bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology as a Potential Clinical Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Kramer Anne S. , Harvey Alan R. , Plant Giles W. , Hodgetts Stuart I.
Published: September 2012

Transplantation therapies aimed at repairing neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) have utilized and tested a variety of cell candidates, each with its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages. The use and popularity of each cell type is guided by a number of factors including the nature of the experimental model, neuroprotection capacity, the ability to promote plasticity and guided axonal growth, and the cells' myelination capability. The promise of stem cells, with their reported ability to give rise to neuronal lineages to replace lost endogenous cells and myelin, integrate into host tissue, restore functional connectivity, and provide trophic support to enhance and direct intrinsic regenerative ability, has been seen as a most encouraging step forward. The advent of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), which represents the ability to “reprogram” somatic cells into a pluripotent state, hails the arrival of a new cell transplantation candidate for potential clinical application in therapies designed to promote repair and/or regeneration of the CNS. Since the initial development of iPSC technology, these cells have been extensively characterized in vitro and in a number of pathological conditions and were originally reported to be equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This review highlights emerging evidence that suggests iPSCs are not necessarily indistinguishable from ESCs and may occupy a different “state” of pluripotency with differences in gene expression, methylation patterns, and genomic aberrations, which may reflect incomplete reprogramming and may therefore impact on the regenerative potential of these donor cells in therapies. It also highlights the limitations of current technologies used to generate these cells. Moreover, we provide a systematic review of the state of play with regard to the use of iPSCs in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropathological conditions. The importance of balancing the promise of this transplantation candidate in the light of these emerging properties is crucial as the potential application in the clinical setting approaches. The first of three sections in this review discusses (A) the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and how stem cell therapies can positively alter the pathology in experimental SCI. Part B summarizes (i) the available technologies to deliver transgenes to generate iPSCs and (ii) recent data comparing iPSCs to ESCs in terms of characteristics and molecular composition. Lastly, in (C) we evaluate iPSC-based therapies as a candidate to treat SCI on the basis of their neurite induction capability compared to embryonic stem cells and provide a summary of available in vivo data of iPSCs used in SCI and other disease models.
Effect of Hinge Position on Corneal Sensation and Dry Eye Parameters After Femtosecond Laser–assisted LASIK
Authors: Huang Jerry Chien-Chieh , Sun Chi-Chin , Chang Chao-Kay , Ma David Hui-Kang , Lin Yi-Fang
Published: September 2012

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the effect of superior- versus nasal-hinged flaps on corneal sensation and dry eye after femtosecond laser–assisted LASIK.

METHODS:

A total of 43 patients who had undergone bilateral femtosecond laser–assisted LASIK for myopia were evaluated in a prospective, nonrandomized, contralateral eye study to compare the difference between different hinges on corneal sensation and dry eye. Corneal esthesiometry, Schirmer basic tear secretion test (BST), tear break-up time (BUT), ocular surface stainings, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire were used to evaluate corneal sensation and dry eye parameters preoperatively as well as at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS:

Corneal sensation decreased significantly in both groups 1 week after surgery (
P
<.05 in the nasal hinge group;
P
<.01 in the superior hinge group) and gradually recovered over the first 3 months. No significant change was noted in BUT after surgery in either group (
P
>.05). Significant increases were noted in BST values at 1 and 3 months (
P
<.05) and 6 months (
P
<.01) postoperatively in both groups. Corneal fluorescein staining increased significantly in both groups at 1 week (
P
<.01) and returned to baseline by 6 months. Conjunctival Rose Bengal staining decreased significantly by 6 months in the superior hinge group only (
P
<.05). The OSDI significantly increased 1 week after surgery (
P
<.01) and did not completely return to baseline by 6 months postoperatively in either group (
P
<.05). No significant differences were noted in any of the parameters between groups at any time point (
P
>.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Hinge position had no significant effect on corneal sensation or dry eye parameters. Aggressive dry eye regimens are needed for patients with preoperative dry eye.
Accuracy of Intraocular Lens Calculation With Ray Tracing
Authors: Hoffmann Peter , Wahl Jochen , Preußner Paul-Rolf
Published: September 2012

PURPOSE:

To quantify the current accuracy limits of ray tracing for intraocular lens (IOL) calculations, compare results for spherical vs aspheric IOLs, and determine the value of using crystalline lens thickness in IOL calculations.

METHODS:

Of 591 eyes, 363 eyes were implanted with spherical IOLs (320 SA60AT [Alcon Laboratories Inc] and 43 Y-60H [Hoya Corp]) and 228 eyes had aspheric, aberration-correcting IOLs (57 SN60WF [Alcon Laboratories Inc], 112 Tecnis ZCB00 [Abbott Medical Optics], 21 CTAsphina404 [Carl Zeiss Meditec], and 38 iMics1 [Hoya Corp]), all calculated with OKULIX ray tracing (Tedics), based on Lenstar (Haag-Streit) measurements of axial length, corneal radii, and position and thickness of the crystalline lens. The measure of accuracy was the prediction error, ie, the difference between calculated refraction and manifest refraction (spherical equivalent) 1 month after surgery calculated as mean absolute error (MAE).

RESULTS:

The prediction error with aspheric IOLs was lower than that with spherical IOLs (MAE 0.27 vs 0.36 D) and was lower for patients with corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) ⩾1.0 compared to CDVA <1.0 (MAE 0.26 vs 0.38 D). For aspheric IOLs and CDVA ⩾1.0, MAE differed by a factor of two compared to spherical IOLs and CDVA <1.0 (MAE 0.21 vs 0.42 D). Taking the crystalline lens position and thickness into account improved the prediction error by ∼9% overall (MAE 0.33 vs 0.36 D) and was most beneficial in patients with aspheric lenses and CDVA ⩾1.0 (MAE improved from 0.26 to 0.21 D). All differences between the investigated subgroups were statistically significant (
P
<.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Ray tracing for IOL calculation is particularly beneficial with aspheric IOLs and in eyes with good (20/20 or better) postoperative visual acuity.
Initial Surface Temperature of PMMA Plates Used for Daily Laser Calibration Affects the Predictability of Corneal Refractive Surgery
Authors: Wernli Jeremy , Schumacher Silvia , Wuellner Christian , Donitzky Christof , Mrochen Michael
Published: September 2012

PURPOSE:

To investigate the relevance of initial temperature of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates used as a target for photoablation during calibration of excimer lasers performed in daily clinical routine.

METHODS:

An experimental argon fluoride excimer laser with a repetition rate of 1050 Hz, a radiant exposure of 500 mJ/cm
2
, and single pulse energy of 2.1 mJ was used for photoablation of PMMA plates. The initial plate temperature varied from 10.1°C to 75.7°C. The initial temperature was measured with an infrared camera and the central ablation depth of a myopic ablation of −9.00 diopters (D) with an optical zone of 6.5 mm was measured by means of a surface profiling system.

RESULTS:

The ablation depth increased linearly from 73.9 to 96.3 μm within a temperature increase from 10.1°C to 75.7°C (increase rate of 0.3192 μm/K). The linear correlation was found to be significant (
P
<.05) with a coefficient of determination of R
2
=0.95. Based on these results and assuming a standard room temperature of 20°C, optimal plate temperature was calculated to be 15°C to 25°C to maintain an ablation within 0.25 D.

CONCLUSIONS:

The temperature of PMMA plates for clinical laser calibration should be controlled ideally within a range of approximately ±5°C, to avoid visually significant refractive error due to calibration error. Further experimental investigations are required to determine the influence of different initial corneal temperatures on the refractive outcome.
Crucial times for Spanish physical oceanography
Authors: Pelegrí Josep L. , Álvarez-Fanjul Enrique , Espino Manuel , Font Jordi , Parrilla Gregorio , Sánchez-Arcilla Agustín
Published: September 2012

The field of physical oceanography has undergone exponential growth in Spain during the last few decades. From a handful of self-taught researchers in the late 1960s there are now several hundred physical oceanographers distributed in some 20 Spanish institutions, and many more working overseas. The First Spanish Physical Oceanography Meeting (EOF1), held in Barcelona in October 2010, was a good example of the high quality and large variety of this research. The facilities and human resources are excellent but the alarming decrease in public investment in science due to the economic crisis must lead the Spanish physical oceanography community to define its current priorities. In this introductory paper to EOF1 we revise our history and where we are now, and suggest that progress in the near future will rely on our intelligence to sustain and enhance human capital, partnership and society-oriented research.
The continental slope current system between Cape Verde and the Canary Islands
Authors: Peña-Izquierdo Jesús , Pelegrí Josep L. , Pastor Maria V. , Castellanos Paola , Emelianov Mikhail , Gasser Marc , Salvador Joaquín , Vázquez-Domínguez Evarist
Published: September 2012

We use hydrographic, velocity and drifter data from a cruise carried out in November 2008 to describe the continental slope current system in the upper thermocline (down to 600 m) between Cape Verde and the Canary Islands. The major feature in the region is the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (CVFZ), separating waters from tropical (southern) and subtropical (northern) origin. The CVFZ is found to intersect the slope north of Cape Blanc, between 22°N and 23°N, but we find that southern waters are predominant over the slope as far north as 24°N. South of Cape Blanc (21.25°N) the Poleward Undercurrent (PUC) is a prominent northward jet (50 km wide), reaching down to 300 m and indistinguishable from the surface Mauritanian Current. North of Cape Blanc the upwelling front is found far offshore, opening a near-slope northward path to the PUC. Nevertheless, the northward PUC transport decreases from 2.8 Sv at 18°N to 1.7 Sv at 24°N, with about 1 Sv recirculating ofshore just south of Cape Blanc, in agreement with the trajectory of subsurface drifters. South of the CVFZ there is an abrupt thermohaline transition at σϴ=26.85 kg m–3, which indicates the lower limit of the relatively pure (low salt and high oxygen content) South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) variety that coexists with the dominant locally-diluted (salinity increases through mixing with North Atlantic Central Water but oxygen diminishes because of enhanced remineralization) Cape Verde (SACWcv) variety. At 16°N about 70% of the PUC transport corresponds to the SACW variety but but this is transformed into 40% SACWcv at 24°N. However, between Cape Verde and Cape Blanc and in the 26.85 < σϴ < 27.1 layer, we measure up to 0.8 Sv of SACWcv being transported south. The results strongly endorse the idea that the slope current system plays a major role in tropical-subtropical water-mass exchange.
On the parameterization of the drag coefficient in mixed seas
Authors: García-Nava Héctor , Ocampo-Torres Francisco J. , Hwang Paul A.
Published: September 2012

An analysis of the performance of parameterizations for the drag coefficient CD over the ocean is presented. The results were obtained by considering detailed observations from the recent IntOA experiment in which a co-existence of wind sea and swell provides characteristic mixed sea conditions in a wide range of wind speeds. Recent research has advanced our understanding of air-sea fluxes, proposing new functional forms for the drag coefficient, as well as applying wavelength scaling and determining dimensionally consistent expressions for the drag coefficient. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of the influence of wind sea parameters confirms the need to include the sea state dependence on parameterizing CD for mixed sea conditions. It is also shown that better results are obtained when aerodynamic roughness is considered as a function of wave age and wave steepness, or equivalently if CD is expressed as a function of a characteristic peak frequency defined through the wave momentum spectrum.
Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N
Authors: San Antolín Plaza Miguel Ángel , Pelegrí Josep L. , Machín Francisco José , Benítez Barrios Verónica
Published: September 2012

We use three transatlantic cruises (1957, 1993 and 2010) along 7.5°N to analyse inter-decadal variations of the neutral buoyancy frequency (with neutral density replacing potential density) and Turner angle. We also use Argo data from the 2003-2011 period to show that, within central and intermediate waters, the changes between the three sections are slightly greater than the seasonal and inter-annual variations, so they may be interpreted as actual inter-decadal variations. The results point to a generalized sinking of isoneutrals between 1957 and 2010, with maximum zonally-averaged values of about 100 m in the central and upper deep layers. They also reveal the occurrence of substantial changes in the intermediate and neighbouring water strata, with differential vertical sinking of isoneutrals and the transformation of their thermohaline characteristics. The neutral buoyancy frequency increased in the lower central and upper intermediate layers and decreased in the lower intermediate and upper deep layers. The distributions of Turner angle highlight a predominance of salt-fingering in the North Atlantic, except for a gravitationally doubly-stable layer located immediately below the intermediate water core; this stable layer thinned substantially between 1957 and 2010 because of the sinking of the lower intermediate isoneutrals acting together with actual water transformations from Antarctic Intermediate Waters into North Atlantic Deep Waters. We conclude that a significant portion of the water column underwent both increased vertical stratification and enhanced salt-fingering, two mechanisms with opposite effects on the effective vertical diffusion.
New technologies for marine research: five years of glider activities at IMEDEA
Authors: Ruiz Simón , Garau Bartolomé , Martínez-Ledesma Miguel , Casas Benjamín , Pascual Ananda , Vizoso Guillermo , Bouffard Jérôme , Heslop Emma , Alvarez Alberto , Testor Pierre , Tintoré Joaquín
Published: September 2012

This paper summarizes the glider activities carried out in the last 5 years by the IMEDEA Department of Marine Technologies, Operational Oceanography and Sustainability (TMOOS). TMOOS has been operating gliders in the Western Mediterranean Sea since 2006 and has set-up electronic and maintenance laboratories in order to establish a key glider port in the area. Twenty-two glider missions have been performed to date and over 17000 hydrographic and biogeochemical profiles collected. TMOOS is using gliders for operational, technological and scientific objectives. Studies of path planning analysis and adaptive sampling for gliders in combination with other platforms have been undertaken and new methodologies have been developed to process data from gliders. Thus far, IMEDEA gliders have contributed to the better understanding of mesoscale processes in the upper ocean, including the coupling between the physical and biogeochemical process of the marine ecosystem and, in combination with remote sensing observations, high-resolution glider data has enabled advances in new methodologies to improve coastal altimetry. Gliders have also proved to be important platforms for the development of operational oceanography tools and useful vehicles on which to test and implement new sensors for ocean monitoring.
El Perú y la guerra del Paraguay 1864-1870
Authors: Aljovín de Losada Cristóbal
Published: September 2012

This paper studies the Peruvian position during the war of Paraguay in a period of wars in the Americas. That conflict occurred while Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador were fighting a Spanish fleet. This fact generated an American-Republican discourse in Peru. At first, Peru, Chile and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia, coordinated their actions aiming to find a negotiated solution to the conflict. Such position was favorable to Paraguay. Later on, the Peruvian position begins to change with the coming of a new President, with a different position regarding his predecessor. This paper ends highlighting the relationships between domestic and foreign policy, and the dynamics of Chile, Peru and Bolivia in relation to Argentina and Brazil.
História e Ideologia: a produção brasileira sobre a Guerra do Paraguai
Authors: Doratioto Francisco
Published: September 2012

This essay analyses the different interpretations in the Brazilian historiography on the Paraguayan War. The political context in which they originated, their motivations and methodological bases are analyzed. These interpretations are exposed following a chronological order: memorialistic regarding the actors involved in the war; positivist; classical; revisionist and the systemic-regional or the New Historiography on the Triple Alliance War.
Polémicas y conflictos en torno a la Guerra del Paraguay: los discursos de la prensa en Tucumán, Argentina (1864-1869)
Authors: Navajas María José
Published: September 2012

La prensa fue un actor clave de la vida política decimonónica. Diarios y periódicos desempeñaban una función primordial dentro del escenario político, configurando los debates y disputas y definiendo a los contendientes. En este trabajo abordamos el estudio de la prensa con el propósito de estudiar las polémicas y conflictos expresados en torno a la guerra contra el Paraguay. Nuestra hipótesis es que si bien no se plantearon cuestionamientos directos al enfrentamiento armado ni al curso del mismo, la guerra sí funcionó como un eje sustancial en la articulación de debates y disputas políticas. La ausencia de cuestionamientos explícitos se debe básicamente a dos factores. En primer lugar hay que destacar que Tucumán no fue una provincia particularmente afectada por la guerra. En segundo lugar es fundamental señalar que los periódicos publicados durante el periodo de la guerra mantuvieron una orientación claramente oficialista. Esto último resultó un condicionamiento básico para el discurso que a lo largo de la conflagración asumió la prensa provincial.
A Guerra do Paraguai e suas interfaces: Memória, história e identidade em Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil)
Authors: Squinelo Ana Paula
Published: September 2012

A partir do conflito latino-americano denominado Guerra do Paraguai e, particularmente do episódio conhecido como Retirada da Laguna, problematizo a construção da memória, da história e de uma identidade sul-mato-grossense que está vinculada aos desígnios de uma elite dominante local. Para mediar tais discussões contextualizo historicamente a divisão do antigo estado de Mato Grosso em duas unidades federativas, a saber: Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul ocorrida no ano de 1977, e em um processo dialético vou explicitando como a Guerra do Paraguai e a Retirada da Laguna foram e são alvos de inúmeras e diferenciadas manipulações históricas, historiográficas, identitárias e ideológicas, sempre com o intuito de legitimar os grupos que estão no poder no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil).
El teatro y la guerra del Paraguay: ¿Forjando la identidad nacional?
Authors: Rubio Alicia G.
Published: September 2012

En Argentina, los autores teatrales no parecen haber estado particularmente interesados en el tema de la guerra del Paraguay, salvo escasas excepciones. Una de ellas es el escritor Justo López de Gomara quien dedicó una de sus obras a la batalla de Curupayty. La pieza consta de tres actos o jornadas en los que relata los avatares que vive una familia correntina a raíz del conflicto.
Apertura política y descentralización fiscal en México: el papel de los gobernadores
Authors: Figueras Zanabria Víctor Manuel
Published: September 2012

Este trabajo analiza porqué la apertura del sistema político en México no ha modificado la centralización del sistema fiscal. El argumento que se presenta relaciona el costo político que los gobernadores perciben para sus carreras y cómo afecta éste sus decisiones fiscales, en particular la búsqueda de mayor autoridad fiscal. El trabajo presenta evidencia sobre las carreras de los gobernadores e identifica un patrón típico que muestra cómo a los exgobernadores se les excluía de las posiciones más altas de la jerarquía política. También se muestra evidencia de la capacidad del presidente para remover a gobernadores de sus funciones en forma discrecional.La segunda parte explica cómo se debilitaron los mecanismos de control con la apertura política, cómo aparecieron nuevas oportunidades para las carreras de los gobernadores y cómo surgieron comportamientos estratégicos en ellos y en los partidos, ante la creciente competencia. Los resultados del análisis muestran que las nuevas condiciones de apertura han aumentado la capacidad de negociación de los gobernadores frente al gobierno federal, pero han preferido obtener más recursos pero sin modificar el arreglo fiscal, en especial han evitado el tema de l establecimiento de impuestos estatales
Hétérodoxie anarchiste en Argentine : analyse d’une déviance contre-démocratique
Authors: Finet Hélène
Published: September 2012

L’âge d’or du mouvement anarchiste argentin (1890-1930) correspond à l’émergence d’une force contre-démocratique qui questionne le pouvoir des élites tout en édifiant les bases d’une société parallèle alimentée par des pratiques politiques et culturelles alternatives. A partir d’une étude des formes multiples que revêt l’expression hétérodoxe de l’anarchisme argentin dans la capitale, cet article analyse la construction d’un réseau contre-démocratique fondé sur une culture de la grève et du présentéisme et cimenté par d’étroites sociabilités militantes, tout en suggérant les possibles limites d’une telle dissidence.
Maestres versus caballeros. La disidencia frente al poder en la orden de Calatrava (siglos XII-XV)
Authors: Rodríguez-Picavea Enrique
Published: September 2012

L'ordre militaire de Calatrava a été au Moyen Age l’une des plus importantes institutions du royaume de Castille, ayant acquis grâce à l'appui de la monarchie un pouvoir remarquable, de nature militaire, mais aussi politique, économique, sociale et religieuse. Son dirigeant était appelé le « maître », dont le pouvoir avait un caractère monarchique. L'exercice de ce pouvoir, dès l’origine, a suscité des dissidences de la part des chevaliers de Calatrava. Les trois causes de ces dissidences sont analysées : le comportement inadéquat du maître, la division entre les frères et l'intrusion de la monarchie. S’y ajoutent des facteurs conjoncturels comme le soutien de la monarchie aragonaise et les guerres civiles castillanes. Sont étudiées enfin les conséquences de ces schismes: l'affaiblissement de l'ordre et l'accroissement du contrôle de la monarchie sur l'institution. Notre analyse s’appuie sur des sources archivistiques ainsi que sur des chroniques.
De la exploración a la explotación. Tres notas sobre la colonización de la Patagonia austral
Authors: Bascopé Joaquín
Published: September 2012

A partir de la contextualización de tres descripciones de John R. Spears, periodista estadounidense que recorrió el extremo sur americano en el año 1894, el presente trabajo se sitúa en el momento de transición en que la Patagonia austral deja de ser un espacio por descubrir y pasa a ser un lugar a explotar. Momento en que se acelera el exterminio indígena, en que aumenta la inmigración y crece la demanda de mano de obra, en que el interés privado domina la región mostrando la debilidad de los aparatos estado-nacionales, instante en que la libre circulación de seres y objetos, que marcaba el tráfico patagónico hasta los inicios de la ganadería industrial, da paso a una circulación normada por el negocio ovejero. Es el momento, en fin, en que el pasado patagónico se comienza a homogeneizar como la historia de una colonización progresiva, y a donde es preciso entonces volver para reconstituir sus diferentes derivas.
El Genocidio: la máxima expresión del racismo en Guatemala: una interpretación histórica y una reflexión
Authors: Casaús Arzú Marta
Published: September 2012

This article examines the history of the relationship between racism and genocide in certain countries, such as Guatemala, where racism has been a key element of the building of the national State. The text focuses on three vital moments of Guatemalan history, when the stereotypical images of indigenous people and the representations of the power elites’ whiteness were being forged. The analysis of these three different moments is followed by some thoughts and considerations about the genocide committed against the indigenous peoples of Guatemala during the 1980s.
Primary Testicular Lymphoma with Cardiac Involvement in an Immunocompetent Patient: Case Report and a Concise Review of Literature
Authors: Dahiya Saurabh , Ooi Wei B. , Mallidi Jaya , Sivalingam Senthil , Steingart Richard
Published: September 2012

Primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) is a rare testicular tumor representing less than 9% of all testicular cancers. PTL usually tends to spread to or relapse at nodal structures or extra-nodal sites such as contralateral testes, central nervous system, skin, lung, pleura, waldeyer's ring and soft tissues. We present a case of PTL with huge left atrial mass, an extremely unusual site of involvement. Early disease usually carries a good prognosis, whereas advanced stage carries an extremely poor prognosis. Herein, we report the complete remission to date in a patient with advanced stage PTL with huge left atrial mass, treated with systemic rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and intrathecal methotrexate. A brief review of literature focusing on various aspects of management of primary testicular lymphoma and lymphomatous involvement of heart is also discussed.
On the unethicality of disablism: Excluding intellectually impaired individuals from participating in research can be unethical
Authors: Capri Charlotte , Coetzee Ockert
Published: September 2012

No related abstract found
Intranasal Fentanyl for Breakthrough Pain Control
Authors: Clavijo Claudia F. , Lynn Rachael Rzasa , Christians Uwe , Galinkin Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2012

Breakthrough pain (BTP) is experienced by approximately 65% of children and adults with chronic pain. Undiagnosed or untreated BTP produces negative emotional, physical, and economic consequences. BTP episodes have a rapid onset and short duration. Short acting oral opioids are the cornerstone of BTP management. Oral medications available to treat BTP episodes like immediate-release morphine or oxycodone have a delayed onset of action so that there is a mismatch between the episode of BTP and the effect of the oral opioids. Novel fentanyl delivery systems for BTP offer pharmacokinetic properties that match the time profile of BTP. Among the transmucosal routes, intranasal fentanyl has gained popularity due to its high bioavailability, rapid onset of action, high potency, short duration, and ease of administration. Its efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in adults who are opioid tolerant. Although children with chronic cancer pain also experience BTP, there is paucity of data on the use of intranasal fentanyl for BTP in this age group.
Generalized Triple Homomorphisms and Derivations
Authors: Garcés Jorge J. , Peralta Antonio M.
Published: September 2012

We introduce generalized triple homomorphisms between Jordan–Banach triple systems as a concept that extends the notion of generalized homomorphisms between Banach algebras given by K. Jarosz and B. E. Johnson in 1985 and 1987, respectively. We prove that every generalized triple homomorphism between JB*-triples is automatically continuous. When particularized to C*-algebras, we rediscover one of the main theorems established by Johnson. We will also consider generalized triple derivations from a Jordan–Banach tripleEinto a Jordan–Banach tripleE-module, proving that every generalized triple derivation from a JB*tripleEinto itself or into E*is automatically continuous.
DISTANCIA RADIAL AL AGUA, COBERTURA DE ESCAPE E INDICIOS DE COYOTE (Canis latrans), ASOCIADOS A LA PRESENCIA DEL VENADO COLABLANCA (Odocoileus virginianus).
Authors: Villarreal-Espino-Barros Oscar A. , Plata-Pérez Fernando X. , Mendoza-Martínez Germán D. , Martínez-García José A. , Hernández-García Pedro A. , Arcos-García José L.
Published: September 2012

El efecto de la distancia radial al agua (DRA) sobre el volumen vegetal, la cobertura de escape (CE) y la presencia del venado cola blanca, se evaluó. El trabajo se realizó en el estado de Puebla, México. Cinco áreas con una DRA menor a 800 m, cuatro entre 800-1,600 y cuatro mayores a 1,600 m, fueron seleccionadas utilizando un modelo completamente al azar. El volumen vegetal se estimó en estas áreas y fueron el punto de inicio de transectos en los cuales se estimó la CE y el número de grupos fecales (GFs) de venado cola blanca y coyote. Los GFs de venado cola blanca aumentaron conforme aumentaba la DRA (Tukey; P < 0.05) mientras que los de coyote se mantuvieron dentro de los 800 m de radio (X2 = 0.004). La DRA no afectó la CE (Tukey; P > 0.05). La relación entre la DRA, CE y GFs, se estableció con un análisis de regresión de Poisson y un polinomial. La regresión de Poisson mostró que la DRA y la CE modifican significativamente (X2; P < 0.0004 y P < 0.0001) el número de GFs. La ecuación polinomial mostró que la CE tiene buena correlación (R2 = 0.72) con los GFs.
DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS CULTIVOS PIAROA Y SU RELACIÓN CON LAS PROPIEDADES Y CARACTERÍSTICAS EDÁFICAS, EN LOS CONUCOS DE LA ORINOQUIA VENEZOLANA
Authors: Bonilla-Bedoya Santiago , Lugo-Salinas Leonardo , Mora-Garcés Argenis
Published: September 2012

El sistema de agricultura migratoria, determinante en la soberanía alimentaria de los indígenas Piaroa en la orinoquia venezolana, es una actividad antropocéntrica que ha permitido conservar la dinámica del bosque húmedo tropical. En la actualidad, los cambios ocasionados por los procesos de globalización amenazan la sostenibilidad del sistema. Por tal motivo, el estudio a detalle de su funcionamiento es preponderante para la toma de decisiones referentes al manejo del bosque. Esta investigación planteó determinar la relación existente de las especies cultivadas con algunas propiedades y características físicas y químicas del suelo, en la etapa de siembra. Para ello, 40 unidades de muestreo (suelo y vegetación) se ubicaron en diferentes conucos Piaroa, en dos periodos distintos después de la quema. Con base en los datos de campo, se desarrolló un modelo para explicar la distribución espacial de cada una de las especies cultivadas a partir de las características edáficas. El modelo aplicado presentó distintas respuestas en función de las especies cultivadas por los indígenas. Sin embargo, explica la selección de micrositios para la siembra a través de las propiedades físicas del suelo, la distribución de la hojarasca y la distribución de la biomasa después de la tumba y quema en el conuco.
Studying the Factors Which Delay Management Accounting Changes (Case Study of Iranian Manufacturing Firms)
Authors: Allahyari Akbar , Ramazani Morteza
Published: September 2012

Firms competing in industrial markets face technological changes and more demands of customers as the competition increases based on market globalization. All these changes affect firms' management accounting systems. This leads firms to change their management accounting system in which some factors make delay in the progress of management accounting changes. Researcher accounts seven factors which make delay in management accounting changes as follow: 1.Lack of accounting employees 2.Lack of competition resources 3.Management stability 4.Problems in management 5.Lack of accounting power 6.being assured of meeting legal requirements 7.Lack of independence from parent companyResearch tries to study these factors. Research method in this paper is descriptive-survey in which researcher has been benefited from questionnaire and interview techniques. In questionnaire testing, Friedman test has been used to exam the uniformity of variables and then kruskal-wallis test to evaluate the effect of firm size on research independent variables
The MainAeromonasPathogenic Factors
Authors: Tomás J. M.
Published: September 2012

The members of theAeromonasgenus are ubiquitous, water-borne bacteria. They have been isolated from marine waters, rivers, lakes, swamps, sediments, chlorine water, water distribution systems, drinking water and residual waters; different types of food, such as meat, fish, seafood, vegetables, and processed foods.Aeromonasstrains are predominantly pathogenic to poikilothermic animals, and the mesophilic strains are emerging as important pathogens in humans, causing a variety of extraintestinal and systemic infections as well as gastrointestinal infections. The most commonly described disease caused byAeromonasis the gastroenteritis; however, no adequate animal model is available to reproduce this illness caused byAeromonas. The main pathogenic factors associated withAeromonasare: surface polysaccharides (capsule, lipopolysaccharide, and glucan), S-layers, iron-binding systems, exotoxins and extracellular enzymes, secretion systems, fimbriae and other nonfilamentous adhesins, motility and flagella.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Associated with Elevated Immunoglobulin-G4: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Parhizkar Baran , Mohammad Alizadeh Amir Houshang , Asadzadeh Aghdaee Hamid , Malekpour Habib , Entezari Amir Hossein
Published: September 2012

Background. Immunoglobulin IgG4-associated cholangitis (IAC) disease is a systemic disease histologically characterized by extensive T lymphocytes and IgG4 positive plasma cell infiltration in various organs. Prevalence of IAC in PSC patients was reported to be between 7% and 11.6% in a few previous studies. This study was carried out to evaluate frequency of serum IgG4 level in PSC patient referred to the gastroenterology ward of Taleghani educational hospital in Tehran, Iran. Material and Methods. This study was a prospective analytical cross-sectional study. Clinical presentation, laboratory values, imaging changes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), esophageal varices, ascites, and child score in newly PSC patients with elevated IgG4 were determined and compared with PSC patients with normal levels of IgG4. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software. The frequency and standard deviations were calculated. Differences among groups were evaluated by using the chi-square, fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results. 34 patients with PSC were examined in the study period, of which 9 cases (26.5%) had high IgG4 levels. Most of the patients were male, 23 cases (67.6%) and nonsmoker, 26 cases (76.5%). Patient average age was 47 years old (range 21–67 years). There was not any significant relationship among patients with IAC and PSC patients in terms of variables such as age, smoking, presence of IBD, ascites, esophageal varices, child score, and imaging findings (). Conclusion. IAC should be suspected in cases of unexplained biliary strictures with increased serum IgG4. Testing PSC patients for IgG4 and treating those who have high levels with corticosteroids in clinical trials should be considered in future studies.
Pulmonary Hypertension Is a Probable NO/ONOO−Cycle Disease: A Review
Authors: Pall Martin L.
Published: September 2012

The NO/ONOO−cycle is a primarily local biochemical/physiological vicious cycle that appears to cause a series of chronic inflammatory diseases. This paper focuses on whether the cycle causes pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) when located in the pulmonary arteries. The cycle involves 12 elements, including superoxide, peroxynitrite (ONOO−), nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress, NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines, iNOS, mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular calcium, tetrahydrobiopterin depletion, NMDA activity, and TRP receptor activity. 10 of the 12 are elevated in PAH (NMDA?, NO?) and 11 have documented causal roles in PAH. Each stressor that initiates cases of PAH acts to raise cycle elements, and may, therefore, initiate the cycle in this way. PAH involves a primarily local mechanism as required by the cycle and the symptoms and signs of PAH are generated by elements of the cycle. Endothelin-1, which acts as a causal factor in PAH, acts as part of the cycle; its synthesis is stimulated by cycle elements, and it, in turn, increases each element of the cycle. This extraordinary fit to the principles of the NO/ONOO−cycle allows one to conclude that PAH is a NO/ONOO−cycle disease, and this fit supports the cycle as a major paradigm of chronic inflammatory disease.
Frequent Misconceptions and Low-to-Moderate Knowledge of HIV and AIDS amongst High-School Students in Malaysia
Authors: Choy Koh Kwee , Huo Aaron Lai Kuo , Lee Jeremy Edward Ratnasingam , Sabapathy Megala Ganaka , Jing Ong Jue , Jutti Ramesh Chandra
Published: September 2012

We describe the findings from a survey of 572 high-school students aged between 15 and 19 years in the city of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan state, Malaysia. Knowledge regarding HIV and AIDS is assessed using a self-administered validated 48-item questionnaire modified from the validated HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (HIV-K-Q). Our questionnaire was divided into 4 parts assessing different areas in HIV/AIDS, namely, general knowledge of risk factors; knowledge of modes of transmission of HIV; knowledge of HIV prevention; knowledge of HIV testing. The answers were divided into “correct”, “wrong”, and “I don't know”. One mark was awarded for every “correct” answer; one mark was deducted for every “wrong” answer, while no mark was awarded for “I don't know”. The total marks for each student were converted to percentage and used for analysis. The average total score percentage was 64.7%. The highest scores were in the area of knowledge of mode of HIV transmission, while the lowest scores were in the area of knowledge of HIV testing. The level of HIV knowledge was correlated with age of the students (P<0.05) but not with gender and ethnicity. Our paper revealed frequent misconceptions and a general low-to-moderate level of knowledge amongst the high school students surveyed.
The American Origins of Philosophical Naturalism
Authors: Kim Jaegwon ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2012

If contemporary analytic philosophy can be said to have a philosophical ideology, it undoubtedly is naturalism. Naturalism is often invoked as a motivating ground for many philosophical projects, and “naturalization” programs abound everywhere, in theory of knowledge, philosophy of mind, theory of meaning, metaphysics, and ethics. But what is naturalism, and where does it come from? This paper examines the naturalism debate in midtwentieth-century America as a proximate source of contemporary naturalism. Views of philosophers like Roy Wood Sellars, John Dewey, John Herman Randall, Sydney Hook, and Ernest Nagel are cited, and some of the central tenets of naturalism, such as an adherence to “scientific method” as the sole source of knowledge and the causal/ explanatory closure of the natural world, are explored. The paper ends with a brief discussion of how certain naturalistic constraints lead to some of the problems currently debated in metaethics and philosophy of mind.
Les simulations computationnelles dans les sciences sociales
Authors: Varenne Franck
Published: September 2012

Les sciences sociales entrent résolument – quoique partiellement – dans l’ère computationnelle. Ce constat n’a pas encore de sens précis si on ne l’accompagne d’une analyse discriminante des fonctions épistémiques de la computation dans les différents recours aux ordinateurs pour la modélisation et la simulation en sciences sociales. De par l’introduction de ces nouvelles manières de formaliser (séduisantes car apparaissant comme plus directes et plus ergonomiques), la double question du réalisme des formalismes et de la valeur de preuve des traitements computationnels se pose à nouveaux frais. Cette expansion tous azimuts des simulations computationnelles conduit certains observateurs enthousiastes à penser que l’on a là un nouveau fondement commun pour toutes les sciences sociales. En clarifiant et en distinguant certains des usages épistémiques de différentes simulations computationnelles dans les sciences sociales, cet article montre cependant qu’il vaut mieux s’en tenir à une position médiane et soutenir que l’apport en est principalement méthodologique.
La simulation : des déplacements de notre épistémologie
Authors: Livet Pierre
Published: September 2012

En sciences sociales, seules des simulations peuvent nous donner une idée de la manière dont des formes collectives résultent d’interactions complexes. Mais plus elles sont complexes – en particulier en intégrant les effets des représentations des formes collectives par les acteurs – plus les simulations peuvent diverger, d’où une indétermination. Or nous sommes plus sensibles à ce qui est pour nous reconnaissable (formes plus stables, mieux différenciées). Combiner ces deux tendances nous amène à privilégier non pas une correspondance avec une réalité elle aussi complexe, mais la capacité des simulations à permettre entre elles des comparaisons qui puissent nous offrir des moyens de les critiquer les unes par les autres. Nous conservons à l’esprit, en parallèle, les scénarios divergents qui restent les plus différentiables tout en restant attentif à des divergences d’abord négligées.
Simulation informatisée en humanités et sciences sociales
Authors: Scalas Enrico
Published: September 2012

Ce texte court sur les simulations dans les sciences humaines et sociales est consacré aux simulations multi-agents. Les ingrédients d’une simulation multi-agents sont essentiellement au nombre de deux : agents et interactions. Les Agents avec leurs propriétés interagissent entre eux et les interactions peuvent être soit directes soit indirectes. Par analogie avec les systèmes physiques, la pertinence de l’équilibre statistique en économie peut être aussi analysée.
Les villes comme agents : simulation des futurs possibles du système urbain européen
Authors: Sanders Lena
Published: September 2012

L’approche systémique pour modéliser la dynamique des systèmes de villes est ancienne. Le concept d’auto-organisation et le formalisme des équations différentielles ont donné lieu à de nombreuses applications dans les années 1980. La simulation agent ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans ce champ. L’objectif de cet article est d’abord de discuter des registres et du niveau d’explication qui sont mobilisés pour rendre compte des différentiels de croissance des villes. Il s’agit ensuite de montrer l’intérêt d’une approche agent pour formaliser des hypothèses au niveau méso-géographique des villes. Après un bref état de l’art sur le concept de systèmes de villes et les modèles spatio-temporels associés, le modèle EuroSim formalisé avec un système multi-agents est présenté. Celui-ci permet de simuler l’évolution des villes européennes entre 1950 et 2050 en testant différents scénarios relatifs à l’ouverture des frontières vers l’immigration non européenne et à l’existence ou non de barrières économiques internes.
Aide à la décision multicritère : cohérence et équité grâce à l’analyse de concepts
Authors: Ducassé Mireille , Ferré Sébastien
Published: September 2012

De nombreuses décisions sont prises en commission, par exemple pour affecter des ressources. Les critères de décision sont difficiles à exprimer et la situation globale est en général trop complexe pour que les participants puissent l’appréhender pleinement. Dans cet article, nous décrivons un processus de décision pour la sélection de candidats à un emploi. L’analyse de concepts y est utilisée pour faire face aux problèmes mentionnés ci-dessus. Grâce à l’analyse formelle de concepts et aux systèmes d’information logiques, les personnes fair play ont la possibilité d’être équitables envers les candidats et de faire preuve de cohérence dans leurs jugements sur toute la durée du processus de décision.
Le français, langue minoritaire, en milieu de travail : des représentations linguistiques à l’insécurité linguistique
Authors: LeBlanc Matthieu
Published: September 2012

Le présent article fait état de résultats partiels d’une étude ethnosociolinguistique menée dans un milieu de travail bilingue (anglais-français) au Nouveau-Brunswick. Nous nous penchons notamment sur les représentations qu’entretiennent les locuteurs de la langue minoritaire, les francophones, à l’égard de leur langue et de celle des autres, l’objectif étant de voir en quoi les représentations sont intimement liées aux pratiques langagières et, dans le cas à l’étude, à l’insécurité linguistique. Ces questions permettent de mieux comprendre ce que veut dire être « minoritaire » en milieu de travail et, surtout, pourquoi il importe de tenir compte de la dimension symbolique de la langue dans l’analyse des situations sociolinguistiques.
Identité linguistique et poids des langues : une étude comparative entre des jeunes de milieu scolaire francophone au Nouveau-Brunswick et anglophone au Québec
Authors: Pilote Annie , Magnan Marie-Odile , Vieux-Fort Karine
Published: September 2012

Cet article porte sur la construction identitaire en milieu linguistique minoritaire au Canada. Partant d’une démarche qualitative comparative entre des jeunes d’un milieu scolaire francophone au Nouveau-Brunswick et anglophone au Québec, il examine les processus à travers lesquels les jeunes construisent leur identité linguistique, c’est-à-dire à travers une négociation entre leur définition subjective de Soi et des identités transmises par Autrui (en particulier la famille et l’école). Les résultats sont présentés à partir de configurations identitaires liées au type de familles dont sont issus les jeunes interrogés : endogames majoritaires, endogames minoritaires et exogames (français et anglais). L’analyse démontre que si l’identification « bilingue » est présente chez les deux groupes de jeunes étudiés, les enjeux qui s’y rattachent varient en fonction du poids relatif de l’anglais et du français dans l’environnement nord-américain.
Plurilinguismes, représentations et identités : des pratiques des locuteurs aux définitions des linguistes
Authors: Sabatier Cécile
Published: September 2012

La présente contribution propose de dégager les discours et les représentations que des adolescents plurilingues tiennent sur leur vécu sociolinguistique, sur le développement de leur plurilinguisme et sur les identités (individuelles, collectives, linguistiques et culturelles) qu’ils développent en contextes. À partir d’entretiens individuels socio-biographiques réalisés auprès de 11 jeunes français-maghrébins, l’auteur s’attache à décrypter les représentations des langues et les stratégies identitaires mobilisées dans des contextes de contacts de langues pour mettre à jour la construction et le développement des plurilinguismes individuels au regard 1) des modalités d’acquisition et de transmission des langues, 2) des répertoires verbaux déclarés et de la pluralité des identités que les sujets revendiquent pour 3) s’interroger sur la manière de caractériser les situations complexes de contact.