bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qubit-Based Clock Synchronization for QKD Systems Using a Bayesian Approach
Authors: Cochran Roderick D. , Gauthier Daniel J.
Published: July 2021

Quantum key distribution (QKD) systems provide a method for two users to exchange a provably secure key. Synchronizing the users’ clocks is an essential step before a secure key can be distilled. Qubit-based synchronization protocols directly use the transmitted quantum states to achieve synchronization and thus avoid the need for additional classical synchronization hardware. Previous qubit-based synchronization protocols sacrifice secure key either directly or indirectly, and all known qubit-based synchronization protocols do not efficiently use all publicly available information published by the users. Here, we introduce a Bayesian probabilistic algorithm that incorporates all published information to efficiently find the clock offset without sacrificing any secure key. Additionally, the output of the algorithm is a probability, which allows us to quantify our confidence in the synchronization. For demonstration purposes, we present a model system with accompanying simulations of an efficient three-state BB84 prepare-and-measure protocol with decoy states. We use our algorithm to exploit the correlations between Alice’s published basis and mean photon number choices and Bob’s measurement outcomes to probabilistically determine the most likely clock offset. We find that we can achieve a 95 percent synchronization confidence in only 4140 communication bin widths, meaning we can tolerate clock drift approaching 1 part in 4140 in this example when simulating this system with a dark count probability per communication bin width of 8×10−4 and a received mean photon number of 0.01.
DiLizium: A Two-Party Lattice-Based Signature Scheme
Authors: Vakarjuk Jelizaveta , Snetkov Nikita , Willemson Jan
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we propose DiLizium: a new lattice-based two-party signature scheme. Our scheme is constructed from a variant of the Crystals-Dilithium post-quantum signature scheme. This allows for more efficient two-party implementation compared with the original but still derives its post-quantum security directly from the Module Learning With Errors and Module Short Integer Solution problems. We discuss our design rationale, describe the protocol in full detail, and provide performance estimates and a comparison with previous schemes. We also provide a security proof for the two-party signature computation protocol against a classical adversary. Extending this proof to a quantum adversary is subject to future studies. However, our scheme is secure against a quantum attacker who has access to just the public key and not the two-party signature creation protocol.
Flexible and Efficient Inference with Particles for the Variational Gaussian Approximation
Authors: Galy-Fajou Théo , Perrone Valerio , Opper Manfred
Published: July 2021

Variational inference is a powerful framework, used to approximate intractable posteriors through variational distributions. The de facto standard is to rely on Gaussian variational families, which come with numerous advantages: they are easy to sample from, simple to parametrize, and many expectations are known in closed-form or readily computed by quadrature. In this paper, we view the Gaussian variational approximation problem through the lens of gradient flows. We introduce a flexible and efficient algorithm based on a linear flow leading to a particle-based approximation. We prove that, with a sufficient number of particles, our algorithm converges linearly to the exact solution for Gaussian targets, and a low-rank approximation otherwise. In addition to the theoretical analysis, we show, on a set of synthetic and real-world high-dimensional problems, that our algorithm outperforms existing methods with Gaussian targets while performing on a par with non-Gaussian targets.
A Novel Algebraic Structure of (α,β)-Complex Fuzzy Subgroups
Authors: Alolaiyan Hanan , Alshehri Halimah A. , Mateen Muhammad Haris , Pamucar Dragan , Gulzar Muhammad
Published: July 2021

A complex fuzzy set is a vigorous framework to characterize novel machine learning algorithms. This set is more suitable and flexible compared to fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and bipolar fuzzy sets. On the aspects of complex fuzzy sets, we initiate the abstraction of (α,β)-complex fuzzy sets and then define α,β-complex fuzzy subgroups. Furthermore, we prove that every complex fuzzy subgroup is an (α,β)-complex fuzzy subgroup and define (α,β)-complex fuzzy normal subgroups of given group. We extend this ideology to define (α,β)-complex fuzzy cosets and analyze some of their algebraic characteristics. Furthermore, we prove that (α,β)-complex fuzzy normal subgroup is constant in the conjugate classes of group. We present an alternative conceptualization of (α,β)-complex fuzzy normal subgroup in the sense of the commutator of groups. We establish the (α,β)-complex fuzzy subgroup of the classical quotient group and show that the set of all (α,β)-complex fuzzy cosets of this specific complex fuzzy normal subgroup form a group. Additionally, we expound the index of α,β-complex fuzzy subgroups and investigate the (α,β)-complex fuzzification of Lagrange’s theorem analog to Lagrange’ theorem of classical group theory.
Accelerated Diffusion-Based Sampling by the Non-Reversible Dynamics with Skew-Symmetric Matrices
Authors: Futami Futoshi , Iwata Tomoharu , Ueda Naonori , Sato Issei
Published: July 2021

Langevin dynamics (LD) has been extensively studied theoretically and practically as a basic sampling technique. Recently, the incorporation of non-reversible dynamics into LD is attracting attention because it accelerates the mixing speed of LD. Popular choices for non-reversible dynamics include underdamped Langevin dynamics (ULD), which uses second-order dynamics and perturbations with skew-symmetric matrices. Although ULD has been widely used in practice, the application of skew acceleration is limited although it is expected to show superior performance theoretically. Current work lacks a theoretical understanding of issues that are important to practitioners, including the selection criteria for skew-symmetric matrices, quantitative evaluations of acceleration, and the large memory cost of storing skew matrices. In this study, we theoretically and numerically clarify these problems by analyzing acceleration focusing on how the skew-symmetric matrix perturbs the Hessian matrix of potential functions. We also present a practical algorithm that accelerates the standard LD and ULD, which uses novel memory-efficient skew-symmetric matrices under parallel-chain Monte Carlo settings.
Assessment of Machine Learning Techniques in IoT-Based Architecture for the Monitoring and Prediction of COVID-19
Authors: Aljumah Abdullah
Published: July 2021

From the end of 2019, the world has been facing the threat of COVID-19. It is predicted that, before herd immunity is achieved globally via vaccination, people around the world will have to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic using precautionary steps. This paper suggests a COVID-19 identification and control system that operates in real-time. The proposed system utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT) platform to capture users’ time-sensitive symptom information to detect potential cases of coronaviruses early on, to track the clinical measures adopted by survivors, and to gather and examine appropriate data to verify the existence of the virus. There are five key components in the framework: symptom data collection and uploading (via communication technology), a quarantine/isolation center, an information processing core (using artificial intelligent techniques), cloud computing, and visualization to healthcare doctors. This research utilizes eight machine/deep learning techniques—Neural Network, Decision Table, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes, OneR, K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), Dense Neural Network (DNN), and the Long Short-Term Memory technique—to detect coronavirus cases from time-sensitive information. A simulation was performed to verify the eight algorithms, after selecting the relevant symptoms, on real-world COVID-19 data values. The results showed that five of these eight algorithms obtained an accuracy of over 90%. Conclusively, it is shown that real-world symptomatic information would enable these three algorithms to identify potential COVID-19 cases effectively with enhanced accuracy. Additionally, the framework presents responses to treatment for COVID-19 patients.
Improved FAST Device for Inherent Safety of Oxide-Fueled Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors
Authors: Abdelhameed Ahmed Amin E. , Kim Chihyung , Kim Yonghee
Published: July 2021

The floating absorber for safety at transient (FAST) was proposed as a solution for the positive coolant temperature coefficient in sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs). It is designed to insert negative reactivity in the case of coolant temperature rise or coolant voiding in an inherently passive way. The use of the original FAST design showed effectiveness in protecting the reactor core during some anticipated transients without scram (ATWS) events. However, oscillation behaviors of power due to refloating of the absorber module in FAST were observed during other ATWS events. In this paper, we propose an improved FAST device (iFAST), in which a constraint is imposed on the sinking (insertion) limit of the absorber module in FAST. This provides a simple and effective solution to the power oscillation problem. Here, we focus on an oxide fuel-loaded SFR that is characterized by a more negative Doppler reactivity coefficient and higher operating temperature than the metallic-loaded SFR cores. The study is carried out for the 1000 MWth advanced burner reactor with an oxide fuel-loaded core during postulated ATWS events that are unprotected transient over power, unprotected loss of flow, and unprotected loss of the heat sink. It was found that the iFAST device has promising potentials for protecting the oxide SFR core during the various studied ATWS events.
Evaluating the Context-Dependent Total-Factor Energy Efficiency of Counties and Cities in Taiwan
Authors: Hu Jin-Li , Chang Tzu-Pu
Published: July 2021

This paper applies the context-dependent total-factor energy efficiency (CD-TFEE) to determine the multi-layer disaggregate energy efficiency frontiers of twenty administrative regions in Taiwan for the year of 2016. The CD-TFEE overcomes the shortcoming of conventional TFEE index that TFEE is not able to find the “closest target” for each inefficient region in the short run. Furthermore, the CD-TFEE scores here deal with four types of energy inputs (electricity for production, electricity for household and non-household lighting, diesel sales, and gasoline sales), illustrating that multi-layer TFEE frontiers for each energy input in the case of Taiwan can be computed. Empirical results indicate that there are three levels of TFEE frontiers for electricity for production and four levels for other types of energy inputs. In addition, New Taipei City, Taipei City, Keelung City, and Penghu County are at the top level of TFEE frontier for all four energy inputs. This paper also demonstrates that the CD-TFEE procedure generates results different from the CD-DEA introduced by Seiford and Zhu (2003).
Thermal Properties and Combustion-Related Problems Prediction of Agricultural Crop Residues
Authors: Qian Xuejun , Xue Jingwen , Yang Yulai , Lee Seong W.
Published: July 2021

The prediction and pre-evaluation of the thermal properties and combustion-related problems (e.g., emissions and ash-related problems) are critical to reducing emissions and improving combustion efficiency during the agricultural crop residues combustion process. This study integrated the higher heating value (HHV) model, specific heat model, and fuel indices as a new systematic approach to characterize the agricultural crop residues. Sixteen linear and non-linear regression models were developed from three main compositions of the ultimate analysis (e.g., C, H, and O) to predict the HHV of the agricultural crop residues. Newly developed HHV models have been validated with lower estimation errors and a higher degree of accuracy than the existing models. The specific heat of flue gas during the combustion process was estimated from the concentrations of C, H, O, S, and ash content under various excess air (EA) ratios and flue gas temperatures. The specific heat of agricultural crop residues was between 1.033 to 1.327 kJ/kg·K, while it was increased by decreasing the EA ratios and elevating the temperature of the flue gas. Combustion-related problems, namely corrosions, PM1.0 emissions, SOx, HCl, and ash-related problems were predicted using the fuel indices along with S and Cl concentrations, and ash compositions. Results showed that agricultural crop residues pose a severe corrosion risk and lower ash sintering temperature. This integrated approach can be applied to a wide range of biomass before the actual combustion process which may predict thermal-chemical properties and reduce the potential combustion-related emissions.
Deadbeat Predictive Current Control for Series-Winding PMSM Drive with Half-Bridge Power Module-Based Inverter
Authors: Dong Zhiping , Liu Chunhua , Liu Senyi , Song Zaixin
Published: July 2021

Series-winding topology (SWT) could improve the DC-link voltage utilization, as open-winding topology does. Meanwhile, it can greatly reduce the number of power devices. Firstly, for the half-bridge power modules (HBPMs)-based inverter, an N-phase series-winding motor only requires N + 1 HBPMs for driving. On the other hand, such SWT also brings new challenges to the drive system. A zero-sequence loop is introduced into the motor windings due to SWT. The generated zero-sequence current would degrade the total harmonic distortion of the phase currents and produce the additional torque ripple. Moreover, current sensors are typically integrated with the HBPMs. However, in SWT, their measured results are the leg currents of the inverter, not the phase currents of the motor, which is crucial to the motor control. Thus, this paper mainly focuses on the aforementioned problems in a three-phase series-winding permanent-magnet synchronous motor (TPSW-PMSM) drive with HBPM-based inverter. Firstly, to control the zero-sequence subspace, the voltage vector distribution of TPSW-PMSM is analyzed. In addition, two voltage vectors with zero-sequence components are selected to generate the zero-sequence voltage. Then, the phase currents are reconstructed according to the leg currents from the current sensors on HBPMs. Based on the above, the deadbeat predictive current control (DBPCC) scheme is proposed for a TPSW-PMSM drive with HBPM-based inverter. It provides the TPSW-PMSM drive with fast dynamic response and effective zero-sequence current suppression. Finally, both simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed DBPCC scheme.
Machine Learning-Based Identification Strategy of Fuel Surrogates for the CFD Simulation of Stratified Operations in Low Temperature Combustion Modes
Authors: Mariani Valerio , Pulga Leonardo , Bianchi Gian Marco , Falfari Stefania , Forte Claudio
Published: July 2021

Many researchers in industry and academia are showing an increasing interest in the definition of fuel surrogates for Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation applications. This need is mainly driven by the necessity of the engine research community to anticipate the effects of new gasoline formulations and combustion modes (e.g., Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, Spark Assisted Compression Ignition) to meet future emission regulations. Since those solutions strongly rely on the tailored mixture distribution, the simulation and accurate prediction of the mixture formation will be mandatory. Focusing purely on the definition of surrogates to emulate liquid phase and liquid-vapor equilibrium of gasolines, the following target properties are considered in this work: density, Reid vapor pressure, chemical macro-composition and volatility. A set of robust algorithms has been developed for the prediction of volatility and Reid vapor pressure. A Bayesian optimization algorithm based on a customized merit function has been developed to allow for the efficient definition of surrogate formulations from a palette of 15 pure compounds. The developed methodology has been applied on different real gasolines from literature in order to identify their optima surrogates. Furthermore, the ‘unicity’ of the surrogate composition is discussed by comparing the optimum solution with the most different one available in the pool of equivalent-valuable solutions. The proposed methodology has proven the potential to formulate surrogates characterized by an overall good agreement with the target properties of the experimental gasolines (max relative error below 10%, average relative error around 3%). In particular, the shape and the end-tails of the distillation curve are well captured. Furthermore, an accurate prediction of key chemical macro-components such as ethanol and aromatics and their influence on evaporative behavior is achieved. The study of the ‘unicity’ of the surrogate composition has revealed that (i) the unicity is strongly correlated with the accuracy and that (ii) both ‘unicity’ and accuracy of the prediction are very sensitive to the high presence of aromatics.
Frequency Scan–Based Mitigation Approach of Subsynchronous Control Interaction in Type-3 Wind Turbines
Authors: Alatar Faris , Mehrizi-Sani Ali
Published: July 2021

Integration of wind energy resources into the grid creates several challenges for power system dynamics. More specifically, Type-3 wind turbines are susceptible to subsynchronous control interactions (SSCIs) when they become radially connected to a series-compensated transmission line. SSCIs can cause disruptions in power generation and can result in significant damage to wind farm (WF) components and equipment. This paper proposes an approach to mitigate SSCIs using an online frequency scan, with optimized phase angles of voltage harmonic injection to maintain steady-state operation, to modify the controllers or the operating conditions of the wind turbine. The proposed strategy is simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC software on the IEEE second benchmark model for subsynchronous resonance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy by ensuring oscillations do not grow.
Effects of Ambient Pressure on Burning Characteristics of Gasoline: A Pilot Study
Authors: Qin Pengcheng , Wang Mingnian , Chen Zhanwen , Yan Guanfeng , Yan Tao , Han Changling , Wang Anmin
Published: July 2021

A fire can pose a significant threat to a building’s occupants and leads to property damage. The burning characteristics usually determine the severity of the accident. Environments in high-altitude areas feature low oxygen content and ambient pressure, which can influence the burning characteristics of combustibles. In this paper, a series of field experiments were conducted to investigate the burning characteristics of gasoline at different altitudes considering heat release rate (HRR), flame height, and smoke release rate. Results show that the combustion process can be divided into three stages: initial stage, stable stage, and attenuation stage. Lower oxygen content and ambient pressure reduce the HRR; for example, the HRR at an altitude of 4150 m is nearly half at an altitude of 500 m, contributing to a lower smoke release rate. The HRR is proportional to 1.3 power of atmospheric pressure, and a fitting equation was brought out in this paper. Flame height increases with the increase in altitude due to the demand for more oxygen during the combustion process since the oxygen content is low in high-altitude areas.
Climate Adaptive Design Index for the Built Environment (CADI-BE): An Assessment System of the Adaptive Capacity to Urban Temperatures Increase
Authors: Bassolino Eduardo , Cerreta Maria
Published: July 2021

In a scenario in which the climate changes subject urban centres and large cities to high levels of environmental vulnerability and criticality underway, it is evident the need to define operational and straightforward decision-making tools capable of prefiguring and verifying the effectiveness of urban transformation climate-adaptive regeneration processes. The Climate Adaptive Design Index for the Built Environment (CADI-BE) tool has been developed to assess the adaptive capacity and level of performance of open urban spaces to the stresses due to the increase in global average temperatures. The repercussions of these phenomena cause the occurrence of heatwaves and the urban heat island effect (UHI), bringing out the inability of cities to cope with changes in the climate, making urban open spaces unlivable and no longer the ideal habitat for everyday life and social interactions.
Brittle Creep and Viscoelastic Creep in Lower Palaeozoic Shales from the Baltic Basin, Poland
Authors: Wilczynski Przemyslaw Michal , Domonik Andrzej , Lukaszewski Pawel
Published: July 2021

The paper analyses the mechanical properties of shales from the Baltic Basin, focusing on creep strain in conditions of variable stress and elevated temperature (85 °C). Rock samples were collected from drill cores from various depths between 3600–4000 m. A series of creep tests was performed using a triaxial apparatus in simulated pressure and temperature conditions in the reservoir. The creep tests were conducted at variable levels of differential stress in variable time intervals. The laboratory experiments were performed in order to study brittle and viscoelastic creep proceeding in time in shales rich in organic matter and clay minerals. Creep compliance of shale formations rich in organic matter influences the success of hydraulic fracturing procedures, as well as migration of natural gas during exploitation. Laboratory characteristics of geomechanical properties (compressive strength, strain and elastic moduli) is crucial for planning natural gas exploitation from unconventional resources. The results indicate that the level of constant differential stress and creep time significantly influence the mechanical properties of shales. The paper presents the differences between brittle and viscoelastic strain registered during creep tests at variable stress conditions and time intervals. In viscoelastic creep tests, creep strain is over two times larger in the second stage of creep in comparison to the magnitude of strain registered in the first stage. In brittle creep tests, axial strain in the first creep stage is two times larger than in viscoelastic creep tests in the second stage. Based on the experiments, elastic parameters, i.e., Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, have been determined for each of the analysed samples. In brittle creep tests, Young’s modulus is smaller than in viscoelastic creep tests. In viscoelastic creep tests Young’s modulus increases in successive stages. Whereas Poisson’s ratio is larger for samples from brittle creep tests than for samples from viscoelastic creep tests and does not change with subsequent creep stages in viscoelastic creep tests.
High-Gain High-Efficiency DC–DC Converter with Single-Core Parallel Operation Switched Inductors and Rectifier Voltage Multiplier Cell
Authors: Barbosa Eduardo Augusto Oliveira , Carvalho Márcio Rodrigo Santos de , Rodrigues Limongi Leonardo , Cavalcanti Marcelo Cabral , Barbosa Eduardo José , Azevedo Gustavo Medeiros de Souza
Published: July 2021

This paper proposes a high step-up high-efficiency converter, comprised of an active switched coupled-inductor cell. The secondary windings are integrated into a rectifier voltage multiplier cell in a boost-flyback configuration, allowing the operation with high voltage gain with low switches duty cycle and low turn-ratios on the coupled-inductors. Both coupled-inductors are integrated into a single core due to the parallel operation of the switches. The leakage inductances of the coupled-inductors are used to mitigate the reverse recovery currents of the diodes, while regenerative clamp circuits are used to protect the switches from the voltage spikes caused by the leakage inductances. The operation of the converter is analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively, and the achieved results are validated through experimentation of a 400 W prototype. A 97.1% CEC efficiency is also reported.
A Review of Behavioral Energy Reduction Programs and Implementation of a Pilot Peer-to-Peer Led Behavioral Energy Reduction Program for a Low-Income Neighborhood
Authors: Hoody Jennifer , Galli Robertson Anya , Richard Sarah , Frankowski Claire , Hallinan Kevin , Owens Ciara , Pohl Bob
Published: July 2021

Utility-sponsored residential energy reduction programs have seen rapid advancement in the Unites States (US) over the past decade. These programs have particularly emphasized investments in energy efficient appliances and enveloped improvements. They have generally required co-investment by residents and, as a result, have mostly reached medium to high-income residents, with low income residences, in effect, supporting the utility investments through higher energy costs. Additionally, utility initiatives directed toward behavior-based energy reduction have reached residences with more advanced technologies, such as smart meters and smart Wi-Fi thermostats linked to phone apps, technologies generally not present in low-income residences. This research seeks to inform development of behavior-based energy reduction programs aimed specifically at low-income residences, premised on peer-to-peer energy education and support. It focuses on the design and implementation of a pilot program for 84 low-income residences in a medium-sized Midwestern US urban neighborhood, followed by measurement of realized energy savings and assessment of program outcomes through surveys of resident participants and interviews with program implementers. Only 21 residences provided an initial response to outreach. Of these, only 11 participated, and of these, energy savings were, in general, modest. However, evidence based upon other research and qualitative data obtained from program implementers and participants is presented in this study for the development of an improved design. The improved design emphasizes grassroots community co-design of the program and community engagement through program implementation to transform energy consumption and behaviors and find energy justice for vulnerable communities.
Research on Electromagnetic Field, Eddy Current Loss and Heat Transfer in the End Region of Synchronous Condenser with Different End Structures and Material Properties
Authors: Bi Xiaoshuai , Wang Likun , Marignetti Fabrizio , Zhou Minghao
Published: July 2021

Aiming at the problem of end structure heating caused by the excessive eddy current loss of large synchronous condensers used in ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission, combined with the actual operation characteristics of the synchronous condenser, a three-dimensional transient electromagnetic field physical model is established, and three schemes for adjusting the end structure of the condenser under rated condition are researched. The original structure has a copper shield and a steel clamping plate. Scheme 1 has no copper shield but has a steel clamping plate. Scheme 2 has no copper shield but has an aluminum clamping plate. By constructing a three-dimensional fluid–solid coupling heat transfer model in the end of the synchronous condenser, and giving the basic assumptions and boundary conditions, the eddy current loss of the structure calculated by the three schemes is applied to the end region of the synchronous condenser as the heat source, and the velocity distribution of the cooling medium and the temperature distribution of each structure under the three different schemes are obtained. In order to verify the rationality of the numerical analysis model and the effectiveness of the calculation method, the temperature of the inner edge of the copper shield in the end of the synchronous condenser is measured, and the temperature calculation results are consistent with the temperature measurement results, which provides a theoretical basis for the electromagnetic design, structural optimization, ventilation and cooling of the synchronous condenser.
Does the Opening of High-Speed Railway Lines Reduce the Carbon Intensity of China’s Resource-Based Cities?
Authors: Tang Zhipeng , Mei Ziao , Zou Jialing
Published: July 2021

The carbon intensity of China’s resource-based cities (RBCs) is much higher than the national average due to their relatively intensive mode of development. Low carbon transformation of RBCs is an important way to achieve the goal of reaching the carbon emissions peak in 2030. Based on the panel data from 116 RBCs in China from 2003 to 2018, this study takes the opening of high-speed railway (HSR) lines as a quasi-experiment, using a time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) model to empirically evaluate the impact of an HSR line on reducing the carbon intensity of RBCs. The results show that the opening of an HSR line can reduce the carbon intensity of RBCs, and this was still true after considering the possibility of problems with endogenous selection bias and after applying the relevant robustness tests. The opening of an HSR line is found to have a significant reducing effect on the carbon intensity of different types of RBC, and the decline in the carbon intensity of coal-based cities is found to be the greatest. Promoting migration of RBCs with HSR lines is found to be an effective intermediary way of reducing their carbon intensity.
A Coordinated Control of Offshore Wind Power and BESS to Provide Power System Flexibility
Authors: Acosta Martha N. , Gonzalez-Longatt Francisco , Roldan-Fernandez Juan Manuel , Burgos-Payan Manuel
Published: July 2021

The massive integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) in modern power systems is imposing several challenges; one of them is the increased need for balancing services. Coping with the high variability of the future generation mix with incredible high shares of VER, the power system requires developing and enabling sources of flexibility. This paper proposes and demonstrates a single layer control system for coordinating the steady-state operation of battery energy storage system (BESS) and wind power plants via multi-terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC). The proposed coordinated controller is a single layer controller on the top of the power converter-based technologies. Specifically, the coordinated controller uses the capabilities of the distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS) to store electricity when a logic function is fulfilled. The proposed approach has been implemented considering a control logic based on the power flow in the DC undersea cables and coordinated to charging distributed-BESS assets. The implemented coordinated controller has been tested using numerical simulations in a modified version of the classical IEEE 14-bus test system, including tree-HVDC converter stations. A 24-h (1-min resolution) quasi-dynamic simulation was used to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed coordinated control. The controller demonstrated the capacity of fulfilling the defined control logic. Finally, the instantaneous flexibility power was calculated, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed coordinated controller to provide flexibility and decreased requirements for balancing power.
Analysis of Imaging Internal Defects in Living Trees on Irregular Contours of Tree Trunks Using Ground-Penetrating Radar
Authors: Xue Fangxiu , Zhang Xiaowei , Wang Zepeng , Wen Jian , Guan Cheng , Han Hongyan , Zhao Jingcheng , Ying Na
Published: July 2021

The outer contours of living trees are often considered as a standard circle during non-destructive testing (NDT) of internal defects using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). However, the detection of classical cross-sections (circular) lacks consideration of irregular contours, making it difficult to accurately locate the radar image of the target. In this paper, we propose a method based on the image affine transformation and the Riemann mapping principle to analyze the effect of irregular detection routes on the geometric characteristics of target reflection hyperbola. First, for the similar output phenomenon in the “hyperbola fitting”, geometric analysis and numerical simulation were performed. Then, the conversion of irregular trunk radar images and physical domain radar images was implemented using the method of image affine transformation and the Riemann mapping principle. Finally, the influence of irregular detection routes on the geometry of the target reflection curve was investigated in detail through numerical simulations and actual experiments. The numerical simulation and measurement results demonstrated that the method in this study could better reflect the imaging characteristics of the target reflection hyperbola under the irregular detection pattern. This method provides assistance to further study the defects of irregular living trees and prevents the misjudgment of targets as a result of hyperbolic distortion, resulting in a greater prospect of application.
Assessment of Tree Diameter Estimation Methods from Mobile Laser Scanning in a Historic Garden
Authors: Pérez-Martín Enrique , López-Cuervo Medina Serafín , Herrero-Tejedor Tomás , Pérez-Souza Miguel Angel , Aguirre de Mata Julian , Ezquerra-Canalejo Alejandra
Published: July 2021

Geo-referenced 3D models are currently in demand as an initial knowledge base for cultural heritage projects and forest inventories. The mobile laser scanning (MLS) used for geo-referenced 3D models offers ever greater efficiency in the acquisition of 3D data and their subsequent application in the fields of forestry. In this study, we have analysed the performance of an MLS with simultaneous localisation and mapping technology (SLAM) for compiling a tree inventory in a historic garden, and we assessed the accuracy of the estimates of diameter at breast height (DBH, a height of 1.30 m) calculated from three fitting algorithms: RANSAC, Monte Carlo, and Optimal Circle. The reference sample used was 378 trees from the Island Garden, a historic garden and UNESCO World Heritage site in Aranjuez, Spain. The time taken to acquire the data by MLS was 27 min 37 s, in an area of 2.38 ha. The best results were obtained with the Monte Carlo fitting algorithm, which was able to estimate the DBH of 77% of the 378 trees in the study, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 5.31 cm and a bias of 1.23 cm. The proposed methodology enabled a supervised detection of the trees and automatically estimated the DBH of most trees in the study, making this a useful tool for the management and conservation of a historic garden.
Monotone Iterative Method for ψ-Caputo Fractional Differential Equation with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions
Authors: Baitiche Zidane , Derbazi Choukri , Alzabut Jehad , Samei Mohammad Esmael , Kaabar Mohammed K. A. , Siri Zailan
Published: July 2021

The main contribution of this paper is to prove the existence of extremal solutions for a novel class of ψ-Caputo fractional differential equation with nonlinear boundary conditions. For this purpose, we utilize the well-known monotone iterative technique together with the method of upper and lower solutions. Finally, we provide an example along with graphical representations to confirm the validity of our main results.
Consensus towards Partially Cooperative Strategies in Self-Regulated Evolutionary Games on Networks
Authors: Madeo Dario , Mocenni Chiara
Published: July 2021

Cooperation is widely recognized to be fundamental for the well-balanced development of human societies. Several different approaches have been proposed to explain the emergence of cooperation in populations of individuals playing the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, characterized by two concurrent natural mechanisms: the temptation to defect and the fear to be betrayed by others. Few results are available for analyzing situations where only the temptation to defect (Chicken game) or the fear to be betrayed (Stag-Hunt game) is present. In this paper, we analyze the emergence of full and partial cooperation for these classes of games. We find the conditions for which these Nash equilibria are asymptotically stable, and we show that the partial one is also globally stable. Furthermore, in the Chicken and Stag-Hunt games, partial cooperation has been found to be more rewarding than the full one of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. This result highlights the importance of such games for understanding and sustaining different levels of cooperation in social networks.
Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders
Authors: Neitz Maureen , Neitz Jay
Published: July 2021

Light absorption by photopigment molecules expressed in the photoreceptors in the retina is the first step in seeing. Two types of photoreceptors in the human retina are responsible for image formation: rods, and cones. Except at very low light levels when rods are active, all vision is based on cones. Cones mediate high acuity vision and color vision. Furthermore, they are critically important in the visual feedback mechanism that regulates refractive development of the eye during childhood. The human retina contains a mosaic of three cone types, short-wavelength (S), long-wavelength (L), and middle-wavelength (M) sensitive; however, the vast majority (~94%) are L and M cones. The OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes, located on the X-chromosome at Xq28, encode the protein component of the light-sensitive photopigments expressed in the L and M cones. Diverse haplotypes of exon 3 of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes arose thru unequal recombination mechanisms that have intermixed the genes. A subset of the haplotypes causes exon 3- skipping during pre-messenger RNA splicing and are associated with vision disorders. Here, we review the mechanism by which splicing defects in these genes cause vision disorders.
MiRNA Let-7a and Let-7d Are Induced by Globotriaosylceramide via NF-kB Activation in Fabry Disease
Authors: Maier Nadine , Gatterer Constantin , Haider Patrick , Salzmann Manuel , Kaun Christoph , Speidl Walter S. , Sunder-Plassmann Gere , Podesser Bruno K. , Wojta Johann , Graf Senta , Lenz Max , Hohensinner Philipp J.
Published: July 2021

Background: Fabry disease is a hereditary genetic defect resulting in reduced activity of the enzyme α-galactosidase-A and the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in body fluids and cells. Gb3 accumulation was especially reported for the vascular endothelium in several organs. Methods: Three Fabry disease patients were screened using a micro-RNA screen. An in vitro approach in human endothelial cells was used to determine miRNA regulation by Gb3. Results: In a micro-RNA screen of three Fabry patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy, we found that miRNAs let-7a and let-7d were significantly increased after therapy. We demonstrate in vitro in endothelial cells that Gb3 induced activation of NF-κB and activated downstream targets. In addition, NF-κB activity directly reduced let-7a and let-7d miRNA expression as inhibiting NF-kB nuclear entry abolished the Gb3 effects. Conclusion: We suggest that let-7a and let-7d are potential markers for enzyme activity and inflammation in Fabry disease patients.
Characterization, Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Implications of Mitogenomes of Fulgoridae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)
Authors: Wang Wenqian , Zhang Huan , Constant Jérôme , Bartlett Charles R. , Qin Daozheng
Published: July 2021

The complete mitogenomes of nine fulgorid species were sequenced and annotated to explore their mitogenome diversity and the phylogenetics of Fulgoridae. All species are from China and belong to five genera: Dichoptera Spinola, 1839 (Dichoptera sp.); Neoalcathous Wang and Huang, 1989 (Neoalcathous huangshanana Wang and Huang, 1989); Limois Stål, 1863 (Limois sp.); Penthicodes Blanchard, 1840 (Penthicodes atomaria (Weber, 1801), Penthicodes caja (Walker, 1851), Penthicodes variegata (Guérin-Méneville, 1829)); Pyrops Spinola, 1839 (Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839), Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818), Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842)). The nine mitogenomes were 15,803 to 16,510 bp in length with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and a control region (A + T-rich region). Combined with previously reported fulgorid mitogenomes, all PCGs initiate with either the standard start codon of ATN or the nonstandard GTG. The TAA codon was used for termination more often than the TAG codon and the incomplete T codon. The nad1 and nad4 genes varied in length within the same genus. A high percentage of F residues were found in the nad4 and nad5 genes of all fulgorid mitogenomes. The DHU stem of trnV was absent in the mitogenomes of all fulgorids sequenced except Dichoptera sp. Moreover, in most fulgorid mitogenomes, the trnL2, trnR, and trnT genes had an unpaired base in the aminoacyl stem and trnS1 had an unpaired base in the anticodon stem. The similar tandem repeat regions of the control region were found in the same genus. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes from 53 species of Fulgoroidea and seven outgroups. The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees had a similar topological structure. The major results show that Fulgoroidea was divided into two groups: Delphacidae and ((Achilidae + (Lophopidae + (Issidae + (Flatidae + Ricaniidae)))) + Fulgoridae). Furthermore, the monophyly of Fulgoridae was robustly supported, and Aphaeninae was divided into Aphaenini and Pyropsini, which includes Neoalcathous, Pyrops, Datua Schmidt, 1911, and Saiva Distant, 1906. The genus Limois is recovered in the Aphaeninae, and the Limoisini needs further confirmation; Dichoptera sp. was the earliest branch in the Fulgoridae.
Genetic Findings as the Potential Basis of Personalized Pharmacotherapy in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome
Authors: Dyar Brianna , Meaddough Erika , Sarasua Sara M. , Rogers Curtis , Phelan Katy , Boccuto Luigi
Published: July 2021

Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a genetic disorder often characterized by autism or autistic-like behavior. Most cases are associated with haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene resulting from deletion of the gene at 22q13.3 or from a pathogenic variant in the gene. Treatment of PMS often targets SHANK3, yet deletion size varies from <50 kb to >9 Mb, potentially encompassing dozens of genes and disrupting regulatory elements altering gene expression, inferring the potential for multiple therapeutic targets. Repurposed drugs have been used in clinical trials investigating therapies for PMS: insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) for its effect on social and aberrant behaviors, intranasal insulin for improvements in cognitive and social ability, and lithium for reversing regression and stabilizing behavior. The pharmacogenomics of PMS is complicated by the CYP2D6 enzyme which metabolizes antidepressants and antipsychotics often used for treatment. The gene coding for CYP2D6 maps to 22q13.2 and is lost in individuals with deletions larger than 8 Mb. Because PMS has diverse neurological and medical symptoms, many concurrent medications may be prescribed, increasing the risk for adverse drug reactions. At present, there is no single best treatment for PMS. Approaches to therapy are necessarily complex and must target variable behavioral and physical symptoms of PMS.
Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Source Rocks in the North of Western Siberia: Comprehensive Geochemical Characterization and Reconstruction of Paleo-Sedimentation Conditions
Authors: Leushina Evgeniya , Bulatov Timur , Kozlova Elena , Panchenko Ivan , Voropaev Andrey , Karamov Tagir , Yermakov Yakov , Bogdanovich Natalia , Spasennykh Mikhail
Published: July 2021

The present work is devoted to geochemical studies of the Bazhenov Formation in the north of the West Siberian Petroleum Basin. The object is the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous section, characterized by significant variations in total organic carbon content and petroleum generation potential of organic matter at the beginning of the oil window. The manuscript presents the integration of isotopic and geochemical analyses aimed at the evaluation of the genesis of the rocks in the peripheral part of the Bazhenov Sea and reconstruction of paleoenvironments that controlled the accumulation of organic matter in sediments, its composition and diagenetic alterations. According to the obtained data, the sediments were accumulated under marine conditions with a generally moderate and periodically increasing terrigenous influx. The variations in organic matter composition are determined by redox conditions and terrigenous input which correlate with the eustatic sea level changes during transgressive/regressive cycles and activation of currents. Transgression is associated with an intensive accumulation of organic matter under anoxic to euxinic conditions and insignificant influence of terrigenous sources, resulting in the formation of rocks with oil-generating properties. During the regression periods, the terrigenous sedimentation increased along with the dissolved oxygen concentration, and deposits with low organic matter content and gas-generating properties were formed.
Observations on Palaeogeographical Evolution of Akrotiri Salt Lake, Lemesos, Cyprus
Authors: Polidorou Miltiadis , Evelpidou Niki , Tsourou Theodora , Drinia Hara , Salomon Ferréol , Blue Lucy
Published: July 2021

Akrotiri Salt Lake is located 5 km west of the city of Lemesos in the southernmost part of the island of Cyprus. The evolution of the Akrotiri Salt Lake is of great scientific interest, occurring during the Holocene when eustatic and isostatic movements combined with local active tectonics and climate change developed a unique geomorphological environment. The Salt Lake today is a closed lagoon, which is depicted in Venetian maps as being connected to the sea, provides evidence of the geological setting and landscape evolution of the area. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the development of the Akrotiri Salt Lake through a series of three cores which penetrated the Holocene sediment sequence. Sedimentological and micropaleontological analyses, as well as geochronological studies were performed on the deposited sediments, identifying the complexity of the evolution of the Salt Lake and the progressive change of the area from a maritime space to an open bay and finally to a closed salt lake.