bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fulfillment of Rights of Victims of Rape in the Decision of the Court for State Number: 512 / Pid.Sus / 2017 / Pn.Bil
Authors: Sukendar Tofik , Aprilianda Nurini , Noerdajasakti Setiawan
Published: January 2021

The purpose of writing this article is the Fulfillment of the Rights of Children of Rape Victims in District Court Decision Number: 512 / Pid.Sus / 2017 / Pn.Bil. The study method uses a statutory approach (statue approach), a case approach (case approach), and a conceptual approach (Conceptual Approach). The rape crime is very worrying especially if the victim is a child who is still under age, because this will affect the psychological development of the child and cause lifelong trauma. Rape according to the legal construction of Indonesian law (KUHP) is an act of forcing a woman who is not his wife to have intercourse with him with violence or threats of violence. The state provides protection by regulating it in various laws, one of which is contained in Article 76D of the Child Protection Act. Based on the explanation above, the writer is interested in conducting a research related to the issue of "Fulfilling the Rights of Children of Rape Victims in the Decision of the District Court of Part Number: 512 / Pid.Sus / 2017 / Pn.Bil". Because in this case the writer is very sad about the verdict, what about the victim's witness whether the criminal sentence given to the defendant's children's rights has been fulfilled. Considering the crime of rape is often experienced by children, girls, adult women, including those who are mentally, physically and socially vulnerable who are sensitive to various threats from within and from outside their family. The threat of violence from outside his family, his house can often be driven out, because it can be seen by the surroundings.
Microorganisms Resistant to White Phosphorus
Authors: Mindubaev A.Z. , Voloshina A.D. , Babynin E.V. , Minzanova S.T. , Mironova L.G. , Saparmyradov K.A. , Badeeva E.K. , Akosah Y.A.
Published: January 2021

We present preliminary results on the successful culturing of different microbial taxonomic groups on media containing white phosphorus (P4) as the sole source of phosphorus. The increase in culture resistance resulting from targeted selection was demonstrated. The highest concentration of P4 used in the study exceeds the threshold limit concentration of P4 in wastewater mud by 5000 times. Putative metabolites of P4 were also investigated.
Keywords: biodegradation; white phosphorus; Aspergillus niger; Streptomyces sp. A8
Synthesis and Attestation of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Based Photocatalyst for Water and Air Purification out of Harmful Organic Impurities
Authors: Valeeva A. A. , Dorosheva I. B. , Weinstein I. A. , Rempel A. A. , Kozlova E. A.
Published: January 2021

In the present work we have synthesized nanotubular TiO2 film with a nonstoichiometric layer in the vicinity of titanium foil by anodization during 120 min. The catalytic activity of nanotubular titanium dioxide films formed during the oxidation of acetone to carbon dioxide under the action of visible light with a wavelength of 450 nm was found to be approximately 2 times higher compared to standard titanium dioxide (Degussa P25). Such a pronounced enhancement of activity may be attributed to a more efficient absorption of visible light by the films due to narrowing of the optical gap because of difference in the nonstoichiometry of titanium dioxide near the interface between nanotubular film and the titanium foil substrate.
Keywords: photocatalysis, nonstoichiometric titanium dioxide, purification of water
The Development of New Methods of Disposal of Processing Sulfur Wastes from a Hydro-carbon Feedstock to various Sulfur Derivatives
Authors: Titovna Berberova Nadezhda , Anatol’evna Pivovarova Nadezhda , Nikolaevna Storozhenko Valentina , Vladimirovna Shinkar Elena , Vladimorovich Smolyaninov Ivan
Published: January 2021

The tendency to reduce the content of sulfur compounds in particular H2S and low molecular thiols (RSH) in oil products sets the task of their extraction and disposal in order to obtain practically useful sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide and thiols can be extracted from hydrocarbon fractions using N-methylpyrrolidone-as selective solvent. Hydrogen sulfide can be extracted from the residual oil products using a low energy exposure such as ultrasound and a constant magnetic field. The releasing gas is concentrated in N-methylpyrrolidone. Further, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans can be used in the chemical synthesis of biologically active thioethers containing a catechol fragment. Another way of H2S and RSH utilization is the chemical adsorption of acidic components by modified polynuclear pivalate (acetate) zinc(II) silica gel. As a result of the interaction of complexes with H2S and RSH, it is possible to obtain zinc sulfide or zinc thiolates, which can be used in various fields of industry or agriculture. Hydrogen sulfide and thiols can also be applied in the electrochemical or microvaved assisted organic synthesis. This approach is promising from the standpoint of environmental safety of synthesis and low energy costs of the reactions. The SH-functionalization of hydrocarbons (indan, indene, decalin, tetralin, naphthalene and 1,2-dihydronaphthalene) leads to obtain biologically active compounds.
Keywords: hydrogen sulfide, thiols, extraction, N-methylpyrrolidone, ultrasonic and magnetic treatment, microwave, redox activation
Methodological Approach to Determination of Priorities in Ecological Estimation of the Russian Territories
Authors: Spiridonov I.G. , Levchenko E.N. , Klyucharev D.S.
Published: January 2021

This paper assesses the main types of environmental impact caused by mineral exploration and mining. The ecological situation due to the extraction and processing of mineral raw materials in the mining regions, as well as the environmental impact of accumulated mining waste are shown. The results of environmental monitoring of the quality of the industrial urban environments of the Russian Federation are also presented. Based on the analysis of the database of existing man-made formations, including those produced from the rare metal deposits, the maps of their distribution over the territory of Russia as a whole and the territory of the Ural Federal District are compiled. The ranking of man-made deposits and formations by their impact on environmental elements has been performed.
Keywords: mining, industrial waste, heavy metals, ecosystem pollution, environmental safety
The Development of Plasma Incineration Technologies for Utilization and Neutralization of Waste Hazardous Class
Authors: Vadimovich Anakhov Sergey , Anatolievich Pyckin Yuriy , Vladimirovich Matushkin Anatoliy , Valerianovna Kharina Galina , Nickolaevich Guzanov Boris
Published: January 2021

In this study, the results of studies for plasma incineration processes in technologies of waste disposal and disposal are presented. Due to the high temperatures of the plasma jet (up to 10 thousand K), the speed of the process, the small influence of atmospheric oxygen, the necessary conditions for the neutralization of almost any toxic gases arise. It is noted that the evaluation of the efficiency of toxic gases neutralization with the use of plasma torches is a multiparameter problem, since in addition to the constructive ones, the gas-dynamic and heat-power parameters should be taken into account. The gas-dynamic parameters of the air-plasma flow in the plasma torch mixing chamber for environmental technologies are determined by methods of mathematical modeling. The characteristic temperatures, velocities and heating times of the utilized gas in different areas of the mixing chamber are calculated. Different configurations of mixing chambers with varying confusability are considered. The directions of further research and development necessary to create a technology of plasma incineration with maximum efficiency of disinfection are indicated. The issues of plasma incineration introduction at certain stages of high-temperature waste disposal technologies are also considered. The main advantages of technologies based on high-temperature plasma impact on materials, as well as the main directions of their application in waste management strategies are noted.
Keywords: ecological safety, waste recycling, waste treatment, decontamination, incineration, plasma torch
Use of Drill Cuttings for Road Building
Authors: Sergeevich Vlasov Anton , Georgievich Pugin Konstantin
Published: January 2021

The negative impact on the environment from drill cuttings resulting from drilling wells for oil production is assessed in this article. Environmental hazards are contaminants such as petroleum products, drilling fluid reagents, and chemical compounds of heavy metals that make up drill cuttings. To assess the negative impact, the heavy metal content indicators and chemical analysis parameters of drill cuttings were determined. It has been established that there are no excesses in the standards for the content of heavy metals in drill cuttings. The results of chemical analysis showed that there are excesses in values: MPC (Maximum Permissible Concentrations), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), oil content, solids, hardness, magnesium and calcium ions, chlorides. Two directions of utilization of drill cuttings were selected: the use of drill cuttings in the construction of the foundation of the road, and obtaining material based on drill cuttings to strengthen slopes. A technoground was obtained in the form of a lumpy material for placement in a barn and further excavation for filling embankments and strengthening soil. In preliminary studies, it was found that theb technoground sample with the following component composition has the most stable strength characteristics: cement - 20%; drill cuttings - 80%; liquid glass - 2% over 100% of the mixture.
Keywords: drill cuttings, negative impact, environment, utilization, technoground
The Production of Silicon Carbide and Achievements in the Field of Furnace Gases Collection and Purification
Authors: Yolkin K.S. , Sivtsov A.V. , Yolkin D.K. , Karlina A.I.
Published: January 2021

Silicon carbide is obtained in ore-thermal furnaces by reduction of silica (quartzite) with carbon. The use of silicon carbide in the production of technical silicon as a carrier of the target element and as a reducing agent can significantly improve the technical and economic performance (TEP) melting. The process of reducing silicon melting in electric furnaces takes place in two stages. First, silicon carbide is formed as a pseudomorphosis over the carbon of the reducing agent, then silicon carbide interacts with silicon oxide to form elementary silicon. Physical and chemical properties of silicon carbides obtained with the use of various reducing agents were studied. The reducing potential and reaction ability of carbides depends on how their surface is developed. Carbide volume and density characteristics are obtained on the matrices of charcoal and petroleum coke. For comparison, data for carbide obtained in the Acheson furnace are presented. Measurements of relative electrical resistivity of the reducing agent were performed and obtained on the carbides basis with temperature in the range of 700–1700∘C. For comparison, the RER values of silicon carbide obtained in the Acheson furnace are given, the resistance of carbides is several times higher than the RER of the corresponding reducing agents, which favorably affects the furnaces smelting silicon electric mode. As a result of the silicon carbide addition to the charge, the power of the arc discharge increases and the intensity of the reduction process increases.
Keywords: silicon carbide, gas cleaning dust, gas capture system
The Influence of the Direction of the Channels of the Gas Swirlers on the Properties of the Flow of the Plasma Jet under Implementation Theoretical Basis and Technical Solutions for Recycling Technogenic Waste
Authors: Aleksandrovich Okulov Roman , Ivanovich Sarsadskikh Konstantin , Anatolievich Ilinykh Sergey , Nikolayevich Zakharov Mikhail
Published: January 2021

A variant of the use of plasmatrons for the disposal of industrial waste and the organization of non-waste production is proposed in this article, which presents the design for the functioning equipment. A computer experiment was carried out to determine the parameters of the flow of the plasma jet. The results of a computer experiment are confirmed by a full-scale experiment. Conclusions and results are of practical benefit to developers and consumers of technological equipment.
Keywords: plasmatron, flow, plasma, jet, temperature, velocity
Copper Recovery from Water of Soryinskoye Tailing Pond
Authors: Lebed A.B. , Verkhodanov R.I. , Lebed Z.A. , Metelev A.A. , Kuznetsov V.A.
Published: January 2021

The large volume of recycling waters from the Soryinskoye tailing pond (up to 1300 m3/h) offers interesting possibilities for processing concentrates despite the low copper content (5.2-16.4 mg/l). Sulfides precipitation is the most efficient method of heavy metal ions removal from water. In this study, a sulfur solution in sodium hydroxide was used as a sulfidizing agent for precipitation. Commercial liquid alkali (NaOH – 46) and commercial sulfur were the initial agents. Due to the concentrated alkali, dissolution could be carried out at 115-120∘С, which is higher than the melting point of sulfur. Stable solutions were obtained at a weight ratio of NaOH: S = 1: 1 and a sulfur concentration of 350 g/l. During the laboratory and scale-up laboratory tests, the optimal consumption of sulfidizing agent was determined (110% of the stoichiometry for the formation of Cu2S, and copper extraction into the precipitate from the solution was more than 90.0% with high selectivity towards Zn and Fe). An extended analysis of the composition of the sediment (x-ray fluorescence spectrometer SPECTRO XEPOS) obtained during pilot trials showed that the main elements are, %: sulfur 58.4; oxygen 16.2; copper 8.9; iron 5.7; calcium 4.7 and arsenic 3.8. The total fraction of impurity elements does not exceed 2.3%. This study assumes use of the product conditioning to obtain concentrate with increased copper content and sulfur return to sulfidation stage.
Keywords: acid mine drainage, copper recovery, chemical treatment, sulfide precipitation
Technogenic Mineral Raw Materials for the Production of Refractories and Ceramics
Authors: Perepelitsyn Vladimir , Yagovtsev Alexander , Merzlyakov Vitaliy , Kochetkov Victor , Ponomarenko Alexander , Ponomarenko Zinaida , Kolobov Artem
Published: January 2021

Chemical–mineral and material–genetic classifications of technogenic mineral raw materials including up to 36 polyphase groups of materials that form the basis of secondary resources suitable for the production of refractories and ceramics after additional processing are proposed. It is shown that technogenic materials of the Urals are cheap multifunctional raw materials and can be used in the production of magnesia-silicate ceramics, carbon– and zirconium–containing high-alumina refractories and cements.
Keywords: classification, secondary mineral resources, composition, recycling, refractories, ceramics
The Use of Reftinskaya State District Power Plant Fly Ash in the Production of Building Materials and Products
Authors: Kapustin Fedor , Ufimtsev Vladislav , Vishnevsky Andrey , Fomina Irina , Kapustin Alexey , Zemlyanoy Kirill
Published: January 2021

The system of dry ash–slag removal at the Reftinskaya state district power plant which provides capture, storage and shipment of fly ash to the consumers is considered in this study. The results of determination of chemical and phase composition, physical properties, melting temperature and activity of natural radionuclides of ash which is form during burning of stone coal of Ekibastuz basin are presented. Ash is acidic, superfine and refractory one with a low content of combustible substance. As to composition and properties it satisfies the requirements of Russian Standard no. 25818 and ships to consumers under Technical Conditions 5717–004–79935691–2009. The results of laboratory tests and industrial production of building materials and products on the basis of ash of Reftinskaya state district power plant are presented. It is shown that ash is used in the production of Portland cement, heavy and cellular autoclave concrete, dry mixes and can also be used as part of fly ash non-fired and agloporite gravel, ceramic bricks. The features of their production, basic physical and mechanical properties of building materials and products are described. It is shown that the introduction of a new system of dry ash removal at the state district power plant contributes to the expansion of directions and increase in the volume of ash recycling.
Keywords: Reftinskaya state district power plant, dry ash removal, fly ash, composition, properties, use, construction materials and products
Obtaining of Granulated Gypsum Anhydrite on the Basis of Technogenic Wastes of Chemical and Metallurgical Complex for Use in Portland Cement Production
Authors: Ponomarenko Alexander
Published: January 2021

The composition and properties of fluorine–anhydrite and steel–refining slag which are wastes of production of hydrogen fluoride and steel were determined. It is established that fluorine–anhydrite of the current output does not meet the requirements to materials for the production of Portland cement. Therefore to improve the technical and consumer properties of fluorine-anhydrite (for increasing the amount of CaSO4 ⋅2H2O and neutralization of H2SO4) the studies of its’ conditioning processes with steel– refining slag were carried out. It was found that the mass transfer coefficient of sulfuric acid through the capillary and the degree of its neutralization by slag depend on the dispersion of fluorine–anhydrite, its porosity and initial acidity. The most effective binding of sulfuric acid occurs with the introduction of slag in stoichiometric amounts, the size of fluorine–anhydrite granules up to 20 mm and a processing time of 60 minutes. After storage in air-humid conditions for 12 hours of fluorine–anhydrite treated with slag the strength of its granules, the amount of dihydrate gypsum and toxicological properties meet the requirements.
Keywords: techno–gypsum, refining slag, neutralization, conditioning, gypsum stone, Portland cement
The Composition and Properties of the Tailings of Quartzite Enrichment of “Gora Karaul’naya” Deposit
Authors: Kapustin Fedor , Perepelitsyn Vladimir , Ponomarenko Alexander , Gorohovskiy Alexander , Ponomarenko Zinaida
Published: January 2021

The JSC “DINUR” use enriched quartzite from the “Gora Karaul’naya” deposit in the production of dinas refractories. The tailings of quartzite enrichment are stored in the dump, not used, and thereby pollute the environment. Chemical, mineral and grain composition, physical, mechanical and technological properties of samples of quartzite tailings of the current output and selected from the dump are determined in this study. The tailings of current output contain less oxides of aluminum, iron and calcium and alkalis compared to the dump tailings. Their mineral composition is mainly represented by quartz as well as impurities of muscovite, hematite, magnetite, chlorite, shungite, zircon, rutile, pyrite with a total content of up to 3 %. The dump quartzite tailings contain particles less than 5 mm in size with a predominance of dust–like fractions (less than 0.16 mm). As to the grain composition, content of dust and clay particles, clay lumps and impurities tailings of the current output meets the requirements of Russian Standard no. 31424 (for the sand from sifting of crushing solid stone), belong to the class II, group of large sands; dump tailings belong to class I and the group of medium sands. Up to 30 % of the particles are plate– and needle–shaped. The features of changes in chemical composition, bulk density, content of dust–like, clay and organic impurities depending on the size of tailings fractions are considered. The possibility of using of tailings of quartzite enrichment as sand for construction works and fine fractions of tailings as molding material in foundry and granular loading in pressure and non−pressure filters for water purification is shown.
Keywords: quartz, tailings, composition, properties, use
Ways for Recycling of Quartz Waste in the Production of Silicate Materials
Authors: Pavlova Irina , Zemlyanoi Kirill , Farafontova Elena , Girenko Galina
Published: January 2021

The technological properties of quartz waste associated with the clay deposit are investigated by way of emission spectral analysis, petrography and X-ray phase analysis. This study considers the possibility of quartz waste utilization in the production of dry building mixtures as a filler, magnesia-quartz proppants as a raw material component, cement as a siliceous component, fine ceramics as a partially fluxing and exhausting component, silicate brick as the main raw material. In the production of glass and glassware it is possible to make use of the quartz waste as a glass-forming component including silicate blocks after refining for the Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content. Quartz waste can be recommended as molding sand after refining for the contents of Fe2O3, Na2O, K2O, MgO, CaO. Improvement of the properties of the quartz waste can be achieved by ways of elutriation to remove the clay component as well as magnetic separation to remove magnetic compounds of iron.
Keywords: quartz waste, proppants, glass, cement, silicate brick, building mixtures, fine ceramics, molding sand, recycling
Metal Oxidation Control at the Stage of Refining Steel Smelting in Electric Arc Furnaces
Authors: A.V. Sivtsov , O.Yu. Sheshukov , M.M. Tsymbalist , I.V. Nekrasov , D.K. Egiazaryan
Published: January 2021

The mathematical processing results of a number of EAF-135 melts electrical parameters are presented. The influence of the foamy slag formation, molten metal carburization and the harmful impurities oxidation on the change in electrical parameters is analyzed. The methodology for determining the metal oxidation from the electrical melt parameters is characterized. In the presented form, the technique is cumbersome for the rapid assessment of the oxidation process intensity and requires refinement.
Keywords: Metal oxidation, electric parameters, electric arc furnace
Processing of Sb-Pb-Sn-Containing Materials
Authors: L. Timofeev Konstantin , A. Korolev Alexey , I. Maltsev Gennady
Published: January 2021

During the processing of lead containing products and polymetallic alloys the recovery of tin and antimony from technology of lead production is carried out by oxidation refining of decopperized lead with rich oxides (Sn, Sb ≥ 20%).Tin oxides are melted in a short-drum furnaces to lead bullion (> 96% Pb) and tin-rich (> 20% Sn) slag. The slag is melted in an ore-smelting furnace to obtain a Sn-Pb alloy of next composition, %: 56.1 Sn, 18.2 Pb, 14.6 Sb, 6.9 As, which is refined by vacuum distillation with production of rough tin (Sn ≥ 90%). The additional profit of rough tin obtainment (∼310 tons/year), compared with sales of tin slag, is about ∼1.3 million $/year.
Keywords: lead, tin, antimony, melting, vacuum distillation
Mineral Concentrates As a Factor of the Khibiny Apatite-Nepheline Ores Efficiency Improvement
Authors: . I. Nikolaev , Gerasimova L. G. , . A. I. Kalugin , . B. V. Levin , . G. O. Kalashnikova
Published: January 2021

Apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny deposits contain the largest phosphorus-bearing resources in the world, and, at the same time, they contain associated valuable components in the rock-forming minerals — apatite, nepheline, sphene and titanium magnetite. Intensive development of the Khibiny deposits with production of only apatite concentrate and a small part of nepheline concentrate resulted in the accumulation of over 1.0 billion tons of wastes in tailing storage facilities and dumps during 90 years of JSC Apatit operation. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the use of the main concentrates of apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny deposits and wastes for their processing is considered through the use of technological developments of the FRC KSC RAS, JSC RIFI and JSC Apatit to obtain traditional and new target products. A fundamentally new approach to the problem of sustainable use of natural resources is focused on establishment of the whole production chain in the region, from mining and processing operations to manufacturers of final high technology products (rare-earth products, welding and construction materials, coloring agents and other materials). They also determine the level of industrial technical progress.
Keywords: Khibiny apatite-nepheline ores, mineral raw materials, extraction and processing, new materials
Silicon Metallurgy and Ecology Problems
Authors: Yolkin K. S. , Sivtsov A. V. , Yolkin D. K. , Karlina A. I.
Published: January 2021

Modern silicon production technology is associated with a risk of negative environmental impact due to the fact that in addition to the final product, other reaction products are formed, including dust, from the incomplete use of charge materials. Gases released during silicon smelting in ore-thermal furnaces are characterized by the content of a large amount of fine dust. Dust consists of 94–96% of silicon dioxide. As a result of the use of sulfur-containing raw materials in furnaces as sulfur reducing agents, sulfur compounds in the form of SO2 are present in the furnace gases entering for purification, and nitrogen oxides are also present. The developed silicon recovery smelting technology reduces the technological energy consumption and increases the furnace productivity in proportion to the amount of carbon replaced by silicon carbide. Replacing carbon with silicon carbide reduces the dust content and the amount of exhaust furnace gases, and changes their composition. Thus, reducing the amount of pollutants reduces their anthropogenic impact on the environment.
Keywords: silicon, gas cleaning dust, gas capture system, microsilica
Copper-doped quasi-one-dimensional ZnO for effective photooxidation of As (III) to As (V) in visible light
Authors: Gyrdasova Olga I. , Krasil’nikov Vladimir N. , Sycheva Natalya S.
Published: January 2021

By temolysis of the Zn1−  Cu (HCOO)(OCH2CH2O)1/2 complexes in one step Zn1−  Cu O solid solutions were obtained. Сopper in these materials is a regulator of the photoactivity and morphology of aggregates. According to TEM, XPS, optical spectroscopy, and voltammetry, all samples studied contain monovalent copper. It was shown that the maximum photoactivity in the reactions of photooxidation of As in UV and blue light has Zn1− Cu O (0<x<0.1) solid solutions with tubular particle morphology. With an increase in concentration up to 10 at.%, сopper manifests itself as an electron acceptor, which reduces the efficiency of the catalyst in both light ranges.
Keywords: photocatalyst, Cu-doped ZnO, heterostructures, wide-band-gap semiconductors, precursor synthesis
Chemical Selection for Flocculation of the Sludges Produced During Lime Neutralization of Acidic Spent Pickling Solutions and Rinse Water from Steel Pipe Mill
Authors: Tsarev Nikolay , Tatyannikova Elena
Published: January 2021

Acidic spent pickling solutions and rinse water are produced during steel pipe acid pickling. They are usually neutralised with lime in a neutralisation plant and pumped in the form of a wet sludge to a landfill. This is one of the main environmental issues of Russian steel mills. The implementation of sludge treatment units, including equipment for sludge polymer conditioning and dewatering, is an import consideration when seeking to reduce the impact of steel mills on human health and the environment. The researches results of polymer conditioning of the aggressive wastewater sludges by flocculants are reflected in the paper. Sludge samples were obtained from the neutralisation plant of an Ural’s steel pipe mill. Sludges of two types were investigated: the sludge which is formed in clarifiers during spent pickling solutions neutralization with lime and the sludge which is formed in clarifiers during rinse water neutralization with lime. During the work non-ionic, cationic, and anion flocculants Praestol® efficiency was estimated. The shortest time of water capillary suction from the flocculated sludge was accepted as efficiency criterion of flocculant processing. It was defined with use of the capillary suction timer Fann® and Whatman® 17 chromatographic paper. It is established that: non-ionic focculant Praestol® 2500 dose of 4–5 g/kg dry solids is effective for conditioning of the sludge produced during lime neutralization of acid spent pickling solutions; the anionic flocculant Praestol® 2540 dose of 1.5–2 g/kg dry solids is effective for conditioning of the sludge produced during lime neutralization of acid rinse water. The empirical response surfaces and the contour plots showing the relationship between capillary suction time and a dosage of flocculant and a charge density (% hydrolysis) of a flocculant were reveived.

Keywords: steel pipe mill, acid pickling, wastewater, sludges, flocculants, capillary suction time
Studies of Conventional and New Technologies for Preparation of Iron Ore Raw Materials at Iron Making Plant of Pao Severstal to Evaluate Prospectives for Reduction of Ecological Load on Environment
Authors: Detkova T.V. , Kalko A.A. , Eliseev A.A.
Published: January 2021

The experts of Centre for Raw Materials Investigations (CRMI) have conducted research into the usage of recycled materials in the following technological processes: sintering and briquetting. Research shows variation in emissions containing sinter gases and qualitative characteristics of the finished product (cold and hot sinter strength). It is suggested that involvement of recycled waste products of steelmaking and chemical processes shall be increased using the method of vacuum extrusion.

Keywords: sintering, recycled materials, sinter gas, briquettes
Power and Resourse Efficient Envoronmentally Safe Technology for Processing Dumps of Technogenic Waste From Ore-Dressing and Processing Enterprises
Authors: Meshalkin V.P. , Bobkov V.I.
Published: January 2021

This research proposes a systematic approach for the analysis of volumes, physicochemical, granulometric, lithologic and thermal characteristics of waste from ore-dressing and processing enterprises stored in the dumps (tailing dumps) of ore-dressing and processing plants to assess the economic potential of its use in the system of complex power and resource efficient environmentally safe processing including palletizing machines, conveyor indurating machines and ore–thermal furnaces. The obtained results allow the authors to formulate the basic engineering, technological, economic and environmental requirements for complex chemical and power engineering systems of processing technogenic waste from ore-dressing and processing plants, these results make it also possible to define the degree of variability for the characteristics of the waste lots from various dumps. The paper describes the developed intensional and mathematical formulations for the multiscale problem of optimizing chemical and power engineering processes of technogenic raw materials processing in a complex chemical and power engineering system as a problem for discrete dynamic programming. The distinctive feature of this problem is to take into account the spatio-temporal multistage processing in a moving multilayer mass of pelletized raw material, the intensity of the process of internal moisture transfer and the variables for the control flow of the heat carrier gas. It allows increasing power efficiency by intensifying heat and mass transfer processes of multilayer drying, calcination and sintering. The criterion of the efficiency is the minimum cost of electric and thermal energy spent on processing. The obtained results were used to calculate power efficient environmentally safe processing of technogenic waste from ore-dressing and processing enterprises dumps. It was defined that heat and mass transfer processes are intensified, power consumption is reduced and the quality of the finished product is increased in the conditions of optimal power and resource efficient operation for the processing system.

Keywords: tecnhogenic waste, waste processing, ore-dressing and processing plant, power and resource efficiency, optimization, system analysis, environmentally safety
Comparative Technical-and-Economical Evaluation of Production Costs of Coagulant from Technical-Grade Aluminum Hydroxide and Hydroxide Sluge
Authors: Sergeevich Tuzhilin Aleksey , Grigorievich Balmaev Boris , Nikolaevna Vetchinkina Tatiana
Published: January 2021

A comparative techno-economic estimate of the cost of HOAC producing from technical aluminum hydroxide and hydroxide sludge showed that the cost of HOAC would be decreased by 11% by using a hydroxide precipitate. The cost of operation on the hydroxide precipitate will decrease by 17.3% provided the storage vessel is converted into a reactor to neutralize the acid solution of HOAC. This is possible due to doubling the production of HOAC, moreover production volumes will amount to 7178.2 thousand rubles. The calculated payback period for capital investments for retrofitting is 1 month.

Keywords: coagulant, aluminum hydroxychloride, hydroxide precipitate, aluminum- containing waste
Hydrothermal Resource-saving Processes in Complex Processing of Bauxite and Red Mud
Authors: Pasechnik Liliya A. , Yatsenko Sergey P. , Skachkov Vladimir M. , Bibanayeva Svetlana A.
Published: January 2021

The Bayer bauxite residue (red mud, RM) is environmentally hostile and hazardous to human health. Red mud can be viewed as an important and promising source of scandium, yttrium, zirconium and other elements rather than a solid waste. Due to a high content of iron in bauxites and especially in RM, the conversion of hematite into magnetite in Bayer liquor plays a key role in the exploration of a cleaner technology of alumina production. Thus, RM and raw bauxite were used for hydrothermal digestion in an original one-stage method of magnetite production during co-recovery of alumina. The yield of alumina reaches 80% from RM and more from bauxites during digestion with addition of lime and Fe(II) or Fe . The saturation magnetization of a bulk sample of magnetized bauxite is 40.5 emu/g, two orders of magnitude higher than that of a raw red mud sample. Moreover, magnetite containing a residue has a high crystallinity, which contributes to better deposition and magnetic separation in the development of an overall flowsheet for RM utilization.

Keywords: Red mud, bauxite, hydrothermal treatment; enrichment, extraction, magnetization, hematite, magnetite, rare elements
Physical and Chemical Fundamentals and Technical Solutions for Recovery of Non-ferrous and Rare Metals from Industrial Wastes
Authors: Kozlov P.A. , Panshin A.M. , Leontiev L.I.
Published: January 2021

The increasing demand for zinc and a range of zinc-related metals (for example: lead; indium; tin; cadmium; and copper) in the Russian Federation cannot be satisfied by the existing production plants due to the lack of raw materials. At the same time, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry have accumulated hundreds of millions of tons of zinc wastes (falling into the hazard categories 2 to 4), the processing of which could not only make up the raw material base, but also improve the environmental situation. In the world, over 85% of ferrous dust is recycled using the Waelz process. The Waeltz process is used for distilling separation of elements under reducing conditions. In this study, a block diagram for production of the following elements from industrial wastes is proposed: zinc, cadmium and indium in form of massive metals; zinc and indium in the form of fine powders; and clinker as a raw material for cement production. The technical and scientific details of this new process have been patented in the Russian Federation and abroad. For the first time, the following operations have been implemented with the use of large-sized Waelz kilns: vapour-oxidized Waeltz treatment of polymetallic wastes; recycling of heat from gases and solid products with generation of process fumes; and implementation of alternative flux (dolomite) and alternative fuel (petroleum coke).
Keywords: Waelz process, industrial wastes, heat recycling, vapour-oxidized Waelz processing
Using of Enriched Air Blast While Operation of Shaft Furnaces at LLC “Mednogorsk Copper-Sulfur Plant”
Authors: A.F. Ibragimov , I.I Iskhakov , G.V. Skopov , A.N. Kirichenko
Published: January 2021

In this article we consider the practices of blast smelting of copper-bearing charge with oxygen enriched air blast at Mednogorsk Copper-Sulfur Plant. The degree of air blast enrichment with oxygen has been increased from 30% to 36%, and productivity has raised by 20.1%. The copper content in matte has made up 33.0-35.3%, in dump slag – to 0.5% Cu. We have provided the mass and heat balances of the smelting. We have demonstrated the influence of air blast oxygen enrichment degree on productivity of blast smelting, solid fuel consumption, contents and quantity of smelting products.

Keywords: blast smelting, air blast, oxygen enriched, enrichment degree, furnace capacity, specific smelting rate, matte, anthracite
Theoretical Bases of Electrochemical Cleaning of Oil-contaminated Soil
Authors: Pavlovich Meshalkin Valeriy , Sergeevich Shulaev Nikolay , Valeryevna Pryanichnikova Valeria , Alekseevich Bykovsky Nikolay , Rimovich Kadyrov Ramil
Published: January 2021

This study developstheoretical bases for the electrochemical process of cleaning soils from oil, oil products and highly mineralized reservoir water. The article experimentally and theoretically reveals patterns of reducing the content of polluting oil products in soils of various types during the small voltage passing. The optimal amount of electricity for the effective removal of various types of pollution was required. For the implementation of a electrochemical soil cleaning process a scheme of an original installation with placement of electrodes in the soil was studied. It reduces the resistance between the electrodes. The technical and economical calculations to determine energy costs of the electrochemical installation for cleaning oil-contaminated soils included: the number of electrodes; the voltage depending on the properties of the soil; the area; the depth of contamination of the soil to be treated;azndthe parameters of the electrodes. This allowed us to determine and develop the required degree of cleaning.

Keywords: electrochemical process, charge, soil, oil products, voltage, cleaning
Arsenic in Chemical and Metallurgical Conversions of Copper-zinc Concentrates
Authors: Selivanov Evgeny Nikolaevich , Novikov Dmitry Olegovich , Lyevich Belyaev Vyacheslav Vasi- , Skopov Gennady Veniaminovich
Published: January 2021

Due to the deterioration of the quality of obtained sulfide-copper concentrates, arsenic circulates and accumulates in the intermediate products, which reduces the quality of the metal and associated product – sulfuric acid. A method of estimation the distribution of impurity elements can be created using the recycling of sulfide concentrates by various technologies (including autogenous smelting, matte conversion and flotation of slags). This technique is based on solving balance equations for iron, copper and arsenic with known compositions of the resulting products. The obtained data were used to assess of the extraction of arsenic into produce outputs (slag, matte, dust, etc.). In this study, the concentration of arsenic in the dust of metallurgical processes and sludge for cleaning acid solutions is confirmed. The increased temperature in the electrostatic precipitator of gas purification of autogenous processes lead to a partial transition of arsenic into the gas stream directed to the sulfuric acid production. It is possible to regulate the fraction of transition of arsenic to dust and sulfuric acid while changing the operating temperature in the electrostatic precipitator. To a lesser extent arsenic is concentrated in the tails of flotation of slag (11.7%) and metallic copper (2.9%). These data are useful for substantiating measures for the wastes recycling and improvement of the ecological environment in the enterprise operating districts.

Keywords: arsenic, autogenous melting, matte conversion, slag flotation, purified gas treatment, distribution, dust, sludge
The Using of Technogenic Waste from Ferroalloy Production
Authors: Zhuchkov Vladimir Ivanovich , Sychev Alexandr Vladimirovich , Zayakin Oleg Vadi- movich , Leontiev Leopold Igorevich
Published: January 2021

When ferroalloys are produced, a large number of coproducts are also formed: slag, riddlings of small fractions of ore raw materials and finished products (ferroalloys), sludge, dust and a number of other materials. Their use and processing allows for reduced consumption of the original minerals, thereby increasing the efficiency of the main production and reducing environmental pollution. As a result, both enterprise costs in the form of environmental payments for emissions and waste disposal, as well as government costs associated with environmental measures are reduced. However, the scale of use of ferroalloy production wastes is relatively small. The replacement of the main and auxiliary equipment with new, environmentally friendly equipment, can promote to significantly reduce or completely eliminate hazardous emissions and the generation of unclaimed production waste. It is necessary to organize the use of blast furnace gas from ore reduction furnaces for preheating and partial recovery of elements of charge materials.

Keywords: waste, ferroalloy production, utilization
The Waste of the Ferroalloy Production in Russia
Authors: Zhuchkov Vladimir Ivanovich , Leontiev Leopold Igorevich , Sychev Alexandr Vladimirovich , Dashevsky Veniamin Yakovlevich , Zayakin Oleg Vadimovich
Published: January 2021

Ferroalloys are used to change the composition and properties of ferrous and non- ferrous metals. Therefore, the volume of ferroalloy smelting corresponds to the amount of steel and other alloys produced. Currently world steel production is approximately 1630 million tons, and about 40 million tons of various ferroalloys are produced (2.5%). The structure of ferroalloy production in different countries mainly depends not on the needs of industrial enterprises, but on ore reserves. Excessive amounts of ferroalloys produced are exported, and the missing alloys are imported. In Russia silicon alloys that have no restrictions in the raw material base (44%) are the most produced, then manganese (25%) and chromium (23%) ferroalloys. The remaining ferroalloys account for 8% of production. About half of the manganese ferroalloys needed for consumption are bought abroad, and half are produced in the Russian Federation from foreign raw materials (Kazakhstan, South Africa, Gabon). The Russian Federation provides itself with chromium ferroalloys completely, and sells ∼ 80%, and for their production mainly imported raw materials (∼ 65%) from Kazakhstan are used.
Keywords: ferroalloy, ferrochrome, slags, production of ferroalloy
Complex Processing of Copper Smelting Slags with Obtaining of Cast Iron Grinding Media and Proppants
Authors: Roshchin V.E. , Adilov G.A. , Povolotckii A.D. , Kapelyushin Y.
Published: January 2021

The Ural region has a large number of metallurgical companies. The extraction of metals from ore is always accompanied by the accumulation of wastes. Currently, most of the wastes are stored in dumps and storage facilities forming technogenic deposits. One such that occupies huge areas is copper slag from the copper-smelting production. According to current estimations, about 2.2 tons of slag is formed for each ton of copper produced and about 24 million tons are produced annually [1]. In general, a copper slag contains about 35-45% iron and 0.4-0.5 copper, which indicates that this is a valuable secondary resource for recycling and utilization [33]. However, more than 80% of copper slag is not utilized, which makes it possible to consider this waste not only as a valuable material, but also as a potential hazard for the environment; it contaminates the soil and water with heavy elements [8]. Currently, only small amounts of the waste are recycled. In addition, technologies do not allow the complete extraction of valuable elements. This offers potential for the development of new highly efficient technologies for processing copper smelting wastes with extraction of valuable elements such as iron (Fe). Improvement of Fe quality requires a decrease in non-ferrous metal content, especially Cu. In recent years, extensive research was directed at the extraction of valuable materials from copper slags by high-temperature firing of copper conglomerates with subsequent magnetic separation or leaching of non-ferrous metals. However, these studies do not allow the complete processing of copper smelting slags. This work studies the production of iron-containing briquettes from copper-smelting slags, and their subsequent processing to obtain valuable products for metallurgical and oil companies.
Keywords: briquette, reduction, cast iron, proppants
A Study of the Potential Use of Red Mud to Obtain Compositions Based on Portland Cement
Authors: Gerasimova Ekaterina , Gumirova Elizaveta
Published: January 2021

The paper deals with the problem of utilization of red mud which is a waste product from alumina production using the Bayer method. The principal possible use for the red mud of JSC “Bogoslovsky aluminum plant” (Sverdlovsk region) for the compositions based on Portland cement is shown. It was found that the mud introduction accelerates beginning of the cement paste setting and thickens the paste reducing its mobility. It is concluded that the introduction of red mud up to 30 % is justified in terms of strength indicators. The work is carried out using mathematical planning of experiments.
Keywords: red mud, Portland cement, active mineral additive, composition, properties, bauxite, chemical composition, cement stone strength, mathematical planning of experiments
Using of Technogenic Raw Materials Based on Titanium-containing Slag and Aluminum Bronze for the Development of Composite Material
Authors: Zakharov Mikhail Nikolaevich , Ilinykh Nina Iosifovna , Romanova Olga Vladimirovna , Rybalko Olga Fedorovna
Published: January 2021

In this study, the possibility of using of the following technogenic raw materials to obtain a composite material was considered: titanium-containing slag, with the addition of aluminum bronze grade PG-19M-01 (TU 48-4206-156-82) and aluminum powder grade PA-4 (GOST 6058-73). The percentage of components in the mixture were as follows (wt. %): slag - 40, PG-19M-01 - 30, PA-4 - 30. A thermodynamic simulation of the selected system was preliminarily carried out using TERRA program in the temperature range 273 - 4273 K. The chemical and granulometric composition of the initial powders was investigated. From the powder mixture there were compressed the tablets and then they were sintered in an inert atmosphere. Micro-X-ray analysis of sintered samples showed that they consist of large particles of various shapes, most likely containing titanium and iron aluminides, their compounds between themselves and with copper.
Keywords: titanium-containing slag, composite material, thermodynamic modeling, intermetallic compounds, pressing, powder materials