bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative anatomy of the caudate nucleus in canids and felids: Associations with brain size, curvature, cross‐sectional properties, and behavioral ecology
Authors: Foster Michael , Dwibhashyam Sai , Patel Devan , Gupta Kanika , Matz Olivia C. , Billings Brendon K. , Bitterman Kathleen , Bertelson Mads , Tang Cheuk Y. , Mars Rogier B. , Raghanti Mary Ann , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C. , Manger Paul R. , Spocter Muhammad A.
Published: April 2024

The evolutionary history of canids and felids is marked by a deep time separation that has uniquely shaped their behavior and phenotype toward refined predatory abilities. The caudate nucleus is a subcortical brain structure associated with both motor control and cognitive, emotional, and executive functions. We used a combination of three‐dimensional imaging, allometric scaling, and structural analyses to compare the size and shape characteristics of the caudate nucleus. The sample consisted of MRI scan data obtained from six canid species (Canis lupus lupus, Canis latrans, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Lycaon pictus, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes zerda), two canid subspecies (Canis lupus familiaris, Canis lupus dingo), as well as three felids (Panthera tigris, Panthera uncia, Felis silvestris catus). Results revealed marked conservation in the scaling and shape attributes of the caudate nucleus across species, with only slight deviations. We hypothesize that observed differences in caudate nucleus size and structure for the domestic canids are reflective of enhanced cognitive and emotional pathways that possibly emerged during domestication.
Providing a Review of Hot Carrier (HC) Relaxation Dynamics and Strategies of HC Extraction in Perovskites Nanocrystals
Authors: Marjit Kritiman , Das Antika , Ghosh Debarati , Patra Amitava
Published: April 2024

Metal halide perovskite (MHPs) nanocrystals (NCs) have recently emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic applications due to their exceptional photophysical properties. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying principles and key challenges associated with controlling the hot carrier (HC) cooling dynamics in MHPs is pivotal for the design of efficient perovskite‐based optoelectronic applications. This review highlights the general carrier cooling mechanism and identifies influencing crucial controlling parameters for carrier dynamics. The discussion includes strategies for manipulating HC cooling dynamics through carrier‐phonon and carrier‐carrier interactions. Notably, recent advancements in HC extraction with suitable acceptors are explored, as efficient HC extraction is imperative for the advancement of optoelectronic applications. The objective of this review is to outline potential pathways for strategically modifying carrier cooling processes to align with specific optoelectronic applications. A profound comprehension of charge carrier dynamics in MHPs NCs will pave the way for the development of highly efficient optoelectronic applications.
Apixaban Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Tablet Formulations: A Randomized, Open‐Label, Crossover Study, Fasting Condition in Healthy Indonesian Volunteers
Authors: Leong Chuei Wuei , Yee Kar Ming , Liew Ivan , Khaleb Nur Athirah , Ahmad Shahnun , Rani Tracy Ann , Lau Kheng Jim , Yunaidi Danang Agung , Simanjuntak Ronal , Ginanjar Vicky A.
Published: April 2024

The present study aimed to assess the bioequivalence of a new apixaban generic with reference formulation. Twenty‐six healthy volunteers were recruited for an open‐label, balanced, randomized, 2‐treatment, 2‐sequence, 2‐period, single oral dose study. Following overnight fasting, each volunteer received 5 mg of apixaban test and reference formulations as single doses, separated by a 1‐week washout period. Twenty blood samples were collected at predose and multiple time points between 0.5 and 72 hours after dosing. A validated ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry detection method following a protein precipitation step was implemented to determine apixaban concentrations. Noncompartmental analysis was used to derive the pharmacokinetic parameters, which were then compared between the test and reference products using a multivariate analysis of variance. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the test product were not statistically different from the reference product, and the 90% confidence intervals of apixaban natural log‐transformed area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to infinity, area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and maximum concentration were within 80%‐125% based on the bioequivalence acceptance range criteria. The test and reference formulations of apixaban are bioequivalent in healthy subjects under fasting conditions.
IPv6 addressing with hidden duplicate address detection to mitigate denial of service attacks in the internet of drone
Authors: Kumar Gyanendra , Pragya
Published: April 2024

The fusion of drones with the Internet, termed the Internet of Drones (IoD), resembles the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. In IoD, drones necessitate unique identifiers similar to IPv6 addresses. This paper presents a novel approach for securing the duplicate address detection (DAD) process in the IoD environment. This paper focuses on addressing the security challenges posed by malicious drones in the DAD process. The proposed solution introduces a hidden DAD (H‐DAD) process, to mitigate attacks on the DAD process. In this scheme, drones transmit a transformed portion of their interface identifier (IID) while concealing the full IID, thus thwarting potential disruptions by malicious entities. We evaluated the effectiveness of the H‐DAD scheme through experimental analysis using Python with SimPy, comparing it with the Improved DAD, Secure DAD, and Standard DAD schemes. Our results demonstrate a notable improvement, with the Hidden DAD scheme achieving a 100% address success rate under attack. Moreover, it exhibits approximately 5% and 12% lower overhead and energy consumption, respectively, compared to the other schemes.
Diphenylene Iodonium as a Prominent Halogen Bond Donor: The Case of Human Monoamine Oxidase B
Authors: Piña María de las Nieves , Bauzá Antonio
Published: April 2024

Herein we have investigated the formation and interplay of several noncovalent interactions (NCIs) involved in the inhibition of human monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). Concretely, an inspection of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) revealed the formation of a halogen bond (HlgB) between a diphenylene iodonium (DPI) inhibitor and a water molecule present in the active site, in addition to a noncovalent network of interactions (e. g. lone pair‐π, hydrogen bonding, OH‐π, CH‐π and π‐stacking interactions) with surrounding protein residues. Several theoretical models were built to understand the strength and directionality features of the HlgB in addition to the interplay with other NCIs present in the active site of the enzyme. Besides, a computational study was carried out using DPI as HlgB donor and several electron rich molecules (CO, H2O, CH2O, HCN, pyridine, OCN−, SCN−, Cl− and Br−) as HlgB acceptors. The results were analyzed using several state‐of‐the‐art computational tools. We expect that our results will be useful for those scientists working in the fields of rational drug design, chemical biology as well as supramolecular chemistry.
Critical Aspects and Challenges in the Design of Small Molecules for Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Application
Authors: Alberoni Chiara , Pavan Giulio , Scattolin Thomas , Aliprandi Alessandro
Published: April 2024

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has gained renewed interest due to the strong parallel development of luminophores in the field of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) with which this technique shares several aspects. In this perspective review we discuss the most relevant advances of the past 15 years in the study of organic and organometallic compounds as ECL emitters, by dividing them in three different classes: i) fluorescent emitters, ii) phosphorescent emitters and iii) Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters; then, water‐soluble organic luminophores will be also discussed. We focus on how their design, their photo‐ and electrochemical properties and, in particular, the nature of the emitter, affect their efficiency in ECL. Regardless of the type of luminophore or the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), the literature converges on the fact that the most determining aspect is the stability of the oxidized/reduced form of the emitter. Even if phosphorescent emitters can show outstanding efficiency, this often requires the absence of oxygen. In the case of TADFs, there is also a strong dependence of photoluminescence both in terms of PLQY and emission energy on the polarity of the media, so compounds, that appear promising in organic solvents, may be very inefficient in aqueous media.
The Role of Attentional Control in Mindfulness Intervention for Emotional Distress: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Longitudinal Mediation Analyses
Authors: Wang Zhenzhen , Shalihaer Kaerqika , Hofmann Stefan G. , Feng Shixing , Liu Xinghua
Published: April 2024

Objective

This study aimed to investigate whether attentional control serves as a mediator for mindfulness‐based interventions for emotional distress, utilizing a randomized waitlist (WL)‐controlled design.

Methods

A total of 498 participants with high emotional distress was recruited online and randomly assigned to a 49‐day online Mindfulness Intervention for Emotional Distress (MIED) group (N = 249) or a WL control group (N = 249). Levels of attentional control, anxiety and depression were assessed at baseline (T0), Week 3 (T3), Week 5 (T5) and Week 7 (postintervention, T7).

Results

Linear mixed models revealed significant Group‐by‐Time interaction effects for attentional control (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001) and depression (p < 0.05). Latent growth curve analyses demonstrated a significant increase in attentional control and a decrease in anxiety and depression levels during the MIED programme. These changes becoming evident starting Week 3. Longitudinal mediation analyses revealed that the slope of attentional control significantly mediated the effects of the MIED programme on the slope of anxiety and depression levels. Further, attentional control level at Week 3 significantly mediates the effect of MIED programme on anxiety and depression levels at Weeks 5 and 7. Similarly, attentional control level at Week 5 significantly mediates the MIED programme's effects on anxiety and depression levels at Week 7.

Conclusions

The present trial provides evidence suggesting that mindfulness interventions may alleviate emotional distress through the enhancement of attentional control.

Trial Registration

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry number: ChiCTR2200064140
Handwriting difficulties in children with dyslexia: Poorer legibility in dictation and alphabet tasks, slowness in the alphabet task
Authors: Van Heuverswyn Elise , Gosse Claire , Van Reybroeck Marie
Published: April 2024

Several studies have shown that children with dyslexia (DYS), in addition to their reading and spelling deficits, encounter handwriting difficulties that are still poorly understood in terms of their nature and origin. The present study aimed to better understand the handwriting difficulties of children with DYS by comparing their handwriting quality and speed in two tasks, a dictation task and an alphabet task, which required fewer spelling skills than the dictation task. Twenty‐nine French‐speaking children (Mage = 9.5 years) participated in the study, including 18 children with DYS and nine typically developing (TD) children matched on chronological age. The children performed control tasks, a dictation task with words varying in graphic and orthographic complexity and an alphabet writing task. Accuracy, handwriting quality (legibility), and fluency (speed, writing and pause time) were carefully measured using a digital tablet. GLMM analysis and t tests showed that children with DYS made more aesthetic errors (handwriting quality) in both the dictation and alphabet task than TD children. They also wrote more slowly than TD children in the alphabet task (speed, pause time). These findings suggest that children with DYS present handwriting difficulties, even in a simple alphabet task. In dictation, they seem to favour speed at the expense of handwriting quality.
Fusion of Cyclohepta[def]fluorene Units: Toward Synthesis of High‐Spin Non‐Benzenoid Nanographenes
Authors: Wu Fupeng , Fu Yubin , Niu Wenhui , Liu Fupin , Liu Renxiang , Qiu Zhenlin , Popov Alexey A. , Liu Junzhi , Ma Ji , Feng Xinliang
Published: April 2024

Non‐benzenoid diradicaloids possessing high‐spin ground states are attractive synthetic targets given their high potential for spintronics and quantum computing. Nevertheless, the synthesis of such compounds remains highly challenging due to their inherent instability. In this work, we present the synthetic attempt towards creating a non‐benzenoid diradicaloid (1) with a triplet ground state by fusing two cyclohepta[def]fluorene units onto a benzene ring. Our synthetic approach involves both oxidation and reduction pathways. In the oxidation path, we obtained the partially dehydrogenated products 1+H and 1+2H containing an indeno[1,2‐b]fluorene core from the tetrahydro precursor (2). However, further dehydrogenation to afford the target molecule (1) did not proceed. On the other hand, with the reduction pathway, a novel tetraketone precursor (9) with two pairs of pentagons and heptagons was successfully synthesized. The subsequent nucleophilic attack however was proved to be difficult probably due to the unselective nucleophilic addition on the zigzag nanographene ketones. Furthermore, UV‐vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry, and theoretical calculations were conducted to explore the optical, electrochemical properties, and aromaticity of all the obtained molecules (1+H, 1+2H and 9). Although the desired target 1 is not achieved, our work provides insight into designing novel high‐spin non‐benzenoid NGs based on nonalternant cyclohepta[def]fluorene system.
High throughput clogging free microfluidic particle filter by femtosecond laser micromachining
Authors: Storti Filippo , Bonfadini Silvio , Mangini Maria , De Luca Anna Chiara , Criante Luigino
Published: April 2024

In recent decades, driven by the needs of industry and medicine, researchers have been investigating how to remove carefully from the main flow microscopic particles or clusters of them. Among all the approaches proposed, crossflow filtration is one of the most attractive as it provides a non‐destructive, label‐free and in‐flow sorting method. In general, the separation performance shows capture and separation efficiencies ranging from 70% up to 100%. However, the maximum flow rate achievable (µL/min) is still orders of magnitude away from those suitable for clinical or industrial applications mainly due to the low stiffness of the materials typically used. In this work, we propose an innovative hydrodynamic‐crossflow hybrid filter geometry, buried in a fused silica substrate by means of the femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching technique. The material high stiffness combined with the accuracy of our manufacturing technique allows the 3D fabrication of non‐deformable channels with higher aspect ratio posts, while keeping the overall device dimensions compact. The filter performance has been validated through experiments with both Newtonian (water‐based solution of microbeads) and non‐Newtonian fluids (blood), achieving separation efficiencies of up to 94% and large particles recovery rates of 100%, even at very high flow rates (mL/h).
Residual protein analysis by SDS–PAGE in clinically manufactured BM‐MSC products
Authors: Kilic Pelin , Karabudak Sema , Cosar Begum , Savran Busra Nigar , Yalcin Merve
Published: April 2024

Residual substances that are considered hazardous to the recipient must be removed from final cellular therapeutic products manufactured for clinical purposes. In doing so, quality rules determined by competent authorities (CAs) for the clinical use of tissue‐ and cell‐based products can be met. In our study, we carried out residual substance analyses, and purity determination studies of trypsin and trypsin inhibitor in clinically manufactured bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cell products, using the sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) method. Despite being a semiquantitative method, SDS–PAGE has several benefits over other methods for protein analysis, such as simplicity, convenience of use, and affordability. Due to its convenience and adaptability, SDS–PAGE is still a commonly used method in many laboratories, despite its limits in dynamic range and quantitative precision. Our goal in this work was to show that SDS–PAGE may be used effectively for protein measurement, especially where practicality and affordability are the major factors. The results of our study suggest a validated method to guide tissue and cell manufacturing sites for making use of an agreeable, accessible, and cost‐effective method for residual substance analyses in clinically manufactured cellular therapies.
Enhancing Li‐Ion Electric Vehicle Battery Performance: Analysis of Advanced Thermal Management Cooling Strategies with Phase Change Material
Authors: Dewangan Ashish , Shukla Anuj Kumar
Published: April 2024

Battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are crucial for modern electric vehicle (EV) battery design, impacting system complexity, cost, and performance. This study calculates thermal performance using advanced computational analysis, employing a standard k‐ε turbulence model to simulate two cooling system setups: active and passive techniques utilizing phase change material (PCM). PCM with air cooling exhibits the lowest performance among hybrid BTMS setups, failing to maintain battery temperature uniformity. Conversely, PCM with n‐heptane, water cooling, and single liquid cooling (n‐heptane) achieve optimal battery module temperature ranges (20–40 °C) while preserving uniformity. Compared to noncooling configurations, the PCM + n‐heptane arrangement reduces Li‐ion battery module temperatures by 3.422, 10.261, and 28.33 °C at 1‐C, 2‐C, and 5‐C discharge rates, respectively. However, maximum temperatures at higher discharge rates (10C and 15C) remain elevated (350–380 K) with shorter discharge periods. The study highlights the necessity of appropriate cooling systems for battery thermal management to enhance performance and lifespan in EVs. Hybrid BTMS, particularly utilizing PCM, emerges as superior in maintaining uniform battery temperatures. Optimization strategies, including controlling coolant pump energy consumption and designing coolant pipes, are vital for efficient thermal management in diverse environmental conditions.
Influence of Interfacial Energy on Li Nucleation Behaviors during Electrodeposition Process
Authors: Qin Liguang , Zhang Bo , Yang Haitao , Chen Jingyi , Sun Yalin , Sun Shangqi , Guo Chang
Published: April 2024

It is generally believed that the introduction of the 3D structure in Cu current collector (CuCC) is beneficial for the uniform deposition of Li due to the reduced local current density and mitigatory reaction rate. However, the influence of the microstructure change in CuCC on the nucleation behaviors of Li through mechanical treatment has been ignored. Hence, microindent is used to prepare 3D structure on the surface of CuCC, the structure evolution during microindentation as well as its impact on Li nucleation behaviors are investigated. It is found that the increased specific surface area results in decreased current density and reduced nucleation driving force. The crystal misorientation beneath the indent leads to the increased surface energy and inhomogeneous nucleation of Li. Thus, the indented CuCC (Ind CuCC) exhibits higher nucleation overpotential and slower electron transfer rate. This manuscript provides a new perspective to the study of the impact of the microstructure of current collector on the nucleation behaviors of Li.
Evaluation of strength and stiffness degradation of RC shear walls: An integrated image processing and deep learning approach
Authors: Ji Xiaodong , Yu Yue , Gao Xiang , Zhuang Yuncheng , Zhang Shaohui
Published: April 2024

In the aftermath of an earthquake, damage detection and performance evaluation of structural components are imperative for assessing the residual seismic capacity of a building. In this study, an integrated image processing and deep learning approach was developed to evaluate the degradation in strength and stiffness (i.e., strength reduction and stiffness reduction) of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls. The approach comprised two main tasks: detecting and localizing visible seismic damage from photographs and evaluating strength and stiffness degradation based on this information. The semantic segmentation network, Damage‐Net, was used for damage detection and localization. A novel crack morphological processing layer and a patch feature extraction layer were developed for damage feature extraction and compression. A lightweight deep convolutional neural network named DegradeEval‐Net_v2, featuring the upgraded dilated and separable convolution block and multi‐layer perception, was developed to link the damage feature with strength and stiffness degradation. A database comprising test data and photographs of 14 RC shear wall specimens with a flexural‐dominated behavior mode and high to intermediate ductility was constructed to train and test the DegradeEval‐Net_v2 network. The results indicate that DegradeEval‐Net_v2 substantially improved the performance assessment accuracy of damaged RC shear walls, with a 35% smaller root mean square error (RMSE) for stiffness degradation evaluation and 75% smaller RMSE for strength degradation evaluation, compared with the provisions specified in JBDPA and FEMA guidelines. Moreover, evaluation results on test sets demonstrate that introducing the damage feature extraction and compression layers effectively preserved local crack information and improved the accuracy with which stiffness reduction was evaluated. In addition, DegradeEval‐Net_v2 outperformed ResNet18 and MobileNet V3 in terms of balanced efficiency and accuracy. Interpretability analysis demonstrates that the model learned the distinct contribution patterns of various visible damage indexes to stiffness and strength degradation across different loading levels.
Chemical fingerprinting, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer potential of greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles from pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts and senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) leaves
Authors: Irshad Saba , Iftikhar Sabahat , Riaz Muhammad , Mahmood Azra , Mushtaq Afaq , Saleem Yasar , Shamim Rahat , Akter Quzi Sharmin
Published: April 2024

There is a growing interest in standardizing the biocompatible, cost‐effective, and eco‐friendly manufacturing techniques for metallic nanostructures due to their widespread applications in the industrial and medical sectors. In recent decades, green synthesis has been proven as the most suitable technique for synthesizing metal nanoparticles. The present research study investigates the use of Cassia angustifolia (senna) leaves and Pistacia vera (Pistachio) nuts to prepare crude aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts, and biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The prepared aqueous extracts were used as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the production of silver nanoparticles. These AgNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The outcomes validated the formation of stable AgNPs with bioactive functional components. In vitro antibacterial, anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials were assessed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion test, MIC test, MBC test, MTT assay, BSA denaturation inhibition assay, and DPPH antioxidant assay, respectively. Results confirmed that the tested plant extract possesses a variety of bioactive compounds with various biological activities and is therapeutically effective. These findings verified that C. angustifolia and P. vera are promising bioresources for the synthesis of therapeutic extracts and nanostructures with commendable therapeutic potency.
The reduction of the m6A methyltransferase METTL3 in granulosa cells is related to the follicular cysts in pigs
Authors: Cao Maosheng , Chen Xue , Wang Yueying , Chen Lu , Zhao Yun , Li Chunjin , Zhou Xu
Published: April 2024

Follicular cysts are a common reproductive disorder in domestic animals that cause considerable economic losses to the farming industry. Effective prevention and treatment methods are lacking because neither the pathogenesis nor formation mechanisms of follicular cysts are well‐understood. In this study, we first investigated the granulosa cells (GCs) of cystic follicles isolated from pigs. We observed a significant reduction in the expression of methyltransferase‐like 3 (METTL3). Subsequent experiments revealed that METTL3 downregulation in GCs caused a decrease in m6A modification of pri‐miR‐21. This reduction further inhibited DGCR8 recognition and binding to pri‐miR‐21, dampening the synthesis of mature miR‐21‐5p. Additionally, the decrease in miR‐21‐5p promotes IL‐1β expression in GCs. Elevated IL‐1β activates the NFκB pathway, in turn upregulating apoptotic genes TNFa and BAX/BCL2. The subsequent apoptosis of GCs and inhibition of autophagy causes downregulation of CYP19A1 expression. These processes lower oestrogen secretion and contribute to follicular cyst formation. In conclusion, our findings provide a foundation for understanding and further exploring the mechanisms of follicular‐cyst development in farm animals. This work has important implications for treating ovarian disorders in livestock and could potentially be extended to humans.
Dual template (epitope) imprinted electrode for sensing bacterial protein with high selectivity
Authors: Srivastava Akriti , Harijan Manjeet , Prasad Rajniti , Singh Meenakshi
Published: April 2024

Epitope imprinting has shown better prospects to synthesize synthetic receptors for proteins. Here, dual epitope imprinted polymer electrode (DEIP) matrix was fabricated on gold surface of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) for recognition of target epitope sequence in blood samples of patients suffering from brain fever. Epitope sequences from outer membrane protein Por B of Neisseria meningitidis (MC58) bacteria predicted through immunoinformatic tools were chosen for imprinting. Self‐assembled monolayers (SAM) of cysteine appended epitope sequences on gold nanoparticles were subjected to polymerization prior to electrodeposition on gold coated EQCM electrode. The polymeric matrix was woven around the cysteine appended epitope SAMs through multiple monomers (3‐sulfo propyl methacrylate potassium salt (3‐SPMAP), benzyl methacrylate (BMA)) and crosslinker (N, N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide). On extraction of the peptide sequences, imprinted cavities were able to selectively and specifically bind targeted epitope sequences in laboratory samples as well as ‘real’ samples of patients. Selectivity of sensor was examined through mismatched peptide sequences and certain plasma proteins also. The sensor was able to show specific binding towards the blood samples of infected patients, even in the presence of ‘matrix’ and other plasma proteins such as albumin and globulin. Even other peptide sequences, similar to epitope sequences only with one or two amino acid mismatches were also unable to show any binding. The analytical performance of DEIP‐EQCM sensor was tested through selectivity, specificity, matrix effect, detection limit (0.68–1.01 nM), quantification limit (2.05–3.05 nM) and reproducibility (RSD ~ 5%). Hence, a diagnostic tool for bacterium causing meningitis is successfully fabricated in a facile manner which will broaden the clinical access and make efficient population screening feasible.
Ganoderma lucidum: Insights on host range, diagnosis, and management strategies
Authors: Kumari Ashwani , Tapwal Ashwani , Thakur Neha
Published: April 2024

Forest ecosystems play an important role in upholding life on our planet. However, the onslaught of fungal pathogens like Ganoderma lucidum, poses a threat by decimating numerous tree species. G. lucidum identified as a root pathogen, causing root rot in numerous tree species of horticulture and forestry importance. The fungus initiates infection through basidiospores, which germinate and penetrate within roots and start to degrade lignocellulosic components of plant cells. Early‐stage detection of G. lucidum, is challenging, while in advance stages, the wood undergoes softening and a loss of tensile strength, rendering the disease incurable. Hence, effective management of G. lucidum necessitates a pivotal role of disease diagnostic techniques, which are currently underutilized or inadequately accessible. Subsequent implementation of suitable control measures becomes imperative to thwart disease occurrence and mitigate its impact in early stages, thus preserving the vitality of forest ecosystems. This study provides comprehensive overview of G. lucidum, covering taxonomy, pathogenicity, disease cycle, diagnosis and effective control measures, which will be helpful in formulating effective diagnostic techniques for early management of root rot disease.
Automatic Lenke classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with deep learning
Authors: Zhang Baolin , Chen Kanghao , Yuan Haodong , Liao Zhiheng , Zhou Taifeng , Guo Weiming , Zhao Shen , Wang Ruixuan , Su Peiqiang
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The Lenke classification system is widely utilized as the preoperative evaluation protocol for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, manual measurement is susceptible to observer‐induced variability, which consequently impacts the evaluation of progression. The goal of this investigation was to develop an automated Lenke classification system utilizing innovative deep learning algorithms.

Methods

Using the database from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, the whole spinal x‐rays images were retrospectively collected. Specifically, images collection was divided into AIS and control group. The control group consisted of individuals who underwent routine health checks and did not have scoliosis. Afterwards, relative features of all images were annotated. Deep learning was implemented through the utilization of the key‐point based detection method to realize the vertebral detection, and Cobb angle measurement and scoliosis classification were performed based on relevant standards. Besides, the segmentation method was employed to achieve the recognition of lumbar vertebral pedicle to determine the type of lumbar spine modifier. Finally, the model performance was further quantitatively analyzed.

Results

In the study, a total of 2082 spinal x‐ray images were collected from 407 AIS patients and 227 individuals in the control group. The model for vertebral detection achieved an F1‐score of 0.809 for curve type evaluation and an F1‐score of 0.901 for thoracic sagittal profile. The intraclass correlation efficient (ICC) of the Cobb angle measurement was 0.925. In the analysis of performance for vertebra pedicle segmentation model, the F1‐score of lumbar modification profile was 0.942, the intersection over union (IOU) of the target pixels was 0.827, and the Hausdorff distance (HD) was 6.565 ± 2.583 mm. Specifically, the F1‐score for ultimate Lenke type classifier was 0.885.

Conclusions

This study has constructed an automated Lenke classification system by employing the deep learning networks to achieve the recognition pattern and feature extraction. Our models require further validation in additional cases in the future.
Adult Normative Data for the OMNI‐Vocal Effort Scale (VES)
Authors: Morton‐Jones Mariah E. , Timmons Sund Lauren , Castro M. Eugenia , Hapner Edie R.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

To establish normative values for the OMNI‐Vocal Effort Scale (VES) in healthy adults without voice complaints. Secondary objective is to determine if there are differences in perceived vocal effort across age groups and between sexes.

Study Design

Prospective data collection across groups.

Method

A nine‐item survey was administered by speech‐language pathologists with specialization in voice to consenting adults 18 years or older. Participants underwent an auditory perceptual evaluation of voice and answered questions regarding age, history of voice problems, history of voice surgery, smoking history and hearing loss. Participants were instructed to rate their perceived vocal effort in conversational speech using the OMNI‐VES. Multivariant analysis was conducted.

Results

Two hundred and fifty‐one participants were recruited. The majority of adults without voice complaints reported that producing conversational voice was within the “extremely easy” to “easy” range, 0–3 (92.4%).

Conclusions

This study provides preliminary data for perceived vocal effort. The OMNI‐VES may be a useful tool in understanding changes in perceived vocal effort as a result of treatment for voice disorders. Further normative data are needed between sexes, across the gender spectrum, and older adult populations. Future directions include examining the magnitude of difference between numeric values on the scale and use of the scale with other dysphonic populations.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:3726–3731, 2024
Diagnostic Yield of Patients Undergoing Evaluation of Possible Superior Canal Dehiscence
Authors: Bartholomew Ryan A. , Williams Marta M. , Wang Brigette L. , Garcia Alejandro , Lee Daniel J. , Corrales C. Eduardo , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: April 2024

Objective

To characterize the diagnostic yield of patients undergoing evaluation for superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS), and identify alternative conditions diagnosed in patients suspected of, but not ultimately diagnosed with, SCDS.

Methods

Diagnostically undifferentiated adult patients suspected of having SCDS were identified between 2016 and 2021 at a tertiary academic medical system. Patients were categorized by diagnostic testing, radiographic superior semicircular canal (SSC) abnormality, symptoms, evaluating clinician specialty, operative intervention, and diagnosis. Differences among groups were assessed for statistical significance.

Results

Of 1242 candidate patients, 477 met inclusion criteria—evaluation by a clinician with SCDS on their differential diagnosis prior to diagnostic imaging. The mean (SD) age was 53.0 (15.0) years and 70.6% were female. A total of 364 patients underwent subsequent diagnostic imaging, and among these, 164 (45.1%) had a radiographic SSC abnormality with 99 (27.2%) receiving a diagnosis of SCDS (two cases of “near dehiscence syndrome”). One third (33.3%) of patients with SCDS underwent operative repair. Most clinicians with the initial suspicion for SCDS were otolaryngologists (90.6%), who had greater diagnostic yield than clinicians from other specialties (22.2% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.012). Patients not diagnosed with SCDS alternatively received 21 unique diagnoses and 52.1% (138/265) were not definitively diagnosed with any condition.

Conclusions

This study characterizes the diagnostic incidence, or yield, of newly identified radiographic SSC abnormalities (45.1%) and SCDS (27.2%) among people suspected of having SCDS. Considerable overlap in presentation between SCDS and other conditions exists, and there is need for improvement in efficiently diagnosing patients with SCDS and audio‐vestibular complaints in general.

Level of Evidence

III Laryngoscope, 134:4095–4100, 2024
Response of soil microorganisms to soil fertility in the process of vegetation rehabilitation of degraded Pinus massoniana forest
Authors: Wang Xiaopeng , Wang He , Zhou Man , Zhuo Zuopin , Lin Gengen , Zhang Yue , Jiang Fangshi , Huang Yanhe , Lin Jinshi
Published: April 2024

The rehabilitation of diverse and three‐dimensional forest vegetation patterns is crucial for preventing forest degradation and improving soil fertility. However, the relationship between soil microbial community and soil fertility was not clear. To accurately assess the capability of vegetation restoration measures on the real impact on degraded soil ecosystems. We selected three vegetation rehabilitation models of degraded Pinus massoniana forests in typical soil erosion areas in China as the research objects, with untreated bare land as the control. All three vegetation construction patterns increased the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, thereby enhancing the stability of the soil ecosystem. Additionally, the vegetation rehabilitation models also altered the community structure of soil bacteria and fungi in the degraded P. massoniana forests. The pH and soil fertility index (IFI) were the main factors leading to variations in the community structure of the soil bacteria and fungi. Among them, the grass‐planting model showed a significantly greater improvement in the soil fertility of degraded P. massoniana forests than the shrub‐planting and arbor‐planting models. Furthermore, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota exhibited the most significant response to IFI, indicating their potential as indicator microorganisms for soil fertility changes. The improvement in soil fertility in degraded P. massoniana forests was influenced primarily by the increase in urease activity (S‐UE) according to the vegetation rehabilitation models (84.20%, p = 0.000). In conclusion, the grass‐planting system effectively improved the soil ecosystem quality of degraded P. massoniana forests in southern erosion‐prone areas of China and was suitable for further application.
Surface Topology of Redox‐ and Thermoresponsive Nanogel Droplets
Authors: Hofmann Doreen , Sychev Dmitrii , Zagradska‐Paromova Zlata , Bittrich Eva , Auernhammer Günter K. , Gaitzsch Jens
Published: April 2024

Hydrogels are usually depicted as a homogenous polymer block with a distinct surface. While defects in the polymer structure are looked into frequently, structural irregularities on the hydrogel surface are often neglected. In this work, thin hydrogel layers of ≈100 nm thickness (nanogels) are synthesized and characterized for their structural irregularities, as they represent the surface of macrogels. The nanogels contain a main‐chain responsiveness (thermo responsive) and a responsiveness in the cross‐linking points (redox responsive). By combining data from ellipsometry using box‐model and two‐segment‐model analysis, as well as atomic force microscopy, a more defined model of the nanogel surface can be developed. Starting with a more densely cross‐linked network at the silica wafer surface, the density of cross‐linking gradually decreases toward the hydrogel–solvent interface. Thermo‐responsive behavior of the main chain affects the entire network equally as all chain segments change solubility. Cross‐linker‐based redox‐responsiveness, on the other hand, is only governed by the inner, more cross‐linked layers of the network. Such dual responsive nanogels hence allow for developing a more detailed model of a hydrogel surface from free radical polymerization. It provides a better understanding of structural defects in hydrogels and how they are affected by responsive functionalities.
Block‐iterative schemes for the split common fixed point problem and applications
Authors: Buong Nguyen , Nguyen Nguyen Duong , Anh Nguyen Thi Quynh
Published: April 2024

In this paper, based on the extrapolated Landweber‐type operators, we present new strongly convergent block‐iterative schemes for solving the split common fixed point problem (SCFPP) with demiclosed strongly quasi‐nonexpansive operators on Hilbert spaces. The strong convergence is proved without the additional assumptions such as the boundedly regular condition and the closedness property of the range of the transformation operator, assumed recently in the literature for the problem. A necessary and sufficient condition that ensures that a
th iterate is a solution is given. An application of our results to solve the multiple‐sets split convex feasibility problem (MSSCFP) is showed with computational experiments for illustration.
Automatic assessment of DWI‐ASPECTS for acute ischemic stroke based on deep learning
Authors: Fang Ting , Jiang Zhuoyun , Zhou Yuxi , Jia Shouqiang , Zhao Jiaqi , Nie Shengdong
Published: April 2024

Background

Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) is a standardized semi‐quantitative method for early ischemic changes in acute ischemic stroke.

Purpose

However, ASPECTS is still affected by expert experience and inconsistent results between readers in clinical. This study aims to propose an automatic ASPECTS scoring model based on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) mode to help clinicians make accurate treatment plans.

Methods

Eighty‐two patients with stroke were included in the study. First, we designed a new deep learning network for segmenting ASPECTS scoring brain regions. The network is improved based on U‐net, which integrates multiple modules. Second, we proposed using hybrid classifiers to classify brain regions. For brain regions with larger areas, we used brain grayscale comparison algorithm to train machine learning classifiers, while using hybrid feature training for brain regions with smaller areas.

Results

The average DICE coefficient of the segmented hindbrain area can reach 0.864. With the proposed hybrid classifier, our method performs significantly on both region‐level ASPECTS and dichotomous ASPECTS. The sensitivity and accuracy on the test set are 95.51% and 93.43%, respectively. For dichotomous ASPECTS, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between our automated ASPECTS score and the expert reading was 0.87.

Conclusions

This study proposed an automated model for ASPECTS scoring of patients with acute ischemic stroke based on DWI images. Experimental results show that the method of segmentation first and then classification is feasible. Our method has the potential to assist physicians in the Alberta Stroke Program with early CT scoring and clinical stroke diagnosis.
Adaptive optimized backstepping tracking control for full‐state constrained nonlinear strict‐feedback systems without using barrier Lyapunov function method
Authors: Zhu Boyan , Xu Ning , Zong Guangdeng , Zhao Xudong
Published: April 2024

In this article, the problem of adaptive optimal tracking control is studied for nonlinear strict‐feedback systems. While not directly measurable, the states of these systems are subject to both time‐varying and asymmetric constraints. Bypassing the conventional barrier Lyapunov function method, the constrained system is transformed into its unconstrained counterpart, thereby obviating the need for feasibility conditions. A specially designed reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, featuring an observer‐critic‐actor architecture, is deployed in an adaptive optimal control scheme to ensure the stabilization of the converted unconstrained system. Within this architecture, the observer estimates the unmeasurable system states, the critic evaluates the control performance, and the actor executes the control actions. Furthermore, enhancements to the RL algorithm lead to relaxed conditions of persistent excitation, and the design methodology for the observer overcomes the restrictions imposed by the Hurwitz equation. The Lyapunov stability theorem is applied for two primary purposes: to ascertain the boundedness of all signals within the closed‐loop system, and to ensure the accuracy of the output signal in tracking the desired reference trajectory. Finally, numerical and practical simulations are provided to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
A Deep Learning Framework for Analysis of the Eustachian Tube and the Internal Carotid Artery
Authors: Amanian Ameen , Jain Aseem , Xiao Yuliang , Kim Chanha , Ding Andy S. , Sahu Manish , Taylor Russell , Unberath Mathias , Ward Bryan K. , Galaiya Deepa , Ishii Masaru , Creighton Francis X.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Obtaining automated, objective 3‐dimensional (3D) models of the Eustachian tube (ET) and the internal carotid artery (ICA) from computed tomography (CT) scans could provide useful navigational and diagnostic information for ET pathologies and interventions. We aim to develop a deep learning (DL) pipeline to automatically segment the ET and ICA and use these segmentations to compute distances between these structures.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Methods

From a database of 30 CT scans, 60 ET and ICA pairs were manually segmented and used to train an nnU‐Net model, a DL segmentation framework. These segmentations were also used to develop a quantitative tool to capture the magnitude and location of the minimum distance point (MDP) between ET and ICA. Performance metrics for the nnU‐Net automated segmentations were calculated via the average Hausdorff distance (AHD) and dice similarity coefficient (DSC).

Results

The AHD for the ET and ICA were 0.922 and 0.246 mm, respectively. Similarly, the DSC values for the ET and ICA were 0.578 and 0.884. The mean MDP from ET to ICA in the cartilaginous region was 2.6 mm (0.7‐5.3 mm) and was located on average 1.9 mm caudal from the bony cartilaginous junction.

Conclusion

This study describes the first end‐to‐end DL pipeline for automated ET and ICA segmentation and analyzes distances between these structures. In addition to helping to ensure the safe selection of patients for ET dilation, this method can facilitate large‐scale studies exploring the relationship between ET pathologies and the 3D shape of the ET.
Assessing multiple values of nature in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
Authors: Murali Ranjini , Lliso Bosco , Mannetti Lelani M. , Filyushkina Anna , Amaruzaman Sacha , Amin Ariane M. , Hyldmo Håkon da Silva , Koessler Ann‐Kathrin , Lenzi Dominic , Lutti Natalia , Yiu Evonne
Published: April 2024

Around the world, people express a variety of values of nature based on how they relate and interact with it. These values of nature, broadly classified as instrumental, intrinsic, and relational values, underlie environmental policy and decision‐making processes.

In this paper, our aim was to assess the values of nature that are expressed in national environmental policy documents.

We assessed the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs), the key national policy framework for biodiversity conservation, from 11 countries, representing the five regional United Nations groups.

We used qualitative content analysis to identify the value orientation of the statements in the NBSAPs and the main themes under each.

Across the 11 NBSAPs, unspecified value orientation statements were the most common (40%), followed by instrumental (38%), intrinsic (14%) and relational (9%) value orientation statements.

We identified the main themes in the instrumental value orientation statements as follows: (1) sustainability, (2) natural resources and (3) ecosystem services. The main themes present in the intrinsic value orientation statements were as follows: (1) recognizing intrinsic value, (2) endangered species and habitats, (3) conservation programmes and (4) threats to nature. Relational value orientation statements referenced as follows: (1) duty and responsibility to protect nature, (2) values expressed for nature, (3) national pride and heritage, (4) Indigenous peoples and local community's (IP&LCs) relationships with nature, (5) protecting nature for future generations and (6) equity in the use and access of nature.

Our findings indicate that NBSAPs respond to the directive of the Convention on Biological Diversity. They are primarily based on the instrumental values of nature, only rarely considering other ways in which nature is valuable to people. This can reinforce unjust outcomes for human well‐being since environmental policies may not reflect the diverse ways in which nature and biodiversity matter to the population.

In an increasingly interconnected world, environmental policies are called on to incorporate multiple values to achieve positive outcomes for both human well‐being and biodiversity conservation.

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