bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness analysis of different types of labor for singleton pregnancy: Real life data
Authors: Lakic Dragana , Petrovic Branko , Petrova Guenka
Published: January 2015

Introduction. Views on the conduct of labor have changed over time, and a
significant difference exists in relation to obstetric centers. Objective. To
assess cost, clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of different types of
labor in singleton pregnancies. Methods. A decision model was used to compare
vaginal labor, induced labor and planned cesarean section. All data were
taken from the Book of Labor from the University Hospital for Gynecology and
Obstetrics ?Narodni Front?, Belgrade, Serbia for labors conducted during one
month period in 2011. Successful delivery (i.e. labor that began up to 42
gestation weeks, without maternal mortality and the newborn Apgar scores
greater than or equal to seven in the fifth minute of life) was considered as
the outcome of the cost effectiveness-analysis. To test the robustness of
this definition probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results.
From a total of 667 births, vaginal labor was conducted in 98 cases, induced
vaginal in 442, while planned cesarean section was performed 127 times.
Emergency cesarean section as a complication was much higher in the vaginal
labor cohort compared to the induced vaginal cohort (OR=17.374; 95% CI: 8.522
to 35.418; p<0.001). The least costly type of labor was induced vaginal
labor: average cost 461 euro, with an effectiveness of 98.17%. Both, vaginal
and planned cesarean labor were dominated by the induced labor. The results
were robust. Conclusion. Elective induction of labor was associated with the
lowest cost compared to other types of labor, with favorable maternal and
neonatal outcomes.
Contribution of pharmacists to the Development of Healthcare culture in Vranje by the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century
Authors: Arsic Jasmina , Krajnovic Dusanka , Arsic Srboljub , Milosevic-Georgiev Andrijana , Marinkovic Valentina
Published: January 2015

Introduction. Healthcare enlightenment and healthcare culture in Vranje and
its region were under Turkish influence until the liberation in 1878, when
the organization of education, schooling and healthcare were initiated in the
Vranje region Objective. The aims of this study were to shed light on the
beginning of the development of pharmaceutical personnel, and their
contribution to healthcare culture development in Vranje and its region, with
a focus on healthcare legislation and its impact on pharmaceutical service
availability, and the analysis of pharmaceutical personnel development within
the healthcare services. Methods. We used the methods of documentation
analysis and the desk analysis of the secondary information. Results. At the
beginning of the 19th century healthcare services in Vranje were still
inexistent. After the liberation from the Turks, Naum?s medical office with
pharmacy was opened in Vranje. Although it did not comply with regulations,
it presented the only formal source of supply of medications and sanitary
material, and as such it gave its contribution to healhcare service at that
time in Vranje. Mr ph. Stevan Varjacic, 1st class pharmacy assistant, worked
at a temporary hospital from 1880 until January 1881, suppling with
medications soldiers and residents of Vranje. The development of
pharmaceutical schooling began in 1883, when a pharmacy was opened by the
pharmacist Velimir Karic according to the Law on Healthcare Organization and
People?s Healthcare Maintenance. By the end of the 1930s there were ten
civilian healthcare institutions in Vranje, even three of which were
pharmacies. By the end of 1948, they were nationalized, and were renamed the
City National Pharmacy of Vranje. Conclusion. By the end of the 10th century,
passing of the legislation on the regulations of pharmaceutical industry
within healthcare services had an impact on Vranje that resulted in opening
pharmacies with educated pharmaceutical personnel. Pharmacy owners changed,
and the quality and continuity of medical supplies was always secured.
Proximity effect in a shielded symmetrical three-phase line
Authors: Filipovic Dragan , Dlabac Tatijana
Published: January 2015

In this paper we present an approximate analysis of the proximity effect in a
shielded symmetrical three-phase line with conductors of circular cross
section. The system of two integral equations for current densities is solved
approximately by assuming them in the form of two finite series with properly
chosen basic functions. The unknown coefficients in these series are found by
applying the point matching procedure. Numerical results are given for the AC
to DC resistance ratio of the line conductors and for the power loss in the
shield.
Passive elimination of static electricity in oil industry
Authors: Gacanovic Mico
Published: January 2015

This study explains the existing and real conditions of a possible passive
elimination of static electricity when loading oil and oil derivatives. We
are considering the formation and survival of gas bubbles both in the volume
of oil in its depth, but also at the surface of oil and oil derivatives of
the partly filled reservoir, and formation of both volume and surface
electric charge in oil and oil derivatives. The study presents the research
of formation and survival of static electricity in both reservoirs and tank
trucks of different geometric shapes partly filled with oil and oil
derivatives. We are proposing a new original possibility of passive
elimination of static electricity when loading oil and oil derivatives in
reservoirs and tank trucks. The proposed passive device for elimination of
static electricity is protected at the international level in the domain of
intellectual property (with a patent, model and distinctive mark).
Appearance of European employment policy in the rural areas of Hungarian-Croatian border region
Authors: Tésits Róbert , Alpek B. Levente
Published: January 2015

The study provides an insight into Interreg and IPA programs achieved so far, having significant impact on the labour market of rural areas. Another objective is the evaluation of the effects of labour market programs, with the help of the interviews with experts coordinating these programs. However, the Croatian- Hungarian cooperation was perfect, went smoothly, which is also due to the similar labour market problems of the cooperative areas. They fight with similar methods, even in the project reports, evaluations, and there are also similar results found. It has become clear that financial resource-intensive elements cooperation programs operated until they were financed. In these cases, the closing of them prevented sustainability. The non financing-intensive programs, especially if there is local demand that is not based on a faulty premise, and no fundamental changes have taken place, prove to be sustainable. The maintenance and expansion collaborations are important tasks after Croatia’s accession to the EU. Croatia, by taking its own path, but with the use of the Hungarian experience, can stabilize the labour market situation in the most underdeveloped areas.
Problems of functioning of Polish local action groups from the perspective of the social capital concept
Authors: Zajda Katarzyna
Published: January 2015

The LEADER approach was introduced in Poland as part of the LEADER+ Pilot Programme (implemented in the programming period 2004-2006) and, at present, it is being implemented as Axis 4 of the Rural Development Programme. Many researchers are interested in its progress. In their analyses, they use various concepts of social capital. It may be concluded on the basis of the studies published so far that local action groups are dominated by the public sector, whereas the economic sector is rather marginalised. Having taken into account the available publications, a team of sociologists from the University of Łodź conducted in 2011-2013 research devoted to the level and structure of social capital of local action groups. The study focused on organisations from 6 voivodeships which implemented scheme 2 of the LEADER+ Pilot Programme. The article presents the analyses of the most important problems of these organisations related to the condition of the components of social capital possessed by their members (partners). The researchers used the material from individual surveys completed by 573 respondents from 34 local action groups. It was proven that the surveyed organisations mainly cope with the problem of a low activity level of their members (partners), petrification of their boards and councils, marginalisation of representatives of the economic sector, high level of professionalization and low level of generalised trust among the persons who belong to these groups.
Ritchey–Common test for a 1.5 m–diameter flat mirror
Authors: Zhu S. , Zhang X. H.
Published: January 2015

This study intensively investigates the Ritchey–Common test to enable high-precision measurement of a plane mirror figure with a diameter of 1.5 m. We present a method for separating the adjustment error combined with tested data and the least–square method. We also use the transformation relationship of coordinates and amplitude between the test system pupil plane and the flat mirror to calculate the flat mirror surface error. Ritchey–Common test is conducted on a 100 mm–diameter plane mirror. Results prove that the algorithm can effectively isolate the adjusting–error effect. Compared with the direct test results from interferometer, the RMS calculation accuracy of the algorithm is better than l/100 (l = 0.6328 μm). Accordingly, we build a Ritchey–Common test light path for the 1.5 m plane mirror. After analyzing the factors affecting the experiment results, we obtain the surface PV value of 0.391 l and RMS of 0.0181 l. Finally the test achieves full aperture detection for a large–diameter plane mirror surface.
Subsurface disorder and electro-optical properties of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides produced by different techniques
Authors: Kostritskii S. M. , Korkishko Y. N. , Fedorov V. A. , Mitrokhin V. P. , Sevostyanov O. G. , Chirkova I. M. , Stepanenko O. , De Micheli M.
Published: January 2015

It has been established, that proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides have a marked subsurface layer with structural disorder inducing degradation of electro-optical properties of these waveguides. At the same time, such a subsurface disorder is found to be less pronounced in soft proton-exchanged (SPE) waveguides in comparison with annealed proton-exchanged (APE) ones. The experimental samples of phase modulators fabricated by SPE technique exhibit a better electro-optical efficiency compared to the LiNbO3 modulators produced by the standard and improved APE techniques.
Quantum conditional cloning of continuous variable entangled states
Authors: Liu K. , Gao J. R.
Published: January 2015

We extend the technique of conditional preparation to a quantum cloning machine, and present a protocol of 1 → 2 conditional cloning of squeezed state and entanglement states. It is shown that the entanglement degree of the cloned entangled states can be well preserved even when the fidelity between the input and output states is beyond the limit of 4/9. This scheme is practicable since only the linear elements of beam splitters, homodyne detections, optical modulations and electrical trigger system, are involved.
Temperature effect on the optical emission intensity in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of super alloys
Authors: Darbani S. M. R. , Ghezelbash M. , Majd A. E. , Soltanolkotabi M. , Saghafifar H.
Published: January 2015

In this paper, the influence of heating and cooling samples on the optical emission spectra and plasma parameters of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for Titanium 64, Inconel 718 super alloys, and Aluminum 6061 alloy is investigated. Samples are uniformly heated up to approximately 200°C and cooled down to -78°C by an external heater and liquid nitrogen, respectively. Variations of plasma parameters like electron temperature and electron density with sample temperature are determined by using Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening methods, respectively. Heating the samples improves LIBS signal strength and broadens the width of the spectrum. On the other hand, cooling alloys causes fluctuations in the LIBS signal and decrease it to some extent, and some of the spectral peaks diminish. In addition, our results show that electron temperature and electron density depend on the sample temperature variations.
Polychromatic speckle reduction in laser pico-projectors using stationary dual Hadamard diffusers
Authors: Thomas W. , Middlebrook C.
Published: January 2015

Speckle from coherent light sources continues to be a limiting factor in the design and manufacturing of laser projectors. Utilizing diffractive diffusers has been an effective method for reducing monochromatic speckle contrast. Color laser projection devices require the use of red, green, and blue laser sources therefore; using a monochromatic diffractive diffuser may not be optimal for color speckle contrast reduction. A new static dual-diffuser system utilizing Hadamard matrices has been designed to reduce full color speckle. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the new Hadamard diffusers in reducing speckle using three separate RGB laser diodes. A simulation of the Hadamard diffusers is conducted to determine the optimum spacing between the two diffusers for polychromatic speckle reduction. Experimental measured results are presented using the optimal spacing of Hadamard diffusers for RGB color speckle reduction showing 60% reduction in contrast.
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Pyeongwisan on LPS-Stimulated Murine Macrophages and Mouse Models of Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing Response and Xylene-Induced Ear Edema
Authors: Oh You-Chang , Jeong Yun , Cho Won-Kyung , Ha Jeong-Ho , Gu Min , Ma Jin
Published: January 2015

Pyeongwisan (PW) is an herbal medication used in traditional East Asian medicine to treat anorexia, abdominal distension, borborygmus and diarrhea caused by gastric catarrh, atony and dilatation. However, its effects on inflammation-related diseases are unknown. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of PW on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in macrophages and on local inflammation in vivo. We investigated the biological effects of PW on the production of inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines and related products as well as the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, we evaluated the analgesic effect on the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the inhibitory activity on xylene-induced ear edema in mice. PW showed anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In addition, PW strongly suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a NO synthesis enzyme, induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and inhibited NF-κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation. Also, PW suppressed TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β cytokine production in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophage cells. Furthermore, PW showed an analgesic effect on the writhing response and an inhibitory effect on mice ear edema. We demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects and inhibitory mechanism in macrophages as well as inhibitory activity of PW in vivo for the first time. Our results suggest the potential value of PW as an inflammatory therapeutic agent developed from a natural substance.
Fabrication and Assessment of Crumb-Rubber-Modified Coatings with Anticorrosive Properties
Authors: Al-Aqeeli Nasser
Published: January 2015

Scrap tires continue to be a major source of waste due to the lack of valuable and effective disposal routes. A viable solution to this problem is to recycle crumb rubber (CR)—a granulated material derived from scrap tires—and use it to develop other valuable products. Herein we report the fabrication and characterization of CR-modified coatings with anticorrosive properties on metal substrates. By varying the particle size and concentration of CR, we have determined the coating composition that offers the highest level of erosion protection. Images from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) reveal that CR is homogenously dispersed in the coating, especially when fine particles are used. As the concentration of CR increases, the hardness of the coating decreases as a result of the elastic properties of CR. More importantly, the erosion rate of the coating decreases due to increased ductility. Following Potentiodynamic tests, the utilization of these coatings proved to be beneficial as they showed good protection against aqueous corrosion when tested in 0.5 M NaCl solution. Our newly developed coatings offer an incentive to recycling CR and open up a safe and sustainable route to the disposal of scrap tires.
A Synergistic, Balanced Antioxidant Cocktail, Protects Aging Rats from Insulin Resistance and Absence of Meal-Induced Insulin Sensitization (AMIS) Syndrome
Authors: Wang Hui , Chowdhury Kawshik , Lautt W.
Published: January 2015

A series of in vivo and in vitro studies using animal and human models in the past 15 years have demonstrated that approximately 55% (~66% in humans) of the glucose disposal effect of an i.v. injection of insulin in the fed state is dependent on the action of a second hormone, hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS), which is released from the liver and stimulates glucose uptake in muscle, heart and kidneys. Sensitization of the insulin response by a meal through release of HISS is called meal-induced insulin sensitization (MIS). Absence of HISS action results in postprandial hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, adiposity, increased free radical stress and a cluster of progressive metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions referred to as the AMIS (absence of meal-induced insulin sensitization) syndrome. Reduced HISS release accounts for the insulin resistance that occurs with aging and is made worse by physical inactivity and diets high in sucrose or fat. This brief review provides an update of major metabolic disturbances associated with aging due to reduction of HISS release, and the protection against these pathological changes in aging animals using a balanced synergistic antioxidant cocktail SAMEC (S-adenosylmethionine, vitamins E and C). The synergy amongst the components is consistent with the known benefits of antioxidants supplied by a mixed diet and acting through diverse mechanisms. Using only three constituents, SAMEC appears suitable as an antioxidant specifically targeting the AMIS syndrome.
Milk Consumption Following Exercise Reduces Subsequent Energy Intake in Female Recreational Exercisers
Authors: Rumbold Penny , Shaw Emily , James Lewis , Stevenson Emma
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of skimmed milk as a recovery drink following moderate–vigorous cycling exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake in healthy, female recreational exercisers. Utilising a randomised cross-over design, nine female recreational exercisers (19.7 ± 1.3 years) completed a V̇O2peak test followed by two main exercise trials. The main trials were conducted following a standardised breakfast. Following 30 min of moderate-vigorous exercise (65% V̇O2peak), either 600 mL of skimmed milk or 600 mL of orange drink (475 mL orange juice from concentrate, 125 mL water), which were isoenergetic (0.88 MJ), were ingested, followed 60 min later with an ad libitum pasta meal. Absolute energy intake was reduced 25.2% ± 16.6% after consuming milk compared to the orange drink (2.39 ± 0.70 vs. 3.20 ± 0.84 MJ, respectively; p = 0.001). Relative energy intake (in relation to the energy content of the recovery drinks and energy expenditure) was significantly lower after milk consumption compared to the orange drink (1.49 ± 0.72 vs. 2.33 ± 0.90 MJ, respectively; p = 0.005). There were no differences in AUC (× 1 h) subjective appetite parameters (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) between trials. The consumption of skimmed milk following 30 min of moderate-vigorous cycling exercise reduces subsequent energy intake in female recreational exercisers.
Curcumin Inhibits Gastric Inflammation Induced by Helicobacter Pylori Infection in a Mouse Model
Authors: Santos António , Lopes Teresa , Oleastro Mónica , Gato Inês , Floch Pauline , Benejat Lucie , Chaves Paula , Pereira Teresa , Seixas Elsa , Machado Jorge , Guerreiro António
Published: January 2015

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection triggers a sequence of gastric alterations starting with an inflammation of the gastric mucosa that, in some cases, evolves to gastric cancer. Efficient vaccination has not been achieved, thus it is essential to find alternative therapies, particularly in the nutritional field. The current study evaluated whether curcumin could attenuate inflammation of the gastric mucosa due to H. pylori infection. Twenty-eight C57BL/6 mice, were inoculated with the H. pylori SS1 strain; ten non-infected mice were used as controls. H. pylori infection in live mice was followed-up using a modified 13C-Urea Breath Test (13C-UBT) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histologically confirmed, gastritis was observed in 42% of infected non-treated mice at both 6 and 18 weeks post-infection. These mice showed an up-regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and MyD88, at both time points. Treatment with curcumin decreased the expression of all these mediators. No inflammation was observed by histology in this group. Curcumin treatment exerted a significant anti-inflammatory effect in H. pylori-infected mucosa, pointing to the promising role of a nutritional approach in the prevention of H. pylori induced deleterious inflammation while the eradication or prevention of colonization by effective vaccine is not available.
Molecular Targets of Naturopathy in Cancer Research: Bridge to Modern Medicine
Authors: Ahmad Aamir , Ginnebaugh Kevin , Li Yiwei , Padhye Subhash , Sarkar Fazlul
Published: January 2015

The relevance of naturopathy (defined as the practice of medicine for the treatment of human diseases with natural agents) in human cancer is beginning to be appreciated, as documented by renewed interest in nutraceutical research, the natural anticancer agents of dietary origin. Because of their pleiotropic effects and the ability to modulate multiple signaling pathways, which is a good attribute of natural agents, nutraceuticals have frequently been demonstrated to re-sensitize drug-resistant cancers. The effectiveness of nutraceuticals can be further enhanced if the tools for the relative assessment of their molecular targets are readily available. Such information can be critical for determining their most effective uses. Here, we discuss the anticancer potential of nutraceuticals and the associated challenges that have interfered with their translational potential as a naturopathic approach for the management of cancers. In the years to come, an efficient screening and assessment of molecular targets will be the key to make rapid progress in the area of drug design and discovery, especially focusing on evidence-based development of naturopathy for the treatment of human malignancies.
Inhomogeneous Long-Range Percolation for Real-Life Network Modeling
Authors: Deprez Philippe , Hazra Rajat , Wüthrich Mario
Published: January 2015

The study of random graphs has become very popular for real-life network modeling, such as social networks or financial networks. Inhomogeneous long-range percolation (or scale-free percolation) on the lattice Zd, d ≥ 1, is a particular attractive example of a random graph model because it fulfills several stylized facts of real-life networks. For this model, various geometric properties, such as the percolation behavior, the degree distribution and graph distances, have been analyzed. In the present paper, we complement the picture of graph distances and we prove continuity of the percolation probability in the phase transition point. We also provide an illustration of the model connected to financial networks.
Carbon Fiber Ultramicrodic Electrode Electrodeposited with Over-Oxidized Polypyrrole for Amperometric Detection of Vesicular Exocytosis from Pheochromocytoma Cell
Authors: Wang Li , Xu Huiren , Song Yilin , Luo Jinping , Xu Shengwei , Zhang Song , Liu Juntao , Cai Xinxia
Published: January 2015

Vesicular exocytosis is ubiquitous, but it is difficult to detect within the cells’ communication mechanism. For this purpose, a 2 µm ultramicrodic carbon fiber electrode was fabricated in this work based on electrodeposition with over-oxidized polypyrrole nanoparticle (PPyox-CFE), which was applied successfully for real-time monitoring of quantal exocytosis from individual pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. PPyox-CFE was evaluated by dopamine (DA) solutions through cyclic voltammetry and amperometry electrochemical methods, and results revealed that PPyox-CFE improved the detection limit of DA. In particular, the sensitivity of DA was improved to 24.55 µA·µM−1·µm−2 using the PPyox-CFE. The ultramicrodic electrode combined with the patch-clamp system was used to detect vesicular exocytosis of DA from individual PC12 cells with 60 mM K+ stimulation. A total of 287 spikes released from 7 PC12 cells were statistically analyzed. The current amplitude (Imax) and the released charge (Q) of the amperometric spikes from the DA release by a stimulated PC12 cell is 45.1 ± 12.5 pA and 0.18 ± 0.04 pC, respectively. Furthermore, on average ~562,000 molecules were released in each vesicular exocytosis. PPyox-CFE, with its capability of detecting vesicular exocytosis, has potential application in neuron communication research.
Les hauts niveaux pleistocènes du Tuzgölü (lac Salé) en Anatolie centrale (Turquie)
Authors: Erol Oguz
Published: January 2015

The pleistocene high levels of the Tuzgölü (the Salt Lake) in central Anatolia (Turkey).

The Tuzgölü (the Salt Lake) basin was covered with a relatively extensive freshwater lake, and erosional and depositional surfaces where surrounding it during the Miocene-Lower Pliocene. As a result of tectonic movements the central part of the basin was downfaulted and a smaller freshwater lake was formed during the Upper Pliocene. In the Quaternary the subsidence of the bottom of the basin was also continued, but this was very restricted in the central part of it. A slightly brakish-salty lake, which was larger than the recent one, was formed in this basin during the Pleistocene. The tectonically undisturbed coastline traces of this Pleistocene lake, are regularly seen at 1015, 980, 955-950, 940, 930, 920 and 915-912 meters all around the recent Salt Lake, the surface of which is 905 m high above the sea-level. These traces may indicate higher levels of the lake during the Pleistocene (relatively rainy and cooler) pluvial periods in a basin, the central part of which was slowly subsiding. Some ostracods found in deltaic sediments of the highest level (1015 m). They are species living in the waters of rivers and lakes colder than 12 °C, and they may indicate a fairly cooler climate.

On the basis of general geomorphological characteristics, the fossils, and the soils covering the terraces, it is possible to accept that the coastline traces higher than 940 m, that is 1015, 980, 955 m levels must have been formed before the last (Würm) pluvial period, and the first two of themmay belong to the Early Pleistocene (Günz ? and Mindel ?) and the 950 m level to the Riss ( ?) pluvials. Several coastline traces can be seen clearly in air-photos below the 940 m level down to 905 m. Six coastline traces at 940, 930, 920, 915, 912, 908 meters, among the others are more visible. The first two of them may belong to the last (Würm) pluvial, while the lower ones may have beenformed duringthe recessional phases of the lake since the beginning of the Holocene.

There are some indications that the lake might have been dried out during the interpluvial periods of the Pleistocene. If this is the case, one might expect some buried sait (and perhaps even potash) beds under the recent Salt Lake bottom.
Les rivages coralliens de l'est et du sud de la presqu'île du Sinaï
Authors: Guilcher André
Published: January 2015

Les principaux caractères morphologiques des rivages coralliens de l'est et du sud de la presqu'île du Sinaï sont examinés. Les récifs reposent en général sur des cônes sédimentaires grossiers alimentés par les oueds et souvent coalescents en d'étroites plaines côtières. Les récifs frangeants actuels sont étroits mais prospères. Des récifs frangeants pléistocènes existent dans le Sud-Est, consistant en édifices successifs et emboîtés. D'autres récifs pléistocènes, au Ras Muhammad, extrémité sud de la presqu'île, sont taillés en blocs NO-SE. Des récifs actuels étroits et allongés, qui se rencontrent dans le sud des golfes de Suez et d'Elat, sont liés à une tectonique analogue à celle du Ras Muhammad : ils sont du même type que les chêb du Hedjaz et de l'Asir. Des rentrants de la côte appelés charm sont des vallées creusées lors du ou des bas niveaux marins pléistocènes, et aujourd'hui en cours de comblement par des dépôts fluviatiles grossiers, ou, plus rarement, par la croissance récifale. Des sebkhas résultant du climat aride existent dans les parties internes de certains récifs.
Genetic diversity and population structure of wild/weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: Implications for conservation
Authors: Mutegi Evans , Snow Allison A. , Rajkumar Muthu , Pasquet Remy , Ponniah Hopeland , Daunay Marie‐Christine , Davidar Priya
Published: January 2015

• Premise of the study: Crop wild relatives represent important genetic resources for crop improvement and the preservation of native biodiversity. Eggplant (Solanum melongena), known as brinjal in India, ranks high among crops whose wild gene pools are underrepresented in ex situ collections and warrant urgent conservation. Knowledge of outcrossing rates and patterns of genetic variation among wild populations can aid in designing strategies for both in situ and ex situ preservation.

• Methods: We used 14 microsatellite (simple sequence repeat) markers to examine genetic diversity, population structure, and outcrossing in 10 natural populations of wild/weedy eggplant (S. insanum = S. melongena var. insanum) and three cultivated populations in southern India.

• Key results: Multilocus FST analyses revealed strong differentiation among populations and significant isolation by distance. Bayesian model‐based clustering, principal coordinate analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the wild/weedy populations into three major clusters, largely according to their geographic origin. The three crop populations were similar to each other and grouped with two wild/weedy populations that occurred nearby. Outcrossing rates among the wild/weedy populations ranged from 5–33%, indicating a variable mixed‐mating system.

• Conclusion: Geographic isolation has played a significant role in shaping the contemporary patterns of genetic differentiation among these populations, many of which represent excellent candidates for in situ conservation. In two cases, close genetic affinity between cultivars and nearby wild/weedy populations suggests that gene flow has occurred between them. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating population‐level patterns of genetic diversity in wild relatives of eggplant.
The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India
Authors: Davidar Priya , Snow Allison A. , Rajkumar Muthu , Pasquet Remy , Daunay Marie‐Christine , Mutegi Evans
Published: January 2015

• Premise of the study: In India and elsewhere, transgenic Bt eggplant (Solanum melongena) has been developed to reduce insect herbivore damage, but published studies of the potential for pollen‐mediated, crop‐ to‐ wild gene flow are scant. This information is useful for risk assessments as well as in situ conservation strategies for wild germplasm.

• Methods: In 2010–2014, we surveyed 23 populations of wild/weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum; known as wild brinjal), carried out hand‐pollination experiments, and observed pollinators to assess the potential for crop‐ to‐ wild gene flow in southern India.

• Key results: Wild brinjal is a spiny, low‐growing perennial commonly found in disturbed sites such as roadsides, wastelands, and sparsely vegetated areas near villages and agricultural fields. Fourteen of the 23 wild populations in our study occurred within 0.5 km of cultivated brinjal and at least nine flowered in synchrony with the crop. Hand crosses between wild and cultivated brinjal resulted in seed set and viable F1 progeny. Wild brinjal flowers that were bagged to exclude pollinators did not set fruit, and fruit set from manual self‐pollination was low. The exserted stigmas of wild brinjal are likely to promote outcrossing. The most effective pollinators appeared to be bees (Amegilla, Xylocopa, Nomia, and Heterotrigona spp.), which also were observed foraging for pollen on crop brinjal.

• Conclusion: Our findings suggest that hybridization is possible between cultivated and wild brinjal in southern India. Thus, as part of the risk assessment process, we assume that transgenes from the crop could spread to wild brinjal populations that occur nearby.
The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Bargheer Denise , Nielsen Julius , Gébel Gabriella , Heine Markus , Salmen Sunhild C , Stauber Roland , Weller Horst , Heeren Joerg , Nielsen Peter
Published: January 2015

A variety of monodisperse superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) was designed in which the surface was modified by PEGylation with mono- or bifunctional poly(ethylene oxide)amines (PEG). Using 125I-labeled test proteins (transferrin, albumin), the binding and exchange of corona proteins was studied first in vitro. Incubation with 125I-transferrin showed that with increasing grade of PEGylation the binding was substantially diminished without a difference between simply adsorbed and covalently bound protein. However, after incubation with excess albumin and subsequently whole plasma, transferrin from the preformed transferrin corona was more and more lost from SPIOs in the case of adsorbed proteins. If non-labeled transferrin was used as preformed corona and excess 125I-labeled albumin was added to the reaction mixtures with different SPIOs, a substantial amount of label was bound to the particles with initially adsorbed transferrin but little or even zero with covalently bound transferrin. These in vitro experiments show a clear difference in the stability of a preformed hard corona with adsorbed or covalently bound protein. This difference seems, however, to be of minor importance in vivo when polymer-coated 59Fe-SPIOs with adsorbed or covalently bound 125I-labeled mouse transferrin were injected intravenously in mice. With both protein coronae the 59Fe/125I-labelled particles were cleared from the blood stream within 30 min and appeared in the liver and spleen to a large extent (>90%). In addition, after 2 h already half of the 125I-labeled transferrin from both nanodevices was recycled back into the plasma and into tissue. This study confirms that adsorbed transferrin from a preformed protein corona is efficiently taken up by cells. It is also highlighted that a radiolabelling technique described in this study may be of value to investigate the role of protein corona formation in vivo for the respective nanoparticle uptake.
Telaprevir Enhances Ribavirin-Induced Anaemia through Renal Function Impairment
Authors: Cotte Laurent , Barrail-Tran Aurélie , Vincent Corine , Valantin Marc-Antoine , Fournier Isabelle , Lacombe Karine , Chevaliez Stéphane , Aboulker Jean-Pierre , Taburet Anne-Marie , Molina Jean-Michel ,   the ANRS HC26 study group
Published: January 2015

Background

Alterations in renal function have been described with telaprevir (TVR). We examined the relationship between ribavirin (RBV) trough concentration (C), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and severe anaemia, before and after TVR introduction in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients included in ANRS HC26 TelapreVIH study.

Methods

69 HIV–HCV genotype-1 coinfected patients received 4 weeks of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-α2a/RBV, followed by 12 weeks of TVR/PEG-IFN/RBV, then 32 to 56 weeks of PEG-IFN/RBV. RBV C was determined at week (W)4, W8 and W20/24. eGFR was estimated by the Modification of the Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Severe anaemia was defined as haemoglobin <70 g/l, RBV dose reduction, prescription of erythropoietin or blood transfusion.

Results

67 patients were analysed. eGFR remained normal between baseline (97.9 ml/min) and W4 (103.4 ml/min), declined to 86.3 ml/min at W8 ( P<0.0001), stabilized until W16 and increased back to baseline level at W20 (98.4 ml/min). RBV C increased from 1.88 mg/l at W4 to 2.88 mg/l at W8 ( P<0.0001), then decreased to 2.73 mg/l at week 20/24 ( P=0.015). An inverse correlation was observed between W8 eGFR and W8 RBV C (r2=0.429; P=0.0005). RBV C≥3 mg/l was observed in 12% of patients at W4, 45% at W8 ( P<0.0001) and 38% at W20/24 ( P=0.0005). Severe anaemia was observed in 23.9% of patients at W4 and 45.3% at W8. RBV C≥3 mg/l at W8 (OR 7.7 [95% CI 2.2, 27.4]) and baseline haemoglobin <150 g/l (OR 6.4 [1.7, 23.8]) were independently associated with W8 severe anaemia.

Conclusions

Association of TVR to PEG-IFN/RBV was associated with a decrease in eGFR and increase in RBV C, leading to severe anaemia in 45% of patients.
Prévenir l'exclusion scolaire et sociale des jeunes
Authors: Zay Danielle
Published: January 2015

Enracinés dans des conceptions différentes de l’intégration sociale et de la citoyenneté, différents paradigmes de l’exclusion sont en débat dans l’Union européenne. Ils coexistent dans tous les pays, mais avec une dominante dans chacun. Aux deux extrêmes, le paradigme anglo-américain de la « spécialisation », lié à une vision néolibérale du monde, s’oppose au paradigme français de la solidarité, hérité de Durkheim. L’un et l’autre de ces paradigmes inspirent les politiques sociales et éducatives respectives des deux nations. Aucun de leurs deux systèmes éducatifs n’est pour autant homogène. Des modèles scolaires concurrents s’affrontent, dont l’un ou l’autre peut lutter avec succès dans un secteur donné, selon l’importance relative des forces sociales en conflit qui les soutiennent.
Prévenir l'exclusion scolaire et sociale des jeunes
Authors: Welsh Paul J.
Published: January 2015

Ce texte rend compte d’une recherche sur les aspects structurels de la marginalisation des jeunes dans le « District » de Thanet en Angleterre et dans la ville de Lille en France. Il fait apparaître qu’il y a différents discours sur l’insertion 1 dans les deux cas et que la pauvreté, les désavantages et d’autres facteurs sociaux augmentent les obstacles aux pratiques d’insertion. Il compare la structure, le financement et le fonctionnement des deux systèmes éducatifs en en faisant ressortir les contrastes et identifie quelques barrières, qui empêchent une partie de la population scolaire de profiter pleinement de l’école. Les deux pays ont une politique d’insertion, mais offrent des contextes culturels de réalisation très différents. Dans le Thanet, le contexte du marché entrave l’égalité d’accès à l’éducation et renforce les désavantages sociaux, tandis qu’à Lille, en dépit des idéaux français d’égalité, le marché admis entre le secteur scolaire secondaire privé, majoritairement confessionnel, financé par l’État, le système public et les systèmes non officiels d’entrée dans les plus prestigieux lycées, jouent contre les plus défavorisés.
Prévenir l'exclusion scolaire et sociale des jeunes
Authors: Asdih Carole , Gez-M’Bembo Dorinne
Published: January 2015

Ce chapitre présente la problématique du décrochage scolaire et l’analyse thématique d’entretiens réalisés en France auprès de collégiens décrocheurs. Plusieurs axes ont été retenus : l’analyse de la socialisation des sujets (l’intégration au groupe de pairs, les relations avec les enseignants et les professionnels de l’établissement), leurs rapports aux matières enseignées, l’analyse des attitudes familiales à l’égard de l’école et du travail scolaire, les relations conflictuelles des sujets avec leur famille.
Prévenir l'exclusion scolaire et sociale des jeunes
Authors: Asdih Carole , Cho Yoonjung
Published: January 2015

Cette recherche comparative vise à analyser les manifestations de violence entre élèves dans des établissements scolaires situés dans des contextes nationaux différents. L’enquête a été menée par des questionnaires dans trois établissements secondaires. Les formes de violence varient selon le pays concerné, ses valeurs culturelles et son système scolaire. Elles sont étroitement associées aux lieux dans lesquels elles s’exercent. Elles changent aussi selon le sexe des protagonistes.
La « démocratisation » des relations familiales, un processus pluriel difficile à réguler
Authors: Neyrand Gérard
Published: January 2015

Résumé : Le processus de « démocratisation » de la famille qui se met en place à la fin des années 1960 ne va pas de soi. S’appuyant sur un ensemble de valeurs portées dès le XVIII e  siècle par les philosophes des Lumières et sur de multiples évolutions sociales de niveaux et de temporalités différentes, il mettra près de deux siècles à progressivement s’affirmer, rencontrant de nombreuses résistances à tous niveaux, au nom d’une conception naturaliste de la famille et de la société. Mais le basculement qui s’effectue dans les années 1970 semble irréversible, malgré la violence des débats sociaux qu’il a pu provoquer. Aujourd’hui, la désinstitutionnalisation des relations conjugales, et plus globalement des rapports entre adultes, sous l’égide du principe de consentement réciproque, correspond à un renforcement des liens parentaux, que traduit la constitution d’un véritable dispositif social de parentalité au tournant du XXI e  siècle. Se manifestent alors les contradictions et les incohérences de cette démocratisation familiale, que la gestion sociale parentaliste a bien du mal à encadrer, et dont cet article essaie de mettre en évidence les apories et paradoxes.
La famille au risque de la souffrance psychique et de la déscolarisation
Authors: Figueiredo Cristina
Published: January 2015

Résumé : L’auteure se penche sur les cas de « retrait » scolaire et social en France, et ses conséquences sur les configurations familiales des jeunes qui sont souvent diagnostiqués phobiques (scolaires, sociales) ou en dépression. Lorsque, arrivé devant la porte de l’école ou du collège, un enfant est pris de maux de ventre ou de migraines l’obligeant à faire demi-tour, la famille est amenée à se mobiliser pour comprendre les symptômes somatiques et les justifier auprès de l’institution et de l’entourage. Plusieurs questions émergent alors : l’école est-elle responsable ? Quelle part de responsabilité a la famille ? Que se passe-t-il lorsque les enfants sont temporairement déscolarisés ? Comment ce retrait du monde « ordinaire » est-il perçu et vécu au sein de la famille ? Comment les familles sont-elles alors amenées à réorganiser l’ensemble de leur fonctionnement autour de cette situation ? Il sera ainsi question de problématiser les conditions « normales » de fonctionnement familial et le modèle de l’enfant-élève dans son rapport à la socialisation et aux apprentissages.
L'espace domestique des familles populaires : l'enfant vu comme acteur du groupe familial
Authors: Tillard Bernadette
Published: January 2015

Résumé : Comme le souligne Esther Goody, parmi les responsabilités qui incombent aux parents, ceux-ci remplissent quotidiennement auprès de leurs enfants des tâches d’alimentation, d’apprentissage et d’entretien de la vie qui participent à leur éducation. Les logements précaires et les faibles revenus des familles de milieux populaires ont une influence sur la manière d’organiser la vie familiale. L’enfant y est sollicité pour participer à la vie domestique, tant dans l’entretien du logement que dans la garde des plus jeunes. Nous relevons dans nos différents terrains auprès de familles populaires du nord de la France quelques particularités de l’éducation des enfants et leurs répercussions sur le statut de l’enfant dans sa famille.
Libertés et pouvoirs : le rôle de l'égalité dans la famille
Authors: Radica Gabrielle
Published: January 2015

Résumé : Comment défendre la liberté dans les familles ? Cet objectif libéral est d’autant plus délicat à atteindre qu’il inclut à la fois la protection de chaque famille contre les pressions externes et la liberté de chacun de ses membres. Or la seconde partie de l’objectif suppose une lutte contre les inégalités au sein des familles (entre époux, entre parents et enfants), donc une action politique, légale ou encore judiciaire qui peut se retourner contre la liberté qu’elle est censée défendre. Si Locke et Kant veulent favoriser la liberté des membres de la famille par l’égalité juridique, des féministes ont montré que cette égalité formelle se retourne contre la liberté des femmes ; c’est pourquoi les philosophes libérales et féministes Susan Moller Okin et Martha Nussbaum cherchent des réponses globales et politiques pour rendre effective cette égale liberté des membres de la famille.
Obravnava geografije kot znanosti pri pouku v osnovni šoli // Treating geography as a science in primary-school instruction
Authors: Geršič Matjaž
Published: January 2015

V prispevku je prikazano, kako je v osnovni šoli obravnavan pojem geografije kot znanosti in njena logična zasnova. V analizo so bili vključeni osnovnošolski učbeniki za šesti razred ter učni načrt za geografijo. Obravnava logične zasnove posamezne znanosti namreč pomembno vpliva na učenčevo dojemanje vsebine predmeta in na morebitne težave pri razumevanju, ki se pojavijo v povezavi s tem. Sodobni cilj pouka geografije je učencem prikazati svet celostno in življenjsko ter jih opozoriti na mrežo prepletenih odnosov med različnimi prvinami pokrajine. V prispevku je nakazano, kako učencem predstaviti geografijo kot kompleksno znanost oziroma znanost prepletenosti odnosov v pokrajini.This article discusses how the concept of geography as a science and its logical structure are treated in primary schools in Slovenia. The analysis included sixth-grade geography textbooks and the geography syllabus. The treatment of the logical structure of an individual science has an important impact on students’ conception of the subject content and any problems in understanding that may arise in this regard. The modern objective of geography instruction is to present the world to students comprehensively and realistically and to draw their attention to the network of interconnected relations between various elements within a region. The article suggests how to present geography to students as a complex science or a science about interrelations of landscape elements.