知情同意與語境
Authors: WANG Deyan 
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.理解是實現知情同意的基礎，而理解與知情同意的語境學問題有密切關係。醫生常常抱怨病人聽不懂，病人也認為醫生的解釋過科術語化。問題就在於醫患雙方語境的差異。20世紀80年代對知情同意的研究已經開始從告訴病人什麼資訊轉向了怎樣告訴病人的研究。因此醫生除了關心病人敘述的意義之外，還需要關注以各㮔語言為中介與事實之間所建立的聯繫，注意語句的規範性以及正確地把握雙方的語言意圖和目的。本文試圖對知情同意進行語義學、語形學和語用學的分析，以便從這三者統一上來透視和闡述知情同意的各種語境的規定性，以提高知情同意的可理解性。Understanding, being closely associated with the context, is the basis of realization of informed consent. Physician often complains that patients cannot well comprehend medical information, while patients are often unsatisfied with the explanatory statements and technical terms given by physicians. Since 1980s the emphasis in the studies of informed consent has shifted from what should be presented to patient to how to present the related information to patients. Besides being concerned with the meaning of the narratives of patients, physician should pay close attention to the connection of the medical facts or information and the everyday language, to maintain the norms of the syntax, and to understand the real goal and intention of the patients. This paper aims to approach the context of informed consent by semantic analysis, syntax and pragmatics.Informed consent involves much more than merely reading and signing a paper. It normally has two essential parts: a document and a process. The document of informed consent should be understandable to any ordinary patient in the local population. It should be written in such a way that anyone with an education level of the ninth grade or lower can read it. To make the document of informed consent easy-to-read, the following requirements should be met. First, the language is everyday language and familiar to the readers. Any scientific, medical, or legal terms should be defined clearly. Second, terms and key concepts should be consistent throughout the document. Third, sentences should be short, direct, and easy to comprehend. Fourth, the paragraph should be short too. Each paragraph coveys one major idea only. Fifth, every idea should be clear and logically sequenced. Last but not least important, readability analysis should be to determine the reading level of the document.The process of informed con sent process requires physicians to provide the patient with ongoing explanations so that patients can make his or her informed decisions. This is to say, before the patient makes his or her decisions, the physician should fully discuss related issues with the patient. Of course, the physician's communications kills are usually difficult to change. However, physicians can improve their communication skills through learning and practicing.Of course, in China, not only researchers and physicians, but patients and research participants, including the public who can be regarded as the potential subjects, lack the full understanding of the principle of informed consent. It is thus important to improve the nationwide level of education, for it is only by doing that the principle of informed consent can be carried out in reality. The current level of education of the nation is not high yet, and many people even cannot fully understand some basic terms in medical and life sciences. There is s till a still considerable amount of illiterates in China. In medical education, especially in the educating of medical ethics, we have not paid enough attention to on the principle of informed consent so that some medical students even never heard the term" informed consent." As a result, there is still a long way for us to go.Informed consent, serving as an effective measure to protect the subjects and patients, has enjoyed the wide recognition in the fields of medical and related laws. It has become the paradigm of consent in medical research and clinical practice internationally. Many international relative organization s have regarded informed consent a basic ethical requirement. Legally speaking, physicians and patients are equal. But in reality they are not equal. There is an imbalance of medical knowledge between doctors and patients. Although the patient has the right to make his or her own decision, he or she is often not capable of deciding and choosing. It is necessary to establish the law in order to guarantee the realization of the patient's rights such as informed consent.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 13 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.