bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting four scientific debates in ocean acidification research
Authors: Andersson A. J. , Mackenzie F. T.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. In recent years, ocean acidification has gained continuously increasing attention from scientists and a number of stakeholders and has raised serious concerns about its effects on marine organisms and ecosystems. With the increase in interest, funding resources, and the number of scientific investigations focusing on this environmental problem, increasing amounts of data and results have been produced, and a progressively growing and more rigorous understanding of this problem has begun to develop. Nevertheless, there are still a number of scientific debates, and in some cases misconceptions, that keep reoccurring at a number of forums in various contexts. In this article, we revisit four of these topics that we think require further thoughtful consideration including: (1) surface seawater CO2 chemistry in shallow water coastal areas, (2) experimental manipulation of marine systems using CO2 gas or by acid addition, (3) net versus gross calcification and dissolution, and (4) CaCO3 mineral dissolution and seawater buffering. As a summation of these topics, we emphasize that: (1) many coastal environments experience seawater pCO2 that is significantly higher than expected from equilibrium with the atmosphere and is strongly linked to biological processes; (2) addition of acid, base or CO2 gas to seawater can all be useful techniques to manipulate seawater chemistry in ocean acidification experiments; (3) estimates of calcification or CaCO3 dissolution based on present techniques are measuring the net of gross calcification and dissolution; and (4) dissolution of metastable carbonate mineral phases will not produce sufficient alkalinity to buffer the pH and carbonate saturation state of shallow water environments on timescales of decades to hundreds of years to the extent that any potential negative effects on marine calcifiers will be avoided.
An elusive search for regional flood frequency estimates in the River Nile basin
Authors: Nyeko-Ogiramoi P. , Willems P. , Mutua F. M. , Moges S. A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Estimation of peak flow quantiles in ungauged catchments is a challenge often faced by water professionals in many parts of the world. Approaches to address such problem exist but widely used technique such as flood frequency regionalization is often not subjected to performance evaluation. In this study we used the jack-knifing principle to assess the performance of the flood frequency regionalization in the complex and data scarce River Nile basin by examining the error (regionalization error) between locally and regionally estimated peak flow quantiles for different return periods (QT). Agglomerative hierarchical clustering based algorithms were used to search for regions with similar hydrological characteristics taking into account the huge catchment area and strong climatic differences across the area. Hydrological data sets employed were from 180 gauged catchments and several physical characteristics in order to regionalize 365 identified catchments. The GEV distribution, selected using L-moment based approach, was used to construct regional growth curves from which peak flow growth factors (QT/MAF) could be derived and mapped through interpolation. Inside each region, variations in at-site flood frequency distribution were modeled by regression of the mean annual maximum peak flow (MAF) versus catchment area. The results show that the performance of the regionalization is heavily dependent on the historical flow record length and the similarity of the hydrological characteristics inside the regions. The flood frequency regionalization of the River Nile basin can be improved if sufficient flow data of longer record length × 40 become available.
Water-balance and groundwater-flow estimation for an arid environment: San Diego region, California
Authors: Flint L. E. , Flint A. L. , Stolp B. J. , Danskin W. R.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The coastal-plain aquifer that underlies the San Diego City metropolitan area in southern California is a groundwater resource. The understanding of the region-wide water balance and the recharge of water from the high elevation mountains to the east needs to be improved to quantify the subsurface inflows to the coastal plain in order to develop the groundwater as a long term resource. This study is intended to enhance the conceptual understanding of the water balance and related recharge processes in this arid environment by developing a regional model of the San Diego region and all watersheds adjacent or draining to the coastal plain, including the Tijuana River basin. This model was used to quantify the various components of the water balance, including semi-quantitative estimates of subsurface groundwater flow to the coastal plain. Other approaches relying on independent data were used to test or constrain the scoping estimates of recharge and runoff, including a reconnaissance-level groundwater model of the San Diego River basin, one of three main rivers draining to the coastal plain. Estimates of subsurface flow delivered to the coastal plain from the river basins ranged from 12.3 to 28.8 million m3 yr−1 from the San Diego River basin for the calibration period (1982–2009) to 48.8 million m3 yr−1 from all major river basins for the entire coastal plain for the long-term period 1940–2009. This range of scoping estimates represents the impact of climatic variability and realistically bounds the likely groundwater availability, while falling well within the variable estimates of regional recharge. However, the scarcity of physical and hydrologic data in this region hinders the exercise to narrow the range and reduce the uncertainty.
Relatively Speaking
Authors: Bair Sherry , Mooney Edward S.
Published: March 2012

An open-ended activity for students. Teachers can send in their most interesting student work for inclusion in Solve It! Student Thinking.
Cleared for Takeoff: Paper Airplanes in Flight
Authors: Reeder Stacy L.
Published: March 2012

Math and science, as well as mean, median, and mode, made smooth landings during a three-day data-collection unit.
Evaluating Modulators of “Regulator of G‐protein Signaling” (RGS) Proteins
Authors: Bosch Dustin E. , Zielinski Thomas , Lowery Robert G. , Siderovski David P.
Published: March 2012

“Regulator of G‐protein Signaling” (RGS) proteins constitute a class of intracellular signaling regulators that accelerate GTP hydrolysis by heterotrimeric Gα subunits. In recent years, RGS proteins have emerged as potential drug targets for modulation by small molecules. Described in this unit are high‐throughput screening procedures for identifying modulators of RGS protein‐mediated GTPase acceleration (GAP activity), for assessment of RGS domain/Gα interactions (most avid in vitro when Gα is bound by aluminum tetrafluoride), and for validation of candidate GAP‐modulatory molecules with the single‐turnover GTP hydrolysis assay. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 56:2.8.1‐2.8.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan‐ or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)–Induced Edema and Hypersensitivity in the Rat
Authors: Fehrenbacher Jill C. , Vasko Michael R. , Duarte Djane B.
Published: March 2012

Animal models of inflammation are used to assess the production of inflammatory mediators at sites of inflammation, the anti‐inflammatory properties of agents such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and the efficacy of putative analgesic compounds in reversing cutaneous hypersensitivity. This unit details methods to elicit and measure carrageenan‐ and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)–induced cutaneous inflammation. Due to possible differences between the dorsal root sensory system and the trigeminal sensory system, injections of either the footpad or vibrissal pad are described. In this manner, cutaneous inflammation can be assessed in tissue innervated by the lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons (footpad) and by the trigeminal ganglion neurons (vibrissal pad). Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 56:5.4.1‐5.4.7. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan Air Pouch
Authors: Duarte Djane B. , Vasko Michael R. , Fehrenbacher Jill C.
Published: March 2012

The subcutaneous air pouch is an in vivo model that can be used to study acute and chronic inflammation, the resolution of the inflammatory response, and the oxidative stress response. Injection of irritants into an air pouch in rats or mice induces an inflammatory response that can be quantified by the volume of exudate produced, the infiltration of cells, and the release of inflammatory mediators. The model presented in this unit has been extensively used to identify potential anti‐inflammatory drugs. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 56:5.6.1‐5.6.8. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models of Neurological Disease (Substance Abuse): Self‐Administration in Monkeys
Authors: Platt Donna M. , Carey Galen , Spealman Roger D.
Published: March 2012

Drug self‐administration is a procedure in which a subject performs a specified response that results in the delivery of a drug injection. This procedure is viewed as a relevant model for the study of human drug‐taking behavior. Drug self‐administration in primates has several characteristics that resemble drug‐taking behavior in humans, and agents commonly abused by humans also generally maintain self‐administration behavior in monkeys. Self‐administration procedures allow for the study of a variety of drug properties. For instance, they can be used to investigate the abuse potential of new compounds and to study the effects of candidate medications for the treatment of drug addiction. These procedures can also be employed for examining drug reinforcement mechanisms. Described in this unit are procedures for studying intravenous drug self‐administration in large primates, such as rhesus macaques, and smaller primates, such as squirrel monkeys. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 56:10.5.1‐10.5.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Photoinduced Magnetization with a High Curie Temperature and a Large Coercive Field in a Co‐W Bimetallic Assembly
Authors: Ozaki Noriaki , Tokoro Hiroko , Hamada Yoshiho , Namai Asuka , Matsuda Tomoyuki , Kaneko Souhei , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi
Published: March 2012

The crystal structure, magnetic properties, and temperature‐ and photoinduced phase transition of [{CoII(4‐methylpyridine)(pyrimidine)}2{CoII(H2O)2}{WV(CN)8}2]·4H2O are described. In this compound, a temperature‐induced phase transition from the CoII(S= 3/2)‐NC‐WV(S= 1/2) [high‐temperature (HT)] phase to the CoIII(S= 0)‐NC‐WIV(S= 0) [low temperature (LT)] phase is observed due to a charge‐transfer‐induced spin transition. When the LT phase is irradiated with 785 nm light, ferromagnetism with a high Curie temperature (TC) of 48 K and a gigantic magnetic coercive field (Hc) of 27 000 Oe are observed. TheseTCandHcvalues are the highest in photoinduced magnetization systems. The LT phase is optically converted to the photoinduced phase, which has a similar valence state as the HT phase due to the optically induced charge‐transfer‐induced spin transition.
A study on the appearance of extended chain fibrils of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene at melt/solid interface
Authors: Masirek S. , Tracz A. , Talebi S. , Rastogi S.
Published: March 2012

Pressing of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) melt on a flat substrate of HOPG, Si/SiO2, or mica resulted into molecular alignment at the polymer melt/solid interface. From the resultant morphology, as visualized from AFM, it appears that the extended chain crystals are formed at the interface. The chain alignment in the extended chain crystals could be preserved even after annealing well above the equilibrium melting temperature (20 h at 160°C). It is thus concluded that the atomically flat surface provides efficient constraint that refrains chain relaxation of the extended chains to random coil state. It is shown that at the melt/hydrophilic mica interface the extended chain fibrils are formed easier from the polymer obtained from the single‐site catalyst compared to the heterogeneous catalyst. The extended chain fibrils at the interface promote the oriented lamella growth. Isothermal crystallization at low supercooling (at 133°C) results in the formation of lamella thicker than 200 nm. The lamellae exhibit a characteristic tapered shape indicating the thickening growth mechanism via chain sliding diffusion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Polymer blends spin‐cast into films with complementary elements for electronics and biotechnology
Authors: Budkowski Andrzej , Zemła Joanna , Moons Ellen , Awsiuk Kamil , Rysz Jakub , Bernasik Andrzej , Björström‐Svanström Cecilia M. , Lekka Małgorzata , Jaczewska Justyna
Published: March 2012

Versatility of solution‐processing strategy based on the simultaneous rather than additive deposition of different functional molecules is discussed. It is shown that spin‐cast polymer blends result in films with domains that could form elements with complementary functions of (i) solar cells, (ii) electronic circuitries, and (iii) test plates for protein micro‐arrays: Alternating layers, rich in electron‐donating polyfluorene and electron‐accepting fullerene derivative, result in optimized solar power conversion. Surface patterns, made by soft lithography, align conductive paths of conjugated poly(3‐alkylthiophene) in dielectric polystyrene. Proteins, preserving their biologically activity, are adsorbed to hydrophobic domains of polystyrene in hydrophilic matrix of poly(ethylene oxide). The authors report the research progress on structure formation in three polymer blend families, resulting in films with complementary elements for electronics and biotechnology. Blend film structures are determined with secondary ion mass spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the authors present recent results on (i) structure formation in fullerene derivative/poly(3‐alkylthiophene) blends intended for solar cells, (ii) 3‐dimensional SIMS imaging of conductive paths of poly(3‐alkylthiophene) in dielectric polystyrene, (iii) test plates for multiprotein micro‐arrays fabricated with blend films of hydrophobic polystyrene and thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
YouTube: An emerging tool in anatomy education
Authors: Jaffar Akram Abood
Published: March 2012

The use of online social networks in medical education can remodel and enhance anatomy teaching and learning; one such network is the video‐sharing site YouTube. Limited research in the literature exists on the use of YouTube as a platform for anatomy education. The aim of this study is to assess student's perceptions and patterns of usage of this resource, as well as the effectiveness of YouTube videos within a problem‐based learning (PBL) curriculum. The study was conducted on 91 second‐year medical students for whom video links were suggested throughout the academic year. In addition, the Human Anatomy Education (HAE) Channel was launched on YouTube to support classroom teaching with videos that emphasized applied aspects of anatomy. The results demonstrated that 98% of the students used YouTube as an online information resource, albeit in different frequencies. Out of the 86% who have been to the HAE Channel, 92% agreed/strongly agreed that the channel helped them learn anatomy. The study also reports the popularity of and awareness about using YouTube as a social network as well as in learning. Based on these findings, YouTube can be considered as an effective tool to enhance anatomy instruction if the videos are scrutinized, diversified, and aimed toward course objectives. Faculty of average computer literacy should be enabled to produce videos on their own YouTube channels to support independent learning and integration in a PBL curriculum. The methods described for capturing and editing the videos can be used as a prototype. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Iodine(III)‐Promoted Intermolecular Diamination of Alkenes
Authors: Souto José A. , González Yolanda , Iglesias Alvaro , Zian Debora , Lishchynskyi Anton , Muñiz Kilian
Published: March 2012

A rapid and productive vicinal diamination of alkenes takes place in the presence of a hypervalent iodine(III) reagent and bissulfonimides as nitrogen sources. A total of more than 60 examples are presented. The reaction is characterized by its robustness and its wide substrate scope: it proceeds selectively with both terminal and internal alkenes and tolerates a range of functional groups.
Dynamic marginal cost, access control, and pollution charge: a comparison of bottleneck and whole link models
Authors: Zhong Renxin , Sumalee Agachai , Maruyama Takuya
Published: March 2012

In this paper, we investigate theoretical constructions and properties of three interrelated travel demand management measures including marginal cost pricing, access control, and pollution charge under dynamic traffic assignment framework. For congested traffic networks modeled by the two vertical queue models, that is, the whole link model and the deterministic queuing model, on which flows are controlled, we derive dynamic marginal costs for paths and users' external costs for controlled links. As a strategy to implement the access control, the access pricing is formulated as a dynamic system optimal assignment with access (e.g., traffic volume, queue) control problem, wherein the access constraints represent the restrictions on the traffic volumes and/or environmental constraints. For the whole link model case, an optimal control problem formulation is adopted to investigate the dynamic traffic equilibrium. We derive and discuss the necessary condition for operating the transportation system with capacity/environmental constraints optimally. For the deterministic queuing model case, the inflow to a bottleneck is saturated such that no queue would be formed. The dynamic externalities of the two models are compared. It is found that different externality structures of the two models result in different tolling structures to achieve dynamic system optimal assignment. On the basis of this access pricing analysis and an “equivalent” environmental capacity that converts the environmental constraint into traffic volume restriction, we investigate the traffic‐induced air pollution pricing scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vorgespannte Fertigteile aus Ultrahochfestem Faserbeton
Authors: Zimmermann Welf , Sparowitz Lutz
Published: March 2012

Seit der Jahrtausendwende können Bauingenieure bei ihren Objektplanungen den Baustoff Beton in der Form von Ultrahochfestem Beton (UHPC) bzw. Ultrahochfestem Faserbeton (UHPFRC) bei praktischen Bauvorhaben anwenden. Die wissenschaftliche Forschung und materialtechnologische Entwicklung für diesen neuartigen und innovativen Baustoff ist seit diesem Zeitpunkt als Grundlage für Planungen, Ausschreibungen und den praktischen Baustelleneinsatz weitgehend vorhanden. Die ersten Aktivitäten mit ultrahochfestem Beton in Österreich begannen in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 im Süden Österreichs in den Bundesländern Kärnten und Steiermark auf Initiative des Institutes für Betonbau an der TU Graz. Der Schwerpunkt wurde dabei auf die praktische Anwendung für die konstruktive Planung und Bauausführung auf Baustellen gelegt, obwohl es in Österreich derzeit weder anwendbare Normen oder Richtlinien dafür gibt. Die ersten praktischen Anwendungen in Österreich waren Brücken, die mit Unterstützung der Kärntner Landesregierung entstanden. Man erkannte, dass das Material UHPC besonders für die Fertigteilbauweise geeignet ist, weshalb die ersten Brückenkonstruktionen vorwiegend aus Fertigteilen in Kombination mit Spanngliedern geplant und gebaut wurden. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein sinnvoller Einsatz eines neuen, aber auch teuren Hochleistungswerkstoffes mithilfe von modernen Montagemethoden wie z. B. dem Segmentklappverfahren dennoch zu wirtschaftlichen, wartungsarmen und architektonisch anspruchsvollen Bauwerken mit langer Lebensdauer führen kann.
Die Seitenhafenbrücke in Wien
Authors: Kral Helmut , Kuhnle Thomas , Spindlböck Stephan , Kolik Georg
Published: March 2012

Im November 2011 übergab die Wiener Magistratsabteilung 29 Brückenbau und Grundbau die Seitenhafenbrücke über den Donaukanal dem Verkehr, um den wirtschaftlich aufstrebenden Wiener Hafen an das Wiener Hauptverkehrsnetz anzubinden. Die Seitenhafenbrücke besticht durch ihre schlanke vorgespannte Betonplatte in den Außenfeldern sowie den Plattenbalken im Mittelfeld, die auf V‐förmigen Stahlstreben gelagert sind. Herausfordernd war die Umsetzung der überaus komplexen Rahmenbedingungen, die aus den Anforderungen aus dem Straßenprojekt und den einzuhaltenden Lichtraumprofilen der Schifffahrt sowie der ufernahen Begleitwege resultierten. Die Brücke als integrales Bauwerk vereint die Vorteile des wartungsminimierenden Entfalls von stählernen Fahrbahnübergängen und Lagern. Gussknoten – präzise für die Anforderungen entwickelt – leiten die Auflagerlasten in die Fundamente und erfüllen alle Anforderungen an Lasteinleitung und Langlebigkeit des Tragwerks. Die Seitenhafenbrücke mit einer Gesamtlänge von ca. 130 m gewährleistet damit zukünftig die Anbindung des Wiener Hafens an die Ost‐Verbindung auf dem Straßenwege und besticht den Schifffahrtsgast auf dem Donaukanal durch eine aufgelöste und dem statischen Kräftefluss entsprechende Inszenierung der Untersicht.
Nachträgliche Verankerung von Querspanngliedern
Authors: Fust Christina , Wolff Maren , Mark Peter , Borowski Michael
Published: March 2012

Für den abschnittsweisen Ersatzneubau der Deelbögebrücke wurde in Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Landesbetrieb Straßen, Brücken und Gewässer Hamburg (LSBG), dem Ingenieurbüro Grassl und dem Lehrstuhl für Massivbau der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum ein Verfahren zur nachträglichen Zwischenverankerung von Querspanngliedern entwickelt. Dieses ermöglicht den Erhalt eines Teils der Brücke für eine ungestörte Verkehrsführung während der Bauzeit. Eine Stahlklemmkonstruktion überträgt über Reibschluss die freiwerdende Vorspannkraft und leitet sie über Druckkräfte in den verbleiben Überbau wieder ein. Der Beitrag zeigt den Entwurf für den Rückbau, die Entwicklung und experimentelle Untersuchung der Stahlklemmkonstruktion und die erfolgreiche Umsetzung der Baumaßnahme.

Subsequent anchorage of transverse prestressing cables clamping devices to rebuild Deelböge Bridge

In a collaboration of the Agency of Roads, Bridges and Waters of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (LSBG), the Grassl Consultant Engineers and the Institute of Concrete Structures at the Ruhr‐University of Bochum, a clamping device to subsequently anchor transverse prestressing bars is developed. It transfers the released prestressing forces via shear friction to clamping steel plates and then by direct compressive contact to the surrounding concrete. The device is applied to stepwise rebuild the Deelböge Bridge in Hamburg continuously ensuring an ongoing traffic on one side of the bridge during building activities. The contribution lays out the conceptual design of the bridge rebuilt, the theoretical and technical elaboration of the clamping device as well as its successful application on site.
Cloning and characterization of a panel of constitutive promoters for applications in pathway engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sun Jie , Shao Zengyi , Zhao Hua , Nair Nikhil , Wen Fei , Xu Jian‐He , Zhao Huimin
Published: March 2012

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important platform organism for synthesis of chemicals and fuels. However, the promoters used in most pathway engineering studies in S. cerevisiae have not been characterized and compared in parallel under multiple conditions that are routinely operated in laboratory and the number of known promoters is rather limited for the construction of large biochemical pathways. Here a total of 14 constitutive promoters from S. cerevisiae were cloned and characterized using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter in a 2 µ vector pRS426, under varying glucose and oxygen concentrations. The strengths of these promoters varied no more than sixfold in the mean fluorescence intensity of GFP, with promoter TEF1p being the strongest and promoter PGI1p the weakest. As an example of application for these promoters in metabolic engineering, the genes involved in xylan degradation and zeaxanthin biosynthesis were subsequently cloned under the control of promoters with medium to high strength and assembled into a single pathway. The corresponding construct was transformed to a S. cerevisiae strain integrated with a D‐xylose utilizing pathway. The resulting strain produced zeaxanthin with a titer of 0.74 ± 0.02 mg/L directly from birchwood xylan. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2082–2092. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of focused acoustics for cell disruption to provide ultra scale‐down insights of microbial homogenization and its bioprocess impact—recovery of antibody fragments from rec E. coli
Authors: Li Qiang , Aucamp Jean P. , Tang Alison , Chatel Alex , Hoare Mike
Published: March 2012

An ultra scale‐down (USD) device that provides insight of how industrial homogenization impacts bioprocess performance is desirable in the biopharmaceutical industry, especially at the early stage of process development where only a small quantity of material is available. In this work, we assess the effectiveness of focused acoustics as the basis of an USD cell disruption method to mimic and study high‐pressure, step‐wise homogenization of rec Escherichia coli cells for the recovery of an intracellular protein, antibody fragment (Fab′). The release of both Fab′ and of overall protein follows first‐order reaction kinetics with respect to time of exposure to focused acoustics. The rate constant is directly proportional to applied electrical power input per unit volume. For nearly total protein or Fab′ release (>99%), the key physical properties of the disruptate produced by focused acoustics, such as cell debris particle size distribution and apparent viscosity show good agreement with those for homogenates produced by high‐pressure homogenization operated to give the same fractional release. The only key difference is observed for partial disruption of cells where focused acoustics yields a disruptate of lower viscosity than homogenization, evidently due to a greater extent of polynucleic acids degradation. Verification of this USD approach to cell disruption by high‐pressure homogenization is achieved using USD centrifugation to demonstrate the same sedimentation characteristics of disruptates prepared using both the scaled‐down focused acoustic and the pilot‐scale homogenization methods for the same fraction of protein release. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2059–2069. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of 22 antiepileptic drugs by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry applicable to routine therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Shibata Mai , Hashi Sachiyo , Nakanishi Haruka , Masuda Satohiro , Katsura Toshiya , Yano Ikuko
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method of 22 antiepileptics for routine therapeutic monitoring. The antiepileptics used in the analyses were carbamazepine, carbamazepine‐10,11‐epoxide, clobazam, N‐desmethylclobazam, clonazepam, diazepam, N‐desmethyldiazepam, ethosuximide, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, N‐desmethylmesuximide, nitrazepam, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, tiagabine, topiramate, valproic acid, vigabatrin and zonisamide. After protein precipitation of 50 μL plasma with methanol, the supernatant was diluted with water or was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted with mobile phase in the case of benzodiazepines. Separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column with a gradient mobile phase of 10 mm ammonium acetate containing 0.1% formic acid and methanol at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. An Acquity TQD instrument in multiple reaction monitoring mode with ion mode switching was used for detection. All antiepileptics were detected and quantified within 10 min, with no endogenous interference. All the calibration curves showed good linearity in the therapeutic range (r2 < 0.99). The precision and accuracy values for intra‐ and inter‐assays were within ±15% except for phenobarbital and tiagabine. A good correlation was observed between the concentration of clinical samples measured by the new method described here and the conventional methods. The values of carbamazepine and phenytoin by UPLC‐MS/MS were lower than those detected by the immunoassays, which might be caused by the cross‐reaction of antibodies with their metabolites. In conclusion, we developed a simple and selective UPLC‐MS/MS method suitable for routine therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Carmaphycins: New Proteasome Inhibitors Exhibiting an α,β‐Epoxyketone Warhead from a Marine Cyanobacterium
Authors: Pereira Alban R. , Kale Andrew J. , Fenley Andrew T. , Byrum Tara , Debonsi Hosana M. , Gilson Michael K. , Valeriote Frederick A. , Moore Bradley S. , Gerwick William H.
Published: March 2012

Two new peptidic proteasome inhibitors were isolated as trace components from a Curaçao collection of the marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp. Carmaphycin A (1) and carmaphycin B (2) feature a leucine‐derived α,β‐epoxyketone warhead directly connected to either methionine sulfoxide or methionine sulfone. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR and MS analyses and confirmed by total synthesis, which in turn provided more material for further biological evaluations. Pure carmaphycins A and B were found to inhibit the β5 subunit (chymotrypsin‐like activity) of the S. cerevisiae 20S proteasome in the low nanomolar range. Additionally, they exhibited strong cytotoxicity to lung and colon cancer cell lines, as well as exquisite antiproliferative effects in the NCI60 cell‐line panel. These assay results as well as initial structural biology studies suggest a distinctive binding mode for these new inhibitors.
Catalyst Recovery and Recycling Facilitated by Magnetic Separation: Iridium and Other Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Jacinto Marcos J. , Silva Fernanda P. , Kiyohara Pedro K. , Landers Richard , Rossi Liane M.
Published: March 2012

The immobilization of metal nanoparticles in magnetic responsive solids allows the easy, fast, and clean separation of catalysts; however, the efficiency of this separation process depends on a strong metal–support interaction. This interaction can be enhanced by functionalizing the support surface with amino groups. Our catalyst support contains an inner core of magnetite that enables the magnetic separation from liquid systems and an external surface of silica suitable for further modification with organosilanes. We report herein that a magnetically recoverable amino‐functionalized support captured iridium species from liquid solutions and produced a highly active hydrogenation catalyst with negligible metal leaching. An analogous Ir0catalyst prepared with use of a nonfunctionalized support shows a higher degree of metal leaching into the liquid products. The catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of alkenes is compared with that of Rh and Pt catalysts.
Promotional Effect of Ni in the Selective Gas‐Phase Hydrogenation of Chloronitrobenzene over Cu‐based Catalysts
Authors: Cárdenas‐Lizana Fernando , Bridier Blaise , Shin Choong Catherine Kai , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Kiwi‐Minsker Lioubov
Published: March 2012

We present 100 % selectivity to p‐chloroaniline through the continuous gas‐phase (atmospheric pressure; T=393–523 K) catalytic hydrogenation of p‐chloronitrobenzene over an activated CuAl (molar Cu/Al ratio 3:1) hydrotalcite. The synthesis by continuous co‐precipitation and application of a CuNiAl (atomic Cu/Ni/Al ratio 2.75:0.25:1) catalyst is also described. Temperature‐programmed reduction in hydrogen and XPS analyses of the ternary catalyst suggest CuNi interaction with no evidence of (bulk) alloy formation (based on XRD). Under the same reaction conditions, CuNiAl exhibited a higher (by up to a two‐fold) hydrogenation rate when compared to CuAl, while the exclusive nitro‐group reduction was maintained.
ChemInform Abstract: Quenching of the Luminescence of Upconverting Luminescent Nanoparticles by Heavy Metal Ions.
Authors: Saleh Sayed M. , Ali Reham , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: March 2012

Luminescence quenching of upconverting luminescent lanthanoid‐doped NaYF4 nanocrystals by CuII, HgII, PbII, CdII, CoII, AgI, FeIII, ZnII, bromide, and iodide ions is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Thermoelectric Studies of Ternary Bi2(Te0.5Se0.5)3 Mixed‐Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films by the Arrested Precipitation Technique.
Authors: Patil S. M. , Mane S. R. , Mane R. M. , Mali S. S. , Patil P. S. , Bhosale P. N.
Published: March 2012

Bi2(Te0.5Se0.5)3 thin films are deposited on glass substrates by the arrested precipitation technique using Bi(NO3)3, Na2SeSO3, Na2TeSO3, and Et3N as starting materials (pH 10.5, 55 °C, 1.5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Carbon Nanocages as Anode Materials for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Li Guangda , Xu Liqiang , Hao Qin , Wang Meng , Qian Yitai
Published: March 2012

Carbon nanocages (CNCs) with diameters of about 200—500 nm are synthesized from mixtures of citric acid and nickel oxalate (autoclave, 550 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Recycling ZnTe, CdTe, and Other Compound Semiconductors by Ambipolar Electrolysis.
Authors: Bradwell David J. , Osswald Sebastian , Wei Weifeng , Barriga Salvador A. , Ceder Gerbrand , Sadoway Donald R.
Published: March 2012

Electrolysis of ZnTe—ZnCl2 melts (500 °C) results in the production of phase‐pure liquid Zn and liquid Te.
ChemInform Abstract: Microporous Aluminoborates with Large Channels: Structural and Catalytic Properties.
Authors: Martin‐Matute Belen , et al. et al.
Published: March 2012

Al2B5O9 (OH)3·nH2O (I) is synthesized from a mixture of AlCl3·6H2O and H3BO3 (autoclave, 240 °C, 15 d, 90% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Intermetallic Cadmium Compounds M5T2Cd (M: Ca, Yb, Eu; T: Cu, Ag, Au) with Mo5B2Si‐Type Structure.
Authors: Tappe Frank , Schwickert Christian , Eul Matthias , Poettgen Rainer
Published: March 2012

The title compounds and Yb5Cu2Zn are prepared by melting of the elements (sealed Ta tubes) followed by annealing at 923 K for 3 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Soluble Heteropolyniobates from the Bottom of Group IA.
Authors: Hou Yu , Nyman May , Rodriguez Mark A.
Published: March 2012

It is shown that the unprecedented solubility trend of alkali‐metal polyoxometalate salts is indeed universal for polyoxoniobate chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Solution Synthesis of Bismuth Sulfide (Bi2S3) with Various Hierarchical Architectures and Their Photoresponse Properties.
Authors: Xiao Guanjun , Dong Qingfeng , Wang Yingnan , Sui Yongming , Ning Jiajia , Liu Zhaoyang , Tian Wenjing , Liu Bingbing , Zou Guangtian , Zou Bo
Published: March 2012

The title compound is synthesized from a mixture of Bi(OAc)3, sulfur in 1‐octadecene, and oleic acid (180 °C, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: pH‐Dependent Assembly of Reduced Polyoxomolybdenum Phosphates Modified by MnII.
Authors: Lu Jing , Liu Hou‐Ting , Song Hao , Wang Su‐Na , Wang Da‐Qi , Zhang Xian‐Xi
Published: March 2012

Compound (III) is obtained at pH 3 with (enH2)2 [H2P2Mo5O23] (9% yield) as byproduct and at pH 5 with (enH2)3(enH)2 [H2P2Mo5O23] 2·10H2O as byproduct.
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Crystal Formation and Structural Studies in the Mullite‐Type System Bi2Fe4O9—Bi2Mn4 O10.
Authors: Kann Zachary R. , Auletta Jeffrey T. , Hearn Eric W. , Weber Sven‐U. , Becker Klaus D. , Schneider Hartmut , Lufaso Michael W.
Published: March 2012

Samples of the title system are prepared by solid state reaction of Bi2O3, MnO2, and Fe2O3 (825 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: The New High‐Pressure Borate Co7B24O42 (OH)2·2H2O — Formation of Edge‐Sharing BO4 Tetrahedra in a Hydrate Borate.
Authors: Neumair Stephanie C. , Kaindl Reinhard , Huppertz Hubert
Published: March 2012

Violet, air‐ and water‐resistant crystals of the title compound are synthesized from a stoichiometric mixture of Co3O4 and H3BO3 (Walker‐type multianvil apparatus, 6 GPa, 880 °C, 5 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Revisiting the Properties of Delafossite CuCrO2: A Single Crystal Study.
Authors: Poienar Maria , Hardy Vincent , Kundys Bohdan , Singh Kiran , Maignan Antoine , Damay Francoise , Martin Christine
Published: March 2012

Plate‐like single crystals of the title compound are prepared by thermal decomposition of K2Cr2O7 in the presence of CuO and B2O3 at 900 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Versatile MgO—ZrO2 Mixed Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Applications.
Authors: Gawande Manoj B. , Branco Paula S. , Parghi Kalpesh , Shrikhande Janhavi J. , Pandey Rajesh Kumar , Ghumman C. A. A. , Bundaleski N. , Teodoro O. M. N. D. , Jayaram Radha V.
Published: March 2012

Nano‐MgO/ZrO2 is prepared and used as catalyst for cross‐aldol condensation, Cbz‐protection of amines, reduction of aromatic nitro compounds and the synthesis of 1,5‐benzodiazepines.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonconcerted Cycloaddition of 2H‐Azirines to Acylketenes: A Route to N‐Bridgehead Heterocycles.
Authors: Khlebnikov Alexander F. , Novikov Mikhail S. , Pakalnis Viktoriia V. , Yufit Dmitry S.
Published: March 2012

Treatment of acylketenes with 2‐unsubstituted and 2‐monosubstituted 3‐arylazirines leads to bicyclic oxazines of type (VIII) and/or unusual bridged 2:1 adducts like (IV) and (IX) depending on steric effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiourea Dioxide Promoted Efficient Organocatalytic One‐Pot Synthesis of a Library of Novel Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Verma Sanny , Kumar Subodh , Jain Suman L. , Sain Bir
Published: March 2012

Thiourea dioxide is applied as catalyst under solvent‐free conditions for the library synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as the functionalized coumarins (III) and (V), the highly functionalized piperidines (VIII) and (IX), and the dipyrromethanes (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Lactonization of Diols by Biomimetic Oxidation.
Authors: Endo Yoshinori , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: March 2012

A variety of diols undergo the biomimetic oxidation with air or molecular oxygen without any side‐reactions or formation of by‐products to give a series of up to nine‐membered lactones.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflic Acid Catalyzed Reductive Coupling Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with O‐, S‐, and N‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: Gellert Beate A. , Kahlcke Nils , Feurer Markus , Roth Stefanie
Published: March 2012

Highly efficient metal‐free reductive coupling reactions of aldehydes and ketones with a range of nucleophiles in the presence of triflic acid as catalyst are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Coupling of Alkynes with Acrylates by Recyclable Oxide‐Supported Ruthenium Catalysts: Formation of Distorted Ruthenium(IV)‐oxo Species on Ceria as a Key Precursor of Active Species.
Authors: Miura Hiroki , Shimura Shun , Hosokawa Saburo , Yamazoe Seiji , Wada Kenji , Inoue Masashi
Published: March 2012

It is found that treatment of distorted Ru(IV)‐oxo species on ceria or zirconia with HCOONa leads to low‐valent Ru compounds which efficiently promote the coupling of acrylates with some alkynes as well as norbornene.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Controlled Selective Conversion of Michael Adducts of Malonates with Enones in the Presence of Iodine.
Authors: Miao Chun‐Bao , Zhang Min , Tian Zong‐Yong , Xi Hai‐Tao , Sun Xiao‐Qiang , Yang Hai‐Tao
Published: March 2012

Treatment of malonates of type (I) with iodine can result in efficient formation of trans‐substituted cyclopropanes, oxetanes or α‐hydroxylated derivatives depending on the basic conditions used.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereocontrol in Asymmetric Allyl—Allyl Cross‐Coupling: Stereocontrolled Reaction of Prochiral Allylboronates with Prochiral Allyl Chlorides.
Authors: Brozek Laura A. , Ardolino Michael J. , Morken James P.
Published: March 2012

A simple but highly effective method to establish vicinal stereocenters in a catalytic asymmetric fashion is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination and Catalytic Activity of Ruthenium Complexes Containing Tridentate P,N,O Ligands.
Authors: Lee Chun‐Chin , Chu Wan‐Yi , Liu Yi‐Hong , Peng Shie‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: March 2012

Synthesis and characterization of seven ruthenium complexes bearing PNO ligands are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidative Acyloxylation of Arenes.
Authors: Pradal Alexandre , Toullec Patrick Y. , Michelet Veronique
Published: March 2012

Unsymmetrically substituted arenes such as (VI) produce a mixture of regioisomers.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Yielding Oxidation of β‐Hydroxyketones to β‐Diketones Using o‐Iodoxybenzoic Acid.
Authors: Bartlett Samuel L. , Beaudry Christopher M.
Published: March 2012

It allows an efficient access to a wide range of β‐diketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Decarboxylative Coupling Processes for the Synthesis of Azomethines and Ketones.
Authors: Collet Florence , Song Bingrui , Rudolphi Felix , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: March 2012

A three‐component decarboxylative coupling of potassium α‐oxocarboxylates with amines and aldehydes is smoothly achieved in the presence of a Pd—Cu bimetallic catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Isatoic Anhydrides with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Lu Wei , Chen Jiuxi , Liu Miaochang , Ding Jinchang , Gao Wenxia , Wu Huayue
Published: March 2012

Mechanistic experiments using deuterium labeling prove that the O‐atom of the carboxyl group derives from dioxygen after splitting off the carbon dioxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to Maleimides Using a Chiral C2‐Symmetric Bis(2‐aminobenzimidazole) as Recyclable Organocatalyst.
Authors: Gomez‐Torres Eduardo , Alonso Diego A. , Gomez‐Bengoa Enrique , Najera Carmen
Published: March 2012

Compared to diketones or β‐ketoesters, dimethyl malonate (XII) produces only 5% of product (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanuric Chloride as Promoter for the Oxidation of Sulfides and Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides.
Authors: Bahrami Kiumars , Khodaei Mohammad M. , Sohrabnezhad Samira
Published: March 2012

The title reagent can be applied to both processes under either conditions A) or B).
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Stereoselective, Modular Route to (E)‐Vinylsulfones and to (Z)‐ and (E)‐Alkenes.
Authors: Braun Marie‐Gabrielle , Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: March 2012

The title method is based on the recently discovered radical fragmentation of 2‐fluoro‐6‐pyridinoxy derivatives of vinylsulfones.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC—Pd(II)—Im (NHC = N‐Heterocyclic Carbene; Im = 1‐Methylimidazole) Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reactions of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Tang Yi‐Qiang , Lu Jian‐Mei , Shao Li‐Xiong
Published: March 2012

The new palladium chloride‐imidazole complex exhibits high catalytic activity in the room‐temperature Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed, Room‐Temperature Addition of Aromatic Imines to Alkynes via Directed C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Lee Pin‐Sheng , Fujita Takeshi , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: March 2012

A quaternary catalytic cobalt system promotes the hydroarylation of internal alkynes with aromatic imines through chelation‐assisted C—H bond cleavage.
ChemInform Abstract: Domino Friedel—Crafts‐Type Cyclizations of Difluoroalkenes Promoted by the α‐Cation‐Stabilizing Effect of Fluorine: An Efficient Method for Synthesizing Angular PAHs.
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Jyono Hideharu , Fujiwara Masaki , Kudo Takao , Yokota Misaki , Ichikawa Junji
Published: March 2012

Domino cyclizations of 1,1‐difluoroalkenes are studied with the goal of synthesizing nonlinear polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric α‐Arylation and Heteroarylation of Ketones with Chloroarenes: Effect of Halide on Selectivity, Oxidation State, and Room‐Temperature Reactions.
Authors: Ge Shaozhong , Hartwig John F.
Published: March 2012

Ni(cod)2/(R)‐BINAP and Ni(cod)2/(R)‐(Pos) effectively promote the asymmetric α‐arylation/heteroarylation of indanones and tetralones with chloroarenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Pentannulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Authors: Eversloh Christian Luetke , Avlasevich Yuri , Li Chen , Muellen Klaus
Published: March 2012

The title reaction allows the introduction of single or multiple cyclopentadienide moieties into easily available pyrene, anthracene, and perylene bromides in a feasible one‐step reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diverse Spiroisoxazolidinohydantoins by Totally Regio‐ and Diastereoselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions.
Authors: Bellucci Maria Cristina , Marcelli Tommaso , Scaglioni Leonardo , Volonterio Alessandro
Published: March 2012

Title compounds are produced from 5‐carboxymethylene hydantoins generated by reaction of carbodiimides and acetylenedicarboxylic acid monoesters under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Asymmetric Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Acceptor‐Substituted Diazoacetates by Co(II)‐Based Metalloradical Catalysis: Iterative Approach for Development of New‐Generation Catalysts.
Authors: Xu Xue , Lu Hongjian , Ruppel Joshua V. , Cui Xin , Lopez de Mesa Silke , Wojtas Lukasz , Zhang X. Peter
Published: March 2012

A newly synthesized cobalt(II)‐catalyst is effectively used in the asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation of various α‐acceptor‐substituted diazoacetates providing oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐2‐one derivatives with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Nickel‐Catalyzed Methyl‐Carboxylation of Homopropargylic Alcohols for α‐Alkylidene‐γ‐butyrolactones.
Authors: Li Suhua , Ma Shengming
Published: March 2012

The preparation of fused lactones succeeds in good yields with high stereo‐ and regioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative Heck Reaction of Furans and Thiophenes with Styrenes under Mild Conditions and Influence of the Oxidizing Agent on the Reaction Rate.
Authors: Vasseur Alexandre , Muzart Jacques , Le Bras Jean
Published: March 2012

Furans and thiophenes undergo C—H activation with Pd(OAc)2 to give a series of coupling products with styrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Alkyne Hydroacylation Route to Highly Substituted Furans.
Authors: Lenden Philip , Entwistle David A. , Willis Michael C.
Published: March 2012

The Rh‐catalyzed reaction of propargylic alcohols with aldehydes being an ‐S‐Me functionality gives γ‐hydroxy‐α,β‐enones which undergo dehydrative cyclization to di‐ and trisubstituted furan structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Preparation of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Benzofuranols.
Authors: Morandi Bill , Carreira Erick M.
Published: March 2012

A trifluoromethyl diazomethane is generated in situ, activated by boron trifluoride.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkynes with N‐Tosylaziridines via Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage: Synthesis of Highly Substituted 3‐Pyrrolines.
Authors: Li Lei , Zhang Junliang
Published: March 2012

The process proceeds with high regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1‐Pyrrolines via SnCl4‐Promoted [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Between Activated Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes and Nitriles.
Authors: Sathishkannan Gopal , Srinivasan Kannupal
Published: March 2012

The products are isolated as single cis diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Diastereoselective Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Tertiary Amines from Secondary Amines and Alkynes: Substrate Scope and Mechanistic Insights.
Authors: Liu Xin‐Yuan , Guo Zhen , Dong Sijia S. , Li Xiao‐Hua , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: March 2012

The reported Au‐catalyzed synthesis of tertiary amines with a very broad substrate scope can be conducted as a one‐pot reaction from simple and readily available starting materials, without the need of workup and isolation of air/moisture‐sensitive enamine intermediates.