bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: regulation, molecular and cellular communication at the neurovascular interface
Authors: Lee Hye Shin , Han Jiyeon , Bai Hyun‐Jeong , Kim Kyu‐Won
Published: July 2009

The vascular network of the brain is formed by the invasion of vascular sprouts from the pia mater toward the ventricles. Following angiogenesis of the primary vascular network, brain vessels experience a maturation process known as barriergenesis, in which the blood–brain barrier is formed. In this minireview, we discuss the processes of brain angiogenesis and barriergenesis, as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying brain vessel formation. At the molecular level, angiogenesis and barriergenesis occur via the coordinated action of oxygen‐responsive molecules (e.g. hypoxia‐inducible factor and Src‐suppressed C kinase substrate/AKAP12) and soluble factors (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin‐1), as well as axon guidance molecules and neurotrophic factors. At the cellular level, we focus on neurovascular cells, such as pericytes, astrocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons and brain macrophages. Each cell type plays a unique role, and works with other types to maintain environmental homeostasis and to respond to certain stimuli. Taken together, this minireview emphasizes the importance of the coordinated action of molecules and cells at the neurovascular interface, with regards to the regulation of angiogenesis and barriergenesis.
Definition of the residues required for the interaction between glycine‐extended gastrin and transferrin in vitro
Authors: Kovac Suzana , Ferrand Audrey , Estève Jean‐Pierre , Mason Anne B. , Baldwin Graham S.
Published: July 2009

Transferrin is the main iron transport protein found in the circulation, and the level of transferrin saturation in the blood is an important indicator of iron status. The peptides amidated gastrin(17) (Gamide) and glycine‐extended gastrin(17) (Ggly) are well known for their roles in controlling acid secretion and as growth factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Several lines of evidence, including the facts that transferrin binds gastrin, that gastrins bind ferric ions, and that the level of expression of gastrins positively correlates with transferrin saturation, suggest the possible involvement of the transferrin–gastrin interaction in iron homeostasis. In the present work, the interaction between gastrins and transferrin has been characterized by surface plasmon resonance and covalent crosslinking. First, an interaction between iron‐free apo‐transferrin and Gamide or Ggly was observed. The fact that no interaction was observed in the presence of the chelator EDTA suggested that the gastrin–ferric ion complex was the interacting species. Moreover, removal of ferric ions with EDTA reduced the stability of the complex between apo‐transferrin and gastrins, and no interaction was observed between Gamide or Ggly and diferric transferrin. Second, some or all of glutamates at positions 8–10 of the Ggly molecule, together with the C‐terminal domain, were necessary for the interaction with apo‐transferrin. Third, monoferric transferrin mutants incapable of binding iron in either the N‐terminal or C‐terminal lobe still bound Ggly. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that gastrin peptides bind to nonligand residues within the open cleft in each lobe of transferrin and are involved in iron loading of transferrin in vivo.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7212832, MINT‐7212849: Apo‐transferrin (uniprotkb:P02787) and Gamide (uniprotkb:P01350) bind (MI:0407) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)

MINT‐7212881, MINT‐7212909: Ggly (uniprotkb:P01350) and Apo‐transferrin (uniprotkb:P02787) bind (MI:0407) by cross‐linking studies (MI:0030)

MINT‐7212864: Apo‐transferrin (uniprotkb:P02787) and Ggly (uniprotkb:P01350) bind (MI:0407) by competition binding (MI:0405)
THE IMPACT OF THE SPORT OF BICYCLE RIDING ON SAFETY LAW
Authors: Petty Ross D.
Published: July 2009

On Wednesday, a gentleman, who stated he came from Thornhill in Dunfries, was placed at the Gorbels public bar, charged with riding along the pavement on a velocipede to the obstruction of the passage, and with having, by so doing, thrown over a child. … The child who was thrown down had not sustained any injury, and under the circumstances, the offender was only fined 5 shillings. Glasgow Argus, June 9, 1842‐ arguably the first court decision applying safety law to the bicycle.
THE STATE IS STRONG BUT I AM WEAK: WHY THE “IMMINENT LAWLESS ACTION” STANDARD SHOULD NOT APPLY TO TARGETED SPEECH THAT THREATENS INDIVIDUALS WITH VIOLENCE
Authors: Reed O. Lee
Published: July 2009

Surely there is a profound difference between inciting to arson by the use of words and inciting to revolution by the use of words. We do not have a ready word for the distinction, yet it is a deep and obvious one.—Harry Kalven, Jr.
COMMUNITY, BUSINESS ETHICS, AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM
Authors: Mayer Don
Published: July 2009

The absorption of the cultural sphere into the commercial sphere signals a fundamental change in human relationships with troubling consequences for the future of society. From the beginning of civilization to now, culture has always preceded markets. People create communities, construct elaborate codes of social conduct, reproduce shared meanings and values, and build social trust in the form of social capital Only when social trust and social exchange are well developed do communities engage in commerce and trade…. When the commercial sphere begins to devour the cultural sphere … it threatens to destroy the very social foundations that give rise to commercial relations.1
CORPORATE MAKAHIKI: THE GOVERNING TELOS OF PEACE
Authors: Fort Timothy L.
Published: July 2009

Lono presided over the annual makahiki celebrations, which where held on the island for four consecutive months, usually from October or November through February or March. This was a time of ritual, sports competition, offerings to the chiefs, divination of the fruitfulness of the coming year, and much feasting and hula. During the makahiki war was forbidden, people did little work and enjoyed themselves.1
THE REVENGE OF THE TRAIL SMELTER: ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AS EXPROPRIATION PURSUANT TO THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT
Authors: Dhooge Lucien J.
Published: July 2009

[N]o state has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause injury … in the territory of another or the properties or persons therein, when the case is of serious consequence and the injury is established by clear and convincing evidence.1

Under the polluter pays principle, the community effectively “owns” the environment, and forces users to pay for damages they impose. By contrast, if the community must pay the polluter, the implicit message is that the polluter owns the environment and can use and pollute it with impunity.

2
Survey of Renal Transplantation in Slovenia
Authors: Kandus Aljoša , Arnol Miha , Bren Andrej F
Published: July 2009

This brief survey presents data on renal transplantation in Slovenia, a country with a population of 2 million, which has one renal transplant center. The establishment of an appropriate national transplantation organization resulted in an increase in transplantations and the acceptance of Slovenia into Eurotransplant (ET) at the beginning of 2000. Current immunosuppression is composed of cyclosporine microemulsion (Neoral), mycophenolate mofetil, methylprednisolone, and anti‐interleukin‐2 receptor monoclonal antibodies. By the end of 2008, 766 renal transplantations had been performed, and from 1970 to 2007, 125 patients had been transplanted from living related donors. From 1986 to 1999, 239 patients received renal grafts from deceased donors. From 2000 to 2008, 402 patients were transplanted from deceased donors. In 2004, 55 renal transplantations were done. Two hundred and twenty‐eight (56.7%) renal grafts were shipped from other ET countries. The HLA‐antigen mismatch of 2.7 ± 1.1 was not significantly different to that before 2000. From 2000 to 2008, the one‐ and five‐year patient survival rates were 98.2% and 95.2%, respectively. The concomitant graft survival rates were 94.4% and 90.9%, respectively. In the ET era, the number of deceased donor renal transplants per year was 2.6 times higher than in the 14 years before. In 2004 we reached the average number of deceased donor renal transplants per million population of ET. Short‐ and medium‐term results of the last nine‐year period have been very good and entirely comparable to those in large reports.
Expansion of Blood Volume Increases the Primary Patency Rate of Arteriovenous Fistulas for Hemodialysis in Patients With Critical Arterial Quality
Authors: Malovrh Marko
Published: July 2009

The aim of our prospective study was to find out if the expansion of blood volume can improve early arteriovenous fistula (AVF) function after construction in patients with marginal vessel quality. Before AVF construction, the arteries of the upper arm were examined by duplex sonography. Patients with critical values of internal artery diameter (IDA) <1.6 mm, resistance index (RI) at reactive hyperemia (RH) >0.7 and feeding artery blood flow (ABF) <24 mL/min were divided into two groups by random sampling. One group received plasma expander (hydroxyethyl starch) during surgery and the other did not. During the surgical procedures to construct 43 AVFs in 37 patients with critical artery quality, the patients received a mean volume of 720 mL (range 320–1000 mL) of plasma expander. The primary patency rate in this group was 86% (37/43). In the other group of 37 patients with critical artery quality, 42 AVFs were constructed and no plasma expander was given during surgery. The primary patency rate was 26.2% (11/42, P > 0.001). The two‐year survival of the AVF in the group given plasma expander was 66.3%, and in the other group it was 13.3%. In our study, the infusion of plasma expander in patients with critical artery quality increased the primary patency rate after AVF construction. Based on the morphological and functional characteristics of arteries determined by pre‐operative duplex sonography, the need for blood volume expansion could be predicted.
GAMMA IRRADIATION ON FROZEN AND PACKAGED HEADED SHRIMP
Authors: ABREU V.K.G. , ZAPATA J.F.F. , FIGUEIREDO E.A.T. , GARRUTI D.S. , FREITAS E.R. , PEREIRA A.L.F. , BRAGA A.R.C.
Published: July 2009

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of γ irradiation (0, 2, 4 and 6 kGy doses), applied on frozen and packaged headed shrimps, on pathogenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and Salmonella enteritidis bacteria, as well as on some of the physical and sensory characteristics of this kind of food. The 6 kGy dose was highly efficient in inhibiting V. cholerae O1 and S. enteritidis and in decreasing lipid oxidation in shrimps compared with the nonirradiated product. Shrimp texture was not affected by any of the irradiation doses studied, but the lightness of the surface color increased in shrimps irradiated with 6 kGy compared with those irradiated with 2 kGy. Shrimps irradiated with 6 kGy showed lower overall acceptability than those irradiated with 2 kGy or were nonirradiated. The application of γ irradiation in doses up to 6 kGy on frozen and packaged headed shrimps could improve the microbiological quality of this commodity.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of γ irradiation has the potential to ensure safety effectively by inactivating bacteria, increasing shelf life and maintaining food quality without significant chemical changes in the food matrix. Besides, this process can be applied to frozen and packaged products. Thus, irradiation of frozen and packaged shrimps could benefit the local processing industry, which could offer the international market a high‐quality product, with an additional safety treatment.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Is fishing selective for physiological and energetic characteristics in migratory adult sockeye salmon?
Authors: Cooke Steven J. , Donaldson Michael R. , Hinch Scott G. , Crossin Glenn T. , Patterson David A. , Hanson Kyle C. , English Karl K. , Shrimpton J. Mark , Farrell Anthony P.
Published: July 2009

There is extensive evidence that fishing is often selective for specific phenotypic characteristics, and that selective harvest can thus result in genotypic change. To date, however, there are no studies that evaluate whether fishing is selective for certain physiological or energetic characteristics that may influence fish behaviour and thus vulnerability to capture. Here, adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were used as a model to test the null hypothesis that fishing is not selective for specific physiological or energetic traits. Fish were intercepted during their spawning migrations, implanted with a gastric radio transmitter, and biopsied (i.e., non‐lethally sampled for blood, gill tissue and quantification of energetic status). In both 2003 and 2006, we tagged and biopsied 301 and 770 sockeye salmon, respectively, in the marine environment en route to their natal river system to spawn. In 2006 an additional 378 individuals were tagged and biopsied in freshwater. We found that 23 (7.6%) of the marine fish tagged in 2003, 78 (10.1%) of the marine fish tagged in 2006 and 57 (15.1%) of the freshwater fish tagged in 2006 were harvested by one of three fisheries sectors that operate in the coastal marine environment and the Fraser River (i.e. commercial, recreational or First Nations fisheries between the site of release and Hell’s Gate in the Fraser River, approximately 250 km upriver and 465 km from the ocean tagging site). However, fisheries were not open continually or consistently in different locations and for different fisheries sectors necessitating a paired analytical approach. As such, for statistical analyses we paired individual fish that were harvested with another fish of the same genetic stock that was released on the same date and exhibited similar migration behaviour, except that they successfully evaded capture and reached natal spawning grounds. Using two‐tailed Wilcoxon matched pairs signed‐rank tests, we revealed that the physiological and energetic characteristics of harvested fish did not differ from those of the successful migrants despite evaluating a number of biochemical (e.g. plasma metabolites, cortisol, plasma ions, gill Na+/K+‐ATPase) and energetic (e.g. gross somatic energy density) variables (P’s all >0.10). However, for some analyses we suffered low statistical power and the study design had several shortcomings that could have made detection of differences difficult. We suggest that additional research explore the concept of fishing‐induced selection for physiological characteristics because physiology is closely linked to three traits where fisheries‐induced selection does occur (i.e. life‐history, behaviour and morphology).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Life‐history traits and energetic status in relation to vulnerability to angling in an experimentally selected teleost fish
Authors: Redpath Tara D. , Cooke Steven J. , Arlinghaus Robert , Wahl David H. , Philipp David P.
Published: July 2009

In recreational fisheries, a correlation has been established between fishing‐induced selection pressures and the metabolic traits of individual fish. This study used a population of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with lines of low vulnerability fish (LVF) and high vulnerability fish (HVF) that were previously established through artificial truncation selection experiments. The main objective was to evaluate if differential vulnerability to angling was correlated with growth, energetics and nutritional condition during the sub‐adult stage. Absolute growth rate was found to be between 9% and 17% higher for LVF compared with HVF over a 6‐month period in three experimental ponds. The gonadosomatic index in females was lower for LVF compared with HVF in one experimental pond. No significant differences in energy stores (measured using body constituent analysis) were observed between LVF and HVF. In addition, both groups were consuming the same prey items as evidenced by stomach content analysis. The inherent reasons behind differential vulnerability to angling are complex, and selection for these opposing phenotypes appears to select for differing growth rates, although the driving factors remain unclear. These traits are important from a life‐history perspective, and alterations to their frequency as a result of fishing‐induced selection could alter fish population structure. These findings further emphasize the need to incorporate evolutionary principles into fisheries management activities.
PERSPECTIVE: The role of experiments in understanding fishery‐induced evolution
Authors: Conover David O. , Baumann Hannes
Published: July 2009

Evidence of fishery‐induced evolution has been accumulating rapidly from various avenues of investigation. Here we review the knowledge gained from experimental approaches. The strength of experiments is in their ability to disentangle genetic from environmental differences. Common garden experiments have provided direct evidence of adaptive divergence in the wild and therefore the evolvability of various traits that influence production in numerous species. Most of these cases involve countergradient variation in physiological, life history, and behavioral traits. Selection experiments have provided examples of rapid life history evolution and, more importantly, that fishery‐induced selection pressures cause simultaneous divergence of not one but a cluster of genetically and phenotypically correlated traits that include physiology, behavior, reproduction, and other life history characters. The drawbacks of experiments are uncertainties in the scale‐up from small, simple environments to larger and more complex systems; the concern that taxons with short life cycles used for experimental research are atypical of those of harvested species; and the difficulty of adequately simulating selection due to fishing. Despite these limitations, experiments have contributed greatly to our understanding of fishery‐induced evolution on both empirical and theoretical levels. Future advances will depend on integrating knowledge from experiments with those from modeling, field studies, and molecular genetic approaches.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Quantifying selection differentials caused by recreational fishing: development of modeling framework and application to reproductive investment in pike (Esox lucius)
Authors: Arlinghaus Robert , Matsumura Shuichi , Dieckmann Ulf
Published: July 2009

Methods for quantifying selection pressures on adaptive traits affected by size‐selective fishing are still scarce, and none have as yet been developed for recreational fishing. We present an ecologically realistic age‐structured model specifically tailored to recreational fishing that allows estimating selection differentials on adaptive life‐history traits. The model accounts for multiple ecological feedbacks, which result in density‐dependent and frequency‐dependent selection. We study selection differentials on annual reproductive investment under size‐selective exploitation in a highly demanded freshwater recreational fish species, northern pike (Esox lucius L.). We find that recreational angling mortality exerts positive selection differentials on annual reproductive investment, in agreement with predictions from life‐history theory. The strength of selection increases with the intensity of harvesting. We also find that selection on reproductive investment can be reduced by implementing simple harvest regulations such as minimum‐size limits. The general, yet computationally simple, methods introduced here allow evaluating and comparing selection pressures on adaptive traits in other fish populations and species, and thus have the potential to become a tool for evolutionary impact assessment of harvesting.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Eco‐genetic model to explore fishing‐induced ecological and evolutionary effects on growth and maturation schedules
Authors: Wang Hui‐Yu , Höök Tomas O.
Published: July 2009

Eco‐genetic individual‐based models involve tracking the ecological dynamics of simulated individual organisms that are in part characterized by heritable parameters. We developed an eco‐genetic individual‐based model to explore ecological and evolutionary interactions of fish growth and maturation schedules. Our model is flexible and allows for exploration of the effects of heritable growth rates (based on von Bertalanffy and biphasic growth patterns), heritable maturation schedules (based on maturation reaction norm concepts), or both on individual‐ and population‐level traits. In baseline simulations with rather simple ecological trade‐offs and over a relatively short time period (<200 simulation years), simulated male and female fish evolve differential genetic growth and maturation. Further, resulting patterns of genetically determined growth and maturation are influenced by mortality rate and density‐dependent processes, and maturation and growth parameters interact to mediate the evolution of one another. Subsequent to baseline simulations, we conducted experimental simulations to mimic fisheries harvest with two size‐limits (targeting large or small fish), an array of fishing mortality rates, and assuming a deterministic or stochastic environment. Our results suggest that fishing with either size‐limit may induce considerable changes in life‐history trait expression (maturation schedules and growth rates), recruitment, and population abundance and structure. However, targeting large fish would cause more adverse genetic effects and may lead to a population less resilient to environmental stochasticity.
Isolation and genomic characterization of the first phage infecting Iodobacteria: ϕPLPE, a myovirus having a novel set of features
Authors: Leblanc Cécile , Caumont‐Sarcos Anne , Comeau André M. , Krisch Henry M.
Published: July 2009

The aquatic phage ϕPLPE infects a bacterium of the genus Iodobacter that are common inhabitants of rivers, streams and canals that produce violacein‐like pigments. Our characterization of ϕPLPE reveals it to be a small, contractile‐tailed phage whose 47.5 kb genome sequence is phylogenetically distant from all previously characterized phages. The genome has a generally modular organization (e.g. replication/recombination, structure/morphogenesis, lysis/lysogeny) and approximately half of its 84 open reading frames have no known homologues. It behaves as a virulent phage under the host growth conditions we have employed and, with the exception of an anti‐repressor (ant) homologue, the genome lacks all the genes associated with a lysogenic lifestyle. Thus, either ϕPLPE was once a temperate phage that has lost most of its lysogeny cassette or it is a virulent phage that acquired an ant‐like gene presumably for some function other than the control of lysogeny. The ϕPLPE genome has few bacterial gene homologues with the interesting exception of a putative acylhydrolase (acylase). This function has been implicated in bacterial quorum sensing since it degrades homoserine‐lactone signalling molecules and can disrupt or modulate quorum signalling from either the emitter or its competitors. ϕPLPE may be an example of a phage co‐opting components of the bacterial quorum‐sensing apparatus to its own advantage.
PKS and NRPS gene clusters from microbial symbiont cells of marine sponges by whole genome amplification
Authors: Siegl Alexander , Hentschel Ute
Published: July 2009

Whole genome amplification (WGA) approaches provide genomic information on single microbial cells and hold great promise for the field of environmental microbiology. Here, the microbial consortia of the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba were sorted by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) and then subjected to WGA. A cosmid library was constructed from the WGA product of a sample containing two bacterial cells, one a member of the candidate phylum Poribacteria and one of a sponge‐specific clade of Chloroflexi. Library screening led to the genomic characterization of three cosmid clones, encoding a polyketide synthase (PKS), a non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and the Chloroflexi 16S rRNA gene. PCR screening of WGA products from additional, FACS‐sorted single bacterial symbiont cells supports the assignment of the Sup‐PKS gene to the Poribacteria and the novel NRPS gene to the Chloroflexi. This promising single‐cell genomics approach has permitted cloning of entire gene clusters from single microbial cells of known phylogenetic origin and thus provides a sought‐after link between phylogeny and function.
Numerical Performance Analysis of Constructal I and Y Finned Heat Exchanging Modules
Authors: Lorenzini Giulio , Moretti Simone
Published: July 2009

Thermal conductance and loss of pressure are among the most relevant parameters based on which a heat exchanger has to be chosen. Starting from this observation this study treated and compared the performances of different exchanging systems, always in condition of forced convection of air in laminar flow. The study parameters were two fin shapes, four modules (shapes), and four duct geometries (depending on the parameter shape ratio, defined in Sec. 3). The approach chosen was that of Bejan’s Constructal theory numerically implemented by the finite element code COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS. The results showed the importance of considering not the heat removing performance alone as a decisional parameter and proved that the “classic” I-shaped finned systems very often are not the best performing ones, while optimized Y profiles may offer better perspectives. Having demonstrated the relevance of the present approach, future developments of this research will have to put together the different evaluation criteria presented in an only performance parameter.
Void Formation Mechanism of Flip Chip in Package Using No-Flow Underfill
Authors: Lee Sangil , Yim M. J. , Baldwin Daniel
Published: July 2009

This paper investigates the void formation mechanism induced by chemical interaction between eutectic solder (Sn63/Pb37) wetting and no-flow underfill material curing during flip chip in package assembly. During the process, low weight molecular components, such as fluxing agents and water molecules, could be induced by the chemical interaction between solder wetting and underfill curing when these components are heated to melt and cure, respectively. The low weight molecular components become volatile with exposure to temperatures above their boiling points; this was found to be the main source of the extensively formed underfill voiding. This mechanism of chemically and thermally induced voids was explained using void formation study, differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comparison, and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy chemical composition identification on the suggested chemical reaction formula. This finding can enhance understanding of the mechanism that drives no-flow underfill voiding and can develop a void-free flip chip assembly process using no-flow underfill material for cost effective and high performance electronics packaging applications. Furthermore, this study provides the design guideline to develop an advanced no-flow underfill having high performance at high temperature range for the lead-free application.
Tungsten Carbide as a Diffusion Barrier on Silicon Nitride Active- Metal-Brazed Substrates for Silicon Carbide Power Devices
Authors: Mustain H. A. , Brown William D. , Ang Simon S.
Published: July 2009

Recently, silicon nitride (Si3N4) has been receiving renewed attention because of its potential use as a substrate material for packaging of silicon carbide (SiC) power devices for high temperature applications. It is an attractive material for this application because it has moderate thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, which is close to that of SiC. Materials that show promise for use as a diffusion barrier on Si3N4 substrate for bonding SiC devices to a Si3N4 substrate are refractory metals such as titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and their alloys. Tungsten carbide (WC) shows promise as a diffusion barrier for bonding these devices to copper metallization on Si3N4 substrates. This paper presents the results of an investigation of a metallization stack (Si3N4/Cu/WC/Ti/Pt/Ti/Au) used to bond SiC dice to Si3N4 substrates. The dice were bonded using transient liquid phase bonding. Samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction for phase identification and Auger electron spectroscopy for depth profiling of the elemental composition of the metallization stack in the as-deposited state, and immediately following annealing. The metallization remained stable following subjection to a temperature of 400°C for 100 h in air.
Measurement of the Thermal Insulation Properties of Fabrics
Authors: Gardner E. , Grady P. L. , Mohamed M.
Published: July 2009

Methods used to measure the thermal insulation properties of fabrics and the results obtained using these methods are reviewed. The standard methods for measuring thermal insulation properties are discussed and an apparatus is described that measures thermal resistance of fabrics in the presence of circulating air. The results obtained with the apparatus are reported for three distinct groups of fabrics. Weight, thickness and air permeability are related to the thermal resistance values of these fabrics.
The Influence of Brake Shoes on the Temperatures of Wheels in Railroad Service
Authors: Wetenkamp H. R. , Eck B. J. , Rhine P. E.
Published: July 2009

Field tests were conducted to verify and gather additional information concerning interior wheel temperatures, hot spot temperatures on wheel treads, braking forces, and coefficients of friction during actual service type braking with different types of brake shoes. The tests were conducted with either constant brake shoe loads or constant braking horsepowers. The purpose of these test was to obtain a better understanding of the variations which occur in service to enable better simulation of wheel stress analysis computer programs, improve laboratory dynamometer simulation of service conditions, and determine possible causes of thermal cracking of wheels in service. The results of these field tests are compared to tests previously conducted in service and in the laboratory.
Fiber Migration and Characteristics in Open-End Spun Cotton-Rich Blended Yarn
Authors: Behery H. M. , Vaughn E. A. , Lee M.
Published: July 2009

This study is mainly directed towards blends of cotton and polyester which are cotton-rich blends. Measurements taken from dyed tracer fibers within the yarn and from physical testing indicate that only yarn count significantly affects several of the migration parameters. Coarser or lower count yarns exhibit slower rates of migration as measured by the mean migration intensity, and also showed a reduced tendency towards migration as measured by the root-mean-square deviation. Yarn count was the most significant parameter affecting yarn quality. Fiber fineness significantly affected thick places, break factors, single-end strengths and elongations. Polyester staple length significantly affected evenness and imperfections. Blend level significantly affected thick places, elongations, neps, and break factors.
A Phase-Velocity Description of Aerodynamic and Electrostatic Transport of Cotton Fibers and Trash
Authors: Robert K. Q.
Published: July 2009

The transport of cotton fibers and particulate trash is considered for the particular case of upward flow at low Reynolds numbers such that electrostatic or gravitational sedimentation effects are significant. A two-phase continuum mechanical approach is used. The conventional velocity-holdup description is modified by casting the equation systems into the velocity domain. The theoretical implications of these effects are analyzed, with emphasis on application to the pneumatic and electrostatic conveying of cotton tufts, fibers, trash, and dusts in axisymmetric vertical pipes. Expressions are derived for the overall gravimetric and volumetric penetrations of a dilute solid phase in a pipe of finite length.
Contact Drying of a Sheet of Moist Fibrous Material
Authors: Lyons D. W. , Vollers C. T. , ElNashar A. M.
Published: July 2009

Drying processes consume a significant part of processing time and costs in the manufacture of papers, textiles, ceramics and other porous materials. An analysis was made of the phenomena constituting drying processes for porous materials and analytical expressions developed to describe the internal processes and boundary conditions. The analysis considered the departure from thermodynamic equilibrium associated with evaporation or condensation. The mass and energy conservation equation in one-dimensional form was solved by the finite difference technique. The results of this mathematical drying model were compared with the experimental data of Cowan [2] for the case of the drying of a disc-shaped mat. On the basis of this comparison, it was concluded that the analytical model is satisfactory for predicting the moisture and temperature distribution in moist porous material during drying.
Importance of Contact Pressure Distribution on Heat Transfer in Structural Joints of Machine Tools
Authors: Attia M. H. , Kops L.
Published: July 2009

Analysis of factors affecting the distribution of the contact pressure between the structural components of machine tools is presented. The effect of this distribution on the heat transfer is discussed through the visualization of a model of two solid bodies in contact. Evaluation of significance of this effect conducted on a numerical example (overarm of a milling machine) indicates that the whole temperature field of the structural element and thus its thermal deformation is affected by the contact pressure distribution. It is revealed also, that the thermal contact stresses at the joint are comparable to the mechanical ones and thus both should be considered in design calculations.
Application of the Finite Element Method to the Nonlinear Inverse Heat Conduction Problem Using Beck’s Second Method
Authors: Bass B. R.
Published: July 2009

The calculation of the surface temperature and surface heat flux from a measured temperature history at an interior point of a body is identified in the literature as the inverse heat conduction problem. This paper presents, to the author’s knowledge, the first application of a solution technique for the inverse problem that utilizes a finite element heat conduction model and Beck’s nonlinear estimation procedure. The technique is applicable to the one-dimensional nonlinear model with temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. The formulation is applied first to a numerical example with a known solution. The example treated is that of a periodic heat flux imposed on the surface of a rod. The computed surface heat flux is compared with the imposed heat flux to evaluate the performance of the technique in solving the inverse problem. Finally, the technique is applied to an experimentally determined temperature transient taken from an interior point of an electrically-heated composite rod. The results are compared with those obtained by applying a finite difference inverse technique to the same data.
Characteristics of Surface Topography and Static Friction on Scraped Surface Slideway—Part 1
Authors: Kato S. , Marui E. , Kobayashi A. , Matsubayashi T.
Published: July 2009

The complex surface topography of a scraped surface is studied quantitatively. The scraped surfaces are composed of the surface elements which are formed by each scraping operation, distribute in the depth direction, and have many asperities. Based on this model, the microscopic contacting problem between two scraped surfaces and static frictional characteristics are investigated under boundary lubrication. As a result, it is clarified that the ellipsoidal shape of the asperity tip of scraping surface may be regarded as optimal from the point of static friction, and the static friction characteristics are considerably influenced by the scraping directions.
On Chip Curl in Orthogonal Machining
Authors: Ramalingam S. , Doyle E. D. , Turley D. M.
Published: July 2009

The chips produced in course of machining usually exhibit a finite radius of curvature. Though a part of this can be due to differential strains and thermal stresses, the tightly curled chip shape suggest the operation of some other mechanism which can give rise to the small radii of curvatures frequently observed. In this paper a possible mechanism which can give rise to the observed chip curvatures is advanced and the relevant analysis presented. The model advanced is based on optical metallographic analysis of chips produced under slow speed machining conditions. The chip curvatures observed are attributed to heterogeneous shear during chip formation.
Friction Reducing Actions of Inclusions in Metal Cutting
Authors: Yamaguchi K. , Kato T.
Published: July 2009

The friction reducing actions of the inclusion grains in metal cutting were discussed experimentally and theoretically. At first, a model of the friction reducing action of a single inclusion grain was proposed and an equation expressing the coefficient of friction in the contact with metal containing many inclusion grains was introduced. On the basis of the simple experiments, a model of the friction reducing action was ascertained. Subsequent cutting tests with leaded and resulfurized steels confirmed the equation introduced theoretically. The mechanisms of the friction in cutting were discussed in relation to the equation and the properties of the friction in cutting.
The Welding Mechanism in Drawing of Aluminum Sheet
Authors: Kawai N. , Nakamura T. , Seko S.
Published: July 2009

As a continuation of the previous report which dealt with a mild steel sheet, this study covers the welding phenomena at a tool-work interface in deformation processing of aluminum sheet which has been investigated experimentally by using a two dimensional drawing-type friction testing machine. Variation mode of the frictional coefficient during the drawing process can be classified into four types, namely,- constant, increasing, decreasing and waving type. In both the increasing and decreasing types, the welding occurs at a die exit portion, similar to the case of mild steel reported previously. In the waving type, a process of growth and the peeling away of the welding layer is repeated at a central portion of the die, and corresponding frictional coefficient waves develop. The frictional shear stress on the welding region is constant (about 68.6 MPa), approximately equaling the yield shear stress of the aluminum. The ability to repair the welding has been examined by measurement of the frictional coefficient at the designated drawing travel for mineral oils with various viscosities and compositions.
Probabilistic Optimization of Multitool Machining Operations
Authors: Sheikh A. K. , Kendall L. A. , Pandit S. M.
Published: July 2009

This paper summarizes the results for one aspect of an ongoing research program concerned with the probabilistic nature of tool life and its affect on tool replacement strategies and optimum machining conditions. Preventive planned, scheduled and failure replacement strategies are considered with single and multiple tool systems. When the coefficient of variation is constant as the cutting conditions change, the optimal cutting conditions using the probabilistic models of tool life are a multiple of the optimum cutting conditions obtained by using the classical deterministic model of tool life. The multiplying factor is a function of the coefficient of variation, tool change policy and the cost parameters of these replacement policies.
Crater Geometry and Volume From Electro-Discharge Machined Surface Profiles by Data Dependent Systems
Authors: Pandit S. M. , Rajurkar K. P.
Published: July 2009

This paper applies a recently developed methodology called Data Dependent Systems to model and analyse the process of Electro-Discharge Machined (EDM) surface generation. A first order stochastic differential equation is developed and physically interpreted from the EDM surface profile measurements under varying pulse duration and machining time. The impulse response function of this model is used to define a characteristic crater geometry. The depth and diameter to depth ratio of such a crater is determined and employed in deriving the radius of curvature and the volume. Experimental measurements are utilized to illustrate the development of regression equations and nomograms, useful in practice to obtain surfaces with desired geometry. It is shown that the depth diameter to depth ratio, and volume of the characteristic craters obtained from actual multiple discharge situation under operating conditions agree fairly well with the past single discharge physics investigations.
A Slip Line Field Solution of the Free Oblique Continuous Cutting Problem in Conditions of Light Friction at Chip-Tool Interface
Authors: Morcos W. A.
Published: July 2009

Lee and Shaffer’s slip line field solution [11] for orthogonal cutting is generalized to the free oblique continuous cutting problem in plane strain. Comparison of the results as predicted by this solution with those of the plane strain modified Merchant model [8] and experimental results is achieved for some key metal cutting parameters. It is shown that in some respect, the plane strain modified Merchant model [8] predicts values of parameters which are closer to experimental results.
A Feasibility Study of On-Line Identification of Chatter in Turning Operations
Authors: Eman K. , Wu S. M.
Published: July 2009

The Dynamic Data System approach has been used to develop an identification scheme for chatter in turning. The purpose of developing this simplistic scheme was to enable its easy implementation on a microprocessor so that on-line identification could be accomplished. It has been shown that the stochastic models are capable of following the changing parameters of the process. The modal parameters of the dominant modes are determined along with the relative contribution of each mode to total power of the analyzed output signal from the machining process. Based on this information the mode susceptible to chatter is identified and as a simple index of stability the modal damping ratio or equivalently the magnitude of the root of the characteristic equation introduced. The theoretical postulations were confirmed experimentally for three different states of the turning process, namely, stable cutting conditions, transient state when chatter started to develop and finally fully grown chatter vibrations.
An Analytical Approach to the Effect of Laundering Processes on the Drape and Stiffness Properties of Cotton Woven Fabrics
Authors: El-Bayoumi A. A.
Published: July 2009

A comprehensive investigation on the effect of laundering on fabric properties such as drape coefficient and other associated stiffness properties has been introduced. The process of laundering has been critically analyzed and broken down to its constituent elements or ingredients, namely, temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and mechanical action during washing. The effect of each factor and their interaction have been statistically determined for laundering plain woven cotton fabrics using 24 factorial design. The relative significance of these effects has been graphically represented. It has been found that temperatures, pH and mechanical action have positive effects, while the interaction of temperature-mechanical action and temperature-mechanical action-pH have significant negative effect on both drape and bending modulus of the fabrics under test.
The Tearing of Plain Woven Fabrics Made From Ring, Open End, Twistless and Twisted Bonded Yarns
Authors: Lord P. R. , Stuckey W. C.
Published: July 2009

The theory relating to the tearing of a plain woven fabric is developed to include the dynamic effects in the damped mass-elastic system. Experimentation with a variety of staple yarns shows that the mass elastic response has a significant effect on the behavior of the fabric undergoing tear. In particular, the intermittent slippage of the yarns from the body of the fabric into the del zone is of great importance. The greater the number of unbroken yarns in the del zone, the greater is the tear strength for a given yarn.
A Stochastic Tool-Life Model
Authors: Rossetto S. , Zompi A.
Published: July 2009

A tool-life model based on the assumption that wear and fracture are the causes of tool death is re-examined from the theoretical standpoint, and extended to include the effect of cutting speed on the fracture-induced failure rate. A stochastic model for multi edge cutting tools is also proposed. This enables the overall statistics to be derived from the data for each individual cutting edge.
Order Statistical Approach to Ground Surface Generation
Authors: Hasegawa M.
Published: July 2009

This paper discusses the statistical relationship between the shape of the grinding wheel dressing mechanism and the effect of the distribution of the cutting edges on the surface roughness produced. The principal concept is based on the order statistics in order to derive formulae of the ground surface roughness under the most restrictive conditions possible. In this paper, the randomness of the cutting edges on the grinding wheel face and the effect of the curvature radius of the grinding wheel on the surface roughness are taken into consideration. To check the validity of the theory, a comparison of theoretical and experimental results was carried out.
On the Mechanics of Chip Segmentation In Machining
Authors: Komanduri R. , Brown R. H.
Published: July 2009

The mechanics of chip segmentation, during machining of a cold rolled steel has been investigated from a phenomenological point of view using a high speed movie camera and an explosive quick stop device. The latter was used for obtaining chip root samples at various stages of segmentation for subsequent examination in the Optical and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The chip segmentation process is found to arise as a result of instabilities in the cutting process and is further augmented by the dynamic response of part of the machine tool structure. This process involves a slow forward movement of the plastic boundary in the primary shear zone forming a ramp on the free surface of the chip followed by a rapid return of the plastic boundary back towards the tool forming a step on the chip segment as a result of partial fracture at the free surface. This process is characterized by large strains, low shear angles that oscillate cyclically and stick-slip friction on the rake face. The instability in the cutting process is proposed to be due to the negative stress—strain characteristics of certain materials at large strains, as Walker and Shaw [1] proposed, involving void formation around second phase particles, their propagation into microcracks in the primary shear zone and coalescence of these cracks leading to partial fracture. Evidence for this has been obtained in this investigation.
System Approach to the Thermal Behavior and Deformation of Machine Tool Structures in Response to the Effect of Fixed Joints
Authors: Attia M. H. , Kops L.
Published: July 2009

Following the theory of nonlinear thermoelastic behavior of structural joints, developed recently by the authors, the conditions of heat transfer between contacting elements are analyzed. Two cases are considered: a hypothetical case in which no interactions take place at the joint, and a realistic one with the interactions in effect. Analysis of the structure response to the effect of the joint is carried out through the system theory, which is a new way to approach this problem. It is revealed that due to the interactions at the joint, the structure behaves thermally as a second order system, and not as a first order system. The latter would be the case if the nonlinear thermoelastic behavior of the joint were neglected. This finding, obtained in general terms, indicates that the thermal deformation of machine tool structures can vary nonmonotonically with time. This was verified through a computer simulated case study and was confirmed by existing experimental data.