bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AUTONOMOUS MOBILE POWER BLOCKS FOR PREPOSITIONED POWER CONVERSION AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Weaver Wayne W. , Mahmoudian Nina , Parker Gordon G.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Situations exist that require the ability to preposition a basic level of energy
infrastructure. Exploring and developing the arctic’s oil potential,
providing power to areas damaged by natural or man-made disasters, and deploying
forward operating bases are some examples. This project will develop and create
a proof-of-concept electric power prepositioning system using small autonomous
swarm robots each containing a power electronic building block. Given a
high-level power delivery requirement, the robots will self-organize and
physically link with each other to connect power sources to storage and end
loads. Each robot mobile agent will need to determine both its positioning and
energy conversion strategy that will deliver energy generated at one voltage and
frequency to an end load requiring a different voltage and frequency. Although
small-scale robots will be used to develop the negotiation strategies,
scalability to existing, large-scale robotic vehicles will be investigated to
create prepositioned power grids in the 100 kW - 1 MW range. This concept will
create a new capability for power grid deployment while increasing the
state-of-the-art in multi-objective agent control.
MODEL VALIDATION FOR SIMULATIONS OF VEHICLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Pan Hao , Kokkolaras Michael , Hulbert Gregory , Castanier Matthew , Lamb David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with model validation of dynamic systems (with vehicle systems
being of particular interest) that have multiple time-dependent output. First,
we review several validation methodologies that have been reported in the
literature: graphical comparison, feature-based techniques, PDF/CDF based
techniques, Bayesian posterior estimation, classical hypothesis testing and
Bayesian hypothesis testing. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages in
terms of several attributes: applicability to different types of models, need
for assumptions, computational cost, subjectivity, propensity to type-I or II
errors, and others. We then proceed with the most important attribute: can the
validation method provide a quantitative measure of the goodness of the model?
We conclude that Bayesian-based model validation frameworks answer this question
positively. A bootstrap method is presented that obviates the need to assume a
statistical distribution model. The features of the Bayesian validation
framework are illustrated using a thermal benchmark problem developed by Sandia
National Laboratories and a battery model developed in the Automotive Research
Center, a US Army Center of Excellence for modeling and simulation of ground
vehicle systems.
ANALYSIS OF NON-TACTICAL VEHICLE UTILIZATION AT FORT CARSON
COLORADO
Authors: Smart Thomas A. , Eick Steven T.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Department of Defense (DOD) is considering integration of electric vehicles
into its non-tactical vehicle (NTV) fleet to support efficiency goals and
sustainable power initiatives. In order to identify the best vehicles for
electrification, DOD needs to understand the duty cycles and daily operating
patterns of NTVs on bases. A six-month data acquisition study was conducted on
24 NTVs at Fort Carson, CO using GPS data loggers to monitor a variety of
vehicle types and uses. Information was extracted on usage time, distance,
vehicle speed and geographic location in order to compare vehicle driving
profiles. The regenerative energy recovery potential for specific duty cycles
was also quantified through a cumulative assessment of the number and severity
of deceleration events. Of the duty cycles analyzed, the work trucks at Fort
Carson were judged to be the best electric vehicle candidates.
Liquid Cooling for Next Generation Rugged COTS
Modules
Authors: Straznicky Ivan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

High power/performance electronic modules are challenging the ability of air
cooling to successfully remove the generated heat. Single phase liquid cooling
is a proven approach for effective cooling of large amounts of heat, and has
been deployed on defense platforms. Determining the thermal performance of
liquid cooled cold plates can be done with basic spreadsheet calculations. These
calculations can be sufficiently accurate for first order thermal analyses of
design options, which enables rapid trade-off studies. To demonstrate this, a
sample spreadsheet is introduced and compared to computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) analyses, as well as empirical results.
GPS Signal Distribution Approaching VICTORY
Authors: Paul Brian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The VICTORY initiative has been broadly adopted across the US Defense ground
vehicle community. Last year, PEO GCS generated Acquisition Decision Memorandums
(ADM) guiding the Platform community to incorporate VICTORY architecture in many
vehicle modernization efforts, as well as new start vehicle programs. The
community can generally agree that VICTORY is driving the vehicle architecture
in a positive direction, providing a much more efficient architecture to enable
current, and future, technology integration. A major component of the VICTORY
standards addresses the distribution of GPS-supplied information for position,
heading, elevation, and timing. The vast majority of major subsystems on
today’s military ground vehicles utilize GPS data in some form. These
systems include fire control computers, navigation and blue force tracking
equipment, ISR assets, electronic warfare devices, personal navigation
equipment, laser range finders, command & control (C2) computers,
UAV’s, and much more.

As the joint industry, academic, and Government VICTORY effort matures over the
next two to five years in an era of significant budget constraints, how can we
as a community ensure a cost effective transition occurs from today’s
technology to a full blown “data on the wire” architecture that
VICTORY will enable? Hardware and software solutions requiring GPS information
are being invested in today by major vehicle programs that will be a part of the
vehicle architecture for years to come. How do we ensure these solutions
continue to be available for cost effective fielding and sustainment? How do we
ensure our key international partners can leverage the architecture and
technology today and tomorrow to effectively partner in supporting global
conflicts?

The objective of this paper is to discuss a realistic & cost effective
vehicle electronics & architecture strategy leading up to full scale VICTORY
adoption for major military ground vehicle programs. It will discuss the short
term technical issues related to efficient distribution of the GPS frequencies
and IS-GPS-153 message formats, as well as potential & current methodologies
in support of today’s ground vehicle fleet. It will identify the major
issues Industry partners will face as a concerted transition is made from
non-VICTORY architecture to the efficient and mandated VICTORY architecture.
What are the short term steps integrators and OEM’s can take to ensure a
seamless transition and prepare vehicles and subsystems to maximize the value of
VICTORY? The conclusion supported shall be that a cost effective strategy can be
adopted by a joint industry/Government team for the implementation of VICTORY
architecture. Key steps to bridge these architectures shall be identified for
consideration by Government and industry participants.
AUTONOMY AND VISUALIZATION ENHANCEMENT FOR SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
Authors: Schneider Anne , Lacaze Alberto , Murphy Karl , Mottern Edward , Jones Chris , Fiorani Graham
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In the Tank Automotive Research Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Phase
II SBIR “Autonomy and Visualization Enhancement for Situational
Awareness” (AVESA) program, Robotic Research, LLC has developed a
camera-based intelligence and reconnaissance tool to address the needs of
warfighters on the battlefield. The RR-Flashback system developed under this
program provides a hardware and software solution that captures, time tags, and
geo-references panoramic imagery, along with a spatiotemporal imagery database
for use in mission planning, intelligence analysis, and detecting changes in the
environment.
APPLICATION OF BI-DIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE AGGREGATION IN A CYBER
SECURE MICROGRID CONTROLLER
Authors: Massie Darrell D. , Curtiss Peter , Mitchem Sean C.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Electric vehicle (EV) aggregation to provide vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services is a
topic that has generated research into the economics and viability of using EVs
for more than transportation, but little has been demonstrated to this point.
This is especially true of using bidirectional power flows to move energy to the
grid from EVs or to provide variable charge and discharge control. Our work
focuses on implementing bi-directional functionality to demonstrate both V2G
services and islanded microgrid support. The use of an intelligent microgrid
controller combined with an EV aggregator provides new control capabilities for
EV participation as energy storage devices.
The Ultra Survey Mission: Crafting A Systems Architecture Design
Project
Authors: Vinarcik Michael J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Systems Architecture (SA) is a key discipline in Systems Engineering; robust
architectures enable success and flawed architectures limit performance.
However, SA is challenging to teach students because it is less of a
“hard” science. At the University of Detroit Mercy, students in
the MS Product Development (MPD) and Advanced Electric Vehicle (AEV) Certificate
programs are exposed to a full term of SA. This class stresses the development
of heuristics through exposure to mini case studies, class discussions, and
several projects (including a field trip to the Henry Ford Museum to study
multiple examples of competing historical architectures). The capstone project
in this class requires teams of students to create a new architecture for a
given set of criteria. One recent final project involved the creation of a space
probe architecture that could meet mission objectives given a challenging set of
constraints and the creation of DODAF Viewpoints to communicate the
architecture.
Sigma Value, Enabling Workforce in Systems Engineering
Thinking
Authors: Maholick William , Godell Carl J
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Systems Engineering (SE) would always benefit from the inclusion of the Six-Sigma
perspective in both the planning and execution of project systems. This applies
to not only System Engineers but also to Systems Extended Team Members, all who
must provide cumulated knowledge along with competency to the project. It is
difficult to obtain a high level of competency among single members of the team
to be highly successful. Strength in one area is very often an underlying factor
of weakness in another area. Determining and integrating sigma characteristics
from the development cycle into all remaining phases of the product project,
especially at critical component interfaces, with a resultant sigma value given
to those connections that develop a sigma-risk factor for each function and
process pathway within the operational configuration. This sigma-risk factor
concept is the key in uniting knowledge with experience.
Cyber Security: An Evolving Systems Engineering
Requirement
Authors: Ridge Mike , Shull Forrest
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Increased connectivity, burgeoning functionality, as well as surging software and
integration complexity all conspire to blur the lines for requirements sourcing
and implementation of new Ground Vehicles.
HIGH VOLTAGE vs. LOW VOLTAGE: POTENTIAL IN MILITARY
SYSTEMS
Authors: Knakal Anthony
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Power and energy demands on military vehicles and other large systems have been
increasing significantly and modifications to these power systems are being
explored on several programs. A key decision in a new power system is
determining whether to use “high voltage” or “low
voltage” for distribution throughout the vehicle. This decision has far
reaching consequences throughout the vehicle and needs to be made after careful
consideration. This paper addresses key trade-off criteria for consideration
when comparing high voltage and low voltage vehicle architectures and then
addresses a few other considerations for this type of decision.
High efficiency variable speed versatile power air conditioning
system for military vehicles
Authors: Khalili Kaveh , Spangler Chris , Schultz Andrew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Based on the foundation of thermal management system developed by Rocky Research
and working closely with TARDEC personnel, this paper addresses design,
development, and testing of two delivered environmental control prototypes to
TARDEC. The delivered prototypes are electrically driven vapor compression
systems enhanced with Rocky Research vector drive for speed control, use of
Pulsing Thermal Expansion Valve (PTXV) for precise refrigerant control, and
power electronic package capable of running efficiently from both AC and DC
power sources seamlessly. These prototypes were fully tested at different
ambient temperature conditions at Rocky Research environmental chamber and their
performance were logged and documented. The cooling capacity was measured to be
in range of 6,000 to 12,000 Btu/hr and the Coefficient of Performance (COP) was
measured to be above 1.5 at high ambient temperature conditions. This reflects
close to 50% improvement in efficiency, when compared to current state
of technology, and can result in considerable fuel and cost savings for the
military
TORIS: A SYSTEM FOR SMOOTH GROUND VEHICLE TELEOPERATION IN HIGH LATENCY CONDITIONS
Authors: Kluge Karl C. , Lacaze Alberto , Celle Zach La , Legowik Steve , Murphy Karl , Thomson Rob
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Latencies as small as 170 msec significantly degrade ground vehicle teleoperation
performance and latencies greater than a second usually lead to a “move
and wait” style of control. TORIS (Teleoperation Of Robots Improvement
System) mitigates the effects of latency by providing the operator with a
predictive display showing a synthetic latency-corrected view of the
robot’s relationship to the local environment and control primitives
that remove the operator from the high-frequency parts of the robot control
loops. TORIS uses operator joystick inputs to specify relative robot
orientations and forward travel distances rather than rotational and
translational velocities, with control loops on the robot making the robot
achieve the commanded sequence of poses. Because teleoperated ground vehicles
vary in sensor suite and on-board computation, TORIS supports multiple
predictive display methods. Future work includes providing obstacle detection
and avoidance capabilities to support guarded teleoperation and supervised
autonomy in high-latency environments.
WHY SOME STANDARDS DON’T GUARANTEE
INTEROPERABILITY
Authors: Dirner Jason , Melber Adam , Pankowski John A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Leveraging an open standard may still not achieve the desired interoperability
between systems. Addressing “lessons learned” from past
implementations of open standards for various Department of Defense (DoD)
acquisition programs is critical for future success. This paper discusses past
issues which range from insufficient technical detail, when and how to apply a
given specification, verification of an implementation’s compliance, to
inconsistent and imprecise contractual language. This paper illustrates how the
Vehicular Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY) initiative
addresses these challenges to enable interoperability on Army ground vehicles,
as well as facilitate rapid technology insertion and incorporation of new
capabilities. VICTORY represents a leap ahead in solving interoperability
challenges and defining open standards.
VEHICLE ELECTRONIC ARCHITECTURE FEATURING DATA MANAGEMENT FOR REAL
TIME SENSOR DRIVEN CAPABILITIES
Authors: Silveri Andrew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The complex future battlefield will require the ability for quick identification
of threats in chaotic environments followed by decisive and accurate threat
mitigation by lethal force or countermeasure. Integration and synchronization of
high bandwidth sensor capabilities into military vehicles is essential to
identifying and mitigating the full range of threats. High bandwidth sensors
including Radar, Lidar, and electro-optical sensors provide real-time
information for active protection systems, advanced lethality capabilities,
situational understanding and automation. The raw sensor data from Radar systems
can exceed 10 gigabytes per second and high definition video is currently at 4
gigabytes per second with increased resolution standards emerging. The
processing and memory management of the real time sensor data assimilated with
terrain maps and external communication information requires a high performance
electronic architecture with integrated data management. GDLS has developed an
advanced modular architecture that features high performance embedded computing
communicating over high bandwidth backplanes and networks that enables the
integration of advanced applications utilizing high bandwidth sensors. A high
level description of the architecture with a focus on memory design and
management will be provided.
SIMULATION FOR VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE AND VEHICLE-TO-GRID RESOURCE SHARING ANALYSIS
Authors: Jane Robert S. , Parker Gordon G. , Weaver Wayne W. , Goldsmith Steven Y.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A simulation capable of modeling grid-tied electrical systems, vehicle-to-grid
(V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) resource sharing was developed within the
MATLAB/Simulink environment. Using the steady state admittance matrix approach,
the unknown currents and voltages within the network are determined at each time
step. This eliminates the need for states associated with the distributed
system. Each vehicle has two dynamic states: (1) stored energy and (2) fuel
consumed while the generators have only a single fuel consumed state. One of its
potential uses is to assess the sensitivity of fuel consumption with respect to
the control system parameters used to maintain a vehicle-centric bus voltage
under dynamic loading conditions.
HIGH PERFORMANCE EMBEDDED COMPUTING REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE FOR
C4ISR/EW IN GROUND VEHICLES
Authors: Jedynak David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Presenting a reference architecture for High Performance Embedded Computing for
use in Ground Vehicles, based on OpenVPX, up to 40 Gigabit / Second data fabrics
(Infiniband and Ethernet), methods of Remote Direct Memory Access, and Open
Standard software layers (OFED). How to provide the appropriate chassis and
backplanes to accommodate the HPEC modules, Signal I/O, and data fabrics which
can then provide sophisticated capabilities, such as software defined radios,
active protection systems, electronic warfare, and sensor processing (fusion and
analysis). Illustrate paths for technology refresh, showing historical and
expected gains in hardware performance across technology refresh cycles and the
SWaP-C reduction for a fixed amount of processing capacity over time.
BRINGING PALADIN INTO THE 21st CENTURY
Authors: Bailey Bruce , Miller Mark R. , Brinton Gordon , Swartz Eric , Hamilton George , Uetz Paul , Jochum Eric , Regmont Dennis
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The M109A7/M992A3 Paladin Integrated Management (PIM) is a sustainment program
designed to bring the M109 Family of Vehicles (FOV) up-to-date and extend the
service life of the fleet. PIM consists of the sustainment and upgrade of two
military tracked vehicles; the Paladin M109A6 Self Propelled Howitzer (SPH) and
the M992A2 Carrier Ammunition, Tracked (CAT). The M109A7/M992A3 program is
engineered to improve readiness, avoid component obsolescence, and increase
sustainability. These changes will increase the performance of the
M109A7/M992A3, eliminate obsolescence issues associated with supplying new parts
to the M109A6 and M992A2, and ease the logistics burden within the Artillery
Brigade Combat Team (ABCT) through commonality of spares parts. The PIM project
has been a multi-phase project with development expected to continue into
2015.
A COUPLED MODEL BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION
MAKING APPROACH TO DEFINE AFFORDABLE REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Ceisel Johanna , Koch Patrick , Velden Alex Van Der
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Programs have traditionally defined system requirements based on mission
requirements and former system characteristics with limited knowledge on how
their decisions impact the overall design space. This paper describes a
methodology that combines model based systems engineering (MBSE) and
multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) to define affordable requirements prior to
the design cycle. Two unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) concepts were modeled in a
multi-disciplinary simulation process environment using SIMULIA’s
Process Composer application. Then the results were loaded into
SIMULIA’s Results Analytics application, an advanced analytics and
decision support tool, for performance versus affordability requirement
trade-off analysis. Results Analytics is able to uncover data patterns, show
design space sensitivity to requirements, and explicitly prioritize and quantify
requirements employing a design ranking algorithm.
SUPER EFFICIENT POWERSHIFT AND HIGH RATIO SPREAD AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION FOR THE FUTURE MILITARY VEHICLES
Authors: Telleria Iñigo Garcia-Eizaga
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The following paper describes the new SAPA automatic transmissions for the future
military vehicles. The very high mobility requirements, the reclaim of weight,
power & space and the actual relevance of the fuel consumption require a
rethinking and a new vision of the automatic transmission concept and design.
This is what SAPA has been working on for the last 12 years obtaining excellent
technical and commercial results, a concept aimed at reducing the power losses
of the conventional powershifting transmission eliminating the torque converter,
reducing the spin losses -due to hydraulic pumps and friction discs-, and
improving vehicle mobility on variable terrain situations as off-road.
MODELING, VALIDATION AND ANALYSIS OF HMMWV XM1124 HYBRID
POWERTRAIN
Authors: Gauchía A. , Worm J. , Davis C. , Naber J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Vehicle electrification technology has demonstrated its effectiveness for
passenger vehicles, mainly due to environmental performance needs to meet fuel
economy and green-house-gas emissions standards. Military vehicles require,
among other specific features, not only the ability to move undetected but to
perform at the lowest combined fuel and energy consumption possible. An
experimental prototype HMMWV XM1124 with a series hybrid powertrain, which
provides the ability for electric mode only and hybrid operation for reducing
fuel consumption, is being investigated. The aim of this paper is to create a
model of XM1124, validate it and utilize it to analyze the effect of vehicle
electric range and performance. Additionally, the validated model allows
evaluation of various operating strategies and hardware configurations for
reducing the fuel consumption and improving vehicle performance.
LITHIUM-ION 6T BATTERY TECHNOLOGY- FIELD TESTING IN COMMERCIAL
TRUCKS
Authors: Tomic Jasna , Toomey Laurence , Bloch-Rubin Ted , Gallo Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The overall goal of the program was to demonstrate use of Li-ion 6T –type
batteries for commercial and military applications with a stable supplier base
and verified business case. In the first phase of this program we demonstrated
that Lithium-Ion 6T batteries can be successfully used in commercial vehicles as
starter batteries. The results include the field testing of three battery
suppliers in Class 8 truck tractors in a two different climate regions. For a
future phase of the testing more challenging battery applications The
Lithium-Ion 6T batteries would be used to power vehicle loads in addition to
starting the engine. The applications we have identified include: 1) hotel
load-idle reduction, 2) ePTO-Engine Start/Stop, 3) Hydraulic-Electric
Lift-Gate.
ACTIVE EXHAUST SILENCING SYSTEM FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF AUXILARY POWER
UNIT SOUND SIGNATURES
Authors: Helminen Ryan , Nelson Kevin , Mattson Steve , Kowalski Darin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

We propose a system for the active cancellation of exhaust sound power where the
desired outcome is a compact and lightweight solution to reduce exterior noise
levels to inaudible operation at 20 meters. We have identified two challenges in
developing this solution. The first is the integration of COTS technology to
provide the signal processing for the active system, and the second is the
development of a novel noise source and sensors which can withstand the extreme
environment within a vehicle exhaust.
THE VEHICLE INERTIA PARAMETER EVALUATION RIG II, A DEVICE FOR
MEASURING INERTIA PARAMETERS OF ALL SIZES OF MILITARY VEHICLES
Authors: Andreatta Dale , Heydinger Gary J. , Bixel Ronald A. , Sidhu Anmol , Kurec Aleksander , Baseski Igor , Skorupa Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the VIPER II, the Vehicle Inertia Parameter Evaluation Rig,
developed by SEA, Ltd at the request of the US Army’s Tank Automotive
Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC). The previous machine was
the VIPER I, built in 2000. The new machine is built to measure vehicle
center-of-gravity height, the pitch, roll, and yaw moments of inertia, and the
roll/yaw cross product of inertia. It is made to test nearly all of the
Army’s wheeled vehicles, covering a range of weights from 3000 to
100,000 lbs, up to 150 inches in width and up to 600 inches in length.
Commercial vehicles could also be tested. The machine was installed in March,
2014 in the TARDEC facility in Warren, MI. The paper describes the need for such
measurements, the basic features of the machine, the test procedure, and the
results of early testing. The design specification for accuracy was 3% for all
measurements, but the actual VIPER II accuracy is usually better than 1%.
MILITARY VEHICLE UNDERBODY ARMOR PLATE ATTACHMENT
STUDY
Authors: Kang. Jian , Liedke Mark , Mason James
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In this paper a new bolt attachment method was explored, where the attaching
bolts were divided into two sets. The first set of bolts was tightened and was
used to connect the underbody plate to the hull under ordinary operations. The
second set of bolts connecting the plate and the hull were not tightened and had
some extra axial freedom. Under blast loading, the first set of bolts would
break due to high tensile and shear loads, but the second set of bolts would
survive due to extra axial freedom which allows the plate and the hull vibrate
and separate from each other to a certain extent. A simulation model was
developed to verify this concept. Three underbody plate-hull connection
approaches were simulated and analyzed: 1) all tightened bolts, 2) some bolts
not fully seated, 3) all bolts not fully seated. The simulation results show
that with option 1), 100% of the bolts broke under the blast loading.
With option 2) the not fully seated bolts survived and continued to attach the
plate to the hull. And with option 3) all the bolts not fully seated also
survived. This new concept might provide an improved approach for attaching the
underbody armor plate to the vehicle hull which would enhance the occupant and
vehicle survivability while reducing engineering complexity and cost.
A COMPARISON OF STRUCTURAL APPROACHES FOR COMBAT
VEHICLES
Authors: Hodges Scott , Ostberg Donald
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Since the development of combat vehicles for military use, such as tanks,
infantry carriers, gun transports, etc. the main approach has been a monolithic
structure that has been described as monocoque. This approach has been the
standard–bearer since the inception of modern combat vehicles.

Since the end of the Cold War, the world has become a much more
“Multi–Polar” world. The U.S. is not locked in a static,
monotonic engagement against the Soviet Union and its allies. The nature of the
threat has changed. The U.S. Army is looking to make its Combat Vehicle fleet
lighter and more adaptable to new technology and changing environments. By doing
so the U.S. will be better able to project forces where they are needed. Lighter
weight means more flexibility in transportation of equipment to various
locations. In addition, the U.S. Army will be better able to deploy forces that
have the latest and/or the most desirable protection required for the specific
engagement they may encounter.

The U.S. Army would like to investigate the uses of a space frame, if and where
appropriate on their combat vehicle systems. This would be a definite paradigm
shift in the development of combat vehicle systems.

This article talks about the misconception that space frames are a
“parasitic weight” to the system. The belief is that a monocoque
approach is efficient because the material thickness is driven by survivability
requirements and not structural requirements. It is said that once you meet the
survivability requirement you will have enough structure. Therefore, adding a
space frame structure is just adding weight. This article looks to dispel this
belief.

Over the last fifteen years, the Army has done several programs that have been
able to shed more light on this issue. While it is true in some cases that a
space frame would not be efficient, and therefore be adding weight. It is not
always true. This article shows the studies and development programs that drive
that conclusion.

Space frames offer a potential to reduce weight and increase modular flexibility.
By taking a look at studies and developments that, have been done over the last
fifteen years we hope to begin the dispelling of the “parasitic”
weight myth, and to be able to engage in a more in–depth look at exactly
how to use monocoque and space frame structures in a judicious way to make our
future vehicles better.
Measuring the Performance of Active Safety Algorithms and
Systems
Authors: Gioutsos Tony , Blackburn Jeff
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

In any active safety system, it is desired to measure the
“performance”. For the estimation case, generally a cost
function like Mean-Square Error is used. For detection cases, the combination of
Probability of Detection and Probability of False Alarm is used. Scenarios that
would really expose performance measurement involve complex, dangerous and
costly driving situations and are hard to recreate while having a low
probability of actually being acquired . Using a virtual tool, we can produce
the trials necessary to adequately determine the performance of active safety
algorithms and systems. In this paper, we will outline the problem of measuring
the performance of active safety algorithms or systems. We will then discuss the
approach of using complex scenario design and Monte Carlo techniques to
determine performance. We then follow with a brief discussion of Prescan and how
it can help in this endeavor. Finally, two Monte Carlo type examples for
particular active safety algorithms (LDW and AEB) will be presented.
Technical Challenges Running TARDEC VECTOR Software on ARM
Architecture
Authors: Russell Mark
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

TARDEC VEA will begin integrating their Vehicular Integration for the Command,
Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and
Reconnaissance / Electronic Warfare (C4ISR/EW) Interoperability (VICTORY)
Enabled Company Transformation (VECTOR) software onto three unique military
vehicles in FY2015. One of the main objectives of VECTOR is to evaluate the
VICTORY standard. VECTOR will use the aforementioned military vehicles as a
platform for integration with the VICTORY software library (libVictory). The
feasibility of expediting component integration and enhancing vehicles in
theatre will be assessed; VECTOR will attempt to leverage the capabilities of
libVictory in order to do so. One of the key deliverables for VECTOR is the
capability to port the software applications and middleware configuration items
to an embedded low-cost ARM architecture. The VECTOR team selected a unique
hybrid system that includes both a single board computer and an Ethernet switch.
This research paper will present the rationale for porting VECTOR software to
the ARM architecture and explain the details of overcoming technical challenges
therein. Due to the fact that the ARM architecture is designed for mobile
applications, computing hardware resources and software availability are much
more limited than common Intel-based desktop or workstation computers.
Consequently, the level of technical risk is greatly increased, and the
viability of executing the required full-blown, graphical desktop application is
less likely. This paper will capture these shortcomings and will illustrate the
difficulties of overcoming the hurdles of limited computing resources. Finally,
this paper will provide some quantitative measurements of performance (resource
utilization, graphical interface lag times, and update rate thresholds) as
observed on the embedded ARM processor (also referred to as the target), and how
certain optimizations can improve the system.
3 UNIT (3U) OPENVPX RADIO CARD MODULE DEVELOPMENT FOR
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CONVERGENCE PROGRAM
Authors: Williams Michael G. , Connelly Christine , Sharpe Daniel , Peddicord Benjamin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper will present a 3 Unit (3U) OpenVPXTM form factor radio card
module technology for a 3U OpenVPXTM form factor chassis which
supports Phase 1 of the U.S. Army Communications-Electronics Research,
Development and Engineering Center’s (CERDEC’s)
Hardware/Software Convergence (HWC) Program.
SCALABILITY AND MODULARITY FOR CROSS DRIVE TRANSMISSIONS ACROSS A
FAMILY OF ADVANCED COMBAT VEHICLE WEIGHT CLASSES
Authors: Johnson S. Arnie , Mushroe Michael , Dyck Gerald , Jackson Kyle
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

L-3 Combat Propulsion Systems (L-3CPS) and Kinetics Drive Solutions (Kinetics)
have teamed together to present this paper that discusses infinitely variable
transmission technologies with high gear ratio & efficient steering systems
for cross-drive transmissions across a family of combat vehicles. Traditionally,
cross-drive transmissions for tracked vehicles are very rigid systems, which are
tailored for a specific application or vehicle weight class. This becomes a
problem throughout the vehicle’s lifecycle, as vehicle weights continue
to grow when armor and other systems are added to protect and support the
war-fighter. Increased weight leads to degraded vehicle mobility performance. To
regain the vehicle mobility performance more power is needed at the vehicle
sprockets. Traditionally this is accomplished by increasing the engine power of
the propulsion system, which requires an increased transmission size for higher
input and output torques, resulting in increased losses and decreased power to
sprocket. This traditional approach incurs significant hardware and potential
design costs when there is a need to upgrade a tracked vehicle’s power
pack.

L-3CPS and Kinetics believe there is a better way. A Hydro-Mechanical Infinitely
Variable Transmission (HMIVT) closely integrated with electronic generator(s)
and motor(s) that is packaged in a modular architecture that has the ability to
adapt to a number of vehicle classes and weights is proposed. To address the
challenge a systems engineering approach will yield a propulsion system having
better power density (sprocket power / propulsion system volume) than
traditional propulsion systems. A high efficiency HMIVT core will be used as the
basis for the scalable and the modular configuration, allowing the engine to
operate within its most efficient operating band while having the ability to
adapt to changing vehicle weights and applications.

The paper will discuss a building block concept for both current and future
vehicle power classes from 750hp thru 1500hp. Benefits to this approach include;
Open Architecture, Improved acceleration, Dynamic Braking, Scalability,
Redundancy, Drive by Wire, Upgradability, and Future Growth/Optimization.
Fuel Efficient Demonstrator (FED) Bravo, Technology in
Motion
Authors: Card Brandon , Todd Steven , Buchholz William
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Increased fuel efficiency in military vehicles today results in two primary
positive impacts to operational conditions. The first is the reduction in cost;
both as a result of reduced fuel consumed and also in the costs saved due to the
reduction in logistics required to transport fuel to the Warfighter in the
field. The second and more important positive impact is the reduced risk of
casualties to the Warfighter by reducing the frequency of fuel related
logistical support required in the field.

This paper first provides an overview of the development of the Fuel Efficient
Demonstrator (FED) Bravo vehicle from initial conceptual efforts through to
final operational shake-out and performance testing. A review the development
process from CAD modeling through to fabrication and testing will be discussed.
This discussion will also focus on the unique methods and ideas used to address
the particular challenges encountered in developing a demonstrator vehicle. The
paper concludes with the results of this effort including a review of the
objectives exceeded, met or not achieved.
Assessing the Commercialization Status of the U.S. Department of
Energy "SuperTruck" Technologies and their Applicability in
Tactical Wheeled Vehicles
Authors: Sokolsky Steven , McNett Brad , Gallo Jean-Baptiste
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Department of Energy established the SuperTruck program in 2009 with the
goal of developing and demonstrating technologies that can vastly improve the
efficiency of Class 8 over-the-road trucks. Several teams participated in the
program and developed prototypes that demonstrated more than double the fuel
economy of conventional trucks. As part of the High-Efficiency Truck Users Forum
program CALSTART investigated the approaches taken by the different teams and
analyzed the military applicability of the technologies that were employed.
PHYSICS-BASED SIMULATION OF REALISTIC LIGHTING AND ILLUMINATION FOR NEXT GENERATION GROUND VEHICLE IMAGE GENERATORS
Authors: Kuehne Bob , Hebert Kenny , Chladny Brett
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Over the past several years, the rate of advancements in modern computer hardware
and graphics computing capabilities has increased exponentially and provided
unprecedented opportunities within the Modeling and Simulation community to
increase the visual fidelity and quality in new Image Generators (IGs). As a
result, IG vendors are continuously reevaluating the best way to make use of
these new performance improvements. Some vendors have chosen to increase the
resolution of the environment by displaying higher resolution imagery from disk
while other vendors have chosen to increase the number of polygons that are
capable of being presented in the scene while maintaining 60Hz. While all of
these approaches use the latest hardware technology to improve the quality of
the simulated environment in the IG, the authors of this paper have chosen to
focus on a different approach; to improve the accuracy and
realism of the simulated environment. To accomplish this, the
authors have developed capabilities that exploit the modern advances in hardware
and graphics processing to mimic the human vision system and improve each pixel
with enhanced atmospheric and illumination calculations improving the accuracy
and realism of these pixels on the display’s surface.
Modeling Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms for Autonomous
Vehicles to Enhance Safety and Energy Efficiency
Authors: Kamalanathsharma Raj , Zohdy Ismail
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Multiple optimization controls are associated with autonomous vehicles’
movement. These control systems are employed to enhance the comfort of
passengers in commercial vehicles or to avoid enemy areas for unmanned military
convoys. However, having multiple objectives for optimization can greatly
enhance the perception and applicability of these algorithms. This paper
involves demonstrating a multi-layered optimization framework which can achieve
both and efficiently navigate autonomous vehicles. Other than the primary
objective of reducing the probability of intersection crashes, minimizing
individual vehicle delay and additionally minimizing energy consumption are the
objectives of this example. Primarily this application consists of two parts: a
multi-objective optimization framework and individual mathematical models that
define vehicle parameters at intersections including vehicle dynamics model and
vehicle energy consumption models. Such optimization framework could enhance
driving algorithms of militarized convoys. Look-ahead controls would help them
optimize both their distance as well as their energy consumption, thereby
increasing convoy range and operational energy efficiency as well as decreasing
costly convoy halts.
INTERIOR HEAD IMPACT PROTECTIVE COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS FOR USE IN
US ARMY VEHICLES
Authors: Klima Julie , Marquardt Rebecca
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

TARDEC researched head impact protective, energy attenuating materials for use in
U.S. Army Ground System Vehicle (GSV) applications. The purpose of the project
is to reduce potential head impact related mounted crew injuries and deaths
which may occur during underbody blast, crash and rollover events.
Commercial-off-the-shelf materials were evaluated for their energy attenuating
performance. Exposed surface materials in combination with core material were
also researched and evaluated. Baseline vehicle testing was conducted to
understand the current head impact criterion. The results of this effort
identified solutions which may potentially meet the needs of the Army to reduce
head impact related injuries which may occur during crash, rollover and blast
events. TARDEC used the knowledge gained from this project to create performance
specification requirements for interior head impact protective components and
materials for use in U.S. Army vehicles.
EFFECTS OF OCCUPANT SIZE, MILITARY GEAR, SEATBELT TYPE, AND ADVANCED
SEATBELT FEATURES ON OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN TACTICAL VEHICLES DURING FRONTAL
CRASHES
Authors: Hu Jingwen , Wood Lauren , Orton Nichole , Chen Cong , Rupp Jonathan , Reed Matthew , Gruber Rebekah , Scherer Risa
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to understand the occupant kinematics and injury
risks in a light tactical vehicle under frontal crash conditions using a
combination of physical tests and computer simulations. A total of 20 sled tests
were conducted in a representative environment to understand occupant
kinematics, and quantify the effects from occupant body size
(5th/50th/95th), military gear
(helmet/vest/varying gear configurations), seatbelt type (5point/3point), and
advanced seatbelt features (pre-tensioner/load limiter) on occupant kinematics
and injury risks in frontal crashes. These tests have been used to validate a
set of finite element (FE) models of occupants, gear, and restraints. Kinematics
exhibited often included submarining due to the lack of knee bolster and the
added weight from the military gear. Body size, seatbelt type, and advanced belt
features also showed significant effects on occupant kinematics.
ANALYSIS OF CRATERS FROM LARGE BURIED CHARGES
Authors: Zeleznik Tom , Miiller Matt , Eridon James , West Jonathan
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of a series of controlled tests conducted with
large explosive charges in which a number of threat parameters were
systematically varied. After each test, careful measurements were made of the
crater dimensions. A statistical analysis was conducted in order to relate the
measured crater dimensions to the threat characteristics. The test plan examined
the effects of charge size, soil type, shape of the charge, and burial depth.
The results of the analysis showed that all of the threat parameters had a
significant effect on the most commonly measured dimension, the crater lip
diameter. As a consequence, any model that attempts to estimate charge size
based solely on crater size measurements will necessarily have large predictive
errors, on the order of a factor of two or more.
AN IMPROVED METHOD TO MORE ACCURATELY ASSESS THE JOHNSON-COOK HIGH
STRAIN-RATE DEFORMATION MATERIAL MODEL PARAMETERS - PART I
Authors: Hause Terry , Sheng Jianping
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Two relevant materials found in ground vehicle underbody armor/hull designs are
Aluminum 2139-T8 and RHA Steel (Class I). These are 2 very important materials
that need a thorough understanding of their high-strain rate behavior. The
Johnson-Cook Deformation (JC-D) model at this time is the most preferred
constitutive material model to utilize for high-strain (large deformation) blast
simulations. The JC-D Model contains five empirically-based input parameters
which can be determined traditionally through a series of uniaxial laboratory
tests where each target parameter is isolated, while the remaining parameters
are held constant. There are many criticisms and problems with this approach.
The objective of this two part paper is to present and adopt a more accurate
approach with less criticism to the determination of these five input parameters
through both a sensitivity study to determine which input parameters are the
most sensitive to a particular chosen response which in return will be utilized
to conduct a numerical / empirical physics-based approach known as Numerical
Optimization. Part 1 will focus on the sensitivity study while part 2 will focus
on the optimization study and validations to determine optimal values for the
JC-D Material Model Input Parameters. In part2, these optimized material input
parameters will be leveraged to run shock tube simulations after which
validations with various shock-tube blast load tests under various geometrical
and or loading conditions such as plate thickness, pressure loading, boundary
conditions, etc. will be made.
FAST INCREMENTAL LEARNING FOR AUTONOMOUS GROUND NAVIGATION
Authors: Provodin Artem , Torabi Liila , Muller Urs , Flepp Beat , Sergio Michael , Žbontar Jure , LeCun Yann , Jackel L. D.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

A promising approach to autonomous driving is machine learning. In machine
learning systems, training datasets are created that capture the sensory input
to a vehicle as well as the desired response. One disadvantage of using a
learned navigation system is that the learning process itself may require both a
huge number of training examples and a large amount of computing. To avoid the
need to collect a large training set of driving examples, we describe a system
that takes advantage of the immense number of training examples provided by
ImageNet, but at the same time is able to adapt quickly using a small training
set for the driving environment.
Considerations for the Development of a Pragmatic Systems Engineering
Process
Authors: Gaffney Tri
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The term “Systems Engineering” encompasses a large number of
‘engineering’ tools and processes that all can provide benefit
to a program, if used properly at the right time. The objective of this paper is
to describe how to navigate the elements of designing the various Systems
Engineering tools and process for the scope of the project. Some
organizations/individuals can over-use systems engineering tools, to the
detriment of project overhead; while others under use the tools at the expense
of project quality. There are a few basic tools that can help to justify the
magnitude and use of the project.