bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soft Compression for Lossless Image Coding Based on Shape Recognition
Authors: Xin Gangtao , Fan Pingyi
Published: December 2021

Soft compression is a lossless image compression method that is committed to eliminating coding redundancy and spatial redundancy simultaneously. To do so, it adopts shapes to encode an image. In this paper, we propose a compressible indicator function with regard to images, which gives a threshold of the average number of bits required to represent a location and can be used for illustrating the working principle. We investigate and analyze soft compression for binary image, gray image and multi-component image with specific algorithms and compressible indicator value. In terms of compression ratio, the soft compression algorithm outperforms the popular classical standards PNG and JPEG2000 in lossless image compression. It is expected that the bandwidth and storage space needed when transmitting and storing the same kind of images (such as medical images) can be greatly reduced with applying soft compression.
Determining the Unit Values of the Allocation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Production of Biofuels in the Life Cycle
Authors: Niekurzak Mariusz
Published: December 2021

Thanks to the allocation methods, i.e., the division of the total GHG emissions between each of the products generated in the production of biofuels, it is possible to reduce the emissions of these gases by up to 35% in relation to the production and combustion of fuels derived from crude oil. As part of this study, the biodiesel production process was analyzed in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. On the basis of the obtained results, the key factors influencing the emissions level of the biodiesel production process were identified. In order to assess the sensitivity of the results of the adopted allocation method, this study included calculations of GHG emissions with an allocation method based on mass, energy, and financial shares. The article reviews recent advances that have the potential to enable a sustainable energy transition, a green economy, and carbon neutrality in the biofuels sector. The paper shows that the technology used for the production of biodiesel is of great importance for sustainable development. The possibility of using renewable raw materials for the production of fuels leads to a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels and lower emission of pollutants. It showed that during the combustion of biodiesel, the percentages of released gas components, with the exception of nitrogen oxides, which increased by 13%, were significantly lower: CO2—78%, CO—43%, SO2—100%, PM10—32%, and volatile hydrocarbons—63%. Moreover, it was found that biodiesel undergoes five times faster biodegradation in the environment than diesel oil.
Findings from Measurements of the Electric Power Demand of Air Compressors
Authors: Hummel Ulf , Radgen Peter , Ülker Sercan , Schelle Ralph
Published: December 2021

The compressed air electric ratio (CAER) describes the ratio of the real electric power demand to the nominal mechanical power of an air compressor. The CAER is an important indicator as the electric power demand of air compressors varies throughout its operation dependent on compressor technology, pressure ratio, and free air delivery. The nameplate power of the compressor drive motor is not sufficient for evaluating the electric power demand; therefore, the CAER plays an important role in assessing the electric operating power demand. In this paper, results from measurements of fixed speed and variable speed (VFD) compressors are presented with the analysis of key influencing factors of the CAER. The data show that the pressure ratio of operating pressure to the maximum design outlet pressure has the largest impact on the CAER. For VFD compressors, the CAER is represented as a linear function dependent on the respective load. Fixed and variable speed compressors’ CAERs are always dependent on the load condition. In idle condition, the CAER was measured to be 0.2. In full load condition with a pressure ratio of 0.6, the CAER averages at a value of 0.87, meaning a 90 kW compressor at 0.6 pressure ratio draws 78.3 kW electric power.
The Analytical Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Characteristics of Four Typical Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Eddy Current Couplers
Authors: Li Yibo , Huang Jiacai , Gao Fangzheng , Zhu Zhiying , Han Yufei , Li Yao , Sun Quan , Zhang Duo
Published: December 2021

The analytical model of a permanent magnet eddy current coupler (PMECC) is mainly used for evaluation of its characteristics and the initial optimization of design. Based on the equivalent magnetic circuit method, this paper carries out analytical modeling for four typical PMECCs composed of surface-mounted and interior permanent magnet, slotted and non-slotted conductor rotors, which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent research in this paper. The basic electromagnetic characteristics of the PMECCs are investigated by the established analytical model. Simultaneously, the analytical results about permeance, flux density, torque and power are verified by FEA simulation. The analysis results show that the slotted CR will obtain a much higher power density, and the iron loss mainly exists in the CRs. In addition, the analytical and FEA results agree well, which proves the reliability of the proposed, nearly unified analytical model.
The Contributions of Biomass Supply for Bioenergy in the Post-COVID-19 Recovery
Authors: Kulisic Biljana , Gagnon Bruno , Schweinle Jörg , Van Holsbeeck Sam , Brown Mark , Simurina Jurica , Dimitriou Ioannis , McDonald Heather
Published: December 2021

This research investigates how biomass supply chains (BSChs) for bioenergy within the broader bioeconomy could contribute to the post-COVID-19 recovery in three dimensions: boosting economic growth, creating jobs, and building more resilient and cleaner energy systems in four future scenarios, in the short term (by 2023) and long term (by 2030). A SWOT analysis on BSChs was used for generating a questionnaire for foresight by a two-round Delphi study. To interpret the results properly, a short survey and literature review is executed to record BSChs behavior during the pandemic. In total, 23 (55% response rate) and 28 (46% response rate) biomass experts from three continents participated in the Delphi and the short survey, respectively. The strongest impact from investment in BSChs would be on economic growth, followed by a contribution to the resilient and cleaner energy systems and job creation. The effects would be more visible in the long- than in the short-term period. Investments with the most impact on recovery are those that improve biomass material efficiency and circularity. Refurbishment of current policies to enhance the supply of biomass as a renewable resource to the future economy is a must.
(Circular) Path Dependence—The Role of Vineyards in Land Use, Society and Regional Development—The Case of Lubuskie Region (Poland)
Authors: Jeziorska-Biel Pamela , Leśniewska-Napierała Katarzyna , Czapiewski Konrad
Published: December 2021

The main goals of the article are: (a) presentation of the wine traditions of the region in the context of the concept of path dependence and wastescapes, as well as their impact on the spatial, social and promotional aspect of wine making; (b) identification and characteristics of the vineyards in Lubuskie Region in 2021; and (c) linking wine traditions with creating the identity of the region and implementing activities supporting its development. A case study was performed in accordance with the triangulation of research methods and techniques: (1) analysis of existing data and relating them to the activities of vineyards; (2) covert participant observation technique; and (3) qualitative field interviews with vineyard owners or managers. The vineyards of the Lubuskie Region are an important tourist attraction and local wines enrich the local food offers. However, the scale of production, still being rather small, comes with higher costs of obtaining the final product. At the social level, wine-growing activity presents a great deal of value and importance, and appears to be a reflection of positive endeavours. Wine making in the region is a complex example of contemporary cultural and social processes that are only just beginning to be observed in area.
Two-Stage Robust and Economic Scheduling for Electricity-Heat Integrated Energy System under Wind Power Uncertainty
Authors: Liu Ruijie , Bao Zhejing , Zheng Jun , Lu Lingxia , Yu Miao
Published: December 2021

As renewable energy increasingly penetrates into electricity-heat integrated energy system (IES), the severe challenges arise for system reliability under uncertain generations. A two-stage approach consisting of pre-scheduling and re-dispatching coordination is introduced for IES under wind power uncertainty. In pre-scheduling coordination framework, with the forecasted wind power, the robust and economic generations and reserves are optimized. In re-dispatching, the coordination of electric generators and combined heat and power (CHP) unit, constrained by the pre-scheduled results, are implemented to absorb the uncertain wind power prediction error. The dynamics of building and heat network is modeled to characterize their inherent thermal storage capability, being utilized in enhancing the flexibility and improving the economics of IES operation; accordingly, the multi-timescale of heating and electric networks is considered in pre-scheduling and re-dispatching coordination. In simulations, it is shown that the approach could improve the economics and robustness of IES under wind power uncertainty by taking advantage of thermal storage properties of building and heat network, and the reserves of electricity and heat are discussed when generators have different inertia constants and ramping rates.
A Piezoelectric Wave Energy Harvester Using Plucking-Driven and Frequency Up-Conversion Mechanism
Authors: Chen Shao-En , Yang Ray-Yeng , Qiu Zeng-Hui , Wu Chia-Che
Published: December 2021

In this study, a plucking-driven piezoelectric wave energy harvester (PDPWEH) consisted of a buoy, a gear train frequency up-conversion mechanism, and an array of piezoelectric cantilever beams was developed. The gear train frequency up-conversion mechanism with compact components included a rack, three gears, and a geared cam provide less energy loss to improve electrical output. Six individual piezoelectric composite beams were plucked by geared cam to generate electrical power in the array of piezoelectric cantilever beams. A sol-gel method was used to create the piezoelectric composite beams. To investigate PDPWEH, a mathematical model based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory was derived. The developed PDPWEH was tested in a wave flume. The wave heights were set to 100 and 75 mm, the wave periods were set to 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 s. The maximum output voltage of the measured value was 12.4 V. The maximum RMS voltage was 5.01 V, which was measured by connecting to an external 200 kΩ resistive load. The maximum average electrical power was 125.5 μw.
Research on the New Drive of a Laboratory Screen with Rectilinear Vibrations in Transient States
Authors: Feliks Jacek , Tomach Paweł , Foszcz Dariusz , Gawenda Tomasz , Olejnik Tomasz
Published: December 2021

The paper presents the results of research on the vibrating motion of a laboratory screen with a rectilinear (segmental) trajectory of vibrations during its start-up and braking. The investigations were carried out on a modernized stand equipped with a system of two vibrating motors applied in newer solutions of industrial screens, which are mounted directly on the riddle. The tests were carried out for three different frequencies using three-axis acceleration sensors. The analysed parameter was the increase in the amplitude of vibrations in transient states compared to the amplitude during the stable operation of the device. The maximum multiplication of the vibration amplitude of the classic drive system during start-up was 9.7 (mm/mm) in the vertical direction and 5.7 (mm/mm) for the new system. During braking, the maximum multiplication of the vibration amplitude of the classic drive system was 6.9 (mm/mm) vertically, while for the drive system with vibration motors, it was 11.4 (mm/mm). The absence of flexible couplings in the drive system reduces the damping of vibrations and increases the value of amplitude during the start-up and free braking of the machine. This does not have a major influence on the correct operation of the machine in a steady state. However, the use of the new drive system resulted in a significant reduction in power demand and shortened the start-up time, which has a positive effect on the operating costs of the machine.
Influence of Salinity on the Microbial Community Composition and Metabolite Profile in Kimchi
Authors: Lee Mi-Ai , Choi Yun-Jeong , Lee Hyojung , Hwang Sojeong , Lee Hye Jin , Park Sung Jin , Chung Young Bae , Yun Ye-Rang , Park Sung-Hee , Min Sunggi , Kwon Lee-Seung , Seo Hye-Young
Published: December 2021

Kimchi, a popular traditional Korean fermented food, is produced by fermenting vegetables with various spices and salt. Salt plays an important role in the preparation of kimchi and affects its taste and flavor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of salinity on kimchi fermentation. The salinities of five sets of kimchi samples were adjusted to 1.4%, 1.7%, 2.0%, 2.2%, and 2.5%. The characteristics of each kimchi sample, including its pH, acidity, free sugar content, free amino acid content, organic acid content, and microbial community composition, were evaluated during kimchi fermentation. The low-salinity kimchi sample showed a rapid decline in the pH at the beginning of the fermentation process, a relatively high abundance of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and high mannitol production. In the late fermentation period, Latilactobacillus sakei had a higher abundance in the kimchi sample with high salinity than in other samples. In the initial stage of fermentation, the metabolite composition did not differ based on salinity, whereas the composition was considerably altered from the third week of fermentation. The findings showed variations in the characteristics and standardized manufacturing processes of kimchi at various salt concentrations. Therefore, salinity significantly affected the types and concentrations of fermentation metabolites in kimchi.
Estimation of Turbulent Triplet Covariances for Bora Flows
Authors: Večenaj Željko , Malečić Barbara , Grisogono Branko
Published: December 2021

Bora is a strong or severe, relatively cold, gusty wind that usually blows from the northastern quadrant at the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. In this study bora’s turbulence triplet covariances were analysed, for the first time, for bora flows. The measurements used were obtained from the measuring tower on Pometeno brdo (“Swept-Away Hill”), in the hinterland of the city of Split, Croatia. From April 2010 until June 2011 three components of wind speed and sonic temperature were measured. The measurements were performed on three heights, 10, 22 and 40 m above the ground with the sampling frequency of 5 Hz. During the observed period, total of 60 bora episodes were isolated. We analyse the terms in prognostic equations for turbulence variances. In that respect, the viscous dissipation term was calculated using two approaches: (i) inertial dissipation method (εIDM) and (ii) direct approach from the prognostic equations for variances of turbulence (εEQ). We determine that the direct approach can successfully reproduce the shape of the curve, but the values are for several orders of magnitudes smaller compared to the real data. Further, linear relationship between εIDM and εEQ was obtained. Using the results for εEQ, viscous dissipation rate in longitudinal, transversal and vertical direction was determined. It is shown that viscous dissipation has the greatest impact on bora’s longitudinal direction. The focus is on the turbulence transport term, i.e., the triplet covariance term. For the first time, it is found that turbulence transport is very significant for the intensity of near−surface bora flows. Furthermore, turbulence transport can be both positive and negative, yet intensive. It is mostly negative at the upper levels and positive at the lower levels. Therefore, turbulence transport, in most cases, takes away turbulence variance from the upper levels and brings it down to the lower ones. This is one of the main findings of this study; it adds to the understanding of peculiarities of bora wind, and perhaps some other severe winds.
The Application of Bacillus subtilis for Adhesion Inhibition of Pseudomonas and Preservation of Fresh Fish
Authors: Zhang Wen , Tong Qiuxia , You Jiahong , Lv Xucong , Liu Zhibin , Ni Li
Published: December 2021

Inhibiting the growth of spoilage bacteria, such as Pseudomonas spp., is key to reducing spoilage in fish. The mucus adhesion test in vitro showed that the adhesion ability of Bacillus subtilis was positively correlated with its inhibition ability to Pseudomonas spp. In vivo experiments of tilapia showed that dietary supplementation with B. subtilis could reduce the adhesion and colonization of Pseudomonas spp. in fish intestines and flesh, as well as reduce total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) production. High throughput and metabolomic analysis showed treatment with B. subtilis, especially C6, reduced the growth of Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Fusobacterium spp., and Enterobacterium spp., as well as aromatic spoilage compounds associated with these bacteria, such as indole, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenol, and 1-octen-3-ol. Our work showed that B. subtilis could improve the flavor of fish by changing the intestinal flora of fish, and it shows great promise as a microecological preservative.
Meat Quality Parameters of Boschveld Indigenous Chickens as Influenced by Dietary Yellow Mealworm Meal
Authors: Selaledi Letlhogonolo , Baloyi Josephine , Mbajiorgu Christian , Sebola Amenda Nthabiseng , Kock Henriette de , Mabelebele Monnye
Published: December 2021

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) meal inclusion in diets of indigenous chickens. A total of 160 mixed-sex indigenous Boschveld chickens were randomly divided into four categories: control soybean meal (SBM) and yellow mealworm with percentage levels of 5, 10 and 15 (TM5, TM10 and TM15, respectively). Five replicate pens per treatment were used, with eight birds per pen/replicate. On day 60, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered and eviscerated. Meat quality parameters were measured out on raw carcass and cooked breast meat. The carcass weight, breast weight and gizzard weight of the control group was higher (p < 0.05) than the treatment group (TM15). The cooking loss was lower (p < 0.05) in the SBM control group but higher in the TM15 group. Colour characteristics of breast meat before cooking was lighter in the TM10 and TM15 group, ranged from 61.7 to 69.3 for L* and was significant (p < 0.05). The TM10 and TM15 groups showed a lighter colour than the SBM and TM5 groups. The breast meat pH taken after slaughter was different (p < 0.05) in TM5 and TM15, with the highest reading (pH 6.0) in the TM5 group. In conclusion, our experiment indicated that dietary Tenebrio molitor in growing Boschveld indigenous chickens’ diets could be considered a promising protein source for Boschveld indigenous chickens.
The Sensory Profiles of Flatbreads Made from Sorghum, Cassava, and Cowpea Flour Used as Wheat Flour Alternatives
Authors: Dankwa Rita , Aisala Heikki , Kayitesi Eugenie , de Kock Henriette L.
Published: December 2021

Sorghum, cowpea, and cassava are underutilised gluten-free sources of flour that have the potential to be used in bread products in sub-Saharan Africa. Excessive wheat imports affect the economies of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, driving the search for wheat flour alternatives. To extend the use of sorghum, cowpea, and cassava flours toward bread production, it is vital that the sensory properties of these flours are better understood. A trained sensory panel evaluated and described the sensory properties of flatbread models prepared from red non-tannin sorghum, fractions (whole and dehulled) of two cowpea varieties, cassava starch, and designated flour composites. The composites were prepared using cassava starch and sorghum flour at 0%, 35%, and 70%, respectively, with 30% cowpea flour. The addition of sorghum intensified sorghum aroma in flatbread, while cowpea flours contributed a beany flavour. Flatbreads from cassava-cowpea composites had a chewier and rubberier mouthfeel, an intense fermented aroma and flavour, and a sour aftertaste compared to single flours, but were most similar to the wheat flatbread, with a residual beany flavour. Information from this study can guide food product developers toward developing new bread products from sorghum, cassava, and cowpea composite flours, thereby moving Africa towards a more sustainable food system. Further research on the effects of the sensory characteristics on consumer liking of the flatbreads is needed.
γ-ray Flux and Spectral Variability of Blazar Ton 599 during Its 2021 Flare
Authors: Rajput Bhoomika , Pandey Ashwani
Published: December 2021

Blazars are known to emit exceptionally variable non-thermal emission over the wide range (from radio to γ-rays) of electromagnetic spectrum. We present here the results of our γ-ray flux and spectral variability study of the blazar Ton 599, which has been recently observed in the γ-ray flaring state. Using 0.1–300 GeV γ-ray data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (hereinafter Fermi), we generated one-day binned light curve of Ton 599 for a period of about one-year from MJD 59,093 to MJD 59,457. During this one year period, the maximum γ-ray flux detected was 2.24 ± 0.25 × 10−6 ph cm−2 s−1 at MJD 59,399.50. We identified three different flux states, namely, epoch A (quiescent), epoch B (pre-flare) and epoch C (main-flare). For each epoch, we calculated the γ-ray flux variability amplitude (Fvar) and found that the source showed largest flux variations in epoch C with Fvar∼ 35%. We modelled the γ-ray spectra for each epoch and found that the Log-parabola model adequately describes the γ-ray spectra for all the three epochs. We estimated the size of the γ-ray emitting region as 1.03 × 1016 cm and determined that the origin of γ-ray radiation, during the main-flare, could be outside of the broad line region.
Synthesis and Characterization of Slow-Release Fertilizer Hydrogel Based on Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Glycerol and Blended Paper
Authors: Kareem Semiu A. , Dere Idayatu , Gungula Daniel T. , Andrew Fartisincha Peingurta , Saddiq Abdullahi M. , Adebayo Elizabeth F. , Tame Vadlya T. , Kefas Haruna M. , Joseph Japari , Patrick David O.
Published: December 2021

In this study, biodegradable slow-release fertilizer (SRF) hydrogels were synthesized from hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol and urea (SRF1) and HPMC, PVA, glycerol, urea and blended paper (SRF2). The fertilizer hydrogels were characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. The swelling capacity of the hydrogels in both distilled and tap water as well as their water retention capacity in sandy soil were evaluated. The hydrogels had good swelling capacity with maximum swelling ratio of 17.2 g/g and 15.6 g/g for SRF1 and SRF2 in distilled, and 14.4 g/g and 15.2 g/g in tap water, respectively. The water retention capacity of the hydrogels in sandy soil exhibited higher water retention when compared with soil without the (SRFs). The soil with the hydrogels was found to have higher water retention than the soil without the hydrogels. The slow-release profile of the hydrogels was also evaluated. The result suggested that the prepared fertilizer hydrogels has a good controlled release capacity. The blended paper component in SRF2 was observed to aid effective release of urea, with about 87.01% release in soil at 44 days compared to the pure urea which was about 97% release within 4 days. The addition of blended paper as a second layer matrix was found to help improve the release properties of the fertilizer. The swelling kinetic of the hydrogel followed Schott’s second order model. The release kinetics of urea in water was best described by Kormeye Peppas, suggesting urea release to be by diffusion via the pores and channels of the SRF, which can be controlled by changing the swelling of the SRF. However, the release mechanism in soil is best described by first order kinetic model, suggesting that the release rate in soil is depended on concentration and probably on diffusion rate via the pores and channels of the SRF.
Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Relaxation Techniques on Psychological, Physiological, and Biochemical Stress Indicators
Authors: Mazgelytė Eglė , Rekienė Virginija , Dereškevičiūtė Edita , Petrėnas Tomas , Songailienė Jurgita , Utkus Algirdas , Chomentauskas Gintaras , Karčiauskaitė Dovilė
Published: December 2021

Various relaxation techniques could benefit from merging with virtual reality (VR) technologies, as these technologies are easily applicable, involving, and user-friendly. To date, it is unclear which relaxation technique using biofeedback combined with VR technology is the most effective. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of brief VR-based biofeedback-assisted relaxation techniques including electroencephalographic biofeedback, mindfulness-based biofeedback, galvanic skin response biofeedback, and respiratory biofeedback. Forty-three healthy volunteers (age 34.7 ± 7.2 years), comprising 28 (65%) women and 15 (35%) men, were enrolled in the study. All the participants were exposed to four distinct relaxation sessions according to a computer-generated random sequence. The efficacy of relaxation methods was evaluated by examining psychological, physiological, and biochemical stress indicators. All VR-based relaxation techniques reduced salivary steroid hormone (i.e., cortisol, cortisone, and total glucocorticoid) levels and increased galvanic skin response values. Similarly, all interventions led to a significantly reduced subjectively perceived psychological strain level. Three out of the four interventions (i.e., electroencephalographic, respiratory, and galvanic skin response-based biofeedback relaxation sessions) resulted in a decreased self-reported fatigue level. We suggest that newly developed VR-based relaxations techniques are potential tools for stress reduction and might be particularly suitable for individuals who are not capable of adhering to a strict and time-consuming stress management intervention schedule.
A Rare Case of Hepatic Abscess That Resolved after Drainage of Pleural Empyema
Authors: Ajibola Oluwafemi Augustine , Aremu Taiwo Opeyemi , Oluwole Oluwatosin Esther , Olayiwola Olawunmi , Khokhar Nida , Apedo Matthew , Cluzet Valerie
Published: December 2021

Empyema has rarely been associated with hepatic abscess. In patients with concurrent empyema and hepatic abscess, hepatic abscess drainage is usually required after drainage of the pleura. We present a rare case of a 91-year-old Caucasian man who presented with a 2-week history of productive cough, fever, shortness of breath, and generalized malaise. The patient was found to have concurrent streptococci empyema and hepatic abscess, and, interestingly, the hepatic abscess resolved after the drainage of the empyema and initiation of antibiotics.
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) in Innate Immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases
Authors: Wicherska-Pawłowska Katarzyna , Wróbel Tomasz , Rybka Justyna
Published: December 2021

The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the first line of host defense against infections and is equipped with patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Several classes of PRRS, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize distinct microbial components and directly activate immune cells. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, while NLRs and RLRs are intracellular molecules. Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of overlapping and unique genes involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. The innate immune system also influences pathways involved in cancer immunosurveillance. Natural and synthetic agonists of TLRs, NLRs, or RLRs can trigger cell death in malignant cells, recruit immune cells, such as DCs, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment, and are being explored as promising adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we provide a concise overview of TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs: their structure, functions, signaling pathways, and regulation. We also describe various ligands for these receptors and their possible application in treatment of hematopoietic diseases.
Ellagic Acid Prevents α-Synuclein Aggregation and Protects SH-SY5Y Cells from Aggregated α-Synuclein-Induced Toxicity via Suppression of Apoptosis and Activation of Autophagy
Authors: Ardah Mustafa T , Eid Nabil , Kitada Tohru , Haque M. Emdadul
Published: December 2021

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons and the deposition of misfolded proteins known as Lewy bodies (LBs), which contain α-synuclein (α-syn). The causes and molecular mechanisms of PD are not clearly understood to date. However, misfolded proteins, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy are believed to play important roles in the pathogenesis of PD. Importantly, α-syn is considered a key player in the development of PD. The present study aimed to assess the role of Ellagic acid (EA), a polyphenol found in many fruits, on α-syn aggregation and toxicity. Using thioflavin and seeding polymerization assays, in addition to electron microscopy, we found that EA could dramatically reduce α-syn aggregation. Moreover, EA significantly mitigated the aggregated α-syn-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and thus enhanced their viability. Mechanistically, these cytoprotective effects of EA are mediated by the suppression of apoptotic proteins BAX and p53 and a concomitant increase in the anti-apoptotic protein, BCL-2. Interestingly, EA was able to activate autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells, as evidenced by normalized/enhanced expression of LC3-II, p62, and pAKT. Together, our findings suggest that EA may attenuate α-syn toxicity by preventing aggregation and improving viability by restoring autophagy and suppressing apoptosis.
Plasma Lipid Profiling Contributes to Untangle the Complexity of Moyamoya Arteriopathy
Authors: Dei Cas Michele , Carrozzini Tatiana , Pollaci Giuliana , Potenza Antonella , Nava Sara , Canavero Isabella , Tinelli Francesca , Gorla Gemma , Vetrano Ignazio G. , Acerbi Francesco , Ferroli Paolo , Ciceri Elisa F. , Esposito Silvia , Saletti Veronica , Ciusani Emilio , Zulueta Aida , Paroni Rita , Parati Eugenio A. , Ghidoni Riccardo , Bersano Anna , Gatti Laura
Published: December 2021

Moyamoya arteriopathy (MA) is a rare cerebrovascular disorder characterized by ischemic/hemorrhagic strokes. The pathophysiology is unknown. A deregulation of vasculogenic/angiogenic/inflammatory pathways has been hypothesized as a possible pathophysiological mechanism. Since lipids are implicated in modulating neo-vascularization/angiogenesis and inflammation, their deregulation is potentially involved in MA. Our aim is to evaluate angiogenic/vasculogenic/inflammatory proteins and lipid profile in plasma of MA patients and control subjects (healthy donors HD or subjects with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease ACVD). Angiogenic and inflammatory protein levels were measured by ELISA and a complete lipidomic analysis was performed on plasma by mass spectrometry. ELISA showed a significant decrease for MMP-9 released in plasma of MA. The untargeted lipidomic analysis showed a cumulative depletion of lipid asset in plasma of MA as compared to HD. Specifically, a decrease in membrane complex glycosphingolipids peripherally circulating in MA plasma with respect to HD was observed, likely suggestive of cerebral cellular recruitment. The quantitative targeted approach demonstrated an increase in free sphingoid bases, likely associated with a deregulated angiogenesis. Our findings indicate that lipid signature could play a central role in MA and that a detailed biomarker profile may contribute to untangle the complex, and still obscure, pathogenesis of MA.
The Small-Molecule Wnt Inhibitor ICG-001 Efficiently Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Stemness and Metastasis by Suppressing MEIS1 Expression
Authors: Choi Jang-Hyun , Jang Tae-Young , Jeon So-El , Kim Jee-Heun , Lee Choong-Jae , Yun Hyeon-Ji , Jung Ji-Youn , Park So-Yeon , Nam Jeong-Seok
Published: December 2021

Recurrence and metastasis remain major obstacles in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. Recent studies suggest that a small subpopulation of cells with a self-renewal ability, called cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), promotes recurrence and metastasis in CRC. Unfortunately, no CSC inhibitor has been demonstrated to be more effective than existing chemotherapeutic drugs, resulting in a significant unmet need for effective CRC therapies. In this study, transcriptomic profiling of metastatic tumors from CRC patients revealed significant upregulation in the Wnt pathway and stemness genes. Thus, we examined the therapeutic effect of the small-molecule Wnt inhibitor ICG-001 on cancer stemness and metastasis. The ICG-001 treatment efficiently attenuated self-renewal activity and metastatic potential. Mechanistically, myeloid ecotropic viral insertion site 1 (MEIS1) was identified as a target gene of ICG-001 that is transcriptionally regulated by Wnt signaling. A series of functional analyses revealed that MEIS1 enhanced the CSC behavior and metastatic potential of the CRC cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that ICG-001 efficiently inhibits CRC stemness and metastasis by suppressing MEIS1 expression. These results provide a basis for the further clinical investigation of ICG-001 as a targeted therapy for CSCs, opening a new avenue for the development of novel Wnt inhibitors for the treatment of CRC metastasis.
Jmjd3 Mediates Neuropathic Pain by Inducing Macrophage Infiltration and Activation in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Animal Model
Authors: Lee Jeeyoun , Choi Haeyoung , Park Chansol , Jeon Sangryong , Yune Taeyoung
Published: December 2021

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a major cause of chronic neuropathic back and/or leg pain. Recently, we demonstrated that a significant number of macrophages infiltrated into the cauda equina after compression injury, causing neuroinflammation, and consequently mediating neuropathic pain development and/or maintenance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage infiltration and activation have not been elucidated. Here, we demonstrated the critical role of histone H3K27 demethylase Jmjd3 in blood-nerve barrier dysfunction following macrophage infiltration and activation in LSS rats. The LSS rat model was induced by cauda equina compression using a silicone block within the epidural spaces of the L5-L6 vertebrae with neuropathic pain developing 4 weeks after compression. We found that Jmjd3 was induced in the blood vessels and infiltrated macrophages in a rat model of neuropathic pain. The blood-nerve barrier permeability in the cauda equina was increased after compression and significantly attenuated by the Jmjd3 demethylase inhibitor, GSK-J4. GSK-J4 also inhibited the expression and activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and significantly alleviated the loss of tight junction proteins and macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, the activation of a macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, by LPS was significantly alleviated by GSK-J4. Finally, GSK-J4 and a potential Jmjd3 inhibitor, gallic acid, significantly inhibited mechanical allodynia in LSS rats. Thus, our findings suggest that Jmjd3 mediates neuropathic pain development and maintenance by inducing macrophage infiltration and activation after cauda equina compression and thus may serve as a potential therapeutic target for LSS-induced neuropathic pain.
Complex Genetic Interactions between Piwi and HP1a in the Repression of Transposable Elements and Tissue-Specific Genes in the Ovarian Germline
Authors: Ilyin Artem A. , Stolyarenko Anastasia D. , Zenkin Nikolay , Klenov Mikhail S.
Published: December 2021

Insertions of transposable elements (TEs) in eukaryotic genomes are usually associated with repressive chromatin, which spreads to neighbouring genomic sequences. In ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster, the Piwi-piRNA pathway plays a key role in the transcriptional silencing of TEs considered to be exerted mostly through the establishment of H3K9me3 histone marks recruiting Heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a). Here, using RNA-seq, we investigated the expression of TEs and the adjacent genomic regions upon Piwi and HP1a germline knockdowns sharing a similar genetic background. We found that the depletion of Piwi and HP1a led to the derepression of only partially overlapping TE sets. Several TEs were silenced predominantly by HP1a, whereas the upregulation of some other TEs was more pronounced upon Piwi knockdown and, surprisingly, was diminished upon a Piwi/HP1a double-knockdown. We revealed that HP1a loss influenced the expression of thousands of protein-coding genes mostly not adjacent to TE insertions and, in particular, downregulated a putative transcriptional factor required for TE activation. Nevertheless, our results indicate that Piwi and HP1a cooperatively exert repressive effects on the transcription of euchromatic loci flanking the insertions of some Piwi-regulated TEs. We suggest that this mechanism controls the silencing of a small set of TE-adjacent tissue-specific genes, preventing their inappropriate expression in ovaries.
Targeting Mitochondrial OXPHOS and Their Regulatory Signals in Prostate Cancers
Authors: Chen Chia-Lin , Lin Ching-Yu , Kung Hsing-Jien
Published: December 2021

Increasing evidence suggests that tumor development requires not only oncogene/tumor suppressor mutations to drive the growth, survival, and metastasis but also metabolic adaptations to meet the increasing energy demand for rapid cellular expansion and to cope with the often nutritional and oxygen-deprived microenvironment. One well-recognized strategy is to shift the metabolic flow from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or respiration in mitochondria to glycolysis or fermentation in cytosol, known as Warburg effects. However, not all cancer cells follow this paradigm. In the development of prostate cancer, OXPHOS actually increases as compared to normal prostate tissue. This is because normal prostate epithelial cells divert citrate in mitochondria for the TCA cycle to the cytosol for secretion into seminal fluid. The sustained level of OXPHOS in primary tumors persists in progression to an advanced stage. As such, targeting OXPHOS and mitochondrial activities in general present therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of the key regulators of the OXPHOS pathway in prostate cancer, ranging from transcriptional regulation, metabolic regulation to genetic regulation. Moreover, we provided a comprehensive update of the current status of OXPHOS inhibitors for prostate cancer therapy. A challenge of developing OXPHOS inhibitors is to selectively target cancer mitochondria and spare normal counterparts, which is also discussed.
USP14 Regulates Cancer Cell Growth in a Fatty Acid Synthase-Independent Manner
Authors: Yang Ji Su , Yoon Naeun , Kong Mingyu , Jung Byung Hwa , Lee Hyunbeom , Park Jinyoung
Published: December 2021

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) plays an important role in cancer development, providing excess lipid sources for cancer growth by participating in de novo lipogenesis. Although several inhibitors of FASN have been developed, there are many limitations to using FASN inhibitors alone as cancer therapeutics. We therefore attempted to effectively inhibit cancer cell growth by using a FASN inhibitor in combination with an inhibitor of a deubiquitinating enzyme USP14, which is known to maintain FASN protein levels in hepatocytes. However, when FASN and USP14 were inhibited together, there were no synergistic effects on cancer cell death compared to inhibition of FASN alone. Surprisingly, USP14 rather reduced the protein levels and activity of FASN in cancer cells, although it slightly inhibited the ubiquitination of FASN. Indeed, treatment of an USP14 inhibitor IU1 did not significantly affect FASN levels in cancer cells. Furthermore, from an analysis of metabolites involved in lipid metabolism, metabolite changes in IU1-treated cells were significantly different from those in cells treated with a FASN inhibitor, Fasnall. These results suggest that FASN may not be a direct substrate of USP14 in the cancer cells. Consequently, we demonstrate that USP14 regulates proliferation of the cancer cells in a fatty acid synthase-independent manner, and targeting USP14 in combination with FASN may not be a viable method for effective cancer treatment.
Human Gut Microbiota in Health and Selected Cancers
Authors: Sędzikowska Aleksandra , Szablewski Leszek
Published: December 2021

The majority of the epithelial surfaces of our body, and the digestive tract, respiratory and urogenital systems, are colonized by a vast number of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoans, and viruses. These microbiota, particularly those of the intestines, play an important, beneficial role in digestion, metabolism, and the synthesis of vitamins. Their metabolites stimulate cytokine production by the human host, which are used against potential pathogens. The composition of the microbiota is influenced by several internal and external factors, including diet, age, disease, and lifestyle. Such changes, called dysbiosis, may be involved in the development of various conditions, such as metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto’s thyroidis and Graves’ disease; they can also play a role in nervous system disturbances, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. An association has also been found between gut microbiota dysbiosis and cancer. Our health is closely associated with the state of our microbiota, and their homeostasis. The aim of this review is to describe the associations between human gut microbiota and cancer, and examine the potential role of gut microbiota in anticancer therapy.
Efficacy and Safety of Second and Third-Generation Laser Balloon for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Compared to Radiofrequency Ablation: A Matched-Cohort
Authors: Guenancia Charles , Hammache Nefissa , Docq Clémence , Benali Karim , Hooks Darren , Echivard Mathieu , Pace Nathalie , Magnin-Poull Isabelle , de Chillou Christian , Sellal Jean-Marc
Published: December 2021

Laser balloon (LB) has emerged as an interesting strategy for pulmonary vein isolation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). A third-generation LB has recently been developed, allowing a continuous ablation set. We aimed to compare the results from our center’s experience with second and third-generation LBs to a cohort of matched patients who had undergone radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with contact-force catheters. This retrospective monocenter case-control study included our first 50 LB paroxysmal AF ablations (26 second and 24 third-generation LB) and 50 RFA controls, matched on age, sex and left atrial dilation. The two groups had similar baseline parameters. LB procedures were significantly shorter than RFA (129 (110–160) vs. 160 (119–198) min, p = 0.007). During AF ablation, two major complications occurred in each group. At the one-year follow-up, AF recurrence was diagnosed in 7 (14%) of the LB group vs. 14 (28%) of the RFA group (p = 0.14). Moreover, we observed that third-generation LB procedures were associated with shorter laser applications (22 (19–29) vs. 69 (55–76) min, p < 0.001) and procedural durations (111 (100–128) vs. 151.5 (128.5–167) min, p < 0.001) compared to second-generation LB procedures. In the context of the major increase in the number of AF ablations, LB demonstrated consistent results in terms of clinical success, complications and also reduced procedure durations compared to RFA.
Development and Validation of a Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Ectasia
Authors: Cai Zhongxing , Wang Yintang , Li Luqi , Wang Haoyu , Song Chenxi , Yin Dong , Song Weihua , Dou Kefei
Published: December 2021

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is a rare finding and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, prognostic factors are not well studied and no prognostication tool is available. In a derivation set comprising 729 consecutive CAE patients between January 2009 and June 2014, a nomogram was developed using Cox regression. Total of 399 patients from July 2014 to December 2015 formed the validation set. The primary outcome was 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a component of cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction. Besides the clinical factors, we used quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and defined QCA classification of four types, according to max diameter (< or ≥5 mm) and max length ratio (ratio of lesion length to vessel length, < or ≥1/3) of the dilated lesion. A total of 27 cardiovascular deaths and 41 nonfatal myocardial infarctions occurred at 5-year follow-up. The nomogram effectively predicted 5-year MACE risk using predictors including age, prior PCI, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and QCA classification (area under curve [AUC] 0.75, 95% CI 0.68–0.82 in the derivation set; AUC 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.86 in the validation set). Patients were classified as high-risk if prognostic scores were ≥155 and the Kaplan–Meier curves were well separated (log-rank p < 0.001 in both sets). Calibration curve and Hosmer–Lemeshow test indicated similarity between predicted and actual 5-year MACE survival (p = 0.90 in the derivation and p = 0.47 in the validation set). This study developed and validated a simple-to-use method for assessing 5-year MACE risk in patients with CAE.
Geoacoustic Estimation of the Seafloor Sound Speed Profile in Deep Passive Margin Setting Using Standard Multichannel Seismic Data
Authors: Uzhansky Ernst , Gadol Omri , Lang Guy , Katsnelson Boris , Copel Shelly , Kazaz Tom , Makovsky Yizhaq
Published: December 2021

Seafloor geoacoustic properties are important in determining sound propagation in the marine environment, which broadly affects sub-sea activities. However, geoacoustic investigation of the deep seafloor, which is required by the recent expansion of deep-water operations, is challenging. This paper presents a methodology for estimating the seafloor sound speed, c0, and a sub-bottom velocity gradient, K, in a relatively deep-water-compacting (~1000 m) passive-margin setting, based on standard commercial 2D seismic data. Here we study the seafloor of the southeastern Mediterranean margin based on data from three commercial seismic profiles, which were acquired using a 7.2 km-long horizontal receiver array. The estimation applies a geoacoustic inversion of the wide-angle reflections and the travel times of the head waves of bending rays. Under the assumption of a constant positive K, the geoacoustic inversion converges to a unique set of parameters that best satisfy the data. The analysis of 24 measurement locations revealed an increase in the average estimates of c0 from 1537 ± 13 m s−1 to 1613 ± 12 m s−1 for seafloor depths between ~1150 m and ~1350 m. K ranged between 0.75 and 0.85 m s−1 with an average of 0.80 ± 0.035 s−1. The parameters were consistent across the different locations and seismic lines and they match the values that were obtained through depth-migration-velocity analysis and empiric relations, thereby validating our estimation methodology.