bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Prevention of Infectious Complications Following Hepatic Resections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gan Yu , Su Song , Li Bo , Fang Chen
Published: June 2019

Background & Aims: Infections occurring after hepatic resection cause significant morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospitalization. Probiotics and prebiotics are considered to offer protection against post-operative infections. We aimed to determine the effect of probiotics and prebiotics on the post-operative infection rate after hepatic resection by conducting a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Method: We searched various databases, namely, the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry (CENTRAL), for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of probiotics and/or prebiotics on the infection rate following hepatic resection. Extracted data were pooled and subsequently used in a meta-analysis with a random-effects model. Review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines. Results: A total of 4 studies comprising 205 patients were included for our meta-analysis. The infection rates in the probiotic group and placebo group were 11.7% and 30.3%, respectively (p<0.001). The pooled risk ratio (RR) was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.128–0.730). Subgroup analysis indicated that the wound infection rate in the probiotic group (5.3%) was significantly lower than that in the placebo group (RR: 0.387, 95% CI: 0.155–0.970, p=0.043). Furthermore, probiotics/prebiotics decreased the duration of hospital stay (-0.57 days; 95% CI: -0.861 to -0.274; p<0.001) and antibiotic use (mean difference: -3.89 days, 95% CI: -4.17 to -3.60; p<0.001). There was no significant statistical heterogeneity. Conclusion: Our findings show that administration of probiotics and/or prebiotics prior to operation day decreases the infection rate post-liver resection and could shorten the duration of hospitalization and antibiotics use.
Assessment of Crohn’s Disease Activity: Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Comparison with Clinical and Endoscopic Evaluations
Authors: Minordi Laura Maria , Larosa Luigi , Papa Alfredo , Bordonaro Veronica , Lopetuso Loris , Holleran Grainne , Gasbarrini Antonio , Manfredi Riccardo
Published: June 2019

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory transmural disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The small bowel is the most frequently involved site. Assessment of the bowel is essential in guiding therapeutic decisions, medical or surgical therapy. Personalized medicine is a new concept that has the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy, reduce the risk of drug adverse events, and decrease costs if the therapy is the most suitable treatment for selected patients. Many techniques have been verified and standardised for small bowel CD. Among radiological techniques, CT enterography (CTE) and MRI-enterography (MRE) are the most widely accepted techniques, although MRI is generally preferable as it avoids radiation. In this review, we will present the current role and new innovative technological perspectives of MR enterography in comparison with clinical and endoscopic evaluations for the assessment of CD activity in adult patients. In particular, many studies have been performed to validate MRE signs such as biomarkers of active Crohn’s disease (such as mural thickening, mural T2 hyperintense signal, target sign, comb sign, ulceration and extramural mesenteric signs) and to select the most appropriate index for identifying active disease or severe inflammation (such as MaRIA score, Clermont index, and others). We conclude that MRE is a minimally invasive tool for the evaluation of disease activity and shows a very good correlation with the presence and severity of endoscopic lesions, so to allow a personalized medicine in patients with CD.
Robert Karl. La Paz Olvidada. Políticos, letrados, campesinos y el surgimiento de las FARC en la formación de la Colombia contemporánea.
Authors: Gómez-Delgado Julián
Published: June 2019

Este libro explora una problemática vigente: de qué manera la formación del Estado y la sociedad colombiana se relacionan, no sólo con repetidos episodios de violencia, sino también con insistentes intentos de paz. En particular, este texto retrata el camino recorrido por la iniciativa de pacificación que Alberto Lleras Camargo se empeñó en adelantar desde 1958 y estudia sus alcances y limitaciones hasta el año de 1966. A través de los actores y las iniciativas institucionales diseñadas y puestas en marcha, Karl analiza este ensayo de pacificación, el cual nombra como “paz criolla” (que luego se convertirá en la “paz olvidada”). En su narrativa nos presenta, también, la historia de su frustración. Este experimento se agota prontamente, a principios de la década de 1960. En efecto, Karl evidencia el posterior desmonte de esta iniciativa a partir de las acciones militares y el cambio de orientación en la política social del siguiente presidente, el conservador Guillermo León Valencia. El autor, además, se encarga de retratar con extensa documentación primaria un evento posterior a esta paz criolla: la fundación de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (farc) en 1966.
Entre simpatías y oposiciones: la lucha por el voto femenino en Colombia
Authors: Zapata-Hincapie Óscar Javier
Published: June 2019

Este artículo muestra el debate desempeñado por las mujeres y hombres en Colombia a favor y en contra del derecho a la ciudadanía, y al voto para las mujeres. Los imaginarios que se empezaron a concebir en torno a la mujer colombiana, con su notable participación en el escenario de la política nacional a principios del siglo XX, es el tema central. La revisión de fuentes primarias —periódicos y revistas— permitió examinar la controversia en torno a la ciudadanía de la mujer, tema de gran relevancia para el estudio de los procesos y los confl ictos asociados a la participación e inclusión de las mujeres en la política de Colombia. En general, se examina la pretensión de las mujeres por establecer una sociedad con igualdad de derechos, en un contexto donde el derecho a la ciudadanía y al sufragio universal era dominio de los hombres.
La desigualdad, un suceso no ajeno a la biblioteca: lectura, escritura y oralidad, tecnologías de poder como alternativas a la reducción de las desigualdades sociales
Authors: Duque-Cardona Natalia
Published: June 2019

El propósito de este artículo es plantear la desigualdad social como un hecho relacionado directamente con el desconocimiento de las funciones sociales de la biblioteca y, específi camente, de los lenguajes políticos de la lectura, que transversalizan la institución. Si bien es claro que las prácticas de Lectura, Escritura y Oralidad (LEO), dependiendo del lenguaje político al que respondan, inciden favorable o desfavorablemente en la desigualdad social, también lo es que si ubicamos estas en un lenguaje político crítico emancipatorio pueden se rvir como alternativas a la reducción de las desigualdades sociales, promoviendo que el dispositivo cultural, biblioteca, del cual son constituyentes, promueva un propósito emancipador. El artículo retoma el lenguaje político de la lectura crítico-emancipatoria propuesto por el investigador Didier Álvarez Zapata y plantea uno nuevo, el intercultural decolonial, en relación con la posibilidad que dan las LEO para promover espacios de equidad, participación y diálogo.
Diseño participativo como instrumento para la construcción de paz: el caso de los asentamientos de población víctima en Mocoa (Putumayo, Colombia)
Authors: Buitrago-Campos Lida , Rodríguez-Prieto Camilo , Peña-Murcia Brayan Stiven
Published: June 2019

Este artículo hace parte de la investigación “Nuevas formas de ordenamiento territorial autosuficientes con formación integral en el escenario del posacuerdo y la consolidación de la paz”; trabajo que se está realizando en el municipio de Mocoa (departamento del Putumayo, Colombia) con el apoyo del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados (Acnur). Mocoa es uno de los municipios de Colombia donde la mitad de la población es víctima del conflicto armado, fenómeno que comenzó desde 1998, y que ha llevado a la configuración de cuarenta asentamientos que se han ubicado, inicialmente, en el casco urbano y, posteriormente, en el área suburbana y rural. Estos procesos de reparación a las víctimas se verán reflejados en uno de estos asentamientos, como es el caso de Nueva Esperanza, que inició en el 2002, con un proceso de legalización del predio en el 2015 y una entrega de algunos títulos individuales en el 2017. Este proceso de apropiación del territorio, por parte de la comunidad, ha generado que algunos sectores concurridos se sientan inseguros; por tal razón, realizamos un diseño participativo con la comunidad con el fin de construir paz, incluyendo a los líderes del asentamiento para que puedan entender su territorio y construir sobre sus fortalezas y debilidades los espacios de apropiación.
A new approach to increasing the efficiency of the ship main engine air waste heat recovery cooling system
Authors: Radchenko R. , Pyrysunko M. , Bogdanov M. , Shcherbak Yu.
Published: June 2019

The efficiency of integrated cooling air at the intake of Turbocharger and Scavenge air at the inlet of working cylinders of the main diesel engine of dry-cargo ship by transforming the waste heat into a cold by an Refrigerant Ejector Chiller (ECh) as the most simple in design and reliable in operation and by complex in design but more efficient Absorption Lithium-Bromide Chiller (ACh) was analyzed. A ship power plant of cogeneration type using the relatively low-grade heat of water of a heat supply system with a temperature of about 90 °C, that significantly complicates the problem of its conversion into cold were considered. Because of the insufficiently high efficiency of transformation of the heat of hot water (low coefficient of performance) as compared with steam, the resulting cooling capacity may not be enough for cooling intake air of the turbocharger and scavenge air, that raises the problem of the rational distribution of heat loads between the Turbocharger Intake Air cooling circuit (subsystem) and Scavenge air cooling circuit and the need to use chillers of various types. This takes into account the rational parameters of cooling processes of the scavenge air in the cogeneration high-temperature stage of scavenge air cooler, in the intermediate stage of traditional cooling air with seawater, and in the low-temperature stage for deep cooling of the scavenge air by using a chiller. A new approach is proposed to improve the efficiency of integrated cooling Intake Air of the turbocharger and Scavenge Air at the inlet of the working cylinders of the ship main engine of a transport ship, which consists in comparing the required cooling capacity and the corresponding heat needs during the trade route with the available heat of exhaust gases and scavenge air of the cogeneration power plant, determining the deficit and excess cooling capacity of heat utilizing cooling machines of various types, that allows to identify and realize the reserves of improving the efficiency of cooling intake air of the turbocharger and the scavenge air of the main diesel engine through the joint use of chillers of various types.
Advisability use of Arduino controllers in automation of refrigeration devices
Authors: Forsiuk А. , Pylypenko О. , Golub A. , Zasiadko Ya. , Voznyy V. , Gryshchenko R.
Published: June 2019

The advantages and disadvantages of Arduino controllers in relation to refrigeration automation systems are considered.  An example of using the Arduino controller for creating an automation and monitoring system for a non-standard  laboratory  refrigeration unit  is  presented.  Arduino  is  a computing hardware platform for affordable design, the main components of which are the microcontroller board with input and output elements,  as well as the Processing / Wiring programming environment in a programming language similar to C,  C ++.  Arduino can be used to create standalone interactive objects, connect to the software that is used on your computer. The main advantage of using Arduino-based controllers is the availability of information about the microcontroller card, the specification of the  elements, the software.  Information is freely accessible and can be used by developers in any field. Microcontroller boards have a special structure, due to which, if necessary, it can be expanded by adding new components to the device. Thus,  the  presented  platform  allows to improve or change the operation of the automation system of the refrigeration unit,  depending on the requirements of the consumer of the cold. The presented variant of automation of refrigeration systems gives an opportunity to come up with a new approach to the design of refrigeration units. During the development  of  the  automation  system,  a  modular algorithm for controlling  and  protecting the refrigeration unit was created in all its variants, the necessary peripheral equipment and signal receivers were selected.  It is shown that the value ratio - functionality of these devices significantly exceeds the similar indicators of the world's leading manufacturers of refrigeration automation systems.
Secondary Use of Patient Tissue in Cancer Biobanks
Authors: Mathews Debra J.H. , Rabin Julia T. , Quain Katharine , Campbell Eric , Collyar Deborah , Hlubocky Fay J. , Isakoff Steven , Peppercorn Jeffrey
Published: June 2019

Background

As scientific techniques evolve, historical informed consent forms may inadequately address modern research proposals, leading to ethical questions regarding research with archived biospecimens.

Subjects, Materials, and Methods

We conducted focus groups among patients with cancer recruited from Massachusetts General Hospital to explore views on medical research, biobanking, and scenarios based on real biospecimen research dilemmas. Our multidisciplinary team developed a structured focus group guide, and all groups were recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were coded for themes by two independent investigators using NVivo software.

Results

Across five focus groups with 21 participants, we found that most participants were supportive of biobanks and use of their own tissue to advance scientific knowledge. Many favor allowing research beyond the scope of the original consent to proceed if recontact is impossible. However, participants were not comfortable speaking for other patients who may oppose research beyond the original consent. This was viewed as a potential violation of participants’ rights or interests. Participants were also concerned with a “slippery slope” and potential scientific abuse if research were permitted without adherence to original consent. There was strong support for recontact and reconsent when possible and for the concept of broad consent at the time of tissue collection.

Conclusion

Our participants support use of their tissue to advance research and generally support any productive scientific approach. However, in the absence of broad initial consent, when recontact is impossible, a case-by-case decision must be made regarding a proposal's potential benefits and harms. Many participants support broad use of their tissue, but a substantial minority object to use beyond the original consent.

Implications for Practice

For prospective studies collecting tissue for future research, investigators should consider seeking broad consent, to allow for evolution of research questions and methods. For studies using previously collected tissues, researchers should attempt recontact and reconsent for research aims or methods beyond the scope of the original consent. When reconsent is not possible, a case-by-case decision must be made, weighing the scientific value of the biobank, potential benefits of the proposed research, and the likelihood and nature of risks to participants and their welfare interests. This study's data suggest that many participants support broad use of their tissue and prefer science to move forward.
Flexural fatigue strength prediction of hybrid-fibre-reinforced self-compacting concrete
Authors: Bawa Shailja , Singh S. P.
Published: June 2019

Mathematical models were developed for predicting the flexural fatigue strength of hybrid-fibre-reinforced self-compacting concrete based on fatigue test results. Steel and polypropylene fibres were used at 1% total mix volume in various proportions. About 250 flexural fatigue tests and 90 static flexural tests were carried out. The fatigue-life data obtained were analysed to determine the relationship between the stress level, the number of cycles to failure and the probability of failure. It was found that the relationship can be represented reasonably well graphically by a family of curves. The experimental coefficients of the fatigue equations were calculated from the fatigue test data to obtain the analytical curves. The 2 million cycle fatigue strength of the concrete mixes was also calculated from the curves.
A review on the reactivation of hardened cement paste and treatment of recycled aggregates
Authors: Ohemeng Eric A. , Ekolu Stephen O.
Published: June 2019

The generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) worldwide keeps on escalating due to growth in infrastructure and the related refurbishment or replacement of existing structures. Numerous research studies on the utilisation of CDW materials in the production of new concrete have been conducted, from which it has been established that their use generally leads to inferior mechanical properties of the resulting concrete. As such, the general acceptance and conventional utilisation of CDW in the construction industry is undermined. The concept of a triple-layered interfacial transition zone is suggested to be the main reason for the inferior mechanical properties exhibited by recycled aggregate (RA) concrete. Past research on the reactivation of hydrated cement paste and on improving the quality of RAs by the use of different treatments, was reviewed. The review revealed that a combination of mechanical grinding and thermal treatment at temperatures of 500–800°C is an effective means of activating the cementitious properties of hardened cement paste. Adhered mortar removal and mortar fortification are the main approaches for enhancing the properties of RAs. Mechanical abrasion and/or thermal treatment at a temperature of 500°C, are the most effective techniques for improving the properties of RAs.
The sensitivity of the South African industrial sector’s electricity consumption to electricity price fluctuations
Authors: Inglesi-Lotz Roula
Published: June 2019

Numerous studies assume that the price elasticity of electricity demand remains constant through the years. This, in turn, means that these studies assume that industrial consumers react in the same way to price fluctuations regardless of the actual price level. This paper proposes that the price elasticity of industrial electricity demand varies over time. The Kalman filter methodology is employed in an effort to provide policy-makers with more information on the behaviour of the industrial sector with regards to electricity price changes, focusing on the period 1970 to 2007. Other factors affecting electricity consumption, such as real output and employment, are also captured. The findings of this paper show that price sensitivity has changed since the 1970s. It has decreased in absolute values from -1 in 1980 to -0.953 in 1990 and then stabilised at approximately -0.95 which indicates that the industrial sector has experienced an inelastic demand. In other words, the behaviour of industrial consumers did not vary significantly during the 2000s. In the long run and as the prices increase, probably reaching the levels of the 1970s or even before, the industrial sector’s behaviour might change and the elasticity might end up at levels higher than one (elastic).
Energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel co-integration and causality tests for Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Fatai Basiru Oyeniran
Published: June 2019

This study reassesses the causal relationships between energy consumption and economic growth in 18 Sub-Saharan Africa  countries over the period 1980-2011. The Panel Unit Root Test results show that variables (both exogenous and endogenous) are stationary at their first difference with individual effects and individual linear trends, while the results of panel co-integration tests show that energy consumption and economic growth do have a stable long-run equilibrium relationship. There is unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth in East and the Southern Africa Sub-region, which supports the growth hypothesis. As a result, the related authorities in the regions should take a special interest in different sources of energy and invest more in this sector, make suitable policies in this regard and find new alternative and cheap sources of energy. But, there is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Central and the West Africa Sub-region, which is in line with the neutrality hypothesis. In other words, both energy consumption and economic growth are neutral with respect to each other. Our results confirm the inconclusive nature of a causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth.
Hybrid electromechanical-electromagnetic simulation to SVC controller based on ADPSS platform
Authors: Xu Lin , Tang Yong-Hong , Pu Wei , Han Yang
Published: June 2019

To test the dynamic performance and damping features of a static var compensator (SVC) controller accurately in large-scale interconnected AC/DC hybrid power systems, it is of vital significance to build the detailed electromagnetic transient model. However, it is unrealistic and time-consuming to build the detailed models of all the devices in the actual large-scale power grid. Utilizing the hybrid simulation function in the advanced digital power system simulator (ADPSS) and by dividing the large-scale power grid into the electromagnetic transient sub-grids and electromechanical sub-grids, the computation speed of real-time simulation is remarkably enhanced by the parallel computational capabilities of digital simulator. The SVC controller and the nearby substation are modelled in the electromagnetic transient sub-grid, and the residue sub-networks are modelled in the electromechanical sub-grid. This paper focuses on the mechanism of the hybrid electromechanical and electromagnetic simulation, the detailed modelling and the ADPSS-based digital closed-loop test methodologies of the SVC controller. Eventually, the validity and effectiveness of the modelling and control methods are confirmed by the experimental results.
Investigations on the absorption spectrum of TiO2 nanofluid
Authors: Subramaniyan A L , Priya Sukumaran Lakshmi , Kottaisamy M , Ilangovan R
Published: June 2019

Nanofluids are tailored nano- colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a suitable base fluid. This present work investigates the absorption spectrum in TiO2-water nanofluids to identify the potential application of nanofluids in Direct Absorption Solar Collectors (DASC). Nanoparticles of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) are prepared by sol gel and characterized by X Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). TiO2-water nanofluids with weight fraction of 0.1% are prepared by a two-step process with sonication. The prepared nanofluids are investigated for their stability by a gravity sedimentation method and for their optical property by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Stability of nanofluid is essential for the applications of nanofluid in DASC. TiO2 nanoparticles with a crystallite size of 43nm are obtained .The SEM image reveals the agglomerated state of TiO2 nanoparticles and the stability of TiO2 nanofluid is reported as 9-10days. UV results indicate the decrease in absorption from 440-500nm, complete absorption from 500-700nm and increase in absorption from 700-900nm.TiO2 nanofluids are recommended as potential candidates for DASC in UV and IR regions.
Büyükşehir statüsündeki illerde kırsal nüfusun tespiti: Ordu ili örneği
Authors: ŞENOL Eren
Published: June 2019

Ülkemizde 6360 sayılı yasa ile nüfusu 750.000’i aşan illerde il belediyeleri,  kanunla büyükşehir belediyesine dönüştürülmüştür. Yine aynı düzenlemeye bağlı olarak bu nüfus büyüklüğüne sahip illerde, belde belediyeleri ve köy tüzel kişilikleri kaldırılmış; bu alanlar mahalle olarak tanımlanmış; büyükşehir belediye sınırı, il sınırı ile çakıştırılmıştır. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK),  ilgili yasayı esas alarak büyükşehir sınırları içerisindeki nüfusun tümünü “şehir nüfusu” olarak kabul etmektedir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak ülke “kır” nüfusunun nicelik ve niteliği, coğrafya terminolojisine uygun olmayan bir şekilde kamuoyu ile paylaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada TÜİK’in mahalle düzeyindeki verileri kullanılarak büyükşehir statüsüne sahip Ordu ilinin “yok sayılan” kırsal nüfusu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Amaca ulaşmak için 2013 öncesinde “köy” veya “belde belediyesi”; ilgili yasadan sonra ise “mahalle” olarak tanımlanan yönetsel birimler;  “şehir” yerleşmelerini oluşturan mahallelerden ayrılmıştır. Bu sınıflandırmaya göre Ordu ilinin 2017 yılı Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi (ADNKS) verilerine göre kır nüfus miktarı ve oranı tespit edilmiştir. Eldeki çalışmada, benzer çalışmalardan farklı olarak, tespit edilen bu kırsal nüfusun cinsiyet yapısına, yaş gruplarına göre dağılımına ve eğitim durumuna ilişkin özelliklerine de yer verilmiştir.
İBN HALDUN DÜŞÜNCESİNDE TARİH, ZAMAN VE DÖNGÜSELLİK
Authors: NEBATİ Nureddin
Published: June 2019

Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık kültürünün getirdiği ilerlemeci çizgisel tarih anlayışı geçmiş, gelecek ve şimdiyi kesin bir şekilde birbirinden ayırarak tarihe sonul bir amaç yükler. Böylece Ortaçağ’da zaman kutsallığından arındırılmış, insan özneleştirilmiştir. Tarihi kozmosa benzer bir döngüyle tekerrür eden biçimler olarak tasavvur eden döngüsel tarihten çizgisel tarih yaklaşımına geçilmiştir ve tüm Batı düşünce tarihi bu mirası benimsemiştir. İslam’ın tarih yaklaşımı kategorik ayrıştırmaların ötesine geçen farklı bir yapı ihtiva etmektedir. İslam tarihçisi İbn Haldun tarihi ilahi yasanın getirdiği zorunluluklar ve toplumların çeşitliliğini oluşturan arızi yönlerinin bağıntısı üzerinden analiz ederek ilk tarih metodolojisini kurmuş, tarihi bilimselleştirmiştir. Tarihi varlığa içkin gördüğü döngüsel bir süreç içinde tasavvur etmiş, devletler, toplumlar, asabiyet bağları ile insan organizması arasında bir ilinti kurmuştur.
An Internet of Things (IoT) based Monitoring System for Oil-immersed Transformers
Authors: YAMAN Okan , BİÇEN Yunus
Published: June 2019

While the electricity power industry in the world
continues to grow, it also becomes more traceable and smart with the developing
technology. Naturally, the integration of these technologies into the
electrical power systems brings with an additional cost. Most of the time
producers and consumers struggle under the pressure of these additional costs
and try new products that will reduce the cost. In this sense, competitive
products in the market must be advantageous in terms of cost. In this study, an
original IoT based transformer monitoring system has been developed by using
open source software, modular and low cost components as an alternative to
studies in literature. Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller has been used as the
main component in the system. The system can acquire data from a wide variety of
sensors using internal and external transducers. And this data can be saved to
the cloud system synchronously with the memory card on the monitoring system. The developed monitoring system has been
utilized free and reliable platforms such as the ThingSpeak web interface and
PushingBox Notification application. The all test process of the developed
monitoring system has been carried out in the laboratory environment.
Cellular immune response in infected mice to NSP protein encoded by the negative strand NS RNA of influenza A virus
Authors: Zhirnov Oleg P. , Konakova Tatyana E. , Anhlan Darisuren , Ludwig Stephan , Isaeva Elena I.
Published: June 2019

Influenza A virus belongs to a family of enveloped viruses with an RNA genome of negative polarity consisting of 8 RNA segments. The transcription of this RNA genome results in the synthesis of positive-sense mRNAs that translate up to 16 unique viral proteins with the help of splicing and translational shift mechanisms. The 8th NS segment encodes the NS1 protein (27 kDa), which is an active interferon antagonist, and the nuclear export protein NEP (14 kDa) through the standard negative polarity pathway. In addition, an alternative open reading frame for the synthesis of a third viral protein (NSP, negative-strand protein) by means of a direct translation of genome polarity RNA (the so-called positive polarity genome strategy) was identified in the NS segment. Since it is unknown as to whether the NSP protein can be synthesized in the infected organism post viral infection, the generation of spleen leucocytes specific to this protein was studied in mice after two sequential infections with influenza A viruses of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. It was found that leucocyte clones specifically recognizing a peptide domain in the central region of the NSP protein (amino acid positions 82-119) were generated in mice infected with influenza A viruses. In silico prediction has shown strong major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC-I) and MHC-II specific epitopes in this central domain of the NSP. Comparative analysis of the influenza H3N2 viruses circulating in humans during 1968-2018 has shown high NSP variability, which was similar to that shown for the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. The highest variability was found to be in the N-and C-terminal parts of the NSP. These observations suggest that synthesis of the NSP protein occurs in infected animals and further support a bipolar (ambisense) strategy of the RNA genome of human influenza A virus.
La investigación sobre la imagen de los alojamientos turísticos y las dimensiones que la componen: situación actual y retos de futuro
Authors: Moreno Gil Sergio , Picazo Peral Patricia , Korstanje Maximiliano
Published: June 2019

El presente ensayo o pieza de revisión es un intento de brindar al lector una lectura holística del problema de la imagen y su disociación respecto a la marca o proceso de construcción de marca. Centrados en la industria hotelera (producto alojativo), la propuesta sugiere dos asuntos significativos. Por un lado, existe una necesidad de introducir nuevos estudios cualitativos que complementen los puntos que no tienen respuesta sobre el rol que juega el conocimiento como aspecto de intención de compra. Por el otro, cada producto se encuentra inserto en una matriz de tiempo, en cuyo caso, estudiar la evolución de la imagen a lo largo de la vida del producto se hace una cuestión de importancia para los analistas de marketing. Así mismo, el ensayo hace énfasis en la interacción microsocial (cara a cara) como forma relacional para el posicionamiento de los productos hoteleros. Ello demuestra que existe una tendencia hacia la fragmentación (segmentación) que debe ser discutida y analizada.
Editor's Note
Authors: Taylor Hannah
Published: June 2019

A note from the Editor of The Boller Review, Hannah Taylor.
A Crisis of Faith, Scary Popes, and William Gladstone
Authors: Jackson Josh , 2018 Class of
Published: June 2019

William Gladstone presided as Prime Minister of Great Britain on four separate occasions between 1868 to 1894. Gladstone was preoccupied both personally and politically with religion, and his personal faith journey reflected the larger crisis of faith occurring in Britain in the nineteenth century as secularism and urbanization began to erode the place of faith in common life. Many scholars have referred to this period as the “Victorian Crisis of Faith.” This paper examines his personal diaries and extensive writings to understand his zest for religion, primarily regarding the supposed papal aggression of 1850 in Great Britain and his personal faith crises. The significance of this paper is that it highlights how both personally and politically this key leader was working to understand the role of religion in public life in nineteenth-century Great Britain.
Higher education as factor for economic development: Lithuanian case
Authors: Ciburiene Jadvyga , Bernatonyte Dalia , Simanaviciene Zaneta , Startiene Grazina
Published: June 2019

Authors of the article aim to show what role higher education play in economic development. They argue that modernizationand transformation of the economy mostly depend on knowledge-based economy. Smart, sustainable, and inclusive economic growth are based and strongly related to higher education. When analyzing higher education, the share of the population with tertiary education (in the total population aged 15–64 years) was chosen to study. For the evaluation of these relations in Lithuania and the EU-28 the period of 2005–2013 was analyzed, and the year 2005 was chosen as the base year. The research results and calculated Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that the share of the population with tertiary education (in the total population aged 15–64 years) has a significant impact on the share of human resources in science and technology, research and development expenditure and real adjusted gross disposable income of households per capita in Lithuania and most other countries of the EU-28.. Keywords: Economic development, economic modernization, higher education, research and development expenditure;
 
Keywords: Economic development, economic modernization, higher education, research and development expenditure;
The Response to Acquired Brain Injury in the United Kingdom: A Comparative Review
Authors: Foster Sophie Vivien , Degeneffe Charles Edmund
Published: June 2019

Background and Objective

This article compares the policy, care systems, and legislation surrounding acquired brain injury (ABI) in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). Consistent with their shared histories, many similarities in terms of culture, language, and politics, and their history of cooperative relations in military and diplomatic efforts, the US and UK have taken similar approaches toward meeting the needs of persons with ABI and their family caregivers. However, important distinctions exist.

Method and Findings

Through a comprehensive narrative review, the article describes both common as well as distinct aspects of the system of ABI services from acute care through to long-term community rehabilitation.

Conclusions

The article concludes by discussing areas of potential collaboration in research, services, policy, and training to advance best practice approaches in both nations.
Dependence of tautomerism on substituent type in o-hydroxy Schiff bases
Authors: Albayrak Kaştaş Çiğdem , Kaştaş Gökhan
Published: June 2019

Quantum computational methods were used to elucidate the structures of the o-hydroxy Schiff bases with different substituents. It is possible for a Schiff base to have different tautomeric structures depending on intramolecular proton transfer from the phenolic oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom. Proton transfer results in two tautomeric structures known as the phenol-imine and keto-amine forms. To explain the substituent effect on the proton transfer process in five o-hydroxy-Schiff bases, possible geometric structures in gas phase were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. To describe tautomerism including intramolecular proton transfer, potential energy surface (PES) scans were performed starting from the optimized geometry of the phenol-imine form. HOMA indices were calculated in order to estimate p-electron delocalization. In addition, the substituent effect on the tautomerization rate was examined using Hammett substituent constants and calculating the activation energies.
Synthesis of novel Schiff base derivatives of tacrine and investigation of their acetylcholinesterase inhibition potency
Authors: Koyuncu Elif , Yaşar Ahmet , Arslan Fatma , Sari Nurşen
Published: June 2019

Investigation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition potency of some new Schiff base derivatives of tacrine (9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine) was reported in this paper. Novel Schiff base derivatives of tacrine (3a–g) have been synthesized, and they have been characterized by several methods (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, etc.). Then, inhibition effects on AChE by the synthesized compounds have been investigated by the spectrophotometric Ellman method. IC50, Ki, KM and Vmax values and inhibition types have been determined. It was seen that all compounds had the property of a water-soluble reversible AChE inhibitor. Structure 3a was found to be the most potent inhibitor, with the IC50 value of 22.1 ± 1.11  nM (tacrine's IC50 value was calculated as 34.1 nM).
Photocatalytic degradation of azure B under visible light irradiation by reduced graphene oxide–NiS composite
Authors: Chaudhary Ruchi , Ameta Suresh C , Ameta Rakshit
Published: June 2019

A composite of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and nickel sulfide (NiS) was prepared via mechanochemical method and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). NiS was prepared via precipitation method, and RGO was prepared via reduction of graphene oxide. The photocatalytic performances of as prepared RGO/NiS composite, RGO and NiS were evaluated using azure B model system. The composite exhibited good photocatalytic activity as compared to NiS as well as RGO. The optimum conditions obtained for the photocatalytic degradation of azure B were the following: pH = 8.0, [Azure B] = 2.0 × 10–5 M, amount of composite = 0.10 g, and light intensity = 50.0 mW·cm–2. The rate of degradation of azure B with the composite was found to be 1.79 × 10–4s–1.
WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND PEPPER YIELD UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION REGIME
Authors: Tanaskovik Vjekoslav , Cukaliev Ordan , Romić Davor , Ondrasek Gabrijel , Savić Radovan , Markoski Mile , Nechkovski Stojanche
Published: June 2019

The primary objective of this study was to determine water use efficiency (WUE) and pepper yield under differ-ent irrigation and fertilization regimes. For this purpose, a three-year field experiment was conducted with pepper, grown in a plastic house in the Skopje region. Four experimental treatments were applied in this study. Three of the treatments were drip fertigated (DF1, DF2, DF3), while the last one was furrow irrigated with conventional application of fertilizer (ØB). The results obtained clearly showed that treatments DF1, DF2, and DF3 resulted in significantly higher marketable and dry pepper yield in comparison to treatment ØB. Also, drip fertigation frequency at four and two days (DF2 and DF1) resulted in 9.6 % to 13.6 % higher marketable and 17.6 % to 20.1 % dry pepper yield when compared with drip fertigation scheduled by tensiometers (DF3). Also, our results indicate that drip fertigation is an effective prac-tice in achieving significantly higher WUE. Namely, WUE was 2.50, 2.47, 1.99 and 1.54 kg/m3 for the treatments DF1, DF2, DF3 and ØB, respectively.
A REVIEW TO THE GENESIS, EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS FORMED ON LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Authors: Mitkova Tatjana , Markoski Mile
Published: June 2019

The soils formed on limestones and dolomites in different locations in the Republic of Macedonia have been ex-amined. These soils differ in their genesis, evolution and properties from soils formed on other substrates and have a number of specificities, whereby all their properties largely depend on the parent material. They occupy much of the soil cover of the Republic of Macedonia. The field examinations were carried out according to the generally accepted method in our country [1, 2]. Most of them are under high mountainous pastures, some plots are under meadows and fields. They have great importance for the faster development of some industries in the country, forestry, tourism, as well as the agricultural development in the hilly and mountainous underdeveloped areas in our country.
EFFECT OF NATURAL AMORPHOUS SILICA - MULTIMINERAL FERTILIZER FLO-RAL MICROSIL ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.)
Authors: Dimitrovski Trajche , Andreevska Danica , Andreevska Danica , Andov Dobre , Simeonovska Emilija , Lozanovski Ljube
Published: June 2019

The effect of natural multimineral fertilizer Floral microsil (FM) (50 % bio-available amorphous SiO2 + macro-nutrients and trace elements) was investigated on some morphological and productive properties in rice at the environ-mental conditions of Republic of Macedonia, on cultivar San Andrea. Two treatments were studied: control (standard fertilization) with 450 kg/ha complex mineral fertilizers NPK (16:16:16) as basic fertilizer + two splits with Urea 46 % N (200 + 100 kg/ha), and FM treatment: 20 kg/ha FM before sowing, seed treatment with 20 kg/ha FM + three splits of FM + Urea (30 + 100; 20 + 60 and 20 + 60 kg/ha respectively). The field trials were set up in Zade design during 2014 and 2015. Results were analyzed with ANOVA and LSD test.The FM treatment significantly affected plant and stem height (2014), producing shorter plant (103.02 cm) and stem (87.47 cm) compared to the control (111.81 cm and 95.91 cm). Significantly lower biological (20958.34 kg/ha) and straw yield (10769.67 kg/ha) were determined in the FM treatment compared to the control (24852.00 kg/ha and 15101.34 kg/ha). The FM treatment significantly increased the 1000 grains weight (39.97 g against 38.28 g control av-erage). The paddy and white rice yield (9839.99 kg/ha; 5856.75 kg/ha) in FM treatment were statistically on par with the control (9368.60 kg/ha and 5907.91 kg/ha), as well as the panicle length, number of productive and non-productive tillers per m2, the head rice yield (whole grains and broken grains) and the hectoliter weight.The application of FM significantly increased the nitrogen use efficiency estimated thru the partial factor produc-tivity (97.24 kg paddy rice/kg N and 57.88 kg white rice/kg N), as compared to the control average (44.61 kg paddy rice/kg N and 28.14 kg white rice/kg N). Therefore, paddy and white rice yield statistically on par with the standard fertilization were produced with a lower amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer. These findings are of ecological signifi-cance for the rice production in the Republic of Macedonia.
Applying ANN, ANFIS, and LSSVM Models for Estimation of Acid Solvent Solubility in Supercritical CO2
Authors: Bemani Amin , Baghban Alireza , Shamshirband Shahab
Published: June 2019

In the present work, a novel and the robust computational investigation is carried out to estimate solubility of different acids in supercritical carbon dioxide. Four different algorithms such as radial basis function artificial neural network, Multi-layer Perceptron artificial neural network, Least squares support vector machine and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system are developed to predict the solubility of different acids in carbon dioxide based on the temperature, pressure, hydrogen number, carbon number, molecular weight, and acid dissociation constant of acid. In the purpose of best evaluation of proposed models, different graphical and statistical analyses and also a novel sensitivity analysis are carried out. The present study proposed the great manners for best acid solubility estimation in supercritical carbon dioxide, which can be helpful for engineers and chemists to predict operational conditions in industries.
Modeling and Efficiency Optimization of Steam Boilers by Employing Neural Networks and Response-Surface Method (RSM)
Authors: Maddah Heydar , Sadeghzadeh Milad , Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Kumar Ravinder , Shamshirband Shahab
Published: June 2019

Boiler efficiency is called to some extent of total thermal energy which can be recovered from the fuel. Boiler efficiency losses are due to four major factors: the dry gas flux, the latent heat of steam in the flue gas, the combustion loss or the loss of unburned fuel, radiation and convection losses. In this research, the thermal behavior of boilers in gas refinery facilities is studied and their efficiency and their losses are calculated. The main part of this research is comprised of analyzing the effect of various parameters on efficiency such as excess air, fuel moisture, air humidity, fuel and air temperature, the temperature of combustion gases, and thermal value of the fuel. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to analyze and make recommendations for optimizing boilers in the gas refinery complex using response-surface method (RSM).
Hybrid Machine Learning Techniques Applied in Real Engineering Applications
Authors: Qamar Attia , Karim Ahmad , Shamshirband Shahab
Published: June 2019

Smartphone devices, particularly android devices used by billions of people everywhere in the world. Similarly, this increasing rate attracts mobile botnet attackers that is a network of interconnected nodes operated by command and control (C&C) method to expand malicious activities. At present, mobile botnet attacks carried Distributed denial of services (DDoS) that causes to steal sensitive data, remote access, spam generation, etc. Consequently, various approaches are defined in the literature to detect mobile botnet using static or dynamic analysis. In this paper, we have proposed a novel hybrid model, which is a combination of static and dynamic method that relies on machine learning to identify android botnet applications having C&C capability. The results evaluated through machine learning classifiers in which Random forest classifier outperform other ML techniques, i.e. Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Simple logistics. Our proposed framework can achieve 97.48% accuracy in detecting such harmful applications. Furthermore, we highlight some research directions and possible solutions regarding botnet attacks for the entire community.
Conceptual Design and Performance Optimization of a Tip Device for a Regional Turboprop Aircraft.
Authors: Lappas Ilias , Ikenaga Akira
Published: June 2019

An increasing number of aircraft is equipped with wing tip devices, which either are installed by the aircraft manufacturer at the production line or are retrofitted after the delivery of the aircraft to its operator. Installation of wing tip devices has not been a popular choice for regional turboprop aircraft and the novelty of the current study is to investigate the feasibility of retrofitting the British Aerospace (BAe) Jetstream 31 with an appropriate wing tip device (or winglet) to increase its cruise range performance, taking also into account the aerodynamic and structural impact of the implementation. To the best of the knowledge of the authors, no previous study exists which has attempted to assess the winglet retrofit of an existing aircraft type of similar size and operating profile. The optimal winglet design achieved a 2.38% increase of the maximum range by reducing the total drag by 1.19% at a mass penalty of 3.25%, as compared with the baseline aircraft configuration. Other designs were found to be more effective in reducing the total drag, but the structural reinforcement required for their implementation outweighed the achieved performance improvements. Since successful winglet retrofit programs for typical short to medium range narrow body aircraft report even more than 3% of block fuel improvements, undertaking the project of installing an optimal winglet design to the BAe Jetstream 31, should also consider a Direct Operating Cost (DOC) assessment on top of the aerodynamic and structural aspects of the retrofit.