bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Water Layers Adsorbed on Na‐ and Ca‐Montmorillonite by the Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique
Authors: Touillaux R. , Salvador P. , Vandermeersche C. , Fripiat J. J.
Published: November 2013

The pulsed magnetic resonance technique was applied to the measurement of the longitudinal (T1) and transversal (T2) relaxation time of water molecules adsorbed by Na‐ and Ca‐Montmorillonite, In the Na‐clay the water was adsorbed as a monomolecular layer whilst in the Ca‐clay, the bimolecular layer was formed under specified water vapor pressures. The effect of paramagnetic centers (Fe3+) was corrected and the samples were studied between + 30°C and −80°C. The main contribution to T1 was the “inter” contribution of protons diffusing from one water molecule to another whilst T2 results from simultaneous rotational (intramolecular) and diffusional (intermolecular) contributions. The proton diffusion coefficient and the life‐time of a proton on one specified water molecule is derived from T1 inter. The calculated value at 298°C is equal to 10−7 times the life‐time in liquid water, suggesting a dissociation degree 107 times higher in the adsorbed state than in liquid water. This increase in the dissociation degree as well as the reported activation energies are in good agreement with experimental data obtained from conductimetric and dielectric measurements performed previously.
On the pH‐Dependence of Greducing in the Radiation Chemistry of Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Czapski G. , Peled E.
Published: November 2013

Alkaline N2O‐saturated solutions of 2‐D‐2‐propanol and ferri‐ferrocyanide mixtures were irradiated. The results indicate that Gred, which is the sum of Geaq + GH = 3.3, is pH‐independent in the range 11 – 14. The results do not indicate that Geaq and GH are pH‐dependent.
Hot H Atoms in Gas Phase Photochemistry
Authors: Vermeil C.
Published: November 2013

By photolyzing hydrogenated molecules, H or D atoms with kinetic energies in the range of about 0.5 to 5 eV are produced. The special features of their chemical properties are reviewed and compared with recoil tritium atom reactions on the one hand and with systems in thermal equilibrium on the other. Although the mechanism of reactive and non‐reactive collisions are by no means well known, hot hydrogen atom chemistry is, in first approximation, rather similar to high temperature chemistry. However, energy losses by energy transfer to molecules and even to rare gases are much smaller than expected from classical hard‐sphere models. For the sake of clearness, this article is rather arbitrarily, divided into three parts: physical aspects, various modes of formation and chemical properties.
The Charge Transfer Photochemistry of Coordination Complexes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Endicott John F.
Published: November 2013

Irradiation of charge transfer absorption bands of coordination complexes can result in net oxidation reduction or ligand exchange reactions. The photoredox processes generally involve the formation of reactive radicals in the primary photochemical act. The identification of these primary radicals is essential to the specification of the primary photochemical act since radical reactions with substrate, other radicals, etc. can make the net products and yields appear vastly different from the nature of the primary act. For example, in a few documented cases, the metal ion fragment formed in a photoredox process has characteristics of a radical and can couple with ligand radicals giving rise to a net photochemical process which appears to be ligand exchange rather than photoredox. A variety of radicals, organic as well as inorganic, can be generated and studied in aqueous solution. Some information has also been obtained concerning the nature of the photochemical precursors to the radicals formed in photoredox processes.
THE LONG‐RUN MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF AID AND DISAGGREGATED AID IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Gebregziabher Fiseha
Published: November 2013

This article investigates the long‐run macroeconomic effects of aid and disaggregated aid flows in Ethiopia, currently the world's largest recipient of official development assistance, for the period 1960‐2009. The results show that aid affects gross domestic product (GDP), investment and imports positively, whereas it is negatively associated with government consumption. Our results concerning the impacts of disaggregated aid stand in stark contrast to earlier work. Bilateral aid increases investment and GDP and is negatively associated with government consumption, whereas multilateral aid is only positively associated with imports. Grants contribute to GDP, investment and imports, whereas loans affect none of the variables. Finally, there is evidence to suggest that multilateral aid and loans have been disbursed in a procyclical fashion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing non‐gaussian, high b‐value diffusion in liver fibrosis: Stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis modeling
Authors: Anderson Stephan W. , Barry Brian , Soto Jorge , Ozonoff Al , O'Brien Michael , Jara Hernan
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To employ the stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis models to study the non‐Gaussian behavior of diffusion‐related signal decay of the liver in an animal model of hepatic fibrosis.

Materials and Methods

High b‐value diffusion imaging data (up to 3500 s/mm2) of ex vivo murine liver specimens was acquired using a 9.4 T MRI scanner. A simple monoexponential model as well as the stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis models were employed to analyze the diffusion data, the results of which were correlated with liver histopathology.

Results

Strong correlations between histopathological assessments of hepatic fibrosis and parameters derived from the stretched exponential and diffusional kurtosis models were found. Using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) analyses, the kurtosis model was found to result in an improved fit of the high b‐value diffusion data when compared to both the monoexponential and stretched exponential models.

Conclusion

The use of diffusional kurtosis or stretched exponential models, applied to the characterization of the non‐Gaussian behavior of the molecular diffusion of liver exhibited over an extended b‐factor range, affords the potential for an increased capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the characterization of chronic liver disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:827–834. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐resolution MRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging of the human habenula at 7 tesla
Authors: Strotmann Barbara , Heidemann Robin M. , Anwander Alfred , Weiss Marcel , Trampel Robert , Villringer Arno , Turner Robert
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of discriminating the habenula in human brain using high‐resolution structural MRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging at 7 Tesla (T).

Materials and Methods

MRI experiments included a MP2RAGE and GRE sequence to acquire quantitative parameter maps of T1, T2*, and a calculated proton density map and the combined approach of zoomed and parallel imaging (ZOOPPA) to obtain dw images. Probabilistic tractography algorithms were used to identify multiple fiber orientations in submillimetre voxels, and constrained spherical deconvolution to resolve orientations in regions where fibers cross.

Results

Maps of T1, T2*, and proton density showed high contrast of the human habenula. The lateral habenula and its commissure can be distinguished from medial habenula and adjacent tissue. DWI data with 0.7 mm isotropic resolution revealed that fiber populations differ in medial and lateral habenula and two major fiber bundles that connect habenular nuclei with forebrain structures and brainstem.

Conclusion

High resolution 7T MR imaging of the human habenula provides sufficient signal‐to‐noise and contrast to enable identification of the lateral and medial nuclei. In vivo high resolution DWI at 7T is able to distinguish between lateral and medial habenula, and to detect major fiber tracts that connect the habenula with other brain areas. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:1018–1026. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Capitellum excision: Mechanical implications and clinical consequences
Authors: Root Cassie Gyuricza , Meyers Kathleen , Wright Timothy , Hotchkiss Robert
Published: November 2013

Controversy exists regarding the optimal treatment of isolated fractures of the capitellum that are not amenable to open reduction and internal fixation. Excision of the capitellum could result in instability of the elbow, though only limited the clinical or laboratory evidence exists to support this outcome. The aim of our study was to determine if capitellum excision leads to significant instability by measuring the relative change in varus–valgus displacement of the elbow. The varus–valgus displacement was recorded in 11 cadaveric elbows before and after isolated excision of the capitellum. Specimens were testing in varus‐loaded and valgus‐loaded positions with and without a 1 kg weight on the forearm. The varus–valgus displacement at the elbow was measured using a 3D motion capture system. Capitellum excision did not significantly change varus–valgus displacements in either the adducted, varus, or valgus position of the elbow (p = 0.80, p = 0.28, p = 0.51). Furthermore, the addition of the 1 kg external functional load to the forearm did not produce a significant change in the varus and valgus loaded positions (p = 0.16, p = 0.36). Our results demonstrate that excision of the capitellum in the setting of intact ligamentous structures does not result in significant instability in either the adducted varus loaded or valgus loaded positions of the elbow. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:346–350, 2014.
Recurrent breast cancer in the subpectoral space after implant reconstruction
Authors: Pitcher Austin A. , Chao Jerry W. , Varma Sonal , Swistel Alexander J. , Otterburn David M.
Published: November 2013

Breast reconstruction after mastectomy is most commonly performed with a prosthetic implant placed beneath the pectoralis major. Recurrence may rarely be identified in the subpectoral space where the implant was placed. We report a case of recurrent breast cancer after implant‐based reconstruction with isolated subpectoral recurrence discovered 5 years later during secondary revision of her reconstructed breast. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:431–433. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visitor Emotions and Behavioral Intentions: The Case of Concentration Camp Memorial Neuengamme
Authors: Nawijn Jeroen , Fricke Marie‐Christin
Published: November 2013

Visits to sites associated with death and suffering are considered emotionally laden. Few studies empirically investigated visitor emotions at such sites. This study examines emotional responses of 241 visitors to concentration camp memorial Neuengamme and assesses how emotions are associated with long‐term consequences of revisit intentions and positive word of mouth. Tourists experience negative emotions more intensely compared with positive emotions. Negative emotions predict long‐term behavioral intentions more than positive emotions do. Shock and sadness are of particular importance. This study suggests that certain negative emotions also have the power to broaden‐and‐build and may have long‐term behavioral consequences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supraclavicular flap reconstruction following total laryngectomy
Authors: Emerick Kevin S. , Herr Marc A. , Deschler Daniel G.
Published: November 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Report on the successful use of the supraclavicular flap for reconstruction following total laryngectomy and highlight the utility and versatility of the supraclavicular flap for reconstruction after total laryngectomy.

Study Design

Retrospective review of a single institution experience.

Methods

A single institution database was reviewed to identify patients undergoing total laryngectomy and supraclavicular flap reconstruction. The following data were collected: indication for reconstruction, flap viability, flap size, reconstruction site complication, and donor site complication.

Results

Forty‐six supraclavicular flaps were identified in the database from July 2011 to September 2013. Fifteen of these were used following total laryngectomy. Ten flaps were used for patch graft pharyngeal reconstruction, three flaps for cutaneous defects related to previous tracheotomy, one flap for cutaneous and tracheal reconstruction following resection of a recurrence in the stoma, and one flap as a pharyngeal interposition graft. Twelve of these cases were performed in the salvage setting after previous radiation. Three cases had significant oropharyngeal resection that required reconstruction. There was one near complete flap loss. Three patients developed pharyngocutaneous fistula. One patient required an additional surgical procedure to address a complication. Three patients had minor incisional dehiscence. All minor complications resolved with basic wound care. No significant donor site morbidity was identified.

Conclusions

The supraclavicular flap can be successfully used for multiple purposes following total laryngectomy. This has been successfully used for reconstruction of limited pharyngeal defects, extensive pharyngeal resection, and skin reconstruction following previous tracheotomy. This flap can be successfully used following previous radiation and with limited morbidity.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 124:1777–1782, 2014
Electroless Ni‐P coating on Cu substrate with strike nickel activation and its corrosion resistance
Authors: Dai K. J. , Xiong Y. , Yin J. H.
Published: November 2013

Electroless Ni‐P coating was successfully deposited on Cu substrate by strike nickel activation process. The specific pretreatment steps were discussed. The surface and cross‐section morphologies, phosphorus content, adhesive force, and corrosion resistance were characterized for electroless Ni‐P coating. Scanning electron microscopy shows the compact surface. Energy dispersed X‐ray shows the 11.4% phosphorus content. Adhesive test shows the qualified adhesion of electroless Ni‐P coating to substrate. Porosity test shows pores free of the coating, and immersion test in 10% HCl solution indicates the better corrosion resistance of electroless Ni‐P coating in protecting Cu substrate from the corrosion of Cl ions. Thus, strike nickel activation pretreatment is suitable for electroless Ni‐P coating on Cu substrate.
Treatment of proximal upper limb tremor with botulinum toxin therapy
Authors: Kim Samuel D. , Yiannikas Con , Mahant Neil , Vucic Steve , Fung Victor S.C.
Published: November 2013

Background

Proximal‐dominant upper limb tremor is highly disabling, and there is no effective medical therapy. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of botulinum toxin (BTX) injections for the treatment of proximal tremor.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of open‐label treatment with BTX in 19 patients with proximal tremor. The response to therapy was graded into four categories according to self‐reported improvements in tremor and function.

Results

In total, 63% of patients reported moderate or marked benefit, defined as functional improvements sufficient enough to allow feeding or drinking from a cup; whereas 21% of patients reported mild benefit; and 15% of patients reported no benefit. One patient developed severe weakness of shoulder abduction and withdrew from the treatment; otherwise, the therapy was free of side effects.

Conclusions

The current findings support the efficacy of BTX therapy in the treatment of proximal upper limb tremor with minimal side effects. © International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Existence and concentration of positive solutions for a coupled nonlinear Schrödinger systems in
Authors: Zhang Huixing , Liu Jiaying , Liu Wenbin , Jiang Juan , Wu Yanqiang
Published: November 2013

We study the existence and concentration of positive solutions for the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system
urn:x-wiley:01704214:media:mma3036:mma3036-math-0001 under very weak assumptions on the two nonlinearities f and g by using the variational approach. In particular, no ‘Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz’ condition is required. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the in vivo antioxidative activity of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) leaf extract in the streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat
Authors: Magielse Joanna , Verlaet Annelies , Breynaert Annelies , Keenoy Begoña Manuel Y. , Apers Sandra , Pieters Luc , Hermans Nina
Published: November 2013

The in vivo antioxidant activity of a quantified leaf extract of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) was studied. The aqueous artichoke leaf extract (ALE), containing 1.5% caffeoylquinic acid with chlorogenic acid being most abundant (0.30%), and luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside as major flavonoid (0.15%), was investigated by evaluating the effect on different oxidative stress biomarkers, after 3 wk oral supplementation in the streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat model. Apart from two test groups (0.2 g ALE/kg BW/day and 1 g ALE/kg BW/day, where BW is body weight), a healthy control group, untreated oxidative stress group, and vitamin E treated group (positive control) were included. A 0.2 g/kg BW/day of ALE decreased oxidative stress: malondialdehyde and 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels significantly diminished, whereas erythrocyte glutathione levels significantly increased. A 1.0 g/kg BW/day ALE did not show higher antioxidant activity.
Meprin β, a novel mediator of vascular remodelling underlying pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Biasin Valentina , Marsh Leigh M , Egemnazarov Bakytbek , Wilhelm Jochen , Ghanim Bahil , Klepetko Walter , Wygrecka Malgorzata , Olschewski Horst , Eferl Robert , Olschewski Andrea , Kwapiszewska Grazyna
Published: November 2013

Vascular remodelling is a hallmark of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and is characterized by enhanced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role of transcription factors in the vascular remodelling processes. Here, we characterize the involvement of meprin β, a novel activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) effector molecule, in PH. Fra‐2 transgenic (TG) mice exhibited increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), accompanied by vascular remodelling and activation of the pro‐proliferative and pro‐fibrotic AKT pathway. Microarray studies revealed the collagen‐processing metalloprotease meprin β as the most up‐regulated gene in Fra‐2 TG mice. Its expression, increased at all investigated time points, preceded the decreased expression of MMPs and increased TGFβ, followed by collagen deposition. Correspondingly, remodelled pulmonary arteries from explanted idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients' lungs exhibited pronounced expression of meprin β. Fra‐2 and meprin β expression in human PASMCs was regulated by PDGF‐BB and TGFβ in a complementary fashion. Importantly, PDGF‐BB‐dependent proliferation was attenuated by silencing AP‐1 expression or by meprin β inhibition. This study delineates a novel molecular mechanism underlying PASMCs proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by identifying meprin β as an important mediator in regulating vascular remodelling processes. Thus, meprin β may represent a new molecule that can be targeted in pulmonary hypertension. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiconductive bionanocomposites of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) and MWCNTs for neural growth applications
Authors: García‐García José M. , Bernal M. Mar , Verdejo Raquel , López‐Manchado Miguel A. , Doncel‐Pérez Ernesto , Garrido Leoncio , Quijada‐Garrido Isabel
Published: November 2013

Bionanocomposites of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (P3HB3HHx) (13 % by mol of HHx) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared to obtain semiconductive nanocomposites for potential applications as scaffolds for nerve repair. The effect of the polymer/nanotube interface on the composite properties was studied using oxidized (oxi‐MWCNTs) and surface modified MWCNTs with low‐molecular weight P3HB3HHx (pol‐MWCNTs), in a ratio from 0.3 to 1.2 wt % for each type of MWCNTs employed. Morphology and conductive properties of the composites indicated a good interaction between pol‐MWCNTs and the polymer matrix. Composites with improved conductivity were obtained with only 0.3 wt % of pol‐MWCNTs added. However, agglomeration and lower conductivity was observed for samples with oxi‐MWCNTs. Cell viability studies carried out with neurospheres showed that samples with 1.2 wt % of pol‐MWCNTs are not cytotoxic and, in addition favors the neurospheres growth on the composite surface. Considering the electrical properties and biological behavior, nanocomposites of P3HB3HHx and pol‐MWCNTs are promising substrates for the regeneration of nerve tissue. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 349–360
Mimicking hemoproteins: a new synthetic metalloenzyme based on a Fe(III)‐mesoporphyrin functionalized by two helical decapeptides
Authors: Venanzi Mariano , Cianfanelli Sabrina , Palleschi Antonio
Published: November 2013

A new metalloenzyme formed by a Fe(III)‐mesoporphyrin IX functionalized by two helical decapeptides was synthesized to mimic function and structural features of a hemoprotein active site. Each decapeptide comprises six 2‐aminoisobutyric acid residues, which constrain the peptide to attain a helical conformation, and three glutamic residues for improving the solubility of the catalyst in aqueous solutions. The new compound shows a marked amphiphilic character, featuring a polar outer surface and a hydrophobic inner cavity that hosts the reactants in a restrained environment where catalysis may occur. The catalytic activity of this synthetic mini‐protein was tested with respect to the oxidation of l‐ and d‐Dopa by hydrogen peroxide, showing moderate stereoselectivity. Structural information on the new catalyst and its adduct with the l‐ or d‐Dopa substrate were obtained by the combined use of spectroscopic techniques and molecular mechanics calculations. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertically‐aligned Mesoporous Silica Films
Authors: Urbanova Veronika , Walcarius Alain
Published: November 2013

Mesoporous silica thin films with mesochannels oriented perpendicularly to the underlying support have attracted a great deal of attention over past years because of their potential applications as novel functional materials and hosts to confine guest molecules or catalysts, with advantageous features (such as favorable mass transport issues) with respect to other silica films exhibiting large surface area and uniform pore size, due to the vertical alignment of mesopore channels. However, the preparation of such vertically‐aligned mesoporous silica films still remains extremely challenging. Here, we give an overview of the various synthetic approaches that have been proposed to date for the generation of vertically‐aligned mesoporous silica films. We also present briefly the methods used for their characterization and some of their applications, especially their use as hard templates for getting other nanostructures.
Hexagon Wilson loop OPE and harmonic polylogarithms
Authors: Papathanasiou Georgios
Published: November 2013

Abstract

A recent, integrability-based conjecture in the framework of the Wilson loop OPE for
$ \mathcal{N}=4 $
SYM theory, predicts the leading OPE contribution for the hexagon MHV remainder function and NMHV ratio function to all loops, in integral form. We prove that these integrals evaluate to a particular basis of harmonic polylogarithms, at any order in the weak coupling expansion. The proof constitutes an algorithm for the direct computation of the integrals, which we employ in order to obtain the full (N)MHV OPE contribution in question up to 6 loops, and certain parts of it up to 12 loops. We attach computer-readable files with our results, as well as an algorithm implementation which may be readily used to generate higher-loop corrections. The feasibility of obtaining the explicit kinematical dependence of the first term in the OPE in principle at arbitrary loop order, offers promise for the suitability of this approach as a non-perturbative description of Wilson loops/scattering amplitudes.
ASR FORUM: ENGAGING WITH AFRICAN INFORMAL ECONOMIES
Authors: Lyons Michal , Brown Alison , Li Zhigang
Published: November 2013

This article analyzes the value chain for Chinese manufactured goods such as garments and textiles sold in sub-Saharan Africa. It explores the opportunities for Africans with small, private businesses in the export trade from China, the potential for long-term business development, and how strategies of engagement have changed over time. It finds that the value chains for low-cost goods vary. There is great diversity of entry levels and opportunities for socioeconomic mobility, and traders evolve diverse strategies to obtain and defend their position in the chain. These findings are discussed in terms of understandings of international value chains, the informal economy, and African economic development strategies.
Splash jet generated by collision of two liquid wedges
Authors: Semenov Y. A. , Wu G. X. , Oliver J. M.
Published: November 2013

A complete nonlinear self-similar solution that characterizes the impact of two liquid wedges symmetric about the velocity direction is obtained assuming the liquid to be ideal and incompressible, with negligible surface tension and gravity effects. Employing the integral hodograph method, analytical expressions for the complex potential and for its derivatives are derived. The boundary value problem is reduced to two integro-differential equations in terms of the velocity modulus and angle to the free surface. Numerical results are presented in a wide range of wedge angles for the free surface shapes, streamline patterns, and pressure distributions. It is found that the splash jet may cause secondary impacts. The regions with and without secondary impacts in the plane of the wedge angles are determined.
A description of turbulent wall-flow vorticity consistent with mean dynamics
Authors: Klewicki J. C.
Published: November 2013

A depiction of the mean and fluctuating vorticity structure in turbulent wall flows is presented and described within the context of the self-similar properties admitted by the mean dynamical equation. Data from a relatively wide range of numerical and physical experiments are used to explore and clarify the structure postulated. The mean vorticity indicator for the onset of the four-layer regime of the mean dynamics is revealed. With increasing Reynolds number, the mean vorticity is shown to segregate into two increasingly well-defined domains. Half of the mean vorticity concentrates into a near-wall region of width (relative to the overall flow width) that diminishes proportionally to the inverse square root of Reynolds number. The remainder of the mean vorticity is spread, with diminishing amplitude, over an outer domain that approaches the overall flow width at high Reynolds number. Vorticity stretching and reorientation are surmised to be the characteristic mechanisms accounting for the inner domain behaviour of both the mean and fluctuating vorticity. Vorticity dispersion via advective transport is surmised to be the characteristic mechanism in the outer domain. In this domain, the fluctuating enstrophy approaches that of the instantaneous enstrophy with increasing Reynolds number. This underpins an emerging self-similarity between the mean and r.m.s. vorticity in the domain where the mean velocity profile is logarithmic. The Reynolds number dependence of a number of properties associated with the vorticity field is explored and quantified. The study closes with brief account of the combined vortical and mean dynamical structure of turbulent wall flows.
Plasma phospholipid EPA and DHA are divergently associated with overall mortality in newly diagnosed diabetic patients: results from a follow-up of the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study, Norway
Authors: Lindberg Morten , Åsberg Arne , Midthjell Kristian , Bjerve Kristian S.
Published: November 2013

Data concerning the long-term effects of n-3 and n-6 PUFA on disease control and development of complications in diabetic patients are inconsistent. The relationship between plasma phospholipid PUFA and total mortality in type 2 diabetes is unknown. The present study aims to investigate the association between plasma phospholipid fatty acid relative concentrations expressed as weight percentage and total mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mortality rates were evaluated at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (n 323) and matched non-diabetic controls (n 200) recruited from the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study, Norway. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed and Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) adjusted for biochemical and clinical covariates. After 10 years of follow-up, EPA in the diabetic population was negatively associated with total mortality, with an HR at the fifth quintile of 0·47 (95 % CI 0·25, 0·90) compared with the first quintile. In contrast, DHA was positively associated with total mortality, with an HR at the fifth quintile of 2·87 (95 % CI 1·45, 5·66). Neither EPA nor DHA was associated with total mortality in matched non-diabetic controls. In conclusion, plasma phospholipid relative concentrations of EPA were negatively associated, while those of DHA were positively associated with total mortality in diabetics. This difference in associations suggests a differential effect of EPA and DHA in patients with type 2 diabetes.
A More Brotherly Song, a Less Passionate Passion: Abstraction and Ecumenism in the Translation of the Hymn “O Sacred Head Now Wounded” from Bloodier Antecedents
Authors: Faithful George
Published: November 2013

When nineteenth-century American Presbyterian pastor James Waddel Alexander wrote the lyrics of the hymn “O Sacred Head Now Wounded,” he created what has become the most popular of numerous English translations of seventeenth-century German Lutheran pastor Paul Gerhardt's hymn “O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden.” That text was, in turn, a translation of part of an anonymous thirteenth-century cycle of passion poems, one dedicated to each of Christ's wounds. From the medieval original through Gerhardt to Alexander, each subsequent translation has diminished its depictions of blood and rendered its narrator's interaction with the crucified body of Christ less passionate, dictated by the theological needs and aesthetic sensibilities of the translator's religious tradition. At the same time, both Gerhardt and Alexander included significant elements from the original that were anomalous in their own contexts. The inclusion of a medieval poem in the worship of seventeenth-century Lutherans and nineteenth-century Presbyterians may reveal an ecumenical bent on their part, albeit with clear limits. A comparison of the various versions of the hymn demonstrates the complex interrelationship between an original text and translations of it, some of which may properly be called versions of it and some of which may have become something altogether different.
The Good, the Bad, or the Godless Society?: Danish “Church People” and the Modern Welfare State
Authors: Petersen Klaus , Petersen Jørn Henrik
Published: November 2013

This contribution analyzes the views held by Danish and Norwegian church people regarding the welfare state, as expressed in the period when the general debate on the welfare state culminated in both countries. Generally speaking, religion played a relatively limited role in international welfare state research, which can be referred to as “blind to religion.” Tough socio-economic variables, well-established political actors, and government interests dominate the field. There are examples of religion as one among many variables, but when it has been ascribed explanatory value, it predominantly has been in relation to southern and continental European welfare models, because the focus has been on Catholicism. In recent years, the frequently mentioned “cultural turn” has made its entrance into comparative welfare research; yet, even then culture and religion are often assigned a modest role in “the black box,” which is invoked when the “harder” data are insufficient. Most recently, historians and church historians have launched a discussion on the Lutheran Nordic welfare state, but so far this discussion has not analyzed empirically the role of the church in the golden age of the welfare state. In this article, we go directly to those involved and examine what the church actors really felt about the post-war welfare state.
AFRICA IN IMPERIAL AND TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY: MULTI-SITED HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE NECESSITY OF THEORY
Authors: Zimmerman Andrew
Published: November 2013

A multi-sited, but nonetheless locally grounded, transnational history breaks with older modes of imperial history that treated Africa as little more than a setting for the history of colonizers. More recently, critical approaches to imperial history have pointed to, but not adequately pursued, the treatment of colonizer and colonized as coeval subjects of history and objects of analysis. Historians of Africa and the diaspora, however, moved beyond imperial history decades ago, and these fields provide important resources and models for transnational historians. Transnational history, nonetheless, always risks reproducing the boundaries between colonizer and colonized that it seeks to overcome. The need to think outside of empire from within a world structured by empires requires that historians embrace critical theory, but in a manner consistent with the groundedness of multi-sited historiography.
REFLECTIONS ON THE RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF EASTERN CONGO
Authors: LEMARCHAND RENÉ
Published: November 2013

Considering the scale of violence that has accompanied the crisis in eastern Congo, the avalanche of academic writings on the subject is hardly surprising. Whether it helps us better understand the region's tortured history is a matter of opinion. This critical article grapples with the contributions of the recent literature on what has been described as the deadliest conflict since the Second World War. The aim, in brief, is to reflect on the historical context of the crisis, examine its relation to the politics of neighboring states, identify and assess the theoretical vantage points from which it has been approached, and, in conclusion, sketch out promising new directions for further research by social scientists. A unifying question that runs throughout the recent literature on the eastern Congo is how might a functioning state be restored or how might civil society organizations serve as alternatives to such a state – but there is little unanimity in the answers.
Ship Surveillance by Integration of Space-borne SAR and AIS – Further Research
Authors: Zhao Zhi , Ji Kefeng , Xing Xiangwei , Zou Huanxin , Zhou Shilin
Published: November 2013

Many countries are making increased efforts to improve marine security and safety and develop ship surveillance techniques to satisfy the increasing demands. Space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) delivers high performance day/night all weather capabilities and a space-based Automatic Identification System (AIS) can give near real time and global coverage. Limited by the development of sensors and data processing techniques, the integration of space-borne SAR and AIS has much to offer ship surveillance. State-of-the-art data fusion methods have generally provided satisfactory performance. However, in high-density shipping or high sea-states, performance quality is less assured. This paper firstly investigates improved data association methods. The association methods based on the position feature are improved, and multi-feature-based association methods are proposed. Then, ship identification and tracking by the integration of space-borne SAR and AIS are researched further. Multi-source data fusion strategy is also investigated. Finally, the discussion is presented and the future works are emphasized in the conclusion.
The prevalence of carbapenemase genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from five teaching hospitals in central China
Authors: HU L. , ZHONG Q. , SHANG Y. , WANG H. , NING C. , LI Y. , HANG Y. , XIONG J. , WANG X. , XU Y. , QIN Z. , PARSONS C. , WANG L. , YU F.
Published: November 2013

We investigated the prevalence of β-lactamase genes and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in 51 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) from five teaching hospitals in central China. The prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae was 1·0% (51/5012). Of 51 CRE, 31 (60·8%) isolates were positive for one tested carbapenemase gene, while 10 (19·6%) were simultaneously positive for two tested carbapenemase genes. The positive rates of blaKPC-2, blaNDM-1, blaIMP-4, blaIMP-26 and blaIMP-8 were 54·9%, 17·6%, 11·8%, 11·8% and 3·9%, respectively. Of 10 CRE with two carbapenemase genes, three, five, one and one were positive for blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-4, blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-26, blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-8, and blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1, respectively. Eight of nine blaNDM-1-positive isolates lacked carbapenemases by the modified Hodge test, while 27/28 isolates harbouring blaKPC-2 were positive for carbapenemases determined by this test; 41·2% of the CRE-positive isolates also harboured ESBL genes in various combinations (three and two positive for blaKPC-2 also carried blaDHA-1 and blaCMY-2). The positive rates of qnrS1, qnrA1, qnrB and aac-(6/)-Ib-cr in CRE were 25·5%, 9·8%, 23·5% and 15·7%, respectively. In particular, 7/9 isolates harbouring blaNDM-1 were positive for these quinolone resistance genes, of which five carried qnrS1 and two carried qnrS1 and qnrB4. All but two of 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were grouped into 20 clonal clusters by PFGE, with the predominant cluster accounting for four blaKPC-2-positive isolates distributed in the same hospital. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of blaNDM-1 and PMQR determinants in CRE isolates in central China. Multiple resistance determinants in various combinations co-exist in these strains and we report for the first time the co-existence of blaKPC-2 and blaIMP-26 in a strain of Klebsiella oxytoca.
Introduction
Authors: HESTER D. MICAH , SWOTA ALISSA
Published: November 2013

This CQ department is dedicated to bringing noted bioethicists together in order to debate some of the most perplexing contemporary bioethics issues. Readers are invited to contact editors D. Micah Hester at hesterm@uams.ed or Alissa H. Swota at aswota@unf.edu with their thoughts on this debate or with suggestions for debate topics and interlocutors.
PKPD Modeling of VEGF, sVEGFR‐2, sVEGFR‐3, and sKIT as Predictors of Tumor Dynamics and Overall Survival Following Sunitinib Treatment in GIST
Authors: Hansson EK , Amantea MA , Westwood P , Milligan PA , Houk BE , French J , Karlsson MO , Friberg LE
Published: November 2013

The predictive value of longitudinal biomarker data (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)‐2, sVEGFR‐3, and soluble stem cell factor receptor (sKIT)) for tumor response and survival was assessed based on data from 303 patients with imatinib‐resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) receiving sunitinib and/or placebo treatment. The longitudinal tumor size data were well characterized by a tumor growth inhibition model, which included, as significant descriptors of tumor size change, the model‐predicted relative changes from baseline over time for sKIT (most significant) and sVEGFR‐3, in addition to sunitinib exposure. Survival time was best described by a parametric time‐to‐event model with baseline tumor size and relative change in sVEGFR‐3 over time as predictive factors. Based on the proposed modeling framework to link longitudinal biomarker data with overall survival using pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic models, sVEGFR‐3 demonstrated the greatest predictive potential for overall survival following sunitinib treatment in GIST.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology(2013) 2, e84; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.61; advance online publication 20 November 2013
An efficient ratiometric fluorescent excimer probe for hypochlorite based on a cofacial xanthene-bridged bispyrene
Authors: Zhang Cui-Cui , Gong Yijun , Yuan Yuan , Luo Aili , Zhang Weijun , Zhang Jing , Zhang Xiaobing , Tan Weihong
Published: November 2013

We report a cofacial bispyrene derivative as an efficient ratiometric fluorescent excimer probe for hypochlorite (OCl−).
Oxidative dearomatisation: the key step of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis
Authors: Fahad Ahmed al , Abood Amira , Fisch Katja M. , Osipow Anna , Davison Jack , Avramović Marija , Butts Craig P. , Piel Jörn , Simpson Thomas J. , Cox Russell J.
Published: November 2013

A new biosynthetic pathway to the sorbicillinoid natural products is proposed based on the observation of oxidative dearomatisation of dihydrosorbicillin 10b.
Dislocation is a developmental mechanism in
Dictyostelium
and vertebrates
Authors: Durston Antony J.
Published: November 2013

Significance

One of the mechanisms generating structure during embryonic development is embryonic cells propagating periodic waves of activity, becoming an excitable medium. We examined this phenomenon in
Dictyostelium discoidem
, a simple organism with embryo-like development, and identified a unique phenomenon: a wave field that initially controls a whole population of
Dictyostelium
cell splits. The cell’s central portion comes to contain an Archimedean spiral/scroll wave and its peripheral portion contains concentric/target waves, because the central aggregate acts as an integral pacemaker. This mechanism (dislocation: the splitting of an embryonic wave field into subfields) was predicted previously; we also identified an example of it in a metazoan development (vertebrate somitogenesis). We have confidence we are dealing with a general mechanism.
On the acquisition of daar and er
Authors: van Dijk Chantal , Coopmans Peter
Published: November 2013

Schafer & Roeper (2000) have traced the acquisition order of the various occurrences of there in English monolingual children. One of their claims is that expletive there triggers the emergence of there as a discourse anaphor. Taking their approach as a starting point, we report here on a similar search that we have carried out on files from Dutch corpora in CHILDES, focussing on the two Dutch counterparts daar and er. Dutch children face a particular acquisition puzzle in having to deal with both of these equivalents for ‘there’. Our results show that discourse anaphoric daar and er emerge prior to expletive er. This clearly contradicts Schafer & Roeper’s claim for the need of an expletive trigger. We argue instead that the discrepancy between the English and Dutch findings is caused by the much larger variety of discourse anaphoric constructions with daar and er in Dutch.
Sluicing inside relatives
Authors: Lipták Anikó , Aboh Enoch O.
Published: November 2013

This paper contributes to current advances in the cross-linguistic variation of syntactic contexts that allow sluicing. We investigate a relatively rare sluicing strategy: TP-ellipsis inside relative clauses. We analyse this phenomenon in Gungbe based on Van Craenenbroeck and Lipták’s (2006) implementation of the [e]-feature characteristic of sluicing.
Identification and removal of low-complexity sites in allele-specific analysis of ChIP-seq data
Authors: Waszak Sebastian M. , Kilpinen Helena , Gschwind Andreas R. , Orioli Andrea , Raghav Sunil K. , Witwicki Robert M. , Migliavacca Eugenia , Yurovsky Alisa , Lappalainen Tuuli , Hernandez Nouria , Reymond Alexandre , Dermitzakis Emmanouil T. , Deplancke Bart
Published: November 2013

Motivation: High-throughput sequencing technologies enable the genome-wide analysis of the impact of genetic variation on molecular phenotypes at unprecedented resolution. However, although powerful, these technologies can also introduce unexpected artifacts.

Results: We investigated the impact of library amplification bias on the identification of allele-specific (AS) molecular events from high-throughput sequencing data derived from chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP-seq). Putative AS DNA binding activity for RNA polymerase II was determined using ChIP-seq data derived from lymphoblastoid cell lines of two parent–daughter trios. We found that, at high-sequencing depth, many significant AS binding sites suffered from an amplification bias, as evidenced by a larger number of clonal reads representing one of the two alleles. To alleviate this bias, we devised an amplification bias detection strategy, which filters out sites with low read complexity and sites featuring a significant excess of clonal reads. This method will be useful for AS analyses involving ChIP-seq and other functional sequencing assays.

Availability: The R package absfilter for library clonality simulations and detection of amplification-biased sites is available from http://updepla1srv1.epfl.ch/waszaks/absfilter

Contact: sebastian.waszak@epfl.ch or bart.deplancke@epfl.ch

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Optic Nerve Cupping and the Neuro-Ophthalmologist
Authors: Fraser Clare L. , White Andrew J. R. , Plant Gordon T. , Martin Keith R.
Published: November 2013

Background:

While glaucoma is the most common cause of optic disc cupping, it can also be seen in a number of congenital and acquired optic neuropathies. It behooves both glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmic specialists to be able to differentiate glaucoma from neurological conditions, which give a similar ophthalmoscopic appearance to the optic disc.

Evidence Acquisition:

This review is a combination of the authors' clinical experience from tertiary glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmology referral centers, combined with a literature review using PubMed.

Results:

Even for experienced observers, differentiation between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous cupping can be difficult. In the majority of cases, this distinction can be made following a careful clinical examination combined with a variety of imaging techniques. Possible mechanisms, which lead to changes in optic disc morphology, are reviewed.

Conclusions:

Differentiating glaucomatous from nonglaucomatous optic disc cupping can be a formidable challenge for the clinician. Examination of the patient combined with imaging of the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc topography provides a basis to resolve this clinical conundrum.