bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscale Characterization of Field and Laboratory Foamed Cement by Use of X-Ray Microcomputed Tomography
Authors: Pang Xueyu , Maxson Joe K. , Jimenez Walmy Cuello , Singh John P. , Morgan Ronnie G.
Published: May 2017

Foamed-cement systems are widely used in deepwater-cementing operations because of their various favorable attributes compared with conventional cement systems. For instance, in the Gulf of Mexico, foamed cement is one of the most commonly used systems for shallow-hazard mitigation. However, because current standard laboratory equipment cannot accurately simulate the foam-cementing process in the field, knowledge of the actual properties of foamed cement produced in field operations is limited.

In this study, the microstructure of foamed cement produced by use of field equipment in yard tests is examined in detail. Set foamed-cement samples were analyzed by use of X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) at different length scales with voxel resolution ranging from 2 to 20 µm. This study establishes the fundamental criteria and procedures necessary to obtain accurate gas-bubble-size distribution of foamed-cement samples by use of micro-CT technology. The test results suggest that foamed cement should be analyzed at multiple length scales to obtain a better characterization of the gas bubbles in the sample. Although a larger region of analysis is useful to obtain a statistically meaningful size distribution of the larger bubbles, small core samples (diameter smaller than 0.5 in.) and fine scan resolutions (5 µm or smaller) are typically required to obtain an accurate measure of the small gas bubbles in foamed cement.

By comparing foamed cement produced by use of field equipment with that produced by use of the traditional multiblade laboratory blender—i.e., the standard American Petroleum Institute (API) method—this study identifies the key characteristic differences of foamed cement derived from different methods of generation. Analysis of the CT-scan images reveals that gas bubbles in foamed cement generated by field equipment approximately follows a log-normal distribution with a wide size-distribution range, from less than 20 µm to more than 1000 µm, and the bubble-size distribution appears to show little dependence on foam quality. Conversely, the gas-bubble-size distribution of foamed cement generated by the API method shows a completely different behavior. It approximately follows a Gaussian distribution, with both distribution range and median varying significantly with foam quality. This research serves as a first step toward predicting the influence of gas-bubble-size distribution on the stability and various other properties of foamed cement to better understand the foam-cementing process in the field.
AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE MICROBIOLÓGICA DE LEITE CRU REFRIGERADO OBTIDO DE PROPRIEDADES RURAIS DA ZONA DA MATA MINEIRA
Authors: Sequetto Priscila Lima , Antunes Amanda Santos , Nunes Athos Sampaio , Alcantara Lorena Kimberly Silva , Rezende Mariana Almeida Rosa , Pinto Miriam Aparecida Oliveira , Húngaro Humberto Moreira , Fontes Gleide Gatti
Published: May 2017

A cultura regional da atividade leiteira de Minas Gerais, principalmente na forma de obtenção, coleta, armazenamento e transporte do leite cru pode interferir  negativamente na qualidade desta matériaprimae, consequentemente, nos seus derivados lácteos. Este estudo analisou a qualidade microbiológica influenciada pelos tipos de ordenha e de armazenamento do leite cru. Foram investigados 10 tanques de expansão em propriedades rurais da Zona da Mata Mineira, cujas amostras foram coletadas em abril de 2015 e encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Análise de Alimentos e Águas da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, em Juiz de Fora, MG. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à presença de coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e psicrotróficas. Os resultados das contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas foram avaliados conforme o padrãopreconizado pela Instrução Normativa 62/2011 do MAPA. Das amostras analisadas, 80% apresentaram coliformes totais, 60% continham E. coli, 40% estavam em desacordo com o padrão legal de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, e 10% excederam a 106 UFC/mL de bactérias psicrotróficas. As médias das contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e psicrotróficas em amostras coletadas em tanques comunitários (6,41 log e 6,30 UFC/mL) e em ordenha manual (5,87 e 5,50 log UFC/mL) foram superiores àquelas obtidas em tanques individuais (4,35 e3,91 log UFC/mL) e ordenha mecânica (4,37 e 4,05 log UFC/mL), respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam falhas em condições higiênico-sanitárias na obtenção e armazenamento do leite cru na maioria dos tanques analisados. É evidente a necessidade de orientações técnicas aos produtores rurais desta região para promovermelhorias em todos os aspectos na produção leiteira.
The Taotie Motif on Early Chinese Ritual Bronzes
Authors: Allan Sarah
Published: May 2017

The taotie motif on early Chinese ritual bronzes always has two eyes, but eludes the representation of any particular creature with various aesthetic techniques that prevent a clear reading of the image. The motif may be traced back to a simple two-eyed motif that appears in Erlitou culture (c. 1900-1500 BCE) on turquoise plaques worn on the chests of religious interlocutors or spirit mediums who used wine vessels in the performance of sacrificial rites. The early Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1300 BCE) taotie is simple, with two-eyes and the suggestion of a face within a band of ornament, but an incised pottery shard with a split human figure suggests a more complex aesthetic vocabulary on perishable media and presages the complexity of the late Shang (c. 1300-1050 BCE) motif, in which the horns and ears of certain animals, including humans, and the open tiger-mouth allude to the passage to the world of the ancestral spirits.
Representing the Twelve Calendrical Animals as Beastly, Human, and Hybrid Beings in Medieval China
Authors: Ho Judy Chungwa
Published: May 2017

In this study, the early history of the calendrical animals is traced to the mapping of space, time, stars and constellations, the rise of correlative cosmology and the mantic arts in China. It draws attention to the representations of the calendrical animals as beasts, humans and hybrids, their internal as well as external sources of inspiration, and the differing perspectives on the relationship between humans and animals underlying such depictions. Archaeology provides the primary materials for the study of the belief in the calendrical animals as arbiters of human fate in medieval China. Today the calendrical animals continue to engage the religious imagination and beyond, as they also spark the discourse on national identity and global politics.
The Didactic Use of Animal Images in Southern Song Buddhism: The Case of Mount Baoding in Dazu, Sichuan
Authors: Sørensen Henrik H.
Published: May 2017

This presentation revolves around the sculptural art of Southern Song Buddhism at Mt. Baoding in Dazu, Sichuan. Among the many sculptural groups imaged, both actual renditions of animals and divinities with animal attributes occur in great numbers. As such animals and animal themes are fully integrated into the overall sculptural program at the site. A number of these sculptural groups reveal an increased sensitivity for animals and pastoral sceneries that is new to Buddhist sculptural art of the Southern Song. Here it is expressed in a stylized form of naturalism.
Animals in Chinese Rebus Paintings
Authors: Bai Qianshen
Published: May 2017

This essay discusses the role of animals in China rebus painting. The homophonic richness of Chinese is the linguistic foundation for using animal images in rebus painting, a richness that allows the use of animal names to make meaningful puns on multiple other words. In this sense, rebus painting is only part of a larger word-play tradition closely associated with the nature of the Chinese language and its literary tradition, and it is an important component of a long tradition invoking the auspicious. The rebus is not an isolated phenomenon in China but is closely associated with many other cultural phenomena.
The Pictorial Form of a Zoomorphic Ecology: Dragons and Their Painters in Song and Southern Song China
Authors: Purtle Jennifer
Published: May 2017

This essay studies painted dragons, zoomorphic tools of human intervention in the water cycle without correlative in empirical science. By demonstrating the relation of pictorial form to meteorological phenomena in dragon paintings used to summon rain, by arguing that the process of painting dragons mimicked, and thus effected, atmospheric events, and by suggesting how artistic repetition and repeated spectatorship of efficacious dragon paintings produced predictable meteorological outcomes, this essay shows how iconology and ecology converged in dragon painting during the Song and Yuan dynasties. This essay reveals that artistic and meteorological correspondences of form, process, and repetition aligned representational and climatological concerns, the shared language of art-historical description and ritual prescription establishing the painter as rainmaker and the rainmaker as painter. Ultimately, this essay suggests that control over the production, reproduction, and viewing of dragon images constituted the power to produce atmospheric events on demand.
Huang Yong Ping and the Power of Zoomorphic Ambiguity
Authors: Kleutghen Kristina
Published: May 2017

Born in China but now a French citizen, the contemporary artist Huang Yong Ping (b. 1954) prioritizes the contradictions and ambiguities that arise from overlapping motifs that signify differently in different cultural settings. Juxtapositions of Chinese and Western zoomorphic symbolism characterize his work since the mid-1990s, seen across diverse pairings and groupings as well as strange hybrid single creatures. Rather than resolving the disjunctions that arise from these works, however, the shape-shifting nature of Huang’s animals emphasizes their polysemy and the profound lack of one-to-one symbolic correspondence in global contemporary art. The power of his zoomorphic works derives from his comfort with ambiguity: although often derived from Chinese ideas, Huang’s works are globally applicable in their complexity of transnational experience and their reflection of human nature as both instinctual and rational.
The Unbearable Whiteness of Being
Authors: Omi Michael
Published: May 2017

Given the exponential growth and increased visibility of the Asian American population in the U.S., how are they positioned in the prevailing framework of racial classification and racial meanings? I argue that the current context for racially positioning Asian Americans is the increased scholarly attention being paid to the concept of “whiteness.” Just as previous “outsiders” (e.g., Irish, Jews) have been incorporated into popular understandings of who is white, there is increasing speculation in the contemporary social science literature that Asian Americans are following a similar trajectory of inclusion. The social and cultural indicators evoked to advance such an argument are discussed and subject to alternative interpretation.
Trans-Pacific Localism and the Creation of a Fishing Colony
Authors: Konno Yuko
Published: May 2017

Before World War II, immigrant fishermen from Wakayama Prefecture in western Japan, many among them from a small town called Taiji, created an almost 100% Japanese community and dominated the local fishing industry on Terminal Island, Los Angeles. This study examines the role of immigrants’ home village in sustaining migration and close connections across the Pacific. Evidence from qualitative and quantitative research demonstrates how transpacific ties played a transformative part in community building on both sides of the ocean. The case of Taiji and Terminal Island sheds light on the degree to which pre-World War II Japanese immigrants embraced a localism rooted in Japan and at the same time made unique cultural and economic contributions in the new ethnoracial environment of the United States.
Sansei Women and the Gendering of Yellow Power in Southern California, 1960s–1970s
Authors: Matsumoto Valerie J.
Published: May 2017

In the 1960s and 1970s, third-generation Japanese American (Sansei) women in southern California began to challenge gendered racializations in both the ethnic community and the larger society. As activists in the Asian American movement, they criticized stereotypical images of Asian/Americans, using the arts to create new representations, as they drew inspiration from Asian women engaged in revolutionary struggle. They also organized women’s groups to address community issues such as childcare access, seniors’ health, drug abuse, and workers’ rights. Sansei women not only assessed their position in U.S. society but also debated their relationship to Japan. Their experiences show the persisting significance of gender in the racialization of Japanese Americans as well as the ways in which women’s critique of gender expectations helped to shape the Asian American movement.
Nakayoshi Group
Authors: Ueunten Wesley
Published: May 2017

This chapter is based on participant observations and interviews with Okinawan women who immigrated to the U.S. after World War II as wives of Americans men who had been stationed in Okinawa as part of the U.S. military presence there. The women, most in their 70s and 80s, were part of a small social group that gathered monthly to sing Okinawan and Japanese karaoke. The focus of the study is the agency of the women to recover and define their Okinawan identity in opposition to their marginalized positions within the context of Okinawa’s dual geopolitical subordination to Japan and the U.S.
Reorienting Asian American Studies in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Nakamura Rika
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the possibilities of an Asian American studies which is more transpacific and inter-Asia oriented, with a specific focus on Japan and East Asia. Inviting U.S.- and Canada-based Asian Americanists to interrogate the discipline’s embedded North America-centrism in their perceptions towards Asia, this reoriented Asian American studies asks Asia-based Asian practitioners to reflect upon ethnoracial violences in our own lands, including those related to intra-Asian imperialisms and militarized violence. In this way, Asian American studies can become a place for mutual learning. The chapter underscores the usefulness of our disparate positions (however arbitrary) to look at ourselves from the perspectives of others and examine our complicities with the dominant groups rather than simply viewing ourselves in alignment with the oppressed. It is my hope that the reoriented transpacific, and inter-Asia, Asian American studies will help us expand our horizon and engage in conversations across Asia and across the Pacific.
Teaching Asian American Studies in Japan
Authors: Izumi Masumi
Published: May 2017

This chapter juxtaposes Asian American scholarship in Japan and the United States, and explores ways in which the field can be pedagogically useful for deconstructing hegemonic social discourses on race, culture, ethnicity and justice both for Japanese and American university students and scholars. Teaching the history of Japanese emigration to the Pan-Pacific region not only helps Japanese students to overcome the historical amnesia about their country’s imperial past, but also helps American students to contextualize the migration from Japan to the US within the overall Japanese emigration history. Structural analyses of race lead to students’ better understanding of different ways in which race has historically created, naturalized and perpetuated social and economic hierarchy within the United States and Japan. Furthermore, learning about the social protest and cultural movements that led to the birth of Asian American studies can promote positive views among university students toward political engagement and social activism.
Japanese American Progressives
Authors: Matsuda Mari
Published: May 2017

Mari Matsuda is a third-generation Okinawan/Japanese American progressive. In this chapter, she intertwines family history with Japanese American political, intellectual, and social history to describe the trajectory of left-wing activism in the Nikkei community. Far from the stereotype model minority, the Issei, Nisei, and Sansei radicals described here were outspoken risk takers. Matsuda uses this history to ask a question of contemporary relevance: what are the conditions under which immigrant communities will rise up in organized challenge to conditions of subordination? She considers the role of, among other things, literacy, Marx, trained organizers, strategic goals, cultural production, and multi-racial coalition in shaping three generations of progressive politics in Japanese/Okinawan-American lives.
Japanese Americans in Academia and Political Discourse in Japan
Authors: Takeda Okiyoshi
Published: May 2017

I am a political scientist specializing in Asian American politics. Although I earned my PhD in the United States, my initial interest was in the U.S. Congress and not in Japanese American studies or Asian American studies.

What shifted my interest toward Asian American studies was that I had witnessed firsthand a campus sit-in at the Princeton University president’s office, where students were fighting for the establishment of an Asian American studies program. Witnessing such an incident, I realized that Asian Americans were an understudied topic in the field of political science. There is also a tendency for scholars from Japan to focus exclusively on Japanese Americans and to disregard other Asian American ethnic groups. Since I did not start out my study on Asian Americans in a graduate school in Japan with an interest in Japanese Americans, I have been able to avoid taking that kind of path....
Founding of the Ming Dynasty and the Rise of the Ryukyu Kingdom
Authors: Akamine Mamoru
Published: May 2017

With the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Hongwu announced a ban on sea travel to try and control wakō pirates. He established a tribute system whereby countries that accepted the Chinese emperor as sovereign could send tribute trade missions to and from China. Because the pirates frequented the Ryukyu Islands, Hongwu had a preference policy toward Ryukyu to obtain their help in controlling wakō pirates. Of the three domains dominating Okinawa Island, Chūzan emerged as China’s main trading partner, and this began the process of unifying the Ryukyu Kingdom. A number of Chinese merchants, traditionally known as “the Thirty-six Families” relocated to Ryukyu to facilitate tribute trade, though the author disputes the conventional view of this as a “gift” from China. By the end of the chapter, Ryukyu is poised to be a key player – a cornerstone – in the East Asian trade sphere.
Ryukyu in the East Asian Trade Sphere
Authors: Akamine Mamoru
Published: May 2017

In the 1400s, the East Asia trade sphere stretched to Southeast Asia, with Ryukyu, a key player, relaying luxury goods from there to Japan. Japanese merchants and Buddhist monks began to move into Ryukyu in the mid-fifteenth century. The early 1400s saw the Ryukyu Kingdom unified under the first Shō Dynasty. Ryukyu was recognized as second to Korea among China’s tributary states. Overseas Chinese in Naha became important in the trade system. In the late 1400s, China restricted Ryukyu’s tribute trade to one mission every two years. Japan started to deal directly with China, undercutting Ryukyu. Japan empowered the Satsuma domain to monitor Ryukyu trade activities. In 1470, the second Shō dynasty took power. The Portuguese began to dominate Southeast Asia trade; the wakō pirates grew more successful. By the late 1500s, Satsuma was aggressively controlling Ryukyuan shipping activities, which alarmed China. Ryukyu began to decline.
The Ryukyu Kingdom under the Bakuhan System
Authors: Akamine Mamoru
Published: May 2017

Toyotomi Hideyoshi moved to unify Japan and gave the Shimazu clan in Satsuma the right (not acknowledged by Ryukyu) to control Ryukyu. Satsuma successfully invaded Ryukyu in 1609, forcing King Shō Nei to accompany them to Edo to honor the Tokugawa Shogun, who agreed to allow the Ryukyu royal government to continue functioning as is, asking them to mediate in Japan-China relations. China balked and reduced Ryukyu trade missions drastically. In early 1600s, Tokugawa fear of Christianity led to isolationist sakoku policy; Ryukyu included. From 1630s, Ryukyu was subject to Japan’s rice tax assessment, as part of Satsuma. From 1630s, Ryukyu begins to send periodic envoys to Edo (Edo-nobori, or Edo-dachi). Satsuma tightened control over Ryukyu’s trade activities. This chapter examines the complicated trade strategies that developed between Japan, Satsuma, Ryukyu, and China. With the Qing Dynasty in the mid-seventeenth century, Ryukyu tribute envoys also become intelligence “agents” for Satsuma.
Afterword
Authors: Akamine Mamoru
Published: May 2017

The author summarizes Ryukyu’s historical position in East Asia, noting how its own changes reflected the broader changes East Asian was going through. He argues that, though part of Japan today, Okinawa is still different, and he calls that difference the “its heritage from the Ryukyu Kingdom and its ‘Asian experience.’” Chinese elements in Okinawan culture, for example, are not just the result of centuries of trade and diplomatic contact, but also come from the Kingdom’s conscious effort to “sinify” in the seventeenth century. As for Okinawan’s status today, the author notes that Okinawa’s sovereignty is still seen as an open question by China.
The History of Jaina Meditation
Authors: Bronkhorst Johannes
Published: May 2017

This essay argues that the many discontinuities and innovations in the history of Jaina meditation stem from the confusing descriptions of meditation in canonical texts, including the Āyāraṅga and the Uttarajjhayaṇa. The term used to denote meditation, dhyāna (or jhāna), is also used for non-meditative mental activity, but canonical lists of four types of dhyāna were typically, and confusingly, read as types of meditation. The only truly meditative type of dhyāna in these lists, “pure meditation”, was often seen as occurring only in the last moments before death, and even came to be considered altogether inaccessible in the present age. The resulting vacuum was filled in different ways by various post-canonical writers, among them Hemacandra, sometimes basing themselves on experience and influence from sources outside Jainism.
Meditation in the Classical Daoist Tradition
Authors: Roth Harold D.
Published: May 2017

The classical Daoist textual corpus, while often treated as abstract philosophy, emerged from a tradition of teachers and students that was primarily based on a common set of meditative techniques, and goals. These techniques emphasized proper posture (aligning the body and keeping it still), breath cultivation (concentrating, patterning, guiding, relaxing and expanding the breath), the use of attention (focusing on the one or on the center), as well as a variety of apophatic training regimes designed to restrict or eliminate desires, emotions, thoughts, knowledge and sense perceptions and reveal a deeper reality known as the Way, believed to underlie these faculties. With time, a tradition emerged for viewing these self-cultivation practices as particularly beneficial for rulership, connecting the ruler to a correlative web of cosmic energies.
A Vision at Six Kannon Lake and Six Kannon/Six Kami in Kyushu
Authors: Fowler Sherry D.
Published: May 2017

The island of Kyushu has an exceptionally high concentration of documentary and physical evidence of past Six Kannon practice in Japan. The miraculous story of the Six Kannon images that appeared at Six Kannon Lake in the Kirishima Mountains fueled the worship of the cult. The varied cult imagery from Kyushu includes the incised bronze sutra container from Chōanji dated to 1141 that had been buried in a mountain in Kunisaki, to a sixteenth-century set from Chōkyūji made by the Shukuin busshi group of sculptors, to the Fumonji seventeenth-century set that had dual Buddhist-kami identities, which was relocated several times over the centuries between different temples and shrines in the Sagara domain. This chapter’s geographic approach makes clear that the strategy of matching Six Kannon with six kami, or six gongen, was a major driving force for the cult in the region of Kyushu.
Traveling Sets and Ritual Performance
Authors: Fowler Sherry D.
Published: May 2017

Two wooden sculpture sets of Six Kannon, the thirteenth-century set from Daihōonji in Kyoto attributed to the artist Higō Jōkei and the fourteenth-century set from Tōmyōji in the Minami Yamashiro district of Kyoto, are well-documented sets that show the history, modifications, and movement of the cult. Copious inscriptions inside images in the respective sets reveal diverse sponsorship, from an elite female patron in the former to a huge group of patrons from a variety of backgrounds in the latter. Extant thirteenth- to fifteenth-century written records on ritual procedures, such as Roku Kannon gōgyōki, which focused on Six Kannon, contribute to the knowledge of how the rituals related to Six Kannon were performed as well as how the Six Kannon functioned in response to different needs, such as assisting with the six paths, protecting the dharma, or bolstering sectarian heritage, throughout their changing circumstances and movement over time.
The Six-Syllable Sutra Ritual Mandala and the Six Kannon
Authors: Fowler Sherry D.
Published: May 2017

Images of Six Kannon appear in paintings of the Six-syllable mandala (Rokujikyōhō mandara) made during the thirteenth through the nineteenth century. The mandalas include syllables, which are abbreviated forms of Sanskrit letters, alongside Kannon images in body forms that recall earlier descriptions of Chinese images. As these mandalas served as the central focus of rituals performed to avert calamities, help with safe childbirth, and remove or redirect curses, they also demonstrate how the goals for Six Kannon worship came to emphasize practical, earthly concerns. Even though the Six-syllable sutra rituals were frequently performed, Six-syllable mandalas that depicted Six Kannon images were not the only type of painting used in the ritual. Hence, Six-syllable mandalas that include Six Kannon are scarce. Early surviving examples, such as those from Kyoto National Museum, Daigoji, Yamato Bunkakan, and Museum of Fine Arts Boston, are precious resources that show the development of the imagery and rite.
Painting the Six Kannon
Authors: Fowler Sherry D.
Published: May 2017

A centerpiece of the corpus of extant iconic image sets of Six Kannon painting, of which five originals survive, is the large fourteenth-century set from the Hosomi Museum in Kyoto. Just how unstable the number six can be is demonstrated in the Six Kannon cult by the establishment of the Seven Kannon group, which is a phenomenon where both alternate Kannon types (Fukūkenjaku and Juntei used by Shingon and Tendai respectively) are included in one group. The Kyoto temple called Shichi Kannon’in historically enshrined such an example. Six Kannon joined by one Seishi (Skt. Mahāsthāmaprāpta), commonly misidentified as “Seven Kannon,” were worshipped in the practice of the once popular but now almost unknown Edo-period ritual called Shichiyamachi (Seven nights of waiting). Other paintings of Six Kannon, such as the sixteenth-century set from Kōdaiji that includes paintings of the Six Kannon along with Thirty-three Kannon, served a pivotal role in the transmission and subsequent expansion of the Six Kannon cult.
Searching for Stones in the Unstable Landscape of Kannon
Authors: Fowler Sherry D.
Published: May 2017

In a remote setting at the base of Mount Wakakusa in Nara, not far from Tōdaiji Great Buddha Hall and Kasuga Shrine, is an unusual stone Buddha head, known as “Hora no buttōseki” (Stone Buddha head in the grotto). The head is perched atop a pillar that has reliefs of the Six Kannon and an inscription dating to 1520. By way of a conclusion, this monument is examined in terms of the themes treated in the book: landscape and sacred geography, text and image relationships, ritual practice, ritual lives of objects, and numbers of Kannon.
The Fundamentals of Feasts
Authors: Hayden Brian
Published: May 2017

This introduction discusses why feasts are important to study for both archaeologists and ethnographers, especially at the transegalitarian level. It sets out the major concepts of transegalitarian societies, aggrandizers, feast definitions, feast types, functions and benefits of feasts, and feasting characteristics. It reviews some of the major works previously published that discuss traditional feasting in Southeast Asia. Explanations of feasts from different theoretical schools are presented together with the political ecology framework used in this study. Important issues are highlighted and methods used in original fieldwork are presented.
Hill Tribes in General
Authors: Hayden Brian
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the range of variation in hill tribes in the Southeast Asia culture area. It examines commonalities and differences in subsistence, village and kinship organization, corporate vs. nuclear households, ancestor cults, conflicts, ideology, and political organization. Sources of power and benefits of office holding are explored. A common hill tribe sociopolitical baseline is proposed, and feasts are situated within a holistic context involving all of these factors. The implications of material patterning from feasts are explicitly addressed.
Laotian Tribal Feasts
Authors: Hayden Brian
Published: May 2017

Several exploratory survey trips to Laos revealed relatively poorly developed feasting traditions apparently due to very low levels of food production and wealth. However, a number of ritual structures and pilgrimage sites were observed with associated feasting areas and events. These had clear archaeological consequences in their material patterns. The broader question of the benefits that such activities served was more problematic. Remnant long houses were observed but conditions did not seem to correspond to traditional contexts.
Conclusions
Authors: Hayden Brian
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the question of why people spend lavishly to host feasts, and what they hope to gain from doing so. Ephemeral status is contrasted with practical benefits. The role of ideology in hill tribe behavior is reviewed as well. Constraints are discussed especially for acquiring the wealth necessary to underwrite lavish feasts. The acquisition of domestic animals is pivotal in understanding the ability to host feasts in Southeast Asia, and this feature has wide ranging consequences for the development of socioeconomic inequalities in supposedly “egalitarian” hill tribe communities. Other aggrandizer strategies are discussed, especially the charging of high prices for marriage alliances and for respectable funerals. Feasting is but one aggrandizer strategy, and it plays a critical role in the creation of political power at the village level. Archaeological patterning is reviewed, and issues that require further investigation are presented.
Anxieties
Authors: Stone Jacqueline I.
Published: May 2017

Behind the idealized imagery of purple clouds, divine music, and the Buddha’s welcoming descent lurked the fears that one’s last moments might not go as hoped. Deathbed ritual manuals and didactic literature warn that correct mental focus at the end might be threatened by excruciating pain, loss of consciousness, or demonic attack. Tales of failed ascetic suicide stress the danger of worldly attachment at the time of death. Bad deaths also had social consequences, whether for surviving relatives who worried about their loved ones’ postmortem fate or disciples whose teacher’s inelegant death might compromise the reputation of their lineage. Evidence suggest that people dealt with anxiety about their own manner of death by adopting advance measures to enhance the likelihood of meeting their last moments in a proper state of mind. These included prayer, prognostication, death rehearsals, and massive, quantifiable acts of merit accumulation, such as chanting a million nenbutsu.
Deathbed Attendants
Authors: Stone Jacqueline I.
Published: May 2017

The role of the zenchishiki or deathbed attendant emerged in early medieval Japan as a distinct area of ritual specialization. Securing in the services of a religious guide who would assist one at the end was a crucial preparatory measure for maximizing one’s chances of a good death. Instructions for deathbed practice detail the responsibilities of these attendants, including nursing and encouraging the terminally ill, interpreting their visions, dispelling demonic hindrances, leading the chanting central to deathbed practice, and chanting on behalf of the dying should they fall unconscious. Courtier diaries and official records offer clues to the identity of monks who served in this capacity. Deathbed attendants tended to be, not official monks (kansō) holding clerical rank but semi-reclusive, ascetic monks (tonseisō) whose status “outside” both lay society and formal temple administration enabled them to manage death pollution and claim special expertise over the liminal realm of dying.
The Longue Durée of Deathbed Rites
Authors: Stone Jacqueline I.
Published: May 2017

During the Kamakura period and beyond, deathbed practices spread to new social groups. The ideal of mindful death was accommodated to warriors heading for the battlefield and was incorporated into war tales. It was reinterpreted in emergent Zen communities by such figures as Enni, Soseki, and Koken Shiren; within the exclusive nenbutsu movements, by Hōnen, Shinran, Shinkyō, and others; and by Shingon adepts such as Kakukai, Dōhan, Chidō, and others who advocated simplified forms of A-syllable contemplation (ajikan) as a deathbed practice naturally according with innate enlightenment. Amid the thriving print culture of early modern times, new ōjōden and instructions for deathbed practice were compiled and published. These often show a pronounced sectarian orientation, reflecting Buddhist temple organization under Tokugawa rule; they also reveal much about contemporaneous funeral practices. Deathbed practices declined markedly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a casualty of modernity and changing afterlife conceptions.
Conclusion
Authors: Stone Jacqueline I.
Published: May 2017

William LaFleur has argued that, in existential matters, efforts to solve one problem often generate others: doctrines of karma and rebirth, which premodern Japanese found cognitively satisfying, were also existentially disturbing and prompted strategies for escaping karmic suffering in the six paths, such as aspirations for birth in a pure land. But birth in a pure land required that one die with a focused mind, which in turn encouraged the emergence of deathbed practices and the role of the ritual attendant, ratcheting up the level of anxiety with each new interpretive turn. Despite the fears it generated, people embraced the ideal of dying with “right thoughts” because it made death meaningful. As with our contemporary notions of “death with dignity,” the odds against achieving it did not discourage its pursuit. Especially in a context where fulfillment of the religious life takes place at death, people wanted to die well.
Introduction
Authors: Admussen Nick
Published: May 2017

The introduction reads a poem by Chen Dongdong in order to think through the libidinal and ethical motivations for genre study. It balances the urge to intervene, categorize, and create against the responsibility to artists, editors, and readers, ultimately finding that this conflict is best engaged using methodologies from translation, specifically Yan Fu’s concepts of fidelity, fluency, and elegance. This justifies the translation practice of the rest of the book, as well as the book’s mix of literary analysis, sociology, and history. The introduction ends with a brief summary of chapters one through five.
Unorthodox Prose Poetry
Authors: Admussen Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows contemporary poets whose work exists in formal or generic relationship to prose poetry, but who reject or elude categorization as prose poets. The chapter looks first at the poem “Hanging Coffin” by Ouyang Jianghe, which uses monumentality, rather than prose poetry’s traditional brevity, to engage with culture and history on a grand scale. The end of the chapter reads Bourdieu to track the way in which the avant-garde prose poet Xi Chuan fights against the identification of his work with the settled, more categorically cohesive genre as practiced by orthodox poets. In doing so, he returns to a core distinction between prose poetry and other literary forms and practices: instead of belonging to a fixed genre with a list of desiderata and taboos, Xi Chuan’s works of prose are acts that intervene in and shape the practice of prose.
Introduction
Authors: Stead Victoria C.
Published: May 2017

In Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste there are ways of being and belonging—customary and modern—that are fundamentally different but nonetheless intertwined in dynamic entanglements. These entanglements are being catalyzed by processes of globalization, state- and nation-building, and development. Both Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste are countries where customary forms of connection to land are central to lives, cultures, and identities. Conceptually, the chapter maps key trajectories in scholarly treatments of custom and modernity in anthropology and related disciplines, including recent scholarship on “multiple modernities.” It proposes a theorization of custom and modernity as ontologically distinct forms of social relations that cut across the boundaries of delimited social groups and are drawn into dynamic and shifting configurations. It is in this entangled multiplicity that we can best see the complexity and flux of global processes of social change.
Greeting the State
Authors: Stead Victoria C.
Published: May 2017

In 2010, a delegation of Papua New Guinean politicians travelled to a remote village called Bongu, on the northern Rai Coast, to receive a petition against proposed mine activity. The encounter between the politicians and the villagers who had invited them involved two very different articulations of power and authority, and two competing cartographies of centrality and marginality. The encounter demonstrated the need to approach concepts of custom and modernity not only as powerful discourses which are taken up and performed in local places, but also as analytical descriptors of actually existing patterns of practice and meaning which are structurally and ontological distinct. At the same time, however, analysis of the encounter between villagers and politicians makes clear that this structural difference cannot be written straightforwardly onto the social bodies of opposing collectivities. Entanglements are destabilising and risky, but also enable assertions of local autonomy and customary cartographies of power.
Food Security in Hawai‘i
Authors: Kent George
Published: May 2017

This chapter challenges the uncritical pursuit of food self-sufficiency that has been rationalized as increasing the state’s preparedness against shipping disruption. It argues that this effort might increase food’s cost, and reiterates the point that local food is not necessarily fair as low-income consumers could be sidelined in the push for food localization. In contrast to the enthusiasm for promoting agriculture and local food production in the state, relatively little has been done in addressing food insecurity of the poor, especially by the state government. Food democracy needs to consider food security for all—particularly the poor and the marginalized.
Hi‘ilei Kawelo
Authors: Kawelo Hi’ilei
Published: May 2017

Hi‘ilei Kawelo is one of the founding members of the nonprofit, Paepae o He‘eia, and she still works there as director. Paepae o He‘eia is an organization that tries to restore fishponds in He‘eia, O‘ahu. This narrative is based on an interview conducted by Monique Mironesco in 2012....
Farmers’ Markets in Hawai‘i
Authors: Mironesco Monique
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the growing popularity of farmers’ market on Oʻahu. Farmers’ markets are often seen at the forefront of food localization nationwide. Not only farmers’ markets help local farms, they also provide a space for both consumers and farmers to start questioning the hegemonic system. The chapter critically analyzes their respective goals, constituents, and contribution to food democracy. As some farmers’ markets attract a large number of tourists from the U.S. mainland and from other countries, the author raises a concern that low-income families might be excluded from these markets.
Is the Transgene a Grave?
Authors: Adolph Akatsuka Neal K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the controversies that surround the introduction of transgenic papaya on Hawaii Island, in the wake of the devastation caused by the ring spot virus in the 1990s. It critically examines the respective positions of industry proponents and anti-GM activists, and cautions against the tendency of essentializing GM papayas as either a savior or harbinger of destruction. While both positions raise valid underlying concerns, they both tend to overlook the more difficult challenges of managing smallholder papaya industry in a global market. On the one hand, the benefits and costs of GM papayas are unevenly distributed. On the other hand, he sees a problem in anti-GMO activists’ push for “pure” agriculture, pointing out that the line between “pure” and “impure” and “natural” and “unnatural” are always ambiguous.
Michelle Galimba
Authors: Galimba Michelle
Published: May 2017

Michelle Galimba is the second-generation owner of Kuahiwi Ranch on the Big Island. The Kuahiwi is a 10,000-acre ranch, providing local beef to noted restaurants. Michelle has a graduate degree in comparative literature from UC Berkeley but came back to her family business. The narrative was written by herself in 2012....
Conclusion
Authors: Griffiths Caitilin J.
Published: May 2017

The Yugyō school’s seventeenth-century ambition was to amalgamate the existing jishū groups under their own umbrella as Ji-shū, Ji-sect. This had historiographical consequences, leading to a distorted view of the history of jishū. Preferences to sectarian-based scholarship and studies focused on the founders have contributed to the neglect of women and silencing their important roles in these religious groups. This study has attempted to amend this distortion and shed light on women’s active participation.
Write Your Mother
Authors: Seaman Amanda C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the literary history of Japanese women writing about pregnancy and childbirth, focusing on two key figures in this development. The first is Meiji-era poet Yosano Akiko whose works explored her experiences as an expectant mother and highlighted the unsettling aspects of pregnancy. While Yosano’s works permitted the literary treatment of formerly taboo issues, later writers rejected her lead, instead treating pregnancy as the prelude to motherhood, as a quasi-sacred moment. This persisted until the 1960s and 70s, when writers influenced by second-wave feminism challenged patriarchal society, rejecting the roles of wife and mother. The second was Tsushima Yuko, whose novels and stories explored alternative, mother-centered family models. Since then, writing about pregnancy rests on these two authors: on one side, treatments of pregnancy that emphasize the alien and the disquieting, and on the other, more ironic works, focusing upon the self-assertive and individualistic nature of childbearing.
Riding the Wave
Authors: Seaman Amanda C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the use of humor and satire, directed both at the ungainliness of the pregnant body and at the strict “rules” governing the behavior of pregnant women. In the works examined here pain and discomfort are represented explicitly, but also humorously, to emphasize the pregnant woman's subjectivity and acknowledge the complex emotions of pregnancy and childbirth. After considering Ito Hiromi’s quasi-pregnancy advice manual, Yoi oppai, warui oppai (1985), in which she writes about her own pregnancy and childbirth and pushes the boundaries of language, both poetic and mundane, the chapter explores the Go-Shussan! manga series written by female manga writers from 1998 onward. This new visual and emotional vocabulary for the pregnant subject comes not only from the personal insights of the artists but also to the creative re-deployment of the sexually explicit tropes and images of the "Ladies Comics" genre in which each woman first started.
Em-bawdy-ing Pregnancy
Authors: Seaman Amanda C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers a study of the iconoclastic Uchida Shungiku and her series of pregnancy manga, We are Breeding, 1994-. Uchida has become notorious in Japan not only for her willingness to expose the seamy underside of Japanese family life (chronicled in her 1993 autobiographical novel Father Fucker), but also for her own unorthodox attitudes towards marriage and child-rearing. While becoming a mother has given Uchida a platform to assail the unfairness of the patriarchal Japanese family system, she refuses to allow motherhood to define her as a woman. For Uchida, pregnancy has served as a means of self-assertion, transforming her into an avatar of Japanese post-feminism. More recently, Uchida has turned her attention from making children to raising them: her frank and often funny sex-education manga (Sex for Girls), addressed to her own daughters, attempts to provide an honest discussion about sex and the body in contemporary Japan.
Chinul’s Excerpts from the “Dharma Collection and Special Practice Record” with Inserted Personal Notes: An Annotated Translation
Authors: Buswell Robert E.
Published: May 2017

Chinul’s Excerpts, as its full title suggests, is an abridgment and reorganization of a text that he and the Korean tradition knew as the Dharma Collection and Special Practice Record, into which Chinul inserted his own commentary, including his extensive exposition of the core text’s major ideas and careful comparison with related materials by other renowned Chinese masters.
Selections from Ŭich’ŏn’s Collected Works of State Preceptor Taegak (Taegak kuksa munjip [sŏn]) 大覺國師文集 (選)‎
Authors: McBride Richard D.
Published: May 2017

This section includes selections from The Collected Works of State Preceptor Taegak (Taegak kuksa munjip大 覺國師文集‎) an assemblage of Ŭich’ŏn’s writings. The selections coverage categories ranging from prefaces, lectures on Buddhist sutras, and memorials to letters, addresses, and lyric poems. These texts reveal an inclusive view of practice and study—the dual cultivation of doctrinal learning and meditative visualization—and a passionate commitment to the preservation of the Buddhadharma.