bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las leyes de educación en España vs resultados de evaluación del Informe Pisa
Authors: Cuñat Roldán Marta , Cuñat Giménez Rubén José
Published: March 2022

During the 40 years in which Spain has been a democracy 7 educational laws have been enacted with the aim of improving the educational system. However, the various assessments that have been carried out in our country through the PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) Report have not reflected this improvement. This study collected statistical data published by the PISA Report since the first evaluations were activated, both for the area of Reading and Mathematics and Science. The aspects relating to the competences assessed in the PISA Report were also drawn from the various educational laws applied since 2000. The results revealed that competence in Reading improved slightly among students, while in Mathematics there was no improvement and in Science there was even a setback. In the last PISA evaluation, the regions of Castilla-La Mancha and Navarra obtained remarkable results for Reading, with scores only below Finland at a European level, while in Mathematics and Science the differences between regions were small, being in line with the European average scores. This study demonstrates that the impact of the successive educational laws enacted in Spain since 2000 on the results in the PISA report assessments has been low and even negative, with just a few regions at similar levels of performance as those reported for the top five European countries for each of the skills assessed.

En España se han promulgado 7 leyes edu-cativas en los 40 años que llevamos de democracia, con el objetivo de mejorar el sistema educativo. Sin embargo, las dife-rentes evaluaciones que se han realizado en nuestro país a través del informe PISA (Programme for International Student As-sessment) no han reflejado esta mejora. En este trabajo se han recogido datos estadís-ticos publicados por el informe PISA desde que se activaron las primeras evaluaciones, tanto para el área de Lectura como de Matemáticas y Ciencias. Así mismo, se han extraído de las diferentes leyes educativas aplicadas desde el año 2000 los aspectos que tienen relación con las competencias que se evalúan en el informe PISA. El re-sultado del estudio muestra que la com-petencia en Lectura mejora ligeramente entre los alumnos/as, mientras que en Ma-temáticas no se produce ninguna mejora y en Ciencias incluso aparece un retroceso. Por Comunidades Autónomas, en Lectura destaca en la última evaluación efectuada Castilla-La Mancha y Navarra, con puntua-ciones solo por debajo de Finlandia a nivel europeo, mientras que en Matemáticas y Ciencias las diferencias entre Comunida-des son pequeñas, situándose en la media europea. Se evidencia que el impacto de las sucesivas leyes educativas promulga-das en España desde el año 2000 sobre los resultados en las evaluaciones del Informe PISA ha sido escaso e incluso negativo, siendo pocas las Comunidades que se en-cuentran en niveles semejantes a los cinco primeros países europeos en alguna de las competencias evaluadas.
Cooperative learning in the CLIL classroom: challenges perceived by teachers and recommendations for Primary Education
Authors: Castillo-Rodriguez Cristina , Prat Fernández Beatriz
Published: March 2022

The popularity of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), as a pedagogical approach requiring a flexible methodology to learn content and a foreign language (FL), is unquestionable today. Cooperative learning (CL) seems to be an ideal methodology to meet the demands of CLIL. This study is aimed at collecting the perceptions of CLIL teachers with regard to the challenges that this approach entails when CL is implemented in primary-school classrooms. The respondents (n= 35) completed an online survey with 25 questions (closed-ended and open-ended). Results revealed the following challenges: use of the target language for interaction; motivation; lack of time; potential management problems; and assessment. On the other hand, respondents declared that in order to feel confident when combining CLIL and CL they would need more training. Finally, we provided some recommendations for each grade of Primary Education so as to shed some light on the challenges teachers perceive when CL is employed in CLIL subjects. This leaves an open door for further studies on CL in CLIL lessons from other countries.

Nadie pone en duda la popularidad de la cual goza el enfoque pedagógico denominado Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y de Lenguas Extranjeras (AICLE), que requiere de una metodología flexible para el aprendizaje de contenidos y de lengua extranjera (LE). El Aprendizaje Cooperativo (AC) se muestra, de hecho, como una metodología ideal que cubre las necesidades de AICLE. El objetivo de este artículo es recopilar las percepciones de docentes AICLE con respecto a los retos que supone este enfoque cuando implementan AC en las aulas de primaria. Los informantes (n= 35) respondieron un cuestionario online de 25 preguntas (cerradas y abiertas). Los resultados de este trabajo reflejan los siguientes retos: uso de la lengua meta para la interacción; motivación; falta de tiempo; problemas de gestión potenciales; y evaluación. Por otro lado, los informantes declararon que para sentirse seguros a la hora de combinar ambos (AICLE y AC) necesitarían más formación al respecto. Además de presentar los retos percibidos por parte de los participantes, propondremos una serie de recomendaciones para cada curso de Educación Primaria con el fin de que arrojen luz a estos retos, dejando una puerta abierta para futuros estudios sobre AC en clases AICLE en otros países.
Comments on United States – investigation of the International Trade Commission in softwood lumber from Canada, recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by Canada
Authors: XU Jiaqing
Published: March 2022

This article is based on United States – investigation of the International Trade Commission in softwood lumber from Canada, recourse to article 21.5 of the DSU by Canada（WT/DS277/AB/RW）panel and Based on the report of the Appellate Body, it analyzed the case and proposed to amend the Anti-dumping Agreement and improve domestic laws to reduce anti-dumping disputes.
Research on collaborative innovation mechanism of Guangzhou Digital Trade and industrial cluster
Authors: ZHANG Mei
Published: March 2022

Studying the mechanism of collaborative innovation between digital trade and industrial clusters can enrich the path of optimization and upgrading of industrial clusters driven by digital trade and the industrial support path for the deep development of digital trade, and provide theoretical support and guidance for the practice of collaborative innovation between them. By tapping the source of cluster innovation, building innovative elements such as talents, capital, information and technology, realizing the flow within and across clusters, forming a cluster network with coordinated development, the industrial clusters with competitive advantages can be built; the competitiveness of digital service trade can be cultivated. Finally, an ecological network of Digital Trade Industrial Clusters with coordinated development can be formed, which will help solve the conflicts and contradictions of the system and promote the efficient evolution of the system. Digital Trade Industrial Clusters Network can be developed on the path arrangement from the improvement of factor allocation efficiency, the construction of factor sharing platform, the formation of collaborative network and the evolution of digital ecosystem.
Intention ≠ Behavior: Collective Intention and Collective Action Have Different Paths
Authors: Lun Fenglan , WEI Wei , FENG Yifang
Published: March 2022

Objective: To investigate the relationship between group relative deprivation and group identity and collective intention and actual collective behavior. Methods: In the study of collective behavior, intention is often used to predict or replace actual collective behavior. In this paper, 2(high and low group relative deprivation)×2(high and low group identity) laboratory scenario design and investigation method were used. Results: Collective intention affected actual collective behavior as a mediator ( =20.294, P =0.000); Group identity moderated the relationship between group relative deprivation and group intention (β=0.723, t=2.483, P =0.001). In the mediation model of collective intention, the simple regulation of group identity changed into the interactive regulation of the mediation model, which affected the path of the first and second half of the mediation model (β=0.225, t =2.254, P =0.027; β= 0.355, Wals=5.833, P=0.016). Conclusion: There are different paths between collective intention and actual collective behavior. That is, group identity moderates the relationship between group relative deprivation and cluster intention. In addition, group identity also moderates the relationship between deprivation and cluster intention, and between cluster intention and cluster behavior.
Analysis of the value of Zhang Jian's spirit in the cultivation of entrepreneurial talents in colleges and universities
Authors: SUN Pengcheng , JIANG Huiru , ZHANG Zhipeng
Published: March 2022

Based on the value of Zhang Jian's spirit in the field of innovation and entrepreneurship, from the perspective of innovative and entrepreneurial talents training in colleges and universities, starting from the connotations of Zhang Jian's spirit, such as "learning must be used for application, application must be suitable for use", "hard work and self-reliance", etc. The boundary exchange of entrepreneurial talent training in colleges and universities. On the basis of analyzing the relationship between Zhang Jian's entrepreneurship and innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities, this paper deeply analyzes the weak links of entrepreneurial talent training in colleges and universities and entrepreneurship and innovation education in colleges and universities, clarifies the value of Zhang Jian's spirit to the cultivation of entrepreneurial talents in colleges and universities, and explores the cultivation of entrepreneurial talents in colleges and universities in the future. The extension of the spirit of Zhongzhangjian, to build a new concept of cultivating entrepreneurial talents in colleges and universities, to deliver outstanding talents for local economic construction, and to give play to the important role and role of colleges and universities in local economic development.
Research on digital transformation of the pharmaceutical industry in the post-epidemic era
Authors: LI Jiadi , WANG Yilin , ZHEN Shiqi , ZHENG Yangli , JIANG Yuan
Published: March 2022

At the beginning of 2020, sudden epidemic has brought huge risks and challenges to my country's economic and social development, and it also gave birth to change and development opportunities for my country's pharmaceutical industry. This paper evaluates and analyzes the current development status of the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on digital transformation of the pharmaceutical industry in the background of the postpartum epidemic. Through the method of literature card, case and theoretical analysis, etc., and finally, the digital transformation of the pharmaceutical industry will provide a direction from different subject angles, but also provide reference for government and investors.
An analytical model for scattering effect in energetic charged-particle radiography of a steep density gradient region and the characteristics of the resulting modulation structures
Authors: Li Liangliang  , Wang Xiaofang
Published: March 2022

Energetic charged-particle beams produced from ultrashort ultra-intense laser plasma interactions play a vital role in charged-particle radiography. When such an energetic beam penetrates through a foil target, its energy loss is negligible, and the main physics process is small-angle scattering. Due to this scattering effect, charged-particle radiography of a target with a transversely distributed steep density gradient region will produce a modulation structure in the fluence distribution on the detection plane, which could be used to diagnose the steep density gradient region. In the past theoretical work on the scattering effect and the resulting modulation structure was done with Monte-Carlo simulations, which cost a lot of computing time and the studied parameter range was limited. In the present work an analytical model is developed to deal with the scattering effect inside the target and the modulation structure on the detection plane in radiography, which gives results quickly and coincides with Monte-Carlo simulations very well. By using this analytical model, the characteristics of modulation structures are analyzed. A dimensionless characteristic parameter related to radiography conditions is put forward, its range determines different modulation structures and also the probability of diagnosing a steep density gradient region of width ⪝μm
Eumycetoma, A Neglected Tropical Disease in the United States
Authors: Tritto Michael , Procop Gary W. , Billings Steven T. , Mirkin Gene , Hao Xingpei
Published: March 2022

Eumycetoma, caused by fungi, is a neglected tropical disease. It is endemic in the “mycetoma belt” countries but rare in North America. We report a case of pedal eumycetoma in the state of Maryland. A 51-year-old male immigrant from Guatemala presented with multiple, enlarging nodules on the dorsal surface of his left great toe present for 1 year, and a new one in the left arch area present for 6 months. The nodular lesions were surgically excised in two separate operations. Pathologic evaluation of all nodules revealed eumycetomas characterized by the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, showing an amorphous eosinophilic center filled with numerous fungal hyphae, observed on periodic acid-Schiff–stained slides, with a surrounding cuff of neutrophils. Polymerase chain reaction–based sequencing identified Cladosporium cladosporioides in the tissues. The patient was further treated with oral fluconazole for 2 months. The patient recovered well postoperatively and had no recurrence at 20-month follow-up. In conclusion, even though eumycetoma is regarded as a rare disease in North America, its incidence may be higher than reported because of millions of immigrants from endemic regions in the United States, which highlights the need to raise awareness of this devastating disease in the medical community. Eumycetoma needs to be differentiated from other infectious and noninfectious benign and malignant lesions. Optimal treatment includes surgical excision with antifungal therapy.
Study on the differences of phyllosphere microorganisms between poplar hybrid offspring and their parents
Authors: Ding Changjun , Zhang Weixi , Wang Yanbo , Ding Mi , Wang Xiaojiang , Li Aiping , Liang Dejun , Su Xiaohua
Published: March 2022

The females and males of dioecious plants have evolved sex-specific characteristics in terms of their morphological and physiological properties. However, the differentiation of phyllosphere microorganism of dioecious plants between parents and hybrid offspring remain largely unexplored. Here, the phyllosphere bacterial and fungal community diversity and composition of female (Populus nigra ‘DH5’ (PNDH5)), male (P. simonii ‘DH4’ (PSDH4)), and the hybrid offspring (P. simonii × P. nigra ‘DH1’ (PSPNDH1), P. simonii × P. nigra ‘DH2’ (PSPNDH2), P. simonii × P. nigra ‘DH3’ (PSPNDH3)) were investigated using 16S rDNA/ITS rDNA gene-based Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing. There was considerable variation of plant height, diameter at breast height, leaf area, length of petioles, leaf moisture content, and starch among different samples, and PSDH2 owned the highest plant height, diameter at breast height, and length of petioles. No distinct differences of phyllosphere bacterial community diversity were observed among PSDH4, PNDH5, PSPNDH1, PSPNDH2, and PSPNDH3; while, PSPNDH2 owned the highest fungal Pielou_e index, Shannon index, and Simpson index. Firmicutes and Ascomycota were the predominant phyllosphere bacterial and fungal community at the phylum level, respectively. Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria were the two most dominant bacterial classes regardless of parent and the hybrid offspring. The predominant phyllosphere fungal community was Dothideomycetes at the class level. The NMDS demonstrated that phyllosphere microbial community obviously differed between parents and offspring, while the phyllosphere microbial community presented some similarities under different hybrid progeny. Also, leaf characteristics contributed to the differentiation of phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities between parents and hybrid offspring. These results highlighted the discrimination of phyllosphere microorganisms on parent and hybrid offspring, which provided clues to potential host-related species in the phyllosphere environment.
Palatal Infection by Multidrug Resistant Non Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli in a COVID-19 Positive Patient Mimicking Black Fungus Infection- A Case Report
Authors: Koshy Lino Varghese , Balakrishnan Am bujavalli , Jayakaran Jaison , Shanmugam Priyadarshini
Published: March 2022

As the second wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) swept through India, many patients developed serious bacterial secondary infections such as pneumonia, sepsis and fungal infections such as mucormycosis. Among the bacterial infections, the most common organisms associated with secondary bacterial infections were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Here, authors present a rare case of 31-year-old COVID-19 positive male patient with sepsis who developed palatal necrosis due to infection caused by a non fermenting Gram negative bacillus resembling the lesions seen in mucormycosis. The necrotic tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood samples were sent for culture. Blood cultures yielded Elizabethkingella meningosepticum and necrotic tissue yielded Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
Effect of Spraying of Beta Carotene on Growth Behaviour and Chemical Constituents of Acalypha wilkesiana Plants
Authors: Sami A. M. , Bedour H. A. , Nermeen M. T. , Sharbat L. M. , Ibrhim A.H.
Published: March 2022

In July 2020 and 2021, a pot experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt to evaluate the effect of Beta-Carotene (0,150, 200 and 250 ppm) spraying on growth and chemical constituents of Acalypha plants. The present study shows a considerable difference in the growth parameters when treated with Beta- Carotene in two sprays, in four concentrations of (0,150, 200 and 250 ppm) with the control plants. Beta carotene showed unsignificant increase effect for all growth parameters except fresh weight of plant. The highest values for plant height, branches number, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of plant, were obtained due to the use of beta carotene sprayed (150, 250, 0, 250 and 250 ppm), respectively. Also, the spraying beta carotene increased total chlorophyll, protein, carotenoids, K% and N % by 150 and 200 ppm respectively, while sprayed by beta carotene (250 ppm) gave the highest values of carbohydrate and anthocyanin percentagecompared with the control. The aim of this work is known toeffect of beta carotene on growth and chemical compounds in this plant.
Studies on the Amylolytic Enzyme Associated with the Black Mould Deterioration of Eko, a Nigerian Fermented Food
Authors: Jesubunmi Christianah O.
Published: March 2022

Aims: To characterize amylase enzymes responsible for the spoilage of Eko,  a Nigerian fermented food and to provide the best way to preserve it.

Study Design: The experiment was carried out to extract the enzyme involved in the deterioration of Eko, it was partially purified using ion-exchange chromatography.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, between 1994 and 1996.

Methodology: Eko was obtained from the new market Ile Ife and cut into slices, the slices were inoculated with spores of Aspergillus niger, on the eleventh day after inoculation, the enzyme was extracted, partially purified using ion-exchange chromatograpghy and characterized.

Results: Within eleven days of inoculation, the Eko slices were extensively covered by the fungal spores, the amylase secreted by the Aspergillus niger was harvested and characterized. Its molecular weight was 70,000 Da, the optimum pH and temperature were 6 and 35 0C respectively, enzyme activity increased with increase in starch concentration with optimum activity at 0.9 mg/ml, the apparent Km for starch hydrolysis was 0.4 mg/ml. Cations such as Na+ and K+ stimulated amylase activity but was inhibited by EDTA and HgCl2

Conclusion: The result of this work showed that amylase enzyme was produced by Aspergillus niger in the infected Eko slices also that the enzyme contributed to the degradation process, therefore, keeping Eko in conditions that will hinder the secretion of amylase enzyme or hinder its activity and the subsequent growth of A. niger will prolong the shelf life of Eko.
Overview on the Causes and Management of Neonatal Meningitis
Authors: Faisal Elmihana Wadah , Hamed Nazim Faisal , M. Alshammari Abdulaziz Sael , Alenezi Atheer Ayed
Published: March 2022

In comparison to other ages, neonatal meningitis is more prevalent. Because the immature immune system lacks humoral and cellular immunological responses in phagocytic and complement functions, the newborn is especially vulnerable to infection. According to the World Health Organization, almost 5 million newborn fatalities occur each year. The great majority of them (98%) take place in underdeveloped countries. Meningitis is diagnosed through a physical examination and a study of the patient's medical history for any of the symptoms listed above. Although patients with viral meningitis normally do not require hospitalisation, antipyretics, antiemetics, and analgesics that may be used at home should be offered.
Effect of Zinc and Iron on Growth and Productivity of Summer Mungbean
Authors: Barla S. , Sahoo H. K. , Patra B. P. , Biswasi S. , Kumari K. , Ojha R. K.
Published: March 2022

Micronutrients like zinc and iron play an important role in growth and development of mungbean. The scarcity of these micronutrients also has an impact on seed quality of mungbean. A field experiment on optimization of nutrient management practices through soil and foliar application in mungbean was conducted during summer season 2021. The treatments included control, 0.5% ZnSO4 at flower initiation (FI), 0.5% ZnSO4 at FI & pod initiation (PI), 0.5% FeSO4 at FI, 0.5% FeSO4 at FI & PI, 0.5 % ZnSO4 & 0.5% FeSO4 at FI, 25 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 soil application, 50 kg ha-1 FeSO4 soil application. Plant height (29.85 cm), number of branches per plant (8) and number of nodules per plant (16) were improved significantly by foliar spraying of 0.5% ZnSO4 and 0.5% FeSO4 at FI. Significantly maximum no. of pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed yield (521 kg ha-1) and stover yield (1307 kg ha-1), net returns (Rs. 8020/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.28) were recorded under 0.5% ZnSO4 and 0.5% FeSO4 spray at Flower initiation stage.
Feasibility and Product Maturity of Compost Developed from Poultry Waste in Temperate Agroclimate of Kashmir Region
Authors: Baba Irfan Akram , Banday Mohammad Tufail , Khan Hilal Musadiq , Khan Azmat Alam , Sheikh Islam U. Din , Patoo Rouf A. , Anjum Zufisha
Published: March 2022

Present work was carried out in the Department of LPM, FVSc and AH (SKUAST- Kashmir) to assess the feasibility and compost maturity in terms of temperature and bio-mineral (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) changes due to composting of poultry waste under the temperate agro-climatic conditions of Kashmir Valley. Poultry waste in the form of poultry carcass (including feathers) and litter manure was used for this study. Four treatment groups with four replicates each were formulated as: G1: Poultry carcass; litter manure, G2: Poultry carcass; litter manure; Paddy straw, G3: Poultry carcass; litter manure; effective microbes (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodopseudomonas palustris) and G4: Poultry carcass; litter manure; Paddy straw; effective microbes. During the primary stage of composting the group G4 had attained a significantly (P<0.05) highest peak temperature (0C) of 59.0±5.04 and 59.50±5.04 respectively during winter and summer seasons. Significantly (P<0.05) highest nitrogen content of 24.7 g/Kg was observed in group G4 at the end of secondary stage during summer season. The phosphorus content in end product of composting was significantly (P<0.05) highest (1.0 g/Kg) in group G4 during summer season. Similarly significantly (P<0.05) highest K content of 10.23 g/Kg was observed in group G4 during summer season. It was concluded that the addition of paddy straw and effective microbes assistant the composting process and yield better bio-mineral values and higher temperature gain.
Application of Remedial Fertilizers for Optimum Yield of Garlic Using a Mathematical Model
Authors: Behera Jyotiranjan , Mahanti M. K.
Published: March 2022

At times, it is found that the yield from a commercial plantation is affected adversely because of inadequate intake of fertilizers by the plants. The possible reasons behind decrease in fertilizer intake may be due to both natural causes and man-made .In order to ensure the optimal yield in the event of above mentioned circumstances a mathematical model has been proposed for detecting inadequacy of fertilizers and recommending additional fertilizer doses that need be applied by the farmers for optimum yield. Here garlic plantation has been considered to illustrate the applicability of the proposed mathematical model.
Impact of Oil Field Effluent on Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil, Quality and Growth of Tea in the Plantation of Small Growers of Dibrugarh, Assam
Authors: Neog Pubali , Bharadwaj Eimon , Deka Mridul , Gogoi Aditi Smith
Published: March 2022

Aims: To study the impact of the oil field effluents discharged to the plantation on soil physicochemical, quality and growth of the tea crop.

Study Design: The experimental design was 4x2 Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 replications.

Place and Duration of Study:  It was conducted in Department of Tea Husbandry & Technology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during September, 2019 and November, 2019.

Methodology: The total number of bushes per treatment are 35 each of +12 years age. The soil and plant samples were collected from four different levels of distance are D1: 0-21m; D2: 21-42m; D3: 42-63m and DC: beyond 63m (Control).

Results: The results showed that, disregarding the Flushing season the tea grown in the vicinity of the oil pit recorded the lowest value of caffeine content (1.58%), total chlorophyll (1.54 mg g-1) total polyphenol content (21.47%) which was significantly lower than the tea grown away from the oil pit. The plucking point density and number of primaries per plant recorded the lowest value in the vicinity of the effluent pit. In case of soil physical parameters, both porosity and hydraulic conductivity recorded lowest value of 45.64% and 0.25 cm min-1, respectively. The bulk density of soil near the oil effluent pit recorded the highest value (1.31 Mg m-3) and gradually decreases. Soil pH, organic carbon content and electrical conductivity recorded highest value in the vicinity of the effluent pit. Regardless of the flushing season the available nitrogen and potassium recorded the highest. Available phosphorous of the soil adjacent to the effluent pit recorded the lowest value. Both quality and growth parameters had significantly higher value in the rain flush than the autumn flush. The soil parameters did not record any significant variation among the seasons.

Conclusion: The vicinity area of the effluent pit found to be the most vulnerable.
Evaluation of Vulnerability-Related Risk Factors in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries during Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Komlakh Khalil , Hatefi Masoud
Published: March 2022

Background: Spinal cord injury is a chronic disease with increasing prevalence which causes various disorders in normal human life.

Objectives: This study endeavored to determine the risk factors related to the vulnerability in patients with SCIs During Covid-19 Pandemic in Ilam.

Methods: This study was conducted by utilization of a variety of descriptive cross-sectional studies in 2021. Questionnaires were used to collect information Tilburg vulnerability survey, Resilience survey and wax social support survey. For gaining samples with suitable disperse in the study properties and purposes, a list of patients was chosen and all of them were contacted to be informed about participating in the study. Completed surveys analyzed by SPSS16.

Results: Result showed, average score and standard deviation of vulnerability score in patients with SCI. Accordingly M(SD) measured to be 6.40(1.38) in physical dimension of vulnerability, 1.56(0.89) in mental dimension of vulnerability and 0.81(0.76) in social dimension of vulnerability. result of study, M(SD) was calculated to be 20.20(3.59) in family dimension, 18.76(3.83) in friends’ dimension and 21.70(3.69) in other people dimension.

Conclusions: Suggested to consider demographic variables affecting the health-related components in order to improve the condition of patients with SCI during the outbreak of Covid-19 disease.
The Pharmaceutical Policy Reforms in Greece during the Economic Crisis, 2010-2015
Authors: Fanourgiakis J.
Published: March 2022

In the decade 2000-2009 Greece had the higher rate of public pharmaceutical expenditures as a percentage out of the total public health expenditure and the bigger per capita consumption of public pharmaceutical expenditure among the EU countries. At the end of this decade, Greek governments confronted with this “paradox” and tried to reduce it unsuccessfully. In order to finance its debt, Greece took a financial package of 110 billion € from Troika of the European Commission (EC), European Central Bank (ECB), and International Monetary Fund (IMF) under strict conditions and adopted austere policies designed by Troika all over the public finance sector in order to reduce its debts. Our aim is to provide an overview of new legislation starting from the first memorandum until the first quarter of 2014 and to record the impact of pharmaceutical reforms in all over the pharmaceutical chain. The legislation of this period had the reduction in public pharmaceutical expenditures as a primary endpoint. The new laws focus on new drug pricing policies, profit control regulations, and demand regulations. The economic targets in order to decrease public pharmaceutical expenditures were achieved but not without cost, all the parts in the pharmaceutical chain were affected, especially the last link the patients.
A Comparative Analysis of Determinants of Family Dynamics of Children with ADHD with and without Comorbid Conduct Disorder
Authors: Ansari Moin Ahmed , Naqvi Syed Habib , Rafiq Mohammad , Waryah Ali Mohammad , Rajput Aatir H.
Published: March 2022

Background: Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most actively studied topics in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry. Among clinic-referred children, comorbidity is frequently found between ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). However, little is known regarding the probable association between the co-occurrence and external factors. One factor that has recently sparked interest is family dynamics.

Objective: To compare the children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)  with and without co-morbid conduct disorder (CD) in terms of selected determinants of family dynamics and the influences of catchment area and gender on these differences.

Methodology: This case-control study was conducted upon a sample of 114 pre-diagnosed ADHD children from July 2017 to June 2019 at the Liaquat University Hospital & Sir CJIP. After taking written informed consent from parents of children diagnosed with ADHD, the children were re-evaluated using the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual (DSM) - V criteria. Vanderbilt Parent Rating Scale was also used to screen for possible comorbidities with ADHD. Children with intellectual disability were excluded from the study. Family dynamics like family type, family size, socio-economic status, parental educational and occupational status, family relationships, parental discord, and history of psychiatric illness in family were explored via self-structured interview-based questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS v. 21.0.

Results: The cumulative mean age of the sample of ADHD children stood at 7.6 years (SD ± 0.52). Most of the sample of the children hailed from urban (64.3%) areas and were raised in joint families (71.4%). Consanguinity was common among the parents (72.8%) and especially prevalent among the ADHD children with co-morbid CD. The key features that were notably high among families of the children with comorbid CD included positive parental psychiatric history, ADHD among siblings and parental discord.

Conclusion: After careful consideration, it can be concluded that consanguinity of parents, joint family system. And family history of psychiatric disorder affects the occurrence of comorbidity of conduct disorder among children with ADHD.
Evaluation of Sinopharm and Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccination Adverse Effects among the Population of Karachi: A Survey Based Study
Authors: Rehman Ata Ur , Khan Kiran , Maheshwari Jai Dev , Pasha Ghazala Nasim , Kamran Fatimah , Zahrah Nazrah e
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Vaccines function through a variety of methods to provide disease protection; nevertheless, the process of establishing immunity can create side effects.

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine the acute side effects of two COVID–19 immunizations that are commonly used in the Karachi population.

Materials and Methods: Between August and September of 2021, a cross-sectional analytical survey was carried out. The 291 immunization recipients were asked to complete a survey concerning the vaccine's side effects. The Chi-Square test was used to compare the post-vaccination side effects of categorization groups. A p-value of ≤0.05 was statistically significant.

Results: Among post-vaccination side effects, fever was reported by 32.3% of the participants, followed by fatigue, redness at the injection site and gastrointestinal disturbances. The results show association of minor adverse effect with Gender and history of COVID infection.

Conclusion: In conclusion, vaccines are a potent weapon for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with high efficacy and low adverse reactions. The most common side effects of the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccination was found to be fever, and there was a linear association between the presentations of most of the adverse effects and the history of Covid-19 infection.
excavation of an Early Bronze Age burnt mound at Arisaig, Lochaber, Highland
Authors: Suddaby Ian , Ballin Torben Bjarke , Cressey Michael , Ellis Clare , Clarke Karen , Whitelaw Leeanne
Published: March 2022

During the upgrading of the A830(T), the 'Road to the Isles', the remains of a disturbed burnt mound deposit were discovered and later excavated during September and October 2005 by CFA Archaeology Ltd. This is the first such feature to have been excavated in this part of the Highlands. The burnt mound was discovered lying partly below a modern field bank on the edge of Arisaig (NGR: NM 6667 8650) during a trial trenching evaluation. Excavation demonstrated that the feature was formed in an active fluvial environment and that, despite the rural and boggy location, it had suffered considerable damage since its formation, caused by both the fluvial action of the adjacent stream and by a field drain. No evidence was found for either a hearth or a formal trough. The implication of a small assemblage of local quartz from within the burnt material is discussed. The charcoal assemblage is compared to spectra of pollen from contemporary deposits of peat in the area. Studies of the nature and origin of the burnt material via the results of soil magnetic susceptibility and thin-section analyses are presented. Six radiocarbon dates from three associated contexts span the period from 2550 to 1900 BC and suggest the burnt mound accumulated during the Early Bronze Age.
(Bio)Analytical Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Authors: Soldado Ana B. , Llano Suárez Pablo , Fernández‐Argüelles María T. , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo , Costa‐Fernández José M. , Trapiella‐Alfonso Laura
Published: March 2022

Research in nanoscience and nanotechnology has widely developed in the past decade to the extent that today nanotechnology has established an interdisciplinary trend between almost all branches of science and technology. Particularly, the actual availability of novel nanodevices, nanotools, nanosensors, and nanosorbents, with varied functionalization possibilities, has also greatly impacted bioanalytical sciences through in analytical processes.

Nanosized structures, with extraordinary physical and chemical properties, large specific surface areas, and different degrees of functionalization, have provided powerful tools for the bioanalysis systems by improving the detection sensitivity and miniaturization capabilities of the devices in bioanalytical procedures. Here, recent progresses achieved by exploiting the attractive properties of nanomaterials in the development of novel (bio)analytical techniques are reviewed. Moreover, improved analytical methodologies specifically designed to enable nanomaterials detection, quantification, and comprehensive characterization are required (key information to study their environmental behavior in toxicity studies or to improve the knowledge of their properties, thus making more effective their final use). An overview of the development of novel improved bioanalytical methodologies aimed to characterize or detect nanomaterials, along with a short outlook on future directions of the continuously growing nanoworld‐related bioanalytical applications, is included.
An adaptive anti‐swing control for the helicopter slung‐load system based on trajectory planning and neural network
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Mou
Published: March 2022

In this article, an adaptive anti‐swing control method based on trajectory planning and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is proposed for the unmanned helicopter slung‐load system with the external disturbances and the continuous system uncertainty. An online trajectory planning method is designed to obtain the desired position, velocity, and acceleration signals of the unmanned helicopter. Then, combining with RBFNN and sliding mode control method, the position loop controller of the unmanned helicopter is designed to make the swing angle stable, and the unmanned helicopter can also track the desired trajectory. The attitude loop controller is designed by sliding mode backstepping method and RBFNN. In the process of controller design, the adaptive laws are designed to adjust the influence of approximation error of RBFNN and the external disturbance. The stability of the closed‐loop system is proved by Lyapunov analysis. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed control strategy is effective.
A Binary Hydrate‐Melt Electrolyte with Acetate‐Oriented Cross‐Linking Solvation Shells for Stable Zinc Anodes
Authors: Yang Min , Zhu Jiacai , Bi Songshan , Wang Rui , Niu Zhiqiang
Published: March 2022

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) with low cost and high safety are promising energy‐storage devices. However, ZIBs with metal Zn anodes usually suffer from low coulombic efficiency and poor cycling performance due to the occurrence of side reactions on the Zn anodes. Here, a binary hydrate‐melt ZnCl2/Zn(OAc)2 electrolyte is designed to suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction and by‐product formation on Zn anodes by adjusting the Zn2+ solvation structure. In the solvation structure of the hydrate‐melt ZnCl2/Zn(OAc)2 electrolyte, the carboxylate group in OAc− will coordinate with the Zn2+, which will weaken the interaction between Zn2+ and H2O molecules to achieve higher ionization energy of H2O molecules. Simultaneously, these carboxylate groups of OAc− can serve as H‐bond acceptors to construct H‐bonds with H2O molecules in their neighboring solvation structures, forming a cross‐linking H‐bond network. Such a cross‐linking H‐bond network further suppresses the water activity in ZnCl2/Zn(OAc)2 electrolyte. As a result, in such an electrolyte, the side reactions are effectively restricted on Zn anodes and thus Zn anodes can achieve a high coulombic efficiency of 99.59% even after cycling. To illustrate the feasibility of the ZnCl2/Zn(OAc)2 electrolyte in aqueous ZIBs, Zn||p‐chloranil cells are assembled based on the ZnCl2/Zn(OAc)2 electrolyte. The resultant Zn||p‐chloranil cells exhibit enhanced cycling performance compared with the cases with a conventional ZnSO4 electrolyte.
Hierarchical Nanowire Architectures Self‐Assembled from Ultra‐Deep‐Blue Fluorene‐Based Conjugated Molecules toward Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with CIEy = 0.06
Authors: Cai Jiangli , Zhuo Zhiqiang , Ni Mingjian , Wang Shengjie , Zheng Yingying , Sun Lili , Lin Jinyi , Bai Lubing , Ding Xuehua , Lin Zongqiong , Huang Wei
Published: March 2022

Organic conjugated molecules with a rigid rod‐like π‐backbone structure automatically and easily self‐assemble into an anisotropic nanostructure. However, supersecondary structures obtained from the hierarchical secondary self‐assembly of nanostructures have rarely been reported for non‐amphiphilic conjugated molecules. Here, a nanowire architecture as a supersecondary structure from an ultra‐deep‐blue fluorene‐based conjugated molecule (FCz‐C8‐Am) to improve the emission efficiency and stability is reported. In significant contrast to the four reference molecules, the FCz‐C8‐Am molecules grow into soft nanowires and further self‐assemble into a series of nanowire architectures in the gelation process. This is associated with the synergistic effect of the hydrogen bonds among the amide units, pendant π–π stacking interactions between pendant Cz units, and appropriate soft steric interaction among side‐chains, which are the three design requirements for preparing these nanowire architectures. Interestingly, this supersecondary architecture of FCz‐C8‐Am has a stable ultra‐deep‐blue emission, with an efficiency of ≈77% and a Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) value of (0.16, 0.06) in the solid state. These findings provide a profound understanding of the relationship between the inherent molecular structure, supramolecular interaction, and supersecondary nano‐architecture, offering useful information for the development of new functional optoelectronic materials.
Self‐Sacrifice Template Construction of Uniform Yolk–Shell ZnS@C for Superior Alkali‐Ion Storage
Authors: Xu Xijun , Li Fangkun , Zhang Dechao , Liu Zhengbo , Zuo Shiyong , Zeng Zhiyuan , Liu Jun
Published: March 2022

Secondary batteries have been widespread in the daily life causing an ever‐growing demand for long‐cycle lifespan and high‐energy alkali‐ion batteries. As an essential constituent part, electrode materials with superior electrochemical properties play a vital role in the battery systems. Here, an outstanding electrode of yolk–shell ZnS@C nanorods is developed, introducing considerable void space via a self‐sacrificial template method. Such carbon encapsulated nanorods moderate integral electronic conductivity, thus ensuring rapid alkali‐ions/electrons transporting. Furthermore, the porous structure of these nanorods endows enough void space to mitigate volume stress caused by the insertion/extraction of alkali‐ions. Due to the unique structure, these yolk–shell ZnS@C nanorods achieve superior rate performance and cycling performance (740 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 540 cycles) for lithium‐ion batteries. As a potassium‐ion batteries anode, they achieve an ultra‐long lifespan delivering 211.1 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 5700 cycles. The kinetic analysis reveals that these ZnS@C nanorods with considerable pseudocapacitive contribution benefit the fast lithiation/delithiation. Detailed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicate that such yolk–shell ZnS@C anode is a typical reversible conversion reaction mechanism accomplished by alloying processes. This rational design strategy opens a window for the development of superior energy storage materials.
Effect of dicamba on reproductive development in corn and rice
Authors: Castner Mason , Norsworthy Jason K. , Barber Tom , Roberts Trenton Lee , Gbur Edward
Published: March 2022

Research has been published regarding the effects of sublethal dicamba rates applied at different growth stages in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; however, there is limited research on the effect of dicamba on reproductive growth in corn (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 to determine the potential consequences of dicamba exposure to reproductive stages of corn and rice. Dicamba was applied at 0.56, 5.6, 56, and 560 g ae ha–1, with a 1X rate being 560 g ae ha–1. Each rate was applied at three reproductive growth stages (corn: pretassel, tassel, and green silk; rice: late boot, panicle exertion, and anthesis). Visible injury to corn was negligible; however, rice treated with dicamba at 56 and 560 g ae ha–1 had noticeably greater injury (3 and 12%, respectively) relative to the nontreated. For rice, visible injury associated with dicamba at 56 and 560 g ae ha–1 appeared in the form of upright panicles, which reduced panicle weight and seeds per panicle, ultimately decreasing yields by 2,120 (22%) and 4,140 kg ha–1 (43%). A yield loss in corn could be detected only when dicamba was applied at 560 g ae ha–1 at the pretassel growth stage despite dicamba at 560 g ae ha–1 reducing seeds per row and total seeds per ear. With severe consequences being observed only at high dicamba rates, the threat of off‐target movement to corn and rice is far less severe than in soybean.
The influence of random packed column parameters on the liquid holdup and interfacial area
Authors: Fu Yucheng , Bao Jie , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Zheng Richard Feng , Anderson‐Cook Christine M. , Bhat K. Sham , Xu Zhijie
Published: March 2022

Carbon dioxide capture via solvent absorption in packed columns has emerged as a potential technology to mitigate coal‐fired power plant CO2 emissions. Parameters, including packing types, solvent properties, and operating conditions, could potentially affect the packed column CO2 capture efficiency. To understand the importance of those parameters and help packed column optimization, a design of experiments (DoEs) method was proposed to generate input parameter matrix. Combined with multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the random packed column parameter influence on the liquid holdup and interfacial area can be efficiently investigated. Surrogate‐based sensitivity analysis shows that the solvent flow rate and contact angle are key factors dictating liquid holdup and interfacial area. On the other hand, solvent viscosity has a marginal impact on the interfacial area. The sensitivity scores were calculated for each input parameter to guide the selection of dimensionless numbers for the liquid holdup and interfacial area correlation development.