bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intercomponent energy transfer in incompressible homogeneous turbulence: multi-point physics and amenability to one-point closures
Authors: Mishra Aashwin A. , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: August 2013

Intercomponent energy transfer (IET) is a direct consequence of the incompressibility-preserving action of pressure. This action of pressure is inherently non-local, and consequently its modelling must address multi-point physics. However, in second moment closures, pragmatism mandates a single-point closure model for the pressure–strain correlation, that is, the source of IET. In this study, we perform a rapid distortion analysis to demonstrate that for a given mean-flow gradient, IET is strongly dependent on fluctuation modes and critically influences the flow stability, asymptotic states and their bifurcations. The inference is that multi-point physics must be characterized and appropriately incorporated into pressure–strain correlation closures. To this end, we analyse and categorize various multi-point characteristics such as: (i) the fluctuation mode wavevector dynamics; (ii) the spectral space topology of dominant modes; and (iii) the range of IET behaviour and statistically most likely (SML) outcomes. Thence, this characterization is used to examine the validity and limitations of current one-point closures and to propose directions for improving the fidelity of future models.
Direct numerical simulations of instability and boundary layer turbulence under a solitary wave
Authors: Ozdemir Celalettin E. , Hsu Tian-Jian , Balachandar S.
Published: August 2013

A significant amount of research effort has been made to understand the boundary layer instability and the generation and evolution of turbulence subject to periodic/oscillatory flows. However, little is known about bottom boundary layers driven by highly transient and intermittent free-stream flow forcing, such as solitary wave motion. To better understand the nature of the instability mechanisms and turbulent flow characteristics subject to solitary wave motion, a large number of direct numerical simulations are conducted. Different amplitudes of random initial fluctuating velocity field are imposed. Two different instability mechanisms are observed within the range of Reynolds number studied. The first is a short-lived, nonlinear, long-wave instability which is observed during the acceleration phase, and the second is a broadband instability that occurs during the deceleration phase. Transition from a laminar to turbulent state is observed to follow two different breakdown pathways: the first follows the sequence of $K$-type secondary instability of a near-wall boundary layer at comparatively lower Reynolds number and the second one follows a breakdown path similar to that of free shear layers. Overall characteristics of the flow are categorized into four regimes as: (i) laminar; (ii) disturbed laminar; (iii) transitional; and (iv) turbulent. Our categorization into four regimes is consistent with earlier works. However, this study is able to provide more specific definitions through the instability characteristics and the turbulence breakdown process.
Generalization of the Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa mobility and shear disturbance tensors
Authors: Wajnryb Eligiusz , Mizerski Krzysztof A. , Zuk Pawel J. , Szymczak Piotr
Published: August 2013

The Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa approximation is one of the most commonly used methods of including hydrodynamic interactions in modelling of colloidal suspensions and polymer solutions. The two main merits of this approximation are that it includes all long-range terms (i.e. decaying as ${R}^{- 3} $ or slower in interparticle distances) and that the diffusion matrix is positive definite, which is essential for Brownian dynamics modelling. Here, we extend the Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa approach to include both translational and rotational degrees of freedom, and derive the regularizing corrections to account for overlapping particles. Additionally, we show how the Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa approximation can be generalized for other geometries and boundary conditions.
From garden biotech to garage biotech: amateur experimental biology in historical perspective
Authors: CURRY HELEN ANNE
Published: August 2013

This paper describes the activities of amateur plant breeders and their application of various methods and technologies derived from genetics research over the course of the twentieth century. These ranged from selection and hybridization to more interventionist approaches such as radiation treatment to induce genetic mutations and chemical manipulation of chromosomes. I argue that these activities share characteristics with twenty-first-century do-it-yourself (DIY) biology (a recent upswing in amateur experimental biology) as well as other amateur science and technology of the twentieth century. The characterization of amateur plant breeding as amateur experimental biology offers a corrective to a dominant narrative within the history of biology, in which the turn to experimental research in the early twentieth century is thought to have served as an obvious dividing line between amateur and professional activities. Considered alongside other better-known amateur efforts, it also suggests that we might gain something by taking a more unified approach to the study of amateur science and technology.
Aroma exposure time and aroma concentration in relation to satiation
Authors: Ramaekers Mariëlle G. , Luning Pieternel A. , Ruijschop Rianne M. A. J. , Lakemond Catriona M. M. , Bult Johannes H. F. , Gort Gerrit , van Boekel Martinus A. J. S.
Published: August 2013

The present study investigated the effect of aroma exposure time and aroma concentration on ad libitum intake and subjective satiation. In a within-subject study, thirty-eight unrestrained, healthy female participants (age: 18–39 years; BMI: 18·5–26·0 kg/m2) were asked to consume tomato soup during lunchtime, until they felt comfortably full. Every 30 s, the participants consumed 10 g of a bland soup base while tomato soup aroma was delivered separately through the nose via a retronasal tube that was attached to an olfactometer. This gave the impression of consuming real tomato soup. For each sip, the aroma varied in exposure time (3 and 18 s) and concentration (5 × ), resulting in four different test conditions. Ad libitum food intake and appetite profile parameters were measured. A 9 % lower food intake was observed when the participants were exposed to the condition with 18 s exposure time and a high concentration than when exposed to the other three conditions. These results indicate that changing the retronasal aroma release by aroma concentration and aroma exposure time affects food intake.
Coups and Democracy
Authors: Marinov Nikolay , Goemans Hein
Published: August 2013

This study uses new data oncoups d’étatand elections to document a striking development: whereas the vast majority of successful coups before 1991 installed durable rules, the majority of coups after that have been followed by competitive elections. The article argues that after the Cold War, international pressure influenced the consequences of coups. In the post-Cold War era, countries that were most dependent on Western aid were the first to embrace competitive elections after their coups. This theory also helps explain the pronounced decline in the number of coups since 1991. While thecoup d’étathas been (and still is) the single most important factor leading to the downfall of democratic governments, these findings indicate that the new generation of coups has been far less harmful for democracy than their historical predecessors.
The Expendables: Community Organizations and Governance Dynamics in the Canadian Settlement Sector
Authors: Acheson Nicholas , Laforest Rachel
Published: August 2013

Abstract.An emerging pattern of governance in contemporary liberal democratic welfare states is a move away from interest group representation and a public sphere organized around demands for extensions of rights to something much more constrained. This article asks how such a profound shift in representation has occurred through governance spaces that are co-constructed by community organizations. It examines the case of Canadian immigrant settlement where beliefs about citizen representation, the role of the state and the nature of the public sphere have undergone profound change, leaving immigrant organizations as either marginal players or fully incorporated in state sanctioned immigrant service provision. Drawing on documentary evidence and interviews with immigrant organizations and public officials in Ottawa, it shows how immigrant organizations have actively interpreted their interests in the light of this changing web of beliefs to co-construct a new policy regime that favours organizational interests over citizen participation.

Résumé.Au cours des dernières décennies, une des tendance de gouvernance qui se desssine dans la plupart des États providence est que l'espace de représentation politique et de la défense des droits collectifs est devenu de plus en plus restraint. Cet article examine comment ce changement a pris forme dans des espaces de gouvernance qui sont de plus en plus marqués par une interaction dynamique de coconstruction des politiques publiques. L'analyse est basée sur une étude de cas d'organismes communautaires oeuvrant dans le domaine de l'intégration des immigrants dans la ville d'Ottawa. L'analyse de documents et les entrevues qualitatives révèlent que les organismes ont stratégiquement redéfinis leurs intérêts en matière de représentation politique et ont contribué à la coconstruction d'un nouveau régime de gouvernance qui privilégie les intérêts organisationnels au-dessus de la participation citoyenne.
Mobilizing in the Vernacular: Environmentalists and Federal Institutional Change in Belgium and Germany
Authors: Erk Jan
Published: August 2013

Abstract.This article proposes the nexus between social movements, interest groups and citizen initiatives, on the one hand, and federalism, on the other, as the key to unlock a theory of gradual institutional change. The empirical context is the pattern of mobilization of Belgian and German environmentalists. In time, subnational jurisdiction over environment in Germany gave way to a nationwide one, while national policy in Belgium was devolved to the subnational level. Evidence shows that, in addition to direct institutional opportunities and constraints external to interest groups, a key internal factor—language—indirectly influenced the level mobilization in the long run. United by a common language, various German environmentalist groups gravitated towards a nationwide frame of reference, in due course bringing about institutional changes towards nationwide policies. In Belgium, divisions between Flemings and Francophones brought institutional change in the opposite direction.

Résumé.Cet article propose de mettre en relation d'une part mouvements sociaux, groupes d'intérêt et initiatives citoyennes, et d'autre part la réflexion sur le fédéralisme comme clé pour formuler une théorie du changement institutionnel graduel. Le contexte empirique de l'article est le modèle de mobilisation des mouvements écologistes belges et allemands. Avec le temps, en Allemagne, la compétence sous-nationale sur l'environnement a fait place à l'échelon national, alors que la politique nationale en Belgique a été transférée au niveau sous-national. L'analyse montre qu'outre les opportunités institutionnelles et les contraires extérieurs aux groupes d'intérêt, un facteur-clé interne – la langue – a indirectement influencé le niveau de mobilisation sur le long terme. Unis par une langue commune, divers groupes écologistes allemands ont évolué vers un cadre national de référence, apportant en temps voulu des changements institutionnels à l'égard des politiques à l'échelle nationale. En Belgique, les divisions entre Flamands et Francophones ont mené les changements institutionnels dans la direction opposée.
Corporate Lobbying and Immigration Policies in Canada
Authors: Rheault Ludovic
Published: August 2013

Abstract. This study examines the enduring claim that firms exert influence on immigration policies, prompting governments to open the doors to foreign labour. Although intuitively appealing, this claim has received little empirical support so far, the actual channels of influence from special interests to policy makers being usually opaque to public scrutiny. To address this problem, I rely upon the vector autoregression methodology and make use of fine-grained quarterly data on lobbying, skills-based immigration and temporary workers in Canada, between 1996 and 2011. A key result is the positive and robust response of temporary worker inflows to the intensity of corporate lobbying, even after accounting for labour market conditions. In contrast, there is no conclusive evidence that lobbyists carry weight when it comes to permanent migrants.

Résumé. Cette étude examine la thèse voulant que le secteur privé exerce une influence sur les politiques d'immigration, poussant les gouvernements à accroître le nombre d'immigrants. Malgré son attrait, cette thèse n'a reçu qu'un soutien empirique très limité à ce jour, notamment puisque l'influence des groupes d'intérêt s'exerce souvent à huis clos. Afin de surmonter ce problème, je recours à la méthode des vecteurs autorégressifs et utilise des données trimestrielles détaillées sur le lobbying, l'immigration économique et les travailleurs temporaires au Canada entre 1996 et 2011. Un résultat clé est la réponse positive des influx de travailleurs temporaires à l'intensité du lobbying des entreprises, même après avoir pris en compte les conditions du marché du travail. En comparaison, la conclusion que les lobbyistes influencent les niveaux d'immigration permanente apparaît peu robuste.
Les raisons épistémiques sont-elles instrumentales?
Authors: LAURIER DANIEL
Published: August 2013

Dans un article récent (2011), Steglich-Petersen prétend être en mesure de fournir une explication téléologique de la nature des raisons épistémiques qui (i) échappe aux objections standards soulevées contre ce type d’approche et (ii) soit compatible avec la thèse évidentialiste selon laquelle les raisons épistémiques de croire l’emportent toujours sur les raisons non-épistémiques (à supposer qu’il y ait de telles raisons). Je soutiens que sa proposition est incapable de rendre justice à l’idée selon laquelle les données probantes constituent des raisons épistémiques, et plus généralement, qu’il est incohérent de soutenir à la fois que les raisons épistémiques sont instrumentales, que croire le vrai et ne pas croire le faux possèdent une valeur épistémique et que les données probantes fournissent des raisons épistémiques.
CROPPING SYSTEM EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITY FOR THREE AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS IN INDIA
Authors: SINHA NISHANT K. , CHOPRA USHA KIRAN , SINGH ANIL KUMAR
Published: August 2013

Soil quality integrates the effects of soil physical, chemical and biological attributes. Some of them are dynamic in nature and behave differentially in various agro-ecosystems (AESs) and are quantified in terms of a soil quality index (SQI). An attempt has been made in this paper to develop an SQI based on a minimum data set (MDS), which could be used to evaluate the sustainability of the crop production in three varying AESs in India, namely sub-humid, semi-arid and arid. Thirteen indicators were utilized to develop the SQI from the properties measured from the surface soil layer (0–15 cm). Each indicator of the MDS was transformed into a dimensionless score based on scoring functions (linear and non-linear) and integrated into four SQIs. The weighted non-linear index (WNLI) was identified as the most sensitive for all the AESs and was recommended as an index for future assessments. Based on this index, the quantification of soil quality under several cropping systems was carried out for sub-humid, semi-arid and arid AESs and the most suitable cropping system was identified. WLNI was positively and significantly correlated (R2= 0.79,p< 0.01) with wheat equivalent yield for all the cropping systems. This clearly indicated that the index may be used satisfactorily for quantifying soil quality.
The Gender Citation Gap in International Relations
Authors: Maliniak Daniel , Powers Ryan , Walter Barbara F.
Published: August 2013

This article investigates the extent to which citation and publication patterns differ between men and women in the international relations (IR) literature. Using data from the Teaching, Research, and International Policy project on peer-reviewed publications between 1980 and 2006, we show that women are systematically cited less than men after controlling for a large number of variables including year of publication, venue of publication, substantive focus, theoretical perspective, methodology, tenure status, and institutional affiliation. These results are robust to a variety of modeling choices. We then turn to network analysis to investigate the extent to which the gender of an article's author affects that article's relative centrality in the network of citations between papers in our sample. Articles authored by women are systematically less central than articles authored by men, all else equal. This is likely because (1) women tend to cite themselves less than men, and (2) men (who make up a disproportionate share of IR scholars) tend to cite men more than women. This is the first study in political science to reveal significant gender differences in citation patterns and is especially meaningful because citation counts are increasingly used as a key measure of research's quality and impact.
Inventing Un-America
Authors: STEELE BRIAN
Published: August 2013

No writer is more closely bound up with our deepest sense of the meaning of the “American” than Thomas Jefferson and it is difficult to imagine America's national purpose without some reference to his words. Yet Jefferson's projection of American identity also assumed and even constituted, of necessity, the un-American and it is in this sense that the un-American provided the necessary contours of what became the “American.” Jefferson's various projects are often seen in tension with one another. But this dialectic between the American and the un-American helps reconcile many of them. Federalists, Jefferson believed, assumed that governing Americans demanded the force and corruption that had long kept Europeans in order, whereas Americans, he believed, had an experience of history that rendered them capable of transcending such political theory and practicing democratic politics. This paper explores this dialectic between the American and the un-American in Jefferson's thought as a problem of national self-definition and argues that Jefferson's overwhelming confidence about American identity rested to a large degree in the shudder produced by his experience of the other. Years before Joseph McCarthy and HUAC, Jefferson's project of defining the nation created the un-American, rendering Americans ever since profoundly, however paradoxically, ambivalent about the prospects for revolutionary republicanism abroad.
Reinfection studies of canine echinococcosis and role of dogs in transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Tibetan communities, Sichuan, China
Authors: MOSS J. E. , CHEN X. , LI T. , QIU J. , WANG Q. , GIRAUDOUX P. , ITO A. , TORGERSON P. R. , CRAIG P. S.
Published: August 2013

In the eastern Tibetan plateau both human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by infection with Echincoccus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively are highly endemic. The domestic dog plays a key role in zoonotic transmission in this region. Our primary objective was to investigate the role of domestic dogs in maintaining transmission of E. multilocularis in Shiqu county, Sichuan. A cohort of 281 dogs was followed up over one year after a single treatment with praziquantel followed by re-infection surveillance at 2, 5 and 12 months post-treatment. Faecal samples were tested by an Echinococcus genus-specific coproantigen ELISA and two species-specific copro-PCR tests. Total Echinococcus coproantigen prevalence in Shiqu at baseline was 21% and 9·6% after 2 months. E. multilocularis copro-PCR was positive in 11·2% of dogs before treatment (vs 3·6% with E. granulosus copro-DNA), 2·9% at 2 months post-treatment, and 0% at 5 month and 12 months. The results suggest that dogs may have the potential to maintain E. multilocularis transmission within local pastoral communities, and thus dog dosing could be an effective strategy to reduce transmission of E. multilocularis as well as E. granulosus in these co-endemic Tibetan communities.
Genetic diversity ofEchinococcusspp. in Russia
Authors: KONYAEV SERGEY V. , YANAGIDA TETSUYA , NAKAO MINORU , INGOVATOVA GALINA M. , SHOYKHET YAKOV N. , BONDAREV ALEXANDR Y. , ODNOKURTSEV VALERIY A. , LOSKUTOVA KYUNNYAY S. , LUKMANOVA GULNUR I. , DOKUCHAEV NIKOLAI E. , SPIRIDONOV SERGEY , ALSHINECKY MIKHAIL V. , SIVKOVA TATYANA N. , ANDREYANOV OLEG N. , ABRAMOV SERGEY A. , KRIVOPALOV ANTON V. , KARPENKO SERGEY V. , LOPATINA NATALIA V. , DUPAL TAMARA A. , SAKO YASUHITO , ITO AKIRA
Published: August 2013

In Russia, both alveolar and cystic echinococcoses are endemic. This study aimed to identify the aetiological agents of the diseases and to investigate the distribution of eachEchinococcusspecies in Russia. A total of 75Echinococcusspecimens were collected from 14 host species from 2010 to 2012. Based on the mitochondrial DNA sequences, they were identified asEchinococcus granulosussensu stricto (s.s.),E. canadensisandE. multilocularis. E. granulosuss.s. was confirmed in the European Russia and the Altai region. Three genotypes, G6, G8 and G10 ofE. canadensiswere detected in Yakutia. G6 was also found in the Altai region. Four genotypes ofE. multiloculariswere confirmed; the Asian genotype in the western Siberia and the European Russia, the Mongolian genotype in an island of Baikal Lake and the Altai Republic, the European genotype from a captive monkey in Moscow Zoo and the North American genotype in Yakutia. The present distributional record will become a basis of public health to control echinococcoses in Russia. The rich genetic diversity demonstrates the importance of Russia in investigating the evolutionary history of the genusEchinococcus.
Political life beyond accommodation and return: rethinking relations between the political, the international, and the body
Authors: PUUMALA EEVA
Published: August 2013

This article explores political agency in the interstices of the bodily politics of asylum. It shows how its practices make bodily surfaces and how alternative forms of political authority emanate from bodies. Relying on Jean-Luc Nancy's ontology of the body, it examines forms of political agency that are enacted by people often considered as abjective subjectivities in the spaces of the international. Deriving from interviews conducted with failed asylum seekers, the article sheds light on agencies and resistances embedded in and extant despite the governmental efforts to solve the problem of the moving body. Ethnographic data and interviews with the failed asylum seekers show how they take control over their lives, not as separate, sovereign subjects, but in relation to their political surroundings and others. In a way, the failed asylum seekers produce and practice their own politics that both takes part in and exceeds the limits set by sovereign politics. By exploring political agency from underneath and beyond sovereign power and governmentality, the article presents a reading of the intertwining of the international, political, and bodily.
Gamma-ray source through inverse Compton scattering in a thermal hohlraum
Authors: Ping Y.L. , He X.T. , Zhang H. , Qiao B. , Cai H.B. , Chen S.Y.
Published: August 2013

A new inverse Compton scattering scheme for production of high-energy Gamma-ray sources is proposed in which a Giga-electronvolt (GeV) electron beam is injected into a thermal hohlraum. It is found that by increasing the hohlraum background temperature, the scattered photons experience kinematic pileup, resulting in more monochromatic spectrum and smaller scattering angle. When a relativistic electron beam with energy 1 GeV and charge 10nC is injected into a 0.5 keV hohlraum, 80% of the scattered photons have energy above 0.5 GeV.
Influence of the initial size of the proton layer in sheath field proton acceleration
Authors: Yu Jinqing , Jin Xiaolin , Zhou Weimin , Zhang Bo , Zhao Zongqing , Cao Leifeng , Li Bin , Gu Yuqiu , Zhan Rongxin , Najmudin Z.
Published: August 2013

We investigate the influence of the initial size of the proton layer on proton acceleration in the interaction of high intensity laser pulses with double-layer targets by using two-dimensional particle-in-cell code. We discuss the influence of proton layer initial sizes on the cut-off energy, energy spread, and divergence angle of proton beam. It is found that Coulomb explosion plays an important role on the proton cut-off energy. This causes the cut-off energy to increase for increasing proton layer thickness, at the expense of energy spread. The proton divergence angle reaches a peak value and then falls again with increasing the width. Proton divergence angle grows with target thickness. It is found that there is an optimal thickness to obtain the narrowest energy spread, which may provide an effective method (change the size of proton layer) to obtain high quality proton beams. This work may serve to improve the understanding of sheath field proton acceleration.
Dynamic modeling and control design for a parallel-mechanism-based meso-milling machine tool
Authors: Le Adam Y. , Mills James K. , Benhabib Beno
Published: August 2013

A novel rigid-body control design methodology for 6-degree-of-freedom (dof) parallel kinematic mechanisms (PKMs) is proposed. The synchronous control of PKM joints is addressed through a novel formulation of contour and lag errors. Robust performance as a control specification is addressed. A convex combination controller design approach is applied to address the problem of simultaneously satisfying multiple closed-loop specifications. The applied dynamic modeling approach allows the design methodology to be extended to 6-dof spatial PKMs. The methodology is applied to the design of a 6-dof PKM-based meso-milling machine tool and simulations are conducted.
Integration of informal music technologies in secondary school music lessons
Authors: Stowell Dan , Dixon Simon
Published: August 2013

Technologies such as YouTube, mobile phones and MP3 players are increasingly integrated into secondary school music in the UK. At the same time, the gap between formal and informal music learning is being bridged by the incorporation of students’ preferred music into class activities. We conducted an ethnographic study in two secondary schools in London, investigating the roles of technology in the negotiation of musical concepts in music classes. From this, we report some observations on the relation between formal/informal and authorised/unauthorised activities in class, and some specific observations on the role of YouTube, mobile phones and MP3 players in the class context. In the lessons we observed, these technologies functioned as part of a richly multimodal ecosystem of technologies, combining aspects of formal and informal use. This carries implications for how we plan for the use of technology in the delivery of music education.
Soil modification by termites in a sandy-soil vegetation in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest
Authors: Sarcinelli Tathiane Santi , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto Gonçalves Reynaud , Fernandes Filho Elpídio Inácio , Mafia Reginaldo Gonçalves , Neri Andreza Viana
Published: August 2013

Termites play a critical role in the regulation of soil processes, for example, water retention, nutrient cycling, and the formation and maintenance of soil structure. There is a consensus that mound-building termites modify physical and chemical soil properties in clay soils, but there is limited investigation into their influence for sandy soils in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. We tested the hypotheses that the termitosphere effectively improves properties of sandy soil, and that the role of termite soil particle selection is of greater importance in soils with higher sand concentration and lower nutrient status. The work was conducted in three vegetation physiognomies: woodland, savanna and grassland. In the woodland physiognomy we sampled in the border and in the interior, totalling four studied areas. We described a soil profile and collected five samples of termitaria and surface soil in each area. Also, in three 100-m2plots allotted in each area, termite-mound density and volume were estimated, and termites were collected for taxonomic identification. Soil samples were submitted to physical and chemical analysis, and regression models were employed to analyse termite particle selection ability in different soil conditions. In most areas, the concentrations of nutrients, organic carbon and clay-size particles were significantly higher in termite mounds than in surface soils. On a weight basis, termite mounds had up to 32 times more nutrients, 12 times more organic carbon, and five times more clay than surrounding soils, however, aluminium toxicity was lower in termite mounds. Regression models demonstrated that the role of termites in soil particle selection is of greater ecological importance with decreasing soil nutrient status and increasing sand concentration. Therefore, termites greatly improve soil properties, representing truly ecosystem engineers in sandy soils, with an average soil turnover by mound-building activity reaching 10.5 m3ha−1.
Ontology evolution: a process-centric survey
Authors: Zablith Fouad , Antoniou Grigoris , d'Aquin Mathieu , Flouris Giorgos , Kondylakis Haridimos , Motta Enrico , Plexousakis Dimitris , Sabou Marta
Published: August 2013

Ontology evolution aims at maintaining an ontology up to date with respect to changes in the domain that it models or novel requirements of information systems that it enables. The recent industrial adoption of Semantic Web techniques, which rely on ontologies, has led to the increased importance of the ontology evolution research. Typical approaches to ontology evolution are designed as multiple-stage processes combining techniques from a variety of fields (e.g., natural language processing and reasoning). However, the few existing surveys on this topic lack an in-depth analysis of the various stages of the ontology evolution process. This survey extends the literature by adopting a process-centric view of ontology evolution. Accordingly, we first provide an overall process model synthesized from an overview of the existing models in the literature. Then we survey the major approaches to each of the steps in this process and conclude on future challenges for techniques aiming to solve that particular stage.
Children's perception of dialect variation
Authors: WAGNER LAURA , CLOPPER CYNTHIA G. , PATE JOHN K.
Published: August 2013

A speaker's regional dialect is a rich source of information about that person. Two studies examined five- to six-year-old children's perception of regional dialect: Can they perceive differences among dialects? Have they made meaningful social connections to specific dialects? Experiment 1 asked children to categorize speakers into groups based on their accent; Experiment 2 asked them to match speakers to (un)familiar cultural items. Each child was tested with two of the following: the child's Home dialect, a Regional variant of that dialect, and a Second-Language variant. Results showed that children could successfully categorize only with a Home vs. Second-Language dialect contrast, but could reliably link cultural items with either a Home vs. Second-Language or a Regional vs. Second-Language dialect contrast. These results demonstrate five- to six-year-old children's developing perceptual skill with dialect, and suggest that they have a gradient representation of dialect variation.
Complex atrial arrhythmias as first manifestation of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: an unusual course in a patient with a new mutation in ryanodine receptor type 2 gene
Authors: Lawrenz Wolfgang , Krogmann Otto N. , Wieczorek Marcus
Published: August 2013

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a rare life-threatening arrhythmogenic disorder. An association with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and other atrial arrhythmias has been described, but in all published cases the initial manifestation of the disease was ventricular arrhythmia. This is the first report about a patient who presented with complex atrial tachycardia and sinus node dysfunction about 1 year before the typical ventricular arrhythmias were observed, leading to the diagnosis of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. In this girl, a mutation of the ryanodine receptor type 2 gene, which has not been described so far, was discovered.
Suffolk Show 2011: Prehospital Medical Coverage in a Mass-gathering Event
Authors: Pakravan Amir H. , West Richard J. , Hodgkinson David W.
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Despite their popularity and unique characteristics, county shows, also known as agricultural fairs, are amongst the least-studied mass-gathering events. Suffolk Show is one of the biggest such events in the UK, attracting tens of thousands of people annually over a 2-day period. In addition to trade stands and livestock displays, the 2011 show included top international show jumping and other sport activities.

Problem

Due to the range of activities and large number of attendees of different ages and medical backgrounds, combined with a lack of objective data about medical contacts made during these events, medical officers and local emergency services find planning an appropriate level of medical coverage for county shows particularly challenging. This study involved analyzing the characteristics of medical contacts during a major county show and assessing the level of medical coverage provided.

Methods

Data collected from St John Ambulance (SJA) and British Red Cross standard medical records of all contacts on the show ground over the two days were analyzed in terms of demographics, presenting complaints, medical history, and discharge destination. The Event Safety Guide by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) was the agreed standard for the level of medical coverage.

Results

More than 90,000 people visited the show, with a total of 180 medical contacts recorded. Patient presentation rate (per 1,000 attendees) was 2.0 and the transport to hospital rate (per 1,000 attendees) was 0.1.

Of the 112 cases handled by SJA, 74 (66%) were women and 49 (44%) were 18-64 years of age. Wounds, lacerations and abrasions made up 26 (23.2%) of all presentations to SJA, followed by foot and lower limb blisters at 20 (17.8%). Hypertension was the most common medical history in presentations to SJA (11 cases, 10%), followed by asthma in 7 (6%).

Conclusion

The majority of presentations were due to minor injuries or ailments. An understanding of the event characteristics, demographics, and nature of medical contacts will provide organizers, medical officers, and local emergency services with information about the level of coverage and resources required. This data can further help advance knowledge of mass-gathering medicine across the various types of events.

PakravanAH, WestRJ, HodgkinsonDW. Suffolk Show 2011: prehospital medical coverage in a mass-gathering event. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(5):1-4.
Comparison of Rescue and Relief Activities Within 72 Hours of the Atomic Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Authors: Matsunari Yuko , Yoshimoto Nao
Published: August 2013

Purpose

To clarify the factors and reasons for the differences in the outcomes of rescue and relief efforts in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, mainly focusing on the numbers of rescue/relief staffs and casualties in the period within 72 hours of the atomic bombings in August 1945.

Methods

By retrieving the data and information from the records and reports concerning the disasters in the two cities, together with other publications as to the damages by the atomic bombings and subsequent rescue-relief activities, and restoration activities.

Results and Conclusions

It seems that there was less damage in Nagasaki, where a stronger atomic bomb was used than in Hiroshima. There were crucial geographic factors that led to the different effects in terms of the numbers of victims; however, systematic organization and mobilization of rescue and relief staffs, maintenance of functional transportation, and advanced medical knowledge and public warning with regard to disaster all may have contributed to a lower death toll and increase in survivors in Nagasaki.

MatsunariY, YoshimotoN. Comparison of rescue and relief activities within 72 hours of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(6):1-7.
Three-Dimensional Chemical Mapping by EFTEM-TomoJ Including Improvement of SNR by PCA and ART Reconstruction of Volume by Noise Suppression
Authors: Messaoudi Cédric , Aschman Nicolas , Cunha Marcel , Oikawa Tetsuo , Sorzano Carlos O. Sanchez , Marco Sergio
Published: August 2013

Electron tomography is becoming one of the most used methods for structural analysis at nanometric scale in biological and materials sciences. Combined with chemical mapping, it provides qualitative and semiquantitative information on the distribution of chemical elements on a given sample. Due to the current difficulties in obtaining three-dimensional (3D) maps by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM), the use of 3D chemical mapping has not been widely adopted by the electron microscopy community. The lack of specialized software further complicates the issue, especially in the case of data with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, data interpretation is rendered difficult by the absence of efficient segmentation tools. Thus, specialized software for the computation of 3D maps by EFTEM needs to include optimized methods for image series alignment, algorithms to improve SNR, different background subtraction models, and methods to facilitate map segmentation. Here we present a software package (EFTEM-TomoJ, which can be downloaded from http://u759.curie.fr/fr/download/softwares/EFTEM-TomoJ), specifically dedicated to computation of EFTEM 3D chemical maps including noise filtering by image reconstitution based on multivariate statistical analysis. We also present an algorithm named BgART (for background removing algebraic reconstruction technique) allowing the discrimination between background and signal and improving the reconstructed volume in an iterative way.
Identification of FDA-approved Drugs Targeting Breast Cancer Stem Cells Along With Biomarkers of Sensitivity
Authors: Bhat-Nakshatri Poornima , Goswami Chirayu P. , Badve Sunil , Sledge George W. , Nakshatri Harikrishna
Published: August 2013

Recently developed genomics-based tools are allowing repositioning of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as cancer treatments, which were employed to identify drugs that target cancer stem cells (CSCs) of breast cancer. Gene expression datasets of CSCs from six studies were subjected to connectivity map to identify drugs that may ameliorate gene expression patterns unique to CSCs. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was negatively connected with gene expression in CSCs. ATRA reduced mammosphere-forming ability of a subset of breast cancer cells, which correlated with induction of apoptosis, reduced expression of SOX2 but elevated expression of its antagonist CDX2. SOX2/CDX2 ratio had prognostic relevance in CSC-enriched breast cancers. K-ras mutant breast cancer cell line enriched for CSCs was resistant to ATRA, which was reversed by MAP kinase inhibitors. Thus, ATRA alone or in combination can be tested for efficacy using SOX2, CDX2 and K-ras mutation/MAPK activation status as biomarkers of response.
Understanding the interactions between bacteria in the human gut through metabolic modeling
Authors: Shoaie Saeed , Karlsson Fredrik , Mardinoglu Adil , Nookaew Intawat , Bordel Sergio , Nielsen Jens
Published: August 2013

The human gut microbiome plays an influential role in maintaining human health and it is a potential target for prevention and treatment of disease. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) can provide an increased understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects of diet, the genotype-phenotype relationship and microbial robustness. Here we reconstructed GEMs for three key species, (Bacteroidesthetaiotamicron, Eubacteriumrectale and Methanobrevibactersmithii) as relevant representatives of three main phyla in the human gut (Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota). We simulated the interactions between these three bacteria in different combinations of gut ecosystems and compared the predictions with the experimental results obtained from colonization of germ free mice. Furthermore, we used our GEMs for analyzing the contribution of each species to the overall metabolism of the gut microbiota based on transcriptome data and demonstrated that these models can be used as a scaffold for understanding bacterial interactions in the gut.
Chemical library screening for WNK signalling inhibitors using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Mori Takayasu , Kikuchi Eriko , Watanabe Yuko , Fujii Shinya , Ishigami-Yuasa Mari , Kagechika Hiroyuki , Sohara Eisei , Rai Tatemitsu , Sasaki Sei , Uchida Shinichi
Published: August 2013

WNKs (with-no-lysine kinases) are the causative genes of a hereditary hypertensive disease, PHAII (pseudohypoaldosteronism type II), and form a signal cascade with OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive 1)/SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich protein kinase) and Slc12a (solute carrier family 12) transporters. We have shown that this signal cascade regulates blood pressure by controlling vascular tone as well as renal NaCl excretion. Therefore agents that inhibit this signal cascade could be a new class of antihypertensive drugs. Since the binding of WNK to OSR1/SPAK kinases was postulated to be important for signal transduction, we sought to discover inhibitors of WNK/SPAK binding by screening chemical compounds that disrupt the binding. For this purpose, we developed a high-throughput screening method using fluorescent correlation spectroscopy. As a result of screening 17000 compounds, we discovered two novel compounds that reproducibly disrupted the binding of WNK to SPAK. Both compounds mediated dose-dependent inhibition of hypotonicity-induced activation of WNK, namely the phosphorylation of SPAK and its downstream transporters NKCC1 (Na/K/Cl cotransporter 1) and NCC (NaCl cotransporter) in cultured cell lines. The two compounds could be the promising seeds of new types of antihypertensive drugs, and the method that we developed could be applied as a general screening method to identify compounds that disrupt the binding of two molecules.
Investigating the function of [2Fe–2S] cluster N1a, the off-pathway cluster in complex I, by manipulating its reduction potential
Authors: Birrell James A. , Morina Klaudia , Bridges Hannah R. , Friedrich Thorsten , Hirst Judy
Published: August 2013

NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) couples NADH oxidation and quinone reduction to proton translocation across an energy-transducing membrane. All complexes I contain a flavin to oxidize NADH, seven iron–sulfur clusters to transfer electrons from the flavin to quinone and an eighth cluster (N1a) on the opposite side of the flavin. The role of cluster N1a is unknown, but Escherichia coli complex I has an unusually high-potential cluster N1a and its reduced flavin produces H2O2, not superoxide, suggesting that cluster N1a may affect reactive oxygen species production. In the present study, we combine protein film voltammetry with mutagenesis in overproduced N1a-binding subunits to identify two residues that switch N1a between its high- (E. coli, valine and asparagine) and low- (Bos taurus and Yarrowia lipolytica, proline and methionine) potential forms. The mutations were incorporated into E. coli complex I: cluster N1a could no longer be reduced by NADH, but H2O2 and superoxide production were unaffected. The reverse mutations (that increase the potential by ~0.16 V) were incorporated into Y. lipolytica complex I, but N1a was still not reduced by NADH. We conclude that cluster N1a does not affect reactive oxygen species production by the complex I flavin; it is probably required for enzyme assembly or stability.
A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study of the vascular effects of midodrine in neuropathic compared with hyperadrenergic postural tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Ross Amanda J. , Ocon Anthony J. , Medow Marvin S. , Stewart Julian M.
Published: August 2013

POTS (postural tachycardia syndrome) is a chronic form of OI (orthostatic intolerance). Neuropathic POTS is characterized by decreased adrenergic vasoconstriction, whereas hyperadrenergic POTS exhibits increased adrenergic vasoconstriction. We hypothesized that midodrine, an α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, would increase CVR (calf vascular resistance), decrease Cv (calf venous capacitance) and decrease orthostatic tachycardia in neuropathic POTS, but not alter haemodynamics in hyperadrenergic POTS. A total of 20 POTS patients (12 neuropathic and eight hyperadrenergic), ages 12–20 years, participated in this randomized placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over study. Of these subjects, 15 were female. POTS subjects received 2 weeks of treatment with midodrine or placebo, with increased dosing from 2.5 to 10 mg three times daily. Following a 7-day drug-washout period, subjects received the cross-over treatment. HR (heart rate), MAP (mean arterial pressure), Q̇calf (calf blood flow) and CVR were measured supine and during 35° HUT (head-up tilt). Cv was measured supine. In neuropathic POTS, midodrine decreased supine HR, Q̇calf and Cv, while increasing MAP and CVR compared with placebo. During HUT, in neuropathic POTS, midodrine decreased HR, Q̇calf and Cv, while increasing MAP and CVR. In hyperadrenergic POTS, placebo and midodrine both decreased upright HR and increased supine CVR. Placebo also increased supine Cv, compared with midodrine in hyperadrenergic POTS. Therefore midodrine improved postural tachycardia in neuropathic POTS by increasing CVR and decreasing Q̇calf and Cv, whereas these effects were not seen in hyperadrenergic POTS patients who experienced a placebo effect. This suggests that midodrine is probably an effective treatment for neuropathic POTS, but not for hyperadrenergic POTS.
An efficient multiple access interference suppression scheme in asynchronous femtocells
Authors: Banitalebi Behrouz , Abouei Jamshid
Published: August 2013

This work considers a code division multiple access (CDMA)‐based femtocell system where a fixed set of subscribed users communicate simultaneously to a femtocell access point (FAP) in an asynchronous fashion during the uplink. The main goal of this paper is to present an augmentation protocol for the physical layer of the CDMA2000 femtocell standard with focus on the multiple access interference (MAI) suppression. The above‐closed access femtocell uses a unique set of cyclic orthogonal binary codes to eliminate the MAI caused by packet collisions. This property ensures that the time and data rate asynchronicity of active nodes in a femtocell produces a zero MAI situation at the FAP. The work investigates the optimality and the effectiveness of such codes in femtocells from the link bit error rate performance in a practical Rayleigh‐fading environment, where Kalman filtering is used at the FAP for the channel estimation. Theoretical findings are verified by simulation evaluations and it is shown numerically a significant improvement in the performance of the proposed scheme when compared with conventional non‐cyclic orthogonal codes in a Rayleigh‐fading channel in the asynchronous femtocell.