bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clustering the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation Using Global Satellite Data
Authors: Chen Penghan , Chen Aifang , Yin Shuiqing , Li Yuxin , Liu Junguo
Published: December 2024

The diurnal cycle of precipitation (DCP) is a fundamental component of the precipitation cycles across various temporal scales. However, the absence of a comprehensive and intuitive clustering description of the DCP, including precipitation amount, frequency, intensity, and seasonality on the global scale, has impeded understanding of climate impacts on society. This study investigates the diurnal cycle and its seasonal differences in global precipitation using hierarchical clustering and high‐resolution satellite precipitation data. Results indicate that regions with coastal and topographic complexity exhibit intricate clustering patterns globally. Significant inter‐cluster differences suggest that the precipitation amount and frequency have stronger diurnal cycles than that of the precipitation intensity. Seasonal cluster transitions indicate that the global DCP exhibits significant seasonal differences. This study provides multiple sets of information‐rich and user‐friendly maps of the DCP, enhancing research on sub‐daily precipitation mechanisms and their climatic impacts.
Kinematic Inversion of Aseismic Fault Slip During the Nucleation of Laboratory Earthquakes
Authors: Dublanchet P. , Passelègue F. X. , Chauris H. , Gesret A. , Twardzik C. , Nöel C.
Published: December 2024

Decades of geophysical monitoring have revealed the importance of slow aseismic fault slip in the release of tectonic energy. Although significant progress have been made in imaging aseismic slip on natural faults, many questions remain concerning its physical control. Here we present an attempt to study the evolution of aseismic slip in the controlled environment of the laboratory. We develop a kinematic inversion method, to image slip during the nucleation phase of a dynamic rupture within a saw‐cut sample loaded in a tri‐axial cell. We use the measurements from a strain gauge array placed in the vicinity of the fault, and the observed shortening of the sample, to invert the fault slip distribution in space and time. The inversion approach relies both on a deterministic optimization step followed by a Bayesian analysis. The Bayesian inversion is initiated with the best model reached by the deterministic step, and allows to quantify the uncertainties on the inferred slip history. We show that the nucleation consists of quasi‐static aseismic slip event expanding along the fault at a speed of the order of 200 m., before degenerating into a dynamic rupture. The total amount of aseismic slip accumulated during this nucleation phase reaches m locally, about 8%–15 % of the coseismic slip. The resolution of the method is evaluated, indicating that the main limitation is related to the impossibility of measuring strain inside the rock sample. The results obtained however show that the method could improve our understanding of earthquake nucleation.
From Orogeny to Rifting: The Role of Inherited Structures During the Formation of the South China Sea
Authors: Li Kai , Brune Sascha , Erdős Zoltán , Neuharth Derek , Mohn Geoffroy , Glerum Anne
Published: December 2024

Many of the world's rifts and rifted margins have developed within former orogens. The South China Sea (SCS) formed during Cenozoic rifting by utilizing pre‐existing orogenic structures, like thrust faults, thickened crust, and corresponding thermal weaknesses. The mechanisms explaining how inherited structures influence the spatiotemporal evolution of a rift remain a topic of on‐going research. Here, we explore the impact of orogenic inheritance on rift evolution through a numerical forward model that reproduces geodynamic and landscape evolution processes. By imposing time‐dependent phases of shortening and extension, we model rifted margin formation that is consistent with the available geological and geophysical observations of the SCS. Our numerical models allow us to identify thrust faults that are reactivated as normal faults during extensional phases. Not all pre‐existing thrust faults, however, undergo full reactivation, as their behavior is influenced by variations in lithospheric strength and the pre‐existing structural discontinuities. We further show that inherited orogenic structures compete with each other during extensional reactivation and ultimately govern the location of continental breakup. Our results provide valuable insights into the broader implications of inherited orogenic structures and how they affect subsequent rift system evolution.
Thermo‐Mechanical Effects of Microcontinent Collision on Ocean‐Continent Subduction System
Authors: Regorda Alessandro , Roda Manuel
Published: December 2024

Microcontinents are globally recognized as continental regions partially or entirely surrounded by oceanic lithosphere. Due to their positioning, they may become entangled in subduction zones and undergo either accretion or subduction. High‐pressure metamorphism in subducted continental rocks supports the idea that microcontinents can be subducted, regardless of their low densities. In this study, we used 2D numerical models to simulate collision of microcontinents with different lengths located at various distances from the upper plate in a subduction system characterized by different convergence velocities, in order to examine their effects on the thermo‐mechanical evolution of subduction systems. Specifically, we analyzed the conditions that favor subduction or accretion of microcontinents and investigated how their presence affects the thermal state within the mantle wedge. Our results reveal that the presence of microcontinents can lead to four styles of subduction: (a) continuous subduction; (b) continuous subduction with jump of the subduction channel; (c) interruption and reinitiation of the subduction; (d) continental collision. We discovered that longer microcontinents and higher velocities of the subducting plate contrast a continuous subduction favoring accretion, whereas farther initial locations from the upper plate and higher velocities of the upper plate favor the subduction of the microcontinent. In addition, we observed that the subduction style has direct effects on the thermal state, with important implications for the potential metamorphic conditions recorded by the subducted continental rocks. In particular, models characterized by parameters that favor the subduction of a larger amount of continental material from the microcontinent exhibit warm mantle wedges.
The Iron Spin Transitions in Hydrous Fe3+‐Bearing Bridgmanite and Its Geophysical Properties in the Lower Mantle
Authors: Jiang Jiajun , Muir Joshua M. R. , Zhang Feiwu
Published: December 2024

Hydrous Fe3+‐bearing bridgmanite (Bdg) is potentially a critical water host in the lowermost mantle. The spin transition behaviors of such materials are pivotal for understanding geophysical heterogeneity in the deep Earth but are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the spin transition and related geophysical properties of Fe3+ with associated H defects [Fe3+‐H] at high P‐T conditions using first‐principles simulations. Our calculations predict that the presence of hydrogen reduces the onset pressure of the spin transition of Fe3+ in Bdg, leading to higher fractions of low spin Fe3+. Along standard geotherms, spin transition is predicted to remain incomplete even at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB), and lateral temperature variations would significantly affect the proportions of high and low spin Fe and related properties like elasticity. The thermoelastic property of hydrous Fe3+‐bearing bridgmanite exhibit stronger softening anomalies at the lower mantle conditions compared to dry system, which potentially enhancing the seismic detectability of the hydrous Bdg in the deep earth. Density profile of hydrous Fe3+‐bearing bridgmanite indicates that the [Fe3+‐H] defect modestly increases the system's density, but much less than that caused by incorporating an equivalent amount of iron alone. This is crucial for understanding regions like Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs), which exhibits large velocity drops but only minor density changes. The co‐adsorption of Fe and H allows for the introduction of Fe to induce velocity drops without the concomitant sharp increase in density, as pure iron would, thus enabling Fe‐H enrichment as a potential source of LLSVPs.
Theoretical Solution Linking Channel Width and Pool‐Riffle Bed Level Perturbations
Authors: Lei Yunlong , Viparelli Enrica , Hassan Marwan A. , Chartrand Shawn M. , An Chenge , Fu Xudong , Hu Chunhong
Published: December 2024

Gravel bed rivers often display pool‐riffle morphology. Downstream changes in channel width are often correlated with pool‐riffle topography. Considering self‐formed, alluvial, straight and single‐thread gravel‐bed rivers, here we provide an analytical solution for their equilibrium pool‐riffle morphology in the presence of spatially varying widths. Our analytical model, based on mass and energy conservation for water flow, shows how bed level perturbations are closely linked to downstream width variations under the influence of water discharge. The analytical model is validated against experimental data and applied to reconstruct the natural pool‐riffle bed profile. The validated model shows how increasing water discharge (i.e., water depth and flow velocity) enhances the amplitude of pool‐riffle sequences. The proposed model can provide valuable guidance for river restoration projects.
Impacts of Post‐Fire Debris Flows on Fluvial Morphology and Sediment Transport in a California Central Coast Stream
Authors: Olsen Telemak , Pfeiffer Allison M. , Finnegan Noah J. , Li Chuxuan , Horton Daniel E.
Published: December 2024

Post‐fire debris flows alter impacted fluvial systems, but few studies quantify the magnitude and timing of reach‐scale channel response to these events. In August 2020, the Big Creek watershed along California's central coast burned in the Dolan Fire; in January 2021, an atmospheric river event triggered post‐fire debris flows in steep tributaries to the Big Creek. Here, we characterize the evolution of fluvial morphology and grain size in Big Creek, a cascade and step‐pool channel downstream of tributaries in which post‐fire debris flows initiated, using pre‐ and post‐fire structure from motion (SfM) and airborne lidar surveys. We also make comparisons to Devil's Creek, an adjacent basin which burned but did not experience post‐fire debris flows. We observe grain size fining following debris flows in Big Creek, but the coarsest 40% of the grain size distribution remained essentially unchanged despite reorganization of channel structure. Changes in grain size and elevated post‐fire peak flows account for approximately equal portions of a substantial increase in modeled bedload transport capacity one year post‐fire. In Big Creek, geomorphic recovery is well underway just two years post‐fire. A valley‐spanning log jam, which formed during debris flows, acts as a sediment trap upstream of our Big Creek study reach, and is partially responsible for accelerating recovery processes. In contrast, Devil's Creek exhibited little change in morphology or grain size despite elevated post‐fire peak flows. This period of geomorphic dynamism following the Dolan Fire has complex ecological impacts, notably for the threatened anadromous salmonid spawning habitat in Big Creek.
Longitudinal and Seasonal Changes of Organic Matter Sources Through a Semi‐Arid River‐Reservoir System
Authors: Yoder A. M. , Baldwin A. , Marvin‐DiPasquale M. , Poulin B. A. , Naymik J. , Krabbenhoft D. P.
Published: December 2024

The quality and quantity of organic matter (OM) in a river system directly affects ecosystem health; thus, managers benefit from an in‐depth understanding of the drivers and sources of OM. In the Snake River, a highly altered river‐reservoir system in the semi‐arid western United States, OM production and loading are key drivers of reservoir anoxia, which leads to several deleterious processes such as mercury methylation. However, sources and quantities of OM to the Snake River, and the effects of impoundment on OM moving through the river‐reservoir system, are not well understood. Particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate nitrogen (PN), chlorophyll a (chl‐a), and δ15N–PN and δ13C–POC isotopic ratios were measured bi‐weekly for over 2 years at four locations through the Snake River Hells Canyon Reservoir Complex to determine spatial and temporal patterns of OM quantities and sources. POC concentrations increased through the riverine zone upstream of the reservoirs, likely due to in situ primary production and/or inputs from tributaries and agricultural drains; then decreased through the most upstream reservoir likely due to particle settling. Isotopic ratios and other OM source indicators (δ15N–PN, δ13C–POC, POC:PN, chl‐a:POC) show that the dominant source of particulate OM was phytoplankton with seasonal terrestrial/macrophytic inputs. Results highlight the effects of major tributary and agricultural drain inputs, primary production, and impoundment on OM composition and concentration through a large river‐reservoir system and may inform water quality management efforts in this and similar systems.
Uncertainty Quantification in Reduced‐Order Gas‐Phase Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Using Ensemble SINDy
Authors: Guo Lin , Yang Xiaokai , Zheng Zhonghua , Riemer Nicole , Tessum Christopher W.
Published: December 2024

Uncertainty quantification during atmospheric chemistry modeling is computationally expensive as it typically requires a large number of simulations using complex models. As such, large‐scale modeling is typically performed with simplified chemical mechanisms for computational tractability. Here, we describe a probabilistic surrogate modeling method using principal components analysis (PCA) and Ensemble Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics (E‐SINDy) to both automatically simplify a gas‐phase chemistry mechanism and to quantify the uncertainty introduced when doing so. We demonstrate the application of this method on a small photochemical box model for ozone formation. With 100 ensemble members, the calibration ‐squared value is 0.86 among the three latent species on average and 0.98 for ozone, demonstrating that predicted model uncertainty aligns well with actual model error. In addition to uncertainty quantification, this probabilistic method also improves accuracy as compared to an equivalent deterministic version, by 64% for the ensemble prediction mean or 45% for deterministic prediction by the best‐performing single ensemble member. Overall, the ozone testing root mean square error (RMSE) is 20% of its root mean square (RMS) concentration. Although our probabilistic ensemble simulation ends up being slower than the reference model it emulates, we hypothesize that use of a more complex reference model in future work will result in additional opportunities for acceleration. Versions of this approach applied to full‐scale chemical mechanisms may result in improved uncertainty quantification in models of atmospheric composition, leading to enhanced atmospheric understanding and improved support for air quality control and regulation.
Importance of Monitoring Frequency for Representation of Dissolved Organic Matter Dynamics in Urban Rivers
Authors: Zhu Hongzheng , Khamis Kieran , Hannah David M. , Krause Stefan
Published: December 2024

In‐situ dissolved organic matter (DOM) monitoring frequencies have often been chosen for convenience or based on perceived wisdom, without fully assessing their impact on representation of DOM dynamics. To address this gap, we collected 5‐min fluorescence data in an urban headwater and resampled it at coarser intervals to investigate the impact of monitoring frequencies on the detectability of DOM dynamics during storms. Expecting hydrometeorological conditions to modify the impact of monitoring frequency, we categorized 85 storm events into groups: Group A (low intensity, short duration), Group B (high intensity, short duration), and Group C (low intensity, long duration). Surprisingly, our analysis indicated that monitoring frequency has minimal influence on commonly used biogeochemical indexes (e.g., maximum, hysteresis and flushing index), which are employed to characterize solute behavior, regardless of storm type. To facilitate a direct comparison between monitoring frequencies, we back‐interpolated coarser data into 5‐min intervals and calculated mean squared errors by comparing them with original high‐resolution data. Our findings indicated that in colder periods with predominately Type A and C storms, a coarser monitoring frequency (>30 min) can capture DOM dynamics. Conversely, in warmer periods when Type B storms dominate, a finer frequency (≤15 min) is necessary to capture key solute chemograph processes (e.g., first flush and dilution). Generally, we suggest a 15‐min monitoring frequency as optimal for similar urban headwater systems, and advocate an adaptive approach based on seasonal variations to improve efficiency, especially when power, data transfer, and storage are constraints.
Remote Sensing Estimation of Shallow and Deep Aquifer Response to Precipitation‐Based Recharge Through Downscaling
Authors: Kalu Ikechukwu , Ndehedehe Christopher E. , Ferreira Vagner G. , Janardhanan Sreekanth , Currell Matthew , Crosbie Russell S. , Kennard Mark J.
Published: December 2024

The Gnangara groundwater system is a highly productive water resource in southwestern Australia. However, it is considered one of the most vulnerable groundwater systems to climate change, due to consistent declines in precipitation and recharge, and regional climate models project further declines into the future. This study introduces a new framework underpinned by machine learning techniques to provide reliable estimates of precipitation‐based recharge over the whole Perth Basin (including the Gnangara system). By combining estimates of baseflow, groundwater evaporation, and extraction, groundwater recharge was estimated over the Perth (testing site) and Gnangara (calibration site) systems using downscaled Groundwater Storage Anomalies (GWSA) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. The random forest regression (RFR) model was used to downscale the spatial resolution of GRACE to 0.05° (approx. 5 km), providing estimable signals over the relatively small calibration site (∼2,200 km2) in order to discern any meaningful signals from the original GRACE resolution. Our study reveals that downscaled signals from GRACE can be used to provide precipitation‐based recharge estimates for groundwater systems accurately. However, the growing impacts of climate change, which has led to sporadic precipitation patterns over Western Australia, can limit the efficiency of satellite remote sensing methods in estimating recharge, especially in deep and complex aquifers.
Inhibition of furin in CAR macrophages directs them toward a proinflammatory phenotype and enhances their antitumor activities
Authors: Ziane-Chaouche Lydia , Raffo-Romero Antonella , Hajjaji Nawale , Kobeissy Firas , Pinheiro Donna , Aboulouard Soulaimane , Cozzani Adeline , Mitra Suman , Fournier Isabelle , Cizkova Dasa , Salzet Michel , Duhamel Marie
Published: December 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy has revolutionized cellular immunotherapy, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in hematological cancers. However, its application in solid tumors faces significant challenges, including limited T-cell infiltration and tumor-induced immunosuppression. Given the prominent role of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, their phenotypic plasticity and inherent antitumor properties, such as phagocytosis, offer a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. This study focuses on the development of a second generation of CAR macrophages (CAR-Ms). We elucidated the role of the proprotein convertase furin in macrophages, demonstrating its overexpression in the presence of tumor cells. Importantly, furin inhibition maintains a proinflammatory macrophage phenotype, potentially redirecting them towards an antitumor state. Compared to furin-expressing counterparts, furin-inhibited CAR-Ms exhibited heightened antitumor phagocytic activity against breast cancer cells and ex vivo patient-derived tumoroids. Notably, they sustained a persistent proinflammatory profile, indicative of enhanced tumoricidal potential. Additionally, furin-inhibited CAR-Ms secreted factors that promote T-cell activation, offering a means to modulate the tumor microenvironment. In summary, our work highlights the translational potential of furin-inhibited CAR-Ms as a potent cellular therapy to mitigate macrophage exhaustion within the tumor environment. By capitalizing on macrophage-mediated antitumor responses, these findings pave the way for the development of second-generation CAR-M therapeutic strategies tailored for solid tumors.
New particle formation from isoprene under upper-tropospheric conditions
Authors: Shen Jiali , Russell Douglas M. , DeVivo Jenna , Kunkler Felix , Baalbaki Rima , Mentler Bernhard , Scholz Wiebke , Yu Wenjuan , Caudillo-Plath Lucía , Sommer Eva , Ahongshangbam Emelda , Alfaouri Dina , Almeida João , Amorim Antonio , Beck Lisa J. , Beckmann Hannah , Berntheusel Moritz , Bhattacharyya Nirvan , Canagaratna Manjula R. , Chassaing Anouck , Cruz-Simbron Romulo , Dada Lubna , Duplissy Jonathan , Gordon Hamish , Granzin Manuel , Große Schute Lena , Heinritzi Martin , Iyer Siddharth , Klebach Hannah , Krüger Timm , Kürten Andreas , Lampimäki Markus , Liu Lu , Lopez Brandon , Martinez Monica , Morawiec Aleksandra , Onnela Antti , Peltola Maija , Rato Pedro , Reza Mago , Richter Sarah , Rörup Birte , Sebastian Milin Kaniyodical , Simon Mario , Surdu Mihnea , Tamme Kalju , Thakur Roseline C. , Tomé António , Tong Yandong , Top Jens , Umo Nsikanabasi Silas , Unfer Gabriela , Vettikkat Lejish , Weissbacher Jakob , Xenofontos Christos , Yang Boxing , Zauner-Wieczorek Marcel , Zhang Jiangyi , Zheng Zhensen , Baltensperger Urs , Christoudias Theodoros , Flagan Richard C. , El Haddad Imad , Junninen Heikki , Möhler Ottmar , Riipinen Ilona , Rohner Urs , Schobesberger Siegfried , Volkamer Rainer , Winkler Paul M. , Hansel Armin , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Donahue Neil M. , Lelieveld Jos , Harder Hartwig , Kulmala Markku , Worsnop Doug R. , Kirkby Jasper , Curtius Joachim , He Xu-Cheng
Published: December 2024

Aircraft observations have revealed ubiquitous new particle formation in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon1,2 and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans3,4. Although the vapours involved remain unknown, recent satellite observations have revealed surprisingly high night-time isoprene mixing ratios of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv) in the tropical upper troposphere5. Here, in experiments performed with the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber, we report new particle formation initiated by the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with isoprene at upper-tropospheric temperatures of −30 °C and −50 °C. We find that isoprene-oxygenated organic molecules (IP-OOM) nucleate at concentrations found in the upper troposphere, without requiring any more vapours. Moreover, the nucleation rates are enhanced 100-fold by extremely low concentrations of sulfuric acid or iodine oxoacids above 105 cm−3, reaching rates around 30 cm−3 s−1 at acid concentrations of 106 cm−3. Our measurements show that nucleation involves sequential addition of IP-OOM, together with zero or one acid molecule in the embryonic molecular clusters. IP-OOM also drive rapid particle growth at 3–60 nm h−1. We find that rapid nucleation and growth rates persist in the presence of NOx at upper-tropospheric concentrations from lightning. Our laboratory measurements show that isoprene emitted by rainforests may drive rapid new particle formation in extensive regions of the tropical upper troposphere1,2, resulting in tens of thousands of particles per cubic centimetre.
Evolution of myeloid-mediated immunotherapy resistance in prostate cancer
Authors: Lyu Aram , Fan Zenghua , Clark Matthew , Lea Averey , Luong Diamond , Setayesh Ali , Starzinski Alec , Wolters Rachel , Arias-Badia Marcel , Allaire Kate , Wu Kai , Gurunathan Vibha , Valderrábano Laura , Wei Xiao X. , Miller Richard A. , Van Allen Eliezer M. , Fong Lawrence
Published: December 2024

Patients with advanced metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are refractory to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)1,2, partly because there are immunosuppressive myeloid cells in tumours3,4. However, the heterogeneity of myeloid cells has made them difficult to target, making blockade of the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) clinically ineffective. Here we use single-cell profiling on patient biopsies across the disease continuum and find that a distinct population of tumour-associated macrophages with elevated levels of SPP1 transcripts (SPP1
hi-TAMs) becomes enriched with the progression of prostate cancer to mCRPC. In syngeneic mouse modelling, an analogous macrophage population suppresses CD8+ T cell activity in vitro and promotes ICI resistance in vivo. Furthermore, Spp1
hi-TAMs are not responsive to anti-CSF1R antibody treatment. Pathway analysis identifies adenosine signalling as a potential mechanism for SPP1
hi-TAM-mediated immunotherapeutic resistance. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) significantly reverses Spp1
hi-TAM-mediated immunosuppression in CD8+ T cells in vitro and enhances CRPC responsiveness to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade in vivo. Consistent with preclinical results, inhibition of A2ARs using ciforadenant in combination with programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade using atezolizumab induces clinical responses in patients with mCRPC. Moreover, inhibiting A2ARs results in a significant decrease in SPP1
hi-TAM abundance in CRPC, indicating that this pathway is involved in both induction and downstream immunosuppression. Collectively, these findings establish SPP1
hi-TAMs as key mediators of ICI resistance in mCRPC through adenosine signalling, emphasizing their importance as both a therapeutic target and a potential biomarker for predicting treatment efficacy.
Multiscale experimental study of H$$_2$$/brine multiphase flow in porous rock characterizing relative permeability hysteresis, hydrogen dissolution, and Ostwald ripening
Authors: Boon Maartje , Rademaker Tim , Winardhi Chandra Widyananda , Hajibeygi Hadi
Published: December 2024

To safely and efficiently utilize porous reservoirs for underground hydrogen storage (UHS), it is essential to characterize hydrogen transport properties at multiple scales. In this study, hydrogen/brine multiphase flow at 50 bar and 25 °C in a 17 cm Berea sandstone rock core was characterized and visualized at the pore and core scales using micro X-ray CT. The experiment included a single drainage and imbibition cycle during which relative permeability hysteresis was measured, and two no-flow periods to study the redistribution of hydrogen in the pore space during storage periods. An end-point relative permeability of 0.043 was found at $$S_w=0.56$$, and the residual gas saturation was measured to be 0.32. Despite extensive pre-equilibration, significant dissolution of hydrogen into brine occurred near the core inlet due to elevated pressures and the corresponding increase in hydrogen solubility. During drainage, many disconnected hydrogen ganglia were observed further down the core which could be explained by the exsolution of the dissolved hydrogen. During imbibition, the dissolution of hydrogen led to the formation of preferential flow paths near the inlet, and eventually removed most of the trapped hydrogen in the final stage of the experiment. The two no-flow periods were characterized by the fragmentation of medium-sized hydrogen ganglia and the growth of a few larger ganglia, providing evidence for hydrogen re-connection through the dissolution-driven process of Ostwald ripening. These results demonstrate that despite the low solubility of hydrogen in brine, hydrogen dissolution can significantly influence the observed multiphase flow and trapping behavior in the reservoir and should be considered in UHS modeling.
Beauty growth-mindset promotes prosocial and altruistic behavior
Authors: Hung Iris W. , Faust Natalie T.
Published: December 2024

The effects of beauty on judgment and behavior are well-established and somewhat “unidirectional” (i.e., it seems that only beautiful people reap social benefits). In particular, a person’s beauty does not seem to have any effect on his/her own prosocial behavior. In the current research, we focus on how people relate themselves to beauty, namely beauty mindset, and how it may shape prosocial and altruistic behavior. We present 10 experiments (N = 4,449). Participants who hold a beauty growth-mindset (i.e., believing that beauty is improvable) donated more money to charity (vs. fixed-mindset), were more likely to get vaccinated against COVID-19 after exposure to an intervention focusing on herd-protection (vs. self-protection), and showed increased intention to engage in other forms of prosocial and altruistic behavior. Empirically, these effects are mediated by a self-perception of the ability to exert impact on others. The present research serves as a starting point for investigating how beauty growth-mindset brings profound societal effects such as promoting prosociality.
Transformers significantly improve splice site prediction
Authors: Jónsson Benedikt A. , Halldórsson Gísli H. , Árdal Steinþór , Rögnvaldsson Sölvi , Einarsson Eyþór , Sulem Patrick , Guðbjartsson Daníel F. , Melsted Páll , Stefánsson Kári , Úlfarsson Magnús Ö.
Published: December 2024

Mutations that affect RNA splicing significantly impact human diversity and disease. Here we present a method using transformers, a type of machine learning model, to detect splicing from raw 45,000-nucleotide sequences. We generate embeddings with residual neural networks and apply hard attention to select splice site candidates, enabling efficient training on long sequences. Our method surpasses the leading tool, SpliceAI, in detecting splice sites in GENCODE and ENSEMBL annotations. Using extensive RNA sequencing data from an Icelandic cohort of 17,848 individuals and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, our method demonstrates superior performance in detecting splice junctions compared to SpliceAI-10k (PR-AUC = 0.834 vs. PR-AUC = 0.820) and is more effective at identifying disease-related splice variants in ClinVar (PR-AUC = 0.997 vs. PR-AUC = 0.996). These advancements hold promise for improving genetic research and clinical diagnostics, potentially leading to better understanding and treatment of splicing-related diseases.
Super-resolution imaging of the neuronal cytoskeleton
Authors: Butler-Hallissey Ciarán , Leterrier Christophe
Published: December 2024

The complexity of the brain organization and the unique architecture of neurons have motivated neuroscientists to stay at the forefront of cellular microscopy and rapidly take advantage of technical developments in this field. Among these developments, super-resolution microscopy has transformed our understanding of neurobiology by allowing us to image identified macromolecular scaffolds and complexes directly in cells. Super-resolution microscopy approaches have thus provided key insights into the organization and functions of the neuronal cytoskeleton and its unique nanostructures. These insights are the focus of our review, where we attempt to provide a panorama of super-resolution microscopy applications to the study of the neuronal cytoskeleton, delineating the progress they have made possible and the current challenges they meet.
Resumes and Cover Letters
Authors: Herbert Rosemarie I. , Ziebell Angela
Published: December 2024

Resumes/curriculum vitae and cover letters are core documents when applying for work internationally. This chapter looks at how you can systematically approach constructing your resume and cover letter for each role in a really meaningful manner. It is hoped this will take the stress out of guessing what you should include and how to include it. Some important regional and professional variations exist, which are included where possible. This chapter should be read in close proximity to Chapter 7 for the best outcome, as key selection criteria and interviews are heavily influenced by what you put in your resume and cover letter.
Witnessing a discrete microdroplet freezing event via real-time electrochemical monitoring of solution temperature
Authors: Kauffmann Philip J. , Blanco-Combariza Cristian A. , Dick Jeffrey E.
Published: December 2024

Triple-barrel electrodes can monitor temperature and freezing events in microdroplets in real time, delivering enhanced temporal resolution and standalone insights into the ice nucleation and the thermoelectrochemical properties of aqueous systems.
Quantum dot-to-dye-based fluorescent ratiometric immunoassay for GFAP: a biomarker for ischaemic stroke and glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Varghese Susan , Madanan Anju S. , Abraham Merin K. , Shkhair Ali Ibrahim , Indongo Geneva , Rajeevan Greeshma , Arathy B. K. , George Sony
Published: December 2024

A ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay probe was developed for GFAP using antibody GFAP-coupled silicon quantum dots (Ab@SiQDs) and rhodamine B (RhB). This probe exhibited a shift in fluorescence emission from 580 nm to 530 nm in response to GFAP.
Cas12a/crRNA recognition initiated self-priming mediated chain extension for colorimetric cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis
Authors: Li Ming , Zheng Ting , Zhu Jiaqi , Zhang Hu , Fan Lijuan
Published: December 2024

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has attracted increasing attention as a promising biomarker in liquid biopsy due to its crucial role in disease diagnosis.
Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents based on albumin nanoparticles
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Gao Hui , Jiang Sunmin , You Qingjun , Zhou Juan , Chen Jinghua
Published: December 2024

The combination of small molecular magnetic resonance contrast agents and albumin-based carriers is an effective strategy to obtain new MRI contrast agents with safety, low toxicity, high relaxation efficiency and targeting capability.
TPDYs: strained macrocyclic diynes for bioconjugation processes
Authors: D’Onofrio Bernard , Cruché Corentin , Hurdal Kirsten N. , Hadjabdelhafid-Parisien Adem , Pelletier Joelle N. , Iftimie Radu , Davis Rebecca L. , Collins Shawn K.
Published: December 2024

A terphenyl diyne (TPDY) macrocycle, 3,5-TPDY, has been developed incorporating a bent 1,3-diyne that is active in SPAAC processes affording atropoisomeric triazole products, as well as cycloadditions with diazoacetates and tetrazines.
A rolling circle amplification-based DNAzyme walker against intracellular degradation for imaging tumor cells' microRNA
Authors: Yang Haoqi , Niu Huimin , Zhao Chenxiao , Zhang Shusheng , Sun Shujuan , Shi Pengfei
Published: December 2024

A DNAzyme walker that integrates DNAzyme-based molecular beacons with RCA-based DNA nanostructures was developed for miRNA imaging in tumor cells.
(Thio)chromenone derivatives exhibit anti-metastatic effects through selective inhibition of uPAR in cancer cell lines: discovery of an uPAR-targeting fluorescent probe
Authors: Chun So-Young , Park Chanhee , Oh Jiwon , Yoon Hey-Jin , Kim Tae-il , Kim Youngmi , Ham Seung Wook , Koh Hye Ran , Lee Hyung Ho , Kim Hun Young , Oh Kyungsoo
Published: December 2024

An uPAR-targeting fluorescent probe was discovered, providing valuable molecular insights into the role of uPAR in cancer metastasis.
A ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for the quantification of nitroreductase in hypoxic neurons
Authors: Tang Zhiquan , Huang Hong , Yao Yuanyuan , Gao Shumei , Lin Bingyong , Zong Qianshou , Hu Wanpeng , Xu Jianguo , Wang Yangang , Guo Longhua
Published: December 2024

A ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for accurate monitoring of nitroreductase in hypoxic neurons was developed.
Influence of Na : Ga ratios under the flux-excess aid on GaN crystal growth using the Na-flux LPE method
Authors: Yang Chen , Huang Gemeng , Pan Ronglin , Wang Ziyou , Ma Ming , Xia Song , Zhou Mingbin , Fan Shiji , Li Zhenrong
Published: December 2024

In the flux-excess assisted growth of GaN crystals, the effect of different Na : Ga molar ratios on crystal growth was investigated. A Na : Ga molar ratio of 70 : 30 is more conducive to the growth of high-quality GaN crystals.
Ab initio electronic structures and total internal partition sums of FeH+/2+
Authors: Ariyarathna Isuru R. , Leiding Jeffery A. , Neukirch Amanda J. , Zammit Mark C.
Published: December 2024

Low-lying electronic strtuctres of FeH+ and FeH2+ were investigated at the MRCI, MRCI+Q, and CCSD(T) levels and their spectracopic constants were used to calculate total internal partition sums.
Solvent effects on the second harmonic responses of donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts: from implicit to hybrid solvation models
Authors: Dellai Angela , Krismer Isabella , Prampolini Giacomo , Champagne Benoît , Ramos Tárcius N. , Castet Frédéric
Published: December 2024

The effect of conformational dynamics and solvent interactions on the nonlinear optical responses of the open and closed forms of a DASA derivative are investigated by coupling molecular dynamics simulations and time-dependent DFT calculations.
Prediction of high-Tc superconductivity in H6SX below megabar pressure
Authors: Gu Xinyi , Gao Kun , Hao Jian , Shi Jingming , Cui Wenwen , Li Yinwei
Published: December 2024

H6SSb is demonstrated to be a good superconductor stabilized at submegabar pressure with Tc of 115 K at 40 GPa.
Advanced systems for enhanced CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Xie Wenfu , Li Bingkun , Liu Lu , Li Hao , Yue Mingzhu , Niu Qingman , Liang Shuyu , Shao Xiaodong , Lee Hyoyoung , Lee Jin Yong , Shao Mingfei , Wang Qiang , O'Hare Dermot , He Hong
Published: December 2024

This review explores the latest developments in CO2 electroreduction based systems, including coupling reaction systems, co-reduction reaction systems, cascade systems, and integrated capture and conversion systems.
Towards continuous Rh-hydroformylation of long chain alkenes: handling methodology for the long-term stability of Biphephos in a continuous reactor with an attached membrane separation unit
Authors: Söderholm Viktor , Stajer Marc , Savage Carolin , Splittgerber Leon , Vogt Dieter
Published: December 2024

Biphephos is known for its high activity and linear selectivity in Rh-catalyzed alkene hydroformylation. Key parameters, essential to maintain the long-term stability of Biphephos in the hydroformylation reaction system have been elucidated.
Estimating emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds from urban green spaces and their contributions to secondary pollution
Authors: Ma Jinlong , Wang Shuai , Chen GuoChao , Zhu Shengqiang , Wang Peng , Chen Jianmin , Zhang Hongliang
Published: December 2024

A 1 km spatial resolution of vegetation emission inventory.
Novel in situ SEI fabrication on Zn anodes for ultra-high current density tolerance enabled by electrical excitation–conjugation of iminoacetonitriles
Authors: Zhang Ruqian , Shui Tao , Li An , Xia Huan , Xu Gang , Ji Lingfeng , Lu Chengjie , Zhang Wei , Sun ZhengMing
Published: December 2024

Electroplating enriched IDAN on zinc surface, forming IDA to complex with Zn2+, thus creating an in situ SEI. This SEI optimized Zn2+ transport, shielded water molecules, and stabilized the anode interface, enhancing long-term performance.
Heterogeneous structure engineering and optimizing the electronic band structure of the VO2(B)/V3O5 cathode: toward a low-cost, long life span and green aqueous ammonium ion battery
Authors: Liang Miaomiao , Hu Maosen , Si Yiwei , Xue Rui , Kang Yongxia , Zhang Hemeng , Wang Haiyang , Miao Zongcheng , Fu Chong
Published: December 2024

Aqueous ammonium ion batteries are promising because of their high safety and efficient charge transfer rate in energy storage applications, but their wide applicability is hindered by the limited properties of the cathode materials.
Rapid CO2 coupling to propargylic alcohols: unlocking the production of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates via continuous flow
Authors: Stiernet Pierre , Verdin Alexandre , Svanberg Frisinger Maja Stina , Grignard Bruno , Malherbe Cédric , Yuan Jiayin , Monbaliu Jean-Christophe M. , Detrembleur Christophe
Published: December 2024

Silver N-heterocyclic carbene complex unlocks the fast coupling of CO2 to propargylic alcohols to produce α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates through continuous flow process.
High-precision coal classification using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with the CST-PCA-based ISSA-KELM
Authors: Li Shuaijun , Hao Xiaojian , Mo Biming , Chen Junjie , Wei Hongkai , Ma Junjie , Liang Xiaodong , Zhang Heng
Published: December 2024

Combining laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with the CST-PCA-based ISSA-KELM algorithm model, which is an effective tool for discriminating coals with different physical properties and chemical compositions.
Profiling paracrine interactions between hypoxic and normoxic skeletal muscle tissue in a microphysiological system fabricated from 3D printed components
Authors: Rexius-Hall Megan L. , Madrigal Malinda D. , Kilic Cem Y. , Shen Keyue , McCain Megan L.
Published: December 2024

A microphysiological system demonstrates that paracrine interactions between hypoxic and normoxic engineered skeletal muscle tissue increase the expression of amphiregulin.
Design of a magnetically responsive artificial cilia array platform for microsphere transport
Authors: Qiu Yan , Cai Xinwei , Bian Xin , Hu Guoqing
Published: December 2024

We present an innovative platform designed to mimic the mucociliary clearance system, an essential defense mechanism in the respiratory tract.
Synthesis and characterization of core–shell NMC microparticles as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries: insights from ex situ and in situ microscopy and spectroscopy techniques
Authors: García-Alonso J. , Krüger S. , Kelm K. , Guney E. , Yuca N. , Villar-García I. J. , Saruhan B. , Pérez-Dieste V. , Maestre D. , Méndez B.
Published: December 2024

NMC core–shell microparticles synthesized by an oxalate-assisted co-precipitation method have been studied with special attention focused on their microstructure, composition, surface properties, in situ analysis, and electrochemical performance.
One-pot synthesis of 1,3-oxazine derivatives catalyzed by a green nanocomposite of lacunary phosphomolybdate on TiO2/g-C3N4 under mild solvent-free conditions
Authors: Bahmanziyari Maryam , Naeimi Hossein
Published: December 2024

An investigation of three-component condensation of aromatic aldehydes, 2-naphthol, and urea was carried out using H3PMo11O39@TiO2@g-C3N4 as a nanocatalyst at 80 °C under solvent-free conditions.
Carbon nanotube supported spherical NiFe-spinel heterostructure for sensitive electrochemical detection of aristolochic acid
Authors: Jiang Hongmei , Zhang Mei , Liu Wenjun , Guan Jinyu , Cao Qinyi , Fang Jun , Yao Hao , Wang Xia , Zhong Jun , Liu Xiaoying
Published: December 2024

Carbon nanotube supported nickel ferrite particles with catalytic ability to form heterostructures for innovative electrochemical detection of AA in medicinal and edible plants.
Electronic structure adjustment of 3D transition bimetallic phosphate/reduced graphene oxide as a hybrid electrocatalyst for the HER
Authors: Wang Jianzhi , Chen Hongyi , Yu Hongliang , Tang Wangshu , Wu Yuanhang , Yang Yijie , Luo Yu , Yang Jie , Yu Faquan
Published: December 2024

NiCoP@rGO/NF is beneficial for not only improving separation-transfer-photo-induced charge, but also lowering the ΔGH value on active sites, greatly enhancing electrochemical and photocatalytic HER efficiency.
4-Amino-1,2,3-triazine 2-oxide: a promising structural unit for the design and synthesis of novel energetic materials with good thermal stability and low impact sensitivity
Authors: Cai Ziwu , Shi Junhao , Yu Qian , Jiang Tianyu , Zhang Wenquan
Published: December 2024

Two new [6,6]-fused ring energetic molecules were designed and synthesised using 4-amino-1,2,3-triazine 2-oxide as the basic skeleton unit.
Computational studies of the metal-free [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of azide with enaminone for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Badawi Mohammad Abd Al-Hakim , Dagher Maram , Alzahrani Abdullah Yahya Abdullah , Khairbek Ali A. , Thomas Renjith
Published: December 2024

In this study, we investigated the mechanism of [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction between phenyl azide and phenyl enaminone using the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory for the first time.
Benzimidazole-based low-sensitivity and heat-resistant energetic materials: design and synthesis
Authors: Liang Ying , Hu Xian-Kun , Yang Zhang-Lei , Liu Miao-Miao , Zhang Yao , Wu Jin-Ting , Zhang Jian-Guo , Zhao Ting-Xing , Sun Shan-Hu , Wang Shu-Min
Published: December 2024

A new heat-resistant functional material, 4,6-diamino-5,7-dinitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (DADNBI) was prepared. The thermal decomposition temperature of DADNBI is 366 °C, h50% is 305 cm, and the detonation velocity is 7306 m s−1.
Application of alkaline ionic liquid/Brønsted acid synergistic catalysis for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from aliphatic diols and CO2
Authors: Fang Bing , Wang Haiyue , Chang Wei , Yao Yibang , Guo Liying , Zhao Yuanyuan , Liu Bing
Published: December 2024

A new environmentally friendly method for synthesizing cyclic carbonates from fatty glycols and CO2 using alkaline ionic liquids and Brønsted acids as co-catalysts.
Fully atomistic molecular dynamics modeling of photoswitchable azo-PC lipid bilayers: structure, mechanical properties, and drug permeation
Authors: Alberto Kevin A. , Hasna Begam M. N. , Xiong Hejian , Shinoda Wataru , Slesinger Paul A. , Qin Zhenpeng , Nielsen Steven O.
Published: December 2024

A phenol molecule is shown at its free energy minimum in a trans azo-PC lipid bilayer, where it interacts with the azobenzene groups that are incorporated into one of the two phosphatidylcholine lipid tails.
Accelerated galvanic interaction for the fabrication of core–shell nanowires to boost the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Yang Zhongyun , Zhang Xiaojia , Yang Fan , Waqas Muhammad , Peng Yufeng , Wang Limin , Huang Qiulan , Huang Dujuan , Deng Dingrong , Chen Du-Hong , Fan Youjun , Chen Wei
Published: December 2024

The synthesis of core–shell Ru@Ag/AgCl catalysts via accelerating galvanostatic interactions in cathodes for dramatically boosting HER activity.
Patterning technologies of quantum dots for color-conversion micro-LED display applications
Authors: Wang Yuhui , Luo Yunshu , Kong Xuemin , Wu Tingzhu , Lin Yue , Chen Zhong , Wang Shuli
Published: December 2024

A comprehensive summary of patterning technologies of quantum dots for construction of color-conversion layers in full-color micro-LED displays is provided.
Recent advances in the oxidative activation of the C2–C3 π bond of indoles and its applications
Authors: Yu Lemao , Cai Ruonan , Lv Lujing , Dong Huaping , Xu Yingjie , Zhang Qiang , Shen Runpu
Published: December 2024

This review highlights oxidation-induced ring-formation/radical addition/rearrangement strategies via oxidative activation of C2–C3 π bond of indoles and the corresponding asymmetric synthesis applications to indole alkaloids and bioactive compounds.
Controllable loading of an Fe/Co alloy on heteroatom-doped hollow graphene spheres realized via regulation of small molecules for rechargeable zinc–air batteries
Authors: Ma Yefei , Wang Qiushi , Xiao Xia , Jiang Zhong-Jie , Chen Weiheng , Tian Xiaoning , Jiang Zhongqing
Published: December 2024

The controllable loading of an Fe/Co alloy on heteroatom-doped hollow graphene spheres (FeCo@NGHS) is realized via the regulation of small molecules for ORR/OER bifunctional catalysts.
Facile one-pot synthesis of high-purity sodium antimony chalcogenides in polar solvents
Authors: Vaselabadi Saeed Ahmadi , Benham Brynn , Wolden Colin A.
Published: December 2024

A simple route is presented for scalable production of sodium antimony chalcogenides (Na3SbCh4; NaSbCh2 with Ch = S, Se) based on the reactions of Na chalcogenides with appropriately selected metal halides in ethanolic solution at room temperature.