bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Behaviours among Colorectal Cancer Survivors in Nova Scotia
Authors: Corkum M. , Urquhart R. , Kephart G. , Hayden J.A. , Porter G.
Published: October 2014

Purpose: We analyzed patterns and factors associated with receipt of breast and cervical cancer screening in a cohort of colorectal cancer survivors. Methods: Individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer in Nova Scotia between January 2001 and December 2005 were eligible for inclusion. Receipt of breast and cervical cancer screening was determined using administrative data. General-population age restrictions were used in the analysis (breast: 40–69 years; cervical: 21–75 years). Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess time to first screen. Results: Of 318 and 443 colorectal cancer survivors eligible for the breast and cervical cancer screening analysis respectively, 30.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 21.2% to 39.0%] never received screening mammography, and 47.9% (95% CI: 37.8% to 58.0%) never received cervical cancer screening during the study period. Receipt of screening before the colorectal cancer diagnosis was strongly associated with receipt of screening after diagnosis (hazard ratio for breast cancer screening: 4.71; 95% CI: 3.42 to 6.51; hazard ratio for cervical cancer screening: 6.83; 95% CI: 4.58 to 10.16). Conclusions: Many colorectal cancer survivors within generalpopulation screening age recommendations did not receive breast and cervical cancer screening. Future research should focus on survivors who meet age recommendations for population-based cancer screening.
Health Care, Health Caring, and the Culture of Medicine
Authors: Chochinov H.M.
Published: October 2014

At first glance, “care” and “caring” hardly seem distinguishable. [...]
Screening Mammography: The Turning of the Tide?
Authors: Foulkes W.D.
Published: October 2014

This issue of Current Oncology features a Countercurrents article by Dr. Steven Narod, [...]
INTELLECTUAL [DIS]HONESTY IN ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Masden II Kenneth G. , Salingaros Nikos A.
Published: October 2014

Many, if not a majority, of the world’s citizens view contemporary architecture as ineffective in accommodating the lives of everyday human beings. And yet, voluminous texts by prominent architects and the media argue just the opposite; that, in fact, flashy and expensive new projects profoundly benefit humanity. Those buildings supposedly provide continued advancement in how humans occupy the world. While there is no doubt that the built environment is instrumental to human achievement and wellbeing, what is the true value of the ill-formed, and perhaps ill-conceived, products of today’s leading architects? This essay argues that the elite power structure behind high-profile architectural projects is focused more upon promoting like-minded architects, and their narrow ideological interests, than in satisfying the ordinary everyday user. In doing so, this activity irrevocably damages the environment and markedly diminishes human neuro-physiological engagement with the man-made world. The logical conclusion from this purposeful misrepresentation is that the profession deliberately manipulates both the general public and architecture students to serve its own agenda.
PUBLICNESS AS AN ARCHITECTURAL VALUE
Authors: Spector Tom
Published: October 2014

That architecture should in some way serve the public good is an idea that mostly goes unquestioned. The corresponding idea that we know who the public is and what its good consists of largely falls apart in the face of even a little probing. This paper investigates the concept of the public inherited from the Enlightenment, its fate in recent times, and possibilities for its reinvention. The argument then goes on to suggest ways in which architecture can have relatively more or less of the quality of publicness.
ETHICS AND ARCHITECTURE: THE CASE OF ALBERT SPEER
Authors: Lillegard Norman
Published: October 2014

It has been argued that there are obligations, or virtues and vices, that pertain uniquely to architectural practice. Thus Jack Sammons has argued that the moral failings of the Nazi architect Albert Speer were failings specific to him as an architect (qua architect). I argue that Sammons’ account misappropriates ideas about the virtues from Alasdair MacIntyre and for that and other reasons does not succeed. Nonetheless it may be possible to support the idea that there can be a specifically architectural ethics. I comment briefly on Heidegger’s notion of ‘dwelling’ in trying to indicate what might be involved in such an ethics.
THE END OF IGNORANCE?
Authors: Samalavičius Almantas
Published: October 2014

Editorial "The end of ignorance?" Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 38(3), p. 173-175
IS THERE A RIGHT TO ARCHITECTURE?
Authors: Fisher Thomas
Published: October 2014

Architecture, defined here most broadly as human shelter, addresses basic human needs of safety, security, privacy, and protection from the elements, but it is often viewed not as a right that every person has, but as a vehicle for controlling people, stimulating investment, and a range of other social, political, and economic interests. This article looks at the ethics of this situation from various ethical perspectives and concludes that, regardless of one’s point of view, every human being has a right to shelter.
La régulation du secteur bancaire dans les pays en développement et les pays émergents
Authors: Camdessus Michel
Published: October 2014

L’auteur revient sur sa propre expérience face à la question de la régulation du secteur bancaire dans les pays émergents, sur les principales caractéristiques des crises bancaires et financières successives, sur les mesures qu’il a fallu introduire et sur les enseignements permanents qu’il faut en retenir pour les pays émergents.
On-Blade Control of Rotor Vibration, Noise, and Performance: Just Around the Corner? The 33rd Alexander Nikolsky Honorary Lecture
Authors: Friedmann Peretz P.
Published: October 2014

A concise review of the active control approaches for vibration reduction in rotorcraft is presented. Next, the evolution and status of higher harmonic control and pitch link actuated individual blade control is presented since these serve as the foundations of on blade control. Despite
the success of these approaches, demonstrated by both full-scale wind tunnel and flight tests, higher harmonic control and pitch link actuated individual blade control have not managed to earn their way onto a production helicopter. An alternative, on blade control, is defined as a special
implementation of individual blade control, where the control surfaces are located on the rotating blade and each blade has its own controller. A concise description of four on blade devices: (1) the actively controlled flap, (2) the active twist rotor, (3) the active tip rotor, and the (4)
deployable Gurney flap, or microflap, is presented. An outline of an aeroelastic response modeling capability used to simulate active vibration and noise reduction using flaps or microflaps is presented. The simulation is a thread that links the various parts of the paper. Next, selected results
from simulations and scale wind tunnel model tests on active flaps are used to provide insight on the operational and modeling aspects of these systems. Full-scale wind tunnel and flight tests are presented as culmination of the research effort invested in active flap rotors. Then, the evolution
and application of the active twist rotor, and deployable Gurney flaps, or microflaps, is presented. The paper concludes with lessons learned and speculation about the potential implementation of on blade control on production rotorcraft.
Quadriceps Muscle Function After Rehabilitation With Cryotherapy in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hart Joseph M. , Kuenze Christopher M. , Diduch David R. , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: October 2014

Context:

Persistent muscle weakness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction may be due to underlying activation failure and arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). Knee-joint cryotherapy has been shown to improve quadriceps function transiently in those with AMI, thereby providing an opportunity to improve quadriceps muscle activation and strength in patients with a reconstructed ACL.

Objective:

To compare quadriceps muscle function in patients with a reconstructed ACL who completed a 2-week intervention including daily cryotherapy (ice bag), daily exercises, or both.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 30 patients with reconstructed ACLs who were at least 6 months post-index surgery and had measurable quadriceps AMI.

Intervention(s):

The patients attended 4 supervised visits over a 2-week period. They were randomly assigned to receive 20 minutes of knee-joint cryotherapy, 1 hour of therapeutic rehabilitation exercises, or cryotherapy followed by exercises.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We measured quadriceps Hoffmann reflex, normalized maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, central activation ratio using the superimposed-burst technique, and patient-reported outcomes before and after the intervention period.

Results:

After the 2-week intervention period, patients who performed rehabilitation exercises immediately after cryotherapy had higher normalized maximal voluntary isometric contraction torques (P = .002, Cohen d effect size = 1.4) compared with those who received cryotherapy alone (P = .16, d = 0.58) or performed exercise alone (P = .16, d = 0.30).

Conclusions:

After ACL reconstruction, patients with AMI who performed rehabilitation exercises immediately after cryotherapy experienced greater strength gains than those who performed cryotherapy or exercises alone.
Supervision and Computerized Neurocognitive Baseline Test Performance in High School Athletes: An Initial Investigation
Authors: Kuhn Andrew Warren , Solomon Gary S.
Published: October 2014

Context:

Computerized neuropsychological testing batteries have provided a time-efficient and cost-efficient way to assess and manage the neurocognitive aspects of patients with sport-related concussion. These tests are straightforward and mostly self-guided, reducing the degree of clinician involvement required by traditional clinical neuropsychological paper-and-pencil tests.

Objective:

To determine if self-reported supervision status affected computerized neurocognitive baseline test performance in high school athletes.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Settings:

Supervised testing took place in high school computer libraries or sports medicine clinics. Unsupervised testing took place at the participant's home or another location with computer access.

Patients or Other Participants:

From 2007 to 2012, high school athletes across middle Tennessee (n = 3771) completed computerized neurocognitive baseline testing (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing [ImPACT]). They reported taking the test either supervised by a sports medicine professional or unsupervised. These athletes (n = 2140) were subjected to inclusion and exclusion criteria and then matched based on age, sex, and number of prior concussions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

We extracted demographic and performance-based data from each de-identified baseline testing record. Paired t tests were performed between the self-reported supervised and unsupervised groups, comparing the following ImPACT baseline composite scores: verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor (processing) speed, reaction time, impulse control, and total symptom score. For differences that reached P < .05, the Cohen d was calculated to measure the effect size. Lastly, a χ2 analysis was conducted to compare the rate of invalid baseline testing between the groups. All statistical tests were performed at the 95% confidence interval level.

Results:

Self-reported supervised athletes demonstrated better visual motor (processing) speed (P = .004; 95% confidence interval [0.28, 1.52]; d = 0.12) and faster reaction time (P < .001; 95% confidence interval [−0.026, −0.014]; d = 0.21) composite scores than self-reported unsupervised athletes.

Conclusions:

Speed-based tasks were most affected by self-reported supervision status, although the effect sizes were relatively small. These data lend credence to the hypothesis that supervision status may be a factor in the evaluation of ImPACT baseline test scores.
Exploring nurse preceptors’ perceptions of benefits and support of and commitment to the preceptor role in the Western Cape Province
Authors: Cloete Inez S. , Jeggels June
Published: October 2014

Background: A preceptor is a specialised tutor who provides practical training to students in the practice setting. They are frequently used to orientate nursing students to prepare them for their duties as professional nurses. In the Western Cape Province professional nurses attend a training programme to prepare them for the role of preceptor. After completion of the training it is unclear how the trained nurse preceptors perceive their preparation for the role. The perceptions of preceptors may influence their commitment to their role.Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore nurse preceptors’ perceptions of benefits, support and commitment to the preceptor role. A conceptual framework guided the study which replicated previous studies that explored nurse preceptors’ perceptions.Method: A quantitative approach utilising a descriptive correlational design was used in this study to address the research questions. A convenience sample was drawn from preceptors (n = 60) who had completed a preceptor training programme at the University of the Western Cape. Instrumentation for the study included the following scales: preceptors’ perceptions of benefits and rewards, preceptors’ perceptions of support, and commitment to the preceptor role. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0.Results: The findings indicate that nurse preceptors were committed to their role.Conclusion: The findings of this study are supported by Kanter’s model of structural determinants of behaviour in organisations, since preceptors who see themselves as having access to opportunity and support are likely to be committed to their role.
Development of single‐step liquid chromatography methods with ultraviolet detection for the measurement of inorganic anions in marine waters
Authors: Beckler Jordon S. , Nuzzio Donald B. , Taillefert Martial
Published: October 2014

Although a number of techniques exist to measure the major and minor inorganic anions Cl‐, NO2‐, Br‐, NO3‐, or SO42‐ in marine waters and sediment porewaters, a single method that can quantify all five anions in a single step with a sufficiently low detection limit has yet to be developed. In this work, a novel ion‐chromatographic separation procedure was developed that exploits the UV‐absorbing properties of Br‐, NO3‐, and NO2‐, as well as the suppression of eluent absorbance by high concentrations of Cl‐ and SO42‐ to quantify all these anions simultaneously in marine waters. If additional sensitivity for the minor anions Br‐, NO3‐, and NO2‐ is needed, NaCl can be used as eluent in a matrix elimination method that no longer allows for Cl‐ and SO42‐ determination. These methods are isocratic, require no chemical or electronic suppression, are not subject to interferences, and can resolve the anions in less than 18 min. The decrease in analysis time and the number of analyses required compared with conventional methods lowers the costs associated with laboratory analysis of marine samples. Last, the simplicity and good limits of detection make this separation method suitable for in situ analyses of marine waters and porewaters, and an in situ liquid chromatograph is currently under development
for these applications.
A modified segmented continuous flow analysis method for simultaneous determination of total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in marine environments
Authors: Dafner Evgeny V. , Szmant Alina M.
Published: October 2014

We present a modified segmented flow analysis method for the simultaneous determination of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in marine environments based on a combination of photooxidation and alkaline persulfate digestion. The modified Bran+Luebbe® Continuous Flow Autoanalyzer III (CFA III) manifold consists of a high‐energy UV lamp (1.1 W at 185 nm) and a heated bath (90°C). The analytical precision of the method is within 2.1% for TDN and 1.6% for TDP analyses, and within 4.5% for dissolved organic N and P (DON and DOP); the average standard deviation is ± 0.37 µM for DON and ± 0.02 µM for DOP. The detection limit is 1.23 µM for DON and 0.05 µM for DOP analyses. The linear analytical range of the method is up to 200 µM for TDN and up to 6 µM for TDP. The CFA III method was compared with the autoclave alkaline persulfate oxidation (PO) and the high temperature combustion (HTC‐TDN) techniques. All methods, when applied to open ocean and coastal samples, produced similar DON concentrations (PO:CFA III = 102% and HTC:CFA III = 100%, on average), but the CFA III method yielded significantly higher oxidation efficiencies for DOP analyses than the PO technique (PO:CFA III = 71%, on average). For CFA IIITDN/TDP analyses samples with different salinities should be analyzed relative to standard solutions prepared with similar matrix. A throughput of 20 samples per hour is easily achieved. This method is simple, fast, reproducible, economical, and is highly suitable for simultaneous TDN and TDP routine analyses.
Noninvasive crayfish cardiac activity monitoring system
Authors: Pautsina Aliaksandr , Kuklina Iryna , Štys Dalibor , Císař Petr , Kozák Pavel
Published: October 2014

Crayfish cardiac activity monitoring and analysis are widely used during water pollution and ethological studies. A noninvasive crayfish cardiac activity monitoring (NICCAM) system discussed in the current study permits long‐term, continuous monitoring of several crayfish simultaneously. The advantages of the system are low price, low number of required components and the possibility of cardiac signal shape monitoring. Calculation and analysis of parameters characterizing the shape of the double peak cardiac activity allows not only reducing the number of incorrect peak detections improving the system accuracy but also can provide additional information on crayfish state. The discussed preliminary experiments on the effect of food odor and chloramine‐T on crayfish showed promising potential of signal shape analysis for studying of crayfish cardiac reaction to changes in the aquatic environment.
Regulating Gasoline Retail Markets: The Case of Germany
Authors: Wittmann Nadine
Published: October 2014

In 2011, price peaks in retail gasoline prices caused public outrage and attracted the attention of German regulatory agencies. After having examined the market, competition authorities concluded that tacit collusion existed but could not easily be prosecuted under given competition law. In several other countries, various types of regulatory schemes are implemented to tackle tacit collusive behavior, e.g., there are price ceilings established in Luxembourg or per day limits of price increases given in Austria. However, research has found that none of them has led to satisfactory results. Hence, the following paper proposes a different regulatory approach, i.e., the implementation of corrective taxes. Results show that a specially tailored tax on price successfully manages to render collusion an unprofitable business by collecting marginal profits and that the inherent vice of the gasoline retail market, i.e., the transparency that enables tacit—and therefore non-prosecutable—collusion, could be turned into a regulatory virtue as it becomes a powerful means to help successfully tackle imperfect competition and to bring about a more efficient market outcome.
Feeling Cinema
Authors: Laine Tarja
Published: October 2014

There is an upsurge of interest in contemporary film theory towards cinematic emotions. Tarja Laine's innovative study proposes a methodology for interpreting affective encounters with films, not as objectively readable texts, but as emotionally salient events. Laine argues convincingly that film is not an immutable system of representation that is meant for (one-way) communication, but an active, dynamic participant in the becoming of the cinematic experience.

Through a range of chapters that include Horror, Hope, Shame and Love - and through close readings of films such as The Shining, American Beauty and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Laine demonstrates that cinematic emotions are more than mere indicators of the properties of their objects. They are processes that are intentional in a phenomenological sense, supporting the continuous, shifting, and reciprocal exchange between the film's world and the spectator's world. Grounded in continental philosophy, this provocative book explores the affective dynamics of cinema as an interchange between the film and the spectator in a manner that transcends traditional generic patterns.
Absorption of aerosols above clouds from POLDER/PARASOL measurements and estimation of their Direct Radiative Effect
Authors: Peers F. , Waquet F. , Cornet C. , Dubuisson P. , Ducos F. , Goloub P. , Szczap F. , Tanré D. , Thieuleux F.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The albedo of clouds and the aerosol absorption are key parameters to evaluate the direct radiative effect of an aerosol layer above clouds. While most of the retrievals of above clouds aerosol characteristics rely on assumptions on the aerosol properties, this study offers a new method to evaluate aerosol and cloud optical properties simultaneously (i.e. aerosol and cloud optical thickness, aerosol single scattering albedo and angström exponent). It is based on multi-angle total and polarized radiances both provided by the A-train satellite instrument POLDER – Polarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances. The sensitivities brought by each kind of measurements are used in a complementary way. Polarization mostly translates scattering processes and is thus used to estimate the scattering aerosol optical thickness and the aerosol size. On the other hand, total radiances, together with the scattering properties of aerosols, are used to evaluate the absorption optical thickness of aerosols and the cloud optical thickness. In addition, a procedure has been developed to process the shortwave direct radiative effect of aerosols above clouds based on exact modeling. Besides the three case studies (i.e. biomass burning aerosols from Africa and Siberia and Saharan dust), both algorithms have been applied on the South East Atlantic Ocean and results have been averaged through August 2006. The mean direct radiative effect is found to be 33.5 W m−2. Finally, the effect of the heterogeneity of clouds has been investigated and reveals that it affects mostly the retrieval of the cloud optical thickness and not much the aerosols properties. The homogenous cloud assumption used in both the properties retrieval and the DRE processing leads to a slight underestimation of the DRE.
C-Coupler1: a Chinese community coupler for Earth system modeling
Authors: Liu L. , Yang G. , Wang B. , Zhang C. , Li R. , Zhang Z. , Ji Y. , Wang L.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A coupler is a fundamental software tool for Earth system modeling. Targeting the requirements of 3-D coupling, high-level sharing, common model software platform and better parallel performance, we started to design and develop a community coupler (C-Coupler) from 2010 in China, and finished the first version (C-Coupler1) recently. C-Coupler1 is a parallel 3-D coupler that achieves the same (bitwise-identical) results with any number of processes. Guided by the general design of C-Coupler, C-Coupler1 enables various component models and various coupled models to be integrated on the same common model software platform to achieve a higher-level sharing, where the component models and the coupler can keep the same code version in various model configurations for simulation. Moreover, it provides the C-Coupler platform, a uniform runtime environment for operating various kinds of model simulations in the same manner. C-Coupler1 is ready for Earth system modeling, and it is publicly available. In China, there are more and more modeling groups using C-Coupler1 for the development and application of models.
Straffen omvat meer dan gevangenisstraf
Authors: van Wingerden Sigrid , van Wilsem Johan
Published: October 2014

There’s more to sentencing than imprisonment. The effects of offender characteristics on sentencing outcomes for all punishment types

Sentencing research focusing solely on unsuspended imprisonment does no justice to the practice of sentencing, where many other punishment types are imposed – often conjunctly. To investigate to what extent this imprisonment bias might have caused incomplete and thereby biased findings, we compare the effects of offender characteristics for imprisonment to those for other sanction types, as well as to a model combining sanction types. Findings suggest that the effects of offender characteristics differ per sanction type. When combinations of sanction types are taken into account, some offender characteristics do no longer have mitigating or aggravating effects, or the effects even inverted. Hence, future sentencing research should aim to include all sentences imposed.
De subjectieve zwaarte van detentie
Authors: Raaijmakers Ellen , de Keijser Jan , Nieuwbeerta Paul , Dirkzwager Anja , Reef Joni
Published: October 2014

The subjective severity of imprisonment. An empirical investigation

Both in punishment theory and sentencing practices, the subjective sentence severity is an important yet neglected area of research. This paper aims to explain differences between inmates in their subjective severity of imprisonment and to contemplate these against the background of important sentencing goals and sentencing principles. Two models commonly used to explain adjustment to prison life were applied: the import and deprivation model. Data from the Prison Project, collected among Dutch inmates staying in pretrial detention, reveal that both import and deprivation characteristics are related to the subjective severity of imprisonment. No support is found for a moderation effect of personality.
Two cases of poisoning by raw taro leaf and how a poison control centre, food safety inspectors, and a specialty supermarket chain found a solution
Authors: Omura John D. , Blake Christopher , McIntyre Lorraine , Li Dorothy , Kosatsky Tom
Published: October 2014

Although the taro plant, Colocasia esculenta, is commonly consumed throughout Asia, Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean, its consumption is less common in North America. Exposure to raw or improperly prepared taro is associated with oropharyngeal irritation and swelling and, rarely, airway obstruction. Although cases of toxicity in countries where taro is a staple have been reported, cases in North America have not been described. Here, two cases of oral irritation and swelling in BC residents who ate raw taro leaf, were reported to the British Columbia Drug and Poison Information Centre (BC DPIC) and triggered an investigation involving a regional health authority and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Investigators found that the vendor, a chain of ethnic supermarkets, offered no point of sale preparation instructions. The vendor responded initially by posting instructional signage and later by voluntary product withdrawal. Analysis of BC DPIC records between 1 November 2011 and 20 December 2013 identified 11 cases of symptomatic taro exposure, five to the leaf and six to the corm. The two index cases and subsequent investigation illustrate how new foods or foods in unfamiliar contexts may present as calls to a poison control centre and that prevention requires collaboration among public and corporate stakeholders.
Reliable Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: Barrett Robert , Ornelas Loren , Yeager Nicole , Mandefro Berhan , Sahabian Anais , Lenaeus Lindsay , Targan Stephan R. , Svendsen Clive N. , Sareen Dhruv
Published: October 2014

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for many applications, including disease modeling to elucidate mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis, drug screening, and ultimately regenerative medicine therapies. A frequently used starting source of cells for reprogramming has been dermal fibroblasts isolated from skin biopsies. However, numerous repositories containing lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) generated from a wide array of patients also exist in abundance. To date, this rich bioresource has been severely underused for iPSC generation. We first attempted to create iPSCs from LCLs using two existing methods but were unsuccessful. Here we report a new and more reliable method for LCL reprogramming using episomal plasmids expressing pluripotency factors and p53 shRNA in combination with small molecules. The LCL-derived iPSCs (LCL-iPSCs) exhibited identical characteristics to fibroblast-derived iPSCs (fib-iPSCs), wherein they retained their genotype, exhibited a normal pluripotency profile, and readily differentiated into all three germ-layer cell types. As expected, they also maintained rearrangement of the heavy chain immunoglobulin locus. Importantly, we also show efficient iPSC generation from LCLs of patients with spinal muscular atrophy and inflammatory bowel disease. These LCL-iPSCs retained the disease mutation and could differentiate into neurons, spinal motor neurons, and intestinal organoids, all of which were virtually indistinguishable from differentiated cells derived from fib-iPSCs. This method for reliably deriving iPSCs from patient LCLs paves the way for using invaluable worldwide LCL repositories to generate new human iPSC lines, thus providing an enormous bioresource for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine applications.
Concise Review: Animal Substance-Free Human Embryonic Stem Cells Aiming at Clinical Applications
Authors: Hovatta Outi , Rodin Sergey , Antonsson Liselotte , Tryggvason Karl
Published: October 2014

Human embryonic stem cells have been considered the gold standard as a cell source for regenerative medicine since they were first cultured in 1998. They are pluripotent and can form principally all the cells types in the body. They are obtained from supernumerary human in vitro fertilization embryos that cannot be used for infertility treatment. Following studies on factors regulating pluripotency and differentiation, we now have techniques to establish and effectively expand these cells in animal substance-free conditions, even from single cells biopsied from eight-cell stage embryos in chemically defined feeder-free cultures. The genetic stability and absence of tumorigenic mutations can be determined. There are satisfactory animal tests for functionality and safety. The first clinical trials are ongoing for two indications: age-related macular degeneration and spinal cord injury.
Wrongful Termination: Lessons From the Geron Clinical Trial
Authors: Scott Christopher Thomas , Magnus David
Published: October 2014

Geron Corporation is a publically traded company that launched a phase I clinical trial of a human embryonic stem cell-based therapy for spinal cord injury. The company enrolled the first patient in October 2010 and stopped the trial 1 year later. The fifth patient had been enrolled but not transplanted when the company announced the trial's end. After discussions with clinical staff and family, an agreement was reached to add her to the cohort and proceed with the transplant. Two and half years later, the research is still waiting to restart. With this background in mind, we discuss the major ethical and social questions raised by the Geron case. We offer recommendations for institutional review boards and clinical sites as they deliberate approvals of early-phase trials in frontier medicine.
Étude des conflits inter-rôles
Authors: Jean Eric , Lachance Lise
Published: October 2014

De nombreuses recherches ont démontré que les individus qui s’engagent dans de multiples rôles de vie s’exposent à des conflits inter-rôles. Selon cette perspective conflictuelle, un engagement marqué et simultané dans plusieurs rôles peut conduire à l’épuisement des ressources individuelles. Une analyse typologique, effectuée auprès de 252 hommes gestionnaires ou professionnels vivant au sein d’un couple à double revenu, fait ressortir trois profils d’engagement dans les rôles de travailleur et de parent. L’un des profils regroupe les hommes ayant un engagement marqué dans les deux rôles, alors que les deux autres profils caractérisent ceux qui présentent un engagement marqué dans un seul de ceux-ci. Les résultats révèlent que les trois profils d’engagement se distinguent sur certaines variables sociodémographiques et socioprofessionnelles, de même que sur le plan des conflits entre le travail et la famille. Contrairement aux attentes, les hommes ayant un engagement marqué pour les rôles de travailleur et de parent ne présentent pas des niveaux de conflits inter-rôles supérieurs à ceux des autres profils. Il semble plutôt qu’un engagement marqué et simultané dans les rôles de travailleur et de parent puisse avoir un effet bénéfique pour l’individu. Ces résultats témoignent de la nécessité de poursuivre les recherches sur les profils d’engagement dans une perspective d’enrichissement et de facilitation des rôles. Les facteurs qui déterminent l’engagement des hommes dans les rôles et la compatibilité des profils d’engagement des conjointes devraient également être approfondis.
The rosetteless gene controls development in the choanoflagellate S. rosetta
Authors: Levin Tera C , Greaney Allison J , Wetzel Laura , King Nicole
Published: October 2014

The origin of animal multicellularity may be reconstructed by comparing animals with one of their closest living relatives, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Just as animals develop from a single cell–the zygote–multicellular rosettes of S. rosetta develop from a founding cell. To investigate rosette development, we established forward genetics in S. rosetta. We find that the rosette defect of one mutant, named Rosetteless, maps to a predicted C-type lectin, a class of signaling and adhesion genes required for the development and innate immunity in animals. Rosetteless protein is essential for rosette development and forms an extracellular layer that coats and connects the basal poles of each cell in rosettes. This study provides the first link between genotype and phenotype in choanoflagellates and raises the possibility that a protein with C-type lectin-like domains regulated development in the last common ancestor of choanoflagellates and animals.
Antarctic radio frequency albedo and implications for cosmic ray reconstruction
Authors: Besson D. Z. , Stockham J. , Sullivan M. , Allison P. , Beatty J. J. , Belov K. , Binns W. R. , Chen C. , Chen P. , Clem J. M. , Connolly A. , Dowkontt P. F. , Gorham P. W. , Hoover S. , Israel M. H. , Javaid A. , Liewer K. M. , Matsuno S. , Miki C. , Mottram M. , Nam J. , Naudet C. J. , Nichol R. J. , Romero‐Wolf A. , Ruckman L. , Saltzberg D. , Seckel D. , Shang R. Y. , Stockham M. , Varner G. S. , Vieregg A. G. , Wang Y.
Published: October 2014

We describe herein a measurement of the Antarctic surface “roughness” performed by the balloon‐borne ANITA (Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna) experiment. Originally purposed for cosmic ray astrophysics, the radio frequency (RF) receiver ANITA gondola, from its 38 km altitude vantage point, can scan a disk of snow surface 600 km in radius. The primary purpose of ANITA is to detect RF emissions from cosmic rays incident on Antarctica, such as neutrinos which penetrate through the atmosphere and interact within the ice, resulting in signal directed upward which then refracts at the ice‐air interface and up and out to ANITA, or high‐energy nuclei (most likely irons or protons), which interact in the upper atmosphere (at altitudes below ANITA) and produce a spray of down‐coming RF which reflects off the snow surface and back up to the gondola. The energy of such high‐energy nuclei can be inferred from the observed reflected signal only if the surface reflectivity is known. We describe herein an attempt to quantify the Antarctic surface reflectivity, using the Sun as a constant, unpolarized RF source. We find that the reflectivity of the surface generally follows the expectations from the Fresnel equations, lending support to the use of those equations to give an overall correction factor to calculate cosmic ray energies for all locations in Antarctica. The analysis described below is based on ANITA‐II data. After launching from McMurdo Station in December 2008, ANITA‐II was aloft for a period of 31 days with a typical instantaneous duty cycle exceeding 95%.
A dynamical system model of eco‐geomorphic response to landslide disturbance
Authors: Stark Colin P. , Passalacqua Paola
Published: October 2014

Vegetated landscapes form through the interactions of ecologic and geomorphic processes. These interactions are generally slow and steady, but they are occasionally the subject of abrupt disturbance. In humid uplands, for example, landslides episodically disrupt forest growth and regolith development, suddenly mobilize soil, regolith and bedrock, and facilitate runoff‐driven erosion by abruptly removing canopy protection over a wide area. Here we model such an environment as a stochastically perturbed dynamical system whose simplified low dimensionality makes its eco‐geomorphic interactions easier to explore and understand. The model captures some of the spatial variability across a catchment by treating an ensemble of subcatchments: in each, aggregated biomass and regolith coevolve as a two‐dimensional dynamical system subject to episodic disturbance by slope failure. This coevolution gives rise to a notional stable equilibrium between regolith and biomass, but one that is not achieved in practice where landslide disturbance is significant. Instead, a catchment‐scale, ensemble‐average state arises in which higher storm frequency entails thinner regolith, less biomass, and weaker canopy protection against runoff erosion. The model makes the counter‐intuitive prediction that, as rainfall‐triggered landslides become more frequent, their contribution to the erosion of weathered bedrock will diminish as the role from storm runoff erosion rises. In some environments apparently dominated by landsliding, the model predicts that runoff erosion may be more important in the removal of regolith and fine sediment from hillslopes than mass wasting.
Greenland Premier Calls for Balanced Development of Natural Resources
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2014

With Greenland confronting major environmental and economic challenges, Premier Aleqa Hammond has called for developing the nation's natural resources while protecting the environment and dealing with the challenges of climate change. Hammond addressed these issues during a 24 September forum on Greenland's natural resource development, held in Washington, D. C.
Identifying biases in satellite temperature and humidity records
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: October 2014

NASA's Aqua satellite has been in orbit for more than a decade, and current projections expect it to hold out until the early 2020s. The satellite's long lifetime of continuous operation has made its observations particularly valuable for testing climate models.
Physical theory of diffraction for scatterers with low‐reflection surface
Authors: Osipov A. V.
Published: October 2014

The progress in the development of thin and lightweight artificial absorbers has revived interest in approaches to simulation of electromagnetic scattering from electrically large low‐reflection bodies. The absorbers, irrespective of their interior structure, can be often adequately described by an equivalent surface impedance which is matched with the wave impedance of the surrounding medium. As full wave simulations of scattering from electrically large curved surfaces with underlying dense arrays of subwavelength inclusions are hardly possible, the main candidate is the physical theory of diffraction (PTD), adjusted to the use of impedance boundary conditions with the matched surface impedance. The paper describes a suitable PTD formulation with a focus on edge corrections.
Enhancement of rainfall and runoff upstream from irrigation location in a climate model of West Africa
Authors: Im Eun‐Soon , Eltahir Elfatih A. B.
Published: October 2014

This study investigates the impact of potential medium‐scale irrigation (about 60,000 km2) on the climate of West Africa using the MIT Regional Climate Model. We find that irrigation at this scale induces an atmospheric response similar to that of large‐scale irrigation (about 400,000km2) which was considered in our previous theoretical study. While the volume of water needed for large‐scale irrigation is about 230–270 km3, the medium‐scale irrigation requires about 50 km3, and the annual flow of the Niger river in the relevant section is about 70 km3. The remote response of rainfall distribution to local irrigation exhibits a significant sensitivity to the latitudinal location of irrigation. The nature of this response is such that irrigation from the Niger River around latitude 18°N induces significant increase in rainfall of order 100% in the upstream sources of the Niger River and results in significant increase in runoff of order 50%. This additional runoff can potentially be collected by the river network and delivered back toward the irrigation area. By selecting the location of irrigation carefully, the positive impacts of irrigation on rainfall distribution can be maximized. The approach of using a regional climate model to investigate the impact of location and size of irrigation schemes, explored in this study, may be the first step in incorporating land‐atmosphere interactions in the design of location and size of irrigation projects. However, this theoretical approach is still in early stages of development and further research is needed before any practical application in water resources planning.
Influence of Sexually Degrading Music on Men's Perceptions of Women's Dating‐Relevant Cues
Authors: Treat Teresa A. , Farris Coreen A. , Viken Richard J. , Smith Jodi R.
Published: October 2014

This study examined the influence of manipulated and naturalistic exposure to sexually degrading music on young men's perceptions of women's dating‐relevant affective cues. Three hundred ninety‐seven undergraduate heterosexual men completed an affect‐identification task in which they judged whether women communicated sexual interest, friendliness, sadness, or rejection. Either sexually degrading popular music, non‐sexually degrading popular music, or no music played on headphones. Participants completed questionnaires assessing music‐listening habits and rape‐supportive attitudes. Manipulated exposure to degrading music did not affect men's sensitivities to or biases for women's cues. In contrast, men who reported greater naturalistic exposure to rap and hip‐hop music and who endorsed more rape‐supportive attitudes were more likely to perceive women's positive affect as sexual interest, if the women were provocatively dressed. On balance, these findings are largely inconsistent with theoretical expectations regarding the deleterious effects of sexually degrading music on attitudes and concurrent social perception. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Age at Menopause on Disease Presentation in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort
Authors: Wong Lauren E. , Huang Wei‐Ti , Pope Janet E. , Haraoui Boulos , Boire Gilles , Thorne J. Carter , Hitchon Carol A. , Tin Diane , Keystone Edward C. , Bykerk Vivian P. ,   for the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Investigators
Published: October 2014

Objective

Studies suggest that hormonal states affect disease characteristics in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study investigated how age at menopause affects disease in women presenting with early RA.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of postmenopausal women with early RA under age 65 years at time of enrollment in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort. RA‐related disease characteristics in women who had early age at menopause (EM; age at menopause <45 years) were compared to those who had usual age at menopause (age at menopause ≥45 years). The t‐test was applied to continuous variables and the chi‐square test to categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for age at menopause, smoking, and use of exogenous hormones.

Results

A total of 534 women were included; 93 were in the EM group. The age at RA onset was similar between groups. The EM group had higher mean patient global and pain scores and was more likely to be rheumatoid factor (RF) positive and meet the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA. Using multivariate logistic regression, the EM group was more likely to be RF positive (odds ratio 2.2 [95% confidence interval 1.3–3.8], P = 0.005). Symptom duration, joint counts, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, Health Assessment Questionnaire scores, and inflammatory markers did not differ between groups.

Conclusion

These data suggest that early age at menopause, compared to usual age at menopause, is associated with seropositivity in women with early RA.
Metal‐Free Preparation of 6‐Alkylthiophenanthridines via Oxidative CS and CC Bond Formation from 2‐Isocyanobiphenyls and Disulfides
Authors: Fang Hong , Zhao Jincan , Qian Ping , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: October 2014

A concise metal‐free method for synthesizing 6‐alkylthiophenanthridines from 2‐isocyanobiaryls and disulfides proceeding through thiolation of isocyanides and intramolecular radical aromatic cyclization is reported. This process involves SS/C(sp2)H bond cleavage and CS/CC bond formation, which tolerates a wide range of substrates and gives good to excellent yields.
Aus ionischen Flüssigkeiten hergestellte Materialien für die Energiespeicherung
Authors: Gebresilassie Eshetu Gebrekidan , Armand Michel , Scrosati Bruno , Passerini Stefano
Published: October 2014

Das Aufkommen von ionischen Flüssigkeiten (ionic liquids, ILs) als umweltfreundliche und vielversprechende Reaktionsmedien eröffnete neue Möglichkeiten im Bereich der elektrochemischen Energiespeicherung. Über ihre Verwendung als Elektrolytbestandteile in Batterien und Superkondensatoren hinaus zeigen ILs eine einmalige Vielfalt an Eigenschaften, sodass sie sich als fortgeschrittene Funktionswerkstoffe, als Medium für die Materialherstellung und als Komponenten für den Aufbau von hochentwickelten Funktionsprodukten eignen. Dieser Aufsatz soll eine umfassende und detaillierte Überprüfung der neu entstehenden “grünen” Syntheseprozesse für Energiespeichermaterialien auf Basis von ILs anbieten. Er liefert einen Überblick über die Rolle von ILs bei der Herstellung von Materialien für Batterien und Superkondensatoren und bei der “grünen” Elektrodenfabrikation. Wir diskutieren den Status quo dieses Forschungsbereiches, mit dem Ziel, neue Gedanken und Ideen bezüglich der zukünftigen Aufgaben und Möglichkeiten der IL‐basierten Synthese von Energiespeichermaterialien zu stimulieren.
Regioselective CF Bond Activation of Hexafluoropropylene on Palladium(0): Formation of a Cationic η2‐Perfluoroallylpalladium Complex
Authors: Ohashi Masato , Shibata Mitsutoshi , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: October 2014

A chemoselective C(sp2)F or C(sp3)F bond activation of hexafluoropropylene (HFP) was achieved by adopting the proper combination of a Lewis acid co‐additive with a ligand which coordinates Pd0. The treatment of [(η2‐HFP)Pd(PCy3)2] with B(C6F5)3 allowed a chemoselective C(sp3)F bond cleavage of HFP to give a unique cationic perfluoroallypalladium complex. In this complex, the coordination mode of the perfluoroallyl ligand was considered to be of the unique η2‐fashion.