bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Siyer ve İslam Tarihi Kaynaklarına Göre Cahiliye Dönemi Kureyş Toplumunun Bir Peygamber Beklentisi Var mıydı?
Authors: Akyürek Yunus
Published: April 2019

Cahiliye dönemi Kureyş kabilesi, dar anlamda
eklektik bir kültür havzasının merkezinde yer almasına rağmen doğru bilgi,
evrensel hukuk, ahlak ve erdem gibi bir toplumu inşa ve dizayn eden, onu ayakta
tutan önemli normların birçoğundan mahrum bulunuyordu. Coğrafi konumu ve tarihi
arka planı bir tarafa, Hz. İbrahim ve oğlu İsmail’den sonra Mekke’ye bir elçi
gönderilmemesi Kureyş’in bu ortak değerlerden niçin uzak kaldığını genel
anlamda açıklar mahiyettedir. Diğer taraftan Mekke şehrinde, Hicaz ve
çevresindeki Yahudi ve Hristiyan bilginlerin, teolojik anlamda herhangi bir faaliyeti
de söz konusu değildir. Bu ve benzeri nedenlerden hareketle putperest Arapların
lideri konumundaki Kureyş toplumunun Son Peygamber ile kavramsal bir bilgiye sahip
olmadığı söylenebilir. Dolayısıyla toplumun kendi bilgi, algı ve inanışından kaynaklı
bir peygamber beklentisi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak ticari faaliyetler, siyasi
ilişkiler ve kültürel alışverişe bağlı olarak Hicaz ve çevresindeki yabancı din
ve kültür mensupları ile ilişkiye giren bazı Kureyş mensuplarının bu hususta birtakım
duyumlar aldıkları kaynaklarda geçmektedir. Fakat bu duyumların toplumun genelinde
bir peygamber beklentisine dönüşmediği açıktır
Assessment of the impact of emigration on the origin economy
Authors: Remeikienė Rita , Gasparėnienė Ligita
Published: April 2019

Our article concentrates to the main aim – to assess the impact of emigration on an origin economy. This topic was chosen because the theoretical research has disclosed that the positive impact of emigration usually manifests through monetary transfers to a native country while the negative impact mainly emerges as a reduction in the labour force, which, in its turn, causes deterioration of a country’s demographic and economic situation. It has been found that the growing flows of emigration significantly reduce Lithuanian population and cause “brain drain”. High emigration rates also have a negative impact on Lithuanian national economy, in particular, its unemployment rate (the opposite effect). To reduce the rates of emigration from the country, Lithuania must develop and improve such ALPM’s elements as combination of work and dual vocational training, targeted selection of the industries for arrangement of an apprenticeship, manual training, dual vocational training and workplace training, segmentation of the unemployed by the indications of employment impediment, individual work with the unemployed to restore their basic skills (motivation, practice, health improvement), vocational guidance of young people (students) and early involvement of students into the labour market by combining studies and work.
Islamic stock market and sukuk market development, economic growth, and trade openness (the case of Indonesia and Malaysia)
Authors: Muharam Harjum , Anwar Resi Junita , Robiyanto Robiyanto
Published: April 2019

This study was conducted in order to analyse the two-way relationship between the Islamic stock market and sukuk market development, and economic growth. this study also analyses whether trade openness influences the development of the Islamic stock market and sukuk market, and economic growth. VAR (Vector Auto Regressive), VECM (Vector Error Correction Model), and a Granger Causality Test used to test the hypothesis. Using Indonesia and Malaysia as the sample countries and from February 2008 to December 2017 period, the results showed that there is a bi-directional causality between the development of the Islamic stock market and the development of the sukuk market in Indonesia and Malaysia. There is a bi-directional causality between the development of the Islamic stock market and sukuk market with economic growth in Indonesia. Unidirectional causality is found between economic growth and the sukuk market development in Malaysia. And no causality (neutrality) is reported between the development of the Islamic stock market and economic growth in Malaysia. Meanwhile, trade openness has a significant and positive effect on the sukuk market development as well as economic growth in Malaysia. For the limitations, this research only focused on two countries and only delved into the corporation sukuk market.
The Journey Counts: The Importance of Including Orbits when Simulating Ram Pressure Stripping
Authors: Tonnesen Stephanie
Published: April 2019

We investigate the importance of varying the ram pressure to more realistically mimic the infall of a cluster satellite galaxy when comparing ram pressure stripping simulations to observations. We examine the gas disk and tail properties of stripped cluster galaxies in eight “wind-tunnel” hydrodynamical simulations with either varying or constant ram pressure strength. In simulations without radiative cooling, applying a varying wind leads to significantly different density and velocity structure in the tail than found when applying a constant wind, although the stripping rate, disk mass, and disk radius remain consistent in both scenarios. In simulations with radiative cooling, the differences between a constant and varying wind are even more pronounced. Not only is there a difference in morphology and velocity structure in the tails, but a varying wind leads to a much lower stripping rate, even after the varying wind has reached the ram pressure strength of the constant wind. Also, galaxies in constant and varying wind simulations with the same gas disk mass do not have the same gas disk radius. A constant wind cannot appropriately model the ram pressure stripping of a galaxy entering a cluster. We conclude that simulations attempting detailed comparisons with observations must take the variation of the ram pressure profile due to a galaxy’s orbit into consideration.
A Small-scale Oscillatory Reconnection and the Associated Formation and Disappearance of a Solar Flux Rope
Authors: Xue Zhike , Yan Xiaoli , Jin Chunlan , Yang Liheng , Wang Jincheng , Li Qiaoling , Zhao Li
Published: April 2019

We present the observations of a small-scale oscillatory reconnection for the first time and its resulting in formation and disappearance of a flux rope with the high-resolution data obtained by the New Vacuum Solar Telescope and the Solar Dynamics Observatory on 2013 July 24 and 25. This oscillatory reconnection consists of four relatively independent magnetic reconnections which last for about 48, 158, 275, and 340 minutes, respectively. The durations of the four magnetic reconnections increase with time. Four current sheets along two nearly perpendicular directions are formed alternately. The oscillatory reconnection experiences two cycles, and the periods of the two oscillations are 206 and 615 minutes, which are much longer than the previous results. The period of the first oscillation is shorter than that of the second oscillation. Furthermore, a flux rope forms during the second magnetic reconnection. Its twist increases with the reconnection and transfers from the reconnection site to one leg, and this leads the flux rope to become more slender. Then, the flux rope disappears in the early stage of the third magnetic reconnection. We conclude that the formation and disappearance of the flux rope are caused by the oscillatory reconnection.
The Coaching Experience of Advanced Practice Nurses in a National Leadership Program
Authors: Waldrop Julee , Derouin Anne
Published: April 2019

Background:

Coaching is a relatively new application to promote the development of leadership skills in health care and nursing. Coaching circles are a technique used in the Duke–Johnson & Johnson Nurse Leadership Program to provide guidance and expertise to small groups of advanced practice nurse (APN) Fellows to facilitate completion of a transformational project. The purpose of this report is to describe the current literature related to coaching among APNs and the results of this coaching experience.

Method:

A serial cross-sectional survey design was used to evaluate the coaching circle experience of four cohorts of Fellows from 2013–2017.

Results:

Evidence in the literature related to the use of coaching specifically among APNs is limited. Participants evaluated the structure and function, as well as the value, of the coaching circle.

Conclusion:

This report offers insight into strategies of coaching that would be useful in a variety of health care settings to promote the advancement of nurse leaders.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs.
2019;50(4):170–175.]
Telehealth Simulation With Motivational Interviewing: Impact on Learning and Practice
Authors: Badowski Donna M. , Rossler Kelly L. , Gill-Gembala Letitia (Tish)
Published: April 2019

Background:

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act increased numbers of insured individuals and demands for health care cost reductions. A national call for nursing education to focus on health promotion activities exists. Nurse educators can address this shift in health care by including motivational interviewing (MI), a health promotion technique, in the curriculum.

Method:

This exploratory descriptive pilot survey examined postlicensure nursing students' perceptions and self-reported behaviors following an online synchronous telehealth simulation-based experience in which they practiced MI.

Results:

The survey yielded a 45% (
n
= 10) response rate. All participants agreed the experience was beneficial to their learning and provided insights on a new clinical practice environment. Eighty percent of participants would have liked to have learned MI in their prelicensure program, and 50% of participants have integrated it in their current practice.

Conclusion:

This tele-health simulation-based experience positively affected the learning and behaviors of postlicensure nursing students.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2019;58(4):221–224.]
J.M. de Zafra y los orígenes de los puentes de vigas trianguladas de hormigón armado en España
Authors: Burgos Núñez A.
Published: April 2019

Los puentes de tramos rectos formados por vigas trianguladas de hormigón armado fueron una tipología bastante utilizada en España durante el primer tercio del siglo XX. A su difusión contribuyó especialmente el prestigioso ingeniero de caminos Juan Manuel de Zafra, uno de los pioneros del hormigón armado en España.

Con motivo de la construcción de una línea de ferrocarril en Málaga, J.M. de Zafra creó una fórmula original constituida por vigas trianguladas de hormigón armado, la cual tuvo su primera aplicación en el puente sobre el río Vélez. Levantado en 1907, este inmediatamente se configuró como arquetipo y referencia fundamental para las realizaciones posteriores.

En este artículo se analizan los planteamientos estructurales y constructivos de este puente, que, todavía en pie, constituye una de las obras más significativas de la Ingeniería Civil española del siglo XX.
Phonology and Writing: Can we look at written productions to “see the unseeable” in phonology?
Authors: Veloso João
Published: April 2019

Oral and written productions of language seem to correspond to ontologically separate entities. In this paper, we shall not argue against this basic assumption. However, it will be proposed that a careful examination of the writing systems and of particular written productions can provide phonologists with important information about the nature of phonological representations. Writing systems often originate in relevant intuitions about the nature of phonological units and phenomena and preserve the morphophonemic kinships between roots and words that are surfaced as phonetically distinct. The same can be said about the written productions of pre-school children and illiterate adults, strongly shaped by phonological intuitions rather than by orthographic convention. Bearing in mind that phonology, within the generative approach that is adopted here, is a form of knowledge, spelling can be accepted as a way of getting access to phonological knowledge. Therefore, our main point is that, in spite of the classical divide between spoken and written language, attention to writing can be useful for the understanding of the phonological level, too. The article includes two main parts: firstly, on Sections 2 and 3, we shall survey some general aspects of the relation between phonological and written representations; the second part consists mainly of Section 4 and attempts to illustrate some of the topics presented in Sections 2 and 3 with some data of a small-scale study with Portuguese pre-schoolers.
Soil Quality Assessment Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Authors: Kumar Uttam , Kumar Nirmal , Mishra V. N. , Jena R. K.
Published: April 2019

Fields with rice-based cropping systems are unique from other wetland or upland soils because they are associated with frequent cycling between wetting and drying under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. This alters the C and N transformations, microbial activities and their diversity, and soil physical properties, depending on the other crop in rotation with rice. This chapter aims to compare the soil quality of vertisols of central plains of Chhattisgarh under rice-wheat and rice-chickpea cropping systems. Soil quality index was developed using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Five soil quality indicators were selected under minimum datasets including soil organic carbon, mean weight diameter, available water content, available phosphorous and zinc. The results indicated that the rice-chickpea cropping system shows improved soil quality than that of rice-wheat cropping system.
Identification of Tectonic Activity and Fault Mechanism From Morphological Signatures
Authors: Nandy Arunima
Published: April 2019

Agartala, the capital of Tripura, is one of the most important and populated cities of North-East India. From the aspect of geomorphology, the whole area is characterized by highlands (tilla) and lowlands (lunga). Tectonically, Tripura falls under very active zone (Zone V). Assessment of tectonic activities of this region is very significant. For identification of tectonic activity, morphological or geomorphic signatures play very important role. The chapter identifies the presence of tectonic activity from morphological signatures in and around Agartala city. Landsat 8 OLI, maps from Geological Survey of India, Google Earth imageries have been used in this study. The presence of some lineaments and sag ponds has been identified on the basis of which fault mechanism of Agartala and Baramura hills has been delineated. This study contains a brief note on the conceptual demonstration of application of GIS and RS technologies and how morphological signatures and satellite images can help us to recognize tectonic activities over a region.
Urban Farming in Sustainable City Development
Authors: Grochulska-Salak Magdalena
Published: April 2019

Urban farming is defined as building development for the production of plants for the needs of the local community. The presented issues concern the shaping of urban farms for the preservation of the environmental balance of urban spaces and connections concerning the coexistence of architecture and greenery in the city. This chapter indicates the possibility of shaping synergistic spatial systems by integrating urban space and buildings with an innovative production function—a municipal farm—that complements the functional structure of the city in connection with the shaping of public spaces and the greenery system. The pro-environmental architecture connected with technologies enabling the production of plants in buildings enables the integration of urban space, complementing the functional and spatial structure of the city. The implementation of new technologies enables the production of plants in hydroponic and aeroponic farm buildings. The urban farm is an element in planning the city's sustainable development.
Developing a Sustainable Eco-City in Pre-Olympic Tokyo
Authors: Ikeda Mariko
Published: April 2019

This chapter intends to elucidate the emergence of sustainable urban development in Tokyo in light of the upcoming 2020 Olympics by exploring various administrative and commercial practices, such as urban development plan with rooftop and wall greening or river projects in the inner city. The research methods involved a review of the empirical literature, an analysis of existing statistical data, and a detailed examination of case-specific data collected in a field survey. This chapter concludes that since Tokyo Metropolitan Government encourages urban greening projects as a solution of urban heat island from 2000s, utilization of “green spaces” in the landscape design of commercial and office facilities is gaining attention. This chapter concludes that various practices for sustainable urban development in Tokyo, which faces a restructuring process in light of the 2020 Summer Olympics, exist and that some of these could be further developed by the private sector.
Impact of Dust for Solar PV in Indian Scenario
Authors: Chawla Rashmi , Singhal Poonam , Garg Amit K.
Published: April 2019

The facile conversion of sunlight into electricity of a solar-energy system is predominantly associated with the sun's irradiance as well as myriad environmental/climatic factors and photoactive material employed. However, the impact of other external factors associated with solar-rich geographical location (India) can be more influential on system performance. Among these, dust is oft-times an overlooked or understated issue that can be a major stumbling block in a solar panel's output performance. This chapter provides an insight of dust's impact on photovoltaic modules and evaluates mitigation of power loss and other performance parameters due to dust accumulation. In addition, this chapter analyzes dust's impact on the real-time data collected for 46 inverters with total 114819.30 kWh productions in a month with an average of 4416.13 kWh/day. The research further reviews key contributions to the understanding and performance effects of dust on solar module and presents an inclusive literature survey/assessment.
Intelligent Anomaly Detection Video Surveillance Systems for Smart Cities
Authors: Singh Gajendra , Kapoor Rajeev , Khosla Arun K.
Published: April 2019

With the growing demands of safety for people and their properties, video surveillance has drawn much attention. These requirements have led to the positioning of cameras almost every corner. Smart video surveillance systems can interpret the situation and automatically recognize abnormal situations, which plays a vital role in intelligence monitoring systems. One vital aspect is to detect and alert generation of suspicious events then to notify operators or users automatically. A long time may pass before an event of interest to take place. In such situations, human attention may get diverted and an event of interest may get missed. In such case, video surveillance systems can effectively improve safety and security for the control and management of public areas or personal life. Independent surveillance systems to replace the traditional (human observer-oriented) systems also can relieve the workload of relative personnel.
Ontological Design for Cognitive Cities
Authors: D'Onofrio Sara , Habenstein Astrid , Portmann Edy
Published: April 2019

Based on the advancements of a smart city, the cognitive city focuses on the communication between the city's stakeholders and cognitive systems to create a human-machine symbiosis in which human and machine can interact directly with each other. To develop the cognitive city means to design this sociotechnical relationship. This requires a variety of approaches, methods, and tools. To this purpose, the authors of this chapter suggest the concept of ontological design. This principle helps to develop a research methodology toolbox that can be applied to create research and development strategies suitable for shaping the relationship between human and environment. This chapter is an essay with the aim to encourage the reader to reflect. Ontological design means that it is necessary to become aware of the influences of today's actions on the future. With the help of an illustrative use case, this chapter wants to demonstrate why and to what extent the concept of ontological design can support urban development.
Cultural Markers and Their Impact on Teaching in Higher Education
Authors: Berger Jim I. , Kungu Kenneth
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to describe, in detail, cultural values as they can impact learning in higher education, describe cultural markers found within the classroom, and provide readers with a collection of exercises that can be utilized to discover the larger cultural values present within their learners. Research regarding cultural values and their differences among various international students will be described within general cultural values. Readers will be provided with a table of cultural markers, activities to discover their presence in the classroom, and questions to ask of learners to accommodate those cultural values. Implications for the higher education classroom and directions for future research are included.
Baby Boomers and Online Learning
Authors: Edwards Malaika T. , Robinson Petra A.
Published: April 2019

There continues to be a significant increase in the number of post retirement employees (i.e., baby boomers/older workers) in the workforce, either having remained in the organization after retirement or having returned to the workforce in different capacities for varying reasons after their initial separation. A resulting accompaniment to this labor force increase is the increase in the number of boomers who will seek higher education to equip themselves with the skills needed to remain competitive in the workplace. With the advent of online learning, however, the higher education landscape is different from when baby boomers first attended college. This chapter explores the experiences of baby boomers who are pursing graduate studies in an online environment and will discuss appropriate learning strategies for baby boomers to facilitate academic success for this group of learners.
The Call to Teach Human Capital Analytics
Authors: Trusson Clive
Published: April 2019

The Human Resource Management profession has increasingly taken an interest in applying analytical techniques to data collected concerning organizational human resources, typically referred to as human capital analytics. However, as yet, the teaching of such techniques has not become prevalent within professional training. This chapter intends to inform and support teachers of HRM who need to engage with the discourse surrounding this important new area for the profession. It includes the presentation of a process model for teaching human capital analytics to HRM professionals and a discussion on the implications for the HRM profession of the ‘rise' of human capital analytics. These include the need to include human capital analytics within taught HRM professional programmes and an urgent requirement for credible empirically-based research in the area of human capital analytics to support the development of teaching content.
Using the Experience of Evoked Emotion in Virtual Reality to Manage Workplace Stress
Authors: Tichon Jennifer G. , Mavin Timothy
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores how immersion in virtual reality (VR) evokes emotional states similar to those of the real world, and how deliberate immersion in high-stress situations can help teach individuals affective strategies to remain in control of their emotions. Psychological skills training programs teach techniques and strategies to assess, monitor, and adjust thoughts and feelings to cope with stress. VR allows an individual to put these skills to the test through the opportunity to practice coping with their emotional states while immersed in difficult scenarios. Keeping a clear head, ignoring fear when fear isn't useful, learning how to draw on an optimal blend of emotion and reason in times of crisis are all crucial skills for work and life. Affective Control Theory (ACT) proposes that affective strategies that typically strengthen and support performance are skills and that these skills are integral to stress management. Due to its key role in performance, recent research in psychology confirms affect as a crucial variable to consider in interventions in workplace stress.
Awareness-Based Recommendation Toward a New Preference
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Nishimura Takuma , Takadama Keiki
Published: April 2019

In mechatronics and robotics, one of the important issues is to design human interface. There are two issues on interaction design research. One is the way to education and training to adapt humans for operating the robots or interaction systems. Another one is the way to make interaction design adaptable for humans. This chapter research at the latter issue. This chapter describes the interactive learning system to assist positive change in the preference of a human toward the true preference; then evaluation of the awareness effect is discussed. The system behaves passively to reflect the human intelligence by visualizing the traces of his/her behaviors. Experimental results showed that subjects are divided into two groups, heavy users and light users, and that there are different effects between them under the same visualizing condition. They also showed that the system improves the efficiency for deciding the most preferred plan for both heavy users and light users.
Leadership Paradigm Affecting SGA to Drive Organizational Performance
Authors: López-Fernández Andrée Marie
Published: April 2019

Leadership is one of the concepts that have been widely discussed by scholars and practitioners. In the pursuit of desired organizational performance, determined managers around the world have been persistently working towards the most effective style of leadership that may ensure success. A manager's leadership style, be it Democratic, Bureaucratic, or Autocratic, is essential and significantly responsible for collaborators' strategic goal achievement (SGA) or lack thereof; furthermore, collaborators' SGA has a direct impact on the organization's performance. The evaluation of individual performance based on strategic goal achievement commonly includes positive and/or negative reinforcement systems; in organizations operating in Mexico, these systems include recognition and rewards for strategic goal achievement and reprimand and public shaming for completion failure. It is the leaders' response to the effectiveness of strategic goal achievement that shapes collaborators' perceptions of leadership proficiency, satisfaction, and overall performance.
Imperative of Peace and Conflict-Sensitive Journalism in Development
Authors: Jimoh Jide , Kayode Jimi
Published: April 2019

Even though the role of the media in development has long been recognized, more attention has been given to their role as purveyors and disseminators of news and little on how such news are framed. Against this background, this chapter looks at the nexus of peace and development and the role of journalism in the mix. The concept of development journalism as a kind of deliberative effort, may have received some impetus and the practice established, as governments, policy makers, scholars and practitioners assign developmental roles to the mass media beyond the ideas from the West. Similarly, the notion of peace journalism emerged as a dimension of development journalism. Originally conceived by the eminent peace scholar, Johan Galtung, the Peace Journalism model is a source of practical options for journalists which shows backgrounds and contexts of conflicts, explores hidden agendas, highlights peace ideas and initiatives in news coverage of conflicts and therefore is recommended for consideration by journalists especially in developing nations.
Ethical Pitfalls in the Digital Age
Authors: Chari Tendai
Published: April 2019

Using the case study approach, this chapter examines ethical shortfalls confronting the media in the Internet era. The one case is drawn from a story published in The New York Times in 2015, while the other is a story published in a Zimbabwean newspaper, the Daily News. The objective was to broaden knowledge on how the Internet is impacting ethical practices in local and global political environments. The chapter argues that the Internet's architecture predisposes journalists to a host of unethical practices that were uncommon to the legacy media environment. Its immediacy exerts pressure on journalists to publish stories without adequate verification out of the fear of being “scooped” by competitors and citizen journalists who are less constrained to adhere to old-age journalistic ethics such as factual reporting and verification.
Media-Invented Stories and Outright Lies a Threat to Journalism Ethics and Media Credibility
Authors: Lando Agnes Lucy
Published: April 2019

Several authors have researched on diverse challenges affecting media practice in different parts of the world: the growing influence of bribery (Dirbaba, 2010), one-sided and distorted reporting (Mfumbusa, 2008), pornographic and oversexed content, an inclination to acceptance of the brown envelope (Kasoma, 2010; Skjerdal, 2010; White, 2011; Nwabueze, 2010), and the disconnect between media training and practice (Lando, 2013). But with ICT, contemporary challenges include sources of news. With the aid of modern technology, a story that has appeared in one media house or platform can be reproduce in another without the reproducing journalist citing the previous source, and without disclosing to audiences that the story being presented is not original. Further, some journalists have presented stories that only exist in their fantasy. All these are cases of media lies. This chapter examines select cases of media lies and the ethical and credibility threat they pose to journalism.
Digital Competence
Authors: Avni Edith , Rotem Abraham
Published: April 2019

This chapter presents a proposal for a conceptual framework of digital competence, which is a civil right and need and is vital for appropriate, intelligent study and functioning in the real world, through means that technology and the internet offer the citizen. Digital competence in the 2010s is a multifaceted complex of a net of literacies that have been updated, reformulated and transformed under the influence of technology. The framework of the digital competency includes eight fields of digital literacies. At the top of the net is digital ethics literacy, outlines the moral core for proper use of technology; at the base are technological literacy and digital reading and writing literacy, comprising the foundation and interface for all the digital literacies, and in between are the digital literacies in these fields: information literacy, digital visual literacy, new media literacy, communication and collaboration literacy and social media literacy. These interconnected literacies compose a synergetic complex of the digital competence framework.
When Journalism Met the Internet
Authors: Dillon Mike
Published: April 2019

American news organizations have long been criticized for failing to anticipate, appreciate and exploit the Internet as it became a fact of daily life in the mid-1990s. This chapter explores and analyzes the lack of planning that stymied the development of journalism on the Web and cast doubt on the viability of traditional public-service journalism with its enduring values of accuracy, fairness and advocacy. Specifically, the essay documents and analyzes the online debuts of two venerable “old media” news outlets (The New York Times and The Los Angeles Times) and two “new media” Web news outlets (Salon and Slate) in the mid-1990s by exploring the claims they made about their aims, purposes and expectations as they introduced themselves to the public via their salutatory editorials. It is a cautionary tale for a digital world that reconfigures itself in ever-quickening cycles.
Who Brings the News?
Authors: Canavilhas João , Satuf Ivan
Published: April 2019

The spread of mobile devices and digital networks generate new perspectives for the circulation of news. The development of mobile communication technologies and the migration of habits consolidated in personal computers promote the expansion of news aggregators for smartphones and tablets. This work seeks to inquire the operational logic of applications designed to aggregate journalistic content. An immersive analysis shows that the general operations of these apps are based on three dimensions: integration between news and online social media, always-on recommendation systems, and parameterization of outputs. It is argued that the approach between aggregators and social media makes the news extrapolate its information domain and start to circulate as symbolic reference for online interaction. Finally, this work posits that the operational logic of aggregators neglect fundamental aspects of new technologies related to locative information.
How Social Media Offers Opportunities for Growth in the Traditional Media Industry
Authors: Duffy Andrew
Published: April 2019

Under threat from social media and interactive Web 2.0, the traditional media industry seeks new models to maintain its viability. This chapter studies both consumers and prospective producers of one genre—travel journalism—to advocate a model that could help arrest the industry's decline and return to growth. It argues that one way forward for traditional media would be a new model of curatorship, in which a professional journalist collaborates with amateur contributors. It suggests that such a hybrid arrangement will be recognisable neither as professional newsroom nor as amateur social media, but a new model with features of both. This offers a way forward so that rather than contributing to the declining fortunes of the traditional media industry, as many journalists fear, social media can instead encourage progress.
The Media Event as Enhanced News Story
Authors: Fox Andrew
Published: April 2019

Social media has, over the past decade, become a significant method of communication. People can now interact with each other more easily and more frequently than in the past thanks to websites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. This chapter concerns itself with examining how social media has enabled the public and the news broadcasters to work more closely together. Explored are three key elements. Firstly, there is a review of literature which discusses issues of convergence and the changing nature of news production. Secondly, three major news stories from 2015 act as case studies to discuss how the public contributed to the “eventisation” of the stories through the use of social media platforms. These analytical elements of the chapter feed into the broader context, which is how a media event is now defined given the changing nature of the public's role in news production. The chapter concludes by offering an explanation as to how a media event can now be potentially driven by the public's interaction with the news organisations through social media. Therefore the overarching conclusion that is reached is that the media event as defined in the traditional sense (a live broadcast) has been superseded by 24 hour rolling news channels constant live coverage of news events and that the broadcasters are increasingly reliant on a public contribution. We now have a middle tier between a traditional news story and a media event, the enhanced news story. The final conclusion of the chapter is that it is possible that an enhanced news story can easily become a media event but we need to be cautious not to be seen to be “over eventising” some stories for the sake of filling schedules.
Journalism in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Canavilhas João
Published: April 2019

Transmedia content has been the subject of several studies in the field of fiction, sustaining relative unanimity about the characteristics that this kind of content should have. In the field of journalism, the situation is fairly different due to its particular specificities. Multimedia, intermedia, or cross-media are often wrongly used as synonymous of transmedia, although there are important differences between all these concepts. In part, this misunderstanding is motivated by the fact that all of them relate to convergence processes in journalism, but a more detailed analysis allows us to find differences, highlighting transmedia as the most complete concept. This chapter proposes a framework that can support journalists in the production of transmedia contents that conveniently explore the characteristics of the involved media, using formats and languages that better fit the story, and enabling the user to engage in the interpretation, change, and distribution of these contents.
A Question of Trust
Authors: Eberwein Tobias
Published: April 2019

Narrative forms of journalistic reporting are traded as a sheet anchor in many newsrooms, as editors hope that they could brave the never-ending storm of the media crisis. But how does journalistic storytelling evolve from analog to digital? What are the potentials of narrative journalism across multiple media types and platforms? And what effects do such transmedia narratives have on media users? These questions are answered based on a multi-method research design, which includes both an explorative communicator study and an experiment with users. The investigation demonstrates that journalists expect narratives in digital media surroundings to invigorate the authenticity and comprehensibility of their coverage. This hope, however, only partly becomes a reality on the side of the recipients. Indeed, users judge multimedia online reportages to be more emotional than monomedia offline pieces, but as far as remembering and comprehending their contents is concerned, print texts are more effective.
The Crowdfunding Market, Models, Platforms, and Projects
Authors: Demiray Melek , Burnaz Sebnem , Aslanbay Yonca
Published: April 2019

The changing structure and intensity of competition on one hand, the ongoing pressure on creating differentiated offerings lead to seek out new ways to improve technology as well as new ways to perform business. Technological developments enable market participants or other interest parties to engage in the process of both innovation and production, resulting with an online social network market model of co-creation. This chapter focuses on describing different aspects of recently developing crowdfunding market models where new projects are offered and funded by large number of individuals from general public. The current extent and dynamics of the growing crowdfunding market, various models of crowdfunding, crowdfunding platforms and the projects that are crowdfunded are analyzed through the chapter by giving examples and comparative comments. The analysis of the market is concluded by the foreseen future trends.
Disruption and Deception in Crowdsourcing
Authors: Onuchowska Agnieszka , de Vreede Gert-Jan
Published: April 2019

While crowdsourcing has become increasingly popular among organizations, it also has become increasingly susceptible to unethical and malicious activities. This article discusses recent examples of disruptive and deceptive efforts on crowdsourcing sites, which impacted the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the crowdsourcing efforts' service, stakeholders, and data. From these examples, the authors derive an organizing framework of risk types associated with disruption and deception in crowdsourcing based on commonalities among incidents. The framework includes prank activities, the intentional placement of false information, hacking attempts, DDoS attacks, botnet attacks, privacy violation attempts, and data breaches. Finally, the authors discuss example controls that can assist in identifying and mitigating disruption and deception risks in crowdsourcing.
Crowdsourcing Dispute Resolution
Authors: Luz Nuno , Poblet Marta , Silva Nuno
Published: April 2019

After almost one decade of active research into human computation and crowdsourcing, several approaches and business models based on crowdsourcing have emerged, managing and distributing work to the crowd. Dispute resolution approaches may incorporate crowdsourcing as a step to retrieve relevant data. The reverse relationship has also become a tendency, where crowdsourcing approaches are close to incorporate dispute resolution techniques to perform quality control and data aggregation or filtering. This chapter provides an introduction to crowdsourcing and its relationship with dispute resolution. A discussion regarding the apparent symbiotic relationship between these two research domains is also presented, along with an overview of several approaches and use cases of particular interest.
Enhancing Creativity in E-Planning
Authors: Paulus Paul B. , Baruah Jonali
Published: April 2019

Sharing ideas efficiently and effectively in groups is a challenge groups and teams face on a daily basis. In typical face-to-face meetings, many factors can serve to inhibit a full sharing of ideas and thus the development of effective decisions and plans. To overcome the limitations of face-to-face meetings, computer-based group decision support systems have been developed to facilitate both idea exchange and evaluation. Evidence suggests that such systems can lead to beneficial outcomes. However, unless they are utilized effectively, even electronic meetings may not effectively tap the intellectual and creative potential of groups. The authors summarize some of the major findings of collaborative creativity and their implications for effective e-planning.
Dynamics of Pledge Behavior of Crowdfunded Projects
Authors: Gera Jaya , Kaur Harmeet
Published: April 2019

This paper aims to provide ways to enhance overall performance of crowdfunding platforms by improving success prospects of projects post-launch. Pledge behavior at the initial stages of project launch is a key indicator of project success. So, this work identifies projects to be promoted on basis of their pledge behavior at such a crucial phase. The time series of pledge amount is analyzed to understand dynamics of funding pattern and to predict a project's chances of successful funding. Statistical analysis was performed on two different datasets of projects launched over crowdfunding platform Kickstarter. The results obtained provide better understanding of the funding pattern of successful and unsuccessful projects. On the basis of behavior pattern, projects are classified as overfunded, funded, potential and low potential. To classify a project, Euclidean distance of the target project with median of the funding pattern of different categories is used to find closest category to which a project belongs. This process is effective and less expensive in terms of computation.
Crowdsourcing Investigations
Authors: Tapia Andrea H. , LaLone Nicolas J.
Published: April 2019

In this paper the authors illustrate the ethical dilemmas that arise when large public investigations in a crisis are crowdsourced. The authors focus the variations in public opinion concerning the actions of two online groups during the immediate aftermath of the Boston Marathon Bombing. These groups collected and organized relief for victims, collected photos and videos taken of the bombing scene and created online mechanisms for the sharing and analysis of images collected online. They also used their large numbers and the affordances of the Internet to produce an answer to the question, “who was the perpetrator, and what kind of bomb was used?” The authors view their actions through public opinion, through sampling Twitter and applying a sentiment analysis to this data. They use this tool to pinpoint moments during the crisis investigation when the public became either more positively or negatively inclined toward the actions of the online publics. The authors use this as a surrogate, or proxy, for social approval or disapproval of their actions, which exposes large swings in public emotion as ethical lines are crossed by online publics.
The Probabilistic Innovation Field of Scientific Enquiry
Authors: Callaghan Chris William
Published: April 2019

This paper outlines a developing stream of literature related to a theoretical framework, namely probabilistic innovation, relating it to certain literature critiquing developing academic fields and offering criteria against which a developing field can be held to be scientific or not. With ontological and epistemological roots in citizen science, participant-research and other emerging academic movements, probabilistic innovation theory is underpinned by a shift toward the democratisation of knowledge, increasing inclusivity and transparency in its processes, and a novel methodology drawing from methods such as expert crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, swarm solving and maximisation of efficiencies related to collaborations in research. With the enablement of real time research capability, or ability to solve serious scientific problems in hours and days instead of years and decades as its primary raison d'être, probabilistic innovation seeks to maximise probability of scientific breakthroughs. However, for this stream of literature to develop, it is important to proactively identify academic or scientific pitfalls facing developing areas of enquiry, and this paper attempts to offer this, deriving propositions potentially useful for developing fields in general. It is hoped real time research capability will one day become a reality, and to increase the likelihood of this, theoretical frameworks seeking this end need to face useful critique to ensure their robust development, and this paper proposed four core tensions such fields need to manage in order to successfully evolve.
Models for Drone Delivery of Medications and Other Healthcare Items
Authors: Scott Judy E. , Scott Carlton H.
Published: April 2019

This article describes how a healthcare delivery drone has the potential for developing countries to leapfrog the development of traditional transportation infrastructure. Inaccessible roads no longer will prevent urgent delivery of blood, medications or other healthcare items. This article reviews the current status of innovative drone delivery with a particular emphasis on healthcare. The leading companies in this field and their different strategies are studied. Further, this article reviews the latest decision models that facilitate management decision making for operating a drone fleet. The contribution in this article of two new models associated with the design of a drone healthcare delivery networks will facilitate a more timely, efficient, and economical drone healthcare delivery service to potentially save lives.
Robots in Warfare and the Occultation of the Existential Nature of Violence
Authors: Searle Rick
Published: April 2019

We are at the cusp of a revolution in the development of autonomous weapons, yet current arguments both for and against such weapons are insufficient to the task at hand. In the context of Just war theory, arguments for and against the use of autonomous weapons focus on Jus in bello and in doing so miss addressing the implications of these weapons for the two other aspects of that theory- Jus ad bellum and Jus post bellum. This paper argues that fully autonomous weapons would likely undermine adherence to the Jus ad bellum and Jus post bellum prescriptions of Just war theory, but remote controlled weapons, if designed with ethical concerns in mind, might improve adherence to all of the theory's prescriptions compared to war as currently waged from a distance, as well as help to undo the occlusion of violence which has been a fundamental characteristic of all forms of modern war.