bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF SPHEROPLASTS FROM
VIBRIO COMMA
Authors: Chatterjee B. R. , Williams Robert P.
Published: January 2020

Chatterjee
, B. R. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas),
and Robert P. Williams
. Preparation of spheroplasts from
Vibrio comma
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
838–841. 1963.—Spheroplasts were prepared from several strains of
Vibrio comma
by lysozyme treatment combined with freezing and thawing of the organisms. The optimal concentration of lysozyme was 50 μg/ml, although some spheroplasts formed at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. Higher concentrations (200 μg/ml) caused lysis of cells along with spheroplast formation. Treatment was carried out in broth cultures containing 15% sucrose, and if the osmotic tension was lowered the spheroplasts lysed. Some motile, spherical cells were present in every preparation. Addition of 3% glycine to broth cultures resulted in rapid transformation of the vibrios into large, spherical bodies. However, these were actively motile, and were not sensitive to a lower osmotic tension. Therefore, they could not be considered as spheroplasts.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY TECHNIQUES FOR THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM-TRACHOMA GROUP OF AGENTS
Authors: Ross Martin R. , Borman Earle K.
Published: January 2020

Ross, MartinR. (Connecticut State Department of Health, Hartford)and Earle K. Borman. Direct and indirect fluorescent-antibody techniques for the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum-trachoma group of agents. J. Bacteriol.85:851–858. 1963.—Direct and indirect fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques were developed for the detection of group antigen in infected tissue cultures and the titration of group antibody in human antiserum. The growth of the agent of meningopneumonitis (MP) in mouse embryo lung cell monolayers was followed by infectivity and complement-fixing (CF) antigen titrations, and cytological examination of FA stained cultures. Although infectivity and CF antigen reached a peak at 2 days and remained constant for an additional 3 days, only cells tested 2 to 3 days after infection were suitable for FA staining with labeled anti-MP serum because of excessive artifacts in the older cultures. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rooster and guinea pig anti-MP serums and human antipsittacosis serums were titrated in direct FA and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. The rooster conjugate showed brighter staining and higher antibody titers than the guinea pig or human conjugates and was more effective in detecting minimal amounts of virus antigen. FA staining reactions with 1 and 2 units of labeled rooster serum were inhibited by unlabeled rooster serum but clear-cut inhibition with human antipsittacosis serum could not be demonstrated. The indirect FA technique was successfully used for the titration of group antibody in human serum. A comparison of the indirect FA, HI, and CF tests showed the indirect FA technique to be intermediate in sensitivity between the HI and CF tests. None of the three tests showed significant cross reactions with human serums reactive for influenza A and B; parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3; respiratory syncytial virus; Q fever; or the primary atypical pneumonia agent.
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS ON ANTHRANILATE PRODUCTION INNEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Soboren Josephine , Nyc Joseph F.
Published: January 2020

Soboren, Josephine(University of California, Los Angeles)and Joseph F. Nyc. Effects of certain amino acids on anthranilate production inNeurospora crassa. J. Bacteriol.85:881–888. 1963.—The level of anthranilic acid produced in cultures of a tryptophanless mutant ofNeurospora crassastrain C-83 was closely related to the growth response. A good growth response was attained only on supplements which greatly repressed the level of anthranilate accumulated. The improved growth response of strain C-83 to variable levels of tryptophan and to supplements of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, and methionine was correlated with a decreased anthranilate production. The inhibitory effect of these supplements on anthranilate production was ascribed to effects on the mechanisms which regulate the formation of anthranilic acid.
EFFECTS OF COPPER ON
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Weed Lawrence L.
Published: January 2020

Weed, Lawrence
L. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio). Effects of copper on
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1003–1010. 1963.—Variants have been isolated from liquid cultures of
Bacillus subtilis
168 after exposure to copper. The variations manifested are in terms of loss of capacity to be transformed from tryptophan auxotrophy to prototrophy as shown by variant NTCu, and in terms of colony size and altered base composition of the deoxyribonucleic acid as shown by variant SC-22. In addition to the data on altered morphology and chemical composition of the variants, detailed studies on the reversion of one of the variants to
B. subtilis
are presented.
CORRELATION OF SPECIATION WITH LYTIC RESPONSES OF THE
ACHROMOBACTER
Authors: Surdy Theodore E. , Hartsell S. E.
Published: January 2020

Surdy, Theodore
E. (Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.)
and S. E. Hartsell
. Correlation of speciation with lytic responses of the
Achromobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1011–1016. 1963.—Lysozymic lysis of six species of
Achromobacter
was investigated. Three of the six species were lysed with 33, 50, or 100 μg/ml of lysozyme; if higher concentrations of lysozyme were used, precipitation of cells occurred. “Insensitive” cells could be sensitized by the addition of potassium hydroxide,
n
-butanol, steapsin, or urea, as demonstrated by the subsequent addition of lysozyme. Not all species were sensitive to these agents in the same degree; hence, a spectrum was obtained after the use of the pretreating agents and lysozyme. Optimal clearing of suspensions was observed when cells were suspended in pH 6.6 physiological saline or 0.15
m
phosphate buffer and incubated at 45 C. Heat treatment (75 C for 10 min) or freezing (−32 C) and thawing (room temp, 25 C) for one cycle did not increase the sensitivity of the cells to lysozyme. Injury to the cells was evident by the increased amount of lysis noted after pretreatment with potassium hydroxide. When cells were frozen and thawed for three cycles, four of the six species were sensitive to the action of lysozyme. Isolated cell walls elicited a similar lytic pattern to that of whole cells. Individuality of the lytic response of the species (from most sensitive to least sensitive—
A. aquamarinus, A. butyri, A. viscosus, A. parvulus, A. guttatus, A. hartlebii
) produced a separation scheme. Exhaustive tests proved it to be stable and reliable for these species. The organisms were identified, with the use of the separation scheme, by a person initially unfamiliar with the scheme or the culture.
IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CEPHALOTHIN
Authors: Chang Te-Wen , Weinstein Louis
Published: January 2020

Chang, Te-Wen
(Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.)
and Louis Weinstein
. In vitro biological activity of cephalothin. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1022–1027. 1963.—Cephalothin is a “broad-spectrum” antibiotic active, in low concentrations, against
Diplococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes
, and
Staphylococcus aureus. Shigella, Salmonella
, and
Proteus mirabilis
were the most sensitive of the gram-negative organisms.
Escherichia coli
and
Aerobacter aerogenes
were suppressed to a lesser degree, whereas
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Herellea
were highly resistant. Penicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains of
S. aureus
were equally susceptible to cephalothin. Exposure to increasing concentrations of the drug very frequently led to the development of resistance in gram-negative organisms; this was observed less often with
S. aureus
. Cephalothin stimulated the production of penicillinase by staphylococci, which remained sensitive to the cephalosporanic acid derivatives despite repeated subculture in increasing concentrations of the agent. Cephalothin was not inhibited by penicillinase. This antibiotic was more toxic to cultures of human amnion and mouse embryo cells than benzyl penicillin G but was less injurious than oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and demethylchlortetracycline; tetracylcine produced about the same degree of cellular damage as cephalothin.
ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED TOLERANCE TO TOXIC MANIFESTATIONS OFCANDIDA ALBICANS
Authors: Hasenclever H. F. , Mithcell William O.
Published: January 2020

Hasenclever, H. F. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.)and William O. Mitchell. Endotoxin-induced tolerance to toxic manifestations ofCandida albicans. J. Bacteriol.85:1088–1093. 1963.—Mice exposed to 425 r total body irradiation failed to become tolerant toCandida albicanstoxicity after injection with lipopolysaccharide. Mice injected with lipopolysaccharide and then X-rayed did not demonstrate the tolerant state. An injection of thorium dioxide in mice that had previously received tolerance-inducing amounts of lipopolysaccharide rendered them as susceptible to acuteC. albicanstoxicity as control mice. A bimodal manifestation of tolerance was noted. Groups of mice given single injections of lipopolysaccharide at 6 or 1 days before challenge demonstrated high levels of tolerance, whereas the tolerance in mice given a single dose at 3 days was negligible. The bimodal effect was not observed in tolerant mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Injections of viable or nonviable pathogenic fungi known to produce tolerance to the toxicity ofC. albicansin recipient mice did not produce tolerance to lipopolysaccharide. Serum from mice injected with lipopolysaccharide showed in vitro inhibitory activity forC. albicans.
EFFECT OF PH ON THE FORMATION OF EXOCELLULAR NUCLEASE IN AGING BROTH CULTURES OF
SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Eaves George N. , Jeffries Charles D.
Published: January 2020

Eaves, George
N. (Wayne State University College of Medicine, Detroit, Mich.)
and Charles D. Jeffries
. Effect of pH on the formation of exocellular nuclease in aging broth cultures of
Serratia marcescens
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1194–1196. 1963.—The formation of exocellular nuclease by
Serratia marcescens
occurred in the stationary phase of growth and was not associated with cell multiplication. An increase in specific enzymatic activity until the phase of autolysis suggested the selective secretion of the exocellular nuclease. The amount of enzyme accumulated was dependent upon the final pH attained by the culture medium, which was, in turn, related to the initial pH of the medium. The production of this nuclease was greatly favored by an alkaline pH.
TEMPERATURE LIMITS, GENEALOGICAL ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE, AND ULTIMATE FATE OF HEAT-INDUCED FILAMENTS IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
MICROCULTURES
Authors: Hoffman Heiner , Frank Michael E.
Published: January 2020

Hoffman, Heiner
(New York University, New York, N.Y.)
and Michael E. Frank
. Temperature limits, genealogical origin, developmental course, and ultimate fate of heat-induced filaments in
Escherichia coli
microcultures. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1221–1234. 1963.—The heat induction of filaments in microcultures of
Escherichia coli
occurred through a wide range of temperature, with 43.5 C being the upper limit at which all cells continued to grow. The lower temperature limit was not determined, but filaments were obtained at room temperature in overnight cultivations. The evidence from genealogical histories, growth rates, and cell and filament lengths strongly suggested that the filaments are collections of morphologically undifferentiated, but quasi-independent cell units which continue to grow and multiply while retaining the capacity eventually to break off completely as normal, nonfilamented cells. Filaments which failed to give off a daughter by the end of the second generation after their inception lyse explosively. The evidence obtained contradicts the hypothesis that the mother cell of a clonal microcolony becomes a filament and eventually lyses, although the cell length patterns upon which this hypothesis is based were reproduced. A high degree of synchronization of division was obtained and maintained through the entire period of incubation, which in some cultivations extended into the tenth generation.
DECOMPOSITION AND BINDING ACTION OF A POLYSACCHARIDE FROM
CHROMOBACTERIUM VIOLACEUM
IN SOIL
Authors: Martin J. P. , Richards S. J.
Published: January 2020

Martin
, J. P. (University of California, Riverside)
and S. J. Richards
. Decomposition and binding action of a polysaccharide from
Chromobacterium violaceum
in soil. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1288–1294. 1963.—The decomposition rate and binding effect in soil of a polysaccharide from
Chromobacterium violaceum
was compared with that of a variety of bacterial and plant polysaccharides and more complex organic residues. Most of the polysaccharides tested decomposed more readily than mature plant residues and fungus mycelium. The ease of decomposition varied, however, and polysaccharide from
C. violaceum
over a period of 1 month was more resistant than corn stalks, Rhodes grass, bean straw, and orange leaves. During the first week, it was as resistant to decay as pine needles. The
C. violaceum
polysaccharide was more effective in binding or aggregating the soil than all others tested. It also reduced the bulk density of Greenfield sandy loam and increased hydraulic conductivity in neutral soil.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING STEROIDS
Authors: Smith Rodney F. , Shay Donald E. , Doorenbos Norman J.
Published: January 2020

Smith, RodneyF. (University of Maryland, Baltimore),Donald E. Shay, and Norman J. Doorenbos. Antimicrobial action of nitrogen-containing steroids. J. Bacteriol.85:1295–1299. 1963.—A new group of 16 synthetic nitrogen-containing steroids have been tested against a variety of microorganisms for antimicrobial properties. The gradient plate screening method, serial dilution, and dry weight techniques were used in the studies. The organisms tested consisted of 14 gram-negative bacteria, 10 gram-positive bacteria, 2 actinomycetes, 7 yeasts, and 8 molds. Inhibitory properties were found to be specific and potent in four compounds, with inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.37 μg/ml. Three of the active steroids are 4-aza cholestanes and one is a 4-nor-3,5-secocholestane amide. Sensitivity to the compounds was greatest in the gram-positive bacteria, followed by the yeasts and molds. The gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited. All 16 steroids interfered to some extent with pigmentation inSerratia marcescensbut not with pigment production inPseudomonas aeruginosa. In a few instances, some of the molds were stimulated by the steroids at a concentration of 250 μg/ml.
MORPHOLOGY OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (SALIVARY GLAND VIRUS)
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Rasmussen Lucy
Published: January 2020

Smith, Kendall
O. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas)
and Lucy Rasmussen
. Morphology of cytomegalovirus (salivary gland virus). J. Bacteriol.
85:
1319–1325. 1963.—The size and fine structure of cytomegalovirus was compared with that of herpes virus. Cytomegalovirus stains as a DNA virus and is almost identical in size to herpes virus. Both viruses have enveloped forms and display protein membrane subunits which are almost identical in number, size, and arrangement. Cytomegalovirus closely resembles herpes virus produced early in its growth cycle (9 hr) in that most of the particles are coreless and somewhat ragged in appearance. The particle-infectivity ratio with cytomegalovirus is extremely high, approximating 10
7
to 10
8
. Although the average yield per cell was approximately 10,000 particles, only about one infectious unit per 1,000 cells was obtained. The biological explanation for this inefficiency of infectious virus synthesis is presently unknown, but the physical explanation appears to be that the nucleic acid cores are not complete. Not one particle was found, among over 1,000 examined, which stained as if it had a complete core.
OXIDATIVE ASSIMILATION BY
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Clifton C. E.
Published: January 2020

Clifton
, C. E. (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.). Oxidative assimilation by
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1365–1370. 1963.—Washed suspensions of
Bacillus megaterium
oxidized to CO
2
about 39% of the U-C
14
-glucose supplied and incorporated about 37% of the label by the time a marked break in the rate of O
2
consumption was noted. Almost one-half of the label was lost from the cells on acidification of the suspension. The remainder of the C
14
was present in the supernatant fluid, primarily in forms as yet unidentified, but other than carbohydrate. Both the Embden-Meyerhof and hexose monophosphate pathways of oxidation were involved. Endogenous respiration appeared to be inhibited only to a slight extent in the presence of an exogenous substrate. C
14
appeared in all fractions of the cells; the highest percentage of firmly bound C
14
was present in hot 5% trichloroacetic acid-insoluble matter. A decrease in C
14
content of the various fractions was noted during endogenous respiration of cells labeled during growth. Pyruvate and acetate were oxidized very slowly by
B. megaterium
. The results indicate the complexity of oxidative assimilation and the dynamic state of cellular metabolism.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES IN EXTRACTS OF
PASTEURELLA PESTIS
AND THEIR RELATION TO THE “pH 6 ANTIGEN”
Authors: Bichowsky-Slomnicki Leah , Ben-Efraim Shlomo
Published: January 2020

Bichowsky-Slomnicki, Leah
(The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, Israel)
and Shlomo Ben-Efraim
. Biological activities in extracts of
Pasteurella pestis
and their relation to the “pH 6 antigen.” J. Bacteriol.
86:
101–111. 1963.—Three kinds of biological activities could be found in crude extracts prepared from all the tested strains of
Pasteurella pestis
: cytotoxicity for monocytes, ability to agglutinate red blood cells, and induction of primary inflammatory reactions of the skin. All these biological activities were related to the presence of the “pH 6 antigen.” In addition, fractions of the pH 6 antigen devoid of agglutinating activity against red blood cells, but possessing the other biological activities, could be isolated. The active biological principles appear to be protein in nature. The possible role of the described biological activities in the pathogenesis of plague is discussed.
THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-
l
-RHAMNOSE METABOLISM IN SMOOTH AND ROUGH STRAINS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
AND
SALMONELLA WESLACO
Authors: Okazaki Tuneko , Strominger Jack L. , Okazaki Reiji
Published: January 2020

Okazaki, Tuneko
(Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.),
Jack L. Stominger, and Reiji Okazaki
. Thymidine diphosphate-
l
-rhamnose metabolism in smooth and rough strains of
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella weslaco
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
118–124. 1963.—Logarithmic-phase cells of
Escherichia coli
O18, which have rhamnose in their lipopolysaccharide, contained only traces of thymidine diphosphate (TDP)-
l
-rhamnose. Extracts of this organism, however, catalyzed the synthesis of TDP-
l
-rhamnose from TDP-
d
-glucose. On the other hand, cells of
E. coli
R44, a rough variant of this strain which contains no rhamnose in its lipopolysaccharide, contained a large amount of TDP-
l
-rhamnose. Like the smooth form, this organism was able to synthesize TDP-
l
-rhamnose. The rough variant is apparently a mutant blocked in some manner in utilization of TDP-
l
-rhamnose for lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Similar studies of smooth (rhamnose-containing) and rough (rhamnose-lacking) forms of
Salmonella weslaco
showed that both organisms can synthesize TDP-
l
-rhamnose from TDP-
d
-glucose. In contrast to the smooth and rough forms of
E. coli
O18, only traces of TDP-
l
-rhamnose were detected in extracts of both forms. A second thymidine diphosphosugar compound isolated from
E. coli
R44 is similar or identical to TDP-X, previously isolated from
E. coli
Y-10.
NITROGENOUS SUBSTRATES OF ENDOGENOUS RESPIRATION IN
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Gronlund Audrey F. , Campbell J. J. R.
Published: January 2020

Gronlund, Audrey
F. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada)
and J. J. R. Campbell
. Nitrogenous substrates of endogenous respiration in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
58–66. 1963.—The nature of the nitrogenous reserves of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
that are oxidized during endogenous respiration was studied by following the changes in the chemical constituents and in the distribution of radioactivity of starving cells that had been grown on C
14
-labeled substrates. The total protein and nucleic acid of Warburg vessel contents decreased during starvation. Deoxyribonucleic acid increased slightly, whereas ribonucleic acid (RNA) decreased. C
14
O
2
was evolved from endogenously respiring cells specifically labeled in the nucleic acid fraction and from cells specifically labeled in the protein fraction. Chemical fractionation of C
14
-labeled cells showed a decrease in hot trichloroacetic acid-soluble and -insoluble compounds, indicating that the C
14
O
2
arose from the degradation of RNA and protein and not free pool compounds. A decrease in ribosomal RNA and protein was evident from physical fractionations of starved, labeled cells. An enzyme responsible for the initiation of ribosomal degradation was found to be associated with the ribosome fraction. It was concluded that oxidation of the ribonucleo-protein during endogenous respiration may be a general phenomenon in microorganisms.
ELECTROKINETICS AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY I
Authors: Jensen Roy A. , Haas Felix L.
Published: January 2020

Jensen, Roy
A. (The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston)
and Felix L. Haas
. Electrokinetics and cell physiology. I. Experimental basis for electrokinetic cell studies. J. Bacteriol.
86:
73–78. 1963.—The stable and regular electrokinetic pattern displayed by
Bacillus subtilis
cell populations was presented as the basis for precisely controlled experimental procedures. The course of electrokinetic behavior characteristic of a cell population was one which paralleled the overall physiology of the culture. The prospects of capitalizing upon this biological feature of the cell were considered in cases where portions of a cell population were separable with respect to some distinct physiological criterion. Such cell fractions may be associated with a discrete and detectable difference in the net charge residing upon the bacterial cell surface. Within a limited pore-size range, membrane filters lost or retained cells, depending upon the electrostatic interaction between cell and filter disc. Fractionation on membrane filters proved to be adjustable and could be controlled by selecting the proper ionic strength in the culture medium. Procedures of this kind have potential for the development of preparative techniques or, alternatively, as experimental vehicles for kinetic analysis.
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ENDOLYSIN SYNTHESIS DURING REPRODUCTION OF LAMBDA PHAGES
Authors: Groman Neal B. , Suzuki Grace
Published: January 2020

Groman, Neal
B. (University of Washington, Seattle)
and Grace Suzuki
. Quantitative study of endolysin synthesis during reproduction of lambda phages. J. Bacteriol.
86:
187–194. 1963.—Endolysin is presumed to be a phage-induced enzyme participating in lysis through its destructive action on the host cell wall. A method for assaying endolysin is described, which was utilized in studying endolysin synthesis at 37 and 44 C by induced strains of K-12 (λ), K-12 (λ
tem
), and K-12 (λ
112
). In all cases, endolysin was detected prior to the appearance of mature, intracellular phage and was detected earlier at 44 C than at 37 C. It was synthesized at a linear rate, as was phage, and both syntheses terminated at the same time. Surprisingly, endolysin also accumulated under conditions in which induced K-12 (λ
112
) exhibited lysis inhibition. Under these conditions, endolysin concentration per induced cell was 2 to 2.5 times that produced by normally lysing K-12 (λ). Since alterations introduced into the lytic process by temperature, mutation, or both correlate well with the timing and rate of endolysin synthesis, the data tend to support the concept that endolysin determines the kinetics of the process. However, the accumulation of endolysin during lysis inhibition suggests the need for alternative hypotheses. One hypothesis is that although endolysin action is the key to lysis some preliminary steps are required to release the enzyme so that it may contact its substrate in the cell wall. A second hypothesis is that basically the lytic process involves an alteration in the permeability barrier of the cell and that lytic enzymes such as endolysin have evolved as an auxillary but dispensable mechanism to this process.
EFFECT OF HUMAN SERUM ON FATALITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Fusillo Matthew H. , Weiss Daniel L.
Published: January 2020

Fusillo, Matthew
H. (D.C. General Hospital, Washington, D.C.)
and Daniel L. Weiss
. Effect of human serum on fatality of staphylococcal infection in mice. J. Bacteriol.
86:
212–215. 1963.—Mouse plasma is usually not clotted by staphylococcal coagulase. The addition of human serum to mouse plasma activated the production of the plasma clot by staphylococcal coagulase. When anaerobically grown staphylococci were mixed with human serum, in the mice infected, mortality was enhanced in the serum-treated animals when compared with a nonserum-treated control. A heat-stable factor in human serum apparently was responsible for the increased deaths. The possible implications of coagulase in establishing mouse infections are discussed.
DECREASE OF BOUND SIALIC ACID AND INHIBITOR IN CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANES INFECTED WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Tess Bernard R. , Kempf J. Emerson
Published: January 2020

Tess, BernardR. (University of Illinois at the Medical Center, Chicago)and J. Emerson Kempf. Decrease of bound sialic acid and inhibitor in chorioallantoic membranes infected with influenza virus. J. Bacteriol.86:239–245. 1963.—During the adsorption period after the inoculation of chick embryos with the PR8 strain of influenza A virus, bound sialic acid (BSiA) in the chorioallantoic membranes decreased, presumably as a result of cleavage of surface glycoprotein by the viral neuraminidase. A further decrease occurred between 1 and 6 hr after infection, indicating that cleavage of the surface glycoprotein was continuing, and that the enzyme may have begun to act upon intracellular glycoprotein. Decreased levels of BSiA continued until 48 hr after infection, possibly as a result of continued intracellular enzyme activity plus destruction of glycoprotein as virus was released from the surface of the cells. BSiA began to increase 48 hr after infection, presumably because of regeneration of glycoprotein and its decreased destruction by the viral enzyme, since the process of infection was largely completed. Heat-stable hemagglutination inhibitor did not begin to decrease until 8 hr after infection; thereafter, the levels of BSiA and inhibitor appeared to be related.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE ATTACHMENT PROCESS
Authors: Cota-Robles E. H. , Coffman M. D.
Published: January 2020

Cota-Robles
, E. H. (University of California, Riverside)
and M. D. Coffman
. Fine structure of the bacteriophage attachment process. J. Bacteriol.
86:
266–273. 1963.—Electron microscopic examination of cells of
Escherichia coli
infected with coliphage T
2
suggested that the tail spikes of the virus attach to the cell wall. This is followed by a local disorganization of the cell wall and contraction of the virus tail resulting in the approximation of the virus to the cell. Ejection of the viral contents is followed by a retraction of the attached viral ghost from the infected cell. The bacterial cells reveal a fibrillar nuclear structure which in some cases surrounds material that appears to be of cytoplasmic origin.
RADIATION-RESISTANT, PIGMENTED COCCUS ISOLATED FROM HADDOCK TISSUE
Authors: Davis Norman S. , Silverman Gerald J. , Masurovsky Edmund B.
Published: January 2020

Davis, Norman
S. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge),
Gerald J. Silverman, and Edmund B. Masurovsky
. Radiation-resistant, pigmented coccus isolated from haddock tissue. J. Bacteriol.
86:
294–298. 1963.—An orange-brown, catalase-positive coccus was isolated from irradiated haddock. The new coccus was found to consist of rough and smooth strains as well as strains possessing appreciably less pigment. The smooth strain (248) was more radioresistant to gamma radiation than the rough strain, and at higher radiation doses was of comparable resistance to
Micrococcus radiodurans
. The less-pigmented strain was as radio-resistant as its parent strain (248). Although morphologically similar to other, but less-resistant, micrococci, the coccus differed by growing slowly on solid media, and was unable to grow in 7% salt. It was distinguished from
M. radiodurans
by being smaller in size and in being capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite and hydrolyzing gelatin.
SPORE GERMINATION AND CARBON METABOLISM IN
FUSARIUM SOLANI
IV
Authors: Cochrane Vincent W. , Cochrane Jean C. , Vogel James M. , Coles Roswell S.
Published: January 2020

Cochrane, Vincent
W. (Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn.),
Jean C. Cochrane, James M. Vogel, and Roswell S. Coles, Jr
. Spore germination and carbon metabolism in
Fusarium solani
. IV. Metabolism of ethanol and acetate. J. Bacteriol.
86:
312–319. 1963.—The aerobic metabolism of acetate and ethanol by ungerminated spores of
Fusarium solani
f.
phaseoli
was accompanied by oxidative assimilation, respectively, of 50 and 75% of the substrate carbon. Manometric and isotope distribution studies suggested terminal oxidation by way of the tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles. Provision of exogenous ammonium ion had no effect. The endogenous respiration of germinated spores was depressed by ethanol. Malonate and acetoin were oxidized in a way consistent with a pathway via acetate. Acetate oxidation was inhibited by cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, fluoroacetate, and other common inhibitors. Acetate was assimilated primarily into compounds extractible with hot water, of which mannitol was the major component, and was not appreciably incorporated into spore lipids. Ethanol, but not acetate, accelerated the oxidation of glucose by mechanisms not now understood.
COAGULASE-NEGATIVE MUTANTS OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: GENETIC STUDIES
Authors: Korman Ruth Z.
Published: January 2020

Korman, RuthZ. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.). Coagulase-negative mutants ofStaphylococcus aureus: genetic studies. J. Bacteriol.86:363–369. 1963.—The behavior in mutation and transduction of pleiotropic coagulase-negative mutants ofStaphylococcus aureusPS 53 (NCTC 8511) was analyzed. Coagulase-positive colonies were recovered, as well as a novel phenotype resistant to some cell-wall inhibitors and differing in sugar fermentation pattern. The hypothesis that the coagulase-negative strains differ from the original propagating strain in the structure or organization of the cell wall is discussed.
SOME EFFECTS OF CARBON SOURCE, AERATION, AND TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF A PSYCHROPHILIC STRAIN OF
PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS
Authors: Olsen Ronald H. , Jezeski James J.
Published: January 2020

Olsen, Ronald
H. (University of Minnesota, St. Paul)
and James J. Jezeski
. Some effects of carbon source, aeration, and temperature on growth of a psychrophilic strain of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
429–433. 1963.—A psychrophilic strain of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
was grown in stationary and aerated culture at 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 32 C. Generation times were determined for cultures growing in media containing glucose, monosodium citrate, or Casamino Acids as the primary carbon and energy source. The results indicated that growth on Casamino Acids with aeration contributed to significantly shorter generation times at low temperatures when compared with other media systems. Furthermore, temperature coefficients (Q
10
values) calculated from growth-velocity data showed that the effects of temperature on growth rate are influenced by the carbon source in the growth medium and by aeration.
EFFECT OF HAPLOID OR DIPLOID CONSTITUTION OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
ON FORMIC HYDROGENLYASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Olsen Ronald H. , Ogg James E.
Published: January 2020

Olsen, Ronald
H. (Colorado State University, Fort Collins)
and James E. Ogg
. Effect of haploid or diploid constitution of
Escherichia coli
on formic hydrogenlyase activity. J. Bacteriol.
86:
494–498. 1963.—Phenotypic differences occurring between haploid and presumed diploid strains of
Escherichia coli
containing homologous genetic material have been observed. In a growth medium containing glucose and Casamino Acids, formic hydrogenlyase (FHL) activity was induced in haploid strains but not in diploid cells. Other differences were noted when haploid and diploid resting-cell suspensions were assayed for their ability to induce maximal FHL activity. For FHL activity, diploid induction lags were significantly longer, and maximal inducible rates were lower than those observed for haploid strains.
NEW TYPE OF STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE RESULTING FROM ACTION OF THE EPISOMELIKE MUTATOR FACTOR IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Gundersen Wenche B.
Published: January 2020

Gundersen, Wenche
B. (Oslo University, Oslo, Norway). New type of streptomycin resistance resulting from action of the episomelike mutator factor in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
510–516. 1963.—Analyses have been performed to elucidate the genetic nature of the streptomycin resistance that results from the action of the previously described episomelike mutator factor in
Escherichia coli
. This streptomycin resistance has been found to differ from ordinary one-step streptomycin resistance. The new type of streptomycin resistance, “mutator resistance,” can be lost, either spontaneously or by treatment with ultraviolet light and acriflavine. It is more stable in a K-12 strain than in the original
E. coli
strain 635. Mutator resistance segregates like a chromosomal marker in genetic crosses, and is located near the ordinary streptomycin locus. The locus for mutator resistance is distinct from that of ordinary streptomycin resistance, apparently located further toward the threonine region. Mutator resistance, unlike ordinary one-step streptomycin resistance, appears as a dominant character. The possibilities of its being a suppressor or regulator mutation are discussed.
EFFECTS OF ANTISERUM ON ADSORBED PHAGE
Authors: Reiter Harvard
Published: January 2020

Reiter, Harvard(U.S. Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.). Effects of antiserum on adsorbed phage. J. Bacteriol.86:637–641. 1963.—The penetration of T3bacteriophages attached to the host cells could be delayed or entirely prevented by antiserum against T3phage. The antiserum-sensitive period of the attached phages increased at lower temperatures. The degree of inhibition increased with antiserum concentration and with early exposure to antiserum. Bacteriophages T1and T4were not affected by antiserum in this manner; T7reacted similarly to T3.
BIOTIN BIOSYNTHESIS I
Authors: Eisenberg M. A.
Published: January 2020

Eisenberg
, M. A. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.). Biotin biosynthesis. I. Biotin yields and biotin vitamers in cultures of
Phycomyces blakesleeanus
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
673–680. 1963.—The addition of pimelic acid to a well-aerated medium resulted in a 10- to 12-fold increase in the biotin production of
Phycomyces blakesleeanus
. Azelaic acid also stimulated biotin production, but not to the same extent as did pimelic acid. A number of biotin analogues were found to be inactive. Further enhancement of the biotin yield could not be attained by replacing glucose and aspargine by other carbon and nitrogen sources. Replacement cultures, however, proved to be equally as effective as growing cultures under the same conditions. The omission of trace elements reduced the growth and biotin production. The “true” biotin was affected to a greater extent than the “total” biotin. Zinc and iron proved to be the essential trace metals. In the absence of zinc, both the growth and the total biotin production were markedly reduced. The omission of iron affected primarily the biotin production.
P. blakesleeanus
produces biotin, desthiobiotin, biotin-
d
-sulfoxide, biocytin, and an unknown biotin vitamer. The latter has been identified as an amino acid by electrophoretic analysis. It is avidin-uncombinable, and does not support the growth of
Lactobacillus arabinosus
(
L. plantarum
) or
Neurospora crassa
.
EFFECT OF CARBON SOURCES ON FORMATION OF α-AMYLASE BY
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
Authors: Welker N. E. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Welker
, N. E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) and L.
Leon Campbell
. Effect of carbon sources on formation of α-amylase by
Bacillus stearothermophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
681–686. 1963.—A chemically defined medium was devised for use in α-amylase induction studies. The addition of 0.1% casein hydrolysate to the chemically defined medium permitted growth on fructose, and with glucose, sucrose, maltose, starch, and glycerol it shortened the lag period and increased both the growth rate and the total enzyme produced. Growth did not occur when gluconate, acetate, or succinate were used as carbon sources. α-Amylase was produced during the logarithmic phase of growth; the amount produced was inversely proportional to the rate of growth. The poorer the carbon source for growth (glycerol,
k
= 0.24; glucose,
k
= 0.26; sucrose,
k
= 0.42), the higher was the amount of enzyme produced (glycerol, 109 units/ml; glucose, 103 units/ml; sucrose, 45 units/ml). Cells grown on technical-grade maltose (
k
= 0.26) or starch (
k
= 0.42) did not conform to this relationship in that unusually large amounts of α-amylase were produced (362 and 225 units/ml, respectively). Cells grown on fructose or sucrose had the same growth rate (
k
= 0.42), but smaller amounts of α-amylase were produced on fructose (fructose, 0 to 4 units/ml; sucrose, 45 units/ml). An intracellular α-amylase was not detected in
Bacillus stearothermophilus
.
REPRESSIBLE ACID PHOSPHOMONOESTERASE AND CONSTITUTIVE PYROPHOSPHATASE OF
SACCHAROMYCES MELLIS
Authors: Weimberg Ralph , Orton William L.
Published: January 2020

Weimberg, Ralph
(Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.),
and William L. Orton
. Repressible acid phosphomonoesterase and constitutive pyrophosphatase of
Saccharomyces mellis
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
805–813. 1963.—
Saccharomyces mellis
produces a nonspecific acid phosphomonoesterase (pH optimum of 5.5 to 6.0) when grown in a medium devoid of phosphate. Only minimal amounts of this enzyme are present in cells harvested from media containing phosphate. The enzyme requires no cofactors. It is inhibited by such anions as phosphate, arsenate, molybdate, and borate.
S. mellis
also contains an inorganic pyrophosphatase with a pH optimum of 7.5. The properties of this enzyme are distinctly different from those of the acid phosphomonoesterase. The pyrophosphatase requires Mg
++
for activity. This enzyme is constitutive, since it is present in cells regardless of the phosphate content of the growth medium.
SEROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF
BUTYRIVIBRIO
FROM THE BOVINE RUMEN
Authors: Margherita S. S. , Hungate R. E.
Published: January 2020

Margherita
, S. S. (University of California, Davis)
and R. E. Hungate
. Serological analysis of
Butyrivibrio
from the bovine rumen. J. Bacteriol.
86:
855–860. 1963.—The cultural and fermentation characteristics of a number of strains of
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
isolated from the bovine rumen of cattle from different areas were determined, and the strains were subjected to serological analysis by the techniques of agglutination, immunodiffusion, and indirect hemolysis. In general, the results of the three methods agreed fairly well, but some variation was shown according to the method of preparation of the antigen. Much serological heterogeneity was disclosed. The greatest degree of agglutinating cross-reactivity was observed with strains isolated simultaneously from two animals in the same herd of African zebu cattle and with a Pullman strain. These cross-reactions were confirmed by immunodiffusion and indirect hemolysis tests. Agglutinating cross-reactions at low titers were observed between additional strains. The African isolates were shown to possess unique, as well as shared, antigens.
EXPERIMENTAL VIABLE VACCINE AGAINST PULMONARY COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS IN MONKEYS
Authors: Converse John L. , Castleberry Merida W. , Snyder Ernest M.
Published: January 2020

Converse, John
L. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
Merida W. Castleberry, and Ernest M. Snyder
. Experimental viable vaccine against pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in monkeys. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1041–1051. 1963.—Monkeys (
Macaca mulatta
) vaccinated by subcutaneous injection in the forearm with from 10 to 10
8
viable
Coccidioides immitis
arthrospores were protected against respiratory challenge with approximately 7000 viable arthrospores administered 6 months after vaccination. Protection was evident from: the healthy appearance throughout 4 months after respiratory challenge; negative chest X rays at 15, 30, 60, and 120 days; and only very minor histopathological pulmonary changes on autopsy at 120 days, with negative lung cultures in 80% of the animals. This was in striking contrast to the outward clinical appearance of control monkeys that were unvaccinated or had received nonviable arthrospore vaccines. These monkeys showed severe disease (loss of weight, accelerated respiration, severe coughing, general debilitation), positive X rays, massive pulmonary destruction, positive lung cultures, and death of five of nine animals. The appearance of spherules (very few in number, accompanied by very minor pathological changes) in the lungs of some of the “dissemination controls” (subcutaneous viable vaccination without respiratory challenge) indicated possible dissemination from the primary cutaneous infection, although oral transmission from the cutaneous lesions could not be ruled out.
PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
: CORRELATION OF ENZYME PRODUCTION WITH RESISTANCE TO PENICILLIN AND PHAGE PATTERN
Authors: Cannon Frances D. , Hawn Clinton V. Z.
Published: January 2020

Cannon, Frances
D. (The Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, Cooperstown, N.Y.),
and Clinton V. Z. Hawn
. Phosphatase activity of
Staphylococcus aureus
: correlation of enzyme production with resistance to penicillin and phage pattern. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1052–1056. 1963.—A simplified method for the determination of the phosphatase activity in different strains of staphylococci is described. The relationship between phosphatase production and penicillin resistance was studied and found inconstant. A close relationship between phosphatase production and phage group and type was observed.
SEROLOGY OF THE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF THE PATHOGENIC CLOSTRIDIA
Authors: Ellner Paul D. , Green Stanley S.
Published: January 2020

Ellner, PaulD. (University of Vermont, Burlington),and Stanley S. Green. Serology of the soluble antigens of the pathogenic clostridia. J. Bacteriol.86:1084–1097. 1963.—Soluble antigens of 42 strains, representing nine species of clostridia commonly occurring in human infections, were prepared by growing the organisms in a nonantigenic medium. Serological studies demonstrated the occurrence of considerable strain variation within each species. Interactions among the nine species, as well as with the previously characterizedClostridium perfringens, were also investigated. Extreme heterogeneity was observed among the species studied, with many cross-reactions due to common antigens, although species-specific antigens were also found in some cases. Occasional weak reactions were also demonstrated between certain clostridial antisera and the soluble antigens of three of the four species ofBacillusstudied.
RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS IN THEMYCOPLASMAI
Authors: Smith S. L. , Van Demark P. J. , Fabricant J.
Published: January 2020

Smith, S. L. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), P. J.Van Demark, and J. Fabricant. Respiratory pathways in theMycoplasma. I. Lactate oxidation byMycoplasma gallisepticum. J. Bacteriol.86:893–897. 1963.—Resting cells ofMycoplasma gallisepticum293 required the addition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, thiamine pyrophosphate, and flavine mononucleotide for the maximal rate of sodium lactate oxidation. Inhibitor studies, as well as spectrophotometric and chemical assays, indicate that the pathway of electron transport to oxygen during lactate oxidation does not involve heme catalysts, and is mediated by flavin-linked enzyme systems. The presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific lactic dehydrogenase, menadione reductase, ferricyanide reductase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activities was detected in cell-free extracts. No cytochromecreductase or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide peroxidase activity was detected in these extracts.
EXPLANATION FOR LIMITATION OF POPULATIONS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
IN BROTH CULTURES
Authors: Freter Rolf , Ozawa Atsushi
Published: January 2020

Freter, Rolf
(Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.),
and Atsushi Ozawa
. Explanation for limitation of populations of
Escherichia coli
in broth cultures. J. Bacteriol.
86:
904–910. 1963.—Veal Infusion Broth surrounding a cellophane bag containing a 24-hr culture of
Escherichia coli
was inhibitory to an inoculum of the same strain when kept under an atmosphere of nitrogen plus CO
2
. The inhibition could be abolished by addition of glucose or by aeration. When a small inoculum of a dulcitol-positive
E. coli
strain was introduced into a fully grown (24 hr) static Veal Infusion Broth culture of a dulcitol-negative
E. coli
, no multiplication occurred. However, the inoculum did grow in the presence of a carbon source (dulcitol) which could not be utilized by the static population. The logarithmic growth rate attained by the dulcitol-positive inoculum under these conditions was independent of the dulcitol concentration. In contrast, the maximal population size was a function of the amount of dulcitol present. Similar results were obtained when sucrose or salicin was substituted for the dulcitol. All strains grew well in filtrates of 24-hr broth cultures with growth rates and maximal populations approximating those attained in fresh broth. It was thus concluded that populations of
E. coli
in broth cultures were limited by exhaustion of all those carbon and energy sources which could be utilized under the prevailing highly reduced conditions. No evidence of inhibitory metabolic end products was found except in broth supplemented with 1% glucose. Partial inhibition of multiplication was noted in the latter medium even when the pH was maintained between 6.9 and 7.2.
METABOLISM OF PHENOXYALKYL CARBOXYLIC ACIDS BY A
FLAVOBACTERIUM
SPECIES
Authors: Macrae I. C. , Alexander M.
Published: January 2020

Macrae
, I. C. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.),
and M. Alexander
. Metabolism of phenoxyalkyl carboxylic acids by a
Flavobacterium species
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1231–1235. 1963.—A
Flavobacterium
sp. isolated from soil and grown in media containing 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid metabolized ω-linked 2,4-dichlorophenoxyalkyl carboxylic acids in the series from 3-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid through 11-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)undecanoic acid rapidly and without a preliminary induction phase. There was no detectable oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Phenols and the fatty acids corresponding to the aliphatic side chains were liberated during the decomposition of the dichlorophenoxy alkanoates from propionate to octanoate. The data indicate that the initial step in the degradation of ω-linked 2,4-dichlorophenoxyalkyl carboxylic acids by the bacterium involves a cleavage of the ether linkage, a new mechanism for the microbial metabolism of these compounds.