bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF 2-CHLORO-4-NITROANILINE HYDROGENATION OVER SUPPORTED PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM CATALYSTS IN WATER SOLUTION OF 2-PROPANOL
Authors: Latypova Adele R. , Krasnov Alexander A. , Sharonov Nickolay Yu. , Safarov Ikfat M. , Lefedova Olga V.
Published: December 2017

The kinetics of liquid-phase hydrogenation of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline over supported platinum and palladium catalysts in the aqueous solution of 2-propanol (0.68 mole fraction) was studied. Dependences of changes in concentration of participants vs the reaction time was obtained. The orders of reaction with respect to hydrogen and initial reagent were zero and the first. The palladium catalysts in comparison with platinum catalysts absorbed more amount of hydrogen. The products of dehalogenation reaction are main by-products. The platinum catalysts, as rules, more active in the conversion of the nitro group and selective with respect to chloroamine. The chloroaniline hydrogenation over the studied catalysts proceeded on sequential scheme. So, the chloroamine was dehalogenated. The values of the rate constants for all catalyst samples were varied depending on the total metal content. It was found that low-percentage platinum catalysts allow to achieve high selectivity of hydrogenation of HNC with respect to CFDA while maintaining the values of the observed rates of hydrogen absorption the similar as palladium catalysts. It is known that the kinetic regularities of catalytic reactions are associated with the structural and physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts. In particular, palladium and platinum have different electronic structures and behave is different in the catalytic reaction. Structure characteristics have value for the reaction kinetics also. The obtained data are consistent with these facts. However, some assumption appeared, that when the nature of the solvent varies, the same catalyst can behave differently. So, determination the relationship between the structure and activity of the catalyst only is not sufficiently correct for liquid-phase systems, without including the effect of the nature of the solvent.Forcitation:Latypova A.R., Krasnov A.I., Sharonov N.Yu., Safarov I.M., Lefedova O.V. Kinetics of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline hydrogenation over supported platinum and palladium catalysts in water solution of 2-propanol. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 1. P. 42-48
BINDING MATERIALS ACTIVITY REGULATING BY MECHANICAL CHEMICAL METHODS
Authors: Kosenko Nadezhda F. , Filatova Natalya V.
Published: December 2017

It has been established that some abrading treatment of metals oxides crystallizing by halite crystal type (CaO, MgO) reduces their reactive capability. The activity reduction rate was substantially higher than that which could be explained by reducing of oxide specific surface. So, it is reduced for MgO by 30-40 %, while the oxide activity in the magnesium cement – by 250-1000 % (contrary to an impact treatment in a vibration mill). Similar results have been obtained for the interaction between calcium oxide and water, solutions of orthophosphoric acid and salts. CaO powder specific surface before and after abrading treatment by BET method reduces by 50-60 %, while variations of rate constant ranged from 1.5 to 34 times. The same mechanical treatment has a little effect on similar processes in systems where beryllium and zinc oxides are present (structure type of wurtzite). The reactive capability reduction for calcium, magnesium and cadmium oxides can be connected with some changes in the form of polycrystallites' particles in the abrading treatment process. The more prolonged abrading leads to plane sliding and some exposing flat surfaces those are characteristic for crystals of cubic syngony. Thus, an irregular defect layer is removed from grains. Small particles separated in the course of a mechanical treatment from rounded grains at the first stage (up to 5 min) show an increased activity, and then quite dense low active aggregates are formed. The more ordered zones, exposed in the course of an abrading, react slower in comparison to the initial grains, as well as to thin particles being split out. Due to this process the chemical activity reduces. On the contrary, zinc and beryllium oxides crystallites in the abrading treatment practically do not change their outline character; their chemical activity remains constant. Thus, the mechanical abrading treatment of oxides, which crystallize by halite type, really allows reducing their reactive capability in quite wide limits. This opens new opportunities in chemistry of binding materials, allowing achieving needed proportion between rates of chemical interaction and structure-forming in binding systems, which is a necessary condition for a solid monolith compositions' formation.Forcitation:Kosenko N.F., Filatova N.V. Binding materials activity regulating by mechanical chemical methods. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 1. P. 66-71
A bulky glycocalyx fosters metastasis formation by promoting G1 cell cycle progression
Authors: Woods Elliot C , Kai FuiBoon , Barnes J Matthew , Pedram Kayvon , Pickup Michael W , Hollander Michael J , Weaver Valerie M , Bertozzi Carolyn R
Published: December 2017

Metastasis depends upon cancer cell growth and survival within the metastatic niche. Tumors which remodel their glycocalyces, by overexpressing bulky glycoproteins like mucins, exhibit a higher predisposition to metastasize, but the role of mucins in oncogenesis remains poorly understood. Here we report that a bulky glycocalyx promotes the expansion of disseminated tumor cells in vivo by fostering integrin adhesion assembly to permit G1 cell cycle progression. We engineered tumor cells to display glycocalyces of various thicknesses by coating them with synthetic mucin-mimetic glycopolymers. Cells adorned with longer glycopolymers showed increased metastatic potential, enhanced cell cycle progression, and greater levels of integrin-FAK mechanosignaling and Akt signaling in a syngeneic mouse model of metastasis. These effects were mirrored by expression of the ectodomain of cancer-associated mucin MUC1. These findings functionally link mucinous proteins with tumor aggression, and offer a new view of the cancer glycocalyx as a major driver of disease progression.
United States Coast Guard (USCG) C-130 Air Dispersant Delivery System (ADDS) capability history, deployment in remote areas, and associated challenges
Authors: Gunter Tim
Published: December 2017

Among the variety of oil spill response countermeasures, including mechanical, chemical, in-situ burning and bioremediation, deployment of chemical dispersants has been successfully utilized in numerous oil spills. This paper will review the history of the United States Coast Guard (USCG) C-130 Air Dispersant Delivery System (ADDS) capability, deployment in remote areas, and associated challenges. ADDS consists of a large tank with dispersant(e.g., 51,000 pounds), owned and operated by an industry partner, used aboard USCG C-130 aircraft designed to be ADDS capable as specified in various agreements for marine environmental protection missions. ADDS is a highly complex tool to utilize, requiring extensive training by air crews and industry equipment technicians to safely and properly deploy during an oil spill response. In 2011, the Commandant of the USCG, Admiral Papp reaffirmed the USCG's C-130 ADDS capability during a hearing before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries and the Coast Guard. The use of ADDS in remote areas creates unique challenges, such as logistical coordination between the USCG and spill response industry partners and maintaining proficiency with personnel. It is critical for federal, state, and local agencies, industry, and academia to understand the history and challenges of ADDS to ensure the successful utilization of this response tool in an actual oil spill incident.
Research on the aerial mini SAR development and experiment on marine oil spill monitoring
Authors: Song Shasha , An Wei , Wei Wenpu , Zhao Yupeng , Jin Weiwei , Li Jianwei
Published: December 2017

Mini SAR was developed for the oil spill monitoring, working on C band, VV polarization, with the weight of 24kg and finest resolution of 0.5m, and could be aboard on manned and unmanned aerial vehicles. The mini SAR made the real time and continual imaging of large coverage available, and recorded the original signals for fine imaging further back to ground. The experiment was carried out in August and September of 2015 in Yantai and Weihai offshore waters, with the mini SAR on board the cruiser of State Oceanic Administration. And images of oil rigs, vessels, floating rafts and oil look likes were acquired with good quality. The images were interpreted and analyzed combing optical images, and the automatic detection of oil slick in mini SAR images was proposed. And it was indicated that the mini SAR provided high quality SAR images, supporting the oil slick detection and marine monitoring. Next the research on real time transmission of oil detection and early warning messages would be carried out to satisfy the time efficiency of oil spill monitoring.
Polar Compounds in Oils and Their Aquatic Toxicity
Authors: Fingas Merv
Published: December 2017

Polar compounds as found in oils are hydrocarbon compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur or oxygen. Measurement of the presence of these compounds in oils can be carried out using sophisticated analysis techniques, however quantification and separation of compounds is very difficult and will remain a problem for many years to come. Characterization of polar compounds in oils is at a state of infancy and little polar analysis for many oils has been carried out to date.

In order to measure the toxicity of a specific compound or class of compounds, separation is needed. Separation is very difficult and in many cases, beyond the scope of today's technology. An alternative has been to synthesize the compound of concern and then test its toxicity. This approach ignores the matrix in which the compound is usually present and the compound of interest may be not bioavailable when present in the actual oil, due to its solubility in oil. Highly polar compounds are likely not present in produced oils due to the polar compound's high water solubility. Compounds with moderate or less polarity are typically more soluble in oil than water. Similarly, highly polar compounds produced by biodegradation or photo oxidation would be diluted in water during a spill.

The aquatic toxicity of polar compounds compared to aromatic compounds has been tested by using evaporative weathering. Aromatic compounds, particularly that of the 2 to 5 ring polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are fairly well-established as the primary toxic component of oils. Polar compounds are soluble in water and thus may pose another source of toxicity. Evaporative weathering tests where photo oxidation is not involved, in which some of the low molecular weight compounds and PAHs are lost from the oil, are thought to be one test of the comparison of polar compound toxicity compared to that of the PAHs. These tests show that polar compounds are generally less-aquatically-toxic than the 2 to 5-ring PAHs. Another test that has been performed is that of physical separation of oil components. In these type of tests, polar compounds have again been shown to have less aquatic toxicity that the PAHs in the same oil. Both tests have obvious limitations in that there are many compounds involved.
Limitations of the Swedish coordination capacity for large oil spills
Authors: Pålsson Jonas , Hildebrand Lawrence , Lindén Olof
Published: December 2017

The inadequacy of the Swedish national emergency management system has been highlighted during several large-scale national emergencies, including forest fires (Västmanland 2014) and storms (Gudrun 2005, Dagmar 2011, and Ivar 2013). The Swedish oil spill preparedness is part of the national emergency response system and was tested under real conditions during the 2003 Fu Shan Hai and 2011 Golden Trader oil spills. Fu Shan Hai spilled 1,200 tonnes of oil on the shorelines of southern Sweden and Golden Trader spilled 500 tonnes on the island of Tjörn. Lessons learned from these incidents and national exercises highlight problems with understanding and cooperation between the organisations responsible during the emergency phase. Complications in the decision-making process lead to confusing, conflicting, or delayed orders, impeding the effectiveness of the response. These difficulties were evident at local, regional, and national levels during the oil spill response.

The Swedish oil spill preparedness system does not have a hierarchical structure. Network analysis and surveys of all coastal municipalities, County Administrative Boards and interviews with national oil spill experts were used to examine the characteristics of the oil spill network.

This study shows that 80% of the involved organisations have explicit mandates for oil spill preparedness. An established management network exists, covering 83% of the maximum theoretical connections for contingency planning and 88% for response. The Swedish Coast Guard, Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, and Oil Spill Advisory Service are central organisations. The roles of the Swedish Coast Guard are clear to the respondents, but the roles of the Swedish Transport Agency, Environmental Protection Agency, and Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management are less clear. For planning, the municipalities, County Administrative Boards, Swedish Coast Guard, Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, and Oil Spill Equipment Depots are considered the most valuable. For response, the municipalities, Swedish Coast Guard, Oil Spill Equipment Depots, County Administrative Boards, Oil Spill Advisory Service, and Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency are considered the most valuable.

The few connections between the counties and sometimes between neighbouring municipalities in the network, suggests a need to establish an Incident Management System for national cross-organisational emergencies, such as large oil spills. Most importantly, more cross-organisational exercises are needed to build capacity and the necessary inter-organisational relationships. The authors recommend the formation of an Incident Management System in Sweden in order to improve the management of large oil spills.
Positive impacts of the 2013 update to the Canadian Coast Guard and United States Coast Guard Joint Marine Pollution Contingency Plan, from a National and Regional Perspective
Authors: Trigatti Larry , Tamilio Tanya , Gunter Tim , Popiel Jerry
Published: December 2017

The Canadian Coast Guard – United States Coast Guard(CANUS) Joint Marine Contingency Plan (JCP) underwent a major update in 2013and was renewed by both countries. This paper will review changes in the CANUS JCP from a national and regional perspective including the creation of a joint National JCP Committee and exercise program. Successful regional cooperation between the Ninth Coast Guard District and the Canadian Coast Guard Central and Arctic Region has led to recommendations for best practices to the National JCP Committee. The use of an International Coordinating Officer (ICO) position in the CANUS LAK, Great Lakes Region, of the JCP Annex has resulted in increased preparedness to respond to incidents. The ICO position was critical in the recent response of the M/V Argo. The regulatory frameworks of both countries have differences, especially authorities for spill response between the Canadian Coast Guard and the National Energy Board (NEB). These differences will be analyzed for future JCP updates.
Distillate marine fuel oil and ULSFO spills in cold climate - oil spill characteristics and response options
Authors: Berger Silje , Dolva Hilde , Holt Hanne Solem , Hellstrøm Kaja , Daling Per
Published: December 2017

In 2014 the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA) conducted an environmental risk and oil spill response analysis related to possible oil spills from shipping in the areas of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. One of the key findings were that due to regulations to ban heavy fuel oil in protected areas, the most likely spill scenarios are spills of distillate marine fuel oils. Furthermore, the cold climate is expected to slow down oil weathering processes, and in calm weather situations this may call for active response, even to spills of light fuel oils. Also along the coast of mainland Norway, response options to spills of light fuel oils is an emerging topic. This includes not only MGO/MDO, but also several new products formulated to meet the 2015 Emission Control Areas (ECA) sulphur limit, also referred to as hybrid fuel oil / ultra low sulfur fuel oil (ULSFO).

Previous experiences from spills of light fuel oils in Norwegian waters have been summarized; however, some recommendations for response remain inconclusive. Hence, the need for increased knowledge of the characteristics of light fuel oils and relevant response options is recognized.

SINTEF analyzed a range of light fuel oils on behalf of NCA. This initial screening included chemical characterization (GC-MS/GC-FID) and identification of physical properties, i.e. viscosity, density, pour point, flash point, as well as emulsifying properties. Based on these results, five different fuel oils were selected for further examination, including:- Weathering predictions and improved trajectory modeling- Chemical and toxicological characterization of water accommodated fraction (WAF)- Laboratory tests of properties related to dispersant use and ignition, both in order to explore the applicability of dispersants and in-situ burning as response techniques, and to determine windows of opportunity for the different oil types.

Laboratory tests are performed at 2 °C and 13 °C, reflecting “arctic” / cold climate conditions and North Sea summer conditions.

Furthermore, mechanical recovery will be tested on the same oil types in the NCA test facility (abstract submitted by Holt & Frost).

The results from this ongoing project will be presented from an operational viewpoint. They are expected to give insights useful to response planning, decision making during spill incidents, and enhanced response options for future spills of distillate marine fuel oils and ULSFO, especially in cold climates and arctic environment.
Impact of Arctic Met ocean Conditions on Oil Spill Response: Results of the First Circumpolar Response Viability Analysis
Authors: Holst-Andersen Jens Peter , Lunde Synnøve , Moore David M. , Dahlslett Hans Petter , Brude Odd Willy , Rudberg Anders , Gravir Gjermund , Robertson Tim , Fletcher Sierra , Higman Bretwood
Published: December 2017

There is widespread recognition that Arctic conditions can challenge marine oil spill response by limiting countermeasure effectiveness and, in extreme cases, even preventing their use. The Arctic Council's Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (EPPR) Workgroup implemented a response viability analysis to estimate how often different types of response systems could be deployed in different areas of the Arctic based on historical met ocean conditions. This approach, implemented previously in several circumpolar sub-regions, quantifies the effects of met ocean conditions on response techniques by comparing the operating limits for different response systems to a hind cast of met ocean data.

Response systems include options for mechanical recovery, chemical dispersants, and in-situ burning. Met ocean conditions in the dataset used include wind, sea state, temperature, sea ice coverage, horizontal visibility, and daylight/darkness. Additional conditions are discussed qualitatively. For each response system studied, the results indicate how often use of that system may be favorable, marginal, or not recommended. Seasonal and geographic variations in the results can inform response contingency planning. Examining the met ocean condition that most frequently impacts a system can also inform needed technological improvements or modifications. EPPR convened experts to provide input to the analysis, including the initial project scoping and development of baseline systems and limits. This paper discusses the project process as well as the analytical methodology, key inputs, assumptions, and results.
Hand Held Technology; Its Place In a Environmental Compliance Monitoring System
Authors: Smith Donald P.
Published: December 2017

This abstract will examine the elements of a field deployable inspection application designed to support the U S Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) field mission assignment, through the use of hand held technology. The system is designed to mimic a typical inspection through the use of software applications that replicate hard copy inspection forms. The primary elements of the program are in support of the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulations codified in Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 112. These regulations govern prevention related activities, Facility Response Plans (FRPs) reviews and Government Initiated Unannounced Exercises (GIUEs). Accordingly, digital inspection/evaluation forms were created utilizing File Maker Pro development software. The forms have been deployed on Apple's IPAD tablets which allow for the integration of locational attributes of Google maps and the tablet's built in digital camera. A typical inspection will consist of an Administrative Form, Notice of Inspection (NOI), SPCC Inspection checklist, FRP Review checklist, FRP Field checklist, FRP Approval Letters and when applicable a GIUE evaluation forms. These files combine to form a complete inspection folder where it is either closed out as compliant or submitted to enforcement for further deliberation. A typical inspection begins with general inspection data being entered into the Administrative Form. Data entered here auto populates each corresponding inspection form. As an added enhancement, each inspection form can be pre- populated with consistently recorded values. This is generally the case when conducting multiple inspection where the company remains the same and/or the consultant has prepared plans in a uniform/standardized manner. Consequently, both latitudinal/longitudinal attributes are automatically embedded within the application along with photographic data. Upon completion of the inspection, the data is then synchronized with a GoZync Application with File Maker Pro server via WIFI or cellular connection. After file completion and administrative review, the report can be emailed to the recipient in a PDF format.

To date, field trials have been completed on a local level with the expectation that Branch wide deployment will commence in late FY 16. The Agency recently made a nationwide buy of Apple tablets for On Scene Coordinators (OSCs) as well as inspection personnel within the response program. This helped pave the way for new application development and bringing to fruition the Agency's desired mission to perform its duties in a digital environment.
Update and Lessons Learned from RULET Assessments on Potentially Polluting Wrecks in the US
Authors: Symons Lisa C. , Delgado James P.
Published: December 2017

In response to a 2010 mandate from Congress, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) produced a specifically-designed Risk Assessment for Potentially Polluting Wrecks in U.S. Waters that was then provided to the U. S. Coast Guard (USCG). A total of 87 risk assessments were presented to the USCG for inclusion into Area Contingency Plans required for all coastal, marine and Great Lakes waters in the U.S. under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (33 U.S. Code § 1321) in May 2013. USCG relies on NOAA for expertise in response and contingency planning and as a resource trustee for both natural resources and underwater cultural heritage. The USCG has used the RULET assessments to foster dialogue with both the potentially affected public and responders and to start thinking through general issues associated with shipwrecks that may have historical significance in additional to being potential pollution hazards.

Over the past three years, several surveys of opportunity have provided an opportunity for concurrent assessments of historical and cultural significance and site-specific assessment of pollution potential. Several wrecks have been downgraded in terms of their risk, one has been remediated, one patched (FERNSTREAM, USNS MISSION SAN MIGUEL.). Surveillance and monitoring efforts have provided additional insight to specific wrecks and even helped identify wrecks that were excluded from the assessment (COIMBRA, W.E. HUTTON, USS MURPHY). Surveys have moved two wrecks across international boundaries (or rather provided new locations for TB ARGO and MV COAST TRADER.) In-water assessments have lead to unexpected pollution response challenges, such as those associated with the TB ARGO. As salvage and response technologies develop and additional surveys of opportunity take place the new information provides for continued refinement of the contingency plans and protects our environmental and economic resources along the coast. This paper will provide an evaluation and an update as to the overall effectiveness of this assessment effort to date.

Activities since 2013 have significantly moved forward the understanding and engagement on the issue by responders, trustees and the public regarding potentially polluting wrecks in U.S. waters and have provided insight to other jurisdictions dealing with similar challenges.
Case Studies from a Canadian Response Organization: 20 Years in Review
Authors: Guénette Chantal
Published: December 2017

ECRC~SIMEC is one of four government certified response organizations (RO) providing marine spill response services to the shipping industry and oil handling facilities operating in Canada. ECRC's client membership includes over 2300 members in total, comprised of approximately 2200 vessel members and close to 100 oil handling facilities.

With its vast geographic area of response, bordered by the Canadian Rockies to the west, the Great Lakes in the south, Hudson Bay in the north and Canada's exclusive economic zone in the east, ECRC~SIMEC has had the opportunity to respond to spills in a variety of environments. Response to oil spills in at sea, in rivers, lakes and estuaries have required the ability to adapt to challenging environments such as fast flowing waters, large tidal ranges, ice, and remote locations. In addition to ship source spills, ECRC~SIMEC has gained considerable experience responding to spills from pipelines and rail incidents, which have impacted waterways, most notably the spill following the Lac Mégantic derailment in 2013.

The company, which recently marked its 20th year anniversary, has taken the opportunity to look back at incidents attended and lessons learned over the years and to reflect on the resulting changes to its response capability and capacity. This paper will provide an overview of roles and responsibilities of a certified response organization within the context of the Canadian marine spill response regime and provide a retrospective look at incidents attended over the last 20 years. Cases of particular interest will be highlighted with a focus on responses in winter conditions and to non-conventional oils. This paper will briefly outline the regulatory framework that governs ROs preparedness and response to ship source spills in Canada and focus on the lessons learned from key incidents over the history of the company's existence.
Making the best of a worst case scenario: Creating job opportunities for workers in underserved communities through health and safety training in the Deep South
Authors: Wright Beverly , Bullard Robert D. , Turner Ebony C.
Published: December 2017

When the 2010 Gulf oil spill reached the shores of Louisiana, The Dillard University Deep South Center for Environmental Justice, part of a New Orleans based HBCU, jumped into the oil spill response to support workers and communities impacted by oil, many of whom were still recovering from Hurricane Katrina. Dillard, an NIEHS Worker Training Program (WTP) grantee, provided expert trainers to deliver 40-hour HAZWOPER, 10 hour refresher courses and awareness training to early response workers in the Gulf.

In addition to supporting the training needs of workers from around the country gathering in the Gulf, Dillard utilized a unique training program to train workers in Louisiana's underserved communities in the health, safety and life-skills needed to support spill clean-up in their own back yards. The Environmental Career Worker Training Program (ECWTP), funded by NIEHS, focuses on delivering comprehensive training to increase the number of disadvantaged and underrepresented minority workers in areas such as environmental restoration, construction, hazardous materials/waste handling, and emergency response. Dillard's successful track record in placing ECWTP participants in safe jobs led them to focus on training ECWTP participants in the skills and safety awareness needed to support the oil spill cleanup. Through this unique training program, Dillard had a cohort of ECWTP graduates receive work in the response. Dillard's model program highlights how health and safety training can both support national disaster response and provide local jobs to willing, but underserved, community members during a disaster.
Ensuring global preparedness and response management capability in the current staff-and cost-constrained environment
Authors: Garcia Hank
Published: December 2017

The planning-training-exercise-respond cycle is essential to ensure a company's preparedness and ability to respond. How do you develop and maintain these critical skills in your global operations? How can you support global affiliates to deliver a safe and effective response to an oil spill or other major event? This paper will present recommendations and techniques to achieve these goals.

The first recommendation is to establish the Incident Command System (ICS) as a global standard in your operations. ICS is a best practice methodology for response management that is flexible, is used by global OSROs, and has been adapted in many countries. The effort to set and achieve global training and exercise requirements will pay off in many ways, e.g., by facilitating the integration of out-of-country resources to support a response.- Set clear, relevant training objectives:+ Personnel demonstrate a basic understanding of ICS: structure, roles and responsibilities, deliverables, and key processes (e.g., planning, resource management, communications).+ Personnel are thoroughly familiar with company plans (local, regional, and global), incident management handbooks, and other internal resources.+ Other objectives address regional regulatory requirements, areas for improvement identified in exercises and/or incidents, etc..- Establish a global template for spill response plans. Include modules to address regional and operational requirements. For example, modules for onshore and offshore facilities, terminals, wellhead operations, pipeline operations, etc. Standard formats will support compliance, facilitate audits, and also facilitate the sharing of areas for improvement.- Leverage the development of a core training program with simple modifications to make materials applicable for global affiliates.- Establish a global library of scenarios for training and exercises to support compliance with requirements. Using a basic set of scenarios globally has the additional benefit of facilitating the sharing of lessons learned and areas for improvement.- Integrate training and exercise programs with complementary objectives.- Exercises are always a challenge and can be costly to develop and conduct. Prepare exercise-development kits to facilitate the definition of exercise objectives, adaptation of standard scenarios, documentation of injects and activities, accommodation of local and cultural differences, and the preparation of after action reports.- Use exercises to improve plans, build teamwork, build relationships with key stakeholders, and improve individual skills.- To ensure effective training, incorporate adult education techniques into lesson planning and development and modify as needed for compatibility with local language and culture.
State of Science of Dispersants and Dispersed Oil in U.S. Arctic Waters
Authors: Kinner Nancy E. , Helton Doug , Shigenaka Gary
Published: December 2017

Use of dispersants was very limited in the U.S. prior to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill in 2010. For that spill, the volume of dispersants applied, as well as the sub sea injection, was unprecedented. It has been suggested that dispersants could be a response option to a large oil spill in the Arctic, particularly because of the remoteness and harsh environmental conditions. One of the outcomes of a 2014 Arctic oil spill drill for senior U.S. agency leadership identified the need for a definitive evaluation of the state-of-science of dispersants and dispersed oil (DDO), particularly as it applies to Arctic waters. For the purposes of this evaluation, the U.S. Arctic is defined as including the Bering Sea and waters as far south as the Aleutian Islands. The Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC) convened five panels of governmental, academic, NGO, and private sector experts to determine the state of DDO science, specifically the knowns and uncertainties. The panels focused on the following five topics: Efficacy and Effectiveness, Physical Transport and Chemical Behavior; Degradation and Fate; Public Health and Food Security; and Eco-Toxicity and Sublethal Impacts. Activities conducted by the CRRC included: collating and constructing a database of the existing scientific literature, and facilitating the discussions of each panel of scientists over a period of 1.5 years. Once each panel had formulated its document regarding the state-of-science (i.e., knowns and uncertainties) regarding DDO, particularly as it applies to Arctic waters, the CRRC requested written input from the public on what to add, remove or change about these statements. Finally, each panel reviewed the public input and decided upon its final statements of knowns and uncertainties. This paper will present a summary of the statements and their implications for the use of dispersants in oil spill response in U.S. Arctic waters.
Advances in Oil Detection and Monitoring
Authors: DeMicco Erik , Nedwed Tim , Palandro David A. , Lane Peter , Chase Chris , Van Bibber Steve
Published: December 2017

Boom is used to contain oil for burning or skimming, deflect oil from sensitive areas, or protecting shorelines. For a large spill, hundreds of kilometers of boom could be deployed in efforts to protect shorelines. Currently, aerial or vessel-based observers are sent to determine if a boom is contacting oil or to monitor its integrity. The level of effort required to carry out a thorough inspection is considerable and can be challenged due to weather or logistical constraints. Further, the time interval between inspections can be between 12 hours to several days.

To both minimize personnel requirements and provide real-time status, we have developed an advanced boom monitoring system. The system monitors boom integrity and the presence of oil. The elements of the system include a non-contact ultraviolet fluorometer, a computer processing unit (CPU), communications via a satellite modem, and a power source. This equipment is housed within a 24″ marine aluminum buoy. The CPU can be remotely interfaced using the satellite modem to adjust parameters for data collection and reporting. Key parameters that can be adjusted include oil thickness on water (e.g., notification versus actionable oil), reporting time (e.g., every 10 minutes or 60 minutes), and system status. The boom monitor has two standard boom connections to allow it to connect between two lengths of shoreline boom or it can be anchored separately from the boom.

This paper will summarize development and capabilities of the advanced boom monitoring system.
Development of an In Vitro Exposure System for Live Visualization of the Health Impacts of Oily Marine Aerosol on the Human Respiratory System
Authors: Murphy David , Afshar-Mohajer Nima , Nishida Kristine , Ronzhes Yury , Sidhaye Ramana , Koehler Kirsten , Rule Ana , Katz Joseph
Published: December 2017

Aerosolization of oily water droplets has recently been recognized as a potential respiratory health threat to oil spill cleanup workers, communities near spills, and marine mammals in oil-polluted waters. These sub-micron to millimeter scale droplets may be aerosolized by bursting bubbles, breaking waves, and splashing raindrops. Furthermore, dispersant applied to oil slicks also may become aerosolized as oil-water-dispersant emulsion droplets and subsequently inhaled, with unknown health consequences. With the goal of investigating the effects of inhaled oily marine aerosol on human lung health, we present the design of a novel in vitro bioreactor which mimics the conditions and exposures that human lungs might experience in the field. The bioreactor provides the ability to expose human lung cell cultures to laboratory-produced, well-characterized and chemically analyzed oily marine aerosols. A major advance over similar systems currently used to study the effects of smoking is the incorporation of optical access to allow visualization of the cells throughout exposure. In the bioreactor, differentiated, primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures reside on membranes at the air-liquid interface between the flow-through test atmosphere and a temperature-controlled bath of culture media, thereby simulating the human lung. Oily marine aerosol is produced by a 1-Jet Collison Nebulizer (Mesa Labs Inc.) to match realistic concentrations produced and measured in a wave tank and is sampled via scanning mobility particle sizer (TSI Inc) to characterize its size distribution. The aerosol-laden air is humidified and injected at a controlled flow rate of ~1 ml/s into a module containing the cell culture, allowing particles to deposit on the cells. The module has sealed glass windows to allow optical access. An optical setup incorporating a 20× long-distance objective, 1× tube lens, and camera is used to visualize the cells over time. Preliminary testing involves determining the effectiveness of deposition of oily marine aerosol droplets at various concentrations onto the cell culture surface. Phase contrast microscopy is used to examine contact between cells as a determinant of monolayer integrity. Immunofluorescence of live cells is used with FITC- or mCherry-labelled cytoskeletal and cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as actin and E-cadherin, to determine underlying mechanisms disrupting the monolayer. A system such as this allowing for live visualization of cells during the exposure currently does not exist and will provide significant understanding of how changes within the epithelium may disrupt tissue integrity in response to inhalation of oily marine aerosol.
Mobile Technologies for Geographic Response Plans (V2.0)
Authors: Nepveu Guillaume , Lamarche Alain , Grenon Stéphane
Published: December 2017

Companies in the oil & gas industry must undertake extensive environmental studies for every new project. The case of the Trans Canada East Energy pipeline project illustrates this phenomenon. These studies include large-scale field surveys campaigns that generate a huge amount of raw geospatial data. A key component of this process resides in the analysis of this data in order to create knowledge. In this perspective, while many mobile geospatial collectors are available, we focused on designing a complete mobile GIS.

Most field experts are not data management specialists and vice versa. Our goal is to use mobile technology to reduce the gap between field observations and geospatial data analysis. Bringing data analysis capabilities directly in the field is advantageous because it provides useful insights in real-time and it can avoid costly mistakes. We have also focused on enhancing the planning phase prior to the field surveys, such as allowing importation of external data into our system.

We encountered many challenges while developing our mobile geospatial solution for geographic response plans. One critical element was the mean of transportation used during the surveys. For instance, airborne surveys using a helicopter requires specific navigational features to be accurate. Another element was the availability of internet connections. We had to permit offline map layer in order to provide high quality satellite imagery. Finally, power efficiency is critical for long field surveys. We had to optimize our mobile application in order to maximize the battery's lifespan while retaining enough features such as the GPS precision.

Overall, the challenge was to design a system that would permit monitoring that could take place years after the initial data collection. This affected the way we had to implement data sharing, storage and export.
Sharing Good Practice Throughout the Responder Community: Ten Years of the Global Response Network
Authors: Limb Robert , Nicoll Andrew
Published: December 2017

The Global Response Network (GRN) is a collaboration of industry funded Oil Spill Response Organisations (OSROs) created to share good practice for the wider benefit of the oil industry. Created in 2005, the GRN was originally conceived as a mechanism to facilitate the sharing of trained response personnel at a time when the global pool of responders was much smaller than now and spills were becoming less frequent, thanks to improvements in ship design, operation and regulation. Personnel sharing arrangements under the GRN were designed to enable individual responders to gain valuable spill experience more easily and thereby enhance experience levels across the global pool. It was also envisaged that the cooperation among participating OSROs would enable the sharing of specialised equipment resources for the benefit of the collective industry membership.

Although the core membership of the GRN has remained largely unchanged since its creation, the purpose and modus operandi of the GRN has evolved considerably in that time. Today the key added value provided by the GRN comes from sharing knowledge and information more than sharing people and equipment. This is particularly evidenced by the industry action which followed in the wake of the Montara (2009) and Macondo (2010) incidents. The international oil industry undertook a Joint Industry Project (JIP) to coordinate this unprecedented effort to apply the lessons from these incidents in order to improve the management and technical aspects of spill response. Today the challenge is to integrate and harmonise the various outputs from this effort throughout the responder community and the GRN is playing a key role in this.

One way this is being achieved is through the “Confident Ambassador” programme, whereby responders are familiarised with the JIP outputs and the accompanying communications toolkit. A slide deck has been created for OSRO use to help responder organisations achieve deeper understanding of the science of response within their own organisations and, more importantly, to help disseminate consistent messages about industry approaches to oil spill preparedness and response to a wide range of external stakeholders that the responder community engages with.

This paper explores this and other facets of the evolution of the GRN through its first ten years, from a resource enabling organisation to a knowledge and information sharing organisation befitting the post-Macondo paradigm. The paper also considers future trends that may shape the next phase of evolution for the GRN.
NEW IMO/EPPR GUIDES TO ARCTIC OIL SPILL RESPONSE – STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL
Authors: Owens E. H. , Dickins D. F. , Solsberg L. B. , Bjerkemo O-K.
Published: December 2017

In 2015 and 2016, two complementary projects produced both a new strategic guide (in two versions) and an updated operationally oriented guide to assist managers, regulators and responders in responding effectively to oil spills in snow and ice conditions. The objective of the first initiative, which began as a Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) project, a “Guide to Oil Spill Response in Snow and Ice Conditions”, was to identify and describe the strategic aspects of planning and operations. This program gained a separate phase through the Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR) working group of the Arctic Council to adapt the Guide specifically for Arctic waters. The second initiative by EPPR was to update the 1998 “Field Guide for Oil Spill Response in Arctic Waters” while retaining the original operational focus. The 2016 version of the Field Guide incorporates major revisions and updates to sections on strategies and countermeasures, for example the use of herders and burning, dispersants in ice and specialized brush skimmers as well as advances in remote sensing and tracking. In addition, new sections address important topics such as Health and Human Safety, Logistics and Wildlife Response.

The overall goal was to produce two complementary documents that provide a broad base of essential information to key decision-makers and responders at both the strategic planning level and at the field tactics and operations level.

These two projects bring together a wide range of new knowledge generated over the past two decades that make many previous manuals and documents out of date. With such a vast amount of recent literature, the new strategic guide and the operational field guide update can only provide a brief summary of the new material but are valuable tools to indicate where the more detailed documents can be found.
The Canadian Oil Spill Shoreline Research Program: Establishing a Baseline Dataset for the Marine Coast of Northern British Columbia
Authors: Laforest Sonia , Yang Zeyu , Lambert Patrick , Goldthorp Michael , Brown Carl
Published: December 2017

Abstract 2017-182

The dispersal and weathering processes of crude and fuel oils have been studied for decades and significant scientific information has been published. However, the fate and behaviour of spilled nonconventional crude oil such as diluted bitumen products are less well understood. There is concern that a spill of the oil sands diluted bitumen may come into contact with marine shorelines as it is transported throughout Canada. There is uncertainty related to the fate of spilled diluted bitumen and potential interactions with shorelines. A Shoreline Oil Spill Research and Development Program was undertaken by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). In 2013, a 3-year study was initiated and focused on the marine shorelines of northern British Columbia (BC). Four field campaigns were conducted along the entire length of coast throughout the Douglas and Granville channels as well as Banks and Haida Gwaii islands. The field campaigns were used as an opportunity to develop and employ a new approach to collect and compile an extensive pre-spill baseline dataset. Data included an aerial survey with high definition video and a ground survey of representative shorelines where samples were collected and analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid, pesticides, heavy metals, calcium carbonate and sediment grain size. Baseline levels of hydrocarbons in the sediment of the study areas were estimated based on the analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), n-alkanes ranging from n-C9 to n-C40, petroleum related biomarkers such as terpanes and steranes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated homologues (APAHs).