bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music and War
Authors: Bateson Catherine V.
Published: November 2019

Since the earliest days of troop movements and military maneuvers, music has been an integral part of army and navy life. Drums, fifes, and bugles have marked and measured out parades, mobilizations, battlefield and naval tactics, advances, retreats, bivouacs and encampment life. They have also been employed at military ceremonies and remembrance services. Indeed, it is impossible not to recall military tunes when thinking about war throughout history. Military music has become part of countries’ collective culture commemorations. Army, navy, and air force band music and performance have long generated much public and historical interest. They have become part of national musical discourse and production, especially within Anglophone musical culture. In addition, war and military music has invaded the world of classical tunes, with grand pieces being composed to mark specific battles, victories, and conflicts, most notably Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture, written in honor of Russia’s defense against Napoleon’s invasion. However, there is far more to the symbiotic relationship between music and war than just a military band playing on a march or orchestral pieces celebrating martial success. Music and song have also been a fundamental part of military life. Drums, fifes, bugles, and even fiddles and banjos have been played and heard by soldiers, sailors, and aviators across encampments, on bases, and in conflict zones since the dawn of war. Music, alongside its lyrical sister poetry, has often been the predominant cultural product of war and military service. Those fighting, and those wanting to write about those fighting, have employed music and song as a comforting tonic, as a political statement, as a tool for remembrance, and as a general pastime. Wars, the violence of conflicts, the aftermath of fighting domestically and internationally, and the impact of military engagements on veteran and family lives have long been a genre of folk music and popular lyrical culture throughout societies, as observed in many of the scholarly examples in this bibliography. The field of analysis currently centers predominantly on Anglo-American and Western examples, focusing on the appearance of war in British Isles and Irish street ballads, diasporic use of song to emphasize war service, specific conflict studies, and the dominance of American military music. War ballad and musical outputs have generated research in historical, musicological, and cultural studies areas. The study of war and music lends itself to interdisciplinary focus. The works in this bibliographical list reflect this, and the fact that the study of music and war is developing into a full discourse in its own right. It is a rich area of discussion and research, and this bibliography shows the scope and range of music and war studies to date.
The British Mandate of Palestine and International Law
Authors: Quigley John
Published: November 2019

The establishment of Great Britain’s mandate over Palestine generated complex issues of international law. The mandate system was devised at the Paris Peace Conference with little prior analysis that might have given a clear answer as to its meaning. Complicating any analysis was the fact that three varieties of mandate were established, as Classes A, B, and C, with differing roles for the mandatory power. The Palestine Mandate was a Class A mandate, meaning a more robust status than that provided for Class B or C territories. Even within Class A differences existed. The three Class A mandates were Mesopotamia (Iraq), Syria, and Palestine. Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Syria each had a local administration with the mandatory power in an advisory capacity, whereas in Palestine the administration consisted of British personnel. The mandate system was criticized at the time as a continuation of colonial rule in a new guise. Feeding this criticism was the fact that in Great Britain’s governance structure, the Palestine Administration fell under the supervision of the Secretary for the Colonies. At the same time, Great Britain was subject to oversight by the League of Nations, through its Permanent Mandates Commission, and was enjoined to work toward relinquishing its role. Great Britain’s mandate over Palestine was further complicated by the fact that it involved a further injunction, namely, to foster a “Jewish national home” there. A notion of self-determination of peoples was becoming acknowledged at this period, and it was unclear how the concept of a “Jewish national home” might impact the population of Palestine, which was overwhelmingly Arab. Among international law writers of the 1920s, the mandate system generated a veritable cottage industry of scholarship, as they strained to fit it into existing categories of territorial status. Virtually every major international law analyst of the era expressed an opinion, with a number of them writing substantial volumes on the mandate system in general, or on Great Britain’s Palestine Mandate in particular. A technical note: The name “Henri Rolin” can be a source of confusion, as two Belgian scholars by this name wrote about the mandates in the interwar period. The dates of the elder Rolin are 1874–1946. The dates of the younger Rolin are 1891–1973. In the entries, each Rolin is identified by his dates.
Social Ties and Network Structure
Authors: Ansari Sana , Mani Dalhia
Published: November 2019

The field of social networks focuses on the relationships among social actors, and on patterns that emerge from the structure of the social network and its implications (Wasserman and Faust’s Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications). Social network research argues that actors (e.g., individuals or firms) are embedded within a network of relations, and that their behavior and choices cannot be studied independent of the social relations that shape and structure behavior. Social network perspective views relations among the social actors as ties and regular patterns in relationship as structure. Ties are the relational linkages that allow flow of resources between the actors, both tangible and intangible. Multiple actors form a web of relational ties, which can be either economic, social, or political. Networks can be of different types based on the content of the relational tie between the actors. For instance, collaboration ties between actors make a collaboration network or a co-author relation between actors makes a co-authorship network. Networks can also be at different levels of analysis—for instance, an intraorganizational friendship network is at the level of individuals while a network of intercountry trade relations is at the level of country. Ties between actors can be of different strengths (for instance, friends who meet daily versus once a year) and can also be negative or positive ties (e.g., competition networks versus collaboration networks). This article summarizes the latest research on social ties and network structure by focusing on the main thematic discussions in the field: (1) networks and strategic, governance behavior; (2) workplace networks; (3) collaboration and knowledge networks; (4) networks, personality, and individual differences; (5) entrepreneurial and family business networks; and (6) networks and social media. To ensure a comprehensive review of the topic, the article used search keywords, “networks,” or “network structure,” or “social networks,” or “social ties,” and was limited to articles in the top fourteen management journals, namely: Academy of Management Journal, Strategic Management Journal, Organization Science, Management Science, American Journal of Sociology, American Sociological Review, Administrative Science Quarterly, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Management Studies, Journal of Business Venturing, and Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. The search was further limited to the six-year period from 2014–2019, since previous articles on organizational networks and brokerage in Oxford Bibliographies have summarized the research in this domain prior to 2014.
GIS and Health
Authors: Hu Yujie , Reader Steven
Published: November 2019

The capability of GIS to be able to store, retrieve, display, and analyze large quantities of spatially referenced data has facilitated the rapid growth of geographic-based research within various health fields, including epidemiology and health care provisioning. This is reflected in the numerous texts focused entirely on GIS and health, as well as texts focused on geography and health that include substantial material on GIS. There are also journals where GIS-based health research frequently appears. This bibliography lists a number of these texts and journals. GIS-based health research is wide ranging, but several major themes can be identified. In this bibliography the first major theme presented is GIS-based visualization of health information, a topic which involves geocoding, disease-mapping methodologies, and alternative cartographic schemes of representation. The second major theme is GIS-derived measures for health research, where the focus is on how GIS has transformed how accessibility to health care is measured and enabled complex forms of environmental exposures to be derived for use in epidemiologic studies. The final theme is GIS-enabled analysis for health research where a deliberate choice was made to focus on those analytical areas which are only feasible through the specific spatial analytical capabilities of GIS.
Indigenous Peoples and the Global Indigenous Movement
Authors: Merlan Francesca
Published: November 2019

“Indigenous” names an emergent, collective, globalizing and (increasingly) legally recognized sociopolitical identity, resulting from a social movement which became institutionalized from around 1980. Typically, those now termed “indigenous peoples” were formerly known by local, regional, or national category terms or ethnonyms applied to them by outsiders (e.g., “American Indians,” “Australian Aborigines,” Eskimo, or Aleuts), rather than by terms that they used among themselves. In many cases older terms have been replaced, also from ca. the 1980s by alternative terms emergent from social and political processes of liberalization within particular nation-states or regions (e.g., “First Nations,” “Native Americans,” Adivasi, or Inuit). “Indigenous” is increasingly used of, and by, these peoples in reference to themselves and others, even where other local and regional designations persist. Though forms of the word have a long history, “indigeneity” is relatively recent in internationalist usage. This use grew in relation to a range of circumstances: the interaction of indigenous activism with developing global institutions; Third World decolonization and civil rights activism; political and economic conditions that prompted reorganization by (especially liberal-democratic but also other) states of entitlements to land and resources; and diffusion of measures implicating indigeneity across levels of state and corporate administration. Given indigenous globalization, some authors write of “becoming” indigenous. The recency and selective participation of indigenous people and communities means that there is often a considerable gap between elite relationship to internationalist concepts and activism and more local forms of understanding on the part of indigenous people less engaged at that level. Some states continue to deny the applicability of “indigeneity” to their own situations, while affirming its relevance to states of settler colonial origin. Yet indigenous organizations are emerging even in such countries (e.g., Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, India). The League of Nations and, later, the United Nations, have centrally hosted and promoted globalization of the indigenous category. Concern with those now considered to be “indigenous” took shape after World War I as a matter of labor conditions and human rights affecting “disadvantaged” peoples in “underdeveloped” countries. In the post–World War II period there was concern with “discrimination” against disadvantaged and “indigenous” peoples. In 1982, a Working Group on Indigenous Populations was created within the United Nations. The main product of the working group over twenty-five years was the formulation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (cited under United Nations as a Center of Indigenous Globalization), adopted by the General Assembly in 2007.
Museums in Australia
Authors: Marshall Christopher , Walker Georgina S.
Published: November 2019

The collecting of Australian natural history and Indigenous artifacts predates by centuries the introduction of formal museum infrastructure into colonial Australia. Whereas the earliest collections amassed by explorers, missionaries, and the like were shipped off to institutions abroad, significant museums were nonetheless soon inaugurated throughout the continent to act as repositories for the newly formed collections and to stand as emblems of the civilized values of the recently imported settler societies. The Australian Museum in Sydney (1827) was thus followed by the Museum of Victoria (1854), the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (1863), and so on. The rapid evolution of Australian museums led next to their subdivision into the more specialized subcategories of art gallery, natural history museum, regional museum, and so on. The foundation of Melbourne’s National Gallery of Victoria (1861) thus narrowly preceded Sydney’s Art Gallery of New South Wales (1871), the Art Gallery of Ballarat (1884), and so on, with the concomitant shift in collecting priorities that this entails. Today’s ever-expanding network of Australian museums, galleries, art centers, and other related institutions embraces a yet more diverse and dynamic range of both newly formed and long-established organizations of all kinds and sizes ranging from the Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, to the Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts, and all points in between. The literature on Australian museums begins during its earliest years with catalogues, collection handbooks. and other specialized publications released by fledgling museum professionals seeking to document the explosion of new knowledge concerning the recently settled continent. Next comes the initially small but continuously growing group of official museum histories, represented here by the detailed organizational studies of the National Gallery of Victoria and Australian Museum published by Leonard Cox in 1970 and Ronald Strahan in 1979. The field of Australian museum studies, by contrast, is a yet more recent phenomenon that has tended to follow the establishment of international methodologies, such as the rise of cultural studies and the new museology, as well as the inauguration of Australian university teaching and research programs in these areas more specifically from the 1970s onward (e.g., see the publications cited under General Overviews). Museum studies publications on Australian museums are currently to be found spread across a fully distributed global network ranging from international scholarship of Australian case studies (see Jagodzińska 2017, cited under Australian Art Museums: Regional, State, and National) to Australian publications seeking to situate Australian examples within a broader global perspective (Green and Gardner 2016).
Anatomic Understanding of Subtotal Hemispherotomy Using Cadaveric Brain, 3-Dimensional Simulation Models, and Intraoperative Photographs
Authors: Uda Takehiro , Kunihiro Noritsugu , Koh Saya , Nakanishi Yoko , Nakajo Kosuke , Tanoue Yuta , Uda Hiroshi , Umaba Ryoko , Kuki Ichiro , Inoue Takeshi , Kawawaki Hisashi , Ohata Kenji
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

When the epileptogenic foci skip the motor area, the epilepsy can be cured by surgery while preserving the motor function. This surgery has been reported as subtotal hemispherectomy. The disconnective variant of this surgery, subtotal hemispherotomy, is described.

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate each step clearly, a cadaveric brain, 3-dimensional reconstruction and simulation model, and intraoperative photographs were used.

METHODS

A formalin-fixed cadaveric brain was dissected to show each step of this surgery. For the 3-dimensional model, several brain structures were reconstructed from preoperative images, and the surgery was simulated. Intraoperative photographs and postoperative magnetic resonance images were taken from the representative cases.

RESULTS

Temporo-parieto-occipital disconnection is performed to disconnect these lobes and the insula, limbic system, and splenium of the corpus callosum. The postcentral sulcus is the anterior border of the disconnection. Next, prefrontal disconnection is performed to disconnect the frontal lobe and the insula, frontal lobe and basal ganglia, and the anterior part of the corpus callosum. The precentral sulcus is the posterior border of the disconnection. Finally, corpus callosotomy of the central part is performed. After these steps, subtotal hemispherotomy, with preservation of the pre- and postcentral gyrus, is achieved. The 3-dimensional model clearly shows the anatomic relationships between deep brain structures. In the representative cases, postoperative motor deterioration was transient or none, and seizure-free status was achieved after surgery.

CONCLUSION

Subtotal hemispherotomy is generally difficult because of the complicated anatomy and narrow and deep surgical corridors. Combined use of these methods facilitates a clearer understanding of this surgery.
Patterns of Parliamentary Opposition: Empirical Evidence from the Deliberations in the German Bundestag’s Committee on European Union Affairs
Authors: Albrecht Frederike , Karlsson Christer , Persson Thomas
Published: November 2019

This article examines patterns of oppositional behaviour in the German Bundestag’s Committee on European Union Affairs (EAC) for two separate legislative periods (2005–2009 and 2009–2013). The study makes two contributions to previous research. It, first, shed some much-needed empirical light on political opposition in the Bundestag by examining how much and what kind of opposition exists in the German EAC. Secondly, the article examines the differences in oppositional behaviour of the Members of Parliament between the two legislative periods following an institutional reform in 2009 that afforded the Bundestag with increased opportunity structures in Europen Union affairs.
The UK’s inheritance tax treaties
Authors: Master Piers
Published: November 2019

This article is based on the paper presented by Piers Master at the TIAETL meeting in Tokyo in May 2019.
Plasmin inhibition by bacterial serpin: Implications in gum disease
Authors: Sochaj‐Gregorczyk Alicja , Ksiazek Miroslaw , Waligorska Irena , Straczek Anna , Benedyk Malgorzata , Mizgalska Danuta , Thøgersen Ida B. , Enghild Jan J. , Potempa Jan
Published: November 2019

Tannerella forsythia is a periodontopathogen that expresses miropin, a protease inhibitor in the serpin superfamily. In this study, we show that miropin is also a specific and efficient inhibitor of plasmin; thus, it represents the first proteinaceous plasmin inhibitor of prokaryotic origin described to date. Miropin inhibits plasmin through the formation of a stable covalent complex triggered by cleavage of the Lys368‐Thr369 (P2‐P1) reactive site bond with a stoichiometry of inhibition of 3.8 and an association rate constant (kass) of 3.3 × 105 M−1s−1. The inhibition of the fibrinolytic activity of plasmin was nearly as effective as that exerted by α2‐antiplasmin. Miropin also acted in vivo by reducing blood loss in a mice tail bleeding assay. Importantly, intact T. forsythia cells or outer membrane vesicles, both of which carry surface‐associated miropin, strongly inhibited plasmin. In intact bacterial cells, the antiplasmin activity of miropin protects envelope proteins from plasmin‐mediated degradation. In summary, in the environment of periodontal pockets, which are bathed in gingival crevicular fluid consisting of 70% of blood plasma, an abundance of T. forsythia in the bacterial biofilm can cause local inhibition of fibrinolysis, which could have possible deleterious effects on the tooth‐supporting structures of the periodontium.
SAMHD1‐deficient fibroblasts from Aicardi‐Goutières Syndrome patients can escape senescence and accumulate mutations
Authors: Franzolin Elisa , Coletta Sara , Ferraro Paola , Pontarin Giovanna , D'Aronco Giulia , Stevanoni Martina , Palumbo Elisa , Cagnin Stefano , Bertoldi Loris , Feltrin Erika , Valle Giorgio , Russo Antonella , Bianchi Vera , Rampazzo Chiara
Published: November 2019

In mammalian cells, the catabolic activity of the dNTP triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 sets the balance and concentration of the four dNTPs. Deficiency of SAMHD1 leads to unequally increased pools and marked dNTP imbalance. Imbalanced dNTP pools increase mutation frequency in cancer cells, but it is not known if the SAMHD1‐induced dNTP imbalance favors accumulation of somatic mutations in non‐transformed cells. Here, we have investigated how fibroblasts from Aicardi‐Goutières Syndrome (AGS) patients with mutated SAMHD1 react to the constitutive pool imbalance characterized by a huge dGTP pool. We focused on the effects on dNTP pools, cell cycle progression, dynamics and fidelity of DNA replication, and efficiency of UV‐induced DNA repair. AGS fibroblasts entered senescence prematurely or upregulated genes involved in G1/S transition and DNA replication. The normally growing AGS cells exhibited unchanged DNA replication dynamics and, when quiescent, faster rate of excision repair of UV‐induced DNA damages. To investigate whether the lack of SAMHD1 affects DNA replication fidelity, we compared de novo mutations in AGS and WT cells by exome next‐generation sequencing. Somatic variant analysis indicated a mutator phenotype suggesting that SAMHD1 is a caretaker gene whose deficiency is per se mutagenic, promoting genome instability in non‐transformed cells.
A multilevel life course perspective on type 2 diabetes
Authors: Tzizik Dan
Published: November 2019

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased over the past 3 decades, particularly among adolescents as obesity also increases in this age group. Given the long-term effects associated with type 2 diabetes, public health intervention is needed. However, simply advising a patient to lose weight and increase physical exercise ignores the complex interplay of many levels of influences throughout a patient's life. This article describes type 2 diabetes from a multilevel life course perspective that can help clinicians find areas of possible intervention and understand the challenges patients face.
Compassionate and Clinical Behavior of Residents in a Simulated Informed Consent Encounter
Authors: Waisel David B. , Ruben Mollie A. , Blanch-Hartigan Danielle , Hall Judith A. , Meyer Elaine C. , Blum Richard H.
Published: November 2019

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

Compassionate behavior in clinicians is described as seeking to understand patients’ psychosocial, physical and medical needs, timely attending to these needs, and involving patients as they desire. The goal of our study was to evaluate compassionate behavior in patient interactions, pain management, and the informed consent process of anesthesia residents in a simulated preoperative evaluation of a patient in pain scheduled for urgent surgery.

Methods

Forty-nine Clinical Anesthesia residents in year 1 and 16 Clinical Anesthesia residents in year 3 from three residency programs individually obtained informed consent for anesthesia for an urgent laparotomy from a standardized patient complaining of pain. Encounters were assessed for ordering pain medication, for patient-resident interactions by using the Empathic Communication Coding System to code responses to pain and nausea cues, and for the content of the informed consent discussion.

Results

Of the 65 residents, 56 (86%) ordered pain medication, at an average of 4.2 min (95% CI, 3.2 to 5.1) into the encounter; 9 (14%) did not order pain medication. Resident responses to the cues averaged between perfunctory recognition and implicit recognition (mean, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.6 to 1.9]) in the 0 (less empathic) to 6 (more empathic) system. Responses were lower for residents who did not order pain medication (mean, 1.2 [95% CI, 0.8 to 1.6]) and similar for those who ordered medication before informed consent signing (mean, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.6 to 2.1]) and after signing (mean, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.6 to 2.0]; F (2, 62) = 4.21; P = 0.019; partial η

2
= 0.120). There were significant differences between residents who ordered pain medication before informed consent and those who did not order pain medication and between residents who ordered pain medication after informed consent signing and those who did not.

Conclusions

In a simulated preoperative evaluation, anesthesia residents have variable and, at times, flawed recognition of patient cues, responsiveness to patient cues, pain management, and patient interactions.
How Often Are Study Design and Level of Evidence Misreported in the Pediatric Orthopaedic Literature?
Authors: LeBrun Drake G. , Kocher Mininder S. , Baldwin Keith D. , Patel Neeraj M.
Published: November 2019

Background:

Observational studies are the most commonly used study designs in the pediatric orthopaedic literature. The differences between observational study designs are important but not widely understood, leading to potential discrepancies between the reported and actual study design. Study design misclassification is associated with a potential for misreporting level of evidence (LOE). The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of study design and LOE misclassification in the pediatric orthopaedic literature.

Methods:

The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science was queried to identify all pediatric orthopaedic observational studies published from 2014 to 2017. Reported study design and LOE were recorded for each study. The actual study design and LOE were determined on the basis of established clinical epidemiological criteria by reviewers with advanced epidemiological training. Studies with a discrepancy between reported versus actual study design and LOE were identified. The following covariates were recorded for each study: subspecialty, inclusion of a statistician coauthor, sample size, journal, and journal impact factor. χ2 test was used to identify factors associated with study design and LOE misreporting.

Results:

In total, 1000 articles were screened, yielding 647 observational studies. A total of 335 publications (52%) did not clearly report a study design in the abstract or manuscript text. Of those that did, 59/312 (19%) reported the incorrect study design. The largest discrepancy was in the 109 studies that were reported to be case series, among which 30 (27.5%) were actually retrospective cohort studies. In total, 313 publications (48%) did not report a LOE. Of those that did, 95/334 (28%) reported the incorrect LOE. In total, 33 studies (19%) reported a LOE that was higher than the actual LOE and 62 (35%) under-reported the LOE.

Conclusions:

The majority of observational pediatric orthopaedic studies did not report a study design or reported the wrong study design. Similarly, the majority of studies did not report or misreported their LOE. Greater epidemiological rigor in evaluating observational studies is required on the part of investigators, reviewers, and editors.

Level of Evidence:

Level II.
Frontal Crash Injury Metrics Are Below Mandated Limits for a Spica Casted Child Dummy in Currently Available Restraints
Authors: Collins Angela C. , Caskey Sean , Peck Jeffrey B. , Walter Norman , Atkinson Theresa S. , Atkinson Patrick J.
Published: November 2019

Background:

There is a paucity of data defining safe transport protocols for children treated with hip spica casting. Although restraint devices for casted children are available, all federally mandated testing uses a noncasted anthropomorphic test device (ATD or crash dummy). The purpose of this study was to evaluate current restraint options in simulated frontal crash testing using a casted pediatric ATD to determine injury risk to the head, cervical spine, chest, and pelvis.

Methods:

Using a 3-year-old ATD, dynamic crash sled tests simulating frontal crash were performed in accordance with government safety standards. The ATD was casted in a double-leg spica and the following restraint devices were tested: a seat designed for spica casted children, a restraint vest-harness, a traditional booster seat, and 2 traditional forward-facing car seats.

Results:

Although the presence of the cast increased many of the injury metrics measured, all seats passed current federal guidelines for the head and chest. No single seat performed best in all metrics. The greatest magnitude of neck loading and second-highest head injury criterion values were observed for the booster seat. The vest-harness produced the highest head injury criterion and the chest compression exceeded proposed federal limits.

Conclusions:

The results suggest safe transport in commercially available seats is possible with the child properly restrained in a correctly fitting seat. However, parents should not assume a child restraint system is appropriate for use just based on fit as, for example, seats with harnesses outperformed an easy to fit booster seat.

Clinical Relevance:

Each child and the position of the child’s cast are unique and discharge planning involves consideration of safe transportation. Although this study suggests several seats used to transport spica casted children pass the federal head and chest injury prevention requirements, it is important to recognize that some children may still require emergency vehicle transport.
Comparative Performance of Pulmonary Ultrasound, Chest Radiograph, and CT Among Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure*
Authors: Tierney David M. , Huelster Joshua S. , Overgaard Josh D. , Plunkett Michael B. , Boland Lori L. , St. Hill Catherine A. , Agboto Vincent K. , Smith Claire S. , Mikel Bryce F. , Weise Brynn E. , Madigan Katelyn E. , Doshi Ameet P. , Melamed Roman R.
Published: November 2019

Objectives:

The study goal was to concurrently evaluate agreement of a 9-point pulmonary ultrasound protocol and portable chest radiograph with chest CT for localization of pathology to the correct lung and also to specific anatomic lobes among a diverse group of intubated patients with acute respiratory failure.

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

Medical, surgical, and neurologic ICUs at a 670-bed urban teaching hospital.

Patients:

Intubated adults with acute respiratory failure having chest CT and portable chest radiograph performed within 24 hours of intubation.

Interventions:

A 9-point pulmonary ultrasound examination performed at the time of intubation.

Measurements and Main Results:

Sixty-seven patients had pulmonary ultrasound, portable chest radiograph, and chest CT performed within 24 hours of intubation. Overall agreement of pulmonary ultrasound and portable chest radiograph findings with correlating lobe (“lobe-specific” agreement) on CT was 87% versus 62% (p < 0.001), respectively. Relaxing the agreement definition to a matching CT finding being present anywhere within the correct lung (“lung-specific” agreement), not necessarily the specific mapped lobe, showed improved agreement for both pulmonary ultrasound and portable chest radiograph respectively (right lung: 92.5% vs 65.7%; p < 0.001 and left lung: 83.6% vs 71.6%; p = 0.097). The highest lobe-specific agreement was for the finding of atelectasis/consolidation for both pulmonary ultrasound and portable chest radiograph (96% and 73%, respectively). The lowest lobe-specific agreement for pulmonary ultrasound was normal lung (79%) and interstitial process for portable chest radiograph (29%). Lobe-specific agreement differed most between pulmonary ultrasound and portable chest radiograph for interstitial findings (86% vs 29%, respectively). Pulmonary ultrasound had the lowest agreement with CT for findings in the left lower lobe (82.1%). Pleural effusion agreement also differed between pulmonary ultrasound and portable chest radiograph (right: 99% vs 87%; p = 0.009 and left: 99% vs 85%; p = 0.004).

Conclusions:

A clinical, 9-point pulmonary ultrasound protocol strongly agreed with specific CT findings when analyzed by both lung- and lobe-specific location among a diverse population of mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure; in this regard, pulmonary ultrasound significantly outperformed portable chest radiograph.
Validation of Photonumeric Assessment Scales for Temple Volume Deficit, Infraorbital Hollows, and Chin Retrusion
Authors: Moradi Amir , Lin Xiaoming , Allen Shawn , Fagien Steven , Norberg Maria , Smith Stacy
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

Assessment scales are valuable tools in aesthetic clinical research and practice.

OBJECTIVE

To validate 3 photonumeric scales covering temple volume deficit, infraorbital hollows, and chin retrusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Subjects reflecting the whole range of the scales were assessed independently by 3 evaluators at 2 separate occasions. Intraobserver agreement (the ability of each evaluator to assess the same grade for a specific subject at both evaluation occasions) and interobserver agreement (the degree to which evaluators independently provided identical grades for the same subject) were measured by weighted kappa statistics and percent exact agreement.

RESULTS

Approximately 70 subjects were included in each scale validation. The predefined success criteria of an intraobserver weighted kappa coefficient of ≥0.6 and an interobserver median pairwise weighted kappa coefficient of ≥0.6 were met for each scale. These results indicate substantial agreement, both between the 2 evaluations, and between the 3 evaluators.

CONCLUSION

These scales covering temple volume deficit, infraorbital hollows, and chin retrusion are validated assessment tools, based on live evaluations. Intraobserver agreement (between the 2 evaluations) and interobserver agreement (between the 3 evaluators) were both substantial.
Equal response rates maintained by concurrent drug and nondrug reinforcers: a design for treatment evaluation
Authors: Meisch Richard A. , Gomez Thomas H. , Lane Scott D.
Published: November 2019

During daily 3-h sessions, four rhesus monkeys had concurrent access to 16% alcohol (w/v) and saccharin. A response occurred when a monkey made mouth contact with the metal spout and thereby completed a drinkometer circuit. The liquids were available under concurrent nonindependent fixed-ratio 32 schedules. With these schedules, responses on the right spout decremented both the right and left fixed-ratio counters and vice versa. Responding was well maintained by both alcohol and saccharin. Increases in saccharin concentration produced increases in saccharin responding to the point that saccharin responding exceeded alcohol responding. Responses per saccharin delivery were also a direct function of the saccharin concentration. In contrast, responses per alcohol delivery generally decreased as the saccharin concentration became greater. Changeover or switching responses were also a direct function of the saccharin concentration. Relative reinforcing effects of each combination of liquid pairs were measured for each monkey. For all monkeys, it was possible to establish equal rates of responding for both reinforcers and frequent switching between reinforcers. The balanced responding can serve as a baseline for the evaluation of potential treatments that may alter relative reinforcing effects.
Spectrometric Estimation of Dose Rate Induced from Radioactive Cesium in the Ground Using a Mobile Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Based on a LaBr3(Ce) Detector
Authors: Ji Young-Yong , Lim Taehyung , Hitomi Keitaro , Yajima Tatsuo
Published: November 2019

The site characterization around the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) was conducted to measure the dose rate of radioactive cesium using mobile gamma-ray spectrometry through a backpack survey based on a LaBr3(Ce) detector. Four sites were selected in the Fukushima prefecture with diverse dose rate levels in residence and non-residence areas. One reference site in Sendai city was also designated with a low dose rate in comparison with sites in the Fukushima prefecture. The ambient dose rate was distributed from several tens of dose rate to above 1 μGy h−1 due to the radioactive cesium distributed on the ground of the Fukushima prefecture. To assess the dose rates of 134Cs and 137Cs using the backpack survey with a short acquisition time, a good correlation was identified between the dose rate of radioactive cesium and the gross count rate in specific regions of interest (ROIs) with gamma rays from radioactive cesium. The dose rates of 134Cs and 137Cs accounted for more than 25% of the ambient dose rate during the survey period. The ratio of the 134Cs dose rate to the 137Cs dose rate was shown to be about 30% for all survey sites.
Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis of Nonprimary Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy With Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Román-Soto Sergio , Romero-Gómez María Pilar , Montero-Vega María Dolores , Cendejas-Bueno Emilio
Published: November 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common cause of congenital infection in developed countries. It is thought that symptomatic congenital CMV (cCMV) infections are produced by a primary CMV infection in the majority of the cases, but recent case series published show a similar prevalence and severity of clinical findings and long-term sequels in nonprimary and primary cCMV infection. We report a case of nonprimary CMV infection in pregnancy with fetal neurological alterations. A positive quantitative polymerase chain reaction in amniotic fluid (AF) confirmed the diagnosis of cCMV infection that triggered a voluntary termination of pregnancy. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays of AF are used to confirm a fetal cCMV infection, and the invasive amniocentesis procedure is justified when abnormalities are found in ultrasound control, although they are not validated to use in AF.
Skin Disease and Musculoskeletal Infection
Authors: Belden Katherine A. , Mascarenhas Tresa Reena , Hendricks Travis , Merkow David , Chen Antonia F.
Published: November 2019

Background

Inflammatory skin disease including psoriasis and eczema predisposes to colonization with Staphylococcus aureus, a known virulent organism and cause of musculoskeletal infection. An association between skin disease and musculoskeletal infection may exist.

Methods

We evaluated the presence of skin disease in 65 patients who had undergone orthopedic surgery and had either native or surgical site musculoskeletal infection. Surgery was performed either for management of a native bone or joint infection or preceding the development of a surgical site infection. Four variables of interest, procedure, skin diagnosis, infection and organism, were compared with each other.

Results

Procedure and infection of the axial skeleton (74%) were more common than procedure and infection of the appendicular skeleton (26%). Inflammatory skin diagnoses were found in 45% of patients. Staphylococci accounted for 51% of infections with 38% due to S. aureus. A majority (60%) of S. aureus infections were in patients with inflammatory skin disease, and 48% of S. aureus infections were native spine osteomyelitis.

Conclusions

Skin disease may be a potentially modifiable risk factor for musculoskeletal infection, in particular infection due to S. aureus.
The Paradoxical Response in an Immunocompromised Patient With Disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae Infection
Authors: Modi Anita , Bravo Tricia
Published: November 2019

The paradoxical response, a form of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, merits immunosuppression in addition to antimycobacterial therapy in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. Well-described in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, the paradoxical response in NTM infections is less defined. We share an immunocompromised host with disseminated NTM and the paradoxical response.
Impact of Child Characteristics and Mother's Educational Level on Child Engagement Levels
Authors: Morales-Murillo Catalina P. , García-Grau Pau , Grau-Sevilla María Dolores , Soucase-Lozano Beatriz
Published: November 2019

This study looked at the effect of mother's educational level, child emotional difficulties, peer interactions, age, and gender on children's sophistication level of engagement. Eighty-six randomly selected children, aged between 36 and 72 months, and 20 teachers from 5 early childhood education centers in Valencia, Spain, participated in the study. Teachers reported on children's sophistication levels of engagement, interaction with peers, and emotional difficulties. Mothers reported on their highest educational level. The results indicated a direct effect of age, emotional difficulties, peer interactions, and mother's educational level on sophistication level of engagement. Emotional difficulties mediated the relation between mother's educational level and children's sophistication level of engagement, and peer interactions mediated the relation between sophistication level of engagement and age. Our results and those of other studies suggest promoting children's interactions with peers and emotionally secure environments as best practices for supporting children's higher sophistication levels of engagement in early childhood education routines.
Developmental Outcomes of Preschool Special Education
Authors: Elbaum Batya
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this secondary analysis of state-collected data was to investigate developmental outcomes of preschool special education (PSE) services in a statewide cohort of participating children (n = 17,828). In line with federal performance indicators for Individuals with Disabilities Education Act early childhood programs, the outcome of interest in this study was the percentage of children who demonstrated age-expected functioning in all 5 major domains of development—communication, cognitive, motor, personal–social, and adaptive—at the time they exited the PSE program. The study also investigated the extent to which this outcome varied, depending on the severity and complexity of children's delays when they began PSE services. Overall, 38.2% of children exited the program within age norms in all 5 domains; percentages for subgroups of children ranged from 77% for children with no measured delay on entry to 23% for children demonstrating severe delay in 1 or more developmental areas. Holding delay severity constant, each additional domain of delay on entry was associated with a decrease in the percentage of children exiting within age norms. Findings of the study problematize the application of a single definition of “expected progress” for all participating children and underscore the utility of examining and reporting program outcomes for subgroups of children.
Riolan arch pseudoaneurysm hemorrhage after endovascular covered stent-graft treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Liu Xunqiang , Zhang Jinhui , Chen Huanjun , Zhang Liqiong , Wang Hongtao , Ji Min , Wang Jifeng , Zhu Enshuai , Wang Jiaping , Tian Min
Published: November 2019

Introduction:

Riolan arch thickening is usually caused by the occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), inferior mesenteric artery, or abdominal aortic artery, by colon cancer, or by ulcerative colitis in the active phase.

Patient concerns:

A 61-years-old female was admitted due to left lower abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for more than 4 days. She had received an endovascular covered stent-graft exclusion due to abdominal aortic aneurysm 18 months earlier. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) showed a local rupture of 1 of the branch artery of the SMA, and a pseudoaneurysm was formed around it. It was feared that performing Riolan atrial arch pseudoaneurysm embolization may cause ischemia of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and could lead to avascular necrosis of the descending colon and sigmoid colon, intestinal perforation, and peritonitis.

Diagnosis:

Riolan arch collateral circulation associated with pseudoaneurysm hemorrhage after endovascular covered stent-graft treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Interventions:

Riolan arterial arch pseudoaneurysm embolization was performed near the distal end.

Outcomes:

The symptoms, signs, and biochemistry returned to normal.

Conclusion:

Riolan arch collateral circulation can be caused by pseudoaneurysm hemorrhage after endovascular covered stent-graft treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors predicts prognosis
Authors: Wang Huiyu , Chen Datian , Wang Runjie , Quan Wen , Xia Dandan , Mei Jie , Xu Junying , Liu Chaoying
Published: November 2019

Background:

New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is a member of the cancer testis antigen family. NY-ESO-1 has documented potential as an effective target for cancer immunotherapy. The prognostic value of NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors, however, remains controversial because of inconclusive data.

Methods:

For this analysis, the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to February 2018 for studies investigating NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors and overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), or disease-free survival (DFS). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from each study. Pooled HRs and CIs were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects or random effects model.

Results:

A total of 23 studies were included in the analysis. The combined HR (95% CI) estimates for OS, PFS, and DFS were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.24–1.61; I
2 = 0%), 1.62 (95% CI: 1.42–1.84; I
2 = 17%), and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.56–1.59; I
2 = 57%), respectively.

Conclusions:

NY-ESO-1 expression in solid tumors is associated with worse OS and PFS. Studies are still needed to provide more evidence.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as an indicator of ischemic stroke in patients with isolated acute vestibular syndrome
Authors: Lin Fangju , Chen Ying , Wan Min , Chen Wei , Jia Weihua
Published: November 2019

Ischemic strokes presenting with isolated acute vestibular syndrome (AVS) are not rare and still are challenging for diagnosis. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate the association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with stroke in patients with isolated AVS. A total of 217 patients with isolated AVS within 3 days of symptom onset were included. Serum hs-CRP levels were assessed within 24 hours of admission. The relationship between hs-CRP levels and stroke in patients with AVS were analyzed using univariate and multivariate models. The results showed that hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in infarction patients than that in noninfarction group. The stroke occurrence was increased with increasing quartile levels of hs-CRP. The highest quartile level of hs-CRP was associated with a higher occurrence of stroke compared with the lowest quartile group (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.099; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.272–13.216; P = .018). We also found that male gender (adjusted OR, 5.635; 95% CI, 2.212–14.352; P < .001) and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (adjusted OR, 2.543; 95% CI, 1.175–5.505; P = .018) were independently associated with stroke in patients with AVS. In addition, using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, our study yielded a threshold value of hs-CRP at 1.82 mg/L, and demonstrated that combining hs-CRP with LDL-C improved the discriminatory ability to identify stroke patients with AVS (area under the curve of the combined model: 0.753; 95% CI = 0.684–0.821; P < .001). Hs-CRP may be a useful indicator of stroke in patients with AVS. More attention should be paid to the patients with elevated hs-CRP level.