bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical‐Limiting and Photophysical Properties of Two Soluble Chloroindium Phthalocyanines with α‐ and β‐Alkoxyl Substituents
Authors: Wang Shuangqing , Gan Quan , Zhang Yongfang , Li Shayu , Xu Huijun , Yang Guoqiang
Published: March 2006

Two soluble heavy‐metal phthalocyanine derivatives, namely, tetra‐α‐(2‐ethylbutoxy) chloroindium phthalocyanine (α‐InPcCl) and tetra‐β‐(2‐ethylbutoxy) chloroindium phthalocyanine (β‐InPcCl), were synthesized. Their optical‐limiting properties in THF solution were investigated with a 532 nm nanosecond laser. The differences in the optical‐limiting properties are attributed to their different photophysical properties. α‐InPcCl is superior to β‐InPcCl as optical‐limiting material, α substitution could be a useful factor to be considered in designing optical limiting materials based on metal phthalocyanines.
The pros and cons of change in individuals with eating disorders: A broader perspective
Authors: Gale Corinne , Holliday Joanna , Troop Nicholas A. , Serpell Lucy , Treasure Janet
Published: March 2006

Objective:

The goals of the current study were to develop a questionnaire measuring the pros and cons of eating disorder symptoms and to explore the themes endorsed by different eating disorder groups.

Method:

Participants recruited from an eating disorder volunteer register and an outpatient clinic completed the Pros and Cons of Eating Disorders scale (P‐CED). Principal components analyses (PCA) were performed to validate the factorial structure of the original items and to explore the factorial structure of the new items. Planned comparisons were used to compare P‐CED scores between diagnostic groups.

Results:

PCA indicated a 10‐factor solution for the original Pros and Cons of Anorexia Nervosa scale (P‐CAN) items and a 4‐factor solution for the new items. Participants with anorexia nervosa (AN) scored significantly higher than participants with bulimia nervosa (BN) on five of the P‐CED subscales but there were no significant differences between the two AN subtypes.

Conclusion:

The P‐CED is a useful tool for identifying the positive and negative aspects of eating disorders that can be targeted in treatment or used as an outcome measure in research. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006.
Personality traits after recovery from eating disorders: Do subtypes differ?
Authors: Wagner Angela , Barbarich‐Marsteller Nicole C. , Frank Guido K. , Bailer Ursula F. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Crosby Ross D. , Henry Shannan E. , Vogel Victoria , Plotnicov Katherine , McConaha Claire , Kaye Walter H.
Published: March 2006

Objective:

We compared individuals recovered from anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) to determine characteristics that are shared by or distinguish eating disorder (ED) subtypes.

Method:

Sixty women recovered for ≥ 1 year from AN or BN were compared with 47 control women (CW). Assessments included the Yale‐Brown‐Cornell Eating Disorder Scale, the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Yale‐Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Temperament and Character Inventory, and Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM‐IV.

Results:

Individuals recovered from an ED had similar scores for mood and personality variables that were significantly higher than the scores for CW. Few recovered subjects had Cluster B personality disorder. Most individuals recovered within 6 years of their ED onset. A latent profile analysis identified an “inhibited” and “disinhibited” cluster based on personality traits.

Conclusion:

A wide range of symptoms persist after recovery and do not differ between subtypes of ED. These findings may aid in identifying traits that create vulnerabilities for developing an ED. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006.
Image labeling using key sentences of HTML
Authors: Sagara Naoki , Sunayama Wataru , Yachida Masahiko
Published: March 2006

The word “multimedia” is commonly heard nowadays. The essential meaning of this word encompasses a broad range of contents. However, it is indisputable that information processing from now on will focus on visual information such as video and images, which are intuitively easy for us to understand and which carry a great deal of information. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an image labeling technique for supporting image retrieval on the Web by focusing on the relationship between images on Web pages and key sentences within related text areas and assigning labels to images based on these key sentences. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(7): 31–41, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20254
Reciprocal knowledge use in the mining of semistructured data and HMM‐based information extraction
Authors: Maruyama Kohei , Uehara Kuniaki
Published: March 2006

In this paper we propose a method for the reciprocal use of knowledge between association rule extraction (a technique from data mining) and HMM‐based information extraction. Association rule extraction is a method that is generally applied to structured data and is either inefficient or intractable when applied to data that lacks an accurate information schema. In this paper we use HMM‐based information extraction to automatically recognize the attributes of each word in a set of textual data and assign tags in order to structure this data. In addition, we use the degree of association between words seen in the association rules extracted from the structured data to weight the HMM parameters in order to improve the recognition accuracy of the information extraction procedure and allow knowledge to be reciprocally shared between the data mining and information extraction procedures. Besides this we propose a data mining method that uses representative schema patterns found in different types of semistructured data such as tagged or BibTeX data using schema discovery methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(7): 51–60, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20256
One Dimensional 3d–4f Heterometallic Compounds: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Figuerola Albert , Ribas Joan , Solans Xavier , Font‐Bardía Merce , Maestro Miguel , Diaz Carmen
Published: March 2006

The reaction of Ln(NO3)3·aq with K3[Fe(CN)6] or K3[Co(CN)6] and 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine in water/methanol solution led to three one‐dimensional complexes: trans‐[Ln(H2O)4 (terpy)(μ‐CN)2M(CN)4]n (Ln = La3+ or Sm3+; M = Fe3+ or Co3+). The structures of [SmFe]n (1), [SmCo]n (2) and [LaFe]n (3) have been solved; the complexes 1 and 2 crystallize in the monoclinic space P21/c and are isomorphous, complex 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space P$\bar {1}$. No significant magnetic interaction was found between the samarium(III) and the iron(III) ions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Application of Elimination Voltammetry to the Resolution of Adenine and Cytosine Signals in Oligonucleotides II. Hetero‐Oligodeoxynucleotides with Different Sequences of Adenine and Cytosine Nucleotides
Authors: Trnková Libuše , Jelen František , Postbieglová Irena
Published: March 2006

Elimination voltammetry with linear scan (EVLS) was applied to the resolution of reduction signals of adenine (A) and cytosine (C) residues in short synthetic hetero‐oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with different sequences of A and C. The EVLS evaluation required linear sweep voltammograms measured on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) at different scan rates. Compared to linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and usual voltammetric methods the EVLS is capable of resolving the overlapped A and C signals, specifically by using the elimination function which eliminates the charging and kinetic currents (Ic, Ik) and conserves the diffusion current (Id). Since for an adsorbed electroactive substance this elimination function yields a well readable peak–counterpeak signal, the adsorptive stripping (AdS) procedure was favorably used. The adsorption of ODNs was carried out at −0.1 V for accumulation time of 120 s under stirring. It was found that heights and potentials of LSV signals were affected by ODNs concentrations, pH, scan rates, time of accumulation, and stirring speed during the adsorption. While on LSV curves the only one reduction peak of A and C residues was observed in all ODNs, the EVLS yielded two separated peaks in dependence on A, C sequences and pH. Our results showed that the EVLS in connection with the AdS procedure is a useful tool for qualitative and quantitative studies of short ODNs and a promising sensitive method for the development of electrochemical sensor following the ODN sequences.
Ab initio calculations of intramolecular parameters for a class of arylamide polymers
Authors: Vemparala Satyavani , Ivanov Ivaylo , Pophristic Vojislava , Spiegel Katrin , Klein Michael L.
Published: March 2006

Using DFT methods, we have determined intramolecular parameters for an important class of arylamide polymers displaying antimicrobial and anticoagulant inhibitory properties. A strong link has been established between these functions and the conformation that the polymers adopt in solution and at lipid bilayer interfaces. Thus, it is imperative for molecular dynamics simulations designed to probe the conformational behavior of these systems to accurately describe the torsional degrees of freedom. Standard force fields were shown to be deficient in this respect. Therefore, we have computed the relevant torsional energy profiles using a series of constrained geometry optimizations. We have also determined electrostatic parameters using our results in combination with standard RESP charge optimization. Force constants for bond and angle potentials were calculated by iteratively matching quantum and classical normal modes via a Monte Carlo scheme. The resulting new set of parameters accurately described the conformation and dynamical behavior of the arylamide polymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 693–700, 2006
Presence of immunounreactive albumin in the urine of diabetic patients
Authors: Nakayama Aki , Ida Takashi , Hatano Yoshiji , Oohara Kayoko , Yoshida Hiroshi , Baba Toshiaki , Sakamoto Hisashi , Shiba Kiyoko
Published: March 2006

Recent studies have demonstrated that conventional immunochemical assays underestimate urinary albumin concentration because of the presence of immunounreactive albumin. It has been reported that intact urinary albumin in 24‐hr diabetic urine samples could be detected as total concentration (immunoreactive+immunounreactive) by an HPLC method based on size exclusion chromatography. The aim of this study was to investigate urinary albumin concentration in diabetic spot urine samples by comparing the HPLC method with several other methods. The albumin concentrations on 80 diabetic spot urine specimens were measured by turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a dipstick method.In addition, they were also analyzed by reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native PAGE). The albumin concentrations derived from diabetic spot urine samples measured by the HPLC method were higher than those of the other methods except for five of 80 samples. Furthermore, the albumin concentrations analyzed by Native PAGE were higher than SDS PAGE in 61 (76.2%) of 80 samples. This study suggests the need for evaluating diabetes not only by HPLC, but also by combining it with another method. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 20:29–36, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of carcinomas in an asymptomatic Chinese population: advantage of screening with multiple tumor markers
Authors: Tsao Kuo‐Chien , Wu Tsu‐Lan , Chang Pi‐Yueh , Hong Ji‐Hong , Wu James T.
Published: March 2006

A total of 73,443 asymptomatic individuals were screened on a voluntary basis for cancer at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan using a panel of tumor markers, including alpha fetoprotein (AFP), CA 125, CA 15‐3, CA 19‐9, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate specific antigen (PSA), chromogranin A (CgA), and squamous cell specific antigen (SCC). The results are derived from data collected from January 1998 to October 2003. A total of 210 cancers (approximately 0.3%) were detected, including cancers of the liver, lung, colon, prostate, stomach, pancreas, breast, cervix, ovary, and bladder. Of the tumor markers monitored, elevated CA 19‐9, CEA, and CA 125 were the most frequently detected in a variety of cancers. It was surprising to find that many cancers were not detected by their dominant markers but by the elevation of tumor markers not recommended for monitoring their tumor activity. Screening with multiple circulating tumor markers provides improved sensitivity for cancer detection in asymptomatic individuals before they reach the fatal advanced stage. Screening with multiple tumor markers also allows cancers to be detected in the absence of their dominant markers. If we had not measured the multiple tumor markers, these cancers would have gone undetected. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 20:42–46, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrative principles for treating substance use disorders
Authors: Haaga David A. F. , McCrady Barbara , Lebow Jay
Published: March 2006

This article, based on B. McCrady, D. Haaga, and J. Lebow (2006), provides guidance for the treatment of substance use disorders by identifying empirically based principles that underpin effective treatment systems and effective treatments. To promote the flexible application of empirically based principles to individual clients, the authors (a) integrate therapeutic, participant, and relationship factors (drawn from reviews by B.S. McCrady & P.E. Nathan, 2006; D.A.F. Haaga, S.M. Hall, & A. Haas, 2006; and J. Lebow, J. Kelly, L.M. Knobloch‐Fedders, & R. Moos, 2006) into a comprehensive description of treatment, (b) integrate common and specific principles of changes into articulated descriptions of treatment, and (c) identify directions for research to improve the sensitivity and specificity of treatment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 675–684, 2006.
Perceptions of depression among recovered‐depressed and never‐depressed individuals
Authors: Wernicke Rachel A. , Pearlman Michelle Y. , Thorndike Frances P. , Haaga David A. F.
Published: March 2006

Research on lay beliefs about depression has shown that recovered‐depressed people evaluate their own depressive experiences as more distressing than do those who have never experienced major depression. This study tested whether history of depression would influence beliefs about others' experiences of depression. Recovered‐depressed (n = 63) and never‐depressed adults (n = 64) completed the Self‐Appraisal Questionnaire (R‐SAQ; J.C. Coyne & M.M. Calarco, 1995) revised to address perceptions of others' experiences of depression. History of depression was not associated with R‐SAQ scores. In supplementary analyses, self‐reported depression proneness was also uncorrelated with perceptions of others' depression. People without a history of major depression were just as likely to recognize the highly debilitating nature of depression for others. Although nondepressed people frequently fail to convey empathy to friends or relatives who are depressed, this failure probably does not reflect lack of knowledge that depression is incapacitating. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 771–776, 2006.
Fluorescence lifetime images and correlation spectra obtained by multidimensional time‐correlated single photon counting
Authors: Becker W. , Bergmann A. , Haustein E. , Petrasek Z. , Schwille P. , Biskup C. , Kelbauskas L. , Benndorf K. , Klöcker N. , Anhut T. , Riemann I. , König K.
Published: March 2006

Multidimensional time‐correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is based on the excitation of the sample by a high‐repetition rate laser and the detection of single photons of the fluorescence signal in several detection channels. Each photon is characterized by its arrival time in the laser period, its detection channel number, and several additional variables such as the coordinates of an image area, or the time from the start of the experiment. Combined with a confocal or two‐photon laser scanning microscope and a pulsed laser, multidimensional TCSPC makes a fluorescence lifetime technique with multiwavelength capability, near‐ideal counting efficiency, and the capability to resolve multiexponential decay functions. We show that the same technique and the same hardware can be used for precision fluorescence decay analysis and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) in selected spots of a sample. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:186–195, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectral characterization of Dictyostelium autofluorescence
Authors: Engel Ruchira , Van Haastert Peter J.M. , Visser Antonie J.W.G.
Published: March 2006

Dictyostelium discoideum is used extensively as a model organism for the study of chemotaxis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies of Dictyostelium chemotaxis have made use of fluorescence‐based techniques. One of the major factors that can interfere with the application of these techniques in cells is the cellular autofluorescence. In this study, the spectral properties of Dictyostelium autofluorescence have been characterized using fluorescence microscopy. Whole cell autofluorescence spectra obtained using spectral imaging microscopy show that Dictyostelium autofluorescence covers a wavelength range from ∼500 to 650 nm with a maximum at ∼510 nm, and thus, potentially interferes with measurements of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins with fluorescence microscopy techniques. Further characterization of the spatial distribution, intensity, and brightness of the autofluorescence was performed with fluorescence confocal microscopy and fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS). The autofluorescence in both chemotaxing and nonchemotaxing cells is localized in discrete areas. The high intensity seen in cells incubated in the growth medium HG5 reduces by around 50% when incubated in buffer, and can be further reduced by around 85% by photobleaching cells for 5–7 s. The average intensity and spatial distribution of the autofluorescence do not change with long incubations in the buffer. The cellular autofluorescence has a seven times lower molecular brightness than eGFP. The influence of autofluorescence in FFS measurements can be minimized by incubating cells in buffer during the measurements, prebleaching, and making use of low excitation intensities. The results obtained in this study thus offer guidelines to the design of future fluorescence studies of Dictyostelium. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:168–174, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Live imaging of fluorescent proteins in chordate embryos: From ascidians to mice
Authors: Passamaneck Yale J. , Di Gregorio Anna , Papaioannou Virginia E. , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina
Published: March 2006

Although we have advanced in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms intrinsic to the morphogenesis of chordate embryos, the question of how individual developmental events are integrated to generate the final morphological form is still unresolved. Microscopic observation is a pivotal tool in developmental biology, both for determining the normal course of events and for contrasting this with the results of experimental and pathological perturbations. Since embryonic development takes place in three dimensions over time, to fully understand the events required to build an embryo we must investigate embryo morphogenesis in multiple dimensions in situ. Recent advances in the isolation of naturally fluorescent proteins, and the refinement of techniques for in vivo microscopy offer unprecedented opportunities to study the cellular and molecular events within living, intact embryos using optical imaging. These technologies allow direct visual access to complex events as they happen in their native environment, and thus provide greater insights into cell behaviors operating during embryonic development. Since most fluorescent protein probes and modes of data acquisition are common across species, we have chosen the mouse and the ascidian, two model organisms at opposite ends of the chordate clade, to review the use of some of the current genetically‐encoded fluorescent proteins and their visualization in vivo in living embryos for the generation of high‐resolution imaging data. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:160–167, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the asymptotic value of the choice number of complete multi‐partite graphs
Authors: Gazit Nurit , Krivelevich Michael
Published: March 2006

We calculate the asymptotic value of the choice number of complete multi‐partite graphs, given certain limitations on the relation between the sizes of the different sides. In the bipartite case, we prove that if n0 ≤ n1 and logn0 ≫ loglogn1, then $ch(K_{n_{0},n_{1}}) = (1 + o(1)) {{\rm log}_{2}n_{1} \over {\rm log}_{2}x_{0}}$, where x0 is the unique root of the equation $x - 1 - x^{k-1 \over k} = 0$ in the interval $[1, \infty)$ and $k = {{{\rm log}_{2}n_1} \over {{\rm log}_{2}n_0}}$. In the multi‐partite case, we prove that if $n_{0} \leq n_{1} \ldots \leq n_{s}$, and n0 is not too small compared to ns, then $ch(K_{n_{0}, \ldots, n_{s}}) = (1 + o(1)) {{\rm log}_{2}n_{s} \over {\rm log}_{2}x_{0}}$. Here x0 is the unique root of the equation $sx -1 - {\sum_{j=0}^{s-1}} \; x^{k_{j}-1 \over k_j} = 0$ in the interval $[1, \infty)$, and for every $0 \leq i \leq s - 1$, $k_{i} = {{\rm log}_{2} n_{s} \over {\rm log}_{2} n_{i}}$. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 123–134, 2006
A characterization of weakly four‐connected graphs
Authors: Jordán Tibor
Published: March 2006

A graph G = (V, E) is called weakly four‐connected if G is 4‐edge‐connected and G − x is 2‐edge‐connected for all x ∈ V. We give sufficient conditions for the existence of ‘splittable’ vertices of degree four in weakly four‐connected graphs. By using these results we prove that every minimally weakly four‐connected graph on at least four vertices contains at least three ‘splittable’ vertices of degree four, which gives rise to an inductive construction of weakly four‐connected graphs. Our results can also be applied in the problem of finding 2‐connected orientations of graphs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 217–229, 2006
Motheaten (me/me) mice deficient in SHP‐1 are less susceptible to focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Beamer Celine A. , Brooks Diane M. , Lurie Diana I.
Published: March 2006

We have demonstrated previously that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐1 seems to play a role in glial development and is upregulated in non‐dividing astrocytes after injury. The present study examines the effect of loss of SHP‐1 on the CNS response to permanent focal ischemia. SHP‐1 deficient (me/me) mice and wild‐type littermates received a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 1, 3, and 7 days after MCAO, infarct volume, neuronal survival and cell death, gliosis, and inflammatory cytokine levels were quantified. SHP‐1 deficient me/me mice display smaller infarct volumes at 7 days post‐MCAO, increased neuronal survival within the ischemic penumbra, and decreased numbers of cleaved caspase 3+ cells within the ischemic core compared with wild‐type mice. In addition, me/me mice exhibit increases in GFAP+ reactive astrocytes, F4‐80+ microglia, and a concomitant increase in the level of interleukin 12 (IL‐12) over baseline compared with wild‐type. Taken together, these results demonstrate that loss of SHP‐1 results in greater healing of the infarct due to less apoptosis and more neuronal survival in the ischemic core and suggests that pharmacologic inactivation of SHP‐1 may have potential therapeutic value in limiting CNS degeneration after ischemic stroke. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of calpain‐induced proteolysis in retinal degeneration and dysfunction in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension
Authors: Oka Takayuki , Tamada Yoshiyuki , Nakajima Emi , Shearer Thomas R. , Azuma Mitsuyoshi
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if calpain‐induced proteolysis was associated with retinal degeneration or dysfunction in the rat acute ocular hypertensive model. Acute glaucoma was produced by elevation of IOP to 120 mm Hg for 1 hr. Retinal degeneration was evaluated by H&E staining and apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining in histologic sections of retina. Electroretinogram (ERG) was carried out to evaluate changes in functionality. Activation of calpains was determined by casein zymography and immunoblotting. Total calcium in retina was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Proteolysis of α‐spectrin, tau, cdk5, and p35 (a regulator of cdk5) were evaluated by immunoblotting. The thickness of inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL), and the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) decreased after ocular hypertension. Numerous cells in the INL stained positive for TUNEL and some cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) showed TUNEL staining. The a‐wave in ERG was temporarily decreased after ocular hypertension and then recovered to normal. In contrast, the b‐wave was completely lost. Calpains were activated after ocular hypertension. Activation of calpains was associated with increased calcium in retina. Calpain‐dependent proteolysis of α‐spectrin, tau, and p35 were observed in retina after ocular hypertension. The results suggested that increased calcium and subsequent proteolysis by activated calpains was associated with the death of inner retinal cells due to acute ocular hypertension in the rat model. Calpain inhibitors may be candidate drugs for treatment of retinal degeneration and dysfunction resulting from glaucoma © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiobjective optimization of tibial locking screw design using a genetic algorithm: Evaluation of mechanical performance
Authors: Hsu Ching‐Chi , Chao Ching‐Kong , Wang Jaw‐Lin , Lin Jinn
Published: March 2006

Breakage or loosening of locking screws may impair fracture fixation or bone healing in locked nailing of tibial fractures. Bending strength and bone holding power, two important design objectives of locking screws, may conflict with each other. The present study used multiobjective optimization with a genetic algorithm to investigate the optimal designs with respect to these two objectives. Three‐dimensional finite element models for analyzing bending strength and bone holding power of locking screws were created first. Through use of a Taguchi L25orthogonal array, two objective functions were developed by least‐squares regression analyses. Then, the trade‐off solutions between the two objectives known as Pareto optima were explored by a weighted‐sum aggregating approach under geometric constraints. The objective functions, reliably reflecting the finite element results, were valid for multiobjective studies. The Pareto fronts of the screws with 4.5‐mm and 5.0‐mm outer diameters were similar. The “knee” region of the Pareto front, characterized by the fact that a small improvement in either objective will cause a large deterioration in the other objective, might be the favored choice of optimal designs. The commercially available locking screws compared with the Pareto optima were found to be dominated designs and could be improved. In conclusion, the multiobjective optimization with a genetic algorithm was useful for optimization of locking screw design with many variables and conflicting objectives. Choosing an optimal design requires a thorough knowledge of the inherent problems. This method could reduce the time, cost, and labor associated with the screw development process. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Fatigue is a major problem after liver transplantation
Authors: van den Berg-Emons Rita , van Ginneken Berbke , Wijffels Markus , Tilanus Hugo , Metselaar Herold , Stam Henk , Kazemier Geert
Published: March 2006

Fatigue is often experienced after liver transplantation. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the severity of fatigue in liver transplant recipients. In addition, the nature of fatigue and factors that may be associated with severity of fatigue after liver transplantation were explored. Ninety-six patients up to 15 years after liver transplantation were included. Severity of fatigue and nature of fatigue were assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, respectively. Furthermore, age, gender, indication for transplantation, time since transplantation, immunosuppressive medication, self-experienced disability, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed as potential associated factors. Sixty-six percent of all patients was fatigued (FSS ≥ 4.0) and 44% of all patients was severely fatigued (FSS ≥ 5.1). Patients experienced physical fatigue and had reduced activity rather than mental fatigue and reduced motivation. Age, gender, self-experienced disabilities, and HRQoL were correlated with severity of fatigue. Results of the study indicate that fatigue is a major problem in patients after liver transplantation and no indications were found that complaints of fatigue improve over time. Liver transplant recipients experience physical fatigue and reduced activity rather than mental fatigue and reduced motivation. T hese findings have implications for the development of interventions needed to rehabilitate persons after liver transplantation.
Liver Transpl 12:928–933, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 3/2006
Authors: Lach Ralf , Kim Gyeong‐Man , Michler Goerg Hannes , Grellmann Wolfgang , Albrecht Klaus
Published: March 2006

Cover: The picture on the cover shows a TEM image of the phase morphology and the mechanical properties of PMMA/SiO2 nanocomposites. The indentation fracture mechanics is quite well applicable for evaluation of fracture toughness in combination with percolation of the bound polymer layers around the SiO2 particles. Further details can be found in the article by R. Lach, G.‐M. Kim*, G. H. Michler, W. Grellmann, and K. Albrecht on page 263.
Measuring the degree of pointedness of a closed convex cone: a metric approach
Authors: Iusem Alfredo , Seeger Alberto
Published: March 2006

We introduce the concept of radius of pointedness for a closed convex cone in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Such radius measures the degree of pointedness of the cone: the bigger the radius, the higher its degree of pointedness. We also discuss the question of measuring the degree of solidity of a closed convex cone. Pointedness and solidity radiuses are related to each other through a simple duality formula. Explicit computations are carried out for several classical cones appearing in the literature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Factorization of functions in H1(ℝn) and generalized Morrey spaces
Authors: Komori Yasuo , Takahiro Takahiro
Published: March 2006

We prove a factorization theorem for functions in H 1(ℝn ) using generalized Morrey spaces. As a corollary of our result we show that if the commutator of Coifman, Rochberg and Weiss [b , T ] is bounded on the generalized Morrey spaces, then b is a BMO function. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Automorphisms of curves and their role in Grothendieck–Teichmüller theory
Authors: Schneps Leila
Published: March 2006

The goal of this article is to consider the role played by finite‐order elements in the mapping class groups and special loci on moduli spaces, within the framework of Grothendieck–Teichmüller theory, and in particularly in the genus zero case. Quotienting topological surfaces by finite‐order automorphisms induces certain morphisms between moduli spaces; we consider the corresponding special homomorphisms between mapping class groups. In genus zero, these morphisms are always defined over ℚ, so that the canonical outer Galois action on profinite genus zero mapping class groups respects the induced homomorphisms. For simplicity, we consider only the subgroup $ \widehat {GT} ^1 _{0,0} $ of elements F = (λ , f ) ∈ $ \widehat {GT} $ with λ = 1 and conditions on the Kummer characters ρ 2(F ) = ρ 3(F ) = 0. We define a subgroup $ \widehat {GS} ^1 _{0,0} $ ⊂ $ \widehat {GT} ^1 _{0,0} $ by considering only elements of $ \widehat {GT} ^1 _{0,0} $ respecting these homomorphisms on the first two levels in genus zero. Our main result states that the subgroup $ \widehat {GS} ^1 _{0,0} $, which is thus defined using only properties occurring in genus zero, possesses many remarkable geometric Galois‐type properties not visibly satisfied by $ \widehat {GT} $ itself, the most striking of which is that it is also an automorphism group of the profinite mapping class groups in all genera. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fractional integrals on modulation spaces
Authors: Tomita Naohito
Published: March 2006

In this paper, we study the boundedness of fractional integral operators on modulation spaces. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Topography of putaminal degeneration in multiple system atrophy: A diffusion magnetic resonance study
Authors: Seppi Klaus , Schocke Michael F.H. , Prennschuetz‐Schuetzenau Kathrin , Mair Katherina J. , Esterhammer Regina , Kremser Christian , Muigg Armin , Scherfler Christoph , Jaschke Werner , Wenning Gregor K. , Poewe Werner
Published: March 2006

There is neuropathologic evidence that, in early stages of the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐P), the putamen shows a distinct topographical pathology affecting predominantly the dorsolateral and caudal regions while leaving the rostral to midparts almost intact. We investigated the topographic profile of putaminal degeneration in MSA‐P patients in vivo by means of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), which has been shown to reveal abnormalities in the basal ganglia of patients with MSA‐P compared to patients with PD and healthy controls. For this purpose, regional trace of the diffusion tensor (rTrace(D)) values were determined in the entire, anterior, and posterior putamen in 15 patients with probable MSA‐P, in 20 patients with PD, and in 11 healthy volunteers matched for age and disease duration. MSA‐P patients had significantly higher rTrace(D) values in entire, anterior, and posterior putamen compared to both controls and PD patients. Trace(D) values were significantly higher in the posterior compared to the anterior putamen in the MSA‐P group. There were no significant differences between posterior and anterior putamen in both the control and PD group. Our study demonstrates prominent involvement of the posterior putamen in early disease stages of MSA‐P in vivo by assessing putaminal diffusivity with the help of DWI. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Determination of natural abundance 15N–1H and 13C–1H dipolar couplings of molecules in a strongly orienting media using two‐dimensional inverse experiments
Authors: Deepak H. S. Vinay , Joy Anu , Suryaprakash N.
Published: March 2006

NMR spectra of molecules oriented in liquid crystals provide homo‐ and heteronuclear dipolar couplings and thereby the geometry of the molecules. Several inequivalent dilute spins such as 13C and 15N coupled to protons form different coupled spin systems in their natural abundance and appear as satellites in the proton spectra. Identification of transitions belonging to each spin system is essential to determine heteronuclear dipolar couplings, which is a formidable task. In the present study, using 15N1H and 13C1H HSQC, and HMQC experiments we have selectively detected spectra of each rare spin coupled to protons. The 15N1H and 13C1H dipolar couplings have been determined in the natural abundance of 13C and 15N for the molecules pyrazine, pyrimidine and pyridazine oriented in a thermotropic liquid crystal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing the ratio of two convex functions over a convex set
Authors: Benson Harold P.
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this article is to present an algorithm for globally maximizing the ratio of two convex functions f and g over a convex set X. To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm to be proposed for globally solving this problem. The algorithm uses a branch and bound search to guarantee that a global optimal solution is found. While it does not require the functions f and g to be differentiable, it does require that subgradients of g can be calculated efficiently. The main computational effort of the algorithm involves solving a sequence of subproblems that can be solved by convex programming methods. When X is polyhedral, these subproblems can be solved by linear programming procedures. Because of these properties, the algorithm offers a potentially attractive means for globally maximizing ratios of convex functions over convex sets. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Working together: Lessons learned from school, family, and community collaborations
Authors: Cohen Robert , Linker Julie A. , Stutts Liza
Published: March 2006

Recent advances in treatment modalities and the manner in which services are organized have made it possible to serve children with severe emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) in a more responsive and less restrictive manner. Current approaches rely on collaboration among child‐serving agencies as well as between parents and service providers. In this article, we explore the role of schools in collaborative efforts on behalf of children with EBD. The demands on school personnel in local school districts are examined, the elements required for effective collaboration are articulated, and an exemplary model of comprehensive collaboration is described. Impediments to effective collaboration are summarized, and suggestions for how to create and sustain reliable partnerships are offered at the level of individual provider and child‐serving organization. Attention is given to contextual factors, such as financing and organizational structure, and also to programmatic issues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 419–428, 2006.
Reactive attachment disorder: Implications for school readiness and school functioning
Authors: Schwartz Eric , Davis Andrew S.
Published: March 2006

School readiness and functioning in children diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) are important issues due to the dramatic impact RAD has on multiple areas of development. The negative impact of impaired or disrupted early relationships, characterized by extreme neglect, abuse, parental mental illness, domestic violence, and repeated changes in caregivers is examined. A key component of social and emotional development is self‐regulation, which is a critical variable in school readiness and is often impaired in children with RAD. Highlighted topics include the academic and school areas which may exacerbate attachment disturbances as well as ways in which teachers and other school professionals can encourage the development of more productive relationships. Interventions are provided which lead to greater success in school for these children. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 471–479, 2006.
Personal fables, narcissism, and adolescent adjustment
Authors: Aalsma Matthew C. , Lapsley Daniel K. , Flannery Daniel J.
Published: March 2006

The relationship among three personal fables (omnipotence,invulnerability,personal uniqueness), narcissism, and mental health variables was assessed in a large, cross‐sectional sample of adolescents drawn from Grades 6 (n= 94), 8 (n= 223), 10 (n= 142), and 12 (n= 102). Participants responded to the New Personal Fable Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Children's Depression Inventory, three indices of suicidal ideation, an inventory of delinquent risk behaviors, the Global Self‐Worth scales from the Self‐Perception Profiles for Children and for Adolescents, and two subscales from the Self‐Image Questionnaire for Young Adolescents. The results showed that omnipotence and narcissism strongly counterindicated internalizing symptomatology, and were robust predictors of positive mental health and adjustment. Invulnerability was strongly associated with risk behaviors. Personal uniqueness was strongly associated with depression and suicidal ideation, a relationship that increased with age. Hence, personal fable ideation is a multidimensional construct with differential implications for adolescent mental health. Adolescent fables of invulnerability and personal uniqueness are risk factors for externalizing and internalizing symptoms, respectively, while “narcissistic omnipotence” is associated with competence. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 481–491, 2006.
The neuropsychological basis of childhood psychopathology
Authors: Davis Andrew S.
Published: March 2006

A clear link exists between neurological dysfunction and psychopathology in children, as evidenced by research on the sequelae of developmental childhood brain impairment, the neuropsychological investigation of children with psychiatric disorders, and neuroimaging research. Understanding the neuropsychological basis of a disorder helps teachers, parents, and children better understand the etiology of the disorder and guide classroom interventions. Additionally, identifying morphological markers of childhood mental disorders may lead to earlier and more successful interventions. This article reviews the neuropsychological relationships between brain impairment and childhood mental disorders as well as investigates the biological basis for some common childhood disorders seen in the schools. Emphasis is placed upon the underlying neurological and neuropsychological deficits that constitute disorders, and implications for practitioners are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 503–512, 2006.
Synthesis and radical polymerization behavior of bifunctional vinyl monomer derived from N‐vinylacetamide and p‐chloromethylstyrene
Authors: Iwamura Takeru , Nakagawa Tomoyuki , Endo Takeshi
Published: March 2006

The radical polymerization of N‐(p‐vinylbenzyl)‐N‐vinylacetamide (1) prepared by the reaction of N‐vinylacetamide with p‐chloromethylstyrene was carried out by using radical initiators such as AIBN or BPO in benzene, chlorobenzene, or bulk. As a result, poly 1 was successfully isolated by dialysis (yield, 10–36%). The crosslinking reaction of poly 1 was carried out at 60–100 °C for 8 h. By using a radical initiator such as AIBN or BPO (3 mol %), the crosslinking reaction proceeded (yield, 63–79%). Moreover, the crosslinking reaction of poly 1 proceeded at 100 °C without a radical initiator in 50% yield. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2714–2723, 2006
Nanostructured latexes made by a sequential multistage emulsion polymerization
Authors: Lee D. I.
Published: March 2006

A series of linear and lightly crosslinked nanostructured latices was prepared by a sequential multistage semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process alternating styrene (S) and n‐butyl acrylate (BA) monomer feeds five times, that is ten stages, and vice versa, along with several control latices. Transmission electron micrographs of the RuO4‐stained cross sections of nanostructured and copolymer latex particles and films showed that their particle morphologies were not very different from each other, but the nanostructured latex particles were transformed into a nanocomposite film containing both polystyrene (PS) and poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBA) nanodomains interconnected by their diffuse polymer mixtures (i.e. interlayers). The thermal mechanical behaviors of the nanostructured latex films showed broad but single Tgs slightly higher than those of their counterpart copolymer films. These single Tgs indicated that their major component phases were the diffuse interlayers and that they behaved like pseudopolymer alloys. The minimum film formation temperatures of nanostructured latices capped with PBA and PS, respectively, were 15 °C lower than and equal to those of their counterpart copolymer latices, but their Tgs were about 10 °C higher. Consequently, nanostructured latices enabled us to combine good film formation with high strengths for adhesives and coatings applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2826–2836, 2006
Synthesis and properties of poly(carbonate‐urethane) consisting of alternating carbonate and urethane moieties
Authors: Ochiai Bungo , Amemiya Haruka , Yamazaki Hiroki , Endo Takeshi
Published: March 2006

Poly(carbonate‐urethane) consisting of alternating carbonate and urethane moieties (poly(HC‐MDI)) was prepared by polyaddition of 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and a monocarbonate diol bis(3‐hydroxypropyl)carbonate (HC), prepared by hydrolysis of a six‐membered spiroorthocarbonate 1,5,7,11‐tetraoxa‐spiro[5.5]undecane. The polyaddition proceeds without concomitant side reactions including carbonate exchange reaction and affords the desired poly(carbonate‐urethane). The hydrolysis and thermal behaviors of poly(HC‐MDI) were compared with those of the analogous polyurethane carrying no carbonate structure (poly(ND‐MDI)) prepared from MDI and 1,9‐nonanediol (ND). Although the glass transition behaviors are almost identical, poly(HC‐MDI) is less crystalline than poly(ND‐MDI). Poly(HC‐MDI) is more susceptible to hydrolysis than poly(ND‐MDI) probably due to the higher polarity and the lower crystallinity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2802–2808, 2006
Inherently safer technology: An evolutionary approach
Authors: Overton Tim , King George M.
Published: March 2006

As a long‐time advocate of inherently safer technologies, Dow has a rich history of designing chemical processes that meet intrinsic standards for safety. Inherently safer technologies are not, however, a panacea for safe operations or site security. Inherent safety must be complementary with other risk reduction strategies and is just one resource in our risk management arsenal. Effective use of this and other strategies helps Dow uphold the stringent safety standards set by our company and the chemical industry, and contribute to the industry's reputation as being one of the safest in the world. Dow applies inherently safer technologies whenever possible during the life cycle of a process. Over time, this can result in an evolutionary approach where a process is made inherently safer by a number of incremental changes. This article includes the important lessons learned regarding the application of inherent safety. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Polycrystalline silicon thin‐film solar cells on various substrates
Authors: Wang Wenjing , Xu Ying , Shen Hui
Published: March 2006

Thin‐film polycrystalline silicon solar cells have been fabricated on various substrates, such as inactive P++mono‐crystalline silicon substrates, p++mono‐Si substrates covered by thermally oxidized SiO2and ceramic substrates by means of a rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition (RTCVD) technique. Zone melting recrystallization (ZMR) was applied in the process in order to enlarge the grain size of the deposited silicon thin film. The deposition conditions were studied. The scanning rate of the ZMR process was investigated. The best conversion efficiency of 15.12% (AM1.5G, 24.5 °C) has been achieved on inactive P++mono‐crystalline silicon substrates without cell surface texture and 10.21% (AM1.5, 24.5 °C) on p++c‐Si substrates covered by thermally oxidized SiO2with the cell area of 1.07 cm2. The polycrystalline silicon thin film was also deposited on Al2O3substrates by a RTCVD process. A simple ZMR process was used without any intermediate layer and cap layers. The maximum grain size of the silicon thin film was about one millimeter in width and a few millimeters in length after ZMR. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)