bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenge 98: sustaining the work of a regional technology integration initiative
Authors: Billig Shelley H. , Sherry Lorraine , Havelock Bruce
Published: October 2005

In this article, we offer a research‐based theoretical framework for sustainability, describing the proven qualities of a project and the innovations that support its sustained existence over time. We then describe how a US Department of Education Technology Innovation Challenge grantee, working to promote technology integration in a socio‐economically disadvantaged region of the state of Texas, succeeded in creating a sustainable set of activities around its work to support educators’ uses of technology. We examine the factors that served to nurture and facilitate sustainability of the practices associated with technology integration to promote student achievement. We take the fact that it is not the project but rather the change in practice that is important.
Why we all want it to work: towards a culturally based model for technology and educational change
Authors: Kerr Stephen T.
Published: October 2005

This paper explores reasons why the use of technology in education may be so attractive to so many people. Two emerging perspectives—memetics, and the social history of technology—are explored, and a typology of technology‐as‐cultural‐tool is presented. Finally, implications of these ideas for educational change are considered.
In Search of the Global Architect: the Case of Norman Foster (and Partners)
Authors: MCNEILL DONALD
Published: October 2005

The figure of the global architect is often quoted in public discourse but loosely used. This article focuses on Norman Foster, the prolific British architect, and seeks to examine his successful exploitation of the processes of architectural globalization. Yet it also seeks to unravel the varying meanings of Foster — as ‘creative’ individual, as visual design style, and as architectural practice or firm. To illustrate this, I consider the architect in multiple ways: as an individual creative designer within an increasingly globalized architectural ‘star system’; through his corporeal presence at various stages of project design or commissioning; as the manager and leader of a design process and studio; and through a discussion of the relationship between ‘signature’ and brand, questioning the nature of authorship in contemporary architectural production.

L’architecte planétaire est souvent mais imprécisément évoqué dans le discours public. En se consacrant au prolifique architecte britannique Norman Foster; cet article examine son exploitation pertinente des processus de mondialisation architecturale, tout en démêlant les sens que revêt Foster — individu créatif, style de conception visuel, et exercice ou cabinet d’architecte. Pour ce faire, l’homme est observé de plusieurs façons: comme concepteur créatif particulier dans un ‘star system’ d’architectes toujours plus mondialisé; à travers sa présence physique à divers stades de conception ou de réception du projet; en tant que dirigeant et chef de file d’un processus et d’un studio de création; et via une discussion sur le rapport entre ‘signature’ et marque, mettant en doute la paternité des productions architecturales contemporaines.
Change in the Social Hierarchy of French Urban Housing between 1978 and 1996
Authors: LÉVY JEAN‐PIERRE
Published: October 2005

This article discusses aspects of stability and instability in the social hierarchy of French urban housing over time. The analysis is based on the creation of housing categories using the occupancy characteristics of 58 types of housing units. Each category represents the position of a housing unit and its occupant in a socially hierarchized residential space. Our study looked at the movements of housing units between these different positions, the residential distribution of 11 cohorts of households and the residential trajectories of social groups from 1978 to 1996. Its results highlight the emergence of a twofold residential contrast — between the top and the bottom of the social hierarchy, and between the generations who benefited from economic growth during the period known as the Trente Glorieuses and other generations. These contrasts are expressed through a significant erosion of the most socially mixed sections of the housing stock, most recently through increasingly rigid channels of access to housing, and through upward residential trajectories that now exclude working‐class social groups and are no longer totally guaranteed to young households in the higher social groups.

Cet article porte sur les stabilités et les instabilités temporelles de la hiérarchie sociale de l’habitat urbain français. L’analyse est basée sur la construction de catégories d’habitat élaborées à partir des caractéristiques d’occupation de 58 types de logements. Chaque catégorie traduit une position du logement et de son occupant dans un espace résidentiel socialement hiérarchisé. L’étude présente, entre 1978 et 1996, les mouvements des logements entre ces différentes positions, la distribution résidentielle de 11 cohortes de ménages et les trajectoires résidentielles des groupes sociaux. Les résultats font apparaître la mise en place d’une double opposition résidentielle entre le haut et le bas de la hiérarchie sociale et entre les générations qui ont bénéficié de l’expansion économique des Trente Glorieuses et les autres. Ces oppositions se traduisent par une érosion sensible des fractions de parc les plus mixées socialement, des filières d’accès au logement de plus en plus rigides dans la période la plus récente, et des trajectoires résidentielles ascendantes qui excluent dorénavant les catégories populaires et ne sont plus totalement assurées pour les jeunes ménages des couches supérieures.
Immigrants Contesting Ethnic Exclusion: Structures and Practices of Identity
Authors: GOICOECHEA EUGENIA RAMÍREZ
Published: October 2005

Most of the literature on social exclusion has concentrated exclusively on socio‐economic and political factors as the causes denying people access to social services and civil and political rights. Structures have been seen as established outside and independently of the practice and experience of individual and collective social actors. In this article I intend to show how social actors implement social strategies of inclusion to counteract practices and classifications of social exclusion within different possibilities of success. This I will do taking into account various arenas and landscapes of macro‐structural constraints, which allow but also limit both autonomy and agency. In doing so, I will stress the complexities and variety of social exclusion/inclusion dynamics within contemporary urban societies that are strongly marked by demographic and ethnic changes. These issues will be explored through two different ethnographic cases: second‐generation Spanish migrants to the Basque Country and Polish immigrants to Spain.

En majorité, la littérature sur l’exclusion sociale s’est consacrée exclusivement aux facteurs socio‐économiques et politiques comme causes du refus d’accès de populations aux services sociaux ainsi qu’aux droits civils et politiques. On considère que les structures sont établies hors et indépendamment de la pratique et du vécu des acteurs sociaux individuels et collectifs. L’article vise à montrer comment ces acteurs mettent en œuvre des stratégies sociales d’inclusion pour compenser les pratiques et classifications d’exclusion sociale propres aux différentes possibilités de réussite. Cette approche tient compte de plusieurs arènes et paysages de contraintes macro‐structurelles qui permettent, et restreignent parallèlement, autonomie et agence. Dans le même temps, l’article souligne les complexités et la diversité des dynamiques d’exclusion/inclusion sociale au sein des sociétés urbaines contemporaines, fortement marquées par les transformations démographiques et ethniques. Ces aspects sont étudiés à travers deux cas ethnographiques: les migrants espagnols de deuxième génération dans le Pays basque et les immigrants polonais en Espagne.
Multiculturalism in Canada: Accidental Discourse, Alternative Vision, Urban Practice
Authors: WOOD PATRICIA K. , GILBERT LIETTE
Published: October 2005

Multiculturalism became an official policy of the Canadian government in 1971. Since then, Canada has been cited as a world leader in diversity issues and a model of social engineering and institutional arrangement. In particular, former Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau is remembered as its visionary author. Another debate, mostly internal to Canada, criticizes the Multiculturalism Act as limited and flawed, and questions its impact. The present article submits that multiculturalism as a policy is not the product of longstanding, intentional initiatives, but more an ‘accident’ or a coincidence of several factors. Moreover, multiculturalism as a social reality and/or nationalist vision is not the result of the policy, but a deeper social history. Canadians, even scholars, know very little about why multiculturalism ‘works’ or does not work, and why it has taken root in different ways in different cities. We suggest a theory regarding the central role of urban public space, not only as a decreed place for public life, but rather as the place for an emerging process of democracy.

En 1971, le multiculturalisme est devenu une politique officielle du gouvernement canadien. Depuis, le Canada a été cité en exemple sur les questions de diversité et en modèle pour la construction sociale et l’aménagement institutionnel. L’ancien Premier Ministre, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, s’est notamment inscrit dans les esprits comme son créateur visionnaire. Un autre débat, national pour l’essentiel, critique la Loi sur le Multiculturalisme comme étant limitée et imparfaite, et remet en cause son impact. Cet article avance que le multiculturalisme en tant que politique n’est pas le produit d’initiatives intentionnelles sur le long terme, mais plutôt un ‘accident’ ou une coïncidence entre plusieurs facteurs. De plus, le multiculturalisme en tant que réalité sociale et/ou vision nationaliste ne résulte pas de la politique, mais d’une histoire sociale plus profonde. Les Canadiens, intellectuels compris, en savent très peu sur ce qui fit que le multiculturalisme ‘marche’ ou pas, et qu’il s’ancre de manières différentes dans des villes différentes. L’article présente une théorie sur le rôle central de l’espace public urbain, non seulement en tant que lieu décrété pour la vie publique, mais surtout comme site pour un processus de démocratie naissant.
Reading the Territorial Restructuring of Business Services as an Innovation Process: The Case of German Advertising
Authors: THIEL JOACHIM
Published: October 2005

This article provides a particular perspective on change in the spatial structure and organization of the German advertising industry, i.e. considering it as based on a fundamental innovation process. This in turn involves integrating this change into the wider debates on territory and innovation which have strongly influenced regional science over the last 20 years, focusing on two opposing views of the relation between actors and their environment: the GREMI approach of innovative milieus and Storper and Walker's ‘window of locational opportunity’ argument. After a brief outline of this theoretical framework, the innovation process within German advertising is traced, starting from the success story of one pioneer agency and examining its impact on the national landscape of advertising agencies and on the pattern of competition between them. It is concluded that in conceptualizing the spatial dimension of innovation in business services, it is vital to take the labour market of professionals into account.

Cet article offre une perspective particulière sur l’évolution de l’organisation et de la structure spatiale du secteur publicitaire en Allemagne, en le caractérisant par un processus d’innovation fondamental. Cette base implique elle‐même d’intégrer cette évolution dans des débats plus larges sur le territoire et l’innovation, lesquels ont fortement influencé la science régionale au cours des vingt dernières années. Deux visions opposées de la relation entre les acteurs et leur environnement sont donc examinées: l’approche des milieux innovateurs du GREMI et l’argument de ‘la fenêtre d’opportunité localisée’ de Storper et Walker. Une courte esquisse de ce cadre théorique précède la description du processus d’innovation au sein de la publicité allemande; celle‐ci débute par le récit du succès d’une agence d’avant‐garde, puis examine son impact sur le paysage national des agences publicitaires et sur le modèle de concurrence qui les anime. L’article conclut que, pour conceptualiser la dimension spatiale de l’innovation dans les services aux entreprises, il est crucial de tenir compte du marché du travail des spécialistes.
EVALUATION OF BINDER/AGGREGATE RATIOS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIME MORTARS WITH CARBONATE AGGREGATE: A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL, MECHANICAL AND MICROSCOPIC APPROACHES*
Authors: CASADIO F. , CHIARI G. , SIMON S.
Published: October 2005

This paper reports on the comparative evaluation of traditional and innovative methods for the investigation of mortar technology. Preliminary results of various approaches to determining the mix proportions in lime mortars with carbonate aggregate are presented. Quantitative analysis was tested on ad hoc prepared mortars of known composition containing carbonate aggregates of different origin (travertine and Bath limestone). Wet chemical methods, manual disaggregation and Digital Image Analysis of thin sections and cross‐sections stained with Alizarin Red S were tested. The advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches are discussed, and applications to the analysis of archaeological mortars and plasters are highlighted.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF ‘GLAZED’ RESERVED SLIP WARE—A FINE CERAMIC OF THE HARAPPAN PERIOD*
Authors: KRISHNAN K. , FREESTONE I. C. , MIDDLETON A. P.
Published: October 2005

‘Glazed’ Reserved Slip Ware (RSW) is a high‐quality glossy bichrome pottery of the Indus Valley civilization, and dates to the mature Harappan period (c. 2600–1900 bc). Scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis indicates that the surface coat on RSW is composed of a pale grey vitrified clay slip, which overlies a black slip with significantly higher iron oxide. Hence the term ‘sintered’ Reserved Slip Ware is to be preferred. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicates that both the pale and black slips contain hercynite, mullite and quartz, but observation by scanning electron microscopy shows that the black slips contain higher amounts of coarser‐grained hercynite. The elemental data suggest that different clays were used to make the bodies and the slips. However, key element ratios are very close in associated black and pale slips. The grey slip may have been produced by elutriation of the fine, iron oxide‐rich clay that was used to prepare the black slip. The pale grey slip was laid over the black and removed by combing to produce a bichrome effect, which evoked semi‐precious materials such as agate. RSW was a specialist product that required significantly higher input skill and resources than the majority of Harappan clay‐based ceramics. It is a further example of the range of sophisticated Harappan ceramic wares, which included faience, fired steatite and stoneware.
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND SOCIOCULTURAL COMPLEXITY: A CASE STUDY FROM EARLY IRON AGE MEGIDDO (ISRAEL)*
Authors: HARRISON T. P. , HANCOCK R. G. V.
Published: October 2005

Few archaeological sites can claim a more celebrated position than Megiddo, the Armageddon of biblical revelation. Guardian to a strategic pass on the ancient land bridge that traverses the region, it has long been known that Megiddo played a prominent role in the emergence of the Iron Age nation‐states of biblical fame. Given its pivotal location, Megiddo provides an ideal opportunity to examine the experience of a community that found itself at the centre of these developments. The archaeological and textual evidence indicates a community that enjoyed extensive contact with an array of culturally distinct sociopolitical groups emerging in its hinterland. To further explore the nature and extent of this interaction, an assemblage of 86 ceramic sherds was analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). This paper presents the results of this analysis, together with an evaluation of potential geochemical and archaeological interconnections. Based on this comparative analysis, implications are drawn regarding Megiddo's role in the changing cultural and political landscape of this formative period in the history of the region.
MAKING COLOURLESS GLASS IN THE ROMAN PERIOD*
Authors: JACKSON C. M.
Published: October 2005

This paper discusses the compositional analysis of Roman colourless glass from three sites in Britain. The findings suggest that two broad compositional groups can be identified on the basis of the choice of the initial raw materials selected for glass production, in particular the sand. The largest of these groups is inherently different from the naturally coloured, blue–green glasses of the same period, while the other group is compositionally similar. Further subgroups are apparent on the basis of the decolorizers used. These glass groups are explored in the light of the current theories concerning the organization of glass production in the Roman world.
ESTIMATION OF THE AGE OF A PRE‐INDUSTRIAL IRON SITE IN KOREA*
Authors: PARK J. S. , NAKAMURA T. , PRICE D. M.
Published: October 2005

A pre‐industrial iron‐smelting site in Korea, whose period of active use is placed on typological grounds between the eighth and 18th centuries ad, has been dated using accelerator mass spectrometry and thermoluminescence. The ages of two charcoal samples were 77 ± 25 and 81 ± 25 years bp, with the calibrated date for both ranging from ad 1700 to ad 1955, while a clay fragment dated to ad 1650 ± 50. The results from typology and radiocarbon seem insignificant due to the considerable uncertainties involved, but in combination with the thermoluminescence result they place the most probable date of the site at around ad 1700.
Uncertainty, Real Options, and Cost Behavior: Evidence from Washington State Hospitals
Authors: KALLAPUR SANJAY , ELDENBURG LESLIE
Published: October 2005

This study tests an implication of the real‐options theory of investment, that uncertainty leads firms to prefer technologies with low fixed and high variable costs. In 1983, a change in Medicare reimbursement increased the uncertainty of revenues for hospitals. Using a sample of 831 departments in 59 Washington State hospitals over the 1977–1994 period, we find that the ratio of variable to total costs increased after 1983. This increase is not attributable to a gradual increase in the ratio over time: We estimate a significant increase after 1983 even after controlling for a time trend. Further, we find a greater increase in the variable‐to‐total cost ratio for hospitals that had higher percentages of Medicare patients, increasing our confidence in the conclusion that the change in cost behavior is attributable to Medicare's change in reimbursement.
The Ability of Earnings to Predict Future Operating Cash Flows Has Been Increasing—Not Decreasing
Authors: KIM MYUNGSUN , KROSS WILLIAM
Published: October 2005

We investigate the relationship between earnings and one‐year‐ahead operating cash flows from 1973 to 2000. Although the extant research indicates a weakening relationship between contemporaneous earnings and stock prices over time, we find that the relationship between current earnings and future operating cash flows has increased over time. This result holds for numerous divisions of our sample. Out‐of‐sample predictions of operating cash flows generally show increasing forecast accuracy over time. Increasing accounting conservatism appears to play a role in this phenomenon.
Soft‐Chemistry Synthesis and Characterization of Bismuth Oxyfluorides and Ammonium Bismuth Fluorides
Authors: Bervas M. , Yakshinskiy B. , Klein L. C. , Amatucci G. G.
Published: October 2005

Two bismuth oxyfluorides, BiOF and BiO0.5F2, have been prepared by soft chemistry. These two compounds are of interest for application as new type of positive electrode active materials in secondary lithium battery. BiOF was obtained directly from the fluorination of Bi2O3 by a saturated aqueous solution of NH4F. BiO0.5F2 was obtained by the hydrolysis of β‐NH4BiF4 at 70°C. The ammonium bismuth fluoride β‐NH4BiF4, which is a new orthorhombic form of NH4BiF4, was obtained by reacting BiF3 in a saturated aqueous solution of NH4F. Two other ammonium bismuth fluorides, (NH4)0.5BiF3.5 and NH4Bi3F10, were also prepared by annealing β‐NH4BiF4 at a relatively low temperature under inert atmosphere. The existence of the fluorite (NH4)0.5BiF3.5 is reported for the first time in this paper.
Control of Glass‐Forming Process During Fiber‐Drawing to Reduce the Rayleigh Scattering Loss
Authors: Saito K. , Sekiya E. H. , Ikushima A. J. , Ohsono K. , Kurosawa Y.
Published: October 2005

Limit of the Rayleigh scattering loss in Ge‐doped silica core fiber was estimated from the results of structural relaxation and the Rayleigh scattering measurements, and the most suitable fiber‐drawing condition to reduce the Rayleigh scattering loss was determined. An annealing furnace, which could be attached to a fiber‐drawing tower, was developed for realizing the optimum fiber‐drawing condition. Drawing tests with this furnace confirmed our estimation of the loss.
Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia
Authors: van Os J. , Burns T. , Cavallaro R. , Leucht S. , Peuskens J. , Helldin L. , Bernardo M. , Arango C. , Fleischhacker W. , Lachaux B. , Kane J. M.
Published: October 2005

Objective:  Recent work has focussed on schizophrenia as a ‘deficit’ state but little attention has been paid to defining illness plasticity in terms of symptomatic remission.

Method:  A qualitative review of a recently proposed concept of remission [N.C. Andreasen, W.T. Carpenter Jr, J.M. Kane, R.A. Lasser, S.R. Marder, D.R. Weinberger (2005) Am J Psychiatry 162: 441] is presented.

Results:  The proposed definition of remission is conceptually viable, and can be easily implemented in clinical trials and clinical practice. Its increasing acceptance may reset expectations of treatment to a higher level, improve documentation of clinical status and facilitate dialogue on treatment expectations. The availability of validated outcome measures based on remission will enhance the conduct and reporting of clinical investigations, and could facilitate the design and interpretation of new studies on cognition and functional outcomes. While useful as a concept, it is important to consider that remission is distinct from recovery.

Conclusion:  The introduction of standardized remission criteria may offer significant opportunities for clinical practice, health services research and clinical trials.
Randomized dose‐ranging pilot trial of omega‐3 fatty acids for postpartum depression
Authors: Freeman M. P. , Hibbeln J. R. , Wisner K. L. , Brumbach B. H. , Watchman M. , Gelenberg A. J.
Published: October 2005

Objective:  Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10–15% of mothers. Omega‐3 fatty acids are an intriguing potential treatment for PPD.

Method:  The efficacy of omega‐3 fatty acids for PPD was assessed in an 8‐week dose‐ranging trial. Subjects were randomized to 0.5 g/day (n = 6), 1.4 g/day (n = 3), or 2.8 g/day (n = 7).

Results:  Across groups, pretreatment Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) mean scores were 18.1 and 19.1 respectively; post‐treatment mean scores were 9.3 and 10.0. Percent decreases on the EPDS and HRSD were 51.5% and 48.8%, respectively; changes from baseline were significant within each group and when combining groups. Groups did not significantly differ in pre‐ or post‐test scores, or change in scores. The treatment was well tolerated.

Conclusion:  This study was limited by small sample size and lack of placebo group. However, these results support further study of omega‐3 fatty acids as a treatment for PPD.
Internet forums: a self‐help approach for individuals with schizophrenia?
Authors: Haker H. , Lauber C. , Rössler W.
Published: October 2005

Objective:  To study if and how online self‐help forums for individuals with schizophrenia are used.

Method:  We analysed 1200 postings of 576 users in 12 international schizophrenia forums regarding communicative skills [fields of interest and self‐help mechanisms (SHM)].

Results:  The forums were predominantly used by affected individuals, few relatives or friends. The fields of interest of the users concern daily problems of the illness like symptoms and emotional involvement with the illness. Self‐help mechanisms mostly used are disclosure and providing information. Emotional interaction e.g. empathy or gratitude were comparatively rare.

Conclusion:  Individuals suffering from schizophrenia participate in online self‐help forums using the same SHM, discussing similar topics as do individuals with other psychiatric disorders as well as not affected relatives and caregivers. Therefore, this tool seems to be a useful approach to cope with alienation and isolation, albeit only a small number of schizophrenia forums are found in the Internet.
Partner + Children = Happiness? The Effects of Partnerships and Fertility on Well‐Being
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter , Behrman Jere R. , Skytthe Axel
Published: October 2005

Economic and rational‐choice theories suggest that individuals form unions or have children because these decisions increase their subjective well‐being or “happiness.” We investigate this relation using within‐MZ (identical) twin pair estimates to control for unobserved factors, such as optimistic preferences, that may simultaneously affect happiness, partnerships, and fertility. Our findings, based on Danish twins aged 25–45 and 50–70 years old, include the following. (1) Currently being in a partnership has large positive effects on happiness. (2) A first child substantially increases well‐being, in analyses without controls for partnerships, and males enjoy an almost 75 percent larger happiness gain from a first‐born son than from a first‐born daughter; however, only females enjoy a happiness gain from the first‐born child with controls for partnerships. (3) Additional children beyond the first child have a negative effect on subjective well‐being for females, while there is no effect for males. (4) Ever having had children does not significantly affect the subjective well‐being of males or females aged 50–70 years.
Restructuring of the US Meat Processing Industry and New Hispanic Migrant Destinations
Authors: Kandel William , Parrado Emilio A.
Published: October 2005

Findings from the 2000 US Census indicate high rates of Hispanic population increase beyond urban areas and traditional immigrant‐receiving states. The diversity of new destinations raises questions about forces attracting migrants to rural areas and links between economic structural change and Hispanic population growth. Our conceptual framework applies dual labor market theory to the meat processing industry, a sector whose growing Hispanic labor force offers an illustrative case study for analyzing how labor demand influences demographic change. We document the industry's consolidation, concentration, increased demand for low‐skilled labor, and changing labor force composition over three decades. We then position meat processing within a broader analysis that models nonmetropolitan county Hispanic population growth between 1980 and 2000 as a function of changes in industrial sector employment share and nonmetro county economic and demographic indicators. We find that growth in meat processing employment exhibits the largest positive coefficient increase in nonmetro Hispanic population growth over two decades and the largest impact of all sectors by 2000.
Introducing Client‐centered Reproductive Health Services in a Pakistani Setting
Authors: Sathar Zeba , Jain Anrudh , Rao Saumya Rama , ul Haque Minhaj , Kim Jacqueline
Published: October 2005

Pakistan is a high‐fertility country with elevated levels of maternal mortality and unmet need for family planning. Limited access to and poor quality of reproductive health services and gender‐related problems comprise the major explanations for these poor indicators. The authors designed an intervention to address some of these issues and implemented it on a quasi‐experimental basis in Bhalwal Tehsil of the Sargodha district of Punjab. The intervention introduced a client‐centered approach to providing reproductive health services, including family planning and infant, child, and maternal health care. The intervention consisted of training health‐care providers based in fixed‐location clinics and in communities. It introduced the concept of SAHR (an acronym for salutation, assessment, help, and reassurance), to inculcate a client‐centered approach to care that acknowledges explicitly and addresses a client's gender and power relations within her family and household. Results of the intervention indicate significant effects on providers' behavior related to SAHR elements. The changes provide demonstrable evidence that the public sector can shift toward client‐centered services in reproductive health care in a challenging setting.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Caldwell John C. , Stanton Cynthia
Published: October 2005

Books Reviewed in this Article:

Panel on Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries, National Research Council, and Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Cynthia B. Lloyd, Editor Growing Up Global: The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries

Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization Beyond the Numbers:Reviewing Maternal Deaths and Complications To Make Pregnancy Safer
Structural evidence for a constant c11 ring stoichiometry in the sodium F‐ATP synthase
Authors: Meier Thomas , Yu Jinshu , Raschle Thomas , Henzen Fabienne , Dimroth Peter , Muller Daniel J.
Published: October 2005

The Na+‐dependent F‐ATP synthases of Ilyobacter tartaricus and Propionigenium modestum contain membrane‐embedded ring‐shaped c subunit assemblies with a stoichiometry of 11. Subunit c from either organism was overexpressed in Escherichia coli using a plasmid containing the corresponding gene, extracted from the membrane using detergent and then purified. Subsequent analyses by SDS/PAGE revealed that only a minor portion of the c subunits had assembled into stable rings, while the majority migrated as monomers. The population of rings consisted mainly of c11, but more slowly migrating assemblies were also found, which might reflect other c ring stoichiometries. We show that they consisted of higher aggregates of homogeneous c11 rings and/or assemblies of c11 rings and single c monomers. Atomic force microscopy topographs of c rings reconstituted into lipid bilayers showed that the c ring assemblies had identical diameters and that stoichiometries throughout all rings resolved at high resolution. This finding did not depend on whether the rings were assembled into crystalline or densely packed assemblies. Most of these rings represented completely assembled undecameric complexes. Occasionally, rings lacking a few subunits or hosting additional subunits in their cavity were observed. The latter rings may represent the aggregates between c11 and c1, as observed by SDS/PAGE. Our results are congruent with a stable c11 ring stoichiometry that seems to not be influenced by the expression level of subunit c in the bacteria.
Advances in functional protein microarray technology
Authors: Bertone Paul , Snyder Michael
Published: October 2005

Numerous innovations in high‐throughput protein production and microarray surface technologies have enabled the development of addressable formats for proteins ordered at high spatial density. Protein array implementations have largely focused on antibody arrays for high‐throughput protein profiling. However, it is also possible to construct arrays of full‐length, functional proteins from a library of expression clones. The advent of protein‐based microarrays allows the global observation of biochemical activities on an unprecedented scale, where hundreds or thousands of proteins can be simultaneously screened for protein–protein, protein–nucleic acid, and small molecule interactions. This technology holds great potential for basic molecular biology research, disease marker identification, toxicological reponse profiling and pharmaceutical target screening.
Emerging tools for real‐time label‐free detection of interactions on functional protein microarrays
Authors: Ramachandran Niroshan , Larson Dale N. , Stark Peter R. H. , Hainsworth Eugenie , LaBaer Joshua
Published: October 2005

The availability of extensive genomic information and content has spawned an era of high‐throughput screening that is generating large sets of functional genomic data. In particular, the need to understand the biochemical wiring within a cell has introduced novel approaches to map the intricate networks of biological interactions arising from the interactions of proteins. The current technologies for assaying protein interactions – yeast two‐hybrid and immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometric detection – have met with considerable success. However, the parallel use of these approaches has identified only a small fraction of physiologically relevant interactions among proteins, neglecting all nonprotein interactions, such as with metabolites, lipids, DNA and small molecules. This highlights the need for further development of proteome scale technologies that enable the study of protein function. Here we discuss recent advances in high‐throughput technologies for displaying proteins on functional protein microarrays and the real‐time label‐free detection of interactions using probes of the local index of refraction, carbon nanotubes and nanowires, or microelectromechanical systems cantilevers. The combination of these technologies will facilitate the large‐scale study of protein interactions with proteins as well as with other biomolecules.
Examining multiprotein signaling complexes from all angles
Authors: Houtman Jon C. D. , Barda‐Saad Mira , Samelson Lawrence E.
Published: October 2005

Dynamic protein–protein interactions are involved in most physiological processes and, in particular, for the formation of multiprotein signaling complexes at transmembrane receptors, adapter proteins and effector molecules. Because the unregulated induction of signaling complexes has substantial clinical relevance, the investigation of these complexes is an active area of research. These studies strive to answer questions about the composition and function of multiprotein signaling complexes, along with the molecular mechanisms of their formation. In this review, the adapter protein, linker for activation of T cells (LAT), will be employed as a model to exemplify how signaling complexes are characterized using a range of techniques. The intensive investigation of LAT highlights how the systematic use of complementary techniques leads to an integrated understanding of the formation, composition and function of multiprotein signaling complexes that occur at receptors, adapter proteins and effector molecules.
High‐throughput two‐hybrid analysis
Authors: Fields Stanley
Published: October 2005

The two‐hybrid method detects the interaction of two proteins by their ability to reconstitute the activity of a split transcription factor, thus allowing the use of a simple growth selection in yeast to identify new interactions. Since its introduction about 15 years ago, the assay largely has been applied to single proteins, successfully uncovering thousands of novel protein partners. In the last few years, however, two‐hybrid experiments have been scaled up to focus on the entire complement of proteins found in an organism. Although a single such effort can itself result in thousands of interactions, the validity of these high‐throughput approaches has been questioned as a result of the prevalence of numerous false positives in these large data sets. Such artifacts may not be an obstacle to continued scale‐up of the method, because the classification of true and false positives has proven to be a computational challenge that can be met by a growing number of creative strategies. Two examples are provided of this combination of high‐throughput experimentation and computational analysis, focused on the interaction of Plasmodium falciparum proteins and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae membrane proteins.
A Closer Look at Using Judgments of Item Difficulty to Change Answers on Computerized Adaptive Tests
Authors: Vispoel Walter P. , Clough Sara J. , Bleiler Timothy
Published: October 2005

Recent studies have shown that restricting review and answer change opportunities on computerized adaptive tests (CATs) to items within successive blocks reduces time spent in review, satisfies most examinees' desires for review, and controls against distortion in proficiency estimates resulting from intentional incorrect answering of items prior to review. However, restricting review opportunities on CATs may not prevent examinees from artificially raising proficiency estimates by using judgments of item difficulty to signal when to change previous answers. We evaluated six strategies for using item difficulty judgments to change answers on CATs and compared the results to those from examinees reviewing and changing answers in the usual manner. The strategy conditions varied in terms of when examinees were prompted to consider changing answers and in the information provided about the consistency of the item selection algorithm. We found that examinees fared best on average when they reviewed and changed answers in the usual manner. The best gaming strategy was one in which the examinees knew something about the consistency of the item selection algorithm and were prompted to change responses only when they were unsure about answer correctness and sure about their item difficulty judgments. However, even this strategy did not produce a mean gain in proficiency estimates.
Analysis of Support Vector Regression for Approximation of Complex Engineering Analyses
Authors: Clarke Stella M. , Griebsch Jan H. , Simpson Timothy W.
Published: October 2005

A variety of metamodeling techniques have been developed in the past decade to reduce the computational expense of computer-based analysis and simulation codes. Metamodeling is the process of building a “model of a model” to provide a fast surrogate for a computationally expensive computer code. Common metamodeling techniques include response surface methodology, kriging, radial basis functions, and multivariate adaptive regression splines. In this paper, we investigate support vector regression (SVR) as an alternative technique for approximating complex engineering analyses. The computationally efficient theory behind SVR is reviewed, and SVR approximations are compared against the aforementioned four metamodeling techniques using a test bed of 26 engineering analysis functions. SVR achieves more accurate and more robust function approximations than the four metamodeling techniques, and shows great potential for metamodeling applications, adding to the growing body of promising empirical performance of SVR.
Smooth Mixed Geometry Profiles of Nozzles and Transition Ducts
Authors: Wilson James F.
Published: October 2005

Parametric equations are derived that characterize smooth surface profiles for two general classes of nozzles and nonbranching transition ducts: straight sections for axial flow and curved sections (elbows) for in-plane or out-of-plane flow. For each profile, the terminal cross sections are specified as rectangular, elliptical, circular, or a combination of those shapes. At each terminal and in line with the flow, the displacement, slope, and curvature with its respective intersecting uniform section is maintained. Included is a design example of a 90deg elbow duct whose cross section remains constant between terminals of elliptical and circular cross sections.
A Methodology for Conceptual Design of Mechanisms by Parsing Design Specifications
Authors: Chen Dar-Zen , Pai Wei-Ming
Published: October 2005

In this paper, design specifications for the conceptual design of mechanisms are parsed into three coherent categories: functional requirements, structural requirements, and design constraints. Based on functional requirements, the functioning kinematic chain of a mechanism can be constructed by connecting the functioning links accordingly. From structural requirements, admissible kinematic structures are searched from the existing atlases of kinematic structures. Those admissible kinematic structures, which comprise at least one segment with the same characteristics of the functioning kinematic chain, are identified as compatible kinematic structures. Thus, feasible mechanisms that fulfill design specifications can be yielded by labeling joints in the compatible kinematic structures subject to design constraints. With this methodology, classified design specifications are used to guide designer through various stages of the conceptual design process in a systematic manner. The creation of the variable-stroke engine mechanism [Freudenstein, F., Maki, E. R., 1983, “Development of an Optimum Variable-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine Mechanism From the Viewpoint of Kinematic Structure,” ASME J. Mech., Trans., Automat., Des., Vol. 105, pp. 259–267] is used as an illustrative example.
Type Synthesis of 3-DOF PPR-Equivalent Parallel Manipulators Based on Screw Theory and the Concept of Virtual Chain
Authors: Kong Xianwen , Gosselin Clément M.
Published: October 2005

PPR-equivalent parallel manipulators (PMs) are a class of 3-DOF PMs with great application potential. They are indeed the parallel counterparts of the 3-DOF PPR serial robots, in which the moving platform can rotate arbitrarily about an axis undergoing a planar translation. This paper deals with the type synthesis of 3-DOF PPR-equivalent PMs. At first, virtual chains are introduced to represent the motion patterns of 3-DOF motions and relevant results from screw theory are recalled. A method is then proposed for the type synthesis of 3-DOF PPR-equivalent PMs. Using the proposed approach, the type synthesis of 3-DOF PPR-equivalent PMs is performed in three steps. In addition to all the 3-DOF PPR-equivalent parallel kinematic chains and 3-DOF PPR-equivalent PMs proposed in the literature, a number of new 3-DOF PPR-equivalent parallel kinematic chains and 3-DOF PPR-equivalent PMs are identified. It is also found that there are no PPR-equivalent PMs with identical type of legs. The type synthesis of PPR-equivalent PMs is well solved using the proposed approach. The characteristic of the proposed approach is that the type synthesis of PPR-equivalent parallel kinematic chains is reduced to the type synthesis of 3-DOF single-loop kinematic chains and thus easy to perform.
Ballistic Impact: Recent Advances in Analytical Modeling of Plate
Penetration Dynamics–A Review
Authors: Ben-Dor Gabi , Dubinsky Anatoly , Elperin Tov
Published: October 2005

This review covers studies dealing with simplified analytical models for ballistic penetration of an impactor into different solid media, namely, metals, soil, concrete, and composites at high speeds, but not at hypervelocities. The overview covers mainly papers that were published in the last decade, but not analyzed in previous reviews on impact dynamics. Both mathematical models and their engineering applications are considered. The review covers 280 citations.
Analysis of Dynamic Systems With Various Friction Laws
Authors: Awrejcewicz J. , Olejnik P.
Published: October 2005

This survey is devoted to the significant role of various dry friction laws in engineering sciences. Both advantages and disadvantages of a frictional process are illustrated and discussed, but excluding the nature of friction. It is shown how the classical friction laws and modern friction theories exist in today’s pure and applied sciences. Static and dynamic friction models are described. An important role of purely theoretical and experimental investigations in developing the appropriate friction models is outlined, placing an emphasis on new approaches (models proposed by Bay-Wanheim, Dahl, Bliman-Sorine, Lund-Grenoble, as well as atomic scale and fractal models, among others). Friction treated as a complex process being in interaction with wear, heat emission, and deformation is also discussed. Then the impact of dry friction models on current dynamical systems theory is reviewed. Finally, an application of friction to model a brake mechanism as a mechanical system with two degrees-of-freedom, including experimental and numerical analyses, is given. This review paper contains 254 references.
Interactive Visualization of the Coupler Surfaces of the Spatial 4C Mechanism
Authors: Larochelle Pierre M. , Agius Agnes M.
Published: October 2005

This paper presents a methodology for generating and displaying the coupler surfaces of the spatial 4C mechanism. The 4C mechanism is a two-degree-of-freedom spatial four-bar linkage. The path traced by a point attached to the coupler or floating link defines a surface in space. It is shown that the coupler surface of the spatial 4C mechanism is a ruled surface with 16thdegree directrices. An interactive graphical user interface has been created and integrated with kinematic analysis routines to generate and interactively display these coupler surfaces. The result is a user-friendly and efficient means of generating and visualizing the coupler surfaces of the spatial 4C four-bar mechanism.
Rotating Loosening Mechanism of a Nut Connecting a Rotary Disk Under Rotating-Bending Force
Authors: Fujioka Yasuo , Sakai Tomotsugu
Published: October 2005

Structures composed of a rotary disk and a shaft, which are fastened with bolts and nuts having tapered bearing surfaces, are loaded with a rotating-bending force. Upon investigation, two rotating mechanisms of the nut were derived. In one mechanism a high-pressure contact area is formed at the nearest loading point on threads and bearing surfaces. This leads to a difference in the curvature radii between the bearing surface of the disk and that of the nut. During the revolution of the disk, two friction torques occur in opposite directions on the bearing surface and the threads, respectively. The relative rotating direction of the nut is dominated by the greater torque. The other mechanism is due to the eccentricities caused by dimensional errors of the bolt, nut, and disk. By combining the two mechanisms, the rotations of the nuts either cause a loosening or tightening after many revolutions of the disk.
A free boundary problem describing the saturated‐unsaturated flow in a porous medium. Part II. Existence of the free boundary in the 3D case
Authors: Marinoschi Gabriela
Published: October 2005

We present an extension of the results given in the first part of
this paper (2004) referring to the existence in the 3D case of
a free boundary between the saturated and unsaturated domains that
may be evidenced during the water flow into a porous medium.
Existence and uniqueness of analytic solutions of the Shabat equation
Authors: Petropoulou Eugenia N.
Published: October 2005

Sufficient conditions are given so that the initial value problem
for the Shabat equation has a unique analytic solution, which,
together with its first derivative, converges absolutely for z ∈ ℂ : |z| < T, T > 0. Moreover, a bound of this solution
is given. The sufficient conditions involve only the initial
condition, the parameters of the equation, and T. Furthermore,
from these conditions, one can obtain an upper bound for T. Our
results are in consistence with some recently found results.
Existence and uniform boundedness of strong solutions ofthe time‐dependent Ginzburg‐Landau equations of superconductivity
Authors: Zaouch Fouzi
Published: October 2005

The time‐dependent Ginzburg‐Landau equations of superconductivity
with a time‐dependent magnetic field H are discussed. We prove existence and uniqueness of weak and strong
solutions with H1‐initial data. The result is obtained under
the “φ = −ω(∇⋅A)” gauge with ω > 0.
These solutions generate a dynamical process and are uniformly
bounded in time.