bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Resources Data in System Design Trade Studies
Authors: Askren William B. , Lintz Larry M.
Published: July 2017

The system design trade study process was investigated to determine the feasibility of including human resources data. First, 61 completed trade studies from aeronautical, missile, and command and control systems were analyzed to determine the characteristics of trade studies. Then, four simulated trade studies containing engineering and human resources data and representing flight control and avionics subsystems were constructed for experimental use. Seventy-two experienced design engineers performed the simulated trade studies.

It was found that engineers can and do use human resources data in system design trade studies. Personnel costs and quantities are assigned more weight than skill types, skill levels, and availability of personnel. A detailed presentation of human resources data is given more weight than a condensed presentation. Four major sources of variability in trade study results were found. These are: choice of parameters, weighting factors for the parameters, methods of normalizing the parametric data, and methods of combining parametric data and weighting factors. Standardization of trade study methods is recommended to help overcome this variability.
Human Performance and Personnel Resource Data Store Design Guidelines
Authors: Blanchard Robert E.
Published: July 2017

A survey was conducted within the Navy's research and development community to obtain information on user-perceived needs for human performance and personnel resource data to support system development efforts. Findings were to be used to develop guidelines for planning and developing a human resources data store system. Twenty-two activities were contacted: eighteen Navy activities and four industrial firms. Thirty-seven separate interview sessions were held involving 48 respondents.

Principal data store guidelines identified concerned data validity and generalizability, retrievability, a priority need for design trade-off decision data, and a data format responsive to users with either behavioral or engineering backgrounds. Sixteen types of data were identified as required by system planners/managers, human factors specialists, and design engineers. Twenty guidelines were developed on data presentation formats and supporting information. The sets of guidelines may be used to develop a conceptual framework for a general data bank system which would identify and relate users, types of data, potential data sources, and program priorities.
A Cost Model for Evaluating Alternative Manpower Input Strategies
Authors: Davis Thomas C. , Pinto Patrick R.
Published: July 2017

The question of how to obtain a specified quantity of satisfactory manpower inputs for a given time period is a problem which confronts almost any personnel decisionmaker. The staffing model proposed in this paper defines selection, training, and any selection/training combination as being alternative staffing strategies which are available for coping with an organization's manpower requirement problems. Very few personnel decisionmakers, however, approach such problems with any appreciable knowledge of the relative costs associated with different alternative input strategies and of the costs of different misclassification errors which can result.

The staffing model described here incorporates cost and utility considerations and suggests that the relative costs of alternative staffing strategies are amenable to systematic analysis. The model specifies the probability estimates for success and failure in both selection and training, the direct costs for each, and the potential costs which result from errors of misclassification. Then, an expression and rationale for determining the minimum total cost associated with various combinations of selection and training strategies are presented.
Technological Change and Manpower Resources: A Systems Perspective
Authors: De Greene Kenyon B.
Published: July 2017

To date there has been no cohesive examination of the interrelationship between new technology and manpower resources. Most studies have reflected the disciplinary bias of economists or technologists. Economists have stressed supply and demand factors and the role of new technology on increase in productivity. Technologists have stressed the deterministic effects of new technology.

This article synthesizes theories and findings from behavioral and social science and the field of management, as well as from economics and technology, within the framework of systems science. In sequence, the article discusses: the sociotechnical system environment in which the interaction between new technology and manpower resources takes place; the measurement of technological change; how technological change affects manpower; the prediction of skill and manpower requirements; and electronics-based computer-communications technology. The needs for advances in theory and methodology are argued. The elements of a systems theory are sketched, and the value of the systems dynamics approach to modeling and computer simulation is emphasized.
Relationships of Fatigue and Motion Sickness to Vestibulo-ocular Responses to Coriolis Stimulation
Authors: Dowd Patrick J. , Moore Edwin W. , Cramer Robert L.
Published: July 2017

A Coriolis test on the USAFSAM biaxial stimulator was administered to 131 pilots. Two groups of pilots (“rested” and “fatigued”) were tested twice. Some of the pilots in each group got motion sickness during the initial test period. A two-parameter analog, measuring the rates of decay and sensitivity coefficients of vertical nystagmic responses, was used to compare the effects of fatigue and induced motion sickness on the nystagmic responses induced by Coriolis accelerations.

Fatigue, in terms of moderate sleep deprivation of 24 to 30 hr., had significant deleterious effects on the vestibulo-ocular responses. Fatigue and induced motion sickness, simultaneously occurring, showed further deterioration of the vestibular system when compared with the nystagmic responses of rested and nonsick pilots. Such results indicate that fatigue and induced motion sickness make flying even more hazardous.
A Qualitative Look at Feedback Control Theory as a Style of Describing Behavior
Authors: Jagacinski Richard J.
Published: July 2017

The present paper reviews several ways feedback control theory has been used to describe tracking behavior and several qualitative experimental techniques. These techniques require only ordinal-level measurement and may aid any researcher investigating behavior whose temporal patterning is critical and which involves fairly continuous changes over time. One possible application in the area of stuttering behavior is presented in detail to show how these techniques can provide useful insights and hypotheses. Other suggested areas of application include the behavior of human social groups, motivational behavior, and emotional behavior.
Control Theory Measures of Tracking as Indices of Attention Allocation Strategies
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Gopher Daniel
Published: July 2017

In an intelligent man-machine control system, control theory measures describing the operator's tracking performance can provide useful information concerning an operator's attentional slate. This information may be used to implement adaptive aiding procedures. Research is reviewed that relates attentional manipulations to variation in control theory parameters, and an experiment is then described in which 29 subjects performed a tracking task alone, and concurrently with a serial reaction-time task. Within the time-sharing condition, relative priorities between the two tasks were manipulated. The results are interpreted in terms of the separate effects of time-sharing and of priority manipulations upon measures of tracking gain, remnant, time-delay and response “holds,” and the feasibility of on-line measurement of those variables.
New Results in Driver Steering Control Models
Authors: McRuer Duane T. , Allen R. Wade , Weir David H. , Klein Richard H.
Published: July 2017

The dynamic control properties of drivers and driver/vehicle systems in steering operations have been widely investigated. This paper presents a short review of the combined compensatory, pursuit, and precognitive features needed to describe the total properties of the driver as a controller. Specific combinations of these features are associated with particular driving maneuvers. Some recent results are presented to confirm previous hypotheses and more completely quantify the models.

The driver-organized system structure for regulation control is reviewed with emphasis on the loops closed and adjustments made by the driver in compensating for vehicle dynamic changes. Pursuit structures are given which describe steering control with preview and as one explanation for lane change maneuvers. Precognitive behavior is then presented as the most skilled mode utilized in rapid lane changes and other well-practiced maneuvers including obstacle avoidance. For all three categories of control, full-scale or simulator data are presented as indications of model verification.
Display Analysis with the Optimal Control Model of the Human Operator
Authors: Baron Sheldon , Levison William H.
Published: July 2017

Application of the optimal control model of the human operator to problems in display analysis is discussed. Those aspects of the model pertaining to the operator-display interface and to operator information processing are reviewed and discussed. The techniques are then applied to the analysis of advanced display/control systems for a Terminal Configured Vehicle. Model results are compared with those obtained in a large, fixed-base simulation.
A Human Factors Approach to the Assessment of the Mobility of Blind Pedestrians
Authors: Shingledecker Clark A. , Foulke Emerson
Published: July 2017

Improving the mobility of blind pedestrians will require the application of methods developed by human factors specialists. Mobility must be recognized as a complex skill, the analysis of which will provide the information that is needed for the design of mobility aids, the development of training methods, and the evaluation of both. This paper suggests some of the requirements of a method for assessing the mobility of blind pedestrians. In so far as possible, mobility should be studied in a situation that provides both experimental control and reasonable fidelity to those situations in which the mobility task is ordinarily performed. Measures should be independent of the mobility aid used by the blind pedestrian. They should be operationally defined. They should assess behaviors that lead to the realization of the terminal objective of the mobility task. Finally, measures should be included that permit valid inferences concerning the perceptual and cognitive processes upon which mobility depends, so that a more adequate theory of mobility can be developed.
Effects of Visual and Auditory Impairment in Driving Performance
Authors: Booher Harold R.
Published: July 2017

A review of surveys, analyses, and experimental studies was conducted to determine driver education and training needs, driver licensing requirements, and actual driving performance of individuals with vision and hearing deficits. While research seems to indicate that vision deficiencies have an adverse effect on safe driving performance, a number of severely visually impaired individuals have been shown to drive safely with the aid of telescopic lens spectacles. Research results to date are not adequate to establish the auditory requirements for safe driving performance, but there is little evidence to suggest that hearing-impaired individuals, with the possible exceptions of totally deaf males and older deaf drivers, do not drive as safely as the general population. A great deal of further research is needed in the area, particularly in the establishment of requirements for driver education and training programs for both vision and hearing limited individuals.
Design of Control Devices for People with Severe Motor Impairment
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B. , Mann Robert W.
Published: July 2017

The paper reviews incidence and demography of severe sensorimotor disablement in the U.S.A. It then discusses the status of current technology in control of arm prostheses and orthoses and also that of lower limbs. Finally it sets forth criteria of success for the design of such systems and tradeoffs which the system designer must make in the process of design.
Some Human Factors and Related Socio-Technical Issues in Bringing Jobs to Disabled Persons via Computer-Telecommunications Technology
Authors: Overby Charles M. , Myer Theodore H. , Hutchison Jack , Wiercinski Richard
Published: July 2017

This paper explores several human factors and other issues associated with taking jobs to disabled persons using computer-telecommunications technology and systems. General concepts of the transportation communications tradeoff are discussed. Legal and institutional dimensions of handicapped employments are addressed. A variety of research and application needs, with a human factors emphasis, are suggested.
Effect of Preview on Digital Pursuit Control Performance
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: July 2017

The effect of preview on human performance during a digital pursuit control task was analyzed for different preview spans and different characteristics of the reference input. The data from eight subjects revealed that the RMS error performance improved substantially from the case of no preview to that of one preview point, while the use of additional preview points did not result in any further significant performance improvement. The benefit of preview was most clearly established when the reference input was generated by a purely random process as opposed to a first-order autoregressive process (with the parameter α = 0.95). The RMS error increased when the variance of the reference input increased. The error appeared to be normally distributed with a tendency towards a negative bias.
Perceived Magnitudes of Distortion, Secondary Imaging, and Rainbowing in Aircraft Windshields
Authors: Gomer Frank E. , Eggleston Robert G.
Published: July 2017

Distortion, secondary imaging, and rainbowing are perhaps the most critical optical problems inherent to windshields designed for high performance aircraft. Although manufacturers are required to inspect each windshield and render perceptual decisions about the severity of these optical problems, the procedures followed by different observers vary greatly. As a result, visual quality control can be improved significantly. This report describes the successful application of a psychophysical method for scaling visual judgments concerning the apparent magnitudes of distortion, secondary imaging, and rainbowing in current Air Force F-111 windshields.
Some Effects of Chromostereopsis on Stereoscopic Performance: Implications for Microscopes
Authors: Mattas R. Barbara , Townsend John C. , Leibowitz H. W.
Published: July 2017

Stereoscopic performance was found to be superior for achromatic as compared to chromatic stimulus materials when observing through small pupillary apertures. When interpupillary settings were individually predetermined to eliminate chromostereopsis, chromatic stereo performance improved. A theoretical analysis of the results is presented based on the discrepancy between the optic and visual axes and the centration of the pupil. Microscope design guidance data are provided and suggestions made for improved performance in microscope viewing of chromatic materials.
Uses of Feedback in Computer-Assisted Instruction in Developing Psychomotor Skills Related to Heavy Machinery Operation
Authors: Phillips Jeffrey R. , Berkhout Jan
Published: July 2017

A study was performed to determine the relative effectiveness of different formats of computer assisted instruction (CAI) in teaching a psychomotor performance task. A control group combining male and female subjects received instruction based on the study of written materials and unstructured practice sessions on a heavy transmission gear-shifting task. No significant differences were found between male and female performance patterns and learning abilities under control conditions. Two experimental groups, both restricted to males, were trained under similar practice conditions with the addition of computer monitoring of performance and feedback of supplemental information to the students. One group received terminal feedback of numerical performance quality scores following each trial. The other group received continuous feedback of an analytic display (a display of nominal road speed against elapsed time in the form of an X-Y plot) concurrent with each trial. Both experimental groups were tested for retention of skills after transitioning to a non-feedback performance environment. Both forms of computer assisted instruction proved to be significantly superior to the control teaching procedure.
Residual Attention as a Predictor of Pilot Performance
Authors: Damos Diane L.
Published: July 2017

Sixteen student pilots performed a task combination designed to measure residual attention. Scores on this combination were correlated with performances on flight checks administered periodically during flight training. The multiple correlation between performances on the flight checks and the task combination increased as the students progressed through flight training. The usefulness of residual attention as a predictor of pilot performance is discussed.
Is the Vigilance Decrement Simply a Response Adjustment Towards Probability Matching?
Authors: Craig Angus
Published: July 2017

It is shown that the response behavior in a sample of 30 vigilance studies parallels that found in psychophysical studies of probability matching. By the end of the vigilance session, the mean frequency with which responses are emitted matches the frequency with which signals are presented. When there is an approximate match at the beginning of the session (as with trained subjects in the psychophysical studies), there is little change during the session, but when the initial ratio of responses per signal is high (as it is in most vigilance cases), there is a considerable downward shift towards the probability matching level, paralleling the behavior of naive, untrained subjects in the psychophysical studies. It is suggested that the reduced responding is primarily responsible for the vigilance detection decrement and, therefore, that a major portion of the decrement may simply reflect inadequate training of the subjects.
On the Analysis and Interpretation of Vigilance: Some Remarks on Two Recent Articles by Craig
Authors: Loeb Michel
Published: July 2017

In a recent article, Craig (1977) has considered the question, first attacked by Broadbent and Gregory (1963), as to the applicability of signal detection theory (SDT) to the vigilance situation, and he has discussed the use of group data by Loeb and Binford (1964) in approaching this same question. In a still more recent article by Craig (1978) it is argued that a probability-matching model is appropriate for explaining the “vigilance decrement” with time on task. Here it is agreed that to a degree SDT may be applied to vigilance and that some matching of response frequency to signal frequency may occur, but it is argued that there are changes within and across sessions which may not be explained in these terms and which may involve learning about the differential characteristics of signal and non-signal stimuli.
Locating Crash Sites in Simulated Air-to-Ground Visual Search
Authors: Stager Paul , Angus Robert
Published: July 2017

Eye-movements of search-and-rescue specialists and trained spotters were filmed with a eye-marker camera during visual search. Thirty-six subjects searched five 16-mm color films of approaches to actual aircraft crash sites photographed from 150 m at 220 km/h and signalled any possible sightings obtained during the approach and fly-by of the sites. The 8-mm film records of eye-movements were analyzed to obtain information on crash site detections and the reporting of possible sightings as a function of search experience and visual coverage. Data on fixation durations and types of scan patterns are also presented.
Dot-Matrix Alphanumerics Viewed under Discrete Element Degradation
Authors: Riley Terry M. , Barbato Gregory J.
Published: July 2017

The legibility of five 5 × 7 dot-matrix alphanumeric fonts was evaluated under varying degrees of character degradation. After “importance values” had been experimentally determined for every spot of a 7 × 9 matrix, in the center of which lay a 5 × 7 stimulus alphanumeric, each character was exposed tachistoscopically while manipulating the removal or addition of high or low value dots. While differences were found among characters, no differences among fonts or between the manner of degradation were evidenced.
Short-Term Memory Factors in Ground Controller/Pilot Communication
Authors: Loftus Geoffrey R. , Dark Veronica J. , Williams Diane
Published: July 2017

Communication between ground controllers and pilots was simulated in a short-term memory task in order to explore sources of memory errors in the air traffic control system. As expected from prior short-term memory research, two major determinants of error probability were (1) amount of information that the pilot has to process in a given time and (2) retention interval between the time information is transmitted from the controller and the time it is acted on (recalled) by the pilot. Additionally, the manner of encoding numerical information was varied. The result of this manipulation indicated that, as suggested by recent research in cognitive psychology, the current information-encoding scheme has substantial room for improvement in terms of minimizing memory failure.
System Analysis of the General Deterrence of Driving while Intoxicated
Authors: Summers Leland G. , Harris Douglas H.
Published: July 2017

A system analysis was completed of the general deterrence of driving while intoxicated (DWI). The analysis identified system elements relevant to the DWI decision and assessed potential countermeasures that might be employed in general deterrence programs. A framework for DWI general deterrence is defined, the analytical methods employed are described, and the conclusions and recommendations derived from study results are presented. Central to the study was a system model developed for interrelating factors which influence DWI deterrence, and an associated computer-based simulation program employed for examining DWI deterrence alternatives.
Predictive Validity of Flight Simulators as a Function of Simulator Motion
Authors: Koonce Jefferson M.
Published: July 2017

Ninety multi-engine instrument rated pilots were assigned to no motion, sustained linear scaled down analog motion, and washout motion in a GAT II simulator for determining the effects of degree of motion upon the predictive validity of flight simulators. Five instrument and five contact maneuvers were flown in the simulator followed by flight in a Piper Aztec aircraft. Performances were recorded by two observers and the interobserver reliability coefficients were 0.962 and 0.919 for instrument maneuvers and 0.879 and 0.613 for contact maneuvers in the simulator and aircraft, respectively. The condition of no motion resulted in greater error than the other two groups in the simulator, but there were no significant differences in the aircraft. Correlations of aircraft performance from the simulator maneuvers were 0.763 (no motion), 0.911 (sustained motion), and 0.651 (washout motion). Simulator motion did not result in better aircraft performance, and higher predictive validity was found with very basic sustained motion.
Field Validation of the Fanger Thermal Comfort Model
Authors: Howell William C. , Kennedy Pamela A.
Published: July 2017

Quantitative models of “thermal comfort” commonly involve prediction equations with “votes” on a thermal sensation scale as the criterion and physical variables (temperature, humidity, activity, clothing) as predictors. One established model of this sort was developed by Fanger using laboratory data. The present study sought to validate this model in realistic indoor settings by correlating predicted with measured thermal sensation judgments for 521 resident employees and students. Several demographic and cognitive variables were also measured, and direct comfort judgments were taken for comparison with the main criterion. Results provided weak support for the validity of the physical-predictor model. More important, however, was the substantial increase in predictiveness contributed by cognitive variables, and the demonstration that “comfort” defined by thermal sensation votes is not the same as that measured directly. Implications for energy conservation proposals are discussed.
Visual Search for Complex Targets
Authors: Teichner Warren H. , Mocharnuk John B.
Published: July 2017

With the use of available data, search time and stimulus processing rate for a multidimensional target in an array of such stimuli were analyzed with respect to number of displayed stimuli and total stimulus information. The major findings were that search time decreases and stimulus processing rate increases as the number of dimensions in a multidimensional target increases, and that the rate of processing increases as a function of total stimulus information. A model of total stimulus information which assumes sequential processing of dimensions in order of increasing features or levels was found to fit the data.
Predicting Aircraft Detectability
Authors: Alexander Akerman , Kinzly Robert E.
Published: July 2017

A visual search model, VIDEM, has been formulated for predicting the detectability of a single, unknown target in an unstructured surround. The intended application is aircraft detection. The model consists of four components: a liminal contrast threshold, a frequency-of-seeing curve, a soft shell search representation, and discrete cumulation of single glimpse detection probabilities. The formulation was developed by registering five existing models against three controlled search experiments. The five models used represent all appropriate laboratory threshold data, including those of Blackwell, Lamar, Sloan, and Taylor. The search experiments included a large set of aircraft field tests, with precise photometric target measurements correlated to the detection events. The model registrations were done using nonlinear parameter estimation techniques and by comparing model predictions to actual event cumulatives with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. The resultant VIDEM model is a derivative of Sloan's data, cast into the popular visual lobe equations of Lamar.
Target Uncertainty and Visual Scanning Strategies
Authors: Megaw E. D. , Richardson James
Published: July 2017

In the past, investigations into the effects of target uncertainty on search times have been confined to tasks where the stimulus material is carefully structured. The results have been interpreted in terms of models of pattern recognition. In this paper target uncertainty was studied in tasks where subjects could exert greater freedom in determining their scanning strategies. With eye movement recording, it was established that skewed distributions of search times are obtained even when subjects adopt comparatively systematic strategies. There was no evidence that processing time, as reflected in eye fixation times, was generally lengthened with increase in target uncertainty. The observed effects of target uncertainty were discussed in relation to how subjects attempt to overcome the problem of searching simultaneously for targets of different conspicuity.
Information Transmission during Eye Movements
Authors: Bartz Albert E.
Published: July 2017

Target stimuli (the numeral 5 at 60 degrees to the left of the subject's fixation point) were extinguished at various times during the subject's eye movement to that stimulus and the subject was asked to guess what numeral had occurred. Threshold functions were constructed from these data, and it was found that at the beginning of the backward compensatory movement, very little information was transmitted. However, as the backward compensatory movement progressed, there was an increase in the correct identification of the stimulus, and a threshold was reached before the forward compensatory movement began.
Dynamics of the Eye and Head during Movement between Displays: A Qualitative and Quantitative Guide for Designers
Authors: Robinson Gordon H.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to provide a designer or systems analyst a guide to human performance limitations in vision when fixation must be redirected from one display to another. The focus is on large angular separation (greater than 20 deg) and on tasks wherein speed is of importance. Patterns of eye and head movements are shown, as well as quantitative data on saccades, periods of eyelhead compensation, and head movement. Independent variables include interdisplay angle, display visibility, operator's knowledge of display location, and some relevant characteristics of a possible task which must be interrupted for the refixation. Intersubject and intrasubject variability are also presented.
Methodological Considerations of Visual Workloads of Helicopter Pilots
Authors: Simmons Ronald R.
Published: July 2017

This report was initiated to review the techniques and modifications developed by the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory for assessing visual performance/workload of pilots during helicopter operations. Although the corneal reflection technique for gathering eye movement data is not new, innovative modifications had to be developed to permit accurate data collection in this flight environment. This study reports on these techniques, modifications, and applications.
Visual Workload of the Copilot/Navigator during Terrain Flight
Authors: Sanders Michael G. , Simmons Ronald R. , Hofmann Mark A.
Published: July 2017

The emphasis on aviator workload has been of primary concern to the U.S. Army aviation community since the incorporation of low altitude terrain flight techniques into the helicopter tactics repertory. Since navigation is a particularly acute problem at low altitudes, this project examined the visual workload of the navigator/copilot during terrain flight (nap-of-the-earth, contour, and low level) in a UH-1H helicopter. Visual performance was measured via a modified NAC Eye Mark Recorder used in conjunction with a LOCAM high speed camera. This technique provided the means to record objectively and analyze the navigator's visual performance.

A visual free time task was utilized to determine the amount of visual time the navigator had available, during flight over the prescribed course, for a nonflight-related task. The data indicate that the navigator's normal workload was demanding; the visual free time task was utilized only 3% of the total time. The data also indicate that the duty of navigating required 92.2% of the copilot's total visual time, while the engine and flight instruments were utilized only 4% of the time. These data are discussed in relation to the copilot's specified duties.
On Black Intelligence
Authors: Williams Robert L.
Published: July 2017

If a tree is to be judged by its fruit, if the intelligence of a race bears any relation to its accomplishment, it seems difficult to draw any conclusion other than that the Black and Brown races are inferior to the white race [R. S. Ellis, 1928: 284].
Special Section: Color Caste Changes Among Black College Students
Authors: Holtzman Jo
Published: July 2017

“Mirror, mirror, on the wall Who's the fairest black of all?”
“The Chain Remain the Same” Communicative Practices in the Hip Hop Nation
Authors: Smitherman Geneva
Published: July 2017

It is true that the nature of society is to create, among its citizens, an illusion of safety; but it is also absolutely true that the safety is always necessarily an illusion. Artists are here to disturb the peace.
A Population-Based Study of Effects of Genetic Loci on Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Moreno Uribe L.M. , Fomina T. , Munger R.G. , Romitti P.A. , Jenkins M.M. , Gjessing H.K. , Gjerdevik M. , Christensen K. , Wilcox A.J. , Murray J.C. , Lie R.T. , Wehby G.L.
Published: July 2017

Prior genome-wide association studies for oral clefts have focused on clinic-based samples with unclear generalizability. Prior samples were also small for investigating effects by cleft type and exclusively studied isolated clefts (those occurring without other birth defects). We estimated the effects of 17 top loci on cleft types in both isolated and nonisolated cases in the largest consortium to date of European-descent population-based studies. Our analytic approach focused on a mother-child dyad case-control design, but it also allowed analyzing mother-only or child-only genotypes to maximize power. Our total sample included 1,875 cases with isolated clefts, 459 cases with nonisolated clefts, and 3,749 controls. After correcting for multiple testing, we observed significant associations between fetal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at IRF6, PAX7, 8q21.3, 8q24, KIAA1598-VAX1, and MAFB and isolated cleft lip only (CLO) and cleft lip and palate (CLP). Significant associations were observed between isolated CLO and fetal SNPs near TPM1 and NOG1 and between CLP and fetal SNPs at ABCA4-ARHGAP29, THADA, FOXE1, and SPRY2. Overall, effects were similar for isolated CLO and CLP, except for ABCA4-ARHGAP29. A protective effect was observed for the fetal NOG1 SNP on cleft palate only, opposite in direction to the effect on CLO. For most fetal SNPs, a dose-response allelic effect was observed. No evidence of parent-of-origin or maternal genome effects was observed. Overall, effect direction and magnitude were similar between isolated and nonisolated clefts, suggesting that several loci are modifiers of cleft risk in both isolated and nonisolated forms. Our results provide reliable estimates of the effects of top loci on risks of oral clefts in a population of European descent.
Task Analysis and Effective Teaching
Authors: Siegel Ernest
Published: July 2017

With increasing frequency, educator-practitioners are realizing that the keystone to effective teaching is the teacher's ability to select relevant, well-defined, discrete aims and to translate each aim into its sequential components. Some examples of task analysis are presented and criteria for designing other sequences are outlined.
Effects of Music Used to Mask Noise in Learning Disability Classes
Authors: Vernetti Carol Jean , Jacobs John F.
Published: July 2017

Classical music was used to mask background noise in classes of children with learning disabilities. Fifty-three children in eight classes were given mathematics worksheets to complete while conditions of music and noise were alternated. The children served as their own controls. Each assignment was checked for accuracy and rate, and comparisons were made on the basis of age, difficulty of mathematics level, and intelligence, as well as overall group performance between conditions. No significant difference was found between the conditions, nor was there any noticeable interaction between the variables tested.
Teacher Education and Youngsters with Learning Problems, Part II: Major Issues Related to Recruiting, Admitting, and Maintaining Education Professionals
Authors: Adelman Howard S.
Published: July 2017

The second article in this series “Teacher Education and Youngsters with Learning Problems,” explores problems related to luring, selecting, and keeping high-quality personnel. The focus is on three overlapping topics: (1) the public image of the educational system, (2) the criteria for admission into teacher education programs and into the profession, and (3) the working conditions experienced by those professionals who work in public schools. Within the context of these three topics, the presentation explores (1) the vicious cycle that perpetuates education's negative image, (2) the deficiencies of current approaches to delineating the characteristics of effective teachers, (3) the deficiencies of current admission criteria, (4) the lack of professional recognition, (5) the nature of in-service programs and on the job support (including differentiated staffing), and (6) current salary policies.
The Effects of Kephart's Perceptual Motor-Training on a Reading Clinic Sample
Authors: Sullivan Joanna
Published: July 2017

The present study is concerned with the effects of Kephart's perceptual-motor training procedures upon the reading performance of poor readers in a reading clinic population with average and above average intelligence. The study was conducted during a six-week summer session. This study also compares the effectiveness of training upon the reading performance of children with binocular fusion difficulties and those having no visual defects. Subjects were of average and above average intelligence in school grades 4 to 12. There were 41 subjects in each group, experimental and control, matched for age grade, IQ, and reading performance. All pupils received two hours of reading instruction daily. Experimental pupils received three types of perceptual-motor training for a half hour daily for six weeks: chalkboard training consisting of four tracing exercises in balance, laterality, and directionality. Results showed that perceptual-motor training had no effect upon reading comprehension of poor readers, yet effects upon oral reading were close to significant (.10 > p >.05). Kephart's perceptual-motor exercises did not improve the reading performance of children with binocular fusion difficulties.
Training Visual Perceptual Processes
Authors: Hammill Donald
Published: July 2017

In this article, recent research and writing has been organized for the purpose of (1) operationally defining “visual perception,” (2) investigating the relationship between visual perception and reading comprehension, and (3) determining the effects of visual perceptual training on reading and visual perception. Visual perception was defined as those brain operations which involve interpreting the physical elements of the stimulus rather than the symbolic aspects of the stimulus and are usually referred to as visual discriminations and/or spatial relationships. It was concluded that little correlation existed between measures of visual perception and tests of reading comprehension and that training visual perceptual skills, using currently available programs, has no positive effect on reading and possibly none on visual perception.
Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test
Authors: Soethe James W.
Published: July 2017

The concurrent validity of the PIAT was investigated using the WRAT and WISC. Pearsonian correlations between the PIAT, WRAT, and selected WISC subtests, along with means and standard deviations for the WISC are presented for 40 children comprising Normal, Reading Disabled, and Mentally Retarded groups. Higher correlations were found between the reading subtests while only moderate correlations were found for the spelling and mathematics subtests. It was concluded that the PIAT may be used with the WRAT and WISC to facilitate differential diagnosis.
Psychological, Neuropsychological, and Educational Correlates of Reading Deficit
Authors: Levine Maureen , Fuller Gerald
Published: July 2017

Forty-four children who were at least one year behind in reading ability were tested on 59 psychoneurological, psychological, and educational tests. The present study contributed considerable information on how children with reading disability perform on these variables; these results were compared with previous research. Support was provided to show that these children may be classified as being predominantly analytic or nonanalytic in conceptualization. Evidence was also found to indicate that learning depends upon the integration of different sense modalities.
Words and Things
Authors: Brown George W.
Published: July 2017

Many children have more difficulty processing and remembering words than they do real things, events, experiences. This essay is a plea for professionals to help parents and teachers understand the dramatic difference between words and things; and to help them see that many children are, unexpectedly, quite capable with direct experience, though not with words.
Frequency Studies of English Consonants
Authors: Wang William S-Y. , Crawford John
Published: July 2017

In this study an explanation was sought for the disagreement among the various frequency counts which have been made of English consonants. The data for a set of ten different frequency counts were converted to IPA symbols and compared by means of the coefficient of linear correlation. It was found that the relative frequency of consonants in English is not seriously affected by the style of literary content or by the dialect of the sample and that a relatively small sample yields typical values. Differences in the general type of corpus (dictionary or running texts) and in transcription, however, cause significant discrepancies among the various studies. It is concluded that higher order frequency data are probably more relevant to mechanical speech recognition than the first order data considered in this paper.
A Model for Speech Unit Duration
Authors: Hargreaves Wm. A.
Published: July 2017

A version of the exponential decay process is advanced as a mathematical model for speech unit durations. Distributions of speech unit durations are reported from a variety of speech samples. It is argued that a simple exponential model provides a workable approximation to these distributions. A more exact model is also outlined which takes account of (1) the fact that extremely short speech units lasting only a small fraction of a second are relatively less likely to occur, and (2) the fact that there tend to be small shifts in expected speech unit duration within a particular speech sample.
Discrimination of Vowel Sounds Synthesized By Harmonic Addition
Authors: Carpenter Alan
Published: July 2017

An experiment is described in which synthetic sounds were identified by untrained subjects as vowels. The sounds were constructed by adding together harmonics selected from a buzz source in the same relative amplitudes as were found in corresponding natural vowels.

This work is the first step in an attempt to identify those qualities of a complex sound which determine its perception as a particular vowel, irrespective of theories based upon the mechanism by which speech sounds are produced.
Response Times to Known Message-Sets in Noise
Authors: Pollack Irwin , Rubenstein Herbert
Published: July 2017

Response times to known message-sets of 2–32 monosyllabic words were obtained over a range of speech-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Response time was related primarily to word intelligibility, independently whether the intelligibility was changed by varying S/N ratio, size of message-set, or composition of message-set.
Recognition of Speaker Identity
Authors: Hargreaves Wm. A. , Starkweather John A.
Published: July 2017

A digital speech spectrometer system for the study of voice quality is applied to the recognition of individual speakers.
The Relation of Induced Dysnomia to Phoneme Frequency
Authors: Lansdell H. , Purnell Judith K. , Laskowski E. J.
Published: July 2017

Epileptic patients, undergoing the carotid amytal test for determination of the side of cerebral speech dominance, attempted to identify various objects during the period of induced dysnomia. The difficulty in naming objects was related principally to the incidence of the initial and final phonemes of the names of the objects. Objects with names that have initial phonemes of low frequency and final phonemes of high frequency tended to be identified correctly more often than objects with names that have the converse pattern of initial and final phonemes.
Functions of Hesitations in the Speech of Normal Families and Families of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Mishler Elliot G. , Waxler Nancy E.
Published: July 2017

Sentences containing several types of hesitation, including pauses, repetitions and word fragments, were sampled from the interaction of families of schizophrenic and normal children. These were submitted to subjects who attempted to guess each successive word in the sentence. The degree to which words were correctly guessed was associated with the position of the word relative to the hesitation in the sentence. Differences were found in the predictability of words antecedent and subsequent to non-content and content hesitations. Furthermore, the patterns of predictability were different for words from the two types of families; words following non-content hesitations in schizophrenic families dropped to low levels of predictability, 18 per cent, in contrast to a 36 per cent level of predictability for the same type of word in normal families. The findings are discussed in terms of the possible different functions of hesitations in schizophrenic and normal families, and related to clinical reports of difficulty in comprehending conversations among schizophrenic family members.
An Experimental Study of Interference Between Receptive and Productive Processes Relating to Simultaneous Translation
Authors: Goldman-Eisler Frieda , Cohen Michele
Published: July 2017

The question of the interference between the reception and production of speech is basic to an understanding of the processes involved in simultaneous translation. This paper reports an experiment designed to throw light on this problem by controlling the level of interference between decoding and encoding speech using hesitancy as an indicator of interference. This proved effective in spotting the levels at which interference takes place. Encoding without processing did not interfere with the monitoring of even highly complex intellectual material, but encoding involving complex processing did so in proportion to the hesitancy of the input. Such encoding was facilitated at the end of the monitored sentences and inhibited while they were being monitored.
Filled Pauses and Syntactic Complexity
Authors: Cook Mark , Smith Jacqueline , Lalljee Mansur G.
Published: July 2017

Two studies of syntactic complexity in relation to filled pause rates are described. In the first no relation between proportion of subordinate clauses and FP rate is found. In the second it is found that FPs precede longer than average clauses. It is suggested that FPs reflect processes of syntactic organisation at the clause level, rather than the sentence level.
The Teaching of Constructed Responses in Language Therapy
Authors: Black John W. , Hooker Elizabeth , Long Judith , Wilkens Karen
Published: July 2017

Equal numbers of aphasic adults, deaf children, ages 9-10, and deaf adolescents, ages 13-17, were required to complete stems of sentences. The incomplete sentences were typed automatically in the presence of the individual subject who constructed the final word of each sentence, monitored and corrected letter by letter. The responses were 55 words, 11 of which were predicted on each of five test days. The responses were repeated four times daily for four days, making 20 experiences (days) for each participant. The response words varied in numbers of letters and in numbers of phonemes. The results showed that the deaf adolescents made the fewest errors and the aphasic adults, the most. Except for words of two phonemes and two letters, the number of errors per letter increased with the length of the word.
Sex Differences, Extraversion and Neuroticism in Relation to Speech Rate During the Expression of Emotion
Authors: Steer Angela B.
Published: July 2017

It has been suggested that changes in speech rate may reflect changes in drive or arousal. The experiment was designed to examine the relation between extraversion, neuroticism and sex of subjects and speech rate changes when the subjects expressed anger and pleasure while counting aloud. 48 male and female subjects completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory and then performed the counting task after practice. Analysis indicated that although there were no significant effects for extraversion and neuroticism, male subjects showed a significantly lower rate of change than did females when expressing anger. The results are discussed in relation to learned stereotypes of emotions and drive theories of speech rate change.