bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Onion Maggot Control Using Pelleted Trigard Seed Treatments, 1991
Authors: Webb D. R. , Taylor A. G. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C, J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was planted 19 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder that planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system based on a 15 inch row width. Trigard 75 WP was applied to the seed by mixing it with 140 mesh sand and pelleting it using a copper pan treater and air brush. Progrow (Vitavax and Thiram) was included in the coating of each specified seed treatment at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of seed and Dithane (F45) applied in the furrow at 2.4 qts formulation/acre in other specified treatments for control of onion smut, Urocystis cepulae. Lorsban 4 E was applied in the furrow at the rate of 1.1 fl oz of formulation/1000 ft of row. A second test was designed to determine if seed treated in 1990 would show any phytotoxicity effects from Trigard after 1 yr of treatment and whether the old treatments remained efficacious. Location, planting date, and experimental design were identical to those described for the first test.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Crookston, Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Heuser Laura , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 17 May on the Northwest Experiment Station at Crookston, MN using B-size 'Norchip' certified seed. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m in length, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were arranged side by side but were separated on the ends by 1.5 m of fallow. Soils at this location are finely textured clays with adequate moisture at planting time. Soil systemics were applied over the tops of the rows immediately after planting. Foliars were applied on 13, 19, 28, Jun, 4, 9, 18, and 26 Jul. The total material used was 2 liter/0.0088 ha. Asana XL .66 E was combined with each initial application of a biological material. The biological was then used exclusively for the indicated number of applications. Monitor 4 E was applied, as needed, following the completion of each biological regime. An application of Asana XL .66 E (.013 kg Al/ha) was sprayed on all plots on 30 Jul to protect against potato leafliopper. Percent defoliation was estimated on 28 Jun, 4, 10, 18, and 26 Jul. Larval ratings were made on 10, 18, and 26 Jul and adult (wintering) CPB counts per plant were made on 26 Jul.
Wireworm and Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1990
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ potatoes were planted 20 Mar, near Powells Point, NC, using a row spacing of 42 inches. Three row plots 20 ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied before planting with a shaker jar, and banded materials were incorporated into the soil using a hand rake. Counts of CPB-infested hills in the center row were made 9 May, and visual estimates of foliar damage in the center row were made 21 May. Center rows were harvested, and potatoes graded, weighed, counted, and evaluated for percentage WW damage by weight and tuber count on 26 Jun.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays, 1991
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots were established in a potato field on the UI Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, ID. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by furrow. Thirteen treatments and two untreated check plots were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray were applied [using 30 psi and X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone nozzles] to all plots except for Kryocide which was sprayed using 50 gal/acre. Pre-treatment counts were made and the first insecticide treatments were applied 25 Jun. A second application of MYX 1806, Foil, Kryocide and ground root of Chinese Bittersweet (CB) was made on 2 Jul. All beetle stages were counted and percent defoliation observations were made weekly using whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-3 instar) and large (4-5 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range test
Insecticides for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1991
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Speese Joh.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted in 2 fields on 10 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Sprays were applied 13, 20, 28 May, and 4 Jun unless otherwise noted in the tables. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of CPB small (1st and 2nd instar) larvae, large (3rd and 4th instar) larvae, and adults on 10 randomly chosen stems per plot. Percent defoliation was rated on 6 and 14 Jun in field 1 and 6 and 13 Jun in field 2. Potatoes were harvested on 10 Jul in both fields and weighed to determine Grade A and total tuber yields.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Tomatoes with NTN-33893, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Maryle. , Stevenson Susa.
Published: March 2022

Ohio 7870' tomato transplants were planted in 20 foot rows on 9 May. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 6 feet, and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All foliar spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gallon of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 5 and 22 Jun. Transplant water treatments were applied at planting time (9 May) at the rate of 5 ounces of transplant water per plant. The rate of NTN was 0.01 gm (AI)/meter. Drench treatments were mixed at the rate 0.01 gm (AI)/meter and applied to the seedling transplant flats with a sprinkler can using 1.0 quart of water per flat on 8 May. The NTN-33893 Pro Mix treatments were mixed at the rate of 0.7 gm (AI)/cubic foot of mix. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the percent defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Five plants from each plot were harvested 9 Aug. Dry conditions prevailed for much of the growing season.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus Transmission on Staked Tomato, Spring, 1990
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes spaced 18 in apart were transplanted on 29 Jan in 9-row plots 24 ft long on 9 raised soil beds (6 ft centers). Beds were fumigated at formation with 13.5 gal/acre Vorlex and covered with whiteface polyethylene mulch. Directly adjacent were 3 beds of 100% geminivirus-infected tomatoes planted the previous November and partially protected from a December freeze. A completely randomized split block design was used with 4 replications and 3 main plot treatments; JMS Stylet Oil, insecticide, and an unsprayed check. Insecticide plots were split into 3 subplots, each 3 rows wide. Concentrations of all treatments were fixed throughout the experiment but rates per acre increased as nozzles were added to accommodate larger plants. Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre) and Tri-Basic Copper (3 lb/acre) were applied weekly, Bravo (2 lb/acre) and Javelin SC at 1.2 qt/acre were applied twice to control Spodaptera spp. Treatment applications began 12 Feb and continued twice weekly until harvest using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4 drop lines holding a maximum of 24 nozzles fitted with Albuz ceramic hollow cone tips (ATR brown delivering ca. 0.26 gal/min @ 400 psi). Whitefly immatures were counted at weekly intervals on the terminal leaflet of the 5th, 6th, or 7th leaf from the top (depending on plant maturity) from 6 randomly selected plants per subplot. Adults were sampled by carefully inverting the 3rd leaf from the top of 3 randomly chosen plants per subplot. Plants affected by geminivirus were marked as symptoms appeared. All fruit of marketable size were picked and graded on 19 Apr. Culls were removed and the remaining fruit separated into medium, large, and extra-large categories with a mechanical grader. Dollar value was calculated on the basis of $5.00/25 lb box for medium and large fruit and $7.00/box for extra-large fruit. A repeated measure analysis of variance for each whitefly lifestage was used over all sample dates and a separate analysis of variance was calculated for adults on each of the last 4 sample dates. A log10(x + 1) transformation was used to normalize counts of immatures because of the large number of zeros and high numbers in the data set.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandr.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against potato leafhopper. The first experiment was conducted on the second alfalfa ('Onieda') cutting at the Russell E. Larson Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, and the second was conducted on the third alfalfa ('Cimarron') cutting at University Park. Both locations are in Centre County, PA. Forty × forty ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 4 replications. In the first experiment, potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15 inch diam insect beating net on 10 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 11 Jun. Approximately 0.6 inch of rain fell in the afternoon of the same day the insecticides were applied. This may have influenced their persistence and performance. Leafhopper densities were sampled on 14, 17, 24 Jun, and 1 Jul (3, 6, 13, and 20 DAT). Alfalfa height at spraying was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 26 gal of water per acre at 26 psi with tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom with 80 degree flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was not determined due to drought conditions. Treatments in the second experiment were similarly applied on 24 Jul. Leafhopper density was evaluated on 22 Jul before the foliar spray was applied. Sweep samples for leafhoppers were taken on 31 Jul and 6, 14, 22, and 27 Aug (7, 13, 21, 29, and 34 DAT). Alfalfa yield was determined from two 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 28 Aug.
Foliar Insect Control in Dry Navy Bean, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Sheets Beck.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established on 20 May at the Staples Irrigation Station in Staples, MN. Individual plot size was 4 rows × 6.8 m in length. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Soil applications were banded in a 10 cm band on the row immediately after planting. Foliar materials were broadcast on 25 Jun and 8 Jul. Both applications were made using 2 liters total on 0.0023 ha. Data on stand, yield and moisture were collected and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Trial 2, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Kellesvig Kur.
Published: March 2022

A cooperative trial with Agrigenetics Co. was established on May 17 at their research station in Breckenridge, MN. Plots were 1.5 m × 6 m in size, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. All granular materials were mixed with the seed at the time of planting and were drill planted. Foliars were applied in 2 liters of total material/4 plots (0.0035 ha). Germination was delayed at this site due to dry soil. A heavy rain led to uniform germination, which permitted a nearly perfect uniform cotyledon application time. Foliars were applied 3 Jun. Damage ratings were taken on 11 and 23 Jun, and plant height measured on 23 Jun. The entire plot was threshed, moistures recorded, and yields adjusted to a uniform moisture.
Claybacked Cutworm Control in Field Corn, 1991
Authors: Jarvi Keith J. , Echtenkamp Gerald W.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied at planting time at a site near Coleridge, NE, on 11 May. The soil type was silty clay loam and the previous crop was alfalfa. The field was prepared by killing the alfalfa with 2,4-D, disking once, and using a field finisher before planting. Very little plant residue remained. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of 2 rows 16 m long, with 2 untreated rows between each treatment; rows were 76.2 cm apart. Granular materials were applied in a 17.8 cm band by a John Deere 2-row planter equipped with a cone-belt insecticide distributer and incorporated by tines. Ambush 2 E was broadcast applied immediately after planting, with a 4-nozzle CO2 back pack sprayer equipped with T-jet 8002 nozzles applying approximately 177 liters/ha total volume at 25 psi. Spray width was 1.66 m. Topsoil moisture was adequate at time of planting and no rain fell during the evaluation period. No phytotoxicity was observed. Plots were evaluated by counting plants remaining on either side of a randomly selected 6.66 m length marked between the two treated rows. Final plant stand count was taken on 6 Jun.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1991
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Baker D. A. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 5 locations in 1991. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time insecticide tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered and EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Banders positioned directly above the plant row provided whorl treatments. Liquid insecticides were applied just prior to cultivation with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8003E nozzles, one on each side of the corn row, created a 7-10 inch band around the plant base and delivered 10 gal/acre at 10 psi. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. In mid-Jul, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Yields were measured by hand-harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.
Liquid Insecticide Performance Against First-Generation European Corn Borer; Band Vs Broadcast, 1991
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Giebink B. L. , Luedeman L. J. , Venette R.
Published: March 2022

Granular insecticides are usually recommended for first-generation ECB. Therefore, information on liquid insecticide performance is minimal. Efficacy of Ambush 2 E, Pounce 3.2 E, and Penncap M 2 FM applied in band over the whorl and broadcast was evaluated against first-generation ECB in a commerical production field of corn near Lamberton, MN. The field, planted on 23 May, was in mid-whorl (V8) when scouted on 26 Jun. Plants (84%) were shotholed with 2.30 larvae per shotholed plant for a field average of 1.93 larvae per plant. Treatments were applied by Hagie Hi-Boy sprayer to plots measuring 8 rows (76-cm centers) by 120 m on 29 Jun. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The liquid insecticides were applied at 6.4 km/h in 174 liters/ha using 8002E nozzles on 38-cm and 76-cm spacings for broadcast and banded treatments, respectively. Efficacy was evaluated on 1 Aug by dissecting 8 sets of 10 plants, randomly located, per plot. Plots were harvested by combine on 11 Oct and yields adjusted to 15.5% moisture.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control, 1991
Authors: Karner Miles , Kelley Mark , Goodson Jerry
Published: March 2022

This trial was initiated on 18 Jun on a stand of'Paymaster 145' in Tillman County, near Tipton to evaluate several insecticides against TSM infestation. Insecticides were applied using a ground rig equipped with a 6 row boom calibrated to deliver 5 gal finished spray/acre in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Plots were 4 rows (40 inch spacing) × 200 ft. TSM densities were determined 4 DAT and 7 DAT, recording the total no. of TSM present on 10 leaves picked at random from the top, middle, and bottom of plants from the middle 2 rows.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1991
Authors: Karner Miles , Ewing Sid , Kelley Mark , Goodson Jerry
Published: March 2022

This trial was initiated on 8 Aug on a stand of 'PR 75' cotton planted 20 Jun near Hollis, OK, to determine efficacy of several foliar sprays for CA. Insecticides were applied using a ground rig with a 14 ft boom calibrated to deliver 5.0 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plots were 14 × 200 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design of 3 replicates. Plots were sprayed on 8 Aug. Sampling procedure consisted of picking 6 leaves at random from the top, middle, and bottom of plants from the middle 2 rows of each plot. Aphid counts represent estimates of aphid numbers.
Control of Soybean Looper in Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Layton Rlake , Hamer Jim
Published: March 2022

Registered soybean insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against soybean looper. Treatments were applied on 30 Aug (growth stage = R5) with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan nozzle tips at 40 psi. Row spacing was 38 inches, and plots were 8 rows wide × 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were sampled at 4 and 10 DAT using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Pretreatment counts taken around the periphery of the plot area revealed an average soybean looper population of 12 per 25 sweeps. A total of 1.3 inches of rain fell on the plots prior to the 4 DAT count, 0.3 inches fell within 5 h after application, and an additional 1 inch fell at -3 DAT.
Apple, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees near Fennville, MI (Hudson Farm) at a rate of 100 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 30 Apr (pink), 18 May (petal fall), 27 May, 7 Jun, 19 Jun, 2 Jul, 16 Jul, 27 Jul, 8 Aug, 22 Aug, 5 Sep, and 17 Sep. PBO Incite was applied on 30 Apr, 18 May, and 19 Jun. Chlorothalonil, Dodine, Captan, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. On 12 Jul 50 apples per replicate (200 per treatment) were evaluated for internal lepidoptera pest damage. LeafroUer evaluation on 1 Jun consisted of visual inspection of 50 terminals for presence of larvae or feeding damage. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 25 Sep from 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate (400 per treatment).
Twospotted Spider Mite Control in Soybeans, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Helm C. G.
Published: March 2022

The twospotted spider mite is the principal mite species infesting soybean fields in IL. During the summer of 1991 we established a trial within a farmer's soybean field near Tolono to evaluate the efficacy of 2 rates of Comite 6.55EC and one rate of Cygon 4E against this mite. The effect of mite control on pod weight and lot yield was also assessed. The field was planted on 2 May. Individual plots were 4 rows × 100 ft long with 30-ft alleys between plots. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TSXS-8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi on 29 Jul when soybeans were at the R5 stage of growth. Ten plants were sampled in each plot to determine the mite densities at 3, 10, 16, and 23 days after miticide treatment (DAT). Three leaves were separated from each plant in the bottom, middle, and top strata. A 9.0-cm2 disk was cut from the center of the middle leaflet from each stratum. Each disk was examined with a dissecting microscope to determine the number of eggs, immatures, and adults. On 23 Aug, all pods on 10 plants (R6 growth stage) per plot were separated from the plants and weighted. On 11 Sep, plot yields were determined from 25-ft sections of each of the two middle rows in each plot, and yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Mite counts were transformed by log (x + 0.5) before ANOVA.
Control of Soybean Looper on North Louisiana Soybean, 1991
Authors: Thomas J. D. , Mink J. S. , Wier A. T. , Boethel D. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected insecticides against the soybean looper was evaluated at the Macon Ridge Branch, Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, LA. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.66 kg/cm2 through X12 hollow cone nozzles. Treatments were applied 19 Aug to 'Centennial' soybean in the R3 growth stage. Plots measured 15.2 m × 4 rows with 1.02 m row spacing, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Two sets of 25 sweep samples (38.2 cm diam sweep net) per plot were taken at 2 and 7 DAT.
Sugarbeet Root Aphid Control in Southern Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Cambell Christopher D. , Hutchison William D.
Published: March 2022

Performance of granular insecticides and granular plus liquid insecticide combinations applied before and after artificial infestation of SRA were evaluated in small plot trials at Rosemount, MN. 'Betaseed 2249' sugarbeets were planted on 21 May. Each treatment consisted of 4 50-ft rows on 22-inch centers; plants were not thinned. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications; 1 untreated row bordered treatments on either side. Pre-infestation treatments were applied on 17 Jul. Granular insecticides were applied using a Noble applicator in a 7-inch band at the base of both sides of the plants. Liquid insecticides were applied in a directed spray at the base of plants using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre. Plots were infested on 18 Jul by randomly planting 3, 4-wk-old SRA infested sugarbeet seedlings (x = 127.2 aphids/plant) in the center 2 rows of each treatment, as well as distributing about 200 nymphal and adult SRA by hand at the bases of plants in the same rows. Post-infestation insecticides were applied on 24 Jul with follow-up liquid insecticide applications on 14 Aug and 10 Sep. Both granular and liquid insecticides were applied in the same manner as pre-infestation treatments. All rows were cultivated about 4 d following the first post-infestation treatments. Four, 5-row-ft samples were taken from each replication (16/treatment) on 15 Oct. Percentage of beets infested was recorded and each beet was rated for level of infestation on a scale from 0 to 5: 0°uninfested beet; 1°colony diam <1 inch; 2°1 or more colonies diam < 1 inch; 3°colonies diam >1 inch covering <50% of the root surface; 4°colonies covering 50-90% of the root surface; 5°colonies covering 90-100% of the root surface. For any 5-row-ft sample with infested beets, 29 fl oz soil samples were also taken at random within the sample area to compare aphid densities.
Sugarbeet Root Maggot Control, 1991
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: March 2022

Sugarbeets were planted by the grower on 24 Apr near Rupert, ID. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Twelve treatments and an untreated check were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 6 rows (22 inch row spacing) by 30 ft. Alleys were cut between plots to give 25 ft of row/plot. Tenax, Lorsban, Counter, and Temik were applied in a 4-5 inch band (BAP) behind the press wheel and chain incorporated at planting. Lorsban and Furadan were applied as a post-emergence spray (PES) on 22 May at early fly emergence in a 3-4 inch band sprayed over the top of the beet row using 50 gal water/acre (30 psi, hollow cone single nozzle). Temik, Lorsban, and Counter were applied post emergence (PE) in a 4 -5 inch band over the row and chain incorporated at peak fly on 3 Jun. On 24 Jul, 5 adjacent beets were dug from the middle of rows 2 and 5 of the 6 row plots to give 10 beets/plot for rating for root maggot damage. The beets were washed and rated using the following rating schemes: 5 Point: 0 = no scars; 1 = 1-4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5-10 small scars to 3 large scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = 50 to 75% root area blackened by scars; 5 = more than 75% of root area damaged; and 7 Point: 0 = no damage; 1 = 1 to 4 small scars of pinhead size; 2 = 5 to 10 small scars; 3 = more than 3 large scars; 4 = 4 large scars to 25% root surface covered with scars; 5 = 25 to 50% root surface covered with scars; 6 = 50 to 75% root area blackened by scars; 7 = more than 75% root surface blackened, dying beet. Root maggot damage is reported for both the 5 point and 7 point rating systems in the table as the sum for 10 beets/plot. Yield data were taken by digging and weighing the untared beets from the middle 2 rows of each plot and is reported in the table as the yield/50 row ft. Beets were harvested for yield on 2 Oct. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman- Keuls.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Foliar Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

On 29 Apr, flue-cured tobacco was planted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, in a field with a mix of Fuquay loamy sand and Norfolk loamy sand. Plots were 1 row (45 inches apart) wide by 25 plants (ca. 55 ft) long and were arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 6 treatments and 4 blocks, separated by an untreated buffer row. Within each plot, 1 leaf in the upper 1/3 of the plant with from 50-100 tobacco aphids was selected from 10 plants and tagged with fluorescent surveying tape. All aphids on these leaves were counted and recorded on 25 Jun to obtain a pretreatment count. Treatments were applied on 27 Jun with a CO2-pressurized spraying system mounted on a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer. Sprays were applied through a single Spraying Systems D2-33 full-cone nozzle per row at 60 lb psi and 25 gals/acre. Four, 11, and 18 DAT, the number of surviving tobacco aphids on the tagged leaves was counted and all plants in the plot were rated for aphid abundance (0-7). Using this count data, the percent control was calculated using Abbott's formula. Before ANOVA, percent control was transformed to arcsine percent/100. Waller-Duncan K-ratio t tests (K = 100) were used to separate treatment means. Means of untransformed data are reported.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Control of Hessian Fly in Wheat, 1989
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Lhaloui S. , El Houssaini K.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in dryland wheat at Sidi El Aydi, Morocco, during the 1988-89 growing season. The Hessian fly susceptible variety, Nesma, was planted in a vertic calcixeroll soil (66% clay, 25% silt, 9% sand, and 1.87% organic matter). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The plots were 1.5 m wide (six rows) x 11 m long and separated by 0.5 m bare ground. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow with the seed at planting (7 Dec 1988) to control the first generation HF. Foliar applications of insecticide sprays were made to control the second generation HF. They were applied with a hand operated backpack sprayer delivering 200 liter/ha the first week of Feb when the 2nd generation flight had just started. In Mar, 20 plants were collected from the outside rows of each plot and examined in the laboratory for 1st and 2nd generation Hessian fly and for sawfly. Minimum air temperatures for Dec through Mar averaged 4.5 to 6.0°C and maximum air temperatures averaged 18.4 to 22.8°C. A total of 132 mm of rain fell prior to planting, but after planting there were only 5 rainfall events during the period greater than 10 mm, 7 Jan, 25 Feb, and 17, 18, and 27 Mar for a total accumulation for the period of 147 mm.
Evaluation of Ac-303630 for Control of Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W.
Published: March 2022

Three rates of AC-303630 and a top of label rate Carzol SP treatment for comparison to the current grower standard were applied to 5 ft tall trees at Sunset Nursery located near Yuma, AZ, on 10 Jul. Plots were 20 ft long and 5.5 ft wide and consisted of a single row of trees spaced 1.5 ft apart. Treatments were made with a C02 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27.9 gal/acre at 40 psi with 4 boom mounted T-Jet 8001 nozzles. Ruffer PS was added at 0.25% and 2.0% Penetrator (both Helena Co.) was added to all treatments which were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were sampled 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT. Ten terminals per plot were sampled during the morning hours. Sampling consisted of beating a tender terminal over a wire grid mesh screened, internally colored silver can approximately 8 inches deep that contained a white organdy cloth to assist in differentiating and counting nymphs and adult thrips.
Evaluation of Microbial and Insecticide Combinations for the Control of Cabbage Pests in Minnesota, 1991
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Hutchinson W. D. , Fontaine B. R. , Bolin P. C.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount in cabbage transplanted on 14 Jun. Plots were two rows on 36" centers, 40 ft long, and separated by 7 ft alleys on the sides and 10 ft alleys at the ends. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A Spirit sprayer with 5 hollow-cone (TX-10) nozzles/2 rows, delivering 27 gal/acre at 45 psi, was used to treat each plot. Two plots (MVP & Ambush early) received 5 sprays while the remaining plots received only 4. Treatments were applied 27 Jun (MVP & Ambush early plots only), 17, 24, 31 Jul, and 14 Aug. Evaluations of larval numbers, aphids, and beneficials were made on 13 Aug by randomly selecting 5 heads/plot. Damage and marketability ratings were made on 29 Aug by randomly harvesting 5 heads/plot.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage
Authors: Palmer C. R. , Walgenbach J. F.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set on 28 May at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 12 inches apart within 25 ft rows, and rows were on 3.5 ft centers. Double-row plots (50 plants) were separated by a single untreated row, and treatments were in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were begun at an infestation level of 50% plants infested with any lepidopterous larvae. Applications were made on 13, 24 Jun, 2, 9, 23 Jul, and 1 Aug. All applications were made with a C02 backpack sprayer operating at 50 psi and delivering 50 gal/acre through three hollowcone nozzles per row. The nozzles were arranged on the spray wand with one overhead and two drop nozzles. Rainfall was frequent during this trial with 4.7 inches in Jun and 8.2 inches in Jul. DBM, ICW, and CL populations were monitored by observing 10 plants per treatment, both at 3 and 7 DAT, and recording the total number of each species found. The 3 and 7 DAT counts, as well as the total season counts were analyzed. The plots were harvested on 6 Aug, and quality ratings were determined by rating 20 heads per treatment (80 total) on a scale of 0-5; 0 = no damage, 1 = minimal frame leaf damage, 2 = significant frame leaf damage + minimal wrapper leaf damage, 3 = significant wrapper leaf damage, 4 = head damage, and 5 = severe damage. Ratings of 0-2 were considered marketable and 3-5 were non-marketable.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1992
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a four-year-old orchard near Wenatchee, Washington. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eight treatments and four replications. Experimental units consisted of single trees and were separated by buffer trees. Blocks were based on pre-treatment counts of 17 Jun. Aphids on the most heavily infested leaf of three tagged terminals per tree were counted in situ. Treatments were applied once, on 19 Jun, with the exception of Liquifish Fertilizer, which was applied three times: 19 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul. Per acre rates were based on a 400 gal/acre dilute application. Treatments were applied with a handgun operating at 300 psi. Trees were sprayed to the point of drip. Post-treatment counts were made weekly.
Apple, Spring Control of the Oblr with Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) Products, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Three different Bt products were evaluated for their ability to control overwintered OBLR larvae. The test was conducted in two commercial orchards located near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees in the HOME orchard were 20-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Trees in the GALA orchard were 3-year-old ‘Gala’ on dwarfing roots. In the HOME orchard the test design consisted of two-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. In the GALA orchard the test design consisted of five-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. First application of all treatments was made on 18 Mar, at the half-inch green-tip (HIG) stage of fruit bud development. The second application of the Bt products only was made on 25 Mar at the pink (P) stage of fruit bud development. On 8 Apr each tree was examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) recorded.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Lance R.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 13 Feb 1991. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 246 kg/ha) and covered with white on black plastic mulch on 6 Feb. Plants were spaced 0.3 m apart within rows and 0.76 m apart between rows on 1.8 m-center beds. Fertilizer (1680 kg/ha of granular 6:12:12) was applied and incorporated into the soil on 5 Feb. Goal 2 EC was applied (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) between the beds on 15 Feb for weed control. Plants were irrigated 4 h/day using a turbo T-tape drip irrigation system (model 40) which delivered 5.0 liters of water/m of dripline/h. All treatments, with the exception of the chemical insecticide standard, Phosdrin (0.56 Kg (AI)/ha), in combination with Cutlass WP (1.1 kg/ha), were biological insecticides consisting of Bacillus thuringienis var. kurstaki. X-77R (0.3 ml/liter) was added to three of the treatments, Cutlass WP (2.2 kg/ha), Javelin WG (1.1 kg/ha) and Phosdrin EC (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) in combination with Cutlass WP (1.1 kg/ha). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 12.2 m long. A 3.0-m long section of nontreated plants separated replicates.
Eggplant: Hydrated Lime as an Insect Repellent, 1991
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Johnson F. , Packauskas R.
Published: March 2022

‘Classic’ eggplant was transplanted 31 May, in Storrs, Connecticut. Plots consisted of 30 plants, 2 ft apart in 3 rows of 10 plants each. Rows were 4 ft apart. Three treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Asana + Butacide and hydrated lime were applied on 31 May, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jun, 4, 12, and 19 Jul. Upper and lower leaf surfaces of all plants were sprayed with water immediately prior to applying treatments. Water and Asana applications were made with a 3 gal CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 25 psi and delivering 40 gal/acre. Plants were sprayed from the top and from each side, by hand with a single hollow cone nozzle. Hydrated lime was applied with a crank-style duster at 50 lb/acre. All data were collected from the 10 plants in the center row of each plot with the exception of GPA which were counted on 5 leaves on each of 4 center row plants. Plants were rated for percent defoliation at fruit set on 26 Jul. Fruit was harvested, counted and weighed on 9, 16, 23, 29 Aug, 6, 13, and 20 Sep.
Evaluation of Conventional and Electrostatic Sprayers for Control of Spring Lettuce Pests, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W. , Coates W. , Main G.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Thiodan 2 CO EC and one gal/acre vegetable oil Cote were applied by two electrostatic sprayer models and also by conventional methods. Treatments were applied on Apr on head lettuce at the 4 leaf stage. Plots were 1 bed wide (2 rows/bed) by 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The electrostatic sprayers differed in their method of application with one (Electrostatic Spraying Systems, Inc.-Watkinsville, GA) being an air assist model that applied treatments with water and the other (Terronics, Inc.-Elwood, IN) using no water or air assist. Conventional treatments were made with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre H20 with a single T-Jet 8003 nozzle. An additional Cote treatment was made a low H20 volume to simulate an aerial application with the CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 11.2 gal/acre. Temperatures were > 90°F when treatments were applied and high temperatures were > 80°F the three days following application. Plants were sampled 3 DAT. Samples consisted of 12 entire plants/plot, which were placed in plastic bags and frozen. Insects present on samples were then separated and counted.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1992
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , DiFonzo Christina D. , Longtine Craig A. , Flanders Kathy L. , Hansen Roger
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 14 May at the Research Farm of the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association, Grand Forks, ND. Plots were 4 rows wide, 18.9 m (62 ft) long, with 96 cm (38 in) spacing between rows and 30 m (12 in) between plants. Plots were arranged in 6 tiers of 34 plots each. Plots were separated laterally by two in planted rows (1.9 m) and tiers were separated by 7.6 m. Borders of plots were maintained weed-free by cultivation. The planting was divided into three experiments each consisting of a completely randomized plot design with 4 replications. Experiment 1 was to evaluate various rates and formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t) insecticides. Experiment 2 was to evaluate several synthetic organic insecticides and Cryolite. Experiment 3 was to evaluate two neem-based insecticides (ATI-720 and Margosan-O) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Plots were scouted daily for Colorado potato beetle egg masses beginning 11 Jun. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Hatch of flagged eggs reached 25% on 22 Jun. Sprays were applied in all three experiments on 24 Jun, 7 Jul, and 15 Jul. Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 150 liters of water/ha (40 gal/acre) at 275 kPa (40 psi).
Efficacy of Insecticide Treatments on Squash, 1992
Authors: Deng X. , Ebert T. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Lane, Oklahoma. ‘Lemon Drop’ summer squash plants were transplanted 2 Jun, into beds with black plastic mulch and irrigated with a surface trickle irrigation system. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Each replicate consisted of a single row of 6 plants (2-ft plant spacing) on 6 ft centers. Rows were separated by 10 ft buffers. Foliar sprays were applied 11 and 19 Jul with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer mounted with 2 TX-18 nozzles calibrated to deliver 21.36 gallons per acre. Efficacy was evaluated by counting squash bug nymphs on 3 randomly selected plants per plot and alate and apterous melon aphids on 12 leaves/plot from the 3 plants with 4 leaves selected randomly from the central section of each plant. Counts were made 15 Jul (4 days after first treatment), 18 Jul (7 days after first treatment), 23 Jul (4 days after second treatment), and 26 Jul (7 days after second treatment). The data were subject to ANOVA and LSD.
Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 7-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and 200 gal/acre. All treatments were made on 5 Jun (petal fall), 15 Jun (first cover), 29 Jun (second cover), 13 Jul (third cover), 25 Jul (fourth cover), and 10 Aug (fifth cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 7 dates, and Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 5 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There was a three-tree replication on each of the cultivars, ‘McIntosh,’ ‘Cortland,’ and ‘Red Delicious’ for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used. Except for the test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 27 Aug, up to 100-130 apples were picked from each of the 9 trees per treatment and examined on 9-14 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). Generally, the entire season was unusually cool with sufficient rainfall in Jun, Jul, and Aug.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1992
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Warshaw A. R. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 5 IA locations in 1992. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time insecticide tests. The soil type at Ames and Newell was loam; Crawfordsville, Sutherland, and Mt. Union was silt loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered and numbered products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered and EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length row with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Planter-mounted drag chains were used for insecticide incorporation. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool barof a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Liquid insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8003E nozzles, 1 on each side of the corn row, created the desired band width around the base of the plants. Liquid application rate was 10 gal/acre at 10 psi. Early cultivation-time applications (7-10 d prior to cultivation) consisted of a 15-inch band with no incorporation. All other liquid applications were done just prior to cultivation with a 7-inch band. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Evaluation of root damage was started in mid-Jul, but due to excessive rainfall, the root ratings were not completed until mid-Aug. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts (number plants per 1/1000 acre) were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.
Granular and Liquid Insecticide Performance Against Black Cutworm, 1992
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Weiszel J. L.
Published: March 2022

This trial investigated the performance of granular insecticides at below-label rates applied at planting, rescue applications of liquid insecticides and a nematode (BioVector). Experimental plots were established in continuous corn field with a Waukegan silt loam soil at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Plots measuring rows (76-cm row spacing) x 9 m, were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Corn was planted on 20 May at a seeding rate of 64,500 seeds/ha. Granular treatments were applied at planting ahead of the presswheel using modified Noble applicators. Aluminum barriers, each surrounding 4.6 cm of 2 rows and extending 10 cm below and 15 cm above the soil, were installed 8 Jun when corn was just emerging. Corn stand within the barriers averaged 40 plants. On 9 Jun between 6 and 7 p.m. each plot was infested with 60 BCW larvae (50% 4th, 50% 3rd instars). The next morning, between 7-9 a.m., all liquid rescue treatments were applied within the appropriate barrier arenas. Liquid insecticides were applied in 187 liters of water/ha while the nematodes (BioVector) were applied in 750 liters/ha. Wind speed ranged from 0 to 3 km/h, while soil temperatures hovered near 22°C. Plots were examined 3, 6, and 10 d after infestation, injured plants were marked and plant injury was recorded as leaf feeding. Statistical analyses were performed after determining the final fate of each plant.