bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Place Remaking under Property Rights Regimes: A Case Study of Niucheshui, Singapore
Authors: Zhu Jieming , Sim Loo-Lee , Liu Xuan
Published: September 2007

From the perspective of institutional analysis, this paper evaluates the place-remaking process of Niucheshui in Singapore. It is found that the redevelopment of Niucheshui since the 1960s has been substantively shaped by the property rights regime over land and buildings. As property rights are defined by the state in the forms of statutory land-use planning, compulsory land acquisition, rent control, land leasing, and conservation of historical buildings, the free market for land redevelopment is reined in heavily by the state. The built form of Niucheshui before 1960 was by and large the product of many private individuals' and communities' initiatives. Those players have faded from the scene since the 1960s, and the redevelopment of Niucheshui is the result of interactions between the state and market forces, though public participation is practised in the land-use planning process. In view of the urban land market behaving and performing within a framework defined by institutions, and property rights being one of the most important institutions, we argue that, not warranted by rhetoric public participation, pluralism and diversity in the built environment are protected by a diverse structure of land property rights which should be incorporated into the place-remaking process.
Global Cities in the Global Corporate Network
Authors: Carroll William K
Published: September 2007

Since the 1980s two separate literatures—one focused on global cities, the other on transnational corporate interlocking—have explored issues of hierarchy and networking within the global political economy. I present an analysis of how major cities and interlocking corporate directorates are articulated together into a global network. Findings indicate that the network is concentrated in the main world cities in a way that reinforces the northern transatlantic economic system. However, the structure of the network is more nationally focused, and more complex, than that predicted by global cities theorizations. To account for the structure, I present a multifactoral framework featuring sociohistorical processes as well as spatiotemporal constraints. In conclusion, I explore implications for sociological analysis of a ‘new network bourgeoisie’, invested with several kinds of corporate power and exercising agency both within and beyond the boardrooms of the world's major corporations.
RhoG regulates endothelial apical cup assembly downstream from ICAM1 engagement and is involved in leukocyte trans-endothelial migration
Authors: van Buul Jaap D. , Allingham Michael J. , Samson Thomas , Meller Julia , Boulter Etienne , García-Mata Rafael , Burridge Keith
Published: September 2007

During trans-endothelial migration (TEM), leukocytes use adhesion receptors such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) to adhere to the endothelium. In response to this interaction, the endothelium throws up dynamic membrane protrusions, forming a cup that partially surrounds the adherent leukocyte. Little is known about the signaling pathways that regulate cup formation. In this study, we show that RhoG is activated downstream from ICAM1 engagement. This activation requires the intracellular domain of ICAM1. ICAM1 colocalizes with RhoG and binds to the RhoG-specific SH3-containing guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (SGEF). The SH3 domain of SGEF mediates this interaction. Depletion of endothelial RhoG by small interfering RNA does not affect leukocyte adhesion but decreases cup formation and inhibits leukocyte TEM. Silencing SGEF also results in a substantial reduction in RhoG activity, cup formation, and TEM. Together, these results identify a new signaling pathway involving RhoG and its exchange factor SGEF downstream from ICAM1 that is critical for leukocyte TEM.
Emotion, Restraint, and Community in Ancient Rome
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This book is an essay in cultural psychology. By examining the ways the ways in which emotion and talk about emotions reinforce cultural norms, it aims to understand the interplay between the emotions and the ethics of the Roman upper classes in late Republic and early Empire. The questions it addresses include the following: How (in the Roman view) is virtuous behavior shaped by the emotions? How do various Roman forms of fear, dismay, indignation, and revulsion support or constrain ethically significant behavior? How do the domains of these emotions — what they are “about” — intersect, overlap, or complement each other? How does their intersection create an economy of displeasure that aims to shape society in constructive ways? And, since the Romans’ language of emotions is not our own, how can we answer any of these questions without imposing upon the Romans our own notions of what a given emotion is? To approach these questions, the book explores the Roman counterparts to “modesty” and “shame” (verecundia, pudor), “disgust” (fastidium), “envy” (invidia), and “regret” (paenitentia) by considering the array of narratives or “scripts” to which each emotion term can refer.
1 Between Respect and Shame
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the emotion that the Romans called verecundia, a kind of strategic fear that causes one to gauge one’s behavior in any given social interaction and judge correctly one’s standing relative to the other person, the better to monitor and restrain oneself and thus avoid giving offense. The discussion considers how this emotion helped regulate the behavior of persons of different ages, genders, and social standings. The concept of face is introduced.
3 The Structure ofPaenitentiaand the Egoism of Regret
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates the various scripts of paenitentia, the Latin term that most closely approximates English “regret”. It shows how different forms of regret are experienced at actions or states of affairs for which one is responsible oneself or for which others are responsible, involving matters of practical utility or personal honor. It considers the relation between “regret” and “shame”, on the one hand, and between “regret” and “remorse” on the other. The pre-Christian Romans, it turns out, did not commonly think or speak in terms of “remorse” as a distinct emotion.
Yellowstone's Destabilized Ecosystem
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. , Hamilton Wayne L. , Keigley Richard B.
Published: September 2007

Historical accounts, park records, and biologists' observations indicated that wintering elk in Yellowstone's northern range were present in low numbers prior to and at park establishment in 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 by the early 1900s when they heavily impacted the northern-range ecosystem; and declined to 3,172 censused animals in 1968 due to park control efforts. In 1967, the park announced a politically coerced natural-regulation policy terminating park control; and in 1971 posed a natural-regulation ecological hypothesis stating that northern-range elk had been numerous prior to 1872, had not risen to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, and would stabilize at moderate numbers following recovery from control efforts without significantly affecting the northern-range ecosystem. Archaeological and historic evidence, park records, and censuses begun in the 1920s indicate a northern herd of ~5,000-6,000 in 1872, increasing to ~20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s, declining to a censused number of 3,172 in 1968 in response to control efforts, increasing to a census-based number of 21,071-25,920 in the 1980s and 1990s, then declining somewhat after 2000. This book reviews critically the published and unpublished records to test the natural-regulation hypothesis and propose a conceptual model of the northern-range ecosystem with inferences from system changes associated with the four stages of elk abundance, inside-outside exclosure comparisons, and system comparisons inside and outside park boundaries.
The First “Experiment”: 1878–1923
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

The natural-regulation hypothesis' denial that the northern herd rose to 20,000-35,000 between the 1880s and early 1900s is refuted by three lines of evidence: (1) a “reliable estimate” in 1914 of the northern herd at 27,800; (2) annual hunting kills outside the park boundary conservatively at 3,500 each year between 1918-1920, implying a herd of 70,000 if they were 5% of the herd, 35,000 if they were 10% of the herd (measured hunting removals averaged 3.7% in the 1920s, 6.9% in the 1930s); and (3) the herd rose to a census-corrected estimate of 21,660-25,920 in the 1980s and 90s, implying that it could have risen to these levels in the early 1900s with more favorable forage conditions.
The 132-Year Population Trajectory and Associated Synthesis Design
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

The reconstruction of the northern-herd population trajectory places the herd at a hypothetical 5,000-6,000 before 1872; rising to a censused 27,800 in 1914; declining to a censused 3,172 in 1968; increasing during natural-regulation policy to a censused 12,859-19,045 and estimated 21,071-25,920 in the 1980s-1990s; and declining in the early 2000s. Major forces driving population trend were (hypothetically) aboriginal hunting and large carnivores maintaining low numbers prior to park establishment; park protection from 1872-1920s allowing a major increase; park control and outside hunting from 1920s-1968 reducing herd size; natural-regulation policy (no park control) from 1969-present, again permitting increase. Synthesis of elk effects on the northern-range ecosystem in the following chapters examines all the evidence for a three-way, quasi-experiment: (1) condition and trend of ecosystem components and processes during two periods with the herd below 6,000 (pre-1872-1884 and 1959-1970) and two periods with numbers above 6,000 (1885-1958 and 1971-present); (2) condition and trend of system inside and outside eight 2.1 ha exclosures built in 1957 and 1962; (3) condition and trend of system inside and outside park boundaries.
Influences on Upland System Structure II: The Sagebrush-Steppe Subsystem
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Historic and photographic evidence shows that sagebrush (sagebrush-steppe is 53% of the northern range) were moderate to abundant from 1872-1920, significantly reduced from 1920-1960, and recovered to moderate levels after 1960 in higher-elevation winter areas, but not in lower. Periodic sagebrush measurements inside and outside exclosures show low cover in 1957 and 1962 (when exclosures were established) following around seventy-three years of elk abundance, increases inside exclosures up through 1990, lesser increase outside at higher elevations at higher wintering elevations, but none at lower. An extensive inside-outside sagebrush study in 1994 showed inside sagebrush density at higher elevations to be 1.61x that on the outside, and inside production per unit area 3.03x that on the outside. Abundance of herbaceous vegetation was low inside and outside exclosures in 1957 and 1962, increased following herd reductions to 1980 or 1985, then decreased again by 1990. Sagebrush and perennial grass abundances are hypothesized to be a function of the intensity and the length of elk browsing/grazing, while grass is additionally affected by sagebrush competition. Invasive, exotic annuals are conspicuous in grazed vegetation, but not in ungrazed.
Influences on Riparian System Structure
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Early photographs and historical accounts show northern-range aquatic areas bordered by dense riparian-shrub stands. Browsing impacts were first reported in 1914, followed by heavy impacts, then slight recovery during the elk herd reductions, and then widespread elimination of willow by today, except in exclosures and where wolf populations have scattered elk. Although numerous other causes have been proposed by park investigators, the evidence overwhelmingly points to elk herbivory. Evidence from architectural analysis of cottonwood stands points to tree recruitment prior to 1894, then virtually none from 1894-1962 except for one brief burst in 1934-1951, then some recruitment during the herd reduction, and none since 1974. Riparian fauna such as beaver, white-tailed deer, moose, avifauna, and some insect species have declined as riparian vegetation has been browsed down.
Influences on Ecosystem Function I: Erosion
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. , Keigley Richard B.
Published: September 2007

Early park accounts report significant soil erosion with the build-up of the elk herd, and comment that the original nature of the topsoil mantle would never be known. Observations of surface rock pediments and inside-outside exclosure studies of soil erosion show increased levels on the outside just since exclosure construction. Streambank research and lichenometric studies show elevated bank sloughing in the northern range where bank vegetation has been eliminated.
The Inductive Potential of Categories
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: September 2007

Preschool children are not scientists, but they would (implicitly) agree with Gould's assessment of categories, at least in certain domains. With their classifications, children are attempting to discover the “natural order” in the world. This chapter focuses on children's capacity to use categories as the basis for novel inferences about the world. Children's category-based inferences are essentialist in two important respects: they involve reasoning about nonobvious properties (including internal parts, novel behaviors, and causal effects) and an appreciation that appearances can be deceiving when it comes to category membership.
Hidden, Nonobvious Properties
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that by four years of age children construct beliefs and assumptions about properties that are “internal, but...unknown” (to borrow from Locke) and that these beliefs have serious consequences for reasoning about what things are. This set of constructions contradicts standard views of children as focused on what is concrete, perceptual, and in the immediate context. Explicit essentialist accounts given by adults characterize essences as invisible, distinct from outward appearances, and remarkably stable and resilient. This point is illustrated with the self-reported experiences of Claire Sylvia, who described feeling changes in her behavior and emotions after undergoing a heart-lung transplant.
Children's Conceptions of Nature and Nurture
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: September 2007

Inheritance plays an important role in adults' everyday thoughts about social categories. When people think about identity, they often assume that properties are passed down from parent to child, independent of social or environmental influences. In this sense social identity may be construed as natural. This chapter argues that children view membership in certain categories as natural, and that young children appeal to inheritance and innate potential when they essentialize. They display rather elaborate beliefs that kinship overrides outward similarity, that inborn traits may be inherited, and that birth parents are more important than adoptive parents in determining growth and development. The main point is that children understand certain categories in terms of embodied, inherited, natural differences.
Evolution and Revolution
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the development of evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory holds that the natural world is steadily changing, that organisms have slowly diverged from common ancestors, and that they have been transformed in geological time. Topics discussed include traditional natural theology, Darwinian evolutionary theory, myths about Lamarck, Lamarck's theory of evolution, Georges Cuvier's disdain for Lamarck's theories, and the Cuvier-Geoffroy debate.
The Myth of the Cell Theory
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses cell theory. Biologists from the second half of the 19th century who investigated cells often claimed that it held the key to all biological problems. Cell theory was comprised of three tenets: that all plants and animals are made of cells, that all cells arise from division of preexisting cells, and that cells possess all the attributes of life (assimilation, growth, and reproduction).
Emerging Genetics
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

The field of genetics was extraordinarily successful and rose to an authoritative position by the 1930s. To understand the relationship between genetics and other disciplines, this chapter first outlines the state of the field of heredity in the first decades of the last century. It shows that there were several distinct conceptions of heredity within several specialties. It then examines the rhetoric between specialties and traces the course that led genetics in the United States to a central position in biology.
The Evolution of Relationships
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the evolution of associations. Topics covered include the individual and the group, kin selection, the organism as a beehive, the lessons of socio-biology, and symbiotic ties.
Epilogue
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This epilogue presents a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. Topics covered include consensual advances in biology, applications of Mendel's laws, contemporary evolutionary theory, and the influence of society on biology.
The Deer with the Red Collar
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores English ideas about animals and explains how they differed from Indian views. For the most part, colonists subscribed to a view of animals that asserted human dominion and denied non-human creatures any spiritual identity. That dominion could take the form of asserting property rights to living creatures. Colonists demonstrated this not only in their ownership of livestock, but also in their assumptions that New World creatures could be converted into property.
Introduction
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of the book, which examines the development of transnational ideas, practices, and politics among Japanese immigrants (Issei) in the American West prior to the Pacific War. To a more complete picture of the Issei's transnational past, a so-called “inter-National perspective” is used, one that stresses the interstitial (not transcendental) nature of their lives between the two nation-states. An overview of the succeeding chapters is also presented.
Zaibei Doho
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the impact of American racism on the Issei, which contributed to the development of a distinct racial identity among them in relation to other borderland residents. This process occurred at the level of their daily struggle as a racial(ized) minority — self-consciously identified as “the Japanese in America [zaibei doho]” — on the basis of shared interests in and concerns with power relations in the American West. Examining the critical linkages between white exclusionist politics and immigrant counterstruggles, the chapter explores the grassroots level of community formation, which coincided with the partial consolidation of immigrant leadership during the first two decades of the twentieth century.
The Problem of Generation
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

The related themes of the Issei as pioneers and the Nisei (second generation) as carrying on Japanese development in the United States were central discourses in the upbringing of many American-born youths. However, neither the Issei pioneer thesis nor its interpretation by Nisei orators provided a concrete picture of what the future might hold for the new generation of Japanese Americans. How did Issei leaders expect the American-born to carry on Japanese development in the face of racial subordination? In what ways did immigrant parents attempt to enable their children to do this? What did Nisei “duty” really mean? The answers to these questions are to be found not so much in the intellectual productions of immigrant historians as in their social practices. This chapter explores some of the key community-wide efforts made by immigrant leaders and parents to promote a positive prospect for the Japanese minority in America in the postexclusion era.
Wages of Immigrant Internationalism
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the decision of Japanese immigrant parents and leaders to send their children to school abroad. Issei found many advantages in transnational education, including the improvement of the Nisei's employment opportunities and the narrowing of cultural and linguistic gaps between the first and second generations. Many also saw the purposes of study abroad in terms similar to community-based language instruction at home. Immigrant parents anticipated that attending school in Japan would enhance their childreni's appreciation of a moral and dignified lifestyle based on Japanese ethics.
Ethnic Nationalism and Racial Struggle
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores how immigrants' identity and nationalism developed out of the conflict between Japanese and Filipinos in the San Joaquin River delta during the 1930s. Focusing on the local expression of immigrant nationalism, it is argued that their “Japanese consciousness” was primarily a product of American social relations, which shaped their interests and directly affected their daily livelihoods. The Issei's ethnic nationalism resulted as much from an image of a collective enemy and a sense of shared interests in the delta, as from events in Asia or anger against racist society.
Emperors, Jurists, and theLex Iulia et Papia
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines how the ancient Roman law lex Iulia et Papia was developed and applied over time. The focus is firstly on the refinements and supplements introduced by Augustus's successors and secondly on the interpretative work of the jurists, as they elaborated the law. Most of the new legislation did not concern prostitutes and pimps directly, so the chapter will concentrate on two measures, one of Domitian and one of Hadrian. Most of the juristic evidence dates from the late classical period. Over the span of two centuries there was inevitably change in the way the statute was interpreted and applied. The task of the jurists was to construe the law in light of the evolution of Roman society and the judicial system. The gradual change in the law of procedure perhaps gave the jurists greater flexibility but made no fundamental difference in the way these laws were interpreted and applied.
Prostitution and the Law of the Jurists
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the private law of the jurists with respect to prostitution and law-finding concerning prostitution. Roman private law never developed a comprehensive approach toward prostitution and its practitioners. The absence of such an approach is not merely a product of its casuistry but reveals its basic orientation as a law system designed by and for members of the upper classes. This fact suggests that for many purposes private law could ignore prostitution. All the same, problems related to the practice of prostitution did arise from time to time in scattered areas of the law. The classical juristic texts preserved by Justinian's compilers, supplemented in one case by a pair of texts taken from another postclassical collection, make it possible to take up the threads of policies fashioned for the procedural law and positive enactments. Two fundamental concerns emerge, which can be identified in general terms as the conservation of patrimony and the safeguarding of honor.
WHAT ANSWER?: SUFFRAGE AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE POSTWAR WORLD
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

With the close of the Civil War, the newly reunited United States saw a series of debates about the structure of political participation and the nature of citizenship in the postwar world. Several different issues shaped these discussions, and Anna Elizabeth Dickinson found herself in the thick of each public conversation. Four years of bloody war had confirmed that the union formed by the Constitution could not be dissolved through secession, but that Constitution left few clues about how to reintegrate the defeated Southern states back into the Union, and particularly how to treat those Southern men who had served the Confederacy. During the fall of 1868, in the midst of political and associational complexities, Dickinson turned to an entirely new form of public discourse: she wrote a novel entitled What Answer?. In What Answer?, Dickinson interwove a tragic interracial love story with a scathing commentary on race relations in the Civil War North.
“A Goodly Portion of Painters and Artists”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Portraiture was the first painterly genre. History paintings and the panorama then evolved. A Paris Art Mission showed unusual official support for art, but most patronage was limited to temple murals. Names like George Ottinger, C. C. A. Christensen, and Danquart Weggeland dominated the Utah period.
A Framework for the Design of Plant Diversity Studies
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter suggests an experimental approach to vegetation sampling in general, and to plant diversity sampling in particular. It is assumed that most available sampling techniques are like hypotheses that must be proven — proven accurate, precise, complete, and cost-efficient. Only after careful observation, repeated trials, and comparisons with other techniques can the hypotheses (methods) be accepted or rejected. A framework for sampling plant diversity includes initial decisions on goals, objectives, scale, and sampling design. Sampling design is further complicated by decisions on plot size and shape, sample size, intensity of sampling, and pattern of sampling, which interact and affect the results of plant diversity studies. Following the generalized framework that follows may help in planning landscape-scale plant diversity studies, and in evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of alternative study designs and field techniques.
Comparing Multiscale Sampling Designs
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter demonstrates the process of comparing various multi-scale sampling techniques. This was an actual field study, so there were specific sampling objectives, but the objectives were broad and the approach can be generally applied. The goal was to test nested-plot techniques that could be used by plant ecologists for unbiased estimates of local species richness and mean species cover, analysis of plant diversity spatial patterns at multiple spatial scales, and trend analysis from monitoring a series of strategically-placed, long-term plots. The benefits and limitations of design comparison studies are discussed.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

In arid environments, the patterns of native and non-native plant diversity may be affected by cryptobiotic crusts. This chapter is a detailed case study designed to: (1) quantify patterns of native and non-native plant species, cryptobiotic crust habitats, rare/unique habitats, and soil characteristics at landscape scales; and (2) determine which habitats in the southeast portion of the Grand Staircase-Escalante Monument, Utah, were more invaded by exotic plant species. It provides an opportunity to evaluate the interactions between various components of vascular plant diversity, with non-vascular plants (crusts) in complex arid soil environments.
English
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, and it is rapidly becoming a global lingua franca. But it is not culturally neutral: like any other language, it carries with it a cultural baggage. There are many varieties of English, but there is also “Anglo” English (or what the Indian American linguist Braj Kachru has called the “English of the inner circle”). This book argues that rather than denying the existence and continued relevance of the cultural “baggage” embedded in English (“Anglo” English), it is important to explore the contents of that baggage — important for practical, as well as intellectual, reasons: for language teaching, “cultural literacy” teaching, cross-cultural training, international communication, and so on. It is important to “denaturalize” English and to identify and acknowledge the historically shaped cultural meanings embedded in it, if only so that they are no longer taken for granted as the voice of “reason” itself. To be able to reveal the cultural meanings embedded in the English language we need a suitable methodology. This book shows that such a methodology is available in the so-called “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” (NSM) approach, inaugurated by the author in her 1972 book Semantic Primitives and subsequently developed in collaboration with her Australian colleague Cliff Goddard. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a unique system of meaning description which uses simple words of ordinary language, instead of technical formalisms, used in other linguistic approaches. Thus, this book seeks to launch a new, meaning-based approach to the study of the English language. Its aim is to investigate English as a historically shaped universe of meaning and to reveal English's cultural underpinnings and their implications for the modern world.
English as a Cultural Universe
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the concept of “Anglo English” as a shared core of American English, British English, Australian English, and other long established varieties of English. The chapter uses some examples from Australian English to show both “Australia's British inheritance” and the cultural distinctiveness of some Australian-English words, concepts, and cultural norms. It also introduces a framework for studying and describing meaning: the NSM theory of semantics, based on a mini-vocabulary of sixty five universal human concepts. These concepts, which can be identified through simple words such as do, happen, want, know, and feel, provide a basis for a “natural semantic metalanguage” (NSM) for the description and comparison of meanings.
The Story of right and wrong and Its Cultural Implications
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

One of the most interesting phenomena in the history of the English language is the remarkable rise of the word right, in its many interrelated senses and uses. This chapter tries to trace the changes in the meaning and use of this word, as well as the rise of new conversational routines based on it, and raises questions about the cultural underpinnings of these semantic and pragmatic developments. It explores the hypothesis that the “discourse of truth” declined in English over the centuries; that the use of “right” and “wrong” as parallel concepts (and opposites) increased; and it notes that the use of right as an adjective increased enormously in relation to the use of true. Furthermore, the chapter explores the role of the word right as a conversational response and its role in modern Anglo discourse of cooperation and mutual concessions. The chapter traces the transition from the Shakespearean response “Right”, described by the OED as “you are right; you speak well”, to the present-day “Right” of non-committal acknowledgement, and it links the development in semantics and discourse patterns with historical phenomena such as Puritanism, British empiricism, the Enlightenment, and the growth of democracy in America and in other English-speaking countries.
Being FAIR
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

Fairness is one of the most important values in modern Anglo culture and native speakers of English, including scholars, often assume that “fairness” is a universal human concept. This chapter shows that far from being universal, this concept is an artifact of modern Anglo culture. It argues (with reference to Fukuyama's Trust) that ethical codes binding large groups of people into “moral communities” are conveyed across generations through particular words, and that the English words fair and unfair are prime examples of this. Using the mini-language of universal human concepts (NSM), this chapter shows what exactly these words mean, what culture-specific values they reflect, and how they can be effectively explained to cultural outsiders (including immigrants to English-speaking countries).
The English Causatives
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

While it is generally agreed that, metaphorically speaking, words are carriers of meaning, it is less widely recognized that grammatical categories of a language, too, encode meaning. But in fact this is what grammar is all about: certain meanings are so important to communities of speakers that they become not just lexicalized (linked with individual words) but grammaticalized, that is, embodied in the language's structural patterns. In this chapter, the theme of the “cultural elaboration of grammar” is applied to English causative constructions. The chapter seeks to show that English has an extremely wide range of such constructions (not only in comparison with other European languages but also from a universal perspective). This wealth is concealed, to some extent, by the use of the same key words such as make, have, or let in many different constructions, all of which may appear to be examples of a single “make construction”, “have construction”, or “let construction”. In fact, there are reasons to distinguish, on both semantic and structural grounds many different, “make constructions”, “have constructions”, and “let constructions”. This chapter seeks to clarify, by means of “NSM”, the precise nature of causal relations encoded in English grammar and to compare them with those encoded in German and Russian. It also seeks to explore the cultural roots of this extraordinary elaboration of causation in modern English grammar. A number of interpretive hypotheses are put forward, linking grammar with different patterns of social interaction, the rise of democracy, and with changing attitudes and values.
I THINK
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

One of the most striking features of English from a cross-cultural perspective is the proliferation of various linguistic tools for qualifying one's statements, hedging one's assertions, and differentiating the strength of one's assent to a proposition. This applies in particular to epistemic verbal phrases like I suppose, I gather, I imagine, I presume, and so on. This chapter traces the rise of such epistemic qualifiers in the history of English, linking it, in particular, with the enormous influence of Locke's ideas concerning degrees of probability, degrees of assent, the limitations of human knowledge, and the need to always distinguish between knowledge and judgment. The chapter undertakes a fine-grained semantic analysis of a large number of expressions like I suppose, I gather, I presume, I assume, I bet, I guess, and so on, and discusses their cultural underpinnings, in a cross-cultural and historical perspective.
5 Temporal Parts
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines David Lewis's view that we are temporal parts of animals. It examines three arguments for the view that persisting things have temporal parts–four‐dimensionalism. One is that it solves the problem of temporary intrinsics. The second is that it solves metaphysical problems about the persistence of material objects without the mystery of constitutionalism–though these solutions require a counterpart‐theoretic account of modality. The third is that it solves problems of personal identity–involving fission, for instance–in an attractive way. It is then argued that according to four‐dimensionalism, the bearers of such properties as thinking and acting are momentary stages, forcing us to choose between saying that we don't strictly think and saying that we don't persist.
7 Souls
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: September 2007

This chapter is about the view that we are simple immaterial substances–immaterialism–and related views. It is claimed to be best supported by the difficulty of saying what material things we could be. For instance, the paradox of increase threatens to show that nothing can have different parts at different times, and materialists can solve it only at considerable cost. Immaterialism is then shown to face grave problems concerning the relation of souls to material things. Compound dualism, Swinburne's view that each of us is composed of an immaterial soul and a material body, is shown to face difficulties in addition to those of immaterialism. The Thomistic view that we are hylomorphic compounds is shown to combine the problems of compound dualism with those of the bundle view. The views of Chisholm and Lowe that we are simple material things are then critically discussed.
Disciplinary Perspectives on New Religious Movements: Views from the Humanities and Social Sciences
Authors: Saliba John A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the methods and theories proposed by four major disciplines to understand the presence of new religious movements in the West. It first describes the psychological approach, with reference both to the negative view which stresses the role of mind control in both recruiting and maintaining members, and to the literature that refutes it. Secondly, the sociological/anthropological approach is outlined and the trend for these disciples to see the NRMs as cultural and social phenomena arising in time of change is explained. Thirdly, the approach of Religious Studies, with its trend to describe, compare, classify, and interpret the movements, is outlined. Fourthly, the theological approach, which starts from a particular faith perspective, is analyzed with reference to the apologetic and dialogical perspectives. Finally, some suggestions for those teaching courses on NRMs are made.
Methodological Issues in the Study of New Religious Movements
Authors: Bromley David G.
Published: September 2007

Some of the most significant knowledge about new religious movements has been generated through participant observation fieldwork. A variety of methodological issues have emerged in the process of conducting participant observation research, including how groups are selected for study, how access to movements is negotiated, how internal and external pressures are managed during the research project, how various sources of information are utilized and assessed, and how the research process is terminated. Since most students have had no direct contact with new religions and are primarily aware of the controversies in which some movements have been involved, it is important to create perspective for students as they engage in their own intellectual encounter with new religions. This process involves successively creating receptivity and a problem solving approach, understanding the available sources of information and their utility, working with various sources of information and gaining an understanding of the interests they represent, collecting and analyzing readily available information on selected groups, and engaging in a direct encounter with one or more NRMs.
The Dynamics of Movement Membership: Joining and Leaving New Religious Movements
Authors: Wright Stuart A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines two dimensions of conversion/affiliation: the cultural and social structural factors affecting NRM growth; and conversion processes and models. The second section explores the research on disengagement or disaffiliation. Finally, the third section outlines ways to teach a college course on NRMs, and suggests research exercises that can be conducted within the framework of the course and help illustrate key concepts, models, and theories.
New Religious Movements: A Bibliographic Essay
Authors: Bainbridge William Sims
Published: September 2007

This annotated bibliography is designed for teachers of classes about new religious movements, sometimes called cults. It suggests additional readings, studies of specific movements, how to use primary source materials, studies of the wider cultural context, miscellaneous edited collections, and general reference works. The aim is to identify a few publications that can be valuable for preparing lectures or for writing term papers, including classic social science and reliable descriptive studies of particular new religions.
Hubris and the urge to merge and acquire
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores several famous mergers and shows how the victors became victims of the winner’s curse. It examines cases in which winner’s curse was apparent, and how it came about. In the analysis of failed mergers, it presents data on the pattern of acquisitions, the cost of acquisitions, the company’s stock price, and what happened to its financials over the five years leading up to its fall. As we look at several serial acquirers like Tyco, WorldCom, First Union Bank, and Bank One, it is argued that a history of success heightened the sense of winning and increased managerial optimism, hubris, and feelings of invulnerability, which all ultimately led to the winner’s curse. Particular attention is given to cases of intense competition, i.e., mergers involving hostile takeovers and instances where two firms competed with each other to acquire a third firm.
STRONG AND WEAK ARGUMENTS
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with an analysis of narrow focus in replacive negation constructions, questions, and various types of chiasmus. It also covers association of focus with frequency adverbs and focus particles. It concludes with an account of weak pronoun raising.
ARGUMENTS OF NOMINALS
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyzes the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of noun and adjective phrases. Data are given for experiential state nominalizations, process nouns, agent nominalizations, patient nominalizations, kinship terms, partitives, and possessives. A prosodic analysis is also outlined.
Patrilineal Descent and the Construction of Identities
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This chapter first elaborates a theory of how kinship and ethnicity are both considered “natural” categories yet are also treated as mutable. It describes the ideology of patrilineal descent and identifies certain normative assumptions (such as “you are your ancestors”), which accompany this ideology and which invest it with authority. Religious ritual is important because it both ratifies and creates kin relationships: members of patrilineal cultures regulate, sanction, and adjust descent patterns with religious ritual, specifically sacrifice. The chapter presents a series of case studies where kinship and ethnicity are used as strategic practices of persuasion. This survey illustrates a variety of discourses available to 1st-century thinkers such as Paul, and thus lays the groundwork for the subsequent chapters on Paul's use of kinship and ethnicity, where we find similar persuasive practices.
Reconstructing Gentile Origins: Adoption by the Spirit
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Paul's use of the concept of adoption, which was an integral part of the patrilineal cultures of the ancient Mediterranean. As a tool for perpetuating and shaping lineages and maintaining households, adoption was widely accepted as a means of creating kinship. For Paul, adoption provides the perfect way to describe the change that occurs when gentiles are baptized into Christ: they become adopted sons of God and heirs to the promises. By presenting baptism as new kinship (via adoption), Paul crafts a myth of collective identity for gentiles; they can trace their beginnings not only to their baptism into Christ but also to their ancestor, Abraham, in whose seed they were blessed. Baptism into Christ creates an aggregative connection between gentiles and Jews. Thus, if oppositional ethnic construction (Jews/non-Jews) defines the problem (as outlined in Chapter Two), aggregative ethnic construction (gentiles-in-Christ linked to Israel) defines the solution.
A Short Natural History of Altruism and Healing
Authors: Boehm Christopher
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the deep evolutionary roots of altruism and healing. It discusses medical practices among apes, as well as their medical helping behaviours. It then moves to a focus on the role of the shaman as an altruistic healer and the salutary aspects of reduced stress in the agent of altruism. It shows that the roots of genetic altruism that affect health are ancient and heavily involved with our evolved human nature. Humans evolved to be altruistic in various ways and ‘our altruism impinges significantly on our own health and that of others’.
Altruistic Love, Resiliency, Health, and the Role of Medicine
Authors: Fricchione Gregory
Published: September 2007

This chapter reflects on the relationships between attachment, resiliency, altruism, and health within the background of brain evolution and allostasis. It begins by discussing the disconnected relationships between doctors and patients that have arisen in our culture due to our preoccupation with evidence-based medicine and the doctor's disregard of the important psychological and social concerns that accompany human disease. It uses the separation-attachment dialectic to advocate an attachment solution to this separation challenge in which the doctor and patient are reconnected through the healing power of compassionate love. The chapter concludes by advocating resiliency-building techniques to prevent disease and to encourage altruistic behaviour in the human population.
2 The First Three Steps in Supplication
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the first three steps. The treatment of the first step, the approach, is brief, but it shows the importance of the supplicandus and the need for the suppliant to choose among the variations that supplication permits. In the treatment of the second step, gestures and words, which is much less simple and twice as long, the salient issue is whether all gestures make contact, as Gould and others have held. The chapter next describes the third step, requests and arguments, on which literary critics have concentrated their attention. Here generic differences prove more important than they do in the first two steps.
3 The Fourth and Last Step
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the fourth step, the response made by the supplicandus. It may be positive, and so the supplication may be successful. Successful supplication involves not only xenia, as with Gould, but also much more, including instances of negotiation between suppliant and supplicandus and even the enslavement of the suppliant. It always includes a pledge given to the suppliant by the supplicandus and witnessed by the gods. The response may be negative, and then the supplication is unsuccessful. Unsuccessful supplication includes not only the rejection of a suppliant but also the expulsion of a suppliant from the altar to which he may have come.
6 Ceremony and Morals
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the importance of the definition of supplication as a quasilegal practice. For the study of ancient religion, this definition shows the inadequacy of recent concepts of ritual. For the study of ancient law, it shows the importance of matters of substance rather than procedure. The relation between supplication and the law remains complex today, when human rights purportedly meet some of the needs once met by supplication.