bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Green Infrastructure Assessment System (GIAS) and Its Applications for Urban Development and Management
Authors: Lee Dongwoo , Oh Kyushik
Published: July 2019

Adverse changes of the landscape resulting from diverse human activities have consequently caused quality decline and functional degradation of the natural landscape, endangering the natural habitats of various species. Meanwhile, technical advancements in the area of spatial analysis including GIS and remote sensing enable many kinds of easy-to-quantify landscape indices. Although some systems were developed to support assess landscape indices, developing systems for practical decision-making in spatial planning was insufficient. In this study, the GIS-based Green Infrastructure Assessment System (GIAS) was developed for integrated assessment of diverse landscape ecological values to use in spatial planning and management based upon indices sets that are mainly represented as structure, function, and dynamics of the landscape. In order to verify the effectiveness of the system, two case studies involving the city of Namyangju, northeast of Seoul, were conducted by applying GIAS to the (1) macro scale and (2) micro scale. The study results demonstrate the capability of GIAS as a planning support tool to perform concrete assessment of landscape ecological values and performance both on the macro and micro scale, and its applicability to diverse stages in spatial planning. By utilizing GIAS, frequent human-induced impacts resulting from development projects can be examined in advance, and proactive alternatives can be prepared. In addition, effective decision-making for scientific and systematic planning and management of green infrastructure can be achieved.
Wind Power on the Brazilian Northeast Coast, from the Whiff of Hope to Turbulent Convergence: The Case of the Galinhos Wind Farms
Authors: Dantas Eduardo Janser de Azevedo , Rosa Luiz Pinguelli , Silva Neilton Fidelis da , Pereira Marcio Giannini
Published: July 2019

The convergent narrative which proposes an energy transition, aiming to replace fossil fuels with renewable energies, has in wind power technology a viable option that can consolidate this view. Brazil produced 14.8 GW of wind powered energy in 2019, 85.7% of this total in the Northeastern region. Social and environmental fragilities of local communities, overlooked an exclusionary planning, have led to opposition movements against wind farm implementation. This study aims to assess how the arrival of wind power dialogues with the demands of the communities living in the projects’ vicinities, as well as repercussions on institutional, socio-economic and environmental developments. A case study was conducted with regard to the Galinhos’ community reaction to the arrival of wind power. First, public domain narratives were evaluated, in order to ascertain the different perceptions from the social actors involved in the process. Next, the community’s vision was assessed regarding expectations and fears, created by the existence of the wind farm, before and after its implementation. The perception was that the wind farm did not change the population’s socioeconomic conditions and environmental issues require appraisals by the accountable bodies. In this scenario, the materiality of the narrative that justifies wind farm expansion in the Brazilian northeast was assessed.
Implementing Innovation on Environmental Sustainability at Universities Around the World
Authors: Leal Filho Walter , Emblen-Perry Kay , Molthan-Hill Petra , Mifsud Mark , Verhoef Leendert , Azeiteiro Ulisses Miranda , Bacelar-Nicolau Paula , de Sousa Luiza Olim , Castro Paula , Beynaghi Ali , Boddy Jennifer , Lange Salvia Amanda , Frankenberger Fernanda , Price Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

Innovation is known to be an important and influential factor in fostering sustainable development. Yet, there is a paucity of literature on the extent to which universities are successfully implementing innovation in this field. This paper addresses this gap, by examining the role of innovation in the field of environmental sustainability in universities, and by reporting on the results of an international study, in which examples of successful experiences and good practice were identified. The paper outlines the lessons learned from such examples, with the aim of motivating other universities to engage in this rapidly growing field.
The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Cultivated Land and Its Influential Factors in The Low Hilly Region: A Case Study of Lishan Town, Hubei Province, China
Authors: Zhang Xuesong , Zhang Maomao , He Ju , Wang Quanxi , Li Deshou
Published: July 2019

Cultivated land is a basic resource that is related to the sustainable development of the global economy and society. Studying the spatial and temporal distribution of cultivated land and its influential factors at the township scale is an important way to improve its sustainable use. Based on the land use data in 2009 and 2015, this paper comprehensively uses kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the spatial autoregressive model to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and influential factors of cultivated land. The results show that in 2009 and 2015, the maximum kernel density of cultivated land in Lishan Town was 31/km2 and 38/km2, respectively, and there is an increasing tendency for it in the future. The global spatial autocorrelation Moran’s I of the proportion of cultivated land area in the administrative villages of Lishan Town in 2009 and 2015 was 0.5251 and 0.3970, respectively. Cultivated land has significant spatial self-positive correlation agglomeration characteristics in spatial distribution. Based on spatial error model (SEM) analysis, the regression coefficients of the village were 0.236 and 0.196 in 2009 and 2015, respectively. The regression coefficients of the road were 0.632 and 0.630, respectively. The regression coefficients of the water system were 0.481 and 0.290, respectively. The regression coefficients of the topographic position index were −0.817 and −0.672, respectively. By comparing 2015 with 2009, the regression coefficients of each influential factor have been reduced to varying degrees.
An Exploratory Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Assess Urban Diversity
Authors: Salazar-Llano Lorena , Rosas-Casals Marti , Ortego Maria Isabel
Published: July 2019

Understanding diversity in complex urban systems is fundamental in facing current and future sustainability challenges. In this article, we apply an exploratory multivariate statistical analysis (i.e., Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA)) to an urban system’s abstraction of the city’s functioning. Specifically, we relate the environmental, economical, and social characters of the city in a multivariate system of indicators by collecting measurements of those variables at the district scale. Statistical methods are applied to reduce the dimensionality of the multivariate dataset, such that, hidden relationships between the districts of the city are exposed. The methodology has been mainly designed to display diversity, being understood as differentiated attributes of the districts in their dimensionally-reduced description, and to measure it with Euclidean distances. Differentiated characters and distinctive functions of districts are identifiable in the exploratory analysis of a case study of Barcelona (Spain). The distances allow for the identification of clustered districts, as well as those that are separated, exemplifying dissimilarity. Moreover, the temporal dependency of the dataset reveals information about the district’s differentiation or homogenization trends between 2003 and 2015.
Urban Form Compaction and Energy Use Intensity in New Social Housing Neighborhoods in the UAE
Authors: Galal Ahmed Khaled , Alipour S. M. Hossein
Published: July 2019

With increasing global awareness of sustainable development, federal and local authorities in the UAE have developed agendas for energy efficiency in all development sectors, especially for buildings and urban development. With the belief that urban form is integral to urban sustainability, several recently developed single-family social housing neighborhoods in the UAE have shifted from conventional sprawling urban forms to more compact ones. Unfortunately, the impact of this shift on operational and cooling energy use intensities (EUIs) is unknown. Adopting a comparative computational method, this study investigates the effect of compact urban morphologies on EUIs. In addition to a case study representing conventional urban sprawls, six recently designed housing neighborhoods in Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Al Ain were selected to represent new compact urban forms. This study uncovered an inconsistent relationship between floor area ratio (FAR) and average housing operational and cooling EUIs. To justify these results, the effects of increased lot coverage area, street grid patterns, building configurations, and climate zone on operational and cooling EUIs were studied, and all except climate zone were proven effective. This study concludes that the current design philosophy of compacting the urban form has not successfully met the Emirates Green Building Council’s (GBC) sustainable operational EUI benchmark of 90 kWh/m2/y. While further urban compactness (i.e., increased FARs) is needed, the other urban morphological measures examined in this study should be considered for achieving a more sustainable urban form for social housing.
Limit Analysis of Progressive Asymmetrical Collapse Failure of Tunnels in Inclined Rock Stratum
Authors: Lyu Cheng , Zeng Zhengqiang , Dong Yucang
Published: July 2019

Tunnels commonly pass through inclined rock stratum, but research on the collapse of the rock surrounding the tunnels in inclined rock strata is currently underdeveloped. The purpose of this study was to predict the progressive asymmetrical collapse failure of deep-buried tunnels in inclined rock strata to decrease the risk of collapse during tunnel construction. We constructed a new two-dimensional progressive asymmetrical collapse failure mechanism for deep-buried tunnels in inclined rock layers to analyze their collapse failure characteristics with the help of the nonlinear Hoek–Brown yield criterion and the limit analysis theorem. The calculation equations of the range and total weight of the asymmetrical collapsing block in rectangular and circular tunnels were obtained via theoretical derivation. The validity of the proposed method in this work was verified by comparison with existing research. To discuss the impact of different parameters on the range and total weight of an asymmetrical collapsing block of the surrounding rock in inclined rock stratum, the range and total weight of the asymmetrical collapsing block of the most common rectangular and circular tunnels under the varied parameters are provided. The results of this study can provide useful support for practical tunnel construction and design.
Transfer Pathways and Fluxes of Water-Soluble Pesticides in Various Compartments of the Agricultural Catchment of the Canche River (Northern France)
Authors: Belles Angel , Alary Claire , Rivière Agnès , Guillon Sophie , Patault Edouard , Flipo Nicolas , Franke Christine
Published: July 2019

Five frequently used water-soluble pesticides (atrazine, diflufenican, metolachlor, pendimethalin, and ethofumesate) were monitored in surface water and groundwater of an agricultural catchment (Canche River) in Northern France for examining the edge-of-field pathways of substances and their characteristic time of transport. The study of surface water contamination was conducted in 2016 through two time scales: continuously over one year at a single location of the catchment and punctually during four seasons at 15 sampling locations along a longitudinal river profile. In addition, groundwater in winter and summer shows a generally low and relatively constant contamination level. Nevertheless, the outflow of pesticides from groundwater results in a background contamination of surface water. In addition to this, a contamination peak above the baseline level is observed in surface water subsequently to the period of substance application on the fields. Our results show that pesticides were essentially transported into the surface water by fast flow components (runoff water). Loss of pesticides during the contamination peak period and long-term monitoring were compared showing that the transport of substances within weeks after pesticides spreading dominates the annual flux of pesticides, except for atrazine which shows a constant background contamination pattern. Low frequency monitoring schemes provide only a partial picture of the contamination state and do not enable to evaluate the true contamination state of such rivers with regard to the fact that 3/4 of the annual load of pesticides are transported in the stream during only 2–3 months.
Vieilles formes et vieux versants. Le paradoxe des paysages méditerranéens
Authors: Calvet Marc , Lemartinel Bertrand
Published: July 2019

Cet article pose la question de la coexistence dans le modelé d'anciennes morphologies qui se sont maintenues sur plusieurs millions d'années et de formes récentes voire actuelles, et ce aussi bien en domaine méditerranéen que montagnard. Si la morphogenèse actuelle, notamment de versant et de fond de vallée, est de plus en plus appréhendée par l 'instrumentation, le maintien de paléoformes constitue un objet d'étude d'intérêt pour appréhender la facture des reliefs de montagne et méditerranéens ; objet de recherche qui a été délaissé ces dernières décennies.

Cet article a pour objet d'étude les vieilles formes que sont les aplanissements, pédiments et versants tendus, tant en domaine cristallin que carbonaté. Une analyse de ces paléoformes et des reliefs résiduels est proposée en les replaçant dans leur environnement paléogéographique et morpho-climatique.

Au terme de cet article, les auteurs mettent en avant l 'important chantier géomorphologique qu 'offre la compréhension des vieilles formes et leur maintien dans le relief
Regard sur les bassins intramontagnards sud-balkaniques : morphogenèse, milieux, sociétés
Authors: Dufaure Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2019

Observations on the intramontane basins of southern Balkans : geomorphology, environment, societies.

The famous parcelling out of the Balkan peninsula is the result of a highly complicated geological history (superimposed tectonics) with continuations during the Quaternary by a strong sismo-tectonic activity. Within a great number of troughs, the subsiding centres were so unstable that the river systems leaved great dead angles covered by lakes and marshes. The lithological pattern helped also to the evolution of great poljes more or less controlled by neotectonics. Physical constraints (isolation, difficult water control) were likely to delay agricultural settlements on the piedmonts (6000-4 000 BP), even though Holocene bioclimatic conditions were quickly improved as early as 9 800 BP. Recent advances emphasize the part of climate variations on the variability of the forests and the lake levels ; but measuring the impact of human societies since the Bronze Age is still questionable.
Les monuments du passage
Authors: Gauchon Christophe
Published: July 2019

Crossing places in major mountain ranges have always been considered as localities, very important symbolically. Therfore their possession and control were precious. Populations of mountains crossed these passes frequently, for work or seasonal migrations and without great arrangements, but when kings and their armies went up these ways, or when great public works (bridges, tunnels, new roads...) were carried out, monuments were raised up to make the memory of these events everlasting. The monuments of alpine passes are studied here in relation with their location, their shape and their functions. This study shows that even if the styles of these monuments are very differents the latter is also persistant. For example forms used by Romans have been used again and again up to the XXth century, by the way of reshapes and re-interpetations. In Mont-Cenis and Petit Saint-Bernard especially, the monuments are always more numerous and more crowded and prove the permanence of the political and spatial value of these places. The monuments show also the mutations of the crossing roads when the technical, economical or political conditions were changing : the numerous former passes for local exchanges, marked out with stony or wooden crosses, have been gradually deserted, whilst few major passes concentrated more and more traffic. This process of hierarchy went with a high concentration of monuments and with a selective mutation to heritage, as certified by the inscription of Semmering railway as a Human Heritage by UNESCO in 1998.
Encadré : Les écroulements du Dérochoir et les mouvements de terrain du versant méridional du Désert de Platé
Authors: Amelot François
Published: July 2019

Il versante méridionale del massiccio sedimentario di Platé, sulla riva destra délia vallata dell'Arve, è interessato da movimenti gravitativi estesi su 4,5 km di larghezza e 2000 m di dislivello. Alcuni fenomeni di tipo impulsivo hanno favorito la creazione del lago di diga di Servoz, conosciuto da un millenio. Altri crolli e scivolamenti gravitativi localizzati, con volumi di parecchi M, hanno mobilizzato il versante, creando parecchi laghi sul versante. Un recente evento calamitoso è connesso alla colata di fango awenuta nel 1970, la quale ha causato 72 vittime al Plateau d'Assy. Si trattava comunque di un fenomeno di piccole dimensioni.
Arrêt 4 -L'ombilic de Chamonix - Les Houches (Les Bossons)
Authors: Nicoud Gérard , Coutterand Sylvain , Moreau Luc
Published: July 2019

La conca di Chamonix permette d'accedere aile tracce di modellamento caratteristiche degli ultimi stadi glaciali dei ghiacciai del Monte Bianco. Lo stadio des Houches, stimato a 13000 anni BP. Gli stadi del Dryas recente di Chamonix, durante i quali i ghiacciai del Monte Bianco erano ancora coalescenti, mentre quelli delle Aiguilles Rouges si eranno già ritirati verso gli alti bacini. Al contrario dei precedenti, gli stadi da olocenici ad attuali sono partie olar mente ben riconoscibili. Le fluttuazioni recenti sono seguite in permanenza per ottimizzare le captazioni idriche dai circuiti glaciali e per quantificare gli effetti dell'evoluzione del clima.
Encadré : Sédimentation et néotectonique post-glaciaires dans la moyenne Vallée d'Aoste
Authors: Giardino Marco
Published: July 2019

L'incisione valliva délia Dora Baltea, al margine orientale délia media valle d'Aosta mostra un brusco cambia-mento di percorso : dalla direzione E-W del segmento compreso tra Aosta e St. Vincent, passa improwisamente ad una direzione NNW-SSE che mantiene fino alio sbocco nell'alta pianura. Entrambi i tratti mostrano i segni evidenti del modellamento glaciale, ma conservano pure tracce di altri importanti fenomeni verijicatisi dopo il ritiro del ghiacciaio balteo. Nell'escursione si prenderanno in esame : alcuni fenomeni gravitativi, fra i quali la "Frana del Monte Avi"), che ha ostruito la valle ; la conseguenteformazione di un bacino lacustre a monte dello sbarramento, ml quale si è awiata la sedimentazione del complesso di depositi fluviolacustri di Saint Vincent.

La successione sedimentaria del complesso fluviolacustre è rappresentata da sabbie fini in sequenze torbiditiche, silt argilosi microlaminati, e da depositi ghiaioso-sabbiosi in corpi a geometria lenticolare. Nel caso délia sezione délia cava Zerbion di Chatillon si è potuto riconoscere la geometria deposizionale tipica di un delta Gilbert procédante verso il bacino lacustre di sbarramento.

In numerosi affioramenti del complesso fluviolacustre sono state riconosciute deformazioni da sina post-sedimentarie. Si tratta di pieghe asimmetriche a raggio decametrico con assi WNW-ESE e faglie-fratture a direzioni prevalenti WNW-ESE e NE-SW. L'analisi mesostrutturale ha permesso di interpretare le deformazioni come il prodotto dell 'attività di una zona di taglio a direzione E-W transpressiva sinistra, delimitata dai margini del complesso fluviolacustre.
Arrêt 1 -Serra d'Ivrea et Petite Serra (Andrate)
Authors: Forno Maria Gabriella , Gianotti Franco
Published: July 2019

Ad Andrate, dove ha origine la Serra d'Ivrea a q. 937 m, dalla cresta della Piccola Serra (morena del LGM ; q. 850 m) la vista spazia verso lo sbocco della valle della Dora Baltea (q. 250 m) e su parte del settore latérale destro dell'anfiteatro (Point de vue 2), ed inoltre sui fianchi interni di Serra d'Ivrea e Piccola Serra e su tutta la conca interna (Point de vue 3).
Observations en route : la région de Suse
Authors: Giardino Marco
Published: July 2019

L'analisi delle forme del glacialismo intravallivo e della dinamica dei versanti nella bassa Valle di Susa viene effettuata dapprima con alcune osservazioni in itinere sulle tracce di modellamento più antiche e sugli elementi che contribuiscono a delimitare il limite dell 'ultima massima espansione glaciale (LGM). Successivamente, facendo riferimento alla media valle di Susa, si delinea il metodo di costruzione del profila allostratigrafico. Quindi, nel tratto délia confluenza della val Cenischia ed a monte della soglia di Susa si presentano alcune evidenze dell'evoluzione geomorfologica post glaciale, con forme di erosione ed accumulo gravitative e torrentizie.
Arrêt 2 -Le lit épigénique de la Doire Ripaire et la dynamique des versants dans la moyenne Vallée de Suse (Ponts de la SS 24)
Authors: Giardino Marco
Published: July 2019

In corrispondenza dell'alveo epigenetico della Dora Riparia vengono effettuate osservazioni sui fenomeni di evoluzione post-glaciale délia valle, mettendo in evidenza : le forme di erosione a spese dei depositi glaciali (es. calanchi della Val Clarea) o a spese del substrato (es. profonda incisione della Dora Riparia) ; gli effetti della dinamica gravitativa dei versanti (fenomeni di crollo de La Maddalena, crollo-scivolamento del Cassas e conseguenti colate deritiche, fluidificazioni e colate a spese délia copertura detritico colluviale nel settore di Exilles).
Tourisme et enclavement : l'exemple du Massif Central français
Authors: Jamot Christian
Published: July 2019

The French Massif Central looks like an obstacle set down in the heart of the national territory. It has gone through several opening/closing cycles in terms of roads, railways and highways transports. Overall, each opened period fits a time of tourist development, particularly if we take into account the phenomenon of mass of attendance and of obvious economic results into account. A model, based on a system of axis and poles, has been set up in this way. Conflicting, any closing involves stagnation or decline of these founding elements. Today, this region enters in a new closed period, severely marked and which could be on a long term (if not permanent). The answer of the local decision makers is the choice of a fallback position (on oneself), with the acceptation of standard recipes for not localized tourism, with limited results to the tourist contractors and without effects of dynamic for the territories. Nevertheless, the only cases of economic and territorial identification successes depend on examples of conventional and concentrated tourism, joined to the unusual axial systems of transport which still penetrate the massif. All of them depend on the innovation and an exogenous wide boost of which we can say that more it is strong, more the success is evident.
Le transport, entre nécessité et plaisir : les perspectives d'ouverture des espaces touristiques de la Roumanie
Authors: Axente Mihaela
Published: July 2019

Mobility is one of our society s expectations. Transportation, in its evolution, answers to this aspect. In Romania, the new trend is characterised by transformations in the economical, political and social life. Transportation and tourism are two economy branches which need special attention since they are vital to society and they are in continuous development, too. In the years following the communist regime fall and especially after entering EU, the two branches benefited from important investments. Still, the two branches are viewed separately, without a global perspective.

In the first part of this article, the Romanian transport system will be presented in keeping with the transportation projects launched at European level. The most important regions and the situation of the transportation system will be identified and studied. The second part deals with tourism and the most important tourist regions of the country, and the accessibility problems that affect each region, due to their position to the transportation axes and how do the transportation systems cover the tourist regions and what are the new perspectives. The next parts will deal with the analysis of the implications of the tourism and the transportation system, access points to Romanian territory, the ways of travelling to the tourist destinations and the perspectives of relating the two domains.
Accessibilité et mobilité aux îles du Cap-Vert
Authors: Kokel Nadège
Published: July 2019

In the archipelagos, more than anywhere else, the functionality of transportation networks is essential for tourist development. This functionality determines as a matter of fact the inflow, the type of frequency, the possible frequencies of access to the archipelago itself but also to the different tourist places, forming the archipelago and herewith the type and length of stay worth to be promoted.

Thus for the country of Cape Verde, an archipelago in the Atlantic ocean that wishes to integrate itself as an international destination, transportation owns a strategic place in the country s policy of tourism development. If Sal's development was and is linked to its international airport, the tourism capacity of the other islands depends on the development of the transportation networks (air, maritime and also land) that will improve accessibility to the archipelago and the islands and also the mobility within them.

Cape Verde appears as an ideal study terrain to put on evidence the interactions between development and functionality of transportations systems and tourist development.
Les domaines skiables reliés dans les Alpes françaises
Authors: Marnézy Alain , Gauchon Christophe
Published: July 2019

Les stations de sports d'hiver s 'efforcent aujourd'hui de regrouper les domaines skiables limitrophes ou rapprochés pour former des aires de ski de grandes dimensions, reliées par des remontées mécaniques, un réseau de pistes ou, au minimum, un transport par navettes. La création de ces réseaux interconnectés engendre le plus souvent une restructuration interne de chaque domaine élémentaire et une nouvelle hiérarchisation de ses composantes : axes, pôles de redistribution des skieurs, portes d'entrée dans le domaine. Les dynamiques sous-jacentes à cette évolution relèvent de plusieurs logiques : la promotion commerciale, une gestion plus rationnelle pour les exploitants, un processus de concentration économique et financière. La constitution d'un grand domaine relié peut représenter simplement le support spatial d'un produit commercial, mais elle peut aussi initier ou renforcer une dynamique intercommunale, ou même être à l'origine d'un processus d'identification territoriale.
Une voie de transport devenue ressource touristique : le cas très particulier de l'Express côtier norvégien
Authors: Guillaume Jacques
Published: July 2019

It is rare that the cruise offers are based on past inheritances. Yet, the Norwegian Coastal Express, whose name itself plays on the commercial discrepancy regarding the dominant Anglo-Saxon "standards" (it makes itself known under the generic trademark "Hurtigruten"), is really part of these remote relationships towards regular services for transporting people and carrying goods. Indeed, the line was born in 1893 and became a daily service of coastal navigation between Bergen and Kirkenes in 1936. The adventure flavour that is linked with that kind of service, whose early functions still remain active, its deep-rootedness in the life of the people who lives on the coast, turn undeniably it into a very particular trip among all the services offered by the cruise operators.

In fact, the success of the Coastal Express, that allowed the boost of activity of the ships in line, is based on the discovery of a maritime course issued from a very ancient practice, thanks to and around which has developed the coastal populating by the Norwegians, from Vestland to the most northern provinces of the country. So, at its birth in 1893, the Coastal Express did not invent anything but has rather facilitated the existence of a territory, which was already feeling deeply united by the sea. Afterwards, the gradual marginalization of the line in the internal transport system did not make it lose its interest. It became more the image than the tool of the unity and of the national identity. The current operators focus on this change of meaning to promote it on the worldwide market of cruise. To that purpose, the Coastal Express enjoys a very favourable situation, as it is close to large basins of customers. Nevertheless, this modification in functions has definitely an effect on the exploitation conditions of the service.
Le rôle du chemin de fer dans la mise en valeur touristique : Le cas d'une moyenne montagne française, le Massif Central
Authors: Fererol Marie-Eve
Published: July 2019

Depuis le XIXe siècle, le chemin de fer a contribué à la mise en valeur des territoires, a élargi les espaces. En prenant l'exemple du Massif Central, la problématique de cette communication est de s 'interroger sur la pérennité et l'intensité du rôle du chemin de fer dans le développement touristique au cours des deux derniers siècles. A ses débuts, le chemin de fer a surtout favorisé l'essor des stations thermales et de sports d'hiver. Il a également été un bon moyen, local, pour développer les sites touristiques. En effet, nombre de funiculaires se sont créés pour faire découvrir les sites pittoresques. Mais, dès les années 30, alors qu 'il avait été jusque là le principal moyen d'accès d'une grande masse de touristes, le chemin de fer est concurrencé par la voiture. Cette concurrence, sans pitié, va conduire à l'abandon de lignes ferroviaires, d'où des interrogations sur la qualité des dessertes des régions touristiques. Paradoxalement, de nos jours, ce sont les engins du système interne aux stations et aux sites, qui retrouvent un regain d'intérêt.

Dans le cas des régions subissant fortement la déprise ferroviaire, la question est de savoir que faire de ces lignes abandonnées. La solution la plus connue est celle de la réhabilitation via les petits trains touristiques. De moyen de transport, le chemin de fer devient alors objet touristique ! Cependant, malgré une fréquentation totale en hausse, le maintien de ces trains est entravé par de nombreux handicaps : absence de produits originaux, non-professionnalisme des associations, trop forte concurrence...
SUGAR CONSUMPTION AMONG PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN DUTSIN-MA TOWNSHIP, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Mamman Hamisu , Ezenkiri Nwanko Justin
Published: July 2019

This study assessed sugar consumption among private secondary school students in Dutsin-Ma Township Katsina State, Nigeria. Three hypotheses were tested in the study. Descriptive survey research design was used. The population of this study comprised 175 (junior and senior) students of the three existing private secondary schools in Dutsin-Ma. The entire student population was studied.  A self-constructed questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale was used to collect data. The instrument was validated by four health experts. Split-half method was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire and a reliability coefficient of 0.67 was obtained. Data collected were analysed using frequency counts and percentage for rendering the demographic profile of the respondents and answering the first research question. The t-Test was used to test the stated hypotheses at level of 0.05. The study found that most of the students (58.29%) consume more artificial sugar than sugar obtained from natural sources. The study also found significant differences in sugar consumption between students in junior secondary classes and those in senior secondary in their consumption of sugar (p< 0.05). However, the study found no significant gender difference in the consumption of sugar among the students. Based on these findings, the study recommended a reduction in consumption of sugar by students particularly unwholesome foods such as biscuits and soft drinks rich in sugar.
The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan:
An Econometric Analysis
Authors: Hanif Akhtar Mohammad
Published: July 2019

This study contributes to an understanding of locational determinants
of FDI in Pakistan. Although there exists a great deal of literature in this area,
there is hardly any evidence of such a study in the case of Pakistan. Economy
level analyses are carried out to explore the determinants of FDI through
multivariate regression analysis. The results of the multivariate regression
analyses reveal that market size, relative interest rates and exchange rates are
the major determinants of FDI in Pakistan. The variables such as market
growth and political instability were consistently insignificant in the analyses.
However, mixed findings were revealed by the variables such as consumer
goods imports and the political regime in Pakistan.
Significance of the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Sector in Pakistan and Assessment of its Employment
Potential
Authors: Amjad Chaudhry Shahid
Published: July 2019

Definitions and Sources
Definitions: In this paper it is proposed to use the definition of selfemployed,
small scale (2-9 employees), medium scale (10-99 employees) and
large scale (100 employees and above) to discuss the issues relating to the
Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) sector in Pakistan. The national
pension (regulated through the Employees Old Age Benefit Institution
Legislation) and health insurance (The Provincial Social Security Institutions
Legislation) is applicable to institutions with 10 or more employees and
provides a natural cut off point between the small scale and medium and
large scale sectors. The cut off between the medium and large scale at 100
workers is also appropriate.
Developed Countries’ (DC) Buyers Apply Higher Levels of Power over the Exporters from A Country such as Pakistan:
A Perceptual Study
Authors: Ehsan Malik Muhammad
Published: July 2019

The power aspect in conceptualising importer-exporter interaction is very critical, but few studies are available concerning this issue in the context of export distribution channels. This article explores the power-related dimension of importer-exporter interaction.
An effort has been made to discern the pattern of perceptual differences between a number of importer-exporter pairs. It has been found that broadly speaking, the importer exercises higher levels of power over the exporter rather than vice-versa. But the perceptual differences between the importer and exporter do not follow a systematic pattern. Research efforts have significant implications for the exporters’ community, generally in developed and particularly in developing countries such as Pakistan.
Economic Analysis of Supply Response in Pakistan’s Agriculture
Authors: Ali Chaudhary Muhammad
Published: July 2019

This study represents an attempt at estimating the farmer supply response to different economic and material incentives. Several researchers have estimated the cultivator supply response to different techno-economic factors (Cummings, 1975a and 1975b; Askari and Cummings, 1977; Cooley, 1973; Chen, Courteny and Schmitz, 1972; Ghoshal, 1975; Tweeten, 1986). However, as agriculture modernises, the relative significance of different factors affecting farm inputs and outputs changes; factors regarded as significant determinants of farmer decision at one time may not be relevant at another time. Similarly, the transformation of agriculture in the desirable direction invariably necessitates and at times renders desirable the use of new measures and policy instruments. How farmers react to changes in market forces and government measures is important to know in different ways. In fact, policy makers are interested in knowing the appropriateness, effectiveness and impact of measures for the ultimate formation or legislation of farm regulations.
Motives of Foreign Firms in Pakistan
Authors: H. Akhtar Mohammad , J. Buckley Peter
Published: July 2019

To date no study has been made to explore the FDI motives of
foreign firms in Pakistan. An attempt has been made to rectify this position
through a survey of both wholly- and majority-owned multinational
enterprises (MNEs) in the economy. Market size and growth variables appear
to be the most cited reasons for FDI by MNEs in the sample. The use of
exploratory factor analysis (EFA) also reinforces the significance of market
size as the motive for FDI in Pakistan. The other underlying factors
produced by the EFA are: expansion of business, low input prices, desire to
lower the transaction costs and psychic distance.
Macroeconomic Variables as Common Pervasive Risk Factors and Empirical Content of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory in Pakistan
Authors: Ataullah Ali
Published: July 2019

The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) of Ross [1976] is one of the most important building blocks of modern asset pricing theory, and the prime alternative to the celebrated Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) of Sharpe [1964], Lintner [1965], and others. This paper briefly reviews the theoretical underpinnings underlying the APT and highlights the econometric techniques used to test the APT with pre-specified macroeconomic factors. Besides this, the prime objective of this study is to perform an empirical test of the APT in the Pakistani stock market by using pre-specified macroeconomic factors and employing Iterative Non-Linear Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (ITNLSUR). These empirical results will be, hopefully, helpful for corporate managers undertaking cost of capital calculations, for domestic and international fund managers making investment decisions and, amongst others, for individual investors who wish to assess the performance of managed funds.
Socioeconomic Aspects of Child Labour-
A Case Study of Children in Auto Workshops
Authors: Ejaz Ali Khan Rana
Published: July 2019

Federal Minister for Labour Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis,
Omar Asghar Khan has announced the draft of the labour policy. The policy
focuses on the law to eliminate child labour in the country. According to
the Minister the law would be implemented from January 2001 and before
the year 2005 there would be no child or bonded labour in Pakistan.
Moreover, Under ILO obligation Pakistan has to achieve the objective of
elimination of child and bonded labour by the year 2005. ILO plans to
impose sanctions on the exports of those countries where child and bonded
labour continues. Furthermore, the country has to abide with the
convention of the International Labour Organization as a member of this
club1.
Poverty Reduction and Human Development: Issues and
Strategy
Authors: Aslam Khan Muhammad
Published: July 2019

The paper assesses trends in poverty and improvements in the
material conditions of life of millions of people living in poverty and
human deprivation. It discusses the growth and poverty dimensions and
associated structural problems. Determinants of poverty in Pakistan are
discussed with a view to identify areas of intervention and public policies.
Poverty reduction and human development programmes are discussed to
show that pumping financial resources to address the issue of poverty is not
a correct strategy for poverty reduction and human resource development.
The paper discusses the poverty reduction strategy to assess government
commitment to poverty reduction and human resource development in a
sustainable manner. It concludes that poverty reduction and human
development in Pakistan is dependent on many factors particularly the
strengthening of institutional capacity and availability of human and
financial resources.
A Measure of the Elasticity of Substitution in the
Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan
Authors: Kalim Rukhsana
Published: July 2019

From a technological perspective, the paper is mainly concerned with
finding the employment potential in different groups of industries of Pakistan.
The role of factor prices in determining techniques of production in the
industrial sector through elasticity of substitution has been analysed. Besides
taking the large-scale manufacturing sector as a whole, three broad categories
of industries viz., consumer goods, intermediate goods and capital goods
industries has been selected in particular for the empirical analysis. By utilising
the OLS technique, the cross-section analysis for the year 1995-96 has been
made. Our results indicate the there is great potential for employment in the
intermediate and capital goods industries provided there are no factor price
distortions in the economy.
Using Theatre as a Research Tool: Troubleshooting and
Benchmarking Pakistan's Devolution Plan
Authors: Rafi Khan Shahrukh , Sajjad Akhtar Aasim
Published: July 2019

Background and Objective
One of the most key initiatives of the military government that
assumed power in Pakistan in October 1999 is devolving power to the
grassroots level.2 The elections for the lower three tiers, (Union, Tehsil and
District) have taken place as has the elections for the pivotal post of the
District Nazim (governor). Notwithstanding expressed reservations about the
suspension of democracy, many civil society groups and donors, who had been
advocating devolution or decentralisation in the past, hoped for the success of
this initiative as one possible way for making effective the delivery of public
service to the grassroots level. While others have undertaken benchmarking
exercises to evaluate this initiative, it was thought that using theatre as a tool
would be a unique method for complementing these other initiatives.
Income Inequality among Various Occupations/Professions in
Pakistan-Estimates Based on Household Income Per Capita
Authors: Ahmad Mehboob
Published: July 2019

Introduction
There is a long list of studies related to distribution of income in
Pakistan. Most of these have been confined to the calculation of various
measures of inequalities. These studies include Khadija Haq (1964), Bergan
(1967) Mehmood (1984), Ercelawn (1988), Ahmad and Ludlow (1969) etc.
Apart from these there are other studies including Jeetun(1978), Chaudhry
(1982), Cheema and Malik (1984) Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985), Kruijk
(1986), Kemal (1994), Jaffery and Khattak (1995), Chaudhary (1995) etc.
Jeetun (1978) in his paper concentrated on consequences of economic
growth on the level of inequality whereas Chaudhary (1982) tried to find
out the impact of the Green Revolution on income inequalities. Cheema
and Malik (1984) tried to find out the effects of different income policies
on the consumption and level of employment in Pakistan. Kemal (1994)
examined the impact of the adjustment period of Pakistan since the late
1970s on efficiency and equity.
Priced Separation and Supply-Price Specification of
Exports: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Afzal Mohammad
Published: July 2019

Introduction
Empirical studies of international trade have concentrated on singleequation
models to analyse the demand relationship for imports and exports
[Houthakker and Magee (1969). Naqvi et al (1983), Bnhmani-Oskooee
(1984,1986)]. These studies have assumed that the imports and exports price
elasticities facing any individual country are infinite or at least large. The
assumption of infinite supply price elasticity may be acceptable for the world
supply of imports to a single country. Export demand and supply functions
have been estimated in a simultaneous equation framework by Khan (1974),
Goldstein and Khan (1978). Dunlevy (1980), Arize (1986.1988). Balassa et al
[1989]. Anwar (1985), and Khan and Saqib (1993)] for both developed and
underdeveloped countries.
Impact of Foreign Aid on Fiscal Behaviour:
A Case Study of Pakistan (1980-2000)
Authors: Ahmad Salman
Published: July 2019

Economists have been trying to study the linkages between aid
inflow and government activities in developing countries. With the passage
of time, the analysis has become more sophisticated. The development of
two-gap models [for example, Chenery and Bruno(1962); and Chenery and
Adelman(1966), among others] was an important contribution to the
literature. More recently, two-gap models have been extended into threegap
models. Iqbal (1995) added a fiscal constraint to the traditional saving
and foreign exchange gap. In such cases, the fiscal constraint is intended to
reflect potential limitations to finance public investment that may be
required to support a given level of output.
Performance of Commercial Banks in Pakistan:
A Study in Risk Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Salman
Published: July 2019

The financial sector in Pakistan has evolved over the years in response to the growth of the economy and the government’s plans for the growth and development of the country. The sector as on 31 March 2002 comprises the State Bank of Pakistan, 4 state-owned banks, 2 newly privatised banks, 4 specialised banks, 14 private scheduled banks, about 30 leasing companies, 45 Modarabas, 14 investment banks, 3 stock exchanges, 58 insurance companies, and Government Saving Centers.
An Analysis of Male Internal Migration and Its Correlation to
Employment Status: Evidence from the Punjab
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Shahnaz Lubna , Surayya Surayya
Published: July 2019

Migration plays a pivotal role in the reallocation of human resources
under changing demand and supply conditions. Migration takes place when
an individual decides that it is preferable to move rather than to stay and
where the difficulties of moving seem to be less than the expected rewards.
In recent years there has been a trend of increasing migration rates. The
United Nations (2000) estimates that about 140 million persons (roughly 2
per cent of the world’s population) reside in a country where they are not
born.1 Usually migration takes place from the regions that are associated
with poverty and insecurity towards regions which offer greater security of
life, employment and basic social services. Poverty pushes people to migrate
to urban areas-the outcome, the world’s urban population approaches 2.3
billion by 1990 with 61 per cent living in the metropolitan areas of
developing countries and touches 66 per cent in 2000 (United Nations).
Within the world Asia has about 15 of the largest cities of the world and
most of them are growing at more than 5 per cent per annum. Increased
rate of natural growth, immigration and rural-urban migration might be the
causes of such a high rate of growth of urban population.