bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Using Closed and Open Tasks
Authors:   Lyceum, Kachkanar, Gankovskaya A. V.
Published: June 2024

The author’s method of solving open-type problems based on a step-by-step strategy is described. When considering each step, examples are presented, as well as methodological techniques that allow teachers to successfully implement this technique. The materials presented can be used by teachers to prepare for chemical tournaments.
Creation of a Collection of Tasks Based on the History of the Siege of Leningrad
Authors:   Gymnasium no. 168, Saint Petersburg, Smirnova V. N.
Published: June 2024

This article presents the results of the work on the metadisciplinary project “Creation of a collection of chemical problems on the basis of the history of the Leningrad blockade”. The project was implemented by the students of 11th and 8th grades of the gymnasium.
ANÁLISE DA EVOLUÇÃO DO ENDIVIDAMENTO NO SETOR DE INFRAESTRUTURA ENTRE 2012 E 2021
Authors: Mori Alice , Nunes Rodolfo
Published: June 2024

Investir em infraestrutura é fundamental para o desenvolvimento do país. Porém, por se tratar de um investimento arriscado a participação da iniciativa pública é muito importante como mitigador das incertezas associadas aos projetos de infraestrutura. Assim, o objetivo do artigo é avaliar o perfil do endividamento das principais empresas do setor de infraestrutura (energia, rodovia e saneamento). A metodologia é descritiva, bibliográfica e qualitativa, e está pautada em mensurar o risco de inadimplência dessas empresas por meio dos covenants Dívida Líquida/EBITDA e EBITDA/Despesa Financeira entre os anos de 2012 e 2021. Apesar da aparente perda de representatividade das fontes privadas de financiamento em duas empresas analisadas (Engie e Aegea), todas as empresas apresentam grande dependência de fontes de financiamento públicas a longo prazo. Por fim, constata-se que apesar do aumento do endividamento, o forte controle dos covenants por parte das empresas analisadas indica que o setor é consistente e confiável para investimentos a longo prazo.
Tinjauan Praktik Jual Beli Barang Lelang Hasil Sitaan Kpk Dalam Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah
Authors: Mila Alfiah Setiawan  , Nadin Andini Utami  , H.R Gustaman
Published: June 2024

Dalam ekonomi Islam jual beli barang lelang disebut juga dengan bai’ al-muzayadah, yaitu jual beli yang dilakukan dengan tawar menawar harga barang di antara para pembeli dan kemudian penawaran tertinggi lah yang akan dipilih untuk dijadikan pemilik barang tersebut. Barulah disini terjadi akad dan pembeli yang terpilih dapat mengambil barang dari penjual. Praktik jual beli barang lelang juga dilakukan oleh lembaga-lembaga negara, seperti kejaksaan, bank, dll. Dalam jurnal ini kita akan mengkaji lebih dalam mengenai praktik jual beli lelang barang sitaan yang dilakukan oleh Lembaga Kantor Pelayanan Kekayaan Negara dan Lelang (KPKNL) dalam perspektif ekonomi Islam. Metode yang digunakan, yaitu kualitatif. Yang mana penulis mengumpulkan data informasi mengenai materi yang terkait lalu dianalisis untuk mencapai kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian. Tujuan adanya dibuat jurnal ini adalah agar para pembaca memahami hukum Islam dalam transaksi jual beli pada pelelangan hasil sitaan barang korupsi oleh lembaga penegak hukum, yaitu Lembaga Kantor Pelayanan Kekayaan Negara dan Lelang (KPKNL). Kata Kunci: Hukum Islam, Barang Lelang, Tindak Pidana Korupsi.
THE STUDY EXPLORES THE INFLUENCE OF DRIVING SCHOOLS ON ROAD SAFETY
Authors: Yergude Pratik B.
Published: June 2024

Abstract: , Mainstream educational institutions are crucial in determining how well students do academically and develop personally. These establishments are essential to forecasting and improving the conduct and performance of students in the educational system. Throughout their academic journey, educational institutions can validate and support students’ self-reported advances and achievements by identifying and measuring the different learning and developmental requirements of college students. For example, a study examining the relationship between undergraduate dentistry students’ academic achievement and their personal development and sense of identity emphasizes how crucial it is to comprehend how these elements interact to affect student success. Mainstream educational institutions place a high value on academic performance and holistic development in order to best prepare students for the ever-changing demands of the modern world. In a same vein, the Mainline is committed to creating a superb academic atmosphere. Keywords – STEM education, project-based learning, multidisciplinary education, active learning, and innovation
Skilda världar: Rektorers, lärarutbildares och studenters syn på ett integrerat grundlärarprogram
Authors: Mörk Helena , Enochsson Ann-Britt
Published: June 2024

Fler och fler lärosäten anordnar så kallade integrerade lärarutbildningar som en del i att hitta fler vägar in i läraryrket. En integrerad lärarutbildning innebär att studenterna studerar på deltid samtidigt som de arbetar som lärare med lön på deltid. Forskning har sedan tidigare konstaterat att studenter i traditionellt upplagda lärarutbildningar har svårt att integrera kunskaper de får med sig från kurser med kunskaper de tillägnar sig på skolor där de gör sin verksamhetsförlagda utbildning (VFU). Syftet med den här studien är att belysa samverkan mellan universitetsförlagda kurser och skolor som arbetsplatser för studenter i ett integrerat grundlärarprogram för att bidra till kunskap om hur samarbetet mellan de två lärandearenorna kan se ut med detta upplägg. Resultaten tyder på att ansvariga på skolorna respektive universitetet inte mötts på djupet i diskussioner om utbildningens vision. Fokus riktas åt olika håll på ett sätt som verkar göra det svårt att samarbeta. En slutsats är att samarbetet mellan universitetet och VFU-skolor behöver utvecklas och fördjupas, så att VFU-skolornas plats och uppdrag blir tydligt i utbildningen.
Chromatin regulator Kdm6b is required for the establishment and maintenance of neural stem cells in mouse hippocampus
Authors: Gil Eugene , Hong Sung Jun , Wu David , Park Dae Hwi , Delgado Ryan N. , Malatesta Martina , Ahanger Sajad Hamid , Lin Karin , Villeda Saul , Lim Daniel A.
Published: June 2024

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) – a structure important to learning and memory – generate new neurons postnatally and throughout adult life. However, the regulators that enable this lifelong neurogenesis remain incompletely understood. Here we show that the chromatin regulator KDM6B is required for both the establishment and maintenance of NSCs in the mouse DG. Conditional deletion of
Kdm6b
in embryonic DG precursors results in an adult hippocampus that is essentially devoid of NSCs, and hippocampal-dependent behaviors are defective.
Kdm6b
-deletion causes precocious neuronal differentiation, and the NSC population fails to become established in the postnatal DG. Using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we observed that
Kdm6b
-deletion disrupts the transcriptomic signature of NSC maintenance. Furthermore, deleting
Kdm6b
in adult DG NSCs induces early neuronal differentiation, and the NSC population is not properly maintained. These data illustrate the critical role that
Kdm6b
plays in adult DG neurogenesis, which may help understand how mutations in this chromatin regulator result in cognitive disorders in human patients.
Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Control Posture in Larval Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Auer Franziska , Nardone Katherine , Matsuda Koji , Hibi Masahiko , Schoppik David
Published: June 2024

Cerebellar dysfunction leads to postural instability. Recent work in freely moving rodents has transformed investigations of cerebellar contributions to posture. However, the combined complexity of terrestrial locomotion and the rodent cerebellum motivate new approaches to perturb cerebellar function in simpler vertebrates. Here, we adapted a validated chemogenetic tool (TRPV1/capsaicin) to describe the role of Purkinje cells — the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex — as larval zebrafish swam freely in depth. We achieved both bidirectional control (activation and ablation) of Purkinje cells while performing quantitative high-throughput assessment of posture and locomotion. Activation modified postural control in the pitch (nose-up/nose-down) axis. Similarly, ablations disrupted pitch-axis posture and fin-body coordination responsible for climbs. Postural disruption was more widespread in older larvae, offering a window into emergent roles for the developing cerebellum in the control of posture. Finally, we found that activity in Purkinje cells could individually and collectively encode tilt direction, a key feature of postural control neurons. Our findings delineate an expected role for the cerebellum in postural control and vestibular sensation in larval zebrafish, establishing the validity of TRPV1/capsaicin-mediated perturbations in a simple, genetically-tractable vertebrate. Moreover, by comparing the contributions of Purkinje cell ablations to posture in time, we uncover signatures of emerging cerebellar control of posture across early development. This work takes a major step towards understanding an ancestral role of the cerebellum in regulating postural maturation.
Barnacle analysis as a microplastic pollution bioindicator on the East Coast of Surabaya
Authors: Raufanda Miftakhul Sefti , Aunurohim Aunurohim , Prabowo Romanus Edy
Published: June 2024

Background

Plastic pollution is a significant issue on the East Coast of Surabaya, emphasizing the need to develop microplastic monitoring programs. Barnacles became one of the potential microplastic bioindicator species on the East Coast of Surabaya. This study aimed to characterize the visual and polymers of microplastics found in barnacles and assess their potential as a bioindicator species for microplastic pollution on the East Coast of Surabaya.

Methods

Microplastic polymer analysis was performed using ATR-FTIR.

Results

A total of 196 microplastic particles were found in barnacles, water, and sediment. The size of microplastics in barnacles, water, and sediment varied, with the size in barnacles dominated by class 1 (1–10 µm), in water by class 2 (10–50 µm), and in sediments by class 3 (50–100 µm). Fragments dominated the shape of microplastics in barnacles, while water and sediment were dominated by fiber. The microplastic color in barnacles, water, and sediment was dominated by blue, and the microplastic polymer composition on barnacles, water, and sediments was dominated by cellophane (36%). Amphibalanus amphitrite was found to be predominant and identified as a potential microplastic bioindicator because it is a cosmopolitan species. Its population was found to correlate positively with cellophane (CP) accumulation. The Pearson’s correlation test between barnacle length and microplastic length at a = 0.05 was inversely proportional to r =  − 0.411 (p < 0.05), categorized as a strong enough correlation. These findings are essential in developing monitoring programs and mitigating the impact of microplastics on the marine environment.
Cattle Artificial Insemination Service in Developing Countries: Efficiency, Major Challenges and Economic Loss: A Review
Authors: Mekonnen Teweldemedhn , Gebremariam Tikabo
Published: June 2024

This review paper summarizes information on the efficiency, major challenges and economic loss of cattle Artificial Insemination (AI) service in developing countries. Efficiency of AI service can be measured by number of services per conception (NSC), conception rate at first insemination, and calving rate (CR). The optimum recommended NSC for profitable dairy cow ranges from 1.0-2.0. The averages of NSC of the conventional AI (1.73) and fixed time AI (1.78) in the reviewed publications were in the ranges of the recommendations of NSC. The NSC varies with animal breeds, animal factor (body condition score, age and parity), semen factor (handling procedure and quality), inseminator factor (knowledge, skill and experience), production systems, management level provided and AI breeding methods. The NSC and calving rate vary with conventional AI and fixed time AI breeding methods. Likewise, calving rate (CR) is influenced by poor semen quality, poor semen handling procedure, inadequate insemination skill, poor oestrus detection and wrong time of insemination. The average success rate (CR) of conventional AI (35.15%) in the reviewed publications is far below the success rates reported in some developing countries. Nevertheless, widespread use and longtime use of AI service on selected genotype(s) can cause cattle biodiversity loss. Dairy producers incur additional costs when cows fail to conceive at their first AI services. Moreover, challenges of AI service comprised of feed scarcity, animal diseases, climate change, poor AI infrastructure, poor livestock husbandry practices, weak livestock extension systems and incapability of Artificial Insemination Technicians (AITs). This calls designing suitable interventions to improve the efficiency of AI services. Adequate feed and high level of management should be provided to the breedable cows and heifers. AI service centers should be established as per the recommended number of breedable cows and heifers. AI inputs including AITs should be always available at each AI service center, and proper AI service recording should be practiced. Sexed semen should be used to enhance the number of replacement heifers, and capacity building should be provided to AITs and community cattle breeders. Radio, television and printed medias should be used to enhance the awareness of the community cattle breeders. Frequent extension support is essential for the success rate of the AI service.
Harnessing Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss): A Sustainable Approach to Natural Farming
Authors: Datta Himadri Shekhar
Published: June 2024

This review explores the rich concept of natural farming and the varied usage of neem in natural farming. Neem plant holds an important position in the rich tradition of India. The various portion of neem tree are used as insecticide, fertilizer, manure, soil conditioner etc. In recent era the major challenge is to increase the food production without harming the environment. Neem is considered ecofriendly, biodegradable, least persistence and also economic. Neem based formulations forms a considerable constituent of Natural farming. Successful results of application of neem based formulations in natural farming will provide adoption of cost effective technology to the farming community.
Microbiological Surveillance of Salmonella Strains in the Effluents of the Teaching Hospital (CHU) of Yopougon and Cocody, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Pascale Tetty Aya Marie , Abale Toty , Sabine Vakou , Eric Yao , Mireille Dosso
Published: June 2024

Diarrhoeal diseases are a major public health problem worldwide, with salmonellosis being a leading cause of foodborne illness in humans. Environmental pollution from healthcare activities, particularly from the discharge of hospital effluent into urban sewer systems, poses a significant threat. These effluents can carry microorganisms, antibiotic residues and detergents that contribute to the development and spread of bacterial multiresistance. In Abidjan, the capital of Côte d'Ivoire, hospital wastewater is not treated before being discharged into the sewer system. This untreated wastewater eventually flows into the Ebrié lagoon, a critical water source for many local communities.
The dependence of the lagoon's population on these waters raises significant public health concerns, particularly with regard to potential contamination with pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Salmonella in hospital wastewater to understand the risk of contamination and to inform potential mitigation strategies. A total of 60 wastewater samples were collected: 30 from the teaching hospital (CHU) of Yopougon and 30 from Cocody.
Upon analysis, no Salmonella sp strains were detected in any of the samples. However, 28 bacterial strains exhibiting characteristics similar to Salmonella were isolated, suggesting the presence of potentially virulent pathogens. In Yopougon's samples, 14 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 2 strains of Klebsiella sp were identified. In Cocody 's samples, 12 strains of Citrobacter freundii sp were isolated.
These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and treating hospital wastewater to prevent the spread of potentially harmful bacteria into the environment.
A New Polar Representation for Pell and Pell-Lucas Split Quaternions
Authors: Babadag Faik , Atasoy Ali
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we define split quaternions with components including Pell and Pell-Lucas number sequences. By using Binet's formulas and Cayley-Dickson's notation we introduce a new polar representation for split quaternions. This alternative representation, based on two complex number sequences, provides a new perspective on the structure of Pell and Pell-Lucas split quaternions and give a deeper understanding of their geometric interpretations and transformations. Furthermore, some fundamental properties and identities for these type of Pell and Pell-Lucas split quaternions are studied. In further the current paper, it would be valuable to replicate similar approaches polar representationin with Pell and Pell-Lucas Split quaternions.
Innovation and Business Growth: Personality, Sociological and Environmental Factors in Entrepreneurs
Authors: Suardana I Made , Yuliati Ni Nyoman , Sari Putri Reno Kemala , Hikmah  , Ariffianti Indah , Prathama Baiq Desthania
Published: June 2024

Researchers frequently wonder why some entrepreneurs run small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) more successfully than others and why different SMEs have different survival rates even in the same operational environment. This has resulted in a need to investigate how other factors such as personality, sociology and environtment may mediate relationships between innovations and the growth of SMEs. This research was conducted on entreprenuers in Mataram City. This type of research is quantitative research. The analysis tool uses PLS analysis. It was found that personality has a significant direct and indirect influence on business innovation and business growth at a 10 percent test alpha. The sociological factors have a significant influence on alpha 5.00%, both directly and indirectly on innovation and business growth. Environmental factors are empirically ignored because they do not have a significant direct and indirect influence on business innovation and business growth. The contribution of this study is the clarification of the facts of personality and sociological factor of entrepreneurs and the indication that external environments can impact the business innovation and growth of entreprenuers.
Composite Materials: Lamination Theory
Authors: Herakovich Carl T.
Published: July 2012

The fundamental equations that describe the response of a layered system of fibrous composite materials when subjected to mechanical and thermal loads are described. Effective engineering properties of laminates are developed and representative results are presented for a carbon fiber composite.
Design with Composites
Authors: Kere Petri
Published: July 2012

Composite materials provide the designer with freedom to tailor mechanical properties and load response of the structure to obtain the maximum efficiency in weight. Anisotropic mechanical behavior of the employed materials and special failure modes make the analytical study and design of a composite structure complicated. In this article, elementary concepts for composite material constituents selection and tools for mechanical design of composite structures using fiber‐reinforced composite materials are introduced. Illustrations of fundamental mechanical properties of composite materials and design guidelines for forming laminated composite structures are outlined.
Viscoelastic Behavior
Authors: Miyano Yasushi
Published: July 2012

Mechanical properties of polymers markedly change with time and temperature, exhibiting what is called
viscoelastic behavior.
Composite materials containing a polymer as their matrix are likewise expected to display viscoelastic behavior. The viscoelasticity of a polymer is explained by the use of a dynamic model, with mention being made of creep and relaxation, both of which are kinds of viscoelastic behavior, and also of the time—temperature superposition principle. Then, on the basis of this explanation, the viscoelasticity of composite materials is described using the simple rule of mixtures. Time and temperature dependence observed in relation to the mechanical behavior and fracture phenomenon of polymer‐based composites is then explained, referring to a specific example of unidirectional carbon‐fiber‐reinforced plastic (CFRP).
Asymmetric membranes by wet phase inversion of phenylated polyphenylene
Authors: Guo Congran , Budy Stephen M. , Loy Douglas A.
Published: July 2012

Asymmetric membranes of phenylated polyphenylene were prepared by wet phase inversion. The polyphenylene (Mn = 62 kDa, PD = 2.3) was prepared by Diels–Alder polymerization of 1,4‐bis(tetraphenylcyclopentadienonyl)benzene with 1,4‐diethynylbenzene at 180°C. Solvents and non‐solvents were experimentally identified and solvent : non‐solvent systems were evaluated by the quality of the resulting membranes. Cyclohexanone/n‐butanol (88 : 12) as solvent and n‐butanol as the non‐solvent were found to afford the best asymmetric membranes with minimal defects. Membranes (20–30 µm thick) from coagulating 11.5 wt % polyphenylene from cyclohexanone/n‐butanol in n‐butanol baths exhibited 250–300 nm, non‐porous skins overlaying 20–30 µm of open‐celled, spongiform structure. Due to a relatively high glass transition temperature of 370°C, the phenylated polyphenylene membranes retained their porosity to 200°C higher than polysulfone asymmetric membranes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Discrete‐time Adaptive ILC for Non‐parametric Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with Iteration‐Varying Trajectory and Random Initial Condition
Authors: Chi R. H. , Hou Z. S. , Jin S. T. , Wang D. W.
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a new discrete‐time adaptive iterative learning control approach (AILC) for a class of time‐varying nonlinear systems with nonparametric uncertainties and non‐repeatable external disturbances by incorporating a novel iterative estimate scheme. A major distinct feature of the presented approach is that uncertainties can be completely compensated for, using only I/O data. Another distinct feature is that the pointwise convergence is achieved over a finite time interval without requiring the matching condition on initial states and reference trajectory. Rigorous mathematical analysis is developed, and simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Adaptive Decentralized NN Control of Nonlinear Interconnected Time‐Delay Systems with Input Saturation
Authors: Li Tieshan , Wang Dan , Li Junfang , Li Yongming
Published: July 2012

In this paper, a novel decentralized adaptive neural control scheme is proposed for a class of interconnected large‐scale uncertain nonlinear time‐delay systems with input saturation. Radial basis function (RBF) neural networks (NNs) are used to tackle unknown nonlinear functions. Then, the decentralized adaptive NN tracking controller is constructed by combining Lyapunov–Krasovskii functions and the dynamic surface control (DSC) technique, along with the minimal‐learning‐parameters (MLP) algorithm. The stability analysis subject to the effect of input saturation constraints are conducted with the help of an auxiliary design system based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii method. The proposed controller guarantees uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB) of all of the signals in the closed‐loop large‐scale system, while the tracking errors converge to a small neighborhood around the origin. An advantage of the proposed control scheme lies in the number of adaptive parameters of the whole system being reduced to one and in the solution of the three problems of “computational explosion,” “dimension curse,” and “controller singularity”. Finally, simulation results along with comparisons are presented to demonstrate the advantages, effectiveness, and performance of the proposed scheme.
Miscanthus: a fast‐growing crop for biofuels and chemicals production
Authors: Brosse Nicolas , Dufour Anthony , Meng Xianzhi , Sun Qining , Ragauskas Arthur
Published: July 2012

Miscanthus represents a key candidate energy crop for use in biomass‐to‐liquid fuel‐conversion processes and biorefineries to produce a range of liquid fuels and chemicals; it has recently attracted considerable attention. Its yield, elemental composition, carbohydrate and lignin content and composition are of high importance to be reviewed for future biofuel production and development. Starting from Miscanthus, various pre‐treatment technologies have recently been developed in the literature to break down the lignin structure, disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose, and enhance its enzyme digestibility. These technologies included chemical, physicochemical, and biological pre‐treatments. Due to its significantly lower concentrations of moisture and ash, Miscanthus also represents a key candidate crop for use in biomass‐to‐liquid conversion processes to produce a range of liquid fuels and chemicals by thermochemical conversion. The goal of this paper is to review the current status of the technology for biofuel production from this crop within a biorefinery context.
Examination of the Temperature Variations on the Bray‐Liebhafsky Oscillatory Reaction
Authors: Anić S. , Stanisavljev D. , Krnajski Belovljev G. , Kolar‐Anić Lj.
Published: July 2012

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of potassium iodate and sulphuric acid (the Bray‐Liebhafsky oscillatory reaction) is analysed at different temperatures. It is noted that the temperature variation at constant acidity have the similar effect on the system as the acidity variation at constant temperature. Thus, the character of oscillations can be changed by temperature variation; the system thereby shifts to some other kinetic state in which the resumption of the oscillatory trains, in the region of the smooth catalysis after completion of the last regular oscillation, can be provoked by dilution. In spite of this, the activation energy of the overall reaction is calculated.
SINDO1 study of diffusion in β‐LiAl
Authors: Geudtner Gerald , Köster Andreas M. , Jug Karl
Published: July 2012

The diffusion of lithium‐ and aluminium in lithium‐rich and aluminium‐rich phase regions of β‐LiA1 was studied with the semiempirical MO method SINDO1. A cluster approach was used for the simulation of the bulk. The barrier heights for diffusion were determined without and with relaxation of the adjacent part of the lattice. It could be shown that the diffusion of an Li atom is very likely both in the lithium‐poor and lithium‐rich phase region.
High resolution infrared, microwave, and millimeter wave spectra of SeCF2structure determination assisted by ab initio calculations
Authors: Bürger H. , Demaison J. , Dréan P. , Jerzembeck W. , Merke I. , Stahl W.
Published: July 2012

Monoisotopic80SeCF2has been prepared, and high resolution (2.5−3.3×103cm1) Fourier transform infrared spectra in the v3(v0431.053 cm−1) and v4regions (v01208.790 cm1) have been recorded. The hitherto unknown rotational constants that were obtained by means of ground state combination differences assisted the search for microwave transitions ofMSeCF2species, M=76, 77, 78, 80, and 82, in the 5‐26 GHz range and of millimeter wave transitions for M=78 and 80 in the 152‐240 GHz region. Ground state constants up to quartic terms of the five isotopic species were determined by merging all available data. Excited state parameters of the v3=1 and v4=1 states were also determined. It is concluded that these states are unperturbed at the present level of accuracy, which is 4.5×10−4cm1for the rms deviation of more than 6000 (v3) and 12000 IR transitions (v4). Ab initio calculations at the correlated levels of second order Møller‐Plesset pertubation theory using different basis sets were performed. Experimental and theoretical results were combined to deduce effective (r0), average (rzand equilibrium (re) structural parameters. The equilibrium parameters are r(C‐F) 1.309(2) Å, r(CSe) 1.739(2) Å and ∠(FCF) 107.74(4)°.
Quantification of small cyclic disulfide‐rich peptides
Authors: Conibear Anne C. , Daly Norelle L. , Craik David J.
Published: July 2012

Cyclic disulfide‐rich peptides ranging in size from ∼14 to 29 amino acids have been found in a wide variety of organisms and have exciting biological and medicinal applications due to their stability and structure. Many of these peptides can be chemically synthesized, but their small size and limited number of chromophore‐containing amino acids make them difficult to quantify by methods routinely used for large proteins. A comparison of the precision and accuracy of gravimetric, UV‐ and NMR‐based methods in current use for the quantification of small peptides is presented for a representative set of cyclic disulfide‐rich peptides. The study shows that gravimetric and UV absorbance methods should be used with caution for small peptides and all methods should be carefully validated. For the routine quantification of small disulfide‐rich peptides, we recommend comparison of the analytical reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography trace or UV absorbance at 214 nm with that of a standard peptide solution quantified by amino acid analysis. An accurate quantification method that is simple and cost effective will assist in comparison of inhibition and activity data between different laboratories and peptides and correct calculation of synthesis yields. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 518–524, 2012.
Host cell protein quantification by fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy (FT‐MIR)
Authors: Capito Florian , Skudas Romas , Kolmar Harald , Stanislawski Bernd
Published: July 2012

Process development in up‐ and downstream processing requires enhanced, non‐time‐consuming, and non‐expensive monitoring techniques to track product purity, for example, the level of endotoxins, viral particles, and host cell proteins (HCPs). Currently, HCP amounts are measured by laborious and expensive HCP‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays best suited for measuring HCP amounts in the low concentration regime. The measurement of higher HCP amounts using this method requires dilution steps, adding dilution errors to the measurement. In this work we evaluated the suitability of attenuated total reflection spectroscopy for HCP quantification in process development, using clarified cell culture fluid from monoclonal antibody producing Chinese hamster ovary‐cells after treatment with different polyelectrolytes for semi‐selective clarification. Forty undiluted samples were chosen for multivariate data analysis in the middle infrared range and predicted HCP‐values were in good agreement with results obtained by an ELISA‐assay, suggesting the suitability of this new method for HCP‐quantification. As this method is able to quantify HCP titers ranging from approximately at least 20,000–200,000 ng mL−1, it is suitable especially for monitoring of process development steps with higher HCP concentrations, omitting dilution errors associated with ELISA assays. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 252–259. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A pore‐hindered diffusion and reaction model can help explain the importance of pore size distribution in enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass
Authors: Luterbacher Jeremy S. , Parlange Jean‐Yves , Walker Larry P.
Published: July 2012

Until now, most efforts to improve monosaccharide production from biomass through pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have used empirical optimization rather than employing a rational design process guided by a theory‐based modeling framework. For such an approach to be successful a modeling framework that captures the key mechanisms governing the relationship between pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis must be developed. In this study, we propose a pore‐hindered diffusion and kinetic model for enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. When compared to data available in the literature, this model accurately predicts the well‐known dependence of initial cellulose hydrolysis rates on surface area available to a cellulase‐size molecule. Modeling results suggest that, for particles smaller than 5 × 10−3 cm, a key rate‐limiting step is the exposure of previously unexposed cellulose occurring after cellulose on the surface has hydrolyzed, rather than binding or diffusion. However, for larger particles, according to the model, diffusion plays a more significant role. Therefore, the proposed model can be used to design experiments that produce results that are either affected or unaffected by diffusion. Finally, by using pore size distribution data to predict the biomass fraction that is accessible to degradation, this model can be used to predict cellulose hydrolysis with time using only pore size distribution and initial composition data. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 127–136. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Precursor‐Directed Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of New Elansolid Derivatives
Authors: Steinmetz Heinrich , Zander Wiebke , Shushni Muftah A. M. , Jansen Rolf , Gerth Klaus , Dehn Richard , Dräger Gerald , Kirschning Andreas , Müller Rolf
Published: July 2012

The antibiotic elansolid C1 (8) was isolated from Chitinophaga sancti strain FxGBF13 after fermentation in the presence of anthranilic acid. Remarkably, 8 was also obtained by addition of anthranilic acid to a crude fermentation extract containing the macrolide elansolid A2 (1*). This Michael‐type conjugate addition allowed us to generate 21 new derivatives of elansolid C1 (9–29) by using various nucleophiles. Biological activities of all derivatives were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and the mouse cell line L929.
Renal sympathetic denervation as second‐line therapy in mild resistant hypertension: A pilot study
Authors: Kaltenbach Benjamin , Franke Jennifer , Bertog Stefan C. , Steinberg Daniel H. , Hofmann Ilona , Sievert Horst
Published: July 2012

Background

Catheter‐based renal sympathetic denervation (CRD) is associated with significant blood pressure (BP) reductions in patients with severe therapy‐resistant hypertension (office systolic BP ≥ 160 mm Hg or ≥ 150 mm Hg in diabetic patients). Effects of renal denervation on BP in patients with milder forms of therapy‐resistant hypertension have not been examined. We sought to investigate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of CRD in patients with longstanding mild hypertension despite treatment with ≥ 3 antihypertensive drugs.

Methods

Consecutive patients with office systolic BPs of 140–160 mm Hg despite ≥ 3 antihypertensive medications treated with CRD were included in this prospective study. Procedural safety and adverse events during follow‐up were assessed. Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline, 3, and 6 months to determine changes in office systolic BPs, 24‐hr ambulatory BPs, and medication doses.

Results

Twenty patients (mean age 60.6 ± 10.8 years; 45% female) treated with an average of 5.4 ± 1.5 antihypertensive drugs were treated with CRD. The procedure was successful in all patients. There were no procedure‐ or device‐related complications. BP at baseline was 148.4/83.0 ± 6.6/11.0 mm Hg and decreased by 5.7/0.6 ± 20.0/8.3 mm Hg (P = 0.2) and 13.1/5.0 ± 13.6/8.3 mm Hg (P < 0.01) at 3 and 6 months, respectively. Comparing baseline and 6‐month follow‐up, mean ambulatory 24 hr‐BP was reduced by 11.3/4.1 ± 8.6/7.3 mm Hg (P < 0.01). Four patients were able to reduce antihypertensive medications prior to their 3‐month visit.

Conclusion

As in patients with severe treatment‐resistant hypertension, CRD is a safe and effective treatment for patients with milder drug‐resistant hypertension. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gutmann Donor and Acceptor Numbers for Ionic Liquids
Authors: Schmeisser Matthias , Illner Peter , Puchta Ralph , Zahl Achim , van Eldik Rudi
Published: July 2012

We present for the first time Gutmann donor and acceptor numbers for a series of 36 different ionic liquids that include 26 distinct anions. The donor numbers were obtained by 23Na NMR spectroscopy and show a strong dependence on the anionic component of the ionic liquid. The donor numbers measured vary from −12.3 kcal mol−1 for the ionic liquid containing the weakest coordinative anion [emim][FAP] (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate), which is a weaker donor than 1,2‐dichloroethane, to 76.7 kcal mol−1 found for the ionic liquid [emim][Br], which exhibits a coordinative strength in the range of tertiary amines. The acceptor numbers were measured by using 31P NMR spectroscopy and also vary as a function of the anionic and cationic component of the ionic liquid. The data are presented and correlated with other solvent parameters like the Kamlet–Taft set of parameters, and compared to the donor numbers reported by other groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Sc0.43(2)Rb2Mo15S19, a Partially Sc‐Filled Variant of Rb2Mo15S19.
Authors: Gougeon Patrick , Al Rahal Al Orabi Rabih , Gautier Regis , Potel Michel
Published: July 2012

Single crystals of the title compound are obtained from a mixture of Sc2S3, Rb2MoS4, MoS2, and Mo (Mo crucible, 1773 K, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Molecular Motion, and Phase Transition of a Highly Disordered Crystal [Co(NH3)6](ClO4)3.
Authors: Gorska Natalia , Inaba Akira , Hirao Yasukazu , Mikuli Edward , Holderna‐Natkaniec Krystyna
Published: July 2012

The title compound is characterized by adiabatic calorimetry, single crystal XRD, and NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Band‐Gap Engineering of Zinc Oxide Colloids via Lattice Substitution with Sulfur Leading to Materials with Advanced Properties for Optical Applications Like Full Inorganic UV Protection.
Authors: Lehr Daniela , Luka Martin , Wagner Markus R. , Buegler Max , Hoffmann Axel , Polarz Sebastian
Published: July 2012

Band gap engineering of ZnO materials making them more suitable for light absorption in the UV and VIS region is achieved via the incorporation of sulfur to form ZnO1‐xSx solid solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: Enhancement in the Performance of Ultrathin Hematite Photoanode for Water Splitting by an Oxide Underlayer.
Authors: Hisatomi Takashi , Dotan Hen , Stefik Morgan , Sivula Kevin , Rothschild Avner , Graetzel Michael , Mathews Nripan
Published: July 2012

Nb2O5 and TiO2 underlayers enhance the photoconversion efficiency of ultrathin hematite (α‐Fe2O3) photoelectrodes for water splitting.
ChemInform Abstract: “Sulfolefin”: Highly Modular Mixed S/Olefin Ligands for Enantioselective Rh‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition.
Authors: Khiar Noureddine , Salvador Alvaro , Chelouan Ahmed , Alcudia Ana , Fernandez Inmaculada
Published: July 2012

The sulfinamide is efficient for the asymmetric 1,4‐addition of boronic acids to both cyclic and acyclic enones.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel/Zinc Chloride‐Promoted Domino Reaction of Enynes and Enones Including Unstrained C—C Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Ambe‐Suzuki Kaori , Ohyama Yukari , Shirai Naohiro , Ikeda Shin‐ichi
Published: July 2012

The title cleavage occurs through β‐syn‐elimination of the 1,3‐dicarbonyl part of the enynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds by Catalytic C—C Bond Activation of Biphenylene or Angular [3]Phenylene.
Authors: Korotvicka Ales , Cisarova Ivana , Roithova Jana , Kotora Martin
Published: July 2012

Biphenylene (I) or angular [3]phenylene (IV) undergo an iridium‐catalyzed reaction with various internal alkynes to give substituted phenanthrenes and picenes, correspondingly.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefin Epoxidation with tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Functionalized Polymer‐Supported Copper(II) Schiff Base Complex.
Authors: Islam Sk Manirul , Roy Anupam Singha , Mondal Paramita , Mobarok Manir , Roy Brindaban , Salam Noor , Paul Sumantra , Mondal Sanchita
Published: July 2012

A new polystyrene‐supported Cu(II) Schiff base complex is synthesized, which shows high catalytic activity in the epoxidation of both linear and cyclic olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Enol Ethers as Substrates for Efficient Z‐ and Enantioselective Ring‐Opening/Cross‐Metathesis Reactions Promoted by Stereogenic‐at‐Mo Complexes: Utility in Chemical Synthesis and Mechanistic Attributes.
Authors: Yu Miao , Ibrahem Ismail , Hasegawa Masayuki , Schrock Richard R. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: July 2012

The reactions that involve enol ethers are shown to proceed readily and with exceptional (Z) selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Conversion of C=N Bonds to Their Corresponding Carbonyl Compounds by the Tribromoisocyanuric Acid/Wet SiO2 System as a Novel Reagent.
Authors: Habibi Davood , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Faraji Ali Reza , Rahmani Payam
Published: July 2012

Tribromoisocyanuric acid in the presence of wet SiO2 is a suitable reagent for the regeneration of carbonyl compounds from oximes, semicarbazones, azines, and Schiff bases under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2‐Bisalkylidenecyclopentanes from 1,6‐Allenynes via Stereoselective Addition of Nucleophiles to Ruthenacyclopentenes.
Authors: Saito Nozomi , Kohyama Yuh , Tanaka Yuki , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: July 2012

A new type of reaction of ruthenacyclopentenes derived from 1,6‐allenynes (I) and (III) toward nucleophiles, such as alcohols (IV) and (VI), is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Pd‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Tetrasubstituted Olefins of Cyclic β‐(Arylsulfonamido)acrylates.
Authors: Yu Chang‐Bin , Gao Kai , Chen Qing‐An , Chen Mu‐Wang , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: July 2012

DuanPhos is found to be an efficient ligand for the asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins (I) (15 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Addition of Allyltitanocenes to Cyclic Enones.
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Nishimura Takuya , Yoshida Satoshi , Saiki Fumiya , Tajima Yuki , Tsubouchi Akira
Published: July 2012

The reaction of allyltitanocene derivatives, generated in situ by desulfurizative titanation of allylic sulfides, with cycloalkenones proceeds with diastereoselectivity strongly depending on the ring size.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Trifluoromethylation of Terminal Alkenes Using Nucleophilic CF3SiMe3: Efficient C(sp3)—CF3 Bond Formation.
Authors: Chu Lingling , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: July 2012

The reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: FeCl3—PTSA Co‐Catalyzed Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐Functionalized Enamine Derivatives.
Authors: Liu Weibing , Chen Cui , Zhang Qing
Published: July 2012

A variety of β‐N‐substituted E‐enaminones and E‐aminoacrylates (III), (V) is prepared by FeCl3—TosOH‐catalyzed amination of β‐dicarbonyl compounds (I) and (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of α‐Trisubstituted Amines from Ketones Using N‐Methoxyamines.
Authors: Kurosaki Yusuke , Shirokane Kenji , Oishi Takeshi , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka
Published: July 2012

The target products are constructed in a single step from ketones, N‐methoxyamines and allylstannane or trimethylsilyl cyanide.
ChemInform Abstract: TBD/Al2O: A Novel Catalytic System for Dynamic Intermolecular Aldol Reactions that Exhibit Complex System Behavior.
Authors: Martinez‐Castaneda Angel , Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Concellon Carmen , del Amo Vicente
Published: July 2012

The process is reversible and allows formation of dynamic combinatorial libraries of interconverting aldols.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Monometallic (Pd, Ag) and Bimetallic (Pd/Ag, Pd/Ni, Pd/Cu) Nanoparticles via Reversed Micelles and Their Use in the Heck Reaction.
Authors: Heshmatpour Felora , Abazari Reza , Balalaie Saeed
Published: July 2012

Five metal nanoparticles are prepared using the reverse micelle technique and their efficiency in the Heck reaction is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Amination of Nitro(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes Through Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen.
Authors: Pastyrikova Tereza , Iakobson George , Vida Norbert , Pohl Radek , Beier Petr
Published: July 2012

Both regioselectively aminated nitroanilines (II) and (V) are reduced to the same diamine, which is transformed by condensation reactions to SF5‐substituted benzimidazoles, quinoxalines, and benzotriazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: A Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Allylic Bromides with Aryl‐ and Vinylboronic Acids.
Authors: Ueda Mitsuhiro , Nishimura Kota , Kashima Ryo , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: July 2012

The reaction proceeds with good yields under mild conditions where the use of an inorganic base and a small amount of water is crucial.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Novel Palladium Catalyst for the Preparation of Enynes with a Copper‐ and Ligand‐Free Sonogashira Reaction.
Authors: Mi Xia , Huang Mengmeng , Feng Yujian , Wu Yangjie
Published: July 2012

PAE is highly efficient for the coupling of halogenated alkenes with terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydroindans by Convergent Alkoxide‐Directed Metallacycle‐Mediated Bond Formation.
Authors: Greszler Stephen N. , Reichard Holly A. , Micalizio Glenn C.
Published: July 2012

Depending on the substitution pattern, the reaction of internal alkynes with 4‐hydroxy‐1,6‐enynes can lead to the products of alkene—alkyne coupling, alkyne—alkyne coupling or [2 + 2 + 2] annulation.
ChemInform Abstract: Primary 1,2‐Diamine Catalysis (V): Efficient Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of Isatins with Cyclohexanone.
Authors: Liu Yi , Gao Pengchao , Wang Junfeng , Sun Qi , Ge Zemei , Li Runtao
Published: July 2012

Chiral 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane in combination with hexanedioic acid is highly efficient for the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Carboxamidation of Indoles by Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H Activation and Isocyanide Insertion.
Authors: Peng Jiangling , Liu Lanying , Hu Ziwei , Huang Jinbo , Zhu Qiang
Published: July 2012

A novel and selective carboxamidation of indoles (I) and (VIII) with Cu(OAc)2 as the stoichiometric oxidant is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Facile Synthesis of Furo[3,2‐b]indole Derivatives via Silver(I)‐Mediated [3 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Zhang Zhiguo , Fang Shiliang , Liu Qingfeng , Zhang Guisheng
Published: July 2012

The tandem cyclization of ortho‐(propargylamino)acetophenones or ortho‐(propargylamino)benzaldehydes affords the title products in a regiospecific manner as single diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Indenocarbazolones via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular ortho‐Arylation
Authors: Sreenivas Devanga K. , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: July 2012

Optimized conditions are developed which render possible the synthesis of a new class of heterocyclic systems, structural motifs of natural substances.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Efficient Protocol for the Syntheses of N‐1 Substituted Thiohydantoin and a Bicyclothiohydantoin under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Hemlata Rana , Sankolli Ravish , Kaushik M. P.
Published: July 2012

The method allows a ready preparation of the pharmaceutically relevant heterocycles in good to excellent yields and high purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Iron(II)‐Catalyzed Aminobromination of Allyl N‐Tosyloxycarbamates.
Authors: Kamon Takuma , Shigeoka Daisuke , Tanaka Tetsuaki , Yoshimitsu Takehiko
Published: July 2012

Treatment of allyl N‐tosyloxycarbamates with Bu4NBr and FeBr2 results in formation of β‐brominated oxazolidinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Approach to Benzisothiazol‐3‐(2H)‐one via Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of o‐Bromobenzamide and Potassium Thiocyanate in Water.
Authors: Wang Fei , Chen Chao , Deng Geng , Xi Chanjuan
Published: July 2012

It allows a new access to biologically important benzisothiazol‐3‐ones.