bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Program Evaluation Using Event History Analysis
Authors: Barton Thomas R. , Pillai Vijayan K. , Dietz Tracy J.
Published: March 2007

Event history analysis examines events, the duration of time between events, the likelihood of events occurring, and the pacing of events. Programs with such diverse goals as obtaining employment, abstaining from drugs, reducing reincarceration, or increasing the likelihood of graduating from high school can be evaluated using an event history analysis. This article presents an overview of event history analysis, explains how event history analysis can be used in program evaluation, and describes how it was used to study a welfare- to-work program.
Evaluation à la française
Authors: Duran Patrice , Monnier Eric , Smith Andy
Published: March 2007

Evaluation of public policies in France has been late arriving but its subsequent development has been markedly sustained. Although the methods used are often either rudimentary or excessively rigid, evaluation is now an integral part of public action. Having first presented the approaches behind this trend, this article then follows the institutionalization of evaluation through its adoption by state and then local bureaucracies, a process heavily encouraged by the European Commission. Two distinctive features, both involving social scientists, mark the French evaluation scene and influence the article's final section. First, although some continue to actually carry out evaluations, today a growing number of academics are involved as key members of committees advising actors responsible for the evaluation of public policies. Second, these committees serve as interfaces between evaluators and actors. Together these developments could be seen as prefiguring a new relationship between knowledge and power.
There's no business like snow business! Marketing skiing into the 21 st century
Authors: Hudson Simon
Published: March 2007

In maturing markets, European ski destina tions and tour operators are being forced to address both product and market issues in a more businesslike fashion. This paper begins by looking at tourism overall, and the place of the skiing market within the industry. A summary of the evolution of winter sports is followed by an examination of the world ski market with particular focus on the UK. An analysis of the consumer, the destinations they frequent, the operators who package skiing products, and the distribution structure of the industry, is succeeded by an evaluation of that part of the industry responsible for ski clotlrirrg and equipment. The author then looks at the impact of snowboarding, and contends that the growth and impulse for innovation in the winter sports business is coming from snow boarding rather than conventional skiing.

Based on this critical artalysis of the industry, the author makes recommendations for successfully marketing the sport into the 21st century, suggesting that the European industry should consider emulating certain marketing strategies employed in North America. In particular, more effort is required to encourage the potential market to partici pate. Although attempts have been made to segment the skiing market, identifying and understanding potential markets has never been a priority. The author concludes that if more people are to be tempted on to the slopes, then marketing policies of both destinations and operators in Europe will have to be increasinly aggressive.
Refugee Trauma
Authors: Boehnlein James K. , Kinzie J. David
Published: March 2007

Epidemiological studies and theoretical models of refugee trauma based on ethnographic, biomedical and sociopolitical perspectives have focused on a variety of cultural and ethnic groups since World War II. Subjective distress and problems in psychosocial functioning are influenced by individual, fam ily, cultural and social variables. Refugees are at risk for developing psychiatric illness resulting from pre-migration, migration and post-migration experiences. This paper reviews biological, psychological and sociocultural models for recog nizing, conceptualizing and treating the psychiatric problems of traumatized refugees. The treatment approach of the Oregon Indochinese Psychiatric Program is summarized.
Reasons and Causes for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Young Allan
Published: March 2007

PTSD's most distinctive feature is its etiological event. With out this event, PTSD symptoms are indistinguishable from symptoms associated with combinations of other psychiatric diagnoses. The DSM definition of PTSD assumes that the relation between the etiological event and its symptoms is equivalent to a cause and effect. In reality, these events are often reasons rather than causes of the syndrome. Where this is true, the syndrome loses its specificity. This paper explains why it is often impossible to distinguish between the reasons and causes of PTSD, and why this difficulty is generally ignored.
School level action research - creating critical space in school communities
Authors: Howes Andy
Published: March 2007

The article explores an increasingly popular form of University support for school development: collaborative action research. Research into the development of inclusive practices in schools is a social process: it is impossible to understand the process without thinking carefully about the relationship between the researcher and the staff of the school. My aim here is to make connections between the development of inclusive practices and features of the partnership between university and school staff, in order to clarify the meaning and value of collaborative action research in this context.
Primary Analysis for Secondary Schools
Authors: Hayes Scan G. , Rutt Simon
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses, in practical terms, how Local Educa tion Authority research officers in Hammersmith and Ful ham work with schools, including the support they provide to help schools understand and use the range of data that they have on their pupils' assessment and examination results. The focus will be on the use of performance data and value added models to assist school improvement and work on target setting. The paper includes 'real' examples of work with schools.
Effectiveness of Engineering Controls for Airborne Lead Exposure during Renovation/Demolition of a Commercial Building
Authors: Lange John H. , Thomulka Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

Airborne lead exposure was evaluated during renova tion/demolition of a building that contained lead-based paint (LBP). During this work, different engineering and work practice controls were utilized for prevention and reduction of worker exposure to lead. These results sug gest that the highest exposure occurred when no engi neering or work practice controls were employed. Sum mary exposure levels under these conditions exceeded the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Level (PEL). When engi neering/work practice controls, in the form of negative air machine filtration (NAM) and wet methods were used, airborne concentrations of lead were well below the OSHA PEL (50 μg.m-3) and action level (30 μg.m-3). Employment of NAM without wet methods reduced arithmetic mean exposure below the OSHA PEL and geo metric mean below the OSHA action level. Occupational exposure concentration with NAM/wet methods was sta tistically lower when compared to no NAM/no wet meth ods and NAM/no wet methods. Exposure concentrations exhibited a nonnormal distribution. Comparison of with in and between-worker variability suggests that process/ environmental conditions (engineering/work practice controls) govern exposure. This study suggests employ ment of engineering and work practice controls for lead abatement and that process or environmental controls as compared to individual work practices/tasks are most important in controlling exposure. Study results support employment of NAM/wet method controls during reno vation or demolition of building materials that contain LBP.
Performance Evaluation of Simultaneous Monitoring of Personal Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Baek Sung-Ok , Jenkins Roger A.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to develop and demon strate a methodology to determine human exposure to a variety of indoor air contaminants by personal monitor ing. Target analytes included respirable suspended par ticulates, components of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A total of 60 non-smoking, non-occupational res idents at homes in metropolitan Taegu, Korea, were recruited for this study. The subjects were classified into two groups, i.e. subjects living in homes with smokers and without smokers. Seasonal air samples were col lected using three-channel personal samplers for each subject in two phases over a 24-hour period, i.e. awake time and sleeping time separately. Performance of sam pling and analytical methods used for the simultaneous measurements of ETS and VOCs were evaluated with respect to sensitivity, repeatability and field application.
Analysis of Chemical Markers as a Means of Characterising Airborne Micro-Organisms in Indoor Environments: A Case Study
Authors: Larsson Lennart , Larsson Pär Fredborn
Published: March 2007

Analysis of chemical markers can be done to character ise the microbiological composition of indoor environ ments. Here we describe the use of gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry methods to determine mu ramic acid, 3-hydroxy fatty acids and ergosterol, which are, respectively, markers of bacterial biomass, endotox in, and fungal biomass. We also report how these meth ods were applied to determine airborne micro-organ isms in a water-damaged building.
Electric and Magnetic Fields with a Frequency of 50-60 Hz: Assessment of 20 Years of Research
Authors: Lambrozo Jacques
Published: March 2007

Since electricity is used everywhere, exposure to electro magnetic fields of extremely low frequency (50-60 Hz) is unavoidable in our daily life. The question of whether these electromagnetic fields could possibly have any bio logical or health effects has been a major environmental issue for more than 20 years. At high field strengths, bio logical effects such as nerve and cardio-stimulation through the induction of currents in the body have been noted. These biological effects have been used in the drafting of standards for public and professional expo sure. However, it is the search for effects at low field lev els that has been the focus of much research. The main results of this research can be summarised as follows: in vivo studies on whole animals have shown that there is no convincing evidence that electromagnetic fields cause cancer or birth defects, and despite some reduction in pineal and blood melatonin in rodents, studies on lambs, baboons and humans do not support such an effect of electromagnetic fields, while in vitro studies have shown that exposure to electromagnetic fields at usual residen tial levels (<100 μT) does not produce any significant in vitro effects that could be replicated in independent stud ies. These results, correlated with the data provided by more recent epidemiological studies, do not show that exposure to electromagnetic fields at the usual residen tial exposure levels presents a human health hazard.
Exposure to Carbon Monoxide in Enclosed Multi-Level Parking Garages in the Central Athens Urban Area
Authors: Chaloulakou A. , Duci A. , Spyrellis N.
Published: March 2007

This study is a first attempt concerning the estimation of carbon monoxide (CO) levels in enclosed parking ga rages in the Athens urban area. Indoor air monitoring was conducted on randomly selected days, in autumn 1999, at six downtown enclosed garages. In each garage, different sites were chosen in relation to garage configu ration for the monitoring of CO levels, and all sites were monitored concurrently. A portable electrochemical CO monitor was used to record the CO concentration every 15 s. It was found that there were excesses for both short- and long-term exposure limits to CO. The results showed that CO levels varied significantly over site, time and day of measurement. Mean exit site/indoor site ratios of CO levels ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. Indoor CO con centration patterns at different sites are discussed, and the main variables affecting CO levels are explained. Descriptive statistics and graphical displays are present ed.
Indoor Air Health Risk Perceptions in Australia
Authors: Dingle Peter , Lalla Fairuz
Published: March 2007

A survey of 1,462 people was carried out in Perth, West ern Australia to develop an understanding of the public perception and attitude towards the risk posed by indoor air pollutants. It was found that the public had a limited awareness of the issues involving the health risk posed by indoor air pollutants. The risk was perceived to be low, and a high proportion of the population (90.5%) indicated that they found the risk to be worse but accept able. The sample population indicated that they were not prepared to reduce the risk they perceived by spending money. Whilst the population perceived the health risk of indoor air pollutants to be low, they exhibited a high lev el of concern over the health risks of three specific indoor air pollutants, i.e. asbestos, pesticides and environmen tal tobacco smoke. The public perceived universities and research institutes to be the most credible sources of health-related information although the media was seen as the most important source of information on the health risks of indoor air pollutants.
Contribution of Radon to Overall Exposure to Radiation in a Ten-Storey Block Building
Authors: Mócsy Ildikó , Hunyadi Ilona , Burkhardt Rita , Fulea Corina
Published: March 2007

Radon is an inert radioactive gas released into the atmosphere from certain minerals and man-made products in which it is produced. It can accumulate in confined spaces. Radon emanation into a building can come from: the underlying soil, the building materials, tap water and natural gas. The princi pal isotope, 222Rn, decays to products which if inhaled can result in exposure of the respiratory tract to alpha radiation. The decay products, radon daugh ters, are significant because of their potential to cause health effects. In this study we present measurements of radon concentration, and the internal and external gamma dose to which the inhabitants of a housing block with ten floors are exposed. Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (CR-39) were used for the determination of radon concentration in the air. LiF (TLD-100) dosimet ers were used for measuring the external gamma dose. Of the total equivalent dose to which people are exposed, it appears that from inside the building makes the greatest contribution.
Asbestos-Related Pleural Plaques and Diffuse Pleural Thickening: Functional Consequences
Authors: Sood Akshay , Gee J. Bernard L.
Published: March 2007

Asbestos is associated with both pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thicken ing. While the first condition is believed to be associated with no significant change in lung function, the latter clearly is associated with a decline in lung function. Some of the studies dealing with the functional effects of pleural plaques suffer from radiologic misreading of plaques, inadequate spirometry and inadequate control for the effect of gain in weight on lung function.
Can Ionisers in Bedrooms Help Asthmatics?
Authors: Johnsen C.R. , Mosbech H. , Heinig J.H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study was to evaluate whether corona ionisers placed in bedrooms could improve nocturnal asthma and other symptoms in asthmatics which might be related to the indoor climate. Active or inactive (placebo) ionisers were placed in the bedrooms of 15 patients for two subsequent 4-week periods. The patients recorded daily/nightly symptoms, medication and peak expiratory flow. A histamine challenge was performed initially and after each period to measure the effect on hyperresponsiveness. Statistical analysis showed no sig nificant differences between active and placebo periods with regard to lung function, medication, nocturnal asthma or other symptoms supposed to be related to indoor climate.
Healthy Buildings Have Existed in China Since Ancient Times
Authors: Chen Qigao , Feng Ya , Wang Gonglu
Published: March 2007

The historical experience in China of constructing healthy buildings over many centuries merits even more attention today. Using the quadrangle as a basic style, buildings have been constructed in this way from ancient China to the present time. It is a style found in all areas of the country. The buildings in which people lived in ancient China were designed according to the doctrine of wind and water (which in Chinese is called feng shui). Today we would describe this as a philosophy for designing the indoor environment for healthy living. The common properties of such buildings are that of having good indoor air quality and easy maintenance of the indoor climate. This paper describes the optimal performance of quadrangle buildings from the perspec tive of their thermal environment, illumination by natural lighting, infrared absorption and radiation, noise and indoor air quality, insulation properties and gives a mathematical analysis of these features. While this building style is not unique to China it could be developed more in other countries. It is a healthy style of building which can serve mankind worldwide because of its natural energy saving and adopting more widely it would improve standards in building.
Relationship between the Age at Which Smoking Begins and Frequency of Smoking in Young Males in Greece
Authors: Psathakis K. , Bouros D. , Vlasserou F. , Tzanakis N. , Slafakas N.M.
Published: March 2007

Smoking is a major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. An effective anti-smoking campaign should be based on knowledge of the atti tudes and characteristics of the target population. The aim of the present study was to investigate the smoking habits and attitudes of young male adults in Greece and especially the relationship between the age at which smoking begins and the severity of smoking. A questionnaire consisting of 38 questions related to smoking habits, was distributed to 1,054 male recruits of the Greek Army. The median age of responders was 21 ± 2.5 (range 17-30 years). It was found that of the 1,054 some 496 (47.1 %) were current smokers and 112 (10.6%) were ex-smokers. The mean cigarette consumption was 19.4 ± 10.3 per day and the mean age at which smoking began was 17.1 ± 2.2. Four hundred and thirty-four (77.5%) of the responders wanted to stop smoking. There was no significant difference found between the smoking habits of the parents and those of the responders. A significant negative relation was found between the age at which smoking began and the severity of smoking (r = -0.234, p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that a large number of young Greek males are smokers and a high percentage of them want to quit smoking. An anti-smoking campaign should start early in childhood, since the earlier smoking begins the heavier it is in adulthood.
Cooling Effectiveness of South Façade Passive Stacks in a Naturally Ventilated Office Building
Authors: Ní Riain C. , Kolokotroni M. , Davies M. , Fisher J. , White M. , Littler J.
Published: March 2007

This paper is based on measured environmental condi tions and ventilation rates during a summer period in the occupied naturally ventilated and passively cooled Envi ronmental Building at the Building Research Establish ment, Garston, UK. Initially, the comfort and air quality environmental conditions in the first (typical) floor of the building are discussed. These are found to be satisfacto ry. The paper then goes on to investigate the cooling effectiveness of the various ventilation flowpaths and associated thermal mass. In particular, the paper focuses on the south façade passive stacks and their relative con tribution to cooling through increased ventilation. It was found that due to the relatively narrow plan of the build ing, the cross-ventilation flow paths could satisfy most of the summer cooling ventilation requirements. Passive stacks can enhance the cooling ventilation of the space during warm and still days, as intended by the design, and may also have the potential to assist night-time cool ing due to their thermally massive structure.
Crisis in Society: Urban and Regional Implications
Authors: Thorns David C.
Published: March 2007

The concept of crisis has been overutilized in recent sociology. It is suggested that it is more appropriate to see the capitalist system as being not in "crisis", but in a new stage of development. This paper considers the urban and regional implications of this re-structuring with reference to Australia and New Zealand.
From "Chummy Innocence" to Concerned Individuality: A Case Study in the Sociology of Literature
Authors: Musgrave P.W.
Published: March 2007

In a recent book 'Innocence and Experience' (1981) McVitty has examined the work of eight Australian writers of books for young teenage readers and has posited a major change in the nature of this minor genre during the last quarter-century. In this paper this claim is substantiated, but the nature and causes of the change are seen in a different and more complex way than that suggested by McVitty. This case study of the development of a minor literary genre is then used to make a number of points about the different ways in which literature and society need to be related when considering children's and adult literature.
Dialectics and Domination: Reflections on Social Action
Authors: DeMaria William
Published: March 2007

The question is posed: can social activists be assisted by a conceptual scheme that is intelligent about the internal complexities of the social action process? A theoretical analysis considers the dialectic mode and the domination mode of social action. With the aid of two case studies (Three Mile Island nuclear accident and the Newport power controversy) the analysis concludes that the process of social action is an inter-mix of dialectic and domination modes. A new consciousness is called for which encompasses the need for strong action and the requirement to understand how dominance is often far more complicated than the caricatures that prevail in the minds of activists.
Race For Exclusion
Authors: Cowlishaw Gillian
Published: March 2007

this attachment to inherited names appears much stronger as soon as we consider realities of a less material order. That is because the transformation in such cases almost always takes place too slowly to be perceptible to the very men affected by them. They feel no need to change the label, because the change of content escapes them.
Class and Occupation: A Comment on Holton and Martin
Authors: Starrs Christopher , Vaughan Graeme
Published: March 2007

Holton and Martin's report of their replication study of Erik Wright's study of class is flawed by a misuse of statistical data. They are unaware that the Australian Bureau of Statistics has altered the classification of occupations to a form which now suits social researchers better. This note contains a brief summary of the new classification schema and refers to the relevant ABS publications.
A Matter of Small Importance: SES* and Magistrates' Court Outcomes
Authors: Douglas Roger
Published: March 2007

Following a critical examination of hypothesised links between SES and court outcomes, this paper examines the extent to which SES is related to Victorian Magistrates' Court decisions. On the basis of multivariate analyses of plea, verdict and sentence, the paper concludes that the impact of SES is slight but generally in the predicted direction. Examination of the reasons for such SES outcome relationships as exist suggest that differential access to legal resources underlies SES-verdict relationships, but that SES sentence relationships are better understood in terms of the relationship between SES and the relative impact of different sentences for particular defendants. Different magistrates appear to react to SES in different ways.
Economic Transformation and the Racialisation of Labour
Authors: Spoonley Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the adequacy of three particular approaches, the political economy of labour migration, cul tural Marxism and regulation theory, in explaining the nature of ethnic disadvantage in contemporary capitalism. The substantial economic changes of the 1980s, it is argued, have endorsed the ethnic disadvantages which previously existed in the labour market in New Zealand and elsewhere. The concern is to establish how adequately these approaches theorise both economic transformation and labour force segmentation along ethnic lines.
The discovery of an Australian ''juvenile underclass'
Authors: Bessant Judith
Published: March 2007

This article critically explores contemporary debates around the discovery of the 'new underclass'. Debates about poverty, employment and inequity, however, ought to raise a number of important questions. One question relates to the status of the observations made and apparent factual nature of the 'discovery' of 'the underclass' by empirical research. Another question underclass talk should raise, but rarely does, is the relationship between state power and those living in poverty, or what Foucault referred to as the 'diffusion of the agencies of governance'. This article suggests that 'the discovery' of a new 'juvenile underclass' draws on two long-standing discursive traditions which centre on 'the adolescent' and 'the poor'. Equally 'left' and 'right' deployments of the underclass theme suggest both a lack of reflexivity and a greater reliance on assumptions and interests characteristic of the left and right rather than any particular respect for what may actually be 'out there'. Theoretical reflexivity suggests that amongst other things, good social theory can think of the effects that experts who claim to know 'the underclass' have on those who are marginalised and who live in poverty .
Nurses and doctors and discourses of healing1
Authors: Wicks Deidre
Published: March 2007

This article challenges current sociological approaches to nursing that emphas ise the universality of nursing oppression and the notion of nurses as victims who are inevitably 'caught' between structures of class and patriarchy. It is argued that, despite recent influences from post-structuralism and post-mod ernism, these approaches remain trapped within many of the assumptions of 'modernist' feminism and so focus on oppression and subordination at the ex pense of nursing agency and resistance. The article makes use of concepts from feminist post-structuralism, particularly feminist appropriations of Michel Foucault's concept of discourse, to reintroduce the notion of agency into the analysis of nursing work. Through an ethnographic study in a hospital ward, it goes on to examine some of the 'effects of truth' within the dominant dis course of scientific medicine. While these include manifestations of medical power, they also include discourses of healing, which are constituted by nurses and doctors in their daily work. Evidence is provided to demonstrate that these healing discourses reveal both an alternative, oppositional knowledge/practice framework and a level of autonomy that has generally been unrecognised in accounts of nursing work. The article concludes by drawing out the implications of the study for the sociological analysis of nursing and, finally, for the more complex and contradictory relationship between doctors and nurses.
Logics of integration and disintegration in contemporary social theory
Authors: Bendle Mervyn Frederick
Published: March 2007

This paper is a metatheoretical reflection on the tension within contemporary social theory between two fundamentally opposed ways of viewing the world: the twin logics of integration and disintegration. It is suggested that this typology is a more informative model for analysis of contemporary social theory than the modernism/postmodernism typology. The paper outlines the structure and precursors of this metatheoretical inquiry, identifies the presuppositions of these logics, provides exemplary statements of their application, reviews the rise to ascendancy of the logic of disintegration, demonstrates its current prevalence, provides a critique of its operation and concludes with a re- assertion of the value of the logic of integration.
Home owners, home renovation and residential mobility
Authors: Baum Scott , Hassan Riaz
Published: March 2007

Contemporary studies into residential mobility focus on mover households, but pay little attention to households that do not move. Conceptually, it is assumed that households make a voluntary decision to move when their current residence no longer meets their needs. This argument does not however account for households who, in the face of residential dissatisfaction, renovate or undertake alterations to better satisfy their needs. This paper presents data for Adelaide, South Australia to look at the extent to which owners renovate their homes. The analysis identifies two groups of renovators-non-mover renovators and mover renovators. Using data from the Housing and Location Preference Survey, an analysis is presented which discusses the factors which may influence renovation activity of these two groups.
ENB Campus
Authors: Judd Katy
Published: March 2007

The past few years has seen much amalgamation of colleges of nursing and midwifery, and the integration of these colleges into higher education. The resulting changes have often meant an increase in the numbers of nursing students at an institution, and an increase in the amount of lecturers' time spent in the classroom. It could be argued that education has become more resource intensive, and that open and distance learning methods are increasingly being considered.

This article considers an educational resource accessed via electronic means- the Campus 2000 network. Part of this network is maintained by the English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (ENB) and is known as ENB Campus.
Modelling and simulating the management of medical outpatient clinics
Authors: Reed P.G. , Rada R. , Barlow J. , Clague J.E. , Edwards R.H.T.
Published: March 2007

Previous efforts to model health care clinics point to the value of careful observation of clinics, the derivation of performance criteria and the use of object-oriented models. A computer program, called Medical Outpatient Clinic Simulator, has been developed which simulates the running of medical outpatient clinics in terms of waiting times in clinics for medical staff and patients. The steps of observing clinics, determining their performance criteria, and modelling and simulating them are described in this paper. The modelling highlights the roles undertaken and procedures performed by staff in an object-oriented fashion. Patients may flow through the clinic in either serial or quasi-parallel fashion. The Medical Outpatients Clinic Simulator has been used by management as a tool for testing the effects of changes in running a clinic, and demonstrates the soundness of the modelling and simulation methodology.
Estimation of annual activity and the use of activity multipliers
Authors: Jones R.P.
Published: March 2007

The factors determining monthly and cumulative activity (and costs) are shown to be related to total and available working days per month, the random nature of events (i.e. emergency admissions), the effects of seasonality and the unplanned. How to predict monthly activity is described in the context of managing a contract. A range of 'activity multipliers' are given to predict end of year activity from the cumulative activity at any point in the year. For instance, activity for April would need to be multiplied by a number near to twelve (i.e. between I I and 13) to give the likely activity for the full financial year. Special cases are explored for activity in obstetrics, elderly care, paediatrics and general medicine. The correct method for the projection of activity (and costs) is described for emergency, elective, daycase and outpatient activity in the context of individual specialties, business units and Trust/purchaser (including general practice fundholding) activity. This document also presents a range of 'standard' activity multipliers for predicting annual activity from cumulative activity at any point during the year. Such guidance should allow managers to calculate multipliers for use in situations such as the closure of a ward (MRSA, fire, etc.) or to reduce activity to achieve financial break-even.
Teleradiology and emergency neurosurgery
Authors: Selway R.
Published: March 2007

With an increase in the number of district hospitals equipped with CT scanners, neurosurgical centres are frequently being approached to interpret emergency brain scans. Patient management is improved if the images can be transferred rapidly and reliably between hospitals. Although the technology for electronic image transfer (teleradiology) has been available for some years, it remains expensive, particularly as many hospitals would only use such a system a few times a year. This paper examines the established and potential methods for emergency image transfer and proposes a simple and cheap alternative method. This method employs an optical scanning device and a conventional modem linking personal computers at the transmitting and receiving sites. Such a system would be cheap enough for consultant neurosurgeons to have a system at home, allowing their opinion to be more easily and rapidly obtained at all hours.
A pilot study to assess the role of the Internet to provide structured training in obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Draycott T. , Rennie A. , Jenkins J. , Fox R. , Read M.D.
Published: March 2007

Recent recommendations in the Calman Report on medical training address perceived deficiencies in the current system in the UK. These recommendations include shorter and more structured training for junior doctors. Structured training will require the provision of specific educational and assessment materials. The current expansion of the Internet may provide a timely opportunity to help with these educational challenges. Our pilot study will investigate the potential role of the Internet in the delivery of structured training materials. We will also be evaluating a number of educational strategies supported by the Internet, particularly computer based simulation, for teaching the management of two sample obstetric emergencies: post partum haemorrhage and pre-eclampsia.
Symposium on HOSPITAL MIDWIFERY versus DOMICILIARY MIDWIFERY
Authors: Chetwynd Eve
Published: March 2007

The paper outlines the increase in hospitalization of maternity cases during recent years, and reviews the probable reasons, from the mother's point of view, for the present pressure on maternity beds. The lack of domestic help in the home is dealt with in detail, and the need of a more comprehensive home help service.

The writer deals at some length with the standard snecessary to ensure the safety of the mother and child during pregnancy, labour and the lying-in period in domiciliary practice, stressing the need of co-operation from all concerned to guarantee that these standards do not fall short of those offered by the hospitals.
Meeting the needs of people with learning disabilities: developing an interactive model of care
Authors: Turner M. , Coles J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development and implementation of a model of care specifically designed to meet the complex needs of people with learning disabilities. This interactive model of nursing has been developed, implemented and evaluated in practice areas during the past 2 years. It is apparent from the data collected, that this model of nursing has moved carers' perceptions towards a more holistic understanding of their clients' needs. This has been achieved through a greater understanding of the inter-relationship between internal and external factors that, together, make us who we are. The necessity for carers to use their knowledge of health and the social sciences and their inter-relationship during the assessment process, demonstrates how accurate interpretation and synthesis of data creates an holistic profile of each individual. This enables carers to understand the clients' difficulties and how they may be overcome through appropriate care delivery. This model has been developed with the specific aim of enhancing quality of life through gains in health and total well-being.
Therapeutic environment of secure units: a feasibility study of the interactions between people working and accessing a secure unit for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Turner J.M.
Published: March 2007

The present feasibility study aimed to develop a reliable and valid measure to assess the types of therapeutic interactions between people working and accessing a secure unit for people with a learning disability. Seventeen health professionals participated in ascertaining support for the face and construct validity of the items and therapeutic approaches of the Therapeutic Interaction Measure (TIM) developed. Twenty-seven staff and eight clients participated in the direct observation of therapeutic interactions. The TIM was found to be reliable and valid in terms of face validity and construct validity of the overall items contained in the measure. There was some clinical but not statistical support for the construct of the nine therapeutic approaches in the TIM of being supportive, empathic, showing pro-social modelling, collaborative teaching, positive control, challenging, diffusing, promoting personal growth and self-awareness. Five alternative reliable factors were identified. These were described as understanding and dealing with difficult behaviour, socialisation, practical care, active listening and facilitating. There was no support for the external validity of the TIM relating to external measures of the treatment environment and client perceptions of their quality of care. The external and predictive validity of the TIM to monitor the process of therapeutic progress in secure units for people with a learning disability warrants further investigation. The use of TIM as a measure of the therapeutic interactions at a relationship level between staff and clients is discussed. A descriptive model of the therapeutic use of security is proposed in terms of the physical, organizational and the relationship level of therapeutic interactions.
'Locusts and Wild Honey' (Mk 1.6c aNd Mt. 3.4C): the Status Quaestionis Concerning the Diet of John the Baptist
Authors: Kelhoffer James A.
Published: March 2007

An astonishing variety of answers has been proffered by scholars who have considered the literary or sociohistorical interpretation of Mk 1.6c/Mt. 3.4c. This article surveys Synoptic passages pertaining to John's diet and reviews biblical scholarship on the subject from Erasmus to the present. The most prevalent interpretations maintain that the locusts and wild honey, however construed, highlight John as Prophet, wilderness-dweller, ascetic or vege tarian. A recurrent weakness in many interpretations of Mk 1.6c/Mt. 3.4c is that they ignore the possibility that this characterization could have meant different things for the historical Baptist, the author of Mark and the author of Matthew. An additional shortcoming concerns the lack of argument or historical analogy given to support a particular interpretation of John's diet.
The Introduction of Permeability Into Pvc and Polyurethane Upper Materials By Electron Beam Perforation
Authors: Steigerwald K.H.
Published: March 2007

A new principle for producing poromerics is proposed in which an electron beam is used to perforate composite materials with an outer layer of PVC or PU. The advantages lie in the fact that the perforated material allows air from inside the shoe to be more readily exhausted to atmosphere, carrying moisture with it and enhancing foot comfort. Tests so far indicate a comfort level at least as good as natural leather. The concept of a production machine is discussed and properties of materials and economics are presented.
Urethane Coated Textiles
Authors: Davies W.D.
Published: March 2007

This article gives a detailed discussion of urethane coating textiles using the transfer process. One-component systems have overcome many earlier disadvantages by requiring only the evaporation of the solvent to achieve a urethane film with fully developed physical properties. Tests are described for determining hydrolysis resistance, abrasion, flexing, and adhesion.
Treatment of Outerwear for Rain Protection
Authors: Polfus W.F.
Published: March 2007

This paper covers work done to improve present available rainwear products in the areas of washability, dry cleaning, freedom from excessive soiling, soft "handle," good appearance, comfort and good impact spray. The most feasible approach is a light coating on the inside of the garment followed by normal "Zepel" or "Scotchgard" fluorocarbon treatment on the outside. Sanforizing follows fluorocarbon treatment and generally does not affect coatings or other treatment.
Flash Fire Propensity of Some Upholstery Fabrics With and Without Backcoating
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Cumming Heather J.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation of eighteen upholstery fabrics provided by the California Bureau of Home Furnishings, using the USF flash fire screening test method, indicated that these materials as a group did not exhibit greater flash fire propensity than other materials which could be found in the home.
Strength of Coated Fabrics With Crack
Authors: Minami Hirokazu
Published: March 2007

Practical procedure for evaluation of strength of coated fabrics with crack requires a formula which bears on expression of an inherent property of the materials in phenomenon of the crack extension.
The Rise of Scale Posts as a Management Hierarchy in Schools
Authors: Wallace Mike
Published: March 2007

Is a "scale post" a reward for classroom teaching or a part of the management hierarchy with responsibilities for leadership in schools? This history of howgraded posts evolved helps understand the different perspectives on the teachers' career structure.
Notes on Forecasts of Pupil Numbers
Authors: Simpson Stephen
Published: March 2007

Being able to forecast how many pupils will need a school or a whole LEA's services is a crucial element in planning new buildings and deploying staff and resources. But is is not clear what are the best methods, as this review of issues and techniques explains.
Problems in Helping Head Teachers to Learn about Management
Authors: Gray H.L.
Published: March 2007

Why do headsget irritated with management training courses? Is it the blurred transparencies? The lack of machismo? Here a trainer suggests how learning in schools and in training courses is different. He discusses how heads may see training as undermining their role in schools.
'It's All Good Clean Fun'- Sexual Harassment: A Case Study
Authors: Addison Brenda , Al-Khalifa Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

How offensive can the 'banler of the staffroom' be for women teachers? The interviews here show how men and women talk differently about sexual harassment and lead to recommendations for school management on acting on women teachers' experience.
Women in Management
Authors: Weightman Jane
Published: March 2007

Research in a small sample of comprehensive schools shows women in posts of responsibility often have more responsibilities and lower grading than men. The study was undertaken in the Manchester School of Management, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
The Nature and Use of Mission Statements in Singaporean Schools
Authors: Stott Kenneth , Walker Allan
Published: March 2007

Ken Stott is Lecturer in Policy and Management Studies at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Allan Walker is Senior Lecturer in Educational Managernent and Policy at Northern Territory University in Australia. In this paper they report on some research which they have undertaken on the nature and function of mission statements in 19 Singaporean schools. From their research three key issues emerged. First, they need to have clear imperatives for planning in terms of content and process. Second, the way in which such statements are drawn up and who is involved in the process of doing so needs to be carefully considered. Finally, mission statements may have a valuable role to play in the management of the external context of schools as well as the internal management of change. This external use warrants thorough consideration.
The Practice of Educational Marketing in Schools
Authors: James Chris , Phillips Peter
Published: March 2007

Chris James is Professor of Education Management in the University of Glamorgan Business School and Peter Phillips is Headteacher of West Monmouth School, Pontypool, Gwent. In this paper, the first of three in this edition on different aspects of marketing in education, they stress that this is a relatively new area of interest in educational management. As such it is not surprising to find that much of the literature is characterised by ideas developed in non-educational settings. In this paper they use the notion of the 'marketing mix' to examine the practice of marketing in a number of schools within England and Wales. They find little evidence of the development of sophisticated market driven approaches within the schools they studied.
Turning the History of Medical Ethics from its Head onto its Feet: A Critical Commentary on Baker and McCullough
Authors: Schmidt Ulf
Published: March 2007

The paper provides a critical commentary on the article by Baker and McCullough on Medical Ethic's Appropriation of Moral Philosophy. The author argues that Baker and McCullough offer a more "pragmatic" approach to the history of medical ethics that has the potential to enrich the bioethics field with a greater historical grounding and sound methodology. Their approach can help us to come to a more nuanced understanding about the way in which medical ethics has connected, disconnected, and reconnected with philosophical ideas throughout the centuries. The author points out that Baker and McCullough's model can run the danger of overemphasizing the role of medical ethicists whilst marginalizing the influence of philosophers and of other historical actors and forces. He critically reviews the two case studies on which Baker and McCullough focus and concludes that scholars need to bear in mind the levels of uncertainty and ambivalence that accompany the process of transformation and dissemination of moral values in medicine and medical practice.
Combined analysis and test of earthquake‐resistant circuit breakers
Authors: Fischer Edward G. , Daube William M.
Published: March 2007

Following the severe earthquake damage at San Fernando in 1971, it became of technical and perhaps psychological importance to demonstrate that properly re‐designed electrical equipment is able to withstand even worse transient vibration phenomena which can be produced in an earthquake simulator laboratory. This has been accomplished for one column of a 500 kV gas circuit breaker and the test results are used to qualify the much larger original 3‐column assembly by means of a computer‐aided structural analysis. Since the equipment exhibited some closely spaced, cross‐coupled modes of vibration, a valuable comparison could be obtained between the effects produced by El Centro 1940 ground acceleration and those for a more purposeful sine beat vibration input. The latter can be adjusted to produce definite stresses and fatigue effects in specific parts of the equipment due to quasi‐resonance response.