bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“And Where You Go, I’ll Follow”: Stalking and the Complex Task of Preventing It
Authors: Korkodeilou Jenny
Published: January 2021

Stalking in its broad sense and different forms within the spectrum of sexual violence has been an omnipresent characteristic of interpersonal relationships ranging from persistent and/or unwanted courtship and attention, harassment, obsessive following to threats, physical violence and murder. Yet it has only recently been criminalised in the UK after a series of high-profile cases and continuous calls and campaigns by families of victims and charities for more effective punishment of perpetrators. And while the criminalisation of stalking has brought about some positive changes including the acknowledgement of the harms suffered by victims of this type of abuse, it is crucial to bear in mind that this behaviour has been out there for a very long time in the form of the ‘everyday intrusions’ (as Betsy Stanko succinctly describes) that (mostly) women have had to endure and accommodate in their lives and as such tackling it requires a deeper investigation of its causes and a multifaceted approach. This chapter will look at current strategies and proposed measures for preventing and managing stalking (e.g. multi-agency interventions) and problematize them in light of empirical work and recent international movements. As Walklate in her chapter about sexual violence stresses it is often the case that preventive strategies aim to help and protect victims by addressing different factors and assessing risks but fail to take into account and question the socio-cultural context that enables and fosters these behaviours in the first place. Implications for future practice will be considered and discussed.
Disclosing Sexual Crime
Authors: Naylor Mark
Published: January 2021

Disclosing to someone that you have been the victim of a sexual offence has been described as stepping out of an airplane door and not being sure if your parachute is going to work. This is especially true of historic sexual offences, where the victim has lived with, and sometimes normalised their experiences, often over decades. The stigma of being a victim, the shame about not stopping the offence or making a disclosure sooner, the anxiety about how family, colleagues and partners will view you, all act as inhibitors to making disclosures; these continue even after disclosure is made. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the authors lived experiences of investigating sexual offences and of making a disclosure of historic sexual abuse to his employer.
Introduction: Wildlife and Criminology
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

This chapter defines wildlife criminology as a criminology concerned not only with wildlife trafficking, but considers criminological perspectives on animals and wildlife within a broader context. The introduction provides a definition of wildlife as constituting animals living primarily outside human control or influence; thus distinguished from companion animals who are directly dependent on humans for food and shelter. However, wild non-human animals are affected by human activity in a variety of ways from trafficking in wildlife, through to destruction of habitat, and development that impacts directly on wildlife. Thus, this chapter explains that the book’s focus is on a wildlife criminology that considers a wide range of unlawful and deviant acts that impact on and harm wildlife. It introduces the four interconnected themes used to explore crimes and harms against wildlife - commodification and exploitation, violence, rights, and speciesism and othering.
Wildlife as Food
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

This chapter further explores the theme of wildlife as human property and exploitable natural resource with an examination of the sale and exploitation of wildlife for food. Wildlife as food is a complicated issue as not only does it include luxury ‘exotic’ foods like caviar, whale, and bear paws, but also includes common species such as deer, rabbits, and snakes. Adding to the complexity is that some species, like caviar, were at one time common, but because of over-exploitation and unsustainable consumption have become a luxury. Alternatively, once common non-human animals like the pangolin have been exploited to dangerous levels due to their status as a luxury food (and medicine). The chapter gives specific examples where wildlife is consumed as food to explore the various motivations of consumption. There is an in-depth discussion of caviar, where there is evidence of organised crime orchestrating this complicated global black market. We end this chapter by discussing the speciesism that is inherent in our food choices.
Rethinking Urbanism
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

This book asks two broad central questions: what has shaped contemporary urbanism and urbanization on the planet, and what are the shapes that urbanism and urbanization take? It tackles these questions in six content chapters. The first two chapters after the introduction address these central questions by analyzing discussions of processes and patterns of urbanism and urbanization. The other four chapters explore aspects of grand shaping forces: colonialism and imperialism; human migration and movement; trade and economic relationships; and policies and politics. It concentrates on Hartford, Zanzibar Port of Spain, San Juan, Cape Coast, Dakar, and three cities in China’s Pearl River Delta (Shenzhen, Dongguan and Guangzhou). These urban areas are used as starting places for conceptualizations built from postcolonial and southern thinking. The goal lies in providing practical, empirical illustrations and thick descriptions of the applicability of postcolonial and southern thought for addressing this new era, which the contemporary literature that sprang from the French urbanist Henri Lefebvre’s (1970: 113) hypothesis of ‘the planetary nature of the urban phenomenon’ terms the era of ‘planetary urbanization’. This book builds on the many recent works of postcolonial and southern urban studies contesting the universalizing and reductive tendencies of global North urban theory.
Villages in the City: Patterns of Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta, Dakar, and Zanzibar
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

The second chapter centers on patterns, specifically the geographic land-use and housing patterns common to rapid urbanization that overtakes the surrounding countryside. The chapter uses the Chinese concept of chengzhongcun, or urbanized village, along with the related concepts of chengbiancun and chengwaicun, villages on the city-edge and in the suburbs, and Chinese scholarship analyzing what happens to them in the PRD. The chapter applies these ideas to other similarly rapid urban transformations in Dakar and Zanzibar, with references to the comparability in other cities of the book. The purpose is to work toward conceptualizing from outside global North frameworks when looking at land-use patterns in urbanization. If one seeks to understand the patterns of 21st century planetary urbanization, one ought to look at the places where those patterns are most rapidly transforming the landscape and find the language there that is used to describe and analyze them. This chapter is a small experiment in doing so.
‘The Whole World Is Made in China’: Products and Infrastructures of Dis/Connection
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

The fifth chapter, on products, deals with the global urban literatures around infrastructure, including both physical infrastructure and the economic understanding of infrastructural interconnections of the global urban system. While physical infrastructure dominates in Chinese investments in the global South, southern urban theory has turned attention to people-as-infrastructure. Books and articles about infrastructure in the global South for a decade or more have argued for seeing infrastructure as vital, lively, or alive, including human and nonhuman agency, and this chapter seeks to connect with this trend. It concentrates on trade and foreign direct investment from China in Africa, with a detailed case study of Zanzibar. It then examines the experiences and socio-material infrastructures of African traders in Guangzhou and the PRD.
Urban Politics and Policy in a Southern Urban Planet
Authors: Myers Garth
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the urban studies literatures on urban politics and policy mobilities, from postcolonial southern perspectives. Analysis of urban politics is in flux within global urban studies. For years, the predominant focus of global North urban studies in analyzing urban politics resided with understanding growth machines and urban. Recently, there has been a general change in focus from discreet units at scale (i.e. a city government) to a ‘relational’ approach. What does this work look like, viewed from the global South? How do urbanists from the global South or those focused on its cities approach these arenas of scholarship? The chapter seeks answers to these questions with specific policies in mind. specific policies examined include participatory budgeting, bus rapid transit, enclave urbanization (new towns or satellite cities), sister city relationships, and climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Case study material from Hartford, San Juan, Zanzibar and Dongguan helps to show different ways in which South-South connectivities shape politics, governance and urban cultures at both ends.
The Changing Ethnic Composition of the School-Age Population
Authors: Harris Richard , Johnston Ron
Published: January 2021

Patterns of ethnic segregation are affected by demographic processes changing the number of each ethnic group living and going to school in a particular area. Notably, the White British formed a smaller proportion of the secondary school aged population in England in 2017 than they did in 2010 because of a decline in the number of White British pupils against a rise in the number of other ethnic groups, except Black Caribbeans. However, nationally the number of White British (but not Black Caribbeans) in primary schools has increased. There are geographical variations in the extent of these changes, with places like Harrow, Redbridge, Newham and Luton seeing greatest percentage declines in their number of White British primary pupils. Nevertheless, many local authorities appear either to be ethnically diverse or are becoming more so.
The Battle of Ideas in the Labour Party, 1945–92
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

The first chapter is a broad sweep of the historical battle of ideas in the party starting from the Attlee government and finishing on Neil Kinnock’s terms as leader. For the Attlee period, there is a focus on the liberal ideas that guided that government and the beginnings of the left. It tracks the left’s thinking into the 50s with Bevanism and the riposte to it that came Tony Crosland and revisionism. It analyses the rise of the left in the early 70s and its dominance until the early 80s. It finishes on the leadership of Neil Kinnock over both his terms as leader, which are often seen as the reassertion of the right over the left.
Bridging the Divide: Ed Miliband and Ideas
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

The third chapter notes the intellectual exhaustion of New Labour leading into the 2010 General Election and the attempts to renew the party outside of the leadership circle. It focuses on Ed Miliband’s leadership and the ideas that he engaged with. In particular, there is an analysis of Blue Labour and One Nation.
Pre-distribution
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

The fourth chapter concentrates solely on the idea of pre-distribution. It warrants this sole focus given the considerable academic scholarship behind it and being a coherent proposal to reform the economic system. In other words, it was a significant attempt to move beyond Keynesianism and neoliberalism.
Corbynism: The Left’s Resurgence
Authors: Batrouni Dimitri
Published: January 2021

The fifth chapter is a detailed investigation of Corbynism. It delves into what it is substantively. Through many interviews and secondary sources, it reveals the main thinkers and who are the chief actors driving it forward. It notes that it is largely defined by what it is not, namely New Labour and neoliberalism, critiquing the previous Labour administration’s accommodation with neoliberalism. However, its advocates deliberately avoid accusations of a lurch back to ‘Old’ Labour and there is an attempt to project a newness to Labour’s thinking; to develop a 21st century socialism.
Introduction: Towards a Bourdieusian Sociology of Affective Affinity
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

This chapter makes the case for the importance of an ‘affective Bourdieu’ firstly by arguing why considerations of affect are buttressed by Bourdieu (or at least a theory of practice) and why Bourdieu’s theory of practice also needs a better conceptualisation of affect. It then outlines antecedents for the theory of affective affinities, especially pointing to Mason’s work on affinities. The chapter then presents a table of Bourdieu’s concepts with their definitions placed alongside new definitions that highlight affect. Overall, this chapter sets the scene for theorising the concept of affective affinities as important for considering the connections between class, emotions and affect.
Illusio, Social Gravity and Social Magic: Purpose, Motivation and Aspiration
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

Chapter One focusses on underutilized concepts of illusio, social gravity and social alchemy/magic to consider everyday affective notions such as aspirations and orientations as key to thinking about how everyday processes of embodied meaning making are central to the affective economies that create and replicate inequalities. The chapter argues that Bourdieu’s concepts of social magic and social gravity are relations of affective affinity, unequal moments are settings heavy with the hierarchical transmission of affects. Illusio is especially useful for considering economies of intensity, motivation and purpose.
Homo Economicus Must Die: Towards a Figure of the Accumulated Being
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

Chapter Seven makes the argument, like many others, that the dominant figures used to stand in for humans, such as Homo economicus and cultural dupe, are anthropological monsters. The chapter also sketches the problem of the figure of the inspirational meritocrat, which aligns with the rise of the happiness and wellness industries and with individual stories of heroically overcoming hardships in movies and media profiles. The Bourdieusian model of the reasonable accumulated being is then put forward as a way of overcoming the problems of those figures as it considers how affective affinities mediate everyday struggles and strategies that move beyond the rational, ideological and entrepreneurial.
Unequal Research Relationships in Highly Insecure Places: Of Fear, Funds and Friendship
Authors: Bøås Morten
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines violent contexts that equally represent specific challenges and threats to researchers and their collaborators and brokers. It offers a self-critical reflection on Morten Bøås's research with local associates in the highly insecure context of the Sahel. It also reveals how researchers from the Global North may wittingly or unwittingly incentivize associates to adopt risky strategies. The chapter looks at the center of Bøås's reflections, which includes the question of how friendship is shaped by the unequal power of relationships involved in North–South collaborations. It also describes the mixed bag of emotions experienced during fieldwork in a highly dangerous setting where researchers have more recently become the explicit target of some armed groups.
The Politics of Safe Research in Violent and Illiberal Contexts
Authors: Russo Alessandra , Strazzari Francesco
Published: January 2021

This chapter refers to Francesco Strazzari and Alessandra Russo's reflections on recent developments in research ethics and risk assessment procedures. It draws on Russo and Strazzari's research experiences and their involvement in projects addressing institutional developments. It argues that there are two main tendencies that negatively affect research in violent and closed contexts. The chapter analyzes the securitization of ethics and risks and their bureaucratization and judiciarization. It argues that the combined processes of bureaucratization and judiciarization do not necessarily make research safer, but that they do restrict or prevent forms of much needed independent knowledge production on intervention politics in violent and/or illiberal settings.
Sexual Exploitation, Rape and Abuse as a Narrative and a Strategy
Authors: Bjørkhaug Ingunn
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes Ingunn Bjørkhaug's fieldwork that took place among refugees in a camp in Uganda. It reflects on how the research participants' agency to engage in strategic storytelling influenced the collection of data. It also reveals how Bjørkhaug dealt with the permanent exposure to stories of human suffering within the Ugandan refugee camp. The chapter explains the power of administrative categories and procedures, in which the criteria and interview process for refugee resettlement into third countries shaped the narratives of the research. It also stresses how the power of categorizations impacts directly on the research itself, on how the researcher is perceived, which data can be generated, and what possible conclusions can be drawn from the fieldwork material.
Towards a Postcolonial, Anti-Racist, Anti-Militarist Feminist Mode of Weapons Control
Authors: Stavrianakis Anna
Published: January 2021

The last decade has seen some notable feminist successes in the regulation of the international arms trade, one of the ‘hardest’ areas of international security. Nonetheless, they have not been straightforward or clear-cut gains. Feminist critiques of militarism indicate the scale of the ongoing challenges around weapons control. Furthermore, feminist analysis has long had an ambivalent relationship with anti-racist and postcolonial politics. The argument of this chapter is that efforts to integrate gender into initiatives to regulate or abolish the arms trade are inadequate unless they also centre racial and postcolonial politics within and between states and unless they address more directly the question of when the use of force is justified. The chapter discusses the overlapping imperatives of postcolonial, anti-racist and anti-militarist politics for feminist modes of weapons control as a contribution to the next generation of WPS scholarship.
The Privatization of War: A New Challenge for the Women, Peace and Security Agenda
Authors: Forcada Marta Bautista , Lázaro Cristina Hernández
Published: January 2021

Private military and security companies (PMSCs) have rapidly increased in size and rate of deployment since the 1991 Gulf War, notably during the Afghanistan and Iraq wars of 2001 and 2003 respectively. This growth of PMSCs in the last two decades has not been accompanied by an effective legal regulatory framework, and the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda does not include any provisions related to the escalating threat that private contractors hired to provide military and security services in conflict settings pose to international peace and security and human rights. This chapter argues that UN institutions, scholars, advocates, and practitioners should incorporate the privatization of war as a new challenge within the WPS agenda, intending to plant a seed in touching upon different ways in which the privatization of war should be addressed in order to prevent gendered human rights violations in conflict scenarios.
Human Trafficking, Human Rights and Women, Peace and Security: The Sound of Silence
Authors: de Liévana Gema Fernández Rodríguez , Chinkin Christine
Published: January 2021

The chapter discusses the tension that exists between three separate UN agendas, those relating to CEDAW and WPS; the fight against trafficking in human beings; and the Security Council’s broader agenda for the maintenance of international peace and security. It considers in particular how the securitisation of WPS and human trafficking by the Security Council has diluted and fragmented the discourse of women’s human rights. It argues that as a form of gender-based violence, human trafficking is subject to the human rights regime that has evolved to combat such violence and that human rights mechanisms should be engaged to hold States responsible for their failure to exercise due diligence to prevent, protect against and prosecute those responsible – in the widest sense – for human trafficking. The incidence of human trafficking (as a form of gender-based violence) in armed conflict means that it comes naturally under the auspices of the WPS agenda. The Security Council’s silence in this regard constitutes of itself a form of violence that weakens the potential of the WPS agenda to bring structural transformation in post-conflict contexts. In agreement with the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children and cognisant of some of the downsides, we argue that ‘in order to ensure more efficient anti-trafficking responses, a human rights-based approach … should be mainstreamed into all pillars of the women and peace and security agenda’. In turn this would provide a new direction for the WPS agenda.
Challenges to the Story of Innovation
Authors: van Oudheusden Michiel
Published: January 2021

This chapter sets out the meanings attached to the concept of ‘innovation’ and asks how it has recently come to occupy the political and economic position it now holds. Drawing from science and technology studies, which has long sought to better incorporate the public in technological decision-making, it explores the impetus towards connecting ‘responsibility’ with ‘innovation’ and the context from which this derives. Finally, it examines how this impetus has become incorporated into various frameworks for Responsible (Research and) Innovation, and what is missing from this approach in terms of understanding the place of ‘innovation’ in the present political economy, and the place of politics in innovation.
Innovation for Social Needs
Authors: Amanatidou Effie , Gritzas George
Published: January 2021

In this chapter we explore in more detail the kinds of already-existing types of innovation which fulfil the criteria of restraint, living gently, and paying serious attention to the ethics involved in collective circulation of seemingly beneficial innovation. We draw here upon examples from both over- and under-consuming nations, and from economies in crisis as well as those which presently appear to be more stable. We make the claim that innovation needs to be viewed more broadly than traditional, Schumpeterian definitions that have become obsolete due to their inability to embrace and acknowledge social relations, as well as social, environmental and ethical responsibility in the process of innovation.
The Plurality of Technology and Innovation in the Global South
Authors: Pansera Mario , Arthur Keren Naa Abeka , Jimenez Andrea , Pandey Poonam
Published: January 2021

This chapter discuss the implications of Responsible Innovation for the Global South. It highlights the complexity and challenges of innovation in the Global South, drawing on the reflections of anthropologists and post-colonial scholars to consider how responsibility (beyond growth) and RI might be relevant to countries in the Global South, without repeating the patterns of colonization which are contrary to RS’s underlying ethos of care approached to make these concepts. The chapter argues that, being the idea of innovation predominantly a fruit of Western thinking, its application (or imposition) to the Global South is likely to raise conflicts and contestation. The authors conclude the chapter with a call to embrace epistemic plurality and an ethic of care in approaching RS in the Global South.
Challenges Facing Willing Firms
Authors: Birabi Timothy
Published: January 2021

There is an increasing appetite for responsibility and accountability within the current corporate, however, it is not so clear how much accountability can be given away before the conversation returns to traditional definitions of corporate profit and shareholder value. This chapter explores the fundamental challenges which firms seeking to incorporate socially accountable models into their business approach face in the current pro-market economic system. Four subthemes will be elaborated upon: corporate responsibility in the climate of intangible capital; the stakeholder-shareholder dichotomy; the [in]compatible coexistence of economic growth, innovation and public accountability; and possibilities revealed by benefit corporations. It concludes by examining ways in which both social accountability and profit maximisation might simultaneously exist through an RS approach which can work even within this current lay-out, and how this reveals the more systemic adjustments needed to support widespread change
Contesting Higher Education
Authors: Della Porta Donatella , Cini Lorenzo , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: January 2021

This close investigation of student protests represents the first comparative review of the subject. Setting the wave of demonstrations within the contexts of student activism, social issues, and political movements, the book casts new light on their impact on higher education and on the broader society. The book begins with an overview of the analysis of transformation in higher education (HE) policies and student politics, linking them to research on the policy outcomes of social movements. HE policies have been shaped by various waves of student mobilization. Students have often been important actors in contentious politics, mobilizing on all main cleavages in society and often stimulating spin-off movements, as well as affecting institutional politics at large. Student protests are therefore affected by public policies at least as much as they affect them. The book focuses on these complex interactions, aiming at understanding the development of student protests within neoliberal universities. It explores four episodes of student contestation over HE reforms, which have recently taken place in Chile, Quebec, England, and Italy. In light of the findings, the book reflects on the impacts of neoliberal policies in contentious politics and point at the relevance of coalitions for a sustained impact of mobilization campaigns. The discussion also points toward the student movements' effects in terms of empowerment, the triggering of spill-over movements, and transformations in electoral and party politics. Offering sophisticated new theoretical arguments based on fascinating empirical work, the insights and conclusions revealed in this study are of value to anyone with an interest in social, political, and related studies.
Student Politics
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Cini Lorenzo , Guzmán-Concha César
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the different dimensions of student politics and their differences in the four cases. Student organizations differ significantly across countries. Previous research has singled out different models of student representation in decision-making instances, as well as the different traditions of activism and politicization of the student body. The chapter argues that these differences must be considered to understand the capacity of students to become significant and/or influential political actors — even if they rarely exert an influence in a continuous manner. The four cases studied in this book cover four configurations that result from the combinations of (fragmented or coordinated) movement politics and (more or less institutionalized) union politics. Besides providing an historical narrative of student activism in the four regions, the chapter explains how these four configurations have shaped the options for students to generalize a platform of demands and mobilize in each region.
Introduction
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces and summarises the whole book, and offers preliminary thoughts on key concepts which underpin the analysis: citizenship, constitution, nationality and ‘the people’. The chapter reflects on methodological inspirations, showing that the approach builds on the traditions of comparative constitutional law, while adopting a broadly socio-legal approach. This interdisciplinary approach owes much to ideas of constitutional ethnography, aiming to suggest themes across different case studies, not explanations for variation.
What Is Constitutional Citizenship and How Can We Study It?
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

Closing the first, introductory, part of the book, this chapter presents some of the main ways in which citizenship and constitutions / constitutional law can and do iterate with each other at the top level (i.e. via the texts of the constitution and of constitutional law and in respect of constitutional principles and conventions). The chapter then places these issues into a broader context, exploring issues such as the legacies of colonialism, understandings of citizenship outside the Global North and the so-called civic/ethnic divide in citizenship. The analysis contests some of the presuppositions that lie behind the idea that citizenship of a state could operate as the sole or even central model of citizenship.
Picking out the People: Ideals and Identities in the Citizenship/Constitution Relation
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores constitutional fundamentals such as constituent power, sovereignty and constitutional identity, and then examine how ideas such as equality and dignity can shape the constitution’s engagement with citizenship. The aim is to assess the constitutional ideal of citizenship, under which heading we can explore the proposition that the ideal-type of a citizenry is comprised of free, equal and sovereign citizens, underpinned by a notion of dignity.
The Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship in a Constitutional Context
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the direct and indirect impacts of constitutional law upon the terms of citizenship as a legal status, including issues of acquisition and loss and the ever present shadow of statelessness. The focus is on the main modes of acquisition and loss of citizenship, with consideration in addition of associated topics such as dual citizenship. The chapter raises the important question of how higher constitutional norms such as equality can shape citizenship as a legal status.
Filling out Citizenship: Citizenship Rights, Constitutional Rights and Human Rights
Authors: Shaw Jo
Published: January 2021

The focus in this chapter is on the relationship between citizenship rights, constitutional rights and human rights. This chapter closes off the second part of the book, with a reflection on how we understand rights in a constitutional context. The main themes here concern the scope and enforceability of rights, coupled with reflections on how rights can strain the relationships between majoritarian and non-majoritarian institutions in democracies (e.g. between parliaments and courts).
Dynamics of the Property Market
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 investigates the significance of the property market in medieval Cambridge. It considers how far the property market at this time anticipated the urban property markets of today. Detailed information on the Cambridge property market is provided in the Hundred Rolls. A unique feature of the Rolls, compared to other sources such as rentals, is that they record all the rents paid on a property and not just the rent paid to one particular lord, such as the king or local lay lord. The rolls show that many properties paid multiple rents. With full information on each of these rents it possible to analyse separately the total rent paid and the various components of this rent going to individual lords. Chapter 2 introduces the statistical methods required to address these issues and reports the results obtained by applying them.
Economic Topography
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 analyses the economic topography of the town, building on the results presented in Chapter 2. It investigates how far occupations were specialised in different part of the town. It constructs profiles of all the Cambridge parishes, showing how many properties were located in each, how much rent those properties paid, to whom they paid it, who held the properties, and in some cases their occupation too. It is also possible to chart the spatial distribution of occupational names. Because of the missing roll, it is possible for the first time to provide a definitive account of all the parishes. This corrects a bias in previous topographical accounts, which have over-emphasised the north and west of the town at the expense of the south and east.
Family Profiles
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

Family dynasties were important players in the property market of medieval Cambridge, the Hundred Rolls reveal. Using a wide range of archival sources this chapter examines the inter family relationships and cross family connections of 23 families identified from the rolls, including the Bartons, Blancgernuns and Dunnings. Strategies by which families accumulated and extended their property portfolios are examined. Causes of family decline and family success are considered.
Cambridge in a Regional and National Context
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

Chapter 6 examines Cambridge’s performance at a regional and national level. Cambridge’s position relative to other leading towns nearby, such as Ely, Bury St Edmunds, King’s Lynn, Huntingdon and St Ives, is examined. The competitiveness of its market is evaluated through assessment of its transport connections and the local charters for market and fairs in the Cambridge area. Once again new information is brought to bear on the subject; in this case the account rolls of the Merton manor in Cambridge, previously owned by the Dunning family and subsequently acquired by Walter de Merton for the endowment of Merton College, Oxford.
The chapter demonstrates the dominance of Cambridge market in the local economy. The strength of this market, combined with the town’s control of the export-oriented river trade, assured its leading position in local trade and contributed to attracting investors from the local region and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John S. , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

The Rotuli Hundredorum, better known as the Hundred Rolls, contain 1,800 pages of statistical information relating to property rents in c.1279 for King Edward I. A printed edition was published by the Record Commission in 1818, using the original medieval Latin, in a special typeface designed to replicate the abbreviated script of medieval scribes. It is this edition that has formed the basis for most (though not all) subsequent research on property holding at that time....
Constructivist and Neoclassical Realisms
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel
Published: January 2021

Neoclassical realism is one of the major new developments in realist theory in the past two decades. It is an approach that aspires to bridge the gap between classical realism’s focus on foreign policy and neorealism’s systematism and parsimony. Rather than classical realism’s focus on policy prescription, neoclassical realism looks to explain foreign policy, and to do so by using neorealism’s assumptions about the nature of anarchy and the international system as a starting point. But to the extent that it espouses a neopositivist methodology, as most neoclassical realists do, it fails. This chapter argues that constructivism provides the appropriate set of methodologies for neoclassical realism.
Huadu: A Realist Constructivist Account of Taiwan’s Anomalous Status
Authors: Boyle Martin
Published: January 2021

Taiwan is a unique artefact of particular political and historical circumstances. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has claimed it since 1949; Beijing’s stance is officially upheld by the UN, the US and most of the international community. Yet, the US guarantees Taiwan’s security, and the international system recognises its sovereign existence in China’s threat to kill it – and China’s restraint. Taiwan’s case invites a constructivist response to a realist puzzle; power forms an anarchic structure that states must respect in order to survive. Yet, in order to survive, Taiwan must neither declare independence nor unify with China. Taiwan’s US -imposed undetermined status and protection combined with the PRC’s irredentist claim forms the systemic context that led Taiwan to engage in two overlapping conversations, one cross-Strait and one domestic, that constructed a Chinese identity after 1945 and a Taiwanese one after 1971. In telling Taiwan’s story, this study demonstrates a realist constructivism that accounts for state identity and foreign policy construction at the interface of inter-state and domestic politics; that is, the PRC-ROC and the ROC-Taiwan dimensions. The result is a two-level, three-stage, three-dimensional framework of power politics and identity.
The India–US Nuclear Deal: Norms of Power and the Power of Norms
Authors: Bano Saira
Published: January 2021

A major dilemma for the nuclear non-proliferation regime is whether and how to engage the nuclear-armed states that are not in the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) more effectively in the broader nuclear non-proliferation regime without weakening or discrediting the NPT. The Indo-U.S. Civilian Nuclear Agreement claims to bring India, as a “responsible” nuclear state, closer to the nuclear non-proliferation regime. It was criticized by the non-proliferation community, concerned that global non-proliferation norms would be undermined by India specially.This chapter employs a realist constructivist approach to understand how the U.S.-India nuclear agreement has affected the key norms of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime by deviating from the established expectations of the regime, and why the U.S. went to great efforts to sell the agreement as consistent with non-proliferation norms.
Determining the Boundaries Between Valid, Void and ‘Non-Qualifying’ Marriages: Past, Present and Future?
Authors: Probert Rebecca
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the development of different categories of marriage: non, void and valid. It argues that it is crucial to understand the evolution of the concept of ‘non-marriage’ in order to appreciate its legal necessity today in light of the current state of the law. It also suggests that a correct understanding the evolution of this category of marriage will enable reform to minimise the likelihood of a wedding either resulting in a void marriage or no marriage at all. Finally, it proposes options for reform.
‘Regrettably it is not that Simple’: the Case for Minimalistic Marriage Laws
Authors: Nash Patrick
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the inadequacies of English law and notes their needless complexity. It criticises Akhter v Khan and suggests that reform guided by nudge theory offers a promising solution. It then makes the case for moving towards a minimalistic law of marriage.
Rental Affordability
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 discusses housing for low-income groups. Households face a wide dispersion of housing costs and data for the UK and many other countries show that those on low incomes are more likely to spend a high percentage of their incomes on housing in the absence of support. Low-income households are also more heavily concentrated in the rental housing sectors. The chapter, therefore, concentrates on the measures that have been implemented to support housing and the extent to which the problem of high rents is offset by income related subsidies. The chapter also stresses that low-income affordability cannot be considered in isolation from other parts of the housing market and the economy more widely, notably fiscal and monetary policies and changes in the income distribution, and policy has generally taken insufficient account of the interlinkages.
Planning and the Assessment of Housing Need and Demand
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

The land use planning system in Britain is frequently seen as a key constraint on increasing housing supply and this is the topic for Chapter 9 in conjunction with an analysis of the development and use of household projections in determining housing requirements. Household projections had, and continue to have, very real impacts on how land supply and prices are determined and therefore on how many new homes are provided. The chapter discusses the development of the regulatory system starting from the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act and the role of the public sector in overcoming post-war shortages. The chapter then moves on to examine the development of concerns about the negative impacts of planning from the 1970s. The question arises whether this approach remains relevant in a market-led economy. The chapter also considers alternatives to the English land use planning model, notably the use of zoning systems in many countries with comparable pressures.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 14 highlights the key themes of the book and their implications for policy. Although there is considerable agreement among economists with regard to the range of required policy reforms - including changes to land use planning, taxation, social housing provision, rents and subsidies, and to financial markets - there are external constraints, both political and economic, that impose limitations on even the most positive reforming governments. But the absence of positive policy change in the UK would imply that the worsening affordability and volatility that have often typified housing markets are likely to continue. The book shows the need to extend housing policy beyond a concentration on expanding supply and points to the need for a more balanced approach that incorporates policies addressing demand as well as the supply sides of housing. Given the policy constraints, the chapter also points to possible new directions.
Studying Danger in Central Asia: Towards a Concept of Everyday Securityscapes
Authors: von Boemcken Marc
Published: January 2021

This conceptual chapter situates the theoretical and empirical approach adopted here within the wider body of literature on security and danger in Central Asia. It is, in this sense, in parts a literature review. Moreover, it explains the concept of securityscapes in terms of combining two established analytical perspectives in (Critical) Security Studies, namely a focus on the individual human being as principal referent-object ('deepening' of security) and an understanding of security as a social practice rather than an objectively measurable condition of existence (praxeology of security). All the subsequent empirical chapters proceed from the conceptual clarifications presented here.
Selective Memories, Identities and Places: Everyday Security Practices of the Mughat Lyulis in Osh
Authors: Boboyorov Hafiz , Atakhanov Shavkat
Published: January 2021

The Uzbeks were not the only ethnic minority that suffered from the violent rampages throughout Osh in 2010. The small community of Lyuli or, more precisely, Mughat people on the outskirts of the city also became targets of ethnic hatred. Up to this day, they are treated with great suspicion by the Kyrgyz majority and continue to be frequently threatened and attacked. The chapter focusses on the securityscapes of female Mughat collectors of alms and waste products, who are the main bread-winners in their community. They need to be highly mobile, yet this mobility comes with great risks as, for instance, sexual assault is a very real threat when moving through the city or the country. The contribution examines the various creative tactics that female collectors apply in order to attain a degree of security, usually involving continuous adaptations to shifting circumstances.
The Space–Time Continuum of the ‘Dangerous’ Body: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Securityscapes in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Bagdasarova Nina
Published: January 2021

From the perspective of large parts of Kyrgyz society, 'non-traditional' relations do not only pertain to ethnically mixed couples but equally to same-sex partnerships. This chapter takes a look at the securityscapes of individuals from the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in Bishkek, who face similarly dire consequences if their sexual orientation or gender preference is found out. Their everyday life in public thus often resembles a continual masquerade. The chapter focusses, in particular, on an LGBT nightclub in the capital city. It argues that the stress of having to keep disguising oneself may occasionally excite moments of excess and frenzy, of experiencing one's 'true' self only in a temporary act of transgressing the norms of profane life.
Postscript: Towards a Research Agenda on Security Practices
Authors: Schetter Conrad
Published: January 2021

The chapter asks how the insights generated here can make a more general contribution to the future study of everyday security practices of marginalized groups. It emphasizes the importance of taking into account the factors of space and time when analyzing security. In particular, it supports calls to analyze security practices beyond the limiting framework of the 'nation-state'. A stronger focus on individual future-making activities may very much enrich security-related research. Moreover, the chapter asks to what extent the findings collected in this volume may similarly apply to marginalized – and often violently repressed – people in other parts of Central Asia.
Generation of sub-MHz and spectrally-bright biphotons from hot atomic vapors with a phase mismatch-free scheme
Authors: Hsu Chia-Yu , Wang Yu-Sheng , Chen Jia-Mou , Huang Fu-Chen , Ke Yi-Ting , Huang Emily Kay , Hung Weilun , Chao Kai-Lin , Hsiao Shih-Si , Chen Yi-Hsin , Chuu Chih-Sung , Chen Ying-Cheng , Chen Yong-Fan , Yu Ite A.
Published: January 2021

We utilized the all-copropagating scheme, which maintains the phase-match condition, in the spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) process to generate biphotons from a hot atomic vapor. The linewidth and spectral brightness of our biphotons surpass those of the biphotons produced with the hot-atom SFWM in the previous works. Moreover, the generation rate of the sub-MHz biphoton source in this work can also compete with those of the sub-MHz biphoton sources of the cold-atom SFWM or cavity-assisted spontaneous parametric down conversion. Here, the biphoton linewidth is tunable for an order of magnitude. As we tuned the linewidth to 610 kHz, the generation rate per linewidth is 1,500 pairs/(s·MHz) and the maximum two-photon correlation function,

g

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, of the biphotons is 42. This

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violates the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for classical light by 440 folds, and demonstrates that the biphotons have a high purity. By increasing the pump power by 16 folds, we further enhanced the generation rate per linewidth to 2.3×104 pairs/(s·MHz), while the maximum

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became 6.7. In addition, we are able to tune the linewidth down to 290±20 kHz. This is the narrowest linewidth to date among all single-mode biphoton sources of room-temperature and hot media.