bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of Arrenurus danbyensis Mullen (Acari: Prostigmata; Arrenuridae) on a population of Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Smith Bruce P. , McIver Susan B.
Published: December 2009

Adult Coquillettidia perturbons (Walker) collected in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, from 1978 to 1980 were parasitized by larval Arrenurus danbyensis Mullen. Up to 87.5% of newly emerged mosquitoes were parasitized. The prevalence of parasites on host-seeking mosquitoes rarely exceeded 30%. This discrepancy is not the result of mites dropping off host-seeking mosquitoes. By comparing pairs of samples over the apparent interval of 1 – 2 days between emergence and host-seeking, it is estimated that 42.5% of the newly emerged were not recruited to the host-seeking population. In the laboratory, no significant effect of parasitic mites on the host's adult life-span or blood-meal size was detected, but there was a significant effect on the host's egg production. The distribution of mites on mosquitoes was characterized by combining the Taylor power law and the negative binomial distribution. With this relationship, the effect of mite parasitism on the host's egg production in the laboratory could be extrapolated to estimate this effect on natural populations. In the population studied, egg production is reduced by approximately 5%. Based on published data, egg production in the first gonotrophic cycle of a population of Anopheles crucians Wiedemann is reduced by up to 35%.
Degeneration of the alimentary tract in sexually maturing European Anguilla anguilla (L.) and American eels Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur)
Authors: Pankhurst N. W. , Sorensen P. W.
Published: December 2009

Gut morphology was examined in untreated and artifically matured European and American eels. In both species there was a decrease in gut size and gut muscle thickness with increasing sexual maturity. Hormone-treated, fully mature eels displayed advanced degeneration of the muscle layers. Total muscle thicknesses decreased from as high as 740 μm in sexually immature eels to less than 100 μm in sexually mature eels. Numbers of villi also decreased with maturity, with mature fish having relative lumenal circumferences that were less than half of those of immature fish. Epithelial structure changed with maturation and the number of mucous cells decreased. It is suggested that the degenerative changes are caused by elevated cortisol levels. Possible effects of gut changes on osmoregulation in seawater are discussed.
A new interpretation of dragonfly wing venation based upon Early Upper Carboniferous fossils from Argentina (Insecta: Odonatoidea) and basic character states in pterygote wings
Authors: Riek Edgar F. , Kukalová-Peck Jarmila
Published: December 2009

The oldest known odonatoid wings are described from the Namurian of Argentina: Eugeropteron lunatum Riek n.g. et sp. and Geropteron arcuatum Riek n.g. and sp. (Meganisoptera: Meganeurina: Eugeropteridae n. fam.). The wings are generalized and support a reinterpretation of the venation of living Odonata as being fully homologous to that of other pterygotes and closely related to Ephemeropteroidea, but different from Neoptera. Therefore, Paleoptera is a valid phylogenetic unit, and Odonatoidea and Ephemeropteroidea are sister groups.
Growth and production of three species of molluscs in six low alkalinity lakes in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Rooke J. Brian , Mackie Gerald L.
Published: December 2009

Growth pattern, growth rate, and annual production of three species of molluscs were estimated from six low alkalinity lakes in south-central Ontario. A hydrobiid snail, Amnicola limosa, had the lowest levels of production and slowest growth rate of the "first summer" cohort in the lowest alkalinity lakes. This species failed to reproduce in one of the lowest alkalinity lakes in 1980 and has been very rare since then. Neither growth nor production of two species of pisidiid clams, Pisidium casertanum and Pisidium ferrugineum, appeared to vary consistently with alkalinity concentration. Production and growth differences between populations in two intermediate alkalinity lakes indicate that factors other than alkalinity per se may be responsible for results obtained here.
Microstructural growth patterns in the otoliths of larval and juvenile starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus
Authors: Campana Steven E.
Published: December 2009

Microstructural growth patterns were examined and interpreted in the otoliths of both wild and laboratory-reared starry flounders, Platichthys stellatus. Growth increments were not formed with a daily periodicity in laboratory-reared larvae. However, increment counts increased with the degree of sample preparation, suggesting that increments near the resolving limit of light microscopy were not being observed. Increments in wild flounder sagittae were more clearly defined under both light and electron microscopy; in addition, larval and juvenile growth patterns could be easily differentiated. A transition zone between the growth regions corresponded to the size and age at metamorphosis. An increase of increment width with larval age resulted from a curvilinear relationship between otolith diameter and fish size. Larval growth rates of wild fish remained relatively constant at 0.25 mm/day until metamorphosis; juvenile growth rates were substantially higher. Metamorphosis was characterized by a sudden but temporary decline in growth rate.
The development of the culture and bloodstream forms of three Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) spp. (Protista: Zoomastigophorea) from bats in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Authors: Paterson W. Brockley , Woo Patrick T. K.
Published: December 2009

Cultures of Trypanosoma myoti did not survive in reduviids; however, they multiplied and developed in the human bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Although metatrypanosomes were always found in bedbugs fed on cultures of Trypanosoma vespertilionis, this stage was rare in bugs fed on cultures or on bats infected with Trypanosoma hedricki and Trypanosoma myoti. Multinucleated forms and promastigotes were detected in bugs infected with T. hedricki and T. myoti but these forms were not seen in T. vespertilionis infection. The patterns of development of T. hedricki and T. myoti in C. lectularius are similar to that of Trypanosoma cruzi in reduviids, while that of T. vespertilionis is different. Cultures (containing metatrypanosomes) of T. myoti and metatrypanosomes of the three trypanosome species from C. lectularius were not infective to mammals other than bats. The culture (containing metatrypanosomes) of T. myoti was infective to Myotis lucifugus. In addition, metatrypanosomes of T. hedricki from C. lectularius fed on Eptesicus fuscus were subsequently infective to other E. fuscus.
Helminths of wolves (Canis lupus L.) from southwestern Québec
Authors: McNeill M. A. , Rau M. E. , Messier F.
Published: December 2009

Eighteen (72%) of 25 wolves from the La Verendrye Provincial Game Reserve in southwestern Québec harboured helminth parasites. The four species recovered were Alaria marcianae (LaRue, 1917) (= A. americana Hall and Wigdor, 1918) (Digenea: Diplostomatidae); Echinococcus granulosus Batsch, 1786 and Taenia hydatigena Pallas, 1766 (Cestoda: Taeniidae); and Dioctophyma renale Goeze, 1782 (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea). Prevalence was 16, 60, 4, and 16%, respectively. Unidentified Taenia species were found in four (16%) of the wolves. Examination of wolf faeces for taeniid eggs yielded an overall prevalence of 16%. Results are discussed in relation to the food habits of these wolves.
Resource heterogeneity and fish species diversity in lakes
Authors: Eadie John McA. , Keast Allen
Published: December 2009

We tested the hypothesis that fish species diversity would be positively related to resource diversity in a series of northern and southeastern Ontario lakes. At a macrospatial scale (among lakes), the number of fish species per lake was significantly correlated with two indices of habitat heterogeneity: lake area and the shoreline development factor. At a microspatial scale (among habitats within lakes), detailed analyses revealed several significant correlations between fish species diversity and resource heterogeneity, although some effects of latitude were apparent. Fish species diversity in northern Ontario lakes was positively correlated with the diversity of invertebrate prey (benthos and zooplankton), but not with measures of physical habitat complexity. Species diversity in southern Ontario lakes was positively related to several measures of habitat heterogeneity. Reduction of redundancy in the habitat variables by principal components analysis, followed by multiple regression analyses, showed that fish species diversity in southern lakes was best predicted by substrate diversity and vertical vegetation complexity. Differences in the response of northern and southern fish communities to habitat structure likely relate to glacial history and to characteristics of the different habitats. Our results are consistent with earlier studies and suggest that species diversity – resource diversity relationships, previously reported for terrestrial communities, also apply in aquatic environments.
The vocal behaviour of young warbling vireos
Authors: Howes-Jones Daryl
Published: December 2009

The vocal behaviour of young warbling vireos (Vireo gilvus) in southern Ontario was studied during the nestling and early fledgling periods. Six vocalizations were distinguished: screech, partial screech, beg–eeah, harsh beg–eeah, jit–eeah, and jit. All vocalizations appear to develop by a process of differentiation from the screech call. The beg–eeah, harsh beg–eeah, and jit calls of the young show clear structural and ontogenetic relationship to the eeah, harsh eeah, and vit calls of the adult. During ontogeny, three types of change were noted; calls appeared without evident transition from other forms, others disappeared from the repertoire, and some calls showed a gradual change in form. The screech, partial screech, and beg–eeah, harsh beg–eeah appear to be a part of a single series of responses associated with degrees of stimulus contrast. The ontogenetic development of the calls of young warbling vireos is compared with that of other birds.
Proline transport and oxidation in short-circuited locust rectum: effect of cAMP
Authors: Spring J. , Phillips J. E.
Published: December 2009

Proline absorption from the lumen is the main source of substrate supporting electrogenic Cl− transport and short-circuit current (Isc) in locust rectum. Since cAMP stimulates chloride-dependent Isc by up to 10-fold, we investigated whether this stimulant also increases active transport of the major metabolic substrate proline. A large 40:1 flux ratio of [14C]proline under short-circuited conditions confirmed that net absorption of this amino acid is by active transport. Unexpectedly, cAMP caused a 40% decrease in net transepithelial flux of proline. A 45% increase in the amount of proline oxidized to 14CO2 could account for only 10% of this decrease in proline flux, suggesting that increased Cl− transport after stimulation may competitively reduce the energy supply for proline transport.
Growth and maturation in Microtus montanus: effects of photoperiods before and after weaning
Authors: Horton T. H.
Published: December 2009

Growth and reproductive development of voles are known to be significantly affected by photoperiod. The data presented herein demonstrate that the response of a juvenile vole to a given photoperiod is dependent on the photoperiod present prior to weaning. Voles were raised in one of two different photoperiods prior to weaning. At weaning, voles from each preweaning photoperiod were transferred to photoperiods consisting of either 8 h (8 h light: 16 h dark, 8L:16D), 14 h (14L:10D), or 16 h (16L:8D) of light per day. Voles from the short preweaning photoperiod were inhibited by the 8L:16D postweaning photoperiod, but stimulated by both the 14L:10D and 16L:8D postweaning photoperiods. Voles from the long preweaning photoperiod were inhibited by both the 8L: 16D and 14L:10D photoperiods, but stimulated by the 16L:8D photoperiod. The 8L:16D postweaning photoperiod elicited different amounts of inhibition in voles from the two preweaning photoperiods. Voles from the short preweaning photoperiod were larger and had heavier reproductive tracts in 8L: 16D than did voles from the long preweaning photoperiod.
Development of the head skeleton and pectoral girdle of salmons, with a note on the scales
Authors: Jollie Malcolm
Published: December 2009

The bones of the head and pectoral girdle of species of Salmo and Oncorhynchus are described in terms of time of first ossification and later development. The development of the lateral-line system of the head is included as a part of the story of skeletal development. A series of arbitrary stages (I–X) is described and these stages are compared one with another and with the adult condition in Salmo. An underlying assumption is that developmental facts are useful in determining homologies. This is a work of comparative anatomy; it stresses a need for understanding homologies rather than being a defense or expansion of an established set of bone names or anatomical interpretations. Homologies are important as they have potential value in systematics. The names used for bones are generally acceptable to ichthyologists but the gist of the argument is that some names need to be changed to agree with those of tetrapods.
Ecology and evolution of sympatric sticklebacks (Gasterosteus): mate choice and reproductive isolation in the Enos Lake species pair
Authors: Ridgway Mark S. , McPhail J. D.
Published: December 2009

Morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence indicates that two species of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus) coexist in Enos Lake, Vancouver Island. These species are referred to as benthics and limnetics (the names allude to their foraging behaviour and distribution within the lake). Field observations, mate choice experiments, and courtship experiments were conducted to determine if courtship behaviour contributes to reproductive isolation between these two species. Reproductive males and females of both species regularly encounter each other in nature and occasional heterospecific courtships occur. In laboratory mate choice experiments, males and females of both species selected only conspecific mates. In forced courtship experiments, behavioural differences between limnetics and benthics were more pronounced in the early phases of courtship than in the late phases of courtship. Some aspects of male courtship changed with the species of female courted; this suggests that males can distinguish the two types of females. The courtship differences between the two species appear to contribute to their reproductive isolation.
Self-grooming and social grooming in the North American beaver, Castor canadensis
Authors: Patenaude Françoise , Bovet Jacques
Published: December 2009

Grooming behavior was observed throughout several years in a number of free-living beavers (Castor canadensis) with special emphasis on behavior occurring within lodges. Quantitative analyses of data obtained from the beaver family most observed suggest the following. (i) Compared with what is commonly found in standard terrestrial rodents, self-grooming in beavers is more specialized toward maintenance of an insulating air layer between hair and skin, and less specialized toward removal of foreign bodies from the hair or skin. (ii) The major role of social grooming is to allow maintenance of the air layer at those places of the body which cannot be taken care of by appropriate self-grooming patterns. Its role in the maintenance or promotion of social bonds, or as an appeasement gesture is probably minimal.
The role of an acoustic display in territorial maintenance in the pika
Authors: Conner Douglas A.
Published: December 2009

Field experiments were performed on pikas (Ochotona princeps) to determine the role of their short call in the maintenance of territories. Removal of a resident resulted in significant increase in intrusions by adjacent pikas and the persistence of the intruder within the vacant territory. However, replacing a removed resident with its short call was effective in preventing a significant increase in intrusions.
Behavior of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, summering in the Beaufort Sea: surfacing, respiration, and dive characteristics
Authors: Würsig Bernd , Dorsey Eleanor M. , Fraker Mark A. , Payne Roger S. , Richardson W. John , Wells Randall S.
Published: December 2009

Surfacing, respiration, and dive characteristics are described for presumably undisturbed bowhead whales in the Beaufort Sea during August and early September 1980–1982. The interval between respirations (blow interval) was relatively constant during different activities such as skim feeding at the surface, social interactions, and feeding in the water column. Durations of adjacent surfacings and dives were positively correlated, and number of blows per surfacing was correlated with duration of surfacing. Mean blow interval, number of blows per surfacing, duration of surfacing, and duration of dive were all greater in 1982 than in the previous 2 years, presumably because of increased feeding in the water column in 1982. Blow rates were lower in 1982 than in 1980–1981, possibly due to less socializing in 1982. There was a tendency for increased dive durations in deeper water, but the data were not consistent on this point. In general, calves exhibited short dives and surfacings, especially while nursing. Nursing mothers were inactive and had lower blow rates than other adults.
Aggressive behavior between humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) wintering in Hawaiian waters
Authors: Baker C. Scott , Herman Louis M.
Published: December 2009

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) wintering in Hawaiian waters engage in strenuous aggression toward con-specifics. The social context and sex of individuals involved suggest that aggression is the result of male–male competition for sexually mature females, including cows with newborn calves. Characteristic behaviors associated with aggression occur in a roughly hierarchical scaling of intensity and include broadside displays, underwater exhalations, head lunges (in which the throat is inflated and enlarged), physical displacement, and charge–strikes. Humpback whales do not form stable pair bonds during the winter breeding season; females are seen serially and simultaneously with multiple males and males are seen serially with multiple females. Repeated observations of individually identified whales indicate that escorting and singing are interchangeable reproductive roles of mature males. Incidents of aggression show a seasonal increase and decrease that parallel changes in abundance and average pod size. A seasonal peak in the frequency of aggression is probably related to an increase in population density and to changes in the reproductive physiology of mature males and females. It is suggested that singing may function, in part, to synchronize ovulation in females with the peak abundance of mature males on the wintering grounds.
On the biology of Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) cotylophora (Ward &Magath, 1917) (Nematoda, Cucullanidae) in perch (Perca flavescens) from Lake Erie, Ontario
Authors: Baker M. R.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of Dichelyne cotylophora embryonate in freshwater. There is one moult in the egg and a second moult when the egg hatches. Third stage larvae were not infective to perch or invertebrates (copepods, oligochaetes). However, these larvae were experimentally transmitted orally to small cyprinid fish in which they developed to the fourth larval stage and became encysted in the liver. It is hypothesized that prey fish act as intermediate hosts for this parasite. High prevalence of the parasite in large, piscivorous perch from Lake Erie supports thisliypothesis. In addition a histiotrophic stage of development occurs in the fish intermediate hosts rather than in perch. In other cucullanids studied, the life cycle is primarily monoxenous with a histiotrophic stage of development in the one host. Annual changes in prevalence, intensity, and worm development were followed in adult perch from Lake Erie. Worms are acquired in late summer, fall, and winter, but most larvae acquired at this time do not develop past the fourth larval stage until the following spring. Worms rapidly develop into adults in the spring and females begin to produce eggs in early summer. These adults disappear in late summer.
The polytene chromosomes of North American blackflies in the Eusimulium canonicolum group (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Golini Victor I. , Rothfels Klaus
Published: December 2009

The polytene chromosomes of four taxa are described. These are (i) Eusimulium canonicolum Dyar and Shannon from four sites in Alberta; (ii) Eusimulium emarginatum (Davies, Peterson &Wood) from sites in Ontario, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania; (iii) Eusimulium euryadminiculum (Davies) with samples from Newfoundland, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Alberta; and (iv) "Hinton," an undescribed species from western Alberta. These four taxa form a cytologically cohesive group, and they are characterized in terms of fixed inversion differences, sex differential segments, and inversion polymorphisms. Polytene chromosome idiograms and a cytophylogeny are presented. The morphologically related Eusimulium johannseni (Hart) is excluded on the grounds of its stronger chromosomal affiliation with the Eusimulium vernum group.
Influence of intraspecific larval competition and mating on the longevity and reproductive performance of females of the leaf miner Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Quiring Daniel T. , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: December 2009

Longevity and fecundity of mated and unmated Agromyza frontella females were positively related to pupal weight which was determined by the degree of intraspecific larval competition to which individuals had been subjected. The incidence of egg eclosion for mated females was also positively correlated to pupal weight. Unmated females lived longer, started ovipositing later following emergence, and had a lower mean daily and total fecundity than mated females, which supports the hypothesis of a trade-off between reproductive output and longevity. However, a positive relationship existed between fecundity and longevity for both mated and unmated females, as well as between high early egg production and longevity for mated females.
The effect of intraspecific interference on Kogotus nonus (Plecoptera) foraging behaviour
Authors: Walde Sandra J. , Davies Ronald W.
Published: December 2009

With significant mutual interference between predators, a trade off between the benefit of foraging in high density prey patches and the cost of sharing those patches with other predators is expected. These costs and benefits were assessed for a stonefly predator, Kogotus nonus Needham and Claassen, and its mayfly prey, Baetis tricaudatus Dodds, by varying prey and predator densities in small artificial streams. Solitary predators showed a functional response produced by changes in encounter rate and modified by changes in time spent moving by the predator. Intensity of behavioural interference between predators was high, but did not change significantly as a function of prey density. The experimentally determined costs and benefits were used to calculate the optimal predator distribution in terms of foraging success, given contagiously distributed prey. When predators were assumed to interfere with each other, a random predator distribution was predicted to be optimal, and this was consistent with the observed distribution of Kogotus nonus in the field.
Avian Haemoproteidae. 18. Haemoproteus greineri, a new species of haemoproteid from the waterfowl family Anatidae
Authors: Bennett Gordon F. , Turner Bruce , Whiteway Madonna
Published: December 2009

Haemoproteus greineri n. sp. is described and compared with other haemoproteids of the waterfowl (Anatidae). The distribution and hosts of this new species are listed.
Diving and blood oxygen in the white whale
Authors: Ridgway S. H. , Bowers C. A. , Miller D. , Schultz M. L. , Jacobs C. A. , Dooley C. A.
Published: December 2009

White whales trained to dive on command in the open ocean remained submerged as long as 15 min 50 s and dove as deep as 647 m. Other than records of sperm whales entangled in deep sea cables, this is the deepest measured dive of any marine mammal. This whale's blood volume and estimated oxygen-carrying capacity are similar to those of Weddell seals and some other marine mammals known to be deep divers.
Erratum: Response of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, to reduced salinities: importance of size, acclimation, and interpopulation differences
Authors: Himmelman John H. , Guderley Helga , Vignault Gilles , Drouin Guy , Wells Peter G.
Published: December 2009

Weight change, mortality, and neuromuscular coordination, as measured by righting time, were used to evaluate the resistance of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis to hypoosmotic stress. Acclimation to a salinity of 24 or 25‰ decreased the righting time of urchins after 96 h of hypoosmotic stress. The effect of acclimation was the same for four size groups of urchins (10–15, 20–25, 34–37, and 50–60 mm in test diameter). A comparison of urchins from the St. Lawrence Estuary and from Nova Scotia, both acclimated to 24‰, showed that for the three larger size classes, the salinity at which there was a significant increase in righting time was lower for urchins from an estuarine environment than for urchins from the oceanic environment. The percentage weight gain following hypoosmotic stress increased with decreasing urchin size. For small urchins the increase was less marked after acclimation to 24‰. The mortality rates following these experiments showed that acclimation to a reduced salinity increased the tolerance to hypoosmotic stress, that urchins from the St. Lawrence Estuary were better able to withstand low salinities than urchins from Nova Scotia, and that small urchins were more sensitive to osmotic stress than large urchins. The latter was confirmed in a field experiment in which four size groups of urchins were kept in cages at a location exposed to periodic decreases in surface salinities.
Development of the larval tunic in a compound ascidian: morphogenetic events in the embryos of Distaplia occidentalis
Authors: Cavey Michael J. , Cloney Richard A.
Published: December 2009

The larval tunic of Distaplia occidentalis is a complex investment consisting of extracellular filaments and an amorphous ground substance. The principal elements of the tunic are two thin cuticles and two subcuticular compartments. Compacted filaments and small amounts of ground substance characterize the cuticles. Dispersed filaments and large amounts of ground substance distinguish the compartments. The cells of the embryonic epidermis apparently secrete both the filaments and the ground substance. The elements of the larval tunic differentiate sequentially over a period of approximately 2 weeks. The outer cuticle appears 3–4 days after neurulation and it gradually lifts from the surface of the epidermis as the outer compartment forms. Tapered folds of the outer cuticle and extensions of the outer compartment produce the dorsal, ventral, and posterior fins of the larva. Test cells, occupying the perivitelline space around the embryo, release multigranular "ornaments" that adhere to the external surface of the outer cuticle. The inner cuticle and the inner compartment arise during the 4 days prior to hatching. The inner compartment over the truncal epidermis expands significantly to accommodate cells which emigrate from the body cavity (hemocoel).
Shiras moose forage selection in relation to browse availability in north-central Idaho
Authors: Pierce John D.
Published: December 2009

Forty-eight feeding site examinations from 1979 to 1981, consisting of 13 653 instances of use, described seasonal diets of Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi) in north-central Idaho. Thirty-three of these sites were in mature, dense conifer stands. Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), menziesia (Mensiesia ferruginea), Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata), mountain maple (Acer glabrum), and Scouler willow (Salix scouleriana) constituted over 90% of the observed diet in all seasons. Menziesia and alder were highly selected during summer. During winter, Pacific yew and menziesia were used in proportion to their availabilities. The extensive use of menziesia, Pacific yew, and alder was considered to be a result of low availability of alternative species and moose dependence on forage under mature canopies during winter when snow depths precluded use of open areas such as clear-cuts.
Winter foraging by individual porcupines
Authors: Roze Uldis
Published: December 2009

Winter feeding of individual porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum L.) was studied in the northern Catskill Mountains of New York by following individual feeding trails in the snow. The study population as a whole fed primarily on beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and less frequently on eight other tree species. Individual porcupines limited their feeding to one or two species. An individual's primary food choice corresponded to the numerically most abundant tree species in its foraging area; its secondary food choice could not be related to relative density nor to relative basal area.
A correlative scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the pecten oculi of Japanese quail
Authors: Ramos Jr. A. S. , Tingari M. D.
Published: December 2009

A correlative morphological study of the pecten oculi of Japanese quail was performed by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. A three-dimensional profile was obtained by preparing solid resin corrosion casts. SEM examination revealed its trapezoidal shape and a laminar surface that is thrown into 18 vertical pleats. A surface view of the tips of pleats and transverse sections demonstrated a close continuity between all pectineal folds. The folded vascular membrane is arranged such that the base of each fold is attached to the retina, while the other end is embedded in a bridge, the whole organ protruding into vitreous body. The vascular supply to the pecten pursues a slightly tortuous course along its attached border and a complete system of vascular branches was demonstrated; terminal arterioles form a dense capillary network. The pectineal laminae consist predominantly of modified blood capillaries and interstitial pigment cells. Both basal and luminal surfaces of the endothelial cells are covered with microfolds which are tall, erect, and compact luminally and, in contrast, short and irregularly oriented basally. The intervascular tissue contains pigment cells and moderately sized intercellular spaces. The pigment cells are polymorphic with vesicular nuclei, abundant mitochondria, and numerous melanin granules.
The shell as a recording device: growth record and shell ultrastructure of Lampsilis radiata radiata (Pelecypoda: Unionidae)
Authors: Day Margaret E.
Published: December 2009

Growth records retained in the shell of Lampsilis radiata radiata and shell ultrastructure were examined in a population from Lake Champlain, Vermont, U.S.A. Maximum size was 75 mm as measured from the umbo to the farthest margin. Ages were obtained by counting annual bands, and growth plots were constructed. By knowing the amount grown by individuals of the same age in the same year, the years 1975 and 1977 were identified as poor for growth of younger individuals. Light micrographs of shell thin sections showed macroscopic annual lines, and microscopic and ultrastructural lines. Ultrastructural lines were visible within macroscopic lines. Scanning electron micrographs of etched sections clarified the light micrographs and allowed recognition of two damage-response structures embedded within the nacreous layer in the umbonal region: adventitious conchiolin and prismatic crystals. Theories of growth line formation are presented. Shell growth appears to follow an alternating cycle of protein deposition as organic matrices followed by CaCO3 secretion into the matrices. The Lutz–Rhoads theory of growth line formation, based on alternating periods of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, was examined in detail and found unsuitable for this species.
Distribution of Cryptobia salmositica, a haemoflagellate of fishes, in British Columbia and the seasonal pattern of infection in a coastal river
Authors: Bower Susan M. , Margolis L.
Published: December 2009

A survey of adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) from 1981 to 1983, along with other observations, demonstrated that in British Columbia Cryptobia salmositica was confined to tributaries of the Fraser River, coastal rivers adjacent to this river, and rivers on Vancouver Island. Adult salmon from the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Bella Coola, Skeena, and Nass rivers in British Columbia and the Yukon River in the Yukon Territory were not infected. The distribution of C. salmositica may be explained by events of the Wisconsin glacial and postglacial periods. Seasonal variability in prevalence and intensity of infection of C. salmositica in the Big Qualicum River, a coastal river on Vancouver Island, is related to the seasonal return of adult salmon in late summer and autumn, and the concomitant increase in abundance of the leech vector, Piscicola salmositica. Prevalence and intensity of infection in juvenile salmonids in this river also increased during autumn. Cryptobia salmositica was present in resident sculpins (Cottus aleuticus) throughout the year; however, the prevalence did not begin to increase until December, coincident with the postspawning decline in salmon numbers in the river. The finding of C. salmositica in cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) from the Big Qualicum River constitutes a new host record.
Revision of the genus Schistorophus Railliet, 1916 (Nematoda: Acuarioidea)
Authors: Wong P. L. , Lankester M. W.
Published: December 2009

The genus Schistorophus is revised and five species are recognized: (1) S. longicornis (Hemprich and Ehrenberg in Schneider, 1866) with S. indica (Sanwal, 1952) and S. limosae Mawson, 1968 as its new synonyms; (2) S. skrjabini (Vassilkova, 1926); (3) S. cirripedesmi Rhizhikov and Khokhlova, 1964 with S. brygooi Petter, 1967 and S. lii Daiya, Bondarenko and Gubanov, 1971 as its new synonyms; (4) S. cornutus Sobolev, 1943; and (5) S. guschanskoi Ablasov and Chibichenko, 1962. Redescriptions of S. longicornis, S. skrjabini, and S. cirripedesmi are provided. Schistorophus bicuspis (Rudolphi, 1819), Schistorophus laciniatus (Molin, 1860b), Strongylus ambiguus Rudolphi, 1802, and Spiroptera sternaehirundinis Deslongchamps, 1824 are regarded as species inquirendae. One species, Schistorophus acanthocephalica (Molin, 1860a), is considered a synonym of Paracuaria adunca (Creplin, 1846). Four species are transferred to the following genera: Viktorocara capillaris (Molin, 1860c) n. comb., Viktorocara aulieatina (Skrjabin, 1916) n. comb., Stellocaronema spinulosus (Molin, 1860c) n. comb., and Sciadiocara bihamata (Mueller, 1897) n. comb. A key to species is also provided.
Reproductive tactics among deer mice of the genus Peromyscus
Authors: Modi William S.
Published: December 2009

Life history tactics were assessed for 18 species and subspecies of deer mice with respect to nine growth and reproductive parameters. Four of the six tropical species investigated generally exhibited K-type tactics. The tropical Peromyscus yucatanicus has adopted a colonizing r-strategy probably in response to repeated habitat destruction by fire; whereas the large Peromyscus thomasi possesses both r- and K-type characteristics. With respect to most parameters, many temperate species represent a rather homogenous aggregate that is well differentiated from the tropical forms. One outlier, Peromyscus californicus, combines moderate body size and low fecundity with short gestation period and high relative birth mass. Peromyscus crinitus, an inhabitant of unproductive, rocky canyons, has evolved a late time to weaning and a very high relative birth mass. Temperate sylvan taxa have evolved larger litter sizes than pastoral taxa; this may allow them to respond to temporal changes in food availability. Most species possess characteristics that represent a compromise between the r and K extremes. Among the parameters examined those most highly correlated with one another are adult mass, age at eye opening, and relative biomass of offspring. Large mice have prolonged developmental times and smaller relative total neonatal biomass. The relationship between litter size and adult mass or latitude appears complex. In several cases, phylogenetically distant taxa have evolved similar reproductive habits, while in other situations closely related taxa have adopted divergent strategies.
Control of spermatozoan motility in a euryhaline teleost acclimated to different salinities
Authors: Harvey Brian , Kelley R. Norman
Published: December 2009

Motility in Oreochromis mossambicus spermatozoa was determined in mannitol solutions of varying osmolality. The number of spermatozoa activated was maximal in distilled water and declined with increasing osmolality. Transfer of males from freshwater to dilute seawater (22‰) and full seawater (35‰) increased motility at any given osmolality within 2 days. Spermatozoa from fish held at three test salinities showed varying degrees of motility at the mean osmolality of undiluted milt (321 mosmol/kg). Spermatozoa were fertile in full seawater, although motility in this medium and in a mannitol solution of the same osmolality was only 0.2%. The involvement of a second factor modulating spermatozoan motility in O. mossambicus is proposed.
On the use of ultrasonic detectors for bat species identification and the calibration of QMC Mini Bat Detectors
Authors: Thomas Donald W. , West Stephen D.
Published: December 2009

Several ultrasonic detection and analysis systems are currently used to provide information on the echolocation calls of bats, in many cases permitting species-level identification. This note briefly describes these systems and alerts potential users of the inaccuracies of the simplest device, the superheterodyne QMC Mini Bat Detector. Without adequate calibration, the error in this latter detector is such that reliable identification of bats by echolocation call characteristics cannot be achieved.
FABRICATIONS OF PVA COATED NANO-B4C REINFORCED HDPE COMPOSITES
Authors: UHM YOUNG RANG , KIM JAEWOO , JUNG JINWOO , RHEE CHANG KYU
Published: December 2009

Nano-B4C powder whose surface was coated with polyvinylalcohol (PVA) was prepared by using a ball milling mechanical activation process. As-prepared powders exhibit the structure of PVA layer on the surface of nano-sized B4C and the size of the produced core/shell structured nano-B4C/PVA particles was in the range of 50 to 200 nm. The sheets of the HDPE composite reinforced by the nano- and micro-B4C fillers were fabricated by hot pressing following the melt mixing process respectively. The structures of prepared nano-B4C/PVA powders and the degree of particles dispersion in HDPE were observed by means of X-ray diffraction as well as the SEM/TEM images. It was found that the dispersion of the core/shell structured nano-B4C/PVA fillers in HDPE was more homogeneous than the surface-untreated micro-B4C fillers in HDPE.
CONSTRAINTS ON THE THREE-FLUID MODEL OF CURVATON DECAY
Authors: MULTAMÄKI T. , SAINIO J. , VILJA I.
Published: December 2009

A three-fluid system describing the decay of the curvaton is studied by numerical and analytical means. We place constraints on the allowed interaction strengths between the fluids and initial curvaton density by requiring that the curvaton should decay before nucleosynthesis while nucleosynthesis, radiation–matter equality and decoupling occur at correct temperatures. We find that with a continuous, time-independent interaction, a small initial curvaton density is naturally preferred along with a low reheating temperature. Allowing for a time-dependent interaction, this constraint can be relaxed. In both cases, a purely adiabatic final state can be generated, but not without fine-tuning. Unlike in the two-fluid system, the time-dependent interactions are found to have a small effect on the curvature perturbation itself, due to the different nature of the system.
GENERATING STATIC, SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC BLACK HOLES IN LOVELOCK GRAVITY
Authors: MAZHARIMOUSAVI S. HABIB , GURTUG O. , HALILSOY M.
Published: December 2009

We present the generalization of a known theorem to generate static, spherically symmetric black hole solutions in higher-dimensional Lovelock gravity. Particular limits such as Gauss–Bonnet (GB) and Einstein–Hilbert (EH) in any dimension N yield all the solutions known to date with an energy–momentum. In our generalization, with special emphasis on third order Lovelock gravity, we have found two different class of solutions characterized by the matter field parameter. Several particular cases are studied and properties related to asymptotic behaviors are discussed. Our general solution, which covers topological black holes as well, splits naturally into distinct classes such as Chern–Simon (CS) and Born–Infeld (BI) in higher-dimensions. The occurence of naked singularities is studied and it is found that the space–time behaves nonsingularly in the quantum-mechanical sense when it is probed with quantum test particles. The theorem is extended to cover Bertotti–Robinson (BR) type solutions in the presence of the GB parameter alone. Finally, we prove also that extension of the theorem for a scalar–tensor source of higher dimensions (N > 4) fails to work.
HARDY–SOBOLEV–MAZ'YA INEQUALITIES: SYMMETRY AND BREAKING SYMMETRY OF EXTREMAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: GAZZINI MARITA , MUSINA ROBERTA
Published: December 2009

Denote points in ℝk × ℝN - k as pairs ξ = (x,y), and assume 2 ≤ k < N. In this paper, we study the problem [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the Hardy constant. Our results are the following:

(i) Let [Formula: see text]. Then there exists at least an entire cylindrically symmetric solution.

(ii) Let [Formula: see text] and λ ≥ 0. Then any solution v ∈ Lp(ℝN;|x|-bdξ) is cylindrically symmetric.

(iii) Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Then ground state solutions are not cylindrically symmetric, and therefore there exist at least two distinct entire solutions.

We prove also similar results for the degenerate problem [Formula: see text] namely, for the Euler–Lagrange equations of the Maz'ya inequality with cylindrical weights.
ATTITUDES TOWARD PARTNER ABUSE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE INCIDENCE OF PARTNER ABUSE AMONG FIRST GENERATION KOREAN-AMERICANS
Authors: AHN BONNIE , MOHAN BRIJ , BURNETT MICHAEL F.
Published: December 2009

This study examined various demographic characteristics, the attitudes toward partner abuse, and the relationship between the attitudes toward partner abuse and the incidence of partner abuse among first generation Korean-Americans. The study employed a correlational explanatory design using a cross-sectional survey technique utilising a total of 223 Korean immigrant adults currently residing in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. A three-part instrument was used for data collection. The use of domestic violence among Korean immigrants was highly prevalent. Korean-Americans generally did not approve the use of interpersonal violence against spouses/partners. The relationship between the attitudes toward partner abuse and the incidence of partner abuse as perpetrator was significantly correlated.
香港邊緣社群社會資本的貧乏
Authors: 黃 洪
Published: December 2009

本文根據調查資料，分析香港邊緣社群（包括貧窮人士以及無業、不固定工作者）的社會網絡，並根據這些人士的社會網絡的規模及同質化程度，來衡量其社會資本的數量及性質。結果顯示貧窮人士社會網絡的規模明顯較非貧窮人士小，尤其以介紹工作網絡的差別最明顯，這顯示貧窮人士的社會資本較非貧窮人士少。貧窮戶的社會網絡中亦以無業人士居多，以致社會網絡出現同質化的情況。沒有工作及屬不固定工作人士的社會網絡的規模亦明顯小於有固定工作的人士，其社會網絡亦出現同質化，而無業或工作不穩定對男性造成同質化的影響較女性大。所以，無業及不穩定工作人士的社會資本較固定工作人士少。要真正解決香港的貧窮問題，必須增加貧窮人士的社會資本。

This paper, based on a sample survey, analysed the social network of the marginal groups including the poor, the un-employed and people with unstable jobs in Hong Kong. The quantity and quality of social capital of the above groups were measured according to the size and homogeneity of their social network. Results showed that the size of social network of the poor was significantly smaller than that of the non-poor, especially in the network of job searching. This suggests that the social capital of the poor was less than that of the non-poor. It is more likely that the social network of the poor was constituted of the un-employed, that was why it was more homogenous. Social network of the un-employed and people with unstable jobs was smaller than that of the people with stable jobs. The un-employed or unstable job holders also induced homogeneity in their social network, the impact of which was greater on male than female. To alleviate the problem of poverty in Hong Kong, we should increase the social capital of the deprived people.
AN INDIGENOUS PSYCHO-EDUCATIONAL GROUP FOR CHINESE BEREAVED FAMILY MEMBERS
Authors: CHAN CECILIA L. W. , CHOW AMY Y. M.
Published: December 2009

Detrimental effects of bereavement on physical, mental, social and psychological aspects of individuals can be found among bereaved Chinese. The authors have developed an indigenous practice model to work with bereaved family members among Chinese people in Hong Kong. The concept of bereavement was re-cast to include the idea that bereavement is a challenge that can aid in personal growth. Strategies were created to deal with the feelings of loss and separation positively. Programs in a "growth-oriented" psychosocial-educational group using multiple cognitive, behavioral and spiritual strategies were introduced. Throughout the sessions, messages of "Letting Go", "Self-Love", "Forgiveness" and "Transformation" were embedded in the programs by culturally relevant terms and concepts. A pre-group and post-group questionnaire as well as long interviews were used to evaluate the impact of the group on the participants. Participants of the bereavement groups showed significant improvements in somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, mood, self-acceptance, letting-go and transformation.

丧亲会损害家人的身、心、情绪健康。笔者们共同设计了一套本地化「善别」概念为香港华人服务。「善别」的建立是基于「去者能善终、留者能善别」的信念，希望丧亲家人能「妥善处理别离的经验」，明白「死亡」是生命的蜕变，而善别、是成长的挑战」，以积极的态度去面对丧亲所引致的别离，以个人成长及独立训练作为回报亲人的关顾。「善别」辅导小组以身、心、灵全面介入，推介「舍得」、「惜自己」、「宽恕」、和「升华」等传统观念。透过小组前、后对比及访问方式搜集善别小组成效的证据。组员在参加小组之后均于身心、情绪、自我接纳、「舍得」及「升华」方面有正面的改善。
Ancient orogens and modern analogues: an introduction
Authors: Murphy J. Brendan , Keppie J. Duncan , Hynes Andrew J.
Published: December 2009

Plate-tectonics principles have been routinely applied to the study of Phanerozoic orogenic belts and, more controversially, to Precambrian orogens as far back as the Early Archaean. Recent advances in a variety of fields have vastly improved our understanding of ancient orogenic belts, so that realistic modern analogues can be entertained. This volume presents up-to-date syntheses of some classic modern and ancient orogenic belts as well as examples of some of the processes responsible for their evolution.