bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. By Daniel T. Potts
Authors: Choksy Jamsheed K.
Published: June 2018

Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. By Daniel T. Potts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xxv + 558, 3 maps, 21 illus., 5 tables. $90 (cloth); $45 (paper).
Music in Antiquity: The Near East and the Mediterranean. Edited by Joan Goodnick Westenholz; Yossi Maurey; and Edwin Seroussi
Authors: Eichmann Ricardo
Published: June 2018

Music in Antiquity: The Near East and the Mediterranean. Edited by Joan Goodnick Westenholz; Yossi Maurey; and Edwin Seroussi. Yuval, Studies of the Jewish Music Research Center, vol. 8. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Oldenburg, 2014. Pp. xi + 375, illus. €112.10.
Lamaštu: An Edition of the Canonical Series of Lamaštu Incantations and Rituals and Related Texts from the Second and First Millennia B.C. By Walter Farber
Authors: Zomer Elyze
Published: June 2018

Lamaštu: An Edition of the Canonical Series of Lamaštu Incantations and Rituals and Related Texts from the Second and First Millennia B.C. By Walter Farber. Mesopotamian Civilizations, vol. 18. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2014. Pp. xiii + 472, 91 plts. $99.50.
Einführung in die urartäische Sprache. By Mirjo SalvIni and Ilse Wegner
Authors: Campbell Dennis
Published: June 2018

Einführung in die urartäische Sprache. By Mirjo SalvIni and Ilse Wegner. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag 2014. Pp. ix + 124, illus. €28 (paper).
Ancient Hebrew Periodization and the Language of the Book of Jeremiah: The Case for a Sixth-Century Date of Composition. By Aaron D. Hornkohl
Authors: Rendsburg Gary A.
Published: June 2018

Ancient Hebrew Periodization and the Language of the Book of Jeremiah: The Case for a Sixth-Century Date of Composition. By Aaron D. Hornkohl. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics, vol. 74. Leiden: Brill, 2014. Pp. viii + 517. $210.
Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World. By Michael Philipp Penn
Authors: Treiger Alexander
Published: June 2018

Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World. By Michael Philipp Penn. Divina tions: Rereading Late Ancient Religion. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. Pp. v + 294. $59.95, £39.
Technique of Islamic Bookbinding: Methods, Materials and Regional Varieties. By Karin Scheper
Authors: Kropf Evyn
Published: June 2018

The Technique of Islamic Bookbinding: Methods, Materials and Regional Varieties. By Karin Scheper. Islamic Manuscripts and Books, vol 8. Leiden: Brill, 2015. Pp. xii + 428, illus. $181, €140.
Production of Plutonium
Authors: Clark David L. , Freibert Franz J.
Published: June 2018

This article provides a brief review of the actinide element plutonium and the technology of plutonium production, separation, purification, and conversion to metallic form. Over its known history, the understanding of chemistry, physics, and physical metallurgy of plutonium has been contingent on technical methods for pure metal production. Included here is a general discussion of current global inventories of plutonium based on recent assessments of civilian and military purposes. To the greatest extent, plutonium is produced in a nuclear reactor along with a large amount of fission products. The challenge is therefore to separate plutonium from uranium, other actinides, and fission products in irradiated targets and then purify it for use. This is performed globally using variations of the PUREX process, a chemical separation technology that extracts plutonium and uranium from all the other elements, and then from each other. Plutonium is then isolated from solutions using oxalate precipitation [either PuIIIor PuIV], followed by conversion to PuF4or PuO2. These are preferred solids that can then be reduced directly to metal. Reduction to metal can be achieved using a bomb reduction of PuF4, or a direct oxide reduction of PuO2in molten salts such as a (Na, K)Cl eutectic or CaCl2. Direct oxide reduction of PuO2is currently preferred due to reduced neutron backgrounds for worker safety. These reduction techniques result in no purification, and therefore the metal is purified using molten salt electrorefining with multiple electrorefining cycles necessary for desired purity. Physical metallurgy offers purification methods (i.e., zone refining and levitation distillation) reducing the overall impurity levels to 100 s of ppm level.
Electronic Structure of the Actinide Elements
Authors: Gendron Frédéric , Autschbach Jochen
Published: June 2018

The electronic structure of actinide elements and complexes thereof is discussed in the context of first‐principles theory, with emphasis on the interplay of relativistic effects and static correlation, spin–orbit coupling, and the importance of ligand‐field interactions in actinide complexes. Selected actinide complexes are discussed in detail in order to illustrate these effects. It is also shown how the open 5f shells of actinides give rise to interesting magnetic properties.
Actinide Polyoxometalates
Authors: Burns Peter C.
Published: June 2018

Actinide polyoxometalates (POMs) are actinide oxide clusters built from actinides in their pentavalent and hexavalent oxidation states, and are currently restricted to clusters containing U(VI), Np(V), and Np(VI). A large family of uranyl peroxide clusters has been developed over the past 12 years that contain from 16 to 124 uranyl ions, with diameters as large as 4 nm. Most of these clusters are anionic cages, although a few are open crown‐ and bowl‐shaped clusters that are also anionic. In all cases, the outer and inner surfaces of uranyl peroxide clusters are stabilized by the presence of oxygen atoms that are part of uranyl ions, and that are strongly bonded to a U(VI) cation. These clusters all feature peroxide bridges between uranyl ions, where the peroxide is bidentate to both uranyl ions, as well as several other bridges that include hydroxyl, pyrophosphate, oxalate, nitrate, phosphate, phosphite, and others. Uranyl peroxide clusters form spontaneously in water at room temperature in minutes to weeks when a source of uranyl is combined with hydrogen peroxide and an alkali base, and the assembly mechanism involves a base‐promoted breakdown of peroxide that encourages linkages between uranyl polyhedra. Uranyl peroxide cages are very soluble in water and have several potential applications in nuclear fuel cycles. A small number of nonperoxide actinide POMs are also known, and these include a wheel‐shaped uranyl vanadyl sulfate cluster that was synthesized in an ionic liquid.
Vanadium: Polyoxometalate Chemistry
Authors: Stuckart Maria , Monakhov Kirill Yu.
Published: June 2018

In this article, we shed light on inorganic and organic modifications of polyoxometalate structures incorporating single or multiple vanadium centers and of structures mainly based on vanadium‐oxo units. Vast reduction–oxidation chemistry of vanadium combined with changes in magnetic properties makes these structurally versatile compounds attractive candidates for applications in various areas of molecular science and engineering.
Iron–Sulfur Cluster Repair ProteinYtfE
Authors: Chen Chin‐Yu , Lo Feng‐Chun , Liaw Wen‐Feng
Published: June 2018

YtfE, a repair of iron centers protein, plays roles in the response of the bacteria to oxidative and nitrosative stress. The 2.10 Å resolution crystal structure of the isolatedEscherichia coliYtfE reveals two‐domain architecture with the L‐shape of a C‐terminal nonheme iron‐containing hemerythrin‐like (Hr‐like) domain linked to an N‐terminal ScdA_N domain via a highly flexible pentapeptide loop. The geometry of the diiron core of YtfE is symmetrical with two five‐coordinate irons. Each iron has a bridging oxygen atom, two bridging carboxylates derived from Glu33/Glu208, and two histidines; His84/His204 are bound to Fe(II) and His129/His160 are bound to Fe(III). Structural analysis of YtfE reveals that the diiron core is connected to the solvent regions by two roughly orthogonal tunnels. Both tunnels have small radii, ranging from 1.2 to 2.4 Å, indicating that the possible substrates (or products) for YtfE are small molecules or ions. The long hydrophobic tunnel can facilitate electron transfer to active site, and the hydrophilic tunnel gated by a negatively glutamate triad may trap proton entry or center iron ion to exit. The mixed‐valence Fe(II)–Fe(III) core of the isolated YtfE bridged by μ‐oxo was characterized by UV–vis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)/electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, resonance Raman, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. In spite of the isolated YtfE exhibiting the Fe(II)–Fe(III) state, the whole‐cell EPR spectrum shows that the YtfE protein exists in the reduced Fe(II)–Fe(II) state under normal cellular conditions. With regard to the repair function, YtfE may act as a ferrous‐ion donor, interacting with IscS or SufS to reassemble the Fe–S cluster of iron–sulfur proteins damaged by oxidative or nitrosative stress. Also, the Fe(II)–Fe(II) core of YtfE serves as an NO‐trapping scavenger to convert NO to N2O under the participation of electrons and protons.
CFEM
Protein
Csa2
Authors: Dvir Hay , Kornitzer Daniel
Published: June 2018

In order to satisfy their essential iron requirements, pathogenic microorganisms possess a variety of mechanisms to capture iron from the host. Fungi of the Ascomycetes clade use a set of extracellular cell wall‐anchored or secreted proteins, each carrying a CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membrane) domain, for heme–iron acquisition. The CFEM domain is unique to the fungal kingdom, and its primary structure is characterized by a conserved pattern of eight cysteines. A subset of CFEM proteins can bind free heme, or capture it from hemoglobin. The heme is then shuttled from one CFEM protein to the next across the fungal cell envelope to the plasma membrane. The best‐studied CFEM proteins are from
Candida albicans
, among which Csa2 is the only CFEM protein of known three‐dimensional (3D) structure. We describe here spectroscopic properties of free and heme‐bound CFEM proteins and the novel 3D structure of the CFEM domain with an exceptional heme–iron coordination that dictates preferential binding of oxidized (Fe
+3
) versus reduced heme (Fe
+2
).
Monte Carlo modeling of binder‐Less spray agglomeration in fluidized beds
Authors: Rieck Christian , Schmidt Martin , Bück Andreas , Tsotsas Evangelos
Published: June 2018

Fluidized bed spray agglomeration is used in the industry to increase the particle size and to improve several properties, for example, bulk density, flowability, and dissolution behavior of particulate products. Usually, a binder liquid is sprayed on a particle bed. If amorphous materials are used, spraying of pure water may cause agglomeration due to glass transition at wet spots on the particle surface. As no process models covering binder‐less spray agglomeration currently exist, a model based on a Monte Carlo method is presented. In this method, the process is described by events and processes on the single particle scale. Additionally, agglomeration experiments in a lab‐scale fluidized bed using three different maltodextrins are presented. For each experiment, a simulation was performed. The simulation results are compared with the obtained experimental data. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 3582–3594, 2018
Defect Engineering Metal‐Free Polymeric Carbon Nitride Electrocatalyst for Effective Nitrogen Fixation under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Lv Chade , Qian Yumin , Yan Chunshuang , Ding Yu , Liu Yuanyue , Chen Gang , Yu Guihua
Published: June 2018

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions provides an intriguing picture for the conversion of N2 into NH3. However, electrocatalytic NRR mainly relies on metal‐based catalysts, and it remains a grand challenge in enabling effective N2 activation on metal‐free catalysts. Here we report a defect engineering strategy to realize effective NRR performance (NH3 yield: 8.09 μg h−1 mg−1cat., Faradaic efficiency: 11.59 %) on metal‐free polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) catalyst. Illustrated by density functional theory calculations, dinitrogen molecule can be chemisorbed on as‐engineered nitrogen vacancies of PCN through constructing a dinuclear end‐on bound structure for spatial electron transfer. Furthermore, the N−N bond length of adsorbed N2 increases dramatically, which corresponds to “strong activation” system to reduce N2 into NH3. This work also highlights the significance of defect engineering for improving electrocatalysts with weak N2 adsorption and activation ability.
Carbene in Cupredoxin Protein Scaffolds: Replacement of a Histidine Ligand in the Active Site Substantially Alters Copper Redox Properties
Authors: Planchestainer Matteo , Segaud Nathalie , Shanmugam Muralidharan , McMaster Jonathan , Paradisi Francesca , Albrecht Martin
Published: June 2018

N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have had a major impact in homogeneous catalysis, however, their potential role in biological systems is essentially unexplored. We replaced a copper‐coordinating histidine (His) in the active site of the redox enzyme azurin with exogenous dimethyl imidazolylidene. This NHC rapidly restores the type‐1 Cu center, with spectroscopic properties (EPR, UV/Vis) that are identical to those from N‐coordination of the His in the wild type. However, the introduction of the NHC markedly alters the redox potential of the metal, which is a key functionality of this blue copper protein. These results suggest that C‐bonding for histidine is plausible and a potentially relevant bonding mode of redox‐active metalloenzymes in their (transient) active states.
Planung der Baugrube für eine neue Schleuse am Elbe‐Seitenkanal in Lüneburg
Authors: Helfers Björn , Henke Sascha , Kaya Hatice
Published: June 2018

Der Elbe‐Seitenkanal (ESK) schließt den Seehafen Hamburg an das deutsche Binnenwasserstraßennetz an und ist damit die zentrale Hinterlandanbindung des Hamburger Hafens. Im Verlauf des ESK steht in Scharnebeck bei ESK‐km 106 das Schiffshebewerk (SHW) Lüneburg. Das Doppel‐Senkrechthebewerk, welches zwischen 1969 und 1975 errichtet wurde und schließlich 1976 in Betrieb genommen werden konnte, überwindet eine Fallhöhe von 38 m. Das SHW Lüneburg stellt in den heutigen Abmessungen zunehmend einen Engpass für die Schifffahrt dar und soll durch den Neubau einer Sparschleuse mit etagenförmig in den Kammerwänden integrierten Sparbecken und einer Nutzlänge von 225 m ergänzt werden. Für die Errichtung der Schleuse ist die Herstellung einer Baugrube mit den Abmessungen L/B/H = 260 m/60 m/25 m in unmittelbarer Nähe zum bestehenden und im Betrieb verbleibenden SHW erforderlich. Im Rahmen der Planung lag der Schwerpunkt neben der Entwurfs‐ und Ausführungsplanung der technisch anspruchsvollen Baugrubenkonstruktion vor allem auch in der Betrachtung der Auswirkungen der neuen Baugruben‐/Schleusenkonstruktion auf das direkt benachbarte SHW.
Composite Metal Oxide‐Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Luo Wenjing , Wang Jiaxin , Hu Jun , Ji Yuanchun , Streb Carsten , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: June 2018

Electrocatalysts capable of performing both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are key components for energy technologies including fuel cells, and water electrolysis. High‐performance catalysts based on earth abundant components are therefore a prime research theme. Herein, we report the development of a series of novel composites based on nanostructured iron‐doped CoWO4 particles electrically linked to conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a facile one‐pot hydrothermal method. It is shown that tuning of the iron content of Co1–xFexWO4−CNT composites (x=0–1) allows structural and reactivity control. The Co1–xFexWO4−CNT composites are active and stable OER and ORR electrocatalysts, and follow the Sabatier principle. For Co0.5Fe0.5WO4−CNT, minimum overpotentials of η=290 mV and low Tafel slopes of 42 mV dec−1 are achieved at a current density of j=10 mA cm−2 for OER, and the Co0.5Fe0.5WO4−CNT shows high catalytic activity for ORR with half‐wave potential of 0.74 V. As such, the composites show high potential as OER and ORR electrocatalysts, so that technologically viable, noble‐metal‐free, tunable electrocatalysts with relevance for alkaline water electrolysis can be designed from the bottom up.
Electroanalytic Aspects of Single‐Entity Collision Methods for Bioanalytical and Environmental Applications
Authors: Andreescu Daniel , Kirk Kevin A. , Narouei Farideh Hosseini , Andreescu Silvana
Published: June 2018

Single‐entity electrochemistry based on measurements of collision events at electrode surfaces is a rapidly developing field which provides extensive capabilities for detection and characterization of a variety of materials including organic and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructures as well as biologicals. The method has demonstrated promising potential for the analysis of catalytic activity, physicochemical parameters, fundamental surface properties, functionalization and reactivity of NPs. Here, the most recent developments and capabilities of this method as a novel tool for characterizing nanoscale properties are discussed, illustrating novel applications for assessing bioconjugation, designing ultrasensitive biosensing methods and monitoring processes of biological and environmental significance. The main advantages and limitations as compared to commonly used spectroscopy and imaging techniques are described, highlighting areas in which collision measurements can be used as a complementary approach to characterize properties of inorganic NPs, organic molecules, soft materials and biologicals, and develop methodologies for detection and quantification of analytes of interest in the bioanalytical, biological and environmental fields. An overview of potential applications in these fields is provided along with a critical discussion of future research needs and opportunities.
Quantitative and Orthogonal Formation and Reactivity of SuFEx Platforms
Authors: Gahtory Digvijay , Sen Rickdeb , Pujari Sidharam , Li Suhua , Zheng Qinheng , Moses John E. , Sharpless K. Barry , Zuilhof Han
Published: June 2018

The constraints of minute reactant amounts and the impossibility to remove any undesired surface‐bound products during monolayer functionalization of a surface necessitate the selection of efficient, modular and orthogonal reactions that lead to quantitative conversions. Herein, we explore the character of sulfur–fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reactions on a surface, and explore the applicability for quantitative and orthogonal surface functionalization. To this end, we demonstrate the use of ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF) as an efficient SuFEx linker for creating “SuFEx‐able” monolayer surfaces, enabling three distinct approaches to utilize SuFEx chemistry on a surface. The first approach relies on a di‐SuFEx loading allowing dual functionalization with a nucleophile, while the two latter approaches focus on dual (CuAAC–SuFEx/SPOCQ–SuFEx) click platforms. The resultant strategies allow facile attachment of two different substrates sequentially on the same platform. Along the way we also demonstrate the Michael addition of ethenesulfonyl fluoride to be a quantitative surface‐bound reaction, indicating significant promise in materials science for this reaction.
ESIPT‐Modulated Emission of Lanthanide Complexes: Different Energy‐Transfer Pathways and Multiple Responses
Authors: Sun Si‐Si , Wang Zheng , Wu Xiang Wen , Zhang Jian‐Hua , Li Chao‐Jie , Yin Shao‐Yun , Chen Ling , Pan Mei , Su Cheng‐Yong
Published: June 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Mei Pan at Sun Yat‐Sen University. The image depicts Canton Tower illuminated by the multicolor emission of Ln complexes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201802010.
A multi‐scale model of the coronary circulation applied to investigate transmural myocardial flow
Authors: Ge Xinyang , Yin Zhaofang , Fan Yuqi , Vassilevski Yuri , Liang Fuyou
Published: June 2018

Distribution of blood flow in myocardium is a key determinant of the localization and severity of myocardial ischemia under impaired coronary perfusion conditions. Previous studies have extensively demonstrated the transmural difference of ischemic vulnerability. However, it remains incompletely understood how transmural myocardial flow is regulated under in vivo conditions. In the present study, a computational model of the coronary circulation was developed to quantitatively evaluate the sensitivity of transmural flow distribution to various cardiovascular and hemodynamic factors. The model was further incorporated with the flow autoregulatory mechanism to simulate the regulation of myocardial flow in the presence of coronary artery stenosis. Numerical tests demonstrated that heart rate (HR), intramyocardial tissue pressure (Pim), and coronary perfusion pressure (Pper) were the major determinant factors for transmural flow distribution (evaluated by the subendocardial‐to‐subepicardial (endo/epi) flow ratio) and that the flow autoregulatory mechanism played an important compensatory role in preserving subendocardial perfusion against reduced Pper. Further analysis for HR variation‐induced hemodynamic changes revealed that the rise in endo/epi flow ratio accompanying HR decrease was attributable not only to the prolongation of cardiac diastole relative to systole, but more predominantly to the fall in Pim. Moreover, it was found that Pim and Pper interfered with each other with respect to their influence on transmural flow distribution. These results demonstrate the interactive effects of various cardiovascular and hemodynamic factors on transmural myocardial flow, highlighting the importance of taking into account patient‐specific conditions in the explanation of clinical observations.
Analysis of the products of a negative corona discharge in a N2–CH4 mixture with added CO2 used as a laboratory mimic of a prebiotic atmosphere
Authors: Mazankova V. , Torokova L. , Moravsky L. , Matejcik S. , Trunec D. , Navratil Z. , Mason N.J.
Published: June 2018

A negative corona discharge operating at atmospheric pressure has been used to initiate chemical reactions in a gaseous mixture of nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. Such a mixture simulates the composition of the early Earth's atmosphere. This work extends our previous experimental studies of the chemistry of prebiotic atmospheres generated in an atmospheric‐pressure glow discharge. The present work is devoted to the study of the role of CO2 in prebiotic atmospheric chemistry. The gas mixture was composed of nitrogen with 2–4% methane and 1% CO2. The corona discharge was characterized by electrical measurements and optical emission spectroscopy. The reaction products from the discharge were further analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The composition of solid products deposited on the electrode tip was obtained by energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis. The specific input energy was altered during the experiments, and the concentration of all products was found to increase with its increase. It is further shown that while the addition of the CO2 admixture leads to the generation of CO and H2O, no other compounds containing oxygen were detected. The energy yields of products were calculated, and good agreement was found with the values obtained in previous experiments.
The role of breeding system in community dynamics: Growth and mortality in forests of different successional stages
Authors: Wang Yunyun , Freckleton Robert P. , Wang Bojian , Kuang Xu , Yuan Zuoqiang , Lin Fei , Ye Ji , Wang Xugao , Hao Zhanqing
Published: June 2018

Plant sexual systems appear to play an important role in community assembly: Dioecious species are found to tend to have a higher propensity to colonize communities in early successional stages. Here, we test two demographic hypotheses to explain this pattern in temperate forests. First, we test demographic differences between hermaphrodite and dioecious species in stressful younger successional stages: Previous theory predicts that hermaphrodite seed production is more harmed in stressful environments than that of dioecious populations leading to an advantage for females of dioecious species. Second, in primary forest, we hypothesized that dioecious species would show demographic advantage over monomorphic ones. We used data from two temperate forest plots in Northeast China surveyed over 10 years to compare the rates of growth and mortality of tree species with contrasting breeding systems in both secondary and primary forests. We assessed the effect of breeding system on the growth‐mortality trade‐off, while controlling for other traits usually considered as correlates of growth and mortality rates. We show that in the secondary forest, dioecious species showed weak advantage in demographic rates compared with monomorphic species; dioecious species showed considerably both lower relative growth and mortality rates compared to the hermaphrodites in the primary forest over 10 years, consistent with a priori predictions. Hermaphrodites showed strong growth‐mortality trade‐offs across forest stages, even when possibly confounding factors had been accounted for. These results suggest that sexual system influences community succession and assembly by acting on the rates of growth and mortality, and the trade‐off between them. As vegetation develops, the demographic differences between breeding systems are much larger. Our results demonstrate the association between breeding system, succession, and community assembly and that this relationship is succession‐stage dependent. Our findings support the suggestion that the demographic advantage of dioecious species facilitates the coexistence of sexual systems in primary forest.
Adaptive phenotypic plasticity contributes to divergence between lake and river populations of an East African cichlid fish
Authors: Rajkov Jelena , Weber Alexandra Anh‐Thu , Salzburger Walter , Egger Bernd
Published: June 2018

Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and fixed genotypic differences have long been considered opposing strategies in adaptation. More recently, these mechanisms have been proposed to act complementarily and under certain conditions jointly facilitate evolution, speciation, and even adaptive radiations. Here, we investigate the relative contributions of adaptive phenotypic plasticityvs. local adaptation to fitness, using an emerging model system to study early phases of adaptive divergence, the generalist cichlid fish speciesAstatotilapia burtoni. We tested direct fitness consequences of morphological divergence between lake and river populations in nature by performing two transplant experiments in Lake Tanganyika. In the first experiment, we used wild‐caught juvenile lake and river individuals, while in the second experiment, we used F1 crosses between lake and river fish bred in a common garden setup. By tracking the survival and growth of translocated individuals in enclosures in the lake over several weeks, we revealed local adaptation evidenced by faster growth of the wild‐caught resident population in the first experiment. On the other hand, we did not find difference in growth between different types of F1 crosses in the second experiment, suggesting a substantial contribution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity to increased immigrant fitness. Our findings highlight the value of formally comparing fitness of wild‐caught and common garden‐reared individuals and emphasize the necessity of considering adaptive phenotypic plasticity in the study of adaptive divergence.
Nest use dynamics of an undisturbed population of bald eagles
Authors: Wilson Tammy L. , Schmidt Joshua H. , Mangipane Buck A. , Kolstrom Rebecca , Bartz Krista K.
Published: June 2018

Management or conservation targets based on demographic rates should be evaluated within the context of expected population dynamics of the species of interest. Wild populations can experience stable, cyclical, or complex dynamics, therefore undisturbed populations can provide background needed to evaluate programmatic success. Many raptor species have recovered from large declines caused by environmental contaminants, making them strong candidates for ongoing efforts to understand population dynamics and ecosystem processes in response to human‐caused stressors. Dynamic multistate occupancy models are a useful tool for analyzing species dynamics because they leverage the autocorrelation inherent in long‐term monitoring datasets to obtain useful information about the dynamic properties of population or reproductive states. We analyzed a 23‐year bald eagle monitoring dataset in a dynamic multistate occupancy modeling framework to assess long‐term nest occupancy and reproduction in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska. We also used a hierarchical generalized linear model to understand changes in nest productivity in relation to environmental factors. Nests were most likely to remain in the same nesting state between years. Most notably, successful nests were likely to remain in use (either occupied or successful) and had a very low probability of transitioning to an unoccupied state in the following year. There was no apparent trend in the proportion of nests used by eagles through time, and the probability that nests transitioned into or out of the successful state was not influenced by temperature or salmon availability. Productivity was constant over the course of the study, although warm April minimum temperatures were associated with increased chick production. Overall our results demonstrate the expected nesting dynamics of a healthy bald eagle population that is largely free of human disturbance and can be used as a baseline for the expected dynamics for recovering bald eagle populations in the contiguous 48 states.
Sediment chemistry of urban stormwater ponds and controls on denitrification
Authors: Blaszczak Joanna R. , Steele Meredith K. , Badgley Brian D. , Heffernan Jim B. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Morse Jennifer L. , Rivers Erin N. , Hall Sharon J. , Neill Christopher , Pataki Diane E. , Groffman Peter M. , Bernhardt Emily S.
Published: June 2018

Stormwater ponds and retention basins are ubiquitous features throughout urban landscapes. These ponds are potentially important control points for nitrogen (N) removal from surface water bodies via denitrification. However, there are possible trade‐offs to this water quality benefit if high N and contaminant concentrations in stormwater pond sediments decrease the complete reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, to dinitrogen (N2) during denitrification. This may occur through decreasing the abundance or efficiency of denitrifiers capable of producing the N2O reductase enzyme. We predicted that ponds draining increasingly urbanized landscapes would have higher N and metal concentrations in their sediments, and thereby greater N2O yields. We measured potential denitrification rates, N2O reductase (nosZ) gene frequencies, as well as sediment and porewater chemistry in 64 ponds distributed across eight U.S. cities. We found almost no correlation between the proportion of urban land cover surrounding ponds and the nutrient and contaminant concentrations in the stormwater pond sediments within or across all cities. Regression analysis revealed that the proportion of potential N2and N2O production that could be explained was under different environmental controls. Our survey raises many new questions about why N fluxes and transformations vary so widely both within and across urban environments, but also allays the concern that elevated metal concentrations in urban stormwater ponds will increase N2O emissions. Urban stormwater ponds are unlikely to be a problematic source of N2O to the atmosphere, no matter their denitrification potential.
HT‐NbOsB: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of a Boride Structure Type Containing Boron Chains and Isolated Boron Atoms
Authors: Forsythe Ryland , Scheifers Jan P. , Zhang Yuemei , Fokwa Boniface P. T.
Published: June 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Boniface Fokwa from the University of California, Riverside, USA. The cover image shows two boron fragments found in the modifications of NbOsB: a finite B4 fragment (left) and the infinite B‐chain (right) as typically found in borides with a smaller metal‐to‐boron ratio.
Fabrication and characterization of implantable flushable electrodes for electric field‐mediated drug delivery in a brain tissue‐mimic agarose gel
Authors: Parupudi Tejasvi , Rahimi Rahim , Ammirati Mario , Sundararajan Raji , Garner Allen L. , Ziaie Babak
Published: June 2018

Every forty minutes, one person dies in the USA due to glioblastoma multiforme; a deadly form of brain cancer with an average five‐year survival rate less than 3%. The current standard of care for treatment involves surgical resection of the accessible tumor followed by radiation therapy and concomitant chemotherapy. Despite their potency, delivering chemotherapeutic agents to the brain is limited by the highly selective blood‐brain barrier, which prevents molecules >500 Da from reaching the brain. Other techniques, such as convection‐enhanced delivery, controlled release by drug‐loaded wafers or intracerebroventricular infusion have limited clinical utility due to unpredictable targeting and volume of drug distribution. We introduce a novel drug delivery technique that can use direct current electric fields to deliver charged chemotherapeutics to the site of brain parenchyma after tumor resection. We fabricate and characterize an implantable drug delivery system using flushable electrodes to deliver the charged chemotherapeutic or doxorubicin (+1) in a brain tissue‐mimic agarose gel (0.2% w/v) model by electrophoresis. The optimized capillary‐embedded electrode system exhibited a sustained movement of charged doxorubicin through nearly 3.5 mm in four hours, a distance for achieving effective intratumoral concentrations.
Enantioselective separation of twelve pairs of enantiomers on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases and thermodynamic analysis of separation mechanism
Authors: Zhu Bolin , Yao Yaqi , Deng Miaoduo , Jiang Zhen , Li Qing
Published: June 2018

The enantioseparation of twelve pairs of structurally related 1‐aryl‐1‐indanone derivatives was studied in the normal‐phase mode using three different polysaccharide‐type chiral stationary phases, namely Chiralpak IB, Chiralpak IC, and Chiralpak ID. n‐Hexane/2‐propanol and n‐hexane/ethanol were employed as mobile phases. Among all the investigated chiral columns, Chiralpak IC exhibited the most universal and the best enantioseparation ability toward all the racemates, particularly with the mobile phase composed of n‐hexane/2‐propanol (90/10, v/v). Then the effects of column temperature on retention and enantioselectivity were examined in the range of 25–40°C. Satisfactory enantioseparation was obtained at ambient temperature. The natural logarithm of retention and separation factors (ln k and ln α) versus the reciprocal of absolute temperature (1/T) (Van't Hoff plots) were found to be linear for all racemates, indicating that the retention and separation mechanisms were independent of temperature in the range investigated. Then, the thermodynamic parameters (ΔΔH°, ΔΔS°, and ΔΔG°) were calculated from Van't Hoff plots. These values indicated that the solute transfer from the mobile to stationary phase was enthalpically favorable, and the process of enantioseparation was mainly enthalpy controlled. At last, the impact of small changes in molecular structures of the tested 1‐indanone derivatives on enantioseparation was also discussed.
Preparation of mesoporous polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/silica composite nanofiber and dye removal from wastewater
Authors: Mahmoodi Niyaz Mohammad , Mokhtari‐Shourijeh Zahra , Abdi Jafar
Published: June 2018

Mesoporous polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/silica composite nanofiber (PCSCN) as a dye adsorbent was prepared using electrospinning and used for removing Direct Red 80 (DR80). The PCSCN was characterized using SEM, FTIR, and AFM. Dye adsorption was an endothermic reaction and followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second order kinetics. The effects of operational parameters were investigated. The optimum condition was initial pH 2, adsorbent dosage = 0.015 g, initial dye concentration = 15 mg/L, and the optimum adsorption capacity of 322 mg/g. The results showed that PCSCN was a promising adsorbent to remove dye from colored wastewater. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: S100–S109, 2019
Control‐oriented LPV Modeling for the Air Supply System of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Chen F. X. , Jiao J. R. , Liu S. G. , Yu Y. , Xu S. C.
Published: June 2018

Air supply system, as a crucial subsystem of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), plays a very significant role in the efficiency and the reliability of the system. In order to better control the air supply subsystem, an appropriate model needs to be established to describe the subsystem covering whole working conditions from PEMFC startup to shutdown. This paper propose a linearized parameter varying (LPV) model based on system identification. To describe the subsystem in different working conditions, the subsystem is identified near 7 equilibrium points. Identification results show that the subsystem can be described as several linear models near equilibrium points. Based on these linear models, a LPV model is proposed solving 2‐D interpolation problem. It is proved theoretically that LPV system has the same steady‐state character and linear model at equilibrium points with identification models. The simulation and experiments results also verify that the LPV model can cover the working conditions from PEMFC startup to shutdown with accuracy both in dynamic condition and steady state.
Distinct neural substrates for visual short‐term memory of actions
Authors: Cai Ying , Urgolites Zhisen , Wood Justin , Chen Chuansheng , Li Siyao , Chen Antao , Xue Gui
Published: June 2018

Fundamental theories of human cognition have long posited that the short‐term maintenance of actions is supported by one of the “core knowledge” systems of human visual cognition, yet its neural substrates are still not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether the visual short‐term memory (VSTM) of actions has distinct neural substrates or, as proposed by the spatio‐object architecture of VSTM, shares them with VSTM of objects and spatial locations. In two experiments, we tested these two competing hypotheses by directly contrasting the neural substrates for VSTM of actions with those for objects and locations. Our results showed that the bilateral middle temporal cortex (MT) was specifically involved in VSTM of actions because its activation and its functional connectivity with the frontal–parietal network (FPN) were only modulated by the memory load of actions, but not by that of objects/agents or locations. Moreover, the brain regions involved in the maintenance of spatial location information (i.e., superior parietal lobule, SPL) was also recruited during the maintenance of actions, consistent with the temporal–spatial nature of actions. Meanwhile, the frontoparietal network (FPN) was commonly involved in all types of VSTM and showed flexible functional connectivity with the domain‐specific regions, depending on the current working memory tasks. Together, our results provide clear evidence for a distinct neural system for maintaining actions in VSTM, which supports the core knowledge system theory and the domain‐specific and domain‐general architectures of VSTM.
Prognosis of subglottic carcinoma: Is it really worse?
Authors: Coskun Hakan , Mendenhall William M. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Rodrigo Juan P. , Suárez Carlos , Strojan Primož , López Fernando , Mondin Vanni , Saba Nabil F. , Shaha Ashok R. , Smee Robert , Takes Robert P. , Ferlito Alfio
Published: June 2018

It is traditionally accepted that subglottic carcinoma has a worse prognosis than tumors arising in other subsites of the larynx, owing to its tendency to present in advanced stages, with a high incidence of cartilage invasion and extralaryngeal spread. The incidence of subglottic carcinoma varies among series, mainly because there is no uniform definition of the upper boundary of the subglottis. The extent of the tumor may be difficult to define because subglottic carcinoma may spread through the submucosa without visible mucosal changes. There is also a rich lymphatic network in the subglottis draining to the prelaryngeal and paratracheal lymph nodes, which are usually not involved by cancers arising in other laryngeal subsites. Current literature data indicates that early‐stage subglottic carcinoma can be treated using radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy with high locoregional control and survival rates. In advanced stage subglottic carcinoma, combination of surgery followed by radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy resulted in comparable outcomes, as in advanced carcinomas from the rest of the larynx. Stage for stage, it is likely that the prognosis for subglottic carcinoma and of glottic and supraglottic cancers is similar.
Survival benefits of adjuvant radiation in the management of early tongue cancer with depth of invasion as the indication
Authors: Rajappa Suhas Kodasoge , Ram Dharma , Bhakuni Yogendra Singh , Jain Ankita , Kumar Rajeev , Dewan Ajay K.
Published: June 2018

Background

With the introduction of new American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classifications for head and neck cancers few cases are upgraded from T2 to T3 based only on depth of invasion. The role of adjuvant therapy in this particular subset of patients is still not defined.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of data from 2009 to 2015, of patients with histopathology of pT1, T2, and N0. A total of 375 patients were subdivided into 3 groups per the new AJCC classification depth of invasion <5 mm, 6 to 10 mm, and >10 mm. Survival analyses of patients receiving adjuvant therapy and those who did not were compared with specific emphasis on patients who were upstaged from T2 to T3 based on depth of invasion.

Results

Depth of invasion is a poor prognostic factor and addition of adjuvant therapy based on depth of invasion did not have significant survival benefits.

Conclusion

Addition of adjuvant therapy based on depth of invasion does not influence survival in patients with early carcinoma of the tongue.
Chalcogen‐Bonding Catalysis: From Neutral to Cationic Benzodiselenazole Scaffolds
Authors: Benz Sebastian , Besnard Celine , Matile Stefan
Published: June 2018

Benzodiselenazoles (BDS) are emerging as privileged structures for chalcogen‐bonding catalysis in the focal point of conformationally immobilized σ holes on strong selenium donors in a neutral scaffold. Whereas much attention has been devoted to work out the advantages of selenium compared to the less polarizable sulfur donors, high expectations concerning bidentate, rigid, and neutral scaffolds have been generated with little experimental support. Here we report design, synthesis and evaluation of the necessary catalysts to confirm that i) bidentate BDS are more effective than their monodentate analogs, ii) conformationally immobilized scaffolds are more effective than more flexible ones, iii) cationic BDS scaffolds are more effective than neutral ones, and iv) in dicationic‐bidentate BDS, contributions from chalcogen‐bonding dominate possible contributions from ion‐pairing catalysis. These conclusions result from rate enhancements found for a Ritter‐type anion‐binding reaction and an X‐ray crystal structure of dicationic BDS with a triflate anion bound with highest precision in the focal point of the σ holes.
A closed formula for calculating pesticide residue levels in the feed items of terrestrial species
Authors: Van Cott Cornelia , Van Cott Andrew , Gagne James
Published: June 2018

Calculating pesticide residue levels in feed items for terrestrial species requires accounting for the application rate of the pesticide, the frequency and interval of application, the half-life of the pesticide on the food item, and the residue unit dose. Microsoft Excel™–based applications such as the US Environmental Protection Agency's Terrestrial Residue Exposure model (T-REX) and Terrestrial Herpetofaunal Exposure Residue Program (T-HERPS) calculate the residue levels in feed items using a recursive sequence. A recursive sequence is an unwieldy calculation method that presents a barrier to creating a software-based tool capable of conducting flexible assessments. Therefore, we determined the closed form of the recursive mathematical equation used by both T-REX and T-HERPS. With this formula, we can both duplicate screening-level assessments (T-REX, T-HERPS) as well as incrementally refine the assessment with data-driven inputs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:703–709. © 2018 SETAC

Key Points

We determined the closed form of the recursive mathematical equation used by both the Terrestrial Residue Exposure model (T-REX) and the Terrestrial Herpetofaunal Exposure Residue Program (T-HERPS). With this formula, applications can be created that use data-driven inputs not currently allowed by T-REX or T-HERPS.
NR4A1 Regulates Motility of Osteoclast Precursors and Serves as Target for the Modulation of Systemic Bone Turnover
Authors: Scholtysek Carina , Ipseiz Natacha , Böhm Christina , Krishnacoumar Brenda , Stenzel Martin , Czerwinski Tina , Palumbo-Zerr Katrin , Rothe Tobias , Weidner Daniela , Klej Alexandra , Stoll Cornelia , Distler Jörg , Tuckermann Jan , Herrmann Martin , Fabry Ben , Goldmann Wolfgang H , Schett Georg , Krönke Gerhard
Published: June 2018

NR4A1 (Nur77 or NGFI-B), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been identified as a key regulator of the differentiation and function of myeloid, lymphoid, and mesenchymal cells. The detailed role of NR4A1 in bone biology is incompletely understood. Here, we report a role for NR4A1 as novel factor controlling the migration and recruitment of osteoclast precursors during bone remodeling. Myeloid-specific but not osteoblast-specific deletion of NR4A1 resulted in osteopenia due to an increase in the number of bone-lining osteoclasts. Although NR4A1-deficient osteoclast precursors displayed a regular differentiation into mature osteoclasts, they showed a hyper-motile phenotype that was largely dependent on increased osteopontin expression, suggesting that expression of NR4A1 negatively controlled osteopontin-mediated recruitment of osteoclast precursors to the trabecular bone. Pharmacological activation of NR4A1, in turn, inhibited osteopontin expression and osteopontin-dependent migration of osteoclast precursors resulted in reduced abundance of bone-resorbing osteoclasts in vivo as well as in an ameliorated bone loss after ovariectomy in mice. This study identifies NR4A1 as a crucial player in the regulation of osteoclast biology and bone remodeling and highlights this nuclear receptor as a promising target for therapeutic intervention during the treatment of osteoporosis. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Role of chemokines in ectopic lymphoid structures formation in autoimmunity and cancer
Authors: Nerviani Alessandra , Pitzalis Costantino
Published: June 2018

Ectopic (or tertiary) lymphoid structures (ELS) are organized aggregates of lymphocytes resembling secondary lymphoid organs and developing in chronically inflamed nonlymphoid tissues during persistent infections, graft rejection, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. In this review, we will first depict the mechanisms regulating ELS generation, focusing on the role played by lymphoid chemokines. We will then characterize ELS forming in target organs during autoimmune conditions, here exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, highlighting the relevance of the tissue-specific factors. Finally, we will discuss the clinical significance of ELS and the therapeutic potential of their inhibition and/or enhancement depending on the disease considered.

Review of how lymphoid chemokines regulate the ectopic development of lymphoid structures in ‘permissive’ tissues during chronic inflammation.