bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thromboelastographic monitoring of the effect of unfractionated heparin in healthy dogs
Authors: McLaughlin Christopher M. , Marks Steven L. , Dorman David C. , Motsinger‐Reif Alison , Hanel Rita M.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To characterize the correlation between thromboelastography (TEG) variables using strong activators and anti‐Xa (AXa) activity in healthy dogs administered subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (UFH).

Design

Prospective experimental study.

Setting

University research facility.

Animals

Eight adult random‐source male dogs.

Intervention

Dogs were randomized to receive subcutaneous UFH at 200, 250, or 300 IU/kg every 8 hours for a total of 10 injections. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (preheparin) and 3, 6, and 8 hours after the 1st (Day 1) and 10th (Day 4) UFH injection.  After the 8‐hour blood sample was obtained on day 4, a 100 IU/kg IV bolus of UFH was administered and an additional blood sample was collected 1 hour later (hour 9). AXa activity, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and TEG (with up to 5 activators) were performed at each time point.  Modes of activation for TEG included  recalcified (Ca), Ca with heparinase (CaH), CaH and tissue factor 1:3600 (CTF3600H), Ca with tissue factor 1:100 (CTF100), and RapidTEG. Spearman rank correlations were calculated for each of the aforementioned parameters and the AXa activity. P‐values were corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni correction.

Measurements and Main Results

Significant correlations were found between AXa activity and the TEG R values generated with CTF100 (R = 0.83, P ≤ 0.0001) and RapidTEG (R = 0.90, P < 0.0001), as well as both forms of aPTT measurement (R = 0.86 and 0.84, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that TEG variables derived using robust activation correlate with AXa activity as well as aPTT and have the potential to be used for monitoring UFH therapy in healthy dogs.  Future studies are warranted to evaluate its diagnostic utility in critically ill animals.
Evaluation of an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant in healthy adult horses
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pozo Maria L. , Armengou Lara , Monreal Luis , Viu Judit , Cesarini Carla , Jose‐Cunilleras Eduard
Published: October 2016

Objective

To assess whether an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor (DiXaI) anticoagulant drug used at the low end of the recommended dose in people achieves presumed prophylactic plasma concentrations and does not induce bleeding in horses.

Design

Experimental study.

Setting

Field study.

Animals

Ten healthy adult horses.

Interventions

A DiXaI was administered at a dose of 0.125 mg/kg every 24 h orally for 4 days. Following a wash‐out period of 2 weeks, 8 of 10 horses received daily subcutaneous doses of a low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) for 4 consecutive days at 50 IU/kg. In both trials, antifactor Xa activity was measured at baseline time and 3 hours after each dose administration. Activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, hematocrit, erythrocyte agglutination, and platelet aggregation were monitored throughout the study. In addition, an in vitro spiking experiment was performed to demonstrate anticoagulant activity of this DiXaI in horse plasma.

Main Results

When treated with the DiXaI, this group of horses did not achieve the suggested thromboprophylactic plasma range of antifactor Xa activity (0.1–0.2 IU/mL), except for 1 horse after the first administration of the drug. In contrast, median values of plasma antifactor Xa activity 3 hours after receiving dalteparin were within the prophylactic range (0.16 IU/mL). No hemorrhagic events or erythrocyte agglutination were observed. In vitro addition of this DiXaI caused a concentration‐dependent effect in antifactor Xa activity.

Conclusions

At the low end of the recommended dose in people this oral formulation of DiXaI did not reach prophylactic plasma antifactor Xa activity in this group of healthy adult horses. Further studies are warranted in order to establish the prophylactic dose for horses.
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome resulting in distal aortic thromboembolism in a dog
Authors: Madden Valerie R. , Schoeffler Gretchen L.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To describe clinically significant thromboembolism as the result of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) in a dog.

Case Summary

A 3‐year‐old neutered female Boxer was evaluated for 2‐week history of progressive respiratory difficulty and hemoptysis. A brief thoracic ultrasound performed shortly after presentation identified a presumed thrombus within the left atrium. Initial blood work revealed a marked eosinophilia 6.8 × 109/L (6.8 × 103/μL; reference interval, 0.1–2.1 × 109/L [0.1–2.1 × 103/μL]) and evidence of organ dysfunction. Within 24 hours of admission the patient developed acute paraparesis with absent femoral pulses and was euthanized. Necropsy findings included marked infiltration of multiple organs with large numbers of histologically normal eosinophils and numerous thrombi including a large aortic thrombus. This combination of findings resulted in a final diagnosis of HES with associated thromboembolism.

New or Unique Information Provided

Thromboembolism occurs relatively commonly in people with HES. While there are a few case reports of HES in the veterinary literature, this is the first to describe thromboembolism as a manifestation of this disease in a canine patient.
Laparoscopic Gastropexy Using Knotless Unidirectional Suture and an Articulated Endoscopic Suturing Device: Seven Cases
Authors: Coleman Kristin A. , Adams Sean , Smeak Daniel D. , Monnet Eric
Published: October 2016

Objective

To describe a technique for laparoscopic incisional gastropexy using an articulated endoscopic suturing device with knotless unidirectional barbed suture in healthy large breed dogs.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

Healthy client‐owned dogs presented for prophylactic gastropexy and weighing >20 kg (n=7).

Methods

Incisional gastropexy was performed using a single port access system with an articulated endoscopic suturing device. An additional 5 mm cannula was placed in the right caudal abdomen. A 2‐0 knotless unidirectional barbed suture was used to complete the gastropexy with 2 separate simple continuous suture lines. All dogs underwent a focal abdominal ultrasound to evaluate the gastropexy site 3–12 months postoperatively.

Results

Median weight of the dogs was 33.5 kg (range, 20–51 kg) and the median age was 2 years (range, 0.6–8.5 years). Median surgical time was 60 minutes (range, 39–88). The articulated suturing device malfunctioned twice. On abdominal ultrasound between 3 and 12 months, all gastropexy sites were intact. No motion was detected between the stomach and body wall during distal antral contractions or respiratory motion and a focal thickening of the gastric wall was present in dog. No complications were reported in the postoperative periods as of the 2 week suture removal visit or as of the time of their ultrasound appointment.

Conclusion

This technique using an endoscopic articulated suturing device with a knotless unidirectional barbed suture provides a feasible technique to perform laparoscopic gastropexy.
Retroperitoneal Laparoscopy in Dogs: Access Technique, Working Space, and Surgical Anatomy
Authors: Jeong Junemoe , Ko Jonghyeok , Lim Hyunjoo , Kweon Oh‐Kyeong , Kim Wan Hee
Published: October 2016

Objective

To develop and describe a laparoscopic retroperitoneal access technique, investigate working space establishment, and describe the surgical anatomy in the retroperitoneal space as an initial step for clinical application of retroperitoneal laparoscopy in dogs.

Study Design

Cadaveric and experimental study.

Animals

Cadaveric (n=8) and healthy (n=6) adult dogs.

Methods

The retroperitoneal access technique was developed in 3 cadavers based on the human technique and transperitoneal observation. Its application and working space establishment with carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation alone was evaluated in 5 cadavers by observing with a transperitoneal telescope and in 6 live dogs by repeated computed tomography (CT) scans at pressure of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mmHg. Recordings of retroperitoneoscopy as well as working space volume and linear dimensions measured on CT images were analyzed.

Results

Retroperitoneal access and working space establishment with CO2insufflation alone were successfully performed in all 6 live dogs. The only complication observed was in 1 dog that developed subclinical pneumomediastinum. As pressure increased, working space was established from the ipsilateral to the contralateral side, and peritoneal tearing eventually developed. Working space volume increased significantly from 5 mmHg and linear dimensions increased significantly from 0 to 10 mmHg. With pneumo‐retroperitoneum above 5 mmHg, retroperitoneal organs, including kidneys and adrenal glands, were easily visualized.

Conclusion

The retroperitoneal access technique and working space establishment with CO2insufflation starting with 5 mmHg and increasing to 10 mmHg provided adequate working space and visualization of retroperitoneal organs, which may allow direct access for retroperitoneal laparoscopy in dogs.
Trihalomethanes formation in point of use surface water disinfection with chlorine or chlorine dioxide tablets
Authors: Werner David , Valdivia‐Garcia Maria , Weir Paul , Haffey Mark
Published: October 2016

In remote or underdeveloped areas, natural disaster emergencies and armed conflict zones, point‐of‐use surface water disinfection with chlorine tablets provides microbiologically safe water, but disinfection by‐products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) are formed. While the health risks from THMs are much less than the risks from consuming microbiologically unsafe water, it is nonetheless desirable to understand and minimise THM formation. We show that THM concentrations in surface water samples from the Northern British Isles disinfected with chlorine tablets increased with contact time, in some cases to significantly exceed EU, US EPA and WHO drinking water guidance values after more than an hour. More stagnant water from ponds and lochs had higher THM formation than river water. Doubling the chlorine tablet dose slightly enhanced THM formation, and passing water through coffee filter paper reduced it. Chlorine dioxide tablets produced minimal amounts of THMs.
The emerging role of microdialysis in diabetic patients undergoing amputation for limb ischemia
Authors: Liasis Lampros , Malietzis George , Galyfos George , Athanasiou Thanos , Papaconstantinou Harry T. , Sigala Fragiska , Zografos Georgios , Filis Konstantinos
Published: October 2016

Lower limb ischemia in diabetic patients is a result of macro‐ and microcirculation dysfunction. Diabetic patients undergoing limb amputation carry high mortality and morbidity rates, and decision making concerning the level of amputation is critical. Aim of this study is to evaluate a novel microdialysis technique to monitor tissue microcirculation preoperatively and predict the success of limb amputation in such patients. Overall, 165 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing lower limb amputation were enrolled. A microdialysis catheter was placed preoperatively at the level of the intended flap for the stump reconstruction, and the levels of glucose, glycerol, lactate and pyruvate were measured for 24 consecutive hours. Patients were then amputated and monitored for 30 days regarding the outcome of amputation. Failure of amputation was defined as delayed healing or stump ischemia. Patients were divided into two groups based on the success of amputation. There was no difference between the two groups regarding gender, ASA score, body mass index, comorbidities, diagnostic modality used, level of amputation, as well as glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate levels. However, local concentrations of lactate were significantly different between the two groups and lactate/pyruvate (L/P) ratio was independently associated with failed amputation (threshold defined at 25.35). Elevated preoperative tissue L/P ratio is independently associated with worse outcomes in diabetic patients undergoing limb amputation. Therefore, preoperative tissue L/P ratio could be used as a predicting tool for limb amputation's outcome, although more clinical data are needed to provide safer conclusions.
Effectiveness of Pressure Ulcer Prevention Strategies for Adult Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tayyib Nahla , Coyer Fiona
Published: October 2016

Background

Pressure ulcers are associated with substantial health burden, but could be preventable. Hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) prevention has become a priority for all healthcare settings, as it is considered a sign of quality of care providing. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at higher risk for HAPUs development. Despite the availability of published prevention strategies, there is a little evidence about which strategies can be safely integrated into routine standard care and have an impact on HAPUs prevention.

Aims

The aim was to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of single strategies designed to reduce the incidence and prevalence of HAPUs development in ICUs.

Methods

The search strategy was designed to retrieve studies published in English across CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Scopus, and Mednar between 2000 and 2015. All adult ICU participants were aged 18 years or over. This review included randomized controlled trials, quasi‐experimental and comparative studies. The studies that were selected for retrieval were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical‐appraisal instruments.

Results

The review included 25 studies, and the meta‐analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of a silicon foam dressing strategy in reducing HAPUs incidence (effect size = 4.62; 95% CI: 0.05‐0.29; p < .00001, effect size = 4.50; 95% CI: 0.05‐0.31; p = .00001, respectively) in critically ill patients. Evidence of the effectiveness of nutrition, skin‐care regimen, positioning and repositioning schedule, support surfaces, and the role of education in prevention of HAPUs development in the ICU was limited, which precludes strong conclusions.

Linking Evidence to Action

The review provides an evidence‐based guide to future priorities for clinical practice. In particular, a silicone foam dressing has positive impact in reducing sacrum and heel HAPUs incidence in the ICU.
On the Incompressibility of Cylindrical Origami Patterns
Authors: Bös Friedrich , Wardetzky Max , Vouga Etienne , Gottesman Omer
Published: October 2016

The art and science of folding intricate three-dimensional structures out of paper has occupied artists, designers, engineers, and mathematicians for decades, culminating in the design of deployable structures and mechanical metamaterials. Here we investigate the axial compressibility of origami cylinders, i.e., cylindrical structures folded from rectangular sheets of paper. We prove, using geometric arguments, that a general fold pattern only allows for a finite number of isometric cylindrical embeddings. Therefore, compressibility of such structures requires either stretching the material or deforming the folds. Our result considerably restricts the space of constructions that must be searched when designing new types of origami-based rigid-foldable deployable structures and metamaterials.
Relating Entropy Flux With Heat Flux in Two-Temperature Thermodynamic Model for Metal Thermoviscoplasticity
Authors: Chowdhury Shubhankar Roy , Roy Debasish , Reddy J. N.
Published: October 2016

A rigorous derivation of the relation between the entropy flux and the heat flux in a recently developed two-temperature thermodynamic model of metal thermoviscoplasticity is presented. The two-temperature model exploits the internal variable theory of thermodynamics, wherein thermodynamic restrictions on the constitutive functions are based on the second law written in a form similar to the classical Clausius–Duhem (CD) inequality. Here, the weakly interacting thermodynamic subsystems, e.g., configurational and kinetic vibrational subsystems, enable defining their own temperatures, heat fluxes, and entropy fluxes. The CD-type inequality is then constructed with the assumption, as in rational thermodynamics, that entropy fluxes equal heat fluxes divided by respective absolute temperatures. Validity or otherwise of this restrictive assumption is however an open question in the context of two-temperature thermomechanics, and there are, indeed, known materials for which this assumption fails to hold. To settle this important point, we start with a detailed analysis based on a general entropy inequality, whose thermodynamic consequences are extracted using Müller–Liu procedure of Lagrange multipliers, and subsequently, appeal to material frame-indifference, material symmetry groups for additional constitutive restrictions. We conclude that, for isotropic–viscoplastic materials, subsystem entropy fluxes are indeed given by the respective heat fluxes divided by their own temperatures.
Comprehensive study of antireflection coatings for mid-infrared lasers
Authors: Amirloo Jeyran , Saini Simarjeet S. , Dagenais Mario
Published: October 2016

A comprehensive study is done for optimizing antireflection coatings at mid-infrared wavelengths around 3.4 μm for applications in semiconductor lasers. Different materials are tested for single and double layer coatings. The coatings are characterized by comparing the change in the threshold currents before and after coating the lasers. The change in the differential slope efficiency was used to estimate the loss in the coatings. The lowest value achieved for a single layer coating was 5% using aluminum oxide while a minimum value of reflectivity of 7 × 10−4 was achieved with a double layer coating of zinc selenide and silicon dioxide. The coatings' quality was tested using scanning electron microscopy and tape test. The study provides a comprehensive list of materials that can be used for antireflection coating applications in the mid-infrared region.
Insights into the mechanism of in-plasma photo-assisted etching using optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Sridhar Shyam , Liu Lei , Hirsch Emilia W. , Donnelly Vincent M. , Economou Demetre J.
Published: October 2016

Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain photo-assisted etching (PAE) of Si, including photogenerated carrier-mediated etching, photon-stimulated desorption, and photon-induced damage (breaking of Si–Si bonds) caused mainly by vacuum ultraviolet photons irradiating the substrate. In this study, the authors use optical emission spectroscopy to gain an insight into possible in-plasma PAE mechanisms. Emissions from Cl, Si, SiCl, and Ar were recorded as a function of power while etching p-Si in Cl2/Ar Faraday-shielded inductively coupled plasmas at a pressure of 60 mTorr with no substrate bias. Under these conditions, ion-assisted etching was negligible and PAE was dominant. The Si:Ar optical emission intensity ratio, ISi/IAr (proportional to the etching rate of Si), increased substantially with power. Accounting for the contribution to this signal from the dissociation of SiClx (x = 1–4) etch products, the residual increase in the emission indicated that the PAE rate also increased with power. Time resolved emissions were also recorded in a pulsed plasma where power was modulated between 500 and 300 W. ISi/IAr was found to modulate with the instantaneous power. This rules out the photon-induced damage mechanism since, if this mechanism was dominant, the ISi/IAr signal would not be modulated.
Energy-System Contributions to Simulated Judo Matches
Authors: Julio Ursula F. , Panissa Valéria L.G. , Esteves João V. , Cury Rubiana L. , Agostinho Marcus F. , Franchini Emerson
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To estimate the contribution of the 3 energy systems to simulated judo matches.

Methods:

Twelve judo athletes (18 ± 1 y, 175.1 ± 5.3 cm, 74.3 ± 10.5 kg, 11.7% ± 1.5% body fat, 8 ± 2 y of practice) performed 5 combats with different durations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min), against the same opponent, on different days and blinded to the duration. The estimated energy contributions for the oxidative, glycolytic, and ATP-PCr systems were calculated based on oxygen uptake (V̇O2) during activity, Delta of lactate, and the fast phase of excess V ̇ O2, respectively. Analysis of mixed models for repeated measures was used to compare the contribution of the 3 energy systems and different durations of judo matches, followed by a post hoc Bonferroni test.

Results:

The oxidative system’s contribution (70%) was higher than those of the glycolytic (8%; P < .001) and ATP-PCr (21%; P < .001) energy systems (in all durations), and the ATP-PCr contribution was higher than that of the glycolytic energy system (up to 3 min). In addition, during the match there was an increase in the oxidative (from 50% to 81%; P < .001), a decrease in the ATP-PCr (from 40% to 12%; P < .001), and maintenance of the glycolytic contributions (between 6% and 10%).

Conclusions:

There is a predominance of the oxidative system to supply the energy cost of judo matches from the first minute of combat up to the end, compared with the anaerobic systems.
The Effects of Leg Kick on Swimming Speed and Arm-Stroke Efficiency in the Front Crawl
Authors: Silveira Ricardo Peterson , de Souza Castro Flávio Antônio , Figueiredo Pedro , Vilas-Boas João Paulo , Zamparo Paola
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

To analyze the effects of swimming pace on the relative contribution of leg kick to swimming speed and to compare arm-stroke efficiency (ηF) assessed when swimming with the arms only (SAO) and while swimming front crawl (FCS) using individual and fixed adjustments to arm-stroke and leg-kick contribution to forward speed.

Methods:

Twenty-nine master swimmers (21 men, 8 women) performed SAO and FCS at 6 self-selected speeds from very slow to maximal. The average swimming speed (v), stroke frequency (SF), and stroke length (SL) were assessed in the central 10 m of the swimming pool. Then, a 2nd-order polynomial regression was used to obtain values of v at paired SF. The percentage difference in v between FCS and SAO, for each paired SF, was used to calculate the relative contributions of the arm stroke (AC) and leg kick (LC) to FCS. Then ηF was calculated using the indirect “paddle-wheel” approach in 3 different ways: using general, individual, and no adjustments to AC.

Results:

The LC increased with SF (and speed) from –1% ± 4% to 11% ± 1% (P < .05). At the lower FCS speeds, ηF calculated using general adjustments was lower than ηF calculated using individual adjustments (P < .05), but differences disappear at the fastest speeds. Finally, ηF calculated using individual adjustments to LC in the FCS condition did not differ with ηF assessed in the SAO condition at all the investigated speeds.

Conclusions:

The relative contributions of the arm stroke and leg kick should be individually estimated to reduce errors when calculating arm-stroke efficiency at different speeds and in different swimmers.
The “Ice-Mile”: Case Study of 2 Swimmers’ Selected Physiological Responses and Performance
Authors: Kenny John , Cullen SarahJane , Warrington Giles D.
Published: October 2016

Purpose:

“Ice-mile” swimming presents significant physiological challenges and potential safety issues, but few data are available. This study examined deep body temperature (BT), respiratory rate (RR), and swim performance in 2 swimmers completing an ice-mile swim of 1 mile (1600 m) in water less than 5°C.

Methods:

Two male cold-water-habituated swimmers completed a 1-mile lake swim in 3.9°C water. For comparative purposes, they completed an indoor 1-mile swim in 28.1°C water. The Equivital physiological monitoring system was used to record BT and RR before, during, and after each swim. Total time to complete the swims and 400-m splits were recorded.

Results:

One swimmer became hypothermic after 27 min while swimming, reaching BT of 33.7°C at swim’s end. On exiting the water the swimmers experienced large BT after-drops of –3.6°C and –2.4°C, reaching low points of 33.2°C and 31.3°C 38 and 23 min postswim, respectively. Respiratory rate and swim pace decreased over the course of the ice-mile swim for both swimmers. Swim pace for 1 swimmer declined sharply in the final 400-m lap of the ice mile when he was hypothermic. Both swimmers remained hypothermic 60 min postswim (34.2°C and 33.4°C).

Conclusion:

Ice-mile swimmers may become hypothermic while swimming, and the postswim BT after drop may expose them to dangerous levels of hypothermia. Pace and RR should be monitored as proxies for a swimmer’s physiological state. Postswim recovery should also be monitored for hypothermia for at least 1 h.
Olympic Genes on the Podium?
Authors: Sanchis-Gomar Fabian , Pareja-Galeano Helios , Rodriguez-Marroyo Jose A. , de Koning Jos J. , Lucia Alejandro , Foster Carl
Published: October 2016

Despite some advances, it remains largely unknown how the millions of variations in the human genome influence athletic performance (especially in endurance events), and no single genetic test can really predict sports talent. However, there is experimental evidence from animal research that selecting for even a simple characteristic such as running ability can produce comparatively large and rapid changes in performance. That such selection has not been specifically documented in humans is more evidence of the limits of physiology-archeology than of the unlikelihood of selection for physical abilities. Here, the authors argue that top Olympians are likely genetically gifted individuals who in addition have numerous contributors to the “complex trait” of being an athletic champion that may not necessarily depend on defined genetic variations.
Use of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for Studying Standing Static Balance Control: Technical Considerations, Force-Plate Congruency, and the Effect of Battery Life
Authors: Weaver Tyler B. , Ma Christine , Laing Andrew C.
Published: October 2016

The Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB) has become popular as a low-cost alternative to research-grade force plates. The purposes of this study were to characterize a series of technical specifications for the WBB, to compare balance control metrics derived from time-varying center of pressure (COP) signals collected simultaneously from a WBB and a research-grade force plate, and to investigate the effects of battery life. Drift, linearity, hysteresis, mass accuracy, uniformity of response, and COP accuracy were assessed from a WBB. In addition, 6 participants completed an eyes-closed quiet standing task on the WBB (at 3 battery life levels) mounted on a force plate while sway was simultaneously measured by both systems. Characterization results were all associated with less than 1% error. R2 values reflecting WBB sensor linearity were > .99. Known and measured COP differences were lowest at the center of the WBB and greatest at the corners. Between-device differences in quiet stance COP summary metrics were of limited clinical significance. Lastly, battery life did not affect WBB COP accuracy, but did influence 2 of 8 quiet stance WBB parameters. This study provides general support for the WBB as a low-cost alternative to research-grade force plates for quantifying COP movement during standing.
Reliability of Leg and Vertical Stiffness During High Speed Treadmill Running
Authors: Pappas Panagiotis , Dallas Giorgos , Paradisis Giorgos
Published: October 2016

In research, the accurate and reliable measurement of leg and vertical stiffness could contribute to valid interpretations. The current study aimed at determining the intraparticipant variability (ie, intraday and interday reliabilities) of leg and vertical stiffness, as well as related parameters, during high speed treadmill running, using the “sine-wave” method. Thirty-one males ran on a treadmill at 6.67 m∙s−1, and the contact and flight times were measured. To determine the intraday reliability, three 10-s running bouts with 10-min recovery were performed. In addition, to examine the interday reliability, three 10-s running bouts on 3 separate days with 48-h interbout intervals were performed. The reliability statistics included repeated-measure analysis of variance, average intertrial correlations, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Cronbach’s α reliability coefficient, and the coefficient of variation (CV%). Both intraday and interday reliabilities were high for leg and vertical stiffness (ICC > 0.939 and CV < 4.3%), as well as related variables (ICC > 0.934 and CV < 3.9%). It was thus inferred that the measurements of leg and vertical stiffness, as well as the related parameters obtained using the “sine-wave” method during treadmill running at 6.67 m∙s−1, were highly reliable, both within and across days.
Methodology to Customize Maximal Isometric Forces for Hill-Type Muscle Models
Authors: Dal Maso Fabien , Begon Mickaël , Raison Maxime
Published: October 2016

One approach to increasing the confidence of muscle force estimation via musculoskeletal models is to minimize the root mean square error (RMSE) between joint torques estimated from electromyographic-driven musculoskeletal models and those computed using inverse dynamics. We propose a method that reduces RMSE by selecting subsets of combinations of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) trials that minimize RMSE. Twelve participants performed 3 elbow MVIC in flexion and in extension. An upper-limb electromyographic-driven musculoskeletal model was created to optimize maximum muscle stress and estimate the maximal isometric force of the biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii. Maximal isometric forces were computed from all possible combinations of flexion-extension trials. The combinations producing the smallest RMSE significantly reduced the normalized RMSE to 7.4% compared with the combination containing all trials (9.0%). Maximal isometric forces ranged between 114–806 N, 64–409 N, 236–1511 N, and 556–3434 N for the brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii, respectively. These large variations suggest that customization is required to reduce the difference between models and actual participants’ maximal isometric force. While the smallest previously reported RMSE was 10.3%, the proposed method reduced the RMSE to 7.4%, which may increase the confidence of muscle force estimation.
Prioritizing Intentions on the Margins: Effects of Marginally Higher Prioritization Strategies on Physical Activity Participation
Authors: Chatzisarantis Nikos L. D. , Barkoukis Vassilis , Petridis Panagiotis , Thøgersen-Ntoumani Cecilie , Ntoumanis Nikos , Gountas Sandra , Gountas John , Adam Dimitrios , Hagger Martin S.
Published: October 2016

Previous research documented that “extremely high prioritization” strategies that involved allocation of all resources for time or energy on pursuing goals related to leisure-time physical activity and none of available resources on competing behavioral goals were optimal in terms of yielding highest levels of participation in physical activities. This study examined whether a “marginally higher prioritization” strategy that involved an intention to invest large but slightly more resources on physical activity than competing behaviors was optimal. In addition, we examined whether linear and quadratic models supported different conclusions about optimal prioritizations strategies. Response surface analyses of a quadratic model revealed that marginally higher prioritization was the most effective strategy. In addition, a linear regression model led us to incorrectly reject a “simultaneous goal pursuit” strategy in favor of an extremely high prioritization strategy. Findings suggest that prioritization strategies that “garner” low opportunity costs are the most optimal.
Should We Be Looking at the Forest or the Trees? Overall Psychological Need Satisfaction and Individual Needs as Predictors of Physical Activity
Authors: Brunet Jennifer , Gunnell Katie E. , Teixeira Pedro , Sabiston Catherine M. , Bélanger Mathieu
Published: October 2016

The objectives of this study were to examine whether (a) measures designed to assess satisfaction of competence, autonomy, and relatedness needs in physical activity contexts can represent both general and specific needs satisfaction and (b) the specific needs are associated with concurrent moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) participation (Time 1) and MVPA participation 4 months later (Time 2), beyond general psychological need satisfaction (PNS). Data from 544 adolescents (Mage = 14.1 years, SD = 0.6) were analyzed. A bifactor model specifying four factors (i.e., one general PNS and three specific needs) provided a good fit to the data. Extending the model to predict Time 1 and Time 2 MVPA participation also provided a good fit to the data. General PNS and specific needs had unique and empirically distinguishable associations with MVPA participation. The bifactor operationalization of PNS provides a framework to delineate common and distinctive antecedents and outcomes of general PNS and specific needs.
“The Downfall of a Man is Not the End of His Life”: Navigating Involuntary Immobility in Ghanaian Football
Authors: Van der Meij Nienke , Darby Paul , Liston Katie
Published: October 2016

The burgeoning number of football academies in Africa are widely understood by young aspiring players and their family members as a conduit for transnational migration and a professional career in the game. However, for the vast majority of academy recruits the stark reality is involuntary immobility. While there is a growing literature on African football migration, the experiences of young players from the continent who are unable to translate their academy training into a professional career overseas has been neglected. This article addresses this lacuna by focusing on how this process is experienced and navigated by a cohort of former Ghanaian academy players. These experiences are positioned within the context of the intergenerational contract, a pervasive social norm in West Africa that places considerable expectations on young adults to reciprocate materially to their household. The analyses here are based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in Ghana totalling 12 months, conducted between January 2008 and July 2015.
Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor
Authors: Danovaro Roberto , Dell’Anno Antonio , Corinaldesi Cinzia , Rastelli Eugenio , Cavicchioli Ricardo , Krupovic Mart , Noble Rachel T. , Nunoura Takuro , Prangishvili David
Published: October 2016

Viruses cause the mortality of a large fraction of deep-sea benthic archaea, thereby influencing overall ecosystem functions.
Empty forest or empty rivers? A century of commercial hunting in Amazonia
Authors: Antunes André P. , Fewster Rachel M. , Venticinque Eduardo M. , Peres Carlos A. , Levi Taal , Rohe Fabio , Shepard Glenn H.
Published: October 2016

Trend analysis of the massive international hide trade in Amazonia reveals differential resilience to hunting for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.
As Hawaii deliberates, giant telescope considers new home
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: October 2016

State could prove inhospitable even if TMT wins permit
Opposing effects of Elk-1 multisite phosphorylation shape its response to ERK activation
Authors: Mylona Anastasia , Theillet Francois-Xavier , Foster Charles , Cheng Tammy M. , Miralles Francesc , Bates Paul A. , Selenko Philipp , Treisman Richard
Published: October 2016

A function for multisite phosphorylation

Many transcription factors are regulated by phosphorylation on multiple residues. Mylona
et al.
analyzed multisite phosphorylation in the transcription factor Elk-1 and showed that it may protect against excessive activation (see the Perspective by Whitmarsh and Davis). Phosphorylation by the kinase ERK2 occurred at eight sites, but the sites were phosphorylated at different rates. Those that were phosphorylated more quickly promoted transcriptional activation. Those that were phosphorylated more slowly dampened excessive activation by ERK2s without needing a phosphatase or any other negative regulatory component.

Science
, this issue p.
233
; see also p.
179
In Vitro
Experimental Model of Trained Innate Immunity in Human Primary Monocytes
Authors: Bekkering Siroon , Blok Bastiaan A. , Joosten Leo A. B. , Riksen Niels P. , van Crevel Reinout , Netea Mihai G.
Published: October 2016

Innate immune memory, or trained immunity, has recently been described to be an important property of cells of the innate immune system. Due to the increased interest in this important new field of immunological investigation, we sought to determine the optimal conditions for an
in vitro
experimental protocol of monocyte training using three of the most commonly used training stimuli from the literature: β-glucan, the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). We investigated and optimized a protocol of monocyte trained immunity induced by an initial training period with β-glucan, BCG, or oxLDL, followed by washing and resting of the cells and, thereafter, restimulation with secondary bacterial stimuli. The training and resting time intervals were varied to identify the optimal setting for the long-term induction of trained immunity. Trained immunity was assessed in terms of the secondary cytokine response, the production of reactive oxygen species, cell morphology, and induction of glycolysis. Monocytes primed with β-glucan, BCG, and oxLDL showed increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses upon restimulation with nonrelated stimuli. Also, all three stimuli induced a switch to glycolysis (the Warburg effect). These effects were most pronounced when the training interval was 24 h and the resting time interval was 6 days. Training with BCG and oxLDL also led to the increased production of reactive oxygen species, whereas training with β-glucan led to the decreased production of reactive oxygen species. We describe the optimal conditions for an
in vitro
experimental model with human primary monocytes for study of the induction of trained innate immunity by microbial and metabolic stimuli.
Help in the Choice of Automated or Semiautomated Immunoassays for Serological Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Evaluation of Nine Immunoassays by the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Villard O. , Cimon B. , L'Ollivier C. , Fricker-Hidalgo H. , Godineau N. , Houze S. , Paris L. , Pelloux H. , Villena I. , Candolfi E.
Published: October 2016

Toxoplasmosis, a benign infection, is asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic in over 80% of cases, except in immunocompetent patients suffering from ocular toxoplasmosis or in immunocompromised patients with opportunistic or congenital toxoplasmosis. Diagnosis is based mainly on serology testing. Thus, we compared the performance of the nine most commonly used commercial automated or semiautomated immunoassays for IgG and IgM
Toxoplasma gondii
antibody detection, that is, the Advia Centaur, Architect, AxSYM, Elecsys, Enzygnost, Liaison, Platelia, VIDAS, and VIDIA assays. The assays were conducted on four panels of serum samples derived during routine testing from patients with an interfering disease and who exhibited a low IgG antibody level in one of two clinical settings, namely, acute or chronic toxoplasmosis. As a result, IgG sensitivities ranged from 97.1% to 100%, and IgG specificities ranged from 99.5% to 100%. For IgG quantification, strong differences in IgG titers (expressed in IU/ml) were noted depending on the assay used. IgM sensitivities ranged from 65% to 97.9%, and IgM specificities ranged from 92.6% to 100%. For defining the best serological strategies to be implemented, it appears crucial to compare the diagnostic performance of the different tests with respect to their specificity and sensitivity in detecting the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies.
DNA Damage Signaling Is Required for Replication of Human Bocavirus 1 DNA in Dividing HEK293 Cells
Authors: Deng Xuefeng , Xu Peng , Zou Wei , Shen Weiran , Peng Jianxin , Liu Kaiyu , Engelhardt John F. , Yan Ziying , Qiu Jianming
Published: October 2016

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), an emerging human-pathogenic respiratory virus, is a member of the genus
Bocaparvovirus
of the
Parvoviridae
family. In human airway epithelium air-liquid interface (HAE-ALI) cultures, HBoV1 infection initiates a DNA damage response (DDR), activating all three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PI3KKs): ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs. In this context, activation of PI3KKs is a requirement for amplification of the HBoV1 genome (X. Deng, Z. Yan, F. Cheng, J. F. Engelhardt, and J. Qiu, PLoS Pathog, 12:e1005399, 2016,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005399
), and HBoV1 replicates only in terminally differentiated, nondividing cells. This report builds on the previous discovery that the replication of HBoV1 DNA can also occur in dividing HEK293 cells, demonstrating that such replication is likewise dependent on a DDR. Transfection of HEK293 cells with the duplex DNA genome of HBoV1 induces hallmarks of DDR, including phosphorylation of H2AX and RPA32, as well as activation of all three PI3KKs. The large viral nonstructural protein NS1 is sufficient to induce the DDR and the activation of the three PI3KKs. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of any one of the PI3KKs significantly decreases both the replication of HBoV1 DNA and the downstream production of progeny virions. The DDR induced by the HBoV1 NS1 protein does not cause obvious damage to cellular DNA or arrest of the cell cycle. Notably, key DNA replication factors and major DNA repair DNA polymerases (polymerase η [Pol η] and polymerase κ [Pol κ]) are recruited to the viral DNA replication centers and facilitate HBoV1 DNA replication. Our study provides the first evidence of the DDR-dependent parvovirus DNA replication that occurs in dividing cells and is independent of cell cycle arrest.

IMPORTANCE
The parvovirus human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is an emerging respiratory virus that causes lower respiratory tract infections in young children worldwide. HEK293 cells are the only dividing cells tested that fully support the replication of the duplex genome of this virus and allow the production of progeny virions. In this study, we demonstrate that HBoV1 induces a DDR that plays significant roles in the replication of the viral DNA and the production of progeny virions in HEK293 cells. We also show that both cellular DNA replication factors and DNA repair DNA polymerases colocalize within centers of viral DNA replication and that Pol η and Pol κ play an important role in HBoV1 DNA replication. Whereas the DDR that leads to the replication of the DNA of other parvoviruses is facilitated by the cell cycle, the DDR triggered by HBoV1 DNA replication or NS1 is not. HBoV1 is the first parvovirus whose NS1 has been shown to be able to activate all three PI3KKs (ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs).
Probabilistic assessment of potential fault slip related to injection-induced earthquakes: Application to north-central Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Walsh F. Rall , Zoback Mark D.
Published: October 2016

We utilize quantitative risk assessment (QRA) to calculate the conditional probability of slip on mapped faults in response to injection-related increases in pore pressure in north-central Oklahoma (USA) where widespread injection of produced saltwater has triggered thousands of small to medium-sized earthquakes in the past 7 yr. The conditional probability incorporates the uncertainty in each Mohr-Coulomb parameter (stress tensor, pore pressure, coefficient of friction, and fault orientation) through QRA. The result is a cumulative distribution function of the pore pressure required to cause slip on each fault segment. The results can be used to assess the probability of induced slip on a known fault from a given injection-related pore pressure increase. After dividing north-central Oklahoma into six study areas, we invert earthquake focal plane mechanisms in each area to constrain the orientation and relative magnitude of the principal stresses. The QRA identifies the potential for slip on the fault that produced the M 5.6 Prague earthquake in 2011 and the northeastern extension of a mapped fault associated with the M 5.1 Fairview earthquake sequence that occurred in early 2016, and, had the 289°-striking fault of the September 2016 M 5.8 Pawnee event been mapped, it would have been identified as potentially active.
Challenges constraining access to insulin in the private-sector market of Delhi, India
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Kaplan Warren A
Published: October 2016

Objective

India's majority of patients—including those living with diabetes—seek healthcare in the private sector through out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. We studied access to insulin in the private-sector market of Delhi state, India.

Methods

A modified World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) standard survey to assess insulin availability and prices, and qualitative interviews with insulin retailers (pharmacists) and wholesalers to understand insulin market dynamics.

Results

In 40 pharmacy outlets analysed, mean availability of the human and analogue insulins on the 2013 Delhi essential medicine list was 44.4% and 13.1%, respectively. 82% of pharmacies had domestically manufactured human insulin phials, primarily was made in India under licence to overseas pharmaceutical companies. Analogue insulin was only in cartridge and pen forms that were 4.42 and 5.81 times, respectively, the price of human insulin phials. Domestically manufactured human phial and cartridge insulin (produced for foreign and Indian companies) was less expensive than their imported counterparts. The lowest paid unskilled government worker in Delhi would work about 1.5 and 8.6 days, respectively, to be able to pay OOP for a monthly supply of human phial and analogue cartridge insulin. Interviews suggest that the Delhi insulin market is dominated by a few multinational companies that import and/or license in-country production. Several factors influence insulin uptake by patients, including doctor's prescribing preference. Wholesalers have negative perceptions about domestic insulin manufacturing.

Conclusions

The Delhi insulin market is an oligopoly with limited market competition. Increasing competition from Indian companies is going to require some additional policies, not presently in place. As more Indian companies produce biosimilars, brand substitution policies are needed to be able to benefit from market competition.