bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heritability of NEO PI-R Extraversion Facets and Their Relationship With IQ
Authors: Pincombe Jennifer L. , Luciano Michelle , Martin Nicholas G. , Wright Margaret J.
Published: June 2007

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the relationship between intelligence and personality. Extraversion, in particular, has been suggested to influence intelligence, but the direction of this relationship has been controversial (Wolf & Ackerman, 2005). In a young adult sample, the NEO PI-R was completed by 103 pairs of monozygotic twins, 181 pairs of dizygotic twins and 210 of their nontwin siblings. IQ data (Multidimensional Aptitude Battery) were available for approximately three quarters of this sample, and were collected at 16 years as part of an ongoing study of cognition conducted by the Queensland Institute of Medical Research. All extraversion facets were significantly influenced by genes with both additive and nonadditive genetic effects being important (heritabilities ranged from .25 for activity to .54 for warmth). While a significant correlation between the extraversion domain score and IQ was not found, the extraversion facet of excitement-seeking (E5) was significantly negatively correlated with both verbal (r= −.15) and performance (r= −.11) IQ scores. The facet of gregariousness was significantly correlated with verbal IQ only (r= −.09). The relationship between excitement-seeking and IQ was further shown to be solely due to additive genetic influences. These common genetic effects may stem from a dependence on brain dopamine, a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in both personality and cognition.
Estimation of the Stillbirth Rate in Twin Pairs According to Zygosity
Authors: Fellman Johan , Eriksson Aldur W.
Published: June 2007

It is common opinion that the stillbirth rate is higher among monozygotic (MZ) than among dizygotic (DZ) twins. This is supported by the fact that stillbirth rates are higher among same-sexed than among opposite-sexed twins, and the relatively high stillbirth rates among twins of young mothers. In this study we present a method to estimate the stillbirth rates for MZ and DZ twins and identify the difference. We performed analyses based on the assumptions of (a) Weinberg's differential rule, including the assumption that the secondary sex ratio is 100, (b) the stillbirth rates among opposite-sexed twins hold for all DZ twins, and (c) the stillbirth rates estimated for MZ and DZ male and female twins yield for both sexes the observed total number of stillborn twins. Our methods are applied to data from Sweden, 1869–1967, the Åland Islands, 1750–1949, Saxony, 1881–1900, and England and Wales, 1996–2003. We observed that the ratio between the estimated stillbirth rates among MZ and DZ twins were on average 1.75, and the ratio among same-sexed and DZ (opposite-sexed) twins were on average 1.31. For Sweden and Saxony similar values were obtained, but for England and Wales the values were higher and for Åland lower. With exception of Åland, the estimated stillbirth rates were in all populations the lowest for DZ, medium for same-sexed and highest for MZ twins.
The Effect of Plurality and Gestation on the Prevention or Postponement of Infant Mortality: 1989–1991 Versus 1999–2001
Authors: Luke Barbara , Brown Morton B.
Published: June 2007

Advances in perinatal technology that improved survival may have also resulted in prolonged death from the neonatal to the postneonatal period for some infants. The objectives of this study were to determine if the medical advances that occurred in the 1990s benefited infants of multiple births more than their singleton counterparts, and if these changes prevented or postponed mortality for the smallest and most immature infants. The study population included live births of 22 to 43 weeks' gestation from the 1989–1991 and 1999–2001 US Birth Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Sets. Odds ratios were calculated to evaluate the change in risk by plurality, gestation, and to compare the change to that for singletons. Neonatal and infant mortality rates declined for all pluralities; postneonatal mortality increased for births at less than 26 weeks, but declined at later gestations. In general, the risk of death for twins and triplets compared to singletons decreased, and the improvement in survival was greater for multiples during the early neonatal period and overall. Infant mortality rates improved by 28% for singletons, 32% for twins and triplets during the 1990s, although for the most premature infants, some deaths were postponed from the early to the late neonatal period.
Neonatal Outcome of Second Twins Depending on Presentation and Mode of Delivery
Authors: Bjelic-Radisic Vesna , Pristauz Gunda , Haas Josef , Giuliani Albrecht , Tamussino Karl , Bader Arnim , Lang Uwe , Schlembach Dietmar
Published: June 2007

Our objective was to examine the neonatal outcome of second twins depending on presentation and mode of delivery. Using a database we analyzed the short-term neonatal outcome in twin pregnancies offered a trial of labor with special emphasis on the second twin depending on presentation and mode of delivery. Neonatal outcome was evaluated by Apgar scores, umbilical cord blood pH values, and perinatal or neonatal morbidity and mortality. Overall, in 219 (78%) of 281 pregnancies successful vaginal birth (VB) of both twins (VB–VB) was possible, 48 (17%) women had to be delivered by cesarean section (CS) of both twins (CS–CS), and in 14 (5%) women the second twin had to be delivered by CS after VB of the first twin (VB–CS). Successful VB was most common for vertex-vertex (V/V; n = 171, 82%) and vertex-nonvertex (n = 48, 75%) presentation (V/NV). Twins delivered by VB–CS had the lowest values for pHart (p = .006) and pHven (p = .010). pHart less than or equal to 7.00 values occurred only in second twins delivered VB–VB or VB–CS. Lower Apgar scores of the second twin occurred more frequently in the VB–CS and in the VB–VB than in the CS–CS groups (ps < .05). Lower levels of pHart (p = .002) and frequency of pHart less than or equal to 7.00 occurred more often in nonvertex second twins than in vertex second twins (p < .022). The high CS rate in V/NV presentation and the significantly worse perinatal short-term outcome of NV second twins after VB of the first twin underline that randomized studies are necessary to evaluate the best delivery mode for V/NV twins.
Sports Pairs: Insights on Athletic Talent; Research Reviews: Twins with Leukemia; Parents and Twins
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: June 2007

Twin research exploring genetic and environmental influences on athletic interests and talents is reviewed. Illustrative examples of twin athletes representing a variety of sports activities are presented. This is followed by an overview of twin studies offering critical insights into the onset and progress of leukemia. In the last section, timely events involving twins and parents of twins will be described — each case provides a new look at an old question.
Defining and Measuring Service Awareness Among Elders and Caregivers of Mexican Descent
Authors: Crist Janice D. , Michaels Cathleen , Gelfand Donald E. , Phillips Linda R.
Published: June 2007

Mexican American elders’ and their caregivers’ awareness of available home care services is one of nine factors hypothesized to be associated with underuse of home care services. Previous instruments did not fully measure service awareness. The objective of this study was to explore the conceptual foundation of service awareness, generate items, and establish language equivalence in Spanish and English for the Service Awareness Scale. A hybrid use of the literature and fieldwork were used to develop the concept and generate items. The team used back-translation and community collaboration to test for language equivalence. Concept development and language equivalence were achieved for the Service Awareness Scale. Teaching/learning theories contributed to the definition and inductive validity of service awareness and item generation and can shape future interventions. Bicultural/bilingual community and research team partners refined its measure. The scale will be usable in research and practice designed to promote equity in health care use.
Inspiratory Muscle Training: Integrative Review of Use in Conditions Other Than COPD
Authors: Padula Cynthia A. , Yeaw Evelyn
Published: June 2007

Inspiratory muscle training (IM training) is a technique that is designed to improve the performance of the respiratory muscles (RMs) that may be impaired in a variety of conditions. Interest in IM training has expanded over the past two decades, and IM training has been used in an increasingly wide range of clinical conditions. However, the benefits of IM training continue to be debated, primarily because of methodological limitations of studies conducted to date. The focus of this article is to provide a critical review of IM training research in conditions other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for which it has been used, including asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pre- and postsurgery, ventilator weaning, neuromuscular diseases, and chronic heart failure. Emphasis is placed on what has been learned, remaining questions, future applications, and significance to practice.
Why Do Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents Participate in Focus Groups?
Authors: Carroll Aaron E. , Marrero David G. , Swenson Melinda M.
Published: June 2007

Almost all patient-centered research is dependent on voluntary participation by participants. Many forces, however, act to either encourage or inhibit people from deciding to participate. This study explored adolescents’ with Type 1 diabetes and their parents’ reasons for participating in a research study. We recruited adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their parents to participate in a focus group study. Qualitative analysis of the focus group data followed a set procedure: (a) audio review, (b) reading through transcriptions, (c) discussions among investigators regarding key elements of participants’ perceptions, (d) determination of conceptual themes, and (e) assignment of relevant responses to appropriate thematic constructs. The 10 focus groups involved 59 participants. The three major themes that developed were giving and receiving, desire for peer socialization, and need for validation. Themes captured the reasons adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents decided to participate in this research. A better understanding of why people participate in research may help us to meet their needs and desires more completely. Designing research to meet these reasons will have the dual affect of increasing participation while also better serving those who choose to be studied.
Factorial Categorization of Depression-Related Constructs in Early Adolescents
Authors: Adams Philippe , Abela John R. Z. , Hankin Benjamin L.
Published: June 2007

The current study examined the factorial categorization of 12 depression-related constructs in a sample of seventh graders. For this purpose, different vulnerability factors, as well as depressive symptoms, were assessed, including depressogenic inferential styles about the self, consequences, and causes; dependency; self-criticism; distraction; problem solving; rumination; self-esteem; and social support. Separate exploratory factor analyses by sex revealed that symptoms of depression consistently loaded onto a separate factor from vulnerability constructs. Generally, girls and boys displayed similar factor structures, as indicated by separable factors tapping coping, self-view, and pessimism. Additionally, there were noteworthy sex differences. Girls, but not boys, displayed a pattern suggesting the development of a coping style encompassing social support.
Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Body Dissatisfaction and Self-Esteem
Authors: Benas Jessica S. , Gibb Brandon E.
Published: June 2007

Research has suggested that different forms of negative cognitions contribute risk to the development of depressive symptoms. What remains unclear is whether there is specificity regarding the relation between childhood experiences and young adults’ current cognitions and whether these cognitions each contribute unique risk to depressive symptoms or whether they interact to predict increased depression risk. The primary goal of the current study was to examine the relation between depressive symptoms and young adults’ histories of negative childhood events (e.g., weight-related teasing) and whether certain types of negative cognitions (e.g., body dissatisfaction) mediate this relation. Supporting our specificity hypothesis, low self-esteem mediated the link between general peer verbal victimization during childhood and current depressive symptoms, and body dissatisfaction mediated the link between weight-related teasing during childhood and current depressive symptoms. In addition, supporting the interactive nature of forms of cognitive vulnerability, low levels of self-esteem, combined with high levels of body dissatisfaction, were associated with the highest levels of depressive symptoms.
Metacognition in Body Dysmorphic Disorder—A Preliminary Exploration
Authors: Cooper Myra , Osman Selen
Published: June 2007

A preliminary exploration of metacognition in Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) was undertaken. The study investigated how 18 patients with BDD controlled, corrected, regulated, and appraised their thinking, in relation to a mental image of their concerns with appearance. Verbal thoughts related to these concerns were also investigated. A semistructured interview was administered. Patients reported attempts to distract themselves from their (invariably distressing) images, which had few advantages and many disadvantages. Images increased self-consciousness and decreased self-confidence. Some patients sought to counter their distress by recalling past positive memories. All patients made negative self-judgments as a result of having these images. They thought that they were unattractive, ugly, inferior, and worthless. Looking in the mirror was a common source of evidence for these judgments, together with reactions from others. Examination of the verbal thoughts produced similar findings. Some tentative implications are discussed.
Assessing the Development of Competence During Postgraduate Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Training
Authors: Barnfield Tracey V. , Mathieson Fiona M. , Beaumont Graeme R.
Published: June 2007

This article investigates the development of competency in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) as a result of a postgraduate training course in CBT in Wellington, New Zealand. Thirteen experienced mental health professionals attended the half-time 30-week-long course. Preliminary data are presented on the development of knowledge as assessed at the beginning and end of the course by a modified version of the Behaviour Therapy Scale (Freiheit & Overholser, 1997), other-rated competence as measured by the Cognitive Therapy Scale—Revised (Blackburn, Milne, & James, 1997), and supervisor and student evaluations of competence in particular skill areas. All students improved in specific CBT skills as a result of training. The extent that students improved and variations around the other outcome measures, together with the limitations of this pilot study and suggestions for improvements for future investigations, are discussed.
Measuring the Condom Use Self-Efficacy of Deployed, Enlisted Male U.S. Naval Personnel
Authors: Norris Anne E. , Phillips Raymond E. , Grady Kelly
Published: June 2007

This article summarizes the development and psychometric analysis of a condom use self-efficacy measure for deployed, enlisted male U.S. Naval personnel. Sample ethnic subgroups included European American, Latino/Hispanic, African American, Asian American, Native American, Pacific Islander, and Biracial/Multiracial. Excellent reliability statistics were obtained for the full sample (alpha = .93, N = 2,722) and various ethnic subgroups (alpha = .93 to .95, n = 44 to 1,383). Correlations between self-efficacy scores and measures of condom use were similar in magnitude to effect sizes reported in research involving civilian populations (r = .18 to .34). Significant differences in self-efficacy scores for groups of condom users (e.g., consistent and nonconsistent users) for the full sample of men and ethnic subgroups provided further support for construct validity (p < .05). Study findings support the reliability and validity of the condom self-efficacy measure in this population and indicate its usefulness and the need for investigating its psychometric properties in other populations.
Development of an Unlicensed Assistive Personnel Job Screening Test
Authors: Newhouse Robin P. , Steinhauser Michele , Berk Ron
Published: June 2007

Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) competency is essential to the quality and safety of patient care. The purpose of this study was to construct a test with acceptable estimates of reliability and validity to identify UAPs who could successfully perform their job in four essential knowledge-based domains (math, patient data collection, medical terminology, and reporting abnormal data). An investigator-developed test was constructed. Psychometric testing was completed by administering the test to 145 UAPs. A cut score of 17/23 resulted in 79.7% sensitivity and 70.4% specificity. There were significant differences in mean scores between masters and nonmasters (t = −13.70, df = 79, p <.00). Master status was significantly related to the ability to take a patient’s blood pressure (Phi = .503, p <.00). A score of 17 or greater indicates that the applicant demonstrates competency of basic knowledge required for the position. The test can be used as a screening tool for UAPs in nurse recruitment before candidates advance to the unit for an interview.
Psychometric Properties of the Herth Hope Index in Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer
Authors: Phillips-Salimi Celeste R. , Haase Joan E. , Kintner Eileen Kae , Monahan Patrick O. , Azzouz Faouzi
Published: June 2007

The Herth Hope Index (HHIndex), originally developed for adults, was examined for appropriateness in two studies of adolescents and young adults with cancer—those at various stages of treatment (N = 127) and those newly diagnosed (N = 74). The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) of the index was .84 and .78, respectively, in the two samples. Construct validity was supported by discriminant correlations in the moderate to low range between the HHIndex and measures of uncertainty in illness and symptom distress, and by moderate convergent correlations with measures of resilience (self-esteem, self-confidence, and self-transcendence) and quality of life (index of well-being). A four-step factor analysis procedure was done, and confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a one-factor solution best fit the data in this population. Findings indicate that the HHIndex is a reliable measure of hope in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Evidence of discriminant and convergent validity in measuring hope in adolescents and young adults with cancer was also generated. Further exploration of the HHIndex factor structure in adolescents and young adults is needed.
Ansätze moderner politischer Steuerung in der Schweizer Waldpolitik | Changing governance approaches in Swiss forest policy (reviewed paper)
Authors: Zingerli Claudia , Zimmermann Willi
Published: June 2007

Since 1992, many countries have been experimenting with new governance approaches in environmental policy. The article focuses on governance changes in international and national forest policies and analyses the characteristics of political steering in the Swiss National Forest Programme process between 2002 and 2004.
Facteurs socio-économiques influençant la biodiversité ligneuse des parcs agroforestiers de deux villages du plateau central du Burkina Faso | Influence of socioeconomic factors on the biodiversity of woody species in agroforestry parkland systems: A case study in two villages in the central plateau of Burkina Faso
Authors: Abegg Christoph , Bayala Jules , Belem Mamounata , Kalinganire Antoine
Published: June 2007

Agroforestry parklands face strong pressure from the increasing population of the region. The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF Sahel) started a biodiversity project with the objective of developing methods to conserve biodiversity and to improve the situation of the poor rural population. In this context the present study examined the influence of land use unit and the prosperity classes of farmers on the biodiversity of woody species. A wealth ranking classification was carried out and applied to the households of two villages in the central plateau of Burkina Faso using the "Participatory Analysis of Poverty and Livelihood Dynamics" (PAPoLD) method. Thirty farmers of different prosperity classes were chosen and inventories carried out on their different land use units. Statistical analyses show an increase in biodiversity from the village housings. However, no significant influence on biodiversity was observed in connection with a farmer's prosperity class.
Diversité floristique spontanée des plantations de café et de cacao dans la forêt classée de Monogaga, Côte d'Ivoire | Spontaneous floristic diversity of cocoa and coffee plantations in the classified forest of Monogaga, Côte d'Ivoire (reviewed paper)
Authors: Yao Constant Yves Adou , N'Guessan Edouard Kouakou
Published: June 2007

The inventory and the analysis of the woody species preserved in the different categories of cocoa and coffee plantations showed that they are relatively diversified (presence of endemic, rare and threatened species). They also preserved high tree density and high basal areas. The young plantations are especially diversified. Their number of species,density and basal areas and diversity index are similar to those of the neighbouring old growth and secondary forests. Older plantations display a sharp decline of diversity over time. Agricultural practices in the region represent a threat in the medium term to the preservation of biodiversity.
Gewichtung der Ansprüche der Gesellschaft an den Wald | Prioritization of societal needs for forest products and services (reviewed paper)
Authors: Köchli Daniel Arthur
Published: June 2007

Societal needs for forest products and services are plentiful. In this article, I present six different ap proaches to prioritize those needs. If societal welfare is to be optimized,forest planning has to account for those needs. A typical region of the Swiss plateau was chosen as case study area:the region around Greifensee, close to Zurich. Most prioritization approaches show, that today, the most important needs in this region are recreation and ecological aspects. Timber production is secondary.
Entre acteurs et experts, la place de l'aménagiste forestier aujourd'hui | Between actors and experts: the position of a modern forest manager
Authors: Croisel Jean
Published: June 2007

How to make forest planning more sustainable? Some theories of sustainable management (which ultimately strive for arranging things so that our successors will approve of us in the future) propose relying on two pillars: a good knowledge of ecosystems and an increased participation of citizens. What room is left for forest planners in this new framework? The essay tries to show that office holders should fulfil a double role of «activators» with various groups of citizens (which we call «actors») and «mediators» with various specialists of ecosystems(which we call «experts»). We propose some thoughts and discuss some experiences pointing in this direction.
Market potential and resource management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the northern uplands of Vietnam | Nichtholzprodukte im nördlichen Berggebiet von Vietnam: Marktpotenzial und Ressourcenmanagement
Authors: Hilfiker Karin , Zingerli Claudia , Sorg Jean-Pierre , Lüthi Ruedi
Published: June 2007

Fairly all selected NTFPs of the upland commune Ngo Luong in northwest Vietnam reveal a high market potential including opportunities for sustainable resource management. In order to achieve win-win situations at the research site, management of specific NTFPs through intensification or diversification applied by single households or interest groups is discussed. Apart from better management practices the NTFP producers' position within the market chain should be strengthened by calling for extension trainings on marketing relevant features. These findings base on investigations of household income, NTFP extraction and market chains of economically valuable NTFPs.
Tree stems and tides – A new approach and elements of reflexion (reviewed paper)
Authors: Holzknecht Kurt , Zürcher Ernst
Published: June 2007

In the context of chronobiological research on trees, a high-sensitivity device was developed to measure low-potential electric currents along the bole of two trees growing under open conditions. Rhythmic variations of the(bio-)electric potentials are found, linked on the one hand to daily photoperiods and on the other to lunar periodicities,depending on the physiological phase of the trees.
Saproxylische Arten in der Schweiz: ökologisches Potenzial und Hotspots | Saproxylic species in Switzerland: Ecological potential and hotspots
Authors: Bütler Rita , Lachat Thibault , Schlaepfer Rodolphe
Published: June 2007

The conservation of species diversity has become one of the priorities of Swiss forest policy. Conservation also includes a strategy of promoting saproxylic species. The occurrence of old and dead wood in Switzerland is mostly confined to the alpine regions, and – but only in insufficient quantities – in some areas of the Plateau. A modelling and accumulation of the habitat maps of 55 saproxylic species of various taxonomic groups(birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, molluscs, fungi and lichens)show that the greatest potential for promotion for such species exists above all in the Jura and on the Swiss Plateau. Regions where many of the so-called saproxylic hotspots occur and where simultaneous ecological deficits of old and dead wood exist should be the first places where measures are taken to promote old and dead wood dependant species.
Förderung von saproxylischen Arten: Massnahmen, Zielkonflikte und offene Fragen | Promoting saproxylic species: measures, conflicting aims and open questions
Authors: Bütler Rita , Lachat Thibault , Schlaepfer Rodolphe
Published: June 2007

One of the main aims of Swiss forestry policy is the conservation of species diversity. In some regions many saproxylic species are nevertheless endangered owing to a dearth of sufficient old and dead wood structures. Consequently, special measures are called for to promote such species. The paper describes various direct measures, for example, the creation of old-growth islands, preservation of habitat trees and the passive accumulation of dead wood, but also lists measures to improve framework conditions such as embedding the themes of old and dead wood and biodiversity in foundation and further training courses for foresters or improving information aimed at the population as a whole. In the second part we present some conflicts concerning the aims together with possible solution approaches. The paper concludes with a series of open questions surrounding the theme of old and dead wood.
Neuchâtel – un pays forestier | Neuchâtel: a forest landscape
Authors: Farron Léonard
Published: June 2007

Canton Neuchâtel comprises 29 000 ha of forests from which 170 000 m3 of wood are harvested each year. Forest vegetation forms a particularly varied mosaic with a predominance of beech cum fir forests. The origins of forest legislation in this canton lie in Prince Berthier's decree of 1807. Silvicultural practice is based above all on the positive experience accumulated by the employment of a selection system. In addition to the three functions of the forest stipulated in federal law, the judicial system in Canton Neuchâtel has a fourth: that of maintaining biodiversity. Foresters share with the population and the authorities an awareness and appreciation of the forest that is encapsulated in the slogan: «Neuchâtel's forests: cultural heritage, prime resource, emotions».
Le canton de Neuchâtel et le jardinage moderne | Canton Neuchâtel and modern selection system
Authors: Schütz Jean-Philippe
Published: June 2007

Canton Neuchâtel has close links with the emergence of modern plenter forest management, an integrated and a very real system in a sylvicultural sense and not to be confused with earlier plenter forestry, a disunited and uncontrollable method of management that was widespread before the introduction of modern forestry methods. We must attribute this development to the remarkable personality of Henry Biolley; it was in Gurnaud's control method that he discovered an almost experimental instrument with which to measure progress in management methods. The article traces the historic context of this emergence and the reasons why this choice is seen as a success today.
Bois de l'Hôpital, une réserve forestière à interventions particulières | «Le Bois de l'Hôpital»: a forest reserve for special intervention
Authors: Jeanrichard Stéphane
Published: June 2007

Within the framework of its sustainable development policy(Agenda 21), the city of Neuchâtel has created a number of forest reserves among others «le Bois de l'Hôpital», which covers an area of roughly 100 ha and is destined for special intervention. The perimeters of the woods consist of a rich mosaic of rare plant societies including very special forest stands (oak groves, various deciduous species and European black pine resulting from earlier afforestation). The absence of exploitation has led to a strong densification of certain massifs and the disappearance of a dry lawn in the «garides». First tending measures and the opening of clearings between 2002 and 2005 have been very beneficial to the diversity of flora and fauna,especially the insects.
Recherche sur le développement des peuplements forestiers: les placettes d'essai du WSL en terre neuchâteloise | Research on forest development: WSL trial areas in the Canton Neuchâtel
Authors: Zingg Andreas
Published: June 2007

Studies on the production and yield of forests in Switzerland depend entirely on collaboration between owners and forestry services. Not a single square meter of trial area on which to conduct experiments or studies actually belongs to the research institute. The trial areas are spread across the country and their location owes nothing to chance; there are relatively few such areas in Canton Neuchâtel. The present article traces the history and the current situation regarding yield studies in this canton and presents some conclusions. Populations of spruce and beech served only to produce yield tables for FLURY (1907). Plenter forest areas still exist that serve to illustrate long term growth development, the balance of the situation and total growth performance. The oak stands at Boudry are representative of older oak populations.
La systémique: son apport à la sylviculture et son rapport au marché | Systemics: its contribution to silviculture and its connection to the market
Authors: Bernasconi Guido
Published: June 2007

The silvicultural principles of a forest management plan for Canton Neuchâtel reveals itself as steeped in a systemic approach that allows us to consider the forest as a truly living system. In this context, it seems judicious to the author to conceive of the body forest personnel as a group of responsible people who share certain common ethics and who, in their work, promote the emergence of collective services recognised as beneficial to the state and which would be supported by public funding for the good of the entire community.
La diversité de la propriété forestière privée dans le canton de Neuchâtel | The diversity of privately owned forests in Canton Neuchâtel
Authors: Boni Jan
Published: June 2007

The Canton of Neuchâtel has more than 12 000 ha privately owned forests. Some of the private owners are at the head of patrimonial forests. The diminution of revenues from the sale of wood combined with an intensification and diversification of increasing demand for the non-material aspects of the forest encourage certain owners to throw themselves into forest management with a particular aim. Some owners have a questing soul, experimenting and studying their forests. Faced with the choice of ways to realise these goals, the most suitable and most widely spread is a multifunctional management by the means of near-to-nature silviculture. It is by mastering these principles that the forest professional is and will continue to be an acknowledged and estimated forest expert.
Zur Entwicklung des Forschungsgebietes Wald- und Forstgeschichte in Europa – Rückblick und Ausblick | The development of forest and forest history research in Europe: a retrospective and future prospects
Authors: Johann Elisabeth
Published: June 2007

Up until the 1970s «Classical Forest History» was regarded, above all in central European countries, predominantly as an empirical science. The discipline was seen as a contribution to a better understanding of the actual situation of a certain forest stand or area and thereby as a support to forest planning. As a logical consequence forest history was very closely joined to forest policy. Although at the time research also included human activities outside the forest, priorities lay with wood production,forest utilization, forest policy, management and planning. Methods and topics changed only gradually. However, while priority was given to matters of sustainable development forest historians also began to focus their scientific research on problems confronting the global woodland. The finding that forests represent the central resource of society showed the way to the implementation of new methods in research and teaching. These methods originated in Zurich but also came to influence research activities in the neighbouring countries. This development consequently resulted in a move towards environmental history. Today research in the field of forest history focuses on the interrelationship between man and forest in a wider context. International and interdisciplinary cooperation and networking thus continue to be of great importance.
Holznöte im 18. Jahrhundert? – Ein Forschungsbericht zur «Holznotdebatte» der 1990er Jahre | Wood shortage in the 18th century? A report on the wood shortage debate of the 1990s
Authors: Schenk Winfried
Published: June 2007

At the beginning of the 1990s forest historians turned against the economic historian Joachim Radkau, who argued that lamentations in forest instructions around 1800 regarding wood shortage (scarcity) should rather be interpreted as an instrument of feudal authorities to regulate and constrain usage as well as a means to subjugate and discipline their subjects. By contrast, forest historians judged these lamentations to be an indication of actual shortcomings that existed before the advent of governmental forest management. As a result, many studies were undertaken that dealt with the social relevance of woods and forests in pre-industrial times. The present article starts with the status quo and traces back the complexity of the so-called wood emergency debate by taking a closer look at these early studies. It demonstrates how regional studies that were based on a wide range of sources contributed to the understanding of pre-industrial wood shortage events as complex phenomena related to distinct forest conditions and energy shortage discussions.
Abschied von der «Forstschule» im Bild | A farewell to the «Forestry School» in pictures
Authors: Kempf Alois
Published: June 2007

Four illustrations from the collection of Prof. Hermann Knuchel,who held the Chair of forest sciences at ETH Zurich from 1922 – 1952, document different aspects of forestry education in traditional Swiss academic institutions since its beginning in the 19th century.
Agrarische Waldnutzungen im Walliser Föhrenwald – die letzten 150 Jahre | Agricultural use of pine forests in Canton Valais over the past 150 years
Authors: Gimmi Urs , Bürgi Matthias
Published: June 2007

In recent years, pine forests in the Canton of Valais (Switzerland)have shown an increase in mortality, which raises the question of whether changes in forest use have had an impact on this phenomenon. Using oral history interviews and various sources from the forest administration (e. g., management plans), forest use in these pine forests has been reconstructed. Special weight was accorded to agricultural uses. In-depth analyses were carried out in two case study regions, i. e., the municipality of Salgesch, Visp and Eyholz. The results show that many of these forest stands have been used intensively for wood-pasture and litter collecting. The article discusses the rationales behind these uses of the forest, as well as the reasons for the abandonment of the same in the second half of the 20th century.
Agrargeografische und -soziale Beobachtungen des 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel von Kleinandelfingen, auch in Beitrag zur Feld-Wald-Wechselwirtschaft | Agrarian-geographic and social observations of the 15th to 17th centuries from Kleinandelfingen, with additional reference to shifting cultivation
Authors: Sigg Otto
Published: June 2007

Systems of land use during the Middle Ages and early modern times are poorly documented in written sources. A plan of communal fields and its attendant manorial register from Kleinandelfingen, dating from the 17th century mark an exception permitting us to reconstruct the local land use system since the 15th century. From this reconstruction it becomes evident that the size of the communal fields were variable as opposed to the usual model of three-field system of crop rotation. The 1661 plan of communal fields merely registered the actual state at that time. In Kleinandelfingen the third communal field, probably arisen later, was larger than the first and the second one. Certain areas of this third communal field were used in shifting cultivation, i.e. this areas were only temporarily used as arable land, grain cultivation and arable crops,after which they were left fallow for many years and used for pasture land.
Erhaltung der Kastanienkultur in der Schweiz – Erfahrungen aus 46 Selvenrestaurationsprojekten | Preserving the sweet chestnut culture in Switzerland – experiences gained from 46 selva restoration projects
Authors: Rudow Andreas , Borter Patricio
Published: June 2007

In the past, sweet chestnut groves, otherwise known as selva,were extremely widespread in Switzerland, and sweet chestnuts constituted a basic food source, conditioning both the life and landscape of the era. Changes to the fabric of life and society during the 19th and 20th centuries saw the «sweet chestnut culture» almost disappear into obscurity. Today, however, this precious cultural facet has been rediscovered and supported. Not only is it essential to maintain the rich variety of chestnuts,it is equally important to embark upon selva restoration. Through the use of written questionnaires, vital information concerning organisation, scope, costs, financing and individual selva restoration methods has been extracted from the majority of the 46 selva restoration projects already undertaken in Switzerland. In this way, the experiences and reference values gained from these projects can be utilised to the benefit of future selva restoration projects.
Participation as social inquiry and social learning (reviewed paper)
Authors: Shannon Margaret A.
Published: June 2007

The extent to which participatory processes are deliberative social inquiry by animated citizens organized in communities of inquiry and engaged in civic science is a measure of the degree to which social institutions reveal a public philosophy of democracy. This paper examines the argument that public participation creates the conditions for social inquiry when a polity defines itself, organizes itself,creates the necessary information for social choices, and exercises its responsibility to make public judgments and exercise public accountability.
Monitoring and evaluating participation in national forest programmes. The Catalan case
Authors: Domínguez Glòria , Tena Jordi
Published: June 2007

In recent years, sustainable forest management has become the paradigm for forest policy. In this context, national forest programmes (NFP) are defined, in the broad sense, as planning instruments to achieve sustainable forest management at both national and subnational levels. The challenges for forest policy is to increase the number of agreed strategies and improve communication relations with the wide range of stakeholders involved, as well as those posed by the multiple use of forests, which are perceived not only as a source of raw material but also of goods and services for society in general. Although the definition and the contents of NFPs in Europe is in a permanent process of improvement, redefinition and discussion, it seems clear (since it appears implicit in several of their principles) that their formulation and implementation must entail a greater involvement of society in the decision making process, and more emphasis will have to be placed on the aspects of participation. The umbrella of participation covers a wide range of different processes and in this context the need emerges to monitor and evaluate this participation. This paper describes the monitoring and evaluation and shows the main results of the participation conducted in the framework on the national forest programme of Catalonia during the years 2003 – 2005.
Participatory processes in forest management: The Italian experience in defining and implementing forest certification schemes
Authors: Secco Laura , Pettenella Davide
Published: June 2007

In member states of the European Union, and in accordance with directives issued by the EU, participatory approaches are increasingly being implemented in activities related to urban planning and environmental resources management, including those in the forestry sector. Here, the adoption of participatory approaches is often related to forest certification. This is also the case in Italy, where the most advanced and structured experiences of public participation are strictly linked to the development and implementation of forest certification schemes,even if this is limited to the aspect of stakeholder consultation. With an empirical analysis of some case studies the paper identifies possible links between forest certification processes and different levels of public participation and is divided into four main parts. The first presents the theoretical background, the most relevant issues and the methodologies. The second and third parts describe the driving forces of and the main connections between participation and forest certification, respectively. The fourth part presents some final comments and conclusions that aim at enhancing public participation in forest certification processes.
Participation: how to minimize risks and limitations?
Authors: Samyn Jean-Marie
Published: June 2007

Participation approaches are more and more used in project implementation, policy dialogue and governance in developing and developed countries alike. In recent years, however,these approaches have come in for sharp criticism, which dismisses participation as subject to manipulation by some agencies or people pursuing their own agendas, and decries participation as a bundle of tools, techniques and procedures with more rhetoric than content. This paper tries to show how, despite some limitations to participatory approaches, developers and agencies can overcome obstacles and use it for transformative processes and outcomes to the benefit of marginalized people and communities.
Successful treatment of pure red cell aplasia with autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Park Jae H. , Spitzer Thomas , Kuter David J.
Published: June 2007

We report a case of 64‐year‐old patient with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) who was intolerant of conventional immunosuppressive therapies but achieved a complete long‐term remission following autologous hematologic stem cell transplant (HSCT). The patient was initially treated with high‐dose prednisone, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, antithymocyte globulin, and then rituximab. With the exception of rituximab, all of the above regimens achieved a transient response. However, because of the persistent requirement for red blood cell transfusions and intolerance to the multiple immunosuppressive therapies, autologous HSCT was eventually performed. The patient remains in complete remission and on no other therapy for 36 months following the autologous HSCT. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic plasticity and functional asymmetry in response to grip forces exerted by intercollegiate tennis players
Authors: Lucki Natasha C. , Nicolay Christopher W.
Published: June 2007

This study examined phenotypic and functional responses to extreme asymmetry in hand use, and recorded the grip forces that occur during the tennis serve to assess the forces that contribute to asymmetry. Compressive grip performance was measured for Division I collegiate tennis players (24 female, 24 male) and nonathlete college students (18 females, 17 males) during three experiments: single‐repetition maximum voluntary contraction, 30 consecutive repetitions, and a 30‐s static hold. Tennis players had significant asymmetry in both forearm circumference and grip strength. The dominant hand of female tennis players produced 25% more force than the opposite hand, while the difference between hands of male tennis players was 18%. However, endurance over 30‐repetitions and during the 30‐s hold did not significantly differ between the limbs of tennis players. No significant asymmetry in forearm measurements, grip strength, or endurance was detected between the limbs of nonathletes. Grip forces generated during the tennis serve were recorded for 4 male tennis players, using a racket with a dynamometer incorporated into the handle. Peak handgrip forces generated during the serve (150–250 N) averaged 31–44% of the maximum grip force of the participant. Tennis players have increased muscle mass and strength of the dominant limb. Moderate forces, occurring hundreds of times each match and practice, are likely the primary forces contributing to this morphological and functional asymmetry. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:566–577, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis and dietary contingency: Encephalization without aquatic constraint
Authors: Carlson Bryce A. , Kingston John D.
Published: June 2007

Reconstructing evolutionary processes in the distant past is necessarily an inductive endeavor, typically appealing to numerous considerations thought to be relevant to the veracity of a particular conclusion. In this respect, it is essential that the considerations invoked to support hypotheses are in turn well‐established truths. It is with these concerns that we sought to examine the nutritional, physiological, and archeological premises underlying the perspective that access to an aquatic diet rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) was critical to human brain evolution (Carlson and Kingston [2007]: Am J Hum Biol 19:132–141). In our report investigating links between omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids and hominin encephalization, we concluded that the regular consumption of aquatic resources rich in preformed DHA may not have been essential given a varied diet of wild terrestrial foods (Carlson and Kingston [2007]). This assessment was based primarily on evidence of potential physiological adaptations in modern humans to ensure sufficient availability of DHA during critical periods of brain growth. While modern human physiology provides critical information regarding DHA as a constraint in evolving a large brain, it is also important to consistently contextualize interpretations within a framework of eclectic foraging diets rather than nutritionally limited modern agricultural populations or even modern foragers. We contend that current interpretations of Pleistocene hominin nutritional ecology do not uniquely support a shore‐based foraging niche as claimed by Cunnane et al. ([2007]: Am J Hum Biol, 19:578–581). Specific issues raised in response to our article by Cunnane et al. and Joordens et al. ([2007]: Am J Hum Biol, 19:582–584) are addressed here. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:585–588, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.