bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blasting Vibration Safety Criteria for Shotcrete in Underground Engineering
Authors: Chen Shihai , Wu Jian , Zhang Zihua
Published: October 2015

The effect of seismic waves from tunnel blasts on the surrounding rock and supporting structures is an important field in underground engineering and earthquake-resistant-structure research. Damage to the rock and shotcrete surrounding a tunnel caused by blast-vibration stress waves was investigated, based on the reflection and transmission. To accomplish this, one-dimensional wave theory at different media interfaces was used. Furthermore, the allowed critical blast-vibration velocity values for different surrounding rocks and shotcrete ages were obtained. The results indicate that the damage to the supporting structure was determined by the bond strength between the shotcrete and surrounding rock, or the tensile strength of the concrete, under a blast-vibration stress wave. The resulting damage depended on the condition of the surrounding rock. At the same time, a safe distance for shotcrete supports during tunnel blasting was determined by studying the propagation of the blasting vibration through the rock. These achievements can guide the construction of underground excavations and the design of shotcrete primary supports.
Investigation on the Bending Fatigue and Shear Failure in Steel Bridge Deck Pavement Systems
Authors: Liu Xiu , Feng Decheng , Tang Hao , Zhou Changjun , Li Jianjun
Published: October 2015

Bridge deck pavement layers are prone to bending fatigue and shear failure because of the continuous vibration, the vertical instant impact, and horizontal dynamic shear effect from vehicles onto the pavement system. To ensure the durability of pavement systems, a typical pavement system on a steel bridge was studied through numerical simulation and laboratory tests. The maximum tensile stress at the bottom layer and the maximum interlayer shear stress of bridge deck pavement were obtained under different loading conditions in numerical simulations. Then direct shear tests were conducted to study the fatigue characteristics of bridge deck pavement materials and structure. Finally, the fatigue resistance of the asphalt pavement system was investigated under the typical traffic level in the northeast of China. This study is helpful to design steel bridge deck pavement systems with good bending fatigue and shear resistance.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: MicroRNA in diagnostics and therapy of thyroid cancer
Authors: Wójcicka Anna , Kolanowska Monika , Jażdżewski Krystian
Published: October 2015

MicroRNAs, short non-coding regulators of the gene expression, are subjects of numerous investigations assessing their potential use in the diagnostics and management of human diseases. In this review, we focus on studies that analyze the utility of microRNAs as novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas. This very interesting and promising field brings new insight into future strategies for personalized medicine.
The Iranian Revolution
Authors: Ijtemaye Lema
Published: October 2015

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A Passing Interest: The Foreign Policy of Pierre Trudeau 1968-1984
Authors: Kinsinger Kristopher
Published: October 2015

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On the Confusion of Identity of Prostitutes in Medieval France
Authors: Pan Catherine
Published: October 2015

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About the Authors
Authors: WHR Editor-in-Chief
Published: October 2015

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HPV Vaccination Coverage of Male Adolescents in the United States
Authors: Lu Peng-jun , Yankey David , Jeyarajah Jenny , O’Halloran Alissa , Elam-Evans Laurie D. , Smith Philip J. , Stokley Shannon , Singleton James A. , Dunne Eileen F.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND:

In 2011, the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine use human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine for male adolescents.

METHODS:

We used the 2013 National Immunization Survey-Teen data to assess HPV vaccine uptake (≥1 dose) and series completion (≥3 doses). Multivariable logistic regression analysis and a predictive marginal model were conducted to identify independent predictors of vaccination among adolescent males aged 13 to 17 years.

RESULTS:

HPV vaccination coverage with ≥1 dose was 34.6%, and series completion (≥3 doses) was 13.9%. Coverage was significantly higher among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics compared with non-Hispanic white male adolescents. Multivariable logistic regression showed that characteristics independently associated with a higher likelihood of HPV vaccination (≥1 dose) included being non-Hispanic black race or Hispanic ethnicity; having mothers who were widowed, divorced, or separated; having 1 to 3 physician contacts in the past 12 months; a well-child visit at age 11 to 12 years; having 1 or 2 vaccination providers; living in urban or suburban areas; and receiving vaccinations from >1 type of facility (P < .05). Having mothers with some college or college education, having a higher family income to poverty ratio, living in the South or Midwest, and receiving vaccinations from all sexually transmitted diseases/school/teen clinics or other facilities were independently associated with a lower likelihood of HPV vaccination (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Following recommendations for routine HPV vaccination among male adolescents, uptake in 2013 was low in this population. Increased efforts are needed to improve vaccination coverage, especially for those who are least likely to be vaccinated.
Physician and Nurse Nighttime Communication and Parents’ Hospital Experience
Authors: Khan Alisa , Rogers Jayne E. , Melvin Patrice , Furtak Stephannie L. , Faboyede G. Mayowa , Schuster Mark A. , Landrigan Christopher P.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Night teams of hospital providers have become more common in the wake of resident physician duty hour changes. We sought to examine relationships between nighttime communication and parents’ inpatient experience.

METHODS:

We conducted a prospective cohort study of parents (n = 471) of pediatric inpatients (0–17 years) from May 2013 to October 2014. Parents rated their overall experience, understanding of the medical plan, quality of nighttime doctors’ and nurses’ communication with them, and quality of nighttime communication between doctors and nurses. We tested the reliability of each of these 5 constructs (Cronbach’s α for each >.8). Using logistic regression models, we examined rates and predictors of top-rated hospital experience.

RESULTS:

Parents completed 398 surveys (84.5% response rate). A total of 42.5% of parents reported a top overall experience construct score. On multivariable analysis, top-rated overall experience scores were associated with higher scores for communication and experience with nighttime doctors (odds ratio [OR] 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12–3.08), for communication and experience with nighttime nurses (OR 6.47; 95% CI, 2.88–14.54), and for nighttime doctor–nurse interaction (OR 2.66; 95% CI, 1.26–5.64) (P < .05 for each). Parents provided the highest percentage of top ratings for the individual item pertaining to whether nurses listened to their concerns (70.5% strongly agreed) and the lowest such ratings for regular communication with nighttime doctors (31.4% excellent).

CONCLUSIONS:

Parent communication with nighttime providers and parents’ perceptions of communication and teamwork between these providers may be important drivers of parent experience. As hospitals seek to improve the patient-centeredness of care, improving nighttime communication and teamwork will be valuable to explore.
Clinical Practice Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke
Authors:   SECTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL, Groner Judith A. , Nelson Kevin E. , Etzel Ruth A. , Wilson Karen M. , Farber Harold J. , Balk Sophie J. , Groner Judith A. , Moore John E.
Published: October 2015

This Policy Statement was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-061805.

Tobacco dependence starts in childhood. Tobacco exposure of children is common and causes illness and premature death in children and adults, with adverse effects starting in the womb. There is no safe level of tobacco smoke exposure. Pediatricians should screen for use of tobacco and other nicotine delivery devices and provide anticipatory guidance to prevent smoking initiation and reduce tobacco smoke exposure. Pediatricians need to be aware of the different nicotine delivery systems marketed and available.

Parents and caregivers are important sources of children’s tobacco smoke exposure. Because tobacco dependence is a severe addiction, to protect children’s health, caregiver tobacco dependence treatment should be offered or referral for treatment should be provided (such as referral to the national smoker’s quitline at 1-800-QUIT-NOW). If the source of tobacco exposure cannot be eliminated, counseling about reducing exposure to children should be provided.

Health care delivery systems should facilitate the effective prevention, identification, and treatment of tobacco dependence in children and adolescents, their parents, and other caregivers. Health care facilities should protect children from tobacco smoke exposure and tobacco promotion. Tobacco dependence prevention and treatment should be part of medical education, with knowledge assessed as part of board certification examinations.
Protecting Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Farber Harold J. , Groner Judith , Walley Susan , Nelson Kevin ,   SECTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL, Etzel Ruth A. , Wilson Karen M. , Farber Harold J. , Balk Sophie J. , Groner Judith A. , Moore John E.
Published: October 2015

This Technical Report was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-061806.

This technical report serves to provide the evidence base for the American Academy of Pediatrics’ policy statements “Clinical Practice Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke” and “Public Policy to Protect Children From Tobacco, Nicotine, and Tobacco Smoke.” Tobacco use and involuntary exposure are major preventable causes of morbidity and premature mortality in adults and children. Tobacco dependence almost always starts in childhood or adolescence. Electronic nicotine delivery systems are rapidly gaining popularity among youth, and their significant harms are being documented. In utero tobacco smoke exposure, in addition to increasing the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, placental abruption, and sudden infant death, has been found to increase the risk of obesity and neurodevelopmental disorders. Actions by pediatricians can help to reduce children’s risk of developing tobacco dependence and reduce children’s involuntary tobacco smoke exposure. Public policy actions to protect children from tobacco are essential to reduce the toll that the tobacco epidemic takes on our children.
Estado, militares y conflicto en la frontera amazónica colombiana: referentes históricos para la interpretación regional del conflicto
Authors: Zárate Botía Carlos Gilberto
Published: October 2015

El actual conflicto colombiano ha tenido en la región amazónica (zona de frontera con Brasil, Perú y Ecuador) una expresión particular poco estudiada y analizada. Las erróneas concepciones sobre el papel y las posibilidades de la región y sus fronteras, así como el diseño de políticas públicas del Estado colombiano (que han sido orientadas casi exclusivamente al ejercicio de la soberanía y al control territorial, con un énfasis excesivo en sus aspectos militares), arrojan muy pobres resultados, desde que empezaron a implementarse en los años treinta del siglo pasado, en términos de integración social, económica y política de la Amazonia al resto de la nación. La violencia y los conflictos sociales que han padecido la región y sus zonas de frontera en las últimas décadas tienen mucho que ver con esta situación. Un eventual acuerdo en el actual proceso de paz podría ayudar a resolverlos, siempre y cuando se cumplan otras condiciones y se implementen simultáneamente reformas que han venido aplazándose durante décadas.
Zastosowanie analizy blokowej w badaniu struktury polskich przedsiębiorstw
Authors: Okupniak Magdalena
Published: October 2015

Intra- and interblock analysis has been used in agriculture, biology, medicine, engineering and the physical sciences. In this research I attempt to use block analysis in the filed of economics, to examine the structure of Polish enterprises and the relationships that exist between them. The study was based on such variables as: number of enterprises, persons employed and revenues. Data came from a Central Statistical Office of Poland publication entitled "Activity of non-financial enterprises in 2010".
Produkty strukturyzowane - analiza stóp zwrotu osiągniętych w latach 2000-2013
Authors: Hadaś-Dyduch Monika
Published: October 2015

The aim of this article is to present the structured products market in Poland in the context of gains and losses from completed investments in structured products. It shows when an investment in structured products brought investors profits and when losses. In order to do the analysis, the return rate of gross and net annual rate of return over the period 2000-2013 were assigned to structured products. The rate of return on structured products was compared with inflation and the average annual interest rate of deposits for a period of 12 months. The paper offers a detailed description of the best and the worst in terms of the gross rate of return for structured products on the Polish capital market during the years 2000-2013. The analysis looked at 1800 products available during from early 2000 to the end of 2013.
Chronopotentiometry at platinum electrode in KF-NaF-AlF3-Al2O3 melt
Authors: Suzdaltsev A. V. , Khramov A. P. , Zaikov Yu. P. , Limanovskaya O. V. , Nekrasov V. N.
Published: October 2015

Some features of the mechanism of the anode process on platinum in KF–NaF–AlF3–Al2O3 melt at 750-780 °C depending on the of anodic current density (0.5 mA/cm2 to 2.0 A/cm2) and anodic pulse duration have been studied using chronopotentiometry method. In curves of change in the platinum anode potential a small peak at current densities of 10-30 mA/cm2 and a clear peak at current densities of 0.5-2.0 A/cm2 are recorded when the current is cut on. Analysis of dependencies of the transition time on the current density indicates that the first peak in curve is associated with the formation of an oxide compound on the platinum surface, and the second one is related to hindering the diffusion for delivery of electroactive particles to its surface.
The redox transformations and nucleophilic replacements as possible metabolic reactions of the drug “Triazaverin”. The chemical modeling of the metabolic processes
Authors: Medvedeva N. R. , Sapozhnikova I. S. , Rusinov V. L. , Ulomsky E. N.
Published: October 2015

As a model of metabolic transformations of antiviral drug “Triazaverin” and its analogues‑2-alkylthio‑6-nitro‑1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine‑7-ones 1a-d examined the oxidation of alkylthio groups to the corresponding sulfoxides 2a-d and sulfones 3a-d, as well as the process of nucleophilic substitution sulfonyloxy group of cysteine and cysteamine with the formation of compounds 5 and 6.
ANÁLISE DAS SOLICITAÇÕES DE NOVA COLETA PARA UROCULTURA EM UM LABORATÓRIO NA CIDADE DE ARACAJU-SE
Authors: Barreto Débora Machado , Pinheiro Malone Santos , Prata Góis Plácia Barreto , Mendonça Larissa Rezende
Published: October 2015

As infecções do trato urinário (ITUs) ocorrem devido à invasão, multiplicação e colonização do trato urinário por bactérias e fungos. As ITUs são mais frequentes em crianças menores de 1 ano, em adultos do sexo feminino e idosos. O desenvolvimento de ITU está relacionado com estado imunológico, idade, uso abusivo de antimicrobianos e anormalidades morfofuncionais do trato urinário. Os microrganismos mais frequentemente envolvidos incluem bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae. A urocultura é o melhor procedimento laboratorial para diagnóstico das ITUs. As situações mais incidentes quanto a não adequação das amostras para realização do exame estão associadas à coleta, transporte e armazenamento. O artigo teve como objetivo conhecer o índice de solicitações de nova coleta para urocultura em um laboratório clínico e avaliar os motivos dessas solicitações sugerindo medidas alternativas que minimizem seus inconvenientes. Foram obtidos dados existentes nos arquivos de solicitação de nova amostra do Laboratório Escola de Análises Clínicas da Universidade Tiradentes (UnitLab), situado em Aracaju/SE. No período de fevereiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2012, foram solicitadas 111 novas coletas para urocultura no UnitLab, sendo 31, em 2010, 38, em 2011 e 42, em 2012. Os motivos de solicitação de nova coleta foram amostra desprezada (3%), armazenamento inadequado (6%), confirmação de resultado (27%), contaminação (59%) e não definido (5%). O resultado das novas coletas solicitadas para urocultura foi amostra negativa (51%), pendente (32%), amostra positiva (14%) e contaminada (3%). Dentre as novas coletas positivas os agentes etiológicos identificados foram Escherichia coli (69%), Pseudomonas spp. (6%), Klebsiella spp. (6%) e Enterobacter cloacae (6%). Houve identificação de infecção mista, com Pseudomonas spp. e Staphylococcus spp. / Micrococcus spp. (13%). Para minimizar os inconvenientes sugere-se que haja uma maior comunicação entre o clínico e o paciente, na qual informações sobre os procedimentos de coleta, transporte e armazenamento sejam passadas, e que os laboratórios busquem melhorar a qualidade dos serviços prestados.
UM OLHAR SOBRE AÇÕES EDUCATIVAS VOLTADAS PARA DOAÇÕES DE ÓRGÃOS E TECIDOS: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Authors: BRITO FABIANA PEREIRA GUIMARÃES , CARVALHO TAYNÁRA BEZERRA , Silva Herbert Carvalho , Nogueira Emília Cervino , Fernandez Benito Oliveira , Aguiar Rafaella Rocha de Souza , Santana Kamilla Ismerim Santos Pereira de
Published: October 2015

As ações educativas podem contribuir para a melhoria do processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as ações educativas voltadas para doações de órgãos e tecidos na sociedade. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e bibliográfica com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, apoiada nos artigos publicados em português entre os anos de 2010 a 2014, sobre as ações educativas em saúde voltadas para doações de órgãos e tecidos, através do portal da BVS Brasil. Descritores selecionados segundo a classificação dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde: doação dirigida de tecidos; doação de órgãos; educação da população. Foram analisados 20 artigos científicos, sendo 100% do banco de dados LILACS. Segundo os descritores, 60% eram da doação dirigida de tecidos, 30% doação de órgãos, 10% educação da população. 30% foram publicados na área de enfermagem; 30% do Estado de São Paulo; 35% das publicações ocorreram em 2011 e a Revista Acta Paulista de Enfermagem foi a que mais publicou (20%). Os artigos abordaram ações diretas, sugestões de ações, ação lúdica e utilização da mídia como método de promover informações e discussões para a população, enfatizando a importância da comunicação no processo educativo, a responsabilidade dos profissionais de saúde no desenvolvimento das atividades educadoras e a necessidade da educação continuada na busca por novas estratégias eficazes. A ausência de ações educativas voltadas para doações de órgãos e tecidos influi diretamente no alto índice de recusa da população em aceitar a doação ou declarar-se doador.
RELAÇÃO CLIMA-VEGETAÇÃO NO MONUMENTO NATURAL GROTA DO ANGICO- SERGIPE-BRASIL
Authors: Barreto Andrade Isabel Cristina , Cruz Izaclaudia Santana , Souza Heloísa Thaís Rodrigues , Gois Douglas Vieira , Santos Levisson Junior Pereira , Souza Rosemeri Melo , Souza Roberto Rodrigues
Published: October 2015

O domínio morfoclimático das caatingas apresenta uma rica diversidade fitogeográfica, entretanto, a falta de conhecimento sobre tal condição tem gerado uma exacerbada devastação de sua cobertura vegetal. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo objetiva analisar a relação entre os condicionantes climáticos e fitogeográficos na capacidade de regeneração da caatinga localizada na Unidade de Conservação (UC) Monumento Natural Grota do Angico, Alto Sertão Sergipano. Para alcançar tal intento, foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: revisão bibliográfica e visita a campo com estabelecimento de transectos, parcelas longitudinais de 50 x 50 m, onde foram coletados e analisados dados climatológicos, e diversidade florística.
AS CONSEQUÊNCIAS DA DIMINUIÇÃO DE DOPAMINA PRODUZIDA NA SUBSTÂNCIA NIGRA: UMA BREVE REFLEXÃO
Authors: Barreto Madson Alan Maximiano , Fermoseli André Fernando de Oliveira , Marinho Adriana Alves , De Jesus Cícera Lourenço Pontes Fon , Da Silva Katiuscia Karine Martins
Published: October 2015

Entre os diversos neurotransmissores produzidos no corpo humano temos a dopamina, que é produzida em apenas quatro regiões do cérebro, dentre elas a via nigroestriatal. Esta via é responsável pelo acometimento da Doença de Parkinson, Parkinsonismo, Depressão, entre outras. O presente estudo foi feito por meio de uma revisão da literatura sobre a diminuição de dopamina na subtância nigra e as consequências que acometem a terceira idade. Foram pesquisados artigos e livros nos bancos de dados: Scielo, Periódicos CAPES, PUBMED e Biblioteca do Centro Universitário Tiradentes - UNIT.  Utilizando os seguintes descritores: Substância nigra, Dopamina, Doença de Parkinson/ Parkinsonismo e Depressão. Dessa forma, este artigo mostra a decorrência da falta de dopamina da via nigroestriatal que tem atingido em maior prevalência indivíduos na terceira idade. A dopamina é um neurotransmissor essencial, assim como qualquer outro, porém, a sua diminuição trará consequências para os indivíduos como o acometimento do Parkinson, Depressão e Parkinsonismo que resultam na diminuição da qualidade de vida do paciente.
POLÍTICA DE AVALIAÇÃO PARA ÁREA DA SAÚDE – UM OLHAR SOBRE AS DIRETRIZES CURRICULARES E A GARANTIA DA QUALIDADE
Authors: Funghetto Suzana Schwerz , Karnikowski Margô Gomes de Oliveira
Published: October 2015

A política de avaliação da educação superior no Brasil tem como premissa a garantia da qualidade descrita na Constituição Federal de 1988. Uma importante ferramenta para a consolidação dessa política foi à construção das diretrizes curriculares para os cursos de graduação, em especial para os da área da saúde que apresentam especificidades uma vez que articulam os conhecimentos da área da educação e saúde. O presente artigo possui como objetivo realizar um olhar sobre as diretrizes curriculares dos cursos da saúde na perspectiva da política de avaliação enquanto indutora da qualidade.
TRABALHADOR DESCARTÁVEL: A “DESCORPORIFICAÇÃO” DO TRABALHO
Authors: Galvão Vivianny Kelly
Published: October 2015

A crise do modelo econômico global encontrou espaço nas relações de trabalho modernas. A mudança do ritmo de trabalho, a alta competitividade e o medo do desemprego são fatores que contextualizam esses ambientes de trabalho. Dois fatores novos desafiam o direito interno e o direito internacional: a descorporificação do trabalho e o desemprego.
REGIME DE ACUMULAÇÃO PREDOMINANTEMENTE FINANCEIRA OU O FETICHE-CAPITAL EM SUA POTÊNCIA MAIS ELEVADA?
Authors: Montenegro Cristiano Vieira
Published: October 2015

A hipótese de trabalho expressa no presente artigo é a de que a teoria de um “regime de acumulação predominantemente financeira”, ao tratar de modo insuficiente categorias teóricas fundamentais para a compreensão do capitalismo contemporâneo, não explicita a bom termo a natureza profundamente fetichista dos processos sucedidos na esfera financeira podendo dar margem a compreensões incapazes de se desvencilhar do fetichismo inato às relações capitalistas, sobretudo as afetas à finança.
DILEMAS E IMPRECISÕES NA DEFINIÇÃO DAS COMPETÊNCIAS E DAS ATRIBUIÇÕES PRIVATIVAS DO SERVIÇO SOCIAL
Authors: Felippe Jonis Manhães Sales
Published: October 2015

A partir da análise das leis de regulamentação do Serviço Social de 1957 e 1993, esse artigo busca desvelar as conexões existentes entre a estrutura legal da profissão e a indefinição das tarefas específicas dos assistentes sociais, estas já sinalizadas por pesquisas da área e pelo CFESS. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, também são analisadas e contrapostas as produções de importantes autores do Serviço Social que se dedicaram a refletir sobre os temas relacionados à legislação profissional, o que aponta para a construção de mais incertezas do que elucidações sobre o assunto.
HISTÓRIA E MEMÓRIAS VINCULADAS A BEATA DULCE DOS POBRES EM SÃO CRISTÓVÃO/SERGIPE
Authors: Aragão Ivan Rêgo , Silva Filho José Thiago da
Published: October 2015

A cidade de São Cristóvão primeira capital de Sergipe possui em seu centro antigo, construções arquitetônicas do período do Brasil colonial, manifestações de danças e folguedos populares, culinária do açúcar e coco, música, ofícios, ritos e festas religiosas. No entanto, um fato pouco lembrado ocorreu no Convento de Nossa Senhora do Carmo da cidade entre os anos de 1933 e 1934: a Beata Irmã Dulce realizou o noviciado, na Congregação das Irmãs Missionárias da Imaculada Conceição da Mãe de Deus. A partir da análise documental de três cartas, entrevistas, pesquisa digital e bibliográfica com trabalho de campo, o objetivo principal do presente artigo é mostrar a relação da Irmã Dulce e São Cristóvão. Nesse contexto, biografaram-se momentos da vida da religiosa católica, sua permanência na cidade, demarcando as memórias e os “lugares de memória” vinculados a sua breve estadia para os estudos do noviciado. Ela foi beatificada em 2011 e poderá se tornar na primeira santa católica brasileira.
DIREITOS HUMANOS E MUDANÇA CLIMATICA
Authors: Keryjaouen Isa , Oliveira Liziane Paixão Silva
Published: October 2015

Este artigo trata da relação intrínseca entre os Direitos Humanos e o ambiente em que vivemos. Aceitar o meio ambiente como direito fundamental nos leva a realizar que essa assertiva é uma condição sine qua non para a garantia de uma vida digna e sadia de todos os seres humanos. Sob essas premissas, as Nações Unidas criaram programas, convenções e protocolos com o firme objetivo de diminuir a degradação ambiental. Apesar de todo o esforço, a falta de consenso entre os países signatários, assim que os objetivos econômicos de cada um impedem a harmonização e adoção de normas coercitivas para a proteção do nosso planeta. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a relação entre a proteção dos direitos humanos e a mudança climática, como base na pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes primárias e secundárias.
A educação escolar no início da colonização do Norte do Paraná: a Escola Bratislava, de Cambé (1936-1948)
Authors: Toledo Cézar de Alencar Arnaut de , Barion Isabel Francisco de Oliveira
Published: October 2015

O tema deste texto é a educação escolar no início da colonização do Norte do Paraná. Para tal, é apresentada a história de uma escola rural na região de Cambé, a Escola Bratislava, que foi fundada no ano de 1936. A investigação está situada no campo da História e da Historiografia das Instituições Escolares. O objetivo do trabalho é reconstruir a história e a memória da Escola Bratislava, por meio do levantamento e da análise de fontes e informações, no intuito de contribuir não só com a preservação da memória da instituição, mas também com o estudo da história das instituições escolares da região, para isso, foram utilizadas fontes documentais e iconográficas, analisadas a partir do método que relaciona o singular com o geral, fazendo uma análise de contexto. A reconstituição da história da Escola Bratislava permite afirmar que a educação escolar oferecida pela instituição aconteceu em meio há um processo de resistência, por parte dos moradores, às políticas nacionalistas da Era Vargas (1930-1945). Os moradores da região viam na instituição a oportunidade de preservar a identidade étnica do grupo. Entretanto, as políticas de nacionalização se fizeram presentes na colônia, o que culminou com a municipalização da instituição no ano de 1944, a qual, ao ser assumida pelo poder público, tornou-se uma porta-voz dos ideais patrióticos e do projeto nacionalista do Governo Vargas (1930-1945). Assim, a maneira como a escola estava organizada fez dela uma instituição de referência, o que permitiu a sua permanência até o presente momento numa região em crescente expansão urbana.
REVENDO A HISTÓRIA DO COLÉGIO DE APLICAÇÃO DA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE LONDRINA: PASSADO, PRESENTE E FUTURO
Authors: Santos Adriana Regina de Jesus , Oliveira Marta Regina Furlan , Silva Fabio Luiz
Published: October 2015

Partindo da premissa de que em cada época e lugar, tem se constituído um tipo de sociedade, de educação e indivíduo, objetivamos nesse artigo, tecer algumas reflexões que se fazem necessárias para compreender o processo histórico da constituição do Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Estadual de Londrina a fim de entender a sua natureza histórica tendo como parâmetro as influências do modelo econômico e pedagógico brasileiro da década de 1930 até os dias atuais. Na busca de recuperar a trajetória histórica da criação dos Colégios de Aplicação no Brasil e especificamente do Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, a pesquisa bibliográfica e à análise documental formaram o conjunto de procedimentos investigativos. Tendo como parâmetro o Plano Decenal de Educação Para Todos (BRASIL, 2003) pode-se constatar que a criação dos Colégios de Aplicação enquanto campo de experimentação para se pensar em novas metodologias didáticas, possibilitando a articulação entre ensino superior e educação básica, teve como influencia as teorias de Rousseau e Dewey.
MEMÓRIA(S) DO PROCESSO DE EXPANSÃO DE UMA INSTITUIÇÃO ESCOLAR: ESCOLA TÉCNICA FEDERAL DA BAHIA - UNIDADE DE ENSINO DESCENTRALIZADA DE VITÓRIA DA CONQUISTA
Authors: De Oliveira Padre Lima Gilneide , Nunes Duarte Silveira Camila , Rocha Magalhães Lívia Diana
Published: October 2015

Após completar cem anos de Educação Profissional, em 2009, as escolas da rede federal brasileira passaram por reformulações na sua estrutura: de Escola de Aprendizes e Artífices até os atuais Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. Dentro dessas transformações, nasceu a Unidade de Ensino Descentralizada (UNED) de Vitória da Conquista - Ba, na década de 1990. Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar o movimento de implantação dessa instituição escolar observando o seu contexto sócio-histórico e econômico e as múltiplas relações que ali ocorreram. Analisamos o processo de expansão da Escola Técnica Federal da Bahia, destacando os antecedentes, a implantação propriamente dita e os primeiros anos de funcionamento da Unidade Descentralizada de Ensino de Vitória da Conquista, por meio das memórias construídas pelo seu grupo de fundadores. Os resultados indicaram que ao longo do processo de instituição da escola, foram constituídas memórias pessoais e coletivas em conformidade com os lugares que os sujeitos ocupam, configurando assim, a história e memória social da UNED de Vitória da Conquista, o que evidencia a relação dialógica existente entre elas.
Carbon mitigation potential of different forest ecosystems under climate change and various managements in italy
Authors: Calfapietra C. , Barbati A. , Perugini L. , Ferrari B. , Guidolotti G. , Quatrini A. , Corona P.
Published: October 2015

This study reviews carbon stocks and carbon dynamics in different types of forest land in Italy: ordinary managed forests, forest plantations, old growth forests, and trees outside forests. Forest management, combined with global environmental changes, increases the capacity of carbon uptake of ordinary managed forests. Forest plantations, particularly the ones subject to short‐rotation forestry systems, potentially have high soil carbon accumulation, especially in agricultural lands. Old growth forests, recently discovered as a carbon sink, cover a significant surface area in Italy. Moreover, the trees outside forests may represent a sensible carbon stock, especially in the context of urban environments. Our study points out the management actions that can be implemented in Italy to increase the carbon stocks of different forest ecosystems, such as increasing the mean annual increment in managed forests, enhancement of the national network of old growth forests, and expansion of forest plantations in suitable areas. These aspects have important implications after the recent recognition of the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry sector in the EU target within the 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework.
Establishment and Persistence of Yellow‐Flowered Alfalfa No‐Till Interseeded into Crested Wheatgrass Stands
Authors: Misar Christopher G. , Xu Lan , Gates Roger N. , Boe Arvid , Johnson Patricia S. , Schauer Christopher S. , Rickertsen John R. , Stroup Walter W.
Published: October 2015

Crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult., and related taxa] often exists in near monoculture stands in the northern Great Plains. Introducing locally adapted yellow‐flowered alfalfa [Medicago sativa L. subsp. falcata (L.) Arcang.] would complement crested wheatgrass. Our objective was to evaluate effects of seeding date, clethodim {(E) ‐2‐[1‐[[(3‐chloro‐2‐propenyl)oxy]imino]propyl]‐5‐[2‐(ethylthio)propyl]‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one} sod suppression, and seeding rate on initial establishment and stand persistence of Falcata, a predominantly yellow‐flowered alfalfa, no‐till interseeded into crested wheatgrass. Research was initiated in August 2008 at Newcastle, WY; Hettinger, ND; Fruitdale, SD; and Buffalo, SD. Effects of treatment factors on plant frequency during initial establishment were influenced by site environments. Late summer and spring were suitable seeding dates. Clethodim sod suppression increased seedling frequency in most cases. Seedling frequency increased as seeding rate increased from 0.56 to 7.84 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha−1. Specific seeding dates, clethodim sod suppression, and high seeding rates did not greatly improve initial establishment when site environments were poor. Residual effects of seeding date and sod suppression post establishment were not significant at most locations, but seeding rate effects were evident. Initial establishment and persistence of Falcata alfalfa was successful at Newcastle, indicating that interseeding in late summer or spring using low seeding rates (≤3.36 kg PLS ha−1) without clethodim can be effective. Assessing grass canopy cover, soil texture, and management (e.g., haying) is necessary to determine the suitability of crested wheatgrass sites for interseeding.
Compartment Model for Estimating Element Content in a Water–Soil–Cotton System
Authors: Huang Jinou , Jin Menggui , Kuo Yi‐ming , Di Zhijiao , Xian Yang , Yuan Jingjing
Published: October 2015

Nutrient status provides crucial information about the stability and potential recycling capacity of a specific ecosystem. To comprehend the nutrient element transport in a typical cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivation ecosystem, this study established dynamic compartment models to estimate the contents of four elements (Ca, Na, K, and B) in five compartments during five growth stages. The stage‐variable parameters were determined using three methods. Pot experiments were conducted for model calibration and validation. More than 90% of Ca, Na, and B accumulated in the soil compartment, whereas K decreased throughout the growth season. After the element proportions were introduced into parameter determination, the models yielded satisfactory estimations because 74 to 79% of the relative errors were <20%. For soil and leaf compartments, satisfactory estimations were obtained (modified Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency Ceff_m > 0.9), whereas the average Ceff_m of root, stem, and fruit compartments were 0.82 ± 0.051, 0.78 ± 0.073, and 0.62 ± 0.051, respectively. The pot experiments indicated that cotton yields were much higher (P < 0.05) for the brackish water treatment than for the freshwater treatment, despite vegetative growth being inhibited. With an effective method for determining parameters, the compartment models successfully estimated the nutrient‐element content in the typical cotton cultivation ecosystem, thereby providing a useful tool for proper management of irrigation, fertilization, and alleviation of salt damage.
Corporate Diversification and the Cost of Debt: The Role of Segment Disclosures
Authors: Franco Francesca , Urcan Oktay , Vasvari Florin P.
Published: October 2015

Previous theoretical arguments suggest that industrial diversification provides a co-insurance effect that decreases the firm's default risk. In this paper, we endogenously estimate a firm's segment disclosure quality and investigate whether the quality of segment disclosures significantly affects bond investors' assessment of the co-insurance effect of diversification. We document that bonds issued by industrially diversified firms with high-quality segment disclosures have significantly lower yields than bonds issued by diversified firms with low-quality segment disclosures. We also find that the negative relation between industrial diversification and bond yields becomes stronger when firms improve segment disclosures as a result of FAS 131. Finally, we show that high-quality segment disclosures are associated with lower syndicated loan spreads for a subsample of loans issued by large bank syndicates, which are more likely to rely on publicly reported segment information.

JEL Classifications: G31; G32; M10; O16.
A Case Study of Fraud Concerns at a Homeowners' Association
Authors: Lehmann Constance M. , Heagy Cynthia D.
Published: October 2015

This case is based on a series of actual events in a local homeowners' association (HOA). Instructors teaching fraud detection in their courses often use historical cases in which the “answer” to whether fraud has been committed is known. This case is unique because it is based on real incidents that occurred in an HOA. The case starts with the inception of the HOA up to the present, at which time the situation is still evolving. Students are required to recognize the conditions that increase the potential for fraudulent activity in an organization. Then they must analyze the activities in this particular association to identify the “red flags” that indicate that fraudulent activity could occur. Finally, students must develop recommendations to mitigate the identified risk areas. After completing this case, students will be more aware of potential and actual incidents of fraudulent activity and be able to address how these incidents can be prevented. This knowledge will benefit them in any area of accounting they choose to pursue. This case can be used in fraud examination, auditing, accounting information systems, and financial accounting classes.

Data Availability: Data available from first author.
Synthesis of high-density aligned Fe2O3 nanowires via two-step thermal oxidation
Authors: Rashid Norhana Mohamed , Kishi Naoki , Soga Tetsuo
Published: October 2015

Aligned high-density Fe2O3 nanowires were successfully obtained by thermal oxidation of Fe foil, with pre-annealing at 300 °C for 30 min. Pre-annealing in this two-step oxidation process improved the nanowire alignment and increased the density from 5.0 × 108 to 2.5 × 109 nanowires cm−2. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the Fe2O3 nanowires had a dominant (110) peak, with crystalline Fe and iron oxide phases. The improved properties are the result of formation of smaller grains during the first oxidation step.
Synthesis of nano-manganese ferrite by an oxalate method and characterization of its magnetic properties
Authors: Nakano Anna , Nakano Jinichiro , Seetharaman Seshadri
Published: October 2015

In this work, nano-sized manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) was synthesized through the decomposition of the mixed oxalates. The formation of the spinel manganese ferrite was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The morphology of the ferrite products was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The particle size, which was determined using the Scherrer formula, ranged from 25 to 30 nm. Magnetic properties of the manganese ferrite were analyzed using a vibrating sample magnetometry technique; a narrow hysteresis loop indicated the MnFe2O4 obtained was a soft ferromagnet. Magnetic properties of the manganese ferrite produced were in agreement with those reported in literature for MnFe2O4 nanoparticles prepared by conventional methods, including co-precipitation and mechanochemical processes. By plotting a series of literature data determined by different authors and techniques, a correlation between saturation magnetisation and particle size has been noted regardless of the synthesis methods. In general, the oxalate method seems to be able to produce nano-manganese ferrite in a shorter time (2–3 h) as compared to other conventional techniques reported in literature (up to 54 h).
Round robin for testing instrumented indenters with silicon reference springs
Authors: Brand Uwe , Chudoba Thomas , Griepentrog Michael , Schwenk Dieter , Bosch Gottfried , Scheerer Herbert , Gärtner Eva
Published: October 2015

For the traceability of hardness and elasticity measurements with instrumented indenters to SI units, a measuring standard based on a silicon bending spring with a stop limit exists. Besides the bending stiffness of the spring, the bending point of the measured force–displacement curve at the stop limit can be used as an additional calibration point for both the probing force and the displacement. In a round-robin test with six participants and seven devices the bending stiffness, the bending force and the bending deflection were measured and compared. The result of the bending stiffness, the bending force and the bending deflection agree within ±2.8 %, ±4.2 % and ±3.2 %, respectively.
Study and analysis of mechanical and viscoelastic behavior in flexure of laminated composites
Authors: Halimi Rafik , Bezzazi Boudjema , Bouda Ali Badidi , Abbou M'hamed Djelloul , Mimouni Oussama
Published: October 2015

In the present paper, seven laminated composites were the subject of an experimental study to determine their mechanical and viscoelastic properties by means of dynamic mechanical analysis in a bending configuration. The influence of the frequency, fiber type and fiber orientation on dynamic mechanical properties of different system composites were investigated. Carbon/epoxy laminates exhibit a great stiffness when fibers are oriented along the axis of the clamps, and the maximum modulus was reported for unidirectional carbon/epoxy laminate [08 plies] with 56.4 GPa. The glass transition temperature was found to decrease with the incorporation of fibers and increase with increased frequency. For the Kevlar/epoxy laminate, an increase of 12.5°C in glass transition temperature was observed. This is related to a better interfacial adhesion between epoxy matrix and Kevlar fibers.
Strong cellular lattices with nitro-carburized stainless steel hollow trusses
Authors: Dong Liang , Heuer Arthur , Kahn Harold , Li Zhen , Deshpande Vikram , Wadley Haydn
Published: October 2015

Collinear lattice structures have been fabricated from 304 stainless steel hollow tubes via an alternating collinear lay-up process followed by bonding using a vacuum brazing method. By varying the tube wall thickness from 50 to 203 μm, square and diamond lattice topologies with relative densities between 0.03 and 0.11 were manufactured in this way and their compressive mechanical responses were characterized. A low temperature nitro-carburization treatment was then performed on a second set of the collinear lattice cores at a temperature of 440°C for 20 h. The treatment created a thin (10 to 20 μm thick) extremely hard (∼12 GPa) surface layer on the interior and external surfaces of the hollow trusses. This significantly increased the compressive buckling resistance of individual trusses. Compressive strength enhancements (compared with untreated counterparts in the annealed (as brazed) condition) varied from 1.2 for thick walled tubes to 3.8 when the wall thickness was decreased to about twice the hardened layer depth. The moduli and strengths of all the lattices were found to increase with lattice relative density, and were well predicted by micromechanical models. The lowest relative density (thinnest wall) nitro-carburized hollow truss collinear lattice structures exhibited a specific compressive strength significantly higher than that of any other cellular metal reported to date. Nitro-carburized stainless steel collinear lattices therefore appear to be promising candidates for the cores of lightweight sandwich panels intended for elevated temperature and/or multifunctional applications.
Effect of sintering parameters on mechanical properties and microstructures of B4C/TiB2 ceramic composites
Authors: Sun Junlong , Liu Changxia , Li Bin , Wang Liangshen , Feng Baofu , Xie Zaiyu
Published: October 2015

B4C/TiB2 ceramic composites were fabricated using in-situ reaction and hot-pressing. The effects of sintering parameters on mechanical properties and microstructures of B4C/TiB2 ceramic composites are analyzed and discussed. Composites sintered at 1950°C for 60 min exhibited good mechanical properties. The relationship between bending strength and sintering parameters was similar to that between indentation fracture resistance and sintering parameters. The relationship between Vickers hardness and sintering parameters was consistent with that between relative density and sintering parameters. Analysis of microstructures indicated that the mechanical properties of B4C/TiB2 ceramic composites were affected by the porosity, interface bonding among grains, development of grains and fracture mechanism of the composites.
Novel Simulation Model of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Platform for a Virtual Randomized Trial of Conservative Therapy vs. Cystectomy in BCG Refractory Patients
Authors: Patel Sanjay , Dinh Tuan , Noah-Vanhoucke Joyce , Rengarajan Badri , Mayo Kevin , Clark Peter E. , Kamat Ashish M. , Lee Cheryl T. , Sexton Wade J. , Steinberg Gary D.
Published: October 2015

Introduction: There have been no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the clinical or economic benefit of mitomycin C intravesical therapy vs. radical cystectomy in patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). We used the Archimedes computational model to simulate RCT comparing radical cystectomy versus intravesical mitomycin C (MMC) therapy to evaluate the clinical and economic outcomes for BCG-refractory NMIBC as well demonstrate the utility of computer based models to simulate a clinical trial.

Methods: The Archimedes model was developed to generate a virtual population using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database, other clinical trials, and expert opinions. Patients selected were diagnosed with NMIBC (<cT2 disease) who recurred or progressed despite BCG therapy and were randomized to 1) immediate radical cystectomy vs. 2) MMC induction intravesical therapy. Clinical (progression, overall survival, and disease specific survival) and economic outcomes were reported.

Results: A total of 1300 virtual patients were evaluation. Progression to MIBC in the MMC treatment arm was 30% over the lifetime. Disease specific death at 5 years was 1.6% and 8.7% for the immediate cystectomy and MMC treatment arms respectively; while, overall death was 17.8% and 23.8% at 5 years. Over a 5-year period the average cost of immediate cystectomy was $64,675 vs $68,517 in the MMC arm.

Conclusion: Immediate radical cystectomy after BCG failure for NMIBC has improved survival and is more cost-effective when compared to those undergoing MMC. Simulation of clinical trials using computational models similar to the Archimedes model can overcome shortcomings of real-world clinical trials and may prove useful in the face of current medical cost-conscious era.