bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise da produção do conhecimento em processo de enfermagem: estudo exploratório-descritivo
Authors: Duran Erika Christiane Marocco , Toledo Vanessa Pellegrino
Published: August 2011

Estudo descritivo-exploratório que objetiva analisar a produção do conhecimento em processo de enfermagem com base nas dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado defendidas nos programas de pós-graduação em enfermagem do Brasil, por meio dos relatórios do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Enfermagem (CEPEn) de 1972 a 2007 e diagnosticar as publicações em bases de dados indexadas. Encontrou-se 122 dissertações de mestrado, com 42 publicações, 26 teses de doutorado, com 15 publicações. Verificou-se maior publicação a partir de 2000, sendo a pesquisa qualitativa mais prevalente. A tendência temática mais evidenciada foi assistência de enfermagem, sendo o levantamento e validação de diagnóstico de enfermagem e todas as fases do processo os assuntos mais abordados. Existem lacunas nas publicações sobre o tema, sobretudo no levantamento da produção do conhecimento. Pesquisas que analisem esta interface possivelmente podem qualificar a implementação do processo de enfermagem.
Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância (AIDPI) na prática de enfermeiros egressos da USP
Authors: Higuchi Cinthia Hiroko , Fujimori Elizabeth , Cursino Emília Gallindo , Chiesa Anna Maria , Veríssimo Maria De La Ó Ramallo , Mello Débora Falleiros de
Published: August 2011

Descreveu-se a incorporação da estratégia Atenção Integrada às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância (AIDPI) na prática de enfermeiros egressos da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo (EE-USP). Desenvolveu-se estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, com coleta de dados em grupo focal e análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. A estratégia AIDPI foi considerada ferramenta importante na atenção à saúde infantil, porém apenas o módulo de avaliação fazia parte da prática profissional. Destacam-se como dificuldades para sua utilização: não implantação nos serviços, desconhecimento por parte de colegas e barreiras institucionais. Ainda que com uso restrito e não sistematizado, a AIDPI possibilita ao enfermeiro prestar atenção integrada e integral à criança o que justifica sua abordagem na graduação. Manutenção do vídeo didático, ampliação da prática, integração das disciplinas e otimização dos conteúdos e da carga horária foram apontadas como relevantes para o aperfeiçoamento do ensino da AIDPI na graduação.
Internação em unidade de terapia intensiva: percepção de pacientes
Authors: Proença Michele de Oliveira , Agnolo Cátia Millene Dell
Published: August 2011

Estudo com abordagem qualitativa que objetivou compreender, a partir da perspectiva do paciente adulto, a experiência de se vivenciar uma internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), de modo a contribuir para melhoria na qualidade da assistência e facilitar a adaptação em um ambiente tão estigmatizado. Os dados foram coletados na UTI de um hospital do sudoeste de São Paulo. Foram entrevistados dez pacientes, e identificadas temáticas relacionadas à percepção prévia da UTI; diferenciação com a assistência nos setores de internamento; tecnologia e assistência especializada; alterações ambientais e de hábitos em UTI. Inicialmente, os informantes relacionavam a UTI com a terminalidade e passaram a retratar o setor como local para o tratamento e recuperação, passando a ter uma visão positiva do ambiente de terapia intensiva.
O trabalho de enfermagem na alta de crianças hospitalizadas: articulação da atenção hospitalar e básica
Authors: Silva Raquel Vicentina Gomes de Oliveira , Ramos Flávia Regina Souza
Published: August 2011

Esta pesquisa objetivou conhecer a atuação do enfermeiro no processo de alta hospitalar de crianças na articulação entre Atenção Hospitalar e Básica, na perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado. A proposta metodológica teve uma abordagem qualitativa-exploratória-descritiva, utilizando entrevistas semi-estruturadas com sete enfermeiros da atenção hospitalar e seis da atenção básica, coletadas entre dezembro de 2008 e janeiro de 2009, em seus locais de trabalho. Constatou-se uma lacuna no processo de trabalho de enfermagem no pós-alta hospitalar da criança, por praticamente não existir a articulação da atenção hospitalar e básica. A atuação do enfermeiro da atenção básica não acontece com freqüência, pois, dificilmente consegue identificar a criança em alta hospitalar. O agir integral de cada enfermeiro nem sempre consegue ultrapassar seu espaço de trabalho, sendo que os profissionais envolvidos reconhecem que existem limitações em sua atuação nessa articulação, as quais remetem à necessidade de reorganização do seu processo de trabalho.
Resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde: uma fotografia do comprometimento da equipe de enfermagem
Authors: Doi Katsuy Meotti , Moura Gisela Maria Schebella Souto de
Published: August 2011

O presente trabalho investigou os conhecimentos e atitudes dos profissionais da equipe de enfermagem do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rio Grande do Sul, em relação ao descarte dos resíduos sólidos dos serviços de saúde (RSSS). Realizou-se uma pesquisa de natureza exploratória descritiva, através de uma abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas semi-estruturadas aplicadas a 24 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem. Os dados foram categorizados através da análise de conteúdo, tendo sido identificadas quatro categorias: Significado da expressão resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde; Separação dos resíduos sólidos dos serviços de saúde; Realização do curso/conhecimento e Profissionais que não realizam a separação. Os resultados ratificaram a importância de tratar com maior seriedade a questão apresentada, reforçando a necessidade do acesso às orientações adequadas.
Cargas de trabalho e condições de trabalho da enfermagem: revisão integrativa
Authors: Schmoeller Roseli , Trindade Letícia de Lima , Neis Márcia Binder , Gelbcke Francine Lima , Pires Denise Elvira Pires de
Published: August 2011

O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer a produção teórica sobre cargas de trabalho e condições de trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa que incluiu artigos científicos, teses e dissertações, indexados nas bases da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde e Banco Digital de Teses nos últimos dez anos. Entre os 132 trabalhos identificados, foram selecionadas 27 produções. Os resultados indicaram as cargas de trabalho como responsáveis pelo desgaste dos profissionais, influenciando a ocorrência de acidentes e os problemas de saúde. Para amenizar tais cargas de trabalho, os estudos apontam algumas estratégias, como adequação do quantitativo de pessoal, educação continuada e melhores condições de trabalho. Tem-se como desafio a realização de pesquisas que revelem com mais precisão a relação entre as cargas e as condições de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem, haja vista o quanto comprometem a saúde dos trabalhadores.
Deficiência física em idosos e acessibilidade na atenção básica em saúde: revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Girondi Juliana Balbinot Reis , Santos Silvia Maria Azevedo dos
Published: August 2011

Revisão integrativa de literatura que objetivou conhecer estudos sobre acessibilidade de idosos com deficiência física aos serviços de atenção básica à saúde, no período de 1998 a 2008. Pesquisou-se em: bases de dados, documentos virtuais nos acervos da Biblioteca do Ministério da Saúde (Brasil), nos catálogos do Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Enfermagem (CEPEN) da Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (ABEn); Consulta (via correio eletrônico) a experts na área. Foram selecionados e submetidos à análise temática 60 estudos. As categorias que emergiram: A história da deficiência no Brasil; Acessibilidade e inclusão social; Deficiência e os idosos. Artigos de diferentes cenários, sujeitos e metodologias demonstram semelhantes condições vivenciadas pelas pessoas com deficiências ao acessar os sistemas de saúde, sendo a escassez de recursos e o descaso do poder público as mais evidentes.
The Effect of Minimum Academic Requirements to Participate in Sports on High School Graduation
Authors: Vidal-Fernández Marian
Published: August 2011

During the 1970s, state interscholastic associations imposed rules requiring student athletes to pass a certain number of subjects in order to be allowed to participate in school sports. Using the NLSY together with a newly collected dataset on the stringency of the rules, I exploit variation in the rules across states to estimate their effects on high school graduation. I find that requiring students to pass one additional course is associated with a two-percentage-point increase in the likelihood of graduation. This result survives a number of robustness checks, including finding no effect for female students who at the time had limited access to interscholastic competitions.
Precision in Central Venous Catheter Tip Placement: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hostetter Russell , Nakasawa Nadine , Tompkins Kim , Hill Bradley
Published: August 2011

Background: Long term venous catheters have been used to deliver specialized therapies since 1968. The ideal tip position of a central venous catheter provides reliable venous access with optimal therapeutic delivery, while minimizing short-and long-term complications. Ideal position limits have evolved and narrowed over time, making successful placement difficult and unreliable when depending exclusively on the landmark technique.

Objective: To review and analyze contemporary literature and calculate an overall accuracy rate for first attempt placement of a PICC catheter in the ideal tip position.

Methods: Key PICC placement terms were used to search the database PubMED-indexed for MEDLINE in June and October, 2009. The selection of studies required: a patient cohort without tip placement guidance technology; a documented landmark technique to place catheter tips; data documenting initial catheter placement and, that the lower third of the SVC and the cavo-atrial junction (CAJ) were included in the placement criteria. With few exceptions, articles written between 1993 and 2009 met the stated selection criteria. A composite of outcomes associated with tip placement was analyzed, and an overall percent proficiency of accurate catheter tip placement calculated.

Results: Nine studies in eight articles met the selection criteria and were included for analysis. Rates of first placement success per study ranged from 39% to 75%, with the majority (7/9) being single center studies. The combined overall proficiency of these studies calculated as a weighted average was 45.87%.
Muscle torques of lower leg rotators in untrained subjects
Authors: Hrycyna Mariusz , Zieliński Jacek
Published: August 2011

Muscle torques of lower leg rotators in untrained subjects

Study aim: To determine the relationships between muscle torques of lower leg rotators and rotation angle, and angular position at the knee joint.

Material and methods: A group of 171 untrained male subjects aged 19 - 25 years were studied. A specially designed measuring set was used. Muscle torques were determined at -30, 0 and 45° of lower leg rotation, angular positions at the knee joint being 30 or 90°.

Results: Rotation angle and angular position at the knee joint, as well as the declared laterality, significantly affected muscle torques of lower leg rotators. Highest muscle torques amounted to 55.2 ± 5.6 Nm (lower leg pronation) and 42.6 ± 7.4 Nm (lower leg supination).

Conclusions: The results may contribute to a deeper evaluation of human locomotor apparatus and to reduce the destructive forces acting on the knee joint in athletes and to improve monitoring the functions of reconstructed knee joint in rehabilitees.
Anaerobic endurance of young swimmers aged 12 years
Authors: Stachowicz Małgorzata , Milde Katarzyna , Janik Marcin
Published: August 2011

Anaerobic endurance of young swimmers aged 12 years

Study aim: To assess the effects of swimming training on anaerobic endurance, swimming velocity and chest girth in children aged 12 years.

Material and methods: Two groups of children aged 12 years were studied. Group S (14 boys and 6 girls) training swimming at a sport-oriented school 3 days a week, 90 min per session, and Group R (6 boys and 6 girls) engaged in competitive swimming for 4 years. Children from Group S were subjected twice (in September and in February) to a swimming test consisting of 6 bouts of swimming the 12.5-m distance, spaced by 30-s intermissions. Mean and maximum swimming velocities in the entire test were recorded together with their ratio (Performance Index, PI). In children from Group R the swimming velocity at one 12.5-distance was recorded.

Results: Apart from somatic indices, significant increases over the 5-month training period were noted in mean swimming velocity in boys and girls (p<0.001) and in maximum velocity in boys (p<0.01). No significant changes were noted in the performance index or in heart rate.

Conclusions: Performance index as a measure of anaerobic endurance may serve as a useful tool in assessing the adaptive performance changes in young swimmers.
Estimating forest ungulate populations: a review of methods
Authors: Chećko Ewa
Published: August 2011

Szacowanie liczebności kopytnych w środowisku leśnym: przegląd metod
The reasons underlying the invasion of forest communities by black cherry, Prunus serotina and its subsequent consequences
Authors: Halarewicz Aleksandra
Published: August 2011

Przyczyny i skutki inwazji czeremchy amerykańskiejPrunus serotinaw ekosystemach leśnych
The population status of elk (Alces alces) in Ukraine
Authors: Khoyetskyy Pavlo
Published: August 2011

Stan populacji łosia na Ukrainie
Assessment of damage to trees in the Herby Forestry District caused by glazed frosts and snow during severe weather in January 2010
Authors: Urban Grzegorz , Gil Wojciech , Zachara Tadeusz
Published: August 2011

Szkody wyrządzone przez gołoledź i śnieg na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Herby, na tle panujących warunków pogodowych w styczniu 2010 roku
Alcohol and Substance Use by Patients with Psychosis Presenting to an Emergency Department: Changing Patterns
Authors: Latt Noeline , Jurd Stephen , Tennant Christopher , Lewis John , Macken Lewis , Joseph Anthony , Grochulski Alan , Long Lidia
Published: August 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of alcohol and other substance use in patients presenting to an emergency department with acute psychiatric illnesses and to clarify the role of urine drug screens.

Method: This was an unblinded prospective (observational) cohort study incorporating retrospective review of patient medical records, history of alcohol and substance use, results of urine drug screens and blood alcohol concentrations.

Results: Of 196 acute psychotic patients, 104 were diagnosed with schizophrenia and 92 with “other psychosis”. Results of urine drug screens were consistent with self-reported use of substances and only identified an additional 5% of substance users. Cannabis was the commonest illicit substance used by both groups of patients, followed by psychostimulants, mainly amphetamines. Younger males were more likely to use psychostimulants and to present with violence.

Conclusions: Patients with co-existing mental health problems and substance use present a major problem for our emergency departments. Cannabis was the most common substance used. Youth, male gender and psychostimulant use are associated with violent presentations. A comprehensive history of alcohol and substance use is important to implement appropriate dual diagnosis treatment. Urine drug screening is recommended for patients who do not admit to substance use.
Maps and Biased Familiarity: Cognitive Distance Error and Reference Points
Authors: Lloyd Robert Earl , Patton David
Published: August 2011

When map readers process information on cartographic maps, there is a competition for visual attention controlled by both top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. We hypothesize that when learning, map readers are predisposed to allocate attention asymmetrically and to initially favour some locations over others. This asymmetrical allocation of attention facilitates learning for certain locations as a result of familiarity bias. In this study, participants were asked to learn city locations on one of three cartographic maps. Maps displayed distributions of cities with true or novel locations and names. Results indicate that cognitive distance error was significantly less for “home” reference points, visually central reference points, and reference points within a visual cluster. Female participants outperformed male participants when learning novel maps; male participants performed significantly better with maps with true locations and city names. Both female and male learners performed better when processing maps with familiar locations and names. The results support the idea that a biased allocation of attention would cause learners to consider favoured relationships more frequently and to improve their accuracy relative to less favoured relationships and those that receive less attention. Results also support the notion that multiple factors on a map cause attention bias and that bias should disappear with sufficient experience.
Curriculum et besoins langagiers en zone d'éducation linguistique plurielle
Authors: Tirvassen Rada
Published: August 2011

Résumé

Si l'on peut raisonnablement postuler que la recherche a un rôle majeur à jouer dans la conception et l'élaboration du curriculum, elle a alors le devoir d'interroger les données qu'elle fournit au corps social. Cet article réexamine certains travaux conduits dans la zone du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien et montre que, si la recherche veut répondre aux besoins des apprenants et des enseignants, elle doit commencer par modéliser les pratiques langagières réelles.
Les divergences curriculum - évaluation certificative dans les écoles primaires bilingues de pays du sud: Conséquences du point de vue de l'acquisition du bilinguisme
Authors: Noyau Colette
Published: August 2011

Résumé

Cette étude analyse les dispositifs d'évaluation certificative de fin de primaire dans trois pays du sud de la francophonie : Mali, Mauritanie, Seychelles. Elle examine les liens et les divergences entre choix curriculaires et procédures de certification, notamment les modes d'évaluation requis par l'approche par compétences (APC), la réalité des dispositifs (conception, application, correction des épreuves), et leurs mérites et limites du point de vue de l'éducation bilingue.
Philip Glass's Satyagraha: Para-Colonial Para-Opera
Authors: Linda  , Hutcheon Michael
Published: August 2011

Resisting both Orientalist and post-colonial readings in its universalizing message, Satyagraha enacts the historical story of Gandhi's early activist years in South Africa through a ritualized form of staged drama. Deliberately misaligning stage action and its untranslated Sanskrit libretto text, this intercultural work that we call a ‘para-opera’ aims to counter the musical and dramatic expectations of Western operatic audiences. Similarly, in its oblique relationship to both imperial India and to actual colonialism in South Africa, it can be called para-colonial: nearby, related, alongside the colonial. As para-colonial para-opera, however, it speaks movingly across political and generic boundaries – not despite or against them.
How Poetry Moves Readers: Sidney, Spenser, and Milton
Authors: Lewalski Barbara K.
Published: August 2011

This paper begins from the new emphasis in Sidney's Defence of Poetry on poetry's capacity to move – not simply to teach and delight, the usual formula. Challenging Plato, Gosson, and many others, he argued poetry's superiority to history and philosophy by claiming that it holds forth models of virtue and vice that cannot fail to move readers, respectively, to emulation or abhorrence. Moving the audience is an effect more commonly associated with rhetoric, and Sidney also makes an explicit connection between moving to personal and to political virtue. I argue that Spenser, and later Milton follow Sidney in claiming poetry's power to move in both spheres, but that all these poets develop a much more complex poetics of moving in their literary works: the Old Arcadia, the Faerie Queene, and Paradise Lost. Within all these works, poetic speakers are shown moving audiences but find they cannot control the audiences' reactions. Sidney, Spenser, and Milton themselves seek to move readers through these works, but now by specifically literary means, inviting readers to experience the passions, complexities, and conflicts that always attend moral and political choices.
Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid from Ligustrum lucidum Ait
Authors: Xia En-Qin , Wang Bo-Wei , Xu Xiang-Rong , Zhu Li , Song Yang , Li Hua-Bin
Published: August 2011

Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are the main active components in fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait, and possess anticancer, antimutagenic, anti-inﬂammatory, antioxidative and antiprotozoal activities. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from Ligustrum lucidum was investigated with HPLC-photodiode array detection. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as type and concentration of extraction solvent, ratio of liquid to material, microwave power, extraction temperature and microwave time, on the extraction efficiencies of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from Ligustrum lucidum were evaluated. The influence of experimental parameters on the extraction efficiency of ursolic acid was more significant than that of oleanolic acid (p < 0.05). The optimal extraction conditions were 80% ethanol aqueous solution, the ratio of material to liquid was 1:15, and extraction for 30 min at 70 °C under microwave irradiation of 500 W. Under optimal conditions, the yields of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were 4.4 ± 0.20 mg/g and 5.8 ± 0.15 mg/g, respectively. The results obtained are helpful for the full utilization of Ligustrum lucidum, which also indicated that microwave-assisted extraction is a very useful method for extraction of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from plant materials.
Alkaloids from Hippeastrum papilio
Authors: Andrade Jean Paulo de , Berkov Strahil , Viladomat Francesc , Codina Carles , Zuanazzi José Angelo S. , Bastida Jaume
Published: August 2011

Galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor marketed as a hydrobromide salt (Razadyne®, Reminyl®) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is obtained from Amaryllidaceae plants, especially those belonging to the genera Leucojum, Narcissus, Lycoris and Ungernia. The growing demand for galanthamine has prompted searches for new sources of this compound, as well as other bioactive alkaloids for the treatment of AD. In this paper we report the isolation of the new alkaloid 11β-hydroxygalanthamine, an epimer of the previously isolated alkaloid habranthine, which was identified using NMR techniques. It has been shown that 11β-hydroxygalanthamine has an important in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Additionally, Hippeastrum papilio yielded substantial quantities of galanthamine.
Simplified Reflection Fabry-Perot Method for Determination of Electro-Optic Coefficients of Poled Polymer Thin Films
Authors: Park Dong Hun , Luo Jingdong , Jen Alex K.-Y. , Herman Warren N.
Published: August 2011

We report a simplified reflection mode Fabry-Perot interferometry method for determination of electro-optic (EO) coefficients of poled polymer thin films. Rather than fitting the detailed shape of the Fabry-Perot resonance curve, our simplification involves a technique to experimentally determine the voltage-induced shift in the angular position of the resonance minimum. Rigorous analysis based on optical properties of individual layers of the multilayer structure is not necessary in the data analysis. Although angle scans are involved, the experimental setup does not require a θ-2θ rotation stage and the simplified analysis is an advantage for polymer synthetic efforts requiring quick and reliable screening of new materials. Numerical and experimental results show that our proposed method can determine EO coefficients to within an error of ~8% if poled values for the refractive indices are used.
Dual-Functional On-Chip AlGaAs/GaAs Schottky Diode for RF Power Detection and Low-Power Rectenna Applications
Authors: Hashim Abdul Manaf , Mustafa Farahiyah , Rahman Shaharin Fadzli Abd , Rahman Abdul Rahim Abdul
Published: August 2011

A Schottky diode has been designed and fabricated on an n-AlGaAs/GaAs high-electron-mobility-transistor (HEMT) structure. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements show good device rectification, with a Schottky barrier height of 0.4349 eV for Ni/Au metallization. The differences between the Schottky barrier height and the theoretical value (1.443 eV) are due to the fabrication process and smaller contact area. The RF signals up to 1 GHz are rectified well by the fabricated Schottky diode and a stable DC output voltage is obtained. The increment ratio of output voltage vs input power is 0.2 V/dBm for all tested frequencies, which is considered good enough for RF power detection. Power conversion efficiency up to 50% is obtained at frequency of 1 GHz and input power of 20 dBm with series connection between diode and load, which also shows the device’s good potential as a rectenna device with further improvement. The fabricated n-AlGaAs/GaAs Schottky diode thus provides a conduit for breakthrough designs for RF power detectors, as well as ultra-low power on-chip rectenna device technology to be integrated in nanosystems.
Qu'est-ce que le sport ? Cultures sportives et géographie
Authors: Augustin Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2011

Le terme « sport » est polysémique et la diversification des pratiques à caractère sportif rend plus complexe encore l’appréhension de la réalité qu’il recouvre. Le mot utilisé sans distinction par le sens commun, ne peut se réduire aux pratiquants, au spectacle, aux équipements, ou au marché sportif. Il est, comme le tourisme, un ensemble mis en système. Ce système complexe rassemble ces divers éléments en se prêtant au jeu des institutions sociales, mais si, dans le tourisme, ce sont les déplacements hors quotidiens qui font liens, dans le sport ce sont les pratiques organisées à partir de situations motrices par des sujets agissants dans des lieux spécifiques qui lui confèrent sa spécificité. Ce texte vise d’abord à préciser l’utilisation du concept en marquant la différence radicale qu’il convient d’instaurer entre les sports de compétition et les pratiques ludo-sportives. Ces deux pratiques peuvent être regroupées dans l’expression « cultures sportives » parce qu’elles mettent en œuvre, selon des modalités diverses, des situations motrices. Il montre ensuite que la géographie, science de l’espace des sociétés, permet d’appréhender ces cultures sportives en utilisant les méthodes renouvelées de la discipline, notamment celles relevant de l’observation, de la cognition et de l’action.
Espaces publics et pratiques ludo-sportives : l'expression d'une urbanité sportive
Authors: Escaffre Fabrice
Published: August 2011

Les pratiques ludo-sportives constituent un ensemble d’usages des espaces publics urbains qui se sont fortement développés ces vingt dernières années. Les skaters, les rollers, les joggeurs ou les pratiquants des sports de rue sont ainsi devenus des figures incontournables du quotidien des villes et de leurs périphéries. Cet article s’attache à analyser les relations que ces sportifs urbains entretiennent avec leurs lieux de pratique, entre eux ainsi qu’avec les autres usagers de la ville. Se faisant, il propose une réflexion sur le rôle des espaces publics dans les espaces urbains contemporains. Entre impression de convivialité et conflits, que nous apprennent ces usages ludo-sportifs de la ville des relations sociales en ville ? Atténuent-ils ou participent-ils des tendances à la fragmentation qui parcourent les villes ? En apportant des éléments de réponses à ces questions, le présent article développe la thèse de l’existence d’une urbanité sportive porteuse de formes de réinvestissement des espaces publics urbains.
Entre Moscou et Prague : les premières réceptions des formalistes russes par les intellectuels communistes français (1967-1971)
Authors: Matonti Frédérique
Published: August 2011

L’article analyse la réception des formalistes russes par les revues communistes (La Nouvelle Critique, Les Lettres Françaises) et d’avant-garde (Tel Quel, Change) , elles-mêmes liées au PCF. Lorsque paraît, en 1966, Théorie de la littérature , les formalistes sont présentés comme les précurseurs de la linguistique structurale. Or, pour un intellectuel communiste, traiter du structuralisme ne va de pas soi puisque ce dernier est vu par son parti comme en contradiction avec la dialectique marxiste. De plus, parler du formalisme, c’est aussi s’aventurer sur le terrain de la répression soviétique des avant-gardes dès les années 30. Trois ans plus tard, Change publie de nombreux textes formalistes. Leur interprétation s’accorde mieux avec les réquisits du PCF, parce qu’elle se base sur l’analyse de Chomsky, plus historiciste. Enfin, ces réceptions des formalistes ne sont compréhensibles qu’au regard de la concurrence entre deux clans de l’avant-garde ( Tel Quel contre Change ) et deux fractions des intellectuels communistes ( La Nouvelle Critique contre les Aragoniens). Or, en s’intéressant au rôle d’Aragon dans cette réception l’article fait également apparaître le rôle très important des intellectuels soviétiques favorables au Dégel dans le transfert vers l’Occident des formalistes et, plus généralement, de la linguistique.
Les métaphores politico-juridiques dans l'histoire de la linguistique prescriptive du français au XVIIe s.
Authors: Kibbee Douglas A.
Published: August 2011

Les liens étroits entre la politique et la linguistique se révèlent dans l’emploi des métaphores dans les deux domaines. Les métaphores du pouvoir politique et légal sont dominantes pendant la période où le français classique se dessine. Les théoriciens de l’état, les fondateurs des sciences politiques modernes, disputent la meilleure forme de l’état idéal, principalement entre une monarchie absolue et une monarchie contrainte par des institutions de l’état, telles la magistrature, les états généraux et le censeur. Les notions de souveraineté, de tyrannie et de liberté établies dans ce domaine s’appliquent, par la suite, dans les débats grammaticaux entre ceux qui veulent imposer des limites à la créativité et à la variation, et ceux qui voient dans ces contraintes la tyrannie de l’absolutisme linguistique. Qui a le droit de prescrire et de proscrire en matière de langues ? D’un côté se rangent Malherbe, Vaugelas, Chapelain et, de l’autre, Mlle de Gournay, Camus, La Mothe Le Vayer et Dupleix. Sous Louis XIII et Louis XIV c’est l’absolutisme qui va l’emporter, en grammaire comme en politique.
Le national et l'international dans les séries télévisées d'espionnage américaines et britanniques des années soixante
Authors: Chenille Vincent
Published: August 2011

Résumé Cet article interroge d’un point de vue culturel les séries télévisées d’espionnage anglo-saxonnes au moment où leur place médiatique était la plus importante (les années 1960) quant au nationalisme, à l’internationalisme et à ce qui n’était pas encore appelé mondialisation mais qui commençait à exister depuis une vingtaine d’années. Les pratiques culturelles envisagées constituent un paradoxe car si les services secrets défendent les intérêts de la nation qui les emploient les sociétés de production des séries envisagent toutes les marchés d’exportation. Le seul exemple capable de dénouer ce paradoxe, les services secrets de l’OTAN, fut rejeté par les spectateurs américains (la série Destination danger ). L’analyse des discours et des représentations est donc privilégiée quant à la problématique. A ce titre la création d’organisations internationales de sécurité fictives telles que l’UNCLE, Némesis, le département S et leur disparition témoigne d’un souci et d’un échec des sociétés de production à rassurer l’opinion via les téléspectateurs sur le bien fondé des organisations internationales de sécurité telles que l’OTAN. Jusqu’à la fin de la décennie ces organisations témoigneront d’une méfiance quant au cosmopolitisme alors que le mouvement hippie arrive à diffuser une culture de fraternité et de paix. Quant à l’économie ces entreprises privées de production pourtant versées dans une culture de marché semblent ignorer la réalité de la finance et de l’économie internationale à l’exception des institutions publiques telles que le FMI. Elles rendent illicites ce qui relève du commerce licite donnant ainsi l’illusion que les puissances publiques, nationales et internationales, ont des capacités d’intervention dans ce domaine.
Comment la troisième équipe de la DGSE a-t-elle pu faire couler... autant d'encre?
Authors: Vadillo Floran
Published: August 2011

Résumé Plus qu’un scandale politique lié à une opération menée par un service de renseignement, l’épisode du Rainbow Warrior incarne avant tout une affaire médiatique qui se développe au cours de l’été 1985. Grâce à cet évènement, le journalisme dit « d’investigation » a connu, en France, un essor considérable et a gagné une légitimité qui fonde encore aujourd’hui son existence. Toutefois, il convient de s’intéresser aux conditions d’émergence de la vérité, essence même de l’investigation, qui, en définitive, jettent le trouble sur cette pratique journalistique. En matière de renseignement, comme en d’autres domaines, la primeur (le « scoop ») n’existe pas mais correspond plutôt à une invention, une mise en scène d’une réalité beaucoup plus prosaïque et, parfois, à l’opposé des légendes dorées.
The West Wing et l'Intelligence Community : les experts souterrains
Authors: Belletante Joseph
Published: August 2011

Résumé Cet article s’intéresse aux représentations à l’écran des agents de l’Intelligence Community par la série américaine The West Wing (1999). Une fiction ouvertement démocrate, à la fois pédagogique et idéaliste, qui commence par minimiser le rôle de l’espionnage dans l’exercice du pouvoir quotidien à la Maison-Blanche pour concentrer ses intrigues sur la politique intérieure et législative du pays, avant de revoir sa copie sous l’influence des attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Si les spécialistes du renseignement restent cantonnés à un rôle souterrain, ils retrouvent cette fois une dimension héroïque, parfois violente et même romantique, à l’image des autres programmes télévisés contemporains y faisant référence.
L'émergence d'internet dans les outils d'Intelligence économique
Authors: Deschamps Christophe , Moinet Nicolas
Published: August 2011

Résumé Sur fond d’avènement d’une société en réseau(x), la logique floue de l’intelligence économique est celle d’une complexité marquée par la convergence de quatre ruptures majeures: une rupture méthodologique , la globalisation, une rupture technologique , les ntic , une rupture quantitative , l’abondance et une rupture qualitative , l’économie de l’immatériel. Née quelques années avant le développement d’Internet, l’intelligence économique s’est néanmoins développée dans son sillage. Et à un point tel que l’émergence de l’internet dans les outils d’intelligence économique peut être replacée dans le cadre plus large d’une véritable révolution anthropologique. Car loin de proposer simplement des outils, l’internet va être le ciment de la convergence des ruptures, un méta-outil, terme utilisé en archéologie pour désigner l’instrument qui sert à en fabriquer d’autres.
What Optical Metrology Can Do for Experimental Mechanics ?
Authors: Osten Wolfgang
Published: August 2011

Optical metrology has shown to be a versatile tool for the solution of many measurement and inspection problems. The main advantages of optical methods are the non-contact nature, the non-destructive and areal working principle, the fast response, high sensitivity, resolution and accuracy. Consequently, optical principles are increasingly being considered in many areas where reliable data about the shape, the surface properties, the state of stress and the strength of the object under test have to be acquired. However, these advantages have to be paid with some serious disadvantages that are mainly connected with the poor features of identification problems. In this article several examples are presented where optical metrology is helpful for experimental mechanics. The presentation is mainly focused on two topics: the acquisition of quantitative data for experimental stress analysis and the solution of inspection problems by holographic non-destructive testing. Some current aspects such as modern approaches for the solution of identification problems, the installation of remote laboratories and the calibration of measurement set-ups by specially engineered calibration samples are discussed finally.
Using Digital Image Correlation Techniques and Finite Element Models for Strain-Field Analysis of a Welded Aluminium Structure
Authors: Flansbjer Mathias , Sjögren Torsten
Published: August 2011

The use of aluminium in lightweight structures and corrosive environments is continuously increasing. Welding is often used to assemble different aluminium components and it is of great importance to take into account the deteriorating effect the welding operation on the aluminium’s strength when designing these structures. In the present study, the strain-fields of welded aluminium tensile specimens have been analysed by digital image correlation (DIC) techniques, micro hardness measurements and finite element (FE) modelling. The stress-strain curve of the weld material, the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the base material have been determined by tensile tests. The material properties and the extension of the HAZ were also correlated to the micro hardness. The experimental data has been used as an input to the material models of the FE analysis. The study shows that using FE-analysis in combination with strain-field determination by DIC is very powerful. The resulting strain-fields are easily compared and the FE-analysis is verified in a straightforward way. Furthermore, the results of the study suggest that micro hardness measurements could be used to derive the strength of the material affected by the welding operation.
Local Elasto-Plastic Identification of the Behaviour of Friction Stir Welds with the Virtual Fields Method
Authors: Le Louëdec G. , Sutton M.A. , Pierron Fabrice
Published: August 2011

Welding is one of the most popular joining technologies in industry. Depending on the materials to be joined, the geometry of the parts and the number of parts to be joined, there is a wide variety of methods that can be used. These joining techniques share a common feature: the material in the weld zone experiences different thermo-mechanical history, resulting in significant variations in material microstructure and spatial heterogeneity in mechanical properties. To optimize the joining process, or to refine the design of welded structures, it is necessary to identify the local mechanical properties within the different regions of the weld. The development of full-field kinematic measurements (digital image correlation, speckle interferometry, etc.) helps to shed a new light on this problem. The large amount of experimental information attained with these methods makes it possible to visualize the spatial distribution of strain on the specimen surface. Full-field kinematic measurements provide more information regarding the spatial variations in material behaviour. As a consequence, it is now possible to quantify the spatial variations in mechanical properties within the weld region through a properly constructed inverse analysis procedure. High speed tensile tests have been performed on FSW aluminium welds. The test was performed on an MTS machine at a cross-head speed of up to 76 mm/s. Displacement fields were measured across the specimen by coupling digital image correlation with a high-speed camera (Phantom V7.1) taking 1000 frames per second. Then, through the use of the virtual fields method it is possible to retrieve the mechanical parameters of the different areas of the weld from the strain field and the loading. The elastic parameters (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) are supposed to be constant through the weld. Their identification was carried out using the virtual fields method in elasticity using the data of the early stage of the experiment. Assuming that the mechanical properties (elastic and plastic) of the weld are constant through the thickness, the plastic parameters were identified on small sections through the specimen, using a simple linear hardening model. This method leads to a discrete identification of the evolution of the mechanical properties through the weld. It allows the understanding of the slight variations of yield stress and hardening due to the complexity of the welding process.
Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation in SuperCMV Hollow Shafts with Transverse Holes
Authors: Li Ran , Sun W. , Hyde Thomas H. , Williams Edward J. , Wang Xing Guo
Published: August 2011

A fatigue crack growth test program has been carried out on hollow, SuperCMV shaft specimens, with transverse holes, under combined torsional and axial loading. The experimental results show that fatigue cracks always initiated in the stress concentration areas, i.e., in the transverse holes. Up to four cracks were observed to be initiated at different positions near the holes in the shafts. The fatigue crack propagation was initially found to occur under Mode I conditions, followed by a period of mixed Mode II/III crack growth. Three dimensional, finite element, elastic-plastic analyses have also been conducted, in an attempt to predict the crack-initiation locations and lives. The predicted crack-initiation sites agree with the experimental observations, for a range of loading conditions. The initiation sites were found to be approximately on the planes of maximum principal stress. The predicted, torque-dominated, fatigue lives of the shafts, obtained by use of a stress-life (S-N) approach, correlate reasonably well with the experimental results.
Accurate Measurement of Opening Displacement of Notch with Moiré Interferometry by Changing Applied Load
Authors: Suzuki Shinichi , Miyashita Tomotaka , Kimura Hideyuki , Kohjiba Masahiro
Published: August 2011

Moiré interferometry is a very sensitive optical method to measure the in-plane displacement of a solid specimen, and is useful to measure small deformation of solids. But, there often appears measurement error caused by the residual strain of the grating that is pasted on a specimen in Moiré interferometry. The present paper applies a method to eliminate the error brought by the residual strain of the grating. The method measures the change of the order of Moiré interference fringes with varying the tensile force applied to the specimen, and obtain the true opening displacement of the notch. The present paper uses the method mentioned above to measure the opening displacement of a bifurcated notch in a plate specimen
Digital Image Correlation Techniques for Analysing the Deformation Behaviour of Compacted Graphite Cast Irons on a Microstructural Level
Authors: Sjögren Torsten , Wilberfors Fredrik , Alander Monika
Published: August 2011

Digital image correlation techniques (DIC) have been used in this study to reveal how different phases (graphite, ferrite and pearlite) of compacted graphite cast irons (CGI) accommodate strains at loading. A DIC-software was used to analyse sets of successively acquired images. The images were acquired with a light optical microscope revealing the microstructure of polished and etched CGI materials at different load levels. Five CGI materials, having percentages of pearlite in the range 35 to 90 area%, were included in the study. Apart from the different matrix constituents (ferrite and pearlite) the nodularity was altered and varied from 5% to 65%. It is concluded from this study that the different phases in CGI are affected by the global strain and load to a greater or less extent. The graphite phase appears to accommodate high strains but, due to fracture of the graphite particles at relatively low strains, the resulting high strain values show the opening up of graphite cavities. The ferrite phase is subjected to a strain concentrating effect of the graphite phase and with a low nodularity, i.e., with graphite particles that are stretched out and interconnected, the effect becomes more pronounced resulting in high strains. The pearlitic phase is the strongest of the constituents within the microstructure and the lowest local strains are observed in this phase. The study shows that DIC strain-field images reveal the microstructural strain level distribution for the CGI materials. The future outlook is to use these sets of strain-field images for verification of micro mechanical finite element analysis on a microstructural scale of CGI materials.
Full-Field Deformation Measurement via one Element Q-DIC
Authors: Zhang Xiao Chuan , Chen Jin Long , Zhan Nan
Published: August 2011

Based on the principle of quadrilateral element digital image correlation (Q-DIC) method, this paper proposes one element Q-DIC method, which takes the region used to correlation calculation as one element of the finite element method (FEM). Simulated images are used to verify the accuracy of this method. Since the pixel points with the maximum error are located at the node or on the boundary of the element, measured deformation of the core area (area surrounding the center point of the calculation region with a smaller size) is taken as the reliable measured value. Comparison of one element Q-DIC with various displacement hypotheses shows that the key to improve the measurement accuracy which is choosing the suitable displacement hypothesis. The region of interest (ROI) is divided into several core areas. Then, the full-field deformation of ROI could be obtained by interpolating the measured deformation of the core area. One element Q-DIC is used to measure the elastic constants of polycarbonate. And a three-point bending test is used to verify the performance of one element Q-DIC. The measured deformation is in accordance with the numerical simulation. The method proposed in this paper has a widely prospect for the practical application.
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of the Impact Response of Polyethylene Sandwich Panel: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Casavola C. , Moramarco V. , Pappalettere C.
Published: August 2011

The present work present a preliminary study to evaluate the impact response of a new sandwich panel, made up of two polyethylene skins separated by lightweight polyethylene foam. An impact test campaign was conducted on 15 square specimens (side 100 mm, total height 44 mm, average skins height 2.75 mm) with not macroscopic defects, obtained by three homogenous panels. The absorbed energy, the force and the crosshead velocity were recorded during the test. Three level of impact energy were considered. Experimental tests have allowed to obtain the impact energy/acceleration and the peak stress/impact energy diagrams for this material. Moreover, the specimen profile of the section that passes through the impact area was obtained before the test, just after the impact and one hour later for each specimen. Subsequently the experiment was reproduced by means of solid explicit finite element (FE) model in Abaqus. In order to simulate as real as possible the panel behaviour, the skins were modelled as elasto-plastic material while the core was simulated as elastomeric hyperfoam material. The material constants were based on previous experimental data conducted on the same material. After the FEM model validation, the stress-strain resulting maps were plotted.