bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children Representing Children
Authors: Wyness Michael
Published: November 2009

This article is concerned with the relationship between children’s participation and the diversity of childhoods. While there are a number of different arrangements for encouraging children and young people to participate, the article focuses on a dominant mode of participation through which children are elected to represent the interests of other children within formal institutional structures. Drawing on empirical data from work with school and civic councillors in the UK, the article critically addresses two questions: what level of involvement do these child representatives have within their schools and communities that allow them to articulate the interests of their peers? To what extent do these representative forms of children’s participation reflect the interests of diverse groups of children? The article concludes that the implementation of electoral forms of participation reinforce existing inequalities between groups of young people and are less likely to incorporate the voices of disadvantaged and socially excluded groups of young people. Formal structures of democratic representation may need to be revised in exploring more fruitful ways of articulating the voices of diverse groups of children and young people.
Changes in northeast Pacific marine ecosystems over the last 4500 years: evidence from stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from archeological middens
Authors: Misarti Nicole , Finney Bruce , Maschner Herbert , Wooller Matthew J.
Published: November 2009

Changes in food web dynamics and ocean productivity over the past 4500 years are investigated using stable isotope analysis of nitrogen and carbon in collagen from animal bones preserved in coastal archeological middens on Sanak Island, along the eastern edge of the Aleutian archipelgo. Samples included Steller sea lions, Harbor seals, Northern fur seals, sea otters, Pacific cod and sockeye salmon. Sea otters had the highest δ13C (−11.9 ± 0.7‰) and lowest δ15N values (14.5 ± 1.4‰), Northern fur seals had the lowest δ13C values (−13.6 ± 1.4‰), and Steller sea lions had the highest δ15N values (18.4 ± 1.4‰) of the marine mammals. Cod isotope values were consistent with those of demersal organisms from near shore habitats (−12.5 ± 0.9‰ δ13C, 16.1 ± 1.4‰ δ15N), while salmon values were consistent with those of organisms existing in an open ocean habitat and at a lower trophic level (−15.2 ± 1.4‰ δ13C, 11.5 ± 1.7‰ δ15N). When comparing six different prehistoric time periods, two time periods had significantly different δ 13C for salmon. Otters had significantly different δ15N values in two out of the six prehistoric time periods but no differences in δ13C. The mean δ13C, corrected for the oceanic Suess Effect, of modern specimens of all species (except Northern fur seals) were significantly lower than prehistoric animals. Several hypotheses are explored to explain these differences including a reduction in productivity during the twentieth century in this region of the Gulf of Alaska. If true, this suggests that North Pacific climate regimes experienced during the twentieth century may not be good analogs of North Pacific marine ecosystems during the late Holocene.
Holocene benthic foraminifera from Bahía Blanca estuary: a review and update of systematic and palaeoenvironmental aspects
Authors: Cusminsky Gabriela C. , Bernasconi Emiliana , Calvo-Marcilese Lydia
Published: November 2009

Assemblages of benthic foraminifera in a Holocene core from the outer area of Bahía Blanca estuary in Argentina were studied. The systematic of the group was updated, and provided 28 genera distributed among 59 species, six species with nomenclature aperta. The main species recorded were Buccella peruviana f. campsi (Boltovskoy), Ammonia beccarii (Linné), Elphidium gunteri Cole, Elphidium galvestonense Kornfeld, Elphidium articulatum d’Orbigny and Elphidium discoidale (d’Orbigny). These species allowed an estuarine environment to be determined. Qualitative and quantitative studies conducted on the faunistic content in the core allowed identification of three subenvironments closely linked to sea-level fluctuations during the mid Holocene: a lower zone (6350 yr BP) corresponding to a high intertidal environment, an intermediate zone (2460 yr BP) representing a low intertidal environment related to a system of channels and variations in environmental energy, and an upper zone characterized by the development of a high-energy littoral environment affected by the action of waves, tides and tidal currents, which underwent progressive change until it attained present-day conditions.
Studies on the toxicological effect of the aqueous extract of the fresh, dried and boiled berries of Solanum aculeastrum Dunal in male Wistar rats
Authors: Aboyade OM , Yakubu MT , Grierson DS , Afolayan AJ
Published: November 2009

The toxicological effect of the aqueous extract of fresh, dried and boiled berries of Solanum aculeastrum Dunal at 1, 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight was investigated in male Wistar rats for 28 days. The parameters used were the body weight of the animals and absolute weights of the organs, haematological parameters, renal and liver functional endpoints. The animals gained appreciable weight and showed no signs of clinical toxicity. The dried (DB), boiled dried (BDB), fresh (FB) and boiled fresh berry (BFB) extracts reduced (p < .05) the heart-, liver-and spleen-body weight ratio of the animals whereas that of the lung was not altered. The kidney and testes-body weight ratios were specifically altered by the different extract. All these were not accompanied by any histomorphological changes. The extracts did not alter (p > .05) the levels of RBC, Hb, PCV and albumin of the animals. The platelets were decreased by the DB and FB whereas BFB increased this parameter. The FB and BFB at all the doses also reduced the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the animals. With the exception of the FB where the creatinine and chloride levels decreased, other extracts did not alter the level of these kidney parameters. Only FB increased the levels of uric acid and urea. All the extract decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of the animal. The levels of total protein, globulin, total and conjugated bilirubin were not altered by DB and BDB whereas these indices were increased by FB and BFB. The DB and BDB increased the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity whereas FB decreased the activity of the enzyme. In contrast, DB and BDB decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity of the animals whereas FB and BFB increased the activity of the enzyme. The FB and BFB also increased the levels of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus of the animals. Overall, the alterations in the biochemical parameters by the various extracts of S. aculeastrum berries at these doses indicated that the normal functioning of these organs may be adversely affected. However, drying and boiling might reduce the toxic effect of the berries.
Fatal intoxication with hydrocarbons in deltamethrin preparation
Authors: Magdalan Jan , Zawadzki Marcin , Merwid-Lad Anna
Published: November 2009

Pyrethroid insecticides are very widely used in agriculture and household due to high effectiveness and low toxicity to humans. We have described a case of a fatal oral intoxication with decis, the insecticide containing pyrethroid (deltamethrin) in a hydrocarbon base. Pyrethroids, including deltamethrin, undergo rapid biotransformation by liver enzymes, which limit their systemic toxicity. Thus, we assume that in the presented case, fatal outcome of poisoning with decis was rather connected with toxic effects of hydrocarbon base (solvent naphtha) than with deltamethrin action. In the described case, detection of aromatic hydrocarbons in blood and lung tissue and their metabolites in urine confirms that these substances were absorbed from gastrointestinal tract to the systemic circulation. Predominant among the clinical outcomes in our patient was profound depression of CNS with apnea, which could be connected with narcotic action of organic solvents. The cardiac arrest was in mechanism of asystolia with prior non-responsive to catecholamines bradycardia and vascular collapse. We connect it with hydrocarbon-induced cardiotoxicity. It is worth remembering that many pyrethroid-containing insecticides are formulated in a hydrocarbon base. Intoxication with such preparations should always be considered not only as poisoning with pyrethroid alone but also as intoxication with hydrocarbons.
A Two-Level Analysis of the Determinants of Direct Democratic Choices in European, Immigration and Foreign Policy in Switzerland
Authors: Sciarini Pascal , Tresch Anke
Published: November 2009

This article employs a unique data set — covering 25 popular votes on foreign, European and immigration/asylum policy held between 1992 and 2006 in Switzerland — in order to examine the conditional impact of context upon utilitarian, cultural, political and cognitive determinants of individual attitudes toward international openness. Our results reveal clear patterns of cross-level interactions between individual determinants and the project-related context of the vote. Thus, although party cues and political competence have a strong impact on individuals’ support for international openness, this impact is substantially mediated by the type of coalition that is operating within the party elite. Similarly, subjective utilitarian and cultural considerations influence the voters’ decision in interaction with the content of the proposal submitted to the voters as well as with the framing of the voting campaign.
Open mic
Authors: Lee Jooyoung
Published: November 2009

■ How do the meanings of a Hip Hop venue change over the aspiring rapper’s career? This article draws on four years of ongoing ethnographic fieldwork with inner-city men who rap at Project Blowed, a Hip Hop ‘open mic’ in South Central Los Angeles. While rappers initially view Project Blowed as a place to hone their performance skills and earn the respect of their peers, they hope to move beyond it and make money in the music industry. ‘OGs’, senior rappers, who continue to participate in this scene mentor younger rappers, but may also become examples of the dead-end careers that up-and-coming rappers hope to avoid. This article explores how participants’ perceptions of this venue are linked to their changing perceptions of others in the scene.
Being there: Public health needs a public face
Authors: Hastings Gerard
Published: November 2009

Professor Gerard Hastings, OBE, Director of the Institute for Social Marketing and the Centre for Tobacco Control Research at University of Stirling and the Open University, offers an insight into how business wins hearts and minds — and the opportunities it presents for public health
Investigation on dielectric response of PMN ceramics around paraelectric–ferroelectric diffuse phase transition
Authors: Guerra J. D. S. , Araújo E. B. , Guarany C. A. , Lima E. C.
Published: November 2009

The dielectric properties of relaxor ferroelectric lead magnesium niobate Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) ceramics have been investigated. These studies were conducted taking into account the characterisations of the complex dielectric permittivity (real and imaginary parts) as a function of temperature and frequency in a wide interval. On the other hand, the dc ‘bias’ electrical field dependence of the real dielectric permittivity ( C– V characterisations) has been analysed around the paraelectric–ferroelectric diffuse phase transition. Results obtained at room temperature (paraelectric phase) showed a typical behaviour of conventional dielectric materials, while measurements performed at 200 K (ferroelectric phase) evidenced an anomalous behaviour for frequencies up to 100 kHz. Such observed anomalies were characterised by two asymmetrical peaks on sweep-up and sweep-down, at − 15 and + 18 kV cm−1 respectively.
Investigation of domain related topography formation during chemical mechanical polishing of piezoelectric ceramic material
Authors: Uhlig S. , Nicolai M. , Schönecker A. , Michaelis A.
Published: November 2009

Novel microelectromechanical system manufacturing can be expected if the joining areas of the concerned materials are atomically flat (roughness, <0·6 nm). In this case, the assembly should be achieved by direct bonding mechanisms. Accordingly, no additional intermediate layers or undercoatings between the active and passive material components are necessary. The surface conditioning of piezoelectric ceramics is correlated with the change of the domain morphology, particularly if very flat surfaces are processed. Ferroelastic interactions and the piezoelectric effect caused by the acting forces during the machining process come into account and change the local polarisation distribution of the treated surface area. This local modulation has a lasting effect on the resulting surface topography, which in general does not correspond to the relaxed domain structure in the surface area after machining. The preparation of the highly flattened surface of thin ceramic sheets with least roughness was conducted using chemical mechanical polishing. The removal conditions could be adjusted to be invariant to the polarisation condition of the treated surface area. The treatment resulted in an optical flat mirrorlike surface with roughness below 1 nm. The topography follows the polarisation of the ferroelectric domains underneath in a nanometre scale. Multiple investigation techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, piezoforce microscopy and scanning probe microscopy allowed for a phenomenological interpretation. With the deepened understanding of the preparation process and the related material interactions, it is now possible to treat the surface machining to be domain independent.
Formulary Forum: Fesoterodine for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder
Authors: Tzefos Maria , Dolder Christian , Olin Jacqueline L
Published: November 2009

Objective:

To review pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety data for fesoterodine and determine its role in the treatment of overactive bladder.

Data Sources:

A MEDLINE search (1966–July 2009) was conducted using the key words fesoterodine, tolterodine, muscarinic receptor antagonist, anticholinergic, overactive bladder, urge incontinence, efficacy, safety, adverse effect, pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and receptor binding.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All articles written in English that were identified from the data sources were evaluated, prioritizing randomized, controlled trials with human data. The references of published articles that we identified were examined for any additional studies appropriate for the review.

Data Synthesis:

Fesoterodine, a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist, is converted to its active metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine, by nonspecific esterases, bypassing the cytochrome P450 system. Two randomized controlled Phase 3 trials examined the safety and efficacy of fesoterodine In the treatment of overactive bladder. Fesoterodine was found to produce significant improvements in the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms compared with placebo. Post hoc analysis of these trials demonstrated significant improvements in health-related quality of life in patients with overactive bladder. Only one study included tolterodine, and direct comparisons between fesoterodine and tolterodine were not conducted. The most common treatment-emergent adverse effects associated with fesoterodine included dry mouth, constipation, urinary tract infection, and headache.

Conclusions:

Fesoterodine appears to be effective and generally safe for the treatment of overactive bladder. The efficacy and safety of fesoterodine in overactive bladder treatment seem to be at least similar to that of tolterodine. Although additional comparative trials are needed, based on available data, it does not appear that fesoterodine provides a substantial advantage over extended-release tolterodine in either efficacy or safety.
Propylene Glycol Accumulation in Critically III Patients Receiving Continuous Intravenous Lorazepam Infusions
Authors: Horinek Erica L , Kiser Tyree H , Fish Douglas N , MacLaren Robert
Published: November 2009

Background:

Lorazepam is recommended by the Society of Critical Care Medicine as the preferred agent for sedation of critically ill patients. Intravenous lorazepam contains propylene glycol, which has been associated with toxicity when high doses of lorazepam are administered.

Objective:

To evaluate the accumulation of propylene glycol in critically ill patients receiving lorazepam by continuous infusion and determine factors associated with propylene glycol concentration.

Methods:

A 6-month, retrospective, safety assessment was conducted of adults admitted to the medical intensive care unit who were receiving lorazepam by continuous infusion for 12 hours or more. Propylene glycol serum concentrations were obtained 24–48 hours after continuous-infusion lorazepam was initiated and every 3–5 days thereafter. Propylene glycol accumulation was defined as concentrations of 25 mg/dL or more. Groups with and without propylene glycol accumulation were compared and factors associated with propylene glycol concentration were determined using multivariate correlation regression analyses.

Results:

Forty-eight propylene glycol serum samples were obtained from 33 patients. Fourteen (42%) patients had propylene glycol accumulation, representing 23 (48%) serum samples. Univariate analyses showed the following factors were related to propylene glycol accumulation: baseline renal dysfunction, presence of alcohol withdrawal, sex, age, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, rate of lorazepam continuous infusion, and 24-hour lorazepam dose. Multivariate linear regression modeling demonstrated that propylene glycol concentration was strongly associated with the continuous infusion rate and 24-hour dose (adjusted r2 ≥0,77; p < 0.001). Independent correlation analyses showed that these 2 variables were so strongly associated with propylene glycol concentration (r2 ≥0.71; p < 0.001) that they alone predicted propylene glycol concentration. Seven (21%) patients developed renal dysfunction after continuous-infusion lorazepam was initiated, but associated causes were indeterminable. Other possible propylene glycol-associated adverse effects were not observed.

Conclusions:

The continuous infusion rate and cumulative 24-hour lorazepam dose are strongly associated with and independently predict propylene glycol concentrations. Despite the absence of confirmed propylene glycol-associated adverse effects, clinicians should be aware that propylene glycol accumulation may occur with continuous-infusion lorazepam.
Factors Associated with Multiple Medication Use in Different Age Groups
Authors: Moen Janne , Antonov Karolina , Larsson Charlotte A , Lindblad Ulf , Nilsson J Lars G , Råstam Lennart , Ring Lena
Published: November 2009

Background:

Multiple medicine use among elderly persons is likely to be the result of treatment regimens developed over a long period of time. By learning more about how multiple medication use develops, the quality of prescribing may be improved across the adult lifespan.

Objective:

To describe patterns of multiple medicine use in the general Swedish population and its association with sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health status factors.

Methods:

Data from a cross-sectional population health survey collected during 2001-2005 from 2816 randomly selected Swedish residents (age 30–75 y; response rate 76%) were analyzed. Multiple medicine use was restricted to prescription drugs and defined as the 75th percentile; that is, the 25% of the study group using the highest number of drugs per individual.

Results:

Seventy-one percent of the respondents used some kind of drug, 51.5% used one or more prescription drug, 38.4% used one or more over-the-counter (OTC) medication, and 8.3% used one or more herbal preparation. The cutoff amounts defining multiple medicine use were: 2 or more medications for 30- to 49-year-olds, 3 or more for 50- to 64-year-olds, and 5 or more for 65- to 75-year-olds. No association between use of multiple medicines and use of OTC drugs or herbal preparations was found. When drugs were classified into therapeutic subgroups, 76.3% of those aged 30–49 years, 97.9% of those aged 50–64 years, and 100% of those aged 65–75 years were taking a unique combination of drugs. Multivariate analyses showed that diabetes and poor self-rated health were associated with multiple medicine use in all age cohorts. Female sex and hypertension were associated with multiple medicine use among those aged 30–49 and 50–64 years, current smoking among those aged 50–64 years, and obesity among those aged 65–75 years.

Conclusions:

Multiple medicine use was associated with morbidity and poor self-rated health across all age groups. The vast majority of users of multiple drugs are taking a unique combination of medications.
Does Simvastatin Cause More Myotoxicity Compared with Other Statins?
Authors: Backes James M , Howard Patricia A , Ruisinger Janelle F , Moriarty Patrick M
Published: November 2009

Objective:

To review the literature regarding statins and myotoxicity and evaluate these data to determine whether incidence rates are higher with simvastatin.

Data Sources:

Literature was identified from a search of MEDLINE (1966–August 2009) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–August 2009), as well as references of selected articles. Key search terms included the names of individual statins, rhabdomyolysis, myopathy, myalgia, myotoxicity, statins, and drug interactions.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All English-language articles discussing statin-related myotoxicity and relevant drug interactions that involved human subjects were examined.

Data Synthesis:

Simvastatin is a commonly prescribed, moderately potent statin. Recent evidence suggests that the risk of severe muscle toxicity with simvastatin may be higher than that with other statins, particularly when used in combination with cytochrome P450 isoenzyme inhibitors. However, the lack of direct comparative clinical trials assessing the risk of myotoxicity among the statins in equivalent doses precludes definitive conclusions. Data sources examining low-to-mode rate doses of simvastatin suggest that myotoxicity with this agent is infrequent, with rates similar to those seen with other statins. Conversely, findings from clinical trials using the maximum daily dose (80 mg) and a clinical trials database of varying doses of simvastatin suggest a possible increase in rates of myotoxicity with the 80-mg dose compared with lower doses and a higher incidence rate when compared with maximum doses of other statins.

Conclusions:

Overall, the rates of severe myotoxicity with all statins are low, especially with low-to-moderate doses. However, recent trials for those using simvastatin 80 mg daily suggest a higher incidence of myotoxicity compared with maximum approved doses of other statins. Practitioners should be aware of these possible risks and individualize therapy to limit myotoxicity.
Seasonal, Avian, and Novel H1N1 Influenza: Prevention and Treatment Modalities
Authors: Sym Donna , Patel Priti N , Ei-Chaar Gladys M
Published: November 2009

Objective:

To review the pathophysiology, pandemics/epidemics, transmissibility, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention/immunization, and resistance associated with seasonal, avian, and swine influenza.

Data Sources:

Literature was obtained from MEDLINE (1966–October 2009) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971–October 2009) using the search terms influenza, seasonal influenza, avian influenza, swine influenza, H1N1, novel H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Available English-language articles were reviewed, along with information obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, and the World Health Organization.

Data Synthesis:

The influenza virus has caused disease in birds, swine, and humans for many centuries. Pandemics and epidemics have occurred throughout history and reports of new strains continue to emerge. Two major surface antigenic glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, have various subtypes, resulting in numerous combinations of these proteins. For example, combinations occur when an influenza strain from a bird “mixes” with a strain from a human. This mixing occurs in a host, often in pigs, resulting in a new strain. This new strain can cause pandemics since people have no immunity to the new strain. An H1N1 subtype pandemic occurred in 1918, causing millions of deaths. Simultaneously, veterinary reports of “influenza” in pigs also emerged. It is postulated that humans infected pigs with this H1N1 virus. H1N1 reappeared in humans in 1976, and more recently in 2009. Other pandemics have occurred with H2N2 and H3N2 strains. In 1997, strain H5N1, which usually causes disease in fowl, was able to infect humans.

Conclusions:

Influenza subtypes continue to change, causing disease in animals and humans. Utilization of immunization and antiviral treatment options are available to prevent, treat, and contain the spread of this infection.
Preparation of low-molecular-weight chitosan derivative zinc complexes and their effect on the growth of liver cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Wang Rong-Min , He Nai-Pu , Song Peng-Fei , He Yu-Feng , Ding Lan , Lei Ziqiang
Published: November 2009

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) chitosan salicylaldehyde Schiff-base and its zinc(II) complexes were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), gel permeation chromatography-multiangle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS), and elemental analysis. The results of electrophoretic analysis suggest that the Zn complexes bound to DNA by means of electrostatic interactions and intercalation. The effect of the Zn complexes on the growth of SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells was investigated by sulforhodamine B assay in vitro. The results reveal that the growth of liver cancer cells was inhibited by LMW-chitosan and their Zn complexes. The inhibition rate of the Zn complexes was higher than that of LMW-chitosan ligand. The LMW-chitosan Schiff-base Zn complex exhibited higher anticancer activity than the LMW-chitosan Zn complex. Combining LMW-chitosan with Schiff-base and Zn improved its anticancer activity, which we ascribe to the synergistic effect between the chitosan matrix and the planar construction of the Zn complexes.
The relative importance of disturbance and exotic‐plant abundance in California coastal sage scrub
Authors: Fleming Genie M. , Diffendorfer James E. , Zedler Paul H.
Published: November 2009

Many ecosystems of conservation concern require some level of disturbance to sustain their species composition and ecological function. However, inappropriate disturbance regimes could favor invasion or expansion of exotic species. In southern California coastal sage scrub (CSS) fire is a natural disturbance, but because of human influence, frequencies may now be unnaturally high. Other anthropogenic disturbances such as grazing also occur in reserve areas. Managers charged with imposing or tolerating fire or other disturbance within their reserves are concerned that habitat quality may be degraded by an increasing abundance of exotic plants.

We used vegetation monitoring data from Camp Pendleton, California, USA, to assess the correlation between past disturbances (frequent fire, agriculture, or grazing and mechanical disturbances) and current exotic species abundance in CSS. We found that disturbance history was only modestly related to exotic abundance overall, but fire frequency showed the strongest association. We also examined whether cover and richness of various native plant life forms (woody species, perennial herbs, and annual herbs) were more strongly influenced by disturbance history or by exotic‐plant abundance. Native plant responses varied among life forms, but woody species and annual herbs were generally more strongly and negatively associated with exotic abundance than with disturbance.

Effective CSS conservation will require developing means to curb the negative impacts of exotic plants, which may abound with or without severe or recent disturbance. Additionally, more focus should be given to understory herbs showing sensitivity to invasion. Though understudied, native herbs comprise the greatest portion of plant diversity in CSS and are critical to preservation of the community as a whole.
Landscape characteristics of a stream and wetland mitigation banking program
Authors: BenDor Todd , Sholtes Joel , Doyle Martin W.
Published: November 2009

In the United States, stream restoration is an increasing part of environmental and land management programs, particularly under the auspices of compensatory mitigation regulations. Markets and regulations surrounding stream mitigation are beginning to mirror those of the well‐established wetland mitigation industry. Recent studies have shown that wetland mitigation programs commonly shift wetlands across space from urban to rural areas, thereby changing the functional characteristics and benefits of wetlands in the landscape. However, it is not yet known if stream mitigation mirrors this behavior, and if so, what effects this may have on landscape‐scale ecological and hydrological processes. This project addresses three primary research questions. (1) What are the spatial relationships between stream and wetland impact and compensation sites as a result of regulations requiring stream and wetland mitigation in the State of North Carolina? (2) How do stream impacts come about due to the actions of different types of developers, and how do the characteristics of impacts sites compare with compensation sites? (3) To what extent does stream compensation relocate high‐quality streams within the river network, and how does this affect localized (intrawatershed) loss or gain of aquatic resources? Using geospatial data collected from the North Carolina Division of Water Quality and the Army Corps of Engineers' Wilmington District, we analyzed the behavior of the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program in providing stream and wetland mitigation for the State of North Carolina. Our results suggest that this program provides mitigation (1) in different ways for different types of permittees; (2) at great distances (both Euclidean and within the stream network) from original impacts; (3) in significantly different places than impacts within watersheds; and (4) in many cases, in different watersheds from original impacts. Our analysis also reveals problems with regulator data collection, storage, and quality control. These results have significant implications given new federal requirements for ecological consistency within mitigation programs. Our results also indicate some of the landscape‐scale implications of using market‐based approaches to ecological restoration in general.
Stability and Emission in a LPG-Air Premixed Coaxial Jet Flame Burner under a Wide Range of Operating Conditions
Authors: Mishra D. P.
Published: November 2009

This paper is concerned with the experimental investigation of stability and emission in a LPG-air premixed coaxial jet burner. By varying the fuel-air ratio in the core flow stream, the flame stability of this coaxial jet flame burner is carried out experimentally, extensively over a wide range of core velocity at 4-16 m/sec. The overall equivalence ratios for all cases are enhanced with the increase in core velocity. An improvement in stability limits are observed with the increase in coflow velocity. However, the NO level for two coflow velocities increases with the increase in core flow velocity which is attributed to the fact that the flame gets stabilized at a higher core equivalence ratio. The flue gas CO2 level is enhanced with the increase in core velocity for three different coflow velocities. The increase in CO2 is mainly due to the combustion of fuel and the subsequent conversion of CO to CO2 in the higher combustion gas temperature. In order to reduce the emission level, the coflow stream is premixed by injecting fuel into the coflow stream with an equivalence ratio even below flammability limits. The stability limit is found to be improved marginally, when the premixed mixture is used in the coflow stream. Interestingly, by using premixed fuel-air mixture in the coflow stream, there is a decrease in NO emission levels. Of course, the use of fuel-air mixtures in the coflow stream enhances the CO2 level.
Optimization of Microcellular Injection Molding Parameters
Authors: Rizvi S. J. A. , Bhatnagar N.
Published: November 2009

Microcellular foamed polymeric products have found various applications depending upon their cell morphology. The microcellular injection molding process parameters have effect on the cell size, cell density and cell distribution. In order to develop desired cell morphology for a particular application, the set of injection molding parameters is required to be optimized for achieving a correct process window. In this paper an effort is made to study the effect of various injection molding processing parameters on cell morphology. Series of experiments were conducted for each of the processing parameter and the samples were observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The trends of cell size and cell density with respect to the processing parameters were qualitatively analyzed. The results are useful for the processors who are interested in building up an understanding of this novel process and also to enable optimization of the set of processing parameters so that the desired microstructure of a foamed polymer can be obtained.
Extrusion Effects with Bactericidal Additives in Polymer Wood Composites
Authors: Fiori M. A. , Paula M. M. S. , da Silva L. , Santos M. F. , Angioletto E. , Riella H. G. , Quadri M. G. N.
Published: November 2009

Wood polymer composite is an important material class for industries. Microbiological properties can be an important aspect to enlarge its application base. The biocidal properties of wood polymer composite (WPC) can be aggregated by incorporation of biocidal additives on its composition. But, an important aspect is the evaluation the influence of the fabrication process on its biocidal properties. In particular, the temperature and screw velocity are important parameters for extrusion processes, and the mass proportions of the compounds are important factors to define the WPC properties. Different combinations of process conditions and mass proportions of the composite can promote variation in the magnitude of the bactericidal effect. The bactericidal properties are aggregated in the composite by organic bactericidal additive and the high temperature and high shear rate during the extrusion process can affect the effectiveness of the bactericidal additive function. This paper investigates the effects of the extrusion process parameters associated with different percentages of bactericidal additives on the WPC. The results showed significant effects on the bactericidal properties that depended only on the bactericidal content.
Novel Processing Additives for Rotational Molding of Polyethylene
Authors: Kulikov O. , Hornung K. , Wagner M.
Published: November 2009

Over 85% of the articles manufactured via rotational molding employ Polyethylene (PE) resins. PE resins used for rotomolding have usually particle sizes less than about 0.8 mm and used as powders or micro-pellets. During heating in a rotating mold, these particles get fused and merge into one piece. A disadvantage of the rotomolding process is long cycle times that affect not only the production rate but also increase thermal degradation of the polymer due to its long exposure to heat. One of the problems in rotomolding is bubbles of gasses trapped during sintering of the PE powders which reduce mechanical strength of the article produced. We propose to use reacting mixtures of Polyethylene Glycol with citric acid as an additive to rotomolding grades of PE. The additive accelerates sintering of the PE particulates and greatly reduces number of bubbles in the melt but at high concentrations (>0.4 wt.%) it impedes flow of the particles. Fine powders with particles of irregular shape and wide distribution of sizes are characterized by low flowability while micro-pellets of oval shape with smooth surface have too high flowability for rotomolding. To improve cost-efficiency and quality of the rotomolding process we propose to use micro-pellets instead of powders and to fabricate micro-pellets by extrusion at reduced temperatures and cutting the produced strands in conditions of air-cooling. Amazingly, the same processing additives improve extrusion of PE resins and rotomolding of the PE micro-pellets. The additives also adjust flowability of micro-pellets in the direction to optimum. Silica fume, vinyl-silanes and stearates can be ingredients of the additive package. Mechanisms of the observed improvements are discussed.
HAAR WAVELET METHOD FOR SOLVING STIFF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: Lepik Ülo
Published: November 2009

Application of the Haar wavelet approach for solving stiff differential equations is discussed. Solution of singular perturbation problems is also considered. Efficiency of the recommended method is demonstrated by means of four numerical examples, mostly taken from well‐known textbooks.
An Approach to Adaptivity and Collaboration Support in a Web-Based Learning Environment
Authors: Holenko Dlab Martina , Hoić-Božić Nataša
Published: November 2009

The development of Web 2.0 and social software applications was not initially aimed for education, but its influence in this field, especially in e-learning, is recently recognized as positive. New approach to e-learning inspired by these technologies is called e-learning 2.0. It emphasizes social learning using different tools available on the web rather then integrated systems like LMSs.

This paper describes framework for further development of adaptive LMS according to constructivist theory of learning, advantages of Web 2.0 applications and characteristics of e-learning 2.0.
Improved sources of resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea
Authors: Chandirasekaran Rajamohan , Warkentin Thomas D , Gan Yantai , Shirtliffe Steven , Gossen Bruce D , Tar'an Bunyamin , Banniza Sabine
Published: November 2009

Successful chickpea production in western Canada typically requires multiple applications of fungicides to minimize the severity of ascochyta blight (AB) caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. Although planting resistant cultivars could be economical and environmentally safer than fungicide use, varieties with a high level of resistance are not available. The objective of this research was to identify potentially useful parents for breeding programs aimed at the northern Great Plains by assessing the AB reaction of 12 desi and 12 kabuli chickpea varieties for their AB reaction on leaves, stems and pods under two fungicide regimes. The experiment was conducted at Swift Current and Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, in 2004 and 2005. Differences in AB severity on leaves, stems and pods, seed yield and 1000-seed weight occurred among varieties at all site-years tested. The variation was greater among kabuli varieties than desi varieties. Ascochyta blight severity was generally lower under the high fungicide regime. A positive correlation in AB severity on leaves, stems and pods was observed, suggesting a lack of organ-specific reaction. Several promising varieties that combined improved levels of AB resistance, high yield, and large seed size were identified. Key words: Didymella rabiei, Ascochyta rabiei, Cicer arietinum, fungicide efficacy
Relentless Patterns: The Immersive Interior
Authors: Taylor Mark
Published: November 2009

What happens when patterns become all pervasive? When pattern contagiously corrupts and saturates adjacent objects, artefacts and surfaces; blurring internal and external environment and dissolving any single point of perspective or static conception of space. Mark Taylor ruminates on the possibilities of relentless patterning in interior space in both a historic and a contemporary context. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracing Change: Patterns in Landscape Architecture
Authors: Swaffield Simon
Published: November 2009

For Simon Swaffield, landscape design can be regarded as the product of distinctive patterns formed through the intersection of site, technology and idealised nature. Across time and cultures, the interpretation of nature has shifted endlessly, and with it the manner in which the natural world is conceived, transformed and represented. Given its history, what might also be the future patterns of landscape design?. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reductive Engineering Patterns: An Interview with Hanif Kara
Authors: Garcia Mark
Published: November 2009

For the structural engineer, patterns provide vast potential, ranging from the meta‐ to the microscale. Here, guest‐editor Mark Garcia captures the ebullient enthusiasm Hanif Kara of Adams Kara Taylor has for this infinite topic, which is open‐ended in its application, providing endless representational possibilities while also embracing both natural models and artificial forms and forces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pattern Deposition: From Scripts to Applications
Authors: Silver Mike
Published: November 2009

Is the widespread adoption of existing design software appropriated from other disciplines limiting architects' potential for pattern‐making? Could the development of complex code applied to equally complex pattern problems open up alternative avenues of expression? Mike Silver illustrates work by himself and other architects and artists that suggest that new kinds of software‐driven pattern recognition and simulation computer models are opening up the field. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Futuristic Retail Spaces
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: November 2009

Valentina Croci finds the entries to a competition organised by the Benetton Group, displayed at the 2009 Milan Triennale, a rich source for emerging retail design trends. Not only do the various schemes express new relationships between shops and the city, they also highlight the importance of interactivity and experience for the physical shopping environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Reduction of Activated Alkenes by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase: Specificity and Control of Stereochemical Outcome by Reaction Optimisation
Authors: Fryszkowska Anna , Toogood Helen , Sakuma Michiyo , Gardiner John M. , Stephens Gill M. , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: November 2009

We show that pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR), a member of the ‘ene’ reductase old yellow enzyme family, catalyses the asymmetric reduction of a variety of industrially relevant activated α,β‐unsaturated alkenes including enones, enals, maleimides and nitroalkenes. We have rationalised the broad substrate specificity and stereochemical outcome of these reductions by reference to molecular models of enzyme‐substrate complexes based on the crystal complex of the PETNR with 2‐cyclohexenone 4a. The optical purity of products is variable (49–99% ee), depending on the substrate type and nature of substituents. Generally, high enantioselectivity was observed for reaction products with stereogenic centres at Cβ (>99% ee). However, for the substrates existing in two isomeric forms (e.g., citral 11a or nitroalkenes 18–19a), an enantiodivergent course of the reduction of E/Z‐forms may lead to lower enantiopurities of the products. We also demonstrate that the poor optical purity obtained for products with stereogenic centres at Cα is due to non‐enzymatic racemisation. In reactions with ketoisophorone 3a we show that product racemisation is prevented through reaction optimisation, specifically by shortening reaction time and through control of solution pH. We suggest this as a general strategy for improved recovery of optically pure products with other biocatalytic conversions where there is potential for product racemisation.
Age‐Related Changes in Craniofacial Morphology in GDF‐8 (Myostatin)‐Deficient Mice
Authors: Vecchione Lisa , Miller Jeffrey , Byron Craig , Cooper Gregory M. , Barbano Timothy , Cray James , Losee Joseph E. , Hamrick Mark W. , Sciote James J. , Mooney Mark P.
Published: November 2009

It is well recognized that masticatory muscle function helps determine morphology, although the extent of function on final form is still debated. GDF‐8 (myostatin), a transcription factor is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. A recent study has shown that mice homozygous for the myostatin mutation had increased muscle mass and craniofacial dysmorphology in adulthood. However, it is unclear whether such dysmorphology is present at birth. This study examines the onset and relationship between hypermuscularity and craniofacial morphology in neonatal and adult mice with GDF‐8 deficiency. Fifteen (8 wild‐type and 7 GDF‐8 −/−), 1‐day‐old and 16 (9 wt and 7 GDF‐8 −/−), 180‐day‐old male CD‐1 mice were used. Standardized radiographs were taken of each head, scanned, traced, and cephalometric landmarks identified. Significant mean differences were assessed using a group x age, two‐way ANOVA. Myostatin‐deficient mice had significantly (P < 0.01) smaller body and masseter muscle weights and craniofacial skeletons at 1 day of age and significantly greater body and masseter muscle weights at 180 days of age compared to controls. Myostatin‐deficient mice showed significantly (P < 0.001) longer and “rocker‐shaped” mandibles and shorter and wider crania compared to controls at 180 days. Significant correlations were noted between masseter muscle weight and all cephalometric measurements in 180‐day‐old Myostatin‐deficient mice. Results suggest that in this mouse model, there may be both early systemic skeletal growth deficiencies and later compensatory changes from hypermuscularity. These findings reiterate the role that masticatory muscle function plays on the ontogeny of the cranial vault, base, and most notably the mandible. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Monomeric and Dimeric Acridine Compounds as Potential Therapeutics in Alzheimer and Prion Diseases
Authors: Csuk René , Barthel Alexander , Raschke Christian , Kluge Ralph , Ströhl Dieter , Trieschmann Lothar , Böhm Gerald
Published: November 2009

Starting from substituted 9‐chloroacridines, a series of quinacrine and spacered dimeric acridine compounds was prepared. Their ability to interrupt the protein association of prion‐ and Alzheimer‐specific proteins and Ab peptides was explored using a fast screening system based on FACS analysis. The bis‐acridines displayed a higher activity than the corresponding monomers. Among these derivatives, best results were obtained with the 2,4‐dimethoxy‐6‐nitro compound 7h for Aβ‐peptides and the 2‐methoxy‐6‐nitro compound 7f for PrP.
Synthesis and Anti‐HIV‐1 Integrase Activitiy of Cyano Pyrimidinones
Authors: Ramajayam R. , Mahera Nilesh B. , Neamati Nouri , Yadav Mange Ram , Giridhar Rajani
Published: November 2009

A series of 2‐phenethyl/benzylthio‐6‐oxo‐4‐phenyl‐1,6‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carbonitrile were synthesized and tested against recombinant HIV‐1 integrase in an enzyme assay. 2‐(Phenethylthio)‐4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carbonitrile 4m and 2‐(phenethylthio)‐4‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyrimidine‐5‐carbonitrile 4o showed significant inhibition against integrase in the assay (strand transfer: IC50 values of 16 and 17 μM, respectively).