil plays worldwide demonstrated that conventional characterization of such rocks in terms of a total porosity and total water saturation does not always provide enough information for completion and drilling decisions. The characterization and quantification of different fluids in different pore space together with a coupled geomechanical model is key for "sweet spots" detection for wells placement, stimulation and production.

Based on our experience we present in this paper how an integration between geochemical analyses and advanced logging technologies can improve formation characterization in unconventional rocks; help to identify target intervals for wells stimulation and testing at an early exploration stage.

The workflow was developed for the Shilaif formation evaluation in Abu Dhabi and allows fluids typing and their quantification in different pore systems from advanced logs data interpretation calibrated to full size and pressurized sidewall core special analyses. Detailed description of the workflow and results of its application showing reservoir and hydrocarbons quality variation within the Shilaif formation in wells from synclines and anticlines are presented in this paper.
Impact of Low Cost Proppant and Fluid Systems in Hydraulic Fracturing of Unconventional Wells
Authors: Cheung Bettina , Hilling Scott , Brierley Sean Paul
Published: November 2018

As the industry advances on horizontal drilling and slim hole design, well completion and specifically hydraulic fracture stimulation remains the most expensive part of the well construction process in Unconventionals.

Proppant and fluid make up a significant portion of the stimulation cost of a well, it is therefore a key lever in cost reduction. This submission will examine the transition from Conventional to Unconventional stimulation designs with respect to technical and economic factors that drive fluid and proppant optimization.

The authors will then focus on the industry journey in multiple step change transitions from high viscosity fluid system with high strength premium proppants towards low viscosity fluid system and lower strength natural proppant. In each case, technical justifications based on theory, laboratory testing, or field trial data from Shell unconventional basins will be discussed. The authors will also briefly review several strategic approaches in proppant and fluid sourcing from the logistics perspective. Relevant cost data will also be used to reflect the overall impact of the evolution.

This paper reveals that significant cost reduction can be achieved by right sizing fracture conductivity through reduction on premium high strength proppants and shifting towards a low viscosity system, as well as leveraging appropriate supply chain strategy.
Successful Field Applications of Installing and Activating High Pressure/Temperature Multi-Stage Completion for Improving Well Performance in Deep North Kuwait Jurassic Formation
Authors: Al-Saeed A. , Ahmed Z. M. , Fidan E. , Salem A. M , Liu Pei Wu
Published: November 2018

In the last decades, defining optimum completion options in North Kuwait Jurassic Gas (NKJG) were essential to overcome reservoir challenges, connect to natural fractures, minimize formation damage, and stimulate formations efficiently in this sour gas environment. Moreover, the completion should withstand high-pressure differential (~15,000 psi) and high temperature (~275oF) during installing and producing over entire well life (over 20 years). The efficient completion type that suits NKJG environment will ensure enhancing the future well interventions and increase production potential within a short time period.

NKJG’s reservoirs are classified as high-pressure, high-temperature, sour, deep, with high contrast in permeability values (2 to 3 order of magnitude), and high variation of natural fracture distribution among well locations. In addition, the major flow zone of interest is divided into several segments with different reservoir properties and lithology which affect the production zonal contribution. The cased and perforated liner completion were used in this challenging area where low permeable zones were not contributing to flow even after stimulation due to high permeability contrast across reservoir flow units.

As a result, Multi-stage completion is one of completion designs that initiated to overcome reservoir complexity where it comprises of hydro-mechanical liner hanger packer, open-hole packers, hydraulic anchor and multiple frac ports set and activated as a drop-ball system. This type of completion avoid perforation or cementing process that reduce formation damage; so, it allows wellbore to access to full formation natural fractures and reservoir potential. Moreover, Multi-stage completion permits to select different stimulation technique across zone of interest and reduce well intervention costs.

The 4 ½" Multi-stage ball activated sleeve completion (HPHT) which is an alternative strategy to produce from different zone of interest successfully installed, sequentially stimulated and commingle- tested on flow back for two different case studies. Reservoirs are divided into three distinct intervals and acid treated with different stimulation techniques (Acid fracturing & High Rate Matrix Acidizing). The flow tests showed very good results that provide a good evidence for deploying this technology in tight gas and unconventional reservoirs.

This paper focuses on designing, installing, and execution phases of MSC of two successful case studies. In addition, spotting the key learnings and critical factors that should follow in the future to guarantee the well performance enhancement and overcome reservoir challenges.
Complex Fluid Characterization of Tight Gas Field in Sultanate of Oman; The Success Story of Subsurface Data Integration
Authors: Wulandari Ratih , Elie Marcel , Rajhi Mohammed , Morad Kamaladin
Published: November 2018

Field K1 as part of AA Tight Gas Cluster features significant variability in the fluid properties, concluded through PVT, well test as well as geochemical measurements. Following an extensive data acquisition program that was conducted at the beginning of the project, a multi-disciplinary review and integration of data was carried out in order to adequately characterize the fluid distribution across the field.

Several analyses were employed to understand the characterization of the fluid distribution through geochemistry analysis, compositional gradient analysis and lateral fluid investigation.

Gas samples and mud gases were collected during drilling and analyzed for gross composition and stable carbon isotope for geochemical analysis purposes. Condensates were collected and analyzed for gross composition, sulfur content and isotopic analyses. Analyses of both fluid types aimed at gathering reliable information in terms of source type and thermal maturity of gases. The large number of data points from high resolution sampling of mud gases allowed for a more confident examination of charge history and communication of the Upper Amin Formation across the cluster of fields.

The gas and condensate samples were taken after well completion for further PVT analysis. Gas composition, temperature, fraction of liquid drop-out and measured Dew Points suggested complex reservoir fluid and genetically different behavior with a contrasted fluid signature across Field K1. Plotting the fluid composition, phase envelopes, as well as Dew Point gradient supported application of a complex-fluid modeling together with segmentation.

The understanding of the fluid behavior is important for the reservoir description as well as the overall development plan of Field K1. The impact on the development plan includes: missing condensate recovery opportunity, on-plot and off-plot facility design, overall gas and condensate recovery factor per well, and the sequence of development.

This new analysis resulted in an upward update in resource volume estimation of Field K1. Well placement and drilling sequence optimization were derived as the positive outcome of this exercise.
Strategy Towards Unlocking and Accelerated Development of Low Permeability, Microporous Reservoirs
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Azzazi Mohamed , Hamdi Abdullah , Awang Zaidi , Nicholls Christopher , Lawati Yousuf , Huseini Hamood , Abri Said , Sharji Hamed
Published: November 2018

The Upper Shuaiba reservoirs in Lekhwair consist of carbonate formations extending over a very large area (40 km × 40 km). Earlier development projects identified thicker, well-appraised formations, resulting in successful waterfloods. In contrast, challenges have been encountered in some of the waterflood pilots attempting to unlock future development areas. An integrated evaluation of these poor performing areas led to the development of a rock type catalogue that mapped out different rock types and their properties. Initial developments were mostly in high permeability rock types (Rudist Rich and Grainstone) whilst the underperforming pilots are associated with microporous rock characterized by low permeability (~1 mD) and thin formations (2-5m). These microporous rocks are associated with a large hydrocarbon volume in place. Resolving this development challenge is critical in maintaining the company's long-term production targets.

Waterflood is the preferred development concept as it is in line with the existing facilities and infrastructure. The existing pilots demonstrate that low water injectivity/throughput is the key challenge to waterflood feasibility. Conventional acid stimulation does not work in these formations. Four different initiatives, in addition to injection water quality monitoring and improvements, are being tried to ensure successful maturation of microporous resources: Abrasive Jetting: used to create small tunnels up to 3m into the reservoir.Controlled Directional Acid Jetting: using acid to create multiple small laterals (up to 12 m in length) into the reservoir.Designer Acid: acid tailored to improve conventional acid stimulation.Fracture Aligned Sweep Technology (FAST) as implemented in Halfdan field; which creates longitudinal fractures along the length of the well.

The outcome of this study includes identification and mapping of the different rocktypes across the entire Upper Shuaiba; waterflood performance assessment of microporous rocks and new technology trials to accelerate the development of microporous resources. Whilst abrasive jetting has achieved limited success in improving injectivity, result from designer acid stimulation was disappointing. The other two trials are still under evaluation. In case all the initiatives fail to establish the feasibility of waterflood, alternate developments mechanisms are proposed as Phase 2 in the strategy.

This paper highlights how integration between different disciplines can help in maturation of a large resource volume, whilst accelerating its development by standardization of designs.
Enhancing NGL Recovery Through Utilized Design Margins
Authors: Al Ali Mariam , Al Matroushi Mohamed
Published: November 2018

In line with our quest to improve performance, optimize efficiency, and increase profitability, ADNOC Gas Processing is committed to ensure process design optimization by following best practices that add significant value to its gas business and industry. This report will outline how we were able to increase our C3+ recovery and thus the NGL production of BuHasa Train 2 by safely utilizing the existing design envelope and available design margins.

Although, operating a plant beyond its design capacity is not a new concept, process and HSE assessments are a must before proceeding. These efficiency enhancements can be implemented without any capital investment and also strengthen a plant's readiness to deal with any future challenges in plant performance. In gas processing plant such as NGL extraction, process fluid pressure is an important factor which can affect the plant characteristics. The influence of different values of pressure drop in various equipment needs to be realized as it can affect the quality and quantity of the process outputs.

An in-house feasibility study has been conducted to evaluate the possibility of increasing the HP compressor discharge pressure by 1 bar over its current operating pressure. The study indicated that it was possible to enhance the train's efficiency by increasing C3+ recovery, leading to an increase in NGL production and therefore a profitability increase.

The study was completed after the plant facilities were comprehensively evaluated for process safety and operability, as well as analyzed improvements in terms of C3+ recovery and NGL production.

A successful "Field Test Run" for 10 days were conducted to validate the predictions of the study to operate the HP compressors at 1 bar higher.

The product specification, quantity and plant operating costs are important parameters and balancing them will determine the optimum pressure distribution in the process and consequently realize our benefits. Hence, during the test run, the revised operating conditions were implemented and achieved safely without any major modification or upset to the facilities. As a result, the following cost benefits were realized: C3 + Recovery increased by around ≈ 0.2 wt.%NGL production increased by around ≈ 35 Ton/dayRevenues increased by around ≈ 2.8 MM US$/YearOperating cost increased by around≈ 220000 US$/Year
Novel Technology of Concentric Coiled Tubing Enhances Ultra-Low Pressure Reservoir Wellbore Cleanouts in Kuwait
Authors: AlMatar Mohammed Ahmad , Alshammari Faisal Shayea , Alhouti Naser Bader
Published: November 2018

Wells in the South Ratqa field often fill with sand. Ultra low bottom-hole pressure did not allow efficient sand cleanouts in several wells. Despite using massive amounts of nitrogen during clean out, and largest available CT size (2.375") to ensure enough annular velocity; severe fluid losses occurred into the formation, which resulted in decreased well production post clean outs, moreover handling energized returns has always been a logistic and safety hazard

Recently, concentric coiled tubing (CCT) technology was employed for the first time in Kuwait and five wells were identified as viable fill cleanout candidates for which traditional cleanout methods had proved inefficient at best and many times unsuccessful. The system uses concentric coiled tubing and a special vacuum tool designed to apply a localized drawdown, which would deliver the sand particles through the Coiled Tubing / Coiled tubing annulus to surface. Returns were handled using H2S resistant lines into a desander.

A carefully engineered cleanout program enabled removal of more than 12 MT of sand from four vertical wells, and also identified the formation damage in a horizontal wellbore. The identification of wellbore damage revealed the best intervention to cure the damage and eliminated speculative remedies that sometimes increased the damage done to reservoir. Additionally, the layout of well plots was designed in a very congested way to maximize output but made it impractical to have return pits, requiring mobile tanks to handle returns, while the energized nature of returns in conventional nitrogen jobs are dangerous to handle in a closed tank environment. CCT eliminated that hazard as the returns are not energized.

The campaign has pushed the boundaries of the coiled tubing interventions in Kuwait and has unlocked several wellbore cleanout opportunities using the CCT technology
Micronized Sealing Polymer Improves Wellbore Strengthening & Minimizes Differential Sticking Problems in Highly Depleted Formations
Authors: Al-enezi Dakhil , Al-salamin Mohammad , Sulaiman Sulaiman , Muqaddas Zahraa , Al-shelian Jasim , Fahmy Moustafa , Alrashoud Ahmed , Gholoum Ali , Almarshad Mubarak , Ibrahim Ahmed , Alotaibi Ali , Sheer Shahad
Published: November 2018

It is a challenge to drill a highly deviated or horizontal hole in high permeable formations. High differential pressures may lead to several problems like tight holes, wellbore instability, differential sticking and mud loss while drilling across these permeable or fractured formations. It was always preferred to drill these wells with Oil base muds which showed some success. While operators always prefer the standard solution, which is casing isolation for problematic sections, challenges have increased due to continuously drilling in depleted reservoirs which leads to considerable nonproductive time.

The other solution to overcome such problematic sections was to re-design a fluid system that would target drilling through serious of highly permeable sand and shale formations. The fluid system would primarily address shale inhibition along with effective bridging, minimizing pore pressure transmission and wellbore strengthen with increased hoop stress in the wellbore. Software modelling and permeability plugging tests were performed to evaluate the fluid behavior under downhole conditions and to predict the characteristics of induced micro fractures based on rock mechanics. Porosity, permeability and induced micro fractures were considered to optimize the bridging mechanism. It was identified that normal bridging solutions involving calcium carbonates and graphite material were not enough to address the pore pressure transmission problem. It was essential to include a micronized sealing deformable polymer along with normal bridging material was effective in plugging pore throats and minimizing fluid invasion. The deformable polymer component is able to re-shape itself to fit a broad range of pore throat sizes which was previously unattainable with conventional bridging technology which was confirmed by particle plugging tests.

A one well was identified to be drilled in highly depleted reservoir at an inclination of almost 45 degrees. The section involving the highly depleted and permeable sand involved drilling highly stressed shale formations which requires high mud weight for their stability. This was the first attempt on a high-angle well with development drilling operations in Kuwait and was performed to facilitate the successful drilling of the reservoir. Drilling and logging were successfully performed along with logging and LWD runs with no recordable differential sticking or losses incidents.

This paper also presents 2 successful applications in the same field with the application of proper bridging and utilization of deformable sealing polymer to address drilling problems through highly depleted and permeable formations while managing over balance of 3500 psi across them.
Przyjęcie Chrystusa w uchodźcach i przesiedlonych. Wytyczne pastoralno-kanoniczne
Authors: NECEL WOJCIECH
Published: November 2018

Na fundamencie instrukcji Erga migrantes caritas Christi z 2004 roku sytuacja uchodźców i wypędzonych wymagała nie tylko nowych analiz i zdefiniowania ich sytuacji w Kościele Powszechnym oraz w Kościołach diecezjalnych, ale ze względu na dynamikę zjawiska migracji wciąż na nowo konieczna jest aktualizacja zadań  duszpasterskich wobec tych kategorii migrantów. Niepokoje polityczne i społeczne w pierwszych dwóch dekadach XXI wieku były swoistym katalizatorem wypracowania przez Stolicę Apostolską instrukcji: Przyjęcie Chrystusa w uchodźcach i przymusowo wypędzonych.
Sprawiedliwość społeczna a sprawiedliwość w encyklikach społecznych
Authors: GAŁKOWSKI TOMASZ
Published: November 2018

Autor opracowania stawia pytanie dotyczące statusu ontycznego sprawiedliwości społęcznej i jej odniesienia do podstawowych formuł sprawiedliwości. Przedstawia dominujące poglądy i dokonuje analizy odwołując się do społecznych encyklik papieskich. Sprawiedliwość społeczna jawi się jako metafora sprawiedliwości. Ich treści łączy przedmiot określany jako rzecz należna (dlatego sprawiedliwość). Różnią się natomiast tym, co dotyczy przyczyny przedmiotu sprawiedliwości i sposobu określania jego miary. Poza tym w sprawiedliwości społecznej brak jest wzajemnego uznania zaangażowanych stron.
La privacy nel diritto canonico e i rapporti con le legislazioni nazionali della Comunità Europea
Authors: INTERGUGLIELMI ANTONIO
Published: November 2018

Con il progressivo utilizzo dei sistemi informatici e con l’espansione dell’utilizzo dei media, in modo particolare negli ultimi anni con il crescente diffondersi di internet e dei social media, la questione della tutela dei dati personali ha fatto sorgere nuove esigenze che richiedono un adeguamento della normativa canonica.Le nuove problematiche di tutela, spesso rese molto complesse dalla difficoltà di arginare un fenomeno di “trasmissione di informazioni e quindi anche di dati” in continua espansione tecnologica, hanno reso necessario adeguare la normativa di tutela della privacy sia a livello di norme della Comunità Europea, che dei singoli paesi tenuti a recepirle, di cui ci occuperemo nel nostro studio.La Chiesa, che da sempre è depositaria della memoria e della storia dei popoli, attraverso gli archivi ecclesiastici, delle diocesi, dei monasteri e anche delle singole parrocchie, è dunque tenuta a garantire la tutela dei dati in suo possesso, che rappresentano la vita dei suoi fedeli.Inoltre il diritto della Chiesa da sempre riconosce tra i suoi diritti fondamentali il rispetto della persona, tra cui rientra anche quello del “diritto al rispetto della buona fama e della riservatezza di ogni persona”, che viene sancito nel Codice di diritto canonico del 1983 al canone 220.La tutela dei dati personali coinvolge inoltre il rapporto tra l’ordinamento della Chiesa e le norme giuridiche degli Stati: nella legislazione di molte nazioni sono state promulgate leggi che tutelano il trattamento dei dati personali, norme che vanno tenute presenti dalle Conferenze Episcopali Nazionali per disciplinare e adeguare ad esse la normativa canonica sul trattamento dei dati cosiddetti “sensibili”.
Pogrzeb kościelny wyrazem wiary chrześcijańskiej. Aktualny stan prawny
Authors: DYDUCH JAN MACIEJ
Published: November 2018

Ceremonie pogrzebu kościelnego winny być tak urządzone, aby wyrażały prawdę o zmartwychwstaniu Jezusa i prawdy ostateczne o zmartwychwstaniu ciał oraz o życiu wiecznym. Normy kanoniczne określające: komu należy przyznać pogrzeb kościelny, a komu odmówić, zmieniły się zdecydowanie w ostatnich dziesiątkach lat, przechodząc z pozycji rygorystycznych na dużo łagodniejsze, np. przy grzebaniu samobójców, czy wiernych, którzy polecili za życia kremację swoich zwłok. Prawodawstwo kościelne preferuje tradycyjne grzebanie zwłok, lecz dopuszcza ich kremację, byleby nie była dokonana z motywów przeciwnych wierze.
Biskup prof. Walenty Wójcik jako badacz prawa synodalnego
Authors: GÓRALSKI WOJCIECH
Published: November 2018

Osiągnięcia profesora Walentego Wójcika (1914-1990), długoletniego profesora Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, z zakresu prawa synodalnego, pozwalają przyjąć, że mamy do czynienia ze znaczącym dorobkiem, który jest tematycznie zróżnicowany, oryginalny i twórczy. Obejmuje on zarówno problemy, jak i kwestie związane z synodami polskimi i europejskimi, tak historycznymi, jak i współczesnymi. Jego publikacje charakteryzują się odwołaniami do szerokiej bazy źródłowej (Autor przeprowadził szereg żmudnych badań, m.in. w archiwach w Rzymie), gruntowną znajomością literatury (w tym obcojęzycznej), krytycznym podejściem do analizowanych zagadnień, jasną formą przekazu i czystością metodologiczną. Nic też dziwnego, że osiągnięcia naukowe prof. Wójcika zawsze były wysoko oceniane przez recenzentów. Ten wybitny historyk prawa kościelnego okazał się wnikliwym i pracowitym badaczem, który zajął się mniej popularnymi problemami wymagającymi erudycji i żmudnej pracy. Cenić to trzeba tym bardziej, że aktywność naukowa nie była jedyną dziedziną, wokół której toczyło się życie biskupa, który był mocno zaangażowany w sprawy diecezji. Bez wątpienia jego zamiłowanie do badań historycznych nad synodami przyniosło liczące się rezultaty.
The provisions of the tsar`s ukase of 27 October 1864 on the maintenance and management of monasteries in the Kingdom of Poland
Authors: KANTOR ROBERT
Published: November 2018

Na ziemiach polskich w XIX w. władze zaborcze skutecznie ograniczały funkcjonowanie Kościoła katolickiego, w tym funkcjonowanie zakonów z podległymi im klasztorami. Po upadku powstania styczniowego, władze rosyjskie na terenie Królestwa Polskiego zastosowały represje kasując większość istniejących jeszcze wówczas klasztorów. Jednak zasadnicze znaczenie dla funkcjonowania zakonów w Królestwie Polskim miała kasata będąca realizacją ukazu carskiego z 27 października (8 listopada według kalendarza gregoriańskiego) 1864 roku. W konsekwencji zlikwidowano 115 klasztorów, które uznano za „zamknięte” lub za „zniesione” (mniej niż 8 osób zakonnych w klasztorze). Ze 155 klasztorów męskich i 45 żeńskich, pozostawiono 20 klasztorów męskich i 7 żeńskich, które jako nieetatowe mogły funkcjonować do chwili, kiedy ich stan liczebny zmniejszy się do 7 osób.Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie norm prawnych zawartych w Ukazie z 27 października (8 listopada) 1864 r., które dotyczą kasaty klasztorów w Królestwie Polskim. Stąd też jedynym źródłem wykorzystanym w opracowaniu będzie treść Ukazu oraz „Przepisy dotyczące utrzymania i zarządu klasztorów Rzymsko-Katolickich w Królestwie Polskim z 22 listopada (4 grudnia) 1864 r.”. W dotychczasowej literaturze historii prawa nie odnoszono się do analizy prawnej norm Ukazu.
O retrato genial de Vincent van Gogh:
Authors: Maia Denise Diniz
Published: November 2018

Em cada um dos seus mais de 40 autorretratos, Vincent van Gogh confirma a necessidade contínua de exploração de aspectos de sua própria identidade. Cada vez que ele olhava seu rosto, esforçava-se para se compreender melhor. Vincent viveu o extremo artístico e existencial. Sua obra jamais se encaixou em um único movimento artístico. Seu estilo, absolutamente único, se alterava de acordo com seu instável estado de espírito. Ele inspirou-se exacerbadamente em sua própria imagem; expressou por meio dela um mundo em fragmentação e procurou uma moldura que contivesse seus conteúdos internos buscando, assim, integração psíquica. A proposta deste ensaio é refletir sobre o processo de individuação de Vincent a partir de seus autorretratos e de sua correspondência, particularmente aquela trocada com seu irmão Theo.
Policies and Programs for the Prevention and Control of Breast Cancer in Mexican and Latin American Women: Protocol for a Scoping Review (Preprint)
Authors: Ramos Herrera Igor Martin
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer has become a major public health problem around the world, especially in Mexico and Latin America. Screening for breast cancer, which involves self-examination, mammography, and clinical breast examination, is crucial for early diagnosis, which in turn is associated with improved outcomes and survival rates. Although breast cancer prevention and control activities are being implemented in Mexico and Latin America, as in many other countries, there are no comprehensive public reports that provide information on the number, type, and scope of these activities; the impact of the programs and actions implemented; and the policies that form the basis of these programs.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to present the design of a protocol for a scoping review on the policies and action programs for breast cancer care in Mexico and Latin America, as well as their objectives and implementation plans.

METHODS

This scoping review is guided by the methodological reference framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. A systematic search of the following electronic databases will be performed: MEDLINE (PubMed), MEDLINE (EBSCOHost), CINAHL (EBSCOHost), Academic Search Complete (EBSCOHost), ERIC, ISI Web of Science (Science Citation Index) in English and Cochrane and MEDES-MEDicina in Spanish. A search will be conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2000 and 2018. Data will be analyzed and presented in descriptive statistics and qualitative content analyses with analysis matrices and semantic networks. The selected studies will be arranged according to the Specific Action Program, Prevention and Control of Female Cancer 2013-2018.

RESULTS

The intention is to perform this review during the first and second quarters of 2019 and present the results to health authorities by the first quarter of 2020. Results will also be sent for publication to an indexed journal by the second quarter of 2020.

CONCLUSIONS

We present a protocol for a scoping review–type literature revision based on the Arksey and O’Malley methodology to be performed during the first quarter of 2019. According to this 6-stage methodology, we will identify the scientific publications that present or analyze first-level action policies and programs for breast cancer care in Mexican women, as well as the results of these policies and programs, if any. The outcome of this review will be used to define the basis of a research project intended to design an educational intervention strategy for the general public in Mexico to enable them to deal with this public health problem.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPOR

PRR1-10.2196/12624
SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF 3 AND 5 SUBSTITUTED 2,4-THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Singh Sethi Navjot , Prasad Dn , Bhagwat Deepak , Kumari Anuradha , Sharma Madhu , Kaundal Sangeeta
Published: November 2018

Background: 2,4-Thiazolidinedione derivatives was launched as antidiabetics in 90’s. Later the derivatives of 2,4-thiazolidinedione were banned due to hepatotoxicity. To the date, much research has been directed toward the synthesis and novel uses of 2,4-thiazolidinedione compounds.Aim: The aim of the present study is to synthesize a set of 3,5-disudstituted-2,4-thiazolidinediones as antimicrobial. These compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity.Method: First, the 2,4-thiazolidinedione was substituted at the position of 3 using sodium hydroxide and ethanol and then substituted at the position of 5 in the presence of piperdine by the Knoevenagel condensation method. The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral studies.Result: 3,5-disubstituted-5-benzylidine-2,4-thiazolidinediones derivative was synthesized using benzyl halides and aromatic aldehydes. The results obtained showed that TZ-1 exhibited good activity against Bacillus subtilis while no activity against Escherichia coli.Conclusion: Attachment of more heterocyclic rings containing Nitrogen on the 3rd position of 2,4-thiazolidinedione can enhance the antimicrobial activity. Addition of more lipophilic agents may increase the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug. Long alkyl chains on the benzylidene ring can also increase the lipophilic character, and further attachment of these kind of agents on benzylidene chain may produce safe and effective compounds in future.
HEAVY METAL-INDUCED INHIBITION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN HEN EGG WHITE LYSOZYME
Authors: Pazmiño Michel , Monica Silva , James Welbaum , Juan Gaibor , Jose Luis Altuna , Wilman Carrillo
Published: November 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the content of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), boron (B), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in chicken hen eggs in hen’s eggs and to evaluate their influence on the enzymatic activity of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL).Methods: In this study, we have determined the content of Cr, Ni, Cd, B, Hg, and Pb in chicken hen eggs using absorption atomic (AA) method. The residual enzymatic activity of HEWL, HEWL was evaluated using spectrophotometric method.Results: The levels of Cr, Ni, Cd, B, Hg, and Pb in hen eggs were 1.8300, 1.1300, 0.5350, 0.5200, 0.0025, and 0.0021 mg/kg, respectively. The inhibition of enzymatic activity of HEWL, by exposure to heavy metals was studied. We found that Cr, Ni, Cd, B, Hg, and Pb produced a loss of enzymatic activity. Cr III was the metal with the highest reduction of HEWL enzymatic activity. 0.01 M of Cr III was able to reduce HEWL enzymatic activity levels up to 49% after 24 h of exposure to this metal. An exposure of 0.05 M of Cr III reduced HEWL enzymatic activity to 1%. 24 h exposure to 0.01 M of Cd presented a reduction of 37% of HEWL enzymatic activity and 0.05 M of Cd resulted in only 75% of HEWL enzymatic residual activity.Conclusions: Content of heavy metals in hen egg from Tungurahua region was high. Cr, Ni, Cd, B, Hg, and Pb produced a loss of enzymatic activity of HEWL.
THE USE OF CLINOPTILOLITES AS CARRIER OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE STUDY
Authors: Imwa Putra , Igaw Kusumawati
Published: November 2018

Objective: As an antidiabetic drug, metformin hydrochloride (HCl) has been well known to possess low oral bioavailability and short half-life. In this study, we prepared the drug delivery system (DDS) of metformin HCl and clinoptilolite as its carrier. The in vitro drug release profile was further investigated.Methods: DDS was made by encapsulating metformin HCl on clinoptilolite using the wet impregnation method at various pH and initial concentration of metformin HCl. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and N2 Sorption Analyzer were used to characterize the as-synthesized DDS. Drug release study was conducted by stirring the DDS in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid over 12 h.Results: The encapsulation process was achieved optimally at pH 7.0 and initial concentration of metformin HCl of 300 mg/l (CLI2-300 denoted DDS). The results of FTIR and N2 sorption analyzer confirmed the existence of metformin HCl on clinoptilolites. Meanwhile, the XRD result showed that the crystallinity of clinoptilolites remained unchanged after the encapsulation process. The cumulative drug release in the simulated gastric fluid was found to be higher than that in the simulated intestinal fluid, which indicated the potent influence of pH on the release properties of the drugs. The drug release kinetics of metformin HCl from clinoptilolite was best fitted into the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with non-Fickian transport mechanism.Conclusion: We found that clinoptilolite was suitable for DDS application, particularly as a carrier of metformin HCl.
A REVIEW ON IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EXPERIMENTAL MODELS TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF HERBAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Kabir Inayat , Ansari Imtiyaz
Published: November 2018

The article emphasizes the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal extracts on different experimental models that are repeatedly used to test the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of herbal components. Edema, granuloma and arthritis models are used to test the anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts whereas formalin or acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot plate methods are the most repeatedly used to evaluate anti-nociceptive potentials of the herbal extracts. Although adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced arthritis models are also quite efficient, they have been used seldom to evaluate anti-inflammatory tendencies of the herbs. Here, we suggest a double positive reference model using both steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at the same time, instead of using only one of them either.
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: AN INCLUSIVE REVIEW ON CURRENT TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
Authors: S L Jyothi , Gupta N Vishal
Published: November 2018

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication which occurs due to diabetes mellitus leading to loss of vision and hindering the quality of patient life by damaging the layer of retina at the posterior segment of the eye. According to the survey around 285 million peoples are suffering from visual loss out of these 65% of people are more than 50 years old and 82% of blind patients are more than 50 years old. The diseases that occur in the posterior segment of the eye like, cytomegalovirus retinitis, posterior uveitis, age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy needs a novel delivery system that can improve the concentration of drugs that reaches posterior segment of the eye. The development of new drug delivery system gained more importance in the field of research in which nanotechnology is the most considered approach. The nanotechnology-based systems such as nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, niosomes, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions, nanogels, cyclodextrins, dendrimers, and quantum dots are developed as a new formulation for drug delivery. The rationale behind the nanoparticle systems is its ability to formulate a sustained, controlled release dosage form, painless, safe, non-invasive system to overcome the major barriers in the treatment of DR. Based on the nanoparticles, some approaches are exploited for more effective conveyance of drug toward the posterior segment. Thus, these advanced delivery systems progress the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and patient’s obedience and life quality. In this review, the new therapeutic treatments and their managements were discussed and methods of drug delivery to reach the posterior segment of eye.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF KETOPROFEN TRANSDERMAL MATRIX PATCH CONTAINING DIFFERENT POLYMER COMPONENTS
Authors: Silalahi Ali Affan , Ramlan Sinaga Kasmirul , Sumaiyah Sumaiyah
Published: November 2018

Objective: The present study is to formulate and evaluate the ketoprofen transdermal matrix patch which containing different polymer components.Methods: The transdermal matrix patch of ketoprofen was formulated using four formulas using polyethylene glycol 400, polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30, and ethyl cellulose as the polymer. The transdermal matrix patch was evaluated for various physicochemical characteristics and drug contain. The interaction between the polymers and ketoprofen was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared.Results: Surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils used for the nanoemulsion formula are tween 80, ethanol, and isopropyl myristate (IPM). Formulation of ketoconazole nanoemulsion with comparison of tween 80 concentration with ethanol (smix) 4:1 and smix with oil 9:1 was found that the formulae F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, and F7 are unstable and formulae F8, F9, F10, F11, and F12 are stable at the period of manufacture. The best physical stability tests from F8, F9, F10, F11, and F12 are F10.Conclusions: Optimization of ketoconazole nanoemulsion formula was obtained at tween 80 36% concentration, 9% ethanol, and IPM 5%
HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ROOT EXTRACT OF CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Dinesh Shanbhag Mrunal , Radhakrishnan Gowri
Published: November 2018

Objective: In traditional systems of medicine numerous plants have been used for the treatment and control of diabetes. Clerodendrum phlomidis is the accepted botanical source of the ayurvedic drug Agnimantha. The plant is used in the treatment of smallpox, inflammation, coryza, scrotal enlargement, syphilitic, and postnatal complaints. The roots are used to treat measles, gonorrhea, and diabetes. The present study aims at evaluating the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of C. phlomidis roots.Methods: Diabetes was induced by administering 120 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally in albino Wistar rats for a treatment period of 21 days during which body weight changes and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were monitored at weekly intervals. On the 21st-day serum biochemical parameters, liver malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and glycogen levels were estimated.Results: The ethanol extract at 400 mg/kg dose significantly (p<0.001) reduced the elevated FBG and serum biochemical parameter levels.Conclusion: The present study substantiates the traditional use of C. phlomidis in the treatment of diabetes.