bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructural characterization and adsorption properties of alkali-activated materials based on metakaolin
Authors: Trivunac Katarina , Kljajevic Ljiljana , Nenadovic Snezana , Gulicovski Jelena , Mirkovic Miljana , Babic Biljana , Stevanovic Slavica
Published: October 2016

The microstructural characterization and adsorption properties of metakaolin
(MK) and alkali-activated metakaolin, known as geopolymer materials (GP) were
investigated. The structure and properties of the metakaolin and obtained
geopolymer were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
Furthermore, based on the analysis of adsorption efficiency, microstructure
and mineral structure, the difference between geopolymer and metakaolin on
the performance of immobilizing heavy metals have been discussed. The
kinetics of adsorption can be represented by pseudo-second order equation.
The results of lead ions adsorption experiments were best fitted by
Freundlich adsorption isotherm for both investigated adsorbents. The highest
removal efficiencies of alkali-activated material based on metakaolin was
found 97.5% at pH 4 and metakaolin removal efficiencies was found 92% at pH
5.5.
Effect of ultrasonic field on isothermal kinetics of fullerene polyhydroxylation
Authors: Gigov Mihajlo , Adnadjevic Borivoj , Jovanovic Jelena
Published: October 2016

The isothermal kinetics of fullerene polyhydroxylation under ultrasonic field
was investigated. The isothermal kinetic curves of fullerene
polyhydroxylation at different temperatures ranging from 293 K to 313 K were
determined. By application of the isoconversion method it was established
that the reaction of fullerene polyhydroxylation with sodium hydroxide and
cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as phase transfer catalyst was kinetically
an elementary reaction. The model-fitting method confirmed that the kinetics
model of first-order chemical reaction best described the kinetics of
fullerene polyhydroxylation under ultrasonic field and the kinetics
parameters of fullerene polyhydroxylation were determined (Ea,= 29 kJ/mol and
lnA=9.4 min-1). It was established that the reaction rate of fullerene
polyhydroxylation under ultrasonic field is higher from 1.5 times to 2.2
times than the rate of comparative reaction under the conventional heating.
The activation energy is 28% lower than the value of activation energy
determined under the conventional heating, whereas the value of
pre-exponential factor is 40 times higher. The decreased value of activation
energy (Ea,) and pre-exponential factor (lnA) in the ultrasonic field is
explained with the increase in the value of ground energy level of the
resonant vibration mode (? = 500 cm-1) of C60 molecule (Ag(1) vibrational
mode) and toluene molecule (out-of plane bending C-C-C vibration) and with
the decreased value of anharmonicity factor.
Uses of the language of mathematics
Authors: Maksimovic Katarina
Published: October 2016

In this paper I criticise the dogma that asserting and naming are the most
important language uses in the language of mathematics. I present the later
Wittgenstein and the intuitionists as the most eminent challengers of the
dogma showing that both have to offer valuable arguments against it. Inspired
by Kolmorov?s interpretation of intuitionistic logic I examine the connection
between intuitionistic logic and imperative logic. Along the way I offer a
solution to J?rgensen?s Dilemma rejecting another dogma, the dogma based on
the belief that there could not be a deduction in which premises and
conclusion are something other than propositions.
Thomas Aquinas on the subject of the metaphysics
Authors: Milidrag Predrag
Published: October 2016

The article analyzes the concept of the subject of the metaphysics in
Aquinas?s Proem. of the Commentary on the Metaphysics and in question five
of the Exposition of the De Trinitate by Boethius. Aquinas?s interpretation
of the Aristotelian formula ens inquantum ens is analysed, as well as the
relation between God and ens commune, immateriality of common being and the
difference among metaphysics and the other two speculative sciences, physics
and mathematics.
Theoretical justification of will and political will as a political phenomenon
Authors: Pesic Zoran
Published: October 2016

Will is a complex phenomenon and the issue that has been occupying many
philosophers for many centuries, until today, causing opposing views. It
inevitably follows a man and his development and it is inseparable from his
existence. It seems that even such a controversial concept, such as will,
does not strive so much to expresses his essence and existence. In doing so,
whether it is denied as an illusion or seen as a real existence, nothing
diminishes its importance in human life. Therefore, it can not be ignored in
the theoretical discussions. To the extent that the will is an eternal
question and dilemma in the philosophy and as old as philosophy itself, the
political will is present in everyday life, but ignored in the theoretical
thinking. The author strives to find the real basis for its further
consideration and existence as a political phenomenon through philosophical
and historical comparative understanding and explaining the will as the
philosophical question that has not yet been resolved. Dissonance between
theoretical misunderstanding and its omnipresence in practice from ancient
times to today, puts the political will into line with the will and makes it
a phenomenon worth studying. This study is designed to, after different
chronologically presented conceptions of the will and the political will by
numerous authors, define the political will and inspire thinking and give the
basic opinions of the author and suggest possible directions for further
study.
The synthesis of ancient philosophical doctrines on movement in the thought of St Maximus the confessor
Authors: Cvetkovic Vladimir
Published: October 2016

The paper aims to explore St Maximus the Confessor? teaching on movement in
the light of his ancient philosophical sources. Maximus? employment of
Neoplathonic terminology for the purpose of exposing his theological thought
implies a direct or indirect influence of ancient thinkers on his work. In
examining the themes of ancient philosophical heritage in Maximus, the paper
proposes a fourfold division of his sources. The first source is pagan
authors, such as Aristotle, Plotinus and Proclus, whom Maximus might know
directly. The second source are ancient philosophical doctrines that through
Christian authors such as Origen, St. Gregory of Nyssa, St. Nemesius of Emesa
or Dionysius Areopagite already entered the Christian tradition, and which
are transformed to a certain extent. The third source are the Christian
Neo-Platonists of Alexandria Academy, like John Philoponus, Elias, David and
Stephen of Alexandria who attempted to interprete previous philosophical
tradition in conformity with certain Christian principles, and the fourth
source are the Christian authors, who independently of previous philosophical
traditions shaped their metaphysical views. The focus of the paper is on the
first three sources.
The Supply and Use of Broadband in Rural Australia: An Explanatory Case Study of the Western Downs Region
Authors: Lane Michael Steven , Tiwari Sanjib , Alam Khorshed
Published: October 2016

This research seeks to provide an understanding of broadband infrastructure supply and its relationship with household broadband use and satisfaction in rural Australia through an explanatory case study of the Western Downs Region (WDR). The Broadband Ecosystem provided a comprehensive framework for examining broadband infrastructure supply and household use and satisfaction with broadband services. Publicly available data was used to map the coverage of broadband access technologies in WDR. A large scale survey assessed household use and satisfaction with broadband services available in WDR. Our findings indicate that rural regions such as WDR are highly reliant on wireless broadband which is more variable in reliability and less affordable comparative to wired broadband. Our findings also indicate that household dissatisfaction with wireless broadband services is particularly evident in remote and outer regional areas. This suggests that the lack of reliable and affordable wireless broadband services with adequate data quotas are a real barrier to rural communities such as the WDR actively participating in a digital future. This study provided a number of important contributions. The broadband ecosystem provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the complex problem of broadband access in rural Australia by analysing two units of analysis, broadband infrastructure (supply) and broadband use and satisfaction (demand). Broadband infrastructure is an important and under-researched area in information systems. Future government policy needs to ensure that access to reliable and high speed broadband services is part of its universal service obligation so that the current shortcomings in broadband infrastructure in rural Australia will be prioritised and addressed. We believe this will require a commitment from future Governments to facilitate both public and private investment in broadband infrastructure in rural Australia.
Special Section on Rural and Remote ICT: Broadband Rural, Regional and National Impacts
Authors: Lane Michael Steven , Middleton Catherine , Zarnekow Ruediger , Alam Khorshed
Published: October 2016

Editorial for the Special Issue on Rural and Remote ICT: Broadband Rural, Regional and National Impacts
Playing the Help, Playing the Slave: Disrupting Racial Fantasies in Lynn Nottage’sBy the Way, Meet Vera Stark
Authors: Colbert Soyica Diggs
Published: October 2016

Blackness often appears contrary to an individual act or accumulation of acts, and thus theories of black identity in performance are different from theories of white identity. In the essay, I argue that normative desire plays a subversive role in the appearance of blackness because it functions to distort rather than to affirm the individual actions and histories that constitute blackness. By the Way, Meet Vera Stark shows how texts, films, and theatrical productions correlate black femaleness to racial fantasies rather than discrete acts of black individuals. The play reveals how theories of blackness in performance must account for racial fantasies, which disrupt linear time and therefore revise theories of performing racial identity in general.
“Devour Him!”: Appetites, Politics, and the Foundations of the Epic in Bertolt Brecht’sEdward II
Authors: Turley Elliott
Published: October 2016

This article examines Bertolt Brecht’s treatment of appetites in his 1924 adaptation of Christopher Marlowe’s Edward II, arguing that Brecht’s Edward traces the slipperiness and danger of humanity’s libidinal desires. The play’s interrelation of hedonism, belligerence, and ambition inflects the historical events it presents, underscoring the need for some form of regulation. Ultimately, it offers King Edward’s eventual ascetic resistance to his captors – a substantial change from the original Marlowe version – as a potential turn from cyclical consumption and destruction. Written shortly before Brecht’s introduction to the work of Marx and at a particularly hedonistic moment in his own life, Edward explores both the personal and political ramifications of human appetites. Furthermore, the play’s investment in remedying humanity’s self-destructive urges on the personal and national levels offers an early gesture toward Brecht’s later epic political dramas such as Mother Courage and Galileo.
Investigating the sealing capacity of a seal system in rock salt (DOPAS project)
Authors: Jantschik K. , Czaikowski O. , Moog H.C. , Wieczorek K.
Published: October 2016

This paper describes research and development work on plugging and sealing repositories, an issue of fundamental importance for the rock salt option which represents one of the three European repository options, besides the clay rock and the crystalline rock options. The programme aims at providing experimental data needed for the theoretical analysis of the long-term sealing capacity of concrete-based sealing materials. In order to demonstrate hydro-mechanical material stability under representative load scenarios, a comprehensive laboratory testing programme is carried out. This comprises investigation of the sealing capacity of the combined seal system and impact of the so-called excavation-damaged zones (EDZ) as well as investigation of the hydro-chemical long-term stability of the seal in contact with different brines under diffusive and advective conditions. This paper presents experimental approaches and preliminary results from laboratory investigations on salt concrete and combined systems as obtained to date.
Application of 3D coupled code ATHLET-QUABOX/CUBBOX for RBMK-1000 transients after graphite block modernization
Authors: Samokhin A.G. , Zilly M.
Published: October 2016

This work describes the application and the results of transient calculations for the RBMK-1000 with the coupled code system ATHLET 2.2A-QUABOX/CUBBOX which was developed in GRS. Within these studies the planned modernization of the graphite blocks of the RBMK-1000 reactor is taken into account. During the long-term operation of the uranium-graphite reactors RBMK-1000, a change of physical and mechanical properties of the reactor graphite blocks is observed due to the impact of radiation and temperature effects. These have led to a deformation of the reactor graphite columns and, as a result, a deformation of the control and protection system (CPS) and of fuel channels. Potentially, this deformation can lead to problems affecting the smooth movement of the control rods in the CPS channels and problems during the loading and unloading of fuel assemblies. The present paper analyzes two reactivity insertion transients, each taking into account three graphite removal scenarios. The presented work is directly connected with the modernization program of the RBMK-1000 reactors and has an important contribution to the assessment of the safety-relevant parameters after the modification of the core graphite blocks.
Operational Analysis and Signal Design for Asymmetric Two-Leg Continuous-Flow Intersection
Authors: Yang Xianfeng , Cheng Yao , Chang Gang-Len
Published: October 2016

Despite the increasing implementation of the continuous-flow intersection (CFI) in practice, the development of reliable guidelines for its operational analysis and signal design remains in its infancy, especially for the popular two-leg asymmetric CFI design, because of the relatively low cost and desirable efficiency. For best use of the capacity of such a CFI design, a signal optimization model is presented; it can serve as an effective tool for engineers to design the cycle length, phase duration and sequences, and offsets for both its primary and subintersections. By accounting for the commonly encountered constraints of short bay length for turning movements and the interrelations between critical flow movements, the proposed model can prevent queue spillover on left-turn bays and offers concurrent progression for both the through and left-turn flows. To ensure the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model, this study further uses the data from a proposed asymmetric CFI in Maryland for performance evaluation. The results of extensive simulation with field data confirm that the proposed signal optimization with its capability to account for all physical constraints and flow conflicts can indeed perform as expected; that is, it offers concurrent progression to both through and left-turning flows and prevents any queue from spilling over its designated bay.
Framework to Assess Multiclass Continuum Traffic Flow Models
Authors: van Wageningen-Kessels Femke
Published: October 2016

Since the beginning of this millennium, many models of multiclass continuum traffic flow have been proposed. A set of qualitative requirements is presented for this type of model, including nonincreasing density–speed relationships and anisotropy. The requirements are cast into a framework that applies a generalized model of deterministic multiclass kinematic wave traffic flow. A step-by-step plan is developed to apply the framework to models that fit into the generalized model. The plan could be developed only with the Lagrangian formulation of the generic model but could also be applied to models in the traditional Eulerian formulation. It was concluded that only a few models known from the literature satisfied all requirements unconditionally. The step-by-step plan can furthermore be applied in the development of new models, the adaptation of existing models, and the calibration of model parameters.
Theoretical Investigation on the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Synthesis of Fluorescent 3,8-Disubstituted-3H-Imidazo [4,5-a] Acridine-11-Carbonitriles
Authors: Zonozi Fatemeh , Pordel Mehdi , Beyramabadi S. Ali , Morsali Ali
Published: October 2016

3,8-Disubstituted-3H-imidazo[4,5-a]acridine-11-carbonitriles show very interesting optical properties. In some cases, they have higher quantum yields compared to well-known fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein. Hitherto, no detailed theoretical study has been reported on the mechanism of the synthesis of the titled compounds, hence an accurate and detailed theoretical investigation on the synthesis of these dyes is desirable. In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) methods have been employed to investigate the most reasonable mechanism in formation of these fluorophores. All species and related transition states were optimised and the relative energies of all species and the activation energies for all proposed mechanisms were obtained. Comparing the Ea values of all pathways reveals that intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution is the most plausible mechanism for the cyclisation reaction in the preparation of these dyes. Also, the effects of substituents in positions 3 and 8 were investigated and the results show that electron-donor substituents can reduce the activation energy for formation of the σ complex in the electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Sic utere tuo ut alienam non laedas
.

From Wanton Destruction of Timber Forests to Environmentalism: The Rise of Colonial Environmental and 'Sustainability' Practices in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1938-1961
Authors: Musemwa Muchaparara
Published: October 2016

This article examines the roots of colonial Zimbabwe's culture of environmentalism - described, here, as increasing social awareness of the rapid deterioration of the environment and the pressing need to take decisive action to counteract it. It argues that only a one-sided story - namely colonial conservationist discourses and practices especially as they pertained to African reserves in colonial Zimbabwe and other parts of Southern and Eastern Africa - has been the object of myriad historical analyses. Yet, there is a corresponding story that seems to have fallen between the seams of history as it is rarely articulated in Zimbabwean historiography in a systematic and comprehensive way, i.e. the origins of a colonial environmentalism - one focused more on reinforcing white settlers' sustainable uses of natural resources and less on Africans. It chronicles how the once verdant landscapes of colonial Zimbabwe were transformed into near waste in the first four decades of colonial occupation from 1890; highlights how the diverse voices of environmental concern that appeared at the time compelled the colonial Zimbabwean state finally to institute the Commission of Inquiry into the Preservation of the Natural Resources of the Colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1938; and examines how this Commission's recommendations became the basis for the establishment of a number of institutional regulatory systems to initiate an efficiency-oriented approach to the management of the colony's natural resources. It highlights how the notion of 'sustainability' was infused into the Commission's Report and became such a powerful trope that it laid the basis for subsequent institutional and legal environmental resource management in colonial Zimbabwe, surviving intact into the first two decades of postcolonial rule. The article further explores how the farmer-miner conflict unfolded beyond the McIlwaine Commission and how the Natural Resources Board finally led to a successful resolution of the conflict in 1961. The McIlwaine Commission Report attests to rising social and environmental concern at the ongoing ecological decline of the colony's resources, resulting in the realisation of a resolute response in order to guarantee the sustainability and welfare of white settler society.
Intelligent Security IT System for Detecting Intruders Based on Received Signal Strength Indicators
Authors: Sung Yunsick
Published: October 2016

Given that entropy-based IT technology has been applied in homes, office buildings and elsewhere for IT security systems, diverse kinds of intelligent services are currently provided. In particular, IT security systems have become more robust and varied. However, access control systems still depend on tags held by building entrants. Since tags can be obtained by intruders, an approach to counter the disadvantages of tags is required. For example, it is possible to track the movement of tags in intelligent buildings in order to detect intruders. Therefore, each tag owner can be judged by analyzing the movements of their tags. This paper proposes a security approach based on the received signal strength indicators (RSSIs) of beacon-based tags to detect intruders. The normal RSSI patterns of moving entrants are obtained and analyzed. Intruders can be detected when abnormal RSSIs are measured in comparison to normal RSSI patterns. In the experiments, one normal and one abnormal scenario are defined for collecting the RSSIs of a Bluetooth-based beacon in order to validate the proposed method. When the RSSIs of both scenarios are compared to pre-collected RSSIs, the RSSIs of the abnormal scenario are about 61% more different compared to the RSSIs of the normal scenario. Therefore, intruders in buildings can be detected by considering RSSI differences.
A Pulsed Coding Technique Based on Optical UWB Modulation for High Data Rate Low Power Wireless Implantable Biotelemetry
Authors: De Marcellis Andrea , Palange Elia , Nubile Luca , Faccio Marco , Di Patrizio Stanchieri Guido , Constandinou Timothy
Published: October 2016

This paper reports on a pulsed coding technique based on optical Ultra-wideband (UWB) modulation for wireless implantable biotelemetry systems allowing for high data rate link whilst enabling significant power reduction compared to the state-of-the-art. This optical data coding approach is suitable for emerging biomedical applications like transcutaneous neural wireless communication systems. The overall architecture implementing this optical modulation technique employs sub-nanosecond pulsed laser as the data transmitter and small sensitive area photodiode as the data receiver. Moreover, it includes coding and decoding digital systems, biasing and driving analogue circuits for laser pulse generation and photodiode signal conditioning. The complete system has been implemented on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and prototype Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with discrete off-the-shelf components. By inserting a diffuser between the transmitter and the receiver to emulate skin/tissue, the system is capable to achieve a 128 Mbps data rate with a bit error rate less than 10−9 and an estimated total power consumption of about 5 mW corresponding to a power efficiency of 35.9 pJ/bit. These results could allow, for example, the transmission of an 800-channel neural recording interface sampled at 16 kHz with 10-bit resolution.
Electric Power Systems Research
Authors: Hong Ying-Yi
Published: October 2016

This book contains articles [1–22] that were accepted for publication in a Special Issue of Energies on the subject of “Electric Power Systems Research”.[...]
A Novel Data Hierarchical Fusion Method for Gas Turbine Engine Performance Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Lu Feng , Jiang Chunyu , Huang Jinquan , Wang Yafan , You Chengxin
Published: October 2016

Gas path fault diagnosis involves the effective utilization of condition-based sensor signals along engine gas path to accurately identify engine performance failure. The rapid development of information processing technology has led to the use of multiple-source information fusion for fault diagnostics. Numerous efforts have been paid to develop data-based fusion methods, such as neural networks fusion, while little research has focused on fusion architecture or the fusion of different method kinds. In this paper, a data hierarchical fusion using improved weighted Dempster–Shaffer evidence theory (WDS) is proposed, and the integration of data-based and model-based methods is presented for engine gas-path fault diagnosis. For the purpose of simplifying learning machine typology, a recursive reduced kernel based extreme learning machine (RR-KELM) is developed to produce the fault probability, which is considered as the data-based evidence. Meanwhile, the model-based evidence is achieved using particle filter-fuzzy logic algorithm (PF-FL) by engine health estimation and component fault location in feature level. The outputs of two evidences are integrated using WDS evidence theory in decision level to reach a final recognition decision of gas-path fault pattern. The characteristics and advantages of two evidences are analyzed and used as guidelines for data hierarchical fusion framework. Our goal is that the proposed methodology provides much better performance of gas-path fault diagnosis compared to solely relying on data-based or model-based method. The hierarchical fusion framework is evaluated in terms to fault diagnosis accuracy and robustness through a case study involving fault mode dataset of a turbofan engine that is generated by the general gas turbine simulation. These applications confirm the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed approach.
Effects of Freestream Turbulence in a Model Wind Turbine Wake
Authors: Jin Yaqing , Liu Huiwen , Aggarwal Rajan , Singh Arvind , Chamorro Leonardo
Published: October 2016

The flow structure in the wake of a model wind turbine is explored under negligible and high turbulence in the freestream region of a wind tunnel at R e ∼ 7 × 10 4 . Attention is placed on the evolution of the integral scale and the contribution of the large-scale motions from the background flow. Hotwire anemometry was used to obtain the streamwise velocity at various streamwise and spanwise locations. The pre-multiplied spectral difference of the velocity fluctuations between the two cases shows a significant energy contribution from the background turbulence on scales larger than the rotor diameter. The integral scale along the rotor axis is found to grow linearly with distance, independent of the incoming turbulence levels. This scale appears to reach that of the incoming flow in the high turbulence case at x / d ∼ 35–40. The energy contribution from the turbine to the large-scale flow structures in the low turbulence case increases monotonically with distance. Its growth rate is reduced past x / d ∼ 6–7. There, motions larger than the rotor contribute ∼ 50 % of the total energy, suggesting that the population of large-scale motions is more intense in the intermediate field. In contrast, the wake in the high incoming turbulence is quickly populated with large-scale motions and plateau at x / d ∼ 3 .
The Need for a Definition of Big Data for Nursing Science: A Case Study of Disaster Preparedness
Authors: Wong Ho , Chiang Vico , Choi Kup , Loke Alice
Published: October 2016

The rapid development of technology has made enormous volumes of data available and achievable anytime and anywhere around the world. Data scientists call this change a data era and have introduced the term “Big Data”, which has drawn the attention of nursing scholars. Nevertheless, the concept of Big Data is quite fuzzy and there is no agreement on its definition among researchers of different disciplines. Without a clear consensus on this issue, nursing scholars who are relatively new to the concept may consider Big Data to be merely a dataset of a bigger size. Having a suitable definition for nurse researchers in their context of research and practice is essential for the advancement of nursing research. In view of the need for a better understanding on what Big Data is, the aim in this paper is to explore and discuss the concept. Furthermore, an example of a Big Data research study on disaster nursing preparedness involving six million patient records is used for discussion. The example demonstrates that a Big Data analysis can be conducted from many more perspectives than would be possible in traditional sampling, and is superior to traditional sampling. Experience gained from the process of using Big Data in this study will shed light on future opportunities for conducting evidence-based nursing research to achieve competence in disaster nursing.
High Vaccination Coverage among Children during Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 as a Potential Factor of Herd Immunity
Authors: Matsuoka Toshihiko , Sato Tomoki , Akita Tomoyuki , Yanagida Jiturou , Ohge Hiroki , Kuwabara Masao , Tanaka Junko
Published: October 2016

The objective of this study was to identify factors related to the expansion of infection and prevention of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. A retrospective non-randomized cohort study (from June 2009 to May 2010) on influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was conducted in a sample of residents from Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The cumulative incidence of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and the pandemic vaccine effectiveness (VE) were estimated. The response rate was 53.5% (178,669/333,892). Overall, the odds ratio of non-vaccinated group to vaccinated group for cumulative incidence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 2.18 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.13–2.23) and the VE was 43.9% (CI: 42.8–44.9). The expansion of infection, indicating the power of transmission from infected person to susceptible person, was high in the 7–15 years age groups in each area. In conclusion, results from this survey suggested that schoolchildren-based vaccination rate participates in determining the level of herd immunity to influenza and children might be the drivers of influenza transmission. For future pandemic preparedness, vaccination of schoolchildren may help to prevent disease transmission during influenza outbreak.
Up-Regulation of Claudin-6 in the Distal Lung Impacts Secondhand Smoke-Induced Inflammation
Authors: Lewis Joshua , Milner Dallin , Lewis Adam , Dunaway Todd , Egbert Kaleb , Albright Scott , Merrell Brigham , Monson Troy , Broberg Dallin , Gassman Jason , Thomas Daniel , Arroyo Juan , Reynolds Paul
Published: October 2016

It has long been understood that increased epithelial permeability contributes to inflammation observed in many respiratory diseases. Recently, evidence has revealed that environmental exposure to noxious material such as cigarette smoke reduces tight junction barrier integrity, thus enhancing inflammatory conditions. Claudin-6 (Cldn6) is a tetraspanin transmembrane protein found within the tight junctional complex and is implicated in maintaining lung epithelial barriers. To test the hypothesis that increased Cldn6 ameliorates inflammation at the respiratory barrier, we utilized the Tet-On inducible transgenic system to conditionally over-express Clnd6 in the distal lung. Cldn6 transgenic (TG) and control mice were continuously provided doxycycline from postnatal day (PN) 30 until euthanasia date at PN90. A subset of Cldn6 TG and control mice were also subjected to daily secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) via a nose only inhalation system from PN30-90 and compared to room air (RA) controls. Animals were euthanized on PN90 and lungs were harvested for histological and molecular characterization. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was procured for the assessment of inflammatory cells and molecules. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting revealed increased Cldn6 expression in TG vs. control animals and SHS decreased Cldn6 expression regardless of genetic up-regulation. Histological evaluations revealed no adverse pulmonary remodeling via Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining or any qualitative alterations in the abundance of type II pneumocytes or proximal non-ciliated epithelial cells via staining for cell specific propeptide of Surfactant Protein-C (proSP-C) or Club Cell Secretory Protein (CCSP), respectively. Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of Cldn6 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. As a general theme, inflammation induced by SHS exposure was influenced by the availability of Cldn6. These data reveal captivating information suggesting a role for Cldn6 in lungs exposed to tobacco smoke. Further research is critically necessary in order to fully explain roles for tight junctional components such as Cldn6 and other related molecules in lungs coping with exposure.
A Personalized Approach in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: The Current Status of Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs) and Future Perspectives
Authors: D’Amico Emanuele , Patti Francesco , Zanghì Aurora , Zappia Mario
Published: October 2016

Using the term of progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS), we considered a combined population of persons with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS). These forms of MS cannot be challenged with efficacy by the licensed therapy. In the last years, several measures of risk estimation were developed for predicting clinical course in MS, but none is specific for the PMS forms. Personalized medicine is a therapeutic approach, based on identifying what might be the best therapy for an individual patient, taking into account the risk profile. We need to achieve more accurate estimates of useful predictors in PMS, including unconventional and qualitative markers which are not yet currently available or practicable routine diagnostics. The evaluation of an individual patient is based on the profile of disease activity.Within the neurology field, PMS is one of the fastest-moving going into the future.
Regulatory Roles of MicroRNAs in Diabetes
Authors: Feng Juan , Xing Wanli , Xie Lan
Published: October 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs in eukaryotes, have been recognized as significant regulators of gene expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms. To date, >2000 miRNAs have been identified in the human genome, and they orchestrate a variety of biological and pathological processes. Disruption of miRNA levels correlates with many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, a complex multifactorial metabolic disorder affecting >400 million people worldwide. miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by affecting pancreatic β-cell functions, insulin resistance, or both. In this review, we summarize the investigations of the regulatory roles of important miRNAs in diabetes, as well as the potential of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic markers for diabetes mellitus.
Glycosphingolipid–Protein Interaction in Signal Transduction
Authors: Russo Domenico , Parashuraman Seetharaman , D’Angelo Giovanni
Published: October 2016

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a class of ceramide-based glycolipids essential for embryo development in mammals. The synthesis of specific GSLs depends on the expression of distinctive sets of GSL synthesizing enzymes that is tightly regulated during development. Several reports have described how cell surface receptors can be kept in a resting state or activate alternative signalling events as a consequence of their interaction with GSLs. Specific GSLs, indeed, interface with specific protein domains that are found in signalling molecules and which act as GSL sensors to modify signalling responses. The regulation exerted by GSLs on signal transduction is orthogonal to the ligand–receptor axis, as it usually does not directly interfere with the ligand binding to receptors. Due to their properties of adjustable production and orthogonal action on receptors, GSLs add a new dimension to the control of the signalling in development. GSLs can, indeed, dynamically influence progenitor cell response to morphogenetic stimuli, resulting in alternative differentiation fates. Here, we review the available literature on GSL–protein interactions and their effects on cell signalling and development.
Practical Recommendations for Diagnosis and Management of Respiratory Muscle Weakness in Late-Onset Pompe Disease
Authors: Boentert Matthias , Prigent Hélène , Várdi Katalin , Jones Harrison , Mellies Uwe , Simonds Anita , Wenninger Stephan , Barrot Cortés Emilia , Confalonieri Marco
Published: October 2016

Pompe disease is an autosomal-recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by progressive myopathy with proximal muscle weakness, respiratory muscle dysfunction, and cardiomyopathy (in infants only). In patients with juvenile or adult disease onset, respiratory muscle weakness may decline more rapidly than overall neurological disability. Sleep-disordered breathing, daytime hypercapnia, and the need for nocturnal ventilation eventually evolve in most patients. Additionally, respiratory muscle weakness leads to decreased cough and impaired airway clearance, increasing the risk of acute respiratory illness. Progressive respiratory muscle weakness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in late-onset Pompe disease even if enzyme replacement therapy has been established. Practical knowledge of how to detect, monitor and manage respiratory muscle involvement is crucial for optimal patient care. A multidisciplinary approach combining the expertise of neurologists, pulmonologists, and intensive care specialists is needed. Based on the authors’ own experience in over 200 patients, this article conveys expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of respiratory muscle weakness and its sequelae in late-onset Pompe disease.
(E)-1-(2-Aminophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Abonia Rodrigo , Cabrera Lorena , Quiroga Jairo , Insuasty Braulio , Moreno-Fuquen Rodolfo , Kennedy Alan
Published: October 2016

The title chalcone (E)-1-(2-aminophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one was prepared with an excellent yield from a Claisen–Schmidt condensation reaction between o-aminoacetophenone and p-chlorobenzaldehyde. This product will be used as a key precursor for the development of an alternative route for the total synthesis of dubamine and graveoline alkaloids. Single crystals of the title compound suitable for X-ray diffraction were grown via slow evaporation in ethanol at room temperature. A complete crystallographic study was performed in depth to unequivocally confirm its structure and determine some interesting supramolecular properties. The crystal structure of the title o-aminochalcone, C15H12ClNO, shows two molecules per asymmetric unit (Z′ = 2) and adopts an E configuration about the C=C double bond. In the title compound, the mean plane of the non-H atoms of the central chalcone fragment C—C(O)—C—C—C is as follows: [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0130 Å for A-B and 0.0043 for C-D molecules]. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...N and C—H...O, hydrogen bonds forming edge-fused R66(46) rings parallel to (100). Additionally, N—H...O hydrogen bonds generate a three-dimensional network.
Polymer-Cement Composites Containing Waste Perlite Powder
Authors: Łukowski Paweł
Published: October 2016

Polymer-cement composites (PCCs) are materials in which the polymer and mineral binder create an interpenetrating network and co-operate, significantly improving the performance of the material. On the other hand, the need for the utilization of waste materials is a demand of sustainable construction. Various mineral powders, such as fly ash or blast-furnace slag, are successfully used for the production of cement and concrete. This paper deals with the use of perlite powder, which is a burdensome waste from the process of thermal expansion of the raw perlite, as a component of PCCs. The results of the testing of the mechanical properties of the composite and some microscopic observations are presented, indicating that there is a possibility to rationally and efficiently utilize waste perlite powder as a component of the PCC. This would lead to creating a new type of building material that successfully meets the requirements of sustainable construction.
Cubic C3N: A New Superhard Phase of Carbon-Rich Nitride
Authors: Wei Qun , Zhang Quan , Yan Haiyan , Zhang Meiguang
Published: October 2016

Using the particle swarm optimization technique, we proposed a cubic superhard phase of C3N (c-C3N) with an estimated Vicker’s hardness of 65 GPa, which is more energetically favorable than the recently proposed o-C3N. The c-C3N is the most stable phase in a pressure range of 6.5–15.4 GPa. Above 15.4 GPa, the most energetic favorable high pressure phase R3m-C3N is uncovered. Phonon dispersion and elastic constant calculations confirm the dynamical and mechanical stability of c-C3N and R3m-C3N at ambient pressure. The electronic structure calculations indicate that both c-C3N and R3m-C3N are indirect semiconductor.
On the “Zero of Potential of the Electric Field Produced by the Heart Beat”. A Machine Capable of Estimating this Underlying Persistent Error in Electrocardiography
Authors: Gargiulo Gaetano , Bifulco Paolo , Cesarelli Mario , McEwan Alistair , Moeinzadeh Hossein , O’Loughlin Aiden , Shugman Ibrahim , Tapson Jonathan , Thiagalingam Aravinda
Published: October 2016

Modern electrocardiography (ECG) uses a constructed reference potential for the majority of leads. This reference potential, named after its inventor as the Wilson central terminal, is assumed to have negligible value and to be stationary during the cardiac cycle. However, the problem of its variability during the cardiac cycle has been known almost since the inception of 12-lead electrocardiography. Due to the cumbersomeness of the measurement system required to fully appreciate these variations, this topic has received scant research attention during the last 60 years. Taking advantage of modern electronic amplifiers’ capability to detect small voltages, drawing only femtoamperes from physiological equivalent signal sources and of the right-leg connection availability, we developed a complete electrocardiography device that, aside from the eight independent signals of the standard 12-lead ECG, allows direct recording of the Wilson central terminal components. In this paper, we present details of the circuit together with its initial clinical evaluation. For this trial, we recorded data from 44 volunteer patients at Campbelltown Hospital (Campbelltown, Australia) and we found that the Wilson central terminal amplitude, as foreseen by Frank and others in the 1950s, is not negligible, its amplitude in relation to the lead II is, on average, 51.2%, and thus it may be clinically relevant.
Identification of a Pro-Angiogenic Potential and Cellular Uptake Mechanism of a LMW Highly Sulfated Fraction of Fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum
Authors: Marinval Nicolas , Saboural Pierre , Haddad Oualid , Maire Murielle , Bassand Kevin , Geinguenaud Frederic , Djaker Nadia , Ben Akrout Khadija , Lamy de la Chapelle Marc , Robert Romain , Oudar Olivier , Guyot Erwan , Laguillier-Morizot Christelle , Sutton Angela , Chauvierre Cedric , Chaubet Frederic , Charnaux Nathalie , Hlawaty Hanna
Published: October 2016

Herein we investigate the structure/function relationships of fucoidans from Ascophyllum nodosum to analyze their pro-angiogenic effect and cellular uptake in native and glycosaminoglycan-free (GAG-free) human endothelial cells (HUVECs). Fucoidans are marine sulfated polysaccharides, which act as glycosaminoglycans mimetics. We hypothesized that the size and sulfation rate of fucoidans influence their ability to induce pro-angiogenic processes independently of GAGs. We collected two fractions of fucoidans, Low and Medium Molecular Weight Fucoidan (LMWF and MMWF, respectively) by size exclusion chromatography and characterized their composition (sulfate, fucose and uronic acid) by colorimetric measurement and Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. The high affinities of fractionated fucoidans to heparin binding proteins were confirmed by Surface Plasmon Resonance. We evidenced that LMWF has a higher pro-angiogenic (2D-angiogenesis on Matrigel) and pro-migratory (Boyden chamber) potential on HUVECs, compared to MMWF. Interestingly, in a GAG-free HUVECs model, LMWF kept a pro-angiogenic potential. Finally, to evaluate the association of LMWF-induced biological effects and its cellular uptake, we analyzed by confocal microscopy the GAGs involvement in the internalization of a fluorescent LMWF. The fluorescent LMWF was mainly internalized through HUVEC clathrin-dependent endocytosis in which GAGs were partially involved. In conclusion, a better characterization of the relationships between the fucoidan structure and its pro-angiogenic potential in GAG-free endothelial cells was required to identify an adapted fucoidan to enhance vascular repair in ischemia.
Combination of mTOR and MAPK Inhibitors—A Potential Way to Treat Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Chauhan Ashutosh , Semwal Deepak , Mishra Satyendra , Goyal Sandeep , Marathe Rajendra , Semwal Ruchi
Published: October 2016

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm that occurs in the kidney and is marked by a unique biology, with a long history of poor response to conventional cancer treatments. In the past few years, there have been significant advancements to understand the biology of RCC. This has led to the introduction of novel targeted therapies in the management of patients with metastatic disease. Patients treated with targeted therapies for RCC had shown positive impact on overall survival, however, no cure is possible and patients need to undergo treatment for long periods of time, which raises challenges to manage the associated adverse events. Moreover, many patients may not respond to it and even response may not last long enough in the responders. Many inhibitors of the Mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway are currently being used in treatment of advanced RCC. Studies showed that inhibitions of mTOR pathways induce Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) escape cell death and cells become resistant to mTOR inhibitors. Because of this, there is a need to inhibit both pathways with their inhibitors comparatively for a better outcome and treatment of patients with RCC.
Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanostructures Derived from Conjugated Polymers for Energy Applications
Authors: He Yanzhen , Han Xijiang , Du Yunchen , Zhang Bin , Xu Ping
Published: October 2016

Heteroatom-doped carbon materials have been one of the most remarkable families of materials with promising applications in fuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries. Among them, conjugated polymer (CP)-derived heteroatom-doped carbon materials exhibit remarkable electrochemical performances because the heteroatoms can be preserved at a relatively high content and keep stable under harsh working conditions. In this review, we summarized recent advances in the rational design and various applications of CP-derived heteroatom-doped carbon materials, including polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and their ramification-derived carbons, as well as transition metal-carbon nanocomposites. The key point of considering CP-derived heteroatom-doped carbon materials as important candidates of electrode materials is that CPs contain only nonmetallic elements and some key heteroatoms in their backbones which provide great chances for the synthesis of metal-free heteroatom-doped carbon nanostructures. The presented examples in this review will provide new insights in designing and optimizing heteroatom-doped carbon materials for the development of anode and cathode materials for electrochemical device applications.