bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospects of Using Small Scale Testing to Examine Different Deformation Mechanisms in Nanoscale Single Crystals—A Case Study in Mg
Authors: Kiener Daniel , Jeong Jiwon , Alfreider Markus , Konetschnik Ruth , Oh Sang Ho
Published: January 2021

The advent of miniaturised testing techniques led to excessive studies on size effects in materials. Concomitantly, these techniques also offer the capability to thoroughly examine deformation mechanisms operative in small volumes, in particular when performed in-situ in electron microscopes. This opens the feasibility of a comprehensive assessment of plasticity by spatially arranging samples specifically with respect to the crystal unit cell of interest. In the present manuscript, we will showcase this less commonly utilised aspect of small-scale testing on the case of the hexagonal metal Mg, where, besides dislocation slip on different slip planes, twinning also exists as a possible deformation mechanism. While it is close to impossible to examine individual deformation mechanisms in macroscale tests, where local multiaxial stress states in polycrystalline structures will always favour multiple mechanisms of plasticity, we demonstrate that miniaturised uniaxial experiments conducted in-situ in the scanning electron microscope are ideally suited for a detailed assessment of specific processes.
Structural Design Simulation of Bayonet Heat Exchanger for Sulfuric Acid Decomposition
Authors: Gao Qunxiang , Zhang Ping , Peng Wei , Chen Songzhe , Zhao Gang
Published: January 2021

The heat generated in a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor can be used to drive the iodine-sulfur cycle to produce hydrogen. However, the sulfuric acid decomposition step requires a sophisticated sulfuric acid decomposer to increase the decomposition rate. The decomposition of sulfuric acid mainly occurs in the catalytic zone, and the optimization of its structure is very important for increasing the decomposition rate. This study focuses on the structural design of the catalytic zone of the sulfuric acid decomposer unit. The structure with double inner tubes is designed to analyze the influence of the inner tube heat transfer area and the catalytic volume of the annulus region on the decomposition rate. The species transport model is used to predict the proportion of products followed by analysis of the key factors affecting the decomposition rate of the catalytic domain. The results reveal that the new design attains the decomposition temperature requirements and increases the fluid velocity of the inner tube. This in turn promotes the heat transfer effect. The decomposition rate is negatively correlated with the flow rate. Nonetheless, a structure with double inner tubes which have the same total area of inner tube as a structure with a single inner tube has a better optimization effect than a structure which has the same annulus catalytic volume as a structure with single inner tube. It increases the decomposition rate by up to 6.1% while a structure which has the same annulus catalytic volume as a structure with a single inner tube does the same by up to 1.7%. The decomposition rate can be maintained at a relatively high level when the inlet velocity of the current structural design is about 0.2 m/s. This study provides a reference for the engineering design of sulfuric acid decomposer based on the heat exchange area and catalytic volume.
Peak Ratio Characteristic Value Sequence Based Signal Processing Method for Transit-Time Ultrasonic Gas Flowmeter
Authors: Li Bin , Gou Yang , Chen Jie , Zhang Zhengyu
Published: January 2021

The transit-time ultrasonic gas flowmeter plays a vital part in the measurement field with its unique advantages. In recent years, it has developed into a research hotspot in the field of gas flow measurement. However, while the ultrasonic signal propagates in gas, the amplitude fluctuation of the ultrasonic signal is produced under the condition of energy attenuation and unstable flow field. This leads to inaccurate transit time of ultrasonic signal that causes flow calculation errors. Aiming at this problem, a signal processing method is proposed in this paper for the transit-time ultrasonic gas flowmeter based on the peak ratio characteristic value sequence (PRCVS). Through the research on the mathematical model of ultrasonic signal, the ratio of the amplitude of adjacent peaks is defined as the peak ratio characteristic value (PRCV) of the peak. According to the corresponding relationship between the PRCV and the peak serial number, a set of reference PRCVS is established. By matching the characteristic value of the ultrasonic signal with the reference characteristic value sequence, the peak serial number can be determined. In this research, the PRCVS-based signal processing method is applied to the gas flow measurement system based on time-to-digital converter (TDC) that has strict requirements on the peak serial number which can verify the validity of the method. The calibration experiment of basic measurement performance test and the unstable flow field experiment of the curved pipe were performed on the gas flow standard device, which verified the stability and validity of the method proposed in this paper.
Dynamics of Switched Reluctance Linear Tubular Motor for Reciprocating Water Pump
Authors: Dyrcz Krzysztof , Kubiczek Mariusz , Mendrela Ernest A. , Derugo Piotr
Published: January 2021

Simple, cheap, and efficient water pumps are needed in developing countries. A reciprocating water pump driven by a switched reluctance linear tubular motor with double pistons that can be supplied from a photovoltaic power source seems to respond to this demand. This type of new motor (one with reciprocating motion) is presented in the paper. In order to develop a strong driving force at two extreme piston positions and achieve a long piston stroke, a double coil motor with a double secondary and two springs is proposed. Simulation results of force, current, and voltage waveforms obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are presented. The electromagnetic forces and coil inductances, which depended on the current and the secondary positions of the pistons, were determined using FEM. Simulation results are compared with those obtained from an experiment carried out on the motor prototype.
A Novel Application of Ensemble Methods with Data Resampling Techniques for Drill Bit Selection in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Tewari Saurabh , Dwivedi Umakant Dhar , Biswas Susham
Published: January 2021

Selection of the most suitable drill bit type is an important task for drillers when planning for new oil and gas wells. With the advancement of intelligent predictive models, the automated selection of drill bit type is possible using earlier drilled offset wells’ data. However, real-field well data samples naturally involve an unequal distribution of data points that results in the formation of a complex imbalance multi-class classification problem during drill bit selection. In this analysis, Ensemble methods, namely Adaboost and Random Forest, have been combined with the data re-sampling techniques to provide a new approach for handling the complex drill bit selection process. Additionally, four popular machine learning techniques namely, K-nearest neighbors, naïve Bayes, multilayer perceptron, and support vector machine, are also evaluated to understand the performance degrading effects of imbalanced drilling data obtained from Norwegian wells. The comparison of results shows that the random forest with bootstrap class weighting technique has given the most impressive performance for bit type selection with testing accuracy ranges from 92% to 99%, and G-mean (0.84–0.97) in critical to normal experimental scenarios. This study provides an approach to automate the drill bit selection process over any field, which will minimize human error, time, and drilling cost.
Energy Efficiency of a Quadruped Robot with Neuro-Inspired Control in Complex Environments
Authors: Arena Paolo , Patanè Luca , Taffara Salvatore
Published: January 2021

This paper proposes an analysis of the energy efficiency of a small quadruped robotic structure, designed based on the MIT Mini Cheetah, controlled using a central pattern generator based on the FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron. The robot’s performance evaluated on structurally complex terrain in a dynamic simulation environment is compared with other robotic structures on wheels and with hybrid architectures. The energy cost involved in carrying out an assigned task involving the need to traverse uneven terrain is calculated as a relevant index to be taken into account. In particular, simple control strategies impacting the leg trajectories are taken into account as the main factors affecting the energy efficiency in different terrain configurations. The adaptation of the leg trajectories is evaluated depending on the terrain characteristics, improving the locomotion performance.
Does Juvenile Stand Management Matter? Regional Scenarios of the Long-Term Effects on Wood Production
Authors: Haikarainen Soili , Huuskonen Saija , Ahtikoski Anssi , Lehtonen Mika , Salminen Hannu , Siipilehto Jouni , Korhonen Kari T. , Hynynen Jari , Routa Johanna
Published: January 2021

We analysed the regional level effects of juvenile stand management (early cleaning and precommercial thinning), shortly termed tending on wood production and the profitability of forest management. Altogether ca. 0.4 million hectares of juvenile stands from two significant forestry regions of Finland, South and North Savo, were examined. We used plot-level data of the 11th National Forest Inventory to represent the current status of juvenile stands in the study area, and the Motti stand simulator to predict the future developments of those stands for the next 100 years. We applied three scenarios: (i) Timely tending, (ii) delayed tending, and (iii) no tending, to examine differences between these alternative levels of juvenile stand management. The results showed the benefits of tending at a regional level. Timely tending was the most profitable option when low or modest interest rates (2–3%) were applied in the assessment. Even a short delay in tending clearly increased the tending costs. Delaying and neglecting tending resulted in significant losses, especially in sawlog removals and stumpage earnings. The financial gain from tending was the highest on fertile sites. Due to the high growth rate of trees, the situation may change very quickly on such sites. For the operational forestry, this means that fertile sites should have a high priority when conducting timely tendings.
Comparative Study of Early- and Mid-Ripening Peach (Prunus persica L.) Varieties: Biological Activity, Macro-, and Micro- Nutrient Profile
Authors: Mihaylova Dasha , Popova Aneta , Desseva Ivelina , Petkova Nadezhda , Stoyanova Magdalena , Vrancheva Radka , Slavov Anton , Slavchev Alexandar , Lante Anna
Published: January 2021

Exploring the chemical composition and biological activity of different fruit varieties is essential for the valorization of their health claims. The current study focuses on a detailed comparative analysis of three early- and two mid-ripening peach varieties: “Filina” (peach), “July Lady” (peach), “Laskava” (peach), “Gergana” (nectarine), and “Ufo 4” (flat peach). They were characterized in terms of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates (sugars and dietary fibers), amino acid content, and lipids as well as mineral content, fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll. Polyphenolic compounds and the related antioxidant activity were also assessed. The methanolic extract of the peel seems to be richer in the studied biologically active substances compared to the fleshy part of the fruit. Anthocyanins were most abundant in “Gergana” and “July Lady” extracts (6624.8 ± 404.9 and 7133.6 ± 388.8 µg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g fw, resp.). The total phenol content of the samples varied from 34.11 ± 0.54 to 157.97 ± 0.67 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fw. “Filina” and “July Lady” varieties possessed the highest antioxidant activity. Overall, the results of this study confirm that the studied peach varieties have satisfactory nutritional value and are potential sources of biologically active substances. Each variety represents an individual palette of nutrients that should be considered separately from the other.
Sequencing Red Fox Y Chromosome Fragments to Develop Phylogenetically Informative SNP Markers and Glimpse Male-Specific Trans-Pacific Phylogeography
Authors: Sacks Benjamin N. , Lounsberry Zachary T. , Rando Halie M. , Kluepfel Kristopher , Fain Steven R. , Brown Sarah K. , Kukekova Anna V.
Published: January 2021

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) has a wide global distribution with many ecotypes and has been bred in captivity for various traits, making it a useful evolutionary model system. The Y chromosome represents one of the most informative markers of phylogeography, yet it has not been well-studied in the red fox due to a lack of the necessary genomic resources. We used a target capture approach to sequence a portion of the red fox Y chromosome in a geographically diverse red fox sample, along with other canid species, to develop single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, 13 of which we validated for use in subsequent studies. Phylogenetic analyses of the Y chromosome sequences, including calibration to outgroups, confirmed previous estimates of the timing of two intercontinental exchanges of red foxes, the initial colonization of North America from Eurasia approximately half a million years ago and a subsequent continental exchange before the last Pleistocene glaciation (~100,000 years ago). However, in contrast to mtDNA, which showed unidirectional transfer from Eurasia to North America prior to the last glaciation, the Y chromosome appears to have been transferred from North America to Eurasia during this period. Additional sampling is needed to confirm this pattern and to further clarify red fox Y chromosome phylogeography.
Inhibition of the Lipid Droplet–Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Axis Suppresses Cancer Stem Cell Properties
Authors: Kuramoto Kenta , Yamamoto Masahiro , Suzuki Shuhei , Togashi Keita , Sanomachi Tomomi , Kitanaka Chifumi , Okada Masashi
Published: January 2021

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), having both self-renewal and tumorigenic capacity, utilize an energy metabolism system different from that of non-CSCs. Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles that store neutral lipids, including triacylglycerol. Previous studies demonstrated that LDs are formed and store lipids as an energy source in some CSCs. LDs play central roles not only in lipid storage, but also as a source of endogenous lipid ligands, which are involved in numerous signaling pathways, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. However, it remains unclear whether LD-derived signal transduction is involved in the maintenance of the properties of CSCs. We investigated the roles of LDs in cancer stemness using pancreatic and colorectal CSCs and isogenic non-CSCs. PPARα was activated in CSCs in which LDs accumulated, but not in non-CSCs, and pharmacological and genetic inhibition of PPARα suppressed cancer stemness. In addition, inhibition of both re-esterification and lipolysis pathways suppressed cancer stemness. Our study suggested that LD metabolic turnover accompanying PPARα activation is a promising anti-CSC therapeutic target.
Prehospital Diagnosis of Shortness of Breath Caused by Profound Metformin-Associated Metabolic Acidosis
Authors: Fubini Pietro Elias , Suppan Laurent
Published: January 2021

Shortness of breath is a common complaint among patients in emergency medicine. While most common causes are usually promptly identified, less frequent aetiologies might be challenging to diagnose, especially in the pre-hospital setting. We report a case of prehospital dyspnoea initially ascribed to pulmonary oedema which turned out to be the result of profound metformin-associated metabolic acidosis. This diagnosis was already made during the prehospital phase by virtue of arterial blood gas measurement. Pre-hospital measurement of arterial blood gases is therefore feasible and can improve diagnostic accuracy in the field, thus avoiding unnecessary delay and potential harm to the patient before initiating the appropriate therapeutic actions.
Determinants of Behavioral Changes Since COVID-19 among Middle School Students
Authors: Lee Jaewon , Allen Jennifer , Lim Hyejung , Choi Gyuhyun
Published: January 2021

Middle school students are of particular interest when examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic because they are in a formative period for socioemotional development, and because they are not as mature as adults, making them more vulnerable to the effects of the current pandemic. This study seeks to examine determinants of protective behavior changes since COVID-19 among middle school students. Participants were recruited through an official online flatform used by public schools. The final sample included 328 middle school students in South Korea. A multiple linear regression was conducted to explore what factors influence protective behavior changes since COVID-19. Gender and health status were associated with protective behavior changes since COVID-19. Family satisfaction was positively associated with protective behavior changes. Levels of sanitation since COVID-19 and perceptions regarding the risk of COVID-19 were significantly related to protective behavior changes. This study suggests to consider three factors–individual, family, and environmental—in order to prevent middle school students from contracting and spreading the virus.
Decoupling and Decomposition Analysis of Land Natural Capital Utilization and Economic Growth: A Case Study in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
Authors: Guo Shanshan , Wang Yinghong , Huang Jiu , Dong Jihong , Zhang Jian
Published: January 2021

In order to reduce the depletion of land natural capital and develop economy simultaneously, it is necessary to study how to achieve the strong decoupling relationship between them. However, so far such studies have been relatively limited. Thus, taking the case of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, this paper firstly analyzes the state of land natural capital utilization in 1999–2017 by using improved ecological footprint. Then, decoupling state is quantified by Tapio decoupling model. Last, major driving factors on the decoupling relationship are explored with combination of LMDI decomposition and Kaya identity equation. Results showed that: (1) Both natural capital flows and stock depletion of cultivated land decrease obviously during the transition to corn-based intensive ecological agriculture. Grassland and water are the most unsustainable development sectors among all land types with their stock depletion intensified. Forest land and construction land could basically meet the consumer demand, but the flow occupancy of construction land is the fastest-growing segment. (2) Decoupling relationship is in an alternating state between weak decoupling and strong decoupling in 1999–2017. Wherein, the cultivated land and forest land showed a preferred decoupling state, followed by grassland, while the water and construction land showed the unfavorable expansive negative decoupling and weak decoupling. (3) Decomposition results show that intensity effect is the major factor that promotes the decoupling while economic effect inhibits the decoupling, but this negative impact is weakening in the process of industrial transformation. The other three factors affect less on the decoupling. This study has a certain reference value to construct an ecological civilization in eco-fragile regions and formulate relevant policies on the increase of land natural capital efficiency.
Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer
Authors: Musial Claudia , Zaucha Renata , Kuban-Jankowska Alicja , Konieczna Lucyna , Belka Mariusz , Marino Gammazza Antonella , Baczek Tomasz , Cappello Francesco , Wozniak Michal , Gorska-Ponikowska Magdalena
Published: January 2021

Malignant neoplasms are among the most common diseases and are responsible for the majority of deaths in the developed world. In contrast to men, available data show a clear upward trend in the incidence of lung cancer in women, making it almost as prevalent as breast cancer. Women might be more susceptible to the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke than men. Furthermore, available data indicate a much more frequent mutation of the tumor suppressor gene-p53 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) female patients compared to males. Another important factor, however, might lie in the female sex hormones, whose mitogenic or carcinogenic effect is well known. Epidemiologic data show a correlation between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives (OCs), and increased mortality rates due to the increased incidence of malignant tumors, including lung cancer. Interestingly, two types of estrogen receptors have been detected in lung cancer cells: ERα and ERβ. The presence of ERα has been detected in tissues and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. In contrast, overexpression of ERβ is a prognostic marker in NSCLC. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of estrogens in the etiopathogenesis of lung cancer, as well as biological, hormonal and genetic sex-related differences in this neoplasm.
Infant Emotional Mimicry of Strangers: Associations with Parent Emotional Mimicry, Parent-Infant Mutual Attention, and Parent Dispositional Affective Empathy
Authors: Salvadori Eliala A. , Colonnesi Cristina , Vonk Heleen S. , Oort Frans J. , Aktar Evin
Published: January 2021

Emotional mimicry, the tendency to automatically and spontaneously reproduce others’ facial expressions, characterizes human social interactions from infancy onwards. Yet, little is known about the factors modulating its development in the first year of life. This study investigated infant emotional mimicry and its association with parent emotional mimicry, parent-infant mutual attention, and parent dispositional affective empathy. One hundred and seventeen parent-infant dyads (51 six-month-olds, 66 twelve-month-olds) were observed during video presentation of strangers’ happy, sad, angry, and fearful faces. Infant and parent emotional mimicry (i.e., facial expressions valence-congruent to the video) and their mutual attention (i.e., simultaneous gaze at one another) were systematically coded second-by-second. Parent empathy was assessed via self-report. Path models indicated that infant mimicry of happy stimuli was positively and independently associated with parent mimicry and affective empathy, while infant mimicry of sad stimuli was related to longer parent-infant mutual attention. Findings provide new insights into infants’ and parents’ coordination of mimicry and attention during triadic contexts of interactions, endorsing the social-affiliative function of mimicry already present in infancy: emotional mimicry occurs as an automatic parent-infant shared behavior and early manifestation of empathy only when strangers’ emotional displays are positive, and thus perceived as affiliative.
Social Inclusion and Physical Activity in Ciclovía Recreativa Programs in Latin America
Authors: Mejia-Arbelaez Carlos , Sarmiento Olga L. , Mora Vega Rodrigo , Flores Castillo Mónica , Truffello Ricardo , Martínez Lina , Medina Catalina , Guaje Oscar , Pinzón Ortiz José David , Useche Andres F , Rojas-Rueda David , Delclòs-Alió Xavier
Published: January 2021

Ciclovía Recreativa is a program in which streets are closed off to automobiles so that people have a safe and inclusive space for recreation and for being physically active. The study aims were: (1) to compare participant’s spatial trajectories in four Ciclovía Recreativa programs in Latin America (Bogotá, Mexico City, Santiago de Cali, and Santiago de Chile) according to socioeconomic characteristics and urban segregation of these cities; and (2) to assess the relationship between participants’ physical activity (PA) levels and sociodemographic characteristics. We harmonized data of cross-sectional studies including 3282 adults collected between 2015 and 2019. We found the highest mobility for recreation in Bogotá, followed closely by Santiago de Cali. In these two cities, the maximum SES (socioeconomic status) percentile differences between the neighborhood of origin and the neighborhoods visited as part of the Ciclovía use were 33.58 (p-value < 0.001) and 30.38 (p-value < 0.001), respectively, indicating that in these two cities, participants were more likely to visit higher or lower SES neighborhoods than their average SES-of-neighborhood origin. By contrast, participants from Mexico City and Santiago de Chile were more likely to stay in geographic units similar to their average SES-of-origin, having lower overall mobility during leisure time: maximum SES percentile difference 1.55 (p-value < 0.001) and −0.91 (p-value 0.001), respectively. PA levels of participants did not differ by sex or SES. Our results suggest that Ciclovía can be a socially inclusive program in highly unequal and segregated urban environments, which provides a space for PA whilefacilitat physical proximity, exposure to new communities and environments, and interactions between different socioeconomic groups.
Spatial-Temporal Modelling of Disease Risk Accounting for PM2.5 Exposure in the Province of Pavia: An Area of the Po Valley
Authors: Trivelli Leonardo , Borrelli Paola , Cadum Ennio , Pisoni Enrico , Villani Simona
Published: January 2021

Spatio-temporal Bayesian disease mapping is the branch of spatial epidemiology interested in providing valuable risk estimates in certain geographical regions using administrative areas as statistical units. The aim of the present paper is to describe spatio-temporal distribution of cardiovascular mortality in the Province of Pavia in 2010 through 2015 and assess its association with environmental pollution exposure. To produce reliable risk estimates, eight different models (hierarchical log-linear model) have been assessed: temporal parametric trend components were included together with some random effects that allowed the accounting of spatial structure of the region. The Bayesian approach allowed the borrowing information effect, including simpler model results in the more complex setting. To compare these models, Watanabe–Akaike Information Criteria (WAIC) and Leave One Out Information Criteria (LOOIC) were applied. In the modelling phase, the relationship between the disease risk and pollutants exposure (PM2.5) accounting for the urbanisation level of each geographical unit showed a strong significant effect of the pollutant exposure (OR = 1.075 and posterior probability, or PP, >0.999, equivalent to p < 0.001). A high-risk cluster of Cardiovascular mortality in the Lomellina subareas in the studied window was identified.
Amikacin or Vancomycin Exposure Alters the Postnatal Serum Creatinine Dynamics in Extreme Low Birth Weight Neonates
Authors: van Donge Tamara , Smits Anne , van den Anker John , Allegaert Karel
Published: January 2021

Background: Disentangling renal adverse drug reactions from confounders remains a major challenge to assess causality and severity in neonates, with additional limitations related to the available tools (modified Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome, or Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases pediatric toxicity table). Vancomycin and amikacin are nephrotoxic while still often prescribed in neonates. We selected these compounds to assess their impact on creatinine dynamics as a sensitive tool to detect a renal impairment signal. Methods: A recently developed dynamical model that characterized serum creatinine concentrations of 217 extremely low birth weight (<1000 g, ELBW) neonates (4036 observations) was enhanced with data on vancomycin and/or amikacin exposure to identify a potential effect of antibiotic exposure by nonlinear mixed-effects modelling. Results: Seventy-seven percent of ELBW patients were exposed to either vancomycin or amikacin. Antibiotic exposure resulted in a modest increase in serum creatinine and a transient decrease in creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine increase was dependent on gestational age, illustrated by a decrease with 56% in difference in serum creatinine between a 24 or 32-week old neonate, when exposed in the 3rd week after birth. Conclusions: A previously described model was used to explore and quantify the impact of amikacin or vancomycin exposure on creatinine dynamics. Such tools serve to explore minor changes, or compare minor differences between treatment modalities.
Exploring the Association of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Constipation through Analysis of the Gut Microbiome
Authors: Fu Shih-Chen , Lee Chung-Han , Wang Hsiuying
Published: January 2021

Over the past two decades, research into the role of the gut microbiome in regulating the central nervous system has rapidly increased. Several neurodevelopmental diseases have been linked to the unbalance of gut microbiota, including autism. Children on the autism spectrum often suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms, including constipation, which is four times more prevalent than it is in children without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although studies in animals have shown the crucial role of the microbiota in key aspects of neurodevelopment, there is currently no consensus on how the alteration of microbial composition affects the pathogenesis of ASD, let alone how it exerts an impact on the following comorbidities. In our study, we were able to control the effects of constipation on gut dysbiosis and distinguish neuropathological-related and gastrointestinal-related bacteria in ASD patients separately. By analyzing published data, eight additional bacteria significantly altered in autistic individuals were identified in our study. All of them had a decreased relative abundance in ASD patients, except Lactobacillaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae. Eighteen and eleven bacteria were significantly correlated with ASD symptoms and constipation, respectively. Among those, six bacteria were overlapped between the groups. We have found another six bacteria highly associated with constipation status in ASD patients only. By conducting Welch’s t-test, we were able to demonstrate the critical roles of microbes in ASD core and gastrointestinal symptoms and raised the hypotheses of their confounding and mediating effects on the relationship between the two symptoms.
International Price Comparisons of Anticancer Drugs: A Scheme for Improving Patient Accessibility
Authors: Jung Jae Ho , Kim Dae Jung , Suh Kangho , You Jaeeun , Lee Je Ho , Joung Kyung In , Suh Dong Churl
Published: January 2021

Background: The demand for implementing a new listing scheme to expedite patient access to novel oncology drugs has increased in South Korea. This study was conducted to compare the prices of anticancer drugs between eight countries and to explore the feasibility of a ‘pre-listing and post-evaluation’ scheme to expedite patient access to oncology drugs. Methods: This study included 34 anticancer drugs, which were reimbursed between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017. The unit price and sales volume of the study drugs were collected from eight countries and IQVIA data, respectively. The prices were adjusted to estimate the ex-factory prices using the discount/rebate rate suggested by the Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA). The four price indices of Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and the unweighted index were calculated using the price in each country, the average price, and lowest price among the study countries. Each currency was converted using the currency exchange rate and purchasing power parity (PPP). The budget impact of implementing the proposed pre-listing and post-evaluation scheme on payers was calculated. Results: Based on the currency exchange rate, anticancer drug prices were higher in other countries (index range: 1.05–2.78) compared to Korea. The prices in Korea were similar to countries with the lowest prices. When the PPP was applied, prices were higher in the US, Germany, Italy, and Japan than in Korea (range: 1.10–2.13); however, the prices were lower in the UK, France, and Switzerland than in Korea (range: 0.72–0.99). The financial burden of implementing the pre-listing and post-evaluation scheme was calculated at 0.83% of the total anticancer drug sales value in Korea from 2013–2017. Conclusions: The prices of anticancer drugs in Korea were similar to the lowest prices among the seven other study countries. A pre-listing and post-evaluation scheme should be considered to improve patient access to novel anticancer drugs by reducing the reimbursement review time and uncertainties.
Self-Perceived Changes in Physical Activity and the Relation to Life Satisfaction and Rated Physical Capacity in Swedish Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Eek Frida , Larsson Caroline , Wisén Anita , Ekvall Hansson Eva
Published: January 2021

COVID-19 restrictions may prevent people from reaching recommended levels of physical activity (PA). This study examines self-perceived changes in the extent and intensity of PA during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the relation between perceived changes in PA and general life satisfaction and perceived physical capacity. A total of 1318 participants (mean age 47.8 SD12.6; 82.1% women) were recruited through social media in Sweden during autumn 2020. The survey included questions regarding perceived changes in PA compared to the previous year, the “Rating of Perceived Capacity” scale and “Life Satisfaction Questionnaire-11”. A change in PA was reported by 65% of participants. More participants reported an increase (36%) than a decrease (29%), however a decrease in PA was significantly more often considered to be due to the pandemic. The highest odds of decreased PA was found in the oldest age group (70+ years) (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4–5.7). Those who reported decreased levels of PA reported lower life satisfaction and aerobic capacity than the other groups (p > 0.001). Decreased physical activity was reported by many, but an equal share reported increased activity during the pandemic. The highest odds for decreased activity was found in the oldest group—the group that has been subjected to the strictest recommended COVID-19 restrictions in Sweden.
Hand Hygiene Knowledge, Perception, and Practices among Domestic Visitors to the Prophet’s Mosque in Al Madinah City Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mahdi Hashim A. , Assaggaf Hamza M. , Alfelali Mohammad , Ahmed Omar B. , Alsafi Radi , Shaban Ramon Z. , Booy Robert , Rashid Harunor
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to assess hand hygiene knowledge, perception, and practices of visitors to the Prophet’s Mosque in Al Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. Using a self-administered electronic questionnaire, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among domestic residents, who visited the mosque between 31 July and 3 August 2020. Participants’ demographic data, hand hygiene knowledge, perception, and practices were collected. Four hundred participants aged 18–65 (median 36) years completed the survey, of which 215 (53.8%) were female. The visitors’ mean knowledge score about hand hygiene was 6.4 (± standard deviation (SD) 1.35) of total 12. Most participants (392, 98%) were aware of the role of hand hygiene in preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19); nevertheless, 384 (96%) said hand hygiene lowers body immunity and 316 (79%) thought <60% alcohol is sufficient for hand disinfection. Males had a higher knowledge score than females (6.46 (±1.41) vs. 6.14 (±1.27), p = 0.02) and, visitors who had no formal education scored higher than those with post-graduate education (6.88 (±1.45) vs 5.73 (±1.12), p = 0.01). Washing hands with soap and water was the predominant method practiced after a meal (365, 91.7%), after toilet visit (354, 88.5%), after touching a surface (262, 65.7%), after waste disposal (332, 83.2%), and when hands were visibly dirty (357, 89.5%). Al Madinah visitors had moderate knowledge about hand hygiene, but demonstrated some knowledge gaps and negligence in practice that are crucial to curb the spread of COVID-19.
Substantial Nitrogen Oxide Pollution Is Embodied in the Bilateral Trade between China and the European Union
Authors: Li Yan , Wei Yigang , Wang Xueqing , Xu Hanxiao
Published: January 2021

Against the backdrop of globalization and trade facilitation, the products consumed by a country are more and more relying on the importation of those products from other countries. Therefore, the pollutant emissions of products associated are transferred from consuming countries to exporting countries, which significantly changes the spatial distribution of global pollutant emissions. The objective of this research is to analyse the embodied nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in the trading process between China and the European Union (EU) and to further trace the interindustry and intercountry transfer paths. This study constructs a multiregional input–output (MRIO) model based on the latest EORA global supply chain database. The MRIO model quantitatively analyses the total NOx emissions from the production and consumption ends of China and the EU from 1995 to 2014. Important findings are derived from the empirical results as follows. (1) In 2014, China’s production end emissions were 1824.38 kilotons higher than those of the consumption end. By contrast, the situation in the EU was the opposite, i.e., production end emissions were 1711.97 kilotons lower than those of the consumption end. (2) In the trade between China and the EU, the EU is a net importer of embodied NOx, and China is a net exporter of embodied NOx. In 2014, 2.55% of China’s domestic NOx emissions were transferred to the EU in China-EU trade, accounting for 2.75% of China’s domestic consumption demand. (3) In 2014, Electricity, Gas and Water (397.75 kilotons), Transport (343.55 kilotons), Petroleum, Chemical and non-metallic Products (95.9 kilotons), Metal Products (49.88 kilotons), Textiles and Apparel (26.19 kilotons), are among the industries with the most embodied NOx emissions from China’s net exports during its two-way trade with the EU. (4) In the bilateral trade between the EU and China, many countries are in the state of embodied NOx net import. The top three net importers in 2014 were Germany (169.24 kilotons), Britain (128.11 kilotons), France (103.21 kilotons).
Primary and Secondary Health Impacts of COVID-19 among Minority Individuals in New York State
Authors: Clay Lauren A. , Rogus Stephanie
Published: January 2021

In addition to the direct health impacts of COVID-19, the pandemic disrupted economic, educational, healthcare, and social systems in the US. This cross-sectional study examined the primary and secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among low-income and minority groups in New York State using the social determinants of health framework. New Yorkers were recruited to complete a web-based survey through Qualtrics. The survey took place in May and June 2020 and asked respondents about COVID-19 health impacts, risk factors, and concerns. Chi-square analysis examined the health effects experienced by race and ethnicity, and significant results were analyzed in a series of logistic regression models. Results showed disparities in the primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19. The majority of differences were reported between Hispanic and white respondents. The largest differences, in terms of magnitude, were reported between other or multiracial respondents and white respondents. Given the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 on minority populations, improved policies and programs to address impacts on lower-paying essential jobs and service positions could reduce exposure risks and improve safety for minority populations. Future research can identify the long-term health consequences of the pandemic on the social determinants of health among populations most at risk.
More Is Not Enough: A Deeper Understanding of the COVID-19 Impacts on Healthcare, Energy and Environment Is Crucial
Authors: Jiang Peng , Klemeš Jiří Jaromír , Fan Yee Van , Fu Xiuju , Bee Yong Mong
Published: January 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has magnified the insufficient readiness of humans in dealing with such an unexpected occurrence. During the pandemic, sustainable development goals have been hindered severely. Various observations and lessons have been highlighted to emphasise local impacts on a single region or single sector, whilst the holistic and coupling impacts are rarely investigated. This study overviews the structural changes and spatial heterogeneities of changes in healthcare, energy and environment, and offers perspectives for the in-depth understanding of the COVID-19 impacts on the three sectors, in particular the cross-sections of them. Practical observations are summarised through the broad overview. A novel concept of the healthcare–energy–environment nexus under climate change constraints is proposed and discussed, to illustrate the relationships amongst the three sectors and further analyse the dynamics of the attention to healthcare, energy and environment in view of decision-makers. The society is still on the way to understanding the impacts of the whole episode of COVID-19 on healthcare, energy, environment and beyond. The raised nexus thinking could contribute to understanding the complicated COVID-19 impacts and guiding sustainable future planning.
Plant Proteomic Research 3.0: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Komatsu Setsuko , Jorrin-Novo Jesus V.
Published: January 2021

Advancements in high-throughput “Omics” techniques have revolutionized plant molecular biology research [...]
A Review of Recent Developments in the Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Healing
Authors: Rodríguez-Merchán Emerito Carlos
Published: January 2021

Between 5 and 10 percent of fractures do not heal, a condition known as nonunion. In clinical practice, stable fracture fixation associated with autologous iliac crest bone graft placement is the gold standard for treatment. However, some recalcitrant nonunions do not resolve satisfactorily with this technique. For these cases, biological alternatives are sought based on the molecular mechanisms of bone healing, whose most recent findings are reviewed in this article. The pro-osteogenic efficacy of morin (a pale yellow crystalline flavonoid pigment found in old fustic and osage orange trees) has recently been reported, and the combined use of bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9) and leptin might improve fracture healing. Inhibition with methyl-piperidino-pyrazole of estrogen receptor alpha signaling delays bone regeneration. Smoking causes a chondrogenic disorder, aberrant activity of the skeleton’s stem and progenitor cells, and an intense initial inflammatory response. Smoking cessation 4 weeks before surgery is therefore highly recommended. The delay in fracture consolidation in diabetic animals is related to BMP6 deficiency (35 kDa). The combination of bioceramics and expanded autologous human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow is a new and encouraging alternative for treating recalcitrant nonunions.
Titanium Dioxide Presents a Different Profile in Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Experimental Colitis in Mice Lacking the IBD Risk Gene Ptpn2 in Myeloid Cells
Authors: Conde Javier , Schwarzfischer Marlene , Katkeviciute Egle , Häfliger Janine , Niechcial Anna , Brillant Nathalie , Manzini Roberto , Bäbler Katharina , Atrott Kirstin , Lang Silvia , Scharl Michael
Published: January 2021

Environmental and genetic factors have been demonstrated to contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies suggested that the food additive; titanium dioxide (TiO2) might play a causative role in the disease. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to explore the interaction between the food additive TiO2 and the well-characterized IBD risk gene protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (Ptpn2) and their role in the development of intestinal inflammation. Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced acute colitis was performed in mice lacking the expression of Ptpn2 in myeloid cells (Ptpn2LysMCre) or their wild type littermates (Ptpn2fl/fl) and exposed to the microparticle TiO2. The impact of Ptpn2 on TiO2 signalling pathways and TiO2-induced IL-1β and IL-10 levels were studied using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Ptpn2LysMCre exposed to TiO2 exhibited more severe intestinal inflammation than their wild type counterparts. This effect was likely due to the impact of TiO2 on the differentiation of intestinal macrophages, suppressing the number of anti-inflammatory macrophages in Ptpn2 deficient mice. Moreover, we also found that TiO2 was able to induce the secretion of IL-1β via mitogen-activated proteins kinases (MAPKs) and to repress the expression of IL-10 in bone marrow-derived macrophages via MAPK-independent pathways. This is the first evidence of the cooperation between the genetic risk factor Ptpn2 and the environmental factor TiO2 in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. The results presented here suggest that the ingestion of certain industrial compounds should be taken into account, especially in individuals with increased genetic risk
Polymorphisms of Encoding Genes IL1RN and P2RX7 in Apical Root Resorption in Patients after Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Ciurla Agata , Szymańska Jolanta , Płachno Bartosz J. , Bogucka-Kocka Anna
Published: January 2021

External apical root resorption (EARR) is one of the most serious complications associated with orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationships between selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), purinoreceptor P2X7 (P2RX7) and EARR in patients after orthodontic treatment. The study comprised 101 patients who underwent a complex orthodontic treatment with a combination of fixed appliances. Roots were measured based on orthopantomograms and lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before and at the end of the treatment using diagnostic software. Proportional measurements of selected teeth were made using the modified Linge and Linge methods. Based on the presence or absence of EARR, patients were divided into two groups: control group, 61 patients without EARR (with 0.90 ≤ rRCR ≤ 1.00), and EARR group, 40 patients with EARR (rRCR < 0.90). Root resorption in selected groups was also evaluated with the scores of Malmgren and Levander. SNP analysis was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The analysis indicated that a specific haplotype of P2RX7 (rs208294) and IL1RN (rs419598) modified the risk of EARR development (p < 0.05), with a Bonferroni correction. The analysis of the P2RX7 and IL1RN gene polymorphisms showed that the presence of SNPs of these genes may predispose individuals to EARR. These findings indicate that EARR is a complex condition influenced not only by environmental factors and needs further study on the genetic risk factors.