bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Word Frequency Effect in False Memories
Authors: Göz İlyas
Published: September 2010

Fuzzy Trace Theory argues that false memories arise from a weak verbatim memory along with strong encoding of the meaning (gist). The present study simultaneously investigated the effects of the strength of both the gist and the verbatim information on false memories. Exp. 1 was carried out to compare false memories for common and rare words in recall and recognition. In Exp. 2 a control for possible testing effects was added, and participants were given a recognition test with no preceding recall test. Qualitative judgements (Remember vs Know) regarding words judged as old on the recognition test were also collected in Exp. 2. Both experiments showed that false memories were more likely when weak verbatim items occurred along with strong gist (as with common words) than only with weak gist encoding (as with rare words). Moreover, participants were more likely to choose falsely physically similar distractors for rare words than for common words. Semantically similar distractors, on the other hand, were more likely to be selected for common than for rare words. These results provide further support for the fuzzy trace theory explanation of false memories. However, some weaknesses of this model regarding false memories are also discussed.
Effect of Tattoos on Perceptions of Credibility and Attractiveness
Authors: Seiter John S. , Hatch Sarah
Published: September 2010

This study examined the effects of tattooing on perception of a male's and a female's credibility and attractiveness. 74 undergraduates viewed a photograph of a tattooed or nontattooed male or female model and then rated dimensions of the models' credibility and attractiveness. Analysis indicated that, although the models' attractiveness ratings were not affected by having a tattoo, their credibility ratings were generally lower when wearing a tattoo than when not wearing one.
Odd versus Even Prices and Consumers' Behavior
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Jacob Céline
Published: September 2010

Schindler and Kibarian reported prices ending with a nine were associated with more purchases among customers who were women. To generalize this effect to a new business context, two groups of 200 people were solicited at home and asked to buy pancakes to raise money for a charitable organization. In half of the cases, the price of pancakes was 1.99€, and in the other half they were proposed at 2.00€. Analysis showed that the price ending with nine was associated with more subjects agreeing to the request, 118 of 200 vs 91 of 200.
Differences in Undercoverage and Nonresponse between City Neighbourhoods in a Telephone Survey
Authors: Van Goor Henk , Jansma Folbert , Veenstra René
Published: September 2010

Two explanations of differences in undercoverage and nonresponse between neighbourhoods in a telephone survey among the inhabitants of the City of Groningen were studied: differences in population composition between neighbourhoods or in their social disorganization. Logistic multilevel analyses were performed on a sample of 7,000 inhabitants and all 14 city neighbourhoods. Differences in undercoverage and nonresponse between neighbourhoods could be attributed for the greater part to variations in the population composition of the neighbourhoods. Social disorganization had no effect on nonresponse and only a small one on undercoverage: people in neighbourhoods in decay (indicated by prolonged vacancies and relatively frequent criminal offenses) more often had no telephone or an unlisted number than people in other neighbourhoods.
Age Differences in Context-Cue Forgetting
Authors: Bertsch Sharon , Sanders Raymond E.
Published: September 2010

Episodic or context dependent memory is often studied as a function of the context cues in immediate retrieval of target information. Little research has been done on how the relationship of context cues to target retrieval changes over time, and none with older adult subjects. The current research investigated how the influence of context on accuracy of memory changes over time, and age-related differences in those influences. Using immediate, 2- and 7-day retention intervals, our results indicate that, while context initially supports the retrieval of information, assistance is temporary and fades before the memory for the target information. These changes in context effects were not different for younger and older adult groups.
Reliability of the Turkish Version of Mach IV Scale: Results Obtained from Two Previously Published Studies
Authors: Bakir Bilal , Özer Mustafa , Uçar Muharrem
Published: September 2010

Values of coefficient alpha from previously published studies for men (.55 and .63) and women (.47 and .51) are lower (.54 and .59) than the recommended value (.70).
Correlations of Depression and Total Mood Disturbance with Physical Activity and Self-Concept in Preadolescents Enrolled in an After-School Exercise Program
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: September 2010

This preliminary investigation estimated relationships of depression and negative mood with physical activity and self-concept in 9- to 12-yr.-old boys and girls ( n = 49) enrolled in an after-school exercise program for 12 wk. Multiple regression analyses indicated that a significant portion of the variance in scores on the Profile of Mood States subscales, Depression ( R2 = .55, F = 28.00, p <.01), and Total Mood Disturbance ( R2 = .40, F = 15.02, p < .01) were accounted for by simultaneously entering self-reported days of moderate-to-vigorous exercise per week and Self-description Questionnaire-I–General Self scores into the equation. A significant reduction on Depression within the treatment group and significantly greater reductions on Depression and Total Mood Disturbance for the treatment group compared to a no-exercise program control ( n = 41) was also found. Effect sizes ( ds = .35 to .53) were somewhat lower than reported for most adult samples. Findings supported social cognitive and self-efficacy theory and an association between physical activity and improved mental health in preadolescents.
Homosexual Sex as Harmful as Drug Abuse, Prostitution, or Smoking
Authors: Cameron Paul , Landess Thomas , Cameron Kirk
Published: September 2010

In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court said same-sex sexual activity could not be prohibited by law. Analyzing data from the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse ( N = 12,381) and comparing those who engaged in four recreational activities—homosexual sex, illegal drug use, participation in prostitution, and smoking—against those who abstained, participants (1) were more frequently disruptive (e.g., more frequently criminal, drove under the influence of drugs or alcohol, used illegal drugs, took sexual risks), (2) were less frequently productive (e.g., less frequently had children in marriage, more frequently missed work), and (3) generated excessive costs (e.g., more promiscuous, higher consumers of medical services). Major sexuality surveys have reported similar findings for homosexuals. Societal discrimination inadequately accounts for these differences since parallel comparisons of black and white subsamples produced a pattern unlike the differences found between homosexuals and nonhomosexuals.
Attitudes toward Credit Cards: Examination of the Scale Devised by Pinto, et al.
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

In a study with 95 students, the three subscales on a credit card attitude scale devised by Pinto, et al. were not replicated.
Legalized Abortion and the Murder of Newborns
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

The legalization of abortion in five states in 1970 and the rest of the American states in 1973 did not appear to result in a decline in the murder rate of babies.
Response to Skinner, et al. on “National Personality Characteristics: II. Adaption-Innovation in Canadian, American, and British Samples”
Authors: Jenkins Iwan
Published: September 2010

Skinner, et al. interpreted as significant the difference between means for Canadian men and women on Kirton's inventory and those for British and American samples. The means were similar to prior values. Skinner, et al.'s groups were large and composed of very unequal numbers of men and women, which factors could account for their interpretation. As reported, their analysis is insufficient to interpret very small mean variations as differences in national character.
Clark and Hatfield's Evidence of Women's Low Receptivity to Male Strangers' Sexual Offers Revisited
Authors: Voracek Martin , Hofhansl Angelika , Fisher Maryanne L.
Published: September 2010

Although frequently cited, there has been no published scientific replication of Clark and Hatfield's (1989) and Clark's (1990) findings concerning women's low receptivity to male strangers' offers of casual sex. Consistently across three identically designed naturalistic experiments (aggregated N = 144), these authors reported a 0% acceptance rate by women. The present research analyzed an informal “real-life” journalistic project ( N = 100) initiated by an Austrian magazine, in which results indicated a 6.1% acceptance rate (95% CI: 2.8–12.6%) for a complete stranger offering women immediate sexual involvement. Various contextual differences, such as setting, subjects' age and attractiveness, and age differences between requestor and receiver, probably contributed to the observed difference in outcome between the journalistic project and the original experiments. The present findings point to the importance of contextual effects in naturalistic investigations of women's receptivity to sexual offers.
Social Dominance Orientation and Opinions about What is America's Most Serious Social Problem
Authors: Harrod Wendy J.
Published: September 2010

This study tested whether a measure of Social Dominance Orientation was associated with opinions about America's most serious social problem. 150 undergraduates enrolled in social problems classes responded to the 14-item scale and to an open-ended question, “In your opinion, what is the most serious social problem in our country today?”. Analysis shows that mean scale scores differed significantly across social problem responses. Correspondence analysis, plotting association between scale scores and social problem responses, was interpreted as support for social dominance theory. Higher scale scores were associated with problems of crime and negative values and lower scores with problems of education and racism.
Factorial Structure of Short Scales Measuring Manic-Depression in Kuwaiti Undergraduates
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Lester David
Published: September 2010

A sample of 202 Kuwaiti college students (63 men and 139 women; Mage = 21.6 yr., SD = 2.4) responded to the Thalbourne, et al.'s Manic-Depressiveness Scale. In a factor analysis with a varimax rotation, 14 of 18 items had significant loadings (>.3) on the first factor, including 8 items of the original depression scale. 6 items significantly loaded on the second factor, including 3 items of the original mania scale. This did not match the hypothetical structure of the scale.
Using a Paired-Associate Learning Task to Assess Parent-Child Phenotypic Similarity
Authors: Almstrom Christina , Knight Mike
Published: September 2010

The fact of uncertain paternity has led some researchers to hypothesize that children should more closely resemble their fathers than their mothers. The evidence in support of this hypothesis is mixed, partly because the procedures used to measure perceived phenotypic similarity may not be sensitive enough to detect small effects and partly because comparisons are made between fathers and mothers rather than random control groups. In the present experiment the viability of using a paired-associate learning paradigm to investigate parent-child phenotypic similarity is demonstrated using 15 stimulus sets of colored photographs picturing two adults and one child. Using a 2 × 2 between subjects analysis of variance for total errors across learning trials, evidence indicated genetic relatedness for both mothers and fathers influences perceived resemblance and that association of male facial features with those of children, whether paternal or not, are learned more quickly than female facial features. While the significance of genetic relatedness to facial similarity was expected, the overall sex difference was not. However, the additive combination of these variables, genetic relatedness and maleness may explain why children seem to more closely resemble their fathers.
Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis: Cross-Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Woodard Fredrick James
Published: September 2010

Literature is reviewed and summarized relevant to present cross-cultural, shamanic, and spiritual aspects of hypnosis. Explanations are offered within the framework of Woodard's theory of Perceptually Oriented Hypnosis. Research on cross-cultural aspects of hypnosis could enhance understanding of phenomenological and perceptual aspects of hypnosis, increase knowledge of hypnotic phenomena, and expand understanding of perceptual awareness. A summary of the qualitative research methodologies to enhance understanding of multicultural hypnotic experiences is presented. This groundwork provides for further exploration of cross-cultural hypnosis. Surprisingly, some suggestions have remained underutilized or not published.
Humor and Gender Roles: Does Age Make a Difference?
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: September 2010

Crawford's analysis in 2003 suggests that humor interacts with gender so that traditional social norms of femininity and masculinity may be reinforced or diminished. Yet age as a covariate was not considered. Assessment of the attitudes toward humor among 72 older women ( M = 72.0, SD = 9.8, range = 51–93 years) and 24 older men ( M = 69.8, SD = 6.8, range = 59–90 years) in 1996 by Vitulli and Parman suggest ratings on a Likert-type scale (anchored by 5: strongly agree and 1: strongly disagree) in which humor and gender interact. Moreover, a post hoc Scheffé test showed a significant sex effect on the female-oriented scale. Older women perceived humor as an important quality for women, whereas older men did not. Generational differences among studies on humor and sex underscore the need for contemporary research inclusive of age measures.
Sex- and Age-Related Differences in Mathematics
Authors: Rustemeyer Ruth , Fischer Natalie
Published: September 2010

This study examined sex differences and age-related changes in mathematics based on Eccles's 1985 expectancy-value model of “achievement-related choices” and Dweck's 1986 motivation-process model. We have assessed motivational variables and performance in mathematics for youth in Grades 5, 7, and 9 in a German comprehensive secondary school. Significant sex differences in Grades 7 and 9 were observed even when school marks were controlled for. Furthermore, the results indicated differences between Grade 7 and Grade 9 on most of the motivational variables. Older students show a less favorable motivational pattern. Our results give evidence of the importance of motivational encouragement in mathematics classes, especially for girls and low achieving learners.
Competitiveness among Japanese, Chinese, and American Undergraduate Students
Authors: Houston John M. , Harris Paul B. , Moore Robert , Brummett Rebecca , Kametani Hideki
Published: September 2010

Although research indicates that competitiveness, defined as the desire to win in interpersonal situations, is an important individual difference that influences a range of social interactions, little research has focused on competitiveness in cultures outside the United States. This study investigated competitiveness in three cultures by comparing Chinese ( n = 61), Japanese ( n = 232), and American ( n = 161) undergraduate college students. Nationality and sex were compared on two scales of the revised Competitiveness Index. Analysis indicated that American students scored higher on Enjoyment of Competitiveness than Chinese and Japanese students, but no difference was found on Contentiousness. Men scored higher than women on Enjoyment of Competition but not on Contentiousness. The findings indicate that sex and cultural patterns influence some but not all aspects of competitiveness.
Death Anxiety and Death Depression in Spanish Nurses
Authors: Bado Joaquín Tomás-Sá , Gómez-Benito Juana
Published: September 2010

This study examined the dimensional structure of Tomás-Sábado and Gómez-Benito's Death Anxiety Inventory and Templer, et al.'s Death Depression Scale-Revised. The responses of 244 Spanish nurses to the Spanish forms of both scales were evaluated by means of a principal axis factor analysis with direct Oblimin rotation. Five significant factors were identified: Internally Generated Death Anxiety, Death Depression, Externally Generated Death Anxiety, Death Threat, and Death Sadness, accounting for 51.6% of the variance. The distribution of the factor loadings for the items of both scales on the five factors supported the discriminant validity of the constructs specific to each of the scales and justified their use in evaluating death anxiety and death depression independently.
Tobacco and Alcohol Tax Relationships with Suicide in Switzerland
Authors: Yamasaki Akiko , Chinami Masanobu , Suzuki Masao , Kaneko Yoshihiro , Fujita Daisuke , Shirakawa Taro
Published: September 2010

Previous research has shown an empirical link between tobacco and alcohol use and suicide. If tobacco and alcohol use contribute to suicidal behaviors, then policies designed to reduce the tobacco and alcohol consumption may succeed in reducing suicides as well. To test this hypothesis, correlations for suicide rates with alcohol consumption, taxes on alcohol and tobacco in Switzerland were examined using sets of time-series data from Switzerland in 1965–1994. The tax on tobacco correlated significantly negatively with male standardized suicide rate. The tax on alcohol also correlated significantly with male standardized suicide rate in an autoregressive model. On the other hand, significant relationships with female suicide rate were not found. Policies designed to reduce tobacco consumption are consistent with a benefit of reducing suicides, particularly for men in this sample.
Psychometric Properties of the Trauma Stages of Recovery
Authors: Hansen Catherine E.
Published: September 2010

Of the trauma theories available, Herman's has captured the essential features common to most traumatic etiologies. Continued development of this theory has included dimensions within stages of recovery. The Trauma States of Recovery is presented here as a way of assessing stages of recovery and inherent components. Three samples of about 500 college students each and a clinical sample ( n = 34) were recruited. Independent principal components analyses, employing a scree plot, gave a five-component solution accounting for 40.2% of the total variance. The component solution employed Promax rotation for the correlated components. The five components were named Emotional Awareness and Control, Symptom Mastery, Coping, Memory, and Relationships. Internal consistencies, test-retest reliability, and split-half reliability were acceptable. Response bias was low. Convergent validity (with various subscales from the Beck Depression Inventory, the Self-esteem Scale, the Spielberger Anger-Expression Scale, and the Dissociative Experiences Scale) and discriminant validity (with various subscales of the AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Survey and Jackson's Personality Research Form Dominance Scale) were promising. The Trauma Stages of Recovery also significantly discriminated between clinical and nonclinical samples on three of the five components, Symptom Mastery, Coping, and Memory.
Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rating Scale: Development and Construct Validity
Authors: Williams Thomas O. , Eaves Ronald C.
Published: September 2010

The Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rating Scale was designed for use in screening of pervasive developmental disorders. This paper describes the rationale and development of the scale and assesses its construct validity with ratings from a sample of 362 children ranging in age from 1 to 12 years and diagnosed with autistic disorder. The hypothesized heirarchical factor model and two competing models were examined through confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis supported the factor structure of the hypothesized model in this particular sample of children with autistic disorder. Limitations and areas for research are discussed.
Educational Attainment and Suicide Rates in the United States
Authors: Abel Ernest L. , Kruger Michael L.
Published: September 2010

We examined the relationship between educational attainment and suicide rate in the United States for 2001. Suicide rates, adjusted for age, were compared with percentage of college graduates, median household income, and poverty in 50 states in 2001. The correlations of suicide rates with educational attainment and median household income were both negative and statistically significant. Poverty was not significantly related to suicide rates. We concluded that higher education and income were associated with a decrease in suicide rates in 2001. Data from other years require examination for this conclusion to be generalizable.
College Students' Acceptance of Potential Treatments for ADHD
Authors: Carter Stacy L.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence that the professional occupation of a consultant making a treatment recommendation may have on college students' (82 women and 52 men) acceptance of a proposed treatment for a child displaying characteristics of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Consultants were special education teachers, school psychologists, or physicians. The study also examined college students' ratings of treatment acceptability associated with three frequently implemented interventions of either nonspecific medication, token economy with response cost, or time-out for children with characteristics of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Analysis indicated college students found a token economy intervention was the least acceptable recommendation by a physician.
Effects of Receptive Listening on the Congruence of Speakers' Response Latencies in Dialogues
Authors: Nagaoka Chika , Komori Masashi , Nakamura Toshie , Draguna Maria Raluca
Published: September 2010

The present study investigated the receptiveness of speakers toward conversational partners in dialogues by comparing duration of response latencies in both Compromise and Debate conditions. 12 dyads of speakers holding opposing opinions participated in a 15-min. dialogue. Six dyads in the Compromise condition reached a conclusion through discussion and consideration of the partner's opinion. The six dyads in the Debate condition imposed their opinion on the conversational partner. Analysis indicated that in compromise dialogues, the response latencies of the conversational partners become similar over the time course, while in debate dialogues, the response latency does not become similar, suggesting that speakers having a receptive attitude adjust their response latencies to match the partner's. The role of congruence of response latencies in dyadic communication was discussed.
Increasing Differentiation of Women and Men: Gender Trait Analysis 1974–1997
Authors: Lueptow Lloyd B.
Published: September 2010

Analysis of the responses of some 4,000 college students showed increasing differentiation in the ratings of gender characteristics of typical women and men, especially with regard to feminine traits. Roughly similar patterns were observed in five other studies using the same gender traits. All studies showed continued or increased sex typing on affectionate and sympathetic. In the present study women became more feminine, and males became less, on all but one of the feminine traits. This increasing differentiation of women and men is not consistent with predictions from the sociocultural model; they are more consistent with those of the evolutionary model.
The General Health Questionnaire and Eysenck's Three-Dimensional Model of Personality
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Robbins Mandy , Quigley Catherine F. , Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: September 2010

A sample of 115 men and women between the ages of 20 and 60 completed the 30-item General Health Questionnaire together with the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The data indicate psychological distress so assessed is correlated .43 ( p<.001) with Neuroticism and –.26 ( p<.01) with Introversion but is unrelated to Psychoticism scores.
Implications of the United States Census 2000 in Analyzing and Reporting New Findings of Disparities in Health
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: September 2010

This paper argues that, when analyzing and reporting new findings of disparities in health, two areas from the recent U.S. Census of 2000 should be considered for those findings to be meaningful. The first is to avoid analyzing and reporting findings of disparity with an emphasis on the term “Hispanic” and instead to specify the particular Hispanic group from which such findings were collected, such as Mexican-American versus Cuban communities. The second point is that such findings should also take into consideration combination of two or more races. For example, reporting would allow for multiple groupings for respondents who consider themselves African American and White, or African American, Asian, and White.
Note on Korbanka and Gaede's MMPI-2 Scale of History of Emotional Abuse
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: September 2010

Korbanka and Gaede recently developed an MMPI-2 scale by discriminant analysis to identify people who were emotionally abused in childhood or adolescence. The scale had an exceptionally high classification rate in the initial sample of mental health outpatients, and the authors recommended that it be validated in other samples. This note reinforces the recommendation for cross-validation, examines item overlap with other scales, shows emotionally abused patients responded to many items more positively and with more favorable self-description than emotionally un-abused patients, and comments on the method used to develop the scale.
Utility of the Impact of Event Scale in Screening for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Witteveen Anke B. , Bramsen Inge , Hovens Johannes E. , van der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: September 2010

This study assesses the optimal cut-off point for the Impact of Event Scale and compares its screening properties with those of the Self-rating Inventory for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among war-related trauma victims. 74 patients with war-related trauma were administered the Impact of Event Scale and the Self-rating Inventory for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, followed 1 wk. later by the Clinician-administered PTSD Scale. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated for the Impact of Event Scale a sensitivity of .77 and a specificity of .51 at a cut-off value of 36. For the Self-rating Inventory for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder a sensitivity of .86 and a specificity of .69 were found at a cut-off value of 52. The authors conclude that careful use of the Impact of Event Scale as a screening measure for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is warranted.
Comparison of Alternative Estimation Methods in Confirmatory Factor Analyses of the General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Wang Wei C. , Cunningham Everarda G.
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the implications of violating assumptions concerning the continuity and distributional properties of data in establishing measurement models in social science research. The General Health Questionnaire-12 uses an ordinal response scale. Responses to the GHQ-12 from 201 Hong Kong immigrants on arrival in Australia showed that the data were not normally distributed. A series of confirmatory factor analyses using either a Pearson product-moment or a polychoric correlation input matrix and employing either maximum likelihood, weighted least squares or diagonally weighted least squares estimation methods were conducted on the data. The parameter estimates and goodness-of-fit statistics provided support for using polychoric correlations and diagonally weighted least squares estimation when analyzing ordinal, nonnormal data.
Internal Consistency Reliability of the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Alcohol among Adolescents in Northern Ireland
Authors: Fearn Michael , Lewis Christopher Alan , Francis Leslie J.
Published: September 2010

The Francis Scale of Attitude toward Alcohol was completed by 324 adolescents ( M=17.1 yr., SD = 3.6) in Northern Ireland to examine reliability of the measure among this age group. These data support its internal consistency (.89) and suggest that the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Alcohol is psychometrically appropriate for use among this age group.
Exploring High School Science Students' Perceptions of Parental Involvement in Their Education
Authors: Mji Andile , Mbinda Zoleka
Published: September 2010

This exploratory study describes high school students' perceptions of their parents' involvement in their education and in relation to school achievement. A new 12-item Parental Involvement Scale was used to measure parents' involvement in curricular and extracurricular activities and using exploratory analyses to estimate the scale's properties. Exploratory analysis resulted in the reduction of the 12 items to 8, with an internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) .82. Grade 12 science students indicated that their less educated parents were involved in activities pertaining to their learning; however, high perceived parental involvement in curricular activities was related to low achievement. It is recommended that further exploratory analyses be undertaken to examine the reported two-dimensional model of the Parental Involvement Scale.
Re-Using Text from One's Own Previously Published Papers: An Exploratory Study of Potential Self-Plagiarism
Authors: Roig Miguel
Published: September 2010

A preliminary, two-part study explored the extent to which authors reuse portions of their own text from previously published papers. All 9 articles from a recent issue of a psychology journal were selected as target papers. Up to 3 of the most recent references cited in each of the target articles and written by the same authors were also obtained. All target articles and their corresponding references were stored digitally. Then, using specialized software, each reference was compared to its target article to assess the number of strings of text identical to both papers. Only one of the nine target articles reused significant amounts of text from one of its references. To explore further the possibility of additional text reuse, the references in each of the 9 sets of papers were compared against each other. The new comparison identified 5 pairs of papers with a substantial number of identical strings of text of 6 consecutive words in length or longer, but most of the reused text was confined to the Method section. The results suggest that some of these authors reuse their own text with some frequency, but this was largely confined to complex methodological descriptions of a research design and procedure.
Willingness to Seek Help for Psychosocial Problems among Latino and White American College Students
Authors: De Melo Janine A. Tiago , Farber Barry A.
Published: September 2010

This study compared 50 Latino and 50 White American students' perceptions of the severity of 25 psychological problems, their willingness to seek help for these problems, and their preferences for caregivers. Each group received a modified version of the Personal Problems Inventory. Latino students rated depression, financial concerns, and discrimination as more severe problems; their preference for mental health workers consistently significantly exceeded those of White students, although both groups preferred seeking help from family and community resources. Findings suggest the possibility of a greater role for therapists serving Latino students than currently exists.
Mathematical Background and Attitudes toward Statistics in a Sample of Spanish College Students
Authors: Carmona José , Martínez Rafael J. , Sánchez Manuel
Published: September 2010

To examine the relation of mathematical background and initial attitudes toward statistics of Spanish “college students in social sciences the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics was given to 827 students. Multivariate analyses tested the effects of two indicators of mathematical background (amount of exposure and achievement in previous courses) on the four subscales. Analysis suggested grades in previous courses are more related to initial attitudes toward statistics than the number of mathematics courses taken. Mathematical background was related with students' affective responses to statistics but not with their valuing of statistics. Implications of possible research are discussed.
Some Neglected Contributions of Wilhelm Wundt to the Psychology of Memory
Authors: Carpenter Shana K.
Published: September 2010

Wilhelm Wundt, whose name is rarely associated with the scientific study of memory, conducted a number of memory experiments that appear to have escaped the awareness of modern cognitive psychologists. Aspects of Wundt's system are reviewed, particularly with respect to his experimental work on memory. Wundt investigated phenomena that would fall under the modern headings of iconic memory, short-term memory, and the enactment and generation effects, but this research has been neglected. Revisiting the Wundtian perspective may provide insight into some of the reasons behind the historical course of memory research and in general into the progress of science in psychology.
The “Don't Ask, Don't Tell” Policy and Military Performance
Authors: Bonner Kimberly B. , Segal David R.
Published: September 2010

This paper is a response to Schumm's 2004 critique of Belkin's 2003 article, dealing with the “Don't Ask, Don't Tell” policy in the U.S. military. Schumm's critique specified four reasons for continuing to exclude homosexuals from military service: military effectiveness, sexual asymmetries, Christian soldiers' dilemma of “living a lie” and skewed opinions of policy makers and military elites. Each of these categories is analyzed and discussed.
Associations of Demographic Information and Philosophies of Human Nature
Authors: Callen Karen S. , Ownbey Shiretta F.
Published: September 2010

A sample of 1117 students (53% women, 47% men; 50% 18–20 yr. old, 41% 21–23, 9% over 23 years) in classes on two university campuses completed a questionnaire comprised of the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale and demographic items. Factor analysis was conducted on the scale scores. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the strength of association between each factor and the 6 demographic traits. One-way analysis of variance comparing subjects' scale scores for each factor indicated significant association for demographic traits. The Scheffé test was used to identify differences among groups. Sex, age, employment status, year in school, and consistency in practicing faith orientation were associated with factors of the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale.
Sibship Size, Birth Order, and Personality
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Lester David
Published: September 2010

In a sample of 273 American college students who were administered seven personality tests, only death obsession scores were consistently associated with sibship size and birth order (not optimism, pessimism, anxiety, a Taoist orientation, suicidal ideation, or obsessive-compulsive tendencies).
Race of Ratee and Anonymity of Rater: A Study Comparing Students with Practitioners as Performance Appraisers
Authors: Beaulieu R. P.
Published: September 2010

123 students and 123 nonstudent supervisors viewed videotapes which displayed four supposed subordinate supervisors, two African Americans and two Caucasians, who individually described their respective performances during the past year. After being told either that the supposed subordinates would or that they would not have access to the performance rating, the subjects rated the performance of those subordinate supervisors. While anonymity of rater and race of rater had no evaluative effect on the performance ratings given by the nonstudent subjects, the student subjects gave higher ratings when they believed that their ratings would be made public. Also, the nonstudent subjects' ratings differed as a function of whether they worked closely with others of another race and as a function of the frequency with which they actually discussed performance evaluations with their own subordinates.
Improvements in Self-Concept Associated with Reductions in Negative Mood in Preadolescents Enrolled in an After-School Physical Activity Program
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: September 2010

Preadolescents enrolled in either a 3 times per week, 12-week exercise program ( n = 50) or a no-exercise program control condition ( n = 42) during their after-school care, were assessed for indication of whether exercise-induced changes in self-concept and overall negative mood were negatively correlated. Significant improvements in ratings of self-concept and of negative mood were found over 12 wk. Inverse relationships were found between changes in physical self-concept with overall self-concept and negative mood ( r = –.40 and –.36, respectively). Results supported the positive effect of exercise on the assessed psychological factors in preadolescents. Cognitive behavioral theory-based explanations of the findings were discussed.
Stressful Situations and Coping Strategies in Relation to Age
Authors: de Minzi María Cristina Richaud , Sacchi Carla
Published: September 2010

Whether people cope differently with negative events at different ages was assessed by relation to age by type of situation perceived as potentially stressful and by type of coping strategy used, and also whether the kind of coping strategy used to reduce the potential stressor was related to type of stressor. To do this the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Ways of Coping Checklist of Lazarus and Folkman was examined in an Argentine sample of 153. The factor analysis of checklist scores identified five factors: Cognitive redefinition, Problem focus, Seeking social support, Wishful thinking, and Avoidance. For two groups, ages 20 to 24 and 40 to 45 years, analysis indicated a significant association of type of situation perceived as potentially stressful with age. The middle-age group (40–45 yr.) chose a way of coping in problem solution but the young adult group (20–24 yr.) seemed more often to elude problems. It appears that the type of stressor influences type of coping.
A Preliminary Phenomenological Study of Being Hypnotized and Hypnotizing
Authors: Woodard Fredrick James
Published: September 2010

This paper presents phenomenological research conducted following Woodard's phenomenological and perceptual research methodology for understanding hypnotic experiencing. The research emphasizes examining the internal experiencings of individuals involved in hypnotic experiencing. Examples are presented of Individual Situated Structures and the General Structures from both a group of 8 participants who hypnotized their clients and another group of 17 individuals who volunteered to be hypnotized. The explicated themes identified in hypnotic experiencing (the hypnotic relationship, phenomenology of trance, use of imagination, problem with psychic energy, a gestalt of experiencing, and linear-nonlinear experiencing) are discussed. The author discusses limitations of this study and suggestions for further work.
Graduate Admissions Criteria in Psychology: An Update
Authors: Landrum R. Eric , Clark Jeremy
Published: September 2010

Ratings of importance were reviewed for nine graduate admissions criteria for the 573 graduate degree programs listed in American Psychological Association's Graduate Study in Psychology (2003). Overall, the three criteria receiving the highest percentages of importance ratings were letters of recommendation, statement of goals and objectives, and grade point average. Importance ratings varied depending on the degree programs offered. Results are discussed in terms of the advice offered students interested in admission to graduate school and the importance of students tailoring their graduate admissions process to their specific degree program.
Comorbidity and WISC–III Profiles of Greek Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disabilities, and Language Disorders
Authors: Filippatou Diamanto N. , Lpvaniou Eleni A.
Published: September 2010

The aim of the present study was to (a) examine the prevalence of ADHD and the comorbid difficulties in a sample of 114 children, 3.6 to 17.6 yr. of age (89 boys, 25 girls) referred to our Unit and (b) evaluate the discriminative ability of the WISC–III scores for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( n = 22), Learning Disability ( n = 50), and Language Disorder ( n = 42). Analysis showed only 18% of 114 children had an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis. Multivariate analysis of variance and stepwise discriminant function analysis were applied. Vocabulary and similarities were the best predictors for distinguishing between language disorders and the other two groups. Moreover, the Language Disorder group scored significantly lower on all the subtests while the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disability groups scored lower on coding and information, respectively. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disability could not be accurately identified from the WISC–III test or their ACID profile.
An Exploratory Study of Ethical Values in Nonprofit Fundraising: Survey of Fundraising Executives
Authors: Venable Beverly T. , Wagner Judy
Published: September 2010

An initial study used the Ethical Position Quotient in an extension of this measure from for-profit organizations to nonprofit organizations. Responses from professional fundraising executives for nonprofit organizations were generally more idealistic than relativistic regarding ethical decision-making. Additionally, in a comparison of the executives' answers to those of M.B.A. students, the students were significantly more relativistic and less idealistic than the nonprofit executives. On Forsyth's Taxonomy of Ethical Perspectives, approximately 20% of the students were absolutists versus 66% of the fundraising executives. Conversely, 70% of the M.B.A. students were situationists compared to only a third of the executives. This disparity in responses between these groups provides a rich and interesting platform for research.
Attribution and Helping Behavior: Testing the Attribution-Affect-Help Judgment Model in a Saudi Sample
Authors: Badahdah Abdallah M.
Published: September 2010

A review of the literature on Weiner's attributional theory indicates that the theory has not been tested in Arabic cultures. The present study examined the reactions of Saudi men toward a friend with AIDS, using Weiner's attributional theory of social motivation. A sample of 298 Saudi men read two different vignettes about a friend with AIDS, in which the cause of AIDS was manipulated. Then the assignment of responsibility, reactions of anger and pity, and participants' willingness to provide help were measured.
Suicide among Animals: Clues from Folklore That May Prevent Suicidal Behaviour in Human Beings
Authors: Preti Antonio
Published: September 2010

Knowing the most likely reasons for suicide might increase the chances to identify the early signs of suicide. Folkloric tales on suicide among animals are a possible source of such information, since people probably explain animal suicide using the same reasons they would apply to their kin. Modern naturalistic studies have found little evidence of self-harming conduct among nonhuman species. Nevertheless, mythological accounts often report suicidal behaviour among animals. Claudius Aelian's De natura animalium, a classic in its genre, written in the 2nd century AD, reports 21 cases of suicide among animals. In Aelian's tales, the severing of social ties emerges as an important motive for suicide, together with incest and rage caused by adultery. Paying attention to the mechanisms leading to suicide described in ancient mythology may help us understand unusual and uncommon motives for suicide and the reasons people feel suicidal.
Are Life Satisfaction and Self-Esteem Distinct Constructs? A Black South African Perspective
Authors: Westaway Margaret S. , Maluka Constance S.
Published: September 2010

As part of a longitudinal project on Quality of Life, a study was undertaken to extend the applicability of the 5-item Satisfaction With Life Scale, developed in the USA, in South Africa. Data on basic sociodemographic characteristics, the scale, and the 10-item Rosenberg Self-esteem scale were available for 360 Black South Africans (151 men and 209 women), ages 21 to 83 years ( M = 38.6 yr., SD = 10.3). Factor analysis applied to scale scores gave two factors, accounting for 71% of the variance. Factor I was loaded by 10 Self-esteem items and Factor II by four of the five Life Satisfaction items. Coefficient alpha was .77 for the Satisfaction With Life Scale and .97 for the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Life Satisfaction was related to Self-esteem ( r = 17, p<.01). It was concluded that Life Satisfaction and Self-esteem appear to be distinct, unitary constructs, but responses to Item 5 on the Satisfaction With Life Scale require cautious interpretation and may contribute to the weak r, although so may the collectivist culture of Black South Africans.
Individualism and Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

In a sample of 19 nations, suicide rates were not associated with nations' estimates of work locus of control, job satisfaction, psychological well-being, physical well-being, or individualism.
The Impact of the Samaritan Centres on Suicide in Scotland
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

A study of Scottish suicide rates from 1958 to 1981 showed no evidence for a preventive effect from the growth in the number of Samaritan centres.
Exploratory Behavior as a Function of Environmental Novelty and Complexity in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Pisula Wojciech , Siegel Jerome
Published: September 2010

Laboratory rats show a positive response to low- and nonstressful novel events. The novel event may involve a number of aspects of the stimulus field. It is usually associated with a change in amount of environmental complexity. Most studies concerning novelty-related behavior involve the introduction of novel objects or the rearrangement of familiar objects. The present purpose was to measure exploratory behavior in response to environments of increased and decreased complexity. Both directions of environmental change are conditions of novelty. A two-way manipulation of increasing and decreasing the complexity of the environment was used. Rats of both sexes showed increased exploration to exposure to novelty, no matter which manipulation was applied; however, female and male rats behaved differently to the two types of novelty. Males responded more to novelty from the introduction of an unfamiliar object. The results indicate novel stimulation, whether of increasing or decreasing complexity, has reward properties. Perhaps the male-specific behavior directed toward unfamiliar objects may serve an adaptive function.