bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Broadway
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

As a ubiquitous national performance form, musical theatre—an utterly American, unapologetically commercial, earnestly popular, middlebrow genre of art and entertainment—has astonishing staying power. Local productions cross economic, racial, and geographic divides, assuming the status of a national folk practice. Shows are handed down across generations, remarkable in a country with so few common cultural experiences. Artists and audiences learn the Broadway canon, absorb the musical’s conventions, and have a lot of fun in the process. “Broadway,” as a globally recognizable brand, maintains its status as musical theatre’s birthplace, but the form persists in American culture thanks to amateur productions at high schools, community theatres, afterschool programs, summer camps, and dinner theatres. Beyond Broadway illustrates the widespread presence and persistence of musical theatre in US culture and examines it as a social practice: a live, visceral experience of creating, watching, and listening. Why does local musical theatre flourish in America? Why do people continue to find it pleasurable? Why do they passionately engage in an old-fashioned, slow artistic practice that requires intense, person-to-person collaboration? Why do audiences still flock to musicals in their hometowns? What does local musical theatre do? Beyond Broadway answers these questions by traveling across America, stopping at elementary schools, a middle school performance festival, afterschool programs, high schools, summer camps, state park outdoor theatres, community theatres, and dinner theatres. This expedition illustrates the musical’s abundance and longevity as a thriving social activity that touches millions of lives.
The Junior Theatre Festival and Broadway Junior
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

Since 2003, more than four thousand middle school–aged children and their teachers and directors have gathered in Atlanta, Georgia, each January during Martin Luther King Jr. weekend to celebrate musical theatre at the Junior Theatre Festival (JTF). Produced by iTheatrics (the company that adapts Broadway musicals for kids), Playbill, and Music Theatre International, the convention features ninety school or community groups who present a fifteen-minute segment from a show that they rehearsed or performed at home for professional artist adjudicators’ immediate feedback. The weekend also includes performance workshops for kids and producing workshops for adults, a showcase of musical numbers from new shows, and an elaborate distribution of awards, during which almost every group is publicly recognized. Fueled by progressive language and democratic affirmations, JTF is unabashedly profit-driven, since MTI licenses the very repertoire of musicals that the children perform. The kids who attend JTF find affirmation and community in an intense, emotion-filled weekend that celebrates musical theatre. JTF combines crass commercialism and heartfelt outreach in a seamless, exuberant event.
Backstage Divas
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

Many towns in the United States play host to afterschool musical theatre programs for children. Typically, these programs are directed by women who become well known in their communities and powerful figures in the lives of the children they teach. This chapter calls this figure a “backstage diva.” She is the female musical theatre director who runs afterschool and summer pay-to-play programs, teaching kids dance and theatre by directing them in several shows a year. This familiar figure is a disciplined leader and powerful mentor who, though invisible in theatre history, teaches musical theatre–obsessed kids to sing and dance and act and shapes them into triple-threat performers. This chapter begin with a brief biography of a backstage diva, including how she built her business. It then offers a history of musical theatre studios in the United States. The bulk of the chapter follows the working process of a backstage diva in northern California from auditions through rehearsals and performance. Finally, it explains her legacy and what kids say they learned from her.
Introduction
Authors: Oksanish John
Published: December 2019

The introduction gives the reader some sense of De architectura’s complex reception as literature and establishes the scope of the work to follow. Recent interest in technical literature has rightly stressed the need to embrace the entirety of technical works, not just “more literary” portions, such as prefaces. At the same time, the paratextual portions of works, including but not limited to their prefaces, are privileged places of transaction between author and reader. That technical authors are sometimes thought to have only dabbled in literature, moreover, means that paratextual elements—albeit not lacking scholarly attention altogether—have not been fully integrated into wider conversations about (Latin) literature. This book, as the introduction emphasizes, aims to do just that. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamism of Vitruvius’s didactic expert-persona and his characterization of De architectura as a munus.
History from the ground up
Authors: Oksanish John
Published: December 2019

Vitruvius’s suggestion that De architectura will allow Augustus to comprehend buildings already built almost certainly points to the Augustan program of renovating buildings. But it also introduces the notion that buildings “already built” could represent the Augustan present for the future. History can be “built” just as it can be written, and its monuments can also be repurposed, whether through spoliation in the concrete sense or by recharacterizing what celebrated architectural signifiers mean, or both. Vitruvius’s phraseology in the preface (memorias posteris tradere) reflects a well-known Augustan concern for posterity’s reception in a general sense, but it also recalls historiography, especially Livy and (later) Tacitus. Vitruvius returns to this same language in his discussion of historia—one of the disciplines in which the architectus is supposed to be trained—in his aetiology of caryatids. Just as Augustus co-opted the forms of the Erechtheum korai for his forum, so does Vitruvius invent (here in the rhetorical sense) a new “history” of the caryatids that is useful for the Romans. The key to understanding Vitruvius’s approach here is textuality: his description of caryatids and their meaning is couched entirely in the language of rhetorical narratio, which suggests again that Vitruvius envisions architecture as a kind of ornamental persuasion, with a scope that rivals historiography in its ability not only to tell future generations about the present, but also to recharacterize the past in terms that suit the present’s needs.
Research Program
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 presents the authors’ methods and discusses some challenges encountered. Data were collected from 103 educators of children (ages 6 to 12 years in first through sixth grades) at 43 public elementary schools in seven cities in four countries: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and the U.S. The authors purposely selected research sites and participants to yield data on a range of cultural understandings and responses to disabilities. Semi-structured, audio-recorded individual interviews lasting 20 to 60 minutes were conducted in participants’ native languages in private spaces such as conference rooms, offices, and classrooms after school. Interviews were inductively coded within each cultural group, and then common issues and their cultural nuances were identified in cross cultural analyses.
Preventing and Repairing Harm to Children’s Cultural Self
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

In responding to the impact of stigmatization on children with disabilities, educators from Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. typically considered children’s individual self, for example, their academic progress, as well as socialization practices to help them function better in their classrooms (socially embedded self). Their responses, however, were culturally nuanced. Educators in Japan described supporting children’s sense of belonging to their classroom peer groups, while educators in South Korea described helping children become contributing members of mutually supportive classroom peer groups. Educators in Taiwan helped children to regulate their intense emotions resulting from frustration and failure to meet expectations, and educators in the U.S. worked to support children’s self-esteem. Chapter 7 also presents educators’ similar and culturally nuanced discussions of socialization practices to reduce the effect of peers’ disability and stigmatization on typically developing children’s cultural selves.
Parent–Educator Relationships
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Chapter 8 describes educators’ perceptions of how stigmatization affects their relationships with parents whose children have disabilities and how they respond to these challenges in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Educators from all four cultural groups characterized the development of collaborative relationships with parents as critical to supporting the school success of children with disabilities. They also described challenges posed by stigmatization to those relationships and solutions to those challenges. The perspectives of educators from diverse contexts can help identify cultural blind spots and provide insights into the development of effective culture- and stigma-sensitive strategies to build relationships with parents to better support their children.
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: December 2019

The introduction describes television’s use as an instrument of orientation engaged in cultural and logistical management in three interrelated senses: (1) shaping viewers’ understanding of their world and their place within it, (2) enabling action in space, and (3) offering a site for groups and institutions to engage the “problem” of electronic workplace communication. Arguing that industrial television sought to acclimate workers to the conditions of post-Fordism, it describes this transition in the US, focusing on one vector of the move to post-Fordism that was a favored target of television: the diminishing boundaries between work and nonwork. It also provides an overview of three bodies of literature: (1) media studies understandings of the conjuncture between labor and audiences (e.g., the audience commodity), (2) the cultural and political interventions of useful cinema, nontheatrical film, and institutional media research, and (3) methodologies for historical studies of emergent technologies. It ends with a chapter overview.
To Extend Vision Beyond the Horizon, to See the Unseen: Industrial Television in the Post-War Era
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: December 2019

“Industrial television” (closed-circuit television referred to as ITV) was the first initiative to recognize the potential of television tailored specifically to the needs of industry. This chapter shows how ITV was positioned as a mechanism to extend bodies, adapting workers to match increased physical demands of post-war (1940s–1950s) industrial and informational architectures. ITV as prosthesis made working bodies stronger, bigger, and more tightly bound into automated information systems. Faster than a speeding assembly line, more powerful than a six-story furnace, able to retrieve dispersed data with a single command, these supermen appealed to industries seeking production and workforce efficiencies. In the mediated office, television transformed humans into nodes within complex human-machine hybrid information networks that anticipated networked computing. This chapter (keyword: flow) contributes to studies of how “work systems” produce people, socializing them to the conditions and expectations of capitalism.
The People’s Network: Soft Management with Satellite Business Television
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 (keyword: narrowcasting) explores the development of private satellite networks to manage distributed workforces in the context of globalization and a “cultural turn” in popular management theories. The late 1980s saw the proliferation of industry-focused subscription channels (e.g., geared toward insurers) and internal “networks” housed by a single company (e.g., Hewlett Packard). Two case studies (Johnson Controls and Steelcase) show how businesses used television to target worker identity in a bid to usurp other modes of affiliation (the nation, class) within the unstable employment environment of the 1980s and 1990s. This is the other side of the multichannel era: the creative deployment of employees as niche audiences. At the same time that post-national consumer identities became lucrative as a means of gathering and selling audiences on the diverse products of flexible specialization, proper cultural management of worker identity supported companies’ profit-maximization strategies (often based in cuts to employees’ material welfare).
Reciprocity, the Undocumented, and Jeb Bush
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the morality of an individual person choosing to break the law excluding him. It asks, first, how we might understand the nature of the obligation facing such a person. It defends a particular vision of obligation, on which laws precluding the entry of outsiders do have some presumptive moral force for those outsiders. Nevertheless, the chapter argues, the link between the obligation to obey, and the right to morally condemn the individual who fails in this obligation, cannot always be made out. The chapter therefore defends the thought that Jeb Bush was not inconsistent in demanding both security at the border and compassion for those who evaded that security.
On Mercy in Politics
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter offers a provisional account of the virtue of mercy and defends its potential utility for public discourse about migration. It defends, first, the thought that mercy is the proper name for the virtue under consideration. It defends, further, the thought that the appeal to mercy is neither sectarian nor perverse. It offers some reasons, finally, to think that the practice of justice is supported by the practice of mercy; a society in which the virtue of mercy is ignored loses one site at which the moral value of human beings might be reasserted.
Introduction
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J.
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the existing disconnect between global health funding and needs, how to prioritize allocation of resources in response to such needs, and the ways in which stakeholders should make funding decisions. It lays the groundwork for a book that seeks to advance discussion delineating the questions that must be addressed, identify approaches that are clearly unjustifiable, narrow the range of disagreement to make the process of developing a shared framework more tractable, and offer specific recommendations that should be incorporated into a shared framework. The book focuses on four fundamental and related concerns in allocating health resources: (1) the role of cost-effectiveness analysis, (2) inequalities and distributional concerns, (3) what outcomes should be considered, and (4) what the actual practice of allocating resources should look like.
A Developing Country Perspective
Authors: Woldemariam Addis Tamire
Published: December 2019

Governments and development partners have increasingly invested in health over the last two decades with considerable success in many countries. The global community is now transitioning from the Millennium Development Goals to the even more ambitious Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) agenda. Achieving the SDG targets will require additional resources. However, levels of foreign aid are flat or declining, even as the need for domestic resources is on the rise. In consequence, we need more and better priority-setting in global health based on good evidence. This chapter argues that responsible priority-setting by international donors should involve greater focus on improving the quality of aid and on country ownership of development programs. Ultimately, governments should be the major financiers of their own health programs. This means that countries should gradually take increasing responsibilities over their own health systems, and development partners need to make sure that there is seamless transition of funding from aid dependency to self-reliance. Development partners should support countries to (1) acquire the necessary capacity to do their own priority-setting based on quality evidence, and (2) develop and effectively implement their health care financing strategies.
Benefit-Cost Analysis
Authors: Robinson Lisa A. , Hammitt James K.
Published: December 2019

Decisions on investing in health as well as other policies require deciding how to best allocate available resources—recognizing that using labor, materials, and other resources for one purpose means that they cannot be used for other purposes. The analytic approaches discussed in this volume have in common the overarching goal of providing information on policy impacts, so as to provide an evidence base for decisions. What distinguishes benefit-cost analysis is its emphasis on explicitly accounting for all significant outcomes (both health and non-health) and on valuing them in monetary units to facilitate comparison. Benefit-cost analysis makes the relative values of different outcomes explicit. As conventionally implemented, benefit-cost analysis does not address the distribution of impacts within a population, but it can be supplemented to do so.
The Case for Valuing Non-Health and Indirect Benefits
Authors: Persad Govind , Toit Jessica du
Published: December 2019

Health policy is only one part of social policy. Although spending administered by the health sector constitutes a sizeable fraction of total state spending in most countries, other sectors such as education and transportation also represent major portions of national budgets. Additionally, though health is one important aspect of economic and social activity, people pursue many other goals in their social and economic lives. Similarly, direct benefits—those that are immediate results of health policy choices—are only a small portion of the overall impact of health policy. This chapter considers what weight health policy should give to its “spillover effects,” namely non-health and indirect benefits. This chapter defends the view that indirect and non-health benefits should not be given lower priority than direct health benefits in the context of priority-setting in global health.
The Role of Public Engagement in Priority-Setting
Authors: McCoy Matthew S. , Schmidt Harald , Ruger Jennifer Prah , Danis Marion
Published: December 2019

Recent years have seen growing enthusiasm for public engagement in priority-setting. But despite this widespread support, there remains uncertainty both about the precise benefits of public engagement in priority-setting and about how public engagement activities should be structured in order to realize those benefits. The authors aim to move beyond generalizations about the value of public engagement by presenting several distinct rationales for engaging the public in priority-setting. The authors illustrate how these rationales can be achieved in practice using the case study of directly observed therapy for tuberculosis. They then highlight a number of practical challenges involved in implementing engagement activities and offer advice for addressing them. The chapter pays particular attention to challenges that arise in low- and middle-income countries, where efforts to engage the public face unique structural barriers.
The Future of Priority-Setting in Global Health
Authors: Ottersen Trygve , Millum Joseph , Ruger Jennifer Prah , Verguet Stéphane , Johansson Kjell Arne , Emanuel Ezekiel J. , Jamison Dean T. , Norheim Ole F.
Published: December 2019

This book has sought to inform efforts to improve systematic, evidence-based priority-setting by assessing the state-of-the-art of methods for priority-setting, engaging with the fundamental normative issues at stake, and providing specific recommendations for improving current practice. This final chapter, written by the eight editors of this volume, provides seven key recommendations for future priority-setting in global health: (1) A more systematic approach to priority-setting in health is needed; (2) Information on cost-effectiveness is essential; (3) Distributional impact needs to be integrated; (4) Stillbirths need to be integrated; (5) Non-health effects need to be integrated; (6) Process needs to be emphasized alongside substantive criteria; and (7) New methods and tools need to be used and further developed.
Foreign Interests
Authors: Kim D. Brian
Published: December 2019

Foreign language dictionaries were produced with increasing frequency during the nineteenth century due to heightened contact between peoples separated by greater distances (physical, linguistic, and cultural). This chapter examines the history of such dictionaries in Russia and Japan, two national contexts characterized at this early stage of globalization by ongoing processes of modernization and changing terms of engagement with the foreign. Literary language in both Russia and Japan was transforming, influenced by translation from foreign languages and broader popular interest in peoples from afar. For their compilers, foreign language dictionaries afforded opportunities not only to explore and explain the correspondences between words among different languages, but also, in some cases, to contemplate the relationship between the status of their own language and others. In assessing various dictionary projects, some driven by interest in the foreign and others by the interests of foreign parties, in both Russia and Japan, Kim argues that there was a rich interplay between the production of foreign language dictionaries and the ground-breaking efforts to produce the first explanatory dictionaries of the native language.
Joost Halbertsma and the Lexicon Frisicum1
Authors: Dykstra Anne
Published: December 2019

Joost Halbertsma’s Lexicon Frisicum, published by his son Tjalling in 1872, was the first dictionary to contain modern Frisian, spoken in the Dutch Province of Friesland. As such, it is considered the basis of modern Frisian lexicography. In his dictionary, Halbertsma focuses much attention on the cultural and linguistic history of the Frisians. At the same time, he was very concerned with the Netherlands as a free civil state, and he used ancient Frisian customs and habits to comment on the national and political situation of his time. Dykstra addresses criticism levelled at Halbertsma’s dictionary, such as that it lacked internal consistency and coherence, tends to digress, and uses Latin as meta-language, making it largely inaccessible to Halberstma’s contemporaries. Even with its shortcomings, Dykstra evaluates the ways in which Halbertsma’s Lexicon Frisicum provides insight into various aspects of nineteenth-century linguistics, lexicography, culture, and cultural nationalism.
French Lexicography in Québec
Authors: Remysen Wim , Vincent Nadine
Published: December 2019

Remysen and Vincent discuss the biography and professional output of Oscar Dunn, contextualizing his work with attention to the earlier history of French Canadian lexicography and to the tension between British and French forces that characterized Québec during Dunn’s lifetime. Oscar Dunn defended and documented the French used in Québec, studying historical links between Canadian French and French from France and documenting Canadianisms that set apart speakers of Québécois French in terms of language and identity. The creator of the Glossaire franco-canadien (1880), the first glossary of Canadian French, Dunn contributed key work and thought to the understanding of Québécois French as distinct from European French, meriting attention as a linguistic and national entity in and of itself.
Christian Nationalism in Noah Webster’s Lexicography
Authors: Finegan Edward
Published: December 2019

Finegan explores the expression of Noah Webster’s religious convictions and nationalistic beliefs as expressed in An American Dictionary of the English Language. He reviews Webster’s changing values over the course of his life, from idealistic enthusiasm surrounding the American Revolution to political disillusionment and intensified religious conviction later in his life. Becoming a born-again Christian in 1808, Webster adopted religious beliefs that shaped not only his personal life but also his etymologies, choice of illustrative quotations, and the very tone of his 1828 American Dictionary as a whole. While the definitions in the 1828 work are now most notably promoted in conservative religious contexts, Webster’s earlier and more secular Compendious Dictionary, first published in 1806, is consulted in a wider span of viewpoints in the United States today.
Lord of the Words
Authors: Vinitsky Ilya
Published: December 2019

Vinitsky examines the cultural and historical elements of Vladimir Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, the major and most famous of Russian dictionaries. Dahl’s religious passions and experimental approach to language led to an organizing principle based not on scientific lexicography, but on entries centred on the notion of the word family or ‘nest’. In discussing these features of Dahl’s work, Vinitsky presents the dictionary as an inventive production that was meant to reveal to the reader the communal spirit of Russia through the words of living Russian language. Vinitsky surveys Dahl’s literary and intellectual goals and the structure and pragmatics of his dictionary alongside the interconnected contexts of lexicographical trends in England, reform in Russia, the literary foundations for Dahl’s interest in family structures, and Dahl’s religious and spiritual background. Through his unique approach to language, Dahl worked to cast the Russian language itself as a kind of national epic.
Steingass’s Comprehensive Persian–English Dictionary and the Rise and Fall of Persian as a Transregional Language
Authors: Hakala Walter N.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the history of British lexicographical projects documenting the Persian language as it was used in India. Hakala gives particular attention to Francis Joseph Steingass’s production of the Comprehensive Persian–English Dictionary in 1892. Steingass published his Persian–English dictionary at a moment of deep fascination among the British public with Orientalia in general and Persian in specific. Moreover, its publication took place at the end of a century during which British officials had insisted that they needed such a resource in order to administer India, where Persian was widespread as both an administrative and a literary language. By the time the dictionary came out, however, its value to the British Raj had diminished, since local vernaculars had gained in status and function.
Sharper Tools
Authors: Russell Lindsay Rose
Published: December 2019

Discussing characteristics of nineteenth-century missionary women’s lives abroad, Russell demonstrates that the colonial, sociopolitical, and technological contexts involved in missionary work in Asia made dictionary-making a possible and appropriate employment for American women. Women involved in missionary work often enjoyed more opportunities for equality in education, allowing for language acquisition and scholarly pursuits that may not have been possible in their home country. These women gained linguistic proficiency through varied interactions—religious, educational, and otherwise—with members of their communities, and in many cases developed pragmatic lexicographical methods that tended to be less prescriptive and more inclusive and appreciative of native languages, in contrast to the colonializing discourse that characterized studies produced by male missionaries.
Dialect Joke Books and Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish Dictionaries
Authors: Safran Gabriella
Published: December 2019

Safran examines the nineteenth-century publishing history of Jewish dialect joke books and Yiddish dictionaries and the generic links between dictionaries and joke books in Russian–Yiddish and English–Yiddish cases. In the 1870s in the Russian Empire and in the 1890s in the United States, Jewish speech style (Jewish Russian and Jewish English) was enregistered; that is, the concepts of ‘Jews’ and ‘Jewish speech’ took on new meanings. This was reflected in both dictionaries and joke books that, at least in some cases, were intended to teach their readers to be humorous as well as knowledgeable. These texts demonstrate the tension between dialect humour that is derogatory and that which embraces its subject; beyond this dichotomy, Safran argues that the confluence of Yiddish lexicography and Jewish dialect humour in the Russian Empire and the United States also reflected the marketing of distinctive spoken language by publishers for general readers. As Safran shows, the commodification of dialect humour and low-status spoken languages was facilitated by a nineteenth-century publishing boom fostered by cheap machine-made paper, fast printing techniques, the rise of literacy, the decline of book prices, the increase in railroad journeying, and the concomitant demand for portable entertainment.
Dictionaries of Libras from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bidarra Jorge , Martins Tania Aparecida
Published: December 2019

Sign languages, structurally different from oral languages, are based on gestures and involve their own grammars and repertoires of lexical units (signals or signs), and they play an important role in establishing communication among deaf people around the world. This chapter primarily focuses on the development of dictionaries for Libras (an acronym for Língua Brasileira de Sinais, or ‘Brazilian Language of Signs’), the natural language of the Brazilian deaf community. It traces the influence of the first dictionary of the deaf in Brazil, Iconographia dos Signaes dos Surdos-Mudos (‘Iconography of Signs of Deaf-Mutes’), which was published in 1875 by the National Institute of Education of the Deaf (INES) and authored by Flausino José da Gama, a student at the Institute. In their demonstration of the influence and inspiration this dictionary gave to lexicographers who followed da Gama, Bidarra and Martins outline the historical trajectory of sign languages up to the present, considering different and parallel paths for sign languages in different countries, forms of stigmatization of sign language, and barriers to its use. Incorporating this historical and transnational analysis, Bidarra and Martins present both a broad discussion of the various models of sign language dictionaries that have been used around the world and an in-depth analysis of the development of Libras dictionaries in Brazil to the modern day.
Introduction: Full-Spectrum Propaganda
Authors: Baele Stephane J.
Published: December 2019

This introductory chapter exposes the general framework uniting the various contributions to the volume, conceptualizing the “Islamic State (IS) moment” between innovation and continuity in the history of propaganda. Specifically, it claims that the unprecedented character of IS’s propaganda enterprise stands neither in the originality of the themes it promotes nor in the formats it uses, but rather in its project of constituting the first sustained and largely successful attempt from a terror group to build a “full-spectrum propaganda.” This chapter also clarifies the aims and goals of the book, identifies its contribution to the field, and presents its logic of progression.
Situating Islamic State’s Message
Authors: Laghmari Mehdi
Published: December 2019

This chapter offers a presentation of the message conveyed in Islamic State (IS) propaganda, as well as an in-depth exploration of its social and theological origins. The chapter thus clarifies the various theological interpretations and social dynamics that constitute the foundation of IS’s message and make it appealing for some. The key concepts structuring IS’s message are highlighted, their origins and evolutions are traced, and the way these concepts have eventually come to coalesce into an autonomous message distinct from those enunciated by other Islamist groups is explained. Such a “genealogy”—ranging from medieval thinker Ibn Taymiyyah to 2018 IS—is required to fully understand how these particular dimensions of this message are articulated and disseminated in specific ways by the various outlets constituting IS’ “full-spectrum propaganda” (magazines, videos, books, etc.).
From Music to Books, from Pictures to Numbers
Authors: Baele Stephane J. , Winter Charlie
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores components of the Islamic State’s (IS) propaganda not usually taken into account by observers of the group. The authors scrutinize five components in particular: religious chants (anashīd), photo galleries/reports, infographics, books, and news communiqués (by al-Bayan Radio and A’maq News Agency). It is argued that only by incorporating these five elements can a comprehensive picture of IS’s full-spectrum approach toward propaganda emerge, one that clarifies its well-known visual and linguistic universe. Although these five components might be less familiar to Western audiences, they nonetheless deliver specific and singular contributions to IS’s propaganda efforts, especially among non-Western publics. This chapter shows that these elements play a tripartite role in the establishment of IS’s full-spectrum propaganda: first, their ubiquity and repetitive character heavily contribute to the relentless reiteration of the message constructed in other IS propaganda outputs; second, they accentuate the emotional impact of the propaganda; and, third, they reinforce IS’s legitimacy.
Salafism in the Maghreb
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar
Published: December 2019

This volume explores the growth and transformation of a particular variant of Islamism—Salafism—in the Maghreb region. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and from previous scholarship on Salafi typologies—specifically, quietist, political, and jihadist variants—it seeks to understand the socioeconomic and political drivers between the growth or diminishing of each trend. The volume pays particular attention to exploring how state-sponsored Salafists compete with more informal, nonstate, and transnational variants, particularly jihadists. It analyses how local political contexts determine the calculations and trajectories of Salafist factions that appear to share a certain doctrinal uniformity but whose actual practice on the ground, in the sphere of Arab politics, varies significantly. Specifically, it assesses state capacities and policies toward Salafis as a crucial variable that has shaped the transformation of Salafism across the Maghreb’s different countries. A key feature of the book is its attention to the blurring of the boundaries between Salafi quietism, political activism, and the imperative, in some countries, for Salafis to modulate aspects of their doctrine to gain public support. It concludes with the observation that Salafism’s growth is the product of a growing and youthful disenchantment with the existing order and especially authoritarianism, corruption, and dislocation. At a time of heightened polarization in the region and unfortunate American misapprehensions of Islamism—at both public and official levels—the book’s granular insights provide correctives for understanding a diverse religious current that has too often been synonymous with extremism.
The Paradoxical Mutations of Salafism in Morocco
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar
Published: December 2019

This chapter takes Morocco as a case study to investigate the bifurcating paths that the most dominant strands of Salafism have taken in the kingdom. Special attention is paid to how the Arab uprisings of 2011 expedited the mutations, paradoxes, and adaptations of quietist Salafism. On the one hand, Morocco’s “Arab” Spring nudged Salafis toward political engagement as a means to protect their interests. On the other hand, the subsequent derailment of the Arab uprisings exposed major fault lines within the Salafi community. The chapter illustrates this great rift by tracing the course taken by two of the most prominent figures of this current and the critical stages that have influenced their ideological postures, relations with the ruling regime, and adaptability to local and regional changes.
The Fragmentation of Salafism in Algeria
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the ebbs and flows of Salafi ideology and activity in Algeria and explains how such evolutionary process has been largely dependent on shifting opportunity structures and Salafis’ own interactions with the governing authorities. From the tortuous road to jihadi Salafism in the 1990s to the entrenchment of quietist Salafism in the new millennium, the chapter expounds a detailed analysis of the complex and thorny relationship between and among the different Salafi factions and how, during critical junctures, they have positioned themselves vis-à-vis each other and vis-à-vis the Algerian regime. The chapter also examines the many forces that contributed to the forceful re-emergence of Salafi ideology and activism as the locus of societal contention and controversy in the wake of the Arab uprisings.
Democracy without Journalism?
Authors: Pickard Victor
Published: December 2019

Democracy without Journalism? is about the ongoing journalism crisis and the policies we need to confront it. It exposes the historical roots, market failures, and policy inaction that led to the loss of local journalism and the proliferation of misinformation through both social media and mainstream news. In underscoring these threats to democracy, the book also draws attention to the growing problem of monopoly control over digital infrastructures in general and the rise of platform monopolies in particular, especially the “Facebook problem.” The book proposes that now is an opportune moment to address core weaknesses in US news and information systems and push for alternatives. Above all, the book argues that to understand the underlying pathologies in our news media and the reforms that are needed, we must penetrate to the roots of systemic problems. Toward this aim, Democracy without Journalism? emphasizes the structural nature of journalism’s collapse. The book concludes with an in-depth discussion of new models for journalism, emphasizing the need for a publicly owned and democratically governed media system. Ultimately, the goal is to reinvent journalism.
Introduction
Authors: Pickard Victor
Published: December 2019

This introductory chapter sets the broader context of the book by drawing attention to core pathologies in US news and information systems. In particular, it draws attention to the run-amok commercialism that lies at the heart of these structural problems. Using President Donald Trump’s election as a departure point, it covers a wide array of symptoms, ranging from low-quality information, sensationalism, and other problems in mainstream news media to misinformation proliferating through social media. The chapter gives an overview of the entire book and lays out the major arguments. It also describes the political economic theoretical framework that guides the book’s analysis.
Solitary Confinement across Borders
Authors: Shalev Sharon
Published: December 2019

This chapter looks at the use of solitary confinement in three jurisdictions where the author has conducted research: England and Wales, New Zealand, and the United States. It asks when and why prisoners are placed in solitary confinement in these jurisdictions, and what are the conditions of their confinement. The chapter's main focus is on the long-term use of solitary confinement as a tool for managing individuals classified and labeled as the most dangerous or troublesome in the prison system, including in New Zealand's Management Units and England and Wales’s Close Supervision Centres. Finally, it examines recent developments and asks what learning there might be for other jurisdictions.
The Rise of Supermax Imprisonment in the United States
Authors: Reiter Keramet
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the history of supermax prisons: facilities built across the United States in the 1980s and 1990s in order to hold “problem” prisoners, like gang members, the seriously mentally ill, the extremely violent, and those sentenced to death, in solitary confinement for months and years at a time. Since nearly every state opened one of these facilities in the late twentieth century, prisoners have litigated the constitutionality of the harsh conditions: no human contact, 24-hour fluorescent lighting, limited time outdoors. In spite of these conditions, supermaxes were not just another popular tough-on-crime innovation; state (not federal) prison administrators designed the first supermaxes with little public knowledge or oversight, in response to organized protests in prisons in the 1970s and 1980s. Although prisoners have sought to challenge these facilities, litigation has, in many cases, played a legitimizing in the history of supermaxes.
First Do No Harm
Authors: Williams Brie , Ahalt Cyrus
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the scientific, practical, and ethical limitations of studying the physical health effects of solitary confinement. First, the authors describe the strategies that can be used to conduct such research and the limitations inherent in each. Because of these limitations, they then argue for using a harm/benefit analysis (commonly employed by the medical profession to assess the health impact of any intervention) to determine whether the use of solitary confinement is harmful to physical health. Use of that method leads to the conclusion that solitary confinement is harmful, and that the costs to health far outweigh the potential benefits of its use. The authors also describe how in such a situation the medical profession’s response should be to “do no harm,” and they recommend against use of a practice that presents serious health risks to those exposed to it. Indeed, using this approach, many correctional systems have already eliminated the use of solitary confinement for some populations (e.g., juveniles, the mentally ill) based on the determination that its mental health risks outweigh any potential benefits (e.g., prevention of future violence).
Mythbusting Solitary Confinement in Jail
Authors: Venters Homer
Published: December 2019

Incarceration harms health, and solitary confinement provides a deadly example of this often-obscured truth. Several myths about the health risks of solitary confinement serve to stand in the way of abolishing this practice, particularly in jail settings, where most detainees are either awaiting trial or serving short sentences for minor crimes known as misdemeanors. These myths include the lack of real health outcomes from exposure to solitary confinement, its application in an even or fair manner, and the lack of safe alternatives. These myths persist in part because of a lack of rigorous data from US jail settings, where over 90% of all incarcerations occur and where solitary confinement takes on a unique pattern of harm that reflects the jail setting itself. This chapter reviews New York City’s adoption of an electronic medical record in its independent jail health system, argues that there is a pressing need for additional reforms in solitary confinement and other jail settings, and notes several barriers that imperil recent progress.
Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health
Authors: Hawkley Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter reviews research on the links between social isolation and health, distinguishes between objective and subjective isolation (i.e., loneliness), outlines physiological processes that underlie the health outcomes associated with isolation and loneliness, and considers hypertension as a case study of a health condition that would theoretically be expected to be more prevalent among more isolated than less isolated adults. The case of Ashker v. Governor of California provided an opportunity to test the hypothesis that solitary confinement is associated with hypertension. The chapter uses data from the Pelican Bay State Prison to test this hypothesis, and discusses the results and their implications not only for the practice of extended periods of solitary confinement but also for the theorized causal role of loneliness and isolation in explaining health and longevity.
Colorado Ends Prolonged, Indeterminate Solitary Confinement
Authors: Raemisch Rick
Published: December 2019

When did it become okay to lock someone in a cell that is the size of a parking space, twenty-three hours per day, seven days a week for decades? When did it become okay to lock someone who is mentally ill in a cell the size of a parking space, twenty-three hours per day for years, and let the demons chase him or her around in the cell? And when did it ever become okay to take someone who had spent years in segregation and release them directly to the community? If our mission is public safety, and it is, why are we sending people back to society worse than when they came in? Ninety-five percent of those incarcerated in Colorado will return to their community. In September of 2017, the Colorado Department of Corrections abolished the use of administrative segregation, or as it is now nationally termed by corrections, extended restrictive housing. Currently, Colorado is the only state in the United States that has abolished this practice. In order to see where we are, it is important to see where we were, and the journey that brought us here.
Litigation to End Indeterminate Solitary Confinement in California
Authors: Lobel Jules
Published: December 2019

In 2012, a group of prisoners brought a class action lawsuit challenging the incarceration of hundreds of prisoners in prolonged solitary confinement of over ten years in California’s Pelican Bay State Prison as cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. That lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 and resulted in virtually all of those prisoners being released from solitary. This chapter describes the use of interdisciplinary and comparative experts in that litigation to present a multidimensional challenge to prolonged solitary confinement as cruel and inhumane. Those experts demonstrated that the prolonged solitary confinement of prisoners at Pelican Bay caused those prisoner serious psychological harm and physical harm, deprived them of basic human social interaction, was unnecessary and counterproductive penologically, and was contrary to international norms and practices.