bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhetoric and Poetics
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: February 2014

This chapter discusses two ancient and long-persisting views of poetry that interpenetrate but are distinguishable: an earlier view, rooted in archaic oral-traditional rhetoric, which regards poetry as epideictic rhetoric composed in verse or song; and a later view, arising from classical theory and hermeneutics, which regards poetry as in essence a mimesis (representation) or philosophical fabulation (allegory) that conventionally is composed in verse but need not be. In the former view, poetry/song is a rhetorical (persuasive) act, and the audience’s role is to respond; in the latter, the poem/representation is a hermeneutic object, and the audience’s role is to decode. The earlier view accounts most fully for actual poetic practice from early to late antiquity, but the later view survives into modernity as the main thread in Western literary theory and poetics.
Rhetoric and Tragedy
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: February 2014

All three of the great poets of ancient Greek tragedy wrote for an audience that enjoyed displays of rhetoric. Many scenes turn on attempts at persuasion, which may be couched in set speeches or in stichomythia (line-on-line dialogue). Frequently, set speeches are paired in a formal agōn (contest) and use arguments from eikos (what is likely). Set speeches often begin with artful attempts to deny that the speaker knows the art of persuasive speaking. In addition to displaying the use of rhetoric, tragic plots often reflect on the power of rhetoric for deception. The type of the deceptive orator in tragic plays is usually represented by Odysseus, who plays the role of deceiver most prominently in Sophocles’s Neoptolemus.
Plato’s Rhetoric in Theory and Practice
Authors: Yunis Harvey
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines Plato’s arguments against sophistic rhetoric in the Gorgias and Phaedrus and his arguments in defense of the true, philosophically useful, psychagogic art of rhetoric put forth in the Phaedrus. The Gorgias rejects sophistic rhetoric because it is harmful to the political audience at which it is aimed. The Phaedrus rejects sophistic rhetoric because it is incapable of persuasion, the ostensible goal of the art. The psychagogic rhetoric in the Phaedrus is based on the speaker’s knowledge of both his subject matter and the receptive capacities of his audience. The chapter concludes by considering Plato’s own rhetorical practice in politics and philosophy, both in the political arrangements of the Republic and Laws and in the manner in which his early and middle dialogues seek to persuade nonphilosophical readers to adopt philosophical values.
Rhetoric and Sophistics
Authors: Cassin Barbara
Published: February 2014

This chapter argues that “rhetoric”—a term probably coined by Plato—is a philosophical invention and an attempt to tame logos, in particular the sophist’s logos and its effects. Beginning with Plato’s Gorgias, ontology invented rhetoric to domesticate—to spatialize—time in discourse. The invention of rhetoric by philosophy is thus the first “rhetorical turn”: the first rhetorical turn is in fact a philosophical turn. Ranging across works of Plato, the sophists, and Philostratus, the chapter argues that if there is a sophistic particularity of rhetoric, a strictly sophistical inventio of rhetoric and within rhetoric, it would entail identifying something like a rhetoric of time, which would be to rhetorics of space as sophistic discursivity is to Platonico-Aristotelian ontology.
Rhetoric and the Greco-Roman Second Sophistic
Authors: Pernot Laurent
Published: February 2014

The sophists who formed the Second Sophistic were professors of rhetoric, orators, lecturers, and politicians, and they were highly influential in their day. This coupling of the sophists’ profession and social influence is an interesting phenomenon in the history of rhetoric. Through rhetoric, the sophist’s art achieved the alliance of knowledge and power. The rhetoric of the Second Sophistic constitutes a lively field of research among scholars. The main current issues include gender (the teaching of rhetoric participated in the division of roles between the sexes in society); self-affirmation of Greek identity through rhetoric; the so-called decline of oratory and the development of epideictic (in fact, a redeployment of oratorical forms); political subtexts and veiled messages in rhetorical discourses; and religious rhetoric and the sophists as “holy men.” One might speak of a continuation of the Second Sophistic, or of a Third Sophistic, from the fourth century C.E. and beyond.
Rhetoric and New Testament Studies
Authors: Porter Stanley E.
Published: February 2014

Rhetorical criticism has emerged since the mid-1970s as an important form of criticism of the New Testament. This chapter offers a critical summary and assessment of such research. There are several different types of rhetorical criticism, but the major form practiced in New Testament studies is based upon utilizing the categories of ancient rhetoric as an interpretive tool. The chapter criticizes this approach for failing to assess accurately the ancient context of the New Testament. Then a number of positive ways that rhetoric in various forms—analysis of style, the New Rhetoric, discourse analysis, text linguistics, and socio-rhetorical criticism—can be used in New Testament studies are proposed.
Rhetoric and Politics
Authors: Cox Virginia
Published: February 2014

It has often been asserted that medieval culture was little concerned with politics as a practical application for rhetoric, at least outside the city republics of central and northern Italy. This chapter argues that robust and self-conscious traditions of political eloquence were more widespread in late medieval Europe than is generally thought, especially following the development of parliaments from the thirteenth century onward. The point is illustrated through a discussion of the speech cultures of the parliaments of Catalonia-Aragon and England. More broadly, the chapter argues that new methodologies are needed to make medieval political rhetoric more historically visible. Nonverbal eloquence must be studied alongside verbal, and it must be recognized that medieval political eloquence is often profoundly nonclassical in form and frequently deploys religious language that may disguise its political intent to the modern eye.
Rhetoric and Literary Criticism
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: February 2014

Rhetoric was aimed at textual composition, but literary criticism was also always part of its remit. This chapter surveys the application of rhetorical thought to textual interpretation in the Middle Ages. This process was important for the interpretation of Scripture as well as literary works. The chapter considers the intersections between invention and hermeneutics, the relevance of theories of arrangement to analysis of narrative structure, and how rhetorical theories of genre and style (including figurative language) were transplanted into interpretive contexts. The chapter engages closely with the classical tradition, especially Ciceronian works, in order to demonstrate the value of classical thought for medieval theorists and literary exegetes. It explores the critical dimensions of the preceptive rhetorics of the Middle Ages, and it also considers how scholastic philosophy absorbed the rhetorical tradition and contributed to literary thought. Major medieval authors considered include Augustine, Geoffrey of Vinsauf, and Dante.
Rhetoric and Humanism
Authors: Plett Heinrich
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the role of rhetoric in the humanist movement during the European Renaissance. It explains that rhetoric played an important role in humanism and that humanists believe that true eloquence could arise only out of a harmonious union between wisdom and eloquence. It discusses the origin of humanist rhetoric and suggests that it reached its highest and lasting climax not in statesmanship but in poetry. This chapter also explores the possible causes of the end of humanist rhetoric and argues that it never completely disappeared from the realm of the artes and that it will reemerge whenever there is a demand for a renovatio rhetorica.
Rhetoric and Politics
Authors: Rebhorn Wayne A.
Published: February 2014

The most important ancient rhetorician for the European Renaissance was Cicero, for whom rhetoric was essentially political. A republican who presented the art primarily as an instrument of debate, Cicero also praised it for ruling over its audience, thus imagining it in both republican and monarchical terms. Most Renaissance rhetoricians preferred the latter view. Nevertheless, although only a few writers actually celebrated rhetoric for its republicanism, the art’s democratic potential was visible everywhere throughout the period. First, that potential could be seen in its teaching, since students were basically taught how to debate issues, not how to rule subjects. Second, when the opponents of rhetoric attacked it, they associated it with the subversion and sedition of democratic states. Finally, printing made the secrets of rhetoric available to anyone who could read, thus allowing people to imagine the possibility of democratic debate even in the most absolutist of states.
Rhetoric and Science
Authors: Moss Jean Dietz
Published: February 2014

Although modern scientists have sought to erase emotion and rhetoric from their writings, some eminent scientists of the early modern period intentionally gave ebullient descriptions of their findings. True, the logic of inquiry and proof commonly practiced—dialectic and demonstration—guided the underlying substance of the presentations by astronomers such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler. Nevertheless, rhetorical expression entered their discourse as they tried to convey the significance of their discoveries. The methods of discovery (rhetorical invention using the topoi), rhetorical proof—enthymemes and examples—along with rhetorical expression, one might argue, reflect the natural reasoning and sensitive qualities of human beings, which call into question our disdain at finding emotion unveiled in scientific writing. Figuration—particularly analogy, based in the known world but applied to the cosmos beyond natural sight—inspired belief in many readers.
Origins of British Enlightenment Rhetoric
Authors: Walzer Arthur
Published: February 2014

British rhetorical theory in the eighteenth century departs from classical theory in significant ways. First, influenced by the empiricism of Francis Bacon, John Locke, and especially David Hume, Joseph Priestley and George Campbell recast traditional theory in psychological terms. Second, influenced by the belles lettres tradition, Adam Smith and Hugh Blair shift the focus of rhetoric from composition to criticism and create a theory intended to account for literature, history, philosophy, and oratory. Furthermore, in terms of rhetoric’s formative ideal, Quintilian’s ideal orator would share his place of privilege with the polite person of “taste” and “sensibility,” who would speak in a conversational register, as the coffeehouse emerged as a venue to rival the forum. Some scholars have welcomed these innovations; others have seen them as a radical wrong turn. This chapter discusses this transformation of rhetoric during the Enlightenment and reviews and attempts to resolve the scholarly debates the transformation has prompted.
Ecocriticism, Posthumanism, and the Biological Idea of Culture
Authors: Feder Helena
Published: February 2014

This article examines the relation of posthumanism to ecocriticism. It contends that ecocriticism and posthumanism are parallel and potentially overlapping fields concerned with biological change and highlights the need for both discipline to address the idea of culture as defined by the binary of nature and culture. It argues that we must focus our philosophical, disciplinary challenge to the anthropocentric orthodoxies of the humanities and stresses the need for ecocriticism to expand our notion of “the world” but also of “the social.”
Cosmovisions
Authors: Adamson Joni
Published: February 2014

This article examines the issue of environmental justice and cosmovision in transnational American studies and indigenous literature. It contends that Leslie Marmon Silko’s Almanac of the Dead and Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera had significant influence on the politicized multiculturalism in foundational American Studies texts and early ecocriticism. It also argues that these works served as the bases for the concepts of “traffic in toxins” and “slow violence” and that they also contributed in redefining the questions that shape Native American studies and its relation to American Studies.
Ferality Tales
Authors: Garrard Greg
Published: February 2014

This article examines some tales of feral dogs in the context of ecocriticism and critical animal studies. It discusses the concept of ferality in ethology and evolutionary biology, and considers environmentalist conceptions of ferality as a kind of biological pollution alongside the celebration of ferality in animal studies as a subversive biological tendency.. Fictional texts discussed include Eva Hornung’s novel Dog Boy, Alistair Macleod’s collection As Birds Bring Forth the Sun and Other Stories and Jack London’s The Call of the Wild.
Job Loss: Outplacement Programs
Authors: Borgen William A. , Butterfield Lee D.
Published: February 2014

Outplacement counseling (OPC) is a form of career counseling that organizations offer to displaced workers to help them deal with job loss, develop job search skills, and successfully transition back into employment. Despite the fact this is a multimillion-dollar business, little is known about its effectiveness, whose best interests are being served (the organization’s or the individual recipient’s), and the measures of success being used. This chapter reviews the history of outplacement; typical services offered by OPC firms; measures of success; individual characteristics that increase participation in and success with OPC; what helps, hinders, or would have helped individual recipients; challenges related to OPC; directions for future outplacement counseling research; where OPC stands today; and what is needed for OPC to help the vulnerable population it is intended to serve.
Models of English in the World
Authors: Schneider Edgar W.
Published: February 2014

This chapter systematically surveys conceptual frameworks (models) that have been suggested to identify similarities between World Englishes and to classify them accordingly. The earliest suggestions along these lines were static models, which either worked out historically based relationships between national varieties, having branched off in a family-tree-like manner, or classified countries based on whether English is used as a native, second or foreign language in them. Other early categorizations emphasized the global, national or regional outreach of varieties (in “hub-and-spoke” models) or variety types based on sociolinguistic settings in communities and their resulting linguistic properties. In contrast, recent models emphasize the evolutionary or even cyclic character of varieties; these include Trudgill’s deterministic theory and, very widely accepted nowadays, Schneider’s Dynamic Model, which is broadly outlined, including a brief discussion of some applications of and reactions to it.
English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer
Published: February 2014

This article discusses English in terms of its role as a contact language among expanding circle users of English from different first languages. It begins by observing both similarities between English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and other lingua francas, and the difference in scale between them, with ELF involving a far higher number of people and first languages. The article goes on to explore empirical research into ELF, and its key findings: on the one hand, that certain “nonstandard” English forms are regularly preferred to “standard” (i.e. native) ones, and on the other, that ELF is far more affected by context and accommodation processes, and, therefore, far more diverse, than native Englishes. The notion of “community of practice,” it is argued, is, thus, more appropriate to ELF than that of “speech community.” The article concludes by considering three key areas of ELF research that need to be tackled.
Australian and New Zealand Englishes
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: February 2014

Australian and New Zealand Englishes have a great deal in common, as well as differences between them. In this chapter, the commonalities are considered, as well as the differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Some of the commonalities are instances in which both varieties seem to have developed in the same direction, rather than instances of common inheritance.
World Englishes and Corpora
Authors: Mair Christian
Published: February 2014

The first part of the chapter surveys the traditional corpus-linguistic working environment for the study of varieties of English around the world, focussing on the International Corpus of English (ICE) as a major cooperative venture. The second part assesses the potential of larger digital text archives and the World-Wide Web as additional sources of data for the study of World Englishes. Corpora and digital text databases not only serve as rich and convenient sources of data, but also encourage a specific corpus-linguistic “take” on World Englishes and are thus also important for advancing the theoretical debate in the field. Analysis of traditional corpora has deepened our understanding of the nature of morphosyntactic variation in World Englishes as a whole and of fine-grained variety-internal variablility determined by medium (spoken vs. written), genre and style, whereas the use of Web data frequently highlights the role of standard and nonstandard Englishes in transnational and global domains. The chapter ends with a plea to develop corpora documenting World Englishes in their multilingual settings and thus bring together research on World Englishes and the related field of the sociolinguistics of globalisation.
Body Image Disturbance During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Authors: Allison Kelly C. , Sarwer David B.
Published: February 2014

Body image disturbances are common among women in the general population. Less is known about their prevalence and impact during pregnancy. This chapter examines the history of body image theory and research. Next, we examine issues related to body image during pregnancy, such as pregravid weight, gestational weight gain, and the unique ways women think about the changes to their body during pregnancy. The role of physical activity, mood, and eating disorders in relation to peripartum body image disturbance is also discussed. Finally, assessment of body image disturbance and existing treatments are presented. Future research is needed to develop peripartum-specific body image assessment tools and to assess the impact of psychosocial interventions during and after pregnancy on body image dissatisfaction.
Perinatal Experiences of Low-Income and Incarcerated Women
Authors: Poehlmann Julie , Shlafer Rebecca
Published: February 2014

Poverty is a significant risk factor for suboptimal pregnancy and infant outcomes. Because of widespread recognition of the negative effects of poverty during pregnancy, federal programs in the United States and other health and psychosocial interventions are available to improve pregnancy and postpartum outcomes, with some success. Incarceration is increasingly recognized as a significant risk for pregnant women and their children. When they enter jail or prison, 6–10% of incarcerated women are pregnant, and more than 1,400 women per year give birth while incarcerated. Pregnant prisoners are more likely to experience risk factors associated with poor perinatal outcomes and are likely to receive inadequate prenatal care, and many states still allow shackling of incarcerated women during labor and birth. Although few interventions are available for incarcerated pregnant women, several progressive programs, such as those involving doulas or nursery programs, are available for a minority of affected women.
Maternal Stress During Pregnancy and Infant and Child Outcome
Authors: Glover Vivette
Published: February 2014

Many independent prospective studies show maternal stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy poses an increased risk for her child to have a wide range of adverse outcomes including emotional problems, ADHD or conduct disorder, or impaired cognitive development. Several studies have shown that these adverse outcomes are independent of possible confounding factors, such as postpartum anxiety and depression. Most children are not affected, and those who are can be affected in different ways, probably due to different genetic vulnerabilities and the quality of postpartum care. An evolutionary explanation for the observed changes is proposed. Underlying mechanisms are just starting to be understood: altered function of the placenta, allowing more of the stress hormone cortisol to pass through to the fetus, may well be important, as may epigenetic changes. The implications are that improved emotional care of pregnant women should improve outcomes for their children to a clinically significant degree.
Cultural Considerations in Evidence-Based Couple Therapy
Authors: Sevier Mia , Brew Leah , Yi Jean C.
Published: February 2014

This chapter considers issues of culture in couple therapy while examining the current movement toward empirically supported therapies (ESTs). Culture is distinguished from the related but distinct concepts of race, ethnicity, and nationality, and the value of studying culture directly is discussed. Several concerns and criticisms of empirically supported therapy criteria related to diverse couples are presented including a lack of inclusion in studies, the valuing of internal over external validity, and unexamined assumptions of universality. Cultural assumptions behind evidence-based treatments are examined with hypotheses about cultural congruency for diverse groups. Existing scholarly works on cultural aspects of the therapy approaches are highlighted. The clear need to build on existing theoretical and case-based knowledge related to culture in empirical ways is discussed.
Empirically Supported Couple Therapies
Authors: Benson Lisa , Christensen Andrew
Published: February 2014

This article provides a comparative review of five empirically supported couple therapies: traditional behavioral couple therapy (behavioral marital therapy), cognitive behavioral couple therapy, insight-oriented couple therapy, emotionally focused couple therapy, and integrative behavioral couple therapy. The rationale for development of each treatment is given, with reference to differences from previous treatments. The specifics and typical sequence of interventions associated with each treatment are described. Empirical data on treatment outcomes, predictors of treatment response, and mechanisms of change are summarized for each treatment. Key points of convergence and divergence in approaches to treatment are noted.
Sexual Dysfunction and Couple Dysfunction
Authors: McCarthy Barry , Wald Lana M.
Published: February 2014

Couple sex therapy is best understood as a subspecialty of couple therapy. Couple sex therapy may focus on problems in desire, pleasure, eroticism, and/or satisfaction. Although arousal and orgasm problems need to be carefully assessed and treated, problems related to desire represent the primary concern that brings couples to sex therapy. There is a great need for more research on sex therapy models, therapeutic processes, and outcome. The authors describe in detail the psychobiosocial model of assessment, treatment, and relapse prevention. A particularly important component is the four-session assessment, which features individual psychological, relational, and sexual histories. This comprehensive, multidimensional treatment model focuses on the use of psychosexual skill exercises practiced at home by the couple. Therapy interventions are directed at factors that subvert sexual desire and function as well as interventions to promote desire, pleasure, eroticism, and satisfaction. Clients are urged to develop a couple sexual style that balances each person’s sexual voice, thus becoming an intimate sexual team. The goal for all couples, straight or gay, married or unmarried, is to integrate intimacy and eroticism into their relationship. An individualized relapse prevention plan is also discussed as an integral component of comprehensive couple sex therapy.
Presidential Address
Authors: Coe Kevin
Published: February 2014

Addressing the public is one of the central functions of the modern presidency. Accordingly, scholars have devoted considerable attention to studying not only formal oratory, but also all manner of presidential communication aimed at the public. This chapter surveys this research, focusing on how (the content of the message), why (the production of the message), and with what effect (the consequences of the message) presidents address the public. Among the topics the chapter addresses are the following: the rhetorical presidency and its distinction from presidential rhetoric; the importance of genres in determining the nature of presidential address; the key changes that have taken place in presidential address over time; and the different ways of understanding the impact of presidential address. The chapter concludes by stressing the need for research in this area to better account for visual information and the rise of the Internet and to more thoroughly engage with theory.
Depression and Alcohol Use
Authors: Witkiewitz Katie , Stauffer Connie
Published: February 2014

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified alcohol and depression as the third and fourth largest risk factors for disease burden and leading causes of disability. Co-occurring alcohol-use disorder and depression has been linked to a more severe course of illness and worse treatment outcomes. In this chapter, we review the literature on alcohol use, depression, and their comorbidity. In addition to prevalence data we review common risk and protective factors that may impact comorbid alcohol-use disorder and depression, specifically focusing on individual differences and the environment including social and family factors, personality, cognitive, and other psychiatric factors, as well as genetic and neurobiological factors. Assessment and treatment approaches as well as clinical considerations for working with clients who have depression and co-occurring alcohol-use disorders are addressed.
Psychosocial Interventions for Depressed Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Hopko Derek R. , McIndoo Crystal C. , Gawrysiak Michael , Grassetti Stevie
Published: February 2014

Clinical depression affects many people and is associated with several risk factors that include being diagnosed with a serious medical illness such as breast cancer. Objectives of this chapter were to elucidate the prevalence of depression in breast cancer patients, the impact of depression as it pertains to life functioning and quality of life, highlight the bidirectional relationship of breast cancer and depression, outline assessment strategies and measurement issues relevant to assessing depression, and review the treatment outcome literature addressing the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for depressed breast cancer patients. Depression is highly prevalent among breast cancer patients, significantly impacts life functioning, may be associated with cancer progression and mortality, and is bidirectionally related to breast cancer through several pathways. Many behavioral assessment strategies may be useful for recognizing depression in breast cancer patients, and, although methodological weaknesses are evident, several psychosocial interventions show substantial promise as effective treatments for depressed breast cancer patients.
Depression and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Suls Jerry , Davidson Karina W.
Published: February 2014

This chapter provides a selective review of empirical studies concerning the relationship between depression and depressive symptomatology as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Depression appears to confer a twofold risk for both cardiac disease incidence and cardiac disease progression. Several factors appear to contribute to this risk, including the effects of depression on immune activity, endothelial function, SNS and HPA activity, and medical adherence. However, it remains unclear whether depression is only marking risk of some unmeasured third variable responsible for increased heart disease. Although antidepressant medication and cognitive behavioral therapy produce some reduction of depression in cardiac patients, there are no definitive clinical trial data showing medical or behavioral treatment reduce cardiac deaths. Only large-scale randomized clinical trials can fill this gap. The chapter concludes with a series of critical questions requiring resolution to decide what treatment would work most effectively for the cardiac patient with depression.
Depression in Dementia Syndromes
Authors: Brommelhoff Jessica A.
Published: February 2014

Depressive symptoms are common in many dementia syndromes, and depressive disorders are much more common in older adults with dementia than in cognitively intact older adults. Depression may be a risk factor for, or a prodromal feature of, subsequent dementia. Several neuropathological mechanisms have been suggested to explain these relationships, including the role of underlying cerebrovascular risk factors for depression and cognitive impairment. Depression also may be present in dementia as an emotional reaction to cognitive decline, or as a recurrence of early and midlife depression. Differential diagnosis between depression and dementia is essential, but complicated by problems in assessment, overlapping symptoms between the two conditions, and other medical co-morbidities. Pharmacological treatment of depression in dementia may also be complicated by medical co-morbidity, and can run the risk for adverse reactions or interactions between medications. Psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions, however, hold some promise for effective reduction of depressive symptoms.
Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hancock Laura M. , Bruce Jared M. , Lynch Sharon G.
Published: February 2014

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system and can cause a wide variety of both physical and cognitive deficits. Mood disturbances are common, with as many as 50% of patients receiving a diagnosis of major depression during their lifetime. The risk of suicide is high and leaving depression untreated is associated with a host of additional MS symptoms. Depression in MS presents clinicians with unique challenges, as it is often difficult to distinguish from common neurological symptoms. The authors discuss recommended screening tools and therapeutic methods that can assist the clinician in successfully identifying and treating depression in MS.
Toward a Theory of Experimental Music Theatre
Authors: Heile Björn
Published: February 2014

Although recent years have seen the emergence of sustained research on experimental music theater, most of this is largely of a descriptive nature. To address the shortcomings of such approaches, this chapter outlines a theory of experimental music theater based on a clear definition and a number of constitutive features. A number of theoretical terms from the fields of performance theory and theater practice are introduced, namely “showing doing” (Richard Schechner), “non-matrixed performance” and “non-matrixed representation” (Michael Kirby), and “metaxis” (Augusto Boal). The analytical effectiveness of this theoretical framework is demonstrated by discussion of case studies drawn both from the “classics” of experimental music theater (John Cage, Mauricio Kagel) and from recent work (Christopher Fox, David Bithell, Trond Reinholdtsen).
Convergence of Time and Space
Authors: Battey Bret , Fischman Rajmil
Published: February 2014

This chapter considers the historical lineage and conceptual origins of visual music, addressing the turn to abstraction and absolute film in visual arts, particularly in the first half of the twentieth century, and the turn to mimesis and spatialization in music, particularly through the acousmatic tradition after World War II. The chapter proposes a convergence between visual artists and musicians that prompted the former to embrace time through a shift away from mimesis toward abstraction, and the latter to adopt greater focus on space in shifting from abstraction toward mimesis. Together, these historical shifts prefigure the development of audiovisual art, revealing underlying theoretical commonalities in the articulation of time and space that suggest fundamental dynamics of theaudiovisual contractand strategies available to the visual music creator to establish a synergy of sound and image. Some of these strategies are demonstrated in two original case studies.
The Science of Destruction
Authors: Werrett Simon
Published: February 2014

This chapter surveys the evolution of chemical and mechanical weapons used by terrorists between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries, ranging from the diabolical contraptions of “infernal machines” to dynamite, the terrorist’s favorite explosive, invented by Alfred Nobel in the 1860s. The chapter also explores the ingenuity of terror. While anarchists and revolutionaries who used explosive chemicals are often represented as merely consumers of the latest scientific creations, the chapter argues that in fact these communities showed considerable ingenuity in devising new weapons. A brief case study of the career of Irish nationalist Robert Emmet’s rockets in the pre-dynamite era demonstrates this. The chapter concludes by considering the relationship of terror and science, and contrasts the radical political views of terrorists with their typically unchallenging acceptance of scientific authority and opinions in the nineteenth century.
Terrorism against Modernity
Authors: Driscoll Mark
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines a “terrorist tradition” in Japan. Driscoll briefly describes the birth of this tradition—the assassination in 1860 of members of the Tokugawa leadership, an event later memorialized as the heroic establishment of Japan’s nation-state. He then focuses on Japan’s “Age of Terror,” which began with the assassination of Prime Minister Hara in 1921. Driscoll analyzes Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu’s murder of two Japanese anarchists, his trial (the nation’s first media spectacle), and his prison notebooks, which played a crucial role in the emergence of a Japanese philosophy of terror. This philosophy and the terrorist acts perpetrated in its name targeted European imperialism in East Asia and Western influences inside Japan. This analysis of the Amakasu incident and its aftermath challenges the simple binary of “top-down versus bottom-up” terrorism, a disciplinary paradigm that Driscoll shows is largely inapplicable to terrorism in East Asia.
An Archive of “Political Trouble in India”
Authors: Ghosh Durba
Published: February 2014

At the turn of the twentieth century, a campaign of terrorism emerged across India to overthrow British rule. This revolutionary terrorist movement was propelled by three modern practices—terrorism, the establishment of intelligence organizations, and history-writing—as they produced an archive of “political trouble in India.” While historical reports produced by British intelligence officials legitimized the growth of emergency legislation, histories produced by the revolutionary terrorists undermined the liberal imaginary and chronology of British colonialism, arguing that India would gain its independence through radical and revolutionary politics rather than nonviolent protest and constitutional reform. In the postcolonial period, this archive of political trouble has been reprinted, revived, and transformed from a set of documents about colonial counterinsurgency into an archive about an anticolonial movement that was based on political violence and revolutionary terrorism.
Radical Environmentalism and Ecoterrorism in the United States
Authors: Woodhouse Keith Makoto
Published: February 2014

This chapter considers the definition of ecoterrorism and its close association with radical environmentalism. It focuses in particular on the group Earth First!, the tactic of “tree spiking,” the arrest of five radical environmentalists in Arizona in the late 1980s, and the association of the Unabomber with radical environmentalism. The chapter suggests that the use of violence, sabotage, and extralegal tactics by radical environmentalists has generally been a response to perceived shortcomings in conventional reform and traditional democratic processes, rather than an inherent product of radical environmentalists’ ethos or disposition.
Modern Rebels?
Authors: Whelehan Niall
Published: February 2014

This chapter explores different types of revolutionary violence adopted by Irish nationalists in Ireland and the Irish diaspora in the nineteenth century. Due to the limitations of past rebellions, militant nationalists sought to adopt new strategies that embraced science and modernity. This led to the adoption of an urban-bombing campaign in the 1880s carried out by networks of militants across Ireland, Europe, and the United States. Far from being peculiar to Irish nationalism, these violent strategies found parallels with other revolutionary movements in Europe and the United States.
The Islamist Terrorist as the New Universal Enemy
Authors: Kemerli Pınar
Published: February 2014

Treating modern terrorism discourse as an important political problem in the history of Western legal theorizing and national security policy, this chapter examines the impact of the end of the Cold War and September 11 on political debates on terrorism at the United Nations. Surveying the framing of Palestinian terrorism at the General Assembly and Security Council between the 1960s and late 2000s, it argues that the disavowal of the legitimacy of non-sovereign political violence at the end of the Cold War, and the association of political Islam with terrorism following September 11 have facilitated the discursive construction of a universal enemy in the image of the “Islamist terrorist.” The chapter shows that this discursive formation is laden with, and thus perpetuates, politically significant normative presumptions that are related to anxieties concerning sacrificial violence with which political Islam is widely associated.
Transnational Connections, Musical Meaning, and the 1990s “British Invasion” of North American Evangelical Worship Music
Authors: Ingalls Monique M.
Published: February 2014

Monique Ingalls’ essay, on the “British invasion” of U.K. contemporary evangelical congregational worship songs into the U.S. market, points to how a transnational musical network provides ways for powerful individuals within the music industry to locate “authentic” religious faith. The U.K. worship music industry imagined different uses and, consequently, formats for its music than that of the American-based Christian music industry: the American-based industry modeled its songs on pop, focusing on radio-friendly short song formats; but U.K. industry modeled its music and performances on charismatic worship services that had a long and powerful emotional trajectory. As a set of U.S. Christian music industry elites traveled to the U.K. and experienced U.K. performances, they began to locate “authentic” worship in the developing U.K. style—largely through their own embodied experiences of worship. These mobile individuals laid the groundwork for the “British invasion” of the U.S. Christian music market, which led to a new genre term: “modern worship.” While Ingalls sees these industry executives as real agents, she also interprets their experiences and choices as part of an emergent discourse in which, as she aptly puts it, “religious rationales [exist] side by side, and in many ways justify, the capitalist logic within the evangelical media industry.”
Christianity and Korean Traditional Music
Authors: Howard Keith David
Published: February 2014

Keith Howard offers an account of how Korean Christians who are professional musicians specializing in traditional music (kugak) have been attempting to construct a relationship between their faith and Korean traditional music, by incorporating Christian narratives into traditional musical forms, such as p’ansori. Howard notes that both Christianity and Korean traditional music constitute powerful symbols of the place of Korea (for Koreans) in the globalized world; however, because of the contradictory logics of two transnationally imagined identity politics—one imagining Korea as modern and privileging the Western, and the other focusing on Korean “heritage” and privileging the “Korean”—the institutional spaces of Korean traditional music and Christian music have remained separate and distinct.
Live Algorithms for Music
Authors: Young Michael , Blackwell Tim
Published: February 2014

Live algorithms are an ideal concept: computational systems able to collaborate proactively with humans in the creation of group-based improvised music. The challenge is to achieve equivalence between human and computer collaborators, both in formal terms and in practice (evident to both performers and audience alike). The fundamental question is the capacity for computational processes to exhibit “creativity.” The problems inherent in computer music performance are considered, in which computers are quasi-instruments or act in proxy for another musician. Theories from social psychology and pragmatics are explored to help understand live music-making as a special case of social organization; namely, Kelley’s covariation model of Attribution Theory and Grice’s Maxims of Cooperation. This chapter outlines a description of how human beings and computers might engage on an equivalent basis and proposes how social psychology theories, rendered in formal language, can point to new horizons in human-computer performance practice.
African American Muslim Congregations, 1913–2013
Authors: Curtis Edward E.
Published: February 2014

For nearly a century, African American Muslims have gathered for religious purposes in local voluntary religious associations that, like other American religious congregations, are a basic building block of U.S. society. Charting their long history, this article surveys the growth of Sunni, Ahmadi, Moorish, and other congregations from World War I until the present. The article argues that black-majority, black-dominant Muslim American congregations are affected by and respond to the same racial divide that shapes American religion as a whole.
Unusually bright 12CO(3–2) condensations in the tidally perturbed Small Magellanic Cloud “tail”
Authors: Muller Erik , Mizuno Norikazu , Minamidani Tetsuhiro , Kawamura Akiko , Rosie Chen C.-H. , Indebetouw Remy , Enokiya Rei , Fukui Yasuo , Gordon Karl , Hayakawa Takahiro , Mizuno Yoji , Murai Miyuki , Okuda Takeshi , Onishi Toshikazu , Tachihara Kengo , Takekoshi Tatsuya , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Yoshiike Satoshi
Published: February 2014

We report on recent observations of molecular clouds in the tidal Magellanic Bridge; specifically, the ∼kpc-long, tidally extended “tail” of the Small Magellanic Cloud. In particular, we identify an unusually high 12CO(3–2)/12CO(1–0) ratio of 2–3 to 1, toward one of the clouds, suggesting a warm and dense molecular material associated with imminent or current formation of stars. Our ∼ 6 pc-resolution observations show that the target clouds have only a general correlation with bright 24 μm emission regions, occasionally offset by up to ∼ 15 pc. These detections support the scenario that stars are actively being created in this uniquely nearby tidal filament, in the present epoch, and that star formation is ongoing at a range of evolutionary stages or rates.
Fisher analysis on wide-band polarimetry for probing the intergalactic magnetic field
Authors: Ideguchi Shinsuke , Takahashi Keitaro , Akahori Takuya , Kumazaki Kohei , Ryu Dongsu
Published: February 2014

We investigate the capability of current radio telescopes for probing Faraday rotation measure (RM) due to the intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF) in the large-scale structure of the universe, which is expected to be of order O (1) rad m−2. We consider polarization observations of a compact radio source such as quasars behind a diffuse source such as the Galaxy, and calculate Stokes parameters Q and U assuming a simple model of the Faraday dispersion functions with Gaussian shape. Then, we perform the Fisher analysis to estimate the expected errors in the model parameters from QU-fitting of polarization intensity, accounting for the sensitivities and frequency bands of Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder, Low Frequency Array, and the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope. Finally, we examine the conditions on the source intensities which are required to detect the IGMF. Our analysis indicates that the QU-fitting is promising for forthcoming wideband polarimetry to explore RM due to the IGMF in filaments of galaxies.
H i and H2 properties and star formation efficiency of NGC 4654 in the cluster environment
Authors: Chung Eun Jung , Kim Sungeun
Published: February 2014

NGC 4654, an Scd galaxy in the Virgo cluster, is asymmetric in its H i distribution, with a sharp cutoff in the north-west and a long tail in the south-east, while its CO is extended to the north-west where the H i is compressed and hence its surface density is increased. This galaxy is reported to have experienced tidal interaction about 500 Myr ago, and to have been undergoing ram pressure continuously until now. To investigate the environmental effects on the interstellar medium, we make a point-to-point comparison between the H i, H2, and star formation rate surface densities. The mean H i surface density at the north-west is about 25 M⊙ pc−2, which is higher than the threshold where H i surface density begins to saturate. The ratio of molecular to atomic hydrogen (Rmol) in the north-west region is lower than that of the other regions. Star formation efficiency with respect to the molecular gas (SFEH2) at the north-west appears to be higher than the other regions with the same total gas surface density. We discuss the high SFEH2 at the north-west region and propose the possibility that the intracluster medium (ICM) pushes the low-metal gas from the outer radius into the north-west region. In a low-metallicity environment, it has been reported that high ΣH i can exist without saturation and stars can be formed from the cold atomic hydrogen phase rather than from the molecular phase. Suggestion of inflow of the outer metal-poor gas into the north-west explains well the high ΣH i and SFEH2 of the north-west region. We suggest another possibility, of H i conversion into H2 due to the increase of gas surface density and midplane pressure due to the ICM pressure at the north-west.