bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Flame Retardant Polyacrylonitrile Fabric Based on Sol-Gel and Layer-by-Layer Assembly
Authors: Ren Yuanlin , Huo Tongguo , Qin Yiwen , Liu Xiaohui
Published: March 2018

This paper aims to develop a novel method, i.e., sol-gel combined with layer-by-layer assembly technology, to impart flame retardancy on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fabrics. Silica-sol was synthesized via the sol-gel process and acted as cationic solution, and phytic acid (PA) was used as the anionic medium. Flame-retardant-treated PAN fabric (FR-PAN) could achieve excellent flame retardancy with 10 bilayer (10BL) coating through layer-by-layer assembly. The structure of the fabrics was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal stability and flame retardancy were evaluated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, cone calorimetry (CC) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The LOI value of the coated fabric was up to 33.2 vol % and the char residue at 800 °C also increased to 57 wt %. Cone calorimetry tests revealed that, compared to the control fabric, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of FR-PAN decreased by 66% and 73%, respectively. These results indicated that sol-gel combined with layer-by-layer assembly technique could impart PAN fabric with satisfactory flame-retardant properties, showing an efficient flame retardant strategy for PAN fabric.
A Review of Mechanoluminescence in Inorganic Solids: Compounds, Mechanisms, Models and Applications
Authors: Feng Ang , Smet Philippe F.
Published: March 2018

Mechanoluminescence (ML) is the non-thermal emission of light as a response to mechanical stimuli on a solid material. While this phenomenon has been observed for a long time when breaking certain materials, it is now being extensively explored, especially since the discovery of non-destructive ML upon elastic deformation. A great number of materials have already been identified as mechanoluminescent, but novel ones with colour tunability and improved sensitivity are still urgently needed. The physical origin of the phenomenon, which mainly involves the release of trapped carriers at defects with the help of stress, still remains unclear. This in turn hinders a deeper research, either theoretically or application oriented. In this review paper, we have tabulated the known ML compounds according to their structure prototypes based on the connectivity of anion polyhedra, highlighting structural features, such as framework distortion, layered structure, elastic anisotropy and microstructures, which are very relevant to the ML process. We then review the various proposed mechanisms and corresponding mathematical models. We comment on their contribution to a clearer understanding of the ML phenomenon and on the derived guidelines for improving properties of ML phosphors. Proven and potential applications of ML in various fields, such as stress field sensing, light sources, and sensing electric (magnetic) fields, are summarized. Finally, we point out the challenges and future directions in this active and emerging field of luminescence research.
Improving Electrophoretic Particle Motion Control in Electrophoretic Displays by Eliminating the Fringing Effect via Driving Waveform Design
Authors: Shen Shitao , Gong Yingxin , Jin Mingliang , Yan Zhibin , Xu Chang , Yi Zichuan , Zhou Guofu , Shui Lingling
Published: March 2018

Electrophoretic display is realized by controlling colored nanoparticles moving in micrometer spaces via electrophoresis. The quality of information display is therefore affected by the unsynchronized particle moving speed and the mismatched electric signal according to the crosstalk of the electric field and inhomogeneous material distribution. In this work, we analyzed the mechanism of a fringe phenomenon that affected the information display quality of electrophoretic displays (EPDs). Electrical driving waveforms (voltage signals) are designed to reduce the fringe phenomenon. By using the optimizing driving waveform, we proposed that the fringe phenomenon is quantified as gray value that can be diminished by 25.5, while keeping a response time of 200 ms.
Promote Alumina Leaching through Re-Pelleting: Effects of Directional Coating of Calcite on Silicate Grains
Authors: Hu Wentao , Qiu Qun , Wei Xinlei , Wei Hong , Zhao Qin , Yang Feihua , Liu Xinwei
Published: March 2018

The contents of Fe and SiO2 in ferric bauxite are much higher than that in regular bauxite, and the leaching yield of Al2O3 from ferric bauxite cannot reach the general level of ordinary ores, even under optimal conditions. This paper introduces a pretreatment method to enhance sintering before leaching. First, mixing followed by grinding was found to be more efficient than grinding followed by mixing as a pretreatment method by forming a directional coating structure of CaCO3 on the SiO2 surface. Second, leaching yields increased grinding fineness because CaCO3 grain uniformity could be improved with the latter method. Finally, the leaching yields were increased by pulp consistency under certain conditions, as evidenced by improvements in CaCO3 uniformity, bulk density, and Al2O3 grain size, which parameters were beneficial to enhance leaching. The leaching yield of Al2O3 was increased from 75.2% to 87.15% by using the proposed mixing–grinding method with the leaching agent of water.
Facilitating Anti-Cancer Combinatorial Drug Discovery by Targeting Epistatic Disease Genes
Authors: Quan Yuan , Liu Meng-Yuan , Liu Ye-Mao , Zhu Li-Da , Wu Yu-Shan , Luo Zhi-Hui , Zhang Xiu-Zhen , Xu Shi-Zhong , Yang Qing-Yong , Zhang Hong-Yu
Published: March 2018

Due to synergistic effects, combinatorial drugs are widely used for treating complex diseases. However, combining drugs and making them synergetic remains a challenge. Genetic disease genes are considered a promising source of drug targets with important implications for navigating the drug space. Most diseases are not caused by a single pathogenic factor, but by multiple disease genes, in particular, interacting disease genes. Thus, it is reasonable to consider that targeting epistatic disease genes may enhance the therapeutic effects of combinatorial drugs. In this study, synthetic lethality gene pairs of tumors, similar to epistatic disease genes, were first targeted by combinatorial drugs, resulting in the enrichment of the combinatorial drugs with cancer treatment, which verified our hypothesis. Then, conventional epistasis detection software was used to identify epistatic disease genes from the genome wide association studies (GWAS) dataset. Furthermore, combinatorial drugs were predicted by targeting these epistatic disease genes, and five combinations were proven to have synergistic anti-cancer effects on MCF-7 cells through cell cytotoxicity assay. Combined with the three-dimensional (3D) genome-based method, the epistatic disease genes were filtered and were more closely related to disease. By targeting the filtered gene pairs, the efficiency of combinatorial drug discovery has been further improved.
Effects of Lysozyme on the Activity of Ionic of Fluoroquinolone Species
Authors: Perez Hugo , Bustos Ana , Taranto María , Frías María , Ledesma Ana
Published: March 2018

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) constitute an important class of biologically active broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs that are which are in contact with many biological fluids under different acidity conditions. We studied the reactivity of ciprofloxacin (Cpx) and levofloxacin (Lev) and their interaction with lysozyme (Lyz) at different pH values, using UV-visible absorption, fluorescence, infrared spectroscopies supported by DFT calculation and docking. In addition, by antimicrobial assays, the biological consequences of the interaction were evaluated. DFT calculation predicted that the FQ cationic species present at acid pH have lower stabilization energies, with an electric charge rearrangement because of their interactions with solvent molecules. NBO and frontier orbital calculations evidenced the role of two charged centers, NH2+ and COO−, for interactions by electronic delocalization effects. Both FQs bind to Lyz via a static quenching with a higher interaction in neutral medium. The interaction induces a structural rearrangement in β-sheet content while in basic pH a protective effect against the denaturation of Lyz was inferred. The analysis of thermodynamic parameters and docking showed that hydrophobic, electrostatic forces and hydrogen bond are the responsible of Cpx-Lyz and Lev-Lyz associations. Antimicrobial assays evidenced an antagonist effect of Lyz in acid medium while in neutral medium the FQs’ activities were not modified by Lyz.
Investigating the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid with Anthocyanins and Pyranoanthocyanins
Authors: Farr Jacob , Giusti M.
Published: March 2018

Juices colored by anthocyanins experience color loss related to fortification with ascorbic acid (AA), thought to be the result of condensation at Carbon-4 of anthocyanins. To further understand this mechanism, pyranoanthocyanins, having a fourth-ring covalently occupying Carbon-4, were synthesized to compare its reactivity with AA against that of anthocyanins. Pyranoanthocyanins were synthesized by combining chokeberry anthocyanins with pyruvic acid. AA (250–1000 mg/L) was added to either chokeberry extract, cyanidin-3-galactoside, or 5-Carboxypyranocyanidin-3-galactoside. Samples were stored in the dark for 5 days at 25 °C and spectra (380–700 nm), color (CIE-L*c*h*), and composition changes (HPLC-MS/MS) were monitored. Extensive bleaching occurred for cyanidin-3-galactoside and chokeberry colored solutions, with a decrease in half-lives from 22.8 to 0.3 days for Cyanidin-3-galactoside when 1000 mg/L AA was added. 5-Carboxypyranocyanidin-3-galactoside solution better maintained color with limited loss in absorbance, due to the formation of colored degradation products (λvis-max = 477 to 487 nm), and half-life decrease from 40.8 to 2.7 days, an 8–13-fold improvement compared to anthocyanins. This suggested alternative sites of reactivity with AA. Carbon-4 may be the preferred site for AA-pigment interactions, but it was not the only location. With Carbon-4 blocked, 5-Carboxypyranocyanidin-3-galactoside reacted with AA to form new pigments and reduce bleaching.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Axitinib Derivatives
Authors: Wei Na , Liang Jianqing , Peng Shengming , Sun Qiang , Dai Qiuyun , Dong Mingxin
Published: March 2018

Axitinib is an approved kinase inhibitor for the therapy of advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It prevents angiogenesis, cellular adhesion, and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Here, nine axitinib derivatives were designed by replacing the C=C moiety with the N=N group, and the substituted benzene or pyrrole analogs were considered to replace the pyridine ring. Biological activity results showed that most of nascent derivatives exhibited favorable VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitory activities, and TM6, 7, 9, and 11 behaved more potent anti-proliferative activities than axitinib. This novel series of compounds shows a potential for the treatment of solid tumors and other diseases where angiogenesis plays an important role.
1D Piezoelectric Material Based Nanogenerators: Methods, Materials and Property Optimization
Authors: Li Xing , Sun Mei , Wei Xianlong , Shan Chongxin , Chen Qing
Published: March 2018

Due to the enhanced piezoelectric properties, excellent mechanical properties and tunable electric properties, one-dimensional (1D) piezoelectric materials have shown their promising applications in nanogenerators (NG), sensors, actuators, electronic devices etc. To present a clear view about 1D piezoelectric materials, this review mainly focuses on the characterization and optimization of the piezoelectric properties of 1D nanomaterials, including semiconducting nanowires (NWs) with wurtzite and/or zinc blend phases, perovskite NWs and 1D polymers. Specifically, the piezoelectric coefficients, performance of single NW-based NG and structure-dependent electromechanical properties of 1D nanostructured materials can be respectively investigated through piezoresponse force microscopy, atomic force microscopy and the in-situ scanning/transmission electron microcopy. Along with the introduction of the mechanism and piezoelectric properties of 1D semiconductor, perovskite materials and polymers, their performance improvement strategies are summarized from the view of microstructures, including size-effect, crystal structure, orientation and defects. Finally, the extension of 1D piezoelectric materials in field effect transistors and optoelectronic devices are simply introduced.
Effect of Commercially Available Sugar-Sweetened Beverages on Subjective Appetite and Short-Term Food Intake in Girls
Authors: Bennett Lorianne , Totosy de Zepetnek Julia , Brett Neil , Poirier Kelly , Guo Qing , Rousseau Dérick , Bellissimo Nick
Published: March 2018

Background: The effect of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on satiety and short-term food intake (FI) regulation in girls has received little attention. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of pre-meal consumption of commercially available SSBs on subjective appetite and short-term FI in 9–14-year-old girls. The methods we used include using a randomized crossover design in which 28 girls consumed isovolumetric amounts (350 mL) of a fruit drink (154 kcal), cola (158 kcal), 1% chocolate milk (224 kcal), or water (control; 0 kcal) on four separate mornings. Subjective appetite and thirst were measured at regular intervals via visual analogue scales (VAS) and FI was assessed at 60 min post-beverage consumption. The results show that subjective appetite and thirst decreased after all beverages, but did not differ among beverages. Short-term FI was suppressed following consumption of chocolate milk (15%; p < 0.001) and cola (11%; p = 0.02) compared to the water control. However, cumulative energy intake (beverage (kcal) + test meal (kcal)) was not affected by beverage type. In conclusion, chocolate milk and cola, but not fruit drink, suppressed FI in girls while cumulative FI did not differ among treatments.
Dietary Intake of Magnesium or Calcium and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Wesselink Evertine , Winkels Renate , Van Baar Harm , Geijsen Anne , Van Zutphen Moniek , Van Halteren Henk , Hansson Bibi , Radema Sandra , De Wilt Johannes , Kampman Ellen , Kok Dieuwertje
Published: March 2018

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and severe side-effect in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study assessed the association between habitual dietary intake of magnesium or calcium and prevalence and severity of chronic CIPN in CRC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. For this prospective cohort study, 196 CRC patients were considered. Magnesium and calcium intake was determined using a food frequency questionnaire at diagnosis, during and after chemotherapy. Chronic CIPN was assessed 12 months after diagnosis using the quality of life questionnaire CIPN20. Prevalence ratios were calculated to assess the association between magnesium or calcium intake and the prevalence of CIPN. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between magnesium or calcium intake and severity of CIPN. CIPN was reported by 160 (82%) patients. Magnesium intake during chemotherapy was statistically significantly associated with lower prevalence of CIPN (prevalence ratio (PR) 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32, 0.92). Furthermore, higher dietary intake of magnesium during (β −1.08, 95% CI −1.95, −0.22) and after chemotherapy (β −0.93, 95% CI −1.81, −0.06) was associated with less severe CIPN. No associations were found for calcium intake and the prevalence and severity of CIPN. To conclude, we observed an association between higher dietary magnesium intake and lower prevalence and severity of CIPN in CRC patients.
Association between Maternal and Foetal Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles and Birth Weight
Authors: Cinelli Giulia , Fabrizi Marta , Ravà Lucilla , Signore Fabrizio , Vernocchi Pamela , Semeraro Michela , Vallone Cristina , Lanciotti Rosalba , Ciofi degli Atti Marta , Manco Melania
Published: March 2018

Regular foetal development is crucial for assuring good health status in the offspring. The quality and quantity of maternal dietary fatty acids (FAs) can affect growth. The study aimed to: (1) investigate the association of maternal/foetal lipid profiles with birth weight (BW); and (2) compare these profiles in small, appropriate, and large for gestational age (SGA, AGA, and LGA) infants. FAs were measured in erythrocyte membranes using gas chromatography analysis in 607 mother–infant pairs (316 males, 52.1%). In the quantile regression, a significant association between BW and levels of maternal linoleic acid (LA; C18:2, n-6; coefficient: 18.66; p = 0.010), arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4, n-6; coefficient: 11.35; p = 0.007), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6, n-3; coefficient: 29.73; p = 0.007), polyunsaturated FAs (coefficient: 8.55; p = 0.001), foetal DHA (coefficient: −22.82; p = 0.037), and saturated FAs (coefficient: −65.41; p = 0.002) was found. Myristic (C14:0) and pentadecanoic acids (C15:0), both maternal (p = 0.000; p = 0.017) and foetal (p = 0.009; p = 0.002), and maternal erucic acid (C22:1, n-9; p = 0.026) were found at higher levels in SGA infants as compared to AGA ones. Conversely, maternal LA, AA, and omega 6 FAs levels were higher in AGA infants (p = 0.037; p = 0.003; p = 0.026, respectively). Maternal and foetal polyunsaturated and omega 6 FAs levels are positively related to BW, while a lipid profile rich in saturated FAs and erucic acid may influence the risk of SGA.
Simultaneous Chandra and VLA Observations of the Transitional Millisecond Pulsar PSR J1023+0038: Anti-correlated X-Ray and Radio Variability
Authors: Bogdanov Slavko , Deller Adam T. , Miller-Jones James C. A. , Archibald Anne M. , Hessels Jason W. T. , Jaodand Amruta , Patruno Alessandro , Bassa Cees , D’Angelo Caroline
Published: March 2018

We present coordinated Chandra X-ray Observatory and Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array observations of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038 in its low-luminosity accreting state. The unprecedented five hours of strictly simultaneous X-ray and radio continuum coverage for the first time unambiguously show a highly reproducible, anti-correlated variability pattern. The characteristic switches from the X-ray high mode into a low mode are always accompanied by a radio brightening with a duration that closely matches the X-ray low mode interval. This behavior cannot be explained by a canonical inflow/outflow accretion model where the radiated emission and the jet luminosity are powered by, and positively correlated with, the available accretion energy. We interpret this phenomenology as alternating episodes of low-level accretion onto the neutron star during the X-ray high mode that are interrupted by rapid ejections of plasma by the active rotation-powered pulsar, possibly initiated by a reconfiguration of the pulsar magnetosphere, that cause a transition to a less X-ray luminous mode. The observed anti-correlation between radio and X-ray luminosity has an additional consequence: transitional MSPs can make excursions into a region of the radio/X-ray luminosity plane previously thought to be occupied solely by black hole X-ray binary sources. This complicates the use of this luminosity relation for identifying candidate black holes, suggesting the need for additional discriminants when attempting to establish the true nature of the accretor.
Quantifying Feedback from Narrow Line Region Outflows in Nearby Active Galaxies. I. Spatially Resolved Mass Outflow Rates for the Seyfert 2 Galaxy Markarian 573∗
†
Authors: Revalski M. , Crenshaw D. M. , Kraemer S. B. , Fischer T. C. , Schmitt H. R. , Machuca C.
Published: March 2018

We present the first spatially resolved mass outflow rate measurements (

) of the optical emission line gas in the narrow line region (NLR) of a Seyfert 2 galaxy, Markarian 573. Using long slit spectra and [O iii] imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope and Apache Point Observatory in conjunction with emission line diagnostics and Cloudy photoionization models, we find a peak outflow rate of

at a distance of 210 pc from the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). The outflow extends to distances of 600 pc from the nucleus with a total mass and kinetic energy of M ≈ 2.2 × 106
M
⊙ and E ≈ 5.1 × 1054 erg, revealing the outflows to be more energetic than those in the lower luminosity Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. The peak outflow rate is an order of magnitude larger than the mass accretion and nuclear outflow rates, indicating local in situ acceleration of the circumnuclear NLR gas. We compare these results to global techniques that quantify an average outflow rate across the NLR, and find the latter are subject to larger uncertainties. These results indicate that spatially resolved observations are critical for probing AGN feedback on scales where circumnuclear star formation occurs.
The Three-dimensional Spatial Distribution of Interstellar Gas in the Milky Way: Implications for Cosmic Rays and High-energy Gamma-ray Emissions
Authors: Jóhannesson Guđlaugur , Porter Troy A. , Moskalenko Igor V.
Published: March 2018

Direct measurements of cosmic ray (CR) species combined with observations of their associated γ-ray emissions can be used to constrain models of CR propagation, trace the structure of the Galaxy, and search for signatures of new physics. The spatial density distribution of interstellar gas is a vital element for all these studies. So far, models have employed the 2D cylindrically symmetric geometry, but their accuracy is well behind that of the available data. In this paper, 3D spatial density models for neutral and molecular hydrogen are constructed based on empirical model fitting to gas line-survey data. The developed density models incorporate spiral arms and account for the warping of the disk, and the increasing gas scale height with radial distance from the Galactic center. They are employed together with the GALPROP CR propagation code to investigate how the new 3D gas models affect calculations of CR propagation and high-energy γ-ray intensity maps. The calculations reveal non-trivial features that are directly related to the new gas models. The best-fit values for propagation model parameters employing 3D gas models are presented and they differ significantly from those derived with the 2D gas density models that have been widely used. The combination of 3D CR and gas density models provide a more realistic basis for the interpretation of non-thermal emissions from the Galaxy.
XMM-Newton Survey of Local O vii Absorption Lines in the Spectra of Galactic X-Ray Sources
Authors: Luo Yang , Fang Taotao , Ma Renyi
Published: March 2018

The detection of highly ionized metal absorption lines in the X-ray spectra of the Galactic X-ray binaries (XRBs) implies the distribution of hot gas along the sightline toward the background sources. However, the origin of this hot gas is still unclear: it can arise in the hot interstellar medium (ISM), or is intrinsic to the XRBs. In this paper, we present an XMM-Newton survey of the O vii absorption lines in the spectra of Galactic XRBs. A total of 33 XRBs were selected, with 29 low-mass XRBs and 4 high-mass XRBs. At a more than 3σ threshold, O vii absorption line was detected in 16 targets, among which 4 were newly discovered in this work. The average line equivalent width is centered around ∼20 mÅ. Additionally, we do not find strong correlations between the O vii EWs and the Galactic neutral absorption N
H, the Galactic coordinates, or the distance of background targets. Such non-correlation may suggest contamination of the circumstellar material, or a lack of constraints on the line Doppler-b parameter. We also find that regardless of the direction of the XRBs, the O vii absorption lines are always detected when the flux of the background XRBs reaches a certain level, suggesting a uniform distribution of this hot gas. We estimate a ratio of 0.004–0.4 between the hot and neutral phases of the ISM. This is the second paper in the series following Fang et al. (2015), in which we focused on the local O vii absorption lines detected in the background AGN spectra. Detailed modeling of the hot ISM distribution will be investigated in a future paper.
In Situ Observation of Intermittent Dissipation at Kinetic Scales in the Earth's Magnetosheath
Authors: Chasapis Alexandros , Matthaeus W. H. , Parashar T. N. , Wan M. , Haggerty C. C. , Pollock C. J. , Giles B. L. , Paterson W. R. , Dorelli J. , Gershman D. J. , Torbert R. B. , Russell C. T. , Lindqvist P.-A. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Moore T. E. , Ergun R. E. , Burch J. L.
Published: March 2018

We present a study of signatures of energy dissipation at kinetic scales in plasma turbulence based on observations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) in the Earth’s magnetosheath. Using several intervals, and taking advantage of the high-resolution instrumentation on board MMS, we compute and discuss several statistical measures of coherent structures and heating associated with electrons, at previously unattainable scales in space and time. We use the multi-spacecraft Partial Variance of Increments (PVI) technique to study the intermittent structure of the magnetic field. Furthermore, we examine a measure of dissipation and its behavior with respect to the PVI as well as the current density. Additionally, we analyze the evolution of the anisotropic electron temperature and non-Maxwellian features of the particle distribution function. From these diagnostics emerges strong statistical evidence that electrons are preferentially heated in subproton-scale regions of strong electric current density, and this heating is preferentially in the parallel direction relative to the local magnetic field. Accordingly, the conversion of magnetic energy into electron kinetic energy occurs more strongly in regions of stronger current density, a finding consistent with several kinetic plasma simulation studies and hinted at by prior studies using lower resolution Cluster observations.
Determination of Differential Emission Measure from Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Images
Authors: Su Yang , Veronig Astrid M. , Hannah Iain G. , Cheung Mark C. M. , Dennis Brian R. , Holman Gordon D. , Gan Weiqun , Li Youping
Published: March 2018

The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) has been providing high-cadence, high-resolution, full-disk UV-visible/extreme ultraviolet (EUV) images since 2010, with the best time coverage among all the solar missions. A number of codes have been developed to extract plasma differential emission measures (DEMs) from AIA images. Although widely used, they cannot effectively constrain the DEM at flaring temperatures with AIA data alone. This often results in much higher X-ray fluxes than observed. One way to solve the problem is by adding more constraint from other data sets (such as soft X-ray images and fluxes). However, the spatial information of plasma DEMs are lost in many cases. In this Letter, we present a different approach to constrain the DEMs. We tested the sparse inversion code and show that the default settings reproduce X-ray fluxes that could be too high. Based on the tests with both simulated and observed AIA data, we provided recommended settings of basis functions and tolerances. The new DEM solutions derived from AIA images alone are much more consistent with (thermal) X-ray observations, and provide valuable information by mapping the thermal plasma from ∼0.3 to ∼30 MK. Such improvement is a key step in understanding the nature of individual X-ray sources, and particularly important for studies of flare initiation.
Resonant Drag Instability of Grains Streaming in Fluids
Authors: Squire J. , Hopkins P. F.
Published: March 2018

We show that grains streaming through a fluid are generically unstable if their velocity, projected along some direction, matches the phase velocity of a fluid wave (linear oscillation). This can occur whenever grains stream faster than any fluid wave. The wave itself can be quite general—sound waves, magnetosonic waves, epicyclic oscillations, and Brunt–Väisälä oscillations each generate instabilities, for example. We derive a simple expression for the growth rates of these “resonant drag instabilities” (RDI). This expression (i) illustrates why such instabilities are so virulent and generic and (ii) allows for simple analytic computation of RDI growth rates and properties for different fluids. As examples, we introduce several new instabilities, which could see application across a variety of physical systems from atmospheres to protoplanetary disks, the interstellar medium, and galactic outflows. The matrix-based resonance formalism we introduce can also be applied more generally in other (nonfluid) contexts, providing a simple means for calculating and understanding the stability properties of interacting systems.
Dual Phase-space Cascades in 3D Hybrid-Vlasov–Maxwell Turbulence
Authors: Cerri S. S. , Kunz M. W. , Califano F.
Published: March 2018

To explain energy dissipation via turbulence in collisionless, magnetized plasmas, the existence of a dual real- and velocity-space cascade of ion-entropy fluctuations below the ion gyroradius has been proposed. Such a dual cascade, predicted by the gyrokinetic theory, has previously been observed in gyrokinetic simulations of two-dimensional, electrostatic turbulence. For the first time, we show evidence for a dual phase-space cascade of ion-entropy fluctuations in a three-dimensional simulation of hybrid-kinetic, electromagnetic turbulence. Some of the scalings observed in the energy spectra are consistent with a generalized theory for the cascade that accounts for the spectral anisotropy of critically balanced, intermittent, sub-ion-Larmor-scale fluctuations. The observed velocity-space cascade is also anisotropic with respect to the magnetic-field direction, with linear phase mixing along magnetic-field lines proceeding mainly at spatial scales above the ion gyroradius and nonlinear phase mixing across magnetic-field lines proceeding at perpendicular scales below the ion gyroradius. Such phase-space anisotropy could be sought in heliospheric and magnetospheric data of solar-wind turbulence and has far-reaching implications for the dissipation of turbulence in weakly collisional astrophysical plasmas.
In Memoriam: Professor Iya Kiknadze (1930–2017)
Authors: Michailova Paraskeva , Kuznetsova Valentina , Grozeva Snejana , Ilkova Julia , Petrova Ninel
Published: March 2018

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David et Bethsabée : les raisons d’un récit. Étude narrative et théologique de 2 Samuel 11−12 (1)
Authors: de Vulpillières Sylvie
Published: March 2018

2 S 11‒12 montre, sous forme de récit, comment le péché fonctionne, amenant ses victimes à convoiter, mentir et tuer. On ne sort de cet emprisonnement que par l’intervention de Dieu. Ce premier article expose la cohérence narrative de l’épisode. Une seconde partie mesurera l’importance de ce diptyque en son contexte littéraire.
Trends and Risk Factors for 1-Year Revision of the Latarjet Procedure: The New York State Experience During the Past Decade
Authors: Paoli Albit R. , Pickell Michael , Mahure Siddharth A. , McAllister Delon , Mai David H. , Alaia Michael J. , Virk Mandeep S. , Campbell Kirk A.
Published: March 2018

Little research has been conducted evaluating surgical trends during the past 10 years and subsequent procedure risk factors for patients undergoing bone-blocking procedures for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database was queried between 2003 and 2014 to identify patients undergoing soft tissue or bone-blocking procedures for anterior shoulder instability in New York. Patient demographics and 1-year subsequent procedures were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify 1-year subsequent procedure risk factors. From 2003 through 2014, a total of 540 patients had Latarjet procedures performed. During this period, the volume of Latarjet procedures increased by 950%, from 12 procedures in 2003 to 126 procedures in 2014. The volume of open Bankart repairs declined by 77%; arthroscopic Bankart repairs fluctuated, being up (328%) between 2003 and 2012 and then down (6%) between 2012 and 2014. Of the 540 patients, 2.4% (13 of 540) required intervention for recurrent shoulder instability events. Age older than 20 years and workers' compensation were identified as independent risk factors for reoperation. The number of bone-blocking procedures, such as the Latarjet, has increased by nearly 1000% during the past decade in New York. Only 2.4% (13 of 540) of the patients had subsequent shoulder instability interventions. [
Orthopedics
. 2018; 41(3):e389–e394.]
The Role of Aspirin and Unfractionated Heparin Combination Therapy Immediately After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Sobh Ali H. , Koueiter Denise M. , Mells Anthony , Siljander Matthew P. , Karadsheh Mark S.
Published: March 2018

Aspirin and unfractionated heparin (UH) are accepted options for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The use of aspirin in addition to UH in preventing VTE after TJA has yet to be studied. The primary objective of this study was to determine VTE rates in patients receiving aspirin monotherapy and those receiving aspirin and UH combination therapy immediately following TJA. A TJA database from a single hospital system was retrospectively reviewed to identify all patients who underwent primary hip or knee arthroplasty from 2013 to 2016. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on postoperative VTE chemoprophylaxis: aspirin only, aspirin with 1 dose of UH, and aspirin with multiple doses of UH. There were 5350 patients included: 1024 aspirin only, 1695 aspirin plus 1 dose of UH, and 2631 aspirin plus multiple doses of UH. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolus rates did not vary significantly between groups (deep venous thrombosis: 1.1%, 0.9%, and 1.2%, respectively,
P
=.701; pulmonary embolus: 0.3%, 0.3%, and 0.2%, respectively,
P
=.894). Transfusion rates were significantly greater with 1 dose of UH (1.8%) and multiple doses of UH (4.3%) compared with aspirin only (0.9%) (
P
<.001). Additionally, the postoperative hemoglobin decreased significantly more postoperatively with the use of UH (
P
<.001). Aspirin and UH combination therapy did not decrease VTE incidence compared with aspirin monotherapy. Additionally, there was greater perioperative blood loss and an increased rate of blood transfusion in patients receiving UH. On the basis of these findings, the authors do not recommend UH as an additional mode of VTE prophylaxis when prescribing aspirin after elective TJA. [
Orthopedics
. 2018; 41(3):171–176.]
Restructuring of Rural Governance in a Rapidly Growing Resource Town: The Case of Kitimat, BC, Canada
Authors: Ryser Laura , Halseth Greg , Markey Sean
Published: March 2018

A new era of industrial development is unfolding in resource-dependent regions. In Canada, the local government context in these regions, however, is very different now than when industrial resource development expanded in the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing upon our case study in Kitimat, British Columbia, we highlight transformations associated with neoliberal policies that have affected rural governance. Neoliberal public policy shifts include wider changes where the state has become less involved in program and infrastructure investments in resource-dependent communities. Even as this political economy continues to evolve, past neoliberal policy responses continue to restrict local supports, while also failing to provide a comprehensive strategy to guide rapidly changing communities. In Kitimat, this has prompted a variety of responses emblematic of a shift from government to governance. The town has become more entrepreneurial and innovative to strengthen and diversify their economy. The abandonment of top-down policy levers has prompted community groups to pursue a greater voice in decision-making by opening up public participation in new planning and development processes. While new rural governance arrangements have provided positive and proactive contributions to emerging pressures, concerns persist about the long-term viability of these structures without a renewed vision, and accompanying policy, from senior governments to support rural communities and regions.
Gouvernance territoriale de l’environnement et conflits d’usage. Le cas du bassin versant du lac de Tota (Boyacá, Andes colombiennes)
Authors: Leroy David , Malaxechebaría Alvaro Martín Gutiérrez , Antoine Jean-Marc , Angéliaume-Descamps Alexandra
Published: March 2018

Cette contribution a pour objectif de montrer que les conflits jouent un rôle essentiel dans les processus de gouvernance territoriale de l’environnement. Elle s’appuie sur l’étude de cas du bassin versant du lac de Tota, plus grand lac de Colombie, aujourd’hui menacé par le développement de plusieurs activités économiques, et en particulier par la culture intensive de la ciboule. Dans un contexte de surexploitation et de pollution de l’eau du lac, on assiste depuis quelques années à l’exacerbation de conflits environnementaux entre des acteurs dont les intérêts divergents s’affirment un peu plus chaque jour : communautés rurales, autorités environnementales, association environnementale (Montecito). Révélateurs des mutations profondes de ce territoire, ces conflits vont contribuer à la prise en compte des problèmes environnementaux et permettre aux différents acteurs d’infléchir des décisions. Toutefois, la mise en place de nouvelles formes de coordination entre ces acteurs reste encore une importante source d’oppositions. En témoigne la concurrence entre deux structures de gouvernance (Mesa de trabajo Permanente et Consejo de Cuenca) qui met en lumière les rapports de pouvoir entre les pouvoirs publics et la société civile.
Les eaux d’irrigation du Haouz de Marrakech : un siècle de confrontations des modèles de gestion publics, privés et communautaires
Authors: Ruf Thierry , Kleiche-Dray Mina
Published: March 2018

Dans le monde de l’irrigation, la région de Marrakech est connue pour l’ancienneté et la complexité de réseaux de canaux de surface, les seguias, alimentés par les oueds du Haut Atlas et de réseaux de galeries drainantes, les khettaras, qui ramènent en surface les eaux de la nappe phréatique. Dans les années 1970, la gestion de ces ouvrages hydrauliques suivait différents modèles : la gestion coutumière, el ‘urf, qui a subi des modifications à la fois du temps du protectorat et après l’indépendance, la gestion publique initiée par le protectorat puis élaborée à partir de barrages et de transferts d’eau réalisés par l’État marocain indépendant et la gestion privée liée aux décisions d’exploitation prises par des investisseurs pour pomper directement dans la nappe. Quarante ans après les travaux du sociologue Paul Pascon sur la société composite du Haouz de Marrakech, nous avons cherché ici dans la même veine à comprendre les évolutions spatiales et historiques de ces modèles de gestion, en particulier dans l’aire d’action de l’Office régional de mise en valeur agricole du Haouz, dont P. Pascon fut l’un des premiers directeurs. L’étude a porté sur trois hydro-systèmes, celui de la Tessaout, du Haouz Central et du N’Fis dont les trajectoires diffèrent. Elle conjugue l’approche géographique précise des réseaux et l’analyse historique grâce aux archives anciennes que l’ORMVAH conserve à Marrakech. En instituant un service hydraulique d’État, le protectorat a figé les droits d’eau anciens pour en définir de nouveaux au profit des colons. Nonobstant, si les khettaras ont disparu par tarissement général du fait de la la surexploitation de la nappe, de nombreuses seguias communautaires continuent de fonctionner en 2018, sauf dans la Tessaout où l’administration marocaine a joué sur la rupture totale avec l’ancienne trame hydraulique et foncière. Le Haouz central dispose d’un outil hydraulique nouveau, le canal de Rocade, dont la gestion par quotas ne permet pas de répondre aux besoins des cultures irriguées. Cela a incité ceux qui en avaient les moyens à multiplier les forages dans une concurrence effrénée. Le N’Fis est l’archétype du maintien de la gestion plurielle du Haouz, où différents réseaux anciens et modernes se superposent pour gérer des eaux régulées publiques et communautaires, des eaux non régulées communautaires et des systèmes d’extraction privés dans la nappe. Nous montrons ici que tous ces réseaux continuent à être interdépendants malgré une absence de conciliation entre les différents acteurs. Cependant, leurs fonctionnements efficaces, justes et durables n’ont pu émerger ni dans la démarche bureaucratique historique, ni dans la course d’accaparement privée en cours aujourd’hui. Construire des communautés d’usagers de l’eau agricole sur la trame géographique des réseaux et prenant en compte leurs singularités historiques est un chantier encore à mener.
Passeurs de savoirs Géoconfluences, le site de ressources scientifiques géographiques en ligne, a 15 ans
Authors: Bouron Jean-Benoît , Doceul Marie-Christine , Le Gall Julie , Tabarly Sylviane
Published: March 2018

Géoconfluences, le site de ressources scientifiques géographiques en ligne fête ses 15 ans ! Quelques chiffres donnent le vertige : 2 000 ressources dont plus de 300 articles scientifiques, 1,7 million de visites et 3,3 millions de pages vues en 2017, 20 millions de pages vues depuis 2003. Hébergé à l’École normale supérieure de Lyon pour la Direction générale de l’enseignement scolaire (DGESCO) et associé à son équipe d’enseignants en géographie, le site a pour mission de faciliter l’accès aux connaissances universitaires pour la formation continue des enseignants en géographie. Au-delà cette mission initiale, le site est devenu une référence en géographie. En revenant sur ce qui fait et a fait la particularité et la success story du site, cet article d’Échogéo révèle les dessous du métier de géographes dédiés à la médiation scientifique par l’intermédiaire d’une ressource numérique. Une aventure contée par trois « passeurs de savoirs » : Sylviane Tabarly, Marie-Christine Doceul et Jean-Benoît Bouron, qui se sont succédé à la responsabilité éditoriale du site depuis 2002, date à laquelle le projet a commencé (le site a été mis en ligne la première fois en février 2003).
Novel Anti-Inflammatory Peptides Based on Chemokine–Glycosaminoglycan Interactions Reduce Leukocyte Migration and Disease Severity in a Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: McNaughton Emily F. , Eustace Andrew D. , King Sophie , Sessions Richard B. , Kay Alasdair , Farris Michele , Broadbridge Robert , Kehoe Oksana , Kungl Andreas J. , Middleton Jim
Published: March 2018

Inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes from the circulation and into the inflamed area. Leukocytes are guided throughout this process by chemokines. These are basic proteins that interact with leukocytes to initiate their activation and extravasation via chemokine receptors. This is enabled through chemokine immobilization by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) at the luminal endothelial surface of blood vessels. A specific stretch of basic amino acids on the chemokine, often at the C terminus, interacts with the negatively charged GAGs, which is considered an essential interaction for the chemokine function. Short-chain peptides based on this GAG-binding region of the chemokines CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL12γ were synthesized using standard Fmoc chemistry. These peptides were found to bind to GAGs with high affinity, which translated into a reduction of leukocyte migration across a cultured human endothelial monolayer in response to chemokines. The leukocyte migration was inhibited upon removal of heparan sulfate from the endothelial surface and was found to reduce the ability of the chemokine and peptide to bind to endothelial cells in binding assays and to human rheumatoid arthritis tissue. The data suggest that the peptide competes with the wild-type chemokine for binding to GAGs such as HS and thereby reduces chemokine presentation and subsequent leukocyte migration. Furthermore, the lead peptide based on CXCL8 could reduce the disease severity and serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in a murine Ag-induced arthritis model. Taken together, evidence is provided for interfering with the chemokine–GAG interaction as a relevant therapeutic approach.
I soggetti vulnerabili nella ricerca clinica europea: dalla Convenzione di Oviedo al Regolamento (UE) N. 536/2014 / Vulnerable subjects in European clinical research: from the Oviedo Convention to Regulation (EU) No 536/2014
Authors: Rimedio Antonio
Published: March 2018

Il confronto tra la Convenzione di Oviedo e il Regolamento (UE) N. 536/2014 ha consentito di strutturare lo “standard etico-giuridico” europeo relativo alle misure di protezione dei soggetti vulnerabili coinvolti nelle sperimentazioni cliniche. Tale standard è stato analizzato seguendo il filo conduttore dei tre principi fondamentali della ricerca, enunciati dal Belmont Report: rispetto per la persona, beneficialità e giustizia. Le discrepanze riscontrate al suo interno hanno fatto emergere le criticità di talune categorie di base, ad esempio la distinzione tra beneficio diretto o beneficio sul gruppo e la nozione del rischio minimo. A 20 anni di distanza dalla Convenzione di Oviedo, documento di riferimento della bioetica europea ed internazionale, viene argomentata la necessità di ripensare criticamente quella dimensione “difensiva” della vulnerabilità, che prevale nella normativa europea e occidentale. ---------- The comparison between the Oviedo Convention and the Regulation (EU) No. 536/2014 has allowed to discover and structure the European “ethical-legal standard” on the protection measures for vulnerable subjects involved in clinical trials. This standard was analyzed following the three fundamental principles of research, as outlined by the Belmont Report: respect for persons, beneficence and justice. The discrepancies found inside have highlighted the criticalities of some basic categories, such as the distinction between direct benefit or benefit on the group and the notion of minimal risk. Twenty years after the Oviedo Convention, a reference document for European and international bioethics, there is a need to rethink critically the “defensive” dimension of vulnerability, that prevails in European and Western legislation.