bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ten Canoes and 1066
Authors: D'Arcens Louise
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines the 2006 film Ten Canoes, an acclaimed Aboriginal Australian cross-cultural text in which a ‘Middle Age’ is both invoked and portrayed in an entirely defamiliarizing way. It explores the surprising potential, in the hands of indigenous agents, for invocations of a ‘Middle Age’ that displaces the Western timeline on which the idea of the medieval depends. The chapter raises the question of whether including pre-colonial-contact Aboriginal culture within the scope of world medievalism is an inescapably colonizing gesture that can only reinforce Eurocentric epistemologies, or whether this problem can be offset by bringing perceptions of the global medieval into dialogue with Aboriginal perceptions of time and history. It argues that the complexities of medievalism as a ‘world’ phenomenon are thrown into sharp relief by Ten Canoes as a text that narrates pre-contact time in a way that simultaneously addresses itself to Western and Yolŋu audiences.
Exiles as Representatives
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini
Published: December 2021

This chapter considers whether exiles can advance valid representative claims and under what conditions. The representative claim is implicit in exiles’ efforts to assist those left behind and to enable transnational solidarity with them. But it is often made explicitly, both by those who have formed themselves into governments-in-exile and those who act less formally. The representative claim is powerful. When valid, it grants exiles authority, placing their political claims and preferences on the same footing as those left behind; it empowers them to negotiate and make settlements; and it obligates third parties to defer to them. This chapter identifies three elements of representation—authorization, acting for, and accountability—and assesses the extent to which exiles can satisfy these elements. It identifies the importance of ‘connecting criteria’ between exiles and their putative constituents in the homeland and the role of third parties in ensuring accountability.
Introduction
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin
Published: December 2021

The Introduction begins to outline a literary prehistory of the welfare state in Britain around 1900 by turning to a period that forces us to look beyond the connotations associated with the terms reform and revolution today. The chapter presents the book’s two intertwined goals, one reconstructive and literary-historical, the other conceptual and theoretical. First, British Literature and the Life of Institutions reconstructs the emergence of a reformist literary mode around 1900 by exploring how literary texts responded and adapted to the elongated rhythms of institutional change that characterized the emergence of new state structures in this period. But the book also, secondly, aims to make visible a reformist idiom which pervades literary, philosophical, political, and social writing of the period, and which insists that we need to think about the state as an idea, as a speculative figure, rather than as a set of administrative procedures and bureaucratic processes.
Literature as Speculative Thought
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin
Published: December 2021

This chapter spells out the conceptual stakes of the reformist literary mode by turning to British state theory’s ‘Hegelian moment’. Hegel’s state theory converges on an understanding of the state as an aspect of social life (Sittlichkeit), making it possible to think about the state’s institutional structures as a moment in the actualization of social life rather than as a Foucauldian assemblage of administrative means external to social life. Britain’s Hegelian moment makes visible a reformist idiom in which the state appears as an aspirational figure that makes it possible to imagine the transition from capitalist society (Hegel’s bürgerliche Gesellschaft) towards a more egalitarian socio-political order. This transformation is imagined through close engagement with existing social forms rather than through a complete revolutionary overhaul of existing social arrangements. The chapter ends by asking why Britain’s Hegelian moment ended around 1914 and what were its more immediate afterlives.
Coda
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin
Published: December 2021

The Coda offers a short survey of the decline and eclipse of the speculative (literary) reformist mode around the mid-twentieth century. In doing so, it highlights one last reformist moment, namely the establishment of the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1946. The reformist vision associated with the Arts Council involved a self-reflexive artistic turn as writing itself came to be seen as the embodiment of a democratic Lebensform and the aesthetic image of a state-mediated classless future. This reformist vision is speculative insofar as it involved the successive democratization of an experimental (‘modernist’) artistic vision that had originated among the Bloomsbury modernists Williams had criticized as ‘a fraction of the upper class’.
Introduction
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: December 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the study of the history of philosophy. In general, there is an enormous difference between those who concern themselves with ancient philosophy, those who concern themselves with medieval philosophy, and the students of the history of modern philosophy. And, across this distinction, there is a great variety of approaches. One should not forget that the historiography of philosophy itself in many ways is a product of history and reflects the historical context in which it is pursued. Nevertheless, what this book is interested in is not the factual question of why historians of philosophy do what they do, but the theoretical question, the question of how one ought to conceive of and explain what they do; though they themselves in this work may not in fact be guided by these assumptions and principles, there must be such principles to the extent that their activity is a rational activity. It is also important to note that philosophers tend to criticize historians of philosophy as being unduly historical and not sufficiently philosophical.
Doxography
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines doxography, starting with its history. The basic idea underlying doxography is simple enough. In philosophy, as in other disciplines, one is trying, among other things, to find answers to questions which have not yet been settled. So naturally enough, in trying to find an answer, one considers what others have to say on these questions. As such, it is not surprising that one finds that philosophers in antiquity, almost from the beginning, take into account what their predecessors have had to say. If one looks at the doxographies of these philosophers, however, they seem to be entirely inadequate in two regards. They seem to lack any sensitivity for the historical context in which the views they report on were formulated, and they seem to lack any philosophical sensitivity; by and large, they just report the views without reproducing the argumentative context in which they originally stood. It is because of this that the term ‘doxography’ has taken on a pejorative connotation. The chapter then argues that looking at the ancient doxographers in this way does not do justice to them. It is not their aim to write historical history of philosophy or any kind of history of philosophy; their enterprise is a philosophical one.
The Historical History of Philosophy and Its Object
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: December 2021

This chapter evaluates the historical history of philosophy. Given the very strong philosophical assumptions underlying the early philosophical histories of philosophy, and given in particular the fact that they tended to be written from the point of view of some kind of idealism, it is not surprising that they should have met with some resistance, in particular outside philosophy. Thus, one finds Albert Schwegler criticizing Hegel’s method of treating the history of philosophy, rejecting any kind of philosophical history of philosophy as history. He insists that the systematical study of the history of philosophy is the task of a historian and has to be pursued in precisely the way one studies any other kind of history or history in general. Zeller therefore advocates a purely historical approach to the history of philosophy, a historian’s history of philosophy, and his own monumental work on the history of Greek philosophy is inspired by this conception, just as it, in turn, inspires a lot of work, at least on ancient philosophy of the same kind. The chapter then presents a systematical consideration of the historical history of philosophy.
The Identification and Representation of Views
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the actual work of the historian of philosophy. Ordinarily, the historian is working with a text, or even a number of texts, on the basis of which he will try to reconstruct the thought of a philosopher. This is the standard case in the history of medieval philosophy, and it is almost invariably the case for the historian of modern philosophy. In the case of ancient philosophy, however, the primary aim is not to understand certain texts, but to understand the thought of a philosopher underlying a text, if there is one. The historian has to understand and to explain a philosopher’s taking a view from the point of view of a contemporary historian of philosophy, and this means that he has to identify——to represent——the philosopher’s view not only in terms in which it is intelligible to a modern historian of philosophy, but also in terms in which it is intelligible to the historian’s modern audience. And this raises at least two questions, one concerning the translation this involves and the other concerning the language of the historian.
The Study of Ancient Philosophy
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: December 2021

This chapter reflects on the study of ancient philosophy. Ancient philosophy can be studied in many ways. The thoughts of ancient philosophers are of great interest not just as philosophical thoughts; many of them, in one way or another, are also of great historical importance. They help to explain a great many historical facts, not just in the history of philosophy but in many other histories. Or they are reflections of some historical development we may be interested in; again, this may be a development in the history of philosophy or in some other history, even one that at first may seem to have very little to do with philosophy. Thus, there are many approaches to the thought of ancient philosophers, all of which contribute to a better understanding of it. One can pursue each of the many histories in which ancient philosophy, either as a whole or in part, plays a role and try to determine what this role is in a manner appropriate for the history in question. Indeed, one reason why the study of ancient philosophy is so attractive and so lively is that it allows for so many interests and approaches.
Diversity and Demarcation
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter
Published: December 2021

The first chapter covers the outgoing epoch of the multinational empires and continental Middle and Eastern European colonial powers, which experienced the zenith of their expansion of power and their collapse. The period between the turn of the century and the outbreak of the First World War was the golden age of European imperialism. It also introduced the heyday of nationalism. The nineteenth differed from preceding centuries by establishing increasingly strict boundaries in the interest of demarcating state and nation in two regards: in territorializing state authority and defining who was subject to it. Citizenship became the pre-eminent legal tool for marking the bounds of nation-state authority over persons. Alongside the particularly intense manifestation of national and ethnic criteria for inclusion and exclusion, new hierarchical systems, based on citizenship, grading affiliation based on ethnicity and race developed, redefining the relationship between colonizing and colonized nations on the European continent as well as in the overseas colonial territories.
Conquest and Subjugation
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter
Published: December 2021

The chapter focuses on citizenship in colonial empires. It shows that the history of citizenship in Europe was not defined by the continent’s geographical boundaries and can be understood only if one bears in mind the long tradition of colonial hierarchization of citizenship. Examined are the genesis, justification, and impact of the structural confrontation between privilege (of the colonizers) and discrimination (of colonized people) in citizenship status. The chapter has a connective function, drawing a chronological arc from the end of the nineteenth century to the end of the Second World War, from the first half of the century to the second. Looking at the overseas colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Germany, as well as the continental empires of National Socialist Germany and the Soviet Union, the chapter pursues the question of the continuity of colonial hierarchies of affiliation and inequality from the peak period of imperialism to the end of the epoch of European colonization.
Liberalization and Community Ties
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter
Published: December 2021

The post-war period (Tony Judt) of citizenship, which was overshadowed by expulsions, decolonization, and the ideological division of Europe, embodied a long history of dealing politically with the consequences of war, violence, and discrimination. In the European dictatorships after 1945, integration into the community of class and the state-prescribed ideology remained decisive for political affiliation. By contrast, in Western European society, which became more open under the influence of post-colonial immigration and the sustained boom, citizenship (T. H. Marshall) evolved into the ultimate emblem of a social-welfare state, a state in which on the principles of constitutionally guaranteed and expanding civil rights political affiliation was based on consensus, participation, and consumerism. These two polar concepts of citizenship were overcome and politically overlaid by a new human rights policy that established the protection of civil rights beyond the state and contributed to the 1989 political transformation of Europe.
Digital Accessibility Innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Bianchi Francesca Cesa
Published: December 2021

After an analysis of gaps in implementing digital accessibility policies in the region, this chapter reviews five country case studies (Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Guyana) of successful innovations leveraging their fast-expanding mobile and internet services ecosystems that could be easily replicated across the region. Those findings support the thesis that, with better policies and capacity to implement, Latin American and Caribbean countries are in a favorable position to leapfrog in promoting digital accessibility and assistive technologies and services for persons with disabilities by capitalizing on their mobile and internet infrastructure and common languages.
Digital Accessibility in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Narasimhan Nirmita
Published: December 2021

The Asia-Pacific or APAC region covers a vast area of great linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic diversity and is home to over 65% of the world’s population with disabilities. While many of the accessibility challenges are common and include prioritization, lack of awareness, affordability, availability, infrastructure, language, and training, there are also wide regional differences in areas such as resources, infrastructure, development, policy, and accessibility of technologies and content across APAC countries. This chapter seeks to give a regional overview of digital accessibility by utilizing the DARE Index to analyze gaps in implementing digital accessibility policies in the region, and then reviewing four country case studies (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka).
The Patent System, Assistive Technologies, and the Developing World
Authors: Landers Amy L.
Published: December 2021

Although many assistive devices are created in advanced economies, the developing world has been responsible for numerous creative solutions. Despite this, according to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the clear majority of patenting activity in this field occurs in developed countries. Developing countries, which generate comparatively few issued patents, engage in significant innovation using forms of creativity that are not rewarded under the Global North’s patent standards. Developing nations can respond to this circumstance through a number of mechanisms. One is to modify the existing patentability standards to capture more types of creative endeavors. Such an approach should be considered thoughtfully, as the patent system has the potential for both positive and negative consequences for developing nations. Alternatively, nations can adopt other forms of incentives (such as grants or other rewards) to encourage the development of new assistive technologies for their domestic creators.
Accessible ICT as a Ray of Hope for Disability Rights in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Marva , Sheikh Muhammad Atif , Akram Abia
Published: December 2021

This chapter delves into the evolution of disability rights and assistive technology in Pakistan. The chapter firstly highlights various initiatives toward increasing inclusivity for disabled persons by all three branches of the state, namely, the executive, legislature, and the judiciary. Next, the chapter traces how contemporary advancements in technology have bolstered inclusivity, with a considerable role played by private educational and corporate institutions and non-governmental organizations. It then highlights the various avenues of public–private partnerships that have opened up because of information and communications technology (ICT) advancements. The chapter culminates with recommendations for the state and civil society to further tap into channels such as corporate social responsibility and provide a nurturing ground to the private sector to further bolster the ongoing efforts.
Note on Conquest and Cession
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: December 2021

In this note Wight provided a brief survey of institutions for the conquest and cession of territories, illustrated by examples in European history since the fifteenth century. Some legal and political forms concealed de facto conquest and cession to spare the amour propre of the losing party and thereby minimize its humiliation. In some cases, enfeoffment combined conquest with continuing vassal status. Other methods of saving face and bargaining over status included granting an imperial vicariate, diplomatically evading the issue, camouflaging the cession, and making the cession conditional. Conquest and cession became more direct and undisguised with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, if not earlier. Since the eighteenth century, however, the consent of the residents of the territory to be ceded has become a more prominent issue. Since 1919 disregard for previous approaches to conquest and cession has led to new political and legal frameworks on recognition involving national policies such as the Stimson Doctrine, international treaties such as the Kellogg–Briand Pact, and international organizations such as the League of Nations and the United Nations.
Review of Kenneth W. Thompson, Political Realism and the Crisis of World Politics: An American Approach to Foreign Policy(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1960)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: December 2021

Wight described this book as a ‘primer or introduction’ to American realism concerning international politics, with attention to the views of Halle, Kennan, Lippmann, Morgenthau, Niebuhr, Nitze, and Spykman, among others. Thompson highlights continuities with traditional diplomatic theory, illustrated notably by Churchill’s statesmanship and political philosophy. In Wight’s view the book presents ‘original thinking of a high order’. Moreover, Thompson ‘brings out more clearly than some realists the limitations of the “national interest” principle’. Wight concludes that Thompson stands out as ‘a realist of the centre, likely neither to be accused of disparaging morality, nor to be so emotionally disturbed by the consequences of clear vision that he emigrates for Utopia.’
Disagreement and Religion: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Benton Matthew A.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 covers contemporary work on disagreement, detailing both the conceptual and normative issues in play in the debates in mainstream analytic epistemology, and how these relate to religious diversity and disagreement. Section 1 examines several sorts of disagreement, and considers several epistemological issues: in particular, what range of attitudes a body of evidence can support, how to understand higher-order evidence, and who counts as an epistemic “peer.” Section 2 considers how these questions surface when considering disagreements over religion, including debates over the nature of evidence and truth in religion, epistemic humility, concerns about irrelevant influences and about divine hiddenness, and arguments over exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism. Finally, section 3 summarizes the contributors’ essays in this volume.
Is There Something Special About Religious Disagreement?
Authors: Feldman Richard
Published: December 2021

Chapter 5 considers the question: Is there something distinctive about religious disagreement that makes it a suitable topic for examination? Religious disagreement may seem to differ from other disagreements, at least to the extent that devoting specific attention to religious disagreement does seem warranted. Yet, it is argued here, that there is nothing special about disagreement as compared with other cases of mixed evidence, and further, that there are no principles governing religious disagreements that differ from those governing other disagreements. Typically, one should be conciliatory toward those who disagree by reducing one’s confidence, because learning about others who disagree tends to shift the weight of one’s evidence, even if only slightly, away from what one already believes. Nevertheless, the chapter examines complications concerning how difficult it may be to discern such evidential pressure, particularly when it bears on one’s fundamental or “core” religious beliefs.
Transformative Experience and the Problem of Religious Disagreement
Authors: Blanchard Joshua , Paul L.A.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 considers how peer disagreement over religion presents an epistemological problem: How can confidence in any religious claims including their negations be epistemically justified? Here, it is shown that the transformative nature of religious experience poses a further problem: to transition between religious belief and skepticism is not just to adopt a different set of beliefs, but to transform into a different version of oneself. It is argued that this intensifies the problem of pluralism by adding a new dimension to religious disagreement, for we can lack epistemic and affective access to our potential religious, agnostic, or skeptical selves. Yet, access to these selves seems to be required for the purposes of decision-making that is to be both rational and authentic. Finally, the chapter reflects on the relationship between the transformative problem and what it shows about the epistemic status of religious conversion and deconversion, in which one disagrees with one’s own transformed self.
How to Be an Inclusivist
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 9 postulates that inclusivism is a middle position between Exclusivism and Pluralism, but current formulations suffer from limitations. First, Rahner’s version is put in Christian terms, but if it is supposed to be metatheoretic, it needs a formulation that is religiously neutral in terms of truth. Second, attempts to generate such neutrality run into the difficulty of being unable to delineate exactly what distinguishes this middle position from fully relativistic Pluralism. The solution to both problems, the chapter argues, is to adopt a broader understanding of faith, one that is not centrally cognitive, one which explains why faith is a generic virtue in any context, and one which gives a way of distinguishing Inclusivism from its alternatives. The key element of the proposal is that, if faith is not centrally cognitive, there is nothing about this attitude that makes an appeal to it a partisan one with respect to the universe of faiths.
Aesthetic awareness in athletic performance
Authors: Toner John , Gail Montero Barbara , Moran Aidan
Published: December 2021

A considerable volume of research has explored spectators’ attraction to the aesthetic aspects of sport. However, considerably less attention has been devoted to an evaluation of the aesthetic dimension of sport from the performer’s perspective. This chapter hypothesizes that such evaluation can benefit athletic skill. It substantiates and elucidates some of the types of aesthetic experiences athletes may undergo and considers their potential use in sports. The chapter argues that athletes sometimes evaluate their actions by determining whether they have certain aesthetic quality, such as whether a movement embodies power or feels somehow just beautifully right. In bringing some of these ideas together it considers how an athlete’s aesthetic awareness of their own movements might be conducive to better practice and performance. This thesis is propaedeutic to future empirical work investigating the role of aesthetic self-evaluation in athletic performance.
Explaining continuous improvement
Authors: Toner John , Gail Montero Barbara , Moran Aidan
Published: December 2021

The final chapter synthesizes the arguments presented over the course of the book by suggesting that skill execution continues to be governed by conscious processes even after performers have attained a high level of expertise. It argues that skill-focused attention is necessary if experts are to eschew proceduralization and react flexibly to ‘crises’ and fine-grained changes in situational demands. In doing so, it discusses the role played by conscious control, reflection, and bodily awareness in maintaining performance proficiency. It suggests that skill maintenance and continuous improvement are underpinned by the use of both automated procedures (acknowledging that these are inherently active and flexible) and metacognitive knowledge. The chapter concludes by briefly considering how skill-focused attention needs to be applied in both training and performance contexts in order to facilitate continuous improvement.
Narcissus and Pygmalion
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero
Published: December 2021

That nature imitates art is not a paradox distilled from Oscar Wilde’s pen, but the bold formulation of a Roman poet, Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE), which marks a radical turning point in ancient aesthetics, founded on the principle of mimesis. By enhancing phantasia, the artist’s creative imagination, Ovid opens up unexplored perspectives for future European literature and art. Through Narcissus and Pygmalion, figures of illusion and desire, who are the protagonists of two major episodes of the Metamorphoses, this book sheds light on some crucial junctions in the history of reception and aesthetics. With its combination of sophisticated by combining literary critical thinking and patient argument applied to the poetics of self-reflexivity and, in particular, to the fundamental interface between the verbal and the visual in the Metamorphoses, it has mainly contributed to the poet’s critical fortunes in this new aetas Ovidiana we have been living in the past few decades. A substantive introduction to this edition positions the book anew in the forefront of current discussions of Ovidian aesthetics and intermediality, in the wake of the postmodern culture of the simulacrum.
Introduction
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero
Published: December 2021

This book is the English version of a work first published in Italian in 1983 and reprinted in 2016. It originated from my tesi di laurea in Latin literature completed a few years earlier at the University of Florence under the supervision of Antonio La Penna, and followed the tenets of that disciplinary sphere, as was customary in Italian academia at the time: it focused on the philological dimension of Ovid’s text, the framing of the individual episode within the structure of the immediate context and the poem as a whole, and analysis of language and style. The main aim of the work was to interpret the two important episodes of Narcissus and Pygmalion—i.e. Ovid’s rewriting of the respective myths—and to highlight the author’s poetics, in response to the considerable interest that had grown in the latter decades of the twentieth century (documented, and greatly bolstered, by G.B. Conte’s influential 1974 essay ...
Millet-Production Analysis
Authors: Toulmin Camilla
Published: December 2021

Analysis of millet-production shows the size and variability of returns to different farm inputs, for each of the millet varieties. Regression analysis is based on the Cobb-Douglas production function, to generate a set of marginal returns to factors between uses, from one year to the next and between farmers. Farmers make decisions based on past experience and in a context of uncertainty about the future. The principal inputs are described for analysis of village-field and bush-field millet varieties, their measurement and representation in regression equations. Results from the analysis are presented to show the relative significance of each factor, and the high levels for R2 associated with manure use, plough-team use, and the soil dummy variable. The labour variable was more problematic. Analysis of the residual error term permitted a review of each farming household, difficulties in accurately measuring particular variables, and significant differences in farmers’ knowledge, aptitude and judgement.
The Organizational Framework
Authors: Micheler Eva
Published: December 2021

This chapter assesses how the Companies Act establishes an organizational framework for companies by defining roles for the directors, the shareholders, the auditors, and the company secretary. The statute appoints the shareholders to decide constitutional matters and to participate in certain management decisions. It delegates the maintenance of financial records and the production of financial reports to the directors and carves out a role for the company secretary and the auditors. The Act also imposes mandatory procedures for shareholder meetings. The common law permits these to be overridden by an informal unanimous decision and in this way allows for organizational reality to override the formal legal process. The UK Corporate Governance Code contains generally accepted recommendations structuring decision-making by the directors.
Stakeholders
Authors: Micheler Eva
Published: December 2021

This chapter highlights how the law gives shareholders more influence than creditors, employees, or other constituencies, but also how the interests of these stakeholders are integrated into company law. Three normative conclusions flow from the theoretical perspective advanced in this book. The first is that we should give up on the idea that financial incentives can serve interests other than those of the directors. Second, programmatic statements encouraging companies to have a purpose or encouraging directors to consider stakeholder interests in the same way as shareholder interests are unlikely to have much effect. Third, if there is a desire to further integrate non-shareholder interests into company law, this is, from the perspective of this book, best achieved through an integration of their interests into the decision-making process of the company. An example of such an intervention can be found in the UK Corporate Governance Code which recommends the integration of work-force related concerns through a director appointed from the workforce, a formal workforce advisory panel, or a designated non-executive director.
Reading with David Jones
Authors: Brooks Francesca
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 represents a major archival reassessment of Jones’s knowledge of and interest in early medieval culture and history produced in England, demonstrating that Jones knew many Old English texts in the original language and was engaged with the historiography of the period. The chapter sets out the findings of new archival research with The Library of David Jones, National Library of Wales, and in particular with The Anglo-Saxon Library (Appendix 1). This archival research facilitates a new methodology for reading with Jones and brings evidence from his reading, including previously uncatalogued marginalia, together with the drafts and manuscripts for The Anathemata. This chapter also places Jones’s innovation within the wider context of his reading of historical scholarship on the early Middle Ages, tracing the development of a scholarly poetics with which Jones reshaped a British historical and cultural inheritance for the imagined community of The Anathemata.
An Alfredian Reading Project
Authors: Brooks Francesca
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 compares the rhetorical tropes employed in the ‘Preface’ to The Anathemata (often overlooked in the scholarship) with those of the preface to King Alfred’s Old English translation of the Pastoral Care. This comparison establishes the idea of Jones’s artful construction of his ‘Preface’ as a manifesto for the cultural project of The Anathemata. Reflecting on the Alfredian rhetorical ideal of an English nation (and more specifically an English nation of Catholics) as both a medieval and a post-medieval construct, this chapter illuminates the direct challenge of Jones’s ‘Preface’ to Alfredian assertions of English hegemony. Key to this effort to disrupt the hegemony of British Christian history, this chapter argues, is Jones’s use of Latin and how this implicates the work of two other ninth-century writers—Asser and Nennius—in Jones’s dialogue with King Alfred.
A Poetic Historiography of the Early English Settlements
Authors: Brooks Francesca
Published: December 2021

Zooming in to consider how the ambitions of Jones’s project are realized in the individual poetic sequences that make up The Anathemata, Chapter 3 engages in a close reading of the third sequence of The Anathemata, ‘Angle-Land’. ‘Angle-Land’ focuses on the arrival of the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes to Britain and the extent of the subsequent cultural change in the fifth century and beyond. This chapter argues that in ‘Angle-Land’ Jones uses aspects of the physical and cultural geography of Britain, in particular evidence from toponymy, to write a poetic historiography of the early English settlements that challenges the idea that the migration of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes rapidly transformed the landscape and culture of Britain. By exploring the language of landscape, Jones writes a poetic historiography that is in tune with contemporary, emerging historiographical narratives.
‘He’ll latin-runes tellan in his horror-coat standing’
Authors: Brooks Francesca
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 focuses on the area across the east coast of Britain first thought to have been settled by post-Roman migrants, that of the East Anglian and Lincolnshire fenland, and the exploration of this contested space in ‘Angle-Land’. In the part of ‘Angle-Land’ focused on the fen Jones engages in a poetic search for the lost Britons of the early medieval fen by reading the eighth-century Anglo-Latin Vita Sancti Guthlaci Auctore Felice alongside recent archaeological finds from Caistor-by-Norwich. This chapter proposes that this search ultimately questions the extent of the foreignness of the Welsh in this supposedly ‘Anglo-Saxon’ space, allowing Jones to reimagine Guthlac as an Anglo-Welsh saint and to create a new macaronic language for twentieth-century Britain.
Tripartition and the Spirited “Part” of the Soul
Authors: Wilburn Josh
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 defends the seriousness of Plato’s commitment to the tripartite theory of the soul that he presents in the Republic, Phaedrus, and Timaeus. This defense constitutes a response to skeptical commentators who suggest his investment in tripartite psychology, and especially in a spirited part of that psychology, is unserious, tentative, or temporary. It also surveys the language Plato uses to describe the different “parts” of the soul, and it sketches an interpretation of tripartition according to which each of the three parts is a distinct source of the psychic motions and motivations that cause and explain human action. The spirited part of the soul, on this interpretation, is one such source of motivation.
Musical and Gymnastic Education in the Republic
Authors: Wilburn Josh
Published: December 2021

Chapter 6 examines Plato’s account of moral education in the Republic. It argues that musical and gymnastic training in the Kallipolis primarily aim at shaping the spirited part of the soul through social, political, and cultural influences and practices. In particular, music aims to make spirit gentle and instill in it the right emotional habits toward moral and immoral people, actions, and objects in the world. Gymnastics, meanwhile, aims to invigorate it and make it “strong” enough to act as reason’s “ally” effectively. Music and gymnastics also have important effects on reason and appetite as well, however. Music exercises reason and prepares it for its proper function in the souls of mature adults, and gymnastic training promotes necessary appetites while eliminating or preventing unnecessary ones.
Too Small to Matter? On the Copyright Directive’s Bias in Favour of Big Right-Holders
Authors: Husovec Martin , Pedro Quintais João
Published: December 2021

This chapter shows how Art 17 of the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive (DSM Directive) contains an inherent bias favouring large right-holders to the prejudice of small creators. It studies the likely trajectories and incentives of the relevant actors and concludes that the licensing model of Art 17 is tailored to the needs of powerful content owners. Only smaller right-holders must monitor the market, review the use of their works by third parties, and approach each online-content sharing service provider separately. The enforcement mechanism of Art 17 has similar effects on amateur creators, who will often have to rely on exceptions to copyright when creating content in distinction to larger units that can typically resort to licensing. Collective licensing could offer a potential solution to alleviate the identified problems in unequal treatment of different types of copyright owners. The chapter discusses these effects from the perspective of the principle of equal treatment, protected under Art 20 of the EU Charter. It argues that, unless Member States resort to legal mechanisms—such as collective licensing—that can better balance competing rights and interests and not discriminate between different actors, the end-result will be unconstitutional.
Evolution of the arts
Authors: Brown Steven
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines both the biological and cultural evolution of the arts. Biological evolution of the arts deals with how humans evolved the species-specific capacities to create and appreciate artworks, while cultural evolution is about how artworks themselves, as cultural products, undergo changes in persistence over historical time and geographic location. The study of biological evolution includes both phylogenetic (or historical) and adaptationist (or Darwinian) approaches. The study of cultural evolution of the arts reveals the importance of a ‘creativity/aesthetics cycle’ in which the products of human creativity get appraised for their level of appeal by the aesthetic system, allowing them to either be transmitted to future generations or die out. This unification of creativity and aesthetics has far-reaching implications for both fields of study.
The Diva's Gift to the Shakespearean Stage
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen
Published: December 2021

The Diva’s Gift to the Shakespearean Stage traces the transnational connections between Shakespeare’s all-male stage and the first female stars in the West. The book is the first to use Italian and English plays and other sources to explore this relationship, focusing on the gifted actress who radically altered female roles and expanded the horizons of drama just as the English were building their first paying theaters. By the time Shakespeare began to write plays, women had been acting professionally in Italian troupes for two decades, traveling across the Continent and acting in all genres, including tragicomedy and tragedy. Isabella Andreini, Vittoria Piissimi, and Barbara Flaminia became the first truly international stars, winning royal and noble patrons and literary admirers beyond Italy; their artistry enabled mixed companies to expand in foreign markets, especially in France and Spain. Elizabeth and her court caught wind of the Italians’ success, and soon troupes with actresses came to London to perform. Through contacts direct and indirect, English playwrights grew keenly aware of the mimetic revolution wrought by the skilled diva, who expanded the innamorata and made the type more engaging, outspoken, and autonomous. Some Englishmen pushed back, treating the actress as a whorish threat to the all-male stage, which had long minimized female roles. Others saw a vital new resource. Faced with rising demand for Italian-style plays, Lyly, Marlowe, Kyd, and Shakespeare used Italian models from scripted and improvised drama to turn out stellar female parts in the mode of the actress, altering them in significant ways while continuing to use boys to play them. Writers seized on the comici’s materials and methods to piece together pastoral, comic, and tragicomic plays from mobile theatergrams—plot elements, star scenes, roles, stories, and speeches, such as cross-dressing, mad scenes, and spoken and sung laments. Shakespeare and his peers gave new prominence to female characters, marked their passions as un-English, and devised plots that figured them as self-aware agents, not counters traded between men. Playing up the skills and charisma of the boy player, they produced stunning roles charged with the diva’s prodigious theatricality and alien glamour. Rightly perceived, the diva’s star persona and acclaimed performances constituted challenging and timely gifts that provoked English playwrights to break with the past in enormously generative ways.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen
Published: December 2021

The revolutionary advent of actresses in the commedia dell’arte had a profound impact on the all-male stage. The transnational circulation of Italian texts, roles, topoi, and players prompted the emergence of the Italian-style innamorata in the drama of Shakespeare and his peers. As novelties who quickly became star attractions, the best actresses of Italy expanded on the bold innamorata of erudita drama, making her more poetic and versatile, qualities that enabled the actress to cross divides of genre, gender, and race. Theatricality and autonomy came to characterize these new female protagonists, roles created to display the prima donna’s glamour and skill. The diva’s fame leapt across borders as troupes ventured across the Alps to Vienna, Paris, and Madrid. In the 1570s, the “theatergram of the actress” took root in England. After the comici performed for Elizabeth and for popular audiences, Lyly, Kyd, Marlowe, and others wrote groundbreaking plays featuring ardent women in love on the Italian model. In sum, the Shakespearean stage drew on the diva’s role-playing, materials, and methods to bring crowd-pleasing foreign “women” to a theater without women.
Hostile Makeovers
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen
Published: December 2021

Not every playwright appreciated the diva’s gifts. When the actress-driven innamorata entered the scene, some saw her as a threat that challenged their hold over the stage. The most common countertactic was to equate actresses with whores and common courtesans, as Thomas Nashe does in Pierce Penniless. Others wrote plays that figured amorous Italian women as dangerous Circes, as Anthony Munday does in The Two Italian Gentlemen. When a play directly represents an Italian actress, the authors marginalize and silence her, as did Day, Wilkins, and Rowley with “Harlakin’s Wife” in The Travailes of the Three English Brothers. In Volpone, Ben Jonson turned his satire on Englishwomen like Fine Lady Would-Be, bent on imitating Italian courtesans and actresses. He excised all the resourcefulness from the virtuous Celia, who resembles the virgo as she falls victim to a violently venal husband and cynical lecher who strive to cast her as a flexible player-whore.
Epilogue
Authors: Brown Pamela Allen
Published: December 2021

Actorly pride and infinite variety make Shakespeare’s Cleopatra a diva—surprising, charismatic, endlessly protean. Her energetic “becomings” require enormous effort that is only half concealed. She works so hard to charm that she flubs her lines, calling her attempts “sweating labor,” and her wry self-awareness makes her more vivid than other literary Cleopatras. Disdaining racist norms of beauty, she celebrates her pinched and blackened skin—attribute of the lowly laborer—as sensual and attractive. Her shifting personae draw on the multiracial, gender-fluid impersonations of the star actress and the boy player. As Cleopatra faces death, she predicts that lesser players will mock her, but she scorns their presumption. Her magnificent suicide produces admiration even in Octavius. By artful and strenuous labors, she claims inimitability in the mode of the diva.
Membership Eligibility in a Europe of Non-Communist States, 1957–1961
Authors: Thomas Daniel C.
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses extensive archival evidence to demonstrate how the European Economic Community’s initial membership norm—that non-Communist states in Europe are eligible for membership—shaped its decisions regarding the quests of Greece, Spain, and Turkey for association agreements that would prepare them to join the new community. Given that the three countries’ economies were relatively under-developed and yet competed with EEC members in key agricultural sectors, the fact that Spain was still in the grip of a fascist leader formerly allied with Adolf Hitler, and the military take-over of Turkey in 1960–61, there was plenty of ground for rejecting their overtures. However, the archival evidence shows how the non-Communist norm framed the decision-making process and stopped member states from blocking the three aspirants.
Membership Eligibility in a Europe of Liberal Democracies, 1970–2005
Authors: Thomas Daniel C.
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses extensive archival evidence to demonstrate how the membership norm adopted by the community around 1970—that only liberal democracies respecting human rights and the rule of law are eligible for membership—shaped its decisions on Greece, Spain, Turkey, and Ukraine over subsequent decades. The democratic governments that took power in Greece and Spain after the collapse of authoritarian rule in the mid-1970s used the community’s membership norm to pressure member states to fast track them to accession despite the hesitation of the European Commission and powerful domestic lobbies. Notwithstanding the growing controversy over Turkey’s membership prospects in this period, the community’s membership norm played an important role in keeping the relationship on track. Finally, the EU’s membership norm impeded Ukraine’s pursuit of closer ties after interdependence in 1991 because of widespread concern within the Union regarding the country’s actual commitment to liberal democracy and the rule of law.