bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
My Own Island Home
Authors: Basu Paul
Published: April 2004

The notion of ‘home’ has become a powerful motif in the contemporary popular and academic project to (re)locate identity in a globalized world of movement. Home is, however, also materialized in ‘homeland’ and, as the discourse of ‘diaspora’ has been ever more widely appropriated by a diverse range of dispersed populations, so the phenomenon of diasporic ‘ homecoming’ has burgeoned – journeys, that is, in which members of diasporic communities ‘return’ to lost homelands as heritage-tourists and pilgrims. This article provides an account of ‘The Orkney Homecoming’, a packaged event in which over 150 Canadians of Orcadian descent travelled to their ancestral islands off the north coast of Scotland. Drawing extensively on the comments of participants and organizers of the event, the author argues that, through its materiality, the Orkney heritage-landscape provides a fertile soil into which the Canadian homecomers can root their identities.
The Materiality of Contemporary Art in Vanuatu
Authors: Geismar Haidy
Published: April 2004

Close examination of material forms and the social relations within which they are embedded soon reveals that things have the capability to affect the way people think. Here, I focus on the recent development of the category of contemporary art in Vanuatu, a nation comprising over 70 inhabited islands in the south-western Pacific ocean. Contemporary art in Vanuatu is a local classification that draws on both traditional objects and iconographies to create new objects in new media, thus making fundamental material distinctions between image and object, traditionalism and contemporaneity. Appropriating Gell’s invocation to practise ‘methodological philistinism’, I came to realize during fieldwork, that artworks as well as artists were able to effect material negotiations between often competing rhetorical distinctions. In this way, the material distinctions made on the sites of objects categorized as ‘art’ reflect a series of cross-cultural encounters and exchanges. Here, understanding the materiality of art objects themselves, and the material concerns of their producers allows the anthropologist to disentangle complex sets of cultural classifications and values.
Living History
Authors: Garner Andrew
Published: April 2004

This article is concerned with how trees constitute senses of place and identity in England. It focuses on how the experiential and situated aspects of everyday practice contribute to the case for treating trees as actants in social life rather than simply as a metaphoric resource. Material gathered at Hatfield Forest in Essex is used to examine how trees become entangled in the making of identity, and notions of time and place among wardens, volunteers and visitors. Trees are found to be both latent containers waiting for the correct intervention andactive producers of meaning that structure human responses.
A Cree Woman Reads Jung
Authors: Stephenson Craig
Published: April 2004

This article begins with Jung’s description of two predicaments which confront the contemporary psychiatrist: ‘the mystery of the patient’s difference’ and the danger of ‘committing psychic murder in the name of therapy.’ The article then presents the example of one suffering individual from within a non-Western culture who used Jung, as well as her Native culture’s traditional knowledge, to find healing. This Cree woman, Yvonne Johnson, created what Jung would call temenos in order to facilitate change and called upon images of theriomorphic guides to manoeuvre within the confines of her suffering. The article concludes by considering how the equivocal language of Jung’s analytical psychology may function as an effective bridge between transculturally oriented psychiatrists and their patients, and particularly between Western medical practice and the healing practices of other cultures for whom the word ‘medicine’ carries a religious connotation.
Asklepian Dreams: The Ethos of the Wounded-Healer in the Clinical Encounter
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: April 2004

The clinical encounter is structured hierarchically: explicit technical action is embedded in levels of organization that reflect the personality and biography of the clinician, which in turn, are embedded in a larger matrix of cultural values or ethos. Systems of medicine can be compared at each of these levels. Shamanism and other elementary systems of medicine are built on an ethos that identifies healers’ calling, authority and effectiveness with their own initiatory illness experiences. The Asklepian religious cults of ancient Greece also drew from the image of the wounded-healer. This essay argues that ethos of the wounded-healer remains relevant to contemporary medicine, psychiatry and psychotherapy. Developmental changes in the relationship of the healer to his wounds during psychiatric training are illustrated by a series of dreams. The ethos of the wounded-healer has implications for the training of clinicians, as well as for the ethics and pragmatics of clinical work.
‘ Why Are There So Many Drums Playing until Dawn?’ Exploring the Role of Gamba Spirits and Healers in the Post-War Recovery Period in Gorongosa, Central Mozambique
Authors: Igreja Victor
Published: April 2004

In the wake of a civil war, local resources can play a potential role in shaping the recovery process by providing both old and new exegeses for the disturbing effects of the past. Using the case of Gorongosa, this article aims to explore the ways in which the war has impacted upon traditional medicine by creating Gamba spirits that cause havoc but can also transform the psychosocial hurts of war survivors. Historically, traditional healing practice was under the sole responsibility of the Dzoca, an ancestral spirit that for generations was embodied in living people through lineage descent to exercise its healing powers. There is consensus among healers that the Gamba spirit and healers emerged after the war and are rapidly spreading throughout Gorongosa. I explore the emic theories to explain the Gamba’s puzzling origins and the role they are currently playing in Gorongosa.
Sense of Coherence in a Thai Sample
Authors: Cederblad Marianne , Ruksachatkunakorn Pairatp , Boripunkul Teerarat , Intraprasert Suthi , Höök Börje
Published: April 2004

This is the first large epidemiological study of the Sense of Coherence concept carried out in a non-western culture. One adult from each of 456 families living in northern Thailand filled in the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC) and checklists measuring anxiety, depression and self-esteem. The mean value for SOC was comparable with western studies. High SOC was related to high self-esteem and low distress scores in the parents. The same associations were found between parental SOC and the perceived competence and behaviour problems of the children. High SOC acted as a protective factor in high socio-economic stress situations.
Between Innovation and Tradition: the Paradoxical Relationship Between Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Altered States of Consciousness
Authors: Stein Debra , Rousseau Cécile , Lacroix Louise
Published: April 2004

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a relatively new form of psychotherapy to emerge in the West. Using both a case analysis and literature review we situate EMDR within the use of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in psychological healing practices across times and cultures. We discuss EMDR’s unique predicament as a therapy that draws upon techniques common to most therapeutic ASCs, while at the same time distancing itself from this tradition through its pseudoscientific language and technologic aesthetic. Our conclusion attempts to shed light on this paradox and raise questions for further study.
Reconceptualizing the Sequelae of Political Torture: Limitations of a Psychiatric Paradigm
Authors: Kagee Ashraf , Naidoo Anthony V.
Published: April 2004

A psychiatric model of traumatization has informed most research in psychology on the effects of human rights violations, including political torture, in South Africa. This article highlights some of the limitations of a hegemonic psychiatric approach to conceptualizing current sequelae of abuse experienced by political detainees during the apartheid era. It calls attention to the relevance of the South African social and political context in which survivors are located, methodological problems that characterize psychological research on trauma in South Africa and other developing countries, and the relevance of the meaning that survivors may attribute to their experience of detention and torture.
Finding a Fit: Psychiatric Pluralism in South India and its Implications for WHO Studies of Mental Disorder
Authors: Halliburton Murphy
Published: April 2004

This article examines reports of improvement and decline in short-term follow-up interviews and long-term recollections among patients in three forms of therapy for mental illness in south India: ayurvedic (indigenous) psychiatry, allopathic (western) psychiatry, and religious healing. Interviews indicate that patients of all three therapeutic systems showed improvement after follow-up assessments and that several patients had radically divergent experiences with each of the three therapies; each therapy was found by some to be helpful and by others to be ineffective. These findings suggest that a greater availability of distinct forms of therapy makes it more likely that an individual will find a therapy to which he or she responds well, an insight that helps interpret World Health Organization-sponsored studies which examined mental disorders in developed and developing country sites and found a better outcome for these disorders in developing country centers. Although several studies have attempted to account for this difference in outcome, none have done so by considering that the ‘developing’ country sites in the World Health Organization studies are all places that have a greater availability of diverse forms of therapy when compared with the ‘developed’ sites
Knowledge Structures in Illness Narratives: Development and Reliability of a Coding Scheme
Authors: Stern Lara , Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: April 2004

Illness narratives reflect patients’ underlying illness schemas or models of illness as well as efforts to position themselves vis-à-vis a specific interlocutor and social context. Although the literature on illness narratives in medical anthropology has been dominated by the explanatory model perspective, people may use other types of knowledge structures to frame and construct their conceptions of symptoms. For this study, we developed operational definitions and a coding manual for three types of putative knowledge schemas: prototypes, chain complexes, and explanatory accounts. The operationalized definitions were then applied to coding a sample of illness narratives collected in a study of help-seeking in an urban community population. It was found that all three knowledge structures could be reliably identified in these narratives. This method of analysis provides a way to test hypotheses regarding the role of knowledge structures in illness narratives.
ADHD and Drug Therapy: is it Still a Valid Treatment?
Authors: Doggett A. Mark
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this article is to discuss alternative treatments other than drug therapy for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) in educational settings. There is an increasing body of knowledge that supports interventions for improving cognitive outcomes without the use of medication. The article explores the risks to ADHD children, shows the potential linkage between gifted children and ADHD, explores recent brain research, and examines various alternative treatment options. Information is presented on alternative treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapies, educational interventions, electroencephalograph (EEG) neuro-feedback, and diet.
Later Reflections on Critical Theory
Authors: Mart¥inez Pilar Rodr¥iguez
Published: April 2004

This article offers a revision of the sociological legacy of the first Frankfurt School in what is referred to as its vision of the relationship between men and women. In the case of the first Frankfurt School, women did form part of their models of analysis, but this is a problematic visualization, where what we call the strategy of mutilated nature dominates. In these examples women appear as metaphors of a negated and reconstructed nature that oppose culture. They represent the best example of the general decadence of modern society, a constitutive yet reduced element of culture and men. They were to be seen not as subjects but rather as bodies and objects in a world of subjugated masculine subjects.
The modern does not cater for natives
Authors: Alneng Victor
Published: April 2004

As a response to editors Adrian Franklin and Mike Crang’s outline of ‘the trouble with tourism and travel theory’, this article sketches some further troubles. It is argued that researchers have adopted modernist spatio-temporal distinctions that reproduce a singularity of the Tourist-as-Westerner. Meanwhile non-Westerners are mostly seen as immobile pre-modern participants of Western tourism. As non-Western tourism involves considerably more people than Western tourism, tourism theories on the whole do not necessarily fit most tourists of the world today, and they may even serve to re-enforce the global geopolitical hierarchy. Illustrated with ethnographic examples from Vietnam, it is suggested that a radical questioning of autocentric spatio-temporal distinctions is needed to arrive at a more heterogeneous and complex view of both modernity and tourism. While this will open up the field of inquiry, a sensitivity to socio-cultural diversities and, more importantly, global inequalities and the situated knowledge production is needed.
The big ‘OE’
Authors: Bell Claudia
Published: April 2004

‘OE’ stands for ‘overseas experience,’ a cultural institution in New Zealand. This rite of passage for young adults is an extended journey overseas. While little examined in academia, OE is clearly understood in everyday life, and well documented in fiction and in literary biographies. The journey is a quest or pilgrimage from one of the world’s most remote countries, to the places familiar in national and family histories, popular media, and in tales from previous OE travellers.

This article identifies these young travellers as ‘secular pilgrims’, as they re-enact familiar rituals of departure, arrival and return. Parallels are drawn with the work of Coleman and Elsner on religious pilgrimages. The New Zealanders are undertaking a rite of passage, a ritual, a journey with metaphorical resonances, and while doing so they are collecting narratives of adventure and returning with tokens of place.

Their low budgets test the acclaimed national characteristics of independence and initiative. National difference is reflected upon: from a distance myths of place - home - intensify. The return home provides an audience for travel narratives. A rite of passage has been achieved.
The Family Gaze
Authors: Haldrup Michael , Larsen Jonas
Published: April 2004

Despite the fact that taking photographs is an emblematic tourist practiceand that tourist studies have been dominated by a visual paradigm of gazing, littlesustained research has explored the general connections between tourism andpopular photography. We have virtually no knowledge of why and how touristsproduce photographic images. This article reframes the study of visual culture bystressing the sociality, reflexivity and embodied performances of tourist photography.Instead of portraying the shooting gazer as a disembodied and passive spectator, weview tourist photography as a theatre of life where people in concert perform places,scripts and roles to and for themselves. Whereas existing literatures ‘write out’tourists and their actual practices, interpretations and emotions, tourists’ ownphotographic images and the meanings and desires that tourists inscribe and ascribeto such productions are explored. The analyses show that much tourist photographyrevolves around producing social relations rather than ‘consuming places’. We bringthe performing family into tourist studies through the notion of the ‘the family gaze’that captures how family photography practices are socially organized andsystematized. Rather than being directed at extraordinary ‘material worlds’, the‘family gaze’ is concerned with the ‘extraordinary ordinariness’ of intimate ‘socialworlds’.
Being-on-Holiday
Authors: Pons Pau Obrador
Published: April 2004

This article explores the relevance of dwelling and embodiment metaphorsin tourist studies. These metaphors make possible an account of tourism whichacknowledges the mobile and complex reality of the 21st century whilst neitherdelocalizing nor dis-embodying nor isolating tourists. In proposing such metaphors, Idevelop the possibilities of non-representational theory in tourist studies (Thrift, 1997).This article develops a perspective on tourism as a practical and embodied waythrough which we are involved in the world, we create knowledge and interact withthe physical environment; to put it in Heideggerian terms, a way of being-intheworld, of dwelling in it. This article is thus able to explore the possibilities that ideasof a situated, elusory and expressive body open in tourist studies and considers ade-centred and rhizomatic understanding of tourist agency that neither underminesthe material and non-material networks folded into the human world noroveremphasizes the human action, concealing the inevitably messy human condition.
New Year in Nämpnäs
Authors: Nielsen Niels Kayser
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this article is to show that tourism always is more than amere reflective project. It also implies a sensuous and bodily involvement. The reasonis that being a tourist is a kind of participating in the local national representationswhich normally has some kind of bodily dimensions. This goes especially for youngnations like Finland where the lack of great castles, celebrated kings etc. is obvious,but where the abundance of nature to be used as national icons is the more striking.Being a tourist in Finland – as several places elsewhere – consequently means bodilyinvolvement, not only as activity but also as ‘pulse’. This is shown by means ofpersonal experiences from Finland and by the analysis of Finnish tourist books andbooklets.
Culture, Economy and Tourism Commodities
Authors: Ateljevic Irena , Doorne Stephen
Published: April 2004

The contemporary global economy has become characterized by an intensity and sophistication of the processes of commodification of consumption where production is increasingly aestheticized, attaching meanings and symbolic associations to material objects. The traditional interpretations of cultural commodification suggest disempowerment of traditional cultures and cultural practices through the integration with global tourism. This study goes beyond these assumptions to explore social relations connecting production and consumption of tourist commodities. It follows the journey of tourist goods from the cultural context of their creation, to their consumption and appropriation in new locations where they become surrogates of human relations and representations of identity.
Ecological Rationalization and Performative Resistance in Natural Area Destinations
Authors: Jamal Tazim , Everett Jeffery , Dann Graham M. S.
Published: April 2004

A discursive analysis of natural area destinations is presented in this article, where it is argued that the management and use of natural areas for (eco) tourism is influenced by economic and institutional practices that contribute to rationalizing ‘Nature’ and the visitor experience. A brief look at some historical influences on nature-based tourism development in (post)-modernity sets the context for illustrating paradoxical discourses (e.g. neo-liberalism, ecological modernization and globalization) that structure and instrumentalize human relationships with the natural world. Viewing these natural areas as performance spaces helps to show how the multiplicity of discourses plays out and how nature and tourists are performatively engaged in these spaces. A conceptual analysis of performativity in relation to touristic spaces is presented and its potential to enable resistance to the rationalizations outlined in the article is examined. The possibility of a performative tourist ethic is discussed, based on a notion of reflexive praxis. Implications for (eco-) tourism research and practice are offered.
Domesticating the French Fry
Authors: Caldwell Melissa L.
Published: April 2004

This article is an ethnographic study of how Russian consumers have ‘domesticated’ McDonald’s. Specifically, I am concerned with how Russians blur the boundaries between the personal and the public, the local and the foreign, by simultaneously drawing aspects of McDonald’s into the intimate spaces of their everyday lives and personalizing the public McDonald’s experience. By engaging with recent debates about the nature of localization, I suggest that the Russian case is different because Russian consumers who are participating in nationalist-oriented consumer campaigns are including McDonald’s as an authentically Russian, and hence indigenous, product.
The Legacy of Luxury
Authors: Hilton Matthew
Published: April 2004

This article argues that the luxury debates of the 18th century left a legacy for discussions of consumption up to the present day. First, the vices and virtues of moral discourse became the use and abuse, productive and unproductive, of 19th-century liberalism; second, in the early 20th century, these dichotomies were applied to the new mass market, as cheap standardized goods were alleged to destroy the liberal individuality of the consumer; third, in the late 20th century, economics, politics and even the modern consumer movement have seemingly abstracted consumption from such moral categories, leaving only a morality of reaction as specific goods are seen to infringe societal norms. However, in recent years, consumption has become increasingly remoralized, posing important challenges for the academic and critical discussion of ethics and current consumer society.
Constructing a Cosmos
Authors: Lewis-Williams David
Published: April 2004

This article argues that the structures of Çatalhöyük were constructed exemplars of a tiered cosmology comprising three interacting levels: an upper and a lower realm and, between them, the level of daily life. The dimly lit rooms were, in some circumstances, thought of as spaces in the lower realm, the walls being an interface between the people who entered a room and a spirit world of animals and supernatural beings. The domestication of the aurochs can be understood within this cognitive setting. Some ritual specialists believe that animal spirithelpers can become ‘real’ animals and thereby manifest their owners’ status and power. It is argued that the domestication of wild aurochs at Çatalhöyük was implicated in comparable practices of control and status display within a tiered cosmos. The domestication of the aurochs was thus neither a deliberate strategy to maximize labour, nor a fortunate accident, but rather a by-product of social processes.
Miss Universe, the Olmec and the Valley of Oaxaca
Authors: Wilk Richard
Published: April 2004

One of the most fundamental problems in archaeology is interpreting the spatial distribution of artifacts and styles. There is a particularly long tradition of argument about the meaning of widespread art styles and artifacts assemblages, in other words, the spread of archaeological ‘cultures’ or ‘horizon styles’. In Mesoamerica, the spread of ‘Olmec’ and ‘Olmecoid’ artifacts, ritual practices and iconography is a case that has generated many explanatory models. In this article, I draw on studies of modern cultural practices like beauty pageants and the marketing of consumer products to suggest some alternative modes of archaeological interpretation. In particular, the idea of ‘common difference’ may provide a richer and more complex way of thinking about the spread of styles and practices.
Three Rooms
Authors: Shanks Michael
Published: April 2004

This article interweaves the archaeology of three rooms from very different historical contexts - the Greek city of Corinth, nineteenth-century Wales and contemporary London. One aim is to raise questions of how archaeologists construct narratives around the remains of the past and to confront alternative ways of dealing with archaeological empirics. Another aim is to connect archaeology as a discipline with a much broader archaeological theme at the heart of modernity. Themes of power and performativity surface throughout in relation to individual agency and community.
Social Landscape and Ritual Pause
Authors: Dillehay Tom D.
Published: April 2004

In the study of emergent complexity, little attention has been given to the strategies employed by autonomous household-based communities to overcome the social risks and uncertainties of initial integration and how these strategies can be examined archeologically. Such strategies can be designed to slow the integrative process and to provide small-scale communities with the opportunity to negotiate the form of emerging social cohesion. The Late Initial Period of Peru (c. 1500-1000 BC) presents a case study in which households are integrated for the first time at public ceremonies that were influenced or organized by a centralizing external ideology. The archeological evidence at San Luis, a U-shaped mound complex in the Zana Valley, Peru, suggests the use of segmented ritual spaces and rhythmic, time-extended ritual pauses by households to ensure social harmony and to deter or delay movements toward political centralization. The broader implications of these developments are discussed for early complex societies.
Beyond First Destinations
Authors: Shah Anita , Pell Katherine , Brooke Pam
Published: April 2004

The First Destination Survey of new graduates provides only a snapshot of graduate employment. This longitudinal study explores more fully the career pathways taken by undergraduates from two programmes and examines which skills acquired at university contributed to successful employment and development of their careers. It was found that 99 percent of respondents made a successful transition from higher education to the workplace, with 56 percent in a job related to their first-degree subject. Career pathways were diverse and half of graduates undertook further study/training at various stages to improve their career prospects. Skills identified as most useful were oral and written communication, teamworking, personal organization, self-motivation and subject knowledge. Areas recommended for curriculum development were subject-specific practical skills, information technology and additional support with careers advice and guidance.
The Revised Approaches to Studying Inventory (RASI) and its Use in Management Education
Authors: Duff Angus
Published: April 2004

Learning styles research has been widely applied within the fields of management education and development. This article introduces an alternative concept of learning styles – approach to learning – which has scarcely impacted on the field of management learning. The development of an approach to learning instrument, the Revised Approaches to Studying Inventory (RASI) is described. I outline how approaches to learning may contribute to our understanding of teaching and learning in management education using a model of presage–process–product. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), some psychometric properties of the RASI are examined using samples of business and management undergraduate students. CFAs support the hypothesized structure of Tait and Entwistle (1996). Consequently, use of the RASI by management educators is encouraged. The article concludes with some ways in which the RASI may be applied to enhance the quality of learning of management students.
The Impact Of Training Of University Teachers on their Teaching Skills, their Approach to Teaching and the Approach to Learning of their Students
Authors: Gibbs Graham , Coffey Martin
Published: April 2004

This article reports a study on the effectiveness of university teachers’ training involving 22 universities in 8 countries. A training group of teachers and their students were studied at the start of their training and one year later. A control group of new teachers received no training and both they and their students were studied in the same way. Evidence is reported of changes over time relating to three measures: (i) student ratings of their teachers using six scales from the Student Evaluation of Educational Quality questionnaire (SEEQ) and the ‘Good Teaching’ scale of the Module Experience Questionnaire (MEQ); (ii) the extent to which teachers described themselves as teacher-focused and student-focused in their approach to teaching, using two scales from the Approaches to Teaching Inventory (ATI); and (iii) the extent to which these teachers’ students take a surface approach and a deep approach to learning, using two scales from the MEQ. The article reports evidence of a range of positive changes in teachers in the training group, and in their students, and a contrasting lack of change, or negative changes, in untrained teachers from the control group.
Picturing irony: The subversive power of photography1
Authors: Scott Biljana
Published: April 2004

This article addresses the phenomenon of visual irony as exemplified by ironic photographs. It shows how visual irony works, where it is located, and what it is used for. To this end, Sperber and Wilson’s ‘echoic mention’ theory of irony is applied and shown to provide a more comprehensive and economic approach to visual irony than the much-disputed checklists of necessary and sufficient features traditionally associated with studies of irony. In addition to providing a unified account of both verbal and visual irony, echoic mention theory is shown to offer a principled explanation of the following types of visual irony: word-based versus wordless, and celebratory versus condemnatory.
Virtual Child Porn: The Law and the Semiotics of the Image
Authors: Kleinhans Chuck
Published: April 2004

A Supreme Court decision on virtual child pornography dramatizes new issues for understanding pornography, images of children and image technology. Contested understandings of childhood change the cultural and legal fields as conservative forces push for expanded definitions of childhood and increasing restrictions on children, while capitalist marketing sexualizes consumption practices. Increasing protection of children expands the scope of pedophilic discourse, while attention to image material diverts concern for, and resources from, actual child abuse incidents.
The Baby Bomber
Authors: Robson Mark
Published: April 2004

This article offers a reading of an image of a child dressed in the uniform of a Palestinian suicide bomber that circulated under the name ‘The baby bomber’. The author examines both the claims made about the picture by Israeli and Palestinian authorities, and the reception of the image in the Western media. Focusing on the representation of childhood and the representation of suicide, which come together in this image, the article addresses the emphasis on repetition, temporality and threat that marks the reception of the photograph. Linking the image to debates around the pornographic and September 11, the discussion is informed by the work of Derrida, Barthes, Baudrillard and others.
Lewis Carroll: Stammering, Photography and the Voice of Infancy
Authors: Smith Lindsay
Published: April 2004

The physical act of photographing, along with those conceptual implications it held for visual representation in general, preoccupied Lewis Carroll more compulsively than any other activity. A novel conjunction of visual and verbal characterizes the photographic encounter as Carroll engineered it and that verbal space, the playful banter he enjoyed with a child model, was itself shaped by his idiosyncratic experience of speech as hesitant and imperfect. Throughout his life, the author of the Alice books was dogged by a stammer for which he sought help at various times. This article takes up the issue of Carroll’s stammer to argue for the importance of a consideration of the speech impediment as informing the nature of his photographic practice. To date, critics have had little to say about Carroll’s stammer, or ‘hesitation’ as he referred to it, regarding the impediment as compatible with his rather eccentric nature. However, I argue that the very conceptual turn necessary to draw a connection between a visual practice (photography) and a phenomenon of speech (stammering) affords significant access to those difficult and hesitant theoretical spaces between visual and verbal forms of representation.
Designating Opponents in Empirical Research Reports: The Rhetoric of ‘Interestingness’ in Consumer Research
Authors: Johnson Mark S.
Published: April 2004

Numerous studies have called attention to the importance of rhetoric inscientific writing by focusing on arguments presented in scientific debate articles. In contrast, citation analysis studies indicate that empirical research articles are generally nonconfrontational in criticizing the work of other researchers. How do empirical research reports establish opposing perspectives to argue against? One rhetoricalstrategy is to be ‘interesting’, which, according to Davis (1971), is the author’s attempt to contradict a taken-for-granted assumption of the reader. Scholars in management, marketing, and consumer research have also cited Davis’ conception of ‘interestingness’ as a characteristic of research that is more influential and intellectually creative. This article presents textual evidence from a volume of the Journal of Consumer Research demonstrating that a majority of researcher-authors of these articles use ‘interestingness’ as a rhetorical framing device in the abstracts, introductions, and concluding sections of empirical articles. However, an analysis of article citations and references suggests that these ‘interesting’ articles are neither more influential nor more innovative than other articles in the same volume.
Marketing in the Public Sector: Towards a Typology of Public Services
Authors: Laing Angus
Published: April 2004

The concept of marketing has conventionally been viewed by public service professionals as inappropriate to organizations concerned with the delivery of public good services. However, the adoption of private sector based approaches to theorganization of public services in many post-modern western economies has forced a fundamental reconsideration of the potential contribution of marketing to thedelivery of public services. Against such a backdrop this paper critically reviews the underlying characteristics of public sector services and through articulating aclassification of such services based on the nature of the organization-service user interaction, explores the application of particular conceptualizations of marketing to discrete categories of public services.
The Community Readiness Model: A Complementary Approach to Social Marketing
Authors: Kelly Kathleen J. , Edwards Ruth W. , Comello Maria Leonora G. , Plested Barbara A. , Thurman Pamela Jumper , Slater Michael D.
Published: April 2004

The Community Readiness Model is a theory-based model that is strategic in nature. It is designed both to assess and to build a community’s capacity to take action on social issues. It partners well with social marketing research by providing a framework for assessing the social contexts in which individual behaviour takes place and by measuring changes in readiness related to community-wide efforts. This article describes the theoretical roots of the model and describes how the model can be used as a tool for formative research, programme evaluation and as a catalyst for community mobilisation.
Models of Man: Neoclassical, Behavioural, and Evolutionary
Authors: Mueller Dennis C.
Published: April 2004

For most observers of economics from both inside and outside the science, the term ‘economics’ is synonymous with neoclassical economics. It is the methodology of neoclassical economics that defines the discipline of economics. ‘Mainstream economics’ is neoclassical economics and anyone entering the discipline today who wishes to obtain an appointment at one of the leading universities of the world is well advised to master its techniques. The fact that virtually every winner of a Nobel prize from Paul Samuelson up to his student Joseph Stiglitz has been a practitioner of neoclassical economics is ample proof of the methodology’s triumph. Despite the dominance of this methodology, however, neoclassical economics has been subject to a steady stream of criticisms and proposals for alternative methodological approaches throughout its life. This article focuses on two relatively recent challenges to the neoclassical orthodoxy that seem to have taken hold of a non-negligible minority of the profession, some of whom can be found at leading universities. These two challenges come from behavioural economics and evolutionary economics. The article describes the strengths and weaknesses of both of these methodological approaches and contrasts them with that of neoclassical economics. It concludes that all three methodologies have something positive to contribute to the study of human behaviour.
On the Priority of Intellectual Property Rights, Especially in Biotechnology
Authors: Rosenberg Alex
Published: April 2004

This article argues that considerations about the role and predictability of intellectual innovation make the protection of intellectual property morally obligatory even when it greatly reduces short-term welfare. Since the provision of good new ideas is the only productive input not subject to decreasing marginal productivity, welfarist considerations require that no impediment to its maximal provision be erected and the potentially substantial welfare losses imposed by a patent system be mitigated by taxation of other sources of wealth and income.
Democracy and City Life
Authors: King Loren A.
Published: April 2004

I evaluate the claim that modern urban regions are desirable sites for inclusive forms of democratic governance. Although certain features of city life do hold such promise, I argue that these same features coincide with exclusionary attitudes and activities that undermine democratic hopes. I then clarify the necessary conditions for more inclusive urban democracy, distinguishing my account from prominent criticisms of suburban culture and urban sprawl advanced by, among others, advocates of the new urbanism. I conclude with proposals for reform that emphasize creative uses of existing and emerging technologies and institutions, and a more democratic conception of eminent domain authority.
Telling Stories
Authors: Cayton Harry
Published: April 2004

This article considers the role of narrative in people’s lives and how illness might be seen as a continuation of their story, not its ending. The study of dementia from the perspective of genetics, biology, psychology or sociology creates separate narratives, none of which hold the whole truth but all of which, combined in our journey of discovery, bring us nearer reality. The author sets out five challenges for those involved professionally or personally with dementia as we reach the centenary of Alzheimer’s description of the condition which came to bear his name.
Investigating Caregiver Distress with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)
Authors: Daire Andrew P.
Published: April 2004

Dementia is estimated to affect up to 15 percent of the US population. Most of these individuals receive much needed emotional and physical support from family caregivers, with 10–12 percent being primary caregiving sons. However, this role of caregiver places a significant amount of psychological distress on an individual. This study investigates the use of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) as a tool to predict distress in primary caregiving sons of a parent with dementia. Based on these findings, implications for counseling and future research are presented. With the incidence of dementia on the rise, it is important for clinicians to be aware of different and cost effective (free) diagnostic tools that are available.
Realities of Life Before and After Welfare Reform
Authors: Banerjee Mahasweta M.
Published: April 2004

This article presents a case study of four women of color who were facing the welfare reform of 1996. The women narrate how they grew up and came to be on welfare, their on-going struggle in and out of welfare, their current life realities as they cope with welfare reform, and their recommendations for welfare reform. Eventually, two of these women leave while two others remain in the welfare system. The article compares and contrasts these four narratives, and applies choice, expectancy, class-culture, and social support theories (Bane and Ellwood, 1994; Edin and Lein, 1997) to arrive at a framework that explains their welfare exit/stay. The article recommends social work interventions in welfare policy, program, and practice contexts.
The Scottish Child Protection Review
Authors: Daniel Brigid
Published: April 2004

In 2001 the Scottish Minister for Education, Europe and External Affairs ordered a multi-disciplinary review of child protection across Scotland. The review was carried out by a multi-disciplinary team with representatives from each professional group of education, the police, medicine, nursing and the Scottish Children’s Reporters. A major part of the review was a direct examination of the practice of all the key agencies involved in child protection. This article sets out the development of a methodology that enabled the team to both describe and evaluate practice. As well as drawing on existing inspection and audit techniques a new qualitative audit methodology was developed that was informed by developments in qualitative research. The methodology incorporated an evaluation of each agency’s practice for each child as well as an evaluation of the overall outcome as a result of all agencies’ endeavours. The strengths and drawbacks of the methodology are examined.
Diversity in Human Resource Development and Continuing Professional Education: What Does It Mean for the Workforce, Clients, and Professionals?
Authors: Ross-Gordon Jovita M. , Brooks Ann K.
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution.Despite the magnitude of the ethical, legal, economic, social, and political dimensions that define diversity initiatives in the workplace, the fields of human resource development and continuing professional education have yet to develop an integrated vision for creating more inclusive work environments. This article explores the differing impulses, goals, and objectives underlying diversity programming and research aimed at various stakeholders—scholars, program developers, and customer/client groups. Mechanisms and strategies for fostering diversity in the workplace and for building epistemological inclusiveness through applied research across both applied fields are included.
Change Theory in CPE and HRD: Toward a Holistic View of Learning and Change in Work
Authors: Dirkx John M. , Gilley Jerry W. , Gilley Ann Maycunich
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. Whereas human resource development, for the most part, addresses organizational levels of learning and change, continuing professional education focuses on these processes largely through the lens of individual practitioner learning and development. Each of these perspectives provides a helpful but incomplete notion of work-related learning and change.To increase their effectiveness, these fields need to be grounded in a more holistic understanding of workrelated learning and change and how it can be facilitated.
Workplace-Focused Learning: Perspective on Continuing Professional Education and Human Resource Development
Authors: Bierema Laura L. , Eraut Michael
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. Learning in the workplace is a major focus for both continuing professional education and human resource development. Yet too often providers and researchers in both areas pay little attention to the learning that actually happens within the work context. In this article, learning in the workplace is analyzed through an examination of the history, assumptions, stakeholders, foci, approaches, and issues in continuing professional education and human resource development. This analysis leads to suggestions for an increased focus on learning.
Can Adult Learning Theory Provide a Foundation for Human Resource Development?
Authors: Yang Baiyin
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. The field of human resource development (HRD) has been viewed as being supported by three theoretical foundations—namely, economic, psychological, and system theories. Although contributions of adult learning theory have been long acknowledged, it is more important to recognize its unique role of incorporating three theoretical foundations and consequently providing a distinct foundation of HRD. By identifying the relationship between HRD and one of its closely related fields, adult education, this article argues that it is adult learning theory that provides a foundation and linkage for both fields.
Andragogy and Social Capital Theory: The Implications for Human Resource Development
Authors: Kessels Joseph W. M. , Poell Rob F.
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. This article portrays a perspective from andragogy, individual learning, and social capital theory as a contribution to the discussion on the relationship between adult learning theory and human resource development (HRD). Andragogy and social capital theory may offer a contribution to transforming the traditional workplace into a conducive learning environment, emphasizing the importance of social networks, partnerships, collaboration, interaction, and knowledge sharing. Social capital provides the network of meaningful relationships that helps learning integrate into the day-to-day work environment.
The Concept of Critical Reflection and Its Implications for Human Resource Development
Authors: van Woerkom Marianne
Published: April 2004

The problem and the solution. Adult learning theory and HRD are both concerned with the learning processes of adults. But where adult learning theory concentrates fully on individual outcomes of learning, HRD always deals with the dilemma between individual and organizational outcomes. The concept of critical reflection, as developed within adult learning theory, contributes to HRD by showing the importance of both problem solving and problem posing for individual and organizational performance. The concept of critically reflective work behavior seems to be a bridge between individual learning and organizational learning. Dimensions of critically reflective work behavior, like reflection on the self in relation to the job, critical opinion sharing, asking for feedback, and challenging groupthink, not only prompt individual learning processes but also enable workers to optimize work practices or to critically analyze and try to change organizational values, thereby initiating double-loop learning processes at the organizational level.
The Performance-Enhancing Drug Game
Authors: Haugen Kjetil K.
Published: April 2004

Antidoping work consumes huge economic resources. Formal understanding of economic forces that drive athletes to use drugs is lacking. Consequently, work on this phenomenon may be of interest to the sports community, especially the antidoping community. This study uses simple game theory to analyze simple two-player games representing various situations of sports activity. The basic findings are the existence of Nash equilibria forcing agents to use drugs that are very often of the prisoner’s dilemma type, and antidoping work with small or no effects may hence lead to Pareto-worsened situations. This study also shows that antidoping activity should be differentiated between sports activities. Finally, somediscussions on alternative regulatory policies conclude that improved testing may not be the most efficient way to fight doping—if the fight against doping is as important as sports officials like to tell us.