bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Silk Cranial Fixation System for Neurosurgery
Authors: Liu Keyin , Shi Zhifeng , Zhang Shaoqing , Zhou Zhitao , Sun Long , Xu Tao , Zhang Yeshun , Zhang Guozheng , Li Xinxin , Chen Liang , Mao Ying , Tao Tiger H.
Published: April 2018

Cranial fixation should be safe, reliable, ideally degradable, and produce no hazardous residues and no artifacts on neuroimaging. Protein‐based fixation devices offer an exciting opportunity for this application. Here, the preclinical development and in vivo efficacy verification of a silk cranial fixation system in functional models are reported by addressing key challenges toward clinical use. A comprehensive study on this fixation system in rodent and canine animal models for up to 12 months is carried out. The silk fixation system shows a superb performance on the long‐term stability of the internal structural support for cranial flap fixation and bone reconnection and has good magnetic resonance imaging compatibility, and tolerability to high dose radiotherapy, underscoring the favorable clinical application of this system for neurosurgery compared to the current gold standard.
ICG‐Sensitized NaYF4:Er Nanostructure for Theranostics
Authors: Wang Dan , Wang Depeng , Kuzmin Andrey , Pliss Artem , Shao Wei , Xia Jun , Qu Junle , Prasad Paras N.
Published: April 2018

Here lanthanide‐doped luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) NaYF4:Er conjugated to the indocyanine green dye (ICG) are introduced for theranostics applications in trimodal imaging as well as in photothermal therapy. ICG as a donor with high absorption cross‐section at 808 nm increases excitation efficiency of Er3+ through the energy transfer mechanism and, therefore, significantly enhances both upconverted and Stokes emissions from Er3+ ions in LNPs. Enhanced Stokes emission is used at 1.5 µm for bioimaging in the second near‐infrared wavelength window, which allows deeper penetration in biological media due to reduced scattering. A part of the ICG excitation decays by the competing nonradiating relaxation to produce local heating, which is utilized for photoacoustic imaging as well as for local thermal imaging. All these modalities are demonstrated by in vivo imaging of subcutaneous pancreatic tumor‐bearing nude mice. Furthermore, in the thermal imaging as well as in vitro photocytotoxicity studies, it is shown that the local temperature rise is high enough to be used for highly effective photothermal therapy. Cytotoxicity study on cells using the MTT assay shows the biocompatibility feature of this nanoconstruct. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of ICG‐NaYF4:Er nanoconjugates for multimodal theranostics.
Huygens Metasurface Holograms with the Modulation of Focal Energy Distribution
Authors: Wang Zhuochao , Ding Xumin , Zhang Kuang , Ratni Badreddine , Burokur Shah Nawaz , Gu Xuemai , Wu Qun
Published: April 2018

Huygens metasurface, an implementation of Huygens principle with metasurface, shows great potential in the manipulation of electromagnetic wave by elaborately designed subwavelength scale metaatoms with full phase coverage and high transmission amplitude. Here, a multiphase hologram with Huygens metasurface is demonstrated in microwave regime, and a novel algorithm method is proposed to modulate energy distribution among focal points. The proof‐of‐concept experiments show superior microwave holographic images with 89% transmittance efficiency, 59% imaging efficiency, and 1.65 root‐mean‐square error of focal intensity ratio. The proposed Huygens metasurface hologram expands the route to microwave applications for holographic technologies, including computer‐generated holograms, antennas, security, and data storage.
Synthetic Procedures for the Preparation of Nitroalkanes
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Palmieri Alessandro
Published: April 2018

Nitroalkanes, mainly the primary ones, are the key starting materials for the synthesis of a large variety of important targets. However, in spite of their strategic synthetic importance, every single type of nitroalkane and every single procedure are relegated to individual contributions. Thus, this review represents the first exhaustive collection of procedures for their synthesis and, consequently, it can be considered as a very important tool for a growing use of nitroalkanes as key synthetic building blocks.

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Aluminium Chloride‐Mediated Synthesis of 1‐Chloro‐2,2,2‐Trifluoroethylidene‐Substituted Pyrrolidones
Authors: Wang Zeng , Yuan Zihang , Han Xiaoyan , Weng Zhiqiang
Published: April 2018

An aluminium chloride‐mediated cascade reaction between pyrrolidones and trifluoroacetic anhydride is reported. Functionally diverse 1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethylidene‐substituted pyrrolidones were obtained in moderate to high yields through electrophilic trifluoroacetylation, nucleophilic chlorination, and elimination. This procedure has a wide scope, good functional‐group tolerance and the reaction conditions are amenable to scale up. Additionally the obtained 1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethylidene products can be applied to further functionalization as trifluoromethyl‐containing building blocks. Some of the title compounds showed fungicidal activity against cucumber downy mildew (CDM).

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A trimethylamine–carbon dioxide draw solution for osmotic engines
Authors: Xia Lingling , Arena Jason T. , Ren Jian , Reimund Kevin K. , Holland Amy , Wilson Aaron D. , McCutcheon Jeffrey R.
Published: April 2018

This study evaluates the pressure retarded osmosis performance of TMA–CO2 for potential use in osmotic heat engines. Power densities up to 18.6 W m−2 were achievable at relatively low pressure (10 bar) using 5 M TMA–CO2 draw solutions. Compared to NaCl control tests, the TMA–CO2 exhibited 20% lower water flux due in large part to its larger molecular size and associated higher solution viscosity and lower diffusion coefficient. Compared to the ammonia‐carbon dioxide draw solution, water flux was comparable but reverse solute flux of TMA–CO2 was nearly one order of magnitude lower. Larger solute size was found to create a performance tradeoff as reduced reverse solute flux improved water flux while higher viscosity and lower diffusion coefficient worsened water flux. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3369–3375, 2018
Congenital sodium diarrhea and chorioretinal coloboma with optic disc coloboma in a patient with biallelic SPINT2 mutations, including p.(Tyr163Cys)
Authors: Hirabayashi Kristin E. , Moore Anthony T. , Mendelsohn Bryce A. , Taft Ryan J. , Chawla Aditi , Perry Denise , Henry Duncan , Slavotinek Anne
Published: April 2018

Congenital sodium diarrhea is a rare and life‐threatening disorder characterized by a severe, secretory diarrhea containing high concentrations of sodium, leading to hyponatremia and metabolic acidosis. It may occur in isolation or in association with systemic features such as facial dysmorphism, choanal atresia, imperforate anus, and corneal erosions. Mutations in the serine protease inhibitor, Kunitz‐Type 2 (SPINT2) gene have been associated with congenital sodium diarrhea and additional syndromic features. We present a child with congenital sodium diarrhea, cleft lip and palate, corneal erosions, optic nerve coloboma, and intermittent exotropia who was found to have biallelic mutations in SPINT2. One mutation, c.488A > G, predicting p.(Tyr163Cys), has been previously associated with a syndromic form of congenital sodium diarrhea. The other mutation, c.166_167dupTA, predicting p.(Asn57Thrfs*24) has not previously been reported and is likely a novel pathogenic variant for this disorder. We found only one other report of an optic nerve coloboma associated with SPINT2 mutations and this occurred in a patient with congenital tufting enteropathy. Our patient confirms an association of ocular coloboma with presumed loss of SPINT2 function.
Low serum fatty acid levels in pregnancies with fetal gastroschisis: A prospective study
Authors: Centofanti Sandra F. , Francisco Rossana P. V. , Phillippi Sonia T. , Castro Inar A. , Hoshida Mara S. , Curi Rui , Brizot Maria L.
Published: April 2018

Fetal gastroschisis is a paraumbilical abdominal wall defect with herniation of abdominal organs. The underlying cause of the disease remains unknown; however, studies suggest that nutritional factors may play a role in its development. This prospective case‐control study explored the association of serum fatty acid levels of pregnant women and occurrence of gastroschisis. Gastroschisis group comprised 57 pregnant women with fetuses with gastroschisis, and the control group comprised 114 pregnant women with normal fetuses. Serum fatty acids levels were compared between the groups for the overall pregnancy at <34 weeks; ≤25 weeks, and >25 and <34 weeks; and at delivery. Total fatty acids (p = .008), unsaturated fatty acids (p = .002), and the C18:1n9/C18:00 ratio (p = .021) were lower in the gastroschisis group than in the control group during the overall pregnancy; however, the C16:00/C18:2n6 ratio (p = .018) was higher in the gastroschisis group than in the control group during the same period. Total fatty acids (p = .044) and unsaturated fatty acids (p = .024) were lower in the gastroschisis group at ≤25 weeks, and unsaturated fatty acid (p = .025) and the C18:1n9/C18:00 ratio (p = .013) were lower in the gastroschisis group than in the control group at >25 and <34 weeks. Pregnant women with fetuses with gastroschisis have low serum fatty acids levels during pregnancy. These findings suggest that fatty acids levels may be involved in the pathogenesis of fetal gastroschisis.
First‐year growth in children with Noonan syndrome: Associated with feeding problems?
Authors: Croonen Ellen A. , Draaisma Jos M. T. , van der Burgt Ineke , Roeleveld Nel , Noordam Cees
Published: April 2018

Children with Noonan syndrome show rapid decline of growth in the first year of life and feeding problems are present in over 50%. The aim of this study was to explore whether growth decelerates because of feeding problems or other Noonan syndrome‐related factors. We performed a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of clinically and genetically diagnosed subjects with Noonan syndrome (n = 143). Questionnaires about the phenotypic–genotypic profile and reported feeding problems were sent to eligible subjects. Data on first‐year growth was obtained from growth charts. Ninety‐one participants were excluded because of different criteria. A total of 52 subjects with Noonan syndrome were included. The largest decline in weight and length standard deviation score (SDS) occurred in the first 2.5 months after birth (−1.93 and −1.15, respectively), with feeding problems causing a decline of 0.57 SDS in the remaining months. At 1 year, children with feeding problems were on average 290 g lighter and 0.8 cm shorter than children without feeding problems. Weight gain was also negatively influenced by having a PTPN11 mutation (n = 39) and a higher gestational age, whereas children of parents with Noonan syndrome and with a higher birth weight gained more weight. Growth in length was reduced by having cardiac surgery and a higher gestational age, but positively influenced by birth length and maternal height. Growth in children with Noonan syndrome is impaired right after birth and only partially associated with feeding problems. In addition, several specific Noonan syndrome‐related factors seem to influence growth in the first year.
Isosorbide dinitrate in nephronophthisis treatment
Authors: Strong Alanna , Muneeruddin Samina , Parrish Richard , Lui Daniel , Conley Susan B
Published: April 2018

Nephronophthisis is a progressive disease that affects development of the renal tubules and leads to end stage renal disease. Many affected children have isolated renal disease; however, there can be additional manifestations including heart defects, liver fibrosis, brain malformations, and situs inversus. There is no way to slow or modify the disease. We describe a patient who presented at birth with cholestatic jaundice and decreased kidney function, found by exome sequencing to have two NPHP3 variants. Her clinical status deteriorated rapidly, and two disease‐modifying agents were given in hopes of slowing disease progression, the arginine vasopressin type II receptor antagonist tolvaptan to stabilize her renal function and isosorbide dinitrate to manage her poorly controlled hypertension. Tolvaptan therapy initiated at 82 days of life had limited effect on the rate of decline in renal function and was insufficient to abrogate the need for dialysis; however, isosorbide dinitrate therapy led to a dramatic improvement in blood pressure control and allowed for the discontinuation of multiple anti‐hypertensive agents. This is the first report of the use of tolvaptan and isosorbide dinitrate for nephronophthisis management. We suggest that isosorbide dinitrate may represent a disease‐modifying agent in nephronophthisis treatment.
Reimagining the Northern Territory Intervention: Institutional and cultural interventions into the Anglo‐Australian imaginary
Authors: Churcher Millicent
Published: April 2018

This paper draws on the example of the Northern Territory Intervention to examine the role of Australia's broader socio‐cultural context in maintaining racist policies concerning Indigenous self‐governance. Central to this paper is the claim that legislative, constitutional, and other structural reforms are limited on their own to prevent institutional practices of violence and exclusion that are bound up with popular ways of imagining Indigenous and non‐Indigenous identities. In light of the potential limitations of top‐down reforms to prevent the perpetuation of discriminatory policymaking in relation to Australia's First Peoples, this paper explores the value of bottom‐up initiatives that constructively engage the imaginative, affective, and reflective capacities of individuals to facilitate a ‘critical re‐imagining’ (The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and Resistant Imaginations, Oxford University Press, 2013) of Indigenous Australians as social and political actors. Developing and supporting such initiatives, on this view, is integral to the wider task of promoting and protecting Indigenous rights, interests, and entitlements.
The development of policy on international student welfare and the question of crisis response
Authors: Ramia Gaby
Published: April 2018

The global market in international education has grown almost without interruption over several decades. Increases in international student enrolments in Australia have been among the most impressive in the world, though they declined between 2010 and 2013. The decline was attributable to exchange rate movements and changes to student visa regulations, though an additional factor lay in reputational fallout from a series of violent physical attacks on Indian students, mostly in 2009. In response, Australian federal and State governments undertook diplomatic trips to India, established a raft of public inquiries to investigate the broader question of international student welfare, and made policy changes. Utilising the literature on public policy “crises”, this paper presents government responses to the 2010–2013 downturn in terms of managing a “long‐shadow crisis” (Boin et al., The Politics of Crisis Management: Public Leadership Under Pressure; Cambrtidge University Press, 2005), which typically emerges quickly but has major political consequences, is only seen to be resolved incrementally, and calls for policy change rather than fine‐tuning in response. The adequacy of the policy response to the crisis is not discussed. The article suggests that the crisis and the response acted to elevate the status of international education as an area of policy in general, though not as a mainstream area of social policy.
A Planar‐Chiral Rhodium(III) Catalyst with a Sterically Demanding Cyclopentadienyl Ligand and Its Application in the Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydroisoquinolones
Authors: Trifonova Evgeniya A. , Ankudinov Nikita M. , Mikhaylov Andrey A. , Chusov Denis A. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Perekalin Dmitry S.
Published: April 2018

The rapid development of enantioselective C−H activation reactions has created a demand for new types of catalysts. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel planar‐chiral rhodium catalyst [(C5H2tBu2CH2tBu)RhI2]2 in two steps from commercially available [(cod)RhCl]2 and tert‐butylacetylene. Pure enantiomers of the catalyst were obtained through separation of its diastereomeric adducts with natural (S)‐proline. The catalyst promoted enantioselective reactions of aryl hydroxamic acids with strained alkenes to give dihydroisoquinolones in high yields (up to 97 %) and with good stereoselectivity (up to 95 % ee).
Asymmetric Synthesis of Silicon‐Stereogenic Vinylhydrosilanes by Cobalt‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Alkyne Hydrosilylation with Dihydrosilanes
Authors: Wen Huanan , Wan Xiaolong , Huang Zheng
Published: April 2018

The strategic carbon‐to‐silicon substitution at a stereogenic center can produce chiral silanes with significantly improved properties relative to their carbon congeners. We herein report an unprecedented cobalt‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of unsymmetric alkynes with dihydrosilanes that furnishes silicon‐stereogenic vinylhydrosilanes with high regio‐ and enantioselectivity. The absolute configurations of the products were determined by chiroptical methods in combination with DFT calculations. The synthetic versatility of the vinylhydrosilanes as chiral building blocks was further demonstrated by asymmetric Si−H insertion and catalytic hydroboration reactions.
Perspectives of Attosecond Spectroscopy for the Understanding of Fundamental Electron Correlations
Authors: Kraus Peter M. , Wörner Hans Jakob
Published: April 2018

The description of the electronic structure of molecules in terms of molecular orbitals is a highly successful concept in chemistry. However, it commonly fails if the electrons in a molecule are strongly correlated and cannot be treated as independent particles. Electron correlation is essential to understand inner‐valence X‐ray spectroscopies, it can drive ultrafast charge migration in molecules, and it is responsible for many exotic properties of strongly correlated materials. Time‐resolved spectroscopy with attosecond resolution is generally capable of following electronic motion in real time and can thus provide experimental access to electron‐correlation‐driven phenomena. High‐harmonic spectroscopy in particular uses the precisely timed laser‐driven recollision of electrons to interrogate the electronic structure and dynamics of the investigated system on a sub‐femtosecond timescale. In this Review, the capabilities of high‐harmonic spectroscopy to follow electronic motion in molecules are discussed. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches to unraveling the detailed dynamical responses of molecular systems following ionization are presented. A new theoretical formalism for the reconstruction of correlation‐driven charge migration is introduced. The importance of electron–ion entanglement and electronic coherence in the reconstruction of attosecond hole dynamics are discussed. These advances make high‐harmonic spectroscopy a promising technique to decode fundamental electron correlations and to provide experimental data on the complex manifestations of multi‐electron dynamics.
A Vastly Increased Chemical Variety of RNA Modifications Containing a Thioacetal Structure
Authors: Dal Magro Christina , Keller Patrick , Kotter Annika , Werner Stephan , Duarte Victor , Marchand Virginie , Ignarski Michael , Freiwald Anja , Müller Roman‐Ulrich , Dieterich Christoph , Motorin Yuri , Butter Falk , Atta Mohamed , Helm Mark
Published: April 2018

Recently discovered new chemical entities in RNA modifications have involved surprising functional groups that enlarge the chemical space of RNA. Using LC‐MS, we found over 100 signals of RNA constituents that contained a ribose moiety in tRNAs from E. coli. Feeding experiments with variegated stable isotope labeled compounds identified 37 compounds that are new structures of RNA modifications. One structure was elucidated by deuterium exchange and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The structure of msms2i6A (2‐methylthiomethylenethio‐N6‐isopentenyl‐adenosine) was confirmed by methione‐D3 feeding experiments and by synthesis of the nucleobase. The msms2i6A contains a thioacetal, shown in vitro to be biosynthetically derived from ms2i6A by the radical‐SAM enzyme MiaB. This enzyme performs thiomethylation, forming ms2i6A from i6A in a first turnover. The new thioacetal is formed by a second turnover. Along with the pool of 36 new modifications, this work describes a new layer of RNA modification chemistry.
Purification of Monoglycerides From Palm Stearin by Liquid–Liquid Extraction With Aqueous Ethanol
Authors: Sánchez Edwin , Pardo‐Castaño Camilo , Bolaños Gustavo
Published: April 2018

Monoglycerides obtained by glycerolysis of palm stearin can be purified by extraction with aqueous ethanol, a process much less expensive than molecular distillation, which is the method that is commonly used at the industrial level. Liquid–liquid equilibrium data were measured for the six pseudoternary systems involved in the purification of the crude monoglyceride mixture obtained by glycerolysis of palm stearin. These systems are monoglycerides–ethanol–water, diglycerides–ethanol–water, triglycerides–ethanol–water, monoglycerides–diglycerides–(65 wt% ethanol + 35 wt% water), monoglycerides–triglycerides–(65 wt% ethanol + 35 wt% water), and diglycerides–triglycerides–(65 wt% ethanol + 35 wt% water). Measurements were performed at 343.15 K using a thermostated view cell. The experimental tie‐line data for the six systems were correlated using the NRTL model for activity coefficients. Results from a simulation study using the binary interaction parameters determined for the NRTL model indicate that liquid–liquid extraction with aqueous ethanol can be used to obtain a 90 wt% monoglycerides product with up to 70% yield, in a simple process.
Algorithms and strategies in short‐read shotgun metagenomic reconstruction of plant communities
Authors: Harbert Robert S.
Published: April 2018

Premise of the Study

DNA may be preserved for thousands of years in very cold or dry environments, and plant tissue fragments and pollen trapped in soils and shallow aquatic sediments are well suited for the molecular characterization of past floras. However, one obstacle in this area of study is the limiting bias in the bioinformatic classification of short fragments of degraded DNA from the large, complex genomes of plants.

Methods

To establish one possible baseline protocol for the rapid classification of short‐read shotgun metagenomic data for reconstructing plant communities, the read classification programs Kraken, Centrifuge, and MegaBLAST were tested on simulated and ancient data with classification against a reference database targeting plants.

Results

Performance tests on simulated data suggest that Kraken and Centrifuge outperform MegaBLAST. Kraken tends to be the most conservative approach with high precision, whereas Centrifuge has higher sensitivity. Reanalysis of 13,000 years of ancient sedimentary DNA from North America characterizes potential post‐glacial vegetation succession.

Discussion

Classification method choice has an impact on performance and any downstream interpretation of results. The reanalysis of ancient DNA from glacial lake sediments yielded vegetation histories that varied depending on method, potentially changing paleoecological conclusions drawn from molecular evidence.
Uncertainties in simulated El Niño–Southern Oscillation arising from internal climate variability
Authors: Sun Chao , Liu Li , Li Li‐Juan , Wang Bin , Zhang Cheng , Liu Qun , Li Rui‐Zhe
Published: April 2018

Significant uncertainties exist in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulations. To investigate the source of these uncertainties, previous studies have primarily focused on the model itself; however, internal climate variability (ICV) as a source of uncertainty has not been sufficiently explored to date. Using the Community Earth System Model–Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM–LME) modeling project and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), an investigation into uncertainties in simulated ENSO arising from ICV is performed. Results show that external forcing can significantly increase the uncertainties arising from ICV when the simulation length is greater than ~40 years. In addition, the spread in ENSO amplitude arising from ICV accounts for 50% of the total spread within the CMIP5 historical simulations. Finally, the impact of ICV on ENSO varies considerably with simulation length and stabilizes at the threshold of 300–400 years.
Routine histopathological examination after female-to-male gender-confirming mastectomy
Authors: Van Renterghem S M J , Van Dorpe J , Monstrey S J , Defreyne J , Claes K E Y , Praet M , Verbeke S L J , T'Sjoen G G R , Van Bockstal M R
Published: April 2018

Background

The number of transmen seeking gender-confirming surgery has risen steadily throughout the last decade. Pathologists are increasingly confronted with transmale mastectomy specimens. It is not clear whether routine histopathological examination is useful. This study explored the possible benefit of routine investigation through detailed description of lesions encountered in mastectomy specimens after female-to-male gender-confirming surgery.

Methods

Breast tissue from a cohort of transmen was reviewed. The presence of benign and malignant breast lesions was recorded. The number of terminal duct–lobule units (TDLUs) per ten low-power fields (LPFs) was quantified. Information on hormone therapy and morphometry was retrieved for selected patients.

Results

The cohort included 344 subjects with a mean age of 25·8 (range 16–61) years at the time of surgery; the age at surgery decreased significantly over time. Older individuals presented with a significantly higher number of breast lesions. The number of TDLUs per LPF was lower in heavier breasts, but did not correlate with age. Breast lesions, either benign or malignant, were present in 166 individuals (48·3 per cent). Invasive breast cancer was found in two (0·6 per cent); one tumour was an unexpected finding. The number of breast lesions encountered on histopathological examination increased significantly when more tissue blocks were taken.

Conclusion

The discovery of an unexpected breast cancer in a 31-year-old transman emphasizes the importance of thorough routine histopathological examination of mastectomy specimens. The number of tissue blocks taken should be based on age and breast weight.
The influence of THC:CBD oromucosal spray on driving ability in patients with multiple sclerosis‐related spasticity
Authors: Celius Elisabeth G. , Vila Carlos
Published: April 2018

Background

Driving ability is a key function for the majority of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) to help maintain daily interactions. Both physical and cognitive disability, as well as treatments, may affect the ability to drive. Spasticity is a common symptom associated with MS, and it may affect driving performance either directly or via the medications used to treat it. In this article, we review the evidence relating the antispasticity medicine, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD) oromucosal spray (Sativex®), and its potential impact on driving performance.

Methods

Articles were identified by searching PubMed from 1/1/2000 to 30/6/2017 using a specified list of search terms. The articles identified using these search terms were augmented with relevant references from these papers and other articles known to the authors.

Results

The results from THC:CBD oromucosal spray driving studies and real‐world registries did not show any evidence of an increase in motor vehicle accidents associated with THC:CBD oromucosal spray. The majority of patients reported an improvement in driving ability after starting THC:CBD oromucosal spray, and it was speculated that this may be related to reduced spasticity and/or better cognitive function. It should be noted that THC blood levels are significantly lower than the levels associated with recreational use of herbal cannabis.

Conclusions

THC:CBD oromucosal spray was shown not to impair driving performance. However, periodic assessment of patients with MS driving ability is recommended, especially after relapses and changes in treatment. Blood THC measurements might be above authorized thresholds for some countries following administration of THC:CBD oromucosal spray, thus specific knowledge of each country's driving regulations and a medical certificate are recommended.
Try new strategies for creating on‐campus professional development
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2018

Although you know the value of providing your athletics staff with quality professional development opportunities, you also know the challenges of limited funding and scheduling conflicts.
Was coach's failure to report alleged rape actionable under Title IX?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: April 2018

Lauren Kesterson enrolled at Kent State University in 2012 as a scholarship player on the women's softball team. Karen Linder was the head coach.
Ease transitions by providing supportive leadership
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: April 2018

Lisa M. Sweany's transition from her role as the athletics director at Armstrong State University to her new post as deputy AD at Georgia Southern University didn't happen in the traditional way. And it involved much more than the challenge of moving from a Division II school to a DI school. In fact, the change was precipitated by the consolidation of the two schools, which required Sweany to close Armstrong's athletics department.
TRPC3 overexpression and intervention in airway smooth muscle of ovalbumin‐induced hyperresponsiveness and remodeling
Authors: Xu Bo‐Ming , Zhang Jia‐Hua , Wang Jia‐Ling , Xiao Jun‐Hua
Published: April 2018

Transient receptor potential canonical channel 3 (TRPC3) proteins function as non‐voltage‐gated Ca2+‐permeable channels and play divergent roles in many processes of pathophysiology. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between TRPC3 expression and airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in ovalbumin‐induced asthmatic Kunming mice. Mice were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin to establish asthmatic model. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining, hydroxyproline assay, and isometric tracheal ring force measurement were used to evaluate airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mice. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of TRPC3 proteins. MTT assay was used to measure the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells. TRPC3 protein expression increased in airway smooth muscle of asthmatic mice. GdCl3, a nonspecific TRPC blocker, attenuated the contractile force of airway smooth muscle. Fetal bovine serum stimulated airway smooth muscle cells proliferation and augmented TRPC3 protein expression. Both TRPC3 blockade by GdCl3 or specific TRPC3 antibodies and gene silencing by siRNA inhibited the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells. In contrast, the current drugs treatment for asthma such as Dexamethasone and Aminophylline had no effects on TRPC3 protein overexpression. Therefore, TRPC3 protein overexpression may be involved in airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness and remodeling in asthmatic mice, providing evidence for a new direction of asthma pathogenesis research and a new target for drug intervention.
Severe electrolytes disorders with the interstitial kidney alterations in the patient with the history of total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy: possible role of vitamin D deficiency
Authors: Kawakita Emi , Kanasaki Keizo , Hirai Taro , Tsuda Shin‐ichi , Watanabe Ai , Nitta Kyoko , Kitada Munehiro , Ogura Yoshio , Takagaki Yuta , Fujii Mizue , Nagai Takako , Shimada Keiji , Takagi Susumu , Mizunuma Yuiko , Monno Itaru , Shino Fujimoto , Minato Hiroshi , Miyatake Nobuhiko , Nakagawa Atsushi , Koya Daisuke
Published: April 2018

Key Clinical Message

Vitamin D plays vital role for the health, and its deficiency has been implicated in the diverse pathological conditions such as hypomagnesemia and abnormal immune system. Here, we present a case of severe electrolytes disorders (hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia etc.) and kidney damages associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Uterocutaneous fistula due to held placenta in a low resource setting
Authors: Di Maggio Francesco , Nkurunziza Joel , Caravaggi Paola
Published: April 2018

Key Clinical Message

Postcesarean section complication rate is higher in LMIC (Low and Middle Income Countries) due to lack of resources and specialists availability. A completely or incompletely held infected placenta might underlie a dehiscent cesarean section wound. Humanitarian and local surgeons should consider this differential diagnosis and be ready to practice hysterectomies when needed.
Hybrid Metalloporphyrin Magnetic Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Sequential Transformation of Alkenes and CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates
Authors: Dias Lucas D. , Carrilho Rui M. B. , Henriques César A. , Calvete Mário J. F. , Masdeu‐Bultó Anna M. , Claver Carmen , Rossi Liane M. , Pereira Mariette M.
Published: April 2018

The synthesis and full characterization of manganese and chromium metalloporphyrins and hybrid magnetic nanocomposites prepared thereof is described. Their application in homogeneous and heterogeneous sequential epoxidation/CO2 cycloaddition reactions by using O2 or H2O2 as the oxidant showed high activity and selectivity for the preparation of a variety of cyclic carbonates directly from olefins. The combination of manganese and chromium nanocomposites allowed us to set the keystone for the development of a reusable dual catalytic system to transform olefins into cyclic carbonates.
Probing Dynamic Events of Dielectric Nanoparticles by a Nanoelectrode‐Nanopore Nanopipette
Authors: Pandey Popular , Panday Namuna , Chang Shuai , Pang Pei , Garcia Javier , Wang Xuewen , Fu Qiang , He Jin
Published: April 2018

In recent years, various single‐entity electrochemical methods have been developed to study the dynamic events of single nanoparticles (NPs) in solution. It has been demonstrated that the assembly, transport, and translocation of metallic NPs near a nanopore entrance can be detected based on the open‐circuit potential change of a floating nanoelectrode placed near the nanopore. In this study, we applied the nanopore‐nanoelectrode‐based method to study polystyrene (PS) NPs with various sizes, which were used as the model dielectric NPs. Furthermore, by utilizing dielectrophoretic (DEP) force applied through the nanoelectrode, PS NPs can be efficiently preconcentrated to form large assemblies outside the nanopipette tip, enabling high‐throughput single NP analysis. We revealed how the interactions between NPs and between the NP and the nanopore surface affected the current and potential signals. We investigated the dynamic structures and motions of PS NPs inside the large assembly based on the complementary and correlated the ionic current and potential signals from both the nanopore and the nanoelectrode. We also compared the difference in the dynamic events between polarizable metallic NPs and non‐polarizable dielectric NPs during multi‐NP structure formation and individual NP transport and translocation motions.
Zum Biegedrillknicken von kombinierten Spundwänden
Authors: Grabe J.
Published: April 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Composite joints: what lies ahead
Authors: da Silva L.S.
Published: April 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Anspruchsvolle Projekte in Stahl‐/Verbundbauweise im Raum Stuttgart
Authors: Sauerborn N. , Neubauer T.
Published: April 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Recent advances in steel‐concrete composite and hybrid structures: Concrete elements reinforced by steel profiles
Authors: Degée H. , Elghazouli A. , Somja H. , Bogdan T. , Plumier A.
Published: April 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Pancake Bonding in π‐Stacked Trimers in a Salt of Tetrachloroquinone Anion
Authors: Molčanov Krešimir , Mou Zhongyu , Kertesz Miklos , Kojić‐Prodić Biserka , Stalke Dietmar , Demeshko Serhiy , Šantić Ana , Stilinović Vladimir
Published: April 2018

The crystal structure of [4‐damp])2[Cl4Q]3 (4‐damp=4‐dimethylamino‐N‐methylpyridinium, Cl4Q=tetrachloroquinone) salt is built up from slipped columnar stacks of quinoid rings composed of closely bound trimers with the intra‐trimer separation distance of 2.84 Å and total charge of −2 whereas the inter‐trimer distance is 3.59 Å. The individual rings exhibit partial negative charges that are distributed unevenly among the three Cl4Qs in the trimer. The strong interactions within a trimer (Cl4Q)32− have a partially covalent character with two‐electron/multicentered bonding, that is extended over three rings, plausibly termed as “pancake bonding”. The electron pairing within this multicentre bond leads to the fact that the crystals are diamagnetic and act as insulators. The studies of the structure and nature of bonding are based on X‐ray charge density analysis and density functional theory.
Porphyrin Cyclodextrin Conjugates Modulate Amyloid Beta Peptide Aggregation and Cytotoxicity
Authors: Oliveri Valentina , Zimbone Stefania , Giuffrida Maria Laura , Bellia Francesco , Tomasello Marianna Flora , Vecchio Graziella
Published: April 2018

Although fibrillar amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) aggregates are one of the major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, increasing evidence suggests that soluble Aβ oligomers are the primary toxic species. Targeting the oligomeric species could represent an effective strategy to interfere with Aβ toxicity. In this work, the biological properties of 5[4‐(6‐O‐β‐cyclodextrin)‐phenyl],10,15,20‐tri(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐porphyrin and its zinc complex were tested, as new molecules that interact with Aβ and effectively prevent its cytotoxicity. We found that these systems can cross the cell membrane to deliver Aβ intracellularly and promote its clearance. Our results provide evidence for the use of cyclodextrin–porphyrin derivatives as a promising strategy to target amyloid aggregation.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Annulation of α‐Chloroaldehydes with γ‐/δ‐Amino‐α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones: Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrrolidones and Piperidones
Authors: Zhang Zhao‐Fei , Zhang Chun‐Lin , Song Zhi‐Yong , Gao Zhong‐Hua , Ye Song
Published: April 2018

The N‐heterocyclic carbene‐catalyzed [2+3] and [2+4] annulations of α‐chloroaldehydes with γ‐/δ‐amino‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones were developed, giving the corresponding pyrrolidones and piperidones in good yields with exclusive trans‐selectivities and excellent enantioselectivities.
Pathology of Germ Cell Tumors of Testis
Authors: MOSTOFI F. K.
Published: April 2018

Since the last National Conference on Urological Tumors, there has been major progress in pathology of testicular tumors. An international histological classification of these tumors has been proposed, which is based on the sound principle that pathological examination must specify the exact components that are present in a tumor and give an estimate of relative proportions of each. The WHO classification, using generally accepted principles of tumor typing, has provided a standard method of pathological reporting of these tumors so that results of research from different parts of the world can be compared. The WHO system published in 1977 is readily convertible to the system in use in the American Testicular Tumor Registry. Its convertibility to the Friedman‐Moore and Pugh‐Cameron Testicular Tumor classifications is limited. Though it is generally believed that embryonal carcinoma can differentiate along extra‐embryonic lines to form yolk sac tumor and choriocarcinoma or along embryonic lines to form teratoma, the malignant germ cell itself seems to have the potential to develop along any of these lines without first going through the embryonal carcinoma phase.

Seminomas with high mitotic index and seminomas that contain syncytiotrophoblasts appear to have a less favorable prognosis than classic seminomas or spermatocytic seminomas. HCG is readily demonstrable in syncytiotrophoblasts whether alone or forming choriocarcinoma. AFP is demonstrable in yolk sac tumors and in some embryonal carcinomas. Histological demonstration of AFP and HCG can and should be correlated with clinical findings. Such correlation can readily be made with the WHO histological classification of these tumors.
The Role of Biologic Tumor Markers in Testicular Cancer
Authors: JAVADPOUR NASSER
Published: April 2018

Serial quantitative measurements of serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) have been prospectively studied in 386 patients with testicular germ cell cancer during the past seven years using sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays (RIAS). When HCG and AFP was measured in patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors (NSTT), about 90% of these patients with active tumors have elevated levels of serum HCG and/or AFP.

These markers have proven valuable in reducing the clinical staging errors to 5–14% by measuring their serum levels during the pre‐ and post‐lymphadenectomy periods.

The role of these markers have been demonstrated in monitoring the therapy and determining the prognosis of patients with NSTT. Although serum AFP has not been observed in patients with seminoma, serum HCG has been observed in patients with pure seminoma.

Although these markers are seen with certain other cancers, their differential diagnosis does not pose a problem. However, since most seminoma and about 10% of NSTT do not produce these markers, their value in differential diagnosis of a scrotal mass is limited. In interpretation of these markers, one should consider their biologic half‐lives and their discordant behavior while the patient is under therapy.

Concentrating the 24 hour urine and extracting the urinary HCG content by using a carboxy‐terminal RIA enhance the potential for a more sensitive monitoring of the tumor burden and for guiding the therapy of certain patients with testicular cancer. Finally, there are a number of potential markers under investigation in our laboratory.
Management of Stages I and II Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis
Authors: BABAIAN RICHARD J. , JOHNSON DOUGLAS E.
Published: April 2018

Management of Stages I and II nonseminomatous tumors of the testis is in a state of flux as a result of improvement in the major modalities for patient treatment. Both radiotherapy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, used alone, are providing five‐year survival rates in the range of 75 to 90% for patients with localized disease (Stage 1). However, since current staging methods fail to detect regional disease (Stage II) in 15 to 20% of the patients before therapy, lymphadenectomy provides a distinct and additional advantage, both by removing possible unseen metastases and by determining pathologically which patients may benefit from adjuvant therapy. Both surgery and radiotherapy, when used alone to combat extensive retroperitoneal disease, have proved unsatisfactory; surgery is frequently difficult or impossible, and persistent disease is common following radiotherapy. Therefore, patients with extensive Stage II disease are best treated with either preoperative chemotherapy or preoperative radiotherapy (2500 to 3000 rads over three to four weeks) before resection of the retroperitoneal disease. The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with Stages I and II disease is under continuing investigation.
The Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer
Authors: SOLOWAY MARK S.
Published: April 2018

Superficial bladder cancer includes tumors confined to the mucosa and lamina propria. They may be papillary or sessile. Tumors confined to the mucosa include papillomas, papillary carcinomas, or carcinoma in situ. Therapy must be individualized for each patient taking into consideration the histologic type, cytologic grade, location, number, prior history, and presence of atypia or carcinoma in situ in other areas of the bladder. Although the five‐year survival rates are good (62–88 percent), the 48–70 percent incidence of subsequent tumors requires constant surveillance. This high incidence is primarily due to the multifocal origin of urothelial tumors, but implantation of tumor cells following local resection may be a contributing factor. Current efforts to reduce this recurrence rate emphasize intravesical chemotherapy. Thio‐tepa and epodyl are effective in eradicating one‐third of tumors when used for definitive therapy. Most studies demonstrate a reduction in the recurrence rate when they are initiated following endoscopic resection of all visible tumor. A number of other drugs are being investigated for both definitive and prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy. Surgical procedures consist of transurethral resection, transvesical radium implantation, segmental cystectomy, and cystoprostatectomy. Each procedure has its own indications, and the surgeon must be discriminating in their use.
T3 Bladder Cancer
Authors: MILLER LOWELL S.
Published: April 2018

Examination of the published results of selected major studies of radiotherapy for T3 bladder cancer strengthens two convictions: 1) that incidence and degree of radiation‐induced stage reduction are dose‐dependent and 2) that higher rates and greater degrees of tumor regression preoperatively are associated with higher rates of survival, i.e. high preoperative radiation doses are more effective than low ones.
Surgical Staging of Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: McCULLOUGH DAVID L.
Published: April 2018

Surgical staging (bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy) has become a widely used and accepted procedure over the past eight years. It's utility is recognized by surgeons and radiotherapists alike. Approximately 15 to 20% of patients with small, palpable prostate cancer nodules (Stage B,) have (+) pelvic lymph nodes; over 30% of patients with larger but still intracapsular involvement (Stage B2) have (+) nodes. Over 50% of patients with localized capsular penetration (Stage C) have (+) nodes. Poorly‐differentiated tumors metastasize to nodes with greater frequency than do well‐differentiated tumors. The complication rate appears to be acceptable with lymphocele formation, thromboembolic phenomena, wound infections, and lymphedema being some of the more common problems. Operative mortality due to pelvic lymphadenectomy is extremely rare. Multiple positive nodes are a bad prognostic sign, whereas one or two nodes with minimal tumor volume are much less ominous. Little data is available on the therapeutic efficacy of a thorough pelvic lymphadenectomy in combination with radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy in terms of 10 or 15 year survival. Such data should become available in the next few years.
Radical Surgery for Prostatic Cancer
Authors: WALSH PATRICK C. , JEWETT HUGH J.
Published: April 2018

Radical surgical procedures for the cure of prostatic cancer are based on the premise that all cancer cells reside in the tissue to be excised and that the excision be properly accomplished. In the 75 years that have elapsed since radical prostatectomy was first performed, the criteria for the selection of surgical candidates have been refined. Based on pathologic findings and demonstrated long‐term tumor‐free survival, those patients apt to derive the greatest benefit from radical surgery are those with Stage B1 lesions. We were able to trace 57 patients with Stage B, disease who underwent radical perineal prostatectomy at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between the years 1951–1963. Fifteen years or more postoperatively, 29 (51%) were alive and well, 10 (17%) died of recurrent cancer, and 18 (32%) died without disease. There are no available data to prove that any other therapeutic modality can match the 15‐year survival provided by radical prostatectomy in patients with this stage of disease.