bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recrystallization of Caffeine Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Antisolvent
Authors: Romero Joel Augusto da Silva , Souza Thiago Leandro , Sunehiro Guilherme , Kunita Marcos Hiroyuki , Pinheiro Nanci
Published: November 2009

The supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process has been widely used to obtain many types of crystalline and amorphous particles of polymers and drugs. In this process, solute particles precipitate from an organic solution when it is sprayed into a compressed antisolvent continuum. The antisolvent is miscible with the organic solvent, but immiscible with the solute. The objective of this work was to investigate the application of supercritical carbon dioxide as antisolvent for the recrystallization of caffeine; a compound largely employed in pharmaceutical and food industries. The carbon dioxide was pressurized at 100bar and the solution was injected into a precipitation chamber, thereby inducing its supersaturation and particle precipitation. The effect of process parameters such as initial concentration of caffeine in the organic solution (3, 5 and 10mg/mL), organic solution flow rate (3mL/min), concentration of CO2 (96 and 98mol%), drying flow rate (990mL/min) and pressure gradient between the precipitation chamber and the exit of the sprayer tube (110 and 220bar) on the solid state properties of caffeine was investigated. The pressure (100bar) and temperature (60oC) of the precipitation chamber were kept constant. The results showed a great difference between the processed and unprocessed samples. In all experimental conditions a reduction in caffeine mean particle size was observed, with length ranging from 0.6 to 168.3?m and width from 0.1 to 12.7?m, compared to the mean size of unprocessed caffeine particles (16.6 to 214.4?m in length and 7.1 to 131.2?m in width). This fact was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), where the precipitated particles presented lower fusion enthalpy than the unprocessed ones. Smaller crystal needles (0.3?m to 0.4?m) were obtained with crystallization at the lowest caffeine concentration in the presence of 98mol% CO2.
Plasma level of myeloperoxidase in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (a pilot study)
Authors: Pruunsild Chris , Heilman Kaire , Zilmer Kersti , Uibo Karin , Liivamägi Hille , Talvik Tiina , Zilmer Mihkel , Tillmann Vallo
Published: November 2009

To examine the plasma levels of MPO in oligoarthritis and polyarthritis subtypes of JIA in comparison with healthy age-matched controls. Thirty-eight JIA patients (25 girls and 13 boys) aged 9.1–11.8 years and 23 healthy controls (8 girls and 15 boys) participated in the study. Twenty-one patients had oligoarthritis (8 with extended oligoarthritis) and 17 had polyarthritis (among them three were seropositive). The plasma concentration of MPO was measured by the ELISA technique (OxisResearchTM, BIOXYTECH® MPO-EIATM, Portland, OR USA). The mean plasma concentration of MPO in the JIA group was significantly higher than in the control group (76.6±24.8 µg/L versus 62.7±15.6 µg/L; p=0.01). Patients with polyarthritis presented a significantly higher mean plasma MPO level than patients with oligoarthritis (81.3±25.6 µg/L and 62.1±27.1 µg/L, respectively; p=0.02). Different subtypes of JIA may have different MPO-related backgrounds. MPO is a new potent inflammatory marker. Patients with polyarthritis have higher mean plasma MPO levels than patients with oligoarthritis and may therefore have an enhanced risk for subclinical oxidative stress-related atherogenic promotion.
The concave integral with respect to Riesz space-valued capacities
Authors: Boccuto Antonio , Riečan Beloslav
Published: November 2009

A definition of concave integral is given for real-valued maps and with respect to Dedekind complete Riesz space-valued “capacities”. Some comparison results with other integrals are given and some convergence theorems are proved.
Testing the general linear hypothesis Via K. Pearson’s chi-squared statistic
Authors: LaMotte Lynn
Published: November 2009

In a linear model Y ∼ (Xβ, σ
2
I), powers of tests of H0: H′Xβ= 0 are developed following Pearson’s (1900) formulation. The class considered comprises all tests based on linear statistics A′
Y that have expected value 0 under H0. The standard F-statistic, which is in this class, has good power properties, but others may be preferred in some settings.
Bifuzzy left h-ideals of hemirings with interval-valued membership function
Authors: Akram Muhammad
Published: November 2009

In this paper we apply the concept of interval-valued bifuzzy sets to hemirings. We introduce the notion of interval-valued bifuzzy left h-ideals of hemirings and investigate some of their properties. Using interval-valued bifuzzy left h-ideals, characterizations of Artinian and Noetherian hemirings are established.
Variational measures and the Kurzweil-Henstock integral
Authors: Schwabik Štefan
Published: November 2009

For a given continuous function F on a compact interval E in the set ℝ of reals the problem is how to describe the “total change” of F on a set M ⊂ E. Full variational measures W
F(M) and V
F(M) (see Section 2) in the sense presented by B. S. Thomson are introduced in this work to this aim. They are generated by two slightly different interval functions, namely the oscillation of F over an interval and the value of the additive interval function generated by F, respectively. They coincide with the concept of classical total variation if M is an interval and they are zero if on the set M the function F is of negligible variation.

The Kurzweil-Henstock integration is shortly described and some of its properties are studied using the variational measure W
F(M) for the indefinite integral F of an integrable function f.
Studies on a multi-point boundary value problem for second order differential equation with p-Laplacian
Authors: Liu Xingyuan , Liu Yuji
Published: November 2009

The existence of at least one solution of the following multi-point boundary value problem $$
\left\{ \begin{gathered}
[\varphi (x'(t))]' = f(t,x(t),x'(t)),t \in (0,1), \hfill \\
x(0) - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\alpha _i x'(\xi _i ) = 0,} \hfill \\
x'(1) - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\beta _i x(\xi _i ) = 0} \hfill \\
\end{gathered} \right.
$$ is studied. where α
i ∈ ℝ, β
i ∈ ℝ for all i = 1, ..., m. Examples are presented to illustrate the main result.
Vector valued double sequence spaces defined by Orlicz function
Authors: Tripathy Binod , Sarma Bipul
Published: November 2009

In this article we introduce some vector valued double sequence spaces defined by Orlicz function. We study some of their properties like solidness, symmetricity, completeness etc. and prove some inclusion results.
Comparison between two different approaches in the uncertainty estimation for the chromatographic analysis of aflatoxin M1: from single laboratory validation data and from proficiency test results
Authors: Nocentini M. , Focardi C. , Ninci S. , Biancalani G.
Published: November 2009

The analytical method to determine aflatoxin M1 in milk by HPLC with immunoaffinity column clean-up and
fluorescence detection has been validated by using certified reference materials and spiked samples. These validation
data have been analysed to obtain the uncertainty estimation following the bottom-up approach as reported by
Eurachem. The results obtained with this method have been compared with the expanded uncertainty calculated
from data obtained during the years 2002-2007 by participation in Fapas proficiency testing.
Food-grade antioxidants for control of Aspergillus section Flavi and interrelated mycoflora of stored peanuts with different water activities
Authors: Passone M. , Doprado M. , Etcheverry M.
Published: November 2009

The inhibitory effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) mixture on fungal
populations, Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins accumulation in in-pod peanuts during storage in big bags was
investigated. In-pod peanuts were previously conditioned at different water activities (0.94, 0.88, 0.84 and 0.76 aw)
and treated with food-grade antioxidants. Both control and treated peanuts were stored for 6 months and sampled
at monthly intervals. BHA-BHT mixture reduced the incidence of peanut fungal populations between 0.6-20.4%
and between 1.2-33.1% during 1-3 and 4-5 storage months, respectively. Aspergillus section Flavi counts decreased
with 36.5%, 46.3% and 77.4% in peanuts conditioned at 0.94, 0.84 and 0.76 aw levels and treated with antioxidants.
At the above peanut aw conditions, the treatment applied reduced aflatoxin accumulation by 72.1%, while any
effect on this metabolite production was observed at 0.88 aw. The antioxidant formulation used in this study has
the potential to control aflatoxigenic populations in in-pod peanuts stored in half-permeable silos at ≤0.84 aw level.
Determination of mean daily intakes of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins in 24-hour diets of children in the Netherlands
Authors: Bakker G. , Sizoo E. , Jekel A. , Pereboom-de Fauw D.P. , Schothorst R. , van Egmond H.
Published: November 2009

In 2006, a duplicate diet study of children's food was carried out in the Netherlands. Parents or guardians of 123
children collected duplicates of the 24-hour diets. Levels of aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes
and fumonisins were determined. Aflatoxin M1 was detectable in 10% of the samples, with all toxin levels below the
limit of quantification. Aflatoxin B1 could be detected in 80% of the samples, while in 47% of all samples aflatoxin
B1 was quantifiable. Ochratoxin A could be quantified in all samples. Deoxynivalenol was quantified in almost
every sample, while T-2 and HT-2 toxins could only be quantified in 3.2% and 6.4% of the samples respectively.
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was detected in 1.6% of the samples. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 28% of the samples and
fumonisin B2 in a quarter of merely those samples where fumonisin B1 was detected. In 20% of the samples fumonisin
B1 could be quantified and in a quarter of those samples fumonisin B2 could be quantified too. The analytical
results were used to estimate levels of daily intake. Only the mean daily intake levels for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A,
deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1 and B2 could reliably be estimated. The values were 0.1, 4.1, 291 and 28 ng/kg
bw/day respectively, all are well below the corresponding tolerable daily intakes. For aflatoxin B1 a tolerable intake
does not exist, but the intake value for this mycotoxin was very low if compared to the value that would result from
the intake of food, if it was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at the EU regulatory limit, specified for baby food. The
mean daily intakes of the mycotoxins determined in children's food in the Netherlands are low and implicate that
there is no health risk for children due to exposure from the studied mycotoxins.
AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF TRIGONOPELTASTES BURMEISTER FROM CHIAPAS, MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: TRICHIINAE)
Authors: Howden H.F. , Ratcliffe B.C.
Published: November 2009

Trigonopeltastes thomasi sp.nov. from Sumidero Canyon National Park, Chiapas, Mexico, is described and figured. Unusual characters of the new species that relate to generic placement are discussed.
DESCRIPTION OF CYMODUSA BOREALIS, A NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDAE FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Sanborne Michael
Published: November 2009

Cymodusa borealis sp.nov. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is described from the Canadian arctic. This species belongs to the cruentata group of Cymodusa Holmgren (sensu Sanborne 1986).
LIFE HISTORIES, FLIGHT PATTERNS, AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF NINE CUTWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Ayre G.L. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

Six of the nine most common indigenous species of noctuid moths caught in a light trap at Glenlea, Man., over an 11-year period were univoltine and three were typically bivoltine but sometimes trivoltine. For the univoltine species, the day of peak catch and the day of 50% catch differed only by 3 days or less during 11 years. The timing of flight periods of Feltia jaculifera (Gn.), F. herilis (Grt.), Agrotis venerabilis Wlk., and Nephelodes minians Gn. were not influenced by the degree-days above 10 °C and the standard deviation of the date of 50% catch for these species was within 5–6 days. The date of 50% catch was more variable for Crymodes devastator (Brace) and Euxoa ochrogaster (Gn.), and the variation for the latter was partly explained by a relationship between flight dates and accumulated degree-days above 10 °C. For the multivoltine species, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), Discestra trifolii (Hufn.), and Xestia adela Franc., the day of peak catch for two generations also varied little from the day of 50% catch for each generation, but the day on which peaks occurred varied from year to year. Only for the first generation of D. trifolii was the day of 50% catch correlated with accumulated degree-days over 10 °C. Moth numbers for each species were not necessarily high when there were reports of crop damage by their respective larvae. There was no correlation between catches of moths in the first and second generation of multivoltine species, and there were no patterns of population trends among any of the economically important species. The life history, feeding habits, and economic importance of each species are discussed.
NEUTRAL LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF 1,2-DIACYLGLYCEROLS IN THE HEMOLYMPH OF THE MALE GYPSY MOTH,LYMANTRIA DISPARL. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Clark J. Marshall , Marion J.R. , Scarano L.J. , Potter T.L. , Gosselin P.F. , Argentine J.A. , Elkinton J.S.
Published: November 2009

Qualitative and quantitative changes in the neutral lipid content of hemolymph of gypsy moths,Lymantria disparL., were assayed in larval, pupal, and adult stages. The major neutral lipid constituents of the hemolymph were 1,2-diacylglycerols and ranged in nominal concentration from 1.6–3.4 (larval), 3.1–4.9(pupal),toamaximumof 19.3 μg lipid per microlitre hemolymph in the adult male. When detected, triacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols never exceed diacylglycerol concentrations. The fatty acid composition of 1,2-diacylglycerols from adult male moths (0–12 h after emergence) was determined as fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Nine fatty acid structures have been assigned. Of these, five are saturated, unbranched, aliphatic fatty acids (C14:0 – C18:0) which comprise 80.5% of the total fatty acid abundance. The remaining four fatty acids consist of two saturated, methyl-branched, aliphatic compounds, a mono-unsaturated aliphatic acid, and a tri-unsaturated, tricyclic, diterpenoid acid.
FEEDING PREFERENCES OF THE WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE), AND INCIDENCE OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS AMONG CULTIVARS OF FLORIST’S CHRYSANTHEMUM
Authors: Broadbent A.B. , Matteoni J.A. , Allen W.R.
Published: November 2009

A wide range in feeding damage as defined by leaf scars among 27 cultivars of florist’s chrysanthemum was apparent for the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Assessments based on numbers of feeding scars or ranking of cultivars on the basis of the leaf area damaged by feeding were in close agreement. Cultivars with the most feeding damage under growth room conditions, such as cvs. White Marble and Polaris, were the same as those in plots within a naturally infested commercial greenhouse. Under growth room conditions, a 2- to 4-week exposure of plants to a population of thrips was sufficient to evaluate feeding damage. Closely related cultivars had similar levels of feeding damage, and foliage of yellow-flowered cultivars was significantly more attractive to thrips for feeding than foliage of white-flowered sister cultivars during the pre-bloom period. There was a low correlation between feeding damage and incidence of the tomato spotted wilt virus among cultivars in both growth room and greenhouse tests, indicating that virus susceptibility of cultivars was epidemiologically more significant than the feeding activity of western flower thrips.
THE EFFECT OF WATER STRESS AND LEAFLET SIZE ON THE DENSITY OF TRICHOMES AND THE RESISTANCE TO COLORADO POTATO BEETLE LARVAE (LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA[SAY]) INSOLANUM BERTHAULTIIHAWKES
Authors: Pelletier Yvan
Published: November 2009

Solanum berthaultiiHawkes bears trichomes reportedly providing resistance to insects. Results indicated that the density of types A and B trichomes was linearly related to the inverse of the leaflet area. The number of trichomes on the adaxial and on the abaxial surface of terminal leaflets was not affected by two levels of water stress or by growing conditions in the greenhouse or the field. The leaflets of the water-stressed plants were generally smaller and, consequently, the density of trichomes higher.

The survival of first-instar Colorado potato beetle larvae was similar onS.berthaultiigrown under varying drought conditions and on leaves from field-grown plants bearing different densities of trichomes.
SIMULATED MANAGEMENT OF AN HISTORICAL SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATION USING INUNDATIVE PARASITE RELEASE
Authors: You M. , Smith S.M.
Published: November 2009

Summary life table data of historical spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), populations from the Green River Project in New Brunswick, Canada (1947–1958), provided information for developing a management strategy using annual inundative releases of the egg parasite Trichogramma minutum Riley. Three threshold levels (39, 169, and 201 budworm egg masses per 10 m2 foliage) were assigned to the spruce budworm population and a simulation model employed to manage it at or below each level. Based on field data, the lowest threshold represented a light level of defoliation while the other two thresholds represented moderate defoliation levels. With the exception of 3 years at the low level, annual inundative releases of T. minutum successfully suppressed the spruce budworm population below the three thresholds in the model. Annual releases of T. minutum were also simulated during the inclining, plateau, and declining phases of one outbreak cycle of the spruce budworm. At the same rate (12 × 106 female T. minutum per hectare), inundative releases during the inclining phase were more effective than during either the plateau or declining phases. The results suggest that some low and moderate populations of spruce budworm can be effectively managed using annual inundative releases of an egg parasite, particularly toward the end of the inclining phase of an outbreak, but when populations reach severe levels, additional mortality agents probably will have to be considered in an integrated approach.
PHENOLOGY AND INFESTATION LEVEL OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: Palaniswamy P. , Galka B. , Timlick B.
Published: November 2009

Studies were conducted from 1985 to 1988 in commercial corn fields distributed throughout the main corn growing areas of Manitoba to determine the distribution, phenology, and the level of infestation of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Pheromone and blacklight traps were used to monitor the flight activity of European corn borer throughout the flight period. The level of European corn borer infestation was determined by sampling for egg masses, hatched egg masses, plants with egg masses, plants with shot holes, larvae, and stalk breakage. Results indicated that the European corn borer infestation occurred throughout the corn growing areas of Manitoba and that the population has declined from 1985 through 1988. Significant positive correlations existed among the number of egg masses, plants with egg masses, plants with shot holes, larvae per plant, and plants with broken stalks. Peak capture of moths in pheromone traps occurred well after peak oviposition, and 10–14 days after the peak blacklight trap capture. Blacklight trap catch, but not the pheromone trap catch, was positively correlated with egg mass density. Both blacklight and pheromone traps were equally efficient in determining the onset and the duration of European corn borer flight, although for initiating surveys of egg masses and shot hole damage, pheromone traps are recommended. In Manitoba, corn growers apply pesticides well before the recommended damage threshold is reached.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CANADIAN SPECIES OF ALTICA FEEDING ON BIRCH (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE, ALTICINAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent
Published: November 2009

Altica subcostata sp.nov. is described and illustrated. This flea beetle feeds on Betula spp. and is recorded from Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia.
PHEROMONAL SPECIFICITY OF SOUTHEASTERN IPS PINE BARK BEETLES REFLECTS PHYLOGENETIC DIVERGENCE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Lewis Edwin E. , Cane James H.
Published: November 2009

The attractiveness of the aggregation pheromones produced by males of four species of Ips pine bark beetles was assessed to determine whether competition for a private communication channel among sympatric species or phylogenetic divergence better explains the current pheromonal specificity among the species. In the southeastern United States, Ips calligraphus (Germar), I. grandicollis (Eichhoff), and I. avulsus (LeConte) are broadly sympatric and they represent three different species groups. A member of the I. grandicollis species group, I. confusus (LeConte), is allopatric to the other three and native to the southwestern United States. Only the pair of species from the same species group were pheromonally cross-attractive. Broadly allopatric species from dissimilar species groups were not cross-attractive. Thus, their pheromonal specificity paralleled their taxonomic relationship regardless of geographic overlap and competitive interaction.
A REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OFRHIZOPHAGUSHERBST AND A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC MEMBERS OF THE SUBGENUSANOMOPHAGUSREITTER (COLEOPTERA: RHIZOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Bousquet Yves
Published: November 2009

The Nearctic species of the subgenusAnomophagusReitter of the genusRhizophagusHerbst are revised. Four taxa are recognized:R.brunneus brunneusHorn 1879,R.brunneus fenyesiMéquignon 1913a,R.pseudobrunneussp.nov., andR.galbussp.nov.

For the other Nearctic species of the genus, a diagnosis, a type material section, and distributional notes are provided. Two new taxa are described,R.minutus rotundicollisandR.pusillus. Seven specific names are treated as new junior synonyms, namely (with the valid name in parentheses):R.longicepsCasey 1916 andR.rectusCasey 1916 (=R.cylindricusLeConte 1866);R.minutus quadriguttatusMéquignon 1913b(=R.minutus minutus Mmnerheim1853);R.remotus luteusMéquignon 1913b(=R.remotusLeConte 1866);R.sculpturatus horniMéquignon 1913b(=R.sculpturatusMannerheim 1852);R.dimidiatus testaceusMéquignon 1913bandR.dimidiatus assimilisMéquignon 1913b(=R.dimidiatusMannerheim 1843). The subgenera nameSyringobidiaCasey 1916 (type species:R.cylindricusLeConte 1866) is treated as a new junior subjective synonym ofRhizophaguss.str. A key to all Nearctic speciesof Rhizophagusis provided with distribution maps of the species.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) EGG MASS DENSITY AND RESULTANT DEFOLIATION OF BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE
Authors: Lysyk T.J.
Published: November 2009

Annual spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), survey data were subjected to multiple and logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between egg mass density in the fall and resultant defoliation the next season. Egg mass density was the most important variable associated with resultant defoliation, followed by current defoliation, regional population trends, host species, and sprays. Together, these accounted for 60% of the variation in resultant defoliation. Balsam fir [Abies balsamea(L.) Miller] suffered greater levels of defoliation than white spruce [Picea glauca(Moench) Voss] at a given egg mass density. Resultant defoliation of balsam fir also showed a steeper response to egg mass density than resultant defoliation of white spruce. Levels of current defoliation increased susceptibility to defoliation in a similar manner between species, as did regional population trends. Sprays were more effective at reducing resultant defoliation on balsam fir than on white spruce but, overall, did not confer a high level of foliage protection. Predictions of resultant defoliation using the multiple regression models had confidence limits averaging 75%, which are too large to be useful for predictive purposes. The logistic regression equations could be used to predict the probability of a stand receiving light or severe defoliation.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND LARVAE OFWINTHEMIA FUMIFERANAETOTH. (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A LARVAL–PUPAL PARASITOID OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Hébert Christian , Cloutier Conrad
Published: November 2009

Relationships between temperature and development rates of eggs and larvae ofWinthemia fumiferanaeToth. were experimentally determined, using the spruce budworm as host. Hatching of parasitoid eggs was triggered by host pupation. The median time required to complete egg development at different temperatures was estimated from distributions of percentage development success of the parasitoid over time between egg deposition and host pupation. For parasitoid eggs that had sufficient time to hatch, detachment from the host before pupation was the most important cause of mortality at 15 °C or higher, but was negligible below this temperature. A curvilinear model describing egg development rate as a function of temperature was used to simulate the development ofW.fumiferanaeeggs in the field. The relationship between larval development rate and temperature also was modelled, and the variability described. Simulations initiated by host pupation-driven egg hatching, and terminated with prepupal drop to the ground, are presented and discussed with respect to the appropriateness of using host pupation as an indicator of parasitoid egg hatching in the field.
DESCRIPTION OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PANZERIA AMPELUS (WALKER) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), AN OCCASIONAL PARASITOID OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (WALKER), IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Arthur A.P. , Powell Y.M.
Published: November 2009

The immature stages of Panzeria ampelus (Walker) are described and illustrated.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE SUNFLOWER STEM WEEVIL, CYLINDROCOPTURUS ADSPERSUS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Arthur A.P. , Mason P.G.
Published: November 2009

The sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), infests wild and cultivated sunflowers in Colorado, Texas, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota (Schulz 1978; Charlet 1983). It was first observed in Saskatchewan in a sunflower test plot near Carnduff, in August 1984 (unpublished data). Its abundance and distribution in the major Saskatchewan sunflower growing area, in the Carnduff, Estevan, and Weyburn areas, had not previously been studied.
E-MYRCENOL: A NEW PHEROMONE FOR THE PINE ENGRAVER, IPS PINI (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Miller D.R. , Gries G. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

E-Myrcenol reduced catches of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), to ipsdienol-baited, multiple-funnel traps in a dose-dependent fashion. The sex ratio was unaffected by E-myrcenol treatments. Lures containing E-myrcenol in ethanol solution failed to protect freshly cut logs of lodgepole pine from attack by I. pini. Rather, I. pini preferentially attacked logs treated with devices releasing E-myrcenol and ethanol, over nontreated, control logs. Our results demonstrate that E-myrcenol is a new pheromone for I. pini, and emphasize the importance of understanding basic pheromone biology before utilisation of a semiochemical in forest pest management.
FLEAS (SIPHONAPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH GROUND SQUIRRELS (SPERMOPHILUS SPP.) IN MANITOBA, CANADA
Authors: Galloway Terry D. , Christie John E.
Published: November 2009

Twenty-one species of fleas, seven of which are considered true ground squirrel fleas, were collected by various means from Spermophilus richardsonii (Sabine), S. tridecemlineatus (Mitchell), and S. franklinii (Sabine) in Manitoba. Opisocrostis tuberculatus tuberculatus (Baker), O. labis (Jordan and Rothschild), Neopsylla inopina Rothschild, and Rhadinopsylla fraterna (Baker) are ground squirrel fleas reported from Manitoba for the first time. These, in addition to Oropsylla rupestris (Jordan) and Thrassis bacchi bacchi (Rothschild), were restricted to the southwestern region of the province, but Opisocrostis bruneri (Baker) was collected throughout the range of the ground squirrels, irrespective of location. Fourteen species collected were considered accidental on ground squirrels, one of which, Tamiophila grandis (Rothschild) (an eastern chipmunk parasite), was recorded for the first time in the province.
INSECT COMMUNITIES OF NEWFOUNDLAND BOG POOLS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE ODONATA
Authors: Larson D.J. , House N.L.
Published: November 2009

The arthropod and annelid fauna of a series of small, acidic pools in a domed, ombrotrophic bog on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, was studied over the ice-free season of 1986. Pools were assigned to four classes on the basis of their surface area (<1; 1.1–10; 10.1–100; >100 m2) and at least two 1-m2 (entire pool if area <1 m2) substrate samples, plankton samples, and moss samples were taken from pools of each size class biweekly. One hundred and thirty-one taxa, most identified to the species level, were collected. Taxa varied in abundance between pools of various size classes and, using Cluster Analysis and TWINSPAN, two principal communities were identified. Oligochaetes, beetles, and mosquitoes dominated small, astatic pools and odonates, chironomids, and several other taxa predominated in large, stable, vegetated pools. Water level stability is postulated to be the principal factor determining this community structure. Within large pools, odonate larvae were the dominant predators and comprised the majority of the standing crop. Odonate larvae have life cycles of 2 or more years; their slow growth is probably due to prey limitation. Odonate larvae potentially exert a powerful predation pressure within the large pool community, and may be the principal biotic factor determining abundance and distribution of prey taxa within the bog pool system.
DISTRIBUTION OF METASEIULUS OCCIDENTALIS (NESBITT) AND TYPHLODROMUS PYRI SCHEUTEN (PARASITIFORMES: PHYTOSEIIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS OF THE HOOD RIVER VALLEY, OREGON
Authors: Croft B.A. , Shearer P. , Fields G.J. , Riedl H.W.
Published: November 2009

In a survey of predaceous phytoseiid mites from 65 apple blocks in the Hood River Valley, Oregon, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten were the principal species present. Metaseiulus occidentalis predominated over T. pyri by a ratio of about 2:1 in 1984 mites collected during 1985. In experimental, commercial, and integrated pest management blocks, M. occidentalis was present alone or predominated over T. pyri in up to 88% of the blocks, whereas T. pyri occurred alone or predominated in up to 20% of the blocks. Both species occurred in near equal proportions in a maximum of 20% of blocks. An analysis of nine factors influencing the relative abundance of M. occidentalis and T. pyri indicated that vegetation in the habitat surrounding the block and the pesticides used were most important. In 1986, seasonal distributions and proportions of predatory mites found in individual blocks were similar to those found in 1985. The feasibility of managing mixed populations of T. pyri and M. occidentalis in Hood River orchards is discussed.
A SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLAN FOR ADULT TUBER FLEA BEETLES (EPITRIX TUBERIS GENTNER): DEALING WITH “EDGE EFFECTS”
Authors: Cusson Michel , Vernon Robert S. , Roitberg Bernard D.
Published: November 2009

We propose a sequential sampling plan for adult tuber flea beetles, Epitrix tuberis Gent., in potato fields, which is based on a confidence interval calculated around a critical density value (Iwao 1975) and which uses Taylor’s Power Law (Taylor 1961) to estimate the variance. Because of the highly edge-biased gradients of density displayed by this insect, separate sequential expressions have been calculated for densities at the edges and centers of fields.

In a survey of 12 commercial potato fields, spring-generation E. tuberis densities in centers of fields were always far below the threshold level of one beetle per 10 plants employed at the time of sampling. The survey also indicated that fields that have been sown with potatoes for 2 consecutive years have higher beetle densities than fields sown with potatoes for a 1st year. Edge:center density ratios, however, were the same for the two categories of fields.
DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS OF WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), AND OF FOLIAGE OVER THE CROWNS OF WESTERN HEMLOCK, TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA (RAF.) SARG.
Authors: Shepherd R.F. , Gray T.G.
Published: November 2009

Eggs of western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana (Walsingham), were found on the underside of needles of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., with higher densities in the mid-crown area toward the outer tips of branches. Fringe and dominant trees were preferred oviposition sites over trees in lower crown classes or shaded positions. Vertical differences in needle density were considerable and led to high variability in insect densities when expressed on a per branch basis. When densities of eggs were based on a fresh branch weight basis there was a significant decrease in sample bias caused by the uneven distribution of foliage over the crowns.
FOREST ANT COMPOSITION AND FORAGING FOLLOWING AERIAL SPRAYING OF CARBARYL TO SUPPRESS WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM
Authors: Murphy C.F. , Croft B.A.
Published: November 2009

An outbreak of western spruce bud worm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, USA, was treated with helicopter-applied carbaryl. Effects on forest ants were determined from pre- and post-spray samples taken from replicated 0.75-ha sprayed and unsprayed plots. Arboreally foraging ants were sampled with sticky drop traps placed under trees. Ground-foraging ants were sampled from food-baited boards. During 8 weeks of sampling, 13 225 ants from seven genera and 19 species were collected. Seven species were known budworm predators. After spraying, ant species diversity decreased in sprayed plots. Post-spray foraging decreased in all plots, but the decrease was more rapid and pronounced in sprayed plots. Among ground-foragers, budworm predators were clearly affected by spraying. Arboreal foragers, nearly all budworm predators, showed a significantly lower foraging rate in sprayed plots. Varying effects on different species were noted. Overall ant foraging remained depressed for at least 6 weeks after spraying, long enough for budworm development to be completed. Reduced ant predation on sparse budworm populations after spraying may contribute to budworm resurgence.
DISPLACEMENT OF BATHYPLECTES CURCULIONIS (THOMS.) (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) BY B. ANURUS (THOMS.) IN EASTERN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (GYLL.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Harcourt D.G.
Published: November 2009

Bathyplectes anurus (Thoms.) has displaced B. curculionis (Thorns.) as the main larval parasitoid in populations of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), in eastern Ontario. Following its belated spread to the Bay of Quinte dairy belt, it used a combination of r and K strategies to assert its superiority: a greater reproductive capacity, more rapid search and handling, and more aggressive behaviour. Also, it is not subject to encapsulation by the host and reduces direct competition with the entomopafhogenic fungus Zoophthora phytonomi (Arthur) by laying its eggs in older hosts that have a greater probability of escaping death from disease. Taken together, these factors have enabled it to perform better than B. curculionis and to displace it in the host–parasitoid community. Moreover, it may have the potential to stabilize weevil populations during years when the fungus is enzootic.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFPLATYCHEIRUS(DIPTERA, SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J.R.
Published: November 2009

The 70 species ofPlatycheirus(includingCarposcalis, Pyrophaena, and much ofMelanostomaof North American authors) occurring in the Nearctic Region north of Mexico are revised. Twenty-three species are described as new and new names are proposed for two species. Eighteen new synonyms and 14 new combinations are proposed; one variety name is given specific status. Six palaearctic species are recorded from North America for the first time, and one nearctic species from Europe, for a total of 23 holarctic species.
FIRST REPORT OF ESTABLISHMENT OF CALOPHASIA LUNULA HUFN. (LEPEDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON DALMATIAN TOADFLAX, LINARIA GENISTIFOLIA SSP. DALMATICA (L.) MAIRE AND PETITMENGIN, IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: McDermott G.J. , Nowierski R.M. , Story J.M.
Published: November 2009

The Eurasian noctuid, Calophasia lunula Hufn., was introduced into North America to control yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill., and Dalmatian toadflax, L. genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin. Larvae feed on the foliage of both toadflax species, but different strains of the moth appear to prefer either yellow or Dalmatian toadflax (Nowierski 1990). Calophasia lunula was first released against yellow toadflax in five Canadian provinces from 1962 to 1968 (Harris and Carder 1971). The moth has been established on yellow toadflax in Ontario since 1965, where it has defoliated up to 20% of the stems (Harris 1988). However, attempts to establish C. lunula on Dalmatian toadflax in Canada have been unsuccessful (Nowierski 1990). Initial releases of the moth in the United States were made in 1968 against both toadflax species with Ontario stock from yellow toadflax (Nowierski 1990). Since then, multiple releases of C. lunula have been made in six western states, including Montana (Story 1985), but until 1989 no establishment had been recorded on either toadflax species.
PHENOLOGY OFHOPLOCAMPA MONTANICOLAROHWER (TENTHREDINIDAE) ANDANTHONOMUS QUADRIGIBBUSSAY (CURCULIONIDAE) ON THEIR HOST PLANTAMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIANUTT. (ROSACEAE) IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: St. Pierre R.G. , Lehmkuhl D.M.
Published: November 2009

AdultHoplocampa montanicolaRohwer emerged in mid-May, 6.2 ± 3.2 days (mean ± SE) prior to the period of peak anthesis inAmelanchier alnifoliaNuttall. Oviposition, one egg per flower, occurred during the period of petal drop in late-May; a mean ± SE of 2.2 ± 0.2 eggs were deposited in each inflorescence. Eggs hatched 7.7 ± 3 days (mean ± SE) after the period of primary petal drop and larvae fed on a mean ± SE of 1.8 ± 0.14 fruit per infructescence. Larvae completed development by the end of June, just as the first fruit ofA.alnifoliawere beginning to ripen. Larvae overwintered in the leaf litter.

AdultAnthonomus quadrigibbusSay (previously assigned to the genusTachypterellus) were first collected in mid- to late-May during the periods of anthesis and fruit drop inA.alnifolia. Immature fruit fed upon were often extensively damaged. Oviposition occurred toward the end of fruit drop inA.alnifolia, 30.6 ± 2.5 days (mean ± SE) after the period of peak anthesis. Only one egg was laid in a puncture at the base of a fruit. Larval feeding was restricted to ovules and occurred in fruit retained on the plant. Pupation and adult emergence occurred in mid-July as fruit were ripening. The new generation of adults then entered the leaf litter to overwinter.
ENDO-BREVICOMIN: AN ANTIAGGREGATION PHEROMONE FOR THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE, DRYOCOETES CONFUSUS SWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Stock A.J. , Borden J.H. , Pratt T.L. , Pierce H.D. , Johnston B.D.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory bioassays and field tests demonstrated that the (+) enantiomer of endo-brevicomin is an antiaggregation pheromone for the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine. (+)-endo-Brevicomin significantly reduced the response of beetles of both sexes to the aggregation pheromone exo-brevicomin in laboratory bioassays and in field experiments using multiple-funnel traps. It also prevented attack on subalpine fir, Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt., trees baited with exo-brevicomin. The (−) enantiomer of endo-brevicomin was inactive. These results suggest that (+) or (±)-endo-brevicomin has potential for protecting selected trees from attack, or suppressing western balsam bark beetle activity in high hazard or infested stands.
EVIDENCE FOR A FEMALE-PRODUCED PHEROMONE IN THE WHITE PINE CONE BEETLE, CONOPHTHORUS CONIPERDA (SCHWARZ), AND IN THE RED PINE CONE BEETLE, C. RESINOSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: de Groot P. , DeBarr G.L. , Birgersson G.O. , Pierce H.D. , Borden J.H. , Berisford Y.C. , Berisford C.W.
Published: November 2009

Evidence for a female-produced sex pheromone in the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz), and the red pine cone beetle, C. resinosae Hopkins, was obtained from laboratory bioassays and field experiments conducted with C. coniperda beetles from Ontario and North Carolina. In an olfactometer, males from both species responded significantly more to volatiles from females than to volatiles from males or cones. Generally, females did not differ in their response to female-, male-, or cone-produced volatiles. Both sexes responded to host volatiles. The strong response by male C. coniperda to females was confirmed in field tests.
FIRST RECORD OF A EUROPEAN BUG, LORICULA BIPUNCTATA (PERRIS), IN THE NEARCTIC REGION (HETEROPTERA: MICROPHYSIDAE)
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Schmidt Michelle J.A. , Humble Leland M.
Published: November 2009

A European microphysid, Loricula bipunctata (Perris), is reported as new to the Nearctic Region. The only other member of the genus recorded from North America, the Palearctic L. pselaphiformis Curtis, also is adventive in our fauna (Kelton 1980)
COMPARISON OF MALE AND FEMALE RESPONSES TO DICOFOL IN EUROPEAN RED MITE,PANONYCHUS ULMI(KOCH), USING A RAPID ASSAY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Mable B.K. , Pree D.J. , Denbesten T.A.
Published: November 2009

Concentration:response regressions were established for male and femalePanonychus ulmifrom dicofol resistant and susceptible laboratory colonies using a rapid assay technique which utilizes pesticide residues in enclosed Petri dishes. Modification of the technique, which was developed for females, allowed reproducible results with males. Males and females from the resistant population showed similar levels of resistance compared with the susceptible population (ca. 4-fold). Within populations, males were approximately 3-fold more sensitive than females. Implications of these differences for field populations and the usefulness of males in inheritance studies are discussed.
A SURVEY OF PREDATORY MITES IN ONTARIO APPLE ORCHARDS WITH DIVERSE PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
Authors: Thistlewood H.M.A.
Published: November 2009

Leaves were collected between 28 July and 10 September from 36 (1986) and 85 (1987) apple orchards, and examined for mites. Twelve species of Phytoseiidae were found: Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Typhlodromus longipilus Nesbitt, A. andersoni (Chant), T. caudiglans Schuster, T. pyri Scheuten, T. pomi (Parrott), Phytoseius macropilis (Banks), T. herbertae Chant, A. driggeri Specht, A. finlandicus (Oudemans), T. conspicuus (Garman), and A. pusillus (Kennett), in order of frequency. The stigmaeid mites Zetzellia mali (Ewing) and Agistemus fleschneri Summers, a complex of erythraeid mites of Balaustium spp. and Hauptmannia spp., and tydeid mites, primarily Tydeus spp., were other common predatory species. Species of Tetranychidae, Bdellidae, Eriophyidae, Winterschmidtiidae, and Tarsonemidae, also were collected.

Predatory mites were present each season in all abandoned orchards and in 43–74% of the commercial orchards. Their abundance in commercial orchards was compared with the use of insecticides applied only for control of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.). Fewer (P < 0.05) phytoseiids occurred where pyrethroids were employed than in sites without pyrethroids, but differences were not found for similar use of the carbamoyl oxime, methomyl. Fewer (P < 0.05) stigmaeids occurred in sites treated with methomyl than in sites without methomyl, whereas such differences were not found for pyrethroid use.
USE OF LIFE HISTORY PARAMETERS TO IMPROVE A REARING METHOD FOR HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), ON BOVINE HOSTS
Authors: Lysyk T.J.
Published: November 2009

An improved method for rearing horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), on bovine hosts is reported in which adult flies were confined in cages fastened to the backs of stanchioned cattle. Survival of females was 75% per day and longevity averaged 3.5 days. Oviposition began when females were 2 days old. The number of eggs produced per female entering the population averaged 20.1, and a single female could produce up to 112 eggs in her lifetime. Immature survival averaged 48.9%. The generation growth rate was 4.91 females per female. Generation time was 20 days at 25°C. Approximately 1–3.8 g of manure per egg is recommended for larval rearing. Pupae can be stored at 10°C for up to 18 days with little loss in viability. Methods for using the life history information for optimizing rearing are discussed.
EFFICACY AND TIMING OF PERMETHRIN MISTBLOWER SPRAYS FOR THE CONTROL OF FIRST-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDMOTH,ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSISMUT. AND FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Helson B.V. , Auger M.
Published: November 2009

Mistblower applications of permethrin at 70 g AI per hectare to individual white spruce trees near the onset of the hatching period reduced spruce budmoth,Zeiraphera canadensisMut. and Free., larval populations by 90% and damage to leaders to a very acceptable index of 0.49. A dosage of 35 g AI per hectare was less effective but did provide acceptable leader protection (damage index: 0.93). Further mistblower trials, designed to determine the optimum time to spray with permethrin, demonstrated that at 70 g AI per hectare, effective control (87–94%) and acceptable protection (damage indices: 0.87–1.13) were obtained during a 9-day period before the onset of hatch. An earlier treatment. 11 days before hatch, did not provide as effective control (58%) or acceptable protection (damage index: 1.60). Two later treatments, 3 and 4 days after the onset of hatch, gave less effective control (75–79%) but did provide acceptable leader protection (indices: 0.83–1.17).
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND LARVAL DENSITY ON FLIGHT PERFORMANCE OF DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Naranjo Steven E.
Published: November 2009

The influence of temperature and larval density on the flight performance of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte was quantified in the laboratory using a tethered flight system. Temperature had a significant influence on trivial flight performance in males and in both young (5 day) and older (25 day) females. The proportion of beetles undertaking trivial flight, and trivial flight duration and frequency peaked at temperatures around 20–25°C. Generally, males were more active than females at lower temperatures. Female beetles did not display sustained flight behavior at 15 or 35°C and males did not undertake sustained flight at 30 or 35°C. Sustained flight duration was unaffected by temperature. Rearing larvae at different densities influenced adult size but had only subtle effects on adult flight performance. Larval density significantly influenced trivial flight duration and frequency of older females and flight frequency of males but had no effect on young females. In general, trivial flight performance peaked when larvae were reared at moderate densities (500–750 per primary rearing container). In young females the propensity for sustained flight, but not flight duration, declined with increasing larval density.