bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Direct Three‐Component Reaction for the Isolation of a Nonanuclear Iron(III) Phosphonate
Authors: Goura Joydeb , Liu Junjie , Goddard Paul , Chandrasekhar Vadapalli
Published: July 2014

The synthesis, structure, and magnetism of a nonanuclear iron(III) phosphonate, [Fe9III(μ3‐O)4(O3PC5H9)3(O2CCMe3)13]·(EtOH)0.5·(Et2O)0.5 (1), is described. Compound 1 was obtained in the direct reaction of anhydrous ferric chloride, cyclopentylphosphonic acid, and pivalic acid in the presence of triethylamine. Compound 1 possesses a distorted icosahedral structure; nine of the vertices are occupied by FeIII, whereas three others are occupied by the phosphorus atoms of the cyclopentylphosphonate ligand. Mössbauer spectroscopy of 1 confirms the presence of high‐spin FeIII. Low‐temperature magnetic studies reveal the presence of strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the Fe3+ ions.
Pd Nanoparticles Immobilized on Nanosilica Triazine Dendritic Polymer: A Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Mono‐, Di‐, and Trialkynylaromatics by Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling in Water
Authors: Landarani Isfahani Amir , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Mirkhani Valiollah , Khosropour Ahmad R. , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram
Published: July 2014

Palladium nanoparticles immobilized on nano‐silica triazine dendritic polymer (Pdnp‐nSTDP) was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the Sonogashira cross‐coupling of aryl halides (iodides, bromides, and chlorides) with aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes. This reaction was best performed in water as a green solvent in the presence of just 0.01 mol‐% of the catalyst at room temperature. Efficient synthesis of V‐ and star‐shaped polyalkynylated molecules with a benzene, pyridine, or pyrimidine central core was also achieved through Sonogashira cross‐coupling of dihalo and trihalo aromatics with terminal alkynes in the presence of this catalytic system. The Pdnp‐nSTDP catalyst was easily recovered and reused several times without significant loss of reactivity.
Preparation, Characterization and Electrochemical Behavior of Pd‐Au Alloy Incorporated into Zeolites/Graphite Electrodes
Authors: El‐Shafei A. A. , Alakl A. , Ouf A. M.
Published: July 2014

The present article reports the preparation of Pd‐Au alloy incorporated into NaY zeolites layer via simple immersion technique. Pd‐Au particles were incorporated into zeolites cages via Co‐impregnation or alternate impregnation of metal ions. Cyclic voltammetry was used to evaluate the state of the modified electrodes in alkaline media. Surface morphology as well as elemental composition of the modified layer were examined using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX).
The value of pocket penetration tests for the high‐resolution palaeosol stratigraphy of late Quaternary deposits
Authors: Amorosi Alessandro , Bruno Luigi , Campo Bruno , Morelli Agnese
Published: July 2014

Pocket penetrometer measurements, though commonly listed as accessory components of core descriptions, are almost totally ignored in shallow subsurface stratigraphic analysis. In this study, we prove that, if properly calibrated with core data, pocket penetration tests may serve as a quick and inexpensive tool to enhance high‐resolution (palaeosol‐based) stratigraphy of unconsolidated, late Quaternary non‐marine deposits. A palaeosol sequence, made up of 12 vertically stacked, weakly developed palaeosols (Inceptisols) dated to the last 40 ky cal BP, is reconstructed from the subsurface of the southern Po Plain. The individual palaeosols exhibit flat to slightly undulating geometries and several of them can be tracked over distances of tens of km. They show substantially higher compressive strength coefficients than all other fine‐grained, alluvial (floodplain) facies, being typified by distinctive penetration resistance, in the range of 3.5–5 kg/cm2. Along the palaeosol profiles, A and Bk horizons demonstrate consistent difference in relative compressive strengths, the highest values being almost invariably observed at the A/Bk boundary. Palaeosols are rarely described in conventional stratigraphic logs, and just a small proportion of them is likely to be identified by geologists with no specific sedimentological training. Through core–log calibration techniques, we document that vertical profiles of penetration resistance measured in the field can be used as an efficient method for palaeosol identification, and thus may represent a strategy for predicting stratigraphic architecture from limited core descriptions or poor‐quality field logs. This technique allows to optimize the contribution of all available stratigraphic information, expanding significantly the coverage of well‐described, one‐dimensional core data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the role of adult neurogenesis in touch‐screen discrimination learning
Authors: Swan Alicia A. , Clutton Jonathan Edward , Chary Priyanka Kesavan , Cook Sarah G. , Liu Grace G. , Drew Michael R.
Published: July 2014

Recent theories posit that adult neurogenesis supports dentate gyrus pattern separation and hence is necessary for some types of discrimination learning. Using an inducible transgenic mouse model, we investigated the contribution of adult‐born neurons to spatial and nonspatial touch‐screen discriminations of varying levels of difficulty. Arresting neurogenesis caused a modest but statistically significant impairment in a position discrimination task. However, the effect was present only on trials after a learned discrimination was reversed, suggesting that neurogenesis supports cognitive flexibility rather than spatial discrimination per se. The deficit was present 4–10 weeks after the arrest of neurogenesis but not immediately after, consistent with previous evidence that the behavioral effects of arresting neurogenesis arise because of the depletion of adult‐born neurons at least 1 month old. The arrest of neurogenesis failed to affect a nonspatial brightness discrimination task that was equal in difficulty to the spatial task. The data suggest that adult neurogenesis is not strictly necessary for spatial or perceptual discrimination learning and instead implicate adult neurogenesis in factors related to reversal learning, such as cognitive flexibility or proactive interference. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis by Integrated Signals From Toll‐Like Receptors
Authors: Krisher Tamar , Bar‐Shavit Zvi
Published: July 2014

A variety of pathogen‐derived molecules have been shown to cause bone loss by enhancing osteoclast differentiation through activation of toll‐like receptors (TLRs). The pathogen‐derived molecules (TLR‐ligands) modulate osteoclastogenesis in a complex manner: inhibition of the osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL in early precursors and osteoclastogenesis stimulation in RANKL‐primed cells. Since organisms may be challenged by several TLR ligands at a time, we investigated osteoclastogenesis modulation by simultaneous challenge with different TLR ligands. As an example we used ligands for TLR3 (Synthetic double stranded RNA [dsRNA], polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] mimicking viral dsRNA), TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide [LPS], found in the outer membrane of Gram‐negative bacteria) and TLR9 (Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide mimicking bacterial DNA [CpG‐ODN]). In osteoclastogenesis‐inhibition, synergy between LPS and CpG‐ODN or LPS and poly(I:C) while in stimulation, synergy between LPS and CpG‐ODN or CpG‐ODN and poly(I:C) were observed. Modulation of molecules involved in osteoclastogenesis (c‐Fos, M‐CSF receptors [M‐CSFR], TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐12 and the three TLRs tested) was examined. The results indicate that M‐CSFR plays a role only in the inhibitory effect while c‐Fos plays a role in the two effects. TLR3 and TLR9 levels were increased by the TLRs ligands, suggesting that this may be part of the mechanism leading to the synergy. While TLRs activation in RANKL‐primed cells, increasing osteoclastogenesis, explains pathogen‐induced bone loss, activation of TLRs in early cells inhibiting osteoclastogenesis could attenuate excessive resorption, and promote differentiation of common precursor cells into inflammatory cells. The synergism between TLR ligands enables the individual to initiate response at a lower level of pathogen. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 2146–2154, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elucidation of the Roles of the Src Kinases in Pancreatic Acinar Cell Signaling
Authors: Nuche‐Berenguer Bernardo , Moreno Paola , Jensen R. T.
Published: July 2014

Recent studies report the Src‐family kinases (SFK's) are important in a number of physiological and pathophysiological responses of pancreatic acinar cells (pancreatitis, growth, apoptosis); however, the role of SFKs in various signaling cascades important in mediating these cell functions is either not investigated or unclear. To address this we investigated the action of SFKs in these signaling cascades in rat pancreatic acini by modulating SFK activity using three methods: adenovirus‐induced expression of an inactive dominant‐negative CSK (Dn‐CSK‐Advirus) or wild‐type CSK (Wt‐CSK‐Advirus), which activate or inhibit SFK, respectively, or using the chemical inhibitor, PP2, with its inactive control, PP3. CCK (0.3, 100 nM) and TPA (1 μM) activated SFK and altered the activation of FAK proteins (PYK2, p125FAK), adaptor proteins (p130CAS, paxillin), MAPK (p42/44, JNK, p38), Shc, PKC (PKD, MARCKS), Akt but not GSK3‐β. Changes in SFK activity by using the three methods of altering SFK activity affected CCK/TPAs activation of SFK, PYK2, p125FAK, p130CAS, Shc, paxillin, Akt but not p42/44, JNK, p38, PKC (PKD, MARCKS) or GSK3‐β. With chemical inhibition the active SFK inhibitor, PP2, but not the inactive control analogue, PP3, showed these effects. For all stimulated changes pre‐incubation with both adenoviruses showed similar effects to chemical inhibition of SFK activity. In conclusion, using three different approaches to altering Src activity allowed us to define fully for the first time the roles of SFKs in acinar cell signaling. Our results show that in pancreatic acinar cells, SFKs play a much wider role than previously reported in activating a number of important cellular signaling cascades shown to be important in mediating both acinar cell physiological and pathophysiological responses. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 22–36, 2015. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Haplotype variations in glutathione transferase zeta 1 influence the kinetics and dynamics of chronic dichloroacetate in children
Authors: Shroads A. L. , Coats B. S. , McDonough C. W. , Langaee T. , Stacpoole P. W.
Published: July 2014

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is biotransformed by glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1), a bifunctional enzyme that, as maleylacetoacetate isomerase (MAAI), catalyzes the penultimate step in tyrosine catabolism. DCA inhibits GSTZ1/MAAI, leading to delayed plasma drug clearance and to accumulation of potentially toxic tyrosine intermediates. Haplotype variability in GSTZ1 influences short‐term DCA kinetics in healthy adults, but the impact of genotype in children treated chronically with DCA is unknown. Drug kinetics was studied in 17 children and adolescents with congenital mitochondrial diseases administered 1,2‐13C‐DCA. Plasma drug half‐life and trough levels varied 3–6‐fold, depending on GSTZ1/MAAI haplotype and correlated directly with urinary maleylacetone, a substrate for MAAI. However, chronic DCA exposure did not lead to progressive accumulation of plasma drug concentration; instead, kinetics parameters plateaued, consistent with the hypothesis that equipoise is established between the inhibitory effect of DCA on GSTZ1/MAAI and new enzyme synthesis. GSTZ1/MAAI haplotype variability affects DCA kinetics and biotransformation. However, these differences appear to be stable in most individuals and are not associated with DCA plasma accumulation or drug‐associated toxicity in young children.
Parametric investigation of oxidative coupling of methane in a heat‐exchange integrated microchannel reactor
Authors: Tezcan Idil , Avci Ahmet K.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2 hydrocarbons is strongly exothermic and requires careful management of the dissipated heat. Running OCM in microchannel reactors offers fast heat transfer rates that enable controlled distribution of reaction temperature and product composition. This study involves modeling and simulation of OCM in a heat exchange integrated microchannel reactor involving parallel reaction and cooling channels separated by solid walls.

RESULTS

Using separating wall with high thermal conductivity and thickness above 5 × 10‐4 m regulates temperature distribution along the reaction channel and improves C2 yield. Increasing the methane‐to‐oxygen ratio decreases the reaction temperature and conversion immediately. Coolant inlet temperature affects the trade‐off between methane conversion and selective production of ethane and ethylene. Exothermic heat release and C2 hydrocarbon loss by oxidation are pronounced at higher reactant mass flow rates, whereas C2 yield is improved at higher coolant mass flow rates that dampen the reaction temperature.

CONCLUSION

Effective heat transfer and improved temperature control can be obtained in the microchannel geometry. The results provide insight into the potential use of microreactors, novel units known to have robust heat transfer properties, in controlling the temperature of the OCM process, which is one of the key design targets affecting product selectivity. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationships between gonadal and gonadotrophic differentiation during early gonadal sex differentiation in several strains from the Southern population of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Horie Yoshifumi , Kobayashi Tohru
Published: July 2014

In this study, correlations between gonadal differentiation and gonadotrophic differentiation during early gonadal sex differentiation were examined in several strains from the Southern population of Japanese medaka, namely, Hd‐rR, d‐rR/Tokyo, d‐rR/Shizuoka, and NIESR. Gonadal sex differentiation showed a similar pattern in all strains, that is, a sex‐based difference in germ cell number was observed at hatching (XX > XY). In addition, a transition of XX germ cells into meiosis was observed at hatching in all strains. However, the ratio of meiotic transition of XX germ cells differed among strains, indicating that Hd‐rR has fewer meiotic cells than other strains. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that glycoprotein α subunit (Gpa) and follicle‐stimulating hormone β subunit (Fshb), but not luteinizing hormone β subunit (Lhb), localize to the pituitary at hatching in all strains examined. Although no sex differences were observed in the numbers of Gpa‐ and Fshb‐positive cells in the pituitary at hatching in Hd‐rR, d‐rR/Tokyo, and NIESR strains, the d‐rR/Shizuoka strain showed sex differences in the number of Fshb‐positive cells at hatching (XX > XY); d‐rR/Shizuoka is derived from d‐rR/Tokyo. Even though d‐rR/Shizuoka differs from its ancestral strain, d‐rR/Tokyo, and Hd‐rR in Fshb expression pattern, this suggests that d‐rR/Shizuoka shows potential for use as a model to study the molecular regulatory mechanisms of fshb subunit gene expression and Fsh cell differentiation in the pituitary. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 472–477, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prey capture kinematics in batoids using different prey types: Investigating the role of the cephalic lobes
Authors: Mulvany Samantha , Motta Philip J.
Published: July 2014

Cephalic lobes are novel structures found in some myliobatid stingrays. While undulatory batoids utilize the pectoral fins for prey capture and locomotion, lobed species partition locomotion to the pectoral fins, utilizing the lobes exclusively for prey capture. We investigated the use of the anterior pectoral fins and cephalic lobes in prey capture in five batoid species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the: (1) prey capture kinematics and use of the cephalic lobes in lobed and lobeless batoids; (2) role of the cephalic lobes in modulating capture behavior based on prey type. It was hypothesized that lobed species would display unique capture behaviors resulting in faster and more successful capture of prey, and display greater modulation in capture behavior. Findings showed that lobed species used only the head region for capture, were faster at pouncing and tenting, but slower at mouth opening. The cephalic lobes were more movable than the anterior pectoral fins of lobeless species. Modulation occurred in all species. Elusive prey increased tent duration for the lobeless species, increased mouth opening duration in the lobed Aetobatus narinari, and were farther away from the mouth than non‐elusive prey during biting for all species. All species had few prey escapes. Overall, species with cephalic lobes captured prey faster but did not display increased modulatory ability or feeding success. The cephalic lobes help localize prey capture to the head region, speeding up the prey capture event and maintaining an efficient capture rate despite having less flexible pectoral fins. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 515–530, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of predictor parameters to determine agro‐industrial compost suppressiveness againstFusarium oxysporumandPhytophthora capsicidiseases in muskmelon and pepper seedlings
Authors: Blaya Josefa , Lloret Eva , Ros Margarita , Pascual Jose Antonio
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

The lack of reliable prediction tools for evaluation of the level and specificity of compost suppressiveness limits its application. In our study, different chemical, biological and microbiological parameters were used to evaluate their potential use as a predictor parameter for the suppressive effect of composts againstFusarium oxysporumf. sp.melonis(FOM) andPhytophthora capsici(P. capsici) in muskmelon and pepper seedlings respectively. Composts were obtained from artichoke sludge, chopped vineyard pruning waste and various agro‐industrial wastes (C1: blanched artichokes;C2: garlic waste;C3: dry olive cake).

RESULTS

CompostC3proved to offer the highest level of resistance againstFOM, and compostC2the highest level of resistance againstP. capsici. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids isolated from compost revealed that the three composts showed different microbial community structures. Protease,NAGaseand chitinase activities were significantly higher in compostC3, as was dehydrogenase activity in compostC2.

CONCLUSION

The use of specific parameters such as general (dehydrogenase activity) and specific enzymatic activities (protease,NAGaseand chitinase activities) may be useful to predict compost suppressiveness against both pathogens. The selection of raw materials for agro‐industrial composts is important in controllingFusariumwilt andPhytophthoraroot rot. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Crop load and harvest maturity effects on consumer preferences for apricots
Authors: Stanley Jill , Feng Jinquan , Olsson Shane
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Improving apricot fruit quality delivered to consumers is key to ensuring a successful apricot industry. Previous studies have focused on effects of either soluble solids content (SSC) or fruit firmness on consumer preferences, and results have been equivocal. This study evaluated the effects of crop load and harvest maturity how they affected on fruit SSC and firmness, and on subsequent consumer preferences.

RESULTS

SSC of apricots was an important factor only when fruit were firmer than 15 N and not immature. When fruit were softer than 15 N, SSC had little influence on consumer liking. In general, consumers preferred fruit that were grown on trees thinned to approximately 10–20% less than typical commercial crop loads and were harvested in a more mature condition. Consumers also preferred fruit that had a higher sugar/acid ratio or BrimA value, which is the °Brix − k × titratable acidity, where k is a constant that varies between species and cultivars depending on the specific acids and sugars present. High apricot flavour and juiciness were associated with greater sweetness.

CONCLUSION

Management practices that increase fruit SSC and sugar/acid ratio, such as reducing crop load, will improve consumer satisfaction as long as fruit are harvested at an adequate maturity stage and are maintained in storage so that they do not soften too quickly. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Exploring Visitor Experiences, Activities and Benefits at Three Religious Tourism Sites
Authors: Bond Nigel , Packer Jan , Ballantyne Roy
Published: July 2014

This research examines and compares the experiences of visitors (N = 534) to three different Christian religious heritage sites: Canterbury Cathedral, the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham and the Glastonbury Abbey Christian pilgrimage festival. Employing the activity, setting, experience and benefit framework, the findings indicate that the three religious sites attract visitors who seek different kinds of experiences and report different kinds of benefits. Results indicate that restorative experiences and benefits often overshadow the spiritual or cognitive benefits that many believe to be the primary outcomes of religious tourism. These results challenge traditional ideas about what it means to be a visitor at historical religious sites. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cheek fistula from the ectopic salivary gland: A variant of the oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum
Authors: Sun Zhi‐Peng , Hong Xia , Ma Xu‐Chen , Zhang Zu‐Yan , Yu Guang‐Yan
Published: July 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study aimed to investigate the diagnosis and management of a distinct developmental deformity syndrome characterized by congenital cheek fistula, ectopic accessory parotid gland, and preauricular appendage.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

We analyzed the medical records, radiologic and histopathologic findings, and follow‐up data for seven patients (four males) with a congenital cheek salivary fistula. Computed tomography, fistulography, and sialography had been performed for diagnosis. Surgical treatment effect was evaluated.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 8.1 years (range, 2–16 years). The distinctive clinical feature was a congenital skin orifice lateral to the commissure with saliva discharge during eating. The cheek fistulae were accompanied by ipsilateral preauricular appendages in all seven patients. The skin orifice connected to an ectopic gland anterior to the masseter and inferior to Stensen's duct. Parotid sialography demonstrated an intact Stensen's duct in all cases. Hypoplasia of the ipsilateral mandible could be observed in five cases. Excision of the ectopic gland, skin orifice, and fistula was performed in five cases resulting in optimal treatment outcomes with no recurrent or adverse events.

Conclusions

A congenital saliva‐discharging fistula with an ectopic accessory parotid gland, ipsilateral preauricular appendage, and mandibular hypoplasia constitutes a rare developmental syndrome. Surgical excision can effectively treat congenital cheek salivary fistula.

Level of Evidence

4.Laryngoscope, 125:360–364, 2015
Bulk dispersion of single‐walled carbon nanotubes in silicones using diblock copolymers
Authors: Chadwick Ryan C. , Fong Darryl , Rice Nicole A. , Brook Michael A. , Adronov Alex
Published: July 2014

The interactions of a series of poly(3‐decylthiophene)‐block‐polydimethylsiloxanes (P3DT‐b‐PDMS) with single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are investigated. The formation of supramolecular complexes of P3DT‐b‐PDMS with SWNTs is studied in THF, toluene, xylenes, and CHCl3, and the resulting complexes are characterized by UV‐Vis‐NIR absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The P3DT‐b‐PDMS‐SWNT and P3DT‐SWNT complexes are further incorporated into a commercially available silicone rubber formulation. Percolation thresholds of <0.02% (P3DT‐b‐PDMS‐SWNT) and <0.05% (P3DT‐SWNT) are measured. A decrease in the percolation threshold when using the block copolymer for nanotube dispersion is observed, suggesting that the presence of a covalently‐linked PDMS block improves SWNT distribution in the silicone elastomer and allows a percolation network to form at low SWNT loadings. In addition, it is found that entanglement of the silicone block of P3DT‐PDMS with bulk silicones results in anchoring of the nanotubes within the composite, and leads to reversible conductivity changes upon repeated stretching and relaxation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 265–273
Functional aqueous assemblies of linear‐dendron hybrids
Authors: Whitton Greg , Gillies Elizabeth R.
Published: July 2014

Linear‐dendron (LD) hybrids are macromolecules comprising a linear polymer or oligomer conjugated at one or both termini with branched macromolecules called dendrons. Since their introduction approximately 2 decades ago, tremendous progress has been made in their synthesis, the study of their self‐assembly, and toward their application in a variety of fields. This highlight is focused on aqueous assemblies of LD hybrids where function is imparted by the dendron, linear component, or both. These functions include the encapsulation and release of drug molecules, enhancement of cell uptake and targeting of specific tissues, and the stabilization of enzymes for catalysis. In addition, many stimuli‐responsive LD hybrids that undergo changes in response to light, enzymes, pH, temperature, redox potential, or even multiple stimuli have been developed. LD hybrids can also be used to form networks via cross‐linking reactions. Described here are the structure–property relationships underlying the functions of these materials, along with their potential applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 148–172
On‐going developments in addressing combustible dust hazards
Authors: Frank Walt , Colonna Guy R.
Published: July 2014

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) continues to play an important role in creating guidance for identifying and controlling hazards associated with combustible dusts. Five separate standards address hazards associated with wood‐related materials, metals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, sulfur, and all other combustible dusts (e.g., paper, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals). This article will address a number of developments in NFPA's initiatives addressing combustible dust hazards. Topics to be addressed include:

The status of, and recent revisions to, NFPA's combustible dust standards;

NFPA's plans for a new combustible dust standard, which will address the common issues associated with controlling combustible dust hazards, leaving the commodity‐specific standards to address the issues unique to their scope;

A new technical correlating committee, which will help ensure greater consistency between the approaches addressed in the various combustible dust standards;

The increasing inclusion of process safety management (PSM) principles in the combustible dust standards; and

The increasing allowance provided to users of NFPA standards for the use of risk‐based decision‐making in the selection of combustible dust hazard control options.

Options exist for AIChE to provide technical support to a number of the above areas. The article will also preview a new Center for Chemical Process Safety project for providing tools for addressing combustible dust hazards. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 24–30, 2015
Applicability of currently available flare radiation models for hydrogen and syngas
Authors: Miller Derek , Jung Seungho , Lutostansky Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

The primary purpose of a flare model is to provide a reasonably accurate prediction of radiant heat flux at any point of interest around the flame in order to be able to define safe release locations. In order to do this, a flare model needs to provide a good prediction of the following critical flame parameters: flame length, flame tilt, and radiant heat fraction, including the impact of wind and release orientation on these parameters. In addition, the model needs to distribute the radiant heat along the flame in a reasonably realistic way and to allow for the transmissivity of the ambient air.

Industry standard models for vertical flares include Chamberlain [Chamberlain, Chem Eng Res Des 65 (1987)], API 521 [API STANDARD 521, Pressure‐Relieving and Depressuring Systems, 6th Edition, American Petroleum Institute, Washington DC, 2014], and Brzustowski & Sommer [API STANDARD 521, Pressure‐Relieving and Depressuring Systems, 6th Edition, American Petroleum Institute, Washington DC, 2014]. These models were originally developed primarily based on hydrocarbon data. Several commercially available consequence models allow the use of these models for all flammable materials. Due to the lack of other options, these commercially available consequence software models are often applied to hydrogen, syngas (hydrogen/carbon monoxide mixtures), and other materials that are well outside the intended scope of the models. A review has been performed to evaluate applicability of the Chamberlain, API 521, and Brzustowski & Sommer models to hydrogen and syngas, including comparison with limited published data. As a result of this review, a number of significant concerns have been identified. This has led to initiation of a new test program to collect data specifically for hydrogen and syngas and the subsequent development of new models. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 141–146, 2015
Special issue on linear parameter varying systems
Authors: Edwards Christopher , Marcos Andres , Balas Gary
Published: July 2014

This special issue contains six papers on the topic of linear parameter varying systems. The papers consider quite different theoretical problems, although four are related to either fault‐detection and fault‐isolation or fault‐tolerant control. These theoretical ideas are demonstrated on applications taken from the areas of aerospace, automotive and renewable energy engineering. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic satellite system QoS architecture integrated with IP Multimedia Subsystem core network
Authors: Baudoin Cédric , Gineste Mathieu , Emmanuel Chaput , Gelard Patrick , Bernard Julien
Published: July 2014

Convergence is one of the most important challenges for Next Generation Networks (NGN). This includes service convergence as well as fixed‐mobile convergence. The integration of satellite telecommunication system into NGN is a key to increasing the coverage of future networks and opening satellite access networks to a wider range of terrestrial solutions. Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) Return Channel via Satellite system (DVB‐RCS) and its evolution (DVB‐RCS2) are widely used European standards that are specified for broadband satellite systems using dynamic capacity assignment and multifrequency TDMA. This paper introduces a new QoS architecture derived from terrestrial IP Multimedia Subsystem solutions to provide advanced end‐to‐end QoS support, and defines cross‐layer optimization paths suited to the satellite context and in particular using DVB standards. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endothelial Interleukin-6 Defines the Tumorigenic Potential of Primary Human Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Krishnamurthy Sudha , Warner Kristy A. , Dong Zhihong , Imai Atsushi , Nör Carolina , Ward Brent B. , Helman Joseph I. , Taichman Russell S. , Bellile Emily L. , McCauley Laurie K. , Polverini Peter J. , Prince Mark E. , Wicha Max S. , Nör Jacques E.
Published: July 2014

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) contain a small subpopulation of stem cells endowed with unique capacity to generate tumors. These cancer stem cells (CSC) are localized in perivascular niches and rely on crosstalk with endothelial cells for survival and self-renewal, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. Here, we report that stromal interleukin (IL)–6 defines the tumorigenic capacity of CSC sorted from primary human HNSCC and transplanted into mice. In search for the cellular source of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), we observed a direct correlation between IL-6 levels in tumor-associated endothelial cells and the tumorigenicity of CSC. In vitro, endothelial cell-IL-6 enhanced orosphere formation, p-STAT3 activation, survival, and self-renewal of human CSC. Notably, a humanized anti-IL-6R antibody (tocilizumab) inhibited primary human CSC-mediated tumor initiation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that endothelial cell-secreted IL-6 defines the tumorigenic potential of CSC, and suggest that HNSCC patients might benefit from therapeutic inhibition of IL-6/IL-6R signaling. Stem Cells  2014;32:2845–2857
Synthesis and Surface Properties of Novel Gemini Imidazolium Surfactants
Authors: Wang Liyan , Liu Jia , Huo Shichao , Deng Qigang , Yan Tie , Ding Limin , Zhang Chao , Meng Lingwei , Lu Qiangna
Published: July 2014

Five new Gemini imidazolium surfactants were synthesized from imidazole and 1‐bromoalkane (C8, C10, C12, C14, C16) to get 1‐alkylimidazole, which was further reacted with 1,3‐dichloropropan‐2‐ol to form the surfactant molecule, 1,1′‐(propane‐1,3‐diyl‐2‐ol) bis(3‐alkyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium) chloride. The structures of the five new surfactants and intermediates were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and IR spectra. Thermal properties of the five new surfactants were studied with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, the five new surfactants showed a transition from a crystalline phase to a thermotropic liquid–crystalline phase at around ca. 100 °C, which transformed to an isotropic liquid phase at around ca. 165 °C. The five new surfactants critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in the aqueous solutions were determined by surface tension and electrical conductivity methods. The surface tension measurements provided a series of parameters, including critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), adsorption efficiency (pC20), and effectiveness of surface tension reduction (πCMC). In addition, with application of the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) and minimum surface area/molecule (Amin) at the air–water interface were obtained. The parameters β (degree of counterion binding to micelles), ΔGadsθ (Gibbs free energy of adsorption), and ΔGmicθ (Gibbs free energy change of micellization) were also derived. The results indicated that the five new Gemini surfactants exhibited very low CMC and a good efficiency in lowering the surface tension of water. The foamability and foam stability of the five new surfactants were also examined at different CMC.
Oxidative stress activates AMPK in cultured cells primarily by increasing cellular AMP and/or ADP
Authors: Auciello F. Romana , Ross Fiona A. , Ikematsu Naoko , Hardie D. Grahame
Published: July 2014

AMPK is known to be activated by oxidative stress. Addition of glucose oxidase to cells generates H2O2 at a constant rate that is opposed by enzymic degradation, providing a good model for physiological oxidative stress. AMPK activation by glucose oxidase correlated with increases in cellular AMP:ATP and was greatly reduced in cells expressing an AMP‐insensitive AMPK mutant, although a small degree of activation remained. The effects of increased AMP were partly due to inhibition of Thr172 dephosphorylation. These results suggest that changes in adenine nucleotides, rather than direct oxidative modification, are the major drivers of AMPK activation during oxidative stress.
A systematic review of the effect of daily panty liner use on the vulvovaginal environment
Authors: Pontes Ana C. , Amaral Rose L.G. , Giraldo Paulo C. , Beghini Joziani , Giraldo Helena P.D. , Cordeiro Etienne S.
Published: July 2014

Background

Whether panty liners predispose to vulvovaginitis is unclear.

Objectives

To clarify the effects of the use of panty liners on the female genital tract.

Search strategy

Several electronic databases (including PubMed and Embase) were searched to identify studies published in English before May 3, 2012.

Selection criteria

Case–control studies, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies comparing young women who did and did not use panty liners in the intermenstrual period were included.

Data collection and analysis

The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale or the Jadad Scale. Data from suitable studies were extracted for analysis.

Main results

Five articles met the inclusion criteria. Four studies—all of which included only healthy women—found no significant clinical implications arising from the use of panty liners. The fifth study was of women with recurrent candidiasis and showed that use of panty liners was associated with new candidiasis episodes.

Conclusions

The intermenstrual use of panty liners does not seem to have a negative effect on the vulvovaginal area.
Largely a matter of degrees: Quality assurance and Canadian universities
Authors: Weinrib Julian , Jones Glen A
Published: July 2014

There is no national accreditation or quality assurance mechanism for Canadian higher education. This paper argues that a number of structural characteristics that emerged as a function of the transition to mass higher education have served to stymie the development of government quality assurance mechanisms, including the decentralization of higher education policy, the development of a relatively homogeneous university sector, and the limited policy capacity of provincial ministries. The development of new types of degrees, combined with an expansion of degree-authority to new institutional types have led to the emergence of new quality mechanisms in several provinces designed to assess the quality of new degrees, but it is the universities that continue to play the central role in terms of quality assurance.
Assessing metabolic syndrome in people with ID (intellectual disabilities) on antipsychotic medication
Authors: Carballedo A. , Doran A. , Doyle M. , Flavin S. , Tyrrel J. , Kelly F. , Guerin S. , Dodd P.
Published: July 2014

Aims

To identify whether clinical information routinely collected and recorded on clinical files is available for the identification of metabolic syndrome and to assess the prevalence of risk factors for the syndrome in a sample of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) and mental illness treated with antipsychotic medication.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed for 76 adults with ID and comorbid mental illness, for whom treatment with antipsychotic medication was established. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0. The Student t-test for parametric data and χ2-test for non-parametrical data were used.

Results

Five of the six criteria for metabolic syndrome were available in all or a high proportion of the files, however no measurement for waist circumference was recorded in any of the files. Aripiprazole appears to be the least risky antipsychotic for metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion

It is important to develop a systematic protocol to record diagnostic variables for metabolic syndrome in at risk populations such as those with ID and mental illness treated with regular antipsychotics.
A global analysis of tonal noise in flows around aerofoils
Authors: Fosas de Pando Miguel , Schmid Peter J. , Sipp Denis
Published: July 2014

The generation of discrete acoustic tones in the compressible flow around an aerofoil is addressed in this work by means of nonlinear numerical simulations and global stability analyses. The nonlinear simulations confirm the appearance of discrete tones in the acoustic spectrum and, for the chosen flow case, the global stability analyses of the mean-flow dynamics reveal that the linearized operator is stable. However, the flow response to incoming disturbances exhibits important transient growth effects that culminate in the onset of aeroacoustic feedback loops, involving instability processes on the suction- and pressure-surface boundary layers together with their cross-interaction by acoustic radiation at the trailing edge. The features of the aeroacoustic feedback loops and the appearance of discrete tones are then related to the features of the least-stable modes in the global spectrum: the spatial structure of the direct modes displays the coupled dynamics of hydrodynamic instabilities on the suction surface and in the near wake. Finally, different families of global modes will be identified and the dynamics that they represent will be discussed.
Tollmien–Schlichting wave growth over spanwise-periodic surface patterns
Authors: Downs Robert S. , Fransson Jens H. M.
Published: July 2014

A novel type of surface roughness is deployed in a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer with the goal of delaying the onset of laminar-to-turbulent transition for drag reduction purposes. This proof-of-concept experiment relies on forcing phase-triggered Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves across a range of initial amplitudes to produce amplified boundary-layer disturbances in a controlled and repeatable manner. Building on earlier work demonstrating attenuation of forced disturbances and delay of transition with spanwise arrays of discrete roughness and miniature vortex generators (MVGs), the present work seeks a roughness shape which might find success in a wider range of flows. Toward that end, streamwise-elongated humps are regularly spaced in the spanwise direction to form a wavy wall. By direct modulation of the mean flow, growth rates of the forced disturbances are increased or decreased, depending on the roughness configuration. Boundary-layer velocity measurements with hot-wire probes have been performed in a parametric study of the effects of roughness-field geometry and forcing amplitude on TS-wave growth and transition. The roughness field proves detrimental to passive flow control efforts in some configurations, while a reduction in the TS-wave amplitudes compared with the smooth-wall reference case is observed at other conditions. Substantial delays in the onset of transition are demonstrated when TS waves are forced with large amplitudes.
Buoyancy scale effects in large-eddy simulations of stratified turbulence
Authors: Khani Sina , Waite Michael L.
Published: July 2014

In this paper large-eddy simulations (LES) of forced stratified turbulence using two common subgrid scale (SGS) models, the Kraichnan and Smagorinsky models, are studied. As found in previous studies using regular and hyper-viscosity, vorticity contours show elongated horizontal motions, which are layered in the vertical direction, along with intermittent Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instabilities. Increased stratification causes the layer thickness to collapse towards the dissipation scale, ultimately suppressing these instabilities. The vertical energy spectra are relatively flat out to a local maximum, which varies with the buoyancy frequency $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}N$. The horizontal energy spectra depend on the grid spacing $\varDelta $; if the resolution is fine enough, the horizontal spectrum shows an approximately $-5/3$ slope along with a bump at the buoyancy wavenumber $k_b = N/u_{rms}$, where $u_{rms}$ is the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) velocity. Our results show that there is a critical value of the grid spacing $\varDelta $, below which dynamics of stratified turbulence are well-captured in LES. This critical $\varDelta $ depends on the buoyancy scale $L_b$ and varies with different SGS models: the Kraichnan model requires $\varDelta < 0.47 L_b$, while the Smagorinsky model requires $\varDelta < 0.17 L_b$. In other words, the Smagorinsky model is significantly more costly than the Kraichnan approach, as it requires three times the resolution to adequately capture stratified turbulence.
Effects of single and combined gabapentin use in elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests
Authors: Kilic Fatma Sultan , Ismailoglu Sule , Kaygisiz Bilgin , Oner Setenay
Published: July 2014

Background

Gabapentin, a third-generation antiepileptic drug, is a structural analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid, which is an important mediator of central nervous system. There is clinical data indicating its effectiveness in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects and mechanisms of gabapentin in rats.

Material and Methods

Female Spraque–Dawley rats weighing 250±20 g were used. A total of 13 groups were formed, each containing 8 rats: gabapentin (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg), amitriptyline (10 mg/kg), sertraline (5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg), ketamine (10 mg/kg), gabapentin 20 mg/kg was also combined with amitriptyline (10 mg/kg), sertraline (5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg). All the drugs were used intraperitoneally as single dose. Saline was administered to the control group. Elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests were used as experimental models of anxiety and depression, respectively.

Results

It was observed that gabapentin showed an anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effect in all doses in rats. Its antidepressant effect was found to be the same as the antidepressant effects of amitriptyline and sertraline. There was no change in the antidepressant effect when gabapentin was combined with amitriptyline and ketamine, but there was an increase when combined with sertraline and diazepam. Gabapentin and amitriptyline showed similar anxiolytic effect, whereas ketamine and diazepam had more potent anxiolytic effect compared with them.

Conclusions

These data suggest that gabapentin may possess antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects.
Foreign Currency Returns and Systematic Risks
Authors: Atanasov Victoria , Nitschka Thomas
Published: July 2014

We apply an empirical approximation of the intertemporal capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) to show that cross-sectional dispersion in currency returns can be rationalized by differences in currency excess returns’ sensitivities to the market return’s cash-flow news component. This finding echoes recent explanations of the value and growth stock market anomaly. The distinction between cash-flow news and discount-rate news is key to jointly explain average stock and currency returns. Our analysis reveals the presence of a common source of systematic risk in stock and foreign currency returns that is reflected in the market return’s cash-flow news component.
Oxidised cellulose powder for haemostasis following sinus surgery: a pilot randomised trial
Authors: Al-Shaikh S , Muddaiah A , Lee R J , Bhutta M F
Published: July 2014

Background:

Haemorrhage is the most common major complication of endoscopic sinus surgery. Post-operative absorbable or non-absorbable nasal packing can cause pain and blockage. Haemostatic powders or gels may prevent this problem. However, when based on factors in the clotting cascade, they induce an inflammatory reaction and can cause post-operative synechiae. Oxidised cellulose powder produces haemostasis without inducing synechiae formation, but has not been trialled for sinus surgery.

Method:

A randomised clinical trial was performed to compare cellulose powder to non-absorbable packing following sinus surgery. Participants were 50 consecutive patients undergoing sinus surgery, 47 of whom completed the study. The main outcome measures were post-operative bleeding, pain scores and synechiae formation.

Results:

Cellulose powder was effective at stopping bleeding, and was associated with less pain than nasal packing, with no evidence of increased synechiae formation.

Conclusion:

Cellulose powder appears to be a good haemostatic agent following sinus surgery. A larger trial would allow more accurate quantification of its effectiveness.