bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision Making Through the Fuzzy TOPSIS Method
Authors: Sabuncuoglu A. Oben , Gorener Ali
Published: March 2016

Construction contractors have a great role in terms of operation work properly in construction project management. An effective contractor selection is most important to the success of any construction projects. Contractor selection is a multi criteria decision making problem which includes qualitative and quantitative characteristics. For the contractor selection problem, this study proposes a combined decision approach, which employs analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy Technique Ordered Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)  methods. In the proposed approach, AHP is used to determine the weights of selection criteria, and Fuzzy TOPSIS is used to select appropriate contractor alternative. Additionally, a real case study in construction industry is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed approach.
Political developments and unrests in Stara Raska (Old Rascia) and old Herzegovina during Ottoman rule
Authors: Scekic Radenko , Lekovic Zarko , Premovic Marijan
Published: March 2016

During the centuries of Ottoman rule the Tara and Lim river valleys (or
Potarje and Polimlje respectively), the Pester Plateau and Old Herzegovina
saw much turbulence, wars, rebellions, population migrations. This chaotic
situation was combined with the arbitrary and repressive conduct of local
Ottoman feudal lords. Migrations, interethnic contacts and mixing of
populations as well as an intensified Islamization process caused by a number
of factors greatly complicated the situation. Albanian northward penetration
along the Lim and into Pester as well as the expansion of the Vasojevici
tribe into the Upper Lim valley added to the complexity of the ethnic and
demographic picture of the region. Perpetual rebellions against the Otto?man
occupation eventually led to the liberation of the Serbian Orthodox
population of these areas.
Great War legacies in Serbian culture
Authors: Milojkovic-Djuric Jelena
Published: March 2016

In the aftermath of the Great War, Ivo Andric published a number of poems,
essays and short stories describing the hard-won victorious outcome as
transient to the dire reality of the inordinate loss of human lives and
suffering. Yet, personal experiences, although perceived as ephemeral,
helped to define the historical discourse capturing man?s resolve to persist
in his chosen mission. Over time, Serbian literature and fine arts sustained
an unfinished dialogue of the past and the present, merging the individual
voices with the collective voices to construct the national narrative. The
young writer Milos Crnjanski observed the sights of destruction and despair
that seemed to pale in new literary works pertaining to the war. His novel A
Diary about Carnojevic was closely related to his own perilous wartime
journey as a conscript in the Austrian army. The vastness of Pannonian
plains and Galician woods must have invoked a comparison of sorts with
another historic chapter recorded in the collective consciousness of his
nation: the Great Migration of Serbs led by Patriarch Arsenije III
Carnojevic (Crnojevic) in 1690. The very title of the novel contained a
powerful reference to the migration, and its illustrious historic leader
which has not been discussed or explored before.
Europe in the Balkan mirror
Authors: Milutinovic Zoran
Published: March 2016

The article discusses the three dominant, Europe-wide, constructions of
Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and claims that all three
found their proponents in the Balkans in the same period, while no
specifically Balkan construction of Europe can be identified. The discourses
which constructed Europe were transnational, and every search for national
discourses must recognize that they are always fractured and contradictory,
composed of various elements originating in Europe-wide discourses on
Europe. Throughout this period the dominant discourse of Europe was shaped
by the discourse of modernity and modernization, not only in Europe but in
other parts of the globe as well. Several commentators have already noted
that the current challenge of the interwar construction of Europe - peace,
prosperity, democracy and human rights - mirrors the crisis of Yugoslavia,
and many examples point to the unsustainability of this construction at the
beginning of the twenty-first century. Gadamer?s hermeneutics offers a
valuable lesson in humility and defines the oft-repeated phrase of
?belonging together? as listening to the other in the belief that the other
may be right, which should be taken as a starting point for any future
construction of Europe.
Ultrasound accelerated thrombolysis for therapy of arterial and venous thrombosis: Initial experience in Military Medical Academy in Belgrade
Authors: Kostic Jelena , Rusovic Sinisa , Trifunovic Zoran , Mihajlovic Miodrag , Marinkovic Vlastimir , Scepanovic Milan , Dobric Milan , Obradovic Slobodan
Published: March 2016

nema
CEO Financial Background and Audit Pricing
Authors: Kalelkar Rachana , Khan Sarfraz
Published: March 2016

SYNOPSIS

Accounting scholars theorize that audit price is a function of a client's audit and business risk. Existing research finds that the functional expertise of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in finance improves financial reporting quality (Matsunaga, Wang, and Yeung 2013), increases profitability, and reduces the likelihood of firm failure (Custodio and Metzger 2014). These factors suggest that auditors' engagement risk decreases when incumbent CEOs possess financial expertise, raising the likelihood that auditors will charge these firms lower fees. In this study, we examine whether CEOs' work experience in accounting- and finance-related jobs affects audit fees. Using a panel of U.S. firms between 2004 and 2013, we find that firms that have a financial expert CEO pay lower audit fees. Our results are robust to various specifications, including firm-fixed effect model and specifications that control for other CEO- and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)-specific and audit committee characteristics. Our findings thus add to the literature on the advantages and disadvantages of a functional background of top managers and how this background can create value for a firm through savings in audit fees.
Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Hypoxia and Iron Deficiency on Hepatic Glucose Response in Mouse Liver
Authors: Nam Hyeyoung , Jones Deborah , Cooksey Robert C. , Gao Yan , Sink Sandy , Cox James , McClain Donald A.
Published: March 2016

Hypoxia and iron both regulate metabolism through multiple mechanisms, including hypoxia-inducible transcription factors. The hypoxic effects on glucose disposal and glycolysis are well established, but less is known about the effects of hypoxia and iron deficiency on hepatic gluconeogenesis. We therefore assessed their effects on hepatic glucose production in mice. Weanling C57BL/6 male mice were fed an iron-deficient (4 ppm) or iron-adequate (35 ppm) diet for 14 weeks and were continued in normoxia or exposed to hypoxia (8% O2) for the last 4 weeks of that period. Hypoxic mice became hypoglycemic and displayed impaired hepatic glucose production after a pyruvate challenge, an effect accentuated by an iron-deficient diet. Stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors under hypoxia resulted in most glucose being converted into lactate and not oxidized. Hepatic pyruvate concentrations were lower in hypoxic mice. The decreased hepatic pyruvate levels were not caused by increased utilization but rather were contributed to by decreased metabolism from gluconeogenic amino acids. Pyruvate carboxylase, which catalyzes the first step of gluconeogenesis, was also downregulated by hypoxia with iron deficiency. Hypoxia, and more so hypoxia with iron deficiency, results in hypoglycemia due to decreased levels of hepatic pyruvate and decreased pyruvate utilization for gluconeogenesis. These data highlight the role of iron levels as an important determinant of glucose metabolism in hypoxia.
Impact of CMS Competitive Bidding Program on Medicare Beneficiary Safety and Access to Diabetes Testing Supplies: A Retrospective, Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Puckrein Gary A. , Nunlee-Bland Gail , Zangeneh Farhad , Davidson Jaime A. , Vigersky Robert A. , Xu Liou , Parkin Christopher G. , Marrero David G.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

In 2011, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) launched the Competitive Bidding Program (CBP) in nine markets for diabetes supplies. The intent was to lower costs to consumers. Medicare claims data (2009–2012) were used to confirm the CMS report (2012) that there were no disruptions in acquisition caused by CBP and no changes in health outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study population consisted of insulin users: 43,939 beneficiaries in the nine test markets (TEST) and 485,688 beneficiaries in the nontest markets (NONTEST). TEST and NONTEST were subdivided: those with full self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) supply acquisition (full SMBG) according to prescription and those with partial/no acquisition (partial/no SMBG). Propensity score–matched analysis was performed to reduce selection bias. Outcomes were impact of partial/no SMBG acquisition on mortality, inpatient admissions, and inpatient costs.

RESULTS

Survival was negatively associated with partial/no SMBG acquisition in both cohorts (P < 0.0001). Coterminous with CBP (2010–2011), there was a 23.0% (P < 0.0001) increase in partial/no SMBG acquisition in TEST vs. 1.7% (P = 0.0002) in NONTEST. Propensity score–matched analysis showed beneficiary migration from full to partial/no SMBG acquisition in 2011 (1,163 TEST vs. 605 NONTEST) was associated with more deaths within the TEST cohort (102 vs. 60), with higher inpatient hospital admissions and associated costs.

CONCLUSIONS

SMBG supply acquisition was disrupted in the TEST population, leading to increased migration to partial/no SMBG acquisition with associated increases in mortality, inpatient admissions, and costs. Based on our findings, more effective monitoring protocols are needed to protect beneficiary safety.
Editorial
Authors: Mom Gijs , Clarsen Georgine
Published: March 2016

The recent wave of refugees into Europe is—apart from a heartrending drama of human suff ering—a lesson in mobility. We increasingly find that current forms of mobility are diffi cult to analyze without taking such public dramas into account: it seems that more than ever the politics of mobility are crying out for the mobility student’s attention. While in Europe a gulf of ambiguous empathy was triggered by the ultimate expression of immobility (a shocking image that so quickly moved around the world of a little Syrian boy called Aylan Kurdi lying facedown on the beach, his head pointing toward the sea,
as if his last wish had been to go back), the fl ows, the streams, the “swarms” of refugees were nothing less than the very embodiment of movement. Swarms, in this context is not meant to be a pejorative term or invoked in the service of nationalist agendas, but refers to the insight that certain forms of collective mobility seem to follow a kind of inherent behavioral logic, the group acting as if it is organized but without an actual leader.
Ceasing Fire and Seizing Time
Authors: Sharma Sarah , Towns Armonds R.
Published: March 2016

LA Gang Tours went on its inaugural ride through Los Angeles in 2010. Black and Latino former gang members from South Los Angeles lead the bus tours, sharing personal stories of gang life with mostly white tourists. A popular critique of the tour is that it facilitates a tourist gaze. However, we argue that to focus on the tourist gaze misses a more pressing opportunity to examine the production of whiteness. We shift the focus to consider the bus’s movement and the power it exerts in transforming the spatial and temporal dynamics of South Los Angeles. Based on participant observation, ethnographic interviews, and discourse analysis of materials surrounding the tours, we found that the tour lays the figurative foundations for gentrifi cation and reconfi rms a white control of mobility in the neighborhood. Th is white control of mobility extends beyond Los Angeles to impact the lives of people of color throughout the United States.
Modulating Blackness in Dear White People
Authors: Kim Somy
Published: March 2016

Dear White People, United States, 2014; Justin Semien (director and writer); 108 minutes; Homegrown Pictures, starring Tyler James Williams, Tessa Thompson, Kyle Gallner, Teyonah Parris, and Brandon Bell.
Images of Islam: American Missionary and Arab Perspectives
Authors: Womack Deanna Ferree
Published: March 2016

This article examines the story of Protestant missions in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ottoman Syria, a region of the Ottoman Empire that included present day Syria and Lebanon. It moves the study of the American Syria Mission away from Euro-centric modes of historiography, first, by adding to the small body of recent scholarship on Arab Protestantism and mission schools in Syria. Second, it focuses on Islam and Christian–Muslim relations in Syrian missionary history, a topic that has received little scholarly attention. Arguing that Muslims played an active part in this history even when they resisted missionary overtures, the article considers the perspectives of Syrian Muslims alongside images of Islam in American and Syrian Protestant publications. By pointing to the interreligious collaboration between Syrian Christian and Muslim intellectuals and the respect many Syrian Protestant writers exhibited for the Islamic tradition, this article questions assumptions of innate conflict between Muslims and Christians in the Middle East.
A Complexity-Based Approach for the Detection of Weak Signals in Ocean Ambient Noise
Authors: Siddagangaiah Shashidhar , Li Yaan , Guo Xijing , Chen Xiao , Zhang Qunfei , Yang Kunde , Yang Yixin
Published: March 2016

There are numerous studies showing that there is a constant increase in the ocean ambient noise level and the ever-growing demand for developing algorithms for detecting weak signals in ambient noise. In this study, we utilize dynamical and statistical complexity to detect the presence of weak ship noise embedded in ambient noise. The ambient noise and ship noise were recorded in the South China Sea. The multiscale entropy (MSE) method and the complexity-entropy causality plane (C-H plane) were used to quantify the dynamical and statistical complexity of the measured time series, respectively. We generated signals with varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by varying the amplification of a ship signal. The simulation results indicate that the complexity is sensitive to change in the information in the ambient noise and the change in SNR, a finding that enables the detection of weak ship signals in strong background ambient noise. The simulation results also illustrate that complexity is better than the traditional spectrogram method, particularly effective for detecting low SNR signals in ambient noise. In addition, complexity-based MSE and C-H plane methods are simple, robust and do not assume any underlying dynamics in time series. Hence, complexity should be used in practical situations.
Erratum: Li, M., et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Medical Students: Letter from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 13289–13294
Authors:   International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Editorial Office
Published: March 2016

We wish to make the following correction to the published paper [1].[...]
Biosurfactants: Multifunctional Biomolecules of the 21st Century
Authors: Santos Danyelle , Rufino Raquel , Luna Juliana , Santos Valdemir , Sarubbo Leonie
Published: March 2016

In the era of global industrialisation, the exploration of natural resources has served as a source of experimentation for science and advanced technologies, giving rise to the manufacturing of products with high aggregate value in the world market, such as biosurfactants. Biosurfactants are amphiphilic microbial molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties that partition at liquid/liquid, liquid/gas or liquid/solid interfaces. Such characteristics allow these biomolecules to play a key role in emulsification, foam formation, detergency and dispersal, which are desirable qualities in different industries. Biosurfactant production is considered one of the key technologies for development in the 21st century. Besides exerting a strong positive impact on the main global problems, biosurfactant production has considerable importance to the implantation of sustainable industrial processes, such as the use of renewable resources and “green” products. Biodegradability and low toxicity have led to the intensification of scientific studies on a wide range of industrial applications for biosurfactants in the field of bioremediation as well as the petroleum, food processing, health, chemical, agricultural and cosmetic industries. In this paper, we offer an extensive review regarding knowledge accumulated over the years and advances achieved in the incorporation of biomolecules in different industries.
First-Generation Antipsychotic Haloperidol Alters the Functionality of the Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Compartment in Vitro
Authors: Canfrán-Duque Alberto , Barrio Luis , Lerma Milagros , De la Peña Gema , Serna Jorge , Pastor Oscar , Lasunción Miguel , Busto Rebeca
Published: March 2016

First- and second-generation antipsychotics (FGAs and SGAs, respectively), have the ability to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and also to interrupt the intracellular cholesterol trafficking, interfering with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol egress from late endosomes/lysosomes. In the present work, we examined the effects of FGA haloperidol on the functionality of late endosomes/lysosomes in vitro. In HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells incubated in the presence of 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanineperchlorate (DiI)-LDL, treatment with haloperidol caused the enlargement of organelles positive for late endosome markers lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP-2) and LBPA (lysobisphosphatidic acid), which also showed increased content of both free-cholesterol and DiI derived from LDL. This indicates the accumulation of LDL-lipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment caused by haloperidol. In contrast, LDL traffic through early endosomes and the Golgi apparatus appeared to be unaffected by the antipsychotic as the distribution of both early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) and coatomer subunit β (β-COP) were not perturbed. Notably, treatment with haloperidol significantly increased the lysosomal pH and decreased the activities of lysosomal protease and β-d-galactosidase in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that the alkalinization of the lysosomes’ internal milieu induced by haloperidol affects lysosomal functionality.
A Novel Biomolecule-Mediated Reduction of Graphene Oxide: A Multifunctional Anti-Cancer Agent
Authors: Choi Yun-Jung , Kim Eunsu , Han JaeWoong , Kim Jin-Hoi , Gurunathan Sangiliyandi
Published: March 2016

Graphene oxide (GO) is a monolayer of carbon atoms that form a dense honeycomb structure, consisting of hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups on the two accessible sides and carboxylic groups at the edges. In contrast, graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms packed into a honeycomb lattice. Graphene has great potential for use in biomedical applications due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. In this study, we report a facile and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using uric acid (UA). The synthesized uric acid-reduced graphene oxide (UA-rGO) was fully characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. GO and UA-rGO induced a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and induced cytotoxicity in human ovarian cancer cells. The results from this study suggest that UA-rGO could cause apoptosis in mammalian cells. The toxicity of UA-rGO is significantly higher than GO. Based on our findings, UA-rGO shows cytotoxic effects against human ovarian cancer cells, and its synthesis is environmentally friendly. UA-rGO significantly inhibits cell viability by increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation. This is the first report to describe the comprehensive effects of UA-rGO in ovarian cancer cells. We believe that the functional aspects of newly synthesized UA-rGO will provide advances towards various biomedical applications in the near future.
Mechanical Characterization of Hybrid Vesicles Based on Linear Poly(Dimethylsiloxane-b-Ethylene Oxide) and Poly(Butadiene-b-Ethylene Oxide) Block Copolymers
Authors: Gaspard Jeffery , Casey Liam , Rozin Matt , Munoz-Pinto Dany , Silas James , Hahn Mariah
Published: March 2016

Poly(dimethylsiloxane-ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO) and poly(butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (PBd-PEO) are two block copolymers which separately form vesicles with disparate membrane permeabilities and fluidities. Thus, hybrid vesicles formed from both PDMS-PEO and PBd-PEO may ultimately allow for systematic, application-specific tuning of vesicle membrane fluidity and permeability. However, given the relatively low strength previously noted for comb-type PDMS-PEO vesicles, the mechanical robustness of the resulting hybrid vesicles must first be confirmed. Toward this end, we have characterized the mechanical behavior of vesicles formed from mixtures of linear PDMS-PEO and linear PBd-PEO using micropipette aspiration. Tension versus strain plots of pure PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles revealed a non-linear response in the high tension regime, in contrast to the approximately linear response of pure PBd33-PEO20 vesicles. Remarkably, the area expansion modulus, critical tension, and cohesive energy density of PDMS12-PEO46 vesicles were each significantly greater than for PBd33-PEO20 vesicles, although critical strain was not significantly different between these vesicle types. PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles generally displayed graded responses in between that of the pure component vesicles. Thus, the PDMS12-PEO46/PBd33-PEO20 hybrid vesicles retained or exceeded the strength and toughness characteristic of pure PBd-PEO vesicles, indicating that future assessment of the membrane permeability and fluidity of these hybrid vesicles may be warranted.
Employing an Incentive Spirometer to Calibrate Tidal Volumes Estimated from a Smartphone Camera
Authors: Reyes Bersain , Reljin Natasa , Kong Youngsun , Nam Yunyoung , Ha Sangho , Chon Ki
Published: March 2016

A smartphone-based tidal volume (VT) estimator was recently introduced by our research group, where an Android application provides a chest movement signal whose peak-to-peak amplitude is highly correlated with reference VT measured by a spirometer. We found a Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) of 14.998% ± 5.171% (mean ± SD) when the smartphone measures were calibrated using spirometer data. However, the availability of a spirometer device for calibration is not realistic outside clinical or research environments. In order to be used by the general population on a daily basis, a simple calibration procedure not relying on specialized devices is required. In this study, we propose taking advantage of the linear correlation between smartphone measurements and VT to obtain a calibration model using information computed while the subject breathes through a commercially-available incentive spirometer (IS). Experiments were performed on twelve (N = 12) healthy subjects. In addition to corroborating findings from our previous study using a spirometer for calibration, we found that the calibration procedure using an IS resulted in a fixed bias of −0.051 L and a RMSE of 0.189 ± 0.074 L corresponding to 18.559% ± 6.579% when normalized. Although it has a small underestimation and slightly increased error, the proposed calibration procedure using an IS has the advantages of being simple, fast, and affordable. This study supports the feasibility of developing a portable smartphone-based breathing status monitor that provides information about breathing depth, in addition to the more commonly estimated respiratory rate, on a daily basis.
An Inexpensive, Stable, and Accurate Relative Humidity Measurement Method for Challenging Environments
Authors: Zhang Wei , Ma Hong , Yang Simon
Published: March 2016

In this research, an improved psychrometer is developed to solve practical issues arising in the relative humidity measurement of challenging drying environments for meat manufacturing in agricultural and agri-food industries. The design in this research focused on the structure of the improved psychrometer, signal conversion, and calculation methods. The experimental results showed the effect of varying psychrometer structure on relative humidity measurement accuracy. An industrial application to dry-cured meat products demonstrated the effective performance of the improved psychrometer being used as a relative humidity measurement sensor in meat-drying rooms. In a drying environment for meat manufacturing, the achieved measurement accuracy for relative humidity using the improved psychrometer was ±0.6%. The system test results showed that the improved psychrometer can provide reliable and long-term stable relative humidity measurements with high accuracy in the drying system of meat products.
A Priority-Based Adaptive MAC Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks
Authors: Bhandari Sabin , Moh Sangman
Published: March 2016

In wireless body area networks (WBANs), various sensors and actuators are placed on/inside the human body and connected wirelessly. WBANs have specific requirements for healthcare and medical applications, hence, standard protocols like the IEEE 802.15.4 cannot fulfill all the requirements. Consequently, many medium access control (MAC) protocols, mostly derived from the IEEE 802.15.4 superframe structure, have been studied. Nevertheless, they do not support a differentiated quality of service (QoS) for the various forms of traffic coexisting in a WBAN. In particular, a QoS-aware MAC protocol is essential for WBANs operating in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands, because different wireless services like Bluetooth, WiFi, and Zigbee may coexist there and cause severe interference. In this paper, we propose a priority-based adaptive MAC (PA-MAC) protocol for WBANs in unlicensed bands, which allocates time slots dynamically, based on the traffic priority. Further, multiple channels are effectively utilized to reduce access delays in a WBAN, in the presence of coexisting systems. Our performance evaluation results show that the proposed PA-MAC outperforms the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and the conventional priority-based MAC in terms of the average transmission time, throughput, energy consumption, and data collision ratio.
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Evaluations of Road Safety Countermeasures
Authors: Vingilis Evelyn
Published: March 2016

Researchers have a long history in the conduct of evaluations of road safety countermeasures. However, despite the strengths of some evaluative road safety evaluations that align with previous and current thinking on program evaluation, few published road safety evaluations have followed standard conceptualization and methodology outlined in numerous program evaluation textbooks, journal articles and Web-based handbooks. However, conceptual and methodological challenges inherent in many evaluations of road safety countermeasures can affect causal attribution. Valid determination of causal attribution is enhanced by use of relevant theory or hypotheses on the putative mechanisms or pathways of change and by the use of a process evaluation to assess the actual implementation process. This article provides a detailed description of the constructs of causal chain, program logic models and process evaluation. This article provides an example of how these standard methods of theory-driven evaluation can improve the interpretation of outcomes and enhance causal attribution of a road safety countermeasure.
Why, How and What do Organizations Achieve with the Implementation of Environmental Management Systems?—Lessons from a Comprehensive Review on the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
Authors: Tourais Patrícia , Videira Nuno
Published: March 2016

The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) was established in 1993 in the European Union as a voluntary instrument facilitating the implementation of organisational environmental policies and management of environmental aspects. We present a comprehensive literature review on EMAS research, organized according to three broad questions: Why do organisations choose EMAS? How is the scheme implemented and adapted to organisational characteristics? And what results are achieved? We have built analysis matrices to critically review 80 articles published over the past two decades and to identify the recurrent research themes addressing each question. We found that the decision to adopt EMAS is motivated by a set of internal and external factors, compounded by the potential of an organisation to combine the scheme with other EMS standards and environmental management tools. These themes are the ones most extensively covered by existing literature. To answer the question on how organisations implement and adapt to the scheme, two themes have been identified covering EMS planning and operation issues and sectoral approaches. Results show that the focus has been put on development of methods for assessing the significance of environmental aspects, implementing environmental policies and developing indicators for tracking performance and elaborating environmental statements. The development of sectoral approaches that adapt EMAS to characteristics of different economic activity sectors is also emerging as a critical research development. Finally, the themes addressing results achieved with EMAS implementation have only recently surfaced in the literature. The achievement of sustained environmental performance improvements through EMAS adoption is both contested and supported in the reviewed studies. On the other hand, improvements in the relationships with stakeholders arise as one of the most important intangible outcomes of the scheme. We conclude our review by advancing a systematic set of future research opportunities in this field.
Demographic aspects of white servitude in colonial british America
Authors: Galenson David W.
Published: March 2016

L'étude vise à mettre en évidence les aspects démographiques de la domesticité blanche dans les colonies anglaises d'Amérique aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, en comparant ces données avec celles que nous possédons pour l'Angleterre et en les rapportant également à celles connues pour la société américaine.

La domesticité était si répandue en Angleterre à l'époque pré-industrielle qu'elle a été tout naturellement utilisée aux colonies mais avec une nécessaire adaptation, et notamment une durée beaucoup plus longue car il était coûteux de le faire venir. D'où la mise en place du système des engagés, pour lesquels les principales sources sont leur enregistrement au départ de l'Angleterre.

Les femmes ne représentent que 18,4 % du total, avec de fortes variations suivant les années et les lieux de départ, mais une nette tendance au recul de leur pourcentage au XVIIIe siècle : on passe de 23,3 % pour le siècle précédent à 9,8 %. Cela s'explique largement par l'évolution démographique des colonies.

Au moins les deux tiers ont entre 15 et 25 ans, les femmes ayant d'ailleurs tendance à être plus jeunes que les hommes. Mais, au contraire de la domesticité anglaise, leurs âges se groupent essentiellement autour de 20 ans. Seuls quelques engagés partent très jeunes. Mais il y a une nette tendance à un rajeunissement des départs : l'âge moyen des hommes passe de 22 ans dans les années 1680 à moins de 20 ans au tournant du siècle et à 19 ans dans les années 1720. Il remonte ensuite très nettement. L'âge des femmes suit une évolution parallèle.

Au total, les changements sont mineurs du milieu du XVIIe à la fin du XVIIIe siècle.
Declining mortality in the United States in the late nineteeth and early twentieth centuries
Authors: Condran Gretchen A.
Published: March 2016

La baisse de la mortalité observée en Occident à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècles est-elle le résultat d'actions délibérées menées par des médecins, des responsables de services de santé publique et des individus, ou tout simplement le corollaire de l'industrialisation et de l'accroissement du revenu moyen par tête ? Voilà l'un des sujets les plus controversés en démographie historique. L'étude comparative de l'évolution des taux de mortalité par âge et cause pour un certain nombre de villes, entre les sous- populations de ces villes, et entre régions rurales et urbaines, amène l'auteur à conclure que les interventions directes ont joué un rôle majeur dans la baisse de la mortalité pour certaines causes. Il établit une relation entre les services municipaux créés au cours de cette période, en particulier pour l'approvisionnement des villes en eau potable et la distribution de lait propre, et l'évolution des taux de mortalité par âge et cause.
L'histoire de la population de l'URSS, 1920-1959
Authors: Andreev Eugenij Michajlovic , Darskij Leonid , Kharkova Tatiana
Published: March 2016

A partir des sources nouvellement accessibles, les auteurs font une analyse critique des sources statistiques de la démographie soviétique de 1920 à 1959 en les joignant les unes aux autres : qualité des recensements, sous-enregistrement des naissances et décès, cohérence entre données, éventuelles manipulations.

Une fois ces données corrigées de tous ces biais, ils proposent une reconstitution détaillée de la dynamique de la population de l'URSS de 1920 à 1959, mouvement des naissances et décès, indicateurs démographiques principaux, pyramide des âges.

Ces reconstitutions permettent de faire le bilan des diverses catastrophes démographiques et des conséquences des répressions qui ont marqué cette période.
Histoire démographique et génétique humaine dans une région du Québec avant 1850
Authors: Gauvreau Danielle , Jette René
Published: March 2016

L'étude de la formation de la population de la région de Charlevoix au Québec avant 1850 est abordée ici dans une double perspective démographique et génétique. Tout en permettant de connaître certaines modalités du peuplement à l'échelle régionale, les résultats de la reconstitution des familles à partir des mariages servent les fins d'une enquête génétique menée dans le but de comprendre la prévalence élevée de certaines maladies héréditaires dans l'Est du Québec. Plusieurs facteurs sont tour à tour examinés pour expliquer la représentation différentielle des souches au milieu du XIXe siècle : l'ancienneté, les niveaux de la fécondité "utile", l'apparentement ainsi que les modalités d'agrégation des nouvelles souches au noyau initial.
Le choléra à Milan en 1836
Authors: Faron Olivier
Published: March 2016

L'épidémie de choléra de 1836 constitue la principale crise de mortalité milanaise de l'ensemble du XIXe siècle, même si elle est moins importante que dans d'autres villes et qu'elle n'affecte pas en profondeur la population citadine. Une documentation originale comme les livres des morts permet d'en proposer une analyse détaillée. Il s'agit d'une épidémie de type à clocher unique concentrée sur les mois estivaux (essentiellement la deuxième quinzaine de juillet et le début du mois d'août), qui frappe principalement les femmes et les personnes âgées. Des Maisons de secours sont créées rapidement pour répondre aux difficultés. La géographie du choléra est particulièrement intéressante. Elle montre que ce sont surtout les marges de la cité qui ont été touchées. Il semble alors possible d'affirmer le rôle central d'activités comme le maraîchage. Non seulement, elles supposaient le recours à l'eau et aux matières fécales, dont la dangerosité est connue, mais elles entraînaient aussi de nombreux déplacements.
APPLICATION OF THE CAPUTO-FABRIZIO FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE WITHOUT SINGULAR KERNEL TO KORTEWEG-DE VRIES-BURGERS EQUATION∗
Authors: Doungmo Goufo Emile Franc
Published: March 2016

In order to bring a broader outlook on some unusual irregularities observed in wave motions and liquids’ movements, we explore the possibility of extending the analysis of Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation with two perturbation’s levels to the concepts of fractional differentiation with no singularity. We make use of the newly developed Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative with no singular kernel to establish the model. For existence and uniqueness of the continuous solution to the model, conditions on the perturbation parameters ν, µ and the derivative order α are provided. Numerical approximations are performed for some values of the perturbation parameters. This shows similar behaviors of the solution for close values of the fractional order α.
THE SURFACE DENSITIES OF DISK BROWN DWARFS IN JWST SURVEYS
Authors: Ryan Jr. R. E. , Reid I. N.
Published: March 2016

We present predictions for the surface density of ultracool dwarfs (with spectral types M8–T8) for a host of deep fields that are likely to be observed with the James Webb Space Telescope. Based on simple thin and thick/thin disk (exponential) models, we show that the typical distance modulus is

mag, which at high Galactic latitude is

. Since this is a property of the density distribution of an exponential disk, it is independent of spectral type or stellar sample. Using the published estimates of the ultracool dwarf luminosity function, we show that their number counts typically peak around

mag with a total surface density of

arcmin−2, but with a strong dependence on galactic coordinate and spectral type. Owing to the exponential shape of the disk, the ultracool dwarfs are very rare at faint magnitudes (

mag), with typical densities of

arcmin−2 (or

% of the total contribution within the field). Therefore, in very narrow and deep fields, we predict there are only a few ultracool dwarfs, and hence these stars are likely not a severe contaminant in searches for high-redshift galaxies. Furthermore, the ultracool dwarfs are expected to be considerably brighter than the high-redshift galaxies, so samples near the faint end of the high-redshift galaxy population will be the purest. We present the star-count formalism in a simplified way so that observers may easily predict the number of stars for their conditions (field, depth, wavelength, etc.).
THE IMPACT OF MOLECULAR GAS ON MASS MODELS OF NEARBY GALAXIES
Authors: Frank B. S. , Blok W. J. G. de , Walter F. , Leroy A. , Carignan C.
Published: March 2016

We present CO velocity fields and rotation curves for a sample of nearby galaxies, based on data from HERACLES. We combine our data with THINGS, SINGS, and KINGFISH results to provide a comprehensive sample of mass models of disk galaxies inclusive of molecular gas. We compare the kinematics of the molecular (CO from HERACLES) and atomic (H i from THINGS) gas distributions to determine the extent to which CO may be used to probe the dynamics in the inner part of galaxies. In general, we find good agreement between the CO and H i kinematics, with small differences in the inner part of some galaxies. We add the contribution of the molecular gas to the mass models in our galaxies by using two different conversion factors α
CO to convert CO luminosity to molecular gas mass surface density—the constant Milky Way value and the radially varying profiles determined in recent work based on THINGS, HERACLES, and KINGFISH data. We study the relative effect that the addition of the molecular gas has on the halo rotation curves for Navarro–Frenk–White and the observationally motivated pseudo-isothermal halos. The contribution of the molecular gas varies for galaxies in our sample—for those galaxies where there is a substantial molecular gas content, using different values of α
CO can result in significant differences to the relative contribution of the molecular gas and hence the shape of the dark matter halo rotation curves in the central regions of galaxies.
Pour une pensée pluridisciplinaire de la prison en Afrique
Authors: Morelle Marie , Le Marcis Frédéric
Published: March 2016

Ce texte inaugure la rubrique « Questions de recherche » de la revue Afrique contemporaine . Il dresse un panorama des études carcérales en Afrique en langue française. Les auteurs soulignent la relative rareté des travaux dans un champ finalement presque du seul ressort des historiens, au regard des dynamiques de recherche anglophones contemporaines. Ils invitent à multiplier les études sur la prison en Afrique, plus particulièrement les ethnographies de prison en vue de saisir l’économie de la peine et de la prison dans la diversité des contextes socioculturels, politiques et géographiques. L’objectif est notamment de comprendre comment la prison fait sienne les modèles punitifs en présence, internationaux, nationaux et locaux. Ce faisant, à travers la prison en Afrique, il est possible d’interroger les logiques globales relatives aux politiques d’enfermement, en faisant entendre la voix du continent.
Onomastique indigène à Byzance et à Cyzique
Authors: Dana Dan
Published: March 2016

La place et le statut des indigènes dans les territoires de confins et de passage, comme Byzance et Cyzique, constituent un sujet qui ne fait pas l’unanimité. Cité grecque pour la plupart des historiens, cité thrace ou « thracisée » pour d’autres, le cas de Byzance est révélateur pour les enjeux idéologiques des savants modernes et pour l’utilisation circonstancielle des sources. La présence de deux onomastiques indigènes légèrement différentes, à savoir thrace et bithynienne, différenciation désormais évidente, suggère la complexité intrinsèque de cette région. Cyzique, cité majeure de la côte méridionale de la Propontide, avec une extension territoriale remarquable, est marquée par une plus grande complexité des rapports avec les populations indigènes (Mysiens, Bithyniens, Thraces, Phrygiens). Une nouvelle analyse onomastique, qui exploite les outils les plus récents, permettra de mettre en évidence l’intérêt des occurrences de noms indigènes dans un espace de rencontre privilégié entre populations indigènes et hellénisme.
Des représentations des Détroits
Authors: Lebreton Stéphane
Published: March 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à l’évolution du regard porté sur les Détroits par les Anciens. Il semble qu’entre le II e  siècle et le début du IV e  siècle les représentations de cette région changent peu à peu. Traditionnellement considérés comme une zone de rupture géographique entre deux continents, les Détroits sont perçus de plus en plus comme un lien qu’il faut protéger lors des guerres civiles. Les périodes de troubles entre le III e  siècle et le début du IV e  siècle semblent avoir joué un rôle déterminant dans cette construction mentale aboutissant à l’installation de résidences impériales. De périphériques, les Détroits sont pensés comme un centre, déterminant une modification des discours au IV e  siècle.
L’ artisanat potier des Détroits à l’ époque grecque : état de la question
Authors: Dupont Pierre
Published: March 2016

Dans le cadre d’un programme archéométrique sur l’origine des céramiques grecques orientales archaïques, lancé au Laboratoire de Céramologie de Lyon au début des années 1980, un groupe géochimique homogène rassemblant des céramiques archaïques du style des Chèvres Sauvages de la phase « Middle Wild Goat II » de R. M. Cook, des coupes ioniennes de forme Villard B1, des bols ioniens du type à yeux, ainsi que des précurseurs des fish-plates classiques, a pu être individualisé à partir de tessons d’Histria et de Berezan. D’abord désigné sous l’appellation de « Ionie du Sud 3 » par référence au « Middle Wild Goat » de Milet, nous l’avons attribué dans un second temps à un centre des Détroits, dès que nous avons pu disposer d’un réseau de références spécifique sur l’Hellespont. Ce centre semble avoir poursuivi ses activités au IV e  siècle av. J.-C. avec des vases à vernis noir exportés en mer Noire, comme cela a été mis en évidence dernièrement, toujours par les analyses de laboratoire, à Mésambria.
Ilion, Athéna Ilias et les Détroits, d’ Alexandre le Grand à Antiochos III. Identité régionale d’ une communauté politique et de son sanctuaire, au carrefour d’ influences européennes et asiatiques
Authors: Pillot William
Published: March 2016

La cité d’Ilion et son sanctuaire d’Athéna Ilias constituent un bon laboratoire d’observation de l’identité civique et de la culture régionale dans la région des Détroits. Ce sanctuaire, de nature à la fois civique et fédérale, est situé sur le territoire de la cité d’Ilion et se trouve sous son contrôle direct, mais les Panathénées qui s’y déroulent sont organisées par l’ensemble des cités membres du koinon d’Athéna Ilias. Celui-ci regroupe des cités de Troade mais aussi d’au-delà, jusqu’à Chalcédoine dans le Bosphore. La nature, le fonctionnement, la composition ethnique et l’étendue géographique de ce koinon permettent donc de questionner le concept de culture régionale appliqué à la région des Détroits.
Paysages maritimes et monuments « signalétiques » : le Kynosèma de Chersonèse
Authors: de Polignac François
Published: March 2016

Tous les détroits constituent un milieu où la question de la visibilité des monuments et sanctuaires depuis la mer se pose avec le plus d’acuité. De manière générale, tous les sanctuaires proches de la mer ne sont pas nécessairement faits pour être vus ou abordés depuis l’espace maritime. Dans la catégorie de ceux qui ont effectivement une fonction de signal, d’amer, se détache un groupe de « monuments du chien » dont le mieux documenté est le Kynosèma de Chersonèse. L’implantation du monument sur une avancée de la côte, son association à la légende d’Hécube, les connotations hécatéennes de plusieurs de ces monuments qui posent la question de leurs relations aux divinités phosphoroi , montrent la richesse de significations d’un monument tout à la fois gardien du passage et objet de regard en un point particulièrement remarquable des Détroits.
Des cités sans commerçants ? Échanges et relations commerciales dans les cités des Détroits
Authors: Prêteux Franck
Published: March 2016

De l’avis des Anciens, les Détroits étaient un axe de circulation commerciale majeur entre l’Égée et le Pont-Euxin. Or, le corpus épigraphique des cités du littoral de la région des Détroits a livré peu de cas d’individus qualifiés du titre d’ emporos ou de naucleros . On en est alors réduit à se demander si les cités des Détroits ont joué un rôle passif dans les échanges maritimes et terrestres dans la région. Nous proposons de réévaluer la place du commerce et des échanges dans le cadre civique régional et l’accueil fait par la cité aux commerçants, en nous appuyant sur le dossier épigraphique des activités de taxation et des privilèges concédés aux acteurs des échanges.
Voyage dans le temps familial perdu
Authors: Granjon Evelyn
Published: March 2016

La perte des repères sociaux et culturels, la rupture des liens d’appartenance, le changement de « contexte », les traumatismes actuels ou en héritage... sont à l’origine de la « désorientation » des familles, de leur « malêtre ». La souffrance de ces familles nous confronte à nos propres souffrances et à nos impensés. Le dispositif groupal et le cadre psychanalytique de la TFP, ainsi que notre écoute et notre engagement, permettent de remettre en jeu et en travail, dans le néogroupe, ce qui ne peut s’élaborer dans la famille.