bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O MEIO AMBIENTE COMO DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL DECORRENTE DO DIREITO À VIDA
Authors: Ferreira Adriano Fernandes , Filó Maíra Salem , Alencar  Maria Gabriela Gomes
Published: February 2023

O presente trabalho propõe dissertar sobre o meio ambiente como direito fundamental decorrente do direito à vida, bem como elaborar acerca da educação ambiental como estratégia de conscientização para se obter um meio ecologicamente equilibrado. Esse trabalho será realizado por meio de uma análise de referencial teórico e legislativo ao observar a presença do direito à vida no rol constitucional e internacional de direitos fundamentais de forma crítica, tendo caráter qualitativo. É relevante que toda sociedade e o Poder Público trabalhe em conjunto com esses planos estratégicos de modo a conscientizar a população, fiscalizando, solucionando conflitos e até sancionando aqueles que causarem danos, ou ainda, realizando isso através da criação de um Tribunal Internacional Ambiental.
COMO OS PROFISSIONAIS DA COMUNICAÇÃO DIFERENCIAM A PRODUÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO PERANTE A DIVERSIDADE DAS REDES SOCIAIS
Authors: Mucedola Raíssa , Carvalho Enderson Rodrigues de , Silva Adriana Duarte de Souza Carvalho da
Published: February 2023

Diante do desenvolvimento das tecnologias e o novo formato de consumo de notícias, produtos e serviços, os profissionais da comunicação se adequaram às novas produções de conteúdos, principalmente para as redes sociais. Ressaltando a perspectiva sobre as diversas redes sociais, este presente estudo se propõe identificar o quanto estes profissionais possuem o conhecimento para diferenciar a produção de conteúdo. Integrando os resultados da pesquisa realizada com os profissionais da comunicação, o objetivo foi compreender a percepção dos profissionais da comunicação em relação às personas da marca/produto e o conteúdo ideal nas redes sociais.
LOGÍSTICA E SUA PARTICULARIDADE NO ASPECTO DO TRANSPORTE E DISTRIBUIÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Melo Nedilson José Gomes de , Guerra Avaetê de Lunetta e Rodrigues
Published: February 2023

A logística de transporte e distribuição sofreu várias transformações ao longo dos tempos com finalidade de atender as necessidades e exigências da sociedade em constante e plena evolução. O presente trabalho contextualiza estudo de caso conduzido numa empresa de transportes localizada no estado de Pernambuco. O estudo aponta situação vivenciada rotineiramente pela falta de conservação de rodovias e entraves na liberação de carga em postos fiscais no país. A pesquisa contou com visitas in loco e aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas nas dependências da instituição. Os resultados obtidos foram suficientes para elencar os problemas enfrentados pela empresa. Soluções sugeridas foram apontadas como possíveis meios de mitigar as dificuldades. Foram sugeridos leilões de concessão de trechos de rodovias e estradas para empresas especializadas em conservação e o sistema informático integrado como objetivo de agilizar os entraves nos postos fiscais.
CONTRIBUIÇÃO TOCANTINENSE PARA A AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR
Authors: Lima Raquel Aparecida Mendes
Published: February 2023

A agricultura familiar brasileira está responsável pela a maior parte da produção mundial de alimentos. O estado do Tocantins, último a ser criado no território, tem o seu desenvolvimento socioeconômico pautado quase que, exclusivamente na agricultura de pequeno e médio porte, e permite alavancar a economia e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Este estudo objetivou analisar a situação com que a agricultura tem sido desenvolvida por grupos familiares e a sua representatividade com ênfase nos desafios e perspectivas. Para tanto, almejou-se uma abordagem quantitativa da população dependente da agricultura familiar do Tocantins, diagnosticar os desafios e as perspectivas enfrentados por esses agricultores familiares, assim como discutir a importância do cenário tocantinense para esse ramo do agronegócio. O estudo foi realizado por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas, física e digital, com análise documental de informações e dados oriundos do acervo bibliográfico de trabalhos de conclusão de cursos, do Instituto Federal do Tocantins – IFTO. As palavras-chave utilizadas nas buscas, foram: agricultura, familiar, Tocantins. Com base nos resultados obtidos identificou-se que 80% das explorações agrícolas são do tipo familiar e no Tocantins possui 63,8 mil estabelecimentos agrícolas, com área média de 15,2 hectares. Os produtos mais comercializados são hortaliças, e a carne bovina correspondendo a 42% das criações. Com relação a produção extrativista é atividade mais relevante com 41%. Considera-se que a agricultura familiar é de grande importância para o estado do Tocantins e representa a sobrevivência de muitas famílias.
O EFEITO DO MÉTODO CANGURU SOBRE OS PARÂMETROS CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIOS E SINTOMATOLOGIA DA DOR EM NEONATOS PREMATUROS
Authors: Bassani Izabele , Candido Joice Fernanda , Souza Priscila Assumpção de , Silva Viviana Rugolo Oliveira e , Antunes Letícia Cláudia de Oliveira , Rugolo Ligia Maria Suppo
Published: February 2023

Introdução: O método canguru (MC) é um recurso de assistência humanizada com vários benefícios nas situações estressantes e dolorosas do prematuro em UTI neonatal, porém não está estabelecido seu efeito fisiológico imediato na ausência de procedimento doloroso ou estressante. Objetivo: Avaliar os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e escala de dor em prematuros da UTIN durante a realização do método canguru. Método: Estudo observacional tipo antes e depois, com recém-nascidos prematuros internados na UTIN do HC da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu/SP - UNESP, no período de julho a novembro de 2022. Foi avaliado o efeito do MC na frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, saturação periférica de oxigênio e sinais de dor pela escala NFCS em 3 momentos: antes, após 10 e 60 minutos de realização do método. Os dados foram comparados nos 3 momentos de avaliação por meio de análise de variância univariada para medidas repetidas, com significância em 5%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 32 prematuros com idade gestacional média de 30 semanas e média de peso ao nascer de 1480g.  No dia da realização do MC 40% recebiam assistência respiratória não invasiva. Após 10 minutos do MC houve significativa redução da FC, FR e pontuação da NFCS, bem como aumento da saturação de O2. Esses efeitos benéficos persistiram com 60 minutos, exceto a FC. Dos 13 prematuros que apresentavam sinais de dor antes do MC, apenas um persistiu aos 10 minutos de MC e nenhum aos 60 minutos. Conclusão: Houve benefícios imediatos do método canguru nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e na dor de prematuros.
SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO AUTOMATIZADA PARA ESTUFAS DE CULTIVO DE TOMATE UTILIZANDO A PLATAFORMA ARDUINO
Authors: Siqueira Adison Soares de , Ferreira Alex Franco
Published: February 2023

Conforme a relevância da economia no Brasil, o tomate é cultivado em muitos lugares do país por motivo do valor elevado nos supermercados em geral. Para tal cultivo faz-se necessário um grande volume hídrico. O uso da tecnologia de informação teve um aumento satisfatório no setor agrícola, atualmente realizam-se inúmeros estudos com objetivo e foco em facilitar o manejo e aumentar a produtividade das culturas, a instalação dessa tecnologia no campo é “agricultura de precisão”. Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender o sistema de irrigação automatizado através da plataforma Arduino, em face do conceito dos mesmos com o desenvolvimento de um protótipo desse sistema de irrigação automatizado. Atualmente, no Brasil encontram-se várias formas de tecnologias disponíveis voltadas para o meio agrícola, mas, trata-se de tecnologias de custo alto exigindo um investimento elevado, não permitindo que agricultores de pequeno e médio porte possam ter livre acesso a essas novas formas de trabalho. A irrigação tornou-se uma das tecnologias mais operadas pelos agricultores, uma vez que tendo chuva ou não, asseguram aos produtores uma safra uniforme diminuindo os riscos de perdas por falta de água. De acordo com o emprego dessas tecnologias analisadas e estudadas, efetivou-se um protótipo de sistema de irrigação utilizando a plataforma Arduino, onde os sensores adquirem as informações do solo enviadas ao Arduino que por sua vez manipula uma bomba hidráulica responsável por irrigar o solo monitorado pelo sensor. Após os testes realizados com o protótipo notou-se, claramente, o controle do processamento do Arduino e a precisão na coleta de dados realizada pelo sensor.
PRÁTICAS, EDUCAÇÃO E NATUREZA – COMPROMISSO COM O ENSINO- APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: Almeida Flávia Silva de , Coutinho Diógenes José Gusmão
Published: February 2023

cumprimento envolve uma dinámica em grupo concebida pelo educador, que desperta o interesse do educando através das práticas na Educação para proporcionar o ensino aprendizagem. O objetivo é analisar as práticas da educação na natureza. Na natureza o ser é envolvido por experiências a partir do primeiro contato físico com o meio natural, assim é despertado o conhecimento de mundo dos envolvidos, pois relaciona o significando das teorías apresentadas, contudo o educador motivado e com conteúdos bem elaborados tem meios mais eficazes para conduzir seu objetivo com louvor e para romper a Educação conservacionista (tradicional) e contemplar a Educação experencial. O objetivo específico é observar as práticas sobre a natureza para além da sala de aula. A justificativa é verificar a contribuição da educação na vida do cidadão através do ensino sobre a natureza. No contexto escolar, nas aulas ao ar livre e com as experiências de mundo dos educandos é composta por uma trilogia para discussão dos aspectos que contemplam o compromiso com o ensino aprendizagem, assim proporcionando reflexões a cerca das práticas educativas, bem como a escolha da didática mais apropriada para realidade do grupo em questão. “Como tem sido realizada as práticas educativas no compromisso com o ensino sobre a natureza?”, “Qual a necessidade de mudanças e envolvimento da educação diante das práticas da escola na natureza? Contextualizando as hipóteses do referido texto, algumas práticas educativas ainda que tradicionais afastam o educando da interação com o meio natural. As posturas dos educadores são ecléticas, assim desperdiçando a oportunidade de um trabalho interdisciplinar real, através das orientações do planejamento realizado pelo grupo de profissionais. Baseado nas proposições de Barba (2016) estudar o meio ambiente (recursos naturais) no ambiente escolar é algo inusitado, pois ainda não tem um grande número de adesão por parte do grupo da educação, assim o autor chama de “déficit de natureza”.
EDUCAÇÃO FINANCEIRA, A FERRAMENTA DE INCLUSÃO NO ENSINO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS PARA CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM FUTURO SEGURO: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Authors: Borges Neto Alcides Coelho , Victer Eline das Flores
Published: February 2023

Como as pessoas têm dificuldades em gerir suas finanças, o endividamento das famílias vem aumentando e isso tem um impacto negativo na saúde financeira. Dessa forma, a educação financeira é um recurso extremamente útil, especialmente para os estudantes da modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) que já estão inseridos no mercado de trabalho. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo evidenciar a importância da educação financeira para alunos da EJA, visando melhorar sua qualidade de vida e entendimento de assuntos ligados às finanças pessoais e profissionais. Esta pesquisa qualitativa busca fornecer aos alunos e à comunidade escolar métodos adequados para a reflexão e o aprendizado sobre o conceito de Educação Financeira, com o foco nos estudantes da EJA.
Cartographier des flux et des mouvements
Authors: BAHOKEN Françoise
Published: February 2023

Ce chapitre porte sur cartographie des flux et des mouvements en proposant une synthèse de cette question. Cette contribution revient sur les éléments de construction de ces cartes d’un type particulier et les enjeux de communication associés à l’aune des évolutions techniques. Elle s’appuie sur un travail de multireprésentation cartographique autour des flux d’échanges de conteneurs qui permet une synthèse des éléments abordés.
Évolution du nucléaire dans le monde et en France
Authors: IRACANE Daniel , TILLEMENT Stéphanie , GARCIAS Frédéric
Published: February 2023

Ce chapitre propose une analyse des trajectoires historiques des principaux pays nucléarisés (Royaume-Uni, États-Unis, Russie, Corée, Chine et Japon). Un accent particulier est mis sur le cas de la France. Le rôle des institutions industrielles et politiques est présenté en parallèle avec les technologies nucléaires exploitées depuis les années 50 jusqu’à aujourd’hui.
Les coûts du nucléaire : aspects méthodologiques
Authors: DEVEZEAUX DE LAVERGNE Jean-Guy , THIOLLIÈRE Nicolas
Published: February 2023

Ce chapitre présente les principaux concepts de coûts (coût comptable, coût économique, coût du capital, coût de démantèlement, etc.) et analyse le rôle du calcul économique dans le choix des équipements de production d’électricité. Les déterminants du « coût moyen actualisé (LCOE) » du MWh électrique sont analysés. Le chapitre se termine avec une étude de cas et des simulations de prix de revient de l’électricité nucléaire.
Variational Experimental Design Methods for Geophysical Applications
Authors: Strutz Dominik , Curtis Andrew
Published: February 2023

The design of geophysical surveys or experiments (henceforth, the experimental design) significantly influences the uncertainty in scientific results that can be inferred from recorded data. Typical aspects of experimental designs that can be varied are locations of sensors, sensor types, and the modelling or data processing methods to be applied to recorded data. To tighten constraints on the solution to any inverse or inference problem, and thus to rule out as many false possibilities as possible, the design should be optimised such that it is practically achievable within cost and logistical constraints, and such that it maximises expected post-experimental information about the solution. 

Bayesian experimental design refers to a class of methods that use uncertainty estimation methods to quantify the expected gain in information about target parameters provided by an experiment, and to optimise the design of the experiment to maximise that gain. Information gain quantifies the decrease in uncertainty caused by observing data. Expected information gain is an estimate of the gain in information that will be offered by any particular design post-experiment. Bayesian experimental design methods vary the design so as to maximise the expected information gain, subject to practical constraints. 

We introduce variational experimental design methods that are novel to geophysics, and discuss their benefits and limitations in the context of geophysical applications. The family of variational methods relies on functional approximations of probability distributions, and in some cases, of the model-data relationships. They can be used to design experiments that best resolve either all model parameters, or the answer to a specific question about the system studied. Their potential advantage over some other design methods is that finding the functional approximations used by variational methods tends to rely more on optimisation theory than the more common stochastic uncertainty analysis used to approximate Bayesian uncertainties. This allows the wealth of understanding of optimisation methods to be applied to the full Bayesian design problem. 

Variational design methods are demonstrated by optimising the design of an experiment consisting of seismometer locations on the Earth’s surface, so as to best estimate seismic source parameters given arrival time data obtained at seismometers. By designing separate experiments to constrain the hypocentres and epicentres of events, we show that optimal designs may change substantially depending on which questions about the subsurface we wish the experiment to help us to answer. 

By accounting for differing expected uncertainties in travel time picks depending on the picking method used, we demonstrate that the data processing method can be optimised as part of the design process, provided that expected uncertainties are available from each method.
Groundwater pathways and storage dynamics in steep mountain topography
Authors: Teagai Kapiolani , Armitage John , Agélas Léo , Andermann Christoff , Hovius Niels , Adhikari Basanta Raj
Published: February 2023

The Himalayan Mountain range is considered as a sustainable large water reservoir, often termed as “water towers of Asia”. This important reservoir of water is replenished annually by monsoon precipitation and is slowly drained in dry season. However, the processes that govern this water budget: the connectivity between perched aquifers situated high in the topography and the underlying fractured bedrock, is not well understood. In this study we investigate the surface-subsurface coupling and characterize the water pathways on a watershed scale. This will help to better understand where and how water is stored within the steep Himalayan topography. The study focuses on the unglaciated Kahule Khola watershed (~33 km²) situated north of Kathmandu in the central Himalayas (ranging from ~1000 to ~3500 m asl). During two field campaigns, we mapped the location of springs before (in May 2022) and after (in November 2022) the monsoon season. We characterized the surface infiltration capacity, soil permeability and carried out multiple ERT surveys covering the first 3000 m elevation profile. All these measurements were made on the major landforms (ridges, V-shaped gullies, and debris filled gullies) and different land use types (terraces, forest, meadow, and landslide debris), giving a clear picture of the landscape structure within this catchment. Infiltration rates and soil permeability are high with an average over 1 m/d, which suggests that infiltration dominates over surface runoff during the monsoon. ERT surveys show low resistivity (from ~100 to ~1000 Ω.m) at shallow depth in line with a weathered upper soil layer. Below this layer the ridges have a higher resistivity (from ~1000 to ~50000 Ω.m) while the gullies have very low resistivities suggesting saturated perched aquifers systems close to the surface. We found that spring heads move up or down slope to the seasonal water table fluctuations, tracing the topographic intersection of the groundwater with the surface. These observations suggest that water storage is substantial but not uniformly distributed within the landscape over time and space. We propose that besides the fractured bedrock, filled gullies and landslide deposits form perched water pockets with an important role in storing and distributing water, especially in the higher parts of mountain landscape.
Differential climate dependence of microbial, mesofaunal and macrofaunal litter decomposition across a Mediterranean to hyper-arid aridity gradient
Authors: Sagi Nevo , Torsekar Viraj , Daniel J Alfred , Gavish-Regev Efrat , Hawlena Dror
Published: February 2023

Litter decomposition in most terrestrial ecosystems is regulated by moisture-dependent biological activity, leading to a positive association between precipitation and decomposition rates. In drylands, decomposition is often higher than predicted by climate conditions and weakly associated with annual precipitation, a discrepancy known as the dryland decomposition conundrum. One possible resolution may be that low microbial decomposition is compensated by litter consuming macro-arthropods that are better adapted for activity under arid conditions. In this study we quantified the contribution of organisms of different sizes to litter decomposition across an aridity/precipitation gradient from Mediterranean (mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 526 mm) to hyper-arid climate (MAP = 22 mm). We performed a litter box experiment in seven sites along the gradient during two different seasons – a dry summer and a wetter winter. We manipulated access to litter by organism size and monitored the activity of macro-detritivorous fauna in each site during both periods. We found that microbial decomposition rate increased with MAP. However, litter mass loss induced by mesofauna and macrofauna followed a unimodal pattern, with mesofaunal and macrofaunal decomposition peaking under semi-arid (MAP = 367 mm) and arid (84-148 mm) climate conditions, respectively. This result corresponded to macro-detritivore abundance, species richness and biomass that similarly peaked in the arid sites. These patterns were consistent across seasons, but macrofaunal decomposition rates in the arid sites were 2.5- to 7-fold higher in summer than in winter. Whole-community decomposition was dictated by microbial decomposition in winter and by macrofaunal decomposition in summer. Whole community decomposition rates in arid sites during summer were as high as in the semi-arid and Mediterranean sites in winter, eliminating total differences across these climates at the annual scale. Our findings highlight the importance of macro-detritivores for litter decomposition under arid conditions, which compensates for low microbial and mesofaunal activity, advocating a possible resolution for the dryland decomposition conundrum. This is not the case under hyper-arid climate conditions, where macrofaunal activity is severely limited and cannot compensate for low microbial decomposition. We conclude that the relationship between climate conditions and decomposition is mediated by organism size. Moreover, differential adaptation of microorganisms, mesofauna and macrofauna to aridity may alleviate the dependence of decomposition on moisture availability. This new mechanistic understanding is essential for integrating faunal effects into biogeochemical models in the face of the global aridification trend.
Organic P in soil and its extraction by Mehlich 3 method.
Authors: Tõnutare Tõnis , Tõnutare Tõnu , Kõlli Raimo , Krebstein Kadri , Vennik Kersti
Published: February 2023

Phosphorus (P) is limiting plant nutrient in natural and agriculturally used soils. P is presented in soil composition of various inorganic (mineral) and organic compounds.  Organic P compounds are very strongly adsorbed on the mineral surfaces and are therefore not available to the plants. Desorption of P from mineral surfaces into soil solution would be more limited for organic P compounds compared to inorganic P compounds. It is suggested that organic P availability is limited mainly by the solubility of organic P compounds. Due to very few works on soil organic P there is not enough information about potential contribution to P availability in the soil–plant system.The goal of this research was to investigate the correlation between soil organic phosphorus and fraction of organic phosphorus extracted by Mehlich 3 method. Also the impact of soil pH, organic carbon content and texture to this correlation is under interest. 
Losses of biomechanical properties and soil reinforcement upon the decomposition of the roots of Cynodon dactylon
Authors: Leung Anthony , Kamchoom Viroon , Likitlersuang Suched , Boldrin David
Published: February 2023

Plant roots provide mechanical reinforcement to soil and improve soil shear strength. How root decay upon mortality may affect the root biomechanical properties and the subsequent changes in root reinforcement to soil have rarely been systematically studied. The aim of this study is to provide new experimental evidence and quantify the influences of root growth and decomposition on the temporary variations in root breakage strength, root Young’s modulus and the shearing behaviour including dilatancy of compacted soils vegetated with a grass species, Cynodon dactylon L. In this study, C. dactylon was cultivated for six months in 33 columns of compacted lateritic soils (90 mm diameter and 115 mm height), and then either burned or treated with herbicide to introduce root mortality and decay. At different durations of plant growth (60, 120 and 180 days), decay after plant burning (30, 60, 120, 180 and 360 days) and after herbicide application (15, 30 and 60 days), each column was split into two parts; the top part was used for direct-shear tests, whilst root samples were collected from the bottom part for the measurements of root diameter as well as root biomechanical and chemical properties (including the cellulose and lignin contents) (n = 303). Our results showed that all the tensile strength-diameter relations of the roots of C. dactylon followed a negative power law relation (R2 > 0.6) regardless of the treatment applied. Growth effects had significant effects on the increase in median tensile strength, which was consistent with the increase in cellulose and lignin contents. As a result, the vegetated soils displayed greater shear strength and larger dilatancy, which were attributable to the growth-induced increase in the root cellulose content and thus the root tensile strength and modulus. The predominant root failure mode at all growth durations was pull-out (rather than breakage); thus, the soil shear strength was better explained by root modulus (36.0%; which defines root extension) than root strength (25.8%; which defines root breakage capacity) and root biomass (1.6%; which defines root content). On the other hand, root decay due to burning or herbicide application caused significant reductions in cellulose and lignin contents, accompanied by a drop in root tensile strength. This explained the significant reductions in soil dilatancy and soil shear strength. The predominant root failure mode switched from pull-out to breakage. Compared with burning, herbicide application introduced a greater and faster degradation of cellulose and lignin con-tents, which explained the more significant and faster root weakening. Reducing the shear strength of the vegetated soils to the level of fallow soil took approximately 2 months of herbicide application and 4 months of burning.
Modelling SAR Backscatter from Lake Ice under Wet Conditions using the Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) model
Authors: Murfitt Justin , Duguay Claude , Picard Ghislain , juha.lemmetyinen@fmi.fi Juha
Published: February 2023

Lake ice plays a critical role in local energy balances and provides crucial socio-economic services such as travel between communities and transportation of goods during winter months. However, over the past 40 years, the number of in situ observations has declined. Additionally, increasing temperatures lead to an increasing number of melt events throughout the season, resulting in the formation of more snow ice and slush layers. The increase in wet ice conditions poses a challenge in monitoring lake ice using active microwave technologies (e.g., synthetic aperture radar) and can be a risk to those who use ice cover as an essential travel route. This study focuses on Lake Oulujärvi in Finland during the 2020-2021 ice season. Using the snow microwave radiative transfer (SMRT) model, backscatter was modelled using observations of dry and wet conditions from the field. Snow density, snow depth, microstructure data, and ice thickness data collected during the field campaign helped parameterize the Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) model. Simulations under dry conditions showed that increasing roughness at the ice-water interface had the largest increase in backscatter. However, when the water content of the overlying snow layers increased, the roughness of the interface with the highest moisture content became the dominant interface impacting backscatter. Melt-freeze events throughout the ice season had a prolonged impact on backscatter resulting in increases of >3.69 dB. Larger increases in backscatter due to higher moisture were a result of larger dielectric contrasts created between overlying dry snow on slush layers. Improved understanding of the impact of wet conditions on backscatter can help to improve the monitoring of hazardous lake ice conditions and aid in the further development of inversion models for lake ice properties.
Impact of different destocking strategies on theresilience of dry rangelands
Authors: Vignal Toyo , Baudena Mara , Garcia Mayor Angeles , Sherratt Jonathan A
Published: February 2023

Half of the world’s livestock live in (semi-)arid regions, where a large proportion of people rely on animal husbandry for their survival. However, overgrazing can lead to abrupt land degradation and subsequent socio-economic crises. Sustainable management of dry rangeland requires suitable stocking strategies and has been the subject of intense debate in the last decades. Our goal is to understand how variations in stocking strategies affect the resilience of dry rangelands. We describe rangeland dynamics through a simple mathematical model consisting of a system of coupled differential equations. In our model, livestock density is limited only by forage availability, which is itself limited by water availability. We model processes typical of dryland vegetation as a strong Allee effect, leading to bistability between a vegetated and a degraded state, even in the absence of herbivores. Our system is therefore susceptible to abrupt transitions to a degraded state. We study analytically the impact of varying the stocking density and the destocking adaptivity on the resilience of the system to the effects of drought. By using dynamical systems theory, we look at how different measures of resilience are affected by variations in destocking strategies. We find that:
1) Increasing stocking density decreases resilience, giving rise to an expected trade-off between productivity and resilience.
2) There exists a maximal sustainable livestock density above which the system can only be degraded. This carrying capacity is common to all strategies.
3) Higher adaptivity of the destocking rate to available forage makes the system more resilient: the more adaptive a system is, the bigger the losses of vegetation it can recover from, without affecting the long term level of productivity.
The first two results emphasize the need for suitable dry rangeland management strategies, in order to prevent degradation resulting from
the conflict between profitability and sustainability. The third point offers a theoretical suggestion for such a strategy.
Can annual streamflow volumes be characterised by flood events alone?
Authors: Dykman Caleb , Sharma Ashish , Wasko Conrad , Nathan Rory
Published: February 2023

Can total annual streamflow in any given year be largely characterised by a relatively small number of high flow events? A comprehensive assessment of this is of high value as there is evidence to suggest that as flood events increase in rarity a more consistent response between streamflow extremes and temperature increases can be established — providing greater reliability in projections of rare events. We propose here a novel methodology to characterise streamflow regimes in the context of total annual streamflow for water supply. Using the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s Hydrologic Reference Station database, we developed annual event flow distributions that standardise the relationship between total annual streamflow and event flows. It was found that the annual event flow distributions are primarily a function of local climate and catchment size and were largely insensitive to interannual variability represented by the El Nino Southern Oscillation Index, mean annual temperature, or total annual rainfall volume. Statistically significant trends were found in the timeseries of annual event flow distribution values, signalling a move to a less even distribution in the southern latitudes and a more even distribution in the northern latitudes. Our results show that total annual streamflows can be characterised by a small number of high flow events. This suggests that for Australia’s most critical surface drinking water supply catchments the streamflow yields can be represented by changes in a few, high flow events, independent of interannual variability. As these relationships are non-stationary, they may provide a basis for understanding changes in water supply into the future.
Constraining intermittency in the geological past: Implications for reconstructing water discharges and sediment fluxes in ancient source-to-sink systems
Authors: Lyster Sinead , Whittaker Alexander , Farnsworth Alexander , Hampson Gary , Hajek Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

Quantitative investigations of ancient source-to-sink systems usually provide insights into either instantaneous conditions or mean conditions. Field-based channel palaeohydraulic approaches effectively recover instantaneous water discharges and sediment fluxes, whereas catchment- and regional-scale modelling approaches often recover mean annual water discharges and sediment fluxes, or mean discharges and fluxes on longer, million-year timescales. There is a critical gap between these timescales of investigation which reflects the intermittency of flow and sediment transport. However, at present, this gap is difficult to reconcile. In ancient source-to-sink systems, constraining the intermittency of flow and sediment transport is necessary to reconstruct water discharges and sediment fluxes and, therefore, investigate: (1) magnitudes and characteristics of ancient floods; (2) river behaviour in warmer palaeoclimates; (3) river response to climatic perturbation; and (4) catchment hydroclimate. Intermittency constraints are therefore crucial to decipher how landscapes evolved in response to tectonic and climatic forcing in the geological past. Here we take a multi-proxy approach to address this challenge. We combine fluvial stratigraphic datasets, flow and sediment transport models, and general circulation model (GCM) results to develop new methods to constrain intermittency in ancient source-to-sink systems. We illustrate these methods for ancient systems preserved in the Turonian Ferron Sandstone, USA, which records a Cretaceous greenhouse climate, and the Paleocene–Eocene Esplugafreda Formation and Claret Formation, Spain, which record the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. To evaluate our methods, we compare our intermittency estimates with facies observations that reflect discharge regime and surface runoff regime, as well as terrestrial palaeoclimate proxies. We find these methods are effective and, further, we outline the necessary next steps to advance these methods. Our results demonstrate the potential to use multidisciplinary datasets to constrain intermittency and, therefore, the dynamics and evolution of ancient source-to-sink systems in response to tectonic and climatic forcing. Further, with continual advances in the use of GCMs to model palaeoclimates, our results highlight the potential to use GCMs to explore water discharges and sediment fluxes in systems where the rock record is incomplete or inaccessible.
Improving the quantification of carbonaceous aerosols over megacities by satellite
Authors: Deroubaix Adrien
Published: February 2023

The processes that lead to the formation of carbonaceous aerosols, organic carbon and black carbon, in the atmosphere are related to trace gases. We focus here on the statistical links between organic and black carbon with satellite-observable trace gases (CO, NO2, O3, HCHO and SO2). A preliminary study (Deroubaix et al, in preparation for ACP) has shown that half of the variability of carbonaceous aerosols can be linked to these trace gases in the plumes of megacities. This result is studied in more detail by focusing on megacities to estimate the surface concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols.

Based on specific megacities for which measurements of organic carbon and black carbon concentrations are available, we propose a methodology to estimate black carbon and organic carbon concentrations using AERONET AOD and TROPOMI satellite retrievals (tropospheric column density of CO, HCHO, NO2, O3 and SO2). This estimation is analyzed for several megacities by comparing it to global air quality forecasts made at NCAR and ECMWF. Finally, we discuss how this estimation of black and organic carbon over megacities is modified when replacing the AERONET AOD with the VIIRS satellite AOD.
Coastal and marine geoarchaeology – the opportunities of recognising its adolescence
Authors: Ward Ingrid , Larcombe Piers , Lokier Stephen , Wilson Moyra , Sefton Juliet
Published: February 2023

Coastal and marine geoscience has a multi-decadal research history.  Archaeology is rapidly developing its research profile in these environments, including through regulatory needs to assess potential impacts on cultural heritage of industrial developments.  Thus, coastal and marine geoarchaeology is emerging as a new field, inherently combining ‘traditional’ marine geoscience aspects such as oceanography, sedimentology, geophysics, micropalaeontology, with various aspects of archaeology, including artefact analysis and dating. Rather than being site-focused, geoarchaeology defines cultural context at the scale of the relevant geographical, geological or geomorphological landscape unit.  However, we caution that land-based geoarchaeological approaches cannot simply be extended offshore (or visa-versa) as the relevant processes and products are too different.

We discuss case studies that highlight the benefits of geoarchaeological approaches, including for example contrasting interpretations for an asserted ancient, marine and in situ artefact array in coastal NW Australia when re-examined using geoarchaeological principles. In Oceania, the application of sedimentological and geochronological techniques on a regional and local scale has questioned primary archaeological interpretations of monumental architecture and models of human migration and settlement.  Another study questions interpretations of coastal productivity and past human demographics from large radiocarbon datasets in the absence of a more complete understanding of coastal and marine sedimentary processes.

There is much to be gained from open and transparent collaboration between archaeologists and geoscientists from the initial stages of developing specific research questions and appropriate investigative techniques, to the subsequent understanding of past and present sediment dynamics and changing palaeogeography that provide the essential context to inform the significance of archaeological finds and conclusions.
Neighborhood-scale NO2 variations and enhanced capability of human exposure assessment
Authors: Lee Hyung Joo , Liu Yang , Chatfield Robert
Published: February 2023

This study estimated ambient long-term average NO2 concentrations using TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) tropospheric column NO2 data and land use parameters in California, U.S. for the years 2018–2019. Exploiting unprecedentedly high spatial resolution of TROPOMI NO2 (3.5×7 km prior to August 6, 2019 and 3.5×5.5 km thereafter) and the point statistics function implemented in ArcGIS (Environmental Systems Research Institute, ESRI), the NO2 concentration estimates were downscaled to 500 m, which enabled the neighborhood-scale exposure assessment of ambient NO2. Our satellite-land use hybrid regression model demonstrated cross-validation R2= 0.76, mean absolute error (MAE)= 1.95 ppb, and root mean squared error (RMSE)= 2.51 ppb in a comparison between site-specific average measured and estimated NO2 concentrations. These high-resolution NO2 concentration estimates enhanced the capability of human exposure assessment, enabling (1) the evaluation of ground NO2 monitors to represent population exposures and (2) the attribution of micro-level NO2 exposures. When measured NO2 concentrations were compared to population-weighted NO2 concentrations, calculated by using the satellite-based NO2 estimates, in each county, the differences in NO2 concentrations (i.e., population-weighted average NO2 – arithmetic average NO2 measurements) ranged from -38.6% (San Bernardino) to 82.2% (Humboldt). Though both negative and positive differences represented exposure errors without considering the spatial co-variations of NO2 and populations, monitor-based NO2 higher than the population-weighted NO2 demonstrated the overestimation of population NO2 exposures and was at least protective with current NO2 monitoring locations in the counties. However, the opposite was detrimental, while underestimating population NO2 exposures and likely not motivating NO2 mitigation efforts. In addition, the high-resolution NO2 estimates were further overlaid with parcel-level property data in Los Angeles County to attribute the spatial variation of NO2 exposures to that of the property types. The micro-level NO2 hotspots were identified at high-density residential complexes such as (high-rise) apartments. When the traffic impacts on NO2 were adjusted, the NO2 hotspots at the residential complexes still remained. This finding may suggest residential complexes as an emerging source type of NO2 due to emissions from boilers (space heating and hot water) and other indoor-to-outdoor ventilation systems.
Wood quantities and transport in the Avançon de Nant river, Switzerland.
Authors: Aarnink Janbert , Vuaridel Marceline , Finch Bryce , Ruiz-Villanueva Virginia
Published: February 2023

By creating pools and retaining sediment and organic matter, instream wood provides habitats for a vast variety of different species. It creates a complex river bed and is essential for a healthy ecosystem (Wohl et al., 2019). However, during extreme weather conditions, floods can mobilize the wood and transport it, causing a hazard to downstream infrastructure. Therefore it is important better understand river wood dynamics, such as storage and transport regimes. These regimes are influences by individual log characteristics (e.g. shape, density and orientation), but also individual river weather, climate and geographical factors. In the last decade, an increasing amount of case studies have been performed, although still limited in amount of logs tracked in European rivers (Wyzga et al., 2017). In our current contribution, we deploy a tracking and monitoring system in an Alpine river in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The Avancon the Nant is located in the Vallon de Nant, a valley that has been protected since 1969 (Vittoz and Gmür, 2009), and can therefore be argued to have a close to natural wood regime.

Figure: Locations of instream wood in 2022 as compared to 2021. In grey, 3 special sections (wider sections and sections with multiple streams) of river are represented.

In the summer of 2021, 948 (0001 to 0948) pieces of instream wood were tagged with a unique number and 2 unique RFID tags. One year later, in another field campaign, the movement of the pieces was assessed (see figure). From the pieces that have been recovered (7% were lost), a total of 20 pieces were found to have moved with an average of 260 meters. These movements took place in specific sections, primarily in single-threaded narrow sections. The two lower special river sections (w1 and w2) were found to contain pieces with a larger diameters as compared to the other sections. As the tree density decreases when moving up the river, also the total volume of wood storage and the amount of pieces decreased. Furthermore, more pieces with a high degree of decat were found as compared to fresher pieces. This indicated that in recent years, less wood recruitment has taken place. 

REFERENCES  

Vittoz, P., & Gmür, P. 2009: Introduction aux Journées de la biodiversité dans le Vallon de Nant (Bex, Alpes vaudoises), Mémoire de la Société vaudoise des Sciences naturelles, 23, 3-20. 

Wohl, E., Kramer, N., Ruiz-Villanueva, V., Scott, D. N., Comiti, F., Gurnell, A. M., Piegay, H., Lininger, K. B., Jaeger, K. L., Walters, D. M., & Fausch, K. D. 2019: The natural wood regime in rivers, BioScience, 69, 259–273. 

Wyzga, B., Mikus, P., Zawiejska, J., Ruiz-Villanueva, V., Kaczka, R. J. & Czech, W. 2017: Log transport and deposition in incised, channelized, and multithread reaches of a wide mountain river: Tracking experiment during a 20-year flood, Geomorphology, 279, 98-111. 
The impact of climate change on the extreme ocean warming events observed in Japan’s marginal seas for 1982-2022
Authors: Hayashi Michiya , Shiogama Hideo , Ogura Tomoo
Published: February 2023

Anthropogenic global warming has potentially caused regional record-high sea surface temperatures (SSTs) observed around the world, but it is not yet clarified to what extent climate change has increased the frequency of discrete extreme ocean warming (EOW) around Japan. In this study, the impact of climate change on EOW events in Japan’s marginal seas is examined by focusing on each calendar month from January 1982 to December 2022 and on multiple areas including the Japan Sea, East China Sea, Okinawa, Taiwan, and South Korea. We analyzed 24 CMIP6 climate models that have the equilibrium climate sensitivity between 2 K and 5 K to estimate the probability of occurrences of monthly SSTs in the present and preindustrial conditions. The EOW event is defined as high SSTs less frequent than once per 20 years at the preindustrial level. The fraction of attributable risks (FAR) is used to quantify the impact of climate change on SSTs.In contrast to the gradually increasing occurrences of EOW events for the past 41 years, the most frequent EOW events occurred around 1998 and in the mid-2010s, especially in the southern side of Japan. The impact of climate change on EOW events is not yet dominant around 1998 but has multiplied the occurrence probability of most EOW events by at least twice since 2000. Based on our method, all the EOW events identified in 2022 are attributable to climate change. The regional and seasonal differences of the climate change impact on EOW events around Japan are discussed. In addition, this study suggests that the possibility of the future typical climate exceeding record high SSTs can be sharply reduced by limiting global warming levels from 2°C to 1.5°C, indicating rapid acceleration of mitigation efforts is critical.
Holocene multi-centennial variations of the Asian summer monsoon triggered by solar activity
Authors: Sun Weiyi , Liu Jian , Wang Bin , Chen Deliang , Ning Liang , Yan Mi
Published: February 2023

Solar activity affects Asian summer monsoon (ASM) at various time scales. However, it remains unknown if and how solar activity can influence ASM on the centennial time scale. Using the Community Earth System Model, we conduct a solar activity forced Holocene transient simulation with an acceleration factor of 10 and show that during the middle‒late Holocene ASM precipitation exhibits a significant 300‒600-year periodicity under solar forcing. This model-produced multi-centennial variation is also suggested by proxy data. The leading mode of the multi-centennial ASM variation shows a “wet tropics–dry subtropics” pattern, which lags the corresponding solar activity by about a quarter cycle. The western North Pacific (WNP) circulation system is responsible for the multi-centennial ASM variation, through enhancing the climatological south Asia‒WNP monsoon trough. We suggest that solar activity modulates the zonal SST gradients of the tropical Pacific, inducing the anomalous WNP cyclone and enhancing ASM precipitation in a delayed mode.