bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity of bird community in Hohhot
Authors: Ariunjargal G , Guisheng Yang
Published: November 2014

The article contains research on avifauna compliment, numeral and bird distribution which depend on differentiation of habitat and seasons in Hohhot for last year. A bird is one of the important species of vertebrates which has an essential role on ecological balance and biological control. Having diversity of birds is the main composition of biological diversity. Bird community structure is determined by relationship of bird’s species and general correlation of birds and environment. Diversity of bird community structure has direct correlation of its species, bird community numeral and habitat. Also it depends on geographical factor, habitat, diversity of plant community, plant vertical structure, food resource, possibility of shelter and other factors. Therefore, bird species become a very valuable indicator for ecological condition of the city and environmental ecological quality. We have divided the areas around Hohhot, Inner Mongolia into 6 different habitats such as grassland, farmland, residential area, woodland, wetland and garbage dump. We have performed the bird fundamental study, and investigated bird flora, ecology, distribution, diversity, environment, and community structure in different habitats and seasons. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.240 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.159-165
Influence of range land of the settled camp of gers on livestock health and food security
Authors: Byambajav Ts , Buyantogtokh Ch , Javzandolgor Ts , Munkhtuul Ts , Bolorchuluun S , Amartaivan Ts , Batzorig B , Ganbold Ya
Published: November 2014

Purpose: In this research we have determined impact of activities of the settled herders on soil, water and plantation of degraded pasture land caused by distortion of technology of cattle breeding, content of some chemicals in blood serum of livestock as well as plantation number and cover. Conclusions: 1. Grazing crop of the settled camp of gers is less by 3-6 species and cover size is less by 8-10 percent compared to the control area. 2. It has been determined that content of Cu, Co, Se, Pb in soil and plant of pasture land of the settled camp of gers in close pasture land Zn, Fe is the least in close and middle pasture lands and the most in remote pasture land. 3. Copper contained in water is higher by 0.132 ppm than the internationally accepted highest level, zinc is less by 0.233 ppm and iron, cobalt, selenium and lead is 2-7 times more than the permissible highest level. 4. Copper, zinc, cobalt and iron contained in the blood serum of the livestock of the settled camp of gers is less than normal psychological amount and selenium and lead are higher than the permissible amount. 5. Much heavy metal contained in soil, water and plant of the close pasture land of the settled camp of gers is determined by much content of selenium and lead in the serum that may affect food security and social health. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.241 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.166-171
Traduire la recherche en pratiques : vers un acte de transformation et d’engagement
Authors: Schwimmer Marina
Published: November 2014

En s’inspirant des travaux issus de la philosophie de l’éducation et en adoptant une perspective empruntée à la philosophie du langage, cet essai tente de se distancier des conceptions habituellement retenues pour discuter la traduction de la recherche en pratiques en éducation. Après avoir brièvement présenté un modèle de la traduction comme acte de transformation et d’engagement, il examine la fertilité de ce modèle au regard des travaux de Paul Standish sur la justice sociale. Puis, à partir de ce modèle, il examine un débat important des sciences de l’éducation: la question du rapport entre la recherche et la pratique. Enfin, il présente deux questions soulevées par ce modèle, d’abord la question des critères qui permettent de juger les qualités et la pertinence de la recherche, puis la question des interfaces de traduction. Ce faisant, il dégage quelques implications pour l’enseignement, la recherche en éducation ainsi que la formation des maîtres.
Risiko oder Gefahr, Bedarfe oder Bedürfnisse? Zur diskursiven Gleichzeitigkeit von sich widersprechenden Grundideen bei der Entwicklung bildungspolitischer Projekte im Kontext Internationaler Organisationen
Authors: Kiuppis Florian
Published: November 2014

Der Text befasst sich mit einem Fall der Transformation von Wissen, an dem die Übersetzung von Ideen in jenem Kontext deutlich wird, in dem sich die Aushandlung der Grundzüge eines Projekts für benachteiligte Kinder und Jugendliche zwischen dem Center for Educational Research and Innovation der OECD und anderen an dieser Entwicklung beteiligten Akteuren abspielt. Im Fokus steht das ProjektChildren and Youth at Risk, das im Verlauf der 1990er-Jahre mit dem Ziel durchgeführt wurde, insbesondere jenen Gruppen Zugang zu Bildungsangeboten zu gewähren, die als am meisten benachteiligt galten: vor allem Kinder, die in Armut leben und ethnische Minderheiten. Als Quellenbasis für die Untersuchung dienen Dokumente aus den Archivbeständen der OECD in Paris, die inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet wurden.
Measuring adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents in western Kenya
Authors: Vreeman Rachel C , Nyandiko Winstone M , Liu Hai , Tu Wanzhu , Scanlon Michael L , Slaven James E , Ayaya Samuel O , Inui Thomas S
Published: November 2014

Introduction

High levels of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) are central to HIV management. The objective of this study was to compare multiple measures of adherence and investigate factors associated with adherence among HIV‐infected children in western Kenya.

Methods

We evaluated ART adherence prospectively for six months among HIV‐infected children aged ≤14 years attending a large outpatient HIV clinic in Kenya. Adherence was reported using caregiver report, plasma drug concentrations and Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS®). Kappa statistics were used to compare adherence estimates with MEMS®. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between child, caregiver and household characteristics with dichotomized adherence (MEMS® adherence ≥90% vs. <90%) and MEMS® treatment interruptions of ≥48 hours. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

Results

Among 191 children, mean age at baseline was 8.2 years and 55% were female. Median adherence by MEMS® was 96.3% and improved over the course of follow‐up (p<0.01), although 49.5% of children had at least one MEMS® treatment interruption of ≥48 hours. Adherence estimates were highest by caregiver report, and there was poor agreement between MEMS® and other adherence measures (Kappa statistics 0.04–0.37). In multivariable logistic regression, only caregiver‐reported missed doses in the past 30 days (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.14–1.39), late doses in the past seven days (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.22) and caregiver‐reported problems with getting the child to take ART (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.20) were significantly associated with dichotomized MEMS® adherence. The caregivers reporting that ART made the child sick (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01–1.25) and reporting difficulties in the community that made giving ART more difficult (e.g. stigma) (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.27) were significantly associated with MEMS® treatment interruptions in multivariable logistic regression.

Conclusions

Non‐adherence in the form of missed and late doses, treatment interruptions of more than 48 hours and sub‐therapeutic drug levels were common in this cohort. Adherence varied significantly by adherence measure, suggesting that additional validation of adherence measures is needed. Few factors were consistently associated with non‐adherence or treatment interruptions.
Connexin26 hemichannels with a mutation that causes KID syndrome in humans lack sensitivity to CO2
Authors: Meigh Louise , Hussain Naveed , Mulkey Daniel K , Dale Nicholas
Published: November 2014

Mutations in connexin26 (Cx26) underlie a range of serious human pathologies. Previously we have shown that Cx26 hemichannels are directly opened by CO2 (Meigh et al., 2013). However the effects of human disease-causing mutations on the CO2 sensitivity of Cx26 are entirely unknown. Here, we report the first connection between the CO2 sensitivity of Cx26 and human pathology, by demonstrating that Cx26 hemichannels with the mutation A88V, linked to Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness syndrome, are both CO2 insensitive and associated with disordered breathing in humans.
Fatal attraction
Authors: Ringstad Niels
Published: November 2014

A beetle pheromone that lures nematode worms to an insect host can also stop their development or even kill them outright.
Transcranial Brain Parenchymal Sonography in Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases
Authors: Mijajlovic Milija D. , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Sternic Nadezda
Published: November 2014

Transcranial sonography is a highly sensitive noninvasive sonographic method for detection of early and specific echogenic changes in basal ganglia of patients with some neurodegenerative diseases. Transcranial sonography showed substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as a typical echo feature in idiopathic Parkinson disease and lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity as a characteristic finding in atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Brain stem raphe hypoechogenicity or interruption has been shown to be highly prevalent in patients with unipolar depression as well as depression associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases. Transcranial sonography also revealed basal ganglia hyperechoic changes in movement disorders with trace metal accumulation such as Wilson disease, some entities of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, as well as several forms of spinocerebellar ataxia. Transcranial sonography is a valuable neuro imaging method for early and differential diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
Is Median Nerve Enlargement at the Wrist Associated With Tremor in Parkinson Disease?
Authors: Yang Seung Nam , Kang Hyo Jeong , Yoon Joon Shik , Won Sun Jae , Seo Woo-Keun , Koh Seong Beom
Published: November 2014

Objectives

Tremor is one of the cardinal features of Parkinson disease (PD) and may cause cumulative trauma‐related injury to nerves of the hands. The aim of this study was to assess the electrodiagnostic and sonographic features of patients with PD and to assess the effect of tremor in PD on the median nerve.

Methods

We studied 31 hands of healthy control participants (n = 16; mean age ± SD, 60.25 ± 14.67 years) and 81 hands of patients with PD (n = 42; 64.95 ± 11.13 years). Motor symptoms were measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III. Median nerve conduction studies and sonographic cross‐sectional area measurements were performed in all participants.

Results

The median nerve cross‐sectional area in patients with PD (10.71 ± 2.79 mm2) was significantly larger than that in the control group (7.40 ± 1.05 mm2; P < .05). However, there was no significant difference in median nerve electrodiagnostic findings between the PD and control groups. The median nerve cross‐sectional area was associated with the severity of the tremor but not with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score.

Conclusions

Tremor in PD is associated with median nerve enlargement but not with impairment of median nerve conduction.
Sonographic Assessment of Healthy Peripheral Joints
Authors: Machado Flavia S. , Natour Jamil , Takahashi Rogerio D. , de Buosi Ana Leticia P. , Furtado Rita N. V.
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To describe quantitative and semiquantitative sonographic joint measurements in healthy adults and compare them with demographic parameters.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted. Bilateral sonographic measurements of small, medium, and large joints were performed in 130 healthy volunteers, stratified into 5 age groups (A, 18–29; B, 30–39; C, 40–49; D, 50–59; and E, 60–80 years). Quantitative synovial hypertrophy measurements and semiquantitative synovial hypertrophy, power Doppler, bone erosion (score 0–3), and articular cartilage (score 0–4) measurements were performed by a blinded radiologist using a 6–18‐MHz linear array transducer. The sonographic measurements were correlated with demographic parameters. The significant P value was set at .05.

Results

A total of 6500 joint recesses were studied; the mean age ± SD of the participants was 44.8 ± 14.6 years, and 76.9% were women. The highest quantitative synovial hypertrophy values were found in the hip (6.4 mm) and talonavicular joint (2.6 mm). The joint recesses with a greater frequency of hypothetical pathologic semiquantitative scores were second metatarsophalangeal (78.8%) and first metatarsophalangeal (69.3%) for synovial hypertrophy, radiocarpal (17.7%) and first metatarsophalangeal (15.8%) for power Doppler, and posterior glenohumeral (23.1%) and ulnocarpal (4.2%) for bone erosion. The highest quantitative synovial hypertrophy values and the lowest semiquantitative synovial hypertrophy, power Doppler, bone erosion, and articular cartilage scores were observed in age group E (P < .046). There were positive correlations between the sonographic measurements and height, age, weight, and body mass index in 30.4%, 34.8%, 43.5%, and 47.8%, respectively, of all the joint recesses studied.

Conclusions

Sonographic changes in healthy peripheral joints were observed predominantly in the oldest group.
Sonographic Findings of Hepatobiliary Fascioliasis Accompanied by Extrahepatic Expansion and Ectopic Lesions
Authors: Teke Memik , Önder Hakan , Çiçek Mutalip , Hamidi Cihad , Göya Cemil , Çetinçakmak Mehmet Güli , Hattapoğlu Salih , Ülger Burak Veli
Published: November 2014

Objectives

The aim of the study was to describe the sonographic findings of hepatobiliary fascioliasis with extrahepatic expansion and ectopic lesions.

Methods

The study included 45 patients with fascioliasis. All diagnoses were confirmed via serologic enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Sonographic findings in the hepatobiliary system, extrahepatic expansion, and ectopic lesions were defined.

Results

The most common hepatic lesions were subcapsular localized, small, confluent, multiple hypoechoic nodules with poorly defined borders. We also detected ectopic lesion in 5 patients (11.1%) and live parasites in the gallbladder and bile duct in 11 (24.4%).

Conclusions

The large spectrum of entities in the differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary fascioliasis may lead to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment. However, the diagnosis can be made when the characteristic sonographic features are seen, such as heterogeneity of the liver with multiple poorly defined hypoechoic‐isoechoic lesions and multiple echogenic nonshadowing particles in the gallbladder or common bile ducts. Nonetheless, the differential diagnosis of fascioliasis versus other hepatic lesions may still be difficult. In these situations, pathologic confirmation should be performed to exclude the possibility of malignancy.
Early Evaluation of Carotid Elasticity by an Instantaneous Wave Intensity Technique in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Liu Chun-li , Wang Cheng-zeng , Wang Yan , Zhang Lian-zhong , Liu Lin , Bian Xiao-lin
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To explore the application of instantaneous wave intensity for early diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)‐induced atherosclerosis, we observed carotid elasticity by instantaneous wave intensity in premenopausal women with SLE.

Methods

The study included 3 groups (each group with 30 participants): SLE1 (course of disease <5 years), SLE2 (course of disease ≥5 years) and healthy control. Carotid parameters, including instantaneous acceleration wave intensity, instantaneous deceleration wave intensity, negative area, stiffness constant, wave intensity pulse wave velocity, stiffness constant pulse wave velocity, pressure strain elastic modulus, arterial compliance, augmentation index, and intima‐media thickness, were measured.

Results

Compared with the control group, the instantaneous deceleration wave intensity, stiffness constant, pressure strain elastic modulus, wave intensity pulse wave velocity, and stiffness constant pulse wave velocity were significantly increased but the arterial compliance was significantly decreased in the SLE1 and SLE2 groups (all P ≤ .01). The instantaneous acceleration wave intensity, augmentation index, and negative area tended to increase in all 3 groups, but there were no statistical differences among the groups. The instantaneous deceleration wave intensity, stiffness constant, pressure strain elastic modulus, wave intensity pulse wave velocity, and stiffness constant pulse wave velocity were significantly higher in the SLE2 group than the SLE1 group, but the arterial compliance was significantly lower in the SLE2 group than the SLE1 group (all P ≤ .01).

Conclusions

Instantaneous wave intensity can be used to evaluate carotid elasticity in the patients with SLE, which is important for early prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Increasing Maternal Body Mass Index and the Accuracy of Sonographic Estimation of Fetal Weight Near Delivery
Authors: Kritzer Sara , Magner Kristin , Warshak Carri R.
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To evaluate whether an increasing body mass index (BMI) influences the accuracy of sonographic estimation of fetal weight.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of singleton deliveries over a 2‐year period in a single institution. Patients were included if they had a fetal weight estimation within 2 weeks of delivery. The Δ estimated fetal weight (EFW) was calculated by subtracting the sonographic EFW from the birth weight and compared among our study groups, which were based on the maternal BMI class. We also compared the absolute percentage error of estimation, rate of substantial error greater than 20%, rate of underestimation, and ability to predict fetal weight greater than 4000 g. Post hoc power analysis determined that our study group of 1200 patients allowed for an α of .05 and β of .90.

Results

We included 1177 women in our analysis. The median ΔEFW varied between study groups: 137, 202, 157, 200, and 189 g, respectively, in normal‐weight, overweight, and obese classes 1, 2, and 3 (P = .01). The median percentage error of estimation between study groups varied between 5.0% in normal‐weight women and 7.1% in class 2 obese women (P= .05). The rate of substantial error was similar between study groups and varied between 2.7% in class 1 obese women and 4.3% in normal‐weight and class 2 obese women. Linear regression analysis showed a weak association between maternal BMI and ΔEFW (R2 = 0.005; r = 0.069).

Conclusions

The absolute ΔEFW was lower in normal‐weight women; however, the percentage error of the EFW was similar between women of varying BMI classifications, as was the rate of substantial error and the rate of underestimation of the EFW.
Accuracy of Sonographic Chorionicity Classification in Twin Gestations
Authors: Blumenfeld Yair J. , Momirova Valerija , Rouse Dwight J. , Caritis Steve N. , Sciscione Anthony , Peaceman Alan M. , Reddy Uma M. , Varner Michael W. , Malone Fergal D. , Iams Jay D. , Mercer Brian M. , Thorp John M. , Sorokin Yoram , Carpenter Marshall W. , Lo Julie , Ramin Susan M. , Harper Margaret ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the accuracy of sonographic classification of chorionicity in a large cohort of twins and investigate which factors may be associated with sonographic accuracy.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized trial of preterm birth prevention in twins. Sonographic classification of chorionicity was compared with pathologic examination of the placenta. Maternal (age, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension), obstetric (prior cesarean delivery, gestational age at the first sonographic examination, and antepartum bleeding), and sonographic (oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, and twin‐twin transfusion syndrome) factors were assessed for their possible association with accuracy.

Results

A total of 545 twin sets in which chorionicity was classified by sonography before 20 weeks' gestation were included; 455 were dichorionic and 90 were monochorionic based on pathologic examination. Sonography misclassified 35 of 545 twin pregnancies (6.4%): 18 of 455 dichorionic twins (4.0%) and 17 of 90 monochorionic twins (19.0%). The sensitivity and specificity of sonographic diagnosis of monochorionicity were 81.1% and 96.0%, respectively. In a multivariable analysis, pregnancies with initial sonographic examinations before 14 weeks' gestation were less likely to have misclassified chorionicity than those with sonographic examinations at 15 to 20 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–0.96). For each week increase in gestational age, the odds of misclassification rose by 10% (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01–1.2). In the multivariable analysis, maternal age, body mass index, parity, and prior cesarean delivery were not associated with sonographic accuracy.

Conclusions

Sonography before 20 weeks incorrectly classified chorionicity in 6.4% of twin gestations. Those with first sonographic examinations performed at earlier gestational ages had improved chorionicity diagnosis.
A Pilot In Vitro Evaluation of the “Air Test” for Perineural Catheter Tip Localization by a Novice Regional Anesthesiologist
Authors: Johns Jason , Harrison T. Kyle , Steffel Lauren , Howard Steven K. , Kim T. Edward , Kou Alex , Mariano Edward R.
Published: November 2014

The “air test” is used clinically to infer perineural catheter location and has been recently evaluated for use by experts. However, its utility for practitioners with less experience is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the air test, when performed by a novice regional anesthesiologist, will improve assessment of perineural catheter tip position in a validated porcine‐bovine model and determined the test's positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity for a novice. In contrast to the results of the expert study, the air test did not improve the novice's assessment of perineural catheter tip location over chance.
Tropical to extratropical: Marine environmental changes associated with Superstorm Sandy prior to its landfall
Authors: Zambon Joseph B. , He Ruoying , Warner John C.
Published: November 2014

Superstorm Sandy was a massive storm that impacted the U.S. East Coast on 22–31 October 2012, generating large waves, record storm surges, and major damage. The Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Wave‐Sediment Transport modeling system was applied to hindcast this storm. Sensitivity experiments with increasing complexity of air‐sea‐wave coupling were used to depict characteristics of this immense storm as it underwent tropical to extratropical transition. Regardless of coupling complexity, model‐simulated tracks were all similar to the observations, suggesting the storm track was largely determined by large‐scale synoptic atmospheric circulation, rather than by local processes resolved through model coupling. Analyses of the sea surface temperature, ocean heat content, and upper atmospheric shear parameters showed that as a result of the extratropical transition and despite the storm encountering much cooler shelf water, its intensity and strength were not significantly impacted. Ocean coupling was not as important as originally thought for Sandy.
Inventory of H2O in the ancient Martian regolith from Northwest Africa 7034: The important role of Fe oxides
Authors: Muttik Nele , McCubbin Francis M. , Keller Lindsay P. , Santos Alison R. , McCutcheon Whitney A. , Provencio Paula P. , Rahman Zia , Shearer Charles K. , Boyce Jeremy W. , Agee Carl B.
Published: November 2014

Water‐rich Martian regolith breccia Northwest Africa (NWA) 7034 was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy to determine the inventory and phase distribution of H2O (used herein to refer to both molecular H2O and OH− structural components in hydrous minerals). Hydrous Fe oxide phases (hydromaghemite and an unidentified nanocrystalline Fe‐bearing oxide phase observed with hydromaghemite) and phyllosilicates (saponite) were identified as the primary mineralogic hosts for H2O with a minor contribution from Cl‐rich apatite. Based on mass balance calculations and modal abundances of minerals constrained by powder X‐ray diffraction and petrography, we can account for the entire 6000 ppm H2O measured in bulk rock analyses of NWA 7034. This H2O is distributed evenly between hydrous Fe‐rich oxides and phyllosilicates, indicating that Fe oxides could be as important as phyllosilicates for H2O storage in Martian surface material.
Low‐velocity zones along the San Jacinto Fault, Southern California, from body waves recorded in dense linear arrays
Authors: Yang Hongfeng , Li Zefeng , Peng Zhigang , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Vernon Frank
Published: November 2014

We derive high‐resolution information on low‐velocity fault zone (FZ) structures along the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ), Southern California, using waveforms of local earthquakes that are recorded at multiple linear cross‐fault arrays. We observe clear across‐fault delays of direct P and S waves, indicating damage zones at different segments of the SJFZ. We then compute synthetic traveltimes and waveforms using generalized ray theory and perform forward modeling to constrain the FZ parameters. At the southern section near the trifurcation area, the low‐velocity zone (LVZ) of the Clark branch has a width of ~200 m, 30–45% reduction in Vp, and ~50% reduction in Vs. From array data across the Anza seismic gap, we find a LVZ with ~200 m width and ~50% reduction in both Vp and Vs, nearly as prominent as that on the southern section. We only find prominent LVZs beneath three out of the five arrays, indicating along‐strike variations of the fault damage. FZ‐reflected phases are considerably less clear than those observed above the rupture zone of the 1992 Landers earthquake shortly after the event. This may reflect partially healed LVZs with less sharp boundaries at the SJFZ, given the relatively long lapse time from the last large surface‐rupturing event. Alternatively, the lack of observed FZ‐reflected phases could be partially due to the relatively small aperture of the arrays. Nevertheless, the clear signatures of damage zones at Anza and other locations indicate very slow healing process, at least in the top few kilometers of the crust.
Precipitation hydrometeor type relative to the mesoscale airflow in mature oceanic deep convection of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Barnes Hannah C. , Houze Robert A.
Published: November 2014

Composite analysis of mature near‐equatorial oceanic mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during the active stage of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) shows where different hydrometeor types occur relative to convective updraft and stratiform midlevel inflow layers. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) S‐PolKa radar observed these MCSs during the Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation/Atmospheric Radiation Measurement‐MJO Investigation Experiment (DYNAMO/AMIE). NCAR's particle identification algorithm (PID) is applied to S‐PolKa's polarimetric data to identify the dominant hydrometeor type in each radar sample volume. Combining S‐PolKa's Doppler velocity data with the PID demonstrates that hydrometeors have a systematic relationship to the airflow within mature MCSs. In the convective region, moderate rain occurs within the updraft core; the heaviest rain occurs just downwind of the core; wet aggregates occur immediately below the melting layer; narrow zones containing graupel/rimed aggregates occur just downstream of the updraft core at midlevels; dry aggregates dominate above the melting level; and smaller ice particles occur along the edges of the convective zone. In the stratiform region, rain intensity decreases toward the anvil; melting aggregates occur in horizontally extensive but vertically thin regions at the melting layer; intermittent pockets of graupel/rimed aggregates occur atop the melting layer; dry aggregates and small ice particles occur sequentially above the melting level; and horizontally oriented ice crystals occur between −10°C and −20°C in turbulent air above the descending midlevel inflow, suggesting enhanced depositional growth of dendrites. The organization of hydrometeors within the midlevel inflow layer is insensitive to the presence or absence of a leading convective line.
Polymer/Nanocrystal Hybrid Solar Cells: Influence of Molecular Precursor Design on Film Nanomorphology, Charge Generation and Device Performance
Authors: MacLachlan Andrew J. , Rath Thomas , Cappel Ute B. , Dowland Simon A. , Amenitsch Heinz , Knall Astrid‐Caroline , Buchmaier Christine , Trimmel Gregor , Nelson Jenny , Haque Saif A.
Published: November 2014

In this work, molecular tuning of metal xanthate precursors is shown to have a marked effect on the heterojunction morphology of hybrid poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT)/CdS blends and, as a result, the photochemical processes and overall performance of in situ fabricated hybrid solar cells. A series of cadmium xanthate complexes is synthesized for use as in situ precursors to cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in hybrid P3HT/CdS solar cells. The formation of CdS domains is studied by simultaneous GIWAXS (grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering) and GISAXS (grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering), revealing knowledge about crystal growth and the formation of different morphologies observed using TEM (transmission electron microscopy). These measurements show that there is a strong relationship between precursor structure and heterojunction nanomorphology. A combination of TAS (transient absorption spectroscopy) and photovoltaic device performance measurements is used to show the intricate balance required between charge photogeneration and percolated domains in order to effectively extract charges to maximize device power conversion efficiencies. This study presents a strong case for xanthate complexes as a useful route to designing optimal heterojunction morphologies for use in the emerging field of hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells, due to the fact that the nanomorphology can be tuned via careful design of these precursor materials.
Rational Design of a Printable, Highly Conductive Silicone‐based Electrically Conductive Adhesive for Stretchable Radio‐Frequency Antennas
Authors: Li Zhuo , Le Taoran , Wu Zhenkun , Yao Yagang , Li Liyi , Tentzeris Manos , Moon Kyoung‐Sik , Wong C. P.
Published: November 2014

Stretchable radio‐frequency electronics are gaining popularity as a result of the increased functionality they gain through their flexible nature, impossible within the confines of rigid and planar substrates. One approach to fabricating stretchable antennas is to embed stretchable or flowable conductive materials, such as conductive polymers, conductive polymer composites, and liquid metal alloys as stretchable conduction lines. However, these conductive materials face many challenges, such as low electrical conductivity under mechanical deformation and delamination from substrates. In the present study, a silicone‐based electrically conductive adhesive (silo‐ECA) is developed that have a conductivity of 1.51 × 104 S cm−1 and can maintain conductivity above 1.11 × 103 S cm−1, even at a large stain of 240%. By using the stretchable silo‐ECAs as a conductor pattern and pure silicone elastomers as a base substrate, stretchable antennas can be fabricated by stencil printing or soft‐lithography. The resulting antenna's resonant frequency is tunable over a wide range by mechanical modulation. This fabrication method is low‐cost, can support large‐scale production, has high reliability over a wide temperature range, and eliminates the concerns of leaking or delamination between conductor and substrate experienced in previously reported micro‐fluidic antennas.
Tetracycline Nanoparticles as Antibacterial and Gene‐Silencing Agents
Authors: Shimanovich Ulyana , Lipovsky Anat , Eliaz Dror , Zigdon Sally , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Nitzan Yeshayahu , Michaeli Shulamit , Gedanken Aharon
Published: November 2014

The spread of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and parasites calls for the development of new therapeutic strategies with could potentially reverse this trend. Here, a proposal is presented to exploit a sonochemical method to restore the antibiotic activity of tetracycline (TTCL) against resistant bacteria by converting the antibiotic into a nanoparticulate form. The demonstrated sonochemical method allows nanoscale TTCL assembly to be driven by supramolecular hydrogen bond formation, with no further modification to the antibiotic's chemical structure. It is shown that tetracycline nanoparticles (TTCL NPs) can act as antibacterial agents, both against TTCL sensitive and against resistant bacterial strains. Moreover, the synthesized antibiotic nanoparticles (NPs) can act as effective gene‐silencing agents through the use of a TTCL repressor in Trypanosome brucei parasites. It is demonstrated that the NPs are nontoxic to human cells and T. brucei parasites and are able to release their monomer components in an active form in a manner that results in enhanced antimicrobial activity relative to a homogeneous solution of the precursor monomer. As the TTCL NPs are biocompatible and biodegradable, sonochemical formation of TTCL NPs represents a new promising approach for generation of pharmaceutically active nanomaterials.
Surface Cleaning and Passivation Using (NH4)2S Treatment for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells: A Safe Alternative to KCN
Authors: Buffière Marie , Mel Abdel‐Aziz El , Lenaers Nick , Brammertz Guy , Zaghi Armin E. , Meuris Marc , Poortmans Jef
Published: November 2014

With the aim of developing a safe alternative to the KCN etchant for the removal of CuxSe secondary phases at the surface of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) absorber, a method based on ammonium sulfide (AS) chemical treatment is proposed. Although lower etching rates are observed compared with the KCN reference solution, the AS solution is found to selectively etch CuxSe phases. In addition, it allows modifying the surface chemical state of the CIGSe absorber by incorporation of sulfur. As a consequence, the minority carrier lifetime located close to the surface of the absorber is found to be improved. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that optimizing the AS treatment time induces a remarkable enhancement in the electrical performances of the CIGSe‐based solar cells.
Phenotypes of AKT3 deletion: A case report and literature review
Authors: Gai Dayu , Haan Eric , Scholar Matthew , Nicholl Jillian , Yu Sui
Published: November 2014

AKT3 (v‐akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3) is located at chromosome 1q44 and encodes a 479 amino acid protein, a member of the protein kinase B (PKB) family. This gene is frequently involved in 1q44 deletion syndrome in patients with microcephaly, intellectual disability, and dysmorphic features. Phenotype and genotype studies of patients with 1q44 deletion syndrome have suggested that deletion of the AKT3 gene is responsible for the microcephaly in these patients. However, the phenotype of pure AKT3 deletion has not been studied.

We report on a 1q44 deletion involving only AKT3 in a boy and his father. The boy has microcephaly, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, developmental delay, and minor dysmorphic features. His father does not have microcephaly and is of normal intelligence. We also analyzed the available information on the phenotypes of 13 individuals carrying a pure AKT3 gene deletion identified through literature review and database search. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a paternally inherited pure AKT3 deletion with full clinical description. This is also the first report to suggest that (1) AKT3 deletion is associated with microcephaly and intellectual disability with incomplete penetrance; (2) a pure AKT3 deletion is likely to be inherited in contrast to the larger 1q44 deletions, which are mostly de novo and (3) there seems to be no consistent or characteristic dysmorphism associated with pure AKT3 deletion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new syndrome of intellectual disability with dysmorphism due to TBL1XR1 deletion
Authors: Pons Linda , Cordier Marie Pierre , Labalme Audrey , Till Marianne , Louvrier Camille , Schluth‐Bolard Caroline , Lesca Gaetan , Edery Patrick , Sanlaville Damien
Published: November 2014

We report here on an 8‐year‐old girl and her mother, both displaying similar facial dysmorphism, speech delay, and mild to moderate intellectual disability. Array‐CGH studies revealed the same interstitial 3q26.32 microdeletion encompassing a single coding gene, TBL1XR1, in both patients. The TBL1XR1 protein, which has four WD40 repeats, has been shown to bind the nuclear corepressor (NCOR) and histone deacetylase‐3 complexes (HDAC3). TBL1XR1 mutations have recently been implicated in autism spectrum disorders, but our patients displayed no autistic behavior. Our findings suggest that TBL1XR1 haploinsufficiency can cause intellectual disability with a recognizable dysmorphism, without necessarily causing autistic behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intellectual disability secondary to a 16p13 duplication in a 1;16 translocation. Extended phenotype in a four‐generation family
Authors: Mohamed Amal Mahmoud , Kamel Alaa , Mahmoud Wael , Abdelraouf Ehab , Meguid Nagwa
Published: November 2014

We describe a large family from the Gaza Strip presented with multiple congenital anomalies. The proband was presented with intellectual disability and multiple congenital anomalies including cleft palate, low‐set ears, everted upper lip, diaphragmatic hernia, and arthrogryposis. Pedigree analysis showed 19 affected patients over five generations, only 6 were alive and 11 individuals were obligate carriers. The proband had an apparently normal karyotype, although FISH studies showed a derivative chromosome 1 with duplication of 16p13.3 and deletion of the 1p subtelomere. Her father however had a balanced translocation. The seven affected patients had a similar phenotype, one of them died before genetic testing was carried out and the living six patients had the same unbalanced translocation. Array CGH revealed an 8.8 Mb duplication in 16p13 and 200,338 bp deletion in 1p36.3. Accordingly, intellectual disability, hypertelorism, cupped ears, everted upper lip, and limb anomalies were presenting clinical features of the 16p13 duplication syndrome while deep set eyes were perhaps related to the 1p terminal deletion. Prevention of recurrent intellectual disability in this family can be achieved through carrier detection and prenatal genetic diagnosis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cognitive‐behavioral characteristics and developmental trajectories in children with deletion 11qter (Jacobsen syndrome), and their relation to deletion size
Authors: Fisch Gene S.
Published: November 2014

Subtelomeric deletions represent an important class of abnormalities to be considered when investigating genetic links to intellectual disability (ID). One subtelomeric deletion found on the long arm of chromosome 11q produces a characteristic phenotype that includes ID and is often referred to as Jacobsen syndrome (JBS). Previously, researchers found an inverse relationship between IQ and deletion size. While useful, IQ does not provide a comprehensive picture of the cognitive‐behavioral strengths and weaknesses in JBS, nor does it reveal how the profiles evolve as these individuals age. One purpose of this study was to confirm the relationship between IQ or adaptive behavior (DQ) and deletion size. We also examined cognitive‐behavioral profiles of children with JBS and the extent to which they changed over time. Initially, at T1, we examined 10 children, ages 5–20 years, diagnosed with JBS. Cognitive ability was assessed with the Stanford–Binet (4th Edition). Adaptive behavoir was evaluated with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). Eight children were reassessed 2 years later (T2). Results show a negative but non‐significant correlation between IQ and deletion size. There was no statistically significant relationship between DQ and deletion size. As for our second aim, IQ and DQ scores were stable from T1 to T2. Cognitive profiles were not significantly different from T1 to T2. However, there were significant changes in adaptive behavior domain scores from T1 to T2. Lack of a significant relationship between cognitive‐behavioral measures and deletion size, as well as changes in cognitive‐behavioral profiles are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia may be associated with 17q12 microdeletion syndrome
Authors: Goumy Carole , Laffargue Fanny , Eymard‐Pierre Eléonore , Kemeny Stéphen , Gay‐Bellile Mathilde , Gouas Laetiti , Gallot Denis , Francannet Christine , Tchirkov Andrei , Pebrel‐Richard Céline , Vago Philippe
Published: November 2014

Microdeletions of 17q12 encompassing TCF2 are associated with maturity‐onset of diabetes of the young type 5, cystic renal disease, pancreatic atrophy, Mullerian aplasia in females and variable cognitive impairment. We report on a patient with a de novo 17q12 microdeletion, 1.8 Mb in size, associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The 5‐year‐old male patient presented multicystic renal dysplasia kidneys, minor facial dysmorphic features and skeletal anomalies, but neither developmental delay nor behavioral abnormalities. CDH has been previously associated with the 17q12 microdeletion syndrome only in one prenatal case. The present study reinforces the hypothesis that CDH is part of the phenotype for 17q12 microdeletion and that 17q12 encompasses candidate(s) gene(s) involved in diaphragm development. We suggest that PIGW, a gene involved in an early step of GPI biosynthesis, could be a strong candidate gene for CDH. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding the clinical spectrum of ocular anomalies in Noonan syndrome: Axenfeld‐anomaly in a child with PTPN11 mutation
Authors: Guerin Andrea , So Joyce , Mireskandari Kamiar , Jougeh‐Doust Soghra , Chisholm Caitlin , Klatt Regan , Richer Julie
Published: November 2014

Ocular anomalies have been frequently reported in Noonan syndrome. Anterior segment anomalies have been described in 57% of PTPN11 positive patients, with the most common findings being corneal changes and in particular, prominent corneal nerves and cataracts. We report on a neonate with a confirmed PTPN11 mutation and ocular findings consistent with Axenfeld anomaly. The patient initially presented with non‐immune hydrops and subsequently developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dysmorphic features typical of Noonan syndrome. While a pathogenic mutation in PTPN11 was confirmed, prior testing for the two common genes associated with Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome, PITX2, and FOXC1 was negative. This finding expands the spectrum of anterior chamber anomalies seen in Noonan syndrome and perhaps suggests a common neural crest related mechanism that plays a critical role in the development of the eye and other organs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Öl/Wasser‐Trennung mit selektiven superabweisenden/superbenetzbaren Oberflächenmaterialien
Authors: Chu Zonglin , Feng Yujun , Seeger Stefan
Published: November 2014

Die Abtrennung von Öl aus Öl/Wasser‐Gemischen ist wegen der zunehmenden weltweiten Umweltverschmutzung eine wichtige Aufgabe. Die Trennung von Öl und Wasser mit selektiv adsorbierenden Materialien ist ein relativ junges, aber vielversprechendes Forschungsgebiet. Wegen ihrer selektiven extrem benetzenden oder abweisenden Eigenschaften gegenüber Wasser und Öl wurden so genannte superhydrophobe/superoleophile (SHBOI‐) und in Wasser superoleophobe (UWSOB‐)Oberflächen für die Trennung von Öl/Wasser‐Mischungen und Emulsionen entwickelt. In diesem Aufsatz führen wir in die Öl/Wasser‐Trennung ein, beschreiben im Anschluss wichtige Prinzipien für geeignete Materialien mit selektiver Öl/Wasser‐Adsorption, präsentieren die neuesten Entwicklungen im Bereich der superabweisenden/superbenetzbaren Materialien einschließlich ihres Designs, Herstellung und Modellaufbauten und diskutieren den aktuellen Stand sowie zu lösende Probleme und zukünftige Aufgaben.
Comment on the Crystal‐Field Analysis Underlying “Breakdown of Crystallographic Site Symmetry in Lanthanide‐Doped NaYF4 Crystals”
Authors: Karbowiak Mirosław , Cichos Jakub , Rudowicz Czesław
Published: November 2014

Die Kristallfeldanalyse und Energieniveauregression für Eu3+‐Ionen in α‐ und β‐NaYF4 durch Tu et al. werden kritisch beurteilt. Es wird argumentiert, dass die verwendete Methode zur Ausgleichsrechnung der Kristallfeldparameter ungeeignet ist und daher zu falschen numerischen Ergebnissen und einer fehlerhaften Interpretation der experimentellen Daten führt.
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: An embryogenetic review
Authors: dos Santos Junior Augusto Cesar Soares , de Miranda Debora Marques , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina
Published: November 2014

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) represent a broad range of disorders that result from abnormalities of the urinary collecting system, abnormal embryonic migration of the kidneys, or abnormal renal parenchyma development. These disorders are commonly found in humans, accounting for 20–30% of all genetic malformations diagnosed during the prenatal period. It has been estimated that CAKUT are responsible for 30–50% of all children with chronic renal disease worldwide and that some anomalies can predispose to adult‐onset diseases, such as hypertension. Currently, there is much speculation regarding the pathogenesis of CAKUT. Common genetic background with variable penetrance plays a role in the development of the wide spectrum of CAKUT phenotypes. This review aims to summarize the possible mechanisms by which genes responsible for kidney and urinary tract morphogenesis might be implicated in the pathogenesis of CAKUT. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 102:374–381, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extended gene expression by medium exchange and repeated transient transfection for recombinant protein production enhancement
Authors: Cervera Laura , Gutiérrez‐Granados Sonia , Berrow Nicholas Simon , Segura Maria Mercedes , Gòdia Francesc
Published: November 2014

Production of recombinant products in mammalian cell cultures can be achieved by stable gene expression (SGE) or transient gene expression (TGE). The former is based on the integration of a plasmid DNA into the host cell genome allowing continuous gene expression. The latter is based on episomal plasmid DNA expression. Conventional TGE is limited to a short production period of usually about 96 h, therefore limiting productivity. A novel gene expression approach termed extended gene expression (EGE) is explored in this study. The aim of EGE is to prolong the production period by the combination of medium exchange and repeated transfection of cell cultures with plasmid DNA to improve overall protein production. The benefit of this methodology was evaluated for the production of three model recombinant products: intracellular GFP, secreted GFP, and a Gag‐GFP virus‐like particles (VLPs). Productions were carried out in HEK 293 cell suspension cultures grown in animal‐derived component free media using polyethylenimine (PEI) as transfection reagent. Transfections were repeated throughout the production process using different plasmid DNA concentrations, intervals of time, and culture feeding conditions in order to identify the best approach to achieve sustained high‐level gene expression. Using this novel EGE strategy, the production period was prolonged between 192 and 240 h with a 4–12‐fold increase in production levels, depending on the product type considered. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 934–946. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.