bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Calcination on the Crystallography and Nonbiogenic Aragonite Formation of Ark Clam Shell under Ambient Condition
Authors: Loy Chee Wah , Amin Matori Khamirul , Lim Way Foong , Schmid Siegbert , Zainuddin Norhazlin , Abdul Wahab Zaidan , Nadakkavil Alassan Zarifah , Mohd Zaid Mohd Hafiz
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a study of crystallographic evolution of disposed ark clam shell (ACS) after calcination at 400–1400°C which was kept at room temperature under ambient condition in Malaysia during nine months. A better understanding of hydration and recarbonation of ACS powder (≤63 μm) after calcination was discovered by PXRD and FTIR. The research focuses on the crystallographic transformation, biogenic calcite decomposition, and unusual atmospheric aragonite formation in ACS after calcination and atmospheric air exposure. Ex situ PXRD showed calcite present in ACS at ≤900°C. ACS transformed to pyrogenic fcc CaO at ≥800°C after three months. Long term atmospheric air exposure of decarbonized ACS caused nucleation of nonbiogenic aragonite, vaterite, calcite, and portlandite. However, in situ PXRD analysis of ACS at instantaneous temperature without cooling process does not indicate the presence of aragonite, vaterite, and portlandite crystals. FTIR spectra revealed CaO–CO2bond in ACS dissociated with temperature (600–900°C) to form CaO and CO2. Ca–OH bond was also traced in FTIR spectra of ≥700°C. It resulted by hydroadsorption of CaO with H2O in atmospheric air.
Attenuation of Oxidative Stress of Erythrocytes by Plant‐Derived Flavonoids, Orientin and Luteolin
Authors: An Fang , Wang Shulin , Yuan Danhua , Gong Yuewen , Wang Shuhua
Published: February 2016

Erythrocytes are easy to be injured by oxidative stress in their lifespan. Although there are several chemicals such as vitamin C (VC) that would be able to reduce oxidative stress, natural herbal products still remain an interesting research area. The current study investigated the effects of two plant‐derived flavonoids, orientin and luteolin, on erythrocytes and their possible mechanisms. This experiment was divided into nine groups, which were normal group, model group, VC control group, and treated groups with different doses of orientin and luteolin (10, 20, and 40 μg/mL), respectively. Hemolysis rate was determined by spectrophotometry. Antioxidative enzyme and products were evaluated by different methods. Erythrocyte cell surface and cellular structure were observed with scanning or transmission electron microscope, respectively. Oxidative stress induced significant increase in hemolysis rate of erythrocytes. Orientin or luteolin ameliorated hemolysis of erythrocytes in oxidative stress in a dose‐dependent manner. Both orientin and luteolin reduced oxidative products and increased antioxidative enzyme activities. Moreover, orientin and luteolin attenuated oxidative stress induced damage of erythrocyte cell surface morphology and cellular structure. In conclusion, orientin and luteolin could protect human erythrocytes from oxidative damage by attenuating oxidative stress, protecting antioxidative enzyme activities, and preserving integrity of erythrocyte structure.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Cell‐Based Therapeutics for Wound Healing
Authors: Malhotra Samir , Hu Michael S. , Marshall Clement D. , Leavitt Tripp , Cheung Alexander T. M. , Gonzalez Jennifer G. , Kaur Harleen , Lorenz H. Peter , Longaker Michael T.
Published: February 2016

Chronic wounds are a source of substantial morbidity for patients and are a major financial burden for the healthcare system. There are no current therapies that reliably improve nonhealing wounds or reverse pathological scarring. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising source of novel cell‐based therapies due to the ease of their harvest and their integral role in the native wound repair process. Recent work has addressed the problems of loss of plasticity and off‐target delivery through use of modern bioengineering techniques. Here we describe the applications of MSCs harvested from different sources to the wound healing process and recent advances in delivery of MSCs to targeted sites of injury.
Longitudinal Frequencies of Blood Leukocyte Subpopulations Differ between NOD and NOR Mice but Do Not Predict Diabetes in NOD Mice
Authors: Telieps Tanja , Köhler Meike , Treise Irina , Foertsch Katharina , Adler Thure , Busch Dirk H. , Hrabě de Angelis Martin , Verschoor Admar , Adler Kerstin , Bonifacio Ezio , Ziegler Anette-Gabriele
Published: February 2016

Immune phenotyping provides insight into disease pathogenesis and prognostic markers. Trajectories from age of 4 to 36 weeks were modeled for insulin autoantibodies and for leukocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood from female NOD (n=58) and NOR (n=22) mice. NOD mice had higher trajectories of insulin autoantibodies, CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, IgD+IgM−B lymphocytes, and NK cells and lower trajectories of CD4+CD25+T lymphocytes, IgM+B lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes than NOR mice (allp<0.001). Of these, only the increased IAA trajectory was observed in NOD mice that developed diabetes as compared to NOD mice that remained diabetes-free. Therefore, the profound differences in peripheral blood leukocyte proportions observed between the diabetes-prone NOD mice and the diabetes-resistant mice do not explain the variation in diabetes development within NOD mice and do not provide markers for diabetes prediction in this model.
Coordinated Semidirectional Distributed Antenna System with Capacity and Energy Efficiency Analyses for Cloud Cellular Network
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Luo Chengjin , Liu Ya , Tao Xiaofeng , Zhang Ping
Published: February 2016

In order to further explore the coordination gain from the cloud cellular network, the Coordinated Semidirectional Distributed Antenna System (CS-DAS) is proposed with deploying 180-degree sector antennas. Based on the CS-DAS, the coordinated cellular deployment structure is established with corresponding communication procedure designs. The handover process for CS-DAS is designed with less handover rate and signaling overheads. The system performances of ergodic capacity and Energy Efficiency are derived, with a strong focus on the downlink performances, and analyzed with comparisons of current cellular structure. The numerical expressions of ergodic capacity are obtained with improvements of coordinated gain. The Energy Efficiency with different transmission modes is also investigated. The simulation results verify the performance improvements.
Antianemic Treatment of Cancer Patients in German Routine Practice: Data from a Prospective Cohort Study—The Tumor Anemia Registry
Authors: Steinmetz Tilman , Schröder Jan , Plath Margarete , Link Hartmut , Vogt Michèle , Frank Melanie , Marschner Norbert
Published: February 2016

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess current antianemic treatment of cancer patients in German routine practice, including diagnostics, treatments, and quality of life (QoL). 88 study sites recruited 1018 patients at the start of antianemic treatment with hemoglobin (Hb) levels <11 g/dL (females) or <12 g/dL (males). Patients were followed up for 12 weeks. 63% of the patients had inoperable solid tumors, 22% operable solid tumors, and 15% hematological malignancies. Over 85% received chemotherapy. Median age was 67 years; 48% were male. Red blood cell transfusions (RBCTx) were given to 59% of all patients and to 55% of the patients with Hb ≥8 g/dL on day 1 of the observation period (day 1 treatment). Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) were the second most frequently applied day 1 treatment (20%), followed by intravenous (IV) iron (15%) and ESA + IV iron (6%). Only about a third of patients were tested for blood serum iron parameters at the start of treatment. Overall, more than half of the patients had long-term responses to antianemic therapy. Our data suggest that in routine practice diagnostics for treatable causes of anemia are underused. A high proportion of cancer patients receive RBCTx. It should be discussed whether thorough diagnostics and earlier intervention could decrease the need for RBCTx. This trial is registered withNCT01795690.
Comparison of Two Different OCT Systems: Retina Layer Segmentation and Impact on Structure-Function Analysis in Glaucoma
Authors: Brandao Livia M. , Ledolter Anna A. , Schötzau Andreas , Palmowski-Wolfe Anja M.
Published: February 2016

Purpose. To compare two different spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems in regard to full macular thickness (MT) and ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measures and in regard to structure-function correlation when compared to standard automated perimetry (SAP).Methods. Seventeen primary open angle glaucoma patients and 16 controls (one eye per subject) were enrolled. MT and GCIPL thicknesses were measured by Cirrus and Spectralis OCTs. Octopus Perimeter 101 (G2 protocol) reports sensitivity in mean defect (dB). Differences between measurements were assessed with Student’st-test and Bland Altman. Diagnostic performance was also compared between each parameter calculating the areas under the operator receiver (ROC). Linear models were used to investigate structure-function association between OCT and SAP.Results. Disagreement between OCTs in both MT and GCIPL values was significant. Spectralis values were thicker than Cirrus. Average difference between OCTs was 21.64 μm (SD 4.5) for MT and 9.8 μm (SD 5.4) for GCIPL (p<0.001). Patients differed significantly from controls in both OCTs, in both measurements. MT and GCIPL were negatively associated with MD (p<0.001).Conclusions. Although OCT values were not interchangeable, both machines differentiated patients from controls with statistical significance. Structure-function analysis results were comparable, when either OCT was compared to SAP.
A Statistical Approach in Designing an RF-Based Human Crowd Density Estimation System
Authors: Fadhlullah S. Y. , Ismail Widad
Published: February 2016

The study of human crowd density estimation (H-CDE) using radio frequency is limited due to the nature of wireless medium and the advancement of visual-based systems. There were two statistical methods, namely, One-Way Analysis of Variance and Design of Experiment applied in designing the H-CDE system. One-Way Analysis of Variance is used to investigate the difference in signal attenuation between dynamic and static crowds. The Design of Experiment is utilized to identify significant crowd properties that affect wireless signal propagation. The significant factors were later trained into the H-CDE algorithm for the purpose of estimating the human crowd density in a defined sector. A sector comprising three placements of 2.4 GHz ZigBee wireless nodes continuously reported the received signal strength indicator to the main node. The results showed that the H-CDE system was 75.00% and 70.83% accurate in detecting the low and medium human crowd density, respectively. A signal path loss propagation model was also proposed to assist in predicting the human crowd density. The human crowd properties verified by using the statistical approach may offer a new side of understanding and estimating the human crowd density.
Research on Historical and Future Spatial-Temporal Variability of Precipitation in China
Authors: Yin Jun , Yan Denghua , Yang Zhiyong , Yuan Zhe , Yuan Yong , Wang Hao , Shi Xiaoliang
Published: February 2016

Based on observed data and data simulated by climate models, temporal variation and spatial distribution of precipitation in China from 1961 to 2050 were investigated. The slope of annual precipitation and Mann-Kendall statistical test were applied to quantify the trend magnitude and detect the significant trend, respectively. Besides, decadal and interannual variations of different rain belts were analyzed to reveal the spatial changing pattern of precipitation. Results indicated the following. (1) During 1961–2011, annual precipitation in Haihe River Basin decreased significantly while the annual precipitation in river basins in the northwest increased significantly. Although the annual precipitation of Yangtze River Basin has an indistinctive decreasing trend, that in the middle and lower reaches has increased and that in the upper reaches has decreased. Arid zone and humid zone are shrinking while semiarid and semihumid zone are expanding. Transformation between semiarid and arid zones, humid and semihumid zones is frequent. During 2011–2050, annual precipitation will not change much (−6~12%) except river basins in the southwest (more than 40%) compared with the baseline. Besides, the area of arid zone will decrease and humid zone area will increase. Transformation area between semiarid and arid zone and humid and semihumid zone is small.
Surgical and Functional Results of Hybrid 25-27-Gauge Vitrectomy Combined with Coaxial 2.2 mm Small Incision Cataract Surgery
Authors: Höhn Fabian , Kretz Florian , Pavlidis Mitrofanis
Published: February 2016

Purpose. To investigate outcomes after coaxial 2.2 mm small incision cataract surgery combined with hybrid 25-27-gauge vitrectomy in eyes with vitreoretinal disease and age-related cataract.Methods. A single-center, retrospective case series study of 55 subjects (55 eyes) with a mean age of 70 years who underwent combined small incision phacoemulsification, intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, and hybrid 25-27-gauge vitrectomy during the 12-month period to December 2014. Intraoperative and postoperative complications and visual results were the main outcome measures.Results. The mean follow-up period was 6 months (range: 2–18 months). Intraoperative findings were 3 retinal breaks (5.5%). No cases required corneal or scleral suture or conversion to larger-gauge vitrectomy. Postoperative complications consisted of posterior capsule opacification (12.7%), elevated intraocular pressure >30 mmHg (1.8%), and fibrin reaction (5.5%). There were no cases of hypotony (<7 mmHg), IOL decentration, or postoperative endophthalmitis. Visual acuity (mean ± SD) improved from0.52±0.6logMAR preoperatively to0.22±0.46logMAR at final postoperative visit (P<0.0001).Conclusion. Surgical and visual outcomes suggest hybrid 25-27-gauge vitrectomy combined with small incision phacoemulsification and IOL implantation is feasible, safe, and effective as a one-step surgical procedure for the management of vitreoretinal pathologies and concurrent cataract.
Current Applications for the Use of Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Camporota Luigi , Barrett Nicholas
Published: February 2016

Mechanical ventilation in patients with respiratory failure has been associated with secondary lung injury, termed ventilator-induced lung injury. Extracorporeal venovenous carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) appears to be a feasible means to facilitate more protective mechanical ventilation or potentially avoid mechanical ventilation in select patient groups. With this expanding role of ECCO2R, we aim to describe the technology and the main indications of ECCO2R.
Periodic Exposure of Keratinocytes to Cold Physical Plasma: An In Vitro Model for Redox‐Related Diseases of the Skin
Authors: Schmidt Anke , von Woedtke Thomas , Bekeschus Sander
Published: February 2016

Oxidative stress illustrates an imbalance between radical formation and removal. Frequent redox stress is critically involved in many human pathologies including cancer, psoriasis, and chronic wounds. However, reactive species pursue a dual role being involved in signaling on the one hand and oxidative damage on the other. Using a HaCaT keratinocyte cell culture model, we investigated redox regulation and inflammation to periodic, low‐dose oxidative stress after two, six, eight, ten, and twelve weeks. Chronic redox stress was generated by recurrent incubation with cold physical plasma‐treated cell culture medium. Using transcriptome microarray technology, we identified both acute ROS‐stress responses as well as numerous adaptions after several weeks of redox challenge. We determined a differential expression (2‐fold, FDR < 0.01, p < 0.05) of 260 genes that function in inflammation and redox homeostasis, such as cytokines (e.g., IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐10), growth factors (e.g., CSF2, FGF, and IGF‐2), and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., HMOX, NQO1, GPX, and PRDX). Apoptotic signaling was affected rather modestly, especially in p53 downstream targets (e.g., BCL2, BBC3, and GADD45). Strikingly, the cell‐protective heat shock protein HSP27 was strongly upregulated (p < 0.001). These results suggested cellular adaptions to frequent redox stress and may help to better understand the inflammatory responses in redox‐related diseases.
Of Mice and Melanoma: PDX System for Modeling Personalized Medicine
Authors: Hartsough Edward J. , Aplin Andrew E.
Published: February 2016

Targeted therapies have advanced the treatment options for cutaneous melanoma, but many patients will progress on drug. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) can be used to recapitulate therapy-resistant tumors. Furthermore, PDX modeling can be utilized in combination with targeted sequencing and phosphoproteomic platforms, providing preclinical basis for second-line targeted inhibitor strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 22(7); 1550–2. ©2016 AACR.

See related article by Krepler et al., p. 1592
TGF-β Type I Receptor Kinase Inhibitor EW-7197 Suppresses Cholestatic Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting HIF1α-Induced Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Kim Min-Jin , Park Sang-A , Kim Chun Hwa , Park So-Yeon , Kim Jung-Shin , Kim Dae-Kee , Nam Jeong-Seok , Sheen Yhun Yhong
Published: February 2016

Background/Aims: Hypoxia is an environmental factor that aggravates liver fibrosis. HIF1α activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and increases transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), accelerating the progression of fibrosis. We evaluated the anti-fibrotic therapeutic potential of a small-molecule inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor kinase, EW-7197, on HIF1α-derived TGF-β signaling in cholestatic liver fibrosis. Methods: We used a bile duct ligation (BDL)-operated rat model to characterize the role of HIF1α-derived TGF-β signaling in liver fibrosis. Cellular assays were performed in LX-2 cells (human immortalized HSCs). The anti-fibrotic effects of EW-7197 in liver tissues and HSCs were investigated via biochemical assays, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, real-time PCR, and western blotting. Results: In our BDL rat model, orally administered EW-7197 inhibited fibrosis and attenuated HIF1α-induced activation of HSCs and EMT in vivo. In addition, EW-7197 inhibited HIF1α-derived HSC activation and expression of EMT markers in LX-2 cells in vitro. Conclusion: This study suggests that EW-7197 exhibits potential as a treatment for liver fibrosis because it inhibits HIF1α-induced TGF-β signaling.
Normative Nasalance Scores for Brazilian Portuguese Using New Speech Stimuli
Authors: Marino Viviane Cristina de Castro , Dutka Jeniffer de Cássia Rillo , de Boer Gillian , Cardoso Vanessa Moraes , Ramos Renata Giorgetto , Bressmann Tim
Published: February 2016

Objective: Normative data were established for newly developed speech materials for nasalance assessment in Brazilian Portuguese. Materials and Methods: Nasalance scores of preexisting passages (oral ZOO-BR, low-pressure oral ZOO-BR2 and NASAL-BR), new nasalance passages (oral Dudu no zoológico, oral Dudu no bosque, oral-nasal O cãozinho Totó and nasal O nenê) and Brasilcleft articulation screening sentences were collected from 245 speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, including 121 males and 124 females, divided into 4 groups: children (5-9 years), adolescents (10-19 years), young adults (20-24 years) and adults (25-35 years). Results: Across all nasalance passages, adult females scored on average 2 percentage points higher than males. Children scored 2-4 percentage points lower than older groups for the preexisting nasalance passages ZOO-BR and ZOO-BR2. Nasalance scores for the new nasalance passages were not significantly different from the preexisting passages. Scores for high-pressure sentences did not differ significantly from the oral nasalance passage Dudu no bosque. Conclusion: The nasalance scores for the new nasalance passages were equivalent to the preexisting materials. The new shortened and simplified nasalance passages will be useful for assessing young children. Normative scores for the Brasilcleft high-pressure sentences were equivalent to the new oral passage Dudu no bosque.
Clinical Significance of Viral Genome Persistence in the Myocardium of Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Nowalany-Kozielska Ewa , Kozieł Monika , Domal-Kwiatkowska Dorota , Wojciechowska Celina , Jacheć Wojciech , Kawecki Damian , Tomasik Andrzej , Przywara-Chowaniec Brygida , Węglarz Ludmiła , Reichman-Warmusz Edyta , Wojnicz Romuald
Published: February 2016

Background: The impact of myocardial viral persistence on the clinical outcome of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is still open to question. Methods: Fifty-two patients with DCM were enrolled and followed for a median of 3.8 years with respect to death or heart transplantation. Studied patients were clinically stable for at least 6 months before hospitalization. They underwent coronary angiography and endomyocardial biopsy. Specimens were examined by histo- and immunohistochemistry, and the viral genomes of parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Coxsackie B virus (CVB), and hepatitis B and C viruses were studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Forty-two out of 52 patients were available for clinical follow-up. The viral genome was detected in the myocardium of 32 out of 42 patients. Among the viruses studied, CMV and CVB were the most frequently found. Nine out of 42 patients achieved the predefined study end point. No statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of a persistent viral genome and study end point. No statistically significant relationship between viral genomes studied and immunohistology results was detected. Conclusions: High prevalence of a viral genome in the myocardium of patients with DCM did not have an influence on their long-term clinical outcome.
Successful Treatment of Paecilomyces lilacinus Onychomycosis with Efinaconazole and Tavaborole
Authors: Evans John M. , Wang Apphia L. , Elewski Boni E.
Published: February 2016

Paecilomyces lilacinus, also known as Purpureocillium lilacinum, is a non-dermatophyte mold found in the soil and used as nematocide for crops. P. lilacinus can cause rare opportunistic infections in humans ranging from endocarditis, keratitis, to onychomycosis with significant resistance to conventional antifungals. There are only two cases of onychomycosis caused by P. lilacinus reported in the literature and none that were successfully treated. Here we present a case of successfully treated onychomycosis caused by P. lilacinus with efinaconazole and tavaborole in a patient who had failed treatment with oral fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and topical ciclopirox and naftifine.
The MARINER trial of rivaroxaban after hospital discharge for medical patients at high risk of VTE
Authors: Spyropoulos Alex , Zrubek Julie , Ageno Walter , Albers Gregory , Elliott C. , Halperin Jonathan , Haskell Lloyd , Hiatt William , Maynard Gregory , Peters Gary , Spiro Theodore , Steg Philippe , Suh Eun , Weitz Jeffrey , Raskob Gary
Published: February 2016

Hospital-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of premature death and disability worldwide. Evidence-based guidelines recommend that anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis be given to hospitalised medical patients at risk of VTE, but suggest against routine use of thromboprophylaxis beyond the hospital stay. The MARINER study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of thromboprophylaxis using rivaroxaban, begun at hospital discharge and continued for 45 days, for preventing symptomatic VTE in high-risk medical patients. Eligible patients are identified using the International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism (IMPROVE VTE) risk score, combined with a laboratory test, D-dimer. The rivaroxaban regimen is 10 mg once daily for patients with CrCl ≥ 50 ml/min, or 7.5 mg once daily for patients with CrCl ≥ 30 ml/min and < 50 ml/ min. The primary efficacy outcome is the composite of symptomatic VTE (lower extremity deep-vein thrombosis and non-fatal pulmonary embolism) and VTE-related death. The principal safety outcome is major bleeding. A blinded clinical events committee adjudicates all suspected outcome events. The sample size is event-driven with an estimated total of 8,000 patients to acquire 161 primary outcome events. Study design features that distinguish MARINER from previous and ongoing thromboprophylaxis trials in medically ill patients are: (i) use of a validated risk assessment model (IMPROVE VTE) and D-dimer determination for identifying eligible patients at high risk of VTE, (ii) randomisation at the time of hospital discharge, (iii) a 45-day treatment period and (iv) restriction of the primary efficacy outcome to symptomatic VTE events.
Introduction to “Artistic Awakening in Ankara,”
“The Artist and Politics,” and “The Burden of the
Intellectual” by Bülent Ecevit
Authors: Smith Sarah-Neel
Published: February 2016

This essay analyzes three polemic newspaper articles written in the early 1950s by the art critic, gallerist, and future Turkish prime minister Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006), “Artistic Awakening in Ankara” (1953), “The Artist and Politics” (1954), and “The Burden of the Intellectual” (1956). It argues that Ecevit's articles document a local intelligentsia's efforts to theorize the role of art in Turkish society at a crucial moment of political transformation. As Turkey abandoned its authoritarian past in order to conduct its inaugural experiment with multi-party democracy, Ecevit's columns took up two of the period's most pressing questions: the extent to which the state should control the local art world, and in what ways Turkey's newly enfranchised citizens might enact their individual rights within the realm of culture. The essay also demonstrates the importance of these three articles to Ecevit's subsequent political and intellectual trajectory: they were central to his lifelong efforts to continue the progressive social and political modernization project of the early Turkish Republic, while developing new forums for its critique, reinterpretation, and reinvigoration.
Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in Egyptian Modern Art
Authors: Miller Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

Art in Egypt during the first half of the twentieth century has frequently been understood as closely tied to Egyptian nationalism, emerging suddenly in 1908 with the founding of the Cairo School of Fine Arts to provide the nation with visual representations. I look at art writing during the first half of the twentieth century in both the Arabic and French-language Egyptian press to show instead that a public discourse surrounding the fine arts emerged slowly over the course of several decades to constitute a locus for the negotiation of mutually constitutive cosmopolitan and national subject positions. Through their work, artists and critics positioned themselves, often ambivalently, in relation to the manifold claims of Egyptian, Arab, and European identity jostling for recognition within the context of the British occupation and the struggle for independence.
A Reply to John L. Brooke’s “Malthus and the North Atlantic Oscillation”
Authors: Harper Kyle
Published: February 2016

In this continuation of his exchange with Brooke about Brooke’s big-picture model of climate change and human response, Harper argues for careful articulation of what kind of Malthusianism Brooke claims, or does not claim, for or against his model. Harper also challenges Brooke’s description of the paleoclimate known as the Roman Climate Optimum as a period dominated by a persistently positive mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Decisions Made with Less Evidence Involve Higher Levels of Corticosubthalamic
Nucleus Theta Band Synchrony
Authors: Zavala Baltazar , Tan Huiling , Little Simon , Ashkan Keyoumars , Green Alexander L. , Aziz Tipu , Foltynie Thomas , Zrinzo Ludvic , Zaghloul Kareem , Brown Peter
Published: February 2016

The switch between automatic action selection and more controlled forms of decision-making is a dynamic process thought to involve both cortical and subcortical structures. During sensory conflict, medial pFC oscillations in the theta band (<8 Hz) drive those of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and this is thought to increase the threshold of evidence needed for one competing response to be selected over another. Here, we were interested in testing whether STN activity is also altered by the rate at which evidence is presented during a congruent dot motion task absent of any explicit sensory conflict. By having a series of randomly moving dots gradually transform to congruent motion at three different rates (slow, medium, fast), we were able to show that a slower rate increased the time it took participants to make a response but did not alter the total amount of evidence that was integrated before the response. Notably, this resulted in a decision being made with a lower amount of instantaneous evidence during the slow and medium trials. Consistent with the idea that medial pFC–STN activity is involved in executing cognitive control, the higher levels of ambiguity during these trials were associated with increased theta band synchrony between the cortex and the STN, with the cortical oscillations Granger-causal to those of the STN. These results further confirm the involvement of the STN in decision-making and suggest that the disruption of this network may underlie some of the unwanted cognitive deficits associated with STN deep brain stimulation.
A phylogeny of Dimerostemma (Asteraceae, Heliantheae, Ecliptinae) based on the ITS and ETS
Authors: MORAES MARTA D. , Panero Jose L.
Published: February 2016

Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS confirms earlier results from chloroplast DNA phylogenetic analysis and morphology that support the recent synonymy under Dimerostemma of several species formerly recognized within the genus Angelphytum.  The nine former Angelphytum species we sampled did not form a monophyletic group.  Based on sampling 18 of 29 species Dimerostemma was found monophyletic and derived within Ecliptinae, although its position was not fully resolved among the accessions of 32 other genera of the subtribe.  Our results add several new hypotheses of generic relationships in this group.  Dimerostemma annuum, the only annual species of the genus, resolved sister to all other Dimerostemma.  This with D. bishopii and D. retifolium formed a grade sister to two clades, each containing a combination of Angelphytum and Dimerostemma species.  Species of Dimerostemma that have xylopodia do not form a monophyletic group.  Montanoa of subtribe Montanoinae was sister to the Andean genera Idiopappus, Kingianthus and Monactis and collectively sister to a clade of Ecliptinae with seven subclades based on our sampling.  The genera Kingianthus and Wedelia were not found to be monophyletic.
A taxonomic revision of the genus Primnoisis Studer [& Wright], 1887 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Isididae) using morphological and molecular data
Authors: MOORE KIRRILY , ALDERSLADE PHILIP , MILLER KAREN
Published: February 2016

A complete taxonomic revision of the genus Primnoisis (Isididae) is presented herein, based on original type material of all nominal species and additional specimens from deep-water surveys in sub-temperate and Antarctic waters. A multi-disciplinary approach was used combining morphological characteristics such as colonial branching patterns, polyp structure, sclerite form and arrangement, together with phylogenetic reconstructions using two mitochondrial gene regions (mtMutS and igr1–cox1). The genus Primnoisis is retained with 7 of the 8 nominal species validated (P. antarctica Wright & Studer, 1889, P. rigida Wright & Studer, 1889, P. ambigua Wright & Studer, 1889, P. delicatula Hickson, 1907, P. fragilis Kükenthal, 1912, P. formosa Gravier, 1913 and P. mimas Bayer & Stefani, 1987), with the eighth (P. sparsa Wright & Studer, 1889), synonymised with P. antarctica. In addition, the species Mopsea gracilis Gravier, 1913 is reassigned to Primnoisis and an additional five new species are described (P. chatham n. sp., P. erymna n. sp., P. millerae n. sp., P. niwa n. sp. and P. tasmani n. sp). Most of the species fell into two clear groups, defined both by morphology and genetic grouping, for which two new sub-genera are proposed (P. (Primnoisis) n. subg. and P. (Delicatisis) n. subg.). Three species, P. ambigua, P. mimas and P. tasmani, could not be placed reliably in either sub-genus due to distinctive morphological features or genetic dissimilarity. It was not possible to confirm the monophyly of the genus due to unresolved relationships with the closely related genus Notisis Gravier, 1913 and an undescribed genus of Mopseinae.
Southern Ocean Deep Circulation and Heat Uptake in a High-Resolution Climate Model
Authors: Newsom Emily R. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Bryan Frank O. , Abernathey Ryan , Gent Peter R.
Published: February 2016

The dynamics of the lower cell of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the Southern Ocean are compared in two versions of a global climate model: one with high-resolution (0.1°) ocean and sea ice and the other a lower-resolution (1.0°) counterpart. In the high-resolution version, the lower cell circulation is stronger and extends farther northward into the abyssal ocean. Using the water-mass-transformation framework, it is shown that the differences in the lower cell circulation between resolutions are explained by greater rates of surface water-mass transformation within the higher-resolution Antarctic sea ice pack and by differences in diapycnal-mixing-induced transformation in the abyssal ocean.

While both surface and interior transformation processes work in tandem to sustain the lower cell in the control climate, the circulation is far more sensitive to changes in surface transformation in response to atmospheric warming from raising carbon dioxide levels. The substantial reduction in overturning is primarily attributed to reduced surface heat loss. At high resolution, the circulation slows more dramatically, with an anomaly that reaches deeper into the abyssal ocean and alters the distribution of Southern Ocean warming. The resolution dependence of associated heat uptake is particularly pronounced in the abyssal ocean (below 4000 m), where the higher-resolution version of the model warms 4.5 times more than its lower-resolution counterpart.
On the Equivalence of Content Protection Scheme and X-equivalent Tariff
Authors: Acharyya Joysri
Published: February 2016

This article examines the welfare equivalence of alternative modes of protection for the domestic input producers in duopolistic environment when tariffication is adopted in the input tier. We use the definition of equivalence introduced by Vousden (1987). In contrast to Vousden (1987), we find that when the final good producers have Cournot conjectures, a content protection scheme (CPS) may be more efficient in respect of both protection and social welfare compared to the X-equivalent tariff or not depending on the value of the parameters.
Effect of Ban on Exports Containing Child Labour in a Dynamic Model in Presence of Imperfect Monitoring
Authors: Sahin Soumya , Ghosh Ambar Nath
Published: February 2016

We build up a simple overlapping generations’ model where parents derive utility from their children’s education and use this framework to understand and analyze the implications of a ban on exports with child labour content. Since perfect monitoring seems unrealistic, we develop a model with imperfect monitoring. The export industry is competitive and therefore zero-profit condition holds. The country under consideration is assumed to be a small open economy and therefore faces a fairly elastic demand. Then, a ban on child labour imposed by the importing countries will increase the cost of employing child labour and will discourage the producers in that sector to use child labour. The final effect on the incidence of child labour will however depend on whether the aggregate supply of unskilled labour by child workers in the pre-ban equilibrium situation is greater or less than the demand for unskilled labour in the import-competing sector.
Sino-Indian Non-normal Bovine Meat Trade
Authors: Liu Dexue , Iqbal Badar Alam
Published: February 2016

Although importing bovine meat from India to China is illegal, the actual trade flow is flourishing and impacts both beef markets significantly. This article assumes that the illegal bovine meat trade value from India to China equals to the difference between Indian’s officially announced exports value to Vietnam and the Vietnam’s officially announced imports value from India. Based on that, we analyzed the current situation of Sino-Indian actual bovine meat trade and its influencing factors. We found that China is actually the largest bovine meat trading partner of India. The consumption volume in Chinese market, the relative bovine meat price and the customs supervision of China impacts the non-normal trade significantly.
Self and senior executive perceptions of fit and performance: A time-lagged examination of newly-hired executives
Authors: Hu Jia , Wayne Sandy J , Bauer Talya N , Erdogan Berrin , Liden Robert C
Published: February 2016

Drawing on the person–organization fit literature and person-categorization theory, we proposed that new executive performance depends on both their self-perceptions as well as their fit as seen by senior executives. Using three-phased, multisource data from newly-hired executives of a Fortune 500 pharmaceutical company across their first six months on the job, we found that senior executive pre-entry person–organization fit expectations of their followers (new executives) are positively related to their post-entry person–organization fit perceptions through the partial mediating role of their leader–member exchange relationships. Furthermore, results also revealed that senior executive person–organization fit perceptions were significantly and positively related to new executive in-role and extra-role performance, but only when new executives’ own perceptions of person–organization fit were low.
What do employees want and why? An exploration of employees’ preferred psychological contract elements across career stages
Authors: Low Chin Heng , Bordia Prashant , Bordia Sarbari
Published: February 2016

Employees’ psychological contracts comprise their beliefs about what they have to contribute to their organizations and what inducements they will receive in return. One recommended approach to attract and retain employees is to design psychological contracts that allow them to contribute in desirable ways and receive attractive inducements. However, we know little about the factors that affect psychological contract preferences. We present a qualitative study on the preferred psychological contracts of employees who are in different career stages. Our findings reveal that the roles and self-concepts that employees take on at a particular career stage may shape preferences for stage-relevant contributions and inducements. These findings advance psychological contract theory by highlighting the plausible link between employees’ career stages and their psychological contract preferences.
OSCURAUIT SOL: Stone Engravings and Other Contemporary Spanish Records for the a.d. 1239 and a.d. 1354 Eclipses and Their Astronomical Implications
Authors: Martínez Usó María José , Marco Castillo Francisco J. , Ibáñez Loli
Published: February 2016

The eclipse of a.d. 1239 June 3 was observed at no less than 10 sites in Europe, but the one from a.d. 1354 September 17 was observed only from two European sites. In this paper, we present several new references for the a.d. 1239 and a.d. 1354 solar eclipses, most of them from unpublished Spanish documents. In particular, we study three records engraved on stones whose existence was not known until recently. Such records are very rare in the rest of Europe. The study of ancient eclipses has proven to be useful for obtaining some astronomical data of interest to modern astronomy. In particular, the analysis of these eclipses may be useful for determining a range of ΔT for the epochs.
Unruly Sun: Solar Tables and Calculations in the Papyrus P. Fouad 267 A
Authors: Jones Alexander
Published: February 2016

The recently published papyrus P. Fouad inv. 267 A, dating from around the second half of the second century a.d., contains instructions and examples for the computation of the Sun’s longitude and related quantities using lost tables that were different in structure and theory from Ptolemy’s. The mean motion tables reflect knowledge of precession and a period of 37,500 Egyptian years which was assumed to exactly comprise whole numbers plus simple fractions of tropical and sidereal years as well as a third kind of year whose astronomical meaning is obscure. The equation table was based on the same solar eccentricity as in Ptolemy’s model, but a different apsidal line that was either sidereally fixed or, paradoxically, both tropically and sidereally fixed. By contrast, the tables for spherical astronomy appear to be different from Ptolemy’s primarily in details of format. This article offers a more linear presentation of the key findings of the papyrus’ editors, with additional analysis.
The adoption process in management innovation: A Knowledge Management case study
Authors: Rasmussen Louise , Hall Hazel
Published: February 2016

This paper draws on findings from a longitudinal study of the adoption of a management innovation within an organisational setting. It is based on the findings of a case study that explores and discusses in depth a Knowledge Management programme that was introduced within a large distributed public sector agency in Europe. The aim of this research was to provide insight into the adoption process associated with management innovation. A qualitative case study strategy generates an account of the process of adoption through three phases (initiation; implementation; and outcomes), the episodes within each phase, and decision-making across the entire process. The findings contribute to the development of an extended and refined model of the process of adoption of management innovation through the consideration of the labelling, sequence and transition of phases and episodes, and decision-making. In this extended and refined model there are three phases with nine episodes, two of which are recursive; the phases occur in a linear sequence but may overlap, while the episodes occur in a non-linear sequence; and decision-making occurs within episodes, between phases and between episodes. The study makes three primary contributions to knowledge. First, it considers the process of adoption (as opposed to the more commonly examined process of generation) of management innovation. Second, it identifies decision-making related to the changes required for adoption of a management innovation. Finally, it develops a model of the process of adoption of management innovation that includes decision-making. In addition, the output of the study can be used as a tool for project management by identifying the questions to be addressed, and the decisions to be made, at particular points of the management innovation process, taking into account local contexts.
Two cheers for the impunity norm
Authors: Pensky Max
Published: February 2016

International criminal law (ICL) is dedicated to the battle against impunity. However, the concept of impunity lacks clarity. Providing that clarity also reveals challenges for the current state and future prospects of the project of ICL, which this article frames in cosmopolitan terms. The ‘impunity norm’ of ICL is generally presented in a deontic form. It holds that impunity for perpetrators of international crimes is a wrong so profound that states and international bodies have a pro tanto duty to prosecute and punish perpetrators, a duty that cannot be overridden by considerations of cost, including the costs of infringing on the traditionally understood legal sovereignty of states. This deontic reading of the impunity norm is difficult to justify, a fact linked to the waning fortunes of ICL over the past several years. If ICL is to reverse this trend, the impunity norm’s strongly deontic reading should be replaced by a version derived from deliberative principles.
Investigation of reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion in a two-stroke engine
Authors: Miles Scott R , Ghandhi Jaal B
Published: February 2016

In this study, a two-stroke outboard engine was modified to accommodate two direct fuel injectors for reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion in one cylinder, while the production direct-injection spark ignition combustion system was maintained in the other cylinder. This setup enabled direct comparisons of the performances at equivalent operating conditions. The engine’s octane requirement for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion was studied with primary reference fuels for ranges of engine speed, load, and delivery ratio. The resulting primary reference fuel requirement was used to determine the baseline ratio of low-reactivity fuel to high-reactivity fuel. Experiments using gasoline and diesel fuel were unsuccessful as they resulted in unstable combustion and rapid accumulation of particulate matter in the emissions-sampling equipment. Reactivity-controlled compression ignition experiments with gasoline and n-heptane (higher volatility) proved to be successful. The low-reactivity fuel fraction and the high-reactivity start-of-injection timing were found to be independent combustion-control levers. At 1500 r/min, an indicated mean effective pressure of 2.5 bar and nitrogen oxides emissions of 1.25 g/kW h, reactivity-controlled compression ignition resulted in a lower coefficient of variation in the indicated mean effective pressure, lower carbon monoxide emissions and a significantly higher gross indicated efficiency than those for the direct-injection spark ignition homogeneous mode and the direct-injection spark ignition stratified mode (36.3% versus 27.0% and 25.7% respectively); at 1200 r/min, an indicated mean effective pressure of 2.0 bar and hydrocarbon + nitrogen oxide emissions of about 16.5 g/kW h, the reactivity-controlled compression ignition efficiency was still significantly better than those for the direct-injection spark ignition homogeneous mode and the direct-injection spark ignition stratified mode (32.9% versus 25.2% and 26.6% respectively). Overall, the viability of reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion in a two-stroke engine was demonstrated; with further design optimization, it will probably be possible to use a standard diesel fuel instead of n-heptane.
Low Childhood Socioeconomic Status Promotes Eating in the Absence of Energy Need
Authors: Hill Sarah E. , Prokosch Marjorie L. , DelPriore Danielle J. , Griskevicius Vladas , Kramer Andrew
Published: February 2016

Life-history theory predicts that exposure to conditions typical of low socioeconomic status (SES) during childhood will calibrate development in ways that promote survival in harsh and unpredictable ecologies. Guided by this insight, the current research tested the hypothesis that low childhood SES will predict eating in the absence of energy need. Across three studies, we measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Studies 2 and 3) participants’ energy need and gave them the opportunity to eat provided snacks. Participants also reported their SES during childhood and their current SES. Results revealed that people who grew up in high-SES environments regulated their food intake on the basis of their immediate energy need; they ate more when their need was high than when their need was low. This relationship was not observed among people who grew up in low-SES environments. These individuals consumed comparably high amounts of food when their current energy need was high and when it was low. Childhood SES may have a lasting impact on food regulation.