bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Determining Twin Zygosity for Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Fairpo C. Gavin
Published: July 2016

The use of epidemiological studies of twins as a means of determining the existence of genetic factors in various conditions is well known. To be of value, the zygosity of the twin pairs must be identified with as great a degree of confidence as possible. A method of determining twin zygosity, using concordance in general likeness, hair colour, hair type, eye colour, ear form, tongue roll and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity, was developed for use in a survey of 244 pairs of like-sexed twins aged 5 to 15 years. The results obtained and the problems raised when applying this method are discussed. The method was simple to apply to a large group of twin pairs, and monozygotic pairs were identified with a degree of confidence greater than 95%.
Testing Twin Means and Estimating Genetic Variance.Basic Methodology for the Analysis of Quantitative Twin Data
Authors: Christian Joe C.
Published: July 2016

Twin methodology for the analysis of continuously distributed traits is presented as a guideline for initial steps in the analysis of twin data. Tests for heterogeneity of twin means and variances are reviewed along with estimates of genetic variance.

Analysis of twin data appears on the surface to be a rather simple task, but investigators may well be confused by the wealth of choices available for hypothesis testing. This paper is designed to help the less experienced investigator, with perhaps a modest amount of data, begin analysis with maximum attention to testing all testable assumptions of the twin model, and using recent examples of applications of the methods.
Association of Handedness and Birth Order in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Christian J.C. , Hunter D.S. , Evans M.M. , Standeford F.M.
Published: July 2016

In a random sample of 104 pairs of middle-class Caucasian, handedness-discordant twins six years of age or older, a significant relationship has been found between birth order and handedness in monozygotic twins, there being an excess of left-handed among first-born twins (P < 0.01). No such relation has been found in dizygotic twins.
Is Weinberg's Differential Rule Valid?
Authors: James William H.
Published: July 2016

Weinberg's differential method, whereby the frequency of dizygotic twins in a population is obtained by doubling the number of opposite-sexed pairs, might not be valid. Data are presented indicating a higher frequency of same-sexed than opposite-sexed pairs among samples of dizygotic twins ascertained at birth, thus favoring the hypothesis that, contrary to the method's fundamental assumption, the sexes of the two twin zygotes be not independent.
Cytogenetic Observations in Infertile Men Working with Insecticidal Compounds
Authors: Shabtai Fiorella , Bichacho Shlomo , Halbrecht Isaac
Published: July 2016

The negative influence of some insecticides on male fertility has been noted. We report our cytogenetic observations on a group of infertile insecticide workers. Increased chromosomal breakage was a constant finding and the Y chromosome was especially damaged. This may account for impaired spermatogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of heterochromatic chromosomal variants both in the individual susceptibility to the chemically induced damage and in the reproductive fitness is emphasized.
An Analysis of Factors for the Differential Staining of Sister Chromatids in Human Chromosomes Using Giemsa
Authors: Nand Reita , Ghosh P. K.
Published: July 2016

Various reagents were tested for the purpose of developing an improved Giemsa staining technique for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes. Reagents like acids, bases, buffers, protein denaturants and proteolytic enzymes were all potent inducers of differential staining. The best results were obtained by brief trypsinization followed by extraction of nucleic acids by incubation in hot HCl. There was poor contrast between unifilarly and bifilarly BrdU substituted chromatids in slides from which trypsin treatment was omitted. The method of slide preparation as they affect the spreads of BrdU substituted metaphases were also evaluated. The results support the role of these reagents in the conformational changes and structural lesions of chromosomal protein leading to differential staining.
Bibliography on Prenatal and Natal Influences in Twins
Authors: Price Bronson
Published: July 2016

The author agrees with earlier writers that most of the differences observed in monozygotic pairs are due to unusual or extreme environmental factors acting before or during the twins' birth. Although they are typical of development in twins, these environmental factors can hardly be considered typical of development in other individuals. This point, as a review of the literature shows, is often overlooked by those who study twins in the childhood or adult age ranges. As a result the inferences drawn from twin differences are frequently mistaken, or at least quite exaggerated so far as the significance of postnatal influences in non-twins is concerned. At the same tihe, if allowance is made for the environmental biases peculiar to twin studies, the findings may be said to establish more about the importance of heredity in the medical and behavior sciences than most investigators have thought. In the author's opinion the largest single source of bias is the mutual circulation that exists during prenatal development of the majority of monozygotic pairs. Data on that circulation's difference-producing effects are reviewed and related to studies of mature twins. Effects of lateral inversions (asymmetry reversals) and of “natal” factors (chiefly conditions of delivery) are also reviewed, and methods of judging the importance of all three of the biasing conditions are outlined. Need for obtaining systematic and complete information about the natal factors is stressed.
A Genetic Study of Erythrocyte Arginine-tRNA Synthetase Activity in Man
Authors: McCune Sylvia A. , Yu P. L. , Nance Walter E.
Published: July 2016

To search for evidence of genetic variation among the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, a semi-automated assay procedure employing a Technicon Auto Analyzer was used to measure erythrocyte arginine-tRNA synthetase activity in samples obtained from normal human twins of various ages. Variation in enzyme activity within the older DZ twins was five times that of the MZ twins suggesting the existence of genetically determined variation in enzyme activity. Higher enzyme activity was observed in newborn DZ unlike-sexed twins than in like-sexed twins of either zygosity. Possible explanations for this observation are discussed.
Primary Amenorrhea with a New Mosaic 46,XXqi/47,XXqi Xp-—Consideration on the X isochromosome formation and X chromosome inactivation
Authors: Halbrecht I. , Shabtai F. , Kupferstain C.
Published: July 2016

A case of Turner's syndrome was found to be 46,XXqi/47,XXqi Xp-, a new mosaic. The origin of such a mosaic, the formation of the Xq isochromosome using the C-banding technique, and the X chromosome inactivation are discussed. The Xq isochromosome was apparently monocentric, but probably with two strictly close centromeres. The inactivated X seemed to be the Xqi or the normal X alternatively.
Efficiency of Genetic Systems for Diagnosis of Twin Zygosity
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: July 2016

A definition of efficiency is presented to aid a researcher in the choice of the genetic systems for the diagnosis of twin zygosity. An expression is given that produces a numeric value that indicates which systems do the most effective job of discriminating DZ twins from a sample of twin pairs. This definition of efficiency is illustrated with eight blood groups commonly used in twin zygosity diagnosis.
School Achievement, Intelligence, and
Personality in Twins
Authors: da Silva B.T. Telles , Osorio M.R.L. Borges , Salzano F.M.
Published: July 2016

A sample of 47 MZ and 49 DZ pairs of
Brazilian twins was investigated in relation to
school achievement in six specific areas of study,
as well as performance in the test of Dominoes,
the Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT) and
Griéger's Characterological Questionnaire.
Significant F-ratios (variance within DZ/variance
within MZ) were observed for the school grades
obtained in five of the six areas considered, as
well as for their general average; the same being
true for the results on the indicated measure of
general intelligence, six of the eight DAT tests,
and two of the characterological elements. There
is a clear positive relationship between the
grades earned by the twins and their performance
in the Dominoes test. Achievement in Portuguese
and foreign language correlates positively with
DAT's Sentences; and achievement in mathematics
correlates positively with DAT's Numerical
Ability, Abstract Reasoning, and Clerical Speed
and Accuracy. The results show an agreement with
previous estimates of the genetic determination of
these variables, which is to a certain extent
surprising if we consider the differences in
sample sizes, age, and degree of schooling of the
subjects, environmental differences, and the
dissimilarities which exist between the homes and
school systems of USA, Europe, and
Brazil.
A Contribution to the Psychological Study
of Interpersonal Relations in Twins
Authors: Cacciaguerra F.
Published: July 2016

A sample of 71 twin pairs (32 MZ, 39 DZ),
of mean age 9.7 years, has been studied through
various techniques in order to better
understanding the interpersonal relation of twins,
both within the pair and with respect to the
members of the family group, and especially the
mother. Zygosity, dominance, and birth order have
been taken into account. The relation between MZ
twins appears to be somehow less special than
believed, whereas a special triadic relation
appears to exist with the mother. A differentiated
research of identity in MZs and autonomy in DZs is
also noted (which contributes to a better
understanding of problems of schizophrenia in
twins). Finally, the relation between MZ cotwins
shows mutual similarity and attachment to be lower
than foreseen and, anyhow, of a far from
misterious nature.
Ribosomal RNA, Maternal Age, and Down's
Syndrome
Authors: Salamanca-Gomez F.
Published: July 2016

A selective loss (or a blocking) of rRNA
genes in ageing oocytes, and its compensation
through the retention of an acrocentric nucleolar
organizer chromosome, is proposed as a possible
mechanism responsible for the increased frequency
of Down's syndrome with maternal age.
Clastogenic Effect of TrenimonR
on in Vitro Chromosomes of Phenotypically Healthy
Subjects with Morphologically Abnormal
Caryotype
Authors: Meist Hannes
Published: July 2016

The effect of a given concentration of
TrenimonR (6 ×
20−8 mol/1) on the
lymphocytes of 11 healthy subjects with
morphologically abnormal karyotype was analysed in
vitro. The research included 6 subjects with
balanced translocations, one of them with a
centric fusion. Of the remaining 5 subjects, 2 had
a duplication in the paracentric region, 1 showed
an inversion, and 2 had a marker
chromosome.

In the group with morphologically abnormal
chromosomes a higher sensibility to the influence
of TrenimonR was found as
compared with a control group with morphologically
normal karyotype. The subjects with an atypical
karyotype had 36 to 65% aberrations, the control
group 28%. A localization of the breaks showed no
increased aberration rates in the morphologically
abnormal chromosomes.
Interactive System for Automatic Analysis
of Human R-Banded Metaphases. 1. Interactive
Procedure in Selection of Metaphase Digitized
Images
Authors: Fontana G. , Matteuzzi P. , Fabiani G. , Forabosco A.
Published: July 2016

A computer system analysing human
metaphase images and finding banding patterns of
R-banded chromosomes has been set up. This first
paper describes the interactive procedure in
selection of metaphase images, automatically
digitized starting from microphotographic
negatives.
A Case of “G 2 Deletion Syndrome”: Ring or
Partial Monosomy? (46,XX,22r or 46,XX,22p-
?)
Authors: Milani-Comparetti M. , Rossolini V. , Pace D.P. , Burroni M. , Magistrelli R. , Saccucci F.
Published: July 2016

A case of “G 2 Deletion Syndrome” is
reported, based on concordant cytogenetic,
clinical and dermatoglyphic findings. The
definition of the syndrome, as associated with
either a ring or a partially deleted chromosome
22, is discussed. The resulting interpretation
favours the hypothesis of deletion of the short
arm extending into the centromere.
Correlation Matrices for Palmar
Dermatoglyphic Traits in Twins
Authors: Sharma A. , Guha A.
Published: July 2016

Intraclass correlation values have been
studied in a sample of 50 MZ and 50 DZ twins with
respect to fourteen palmar dermatoglyphic metric
traits in binary combinations. The results confirm
the general trends already shown in singleton
studies. The shape of the palmar surface does not
appear to be significantly correlated with other
metric traits. Generally speaking, a large
independence has been found between the various
traits.
The Red Cell Acid Phosphatase Polymorphism in Greek b-Thalassemia Patients
Authors: Kalos A. , Melissinos K. , Archimandritis A. , Kourounis G. , Angelopoulos B.
Published: July 2016

Red cell acid phosphatase polymorphism was studied by starch gel electrophoresis in 70 b-thalassemia patients and in 310 healthy Greeks. Our results gave the following gene frequencies: b-thalassemia patients: pa0.321, pb0.643, pc0.036; healthy Greeks: pa0.302, pb0.653, pc0.045. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups.
A Study of Some Genetic Markers in the
Bahawalpuris of Patiala, India
Authors: Singh Lakhbir , Goel Karam Vir
Published: July 2016

ABO blood groups, secretor factor,
Rh-factor, and PTC taste ability have been
examined in 360 individuals of Bahawalpuri
population of Patiala. B and O blood groups are
more frequent (44.46 % & 31.36% respectively).
Frequency of secretors (84.72%) outweighs that of
nonsecretors (15.28%). All the individuals have
been found to belong to Rh + ve type. High
incidence of non tasters (55.55%) has been seen.
Genes r, Se, D, and
t are found to be most
frequent in the population.
Twining in India
Authors: Goswami H.K. , Wagh K.V.
Published: July 2016

The incidence of twinning in India, as
estimated on the basis of data from the various
types of maternity centers, so as to include both
urban and rural population, appears to be 15.97
per thousand (12.6 DZ, 3.3 MZ). The incidence is
significantly higher in rural than urban
populations (18.1 vs. 11.8 per thousand). It is
suggested that this may be accompanied with a
higher production of DZ, possibly opposite-sexed
twins.
ABH Salivary Secretion in Twins
Authors: Callegari Sidia M. , Salzano F.M. , Peña Heloisa F.
Published: July 2016

Fifty MZ and 51 same-sex DZ twins were studied for ABH salivary secretions and the amount of these substances measured in those with the same A1A2BO blood groups. Using the classical, manual inhibition test we verified: (a) Levels for the H antigen in A2and B persons similar to, but in O and A1lower than those obtained in other places; (b) Low averages for the A and B substances; (c) Mean intrapair differences for A and H, which were the double in DZ as in MZ twins, the estimated degree of genetic determination being 0.86 and 0.69 respectively; in both cases theF-ratio was significant at the 0.01 level; (d) If one discrepant family is disregarded the correlation coefficient between O parents and DZ children for the H antigen (0.48) is of the order of magnitude expected under a simple additive model of polygenic inheritance.

Tests were also made using a fully automated method. The intraclass correlation coefficients thus obtained in MZ and DZ were similar to those reached using the data obtained with the classical technique. The degree of concordance arrived at by the two methods was only fair, but this may have been due to extraneous factors related to the way the samples were handled.
Twinning Frequencies in Baden-Wurttemberg According to Maternal Age and Parity from 1955 to 1972
Authors: Krueger Jens , Propping Peter
Published: July 2016

The decline of the twinning rate in Germany since 1900 is exclusively due to a fall of the DZ rate. The analysis of the birth data in Baden-Württemberg from 1955 to 1972 shows that the decline of the DZ twinning rate can be explained only to a small extent by the shift of the maternal age-parity distribution towards younger mothers and lower parities. It appears reasonable that the greater part of this decline is caused by the lessening prevalence of the more fecundable, DZ twin-prone women due to the growing influence of family planning. Furthermore, it is imaginable that the probability for multiple ovulation is decreased after cessation of hormonal contraception.
Morphological and Cytogenetic Studies on Conjoined Twins
Authors: Konstantinova Bl.
Published: July 2016

Two cases of monoamniotic conjoined male twins, born at term after normal pregnancies, are reported. The first case, a bicephalus, shows hypoplastic and malformed left-side organs, absence of the left umbilical artery, and two communicating hearts, the left one with three cameras. The second case, a pygotho-racopagus, consists in a twin “parasite”, with no head but with two upper and two lower limbs, slightly less developed than those of the formed twin. The left eye of the formed twin is double than the right one and contains two eye apples — one well-formed and the other rudimentary. There is a rudiment of a second mouth on the left cheek. The umbilical cord contains five blood vessels — one umbilical vein and four umbilical arteries. The cytogenetic study of the pygothoracopagus reveals aneuploidy, more pronounced in the “parasite” than in the formed twin.
Monoamniotic Twins
Authors: Foglmann Ragna
Published: July 2016

Six new cases of monoamniotic twins are reported. All had true knots of the cord, the result being double survival in 5 cases and 11 normal children. The mechanism of twin development is described and monoamniotic twins are placed in accordance with the two theories from the literature. A short review of both the Scandinavian and the world cases is presented.
Triplet Pregnancy in a Subfertile Woman Treated with Clomiphene Citrate
Authors: Pezzani M.
Published: July 2016

A 26-year-old subfertile woman with a history of abortions at the 7-9th week was treated with Clomid, 50 mg for 5 days. A pregnancy resulted, which ended in the premature birth of a set of alive triplets that sex and blood-group determinations showed to be trizygotic. It is suggested that this production of a multiple ovulation in a woman with luteal deficiency be the result of excessive dosage of Clomid.
The National Heart and Lung Institute Twin Study of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Organization and Methodology
Authors: Feinleib Manning , Christian J. C. , Borhani N. O. , Rosenman R. , Garrison R.J. , Wagner J. , Kannel W. B. , Hrubec Z. , Schwartz J. T.
Published: July 2016

The National Heart and Lung Institute undertook a twin study on the etiology of coronary heart disease and genetic relations underlying differential levels of coronary risk. Between 1969 and 1974, 250 MZ and 264 DZ male twin pairs aged 42-56 were examined. The examination featured a medical and family history, a dietary interview, ECG, blood pressure, weight and height measurement, a variety of blood chemistry tests, including complete lipoprotein analyses, and lung function tests. Zygosity was determined through 22 red cell antigens. A detailed interview dealing with the twins' relationships to each other was also obtained. Each of the quantitative variables was tested for the presence of genetic variance using the method of Christian. This method first tests the equality of the total variances of MZ and DZ twins by a two-tailed F' test. When the hypothesis of equality of these two variances is rejected, use of the among-component estimate of genetic variance is indicated. The current report discusses the organization and methodology of the study while accompanying reports focus on the genetic variance in blood lipids, blood pressure, and coronary-prone behavior patterns.
Genetic Basis of Individual Differences in Tissue Composition
Authors: Ohtsuki T. , Klissouras V.
Published: July 2016

A total of 10 pairs of twin adolescent boys, 14 MZ and 5 DZ, were used to determine the relative contribution of the genotype to the individual differences observed in surface density of muscle, subcutaneous fat, and bone. The cross-sectional areas of these tissue components were calculated from photographs of the upper arm, taken by means of an ultrasonic apparatus. The respective mean percentage intrapair difference in MZ and DZ twins was 6.9 and 9.8 for total area, 6.6 and 7.8 for muscle, 13.9 and 32.0 for fat, and 6.7 and 31.3 for bone tissue. Interindividual variations in bone only could be ascribed to genetic differences.
Normal and Aberrant Palmar Creases in Twins and Siblings
Authors: Plato C. C. , Wertelecki W. , Schwartz J. T.
Published: July 2016

The present study involving MZ and DZ twin pairs, as well as paired normal sibs, was undertaken to investigate further the genetic involvement in the formation of normal palmar crease patterns, as well as simian and Sydney patterns. Two variations of normal creases were investigated: the thenar type R and the distal type I. Both types cluster in families. The R is more frequent in the females. For both types, MZ twins are more concordant than DZ twins or sibs. Sib studies suggest strong genetic involvement in the development of both the R and I crease types. Parents with simian and/or Sydney creases have more children with these traits than offspring of parents without these traits; however, concordance rate comparisons of MZ or DZ twins and sibs do not suggest strong genetic involvement as in the case of the R and I crease types.
Wolf's Syndrome in Twins — Translocation in The Mother
Authors: Lévy M. , Noel B. , Viola D.
Published: July 2016

A case of MZ twins, both affected by Wolf's syndrome, is described. Their mother, of subnormal look and low intellectual level is translocated. The children, born with a weight and size much below the average, show a very special morphotype: a hook-nose, an abnormal conformation of the back edge of the nostrils (a protrusion in the shape of a horn overhanging the filtrum), hypertelorism, microcephaly. Great asynchronism in the maturation of the bones and a somatoschisis of the body of the cervical vertebrae are noted. Deletion of the short arm chromosome 4 is juxtacentromeric. The study of blood and tissue groups corroborates monozygosity. Dermatoglyphs are little abnormal and identical in the two children. The mother's family is phenotypically normal. At 19 months of age, measuring is still below 4, psychomotor progress is extremely weak, and convulsions are frequent.
Coronary Heart Disease in Male Twins - Seven-Year Follow-up of Discordant Pairs
Authors: Liljefors Ingvar
Published: July 2016

In an investigation in 1967 of about 100 male twin pairs collected from the Swedish Twin Register, discordance with respect to the presence of CHD was found in 37 pairs of which 19 were MZ. The investigation included physical examination, cholesterol measurements, and an interview regarding, among other things, smoking habits. In a follow-up study in 1974 — seven years after the original investigation — all but one of the 37 twins regarded in 1967 as free from overt CHD could be traced. Ten of the 36 twins had developed symptoms of overt CHD (angina pectoris or infarction); 18 twins were still healthy, 2 had died from other causes, and 6 had questionable complaints of breast pains. In a comparison of the two groups of twins with and without symptoms of overt CHD, no differences were found with respect to blood pressure, serum cholesterol, or smoking habits, as presented at the 1967 investigation. It is concluded that none of these factors seemed to influence the future development of CHD in twins apparently tainted with a heredity for this disease.
Major Fetal Hazards in Multiple Pregnancy
Authors: Leroy F.
Published: July 2016

Fetal risk in twin pregnancy is recognized as being about 2 to 4 times higher than in singletons. The main factors of this increased mortality are reviewed. Pathological effects associated with MZ origin are mainly due to the “third circulation” occurring in monochorial twins. Three situations can be distinguished: (a) hemodynamic equilibrium resulting in fetal growth impairment, (b) strong hemodynamic imbalance inducing fetal death, (c) moderate imbalance as the cause of “intertwin transfusion syndrome”. The acardiac and to some extent the papyraceus fetus can be considered as particular cases of the same problem. Other risks associated with MZ twins are the higher rate of malformations and umbilical cord entanglement in monoamniotic twins. The conjoined effects of prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation are undoubtedly the main cause of fetal death in multiple births. Therefore, some consideration is given to the underlying physiopathogenic factors. Prevention of twin weight defects demands early diagnosis of multiple pregnancy. As little can be expected from classical clinical methods, the obstetrician has to rely on more sophisticated techniques such as fetal ultrasonography. Even with an early diagnosis, at the present time there is no satisfactory treatment capable of preventing prematurity and retarded fetal growth. In this specific context, bed rest would appear as a fallacy.
Twin Pregnancy as a High Risk Pregnancy: New Medical Statistical Data from the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Leetz Inge
Published: July 2016

In 1972 the rate of multiple births showed a much more substantial decrease than in the years before. In the period 1963-1971 it dropped from 20.3‰ to 19.3‰ and in 1972 to 18.3‰. The frequency of low birth weight in children from a multiple birth is 10 times higher than in all newborn children and the early neonatal mortality of children from a multiple birth is 8 times higher than that of all newborn infants. Cerebral damage is 30 times higher in children of low birth weight than in children of normal birth weight. In the period 1965-1967 perinatal death associated with cerebral damage (recorded on the death certificate) accounted for 5.7% of all children of low birth weight and for 0.2% of children weighing at birth over 2500 g. Eearly diagnosis of multiple pregnancy and early in-patient care of women with multiple pregnancy will improve the development of multiple fetuses and give children from a multiple birth much better chances in life. In all twin studies it has to be considered that a relatively high proportion of twins is affected to a higher or lesser degree by cerebral damage.
Psychopedagogic Counseling for Twins and Twin Families
Authors: Bonanni G. , Tatarelli R. , Godai U.
Published: July 2016

In 1973 the Mendel Institute, within the specialized services it offers to Italian twins, instituted psychopedagogic counseling for twins and their families. This service is carried out in the intermediate field between neuropsychiatry and social work. Cases involving family and social maladjustment were referring for counseling. During the academic year 1973-1974, the service examined 96 cases, of which 58 involved problems of school retardation and 38 involved family maladjustment because of changed parent-twin relationships. The counseling service aimed at achieving improved family and school relationships by means of various therapeutic interventions. The psychopedagogic counseling, besides the immediate therapy, has permitted deeper study of maladjustment by means of analyses of the twins' condition as a possible additional cause of the maladjustment itself. Analysis of the cases in this limited sample would seem to indicate an indirect incidence of the twin situation per se (couple effect), somewhat emphasized by the family and social environment.
The History of the International Twins Association (I.T.A.)
Authors: Lavelda  , Rowe Lavona
Published: July 2016

It is both an honor and a pleasure to stand before you today to take a small part in the First International Congress of Twin Studies.

For several years, we have dreamed of someday visiting the Mendel Institute. We first became aware of Dr. Luigi Gedda's work with twins in a psychology class at the State University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa, in 1954. We are here today as Ambassadors-at-large of a rather unique organization for twins - the International Twins Association, Inc.

The International Twins Association, Inc (I.T.A.) was organized By and For Twins in 1932. Rev. Edward M. Clink of Silver Lake, Indiana, U.S.A. was on a tour of the United States. He encountered several sets of twins and thought that they should get together. He and his twin sister, Elsie Clink inserted an article in several newspapers requesting twins to bring a basket dinner to Center Park in Warsaw, Indiana, on Sunday, August 29, 1932. Twenty-four sets of twins were present at that first meeting.

One year later, a basket dinner was served to 200 sets of twins. And by the next year, 400 doubles and 2000 onlookers were present. The 4th annual meeting in Warsaw Park in Indiana in September 1935 found more than 900 sets of twins parading before 5000 spectators. That year, many states of the union were represented.

On August 1937, Fort Wayne's Trier Park in Indiana was host to 1,900 sets of twins for the 5th annual convention with 10,000 spectators. But the largest attendance, still unequalled to our knowledge, occurred the following year on August 29, 1937 when the National Twins became known as the International Twins Association, Inc. An old newsclipping states that 20,000 twins were in attendance. At this time co-officers were elected (a set pf twins holding an office to emphasiee the twin idea), and By-laws written to govern the association. The International Twins Association, Inc. (I.T.A.) conventions were held in Fort Wayne until 1939. Then the conventions moved from city to city throughout the United States, giving more twins an opportunity to learn about this unique fraternal organization.
The development of a biotin deficiency in domestic fowl given wheat-based diets
Authors: Balnave D.
Published: July 2016

1. Studies were done of the possible development of a biotin deficiency in domestic fowl of various ages as a result of feeding with diets composed mainly of wheat, and meat-and-bone meal. The degree of deficiency was estimated from physical symptoms, liver and kidney composition and hepatic enzyme activities.

2. Only a mild biotin deficiency developed in 3-week-old chickens and no adverse metabolic effects were found for chickens reared to 7 or 15 weeks of age or maintained for 9 months in lay on these diets, which were suspected of producing fatty liver and kidney disease in young chickens. At 3 weeks of age the deficiency was more severe the heavier the strain of chicken and the greater the rate of body-weight gain.

3. The present results question the supposition that biotin deficiency is the sole factor responsible for the development of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in young chickens.
The contribution made by school milk to the nutrition of primary schoolchildren
Authors: Cook Judith , Altman D. G. , Jacoby Ann , Holland W. W. , Elliott A.
Published: July 2016

1. The contribution of school milk to the nutrition of 396 Kent primary schoolchildren aged 8–11 years was assessed using information collected in a survey which included a weighed-diet record, a socio-economic questionnaire and a medical examination.

2. Over half the children (59% for boys, 54% for girls) drank school milk every school day of the diet-record week.

3. Children who drank school milk every school day, when compared with those not drinking it, had a significantly higher mean daily intake of liquid milk, a higher total daily intake of several important nutrients including animal protein, calcium, thiamin and riboflavin, and a diet richer in Ca and riboflavin (boys) and animal protein and Ca (girls). They were also less likely to have intakes of Ca and riboflavin below the recommended daily intakes for these nutrients (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969).

4. The increased nutritional intake associated with school milk consumption was not related to any differences in height, weight, arm circumference or skinfold thickness.

5. There was no evidence that school milk consumption was associated with obesity (as assessed clinically).
Effect of dietary copper deficiency in the rat on fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and desaturase activity of liver microsomes
Authors: Wahle K. W. J. , Davies N. T.
Published: July 2016

1. Male rats were maintained from weaning to between 4 and 16 weeks of age on a semisynthetic diet which was deficient in copper.

2. Methyl esters of fatty acids from adipose tissue of the rats were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and the desaturase activity of liver microsomes, with [1-14C]stearic acid as the substrate, was determined. Liver and plasma Cu concentration, cytochromecoxidase (EC1.9.3.1) activity and caeruloplasmin activity were determined as indices of Cu status.

3. Cu deficiency was associated with decreased mono-unsaturated: saturated ratios for C16and C18fatty acids from subcutaneous adipose tissue and decreased desaturase activity for liver microsomes. When Cu-deficient rats were given free access to the Cu-adequate diet or were injected intraperitoneally with an aqueous solution of CuSO4, that is, when the animals were repleted with Cu, the indices of Cu status, and desaturase activity for liver microsomes returned to values found in control animals.

4. When Cu or a Cu-chelator (Neocuproine) was added to microsomes, there was no effect on the activity of the desaturase enzyme system; the stability of the desaturase was not affected by Cu.

5. These results are indicative of an involvement of Cu in the desaturase reaction. It is suggested that the site of this involvement could be the terminal component of the microsomal electron transport chain.
The sequential feeding of growing chickens
Authors: Gous R. M. , Du Preez J. J.
Published: July 2016

1. Male chickens, 1 week old, were fed alternately for 6 or 12 h periods with diets complementary in their amino acid composition. The isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were based on fish meal or sunflower meal as the sole source of protein, or fish meal–sunflower meal (40:60, w/w); each diet contained 120 g crude protein/kg. Other groups of chickens were given these diets ad lib.

Net protein utilization (NPU) values obtained after a 1-week experimental period indicated that sequential feeding for both 6 and 12 h resulted in significantly improved responses compared with chickens given the same diets ad lib. These results suggested that the two protein sources, although provided at separate times, could complement each other.

2. In certain treatments there was a 6 or 12 h fasting period between feeding periods to reduce the effect of nutrients from the previous period.

3. For alternate feeding and fasting periods of 6 h with the combined diet, food intake and gain in body-weight were both significantly reduced compared with the corresponding values for the combined diet fed ad lib. The NPU value was virtually the same for both treatments. For 12 h periods of alternate feeding and fasting the gain in body-weight was only just significantly lower than that for the control group (combined diet fed ad lib.), but the NPU value was highly significantly better than that for the control group.

4. For the treatments which included 6 and 12 h fasting periods between the two singleprotein diets, the food intake and gain in body-weight were significantly lower compared with the treatment groups given alternate feeding and fasting periods of either 6 or 12 h with the combined diet. The NPU values for the two groups given 12 h alternate feeding and fasting periods differed significantly, whereas the NPU values for the two groups given 6 h feeding and fasting periods were the same.
Absorption of L-histidine and glucose from the jejunum segment of the pig and its diurnal fluctuation
Authors: Furuya S. , Takahashi S.
Published: July 2016

1. Flow rate of digesta and its components in the upper jejunum, and the absorption of L-histidine and glucose from the jejunum segment were measured in pigs fitted with three simple cannulas. The pigs were fed once daily at 08.30 hours.

2. A maximum flow of digesta was obtained in the period 10.00–10.30 hours; the flow rate decreased with time after feeding, reaching a minimum in the period 22.00–22.30 hours.

3. The absorption rate for L-histidine and glucose increased in a hyperbolic manner with increasing concentrations of infused test material, which ranged from 2.5 to 20 g/l for each material.

4. L-histidine and glucose were absorbed nearly independently when perfused in combination. The absorption rates for glucose were significantly (P< 0.01) greater than the corresponding rates for L-histidine at each concentration of infusate.

5. The absorption of both L-histidine and glucose expressed as a percentage of the amounts in the perfusate decreased with increasing flow rate of perfusate, from 400 to 800 ml/h. The increase in flow rate from 400 to 800 ml/h was associated with a 20% increase in L-histidine absorption rate; there was a 30% increase in glucose absorption rate when the flow rate was increased to 600 ml/h, but no further increase at 800 ml/h.

6. The absorption of both L-histidine and glucose decreased with time after feeding; the absorption rates for L-histidine and glucose measured for the period 10.00–10.30 hours were 126 and 133%, respectively, of those measured for the period 22.00–22.30 hours.
Metabolism of ε-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine in the rat
Authors: Raczyński G. , Snochowski M. , Buraczewski S.
Published: July 2016

1. A study was made of the metabolism of ɛ-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L[4, 5-3H]lysine (GL) in the rat.

2. The compound was largely absorbed from the intestine and metabolized. Labelled lysine was incorporated into blood proteins.

3. In an in vitro experiment with everted sacs of rat small intestine, GL passed through the intestinal wall unchanged.

4. The results of comparative tests using homogenates of different body tissues indicated that the kidneys were particularly active in hydrolysing GL. Their activity was nine times greater than that of the liver and eighteen times greater than that of the small intestine.
The effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the retention and excretion of lead in rats
Authors: Quarterman J. , Morrison J. N.
Published: July 2016

1. Rats were given diets containing different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and lead.

2. Pb retention was greatly increased when the diets contained less Ca or P than the minimum estimated requirement of the rat.

3. The release of Pb already incorporated into the skeleton was inhibited by diets low in Ca but was not affected by diets low in P.

4. The retention of Pb given intraperitoneally was not affected by dietary Ca or P.

5. It can be concluded that dietary Ca and P influence the absorption of Pb by the gut and dietary Ca influences the metabolism of Pb in the bone.

6. There were changes in the distribution of Pb among the tissues due to changes of dietary Ca.

7. At low body concentrations, Pb probably affected skeletal growth.
The effects of processing of barley-based supplements on rumen pH, rate of digestion and voluntary intake of dried grass in sheep
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Fraser C.
Published: July 2016

1. In one experiment the effect on rumen pH of feeding with restricted amounts of whole or pelleted barley was studied. With whole barley there was little variation in rumen pH associated with feeding time, but with pelleted barley the pH decreased from about 7.0 before feeding to about 5.3, 2–3 h after feeding.

2. The rate of disappearance of dried grass during incubation in the rumens of sheep receiving either whole or pelleted barley was studied in a second experiment. After 24 h incubation only 423 mg/g incubated had disappeared in the rumen of sheep receiving pelleted barley while 625 mg/g incubated had disappeared when it was incubated in the rumen of sheep receiving whole barley.

3. The voluntary intake of dried grass by lambs was studied in a third experiment when they received supplements of either 25 or 50 g whole or pelleted barley/kg live weight0.75. At the high level, pelleted barley reduced intake of dried grass by 534 g/kg but whole barley reduced it by only 352 g/kg. The digestibility of acid-detergent fibre was reduced more by pelleted barley than by whole barley but there was a tendency for a small increase in digestibility of the barley due to processing.

4. The implications of these findings on supplementation of roughages with cereals are discussed.
The Lower Jurassic Hanson Formation of the Transantarctic Mountains: implications for the Antarctic sector of the Gondwana plate margin
Authors: ELLIOT D.H. , LARSEN D. , FANNING C.M. , FLEMING T.H. , VERVOORT J. D.
Published: July 2016

The Hanson Formation, Antarctica, consists of interbedded sandstones and tuffaceous rocks of Early Jurassic age. The sandstones, pebbly to medium-grained, range between quartzo-feldspathic and volcaniclastic, with some of the former being coarse-grained arkoses that imply proximal sources. Geochronology of detrital zircons provides evidence for source rock ages, whereas sandstone petrology demonstrates a mixed provenance. Tuffaceous strata are reworked fine to very fine-grained tuffs resulting from distal Plinian eruptions. Dated tuffs provide time constraints on the duration of volcanism. The sandstones and tuffs accumulated in a rift environment. Geochemically the tuffs are rhyolitic in composition, and the Sr and Nd isotope data together with the patterns on multi-element diagrams suggest they were derived from a volcanic arc, which is interpreted to have been located along the West Antarctic Gondwana margin. The silicic volcanism extends the distribution and timing of magmatism in the Early Jurassic along that margin. The Early Jurassic extensional regime was delimited by the plate margin region and the East Antarctic craton. The rift valley system along the East Antarctic craton margin, in which the Hanson strata accumulated, was the focus for subsequent emplacement of the intrusive and extrusive rocks of the Lower Jurassic Ferrar Large Igneous Province. The Early Jurassic extensional rifts may have been reactivated during Cretaceous–Cenozoic development of the West Antarctic Rift System.
Indirect epistemic reasons and religious belief
Authors: LOUGHEED KIRK , SIMPSON ROBERT MARK
Published: July 2016

If believing P will result in epistemically good outcomes, does this generate an epistemic reason to believe P, or just a pragmatic reason? Conceiving of such reasons as epistemic reasons seems to lead to absurdity, e.g. by allowing that someone can rationally hold beliefs that conflict with her assessment of her evidence's probative force. We explain how this and other intuitively unwelcome results can be avoided. We also suggest a positive case for conceiving of such reasons as epistemic reasons, namely, that they exhibit a form of interpersonal normative parity that's typical of epistemic reasons but not pragmatic reasons. We then link this discussion to religious belief, suggesting that there are sometimes indirect epistemic reasons for religious belief, and that certain characterizations of religious belief are instructive in thinking about how to take account of indirect epistemic reasons.
Variation in Neolithic teeth from Çatalhöyük (1961–1964)
Authors: Molleson Theya , Ottevanger Jeremy , Compton Tim
Published: July 2016

The largest series of Neolithic human skeletal material derives from Çatalhöyük, in the Konya plain of peninsular Turkey. The excavations were carried out by James Mellaart in three seasons between 1961 and 1964 (Mellaart 1962; 1963; 1965). Larry Angel of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, and Denise Ferembach of the Musée de L'Homme, Paris, worked on the material in the mid-1960s (Angel 1971; Ferembach 1972). Angel was primarily interested in recording pathological conditions, and Ferembach in recording skeletal metrics; consequently their two sample sets are not entirely the same. Where there is overlap, in general their sex determinations agree. Neither published any detailed study of the jaws or teeth, and yet these are now the most intact part of the material. It is this collection of jaws and teeth that has been the subject of our study, which is an attempt to provide a comprehensive analysis of the dentitions of a Neolithic sample.
Ancient inscriptions and monuments from the territory of Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N.P.
Published: July 2016

The results of a survey in the territory of Oinoanda led by Stephen Mitchell in 1994 are presented. A number of lost Hellenistic and Roman settlements could be identified through ancient cemeteries and cult furniture such as images, symbols and footings for stelai. A clear association between tombs and cults permitted the term ‘cemetery cults’. Other types of settlement included traces of an ancient village near Patlangiç Yayla, a fortified hill-top site at Düǧer, and a puzzling planned complex on an island in Girdev Gölü. Architectural fragments at Çukurceylan, Kinik and Girdev told of vanished Byzantine churches, and their associated settlements of later date.
An archaeology of late antique pilgrim flasks
Authors: Anderson William
Published: July 2016

Pilgrimage happens when a place becomes the focus of veneration because of its association with a person or event. Pilgrim cults from the past can sometimes be identified by grouping certain types of material evidence, although interpretation of a cult's historical meaning is only possible once the material has been fully assessed. This study considers what sorts of information can be drawn from the archaeological context of a group of clay ampullae; miniature flasks originating from Asia Minor in late antiquity.
Monumental tomb forms in the Olba region
Authors: Durukan Murat
Published: July 2016

One of the most studied subjects in the Olba region is the graves. Nevertheless, new grave forms emerge with each new study conducted there, and old studies are re-evaluated based on recent findings. In some rare cases, results accepted up to now may change. This study addresses such a possibility in terms of burial customs. In this study, tombs, also referred to here as monuments, are considered. Examples of new forms of tomb monuments that were previously unknown, or only a few of which were published before, are presented. The features of these monuments are used to introduce new and strong evidence with regards to the chronology. One of the most important results is the discovery of evidence for the practice of cremation, accepted as a rare occurrence during the antique period. Based on this, a shift in the process of burial customs during the Roman period, especially for the temple tombs, is suggested as a new dating criterion.