bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SENSE OF ENTITLEMENT TO VIOLATE THE LAW: LEGAL DISOBEDIENCE AS A PUBLIC VERSUS A PRIVATE REACTION
Authors: Rattner Arye , Yagil Dana , Sherman-Sega Camelia
Published: May 2006

This study examined citizens' sense of entitlement to violate the law as a public response to an action of state authorities or as a private response to the harmful behavior of another person. Questionnaires examining sense of entitlement to violate the law, moral reasoning, political orientation and attitudes toward the law were administered to 329 Israeli students. The results show that respondents felt more entitled to violate the law as a public action than as an act of personal retaliation. Public law violation directed toward authorities was found to be most strongly related to political orientation. Nevertheless private law violation directed toward another person is related to the absence of a sense of obligation to comply with the law and to a lack of trust in legal authorities. Moral reasoning and religiosity were found to be indirectly related to both types of law violation. The results are discussed in regard to different types of triggers for law violation.
PERCEPTIONS OF FAIRNESS IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON
Authors: Anderson Rebecca A. , Otto Amy L.
Published: May 2006

Research comparing the adversarial and inquisitorial justice systems has consisted primarily of American participants reading descriptions of each system in their “pure” form, rather than descriptions that allow for the flexibility with which these systems are actually employed.
In this study, participants from the Netherlands and the United States read short, realistic descriptions of each system and answered questions about the fairness of both procedures. Results indicated that while the adversarial system was rated significantly higher on the likelihood that all
evidence will be presented, and the likelihood that both the victim and the defendant will get an opportunity to voice their cases, people showed a clear preference for their own system. This bias toward one justice system over another may be due to the cultural values reflected in each system.
THE FLIGHT ATTENDANT UNIFORM: EFFECTS OF SELECTED VARIABLES ON FLIGHT ATTENDANT IMAGE, UNIFORM PREFERENCE AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION
Authors: Haise Carrie Leigh , Rucker Margaret
Published: May 2006

When a job situation requires the wearing of a uniform, as is the case with flight attendants, both image projected by the uniform and employee preferences are important. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of components of a uniform on image of, and preference for,
the uniform. It was also designed to assess the effects of both uniform attributes and opportunities for feedback on satisfaction with one's own uniform. Using survey data from 121 flight attendants, it was found that differences in neckwear and footwear did not have a significant effect
on preferences but did have significant effects on image. Data on liked and disliked features of the flight attendants' own uniforms identified fit and fabric as the two main sources of dissatisfaction. The data on opportunities for feedback about the uniform supported the proposition
that more opportunities for feedback may result in greater employee satisfaction.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REVISED NEO-PERSONALITY INVENTORY AND THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Moutafi Joanna , Crump John
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the relationship between two of the most widely used personality measures, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. A total of 900 participants completed the NEO PI-R and the MBTI. Correlational analysis of the personality measures
showed that NEO PI-R Extraversion was correlated with MBTI Extraversion-Introversion, Openness was correlated with Sensing-Intuition, Agreeableness with Thinking-Feeling and Conscientiousness with Judging-Perceiving, replicating the findings of McCrae and Costa (1989).
DO PSYCHOLOGY COURSES REDUCE BELIEF IN PSYCHOLOGICAL MYTHS?
Authors: Standing Lionel G. , Huber Herman
Published: May 2006

This study examined the degree to which psychology students accept popular psychology myths that are rejected by mainstream researchers (e.g., “people use only 10% of their brain's capacity”), and the effect of psychology courses on myth acceptance. Using a 20-item,
true-false myth belief questionnaire, it examined the levels of gullibility among 94 undergraduates at different stages of their education, and related these to their educational and demographic backgrounds. High overall levels of myth acceptance (71%) were found, in line with earlier
research. Myth acceptance decreased with the number of psychology courses that students had taken in university, but increased with the number that they had taken in junior college. Belief in myths was lower among students who were majoring in psychology, were older, had higher grades, and
had advanced training in research methods, but it was not related to gender, geographical origin, or university year. It is concluded that university courses appear beneficial in encouraging methodological skepticism, whereas taking specialized psychology courses in junior college may hinder
rather than promote critical thinking among undergraduates.
FLAGS AS A NEW ASSESSMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH STATUS
Authors: Fatayer Jawad A.
Published: May 2006

Mental health is examined from a social-psychological perspective based on years of clinical experience in the USAand some Arab countries. Three hundred and fifty-two participated to examine the validity and the reliability of this new instrument. Eleven social-psychological variables,
integrated with five central emotions, make up the FLAGS assessment, which proved to have strength and dependability.
PREGNANCY AND CHANGES IN FEMALE SEXUAL DESIRE: A REVIEW
Authors: Regan Pamela C. , Lyle James L. , Otto Amy L. , Joshi Anupama
Published: May 2006

The recognition that sexual desire is associated with relationship quality and other important interpersonal experiences has led to a corresponding interest in identifying the correlates and causes of this aspect of human sexual response. Most researchers have focused on intraindividual
factors, including hormonal processes. The present review explores the relationship between one hormonally mediated female life event – pregnancy – and sexual desire. Sexual desire is defined and distinguished from other sexual experiences (e.g., arousal, activity), and its common
operationalizations are discussed. Next, the hormonal changes that characterize each trimester of pregnancy are considered. Empirical research conducted to determine whether these hormonal changes correspond to alterations in the experience of desire is then reviewed. It is concluded that
the hormonal fluctuations that occur during pregnancy are reliably associated with progressive decreases in feelings of sexual desire in the majority of women.
THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL APPEARANCE ON PERSONNEL SELECTION
Authors: Shannon Micheal L. , Stark C. Patrick
Published: May 2006

Previous research suggests that physical appearance variables may play a role in employment hiring decisions. This study examined the influence of two physical appearance variables, beardedness and attractiveness, on personnel selection. Fifty undergraduate participants were given the
task of evaluating and selecting between nine equally qualified male job applicants applying for a fictitious management trainee position. A photograph was attached to each of the nine applications. Photographs differed systematically on level of beardedness and attractiveness. Results indicated
that the level of attractiveness of the photographs significantly affected the evaluation of the application to which it was attached, but did not significantly affect the subjects' final selection decision. Level of beardedness of the photographs was not found to have a significant effect
on evaluation of the applications. However, there was a trend in the data that suggested that bearded applicants, although evaluated equally with nonbearded applicants, were selected for management positions at lower rates. Implications and limitations of these results are also examined.
IS HALO HELPFUL? EFFECTS OF INDUCING HALO ON PERFORMANCE RATING ACCURACY
Authors: Goffin Richard D. , Jelley R. Blake , Wagner Stephen H.
Published: May 2006

Halo error, although traditionally viewed as being detrimental to the quality of social cognition, has been purported to have potentially beneficial effects in some situations (Murphy, Jako, & Anhalt, 1993; Nathan & Tippins, 1990). Consequently, Murphy et al. called for investigations
on the effects of inducing halo. The present experiment tested the effect of inducing halo on performance rating accuracy. Participants (N=160) were randomly assigned to either the induced halo or control condition. Participants observed videotaped performances then made job performance
ratings after a 24-hour delay. In spite of a high degree of power, the effect of the halo induction on rating accuracy was not significant. Thus, it appears plausible that any potentially beneficial effects of halo on performance ratings may be limited to naturally occurring halo rather than
to induced halo.
VALIDATION OF THE FAITH DEVELOPMENT SCALE USING LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGNS
Authors: Leak Gary K.
Published: May 2006

Two studies were conducted to further evaluate the validity of the Faith Development Scale (FDS). Study 1 used a longitudinal design and evaluated the change in scores on the scale in response to normal maturational and faith-based experiences over 4 years. Study 2 examined the differences
in level of faith development between entering freshmen and graduating senior college students. Both studies found differences consistent with the hypothesis that the FDS is sensitive: (a) between groups expected to differ in faith development and (b) to changes in faith development within
groups over time. Despite limitations within both studies, it was concluded that the results offer further support for the validity of the FDS. Implications of these results are discussed.
A REVIEW OF GENETIC FACTORS IN DEPRESSIVE AFFECTS
Authors: Enam Shahuria
Published: May 2006

This paper contains a review of genetic factors in depressive affects. A large number of research findings have been reported for this purpose, the most important of these being the twin study. Monozygotic and dizygotic twins have been differentiated. It has been found that monozygotic
twins have a higher concordance rate for affective illness than do dizygotic twins. Moreover, bipolar and unipolar illnesses were found in the relatives of unipolar patients only. Thus affective illness in the first degree of relatives of bipolar patients was more than 30%. Genetic
transmission was also found in linkage relationship. Chromosomal studies have also been reported. Phenotypic variations have also been found to be responsible for affective illness. In conclusion, a better clinical, biochemical, and therapeutic investigation has been suggested for better understanding
of genetic factors in affective illness.
CAUSES OF LONELINESS OF THOSE AFFLICTED WITH LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESSES
Authors: Rokach Ami
Published: May 2006

The pain of loneliness is a universal social phenomenon, which is intensified by the diagnosis of a terminal illness. This study was aimed at investigating the causes of loneliness as perceived by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, those diagnosed with cancer, and the general population. 329 MS patients, 315 cancer patients, and 391 participants from the general population answered a 29-item questionnaire. Results indicated that with the exception of personal inadequacies and developmental deficits, those afflicted with MS and cancer perceived the causes of their loneliness to be significantly different from those of the general population. Men and women in each population differed significantly in their perception of loneliness.
POSTTRAUMATIC RELATIONSHIP SYNDROME: THE CONSCIOUS PROCESSING OF THE WORLD OF TRAUMA
Authors: Vandervoort Debra , Rokach Ami
Published: May 2006

This paper was aimed at describing a new trauma-based syndrome called Posttraumatic Relationship Syndrome (PTRS) which may afflict individuals who have been traumatized by physical, sexual, and/or severe emotional abuse within the context of an intimate relationship. It differs
from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in a number of ways, the most salient of which are the lack of a tendency toward numbing of responsiveness, which creates a very different mode of experiencing the “world of trauma”, and the inclusion of a category of relational symptoms.
Whereas, in PTSD, there is overutilization of avoidant coping, PTRS involves the overuse of emotion-focused coping. The nature and psychosocial consequences of this syndrome are delineated.
LINGUISTIC STYLES IN DECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION: DUBITATIVE AMBIGUITY AND ELLIPTIC ELUDING IN PACKAGED LIES
Authors: Anolli Luigi , Balconi Michela , Ciceri Rita
Published: May 2006

This paper was aimed at addressing the topic of communicative styles of deception. University students were asked to describe a picture with varying truth/lie conditions. In accordance with their perception or being deliberately against it, the participant could: tell the truth
(T); lie to an acquiescent recipient (L1); or lie to a suspicious recipient (L2). The goal was to investigate whether or not different linguistic styles could be correlated to the cognitive complexity of the task as regards the truth bias or lie bias of the recipient. Specifically, two sets
of linguistic aspects – micro and macro structural – were analyzed. In the former, indices were considered as words (arguments number, repetitions and interruptions, fluency and fluency disorder indices), predicates (number, nominal/predicative construction, and personal/impersonal
structure), pronouns and adverbial forms. In the latter, the structural variations of the standard phrase, utterances' complexity, spatial organization of utterances, and speech organization were analyzed. Results showed that participants used speech to shield from reality and chose different
strategies; in the L1 condition, participants resorted to ambiguity and prolixity (“cuttlefish effect”); on the contrary, in the L2 condition they used concise assertiveness and elliptic eluding strategies (“chameleon effect”).
IT ISN'T THAT STRANGE: PARANORMAL BELIEF AND PERSONALITY TRAITS
Authors: Auton Heather R. , Pope Jacquline , Seeger Gus
Published: May 2006

This study examined two contrasting views of paranormal belief which suggest, in one camp, that belief in the paranormal is indicative of psychopathology. On the other hand, a number of researchers have disagreed with this viewpoint, suggesting that such belief is not an indicator of
psychopathology, but the fulfillment of some other underlying need. This study was designed to assess the personality traits of those we would consider high and low believers in parapsychology. 105 participants completed the Paranormal Belief Scale (PBS), (Tobacyk & Milford, 1983) the
Anomalous Experience Inventory (AEI), (Kumar, Pekala, & Gallagher, 1994) and the Personality Research Form (PRF) (Jackson, 1984) in order to examine the differences among the personality traits of high and low believers in the paranormal. The 2 commonly used measures of paranormal belief
were significantly correlated. Likewise, high believers scored significantly higher on the PRF scales of Aggression and Defendence. There were no differences on any of the other personality scales. The results indicate that high and low believers do not differ on the traits that are considered
to be nonpathological.
IMAGINATION, PERSONALITY, AND IMAGINARY COMPANIONS
Authors: Gleason Tracy R. , Jarudi Raceel N. , Cheek Jonathan M.
Published: May 2006

A sample of 102 college women completed a set of imagination and personality measures and reported whether they had ever had imaginary companions during childhood. Participants who reported imaginary companions scored higher than did those who did not on measures of imagination including imagery use, hostile daydreams, and vivid night dreams, and on personality scales including dependent interpersonal styles and internal-state awareness. Participant groups did not differ significantly on shyness, other interpersonal styles, or measures of self-concept. Comparison of these results with research on children and adolescents with imaginary companions suggests a coherent developmental pattern in social orientation characterized by sensitivity and accommodation to others' needs.
LOCUS OF CONTROL, nAch AND VALUES OF COMMUNITY ENTREPRENEURS
Authors: Díaz Francisco , Rodri´guez AndréS
Published: May 2006

Over the last two decades social scientists have paid greater attention to the phenomenon of the creation of companies and, especially, to the personality of entrepreneurs. This article examines the prevalence of a range of psychological attributes in a sample of entrepreneurs from
Andalusian cooperatives. These attributes are locus of control, assessed by a version of the I-E Rotter Scale (1966); need of achievement, using Lynn's Achievement Motivation Questionnaire – LAMQ – (Lynn, 1969) and Values, assessed by the Rokeach (1973) Value Survey. We have
analyzed the similarities and differences of this kind of entrepreneurship compared with other entrepreneurs who do not operate within the community economy. Our results show the double profile of the cooperative entrepreneur, halfway between the manager and the qualified worker.
EXPRESSIONS OF MODERN RACISM IN JUDGMENTS OF OTHERS: THE ROLE OF TASK AND TARGET SPECIFICITY ON ATTRIBUTIONS OF GUILT
Authors: Pfeifer Jeffrey E. , Bernstein Daniel J.
Published: May 2006

Theories of modern racism suggest that the level of prejudice toward black Americans has not decreased in recent years but rather is expressed primarily when white Americans perceive themselves to be in a state of situational (or normative) ambiguity. It is suggested that the current
concept of situational ambiguity may be extended by examining distinctive underlying factors that mediate the expression of racism: task specificity and target specificity. It is argued that a significant amount of research on racism, and its expression, has been conducted through the use
of a mock-juror paradigm and, as such, two studies were conducted to investigate the degree to which task and target specificity influence the guilt ratings of mock jurors. In Study 1, target specificity was manipulated by varying the race and social-status level of the defendant being evaluated.
In Study 2, task specificity was manipulated by varying the presence or absence of jury instructions and the subsequent interactive effects of task and target specificity were examined. Results suggest that guilt ratings were significantly more affected by target and task specificity than
by race per se, although there were race effects on ratings. Interestingly, task specificity appeared to affect responses only when target specificity was lacking. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the concept of modern racism.
MY RIGHT I: DECEPTION DETECTION AND HEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCES IN SELF-AWARENESS
Authors: Malcolm Sarah , Keenan Julian Paul
Published: May 2006

Previous research has indicated a relationship between the ability to detect deceit and selfawareness. In this study, two experiments were conducted to further investigate this relationship. Thirty-two (28 females and 4 males) undergraduate students listened to 116 true and false statements
with headphones in an attempt to determine which statements contained deception. The participants also completed a variety of self-awareness questionnaires including the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (Raine, 1991) and the Self-Consciousness Scale (Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975).
An additional 11 participants were tested with the statements played in reverse to determine the role of information processing. It was found there was a correlation between self-awareness and deception detection. These data support the hypothesis that self-awareness is related to mental state
attribution (Theory of Mind).
SWEDISH ADAPTATIONS OF THE NOVACO ANGER SCALE-1998, THE PROVOCATION INVENTORY, AND THE STATE-TRAIT ANGER EXPRESSION INVENTORY-2
Authors: Lindqvist Judit Krisztina , Dåderman Anna Maria , Hellström Åke
Published: May 2006

The first Swedish adaptations of the Novaco Anger Scale-1998 (R. W. Novaco, personal communication, April 11, 2001), the Provocation Inventory, (R. W. Novaco, personal communication, April 11, 2001) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Spielberger, 1999) (named as NAS-1998-S,
PI-S and STAXI-2-S respectively), were performed in this study. A sample of undergraduate males (N=100) from Stockholm University completed the adaptations. Investigations of factor structures, relationships between scales, reliability, and construct validity of the adaptations were
performed and the results were related to previous studies. The hypothesised factor structures were found for NAS-1998-S and PI-S; for STAXI-2-S a modified three-factor solution emerged. The adaptations had appropriate levels of reliability. The obtained model of construct validity revealed
substantial similarity to Spielberger's (1999) multidimensional anger model.
CHILDREN'S HOME RESPONSIBILITIES: FACTORS PREDICTING CHILDREN'S HOUSEHOLD WORK
Authors: Cheal David J.
Published: May 2006

The main theories predicting children's home responsibilities are sex roles theory and timeavailability theory. This paper reports relevant results from a cross-sectional survey of children ages 10 and 11 in Canada. The strongest predictors of children's home responsibilities
were female gender of the child and the number of children aged 0–17 in the household. Home responsibilities also increased when the person most knowledgeable about the child was active in volunteer work, and had more positive interaction with the child. Parents' work status was
not related to children's home responsibilities. Sex roles theory is upheld by the results of this study, but time-availability theory is only partially supported.
PREDICTING THE RISK FOR AGGRESSION IN THE WORKPLACE: RISK FACTORS, SELF-ESTEEM AND TIME AT WORK
Authors: Harvey Steve , Keashly Loraleigh
Published: May 2006

Time spent at work was examined as a predictor of aggression experienced in the workplace relative to identifiable job risk factors and victim characteristics (i.e., self-esteem). Based on past research, it was expected that job risk factors and self-esteem would predict aggression
experienced at work. The expectation that time spent at work predicts aggression in addition to these variables is premised on the assumption that increased “exposure” time increases the probability of being victimized. One hundred and fifteen students completed a survey on the
aggression they experienced from others over the course of summer employment. A hierarchical regression analysis provided support for all propositions. Aggression experienced at work was significantly predicted by job risk factors, the target's self-esteem and the number of hours worked
per week, with the latter contributing an 8% increment in predicted variance.
TRAIT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND HAPPINESS
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Petrides K. V.
Published: May 2006

Participants completed measures of trait emotional intelligence (trait EI), happiness, personality, and cognitive ability. Neuroticism was negatively related to happiness, whereas Extraversion and Openness to Experience were positively related to it. Cognitive ability was not related
either to happiness or to trait EI. A three-step hierarchical regression showed that trait EI explained over 50% of the total variance in happiness. The positive relationship between trait EI and happiness persisted in the presence of the Big Five. In contrast, the Big Five did not
account for a significant amount of happiness variance when trait EI was partialled out.
EVALUATION OF SOUL CITY SCHOOL AND MASS MEDIA LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL LEARNERS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Promtussananon Supa
Published: May 2006

The study aimed at evaluating Soul City school and mass media life skills education among junior secondary school learners in South Africa using a postintervention design. The sample consisted of 3150 learners, 44.1% were male and 55.9% female, and their mean age was 15.6
yrs (SD=1.6) ranging from 13 to 24 years. Results indicate that Soul City school life skills exposure was positively associated with puberty/body knowledge, HIV knowledge, HIV risk perception, and condom use at last sex. The Soul City life skills mass-media edutainment had mainly a significant
positive impact on condom use knowledge, attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS, self-efficacy, and delaying sex.
CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE MYTH ACCEPTANCE AMONG ASPIRANT, TRAINEE, AND REGISTERED PSYCHOLOGISTS IN DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Collings Steven J.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the effect of gender and professional training on child sexual abuse myth acceptance among aspirant, trainee, and registered psychologists in Durban, South Africa. Using a 2 (gender: male, female) × 3 (training: aspirant psychologists, psychologists in training,
practicing psychologists) design, 90 participants completed the 15-item Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Myth Scale. AMANOVA revealed a significant main effect for gender, with males scoring significantly higher than females did on all three subscales of the CSA Myth Scale. Myth acceptance scores
were, however, unrelated to the extent of professional training, with the notable exception of scores on the Denial of Abusiveness subscale, where aspirant psychologists scored significantly higher than psychologists in training. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications
for practice and for social policy.
EFFECTS OF HEALTH-BASED AND APPEARANCE-BASED EXERCISE ADVERTISING ON EXERCISE ATTITUDES, SOCIAL PHYSIQUE ANXIETY AND SELF-PRESENTATION IN AN EXERCISE SETTING
Authors: Berry Tanya R. , Howe Bruce L.
Published: May 2006

The public sector uses health as the primary motivator in physical activity campaigns whereas the private sector often uses appearance as a motivator, but whether these motivators can be successful in changing physical activity behavior remains to be determined. The purpose of this
research was to test the effects of televised health promotion and appearance-based exercise advertising on exercise attitudes, social physique anxiety, and self-presentation. Participants completed pretest questionnaires one week prior to viewing a video that contained health or appearance
exercise advertising. They then completed posttest questionnaires. Results showed that health-based advertising had significant positive effects on social physique anxiety and self-presentation for exercisers in the health condition, while appearance-based advertising had negative effects
on nonexercisers' attitudes towards exercise.
RAMADAN FASTING – EFFECT ON HEALTHY MUSLIMS
Authors: Toda Masahiro , Morimoto Kanehisa
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this review was to ascertain the effects on healthy Muslims of fasting during Ramadan. We found some changes such as weight loss, evidence of dehydration, increase in serum uric acid, and nonpharmacological improvement in lipid parameters. We also observed changes in
daily lifestyles and mental-health status. Thus, observance of the Ramadan fasting has both positive and adverse effects on healthy individuals. The adverse effects, however, are unlikely to persist after Ramadan or to lead to other complications. Healthy individuals can observe Ramadan without
anxiety about their health.
ASSESSING THE VALUES STRUCTURE AMONG UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Simadi Fayez A. , Kamali Mohammad A.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study is to clarify the values structure among United Arab Emirates University students in general and in terms of gender and citizenship. The study sample size was 242 males and 353 females. Results indicated that religious and cognitive values came first in the
structure, while social and economic values came in last. This structure was a little different in terms of citizenship and gender. These results are discussed on the basis of the literature.
ADVERSE SOCIAL COMPARISON PROCESSES AND NEGATIVE SELF-FEELINGS: A TEST OF ALTERNATIVE MODELS
Authors: Stiles Beverly L. , Kaplan Howard B.
Published: May 2006

Theoretically informed models are estimated that specify the direction of the relationship between social comparisons and negative self-feelings. The data are from three waves of an ongoing longitudinal study of adaptations to stress. Subjects are individuals who were tested in their
middle teens (T3), mid-twenties (Time 4) and in their mid-thirties (Time 5). The models were estimated using both logistic regression and ordinary least squares regression. In general, the results suggest that negative self-feelings are an antecedent of social comparison processes as negative
self-feelings are significantly related to all five measures of social comparison. Findings suggest that negative self-feelings are sometimes a consequence of social comparison processes as negative self-feelings are significantly related to three of the five measures of social comparison.
THE ALLOCATION OF SCARCE RESOURCES: SOCIAL HOUSING
Authors: Furnham Adrian , McClelland Alastair
Published: May 2006

Previous studies on the allocation of scarce medical resources have shown that certain patient variables (e.g. sex, age, number of dependants) significantly affect lay participants' rank ordering of them for costly treatment. This study replicates the methodology of these studies (Furnham, Meader, & McClelland, 1999, Furnham, Simmons, & McClelland, 2000) but using allocation to social housing as the dependent variable. One hundred and sixty-three adults rank ordered sixteen people to be allocated a flat from a housing list. The results indicated that whereas gender made no difference in the decision, nonsmokers were favored over smokers, the mentally healthy over the mentally ill; and those with average intelligence over those with high intelligence. These results are comparable to those from studies looking at the allocation of scarce medical resources.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION: IMMIGRANTS FROM THE FORMER SOVIET UNION IN ISRAEL
Authors: Canetti-Nisim Daphna , Pedahzur Ami , Yishai Yael
Published: May 2006

This paper examines trust and exclusion. Data were collected from 505 Israeli respondents by telephone. Whereas findings show that the influence of social and political variables on both forms of exclusion varied, that of social capital remained constant and substantial. Interpersonal trust was a better predictor of group exclusion, whereas institutional trust was a better predictor of individual exclusion.
SAY PLEASE: THE EFFECT OF THE WORD “PLEASE” IN COMPLIANCE-SEEKING REQUESTS
Authors: Firmin Michael W. , Helmick Janine M. , Iezzi Brian A. , Vaughn Aaron
Published: May 2006

This study reports the results of an experiment examining whether presenting a request that included the word “please” would facilitate greater compliance than would a request that did not include the word please. We hypothesized that the plead request (incorporating the
word please) would elicit higher rates of compliance than would a nonplead request. Participants consisted of 165 male and 139 female undergraduates, aged 18-24, from a private, comprehensive university in the Midwest of the USA. Participants were surveyed by 8 callers, trained to uniformly
verbalize the requests for compliance. Results showed that a greater proportion of participants in the nonplead condition complied than did in the plead condition (χ2 = 6.432, df = 1, p < 0.05). The implications of this analysis are discussed.
SOCIETIES' DIFFERENT STRENGTHS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Authors: Sodan Angela C.
Published: May 2006

This paper investigates cultural differences in a comparison of the educational and research environments in two different countries: USA and Germany. These countries were chosen because they represent very converse approaches. A number of examples are used to argue that the differences
are deeply anchored in different cultural values and may even reflect different personality type distributions in both countries. Thus, a working style is found that is more oriented toward cooperation in the USA and more toward individual work in Germany. Though currently countries are integrating
each other's approaches and thus are converging, society is also faced with the challenge of keeping and supporting individual strengths.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INTIMACY AND OBJECTIVE SIMILARITY IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Wakimoto Shinobu , Fujihara Takehiro
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between interpersonal intimacy and objective similarity of behavioral tendency. Sixty pairs were measured for the intimacy by Rubin's (1970) Love and Liking scale and objective similarity of behavioral tendency by Tuzuki's
(1964) TestDELB(Bform). ANOVA of similarity score indicated a significant main effect of gender make up. The similarity score (measured similarities between the 2 persons) of male-male pairs were higher than male-female pairs. A significant positive correlation between similarity score and
liking and the perceived similarity factor was observed for the female of male-female pairs.
ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS IN FLOTATION-REST AND CHAMBER-REST: EXPERIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PAIN AND SUBJECTIVE STRESS
Authors: Kjellgren Anette , Sundequist Ulf , Sundholm Ulla , Norlander Torsten , Archer Trevor
Published: May 2006

Twenty-three sportsmen were given one 45-minute exposure to flotation-REST and one exposure to chamber-REST on two occasions, incorporating random assignment to either flotation-REST followed by chamber-REST or vice versa. On each occasion, the Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique
(REST) procedure was followed immediately by testing experimentally induced pain to one arm using a blood pressure cuff. It was found that flotation-REST induced a significantly higher degree of altered states of consciousness (ASC), as measured with an instrument assessing experienced deviation
from normal state (EDN), than did chamber-REST. Participants experiencing High EDN in the flotation-REST condition reported higher levels of both “experienced pain” and “experienced stress” than did those experiencing Low EDN. These results suggest that the particular
distinguishing features of flotation-REST and chamber-REST may cause selective deviations from normal levels of consciousness, under experimental conditions, that may underlie the subjective experience of pain and stress thresholds.
RISK PERCEPTIONS AND STRESS DURING THE THREAT OF EXPLOSION FROM A RAILROAD ACCIDENT
Authors: Lange Lori J. , Fleming Raymond , Toussaint Loren L.
Published: May 2006

The derailment of a train carrying hazardous material resulted in the evacuation of an entire Midwestern community. Risk perceptions and stress were assessed in evacuees and controls (N=90) during the acute phase of the disaster while threat of explosion was looming. Consistent
with the social amplification of risk theory (Kasperson et al., 1988), risk perceptions for routine transportation technologies did not become amplified in evacuees during the technological disaster; however, some elevation of risk perceptions related to less familiar chemical and nuclear
technologies was evident in evacuees as compared to controls. Investigation of the relationship between risk perceptions and stress response showed that high risk perceptions for transportation technologies were associated with elevated emotional and psychological stress, and poorer concentration
in evacuees compared to controls. Results suggest that monitoring risk perceptions related to the cause of a technological accident is useful in predicting variance in evacuee response during a disaster.
LIVING ALONE, SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND FEELING LONELY AMONG THE ELDERLY
Authors: Jennifer Yeh Shu-Chuan , Lo Sing Kai
Published: May 2006

This study aimed to describe the characteristics of the elderly population living alone, and to examine how living alone relates to feeling lonely. Interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of 4,859 elderly individuals living in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Variables collected
included demographic information, living alone or not, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), chronic conditions, perceived social support, and a subjective measure of feeling lonely. Using logistic
regression, it was found that factors associated with living alone included gender, marital status, occupation, source of income, religion, and IADL. Living alone was, in turn, related to decreased levels of both perceived social support and feeling lonely after adjustment for potential confounders.
Managing retired life is important for adult elders, particularly for men. Lack of social support is common among the elderly community who live alone, which could well be a main reason for this group to feel lonely. As loneliness is linked to physical and mental health problems, increasing
social support and facilitating friendship should be factored into life-style management for communities of elderly.
EFFECTS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING ON ACHIEVEMENT OF ADULT LEARNERS IN INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY CLASSES
Authors: Thompson Jean C. , Chapman Elaine S.
Published: May 2006

A structured eight-week cooperative learning intervention was implemented in two Year 11 Psychology classes. Each class was taught alternately under cooperative learning and traditional instruction. Three different measures of student achievement were used: a pretest, a 10-item quiz,
and an overall posttest. In addition, all students completed the Learning Preference Scale – Students (LPSS; Barnes, Owens, & Straton, 1990) at posttest. The results indicated no overall effects on academic achievement. Rather, it was found that the effects of cooperative learning
differed across the two classes. Further, significant differences were found in preferred learning styles between the two classes. It was concluded that successful implementation of cooperative learning in adult education classes relies upon effective teacher management skills.
CHEMISTRY IN THE COLLEGE DATING PROCESS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Abplanalp Richard R.
Published: May 2006

Males and females dating at the college level often state that there has to be chemistry between them and a dating partner. The present study was conducted to try to determine: (1) the structure of specific variables male and female daters apply to their concept of chemistry, and (2) how these variables apply to the dating process. The results indicated that physical attractiveness, similarity, spontaneous communication, reciprocity, warm personality, and longing tended to be the most important variables.
PERCEPTIONS OF MEN, WOMEN, AND CEOS: THE EFFECTS OF GENDER IDENTITY
Authors: Dennis Michael Robert , Kunkel Adrianne Dennis
Published: May 2006

Previous studies (e.g., Heilman, Block, & Martell, 1995; Heilman, Block, Martell, & Simon, 1989; Kunkel, Dennis, & Waters, 2003; Schein, 1973, 1975; Schein & Mueller, 1992) have detected differences in how participants perceive the characteristics of males and females
in general and those of male and female managers, though sex-based stereotyping dissipated with the consideration of successful managers. This study, an administration of the Schein Descriptive Index (SDI, Schein, 1973) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) to 220 participants (125
women and 95 men), is the second to extend the operationalization of the extant program beyond the commonplace label of manager to that of chief executive officer (CEO) and the first to find that participants' gender identities may be critical to their perceptions of similarities and
differences between the sexes. While males and masculinity continue to be associated with organizational leadership attributes, individuals of either sex who express feminine orientations perceive little difference between the sexes.
LOVE TYPES AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
Authors: Kim Jungsik , Hatfield Elaine
Published: May 2006

This cross-cultural research explored the relationship between Hatfield & Rapson's (1993) love types and subjective well-being. College students from an individualistic culture (USA) and a collectivist culture (Korea) completed the Passionate Love Scale (PLS; Hatfield & Rapson), the Companionate Love Scale (CLS; Sternberg, 1986), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Pivot & Diener, 1993), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson, Clarke, & Tellegen, 1988). It was found that two love types are related to subjective well-being in a different way: life satisfaction was more strongly predicted by companionate love than by passionate love, whereas positive and negative emotions were more accounted for by passionate love than by companionate love. No culture and gender difference was found in this overall relationship, but gender difference was found in the extent of the association between companionate love and satisfaction with life, and between passionate love and emotional experiences, respectively.
THE CREDIBILITY OF JUSTICE AND CARE ARGUMENTS IN AN INSTRUCTIONAL CONTEXT
Authors: Lim Sungtaek , Biggs Donald A. , Colesante Robert
Published: May 2006

This study examines ratings of the credibility of a speaker and the message under two conditions. The analogue design presented either justice or care arguments that supported or opposed the reproductive rights of women. Credibility ratings included the attractiveness, expertness and
trustworthiness of the speaker and the effectiveness of the message. We found that ratings of the credibility of the speaker did not differ in the justice or care conditions. However, when the message advocated for reproductive rights of women, subjects rated care arguments as more credible
than justice ones. When the message opposed the reproductive rights of women, there were no differences in ratings of the credibility of the message.
REPEATED SUCCESS AND FAILURE INFLUENCES ON SELF-EFFICACY AND PERSONAL GOALS
Authors: Spieker Casey J. , Hinsz Verlin B.
Published: May 2006

Research shows that challenging and specific goals in conjunction with high self-efficacy lead to higher levels of task performance. The impact of repeated success and failure on personal goals and self-efficacy was examined. Undergraduate students initially participated in two-idea
generation tasks in which they generated different uses for common objects, such as a knife, which provided them with opportunities to either succeed or fail in goal attainment. Participants then set personal goals and judged their self-efficacy for a subsequent idea generation trial. Our
results show that participants who experienced repeated successes set higher personal goals than did those with only a single success, while self-efficacy was not significantly influenced by repeated success or failure. These findings suggest that situational and personal factors such as reactions
to prior successes and failures may influence personal goals on future tasks, but do not seem to have an influence on self-efficacy.
ATHLETES' ATTRIBUTIONS FOR TEAM PERFORMANCE: A THEORETICAL TEST ACROSS SPORTS AND GENDERS
Authors: Green Thomas D. , Holeman Steven
Published: May 2006

This study investigated reasons that men and women college athletes gave for their teams' performances. Different predictions drawn from ego-serving bias theory (Miller & Ross, 1975), self-esteem theory (Dittes, 1959; Jones, 1973), and cognitive consistency theory (Festinger, 1957; Heider, 1958) were tested. Across three studies, men and women basketball players, and men football players responded to a measure of self-esteem and an attribution measure of internality/externality following team wins and losses. Results across the studies provided strong support for ego-serving bias theory. However, gender differences were observed in that the ego-serving tendency to internalize wins to a greater extent than losses was not significantly present for women basketball players as compared to men basketball and football players. Additionally, results provided partial support for cognitive consistency theory, while failing to support self-esteem theory.
SELF-EFFICACY, SELF-ESTEEM AND THEIR IMPACT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Authors: Lane John , Lane Andrew M. , Kyprianou Anna
Published: May 2006

This study investigated relationships between self-efficacy, self-esteem, previous performance accomplishments, and academic performance among a sample of 205 postgraduate students. Participants completed measures of past performance accomplishments, self-esteem, and self-efficacy at
the start of a 15-week course. Each student's average grade from modules studied was used as the performance measure. Correlation results indicated significant relationships between self-efficacy and self-esteem. Multiple regression results indicated that self-efficacy mediated the relationship
between performance accomplishments and academic performance. Findings lend support to the predictive effectiveness of self-efficacy measures in academic settings.
LOVE STYLES AND ROMANTIC LOVE EXPERIENCES IN JAPAN
Authors: Kanemasa Yuji , Taniguchi Junichi , Daibo Ikuo , Ishimori Masanori
Published: May 2006

This research investigated the relationship between the six love styles based on Lee's theory (1973) and several romantic experiences, such as emotional experiences, self-perceptions, and partner's impressions. The subjects were 343 undergraduate students. The main results
were as follows: Eros was positively related to positive feelings and positive self-perceptions. Mania and Agape showed similar patterns of emotional experiences, but Agape was distinguished from Mania in that agapic individuals thought of themselves as kind in romantic relationships. Pragma
and Ludus were positively related to negative feelings in romantic relationships, and, in addition, Ludus was negatively correlated with partner's attractiveness. These results mostly provided support for Lee's theory and the conceptual validity of the six love styles.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANXIETY AND COGNITIVE STYLE MEASURED ON THE STROOP TEST
Authors: Alansari Bader
Published: May 2006

This study examines the relationship between anxiety and cognitive style, as measured on the Stroop Color-Word Test. A sample of 253 respondents, selected on the basis of their anxiety scores, were administered the Stroop Test and Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (KUAS). The subjects
were divided into two groups, the most and the least anxious, depending upon their anxiety scores on the KUAS. The results showed no significant difference between the most and least anxious groups in cognitive style, indicating increased interference in both groups. These findings suggest
the susceptibility of both groups to constricted cognitive style, and their propensity to interference effects on the Stroop test.
THE PROBABILITY OF INTERVENTION: GENDER X “ISMS” EFFECTS
Authors: Richman Charles L. , Kenton Lauren , Helfst Christy , Gaggar Natasha
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the probability that European American men and women would intervene when they observed prejudicial expressions and/or discriminatory acts based on race, sex, sexual orientation and/or religion. The participants were also asked how they
felt after intervening (or failing to intervene). Significantly more women than men intervened when the prejudice was based on sexism, heterosexism and religious intolerance. More men than women intervened when the insult was based on race. Men's and women's rationale for intervention
(and failing to intervene) differed.