bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The benefits of eHRM and AI for talent acquisition
Authors: Johnson Richard D. , Stone Dianna L. , Lukaszewski Kimberly M.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The hospitality and tourism industry faces a number of workforce challenges, especially the high turnover rates and associated replacement costs associated with continually identifying and hiring new employees. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how hospitality and tourism organizations can use electronic human resource management (eHRM) and artificial intelligence (AI) to help recruit and select qualified employees, increase individual retention rates and decrease the time needed to replace employees. Specifically, it discusses how e-recruiting and e-selection and AI tools can help hospitality and tourism organizations improve recruiting and selection outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

Research on eHRM, AI, employee recruitment and employee selection are applied to the hospitality and tourism industry and insights for how eHRM and AI can be applied to the industry are discussed.

Findings

eHRM and AI have the potential to transform how the hospitality and tourism industry recruit and select employees. However, care must be taken to ensure that the insights gained and the decisions made are well received by employees and lead to better employee and organizational outcomes.

Research limitations/implications

This paper represents the first research that integrates research from eHRM and AI and applies it to the hospitality and tourism industry.

Originality/value

This paper represents the first research that integrates research from eHRM and AI and applies it to the hospitality and tourism industry.
The HR analytics cycle: a seven-step process for building evidence-based and ethical HR analytics capabilities
Authors: Falletta Salvatore V. , Combs Wendy L.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to explore the meaning of Human Resources (HR) analytics and introduce the HR analytics cycle as a proactive and systematic process for ethically gathering, analyzing, communicating and using evidence-based HR research and analytical insights to help organizations achieve their strategic objectives.

Design/methodology/approach

Conceptual review of the current state and meaning of HR analytics. Using the HR analytics cycle as a framework, the authors describe a seven-step process for building evidence-based and ethical HR analytics capabilities.

Findings

HR analytics is a nascent discipline and there are a multitude of monikers and competing definitions. With few exceptions, these definitions lack emphasis on evidence-based practice (i.e. the use of scientific research findings in adopting HR practices), ethical practice (i.e. ethically gathering and using HR data and insights) and the role of broader HR research and experimentation. More importantly, there are no practical models or frameworks available to help guide HR leaders and practitioners in doing HR analytics work.

Practical implications

The HR analytics cycle encompasses a broader range of HR analytics practices and data sources including HR research and experimentation in the context of social, behavioral and organizational science.

Originality/value

This paper introduces the HR analytics cycle as a practical seven-step approach for making HR analytics work in organizations.
High-performance work systems and job performance: the mediating role of social identity, social climate and empowerment in Chinese banks
Authors: Bartram Timothy , Cooper Brian , Cooke Fang Lee , Wang Jue
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Despite the utility of social identity and social climate theories in explaining individual and group behaviour within organizations, little research has been conducted on how these approaches interconnect to explain the way high-performance work systems (HPWSs) may increase job performance. This study extends one’s understanding of the human resource management (HRM)–performance relationship by examining the interconnections between these disparate social approaches within the Chinese banking context.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on a sample of 561 employees working across 62 bank branches in China, the authors test four hypotheses: (1) HPWS is positively related to social climate; (2) social climate mediates the relationship between HPWS and social identification; (3) psychological empowerment mediates the relationship between social identification and job performance; and (4) social climate, social identification and psychological empowerment sequentially mediate the relationship between HPWS and job performance. Data were collected over two waves and job (in-role) performance was rated by managers.

Findings

The authors confirm the four hypotheses. Social climate, social identification and psychological empowerment sequentially mediate the relationship between HPWS and job performance.

Research limitations/implications

This study contains some limitations. First, the authors’ research sites were focussed on one main region in state-owned banks in China. Second, this study examined only one industry with a relatively homogeneous workforce (i.e. relatively young and highly educated employees).

Practical implications

HPWS may translate into individual performance through a supportive social climate in which staff identify themselves with their work team. This suggests that organizations should pay close attention to understanding how their HPWS system can foster a strong social climate to enhance employee identification at the work group level. Second, as the nature of work is becoming increasingly more complex and interdependent, enabling not just individuals but also work groups to function effectively, it is critical for departments and work groups to promote a collective understanding of HRM messages with shared values and goals.

Originality/value

This research contributes towards a more comprehensive understanding of the HRM–performance chain as a complex social process underpinned by social identity theory. The authors demonstrate that social identification and social climate both play an important role in explaining how HPWS positively affects psychological empowerment and subsequent job performance.
Adopting a modified Delphi technique for revisiting the curriculum: a useful approach during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rajhans Vidyut , Rege Sumita , Memon Usman , Shinde Amit
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe a participatory qualitative research project using the Delphi consensus technique aided by Internet technology for successful transition of academic endeavors during and the post COVID era. The study aimed to derive a holistic competency matrix for an optometry program for transformation of the program to competency-based education.

Design/methodology/approach

This study combined a scoping review of literature for developing a baseline competency framework, along with derivation of an E-Delphi consensus within a panel of diverse stakeholders to achieve the objective of plotting a detailed competency matrix.

Findings

The involvement of all stakeholders of educational system in Delphi study resulted in a valid and all-inclusive competency framework with 18 competency units and 97 competency elements. This framework provided a strong base for redesigning pedagogy and assessment methods during COVID-19 crisis.

Practical implications

The paper highlights the feasibility and utility of adopting a participatory approach during COVID-19 outbreak. The Delphi technique aided by Internet technology was employed to develop a competency-based curriculum.

Social implications

The paper narrates a suitable, feasible and scientific method for rapid transition in academia, following the restrictions and social distancing norms imposed during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Originality/value

Although there is good evidence for use of the Delphi technique in curriculum development, this paper adds value by focusing on a participatory approach in using it. The suggested method here shows ways to gain optimum scientific output with minimum resources in constrained situations such as COVID-19 crisis.
Factors determining bank deposit growth in Turkey: an empirical analysis
Authors: Yakubu Ibrahim Nandom , Abokor Aziza Hashi
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the key factors determining bank deposit growth in Turkey for the period 2000Q1–2016Q4.

Design/methodology/approach

The study employs the autoregressive distributed lag approach to investigate the effect of bank-level and macroeconomic factors on deposit growth.

Findings

The results reveal that bank stability, banking sector efficiency, broad money supply, economic growth, and inflation are significant determinants of deposit growth in the long run. The findings further show that in the short run, only branch expansion and broad money supply are relevant for bank deposit mobilization.

Originality/value

This paper departs from the extant empirical studies that focus on the determinants of individual savings behaviour in Turkey. Considering the short- and long-run time dimensions, the authors distinctively examine how bank characteristics influence deposit growth, thus presenting a relatively pioneering attempt in this context.
Is household registration system responsible for the limited participation of stock market in China?
Authors: Liu Yulin , Zhang Min
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the effect of China’s unique household registration system (hukou) on stock market participation.

Design/methodology/approach

In an effort to estimate the effect of hukou on households' financial behavior, we draw on data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and use probit model and tobit model to test the effect of hukou on households stock market participation.

Findings

The results are with strong interpretative power over the limited participation of stock market in China-investors living in urban areas with urban hukou are more likely to participate in stock markets and allocate a larger fraction of financial assets to stocks and remarkably robust to a battery of robustness checks. The dual structure of social security caused by the household registration system could explain this result. Furthermore, marriage plays such a role of integrating social resources attached to hukou that only the marriage of individuals with urban hukou could significantly promote households' participation in the stock market. For married families, a household in which both husband and wife have urban hukou has a greater possibility to invest in stocks relative to those with rural hukou.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the literature in two ways. First, much literature focuses on the stock market limited participation puzzle and gives explanations from the perspectives of individual heterogeneity and financial markets. This paper examines the effect of hukou. Such an idea is instructive to some developing countries where residents are treated differently because of the institutional reason. Second, the effects we find are economically meaningful. Our estimates indicate that medical insurance attached to hukou can explain almost 58% of the impact of hukou, which suggests that the key to reforming China's current household registration system is to make welfare separate from hukou. Moreover, homogamy based on hukou widens the gap of households' risky assets, which provides a new view to understand the income gap in the cities of China and the heterogeneous effect of marriage on stock market participation.
Experimental verification of robust topology optimization for compliant mechanism
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Luo Zhenxian , Geng Xinyu
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper is to present an experiment to verify that the motion errors of robust topology optimization results of compliant mechanisms are insensitive to load dispersion.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the test pieces of deterministic optimization and robust optimization results are manufactured by the combination of three-dimensional (3D) printing and casting techniques. To measure the displacement of the test piece of compliant mechanism, a displacement measurement method based on the image recognition technique is proposed in this paper.

Findings

According to the experimental data analysis, the robust topology optimization results of compliant mechanisms are less sensitive to uncertainties, comparing with the deterministic optimization results.

Originality/value

An experiment is presented to verify the effectiveness of robust topology optimization for compliant mechanisms. The test pieces of deterministic optimization and robust optimization results are manufactured by the combination of 3D printing and casting techniques. By comparing the experimental data, it is found that the motion errors of robust topology optimization results of compliant mechanisms are insensitive to load dispersion.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of double-wire feed GTA additive manufactured 308L stainless steel
Authors: Ke Yang , Xiong Jun
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce a novel concept of a double-wire feed (DWF) to alleviate heat accumulation and improve the cooling rate of the molten pool in gas tungsten arc (GTA)-based additive manufacturing (AM), in which the former wire is fed into the arc and the latter wire is melt by the molten pool.

Design/methodology/approach

The microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of 308 L stainless steel components built by single-wire feed (SWF) AM and DWF-AM are compared, and the differences are analyzed in detail.

Findings

The microstructures for both wire feeding modes include δ and γ phases. Compared with the SWF-AM, the sample fabricated in the DWF-AM exhibits finer microstructure, and the microstructure in the middle region is transformed from columnar grains to cellular grains. Microhardness of the sample produced in the DWF-AM is higher than the SWF-AM. In comparison to the SWF-AM, the tensile strength of the specimen fabricated using the DWF-AM reaches 571 MPa and increases by 16.14%.

Originality/value

This study proposes a novel concept of the DWF-AM to reduce heat accumulation as well as enhance the cooling rate of the molten pool, and improved mechanical properties of the 308 L stainless steel component are obtained.
The formation of intermetallic layer structure of SAC405/Cu and SAC405/ENImAg solder joint interfaces
Authors: Mohamed Anuar Rabiatul Adawiyah , Osman Saliza Azlina
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The surface finish is an essential step in printed circuit boards design because it provides a solderable surface for electronic components. The purpose of this study to investigate the effects of different surface finishes during the soldering and ageing process.

Design/methodology/approach

The solder joints of Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu/electroless nickel/immersion silver (ENImAg) were investigated in terms of intermetallic (IMC) thickness, morphology and shear strength. The microstructure and compositions of solder joints are observed, and analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and optical microscope (OM).

Findings

Compounds of Cu6Sn5 and (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 IMC were formed in SAC405/Cu and SAC405/ENImAg, respectively, as-reflowed. When the sample was exposed to ageing, new layers of Cu3Sn and (Ni, Cu)3Sn5 were observed at the interface. Analogous growth in the thickness of the IMC layer and increased grains size commensurate with ageing time. The results equally revealed an increase in shear strength of SAC405/ENImAg because of the thin layer of IMC and surface finish used compared to SAC405/Cu. Hence, a ductile fracture was observed at the bulk solder. Overall, the ENImAg surface finish showed excellent performance of solder joints than that of bare Cu.

Originality/value

The novel surface finish (ENImAg) has been developed and optimized. This alternative lead-free surface finish solved the challenges in electroless nickel/immersion gold and reduced cost without affecting the performance.
Cerebral palsy: Aetiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions
Authors: Upadhyay Jyoti , Tiwari Nidhi , Ansari Mohd Nazam
Published: July 2020

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common non‐progressive neurodevelopmental disorder in which the impairment of motor and posture functions occurs. This condition may be present in many different clinical spectra. Various aetiological and risk factors play a crucial role in the causation of CP. In various cases, the causes of CP may not be apparent. Interruption in the supply of oxygen to the fetus or brain asphyxia was considered to be the main causative factor explaining CP. Antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors could be involved in the origin of CP. Understanding its pathophysiology is also crucial for developing preventive and protective strategies. A major advancement in the brain stimulation techniques has emerged as a promising status in diagnostic and interventional approaches. This review provides a brief explanation about the various aetiological factors, pathophysiology, and recent therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cerebral palsy.
Comparison of the antipathogenic effect toward Staphylococcus aureus of N‐linked and free oligosaccharides derived from human, bovine, and goat milk
Authors: Yue Haiyun , Han Yuanyuan , Yin Binru , Cheng Cheng , Liu Li
Published: July 2020

N‐linked oligosaccharides (N‐glycans) derived from milk were recently found to be antipathogenic. This study compares the antimicrobial activity of N‐linked glycans and free oligosaccharides from human, bovine, and goat milk against Staphylococcus aureus. Milk N‐glycans showed a bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect on the pathogen when compared to free milk oligosaccharides, evidenced by the clear zone from the halo assay, with the order of human milk >goat milk >bovine milk. None of the free milk oligosaccharide samples were bactericidal/bacteriostatic, despite its positive results in growth curve and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays which are believed to be related to hyperosmosis. Both N‐glycans and free milk oligosaccharides can reduce the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Caco‐2 cells, however, N‐glycans worked significantly more effective than free milk oligosaccharides. Structural analysis of all free oligosaccharide and N‐glycan samples showed the obvious interspecies differences, and the structure/function relationship of the respected N‐glycans is of interest for future study. The significant bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity possessed by human, bovine, and goat milk N‐linked glycans holds great potential as a novel substitute for antibiotics.
Clinical features of Japanese systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients negative for SSc‐related autoantibodies: A single‐center retrospective study
Authors: Miyake Miho , Matsushita Takashi , Takehara Kazuhiko , Hamaguchi Yasuhito
Published: July 2020

Objective

To examine the clinical features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients negative for SSc‐related autoantibodies (autoAbs).

Methods

Serum samples were collected from 546 SSc patients. The presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) was screened by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining using HEp‐2 cells. SSc‐related autoantibodies were identified by specific IIF staining, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, or immunoprecipitation assay. Clinical features were analyzed among patients negative for ANA/SSc‐related autoAbs, anticentromere Abs (ACA), anti‐topoisomerase I (anti‐topo I) Abs, and anti‐RNA polymerase (anti‐RNAP) Abs.

Results

Of the 546 SSc patients, 26 (4.8%) were negative for ANA and 29 (5.3%) were ANA‐positive but negative for SSc‐related autoAbs. Regarding clinical features, patients negative for ANA/SSc‐related autoAbs (n = 55) had a significantly shorter disease duration, higher proportion of the diffuse type, contracture of phalanges, diffuse pigmentation, higher modified Rodnan total skin thickness score (mRSS), and lower incidence of telangiectasia than those with ACA (n = 224). On the other hand, younger disease onset, lower mRSS, and lower incidence of scleroderma renal crisis were observed in patients negative for ANA/SSc‐related autoAbs than in those with anti‐RNAP Abs (n = 52). Although pitting scars were less common in patients negative for ANA/SSc‐related autoAbs than in those with anti‐topo I Abs (n = 144), their clinical features were similar.

Conclusion

Patients negative for ANA/SSc‐related autoAbs form a clinically distinct subset among SSc patients.
Autophagy regulates the localization and degradation of p16INK4a
Authors: Coryell Philip R. , Goraya Supreet K. , Griffin Katherine A. , Redick Margaret A. , Sisk Samuel R. , Purvis Jeremy E.
Published: July 2020

The tumor suppressor protein p16INK4a (p16) is a well‐established hallmark of aging that induces cellular senescence in response to stress. Previous studies have focused primarily on p16 regulation at the transcriptional level; comparatively little is known about the protein's intracellular localization and degradation. The autophagy–lysosomal pathway has been implicated in the subcellular trafficking and turnover of various stress‐response proteins and has also been shown to attenuate age‐related pathologies, but it is unclear whether p16 is involved in this pathway. Here, we investigate the role of autophagy, vesicular trafficking, and lysosomal degradation on p16 expression and localization in human epithelial cells. Time‐lapse fluorescence microscopy using an endogenous p16‐mCherry reporter revealed that serum starvation, etoposide, and hydrogen peroxide stimulate autophagy and drive p16 recruitment to acidic cytoplasmic vesicles within 4 hr. Blocking lysosomal proteases with leupeptin and ammonium chloride resulted in the accumulation of p16 within lysosomes and increased total p16 levels suggesting that p16 is degraded by this pathway. Furthermore, autophagy blockers chloroquine and bafilomycin A1 caused p16 aggregation within stalled vesicles containing autophagosome marker LC3. Increase of p16 within these vesicles coincided with the accumulation of LC3‐II. Knockdown of autophagosome chaperone p62 attenuated the formation of p16 aggregates in lysosomes, suggesting that p16 is targeted to these vesicles by p62. Taken together, these results implicate the autophagy pathway as a novel regulator of p16 degradation and localization, which could play a role in the etiology of cancer and age‐related diseases.
Effects of disclosed audit sanctions on audit firm’s market share in Italy and Spain
Authors: Azzali Stefano , Mazza Tatiana , Alberto Fernanda
Published: July 2020

We use neo‐institutional theory to investigate the effect of disclosed audit sanctions on change in audit firm market share. Using hand‐collected data from public oversight board sanctions on audit firms in Italy and Spain, we show that disclosed audit sanctions have a negative effect on change in audit firm market share. Moreover, we find that for Big4, severe disclosed audit sanctions have a greater negative effect. We contribute to the literature on public oversight authorities, showing that through disclosing audit sanctions, they help investors to select higher quality auditors, who are able to avoid sanctions and charge a market share premium.
Internal governance and innovation
Authors: Xie Sujuan , Chen Yujiang , Liu Yunguo
Published: July 2020

Internal governance is the monitoring of a CEO by immediate subordinate executives with different career horizons. In this paper, we examine the role of internal governance on corporate innovation. Conducting a study of privately owned firms listed in China, we find that internal governance significantly increases firms’ innovation investment, but we uncover little evidence that it affects innovation quality as indicated by patents. We further discuss that a possible channel for increased innovation investment is enhanced decision‐making quality. Regarding the quality of innovation, executives’ knowledge plays a larger role than internal governance. In sum, this study provides evidence about the innovation consequences of internal governance in China’s weak internal governance culture.
Long‐lasting contact dermatitis in patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis
Authors: García‐Souto Fernando , Lorente‐Lavirgen Ana Isabel , Bernabéu‐Wittel José , Rojas Carmen , Lorente Rafael
Published: July 2020

Background

The aetiology of contact dermatitis, a common inflammatory skin disorder, is often complex and multifactorial.

Objectives

To describe the characteristics of patients with contact dermatitis who also have concomitant atopic dermatitis or psoriasis.

Methods

Between 2000 and 2011, adult patients with chronic contact dermatitis (six months or more), which also had concomitant atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, were recruited for a descriptive retrospective study in a tertiary care Spanish hospital. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used for the analysis of the collected data.

Results

76 patients with atopic dermatitis and 130 with psoriasis were recruited. The most frequent site of contact dermatitis in both groups was the hands. The most frequent clinically relevant allergen in both groups was nickel sulphate. According to multivariate logistic regression, a statistically significant association was found between facial contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (adjusted OR 0.2 95% CI: 0.05–0.8; P = 0.022). No differences were found between the groups for patch test results (adjusted OR 0.6 CI 95%: 0.3–1.3; P = 0.194).

Conclusions

Although the number of patients was limited, our results provide valuable insight on the behaviour of contact dermatitis in patients with atopic dermatitis and with psoriasis. Facial contact dermatitis was positively associated with atopic dermatitis. No differences were found with respect to rates of contact hypersensitivity or positivity to different allergens.
Comparison of two models to estimate genetic parameters for number of born alive in pigs
Authors: Konta Ayane , Ogawa Shinichiro , Kimata Makoto , Ishii Kazuo , Uemoto Yoshinobu , Satoh Masahiro
Published: July 2020

The performance of the two‐trait animal model that regards the first parity and later parities as two different traits in estimating genetic parameters for number of born alive (NBA) was examined using real and simulated data. Genetic parameters for NBA were estimated in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs using a single‐trait repeatability model (Model 1) that regards all parities as the same trait and a two‐trait animal model (Model 2) that regards the first and the later parities as different traits. For Model 2, the permanent environmental effect was fitted to only the records of the later parities. Heritability for NBA estimated using Model 1 was 0.12 for Landrace and 0.11 for Large White. Estimated heritability for NBA of the first parity and the later parities was 0.21 and 0.16, respectively, for Landrace; 0.18 and 0.16, respectively, for Large White obtained using Model 2, and higher than those in both breeds obtained using Model 1. Further results based on data simulated using the Monte Carlo method suggest that estimated additive genetic variance could be more biased using Model 2 than Model 1.
Incidence of presenting complaints and diagnoses in insured Australian dogs
Authors: Wolf S , Selinger J , Ward MP , Santos‐Smith P , Awad M , Fawcett A
Published: July 2020

Knowledge of the most common presenting complaints and diagnoses in companion animals is valuable in preparing veterinary students and veterinarians to manage the most frequently observed conditions in clinical practice. Pet insurance databases provide access to large sample populations and have been previously used to describe disease incidence in companion animals. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of presenting complaints and diagnoses in insured Australian dogs through the use of a pet insurance database. Analysis of a de‐identified dataset containing pet insurance claims associated with presenting complaints and diagnoses from 488,472 insured Australian dogs insured in the years 2016 and 2017, was performed. Annual incidence rates of presenting complaints and diagnoses were calculated and expressed as, number of events per 1,000 dog years at risk. The presenting complaints with the highest incidence were vomiting (14.21 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2016, 15.80 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2017) and pruritus (8.79 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2016, 10.30 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2017). Presenting complaints affecting the gastrointestinal system were the most common (19.20 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2016, 20.77 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2017). The diagnoses with the highest incidence were otitis externa (34.12 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2016, 34.82 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2017) and dermatitis (28.05 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2016, 29.99 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2017). Diagnoses affecting the integument were the most common (216.56 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2016, 219.06 events per 1,000 dog years at risk in 2017). The results from this study can aid in the design of relevant veterinary curricula and may be helpful in prioritising research on common clinical conditions.
The role of achievement emotions in primary school mathematics: Control–value antecedents and achievement outcomes
Authors: Putwain David W. , Schmitz Eva A. , Wood Peter , Pekrun Reinhard
Published: July 2020

Background

Appraisals of control and value are proposed as proximal antecedents of achievement emotions, which, in turn, predict achievement. Relatively few studies have investigated how control and value may interact to determine achievement emotions, or subsequent achievement mediated by emotions.

Aim

To examine whether control, value, and their interaction predicted mathematics test score directly, and indirectly, mediated by three salient achievement emotions: enjoyment, boredom, and anxiety.

Method

Data were collected from 1,298 primary schoolchildren. Participants completed self‐report measures of control, value (i.e., intrinsic, attainment, and utility), and achievement emotions (i.e., enjoyment, boredom, and anxiety), in the context of mathematics. Participants then undertook a curriculum‐based mathematics test in class.

Results

Higher control and value were related to a higher mathematics test score directly, and indirectly, mediated via higher enjoyment and lower anxiety. The interaction of control and intrinsic value predicted mathematics test score directly, and indirectly, mediated via enjoyment.

Conclusion

Intrinsic value amplified the direct positive relation between control and mathematics test score. Intrinsic value also protected mathematics test scores at lower levels of control indirectly, through higher enjoyment. Helping students to maximize control and value will be beneficial for their learning experience and outcomes.
Antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of BDB, a selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, from Rhodomela confervoides
Authors: Luo Jiao , Zheng Meiling , Jiang Bo , Li Chao , Guo Shuju , Wang Lijun , Li Xiangqian , Yu Rilei , Shi Dayong
Published: July 2020

Background and Purpose

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B (PTP1B) plays a critical role in the regulation of obesity, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. However, drug candidates exhibiting PTP1B selectivity and oral bioavailability are currently lacking. Here, the enzyme inhibitory characteristics and pharmacological benefits of 3‐bromo‐4,5‐bis(2,3‐dibromo‐4,5‐dihydroxybenzyl)‐1,2‐benzenediol (BDB) were investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Experimental Approach

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay was performed to validate the direct binding of BDB to PTP1B, and Lineweaver–Burk analysis of the enzyme kinetics was used to characterise the inhibition by BDB. Both in vitro enzyme‐inhibition assays and SPR experiments were also conducted to study the selectivity exhibited by BDB towards four other PTP‐family proteins: TC‐PTP, SHP‐1, SHP‐2, and LAR. C2C12 myotubes were used to evaluate cellular permeability to BDB. Effects of BDB on insulin signalling, hypoglycaemia and hypolipidaemia were investigated in diabetic BKS db mice, after oral gavage. The beneficial effects of BDB on pancreatic islets were examined based on insulin and/or glucagon staining.

Key Results

BDB acted as a competitive inhibitor of PTP1B and demonstrated high selectivity for PTP1B among the tested PTP‐family proteins. Moreover, BDB was cell‐permeable and enhanced insulin signalling in C2C12 myotubes. Lastly, oral administration of BDB produced effective antidiabetic effects in spontaneously diabetic mice and markedly improved islet architecture, which was coupled with an increase in the ratio of β‐cells to α‐cells.

Conclusion and Implications

BDB application offers a potentially practical pharmacological approach for treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus by selectively inhibiting PTP1B.
Transition rather than balance: Organizing constraints for collective creativity in pharmaceutical development
Authors: Vogelgsang Lukas
Published: July 2020

When it comes to organizing for collective creativity, management scholars typically advise balancing between constraint and freedom. However, this suggestion to balance is often too enigmatic in practice, neglects the dynamics inherent in creative processes, and predominantly highlights the inhibiting aspects of constraints. Thus, the present article aims to rethink this balancing proposition by asking how constraints unfold during collective creative processes. Based on four cases of pharmaceutical development, it illustrates how collective creativity is enabled by constraints from two distinct sources, namely restraint and contingency. The article further shows how and why these constraint sources alternate along the development trajectory. While constraints can enable collective creativity, phases of constraint transition are eventually necessary to revitalize the development process. Building upon these findings, the article concludes that organizing constraints for collective creativity is a matter of transition rather than balance.
GSP expiration and declining exports from developing countries
Authors: Hakobyan Shushanik
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates whether the 2011 expiration of the most comprehensive trade preference program (Generalized System of Preferences or GSP) offered by the US had a detrimental impact on the exports from developing countries. The effect of GSP expiration is examined with a triple difference‐in‐differences estimation that controls for both country‐ and product‐level export changes. Even though the duties collected during the period of expiration are ultimately refunded after GSP is reauthorized, the findings of this paper suggest that the expiration of GSP had a considerable impact on the level of exports to the US. On average exports dropped by 3% in 2011, with exports of agricultural products and textiles and clothing declining as much as 5% and 9%, respectively. The decline is increasing in the tariff rates and rates of utilization. The effect appears to be persistent over time as exports do not fully recover by 2012. The 2011 expiration is also found to be similar in magnitude to the 1995–1996 and 2013–2015 expirations, the longest episodes of expiration in the history of the GSP.

Résumé.

Suspension du SGP et baisse des exportations en provenance des pays en voie de développement. Cet article cherche à déterminer si la suspension en 2011 du Système Généralisé de Préférences (SGP) proposé par les États‐Unis eut des conséquences négatives sur les exportations en provenance des pays en voie de développement. Nous étudions l’effet de la suspension du SGP grâce à une estimation basée sur la méthode des triples différences tenant compte des changements en matière d’exportation, à la fois au niveau des produits mais aussi des pays. Même si les droits perçus au cours de la période d’interruption du SGP furent finalement restitués au moment de sa réintroduction, les conclusions de cet article suggèrent que la suspension du SGP engendra des répercussions considérables quant au niveau des exportations vers les États‐Unis. En moyenne, les exportations chutèrent de 3% en 2011; les exportations de produits agricoles et les exportations de textiles et de vêtements chutèrent quant à elles de 5% et 9% respectivement. Cette baisse entraîna une hausse des droits de douane et des taux d’utilisation. Ces effets semblent persister dans le temps puisque les exportations en 2012 ne retrouvèrent pas totalement les niveaux antérieurs. Il apparaît que la suspension du SGP en 2011 fut de même ampleur que les interruptions de 1995–1996 et de 2013–2015, les plus longues de l’histoire du SGP.
Feeding During Infancy: Interpersonal Behavior, Physiology, and Obesity Risk
Authors: Hodges Eric A. , Propper Cathi B. , Estrem Hayley , Schultz Michael B.
Published: July 2020

Infancy is a sensitive developmental period that presents both opportunities and challenges for caregivers to feed their infants in ways that support healthy growth and development. The capacity to eat in a way that supports energy (caloric) intake aligned with the body’s physiologic need for growth and development appear to diminish in the years following infancy, but the reasons for this and whether this is developmentally typical are unclear. Feeding interactions that undermine infants’ ability to regulate their intake in response to hunger and satiety are thought to confer risk for obesity in infancy and beyond. In this integrative review, we consider what we know about the emergence of self‐regulation of behavior and emotion from both a behavioral and a physiological perspective. Then, we apply this information to our emerging understanding of how self‐regulation of energy intake may be derailed through feeding interactions between caregivers and infants.
European expert consensus on a structured approach to training robotic‐assisted low anterior resection using performance metrics
Authors: Tou S. , Gómez Ruiz M. , Gallagher A. G. , Matzel K. E. ,   the ESCP ASPIRE collaborative
Published: July 2020

Aim

The aim was to develop and operationally define ‘performance metrics’ that characterize a reference approach to robotic‐assisted low anterior resection (RA‐LAR) and to obtain face and content validity through a consensus meeting.

Method

Three senior colorectal surgeons with robotic experience and a senior behavioural scientist formed the Metrics Group. We used published guidelines, training materials, manufacturers’ instructions and unedited videos of RA‐LAR to deconstruct the operation into defined, measurable components – performance metrics (i.e. procedure phases, steps, errors and critical errors). The performance metrics were then subjected to detailed critique by 18 expert colorectal surgeons in a modified Delphi process.

Results

Performance metrics for RA‐LAR had 15 procedure phases, 128 steps, 89 errors and 117 critical errors in women, 88 errors and 118 critical errors in men. After the modified Delphi process the final performance metrics consisted of 14 procedure phases, 129 steps, 88 errors and 115 critical errors in women, 87 errors and 116 critical errors in men. After discussion by the Delphi panel, all procedure phases received unanimous consensus apart from phase I (patient positioning and preparation, 83%) and phase IV (docking, 94%).

Conclusion

A robotic rectal operation can be broken down into procedure phases, steps, with errors and critical errors, known as performance metrics. The face and content of these metrics have been validated by a large group of expert robotic colorectal surgeons from Europe. We consider the metrics essential for the development of a structured training curriculum and standardized procedural assessment for RA‐LAR.
Advanced metameric dimension framework for heterogeneous industrial Internet of things
Authors: Khan Mohammad Ayoub , Abuhasel Khaled Ali
Published: July 2020

The heterogeneous industrial Internet of things (HetIoT) is a recent area of research that can change both our perception of fundamental informatics and the effectiveness of future machines. The HetIoT is rapidly used in a variety of industries, including healthcare smart cities, smart mobility, smart transportation, and advanced manufacturing. In industrial settings, outdated machines consume an inordinate amount of energy and time to produce effective output. The efficient functioning of the HetIoT machines plays a vital role in the industrial management. To demonstrate efficiency of the functioning, the continuous monitoring of machines becomes mandatory. To describe the efficiency of updated HetIoT machines, this article introduces the concept of advanced machine‐metameric dimension (AmD) to analyze efficacy, efficiency, and effectiveness. This article proposes a HetIoT framework to identify the real‐time resembling of continuous monitoring of a metameric dimension of the machines. This demonstration of the concept is attempted through the analysis of machine efficiency, efficacy, effectiveness, and so on. The proposed AmD with a HetIoT has achieved higher precision, recall, F1‐Score, and higher purity.
Colour management system: Monte Carlo implementation for camouflage pattern generation
Authors: Przybył Wojciech , Radosz Wojciech , Januszko Adam
Published: July 2020

The Monte Carlo method provides a simple yet powerful and flexible tool for simulation of complex or random systems. This paper contains an overview of the theory behind the method and some simple examples to illustrate its implementation to model the refinement of patterns on the camouflaged surface. The objective is to provide an introduction to the method and to present a useful tool for solving practical problems. The first attempts of its application for military camouflage pattern generation are presented. A colour management system utilising the Monte Carlo method and based on the imaging and spectral data enabled the design of a dedicated camouflage pattern for both small‐ and large‐size military objects.
Diagnostic performance of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided elastography for solid pancreatic lesions: Shear‐wave measurements versus strain elastography with histogram analysis
Authors: Ohno Eizaburo , Kawashima Hiroki , Ishikawa Takuya , Iida Tadashi , Suzuki Hirotaka , Uetsuki Kota , Yashika Jun , Yamada Kenta , Yoshikawa Masakatsu , Gibo Noriaki , Aoki Toshinori , Kataoka Kunio , Mori Hiroshi , Yamamura Takeshi , Furukawa Kazuhiro , Nakamura Masanao , Hirooka Yoshiki , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2020

Background and aims

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) elastography (EUS‐EG) is a minimally invasive diagnostic method for evaluating tissue elasticity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of newly developed EUS shear‐wave measurement (EUS‐SWM) and to compare diagnostic performance between EUS‐SWM and the conventional strain elastography (SE) for the measurement of elasticity of solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs).

Methods

From December 2017 until August 2019, we retrospectively reviewed 64 consecutive cases with SPLs who underwent both EUS‐SWM and SE. EUS‐SWM was used to measure the shear‐wave velocity, Vs (m/s), and the unique measurement reliability index, VsN (%), in the target lesion. SE images were assessed by strain histogram (SH) analysis, and the mean strain value of the elasticity index was measured. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of EUS‐SWM and SE with SH to characterize the SPLs.

Results

The Vs (m/s) values of SPLs were 2.19 for pancreatic cancer (PC), 1.31 for pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (PanNEN), 2.56 for mass‐forming pancreatitis (MFP) and 1.58 for metastatic tumors. Vs showed no significant difference based on the disease. The mean strain values were 45.5 for PC, 47.3 for PanNEN, and 74.5 for MFP. In the comparison of tissue elasticity between PC and MFP, Vs showed no significant difference (P = 0.5687); however, the mean strain value was significantly lower in PC cases (45.4 vs 74.5: P = 0.0007).

Conclusion

Endoscopic ultrasound SWM tended to be unstable for the measurement of elasticity of SPLs, and conventional SE with SH was superior for their characterization.
What does resilience imply for development practice? Tools for more coherent programming and evaluation of resilience
Authors: Constas Mark A. , Mattioli Laura , Russo Luca
Published: July 2020

Motivation

The concept of resilience is widely embraced by practitioners and analysts concerned with development and humanitarian aid. It is less clear how to apply the concept in practice.

Purpose

Two questions are addressed: What makes resilience programmes distinctive or different? How should evaluations of resilience be conducted?

Approach and Methods

A typology of applications of resilience to development programming and evaluations is proposed. From considering the requirements of the different uses, two practical tools have been devised: the resilience programming matrix (RPM) and the resilience evaluation matrix (REM).

Results or Findings

The RPM defines six features of programming for resilience, covering concepts and implementation. The REM defines ten features by which to evaluate resilience, covering evaluation design, data analysis, and reporting. Together they aim to foster greater coherence and consistency in applications of resilience.

Conclusions and Policy Implications

The two heuristic tools offered should foster more dialogue among programme staff, reviewers and evaluators about resilience programming and evaluation. The conceptual frameworks highlight the distinctive features of the concept of resilience.
Allopatry increases the balance of phylogenetic trees during radiation under neutral speciation
Authors: Marquitti Flavia Maria Darcie , Fernandes Lucas D. , de Aguiar Marcus Aloizio Martinez
Published: July 2020

The shape of a phylogenetic tree is defined by the sequence of speciation events, represented by its branching points, and extinctions, represented by branch interruptions. In a neutral scenario of parapatry and isolation by distance, species tend to branch off the original population one after the other, leading to highly unbalanced trees. In this case the degree of imbalance, measured by the normalized Sackin index, grows linearly with species richness. Here we claim that moderate values of imbalance for trees with large number of species can occur if the geographic distribution involves more than one deme (allopatry) and speciation is parapatric within demes. The combined values of balance (normalized Sackin index) and species richness provide an estimate of how many demes were involved in the process if it happened in such neutral scenario. We also show that the spatial division in demes moderately slows down the diversification process, portraying a neutral mechanism for structuring the branch length distribution of phylogenetic trees.