bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Food Research, Vol. 8 No. 3
Authors: Dong Bella
Published: May 2019

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.

Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to jfr@ccsenet.org.

Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 3

 

Adele Papetti, University of Pavia, Italy

Asima Asi Begic-Akagic, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Bosnian

Cheryl Rosita Rock, California State University, United States

Codina Georgiana Gabriela, Stefan cel Mare University Suceava, Romania

Elke Rauscher-Gabernig, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Austria

Elsa M Goncalves, Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agrária (INIA), Portugal

Jose Maria Zubeldia, Gestión Sanitaria de Canarias – Gobierno de Canarias, Spain

Juliano De Dea Lindner, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil

Lenka Kourimska, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic

Leonardo Martín Pérez, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, Argentina

Luis Patarata, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal

Magdalena Polak-Berecka, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland

Marco Iammarino, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Italy

Maria Fernanda Pessoa, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

Mariana de Lourdes Almeida Vieira, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Brazil

Massimiliano Renna, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italy

Na-Hyung Kim, Wonkwang University, Korea

Richard Nyanzi, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa

Shalini A. Neeliah, Ministry of Agro-industry and food security, Mauritius

Sonchieu Jean, Higher Technical Teachers Training College (HTTTC), University of Bamenda, Cameroon

Tanima Bhattacharya, Seacom Skills University, India
Rethinking Regional Development Strategies in Saudi Arabia: Planning Processes, Governance, and Implementation
Authors: Almughairy Anas M.
Published: May 2019

The Saudi government has engaged in regional planning to develop its 13 regions, reduce disparities between cities and rural areas, and balance resource distribution. In this paper I explore obstacles to regional development in Saudi Arabia and analyze outcomes in light of principles in the literature. I first identify seminal concepts of regional planning processes, governance, and implementation. These concepts are then organized into an evaluative framework for two case studies: Riyadh, the capital region of Saudi Arabia, and Makkah, the country’s most populated region. Finally, I present results, draw conclusions from the two cases, and discuss implications for the future of Saudi regional development.
Contributions of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to Income Generation, Employment and GDP: Case Study Ethiopia
Authors: Weldeslassie Hailai Abera , Vermaack Claire , Kristos Kibrom , Minwuyelet Luback , Tsegay Mahlet , Tekola Negasi Hagos , Gidey Yemane
Published: May 2019

The pillar goals of this research are to review the conditions of MSMEs, their contribution to employment creation, income generation, poverty alleviation, contributions to the local, regional and national GDP, stimulating entrepreneurial climate and the challenges and opportunities in the design, implementations, marketing opportunities, linkages, financial sources, dynamics, survival and policy landscape. To achieve the presented purposes, we collected primary and secondary data through a survey, focus group discussions and documents reviews. We used qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyse the collected data using various statistical programs.

We used descriptive and econometric statistical analysis to process the data, obtain the relevant estimation results and fully discuss the purposes under the study. We firmly maintain that the systems we presented, and the methods applied enabled us to tackle the aims of the study. MSMEs in Ethiopian are the chief sources of job, income, significantly contribute to the local, regional and national GDP and key policies to eliminate poverty.

In the log-linear regression, we found that MSMEs initial capital, BDS, access to credit facility are the key determinants of MSMEs performance. Majority of the MSMEs produce for local and regional markets; few for national markets and none for international markets. Besides, we found that sex of MSMEs owner/manager, BDS, access to credit and capital size strongly determine the survival of MSMEs.

Based on this study, the major obstacles of MSMEs in Ethiopia are the question of sustainability, lack of credit, weak market linkage, insufficient training, weak human resources development schemes, dependency on government and spoon-feeding mentality, oscillations in government policies, price variations, weak links and poor market and product development strategies.
The Implication of Corruption on Economic Progress of Nigeria
Authors: Omodero Cordelia Onyinyechi
Published: May 2019

The issue of corruption is a universal challenge and has denied many emerging economies good business opportunities. This study makes use of the position of Nigeria in the country corruption ranking captured by Transparency International and the rate of corruption prevailing in the country to assess the degree of influence corruption has on economic growth of the country. The study employs secondary form of data obtained from World Bank Development Indicators and Transparency International which cover a period from 2008 to 2018. The regression result indicates that the country corruption ranking has a significant negative influence on economic growth in Nigeria while the rate of corruption prevailing in the country has a significant positive impact on economic growth in the country. The two results are significant and so the study concludes that the image of the country has been tarnished globally due to the high level of corruption in Nigeria and as internationally perceived. As a result, important investment opportunities elude the country even though the economy is growing with the high rate of corruption prevailing in the country. The study thus, recommends among others that the religious leaders and non-governmental organizations should assist in curbing the menace of corruption by inculcating moral values in the young generation who should grow up to say no to corruption and its attractions. This will go a long way to salvage the future of this great nation.
Rijkskennisinstellingen op gepaste afstand
Authors: Diercks Gijs , Diederen Paul
Published: May 2019

Public research organizations at an appropriate distance. Reliable policy-relevant research as a shared responsibility

Governments have a great need for policy-relevant research. The Dutch government obtains part of this research from the so-called state knowledge institutions: public research organizations that support ministries in the preparation and implementation of policy. To be able to provide reliable research, state knowledge institutions must be able to act independently and with integrity. But to be policy-relevant, they must maintain in close contact with ministries. Proper handling of this tension does not only requires ‘hard’ formal rules, procedures and codes of conduct, but also ‘soft’ informal institutions, such as awareness, dialogue, education, and culture. Implementing this is a shared responsibility of both the research organizations and the ministries.
Opdracht- en ander onderzoek in het juridische domein
Authors: Huls Nick
Published: May 2019

Commissioned research and other in the legal domain. A personal view from the sociology of law

In this article the author asserts, based on his own experiences in this field, that the independence of research and researchers is not a given, but must always be conquered and defended. He relates the necessity of doing commissioned research to developments in Dutch legal academia and describes its strengths and weaknesses. He then makes the comparison with ‘pure’ academic research. He shows that most lecturers must fight and defend their independence against all sorts of developments within the modern university. There is not much room anymore to do one’s own free research. He concludes that neither academic nor commissioned research takes place in a vacuum without power relations.
La conjectura i la planificació : $b aprenentatge de les matemàtiques mitjançant projectes
Authors: Margelí Sílvia , Perpinyà Sílvia , Monsergas Marisa , Sol Manel , Chiva Salvador
Published: May 2019

L’aprenentatge de les matemàtiques implica un doble viatge: des de la modelització matemàtica de fenòmens fins a l’aplicació dels models i eines matemàtiques a la resolució de problemes. Ambdues aproximacions impliquen la necessitat d’un context problemàtic com a lloc de partida o d’arribada. L’Aprenentatge Basat en Projectes és una metodologia que es basa precisament en el treball en contexts problemàtics. En aquest article es proposen 4 activitats d’Aprenentatge Basat en Projectes en les que es modelitzen fenòmens o estransfereixen estratègies matemàtiques a la resolució de problemes en contextos, incloent diferents continguts matemàtics (Superfícies i volums, Identificació de relacions matemàtiques, Càlcul, Representació Gràfica) ubicats en diferents contextos (Disseny d’un habitatge,Estudi del moviment d’un cos, Planificació d’un viatge, Solució d’enigmes). Es discuteixen les aplicacions d’aquests enfocaments i es proposen orientacions per al seu desenvolupament.
Per què a l’estiu fa calor?
Authors: Larraz Rada Virgina , Pla Altisent Florenci
Published: May 2019

El projecte es basa en la resolució d’una gran pregunta enigma: Per què a l’estiu fa calor?, que en principi sembla molt òbvia, però que no ho és tant. La recerca de la solució portarà a desmuntar creences socialment acceptades que no tenen la credibilitat de la ciència. El mètode de treball ha buscat involucrar els estudiants en pràctiques científiques. A partir d’una sèrie d’hipòtesis recollides mitjançant una enquesta, es duen a terme una sèrie d’experiments que han aportat dades objectives, les quals han permès arribar a unes conclusions que donen resposta a la pregunta plantejada.
Estudi de la Llei de Faraday-Lenz fent servir el mòbil i el sensor de voltatge
Authors: López Simó Víctor
Published: May 2019

Presentem una experiència de laboratori de Física de Batxillerat enfocada a estudiar experimentalment la relació expressada en la llei de Faraday-Lenz. Llancem un imant per dins un tub de metacrilat que travessa una bobina, i
comparem la FEM mesurada directament amb un sensor de voltatge i la FEM calculada a partir de les mesures obtingudes amb el mòbil: la posició de l’imant respecte la bobina en cada instant de temps i el valor de la intensitat del camp magnètic per
cadascuna d’aquestes posicions relatives. A partir de senzills càlculs numèrics, s’obtenen dues representacions gràfiques molt semblants, que poden ajudar a l’alumnat a fer la sempre complexa connexió entre electricitat i magnetisme.
Del CERN a l’aula de física: La cambra de boira
Authors: Hinojosa Julià
Published: May 2019

En aquest article s’exposen, de forma breu, els pilars fonamentals del CERN i els resultats de l’experiència que ha suposat submergir a un grup d’alumnes de segon de batxillerat, establint un cert paral·lelisme entre aquest centre d’investigació i l’escola. Per intentar aconseguir aquest objectiu, s’ha proporcionat als alumnes un repte sobre un context concret i real, basant-se en l’estructura d’un projecte: la creació d’una cambra de boira.
Demand for scientific methods of detecting crimes and criminals, i.e. the beginnings of forensic science in the structures of the Polish State Police
Authors: Zubańska Magdalena , Zubański Sławomir
Published: May 2019

The history of forensic science (from Latin criminalis, concerning a crime) is inextricably linked to the history of law enforcement agencies. This science grew out of the needs of the law and serves its implementation to this day. Its interest is focused on the crime in concreto. As an independent scientific discipline, it developed only at the end of the 19th century and was connected with the date of publication of the work Handbuch fur Untersuchungsrichter, Polizeibeamte, Gendarmen u.s.w. by the Austrian investigating judge H. Gross in 1893.
Its author noticed the correctness (very accurate) that every achievement in the field of natural sciences and technical sciences can serve the purpose of combating crime. W. Sobolewski is considered a precursor of Polish forensic science. In September 1919 he joined the State Police and started working as an inspection officer. Then he became the commander of the Main Police School and Officer School in Warsaw. In 1929 he was sent to Vienna for
a forensic course. Then W. Sobolewski headed the Police Laboratory at the Headquarters of the Investigation Service in Warsaw, and since 1931 the Department of Investigation Technology, in which, at the request of the court, police authorities and military institutions, forensic expert opinions were carried out, including dactyloscopic, weapons and handwriting. They were of great evidential importance for the courts. It continues to be so today. Beginning in the interwar period, the Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police is a research institute recognized in Poland and abroad, which carries out tasks in the field of technical and criminal protection of the process of preventing and combating crime, among others, by performing research and implementation, comparative and expert work in the field of forensic science.
The face of sport in the Polish State Police in the interwar period
Authors: Nowak Marcin
Published: May 2019

Sport has accompanied mankind since ancient times. It is thanks to sport that we are healthier and can enjoy life. The smallest sporting effort causes the body to produce endorphins that make us feel happy. Not without significance is the fact that sport, but in its professional dimension, prepares people who practice it to a great effort. In the face of threats, unforeseen events, people who practice sports can find their way around the situation and take appropriate actions. Therefore, just as police officers face difficult service in the present day, police officers had to face up to the challenges posed in the interwar period. In 1918 Poland regained its independence, and the authorities were responsible for ensuring the security of the country. Therefore, on 24 July 1919, the State Police was established by law. Due to the nature of the tasks performed, the police officers were required to be physically fit. In order to meet this challenge, pro-sports organizations were established, which by their actions were to raise the level of sports skills of both the society and the officers. The factor which was to motivate uniformed officers to work on their physical fitness was the introduction of the National Police Sports Competitions, which were nationwide in scope. Undoubtedly, this form of competition, as well as mobilization, led to the fact that on the basis of Police Sports Clubs, physical culture in the State Police significantly developed. The article presents the face of sport in the interwar period in the Polish State Police, its development and influence on the officers themselves, as well as its further importance in the history of sport in Poland.
On the need of reaching the origins of security – an introduction to the discussion
Authors: Wiśniewski Bernard
Published: May 2019

This article presents basic issues concerning security research in the past, called reaching the origins of security. Reaching the origins is not a concept that finds its rightful place in security research. It has been used and thus fixed permanently in other areas, therefore, the issues discussed in this article concern problems from many fields of knowledge. Security testing covers a number of processes, including retrospective ones, the essence of which is a scientific look into the past. Reaching the origins, all in all, makes it possible to identify the sources of danger and the requirements to be met for safety to reach an acceptable level. It allows, on the one hand, to prevent the recurrence of these sources and, on the other hand, to apply the solutions of the past to today's and tomorrow's security efforts. It can also be said that reaching the origins of safety is connected with determining the methods of eliminating and minimizing threats, and thus indicating the procedures providing an appropraite level of security. It's a utilitarian effect. In the cognitive context, it should be emphasized that the results of reaching the origins may serve to enrich the contemporary knowledge in the field of security. In both cases the procedures of avoiding mistakes made in the past are going to be worked out, especially that their sources are usually human mistakes having their origins in the lack of knowledge of past times. The considerations presented in the article allowed to determine the meaning of reaching the origins, its types and mutual relations between it and the diagnosis, monitoring and forecasting of security. In conclusion, the presented deliberations are summarized.
THE POTENTIAL OF AN (UN)INTIMIDATED TEACHER
Authors: Godawa Grzegorz
Published: May 2019

The axiological dimension of a teacher’s work has potential which is not always adequately recognized. The experience of values may cause delight and make the teacher intimidated by their up-to-date nature and power. A teacher who is open to good, truth, and beauty becomes influenced by these values. In this way, he becomes more and more convinced of the need to respect every student’s dignity and to recognize their inner beauty. He also sees the need for self-development. In order to achieve these goals, the teacher cannot remain at the level of intimidation. He needs to implement these values in his life and to involve students in them. Therefore, the teacher needs intimidation to become fascinated by the values which are present in his work and to implement them in day-to-day school education.
Quando se marca, não há volta?
Authors: Oliveira Bruna Tostes de , Ferrari Anderson
Published: May 2019

Foi o olhar problematizador da cidade para a escola que estruturou esta pesquisa para colocar sob suspeita aquilo que olhamos sem nos darmos conta. Como as imagens podem produzir sujeitos pertencentes ou não a um determinado lugar? Esta questão nos levou para o que a relação entre a arte do grafite e o que é conhecido como “pichação” para entender os processos de constituição dos sujeitos em meio a discursos de valorização e desvalorização dessas expressões e marcas na cidade. Trabalhamos com a perspectiva pós-estruturalista, com especial inspiração nos estudos de Michel Foucault para pensar que somos resultado de discursos atravessados por relações de poder.
Formar professores, um gesto de resistência
Authors: Momoli Daniel Bruno
Published: May 2019

O gesto de resistência descrito neste texto é constituído pelo cruzamento de duas linhas de força que se entrelaçam: a primeira, consiste na confissão da pobreza de experiência de um professor formador de professores; e a segunda é uma problematização sobre a formação de professores como lugar de resistência capaz de permitir a criação de formas outras de estar no mundo. Tal tessitura se abre para uma segunda problematização em relação ao que é vivido no Brasil desde o ano de 2016 e do quanto esse gesto de formar professores é uma atividade que nesse momento desafia a sociedade na medida que pode ser um lugar de instituição de novas formas de vida. São coisas diferentes colocadas em relação a partir do pensamento de Michel Foucault para fazer conversar entre si de um modo que seja possível transformar as nossas relações com a atualidade.
The ‘First’ Freire: On Education for Democracy and Social Change
Authors: Torres Carlos Alberto
Published: May 2019

There is no question that Paulo Freire’s contribution to education for social transformation has been phenomenal. This brief paper explores some of the earlier concepts developed by Freire  in the seventies, what I have termed the First Freire, offering an unique perspective on his original thought.
Educación para la innovación agraria. Un modelo para la acción educativa
Authors: Pérez Ledo Pau
Published: May 2019

El artículo plantea un modelo empírico en el qual lavariable educativa es determinante para controlar los procesos de innovación agraria.
The game of rankings in a quality world university space
Authors: Stamelos Georgios , Evangelakou Panagiota
Published: May 2019

The objective of this text is to proceed to an analysis of international classifications and their impact on two levels: a) their unexpected public success, and b) their decisive influence on higher education policy and strategy. We argue that defining quality assurance is crucial in order to legitimize choices about evaluation on a political and institutional level. In any case, it seems clear that rankings are a dubious construction but highly legitimized by the public and governments. So, under these circumstances, rankings are here and they will probably stay, together with the financial issues they create. Indeed, rankings are an interesting new global market product which universities seem to have to negotiate wisely.
I Congreso Iberoamericano de Docentes: una experiencia singular
Authors: Macías Álvarez Óscar , Asenjo Pérez Joaquín
Published: May 2019

Breve reseña del Congreso celebrado en diciembre de 2018 en el marco de la Red Iberoamerica de Docentes convocado por Formación IB y la Universidad de Cádiz
El carácter contingente de las elecciones y la experiencia universitaria: riesgo y origen social
Authors: Langa-Rosado Delia , Torrents Dani , Troiano Helena
Published: May 2019

Este trabajo pretende estudiar la experiencia de los estudiantes universitarios de origen social bajo en un contexto de incremento de las dificultades económicas y de endurecimiento de las condiciones institucionales en la universidad. Los momentos que se analizan son: la elección de estudios que realizan estos jóvenes, las condiciones de su paso por la universidad y su proyección de futuro en relación con las decisiones próximas que prevén tomar. Para ello se analizan entrevistas hechas a estudiantes de diferentes universidades catalanas y andaluzas. Entre los jóvenes de origen social bajo se detecta un estilo evitador del riesgo muy consciente de los obstáculos que, en un marco de incertidumbre y mayor presión por el logro como el actual, acrecienta las contradicciones y hace menos atractivas las apuestas universitarias.
Del valor financiero al valor real de las empresas
Authors: Amat Natàlia , Amat Oriol
Published: May 2019

El valor de una empresa se mide habitualmente a partir de datos incluidos en las cuentas anuales y otra información financiera, como por ejemplo las previsiones de futuro. Este tipo de valoración muestra un valor que es incompleto, puesto que normalmente no tiene en cuenta aspectos económicos, sociales y medioambientales. Por eso, el objetivo de este artículo es exponer cómo las empresas pueden cuantificar los costes y beneficios que su actividad representa para la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente (las externalidades). Así pues, se describe cómo llegar a una estimación de su valor real (o valor total) que integra el valor social y medioambiental al valor financiero, de acuerdo con la metodología del valor real (KPMG, 2014). Adicionalmente, se aplica esta metodología para hacer una estimación del valor real de una empresa del sector agrario. Una vez hecha la estimación, se analiza cómo las externalidades pueden acabar afectando al valor de la empresa. Finalmente, se propone una estrategia que el negocio analizado puede aplicar para minimizar el impacto negativo de las externalidades a sus resultados.
Ética bancaria y banca ética. Dos realidades distintas y posibles
Authors: Sanchis-Palacio Joan Ramon
Published: May 2019

El sector financiero, y en particular la banca, es especialmente sensible a la aplicación de la ética empresarial. Por una parte, porque su papel como sector estratégico de la economía es clave y determinante, y por otra, porque durante los últimos años, y en especial desde la crisis financiera del 2008, ha sido protagonista de numerosos casos de escándalos y malas prácticas. La adopción de comportamientos éticos es fundamental en el funcionamiento de los bancos, pues estas organizaciones manejan un activo muy sensible que es propiedad de sus clientes, como es el dinero. Tanto es así, que no solo se habla de la ética bancaria, sino incluso de la existencia de bancos éticos; dos aspectos que son distintos. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar cuáles son las características que definen a la banca ética y qué aspectos son los que la diferencian de la ética bancaria.
A review on the latest progress of visible GaN-based VCSELs with lateral confinement by curved dielectric DBR reflector and boron ion implantation
Authors: Hamaguchi Tatsushi , Tanaka Masayuki , Nakajima Hiroshi
Published: May 2019

This review introduces the latest progress on gallium nitride (GaN)-based visible vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with features such as plane and curved distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) made of dielectric materials and boron ion implantation to form current apertures. This novel class of GaN-based VCSELs allow small apertures down to 3 μm and long cavities of more than 20 μm without the occurrence of diffraction loss. These structures have enabled low threshold currents (e.g., I
th = 0.25 mA), high efficiency operation (e.g., WPE = 9.5%), and robust fabrication processes with high lasing yield. All those characteristics are the best among those previously reported GaN-based VCSELs. The proposed structure should facilitate the production of VCSELs formed on semi-polar plane GaN substrates and arrayed VCSELs, which are expected to realize novel light emitters that have been previously difficult to fabricate, such as green VCSELs and watt-class blue VCSEL arrays.
Comparison of heparinized saline and 0.9% sodium chloride for maintaining central venous catheter patency in healthy dogs
Authors: Vose Julieann , Odunayo Adesola , Price Joshua M. , Daves Maggie , Schildt Julie C. , Tolbert M. Katherine
Published: May 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine whether heparinized saline (HS) would be more effective in maintaining the patency of central venous catheters (CVCs) in dogs compared to 0.9% sodium chloride. This was a prospective randomized blinded study conducted at a University Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

Methods

A total of 24 healthy purpose-bred dogs were randomized into two groups: a treatment and a control group. A CVC was placed in the jugular vein of each dog. Each dog in the treatment group had their CVC flushed with 10 IU/mL HS, while dogs in the control group had their CVC flushed with 0.9% sodium chloride every 6 h for 72 h. Immediately prior to flushing, each catheter was evaluated for patency by aspiration of blood. The catheter site was also evaluated for phlebitis, and a rectal temperature was obtained in each dog every 6 h. Prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) times were evaluated prior to the administration of any flush solution. Results were then compared to values obtained 72 h later.

Results

All CVCs in both groups were patent after 72 h, which was demonstrated by aspiration of blood and ease of flushing the catheter. Two CVCs in the 0.9% sodium chloride group had a negative aspiration at hour 12 and 36, respectively. One CVC in the HS group had a negative aspiration at hour 18. Signs of phlebitis occurred in three dog: two in the 0.9% sodium chloride group and one in the HS group. No dog was hyperthermic (>103 °F). Two catheters were inadvertently removed by dogs in the HS group during the study. There were no significant differences in catheter patency, incidence of phlebitis, or incidence of negative aspirations between both groups. aPTT and PT values remained within the normal reference range for all dogs in both groups. Ultimately, 0.9% sodium chloride was as effective as 10 IU/mL HS in maintaining the patency of CVCs for up to 72 h in healthy dogs. Further evaluation in clinical patients is warranted.
Spore Density and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization in Sunflower Grown in Campo Verde (Brazil)
Authors: Pallaoro Dryelle Sifuentes , Faria Dayana Aparecida De , Campos Daniela Tiago Silva , Filho Aluisio Brigido Borba , Abreu Joadil Gonçalves De , Camili Elisangela Clarete , Scabora Márcia Helena
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of spores and the mycorrhizal root colonization in a Cerrado soil (Red-Yellow Latosol) cultivated with different sunflower genotypes. The sampling of the rhizospheric soil was performed at three growth stages: Sowing, flowering, and harvest. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks with four replications. Three different sunflower hybrids were tested in the 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons. The collected data comprised the total number of spores per 50 g of soil at the three growth stages, along with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization. It was verified that the mycorrhizal colonization was not influenced by the sunflower genotypes, and the mean spore densities were equivalent to 4.94 and 4.64 g soil-1 in 2009 and 2010, respectively. More importantly, AMF colonization was enhanced by lower soil phosphorus levels. The maximum spore production was obtained at flowering, with mycorrhizal colonization rates ranging from 21 to 28% and from 28 to 48% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The number of spores also varied from 153 to 342 and from 147 to 320 in 2009 and 2010, respectively.
Hyperactive TORC1 sensitizes yeast cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress by compromising cell wall integrity
Authors: Ahmed Khadija , Carter David E. , Lajoie Patrick
Published: May 2019

Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we investigated how the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling cascade acts in parallel with the UPR to regulate ER stress sensitivity. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that TORC1 signaling is attenuated during ER stress and constitutive activation of TORC1 increases sensitivity to ER stressors independently of the UPR. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TORC1 hyperactivation results in cell wall remodelling. Conversely, hyperactive TORC1 sensitizes cells to cell wall stressors, including the antifungal caspofungin. Elucidating the crosstalk between the UPR, cell wall integrity, and TORC1 signaling may uncover new paradigms through which the response to protein misfolding is regulated.
Kinetics of combined noncatalytic and catalytic hydrolysis of jute fiber under ultrasonic–far infrared energy synergy
Authors: Barman Sourav , Chakraborty Rajat
Published: May 2019

Hydrolysis of pretreated waste jute fiber was intensified for maximizing reducing sugar (RS) yield deploying a novel reactor equipped with ultrasonic–far‐infrared‐waves (US–FIRW). At optimal 70°C temperature, 2.5 wt% Amberlyst‐15 catalyst concentration, 15 min hydrolysis time and 10 (wt/wt) water loading; US–FIRW rendered significantly greater RS yield (74.82 mol%) compared to other reactors provided with far‐infrared‐wave (69.63 mol%), ultrasonication (50.34 mol%), and conventional thermal system (48.16 mol%). Kinetic models were developed considering noncatalytic‐pseudo‐homogenous (NCPH) in addition to the combined catalytic‐pseudo‐homogeneous (CPH) and catalytic heterogeneous (CHE) hydrolysis pathways. The results revealed that pseudo‐homogenous–heterogeneous Eley–Rideal (PHHER) model could represent the hydrolysis kinetics most accurately. Remarkably, the lowest activation energy [16.75 kJ mol−1 (NCPH), 13.82 kJ mol−1 (CPH), 40.01 kJ mol−1 (CHE)] required in US–FIRW evidently established its greater energy‐efficiency among investigated reactors. The novel reactor and the simulated kinetic models can be applicable to other lignocellulosic biomass conversion for sustainable biorefinery.
An architecture of deep learning in QSPR modeling for the prediction of critical properties using molecular signatures
Authors: Su Yang , Wang Zihao , Jin Saimeng , Shen Weifeng , Ren Jingzheng , Eden Mario R.
Published: May 2019

Deep learning rapidly promotes many fields with successful stories in natural language processing. An architecture of deep neural network (DNN) combining tree‐structured long short‐term memory (Tree‐LSTM) network and back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) is developed for predicting physical properties. Inspired by the natural language processing in artificial intelligence, we first developed a strategy for data preparation including encoding molecules with canonical molecular signatures and vectorizing bond‐substrings by an embedding algorithm. Then, the dynamic neural network named Tree‐LSTM is employed to depict molecular tree data‐structures while the BPNN is used to correlate properties. To evaluate the performance of proposed DNN, the critical properties of nearly 1,800 compounds are employed for training and testing the DNN models. As compared with classical group contribution methods, it can be demonstrated that the learned DNN models are able to provide more accurate prediction and cover more diverse molecular structures without considering frequencies of substructures.
Photo‐Induced Chloride Atom Transfer Radical Addition and Aminocarbonylation Reactions
Authors: Pan Hao , Ge Huaqi , He Rong , Huang Weichao , Wang Lele , Wei Yingcong , Sa Rongjian , Wang Yan‐Jie , Yuan Rusheng
Published: May 2019

A photo‐induced atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) of aryl chlorides onto alkenes has been developed in the synthesis of chloroalkyl benzenes, in which chlorine radicals and aryl radicals can be generated simultaneously at ambient temperature without the involvement of any initiator or catalyst. The inherently reactive and energetic chlorine radicals also benefit a photo‐induced aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl chlorides with carbon monoxide and amines via a hydrogen‐abstraction step. These two reactions can provide an inspiration for organic reaction with a radical‐designed process. Finally, a photo‐induced multi‐phase reaction system is extended to flow mode to yield scaled‐up products on a gram scale.
Consumer‐directed care for older Australians: Are resources identified on the Web adequate to support decisions about home‐based care packages?
Authors: Phillipson Lyn , Low Lee F. , Dreyfus Shoshana
Published: May 2019

Consumer‐directed care (CDC) was introduced as part of aged care policy reforms in Australia in 2012. CDC aims to promote choice and control for people with complex needs who need home care and supports. While more choices may bring benefits, information and resources are needed by people to navigate new and complex care‐related decisions. In 2017, we identified the resources available to support consumers of the new CDC Home Care Packages (HCP) program via an Internet search. Forty‐six resources were analysed to assess the adequacy of information to inform care choices. General information was most frequently found, but information to guide specific choices, such as choosing or changing service providers, was limited. Accessibility of information was limited for non‐English speakers and for people with low literacy or reduced capacity for decision making. No training opportunities were identified, and only one non‐partisan organisation offered support for decision making. Overall, the information and supports analysed were not adequate to assist older people to make choices to ensure consumer direction of care. There is an urgent need to improve the quality and accessibility of information and provide training and support for choice, particularly for those with limited decision‐making capacity, such as those living with dementia.
Tm3+‐Sensitized NIR‐II Fluorescent Nanocrystals for In Vivo Information Storage and Decoding
Authors: Zhang Hongxin , Fan Yong , Pei Peng , Sun Caixia , Lu Lingfei , Zhang Fan
Published: May 2019

In vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) affords deep‐tissue penetration and high spatial resolution. Herein, we present a new type of Tm3+‐sensitized lanthanide nanocrystals with both excitation (1208 nm) and emission (1525 nm) located in the NIR‐II window for in vivo optical information storage and decoding. Taking advantage of the tunable fluorescence lifetimes, the optical multiplexed encoding capacity is enhanced accordingly. Micro‐devices with QR codes featuring the NIR‐II fluorescence‐lifetime multiplexed encoding were implanted into mice and were successfully decoded through time‐gated fluorescence imaging technology.
Einzelmolekülfluoreszenzmikroskopie aktiver mitochondrialer Nitroreduktasen unter Verwendung einer vernetzbaren fluoreszierenden Sonde
Authors: Thiel Zacharias , Rivera‐Fuentes Pablo
Published: May 2019

Eine Vielzahl biologischer Makromoleküle gruppiert sich in Mikrodomänen mit spezifischer subzellulärer Lokalisierung. Bei Enzymen wirkt sich diese Gruppierung insbesondere auf ihre biologische Funktion aus. Nitroreduktasen sind Enzyme, welche in der Lage sind, Nitrogruppen zu Aminen zu reduzieren und spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei Entgiftungsprozessen und bei der Aktivierung von Wirkstoffen. Obwohl die Aktivität von Nitroreduktasen in Säugerzellen bereits nachgewiesen wurde, verbleibt die subzelluläre Lokalisierung unzureichend erforscht. Hier beschreiben wir eine Sonde, mit der es möglich ist, hochauflösende Aufnahmen der Nitroreduktase‐Aktivität in Mitochondrien zu erstellen. Diese Sonde wird durch Nitroreduktasen und Licht aktiviert und generiert ein kovalentes Addukt mit aktiven Enzymen. In Kombination mit einem für Mitochondrien spezifischen Farbstoff führten wir dreidimensionale, zweifarbige Einzelmolekülfluoreszenzmikroskopie durch. Mit diesen Experimenten gelang es uns, die submitochondriale Verteilung von Nitroreduktase‐Aktivität abzubilden.
Kovalenzgetriebene Erhaltung lokaler Ladungsdichten in einem durch Metall‐Ligand‐Ladungstransfer angeregten Eisenphotosensibilisator
Authors: Jay Raphael M. , Eckert Sebastian , Vaz da Cruz Vinícius , Fondell Mattis , Mitzner Rolf , Föhlisch Alexander
Published: May 2019

Es wird gezeigt, dass Kovalenz die Ladungstrennung nach Photooxidation des Metallzentrums in einem Metall‐Ligand‐Ladungstransferzustand eines Eisensensibilisators ausgleicht. Die Fähigkeit der Liganden zur σ‐Bindung kompensiert den Verlust einer 3d‐Elementarladung am Eisenzentrum, sodass die ursprüngliche Ladungsdichte und lokale Edelgaskonfiguration am Metall erhalten bleibt. Diese Erkenntnisse werden durch elementspezifische und orbitalselektive zeitaufgelöste Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie an der Eisen‐L‐Kante ermöglicht. Die Population von Valenzorbitalen um das Metallzentrum wird so direkt zugänglich. Mit Hilfe von Dichtefunktionaltheorie stellen wir fest, dass das Bild einer lokalisierten Ladungstrennung inadäquat ist. Die ungepaarte Spindichte bietet jedoch eine geeignete Beschreibung des mit dem Elektronentransferprozess assoziierten Elektron‐Loch‐Paares.
Developing a marine protected area network with multiple objectives in China
Authors: Li Yunzhou , Zhang Chongliang , Xue Ying , Xu Binduo , Sun Ming , Ren Yiping , Chen Yong
Published: May 2019

Systematic conservation planning (SCP) is an efficient tool to design marine protected area (MPA) networks. Although China has decades of experience in developing MPAs, its current MPA designs are limited to small spatial scales and are infrequently supported by a systematic planning approach.

As one of few studies to incorporate biological and socio‐economic information in marine conservation prioritization in China, this study, targeting Haizhou Bay in China, provides a range of MPA network alternatives and evaluates the current design for four scenarios with different objectives. This corresponds to the major challenges for China's MPAs: conserve biodiversity; protect ecologically and economically important species; minimize socio‐economic costs; and reduce enforcement costs. Furthermore, this study considers the compatibility of aquaculture practices, economically critical to China's coastal regions, in MPA designs and implementations.

This study determines that current MPA designs are inadequate to meet conservation objectives. For instance, existing MPAs cover less than 10% of the ranges of target species for conservation. There are substantial conservation gaps offshore.

By constructing and analysing planning scenarios, this study demonstrates the trade‐offs in objectives as well as the importance of implementing SCP in China's MPA network design. Lessons learned from this study are also applicable to multi‐objective conservation prioritization in other countries.
Performance and cost‐effectiveness of sexually produced Acropora granulosa juveniles compared with asexually generated coral fragments in restoring degraded reef areas
Authors: Baria‐Rodriguez Maria Vanessa , dela Cruz Dexter W. , Dizon Romeo M. , Yap Helen T. , Villanueva Ronald D.
Published: May 2019

Sexual and asexual modes of coral propagation are used to produce materials to actively restore coral cover on degraded reefs. It is important to evaluate growth, survival and cost‐effectiveness prior to any large‐scale intervention.

This study compared the growth, survival and cost of using sexually, compared with asexually, propagated Acropora granulosa at an in situ nursery and, subsequently, on degraded reef patches in the north‐western Philippines.

For sexual propagation, gametes spawned from gravid A. granulosa colonies were collected, fertilized and reared at an outdoor hatchery facility until they were 200‐day‐old juveniles. For asexual propagation, coral nubbins (obtained from colonies used in the sexual propagation experiment) were reared in the hatchery for 1 month before being transferred to an in situ nursery.

Sexually and asexually derived corals were reared at the in situ nursery and subsequently out‐planted to a degraded reef. Cumulative survival and growth of sexually derived corals were significantly higher than those of the asexually derived ones, both at the in situ nursery (for 200 days) and on coral bommies (for 382 days). At the in situ nursery, mean growth rates were 0.04 and 0.12 cm3 day−1 for the asexually produced and sexually produced corals, respectively, while those at the bommies were 0.7 and 1.04 cm3 day−1, respectively.

Production cost (including collection, hatchery‐ and in situ nursery‐rearing) is more expensive in the sexual (US$2.79/coral) than in the asexual (US$2.62/coral) mode of propagation. However, after 13 months post‐out‐planting it was clear that, in the long run, the individual cost of sexually derived corals is cheaper than the asexual counterparts, US$20.01 vs. US$88.15, respectively, owing to better survival rates.

Hence, sexual propagation using Acropora is a cost‐effective method with relatively high survival and growth that can be used in active restoration.
Anaerobic C–H Oxyfunctionalization: Coupling of Nitrate Reduction and Quinoline Hydroxylation in Recombinant Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Ütkür Fatma Özde , Schmid Andreas , Bühler Bruno
Published: May 2019

Whole‐cell biocatalysis for C–H oxyfunctionalization depends on and is often limited by O2 mass transfer. In contrast to oxygenases, molybdenum hydroxylases use water instead of O2 as an oxygen donor and thus have the potential to relieve O2 mass transfer limitations. Molybdenum hydroxylases may even allow anaerobic oxyfunctionalization when coupled to anaerobic respiration. To evaluate this option, the coupling of quinoline hydroxylation to denitrification is tested under anaerobic conditions employing Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) 86, capable of aerobic growth on quinoline. P. putida 86 reduces both nitrate and nitrite, but at low rates, which does not enable significant growth and quinoline hydroxylation. Introduction of the nitrate reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa enables considerable specific quinoline hydroxylation activity (6.9 U gCDW−1) under anaerobic conditions with nitrate as an electron acceptor and 2‐hydroxyquinoline as the sole product (further metabolization depends on O2). Hydroxylation‐derived electrons are efficiently directed to nitrate, accounting for 38% of the respiratory activity. This study shows that molybdenum hydroxylase‐based whole‐cell biocatalysts enable completely anaerobic carbon oxyfunctionalization when coupled to alternative respiration schemes such as nitrate respiration.
Enhanced production of 2’‐fucosyllactose from fucose by elimination of rhamnose isomerase and arabinose isomerase in engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Jung Sang‐Min , Chin Young‐Wook , Lee Ye‐Gi , Seo Jin‐Ho
Published: May 2019

2′‐Fucosyllactose (2‐FL), one of the most abundant oligosaccharides in human milk, has been spotlighted for its neutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials. Microbial production of 2‐FL is promising since it is efficient as compared to other production methods. In 2‐FL microbial production via the salvage pathway for biosynthesis of guanosine 5′‐diphosphate (GDP)‐l‐fucose from fucose, the conversion yield from fucose is important because of the high price of fucose. In this study, deletion of the genes (araA and rhaA) coding for arabinose isomerase (AraA) and rhamnose isomerase (RhaA) was attempted in engineered Escherichia coli for improving 2‐FL production by using fucose, lactose, and glycerol. The engineered E. coli constructed previously is able to express fucokinase/GDP‐l‐fucose pyrophosphorylase (Fkp) from Bacteroides fragilis and the α‐1,2‐fucosyltransferase (FucT2) from Helicobacter pylori and deficient in β‐galactosidase (LacZ), fucose isomerase (FucI), and fuculose kinase (FucK). The additional double‐deletion of the araA and rhaA genes in the engineered E. coli enhanced the product yield of 2‐FL to 0.52 mole 2‐FL/mole fucose, and hence the concentration of 2‐FL reached to 47.0 g/L, which are 44% and two‐fold higher than those (23.1 g/L and 0.36 mole 2‐FL/mole fucose) of the control strain in fed‐batch fermentation. Elimination of sugar isomerases exhibiting promiscuous activities with fucose might be critical in the microbial production of 2‐FL through the salvage pathway of GDP‐l‐fucose.