bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing Heterogeneous 1D Nanostructure Arrays Based on AAO Templates for Energy Applications
Authors: Wen Liaoyong , Wang Zhijie , Mi Yan , Xu Rui , Yu Shu‐Hong , Lei Yong
Published: April 2015

In order to fulfill the multiple requirements for energy production, storage, and utilization in the future, the conventional planar configuration of current energy conversion/storage devices has to be reformed, since technological evolution has promoted the efficiency of the corresponding devices to be close to the theoretical values. One promising strategy is to construct multifunctional 1D nanostructure arrays to replace their planar counterparts for device fabrication, ascribing to the significant superiorities of such 1D nanostructure arrays. In the last three decades, technologies based on anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) templates have turned out to be valuable meaning for the realization of 1D nanostructures and have attracted tremendous interest. In this review, recent progress in energy‐related devices equipped with heterogeneous 1D nanostructure arrays that fabricated through the assistance of AAO templates is highlighted. Particular emphasis is given on how to develop efficient devices via optimizing the componential and morphological parameters of the 1D nanostructure arrays. Finally, aspects relevant to the further improvement of device performance are discussed.
The dynamic influence of cells on the formation of stable emulsions in organic–aqueous biotransformations
Authors: Collins Jonathan , Grund Marcel , Brandenbusch Christoph , Sadowski Gabriele , Schmid Andreas , Bühler Bruno
Published: April 2015

Emulsion stability plays a crucial role for mass transfer and downstream processing in organic–aqueous bioprocesses based on whole microbial cells. In this study, emulsion stability dynamics and the factors determining them during two-liquid phase biotransformation were investigated for stereoselective styrene epoxidation catalyzed by recombinant Escherichia coli. Upon organic phase addition, emulsion stability rapidly increased correlating with a loss of solubilized protein from the aqueous cultivation broth and the emergence of a hydrophobic cell fraction associated with the organic–aqueous interface. A novel phase inversion-based method was developed to isolate and analyze cellular material from the interface. In cell-free experiments, a similar loss of aqueous protein did not correlate with high emulsion stability, indicating that the observed particle-based emulsions arise from a convergence of factors related to cell density, protein adsorption, and bioreactor conditions. During styrene epoxidation, emulsion destabilization occurred correlating with product-induced cell toxification. For biphasic whole-cell biotransformations, this study indicates that control of aqueous protein concentrations and selective toxification of cells enables emulsion destabilization and emphasizes that biological factors and related dynamics must be considered in the design and modeling of respective upstream and especially downstream processes.
A practical method for use in epidemiological studies on enamel hypomineralisation
Authors: Ghanim A. , Elfrink M. , Weerheijm K. , Mariño R. , Manton D.
Published: April 2015

With the development of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) judgment criteria, there has been increasing interest worldwide in investigation of the prevalence of demarcated opacities in tooth enamel substance, known as molar–incisor hypomineralisation (MIH). However, the lack of a standardised system for the purpose of recording MIH data in epidemiological surveys has contributed greatly to the wide variations in the reported prevalence between studies. The present publication describes the rationale, development, and content of a scoring method for MIH diagnosis in epidemiological studies as well as clinic- and hospital-based studies. The proposed grading method allows separate classification of demarcated hypomineralisation lesions and other enamel defects identical to MIH. It yields an informative description of the severity of MIH-affected teeth in terms of the stage of visible enamel destruction and the area of tooth surface affected (i.e. lesion clinical status and extent, respectively). In order to preserve the maximum amount of information from a clinical examination consistent with the need to permit direct comparisons between prevalence studies, two forms of the charting are proposed, a short form for simple screening surveys and a long form desirable for prospective, longitudinal observational research where aetiological factors in demarcated lesions are to be investigated in tandem with lesions distribution. Validation of the grading method is required, and its reliability and usefulness need to be tested in different age groups and different populations.
Rethinking the Very Idea of Egalitarian Markets and Corporations: Why Relationships Might Matter More than Distribution
Authors: Néron Pierre-Yves
Published: April 2015

What kinds of markets, market regulations, and business organizations are compatible with contemporary egalitarian theories of justice? This article argues that any thoughtful answer to this question will have to draw on recent developments in political philosophy that are concerned not only with the equality of thedistributionof core goods (or as John Rawls famously put it, with the “distribution of the benefits and burdens of social cooperation”) but also with the requirements for equality of status, voice, and so on, in therelationsbetween individuals and within organizations. The dominance of theories of distributive justice in egalitarian political philosophy since Rawls may have contributed, on the one hand, to the oft-recognized gulf between these theories and their theorists and, on the other, to discussions of corporate governance and business ethics. The main purpose of this article is to introduce business ethicists to some of the less-familiar features of recent relational theories of justice and equality, and to suggest that some of these notions may help bridge the gap between business ethics and political philosophy more generally.
An Innovative Educational and Mentorship Program for Emergency Medicine Women Residents to Enhance Academic Development and Retention
Authors: Bhatia Kriti , Takayesu James Kimo , Arbelaez Christian , Peak David , Nadel Eric S.
Published: April 2015

Given the discrepancy between men and women’s equal rates of medical school matriculation and their rates of academic promotion and leadership role acquisition, the need to provide mentorship and education to women in academic medicine is becoming increasingly recognized. Numerous large-scale programs have been developed to provide support and resources for women’s enrichment and retention in academic medicine. Analyses of contributory factors to the aforementioned discrepancy commonly cite insufficient mentoring and role modeling as well as challenges with organizational navigation. Since residency training has been shown to be a critical juncture for making the decision to pursue an academic career, there is a need for innovative and tailored educational and mentorship programs targeting residents. Acknowledging residents’ competing demands, we designed a program to provide easily accessible mentorship and contact with role models for our trainees at the departmental and institutional levels. We believe that this is an important step towards encouraging women’s pursuit of academic careers. Our model may be useful to other emergency medicine residencies looking to provide such opportunities for their women residents.
Editor's Preface
Authors: Morgan Robert F.
Published: April 2015

A peer-reviewed Cambridge University Press online journal, the Journal of Tropical Psychology has this rationale: While there continues to be argument as to how much climate change is due to human or corporate events, there is no disagreement that the earth is becoming warmer, leading to a climate with more moisture in the air, stronger storms, flooding, and a great change for all the inhabitants of the earth, particularly our human cousins in ever more nations. To understand the psychology of our planetary future, we may access the psychologists of tropical climates who are already successful in their adaptation to a daily life in an environment we may all share eventually. To provide a vehicle for these psychologists can be a valuable service, particularly since psychological journal articles originating in Europe or the United States have long provided the bulk of scientific and professional publications. Yet there is very substantial psychological work being done in tropical zone countries and regions. A few national and regional journals like the Australia's Psychological Science or the regional online Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology are examples. A Journal of Tropical Psychology is specifically circum-global and unites the rapidly growing torrid climate-related nations around the earth in the development and sharing of their psychological discoveries.
Parafoveal processing of letters and letter-like forms in prereaders growing up in a left-to-right or a right-to-left writing convention
Authors: BOTH-DE VRIES ANNA C. , DE JONG MARIA T. , SHAUL SHELLEY , BUS ADRIANA G.
Published: April 2015

abstract

The aim of this study was to test that the ability to obtain information about more than one letter at a glance develops prior to conventional reading. This study included 55 Dutch-speaking prereaders (mean age 63.56 months, SD = 6.55) and 45 Hebrew-speaking prereaders (mean age = 66.71 months, SD = 8.35). In a perceptual span task, one letter was projected in the fovea, the other to the right or to the left, at a distance of 4 or 6 letters from the center letter. A second perceptual span task included letter-like forms instead of letters. Eye-tracking was used to control whether children fixated on the center letter or letter-like form during the task. Obtaining information about two letters/forms was easier when the parafoveally projected letter/form was projected to the right for both Hebrew and Dutch children. Hemispheric dominance and not the dominant reading direction (right to left in Hebrew and left to right in Dutch) may explain this preference for right, which may mean that left-to-right reading is easier to learn than right-to-left reading. We did find, nevertheless, some evidence that reading direction in the dominant orthography affected how children divided attention over letters.
Shifting niches of marine predators due to human exploitation: the diet of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) since the late Holocene as a case study
Authors: Zenteno Lisette , Borella Florencia , Otero Julieta Gómez , Piana Ernesto , Belardi Juan Bautista , Borrero Luis Alberto , Saporiti Fabiana , Cardona Luis , Crespo Enrique
Published: April 2015

—Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in archaeological and modern bone samples have been used to reconstruct the dietary changes of the South American sea lionOtaria flavescensfrom the late Holocene to the present in the southwestern Atlantic. We sampled bones from archaeological sites in northern-central and southern Patagonia, Argentina, and bones housed in modern scientific collections. Additionally, we analyzed the stable isotope ratios in ancient and modern shells of intertidal molluscs to explore changes in the isotope baseline and allow comparison between bone samples from different periods after correction for baseline shifts. Results confirmed the trophic plasticity of the South American sea lion, demonstrated the much larger impact of modern exploitation of marine resources as compared with that of hunter-gatherers, and underscored the dissimilarity between the past and modern niches of exploited species. These conclusions are supported by the rather stable diet of South American sea lions during several millennia of aboriginal exploitation, in both northern-central and southern Patagonia, and the dramatic increase in trophic level observed during the twentieth century. The recent increase in trophic level might be related to the smaller population size resulting from modern sealing and the resulting reduced intraspecific competition. These results demonstrate how much can be learned about the ecology of modern species thanks to retrospective studies beyond the current, anthropogenically modified setting where ecosystem structure is totally different from that in the pristine environments where current species evolved.
ENCOUNTER AFTER THE CONQUEST: SCHOLARLY GATHERINGS IN 16TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN DAMASCUS
Authors: Pfeifer Helen
Published: April 2015

This article examines the extensive intellectual and social exchange that resulted from the Ottoman imperial incorporation of Arab lands in the 16th century. In the years immediately after the 1516–17 conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate that brought Egypt, Greater Syria, and the Hijaz under Ottoman rule, Turkish-speaking Ottomans from the central lands (Rumis) found that their political power was not matched by religious and cultural prestige. As the case of Damascus shows, scholarly gatherings calledmajālis(sing.majlis) were key spaces where this initial asymmetry was both acutely felt and gradually overcome. As arenas for discussion among scholars on the move, literary salons facilitated the circulation of books and ideas and the establishment of a shared intellectual tradition. As occasions where stories were told and history was made, they supported the formation of a common past. In informal gatherings and in the biographical dictionaries that described them, Rumis and Arabs came together to forge an empire-wide learned culture as binding as any political or administrative ingredient of the Ottoman imperial glue.
“IMPOSSIBLE IS NOT OTTOMAN”: MENASHE MEIROVITCH, ʿISA AL-ʿISA, AND IMPERIAL CITIZENSHIP IN PALESTINE
Authors: Dolbee Samuel , Hazkani Shay
Published: April 2015

This article explores a covert partnership between a prominent Zionist agronomist, Menashe Meirovitch, and the Christian Arab editor of the newspaperFilastin, ʿIsa al-ʿIsa, a founding father of Palestinian nationalism. Under the literary guise of an Arab Muslim peasant called Abu Ibrahim, the two men produced a series of Arabic-language columns in 1911–12 that exhibited imperial citizenship par excellence, demanding political and agrarian reforms in Palestine in the name of strengthening the Ottoman Empire. The article explores their short-lived political alliance to interrogate historiographical uses of the press as a source for social history. Moreover, it challenges the portrayal of cooperation between Jews and Arabs as “collaboration” in its pejorative sense. Far from a simple story of betrayal or corruption, the partnership between the two men demonstrates how a shared commitment to Ottoman modernism brought them together more than nationalism, language, or religion pulled them apart.
RELIGIOUS MILITARISM AND ISLAMIST CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION IN TURKEY
Authors: Kemerli Pınar
Published: April 2015

This article focuses on Islamist conscientious objectors (COs) in Turkey who have resisted both mandatory conscription and the Turkish state's use of Islamic discourses of jihad and martyrdom to legitimize it. Examining military conscript training and the post-1980 coup national school curriculum, the article first outlines the Turkish state's production of a particular interpretation of Islam and its dissemination of it through nationalist and militarist discourses and practices. The article then pursues an ethnographic analysis of Islamist COs’ resistance to conscription through nonviolent civil disobedience based on antiauthoritarian and antinationalist interpretations of Islam. Weaving together their own interpretations of jihad and martyrdom with transnational theories and ideologies, Islamist COs present a powerful critique of Turkish militarism and its religious claims. A focus on Islamist COs potently highlights the diversity of Islamic groups and sensibilities in contemporary Turkey, and the difficulties faced by nationalist projects to discipline religious imaginaries and put them to the service of the modern state.
Multiplicities of Purpose: The Auditorium Building, the State, and the Transformation of Arab Digital Media
Authors: Faris David
Published: April 2015

Digital media played a key role in a number of uprisings that later became known as the Arab Spring. Now that this moment of resistance has largely given way to a tumultuous and unsettled regional order, we can ask what role these media forms are playing in the new ecology of the postuprisings Middle East. I would argue that we are witnessing a period of experimentation—journalists are attempting to generate both revenue and dissent under circumstances that range from unsettled (Tunisia) to increasingly repressive (Jordan), while proto-state actors and transnational jihadis are exploiting social media to attract supporters and influence diverse audiences. What is clear is that in many states the digital arrangement that characterized the 2000s—activist bloggers squaring off openly with recalcitrant and often clueless states—is gone. States are now more aware of and careful about the strategies they employ vis-à-vis digital dissent. In places such as Egypt, some of the most vocal activists are in prison. In Jordan, they have returned to producing journalism that skirts the line between tolerated and forbidden. Across the region digital media activists are grappling with disillusionment about the trajectory of the Arab Spring, while digital spaces are sites for transnational contestation, including by the most successful challenger to the state system since Jamal ʿAbd al-Nasir in the 1950s, the Islamic State (IS). ʿAbd al-Nasir famously used radio to breach the information firewalls erected by new Arab states. IS has similarly employed the technologies of the day to execute a plan of even greater ambition and reach—far from reaching out only across national boundaries within the subsystem, IS militants have crafted a transnational media operation of remarkable scope, one that has drawn tens of thousands of recruits not only from the Middle East but also from Europe, the United States, and Asia.
Women's Digital Activism in a Changing Middle East
Authors: Sreberny Annabelle
Published: April 2015

An amusing and indicative sign of changing times, in December 2014 Saudi cleric Ahmad ʿAziz al-Ghamdi, a religious scholar and former head of the religious police in Mecca (officially known as the Committee for Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice), ignited a fierce national debate regarding the niqab when he replied positively to a tweet by a Saudi woman asking if it was permissible in Islam for her to post a picture of her face on social media. His affirmative answer went viral and his Twitter feed received more than 10,000 comments, ranging from congratulations to death threats. He subsequently appeared on Badriya, the popular weekly TV talk show broadcast from Dubai, together with his wife, Jawahir bint Shaykh ʿAli, who appeared without a face veil and wearing make-up.
Review ofOnyxCobb (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) with description of two new species from the Yellow Sea, China
Authors: Huang Yong , Wang Haixia
Published: April 2015

GenusOnyxCobb, 1891 has been reviewed and 19 valid species including two new species have been reported in the world. Two new species,Onyx rizhaoensissp. nov. andOnyx minorsp. nov. from the Yellow Sea coast are described and illustrated. In addition to the genus charactersOnyx rizhaoensissp. nov. has relatively long cephalic setae; a single loop-shaped amphidial fovea; 12 S-shaped tubular precloacal supplements in 10 + 2 arrangement, posterior 10 closely spaced, anterior two set apart; female vulva situated at almost midpoint of the body.Onyx minorsp. nov. is characterized by a relatively small body for the genus (body length usually shorter than 800 μm); gubernaculum slender parallel to spicules and with a hooked dorsal apophysis; 12 S-shaped tubular precloacal supplements fairly evenly spaced; female vulva situated at about midbody. At the same time, a dichotomous key forOnyxmales is proposed.
Explaining styles of political judgement in British government: comparing isolation dynamics (1959–1974)
Authors: Six Perri
Published: April 2015

During their time in office, British governments’ styles of political judgement or bias in policymaking often become shorter in term and less intellectually coherent, sometimes in passive or coping ways, sometimes shifting toward imposition. This article offers an explanation, developing the neo-Durkheimian theory of institutional dynamics. Changing judgement style, it argues, is driven by changes in administrations’ informal institutional ordering of social organisation. “Isolation dynamics” are shifts in that ordering towards weakly cohesive but strongly constrained “isolate” forms. Increased isolate ordering is reflected in less cohesive but more constrained judgement style. Novel distinctions within isolate ordering explain key differences among administrations’ trajectories. Using extensive archival data, three British administrations between 1959 and 1974 are compared. The study finds that, among otherwise contrasting administrations, reinforcement or undermining in informal social organisation drove changes in styles of political judgement, as shown in their ways of framing policy problems, risks, time horizons, etc.
Kindergarten children can be taught to detect lexical ambiguities
Authors: KAMOWSKI-SHAKIBAI MARGARET T. , CAIRNS HELEN SMITH
Published: April 2015

This study investigates the development of metalinguistic skills, particularly ambiguity detection, and whether training accelerates this development for prereaders in kindergarten (5;5–6;6). It is the first to compare homophone detection with lexically ambiguous sentence detection in which the same homophones appear. The experimental group received ambiguity detection training; the control group received vocabulary training. Results showed that there is a spontaneous development of homophone detection abilities at the end of kindergarten, and training may accelerate this trajectory. The development of lexical ambiguity detection is not apparent in kindergarteners. However, explicit training improves this trajectory significantly. The knowledge of both meanings of a homophone is not sufficient to report both meanings of a sentence that contains that homophone. We propose that detecting the dual meanings of an ambiguous sentence involves sentence processing operations and an ability to think flexibly about language that may be enhanced with training.
Interpretation-driven mapping: A framework for conducting search and rerepresentation in parallel for computational analogy in design
Authors: Grace Kazjon , Gero John , Saunders Rob
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a framework for the interactions between the processes of mapping and rerepresentation within analogy making. Analogical reasoning systems for use in design tasks require representations that are open to being reinterpreted. The framework, interpretation-driven mapping, casts the process of constructing an analogical relationship as requiring iterative, parallel interactions between mapping and interpreting. This paper argues that this interpretation-driven approach focuses research on a fundamental problem in analogy making: how do the representations that make new mappings possible emerge during the mapping process? The framework is useful for both describing existing analogy-making models and designing future ones. The paper presents a computational model informed by the framework Idiom, which learns ways to reinterpret the representations of objects as it maps between them. The results of an implementation in the domain of visual analogy are presented to demonstrate its feasibility. Analogies constructed by the system are presented as examples. The interpretation-driven mapping framework is then used to compare representational change in Idiom to that in three previously published systems.
The East Jakarta Project: surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) and seasonal influenza viruses in patients seeking care for respiratory disease, Jakarta, Indonesia, October 2011–September 2012
Authors: STORMS A. D. , KUSRIASTUTI R. , MISRIYAH S. , PRAPTININGSIH C. Y. , AMALYA M. , LAFOND K. E. , SAMAAN G. , TRIADA R. , IULIANO A. D. , ESTER M. , SIDJABAT R. , CHITTENDEN K. , VOGEL R. , WIDDOWSON M. A. , MAHONEY F. , UYEKI T. M.
Published: April 2015

Indonesia has reported the most human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus worldwide. We implemented enhanced surveillance in four outpatient clinics and six hospitals for HPAI H5N1 and seasonal influenza viruses in East Jakarta district to assess the public health impact of influenza in Indonesia. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected from outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI); respiratory specimens were obtained for influenza testing by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. During October 2011–September 2012, 1131/3278 specimens from ILI cases (34·5%) and 276/1787 specimens from SARI cases (15·4%) tested positive for seasonal influenza viruses. The prevalence of influenza virus infections was highest during December–May and the proportion testing positive was 76% for ILI and 36% for SARI during their respective weeks of peak activity. No HPAI H5N1 virus infections were identified, including hundreds of ILI and SARI patients with recent poultry exposures, whereas seasonal influenza was an important contributor to acute respiratory disease in East Jakarta. Overall, 668 (47%) of influenza viruses were influenza B, 384 (27%) were A(H1N1)pdm09, and 359 (25%) were H3. While additional data over multiple years are needed, our findings suggest that seasonal influenza prevention efforts, including influenza vaccination, should target the months preceding the rainy season.
Approximation of high-dimensional parametric PDEs
Authors: Cohen Albert , DeVore Ronald
Published: April 2015

Parametrized families of PDEs arise in various contexts such as inverse problems, control and optimization, risk assessment, and uncertainty quantification. In most of these applications, the number of parameters is large or perhaps even infinite. Thus, the development of numerical methods for these parametric problems is faced with the possible curse of dimensionality. This article is directed at (i) identifying and understanding which properties of parametric equations allow one to avoid this curse and (ii) developing and analysing effective numerical methods which fully exploit these properties and, in turn, are immune to the growth in dimensionality.

Part I of this article studies the smoothness and approximability of the solution map, that is, the map $a\mapsto u(a)$, where $a$ is the parameter value and $u(a)$ is the corresponding solution to the PDE. It is shown that for many relevant parametric PDEs, the parametric smoothness of this map is typically holomorphic and also highly anisotropic, in that the relevant parameters are of widely varying importance in describing the solution. These two properties are then exploited to establish convergence rates of $n$-term approximations to the solution map, for which each term is separable in the parametric and physical variables. These results reveal that, at least on a theoretical level, the solution map can be well approximated by discretizations of moderate complexity, thereby showing how the curse of dimensionality is broken. This theoretical analysis is carried out through concepts of approximation theory such as best $n$-term approximation, sparsity, and $n$-widths. These notions determine a priori the best possible performance of numerical methods and thus serve as a benchmark for concrete algorithms.

Part II of this article turns to the development of numerical algorithms based on the theoretically established sparse separable approximations. The numerical methods studied fall into two general categories. The first uses polynomial expansions in terms of the parameters to approximate the solution map. The second one searches for suitable low-dimensional spaces for simultaneously approximating all members of the parametric family. The numerical implementation of these approaches is carried out through adaptive and greedy algorithms. An a priori analysis of the performance of these algorithms establishes how well they meet the theoretical benchmarks.
ON THE WELL-POSEDNESS OF PARABOLIC EQUATIONS OF NAVIER–STOKES TYPE WITH DATA
Authors: Auscher Pascal , Frey Dorothee
Published: April 2015

We develop a strategy making extensive use of tent spaces to study parabolic equations with quadratic nonlinearities as for the Navier–Stokes system. We begin with a new proof of the well-known result of Koch and Tataru on the well-posedness of Navier–Stokes equations in$\mathbb{R}^{n}$with small initial data in$\mathit{BMO}^{-1}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$. We then study another model where neither pointwise kernel bounds nor self-adjointness are available.
A dual band-notched ultra-wideband monopole antenna with spiral-slots and folded SIR-DGS as notch band structures
Authors: Mirmosaei Seyed Saeed , Afjei Seyed Ebrahim , Mehrshahi Esfandiar , Fakharian Mohammad M.
Published: April 2015

In this paper, an ultra-wideband (UWB) planar monopole antenna with impedance bandwidth from 2.83 to 11.56 GHz and dual band-notched characteristics is presented. The antenna consists of a small rectangular ground plane, a bat-shaped radiating patch, anda 50-Ω microstrip line. The notched bands are realized by introducing two different types of structures. The half-wavelength spiral-slots are etched on the radiating patch to obtain a notched band in 5.15 5.925 GHz for WLAN, HIPERLAN, and DSRC systems. Based on the single band-notched UWB antenna, the second notched band is realized by etching a folded stepped impedance resonator as defected ground structure on the ground plane for WiMAX and C-band communication systems. The notched frequencies can be adjusted by altering the length of resonant cells. Surface current distributions and equivalent circuit are used to illustrate the notched mechanism. The performance of this antenna both by simulation and by experiment indicates that the proposed antenna is suitable and a good candidate for UWB applications.
Friendship and Gender in Cultural-Psychological Perspective: Implications for Research, Practice, and Consultation
Authors: Adams Glenn , Kurtiş Tuğçe
Published: April 2015

Previous research documented differences in friendship such that people in various North American settings reported more friends, emphasized emotional support, and de-emphasized instrumental support relative to people in various West African settings. We used an experimental manipulation to test the hypothesis that these patterns reflect affordances for abstracted independence and embedded interdependence. Participants from universities in Ghana ( n = 67; 53% women) and the U.S.A. ( n = 71; 47% women) completed individual (“I am . . .”) or collective (“We are . . .”) versions of the Twenty Statements Test. They then completed measures of friendship experience. Results replicated cross-national differences and provided some evidence for hypothesized effects of the manipulation. Participants in the abstracted-independence condition reported “more friends than others” and (in the Ghanaian setting) emphasized emotional support over instrumental support to a greater extent than did participants in the embedded-interdependence condition. Discussion focuses on implications of international perspectives in psychology for research, practice, and consultation about relational belonging.
Behavioural correlates of combinatorial versus temporal features of odour codes
Authors: Saha Debajit , Li Chao , Peterson Steven , Padovano William , Katta Nalin , Raman Baranidharan
Published: April 2015

Most sensory stimuli evoke spiking responses that are distributed across neurons and are temporally structured. Whether the temporal structure of ensemble activity is modulated to facilitate different neural computations is not known. Here, we investigated this issue in the insect olfactory system. We found that an odourant can generate synchronous or asynchronous spiking activity across a neural ensemble in the antennal lobe circuit depending on its relative novelty with respect to a preceding stimulus. Regardless of variations in temporal spiking patterns, the activated combinations of neurons robustly represented stimulus identity. Consistent with this interpretation, locusts reliably recognized both solitary and sequential introductions of trained odourants in a quantitative behavioural assay. However, predictable behavioural responses across locusts were observed only to novel stimuli that evoked synchronized spiking patterns across neural ensembles. Hence, our results indicate that the combinatorial ensemble response encodes for stimulus identity, whereas the temporal structure of the ensemble response selectively emphasizes novel stimuli.
Cavity optomechanics mediated by a quantum two-level system
Authors: Pirkkalainen J.-M. , Cho S.U. , Massel F. , Tuorila J. , Heikkilä T.T. , Hakonen P.J. , Sillanpää M.A.
Published: April 2015

Coupling electromagnetic waves in a cavity and mechanical vibrations via the radiation pressure of photons is a promising platform for investigations of quantum–mechanical properties of motion. A drawback is that the effect of one photon tends to be tiny, and hence one of the pressing challenges is to substantially increase the interaction strength. A novel scenario is to introduce into the setup a quantum two-level system (qubit), which, besides strengthening the coupling, allows for rich physics via strongly enhanced nonlinearities. Here we present a design of cavity optomechanics in the microwave frequency regime involving a Josephson junction qubit. We demonstrate boosting of the radiation–pressure interaction by six orders of magnitude, allowing to approach the strong coupling regime. We observe nonlinear phenomena at single-photon energies, such as an enhanced damping attributed to the qubit. This work opens up nonlinear cavity optomechanics as a plausible tool for the study of quantum properties of motion.
Multifractality of random eigenfunctions and generalization of Jarzynski equality
Authors: Khaymovich I.M. , Koski J.V. , Saira O.-P. , Kravtsov V.E. , Pekola J.P.
Published: April 2015

Systems driven out of equilibrium experience large fluctuations of the dissipated work. The same is true for wavefunction amplitudes in disordered systems close to the Anderson localization transition. In both cases, the probability distribution function is given by the large-deviation ansatz. Here we exploit the analogy between the statistics of work dissipated in a driven single-electron box and that of random multifractal wavefunction amplitudes, and uncover new relations that generalize the Jarzynski equality. We checked the new relations theoretically using the rate equations for sequential tunnelling of electrons and experimentally by measuring the dissipated work in a driven single-electron box and found a remarkable correspondence. The results represent an important universal feature of the work statistics in systems out of equilibrium and help to understand the nature of the symmetry of multifractal exponents in the theory of Anderson localization.
Effect of multiple binge alcohol on diet-induced liver injury in a mouse model of obesity
Authors: Duly A M P , Alani B , Huang E Y-W , Yee C , Haber P S , McLennan S V , Seth D
Published: April 2015

Background:

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are highly prevalent liver diseases that may coexist and contribute significantly to liver disease-related mortality. Obesity is a common underlying risk factor for both disorders. There has been little research investigating the combined effects of high fat diet (HFD) and alcohol. Current mouse models of alcohol- or fat-rich diet alone do not lead to severe liver injury. There is a need to develop animal models recapitulating human settings of drinking and diet to study the mechanisms of liver injury progression.

Methods:

C57BL6 male mice were fed either chow or HFD ad libitum for 12 weeks. A sub-set of mice from each group were also given alcohol (2 g kg−1 body weight) twice a week via intra-gastric lavage. Animals were monitored progressively for weight gain and blood and livers were harvested at termination. The extent of liver injury was examined by histopathology as well as by liver and serum biochemistry. The expression of lipid metabolism, inflammation and fibrogenesis-related molecules was examined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (Q-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining.

Results:

HFD significantly increased total body weight, triglyceride and cholesterol, whereas alcohol increased liver weight. Alcohol+HFD in combination produced maximum hepatic steatosis, increased micro- and macro-vesicular lipid droplets, increased de novo lipogenesis (steroid response-element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1)) and proliferation peroxisome activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and decreased fatty acid β-oxidation (Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1)). Alcohol+HFD treatment also increased the inflammation (CD45+, CD68+, F4/80+ cells; tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), F4/80 mRNAs) and fibrogenesis (vimentin+ activated stellate cells, collagen 1 (Col1) production, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and Col-1 mRNAs) in mice livers.

Conclusions:

We report a novel mouse model with more severe liver injury than either alcohol or HFD alone recapitulating the human setting of intermittent alcohol drinking and HFD.
Developing the IVIG biomimetic, Hexa-Fc, for drug and vaccine applications
Authors: Czajkowsky Daniel M. , Andersen Jan Terje , Fuchs Anja , Wilson Timothy J. , Mekhaiel David , Colonna Marco , He Jianfeng , Shao Zhifeng , Mitchell Daniel A. , Wu Gang , Dell Anne , Haslam Stuart , Lloyd Katy A. , Moore Shona C. , Sandlie Inger , Blundell Patricia A. , Pleass Richard J.
Published: April 2015

The remarkable clinical success of Fc-fusion proteins has driven intense investigation for even more potent replacements. Using quality-by-design (QbD) approaches, we generated hexameric-Fc (hexa-Fc), a ~20 nm oligomeric Fc-based scaffold that we here show binds low-affinity inhibitory receptors (FcRL5, FcγRIIb and DC-SIGN) with high avidity and specificity, whilst eliminating significant clinical limitations of monomeric Fc-fusions for vaccine and/or cancer therapies, in particular their poor ability to activate complement. Mass spectroscopy of hexa-Fc reveals high-mannose, low-sialic acid content, suggesting that interactions with these receptors are influenced by the mannose-containing Fc. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provides insight into the mechanisms of hexa-Fc interaction with these receptors and reveals an unexpected orientation of high-mannose glycans on the human Fc that provides greater accessibility to potential binding partners. Finally, we show that this biosynthetic nanoparticle can be engineered to enhance interactions with the human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) without loss of the oligomeric structure, a crucial modification for these molecules in therapy and/or vaccine strategies where a long plasma half-life is critical.
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting Analysis of Heterotypic Cell-in-Cell Structures
Authors: He Meifang , Huang Hongyan , Wang Manna , Chen Ang , Ning Xiangkai , Yu Kaitao , Li Qihong , Li Wen , Ma Li , Chen Zhaolie , Wang Xiaoning , Sun Qiang
Published: April 2015

Cell-in-cell structures (CICs), characterized by the presence of one or more viable cells inside another one, were recently found important player in development, immune homeostasis and tumorigenesis etc. Incompatible with ever-increasing interests on this unique phenomenon, reliable methods available for high throughput quantification and systemic investigation are lacking. Here, we report a flow cytometry-based method for rapid analysis and sorting of heterotypic CICs formed between lymphocytes and tumor cells. In this method, cells were labeled with fluorescent dyes for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) by flow cytometry, conditions for reducing cell doublets were optimized such that high purity (>95%) of CICs could be achieved. By taking advantage of this method, we analyzed CICs formation between different cell pairs and found that factors from both internalized effector cells and engulfing target cells affect heterotypic CICs formation. Thus, flow cytometry-based FACS analysis would serve as a high throughput method to promote systemic researches on CICs.
Tunable quantum interference in a 3D integrated circuit
Authors: Chaboyer Zachary , Meany Thomas , Helt L. G. , Withford Michael J. , Steel M. J.
Published: April 2015

Integrated photonics promises solutions to questions of stability, complexity and size in quantum optics. Advances in tunable and non-planar integrated platforms, such as laser-inscribed photonics, continue to bring the realisation of quantum advantages in computation and metrology ever closer, perhaps most easily seen in multi-path interferometry. Here we demonstrate control of two-photon interference in a chip-scale 3D multi-path interferometer, showing a reduced periodicity and enhanced visibility compared to single photon measurements. Observed non-classical visibilities are widely tunable and explained well by theoretical predictions based on classical measurements. With these predictions we extract Fisher information approaching a theoretical maximum. Our results open a path to quantum enhanced phase measurements.
Nucleotide Sequence-Homology-Independent Breakdown of Transgenic Resistance by More Virulent Virus Strains and a Potential Solution
Authors: Kung Yi-Jung , You Bang-Jau , Raja Joseph A. J. , Chen Kuan-Chun , Huang Chiung-Huei , Bau Huey-Jiunn , Yang Ching-Fu , Huang Chung-Hao , Chang Chung-Ping , Yeh Shyi-Dong
Published: April 2015

Controlling plant viruses by genetic engineering, including the globally important Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), mainly involves coat protein (CP) gene mediated resistance via post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). However, the breakdown of single- or double-virus resistance in CP-gene-transgenic papaya by more virulent PRSV strains has been noted in repeated field trials. Recombination analysis revealed that the gene silencing suppressor HC-Pro or CP of the virulent PRSV strain 5-19 is responsible for overcoming CP-transgenic resistance in a sequence-homology-independent manner. Transient expression assays using agro-infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana plants indicated that 5-19 HC-Pro exhibits stronger PTGS suppression than the transgene donor strain. To disarm the suppressor from the virulent strain, transgenic papaya lines were generated carrying untranslatable 5-19 HC-Pro, which conferred complete resistance to 5-19 and other geographic PRSV strains. Our study suggested the potential risk of the emergence of more virulent virus strains, spurred by the deployment of CP-gene-transgenic crops and provides a strategy to combat such strains.
FOXO3 variants are beneficial for longevity in Southern Chinese living in the Red River Basin: A case-control study and meta-analysis
Authors: Sun Liang , Hu Caiyou , Zheng Chenguang , Qian Yu , Liang Qinghua , Lv Zeping , Huang Zezhi , Qi KeYan , Gong Huan , Zhang Zheng , Huang Jin , Zhou Qin , Yang Ze
Published: April 2015

Forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factors play a crucial role in longevity across species. Several polymorphisms in FOXO3 were previously reported to be associated with human longevity. However, only one Chinese replication study has been performed so far. To verify the role of FOXO3 in southern Chinese in the Red River Basin, a community-based case-control study was conducted and seven polymorphisms were genotyped in 1336 participants, followed by a meta-analysis of eight case-control studies that included 5327 longevity cases and 4608 controls. In our case-control study, we found rs2802288*A and rs2802292*G were beneficial to longevity after Bonferroni correction (pallele = 0.005, OR = 1.266; pallele = 0.026, OR = 1.207). In addition, in the longevity group, carriers with rs2802288*A and rs2802292*G presented reduced HbA1c (p = 0.001) and homozygotes of rs2802292*GG presented improved HOMA–IR (p = 0.014). The meta-analysis further revealed the overall contribution of rs2802288*A and rs2802292*G to longevity. However, our stratified analysis revealed that rs2802292*G might act more strongly in Asians than Europeans, for enhancement of longevity. In conclusion, our study provides convincing evidence for a significant association between the rs2802288*A and rs2802292*G gene variants in FOXO3 and human longevity and adds the Southern Chinese in the Red River Basin to the growing number of human replication populations.
The working mechanism of the β-carbonic anhydrase degrading carbonyl sulphide (COSase): a theoretical study
Authors: Piazzetta P. , Marino T. , Russo N.
Published: April 2015

The working mechanism of the novel characterized enzyme carbonyl sulfide hydrolase (COSase), which efficiently converts COS to H2S and CO2, has been investigated at a density functional theory level.
Structural change of NaO1/2–WO3–NbO5/2–LaO3/2–PO5/2glass induced by electrochemical substitution of sodium ions with protons
Authors: Ishiyama Tomohiro , Yamaguchi Takuya , Nishii Junji , Yamashita Toshiharu , Kawazoe Hiroshi , Kuwata Naoaki , Kawamura Junichi , Omata Takahisa
Published: April 2015

Fragments of phosphate chains in 1W-glass are induced by electrochemical substitution of Na+ions with H+(APS), despite the total number of modifier cations being unaffected by APS.
Luminescent sensors based on quantum dot–molecule conjugates
Authors: Silvi Serena , Credi Alberto
Published: April 2015

We illustrate the principles underlying the rational construction of luminescent sensors by combining semiconductor nanocrystal and molecular components, and describe the representative examples of sensors for ionic and molecular analytes.
BiVO4/MIL-101 composite having the synergistically enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Xu Yanli , Lv Mengmeng , Yang Hanbiao , Chen Qi , Liu Xueting , Fengyu Wei Fengyu Wei
Published: April 2015

The BiVO4/MIL-101 composite and pure materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, UV-vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra and photoluminescence emission spectra.
Morphological and physicochemical properties of Ag–Au binary nanocomposites prepared using different surfactant capped Ag nanoparticles
Authors: Monga Anila , Pal Bonamali
Published: April 2015

The deposition of Au on Ag NPs passivated with PVP, CTAB and TX-100 surfactants resulted in the formation of hollow, solid and porous Ag–Au bimetallic NCs, respectively, exhibiting ∼2 times higher catalytic activity than the monometallic Ag NPs.
Transparent epoxy–ZnO/CdS nanocomposites with tunable UV and blue light-shielding capabilities
Authors: Han Chunchun , Wang Feng , Gao Chong , Liu Peng , Ding Yanfen , Zhang Shimin , Yang Mingshu
Published: April 2015

Epoxy–ZnO/CdS nanocomposites exhibited strong UV and blue light-shielding capabilities with good transparency. The light-shielding properties of the nanocomposites could also be tuned by adjusting the Cd/Zn molar ratio.
Surfaces presenting α-phenyl mannoside derivatives enable formation of stable, high coverage, non-pathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms against pathogen colonization
Authors: Zhu Zhiling , Wang Jun , Lopez Analette I. , Yu Fei , Huang Yongkai , Kumar Amit , Li Siheng , Zhang Lijuan , Cai Chengzhi
Published: April 2015

Mannoside-modified surfaces enhance the coverage and stability of benign biofilms leading to bacterial interference against pathogenic colonization for 11 days.
A donor–acceptor conjugated block copolymer of poly(arylenevinylene)s by ring-opening metathesis polymerization
Authors: Chang Shu-Wei , Horie Masaki
Published: April 2015

A donor–acceptor conjugated block copolymer of poly(arylenevinylene)s has been synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization.