bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of the racial and ethnic discrimination stress model
Authors: Wilkins‐Clark Renée E. , Gray Carmen N. , Ferraro Anthony J.
Published: January 2024

Family stress models have been used extensively in family science for decades and have demonstrated utility in the examination of familial responses to stressors. Although these models have been applied to research on Black families and researchers have more recently considered the impact of integrated sociocultural context and reconceptualized models accordingly, current models do not fully explain outcomes associated with mundane extreme environmental stress (MEES) and the simultaneous influence of an iterative meaning‐making process. To address this gap, we extend the contextual model of family stress, by integrating the MEES concept and propositions from symbolic interactionism, family systems theory, and ecological theory. We introduce the racial and ethnic discrimination stress model (RED‐SM), a conceptual framework, to explain how the mundane extreme environment, resources, and socialization messages contribute to a meaning‐making process that influences adjustment outcomes for Black individuals. We conclude by offering suggestions for its usage in family science research.
Intergenerational and digital solidarity: Associations with depressive symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hwang Woosang , Hadi Narges , Brown Maria T. , Silverstein Merril
Published: January 2024

Objective

We aimed to explore dyadic latent classes of intergenerational solidarity with digital communication (texting, video call, and social media interaction) among older parent and adult child pairs during the COVID‐19 pandemic, and whether derived dyadic latent classes were associated with older parents' and adult children's depressive symptoms.

Background

Previous studies have not considered how digital communication fits with the established intergenerational solidarity paradigm. Consequently, we know little about how the use of digital communication creates new types of intergenerational solidarity between older parents and adult children, and how they are associated with their depressive symptoms during the pandemic.

Methods

Using data from the 2022 survey of the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG), the analysis took a dyadic‐centered approach and applied a three‐step latent class analysis with 271 mother–child and 190 father–child dyads.

Results

Dyadic partners were consistent in their relationship evaluations for the three latent classes identified in both mother–child and father–child dyads: tight‐knit traditional (strong solidarity with frequent in‐person contact), distant‐but‐digitally connected (geographically distant but frequent digital contact), and detached (low solidarity). In mother–child dyads, mothers reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms when they were in tight‐knit traditional and distant‐but‐digitally connected relationships, than those in detached relationships. In father–child dyads, adult children reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms when they were in tight‐knit traditional and distant‐but‐digitally connected relationships, than those in detached relationships.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that digital communication was beneficial for older parents' and adult children's psychological well‐being, depending on parents' gender and generational position during the pandemic.
Polygonal impact craters on Ganymede
Authors: Baby Namitha Rose , Kenkmann Thomas , Stephan Katrin , Wagner Roland
Published: January 2024

Polygonal impact craters (PICs) are unique geological features observed on various planetary bodies and constitute a small percentage of the impact crater population. This study focuses on PICs on Ganymede, where no such craters have been investigated so far. Here we present the distribution of PICs, examine their morphological characteristics, investigate the causes for their polygonal shapes, and discuss the factors that support their formation. We identified and analyzed 459 PICs on Ganymede with complex crater morphologies. They are widely distributed across the Moon and occur on both dark and light terrain. Our analysis revealed that the majority of orientations of straight rim segments align parallel or subparallel to adjacent tectonic linear features. There is at least one tectonic linear orientation adjacent to PICs, even in dark, cratered terrains. Based on the comparison of the number of PICs and tectonic linear features, Ganymede is believed to have undergone more intense tectonic activity than other icy bodies like Ceres and Dione, where PICs were described. The presence of numerous PICs on Ganymede suggests that surface lineations and grooves are expressions of fractures that form zones of weakness in the ice crust that got reactivated during impact cratering.
19th Century Polemic at Shahjahanpur: Muḥammad Qāsim Nānawtawī's Philosophy of Khilāfat‐Allāh and his Response to the Critics of Islam in regard to Kaʿbah
Authors: Siddiqui Atif Suhail
Published: January 2024

This article1 is focused on Muḥammad Qāsim Nānawtawī's two important books Ḥujjat al‐Islām and Qiblah Numā. These books are Nānawtawī's response to Christian missionaries and Hindu critic of Islam. Nānawtawī's polemics led the foundation of neo‐ʿilm al‐kalām (neo‐Islamic scholastic theology) in South Asia. This article is an effort to trace Nānawtawī's corpus in polemics and the dialectics, which he covered in these books. Most of his works include his critiques and strong arguments against Christian and Hindu critics of Islam. However, this article is concise and covers a limited part of Nānawtawī's dialectical discussions. This article focuses on a precise response to a Hindu critic of Islam, man's merits and his status among all creatures and thus, man's selection by God as His khalīfah (vicegerent) on the earth.
The relationship between perceived teacher autonomy support, perceived competence in learning, and academic performance among nursing students
Authors: Almarwani Abdulaziz Mofdy , Alanazi Fadiyah Jadid , Lamphon Hadeel Tayeb , Alsulami Sanaa Awwad
Published: January 2024

Perceived teacher autonomy support in nurse education remains understudied in the literature. This study examined the relationship between students' perceived teacher autonomy support, perceived competence in learning, and academic performance. A cross‐sectional correlation descriptive design was used for 225 participants, undergraduate nursing students studying in Saudi Arabia. Perceived teacher autonomy support, perceived competence in learning, and academic performance were measured using the Learning Climate Questionnaire, Perceived Competence Scale for Learning, and student grade point average, respectively. The results revealed a high level of perceived teacher autonomy support and perceived competence in learning among the nursing students, with students in the internship year (final year) reporting higher perceived teacher autonomy support than students in other years. There was a strong positive correlation between perceived teacher autonomy support and perceived competence in learning. Further, students' perceived teacher autonomy support predicted their academic performance, indicating that those with high perceived teacher autonomy support were more likely to have a higher grade point average. Nurse educators must prioritize student autonomy support for better learning and performance, especially upon enrollment in a nursing program.
A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study assessing the impact of probiotic supplementation on the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in females
Authors: Mullish B. H. , Michael D. R. , Dabcheva M. , Webberley T. S. , Coates N. , John D. A. , Wang D. , Luo Y. , Plummer S. F. , Marchesi J. R.
Published: January 2024

Background

A previous exploratory study demonstrated the ability of the Lab4 probiotic to alleviate the symptoms of IBS, and post hoc data analysis indicated greatest improvements in the female subgroup. The aim of this study is to confirm the impact of this multistrain probiotic on IBS symptom severity in females.

Methods

An 8‐week, single‐center, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, superiority study in 70 females with Rome IV‐diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) receiving the Lab4 probiotic (25 billion colony‐forming units) daily or a matched placebo. Changes from baseline in the IBS‐symptom severity score (IBS‐SSS), daily bowel habits, anxiety, depression, IBS‐related control, and avoidance behavior, executive function, and the fecal microbiota composition were assessed. The study was prospectively registered: ISRCTN 14866272 (registration date 20/07/22).

Key Results

At the end of the study, there were significant between‐group reductions in IBS‐SSS (−85.0, p < 0.0001), anxiety and depression scores (−1.9, p = 0.0002 and −2.4, p < 0.0001, respectively), and the IBS‐related control and avoidance behavior score (−7.5, p = 0.0002), all favoring the probiotic group. A higher proportion of the participants in the probiotic group had normal stool form (p = 0.0106) and/or fewer defecations with loose stool form (p = 0.0311). There was little impact on the overall diversity of the fecal microbiota but there were significant differences in Roseburia, Holdemanella, Blautia, Agathobacter, Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Anaerostipes between the probiotic and placebo groups at the end of the study.

Conclusions & Inferences

Daily supplementation with this probiotic may represent an option to be considered in the management of IBS.
A Spatial Sample Selection Model*
Authors: Bao Yong , Li Gucheng , Liu Xiaotian
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a sample selection model with spatial correlation in the selection and outcome variables and studies the maximum likelihood method of estimation. Consistency and asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator are established by the spatial near‐epoch dependent properties of the variables. Monte Carlo simulations show its good finite‐sample performance. This model is used to examine the impact of climate change on cereal yields in Southeast Asia and projects that climate change may cause a reduction in cereal yields by () in the minimum‐change (maximum‐change) scenario.
Commonsense morality and contact with value
Authors: Lovett Adam , Riedener Stefan
Published: January 2024

There seem to be many kinds of moral duties. We should keep our promises; we should pay our debts of gratitude; we should compensate those we've wronged; we should avoid doing or intending harm; we should help those in need. These constitute, some worry, an unconnected heap of duties: the realm of commonsense morality is a disorganized mess. In this paper, we outline a strategy for unifying commonsense moral duties. We argue that they can be understood in terms of contact with value. You are in contact with a value when you are manifest in it or when it is manifest in you. You have reason to get in contact with the good and avoid contact with evil. And when you're in contact with a value, the weight of the reasons it grounds are amplified for you. These ideas, we argue, can bring order to the chaos of commonsense morality.
Cautious or marginalized? Perceptions of the riskiness of engaging in corruption and gender differences in corruptness
Authors: Malmberg Fredrik G. , Saikkonen Inga A.‐L.
Published: January 2024

Previous studies suggest that women are often perceived as less corrupt and more risk averse, possibly due to longstanding asymmetries in power and marginalization that reproduce certain gender stereotypes. However, much remains unclear regarding the origins of these perceptions. Why are some individuals and societies more prone to perceive women as less corrupt than men? We present the first cross‐country examination of these questions utilizing data from the latest wave of the World Values Survey, covering a total of 49 countries. Our results suggest that both perceived riskiness of corruption and attitude toward gender equality, in addition to the overall level of gender inequality in society, matter in explaining a stronger belief in gender differences in corruptness. However, the positive association between a higher perceived riskiness and the perception that women are less corrupt is mostly limited to societies with high levels of corruption and gender inequality.

Related Articles

Caillier, James. 2010. “Citizen Trust, Political Corruption, and Voting Behavior: Connecting the Dots.” Politics & Policy 38(5): 1015–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00267.

Malmberg, Fredrik G., and Henrik Serup Christensen. 2021. “Voting Women, Protesting Men: A Multilevel Analysis of Corruption, Gender, and Political Participation.” Politics & Policy 49(1): 126–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12393.

Tusalem, Rollin F. 2022. “Does Gendered Representation in National Legislatures Promote Substantive Representation and Human Development? Evidence from the Developing World.” Politics & Policy 50(6): 1096–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12503.
High throughput phenotyping of functional traits and key indices for selection of salt tolerant Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss] genotypes
Authors: Kumawat Gayatri , Jakhar Mohan Lal , Singh Vijayata , Singh Jogendra , Gothwal Dinesh Kumar , Yadava Devendra Kumar
Published: January 2024

The current scanty knowledge about the salt tolerance mechanism underlying the ability of plants to tolerate salt stress hinders the potential production of numerous crops, including Indian mustard. To explore the traits and mechanism for salt tolerance, high throughput phenotyping of 250 stabilized F7:8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) mapping population of Indian mustard were conducted under control and salinity (ECiw 12 dS m−1) for 54 morpho‐physio‐seed‐quality traits. Most of the traits were reduced with variable percentages under salt stress. The stress tolerance index (STI) of YPP showed a significant negative association with Na+ concentration of root (RNa), indicating that RILs with low Na+ concentration have high seed yield and a positive significant association with STI of yield‐related traits, photosynthesis rate (Pn), intrinsic water use efficiency (inWUE), fresh weight of upper leaf (USFW), fresh weight of branches (BrFW), fresh weight of basal leaf (BLFW), and fresh weight of middle leaf (MLFW) revealed that by improving these traits seed yield per plant (YPP) was improved. Based on principal component analysis (PCA) of 54 STI and new index composite selection index (CSI), RILs viz., R114, R150, R164, R170, and R206 were identified as stable performers which can be exploited for quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/gene discovery and serve as potential donors to combat salt stress. Our research will serve to determine the relative importance of different functional traits of salt tolerance mechanisms that can be used to screen colossal germplasm.
Estimating regional house price levels
Authors: Pionnier Pierre‐Alain , Schuffels Johannes
Published: January 2024

While quality‐adjusted indices tracing the evolutions of regional house prices are increasingly available, this is less the case for data on regional house price levels. Yet, such information is fundamental to assess housing affordability and barriers to labour mobility. This article puts forward a method to compile regional house price levels that are consistent with the evolutions given by house price indices, representative of the underlying stock of dwellings, and based on the information on house price levels that is available at all dates rather than in a single reference period. Results for Spain show that the decline in house prices following the 2008–2009 crisis initially reduced the dispersion in house prices across Spanish regions, but this dispersion has increased again afterwards. Moreover, the relative housing affordability of Madrid deteriorated compared to all other Spanish regions in the last decade. Monitoring whether COVID‐19 will reverse this trend will be key.
Efficacy of mentalization‐based therapy in treating self‐harm: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hajek Gross Carola , Oehlke Sofia‐Marie , Prillinger Karin , Goreis Andreas , Plener Paul L. , Kothgassner Oswald D.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Mentalization‐based therapy (MBT) and its adapted version for adolescents (MBT‐A) are repeatedly highlighted as promising treatments for reducing self‐harm, particularly in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Despite the availability of publications providing evidence of their efficacy in reducing self‐harm, recent meta‐analyses have yielded mixed results. To inform best‐practice clinical decision‐making, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis. We aimed to disentangle findings for both adolescents and adults on the efficacy of MBT(‐A) in reducing self‐harm (primary outcome) and symptoms of BPD and depression (secondary outcomes).

Methods

Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed/Medline, and Cochrane Review Database were searched for eligible studies published until September 2022. In total, 14 studies were identified, comprising 612 participants from nine MBT studies (six pre–post, three RCTs) and five MBT‐A studies (two pre–post, three RCTs). Aggregated effect sizes were estimated using random‐effects models. Meta‐regressions were conducted to assess the effect of moderator variables (treatment duration, drop‐out rates, and age) on effect sizes.

Results

Overall, both MBT and MBT‐A demonstrated promising effects in reducing self‐harm (g = −0.82, 95% CI −1.15 to −0.50), borderline personality disorder (g = −1.08, 95% CI −1.38 to −0.77), and depression (g = −1.1, 95% CI −1.52 to −0.68) symptoms. However, when compared to control interventions (TAU, SCM), MBT(‐A) did not prove to be more efficacious, with the exception of MBT showing superior effects on BPD symptoms in adults (g = −0.56, 95% CI −0.88 to −0.24).

Conclusion

Although the pre–post evaluations seem promising, this analysis, including RCTs, showed no superiority of MBT(‐A) to control conditions, so that prioritizing the application of MBT (‐A) for the treatment of self‐harm is not supported. Possible explanations and further implications are discussed.
Survival analysis of comprehensive treatment in Chinese patients with metastatic melanoma: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Chen Qianqi , Zhao Yan , Li Pupu , Duan Jiangman , Fu Xiaohong , Tang Yueqiang , Ma Yinan , Zhou Qiming
Published: January 2024

Background

Most of the current progression of immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignant melanoma is based on data from Caucasians in Western countries, but the benefit of Chinese patients is limited, mainly due to different pathological subtypes. The patients in western countries are mainly skin melanoma (about 90%), while the acral and mucosal types are dominant in China, accounting for 41.8% and 22.6% respectively. Acral and mucosal melanoma have lower response rates to immunotherapy and chemotherapy.

Objective

Whether immune checkpoint inhibitors can improve the survival of Chinese patients with malignant melanoma, therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis.

Methods

We analyzed 53 patients with metastatic melanoma treated in our hospital to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PD‐1 mAb in Chinese patients with metastatic melanoma, and performed univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors that may affect overall survival (OS).

Results

In a study of 125 patients with advanced malignant melanoma, 53 patients participated, with a median follow‐up of 16 months. Among these, 69.8% died, and 30.2% remained on treatment. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 6 months, and median OS was 19 months. Patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors had improved outcomes, with a median PFS of 7 months and a median OS of 24 months. Patients with bone metastasis and aberrant Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) post‐treatment had worse prognoses, while immunotherapy was a protective factor. Subgroup analysis showed the benefits of immunotherapy across various patient characteristics. No unexpected toxicities were observed.

Conclusion

The study highlights the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly PD‐1 mAb, in improving survival outcomes for Chinese patients with metastatic melanoma.
Lateral facial thread lifting procedure with temporal anchoring in deep temporal fascia: Anatomical perspectives of superficial temporal artery
Authors: Yi Kyu‐Ho , Oh Seung‐Min
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Thread lifting is a non‐surgical cosmetic procedure that utilizes threads to lift and tighten sagging skin on the face. In Lateral face lifting with anchoring technique, the threads are inserted into the skin and anchored in place to provide support to the skin at artery free zone. This technique utilizes a long cog thread, allowing for stronger fixation points. The optimal location for thread anchoring is in the fascia of the treatment area.

Method and materials

The study was performed with twelve cadavers with twenty‐four specimens of head from cadavers and was processed using phosphotungstic acid‐based contrast enhancement micro‐computed tomography and conventional computed tomography. The superficial temporal artery with branches of parietal and temporal were then observed with image Slicer program to analyze the safe anchoring place for the deep temporal fascia. The main branch was selected with diameter over 0.3 mm and less than 0.3 mm was regarded as arteriole. Additionally, a case of deep temporal tagging with the Secret Miracle (Hyundae Meditech Co., Ltd., South Korea) has been used for lifting procedures.

Result

The main branch of the parietal branch located posteriorly was located mean of ‐13 mm (range of +5.5 mm to ‐23 mm). And the temporal artery ran most anteriorly had mean of 44 mm anteriorly (range of 32 to 59 mm). The safe area for the tagging is at the deep temporal fascia between the superior temporal line and inferior temporal line. The safe range of deep temporal fascia is a vertical line crossing tragus from 1 to 3 cm anteriorly.

Conclusion

By analyzing the result of the superficial temporal artery of parietal and temporal branches the ideal tagging place for the thread anchoring area has been suggested.
Computed tomography features and prevalence of focal diaphragmatic mineralization in 300 dogs
Authors: Ororbia Alejandro , Orts‐Porcar Marc , Fina Caroline , Anselmi Carlo
Published: January 2024

A focal area of mineral attenuation is commonly observed in the diaphragmatic crura of canine patients undergoing a thoracic CT. There is no mention of this finding in either the human or veterinary medicine literature. This retrospective study evaluates 300 canine thoracic CT studies with the aim of describing the CT appearance of this finding and establishing a prevalence in a large cohort of dogs. The presence of the mineral focus and its CT characteristics, including length, attenuation, and appearance, were recorded and correlated with the patient's signalments and anamnesis. The focus was observed in 43 of 300 studies (14.3%). The most common appearance was a thin, millimetric, toothpick‐like mineral attenuating structure in the confluence of the diaphragmatic crura, just ventral to the aorta. There was no association with adjacent potentially pathological changes. A significant correlation was found between the presence of the focus and the patient's body weight (P = .03), as well as with a brachycephalic conformation (P = .03). This focus of mineralization represents a relatively common incidental finding in the canine diaphragm and has no evident association with pathology.
Comparison of two‐dimensional imaging to three‐dimensional modeling of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts using computed tomography angiography
Authors: Jackson Erin , Markovic Lauren E. , Perlini Michael
Published: January 2024

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is used for the diagnosis of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IHPSS). When planning for transcatheter intervention, caudal vena cava (CVC) measurements are typically obtained from two‐dimensional (2D) imaging to aid in stent selection. We hypothesized that clinically applicable three‐dimensional (3D) IHPSS models can be generated, and CVC measurements will not differ between 2D images and 3D models. Computed tomography angiography datasets from client‐owned dogs with IHPSS at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 2016 to 2022 were analyzed. Materialise Mimics 25.0 and 3‐matic 17.0 were used for 3D modeling. Caudal vena cava diameters were measured in 2D dorsal and transverse planes 20 mm cranial and caudal from the shunt ostium and were compared with CVC diameters from 3D models. Length was measured in the 2D dorsal plane between midpoints of each diameter and compared to the 3D model length. Data are presented as mean (SD), and intraclass correlation coefficients were performed. Three‐dimensional models were generated for 32 IHPSS (15 right‐, 12 left‐, and five central‐divisional). Two‐dimensional dorsal and transverse area‐associated diameter measurements were 16.7 mm (5.6) and 15.5 mm (4.2) cranial; 14.9 mm (4.2) and 14.3 mm (3.7) caudal. Three‐dimensional area‐associated diameter measurements were 15.3 mm (4.4) cranial and 14.0 mm (3.6) caudal. The 2D length was 61.5 mm (7.1) compared with 3D 59.9 mm (7.2). Intraclass correlation coefficients comparing 2D and 3D diameters were all >0.80, indicating very good agreement, with good agreement (>0.60) for length. Clinically applicable 3D IHPSS models can be generated using engineering software. Measurements from 3D models are consistent with 2D planar imaging. Both 2D CTA and 3D virtual models can be utilized for preprocedural planning, depending on clinician preference.
The revised JBI critical appraisal tool for the assessment of risk of bias for quasi-experimental studies
Authors: Barker Timothy H. , Habibi Nahal , Aromataris Edoardo , Stone Jennifer C. , Leonardi-Bee Jo , Sears Kim , Hasanoff Sabira , Klugar Miloslav , Tufanaru Catalin , Moola Sandeep , Munn Zachary
Published: January 2024

Systematic reviews of effectiveness offer a rigorous synthesis of the best evidence available regarding the effects of interventions or treatments. Randomized controlled trials are considered the optimal study design for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and are the ideal study design for inclusion in a systematic review of effectiveness. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies may be relied on to provide information on treatment or intervention effectiveness. However, such studies are subject to unique considerations regarding their internal validity and, consequently, the assessment of the risk of bias of these studies needs to consider these features of design and conduct. The JBI Effectiveness Methodology Group has recently commenced updating the suite of JBI critical appraisal tools for quantitative study designs to align with the latest advancements in risk of bias assessment. This paper presents the revised critical appraisal tool for risk of bias assessment of quasi-experimental studies; offers practical guidance for its use; provides examples for interpreting the results of risk of bias assessment; and discusses major changes from the previous version, along with the justifications for those changes.
Guided Wave-Based Early-Stage Debonding Detection and Assessment in Stiffened Panel Using Machine Learning With Deep Auto-Encoded Features
Authors: Kumar Abhijeet , Banerjee Sauvik , Guha Anirban
Published: January 2024

Debonding between stiffener and base plate is a very common type of damage in stiffened panels. Numerous efforts have been made for debonding assessment in the stiffened panel structure using guided wave-based techniques. However, these studies are limited to the detection of through-the-flange-width debonding (i.e., full debonding). This paper attempts to develop a methodology for the detection and assessment of early-stage debonding (i.e., partial debonding) in the stiffened panel using machine learning (ML) algorithms. An experimentally validated finite element (FE) simulation model is used to create an initial guided wave dataset containing several debonding scenarios. This dataset is processed through a data augmentation process, followed by feature extraction involving higher harmonics of guided waves. Thereafter, the extracted feature is compressed using a deep autoencoder model. The compressed feature is used for hyperparameter tuning, training, and testing of several supervised ML algorithms, and their performance in the identification of debonding zone and prediction of its size is analyzed. Finally, the trained ML algorithms are tested with experimental data showing that the ML algorithms closely predict the zones of debonding and their sizes. The proposed methodology is an advancement in debonding assessment, specifically addressing early-stage debonding in stiffened panels.
Stochastic and deterministic assembly processes of microbial communities in relation to natural attenuation of black stains in Lascaux Cave
Authors: Bontemps Zélia , Moënne-Loccoz Yvan , Hugoni Mylène
Published: January 2024

The importance of stochastic vs deterministic processes in cave microbial ecology has been a neglected topic so far, and this work provided an opportunity to do so in a context related to the dynamics of black-stain alterations in Lascaux, a UNESCO Paleolithic cave. Of particular significance was the discovery of a novel scenario for always-rare microbial taxa in relation to disturbance, in which stochastic processes are replaced later by deterministic processes during post-disturbance recovery, i.e., during attenuation of black stains.
In vitro
model of human mammary gland microbial colonization (MAGIC) demonstrates distinctive cytokine response to imbalanced human milk microbiota
Authors: Treven Primož , Paveljšek Diana , Kostanjšek Rok , Golob Majda , Bogovič Matijašič Bojana , Mohar Lorbeg Petra
Published: January 2024

Despite the established concept of the human mammary gland (MG) as a habitat with its own microbiota, the exact mechanism of MG colonization is still elusive and a well-characterized
in vitro
model would reinforce studies of the MG microbiota development. We aimed to establish and characterize an
in vitro
cell model for studying MAmmary Gland mIcrobial Colonization (MAGIC) model. We used the immortalized cell line MCF10A, which expresses the strong polarized phenotype similar to MG ductal epithelium when cultured on a permeable support (Transwell). We analyzed the surface properties of the MAGIC model by gene expression analysis of E-cadherin, tight junction proteins, and mucins and by scanning electron microscopy. To demonstrate the applicability of the model, we tested the adhesion capability of the whole human milk (HM) microbial community and the cellular response of the model when challenged directly with raw HM samples. MCF10A on permeable supports differentiated and formed a tight barrier, by upregulation of CLDN8, MUC1, MUC4, and MUC20 genes. The surface of the model was covered with mucins and morphologically diverse with at least two cell types and two types of microvilli. Cells in the MAGIC model withstood the challenge with heat-treated HM samples and responded differently to the imbalanced HM microbiota by distinctive cytokine response. The microbial profile of the bacteria adhered on the MAGIC model reflected the microbiological profile of the input HM samples. The well-studied MAGIC model could be useful for studies of bacterial attachment to the MG and for
in vitro
studies of biofilm formation and microbiota development.

IMPORTANCE

The MAGIC model may be particularly useful for studies of bacterial attachment to the surface of the mammary ducts and for
in vitro
studies of biofilm formation and the development of the human mammary gland (MG) microbiota. The model is also useful for immunological studies of the interaction between bacteria and MG cells. We obtained pioneering information on which of the bacteria present in the raw human milk (HM) were able to attach to the epithelium treated directly with raw HM, as well as on the effects of bacteria on the MG epithelial cells. The MAGIC cell model also offers new opportunities for research in other areas of MG physiology, such as the effects of bioactive milk components on microbial colonization of the MG, mastitis prevention, and studies of probiotic development. Since resident MG bacteria may be an important factor in breast cancer development, the MAGIC
in vitro
tool also offers new opportunities for cancer research.
Genome-centric analyses of 165 metagenomes show that mobile genetic elements are crucial for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogens in activated sludge and wastewater
Authors: Abdulkadir Nafi’u , Saraiva Joao Pedro , Zhang Junya , Stolte Stefan , Gillor Osnat , Harms Hauke , Rocha Ulisses
Published: January 2024

Wastewater is considered a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), where the abundant antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and mobile genetic elements facilitate horizontal gene transfer. However, the prevalence and extent of these phenomena in different taxonomic groups that inhabit wastewater are still not fully understood. Here, we determined the presence of ARGs in metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and evaluated the risks of MAG-carrying ARGs in potential human pathogens. The potential of these ARGs to be transmitted horizontally or vertically was also determined. A total of 5,916 MAGs (completeness >50%, contamination <10%) were recovered, covering 68 phyla and 279 genera. MAGs were dereplicated into 1,204 genome operational taxonomic units (gOTUs) as a proxy for species ( average nucleotide identity >0.95). The dominant ARG classes detected were bacitracin, multi-drug, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), glycopeptide, and aminoglycoside, and 10.26% of them were located on plasmids. The main hosts of ARGs belonged to
Escherichia
,
Klebsiella
,
Acinetobacter
,
Gresbergeria
,
Mycobacterium
, and
Thauera
. Our data showed that 253 MAGs carried virulence factor genes (VFGs) divided into 44 gOTUs, of which 45 MAGs were carriers of ARGs, indicating that potential human pathogens carried ARGs. Alarmingly, the MAG assigned as
Escherichia coli
contained 159 VFGs, of which 95 were located on chromosomes and 10 on plasmids. In addition to shedding light on the prevalence of ARGs in individual genomes recovered from activated sludge and wastewater, our study demonstrates a workflow that can identify antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in complex microbial communities.

IMPORTANCE

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the health of humans, animals, and natural ecosystems. In our study, an analysis of 165 metagenomes from wastewater revealed antibiotic-targeted alteration, efflux, and inactivation as the most prevalent AMR mechanisms. We identified several genera correlated with multiple ARGs, including
Klebsiella
,
Escherichia
,
Acinetobacter
,
Nitrospira
,
Ottowia
,
Pseudomonas
, and
Thauera
, which could have significant implications for AMR transmission. The abundance of
bacA
,
mexL
, and
aph(3")-I
in the genomes calls for their urgent management in wastewater. Our approach could be applied to different ecosystems to assess the risk of potential pathogens containing ARGs. Our findings highlight the importance of managing AMR in wastewater and can help design measures to reduce the transmission and evolution of AMR in these systems.
Dissecting antibiotic effects on the cell envelope using bacterial cytological profiling: a phenotypic analysis starter kit
Authors: Schäfer Ann-Britt , Sidarta Margareth , Abdelmesseh Nekhala Ireny , Marinho Righetto Gabriela , Arshad Aysha , Wenzel Michaela
Published: January 2024

Phenotypic analysis assays such as bacterial cytological profiling (BCP) have become increasingly popular for antibiotic mode of action analysis. A plethora of dyes, protein fusions, and reporter strains are available and have been used for this purpose, enabling both rapid mode of action categorization and in-depth analysis of antibiotic mechanisms. However, non-expert researchers may struggle choosing suitable assays and interpreting results. This is a particular problem for antibiotics that have multiple or complex targets, such as the bacterial cell envelope. Here, we set out to curate a minimal set of accessible and affordable phenotypic assays that allow distinction between membrane and cell wall targets, can identify dual-action inhibitors, and can be implemented in most research environments. To this end, we employed BCP, membrane potential, fluidity, and cell wall synthesis assays. To assess specificity and ease of interpretation, we tested three well-characterized and commercially available reference antibiotics: the potassium ionophore valinomycin, the lipid II-binding glycopeptide vancomycin, and the dual-action lantibiotic nisin, which binds lipid II and forms a membrane pore. Based on our experiments, we suggest a minimal set of BCP, a membrane-potentiometric probe, and fluorescent protein fusions to MinD and MreB as basic assay set and recommend complementing these assays with Laurdan-based fluidity measurements and a
PliaI
reporter fusion, where indicated. We believe that our results can provide guidance for researchers who wish to use phenotypic analysis for mode of action studies but do not possess the specialized equipment or expert knowledge to employ the full breadth of possible techniques.

IMPORTANCE

Phenotypic analysis assays using specialized fluorescence fusions and dyes have become increasingly popular in antibiotic mode of action analysis. However, it can be difficult to implement these methods due to the need for specialized equipment and/or the complexity of bacterial cell biology and physiology, making the interpretation of results difficult for non-experts. This is especially problematic for compounds that have multiple or pleiotropic effects, such as inhibitors of the bacterial cell envelope. In order to make phenotypic analysis assays accessible to labs, whose primary expertise is not bacterial cell biology, or with limited equipment and resources, a set of simple and broadly accessible assays is needed that is easy to implement, execute, and interpret. Here, we have curated a set of assays and strains that does not need highly specialized equipment, can be performed in most labs, and is straightforward to interpret without knowing the intricacies of bacterial cell biology.
Strengthening the WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO) COVID-19 vaccination information system
Authors: Shragai Talya , Bukhari Arish , Atagbaza Ajiri Okpure , Oyaole Daniel Rasheed , Shah Ronak , Volkmann Konstantin , Kamau Leacky , Sheillah Nsasiirwe , Farham Bridget , Wong Man Kai , Lam Eugene , Mboussou Franck , Impouma Benido
Published: January 2024

This manuscript describes the process and impact of strengthening the WHO Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO)’s COVID-19 vaccination information system. This system plays a critical role in tracking vaccination coverage, guiding resource allocation and supporting vaccination campaign roll-out for countries in the African region. Recognising existing data management issues, including complex reporting prone to human error, compromised data quality and underutilisation of collected data, WHO AFRO introduced significant system improvements during the COVID-19 pandemic. These improvements include shifting from an Excel-based to an online Azure-based data collection system, automating data processing and validation, and expansion of collected data. These changes have led to improvements in data quality and quantity including a decrease in data non-validity, missingness, and record duplication, and expansion of data collection forms to include a greater number of data fields, offering a more comprehensive understanding of vaccination efforts. Finally, the creation of accessible information products—including an interactive public dashboard, a weekly data pack and a public monthly bulletin—has improved data use and reach to relevant partners. These resources provide crucial insights into the region’s vaccination progress at national and subnational levels, thereby enabling data-driven decision-making to improve programme performance. Overall, the strengthening of the WHO AFRO COVID-19 vaccination information system can serve as a model for similar efforts in other WHO regions and contexts. The impact of system strengthening on data quality demonstrated here underscores the vital role of robust data collection, capacity building and management systems in achieving high-quality data on vaccine distribution and coverage. Continued investment in information systems is essential for effective and equitable public health efforts.
Post-covid-19 conditions in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of health outcomes in controlled studies
Authors: Franco Juan Victor Ariel , Garegnani Luis Ignacio , Metzendorf Maria-Inti , Heldt Katharina , Mumm Rebekka , Scheidt-Nave Christa
Published: January 2024

Objective

To assess the impact of post-covid-19 conditions among adults.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis of health outcomes in controlled studies.

Data sources

Two sources were searched from database inception to 20 October 2022: Cochrane covid‐19 study register (comprising Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, clinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, medRxiv) and WHO's covid-19 research database.

Eligibility criteria

Cohort studies recruiting more than 100 participants with a control group and a follow-up of at least 12 weeks were included. Adults who were documented to have SARS-CoV-2 infection based on clinical, imaging, or laboratory criteria were included.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two independent reviewers extracted data. The main outcomes included quality of life, functionality in daily activities, use of resources, recovery rates (cluster of symptoms), and the incidence of new medical diagnoses. Data were pooled using a random effects model. The risk of bias was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for cohort studies.

Results

We included 63 controlled cohort studies, encompassing more than 96 million participants. Based on five studies, we found a reduction in overall quality of life between individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection versus controls at six to 24 months follow-up, although heterogeneity was very high (mean difference in EQ-5D scale −5.28 (95% confidence interval −7.88 to 2.68; I2=93.81%). Evidence from ten studies, which could not be pooled in a meta-analysis, indicated that an increased rate of functional impairment associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Use of care increased compared with controls at six to 24 months follow-up at intensive care units (risk ratio 2.00 (95% confidence interval 0.69 to 5.80), five studies, I2=91.96%) and in outpatient care (1.12 (1.01 to 1.24), seven studies, I2=99.51%). Regarding persistent symptoms, individuals with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection had an increased risk of having two or more persistent symptoms at follow-up, especially those related to neurological clusters (ie, risk ratio 1.51 (95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.93), I2=98.91%). Evidence also showed an increased incidence of a wide variety of metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, haematological and other incident diagnoses.

Conclusion

Evidence suggests functional impairment after SARS-CoV-2 infection, in addition to a higher use of resources and a higher incidence of widely varying medical diagnoses. These results should be interpreted with caution, considering the high heterogeneity across studies and study limitations related to outcome measurement and attrition of participants.

Systematic review registration

Open Science Framework,osf.io/drm39
Protocol for a scoping review of how people with ME/CFS use the internet
Authors: Shortland Diane Louise , Fazil Qulsom , Hallett Nutmeg , Lavis Anna
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is a chronic neurological illness affecting many bodily systems, commonly the nervous and immune systems. Also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), key symptoms are extreme fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive problems and sleep disturbance. With reported higher levels of online activity for people with ME/CFS than other patient groups (Westerby 2013 cited in Ytre-Arne) it is crucial to gain more knowledge of usage characteristics and experience of online use, and its integration into everyday life. This scoping review protocol details the proposed methods for gaining insight into this little known phenomenon.

Methods and analysis

This review uses the methodological framework for conducting a scoping review by Arksey and O’Malley, with further guidance by Levacet al, and the Joanna Briggs Institute. It also refers to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols reporting guidelines. The following bibliographic databases will be searched: Embase, Medline, PsychINFO, Cinahl, AMED, and ASSIA, plus Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Scopus, and Google Scholar for grey literature. Reference lists of included papers will be studied. Two reviewers will independently screen title abstracts, and then full text of studies against inclusion criteria. Remaining studies will be quality assessed using appropriate critical appraisal tools. Findings will be charted and mapped to gain in-depth knowledge of the use of the internet in people with ME/CFS.

Ethics and dissemination

The findings from this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and a report for leading charities of ME/CFS. The review will collect secondary data only and therefore does not need ethical approval.
Impact of daily cyclic enteral nutrition versus standard continuous enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in three intensive care units in France (DC-SCENIC)
Authors: Callahan Jean-Christophe , Parot-Schinkel Elsa , Asfar Pierre , Ehrmann Stephan , Tirot Patrice , Guitton Christophe
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Current guidelines on clinical nutrition of ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) recommend initiating continuous enteral nutrition within 48 hours of ICU admission when feasible. However, discontinuous feeding regimens, alternating feeding and fasting intervals, may have an impact on clinical and patient centred outcomes. The ongoing "Impact of daily cyclic enteral nutrition versus standard continuous enteral nutrition in critically ill patients" (DC-SCENIC) trial aims to compare standard continuous enteral feeding with daily cyclic enteral feeding over 10 hours to evaluate if implementing a fasting-mimicking diet can decrease organ failure in ventilated patients during the acute phase of ICU management.

Methods and analysis

DC-SCENIC is a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label trial comparing two parallel groups of patients 18 years of age or older receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and having an indication for enteral nutrition through a gastric tube. Enteral feeding is continuous in the control group and administered over 10 hours daily in the intervention group. Both groups receive isocaloric nutrition with 4 g of protein per 100 mL, and have the same 20 kcal/kg/day caloric target. The primary endpoint is the change in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at 7 days compared with the day of inclusion in the study. Secondary outcomes include daily caloric and protein delivery, digestive, respiratory and metabolic tolerance as well as 28-day mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation and ventilator-free days. Outcomes will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. Recruitment started in June 2023 in 3 French ICU’s and a sample size of 318 patients is expected by February 2026.

Ethics and dissemination

This study received approval from the national ethics review board on 8 November 2022 (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est VI, registration number 2022-A00827-36). Patients are included after informed consent. Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number

NCT05627167.