bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A compositional approach to quantum functions
Authors: Musto Benjamin , Reutter David , Verdon Dominic
Published: August 2018

We introduce a notion of quantum function and develop a compositional framework for finite quantum set theory based on a 2-category of quantum sets and quantum functions. We use this framework to formulate a 2-categorical theory of quantum graphs, which captures the quantum graphs and quantum graph homomorphisms recently discovered in the study of nonlocal games and zero-error communication and relates them to quantum automorphism groups of graphs considered in the setting of compact quantum groups. We show that the 2-categories of quantum sets and quantum graphs are semisimple. We analyze dualisable and invertible 1-morphisms in these 2-categories and show that they correspond precisely to the existing notions of quantum isomorphism and classical isomorphism between sets and graphs.
A recurrence quantification analysis-based channel-frequency convolutional neural network for emotion recognition from EEG
Authors: Yang Yu-Xuan , Gao Zhong-Ke , Wang Xin-Min , Li Yan-Li , Han Jing-Wei , Marwan Norbert , Kurths Jürgen
Published: August 2018

Constructing a reliable and stable emotion recognition system is a critical but challenging issue for realizing an intelligent human-machine interaction. In this study, we contribute a novel channel-frequency convolutional neural network (CFCNN), combined with recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), for the robust recognition of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals collected from different emotion states. We employ movie clips as the stimuli to induce happiness, sadness, and fear emotions and simultaneously measure the corresponding EEG signals. Then the entropy measures, obtained from the RQA operation on EEG signals of different frequency bands, are fed into the novel CFCNN. The results indicate that our system can provide a high emotion recognition accuracy of 92.24% and a relatively excellent stability as well as a satisfactory Kappa value of 0.884, rendering our system particularly useful for the emotion recognition task. Meanwhile, we compare the performance of the entropy measures, extracted from each frequency band, in distinguishing the three emotion states. We mainly find that emotional features extracted from the gamma band present a considerably higher classification accuracy of 90.51% and a Kappa value of 0.858, proving the high relation between emotional process and gamma frequency band.
A physically grounded damped dispersion model with particle mesh Ewald summation
Authors: Rackers Joshua A. , Liu Chengwen , Ren Pengyu , Ponder Jay W.
Published: August 2018

Accurate modeling of dispersion is critical to the goal of predictive biomolecular simulations. To achieve this accuracy, a model must be able to correctly capture both the short-range and asymptotic behavior of dispersion interactions. We present here a damped dispersion model based on the overlap of charge densities that correctly captures both regimes. The overlap damped dispersion model represents a classical physical interpretation of dispersion: the interaction between the instantaneous induced dipoles of two distinct charge distributions. This model is shown to be an excellent fit with symmetry adapted perturbation theory dispersion energy calculations, yielding an RMS error on the S101x7 database of 0.5 kcal/mol. Moreover, the damping function used in this model is wholly derived and parameterized from the electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction, making it not only physically grounded but transferable as well.
Electronic structure of epitaxial half-Heusler Co1-xNixTiSb across the semiconductor to metal transition
Authors: Harrington S. D. , Logan J. A. , Chatterjee S. , Patel S. J. , Rice A. D. , Feldman M. M. , Polley C. M. , Balasubramanian T. , Mikkelsen A. , Palmstrøm C. J.
Published: August 2018

Here, we report on the growth, electronic, and surface properties of the electron-doped half-Heusler series Co1-xNixTiSb (001) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. High-quality epitaxial growth of thin films is achieved on InP (001) substrates using an InAlAs buffer layer for all nickel concentrations. The semiconductor to metal transition as a function of substitutional alloying was examined using electrical transport, Seebeck measurements, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Temperature-dependent electrical transport measurements of films with composition x ≤ 0.1 exhibit thermally activated behavior while x > 0.1 exhibit metallic behavior. Smooth, highly ordered film surfaces can be achieved following ex-situ transfer of the films and subsequent desorption of a sacrificial, protective antimony capping layer. Using this transfer technique, ARPES experiments were performed to investigate the effects of nickel alloying on the electronic band structure. An electron pocket is observed below the Fermi level at the bulk X point for compositions x > 0.1, in accordance with the crossover from semiconducting to metallic behavior observed in the transport measurements.
X-pinch X-ray emission on a portable low-current, fast rise-time generator
Authors: Shelkovenko T. A. , Pikuz S. A. , Tilikin I. N. , Bland S. N. , Lall D. , Chaturvedi N. , Georgakis A.
Published: August 2018

We report on experiments exploring X-ray emission from an X-pinch driven by a small Marx-waterline generator supplying 50 kA with a risetime of 50 ns and a peak voltage of ∼250 kV. Both standard crossed wire loads and hybrid loads utilizing conical metal electrodes with a single short wire in between them were studied, and in both cases reliable modes of operation were obtained for X-ray radiography. Soft (few keV) and Hard (>5 keV) X-ray emission characteristics were observed. With standard X-pinches, soft radiation emanated from a small hot spot about 3 μm in size, along with hard radiation from a ∼200 μm region close to this hot spot. With hybrid X-pinches, the hot spot was <7 μm in size. There was a clear correlation between the soft and hard X-ray emission—pinches that produced intense soft X-ray emission from a small hot spot also produced the most intense, localized hard X-ray emission.
Solid-state framing camera operating in interferometric mode
Authors: Baker K. L. , Steele P. T. , Stewart R. E. , Vernon S. P. , Hsing W. W. , Remington B. A.
Published: August 2018

A high speed solid-state framing camera has been developed which can operate in interferometric mode. This camera measures the change in the index of refraction of a semiconductor when x-rays are incident upon it. This instrument uses an x-ray transmission grating/mask in front of the semiconductor to induce a corresponding phase grating in the semiconductor which can then be measured by an infrared probe beam. The probe beam scatters off of this grating, enabling a measure of the x-ray signal incident on the semiconductor. In this particular instrument, the zero-order reflected probe beam is attenuated and interfered with the diffracted orders to produce an interferometric image on a charge coupled device camera of the phase change induced inside the semiconductor by the incident x-rays.
Tau functions, Hodge classes, and discriminant loci on moduli spaces of Hitchin’s spectral covers
Authors: Korotkin Dmitry , Zograf Peter
Published: August 2018

We define two tau functions, τ and τ^, on moduli spaces of spectral covers of GL(n) Hitchin systems. Analyzing the properties of τ, we express the rational divisor class of the universal Hitchin’s discriminant in terms of standard generators of the rational Picard group of the moduli spaces of spectral covers with variable base. The function τ^ is used to compute the divisor of canonical 1-forms with multiple zeros.
Developing a long-duration Zn K-α source for x-ray scattering experiments
Authors: MacDonald M. J. , Saunders A. M. , Falcone R. W. , Theobald W. , Landen O. L. , Döppner T.
Published: August 2018

We are developing a long-duration K-α x-ray source at the Omega laser facility. Such sources are important for x-ray scattering measurements at small scattering angles where high spectral resolution is required. To date, He-α x-ray sources are the most common probes in scattering experiments, using ns-class lasers to heat foils to keV temperatures, resulting in K-shell emission from He-like charge states. The He-α spectrum can be broadened by emission from multiple charge states and lines (e.g., He-like, Li-like, Be-like). Here, we combine the long duration of He-α sources with the narrow spectral bandwidth of cold K-α emission. A Ge foil is irradiated by the Omega laser, producing principally Ge He-α emission, which pumps Zn K-α emission at 8.6 keV from a nearby Zn layer. Using this technique, we demonstrate a long-duration Zn K-α source suitable for scattering measurements. Our experimental results show a 60% reduction in spectral bandwidth compared to a standard Zn He-α source, significantly improving the measurement precision of scattering experiments with small inelastic shifts.
Pulse shortening in an actively mode-locked laser with parity-time symmetry
Authors: Yuan Luqi , Lin Qian , Xiao Meng , Dutt Avik , Fan Shanhui
Published: August 2018

We consider an actively mode-locked laser system with parity-time symmetry. The system consists of two ring cavities, each incorporating an amplitude modulator operating at the same modulation frequency, but with the modulation phases differing by π. We show that spontaneous parity-time symmetry breaking can be used to shorten the temporal width of the pulse generated through active mode locking in this system. Our work highlights the importance of applying the concept of parity-time symmetry in pulsed laser systems.
Tomography diagnostic of plasma radiated power on the spherical tokamak Globus-M
Authors: Sladkomedova A. D. , Alekseev A. G. , Bakharev N. N. , Gusev V. K. , Khromov N. A. , Kurskiev G. S. , Minaev V. B. , Patrov M. I. , Petrov Yu. V. , Sakharov N. V. , Shchegolev P. B. , Solokha V. V. , Telnova A. Yu. , Tolstyakov S. Yu. , Zabrodsky V. V.
Published: August 2018

A diagnostic system for plasma radiated power tomography on Globus-M was upgraded with a new linear array based on silicon photodiodes. The hardware of the diagnostic system based on a 256-channel tangential matrix array and a 24-channel linear array is described. The algorithm for 2D tomographic reconstruction of plasma emissivity is presented. It uses the Tikhonov regularization method and anisotropic diffusion functional as a side constraint. Simulated plasma emissivity profiles were used to test and assess the capabilities of the developed algorithm. Data analysis was carried out in ohmic and neutral beam heated discharges to demonstrate the performance of the tomography diagnostic in plasmas with different parameters. The presented results illustrate the proper functioning of the tomography system that allowed to reveal and study various plasma phenomena, including magnetohydrodynamic mode.
Percolation in supercritical water: Do the Widom and percolation lines coincide?
Authors: Strong Steven E. , Shi Liang , Skinner J. L.
Published: August 2018

Hydrogen bonding distinguishes water from simpler fluids. Here, we use classical molecular dynamics to study the percolation transition in the hydrogen bond network of supercritical water. We find that, contrary to some previous work, the percolation line in both the pressure-temperature and density-temperature planes does not coincide with the Widom line. This difference stems from a fundamental distinction between the Widom line, which is thermodynamic in nature, and the percolation transition, which depends only on connectivity. For example, we show that percolation-related quantities collapse onto master curves when plotted with respect to a measure of connectivity rather than thermodynamic variables. We then use the Galam-Mauger formula to understand the properties of the hydrogen bonding network. We find that the percolation transition in supercritical water can shed light on the hydrogen bonding network in room temperature liquid water.
Magnetic structures and magnetic phase transitions in RMn2Si2
Authors: Mushnikov N. V. , Gerasimov E. G. , Terentev P. B. , Gaviko V. S.
Published: August 2018

Magnetic properties of the LaMn2Si2 and La0.6R0.4Mn2Si2 (R = Sm, Tb, Gd) compounds with layered ThCr2Si2-type structure have been studied using quasi-single-crystalline and polycrystalline samples. Substitution of the R atoms for La decreases the interatomic distances and changes the ordering of the Mn sublattice from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic. Magnetic structure of the substituted compounds has been found to depend on the anisotropy of R ions. The Sm moments are oriented in the basal plane and weakly coupled with the Mn sublattice. For R = Tb, frustrations prevent the formation of long-range magnetic ordering in Tb sublattice. For the system with Gd, the antiferromagnetic Mn-Mn and Gd-Mn interactions lead to a change of magnetic anisotropy from the easy-axis to the easy-plane type.
Nanoscopic spectroscopy of potential barriers formed around V-pits in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells on moderate temperature GaN pit expansion layers
Authors: Kurai Satoshi , Okawa Kohei , Makio Ryoga , Nobata Genki , Gao Junji , Sugimoto Kohei , Okada Narihito , Tadatomo Kazuyuki , Yamada Yoichi
Published: August 2018

We used photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy combined with scanning near-field optical microscopy to directly observe the potential barriers in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) on a GaN layer grown under moderate temperatures (MT-GaN) as the V-pit expansion layer. Area-averaged PL spectra revealed shoulders on the higher-energy side of the InGaN/GaN MQW emission (HE emission) even at room temperature (RT), as well as at low temperature. These HE emission regions, which possessed island-like shapes in the PL intensity maps at RT, corresponded to the dark regions in the PL intensity maps of GaN emission. Low-temperature local PL spectra acquired at the measurement points where HE emissions were observed revealed multiple HE emission peaks at two distinct energies. Most of the regions where the HE emission occurred corresponded to the dark regions of GaN emission and their outer circumference. These experimental observations demonstrate the formation of potential barriers around threading dislocations in the InGaN/GaN MQWs on an MT-GaN layer as the pit expansion layer. The energy difference between the HE emissions and the MQW emissions on the MT-GaN layer tended to increase with increasing V-pit diameter and was much larger than the energy difference for an InGaN/GaN superlattice structure. This was rationalized by the greater change in transition energy for thinner MQWs on V-pits than for planar MQWs, when the thickness in the MQWs on MT-GaN decreases owing to strain effects.
Effects of a porous dielectric in atmospheric-pressure plasma jets submerged in water
Authors: Ma Sukhwal , Kim Kangil , Lee Sangju , Moon Seyoun , Hong Yongcheol
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the underwater performance of atmospheric-pressure plasma jets with and without a porous dielectric material is compared. The comparison included a multi-channel discharge plasma jet with a porous dielectric that served to generate microdischarges in the dielectric and thereby increased the plasma density, and a single-discharge jet of a typical pen-type atmospheric pressure plasma jet without a porous dielectric. In the analysis, the electrical and optical characteristics, concentration of reactive chemical species, and underwater sterilization performance were characterized. The multi-channel discharge plasma jet was found to effectively sterilize over 99.9% of the Escherichia coli. The decimal reduction times of the single- and multi-jets were 13.13 and 6.98 min, respectively, due to their physical and chemical properties. The results confirmed that the sterilization rate of the multi-channel discharge plasma jet was 1.88 times faster than that of the single-discharge jet.
Evaporating droplets in turbulence studied with statistically stationary homogeneous direct numerical simulation
Authors: Weiss Philipp , Meyer Daniel W. , Jenny Patrick
Published: August 2018

The present paper investigates droplet laden turbulent gas flows with point droplet direct numerical simulations. A novel flow configuration is presented, which allows us to simulate statistically stationary homogeneous isotropic regions of turbulent sprays. This configuration enables a physical analysis with small statistical errors under controllable conditions. The length scales of clusters are analyzed with spectra of the droplet number density and vapor mass fraction fluctuations. The local conditions in clusters and voids are analyzed with probability density functions of the local droplet number density, local vapor mass fraction, and evaporation rate. Effects of the mass loading and Stokes number on the clustering of droplets and the mixing of vapor are characterized, and the compositions of clusters and voids are examined. As the mass loading increases from 2.5% to 12.5%, the fluctuations in the vapor mass fraction and droplet number density increase almost equally at all length scales. Clusters contain more droplets that together release more vapor, but their characteristic size remains unchanged. As the mean Stokes number increases from 1 to 4, the fluctuations in the vapor mass fraction and droplet number density decrease predominantly at small length scales. Clusters contain fewer droplets that together release less vapor, and their characteristic size increases. At a mass loading of 7.5% and a mean Stokes number of 2, clusters contain considerably more droplets and vapor than voids. Droplets located in clusters therefore evaporate more slowly than droplets located in voids.
Modeling of the in-situ nitrogen (N) doping of graphene-carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrids in a plasma medium and their field emission properties
Authors: Tewari Aarti , Srivastava Pankaj , Ghosh Santanu
Published: August 2018

A numerical formalism for investigating the effect of in-situ nitrogen doping (N-doping) on the plasma-assisted growth of graphene-carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrids is established. The formalism includes the energy balance on the catalyst particle and the kinetics of plasma species with contribution from hydrogen, hydrocarbon, and ammonia that aids in N-doping, for the growth of in-situ N-doped CNT, graphene, and graphene-CNT hybrids. The growth rate equations for the N-doped CNT, graphene, and graphene-CNT hybrids are also set up as a part of the model. With N-doping, the hydrogen ionic species density initially increases and then falls, promoting the growth of higher order hydrocarbons in plasma. The electron density also increases with N-doping such that the electron-mediated ionization and dissociation processes, increase eventually affecting the availability of growth precursors. The cumulative effect of the variation in the plasma species density with N-doping leads to the growth of nanostructures with a high aspect ratio. In the present work, the field enhancement factor (β) of the graphene-CNT hybrids is approximated as the ratio of its dimension along the y-axis to that along the z-axis. The β of graphene-CNT hybrids is found to be larger than that of the undoped and N-doped CNT and graphene. Moreover, N-doping further enhances the β of graphene-CNT hybrids.
Norbornene, norbornadiene and their derivatives: promising semi-products for organic synthesis and production of polymeric materials
Authors: Flid Vitaly R. , Gringolts Maria L. , Shamsiev Ravshan S. , Finkelshtein Evgene Sh.
Published: August 2018

The methods for synthesis of promising norbornene monomers from norbornadiene and quadricyclane are summarized. A strategy for their synthesis is discussed, combining theoretical and experimental approaches to the selection of catalysts and the conditions for carrying out stereoselective reactions. The mechanisms of catalytic reactions of synthesis of norbornene monomers, as well as the progress in the macromolecular design of functional polymeric materials based on them, are considered. The data on industrial processes of production of polynorbornenes and areas of their use are presented.

The bibliography includes 297 references.
Mid-level visual features underlie the high-level categorical organization of the ventral stream
Authors: Long Bria , Yu Chen-Ping , Konkle Talia
Published: August 2018

Human object-selective cortex shows a large-scale organization characterized by the high-level properties of both animacy and object size. To what extent are these neural responses explained by primitive perceptual features that distinguish animals from objects and big objects from small objects? To address this question, we used a texture synthesis algorithm to create a class of stimuli—texforms—which preserve some mid-level texture and form information from objects while rendering them unrecognizable. We found that unrecognizable texforms were sufficient to elicit the large-scale organizations of object-selective cortex along the entire ventral pathway. Further, the structure in the neural patterns elicited by texforms was well predicted by curvature features and by intermediate layers of a deep convolutional neural network, supporting the mid-level nature of the representations. These results provide clear evidence that a substantial portion of ventral stream organization can be accounted for by coarse texture and form information without requiring explicit recognition of intact objects.
The familiar and the strange
Authors: Delgado Rodrigo
Published: August 2018

This study examines gender assignment in Spanish/English mixed DPs. In these DPs, heritage speakers of Spanish have the choice of using the feminine or masculine determiner with an English noun (e.g., (1)

la table or (2)

el table). However, there is no gender agreement between the Spanish determiner and English noun. According to Liceras et al. (2008), this is solved by using the masculine determiner, el; it is not specified for gender (Harris, 1991). Other studies (Jake et al., 2002) have shown that heritage speakers do use the feminine determiner in mixed DPs such as (1). I argue that the feminine determiner is used with English nouns that are feminine in Spanish and are part of the familial domain.
Short-term C mineralization (aka the flush of CO
2
) as an indicator of soil biological health.
Authors: Franzluebbers A. J.
Published: August 2018

Soil biological activity is a key component of soil health assessments, as it (a) indicates soil nutrient cycling capacity from various organic matter sources to inorganic availability, (b) relates to soil structural conditions, (c) informs about the potential to harbour biodiversity in soil and (d) often parallels changes in soil organic C and N storage in surface soils. The flush of CO
2
following rewetting of dried soil represents a burst of microbial activity that can be considered an artefact, but has a strong relationship with longer-term C mineralization and basal soil respiration across a diversity of soils. This review demonstrates also the strong association of the flush of CO
2
with soil microbial biomass C and net N mineralization. Weaker associations occur with total and particulate organic C and N. The flush of CO
2
has been evaluated for assessing both short- and long-term impacts of crop and forage management. It also has strong temporal and spatial variations that can be related to the availability of organic substrates and landscape-specific environmental conditions. Variations in methodology have recently appeared in the literature and standardization is needed if results are to be compared. The flush of CO
2
should be considered a rapid, robust and reliable method to indicate soil biological activity and as such should be a major component of any soil health assessment.
Lameness: a principle problem to sow longevity in breeding herds.
Authors: Supakorn C. , Stock J. D. , Garay E. , Johnson A. K. , Stalder K. J.
Published: August 2018

The objective of this paper is to review causes of lameness lesions, lameness detection methods, factors affecting lameness, the association between lameness and other economically important swine production traits, and treatment for lameness in swine breeding herds. Lameness in sows is an important welfare and economic challenge to pig producers. It has been reported to be the second most common reason for the involuntary culling of sows which directly impacts sow longevity/sow productive lifetime. Factors affecting the prevalence and severity of gilt and sow lameness breeding herd are housing type, flooring type, toes/dewclaws management, the genetic effect for feet and leg conformation, and nutrition especially mineral supplements. Sow preference and behavioural response to flooring type may be likewise be affected by lameness onset, duration, severity and location. To avoid unnecessary distress and associated financial losses, early treatment of lameness observed among the females in the gilt development unit and in the breeding herd is necessary. The key factors listed previously are the foundation of a proper prevalence strategy. However, this review shows that additional research is still needed, especially studies to accurately evaluate lameness lesions, examine nutrient requirements for optimum foot health, investigate genetic effects on feet and leg conformation, clearly define the supplemental vitamin or/and mineral levels and duration for usage. All of these factors may influence breeding herd lameness and may contribute to more consistent and comparable results from sow herd.
Principals about principal components in statistical genetics
Authors: Abegaz Fentaw , Chaichoompu Kridsadakorn , Génin Emmanuelle , Fardo David W , König Inke R , Mahachie John Jestinah M , Van Steen Kristel
Published: August 2018

Principal components (PCs) are widely used in statistics and refer to a relatively small number of uncorrelated variables derived from an initial pool of variables, while explaining as much of the total variance as possible. Also in statistical genetics, principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular technique. To achieve optimal results, a thorough understanding about the different implementations of PCA is required and their impact on study results, compared to alternative approaches. In this review, we focus on the possibilities, limitations and role of PCs in ancestry prediction, genome-wide association studies, rare variants analyses, imputation strategies, meta-analysis and epistasis detection. We also describe several variations of classic PCA that deserve increased attention in statistical genetics applications.
DeepGSR: an optimized deep-learning structure for the recognition of genomic signals and regions
Authors: Kalkatawi Manal , Magana-Mora Arturo , Jankovic Boris , Bajic Vladimir B
Published: August 2018

Motivation

Recognition of different genomic signals and regions (GSRs) in DNA is crucial for understanding genome organization, gene regulation, and gene function, which in turn generate better genome and gene annotations. Although many methods have been developed to recognize GSRs, their pure computational identification remains challenging. Moreover, various GSRs usually require a specialized set of features for developing robust recognition models. Recently, deep-learning (DL) methods have been shown to generate more accurate prediction models than ‘shallow’ methods without the need to develop specialized features for the problems in question. Here, we explore the potential use of DL for the recognition of GSRs.

Results

We developed DeepGSR, an optimized DL architecture for the prediction of different types of GSRs. The performance of the DeepGSR structure is evaluated on the recognition of polyadenylation signals (PAS) and translation initiation sites (TIS) of different organisms: human, mouse, bovine and fruit fly. The results show that DeepGSR outperformed the state-of-the-art methods, reducing the classification error rate of the PAS and TIS prediction in the human genome by up to 29% and 86%, respectively. Moreover, the cross-organisms and genome-wide analyses we performed, confirmed the robustness of DeepGSR and provided new insights into the conservation of examined GSRs across species.

Availability and implementation

DeepGSR is implemented in Python using Keras API; it is available as open-source software and can be obtained at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1117159.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd [1970] AC 567, House of Lords
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd [1970] AC 567, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Barclays Bank Plc v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180, House of Lords
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Barclays Bank Plc v O’Brien [1994] 1 AC 180, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Lumley v Wagner (1852) 1 De GM & G 604, Court of Chancery
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Lumley v Wagner (1852) 1 De GM & G 604, Court of Chancery. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
R (Independent Schools Council) v Charity Commission for England and Wales [2012] Ch 214, Upper Tribunal (Tax and Chancery Chamber)
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (Independent Schools Council) v Charity Commission for England and Wales [2012] Ch 214, Upper Tribunal (Tax and Chancery Chamber). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Re Barlow’s Will Trusts [1979] 1 WLR 278, Chancery Division
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re Barlow’s Will Trusts [1979] 1 WLR 278, Chancery Division. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Re Denley’s Trust Deed [1969] 1 Ch 373, Chancery Division
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re Denley’s Trust Deed [1969] 1 Ch 373, Chancery Division. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378, Privy Council
Authors: Whayman Derek
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Equity & Trusts provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 2 AC 378, Privy Council. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Derek Whayman.
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] AC 655. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691
Authors: Purshouse Craig
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
Essential Cases: Contract Law
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in contract law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decision. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Nicola Jackson, including an assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision.

It can act as a succinct reference source alongside your core textbooks as you proceed through your course. It can also be used as a stand-alone revision aid as you approach examinations. But central to the Essential Cases series is the aim of to encourage your own critical exploration of the legal matters under discussion.

Where possible, a link to a free-to-access full version of the judgment is included in each summary, providing you with an opportunity to deepen your understanding by reading the judgment of the court for yourself.
Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401. The document also included supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Rock Advertising Ltd v MWB Business Exchange Centres Ltd [2018] UKSC 24. The document also included supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2003] UKHL 62
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2003] UKHL 62. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor [1962] AC 413
Authors: Jackson Nicola
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor [1962] AC 413. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Nicola Jackson.
Commission v Italy (‘Trailers’) (Case C-110/05), EU:C:2009:66, [2009] ECR I-519, 10 February 2009
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Commission v Italy (‘Trailers’) (Case C-110/05), EU:C:2009:66, [2009] ECR I-519, 10 February 2009. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Flaminio Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64), EU:C:1964:66, [1964] ECR 585, 15 July 1964
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Flaminio Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64), EU:C:1964:66, [1964] ECR 585, 15 July 1964. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lübeck-Ost (Case C-314/85), EU:C:1987:452, [1987] ECR 4199, 22 October 1987
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Lübeck-Ost (Case C-314/85), EU:C:1987:452, [1987] ECR 4199, 22 October 1987. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v Office national de l’emploi (Case C-34/09), EU:C:2011:124, [2011] ECR I-1177, 8 March 2011
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v Office national de l’emploi (Case C-34/09), EU:C:2011:124, [2011] ECR I-1177, 8 March 2011. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg (Case C-340/89), EU:C:1991:193, [1991] ECR I-2365, 7 May 1991
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Irène Vlassopoulou v Ministerium für Justiz, Bundes- und Europaangelegenheiten Baden-Württemberg (Case C-340/89), EU:C:1991:193, [1991] ECR I-2365, 7 May 1991. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA (Case C-106/89), EU:C:1990:395, [1990] ECR I-4135, 13 November 1990
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentación SA (Case C-106/89), EU:C:1990:395, [1990] ECR I-4135, 13 November 1990. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v Stephen Grogan and others (Case C-159/90), EU:C:1991:378, [1991] ECR I-4685, 4 October 1991
Authors: O’Meara Noreen
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Society for the Protection of Unborn Children Ireland Ltd v Stephen Grogan and others (Case C-159/90), EU:C:1991:378, [1991] ECR I-4685, 4 October 1991. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
Essential Cases: Land Law
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in land law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decisions. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Aruna Nair, including her assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision.
Abbey National Building Society v Cann [1991] 1 AC 56, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Abbey National Building Society v Cann [1991] 1 AC 56, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Berrisford Housing Co-operative v Mexfield [2011] UKSC 52, Supreme Court
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Berrisford Housing Co-operative v Mexfield [2011] UKSC 52, Supreme Court. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [1999] 1 AC 406, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [1999] 1 AC 406, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd [2008] UKHL 55, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd [2008] UKHL 55, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Federated Lodge Homes Ltd v Mill Lodge Properties Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 594, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Federated Lodge Homes Ltd v Mill Lodge Properties Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 594, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset [1991] 1 AC 107, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset [1991] 1 AC 107, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
McDonald v McDonald [2016] UKSC 28, Supreme Court
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in McDonald v McDonald [2016] UKSC 28, Supreme Court. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Moncrieff v Jamieson [2007] UKHL 42, House of Lords
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Moncrieff v Jamieson [2007] UKHL 42, House of Lords. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
R (on the application of Best) v Chief Land Registrar [2015] EWCA Civ 17, Court of Appeal
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R (on the application of Best) v Chief Land Registrar [2015] EWCA Civ 17, Court of Appeal. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 41 ER 1143, High Court (Chancery Division)
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Land Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Tulk v Moxhay (1848) 41 ER 1143, High Court (Chancery Division). The document also includes supporting commentary from author Aruna Nair.
B v Director of Public Prosecutions [2000] 2 AC 428, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in B v Director of Public Prosecutions [2000] 2 AC 428, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Bree [2007] EWCA Crim 804, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Bree [2007] EWCA Crim 804, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Fagan [1969] 1 QB 439, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Fagan [1969] 1 QB 439, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Gomez [1993] AC 442, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Gomez [1993] AC 442, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Hinks [2001] 1 AC 241, House of Lords
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Hinks [2001] 1 AC 241, House of Lords. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v SO [2013] EWCA Crim 1725, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v SO [2013] EWCA Crim 1725, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Stone and Dobinson [1977] 1 QB 354, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Stone and Dobinson [1977] 1 QB 354, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
R v Thabo Meli [1954] 1 WLR 228, Privy Council
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v Thabo Meli [1954] 1 WLR 228, Privy Council. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
Re A (Children)(Conjoined Twins) [2001] 2 WLR 480, Court of Appeal
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: August 2018

Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Re A (Children)(Conjoined Twins) [2001] 2 WLR 480, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
2. The institutions of government and the separation of powers
Authors: Stanton John , Prescott Craig
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the key institutions — the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary — and considers the relevance of the principle of the separation of powers in respect of the UK Constitution. It begins with a discussion of the functions fulfilled by these institutions, including an examination of their structure and key roles, allowing fuller exploration of the separation of powers doctrine in the UK Constitution. In respect of this, the chapter identifies a common distinction drawn between what is known as the pure and partial separation of powers. One favours total separation, the latter allowing a degree of overlap to the point of ensuring a system of checks and balances. Application of this distinction enables broader exploration of the UK's application of the separation of powers doctrine.