bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly and Triterpenoid Saponin Biosynthesis in Korean Bellflower (Platycodon grandiflorum)
Authors: Lee Dong-Jun , Choi Ji-Weon , Kang Ji-Nam , Lee Si-Myung , Park Gyu-Hwang , Kim Chang-Kug
Published: March 2023

Platycodon grandiflorum belongs to the Campanulaceae family and is an important medicinal and food plant in East Asia. However, on the whole, the genome evolution of P. grandiflorum and the molecular basis of its major biochemical pathways are poorly understood. We reported a chromosome-scale genome assembly of P. grandiflorum based on a hybrid method using Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Illumina sequences, and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) analysis. The assembled genome was finalized as 574 Mb, containing 41,355 protein-coding genes, and the genome completeness was assessed as 97.6% using a Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs analysis. The P. grandiflorum genome comprises nine pseudo-chromosomes with 56.9% repeat sequences, and the transcriptome analysis revealed an expansion of the 14 beta-amylin genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Our findings provide an understanding of P. grandiflorum genome evolution and enable genomic-assisted breeding for the mass production of important components such as triterpenoid saponins.
Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Human Sperm Motility In Vitro
Authors: Cannarella Rossella , Mancuso Francesca , Barone Nunziata , Arato Iva , Lilli Cinzia , Bellucci Catia , Musmeci Marco , Luca Giovanni , La Vignera Sandro , Condorelli Rosita A. , Calogero Aldo E.
Published: March 2023

To evaluate whether the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR) is expressed in human spermatozoa and the effects of FSH incubation on sperm function. Twenty-four Caucasian men were recruited. Thirteen patients had asthenozoospermia, and the remaining 11 had normal sperm parameters (controls). After confirming FSHR expression, spermatozoa from patients and controls were incubated with increasing concentrations of human purified FSH (hpFSH) to reassess FSHR expression and localization and to evaluate progressive and total sperm motility, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and protein kinase B (AKT) 473 and 308 phosphorylation. FSHR is expressed in the post-acrosomal segment, neck, midpiece, and tail of human spermatozoa. Its localization does not differ between patients and controls. Incubation with hpFSH at a concentration of 30 mIU/mL appeared to increase FSHR expression mainly in patients. Incubation of human spermatozoa with hpFSH overall resulted in an overall deterioration of both progressive and total motility in patients and controls and worse mitochondrial function only in controls. Finally, incubation with FSH increased AKT473/tubulin phosphorylation to a greater extent than AKT308. FSHR is expressed in the post-acrosomal region, neck, midpiece, and tail of human spermatozoa. Contrary to a previous study, we report a negative effect of FSH on sperm motility and mitochondrial function. FSH also activates the AKT473 signaling pathway.
Comparative Genomics and Functional Genomics Analysis in Plants
Authors: Wang Jiacheng , Chen Yaojia , Zou Quan
Published: March 2023

Comparative genomics and functional genomics are two basic branches of plant genomics [...]
Contribution of the Surface Treatment of Nanofibrillated Cellulose on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Nanocomposites Intended for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Frone Adriana Nicoleta , Uşurelu Cătălina Diana , Oprică Gabriela Mădălina , Panaitescu Denis Mihaela , Gabor Augusta Raluca , Nicolae Cristian-Andi , Ciuprina Florin , Damian Celina Maria , Raduly Florentina Monica
Published: March 2023

The growing interest in materials derived from biomass has generated a multitude of solutions for the development of new sustainable materials with low environmental impact. We report here, for the first time, a strategy to obtain bio-based nanocomposites from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), itaconic acid (IA), and surface-treated nanofibrillated cellulose (NC). The effect of nanofibrillated cellulose functionalized with silane (NC/S) and then grafted with methacrylic acid (NC/SM) on the properties of the resulted bio-based epoxy systems was thoroughly investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the addition of NCs did not influence the curing process and had a slight impact on the maximum peak temperature. Moreover, the NCs improved the onset degradation temperature of the epoxy-based nanocomposites by more than 30 °C, regardless of their treatment. The most important effect on the mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy nanocomposites, i.e., an increase in the storage modulus by more than 60% at room temperature was observed in the case of NC/SM addition. Therefore, NC’s treatment with silane and methacrylic acid improved the epoxy–nanofiber interface and led to a very good dispersion of the NC/SM in the epoxy network, as observed by the SEM investigation. The dielectric results proved the suitability of the obtained bio-based epoxy/NCs materials as substitutes for petroleum-based thermosets in the fabrication of flexible electronic devices.
Utilizing Genomics to Characterize the Common Oat Gene Pool—The Story of More Than a Century of Polish Breeding
Authors: Koroluk Aneta , Sowa Sylwia , Boczkowska Maja , Paczos-Grzęda Edyta
Published: March 2023

This study was undertaken to investigate the diversity and population structure of 487 oat accessions, including breeding lines from the ongoing programs of the three largest Polish breeding companies, along with modern and historical Polish and foreign cultivars. The analysis was based on 7411 DArTseq-derived SNPs distributed among three sub-genomes (A, C, and D). The heterogeneity of the studied material was very low, as only cultivars and advanced breeding lines were examined. Principal component analysis (PCA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and cluster and STRUCTURE analyses found congruent results, which show that most of the examined cultivars and materials from Polish breeding programs formed major gene pools, that only some accessions derived from Strzelce Plant Breeding, and that foreign cultivars were outside of the main group. During the 120 year oat breeding process, only 67 alleles from the old gene pool were lost and replaced by 67 new alleles. The obtained results indicate that no erosion of genetic diversity was observed within the Polish native oat gene pool. Moreover, current oat breeding programs have introduced 673 new alleles into the gene pool relative to historical cultivars. The analysis also showed that most of the changes in relation to historical cultivars occurred within the A sub-genome with emphasis on chromosome 6A. The targeted changes were the rarest in the C sub-genome. This study showed that Polish oat breeding based mainly on traditional breeding methods—although focused on improving traits typical to this crop, i.e., enhancing the grain yield and quality and improving adaptability—did not significantly narrow the oat gene pool and in fact produced cultivars that are not only competitive in the European market but are also reservoirs of new alleles that were not found in the analyzed foreign materials.
Nyamanini Virus Nucleoprotein and Phosphoprotein Organize Viral Inclusion Bodies That Associate with Host Biomolecular Condensates in the Nucleus
Authors: Hirai Yuya , Horie Masayuki
Published: March 2023

Many mononegaviruses form inclusion bodies (IBs) in infected cells. However, little is known about nuclear IBs formed by mononegaviruses, since only a few lineages of animal-derived mononegaviruses replicate in the nucleus. In this study, we characterized the IBs formed by Nyamanini virus (NYMV), a unique tick-borne mononegavirus undergoing replication in the nucleus. We discovered that NYMV forms IBs, consisting of condensates and puncta of various sizes and morphologies, in the host nucleus. Likewise, we found that the expressions of NYMV nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) alone induce the formation of condensates and puncta in the nucleus, respectively, even though their morphologies are somewhat different from the IBs observed in the actual NYMV-infected cells. In addition, IB-like structures can be reconstructed by co-expressions of NYMV N and P, and localization analyses using a series of truncated mutants of P revealed that the C-terminal 27 amino acid residues of P are important for recruiting P to the condensates formed by N. Furthermore, we found that nuclear speckles, cellular biomolecular condensates, are reorganized and recruited to the IB-like structures formed by the co-expressions of N and P, as well as IBs formed in NYMV-infected cells. These features are unique among mononegaviruses, and our study has contributed to elucidating the replication mechanisms of nuclear-replicating mononegaviruses and the virus–host interactions.
Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Irisin: Harnessing Its Function in Degenerative Disorders and Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Zhang Yuwei , Wang Lizhen , Kang Hongyan , Lin Chia-Ying , Fan Yubo
Published: March 2023

Physical activity is well-established as an important protective factor against degenerative conditions and a promoter of tissue growth and renewal. The discovery of Fibronectin domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) as the precursor of Irisin in 2012 sparked significant interest in its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic agent for various diseases. Clinical studies have examined the correlation between plasma Irisin levels and pathological conditions using a range of assays, but the lack of reliable measurements for endogenous Irisin has led to uncertainty about its prognostic/diagnostic potential as an exercise surrogate. Animal and tissue-engineering models have shown the protective effects of Irisin treatment in reversing functional impairment and potentially permanent damage, but dosage ambiguities remain unresolved. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the clinical and basic studies of Irisin in the context of degenerative conditions and explores its potential as a therapeutic approach in the physiological processes involved in tissue repair/regeneration.
Immunomodulatory Aspects of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Neurological Disorders—A Pilot Study
Authors: Foettinger Fabian , Pilz Georg , Wipfler Peter , Harrer Andrea , Kern Jan Marco , Trinka Eugen , Moser Tobias
Published: March 2023

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is used for drug-resistant neuroimmunological disorders, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. We therefore prospectively explored changes in soluble, humoral, and cellular immune components associated with TPE. We included ten patients with neurological autoimmune disorders that underwent TPE and assessed a panel of clinically relevant pathogen-specific antibodies, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, interleukin-6 (IL-6, pg/mL), C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/dL), procalcitonin (PCT, µg/L) and major lymphocyte subpopulations (cells/µL). Blood was collected prior to TPE (pre-TPE, baseline), immediately after TPE (post-TPE), as well as five weeks (follow-up1) and 130 days (follow-up2) following TPE. Pathogen-specific antibody levels were reduced by −86% (p < 0.05) post-TPE and recovered to 55% (follow-up1) and 101% (follow-up2). Ig subclasses were reduced by −70–89% (p < 0.0001) post-TPE with subsequent complete (IgM/IgA) and incomplete (IgG) recovery throughout the follow-ups. Mean IL-6 and CRP concentrations increased by a factor of 3–4 at post-TPE (p > 0.05) while PCT remained unaffected. We found no alterations in B- and T-cell populations. No adverse events related to TPE occurred. TPE induced a profound but transient reduction in circulating antibodies, while the investigated soluble immune components were not washed out. Future studies should explore the effects of TPE on particular cytokines and assess inflammatory lymphocyte lineages to illuminate the mode of action of TPE beyond autoantibody removal.
Sensitivity of Neuroblastoma and Induced Neural Progenitor Cells to High-Intensity THz Radiation
Authors: Sitnikov Dmitry , Revkova Veronika , Ilina Inna , Shatalova Rimma , Komarov Pavel , Struleva Evgenia , Konoplyannikov Mikhail , Kalsin Vladimir , Baklaushev Vladimir
Published: March 2023

THz radiation induces a variety of processes in cells and has attracted the attention of researchers in recent decades. Here, data on the effects of high-intensity terahertz (THz) radiation on human directly reprogrammed neural progenitor cells (drNPCs) and on neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-BE (2)) were obtained for the first time. The results demonstrated that the exposure of non-tumor and tumor cells to broadband (0.1–3 THz) THz pulses with the intensity of 21 GW/cm2 and the electric field strength of 2.8 MV/cm for 30 min induced neither a noticeable genotoxic effect nor a statistically significant change in the proliferative activity and cell differentiation. It was also shown that the combined effect of THz radiation and salinomycin, a promising antitumor agent, on neuroblastoma cells did not enhance the genotoxic effect of this antibiotic. However, further studies involving chemotherapy drugs and other exposure parameters are warranted to introduce this new concept into anti-tumor clinical practice and to enhance the efficacy of the existing approaches.
Comparative Expression Profiling Reveals Molecular Markers Involved in the Progression of Cutaneous Melanoma towards Metastasis
Authors: Lazăr Andreea D. , Dinescu Sorina , Sleiman Lea , Dumitru Adrian V. , Costache Mariana , Costache Marieta
Published: March 2023

Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and often proves fatal in metastatic stages. Few treatment options are available, and its global incidence is quickly increasing. In order to gain an improved understanding of the molecular features regarding melanoma progression, we have compared gene and small non-coding RNA expression profiles from cell lines derived from primary melanoma (MelJuSo), lymph node metastasis (MNT-1) and brain metastasis (VMM1), representing distinct stages of malignant progression. Our preliminary results highlighted the aberrant regulation of molecular markers involved in several processes that aid melanoma progression and metastasis development, including extracellular matrix remodeling, migratory potential and angiogenesis. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis revealed potential targets of the microRNAs of interest. Confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry analysis were used for validation at the protein level. Exploring the molecular landscape of melanoma may contribute to the achievement of future efficient targeted therapy, as well as better prevention, diagnosis and clinical management.
Independent Signaling of Hepatoma Derived Growth Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Human Gastric Cancer Organoids Infected by Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Wuputra Kenly , Ku Chia-Chen , Pan Jia-Bin , Liu Chung-Jung , Kato Kohsuke , Lin Ying-Chu , Liu Yi-Chang , Lin Chang-Shen , Hsiao Michael , Tai Ming-Hong , Chong Inn-Wen , Hu Huang-Ming , Kuo Chao-Hung , Wu Deng-Chyang , Yokoyama Kazunari K.
Published: March 2023

We prepared three-dimensional (3-D) organoids of human stomach cancers and examined the correlation between the tumorigenicity and cytotoxicity of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In addition, the effects of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) on the growth and invasion activity of H. pylori-infected gastric cancer organoids were examined. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)-green fluorescence protein (GFP)-labeled H. pylori was used to trace the infection in gastric organoids. The cytotoxicity of Cag encoded toxins from different species of H. pylori did not affect the proliferation of each H. pylori-infected cancer organoid. To clarify the role of HDGF and TNFα secreted from H. pylori-infected cancer organoids, we prepared recombinant HDGF and TNFα and measured the cytotoxicity and invasion of gastric cancer organoids. HDGF controlled the growth of each organoid in a species-specific manner of H. pylori, but TNFα decreased the cell viability in H. pylori-infected cancer organoids. Furthermore, HDGF controlled the invasion activity of H. pylori-infected cancer organoid in a species-dependent manner. However, TNFα decreased the invasion activities of most organoids. We found different signaling of cytotoxicity and invasion of human gastric organoids in response to HDGF and TNFα during infection by H. pylori. Recombinant HDGF and TNFα inhibited the development and invasion of H. pylori-infected gastric cancer differently. Thus, we propose that HDGF and TNFα are independent signals for development of H. pylori-infected gastric cancer. The signaling of growth factors in 3-D organoid culture systems is different from those in two-dimensional cancer cells.
Concomitant Activation of OsNAS2 and OsNAS3 Contributes to the Enhanced Accumulation of Iron and Zinc in Rice
Authors: Lee Sichul , Rahman Md Mizanor , Nakanishi Hiromi , Nishizawa Naoko K. , An Gynheung , Nam Hong Gil , Jeon Jong-Seong
Published: March 2023

Nicotianamine (NA) is produced by NA synthase (NAS), which contains three genes in rice and is responsible for chelating metals such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), as well as preserving metal homeostasis. In this study, we generated a transgenic plant (23D) that shows simultaneous activation of OsNAS2 and OsNAS3 by crossing two previously identified activation-tagged mutants, OsNAS2-D1 (2D) and OsNAS3-D1 (3D). Concomitant activation of both genes resulted in the highest Fe and Zn concentrations in shoots and roots of the 23D plants grown under normal conditions and Fe and Zn limited growth conditions. Expression of genes for the biosynthesis of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs) and Fe and Zn uptake were enhanced in 23D roots. Additionally, 23D plants displayed superior growth to other plants at higher pH levels. Importantly, 23D seeds had NA and 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) concentrations that were 50.6- and 10.0-fold higher than those of the WT. As a result, the mature grain Fe and Zn concentrations of the 23D plant were 4.0 and 3.5 times greater, respectively, than those of the WT. Furthermore, 23D plants exhibited the greatest resistance to excess metals. Our research suggests that simultaneous activation of OsNAS2 and OsNAS3 can enhance Fe and Zn accumulation in rice grains while also increasing plant tolerance to growing situations with metal deficiency and excess metal availability.
Infection Prevalence of Microsporidia Vairimorpha (Nosema) spp. in Japanese Bumblebees
Authors: Yanagisawa Takahiro , Kato Yuto , Inoue Maki N.
Published: March 2023

Microsporidia are spore-forming intracellular parasites of various invertebrates and vertebrates. Vairimorpha bombi negatively affects the fitness of bumblebees and its prevalence correlates with declining bumblebee populations. The invasive alien species Bombus terrestris colonized Japan and possibly introduced new parasites. To assess the infection prevalence of V. bombi in Japanese bumblebees and B. terrestris, we investigated V. bombi infections using PCR and microscopy. The prevalence of sporulating V. bombi infections in three Bombus s. str. species/subspecies was low, whereas that of non/low-sporulating Vairimorpha sp. infections in three Diversobombus species/subspecies was high. Invasive B. terrestris showed low prevalence of non/low-sporulating V. bombi infections and shared the same V. bombi haplotype with B. hypocrita found in Hokkaido, where B. terrestris is present, and in Honshu, where B. terrestris is absent. Although V. bombi may have been introduced with B. terrestris colonies imported from Europe, it seems to be originally distributed in Japan. Furthermore, a new Vairimorpha sp. was found in Japanese bumblebee species. V. bombi and Vairimorpha sp. showed different organ and host specificities in bumblebees. There are no reports on the specific effects of other Vairimorpha spp. on bumblebees; further studies are needed to clarify the individual characteristics of Vairimorpha spp.
Can Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. Control the Key Fruit Pests of the European Chestnut Tree, under Field Conditions?
Authors: Souza Maria Eliza Cota e , Nóbrega Filomena , Bento Albino António
Published: March 2023

The chestnut moth (Cydia splendana Hübner) and the chestnut weevil (Curculio elephas Gyllenhal) cause serious damage to European producers and companies that transform and market the chestnut. The objective of the present work was to evaluate, under field conditions, the possibilities of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. to infect and kill the larvae of the two main carpophagous pests of European chestnut, in treatments directed at the soil. For this purpose, the surfaces of vases were sprayed with two concentrations of conidia/mL 5 × 107 (T1) and 1 × 108 (T2). The control (T0) was sprayed with distilled water. Larval mortality and infection were evaluated on five dates (D8 to D220). Confirmation of the fungus present in the larva was performed by molecular analysis. The results obtained are promising for the use of B. bassiana as a biological control agent against these key pests of the chestnut crop. There were no significant differences in mortality between the T1 and T2 modalities, however, they were significantly higher than the control. In the case of total mortality (dead and infected larvae), no significant differences were observed for C. elephas either. In the case of C. splendana, the T2 modality obtained better results in terms of total mortality.
Development and Peer Review of an Evidence-Based Decision-Support Tool for Non-Drug Prescribing for Healthy Ageing
Authors: Quail Zara , Carter Mark , Young Charles
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Promoting healthy ageing is increasingly important to maintain functional ability and wellbeing in older age. However, there is a lack of consolidated evidence-based information to support the selection of non-drug interventions to support healthy ageing outcomes for individuals. Methods: A narrative review of the evidence-based literature on non-drug interventions to support healthy ageing was performed. Evidence for intervention benefits was evaluated and mapped into the Systematic Wellness Intervention Pathway framework and aligned to relevant goals, needs and outcomes relating to physical fitness and function, emotional wellbeing, cognitive health, sleep and diet and nutrition. Comments from a modified Delphi survey of 75 expert peer reviewers were analysed to inform the development of the next Pathway iteration. Results: The narrative review identified key healthy ageing interventions, including physical activity, social interaction, interventions for emotional wellbeing, creative and cognitively stimulating activities and diet and nutrition. Peer review survey results indicated majority agreement with all domains and non-drug interventions for healthy ageing in the Pathway, and suggested interventions and outcome revisions informed Pathway iteration. Conclusion: The Pathway could be a step forward in operationalising the delivery of non-drug interventions in an accessible and scalable way, supplementing conventional health and social care, to enable older people to live well for longer.
Can the Development of the Digital Economy Reduce Urban Carbon Emissions? Case Study of Guangdong Province
Authors: Ma Yukun , Wang Shaojian , Zhou Chunshan
Published: March 2023

The digital economy plays an important role in the high-quality development of cities, and low-carbon urban development is an integral part of this evolution. Therefore, it is important to explore the impact of the development of the digital economy on urban carbon emissions. By considering 21 cities in Guangdong Province as the object of the research, this study measured the levels of the digital economy from 2011 to 2019 by using an entropy weight-based TOPSIS model, analyzed the spatiotemporal changes, and used geographically and temporally weighted regression to examine the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impact of the digital economy on urban carbon emissions. The results showed the following: (1) The development of the digital economy in Guangdong Province in general exhibited a stable trend of growth, and the average level of its development in the 21 cities considered increased by 3.4 times during the study period. (2) The level of development of the digital economy in the Pearl River Delta was significantly higher than that in northern, western, and eastern Guangdong, with Shenzhen being the most developed city in this regard (0.8473), and Shanwei being the least developed (0.0633). (3) The impact of the development of the digital economy on carbon emissions had significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The benefits of the development of the digital economy in terms of a reduction in carbon emissions was the most significant in the Pearl River Delta, and regional differences were prominent. (4) The reductions in carbon emissions in cities with a highly developed digital economy were more significant than has been reported in past studies in the area. However, it had a negative effect on the urban carbon emissions in cities with a poorly developed digital economy. The results of this study can be used to guide policies related to the high-quality development of the urban digital economy.
6-Chloro-3-nitro-8-(phenylthio)-2-[(phenylthio)methyl] imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine
Authors: Paoli-Lombardo Romain , Primas Nicolas , Hutter Sébastien , Bourgeade-Delmas Sandra , Boudot Clotilde , Castera-Ducros Caroline , Jacquet Inès , Courtioux Bertrand , Azas Nadine , Rathelot Pascal , Vanelle Patrice
Published: March 2023

As part of our ongoing antikinetoplastid structure–activity relationship study focused on positions 2 and 8 of the 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold, we were able to introduce a phenylthioether moiety at both position 2 and position 8 in one step. Using a previously reported synthetic route developed in our laboratory, we obtained 6-chloro-3-nitro-8-(phenylthio)-2-[(phenylthio)methyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine in 74% yield. The in vitro cell viability of this compound was assessed on the HepG2 cell line, and its in vitro activity was evaluated against the promastigote form of L. donovani, the axenic amastigote form of L. infantum and the trypomastigote blood stream form of T. b. brucei. It showed low solubility in HepG2 culture medium (CC50 > 7.8 µM), associated with weak activity against both the promastigote form of L. donovani (EC50 = 8.8 µM), the axenic amastigote form of L. infantum (EC50 = 9.7 µM) and the trypomastigote blood stream form of T. b. brucei (EC50 = 12.8 µM).
tert-Butyl (E)-3-oxo-2-(3-oxoisobenzofuran-1(3H)-ylidene)butanoate
Authors: Chechulina Alexandra S. , Knyazeva Ekaterina A. , Kan Bin , Duan Tainan , Rakitin Oleg A.
Published: March 2023

Non-fullerene acceptors have recently attracted much attention as components of organic solar cells. 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione is a key compound for the synthesis of the end-capping component of non-fullerene acceptors. In this communication, an intermediate for the synthesis of this compound, tert-butyl (E)-3-oxo-2-(3-oxoisobenzofuran-1(3H)-ylidene)butanoate, was prepared by the reaction between phthalic anhydride and tert-butyl acetoacetate. Further treatment with sodium methoxide in methanol led to the formation of 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione in a high yield. The structure of the newly synthesized compound was established by means of elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray analysis.
Fluoride Evaporation of Low-Fluoride CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-(Na2O-K2O) Slag for Electroslag Remelting
Authors: An Bo , Gu Yue , Ju Jiantao , He Kun
Published: March 2023

To elucidate the behavior of fluoride evaporation in an electroslag remelting process, the non-isothermal evaporation of the low-fluoride CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-(Na2O-K2O) slag is studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The evaporation law of the melted slag is further verified using thermodynamic calculations. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to evaluate the change in slag structure. It is discovered that the principal evaporating substances are CaF2, KF, and NaF, while the evaporation of MgF2, AlF3, and AlOF is less. KF evaporates absolutely in the early stage of the reaction, and CaF2 evaporates in a large proportion during the late reaction period. At 1500 °C, the order of vapor pressure is KF > CaF2. When K2O and Na2O are added to the residue sample at the same time, the evaporation ability of KF is stronger than that of CaF2 and NaF. As the K2O content increases from 0 to 8.3 wt%, evaporation increases from 0.76% to 1.21%. The evaporation rates of samples containing more K2O and those containing more Na2O are 1.48% and 1.32%, respectively. Under the same conditions, K2O has a greater effect on evaporation than Na2O. FTIR results show that the addition of K2O depolymerizes the network structure and that K2O can depolymerize the network structure better than Na2O.
Numerical and Physical Simulation of MAG Welding of Large S235JRC+N Steel Industrial Furnace Wall Panel
Authors: Mróz Marek , Czech Robert , Kupiec Bogdan , Dec Andrzej , Spólnik Marcin , Rąb Patryk
Published: March 2023

This paper presents the results of a study on the development of a Metal active gas (MAG) welding technology for an industrial furnace component made of steel S235JRC+N with respect to the minimizationof welding deformation. A numerical simulation of the welding process was performed in the first phase of the research. The numerical simulation was carried out with the SYSWELD software. For the numerical simulation of the welding process, the FEM method was used. In the simulation, four variants of restraint of the industrial furnace wall panel elements during the execution of the welding process were investigated. They differed in the number of restraints (model 1–4). It was found that the difference between the maximum mean strain in model 1 and the lowest mean strain in model 4 was only 11%. A physical simulation of the welding process was then performed with a restraint variant according to model 1. The displacement results obtained from the physical simulation of the welding process were compared with the displacement results from the numerical simulation. Discrepancies between numerical and physical simulation displacement values were found. The quality of selected welded joints was also evaluated. Visual testing (VT) and measurements of weld geometries were performed for this purpose. Metallographic tests and hardness measurements were performed to determine of influence of the welding process on the microstructure of the welded joint area, especially the heat affected zone (HAZ). The results obtained confirm the correctness of the assumptions made regarding the technology of manufacturing the furnace wall panels.
An Efficient Electrochemical Biosensor to Determine 1,5-Anhydroglucitol with Persimmon-Tannin-Reduced Graphene Oxide-PtPd Nanocomposites
Authors: Li Guiyin , Zhou Zhide , Wang Zhongmin , Chen Shiwei , Liang Jintao , Yao Xiaoqing , Li Liuxun
Published: March 2023

1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a sensitive biomarker for real-time detection of diabetes mellitus. In this study, an electrochemical biosensor to specifically detect 1,5-AG levels based on persimmon-tannin-reduced graphene oxide-PtPd nanocomposites (PT-rGO-PtPd NCs), which were modified onto the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), was designed. The PT-rGO-PtPd NCs were prepared by using PT as the film-forming material and ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy analysis were used to characterise the newly synthesised materials. PT-rGO-PtPd NCs present a synergistic effect not only to increase the active surface area to bio-capture more targets, but also to exhibit electrocatalytic efficiency to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A sensitive layer is formed by pyranose oxidase (PROD) attached to the surface of PT-rGO-PtPd NC/SPCE. In the presence of 1,5-AG, PROD catalyzes the oxidization of 1,5-AG to generate 1,5-anhydrofuctose (1,5-AF) and H2O2 which can be decomposed into H2O under the synergistic catalysis of PT-rGO-PtPd NCs. The redox reaction between PT and its oxidative product (quinones, PTox) can be enhanced simultaneously by PT-rGO-PtPd NCs, and the current signal was recorded by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. Under optimal conditions, our biosensor shows a wide range (0.1–2.0 mg/mL) for 1,5-AG detection with a detection limit of 30 μg/mL (S/N = 3). Moreover, our electrochemical biosensor exhibits acceptable applicability with recoveries from 99.80 to 106.80%. In summary, our study provides an electrochemical method for the determination of 1,5-AG with simple procedures, lower costs, good reproducibility, and acceptable stability.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Features of Biomass Fly Ash-Modified Self-Compacting Coal Gangue-Filled Backfill
Authors: Han Guang , Qin Zhifa , Zuo Shenghao
Published: March 2023

To achieve sustainable utilization of a large amount of mine solid waste, this study investigated the performance of self-compacting coal gangue-filled backfill (SCFB) containing biomass fly ash (BFA) generated from biomass power plants as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). The correlations between the physical structure and compressive strength of SCFB samples were obtained by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The failure process of the SCFB samples was monitored by the digital image correlation (DIC) technique, and the stress–strain relationship and failure pattern were also analyzed. The micro-morphological structure and hydration products of SCFB samples were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and backscattered electron imaging (SEM-BSE). The results show that the usage of 30~40% BFA in SCFB improves the physical structure and strength of the samples. The compressive strength and UPV value of SCFB samples with different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios showed a similar trend of increasing and then gradually decreasing as the proportion of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) replaced by BFA increased. BFA exhibits better reactivity and filling effect in SCFB samples with a high w/c ratio. The peak stress of SCFB samples gradually decreases, and resistance to deformation gradually weakens with the increase in w/c ratios, while the DIC results further verify the mechanical experimental results. Microstructural analysis revealed that reducing the w/c ratio and incorporating specific ratios of BFA can reduce the thickness of the interface transition zone (ITZ) and porosity. The results of the study will provide theoretical guidance for the modification, stability monitoring, and strengthening of SCFB.
Adsorption of Pyrethroids in Water by Calcined Shell Powder: Preparation, Characterization, and Mechanistic Analysis
Authors: Ma Xiaohan , Tao Siyuan , Fu Shiqian , Yang Huicheng , Lin Bangchu , Lou Yongjiang , Li Yongyong
Published: March 2023

Pyrethroids are common contaminants in water bodies. In this study, an efficient mussel shell-based adsorbent was prepared, the effects of factors (calcination temperature, calcination time, and sieved particle size) on the pyrethroid adsorption capacity from calcined shell powder were investigated via Box–Behnken design, and the prediction results of the model were verified. By characterizing (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements) the adsorbent before and after the optimized preparation process, the results showed that calcined shell powder had a loose and porous structure, and the main component of the shell powder under optimized condition was calcium oxide. The adsorption mechanism was also investigated, and the analysis of adsorption data showed that the Langmuir, pseudo second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models were more suitable for describing the adsorption process. The adsorbent had good adsorption potential for pyrethroids, the adsorption capacity of the two pesticides was 1.05 and 1.79 mg/g, and the removal efficiency was over 40 and 70% at the maximum initial concentration, respectively.
Cross-Linking, Morphology, and Physico-Mechanical Properties of GTR/SBS Blends: Dicumyl Peroxide vs. Sulfur System
Authors: Rodak Agata , Susik Agnieszka , Kowalkowska-Zedler Daria , Zedler Łukasz , Formela Krzysztof
Published: March 2023

In this work, ground tire rubber and styrene–butadiene block copolymer (GTR/SBS) blends at the ratio of 50/50 wt%, with the application of four different SBS copolymer grades (linear and radial) and two types of cross-linking agent (a sulfur-based system and dicumyl peroxide), were prepared by melt compounding. The rheological and cross-linking behavior, physico-mechanical parameters (i.e., tensile properties, abrasion resistance, hardness, swelling degree, and density), thermal stability, and morphology of the prepared materials were characterized. The results showed that the selected SBS copolymers improved the processability of the GTR/SBS blends without any noticeable effects on their cross-linking behavior—which, in turn, was influenced by the type of cross-linking agent used. On the other hand, it was observed that the tensile strength, elongation at break, and abrasion resistance of the GTR/SBS blends cured with the sulfur system (6.1–8.4 MPa, 184–283%, and 235–303 mm3, respectively) were better than those cross-linked by dicumyl peroxide (4.0–7.8 MPa, 80–165%, and 351–414 mm3, respectively). Furthermore, it was found that the SBS copolymers improved the thermal stability of GTR, while the increasing viscosity of the used SBS copolymer also enhanced the interfacial adhesion between the GTR and SBS copolymers, as confirmed by microstructure evaluation.
Structural Characterization and Effects on Insulin Resistance of a Novel Chondroitin Sulfate from Halaelurus burgeri Skin
Authors: Hu Shiwei , Zhu Hongli , Chen Sichun , Wan Xiaofeng , Liu Yishu , Ren Zhaocai , Gao Shuang
Published: March 2023

Several studies have isolated chondroitin sulphate (CHS) from sharks’ jaws or cartilage. However, there has been little research on CHS from shark skin. In the present study, we extracted a novel CHS from Halaelurus burgeri skin, which has a novel chemical structure and bioactivity on improvement in insulin resistance. Results using Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), and methylation analysis showed that the structure of the CHS was [4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1→3)-β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→]n with 17.40% of sulfate group concentration. Its molecular weight was 238.35 kDa, and the yield was 17.81%. Experiments on animals showed that this CHS could dramatically decrease body weight, reduce blood glucose and insulin levels, lower lipid concentrations both in the serum and the liver, improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and regulate serum-inflammatory factors. These results demonstrated that the CHS from H. burgeri skin has a positive effect in reducing insulin resistance because of its novel structure, which provides a significant implication for the polysaccharide as a functional food.
Chamigrane-Type Sesquiterpenes from Laurencia dendroidea as Lead Compounds against Naegleria fowleri
Authors: Arberas-Jiménez Iñigo , Nocchi Nathália , Chao-Pellicer Javier , Sifaoui Ines , Soares Angélica Ribeiro , Díaz-Marrero Ana R. , Fernández José J. , Piñero José E. , Lorenzo-Morales Jacob
Published: March 2023

Naegleria fowleri is an opportunistic protozoon that can be found in warm water bodies. It is the causative agent of the primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Focused on our interest to develop promising lead structures for the development of antiparasitic agents, this study was aimed at identifying new anti-Naegleria marine natural products from a collection of chamigrane-type sesquiterpenes with structural variety in the levels of saturation, halogenation and oxygenation isolated from Laurencia dendroidea. (+)-Elatol (1) was the most active compound against Naegleria fowleri trophozoites with IC50 values of 1.08 μM against the ATCC 30808™ strain and 1.14 μM against the ATCC 30215™ strain. Furthermore, the activity of (+)-elatol (1) against the resistant stage of N. fowleri was also assessed, showing great cysticidal properties with a very similar IC50 value (1.14 µM) to the one obtained for the trophozoite stage. Moreover, at low concentrations (+)-elatol (1) showed no toxic effect towards murine macrophages and could induce the appearance of different cellular events related to the programmed cell death, such as an increase of the plasma membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species overproduction, mitochondrial malfunction or chromatin condensation. Its enantiomer (−)-elatol (2) was shown to be 34-fold less potent with an IC50 of 36.77 μM and 38.03 μM. An analysis of the structure–activity relationship suggests that dehalogenation leads to a significant decrease of activity. The lipophilic character of these compounds is an essential property to cross the blood-brain barrier, therefore they represent interesting chemical scaffolds to develop new drugs.
Marine-Derived Lead Fascaplysin: Pharmacological Activity, Total Synthesis, and Structural Modification
Authors: Wang Chao , Wang Siyuan , Li Haonan , Hou Yonglian , Cao Hao , Hua Huiming , Li Dahong
Published: March 2023

Fascaplysin is a planar structure pentacyclic alkaloid isolated from sponges, which can effectively induce the apoptosis of cancer cells. In addition, fascaplysin has diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-plasmodium, etc. Unfortunately, the planar structure of fascaplysin can be inserted into DNA and such interaction also limits the further application of fascaplysin, necessitating its structural modification. In this review, the biological activity, total synthesis and structural modification of fascaplysin will be summarized, which will provide useful information for pharmaceutical researchers interested in the exploration of marine alkaloids and for the betterment of fascaplysin in particular.
A Case of Diffuse Thyroid Hematoma after Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
Authors: Lee Jong Gyu , Chang Young-Soo , Kim Bo Young
Published: March 2023

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is an easy, safe, and efficient method of diagnosing thyroid diseases. Recent guidelines and studies have demonstrated that this test has a low incidence of complications; thus, most guidelines do not provide recommendations for post-exam care. However, the risk of serious and fatal bleeding in selected patients with bleeding tendency exists. Although screening tests for coagulation are not always necessary, a thorough assessment of past medical history needs to be made to identify disorders affecting coagulation function and bleeding risk factors, such as the use of antithrombotic drugs. This is a case report of a 70-year-old female patient who continued to take edoxaban and suffered bilateral thyroid hematoma a few hours after ultrasound-guided thyroid fine needle aspiration. The patient successfully recovered after undergoing conservative treatment.
A Cross-Sectional, Retrospective, and Comparative Study between Delirium and Non-Delirium Psychiatric Disorders in a Psychogeriatric Inpatient Population Referred to Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Unit
Authors: Barra Bernardo J. , Barahona Maximiliano , Varela Luis F. , Calvo Pilar , Bastidas Anna , Carreño Jorge , Pintor Luis
Published: March 2023

Background and objectives: Delirium is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in inpatient older people. Its presence is associated with higher rates of institutionalization, functional disability and mortality. This study aims to evaluate delirium in a hospitalized psychogeriatric population, focusing on which factors predict the appearance of delirium, the impact it generates and the diagnostic concordance between non-psychiatric physicians and psychiatrists. Material and methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective, and comparative study. We obtained data from a sample of 1017 patients (≥65 years) admitted to general hospital and referred from different services to the consultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP) unit. Logistic regression was performed using delirium as the dependent variable. To estimate the concordance of the diagnoses, the Kappa coefficient was used. To assess the impact of delirium, an ordinal regression, Wilcoxon median test and Fisher’s test were performed. Results: Delirium is associated with a higher number of visits, OR 3.04 (95% CI 2.38–3.88), longer length of stay and mortality, OR 2.07 (95% CI, 1.05 to 4.10). The model to predict delirium shows that being >75 years old has an OR of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.59–2.79), physical disability has an OR of 1.66 (95% CI, 1.25–2.20), history of delirium has an OR of 10.56 (95% CI, 5.26–21.18) and no use of benzodiazepines has an OR of 4.24 (95% CI, 2.92–6.14). The concordance between the referring physician’s psychiatric diagnosis and the psychiatrist CLP unit showed a kappa of 0.30. When analysing depression and delirium, the concordance showed Kappa = 0.46. Conclusions: Delirium is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, but it is still underdiagnosed, with low diagnostic concordance between non-psychiatric doctors and psychiatrists from CLP units. There are multiple risk factors associated with the appearance of delirium, which must be managed to reduce its appearance.
A Brief Overview of the Microstructural Engineering of Inorganic–Organic Composite Membranes Derived from Organic Chelating Ligands
Authors: Lawal Sulaiman Oladipo , Kanezashi Masakoto
Published: March 2023

This review presents a concise conceptual overview of membranes derived from organic chelating ligands as studied in several works. The authors’ approach is from the viewpoint of the classification of membranes by matrix composition. The first part presents composite matrix membranes as a key class of membranes and makes a case for the importance of organic chelating ligands in the formation of inorganic–organic composites. Organic chelating ligands, categorized into network-modifying and network-forming types, are explored in detail in the second part. Four key structural elements, of which organic chelating ligands (as organic modifiers) are one and which also include siloxane networks, transition-metal oxide networks and the polymerization/crosslinking of organic modifiers, form the building blocks of organic chelating ligand-derived inorganic–organic composites. Three and four parts explore microstructural engineering in membranes derived from network-modifying and network-forming ligands, respectively. The final part reviews robust carbon–ceramic composite membranes as important derivatives of inorganic–organic hybrid polymers for selective gas separation under hydrothermal conditions when the proper organic chelating ligand and crosslinking conditions are chosen. This review can serve as inspiration for taking advantage of the wide range of possibilities presented by organic chelating ligands.