bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Growing Accountability Agenda: Progress or Mixed Blessing?
Authors: Salmi Jamil
Published: February 2017

In the past decade, however, accountability has become a major concern in most parts of the world. Governments, parliaments, and society at large are increasingly asking universities to justify the use of public resources and account more thoroughly for their teaching and research results. The universal push for increased accountability has made the role of university leaders much more demanding. The successful evolution of higher education institutions will hinge on finding an appropriate balance between credible accountability practices and favorable autonomy conditions.
For-Profit Universities in the Political Economy of Higher Education
Authors: Pusser Brian
Published: February 2017

For-profit institutions loom much larger in the political economy of US higher education. In negotiations over the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act, the for-profit universities and their lobbying organizations have played a unique role in shaping policies affecting all higher education institutions. Can states preserve egulations that protect the public and private benefits of higher education while satisfying the profit demands of an evolving postsecondary market? As with most political contests, much will depend on the ability of a variety of postsecondary stakeholders to become involved in the political arena shaping higher education.
Education Reform in Montenegro: Public and Private Tensions
Authors: Stetar Joseph , Zoric Vucina
Published: February 2017

A small state with a population of approximately 650,000, Montenegro is unable to support complex and multiple systems of higher education. Currently there is one state institution and two private institutions. Higher education in Montenegro saw a growth of private universities over the last 15 years; however, Montenegro is a relatively poor country, and there is scarce support for any efforts to direct public monies to stimulate or support a private higher education sector.
Is There a Latin American University Model?
Authors: Bernasconi Andres
Published: February 2017

Postindependence Latin American universities developed during the 19th and most of the 20th century largely under the normative influence of a Latin American idea of the university institution. In the last few decades, factors both related to the development of higher education and external to it have combined to challenge the clout of that model. As a result, notwithstanding the persistence of elements of the old paradigm, the model of the Latin American university is now related chiefly to US research universities.
Exploring Academic Salaries in a Comparative Context
Authors: Pacheco Ivan , Rumbley Laura
Published: February 2017

In 2007, the Boston College Center for International Higher Education (CIHE) launched an exploratory project attempting to do just that collecting and comparing salary data (in World Bank PPP dollars) from 15 countries and one territory. We looked at target countries' relative positions on the Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations Development Program for comparative analysis. In terms of salary progressions over the course of a career, our data show that faculty in wealthier, more developed countries tend to enjoy greater potential for salary growth with some exceptions. Comparing faculty salaries to average per capitaincome estimates indicates that the academic profession pays well in many parts of the developing world. Given this simple reality, faculty salaries stand out as a subtle but important consideration in any national development conversation and in the race for international relevance.
Research Careers: Some Reflections from Europe
Authors: Teichler Ulrich , Schomburg Harald
Published: February 2017

Considerable attention is paid across Europe to the formative years of scholarsthe career period between graduation from a university and the eventual appointment to a senior supervisory position at a higher education or research institution. A study on academic careers in a number of European countries shows that employment conditions and career patterns for young academics vary substantially by country. However, short-term employment until about the age of 40 and high levels of selectivity are common in many countries.
Universities and Social Cohesion in the European Union
Authors: Bastedo Michael
Published: February 2017

It has become conventional wisdom in recent years that Europe faces a daunting challenge of social cohesion in the face of increasingly hostile and radical Islamic immigrants residing in European cities. It has thus become a goal in the European Union to increase social cohesion using state programs and resources, universities among them. From a governance perspective, the top-down approach to social cohesion does not seem likely to succeed beyond its symbolic value. Instead, we must rethink governance from the bottom up.
The Impact of the US Financial Crisis on How Students Pay for College
Authors: Hauptman Arthur M.
Published: February 2017

The 2008 failure of major financial institutions in the United States may have dramatic ramifications on American students and whether/where they attend college. Several sources of funding may be at risk, including potential decreases in federal financial aid, the tightening of private loan availability, lowered home values impinging on equity-based lending, and stock market losses in college-fund savings. Public institutions, whose tuition is much lower than private or for-profit institutions, may see an increase in enrollment.
Arab Open and Virtual Universities
Authors: Porcaro David
Published: February 2017

The landscape of online and virtual universities has been expanding in the Arab world in the past decade. Enrollments are rising steadily, allowing access to higher education for students at home and overseas. As growth continues, more centralization, institution-created content, and quality assurance may be required.
University Admissions: Practices and Procedures Worldwide
Authors: Helms Robin
Published: February 2017

In a study examining tertiary admissions criteria at public universities in 15 countries, several distinctive models emerge. Admissions may be determined by government agencies, individual institutions, or independent organizations and are based upon secondary-school leaving examinations, entrance examinations, standardized aptitude tests, secondard school grades, or a combination of factors.
Academic Freedom: A Realistic Appraisal
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Problems concerning academic freedom exist almost everywherecreated by changing academic realities, political pressures, growing commercialization and marketization of higher education, or legal pressures. The purpose of this article is to argue that academic freedom needs to be carefully defined so that it can be defended in the global climate of complexity. A new, and probably more delimited, understanding of academic freedom is needed in the age of the Internet and the global knowledge economy.
Postgraduate Studies in Africa: The Looming Crisis
Authors: Tettey Wisdom
Published: February 2017

Academic staff shortage has become a huge challenge for African universities, and no respite seems to be in sight. This article argues characteristics of African universities: postgraduate student enrollment, gender distribution, master's and doctoral enrollees and program choices, graduation, retention, and completion rates. To regenerate academe, African tertiary institutions will not only have to improve the relative numbers, proportion, distribution, and quality of postgraduate students who enter but also ensure that these same characteristics are reflected in postgraduate output.
Germany: The Quest for World Class
Authors: Kehm Barbara
Published: February 2017

In 2004 the education and research federal minister made a proposal to identify Germany's top-level institutions to secure Germany's competitiveness and economic future in the emerging knowledge society and to strengthen the international visibility of German universities as high-quality institutions with cutting-edge research. This plan formed the birth of the German "excellence initiative." The initiative not only triggered more competition among German universities; it also marked a conscious shift toward a more vertical differentiation of the system as a whole.
Globalization and Quality Assurance in Panama
Authors: Svenson Nanette
Published: February 2017

Higher education in the developing world has changed dramatically over the past two decades, mainly as a result of increasing globalization. The most impacting of these forces come from two directions: economic and political. How the two factors interact and the kind of system they produce depend largely upon the quality-assurance mechanisms implemented.
International Strategies for Increasing Attainment
Authors: Hauptman Arthur M. , Kim Young
Published: February 2017

In the past decade, increasing attainment ratesthe percentage of adult workers holding a degree beyond the secondary levelhave replaced participation rates as a primary goal of higher education policy in many countries. The following eight strategies may have helped various countries achieve increases in attainment in sustainable ways: increasing degree-completion rates, reducing time-to-degree, expanding sub-bachelor's programs, making a high level of public commitment, relying on the private sector to foster growth, enrolling more students in universities, increasing tuition fees in the public sector, and recruiting abroad.
Assessing Four Budget-Balancing Strategies in Higher Education
Authors: Hauptman Arthur M.
Published: February 2017

Higher education institutions currently face serious challenges from cutbacks in government funding worldwide. In responce to this, four strategies are available: capping enrollments and cutting costs, changing the mix of enrollments, increasing tuition fees for existing students, and increasing enrollments while maintaining current tuition-fee levels. Institutions need to decide their response based on their institutional conditions.
Good-bye to the Celtic Tiger?
Authors: Hazelkorn Ellen
Published: February 2017

Higher education in Ireland faces challenges. In order to be competitive with the world-class universities, Irish higher education needs a strategic approach at the system level, an increase of investment, and a consideration of performance-based funding for greater productivity. The Irish government has implemented two initiatives regarding reform and investments in 2008. After the global economic crisis, though many countries took stimulus measures, Ireland conducted massive cuts in public expenditure.
Private Universities in a Public Framework: The Italian Experience
Authors: Hunter Fiona
Published: February 2017

Private higher education has been in the periphery in western Europe. In Italy, since the 20th century, nonstate - private sector of higher education has expanded because of financial pressure on the state higher education budget. Private universities are largely governed by the national regulatory framework since they are self-funded mostly from tuition, but also receive small contributions from the state budget. They have less financial accountability than public institutions. Reputation varies at each institution. Despite the recent significant expansion, and a of private sector remains peripheral.
Reflections on Research Performance Measures and the Rise of Asia
Authors: Pendlebury David
Published: February 2017

Citations in the journal literature are reliable indicators of influential ideas. Citation indexes enable retrieval and analysis of information regarding most cited papers. Citation analysis provides un understanding of thorough performance regarding influential nations, institutions, research groups, and even individual scientists. In the share of science publications, the U.S. and Western Europe have declined from 1981 to 2008 while Asia is rising in academic performance; Japan is still strong, Singapore emphasizes quality, India boosts output, and China shows a remarkable rise.
Innovation and Economic Development
Authors: Hatakenaka Sachi
Published: February 2017

Universities are going through significant organizational changes to play appropriate roles in innovation and economic development. Many universities are setting up appropriate institutional policies, processes, and incentives, and having technology-transfer offices for research-related functions. Changing people's attitudes as well as interaction with science parks are other issues. Many universities are undertaking interdisciplinary research. Large-scale partnerships with industry are increasingly established through institutional leaderships.
Faculty Perceptions of Government and Management
Authors: Cummings William , Fisher Donald , Locke William
Published: February 2017

A model of higher education decision-making was prevalent with shared governance. To assess faculty perceptions of the current state of higher educational governance and management, the Changing Academic Profession (CAP) project went to the field in 2007 in 18 countries. In most of the countries, faculty were more likely to perceive they have authority individually or through academic committees and boards. There is a decline in the institutional loyalty of academics from a similar survey conducted in 1992.
India's Proposed Reforms: Somewhat Half-Baked
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

The reform policies on higher education taken by the Indian central government are criticized in Kerala, a region in South India with many well-educated people. The overriding criticism is that the reforms link Indian higher education to global trends of commercialization by opening the higher education system to foreign institutions. Accreditation in higher education is also a problem in India. The additional proposal of setting up a government university in each of India's states is unrealistic, too. The flaws in India's grand plans seem rather clear.
Ups and Downs across Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Slantcheva-Durst Snejana
Published: February 2017

Larger private higher education sectors are much more common across central and eastern Europe. After the fall of the communist regimes in 1989, private institutions of higher education multiplied to varying degrees in central and eastern Europe. The most recent trends
reveal slow private growth in most of these countries. Declines in the number of people served by private institutions have been limited in range and time, yet have occurred in both the university and nonuniversity private sectors.
The Perils of Commercialism: Australia's Example
Authors: Altbach Philip , Welch Anthony
Published: February 2017

International higher education has become a major income producer for Australia for more than two decades. The prime goal of internationalization was moneymaking, which resulted in creating problems in ethics, quality, and academic integrity. The recent policy change in reducing international students has affected institutions that had been too dependent upon high proportions of international enrollments. All of this is a predictable outcome of commercialism shaping international education.
Drivers of Mobility of Chinese and Indian Students
Authors: Choudaha Rahul
Published: February 2017

India and China are becoming increasingly influential, not only in the global economy but also in the supply of globally mobile students. Regarding Chinese and Indian students, on the supply side, two key drivers are increasing prosperity, which enables the ability to afford foreign education, and rapid expansion of the system of higher education at the expense of quality. On the demand side, two key drivers are universities' aggressive approach to recruiting students to compensate for budget cuts and access to a wider range of recruitment channels and service providers.
Rankings Season is Here
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

The major international rankings of higher education have appeared in recent months. The ranking is an inevitable result of the massification and commercialization of higher education worldwide. Ranking presumes a zero-sum game, but in reality, improvement is taking place everywhere. The current rankings are largely measured by research productivity, and they are advantageous for major English-speaking countries. Each ranking use different measures, and also changes over time. The user must be aware of the uses and problems of rankings.
The End of Internationalization
Authors: Brandenburg Uwe , De Wit Hans
Published: February 2017

Over the last two decades, the concept of the internationalization of higher education has moved from the fringe of institutional interest to the very core. While gaining moral weight, its content seems to have deteriorated. There is an increasing commercialization under the flag of internationalization. This attitude has exacerbated the devaluation of internationalization and the inflation of defensive measures. While in need of more philosophy, we also require a greater sense of reality. We need to rethink and redefine the way we look at the internationalization of higher education in the present time.
Getting Graduates to Come HomeNot So Easy
Authors: Altbach Philip , MA Wanhua
Published: February 2017

China seeks to attract its best professors who are teaching in other countries to return home. This is not an easy task. The problems and dilemmas are analyzed.
Internationalization Misconceptions
Authors: De Wit Hans
Published: February 2017

Mainstreaming of internationalization assumes a more integral process-based approach of internationalisation. Still there is a predominantly activity- oriented or even instrumental approach towards internationalization. Nine misconceptions are described, whereby internationalization is regarded as synonymous with a specific programmatic or organizational strategy to promote internationalization.
Private Higher Education in Pakistan
Authors: Halai Nelofer
Published: February 2017

Private higher education though a relatively recent development in Pakistan has shown very rapid growth. From the year 1983 when the first private university was established there are now more than sixty universities and degree awarding institutions in Pakistan in the private sector. Similar to the trend in other developing countries these institutions, with few exceptions, are of poor quality. While they do play a role in enhancing access to a larger number of students but the government will have to play a stronger role in ensuring that quality standards are met. Private schools set up by philanthropic trusts can be used as a model for development of tertiary institutions.
What International Students Think about US Higher Education
Authors: Chow Patricia
Published: February 2017

Key Words: prospective international students, perceptions of U.S. higher education, global student mobility. This article discusses the attitudes and perceptions that international students have of U.S. higher education, based on results from surveys conducted by the Institute of International Education (IIE) in eleven key places of origin. Despite not having any national policies designed to attract students from other countries, the U.S. remains well-positioned in the international student marketplace, with various pull factors attracting students to the U.S., including the high quality and diverse range of U.S. higher education institutions, and the perception that the U.S. is a welcoming country for international students. However, anti-push factors also exist, with cost predominating and perceptions of visa difficulties persisting in some countries.
English and the Rest: Understanding the Languages of Science
Authors: Balan Jorge
Published: February 2017

The increasing dominance of English in higher education and research over the last few decades is often assumed to be a linear, unavoidable, and cumulative process resulting in improved, perhaps more egalitarian, international academic communication worldwide. This article will offer some challenges regarding this view of a global trend in the adoption of English and discuss some dilemmas confronted by academics in developing countries where English is not the national lingua franca (i.e., outside the British Commonwealth countries).
Research Networks in Africa
Authors: Kotecha Piyushi
Published: February 2017

New research networks have emerged in Africa recently that have helped connect scholars and link universities.
Partnerships in Africa in the New Era of Internationalization
Authors: Teferra Damtew
Published: February 2017

One of the popular approaches to revitalize higher education in Africa and the buzzword of the sector currently is partnership. With the declaration of higher education as vital development tool, multilateral and bilateral regimes, foundations, and other development partners now favor the support of the sector, among other avenues, through partnership schemes. However, prevalence of competing donor-driven agendas, lack of sustainability, unpredictability of donor resources, poor harmonization, and weak coordination and management still hamper these schemes.
Student Services in China
Authors: Arnold Karen , Zhu Hong
Published: February 2017

The profession of student affairs in Chinese higher education is expanding and taking on new forms in response to increased postsecondary participation and changing economic and social conditions. Universities throughout China are establishing new and reconfigured administrative positions and structures charged with non-academic student services such as career advising, mental health counseling, and financial aid advising. Government statements, new graduate degree programs, and research on college students point to an emergent student development movement in China whose contours are still forming.
"Free" Public Universities: Too Much of a Good Thing?
Authors: Estrella Mateo
Published: February 2017

Many observers would envy Ecuador's public universities, following adoption of a new governing law and the 2008 Constitution, which abolished all student fees. But its 25 public universities are in the odd position of getting too much of a good thing. Elsewhere, advocates for public universities lament a trend toward marketization and privatization and decry shrunken financial contributions from government. Higher education in Ecuador is about to find out if the recent reforms could be problematic, as strings tighten that have just been attached to universities under a bold experiment. There is a particular worry about the threat to university autonomy.
Rankings: Does What Get Counted Get Done?
Authors: Hazelkorn Ellen
Published: February 2017

The global university rankings emphasize particular measures to count. This article examines what is emphasized for counting, and then looks at how such variables are measuredor not.
Egyptian Private Higher Education at a Crossroads
Authors: Levy Daniel , Sabry Manar
Published: February 2017

The Egyptian Revolution comes amid a period of national and general regional growth of private higher education. Indeed, the Middle East is the last region to establish the private sector across the breadth of its countries. Apart from a few precursors such as the American University in Cairo, the private sector is basically a creation of the last two decades, and its share in Egypt is still small, though it is growing. On the one hand, the new minister says private universities should be distinctive, not "duplicating" public ones and thus offering new programs: on the other hand regulations about access cannot be ruled out nor can caps on the amount of tuition rises. Already evident is a public policy orientation to discourage for-profit private higher education.
Graduate Education in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Hayward Fred
Published: February 2017

An examination of some of the challenges facing graduate education in Sub-Saharan Africa which traces the decline in higher education in much of Africa, describes problems hindering quality graduate education, the need to recreate the culture of research that existed earlier, and makes some suggestions about ways to promote and expand high quality graduate education on a regional basis.
Regulating Private Higher Education in South Africa
Authors: Sehoole Chika
Published: February 2017

This article makes case of how South Africa has been able to use its laws and policies to achieve its objectives of regulating private higher education. This happened in the context of an ascendancy of neo-liberal policies which favoured deregulation and the rolling back of the state. Through these policies the government was able to protect the public even during the global financial crisis as it had registered credible and financially sound institutions which could weather off the financial crises which affected many private companies worldwide.
Combating Unethical Behavior
Authors: Helms Robin
Published: February 2017

A discussion of the various forms of unethical behavior that occurs in higher education, this article focuses on plagiarism, cheating of various kinds, and other problems. Ways of improvement are suggested.
Kerala: Temples and World-Class Universities
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

A Hindu temple in the south Indian state of Kerala has located treasure work several billion dollars in its basement. This article proposes uses some of that money to build a world-class research university in Kerala to help boost its knowledge economy.
Strengthening Universities Around the World
Authors: El-Khawas Elaine
Published: February 2017

In many countries, reform of university governance has introduced appointed leaders and external governing boards. The objective is to have more strategic and effective universities able to contribute to national development. This article offers evidence that improved governance has allowed several universities to more actively set and advance goals while overcoming constraints.
Anarchy, Commercialism, and "Publish or Perish"
Authors: Altbach Philip , Rapple Brendan
Published: February 2017

The business of academic journals has become deeply flawed. Many new and unneeded journals have been founded by fake publishers seeking to make quick money. Some of the established publishers have raised prices to an unsustainable level. Technology creates both problems and possibilities.
Lessons from the Past: Medieval Universities and Today
Authors: Rubin Miri
Published: February 2017

The European medieval universities are the basic model for modern universities everywhere. The medieval universities have some interesting relevance to today's debates about higher educationincluding issues such as entrepreneurialism, financing, curriculum, and others.
Ten Principles to Guide the Public Financing of Higher Education
Authors: Hauptman Arthur M.
Published: February 2017

Based on two decades of experience in dealing with more than two dozen countries, the author lays out ten principles that should help in strengthening higher education financing structures. These principles include defining the role of politicians and other officials in appropriating funds for higher education and in deciding on how they are allocated, and the importance of linking the key policies of funding institutions, setting fees and providing student financial support. The article also recognizes the importance of having a strong quality assurance system to ensure financing policies are effective in meeting national goals.
Investing in Leadership Development: the UK Experience
Authors: Middlehurst Robin
Published: February 2017

This article highlights aspects of the UK's experience of leadership development in higher education over three decades as the sector has sought to respond to growing pressures and significant change. More recently, a Leadership Foundation has been established to support senior leaders and managers and this has further stimulated developmental provision at institutional, national and international levels.
Managing and Leading African Universities
Authors: Achanga Pius
Published: February 2017

The notion of university management and leadership' is currently taking a centre stage within most African states. This is because Africa is witnessing unprecedented rise in the number of university establishments. This article aims to expose the salient issues involving management and leadership of universities in the African context.
Liberal Arts in the Chinese Context
Authors: You Jiang
Published: February 2017

There is a growing interest in liberal education in Chinese universities. This article describes the motivations for considering liberal education, including a focus on critical thinking, and some case studies.
World-Class Universities: Lessons for Slovenia
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Slovenian universities are arguably the best in the central Europe. Slovenia's higher education contextand as- pirationshas relevance not only for other countries with small populations but also for universities with a traditional continental European pattern of academic governance and administration.
Serbia: New Higher Education Strategy
Authors: Uvalic-Trumbic Stamenka
Published: February 2017

A new higher education strategy is being developed in Serbia as part of a wider reform of education. Boosting enrolments, promoting both the non-university sector on one end and excellence on the other, strengthening relevance and quality and rationalizing the university network are the basis of this strategy.
Kyrgyzstan's New Degree System
Authors: Merrill Martha , Ryskulova Chynara
Published: February 2017

Kyrgyzstan is replacing Soviet-era degrees with Bachelor's and Master's degrees, and contact hours with credit hours. This aligns Kyrgyzstan's higher education system with those of neighboring nations that have been accepted into the Bologna Process. However, many problems are likely to arise, because few educators, students, parents, or employers fully understand the new system and resources available to implement it are minimal.
Mobility of Chinese and Indian Students
Authors: Choudaha Rahul
Published: February 2017

Many institutions are under pressure to recruit more international undergraduate students to overcome fiscal strains caused by budget cuts. China and India are large source countries, which are expected to show different trends beginning 2015 due to demographic shifts, self-financed students, pace of reforms and campus concerns. Institutions should prepare for these trends without letting fiscal urgency to lose focus on quality, integrity and diversity.
The Complexities of 21st Century Brain Exchange
Authors: Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Research by Dongbin Kim, Charles A. S. Bankart, and Laura Isdell ("International doctorates: Trends analysis on their decision to stay in US," Higher Education 62 (August 2011) shows that the large majority of international doctoral recipients from American universities remain in the United States after graduation. Even more surprisingly, the proportion of those choosing to stay in the United States has in- creased over the past three decades, seemingly regardless of growth and academic expansion. There is strong evidence that we live in a worldwide era of global mobility of highly skilled talent in general and of the academic profession in particular, but this mobility flows largely in one direction from developing and emerging economies to the wealthier nations, especially to the English-speaking countries.
International Education in Australia: The Roller Coaster
Authors: Marginson Simon
Published: February 2017

Australia's international education industry', a major export sector, slumped in 2010 because of more restrictive migration policy and visa processing, a crackdown on backdoor migration schemes, a high Australian dollar and tardy official response to racist violence affecting international students. A package of reforms in late 2011 freed up visa processing and work experience for graduates but so far industry recovery has been slow and uncertain.
Faculty Contracts in Post-Soviet Countries
Authors: Androushchak Gregory , Yudkevich Maria
Published: February 2017

For decades, universities in Soviet countries were governed, evaluated, and financed according to the same principles. The current system is not like this former one. However, faculty contractsa core element in any universitystill participate much in common. While this article is based on detailed data on the academic profession in Armenia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, and Russia, the described trends are, to some extent, common for all post-Soviet countries.
Paying the Professoriate: Trends in India
Authors: Jayaram N.
Published: February 2017

Academic salaries in India have recently been significantly improved. Yet, these raises have not been accompanied by higher standards of teaching or research. This article focuses on the realities of Indian higher education as they relate to academic salaries and contracts.
Challenges to Romanian Higher Education
Authors: Agachi Paul
Published: February 2017

Romania faces serious academic challenges, particularly in the context of current economic problems in Europe. Further, the traditional of centralized control and hierarchy remains. At the same time, several Romanian universities are instituting reforms that are improving them.
Harmonization and Tuning: Integrating Africa
Authors: Hahn Karola , Teferra Damtew
Published: February 2017

Tuning, the European Union's effort to harmonize academic coursework in several field is of much interest and relevance to Africa. This article discusses current thinking and efforts in Africa to conceptualize and implement tuning arrangements in the African context.
Gender and International Research Cooperation
Authors: Vabø Agnete
Published: February 2017

This article discusses why U.S. academics, and female academics in particular, are less involved in international collaboration than their colleges in other countries. Features of the U.S. system for higher education and research, including its size, academic quality and the nature of the academic tenure track career system, are important in shaping this "national-oriented" mode of academic work. It is argued, however that such qualities also limit the realization of academic and economic potential of international research collaboration.
Another Week, Another Scandal: Immigration Dilemmas
Authors: Reisberg Liz , Altbach Philip
Published: February 2017

Immigration regulations for international students seem to be changing somewhat unpredictably of late, in major receiving countries. In several English-speaking nations, immigration regulation has become a significant policy issue, and international students are the frequent focus of recent crackdowns. These changes have the potential for altering the landscape of global student flows and might even slow the increases in student numbers of the past two decades. In this context, the expansion of recent years might actually have been a temporary “bubble."
Is Postsecondary Education Affordable?
Authors: Baum Sandy , Schwartz Saul
Published: February 2017

The evolution of higher education from a privilege for the elite to an economic and social necessity for broad segments of the population has created financing challenges, along with new opportunities, for students and their families. Governments that were able to provide free or low-priced access to universities for the select few have found it necessary to charge rising levels of tuition, even as less-affluent citizens aspire to enroll. In a number of countries—including Canada, Chile, and England—students have taken to the streets to protest tuition policies. Students are less militant in the United States; but there, as elsewhere, rising college prices and stagnating incomes have led to the widespread perception that postsecondary education is “unaffordable” for more and more people.Yet, it is not obvious what “unaffordable” means. What price is relevant—the published price of postsecondary study, the price people actually pay, or the price people should be expected to pay? Efforts to increase educational opportunity can be hindered if policymakers do not have a clear idea of the meaning of an “affordable” or “unaffordable” education.
Cambodia: Subprime Degrees?
Authors: Ford David
Published: February 2017

The Cambodian economy has achieved a healthy average growth rate of about 7 percent, over the past decade. Higher education has expanded more than tenfold, in the same period, and now includes 91 institutions (68 universities and 23 institutes or schools) of which 59 percent are private institutions, and almost 200,000 students. Access has improved greatly, as many new institutions and branch campuses of existing institutions have opened in provincial centers.
The For-Profit Motive
Authors: Bernasconi Andres
Published: February 2017

For-profit higher education is controversial. The legitimacy of the profit motive in education is called into question by those who believe that a trust-based relationship cannot be mediated by economic gain. Proponents of education as a legitimate business, for their part, argue that competition and market discipline are at once good for business and for quality education. They also maintain that in the absence of profit-seeking entrepreneurship we would not be seeing the enormous expansion of enrollments characteristic of higher education in the developing world. At any rate, if the nature of the institution is to be a choice for students, they need to be properly informed about whether the institution of their choice is for-profit.
Squeezing the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Levy Daniel
Published: February 2017

The growth of the for-profit sector combines with a partial public sector resurgence to squeeze the nonprofit sector, which for decades had increased its global enrollment share. The for-profit growth relates to competitive advantages in prioritizing the labor market while the public move involves accelerated access missions, changing demographics, and policies of competitive marketization.
The Quality-Profit Assumption
Authors: Kinser Kevin
Published: February 2017

The profit motive is typically linked to lower quality in higher education. But there are several routes to profitability that do not presume a decline in quality, but rather take advantage of price and service strategies that generate revenue without significant impact on the academic program. Quality, therefore, is not determined by the profit status of the institution.
International Student Mobility in the United States
Authors: Farrugia Christine , Villarreal Ashley
Published: February 2017

The number of globally mobile students has nearly doubled over the past ten years, from 2.1 million students in 2001 to 4.1 million students in 2011. According to Open Doors 2012: Report on International Educational Exchange, the U.S. hosted 764,795 international students in 2011/12, an increase of 3.7 percent from the previous year. International students in the U.S. now make up 19 percent of the world's globally mobile students, and as university campus enrollments grow, so does the proportion of students enrolling in them from abroad. The number of U.S. students studying abroad reached 273,996 in 2010/11, an increase of 1.3 percent over the prior year and an increase of 78 percent over the past ten years.
New Dynamics in Latin America
Authors: Brunner Jose Joaquin
Published: February 2017

The dramatic massification of Latin America's higher education is leading to a social revolution with new demands on government for greater and more effective regulation. However the sector's market development, based on private as much as public institutions and funding, cannot be easily organized. Facing increasing political demands, governments and stakeholders will have to ensure-through innovative instruments and policies-greater quality, employability while adapting funding and curricula to massification, in order to meet the aspirations of Latin America's present and future youth.
Argentine Public Universities: Inefficient and Ineffective?
Authors: Rabossi Marcelo
Published: February 2017

Although Argentina prides itself on having the highest gross university enrollment rate in Latin America, the relative low proportion of graduates has put the open and free-for-all national university under pressure and questioning. In a national system where in more than one third of all public drop-out rates are above 80 percent, an urgent reform is needed.
Research Collaboration and Global Migration
Authors: Halevi Gali , Moed Henk
Published: February 2017

This article presents two bibliometric techniques for the study of international scientific migration and international collaboration. The first is based on tracking of an author's career in terms of the institutions from which he or she has published their research articles, and the second on co-authorship relations between researchers active in different countries. To illustrate this analysis, we present results of 17 selected countries.
What Will English Higher Education Look Like in 2025?
Authors: Huisman Jeroen , De Boer Harry , Bótas Paulo
Published: February 2017

In light of the recent higher education policy changes in the UK, a scenario study was carried out  based on the Delphi-method  exploring the longer term impact (2025) of the policies on English higher education. The two scenarios are briefly presented below.
Getting Value for Money in Higher Education
Authors: Altbach Philip , Agarwal Pawan
Published: February 2017

India's higher education system, while much criticized, does some things well. It provides impressive rates of access compared to other countries at similar levels of development. India also spends a reasonable proportion of its GDP on education, and pays its academics reasonably well. But it does not get appropriate quality from this level of support.
Does India Have an International Strategy?
Authors: Lavakare Prabhakar
Published: February 2017

There is a movement across the world to internationalize higher education so that it meets the needs of students to be more global in their approach to higher education. Various strategies are being worked out by different countries to understand the meaning of internationalization and how it can be imparted in national educational institutions. Unfortunately, in India, the higher education system is not being subjected to this process of internationalization. India's latest five year plan (2012-17) for national development has a brief mention about internationalization, but no concrete measures to bring about this change in the higher education system have been formulated so far)
The False Halo of Internationalization
Authors: Lee Jenny
Published: February 2017

Internationalization is more commonplace in university strategies and activities more than ever before. In the current arms race to internationalize, careful attention needs to be paid to the quality of internationalization efforts. This article describes two cases on the experiences of international scholars and students, followed by implications on how internationalization should be critically assessed and practiced as a social and educational responsibility.
The Dragon's Deal: Sino-African Cooperation in Higher Education
Authors: Obamba Milton
Published: February 2017

China and Africa have a long tradition of bilateral cooperation. The establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2000 has dramatically revolutionized Sino-African cooperation. It is an intergovernmental agency established jointly by China and African countries to provide a plan for strengthening bilateral cooperations between China and 50 African member countries. The emergence of FOCAC can be more accurately interpreted as part of the increasing institutionalization and intensification of Sino-African relations, at a time of deepening multilateral interactions, although critiques have intensified simultaneously.
Financial Aspects of Offshore Activities
Authors: Fielden John
Published: February 2017

This article analyses the experience of 24 universities in setting up and operating offshore campuses and transnational education activities. It focuses on the financial aspects including their relationship with commercial partners and the potential for making surpluses.
Implications of Excellence in Research and Teaching
Authors: Wespel Johannes , Orr Dominic , Jaeger Michael
Published: February 2017

Stratification of higher education is currently being driven by public funding schemes, among other things. Building on a survey of excellence funding initiatives across OECD member countries based on the measurement of excellence in higher education institutions, this contribution focuses on how teaching and learning are integrated into these highly selective funding mechanisms. It turns out that teaching performance is generally much less significant than research. Possible reasons and consequences for this result are discussed.
New Reforms in Kenya
Authors: Munene Ishmael
Published: February 2017

Kenya has implemented a significant national reform of its higher education system in an effort to include both public and private higher education equally. Kenya's problems of rapid expansion, inadequate quality assurance, and declining quality are intended to be addressed.
Venezuelan Higher Education's Legacy Under Cha´vez
Authors: Albornoz Orlando
Published: February 2017

Government and universities. The impact of the Chavez regime on higher education in Venezuela has been substantial. In general, higher education has been weakened and is more subject to governmental control.
International Recruitment: Oversight and Standards
Authors: Engberg David
Published: February 2017

U.S. institutions are increasingly using paid agents to recruit international students. This article examines competing perspectives regarding this practice, reviews one organization's efforts to provide quality assurance and oversight of international agents, and argues that institutions need to develop their own policies and practices before initiating any agency relationships.
International Admissions: Ethical Challenges
Authors: Zaretsky Daniel
Published: February 2017

The May 2013 NACAC Report concludes that the paying by colleges of commission fees to education agents, while acceptable, is not a best practice as it promotes misrepresentations to students. The Report overlooks the more troubling incentives: agent misrepresentations to gouge genuine but easily manipulated students for large fees, or conniving with students (or their parents) to abet fabrication of student academic records. Addressing these challenges requires ardent institutional accountability.
The Abdication of Thinking Capacity in International Higher Education
Authors: Altbach Philip G
Published: February 2017

The Abdication of Thinking Capacity in International Higher Education
Soaring Spain: A Dream Deferred?
Authors: Rumbley Laura E , Howard Laura
Published: February 2017

Universities in Spain were committed to an active internationalization agenda with government initiatives such as Estrategia Universidad 2015 and Universidad.es set to help them along this path. However, the current economic crisis has dramatically slowed down this process. Spain’s continued success in attracting international students may keep the momentum going.
Brazil: A For-Profit Giant
Authors: Salto Dante J.
Published: February 2017

Brazil has become by far the largest higher education system in Latin America, with a large share of enrollments in the private sector. A recently established and fast growing for-profit sub-sector consolidates as one of the largest worldwide. It already surpasses the public sector in enrollment and its role is growing. Public policy has backed the for-profit growth, largely for tax revenue reasons but in recent years the federal government has taken social initiatives that include tax exemption policies for the sub-sector. As indicated by fields of study, the for-profit sub-sector shares some important characteristics with the nonprofit sub-sector, contrasting dramatically to the public sector.