bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change in Talar Translation in the Coronal Plane After Mobile-Bearing Total Ankle Replacement and Its Association with Lower-Limb and Hindfoot Alignment
Authors: Yi Young , Cho Jae-Ho , Kim Ji-Beom , Kim Jae-Young , Park Su-Yeon , Lee Woo Chun
Published: February 2017

Background:

Mobile-bearing total ankle replacement (TAR) enables motion at the tibial implant-polyethylene insert interface. This motion could lead to coronal translation of the talus relative to the tibia and may affect radiographic outcome. We aimed to assess the translation of the talus before and after mobile-bearing TAR to determine whether translation of the talus after TAR is associated with coronal plane alignment of the lower limb and hindfoot as well as to investigate the complications associated with talar translation.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, we enrolled 153 patients (159 ankles) with a minimum follow-up of 3 years who underwent mobile-bearing TAR. The location of the talus in the coronal plane was quantified with use of talar center migration (TCM) on anteroposterior radiographs both preoperatively and at postoperative intervals, and the relationship between them was investigated. Radiographic parameters in the coronal plane—including mechanical axis deviation (MAD), lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA), hindfoot alignment angle, and hindfoot moment arm—were measured. The relationship between TCM and radiographic parameters in the coronal plane was assessed in each group. The complications associated with talar translation were examined during the same period.

Results:

During the 36-month follow-up period, the postoperative TCM showed a strong relationship with the preoperative TCM. Moreover, MAD, LDTA, and hindfoot alignment were significantly related to talar translation (p < 0.01). Complications included medial malleolar impingement in 5 cases (including delayed medial malleolar fracture due to medial impingement in 2 cases), insert dislocation in 1 case, and edge-loading in 2 cases; all of the cases with complications demonstrated implant overhang with talar translation.

Conclusions:

Talar translation in the coronal plane after mobile-bearing TAR correlates with the preoperative talar translation. Talar translation arises from deformities of MAD, LDTA, and hindfoot alignment, and it may be accompanied by various complications, as observed on coronal radiography. Therefore, additional realignment procedures for coronal malalignment should be considered to prevent talar translation after mobile-bearing TAR.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Thromboembolic Disease in Patients with Metastatic Femoral Lesions: A Comparison Between Prophylactic Fixation and Fracture Fixation
Authors: Aneja Arun , Jiang Jimmy J. , Cohen-Rosenblum Anna , Luu Hue L. , Peabody Terrance D. , Attar Samer , Luo T. David , Haydon Rex C.
Published: February 2017

Background:

We are not aware of any previous studies that have compared the rate of venous thromboembolic events in patients who underwent prophylactic intramedullary nailing because of an impending fracture with the rate in patients who underwent intramedullary nailing after a pathological fracture. The objective of the present study was to determine if the rate of venous thromboembolic events varies between patients who are managed with prophylactic fixation and those who are managed with fixation after a pathological fracture.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective comparative study in which the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to identify all patients who had undergone femoral stabilization, either for a pathological femoral fracture or for prophylactic fixation of femoral metastatic lesion, over a period of 10 consecutive years (between 2002 and 2011) in the United States. Demographic data, comorbidities, venous thromboembolic event rates, and other common postoperative complications were compared between the 2 groups.

Results:

Patients who were managed with prophylactic fixation had significantly higher rates of pulmonary embolism (p < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio, 2.1) and deep-vein thrombosis (p = 0.03; adjusted odds ratio, 1.5). Patients who were managed with fixation after a pathological fracture had a significantly greater need for blood transfusion, higher rates of postoperative urinary tract infection, and a decreased likelihood of being discharged to home (p < 0.001 for all).

Conclusions:

Patients with metastatic disease who undergo prophylactic intramedullary nailing have higher observed rates of venous thromboembolic events than those who undergo nailing for the treatment of a pathological fracture and should be actively and vigilantly managed in the postoperative period.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Smoking Increases the Rate of Reoperation for Infection within 90 Days After Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Tischler Eric H. , Matsen Ko Laura , Chen Antonia F. , Maltenfort Mitchell G. , Schroeder Jacob , Austin Matthew S.
Published: February 2017

Background:

The relationship between smoking and complications after total joint arthroplasty is unclear. Prior studies have been limited by relatively small sample sizes or investigation of select cohorts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between smoking and readmission and/or reoperation within 90 days of total joint arthroplasty in a large, non-select cohort of patients.

Methods:

Using our institutional database, we retrospectively identified patients who underwent primary total joint arthroplasty between 2000 and 2014. Patients were stratified into 1 of 3 groups: current smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers. The association between smoking status and subsequent readmission and/or reoperation within 90 days was investigated using multivariate regression analysis.

Results:

We retrospectively identified 15,264 patients (6,749 male and 8,515 female) who underwent 17,394 total joint arthroplasties during the study period. Of these patients, 1,371 (9.0%) were current smokers, 5,195 (34.0%) were former smokers, and 8,698 (57.0%) were nonsmokers. Former smokers reported a median of 22.2 years (range, 0.2 to 60 years) of abstinence prior to the surgical procedure. Current smokers were significantly younger (p < 0.001) at a mean age (and standard deviation) of 57.7 ± 10.3 years than nonsmokers at 63.2 ± 11.8 years. Current smokers were significantly more likely than nonsmokers to undergo reoperation for infection (odds ratio [OR], 1.82 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03 to 3.23]; p = 0.04), and former smokers were at no increased risk (OR, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.73 to 1.69]; p = 0.61). Packs per decade were independently associated with an increased risk of 90-day nonoperative readmission regardless of smoking status (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.03 to 1.20]). Lastly, neither smoking status nor packs per decade were associated with aseptic or total reoperations.

Conclusions:

This study, after controlling for confounding factors, demonstrated not only that current smokers have a significantly increased risk of reoperation for infection within 90 days of a surgical procedure compared with nonsmokers, but also that the amount that one has smoked, regardless of current smoking status, significantly contributed to increased risk of nonoperative readmission.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Resistance and Phenotypic Character of Chili M2 Mutant Lines Against Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus
Authors: Manzila Ifa , Gunaeni Neni , Kusandriani Yenni , Priyatno Tri P.
Published: February 2017

Chilli veinal mottle virus infection (ChiVMV) could reduce the quality and 60–100% of yield losses of chili. Among the chili
varieties released, no one has been resistant to ChiVMV, mainly due to a high variation of ChiVMV strains and not well mapped.
Therefore, finding a new source of ChiVMV resistant genes is pivotal role in order to assembly new varieties. Approach through
in vitro mutation induction using mutagen ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) is one of the efforts to increase genetic diversity.
Previous studies has successfully acquired 800 M2 lines through callus induction of Gelora variety with EMS. This study aimed to
obtain M2 lines resistant to ChiVMV and having a good agronomical characters. A total of 800 chili M2 lines that derived from chili
M2 mutations using mutagen EMS has been tested in greenhouse to ChiVMV resistance and studied character phenotype. The
results showed that of the 800 lines, there were 28 strains obtained showed a response tolerant and resistant to ChiVMV. Eight
mutant lines of which have good agronomic characters. The mutant lines are M2.100, M2.108, M2.200, M2. 122, M2.238, M2.353,
M2.420, and M2.517. Eight lines will be selected and further observed to obtain chili promising lines that are resistant to ChiVMV
and high yielding.
Regenerasi Jeruk Siam melalui Embriogenesis Somatik
Authors: Husni Ali , Purwito Agus , Mariska Ika , Sudarsono Sudarsono
Published: February 2017

The Regenerated of Siam Tangerin through Somatic
Embryogenesis. Ali Husni, Agus Purwito, Ika Mariska,
and Sudarsono. Somatic embryogenesis occurs in most
plants that are cultured on a suitable medium in vitro.
Somatic embryo may arise from single cells and the embryogenic
cells are widely applicable in plant propagation,
genetic manipulation and transgenic technologies. The
present study was carried out to develop an effective
somatic embryogenesis technique to regenerate Siam
tangerine plants. Materials used in this study were nucellar
tissues of young fruits (30-90 days post anthesis). Induction
of embryogenic calli was done by culturing the tissues on
three different basal media (MS, MW and MT). Embryo
maturation was done on the MW medium + ABA (0; 0.1; 0.3;
dan 0.5 mg/l), while germination to plantlet development
was done on WS medium + GA3 (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/l).
The results showed that among the three media, MW was
the best medium for callus induction from nucellar tissues
with a success rates 98% for Simadu and 100% for
Pontianak. The best maturation of embryo somatic was
done on MW medium + ABA 0.5 mg/l with success rates
99%, while the best medium for germination and development
into planlets was MW medium + 0.5 mg/l GA3 with a
success rate 58%.
Faktor Virulensi AvrBs3/PthA pada Ras III, Ras IV, Ras VIII, dan IXO93-068 Patogen Hawar Daun Bakteri (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)
Authors: Utami Dwinita W , Kadir Triny S , Yuriyah Siti
Published: February 2017

AvrBs3/PthA Virulence Factor of Bacterial Leaf Blight
Race III, Race IV, Race VIII, and IXO93-068. Dwinita W.
Utami, Triny S. Kadir, and Siti Yuriyah. Bacterial leaf
blight (BLB) is an important disease of rice and present
throughout many of the rice-growing regions in the world,
also in Indonesia. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is
the causal agent and a member of the Protebacteria and like
many other this phyllum have a type III secretion system for
protein virulence effector (PVE) released on their pathogenicity
system. Commonly, PVE in Xanthomonas sp., is
coded by AvrBs3/PthA family gene. This research was
coducted to identify the virulence factor of AvrBs3/PthA on
dominant Indonesian BLB isolates (Race III, Race IV, Ras
VIII, and IXO93-068). This objective was obtained by
sequence analysis through designed markers for members
of the virulence factor AvrBs3/PthA gene family (PthXo4,
avrXa7#38, PthXoS and avrXa7sacB50). Results gave information
that RaceIII is a dependent elicitor race due to no
PVE transcript formed and intraceluler protein target with
RLL type on NLS (nuclear localization signal). RaceIV and
RaceVIII are the virulent race which PVE active formed with
intraceluler protein target and have the RLL and RLLP type
for the NLS signal. While isolate IXO93-068 is a virulen
isolate that active formed a PVE but the extraceluler protein
target is due to no type of NLS. Based on cluster analysis,
Race VIII has a genetic distance closely to PthXoS and
avrXa7sacB50.
Konstruksi Kandidat Gen AV1 Begomovirus pada pBI121 dan Introduksinya ke dalam Tembakau Menggunakan Vektor Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Santoso Tri Joko , Herman Muhammad , Hidayat Sri H , Aswidinnoor Hajrial , Sudarsono Sudarsono
Published: February 2017

Construction of Begomovirus AV1 Gene Candidate into
pBI121 and Its Introduction into Tobacco by using
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Vector. Tri J. Santoso,
Muhammad Herman, Sri H. Hidayat, Hajrial
Aswidinnoor, and Sudarsono. Infection of Begomovirus
has caused leaf curl disease in tomato. This infection has
significantly impact on yield losses of tomato production.
Recently, in Indonesia there was no effectively way to
control this disease. The use of resistant tomato variety is
one of strategies to control this virus. Genetic engineering
technology gives an opportunity to develop the transgenic
tomato resistant to Begomovirus through pathogen derived
resistance (PDR) approach. The objectives of this study
were to construct the Begomovirus AV1 candidate gene in
the pBI121 and to introduce the construct into tobacco plant
genome through Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector. A series
activites in gene construct have been conducted include
PCR amplification of AV1 gene using a pair of specific
primer, cloning the gene into pGEM-T easy, transformation of
the clone into Escherichia coli DH5α competent cell,
construct the gene into pBI121, and transform the construct
into A. tumefaciens. Leaf segments of in vitro tobacco plant
were transformed by co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens
containing ToLCV-AV1 construct. In the research activitiy,
Indonesian Begomovirus AV1 gene was successfully
amplified and inserted in expression vector plasmid pBI121.
Tobacco transformants carrying kanamycin-resistant gene
(nptII gene) were regenerated and established in the
glasshouse. Those transformant plants are expected
containing the AV1 gene.
Regenerasi dan Pertumbuhan Beberapa Varietas Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.) secara In Vitro
Authors: Sukmadjaja Deden , Mulyana Ade
Published: February 2017

(Saccharum officinarum L.) through In Vitro Culture.
Deden Sukmadjaja and Ade Mulyana. The research was
conducted at the Laboratory of Tissue Culture The Biology of
Cell and Tissue Researcher Group ICABIOGRAD, Bogor from
June to November 2009 to studied growth and regenerations
response some varieties of sugarcane through in vitro
culture. The research activities have been carried out in
three steps, i.e., callus formation, regeneration of shoots and
roots regeneration. The type of explants used in the study
was in vitro planlet explants of both sugarcane varieties.
Seven media formulations were used for the callus induction
and regeneration of shoots, while five media formulations
were used for the roots regeneration. The results
showed that the highest respond for calluses induction was
Bulu Lawang varieties at media formulation MS + 2.4-D 2
mg.l-1 + BAP 0.4 mg.l-1 + CH 2000 mg.l-1 and PS 951 varieties
at media formulation MS + 2.4-D 1 mg.l-1 + BAP 0.4 mg.l-1.
While the highest respond for regeneration of shoots was
Bulu Lawang varieties at media formulation MS0 (control
MS) dan PS 951 varieties at media formulation MS + BAP 1
mg.l-1 + kinetin 1 mg.l-1 + NAA 0.5 mg.l-1 + GA3 0.5 mg.l-1.
The highest respond of roots regeneration was Bulu Lawang
and PS 951 varieties at media formulation MS + IBA 1 mg.l-1.
Acclimatization of plantlets produced were grew successfully
about 90-100% in greenhouse.
Molecular Analysis and Effectiveness Assay of AV1 Gene in Transgenic Tobacco for Resistance to Begomovirus
Authors: Santoso Tri Joko , Herman Muhammad , Hidayat Sri H. , Aswidinnoor Hajrial , Sudarsono Sudarsono
Published: February 2017

Genetic transformation
of tobacco plant using AV1 gene was conducted at
the previously experiment and generated transgenic tobacco
plants positively carrying the selectable marker nptII gene.
The objectives of this experiment were to (1) analyze the
presence of Begomovirus AV1 gene in T0 generation putative
transgenic tobacco plants using PCR technique with specific
primers and its correlation with resistance phenotype, (2)
analyze the integration and copy number of the transgene in
T0 generation putative transgenic tobacco plants and its
correlation with resistance response, (3) screen the T0
generation putative transgenic tobacco plants with the target
virus infection and to detect the presence of the virus in the
transgenic plant tissue using universal primers. PCR
detection of AV1 gene in tobacco transgenic was conducted
by using specific primer for Begomovirus AV1 gene.
Meanwhile, Southern Blot analysis was conducted by using
the AV1 gene probe. The effectiveness of AV1 gene in
tobacco transgenic was tested by inoculation of target virus
using whiteflies vector. Result of the experiments showed
that there was a positive correlation between the presence
of the AV1 transgene in T0 generation putative transgenic
tobacco plants and the resistant phenotype. Transgenic
plants with a single copy integration of the transgene
exhibited more resistant than the multiple copy one. and
non transgenic plant. The resistance as a result of AV1 gene
expression was indicated with no symptom in T0 generation
transgenic tobacco plants and the accumulation of the virus
in the transgenic plants tissue. Northern and Western
hybridization analysis need to be perfomed for investigating
the presence of mRNA or protein accumulation so that the
resistance mechanism of the AV1 gene could be explained
more detail.
Optimasi Sistem Regenerasi dan Transformasi Padi Varietas Elit Indonesia
Authors: Apriana Aniversari , Hadiarto Toto , Dadang Ahmad
Published: February 2017

New rice
variety can be generated by means of transgenic approach.
Transgenic rice researches have been conducted in many
institutions worldwide using Japonica, Indica, and Javanica
varieties. The most cultivated rice in Indonesia is Indica.
Indica type is known to have low responsive tissues in
culture and transformation media when compared to
Japonica rice. This research activity is aimed to optimize
regeneration and transformation systems of the Indonesian
elite rice varieties, so that good method can be achieved to
be used in the generation of transgenic elite rice varieties of
Indica type. The research consisted of two activities:
regeneration and transformation optimizations in varieties of
Dodokan (upland rice) and Inpari 6 (irrigated rice).
Immature embryo was used as the explant in this research.
The optimization studies used 2 types of media, NBH (N6
salts and vitamins, cassamino acid 0.5 g/l, L-proline 0.5 g/l,
sucrose 20 g/l, D-glucose 10 g/l, 2.4-D 2 mg/l, NAA 1 mg/l, BA
1 mg/l, agarose Type I 5.5 g/l) and NBH-M (N6 macro salts,
B5 micro salts, and vitamins, 0.3 g/l cassamino acid, 3 g/l Lproline,
20 g/l sucrose, 3 mg/l 2.4-D, 1 mg/l NAA, 1 mg/l BAP,
5.5 agarose Type I), 2 types of regeneration media, R1 (MS
base media and vitamis, 0.3 g/l glutamine, 30 g/l sucrose, 2
mg/l kinetin, 1 mg/l NAA, 3 g/l phytagel) and R2 (MS base
media and vitamins, 2 g/l cassamino acid, 20 g/l sucrose, 30
mg/l sorbitol, 2.5 mg/l kinetin, 0.25 mg/l NAA, 3 g/l phytagel).
Optimization transformation of Indonesian elite rice varieties
used developed an empty plasmid pCAMBIA 1301 containing
hpt gene. The transformation was conducted using two
types of co-cultivation media, K1 (N6 macro salts, B5 micro
salts, and vitamins, 0.5 g/l cassamino acid, 0.5 g/l L-proline,
20 g/l sucrose, 10 g/l glucose, 2 mg/l 2.4-D, 1 mg/l NAA, 1
mg/l BAP, 0.1 mM acetosyringone) and K2 (N6 macro salts,
B5 micro salts, and vitamins, 0.5 g/l cassamino acid, 0.5 g/l Lproline,
20 g/l sucrose, 10 g/l glucose, 2 mg/l 2.4-D, 1 mg/l
NAA, 1 mg/l BAP, 0.2 mM acetosyringone). The results
showed that Inpari 6 could form embryonic calli in NBH
media and further regenerated well in R1 media (13.8%).
The co-cultivation media K1 generated more selected calli
which then generated green plant of young embryo
compared to K2. Inpari 6 showed higher regeneration rates
after transformation (3.6%) compared to Dodokan (0%).
Molecular analysis showed that all 11 transformants (Inpari

6) tested contained the hpt gene. These results are expected
to support the development of transgenic Indica rice
generation in Indonesia.
Transformasi Genetik Tembakau dengan Gen Cold Shock Protein melalui Perantara Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Waluyo Seagames , Sustiprijatno Sustiprijatno , Suharsono Suharsono
Published: February 2017

Cold
shock protein (Csp) essential for organisms to survive in
abiotic stress condition. CspB gene has been fused to
ubiquitin promoter in the T-DNA region of pCambia 1300int,
and introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404.
This research had an objective to transform genetically
Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun by CspB gene under the
control of Ubiquitin promoter and NOS terminator mediated
by A. tumefaciens. Leaf discs were co-cultivated with A.
tumefaciens LBA 4404. Based on the number of hygromycinresistant
calli, the efficiency of transformation was 57.5%. In
the selective medium containing 50 μg/l hygromycin, the
efficiency of regeneration of transgenic shoots was 82.6%.
Based on PCR analysis using primers corresponding to
ubiquitin promoter and CspB gene, 18 putative tobacco
transgenic containing CspB gene under the control of
ubiquitin promoter.
Identifikasi Galur dan Gen-gen Terkait Toleran Kekeringan pada Padi Transgenik cv. T309 yang Mengandung Vektor Penanda Aktivasi
Authors: Santoso Tri Joko , Apriana Aniversari , Sisharmini Atmitri , Trijatmiko Kurniawan R.
Published: February 2017

Activation tagging is an efficient tool for
functional analysis of the rice genes. We have developed a
number of transgenic rice lines (Oryza sativa L. ssp.
japonica cv. Taipei 309) containing activation tagging vector.
However, the phenotypes and genotypes of these lines, in
relation to the drought stress, have not been analyzed. The
objectives of this research were to identify transgenic rice
lines that showed tolerance to the drought stress and to
identify the genes that may be associated with the drought
stress. The drought stress tolerance in transgenic rice lines
was identified by testing their tolerance to the drought stress
and also by detecting the presence of bar and nptII genes.
The result showed that 56 out of 59 rice lines were resistant
to Basta herbicide and three of them showed tolerance to
drought stress, namely PA.T-1.2, PA.T-4.1, and PA.T-5.1 lines.
PCR analysis showed that PA.T-1.2 and PA.T-4.1 contained
both hptII and bar genes, while the PA.T-5.1 line contained
bar gene only. Thermal Asymetric Interlaced-PCR (TAILPCR)
analysis showed that two genes may be asssociated
with the drought stress tolerance. Those genes are
OSJNBa0004120.14 that produces uridylate putative kinase
and OsPPCK2L that produces phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxylase kinase.
Nanoparticle-Stabilized Carbon Dioxide Foam Used In Enhanced Oil Recovery: Effect of Different Ions and Temperatures
Authors: San Jingshan , Wang Sai , Yu Jianjia , Liu Ning , Lee Robert
Published: February 2017

This paper reports the study of the effect of different ions (monovalent, bivalent, and multiple ions) on nanosilica-stabilized carbon dioxide (CO2) foam generation. CO2 foam was generated by coinjecting CO2/5,000 ppm nanosilica dispersion (dispersed in different concentrations of brine) into a sandstone core under 1,500 psi and at different temperatures. A sapphire observation cell was used to determine the foam texture and foam stability. Pressure drop across the core was measured to estimate the foam mobility. The results indicated that more CO2 foam was generated as the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration increased from 1.0 to 10%. In addition, the foam bubble became smaller and foam stability improved with the increase in NaCl concentration. The CO2-foam mobility decreased from 13.1 to 2.6 md/cp when the NaCl concentration increased from 1 to 10%. For the bivalent ions, the generated CO2-foam mobility decreased from 19.7 to 4.8 md/cp when CaCl2 concentration increased from 0.1 to 1.0%. Synthetic produced water with total dissolved solids (TDS) of 18,583 ppm was prepared to investigate the effect of multiple ions on foam generation. The results showed that stable CO2 foam was generated as the synthetic produced water and nanosilica dispersion/CO2 flowed through a porous medium. The lifetime of the foam was observed to be more than 2 days as the foam stood at room temperature. Mobility of the foam was calculated as 5.2 md/cp.
3 ½in. Coiled Tubing Telemetry System Saves Time and Improves Operational Efficiency During a Multi-Well Campaign in Norway
Authors: Blanco Diego , Sach Manfred , Livescu Silviu
Published: February 2017

A newly-developed 3 ½-in. coiled tubing telemetry (CTT) system has been used for the real-time operational optimization of such coiled tubing (CT) applications as milling, cleanout, logging, and perforation, in an offshore multi-well campaign in Norway.

The CTT system consists of surface hardware and software, a dual-purpose wire inside the carrying CT, and the multi-function bottom hole assembly (BHA). The wire transmits electrical power from surface to the downhole sensors located in the BHA and the downhole data from these sensors to surface. The BHA, designed in one of three sizes (i.e., 2 ⅛-, 2 ⅞-, and 3 ½-in.), contains a casing collar locator (CCL) and two pressure and temperature transducers that are capable to measure downhole data inside and outside the BHA. One of the main advantages of the CTT system is its versatility. For instance, switching between applications is as simple as only changing a certain part of the BHA. This reduces the need to rig-up and rig-down and leads to operational time and cost savings to operators. Another main advantage stems from its real-time downhole data certainty, as the CT field crew can immediately make decisions based on dynamic downhole events.

A few papers have been published recently regarding a similar 2 ⅛ and 2 ⅞-in. CTT systems (SPE-174850, IPTC-18294, SPE-179101, and SPE-183026). In this paper, several case studies are presented for the 3 ½-in. CTT system for the first time. For instance, in the first well, the CTT system helped remove approximately 26,500 lb of scale through a complex wiper trip schedule, effectively preparing the well for re-completion by the main rig. In the second well, the CTT system helped pull all shallow and deep plugs and perforate three intervals in one run. In the third well, the CTT system helped clean out the well, set a plug, and re-perforate it. In addition to successfully performing all these operations, several other benefits resulted due to the real-time downhole data monitoring provided by the CTT system. For instance, the fluid friction reducer (used for reducing the fluid frictional pressure drop) was effectively used at volumes of 70-75% lower than those recommended when the CTT system is not used. Also, all these operations were performed without the need to mobilize most of the wireline and tractor equipment and crew, saving an estimated time per well of six days of wireline logistics and work.

The paper briefly describes the 3 ½-in. CTT system and discusses the data acquired during these field operations. The system performance and operational benefits confirmed are presented. These findings outline the versatility of the 3 ½-in. CTT system, the predictability of successful operations resulting from using this system, and the cost and time savings to operators.
Cost-Effective Approach in Stimulating Openhole Water Injectors Using Real-Time Flow Measurement A Case Study
Authors: Al-Houti Nasr , Al-Matrouk Y. , Al-Othman M. R. , Al-Mehanna H. S. , Al-Haddad M. N. , Mahmoud Wael A. , Ramondenc P. , Chaabouni H.
Published: February 2017

A few years ago, following an extensive field study in North Kuwait, several wells were sidetracked and converted as horizontal openhole water injectors to support reservoir pressures as part of a secondary recovery plan. Production improvement was immediate, but injection rates soon started to decline and injection pressures were rising, eventually jeopardizing oil recovery. Conventional acid stimulation only led to short-lived improvements, and more elaborate methodologies rapidly became uneconomical. A new stimulation strategy was needed.

In these carbonate reservoirs, marked, sustainable improvements in injectivity can only be obtained through accurate placement of stimulation fluid across the entire interval, away from high-intake zones that develop as a consequence of repeated blind acidizing practices. A real-time, pump-through downhole flow measurement tool was used with coiled tubing (CT) to profile the openhole sections and identify thief and tight zones prior to treatment. The tool enabled adaptation of the stimulation strategy and was then used to ensure proper fluid placement during the pumping stages. Both profiling and pumping were performed in just one trip.

This innovative tool and its cost-effective workflow unlock a new level of operational efficiency. Whereas previous approaches required mobilization of additional equipment, the proposed methodology allows profiling horizontal sections and treating them in a single run with the same bottomhole assembly (BHA). For the water injectors presented in this study, this represented a saving of 3 days of operations and the associated logistics costs as compared to using logging tools and tractors for profiling. Moreover, real-time downhole flow monitoring with CT opens new avenues for treatment optimization, and ultimately, stimulation effectiveness. It allows for a better control of fluid resources and placement while the treatment is in progress. Flow sensors can be used to obtain the initial injection profile in lieu of distributed temperature sensing (DTS), which typically requires long acquisition times in water injectors. In this study, the wells treated with this approach showed a sustained 100% increase in injection rate, with the injection pressure dropping to nearly 0 psi. The volume of stimulation fluid needed was also lower than expected, yielding additional cost savings.

By providing direct, real-time downhole flow measurement, this new tool brings acid stimulation execution to a new level of effectiveness, an advance necessary to the sustainability of many production enhancement projects in Kuwait. Furthermore, the use of this new monitoring capability is more cost-effective than conventional stimulation approaches that have proven either inefficient or detrimental to wells in the long run.
Subsea Well Plug and Abandon Intervention Using a Coiled Tubing Conveyed Inflatable Packer A Case Study
Authors: Akbar V. , Fuad M.
Published: February 2017

Failing to properly abandon a well can create significant safety and environmental hazards, lead to noncompliant status with regulatory agencies, and harm the operator's image. This case study follows the plug and abandon interventions of five subsea wells located offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia that had been left shut in since the 1980s after they stop producing. The questionable well integrity and limited circulation paths of these older subsea wells had the potential to generate additional hazards unless properly addressed.

An inflatable packer run on coiled tubing (CT) was chosen to address the challenge of well integrity because the packer was able to isolate the upper completion and subsea tree while cement was being injected into the reservoir. Hence, exposure of the well components to pressure was minimized, which consequently minimized the risk of having a well control issue due to overpressure. Another challenge stemmed from the difficulties of placing cement in the casing–production-tubing annulus as the return line on the annulus side was removed due to corrosion. A CT-conveyed inflatable packer set in between two punch holes on production tubing allowed for accurate cement placement in the casing–production-tubing annulus.

The operation was successfully performed. The reservoir in each of the five wells was safely plugged with cement and the inflatable packers were left in hole as additional barriers. Every cement plug placed in the wells was tested to 1,000 psi to prove the integrity of both the cement and the packer. The ability to place cement in the annulus ensured full coverage of the wellbore without the need to cut and retrieve production tubing. Inflatable packers allowed cement to be pumped down through CT to the annulus through the lower punch hole, and the return to go back to the surface through upper punch holes and up through the production tubing. Twenty inflatable packers were deployed in five wells for both purposes mentioned above, thus proving the reliability of the inflatable packer application in this type of intervention.
Novel Technology Improves System Safety in Wireline Perforating
Authors: Fayard Alfredo J. , Goodman Kenneth
Published: February 2017

Among different industries, there is a lack of consensus with regard to wireline initiation safety with explosives. In the oil industry, procedural methods, such as electrical before ballistic arming (EBBA) and safety keys, have been used successfully for many years. However, the industrialization of fracturing has increased the volume and speed of the operations, and it is now common to have new hazards, such as multiple radio frequency (RF) sources and electric fracturing equipment. This work attempts to clarify wellsite safety requirements and proposes new solutions.

RF radiation can create accidental detonation of an electro-explosive device (EED), which can be catastrophic if the device is connected to a wireline perforating gun. Strict adherence to safety procedures including radio silence during perforating jobs and other controls have mitigated most RF risks.

Perforating safety standards are being updated at the writing of this paper with a major overhaul of the current API RP67 Recommended Practice for Oilfield Explosives, second edition(API 2007, reaffirmed 2015), including a third classification for primary-explosive-based detonators with enhanced RF protection.

The explosive manufacturers and service companies are aware of this trend and are developing new products to add engineered controls for the hazards. As the market transitions from procedural to engineered solutions, competing claims and counterclaims make it difficult for end users to understand the risks. This will continue until effective engineered controls become common and best practices in the industry are adopted.
An Improved Method for Shifting Sliding Sleeves on ICD Screen Completions in Extended- and Mega-Reach Applications Combining a Novel Shifting Tool with Coiled Tubing Well Tractor Technology
Authors: Areepetta Mannil A. , Lobov M. A. , Buyanov M. , Chang K. , Silva L. , Kazakov A. , Eliseev D. , Zemchikhin A.
Published: February 2017

Korchagina and Filanovskoe oil fields in the north Caspian Sea have many extended- and mega-reach wells that uses inflow control device (ICD) screen completions with sliding sleeves. This completion technique empowers the operator with the ability to shut off unwanted water/gas breakthrough and allows for more control of injection or inflow with unlimited number of stages or zones. This paper describes a new verified workflow to successfully intervene these wells and manipulate (open/close) these sliding sleeves using coiled tubing (CT).

It has proven challenging to shift these sliding sleeves using conventional methods with CT owing to the limitation of available weight on bit (WOB) at the toe end of those extended-reach wells, even when using large-size CT strings. The new proposed workflow uses a well tractor operated in tandem with a hydraulic shifting tool to generate the required shifting force downhole. The bottomhole assembly (BHA) also includes a novel flow control sub, assembled between the shifting tool and the tractor, with the ability to control the flow to selectively activate the tractor, the shifting tool, or both, based on surface commands by manipulating pump rate.

To verify the methodology, a realistic well scenario was simulated at a test site by installing two ICD screens with sliding sleeves at the end of a 1,000-ft-long horizontal flow loop. The sleeves on each ICD screen required approximately 4,000 lbf set-down force to open. The available WOB at the end of horizontal loop with 2-in. CT was only 1,000 lbf; applying more than 1,000 lbf set-down load could have detrimental effects, including CT buckling. The 3⅞-in. OD well tractor used for the job was able to generate 6,000 lbf of pulling force downhole, which was more than enough to shift the sleeves open. Both sleeves were successfully opened by tractoring down while maintaining both the tractor and the shifting tool in the on position, which was achieved by manipulating the flow control sub using pump rate cycles. Both sleeves were then successfully closed, one after the other, by pulling with the CT with the tractor turned off while maintaining the shifting tool in the on position, again achieved by manipulating the flow control sub. Live downhole pressure and force measurements were key in confirming proper functionality of the tractor and identifying different tool modes. Having real-time data is also crucial for proper depth correlation using casing collar locators (CCL) or gamma ray measurements to ensure activating the correct sleeves.

This marks the first time that a workflow was verified on the use of pull force generated by a well tractor to manipulate completion accessories in extended-reach well interventions using CT. The technology, preparation, results, and prospects of implementation are discussed in this paper.
Coiled Tubing Cementing Best Practices for Successful Permanent Well Abandonment in Deepwater Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Giam David , Santiapichi Jorge , Bogaerts Martijn , Herrington Darby
Published: February 2017

In deepwater Gulf of Mexico, cement placement through coiled tubing (CT) has been proven over several decades to be a valuable, versatile, and cost-effective tool for the through-tubing plug and abandonment of depleted oil and gas producers. In this paper, several present-day recommendations and best practices in relation to CT cementing for well abandonment are described.

CT cementing is typically used for well abandonment when leaving part of the production tubing in place is deemed beneficial from an economic or operational risk standpoint. As demand for the reliable placement of permanent cement barriers during well abandonment continues to grow, the importance of optimal design methodology, laboratory practices, and placement techniques associated with CT cementing has also increased. For instance, one of the most important aspects is to design a thin yet stable cement slurry. In addition, thickening time tests must account for the time a slurry is in the CT reel at surface before travelling downhole. Fluid placement techniques should account for the use of any downhole tools and be adjusted accordingly.

In recent well abandonments, a high success rate in the placement of cement plugs through CT has been observed. The main contributor to this success is the consistent manner in which the best practices described in this paper were followed. These methodologies also include some that have slowly evolved over time. For example, during well abandonment, one procedure that appears to be gaining popularity in some situations is the running of inflatable cement retainers with the ball on seat. In regards to CT cementing, this has often resulted in modified strategies, with fluid placement techniques counteracting the inability to pump any fluids through the CT prior to setting the retainer.

This paper is based on several recent abandonment campaigns using an intervention vessel in the Gulf of Mexico in 2016. Throughout the course of these particular campaigns, a total of 32 cement plugs were placed through CT, all of which were successfully verified, thus avoiding costly remedial placement. Although different conditions and well-specific challenges can slightly alter the approach taken, there are several steadfast techniques that appear to be effective in the consistent delivery of desired results.
An Alternative Method for Cement Squeeze in North Kuwait: Case Study
Authors: Al-Houti Naser , Al-Othman Mohammad , Al-Qassar Khalid , Al-Ebrahim Ahmed , Matar Khaled , Al Hamad Abdulla
Published: February 2017

This paper presents the application of a unique gelling system for perforation shut-off operations that can help reduce operational time by 50% and can also be used as an effective water- and gas-migration control agent. The system combines a conformance sealant (based on an organically crosslinked polymer) with non-cementious particulates. The particulates provide leak-off control, which leads to shallow matrix penetration of the sealant. The filtrate from the leakoff is thermally activated and, as a result, forms a three-dimensional (3-D) gel structure that effectively seals the targeted interval after exposure to the bottomhole temperature (BHT).

The traditional method for recompleting wells into newer layers, after the current producing zones have reached their economic limit, involves several steps. The first step is to squeeze off the existing unwanted perforations using cement, drill out the cement across the perforations, and then pressure test the squeezed zones to help ensure an effective perforation seal has been achieved. The new zones are then perforated and completed for production. The entire operation can require four or more days of rig time, depending on the success of the cement squeeze. In cases of cement failure, the required time can extend to over one week. Common challenges associated with cement-squeeze operations include leaky perforations, fluid migration (gas or liquid) behind the pipe, or compromises in the completion. Attempts to remediate these issues must be repeated until all objectives are met.

The new perforation plugging system can be bullheaded into the well (spotted at a desired location in the wellbore), allowing for easy placement and calculation of the treatment volume. The limited and controlled leakoff into the matrix during the squeeze results in a controlled depth of invasion, which allows for future re-perforation of hydrocarbon-producing zones. The system can be easily washed out of the wellbore, unlike cement, which must be drilled out. The temperature range of the particle-gel system is 60 to 350°F, which makes it versatile.

To date, more than 500 operations have been performed with this system globally. This paper presents the results obtained from laboratory evaluations, the methodology of the treatment designs, and four case histories from Kuwait. A salient case is the successful use of the sealant/particulate system, resulting in shutting off all perforations after six failed cement-squeeze operations.

The prospect of reducing the required time to perform remedial cement-squeeze operations by 50%, as well as the ability to repair casing leaks and seal off thief zones, make this sealant/particulate system a valuable alternative to standard cement-squeeze operations.
Evolution of Coiled Tubing Descaling Interventions in Saudi Arabia Depleted or Subhydrostatic Gas Wells
Authors: Duaij Ahmed , Al-Buali M. H. , Ahmed Danish , Arifin Mohammad , Sa Rodrigo , Dehingia Madhurjya , Santali M. , Pochetnyy V.
Published: February 2017

This paper describes the evolution of descaling interventions via coiled tubing (CT) performed in Saudi Arabia gas wells in the Ghawar field. Throughout these operations, the introduction of new technologies and improved surface equipment has significantly enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness.

CT is the preferred choice for descaling interventions in wells whose reservoirs are underpressured/ depleted because it can accurately place fluid and deploy mechanical tools at the specific depths where scales are present. High leakoff into the formation and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) released at the surface are two main challenges that occur in this well type. Therefore, it is paramount to continuously monitor and control both downhole and surface parameters. The aforementioned challenges can be addressed by optimizing real-time fluid placement or by manipulating the choke size, among other parameters. A chemical plug can be pumped to isolate the reservoir before commencing descaling interventions, but this process may require stimulation or re-perforation of the reservoir system after the treatment. Therefore, it is preferable to use a system that is flexible enough to execute a wide range of operations, from reservoir isolation to descaling treatment, while maintaining the well in balanced or marginally overbalanced conditions.

Previously, CT descaling operations were executed relying only on surface parameters. Today, new technologies are available that can provide live downhole parameters such as pressure, temperature, load, and torque, and these technologies have advanced descaling interventions. Although downhole parameters via downhole tools have been available for years, tools providing such parameters were limited with respect to pumping rate, working pressures, temperature, and ability to sustain high torque and vibration. To address these issues, a new tool was developed that can acquire downhole parameters during milling and clean out operations. The ability to monitor downhole parameters enables field personnel to act instantly to any change in downhole conditions. At the same time, introduction of advanced surface equipment has helped in better handling of returns from the well and in maintaining a constant wellhead pressure irrespective of dynamic returns. Therfore, the treatment is executed within its defined limits and risks of service quality events are mitigated.

This paper describes the evolution of CT descaling intervention treatments and the technologies used. It details how the introduction and integration of new technologies have enhanced descaling operations in Saudi Arabia where real-time decisions were made to optimize treatment, make the operation safer, and prevent formation damage.
Evaluation of Lubricants Performance for Coiled Tubing Application in Extended Reach Well
Authors: Yeung John , Li Jeff , Lee Jane , Guo Xiaole
Published: February 2017

Coiled Tubing (CT) intervention operations in extended reach wells (more than 10,000 ft in the lateral length) have become quite common in North America. In general, a 2.0″ CT has enough weight to reach the target depth in a 5,000 ft lateral. Therefore, to reach a 10,000 ft lateral, the use of metal-to-metal friction reducer (MFR) or lubricants will be required to work in conjunction with downhole extended reach tools. However, in some interventions, only lubricants can be used, without the downhole extended reach tool.

Various lubricants are available in the CT industry. Based on field operations, a typical lubricant could reduce the coefficient of friction (CoF) by about 20%, while a high performance lubricant could reduce the CoF by up to 50%. In order to reach the bottom of a long lateral well, it is imperative that coiled tubing operators are using the most optimal lubricant in correct applications.

In this paper, a linear friction apparatus was introduced and used to evaluate the friction reduction performance of 7 lubricants at various concentrations. With a test fixture, both the static and dynamic CoFs were measured. In addition, the performance of the lubricants was also evaluated with the introduction of polyacrylamide (a fluid friction reducer, FR), the salinity, and sand in the fluid system.

The test results indicated that only a few lubricants could effectively deliver CT extended reach. In general, the static CoF of the lubricants was 10% to 30% higher than the dynamic friction. An increase in water salinity and the presence of sand in the wellbore had a negative effect on the performance of the lubricant.

A higher lubricant concentration resulted in a lower friction coefficient, especially for the high salinity and sand conditions. However, the use of a fluid friction reducer could be detrimental to the lubricant friction performance when the FR concentration is more than 1%.