bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ascochyta rabiei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta rabiei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cicer arietinum
. DISEASE: Blight of gor chick pea (
Cicer arietinum
), attacks all above-ground parts of the plant; circular lesions on leaves and pods and elongate ones on petioles and stems. The pycnidia form in concentric areas on these lesions and in severe attacks the whole plant is killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to the Mediterranean region, S.E. Europe, S.W. Asia and also reported from Tanzania (CMI Map 151, ed. 2, 1966). Additional areas not yet mapped are: Lebanon, Turkey, USSR (Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Moldavia). TRANSMISSION: Infection is carried both on and within the seed. Seed infestation in pods showing infection was 50-80%. Seed formation, size and germination and seedling growth are adversely affected (12: 264; 49, 3059). Conida are presumably dispersed by water-splash and viability is retained in host debris on the soil surface between crop seasons.
Septoria glycines
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria glycines
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Glycine max
. DISEASE: Brown spot of soyabean (
Glycine max
). Early symptoms are usually on the cotyledons and first true leaves, spots are redish-brown, somewhat angular, up to 5 mm diam. and very numerous. They spread acropetally, coalesce and result in defoliation. Spots appear on stems and pods, which bear pycnidia (6: 74). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs in E. Asia (China, Japan, USSR), and parts of E. and central Canada and USA (CMI Map 361, ed. 1, 1958). An additional record not yet mapped is Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Largely by seed which is penetrated mostly via the placenta and funicle; seed bears necrotic areas and pycnidia (35: 66; 37: 199).
Drechslera incurvata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera incurvata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cocos nucifera
. DISEASE: A leaf spot of young coconut (
Cocos nucifera
). The spots are at first small, oval, brown; enlarging and becoming pale buff in the centre with a broad, dark brown margin. In severe attacks the edges of leaves become extensively necrotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Apart from records from Jamaica and Seychelles the fungus has been reported only from S.E. Asia, Australasia and Oceania: British Solomon Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Malaysia (W., Sabah, Sarawak), New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua-New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Thailand. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed.
Cochliobolus carbonum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus carbonum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Zea mays
. Leaf symptoms differ according to the physiologic race. Race 1 gives oval to circular, straw-coloured, dry and papery lesions which become zonate with light to purplish-brown margins; they are abundant, up to 1.5 × 2.5 cm and often coalescent. Race 2 gives oval, chocolate-brown spots, sometimes irregular, up to 0.5 × 2.5 cm and less abundant than those of race 1. Both races cause ear rot, a black, felt-like growth over the kernels giving a charred appearance (23: 293). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Central and southern Africa, S.E. Europe, India (E.), Cambodia, China, Australia (NSW, Qd); New Caledonia, Canada (Ontario), USA (E.), Argentina and Colombia (CMI Map 380, ed. 2, 1969). Additional records not mapped are: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Salvador. TRANSMISSION: Seed infection is often deep seated (47, 3058); also air-dispersed through the conidia.
Rosellinia arcuata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rosellinia arcuata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous; important on
Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: Black root rot mainly of tropical and subtropical woody hosts; plurivorous but only of serious importance on tea (
Camellia sinensis
). The advancing edge of the mycelium is white, shading to black. On the root surface the black network of strands gives a woolly appearance and beneath the bark star-like fans of white mycelium spread out on the wood. On tea the fungus may spread up the stem fan a short distance; the bush often dies suddenly, the leaves remaining attached for some time. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Records of this fungus are apparently infrequent. It has been reported from Central African Republic, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Kenya, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Zaire Republic. TRANSMISSION: As mycelium from surface organic litter and woody debris and possibly also through spores.
Rosellinia pepo
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rosellinia pepo
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: According to Waterston (1941)
R. pepo
has a more restricted range than
R. bunodes
. Susceptible species include avocado, banana, breadfruit, cacao, coffee, dasheen (
Colocasia antiquorum
), jak (
Artocalpus integer
), horse bean (
Canavalia
sp.), immortelle (
Erythrina
), lime, nutmeg, pigeon pea, West Indian locust (
Hymenaea coulbalii
). DISEASE: Black root rot, mainly of tropical and subtropical woody hosts; plurivorous but recorded less often than
R. bunodes
(CMI Descript. 351), with which it has often been associated in the American tropics. At the collar the mycelial fan has a light grey margin, shading to brown or purplish-black. On roots the greyish cobweb-like strands become black and coalesce into a woolly or felt-like mass. Beneath the bark white fans (star-like) of mycelium occur on the surface of the wood. Thin plates of mycelium in the wood appear as zig-zag lines in section. In culture deep brown, later olive green, strands, white becoming black. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Apparently at present restricted to central America, the West Indies and West Africa; other records are of doubtful authenticity. TRANSMISSION: As mycelium from surface organic litter and woody debris.
Hypoxylon mammatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon mammatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On trunks and branches of species of
Acer, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Fagus, Malus, Picea, Platanus, Populus, Pyrus, Quercus, Salix, Sorbus
and
Ulmus
. DISEASES: Causes perennial cankers (most commonly near the bases) leading to the death of infected trees. It is a particularly important pathogen of species of
Populus (P. grandidentata, P. tacamahaca, P. tremuloides
). Invades all bark zones except the periderm and destroys all cell types except sclerenchyma (44, 543d). Loss in weight occurs (43, 2113) and infected trees of P.
tremuloides
may die within three years of the appearance of the canker (39: 56). The degree of damage is correlated with the age of
Populus
stands and their geographical location (32: 222; 43, 2415b). Bark blisters arise and
c
. 3 months after inoculation conidial pillars rupture the periderm to expose the subiculum (Berbee & Rogers. 1964). In Minnesota conidial pillars are most abundantly produced in May and June and the perithecial stroma in August and September (45, 242). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in North America from 200 miles north of the Mexican border to Alaska (44, 2899) and particularly common in Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Alberta, Quebec etc. Rare in Europe but known from Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Sweden, UK, USSR (Ukraine) (Miller, 1961: CMI Map 465, ed. 1, 1970). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores in wind entering through wounds in the periderm, but also able to invade tissues beneath sound bark (44, 1277). Peak ascospore liberation occurs at high relative humidity and low air temperature (47, 659), discharge continuing at below -4°C (45, 242). Available data suggest that conidia have little significance in the transmission of this pathogen (Berbee & Rogers, 1964).
Cylindrocladium scoparium
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium scoparium
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide host range, mainly of woody plants, including conifers, but also extending to beet, strawberry and watermelon. Particularly notable as a pathogen of young eucalyptus and pine. DISEASE: Damping-off, seedling root-rot, seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, including North America (USA, Canada), South America (Brazil, Argentina), West Indies (Jamaica), Australia and New Zealand, Asia (India, Japan, Malaysia), Africa. TRANSMISSION: By microsclerotia and infected debris in the soil and by airborne, splash-dispersed conidia.
Olivea tectonae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Olivea tectonae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Tectona grandis
. DISEASE: Teak rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Pakistan. Ceylon, Taiwan, Burma) (47, 921). TRANSMISSION: By airborne urediospores.
Cercospora sequoiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora sequoiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cryptomeriajaponica, Juniperus virginiana, Thuja orientalis, Sequoia gigantea, S. sempervirens, Taxodium distichum, Cupressus arizonica, C. lusitanica, C. macnabiana, C. sempervirens, Chamaecyparis pisifera
. DISEASE:
Cercospora
blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); N. America (USA); S. America (Brazil). TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed conidia during periods of mist and light rain (42, 282).
Phomopsis juniperivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis juniperivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of conifers, including
Juniperus ashei, J. horizontalis
var.
douglasii, J. japonica, J. scopulorum, J. chinensis, J. virginiana, J. communis, J. sabina
var.
tamariscifolia, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. thyoides, Cupressus macrocarpa, C. arizonica, C. lusitanica, C. sempervirens, C. torulosa, Cryptomeriajaponica, Thuja orientalis, Larix decidua, Pinus banksiana, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Cephalotaxus drupacea, Abies
spp.,
Taxus baccata
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: N. America (USA, Canada), Europe (UK, France, Denmark), Africa (Kenya, South Africa, Mozambique), Australasia and Oceania (New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia produced in pycnidia on diseased tissues, liberated by a splash take-off mechanism.
Corynebacterium oortii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium oortii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Tulipa gesneriana
, the garden tulip. DISEASE: 'Geel-pok' (yellow pustule) of tulip bulbs and 'hels vuur' (hell-fire) of the leaves. Primary infection occurs on leaves, which show silver grey spots after a short time. These become up to about 5 mm diam. with brittle, easily cracked epidermis and disorganised-looking parenchyma within. Plants may also show leaves with areas in which the upper and lower epidermis is badly cracked, giving a characteristic rough look to the leaves. These plants show yellowish stem interiors that run down to the young growing bulbs. On bulbs the outermost white scale develops many tiny white spots which turn yellow and by the end of the storage period are yellow areas with raised tissue and ruptured outer skin. In section many vascular bundles are yellow. Less severely affected bulbs develop into stunted plants with leaves showing silvery streaks along veins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Netherlands, England. TRANSMISSION: By planting out of infected bulbs, which may produce infected plants and in turn more infected bulbs; also from plant to plant in the field by leaf infection. The latter presumably in windy and wet conditions.
Corynebacterium tritici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium tritici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum aestivum
. Sabet (1954a) obtained infection artificially on
T. dicoccum, T. durum
and
T. pyramidale
, using the nematode vector. Williams (1964) claimed infection of
Dactylis glomerata
and
Secale cereale
, but no details of the inoculation method used have been published. DISEASE: Yellow slime or 'tundu' disease of wheat. Infected parts bear yellow slimy bacterial exudate. Wheat ears covered by such slime become distorted or fail to emerge properly and produce little or no grain. On leaves and sheaths long slimy yellow spots may be seen. The bacterium has an obligate association with the ear-cockle nematode,
Anguina tritici
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India and Egypt (CMI Map 156a, ed. 1, 1966), to which should be added W. Australia (6, 216), China (Hopei & Kweichow) (26, 446), Cyprus (17, 15), Ethiopia (48, 3413a) and Iran (49, 445). TRANSMISSION: The bacterium is carried with the seed in infected galls of the ear-cockle nematode
Anguina tritici
. The presence of the nematode is considered essential for the establishment of the bacteria in the plant, and many different attempts to inoculate wheat artificially in the absence of the nematode have failed to produce infection (e.g. Hutchinson, 1917; 4, 470; 6, 216; 26, 446; 51, 2391). Chaudhury (14, 571) claimed successful inoculation of the bacteria alone, but later workers have refuted this. Severin & Docea (50, 1047y) and Williams (1917) reported successful artificial inoculations, but little or no details of the methods are given. Neither report mentions use of nematodes. The bacteria carried by galls can remain viable for at least 5 years (45, 3125), while the nematodes within the galls are known to remain viable for even longer periods. Experiments of Swarup & Singh (43, 1299) indicate that the bacteria are not carried within the galls on or inside the larvae, but probably on the gall surface.
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
(in nature on
Oryza, Pennisetum, Stenotaphrum, Triticum
and possibly others including
Axonopus, Chloris
and
Cynodon
; artificially infecting
Avena
); also said to overwinter on sheaths of
Typha latifolia
(Tullis, 1951). Due to possible confusion between this fungus and
G. graminis
var.
tritici
, the host ranges of both need more detailed study. DISEASE: Crown sheath rot of rice (Ou, 1972) sometimes called brown (or black) sheath rot and Arkansas foot rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread: reported from Australia (NSW), Central African Republic, French Equatorial Africa, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan (Ou, 1972), Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sweden (Nilsson, 1972), Tanzania, USA (Ark., La., Texas). TRANSMISSION: Presumably soil-borne. The part played by ascospores in spreading the fungus is not known. It is carried on roots, stolons and leaf sheaths of several grasses. There is one report of possible spread with seed (42, 727; 47, 3058).
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
, especially
Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Agropyron
and several other grass genera and, more rarely,
Sorghum
and
Zea
; also recorded from the roots of plants in other families. DISEASE: Take-all of cereals and grasses (also referred to as deadheads or whiteheads, pietin and pied noir (France), Schwarzbeinigkeit and Ophiobolus Fusskrankheit (Germany), Ophiobolusvoetziekt (Netherlands) and others). Root infection is favoured by soil temperature from 12-20°C (Butler, 1961). Ascospore germ tubes penetrate root hairs and the epidermis in the meristematic region (Weste, 1972) leading to plugging of xylem and root death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (CMI Map 334, ed. 3, 1972). Widespread, especially in temperate zones. Africa; Asia (India, Iran, Japan, USSR): Australasia and Oceania; Europe; North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments, as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses and, under special conditions, by ascospores. Seed transmission very doubtful (47, 3058).
Gibberella pulicaris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibberella pulicaris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cereals, flax, hops, lupin, strawberry, tomato, potato. DISEASE: This fungus has a threefold expression in terms of economic importance; canker and dieback, root rots, storage rots. As a canker form it can be a serious disease of hops (Burgess, 1964); as a root rot it attacks a wide variety of hosts especially cereals in Eastern Europe, but also flax (49, 1044), lupin (47, 2190), strawberry (43, 1091), tomato (46, 61c) and numerous other hosts; as a storage rot it is of considerable importance on potato. Although this fungus may be important as a root rotting organism or as a storage rot, the perithecia are usually found only in association with its third role, that of a canker forming or dieback organism of woody hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in N. temperate and Mediterranean regions; Asia, Europe, N. Africa and N. America. In the southern hemisphere it probably represents an introduction. Dingley (36, 127) states the early records for NZ are misidentifications although it has since been recorded there on passion fruit (49, 2943). In Australia it can be a serious problem in stored potatoes. TRANSMISSION: By conidial splash or by ascospores; canker of hops becomes progressively more severe if infected material is allowed to remain in the hop garden.
Pyrenophora graminea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora graminea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Barley and other
Hordeum
spp. Also, occasionally, on oats, wheat and rye. DISEASE: Causes leaf stripe of barley. Severe seedling infection can cause stunting and post-emergence death, but symptoms are not usually apparent until later, when long, chlorotic or yellow stripes on leaves and sheaths appear. Most leaves of a diseased plant are usually affected. Dark brown streaks develop later in the stripes, which eventually dry out and cause leaf shedding. Ears may not emerge or be deformed and discoloured. Grain production by infected plants is severely restricted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread distribution; occurs in most barley-growing areas of the world. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (49, 1342) usually by mycelium in the pericarp. Perithecia are uncommon, but overwintering sclerotia on crop debris have been reported from Russia (42, 13). Secondary infection by conidia is apparently important only for floral infection and subsequent seed contamination.
Cymadothea trifolii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , O'Rourke C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cymadothea trifolii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves of a wide range of
Trifolium
species; reported on
Medicago
in India. DISEASES: Black blotch or sooty blotch of clover. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Bavaria, Britain, Canada, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Germany, Guernsey, India, Iraq, Irish Rep., Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jersey, Kenya, New Zealand, Pakistan, Rumania, Sweden, USA, USSR. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in spring and by conidia throughout the growing season. Believed to overwinter as ascospores in stromata on infected leaves; has been reported to survive in soil for 5 yr.
Pyrenochaeta terrestris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pyrenochaeta terrestris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium cepa
; other species of
Allium
. DISEASE: Pink root of onion (
Allium cepa
), and also may cause disease in Welsh onion (
A. fistulosum
), leek (
A
.
ampeloprasum
), shallot (
A. cepa
var.
aggregatum
), garlic (
A. sativum
) and chive (
A. schoenoprasum
). Also, as a soil inhabitant, it is frequently isolated from the roots of many crops on which no disease is caused (20, 138; 22, 429; 23, 261; 25, 82; 33, 332; 45, 311; 47, 2119; 50, 136). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Germany, Hong Kong, Mauritius, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, UK, USA, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Soil, water and the infected host.
Rhizoctonia tuliparum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizoctonia tuliparum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On tulip,
Allium, Amaryllis, Brodiaea, Chionodoxa, Colchicum, Crocus, Eranthis, Fritillaria, Galanthus
,
Gladiolus, Hyacinthus, Iris, Ixia, Lilium, Narcissus
and
Scilla
. DISEASE: Grey bulb rot. Infection begins in late autumn or early spring on bulb tip and the shoot may be killed at this stage; later development results in rotting of leaf and flower shoot bases, with eventual formation of large numbers of sclerotia on the rotted tissues and in the surrounding soil. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, Russia, Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Sclerotia survive 3-5 yr in soil and are readily disseminated by agricultural practices such as ploughing. Also disseminated as sclerotia and mycelium on bulbs.
Cercospora coffeicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora coffeicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Coffea
spp. DISEASE: Brown eye spot of coffee; symptoms occur on leaves and berries. On the former the small chlorotic spots expand, becoming deep brown but lighter in colour on the lower surface; the centre becomes grey white and surrounded by a ring of dark brown tissue, 5-15 mm diam., sometimes with a yellowish halo. This is most distinct on the upper leaf surface; the dark sporulation is seen in the greyish area. Leaves may be shed. On green berries lesions are brown, sunken, irregular or oval with ashy centres, rarely > 5 mm long and sometimes with a purplish surround. Infection may penetrate the berry thus causing the pulp to stick to the bean during fermentation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the tropics (CMI Map 59, ed. 4, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Conidia probably windborne mostly during the day. The possible role of any other hosts seems unimportant.
Calonectria kyotensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria kyotensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia dealbata, Camellia sinensis, Dianthus barbatus, Pinus
sp.,
Prunus persica, Rhododendron (Azalea
) and
Syringa vulgaris
. DISEASE: Causes a root rot of peach trees and in inoculation tests was found to cause wilting, root rot and death of peach seedlings (46, 2468). Severe losses to cuttings and liners of azaleas, lilac and Sweet William reported (47, 3461). Associated with
Cylindrocladium scoparium
with 'short life' of peach trees (51, 1648),
C. floridanum
being usually more virulent. Causes death of single-node tea cuttings in Mauritius (52, 1249) and associated with decline of tea bushes (Peerally, 1972). Soil drenches with benomyl give complete control of the pathogen (47, 3461). Soil drenches with benomyl and dithane M-45, and manuring with artificial fertilizers followed by earthing up, have given satisfactory control of root rot of tea bushes in Mauritius. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: England, Germany, Japan, Mauritius and USA. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is soil-inhabiting, rarely attacking aerial parts of plants.
Calonectria theae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria theae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia
spp.,
Albizia, Camellia sinensis, Eucalyptus
spp. and
Rhododendron
(
Azalea
). DISEASE: Causes the well-known '
Cercosporella
disease' of tea bushes. Spots on young leaves are at first brown or black and in humid weather enlarge and coalesce. On mature leaves spots are at first black then grey or greyish-white with a purplish margin. On fully mature leaves spots are brown or black then turn greyish. Tea bushes may be severely defoliated. Also causes root discoloration but not mortality of azaleas (52, 1935). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ceylon and USA. Other records are of doubtful authenticity TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and ascospores in Ceylon. Transmission
from Acacia decurrens
, used as a shade tree, frequently reported.
Cylindrocladium ilicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium ilicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ilex aquifolium
. DISEASE: A leaf spot. The roughly circular spots are brownish but may be covered with white talc-like spore masses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ireland. TRANSMISSION: Although there are no studies reported on the method of transmission it is probable that this occurs by air-borne conidia and in rain splashes.
Cylindrocladium braziliensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium braziliensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Eucalyptus
. DISEASE: Dieback of adult trees and damping-off of seedlings (31, 524). On leaves, spots are at first pale purple and later darken producing a necrotic centre defined by a narrow dark purple halo. Defoliation may be followed by death of entire plants (41, 414). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Transmission by seeds has been reported (41, 104).
Cylindrocladium camelliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium camelliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia dealbata, Camellia sinensis
. DISEASE: A minor root rot of tea in South India. Affected plants unthrifty with few feeding roots. Raised patches occur on the bark of the tap and lateral roots and may extend to the collar region. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Japan.
Nectria crotalariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria crotalariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia koa, Arachis hypogaea, Carica papaya, Crotalaria anagyroides, Liriodendron tulipifera
and
Tephrosia vogelii
. DISEASE: Causes a collar rot of
Crotalaria anagyroides
and
Tephrosia vogelii
(29, 537), and a peg, pod and root necrosis of groundnut in Georgia (USA), a disease which has been named
Cylindrocladium
black rot of groundnuts. The diseased groundnut plants in the field were chlorotic and wilted and exhibited blighting of the leaf tips and margins. Chlorosis and wilting of the lateral foliage were usually less extensive than those of the erect primary branches (46, 1159). Reported as causing a severe root rot on
potted Liriodendron tulipifera
seedlings (49, 3016). In Hawaii the pathogen has been reported to cause a collar rot of
Carica papaya
and
Acacia koa
(Nishijima & Aragaki, 1973). On
Carica papaya
the diseased seedlings were characterized by stunting, chlorosis or loss of leaves and rotting of the collar region and crown roots. In glasshouse tests 5 cultivars of flue-cured tobacco proved to be highly susceptible to the pathogen while from 4 cultivars of cotton not visibly infected, the pathogen was isolated from roots (Rowe & Beute, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Hawaii, Sri Lanka and USA. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is soil-borne.
Eutypa armeniacae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Carter M. V. , Talbot P. H. B.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Eutypa armeniacae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: As a pathogen on apricot (
Prunus armeniaca
) and
Ceanothus
spp. As a saprophyte on apricot (
Prunus armeniaca
), almond (
Prunus amygdalus
[Prunus dulcis]
), apple (
Malus sylvestris
, walnut (
Juglans regia
), grapevine (
Vitis vinifera
), tamarisk (
Tamarix
sp.),
Ceanothus
spp. and
Berberis darwinii
. DISEASE: 'Gummosis' or 'dieback' of apricots in Australia (Adam
et al.
, 1952). '
Cytosporina
dieback' of apricots in California (42, 474). A contributing factor to the syndrome known as 'apricot apoplexy' in various European countries (Carter, private communications). Dieback of
Ceanothus
spp. in Australia and California (Moller
et al.
, 1971). The dieback disease of apricots is also known to be associated with this pathogen in New Zealand (40, 88) and South Africa (Price, 1973). On apricot, the classical symptoms occur on trees of all ages: cankering, sometimes associated with exudation of gum, in the vicinity of wounds which expose the sapwood, most commonly those made by pruning instruments. Ultimately the leaves on the part of the branch distal to the canker wither and die, usually in mid- to late summer, typically remaining attached for many months because no abscission layer has formed. Internally, the sapwood is discoloured light brown to dark brown, with a dffluse margin. Pycnidia may appear, usually in winter, on wood and bark nearby advanced infections. The pycnidiospores have never been seen to germinate and appear to have no role in transmission of the pathogen. Perithecia are immersed in a stroma which may develop two or more years after death of a branch. The stroma may remain productive for at least six years, producing one generation of perithecia annually, maturing in early spring. In California and in South Africa, external canker symptoms were for many years confused with those caused by bacteria or the genus
Pseudomonas
, but the internal symptoms are usually quite distinctive and the presence of E.
armeniacae
has been confirmed by culturing and by serology. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, North America (California), Europe (France, Spain, Switzerland), South Africa. Absent from Chile in a disease survey conducted by English
et al.
(1967). Absence of records from the Asian continent are attributed to lack of information. TRANSMISSION: Entirely by air-borne ascospores; secondary dispersal from the tree surfaces is by water-splash and run during rainfall, carrying ascospores to the vessels exposed at wounds (45, 511).
Elsinoe australis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchett C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Elsinoe australis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Sweet orange, lemon, mandarin, tangerine, satsuma, orange, kumquat (
Fortunella margarita
), lime, grapefruit and pointed leaf papeda (
Citrus hystrix
) (19, 366; Brun, 1971). Sour oranges generally resistant to attack but symptoms have been occasionally noted (20, 110; 35, 544). DISEASE: Sweet orange scab. Symptoms mainly on fruits, less frequent on or absent from leaves and twigs. Only young tissues are attacked (22, 354). Young fruits may become distorted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Largely confined to South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay), although a single report occurs from Sicily (37, 234). Symptoms of scab on citrus in the Dominican Republic (CMI Map 55, ed. 2, 1965) and New Caledonia (36, 711) initially attributed to
E. australis
are now thought to have been due respectively to
E. fawcettii
(CMI Descript. 438) and
E. fawcettii
var.
scabiosa
(CMI Descript. 437) (41, 85; 51, 3250; CMI Map 55, ed. 2, 1965). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind and rain splash. Old lesions on fruits, leaves and twigs are the probable source of infection at the start of each season (Bitancourt & Jenkins, 1937a).
Ganoderma applanatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ganoderma applanatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide range of broad-leaved and coniferous trees. As much confusion has arisen between
G. applanatum
and
G. adspersum
earlier references must be accepted only with care as to the hosts. It is the authors observation that
G. applanatum
is more frequent in the woodland biotype than in orchards, garden and roadside plantations while
G. adspersum
seems to be more frequent in the latter. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the northern hemisphere temperate zone. The northern limit follows the tree line. The southern limit is Florida in the USA, the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Northern Iran, Northern Pakistan, southern slopes of the Himalayas, but a specimen has been obtained from Bombay in India. In Pakistan and India it overlaps slightly with the range of
G. tornatum
(CMI Descript. 447). TRANSMISSION: Transmission is probably confined to air-borne spores and root contact with infected plant material in the soil.
Ganoderma tornatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ganoderma tornatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: pleurivorous DISEASE: Heart and butt rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTON Occurs throughout the tropics, to the extreme tip of South Africa and to the shores of the Pacific Ocean in Canada. The area of distribution overlaps that of
G. applanatum
in the north west of India and Pakistan (CMI Descript. 443) but does not extend north of the Sahara in Africa. It is not found in southern Europe. Its distribution in South America is still uncertain as few specimens have been available from that continent. In the Pacific it extends from the Philippines to New Caledonia and Papua. This appears to be the commonest species of Ganoderma in the tropics, with G. chalcrum (Cooke) Stey. coming second. TRANSMISSION: No rhizomorphs have been observed in relation to
G. tornatum
. Thus, the only likely means of transmission is by air-borne spores or root contact with infected plant material in the soil.
Ganoderma zonatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyeert R. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ganoderma zonatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis, Cocos nucifera, Borassus aethiopum
; has been recorded on
Sebal palmetto
in Northern America. On Dicots it has only been recorded for
Eucalyptus
but it can develop on dead wood. DISEASE: Like
G. boninense
causes a base rot on palms in Africa. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout tropical Africa on palms. In America it is recorded from Florida, but is probably distributed in South America. No specimen, however, has been available from there. TRANSMISSION: As no rhizomorphs have so far been detected and, moreover, considering that spore production is abundant the latter appear to be the only means of transmission with the leaf stalk bases as the port of entry into the base of the trees. The possibility of transmission by root contact with infected residues in the soil or diseased plants cannot be excluded.
Endothia gyrosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Snow G. A. , Beland J. W. , Czabator F. I.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Endothia gyrosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Castanea
spp.,
Eucalyptus diversicolor, Fagus americana, F. sylvatica, Ilex opaca, Liquidambar formosana, L. styraciflua, Quercus
spp.,
Ulmus americana, Vitis
spp. DISEASE: Sunken cankers occur at wounds or branch stubs on stems, branches and roots. Affected areas are typically covered with orange stromata. Girdling results in death of the distal portions of the tree and sprouting below the canker is common. Cracking of the bark, purple stain and resin flow are pronounced on
Liquidambar
. Van Arsdel (1972) refers to the disease as hobnail canker on oak. Early descriptions suggest that the organism is a weak wound pathogen. More recent reports show that the disease is serious on species of
Quercus
(Stipes & Phipps, 1971; Van Arsdel, 1972) and
L. formosana
in the USA (Snow
et al.
, 1974). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Throughout the eastern USA and in Texas, Kansas and California. Reported from Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, China, Ceylon, Philippines, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Pycnidiospores are presumably transmitted by insects and splashing rain; pruning tools would likely spread this spore stage because infection occurs in wounds. Ascospores are assumed to be windborne.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Palti J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chiefly of cultivated species of
Cucumis
(cucumber, melon),
Cucurbita
(squash, marrow, pumpkin) and
Citrullus
(watermelon). Less frequent on approximately 40 wild and cultivated species of 18 other genera (e.g.
Benincasa, Lagenaria, Luffa, Momordica, Trichosanthes
). DISEASE: Causes downy mildew of
Cucurbitaceae
. Infection normally confined to bright yellow spots on upper surface of leaves, with light spots covered by greyish-black down on their lower surface, spots become necrotic and turn brown from their centre outwards. On cucumbers the spots are angular, clearly limited by leaf veins, but on melons and most other hosts vein delimination is not so clear. Cotyledons sometimes affected, but very young true leaves are not. Strongest development on leaves 5-15 days after their formation. Affected leaves dry up, do not shed. Flower parts are rarely affected and fruit and seeds never affected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed especially on cucumbers and melons in warm and humid zones (CMI Map 285. ed. 3. 1969). TRANSMISSION: All year round transmission in warm and humid climates from older to younger crops, under semi-arid conditions from irrigated summer crops to winter crops grown under cover and then to spring crops. Summer invasions from countries wilh mild winters to those with cooler winters is likely. Overwintering by oospores held to be possible in China and Japan.
Ascochyta fabae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta fabae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Vicia faba
. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod spot of broad bean (
Viciafaba
). On leaves the spots are more or less circular, up to 1cm diam., slightly sunken with a definite margin, dark chocolate brown and sometimes a paler centre. The symptoms are readily distinguished from those of chocolate spot (
Botrytis fabae
Sardina, CMI Descript. 432) by the prominent pycnidia. Similar but less abundant spots form on stems, generally smaller and more deeply sunken. Spots on the pods are more sunken than those on leaves, become black and coalesce. The fungus spreads to the seed and causes usually circular, but often indefinite dark brown spots (30, 501). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Egypt, Morocco); America (Argentina, Canada (NS); Asia (China, Israel, Japan, Korea, Turkey); Australasia (Australia (NSW, Tas., Vict.), New Zealand); Europe (Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Jersey, Norway, USSR). It is possible that some records (not given here) on broad bean and referred to
Ascochyta pisi
Lib. (CMI Descript. 334) are in fact
A. fabae
. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne; a routine agar plate method for screening seed samples has been described (46, 1381). Spread is mainly through seed; presumably entirely so where broad bean is grown as a break between other crops. In Australia it was concluded that infected crop debris was a more important way of carryover (Geard,
Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science
28: 218-219, 1962).
Cercospora fuligena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora fuligena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or leaf mould of tomato; the latter common name is best retained for the more important pathogen (
Fulvia fulva
(Cooke) Cif.) on the same host. Early symptoms are faint, sunken, chlorotic areas with indefinite margins; the infected areas become necrotic and have an indefinite discoloured halo on both leaf surfaces; defoliation can occur (35, 52; 53, 4592). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ivory Coast, Nigeria); Asia (Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia & Oceania (New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands) (CMI Map 382, ed. 2, 1970). Unmapped new records are: Burundi (50, 2635), Hong Kong, Togo (Herb. IMI) and USA (Florida. ; 53, 4592). A record from Mexico (Zevada, Yerkes & Niederhauser; 36, 2) is considered doubtful. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Phomopsis cucurbitae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis cucurbitae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs on stems, petioles, fruit stalks and fruits of cucurbits, incl.
Cucumis sativus
. DISEASE: Black rot of cucumber; cankers or lesions on stems, leaf and petiole rot, inflorescence blight and fruit rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada (Ontario), India, UK. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cochliobolus setariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus setariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Setaria italica, Pennisetum typhoides, Panicum fasciculatum, Brachiaria reptans
and other cereals. Also isolated from soil and leguminous seeds. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Setaria italica, Cochliobolus setariae
blight of brown top millet. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Japan, China, Taiwan), Pacific Islands (New Caledonia); North America (USA); South America (Venezuela); Africa (Egypt). TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne spores from infected crops.