bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of Aeromonas hydrophila GPl-04 feed-based vaccine on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Mulia Dini Siswani , UTOMO TRI , ISNANSETYO ALIM
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Mulia DS, Utomo T, Isnansetyo A. 2022. The efficacy of Aeromonas hydrophila GPl-04 feed-based vaccine on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Biodiversitas 23: 1505-1510. Aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogenic bacterium to African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Vaccination is one of the strategic efforts to control this type of bacterial attack. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of A. hydrophila GPl-04 feed-based vaccine for African catfish. This study used A. hydrophila GPl-04 strain isolate as vaccine material. Sample used was African catfish measuring 10-13 cm length, weighing 16-25 g, taken from aquaculture ponds in the Purbalingga area, Central Java, Indonesia. This study applied experiments under the completely randomized design (CRD) method with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of P0: feed without vaccine (control); P1: feed with 10 mL/100 g dose of vaccine given for 10 days; P2: feed with 10 mL/100 g dose of vaccine given for 15 days; P3: feed with 15 mL/ 100 g dose of vaccine given for 10 days; and P4: feed with 15 mL/ 100 g dose of vaccine given for 15 days. The challenge test was carried out on week 3, by injecting 0.1 mL of A. hydrophila suspension at 105CFU/mL dose per fish. The main parameters included the fish antibody titer, survival rate (SR), relative percent survival (RPS), mean time to death (MTD), and growth rate. Supporting parameters included water quality such as water temperature, water pH, and dissolved O2 levels. The main parameter data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% test level, and the supporting parameter was descriptively quantitative analyzed. The results showed A. hydrophila GPl-04 feed-based vaccine could increase antibody titer, SR, RPS, and MTD of African catfish (P<0.05). In addition, vaccination did not adversely affect the growth. The A. hydrophila GPl-04 feed-based vaccine was effective in protecting African catfish from A. hydrophila attack where 10 mL/100 g dose, given for 10 days (P1) was indicated as the most effective compared to other vaccination treatments.
Composition and diversity of tree species after fire disturbance in a lowland tropical forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: SAKAI ATSUSHI , ARBAIN ARBAIN , SUGIARTO SUGIARTO , RAHMAWATI KUSUMA , MIRMANTO EDI , TAKAHASHI MASAYOSHI , UEDA AKIRA
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Sakai A, Arbain, Sugiarto, Rahmawati K, Mirmanto E, Takahashi M, Ueda A. 2022. Composition and diversity of tree species after fire disturbance in a lowland tropical forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1576-1587. Lowland dipterocarp forests in East Kalimantan have suffered severe forest fires after prolonged drought at least twice in recent decades. We investigated species richness, stand structure and species composition in Sungai Wain Protection Forest using circle plots (each 0.04 ha) along multiple long transects (0.5 - 4.5 km long) from the edge to the interior of this forest. The impact of forest fires remained in the form of significantly smaller tree sizes in burnt areas, although species richness and the number of stems appeared to be recovering. NMDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) ordination revealed that the species composition of burnt areas was still considerably different from that of intact forest. However, nearly 20 years have elapsed, suggesting that it takes a long time for species composition to recover, if at all. The species composition was affected by the basal area ratio of pioneer trees, the basal area ratio of dipterocarp trees and maximum diameter at breast height, in order of its strength. Distance from the edge of the Protection Forest also had a minor effect on species composition, suggesting that forest fires had damaged marginal areas of the forest.
Response of terrestrial mammals to various types of disturbance in the Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia
Authors: SULAKSONO NURPANA , PUDYATMOKO SATYAWAN , SOEMARDI SOEMARDI , WARDHANA WAHYU , HADIYAN YAYAN , NURVIANTO SANDY
Published: June 2022

Abstract. Sulaksono N, Pudyatmoko S, Soemardi, Wardhana W, Hadiyan Y, Nurvianto S. 2022. Response of terrestrial mammals to various types of disturbance in the Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1635-1647. Human disturbance in the form of sand mining and grass harvesting activities in the area of Mount Merapi is an important component of the ecological process alongside the eruption. The group of terrestrial mammals (TM) is one of the essential elements that are affected by this disturbance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the response of the TM in various types of habitats in areas affected by eruption disturbances >20 years (ERL), eruption < 20 years (ERE), mining (MIN), grazing (GRA), and non-disturbance areas (NDA) in Gunung Merapi National Park (GMNP). Camera traps were used to identify the abundance of each TM. Vegetation data were also used to represent habitat conditions and were taken on a plot of 0.04 Ha. The analysis results showed that the highest abundance of TM is at the NDA site (14.4), while the lowest is at the MIN site (2.08). The site with the highest level of TM diversity is ERL (1.97) and the lowest is NDA (1.52). Furthermore, there is a significant difference in TM abundance between the MIN and ERL sites, which indicates that each disturbance reacts differently to the site. Based on the results, mining disturbances negatively influenced the abundance of TM in GMNP, therefore, managers need to regulate mining activities and make efforts to restore the affected areas.
Pushed to the Margins
Authors: Netshikulwe Azwi , Nyamnjoh Henrietta , Garba Faisal
Published: June 2022

Ethiopian immigrants in South Africa are increasingly occupying informal trading space in townships, rural areas and in select central business districts across the country. This article documents the experiences of Ethiopian migrants in the informal sector in South Africa. Theoretically, the article rests on the concept of everyday life. It draws on data from interviews, focus group discussions and observations carried out between October 2020 and September 2021. This signals a period in which everyone was challenged by COVID-19, especially migrants, which compounded the hierarchies of marginality in which Ethiopian migrants in South Africa are situated. Coupled with this, Ethiopian migrants face two broad levels of marginality: firstly, marginality from state policies and the communities in which they reside and work; and secondly, marginality from gendered and class-based inequalities within the Ethiopian community. The structural and hegemonic barriers range from lack of documentation to regularize residency status and business respectively, extortion by gangs in the name of “protection fee,” exploitation by local level state/community structures and women restricted to female roles. By the same token, we see the creativity and ingenuity of this community, that focuses on their personhood, to make sense of their lives and create conditions to live meaningful lives. This article explores some of the core contestations emerging out of these twin marginalities the ways in which Ethiopian migrants structure their lives and livelihoods in South Africa.
When do disasters spark transformative policy change and why?
Authors: Nohrstedt Daniel
Published: June 2022

Floods, earthquakes, droughts, and other recurrent disasters around the globe have sparked renewed interest in whether and how disasters can be leveraged as turning points for transformation toward more sustainable and resilient societies. As the transformative potential of disasters increasingly gains prominence in different research fields, it is important to describe how different scientific approaches view the relationship. This article synthesises key insights from the policy sciences and public administration scholarship regarding the link between disruptive disaster events and policy activity aiming towards societal transformation. Key explanatory perspectives are discussed, including dynamics associated with institutional crisis, policy subsystems, agenda-setting and issue salience, governance capacity, policy-oriented learning and concentration of power, and situated in relation to four scenarios of potential disaster impacts on policymaking aiming at transformation. The results of this synthesis seek to enhance our understanding of when disasters may spark transformative change. Based on these findings, the article identifies priorities for future research into policymaking in the wake of disaster.
Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary scholarship for a civilisation in distress: questions for and from the Global South
Authors: Bursztyn Marcel , Purushothaman Seema
Published: June 2022

Despite obstacles, institutional barriers and prejudices, interdisciplinarity is a growing movement within academia. Evolving from the pioneering experiences in broad multidisciplinary ventures since the post–Second World War era, interdisciplinary programmes and research projects are now a worldwide reality in universities. Complex and interconnected challenges of humanity, such as social unrests, economic and ecological crises, political turmoil and global human health emergencies demand integration of efforts and competencies of researchers from a wide range of backgrounds, and the involvement of actors from outside the academia. In recent years, complex challenges fuelling the need for better integration of work in universities and research centres with real demands of societies are further feeding transdisciplinary endeavours. Such movements pose new questions, ranging from institutional arrangements to methodological frameworks, which are far from being solved. This article reflects on the nature and practice of scholarly engagement in this trajectory during the 21st century from vantage points of the Global South. Some insights are based on what we have learnt over our work lives, and some are based on collected information about experiences in India and Brazil. This contribution also raises questions that could potentially concern other countries, especially in the Global South. However, it is not a handbook directly applicable to realities other than Brazil and India. Discussions in academia about pathways to interdisciplinarity should go beyond its legitimisation. The agenda now has to shift towards transdisciplinary co-construction of knowledge, by creating gateways to connect the scientific world to the ‘real world’.
Reflections on food systems transformation: an African perspective
Authors: Kalibata Agnes
Published: June 2022

The United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) has thrust food systems transformation onto the main stage of international discourse in 2021. As recognised by UN Secretary-General, António Guterres, food systems are at the heart of delivering on all 17 Sustainable Development Goals for people, planet and prosperity. There has been a growing recognition that the global food systems, as currently constructed, are flawed due to the high levels of food and nutrition insecurity, food losses and waste, rising levels of inequalities, health-related challenges, and high levels of environmental degradation arising from unsustainable production systems. This article provides reflections from my own experience as Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General for the 2021 Food Systems Summit. It articulates the key drivers behind the conceptual shift towards systems thinking to addressing the world’s food challenges. The article discusses some of the challenges faced by the global food systems and highlights why a paradigm shift from the traditional narrow focus on production and self-sufficiency to a more holistic and integrated approach is urgently required. The article provides an African perspective to the food systems discourse, highlighting some of the priority actions identified by African stakeholders and articulated in the Africa Common Position to the UNFSS, which sets out Africa’s opportunity to turn adversity into opportunity through food systems transformation. The paper outlines some highlights of the Summit, with a view to emphasising the key transformative pathways and crucial next steps that are required at country and regional levels.
Design and analysis of terahertz filters based on multilayer metamaterials
Authors: Yao Zhibo , Ke Yuchen , Lang Yuanhao , Wu Tong , Zhang Xueqian , Xu Quan , Han Jiaguang
Published: June 2022

We numerically and experimentally demonstrate a series of multilayer metamaterial filters in the terahertz region. The designed structure consists of multiple metal–polyimide composite layers and cyclic olefin copolymer layers. The transmission spectra of the filters are characterized by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, and the measured results agree well with simulations. In addition, the mechanism of the multilayer structure is theoretically studied by a thin film multibeam interference model. The proposed filters exhibit high efficiency at passband and can be broadly utilized as compact devices in practical applications at terahertz frequencies.
Self-calibrated Fourier transform spectrometer for laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy with single-photon avalanche diode detection
Authors: Gaire Vinod , Parker Colin V.
Published: June 2022

Fourier transform spectrometers are commonly used in scientific and industrial settings because of their ability to record complete spectra with high signal-to-noise ratios. Using a single-photon avalanche diode as the detector improves the sensitivity but adds complications in laser-induced fluorescence applications related to detector saturation and acquisition time exceeding the typical scan time. Here, we report a spectrometer for the detection of laser-induced fluorescence signal together with the excitation light, and use the second harmonic signal from the excitation light to correct the phase and calibrate the spectrum, removing the need for a separate calibration source. We achieve a resolution of

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in the wavelength range of 1140.2 nm, and demonstrate detection of signals with powers as low as

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172

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.
Multi-modal microscopy imaging with the OpenFlexure Delta Stage
Authors: McDermott Samuel , Ayazi Filip , Collins Joel , Knapper Joe , Stirling Julian , Bowman Richard , Cicuta Pietro
Published: June 2022

Microscopes are vital pieces of equipment in much of biological research and medical diagnostics. However, access to a microscope can represent a bottleneck in research, especially in lower-income countries. ‘Smart’ computer controlled motorized microscopes, which can perform automated routines or acquire images in a range of modalities are even more expensive and inaccessible. Developing low-cost, open-source, smart microscopes enables more researchers to conceive and execute optimized or more complex experiments. Here we present the OpenFlexure Delta Stage, a 3D-printed microscope designed for researchers. Powered by the OpenFlexure software stack, it is capable of performing automated experiments. The design files and assembly instructions are freely available under an open licence. Its intuitive and modular design—along with detailed documentation—allows researchers to implement a variety of imaging modes with ease. The versatility of this microscope is demonstrated by imaging biological and non-biological samples (red blood cells with Plasmodium parasites and colloidal particles in brightfield, epi-fluorescence, darkfield, Rheinberg and differential phase contrast. We present the design strategy and choice of tools to develop devices accessible to researchers from lower-income countries, as well as the advantages of an open-source project in this context. This microscope, having been open-source since its conception, has already been built and tested by researchers around the world, promoting a community of expertise and an environment of reproducibility in science.
CO2-laser-ablation-assisted fabrication of signal-pump combiners with chirally coupled core fibers for co- and counter-pumped all-fiber amplifiers
Authors: Brockmüller Eike , Wellmann Felix , Lutscher Daniel , Kimmelma Ossi , Lowder Tyson , Novotny Steffen , Lachmayer Roland , Neumann Jörg , Kracht Dietmar
Published: June 2022

We report on the development of a side-fused signal-pump combiner with an integrated feed-through 34/250-µm chirally coupled core fiber. The manufacturing process involves a novel rotationally symmetrical cladding restructuring using a CO2-laser beam. The signal-pump combiner exhibits the pump-to-signal fiber coupling efficiency of 90%, signal-to-pump isolation of 30 dB, and is high-power tested at a pump input power of >500 W. Additionally, a signal feed-through loss of 0.23 dB is measured and the S2-method is used to confirm non-degradation of the spatial modes. The side-fused combiner technique has the advantage of an uninterrupted signal core and can be used in co- and counter-pumped configurations.
Optimal resource allocation for flexible-grid entanglement distribution networks
Authors: Alnas Jude , Alshowkan Muneer , Rao Nageswara S. V. , Peters Nicholas A. , Lukens Joseph M.
Published: June 2022

We use a genetic algorithm (GA) as a design aid for determining the optimal provisioning of entangled photon spectrum in flex-grid quantum networks with arbitrary numbers of channels and users. After introducing a general model for entanglement distribution based on frequency-polarization hyperentangled biphotons, we derive upper bounds on fidelity and entangled bit rate for networks comprising one-to-one user connections. Simple conditions based on user detector quality and link efficiencies are found that determine whether entanglement is possible. We successfully apply a GA to find optimal resource allocations in four different representative network scenarios and validate features of our model experimentally in a quantum local area network in deployed fiber. Our results show promise for the rapid design of large-scale entanglement distribution networks.
Exploring the ellipticity dependency on vector helical Ince-Gaussian beams and their focusing properties
Authors: Wang Jinwen , Chen Yun , Al Khafaji Mustafa A. , Svensson Sphinx J. , Yang Xin , Wang Chengyuan , Gao Hong , Cisowski Claire Marie , Franke-Arnold Sonja
Published: June 2022

We present a numerical study of the intensity and polarization structure of vector helical Ince-Gaussian (VHIG) modes, which present a distinct subclass of vector Ince-Gaussian modes with defined parameter settings. The intensity profile of VHIG beams has an elliptic hollow structure, while the polarization distribution shows multiple single-charge polarization vortices arranged along a line. By selecting the mode order, phase factor and ellipticity of the VHIG beams, we can control the number of elliptic rings, the number of polarization vortices, and the topology of the vector singularity. Furthermore, we simulate the focusing properties of VHIG beams based on vector diffraction theory. Our results indicate that the ellipticity parameter of VHIG beams could be a valuable degree of freedom to generate attractive transverse profiles and longitudinal distributions under focusing, which may have implications for lithography, material processing, optical communication, and even optical trapping and manipulation.
Label-free highly multimodal nonlinear endoscope
Authors: Septier D. , Mytskaniuk V. , Habert R. , Labat D. , Baudelle K. , Cassez A. , Brévalle-Wasilewski G. , Conforti M. , Bouwmans G. , Rigneault H. , Kudlinski A.
Published: June 2022

We demonstrate a 2 mm diameter highly multimodal nonlinear micro-endoscope allowing label-free imaging of biological tissues. The endoscope performs multiphoton fluorescence (3-photon, 2-photon), harmonic generation (second-SHG and third-THG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging over a field of view of 200 µm. The micro-endoscope is based on a double-clad antiresonant hollow core fiber featuring a high transmission window (850 nm to 1800 nm) that is functionalized with a short piece of graded-index (GRIN) fiber. When combined with a GRIN micro-objective, the micro-endoscope achieves a 1.1 µm point spread function (PSF). We demonstrate 3-photon, 2-photon, THG, SHG, and CARS high resolution images of unlabelled biological tissues.
Compact and broadband silicon mode-order converter using bricked subwavelength gratings
Authors: Lu Mengjia , Deng Chunyu , Sun Yu , Wang Dongyu , Huang Lei , Liu Pengcheng , Lin Dongdong , Cheng Wei , Hu Guohua , Lin Tong , Yun Binfeng , Cui Yiping
Published: June 2022

A compact and broadband silicon mode-order converter (MOC) scheme by employing reciprocal mode evolution between asymmetric input/output taper and bricked subwavelength gratings (BSWG) is proposed. In the proposed MOC, a quasi-TE0 mode is generated in the BSWG region, which can be regarded as an effective bridge between the two TE modes to be converted. Flexible mode conversion can be realized by only choosing appropriate structure parameters for specific mode transitions between input/output modes and the quasi-TE0 mode. By combing 3D finite difference time domain (FDTD) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, TE0-TE1 and TE0-TE2 MOCs are optimal designed, which can efficiently convert TE0 mode to TE1 and TE2 modes with lengths of 9.39 µm and 11.27 µm, respectively. Results show that the insertion losses of <1 dB and crosstalk of <-15 dB are achieved for both TE0-TE1 and TE0-TE2 MOCs, the corresponding working bandwidth are 128 nm (1511∼1639 nm) and 126 nm (1527∼1653 nm), respectively. Additionally, the MOCs can be fabricated with only single etch step with minimum feature size of 145 nm.
Triaxial precise magnetic field compensation of a zero-field optically pumped magnetometer based on a single-beam configuration
Authors: Zhang Shaowen , Zhang Kaixuan , Zhou Ying , Ye Mao , Lu Jixi
Published: June 2022

Triaxial magnetic field compensation is crucial for a zero-field optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) in pursuit of a zero-field environment. In this work, we demonstrate a triaxial magnetic field compensation method for zero-field OPM based on single-beam configuration. It consists of two procedures: (1) pre-compensation to preliminarily cancel out ambient residual magnetic field by low-frequency magnetic field modulation; and (2) precise compensation to further compensate the residual magnetic field by high-frequency magnetic field modulation. This scheme enables rapid and precise compensation of a large-scale magnetic field and supports real null-point acquisition of the triaxial residual magnetic fields with simple processes. The experimental results show that the compensation resolution on the sensitive axis is better than 1 pT and significantly less than the fluctuation of experimental environments. Our work targets on the quick generation of a zero-field environment for high precision OPM, which is especially advantageous for emerging applications including magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG).
Microsecond-resolved smartphone time-gated luminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Deng Qisheng , Liu Yulei , Zhu Zece , Shu Xuewen
Published: June 2022

Time-gated luminescence spectra are usually measured by laboratory instruments equipped with high-speed excitation sources and spectrometers, which are always bulky and expensive. To reduce the reliance on expensive laboratory instruments, we demonstrate the first, to the best of our knowledge, use of a smartphone for the detection of time-gated luminescence spectra. A mechanical chopper is used as the detection shutter and an optical switch is placed at the edge of the wheel to convert the chopping signal into a transistor–transistor logic (TTL) signal which is used to control the excitation source and achieve synchronization. The time-gated luminescence spectra at different delay times of Eu(TTA)3 powder and the solutions of Eu–tetracycline complex are successfully detected with a temporal resolution of tens of microseconds by the proposed approach. We believe our approach offers a route toward portable instruments for the measurement of luminescence spectra and lifetimes.
Pre- and postsynaptically expressed spike-timing-dependent plasticity contribute differentially to neuronal learning
Authors: Mizusaki Beatriz Eymi Pimentel , Li Sally Si Ying , Costa Rui Ponte , Sjöström Per Jesper
Published: June 2022

A plethora of experimental studies have shown that long-term synaptic plasticity can be expressed pre- or postsynaptically depending on a range of factors such as developmental stage, synapse type, and activity patterns. The functional consequences of this diversity are not clear, although it is understood that whereas postsynaptic expression of plasticity predominantly affects synaptic response amplitude, presynaptic expression alters both synaptic response amplitude and short-term dynamics. In most models of neuronal learning, long-term synaptic plasticity is implemented as changes in connective weights. The consideration of long-term plasticity as a fixed change in amplitude corresponds more closely to post- than to presynaptic expression, which means theoretical outcomes based on this choice of implementation may have a postsynaptic bias. To explore the functional implications of the diversity of expression of long-term synaptic plasticity, we adapted a model of long-term plasticity, more specifically spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), such that it was expressed either independently pre- or postsynaptically, or in a mixture of both ways. We compared pair-based standard STDP models and a biologically tuned triplet STDP model, and investigated the outcomes in a minimal setting, using two different learning schemes: in the first, inputs were triggered at different latencies, and in the second a subset of inputs were temporally correlated. We found that presynaptic changes adjusted the speed of learning, while postsynaptic expression was more efficient at regulating spike timing and frequency. When combining both expression loci, postsynaptic changes amplified the response range, while presynaptic plasticity allowed control over postsynaptic firing rates, potentially providing a form of activity homeostasis. Our findings highlight how the seemingly innocuous choice of implementing synaptic plasticity by single weight modification may unwittingly introduce a postsynaptic bias in modelling outcomes. We conclude that pre- and postsynaptically expressed plasticity are not interchangeable, but enable complimentary functions.
Direct reciprocity between individuals that use different strategy spaces
Authors: Schmid Laura , Hilbe Christian , Chatterjee Krishnendu , Nowak Martin A.
Published: June 2022

In repeated interactions, players can use strategies that respond to the outcome of previous rounds. Much of the existing literature on direct reciprocity assumes that all competing individuals use the same strategy space. Here, we study both learning and evolutionary dynamics of players that differ in the strategy space they explore. We focus on the infinitely repeated donation game and compare three natural strategy spaces: memory-1 strategies, which consider the last moves of both players, reactive strategies, which respond to the last move of the co-player, and unconditional strategies. These three strategy spaces differ in the memory capacity that is needed. We compute the long term average payoff that is achieved in a pairwise learning process. We find that smaller strategy spaces can dominate larger ones. For weak selection, unconditional players dominate both reactive and memory-1 players. For intermediate selection, reactive players dominate memory-1 players. Only for strong selection and low cost-to-benefit ratio, memory-1 players dominate the others. We observe that the supergame between strategy spaces can be a social dilemma: maximum payoff is achieved if both players explore a larger strategy space, but smaller strategy spaces dominate.
Comparing different versions of computer-aided detection products when reading chest X-rays for tuberculosis
Authors: Qin Zhi Zhen , Barrett Rachael , Ahmed Shahriar , Sarker Mohammad Shahnewaz , Paul Kishor , Adel Ahammad Shafiq Sikder , Banu Sayera , Creswell Jacob
Published: June 2022

Computer-aided detection (CAD) was recently recommended by the WHO for TB screening and triage based on several evaluations, but unlike traditional diagnostic tests, software versions are updated frequently and require constant evaluation. Since then, newer versions of two of the evaluated products have already been released. We used a case control sample of 12,890 chest X-rays to compare performance and model the programmatic effect of upgrading to newer versions of CAD4TB and qXR. We compared the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), overall, and with data stratified by age, TB history, gender, and patient source. All versions were compared against radiologist readings and WHO’s Target Product Profile (TPP) for a TB triage test. Both newer versions significantly outperformed their predecessors in terms of AUC: CAD4TB version 6 (0.823 [0.816–0.830]), version 7 (0.903 [0.897–0.908]) and qXR version 2 (0.872 [0.866–0.878]), version 3 (0.906 [0.901–0.911]). Newer versions met WHO TPP values, older versions did not. All products equalled or surpassed the human radiologist performance with improvements in triage ability in newer versions. Humans and CAD performed worse in older age groups and among those with TB history. New versions of CAD outperform their predecessors. Prior to implementation CAD should be evaluated using local data because underlying neural networks can differ significantly. An independent rapid evaluation centre is necessitated to provide implementers with performance data on new versions of CAD products as they are developed.
Machine learning-based risk factor analysis and prevalence prediction of intestinal parasitic infections using epidemiological survey data
Authors: Zafar Aziz , Attia Ziad , Tesfaye Mehret , Walelign Sosina , Wordofa Moges , Abera Dessie , Desta Kassu , Tsegaye Aster , Ay Ahmet , Taye Bineyam
Published: June 2022

Background

Previous epidemiological studies have examined the prevalence and risk factors for a variety of parasitic illnesses, including protozoan and soil-transmitted helminth (STH, e.g., hookworms and roundworms) infections. Despite advancements in machine learning for data analysis, the majority of these studies use traditional logistic regression to identify significant risk factors.

Methods

In this study, we used data from a survey of 54 risk factors for intestinal parasitosis in 954 Ethiopian school children. We investigated whether machine learning approaches can supplement traditional logistic regression in identifying intestinal parasite infection risk factors. We used feature selection methods such as InfoGain (IG), ReliefF (ReF), Joint Mutual Information (JMI), and Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (MRMR). Additionally, we predicted children’s parasitic infection status using classifiers such as Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forests (RF) and XGBoost (XGB), and compared their accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) scores. For optimal model training, we performed tenfold cross-validation and tuned the classifier hyperparameters. We balanced our dataset using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling (SMOTE) method. Additionally, we used association rule learning to establish a link between risk factors and parasitic infections.

Key findings

Our study demonstrated that machine learning could be used in conjunction with logistic regression. Using machine learning, we developed models that accurately predicted four parasitic infections: any parasitic infection at 79.9% accuracy, helminth infection at 84.9%, any STH infection at 95.9%, and protozoan infection at 94.2%. The Random Forests (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifiers achieved the highest accuracy when top 20 risk factors were considered using Joint Mutual Information (JMI) or all features were used. The best predictors of infection were socioeconomic, demographic, and hematological characteristics.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that feature selection and association rule learning are useful strategies for detecting risk factors for parasite infection. Additionally, we showed that advanced classifiers might be utilized to predict children’s parasitic infection status. When combined with standard logistic regression models, machine learning techniques can identify novel risk factors and predict infection risk.
Environment of origin and domestication affect morphological, physiological, and agronomic response to water deficit in chile pepper (Capsicum sp.)
Authors: McCoy Jack E. , McHale Leah K. , Kantar Michael , Jardón-Barbolla Lev , Mercer Kristin L.
Published: June 2022

Global climate change is having a significant effect on agriculture by causing greater precipitation variability and an increased risk of drought. To mitigate these effects, it is important to identify specific traits, adaptations, and germplasm that improve tolerance to soil water deficit. Local varieties, known as landraces, have undergone generations of farmer-mediated selection and can serve as sources of variation, specifically for tolerance to abiotic stress. Landraces can possess local adaptations, where accessions adapted to a particular environment will outperform others grown under the same conditions. We explore adaptations to water deficit in chile pepper landraces from across an environmental gradient in Mexico, a center of crop domestication and diversity, as well in improved varieties bred for the US. In the present study, we evaluated 25 US and Mexico accessions in a greenhouse experiment under well-watered and water deficit conditions and measured morphological, physiological, and agronomic traits. Accession and irrigation regime influenced plant biomass and height, while branching, CO2 assimilation, and fruit weight were all influenced by an interaction between accession and irrigation. A priori group contrasts revealed possible adaptations to water deficit for branching, CO2 assimilation, and plant height associated with geographic origin, domestication level, and pepper species. Additionally, within the Mexican landraces, the number of primary branches had a strong relationship with precipitation from the environment of origin. This work provides insight into chile pepper response to water deficit and adaptation to drought and identifies possibly tolerant germplasm.
Plasma Complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 15 concentration is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Vatannejad Akram , Fadaei Reza , Salimi Fouzieh , Fouani Fatima Zahraa , Habibi Behnam , Shapourizadeh Somayeh , Eivazi Samira , Eivazi Sadegh , Sadeghi Asie , Moradi Nariman
Published: June 2022

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common poignant endocrine disorder affecting women, posing a close association with metabolic syndrome and obesity. Existing literature characterizes PCOS with deranged levels of several adipokines and myokines. CTRP15 is a paralogue of adiponectin, mainly expressed by skeletal muscles, and plays a key role in insulin, glucose, and lipid metabolism. In the current study, we aim to determine the circulating levels of CTRP15 and evaluate its association with cardiometabolic and inflammatory parameters in PCOS women. This case-control study included 120 PCOS patients (60 Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and 60 infertile (inf) PCOS) and 60 healthy non-PCOS controls. Serum levels of hs-CRP were measured by commercial kits, while serum levels of adiponectin and CTRP15 were determined using the ELISA technique. Serum levels of CTRP15 were significantly elevated in PCOS-RPL and PCOS-inf subgroups when compared to controls (94.80 ± 27.08 and 87.77 ± 25.48 vs. 54.78 ± 15.45, both P < 0.001). Moreover, serum adiponectin was considerably lower in the PCOS group and subgroups (P < 0.001), while serum hs-CRP, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and free testosterone were significantly higher when compared to the non-PCOS group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CTRP15 closely associated with FSH, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, and BMI. These results highlight a possible involvement of CTRP15 in the pathogenesis of PCOS. The elevated levels of CTRP15 might be a compensatory mechanism for the metabolic dysregulations (excess adiposity, insulin resistance, metaflammation) associated with the syndrome. Nevertheless, future studies are necessary to unravel the underlying mechanism.
Effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K direct oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients with bioprosthetic valve
Authors: Moon Inki , Go Tae-Hwa , Kim Jang Young , Kang Dae Ryong , Sohn Suk Ho , Lee Hyun-Jung , Choi Jae-Woong , Park Jun-Bean , Hwang Ho-Young , Kim Hyung-Kwan , Kim Yong-Jin , Kim Kyung-Hwan , Lee Seung-Pyo
Published: June 2022

Background

Non-vitamin K direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) is effective for prevention of embolic events in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. However, the effectiveness and safety of DOAC in AF patients who have bioprosthetic heart valve (BPHV) is largely unknown.

Methods

We retrospectively identified patients with AF and BPHV, using the diagnostic code and medical device and surgery information from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, between 2013 and 2018. A 1:2 propensity score-matched cohort (n = 724 taking warfarin; n = 362 taking DOAC) was constructed and analyzed for the primary clinical outcome, a composite of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. Important secondary outcomes included major bleeding, all-cause death, and the net clinical outcome, defined as a composite of all embolic events, major bleeding, and death.

Results

The mean age was 78.9±6.8 years old, and 45% (n = 489) were male. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.7±1.4. DOAC was non-inferior to warfarin for preventing ischemic stroke and systemic embolism (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–2.34), major bleeding (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.32–2.03) and all-cause death (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.73–1.63). As for the net clinical outcome, DOAC was also similar to warfarin (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.76–1.47). These outcomes were not different in various subgroups analyzed.

Conclusion

In this nationwide Korean AF population with a BPHV, DOAC was at least as effective and safe as warfarin for the prevention of systemic embolic events. These results suggest that DOAC may be an excellent alternative to warfarin in AF patients with BPHV.
Evaluating immune response and metabolic related biomarkers pre-allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Siamakpour-Reihani Sharareh , Cao Felicia , Lyu Jing , Ren Yi , Nixon Andrew B. , Xie Jichun , Bush Amy T. , Starr Mark D. , Bain James R. , Muehlbauer Michael J. , Ilkayeva Olga , Byers Kraus Virginia , Huebner Janet L. , Chao Nelson J. , Sung Anthony D.
Published: June 2022

Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is the only curative treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), it is associated with significant treatment related morbidity and mortality. There is great need for predictive biomarkers associated with overall survival (OS) and clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that circulating metabolic, inflammatory, and immune molecules have potential as predictive biomarkers for AML patients who receive HCT treatment. This retrospective study was designed with an exploratory approach to comprehensively characterize immune, inflammatory, and metabolomic biomarkers. We identified patients with AML who underwent HCT and had existing baseline plasma samples. Using those samples (n = 34), we studied 65 blood based metabolomic and 61 immune/inflammatory related biomarkers, comparing patients with either long-term OS (≥ 3 years) or short-term OS (OS ≤ 1 years). We also compared the immune/inflammatory response and metabolomic biomarkers in younger vs. older AML patients (≤30 years vs. ≥ 55 years old). In addition, the biomarker profiles were analyzed for their association with clinical outcomes, namely OS, chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD), acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD), infection and relapse. Several baseline biomarkers were elevated in older versus younger patients, and baseline levels were lower for three markers (IL13, SAA, CRP) in patients with OS ≥ 3 years. We also identified immune/inflammatory response markers associated with aGVHD (IL-9, Eotaxin-3), cGVHD (Flt-1), infection (D-dimer), or relapse (IL-17D, bFGF, Eotaxin-3). Evaluation of metabolic markers demonstrated higher baseline levels of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (AC) in older patients, association with aGVHD (lactate, long-chain AC), and cGVHD (medium-chain AC). These differentially expressed profiles merit further evaluation as predictive biomarkers.
The influence of active video game play upon physical activity and screen-based activities in sedentary children
Authors: Ufholz Kelsey E. , Flack Kyle D. , Roemmich James N.
Published: June 2022

Background

Few children meet physical activity recommendations, partly due to the prevalence of screen-based sedentary activities. Active video game (AVG) play produces light to moderate physical activity. Yet, providing children access to AVG does not increase physical activity, possibly because children who play AVG may also tend towards sedentary screen-based activities. How multiple days of AVG play influences children’s choice of other activities is not yet known.

Purpose

To examine how AVG influences children’s physical activity, sedentary screen-based activities, and other alternative activities.

Methods

Sedentary children (N = 49) played AVG 3 times/week and sedentary video games (SVG) ad libitum for 6 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of ad libitum play of both AVG and SVG. Participants wore an activity monitor for 7 days and completed a 24-hour activity recall on 4 randomly selected days at baseline, week 6, and week 10.

Results

AVG play increased during the intervention (p < 0.01). Light activity and SVG play both decreased baseline to 10 weeks (p = 0.006) and 6 to 10 weeks (p = 0.017). Non-SVG sedentary behavior increased from baseline to 10 weeks (p = 0.005) and 6 to 10 weeks (p = 0.007). Changes over time were not observed in physical activity, or recall-measured active play, social activities, other hobbies, television or computer/phone use.

Conclusion

AVG play did not change children’s objectively-measured physical activity or subjectively measured active play. SVG time was substituted with other sedentary behaviors. AVG did not increase time engaged in SVG or screen-based devices.
Psychometric properties of the Indonesian Ten-item Internet Gaming Disorder Test and a latent class analysis of gamer population among youths
Authors: Siste Kristiana , Hanafi Enjeline , Sen Lee Thung , Damayanti Reza , Beatrice Evania , Ismail Raden Irawati
Published: June 2022

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a rising health concern. Indonesia has yet to have any validated instrument specifically designed to screen for this disorder. This study aims to validate the Indonesian version of the Ten-item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) and conduct a latent class analysis of gamers among the youth. An online survey was conducted between October and December 2020 at two universities in Depok and Jakarta, Indonesia. In total, 1233 respondents (62.6% female and 20.3±1.90 years old) gave valid responses and played video games. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the unidimensional structure of the scale. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.72 and composite reliability was 0.92. The latent class analysis yielded three distinct classes of gamers. The continuation and negative consequences were highly distinctive for the group at high risk of IGD (class 3). Deception had the lowest endorsement rate (41.7%); while, the continuation domain had the highest endorsement, 91.2%. The IGD prevalence estimate was 1.90% among the respondents. Approximately 70.2% of the gamers did not show IGD symptoms. The adapted Indonesian IGDT-10 was demonstrated as valid and reliable among Indonesian youths. Consistent with previous studies, the deception domain had a low endorsement rate. The detected IGD rates were comparable to the global range. The majority of the current sample disclosed no symptoms; however, a considerable proportion would benefit from early preventive measures.
Gardnerella vaginalis clades in pregnancy: New insights into the interactions with the vaginal microbiome
Authors: Severgnini Marco , Morselli Sara , Camboni Tania , Ceccarani Camilla , Salvo Melissa , Zagonari Sara , Patuelli Giulia , Pedna Maria Federica , Sambri Vittorio , Foschi Claudio , Consolandi Clarissa , Marangoni Antonella
Published: June 2022

Gardnerella vaginalis (GV) is an anaerobic bacterial species involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis (BV), a condition of vaginal dysbiosis associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. GV strains are categorized into four clades, characterized by a different ability to produce virulence factors, such as sialidase. We investigated the distribution of GV clades and sialidase genes in the vaginal ecosystem of a cohort of pregnant women, assessing the correlations between GV clades and the whole vaginal microbiome. A total of 61 Caucasian pregnant women were enrolled. Their vaginal swabs, collected both at the first and third trimester of pregnancy, were used for (i) evaluation of the vaginal status by Nugent score, (ii) vaginal microbiome profiling by 16S rRNA sequencing, (iii) detection and quantification of GV clades and sialidase A gene by qPCR assays. DNA of at least one GV clade was detected in most vaginal swabs, with clade 4 being the most common one. GV clade 2, together with the presence of multiple clades (>2 simultaneously), were significantly associated with a BV condition. Significantly higher GV loads and sialidase gene levels were found in BV cases, compared to the healthy status. Clade 2 was related to the major shifts in the vaginal microbial composition, with a decrease in Lactobacillus and an increase in several BV-related taxa. As the number of GV clades detected simultaneously increased, a group of BV-associated bacteria tended to increase as well, while Bifidobacterium tended to decrease. A negative correlation between sialidase gene levels and Lactobacillus, and a positive correlation with Gardnerella, Atopobium, Prevotella, Megasphaera, and Sneathia were observed. Our results added knowledge about the interactions of GV clades with the inhabitants of the vaginal microbiome, possibly helping to predict the severity of BV and opening new perspectives for the prevention of pregnancy-related complications.