bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adrenal incidentaloma. Part 1. Computed tomography of adrenal incidentaloma: the possibilities and difficulties of differential diagnosis
Authors: Buryakina S. A. , Tarbaeva N. V. , Volevodz N. N. , Karmazanovsky G. G. , Kovalevich L. D. , Shestakova M. V. , Dedov I. I.
Published: February 2021

The adrenal incidentaloma is a lesion of a different etiology and found incidentally in patients who underwent a diagnostic study not about the disease of this organ. Lesions can be both hormonally inactive and hormonally active, can arise from different zones of the adrenal gland or have non-specific organ affiliation, can be benign or malignant. Computed tomography characterization of these lesions, especially the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant, is extremely important for the correct diagnosis in order to provide adequate management of the patient. The article presents the key computed tomography criteria that allow radiologist to characterize the lesion most accurately and consider appropriate diagnosis.
Mixed steatohepatitis: more questions than answers (Part 1)
Authors: Raikhelson K. L. , Kondrashina E. A. , Pazenko E. V.
Published: February 2021

The term steatohepatitis is used for a heterogeneous group of diseases of various etiologies, characterized by a similar morphological picture. Earlier the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease implied the exclusion of other causes of steatohepatitis, in recent years it has been suggested that a combination of various etiological variants of steatohepatitis is possible. The review considers the terminological, epidemiological and pathogenetic aspects of the most common combination: metabolic and alcoholic genesis, the issues of the mutual influence of etiopathogenetic factors and the identification of the predominant process. Issues of existing and prospective pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy are discussed in detail. Treatment of steatohepatitis is based on the elimination of known causal factors and lifestyle modification; therapy includes medications, that have been proven to be effective in certain types of steatohepatitis and symptomatic therapy as well.
Polymorphism of genes-candidates of renin-angiotensin-aldosteronovy system (ACE, AGT, AGTR1) and effectiveness of treatment of arterial hypertension. Results of research in Mountain Shoria
Authors: Mulerova Tatyana A. , Morozova Natalia I. , Maksimov Vladimir N. , Ogarkov Mikhail Yu.
Published: February 2021

Aim. To study the dependence of the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy on the polymorphic variants of candidate genes of the RAAS (ACE, AGT, AGTR1) in patients with hypertension (АH) of the population of Mountain Shoria.

Materials and methods. In the conditions of the expeditions from 2013 to 2017, the population of Mountain Shoria was surveyed. Included 1409 people 18 years and older. Blood pressure monitoring was carried out as a result of office measurement, according to the standard recommendations of National Guidelines of the Russian Society of Cardiology/the Russian Medical Society on Arterial Hypertension (2010). As a result of the survey, patients with AH were identified for further observation (597 people) who need medical antihypertensive treatment. Repeat screening was conducted in a year. The criterion for inclusion in prospective observation of patients with hypertension was: regular intake of prescribed medication. 253 respondents were surveyed: indigenous (156 people) and non-indigenous (97 people) nationality. All patients underwent a standard examination, including the collection of complaints and anamnesis, an assessment of objective status, laboratory and instrumental studies. Polymorphisms of genes ACE (I/D, rs 4340), AGT (c.803T C, rs699), AGTR1 (A1166C, rs5186) were tested using polymerase chain reaction.

Results. Dynamic observation of patients with hypertension found that in the cohort of Shors the target level of blood pressure reached the owners of heterozygous I/D and minor D/D genotypes of the ACE gene, carriers of T/C and C/C genotypes of the AGT gene and the homozygous genotype A/A of the AGTR1 gene. In the non-indigenous nationality cohort, only carriers of the D/D genotype of the ACE gene.

Conclusion. National differences were identified with respect to the sensitivity of the pharmacological response to treatment, which once again proves the important role of taking into account the ethnic factor in the choice of drug.
The place of fixed antihypertensive drugs in modern therapy of arterial hypertension
Authors: Pinchuk Tatiana V. , Orlova Natalia V.
Published: February 2021

The article provides information on modern approaches to the treatment of arterial hypertension. The historical information about therapy with combined antihypertensive drugs is given. Based on data from multicenter clinical trials, the article provides evidence of the benefits of dual and triple fixed drug combinations. Combinations of 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist bisoprolol and the dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blocker amlodipine are considered. The article highlights the advantages of each of the drugs, as well as their combination. It shows the benefits of a fixed combination of low and medium doses compared to high-dose monotherapy, such as efficacy in achieving target blood pressure, preventing cardiovascular events, increasing adherence to treatment, safety and development of side effects. It provides the evidence base for the effectiveness of a triple fixed combination of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers with calcium channel blockers and diuretics in achieving target blood pressure compared to a double fixed combination of members of these drug classes, which is due to additive effects. The safety and tolerability profiles were found to be more effective with triple therapy compared with dual therapy, which is also supported by studies.
Primary hyperaldosteronism as a possible cause of resistant arterial hypertension
Authors: Chikhladze Novella M.
Published: February 2021

The review examines the prevalence of resistant arterial hypertension in low-renin forms of hyperaldosteronism. Possible reasons for existing differences in data on the prevalence of a heterogeneous group of primary hyperaldosteronism in the resistant course of hypertension are analyzed. Categories of patients at high risk of primary hyperaldosteronism depending on the severity of hypertension are considered. Based on the results of research, including our own data, it is shown that in most cases, tumor and hyperplastic forms of primary hyperaldosteronism are associated with severe and resistant hypertension, and the importance of diagnostic screening in this category of patients is justified.
Recessions and the Trend in the US Unemployment Rate
Authors: Lunsford Kurt G.
Published: February 2021

The unemployment rate in the United States falls slowly in expansions, and it may not reach its previous low point before the next recession begins. Based on this feature, I document that the frequent recessions prior to 1983 are associated with an upward trend in the unemployment rate. In contrast, the long expansions beginning in 1983 are associated with a downward trend. I then estimate a two-variable vector autoregression (VAR) that includes the unemployment rate and a recession indicator. Long-horizon forecasts from this VAR conditioned on no future recessions project that the unemployment rate will go to 3.6 percent after a long period with no recessions.
Effects of tannin, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic contents of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) apples blanched with saline solution
Authors: Dao T.P. , Nguyen D.V. , Tran T.Y.N. , Pham T.N. , Nguyen P.T.N. , Bach L.G. , Nguyen V.H. , Do V.Q. , Nguyen V.M. , Tran T.T.
Published: February 2021

Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) is considered as a by-product of the cashew
processing industry. Efficient utilization of this material source contributes to valorization
of cashew and reduces the burden of agricultural waste placed on the environment. This
study investigated the effects of various blanching conditions on the total tannins, the
ascorbic content and the phenolic contents of cashew apples. The three parameters
including blanching temperature, blanching duration and salt concentration of the
blanching solution were considered. It was found that optimal blanching conditions
(heating at 70°C, NaCl concentration at 1% within 2 mins) resulted in cashew apples with
vitamin C content and tannin retention rate of about 78.125% and 45% compared to those
of the fresh samples, respectively. The cashew apple texture seemed to be insensitive to
the heating process, however, the colors (mainly red gamuts of carotenoids) were lost
during blanching.
New Directions in Space Art
Authors:   , Priest Julian
Published: February 2021

New developments in the space industry, falling costs and a diversity of launch platforms are altering the conditions of access to space. The thesis examines to what extent cultural practice is enabled by these new relations. A brief historical overview details the cultural use of space and highlights the history of art satellites. This provides context for a detailed discussion of a satellite artwork by the author, "The Weight of Information". Auto-ethnographic and design-ethnographic techniques are used to explore the artwork through four situations. The setting of interfaces, form factors, boundaries and miniaturisation are found to be enabling mechanisms for cultural practice in space, while the developing space debris regulatory environment is found to provide a practical limit to further miniaturisation of space craft. The tension between the personal and infrastructural is examined through different concepts of entanglement. Strategies of tragedy, participation and correspondence that address issues of accessibility and contingency specific to cultural practice in the orbital environment are explored. Recommendations are made for practitioners wishing to work with art satellites. It is concluded that new developments in the space industry are enabling of future cultural practice in space.
Whispering tales: using augmented reality to enhance cultural landscapes and indigenous values
Authors: Marques Bruno , McIntosh Jacqueline , Carson Hannah
Published: February 2021

© The Author(s) 2019. Increasingly, our built and natural environments are becoming hybrids of real and digital entities where objects, buildings and landscapes are linked online in websites, blogs and texts. In the case of Aotearoa New Zealand, modern lifestyles have put Māori Indigenous oral narratives at risk of being lost in a world dominated by text and digital elements. Intangible values, transmitted orally from generation to generation, provide a sense of identity and community to Indigenous Māori as they relate and experience the land based on cultural, spiritual, emotion, physical and social values. Retaining the storytelling environment through the use of augmented reality, this article extends the biophysical attributes of landscape through embedded imagery and auditory information. By engaging with Ngāti Kahungunu ki Wairarapa, a design approach has been developed to illustrate narratives through different media, in a way that encourages a deeper and broader bicultural engagement with landscape.
Innovative and Assistive eHealth Technologies for Smart Therapeutic and Rehabilitation Outdoor Spaces for the Elderly Demographic
Authors: Marques Bruno , McIntosh Jacqueline , Valera Alvin , Gaddam Anuroop
Published: February 2021

The use of technology for social connectivity and achieving engagement goals is increasingly essential to the overall well-being of our rapidly ageing population. While much of the extant literature has focused on home automation and indoor remote health monitoring; there is a growing literature that finds personal health and overall well-being improves when physical activities are conducted outdoors. This study presents a review of possible innovative and assistive eHealth technologies suitable for smart therapeutic and rehabilitation outdoor spaces for older persons. The article also presents key performance metrics required of eHealth technologies to ensure robust, timely and reliable biometric data transfer between patients in a therapeutic landscape environment and respective medical centres. A literature review of relevant publications with a primary focus of integrating sensors and eHealth technologies in outdoor spaces to collect and transfer data from the elderly demographic who engage such built landscapes to appropriate stakeholders was conducted. A content analysis was carried out to synthesize outcomes of the literature review. The study finds that research in assistive eHealth technologies and interfaces for outdoor therapeutic spaces is in its nascent stages and has limited generalisability. The level of technology uptake and readiness for smart outdoor spaces is still developing and is currently being outpaced by the growth of elderly fitness zones in public spaces. Further research is needed to explore those eHealth technologies with interactive feedback mechanisms that are suitable for outdoor therapeutic environments.
Design & Development of IoT Based Rehabilitation Outdoor Landscape for Gait Phase Recognition
Authors: Gaddam Anuroop , Wilkin Tim , Angelova Maia , Valera Alvin , McIntosh Jacqueline , Marques Bruno
Published: February 2021

Over a few decades, there is a steady accretion of life expectancy in many countries. Significant advances in modern healthcare technologies, medicines and overall health care awareness gave many to lead a prolonged healthy life. Over the past few years, there has been a huge demand for unobtrusive health monitoring systems from both medical professionals and the general populace to use these technologies for understanding the general health well being in order to improve life longevity. However, most of the available technologies for health monitoring are difficult for the general populace to access and most of the developed health monitoring systems are either deployed in a controlled environment or in healthcare facilities, thus severely limiting the ease of access to many, especially the elderly people. For effective health management of elderly people, evidence-based decision making, continuously monitoring the health status of the elderly demographic is paramount. In order to address these issues, we developed an innovative smart IoT based outdoor health monitoring system. The proposed system collects information about the mobility, posture, and overall gait of the person in an easy to access public outdoor setting such as parks, supermarkets etc. It is quite evident from multiple studies, that analysing the gait can be a useful tool in early detection of the declining health of individuals, as mobility is a key factor in any individual's well being. Also, detecting gait disorders earlier will allow for functional relief to the health care system with the possibility of reducing the number and severity of gait disorders through early intervention.
Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kinerja SumberDaya Manusia Menggunakan Metode Diskriptif dan Diskriminan pada Proyek Konstruksi di PT.X
Authors: Anam Mochamad Choerul , Nasihien Ronny Durrotun
Published: February 2021

Kinerja sumber daya manusia menjadi salah satu faktor keunggulan dari suatu perusahaan. Dengan mengetahui faktor - faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja sumber daya manusia, maka diharapkan bisa memperbaiki kinerja sumber daya manusia oleh perusahaan sehingga bisa diciptakan kondisi  dan lingkunganyang memungkinkan kinerja perusahaan menjadi lebih baik: Karakteristik yang diambil adalah karywan yang terdapat pada suatu proyek konstruksi.Tujuan  dari   penelitian   ini   adalah untuk mengetahui faktor  yang   paling berpengaruh terhadap kinerja sumber daya manusia dan seberapa besar pengaruh faktor- faktor  tersebut. Sebagai obyekpenelitian diamhil salah satu perusahaan jasa konstruksiPT.  X yang berdomisili di  Surabaya, dengan data -  data daftar prosedur PT.X, daftar  pengalaman  kerja  karyawan   PT.  X  dan  Basil kuisioner.  Faktor  yang memepengaruhi kinerja terbagi alas 2 bagian yaihl: faktor internal dan faktor ekstemal.Dari  hasil penelitian  yang  dilalcukan menunjukkan bahwa factor yang  paling berpengaruh dalam kinerja sumber daya manusia poda proyek  konstruksi adalah faktor disiplin  diri  dengan  nilai  mean  3,61.  Faktor internal   adalah  faktor yangpaling berpengaruh dalam  kinerja sumber daya manusia pada proyek  konstruksi dengan nilai mean 3,53.  Sedangkan berdasarkan aspek demografi faktor yang berpengaruh terdapat variasi  dalam  hasilnya.  Sehingga  dengan  mememiliki aspek  usaha  menunjukkan kemampuan  diri,  disiplin,  dan  kemampuan  berkomunikasi pada   suatu  perusahaan diharapkan   dapat meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan  dalam pencapaian tujuan.
Korelasi Antara Parameter Indeks Plastisitas dengan Sudut Geser Tanah Dengan Penambahan Kapur Terhadap Stabilisasi Daya Dukung Pondasi Dangkal
Authors: Andajani Nur , Triarso Arik
Published: February 2021

Tanah di salah satu daerah di Mojokerto tepatnya di wilayah kecamatan“Dawarblandong” mempunyai kecenderungan memiliki sifat yang kurang baiksehingga diperlukan adanya stabilisasi yaitu dengan memberikan material tambahan untuk meningkatkan daya dukungnya. Material kapur dapat digunakan sabagai bahan campuran untuk stabilisasi. Pengujian tanah dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik tanah adalah uji konsistensi tanah yang menghasilkan parameter batas cair (LL), batas plastis (PL), dan indeks plastisitas (IP). Uji directh shear dan unconfineddilakukan menghasilkan sudut geser tanah (ɸ), dan cohesi (c). Hubungan atau korelasi antara parameter plastisitas tanah dengan parameter sudut geser tanah dan cohesidapat diperoleh dari hasil analisa pengujian tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa semakin besar Indeks Plastisitas tanah (IP), maka akan semakin kecil nilai kohesi tanahnya (C) dan  akan semakin besar pula harga sudut geser tanahnya (ɸ).Pada penambahan 10% kapur nilai LL menurun sebesar 13.03%. Demikian pula semakin besar persentase kapur yang ditambahkan, maka nilai Indeks Plastisitas (IP) semakin menurun. Pada penambahan 10% kapur nilai IP menurun sebesar 24.52%.Adanya stabilisasi dengan 10% kapur pada tanah lempung ekspansif di daerah mojokerto menyebabkan nilai kohesi dari tanah meningkat , maka hal ini dapat mengakibatkan stabilitas daya dukung pondasi dangka di daerah Mojokerto tersebut juga akan meningkat.
Изучение особенностей электронной структуры сульфидных трехъядерных комплексов молибдена с кластерными ядрами {Mo3S4} и {Mo3S7} методами рентгеновской спектроскопии
Authors: Федоренко А.Д. , Семушкина Г.И. , Перегудова Н.Н. , Лаврухина С.А. , Гущин А.Л. , Фоменко Я.С. , Соколов М.Н. , Гусельников А.В. , Калинкин А.В. , Николенко А.Д. , Ивлюшкин Д.В. , Заверткин П.С. , Мазалов Л.Н.
Published: February 2021

Методами рентгеновской эмиссионной спектроскопии (РЭС), рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии (РФЭС), рентгеновской спектроскопии поглощения (XANES) и квантовой химии проведено детальное исследование особенностей электронной структуры трехъядерных комплексов молибдена (NH4)2[Mo3S13] и [Mo3S7(dtc)3]Br с кластерным ядром {Mo3S7}, а также [Mo3S4(tu)8H2O]Cl4 с кластерным ядром {Mo3S4}. Получены данные о парциальном атомном составе высших занятых и свободных молекулярных орбиталей и характере взаимодействий между атомами внутри кластерного ядра.
Risk-Based Thinking and Knowledge in Engineering Organizations
Authors: Hohberg Jörg-Martin
Published: February 2021

Against the personal background of working in computational research, in design and in quality
management, personal views on uncertainties, on human error and learning are presented. They
refer to ground-breaking work from ETH Zurich in the 1970s and expand on the Swiss approach to
a holistic quality management in the construction sector, which may seem “old-fashioned” in today’s
price-driven market. Organizational dispositions, both on company level and within professional
societies are addressed. In the context of risk and knowledge management, the revised
FIDIC/EFCA guide on quality management (ISO 9001:2015) is briefly presented.
Influence of Human Error on Structural Reliability
Authors: Brehm Eric , Hertle Robert , Wetzel Markus
Published: February 2021

In common structural design, random variables, such as material strength or loads, are represented by fixed
numbers defined in design codes. This is also referred to as deterministic design. Addressing the random
character of these variables directly, the probabilistic design procedure allows the determination of the
probability of exceeding a defined limit state. This probability is referred to as failure probability. From there,
the structural reliability, representing the survival probability, can be determined. Structural reliability thus
is a property of a structure or structural member, depending on the relevant limit states, failure modes and
basic variables. This is the basis for the determination of partial safety factors which are, for sake of a simpler
design, applied within deterministic design procedures. In addition to the basic variables in terms of material
and loads, further basic variables representing the structural model have to be considered. These depend
strongly on the experience of the design engineer and the level of detailing of the model.
However, in the clear majority of cases [1] failure does not occur due to unexpectedly high or low values of
loads or material strength. The most common reasons for failure are human errors in design and execution.
This paper will provide practical examples of original designs affected by human error and will assess the
impact on structural reliability.
Uncertainties and Human Errors in the Design and Execution of Steel Structures
Authors: Alpsten Goran
Published: February 2021

This paper contains a compilation of results from some 50 000 steel specimen tests and close to 5 000
measurements of the cross-sectional properties of rolled steel members. Based on the statistical
distribution of these properties the statistical distribution of the sectional capacity of such steel members is
evaluated using a numerical integration procedure. For standard structural steel members the variations of
the strength properties are reasonably well-known and may be used in reliability assessment methods for
the design of structures. However, it has been observed in many actual failures with steel structures that
the cause of such failures normally is one gross human error, rather than a combination of “normal”
variations in parameters affecting the actions and response of the structures. Another observation from
failures experienced with steel structures is that gross human errors in execution are more critical than
gross errors in the design process.
Wind-induced vibrations monitoring with satellite navigation
Authors: Cheynet Etienne , Bogunović Jakobsen Jasna , Snæbjörnsson Jónas
Published: February 2021

A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been deployed on the Lysefjord Bridge in Norway, to measure the static and dynamic displacement of the deck. One objective is to evaluate the systems capability to monitor accurately wind-induced vibrations in high-latitudes and mountainous terrain. GNSS measurements are compared to displacement records obtained from accelerometers located inside the bridge deck. For data of 10 minutes duration, the accelerometers were observed to monitor frequencies below 0.1 Hz with relatively poor accuracy. The GNSS measurements agreed well with the theoretical estimates of the quasi-static and resonant response of the bridge at low frequencies. The completion of the Galileo system in 2020 should expand the applicability and reliability of such systems for structural monitoring purposes in Northern Europe.
MULTI-Mode Control of Cable Vibration using MR Damper based on Nonlinear Modeling
Authors: Huang Hongwei , Liu Tingting , Sun Limin
Published: February 2021

In recent years, magnetorheological damper (MR damper) has been proposed for controlling vibrations of long stay cables because of its semi-active features, where active control strategy can be adapted without inquiring large power resources. However, the highly nonlinear feature of the MR material leads to a relatively complex representation of its mathematical model, resulting in difficulties of carrying out effective control strategies on cable vibration. In this paper, a simple optimal control strategy is proposed for suppressing multi-mode cable vibrations using MR damper based on nonlinear modeling. Firstly, the nonlinear Bouc-Wen model is employed to accurately portray the salient characteristics of the MR damper. Then, the desired optimal damper force is determined from the universal design curve of nonlinear damper. Finally, the input voltage (current) of MR damper corresponding to the desired optimal damper force is calculated using a piecewise linear interpolation scheme. Simulation study has been carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed semi-active control scheme for multi-mode cable vibration control under white noise excitations.
An Empirically Verified System for Quality and Reliability Management
Authors: Brehm Eric , Hertle Robert
Published: February 2021

From experience with structural failures, one can see that human error, in design and execution, is the major cause for these incidents. However, human error is not covered by any approach to structural reliability. Therefore, a system for quality and risk management is required that accounts for human error. Such systems are mostly organized on a national level and exhibit significant differences.

This paper compares corresponding international approaches on how to handle human error and evaluates them.

A proposal for an adequate quality and risk management system covering human error will be presented. The proposal will be composed of the best parts of several available systems to provide an empirically verified, widely accepted approach.
On Bayesian Identification Methods for the Analysis of Existing Structures
Authors: Marsili Francesca , Friedman Noemi , Croce Pietro , Formichi Paolo , Landi Filippo
Published: February 2021

The paper explores three stochastic inverse methods based on a functional approximation of the system response: the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, the Polynomial Chaos Expansion based Kalman Filter, and the parameter update with the Minimum Mean Squared Error estimator. The algorithms were implemented to update the probability distribution function of the input parameters of a finite element model with observable response of the structure. The different methods were tested on a simple case study, where some properties of a concrete water tank from the 60s' were updated. Advantages and drawbacks of each procedure have been discussed according to the obtained results. Attention is drawn on the prospective that the given methods may be applied for better assessing the reliability of existing structures.
Recalculating and strengthening of the girder bridges near Hagestein
Authors: Wensveen Paul , Geijsen R. L. (Ronald) , Hesselink B. H. (Bert) , Snijder Bert
Published: February 2021

A busy arterial road, the A27 motorway, runs through the heart of the Netherlands. In order to improve the traffic flow on the A27 between the Houten and Hooipolder intersections, the Directorate of Public Works and Water Management is having this motorway widened. Insofar as possible, the existing infrastructure will continue to be used. As well as three other major bridges along this section, the steel bridges near Hagestein form part of this infrastructure. With the aid of recalculations, Movares studied whether the Hagestein bridges have sufficient load bearing capacity to extend their service life until 2053. Finite element calculations were used to determine, among other things, the strength and fatigue resistance of the bridges.
Comparison of Deterministic and Probabilistic Fatigue Assessment Methods: A Case Study of a Road Bridge
Authors: Sæstad Alexander , Ersdal Gerhad , Siriwardane Sudath
Published: February 2021

The objective of this paper is to compare the predictions of deterministic and probabilistic fatigue assessment methods. The paper focuses on the nominal stress method in the stress-life approach. Three different assessment methods are presented and compared, the traditional deterministic method, the closed form method and the probabilistic method. The traditional method is the one described in Eurocode. The closed form method involves using a Weibull distribution to represent the stress spectrum. The probabilistic method involves the use of Monte Carlo simulations to obtain the probability of failure, Pf . An alternative fatigue load model is newly proposed in this paper. The associated procedures of the three assessment methods were verified and then used for fatigue analysis of a road bridge. Finally, the limitations, shortcomings and recommendation are concluded based on the research and the obtained results.
Size effect on the fatigue of High Frequency Mechanical Impact treated welds
Authors: Shams-Hakimi Poja , Yıldırım Halid Can , Al-Emrani Mohammad
Published: February 2021

Fatigue strength improvement of welds by High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) treatment may enable resource efficient structural design. In civil engineering structures like bridges, plate thicknesses up to 40-50 mm are common. The majority of fatigue test data available on the enhancement of welded details using HFMI treatment are however obtained from relatively thin plates. In this study, an overview of existing fatigue test data with HFMI treatment is presented and evaluated with regard to size effect. A thickness and attachment length dependency of fatigue strength of transverse attachment details was observed and an attachment length dependency for longitudinal attachment details. Based on the gathered data, a fatigue strength-to-thickness relation could not be observed for butt welds and longitudinal attachments.
Generating timber truss bridges – examining the potential of an interdisciplinary parametric framework for architectural engineering
Authors: Mork John Haddal , Luczkowski Marcin , Dyvik Steinar Hillersøy , Manum Bendik , Rønnquist Anders
Published: February 2021

Even though Nordic glulam truss-bridges are at large extent standardized, applying dowels and parallel slotted-in steel plates, the process making them are still separated and slowed down by redundant work. This paper examines the potential of architects, engineers and manufacturers using a shared parametric framework when building truss-bridges. How could redundant work be automated and let designers spend more time on actual project development? How could collaboration between disciplines be improved using a parametric framework? An interdicipinary parametric framework might be the next step into mass customization in architectural engineering.
More Realistic Codes for Existing Bridges
Authors: Nilimaa Jonny , Bagge Niklas , Häggström Jens , Blanksvärd Thomas , Sas Gabriel , Täljsten Björn , Elfgren Lennart
Published: February 2021

Examples are given from comparisons of analyses based on (1) code models, (2) finite element models and (3) full scale tests to failure of three bridges. The analyses based on the code models gave very conservative results, while the finite element models could better predict the real behaviour.
The Perception of Safety from a Global Standpoint (T)
Authors: Leonard Niamh
Published: February 2021

Do you consider safety a value or a need? At a recent Health and Safety (H&S) briefing I was posed with this question.

My first response was safety is a need, justified by being a daily necessity that each individual is entitled to have. However, as the briefing progressed my decision changed and I was reminded of my voluntary experience in Rwanda.

How would this question be answered in different countries? Is construction safety perceived to have the same importance as delivering a project to time and budget?

In the UK we take it for granted that safety is paramount. In countries like Rwanda safety can and is jeopardised by lack of equipment, negligent mentality and poverty.

The objective of this paper is to promote awareness and actions that need to be taken to ensure the effective implementation of systems such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA), Health and Safety Executive (HSE) boards or Safety Management Systems in Rwanda and similar countries.
Robustness based evaluation of a concrete frame considering the Eurocode design guidelines
Authors: Droogné Didier , Botte Wouter , Caspeele Robby , Taerwe Luc
Published: February 2021

Despite the development of structural codes such as the Eurocodes, one has to acknowledge that structural robustness is still an issue of controversy, being underlined by several structural failures in the past decades. One of the problems is the lack of a procedure to quantify the robustness of a structure in an objective way. In this contribution the robustness of a reference reinforced concrete frame is quantified applying a multi-level computational-efficient calculation scheme and using a risk-based robustness index to investigate the effectiveness of the Eurocode guidelines. Hereby the nonlinear behaviour of the reinforced concrete elements and the global behaviour of the structural frame are taken into account.
Spatial probabilistic analysis on a prestressed concrete slab bridge based on modified chloride diffusion coefficient model subject to chloride-induced corrosion
Authors: Peng Jianxin , Hu Shouwang , Zhang Jianren
Published: February 2021

The performance of Prestressed Reinforced Concrete (PRC) structures degrades with time subject to chloride-induced corrosion. Corrosion could result in reduction of area of prestressing steel, cover cracking and even spalling due to corrosion products. This finally leads to a decrease of structural load-carrying capacity. Many factors influence corrosion induced by chloride ion, such as time, ambient humidity, temperature and loading. This paper proposes a modified chlorides diffusion coefficient model which considers the effect of time, ambient humidity, temperature and compressive stress. A spatial time-dependent reliability model is developed to predict probability of corrosion initiation over 100 years. Probabilistic evaluation of time to corrosion initiation has then been carried out for an aging PRC slab beam bridges exposed to aggressive environment. It is indicated that the probability of corrosion initiation for spatial variabilities considered with a scale of fluctuation of 3.0 is 1.06 times higher than that predicted for non-spatial. It is found that the probability of corrosion initiation for RH=90% is 12% higher than that predicted for RH=80%. It is also observed that a higher temperature will result in an increase in corrosion initiation probability. It is found from calculated results the spatial variability of parameters is important for reliability analysis.
Various information on network arches
Authors: Tveit Per
Published: February 2021

Network arches are light, elegant and economical bridges. They will normally have no dangerous vibrations due to wind. Light steel skeletons with tubular arches can be used when erecting network arches. Before the concrete tie is cast, the arches are filled with concrete. Polymer threads under the tie can be used for counteracting deflections and strengthening concrete ties.
Regulatory Requirements in Indian Construction Industry for Sustainability
Authors: Sharan Shambhoo
Published: February 2021

India is a democratic country under federal structure of Indian constitution. As per constitution there are three tiers of governing system- Union list, State list, and Local self-government system which deals with the Indian construction industry from village to metropolitan cities, covering construction taken by government, private and public private partnership (PPP) system. In this scenario, construction taken by each sector, with relevant codes, is a herculean task when climate changes under UNO convention is of prime importance. Certain initial steps had been taken but the effort seems to be taken under regulatory authority system. In essence of that, the climate change effects and its consequences for sustainability will suffer.

The paper deals with the relevant survey showing the state of the matter in energy saving devices under a case study of National Capital Region (NCR) which is exemplary for the whole country.
Oceanpiren, Helsingborg, a unique cable-supported footbridge
Authors: James Stephen , Thorsson Patrik
Published: February 2021

As part of ambitious development plans to revitalise the city of Helsingborg, an international competition was launched in 2014 for the design of a new Pedestrian and Cycle Bridge linking the main Public Transport hub in the City Centre to the area called Oceanhamnen.

Ramboll was ultimately successful in the design competition with an innovative proposal for a unique bridge form, a suspension/cable stayed hybrid, conceived as a gently inclined flowing S form.

This paper charts the development of the design focusing primarily on the use of parametric modelling software to determine the bridge’s intricate 3-dimensional geometry. This process simultaneously confirmed the final aesthetic form and addressed complex structural and buildability issues to ultimately make this unique bridge both structurally efficient and cost- effective.
Understanding BIM – What does it mean and what can it be used for
Authors: Seitz Peter
Published: February 2021

BIM, or Building Information Modelling, is all the rage these days. But even spelling out the acro- nym does not necessarily lead to an understanding of the term. In many cases, the lack of expert knowledge surrounding BIM can create the impression that it is just an extension of CAD.

BIM is a planning and design method for the construction sector where information from various sources active in the design and building process is collected in one centralised model – or data- base. Data that may become relevant during the service life of the structure can also be included. The method can be applied to varying degrees. Phrases like ‘little BIM’ and ‘big BIM’ exist but which need further explanation. Using this method requires additional tasks which require de- scription. Applying BIM requires changes in the design processes and especially more discipline in how projects are organized. The actual advantages of the BIM method, however, can only be ex- plained using examples taken from practice.

This paper explains the terminologies used in BIM in order to provide an idea how this method can change the whole construction industry. It shows how a design process can be made BIM compat- ible and its step-by-step implementation. Finally, applications are discussed which illustrate the advantages of this method and which explain to the reader which added value can be created in the entire supply chain of designing, erecting, maintaining and managing by using the BIM meth- od.
Industrialized light-weight steel bridge concept using corrugated core steel sandwich plates
Authors: Nilsson Peter , Al-Emrani Mohammad
Published: February 2021

A corrugated core steel sandwich plate is a high-performance all-steel structural element. It consists of two outer steel plates separated by a folded corrugated core plate. Connecting the three plates can be made through hybrid laser-arc welding. In bridge applications, steel sandwich bridge decks bring several benefits compared to conventional orthotropic decks; better load distribution, higher stiffness to weight ratio and a more industrialized production and construction process.

This paper presents a background to the concept of steel sandwich bridge decks and comparisons are made to conventional steel bridge decks in a qualitative and quantitative manner. The results from a study on the impact of the weld joint configuration on the fatigue performance and transverse shear stiffness is presented. In addition possible applications of sandwich bridge decks are discussed based on case studies. The results show that weight saving with up to 44% can be achieved by replacing conventional orthotropic decks with steel sandwich plates.
Mapping of Resource Consumption in Transport Infrastructure Project
Authors: Olofsson Thomas , Claeson-Jonsson Christina , Simonsson Peter
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the study is to 1) investigate the possibility to collect and present data of consumed human resources from all stakeholders over the project life cycle of transport infrastructure project; 2) discuss the use of such information with regard to the evaluation and suggestion for improvement of project performance. A well-defined engineering project, the interchange Bårhultsmotet consisting of two bridges over the route 40, was used as case study. A diagram presenting consumption of human resources over the project life cycle was constructed, starting at the initial project phase in the client organization and ending when the bridge was handed over for operation. The diagram raise a number of questions whether or not the time spent is value adding, especially between project phases considering the long lead times. The diagram also inspires to discussions of topics for further studies, for example the how to manage the gap (e.g. transfer/loss of information) between planning, design and construction phases in order to utilize the human resources more efficiently.
Design Build Contracts: Key to cost efficiency
Authors: Heggade V. N.
Published: February 2021

Fast track construction, aesthetics, sustainability and economy are the pre-requisites of the built environment. Realization of aesthetical yet economical structures through fast track construction is a creative process. This necessarily warrants:

Project based design approach

Value engineering at every stage

Complementing the design with the resources of contractors

Constructability to suit fast track nature

If one keenly peruses the award winning structures all over the world, they belong to design and build organizations. Of course, we want to leave behind our urban ambience to our posterity which should match with what our predecessors have left us with incredible, Mandirs, Masjids and Mahals. To achieve this, it is argued in this paper that the ‘Design and Build’ organizations have to be encouraged as they can have undivided vision of overall objective. They are well equipped with the components of Construction Techno- Management (CTM) viz: Design, Technology and Construction management. It can be stated with confidence that the organizations that do not possess the time tested technical department, a separate construction system department and plant engineering capabilities will not be able to evaluate and price the technical intricacies and nuances when the conception and design is carried out by a separate agency. It is very imperative that the organization structure vis-à-vis in house technical support in terms of Design, Technology and Management is given paramount importance during pre-qualification stage.

It is often the case that the contractor and consultant position themselves on the opposite side of the divide leading to over runs, arising out of non-appreciation of contractor’s available resources and expertise during conception and design stage by the external consultants.

Thus, to facilitate value engineered, fast tracked, aesthetically pleasant, sustainable and economically built environment, ‘Design and Build’ contracts with adequate stress on aesthetics appear to be having advantages over traditional contracting. In the paper above nuances are discussed in detail.
Bridge performance and tendering based on Life Cycle Costs
Authors: Simonsson Peter , Racutanu George , Karlsson Robert , Lindmark Jenny , Linneberg Poul
Published: February 2021

When tendering infrastructure assets it is generally required that, they shall be safe, cost optimal, reliable, provide optimal availability to all stakeholders and easy to operate and maintain. Minimizing construction cost has always been one of the main reasons for tendering of infrastructure assets. However, during the last decade’s attention towards operation and maintenance (O&M) costs has increased. This calls for Life Cycle Cost (LCC) studies. In order to perform LCC studies, we need to learn from the actual performance of the present bridge stock. This is investigated through a follow up of a project on the E4 highway in Sweden. Functional requirements in a tender document addresses requirements to the performance of components but it is the authors experience that this may not always be sufficient in order to obtain optimal LCC. This paper also highlight a number of important questions that has to be considered if LCC are considered as part of the tender process.
Sustainable Bridge Infrastructure Procurement
Authors: Safi Mohammed , Du Guangli , Simonsson Peter , Karoumi Raid
Published: February 2021

The lack of a flexible but systematic approach for integrating lifecycle aspects into bridge investment decisions is a major obstacle hindering the procurement of sustainable bridge infrastructures. This paper addresses this obstacle by introducing a practical holistic approach that agencies could use to procure the most “sustainable” (lifecycle-efficient) bridge through a fair design-build (D-B) tendering process, considering the main bridge lifecycle aspects: life-cycle cost, service life-span, aesthetic demands and environmental impacts.
Conspectus of Bridge Criticism
Authors: Li Ying
Published: February 2021

The study on bridge criticism is an interdisciplinary research of the theory of bridge engineering, architectural criticism, art criticism and bridge aesthetics. It is an important part of design theory of bridges. Generally speaking, bridge criticism is the identification and evaluation of creative thoughts of bridges, the design of bridges, the process of bridge construction and service, and the social individual and public using of bridges. This research focuses on the forming process, operating model, characteristics and value of bridge criticism. The main research contents include axiology, subjectivity theory, semiotics and methodology of bridge criticism. Based on theories of bridge criticism, this paper comes up with an evaluation method of urban bridges.
Enhanced decision making in the structural design process by means of a dashboard approach
Authors: Loos Lennert , Verbeeck Kenny , De Laet Lars
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes a novel approach for comparing different structural geometries based on data visualisation and illustrates this with bowstring bridges as case study. The aim of the approach is to have a quick and overall insight in different design proposals at the beginning of the design process. The approach will use a dashboard that is a combination of charts. This dashboard will enable the (structural) designer to have all information on the structural behaviour of a series of design proposals at hand and to make informed design decisions based on the compact dashboard.