bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF DIETARY TOWER RAPESEED PRODUCTS BY GROWING TURKEYS
Authors: MOODY D. L. , SLINGER S. J. , LEESON S. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Four replicate groups of 22 male large white day-old poults were assigned to each of eight dietary treatments. These consisted of a corn–soybean meal control diet and isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets containing either 25% Target, high-glucosinolate, rapeseed meal (RSM), 25% Tower, low-glucosinolate RSM derived from two sources or 21.5% whole autoclaved Tower rapeseed plus three other treatments where 10% of oil derived from either soybean, Tower rapeseed or Target rapeseed was added. Dietary specifications were changed with age of bird. Weight gain and feed intake were recorded to 112 days of age. Target RSM resulted in a significant depression in weight gain and feed intake. Compared to the corn–soybean control, 25% Tower RSM and whole autoclaved Tower rapeseed, which supplied most of the dietary fat, had no effect on turkey performance. There was an indication that poults to 56 days of age were not able to fully utilize whole rapeseed. Performance of turkeys fed Tower rapeseed oil or soybean oil was similar, while Target oil significantly depressed weight gain. A perotic-type condition was observed in poults to 28 days of age when fed diets containing Target RSM. The condition was not observed in poults fed the other diets. It is concluded that both the oil and meal resulting from the processing of Tower rapeseed are superior in nutritional value to those obtained from Target rapeseed, and that these products may be included in turkey diets from day-of-age up to 10% for the oil and 25% for the meal, without adversely affecting performance.
UTILIZATION OF MEAL FROM A NEW RAPESEED VARIETY, BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS CV. CANDLE, IN LAYER DIETS
Authors: SLINGER S. J. , SUMMERS J. D. , LEESON S.
Published: March 2010

A new Brassica campestris variety of rapeseed, cv. Candle, is currently being evaluated as an animal feed ingredient for use in Canada. This rapeseed has a lighter-colored seed coat and slightly less fiber than established varieties. Isocaloric (2,805 kcal metabolizable energy/kg), isonitrogenous (17% crude protein) corn–soy based mash diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10 or 15% Candle rapeseed meal. Each diet was offered to eight replicate groups of 12 caged commercial White Leghorn hens, Feed intake, egg production, egg weight and egg shell deformation were measured during each of ten 28-day periods of lay. Rapeseed meal had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on any of these parameters. Unlike older varieties, Candle meal did not depress egg weight when used at levels up to 10% of the diet, although at 15% inclusion there was an indication of reduced egg size. Diet had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on mortality or incidence of liver hemorrhage. From a consideration of all production characteristics, it would appear to be safe to recommend a level of 5–10% Candle rapeseed meal in diets for laying hens.
INFLUENCE OF STARTING RATION ENERGY–PROTEIN RATIO AND FAT CONTENT ON FINISH GRADE OF EARLY AND LATE MARKETED BROILER TOM TURKEYS
Authors: MORAN Jr. E. T.
Published: March 2010

Commercial source broiler-type male poults were offered starting rations having energy (kcal metabolizable energy/kg)–protein (% crude) ratios either above (100) or below (90) the optimum (95). In each case, total fat comprised a high (28%) or moderate (14%) amount of dietary ME. All rations contained 30% protein from constant proportions of soybean meal, corn and corn gluten meal while energy and fat were varied with animal–vegetable tallow, starch, glucose monohydrate, and purified cellulose. Common corn–soybean meal rations were fed from 2 wk of age to slaughter at 12 and 16 wk. Statistical analysis revealed an interaction between E/P ratio and fat level for both body weight and feed conversion at 2 wk. Poults fed a diet with above optimal E/P ratio grew more rapidly when 28 rather than 14% of the ME was supplied as fat while the converse occurred when the ratio was below the optimal. The higher E/P ratio and greater percentage of dietary fat favored increased weight gains. Feed conversion was unaltered by the level of fat per se; however, rations having a greater energy concentration were utilized more efficiently than those with the lower energy (E/P ratio). Starting treatments did not influence performance after 6 wk of age. Effects of starting diets on finish were detected at 16 but not 12 wk of age. A statistically significant improvement in back finish occurred when 28% rather than 14% of the ME was provided by fat regardless of energy–protein relationship. No differences attributable to ratio or its interaction with dietary fat were apparent. Treatment effects on breast grades paralleled those on back finish but were not statistically significant.
FATE OF TRITIATED CHOLECALCIFEROL IN HEALTHY SHEEP AND IN THOSE AFFECTED BY OSTEODYSTROPHY
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , HO S. K. , WILLIAMS C. J.
Published: March 2010

Eight wethers which were affected by an osteodystrophic condition and raised in total confinement (group A) and five healthy wethers which were born and raised in a conventional barn with free access to an exercise yard (group B) were administered a single dose (50 μCi/animal) of tritiated cholecalciferol intraruminally (IR). Five more healthy wethers born and raised as those in group B received a single dose of the same amount of radioisotope intramuscularly (IM). Blood plasma, urinary and faecal radioactivities were measured for 96 h after administration of the isotope; at the end of this period, the animals were killed and tissue uptake of tritium was determined. Higher radioactivity was recorded at all times in the plasma of sheep dosed IM than in the plasma of sheep dosed IR. Tissue uptake of tritium was greater in sheep affected by osteodystrophy than healthy sheep. Higher radioactivity concentration was found in the tissues of animals dosed IM than those dosed IR. Total urinary clearance of radioactivity (lipid fraction) was higher in sheep which had bone dystrophy than in healthy sheep. Total faecal excretion of radioactivity was higher in the IR dosed sheep than in those treated IM.
EFFECTS OF TOWER AND 1821 RAPESEED MEALS AND TOWER GUMS ON MILK YIELD, MILK COMPOSITION AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: PAPAS ANDREAS , INGALLS J. R. , CANSFIELD P.
Published: March 2010

The effects of 1821 and Tower rapeseed meals (RSM) and Tower gums on feed intake, milk yield and composition, iodine and thiocyanate (SCN) content of milk and selected blood parameters were studied in two Lucas switch-back trials with lactating Holstein cows. Experimental treatments consisted of the sources of supplemental protein in the grain mixtures. In the first trial, Tower RSM at 26% and 1821 at 20 and 30% were compared to soybean meal (SBM) in grain mixtures balanced for protein and fiber content. Milk yield of cows receiving 30% 1821 RSM was greater than that of the control group (P < 0.05). There were no other treatment effects on feed intake, milk yield, fat, protein and solids not fat content of milk or plasma thyroxine levels (P > 0.05). Both Tower and 1821 RSM increased SCN and reduced iodine content of milk (P < 0.05). In the second trial, Tower RSM containing 0, 4 and 8% Tower rapeseed gums were compared to the SBM control. There were no treatment effects on feed intake, milk yield and composition (P > 0.05). Rapeseed meal decreased milk iodine content, increased milk SCN content (P < 0.01), and red blood cell concentration but decreased white blood cell concentration (P < 0.10). No effect on hemoglobin and packed cell volume was observed. There were no effects of level of gums on any of the above parameters.
THE EFFECTS OF LEVELS OF ISOLATION, OR VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN, HIGH FIBRE HULL FRACTION OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED MEALS ON RAT OR PIG PERFORMANCE
Authors: KENNELLY J. J. , AHERNE F. X. , LEWIS A. J.
Published: March 2010

Forty-eight crossbred pigs of average initial weight 21 kg were fed 10% Tower rapeseed meal (RSM) and 10% Candle RSM as partial replacements for soybean meal (SBM). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric. Pigs fed the SBM diet consumed less feed, gained significantly (P < 0.01) faster and were more efficient at converting feed to gain than those fed the RSM diets. Performance of pigs fed Candle RSM was not significantly different to that obtained with Tower RSM. In a second experiment, dehulled Tower RSM and Tower RSM hulls were mixed in amounts to produce RSM with crude fibre levels of 6.8, 10.8, 13.5 and 15.8%. The simulated RSM and Tower and Candle RSM were used to completely replace SBM in the diets of weanling (75 g) Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats fed SBM had significantly (P < 0.05) higher average daily gain (ADG) than those fed Tower or Candle RSM, or diets containing the rapeseed meats. There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in ADG, feed intake or feed to gain ratio of rats fed either Tower or Candle RSM. Feed intake, feed to gain ratio and fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations increased while average daily gain decreased with increasing level of hulls in simulated RSM diets. There was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in thyroid weight between rats fed SBM, Tower RSM or Candle RSM.
JOINT DAMAGE IN PIGS REARED UNDER CONFINEMENT
Authors: FREDEEN H. T. , SATHER A. P.
Published: March 2010

Cartilage soundness and condition of synovial fluid were determined for three populations of pigs comprising 645 entire males, 171 females and 119 male castrates. All pigs were reared in confinement, and slaughtered at liveweights ranging from 82 to 116 kg, with joint damage assessed by dissection of the left foreleg. Hip joints were evaluated for one population. Incidence of damage differed among populations but the highest frequency of fully normal cartilage was only 20% and the frequency of moderate to severe damage ranged from 15 to 50%. There were no sex differences. Differences observed in weights of pigs at birth and weaning and in post-weaning growth rate were inversely related to degree of damage. There was no evidence of any association with carcass characteristics, and microbiological tests were negative. No meaningful association was found between visual scores for physical soundness of the live animal and degree of joint damage. Clinical evidence of leg weakness was observed in some animals with normal joints while some pigs with extreme cartilage damage revealed no clinical symptoms. Degree of damage was not related to terminal weight per se but was directly related to duration of test confinement. Damage was greater among pigs confined individually than for those group-fed. Cartilage repair was observed in pigs held on pasture following completion of test.
COMPARATIVE CELL WALL CONSTITUENT LEVELS OF TANNIN-FREE AND TANNIN-CONTAINING CULTIVARS OF FABABEANS (VICIA FABA L.)
Authors: MARQUARDT R. R. , McKIRDY J. A. , WARD A. T.
Published: March 2010

A series of experiments has been carried out with tannin-free and tannin-containing cultivars of fababeans. The in vitro dry matter digestibility of the cotyledon portion of the two groups of fababeans was the same (88.2%) whereas the in vitro digestibility of the testa portion of the tannin-free cultivars was much higher (27.6%) than that of the tannin-containing cultivars (9.2%). The concentrations of certain cell wall constituents in the testae of tannin-free and tannin-containing cultivars were also different (P < 0.01); the respective average values for the two groups were: condensed tannins, 0.2 and 4.9%; lignin, 4.2 and 6.2%; acid detergent fiber, 72 and 66%; and cellulose, 67 and 60%. There was a negative correlation between the in vitro dry matter digestibility and the amount per unit weight of whole beans of either condensed tannin (r = −0.86, P < 0.01) or lignin (r = −0.89, P < 0.01). When expressed on a similar basis there was no correlation between levels of cellulose or acid detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility.
THE COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF REGISTERED AND IDENTIFIED GRADE COWS FOR MILK AND FAT YIELD
Authors: KENNEDY B. W. , BLANCHARD PATTI J. , MOXLEY J. E.
Published: March 2010

Records of 35,460 Holsteins and 2,703 Ayrshires were studied to compare the production of registered cows, grade cows identified at least by sire (NIP A+) and grade cows with unidentified parentage (NIP U). Registered cows produced significantly more milk and fat than NIP U cows, but differences between registered and NIP A+ cows were small and nonsignificant.
PRACTICAL ARTIFICIAL REARING OF NEONATAL PIGLETS UNDER NON-ISOLATED CONDITIONS
Authors: ELLIOT J. I. , LODGE G. A. , HARTSOCK THOMAS G.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and sixty-five piglets, weaned between 8 and 12 h postpartum were reared in non-isolated environments at two locations and fed a milk replacer supplemented with serum-derived porcine immunoglobin. Survival and growth rate of the piglets was as good as or better than that commonly observed among sow-reared piglets.
AN ESTIMATION OF THE VARIABILITY IN THE COMPOSITION OF ORTS FROM FEEDING TRIALS WITH LACTATING COWS
Authors: FISHER L. J.
Published: March 2010

A total of 320 samples of feed refusals (orts) were obtained from 16 cows fed four different forage mixtures. These samples of orts were analyzed for dry matter, protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin. The observations on amount of orts expressed as kilograms of dry matter or percent of intake and the chemical composition of orts were statistically analyzed to determine differences between cows and rations. Regression analyses were run to determine the influence of amount of weighback on its chemical composition. Analyses of the data indicated that there were differences between rations in the degree of selection that cows exhibited for protein and for acid detergent fiber. These data indicated that there are substantial differences among cows in their ability to select components of a mixed silage ration. The results of this study demonstrated the need to obtain individual weighback samples for each cow on a feeding trial rather than obtaining a composite sample. It was suggested that the feeding of complete feeds to lactating cows may not necessarily result in a uniform consumption of nutrients.
EFFECT OF CECECTOMY ON DIGESTIBILITY COEFFICIENTS AND NITROGEN BALANCE IN PONIES
Authors: SAUER W. S. , DEVLIN T. J. , PARKER R. J. , STANGER N. E. , STOTHERS S. C. , WITTENBERG K.
Published: March 2010

Two balance studies were conducted using intact and cecectomized ponies to compare the utilization of low and high concentrate diets as well as low concentrate diets with and without added urea. In addition, the use of chromic oxide in digestion was evaluated. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, protein, crude and acid-detergent fiber were consistently lower when the indicator method as opposed to the total collection procedure was employed. With the exception of fat, for which digestibility increased, the digestilities of dry matter, energy, protein, crude and acid-detergent fiber decreased following removal of the cecum. Cecectomy had no effect on nitrogen balance. There were no interactions between the effects of surgery and those of diets. This shows that there was no apparent advantage resulting from cecal fermentation in the utilization of the low concentrate diet. Addition of urea to a low protein, low concentrate diet tended to improve nitrogen balance regardless of cecectomy.
INBREEDING LEVELS AND THEIR EFFECT ON MILK, FAT AND CALVING INTERVAL IN HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COWS
Authors: HODGES JOHN , TANNEN L. , McGILLIVRAY B. J. , HILEY P. G. , ELLIS S.
Published: March 2010

The frequency and levels of inbreeding in Holstein-Friesian cows in the Fraser Valley of Britich Columbia were investigated. A random sample of the registered cows in Record of Performance (ROP) herds in 1973 showed that 9.8% of cows were inbred to some degree. The levels of inbreeding ranged from 3.12 to 15.62% and were caused by a common male in the ancestry four times more often than by a common female. There was no indication of individual artificial insemination (AI) sires causing this, nor of AI sires in general being responsible for more inbreeding than natural service sires. The high yield of the cows in the Fraser Valley raised the question of whether inbreeding was causing higher levels of inbreeding depression in production than reported earlier from lower yielding cows. One percent inbreeding in the range 0 to 12% reduced yield of 305-day lactation by 22.85 kg which is comparable with levels reported in other studies with lower production levels. No significant effect of inbreeding was found upon fat yield or calving interval.
PROTEIN QUALITY EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL AND LABORATORY HEAT-DAMAGED RAPESEED MEALS BY THE DYE-BINDING TECHNIQUE AND BY BIOLOGICAL ASSAY WITH CHICKS
Authors: GOH Y. K. , CLANDININ D. R. , ROBBLEE A. R.
Published: March 2010

The relationship between the protein quality index of commercial rapeseed meals (RSMs) and laboratory heat-damaged RSMs as predicted chemically by the dye-binding method and biologically by the total protein efficiency (TPE) method was investigated. Results indicated that commercial RSMs which bound Acid Orange 12 from 335 to 360 mg/g protein were not significantly different in protein quality as shown by two chick growth assays. The RSMs with DBCP of 327 mg Acid Orange 12/g protein or less were of lower protein quality as shown by chick growth assay. The TPE values recorded from RSMs heated for various lengths of time ranked in the same order as the DBCP and were a function of heating time.
GENETIC TRENDS FOR MILK AND FAT PRODUCTION IN DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: BATRA T. R.
Published: March 2010

The Best Linear Unbiased Prediction method is used to evaluate dairy sires in Canada. Milk and fat production records of 2-yr-old Ayrshire, Guernsey, Holstein and Jersey cows calved from 1958 through 1975 were used in the sire evaluation done in November 1976. Genetic trends were estimated as twice the change in weighted average of sire proofs per year. Genetic trends for milk and fat production were 1.32 and 1.62 BCA for Ayrshire; 1.50 and.88 BCA for Guernsey;.72 and.80 BCA for Holstein; and.60 and.54 BCA for Jersey, respectively.
EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID ADMINISTRATION ON RUMEN MYOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND PRESSURE CHANGES IN THE SHEEP
Authors: SMITH C. M. , KRISHNAMURTI C. R. , KITTS W. D.
Published: March 2010

Pressure changes and myoelectrical activity in the ovine rumen were investigated following the surgical implantation of fluid-filled, balloon-tipped tygon tubes and paired fine needle platinum electrodes. The correlations among rumen pressure change and myoelectrical spike burst duration, frequency and magnitude data from 4477 one-minute periods were determined. Myoelectrical spike burst duration was used as the criterion for examination of lactic acid-induced myoelectrical activity. Rumen myoelectrical activity was not affected by intraruminal or intravenous introduction of lactic acid. However, after lactic acid was infused intraduodenally, a short period of total inhibition of activity occurred, which was followed by a rapid recovery to near normal levels despite the continuation of the infusion. Short periods of inhibition and recovery continued for up to 1 h following termination of infusion. The results suggest that inhibition of rumen myoelectrical activity in lactic acidosis may be caused primarily by lactic acid produced in the rumen entering the intestine and causing a stimulation of the enterogastric reflexes.
EFFECTS OF NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID ON APPARENT ABSORPTION AND DUODENAL FLOW OF MANGANESE, IRON, ZINC AND COPPER IN SHEEP
Authors: IVAN M. , HIDIROGLOU M. , IHNAT M.
Published: March 2010

A latin square design was used with four sheep, each equipped with a rumen fistula and re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum. The four treatments were intraruminal dosings with different amounts (0, 450, 900 and 1800 mg/day) of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). The sheep were fed a pelleted diet with excessive concentrations of manganese, iron, zinc and copper. Fecal excretion of iron and zinc increased, and apparent absorption decreased, with increasing dose of NTA. However, only the differences between means for zinc were statistically significant. Fecal excretion and apparent absorption of manganese and copper were not affected by NTA. Flow of soluble iron through the duodenum increased with increasing dose of NTA. There was no effect of NTA on concentrations of manganese, iron, zinc and copper in the rumen bacteria or on microbial activity in the rumen as measured by the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and by flow of nitrogen into the small intestine.
METABOLISM OF RADIOMANGANESE AND RADIOZINC IN SHEEP — EFFECTS OF INTRARUMINAL DOSING WITH NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID
Authors: IVAN M.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were carried out with rams fed a concentrate diet containing 17 and 27 ppm (air dry basic) of manganese and zinc, respectively. In the first, fistulated rams were dosed intraruminally with 54Mn and samples of rumen contents were taken at different times after dosing. A peak uptake of radiomanganese by mixed rumen bacteria was obtained within 2 h after dosing. The uptake by rumen protozoa was almost unchanged during the first 7 h after dosing. In the second experiment, eight fistulated rams were divided into two groups. One group was dosed intraruminally with 180 mg of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) twice daily (before each feeding) for 1 mo and then both groups were dosed intraruminally with 54Mn and 65Zn and total 96-h fecal and urinary collection was commenced. Samples of rumen contents were taken at 2 h. Ninety-six hours after the administration of the radioisotopes the sheep were killed and tissue samples removed. Significantly lower uptakes of 54Mn and 65Zn by the rumen bacteria and protozoa were obtained in the NTA-treated sheep than in control sheep. The uptake of 54Mn by the rumen tissue was significantly higher in the NTA-treated sheep. There were no differences between treatments in the urinary excretion of radioisotopes, while fecal excretion of 54Mn and 65Zn tended to be lower in the NTA-treated sheep. It was apparent that the absorption of 54Mn and 65Zn was slightly increased by intraruminal dosing of sheep with NTA but the rate of uptake of radiomanganese by soft tissues tended to be lower in the NTA-treated sheep.
EVALUATION OF WHOLE PLANT FABABEAN FORAGE IN RUMINANT RATIONS
Authors: INGALLS J. R. , SHARMA H. R. , DEVLIN T. J. , BAREEBA F. B. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate nutritive value of whole plant fababean (FB) silages. A growth trial with dairy heifers resulted in higher consumption (P < 0.05) of FB silage than a grass-legume (GL) silage, with no difference (P > 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG). Lactating Holstein cows were fed four diets, 1-GL + high grain (HG) (control diet), 2-direct cut FB (33% DM) + HG, 3-wilted FB (37% DM) + HG and 4-wilted FB + medium grain (MG), in a Lucas design. Consumption of the direct cut FB silage was higher (P < 0.05) than that of grass silage, and reducing the level of grain feeding from 56 to 43% of the diet resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in FB silage consumption. Wintering calves were fed five silages (1-FB, 2-GL, 3-barley-clover (BC), 4-corn or 5-barley) plus 1 kg grain supplement for 93 days. Calves receiving FB or GL silage consumed more (P < 0.05) DM than animals on the other treatments. In trial 2, beef calves were fed four silages (early FB, frosted FB, corn or GL) or two types of dehydrated cubes (FB or allalfa). Frosted FB silage have a higher (P < 0.01) ADG compared with the other treatments. Intakes of DM were similar for both FB silages and alfalfa cubes but higher than in GL or corn silage treatments. Feed efficiency ratio was smaller (P < 0.05) for frosted FB than GL silage or dehydrated cubes and similar to the early FB and corn silages. Finishing steers were fed three silages (FB, GL or corn) free choice plus a barley supplement at 1% of body weight. Total DM intake and ADG were higher (P < 0.01) for steers receiving FB silage than for those fed the GL or corn silage. Energy digestibility of FB silage as measured by sheep digestion trials over 2 crop yr and three silage samples was 69.4% ± 2.3, and digestible energy content of FB was similar to that of corn silage.
THE EFFECT OF LEVEL OF SINAPINE IN A LAYING RATION ON THE INCIDENCE OF FISHY ODOR IN EGGS FROM BROWN-SHELLED EGG LAYERS
Authors: GOH Y. K. , CLANDININ D. R. , ROBBLEE A. R. , DARLINGTON K.
Published: March 2010

Triplicate groups of four Rhode Island Red layers which had been previously found to lay fishy eggs when fed a ration containing 10% of rapeseed meal (RSM) were fed a laying ration, devoid of RSM, to which 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 g of sinapine (as bisulfate) per kilogram of ration was added. Eggs produced were analyzed for trimethylamine and scored organoleptically for fishyness. Inclusion of more than 1 g of sinapine per kilogram of laying ration caused the birds to lay eggs with a fishy odor. The findings suggest that when RSM is included in the ration of such birds, the level of usage should be such that the ration will contain not more than 0.1% sinapine.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF SOYBEAN MEAL AND RAPESEED MEALS
Authors: MUZTAR A. JABBAR , SLINGER S. J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of the age of bird and level of feed input on the true metabolizable energy (TME) values of soybean meal and rapeseed meals (RSM), Tower and Candle, were investigated using adult Single Combed White Leghorn (SCWL) cockerels. Feed was administered to each bird in pellet form. In the 10-mo-old birds the input level was 28 g while levels of 15, 30, 45 and 60 g were employed with the 2-yr-old birds. The effect of rapeseed and soybean gums on the TME and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values of their meals as well as the effect of processing method on the TME of RSM were also determined. The TME values obtained with 10-mo-old birds were not significantly different from those determined with the same birds at the age of 2 yr. No regurgitation of feed was encountered at any of the four feed input levels. Although there were some differences in the TME values at the different feed input levels of the feedingstuffs being tested, the value was significantly (P < 0.05) affected only in the case of Candle RSM. The TME values of both Tower and Candle RSM were particularly high at the 60-g input level, most likely due to incomplete excreta output. Soybean and rapeseed gums did not affect the TME and AME values of the meals, possibly due to the low level added (1.5%). Solvent-extracted Tower RSM was significantly higher in TME than pre-press solvent Tower meal; this difference may have been due in part to the difference in lipid content of the two meals.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SIRE PROOFS IN PREDICTING RESULTS OF CORRECTIVE MATINGS FOR CONFORMATION IN CANADIAN HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE
Authors: BURNSIDE E. B. , STEWART H. M.
Published: March 2010

Type classification records of maternal half-sister pairs were analyzed to determine if "Superior" sires differed significantly from "Inferior" sires in their progeny distributions for each type component. "Superior" sires differed by at least one standard deviation in proofs from "Inferior" sires. The sires contrasted were 53 Holstein-Friesian bulls which entered Canadian Artificial Insemination units between 1956 and 1962. Data were analyzed separately for each component of the scorecard and for each classification rating of the dam. Chi-square tests showed highly significant (P <.01) differences in the progeny distributions for the two groups of sires. Differences were most dramatic for size, rump, body capacity and dairy character. In general, higher chi-square values were found for traits with higher heritability estimates. Correlations between sires’ proofs for conformation at the time of mating and their mates’ conformation records for major scorecard components were all positive and highly significant (P <.01) except for dairy character. This indicates that assortative matings are taking place and thus it is essential to adjust for mates of sires to generate accurate sire ratings for conformation.
PATTERNS OF CARCASS FAT DEPOSITION IN HEIFERS, STEERS AND BULLS
Authors: BERG R. T. , JONES S. D. M. , PRICE M. A. , HARDIN R. T. , FUKUHARA R. , BUTTERFIELD R. M.
Published: March 2010

Seventy-five young, full-fed, Shorthorn-sired cattle (36 heifers, 24 steers, 15 bulls) were slaughtered over a wide liveweight range (150–550 kg) to evaluate the influence of sex on the patterns of fat deposition. Growth coefficients for depot fat relative to half-carcass fat were homogeneous, and there were no differences (P > 0.05) among the adjusted means of depot fat at constant total fat. This indicates that depot fat partitioning among sexes is probably minor, provided comparisons are made at equal fatness. Total rate of fat deposition relative to muscle was similar for heifers and steers, but significantly (P < 0.01) lower for bulls. It is concluded that differences in fattening patterns among sexes result from a combination of fattening at a lighter weight of carcass muscle in heifers than steers and steers than bulls, and from a more rapid rate of fat deposition relative to muscle in heifers and steers than bulls. Relative to half-carcass fat, the rate of fat deposition was greatest in the subcutaneous depot in all sexes followed by intermuscular fat and finally body cavity fat. Relative growth of kidney fat was variable among the sexes, but it was generally similar to the subcutaneous depot. Relative rate of intermuscular fat deposition was greater in the forequarter than the hindquarter, while relative rate of subcutaneous fat deposition was similar in both the fore- and hindquarters.
INFLUENCE OF FEED PARTICLE SIZE ON RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF GAIN, CHARACTERISTICS OF RUMEN FLUID AND RUMEN EPITHELIUM, AND NUMBERS OF RUMEN PROTOZOA
Authors: HIRONAKA R. , KOZUB G. C. , KIMURA N.
Published: March 2010

Sixty yearling steers were fed five all-concentrate diets differing in feed particle size (range 476–1525 μm geometric mean particle size), prepared by mixing different proportions of a ground and pelleted feed with steam-rolled grain. Average digestible energy content of the diets was 3.093 Mcal/kg. Steers fed the medium particle size feed ate more (P < 0.01) and gained faster (P < 0.05) than those fed the fine or coarse feed. Feed-to-gain ratios did not differ among groups. Rumen wall darkened in color as the feed particle size increased (P < 0.01). The incidence of rumenitis (P < 0.05) and of abnormal papillae (P < 0.01) in steers decreased as the feed particle size increased. However, numbers of protozoa in the rumen fluid increased as feed particle size increased (P < 0.01). At slaughter, the pH increased with increasing feed particle size (P < 0.05), but the viscosity and alkaline phosphatase content of the rumen fluids were similar among groups.
UREA IN CORN SILAGE AS A SUPPLEMENTAL NITROGEN SOURCE FOR LACTATING COWS
Authors: SAUER F. D. , ERFLE J. D. , MAHADEVAN S. , LESSARD J. R.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two Holstein cows in second or later lactation were randomly allocated to four treatment groups within 7 to 10 wk postpartum. Treatment rations were fed ad libitum as a complete feed and consisted of a negative control group which was fed a corn-oats-barley concentrate-corn silage mixture (40:60) with 9.4% crude protein, a urea silage group fed the same grain concentrate mixed with corn silage that contained 0.6% urea (on a fresh weight basis) to give 12.5% total ration crude protein, a group fed a soybean meal concentrate mixed with corn silage (12.7% crude protein), and a group fed a 3% urea corn-oats-barley concentrate mixed with corn silage to give a 12.8% total ration crude protein. The three groups supplemented with protein or non-protein nitrogen had greater weight gains, feed consumption, milk yields, milk persistencies, rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations and greater rumen microbial cell populations than the negative control group. The results indicate that urea supports milk production when fed as part of a complete feed. Previous work showed that the same daily intake of urea when fed twice daily as part of the concentrate was ineffective.
FEED ADDITIVES AS GROWTH PROMOTERS FOR LIVESTOCK IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND IN THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Authors: ROBINSON K. L.
Published: March 2010

The recommendations of the Swann Committee and their enactment are reviewed in relation to feed additive practice in the United Kingdom. Results from surveys of enterobacteria in farm animals, animal products and man in the UK are given and their indications considered. Procedures for regulating the use of feed additives for growth promotion in the European Economic Community are outlined and some current preoccupations are considered. Criteria for feed additives used in growth promotion are discussed in relation to the evidence of the outcome of prohibiting therapeutic antibiotics for growth promotion in the U.K.
REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIALLY BRED HOLSTEINS IN QUEBEC
Authors: TONG A. K. W. , KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E. , CHICOINE R. L. , ROY G. L.
Published: March 2010

A total of 2216 lactations, initiated between July 1973 and June 1976, of 1382 Holstein cows in 36 herds from the Nicolet, Rock Forest and St-Hyacinthe regions of Quebec were studied. All cows were bred exclusively by AI. Mean services per conception, percent conception on first service, days from calving to first service and days open were 1.97 services, 47%, 88 days and 121 days, respectively. Based on maximum likelihood estimates of cow and error variance components, repeatabilities of services per conception, days from calving to first service and days open were 0.04, 0.09 and 0.07, respectively. Cows calving in spring had better reproductive performance than those calving during other times of the year. Reproductive efficiency was lower among both 2-yr-old and mature cows compared to intermediate aged cows. Lower reproductive efficiency was also associated with cows at high milk production levels. As herd size increased, conception rates declined. Herds feeding at high levels of net energy had higher conception rates than herds with low and medium net energy intake levels. Dairymen who managed their labor efficiently for milk production had herds with high reproductive efficiency.
ADAPTATION OF BROILER CHICKEN BREEDERS TO COLONY CAGE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: LIN C. Y. , PEVZNER I. Y. , FRIARS G. W.
Published: March 2010

Dwarf and non-dwarf broiler breeders were compared for adaptability to colony cages in terms of productive and reproductive performance. Generally, the results indicated that the dwarfs possess a better adaptability to colony cages than the non-dwarfs. This study also demonstrated that a significant difference in fertility existed among pairs of males performing natural matings in cages. Such a result suggests that depending on the heritability of the trait, specific strains of males could possibly be developed through selection practice to improve the decreased fertility resulting from the use of colony cages, where this would be accomplished through the development of genotypes to perform in cages. The interaction between genotype (non-dwarf vs. dwarf) and environment (pen vs. cage) was found to be highly significant for egg production and feed conversion. The dwarfs were inferior to the non-dwarfs in the pens by 7.6% in hen-day egg production but superior to the non-dwarfs in the cages by 3.2%.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR COLLECTING URINE FROM NEONATAL PIGS
Authors: PARKER R. O. , WILLIAMS P. E. V. , AHERNE F. X. , YOUNG B. A.
Published: March 2010

Sequential urine samples were obtained from neonatal pigs using a bladder puncture technique. Clean urine samples were acquired quickly with minimal discomfort to the Pig.
EFFECTS OF FEED RESTRICTION, SEX AND DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ON THE OCCURRENCE OF JOINT LESIONS WITH SOME HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OF GROWING-FINISHING SWINE
Authors: NAKANO T. , AHERNE F. X. , THOMPSON J. R.
Published: March 2010

Forty crossbred pigs were reared from 28 to 90 kg liveweight to study the effects of feed intake, growth rate, sex and dietary estrogen on the incidence and severity of limb joint abnormalities. No significant treatment effects were observed. However, all pigs showed some degree of osteochondrotic or osteoarthrotic lesions. Osteochondrotic joints exhibited thickening of articular cartilage and failure of endochondral ossification. The latter was associated with cell necrosis, reduced amounts of proteoglycan and collagen in the tissue, and decreased percentage of released uronic acid by tissue autolysis. Osteochondrotic joints also showed a loss of proteoglycan or had clefts in the deeper region of the articular cartilage. Connective tissue was frequently found within the area of the clefts. In the cartilage beside the cleft, cell clustering and a loss of cellularity were often observed. Involvement of physical stress was suggested as an etiological factor of osteochondrosis. Osteoarthrotic joints were associated with local losses of both proteoglycan and cellularity in the articular cartilage. Cell clustering and granulation tissues were also observed in the affected regions.
STRAW QUALITY OF CEREAL CULTIVARS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
Authors: KERNAN J. A. , COXWORTH E. C. , CROWLE W. L. , SPURR D. T.
Published: March 2010

Straw components of 14 wheat, oat and barley cultivars grown at four locations, 1975–1976, were compared for feed quality attributes before and after ammoniation. Based on a combined statistical analysis, significant differences (P < 0.05) among cultivars occurred among and within crops for crude protein (CP), in vitro digestible organic matter (DOM) and crude fibre (CF) for untreated straw residues. Average CP and DOM levels were lowest for wheat (3.6 and 36.7%, respectively). Barley had the highest average CP (4.9%) and oats the highest average DOM (39.8%). Wheat straw had substantially higher average CF than either oats or barley. Straw from Pitic 62 wheat, Random oats and Fergus barley showed superior quality attributes (high DOM and CP, low CF) for their respective crops. Neepawa wheat straw appeared to have the poorest quality overall. The straws were treated with anhydrous ammonia (5% on a wt/DM basis) and left in a sealed container at 20° and 15% moisture for 6 days. Following ammoniation: all wheat cultivars had higher CP levels than the oat and barley cultivars; average improvements in CP for wheat, oats and barley were 8.1, 4.7 and 5.3 percentage units, respectively; average DOM levels were similar for wheat, oats and barley; average improvements in DOM were 8.6, 6.1 and 6.6 percentage units, respectively. Neepawa had significantly higher CP following ammoniation than the oat or barley cultivars and showed the highest improvement in DOM (10.1 percentage units). Based on DOM values of the wheat, oat and barley straws, the cultivars Pitic 62, Random and Fergus would still be preferred after ammoniation. There was little to choose between several cultivars within crops for CP content after treatment with ammonia.
THE EFFECTS OF RESTRICTED FEEDING AND ENERGY CONTENT OF THE RATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER BREEDING CHICKENS
Authors: ROBBLEE A. R. , CLANDININ D. R. , DARLINGTON K. , MILNE G. R.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments conducted in 1975 and 1976 Hubbard and Shaver stock were reared on a restricted feeding regimen known as the skip-a-day program. The experiment was commenced when the birds were 26 wk of age. The treatments consisted of feeding either a high energy, corn-based ration or a lower energy, wheat-based ration to each strain of pullets on either a free-choice or restricted basis. The experiment was terminated after 36 wk on treatment. The results obtained indicated that restriction of feed intake resulted in decreased mortality as compared to that in the full-fed groups. The general incidence of hemorrhagic liver syndrome was low but was significantly higher in the groups fed free choice as compared to the restricted groups. Production rate, calculated on a hen-day basis, was not affected by level of feeding, energy level of the ration, strain of bird or the year in which the experiment was conducted. Restricted feeding of either the high energy corn ration or the lower energy wheat ration resulted in significantly less feed required to produce a dozen eggs than when the rations were fed ad libitum. Some variability in hatchability of fertile eggs and in egg size between years was noted but the differences did not appear to be related to the dietary treatments. The Hubbard stock produced significantly larger eggs than the Shaver strain on both the restricted and full-feeding programs. In the Hubbard strain, egg size in the restricted groups was significantly lower than in the full-fed groups. Final body weights were higher in the groups fed either the corn- or wheat-based rations on a free-choice basis than in the groups in which feed intake was restricted.
THE EFFECTS OF CHOLINE AND SINAPINE BISULFATE IN A LAYING RATION ON THE INCIDENCE OF FISHY ODOR IN EGGS FROM BROWN-SHELLED EGG LAYERS
Authors: GOH Y. K. , MUELLER M. M. , CLANDININ D. R. , ROBBLEE A. R.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted in which the effects of including in the ration free choline, supplied as choline chloride or as hydrolyzed sinapine (ester of sinapic acid and choline), and bound choline, supplied as sinapine from rapeseed meal, on the fishy odor and the trimethylamine (TMA) content of eggs laid by brown-shelled egg layers were assessed. The results indicated that at the levels fed, free choline does not cause the production of fishy eggs; however, 57% of the eggs produced by the birds fed a comparable level of bound choline in the form of sinapine had a fishy odor and contained appreciable amounts of TMA.
RESPONSE OF WHITE LEGHORN AND RHODE ISLAND RED BREEDER HENS TO DIETARY DEFICIENCIES OF SYNTHETIC VITAMINS. 1. EGG PRODUCTION, HATCHABILITY AND CHICK GROWTH
Authors: LEESON S. , REINHART B. S. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-week-old purebred strains of Single Comb White Leghorn (WL) and Rhode Island Red (RIR) breeder hens were offered a control corn-soybean meal diet or the control diet with one of the following vitamins omitted from the supplement: biotin, B12, E, folacin, niacin, pantothenate and riboflavin. For each strain, four randomly distributed cages of four birds were offered each diet. Birds were inseminated weekly with 0.05 ml of pooled White Leghorn (WL) semen. Egg production, fertility and hatchability were recorded. After 15 wk, the vitamins omitted were added to the diets, and observations continued for a further 5 wk. With the exception of biotin, each unsupplemented diet had an adverse effect on egg production of RIR (P < 0.05), although few significant effects were observed with WL. Diet had no effect on fertility. Lack of added riboflavin had the most effect on hatchability, with 0% being recorded for both strains after 13 wk of treatment. All other treatments depressed hatchability for RIR (P < 0.05), although the pattern was not as well defined with W.L. Both breeds responded to re introduction of vitamins, such that at the end of the trial no significant (P > 0.05) differences in production or hatchability were recorded. There was no difference in growth rate of chicks hatched from eggs produced during the 8th wk of treatment.
INCIDENCE OF CLINICAL MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: BATRA T. R.
Published: March 2010

Incidence of clinical mastitis in 821 lactations of Holstein line cows (H) and in 581 lactations of synthetic line cows derived from Ayrshire females (A) housed under intensive management was studied to examine effects of sire, parity, and month of calving. Ten traits were examined for each lactation of a cow: (1) number of separate quarter cases, (2–5) number of separate cases in each quarter, (6) presence or absence of infection in any quarter, (7–10) presence or absence of infection in each of the four quarters. Incidence of clinical mastitis was slightly higher in H line than A line cows and was higher in hindquarters than forequarters in both lines. Twenty seven and 33% of A and H line lactations, respectively, had at least one infection. The mean number of cases per lactation for cows having mastitis was 2.15 and 2.51 for A line and H line, respectively. Incidence of mastitis increased with lactation number up to the fifth lactation in both lines.
SEASONAL ENERGY EXPENDITURES AND THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES OF BISON AND CATTLE
Authors: CHRISTOPHERSON R. J. , HUDSON R. J. , CHRISTOPHERSEN M. K.
Published: March 2010

The metabolic rates of two bison and four Hereford spring-born calves were measured at monthly intervals from December until the following November. Following adaptation at seasonal ambient temperatures, metabolic measurements were made while calves were exposed to controlled temperatures of +10, 0 and −30 °C. Exposure of the Hereford calves to −30 °C resulted in increased metabolic rates during the first 6 mo of the study but the magnitude of the response was greatly attenuated as the calves grew larger. At −30 °C, bison calves either maintained or reduced metabolic rates compared to expenditures at +10 °C. When the calves were about 17 mo of age, they were exposed to a combination of low temperatures and wind. Wind velocities of 4.7 km∙h−1 did not influence metabolic rates of either bison or Herefords at air temperatures of 0 °C. However, at −30 °C, metabolic rates increased from 650 and 700 KJ∙kg−.75∙d−1 to 835 and 950 KJ∙kg−.75∙d−1 in Hereford and bison calves, respectively. Neither respiratory frequencies nor heart rates were influenced significantly during cold exposure, but heart rates increased in response to wind. In general, metabolic rates and heart rates were lower in bison calves.
THE EFFECT OF PUNCTURING THE ZONA PELLUCIDA ON FREEZE-THAW SURVIVAL OF BOVINE EMBRYOS
Authors: KANAGAWA H. , FRIM J. , KRUUV J.
Published: March 2010

The zona pellucida of fertilized bovine embryos of the morula stage (day 6) were punctured using a micromanipulator and a glass knife. In the presence of 2 M DMSO, 23 embryos were cooled (0.5 °C/min) to −196 °C and, upon thawing (10 °C/min), transferred into nine recipients. Although the embryos, before and after the freeze-thaw cycle, were morphologically indistinguishable, only one calf was born. The role of the zona pellucida during freezing and thawing is discussed.
AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHROMIC OXIDE IN FEED AND FECES
Authors: FENTON T. W. , FENTON MIRJANA
Published: March 2010

A spectrophotometric procedure was developed using ashing at 450 °C followed by acid digestion in beakers and reading the diluted digests at 440 nm. Errors were minimized by use of blanks and maintenance of a constant acid concentration in the diluted digests.
EFFECT OF LEVEL OF FEEDING ON BREEDING PERFORMANCE AND CONCEPTUS DEVELOPMENT AT 60 DAYS OF PREGNANCY IN THE GILT
Authors: DYCK G. W. , STRAIN J. H.
Published: March 2010

A total of 132 Lacombe gilts were individually housed and fed 1.50, 2.25 or 3.00 kg of a 16% protein diet once daily from 35 days prior to mating to 60 days of pregnancy when they were slaughtered. The pregnancy rate (gilts pregnant/gilts on treatment × 100) of gilts on the 1.50-kg level of feeding was lower (P < 0.05) than that of the gilts on the 2.25- or 3.00-kg levels of feeding (66.7 vs. 85.4 and 90.7%). This was due to anestrus that occurred in 24% of the gilts on the 1.50-kg level of feeding treatment. Conception rate (gilts pregnant/gilts bred × 100) was not affected by the level of feeding. Increasing the level of feeding increased ovulation rate (12.6 ± 0.4 to 13.9 ± 0.3), ovarian weight (14.0 ± 0.5 to 17.7 ± 0.4 g), and uterine weight (1657 ± 79 to 1892 ± 64 g). There was no effect on the number, percent survival or weight of the fetuses; fetal attachment uterine tissue and fetal membrane weight; or allantoic and amniotic fluid volume. Fetal weight was correlated with fetal attachment uterine tissue and fetal membrane weight, and allantoic and amniotic fluid volume.