bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Outer Membrane‐Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Antibiotic Rifampicin against Gram‐Negative Bacterial Infection In Vivo
Authors: Wu Shuang , Huang Yi , Yan Jiachang , Li Yuzhen , Wang Jinfeng , Yang Yi Yan , Yuan Peiyan , Ding Xin
Published: June 2021

The efficacy of conventional antibiotics therapeutics has declined rapidly due to the emerged antibiotic resistance. There is an urgent need to develop novel approaches to address the problem of antibiotic shortage, particularly for Gram‐negative bacteria. Herein, a biomimetic nanodelivery system is proposed to enhance the bacterial targeting and uptake of rifampicin (Rif), a traditional antibiotic but not effective against Gram‐negative bacteria. The biomimetic nanodelivery system (Rif@MSN@OMV) is composed of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) isolated from E. coli as shell and rifampicin‐loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as core. The OMVs greatly improve the uptake of MSNs in E. coli, but not in Gram‐positive bacteria S. aureus, owing to the homotypic targeting function of the OMVs. The Rif@MSN@OMV exhibits enhanced antimicrobial activity against E. coli and completely eradicates bacteria at an equivalent rifampicin concentration (4 µg mL−1) while free rifampicin shows weak bactericidal activity. Meanwhile, the Rif@MSN@OMV maintains good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the Rif@MSN@OMV elevates survival rate of infected mice and reduces bacterial load in intraperitoneal fluid and organs. Overall, the OMVs‐coated nanodelivery system provides a novel strategy to improve the antimicrobial efficacy of conventional antibiotic or repurpose drugs for treatment of Gram‐negative bacterial infections.
3D Printing of Implants Composed of Nanjing Tamasudare‐Inspired Flexible Shape Transformers
Authors: Teshima Tetsuhiko F. , Hiendlmeier Lukas , Terkan Korkut , Zips Sabine , Grob Leroy , Zurita Francisco , Rinklin Philipp , Wolfrum Bernhard
Published: June 2021

Minimizing damage during the insertion of stents or other medical devices is critical for rapid and successful recovery. Since the delivery passages are often narrower than the size of the delivered object, a high deformability of the implanted devices is paramount to achieve a smooth insertion into the target tissue. In this study, a novel design of 3D‐printable and highly deformable structures inspired by Nanjing Tamasudare is proposed. These structures rapidly change dimensionality from flat to linear, elongated shapes. A series of single units that each comprises two interconnected rods and attaching loops are directly 3D‐printed without classical assembly or fabrication. Multiple units are connected together but remain individually movable and deformable. The smooth changes of the unit assembly, including shifting, bending, and inclination, allow to transform the structure from an initially condensed state to various types of target shapes. To verify the transformation capabilities, smooth insertion of the 3D‐printed structure in a mock‐up vessel through a small opening in an elongated state is demonstrated. After insertion, the units are reassembled to a stent‐like structure within the vessel. The authors believe that this 3D‐printable and highly transformable design is widely applicable for insertion operations of implantable devices or electronics.
Tuning the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Porous Electrodes for Architecting 3D Microsupercapacitors with Batteries‐Level Energy
Authors: Li Congming , Li Xiangming , Yang Qingzhen , Sun Pengcheng , Wu Lifeng , Nie Bangbang , Tian Hongmiao , Wang Yingche , Wang Chunhui , Chen Xiaoliang , Shao Jinyou
Published: June 2021

Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are vital power sources for internet of things (IoTs) and miniaturized electronics. The performance of MSCs is often restricted by its low areal energy density, which is due to the low areal mass loading of active materials. Constructing thick planar microelectrode with fine structure and high aspect ratio is an efficient way to increase mass loading, but limited by the breakable nature of porous electrode materials. Here, it is found that the mechanical and electrical properties of porous electrodes, as well as their surface area utilization and internal ion diffusion pathway, can be synergistically tuned by infilling gel electrolyte into internal pores of porous electrode films. The tuned thick porous electrode films are robust enough to enable laser ablation of three dimensional (3D) microelectrodes for high mass loading and high aspect ratio. The areal capacitance of 3D microelectrodes is able to increase linearly with mass loading (or thickness) up to at least 13 mg cm−2 (or 260 µm) for a value of up to 4640 mF cm−2 based on active carbon. The 3D MSCs deliver areal energy density of 1318 μWh cm−2, which is comparable to the best of Li‐ion 3D microbatteries while exhibiting superior electrochemical and mechanical stability.
Corotating twin‐screw extrusion of poly(lactic acid)PLA/poly(butylene succinate)PBS/ micro‐lamellar talc blends for extrusion blow molding of biobased bottles for alcoholic beverages
Authors: Aversa Clizia , Barletta Massimiliano , Gisario Annamaria , Pizzi Elisa , Prati Rosa , Vesco Silvia
Published: June 2021

Extrusion blow molding is a well‐established technology for the manufacture of fossil‐based plastic bottles. The process is, however, still little used for the manufacture of bottles with a low environmental footprint, especially those based on bioplastic from renewable sources. In this context, the objective of this work is precisely the study and experimental design of poly(lactic acid) PLA/poly(butylene succinate) PBS/micro‐lamellar talc compounds for the manufacturing of bioplastic bottles, basically for wine packaging. In particular, the design was carried out to ensure, primarily, an adequate processability of the bioplastic material in the blowing process. Second, the compound was loaded with different micro‐lamellar talc content so as to achieve protection from the environmental factors, which is of paramount importance to ensure a long shelf‐life to wine. The bio‐derived polyester resins are very complex to transform, as they are subject to thermo‐hydrolytic degradation phenomena during the processing of the polymer melt. Processability is further limited in the presence of high micro‐lamellar talc content that increases the melt viscosity, thus making the material even more difficult to shape by extrusion blow molding. The experimental analysis involved the use of a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder for the manufacture of the bioplastic compounds. The compounds were first subjected to thermo‐rheological and physical characterization tests. Second, it was tested in the extrusion blow molding process. The experimental results have shown that blends based on bio‐derived polyester resins can be adequately processed by extrusion blow molding, showing extremely stable rheological behavior both during the extrusion phase of the parison and the subsequent blowing process of the parison itself. These blends have, therefore, an interesting potential to be used as an alternative with a low environmental footprint to oil‐based plastics in the production of wine bottles.
Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mohammadi Shima , Zandi Milad , Dousti Kataj Parviz , Karimi Zandi Leila
Published: June 2021

Stress is a key factor in the development and progress of diseases. In neurodegenerative conditions, stress management can play an important role in maintaining the quality of life and the capacity to improve. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, cause the motor and cognitive malfunctions that are spontaneously stressful and also can disturb the neural circuits that promote stress responses. The interruption of those circuits leads to aggressive and inappropriate behavior. In addition, stress contributes to illness and may exacerbate symptoms. In this review, we present stress‐activated neural pathways involved in Alzheimer's disease from a clinical and experimental point of view, as well as supportive drugs and therapies.
Inside Dating Relationships Involving Violence End Now: Participants’ perspectives at a 6‐month follow‐up
Authors: Terrazas‐Carrillo Elizabeth , Garcia Ediza , Vásquez Desi , Sabina Chiara , Soto Ivette , Salazar Rebeca , Rodriguez Amanda S.
Published: June 2021

Dating Relationships Involving Violence End Now (DRIVEN) is a recently developed programme that is geared to Latino college students. The current study highlights DRIVEN participants’ perceptions of the programme at six months post‐programme. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 49 programme participants. Interviews were coded using conventional qualitative analysis with a team of seven researchers and resulted in three main themes. Psychological factors included group experience (safety, group cohesion and learning from others) and the impact of group leaders (characteristics and skills). Educational factors include learning about dating violence (DV) information and factors (learning about DV, the influence of Latino culture and Latino gender roles) and learning effective communication skills. The last theme of age group factors stressed personal growth such as gaining self‐awareness and learning how to help others. The themes identified by participants parallel several research findings on the aspects of effective programmes. These aspects, grounded within a group format for a culturally specific population, aid in dating violence prevention efforts.
Demography of the Oregon spotted frog along a hydrologically modified river
Authors: Rowe Jennifer C. , Duarte Adam , Pearl Christopher A. , McCreary Brome , Haggerty Patricia K. , Jones John W. , Adams Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Altered flow regimes can contribute to dissociation between life history strategies and environmental conditions, leading to reduced persistence reported for many wildlife populations inhabiting regulated rivers. The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) is a threatened species occurring in floodplains, ponds, and wetlands in the Pacific Northwest with a core range in Oregon, USA. All life stages of R. pretiosa are reliant on aquatic habitats, and inundation patterns across the phenological timeline can have implications for population success. We conducted capture–mark–recapture (CMR) sampling of adult and subadult R. pretiosa at three sites along the Deschutes River downstream from two dams that regulate flows. We related the seasonal extent of inundated habitat at each site to monthly survival probabilities using a robust design CMR model. We also developed matrix projection models to simulate population dynamics into the future under current river flows. Monthly survival was strongly associated with the extent and variability of inundated habitat, suggesting some within‐season fluctuations at higher water levels could be beneficial. Seasonal survival was lowest in the winter for all three sites, owing to limited water availability and the greater number of months within this season relative to other seasons. Population growth for the two river‐connected sites was most strongly linked to adult survival, whereas population growth at the river‐disconnected site was most strongly tied to survival in juvenile stages. This research identifies population effects of seasonally limited water and highlights conservation potential of enhancing survival of particularly influential life stages.
Future changes in precipitation extremes across China based on CMIP6 models
Authors: Xu Huiwen , Chen Huopo , Wang Huijun
Published: June 2021

A comparison assessment of model capabilities in simulating precipitation extremes across China was first implemented by using 30 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and using 36 CMIP6 models. The results indicate that the multi‐model median ensembles (MME) of both the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models can reasonably reproduce the climate means for the period from 1986 to 2005, and the biases are lower in most CMIP6 models compared to the CMIP5 models, especially over southern China. To provide further comparisons, 14 CMIP6 models are selected and compared with their predecessors in CMIP5. The results show that the CMIP6 models generally exhibit superior skill in simulating the extreme precipitation indices over China. The model spreads for most of the extreme indices in the CMIP6 version are also smaller. Additionally, the MMEs of the two CMIPs outperform individual models. However, some CMIP6 models also exhibit weaker skill levels in simulating some particular indices compared with those in CMIP5, which merits further investigation. The results from seven reanalyses further show large uncertainties for these indices; therefore, care should be taken in comparison with reanalyses. For future changes in precipitation extremes, total wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT), maximum 5‐day precipitation (RX5day) and very heavy precipitation days (R20mm) are projected to clearly increase across China over the coming century under the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) 2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios. However, the dry condition index of CDD exhibits a decreasing tendency in the future, which implies that the dry conditions induced by precipitation anomalies will be mitigated. However, large uncertainties are still observed for future changes, which are primarily sourced from inter‐model and scenario variabilities, especially for the projected changes at the end of the 21st century.
Head & neck melanoma: A 22‐year experience of recurrence following sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Echanique Kristen A. , Ghazizadeh Shabnam , Moon Andy , Kwan Kera , Pellionisz Peter A. , Rünger Dennis , Elashoff David , St. John Maie
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine the clinicopathologic factors that contribute to regional and distant recurrence in intermediate to high risk head and neck melanoma patients after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB).

Methods

This study is a retrospective review from an academic tertiary care center. Patients treated with SLNB for head and neck melanoma from 1997 to 2019 were reviewed and characterized by sentinel lymph node (SLN) status. Clinical variables were examined for the impact on regional and distant recurrence in SLNB‐negative patients using univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis.

Results

One hundred and fifty four patients were included. Of note, 127 (82.5 %) were men, and the average age was 61.3 years. Median follow‐up was 68.6 weeks. Pathologic review of SLNs found 3.9% positive for metastatic melanoma; 96.1% were negative. Regional recurrence was significantly associated with tumor stage and age on multivariate analysis. A total of 4.5% of patients recurred in a previously labeled negative basin. Scalp subsite accounted for 30.5% of primary tumors and was more likely to yield a positive SLN on univariate analysis (P = .023). Tumor stage and age were significantly associated with distant metastasis on multivariable analysis (P = .026, P < .001 respectively).

Conclusion

We report a number of prognostic trends in head and neck melanoma. SLN positivity was found more often in patients with a primary tumor of the scalp. Regional recurrence was significantly associated with age and tumor stage, whereas distant recurrence was significantly associated with tumor staging and scalp subsite. Scalp subsite was associated with an increased risk for nodal metastasis and distant recurrence.

Level of evidence

3.
Transient wave propagation in a multi‐layered soil with a fluid surface layer: 1D analytical/semi‐analytical solutions
Authors: Shan Zhendong , Jing Liping , Zhang Lei , Xie Zhinan , Ling Daosheng
Published: June 2021

This paper studies one‐dimensional transient wave propagation in a saturated multi‐layered soil with a fluid surface layer. Based on Biot theory, the eigenfunction expansion method, the transfer matrix method, the state‐space method, and the precise time step integration method are employed to develop analytical/semi‐analytical solutions. For a special case (large dynamic permeability coefficient), we obtain an analytical solution. For a general case (arbitrary dynamic permeability coefficient), due to the influence of the damping term, we develop a semi‐analytical solution that can be used to evaluate sediment with small dynamic permeability coefficients. The newly derived solutions are verified with solutions obtained by the Laplace transformation and numerical inverse Laplace transformation, which are also presented here. The newly derived solutions are presented in series form in the time domain and are straightforward and explicit so that the solutions are easy to implement. Through numerical examples, we analyse the influences of the dynamic fluid permeability coefficients on the transient response of the model, which is important in marine seismic and ocean acoustics applications.
Experimental investigation on flexural performance of semi‐precast reinforced concrete one‐way slab with joint
Authors: Liu Yun‐Lin , Huang Jun‐Qi , Chong Xun , Ye Xian‐Guo
Published: June 2021

Semi‐precast reinforced concrete (RC) slab, consisting of a precast plank with steel trusses, and a cast in‐situ concrete topping, has attracted more and more attention owing to its low formwork cost and low labor work. In order to investigate the influence of joint on the slab flexural performance and the force transfer mechanism at the joint, eight semi‐precast RC one‐way slabs were fabricated and tested under four‐point bending condition. The investigating parameters included the fundamental design part (i.e., whether designed with joint or steel truss) and geometrical parameter (i.e., slab thickness, steel truss spacing, and lap‐rebar length). The load‐deflection relationships, crack patterns, failure modes, and strain distributions were studied. Meanwhile, two‐dimensional finite element (FE) analysis based on FE software MSC.MARC was conducted to reproduce the test. The results indicated that (1) the steel truss could help to avoid the brittle failure in the semi‐precast RC one‐way slab with joint, and lead to a ductile failure; (2) the steel truss spacing and the lap‐rebar length would influence the load carrying capacity of the semi‐precast RC one‐way slab; and (3) the FE model could well predict the flexural performance of the specimens and could be used for further investigation.
Alfaxalone Successfully Immobilizes Small Indian Mongooses (Urva auropunctata): A Field Report
Authors: Sauvé Caroline C. , Rondenay Yves , Berentsen Are R. , Rivera‐Rodriguez Mel J. , Leighton Patrick A.
Published: June 2021

We investigated intramuscular administration of alfaxalone (5.3–10.0 mg/kg) as an immobilizing agent in free‐ranging small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on the island of St. Kitts, West Indies. From 5–11 January 2020, we successfully immobilized 10 of 11 mongooses. Alfaxalone provided rapid onset (median = 3 min) of immobilization. Mean duration of immobilization was 16.8 ± 3 min. Mean recovery time was 5.6 ± 1 min. There was no effect of dose administered on induction, anesthesia, or recovery times at the dose range used. We concluded that alfaxalone represents an effective alternative to dissociative agents for the immobilization of free‐ranging mongooses. Further studies are necessary to quantify alfaxalone effects on mongoose vital rates and blood parameters. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Is bicarbonate directly used as substrate to participate in photosynthetic oxygen evolution
Authors: Wu Yanyou
Published: June 2021

If the photosynthetic organisms assimilated only CO2 in the Archean atmosphere, hydroxide ion in the Archean seawater would not increase. If plants would not consume bicarbonate as a direct substrate during photosynthesis, it is difficult to explain the evolution of Earth's environment. To date, it is generally accepted that photosynthetic O2 evolution of plants come from water photolysis. However, it should be debated by evaluating the effect of bicarbonate in photosynthetic O2 evolution, analyzing the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in photosynthetic O2 evolution, and the relationship between thylakoid CA and photosynthetic O2 evolution. In the paper, I propose that bicarbonate is directly used as substrate to participate in photosynthetic O2 evolution. The rationality of bicarbonate photolysis of plants is discussed from the thermodynamics and evolution of Earth's environment. The isotopic evidence that bicarbonate is not the direct substrate of photosynthetic O2 release is reexamined, and the new explanation of bicarbonate photolysis in photosynthetic O2 evolution is proposed.
Early Prevention of Maternal Sexual Abuse
Authors: Gerke Jelena , Dietz Tatjana
Published: June 2021

Child sexual abuse has been discussed thoroughly; however, marginalized groups of victims such as victims of child sexual abuse in early childhood and victims of maternal sexual abuse have rarely been considered. This essay combines these two relevant perspectives in child protection and aims to pin out future directions in the field of child abuse and specifically maternal sexual abuse and its early prevention. In the course of the 7th Haruv International PhD Workshop on Child Maltreatment at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, in 2019 the topics of maternal sexual abuse and early prevention of child maltreatment in Germany were discussed and intertwined. Problems concerning the specific research of maternal sexual abuse in early childhood and prevention were identified. Both, maternal sexual abuse as well as sexual abuse in early childhood, i.e. before the age of three, are underreported topics. Society still follows a “friendly mother illusion” while recent cases in German media as well as research findings indicate that the mother can be a perpetrator of child sexual abuse. Similarly, sexual abuse in early childhood, namely abuse before the age of three, is existent; although the recognition of it is difficult and young children are, in regards to their age and development especially vulnerable. They need protective adults in their environment, who are aware of sexual abuse in the first years of life. Raising awareness on marginalized or tabooed topics can be a form of prevention. An open dialog in research and practice about the so far marginalized topics of maternal sexual abuse and sexual abuse in early childhood is crucial.
Imperial Legacies: The Historical Layers of a Maghrebi Society (1860 – 1930)
Authors: Oualdi M’hamed
Published: June 2021

A close study of the trans-Mediterranean legal conflicts prompted by the death of a former Tunisian minister in Florence in 1887, this article calls for a new interpretation of the history of modern North Africa. Rather than focusing on a close reading of colonial primary sources or depending on a single colonial temporality, this new interpretation must incorporate other analytical frameworks. It must also consider the overlap of French and Ottoman imperial temporalities that persisted across the Mediterranean until the 1920s, as well as the increasing number of litigations initiated before the French colonization of Tunisia—legal cases that were still influencing the rationales of North Africans during the colonial period. Analyzing these litigations not only in terms of their colonial context but also according to other temporalities, as well as diversifying our sources, allows us to nuance the commonplace, often reiterated in scholarly works on colonial North Africa, that there is a dearth of so-called “local” documentation. North African men and women involved in litigations contributed alongside Europeans to the writing of a huge amount of legal evidence and literary tracts, including in Arabic. Such sources were not always filed in the colonial archive. They are, however, of paramount importance for conceiving the modern history of North Africa in new ways.
Paintings off the Peg: The Retail Sale of Paintings in Tudor and Early Stuart England
Authors: Tittler Robert
Published: June 2021

The scholarly consideration of the marketing of luxury goods like paintings in Renaissance Europe has rightly concentrated on the Italian and Netherlandish experiences, while the discussion of an English retail market for paintings has focused on a later era. This article investigates the retail sale of painting in Tudor and early Stuart times. It asks what sorts of paintings were sold, who sold them, and what sorts of spaces accommodated such sales. Whereas conventional art historical research has concentrated on the production and sale of portraits, the discovery of an early seventeenth-century list of coat of arms painters holding retail shops in London adds additional support to the prominence of arms painting in such retail sales. This article considers the social context underlying the importance of displaying coats of arms and shows that arms painters engaged in the retail sale as well as the production of arms. The article proceeds to examine the varieties of retail spaces in which sales took place and concludes with a consideration of how retail sale of paintings contributed to London's role as a cultural center.
On the structure of polynomial roots
Authors: Nickalls R. W. D.
Published: June 2021

This Article explores how root multiplicity and polynomial degree influence the structure of the roots of a univariant polynomial. After setting up the notation, we draw upon a result derived in [1], and show that all polynomial roots have a common underlying structure comprising just five parameters. Finally we present some examples involving the lower polynomials.
Integral inequalities in probability theory revisited
Authors: Bougoffa Lazhar , Krasopoulos Panagiotis T.
Published: June 2021

In [1], the following conjecture was proposed concerning the distribution of ages in a closed interval [0, A]
Multiple criteria decision analysis for medicine reimbursement in the Lebanese context
Authors: Nasser Soumana C. , Aderian Sandrine Sarine , Khoury Hanane , Samaha Dima
Published: June 2021

Objective

The objective of this exploratory analysis is to reflect and discuss which criteria of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) would be relevant as part of value determination when appraising healthcare interventions in the Lebanese context.

Methods

A workshop was conducted as part of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Lebanon Chapter and included the two frameworks: Evidence and Value: Impact on Decision Making (EVIDEM) and Advance Value Framework. Thirty-seven participants expressed their individual preferences through a qualitative and a quantitative exercise.

Results

In the qualitative analysis of both frameworks, participants unanimously agreed on the relevance of comparative efficacy, safety, and impact of medical costs. In EVIDEM, disease severity and unmet needs were also considered to be important criteria by more than 90 percent of the participants. In the quantitative analysis of both frameworks, disease severity ranked first (a mean normalized weight of .1 in EVIDEM and .27 in Advance Value Framework), followed by the size of the population (.09), the type of therapeutic benefit at the patient level (.09) and population level (.08), and the efficacy (.07) in EVIDEM. In the Advance Value Framework, the combined unmet need/disease severity criteria were followed by direct and meaningful end points (.15), safety (.12), contraindications (.08), and indirect surrogate end points (.07).

Conclusions

The results were concordant with those reported in countries that have conducted similar surveys such as France, Italy, and Spain. The MCDA methodology could be used as a cornerstone to enhance evidence-based discussions among Lebanese stakeholders involved in evaluation and decision-making purposes.
Teacher pension enhancements and staffing in an urban school district
Authors: Ni Shawn , Podgursky Michael , Wang Xiqian
Published: June 2021

Many states enhanced benefits in teacher retirement plans during the 1990s. This paper examines the school staffing effects of one such enhancement in a major urban school district with mostly high poverty schools. Pension rule changes in 1999 for St. Louis public school teachers resulted in large increases in pension wealth for active teachers, as well as a powerful increase in ‘push’ incentives for earlier retirement. Simple descriptive statistics on retirement patterns before and after the enhancements suggest much earlier retirement resulted. Shorter teaching spells imply a steady state with more teacher turnover and a larger share of novice teachers in classrooms. To better understand the long-run effects of these changes and alternative policies, the authors estimate a structural model of teacher retirement. Simulations of retirement behavior for representative senior teachers point to shorter completed teaching spells and earlier retirement age as a result of the enhancements. By contrast, moving from the post-1999 to a DC-type plan would extend the teaching career of a representative senior teacher by roughly two years.
Control of acetolactate synthase inhibitor/glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in isoxaflutole/glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant soybean
Authors: Mausbach Jasmine , Irmak Suat , Sarangi Debalin , Lindquist John , Jhala Amit J.
Published: June 2021

Palmer amaranth is the most problematic and troublesome weed in agronomic cropping systems in the United States. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor and glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth has been confirmed in Nebraska and it is widespread in several counties. Soybean resistant to isoxaflutole/glufosinate/glyphosate has been developed that provides additional herbicide site of action for control of herbicide-resistant weeds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate herbicide programs for control of ALS inhibitor/GR Palmer amaranth and their effect on Palmer amaranth density and biomass, as well as soybean injury and yield in isoxaflutole/glufosinate/glyphosate–resistant soybean. Field experiments were conducted in a grower’s field infested with ALS inhibitor and GR Palmer amaranth near Carleton, Nebraska, in 2018 and 2019. Isoxaflutole applied alone or mixed with sulfentrazone/pyroxasulfone, flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone, or imazethapyr/saflufenacil/pyroxasulfone provided similar control (86%–99%) of Palmer amaranth 21 d after PRE (DAPRE). At 14 d after early-POST (DAEPOST), isoxaflutole applied PRE and PRE followed by (fb) POST controlled Palmer amaranth by 10% to 63% compared to 75% to 96% control with glufosinate applied EPOST in both years. A PRE herbicide fb glufosinate controlled Palmer amaranth 80% to 99% 21 d after late-POST (DALPOST) in 2018, and reduced density 89% to 100% in 2018 and 58% to 100% in 2019 at 14 DAEPOST. No soybean injury was observed from any of the herbicide programs tested in this study. Soybean yield in 2019 was relatively higher due to higher precipitation compared with 2018 with generally no differences between herbicide programs. This research indicates that herbicide programs are available for effective control of ALS inhibitor/GR Palmer amaranth in isoxaflutole/glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant soybean.
The Segmented Campo Felice Normal Faults: Seismic Potential Appraisal by Application of Empirical Relationships Between Rupture Length and Earthquake Magnitude in the Central Apennines, Italy
Authors: Schirripa Spagnolo Giulia , Mercuri Marco , Billi Andrea , Carminati Eugenio , Galli Paolo
Published: June 2021

During earthquakes, fault rupture can involve multiple segments in synchronous or cascade mechanisms, leading to an increasing magnitude of the mainshock or rate of aftershocks. Since the seismogenic portions of faults are inaccessible, studying the geometrical and mechanical interaction between exhumed fault segments can contribute to the understanding of multisegment and cascade earthquake scenarios at depth. We investigated a segmented active normal fault system in the Campo Felice area (central Italian Apennines), where fault scarps are well exposed. In this area, there are no instrumental‐historical records of intermediate‐strong earthquakes, although paleoseismology provided evidence for ancientMw > 5 earthquakes. Geometry and kinematics of the studied faults as well as their physical linkage and mechanical interaction were assessed. Results of field surveys and geological‐structural mapping, serial cross‐sections, and throw versus distance diagrams highlight different stages of mechanical interaction between the Campo Felice faults. The suitability of three empirical equations relating earthquake rupture length and magnitude was tested in comparison to a new equation that we developed considering the last sevenMw > 5.5 earthquakes (1997–2016) from the central Apennines. Results show that the Campo Felice faults can produce earthquakes with maximumMwof ∼5.8 and 6.2 with single or synchronous ruptures, respectively. In turn, Coulomb stress change modeling shows that the seismic hazard can increase considering a quasi‐synchronous or cascade activation of the Campo Felice faults together with nearby faults.
Epoxy/alumina composite coating on welded steel 316L with excellent wear and anticorrosion properties
Authors: Hammi Maryama , Ziat Younes , Zarhri Zakaryaa , Laghlimi Charaf , Moutcine Abdelaziz
Published: June 2021

The main purpose of this study is to elaborate anticorrosive coatings for the welded steel 316L, since this later is widely used in industrial field. Hence, within this work we have studied the electrochemical behaviour of different zones of the welded steel 316 in 1 M HCl media. The macrography study of the welded steel has revealed the different areas with a good contrast. We have stated three different zones, namely; melted zone (MZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal zone (BM). Impedance studies on welded steel 316L were conducted in 1 M HCl solution, coating of Epoxy/Alumina composite was applied on different zones, in order to reveal the anti-corrosion efficiency in each zone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was undertaken in order to check how far the used coating in such aggressive media protects the studied zones and these findings were assessed by water contact angle measurements. The choice of this coating is based on the cost and the safety. We concluded that the Epoxy/Alumina composite has a good protecting effect regarding welded steel in aggressive media.
Manipulation of parity and polarization through structural distortion in light-emitting halide double perovskites
Authors: Appadurai Tamilselvan , Kashikar Ravi , Sikarwar Poonam , Antharjanam Sudhadevi , Nanda Birabar Ranjit Kumar , Chandiran Aravind Kumar
Published: June 2021

Halide perovskite materials recently attracted wide attention for light-emitting applications. The intense white light emission and excited state lifetimes greater than 1 μs are the hallmarks of a good light-emitting material. Here, we provide a clear design strategy to achieve both of these aforementioned properties in a single material via the introduction of octahedral asymmetry in halide double perovskites Cs2AgMCl6 through iso-trivalent substitution at the M site. In the substituted Cs2AgMCl6, the presence of mixed M3+ sites distorts the [AgCl6]5- octahedra, affecting the parity of the valence and conduction band edges and thereby altering the optical transitions. The distortion also creates a local polarization that leads to an effective photogenerated carrier separation. Considering perovskite series with three M3+ cations, namely Bi3+, In3+ and Sb3+, the mixed trivalent cationic compounds with specific ratios of In3+ and Bi3+ show white light emission with intensity nearly 150 times larger than that of the parent compounds, and are characterised by excited state lifetimes nearing 1 μs. Using single crystal X-ray diffraction, far-infrared absorption, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, bias-dependent photoluminescence, P-E loop traces and density-functional theory calculations, we hence demonstrate the role of octahedral distortion in enhancing white light emission and excited state lifetimes of halide double perovskites.
Microstructure study of fractured polar bear hair for toughening, strengthening, stiffening designs via energy dissipation and crack deflection mechanisms in materials
Authors: Stachewicz Urszula
Published: June 2021

Crack propagation stopping inside the polar bear hair – a microstructure study to design the optimum toughening mechanism in materials.
Interpretation of DNA data within the context of UK forensic science — investigation
Authors: Pope Susan , Puch-Solis Roberto
Published: June 2021

This article is the second part of a review of the interpretation of DNA data in forensic science. The first part describes the evaluation of autosomal profile for criminal trials where an evidential weight is assigned to the profile of a person of interest (POI) and a crime-scene profile. This part describes the state of the art and future advances in the interpretation of forensic DNA data for providing intelligence information during an investigation. Forensic DNA is crucial in the investigative phase of an undetected crime where a POI needs to be identified. A sample taken from a crime scene is profiled using a range of forensic DNA tests. This review covers investigation using autosomal profiles including searching national and international crime and reference DNA databases. Other investigative methodologies described are kinship analysis; familial searching; Y chromosome (Y-STR) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) profiles; appearance prediction and geographic ancestry; forensic genetic genealogy; and body identification. For completeness, the evaluation of Y-STRs, mtDNA and kinship analysis are briefly described. Taken together, parts I and II, cover the range of interpretation of DNA data in a forensic context.
Maternal Use of Decontextualized and Contextualized Talk: An In-Depth Investigation of Early Parent–Child Interactions in Down Syndrome
Authors: Hilvert Elizabeth , Lorang Emily , Sterling Audra
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The goal of this study was to characterize and quantify maternal use of decontextualized and contextualized input during mother–child interactions including young children with Down syndrome (DS).

Method

Participants included 22 mother–child dyads with DS (Mage= 42.8 months) and 22 mother–child dyads with typical development (Mage= 44.0 months). Parent–child language samples were collected during free-play, book reading, and snack time, and coded for maternal decontextualized (i.e., pretend, explanatory, and narrative talk) and contextualized input (i.e., descriptions, conversation, praise, questions, and directives).

Results

Mothers of children with DS used a larger proportion of pretend talk compared to other types of decontextualized input and also used a larger proportion of questions, conversation, and descriptions compared to other types of contextualized language. Mothers of children with DS generally used a smaller proportion of decontextualized input compared to mothers of children with typical development, with the exception of pretend talk. Maternal decontextualized input was not related to children's age or language ability in DS.

Conclusions

Findings shed new light on the early language environments of children with DS, providing important insight into the ways that mothers of children with DS are incorporating decontextualized and contextualized talk into early mother–child conversations. Additional implications and future directions are discussed.
Analysis of Trade Diversion Effect Under Sino-us Trade Friction - Taking Developing Countries and Developed Countries As Examples
Authors: Deng Chuang
Published: June 2021

Under the background of sino-us trade friction, what kind of trade diversion effect will china produce to the third country market. Based on the monthly import and export data of China and its 11 major trading partners from January 2014 to December 2019, this paper analyzes the trade diversion of sino-us trade frictions to China’s neighboring countries by using the double-difference and panel quantile methods, and through the selection of developing countries and developed countries as a control group for the spillover effects of trade transfer analysis. Empirical analysis: under the background of China’s trade frictions, China’s imports and exports to the United States have been significantly negatively affected, the trade conflict between China and the United States has a significant trade diversion effect on the third country, and the spillover effect on the developing country is larger and longer-term than that on the developed country.
Emergency Financial System in China after COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Ding Zifang
Published: June 2021

China has always had frequent disasters, and unexpected emergency public events often bring great impact to the national economy, so it is very important for the emergency financial management mechanism to effectively respond to. Combining with the emergency financial control measures for the new crown pneumonia epidemic, this paper analyses the imperfections of the current emergency financial control system in China from four aspects: contingency, delineation of fiscal responsibilities among central and local financial departments in the field of emergency management, institutionalization of emergency financial system, supervision and management, and puts forward corresponding suggestions and countermeasures.
Ruminate on the Path Choice of Carbon Finance Development Under the Background of Low Carbon Economy
Authors: Wang Tong
Published: June 2021

Low-carbon economy is one of the main trends of economic development at this stage, which emphasizes low energy consumption, low pollution, low emissions and high efficiency and effectiveness. The development of low-carbon economy pays more and more attention to the control of greenhouse gas emissions, so in practice, the construction and utilization of economic development model based on greenhouse gas emission control objectives has outstanding practical value. Carbon finance is a financial model that can effectively control greenhouse gas emissions based on the general background of low-carbon economy, and its influence is expanding in the process of worldwide low-carbon economic development. It is of outstanding practical significance to emphasize the choice of carbon finance development path in the context of low-carbon economy and to realize the standardization and specialization of carbon finance development. The article analyzes and discusses the path choice of carbon finance development under the background of low carbon economy, aiming to provide guidance and help for practical work.
Analysis of Relevant Research Progress of Intelligent Sports Industry
Authors: Zhao Yaping , Cai Jie
Published: June 2021

Intelligent sports industry is the organic combination of intelligent industry and sport industry, and it is industrialization performance of intelligent sport. Through literature analysis method and logical interpretation method, four aspects are sorted out into intelligent industry, sport industry, intelligent sport industry and intelligent sports industry, so as to clarify the current academic history and research dynamics of intelligent sport industry. Found: the overall trend of intelligent industry is analyzed, and the corresponding development path and development mode; different industries develop intelligent industry in different directions, and the lack of research, the specific industry, especially the sportindustry.
Research on the Impact of Human capital on the Transformation and Upgrading of China’s Industrial Structure from the Perspective of Low Carbon Development
Authors: Gao Yiwen
Published: June 2021

From the perspective of low-carbon, this paper analyzes the impact of human capital on the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure. Firstly, it combs the relevant literature, then theoretically analyzes the mechanism of human capital on the transformation and upgrading of China’s industrial structure, and then selects the energy consumption data of 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2006 to 2016 Human capital data, using panel data analysis for empirical test. The results show that human capital has a positive effect on the low-carbon transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, but there are some differences in the effect on the whole country and different regions in the East, middle and West. Finally, from the perspective of the government, enterprises, schools and individuals, this paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as responding to the economic transformation and low-carbon economy policies, strengthening human capital investment, and accelerating the cultivation of low-carbon talents.
Design of New Elderly Care Service Acquisition Mode from the Perspective of Internet Economic Innovation
Authors: Ding Yi , Zhang Zhe , Yang Meiyun , Sun Fengqi
Published: June 2021

This research focuses on a service acquisition mode for parents in urban separated families of China to promote the popularization of elderly care services in Internet economy. Based on interviews and questionnaires, authors find the pain point of the elderly care service acquisition mode and propose a tripartite participatory mode. Using this new service acquisition mode, adult children can play an assistant role with a smartphone-based service purchase platform. Next, in order to determine what services should be provided priorly on the platform, an empirical study based on questionnaires and KANO model is carried out to screen a propriate services items. Through the innovation of new elderly care service acquisition mode, more practitioners are supposed to expands their business effectively in aging market, and to play an ever more active role in the growth of Internet economy.
The Influence of Government Subsidies on Enterprise Innovation Performance
Authors: Lan Wang
Published: June 2021

In the current society of innovative development, the innovation and reform of enterprises is particularly important in the development of the entire industry, especially with the country’s vigorous support for innovation and entrepreneurship in recent years. The rise of enterprises in the market is like mushrooms, and the development of enterprises will usher in a new challenge and opportunity, in order to be able to occupy a certain position among many enterprises and obtain greater advantages. Enterprises must constantly adjust their development strategies based on social reforms. However, the government subsidies to enterprises are one of the important starting points for China to realize the industrial policy, and they have played an important role in supporting and developing China’s relatively weak and strategic industries. In the development of enterprises, the influence of government subsidies on the development of enterprises should not be ignored. For this reason, further exploration of the impact of government subsidies on the development of enterprise innovation performance has become an issue that governments and enterprises need to study and pay attention to. This article will further briefly introduce the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation performance.