bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinction and Diversity: Law and the LSE*
Authors: Rawlings Richard
Published: October 2023

In 1995 the London School of Economics and Political Science became a centenarian. This was naturally an occasion for commemoration and celebration: of monochrome and necrology on the one hand, and alumni events and fund-raising on the other. The Law Department agreed that it also be taken as the opportunity for a scholarly enterprise. A special set of public lectures was organised, involving a range of LSE and non-LSE participants with interesting and relevant things to say. This volume in large measure is the product of that design.
Laski’s Law Behind the Law. 1906 to European Labour Law*
Authors: Wedderburn Lord
Published: October 2023

Few scholars had the lasting effect that Harold Laski had on his students. In Ralph Miliband’s memorable phrase, he gave all to his students out of his ‘glowing faith that youth was generous and alive, eager, enthusiastic and fresh’. His invitation was ‘if you disagree, come ... and tell me where I am wrong’. Distinguished scholars of very different views paid tribute to his part in founding ‘political science’ in England as a committed socialist with a ‘disinterested devotion to the pursuit of truth’. Ralf Dahrendorf suggests that the question: ‘Did you hear Laski?’ marked a historical watershed. Unhappily, I missed him by a whisker.
Structural Couplings
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: October 2023

The more systems theory stresses the operative closure of autopoietic systems, the greater the need to establish how the relations between the system and its environment are shaped. Neither reality nor the causal relevance of the environment is denied (otherwise one could not even talk about difference, differentiation, etc.). Operative closure means only that the autopoiesis of the system can be performed only with its own operations. Hence the unity of the system can be reproduced only with the system’s own operations. Conversely, the system cannot operate in its environment and hence cannot communicate with the environment by using the system’s operations.
Mrs Thatcher Against the ‘Little Republics’: Ideology, Precedents, and Reactions
Authors: Burrage (London School of Economics) Michael
Published: October 2023

Political scientists have not paid much attention to the professions as lesser forms of government. Professions might have been expected to figure in their discussions of pluralism and corporatism, two major themes of the subject in recent times, but attention has usually focused on capital and labour, the two actors in the class theory that they hoped to supersede or discredit. Similarly, in the discussion of the relationship between states and civil society, evidence has seldom been drawn from the professions even though they were probably the first, and have usually been the most durable, expression of civil society’s attempt to organize itself. And in the vast literature on states, the mini-governments of the professions have rarely been used as means of understanding the larger state formations on which they depend.
Brian Simpson in the United States
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: October 2023

W. B. Simpson’s academic career in the United States makes a pleasant and encouraging story, at least to an American who has observed it at first hand and has benefited from it. It began without fuss. Brian first came to the States in a professional capacity during the winter of 1979.1 He had been invited to be a visiting professor at the University of Chicago Law School, and no doubt he felt a certain degree of curiosity about life in the States. He returned to Chicago again as a visiting professor in the spring terms (‘quarters’) during the 1979-80 and 1981-2 academic years. The experience must have been mutually agreeable, because he accepted a professorship at the University of Chicago from the 1983-4 academic year.
Cognitive Science, Legal Theory, and The Possibility Of An Observation/Theory Distinction in Morality and Law
Authors: Penner* J E
Published: October 2023

An observation/theory distinction is a distinction between beliefs which we are able justifiably to form on the basis of observations, that is, true perceptions of the world more or less uncoloured by our desires, beliefs, theories, ideologies, cultures, etc., and beliefs which we form on the basis of attempts to explain or understand our observations, that is, our various theories, ideologies, or cultural world views.
Arabesk
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: October 2023

The ethnographic present refers to 25 August 1990, when I attended a Halk Konseri (People’s Concert) featuring Müshim Gürses, one of a series of free events organized for the Gülhane Park festival. The park is a small wooded area on the slopes between the Topkap1 palace and Saray Burnu, the ‘Seraglio Point’, containing a zoo and a number of tea gardens, all of which are packed on summer week ends. The park is a popular destination for afternoon excursions, since it can be reached easily by train from the outlying suburbs and gecekondu areas to the west of the city walls.
Arabesk Lyrics and Narratives
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: October 2023

When people talk about arabesk they do so in terms of the lyrics of the songs and the films to which they belong. In the texts, ideas and images are compressed into a small number of extremely dense lines, extended by melisma and musical repetition. On their own they have an abstract quality, consisting of a displaced rhetoric of suffering and frustration. Whilst the locus of the texts is unquestionably an urban space, a world of taxis, trains, cafes, crowds, and unfamilar streets, the singer, the loved one, and the cause of suffering are seldom specified or described. Even the gender of the loved one remains ambiguous through the use of the unspecified third-person pronoun, ‘o’. It is precisely this abstract quality that allows for the texts to be embedded in films and personally constructed narratives in the manner described in the previous chapter. This provides the basis for what I shall tentatively describe as the aesthetic experience of arabesk, the understanding of ‘what it means’ in relation to one’s own experience.
Arabesk and Serna
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: October 2023

In arabesk, the description of the hal revolves around the social dislocation of the protagonist from his family and loved ones, provoking a crisis which is both characterized and reinforced by images of drunkenness, weeping, solitude, and an aimless circular movement which is exhausting but achieves nothing. The expression of this state through music is metaphorically equated with burning. We have also noted that the term hal has a meaning in the context of sema (religious music and dance in Sufi thought and practice).
France
Authors: Charlot Jean , Charlot Monica
Published: October 2023

Electioneering in France changed fundamentally with the inception in 1965 of the direct election of the President of the Republic by the people. Since then a wider use of referendums, which until the Fifth Republic were rare and only used for narrowly constitutional issues, together with the coming of European elections have added two other types of national elections to that of the election of the President. These elections, in which the whole of France constitutes one single constituency, involve each party’s national leaders to a much greater extent than general or local elections.
Italy
Authors: Gundle Stephen
Published: October 2023

The Italian political system has been long renowned for its static qualities, for its resistance to change of all types. Yet in the course of the 1980s the pattern of electioneering evolved radically as new techniques and codes of campaigning were widely adopted. Not only did television become more important than ever before but party-centred rallies, posters, and word-of-mouth strategies were displaced by media-orientated forms of political communication in which the emphasis shifted from parties towards leaders and candidates. As part of the trend towards political marketing, even telephone canvassing and direct mail shots were introduced. By a variety of observers this process of change was hailed, from its very earliest manifestations in the late 1970s, as part of a deplorable trend towards Americanization that would result in Italian political life losing its distinctive cultural and ideological traits with political communication becoming virtually indistinguishable from entertainment.
Divided Party Control in the United States
Authors: Ranney Austin
Published: October 2023

Recent elections in the United States have continued a condition that is impossible in most democratic systems and rare in a few others, but seems to have become normal in America: namely, divided party control-a situation in which the President belongs to one party and the majority in one or both Houses of Congress belongs to the other party.1 Divided party control is possible only in those systems which directly elect both executives and legislators, with the voters casting separate votes for each. This makes it possible for voters to split their ballots between or among parties in voting for the two kinds of officials. Other systems in which this is possible are France under the Fifth Republic, Finland, and most Latin American nations (especially relevant for present purposes are those, such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Venezuela, that now hold reasonably free elections).2 If they maintain the courses on which they are now embarked, many republics of the former Soviet Union are likely to join the list (Lijphart 1984; Sartori 1987).3 Divided party control is rare but not unknown in presidential democracies other than the United States.
Meaning to Mean It
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James
Published: October 2023

Murti Pujak Jains insist that it is necessary that one means to mean. This idea was acknowledged by virtually all our informants at the Dadabari temple. At the same time however, there was no confidence that not having meant disqualifies the/?w/« as a, puja. It is no help to think of this as a ‘contradiction’ to be explained away as the result of a ‘pure’ intention-oriented Jainism having been corrupted by a ritual-oriented Hindu world. For it continues a debate about action and intention which has been conducted within Jainism and which has resurfaced right up to the present. In this chapter we shall attempt to show how alive these issues still are, how they compare with similar questioning during the Christian Reformation, and how their remaining unresolved gives rise to the extraordinary combination of behavioural discipline and imaginative freedom which characterizes Jain religious practice in general and the puja in particular.
The Evocation of Mood
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James
Published: October 2023

We said earlier that people coming to the temple for puja encounter ritualized acts, as it were, ready for them to perform. These acts have no intrinsic meaning but the)’ are ‘apprehensible’, waiting to be acted out in different modes and given symbolic meanings by the celebrants. This is an observation about the acts, not about the actor who performs them. But there are a few ritualized acts that are sometimes treated differently.
Conclusion
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James
Published: October 2023

This book has been an account of ritualization, and of the responses to it. The pivotal transformation which ritualization effects is to sever the link, which is present in everyday life, between the actors’ intentions and the identity of the acts they perform. Commonly when this happens in everyday life, when you say something you do not intend to say, for example, it is a mistake. But ritual action is anything but a mistake: one of the definitive features of ritual is the consistent displacement of intentional meaning. So one of its enigmas, which we cannot claim to have solved comprehensively, is why people go on doing things in ritual ways when ritualization only serves to make them ‘pointless’.
Black Masculinity II
Authors: Alexander Claire E
Published: October 2023

Black men are in the main still very chauvinistic and women of my generation don’t want that....We have somehow outgrown the black men of our age. Putting it crudely, for whatever reason, there just aren’t that many middle-class black men around. They just don’t want to marry bus drivers.
Constitutionalism: Procedural Limits and Political Ends
Authors: Johnson Nevil
Published: October 2023

Constitutional design and change never occur in a vacuum or in what might be called laboratory conditions. Such efforts are bound to reflect the impact of all kinds of practical problems and political demands. At the same time they will express a range of normative assumptions or more explicit commitments about social life and relationships which are to be found in whatever society it is that we are considering. It follows, of course, that constitutional arrangements and the formal documents in which they may be expressed reveal great variation and diversity: constitutions come in all shapes and sizes.
The Constraints on Constitutional Change in Franee
Authors: Carcassonne Guy
Published: October 2023

The Constitution of the Fifth Republic is the sixteenth France has adopted since 1789.1 The first Constitution lasted one year; the second was never enforced; while the remainder have varied in duration from twenty-one days2 to sixty-five years.3 The multitude of constitutions arises on the one hand from a combination of the French taste for geometrical architecture and written law and, on the other, from an ideological conception of what a constitution is. Those characteristics led each political faction to have its own idea of what a constitution should amount to, each of them assumed to be both complete and rational. Thus, any change in political forces throughout the nineteenth century almost inevitably produced a new supreme law. The consequence of such practices has been that it has taken more than a century and a half for the French people and their political representatives to understand and accept that a constitution should be the definition of common rules rather than a partisan weapon.
Constitutionalism and Constitutional Change in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Hendrych Dusan
Published: October 2023

After November 1989 there was a general awareness that a humiliating period of Czechoslovakian history had ended and that a new era was beginning. This feeling was prevalent still in 1990, when the idea of an open democratic society, together with the trans formation of the economy from state control to a market model, informed the political programmes of most election groups and coalitions. Moreover, the electoral successes of those who had emphasized such solutions testified to the fact that such programmes were favoured by a large section of the citizens of Czechoslovakia.
The Agenda of Constitutional Change in Europe: Adaptation, Transformation, and Internationalization
Authors: Hesse Joachim Jens , Johnson Nevil
Published: October 2023

It is no exaggeration to suggest that constitutional arrangements throughout Europe are exposed to a powerful ‘wind of change’. But this wind blows with differing degrees of intensity, and perhaps in different directions, according to where we look on the continent. In its Eastern parts the collapse of the Soviet Union has imposed the need for a radical transformation of political life and institutions. At the same time the countries affected by this political upheaval are anxious to reconstruct their economies and to connect up with global economic structures and relationships which impose their own pressures and, not least, demand a capacity to compete in world markets.
The Constitutional Arrangements of Federal Systems A Sceptical View from the Outside
Authors: Saunders Cheryl
Published: October 2023

Federalism has been defined as combining self-rule with shared rule. In a system of government, self-rule usually involves a territorial base and always requires a degree of autonomy, or final responstbility, for each level of government. This feature in particular distinguishes federations from decentralized unitary systems and can be used to advantage where a federation is working well. Each of the governments between which rule is shared operates directly on individual members of the community. In contrast, in confederal systems, the direct relationship is likely to lie between the central government and the member states.
EU Cohesion Policy: Facts, Figures, and Issues
Authors: Wishlade Fiona
Published: October 2023

Over the last decade, the process of European integration has placed increasing emphasis on the promotion of economic and social cohesion. Under the Single European Act, the implementation of the Community’s common policies and the completion of the internal market were to take account of this objective and contribute to its achievement. This commitment is strengthened under the Treaty on European Union, where not only the implementation but also the formulation of policy must take cohesion into consideration. The most high-profile aspect of the EU concerned with cohesion was the reform of the structural funds agreed in 1988. This involved not only a complete overhaul of the administration and implementation of the funds, but also a significant increase in budget allocations; these were set to double over the period 1987-93. Negotiations during 1993 culminated in new structural fund regulations for the period 1994-9 bringing some further, albeit less dramatic, changes and additional financial resources. By the end of the decade, ‘Structural Actions’ (the cohesion fund and the structural funds) will account for over 35 per cent of EU spending-some 27.4 billion ECU in 1999-compared with 7 billion ECU, or just 19 per cent of the budget, in 1987 (Commission 1994c; Eurostat 1992).
Cholera: A Victory for Medicine?
Authors: Bourdelais Patrice
Published: October 2023

Among the great epidemics of the past, cholera appears today as one of the diseases which has been conquered by advances in medicine. However, for the last 20 years a seventh pandemic of cholera has been raging in an increasing number of countries, and medical men have been unable to check its spread. It is clear that medical progress cannot have been the sole explanation for the waxing and waning of epidemic diseases, and more generally for the decline in mortality. The study of cholera epidemics from their first appearance in Europe towards the end of the first third of the nineteenth century to the present day, makes it possible to estimate how much of the increasing decline in the number of cases and of victims of the disease can be attributed directly to progress in medical knowledge and techniques and the development of new methods of protection, and how much is due to social and cultural factors. Paradoxically, during recent years improvements in medical knowledge have not necessarily resulted in improvements in public health in the short run or even the medium-long run; indeed, they may have led to a relaxation in vigilance. Does this somewhat pessimistic point of view survive an analysis of long-run changes? If a seventh pandemic were, indeed, developing, it has not, up to now, reached the developed countries. Can an historical analysis provide the reason for this development? For a long time the development of cholera pandemics appears to have been independent of the state of medical knowledge. During the first (1817-24) and the second (1829-37) pandemics, the progress of contagion was similar in areas in which Western medicine had little influence, and in Russia or in Europe. For more than a year, in 1830-31, the newspapers regularly carried stories about the progress of the disease towards northwestern Europe. However, the majority of articles were reassuring, particularly in France and in Great Britain.
Exchange Rate Regimes in Developing Countries
Authors: Joshi Vijay
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to set out the issues involved in the choice of exchange rate regime in developing countries. Two assumptions which we believe to be realistic are made in the course of the analysis. First, we assume that the major currencies of the world will continue to float against one another (though there may be some zones of stability like the European Monetary System). While there is a sporting chance that some scheme to moderate the swings in their exchange rates will be successfully introduced and implemented, we think it unlikely that the industrial countries will return to anything resembling fixed rates. Second, we assume that most developing countries will continue to maintain some controls on capital movements even if they move towards liberalizing trade. Again, whatever one’s views about the wisdom of maintaining capital controls, this assumption is surely a realistic prediction of how governments of developing countries will act in the near future.
Vision and Reality of Public Sector Management: The Indian Experience
Authors: Mulji Sudhir
Published: October 2023

By the end of the Second World War, the belief that poor countries would have to depend upon state-owned enterprises for rapid development was more widely held than one would now care to admit. Although Bhagwati and Desai (1970, p. 127) argue that ‘the phenomenal growth of the public sector in India during the three Plans is to be attributed largely to the ‘socialist’, ideological goals which the Indian National Congress embraced as early as the 1930s and to the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru during the period of recent planning’, it is unlikely that state enterprises would have received quite as much support if there had not been strong economic arguments for establishing them. General collectivist ideas apart, the notion of semi-autonomous corporations acting for the common weal had already met with academic approval. This after all was the age of Keynes, and as early as 1913 he had pleaded, in the teeth of considerable local opposition, for a state-owned central bank for India. In regard to England, at first, he was content to observe the evolutionary trends. He believed that the Bank of England had already been socialized. On the occasion of the centenary of Walter Bagehot’s birth, Keynes wrote:
Positive Freedom, Markets, and the Welfare State
Authors: Dasgupta* Partha
Published: October 2023

The comparative merits of market and certain distinguished non-market resource allocation mechanisms have continually been at the centre of debate in economics and political philosophy. Doubtless they will remain there. For here one faces the grandest of human concerns, embracing as it does issues bearing on liberty and welfare, the aspirations of people, their potential and realized capabilities, and the fulfilment of their needs. It enables us to see individuals in a social context, to ask about the possible features of a civil society, the obligations that people may have to themselves, to one another, and to agencies. Then again, we are able to enquire into the obligations that agencies have to people and to one another, the extent to which responsibility needs to be delegated among offices and persons, the role that dispersed information may play in answers to these, and so on. The debate is central to any discussion of the kind of society we ought to aspire to be members of.
1948 and After
Authors: Morris Benny
Published: October 2023

In this new collection of essays, three of which appear here for the first time, Benny Morris examines and elucidates aspects of the Arab exodus from Palestine in 1948, focusing on Israeli decision-making and the causes of the mass exile. He deals with the transfer of Majdal's (Ashkelon's) Arabs to Gaza in 1950 and the initial absorption of the Palestinian refugees in the Arab host countries in 1948-9, and looks at why a number of Arab villages in key areas of Israel along the highways linking Tel Aviv with Jerusalem and Haifa did not go into exile voluntarily and were left in place by the Israeli authorities. He examines the attitudes towards the Palestinian Arabs, as they evolved during the 1948 war, of Israel's two main parties, Mapai and Mapam; how the battle for the harvest of 1948 affected the exodus; how the Israeli Defence Forces' Intelligence Service analysed the Arab exodus; and how Yosef Weitz, a Jewish National Fund official, and the two `Transfer Committees' he chaired, helped promote the Palestinian exodus during 1948-9. In his introduction, Dr Morris examines past and present Israeli historiography, analysing the shift from the `old' official Israeli histories to the `new history' of the 1980s. He identifies the major points of controversy between the two approaches and the direction in which Israeli historiography is now moving.
Models of High Inflation
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel
Published: October 2023

What is the cause of inflation? This seems a straightforward question and a likely place to begin. Yet it is one of those questions to which no one’s answer commands universal assent and over which contentious debate goes on without an end in sight. This suggests that the question itself is less straightforward than it looks at first. Inflation is the observable outcome of a complex process of political and economic interaction in society. In such a context, ‘cause-and-effect’ language easily becomes misleading. Behind the rise in a general price index lies the pricing decisions of innumerable firms and individuals. In a non-trivial sense, those actions are the most direct ‘cause’ of inflation. But, of course, the decisions to revise prices are motivated by market and policy signals. And these, in tum, are at the end of other chains of causation. Each asserted cause brings into view one or more prior causes of which it may be the effect—and some of these causal chains loop back on themselves, effects at one stage becoming causes at another. Building a complete model of these economic and ‘extra-economic’ interactions is an impossible task. Of necessity, the economist must begin by deciding which links between variables he will concentrate on and how far he should try to go in the quest for a ‘deep enough’ explanation. How these decisions should be made is never obvious. In the absence of a comprehensive inflation theory, alternative models coexist. Each of them has its strengths and its weaknesses.
High Inflations and Contemporary Monetary Theory
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel
Published: October 2023

Mill’s famous dictum gives concise expression to a view of the foundations of monetary theory that still governs virtually all work in the subject. It has been quoted innumerable times as a well-formulated piece of time-honoured wisdom suitable for trotting out on ceremonial occasions. But there is something puzzling about its popularity. For, surely, there is a tension between the two parts of Mill’s statement that at least borders on outright contradiction: Why should it matter when an ‘intrinsically insignificant thing’ gets ‘out of order’? The tension can, of course, be resolved in one of two ways. On the one hand, one might suppose that when the contrivance gets out of order, the rise in transactions costs will cause people to conduct their regular business somewhat ‘less quickly and commodiously’ without money. If their real transactions were largely unaffected, that would prove money to be ‘intrinsically insignificant’ all right.
The Evolution of Economic Organization in Contemporary Societies
Authors: Prodi Romano
Published: October 2023

When we assess the availability and use of physical resources and their role in eco nomic growth and performance, one fact is salient. The enormous changes during the last generation have produced entirely unexpected results in terms of how these resources are organized, combined, and managed. The novel characteristic of the last generation of economic development is the weak correlation between the availability of resources and prospects for long-term growth in all countries of the world. This very simple observation can be taken for granted now, but it refutes the received wisdom of the past. All empirical data demonstrate that land and raw materials have not been the foundations of the economic growth of the last generation. Granted, serious short-term crises can be induced by a lack of raw materials, as was demonstrated by the oil crises of the 1970s and 1980s. In analyses of long-term growth, however, a complete schism emerges between the possession of material resources and the level of development. This surprising finding should change our views of world economic development.
The Impact of Population Change on Environment: An Overview
Authors: CLARKE JOHN I
Published: October 2023

Rapid world population growth and global environmental change are two of the great concerns of our age, and for many people they are closely linked. In this chapter we examine those links. Concern about world population growth spread after the mid-twentieth century, when it became apparent that rapid mortality declines in the developing countries were not accompanied by comparable fertility declines. Annual rates of natural increase in some developing countries rose as high as 3-4 percent, far in excess of those previously experienced by industrialized countries during their slower demo graphic transition in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Concern about global environmental change and environmental degradation in general is more recent, dating particularly from the 1970s. It is more a product of the space age, when satellite imagery has highlighted the global unity of the earth’s ecosystem, the interdependence of environmental and human phenomena, and hu manity’s increasing ability to exploit resources and to wreak ever more drastic environmental damage (e.g., Davis, Bernstam, and Sellers, 1989). If anything, global environmental change currently attracts even more attention and alarm, in the West at least, than world population growth, not only because some of those living in the resource-exploiting industrialized countries feel more directly responsible, but also because of the unforeseen consequences of the phenomena of ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and climatic change, as well as the growing general awareness of the complexity of ecological interrelationships.
Structural and Spatial Economic Changes and their Effects on Recent Urbanization in China
Authors: Li Jing Neng
Published: October 2023

The economic reforms begun in China in 1979 have had profound effects on the development of the Chinese economy and population, generating many structural and spatial economic changes. Studies of their implications for China’s urbanization, as well as deeper analysis of the patterns of urbanization in China’s different regions, are therefore needed, despite the serious data problems con fronting such an analysis. The data used in this chapter are mainly from China’s State Statistic Bureau (CSSB), the Ministry of Public Security, the Institute of Economic Research of the State Planning Commission and relevant surveys made by the Institute of Population and Development Research of Nankai University and other population institutes.
Urban Housing Reforms in China, 1979-89
Authors: Lee Yok-Shiu F
Published: October 2023

In early 1989, the China Daily printed an apprehensive account of the ongoing reform experiments in urban housing. Under the headline ‘Reform in housing at crossroads’, the author noted that ‘progress over the whole country last year [1988] failed to meet government expectations. Many large cities, including some provincial capitals, have been less than enthusiastic about implementing reform’ (31 January 1989). This worrying observation, increasingly found in the official Chinese press, is revealing because it was made just one year after the State Council announced in early 1988 its decision to enforce housing reforms in all urban areas in China within three years (Tong Zengyen 1988: 11). It signifies the existence of major difficulties in extending reform programmes beyond a few cities and hints at some fundamental flaws in the overall approach and policy design of the current reform programmes.
Industrial Location Policies and the Urbanization Process in Brazil
Authors: Haddad Paulo Roberto
Published: October 2023

Macro-economic and sectoral economic policies are not neutral in their urban and regional effects in large countries where there are heterogeneous socio economic and cultural contexts among the geographical areas. Policy-makers intend that these policies should be non-spatial in their conception and results; but when they are implemented across a territory with differing economic and social organization, development structures, and growth dynamics, impacts differ among the regions and urban subsystems. Therefore, in a large country, each macro-economic and sectoral policy always subsumes an implicit urban and regional policy that is sometimes even more relevant and decisive for the inter regional distribution of growth effects than well-known explicit policies for regional and urban development.
Urbanization in India: An Overview
Authors: Visaria Pravin
Published: October 2023

India, the second most populous country of the world, had a population close to 820 million on 1 October 1989 when the seminar organized by the IUSSP was held in Ahmedabad. By 1992, the population had grown to about 870 million. The pro portion of urban population in India increased from about 11 per cent in 1901 to 18 per cent in 1951 (a few years after independence) and to a modest 26 per cent at the time of the 1991 census. The total urban population in India (including an estimated figure for the state of Jamu and Kashmir where the 1991 census was not conducted) was about 217 million. Had it formed a separate country, urban India alone would have been the fourth most populous country of the world (after China, India, and USA).
Conclusions
Authors: Bergström Villy
Published: October 2023

In this study we have largely focused on a thorough assessment of the importance of catching up for the explanation of differences in growth performance across countries. We have also specifically treated the effect of government spending on productivity growth. In general, there has been a strong belief in the catching-up hypothesis. This conviction was reinforced by Baumol’s and Abramowitz’s studies on Maddison’s data for sixteen countries. A closer inspection of those studies shows, however, that catching up has not occurred universally. The selection of time period and countries is of decisive importance for whether empirical support for catching up is received.
Corporatism, Union Density, and Economic Growth
Authors: Bergström Villy
Published: October 2023

Consider now the effects of union density on economic growth. I have data on union density for sixteen OECD countries from 1970 through 1985, taken from D’Agostino (1992). I use four time periods per country, 1971-5, 1976-80, 1981-5 and 1986-8. In each case I use the union density figure from the year before the beginning of the period (1970, 1975, 1980, 1985) to lessen the possibility of simultaneity bias.
Comment
Authors: Calmfors Lars
Published: October 2023

Kevin Grier’s paper deals with an important subject, namely ‘the role of institutional factors in secular economic growth’. It is a topic that for many years received surprisingly little interest in mainstream economics. Recent years have, however, seen an explosion of research in this area. It is true, as pointed out by Grier, that this new interest has been triggered off by the development of endogenous growth models-for example, Romer (1986) and Lucas (1987)-that may motivate why institutional factors have long-run growth effects. It is, however, surprising that no mention is made of the seminal work in the area by researchers such as Douglass North and Mancur Olson. Their contributions may not have the same formal elegance as those of the new growth theorists but they do expound all the more exciting visions of the essentials.

The main analysis in the paper is econometric. The baseline model examines the effects on growth of a number of “standard’ variables: initial wealth, population growth, investment, growth of government consumption and the change as well as the variability of inflation. To this is added an analysis of how the extent of centralization of wage bargaining and the degree of ‘corporatism’ affect growth. Both time-series and cross-country variations among the OECD countries are exploited.
Macroeconomic Instability in Post-Communist Countries
Authors: Rostowski Jacek
Published: October 2023

The destruction or collapse of a social system is bound to be cataclysmic, and the collapse of the communist system which has played itself out at across twenty-eight countries is no exception. The political, social and economic relations which governed these societies are all being simultaneously changed in a fundamental way. In such a context the presence of macroeconomic instability is hardly surprising. Yet, it is the job of economists to try to identify the specific causes of economic phenomena, even when they are caught up in the whirlwind of history. This book, by a participant in the events, examines the causes of very high inflation and large fall in statistically measured output in the post-Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It focuses on the fundamental nature of the shift from supply constrained economies (in which there is no unemployment) to ones which are constrained by demand; on the reconstruction of monetary and credit systems; and on the central role of macroeconomic stabilization and generalised liberalisation in creating the basis for private sector growth. Many of the chapters have grown out of policy debates in which the author participated.
Policy issues
Authors: Missale Alessandro
Published: October 2023

There are many different debt instruments which can be used to finance the budget deficit. A main distinction is the currency of denomination and, in particular, whether or not this is the domestic currency. Another important characteristics is the initial term to maturity, which among marketable instruments may range from few weeks to 30 years. The way the interest is computed is also important to determine the risk-return characteristics of financial instruments. Securities may promise to pay a fixed interest rate or have coupons which are indexed to another interest rate or to the price level. The marketability of debt instruments is also important. A policymaker may rely on marketable securities, as well as on loans from financial institutions and on savings bonds sold to personal investors. The composition of OECD countries’ debts by type of instrument is shown for the year 1995 in Table I.I.
Minimizing risk
Authors: Missale Alessandro
Published: October 2023

The policymaker’s objective function implies a trade-off between the minimization of the expected cost of debt servicing and the minimization of budgetary risk. A.s shown in Chapter 3, if the expected rates of return on government securities just reflect their risk-return characteristics, the debt manager should only be concerned with risk minimization. A strategy aimed at reducing interest costs is justified only when risk premia result from: market imperfections; informational asymmetries; expectations failures; and the government’s inability to credibly commit to future policy actions.
Design, Results, and Comments on the Machakos Project in Kenya
Authors: Ginneken Jeroen K Van , Muller Alex S , Odhiambo Omondi
Published: October 2023

In 1971 a longitudinal population-based project was initiated in a part of the Machakos district of Kenya with a view to developing means of improving mother and child health in a rural area. The objectives were as follows:

to obtain accurate data on morbidity and mortality from measles, whooping cough, other acute respiratory infections, and acute diarrhoeal disease in children 0-4 years of age;

to obtain data on nutritional status, social behaviour and attitudes, socio¬ economic status, and biological and physical environment, and to study the influence these may have on observed disease patterns.
Diplomatic Normalization and Trade
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide
Published: October 2023

The previous four chapters illuminated the structure and process of Japan China trade as they evolved during the 1950s and the 1960s in the absence of formal governmental relations. This trade relationship cannot be explained fully by a perspective which emphasizes the supremacy of strategic concerns in international relations. This is not to say, however, that incentives for trade exchanges outweighed strategic concerns between the two countries. Rather, it shows that Japan’s overall behaviour toward China was conditioned by both general political considerations and particular objectives to trade with China, and that Japan’s pursuit of China trade has to be explained primarily by factors which evolved independently of dominant strategic considerations. This ‘two-track’ mechanism is brought home, albeit in a reverse way, by the fact that normalization of diplomatic relations between Japan and China can be ascribed almost exclusively to the transformation of the strategic environment in East Asia, which evolved around the rapprochement between the United States and China in 1971-1972.
A Rereading of Historical Material: An Alternative Account of the Position of Women in Ancient India
Authors: Bhattacharji Sukumari
Published: October 2023

Not only do events in our demographic history influence the present, but our understanding of the past also informs our understanding of the present. This latter premiss is the basis of much historical demography, and the European demographic transition in particular has attracted a lot of research attention which is motivated by its potential for understanding and predicting demographic transitions in contemporary populations. However, not only is the past not always a good guide to the present, but understanding and interpreting the past can be fraught with difficulties. This is especially the case when one looks at the relatively ancient past, for which records are likely to be selective, incomplete, and, for the large part, descriptive or even merely prescriptive. Such records call for careful critical scrutiny before being used to advance a thesis, and this paper illustrates this problem by providing an alternative interpretation of the ancient Indian texts. The plausibility of such an alternative interpretation and a critique of existing interpretations highlight the political processes that influence not just the writing of a text, but also the reading of it. This awareness brings one closer to acknowledging the biases possible in one’s attempts to apply politically loaded and value loaded ideas from other disciplines to a supposedly ‘objective’ discipline such as demography. Such caution is particularly warranted by the increasing politicization of demography and of the policy prescriptions that it generates.
Private and Public Sector Responses to the 1972-75 Sugar Boom in Mauritius
Authors: Greenaway David , Lamusse Roland
Published: October 2023

Mauritius is a small island located in the Western Indian Ocean. It has a population of just over one million, with a current GDP per capita of over US$3,000. Mauritius is almost unique among Sub-Saharan African countries in terms of its recent economic performance: it has unequivocally undergone a successful stabilisation and structural adjustment programme; diversified its industrial and export base; and embarked on a path of rapid and sustained growth in real GDP and real GDP per capita. Moreover, all of this has been achieved in a relatively short space of time, basically between the late 1970s and mid-1980s. The speed and extent of adjustment implies a degree of flexibility and responsiveness to economic stimuli which is unusual in the Sub-Saharan African context. The reasons for this impressive performance have been explored elsewhere (Greenaway and Milner, 1991) and are not the core of this chapter.
Macroeconomic Policies, Financial Conditions and Enterprise Behaviour
Authors: Wang Cheng , Tsang Shu-Ki
Published: October 2023

Under the impact of economic reform in socialist countries, enterprises have evolved from totally passive units under the bureaucratic control of the government into more active agents, with their own economic interests and motivations (which, however, may still be affected by the economic policies and administrative measures of the government). As such changes take place, how to ensure that enterprise behaviour is consistent with macroeconomic objectives, without reducing incentives and undermining efforts to improve efficiency, becomes an important issue.
England’s Incredible Shrinking Population
Authors: Toye John
Published: October 2023

It was highly ironical, in the light of his total recantation of Malthusianism in 1928-30, that Keynes should have begun his last major intellectual encounter with the population problem by claiming that
The Puzzles of Transition
Authors: Boeri Tito
Published: October 2023

When transition of the Eastern European economies began, there was no historical precedent to draw upon while making inferences on the future course of events. Educated guesses were allowed and were made, quite many of which turned out subsequently to be wrong. It is easy to be wise after the event, but knowledge evolves by comparing actual with expected outcomes and learning from these deviations. Thus, I will be pitiless in pointing out departures from the predictions made at the outset. Actually, I will do more than that: I will try to understand why wrong predictions were made. This is my primary goal. From the common wisdom prevailing at the beginning of the 1990s we need, in any event, to start.
Introduction
Authors: Bledsoe Caroline , Guyer Jane I , Lerner Susana
Published: October 2023

Fertility is by far the largest subdiscipline in contemporary demography. Yet until a very few years ago, women comprised virtually its sole objects of study. Men, if they appeared at all, usually did so as shadows; as partners-by-implication of those engaged in childbearing. The virtual absence of men from the annals of past published works on fertility is not hard to explain. Even if genetic tests could verify the relationships among household members in a survey, this would hardly begin to solve the challenges surrounding the analysis of male fertility. Our own field experience suggests that, while some men do not know how many children they have, others claim to have fathered children they have never seen. More often than women, men seem to deny connection to offspring born outside of wedlock or to a former spouse.
The Seeds Of Man: Ethnological Notes On Male Sexuality And Fecundity Among The Maya
Authors: Ruz Mario Humberto
Published: October 2023

The Tojolabal Maya of the Mexican state of Chiapas, when referring to ‘ourselves’, use a term which can also be translated as ‘our genital organs’, since it includes a term which denotes male or female genitals.1 The Tzotzil Maya of Zinacantan utilize a single term for ‘procreating’, ‘making tortillas’, and ‘conducting political activities’. Symbolically linking the critical functions of daily life (Najera, in press), they combine male and female spheres through the activities that enable the community to reproduce. Their neighbours in Chamula, Chiapas believe that all children start out as male, but that carelessness on the part of a pregnant woman may change the sex of the baby (Pozas 1977, I, p. 119), a deed that can sometimes jeopardize the continuity of the patrilineal group. The Otomi see the penis as a cultural analogy for humans. Like the individual, it has a life-cycle of growth, climax, and decline. Without an erection it is like a child; during intercourse it experiences maturity, then death; later it foreshadows primordial ancestors: aged, withered, and worn out (Galinier 1990, p. 189ff.).