bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Well Does Zone Sampling Based on Soil Electrical Conductivity Maps Represent Soil Variability?
Authors: Shaner D. L. , Khosla R. , Brodahl M. K. , Buchleiter G. W. , Farahani H. J.
Published: September 2008

In zone soil sampling a field is divided into homogenous areas using an easy to measure ancillary attribute (e.g., apparent soil electrical conductivity [ECa]) and a few samples are taken from each zone to estimate the soil characteristics in each zone. This study determined if ECa–directed zone sampling in two fields in northeastern Colorado could correctly predict soil texture and soil organic matter (SOM) patterns of samples taken by a more intensive grid sample method. Each field, which were predominantly Bijou loamy sand (coarse‐loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Ustic Haplargids), and Valentine sand (mixed, mesic Typic Ustipsamments), was divided into three ECa zones and soil texture and OM content in the top 30 cm of soil were measured. There was a significant difference in the soil texture and SOM in both fields between ECa Zone 1 and Zone 3. Logistic regression showed that in both fields, approximately 80% of the grid sample sites in ECa Zone 1 were correctly predicted. Only 50% of the grid sample sites in ECa Zone 3 were correctly predicted as Zone 3 in one field whereas 77% of the grid sites in ECa Zone 3 were correctly predicted in the other field. However, approximately 80% of the samples in the grid sites ≥10 m from the zone boundaries were classified correctly as compared to the samples that were <10 m from the boundary in which only 50 to 54% were classified correctly. These results support the utilization of ECa‐directed zone sampling as an alternative to grid soil sampling if the transition zones are avoided.
Regulation after Bush
Authors: Hahn Robert , Passell Peter
Published: September 2008

Barack Obama and John McCain have staked out very different positions on serious questions involving economic regulation  everything from housing finance to alternative energy mandates  but practical considerations will dissolve many of these differences, according to Robert Hahn and Peter Passell.
Dynamic Scoring in the Ramsey Growth Model
Authors: Ferede Ergete
Published: September 2008

This paper extends the Mankiw and Weinzierl (2006) model and examines the revenue effects of capital and labor income tax cuts under alternative financing regimes. Our analysis suggests that the revenue losses from capital and labor income tax cuts are the highest when the tax cuts are productive spending-financed and the lowest when transfer payments are used to finance the tax cuts. For plausible parameter values consistent with the US economy, we find that about 47 percent of a transfer-financed capital income tax cut is self-financing. The corresponding result for a productive spending-financed capital income tax cut is only 6 percent.
Heat Stress and Hormetin-Induced Hormesis in Human Cells: Effects on Aging, Wound Healing, Angiogenesis, and Differentiation
Authors: Rattan Suresh I. S. , Fernandes Ricardo A. , Demirovic Dino , Dymek Barbara , Lima Cristovao F.
Published: September 2008

Accumulation of molecular damage and increased molecular heterogeneity are hallmarks of cellular aging. Mild stress-induced hormesis can be an effective way for reducing the accumulation of molecular damage, and thus slowing down aging from within. We have shown that repeated mild heat stress (RMHS) has anti-aging effects on growth and various other cellular and biochemical characteristics of normal human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes undergoing aging in vitro. RMHS given to human cells increased the basal levels of various chaperones, reduced the accumulation of damaged proteins, stimulated proteasomal activities, increased the cellular resistance to other stresses, enhanced the levels of various antioxidant enzymes, enhanced the activity and amounts of sodium-potassium pump, and increased the phosphorylation-mediated activities of various stress kinases. We have now observed novel hormetic effects of mild heat stress on improving the wound healing capacity of skin fibroblasts and on enhancing the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells. We have also tested potential hormetins, such as curcumin and rosmarinic acid in bringing about their beneficial effects in human cells by inducing stress response pathways involving heat shock proteins and heme-oxygenase HO-1. These data further support the view that mild stress-induced hormesis can be applied for the modulation, intervention and prevention of aging and age-related impairments.
A metastatic gastric cancer mimicking a chronic myeloproliferative disorder
Authors: Beyan Esin , Beyan Cengiz
Published: September 2008

It is known that coexistence of extreme thrombocytosis and thrombosis is observed frequently in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. In this paper, we report a patient who was prediagnosed with chronic myeloproliferative disorder; however, later on the diagnosis was confirmed as metastatic gastric cancer. The patient was a 75-year old female who was admitted with pain, swelling and erythema on her right arm. White blood cell count was 20 ×109/l, hemoglobin 5.2 g/dl and platelet count 1 088 ×109/l. Doppler ultrasonography revealed acute thrombotic process in right brachial vein. Since brachial vein thrombosis, thrombocytosis and anemia were seen together, the presumed diagnosis for this patient was chronic myeloproliferative disorder, and therapy with hydroxyurea, allopurinol and enoxaparin was started. One day after the heparin treatment, hematemesis and melena occurred. Eusophagogastroduodenal endoscopy showed an ulcerated and hemorrhagic polipoid lesion extending towards the cavity in the cardia region. Hydroxyurea treatment was stopped since the myeloproliferative disorder was excluded. Abdominal ultrasonography and tomography proved multiple metastatic lesions in the liver. Gastric and liver biopsies revealed “well differentiated adenocarcinoma” and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy plus folinic acid was planned. As a result, in cases with thrombocytosis and thrombosis, metastatic cancers should be kept in mind besides chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
Drawing the Optimal Depth-Age Curve on the Basis of Calibrated Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Walanus Adam
Published: September 2008

The radiocarbon determination of age has the form of a complicated probability density function. In some cases however it is possible to exploit it in a precise way, in drawing the depth-age curve when a stratigraphic sequence of 14C ages is available. It is also possible to use this function in drawing the depth-age curve by hand. The necessary additional constraint on the depth-age curve adopted here is the simplicity of its shape, namely the low curvature.
Feasibility of the Sar Technique on Quartz Sand of Terraces of NW Himalaya: A Case Study from Devprayag
Authors: Jaiswal Manoj , Srivastava Pradeep , Tripathi Jayant , Islam Rafique
Published: September 2008

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating technique based on the Single Aliquot Regenerative dose (SAR) protocol is being used increasingly as a means of establishing sediment burial age in the late Quaternary studies. Thermal transfer, low and changing luminescence sensitivity of quartz grains of young sedimentary belts of the New Zealand Alps and the north-east Himalaya poses problems in using SAR protocol. Records of active tectonics and signatures of palaeo-climate are preserved in the Quaternary - Holocene terrace sediments. Therefore, to unfold the history of successive tectonic and palaeo-climate events, robust chronological technique is needed. Palaeoflood deposits in NW Lesser Himalayan region receive quartz from the weathering of various rock types such as quartzite and phyllite in the Alaknanda Basin. A series of tests e.g. dose recovery, preheat plateau, thermal recuperation and change in sensitivity, were performed to check the suitability of quartz grains collected from the terrace sediment of Devprayag of the NW Himalaya, for OSL studies. Inferences were drawn regarding the source of the quartz grains on the basis of the geochemistry and luminescence intensity of the terrace sediment. The study shows that though quartz from the North West Himalaya are low in luminescence intensity but the reproducibility of De value makes the quartz sand suitable for SAR dating technique. Relation between luminescence intensity with CIA values help to predict the provenance of quartz sand. Tests show that the quartz from NW Himalaya is suitable for SAR protocol in OSL.
The Effects of Holocene Podzolisation on Radionuclide Distributions and Dose Rates in Sandy Coastal Sediments
Authors: Nielsen Asger , Murray Andrew
Published: September 2008

This study analyses the effect of a specific kind of soil development, podzolisation, on selected radionuclide concentrations and the derived dose rates. 100 samples from four sandy, podzolised regions in Jutland, Denmark, were dated by luminescence dating. Dose rates were determined by gamma spectrometry. Of the 100 samples, 31 were retrieved from three profiles intersecting soil horizons affected by podzolisation. At 35 locations, additional material was collected for supplementary geochemical analyses (soil pH, organic carbon content and extractable iron and aluminium). The geochemical data and grain size data were correlated with radionuclide activity concentrations. These correlations do not indicate any significant relationship between organic carbon or extractable iron/aluminium and radionuclide concentrations; this suggests that the radionuclides are mainly internally bound in primary minerals, unlike the extractable iron, which is generally associated with surface coatings. We conclude that the radionuclide distribution in these young sandy soils has been relatively unaffected by the podzolisation process. Thus it appears that the dose rate at these sites is unlikely to have changed significantly with time as a result of podzolisation, because the parent material is relatively unweathered and the activity is dominated by internally bound radionuclides.
The changing sediment loads of the world's rivers
Authors: Walling Des
Published: September 2008

The changing sediment loads of the world's rivers

This contribution reviews available evidence of recent changes in the sediment loads of the world's rivers and identifies the key drivers of such change. Land clearance, land use change and other facets of catchment disturbance, soil conservation and sediment control programmes and dam construction are shown to have resulted in significant recent changes in the sediment loads of many world rivers. Some rivers have been characterized by significant increases in sediment load, whereas others show significant decreases. Interpretation of the resulting trends requires consideration of aggregation and storage and buffering effects within a river basin, such that the downstream response of a river may not clearly reflect the changes occurring in the upstream basin and in the loads of tributary rivers.
Conceptual model of sedimentgraph from flood events in a small agricultural watershed
Authors: Banasik Kazimierz , Mitchell J.
Published: September 2008

Conceptual model of sedimentgraph from flood events in a small agricultural watershed

A procedure for predicting the sediment graph (i.e. the suspended sediment flux), from a small river catchment by heavy rainfall, has been developed using the concept of an instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) and dimensionless sediment concentration distribution (DSCD). A formula for instantaneous unit sedimentgraph (IUSG) is presented, and a procedure for estimating the sediment routing coefficient, which is a key parameter of the IUSG, based on measured data of rainfall-runoff-suspended sediment is applied. Field data from a small, field sized agricultural basin, lacated in center of Illinois has been used for analizing lag times for runoff (LAG) and sediment yield (LAGs). Assumptions about sediment generated during rainfall events are discussed.
Annual variations of soil erodibility of silt loam developed from loess based on 10-years runoff plot studies
Authors: Rejman Jerzy , Brodowski Ryszard , Iglik Iwona
Published: September 2008

Annual variations of soil erodibility of silt loam developed from loess based on 10-years runoff plot studies

Results of 10-years runoff plot experiments carried out on two sites of the Lublin Upland were presented. Despite similar soils and climatic conditions, studies showed large differences in annual soil erodibility (K factor of the USLE) between both sites. Experimentally derived values of the factor were dependent on tillage direction and time of maintaining runoff-plots in fallow conditions. On a site cultivated in contour direction, 4-year period was insufficient to achieve K values similar to the predicted values from the USLE. In contrast to this, on a site cultivated up-down slope, similar experimental and predicted K values were obtained after 2 years and remained at the same level during next 4 years. Results enabled to identify limitations of the USLE application for erosion prediction in Poland. Studies proved that soil erodibility could be used for prediction of erosion risk for silt loam developed from loess. However, application of soil erodibility approach to the event-base models is questionable for variation of K factor in the initial years. As far, the factors affecting soil erodibility changes are not recognized and need further research.
Winners and Losers: Changes in Texas University Admissions Post-Hopwood
Authors: Long Mark C. , Tienda Marta
Published: September 2008

This article evaluates changes in racial and ethnic composition of three Texas universities following the ban on affirmative action imposed by the 1996 Hopwood decision. The authors estimate the extent to which universities practiced affirmative action before the ban and evaluate how officers at these universities responded by changing relative weights accorded to various applicant characteristics. After assessing whether changes in the relative weights favored minority applicants, the degree to which these new policies succeeded in maintaining minority shares at their pre- Hopwood levels is simulated. This article finds that these universities complied with the Hopwood ruling such that direct advantages given to Black and Hispanic applicants disappeared (and in some cases became disadvantages). Although there is some evidence that universities changed the weights they placed on applicant characteristics in ways that aided underrepresented minority applicants, these changes were insufficient to restore Black and Hispanic applicants’ share of admitted students.
Functional Outcome after Operative Treatment for Ankle Fractures in Young Athletes: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Porter David A. , May Benjamin D. , Berney Timothy
Published: September 2008

Background: No reports describe the outcome for distal fibula and tibia fractures in athletes, although 10 to 15% of all athletic injuries occur around the ankle joint. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven competitive or recreational athletes with ankle fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Thirty-six met the inclusion criteria, of which 27 returned for clinical and radiographic exams and also completed validated surveys and a subjective questionnaire. Results: Nineteen of the 27 were male. The average age of all patients was 18.1 ± 5.9 years. The final evaluations occurred 12 months to 3.7 years after surgery. Injuries occurred in 13 different sports, of which football had the most ( n = 10). Bimalleolar fractures were the most prevalent ( n = 10) followed by isolated lateral malleolar fractures ( n = 6), syndesmosis injury ( n = 4), Salter-Harris ( n = 4), medial malleolar fracture ( n = 2) and pilon fracture ( n = 1). The patients with isolated lateral malleolar fractures returned to competition soonest (6.8 ± 2.4 weeks) while patients with isolated medial malleolus fractures took the longest to return at a mean of 17.0 ± 9.9 weeks. Scores for function and pain on the Lower Limb Core Module and for pain on the Foot and Ankle module were all greater than 90. Conclusion: Athletes who undergo ORIF followed by early motion and early weightbearing are able to return to their pre-injury level of competition within 2 to 4 months with minimal functional morbidity or pain.
Range of Motion of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint after Chevron Procedure Reinforced by a Modified Capsuloperiosteal Flap
Authors: Özkurt Bülent , Aktekin Cem Nuri , Altay Murat , Belhan Oktay , Tabak Yalçn
Published: September 2008

Background: This study analyzed the range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint following the chevron procedure with increased stabilization using a modified capsuloperiosteal flap in the treatment of hallux valgus cases. Materials and Methods: Forty-three feet of 40 patients were treated with modified chevron osteotomies. The patient selection criteria included failure of conservative treatment, painful deformity, age between 18 and 50, hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles less than 40 degrees and 17 degrees, respectively, and no osteoarthritic changes of the metatarsophalangeal joint. The passive range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was compared to the hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles. Results: The mean age of patients was 30.9 ± 9.0 (range, 18 to 46) years. The preoperative mean hallux valgus angle was 32.2 (range, 22 to 40 degrees), whereas postoperatively it was 13.1 (range, 3 to 22 degrees). The preoperative mean passive total range of motion, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion were found to be 80.2 (range, 71 to 99 degrees), 66.8 (51 to 86) degrees and 13.4 (range, 7 to 23 degrees), respectively, whereas postoperatively these values were 69.2 (range, 48 to 85 degrees), 58.6 (range, 43 to 75) degrees and 10.8 (range, 1 to 20 degrees). According to Bonney and MacNab subjective scores, the feet were evaluated as follows: 12 as excellent, 26 as good, and 5 as moderate. According to objective scores, the evaluation was as follows: 27 as excellent, 14 as good, 1 as moderate, and 1 as poor. Conclusion: We believe that the chevron procedure reinforced by modified capsuloperiosteal flap causes minimal irritation and damage to adjacent soft tissues. Furthermore, we conclude that this method is a benefical means of managing moderate hallux vagus deformities by decreasing the stiffness after surgery.
The Correlation between Pes Planus and Anterior Knee or Intermittent Low Back Pain
Authors: Kosashvili Yona , Fridman Tali , Backstein David , Safir Oleg , Ziv Yaron Bar
Published: September 2008

Background: Anterior knee pain and intermittent low back pain are among the most common orthopedic complaints of adolescents. However, little is known about pes planus and its relative risk for these symptoms. The goal of the study was to track the prevalence of pes planus in adolescents, and examine its associated risk to anterior knee pain and intermittent low back pain, respectively. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 97,279 military recruits presenting to recruitment centers was conducted. Pes planus was graded by an orthopedist as mild, moderate or severe according to the flattening of the plantar arch and its rigidity to standing on one's toes. Anterior knee pain was diagnosed when symptoms were attributed to the patellofemoral joint. Intermittent low back pain was diagnosed when there was pain but neither abnormal clinical nor radiographic findings. Results: Pes planus was present in 15,698 (16%) individuals. 11,549 (74%), 3,341 (21%) and 808 (5%) were diagnosed as having mild, moderate and severe pes planus, respectively. The prevalence of intermittent low back pain was 5% in both the control and mild pes planus groups, while it was 10% in the moderate and severe pes planus groups ( p < 0.0001). The prevalence of anterior knee pain was 4% in both the control and mild pes planus groups, while it was 7% in the moderate and severe pes planus groups ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Moderate and severe pes planus was associated with nearly double the rate of anterior knee pain and intermittent low back pain, while mild pes planus was associated with no higher rate for these problems. Prophylactic measures may be helpful only in those adolescents with moderate and severe pes planus.
Ankle Fusion for Definitive Management of Non-Reconstructable Pilon Fractures
Authors: Bozic Vladimir , Thordarson David B. , Hertz Jennifer
Published: September 2008

Background: Highly comminuted pilon fractures, especially with a compromised soft tissue envelope, present a challenging treatment scenario. This study presents our results for patients managed with ankle fusion rather than ORIF. Materials and Methods: Fourteen patients with ankle joint incongruence after non-reconstructable tibia pilon fractures were treated with primary tibiotalar arthrodesis using a fixed-angle cannulated blade plate. Delayed metaphyseal unions due to bone defects were treated concurrently. The subtalar joint was preserved in all cases. Results: Metaphyseal healing and stable arthrodesis was obtained in each case. There was one case of blade plate breakage in a patient who still achieved successful arthrodesis without reoperation. Union was achieved at an average of 15 weeks. No secondary procedures were required to obtain union. All 14 patients were ambulatory at last followup. Average followup was 39 weeks. Conclusion: Primary ankle arthrodesis can be achieved using a cannulated blade plate to address a non-reconstructable articular surface and metaphyseal bone defects in complex tibia pilon fractures.
Osteochondral Injury of the Hallux in Beach Soccer Players
Authors: Altman Abrao , Nery Caio , Sanhudo Antonio , Pinzur Michael S.
Published: September 2008

Background: Injury to the metatarsophalangeal or interphalangeal joints of the hallux is an unusual clinical problem. Materials and Methods: This investigation represents a retrospective case series accumulated over a twenty year period of ninety-three beach soccer players who were treated for an osteochondral injury of the hallux metatarsophalangeal or interphalangeal joints of their dominant (kicking) foot. Results: Eighty-one patients underwent surgical excision of an avascular osteochondral fragment that had been identified by both plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. All but two patients were able to return to participation with either minimal or no pain. Two patients progressed to hallux rigidus and metatarsophalangeal joint arthritis. Conclusion: This retrospective case series describes a sports-related injury of the hallux metatarsophalangeal or interphalangeal joints that is likely produced by hyper-flexion or hyperextersion. This descriptive case series might well characterize heretofore unexplained post-traumatic pain and swelling involving the hallux.
Percutaneous Screw Configuration versus Perimeter Plating of Calcaneus Fractures: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Smerek Jonathan P. , Kadakia Anish , Belkoff Stephen M. , Knight Trevor A. , Myerson Mark S. , Jeng Clifford L.
Published: September 2008

Background: Percutaneous screw configuration has been used clinically to reduce the high rate of wound complications associated with the extensile approach of standard open reduction and internal plate fixation. The aim of this cadaveric biomechanical study was to compare the strength of the standard perimeter plating with that of the percutaneous screw configuration for a Sanders type-2B calcaneus fracture. Materials and Methods: Ten pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric lower limbs were prepared and osteotomized to create a Sanders type-2B fracture. Of each pair, one specimen underwent open reduction and internal fixation with standard perimeter plating; the other was stabilized with the percutaneous screw configuration. Each foot was compressed axially via the talar dome (1 mm/sec) until failure occurred. Differences in treatment groups were analyzed for significance ( p < 0.05) using paired t-tests. Results: Construct stiffness was 158 ± 85 and 113 ± 60 N/mm for the plate and percutaneous fixation, respectively ( p = 0.18). Failure occurred at an average of 1156 ± 513 and 1064 ± 540 N for the plate and percutaneous construct, respectively ( p = 0.65). Conclusion: The results suggest that open reduction and internal fixation with percutaneous screw configuration for Sanders type-2B calcaneus fractures provides a strength similar to that of perimeter plating. Clinical Relevance: Percutaneous screw fixation of calcaneus fractures may provide fracture reduction similar to plate fixation.
Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis: A Biomechanical Comparision of Multiplanar External Fixation with Intramedullary Fixation
Authors: Santangelo James R. , Glisson Richard R. , Garras David N. , Easley Mark E.
Published: September 2008

Background: Methods of achieving tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis include intramedullary nailing, crossed lag screws, blade plates, and external fixation. While reports in the orthopaedic literature have compared the biomechanical properties of some of these fixation techniques, to our knowledge none has evaluated multiplanar external fixation. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of intramedullary nail fixation and external ring fixation for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis. Materials and Methods: Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis was performed on ten matched pairs of fresh-frozen human cadaveric legs. A ring fixator stabilized the arthrodesis in one leg from each pair and a 10 mm × 150 mm nail inserted retrograde across the subtalar and ankle joint stabilized the arthrodesis in the contralateral leg. The bending stiffness of the resulting constructs was quantified in plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion, and torsional stiffness was measured in internal and external rotation. Results: No difference in bending stiffness between the two constructs was identifiable in any of the four bending directions ( p > 0.05). Torsional stiffness was approximately two-fold greater in both internal and external rotation in specimens with the ring fixator arthrodesis than in those with the intramedullary nail ( p = 0.002). Conclusion: The ring fixator provides a stiffer construct than a 10 mm × 150 mm intramedullary nail in torsion, but no difference in bending stiffness was demonstrable. Both techniques can provide satisfactory fixation; however, the ring fixator may better minimize rotational joint motion. Clinical Relevance: This study provides a basis for selecting an arthrodesis method that offers optimized fixation.
Morphology of the Dorsal and Lateral Calcaneocuboid Ligaments
Authors: Dorn-Lange Nadja V. , Nauck Tanja , Lohrer Heinz , Arentz Sabine , Konerding Moritz A.
Published: September 2008

Background: The dorsolateral calcaneocuboid ligaments have different configurations. In the literature they are only described as either the dorsal or lateral calcaneocuboid ligament. However, recent reconstructive surgical techniques may benefit from a better understanding of the anatomy. The aims of this study were to classify the morphology and attachments of the dorso-lateral calcaneocuboid ligaments and to determine their dimensions. Materials and Methods: The dorso-lateral aspects of the calcaneocuboid joint of 30 cadaver feet were dissected to expose the associated ligaments. Further, we evaluated possible bony landmarks of the calcaneus that could imply which shape or course the ligament would have in a specific individual. Results: Our findings showed a wide variety of configurations in shape, number, and attachment sites. A constant dorsal ligament and an additional narrower lateral ligament was detectable in half of the cases. The majority of the dorso-lateral calcaneocuboid ligament-complex had an upward course and fanning out from proximal to distal. No bony predictor for the ligaments' shape or course was found. Conclusion: The dorsolateral ligament-complex of the calcaneocuboid joint revealed a wide variety of configurations. Clinical Relevance: Better understanding of the anatomy of these ligaments may aid in the anatomic reconstruction of these ligaments.
Late-Stage Freiberg Disease Treated by Osteochondral Plug Transplantation: A Case Series
Authors: Miyamoto Wataru , Takao Masato , Uchio Yuji , Kono Taisuke , Ochi Mitsuo
Published: September 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical, radiological and arthroscopic results of osteochondral plug transplantation for late-stage Freiberg disease. Materials and Methods: We examined 4 consecutive cases of late-stage Freiberg disease of the second metatarsal head. All 4 patients were female with an average age of 12. Osteochondral plug transplantation was performed, harvesting from a nonweightbearing site of the upper lateral femoral condyle of the ipsilateral knee. Clinical evaluation using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Lesser Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale was performed before surgery and at the final followup. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before surgery and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Furthermore, arthroscopic evaluation was performed at 12 months after surgery. The mean follow up was 52 (range 36 to 72) months. Results: At the final follow up, the average AOFAS score improved from 70.8 points preoperatively to 97.5 points. Although MRI at 6 months after surgery showed an obvious but slight osteochondral plug-subchondral bone interface, healing of the osteochondral plug was confirmed at 12 months after surgery in all patients. With respect to the patients' arthroscopic findings at 12 months after surgery, two of our patients had an International Cartilage Repair Society Cartilage Repair Assessment Score of normal and 2 had a score of nearly normal. Conclusion: Osteochondral plug transplantation for late-stage Freiberg disease yielded satisfactory results upon arthroscopic and radiological evaluations at 12 months after surgery and clinical evaluation for all four cases.
Use of in Situ Tests in Compaction Control of a Bottom Ash Embankment
Authors: Siddiki Nayyar Zia , Khan Athar , Kim Daehyeon , Cole Travis
Published: September 2008

Since 1994, the Indiana Department of Transportation has constructed numerous recycled materials projects that use bottom ash, fly ash, foundry sand, crushed glass, and tire shreds in transportation facilities. All these projects were constructed in accordance with procedural specifications based on conventional compaction control tests such as the nuclear gauge. However, the nuclear gauge does not give accurate density and moisture content results because of the presence of numerous elements in recycled materials. In addition, sand cone tests are cumbersome and time-consuming. There is a need to develop criteria for in situ test methods such as the dynamic cone penetration test and lightweight deflectometer (LWD) testing. Once an initial criterion is established, criteria for compaction control of similar recycled materials can be developed. In a study, a test pad using coal ash was constructed with a combination of roller passes. On the basis of the results of dynamic cone penetration and LWD tests conducted in the test pad, in conjunction with a combination of roller passes, the criteria for compaction control of bottom ash was provided for the construction of the remaining 11-m-high embankment. The subsequent construction monitoring and postconstruction evaluation of the bottom ash embankment revealed that the criteria are very effective.
Calibration of Resistance Factors for Axially Loaded Concrete Piles Driven into Soft Soils
Authors: Yoon Sungmin , Abu-Farsakh Murad Y. , Tsai Ching , Zhang Zhongjie
Published: September 2008

The evaluation of axial load resistance of piles driven into soft Louisiana soils based on reliability theory is presented. Forty-two square precast, prestressed, concrete piles that were tested to failure were included in the investigation. The predictions of pile resistances were based on static analysis (α-method for clay and Nordlund method for sand) and three cone penetration test (CPT) direct methods: the Schmertmann, De Ruiter–Beringen, and Bustamante–Gianeselli methods. In addition, dynamic measurements with signal matching analysis of pile resistances using CAPWAP, which is based on the measured force and velocity signals obtained near the pile top during driving, were evaluated. The Davisson and modified Davisson interpretation methods were used to determine the measured ultimate load-carrying resistances from pile load tests. The predicted ultimate pile resistances obtained by using the different prediction methods were compared with the measured resistances determined from pile load tests. Statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the capability of the prediction design methods to estimate the measured ultimate pile resistance of driven piles. The results showed that the static method overpredicted the pile resistance, whereas the dynamic measurement with signal matching analysis (CAPWAP end-of-driving and 14-day beginning-of-restrike) underpredicted the pile resistance. Of the three direct CPT methods, the De Ruiter–Beringen method was the most consistent prediction method with the lowest coefficient of variation. Reliability-based analyses, by using the first-order, second-moment method, also were conducted to calibrate the resistance factors (φ) for the investigated pile design methods. The resistance factors for different design methods were determined and compared with AASHTO recommendation values. The calibration showed that De Ruiter–Beringen method has a higher resistance factor (φDe Ruiter = 0.64) than the other two CPT methods.
Field Performance and Analysis of 3-m-Diameter Induced Trench Culvert under a 19.4-m Soil Cover
Authors: Parker Bethanie A. , McAffee Rodney P. , Valsangkar Arun J.
Published: September 2008

An induced trench installation was instrumented to monitor earth pressures and settlements during construction. Some of the unique features of this case study are as follows: (a) both contact and earth pressure cells were used; (b) part of the culvert is under a new embankment and part was installed in a wide trench within an existing embankment; (c) a large stockpile was temporarily placed over the induced trench; and (d) the compressible material was placed in two stages. The maximum vertical pressure measured in the field at the crown of the culvert was 0.24 times the overburden pressure. The maximum horizontal pressure measured on the side of the culvert at the springline was 0.45 times the overburden pressure. The column of soil directly above the compressible zone settled approximately 40% more than did the adjacent fill. The field results at the crown and springline compared reasonably with those observed with numerical modeling. However, the overall pressure distribution on the pipe was expected to be nonuniform, the average vertical pressure calculated by using numerical analysis on top of the culvert over its full width was 0.61 times the overburden pressure, and the average horizontal pressure calculated on the side of the culvert over its full height was 0.44 times the overburden pressure. When the full pressure distribution on the pipe is considered, the recommended design loads from the Marston–Spangler theory slightly underpredict the maximum loads, and the vertical loads control the design.
Influence of Inadequate Compaction near Facing on Construction Response of Wrapped-Face Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
Authors: Hatami Kianoosh , Witthoeft Alan F. , Jenkins Lindsay M.
Published: September 2008

Standard practice for the compaction of backfill soil near the facing of a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall or embankment is to use lightweight compaction equipment to prevent excessive facing deformation. Complications caused by compaction with heavy equipment near the facing could also include misalignment or structural damage of the wall facing and overstressing of the reinforcement layers. However, inadequate compaction near the facing could result in later settlement or appearance of voids behind the facing. Little research has been reported in the literature to quantify the effects of loosely compacted soil behind the facing on the stability and serviceability of MSE walls at the end of construction. The influence of inadequate compaction effort near the facing on the construction performance of idealized wrapped-face MSE wall models was investigated by using a numerical simulation approach. It was shown that inadequate backfill compaction within 1 m of the wall facing could increase the wall lateral displacement by about 40% and the reinforcement strains by about 90% compared with the response of an otherwise identical (i.e., control) wall model constructed with uniform compaction throughout the backfill. This effect was found to be more significant for higher-quality backfills with greater friction angle values and less stiff reinforcement materials. Results of this study on idealized wrapped-face wall models highlight the importance of proper soil compaction and quality control near the facing of MSE walls and offer example quantitative increases that could be expected in the out-of-alignment and reinforcement loads in these MSE structures.
Behavior of Geocell-Reinforced Sand under a Vertical Load
Authors: Han Jie , Yang Xiaoming , Leshchinsky Dov , Parsons Robert L.
Published: September 2008

Geocells have a three-dimensional cellular structure, which can be used to stabilize foundations by increasing bearing capacity and reducing settlements. However, a considerable gap exists between the applications and the theories for the mechanisms of geocell-reinforced foundations. An experimental and numerical study on the behavior of geocell-reinforced sand under a vertical load is presented. A single geocell was filled with sand and subjected to a vertical load to failure. This test process was modeled by using the FLAC3D numerical software to investigate the mechanisms of geocell and sand interactions. Experimental and numerical results both demonstrated that the geocell increased the ultimate bearing capacity and the modulus of the sand. The numerical results include the distributions of displacements in the sand and geocell walls and the distributions of tensile stresses and shear stresses acting on the geocell walls. The numerical results for geocell-reinforced sand are compared to those for sand without geocell.
Using Travel Time Reliability Measures to Improve Regional Transportation Planning and Operations
Authors: Lyman Kate , Bertini Robert L.
Published: September 2008

Estimation of travel time is of increasing importance to travelers and transportation professionals alike as congestion worsens in major urban areas. In fact, the reliability of travel time estimates on a given corridor may be more important for travelers, shippers, and transport managers than the travel time itself. This paper examines the uses of measured travel time reliability indices for improving real-time transportation management and traveler information with the use of archived intelligent transportation system data. A literature review of travel time reliability and its value as a congestion measure is followed by a description of a content analysis of 20 regional transportation plans from across the nation. Results from the content analysis indicate that travel time reliability is not currently used as a congestion measure and that the most common measures of congestion are the volume-to-capacity ratio, vehicle hours of delay, and mean speed. As a case study using data from Portland, Oregon, several reliability measures are then tested including travel time, 95th percentile travel time, travel time index, buffer index, planning time index, and congestion frequency. The buffer index is used to prioritize freeway corridors according to travel time reliability. Metropolitan planning organizations should use travel time reliability in the following ways: (a) incorporate it as a systemwide goal, (b) evaluate roadway segments according to travel time reliability measures, and (c) prioritize roadway segments using those measures.
Four Challenges to Incorporating Transportation Demand Management into the Land Development Process
Authors: Hendricks Sara J.
Published: September 2008

There are four primary challenges to incorporating transportation demand management (TDM) into the land development process, based on a review of growth management processes in Florida. These findings may be applicable to many cities outside Florida. The challenges include (a) the idea that TDM is valuable only if it can reduce travel, (b) transportation professionals considering TDM too late in the land development process, (c) the conflict between state and local governments for providing balance between mobility and access, and (d) the use of traffic analysis methods and standards that are geared toward preserving highway level of service (LOS) for motor vehicles. The provision of adequate public facilities for transportation is interpreted by Florida law and administrative code as the achievement of highway LOS standards for motor vehicles and not a broader transportation LOS provided by a combination of modes. Measuring LOS focuses on the delay experienced by motor vehicles on the highway and does not allow the weighing of economic, environmental, public health, and social equity costs and benefits of one mode compared with another. As a result, there is no rational tool to justify a different distribution of limited transportation funds across multiple modes. TDM strategies are positioned poorly, internally to government leaders and partner departments and externally to land developers as a sort of mobility “diet” imposed on the traveling public. This paper offers some ideas on where to direct attention to address these issues.
Evaluating Urban Parking Policies with Agent-Based Model of Driver Parking Behavior
Authors: Martens Karel , Benenson Itzhak
Published: September 2008

This paper presents an explicit agent-based model of parking search in a city. In the model, “drivers” drive toward their destination, search for parking, park, remain at the parking place, and leave. The city's infrastructure is represented by a high-resolution geographic information system (GIS) of the street network and parking lots; information is included on traffic directions and permitted turns, on-street parking permissions, and layers of off-street parking places and lots. Destinations are presented by layers of dwellings and public places. Driver agents belong to one of four categories: residents and guests with dwellings as destinations and employees and customers with public places as destinations. Each agent has its own destination, willingness to pay, time of arrival, and duration of stay. In the model, driver agents are “landed” at a distance of approximately 250 m from their destination, that is, close to the area in which drivers start searching for parking. First, a driver estimates the parking situation in the area and then starts to search for a parking place. During the search, a driver agent accounts for the availability of parking places, differences in pricing, and parking enforcement efforts. The model outputs include distributions of (a) search time, (b) distance between parking place and destination, (c) fees paid by the drivers, and (d) parking revenues for the proprietor of paid parking places (whether local authority or private operator). The model is implemented as an ArcGIS application and applied to analyze parking dynamics in an inner city neighborhood in Tel Aviv, Israel, during the course of a regular weekday.
Empirical Analysis of Compressed Workweek Choices
Authors: Zhou Liren , Winters Philip L.
Published: September 2008

This paper analyzes the trend and determinants of the compressed workweek (CWW) by using Washington State commute trip reduction (CTR) data. A multinomial logit model was applied to analyze the determinants of CWW choices by using the CTR data from 2005. Regression results indicate that the employer's transportation demand management promotion level and the number of years CWW programs have been in effect have significant impacts on commuters’ decisions about CWW choices. Commuters are more likely to participate in CWW programs when employers are more supportive or the CWW program has been implemented longer. The distance from home to work is another key factor that influences commuters’ CWW choices. The longer the distance from home to work, the higher the probability that a person will choose alternative work schedules. Employees’ journey-to-work mode choices affect their choices of working on CWW schedules. Commuters using a single mode of transit and a shared ride are less likely to work on CWW schedules than those who simply drive alone to work, and commuters using mixed modes are more likely to work on a CWW schedule than those who drive alone. Employees’ decisions to participate in CWW programs are also affected by their job titles and their employer's major business type.
To be a Transportation Engineer or Not?
Authors: Agrawal Asha Weinstein , Dill Jennifer
Published: September 2008

The transportation industry faces a growing shortage of professional engineers. A key strategy in solving this problem will be to encourage more civil engineering students to specialize in transportation while completing their undergraduate degree so that employers have a larger pool of likely recruits. This paper examines the factors that lead civil engineering undergraduates to specialize in transportation, as opposed to other civil engineering subdisciplines. The primary method used was a web-based survey of 1,852 civil engineering undergraduates. The study results suggest steps the transportation community can take to increase the number of civil engineering undergraduates who choose to specialize in transportation. Educators need to introduce material into required freshman and sophomore courses that shows the range of dynamic career possibilities available in the transportation field, and employers need to increase and better publicize transportation internships.
A Thousand Miles from Kind: Men, Masculinities and Modern Institutions
Authors: Connell Raewyn
Published: September 2008

Understanding institutions is vital for understanding masculinities. The connection is acknowledged in popular culture, and explored in a body of recent social-science research on gendered institutions and organizational masculinities. Some leading examples of this research are discussed. Key findings include the pervasiveness of gender processes in organizational life, the diversity of organizational masculinities, and the significance of links between institutions. Difficulties in this research are discussed, including a tendency to stereotyping, the limits of discursive gender theory, and the unexamined assumptions of theory constructed in the global North. It is now necessary to move to a world level of analysis, and some of the prospects and problems of understanding masculinity in globalized institutions are explored.
The Naked Truth: Development of a Scale Designed to Measure Male Body Image Self-Consciousness during Physical Intimacy
Authors: McDonagh Lorraine K. , Morrison Todd G. , McGuire Brian E.
Published: September 2008

Using a sample of male participants ( N = 136) from the Republic of Ireland, the aim of this study was to develop a psychometrically sound measure of male body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy (i.e., The Male Body Image Self-Consciousness Scale, M-BISC). As predicted, participants' body image self-consciousness correlated positively with their sexual anxiety and motivation to become more muscular, and correlated negatively with their sexual esteem, body esteem, and self-rated physical attractiveness. Limitations of this study and directions for future research are outlined.