bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of watchful waiting versus antidepressants for patients diagnosed of mild to moderate depression in primary care: A 12-month pragmatic clinical trial (INFAP study)
Authors: Iglesias-González M. , Aznar-Lou I. , Peñarrubia-María M.T. , Gil-Girbau M. , Fernández-Vergel R. , Alonso J. , Serrano-Blanco A. , Rubio-Valera M.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Although mild to moderate major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the main reasons for consulting a general practitioner (GP), there is still no international consensus on the most appropriate therapeutic approach.

Methods:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of watchful waiting (WW) compared with the use of antidepressants (ADs) for the treatment of mild to moderate depressive symptoms in 263 primary care (PC) usual-practice patients in a 12-month pragmatic non-randomised controlled trial. Both longitudinal and per-protocol analyses were performed, through a multilevel longitudinal analysis and a sensitivity analysis.

Results:

We observed a statistically significant time x treatment interaction in the severity of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) and disability (World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, WHODAS) in favour of the AD group at 6 months but not at 12 months. The effect size of this difference was small. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in severity of anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI) or health-related quality-of-life (EuroQol-5D, EQ-5D). Sensitivity analysis and per-protocol analysis showed no differences between the two groups in any of the evaluated scales.

Conclusions:

Superiority of either treatment (WW and AD) was not demonstrated in patients treated for depression in PC after one year of follow-up.
Right-sided malignant colonic obstruction the use of a self expanding metal stent to facilitate laparoscopic surgery: A case report
Authors: Sardiwalla Y. , Sardiwalla I.I. , Kumar N. , Koto M.Z. , Balabyeki M.A.
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

The use of self expanding metals stents (SEMS) is established for management of left sided colonic obstruction. Its use for right sided malignant colonic obstructing (RMCO) tumours is less established with risks related to perforation of the colon. The use of a right sided colonic stent can be used to decompress the colon or small bowel and facilitate subsequent laparoscopic resection.

A 68 year old gentleman presented with a history of right upper quadrant pain associated with fever, chills, loss of weight and abdominal distention. Examination revealed a tender right upper quadrant mass, workup revealed an empyema of the gallbladder with an associated colonic mass.

The sepsis was controlled via percutaneous transhepatic cholecystomy and subsequent colonscopy revealed an obstructing hepatic flexure colonic tumour and multiple large left sided colonic polyps not amenable to snare excision. This tumour was stented at endoscopy under fluoroscopic control. The patient was taken to theatre and a laparoscopic subtotal colectomy with complete mesocolic excision and en bloc cholecystectomy was performed.

In this case report, we demonstrate the use of SEMS for RMCO as a bridge for laparoscopic subtotal colectomy in a patient with right sided colonic cancer. This case also presented a unique challenge with the associated gallbladder empyema due to cystic duct obstruction. The stenting for RMCO and subsequent laparoscopic subtotal-colectomy was performed successfully for this patient, showing promise in the future utility of SEMS placement in RMCO. This report therefore adds to increasing evidence that emphasize the viability of SEMS in RMCO as a bridge to laparoscopic surgery for more proximal obstructions. According to our literature search, this is the third reported case of laparoscopic colectomy following SEMS for RMCO.

Highlights:
Open Transcervical Fracture of Femur Resulted from Gunshot Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Ho Chan , Kenneth Chan Kin-yan , Ka-chun Ip , Wilson Li
Published: June 2018

Gunshot injury (GSI) is rare in Hong Kong, and local experience on the management of GSIs is limited. There is yet a worldwide consensus on the classification system or management guidelines for the management of GSIs. We report a case of open transcervical fracture of right femur resulting from a GSI. The management of GSIs, including the classification of these injuries, corresponding fracture and soft tissue management, the indications of bullet removal and antibiotics use will be discussed.
Putting the Soul into Archaeology—Integrating Interpretation into Practice
Authors: van der Linde Sjoerd J. , van den Dries Monique H. , Wait Gerry
Published: June 2018

This article introduces a special volume of Advances in Archaeological Practice dedicated to the interpretation and presentation of archaeology. It provides an overview of several essays that came out of a session at the European Association of Archaeology Conference in 2017, which focused upon how interpretation can be implemented within daily practices of (cultural resource management) archaeology in a way that provides heritage value. We bring the arguments together into a call for a creative, interpretive archaeology that does not take compliance or academic publications as its end goal but will speak to a far wider range of audiences through the development and presentation of stories and narratives that truly engage and inspire people. We argue that this can be achieved by implementing “emotion design” methods that dynamically differentiate between information, message, emotion, and media, by working closely together with creatives, interpretive experts, communities, and partners and, ultimately, by integrating interpretation firmly at the core of planning processes, archaeological workflows, and our daily practices.
United Nations peace operations as international practices: Revisiting the UN mission’s armed raids against gangs in Haiti
Authors: Pingeot Lou
Published: June 2018

This article develops an International Practice Theory (IPT) approach to United Nations peace operations through the study of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). MINUSTAH saw the introduction of new practices within the context of a UN peace operation, namely the use of joint military-police forces to conduct offensive action against armed groups that were labelled as ‘gangs’. While more objectivist problem-solving approaches would argue that the UN mission was simply adapting to the situation on the ground, an IPT lens reveals that there was considerable struggle to integrate these new practices within the repertoire of peacekeeping. The article argues for the benefits of applying an IPT lens to peace operations while proposing to develop theoretical and methodological approaches that have been less prominent in IPT. Theoretically, it posits that IPT can better articulate practice and discourse by paying more attention to what actors say about what they do.
Hegel and Levinas: On Truth and the Question of Interruption
Authors: Uljée Rozemund
Published: June 2018

This paper traces the relationship between Hegel and Levinas regarding their understanding of difference in relation to truth and history. It is the aim of this paper to show that Levinas is not a thinker in opposition to Hegel, since opposition would only confirm what it seeks to oppose. Instead, I argue that Levinas interrupts Hegel’s thought in such a manner that it is opened to a supplement of ethical meaning. This ethical meaning is irreducible to truth and history as Hegel understands them, yet it invokes them and makes them possible.
Energy dissipation caused by boundary layer instability at vanishing viscosity
Authors: Nguyen van yen Natacha , Waidmann Matthias , Klein Rupert , Farge Marie , Schneider Kai
Published: June 2018

A qualitative explanation for the scaling of energy dissipation by high-Reynolds-number fluid flows in contact with solid obstacles is proposed in the light of recent mathematical and numerical results. Asymptotic analysis suggests that it is governed by a fast, small-scale Rayleigh–Tollmien–Schlichting instability with an unstable range whose lower and upper bounds scale as$Re^{3/8}$and$Re^{1/2}$, respectively. By linear superposition, the unstable modes induce a boundary vorticity flux of order$Re^{1}$, a key ingredient in detachment and drag generation according to a theorem of Kato. These predictions are confirmed by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations in a two-dimensional periodic channel discretized using compact finite differences in the wall-normal direction, and a spectral scheme in the wall-parallel direction.
Experimental and numerical study of wall layer development in a tribocharged fluidized bed
Authors: Sippola Petteri , Kolehmainen Jari , Ozel Ali , Liu Xiaoyu , Saarenrinne Pentti , Sundaresan Sankaran
Published: June 2018

The effects of triboelectricity in a small-scale fluidized bed of polyethylene particles were investigated by imaging the particle layer in the vicinity of the column wall and by measuring the pressure drop across the bed. The average charge on the particles was altered by changing the relative humidity of the gas. A triboelectric charging model coupled with a computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD-DEM) model was utilized to simulate gas–particle flow in the bed. The electrostatic forces were evaluated based on a particle–particle particle–mesh method, accounting for the surface charge on the insulating walls. It was found that simulations with fixed and uniform charge distribution among the particles capture remarkably well both the agglomeration of the particles on the wall and the associated decrease in the pressure drop across the bed. With a dynamic tribocharging model, the charging rate had to be accelerated to render the computations affordable. Such simulations with an artificial acceleration significantly over-predict charge segregation and the wall becomes rapidly sheeted with a single layer of strongly charged particles.
The influence of shear on double-diffusive and settling-driven instabilities
Authors: Konopliv N. , Lesshafft L. , Meiburg E.
Published: June 2018

The effects of shear on double-diffusive fingering and on the settling-driven instability are assessed by means of a transient growth analysis. Employing Kelvin waves within a linearized framework allows for the consideration of time-dependent waveforms in uniform shear. In this way, the effects of boundaries and of shear-driven instability modes can be eliminated, so that the influence of shear on the double-diffusive and settling-driven instabilities can be analysed in isolation. Shear is seen to dampen both instabilities, which is consistent with previous findings by other authors. The shear damping is more pronounced for parameter values that produce larger unsheared growth. These trends can be explained in terms of instantaneous linear stability results for the unsheared case. For both double-diffusive and settling-driven instabilities, low Prandtl number ($Pr$) values result in less damping and an increased importance of the Orr mechanism, for which a quantitative scaling law is obtained.
Collective locomotion of two closely spaced self-propelled flapping plates
Authors: Peng Ze-Rui , Huang Haibo , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: June 2018

Energetic benefit and enhanced performance are considered among the most fascinating achievements of collective behaviours, e.g. fish schools and flying formations. The collective locomotion of two self-propelled flapping plates initially in a side-by-side arrangement is investigated numerically. Both in-phase and antiphase oscillations for the two plates are considered. It is found that the plates will spontaneously form some stable configurations as a result of the flow-mediated interaction, specifically, the staggered-following (SF) mode and the alternate-leading (AL) mode for the in-phase scenario and the moving abreast (MA) mode and the AL mode for the antiphase scenario. In the SF mode, the rear plate follows the front one with a staggered configuration. In the AL mode, the plates chase each other side-by-side alternately. In terms of propulsive speed and efficiency, the performance of the plates in the SF mode with small lateral spacing $H$ is found to be better than those in the tandem following case ($H=0$) and the side-by-side case (i.e. the AL mode). To achieve higher propulsive efficiency, no matter in-phase or antiphase oscillations, the two plates with moderate bending stiffness, e.g. $K\approx O(1)$, are preferred and they should be close enough in the lateral direction. For the side-by-side configuration, the performance of each plate in the antiphase and in-phase scenarios is enhanced and weakened in comparison with that of the isolated plate, respectively. Besides the pressure and vorticity contours, the normal force and thrust acting on the plates are also analysed. It is revealed that the thrust is mainly contributed by the normal force at moderate bending stiffness. The normal force and thrust are critical to the propulsive speed and efficiency. For two self-propelled plates, in view of hydrodynamics, to achieve higher performance the in-phase SF mode and antiphase flappings in the side-by-side configuration are preferred.
A NOTE ON ENTROPY OF AUTO-EQUIVALENCES: LOWER BOUND AND THE CASE OF ORBIFOLD PROJECTIVE LINES
Authors: KIKUTA KOHEI , SHIRAISHI YUUKI , TAKAHASHI ATSUSHI
Published: June 2018

Entropy of categorical dynamics is defined by Dimitrov–Haiden–Katzarkov–Kontsevich. Motivated by the fundamental theorem of the topological entropy due to Gromov–Yomdin, it is natural to ask an equality between the entropy and the spectral radius of induced morphisms on the numerical Grothendieck group. In this paper, we add two results on this equality: the lower bound in a general setting and the equality for orbifold projective lines.
PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS OF HEALTH-RELATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN INDIA
Authors: Panda Basant Kumar , Mohanty Sanjay K.
Published: June 2018

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are increasingly being used to measure developmental progress among and within countries. Achieving the health-related SDGs remains a primary concern of many developing countries. This study measured the progress in selected health-related indicators of SDGs in the states of India by social and economic groups, and predicted their likely progress by 2030. The health indicators analysed included health outcomes, nutrition, health care utilization and determinants of health. Data from the Census of India, Sample Registration System (SRS), National Family and Health Surveys (NFHSs) and National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) were used in the analysis. Annual rate of progress (ARP) and the required rate of progress (RRP) were computed for selected indicators over the period 2005–06 to 2015–16. A Composite Index of Health (CIH) was used to understand the state of health of populations. The ARP was higher than the RRP in maternal care and reduction of under-five mortality, while ARP was lower than the RRP in undernutrition and sanitation. The ARP for health-related indicators showed a mixed pattern across religion and caste groups. The ARP for medical assistance at birth and immunization was highest among Scheduled Castes and that for reduction of under-five mortality was highest among Scheduled Tribes. The CIH was lowest in Uttar Pradesh (0.26) and highest in Goa (0.81). The association between the CIH and the Human Development Index (HDI) was significant, suggesting interlinkage between health and development. Notable improvements were observed in maternal and child health and maternal health care utilization across social groups in India over the period 2005–06 to 2015–16, and if the trends continue the country can achieve the SDG target in maternal health by 2030. However, progress in nutrition and other health indicators has been slow and uneven.
Flows and dynamos in a model of stellar radiative zones
Authors: Simitev Radostin D. , Busse Friedrich H.
Published: June 2018

Stellar radiative zones are typically assumed to be motionless in standard models of stellar structure but there is sound theoretical and observational evidence that this cannot be the case. We investigate by direct numerical simulations a three-dimensional and time-dependent model of stellar radiation zones consisting of an electrically conductive and stably stratified anelastic fluid confined to a rotating spherical shell and driven by a baroclinic torque. As the baroclinic driving is gradually increased a sequence of transitions from an axisymmetric and equatorially symmetric time-independent flow to flows with a strong poloidal component and lesser symmetry are found. It is shown that all flow regimes characterised by significant non-axisymmetric components are capable of generating a self-sustained magnetic field. As the value of the Prandtl number is decreased and the value of the Ekman number is decreased, flows become strongly time dependent with progressively complex spatial structure and dynamos can be generated at lower values of the magnetic Prandtl number.
Developmental changes of neuropsychological functioning in individuals with and without childhood ADHD from early adolescence to young adulthood: a 7-year follow-up study
Authors: Lin Yu-Ju , Gau Susan Shur-Fen
Published: June 2018

Background

Our knowledge about the developmental change of neuropsychological functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is limited. This prospective longitudinal study examined the changes in neuropsychological functions and their associations with the changes of ADHD symptoms across the developmental stages from early adolescence to young adulthood.

Methods

We followed up 53 individuals diagnosed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) ADHD during childhood (mean age 12.77 years at time 1, 19.81 years at time 2) and 50 non-ADHD controls (mean age 12.80 years at time 1, 19.36 years at time 2) with repeated psychiatric interviews at two time points to confirm ADHD and other psychiatric diagnoses. Neuropsychological functions with high- and low-executive demands, measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) at two time points, were compared.

Results

Both groups showed improvements in all neuropsychological tasks except reaction time in the ADHD group. Despite having a greater improvement in spatial working memory (SWM) than controls, individuals with ADHD still performed worse in various neuropsychological tasks than controls at follow-up. Better baseline intra-dimension/extra-dimension shift and parental occupation predicted fewer ADHD symptoms at follow-up independent of baseline ADHD symptoms. The degree of ADHD symptom reduction was not significantly linearly correlated to the magnitude of neuropsychological function improvement.

Conclusion

Individuals with ADHD and controls had parallel developments in neuropsychological functioning, except a catch-up in SWM in ADHD. Almost all neuropsychological functions herein were still impaired in ADHD at late adolescence/young adulthood. There may be a threshold (i.e. non-linear) relationship between neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptoms.
Acceptance and Commitment group Therapy for patients with multiple functional somatic syndromes: a three-armed trial comparing ACT in a brief and extended version with enhanced care
Authors: Pedersen Heidi Frølund , Agger Johanne L. , Frostholm Lisbeth , Jensen Jens S. , Ørnbøl Eva , Fink Per , Schröder Andreas
Published: June 2018

Background

Psychological treatment for functional somatic syndromes (FSS) has been found moderately effective. Information on how much treatment is needed to obtain improvement is sparse. We assessed the efficacy of a brief and extended version of group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) v. enhanced care (EC) for patients with multiple FSS operationalised as Bodily Distress Syndrome multi-organ type.

Methods

In a randomised controlled three-armed trial, consecutively referred patients aged 20–50 with multiple FSS were randomly assigned to either (1) EC; (2) Brief ACT: EC plus 1-day workshop and one individual consultation; or (3) Extended ACT: EC plus nine 3-h group-based sessions. Primary outcome was patient-rated overall health improvement on the five-point clinical global improvement scale 14 months after randomisation. A proportional odds model was used for the analyses.

Results

A total of 180 patients were randomised; 60 to EC, 61 to Brief ACT, and 59 to Extended ACT. Improvement on the primary outcome after Extended ACT was significantly greater than after EC with an unadjusted OR of 2.9 [95% CI (1.4–6.2), p = 0.006]. No significant differences were found between Brief ACT and EC. Of the 18 secondary outcomes, the only significant difference found was for physical functioning in the comparison of Extended ACT with EC.

Conclusions

Patients rated their overall health status as more improved after Extensive ACT than after EC; however, clinically relevant secondary outcome measures did not support this finding. Discrepancies between primary and secondary outcomes in this trial are discussed.
X-ray radiation and runaway electron beams generated during discharges in atmospheric-pressure air at rise times of voltage pulse of 500 and 50 ns
Authors: Sorokin D.A. , Tarasenko V.F. , Zhang Cheng , Kostyrya I.D. , Qiu Jintao , Yan Ping , Baksht E.Kh. , Shao Tao
Published: June 2018

The parameters of X-ray radiation and runaway electron beams (RAEBs) generated at long-pulse discharges in atmospheric-pressure air were investigated. In the experiments, high-voltage pulses with the rise times of 500 and 50 ns were applied to an interelectrode gap. The gap geometry provided non-uniform distribution of the electric field strength. It was founded that at the voltage pulse rise time of 500 ns and the maximum breakdown voltage Um for 1 cm-length gap, a duration [full width at half maximum (FWHM)] of a RAEB current pulse shrinks to 0.1 ns. A decrease in the breakdown voltage under conditions of a diffuse discharge leads to an increase in the FWHM duration of the electron beam current pulse up to several nanoseconds. It was shown that when the rise time of the voltage pulse is of 500 ns and the diffuse discharge occurs in the gap, the FWHM duration of the X-ray radiation pulse can reach ≈100 ns. It was established that at a pulse-periodic diffuse discharge fed by high-voltage pulses with the rise time of 50 ns, an energy of X-ray quanta and their number increase with increasing breakdown voltage. Wherein the parameter Um/pd is saved.
Fault Exclusion in Multi-Constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Authors: Zhai Yawei , Joerger Mathieu , Pervan Boris
Published: June 2018

This paper comprehensively investigates the fault exclusion problem in multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In future GNSS, the heightened likelihood of fault detection events will cause more interruptions in the continuity of the navigation operation. The main contribution of this paper is to establish the theoretical basis to quantify the contributions of fault events on continuity risk, therefore allowing us to assess the desired exclusion function performance based on specific continuity requirements. Accordingly, a new real-time exclusion algorithm is developed, for which the upper bounds on integrity risks are rigorously derived. Using the new method, performance is comprehensively investigated for two important civil aircraft navigation operations using various numbers of constellations. We show that high service availability can be achieved for both operations.
An Extremal Graph Problem with a Transcendental Solution
Authors: MUBAYI DHRUV , TERRY CAROLINE
Published: June 2018

We prove that the number of multigraphs with vertex set {1, . . .,n} such that every four vertices span at most nine edges isan2+o(n2)whereais transcendental (assuming Schanuel's conjecture from number theory). This is an easy consequence of the solution to a related problem about maximizing the product of the edge multiplicities in certain multigraphs, and appears to be the first explicit (somewhat natural) question in extremal graph theory whose solution is transcendental. These results may shed light on a question of Razborov, who asked whether there are conjectures or theorems in extremal combinatorics which cannot be proved by a certain class of finite methods that include Cauchy–Schwarz arguments.

Our proof involves a novel application of Zykov symmetrization applied to multigraphs, a rather technical progressive induction, and a straightforward use of hypergraph containers.
On the possibility of the Dyson spheres observable beyond the infrared spectrum
Authors: Osmanov Z. , Berezhiani V. I.
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we revisit the Dysonian approach and assume that a superadvanced civilization is capable of building a cosmic megastructure located closer than the habitable zone (HZ). Then such a Dyson Sphere (DS) might be visible in the optical spectrum. We have shown that for typical high melting point metamaterial – Graphene, the radius of the DS should be of the order of 1011cm, or even less. It has been estimated that energy required to maintain the cooling system inside the DS is much less than the luminosity of a star. By considering the stability problem, we have found that the radiation pressure might stabilize dynamics of the megastructure and as a result it will oscillate, leading to interesting observational features – anomalous variability. The similar variability will occur by means of the transverse waves propagating along the surface of the cosmic megastructure. In the summary, we also discuss the possible generalization of the definition of HZs that might lead to very interesting observational features.
Stand und Entwicklung der Rolle als Parkinson Nurse in Deutschland – Eine Online-Befragung
Authors: Mai Tobias
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Seit 2006 gibt es in Deutschland eine Fortbildung zur Parkinson Nurses (PN). Inhalte, Struktur und Organisation der Tätigkeiten wurden für Deutschland bisher nicht systematisch beschrieben. Fragestellung: Wie ist der Berufsalltag von PN in Deutschland organisiert? Welchen Tätigkeiten gehen sie nach? Welche förderlichen und hemmenden Bedingungen haben hierauf Einfluss? Methoden: Unter den Absolventinnen und Absolventen der Fortbildung wurde von September bis November 2016 eine Online-Befragung durchgeführt. Es wurden 39 Fragebögen deskriptiv analysiert (Rücklaufquote 34 %). Ergebnisse: In Fachkrankenhäusern sind 52 % und in Häusern der Maximalversorgung 26 % der PN tätig. Ein Konzept für die Arbeit (29 %) oder eine Stellenbeschreibung (23 %) liegen kaum vor. 21 % der Befragten arbeiten nicht mehr als PN. Beratung, Schulung, Information zum Medikamentenmanagement, Aufklärung zum Parkinsonsyndrom sowie Schulung von Fachpersonen stehen im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit. Die Tätigkeiten wirken meist in die Einrichtung hinein; eine sektorenübergreifende Begleitung der Betroffenen findet kaum statt. Schlussfolgerung: Zukünftig sollten Konzepte und Stellenbeschreibungen in den Einrichtungen hinterlegt sein, die sich an einem einrichtungsübergreifenden Orientierungsrahmen ausrichten. So können auf Basis eines gemeinsamen Rollenverständnisses u. a. eine notwendige Netzwerkarbeit der PN sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Fachpersonen im multiprofessionellen Team erfolgen. Eine Weiterentwicklung des Curriculums auf akademischem Niveau führt zu den hierfür notwendigen Kompetenzen.
Integrative Crop‐Soil‐Management Modeling to Assess Global Phosphorus Losses from Major Crop Cultivations
Authors: Liu Wenfeng , Yang Hong , Ciais Philippe , Stamm Christian , Zhao Xu , Williams Jimmy R. , Abbaspour Karim C. , Schulin Rainer
Published: June 2018

Fertilization, crop uptake followed by plant harvest, runoff and erosion, and transformations of phosphorus (P) in soil are the major factors influencing the P balance of croplands. It is important to integrate plant‐soil‐management interactions into consistent modeling systems to determine the effect of P fertilization conditions on yields and to quantify P losses. Previous assessment of P losses on large scales did not consider the interactions among these factors. Here we applied a grid‐based crop model to estimate global P losses from three most produced crops: maize, rice, and wheat. The model was forced by detailed P input data sets over the period 1998–2002. According to our simulations, global P losses from the three crops reached 1.2 Tg P/year, and about 44% of it was due to soil erosion. The global total P losses were dominated by contributions from a few hot spot regions. Reducing P fertilizer in regions experiencing excessive P uses and hence losses, especially in China and India, could achieve the same yields as today and save about two thirds of global total P inputs, with the cobenefits of declining global total P losses by 41% and downstream water quality improvement. Reducing soil erosion and retaining more crop residues on croplands could further save P inputs and alleviate P losses. This study is of significance to determine the major factors influencing P balance across regions of the world and help policy makers to propose efficient strategies for tackling P‐driven environmental problems.
Seasonal Patterns of Water Cycling in a Deep, Continental Mountain Valley Inferred From Stable Water Vapor Isotopes
Authors: Fiorella Richard P. , Poulsen Christopher J. , Matheny Ashley M.
Published: June 2018

The origin of atmospheric moisture is difficult to determine from meteorological measurements alone. Stable water vapor isotopes can be used to trace the atmospheric history of water vapor, and therefore are a powerful tool for understanding water cycle processes across a range of spatial and temporal scales. We present subhourly measurements of summer and winter vapor isotope ratios from a deep mountain valley in northwestern Wyoming. Vapor isotopes are paired with local meteorological measurements, and relationships between local vapor isotopic compositions and large‐scale air transport are explored using atmospheric back trajectories and a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic. Isotopic compositions vary on diurnal to seasonal timescales, and to first order, track changes in local specific humidity. Local vapor isotopic composition varies with air transport pathway in both seasons, but cannot be uniquely mapped to a source region due to continental recycling of vapor. Diurnal variability in d‐excess is substantial in summer, but not in winter. This seasonal contrast is likely driven by local surface and near‐surface processes including evapotranspiration and boundary layer mixing, which partially overprint the source isotope ratios of the regional source during the summer and casts doubt on the use of d‐excess over continental interiors as a tracer of evaporative conditions over the ocean. Continued monitoring of the isotopic composition of near‐surface vapor in continental settings may help detect changes in regional moisture convergence and the local evapotranspiration flux, as well as assess meso‐to‐regional scale responses to hydrologic variability.
The Nature and Origin of Deposits in Uzboi Vallis on Mars
Authors: Wilson S. A. , Grant J. A. , Howard A. D. , Buczkowski D. L.
Published: June 2018

Uzboi Vallis in northwestern Noachis Terra is the uppermost segment of the Noachian to Hesperian Uzboi‐Ladon‐Morava mesoscale outflow system that dominates regional northward drainage through Noachis and Margaritifer Terrae. Recently acquired High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) data, as well as topography, help to characterize the nature and origin of a previously unrecognized deposit on the floor of Uzboi Vallis at the confluence of Nirgal Vallis. The Uzboi floor deposit consists of a lower unit (~255 km3) and an upper unit (~34 km3). The origin and age of the lower unit are less constrained; it may have formed by a combination of impact (e.g., ejecta from Luki crater), fluvial/alluvial, and (or) mass wasting processes. The superimposed upper unit is symmetrical relative to the mouth of Nirgal, fan‐shaped in planform and layered. The morphology and location of the upper unit are consistent with alluvial (and possibly debris flow) deposition related to discharge from Nirgal Vallis. Crater Luki and the upper unit likely postdate the draining of the short‐lived lake in Uzboi that formed after the mid‐ to Late Hesperian Holden crater blocked the northern end of Uzboi. Late‐stage aqueous activity from Nirgal may have been sustained to some extent by groundwater discharge from aquifers along Nirgal that were recharged when Uzboi hosted a lake and (or) somewhat limited precipitation‐fed surface runoff. The associated climate in the mid‐ to Late Hesperian was favorable for such aqueous processes, and it may have provided habitable surface conditions in this region relatively late in Martian history.
Numerical Modeling of the Concentric Gravity Wave Seeding of Low‐Latitude Nighttime Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances
Authors: Chou Min‐Yang , Lin Charles C. H. , Huba Joseph D. , Lien Chuan‐Ping , Chen Chia‐Hung , Yue Jia , Chang Loren C. , Rajesh P. K.
Published: June 2018

The first‐principles three‐dimensional ionosphere model Naval Research Laboratory SAMI3/ESF is used to study the low‐latitude nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) triggered by the typhoon‐induced concentric gravity waves (CGWs) for the first time. Simulation results demonstrate that the electrodynamic coupling between CGWs and Perkins instability can initiate the rarely observed low‐latitude nighttime MSTIDs by accelerating their growth rates. Both the simulations and observations show that the westward and westward/equatorward propagating CGWs with similar wavefront alignments to the Perkins instability could enhance the generation of MSTIDs rather than the northward propagating CGWs. The CGWs penetrating to the ionospheric F layer without severe dissipation can induce greater polarization electric fields to accelerate the Perkins instability via E × B drifts.
Centroid Moment Tensor Inversion of Shallow Very Low Frequency Earthquakes Off the Kii Peninsula, Japan, Using a Three‐Dimensional Velocity Structure Model
Authors: Takemura Shunsuke , Matsuzawa Takanori , Kimura Takeshi , Tonegawa Takashi , Shiomi Katsuhiko
Published: June 2018

We conducted centroid moment tensor inversions of shallow very low frequency earthquakes (SVLFEs) that occurred around off the southeast Kii Peninsula, Japan. A set of Green's functions was evaluated using numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation in a three‐dimensional velocity structure model, including the subducting Philippine Sea slab and the accretionary prism. We used observed seismograms for periods of 20–50 s at an onshore broadband network, which enable us to investigate the long‐term activity of SVLFEs. Estimated centroid locations and focal mechanisms of SVLFEs, including SVLFEs that occurred prior to the deployment of seafloor observations, were very similar to those estimated using seafloor records. Low‐angle thrust faulting mechanisms were concentrated around the accretionary prism toe. SVLFE activity in April 2016 was concentrated further west in an area of previous activity. Our results imply seismic slip around the very shallow part of the Philippine Sea plate boundary.
Increase in Subdaily Precipitation Extremes in India Under 1.5 and 2.0 °C Warming Worlds
Authors: Ali Haider , Mishra Vimal
Published: June 2018

An increase in short duration precipitation extremes poses challenges for storm water design in rapidly urbanizing India. The recent Paris Agreement aims to limit the global mean temperature (GMT) below 1.5 °C (and possibly below 2.0 °C) from the preindustrial level. However, the changes in subdaily precipitation extremes in India remain unrecognized under the 1.5‐ and 2.0‐°C temperature targets. Here using observations and projections of the subdaily precipitation, we show that a majority (11 out of 15) of General Circulation Models underestimate 3‐hourly precipitation extremes and overestimate the relationship between 3‐hourly precipitation extremes and GMT (scaling) in India. A rise of 1.5 (2.0 °C) in GMT from the preindustrial level is projected to cause 20% (25%) increase in 3‐hourly precipitation maxima at 100‐year return period under the stationary condition, which can further rise by 10% under the nonstationary condition. Projected warming results in a much faster (almost twice) increase in 3‐hourly precipitation maxima than 24‐hourly 100‐year precipitation maxima. Moreover, 3‐hourly 100‐year precipitation maxima are projected to increase significantly at 78 locations (out of 89) if GMT increases from 1.5 to 2.0 °C from the preindustrial level. Our findings have implications for urban storm water designs in India.
ARTEMIS Observations of Solar Wind Proton Scattering off the Lunar Surface
Authors: Lue C. , Halekas J. S. , Poppe A. R. , McFadden J. P.
Published: June 2018

We study the scattering of solar wind protons off the lunar surface, using ion observations collected over 6 years by the ARTEMIS satellites at the Moon. We show the average scattered proton energy spectra, directional scattering distributions, and scattering efficiency, for different solar wind incidence angles and impact speeds. We find that the protons have a scattering distribution that is similar to existing empirical models for scattered hydrogen energetic neutral atoms, with a peak in the backward direction (toward the Sun). We provide a revised model for the scattered proton energy spectrum. We evaluate the positive to neutral charge state ratio by comparing the proton spectrum with existing models for scattered hydrogen. The positive to neutral ratio increases with increasing exit speed from the surface but decreases with increasing impact speed. Combined, these counteracting effects result in a scattering efficiency that decreases from ~0.5% at 300 km/s solar wind speed to ~0.3% at 600 km/s solar wind speed.
Comparative Effects of Climate Change and Tidal Stream Energy Extraction in a Shelf Sea
Authors: De Dominicis Michela , Wolf Judith , O'Hara Murray Rory
Published: June 2018

The environmental implications of tidal stream energy extraction need to be evaluated against the potential climate change impacts on the marine environment. Here we study how hypothetical very large tidal stream arrays and a business as usual future climate scenario can change the hydrodynamics of a seasonally stratified shelf sea. The Scottish Shelf Model, an unstructured grid three‐dimensional ocean model, has been used to reproduce the present and the future state of the NW European continental shelf. Four scenarios have been modeled: present conditions and projected future climate in 2050, each with and without very large scale tidal stream arrays in Scottish Waters (UK). It is found that where tidal range is reduced a few centimeters by tidal stream energy extraction, it can help to counter extreme water levels associated with future sea level rise. Tidal velocities, and consequently tidal mixing, are also reduced overall by the action of the tidal turbine arrays. A key finding is that climate change and tidal energy extraction both act in the same direction, in terms of increasing stratification due to warming and reduced mixing; however, the effect of climate change is an order of magnitude larger.
Ocean Surface Layer Response to Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves in the Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Pujiana Kandaga , McPhaden Michael J.
Published: June 2018

Moored measurements between June 2011 and April 2012 at 0°, 90°E in the Indian Ocean are analyzed to assess the surface layer response to the passage of 15 convectively coupled Kelvin waves. During the suppressed phase of the Kelvin waves, intense downward net surface heat flux, weak winds, and a strong diurnal cycle were evident. The net surface heat flux was 3 times larger than turbulent cooling at the base of the surface layer, accounting for an increase of surface layer temperature by +0.2 °C on average. In contrast, strong winds, heavy rainfall, diminished diurnal variations, and air‐sea heat loss marked the active phase, during which surface layer cooling from above by air‐sea fluxes and from below by subsurface turbulent mixing led to a decrease in surface layer temperature by −0.3 °C. Strong salinity stratification formed a thick barrier layer during the active phase, inhibiting the downward diffusion of heat below the surface layer.
Limited Acute Influence of Aerobic Methane Oxidation on Ocean Carbon Dioxide and pH in Hudson Canyon, Northern U.S. Atlantic Margin
Authors: Garcia‐Tigreros Fenix , Kessler John D.
Published: June 2018

The ocean continental shelves host the largest global reservoir of methane (CH4). Despite the great extent of these CH4 reservoirs, much of the CH4 released into deep ocean environments appear to dissolve in seawater prior to atmospheric emission. Once dissolved in ocean water, the CH4 emitted can be aerobically oxidized and converted into either carbon dioxide (CO2) or biomass. While hypotheses have been levied suggesting that the CO2 produced from aerobic methane oxidation could enhance ocean acidification, no empirical research has been performed to confirm or refute this hypothesis. The work presented here investigates local changes in seawater‐dissolved CO2 and pH in a region that is experiencing active CH4 seepage near the upper stability boundary of methane clathrate hydrates. We show that in an area of elevated CH4 concentrations and aerobic oxidation rates, Hudson Canyon, aerobic CH4 oxidation is only responsible for 0.3 ± 0.2% of the observed change in dissolved inorganic carbon. Measurements further show that the remineralization of both old marine and young terrestrial organic carbon is contributing more substantially to the observed changes. While this investigation did not investigate chronic, multiyear changes in ocean acidification due to CH4 oxidation, these results suggest that over short timescales, CH4 oxidation in seep fields does not have an acute influence on seawater pH.
Alternative Particle Formation Pathways in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific's Biological Carbon Pump
Authors: Cavan E. L. , Giering S. L. C. , Wolff G. A. , Trimmer M. , Sanders R.
Published: June 2018

A fraction of organic carbon produced in the oceans by phytoplankton sinks storing 5–15 gigatonnes of carbon annually in the ocean interior. The accepted paradigm is that rapid aggregation of phytoplankton cells occurs, forming large, fresh particles which sink quickly; this concept is incorporated into ecosystem models used to predict the future climate. Here we demonstrate a slower, less efficient export pathway in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. Lipid biomarkers suggest that the large, fast‐sinking particles found beneath the mixed layer are compositionally distinct from those found in the mixed layer and thus not directly and efficiently formed from phytoplankton cells. We postulate that they are formed from the in situ aggregation of smaller, slow‐sinking particles over time in the mixed layer itself. This export pathway is likely widespread where smaller phytoplankton species dominate. Its lack of representation in biogeochemical models suggests that they may be currently overestimating the ability of the oceans to store carbon if large, fast‐sinking, labile particles dominate simulated particle export.
A Linear Response Framework for Radiative‐Convective Instability
Authors: Beucler Tom , Cronin Timothy , Emanuel Kerry
Published: June 2018

Radiative‐convective equilibrium is a simple paradigm for the tropical climate, in which radiative cooling balances convective heating in the absence of lateral energy transport. Recent studies have shown that a large‐scale circulation may spontaneously develop from radiative‐convective equilibrium through the interactions among water vapor, radiation, and convection. This potential instability, referred to as radiative‐convective instability, may be posed as a linear stability problem for the water vapor profile by combining a linear response framework with the weak temperature gradient approximation. We design two analytic models of convective linear response to moisture perturbations, which are similar to Betts‐Miller and bulk‐plume convection schemes. We combine these convective responses with either clear‐sky gray or real‐gas radiative responses. In all cases, despite consistent radiative feedbacks, the characteristics of convection dominate the vertical structure of the most unstable linear mode of water vapor perturbations. For Betts‐Miller convection, the stability critically depend on a key parameter: the heating to advection of moisture conversion rate (HAM); warmer atmospheres with higher HAM exhibit more linear instability. In contrast, bulk‐plume convection is stable across temperatures but becomes linearly unstable with a moisture mode peaking in the midtroposphere once combined to radiation, with approximate growth rates of 10 days.
Impact of Precipitating Electrons and Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling Processes on Ionospheric Conductance
Authors: Khazanov G. V. , Robinson R. M. , Zesta E. , Sibeck D. G. , Chu M. , Grubbs G. A.
Published: June 2018

Modeling of electrodynamic coupling between the magnetosphere and ionosphere depends on accurate specification of ionospheric conductances produced by auroral electron precipitation. Magnetospheric models determine the plasma properties on magnetic field lines connected to the auroral ionosphere, but the precipitation of energetic particles into the ionosphere is the result of a two‐step process. The first step is the initiation of electron precipitation into both magnetic conjugate points from Earth's plasma sheet via wave‐particle interactions. The second step consists of the multiple atmospheric reflections of electrons at the two magnetic conjugate points, which produces secondary superthermal electron fluxes. The steady state solution for the precipitating particle fluxes into the ionosphere differs significantly from that calculated based on the originating magnetospheric population predicted by magnetohydrodynamic and ring current kinetic models. Thus, standard techniques for calculating conductances from the mean energy and energy flux of precipitating electrons in model simulations must be modified to account for these additional processes. Here we offer simple parametric relations for calculating Pedersen and Hall height‐integrated conductances that include the contributions from superthermal electrons produced by magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐atmosphere coupling in the auroral regions.
Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolism in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: De Stefano Valerio , Finazzi Guido , Barbui Tiziano
Published: June 2018

In myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is 0.6–1.0 per 100 pt-years, and the rate of recurrence after VTE is 6.0–6.5 per 100 pt-yrs. Vitamin K-antagonists (VKA) reduces the risk of recurrence after VTE at usual sites (i.e., deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the legs and pulmonary embolism (PE)) by 48–69%, with a rate of recurrent thrombosis per 100 pt-yrs of 3.4–4.7 on VKA and 8.9–9.6 off VKA; VKA discontinuation produces a 2.2-fold increased risk of novel thrombotic events with respect to continuation. However, the rate of both recurrent thrombosis and major bleeding on VKA is higher in MPN patients than in non-MPN patients, and the risk-benefit balance of long-term VKA treatment is challenging. In the absence of strong evidence, the tailored management of MPN-related VTE should operatively consider the risk categories for recurrence and bleed well established in the non-MPN setting. In summary, MPN patients with VTE are candidates for life-long VKA treatment, especially after unprovoked proximal DVT and PE. Aspirin can offer a moderate benefit in those patients who stop anticoagulation. The use of direct oral anticoagulants should be explored aiming to ameliorate the rate of bleeding.