bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Present day risk of extinction may exacerbate the lower species richness of dioecious clades
Authors: Vamosi Jana C. , Vamosi Steven M.
Published: January 2005

Dioecious clades have been observed to have lower species richness than their non‐dioecious sister groups indicating that dioecious species experience higher extinction rates and (or) lower speciation rates. To determine whether current threats to biodiversity may exacerbate this pattern, we examined the threat to exclusively dioecious families of angiosperms among the 13,013 species of threatened plants included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. When examined phylogenetically, dioecious families had proportionally more species listed than their sister groups. We then examined whether ecological traits correlated with dioecy, namely tropical distribution, woody growth form, and fleshy fruits, are associated with having higher proportions of threatened species. Ignoring breeding system, woody growth form was the only trait that was associated with a greater than expected proportion of threatened species per family. Red‐Listed dioecious families were more likely to have a woody growth form than non‐dioecious families. Woody growth habit is likely contributing to the higher incidence of dioecious species being at risk of extinction but is not solely responsible for the pattern because higher risk within dioecious groups was also apparent in a comparison of exclusively woody sister‐group pairs. Our results indicate that dioecious plants may warrant special attention in conservation practices.
Psychological therapies for bipolar disorder: the role of model‐driven approaches to therapy integration
Authors: Jones Steven H , Sellwood William , McGovern John
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  The psychological and social aspects of bipolar disorder are receiving increasing recognition. Recently, there have been promising developments in psychological interventions, but there is scope for further improvement of therapeutic outcomes. This paper argues for the use of more detailed psychological models of bipolar disorder to inform the further development of therapeutic approaches.

Method:  Evidence for psychological, family and social factors in bipolar disorder is reviewed. The efficacy of current individual and family interventions are discussed. A model, which has potential to synthesize group and individual approaches, is outlined.

Results:  Psychological, social and family factors have important influences on the onset, course and outcome of bipolar disorder. Interventions based on vulnerability stress models have proved effective. However, to enhance efficacy future developments need to be based on models that integrate current understandings of the multiple levels at which mood fluctuations occur. A particular recent model is discussed which leads to specific proposals for future intervention research.

Conclusions:  Psychological and family approaches to BD have much potential. They clearly have a role in conjunction with appropriate pharmacological treatment. If this potential is to be fully realized future developments need to be based on psychological models that can accommodate the complexity of this illness.
Comparative analysis of the effects of four mood stabilizers in SH‐SY5Y cells and in primary neurons
Authors: Daniel Elena Di , Mudge Anne W , Maycox Peter R
Published: January 2005

Objectives: The mood‐stabilizing drug valproic acid (VPA) exerts a neurotrophic effect on the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH‐SY5Y. We aimed to establish whether other mood‐stabilizing drugs have a similar action and which signalling pathways mediate this process.

Methods: We analysed the effects of the mood stabilizers VPA, lithium, carbamazepine and lamotrigine on proliferation, survival, neurite outgrowth and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation using the SH‐SY5Y cell line. We also compared their effects in primary neurons.

Results: We found that VPA promotes neurite outgrowth and prevents cell death in SH‐SY5Y cells, but has no effect on cell proliferation. This neurotrophic effect does not involve inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3, histone deacetylase or prolyl oligopeptidase; the effect also does not seem to involve protein kinase C. In contrast, VPA activates ERK/MAPK and the survival effect of VPA is blocked by inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway. Moreover, other activators of ERK/MAPK, such as epidermal growth factor and phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate, mimic the neurotrophic effects of VPA. Other mood stabilizers do not activate ERK/MAPK and do not promote neurite outgrowth or survival of SH‐SY5Y cells. In contrast, both lithium and VPA activate ERK/MAPK in rat primary cortical neurons.

Conclusions: We investigated four mood stabilizers that are effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Our results suggest that, while some mood stabilizers may have additional neuroprotective effects, activation of ERK/MAPK does not appear to be a mechanism common to all mood‐stabilizing drugs.
Content‐specificity of dysfunctional cognitions for patients with bipolar mania versus unipolar depression: a preliminary study
Authors: Goldberg Joseph F , Wenze Susan J , Welker Tara M , Steer Robert A , Beck Aaron T
Published: January 2005

Objective:  Dysfunctional beliefs or cognitions are considered to be fundamental to both the phenomenology and pathogenesis of depression. However, the cognitive aspects of mania have not been as thoroughly investigated. We sought to compare the maladaptive beliefs and cognitions of 23 bipolar manic or hypomanic patients, 28 patients with unipolar major depression, and 24 normal adults.

Method:  The Cognition Checklist for Mania (CCL‐M) was used to assess the beliefs. This 61‐item self‐report instrument is scored for seven subscales measuring (a) self‐importance, (b) interpersonal grandiosity, (c) inappropriate spending, (d) excitement and risk‐taking, (e) interpersonal frustrations, (f) goal‐driven activity, and (g) past or future outlooks on life, and also yields a total score.

Results:  The mean CCL‐M total score of the bipolar‐manic patients was significantly higher than the mean CCL‐M total score of the unipolar‐depressed patients, and the patients’ mean CCL‐M total score was also higher than that of the normal adults. The mean scores of the subscales measuring excitement and past and future memories and expectations were also significantly higher for the bipolar‐manic than unipolar‐depressed patients.

Conclusions:  Bipolar‐manic patients endorse with maladaptive beliefs and cognitions that are associated with mania more than do unipolar‐depressed patients and normal adults. The implications for the early identification of cognitions associated with prodromal states of mania, and for psychotherapeutic interventions, are discussed.
Dark therapy for mania: a pilot study
Authors: Barbini Barbara , Benedetti Francesco , Colombo Cristina , Dotoli Danilo , Bernasconi Alessandro , Cigala‐Fulgosi Mara , Florita Marcello , Smeraldi Enrico
Published: January 2005

Background:  Recent findings suggest that extended bed rest and darkness could stabilize mood swings in rapid cycling bipolar patients.

Method:  We exposed 16 bipolar inpatients affected by a manic episode to a regimen of 14 h of enforced darkness from 6 p.m. to 8 a.m. each night for three consecutive days [dark therapy (DT)]. Pattern of mood changes were recorded with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and compared with a control group of 16 inpatients matched for age, sex, age at onset, number of previous illness episodes and duration of current episode, and were treated with therapy as usual (TAU).

Results:  Adding DT to TAU resulted in a significantly faster decrease of YMRS scores when patients were treated within 2 weeks from the onset of the current manic episode. When duration of current episode was longer, DT had no effect. Follow‐up confirmed that good responders needed a lower dose of antimanic drugs and were discharged earlier from the hospital.

Conclusions:  Chronobiological interventions and control of environmental stimuli can be a useful add‐on for the treatment of acute mania in a hospital setting.
Recovery and functional outcomes following olanzapine treatment for bipolar I mania
Authors: Roy Chengappa KN , Hennen John , Baldessarini Ross J , Kupfer David J , Yatham Lakshmi N , Gershon Samuel , Baker Robert W , Tohen Mauricio
Published: January 2005

Background:  Typical experimental categorizations of treatment responses in bipolar disorder (BPD) patients may have limited relationship to clinical recovery or functional status, and there is inadequate research on such clinically important outcomes.

Methods:  We analyzed data from a study of open continuation of olanzapine treatment following a 3‐week placebo‐controlled trial involving initially hospitalized adult subjects with DSM‐IV BP‐I mania to estimate rates and times to symptomatic remission (low scores on standardized symptomatic assessments) and clinical recovery (remission sustained ≥8 weeks), associated clinical factors, and functional outcomes.

Results:  During treatment with olanzapine for 27.9 ± 20.1 weeks, symptomatic remission was attained by 70% of subjects, half by 8 weeks (95% CI 6–10) weeks, and later lost by 82% of remitted subjects; remitted (versus non‐remitted) subjects had slightly lower baseline clinical global impression scores and greater trial‐completion. Sustained clinical recovery was attained by only 40 of 113 (35%) of subjects, half by 36 (95% CI 20–40) weeks, and later lost by 45%. Subjects with above‐median (>12) initial Hamilton‐Depression rating scale depression scores were half as likely to recover (p = 0.016) and did so much later (36 versus 12 weeks) than those with lower scores. At final assessment, self‐rated well being (SF‐36 psychosocial functioning scores) improved substantially more among recovered versus non‐recovered subjects (mean changes: 87% versus 23%), and two‐thirds of recovered subjects remained unemployed‐for‐pay while half received disability‐compensation.

Conclusions:  Clinically meaningful symptomatic remission and recovery in relatively severely ill adult bipolar I manic patients were achieved slowly and sustained by only some patients within an average of 7 months of continuous treatment. These clinically relevant outcomes were worse with relatively high initial dysphoria ratings. Well‐being was rated higher by recovered subjects, but their ability to work and live independently were markedly impaired. These findings underscore the emerging view that BPD can often be severe, slow to remit, and disabling, particularly in association with prominent depression‐dysphoria symptoms. Improved treatments for BPD are needed, guided by longitudinal assessments of clinically meaningful measures of symptomatic recovery and functional outcome.
Increased risk for pulmonary embolism in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Strudsholm Ulla , Johannessen Line , Foldager Leslie , Munk‐Jørgensen Povl
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the increased risk for pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with manic‐depressive psychosis/bipolar disorder (BD). Affective patients show increased mortality compared with the background population.

Methods:  A register study was carried out in which somatic and psychiatric information in 25,834 BD patients and 117,815 controls was extracted from The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register, The National Register of Patients, The Danish Central Person Register and The Danish Register of Causes of Death, with similar information about patients with schizophrenia and anxiety for comparison.

Results:  Patients with BD had a significantly increased occurrence of PE [increased incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.38, 1.88)]. An association was also found in schizophrenic patients [IRR = 1.78; 95% CI (1.27, 2.51)] and in anxiety patients [IRR = 1.49; 95% CI (1.10, 2.02)].

Conclusions:  Increased occurrence of PE in patients with BD is one of the explanations of increased mortality in the affective patient group. A similar finding in females with schizophrenia and females with anxiety suggests ‘mental disorder’ as the risk factor for PE. The causes for the increased occurrence of PE in BD patients (and other diagnostic groups) need further investigation.
Antigens of Goat Spermatozoa that Recognize Homologous Zona Pellucida
Authors: Kaul G , Gandhi KK , Sharma GS , Singh B
Published: January 2005

Contents

Goat sperm surface proteins obtained from purified plasma membrane (PPM) vesicles (purity of membrane checked by marker enzymes and transmission electron microscopy) were size fractionated on an fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) gel filtration column. All the seven surface proteins (129, 100, 46, 28, 27, 18 and 10 kDa) obtained were further fractionated and purified on high‐efficiency gel filtration (GFC‐HPLC) as well as ion exchange (DEAE‐HPLC) columns. Antibodies were generated against the PPM and the protein fractions. Such resolved and purified surface antigens were tested by Dot Blot Immunoassay and homologous in vitro sperm–zona binding assays. It was revealed that the binding of goat spermatozoa to homologous zona pellucida was inhibited by antisera raised against the five lower molecular weight surface antigens. Further, the components of FPLC‐AIII (46 kDa; A represents antigenic protein) and IV (28 kDa) were most promising as the antibodies against these fractions inhibited sperm binding to zona pellucida even at a dilution of 1 : 1000 as tested by the sperm–zona binding assays.
Cyclic Related and Pathological Changes in the Lectin‐binding Sites on the Swine Oviduct
Authors: Sant'Ana FJF , Nascimento EF , Gimeno EJ , Barbeito CG
Published: January 2005

Contents

This study was carried out to compare the lectin‐binding pattern in the normal and pathological oviduct of sows during the ovarian cycle. Lectin‐binding patterns showed differences between segments, phases of ovarian cycle and presence of morphologic lesions. In the infundibulum, it was observed that the cysts, in the follicular phase, reducedRicinus communis‐I (RCA‐I) andUlex europaeus‐I (UEA‐I) binding. Furthermore, in the pathological oviducts of the luteal‐phase group, there is a reduction ofConcanavalia ensiformis(Con‐A) reactivity in this segment of the tube having wall cysts, adenomyosis and diverticulus. TheArachis hypogaea(PNA) binding in the infundibulum, during the luteal phase, decreased in the tube having adenomyosis. In animals with wall cysts, the Con‐A,Triticum vulgaris(WGA) and RCA‐I reactivity was minor in the glycocalyx of the isthmus epithelium during follicular phase. Con‐A andDolichos biflorus(DBA) binding pattern was minor in the luteal‐phase isthmus of the tube having wall cysts, adenomyosis and diverticulus. In the ampulla, the wall cysts impaired the Con‐A reaction only in the basal region of the epithelium, in the follicular phase. Binding with Con‐A was decreased in the ampulla of animals in the luteal phase in the tube lesions with cysts and diverticulus. In addition, the diverticulus observed in the ampulla, during the luteal phase, reduced the PNA tubaric binding. The results of this study showed that the morphologic alterations modify the sugar pattern in the oviduct of sows. These modifications in glycoconjugates may be one of the reasons for the failure of fertility in sows.
Timing of Ovulation and Fertility of Heifers After Synchronization of Oestrus with GnRH and Prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Tenhagen B‐A , Kuchenbuch S , Heuwieser W
Published: January 2005

Contents

Synchronization of oestrus and/or ovulation can reduce workload in heifer reproductive management. The objective of this study was to compare two protocols to synchronize oestrus and/or ovulation using GnRH and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) in dairy heifers concerning their effect on follicular dynamics and reproductive performance. Four trials were carried out. In trial 1, 282 heifers were treated with GnRH and PGF2α 7 days apart (GP protocol). One group was inseminated on detection of oestrus (IDO 1), and the other group received two timed artificial inseminations (AI) 48 and 72 h after PGF2α administration (TAI 1). In trial 2, 98 heifers were synchronized with the same GP protocol. Heifers in IDO 2 were treated as in IDO 1, heifers in TAI 2 received two TAI 48 and 78 h after PGF2α administration. In trial 3, heifers in IDO 3 (n = 71) were again treated as in IDO 1. Heifers in TAI 3 (n = 166) received a second dose of GnRH 48 h after PGF2α (GPG protocol) and TAI together with this treatment and 24 h later. Trial 4 compared the timing of ovulation after the GP and the GPG protocol, using a subgroup of the heifers from trials 1 to 3. The ovaries of the heifers were scanned via ultrasound at 48, 56, 72, 80, 96 and 104 h after PGF2α administration. Timing of ovulation and size of the ovulatory follicles were compared between the two groups. In trials 1 to 3, conception rates to first service were between 49 and 66%. They did not differ significantly between IDO and TAI groups within or between trials. Pregnancy rates per synchronization were numerically higher in the TAI groups, but the difference was not significant. Conception rates to breeding on spontaneous oestrus in heifers returning to oestrus were higher than that after synchronized oestrus. In trial 4, more heifers ovulated before the end of the observation period in GPG than in GP (96.5% vs 74.7%; p < 0.001). Overall, ovulatory follicles were smaller in GPG (13.1 ± 1.9 mm vs 14.3 ± 1.9 mm; p < 0.001).
The Impact of Institutional Reforms on Characteristics and Survival of Foreign Subsidiaries in Emerging Economies*
Authors: Chung Chris Changwha , Beamish Paul W.
Published: January 2005

abstractThis study goes beyond the conventional notion of the institutional environment of emerging economies and investigates their dynamic context. It examines the complex influences of policy reforms on the characteristics and survival of foreign subsidiaries in emerging economies before and after the 1997 Asian Economic Crisis. This study proposes that FDI policy reforms during times of crisis may not only have a positive effect on institutional munificence for foreign firms, but such drastic reforms may also produce a negative effect (e.g. institutional volatility and complexity) on the environment. We consider how foreign firms effectively respond to the unfavourable forces of the post‐crisis environments while taking advantage of the munificence of the policy reforms. We find that foreign subsidiaries tend to take the form of wholly‐owned subsidiaries (versus joint ventures), majority joint‐ventures (versus minority joint‐ventures), or trading operations (versus manufacturing operations) in the post‐crisis institutional environment. Consistently, foreign subsidiaries with these characteristics are more likely to survive in the post‐crisis environment.
The Dynamic Between Firms’ Environmental Strategies and Institutional Constraints in Emerging Economies: Evidence from China and Taiwan*
Authors: Child John , Tsai Terence
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper combines institutional and political perspectives to develop a framework for analysing firms’ strategies in relation to demands for environmental protection in emerging economies. The main subjects for an examination of the framework and the issues it raises are three large‐scale diversified multinational corporations (MNCs) in the chemicals sector, each with manufacturing in both China (PRC) and Taiwan. They are contrasted with four local firms in the same sector. An accommodation between MNCs’ strategies and institutional constraints is achieved through a system of dynamic relationships in which both firms and institutional agents have a stake. Institutions are found to be more pervious to corporate strategic action than has been assumed by recent institutional theory, and with consequences that are not necessarily inimical to local community interests. The study offers new insights into (1) the processes that lead to conformity in corporate environmental practices (isomorphism), (2) the need to extend the normal purview of institutional theory, and (3) the contribution of a political perspective that allows for MNC proactivity.
Generic Product Strategies for Emerging Market Exports into Triad Nation Markets: A Mimetic Isomorphism Approach
Authors: Brouthers Lance Eliot , O'Donnell Edward , Hadjimarcou John
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTBased on the concept of mimetic isomorphism, we theorize that, by imitating the home country MNE modal generic product strategy in each Triad nation, emerging market firms (EMFs) can improve their export performance satisfaction. We hypothesize that EMFs which: (1) target the EU and use a Premium strategy, (2) target Japan and use a Superior Value strategy, or (3) target the USA and use an Economy strategy will, on average, achieve higher levels of satisfaction with export performance than EMFs that enter emerging markets or EMFs that employ other product strategies in Triad nation markets. Our hypothesis is tested and supported on a sample of Romanian and Chinese exporters. Managerial implications of our theory and findings are discussed.
Eco‐labelling and the Trade‐Environment Debate
Authors: Melser Daniel , Robertson Peter E.
Published: January 2005

In this paper we consider the effectiveness of eco‐labels as a substitute for alternative, but trade‐restrictive, environmental policies. Specifically, while there are concerns that eco‐labelling requirements increase the cost of international trade, due to their potential for misuse as technical trade barriers, little attention has been given to the environmental benefits of eco‐labelling. We show that incentive problems inherent in eco‐labelling policies make it a very weak tool of environmental policy. Despite this, we argue that eco‐labelling schemes may remain popular, owing to the lack of alternative WTO compliant environmental policies. We also use this framework to consider the economic and political conflicts facing the EU with regard to its policies on genetically modified organisms.
Effectiveness of ozone, heat and chlorine for destroying common food spoilage bacteria in synthetic media and biofilms†
Authors: DOSTI BILAL , GUZEL‐SEYDIM ZEYNEP , GREENE ANNEL K
Published: January 2005

Ozone, chlorine and heat applications were compared for killing effectiveness against food spoilage bacteria in synthetic broth. Fresh 24‐h bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens (ATCC 948), Pseudomonas fragi (ATCC 4973), Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 795), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 35028), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 35030) and Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 14580) were exposed to ozone (0.6 ppm for 1 min and 10 min), chlorine (100 ppm for 2 min) or heat (77 ± 1°C for 5 min). One‐minute ozonation had little effect against the bacteria. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) among 10‐min ozonation, chlorine or heat inactivation of all bacteria exceptB. licheniformis. Ten‐minute ozonation caused the highest bacterial population reduction, with a mean reduction over all species of 7.3 log units followed by heat (5.4 log reduction) and chlorine (3.07 log reduction). Clean, passivated, sterile stainless steel (SS) metal coupons [2.54 × 2.54 cm2, American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) number 304] were incubated in ultra‐high temperature (UHT) sterile milk inoculated with P. fluorescens (ATCC 948), P. fragi (ATCC 4973) and P. putida (ATCC 795) for 24–72 h. After biofilm formation, the SS metal coupons were rinsed with phosphate‐buffered saline (1 min) and exposed to ozone (0.6 ppm for 10 min) and chlorine (100 ppm for 2 min). Results indicated that both ozone and chlorine significantly reduced the biofilm bacteria adhered to the SS metal coupons as compared to the control (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between ozone and chlorine inactivation of the bacteria with the exception of P. putida. Ozone killed P. putida more effectively than chlorine.
Relative importance of texture properties in the sensory quality and acceptance of natural yoghurts
Authors: JAWORSKA DANUTA , WASZKIEWICZ‐ROBAK BOZENA , KOLANOWSKI WOJCIECH , SWIDERSKI FRANCISZEK
Published: January 2005

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of sensory and texture properties of natural yoghurts on their overall sensory quality and acceptability. Samples were evaluated by consumers, and a parallel quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was carried out, including analysis of thickness and smoothness. Results were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA). Measurements of yoghurt viscosity were carried out using Brookfield instruments. Sensory texture properties (thickness and smoothness) were not significantly correlated with yoghurt consumer acceptability. Viscosity measured instrumentally correlated well with sensory thickness. Negative sensory attributes (especially off‐flavour and bitterness) were of critical importance for consumer acceptance.
Reactivation of ocular toxoplasmosis during pregnancy
Authors: Garweg Justus G. , Scherrer Janine , Wallon Martine , Kodjikian Laurent , Peyron François
Published: January 2005

We wished to assess whether ocular toxoplasmosis can be reactivated during pregnancy in immunocompetent females, and whether such reactivation is confined to the eye or whether the fetus is exposed to the risk of vertical transmission. For this purpose, we retrospectively examined 18 females with ocular toxoplasmosis during the course of 35 pregnancies. Of these 18 patients, seven developed recurrences during seven pregnancies. Due to the potential risk of functional damage to the mother and the possibility of vertical disease transmission to the fetus, we suggest following such cases carefully during pregnancy until the dimensions of the problem are more fully appreciated.
Significant paternal contribution to the risk of small for gestational age
Authors: Jaquet Delphine , Swaminathan Shailender , Alexander Greg R. , Czernichow Paul , Collin Dominique , Salihu Hamisu M. , Kirby Russell S. , Lévy‐Marchal Claire
Published: January 2005

Objective  The aim of this study is to investigate both maternal and paternal contributions in the familial aggregation of small for gestational age.

Design  Nested case–control study.

Setting  Metropolitan area of Haguenau, France.

Population  Data were drawn from a French population‐based maternity registry. After selection, 256 cases born either small for gestational age or average for gestational age were included.

Methods  Controlling for known pregnancy‐related risk factors, logistic regression models were used to determine the risk of the child being small for gestational age, given that the mother, father or both were small for gestational age, and to examine interactions between maternal small for gestational age and pregnancy risk factors.

Main outcome measures  Specifically, we investigate to what extent having either or both parents born small for gestational age increases the risk of small for gestational age in their offspring, after controlling for the established risk factors of small for gestational age and maternal and paternal characteristics. We also explore the extent to which the intergenerational predictors of small for gestational age may modify the effect of current pregnancy‐related risk factors.

Results  The risk of a small for gestational age offspring was 4.7 times greater for mothers and 3.5 times greater for fathers who were small for gestational age, compared with average for gestational age counterparts. Furthermore, the risk of a small for gestational age offspring was 16.3 times greater when both parents were small for gestational age. No significant interactions between maternal small for gestational age and maternal smoking, hypertension or parity were observed.

Conclusion  These results indicate that small for gestational age in both mother and father significantly influences the risk of their offspring being small for gestational age. While previous research has indicated that the birth outcome of the mother is an important determinant of the birth outcome of her offspring, these data indicate that the birth outcome of the father plays an equally critical role in determining fetal growth, strongly suggesting a genetic component in the familial aggregation of small for gestational age.
Fetal heart rate patterns and ECG ST segment changes preceding metabolic acidaemia at birth
Authors: Amer‐Wåhlin Isis , Ingemarsson Ingemar , Marsal Karel , Herbst Andreas
Published: January 2005

Objectives  To compare the rates of abnormal ST segment patterns of the ECG and cardiotocographic (CTG) abnormalities in fetuses with metabolic acidaemia at birth and controls. To evaluate the inter‐observer agreement in interpretation of ST analysis and CTG.

Design  Case–control study.

Setting  Three University hospitals in southern Sweden.

Population  Cases and controls were selected from the Swedish randomised controlled trial on intrapartum monitoring, including 4966 fetuses monitored with a scalp electrode.

Methods  Two obstetricians independently assessed the CTG and ST traces of 41 fetuses with metabolic acidaemia at birth and 101 controls, blinded to group, outcome and all clinical data. They classified each CTG trace and ST analysis as abnormal or not abnormal, and whether there was indication to intervene according to the CTG or to the CTG + ST guidelines. If their classification differed, assessment by a third obstetrician determined the final classification.

Main outcome measures  Rates of CTG and ST abnormalities and decisions to intervene. Rates of inter‐observer agreement.

Results  CTG was classified as abnormal in 50% and ST in 63% of cases with acidaemia, and in 20% and 34% of controls, respectively. CTG abnormalities were judged to be indication for intervention in 45% and CTG + ST abnormalities in 56% of cases with acidaemia, and in 15% and 8% of controls, respectively. The proportion of agreement between the two initial observers was significantly higher for ST abnormalities (94%) than for CTG abnormalities (73%), and for indication to intervene according to CTG + ST (89%) than according to CTG alone (76%).

Conclusions  The inter‐observer agreement rate was higher for a decision to intervene based on CTG + ST than on CTG alone.
Pre‐ and periconceptional primary cytomegalovirus infection: risk of vertical transmission and congenital disease
Authors: Daiminger A. , Bäder U. , Enders G.
Published: January 2005

Objective  To estimate the risk of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and disease following primary maternal infection around the time of conception compared with the risk during later stages of pregnancy.

Design  Cohort study between 1990 and 2003.

Setting  Germany.

Participants  One hundred and sixty‐six pregnant women with serologically confirmed primary cytomegalovirus infection and known outcome.

Methods  Timing of primary cytomegalovirus infection by analysing the kinetics of cytomegalovirus‐specific IgG and IgM antibodies, the IgG avidity index and neutralising antibodies.

Main outcome measure   Onset of maternal primary infection in relation to congenital infection and disease.

Results  Preconceptional (between eight and two weeks before onset of the last menstrual period) was determined in three women and did not lead to congenital infection. Periconceptional infection (between one week before and five weeks after last menstrual period) occurred in 20 women with congenital infection in nine cases (45%). Timing was less precise (between eight weeks before and five weeks after last menstrual period) in an additional 10 women, three cases of which resulted in congenital infection. Of the 12 pregnancies in which congenital infection occurred, seven were terminated, six before the 12th week of gestation (WG 12) and one at WG 19 due to fetal hyperechogenic bowel. One of the five infected live‐born infants delivered to a mother with periconceptional infection showed dystrophy and mild microcephaly at birth, but had a rather normal development at two years of age. Primary infections occurring between WG 6–20 and WG 20–38 resulted in transmission rates of 30% (27/89) and 58% (18/31), respectively.

Conclusions  Counselling of women with periconceptional primary cytomegalovirus infection should be adjusted to offer prenatal diagnosis and high‐level ultrasound controls due to the considerable risk for fetal infection and uncertainty of clinical outcome and disease.
Mechanical Performance of a Screw‐Type Veterinary Suture Anchor Subjected to Single Load to Failure and Cyclic Loads
Authors: Balara Jason M. , McCarthy Robert J. , Boudrieau Randy J. , Kraus Karl H.
Published: January 2005

Objective—To characterize the mechanical performance of a veterinary bone anchor under static and cyclic loads.

Study Design—Mechanical testing study.

Animals—Cadaveric canine humeri.

Methods—Humeri (6 pairs) were collected from skeletally mature dogs (mean [±SD] age, 17.2±2.1 months; weight, 20.8±1.5 kg). Bone anchors were inserted in the proximal metaphysis using nylon, and were longitudinally extracted. For the opposite humerus, anchors were subjected to longitudinal cyclic load (50% of the load at failure of their pair) for 1200 cycles then longitudinally loaded to failure. Anchors were then installed in a similar and adjacent area of these 2ndhumeri with nylon and cyclically tested perpendicular to the axis of anchor insertion (100% of the longitudinal holding power of their pair) for 1200 cycles, then perpendicularly loaded to failure. Paired t‐tests were used to compare holding power before and after longitudinal cyclic testing.

Results—Longitudinal holding power of the screw‐type anchor in the proximal humerus was 385±30 N. Anchor pullout was the only mode of failure. Anchors in the paired humeri did not fail after 1200 cycles of 50% longitudinal loading, and post‐cycle holding strength was not different (335±87 N;P=.32). Perpendicularly loaded anchors did not fail after 1200 cycles of 100% of opposite longitudinal holding strength, and had post‐cycle perpendicular holding strengths of 514±72 N. Suture breakage was the mode of failure.

Clinical Relevance—Bone anchor holding strength is dependent on orientation of suture load. Screw‐type bone anchor holding strength was not affected by longitudinal cyclic loading, and holding strengths of approximately 385 N can be expected in metaphyseal bone of large‐breed mature dogs. Perpendicularly loaded anchors have higher failure loads, and holding strength of approximately 514 N can be expected in metaphyseal bone of the proximal humerus.
Thoracolumbar Lateral Corpectomy for Treatment of Chronic Disk Herniation: Technique Description and Use in 15 Dogs
Authors: Moissonnier Pierre , Meheust Pierre , Carozzo Claude
Published: January 2005

Objective— To describe a technique for thoracolumbar lateral corpectomy and to evaluate its use for treatment of chronic thoracolumbar disk disease in dogs.

Study design— Retrospective study.

Animals— Fifteen dogs with signs of chronic thoracolumbar disk herniation.

Methods— After a dorsal or lateral approach to the spine, a lateral slot was created in 2 adjacent vertebral bodies on either side of the herniated disk and extruded/protruded material was removed. Data collected included history, duration of clinical signs, presurgical assessment of neurologic status, postsurgical neurologic status, complications, and outcome.

Results— Ambulatory capacity was maintained or regained, and neurologic status improved by 1 grade (3 dogs), 2 grades (8), 3 grades (2), or 4 grades (2). Eleven dogs were considered free of disease. A seroma in 1 dog was the sole complication observed.

Conclusions— Lateral corpectomy permits relatively easy removal of protruded–extruded disk material from within the vertebral canal in chronic disk disease without further iatrogenic injury to the spinal cord.

Clinical Relevance— Lateral corpectomy is an alternative to dorsal decompression for treatment of ventral and lateroventral thoracolumbar chronic disk disease in dogs.
Caprine Obstructive Urolithiasis: Requirement for 2nd Surgical Intervention and Mortality After Percutaneous Tube Cystostomy, Surgical Tube Cystostomy, or Urinary Bladder Marsupialization
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Gregg Abigail J. , Erb Hollis N. , Fubini Susan L.
Published: January 2005

Objectives—To determine the requirement for 2nd surgical interventions and mortality after 3 different surgical techniques (percutaneous tube cystostomy [10 goats], surgical tube cystostomy [25 goats], urinary bladder marsupialization [10 goats]) for caprine obstructive urolithiasis, and to determine whether pre‐ or 24‐hour postoperative physical examination findings or serum chemistry results could be used as predictors of mortality.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—Male goats (45) with obstructive urolithiasis.

Methods—Medical records for all male goats admitted and operated for obstructive urolithiasis between 1993 and 2003 were reviewed. Data retrieved included signalment, pre‐ and 24‐hour postoperative values for temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, packed cell volume, serum K+, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen [BUN]. The type of initial surgical procedure, time to 2nd surgical intervention, time to death, and duration and cost of hospitalization were also obtained.

Results—Percutaneous tube cystostomy was associated with a significantly increased requirement for (5.6‐fold increased hazard) and decreased time to a 2nd intervention (P=.002). There were no differences between the 3 procedures for time to mortality. Increased BUN and respiratory rate at admission were associated with increased mortality (hazards ratio of 4.8 and 5.0, respectively). Urinary bladder marsupialization was associated with significantly decreased hospitalization time (P=.02) and cost (P=.04) compared with surgical tube cystostomy and percutaneous tube cystostomy.

Conclusion—Surgical tube cystostomy and bladder marsupialization are both acceptable surgical methods for treatment of caprine obstructive urolithiasis. Each procedure has inherent complications that should be discussed with the owner before choosing the surgical treatment.

Clinical Relevance—There are acceptable options for treatment of caprine obstructive urolithiasis; however, percutaneous tube cystostomy should be avoided.
Evaluation of a Sheep Laparoscopic Uterine Trauma Model and Repeat Laparoscopy for Evaluation of Adhesion Formation and Prevention with Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose
Authors: Ewoldt Jennifer M. , Anderson David E. , Hardy Joanne , Weisbrode Steven E.
Published: January 2005

Objective—To evaluate topical application of 1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) for prevention of postoperative adhesions in a laparoscopic model of uterine trauma in sheep.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Fourteen non‐pregnant ewes.

Methods—Ewes were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: control (saline solution) or 1% SCMC treatment. By left flank laparoscopy, traumatic forceps were used to create serosal trauma (1.5 × 5 cm) and hemorrhage on the left uterine horn. Either 30 mL saline solution or 30 mL 1% SCMC was applied topically to the traumatized uterine horn. Adhesion formation was evaluated by repeat laparoscopy at days 14 and 21. Sheep were euthanatized on day 28 for necropsy evaluation of adhesions.

Results—Five control sheep had adhesions of the uterine horn by day 14, but only 4 had adhesions at day 21, and 2 at day 28. Adhesions did not occur in SCMC‐treated sheep. No adhesions occurred elsewhere in the abdomen.

Conclusions—Laparoscopically created uterine trauma is an effective method for induction of uterine adhesions, and laparoscopy is an excellent method for serial evaluation of adhesion formation. SCMC (1%) was effective at preventing adhesion formation in sheep and no inflammatory response was noted.

Clinical Relevance—SCMC (1%) should be considered for prevention of adhesions in abdominal surgery in sheep.
Increased Sacral Screw Purchase Minimizes Screw Loosening in Canine Triple Pelvic Osteotomy
Authors: Whelan Megan F. , McCarthy Robert J. , Boudrieau Randy J. , Kraus Karl H.
Published: January 2005

Objective—To determine if screw loosening in triple pelvic osteotomies (TPO) is minimized when screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy had maximal sacral purchase.

Study Design—Prospective study.

Animals—Forty‐six dogs with decreased acetabular coverage of the femoral head and minimal degenerative joint changes.

Methods—TPOs were performed where screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy were inserted to maximally engage sacral bone. Data collected were: use of ilial and ischial cerclage wire, screw length, ventrodorsal radiographic sacral width (most caudal aspect), pelvic canal diameter, and sacral penetration of the 3 cranial screws. On all subsequent radiographs, changes in screw position, pelvic canal diameter, and sacral purchase were noted.

Results—For 69 TPOs, 414 screws were used. Mean radiographic cranial screw length was 34.54 mm. Combined sacral depth of all 3 screws was 93.3% of sacral width. All osteotomies healed uneventfully. Twenty‐four screws (6%) loosened with 12 being in the most cranial positions. Use of ischial or ilial cerclage wires did not statistically influence screw loosening. Pelvic diameter decreased by a mean of 7.79% from postoperative radiographs to the last radiographic recheck.

Conclusions—By sufficiently engaging the sacrum with screws cranial to the ilial osteotomy, implant failures can be avoided and screw loosening minimized when a 6‐hole TPO plate is used.

Clinical Relevance——To minimize screw‐loosening in TPO, screws inserted cranial to the ilial osteotomy should be inserted to maximum sacral depth without penetrating the vertebral canal.
Use of a Semitendinosus Myocutaneous Flap for Soft‐Tissue Reconstruction of a Grade IIIB Open Tibial Fracture in a Dog
Authors: Puerto David A. , Aronson Lillian R.
Published: January 2005

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical use of a semitendinosus myocutaneous flap for soft‐tissue reconstruction of a grade IIIB open tibial fracture.

Study DesignCase report.

AnimalsA 5‐year‐old castrated male Labrador retriever with a grade IIIB open tibial fracture.

MethodsA myocutaneous flap was created by elevating the origin of the semitendinosus muscle and the associated overlying skin. The flap was rotated distally based on the distal vascular pedicle into a soft‐tissue defect overlying the central and distal third of the tibia.

ResultsThe flap allowed one‐stage reconstruction of a severe soft‐tissue defect overlying denuded bone in a grade IIIB open tibial fracture. The muscular portion of the flap survived; however, there was necrosis of 3 cm of skin extending distally beyond the muscular portion of the flap.

ConclusionDistal rotation of the semitendinosus muscle and overlying skin can be used in the treatment of severe soft‐tissue defects of the canine crus.

Clinical RelevanceComplex soft‐tissue injuries to the canine crus can be treated with a myocutaneous flap as a reasonable alternative to other reconstructive techniques.
Autologous Osteochondral Grafting (Mosaic Arthroplasty) for Treatment of Subchondral Cystic Lesions in the Equine Stifle and Fetlock Joints
Authors: Bodo Gabor , Hangody Laszlo , Modis Laszlo , Hurtig Mark
Published: January 2005

ObjectiveTo describe treatment of equine subchondral bone cysts (SBCs) by reconstruction of the articular surface with osteochondral grafts.

Study DesignCase series of horses with SBCs unresponsive to conservative therapy.

AnimalsEleven horses (1–12 years).

MethodsSBCs were identified in 4 locations: medial femoral condyle (5 horses), lateral femoral condyle (1), distal epiphysis of the metacarpus (4), or metatarsus (1). Osteochondral autograft transplantation (mosaic arthroplasty) was performed, taking grafts from the abaxial border of the medial femoral trochlea of the unaffected limb. Graft implantation was achieved through a small arthrotomy or by arthroscopy depending on SBC location.

ResultsAll horses improved postoperatively; 10 horses had successful outcomes with radiographic evidence of successful graft incorporation and 7 returned to a previous or higher activity level. On follow‐up arthroscopy (5 horses) there was successful reconstitution of a functional gliding surface. One horse had delayed incorporation of a graft because of a technical error but became sound. One horse had recurrence after 4 years of work and soundness. One stallion was used for breeding and light riding because of medial meniscal injuries on the same limb.

ConclusionsImplantation of osteochondral grafts should be considered for SBC when conservative management has not improved lameness and there is a risk of further joint injury and degeneration.

Clinical RelevanceMosaic arthroplasty should be considered for treatment of subchondral bone cysts of the femoral condyle and distal articular surface of the metacarpus/tarsus in horses that are refractory to non‐surgical management.
Electrocardiographic Characteristics of Fasciculoventricular Pathways
Authors: OH SEIL , CHOI YUN‐SHIK , CHOI EUE‐KEUN , KIM HYO‐SOO , SOHN DAE‐WON , OH BYUNG‐HEE , LEE MYOUNG‐MOOK , PARK YOUNG‐BAE
Published: January 2005

Introduction: Fasciculoventricular (FV) pathways are rare variants of preexcitation, and their ECGs may be misinterpreted as Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome with anteroseptal accessory pathways (WPW‐AS). We analyzed the electrocardiographic characteristics of the patients with FV pathways to find out the different findings from WPW‐AS.

Methods and Results: Five patients with FV pathways and four patients with WPW‐AS who underwent electrophysiologic studies were evaluated. Intervals and amplitudes of each wave and QRS morphologies were analyzed in standard 12‐lead ECGs of these patients by two independent cardiologists without the information of the electrophysiologic findings. PR intervals were longer in FV pathways (122 ± 11.0 vs 83 ± 21 ms, FV pathways vs WPW‐AS, P = 0.017). In lead V1, narrower width of R waves (25 ± 6 vs 45 ± 13 ms, P = 0.037) and smaller amplitude of S waves (12.8 ± 8.3 vs 26.6 ± 7.4 mm, P = 0.037) were observed in FV pathways. The polarity of delta waves in V1 was flat or negative in contrast with the cases of WPW‐AS in which the polarity was positive. Three of five patients had notching in the descending limb of S waves in V1, which was not observed in WPW‐AS.

Conclusion: FV pathways have different ECG characteristics from WPW‐AS in PR interval and morphology of QRS complexes in lead V1 of the standard 12‐lead ECG.
QTc Interval in Patients with Changing Edematous States:
Authors: MADIAS JOHN E.
Published: January 2005

Associations have been described among weight, amplitude of QRS complexes, and QRS duration (QRSd) in patients with anasarca (AN), and changes in the amplitude of the QRS complexes, QRSd, and QTc after hemodialysis (HD) and in patients with heart failure with associated peripheral edema congestive heart failure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that changes in QTc in patients with AN and after HD are at least partially apparent, due to changing edematous states, and not totally due to altered electrophysiology. QTc was measured in patients with AN on admission, at peak weight (N = 28), and at their subsequent lowest weight (N = 12), in 28 control patients without change in weight during hospitalization, and in one patient before and after 26 HD sessions. In the patients with AN, the QTc was 451 ± 36 ms on admission and dropped to 423 ± 46 ms at peak weight (P = 0.005). QTc was 421 ± 44 ms at peak weight and raised to 434 ± 30 at subsequent lowest weight (P = 0.32). In the controls, QTc on admission and at discharge were 435 ± 34 and 428 ± 23 ms, correspondingly (P = 0.18). QTc increased from 472 ± 18 ms before to 489 ± 36 ms after HD (P = 0.017). Alterations in QTc in AN, or HD suggest that the changes in the QTc may be partially only apparent, and due to the electrocardiogram machine‐based measurement of the attenuated/augmented QRST complexes resulting from fluid shifts.