bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upaya Hukum Bagi Pemegang Saham Dalam Penuntutan Dividen Terutang Dari Perusahaan Terbatas
Authors: Kartikasari Mada Devi
Published: February 2021

Pemegang saham memiliki peran penting dalam sebuah Perseroan Terbatas (PT). Sulit bagi sebuah PT untuk menjalankan roda bisnis tanpa penyertaan modal dari pemegang saham. Dengan menjadi pemegang saham terdapat peluang untuk mendapat 2 (dua) keuntungan yaitu dividen dan capital gain. Dividen merupakan keuntungan yang paling utama bagi pemegang saham, sedangkan capital gain hanya didapatkan jika pemegang saham menjual sahamnya kepada orang lain. Namun saat ini masih terdapat kesalahpahaman masyarakat bahwa dividen adalah keuntungan yang pasti didapatkan pemegang saham. Padahal RUPS dapat memutus dividen untuk dibagi atau tidak dibagi. Dividen yang diputus untuk dibagi menimbulkan hak bagi pemegang saham untuk menerima pembayarannya dan kewajiban bagi PT untuk membayar. Dalam hal PT tidak melakukan pembayaran dividen tersebut menjadi utang dan pemegang saham dapat menuntut pembayaran kepada PT. Hal-hal yang dapat dilakukan pemegang saham terdiri dari langkah-langkah di luar pengadilan yakni meminta penyelenggaraan RUPS, melakukan penagihan secara sukarela dan langsung, melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap PT, maupun dengan upaya hukum melalui pengadilan yaitu mengajukan gugatan perdata serta permohonan pailit.
German Policy towards EU Enlargement
Authors: Basov F.
Published: February 2021

This article is dedicated to the German policy towards the EU enlargement. Its history as well as the current German policy towards prospective enlargements are analyzed in this paper. The article offers party-political and sociological analysis of Germany`s attitude towards the EU enlargement, also the reasons for it are determined. FRG supported all of the European Community and European Union enlargements. This line is being continued, but nowadays only step to step approach is being supported. Germany‘s motives to the EU enlargement are based on the liberal concept of the common security. The main goals of this policy are the including of European countries into the Western community of developed countries (the EU), the extension of the stability and security area. The economic integration is also very important for Germany. The key priority of the EU enlargement is the Western Balkan region (the so called “Europeanisation” of Western Balkans). This process is being supported by political elites of the region and by the European Union itself. It is recognized, that the Europeanisation of Western Balkans was used as a sample for the Eastern Partnership Program. Without consideration of the Russian factor, though, this strategy towards the post-Soviet countries has many weaknesses. But the EU-membership for the Eastern Partnership members is not excluded.
Subjective Well-Being and Immigration
Authors: Tsapenko I.
Published: February 2021

Immigration has an ambiguous effect on the subjective well-being (SWB) of receiving societies. Being small, it is rather positive. This conclusion is preliminary and requires further investigations, which corresponds to results of numerous studies of the immigration impact on the objective well-being of people in more developed countries. According to these studies, some social groups, mainly low qualified workers, suffer from immigration facing the risks of rising unemployment and lowering incomes. Besides, the increase of the foreign born population with different cultural background originates threats to national identities of natives. At the same time, the inflow of foreigners improves economic performance and as a rule contributes to ameliorating of work and life conditions for the population majority in the receiving countries. The rise of the objective well-being of large social groups, both taking place and being expected, in comparison with its previous indices and with other groups, including immigrants, is refracted in indicators of SWB. Such positive effect was revealed in some recent studies. The conclusion of a positive impact of immigration on SWB in receiving societies looks like a paradox amid a negative public opinion about immigration, demonstrated in street protests against the assault of identities of different cultural backgrounds and in electoral support of anti-immigrant political parties. Nevertheless, such negativism is, first of all, peculiar for the assessments of national sequences of immigration. And these assessments are based on warped perceptions of the scale and impact of the foreign born population flow, being influenced by external factors. Besides, the influence of national assessments on life satisfaction and feeling of happiness is very small. Meanwhile, the public image of the immigration impact on personal life, life of family members and of the home town, which is based on personal experience and more adequate knowledge of local processes, is less critical and more favorable. As opposed to national assessments, the effect of such natives' perception of the immigration micro-social effects on their SWB is much more important. (This is mainly due to a higher significance for SWB of current developments in peoples' personal life and in their immediate social environment, compared to macro-social issues).
Mutual Direct Investments of Russia and EU in Metallurgy
Authors: Chetverikova A.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of mutual direct investments in Russia and the EU in steel industry and nonferrous metal industry after the beginning of the global financial crisis. The author notes a great importance of the EU market for Russian companies in their foreign expansion. In particular in steel industry the EU market plays a key role as the North American market does. In nonferrous metal industry the importance of the EU market is reduced due to lack of developed raw material sources within the EU and due to the diversification of foreign activity of Russian companies. The author notes that a reduction of mutual direct investments began after 2008. Russian companies have focused their activities on their own enterprises in Russia because of high debt leverage. The crisis has also resulted in an appearance of new crisis strategies of Russian metallurgical companies for European assets. These crisis strategies include sale of assets, suspension of production and strategic partner search. Traditional strategies of foreign investing were relevant during the crisis. The modernization of production was the most applied strategy. Buying up of core assets was also applied. European investments in Russia were made mainly by creating new production capacity frequently including joint ventures with Russian companies. European investors along with investments introduced new technologies and equipment into Russian metallurgy. The article notes that because of the crisis the number of capital investment projects including European companies was reduced. The author notes that the EU will remain the key area for Russian metallurgical companies if the situation in global metallurgical markets will improve and sanctions against Russia will be lifted off. Acknowledgments. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project № 14-28-00097 “The optimization of Russian foreign investment ties in the context of deteriorating relations with the EU”).
Hinduism: from Tribal Beliefs to World Religion
Authors: Rashkovskii E. , Nikiforova E.
Published: February 2021

The paper presents an analytical review of the conference held in the All-Russian State Library for Foreign Literature (November, 2014). It deals with deep historical and socio-cultural roots of the present-day religious dynamics of India, including its main political implications. The wide methodological principle of correlation between India’s socio-cultural background and the current state of affairs in Hinduism is denoted as Indo-logics. The paper also deals with bilateral processes of internal consolidation of Hinduism within the Republic of India as well as of the gradual transformation process of Hinduism into one of the biggest religions on international scale. Both sides of these phenomena are analyzed in connection with ambivalent processes of the Indian inner modernization during the 19th-21st centuries, and also with general global socio-economic and intellectual trends of the current history, including mass migrations, the expansion of mass media, deep crisis of the present-day semi-industrial modes of school and university education, etc. The article draws special attention to problems of Indian subaltern strata in the present-day Indian religious dynamics, including the “neo-Buddhist renaissance” and Christian conversions among Indian “untouchables”.
Some Approaches to Interpretation of Terrorism Phenomenon
Authors: Khokhlov I.
Published: February 2021

In this work the author discusses certain motivation aspects of the lower- and medium-level members of terrorist networks. It should be noted that the analysis of drivers for terrorist activity cannot be reduced to a single factor; in each case, a range of reasons, often interdependent and complementary, should be taken into account, as well as social, political and economic conditions "favorable" for the development of terrorism. Since the 1990s, and especially after 9/11, the studies of terrorism became more and more relevant. In this period, enormous research has been conducted regarding the logistics of a terrorist network, recruiting techniques and terrorist finance tracking. It has to be said that such research has greatly influenced the methods used today to fight terrorists in deep hiding. However, despite the ample analysis, scholars often miss one of the key elements of terrorism – the motivation of rank-and-file members of terrorist organizations that makes them give up their ambitions within the limits of universally accepted social behavior and seek to give way to their energy in the form of terrorism. Unlike the traditional criminal path which is chosen for lucrative reasons, participation in terrorist activities cannot be explained the same way.
Higher Education in France: Issues and Trends
Authors: Strel'tsova Y.
Published: February 2021

Considering current problems of the higher education system in France, a number of problems can be identified. On one hand, the traditional high school encourages the intelligence, the elite formation, the deepening of existing social inequalities. On the other hand, the professional training largely focused on the labor market is expected. The contradiction between supply and demand (a demand for young professionals), the lack of opportunities for career growth at home force young Frenchmen to leave the country, which is the major issue in higher education and French society as a whole. At the same time, the educational immigration to France is increasing. The problems of coexistence of different cultures and worldviews in higher education remain actual. Such problems as "difficult" neighborhoods and employment among young people, their professional, cultural orientation, changing attitudes towards the teaching profession are important, too. The article contains the analysis of current trends and prospects of higher education, as well as of the policy being pursued by the government towards the young generation. The estimation of the present state of higher school by well known French sociologists – experts in the field of youth policy (Olivier Galland, François Dubet and others) is presented in the paper. The analogy with problems of the Russian higher education system, in particular higher commercial schools, is noticed. Fighting for youth remains the main theme in modern France. The social climate in the country may be improved by means of the young peoples' “remobilization”, using their dynamism, their knowledge and educational level which is one of the highest in Europe. The creation of prospects for self-realization at home (better conditions for an entrepreneurial activity and a political career etc.) may be considered as an alternative to the departure of young people abroad.
Sweden’s Parliamentary Deadlock: a Solution is Found?
Authors: Grishin I.
Published: February 2021

This publication is a kind of afterword to the previous article by the same author, printed in MEMO Journal, 2015, no. 2. The article was received by the editorial board in October 2014.The afterword was caused by extraordinary events in the Swedish politics in December 2014. In the Riksdag in early December, the government lost a vote on the budget, due to the Swedish Democrats voting in favour of the centre-right opposition proposal. In return, the government announced snap elections for March 22nd, 2015, which officially were supposed to be confirmed on 29th December. The most likely outcome of these elections would have been a recurrence of the main result of the September elections, that is, the position of the Swedish Democrats as kingmaker. To avoid dependence on the Swedish Democrats, on December 27th, the government parties and the centre-right opposition signed an agreement that made it possible for a minority government to get its own budget approved. Thus, the agreement brought the country out of parliamentary deadlock and enabled her to regain control, but deprived the Swedish Democrats of the effectiveness of voting and by that ignored the will of their electorate. In Sweden, the agreement was given the opposite evaluations. Despite being tactically effective, the agreement has not solved the problem of the Swedish Democrats and especially anti-immigration sentiments in the society that the party reflects. The deal of the government and the centre-right opposition is a political-technological solution to this problem, whereas there needs to be found a political one. A dialogue between the parties of the establishment with the Swedish Democrats is needed, leading to some compromise. Probably, for the first time since the 1930's, the Swedish establishment has begun to lose its appreciation of the necessity for political compromise. However, some signs of understanding the necessity of reforming immigration policy are already visible; this is evidenced by the statements of a number of establishment politicians.
Tera-OPs Photonic Convolutional Neural NetworksBased on Kerr Microcombs
Authors: Tan Mengxi , Xu Mike , Moss David
Published: February 2021

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), inspired by biological visual cortex systems, are a powerful category of artificial neural networks that can extract the hierarchical features of raw data to greatly reduce the network parametric complexity and enhance the predicting accuracy. They are of significant interest for machine learning tasks such as computer vision, speech recognition, playing board games and medical diagnosis [1-7]. Optical neural networks offer the promise of dramatically accelerating computing speed to overcome the inherent bandwidth bottleneck of electronics. Here, we demonstrate a universal optical vector convolutional accelerator operating beyond 10 Tera-OPS (TOPS - operations per second), generating convolutions of images of 250,000 pixels with 8-bit resolution for 10 kernels simultaneously — enough for facial image recognition. We then use the same hardware to sequentially form a deep optical CNN with ten output neurons, achieving successful recognition of full 10 digits with 900 pixel handwritten digit images with 88% accuracy. Our results are based on simultaneously interleaving temporal, wavelength and spatial dimensions enabled by an integrated microcomb source. This approach is scalable and trainable to much more complex networks for demanding applications such as unmanned vehicle and real-time video recognition.
Optical Data Transmission at 44 Tb/s with a Single Integrated Chip Source
Authors: Tan Mengxi , Xu Mike , Moss David
Published: February 2021

We report world record high data transmission over standard optical fiber from a single optical source. We achieve a line rate of 44.2 Terabits per second (Tb/s) employing only the C-band at 1550nm, resulting in a spectral efficiency of 10.4 bits/s/Hz. We use a new and powerful class of micro-comb called soliton crystals that exhibit robust operation and stable generation as well as a high intrinsic efficiency that, together with an extremely low spacing of 48.9 GHz enables a very high coherent data modulation format of 64 QAM. We achieve error free transmission across 75 km of standard optical fiber in the lab and over a field trial with a metropolitan optical fiber network. This work demonstrates the ability of optical micro-combs to exceed other approaches in performance for the most demanding practical optical communications applications.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Polyfluoroarene to Access Highly Functionalized 10-Phenylphenothiazine Derivatives
Authors: Kikushima Kotaro , Koyama Haruka , Kodama Kazuki , Dohi Toshifumi
Published: February 2021

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions can provide metal-free access to synthesize mono-substituted aromatic compounds. We have developed efficient SNAr conditions for p-selective substitution of polyfluoroarenes with phenothiazine in the presence of a mild base to afford the corresponding 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH) derivatives. The resulting polyfluoroarene-bearing PTH derivatives were subjected to a second SNAr reaction to generate highly functionalized PTH derivatives with potential applicability as photocatalysts for the reduction of carbon–halogen bonds.
AIS Data Case Study : Selecting Design Vessels for New Jersey Back Bays Storm Surge Barriers Study
Authors: Kress Martin A. , Weintraub Samuel J.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering technical note (CHETN) is to describe how historic Automatic Identification System (AIS) vessel position data were used to identify a design vessel for use in a storm surge barrier design study. Specifically, this CHETN describes how the AIS data were accessed, how the universe of vessel data was refined to allow for design vessel selection, and how that selection was used in a storm surge barrier (SSB) study. This CHETN draws upon the New Jersey Back Bays Coastal Storm Risk Management Feasibility Study (USACE-NAP 2019), specifically the Appendix B.2 Engineering Appendix Civil document1. The New Jersey Back Bays Study itself builds upon the work of the North Atlantic Coast Comprehensive Study (NACCS) initiated after Hurricane Sandy in 2012 (USACE 2015a).
On Comparison Study between Double Sumudu and Elzaki Linear Transforms Method for Solving Fractional Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Kadhem Hasan Shather , Hasan Sameer Qasim
Published: February 2021

In this paper, double Sumudu and double Elzaki transforms methods are used to compute the numerical solutions for some types of fractional order partial differential equations with constant coefficients and explaining the efficiently of the method by illustrating some numerical examples that are computed by using  Mathcad 15.and graphic in Matlab R2015a.
Biochemical and Histological Study of Aminoacylase-1 Purified from Amniotic Fluid in Rats with Oxidative Stress Induced by Lead Acetate
Authors: Al-Helaly Luay Abed , Mahmood Eman S.
Published: February 2021

This work involves separating and studying the aminoacylase-1 (ACY1) of amniotic fluid from healthy pregnant, mainly one peak with higher activity has been isolated by DEAE-Cellulose ion exchange from the proteinous supernatant produced by deposition of proteins using ammonium sulfate  (65%) after dialysis. The purification folds reaching to 19 folds also gave one protein peak when injected into the gel filtration column, a high ACY1 purity was obtained, with 38 folds of purification. It was found that the molecular weight of the isolated ACY1 was up to 46698 Dalton when using gel chromatography technique.The effect of ACY1 isolate was studied on rats with oxidative stress caused by lead acetate(LA) at 40 mg / kg body weight and compared with normal rats by measuring the selected biochemical parameters which included: Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) through liver and kidney tissue examination. The results showed a significant increase in the levels of (MDA, AST, ALT) and a decrease in the level of GSH compared with the control group, Also it has been observed there that was a significant decrease in the levels of (MDA, AST, ALT) and high level of GSH when injecting the ACY1 isolate in a dose of 4 mg / kg of rat weight with LA at 40 mg/kg. The results of the tissue examination demonstrated high pathological changes in the liver tissue of rats treated with LA at 40 mg/kg of rat weight when compared with normal rats. The liver and kidney tissue improved when treated with isolate at 4 mg / kg rat weight and LA. These results demonstrate the role of ACY1 in protecting from oxidative stress then can reduce the severity of various diseases.
Studying the effect of ACY1 isolated on rats with oxidative stress caused by lead acetate at a dose of 40 mg / kg body weight and compared with normal rats by measuring the selected biochemical parameters which included: Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as through liver and kidney tissue examination. The results showed a significant increase in the levels of (MDA, AST, ALT) and a decrease in the level of GSH compared with the control group, It was also observed that there was a significant decrease in the levels (MDA, AST, ALT) and high level of GSH when using the enzyme isolated in a dose of 4 mg / kg of rat weight with lead acetate at a dose of 40 mg/kg. The results of the tissue examination showed high pathological changes in the liver tissue of rats treated with lead acetate at a dose of 40 mg/kg of rat weight when compared with normal rats, and liver and kidney tissue improvement when isolated enzyme is administered at 4 mg / kg rat weight with lead acetate. These results demonstrate the role of isolated enzyme in protecting the body from oxidative stress then can reducing the severity of various diseases.
Concentrations and Radiation Hazard Indices of Naturally Radioactive Materials for Flour Samples in Baghdad Markets
Authors: Kaddoori Farah Faris , Hameed Ban Sabah , Fzaa Wijdan Thamer
Published: February 2021

In the present work, Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th) and Potassium (40K) specific activity concentration in (Bq/kg) was measured in five different types for wheat flours that are available in the Iraqi markets. The gamma spectrometry method with an NaI (Tl) detector has been used for radiometric measurements. Calculations of radium equivalent activity, annual effective dose equivalent, external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin), representing gamma index and gamma dose rate in all  flour samples were 17.98132 Bq/kg, 0.0100334, 0.04502, 0.04857, 0.06872, 0.125883 and 8.181244 respectively. It is found that the average of specific activity concentration of wheat flour samples for 238U, 232Th and 40K are 7.4564 Bq / kg, 6.27962 Bq / kg and 20.0658 Bq / kg respectively. This study proves that the natural radioactivity and radiation hazard indices were lower than the safe.
    Measurements of hazard indices show that the concentrations of these isotopes in all samples are within the allowable limits internationally.
    The Radium Equivalent Activity, Annual Effective Dose Equivalent, External hazard index (Hex), Internal hazard index   (Hin), represented Gamma Index and Gamma Dose Rate are also calculated. All data were measured at the March of 2019.
The Vertical variations of Atmospheric Methane (CH4) concentrations over selected cities in Iraq based on AIRS data
Authors: Abed Faten G. , Halos Saadiyah H.
Published: February 2021

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on EOS/Aqua satellite provides diverse measurements of Methane (CH4) distribution at different pressure levels in the Earth's atmosphere. The focus of this research is to analyze the vertical variations of (CH4) volume mixing ratio (VMR) time-series data at four Standard pressure levels SPL (925, 850, 600, and 300 hPa) in the troposphere above six cities in Iraq from January 2003 to September 2016. The analysis results of monthly average CH4VMR time-series data show a significant increase between 2003 and 2016, especially from 2009 to 2016; the minimum values of CH4 were in 2003 while the maximum values were in 2016. The vertical distribution of CH4 was relatively high in the cities located in the north of Iraq (Sulaymaniyah and Mosul) more than other cities, especially these in western Iraq (Rutba and Najaf). The highest monthly mean of CH4VMR and standard deviation (SD) was in Sulaymaniyah (1871.11±21.92) ppbv at 925 hPa, while the lowest was in Rutba (1812.81±37.3) ppbv at 300 hPa. Mosul has the second-highest mean and SD next to Sulaymaniyah, especially at the lower levels SPL (925 and 850 hPa) of troposphere more than the rest of selected cities. The seasonal variation of monthly CH4VMR, averaged from 2003 to 2016, shows high values between January and August with a peak between August and September and it declines significantly between October and December with a slight increase in November. Long term trend analysis of monthly CH4VMR at each SPL (925, 850, 600, and 300) hPa above the six cities shows positive values with average growth rates for each SPL equal to (2.9 %, 3.1%, 3.6 %, and 3.9%), respectively. These results indicate that satellite measurements were effective in determining the magnitude of increased CH4 over Iraq that may contribute to the global increase of CH4 in the earth’s Atmosphere.
Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy with and without hyperthermia in retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal sarcomas: Feasibility, efficacy, toxicity and long-term outcome
Authors: Willner Alexander , Fechner Katja , Agaimy Abbas , Haller Florian , Eckstein Markus , Ott Oliver , Putz Florian , Gaipl Udo , Kersting Stephan , Meidenbauer Norbert , Grützmann Robert , Fietkau Rainer , Semrau Sabine
Published: February 2021

Background Retroperitoneal (RPS) and intra-abdominal sarcomas (IAS) are associated with poor local and abdominal tumor control. Yet, the benefit of preoperative radio- or chemotherapy alone for these entities currently is unclear. Moreover, as intermediate- and high-grade sarcomas have a tendency for early metastasis, exploration of neoadjuvant strategies is of high importance. This analysis reports the results of our 20-year single-institution experience with preoperative neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation.Methods From 2000-2019, 27 patients with intermediate- or high-grade RPS or IAS (12 dedifferentiated liposarcoma, 10 leiomyosarcoma, 5 others) were treated with radiotherapy (median dose: 50.4 Gy; range 45-75 Gy) and two cycles of chemotherapy (doxorubicin 50mg/m² BSA/d3 q28 and ifosfamide 1.5g/m2 BSA/d1-5 q28) in neoadjuvant intention. Chemotherapy consisted of doxorubicin alone in two cases and ifosfamide alone in one case. Fifteen patients (56%) received deep regional hyperthermia additionally.Results The median follow-up time was 53 months (± 56.7 months). 92% of patients received two cycles of chemotherapy as planned and 92% underwent surgery. At 5 and 10 years, abdominal-recurrence-free-survival was 74.6% (± 10.1%) and 66.3% (± 11.9%), distant-metastasis-free-survival was 67.2% (± 9.7%) and 59.7% (± 11.1%), and overall-survival was 60.3% (± 10.5%) and 60.3% (± 10.5%), respectively. CTC grade III and IV toxicities were leukocytopenia (85%), thrombocytopenia (33%) and anemia (11%). There were no treatment-related deaths.Conclusions Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with and without hyperthermia for retroperitoneal and intra-abdominal sarcoma is feasible and provided high local control of intermediate - and high-grade sarcoma.
Effect of silica content on mechanical and microstructure behaviour of resistance spot welded advanced automotive TRIP steels
Authors: V Paranthaman , K Shanmuga Sundaram , Natrayan L
Published: February 2021

This research investigates the effect of SiC wt% on mechanical and microstructure behavior of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) 780 steels by resistance spot welding. The resistance spot welded samples were characterized for their properties such as hardness, tensile shear, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, ductility ratio and elongation. Results showed that the width of the nugget was closely associated with shear failure of the spot welds. X-ray diffraction analysis illustrated that the weld steels chemical composition improved in the heat-affected zones and retained austenite detected due to the influence of Si and C. Sample 4 microstructure exposed the equiaxed dimple and finer dendrites in the fusion zone. It also exhibited maximum force and fracture energy. Nano hardness was significantly decreased in the fusion zone of sample 4 due to the interface among micro alloying elements and the formation of nonmetallic presences that affected the TRIP steel hardness. Low ductility ratios were observed in steel 4 than the other weld steels due to higher tensile shear strength (TSS) and cross-tension strength (CTS) results. Fracture analysis exhibited ductile fracture with dimples and dendrites in the TRIP steels surface. The spot-welded samples mechanical properties are correlated to chemical elements, mainly Si existing in casted TRIP steels through the cooling phase of the resistance spot welding process.
DFT Comparative Study of the Formamide and Fluoro-FormamideTautomers and Their Corresponding Transition States
Authors: Al-Msiedeen Ashraf Mansour
Published: February 2021

Seventeen tautomers of formamide [NH3CO] and thirty one tautomers of fluoro-formamide [NH2FCO] were examined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Five methods of DFT (B3LYP/ 6-311++G, B3LYP/ 6-311++G(2df,2p), B3LYP/cc-pVTZ, wB97X-D/6-311++G(2df,2p) and wB97X-D/ cc-pVTZ) were used to calculate the energies and optimized geometries of formamide tautomers. B3LYP/cc-pVTZ method was determined as the best method and used to calculate relative energies, optimized geometries, mulliken charge distributions, Gibbs free energies and enthalpy of formations of all proposed fluoro-formamide/fluoro-formamidic acid tautomers. Ten transition states of formamide tautomers and nineteen transition states of fluoro-formamide tautomers were determined by vibrational frequency calculations (they have an imaginary value of frequency). Using B3LYP/cc-PVTZ, the relatively small energies of formamide (A1) and formamidic acid (A6) (-446246 and -446193kJ.mol -1 , respectively) participate to it being more stable than other formamide/formamidic acid tautomers, as well as for fluoro-formamide (C1) (-706947 kJ.mol -1 ) and fluoro-formamidic acid (C3) (-706855 kJ.mol -1 ). The stability of fluoro-formamide at carbonyl and at nitrogen was discussed using two thermodynamic calculations: Enthalpy of formation [∆H(298)] and Gibbs free energy (∆G) values, positive ∆G values (59 to 114 kJ mol-1) for fluoro-formamidetautomerism confirms the stability of fluoro-formamide at carbonyl.
Modified Morris-Lecar neuron model: Effects of very low frequency electric fields and of magnetic fields on the local and network dynamics of an excitable media
Authors: Rajagopal Karthikeyan , Moroz Irene , Ramakrishnan Balamurali , Karthikeyan Anitha , Duraisamy Prakash
Published: February 2021

A Morris-Lecar neuron model is considered with Electric and Magnetic field effects where the electric field is a time varying sinusoid and magnetic field is simulated using an exponential flux memristor. We have shown that the exposure to electric and magnetic fields have significant effects on the neurons and have exhibited complex oscillations. The neurons exhibit a frequency-locked state for the periodic electric field and different ratios of frequency locked states with respect to the electric field frequency is also presented. To show the impact of the electric and magnetic fields on network of neurons, we have constructed different types of network and have shown the network wave propagation phenomenon. Interestingly the nodes exposed to both electric and magnetic fields exhibit more stable spiral waves compared to the nodes exhibited only to the magnetic fields. Also, when the number of layers are increased the range of electric field frequency for which the layers exhibit spiral waves also increase. Finally the noise effects on the field affected neuron network are discussed and multilayer networks supress spiral waves for a very low noise variance compared against the single layer network.
Hygrophorus russula complex (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China
Authors: Huang Hong-Yan , Zhang Wen-Hao , Huang Ting , Gabriel Moreno , Liu Tie-Zhi , Tang Li-Ping
Published: February 2021

The Chinese species complex of Hygrophorus russula in subsection Clitocyboides has been studied. Three new species, H. orientalis, H. qinggangjun and H. yunnanensis were proposed, based on morphology, molecular systematics and chemical reactions. Hygrophorus qinggangjun and H. yunnanensis occur at high elevations of Yunnan China; H. orientalis is widely distributed in East Asia and occurs at low elevations. At present, seven taxa have been revealed in the H. russula species complex; a key to these species is provided.
Affective disturbances in individuals with methylphenidate use disorder at abstinence
Authors: Xu Jie , Zhang Yi , Sun Pei , Yuan Ti-Fei
Published: February 2021

Background

Methylphenidate, mainly sold under the trade name Ritalin, is used to clinically treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There has been an increase in the prevalence of the nonmedical use of methylphenidate among adolescents in the past 30 years.
Methods

Here, we retrospectively analyzed a clinical dataset of 61 individuals with methylphenidate use disorder who were admitted to a drug rehabilitation program at Beijing Gaoxin Hospital from January 2017 to March 2019.
Results

The results showed that the majority of individuals with methylphenidate use disorder were adolescents, and the onset of drug use was mainly driven by academic purposes. The abstinence period was accompanied by severe anxiety and depression symptoms in these subjects, and these symptoms were significantly alleviated following four weeks of treatment. In addition, high levels of social support is associated with better affective states.
Conclusion

To sum up, methylphenidate use disorder individuals are associated with mood disturbances at abstinence, which might be implicated in clinical management strategies.
Low-Cost Sensor Outlier Detection Framework For on-Line Monitoring of Particle Pollutants in Multiple Scenarios
Authors: Xu Yinyue , Long Zhengwei , Pan Wuxuan , Wang Yukun
Published: February 2021

Monitoring the concentration of particle pollutants is very important for industrial production control and workers' health protection. Low-cost sensors are widely used to reduce deployment costs. The outliers in the observed data of pollutant concentration can be eliminated by outlier detection algorithms. However, it is difficult to meet the actual needs of changing working conditions or scene migration in factories by building a single algorithm for specific scenarios. It is a feasible scheme to identify the changing characteristics of data and adaptively adjust the outlier detection algorithm. From the point of view of data characteristics, we creatively match typical data types with high performance algorithms. The framework proposed in this paper provides a general process including five basic tasks, and uses a modular structure to complete the outlier detection target. The actual pollutant data of the workshops are used to evaluate the performance of our framework. At last, we compare eight different strategies under this framework, and analyze the contribution of each step to outlier detection from the perspective of algorithm principle. The results show that low-cost sensors following the framework can meet the outlier detection requirements in the field of pollutant monitoring, thus greatly reducing the cost of algorithm selection and data adaptation.
PbLAC4-like, activated by PbMYB26, related to the degradation of anthocyanin during color fading in pear
Authors: Zhao Guangping , Xiang Fangxin , Zhang Shichao , Song Junxing , Li Xieyu , Song Linyan , Zhai Rui , Yang Chengquan , Wang Zhigang , Ma Fengwang , Xu Lingfei
Published: February 2021

Background

Anthocyanin degradation results in the loss of red color in leaves, petals and receptacles during development. But the degradation mechanism is not fully investigated. It is vital to study the degradation mechanism of anthocyanin in pear for promoting the accumulation of anthocyanin and inhibiting the red fading in pear.
Results

Here, we reported that laccase encoded by PbLAC4-like was associated with anthocyanin degradation in pear. The expression pattern of PbLAC4-like was negatively correlated with the content of anthocyanin during the color fading process of pear leaves, petals and receptacles. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment revealed that PbLAC4-like played a vital role in anthocyanin degradation. Thus, the degradation of anthocyanin induced by PbLAC4-like was further verified by transient assays and prokaryotic expression. More than 80% of anthocyanin compounds were degraded by transiently over-expressed PbLAC4-like in pear fruitlet peel. The activity of crude enzyme to degrade anthocyanin in leaves at different stages was basically consistent with the expression of PbLAC4-like. The anthocyanin degradation ability of prokaryotic induced PbLAC4-like protein was also verified by enzyme activity assay. Besides, we also identified PbMYB26 as a positive regulator of PbLAC4-like. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assay results showed that PbMYB26 activated PbLAC4-like expression by directly binding to the PbLAC4-like promoter.
Conclusions

Taken together, the PbLAC4-like activated by PbMYB26, was involved in the degradation of anthocyanin, resulting in the redness fading in different pear tissues.
A practical fabrication strategy for wire arc additive manufacturing of metallic parts with wire structures
Authors: Yu Ziping , Pan Zengxi , Ding Donghong , Polden Joseph , Yuan Lei , He Fengyang , Li Huijun
Published: February 2021

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is well suited for the manufacture of sizeable metallic workpieces featuring medium-to-high geometrical complexity due to its high deposition rate, low processing conditions limit, and environmental friendliness. To enhance the current capability of the WAAM process for fabricating structures with complex geometry, this paper proposes a robot-based WAAM strategy adapted specifically for fabricating free-form parts with wire structures composed of multiple struts. Contributions in this work include: (i) The study of bead modelling, which establishes optimal welding parameter selection for the process; (ii) The novel manufacturing strategy, including the adaptive slicing methodology and height control system for accurately depositing every single strut; (iii) Detailed manufacturing procedures for multi-strut branch intersections as well as the collision-free path planning to control the overall fabrication process. To verify the effectiveness of this proposed WAAM approach, two complex wire structures were fabricated successfully, indicating the feasibility of the proposed fabrication strategy.
The effect of prophylactic chemotherapy on treatment outcome of postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Ye Yaqiong , Cheng Xiaodong , Lu Weiguo , Xie Xing , Wang Xinyu , Li Xiao
Published: February 2021

Background: Prophylactic chemotherapy (P-chem) was considered as an effective method to prevent malignant transformation of high-risk HM. However, P-chem might increase the risk of subsequent drug resistance and delay the time to diagnosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether P-chem increased the drug resistance rate of postmolar GTN and whether the first-line chemotherapy of low-risk GTN after P-chem should be different from P-chem.Methods: Postmolar GTN were divided into P-Chem group and control group, according to whether they received P-Chem. The control group and P-Chem group were matched according to age, high-risk/low-risk GTN. Postmolar GTN patients without P-chem were randomly selected as the control group at 3:1. The clinical parameters of these patients were collected and compared.Results: Totally 455 low-risk and 32 high-risk postmolar GTN patients were treated at our hospital between 2008.01.01 and 2017.12.31. WHO risk score, chemotherapy cycles to achieve hCG normalization and resistant rate were similar between P-chem (27 cases) and control (81 cases) group, no matter in low-risk or high-risk GTN. Among low-risk GTN patients, interval from hydatidiform mole to GTN was significantly longer in P-chem group than control (44 vs 69 days, P=0.001). Total chemotherapy cycles and resistant rate were similar between low-risk GTN treated with same agent as P-chem (group A) and alternative agent (group B). But group A needed more chemotherapy cycles to achieve hCG normalization than group B, no matter in all 24 GTN received P-chem (4.4 vs 2.8, p=0.024) or in 22 GTN received methotrexate as P-chem (3 vs 2, p=0.004).Conclusions: P-chem delayed the time to GTN diagnosis, but didn’t increase risk score or lead to drug resistance of postmolar GTN. Alternative agent different from P-chem had the potential of increasing chemotherapy response in low- risk postmolar GTN.
Prosthetic complications of fixed dental prostheses supported by locking-taper implants: A retrospective study with a mean follow-up of 5 years.
Authors: Gao Wen Mo , Geng Wei , Luo Chen Chen
Published: February 2021

Background: Restoration with locking-taper implants is a widely used methodology. However, relatively few have examined conical connection systems like locking-taper implant systems. This study provides a retrospective study of locking-taper fixed restorations, mainly focused on prosthetic complications.Methods: All patients who underwent conical connected implants from 2008–2010 were examined. Preparation of the implant sites was performed according to the standard procedures for the Bicon system. The bone healing took over 6 months, and the prosthetic procedure was initiated thereafter. Integrated abutment crowns or gold porcelain crowns were used, and the prosthesis type was a single crown or a fixed dental prosthesis. Once the crown was in place, its occlusion was thoroughly checked and adjusted, and then the crown was glazed or finely polished. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative complication-free rates for 5 and 10 years. Additionally, a Cox regression model was used to identify the factors that independently influenced the results. Implant survival and marginal bone loss were also investigated.Results: A total of 392 patients who underwent 541 implants and 434 locking taper implant-based restorations from 2008–2010 were examined. The overall 5-year cumulative complication-free rate was 83.34%. The most common prosthetic complication was veneer chipping, with a frequency of 67.53%. According to the Cox regression model, the complication-free rate of integrated abutment crowns was significantly higher than gold porcelain crowns, molar regions was significantly higher than premolar regions, and females was significantly higher than males. Only three implant failures happened, and a mean marginal bone loss at 1- year, 5-year and 10- year was 0.25mm（95%CI：±0.12）, 0.40mm （95%CI：±0.03）and 0.51mm（95%CI：±0.05）, respectively.Conclusion: Veneer chipping was the most common complication with locking-taper implants supported fixed restorations. According to the result of Cox regression model, gold porcelain crowns are a protective factor relative to integrated abutment crowns, male sex is a protective factor relative to female sex, and premolar prosthetics are a protective factor relative to molar prosthetics. The long-term clinical effect of locking-taper implant is stable, and the implant success rate can meet the clinical needs. The bone tissue level around the implant can maintain long-term stability.
China’s Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Balance During The 20th Century: An Analysis With A Process-Based Biogeochemistry Model
Authors: Lu Yanyu , Huang Yao , Zhuang Qianlai , Sun Wei , Chen Shutao , Lu Jun
Published: February 2021

China’s terrestrial ecosystems play a pronounced role in the global carbon cycle. Here we combine spatially-explicit information on vegetation, soil, topography, climate and land use change with a process-based biogeochemistry model to quantify the responses of terrestrial carbon cycle in China during the 20th century. We find that that the regional soil thermal and moisture regimes have dramatically changed. Specifically, evapotranspiration increased due to rising temperature and soils were drying in the last two decades of the 20th century. At a century scale, China’s terrestrial ecosystems have acted as a carbon sink averaging at 0.09 Pg C yr-1, with large inter-annual and decadal variabilities. The regional sink has been enhanced due to the rising temperature and CO2 concentration, with a slight increase trend in carbon sink strength along with the enhanced net primary production in the century. Meanwhile, the heterotrophic respiration increased in response to warming. The spatial and temporal variabilities of carbon balance in China are due to multiple controlling factors including temperature and precipitation and changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Land-use changes including reforestation and afforestation during the late 20th century partially contributed to the increase in carbon sink at the national scale.
In Silico, in Vitro and in Vivo Investigation of a Newly Synthesized Ionic Compound As Anti-Alzheimer Multi-Target Dual AChE/BuChE Inhibitor Possessing Neuro-Protective Effects Against Aβ Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells and Alzheimer Rat Model
Authors: Karami Hosna , soltani somaieh , Wolber Gerhard , Sadigh-Eteghad Saeed , Nikbakht Roghaye , Farrokhi Hanieh , Narimani Farzaneh , Teimuri-Mofrad reza , Rashidi Mohammad-Reza
Published: February 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.