bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR BENCHMARK PROBLEM 13 (3‐D NONLINEAR MAGNETOSTATIC MODEL)
Authors: NAKATA Takayoshi , FUJIWARA Koji
Published: February 2008

Benchmark problem 13 of the TEAM Workshop consists of steel plates around a coil (a nonlinear magnetostatic problem). Seventeen computer codes developed by twelve groups are applied, and twenty‐five solutions are compared with each other and with experimental results. In addition to the numerical calculations, two theoretical presentations are given in order to explain discrepancies between the calculations and the experiment.
ACCURATE AND COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT MODELING OF ION IMPLANTATION IN SINGLE‐CRYSTAL SILICON
Authors: Tasch Al F.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes a modeling strategy and the model development for predicting ion implanted impurity distributions in single‐crystal silicon. Both a computationally efficient semi‐empirical model and a physically‐based, more computationally intense Monte Carlo model have been developed for boron distributions in silicon. The resulting models account very well for the detailed profile dependence on implant dose, tilt angle, and rotation angle in addition to energy.
INFLUENCE OF FORWARD SCATTERING ON NONEQUILIBRIUM TRANSPORT OF ELECTRONS IN COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: Cheng Ming‐C.
Published: February 2008

Influence of forward scattering, including ionized‐impurity and polar optical‐phonon scattering, on electron transport phenomena in a 3‐valley n‐type GaAs model subjected to a rapid change in field is studied. It is shown that the macroscopic effective mass of electrons in a nonparabolic band structure is smaller than the energy‐dependent effective mass, which is usually assumed for modeling of GaAs devices, during the interval of velocity overshoot when strong forward scattering is involved. As a consequence, the hydrodynamic transport model, where the macroscopic effective mass is assumed energy dependent, leads to a smaller overshoot velocity.
AN EXPONENTIAL FITTING SCHEME FOR THE ELECTROTHERMAL DEVICE EQUATIONS SPECIFICALLY FOR THE SIMULATION OF AVALANCHE GENERATION
Authors: TEN THIJE BOONKKAMP J.H.M. , SCHILDERS W.H.A.
Published: February 2008

An extension of the Scharfetter‐Gummel discretization scheme is presented which is designed for electrothermal semiconductor device equations including avalanche generation terms. The scheme makes explicit use of the exponential character of solutions, and reduces to the standard Scharfetter‐Gummel scheme in the isothermal non‐avalanche case.
MIXED FINITE ELEMENTS IN MAGNETOSTATICS
Authors: DI BARBA P. , MARINI L.D. , SAVINI A.
Published: February 2008

The mixed variational formulation in two‐dimensional magnetostatics and the corresponding discretization are presented in a systematic way. The comparison between the mixed finite element approach and the classical one is shown with reference to some case studies; numerical results are reported.
AN INTEGRATION ALGORITHM FOR THE FOURIER—BESSEL INTEGRAL SOLUTION OF A FIVE‐LAYER STRUCTURE WITH A CIRCULAR EMBEDDED SOURCE
Authors: LEE C.C. , CHIEN D.H.
Published: February 2008

An integration algorithm for effective and accurate integration of the Fourier—Bessel integral temperature solution of a five‐layer structure with a circular embedded source is reported. The circular source solution has the form of a single integration rather than the double integration of a solution for the structure with a rectangular source. Using the circular source solution, the computation time for temperature calculation is reduced by a factor of 10 compared with the rectangular source solution. To reduce the computation time further, this integration algorithm transforms the single integration into a fast‐converging simple summation. The effectiveness of this algorithm is most evident when the point of calculation is far from the source. Based on the solution and algorithm, a software program PAMICE has been written. An important application for the solution and integration algorithm is the use of a circular source instead of a square one as unit source to produce the unit thermal profile for real‐time thermal design of integrated circuits having large number of sources. The solution is also valuable for the thermal study and analysis of devices having circular sources such as power transistors and light emitting diodes. The algorithm can be applied to other similar solutions arising from structures with circular sources.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC AND ENERGY TRANSPORT MODELS
Authors: SOUISSI K. , ODEH F. , TANG H.H.K. , GNUDI A.
Published: February 2008

An energy transport model has been numerically implemented in the device simulator HFIELDS. The transport parameters for the standard hydrodynamic model and the energy transport model are calibrated by means of DAMOCLES, a two‐dimensional Monte Carlo Boltzmann equation solver. We analyse the relative merits of these two models by comparing their predictions of the energy and velocity distributions for a bipolar transistor and a ballistic diode. In the cases presented, the hydrodynamic model is found to agree with the Monte Carlo results more closely than the energy transport model.
‘A POSTERIORI’ ERROR INDICATOR AND ERROR ESTIMATORS FOR ADAPTIVE MESH REFINEMENT
Authors: CHELLAMUTHU K.C. , IDA NATHAN
Published: February 2008

Two different ‘a posteriori’ error estimation techniques are proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of the error estimates in adaptive mesh refinement for 2D and 3D electrostatic problems are also analyzed with numerical test results. The post‐processing method employs an improved solution to estimate the error, whereas the gradient of field method utilizes the gradient of the field solution for estimating the ‘a posterior’ error. The gradient of field method is computationally inexpensive, since it solves a local problem on a patch of elements. The error estimates are tested by solving a set of self‐adjoint boundary value problems in 2D and 3D using a hierarchical minimal tree based mesh refinement algorithm. The numerical test results and the performance evaluation establish the effectiveness of the proposed error estimates for adaptive mesh refinement.
DIFFUSION‐DRIFT MODELING OF STRONG INVERSION LAYERS
Authors: ANCONA M.G.
Published: February 2008

By generalizing the equation of state of the conduction electron gas in a semiconductor to include a dependence not only on electron density but also on the density gradient we show that the standard diffusion‐drift description can be extended to describe much of the quantum mechanical behavior exhibited by strong inversion layers.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HEMT USING AN ENERGY TRANSPORT MODEL
Authors: BUOT F.A.
Published: February 2008

A two‐dimensional numerical computer simulation based on the analysis of the first three moments of the Boltzmann equation, known as the energy‐transport model, has been used to study various two‐dimensional effects on the performance of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure field‐effect transistor. The results are presented for half‐micron gate length. The calculation reveals significant electron current contribution coming from the AlGaAs region between the source and gate, contributing to the reduction of access resistance. As the electrons acquire large energies near the drain side edge of the gate, real‐space transfer to the AlGaAs region from the “two‐dimensional” electron gas channel occurs. However, at the drain end, the electron current is confined at the GaAs side of the heterointerface. The result shows insignificant current contribution from regions of depth greater than 0.048 µm into the undoped GaAs bulk. At room temperature, the results indicate transconductance, current gain cutoff frequency and power density about twice that which are calculated for “equivalent” GaAs MESFET, of identical structure and doping level as the heavily‐doped AlGaAs region. These results suggest that HEMT devices have the potential for providing significant sources of power at millimeter‐wave frequencies.
A MODEL FOR COUPLED DOPANT DIFFUSION IN SILICON
Authors: COWERN N.E.B. , GODFREY D.J.
Published: February 2008

The simulation of coupled dopant diffusion in silicon is becoming increasingly important in integrated circuit technology, as device dimensions are reduced and efforts are made to reduce process complexity. Thus a need exists for accurate simulation over a wide range of diffusion conditions, based on necessity on well tested, predictive physical models.
ENERGY‐MOMENTUM TRANSPORT MODEL SUITABLE FOR SMALL GEOMETRY SILICON DEVICE SIMULATION
Authors: ROBERTS James W. , CHAMBERLAIN Savvas G.
Published: February 2008

An energy‐momentum transport model for sub‐micron silicon devices is modified to include new sets of simple interband scattering models representing impact ionization, auger recombination, trapping and photo generation. These have been developed using a simplified physical modelling approach. A discretization scheme suitable for application to an irregular spatial grid is presented. The resulting model is suitable for the study of small geometry effects in silicon devices.
FAST IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTIVARIABLE LINEAR SYSTEMS VIA VLSI ARRAY PROCESSORS
Authors: MERTZIOS B.G.
Published: February 2008

The fast implementation of multivariable discrete linear systems via VLSI array processors is presented. Two direct state‐space realizations, the block controller form and the block observer form, are used as the basis for the proposed implementations, which are comprised of similar processing elements in a linear configuration with nearest neighbor links. High concurrency is achieved by exploiting both parallelism and pipelining. The implementations are characterized by modularity, local communication and high throughput rates.
ON THE STABILITY OF TIME DISCRETISATIONS FOR THE SEMICONDUCTOR EQUATIONS
Authors: WILD Paul
Published: February 2008

Implicit one‐step methods for the system of differential equations arising from a space discretisation of the semiconductor equations are considered. It is shown that mere spectral conditions like A‐stability or L‐stability do not give a reliable answer to the behaviour of the numerical solution. Rather, positivity arguments for the corresponding rational matrix functions play an important role.
INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS UPON ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR EFFICIENCY
Authors: ABDEL‐SATTAR S.
Published: February 2008

In this paper a modified numerical method for calculating the precipitation efficiency of wire‐duct electrostatic precipitators is reported. Variation of mobility for both ions and particles in space surrounding the energized wires is taken into consideration. This method is based on solving numerically the main set of equations, defining the ionized field with presence of dust particles. The precipitation efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators is determined for the cement industry. The effect of different geometrical parameters on the precipitation efficiency is also reported. The precipitation efficiency of the wire‐duct electrostatic precipitator as influenced by both the applied voltage and the gas flow speed is discussed in this paper. The present findings are correlated to the physics of electrical corona discharge.
STATIONARY SOLUTIONS OF HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE SIMULATION
Authors: MAJORANA A. , RUSSO G.
Published: February 2008

Two hydrodynamic models of a semiconductor device are considered. The first takes into account thermal and collisional effects, while neglecting viscous terms, which are included in the second. A qualitative analysis of stationary one‐dimensional solutions is performed and a numerical comparison is presented.
Some comments about training in distribution
Authors: Lawrence Ken
Published: February 2008

Any article about training poses problems of theme. Should the theme be that of faith healing? Such a theme to indicate that ‘training costs money and may show no immediate reward but that faith and the observation of the principles laid down by the ‘Chosen Trainers’ will reap its reward in the celestial hypermarket’. Should the theme be that of the patent medicine — ‘A packet of training, which when mixed with the milk of human kindness will cure labourturnover, low profitability and improve company virility’. Or should the theme be one of fashion — ‘Use the latest technique, limited supplies available to the discerning, try the latest mini module, or the maxi‐management matrix!’
MANAGEMENT CONTROL OF VAT
Authors: Grimsley Robert H
Published: February 2008

The basic differences between VAT and purchase tax, apart from the wider range of goods and services subject to the new tax are:
THE HOME FREEZER COMES INTO ITS OWN
Authors: Kemp Graham
Published: February 2008

In this special market analysis report, we take a look at the burgeoning home freezer business — an estimated 11 per cent home ownership by the end of this year. This has stimulated the development of home freezer centres, selling frozen food in excess of £20 million. Multiples and supermarkets, as one might expect, are reacting promptly. The trend towards less frequent shopping plus likely development of off‐centre superstores, argues favourably for the long‐term prospects.
THE INDEPENDENT STORE IN AMERICA
Authors: Williams James R.
Published: February 2008

In our last issue Professor Hollander looked at the American retail scene and discussed the role of the larger organisation, particularly in relation to such factors as suburbanisation, franchising, and diversification. This article by NRMA President James R. Williams deals specifically with the independent department store in America, and the new types of competition with which it is faced. In spite of rising expenses — payroll, occupancy, and advertising costs, James Williams believes that the independent stores are finding their own roles in their markets, and have acquired a new precision in buying and promotion. This article is taken from his address to the World Conference on Distribution in Brussels.
What's happening to the GROCERY SYMBOL GROUPS ?
Authors: Mersey Bob
Published: February 2008

Back in the palmy days of midsummer 1970, the grocery voluntary groups scored a notable victory. Nielsen figures showed that, for the first time, symbol groups continued to gain ground while both multiples and Co‐ops marked time. By June/July 1970 the symbol share of the grocery trade had risen to 23.7 per cent, and had overtaken the share of the non‐affiliated independents, which dropped from 23 to 20 per cent. But things have never been the same since. Now the multiple share stands at 44 per cent, and the symbol groups have never exceeded that magic figure of 23.7 per cent. What's gone wrong with the high hopes of the 1960s, when the rescue operation for saving the small grocer from the depredations of the supermarkets turned into an aggressive force that had the multiples rather worried? Certainly the large groups are not declining — Mace, VG, Spar/Vivo all showed substantial improvements in 1972 over the previous year. But symbol group trade as a whole is stagnating, and it may turn out that only the larger groups are capable of competing with multiples in the struggle for favourable terms with manufacturers. Wholesalers have lost patience with the standard of retailer members' efficiency and co‐operation; much‐needed support is not always forthcoming. Cash‐and‐carry is tempting many retailers away from the path of loyalty to group wholesalers — which is fine again for the larger voluntary groups who have already diversified into cash‐and‐carry, but not so good for the smaller. What is the future for the voluntary group grocer? Last month a conference was held in Majorca which attempted to give some answers to this question; it was sponsored jointly by Mace wholesale distributor Hull Supply Company and the Grocers' Gazette. Some of the points made at the conference are summarised here.
DISTRIBUTION COST ANALYSIS
Authors: Hill BSc(Econ S.R.
Published: February 2008

Distribution Cost Analysis is a technique which examines in detail all the costs incurred in purchasing, selling and delivery of goods to the customer; it involves a study of cost control which is directly applicable to retail and wholesale operations. In particular, by showing the degree of expense that each part of the merchandising activity attracts, it helps to improve the merchandising policy of the wholesaler or retailer.
EARNINGS OF PART‐TIME WORKERS IN RETAILING
Authors: Robinson Olive , Wallace John
Published: February 2008

In this second of a series of articles dealing with aspects of wage payment and employment in retail distribution, the authors turn their attention to the question of part‐time workers. These have increased substantially in recent years: for women only the proportion of part‐time employment rose from 31% in 1957 to 43% in 1966. The research has been funded by the Social Science Research Council.
THE LOGISTICS IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGES IN RETAILING
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

Limited use of containers; government intervention in the control of deliveries; the creation of a National Pallet Pool; the development of automated warehousing; these are some of the developments in physical distribution which are seen likely to happen, in varying degrees, by a number of manufacturers and retailers involved in a research project sponsored jointly by Cranfield and the IGD. Primary purpose of the project was to establish ‘cause and effect’ relationships between changes in retailing and developments in physical distribution, and the method adopted for obtaining the forecast was the Delphi technique — the first time this has been applied to any aspect of corporate planning. This article discusses the background to the project, examines the Delphic method in some detail, and pinpoints the project's principal findings.
Massive Merchandisers
Authors: Tanburn Jennifer
Published: February 2008

This article is one result of an extensive tour Jennifer Tanburn recently undertook to study a wide range of retail outlets around the world. During this tour she visited New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, Houston and Los Angeles in the United States; and Stockholm, Copenhagen, Paris, Marseilles, Munich, Milan, Rotterdam and many other cities in Western Europe. Of the many exciting retail developments she saw, three examples of mass merchandising especially engaged her attention: the IKEA home furnishings groups in Sweden, the OBI do‐it‐yourself franchise operation in Germany and the American ‘Children's Bargain Town’. All three are examined in this special feature.
TAX ALLOWANCES AND MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
Authors: Grimsley BCom FIAC Robert H.
Published: February 2008

Capital allowances form a considerable incentive to a business to acquire new assets to increase its earning power. An understanding of the way these allowances operate will help management to use them to best advantage
THE RETAILER'S RESPONSIBILITIES
Authors: Elliott Simon
Published: February 2008

The Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973 has now been in force since last May. It is one of the most important — as well as one of the most misunderstood — statutes in the field of distribution. Who is now responsible to the customer for a built‐in fault — the retailer or the manufacturer? What effect do ‘guarantees’ and ‘warranties’ now have? To what extent can the retailer pass responsibility back to the manufacturer? This is a summary of the Act considered from a retailer's point of view.
THE KITCHEN REVOLUTION
Authors: Don Laurence
Published: February 2008

This is the story of an unusual company. The UK has traditionally been backward, in comparison with other European countries, in its ownership of home freezers. But the last couple of years have seen a significant upsurge in ownership figures from 7.8% of families in 1972 to an estimated 10% at the end of 1973. This last figures represents nearly two million homes. Bejam is one of the companies responsible for this kitchen revolution. Emerging from the obscurity of a single warehouse in North London some five or six years ago, they developed the idea of a new type of ‘shop’ — the home freezer centre which would not only sell frozen food but the freezer to go with it. They now have 72 centres, a newly‐completed 2½m. cu ft coldstore at Milton Keynes — and the average freezer owner spends £15 to £20 every time she visits a Bejam store. Laurence Don told the story of this enterprising company at a recent conference organised by Capel‐Cure Carden.
The Marketing Approach
Authors: Wills Gordon
Published: February 2008

Not so much a function, more a way of thinking about the business, is one of Gordon Wills' descriptions of PDM. In a characteristically witty and informative talk recently at a seminar organised by the Centre for PDM, he adopted the role of devil's advocate and offered sharp criticisms of the typical ‘marketing man’, whose awareness of the distribution function is sadly limited. “The marketing man must seek information about responses to levels of service”, says Gordon Wills. “He can tell you all about responses to advertising or to prices — but what does he know about service levels?”. And he went on to ask: is 100% service level always justified in terms of the investment and distribution costs it entails? The accounting side of the business also came in for some criticism. In Gordon Wills' view, accountancy is the Achilles Heel of the physical distribution philsophy; accountants have not taken sufficient interest in the costs of distribution. Traditionally they have been more concerned with costs of production and of course more recently with marketing costs. Cost accounting in distribution, in his own phrase, is a nightmare and if any one factor is going to hold back the progress of the physical distribution concept in industry, it is this. Following is a condensed version of the paper Gordon Wills delivered at the seminar.
CAPTURING DATA AT THE POINT OF SALE
Authors: Philpott W J
Published: February 2008

Various devices for capturing data at the point of sale are proliferating at a remarkable rate; the electro‐mechanical cash register, so we are told, is dead if not yet buried by electronics. Progress is proceeding with the development of a standard product numbering system; it does appear that until this is fully operational, non‐food retailing will get the lion's share of electronic cash register systems Some of these points were discussed at a recent conference sponsored by the British Computer Society in co‐operation with International Business Communications.
The use of ratios in financial analysis
Authors: Paterson CW
Published: February 2008

In his approach to the performance of retail companies, the financial analyst uses a number of operating ratios — net profit to sales, return on capital employed, sales per £ of payroll, sales and profits per store, and others. How meaningful are these ratios? And if they give a fair picture of present performance, what indications do they offer for the future? Colin Paterson, speaking at a Capel‐Cure conference, argues that close contact between the analyst and retail management is essential.
ELECTRICAL GOODS
Authors: Cook Rupert
Published: February 2008

The retail electrical goods sector registered an estimated £1,400m turnover for 1973, but is at the moment facing problems. The general downturn in consumer expenditure on durable goods is a factor, plus the reduced disposable income of the middle and lower income groups. But supplies from manufacturers are reported to be easing now, and there should be fewer lost sales from this source.
How to use advertising effectively
Authors: Nielsen John
Published: February 2008

The growth in retailer advertising in recent years has been “explosive”, jumping from £16.9m in 1972 (total Press and TV advertising expenditure) to £31.7m last year. In some ways retailers are in an enviable position in that they can rapidly measure the results of their advertising. But the important thing is to build and maintain consumer loyalty on a long term basis. John Nielsen, the writer of this article, is Development Director of Osborne Advertising, an advertising agency with broad interests but a strong representation in the retail sector, with seven retailer clients in the food, garden furniture, electrical, jewellery, footwear and fashion fields.
BUYING — Its function in the marketing concept
Authors: Leigh Laurie
Published: February 2008

Marketing is the catalyst which maximises gross profit from turnover, and thus marketing and buying are two sides of the same coin. Laurie Leigh, Tesco Managing Director responsible for marketing, buying and distribution takes the view that they are inseparable in practice for one provides the base from which the other operates. But in the past this was not always so.
VERTICAL MARKETING SYSTEMS
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

Continued inflation at a high rate for some time seems to be inescapable. In this situation management must bring ever closer attention to bear on the issue of cost control, and particularly cost‐benefit analyses of their operations. One activity likely to come under close scrutiny is that of distribution. For some time physical distribution has been subject to rigorous examination in terms of “total” costs and “system/cost benefits”. By expanding the analysis to include channel considerations it is possible to consider all influences within a distributive process. This article therefore seeks to determine an approach to channel management which considers all the functions, activities and institutions comprising a distribution channel.
Moving towards an improved distribution pattern
Authors: Williams John
Published: February 2008

It is no news that the movement and storage of goods forms a disproportionately large part of the amount the housewife pays for the product. In addition, most organisations of any size are now familiar with the techniques that can be used to improve logistics and the physical distribution function. John Williams' message, in an important paper which he recently gave at the senior management conference of the Institute of Work Study Practitioners, is that the improvement of techniques is no longer top priority. He sees a new era evolving — one that should be marked by institutional rather than technological change. What we should now be doing is looking at the restraints imposed by the industrial and organisational structure of manufacturing and distribution, and seeing how these can be removed. This is the first part of his paper — Part 2 will follow in the next issue.
Improving distribution: why is technology neglected?
Authors: Williams John
Published: February 2008

John Williams quotes Professor Hesketh of Harvard as saying: “We are at the end of a significant era of technological change in transportation, warehousing, inventory control and order processing. Now a new era is evolving; one that will be marked by institutional rather than technological change. Greater gains are now possible… in part resulting from the realisation of promises made, but unfulfilled, by technology.” In this paper, John Williams argues that technologists should spend a little less time dealing with the nuts and bolts of technology and much more time questioning why those techniques are not more widely used. There are many techniques in the context of PDM which can be used to reduce costs, but they are unlikely to be used unless the restraints imposed by the industrial and organisational structure of manufacturing and distribution are removed. This is the second part of a paper originally delivered to the senior management conference of the Institute of Work Study Practitioners.
FREIGHTLINERS: Their contribution to efficient distribution
Authors: Leppington LW
Published: February 2008

Freightliners operate some 190 trains and some 700 road vehicles daily. They operate 25 terminals and the number of containers carried has gone up from 391,000 in 1969 to 640,000 in 1974; the budgeted figure for 1975 is 730,000. Freightliner trains can run at 75 mph, which means they can be fitted in on fast passenger lines; there is capacity for additional business. This is a summary of a paper read at the recent National Conference of the Centre for PDM.
WOOLCO AT CWMBRAN ‐ How retailers view it
Authors: Dawson John A. , Kirby David A.
Published: February 2008

Woolco opened a superstore at Cwmbran in South Wales last October. The store is 9,290 sq metres in size and adds yet another major unit to an area which already contains a Carrefour at Caerphilly and an Asda at Rogerstone (Newport). The authors are involved in a programme of research which is attempting to monitor the impact on consumer behaviour and retail structure of this particular Woolco. Their findings on the consumer aspect were reported in RDM March/April 1975; this article outlines the attitudes of retailers outside the town's central area to the opening of the superstore.
Mini‐computer applications in warehousing
Authors: Fisher Gordon
Published: February 2008

The writer contends that the mini‐computer provides a very substantial potential area of application for the processing of information, management control and physical control of warehouse plant. Mini‐computers can be coupled with a whole range of peripheral input/output devices, from which can be developed configurations extending from very simple systems costing as little as £3,500.
Variable working hours in retail outlets
Authors: Walker Susan
Published: February 2008

Retailing has seen a great many changes over the past few years. Yet one of the most fundamental changes in personnel policy in many other sectors—flexible working hours—has hardly touched the retail trades. This article seeks to examine the possibilities of extending flexible working hours into the retail sector.
The changing technology of data capture
Authors: Jones Gil
Published: February 2008

Dr. Gil Jones has been carrying out a research programme into the ways data can be captured, transmitted and used to provide retailers with improved management information. The full results of the research are to be published by the National Computing Centre later this year in a Report entitled “Data Capture in the Retail Environment”. In this two part article, Dr. Jones summarises his findings, identifying the technical options open to the retailer for preparation of management information, the costs involved and the likely benefits more sophisticated solutions can bring. Part I covers the effect the recent economic climate has had on management information strategy, the differing data requirements of various types of retail organisations, and the main options open to retailers for data capture and data processing. In Part II, Dr. Jones will go on to examine the costs of the various systems available and will look at the factors which must be considered in the economic justification of the necessary investment.
THE CHANGING TECHNOLOGY OF DATA CAPTURE
Authors: Jones Gil
Published: February 2008

This is the second part of an article previewing the results of a research programme aimed at studying the effect of recent developments in data capture and data transmission on management information in retailing. The results are to be published in full later this year by the National Computing Centre in a report entitled “Data Capture in the Retail Environment”. In Part I Dr Jones looked at the various technical options open to retail managers for both data capture and data transmission, and the ways in which such data may be used in a management information context. He also touched upon the differing data handling needs of various types of retail organisation. In Part II, he covers the cost and economic aspects of computer aided systems, provides some examples of user experiences, and draws together his main conclusions and recommendations from both parts of the article.
UBM: How data processing improves stockturn and reduces storage space
Authors: Barnes Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

UBM is a well‐known builders merchants group with turnover of £112m and 130 branches, and the company's product range consists of 28,000 lines. An MSI/SLIM stock recording system has brought about a number of benefits, including an improvement in service levels, doubling of branch stockturns, and the cutting of branch stocks by a third.
CA's SyFA system for Wright & Green
Authors: Rowe Keith
Published: February 2008

Wholesalers Wright & Green, well‐known in the voluntary group movement and part of the Linfood group, have become the first company to adopt Computer Automation's SyFA system. Applications will include sales order processing, financial accounting, stock and management accounting, and cash and carry price control.
General merchandise retailing in America
Authors: Carter Edward W.
Published: February 2008

British retailers may be slightly envious to read that their American counter‐parts expect “a good but not spectacular year” in 1977, and that over the next ten years retail sales and profits will double. This at any rate is the view of Edward W. Carter, chairman of Carter Hawley Hale and a respected authority on the US retail scene. This is a summary of a talk he gave at the Association of Buying Offices luncheon in New York recently, timed to coincide with the National Retail Merchants' Association annual convention, which was also held in New York.
Discount furniture—the Swedish way
Authors: Hildebrandt Heinz
Published: February 2008

Although America has often—or even usually—been the breeding ground for new ideas in retailing, it is not always necessary to go that far to see retailing methods which will become the norm in the future in the more “advanced” European countries.
HORNES
Authors: Walters David , Nicholson Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

With the emergence of new social attitudes and styles over the last ten years or so, many of the more old‐established menswear retailers found themselves losing business to the trend‐setters. But Homes have built their product range on “life style”, based on a belief that the Hornes customer is an individual and not a demographic category. This article discusses the management approach of an organisation which has grown from a loosely structured family firm into a company with a 1976 turnover of more than £10m.
CAVEAT VENDOR! A realistic look at theft in shops
Authors: Sledmere Howard
Published: February 2008

Everybody is agreed that “theft”, as it is now bluntly called, from stores and shops represents an increasingly horrendous loss each year. But there is scant agreement as to how the losses should be apportioned between customers, staff, and “back‐door”. Howard Sledmere suggests that staff losses should come under closer scrutiny from management and outlines a policy for dealing with the problem.
Mothercare moves to the States
Authors: Foster Ann
Published: February 2008

Mothercare has a good reputation in the UK for operational efficiency, and especially for one of the first and most effective computerised stock control systems. It is also a classic example of a gap in the market being identified and exploited. Now Mothercare has opened up in the United States, where the “child and baby” market is much more developed than it was in this country when Selim Zilkha started in the early 1960s. Ann Foster explores the possibilities of Mothercare's success.
Tomorrow's manager in retailing
Authors: Braddick WAG
Published: February 2008

This feature, specially prepared for RDM by Mr W A G Braddick, Deputy Principal of Ashridge Management College, outlines how management training must keep pace with developments in the distribution scene.
HYPERMARKETS AND SUPERSTORES
Authors: Sumner Jennifer , Davies Keri
Published: February 2008

In recent years a great deal of information has been collected and published (much of it in this journal) on the perpetually contentious issue of the hypermarket and the superstore — their effect on other forms of retailing, their capacity to reduce operating costs and therefore prices, their impact on the consumer. Many generalisations have also been made about the attitudes of local authorities to these large‐scale units, and some leading hypermarket operators have made bitter accusations against local authorities for endlessly protracted planning negotiations which inevitably lead to increased construction costs. But little information has been gathered up to now (so far as we know) on the precise attitudes of planning authorities, and little attempt has been made to define the highly variable range of responses which they have expressed over the years. This study by Jennifer Sumner and Keri Davies of St David's University College sets out to throw light on this murky area. The broad trend is one of increasing acceptance of the superstore, but not of the hypermarket. In general the attitude to large‐scale retailing developments seems vague and non‐committal, with some councils adopting the attitude of “we won't worry about the problem until it arises.” But the authors believe that trends are changing and that, with further co‐operation between developers and planning authorities, an agreeable compromise could be made.
Will there be more shops like this and less like this?
Authors: Zinkin Maurice
Published: February 2008

The profitability of the supermarket over the last twenty years has been won largely at the expense of the small local shop. Will this trend continue? Maurice Zinkin suggests that it will not. Analysing the factors which brought about the decline of the small shop and the growth of the supermarket, he concludes that we have reached a watershed in food retailing. Changes in the social and the economic environment may mean that the supermarket's halcyon days are over, and that we are going to see a resurgence of the small shop, possibly of a specialised nature, which will, in turn, provoke even more savage price competition between the big retailers. What follows is a slightly shortened version of a paper delivered to the Hedderwick Stirling Grumbar ‘Food for Thought’ symposium in May.
HOW TO MANAGE EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
Authors: Roy Griffiths E
Published: February 2008

Starting with the fundamental question of ‘Why change at all?’ E Roy Griffiths goes on to examine a number of problems faced by the retail business in the planning and implementation of change. Drawing on his experience with Sainsbury's, he considers the strict administrative demarcations which had to be drawn in the hypermarket partnership with BHS, he looks at the problems encountered in the change of image which Sainsbury's had to effect for Discount 78, and regards, with some circumspection, the changes which are increasingly initiated by government intervention. What follows is a shortened version of a talk given to the IGD Convention in Brighton.
SALES FORECASTING WITH LIMITED RESOURCES˜II
Authors: Piercy Nigel
Published: February 2008

In Part One of this article, published in the last issue of RDM, Nigel Piercy examined the role and importance of sales forecasting within a distributive organisation with special regard to the smaller firm and to the small unit manager who have very limited resources on which to base their predictions. This second part goes on to review some of the methods of forecasting available, and includes a useful practical model of the time series analysis.
HOW DEBENHAMS PROMOTED THE CREDIT CARD
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: February 2008

Late last year, the NRMA, with Payment Systems Inc and Touche Ross, organised a three‐day conference devoted to the future of consumer credit in Europe. This paper by Michael Bliss featured in the proceedings, and takes up the topic of credit in relation to Debenhams' activities. Debenhams have used their credit card facility to its full potential. Employing all the forces of marketing, advertising and in‐store selling, they have pushed on to a time when they can look forward, not only to consumer loyalty, but to profits as well, when in the past credit has been a subsidised service to the selling operation. Now read on.
The landscape of change — And the prospects for growth
Authors: MacLaurin Ian
Published: February 2008

At the Marketing Society's Annual Conference held in November, 1978, Ian MacLaurin took up the title of the conference — Economic Growth, The Marketing Challenge — with a vengeance. In his paper he deals with the problems of British Industry, and his own company, in adapting to the changing economic environment: what he calls the ‘post industrial revolution’. He pin‐points the trend away from the manufacturing towards the service‐based industries and asks for a concerted effort on the part of government and industry to take note of the present indications of tomorrow's needs. His view is world‐wide, political, social and economic; his call is for a resistance to traditional attitudes and a willingness to prepare for, and adapt to, what the future demands.
German retailing
Authors: Werdin Theo
Published: February 2008

Retailing in Germany is not in particularly good shape at the moment, according to the influential commentator, Theo Werdin. Department stores performance is poor, with indifferent profit‐to‐turnover ratios; legal restraints abound — even though some of them, such as the regulation to restrict superstore building — seem to have had little effect. But still the great combines — that unique feature of German retailing, the department store and variety chain store under single control — continue to experiment with concepts, profiles, and change. This is a shortened version of the paper read by Theo Werdin at the international conference of the Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute last autumn.
THE NEEDS OF CONSUMERS
Authors: Shanks Michael
Published: February 2008

Consumerism is not a dirty word. Nor is it just one more faction for retailers to contend with against the general background of the high street battlefield. This is one of the points made here by Michael Shanks of the National Consumer Council. His views first emerged in this form at the Food Manufacturers' Federation conference, held recently in London. In short, he demonstrates that the retailer and the consumer do not necessarily have conflicting interests. The retailer needs the consumer and vice‐versa, and both need the benefits of a competitive, fairly free market if they are to achieve the best results for themselves. But first, Michael Shanks has some topical comments to make about the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy.
Fast data for fast fashion
Authors: Happe Robin
Published: February 2008

Wallis has a chain of some 70 fashion shops in the UK and Europe, through which they sell clothes they manufacture themselves. Robin Happe joined Wallis some three years ago, and this paper outlines the methods which the company uses to furnish the data necessary for the reporting system around which merchandising procedures revolve. He describes how these methods have evolved over the years to keep pace with the general growth in the company's activities, using, currently, sophisticated data entry techniques. This paper was originally presented at the Information Studies conference ‘Data communications for retail management’, in London in March. Robin Happe is no longer with Wallis, having taken up a post in the West Indies.
ASDA
Authors: Walters David
Published: February 2008

In the short span of 13 years since Asda started, they have made a tremendous impact on the British retail scene. Not least they have developed a reputation as one of the biggest and most efficient operators of the superstore, and in recent years they have pioneered the concept of the district centre superstore. Their experiments in physical distribution, and especially in caging, have led not only to savings in handling costs but a reduced area, in national terms, of storage space and consequent increase in selling area. With 6.8% share of the UK grocery market, they currently rank third in AGB's league table of grocery retailers.
THE DEPOT OPERATION
Authors: Goldberg Terry
Published: February 2008

This paper was also presented at the Oyez/IBC conference entitled “The Computer in Road Transport Planning”, held in September of this year. Whilst at the conference, Terry Goldberg prefaced his presentation with the comment that it is difficult to define the depot operation as either Road Transport or Planning, so that it might be argued that his paper was something of a rogue elephant, considering the title of the conference. However, he concluded that the operation of depots is so clearly and closely related that no apology is required for its inclusion.
ENERGY: Its effects on different modes of transport
Authors: Clemow C.J.
Published: February 2008

This paper looks at the implications for transport arising from expectations about future fuel prices and availability. All transport operators will try to minimise the effects of fuel price rises on their costs. Mr Clemow's presumption is that fuel prices will rise, in real terms, faster than they can be absorbed by technological and other fixes. Railway and water transport operators will naturally be anxious to exploit the fundamental advantages of their modes arising from the relatively low resistance to movement and therefore low energy consumption for each gross ton mile.
A practical guide to Small Business Computer Systems
Authors: Freeman Jim
Published: February 2008

The prospect of buying a small business computer system poses various traps for the unsuspecting retailer. The main considerations that a firm should bear in mind when buying or leasing a system are: hardware, servicing, software, and training. The writer discusses each of these.
Survival in the 80s
Authors: White Roderick
Published: February 2008

In this wide‐ranging article the author is frank in his assessment of the next ten years, and the problems of direction facing the retail trade at the moment. What are the demands of the consumer? What is the challenge of technology? How important is product quality? What about own label? How much choice does the shopper want, what about new product development? And there is the nagging question of diversification. We are presented with many possibilities, much change; Mr White knows that the '80s will be difficult for supplier, retailer and consumer. We should be aware of all the options. And we should know that success today contains the seeds of its own destruction tomorrow. This is an abridged version of a paper presented at the Oyez/IBC Conference “Retailing in the Eighties” in London at the end of March.
Retailers and Suppliers: Higher productivity through rational co‐operation
Authors: Hollander Stuart D
Published: February 2008

The author prefaced this talk given at the CIES Executive Congress in Monte Carlo in June with the words that his subject — improving productivity through more rational co‐operation between supplier and retailer — was an issue of great importance. His aim, however, was not to startle anyone with new insights into product coding, cage pallets or shrink wrapping. He intended to get his audience to think along particular lines, so that any opportunities which exist for retailers and suppliers to work together more productively would receive more top management attention, resulting in happier customers and more profitable enterprises.
Growth with brands
Authors: King Stephen
Published: February 2008

For the food manufacturer, the '70s were a decade of self‐defence. But, says Stephen King, the cause of reduced profits and product deterioration may not just rest with the tough buying policy of the retailer but also with the weak management sometimes displayed by the manufacturer. Over the years the brand name has been eroded by that of the retailer — witness the well‐known products herded together to advertise the price benefits of certain multiples — and the author sets out here a number of ways in which these problems should be tackled. These views were first heard at the Conference for the Food Manufacturers Federation, ‘Food for growth’, 1980.