bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Scapular Movement Using Three-Dimensional Acromial Projection
Authors: Hoard Ronald W. , Janes William E. , Brown Justin M. , Stephens Christina L , Engsberg Jack R.
Published: March 2013

Background

The current jig standard for measuring scapulohumeral movement of the shoulder complex only allows for static measurements of scapular positioning.

Methods

We compared scapular positioning as determined by a scapular jig with that projected from a marker triad placed on the acromion process of the scapula using an infrared motion capture system. Nine individuals performed abduction and scaption shoulder movements while arm and shoulder positioning were recorded during static and dynamic trials. Virtual scapulae were projected from surface marker triads on participants' acromia and compared with the position of three scapular landmarks identified by placement of a customized plastic jig. Static and dynamic positioning at a series of angles was compared to the jig standard to determine validity of the technique.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the virtual projections and jig standard for scapular external rotation, upward rotation, and anterior-posterior tilt planar measurements. Dynamic positioning correlated well with static projections, but virtual scapular projections generally overestimated upward rotation of the scapulae, as compared to the jig. This could potentially be corrected through the development of a linear correction factor.

Conclusion

Acromial projection allows for reproducible, non-invasive dynamic video motion capture of the scapula.
Factor price overshooting with trade liberalization: theory and evidence
Authors: Namini Julian Emami , López Ricardo A.
Published: March 2013

This paper develops an intra‐industry trade model with skilled and unskilled labor as factors of production, endogenous accumulation of skilled labor and firm heterogeneity in factor intensities to examine the effect of trade reforms on factor prices. Since exporters are more skill intensive than non–exporters, a decrease in trade barriers initially increases wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers, as a result of an increase in the relative demand for skilled labor. Over time, however, as agents respond to the change in relative wages by investing in skilled labor, the relative wage of skilled labor decreases. Evidence from Chilean plant–level data supports the idea of factor price overshooting with trade liberalization.
The Extent of Collective Bargaining and Workplace Representation: Transitions between States and their Determinants. A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Great Britain
Authors: Addison John T. , Bryson Alex , Teixeira Paulino , Pahnke André , Bellmann Lutz
Published: March 2013

The institutions of collective bargaining and worker representation are eroding in many nations, not least in Germany and Britain. This is the first article to explore transitions into and out of these arrangements. Using successive waves of the German IAB Establishment Panel and both cross‐sectional and panel components of the British Workplace Employment Relations Survey for the period 1998–2004, we find industrial relations are in flux, with many workplaces switching into and out of collective bargaining and other agencies of worker representation, respectively, works councils in Germany and joint consultative committees in Britain. Yet although there are some commonalities in behaviour, the driving forces behind the decline in collective bargaining differ markedly in the two countries.
Fair Accumulation under Risky Lifetime
Authors: Ponthiere Gregory
Published: March 2013

Individuals save for their old days, but not all of them enjoy the old age. This paper characterizes the optimal capital accumulation in a two‐period OLG model where lifetime is risky and varies across individuals. We compare two long‐run social optima: (1) the average utilitarian optimum, where steady‐state average welfare is maximized; (2) the egalitarian optimum, where the welfare of the worst‐off at the steady‐state is maximized. It is shown that, under plausible conditions, the egalitarian optimum involves a higher capital and a lower fertility than the utilitarian optimum. Those inequalities hold also in a second‐best framework where survival conditions are exogenously linked to the capital level.
NDM-8 Metallo-β-Lactamase in a Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strain Isolated in Nepal
Authors: Tada Tatsuya , Miyoshi-Akiyama Tohru , Dahal Rajan K. , Sah Manoj K. , Ohara Hiroshi , Kirikae Teruo , Pokhrel Bharat M.
Published: March 2013

A novel metallo-β-lactamase, NDM-8, was identified in a multidrug-resistant
Escherichia coli
isolate, IOMTU11 (NCGM37), obtained from the respiratory tract of a patient in Nepal. The amino acid sequence of NDM-8 has substitutions at positions 130 (Asp to Gly) and 154 (Met to Leu) compared with NDM-1. NDM-8 showed enzymatic activities against β-lactams similar to those of NDM-1.
N-Glycosylation of Campylobacter jejuni Surface Proteins Promotes Bacterial Fitness
Authors: Alemka Abofu , Nothaft Harald , Zheng Jing , Szymanski Christine M.
Published: March 2013

Campylobacter jejuni
is the etiologic agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast, despite heavy colonization,
C. jejuni
maintains a commensal mode of existence in chickens. The consumption of contaminated chicken products is thought to be the principal mode of
C. jejuni
transmission to the human population.
C. jejuni
harbors a system for N-linked protein glycosylation that has been well characterized and modifies more than 60 periplasmic and membrane-bound proteins. However, the precise role of this modification in the biology of
C. jejuni
remains unexplored. We hypothesized that the N-glycans protect
C. jejuni
surface proteins from the action of gut proteases. The
C. jejuni pglB
mutant, deficient in the expression of the oligosaccharyltransferase, exhibited reduced growth in medium supplemented with chicken cecal contents (CCC) compared with that of wild-type (WT) cells. Inactivation of the cecal proteases by heat treatment or with protease inhibitors completely restored bacterial viability and partially rescued bacterial growth. Physiological concentrations of trypsin, but not chymotrypsin, also reduced
C. jejuni pglB
mutant CFU. Live or dead staining indicated that CCC preferentially influenced
C. jejuni
growth as opposed to bacterial viability. We identified multiple chicken cecal proteases by mass fingerprinting. The use of protease inhibitors that target specific classes indicated that both metalloproteases and serine proteases were involved in the attenuated growth of the oligosaccharyltransferase mutant. In conclusion, protein N-linked glycosylation of surface proteins may enhance
C. jejuni
fitness by protecting bacterial proteins from cleavage due to gut proteases.
The effect of failure mode and effect analysis on reducing percutaneous coronary intervention hospital door-to-balloon time and mortality in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Kuo Feng-Yu , Huang Wei-Chun , Chiou Kuan-Rau , Mar Guang-Yuan , Cheng Chin-Chang , Chung Chen-Chi , Tsai Han-Lin , Jiang Chen-Hung , Wann Shue-Ren , Lin Shoa-Lin , Liu Chun-Peng
Published: March 2013

Background

Door-to-balloon (D2B) time is an important factor in the outcome of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. We aimed to use failure mode and effect analysis to reduce the D2B time for patients with STEMI and to improve clinical outcomes.

Methods

There were three stages in this study. In Stage 0, data collected from 2005–2006 was used to identify failures in the process, and during Stage 2 (2007) and Stage 3 (2008) the efficacy of intrahospital and interhospital strategies to reduce the D2B time were evaluated. This study enrolled 385 patients; 86 from 2005–2006; 80 in 2007; and 219 in 2008.

Results

By making improvements in these steps, the median D2B time was reduced from 146 min to 32 min for all patients. The proportion of patients with a D2B time of <90 min significantly increased from Stage 0 to Stage 1 and from Stage 1 to Stage 2, for all patients as well as for the non-transferred and transferred subgroups of patients (all p values <0.0001). For non-transferred patients, only reinfarction-free survival showed significant difference among the three stages (p=0.0225), and for transferred patients, only overall survival showed significant difference among the three stages (p=0.0322). Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis showed Stage 2 was associated with a lower risk of reinfarction and mortality compared with Stage 0.

Conclusions

This study found that failure mode and effect analysis is a powerful method for identifying weaknesses in D2B processes and evaluating strategies to reduce the D2B time.
Giving effective employee feedback
Authors: Hibbert Sarah
Published: March 2013

Providing constructive feedback is an important component to the development of any team, and a workplace where staff are comfortable with giving and receiving feedback will help build employee morale and enhance skills. Sarah Hibbert describes the importance of feedback, how to avoid some common communication stumbling blocks and how to implement a culture of communication in a business.
Telephone recording in veterinary practice
Authors: Crick Jerry
Published: March 2013

Recording a practice's telephone calls can be a valuable resource, says Jerry Crick, providing support for customer service, security and training, and contributing to general day‐to‐day productivity. Here, he looks at the benefits and costs of using this technology, draws attention to some of the legal requirements and gives advice on how to get started.
Cloud computing: what does it mean for veterinary practices?
Authors: Baddeley Robert
Published: March 2013

Just when you thought you were getting a handle on the latest technology, along come new buzzwords like ‘the cloud’. What is the cloud? What is cloud computing? And what does it mean for the veterinary practitioner? Robert puts the hype into perspective.
Direct and facile synthesis of acyl azides from carboxylic acids using the trichloroisocyanuric acid–triphenylphosphine system
Authors: Akhlaghinia Batool , Rouhi-Saadabad Hamed
Published: March 2013

A mild, efficient, and practical method for the one-step synthesis of acyl azides from carboxylic acids using a safe and inexpensive mixed reagent, trichloroisocyanuric acid–triphenylphosphine, is described.
THE OBSERVABLE-STATE MODEL AND NONRENORMALIZABLE THEORIES
Authors: ARDENGHI JUAN SEBASTIÁN , JUAN ALFREDO , CASTAGNINO MARIO
Published: March 2013

The aim of this work is to apply the observable-state model for the quantum field theory of a ϕn self-interaction. We show how to obtain finite values for the two-point and n-point correlation functions without introducing counterterms in the Lagrangian. Also, we show how to obtain the renormalization group equation for the mass and the coupling constant. Finally, we find the dependence of the coupling constant with the energy scale and we discuss the validity of the observable-state model in terms of the projection procedure.
VECTOR INVARIANT IDEALS OF ABELIAN GROUP ALGEBRAS UNDER THE ACTION OF THE SYMPLECTIC GROUPS
Authors: NAN JIZHU , ZENG LINGLI
Published: March 2013

Let F be a finite field and let Sp 2ν(F) be the symplectic group over F. If Sp 2ν(F) acts on the F-vector space F2ν, then it can induce an action on the vector space F2ν ⊕ F2ν, defined by (x, y)A = (xA, yA), ∀ x, y ∈ F2ν, A ∈ Sp 2ν(F). If K is a field with char K ≠ char F, then Sp 2ν(F) also acts on the group algebra K[F2ν ⊕ F2ν]. In this paper, we determine the structures of Sp 2ν(F)-stable ideals of the group algebra K[F2ν ⊕ F2ν] by augmentation ideals, and describe the relations between the invariant ideals of K[F2ν] and the vector invariant ideals of K[F2ν ⊕ F2ν].
The Left and Right Context of a Word
Authors: Jiang Mike Tian-Jian , Lee Tsung-Hsien , Hsu Wen-Lian
Published: March 2013

Since a Chinese syllable can correspond to many characters (homophones), the syllable-to-character conversion task is quite challenging for Chinese phonetic input methods (CPIM). There are usually two stages in a CPIM: 1. segment the syllable sequence into syllable words, and 2. select the most likely character words for each syllable word. A CPIM usually assumes that the input is a complete sentence, and evaluates the performance based on a well-formed corpus. However, in practice, most Pinyin users prefer progressive text entry in several short chunks, mainly in one or two words each (most Chinese words consist of two or more characters). Short chunks do not provide enough contexts to perform the best possible syllable-to-character conversion, especially when a chunk consists of overlapping syllable words. In such cases, a conversion system often selects the boundary of a word with the highest frequency. Short chunk input is even more popular on platforms with limited computing power, such as mobile phones. Based on the observation that the relative strength of a word can be quite different when calculated leftwards or rightwards, we propose a simple division of the word context into the left context and the right context. Furthermore, we design a double ranking strategy for each word to reduce the number of errors in Step 1. Our strategy is modeled as the minimum feedback arc set problem on bipartite tournament with approximate solutions derived from genetic algorithm. Experiments show that, compared to the frequency-based method (FBM) (low memory and fast) and the conditional random fields (CRF) model (larger memory and slower), our double ranking strategy has the benefits of less memory and low power requirement with competitive performance. We believe a similar strategy could also be adopted to disambiguate conflicting linguistic patterns effectively.
Distributed Random Walks
Authors: Das Sarma Atish , Nanongkai Danupon , Pandurangan Gopal , Tetali Prasad
Published: March 2013

Performing random walks in networks is a fundamental primitive that has found applications in many areas of computer science, including distributed computing. In this article, we focus on the problem of sampling random walks efficiently in a distributed network and its applications. Given bandwidth constraints, the goal is to minimize the number of rounds required to obtain random walk samples.

All previous algorithms that compute a random walk sample of length ℓ as a subroutine always do so naively, that is, in
O
(ℓ) rounds. The main contribution of this article is a fast distributed algorithm for performing random walks. We present a sublinear time distributed algorithm for performing random walks whose time complexity is sublinear in the length of the walk. Our algorithm performs a random walk of length ℓ in
Õ
(√ℓ
D
) rounds (
Õ
hides polylog
n
factors where
n
is the number of nodes in the network) with high probability on an undirected network, where
D
is the diameter of the network. For small diameter graphs, this is a significant improvement over the naive
O
(ℓ) bound. Furthermore, our algorithm is optimal within a poly-logarithmic factor as there exists a matching lower bound [Nanongkai et al. 2011]. We further extend our algorithms to efficiently perform
k
independent random walks in
Õ
(√
k
ℓ
D
+
k
) rounds. We also show that our algorithm can be applied to speedup the more general Metropolis-Hastings sampling.

Our random-walk algorithms can be used to speed up distributed algorithms in applications that use random walks as a subroutine. We present two main applications. First, we give a fast distributed algorithm for computing a random spanning tree (RST) in an arbitrary (undirected unweighted) network which runs in
Õ
(√
mD
) rounds with high probability (
m
is the number of edges). Our second application is a fast decentralized algorithm for estimating mixing time and related parameters of the underlying network. Our algorithm is fully decentralized and can serve as a building block in the design of topologically-aware networks.
Heart Rate Variability in Children with Tricyclic Antidepressant Intoxication
Authors: Dinleyici Ener Cagri , Kilic Zubeyir , Sahin Sabiha , Tutuncu-Toker Rabia , Eren Makbule , Yargic Zeynel Abidin , Kosger Pelin , Ucar Birsen
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate HRV in children requiring intensive care unit stays due to TCA poisoning between March 2009 and July 2010. In the time-domain nonspectral evaluation, the SDNN (P<0.001), SDNNi (P<0.05), RMSDD (P<0.01), and pNN50 (P<0.01) were found to be significantly lower in the TCA intoxication group. The spectral analysis of the data recorded during the first 5 minutes after intensive care unit admission showed that the values of the nLF (P<0.05) and the LF/HF ratio (P=0.001) were significantly higher in the TCA intoxication group, while the nHF (P=0.001) values were significantly lower. The frequency-domain spectral analysis of the data recorded during the last 5 minutes showed a lower nHF (P=0.001) in the TCA intoxication group than in the controls, and the LF/HF ratio was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the intoxication group. The LF/HF ratio was higher in the seven children with seizures (P<0.001). These findings provided us with a starting point for the value of HRV analysis in determining the risk of arrhythmia and convulsion in TCA poisoning patients. HRV can be used as a noninvasive testing method in determining the treatment and prognosis of TCA poisoning patients.
Robust Reliable Control of Uncertain Discrete Impulsive Switched Systems with State Delays
Authors: Li Xia , Karimi Hamid Reza , Xiang Zhengrong
Published: March 2013

This paper is concerned with the problem of robust reliable control for a class of uncertain discrete impulsive switched systems with state delays, where the actuators are subjected to failures. The parameter uncertainties are assumed to be norm-bounded, and the average dwell time approach is utilized for the stability analysis and controller design. Firstly, an exponential stability criterion is established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Then, a state feedback controller is constructed for the underlying system such that the resulting closed-loop system is exponentially stable. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Preparation of α‐Bromoketones Involving the Reaction of Enol Triethyl Borates with N‐Bromosuccinimide
Authors: Jastrzebska Izabella
Published: March 2013

The ketones (5α‐ and 5β‐cholestan‐3‐one and (1S,7aS)‐1‐tert‐butoxy‐hexahydro‐7a‐methyl‐1H‐inden‐5‐one) were efficiently α‐monobrominated by treatment of the corresponding enol triethyl borates with N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS).
Onboard and Real-Time Artificial Satellite Orbit Determination Using GPS
Authors: Chiaradia Ana Paula Marins , Kuga Hélio Koiti , de Almeida Prado Antonio Fernando Bertachini
Published: March 2013

An algorithm for real-time and onboard orbit determination applying the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) method is developed. Aiming at a very simple and still fairly accurate orbit determination, an analysis is performed to ascertain an adequacy of modeling complexity versus accuracy. The minimum set of to-be-estimated states to reach the level of accuracy of tens of meters is found to have at least the position, velocity, and user clock offset components. The dynamical model is assessed through several tests, covering force model, numerical integration scheme and step size, and simplified variational equations. The measurement model includes only relevant effects to the order of meters. The EKF method is chosen to be the simplest real-time estimation algorithm with adequate tuning of its parameters. In the developed procedure, the obtained position and velocity errors along a day vary from 15 to 20 m and from 0.014 to 0.018 m/s, respectively, with standard deviation from 6 to 10 m and from 0.006 to 0.008 m/s, respectively, with the SA either on or off. The results, as well as analysis of the final adopted models used, are presented in this work.
Performance of Indian Children with Cochlear Implant on PEACH Scale
Authors: Kumar Suman , Rout Nachiketa , Kumar Navnit , Chatterjee Indranil , Selvakumaran H.
Published: March 2013

This study compares the functional language performance of Tamil-speaking children (n=30) who received a cochlear implant (CI) before 2 years of age (earlier implanted group: EIG) and between 3 and 4 years of age (later implanted group: LIG). Everyday functional language of children was evaluated by interviewing parents using the adapted Parents’ Evaluation of Aural/Oral Performance of Children (PEACH) Questionnaire in Tamil language. On average, both groups of children had difficulties in everyday language functioning. However, functional results of EIG were better than those of LIG. In addition significant correlations were found between age at intervention and PEACH score. The evidence lends support to early intervention increasing the functional performance of the children fitted with CI. PEACH can be a clinically feasible evaluation tool to implement in practice for clinicians to obtain meaningful information regarding children’s auditory performance in real life at childhood.
Reactivation of Old Scars in an Elderly Man Revealing Löfgren's Syndrome
Authors: Vardhan Reddy Munagala Vishnu , Tomar Vaishali , Aggarwal Amita
Published: March 2013

Here, we report the case of a 55-year-old man with reactivation of old cutaneous scars associated with a febrile illness, episcleritis, polyarthralgias, erythema nodosum and hilar adenopathy. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) revealed right paratracheal, bilateral hilar, and subcarinal lymphadenopathy without any nodular densities in both lung fields. A scar biopsy revealed multiple noncaseating granulomas and confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. A short course of oral steroids led to regression of systemic symptoms, and the scars returned to baseline size. This patient represented a rare case of simultaneous Löfgren’s syndrome and scar sarcoidosis.
The Multisoliton Solutions for the (2+1)-Dimensional Sawada-Kotera Equation
Authors: Xu Zhenhui , Chen Hanlin , Chen Wei
Published: March 2013

Applying bilinear form and extended three-wavetype of ansätz approach on the (2+1)-dimensional Sawada-Kotera equation, we obtain new multisoliton solutions, including the double periodic-type three-wave solutions, the breather two-soliton solutions, the double breather soliton solutions, and the three-solitary solutions. These results show that the high-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation has rich dynamical behavior.
A Cluster-Based Method for Improving Analysis of Polydisperse Particle Size Distributions Obtained by Nanoparticle Tracking
Authors: Wagner Thorsten , Wiemann Martin , Schmitz Inge , Lipinski Hans-Gerd
Published: March 2013

Optical tracking methods are increasingly employed to characterize the size
of nanoparticles in suspensions. However, the sufficient separation of different
particle populations in polydisperse suspension is still difficult. In this work, Nanosight measurements of well-defined particle populations and Monte-Carlo
simulations showed that the analysis of polydisperse particle dispersion could be
improved with mathematical methods. Logarithmic transform of measured hydrodynamic
diameters led to improved comparability between different modal values
of multimodal size distributions. Furthermore, an automatic cluster analysis
of transformed particle diameters could uncover otherwise hidden particle
populations. In summary, the combination of logarithmically transformed hydrodynamic
particle diameters with cluster analysis markedly improved the interpretability
of multimodal particle size distributions as delivered by particle
tracking measurements.
Stability of O/W Emulsion with Synthetic Perfumes Oxidized by Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Watabe Naoki , Tokuoka Yoshikazu , Kawashima Norimichi
Published: March 2013

We prepared O/W emulsion composed of a synthetic perfume, n‐dodecane, protoporphyrin IX disodium salt (PpIX‐2Na), sodium dodecyl sulfate, and water and investigated oxidative decomposition of the synthetic perfume in the emulsion and change in the stability of the emulsion by singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by photosensitization of PpIX‐2Na. We used eugenol, linalool, benzyl acetate, α‐ionone, α‐hexylcinnamaldehyde, and d‐limonene as a synthetic perfume. The stability of the O/W emulation including eugenol and linalool significantly decreased with increasing light irradiation time. The decrease in the emulsion stability may be attributable to oxidative decomposition of eugenol and linalool by 1O2 and enlargement of the oil droplet size.
Atrial Premature Beats During Decrementally Conducting Antidromic Tachycardia
Authors: Sternick Eduardo Back , Lokhandwala Yash , Timmermans Carl , Gerken Luiz , Soares Frederico , Dias Liana , Huo Yan , Hindricks Gerhard , Wellens Hein J.J.
Published: March 2013

Background—

Advancement of ventricular activation by an atrial premature beat (APB) given during His bundle refractoriness followed by resetting of an antidromic tachycardia (AT) in patients with decrementally conducting accessory pathway (DAP) is a helpful maneuver to prove pathway existence and participation in the circuit. We aim to assess in a large cohort the role of APB during AT in patients with a DAP.

Methods and Results—

Thirty-three patients with a DAP having 34 AT were included in the study: 29 patients had an atriofascicular pathway, 1 had a long atrioventricular DAP, and 4 had a short atrioventricular fiber. APBs were delivered initially from the lateral right atrium, scanning diastole with a 10-ms decrement until AT termination or refractoriness. We observed 4 patterns of response after APB during AT: advancement of activation (29 cases), delay (2), advancement followed by delay (3), and termination (7). Eight patients required an earlier APB to advance or delay ventricular activation. These 8 patients had a shorter AT cycle length (median of 273 versus 315 ms;
P
=0.003) and had a shorter resetting zone (median coupling interval of 30 versus 50 ms;
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

APB delivered during AT in patients with a DAP advanced and/or delayed ventricular activation in all patients. In 1 of 5 of cases the AT was terminated by a single APB. In approximately a quarter of the patients an earlier coupled APB was needed to reset AT. The high RA was an adequate stimulation site in all right-sided DAP.
Three new species of Schistonchus (Aphelenchoididae) from the Ficus subgenus Sycomorus (Moraceae) in northern Australia
Authors: Davies Kerrie A. , Bartholomaeus Faerlie , Kanzaki Natsumi , Ye Weimin , Giblin-Davis Robin M.
Published: March 2013

Three new species of Schistonchus were recovered from sycones of Ficus racemosa, F. hispida and F. variegata (Moraceae Subgenus Sycomorus, Section Sycomorus) from the Cairns region in north-eastern Australia. Schistonchus baculum sp. n. is described from F. racemosa and F. hispida and is differentiated from other species of Schistonchus by a combination of morphological characters including having males with a walking-stick shape, excretory pore opening at the anterior end of the metacorpus, a long post-uterine sac, rose-thorn-shaped spicules, no gubernaculum, two pairs of subventral papillae on the tail, DNA sequence data, and apparent biogeographical range. Schistonchus fleckeri sp. n. is described from F. racemosa, F. hispida and F. variegata and is differentiated by a combination of morphological characters, including a C-shaped female and C-shaped to spiral males, the excretory pore opening near the lips, a short to medium length post-uterine sac, slender sickle-shaped spicules with a reduced rostrum, no gubernaculum, three pairs of subventral papillae on the tail, and apparent biogeographical range. Schistonchus cassowaryi sp. n. is described from F. variegata and is differentiated by a combination of morphological characters, including having C-shaped males and females, a posterior excretory pore situated posterior to the nerve ring, a short to medium length post-uterine sac, rose-thorn-shaped spicules, three pairs of subventral papillae on the tail (one adcloacal, one at mid-tail near lateral, and one near the tip), DNA sequence data, and apparent biogeographical range.
Intraspecific variability and genetic structure in Meloidogyne chitwoodi from the USA
Authors: Humphreys-Pereira Danny A. , Elling Axel A.
Published: March 2013

Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a quarantine pathogen and a severe problem of potato. Intraspecific variation and genetic structure are not well characterised for M. chitwoodi, but are critical to avoid misidentification and to optimise management strategies. The objective of this study was to analyse the morphological and molecular variation of four M. chitwoodi isolates, representing all races and pathotypes currently known in the USA. Despite statistically significant morphological variation among adult females, morphometrics were not able reliably to distinguish M. chitwoodi isolates. In contrast to morphology, molecular traits that are determined by nuclear ribosomal genes were stable across all isolates. Malate dehydrogenase, esterase and superoxide dismutase isozyme phenotypes were conserved in all isolates, which is an important finding for diagnostics. To gain insight into the genetic structure of M. chitwoodi, we analysed a mitochondrial DNA segment including a partial region of COII, tRNA-His and 16S rRNA genes. Genetic structure was weak and marked by high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity. We found a high level of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in M. chitwoodi. Taken together, our results indicate that there is significant intraspecific morphological and molecular variation in M. chitwoodi. Consequences for resistance breeding in potato and directions for phylogeographic studies to trace the origin of M. chitwoodi are discussed.
Multispectral Imaging Documentation of the Findings of Tomb I and II at Daphne
Authors: Alexopoulou Athina A. , Agathi-Anthoula Kaminari
Published: March 2013

Abstract

A selection of the findings of Tombs I and II was examined using non-invasive multispectral imaging in visible and near-infrared radiation. This led to increased legibility of the text for several fragments of papyrus including underlayers, better distinction of script on tablets and better visualization of the drawings and pigment differentiation on the lekythoi.
Missio Dei: A Trinitarian Envisioning of a Non-Trinitarian Theme
Authors: Flett John G.
Published: March 2013

The key flaw of missio Dei is its deficient trinitarianism. Despite the supposed range of positions associated with the concept, they all stem from this same base. The problem is one of dividing who God is in himself from who he is in his economy. While mission is often understood as bridging the divide between God and the world, the trinitarian problem of missio Dei is actually a problem of God himself. God exists in the world as Father, Son, and Spirit, and in this way, he can both be, and be in such a way that he comes into the world. Any community that lives in doxological correspondence to this missionary God is, of necessity, a missionary community.
Missio Dei: Christian History Envisioned as Cruciform Apostolicity
Authors: Sunquist Scott W.
Published: March 2013

The writing of church history has gone through many transformations in the past four decades. Postcolonial studies, postmodernism, theological studies of the Trinity and of the missio Dei, along with the movement of the center of Christianity from the West to the South, have all influenced how Christian history (as opposed to church history) is envisioned and written. It is the thesis of this essay that Christianity should be written on its own terms, as a centered set religion viewed with the dual eyes of cruciformity (humiliation; power in weakness) and apostolicity (sending of the Body of Christ into the world). The implications of such story-telling are given in specific examples.
Missio Dei: Envisioning an Apostolic Practical Theology
Authors: Heller Karin
Published: March 2013

Missio Dei envisions Apostolic Practical Theology as the formation of mature ecclesial communities. Christian communities can reach this goal by an approach to Scripture that does not nullify God's Word and puts to the test man's speech about God through a return to practical life. The two following questions will guide such a Practical Theology: (1) “What kind of practical life underlies the affirmation of God, including the Christian God?” and (2) “What kind of effect does this affirmation produce on society and culture?” Practical Theology is therefore called to provide an appropriate hermeneutic of human destinies lived out by single persons as well as entire Christian and non Christian communities.
“It is a Strange Thing”
Authors: Hubers John
Published: March 2013

This article focuses on what is widely recognized to have been the primary ideological basis for Christopher Columbus' voyages of “discovery,” namely his millennialism. The article's thesis is that it was Columbus' millennialism that led to an essential moral contradiction between Columbus' deeply held Christian convictions and his ill-treatment of the indigenous peoples that he encountered.
“Joined and Knit Together… Each Part Working Properly”
Authors: George Sherron Kay
Published: March 2013

While missiologists today have reached a general consensus concerning missio Dei, whereby all agree that God's mission calls and includes us, we have not come to the same clarity in relation to the church's role as a participant in God's mission. This article seeks to discover in the book of Ephesians a missional ecclesiology of unity in diversity that can guide ecclesiastical bodies and associated mission structures in the quest for cooperation in mission in a day where competition and fragmentation reign. It also explores the role of an ecclesiastical mission structure and the internal relationships of all “mission initiators” in a church body.
Reawakening a Potent Missional Ethos in the Twenty-First Century Church
Authors: Hirsch Alan
Published: March 2013

In the West, the Christian church has recently witnessed a marked and rapid decline of its membership and vitality. To reengage with the Spirit's transforming power, Western Christians will need to make some fundamental changes in their Christology, ecclesiology, and ecclesial practices. These changes, however, do not involve the implementation of new, cutting-edge techniques or structures; rather, they require us to return to the forgotten ways of our deepest apostolic legacy. Recovering Jesus as our center is foremost in this realignment. But realignment also includes the recovery of discipleship as our core task, the development of an apostolic movement ethos and structure, and the re-embracing of an incarnational mission impulse. These four phenomena inherent in a more movemental ethos lie at the heart of all exponentially growing movements, such as occurred in the Early Church and, in our day, in China, India, and Cuba, as well as in Western church planting movements. Recovering and reactivating these movemental phenomena will allow the Western church to thrive once more.
New Monasticism and the Resurrection of American Christianity
Authors: Wilson-Hartgrove Jonathan
Published: March 2013

New Monasticism is a growing movement of committed Christians who are recovering the radical discipleship of monasticism and unearthing a fresh expression of Christianity in America. It is not centered in a traditional monastery, but instead its members live radically, settling in abandoned sections of society, committing to community, sharing incomes, serving the poor, and practicing spiritual disciplines. Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove shows how this movement is rooted in a long history of monastic renewal, witnessing the power of the gospel to a fragmented world.
Telling Our Stories Well: Creating Memorable Images and Shaping Our Identity
Authors: Stahl Janet
Published: March 2013

Psychologists and anthropologists state that we use stories to understand the world and to build and communicate our identity as a community. Businesses and media have rediscovered the power of storytelling. Christians have been telling, translating, and dramatizing Bible stories for millennia. Some people advocate reciting the Scripture and deviating very little from the original text. Others promote crafting stories, using image-creating techniques that draw the audience into the text and help them understand how it relates to their lives. In this article, I claim that the wisdom gleaned from ancient practices shows a place for both types of storytelling.
Bible Translation as Contextualization: The Role of Orality
Authors: Maxey James
Published: March 2013

This article represents portions of the first chapter of my recent book, From Orality to Orality: A New Paradigm for Contextual Translation of the Bible. In this article, I suggest that Bible Translation should be understood as an activity of contextual theology in which local host communities demonstrate their appropriation and proclamation of the Bible in their own languages. Understanding Bible translation in such a way valorizes the oral ethos of host communities and asserts that orality can play a central role in biblical exegesis, translation theories and methods, and the transmission of the translations.
From Shame to Honor: A Theological Reading of Romans for Honor-Shame Contexts
Authors: Georges Jayson
Published: March 2013

Honor and shame are pivotal cultural values for most non-Western Christians and yet are widely neglected in Christian theology. This article interprets Paul's epistle to the Romans, long interpreted according to Western individualistic concerns, according to the cultural notions of honor and shame to reformulate traditional theological categories. Theologizing from Romans in light of honor and shame reveals God as the honorable Creator and Covenanter, sin as shame and dishonor, salvation as honor and glory in Christ, and ethics as adopting God's code of honor. In closing, this article presents an analysis of ministry efforts to incorporate such an honor-shame theology, and suggestions for future directions.
Missions in the Context of Recovery from Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Hunt Laura J.
Published: March 2013

Although survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) do not constitute a mission field in the geographical sense, current awareness of the impact of CSA provides data that allow Christians to reach out with compassion to that population. This paper connects studies on CSA with elements of trauma. It points out some of the factors needed for recovery from CSA to aid missionary awareness and includes an excursus on the concept of forgiveness as seen in the Gospels. Finally, it calls the church to provide communities that embody an effective mindset for mission outreach to this population.
Somos Su Pueblo
Authors: Barrera Diana E.
Published: March 2013

Latinos/Hispanics are part of the colorful mosaic heritage of the United States, where they are the largest minority — a minority that also keeps growing, having major influence in politics, culture, and economics which extends beyond general public awareness. The Hispanic/Latino church is the fastest growing church in the United States of America. Though there are challenges that this church in the United States must face and overcome, this is a church that has great potential for sending missionaries to unreached groups of the world.
NAIITS
Authors: Leblanc Terry , Leblanc Jennifer
Published: March 2013

Is it possible to ensure an equivalent theological education for Native North American people using radically different philosophies and significantly altered delivery methods that take Native worldview into account? If a real possibility to undertake such a task exists, what might a program for doing so look like? In this article, we explore the development and work of NAIITS — a unique approach to biblical, theological and missiological education that addresses itself to historic challenges in the education of Native North American peoples by proposing some radical shifts in thinking.
Springboards for 21st Century Mission
Authors: Thomas Norman E.
Published: March 2013

Four major international mission conferences in 2010 (Tokyo, Edinburgh, Cape Town, and Boston) celebrated the centennial of the World Missionary Conference (Edinburgh 1910) and also reenvisioned mission in the twenty-first century. This article provides an overview of the Edinburgh 1910 and the four 2010 conferences, with expanded analysis of each conference to be found on the new e-journal of this issue of Missiology.
A New Entrance Gate in Urban Minorities: Chinese Muslim Minority, the Hui People Case
Authors: Kim Enoch J.
Published: March 2013

This article identifies a newly emerging young, urban, Chinese Muslim class that is evolving during a time of significant modernization. In this study, measures were developed to record each participant's degree of receptivity to modernization via background information gathered from test groups. The results identified those most open to new information (Entrance Group). An empirical survey to gather this data was conducted among 232 young, educated, urban (YEU) individuals from the Hui people and the Han Chinese majority. Results from the study suggest that the YEU's media and program preferences will strongly impact research regarding effective mission strategies.

The analysis proves that the YEU-Hui is a distinct group within its traditional community setting, and accordingly, has distinct preferences and needs. As such, this modernized Muslim class is theoretically influential among its own people, open to new information, specific in its media consumption of similar applications, and similar in many ways to young adults within similar demographics from foreign populations. This article is based upon afield survey for my Ph.D. dissertation, “Receptor-Oriented Communication for Hui Muslims in China: With Special Reference to Church Planting” (2009).
Tracing a Theology of the Kingdom of God in William Carey's Enquiry: A Case Study in Complex Mission Motivation as Component of “Missionary Spirituality”
Authors: Myers Travis L.
Published: March 2013

Various interpretations of the essential character and argument of William Carey's Enquiry (1792) proposed by contemporary scholars omit the complexity of Carey's mission theology, especially the several reasons for mission he asserts, that can be discerned by tracing the kingdom of God/Christ motif running through the treatise: duty or obligation as mission motivation is interconnected with the nature of the age, the nature of the task, the nature of salvation/discipleship, and the nature of God as motivation. The theology of Enquiry can be read as an explanation of missio Dei and can inform a spirituality of participation in it.
Rituals and Symbols in Community Development
Authors: Moon W. Jay
Published: March 2013

Symbols and rituals connect deep spiritual significance to the community development process in oral cultures. Community development workers from print-based cultures often overlook the value of symbols and rituals. Stories from various cultural contexts are described in this article to contrast oral and print cultures. Then important roles for symbols in rituals are demonstrated based on Turner's (1967) three properties of symbols: polarization, condensation, and unification. Suggestions are given for development workers to develop and adapt rituals in oral cultures.
The Second African Synod and the Challenges of Reconciliation, Justice, and Peace in Africa's Social Context: A Missional Theological Praxis for Transformation—Part 1
Authors: Ilo Stan Chu
Published: March 2013

This essay takes the significant propositions of the Second African Synod on reconciliation, justice and peace as its starting point. It argues that what is needed in African Christianity today is a missional theological praxis for transformation and hope. This kind of theology, the paper argues, seeks to move theological reflection in Africa from a merely analytical and descriptive account to a more critical and creative engagement with biblical, cultural, and Christian history in order to work out a missional transformational praxis. This requires the departure from a triumphant theology which glories simply in the Christian expansion in Africa to a deeper concern on how to bring about the fruits of the eschatological harvest of God's kingdom in the challenging and changing social contexts of African societies. However, the paper proposes that what is needed in African Christianity is how to mine the riches of the new Pentecost currently swiping through Africa in valorizing the agency of African Christians and cultural traditions to bring about a better and more hopeful Africa. The paper shows how this could be done in very concrete and practical ways.
Can Missiology Incorporate More of the Social Sciences?
Authors: Montgomery Robert L.
Published: March 2013

This article advocates improving the use of the social sciences in the field of missiology in the two main branches of American Protestantism, evangelical and mainline Christianity. The former branch needs to add sociology to the anthropology already being used in missiology and to stay in communication with these social scientific professional fields. The latter branch needs to add both sociology and anthropology to the theological-historical discipline already being used in missiology, especially in its theological seminaries. The reasons for the different approaches of the two branches are discussed. This is followed by recommendations to each branch for meeting the challenge of making a more effective use of the social sciences in aiding missiology to analyze the major shifts taking place in global religions, including Christianity. Notes on the potential contributions of the sociology of religion to missiology are added before concluding comments.
Learning to Be Christian: A Comparative Study
Authors: Salamone Frank A.
Published: March 2013

Small ethnically-related adjacent groups view themselves as quite distinct from their neighbors — and tend to accentuate these perceived differences. This greatly influences their diverse responses to similar changes in social environment, such as the coming of Christian missionaries. Citing his study of two such adjacent groups in northern Nigeria, Professor Salamone suggests that the chosen approach to a specific people can be facilitated by recognizing that culture change, including conversion, involves a learning process.
The American Protestant Theological Seminary and Missions: An Historical Survey
Authors: Beaver R. Pierce
Published: March 2013

Like other movements throughout history, the Protestant missionary enterprise arose out of zealous activism, and only later turned to reflective analysis. Even then, missiology as a discipline developed very slowly within the halls of academia. Furthermore, as senior missiologist, R. Pierce Beaver points out in this paper originally presented to the Association of Professors of Missions (at St. Louis, June, 1973), some belatedly-established chairs of missions saw only a decade or two of occupancy before the Great Depression reversed these gains; and the changes brought about by World War II accentuated this downward trend. With the renewal of interest now appearing in some Protestant circles, this historical analysis should encourage every missiologist as to the cruciality of his task.
Community and Controversy: Key Causes of Muslim Resistance
Authors: Goldsmith Martin
Published: March 2013

In this excerpt, taken from the longer paper he presented at High Wycombe, Professor Goldsmith goes well beyond the isolation of these two key problems in Muslim evangelism. As he points out, Muslim community solidarity need not be viewed only as a deterrent to Christian conversion; this concept can cut both ways if we are creative enough to take advantage of it. The author's fresh alternatives to controversy are also challenging: Islamicized parables; and the use of pointed questions, not unlike those used by our Lord in his witness to the Jewish leadership of his day.