bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted to evaluate 11 chemical treatments for the control of the tobacco aphid on tobacco grown in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va. Tobacco was transplanted in experimental plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications on 9 May. Five plants infested with aphids in each plot were selected and marked with spray paint. Aphid populations on the upper 4 leaves of each marked plant were counted 1 d before application and at 4, 7 and 14 DAT. Treatments were applied on 19 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 25 gal/acre through 3 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles/row at 60 psi. Aphid counts were transformed to Log10(X + 1) before analysis of variance. Actual means are presented in the table.
Army Cutworm Control in Spring Wheat, 1990
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Rensner P. E.
Published: March 2022

A field of spring wheat in Murdo, S. Dak., was naturally infested with an average of 1.16 army cutworms/ft2. The field was divided into plots (40 ft2) and treated with Lorsban, Asana and untreated checks with 3 replications. Applications (13 Apr) were made using a 6 nozzle (flat-fan 8002E), 6 ft boom with a CO2 (29 psi, 20 gpa) spray canister system. Counts were made 5 and 12 DAT to determine efficacy. Twelve samples (2 ft2 each) were made randomly in the central portion of each plot.
Russian Wheat Aphid Control in Winter Wheat, 1990
Authors: Johnson Gregory , Kammerzell Kurt
Published: March 2022

Insecticide applications applied in combination and singly were evaluated for performance against RWA in a winter wheat field seeded Sep 89 in Carbon County, Mont. Insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10 ft hand held spray boom and Teejet 8001LP flat-fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. Chemical applications were applied on 3 May at first joint growth stage. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates, each measuring 20 × 30 ft. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by clipping 10 tillers from each treated and untreated replicate and counting the number of RWA on each tiller. Plots were machine harvested using a Hege 125C plot combine with a 4-ft header. One section, measuring 20 × 4 ft, was harvested from each replicate. Grain samples were cleaned and yield calculated.
Evaluation of Aerial Applications of Insecticides in Wheat for Chinch Bug Control in Adjacent Sorghum, 1990
Authors: Spike B. , Wright R. , Danielson S.
Published: March 2022

Parathion and Sevin XLR Plus [both with molasses (1 qt/25 gal liquid) as an additive] were applied by air (1 gal/acre) on 17 May to one-third of each of 3 commercial wheat fields (replicates) located in Gage County, Nebr. The remaining third of each field was left untreated as a check comparison. Wheat fields were chosen based on high CB counts and proximity to a sorghum field. After CB adults and nymphs moved into the adjacent sorghum field (16 Jul), the distance into sorghum that plants were visibly damaged (i.e., fired lower leaves) was measured at 5 locations adjacent to each insecticide treated and untreated area. The five measurements were averaged to obtain a mean CB-damaged distance into the field.
Control of White Grubs in Bermudagrass Sod, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established on a golf course rough at the Oak Island Golf Course near Caswell Beach. The bermudagrass rough contained a variety of weed species and was maintained at a height of 8 cm with 1 cm of thatch. Soil was a sand with a pH of 5.8 and 1.2% humic matter. Treatments were applied 27 Mar to 3.0 × 3.0 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Air temperature was 75°F and soil temperature was 63°F. Soil was moist at time of insecticide application. Granular formulations were applied in a hand held glass jar shaker with a perforated top. Sprays were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 135 ml/plot (332 liters/ha) at 40 psi. After application all plots were irrigated with 0.7 cm of water. Pretreatment inspections revealed grubs to be Southern masked chafers. Plots were sampled on 10 Apr (14 DAT) using a 20 cm diam core sampler to a depth of 20 cm (most grubs were within 3 cm of the soil surface during both treatment and sampling). Five sample sites/plot were selected at random. All grubs were counted and removed from the soil core. Sampling on 24 Apr (28 DAT) found that a significant portion of the grubs had pupated due to an extremely mild winter and advanced development and thus was considered invalid. Counts from the 5 samples were summed for each plot and the data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Crabapple, 1990
Authors: Miller Fredri.
Published: March 2022

Eastern tent caterpillar (ETC) control was evaluated by selecting 40 crabapple trees with similar infestation levels. Treatments were randomly assigned with 4 single tree replications/treatment. Trees were sprayed until drip using a Meyer’s tractor mounted, PTO driven sprayer at 100 psi and a Meyer’s hand spray gun. Temperature at the time of application was 15°C and wind velocity was approximately 10 mph. Prior to spraying (0 DAT), and at 2, 4, 8, and 16 DAT, each tree for each treatment was visually examined and the percent defoliation was determined based on 2 independent estimates to the nearest 5%. ETC larvae were approximately Ms grown at the time of application.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias 40 – 50 cm high in 15 cm pots were provided by a commercial greenhouse in San Diego, Calif. Twenty pots (2 plants/pot) were exposed to a colony of sweetpotato whitefly on the premises for 4 d from 19 Dec-22 Dec. Fourteen d after whitefly exposure, 1 leaf/pot was arbitrarily selected and the no. of eggs, nymphs, redeye pupae, and empty pupal cases were counted. Plants were assigned to treatments in a randomized block design and treated every 5 - 7 d beginning on 12 Jan with 4 treatments and a water control using a 10 gal hydraulic sprayer at 150 psi. Posttreatment counts preceeded treatments which were made on d 1, 6, 12, 19, 26, 33, and 40. Treated pots were held on raised benches in the greenhouse for the remainder of t he trial.
Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil, 1990
Authors: Clark Scot. , Gilrein Da.
Published: March 2022

On 28 Jun, cuttings of Taxus media ‘Hatfieldii’ were sprayed until wet with a handheld atomizer. After drying, 2 treated taxus cuttings were placed in 1 liter cardboard containers along with 10 BVW, covered with cheese cloth and secured with a rubber band. Containers were maintained in the laboratory at 22.4°C. There were 5 replications/treatment arranged in a completely randomized design. Weevils were checked daily and the number of weevils alive (very active and feeding), dead, or some activity (SA) (showing some nerve activity, no feeding) were recorded. SA was recorded due to indications that weevils may recover from a sublethal dose of fluvalinate.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Insecticidal Soap Formulations and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Carbon Co., Pa, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Seven treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Treatments were applied on 25 Apr and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 compressed air sprayer with a hollow cone nozzle operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 100 gal/acre (302 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 77-82°F and skies were cloudy. Posttreatment counts were completed on 19 Jul. Each treatment was evaluated by selecting 4 cardinal locations on each tree and counting 25 needles at each location and recording the number of Cooley spruce gall damaged needles.
Elm, Cherry, and Mulberry, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Fall Webworm, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Elm, cherry, and mulberry, 2-4 m tall, growing along roadsides were used to evaluate insecticides against fall webworm when larvae were 15-25 mm long. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperature setting # 3 for 30 s, was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray/tree. Sprays were applied 19 Sep under sunny skies, 23°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. The treatment area received 4.3 cm of rainfall during the test period. Sprays were directed toward the web and surrounding foliage on each of 3 single-tree replicates. Evaluations were made 6 DAT by dismantling each web and counting live and dead larvae.
Efficacy of Insecticide Formulations, 1989
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Self-pressurized sprays, supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories (St. Louis, MO), were directed into cracks and crevices in single-family dwellings, located in Wake, Johnston and Wayne counties, N.C. Kitchens with a minimum of 60 German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey were used. Preapplication visual tallies in the kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. The amount of insecticide applied and the size, temperature and relative humidity of the kitchens were recorded. Additional insecticide applications were made with the amount recorded when living cockroaches were observed during the specified reinspection intervals. Other rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each application time to minimize migration of German cockroaches. Cockroach tallies were not made in these rooms. Treatments were replicated 5 times. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications and during reapplications for all formulations ranged from 0.09-5.2 g and 0-1.7 g, respectively, for 50 m2 of kitchen floor and wall surfaces. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for reapplications because partial cockroach control resulted from the initial applications. There was no correlation between temperature or relative humidity and insecticide efficacy.
Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ear Tags in South Mississippi, Test 2, 1990
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in Clarke County in Mississippi. One ear tag/ear (2/animal) was used on all adult cattle. Terminator tags were placed in a herd of 55 cows and two bulls on 27 Apr. Tags remained in the herd for 16 wk. Terminator tags were removed on 31 Aug and replaced with Ectrin tags. Ectrin tags remained in the herd for 8.5 wk and were removed on 29 Oct. An untreated herd of 24 cows and 1 bull was located in the vicinity of the farm. Herds were mixed breeds of beef cattle. Horn fly counts were made visually once each week using binoculars.
Tabm Greenhouse Ground Cover Test, 1990
Authors: Felland C. M. , Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Larvae feeding on dandelion plants (Taraxacum officinale Weber) were treated using a herbicide sprayer and held in a greenhouse to test insecticides for use in the ground cover under apple trees in the spring. Six dandelions were grown from seed in each of 24 nurSery flats (31 × 56 cm) (Kaden Co., Dayton, Ohio). Twenty field strain, third through early fifth instar TABM larvae were placed on the plants in each flat on 11 Oct. Tape with Insect Trap Coating (The Tanglefoot Co., Grand Rapids, Mich.) on the rims of the flats prevented larval escape. After larvae had opportunity to construct shelters, treatments were made using a Bean herbicide sprayer calibrated to deliver 935 liters*ha-1 on 12 Oct (Asana XL applied at 987 liters*ha-1). The mean daily max/min temperatures in the greenhouse were 24.5 and 13.2°C, respectively. Photoperiod was maintained at 16L:8D to prevent diapause. On 9 Nov larvae, pupae and pupal exuvia were removed from flats and live larvae and pupae transferred to the laboratory (28°C, 16L:8D) where they where held on diet until adult eclosion was complete in the control. Percent mortality was based on the initial no./ flat less those removed from the trap coating. The data was analyzed as a completely randomized design.
Ant Repellent Activity of Eucalyptus Extracts in Choice Tests, 1988
Authors: Jahn Gary C.
Published: March 2022

Extracts of Eucalyptus australiana, E. globulus, and E. dives (phellandrene var.) were tested for repellency against BA in choice tests. Twelve BA colonies, consisting of approximately 2000 ants each, were starved for 24 h. Each colony was in a separate cage. Two wooden tongue depressors were placed in each cage. In 9 cages, one tongue depressor was treated with 0.05 ml of eucalyptus extract (3 replicates/eucalyptus species) while the other tongue depressor was left untreated. In the remaining 3 cages, both tongue depressors were left untreated, to determine if chance alone would result in significantly different numbers of ants at two feeding sites. Approximately 0.05 ml of 50% sucrose solution was placed on each tongue depressor. The number of ants feeding at each drop of sucrose was noted at 10 min intervals for 2 h.
Evaluation of the Repellent Activity of Eucalyptus Oil to Bigheaded Ant, 1988
Authors: Jahn Gary C.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory study was conducted to determine if Eucalyptus polybractea oil is repellent to ants. Following 24 h starvation, 6 BA colonies were given 5 g of food (1:1 peanut butter and soybean oil) on a piece of filter paper. Each BA colony had approximately 2000 ants. In 3 of the colonies, 1 ml of pure E. polybractea extract was adsorbed onto the filter paper to form a ring around the bait. The number of ants feeding was noted at five min intervals for 6.5 h.
Feeding Tests on Toxicity of Insecticidal Baits to Rangeland Grasshoppers, 1990
Authors: Wang T. , Bohls R. A.
Published: March 2022

Toxicity of Dimilin (diflubenzuron) 1.0% and carbaryl 2.0% in wheat bran as insecticidal bait was evaluated under laboratory conditions against 8 economically important species of grasshoppers, including both bran “acceptor” and “rejector” species. Fourth instar nymphal grasshoppers were collected in Edgemont and in Belle Fourche, S.D., Jul through Aug. They were held without food for 24 h and then individually offered 3 plain or treated bran flakes (0.0039 g) in glass vials (20 ml). Over a 4-d period, forty nymphs of each species were used for each bait treatment and plain bran control each day. Those nymphs which consumed 1 or more flakes and survived in 24 h were transferred to plastic rearing tubes (10 nymphs/tube) and maintained at 30°C with a 16-h photoperiod. Fresh ryegrass clippings were provided and mortality counts recorded 3, 5, 7 or 8 DAT.
Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an 11-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The blocking factor was pretreatment aphid density on 23 Jul. Experimental units were single trees. Sample units were the most heavily infested leaf on each of 3 tagged terminals/tree. Treatments were applied on 26 Jul. Per-acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre applied to the point of drip with a handgun operated at 300 psi. Posttreatment counts were taken at 5 h, 72 h, 1 wk and weekly thereafter.
Insect and Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 34-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 370 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 15 May (pink [P]), 7 Jun (petal fall [PF]), 15 Jun (first cover [IC]), 26 Jun (second cover [2C]), 10 Jul (third cover [3C]), 24 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 6 Aug (fifth cover [5C]), and 21 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), as noted in the table. The standard pesticide program consisted of Thiram 65 W (2.0 lb/100 gal) on 7 dates and Nova 40 W (2.5 oz) on 5 dates. There were no mixtures of insecticides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 'Red Delicious' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars. Except for test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 28 Aug, 420 apples were picked from the 4 trees of each treatment and examined on 9 and 15 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM and LAW). ERM were counted on 25 leaves collected at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted with the same day. There was adequate and normal rainfall during May, Jun, and Jul, with slightly less in Aug. The summer months were slightly warmer and more humid than normal.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Japanese Beetle and Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1990
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Five treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the Japanese beetle and grape berry moth in an experimental Concord grape vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 l/ha) on 13 Jun, 23 Jul and 8 Aug, using a hand held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. After treated foliage was dry, 10 grape leaves were removed from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the lab on 0, 1, and 6 DAT and placed inside 1 gal ice cream containers along with 10 Japanese beetles. The 1 gal containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheese cloth over the top. After holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h, a count of the number of dead beetles was taken. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with 75% RH. On 12 Sep, 10 grape clusters were randomly removed from each replicate and examined for the number of berries infested by grape berry moth.
Evaluation of Biological and Synthetic Insecticide Combinations for Control of Dbm, 1990
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Chambers Cliff
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted to evaluate various Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products alone and in combination with synthetic insecticides for control of DBM on cabbage. Experimental plots were established in a commercial cabbage field near Donna, Tex. Each plot was 2 rows wide (one 40 inch bed) by 15 ft long. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer in 50 gal of spray/acre (2 10 × hollow cone nozzles per bed; 50 psi). All treatments included a spray adjuvant (LI700 at 8 oz/100 gal). Two applications were made 4 d apart (19 and 23 Feb) with treatment evaluations performed 4 days after each treatment. Treatments were evaluated by visually counting all DBM larvae on 5 plants/plot. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage transplants were planted on 1 Aug near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer using 3 nozzles/row delivering 60 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 15, 24, and 31 Aug; 6, 17, and 25 Sep; and 2 Oct. Number of larvae/5 plants was recorded on 4, 21, and 27 Sep. Yield (percent marketable heads) was taken on 5 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves.
Control of Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Lunden J. D.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 12 Jun with rows spaced 30 inches apart and 10-12 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 4 rows, 30 ft long replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with a Hi-Boy self-powered boom sprayer with 4 (TJet 8001) nozzles set 76 inches off the ground and centered on the row at a rate of 30 gal/acre at 30 psi. The corn was at 5% silk on 16 Aug and treatments were applied 16, 20, 25, 28, and 31 Aug. All plots were hand harvested and evaluated 7 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears/plot, husking the ears and checking for CEW larvae.
Sweet Corn Insect Control in Illinois, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Randell Roscoe , Eastman Catherine E.
Published: March 2022

'Gold Cup' sweet corn was planted 3 Jul at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plant spacing was 30 inches with 26,100 plants/acre. Plots consisted of 2 rows × 50 ft, with 25-ft alley ways between each replication. The design was a complete randomized block with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made to the 2 middle rows with the outer 2 rows left untreated. In the insecticide efficacy trial, applications were made on 23, 25, 28, 31 Aug and 3 Sep corresponding to 0, 2, 5, 8, and 11 d after the first appearance of silks (DAS). In the Capture 2 EC spray-timing study, the insecticide was applied only once (2 DAT), twice (2 and 5 DAT), or 3 times (2, 5, and 8 DAT). Insecticide applications were made with a modified John Deere 6000 (HCV). A 10-ft boom equipped with Conejet TXSS12 hollow cone nozzles (2 nozzles/ row on 30-inch drop pipes) was mounted on the rear of the HCV. Sprays were directed at the ear zone of the plants. Treatments were delivered with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 31.4 gal/acre at 60 psi at a speed of 3 mph. On 14 Sep, 25 ears were collected from the 2 middle rows in each plot on 14 Sep. Each ear was examined for insect damage and classified as (1) no insect damage, (2) damage only on the tip, (3) damage only on the side, and (4) tip damage is extended to at least 1.5 inches to the side or both tip and side damage present. The number of ECB, CEW, and FAW larvae on or in the ear was also recorded.
Eggplant, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1990
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

'Classic' eggplant transplants were planted in 15 ft rows on 7 Jun with a 2-row Holland transplanter. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk "A" loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gal of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 27 Jun; 5, 11, 18 and 25 Jul; 2, 9 and 16 Aug. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the percent defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 8 and 15 Aug from 5 plants.
Onion Thrips Control, 1990
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Korpal K. , Merritt M. , Potter M.
Published: March 2022

'Benny's Red' onions were direct seeded on 5 May, at Bassore Farm's Inc., Stockbridge, Mich. Plots were 7.62 m long with 40.6 cm spacing between rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. One buffer row was left unsprayed between each treatment plot. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with a 2 nozzle boom (each nozzle directing spray over a single row), at 2.8 kg/cm2 and 280.6 liter/ha. Treatments were applied on 31 Jul, and 3, 9, and 16 Aug. On 31 Jul, prior to the first spray, a sampling for thrips was made. Ten samples were randomly collected from the field, each sample consisted of ten consecutive plants from a treatment row. Thrips were collected from each plant by rinsing the leaf bases of the plants with 75% ethanol. The rinse (with thrips) was collected in cups and returned to the lab. The rinse was filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper, and the number of thrips were counted (classified as adults or larvae) using a binocular microscope. On 2, 6, 10, and 17 Aug, 10 consecutive plants/plot were randomly selected and the number of thrips were determined as noted above.
Onion Maggot Control Using Pelleted Seed Treatments, 1990
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 27 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, N.Y. on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder which planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. Trigard 75 WP was applied to the seed by mixing it with 140 mesh sand and pelleting it using a copper pan treater and air brush. Progrow (Vitavax and Thiram) was included in the coating of each treatment at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of seed for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae).
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle with Natural Product Insecticides, Grand Forks, 1990
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Flanders Kathy L. , Hansen Roger
Published: March 2022

Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were Bacillus thuringiensis var. san diego (MYX 1806), B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Trident and BK-102) and azadirachtin (Margosan-O) from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Plots were planted 15 May at the Research Farm, Red River Valley Potato Growers Association, Grand Forks, N.D. Plots were 6 rows wide, 16.8 (55 ft) long, with 91 cm (36 inches) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 inches) between plants. The two center rows of each plot were planted with certified 'Red Pontiac' seed pieces, the remaining four rows were planted with certified, B-size, 'Russet Burbank.' Plots were separated on all sides by 1.8 m (6 ft) of cultivated soil. A completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. Plots were scouted daily from CPB egg masses beginning 21 Jun. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application was based on egg hatch. Three basic spray schedules were used: first application at 30% hatch of flagged egg masses and subsequent application on either a 7 d or 10 d schedule, or first application at 30% hatch of all eggs (unflagged) laid on or before that sampling date and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule. Plots were sprayed 1-3 times for each generation of CPB larvae: 29 Jun (30% hatch of flagged eggs—1st generation) 2 Jul (30% total hatch—1st generation), 5,9, 12, 16, 19 and 31 Jul (30% hatch of flagged eggs—2nd generation), 6 Aug (30% total hatch—2nd generation), 10, 13 and 14 Aug. Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 150 liters water/ha (40 gal/ acre) at 275 kPa (40 psi). All data were collected from the two center rows of each plot. CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 20 randomly selected whole plants per plot, PLH nymphs were counted on 35 mid-plant leaves per plot. Leaf loss to defoliation (by CPB) and hopperbum (injury caused by PLH) were estimated visually (by 2 individuals per sampling date) as percent foliage lost. CPB were counted on 4, 10 and 17 Jul, and 1, 8 and 17 Aug; defoliation was estimated on 10, 17 and 24 Jul, 1, 8 and 15 Aug; PLH were counted on 4, 10, 17 and 24 Jul, 1, 8 and 17 Aug; hopperbum was estimated on 1, 8 and 15 Aug. Insect data and plant injury ratings were expressed as mean insect numbers or plant injury × number of days elapsed (= Area under Curve). AUC for CPB was calculated separately for 1st and 2nd generations, and then summed. Yields were obtained 2 Oct by harvesting one center row from each plot. Two way analysis of variance was used to test for treatment differences in pest densities, plant injury and yield. The 1990 growing season at Grand Forks was characterized by severe drought from late Jun through harvest.
Early Season ECB Control on Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm located in Madbury, NH. The experimental design consisted of 19 treatments in a randomized complete block with four replications. 'Honeymoon' sweet corn was hand-planted on 9 May in rows on 36 inch centers. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn. Each insecticide treatment was applied two times at either a 5-day or 8-day interval between applications starting at the late whorl growth stage (when approximately one-half of the plants have tassel growth visibly emerging from the whorls). The insecticide treatments were applied using an R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer. Each treatment was applied in a single pass over the row directed into the whorls at a delivery rate of 14.4 gal/acre. On 19 Jun, just prior to the first insecticide application, an evaluation was made of the percentage of plants showing ECB leaf feeding injury. The percentage of plants with ECB injured tassels was determined on 16 Jul. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest (5 Aug) by examining all the plants in each replicate for ECB feeding injury to both stalks and ears.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sparys, 1991
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

Honeymoon' sweet corn was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 21 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. When 10% of the plants were in the silking stage, spray applications of 17 insecticide treatments were initiated using an R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 30.3 gal/acre. The sprays were directed toward the silk zone on each side of the plant on 13, 16, 19, and 23 Aug. On 17 Aug the block was subjected to high winds associated with Hurricane Bob that caused most of the plants to layover. On 18 Aug each plant had to be straightened up and soil packed around its base to allow passage of the sprayperson between the rows. Evaluations were made at harvest time on 3 and 4 Sep by examining 25 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or larval feeding injury.
Control of Ear-Infesting Lepidoptera in Pennsylvania, Tests with Microbials, A Soap, and a General-Use Option, 1990
Authors: Fleischer S. J. , Spangler S. M.
Published: March 2022

'Alpine' sweet corn was planted on 6 Jun at the Rock Springs Agricultural Research Center, about 10 miles west of University Park. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with four blocks and five treatments. Plots (treatments within blocks) were two rows wide by 36 ft long, with 2 “guard rows” on each side; rows were planted 5.5 ft apart. Blocks were separated lengthwise by 10-ft alleyways. These alleyways were used to flush previous spray material from the system. Sprays were delivered with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with CO2-pressurized canisters and two nozzles/ row set at tassel height at a 45° downward angle. Sprays were applied at a rate of 46 gal/acre, with nozzle pressure at 50 psi, and tractor speed at 2.6 mph. Visual observations indicated that the sprays were effectively covering the ear-producing area of the plants. Sprays were applied from green silk to within 5 d of harvest on 7, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, and 26 Aug. At harvest maturity (1 Sep), three samples of 12 ears were picked from each plot (total of 36 ears/plot). For each 12-ear sample, evaluations were made of tip damage and side damage from Lepidoptera, and the number of larvae for each insect species was recorded. These values were converted to percent values. Transformed means per plot from the three samples were used as the dependent variable in an ANOVA, for calculating mean separations.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan
Published: March 2022

'NK-199' sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 11 Jun '91. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at late whorl-early tassel (30 Jul); 50% silk (3 Aug) and 4 days later (7 Aug). At harvest (15 Aug), 30 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Dry conditions prevailed during most of the growing season. Insect pressure was moderate.
Control of Fall Armyworm on Whorl Stage Corn, 1991
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 3 Jul near Georgetown, DE. Four row plots, 20 ft long on 30 inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized wheel barrow sprayer using one nozzle/row delivering 26.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 6 Aug. All plant whorls were removed from the center 2 rows from each plot, unrolled and the numbers of infested plants counted 13 Aug.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1989
Authors: Bishop B. , Graflus E. , Henry P. , Roragen K. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Linn M.
Published: March 2022

Trials were conducted at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Farm in Entrican, Michigan. Potatoes were planted on 29 April. Plots were 40 ft long and 3 rows wide (34 inch row spacing), in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks)/treatment. Adjacent plots were separated either by 6 ft of bare ground, or 2 rows of potatoes that had been treated with Temik 15 G (3 lb All acre) in furrow at planting. Granular systemic treatments applied at planting were sprinkled over the furrow directly over the seed piece. The Temik sidedressed treatment was applied on 24 May by sprinkling the insecticide over the row just prior to hilling. Foliar treatments were applied using a tractormounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with 3 nozzles/row. The middle nozzle directed spray down over the top of the plant, and the other nozzles directed the spray to the sides of the plant. Foliar sprays were applied on 23, 30 Jun, 6, 13, 21, and 28 Jul. Insecticide-effectiveness was evaluated by counting the number of insects on entire, randomly selected plants. On 7 and 22 Jun, 2 plants/plot in the Temik-treatments, and 48-50 plants from the remaining area were sampled. On 27 Jun, 5, 11, 18, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug, 2 plants were sampled in each plot. Plots were visually assessed for damage rating on 5, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug. On 26 Sep the middle row of each plot was harvested. Tubers were separated by size and weighed.
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thuringiebisis-Transgenic Potato Plants for CONTROL OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, 1991
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Pyle A. , Parker G. , Stone T.
Published: March 2022

Transgenic and nontransformed seed potatoes were planted on 20 May at the Michigan State University, Montcalm Potato Research Station, Entrican, MI. Treatment rows were 10 ft long, 12 in. within the row and 34 in. between rows, and were bordered by a row of commercial 'Russet Burbank' potatoes and a blank row. Treatments included four Btt transformed minitubers, a nontransformed minituber, commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed, and commercial 'Russet Burbank' seed yielding plants that were treated with Asana XL and PBO (0.05 lb Al/acre and 8.0 oz/acre, respectively) weekly from 6 Jun, through 8 Aug. Treatment effectiveness was determined by counting the total number of insects found on the center six plants of each treatment twice weekly from 19 Jun through 9 Aug. Plants were visually assessed for defoliation and given a damage rating on 8 Jul.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato-Infesting Aphids, 1991
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

Aphid foliar and systemic experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated six times. Experiments were conducted at Preseque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1990. The planting dates were I 21 and 20 May respectively. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 28 Jun in the foliar 1 experiment. These areas were left fallow in the other experiment. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the whole 'Katahdin' seed pieces (ca. 75 g) were planted 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by three foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (80 WP) (1.12 kg/ha on 18, 26 Jul, and 2 Aug) and Bravo 720 (840 g/ha on 9 and 23 Aug). Furrow j applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were i made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 940 liters/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle row of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior I to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using logi0(x + 1) for Aphid-B. Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2, Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.1, 1.9, and 21.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.1, 19.0, and 19.3 deg. C.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Bioinsecticides, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Superior' potatoes were planted 1 Mar, near Nixonton, NC, on 42 inch centers. Thimet 15 G (3.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 X). Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 2 May (all materials) and 9 May (MYX-1806, Trident II, and Novodor at 1 and 2 qt rates). Counts of insects on 3 hills/plot and visual damage ratings were made 9 and 14 May. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instars, and large, third and fourth. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded 10 Jun.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults in Squash with Various Insecticide Treatments, 1991
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

Squash was seeded into Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 10 cm pots on 7 Mar in a greenhouse heavily infested with SPWF. Plants were transferred on 1 Apr into spray chambers (25 cm × 30 cm PVC cylinders) in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. SPWF adults were counted on the third expanded leaf from the growing point prior to treatment. Plants were sprayed to runoff (3 seconds/31 ml/plant, ca. 100 gal/acre) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-4 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 60 psi. Untreated plants were interspaced between treated plants for an added source of SPWF adults for reinfestation. SPWF adults were counted on the third leaf 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Bartlett's Test for homogeneity of variance indicated that a square root transformation of means was needed for analysis of variance.
Control of Leafminers and Armyworms on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 5 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15-ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 4, 12, 18, 26 Oct, 1, 7, 15, and 21 Nov. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and the gallonage was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 60 gal/acre on the first spray, 85 gal/acre the next spray, 150 gal/acre the next two sprays, and 185 gal/acre for the final four sprays. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 7 Dec, the number of small (<0.5 inch long) and large (≥0.5 inch long) Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. Fruit were harvested on 7 and 27 Nov and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm) were determined.
Insecticides for Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1990
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 20 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three, 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 7-8 and 12-13 Jun. Spraying was interrupted during the first application because of a 2-3 inch rain. Spraying was interrupted during the second application because of a sprayer break-down. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used 8 hollow cone nozzles/row fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th and 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 5 Jun and 14-15 Jun (2 DAT). The numbers of live and dead crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted on a 12 mm disk from each leaflet. The percentage of dead crawlers and sessile nymphs was calculated. The percentage of dead pupae was not calculated since previous laboratory and greenhouse evaluations had indicated that the treatments would not inflict high pupal mortality. Therefore, the numbers of live pupae were used as a representation of the numbers of individuals surviving the crawler and sessile nymphs stages. Percentage data were transformed to the arcsine of the square root of the proportion before analyses but are presented in the original scale.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1990
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

'Sunny' tomatoes were transplanted 25 May, near Benson, NC using a row spacing of 60 in. Plots consisted of single rows 10 ft long, separated by 5 ft alleys, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation were used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi. Treatments were applied 6, 13, 20, 27 Jul, and 6 Aug. Fruit was harvested and the percent damaged or infested determined on 2, 6, 13, and 16 Aug.
Apple, Airblast Insect Experiment, 1991
Authors: Hull L. A. , Biddinger D. J. , Felland C. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 3 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of'Yorking' and 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' with a buffer row between blocks. These trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 16-yrs-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster '309' at 50 gpa per alternate side spray (100 GPA-both sides) driven at 2.3 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. The Diazinon/Insegar treatment received complete sprays for all covers and the RH-5992 treatments received complete sprays on 22 May and 15 Jul. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate, Dikar, Nova, and Dithane M-45) was maintained throughout the experiment. For a complete schedule of all treatments, see the first table. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. STLM were evaluated by a 5- min count of mines around the periphery of trees at the end of each of the three generations before peak emergence of the next generation adults. TABM were also evaluated with a similar 5-min count of shelters on 11 Jul during the first generation when most larvae were late fourth and fifth instars. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops between 3 Jul and 1 Sep and two picked samples on 21 Aug (35 apples/replicate) and 24 Sep (100 apples/replicate). All lepidopteran larvae from one replicate of each treatment that were found at the time of scoring were placed singly on an artificial lima diet normally used for rearing TABM. These larvae were then reared to adults in sealed 22 ml plastic cups at 25°C and 16:8 LD. Adults were identified to species and parasites noted to give an indication of the proportion of species attacking the apples at various times of the season. Pest pressure was extremely high throughout the season. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Control of Diamondback Moth on Canola, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Eastman C. E.
Published: March 2022

Canola was seeded on 20 Aug in single-row plots 16 ft long at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Natural populations of DBM were augmented with mid-sized larvae from a laboratory colony. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was included in all sprays except Lannate 1.8 EC and Condor OF. Spray solutions were applied with a 3 gal backpack-type hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 280 gal/acre on 10 Oct. One destructive sample of 5 plants/plot (previously infested with laboratory-reared DBM) was made on 14 Oct. Treated foliage from these plots was used in a laboratory bioassay (see Paper 1 L).