bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microarray gene expression during early healing of GBR‐treated calvarial critical size defects
Authors: Al‐Kattan R. , Retzepi M. , Calciolari E. , Donos N.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To investigate the gene expression and molecular pathways implicated in the regulation of the osseous healing process following guided bone regeneration (GBR).

Material and methods

Six 6‐month‐old Wistar male rats were used. Standardized 5‐mm critical size defects were created in the parietal bones of each animal and treated with an extracranial and intracranial ePTFE membrane, according to the GBR principle. Three animals were randomly sacrificed after 7 and 15 days of healing. Total RNA was extracted from each sample and prepared for gene expression analysis. RNA quality and quantity were assessed, followed by hybridization of the cRNA to Affymetrix GeneChip Rat Genome 230 2.0 Arrays. The Affymetrix data were processed, and first‐order analysis, quality control and statistical analysis were performed. Biological interpretation was performed via pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis.

Results

Between the 7‐ and 15‐day samples, 538 genes were differently regulated. At day 7, inflammatory and immune responses were clearly upregulated. In addition, GO terms related to angiogenesis and cell cycle regulation were overexpressed. At day 15, a more complex cellular activity and cell metabolism were evident. The bone formation processes were significantly overexpressed, with several genes encoding growth factors, enzyme activity, and extracellular matrix formation found as upregulated. Remarkably, a negative regulation of Wnt signalling pathway was observed at 15 days.

Discussion

The gene expression profile of the cells participating in osseous formation varied depending on the healing stage. A number of candidate genes that seem differentially expressed during early stages of intramembranous bone regeneration was suggested.
β‐Cell adaptation in pregnancy
Authors: Baeyens L. , Hindi S. , Sorenson R. L. , German M. S.
Published: September 2016

Pregnancy in placental mammals places unique demands on the insulin‐producing β‐cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The pancreas anticipates the increase in insulin resistance that occurs late in pregnancy by increasing β‐cell numbers and function earlier in pregnancy. In rodents, this β‐cell expansion depends on secreted placental lactogens that signal through the prolactin receptor. Then at the end of pregnancy, the β‐cell population contracts back to its pre‐pregnancy size. In the current review, we focus on how glucose metabolism changes during pregnancy, how β‐cells anticipate these changes through their response to lactogens and what molecular mechanisms guide the adaptive compensation. In addition, we summarize current knowledge of β‐cell adaptation during human pregnancy and what happens when adaptation fails and gestational diabetes ensues. A better understanding of human β‐cell adaptation to pregnancy would benefit efforts to predict, prevent and treat gestational diabetes.
When β‐cells fail: lessons from dedifferentiation
Authors: Accili D. , Talchai S. C. , Kim‐Muller J. Y. , Cinti F. , Ishida E. , Ordelheide A. M. , Kuo T. , Fan J. , Son J.
Published: September 2016

Diabetes is caused by a combination of impaired responsiveness to insulin and reduced production of insulin by the pancreas. Until recently, the decline of insulin production had been ascribed to β‐cell death. But recent research has shown that β‐cells do not die in diabetes, but undergo a silencing process, termed “dedifferentiation.” The main implication of this discovery is that β‐cells can be revived by appropriate treatments. We have shown that mitochondrial abnormalities are a key step in the progression of β‐cell dysfunction towards dedifferentiation. In normal β‐cells, mitochondria generate energy required to sustain insulin production and its finely timed release in response to the body's nutritional status. A normal β‐cell can adapt its mitochondrial fuel source based on substrate availability, a concept known as “metabolic flexibility.” This capability is the first casualty in the progress of β‐cell failure. β‐Cells lose the ability to select the right fuel for mitochondrial energy production. Mitochondria become overloaded, and accumulate by‐products derived from incomplete fuel utilization. Energy production stalls, and insulin production drops, setting the stage for dedifferentiation. The ultimate goal of these investigations is to explore novel treatment paradigms that will benefit people with diabetes.
Mechanisms of adult human β‐cell in vitro dedifferentiation and redifferentiation
Authors: Efrat S.
Published: September 2016

Recent studies in animal models and human pathological specimens suggest the involvement of β‐cell dedifferentiation in β‐cell dysfunction associated with type 2 diabetes. Dedifferentiated β‐cells may be exploited for endogenous renewal of the β‐cell mass. However, studying human β‐cell dedifferentiation in diabetes presents major difficulties. We have analysed mechanisms involved in human β‐cell dedifferentiation in vitro, under conditions that allow cell proliferation. Although there are important differences between the two cellular environments, β‐cell dedifferentiation in the two conditions is likely to share a number of common pathways. Insights from the in vitro studies may lead to development of approaches for redifferentiation of endogenous dedifferentiated β‐cells.
Stress‐induced adaptive islet cell identity changes
Authors: Cigliola V. , Thorel F. , Chera S. , Herrera P. L.
Published: September 2016

The different forms of diabetes mellitus differ in their pathogenesis but, ultimately, they are all characterized by progressive islet β‐cell loss. Restoring the β‐cell mass is therefore a major goal for future therapeutic approaches. The number of β‐cells found at birth is determined by proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells, and it has been considered to remain mostly unchanged throughout adult life. Recent studies in mice have revealed an unexpected plasticity in islet endocrine cells in response to stress; under certain conditions, islet non‐β‐cells have the potential to reprogram into insulin producers, thus contributing to restore the β‐cell mass. Here, we discuss the latest findings on pancreas and islet cell plasticity upon physiological, pathological and experimental conditions of stress. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cell reprogramming in these models will allow the development of new strategies for the treatment of diabetes, by exploiting the intrinsic regeneration capacity of the pancreas.
TLR2 promotes human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell migration and invasion by modulating NF‐κB pathway‐mediated inflammatory responses
Authors: Liu Bingyan , Yan Shuo , Jia Yiping , Ma Jun , Wu Shaoqiu , Xu Yuyao , Shang Mingyi , Mao Aiwu
Published: September 2016

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy that is often diagnosed at advanced stages, which limits treatment options. Despite its increasing incidence and mortality worldwide, the pathogenesis of ICC is not well understood. Here, we examined the effect of the dysregulation of innate immune responses on carcinogenesis by investigating the role of toll‐like receptor (TLR)2 in the pathogenesis and invasiveness of ICC and explored the underlying mechanisms. Immunohistochemical analysis, real‐time PCR, and western blotting showed higher TLR2 levels in ICC tissues and cell lines. Silencing and overexpression experiments indicated that TLR2 promotes ICC migration and invasion, induces the expression of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and upregulates the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐1β concomitant with the activation of NF‐κB signaling. Inhibition of NF‐κB activity abolished the effect of TLR2 on EMT, invasion and migration, and the TLR2‐induced upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and suppressed the effect of exogenous TNF‐α and IL‐6 on restoring EMT, migration and invasion in the presence of TLR2. Taken together, our results indicate that TLR2 has protumorigenic and prometastatic effects in ICC through the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines induced by the activation of NF‐κB signaling, suggesting potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of ICC.
Galeterone and VNPT55 disrupt Mnk‐eIF4E to inhibit prostate cancer cell migration and invasion
Authors: Kwegyir‐Afful Andrew K. , Bruno Robert D. , Purushottamachar Puranik , Murigi Francis N. , Njar Vincent C.O.
Published: September 2016

Metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) accounts for a high percentage of prostate cancer mortality. The proprietary compound galeterone (gal) was designed to inhibit proliferation of androgen/androgen receptor (AR)‐dependent prostate cancer cell in vitro and in vivo and is currently in phase III clinical development. Additionally, clinical studies with gal revealed its superb efficacy in four different cohorts of patients with mCRPC, including those expressing splice variant AR‐V7. Preclinical studies with gal show that it also exhibits strong antiproliferative activities against AR‐negative prostate cancer cells and tumors through a mechanism involving phosphorylation of eIF2α, which forms an integral component of the eukaryotic mRNA translation complex. Thus, we hypothesized that gal and its new analog, VNPT55, could modulate oncogenic mRNA translation and prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. We report that gal and VNPT55 profoundly inhibit migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, possibly by down‐regulating protein expression of several EMT markers (Snail, Slug, N‐cadherin, vimentin, and MMP‐2/‐9) via antagonizing the Mnk–eIF4E axis. In addition, gal/VNPT55 inhibited both NF‐κB and Twist1 transcriptional activities, down‐regulating Snail and BMI‐1 mRNA expression, respectively. Furthermore, profound up‐regulation of E‐cadherin mRNA and protein expression may explain the observed significant inhibition of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Moreover, expression of self‐renewal proteins, β‐catenin, CD44, and Nanog, was markedly depleted. Analysis of gal/VNPT55‐treated CWR22Rv1 xenograft tissue sections also revealed that observations in vitro were recapitulated in vivo. Our results suggest that gal/VNPT55 could become promising agents for the prevention and/or treatment of all stages of prostate cancer.
Utility of 18 F‐FDG PET/CT scan to diagnose the etiology of fever of unknown origin in patients on dialysis
Authors: Tek Chand Kalawat , Chennu Krishna Kishore , Amancharla Yadagiri Lakshmi , Manthri Gupta Ranadheer , Rapur Ram , Vishnubotla Siva Kumar
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Studies on fever of unknown origin (FUO) in patients of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease patients on dialysis were not many. In this study, we used 18 F‐FDG PET/CT scan whole body survey for detection of hidden infection, in patients on dialysis, labelled as FUO.

Methods: In this retrospective study, 20 patients of end stage renal disease on dialysis were investigated for the cause of FUO using 18F‐FDG PET/CT scan. All these patients satisfied the definition of FUO as defined by Petersdorf and Beeson. Any focal abnormal site of increased FDG concentration detected by PET/CT, either a solitary or multiple lesions was documented and at least one of the detected abnormal sites of radio tracer concentration was further examined for histopathology.

Findings: All patients were on renal replacement therapy. Of these, 18 were on hemodialysis and two were on peritoneal dialysis. 18F‐FDG PET/CT scan showed metabolically active lesions in 15 patients and metabolically quiescent in five patients. After 18F‐FDG PET/CT scan all, but one patient had a change in treatment for fever. Anti‐tuberculous treatment was given in 15 patients, antibiotics in four patients and anti‐malaria treatment in one patient.

Discussion: The present study is first study of 18F‐FDG PET/CT scan in patients of end stage renal disease on dialysis with FUO. The study showed that the 18 F FDG PET/CT scan may present an opportunity to attain the diagnosis in end stage renal disease patients on dialysis with FUO.
Indoxyl sulfate, a valuable biomarker in chronic kidney disease and dialysis
Authors: Tan Xiao , Cao Xuesen , Zou Jianzhou , Shen Bo , Zhang Xiaoyan , Liu Zhonghua , Lv Wenlv , Teng Jie , Ding Xiaoqiang
Published: September 2016

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasingly recognized disease with high global incidence and mortality. Yet, the existing diagnostic tools are not sufficient enough to predict prognosis of CKD and CKD comorbidities. Indoxyl sulfate, a typical uremic toxin, is of great importance in the development of CKD with its nephrotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, and bone toxicity. Some reports suggest that indoxyl sulfate directly associate with renal function loss and mortality in CKD patients. This review discusses the diagnostic value of indoxyl sulfate from its biological characteristics, pathophysiological effects, related therapies, and its diagnostic value in clinical studies.
Optical and Scintillation Properties of Ce3+‐Doped LuAG and YAG Transparent Ceramics: A Comparative Study
Authors: Li Jiang , Sahi Sunil , Groza Michael , Pan Yubai , Burger Arnold , Kenarangui Rasool , Chen Wei
Published: September 2016

Cerium‐doped lutetium aluminum garnet (LuAG:Ce) and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) transparent ceramics of same dimension were fabricated and their optical and scintillation properties were studied. LuAG:Ce transparent ceramic showed higher light yield under UV and X‐ray excitation with respect to YAG:Ce transparent ceramic. YAG:Ce transparent ceramic showed higher light yield under gamma excitation and better energy resolution, which could be due to the considerable amount of slower emission (38.5%) in LuAG:Ce as well as lower optical transparency with respect to YAG:Ce ceramic.
High Heat Flux Laser Testing of HfB2 Cylinders
Authors: Larrimbe Laura , Pettinà Michele , Nikbin Kamran , Jones Eric L. , Katz Allan P. , Hawkins Christopher J. , DeCerbo Jennifer , Brown Peter , Vandeperre Luc J.
Published: September 2016

Hafnium diboride (HfB2) is one of a family of ultra‐high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) which are being considered for application in environments with a substantial heat flux such as hypersonic flight. In order to characterize transitions in the material response with heat flux and therefore predict the in‐service behavior of UHTCs, a range of tests were conducted in which small cylindrical bars of HfB2 were laser heated using heat fluxes from 25 to 100 MW/m2. After testing, the external damage as well as damage observable in cross sections through the cylinders was characterized using photography, optical, and scanning electron microscopy. Experimental results were compared with finite element modeling of the heat flow, temperature distribution, and phase transition. Heat flux rather than total deposited heat was found to be the strongest determinant of the way in which damage develops in samples; for lower heat fluxes, the main damage mechanism is oxidation, progressing to oxidation‐induced melting and finally, at the highest heat fluxes, substantial ablation by melting irrespective of oxidation. The agreement between calculations and experimental observations indicates that such calculations can be used with confidence to guide the design of components.
Method for Direct Determination of Glassy Phase Dissolution in Hydrating Fly Ash‐Cement System Using X‐ray Diffraction
Authors: Bhagath Singh Gangapatnam V. P. , Subramaniam Kolluru V. L.
Published: September 2016

A method for quantitative X‐ray diffraction analysis is developed for direct determination of the glassy phase content of fly ash in a hydrating binary blend of cement and low‐calcium, siliceous fly ash. The intensity contributions of the unhydrated glassy phase of fly ash and the amorphous reaction products to the intensity pattern of the total amorphous phase in the hydrating binary blend are obtained by decomposition of the total intensity signature as a sum of component pseudo Voigt (PV) peaks. An experimental program involving binary blends with three different low calcium siliceous fly ashes and two different curing temperatures is reported. The centers of the component PV peaks of the fly ash glassy phase fitted to the overall intensity pattern are found to be invariant. The glassy phase content of hydrating binary blends determined from the XRD method were found to agree well with the values obtained from a selective dissolution method.
Controllable Formation of the Crystalline Phases in Ge–Ga–S Chalcogenide Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Yang Xinyu , Zhang Mingjie , Yan Kunlun , Han Liyuan , Xu Qin , Liu Haitao , Wang Rongping
Published: September 2016

We prepared chemically stoichiometric, S‐poor and S‐rich Ge–Ga–S glasses and annealed them at a temperature that was 20°C higher than its respective glass transition temperature. We aimed at tuning the formation of the different crystals in chalcogenide glass‐ceramics. Through systematic characterization of the structure using X‐ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectra, we found that, GeS2 and GeS crystals only can be created in S‐rich and S‐poor glass‐ceramics, respectively, while all GeS, Ga2S3, and GeS2 crystals exist in chemically stoichiometric glass‐ceramics. Moreover, we demonstrated the homogeneous distribution of the crystals can be formed in the S‐rich glass‐ceramics from the surface to the interior via composition designing. The present approach blazes a new path to control the growth of the different crystals in chalcogenide glass‐ceramics.
Laser fluorescence of caries detection in permanent teeth in vitro: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rosa Maria I , Schambeck Vilson S , Dondossola Eduardo R , Alexandre Maria CM , Tuon Lisiane , Grande Antonio J , Hugo Fernando
Published: September 2016

Background/objectives

The detection of dental caries in the early stages, particularly on the occlusal surfaces, has become a mainstay of contemporary clinical practice. The objective of the study was to verify the accuracy of laser fluorescence for caries detection.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, IBECS, BIOSIS, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Congress Abstracts, and Grey literature databases was undertaken from 1980 through January 2016. We included cross‐sectional studies that evaluated laser fluorescence in caries diagnoses in vitro and compared them with histological analyses.

Results

A total of 39 articles were included in the meta‐analysis, which included 2082 caries sites. The pooled sensitivity was 0.71 (0.69, 0.73), and the specificity was 0.81 (0.73, 0.82). The diagnostic odds ratio was 14.93 (11.2, 19.9). A summary receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed. The area under the curve was 0.865.

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis showed that laser fluorescence in vitro had the ability to diagnose occlusal caries lesions in permanent teeth and enamel and dentin caries.
Isotope geochemistry reveals ontogeny of dispersal and exchange between main‐river and tributary habitats in smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu
Authors: Humston R. , Doss S. S. , Wass C. , Hollenbeck C. , Thorrold S. R. , Smith S. , Bataille C. P.
Published: September 2016

Radiogenic strontium isotope ratios (87Sr:86Sr) in otoliths were compared with isotope ratios predicted from models and observed in water sampling to reconstruct the movement histories of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu between main‐river and adjacent tributary habitats. A mechanistic model incorporating isotope geochemistry, weathering processes and basin accumulation reasonably predicted observed river 87Sr:86Sr across the study area and provided the foundations for experimental design and inferring fish provenance. Exchange between rivers occurred frequently, with nearly half (48%) of the 209 individuals displaying changes in otolith 87Sr:86Sr reflecting movement between isotopically distinct rivers. The majority of between‐river movements occurred in the first year and often within the first few months of life. Although more individuals were observed moving from the main river into tributaries, this pattern did not necessarily reflect asymmetry in exchange. Several individuals made multiple movements between rivers over their lifetimes; no patterns were found, however, that suggest seasonal or migratory movement. The main‐river sport fishery is strongly supported by recruitment from tributary spawning, as 26% of stock size individuals in the main river were spawned in tributaries. The prevailing pattern of early juvenile dispersal documented in this study has not been observed previously for this species and suggests that the process of establishing seasonal home‐range areas occurs up to 2 years earlier than originally hypothesized. Extensive exchange between rivers would have substantial implications for management of M. dolomieu populations in river–tributary networks.
Body length rather than routine metabolic rate and body condition correlates with activity and risk‐taking in juvenile zebrafish Danio rerio
Authors: Polverino G. , Bierbach D. , Killen S. S. , Uusi‐Heikkilä S. , Arlinghaus R.
Published: September 2016

In this study, the following hypotheses were explored using zebrafish Danio rerio: (1) individuals from the same cohort differ consistently in activity and risk‐taking and (2) variation in activity and risk‐taking is linked to individual differences in metabolic rate, body length and body condition. To examine these hypotheses, juvenile D. rerio were tested for routine metabolic rate and subsequently exposed to an open field test. Strong evidence was found for consistent among‐individual differences in activity and risk‐taking, which were overall negatively correlated with body length, i.e. larger D. rerio were found to be less active in a potentially dangerous open field and a similar trend was found with respect to a more direct measure of their risk‐taking tendency. In contrast, routine metabolic rate and body condition were uncorrelated with both activity and risk‐taking of juvenile D. rerio. These findings suggest that body length is associated with risk‐related behaviours in juvenile D. rerio for which larger, rather than smaller, individuals may have a higher risk of predation, while the role for routine metabolic rate is relatively limited or non‐existent, at least under the conditions of the present study.
Complex postglacial recolonization inferred from population genetic structure of mottled sculpinCottus bairdiiin tributaries of eastern Lake Michigan, U.S.A.
Authors: Homola J. J. , Ruetz C. R. , Kohler S. L. , Thum R. A.
Published: September 2016

This study used analyses of the genetic structure of a non‐game fish species, the mottled sculpinCottus bairdiito hypothesize probable recolonization routes used by cottids and possibly other Laurentian Great Lakes fishes following glacial recession. Based on samples from 16 small streams in five major Lake Michigan, U.S.A., tributary basins, significant interpopulation differentiation was documented (overallFST= 0·235). Differentiation was complex, however, with unexpectedly high genetic similarity among basins as well as occasionally strong differentiation within basins, despite relatively close geographic proximity of populations. Genetic dissimilarities were identified between eastern and western populations within river basins, with similarities existing between eastern and western populations across basins. Given such patterns, recolonization is hypothesized to have occurred on three occasions from more than one glacial refugium, with a secondary vicariant event resulting from reduction in the water level of ancestral Lake Michigan. By studying the phylogeography of a small, non‐game fish species, this study provides insight into recolonization dynamics of the region that could be difficult to infer from game species that are often broadly dispersed by humans.
Breaking The Cycle Of Intergenerational Child Maltreatment: A Case For Active Efforts For Dependent Minor Parents And Their Children In State Custody
Authors: Hirst Eliza M. , Jones Annika L.
Published: September 2016

Dependent minor parents placed in foster care with their children often face significant hurdles. These parents are responsible to make caregiving decisions for their children, while they themselves fall under the caregiving responsibility of the state child welfare system. As such, dependent minor parents live in a “twilight zone” – they hold full parental rights, but limited rights as teenagers. For a number of reasons, the children of minor parents in foster care often come into state custody. When two generations are in foster care at the same time, states must balance the safety and best interests of the children with the rights of minor parents to care for their own children. Currently, the state child welfare system is only required to provide “reasonable efforts” to reunify parents with children when they have been removed from their care for abuse, neglect, or dependency. However, dependent minor parents in state custody often require more supportive services in order to successfully reunify with their children than in a typical child welfare case. This article places the circumstance just described in the context of dependent minor parents’ constitutionally protected rights, and advocates for a higher standard which would require states to provide “active efforts” to protect and preserve these young families.
A randomized clinical trial on the comparison between hair shaving and snipping prior to laser hair removal sessions in women suffering from hirsutism
Authors: Alijanpour Robabeh , Aliakbarpour Fatemeh
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives

Hirsutism or excess hair growth is a common dermatological problem in females, affecting up to 10% of females worldwide. We aimed this study to compare the two hair‐shortening methods shaving vs. snipping among hirsute women regarding the outcome of the therapy and also the paradoxical hypertrichosis phenomenon (terminal hair regrowth) 6 months after the final therapy session.

Materials and Methods

In this study, 129 premenopausal women affected by hirsutism were randomly divided into two study groups according to hair‐shortening method: shaving as group A (66 patients) and hair shortening by scissor as group B (63 patients). Each patient received six alexandrite laser therapy sessions every month for six consecutive months. Chin hairs in a 5 × 5 cm2 zone were counted, and the paradoxical hair regrowth was evaluated four times during the study: once at baseline, once before the third session, once before the sixth session, and once 6 months after the last laser session.

Results

Before the third session, the counts were 15.06 ± 5.20 in group A and 13.07 ± 4.44 in group B (P = 0.022); both counts were meaningfully less than the baseline count (P < 0.001). The counts before the sixth session were 2.80 ± 1.16 in group A and 2.71 ± 1.12 in group B (P = 0.673); the counts were significantly lower than the previous session (P < 0.001). Six months after the last laser session, the counts were 11.27 ± 9.30 in group A and 8.15 ± 3.12 in group B (P = 0.012). Paradoxical hypertrichosis was observed in three patients of group A vs. no patients in group B.

Conclusion

We found that alexandrite laser therapy is really effective for treating hirsutism. Both shaving and using a scissor for hair shortening showed similar short‐term results, but in one‐year follow‐up, paradoxical hypertrichosis was only observed in shaving group and also a lower hair count was observed in the snipping group.
Blissfully Blind or Painfully Aware? Exploring the Beliefs People With Interpersonal Problems Have About Their Reputation
Authors: Carlson Erika N. , Wright Aidan G. C. , Imam Hira
Published: September 2016

Objective

Problematic interpersonal behavior might stem from and be maintained by the beliefs people have about how others see them (i.e., metaperceptions). The current study tested whether people with interpersonal problems formed more or less accurate metaperceptions about their personality (meta‐accuracy), whether they thought others saw them in more or less positive ways (positivity), and whether they underestimated or overestimated how much others saw them as they saw themselves (transparency).

Method

Participants (NTime1 = 189; NTime2 = 175; Mage = 19.78; 36% male) completed a measure of interpersonal problems and provided personality judgments and metaperceptions for a group of peers after a first impression and after 4 months of acquaintanceship.

Results

Generalized distress was associated with less positive metaperceptions at both times and with higher meta‐accuracy after 4 months. Dominance problems were not associated with meta‐accuracy, positivity, or transparency after a first impression, but dominance was linked to lower meta‐accuracy and lower positivity after 4 months. Affiliation problems were associated with higher meta‐accuracy after a first impression and with higher positivity and transparency at both times.

Conclusions

Metaperceptions were linked to interpersonal problems, and these expectations might partially explain some maladaptive patterns of behavior.
Optimizing camera‐trapping protocols for characterizing mesocarnivore communities in south‐western Europe
Authors: Ferreras P. , Díaz‐Ruiz F. , Alves P. C. , Monterroso P.
Published: September 2016

Carnivores are elusive, nocturnal and scarce, hence, their detection is difficult. Camera trapping has become a powerful non‐invasive technique for collecting information on such elusive species. Some of its major applications are species inventories and community monitoring. Some efforts have been recently devoted to standardize protocols for monitoring mammal communities in tropical areas. Nevertheless, there is a lack of standardization across studies for monitoring carnivore communities in temperate areas. We aimed to optimize camera‐trapping protocols for monitoring mesocarnivore communities in Mediterranean areas, minimizing sampling effort to accurately estimate species richness. For this purpose, we assessed the effect of number of cameras, time they remain active, area covered and spatial arrangement on species richness estimates. We used between 50 and 60 camera‐traps combined with generalist scent attractants in two national parks located in central Spain. We generated random sets of 5–40 cameras and evaluated the accumulated richness between 1 and 30 days since deployment. Generalized linear model analysis indicates that active days, number of cameras, covered area and study area best explained species richness. A minimum of 30 active cameras during 20 days were required for attaining the asymptotical species richness. A larger effort was required to detect all species in the study area with higher species richness (six vs. five species). These results agree with the effort required for obtaining at least one camera image of those species with the lowest detection rates. Scattered deployments required less effort (number of cameras) to reach an asymptote of species richness than clumped layouts, although differences were not significant. These findings can be used as guidelines for monitoring mesocarnivore communities with camera‐traps in temperate areas, although particular monitoring requirements will depend on the community composition and density of mesocarnivore species present in a given study area.
Obesity paradox in cirrhosis: is it real or just an illusion?
Authors: Machado Mariana V. , Cortez‐Pinto Helena
Published: September 2016

See Article on Page 1450
Water in the Martian interior—The geodynamical perspective
Authors: Breuer Doris , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Tosi Nicola , Grott Matthias
Published: September 2016

Petrological analysis of the Martian meteorites suggests that rheologically significant amounts of water are present in the Martian mantle. A bulk mantle water content of at least a few tens of ppm is thus expected to be present despite the potentially efficient degassing during accretion, magma ocean solidification, and subsequent volcanism. We examine the dynamical consequences of different thermochemical evolution scenarios testing whether they can lead to the formation and preservation of mantle reservoirs, and compare model predictions with available data. First, the simplest scenario of a homogenous mantle that emerges when ignoring density changes caused by the extraction of partial melt is found to be inconsistent with the isotopic evidence for distinct reservoirs provided by the analysis of the Martian meteorites. In a second scenario, reservoirs can form as a result of partial melting that induces a density change in the depleted mantle with respect to its primordial composition. However, efficient mantle mixing prevents these reservoirs from being preserved until present unless they are located in the stagnant lid. Finally, reservoirs could be formed during fractional crystallization of a magma ocean. In this case, however, the mantle would likely end up being stably stratified as a result of the global overturn expected to accompany the fractional crystallization. Depending on the assumed density contrast, little secondary crust would be produced and the lithosphere would be extremely cool and dry, in contrast to observations. In summary, it is very challenging to obtain a self‐consistent evolution scenario that satisfies all available constraints.
A tree of tree frogs around the Black Sea
Authors: Irwin Darren E.
Published: September 2016

Speciation, the process by which one species evolves into two or more, is a major focus of ongoing debate, particularly regarding the geographic context in which it occurs. Geographic models of speciation tend to fall into discrete categories, typically referred to as allopatric, parapatric and sympatric speciation, according to whether two groups evolve reproductive isolation while geographically isolated, differentiated but connected by gene flow, or completely co‐occurring. Yet molecular studies indicate that full development of reproductive isolation can take very long compared with the timescale at which climatic oscillations occur, such that the geographic context of differentiating forms might change often during the long process to full species. Studies of genetic relationships across the ranges of organisms with low‐dispersal distances have the potential to reveal these complex histories. In a particularly elegant example in this issue, Dufresnes et al. () use genetic variation and ecological niche modelling to show that a ring of populations of the eastern tree frog (Hyla orientalis) surrounding the Black Sea had a complex history of geographic differentiation. Alternating phases of geographic fragmentation and phases of gene flow between neighbouring populations have produced a pattern of gradual genetic change connecting the western, southern and eastern sides of the ring, with the northwestern and northeastern forms being most differentiated. In the north, a population in Crimea appears to have been produced through mixture of the two extreme forms. The overall genetic relationships are reminiscent of those found in ring species, which have been used as prime demonstrations of the process of speciation. The difference, however, is that the terminal forms appear to have mixed rather than be reproductively isolated, although more research is needed to infer whether there might be some reproductive isolation on the northern side of the ring.
Diverse multi‐organ histopathologic changes in a failed Fontan patient
Authors: Mizuno Masanori , Ohuchi Hideo , Matsuyama Taka‐aki , Miyazaki Aya , Ishibashi‐Ueda Hatsue , Yamada Osamu
Published: September 2016

We report multi‐organ histopathological changes in a patient with protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) over 12 years after Fontan operation. A 14‐year‐old boy with right isomerism heart and single ventricle had undergone Fontan procedure at 19 months of age, and PLE was diagnosed at 28 months. He had several episodes of intestinal bleeding and pre‐renal failure with elevated creatine, and eventually died of pneumonia. The intrapulmonary small arteries showed medial and intimal thickening resembling pulmonary hypertension. No major ulcerative lesions were found in the small or large intestines. Dilated lymph ducts, one of the characteristic features of PLE, were not seen in mucosal and submucosal areas. Liver cirrhosis was obvious despite little increase in liver enzymes. Histological changes in bilateral kidneys were subtle despite repeated episodes of renal failure. Thus, there may be significant discrepancies between clinical manifestations and multi‐organ histological changes in failed Fontan patients.
The Mobilizing Effect of Right‐Wing Ideological Climates: Cross‐Level Interaction Effects on Different Types of Outgroup Attitudes
Authors: Van Assche Jasper , Roets Arne , De keersmaecker Jonas , Van Hiel Alain
Published: September 2016

The present research investigated a multilevel person‐context interactionist framework for the relationship between right‐wing ideologies and prejudice across two large, representative samples (Study 1: European Social Survey: N = 56,752; Study 2: World Values Survey: N = 74,042). Across three different operationalizations of right‐wing ideology, two contextual levels (regional and national) of right‐wing climate, and three types of outgroup attitudes (i.e., age‐, ethnicity‐, and gender‐based), the analyses consistently revealed cross‐level interactions, showing a strong association between right‐wing attitudes and negative outgroup attitudes at the individual level in contexts with a low right‐wing climate, whereas this relationship is weaker and often even absent in contexts with a high right‐wing climate. These cross‐level interactions remained significant after controlling for statistical artefacts (i.e., restriction of range and outliers). The authors propose norm setting as the mobilizing mechanism through which a right‐wing climate develops and curbs the influence of individual right‐wing social‐ideological attitudes on outgroup attitudes.
Fast detection of leaf pigments and isoprenoids for ecophysiological studies, plant phenotyping and validating remote‐sensing of vegetation
Authors: Junker Laura V. , Ensminger Ingo
Published: September 2016

Rapid developments in remote‐sensing of vegetation and high‐throughput precision plant phenotyping promise a range of real‐life applications using leaf optical properties for non‐destructive assessment of plant performance. Use of leaf optical properties for assessing plant performance requires the ability to use photosynthetic pigments as proxies for physiological properties and the ability to detect these pigments fast, reliably and at low cost. We describe a simple and cost‐effective protocol for the rapid analysis of chlorophylls, carotenoids and tocopherols using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Many existing methods are based on the expensive solvent acetonitrile, take a long time or do not include lutein epoxide and α‐carotene. We aimed to develop an HPLC method which separates all major chlorophylls and carotenoids as well as lutein epoxide, α‐carotene and α‐tocopherol. Using a C30‐column and a mobile phase with a gradient of methanol, methyl‐tert‐butyl‐ether (MTBE) and water, our method separates the above pigments and isoprenoids within 28 min. The broad applicability of our method is demonstrated using samples from various plant species and tissue types, e.g. leaves of Arabidopsis and avocado plants, several deciduous and conifer tree species, various crops, stems of parasitic dodder, fruit of tomato, roots of carrots and Chlorella algae. In comparison to previous methods, our method is very affordable, fast and versatile and can be used to analyze all major photosynthetic pigments that contribute to changes in leaf optical properties and which are of interest in most ecophysiological studies.
Hybrid event beds dominated by transitional‐flow facies: character, distribution and significance in the Maastrichtian Springar Formation, north‐west Vøring Basin, Norwegian Sea
Authors: Southern Sarah J. , Kane Ian A. , Warchoł Michał J. , Porten Kristin W. , McCaffrey William D.
Published: September 2016

Hybrid event beds comprising clay‐poor and clay‐rich sandstone are abundant in Maastrichtian‐aged sandstones of the Springar Formation in the north‐west Vøring Basin, Norwegian Sea. This study focuses on an interval, informally referred to as the Lower Sandstone, which has been penetrated in five wells that are distributed along a 140 km downstream transect. Systematic variations in bed style within this stratigraphic interval are used to infer variation in flow behaviour in relatively proximal and distal settings, although individual beds were not correlated. The Lower Sandstone shows an overall reduction in total thickness, bed amalgamation, sand to mud ratio and grain size in distal wells. Turbidites dominated by clay‐poor sandstone are at their most common in relatively proximal wells, whereas hybrid event beds are at their most common in distal wells. Hybrid event beds typically comprise a basal clay‐poor sandstone (non‐stratified or stratified) overlain by banded sandstone, with clay‐rich non‐stratified sandstone at the bed top. The dominant type of clay‐poor sandstone at the base of these beds varies spatially; non‐stratified sandstone is thickest and most common proximally, whereas stratified sandstone becomes dominant in distal wells. Stratified and banded sandstone record progressive deposition of the hybrid event bed. Thus, the facies succession within hybrid event beds records the longitudinal heterogeneity of flow behaviour within the depositional boundary layer; this layer changed from non‐cohesive at the front, through a region of transitional behaviour (fluctuating non‐cohesive and cohesive flow), to cohesive behaviour at the rear. Spatial variation in the dominant type of clay‐poor sandstone at the bed base suggests that the front of the flow remained non‐cohesive, and evolved from high‐concentration and turbulence‐suppressed to increasingly turbulent flow; this is thought to occur in response to deposition and declining sediment fallout. This research may be applicable to other hybrid event bed prone systems, and emphasizes the dynamic nature of hybrid flows.
Use of continuous simulation model (COSIMAT) as a complementary tool to model sewer systems: a case study on the Paruck collector, Brussels, Belgium
Authors: Nkiaka E. , Shrestha N. K. , Leta O. T. , Bauwens W.
Published: September 2016

Episodic Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) discharges effectively control the ecological status of receiving water bodies. Hydrodynamic models like the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) are often used to model the CSO events. However, such detailed models are computationally demanding especially when a long‐term simulation of a complex system is required. Considering this, we developed an alternative simple continuous simulation model (COSIMAT) using the SIMULINK™ module in MATLAB™ as a means of solving the issue of computational time associated with the detailed models. The COSIMAT model was tested against a detailed model set up on the SWMM. The Paruck collector – one of the major Collector of the Brussels’ sewer system was used as an example case. Results showed that the accuracy of the simplified COSIMAT model was comparable to that of the detailed hydrodynamic model (SWMM) with a significant reduction of computational time by a factor of 8. We believe such alternative approaches would be useful to replace a computationally demanding model component of an integrated modelling system of a complex sewer system.
Quantifying cerebrovascular reactivity in anterior and posterior cerebral circulations during voluntary breath holding
Authors: Bruce Christina D. , Steinback Craig D. , Chauhan Uday V. , Pfoh Jamie R. , Abrosimova Maria , Vanden Berg Emily R. , Skow Rachel J. , Davenport Margie H. , Day Trevor A.
Published: September 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

We developed and validated a ‘stimulus index’ (SI; ratio of end‐tidal partial pressures of CO2 and O2) method to quantify cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in anterior and posterior cerebral circulations during breath holding. We aimed to determine whether the magnitude of CVR is correlated with breath‐hold duration.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Using the SI method and transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we found that the magnitude of CVR of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations is not positively correlated with physiological or psychological break‐point during end‐inspiratory breath holding. Our study expands the ability to quantify CVR during breath holding and elucidates factors that affect break‐point.

The central respiratory chemoreflex contributes to blood gas homeostasis, particularly in response to accumulation of brainstem CO2. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) affects chemoreceptor stimulation inversely through CO2 washout from brainstem tissue. Voluntary breath holding imposes alterations in blood gases, eliciting respiratory chemoreflexes, potentially contributing to breath‐hold duration (i.e. break‐point). However, the effects of cerebrovascular reactivity on break‐point have yet to be determined. We tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of CVR contributes directly to breath‐hold duration in 23 healthy human participants. We developed and validated a cerebrovascular stimulus index methodology [SI; ratio of end‐tidal partial pressures of CO2 and O2 ()] to quantify CVR by correlating measured and interpolated values of (r = 0.95, P < 0.0001), (r = 0.98, P < 0.0001) and SI (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001) during rebreathing. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we then quantified the CVR of the middle (MCAv) and posterior (PCAv) cerebral arteries by plotting cerebral blood velocity against interpolated SI during a maximal end‐inspiratory breath hold. The MCAv CVR magnitude was larger than PCAv (P = 0.001; +70%) during breath holding. We then correlated MCAv and PCAv CVR with the physiological (involuntary diaphragmatic contractions) and psychological (end‐point) break‐point, within individuals. There were significant inverse but modest relationships between both MCAv and PCAv CVR and both physiological and psychological break‐points (r < −0.53, P < 0.03). However, these relationships were absent when MCAv and PCAv cerebrovascular conductance reactivity was correlated with both physiological and psychological break‐points (r > −0.42; P > 0.06). Although central chemoreceptor activation is likely to be contributing to break‐point, our data suggest that CVR‐mediated CO2 washout from central chemoreceptors plays no role in determining break‐point, probably because of a reduced arterial‐to‐tissue CO2 gradient during breath holding.