bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new insight into modelling the behaviour of unsaturated soils
Authors: Arairo Wahib , Prunier Florent , Djéran‐Maigre Irini , Darve Félix
Published: November 2012

Understanding the response of partially saturated soils under different loads is important for the design and construction of economical and safe geotechnical engineering structures. This paper presents a coupled elastoplastic constitutive model for predicting the hydraulic and stress–strain–strength behaviour of unsaturated soils. The model proposed is built according to the following principle. A constitutive relation is given for each phase (solid, liquid and gas) and coupling relations between each phases are also derived. In the present case, we assume that each phase is not miscible and that pressure in voids not filled by water remains more or less constant, which is reasonable for most geotechnical problems. Therefore, the model is written in a classical manner with

a non associated elastoplastic model for the granular skeleton behaviour;

an incompressible liquid phase;

a water retention description; and

an assumption of the existence of an effective stress concept defined by Bishop.

According to the strong hypotheses made earlier about the fluid phases, the perfect gas law is not written for the gas phase. Therefore, the gas volume is defined as being the same as the void volume not filled by water. The main originality of this work is in the description of the water retention behaviour and in that of the coupling parameter using the Bishop relationship. A discussion on this parameter and the description of the so called loading‐collapse phenomenon are provided. We demonstrate that this paradox can be explained without introducing suction in the expression of the plastic yield surface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the benefits of statins
Authors: Cates Chris
Published: November 2012

Patient decision aids present evidence‐based estimates of the risks and benefits of a particular treatment. Here, Dr Chris Cates illustrates the CV risk reduction when taking a statin.
Multiphonon ionization of traps formed in hafnium oxide by electrical stress
Authors: Danilyuk A. L. , Migas D. B. , Danilyuk M. A. , Borisenko V. E. , Wu X. , Raghavan N. , Pey K. L.
Published: November 2012

We have investigated behavior of traps formed in hafnium oxide (HfO2) by electrical stress and their influence on the charge carrier transport through Si/SiO2/HfO2/poly‐Si nanostructures. The traps govern the transport process assuming a capture of charge carriers followed by their ionization via the multiphonon transition mechanism. The multiphonon transitions via the Poole–Frenkel effect or electron tunneling as well as the multiphonon tunneling ionization of neutral traps have been carefully considered for charged traps. We also provide a set of parameters including the trap concentration, ionization energy, the frequency factor, the effective mass of charge carriers, optical energy, and phonon energy in order to reproduce and reasonably fit available experimental data.
Generation of mountain wave‐induced mean flows and turbulence near the tropopause
Authors: McHugh John , Sharman Robert
Published: November 2012

Gravity waves interacting with the tropopause are investigated using linear and nonlinear numerical simulations. The tropopause is modelled as the interface between two layers of constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency. The simulations are two‐dimensional with uniform horizontal flow, the background rotation is ignored, and the gravity waves are generated by flow over an idealized isolated obstacle shape at the surface. The nonlinear simulation results show a horizontal wave‐induced mean flow at the tropopause similar to previous results treating horizontally periodic internal waves impinging on a density‐gradient interface. The mean flow created by the impinging gravity waves is increased over the background wind below the tropopause and decreased above the tropopause. This effect is not present in the linear simulations. The nonlinear effect is felt more strongly for cases with higher mountain heights and larger values of the stability in the upper layer. The final steady mountain‐wave flow appears to permanently retain this mean‐flow change. The deceleration region above the tropopause results in a patch of slow‐moving fluid near the interface which induces local regions of reduced Richardson number and may help explain some observational results of higher turbulence intensities near the tropopause over mountainous regions.
Understanding advances in the simulation of intraseasonal variability in the ECMWF model. Part I: The representation of the MJO
Authors: Hirons L. C. , Inness P. , Vitart F. , Bechtold P.
Published: November 2012

As a major mode of intraseasonal variability, which interacts with weather and climate systems on a near‐global scale, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a crucial source of predictability for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Despite its global significance and comprehensive investigation, improvements in the representation of the MJO in an NWP context remain elusive. However, recent modifications to the model physics in the ECMWF model led to advances in the representation of atmospheric variability and the unprecedented propagation of the MJO signal through the entire integration period.

In light of these recent advances, a set of hindcast experiments have been designed to assess the sensitivity of MJO simulation to the formulation of convection. Through the application of established MJO diagnostics, it is shown that the improvements in the representation of the MJO can be directly attributed to the modified convective parametrization. Furthermore, the improvements are attributed to the move from a moisture‐convergent‐ to a relative‐humidity‐dependent formulation for organized deep entrainment. It is concluded that, in order to understand the physical mechanisms through which a relative‐humidity‐dependent formulation for entrainment led to an improved simulation of the MJO, a more process‐based approach should be taken. The application of process‐based diagnostics to the hindcast experiments presented here will be the focus of Part II of this study.
On the “Wolfsberg–Helmholz Conjecture” of “Extended‐Hückel Theory”
Authors: Koch Wolfhard H. G.
Published: November 2012

After having reviewed some pioneer integral approximations closely related to Rüdenberg's expansions of one‐ and two‐electron orbital products, we apply the previously described “Implicit Multi‐Center Integration” techniques on Roothaan's “restricted” Fock‐matrix components over standard atomic orbital bases. The resulting compact forms are very similar to the well‐known “Wolfsberg–Helmholz Conjecture” of “Extended‐Hückel Theory,” which relates the various off‐diagonal matrix elements of “restricted” Fock‐type to their corresponding diagonal counterparts. In this way, a “nonempirical Extended‐Hückel Theory” can be created. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sample size estimation in educational intervention trials with subgroup heterogeneity in only one arm
Authors: Esserman Denise , Zhao Yingqi , Tang Yiyun , Cai Jianwen
Published: November 2012

We present closed form sample size and power formulas motivated by the study of a psycho‐social intervention in which the experimental group has the intervention delivered in teaching subgroups whereas the control group receives usual care. This situation is different from the usual clustered randomized trial because subgroup heterogeneity only exists in one arm. We take this modification into consideration and present formulas for the situation in which we compare a continuous outcome at both a single point in time and longitudinally over time. In addition, we present the optimal combination of parameters such as the number of subgroups and number of time points for minimizing sample size and maximizing power subject to constraints such as the maximum number of measurements that can be taken (i.e., a proxy for cost). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TeacherInsight and the Selection and Hiring of Bilingual Speakers of English
Authors: Schneider Melanie L.
Published: November 2012

Although the use of structured interview protocols for selecting and hiring teachers is not new, the use of online screeners such as the TeacherInsight interview is relatively recent and becoming more common. These online tools are being used not only to screen candidates for full‐time teaching positions but also to filter out candidates for substitute teaching and student teaching internships. This article traces the development of the TeacherInsight interview, examines studies linking high performance on the interview to student achievement and successful teaching, and discusses its impact on prospective teachers, especially bilingual and second language users of English. The proprietary nature of the TeacherInsight, lack of feedback to applicants, and its use as a high‐stakes assessment tool lead to questions about the predictive validity of this tool, the consequences of its use, and its place in the teacher selection and hiring process.
Exposure to bifenthrin causes immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in male mice
Authors: Jin Yuanxiang , Pan Xiuhong , Fu Zhengwei
Published: November 2012

Bifenthrin (BF) is one of the most commonly used pesticides among the synthetic pyrethroids. The effects of BF exposure on the induction of immunotoxicity and oxidative stress were studied both in adolescent and adult male ICR mice. Both the weights of the spleen and thymus decreased significantly in the adolescent mice when they were treated with 20 mg/kg BF for 3 weeks. We found that the 3‐week oral administration of BF during puberty increased the transcriptional levels of the genes TNF and IL2 in the spleen and IL2 as well as IL4 in the thymus. The effect of BF exposure on the induction of oxidative stress was also studied in serum and liver samples. The total antioxidant capacity and activity of superoxide dismutase were altered significantly in the serum of the 20 mg/kg BF‐treated adolescent mice, and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) decreased significantly in the serum of adolescent and adult mice after 3 weeks of oral administration of 20 mg/kg BF. Compared to serum, hepatic GSH content increased significantly in both the adolescent and adult mice exposed to 20 mg/kg BF; hepatic CAT and GPX activities were altered significantly, even in adolescent mice, after treatment with 10 mg/kg BF. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that exposure to BF, especially during puberty, has the potential to induce immunotoxicity accompanied by oxidative stress in male mice. These findings will help in elucidating the mechanism of toxicity induced by BF in mice. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 991–999, 2014.
Fathers and sons
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: November 2012

As an alternative to hectoring men to adopt a healthier lifestyle, a better approach might be to encourage them to present a more positive role model to their children. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Pathological gambling among men: an overview
Authors: Dhillon Jasbir , Bowden‐Jones Henrietta
Published: November 2012

Problem gambling is on the increase in the UK, particularly among young men. The authors explain how the behaviour can have a strong impact on the quality of life of family members and can lead to difficulties in close relationships, as well as affecting the physical and mental health of the gambler. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Unmet demand for and satisfaction with a community‐based prostate cancer detection programme
Authors: Lophatananon Artitaya , Fulford Graham , Fulford Susan , Baxter‐Smith Dorothy , Smith David , Baxter‐Smith David , Muir Kenneth
Published: November 2012

A community programme was conducted to raise men's awareness about prostate health and to provide free prostate‐specific antigen testing. In this article, the authors assess men's experiences of these sessions and their satisfaction with the process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Chemotherapy for bladder cancer: an update
Authors: Payne Heather A. , McMenemin Rhona , Green James , Lamb Benjamin W. , Thomas Carys , Ansari Jawaher , Battley Jodie
Published: November 2012

This report is based on a workshop seminar held during the 8th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group. The workshop covered a range of topics in bladder chemotherapy, from a discussion of the use of multidisciplinary teams in this area, to a review of UK practice and an international update on second‐line treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. The session closed with the presentation of two bladder cancer case histories. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Periodic arrays of M2-branes
Authors: Jeon Imtak , Lambert Neil , Richmond Paul
Published: November 2012

Abstract

We consider periodic arrays of M2-branes in the ABJM model in the spirit of a circle compactification to D2-branes in type IIA string theory. The result is a curious formulation of three-dimensional maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in terms of fermions, seven transverse scalars, a non-dynamical gauge field and an additional scalar ‘dual gluon’. Upon further T-duality on a transverse torus we obtain a non-manifest- Lorentz-invariant description of five-dimensional maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills. Here the additional scalar field can be thought of as the components of a two-form along the torus. This action can be viewed as an M-theory description of M5-branes on${{\mathbb{T}}^3}$.
Holographic fluids with vorticity and analogue gravity
Authors: Leigh Robert G. , Petkou Anastasios C. , Petropoulos P. Marios
Published: November 2012

Abstract

We study holographic three-dimensional fluids with vorticity in local equilibrium and discuss their relevance to analogue gravity systems. The Fefferman-Graham expansion leads to the fluid’s description in terms of a comoving and rotating Papapetrou- Randers frame. A suitable Lorentz transformation brings the fluid to the non-inertial Zermelo frame, which clarifies its interpretation as moving media for light/sound propagation. We apply our general results to the Lorentzian Kerr-AdS4 and Taub-NUT-AdS4 geometries that describe fluids in cyclonic and vortex flows respectively. In the latter case we associate the appearance of closed timelike curves to analogue optical horizons. In addition, we derive the classical rotational Hall viscosity of three-dimensional fluids with vorticity. Our formula remarkably resembles the corresponding result in magnetized plasmas.
Arm, aber glücklich?
Authors: Vangermain Dirk , Brauchle Gernot
Published: November 2012

In einer deutschlandweiten postalischen Fragebogenstudie wurden 371 approbierte psychologische Psychotherapeuten sowie Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten hinsichtlich ihrer Berufszufriedenheit und ihrer finanziellen Situation befragt. Von diesen hatten 303 eine Kassenzulassung, und 68 arbeiteten freiberuflich ohne Kassenzulassung. Bei denjenigen Befragungsteilnehmern, die 1997 auch schon freiberuflich psychotherapeutisch tätig waren, wurden zusätzlich ihr erinnertes Einkommen und ihre Berufszufriedenheit im Jahr 1997 erhoben. Den Ergebnissen nach erzielen die Psychotherapeuten ohne Kassenzulassung überwiegend niedrigere Einkommen aus ihrer psychotherapeutischen Tätigkeit als die untersuchten Kassenpsychotherapeuten. Die Einkommen der Kassenpsychotherapeuten sind seit 1997 deutlich gestiegen, liegen jedoch immer noch erheblich unter denen vergleichbarer Facharztgruppen. Die beiden befragten Psychotherapeutengruppen unterscheiden sich wenig hinsichtlich ihrer überwiegend großen Berufszufriedenheit. Diese ist jedoch insgesamt bei den Kassenpsychotherapeuten seit 1997 erheblich gestiegen, während sie bei den Psychotherapeuten ohne Kassenzulassung etwa konstant blieb. Mit ihrer materiellen Situation sind die Kassenpsychotherapeuten erwartungsgemäß zufriedener als jene ohne Kassenzulassung. Fast alle Befragten beider Gruppen bereuen ihre Berufswahl nicht, sondern würden sich erneut für den Psychotherapeutenberuf entscheiden.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI
Authors: Azevedo Ana C. M. , Artigalás Osvaldo , Vedolin Leonardo , Komlós Márcia , Pires Adriana , Giugliani Roberto , Schwartz Ida Vanessa D.
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficient activity of N‐acetylgalactosamine 4‐sulfatase. MPS VI is usually considered as not being associated with mental retardation.

Aims/methods

The main objective of the present study was to describe brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and their correlation with clinical and biochemical findings in MPS VI patients. The study was conducted at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil with 25 MPS VI patients. All patients were evaluated through clinical evaluation, IQ tests, urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG) analysis, and brain MRI.

Results

Mean age at evaluation was 10.6 ± 4.52 years. Five of 16 patients presented total IQ below the normal range. Brain MRI was abnormal in the majority of patients (n = 19/21), and the most frequent abnormalities found were the presence of dilated perivascular spaces and white matter lesions. Correlations were found between age and normalized white matter lesion load (NLL) (r = 0.46; p = 0.04) and normalized cerebral volume (NCV) (r = −0.56; p = 0.01), between NLL and height deficit (r = 0.48; p = 0.04), and between NCV and weight deficit (r = −0.58; p = 0.01) and height deficit (r = −0.55; p = 0.01). A correlation between urinary GAG levels and quantitative brain MRI findings was not found, neither between qualitative and quantitative brain MRI findings and IQ scores.

Conclusions

MPS VI patients may present abnormal IQ scores without correlation with brain abnormalities on the MRI, a finding which was found to be very frequent in MPS VI. Additional studies are required to confirm our findings.
Evaluating the Transferability of FT‐NIR Calibration Models for Fatty Acid Determination of Edible Fats and Oils Among Five Same‐make Spectrometers Using Transmission or Transflection Modes with Different Pathlengths
Authors: Azizian Hormoz , Kramer John K. G. , Mossoba Magdi M.
Published: November 2012

Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with partial least squares 1 (PLS1) calibration models was previously reported to be an alternative method to GC for the rapid determination of the fatty acid (FA) composition of fats and oils. These calibration models had been developed based on accurate GC data (primary reference method) and observed FT‐NIR spectra. In the present three‐laboratory limited collaborative study, the transferability of these pre‐developed calibration models to four other FT‐NIR spectrometers from the same manufacturer was evaluated. Six samples were selected that provided a wide range of FA contents. Our results indicate that these models were successfully transferable to spectrometers operating in the transflection mode with 2‐ or 4‐mm pathlength fiber optic probes or in the transmission mode using 5‐mm, but not 8‐mm, outer diameter tubes. The predicted FA composition fell within the statistically accepted limits of agreement between FT‐NIR and GC. The FT‐NIR precision data were consistent with those reported in a published GC collaborative study. The application of FT‐NIR to the determination of the total content of SFA, trans FA, MUFA, and PUFA is cost‐effective and potentially suitable for the rapid screening of commercial products for compliance verification with labeling regulations.
Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Carotenoids in Palm Oil
Authors: Sampaio Klicia A. , Ayala Jose V. , Silva Simone M. , Ceriani Roberta , Verhé Roland , Meirelles Antonio J. A.
Published: November 2012

In the present work, a detailed study is performed for carotene thermal degradation in palm oil at four temperatures ranging from 170 to 230 °C. The heating process was carried out with injection of nitrogen, and the samples were collected every 20 min during a total heating period of 140 min. HPLC analysis was conducted to monitor the carotenoids and tocols variations over the heating time at each temperature. The experimental data were then compared to literature data concerning carotenoids thermal degradation. The thermal degradation kinetics of carotenoids in palm oil followed an order superior to 1. The dependence of constant rates with temperature obeyed the Arrhenius relationship. The activation energy for the carotenoids thermal degradation in palm oil was found to be 109.4 kJ/mol.
From Here to Full Employment
Authors: Darity William A.
Published: November 2012

Samuel Z. Westerfield Address
Values, Innovation, Society and Europe: Central Elements of the New Epp Platform
Authors: Van Gennip Jos
Published: November 2012

On 18 October 2012, the European People's Party (EPP) Congress in Bucharest approved a new programme of basic principles to replace the earlier Athens Programme. The new Bucharest Programme is based on the same principal choices and characteristics that have defined the EPP from its foundation; at the same time, it reflects the party's broadening to include a number of new member parties and adapt to the new challenges faced by European politics, economy and society. Yet the new Platform, the result of two and a half years’ work by an ad hoc committee, should not be the end of our reflections and proposals. On the contrary, it should generate an intensive round of discussions, studies and publications on its four main elements: values, innovation, a strong Europe and vital communities. This article summarises the central elements of the new EPP Platform. Together, these elements can reposition the EPP as the political movement for the future, while at the same time presenting a vision and a solution to the challenges of our time.
Women in Europe: More Women in Leading Positions
Authors: Joannin Pascale
Published: November 2012

In this time of crisis, the ‘women's issue’ is more relevant than ever. The solution does not lie in ‘a return to the home’, as some have imagined, but in the greater involvement of women in the business world. Women are as well qualified as their male counterparts, and often more qualified. Women are also better equipped in times of crisis because they are often experienced managers and organisers. It would indeed be a mistake not to involve them at this difficult point in time. But these vital developments are struggling to emerge naturally; stumbling blocks still exist that maintain a ‘glass ceiling’ which is becoming increasingly difficult to bear. Change is occurring instead due to incentives and legislation. Feminisation is still progressing too slowly in some countries, but it is occurring. Europe as a whole is experiencing this phenomenon. It is about time the situation changed. And women have begun to network together in order to facilitate these changes.
The Eu in 2030: A Long-term View of Europe in a Changing World: Keeping the Values, Changing the Attitudes
Authors: Schinas Margaritis
Published: November 2012

Predicting future scenarios in EU politics is an important exercise that allows policymakers to plan for future generations and scarce resources. The EU has commenced this work through the ESPAS report Global Trends 2030–-Citizens in an Interconnected and Polycentric World. This article surveys the challenges and opportunities identified in the report: the rise of a global middle class, the emergence of a multipolar world, the diffusion of power from the nation state to non-state actors, the paradoxical ‘less poverty but more new poor’ and growing pressure for as well as growing resistance to global governance. Europe's future success will depend on its ability to address the challenges of prosperity, democracy, demography, fairness and security in the next 20 years. Europe must ‘keep the values, but change the attitude’, while re-evaluating the role of the state to create a more democratic EU that can act as a broker between world powers.
Transition and Communism: Estonia's Battle with Its Past
Authors: Laar Mart
Published: November 2012

The transition from Communism in Eastern Europe was based on the reconstruction of moral and institutional frameworks. Society's basic rules had been transformed beyond recognition by the Communist regimes’ attempts to create a New Man, which had generated corruption, indifference and scepticism amongst the region's citizens. The reinstatement of respect for human rights and religious freedoms, and the recreation of functional, trustworthy state structures were necessary for these countries. The battles against ingrained corruption, bureaucratic indolence and reckless spending have shaped the new Eastern European states, with a clear influence on everything from the parties they elect to power to their responses to the economic crisis.
Clinical Issues
Authors: Woods Kathleen D.
Published: November 2012

This Month

Informed consent for repeated procedures

Key words: informed consent, sequential procedures, serial procedures, repeat procedures, power of attorney.

Obtaining informed consent after administration of preoperative sedation

Key words: informed consent, surgical consent, preoperative sedation.

Use of medical scribes in perioperative services

Key words: medical scribes, clinical information managers, health care worker.
Results of the 2012 AORN Salary and Compensation Survey
Authors: Bacon Donald R.
Published: November 2012

AORN conducted its 10th annual compensation survey for perioperative nurses in June 2012. A multiple regression model was used to examine how a number of variables, including job title, education level, certification, experience, and geographic region, affect nurse compensation. Comparisons between the 2012 data and previous years’ data are presented. The effects of other forms of compensation, such as on‐call compensation, overtime, bonuses, and shift differentials on base compensation rates, also are examined. Additional analyses explore the effect of the current economic downturn on the perioperative work environment.
Perioperative Employee Annual Evaluations: A 30‐Second Process
Authors: Olmstead John , Falcone Deborah , Lopez Jacy , Sharpe Lorraine , Michna Jody
Published: November 2012

In response to complaints about the annual evaluation tool used at The Community Hospital in Munster, Indiana, the surgical services management team created a tool to rate the perioperative RNs on skills pertinent to the surgical services department. The hospital‐wide evaluation tool uses vague criteria, which are regularly challenged by employees who disagree with their manager's evaluation. The new Surgical Services Employee Evaluation takes a manager approximately 30 seconds to complete and can be added to the generic hospital evaluation form to make the employee evaluation more accurate and meaningful. The tool evaluates three major categories: teamwork, patient care, and job preparation. Use of this additional tool has greatly reduced postevaluation employee complaints, and the tool is now being used in other departments, with slight department‐specific variations. Employees now express less frustration with annual evaluations, and managers report a high degree of satisfaction with the tool because it helps them in the difficult task of employee evaluation and counseling.
Oligomerization of the carboxyl terminal domain of the human coronavirus 229E nucleocapsid protein
Authors: Lo Yu-Sheng , Lin Shing-Yen , Wang Shiu-Mei , Wang Chin-Tien , Chiu Ya-Li , Huang Tai-Huang , Hou Ming-Hon
Published: November 2012

N and N bind by cross‐linking study (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4)
Amyloid positron emission tomography with 18F‐flutemetamol and structural magnetic resonance imaging in the classification of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Duara Ranjan , Loewenstein David A. , Shen Qian , Barker Warren , Potter Elizabeth , Varon Daniel , Heurlin Kristen , Vandenberghe Rik , Buckley Christopher
Published: November 2012

Objective

To evaluate the contributions of amyloid‐positive (Am+) and medial temporal atrophy–positive (MTA+) scans to the diagnostic classification of prodromal and probable Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

18F‐flutemetamol‐labeled amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to classify 10 young normal, 15 elderly normal, 20 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 27 AD subjects. MTA+ status was determined using a cut point derived from a previous study, and Am+ status was determined using a conservative and liberal cut point.

Results

The rates of MRI scans with positive results among young normal, elderly normal, aMCI, and AD subjects were 0%, 20%, 75%, and 82%, respectively. Using conservative cut points, the rates of Am+ scans for these same groups of subjects were 0%, 7%, 50%, and 93%, respectively, with the aMCI group showing the largest discrepancy between Am+ and MTA+ scans. Among aMCI cases, 80% of Am+ subjects were also MTA+, and 70% of amyloid‐negative (Am−) subjects were MTA+. The combination of amyloid PET and MTA data was additive, with an overall correct classification rate for aMCI of 86%, when a liberal cut point (standard uptake value ratio = 1.4) was used for amyloid positivity.

Interpretation

18F‐flutemetamol PET and structural MRI provided additive information in the diagnostic classification of aMCI subjects, suggesting an amyloid‐independent neurodegenerative component among aMCI subjects in this sample.
Impact of molecular imaging on the diagnostic process in a memory clinic
Authors: Ossenkoppele Rik , Prins Niels D. , Pijnenburg Yolande A.L. , Lemstra Afina W. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Adriaanse Sofie F. , Windhorst Albert D. , Handels Ron L.H. , Wolfs Claire A.G. , Aalten Pauline , Verhey Frans R.J. , Verbeek Marcel M. , van Buchem Mark A. , Hoekstra Otto S. , Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Scheltens Philip , van Berckel Bart N.M.
Published: November 2012

Background

[11C]Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PIB) and [18F]‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose ([18F]FDG) PET measure fibrillar amyloid‐β load and glucose metabolism, respectively. We evaluated the impact of these tracers on the diagnostic process in a memory clinic population.

Methods

One hundred fifty‐four patients underwent paired dynamic [11C]PIB and static [18F]FDG PET scans shortly after completing a standard dementia screening. Two‐year clinical follow‐up data were available for 39 patients. Parametric PET images were assessed visually and results were reported to the neurologists responsible for the initial diagnosis. Outcome measures were (change in) clinical diagnosis and confidence in that diagnosis before and after disclosing PET results.

Results

[11C]PIB scans were positive in 40 of 66 (61%) patients with a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), 5 of 18 (28%) patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 4 of 5 (80%) patients with Lewy body dementia, and 3 of 10 (30%) patients with other dementias. [18F]FDG uptake patterns matched the clinical diagnosis in 38 of 66 (58%) of AD patients, and in 6 of 18 (33%) FTD patients. PET results led to a change in diagnosis in 35 (23%) patients. This only occurred when prior diagnostic certainty was <90%. Diagnostic confidence increased from 71 ± 17% before to 87 ± 16% after PET (p < .001). Two‐year clinical follow‐up (n = 39) showed that [11C]PIB and [18F]FDG predicted progression to AD for patients with mild cognitive impairment, and that the diagnosis of dementia established after PET remained unchanged in 96% of patients.

Conclusions

In a memory clinic setting, combined [11C]PIB and [18F]FDG PET are of additional value on top of the standard diagnostic work‐up, especially when prior diagnostic confidence is low.
Three‐dimensional electroanatomical mapping for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia associated with persistent left superior vena cava
Authors: Nakamura Tomofumi , Hachiya Hitoshi , Suzuki Masahito , Sugiyama Koji , Yagishita Atsuhiko , Tanaka Yasuaki , Kawabata Mihoko , Sasano Tetsuo , Isobe Mitsuaki , Hirao Kenzo
Published: November 2012

Background

The anatomical courses of the slow pathway and His bundle are altered in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) associated with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC). We report a case of successful catheter ablation in such a patient using an electroanatomical approach with a three‐dimensional mapping system.

Case

A 33‐year‐old woman underwent catheter ablation for AVNRT. The conventional approach for ablating the atrial end of the slow pathway was unsuccessful; therefore, a second attempt was made using a three‐dimensional electroanatomical mapping system. The ablation was easily performed without damaging the His bundle because of a clear understanding of the anatomical relationships.

Conclusion

The electroanatomical approach using a three‐dimensional mapping system can be an alternative if conventional methods prove to be technically difficult because this new approach can provide precise spatial distribution of the pathways.
Migration paths of magma and fluids and lava compositions in Kamchatka
Authors: Dobretsov N.L. , Koulakov I.Yu. , Litasov Yu.D.
Published: November 2012

Geophysical and geochemical data have been analyzed jointly in order to gain better understanding of subduction-related active volcanism in Kamchatka. The velocity structure of lithosphere beneath volcanic arcs has been imaged on three scales. Regional tomography to distances of thousands of kilometers has allowed constraints on slab geometry, which changes markedly in dip angle and thickness beneath the Kuriles-Kamchatka arc, possibly, because of a change in the interplay of the subduction driving forces. Intermediate-scale regional tomography (hundreds of kilometers) has been applied to the cases of Toba caldera in Sumatra, Mount Merapi in Java, and volcanoes in the Central Andes and provided evidence of magma conduits marked by low-velocity zones that link the suprasubduction volcanic arcs with clusters of earthquake hypocenters on the slab top. Local tomography resolves the shallow structure immediately under volcanoes and the geometry of respective melting zones. An example time-lapse (4D) seismic model of the crust beneath the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes has imaged a decade-long history of anomalous velocity zones and their relation with the activity cycles of Bezymyanny and Klyuchevskoy volcanoes. As modeling shows, andesitic Bezymyanny and basaltic Klyuchevskoy volcanoes have different feeding patterns during their eruption cycles: the former feeds directly from the mantle while the material coming to the latter passes through a complicated system of intermediate chambers.

The local tomography model has been applied as reference to interpret the available major- and trace-element data from the Klyuchevskoy and Bezymyanny volcanoes. The lava compositions of the two volcanoes have becoming ever more proximal since 1945 in many major and trace elements while some parameters remain different. Paroxysmal eruptions of Bezymyanny for several recent decades correlate with the time when Klyuchevskoy erupted lavas with high percentages of high-Mg basalts. The difference in the evolution trends of the Kamchatka volcanic rocks may be due either to fractional crystallization or to the presence of concentrator minerals in the source, titanomagnetite, orthopyroxene, rutile, garnet, and plagioclase being especially active as to uptake of some elements. The natural compositions of rocks have been compared in this context with published experimental data.

According to the seismic velocity structure and lava compositions analyzed jointly, there are five levels of crystallization beneath the studied volcanoes, while the number and spatial patterns of magma sources are different for two types of andesitic volcanoes.
Concentration of trace elements in small lakes of the Ingoda basin (Chita Region, Russia)
Authors: Sklyarova O.A. , Sklyarov E.V. , Menshagin Yu.V.
Published: November 2012

By the example of the Ingoda basin (Transbaikalia) including a system of small lakes, the role of two leading processes of concentration of trace elements in small reservoirs (water–rock interaction and evaporation) has been estimated. It is shown that the accumulation of U, As, Se, Sb, and Ge does not depend on the kind of concentration. Their contents increase linearly with total dissolved solids in both lake and feeding waters. Accumulation of Sc, V, Y, Th, REE, and W is mainly due to evaporation, with their maximum concentration by three to four orders of magnitude. Only U, W, and REE, whose contents in the lakes reach n⋅100 μg/L, are of practical interest.
A relationship between the source of the 25 May 1887 earthquake and the fault along the Biliktuika River valley (southern Siberian Platform)
Authors: Gladkov A.S. , Radziminovich Ya.B. , Lunina O.V.
Published: November 2012

Several active fault zones were studied in the southern Siberian Platform along the Kovykta–Sayansk–Irkutsk gas pipeline. Late Cenozoic seismogenic faults are observed here. The fault zone in the Biliktuika River valley shows the strongest displacements and deformations. The radiocarbon dating of buried soil horizons for this fault was compared with seismological data on the earthquakes observed in this area. The comparison permitted attributing the latest slip along the fault to the 25 May 1887 earthquake.
Nasal tip abscess due to adverse skin reaction to Prolene: an unusual long term complication of rhinoplasty
Authors: Teymoortash A , Fasunla J A , Pfützner W , Steinbach-Hundt S
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

Allergic reactions to Prolene are rare. This paper reports a nasal tip abscess which developed in a patient with an adverse skin reaction to Prolene after rhinoplasty.

Methods and results:

A 26-year-old woman presented with painful, progressive nasal tip swelling and redness. She had undergone septo-rhinoplasty two years previously. She was initially treated with endonasal drainage of the abscess and antibiotics, but a revision rhinoplasty three months later became necessary because of recurrent abscess formation. Intra-operative findings included granulation tissue with pockets of pus and knotted Prolene sutures at the tip-defining points of the lower lateral cartilages. She was patch-tested with Prolene and a cutaneous Prolene suture was placed on her back; an adverse skin reaction was seen for the latter.

Conclusion:

Use of non-absorbable sutures, such as Prolene, in the subcutaneous layer may be a potential, rare risk factor for adverse skin reactions.
Connexin 26 and 30 mutations in paediatric patients with congenital, non-syndromic hearing loss treated with cochlear implantation in Mediterranean Turkey
Authors: Tarkan Ö , Sari P , Demirhan O , Kiroğlu M , Tuncer Ü , Sürmelioğlu Ö , Özdemir S , Yilmaz M B , Kara K
Published: November 2012

Objective:

Mutations in the genes for connexin 26 (GJB2) and connexin 30 (GJB6) play an important role in autosomal recessive, non-syndromic hearing loss. This study aimed to detect the 35delG and 167delT mutations of theGJB2gene and the del(GJB6-D13S1830) mutation of theGJB6gene in paediatric patients diagnosed with congenital, non-syndromic hearing loss and treated with cochlear implantation in Mediterranean Turkey.

Materials and method:

We included 94 children diagnosed with congenital, non-syndromic hearing loss and treated with cochlear implantation. Blood samples were collected, DNA extracted and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay performed to enable molecular diagnosis of mutations.

Results:

Of the 94 children analysed, the 35delG mutation was detected in 12 (12.7 per cent): 10 (83.3 per cent) were homozygous and 2 (16.7 per cent) heterozygous mutant. The 167delT and del(GJB6-D13S1830) mutations were not detected.

Conclusion:

The GJB2-35delG mutation is a major cause of congenital, non-syndromic hearing loss in this study population.
To Stamp Out “So Terrible a Malady”: Bovine Tuberculosis and Tuberculin Testing in Britain, 1890–1939
Authors: Waddington Keir
Published: November 2012

In the early-twentieth century, moves to prevent infection from tuberculosis became an integral part of local government public health schemes. While the scale of action was dependent on individual authorities and ratepayers, interest was not limited to the pulmonary form of the disease. Effort was also directed at tackling bovine tuberculosis, which by the 1890s had become “the most important disease of cows” and, with its zoonotic properties accepted, “a substantial risk to the … consumer”. With meat and milk identified as the main vectors, moves to detect infected livestock and limit the spread of the disease became part of a wider preventive strategy. Measures were introduced to control the sale of tuberculous meat and milk. Eradication schemes were promoted, as concern merged with a growing interest in food safety and agriculture, and became caught up with debates on national efficiency, farming and child health.
See One, Do One, Modify One: Prostate Surgery in the 1930s
Authors: Wilde Sally
Published: November 2012

The link between science, medicine and public trust has been much discussed. Surgery shared in the public confidence in the efficacy of scientific medicine and the good intentions of its practitioners. This does not seem to have been directly linked to evidence of either. Harry Marks has argued that drug manufacturers were not included in the trust accorded to medical practitioners. Regulations and restrictions on the introduction of new drugs in America from the late 1930s were linked to widespread suspicion of commercial motives. The motives of surgeons were not suspected in the same way, and surgery in the 1930s was not subjected to the same tests of safety (or efficacy) that were beginning to be applied to drugs. Surgeons were free to adopt, adapt, or invent any surgical procedure as they saw fit. Was their surgery based on what Marks has called “the vagaries of clinical opinion”, and Christopher Lawrence the “incommunicable knowledge” behind clinical judgment? Or were surgeon citizens of “the republic of science”, basing their practice on what was considered at the time to be acceptable evidence?
Social Psychiatry in Germany in the Twentieth Century: Ideas and Models
Authors: Schmiedebach Heinz-Peter , Priebe Stefan
Published: November 2012

In the first decades of the twentieth century, German-language papers were published which included the term “soziale Psychiatrie” in their titles. At the same time modern concepts of extramural psychiatric care were being developed. Yet, the meaning of “sozial” (“social” in English) varied widely. This was partly due to its ambiguity. “Social” can be used in the sense of small communities or the wider public; it refers to interpersonal relationships, or to relationships between individuals and social groups or other communities. According to this latter meaning, “social” can emphasize the interests of social groups rather than those of the individual. This is how the term was used at the end of the 1920s and during the National Socialist era. On the other hand, “social” may indicate a friendly and humane intention, a philanthropic approach. It was in this sense that the term was widely used in the 1970s when philanthropic psychiatrists and others called for psychiatric reform and the closure or downsizing of asylums for the mentally ill. Moreover, in association with psychiatry, it can mean both the social dimension of mental illness (including the aetiology) that is assumed to lie in human relationships and in social circumstances, and the social and economic effects of mental illness. In parallel with these shifting meanings of the term “social”, the established models of twentieth-century ambulant psychiatric care also showed a variety of structural characteristics.
Midwives and their Role in the Reduction of Direct Obstetric Deaths during the late Nineteenth Century: The Sundsvall Region of Sweden (1860–1890)
Authors: Curtis Stephan
Published: November 2012

Maternal mortality remains a cause of legitimate concern in developing parts of the world where rates often exceed 650 per 100,000 live births—at least twenty times higher than in the developed world, and appears impervious to all efforts to reduce it. Overwhelming poverty, insufficient health care, and the paucity of well-developed and thoroughly integrated programmes to reduce maternal mortality help ensure that these rates are comparable to, if not actually higher than, those found in some of the most unhealthy European cities and regions of the nineteenth century.
Lead and wine. Eberhard Gockel and the colica Pictonum
Authors: Eisinger Josef
Published: November 2012

Thecolica Pictonum or colic of Poitou, under these and many other names, was a frequent, widespread, and deadly disease from Roman times until the eighteenth century. Its unique pathognomonic, notably a severe colic succeeded by paralysis and other central nervous system dysfunction, makes it possible to identify the disease with certainty as chronic lead disease, usually caused by the ingestion of lead-adulterated wines. The custom of sweetening and preserving sour wines with lead-containing additives is traced to the Romans. They had made the empirical discovery that sapa, a syrup prepared by concentrating must in a lead vessel, kept wine from spoiling and that it had, moreover, an agreeable flavour.

Reports of outbreaks of the colica Pictonum appear in the medical literature from Roman times, but the correct aetiology of the disease was not discovered until the seventeenth century following a series of outbreaks in Southern Germany which were related to unfavourable climatic and political conditions. The connexion between the disease and prevailing methods for “correcting” wines was drawn in 1696 by Eberhard Gockel, then the city physician of Ulm. This achievement can be traced to his familiarity with Samuel Stockhausen's work on plumbism among miners and potters, as well as to the favourable epidemiological situation presented by Gockel's monastic patients.

From the literary evidence assembled here and from experimental determinations of the lead content of sapa and similar concentrates, it is possible to estimate the lead levels and toxicity of wines from various eras. The levels range up to 80 mg/l and make it apparent that many wines were sufficiently toxic to account for the incidence and severity of the colica Pictonum. Explanations for the disastrous persistence of the colic of Poitou are discussed, as are the similarities between Gockel's approach and the methods of modern environmental medicine.
Fixed-choice word-association tasks as second-language lexical tests: What native-speaker performance reveals about their potential weaknesses
Authors: DRONJIC VEDRAN , HELMS-PARK RENA
Published: November 2012

Qian and Schedl's Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge Test was administered to 31 native-speaker undergraduates under an “unconstrained” condition, in which the number of responses to headwords was unfixed, whereas a corresponding group (n = 36) completed the test under the original “constrained” condition. Results revealed lower accuracy in the unconstrained condition and in paradigmatic versus syntagmatic responses. Native speakers failed to reach the 90% criterion on most unconstrained and many constrained items. Although certain modifications could improve such a test (e.g., eliminating psycholinguistically anomalous headwords, such as adjectives, or presenting responses to headwords discontinuously), two intransigent problems impede test validity. First, collocates in the mental lexicon differ in tightness and vary across dialects, sociolects, and age groups. Second, it is more serious that second-language Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge Tests are likely spot checks of metalinguistic knowledge rather than depth tests that reflect what learners would actually produce in spontaneous utterances.