bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Various Approaches to Assessing the Methods of Stealing Cashless Money in the Modern Information Society
Authors: Tretiak Maria , Ryabova Liliya
Published: December 2020

A wide spread of various illegal methods of stealing cashless funds using modern information technologies makes it necessary to search for more advanced approaches to assessing such actions. Specialists examine different approaches to determining methods of theft in the information environment and analyze the opinions of scholars presented in the doctrine of criminal law, as well as legislative and court statutes adopted during the whole period that the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has been in force (from 1997 to 2020). The authors of the article pay special attention to the approaches of assessing the widespread methods of stealing cashless money in the theory, legislative sphere and practice. It is noted that current criminal legislation reflects a new approach to assessing theft in the information environment, developed on the basis of modern theory and practice. The authors point out that in modern criminal law theory there are three main trends in assessing the methods of stealing cashless money in the information environment. They are: criminalization of the new form of theft, new types of crimes in Ch. 21 or 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; viewing this theft as a variety of traditional forms of theft and other acquisitive crimes against property; application of the existing norms of traditional crimes in Ch. 21 and 28 of the CC of the RF. The authors also note that in the period following the adoption of criminal legislation, the illegal acquisition of cashless funds in the information environment has been assessed differently: as a type of traditional theft by deceit in the form of fraud; as separate types of fraud depending on the method; as separate types of fraud depending on the method and theft. The authors conduct a detailed analysis of the contents of new criminal law norms and the developed theoretical (court) statutes, identify their positive and negative features, and present their own understanding of the effectiveness of the new approach to assessing online theft of cashless money incorporated in current criminal legislation.
The Role of Community in Fighting Corruption in Ukraine
Authors: Bondarenko Olha , Malanchuk Petr , Dumchikov Mikhail
Published: December 2020

All countries suffer from corruption to a greater or a smaller degree. An effective combination of measures aimed at preventing and fighting corruption guarantees success in counteracting this destructive, harmful phenomenon. The role of community in fighting corruption is growing at the current stage of the development of the state and the society. Thus, the right of the public to take measures to counteract corruption is embedded at both the international (the UNO Convention against Corruption) and the national (the Constitution of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine «On Corruption Prevention», «On Petitions of Citizens», «On Access to Public Information», etc.) levels. This right can be exercised in three forms. The first is the participation of individual citizens who have attained majority in fighting corruption. The second form is the participation of public organizations. Thus, there are about 200 anti-corruption NGOs currently active in the country. The third form is the activity of mass media, for example, spreading information on the anti-corruption investigations. There are also two groups of methods that the public can use to exercise its right to counteract corruption: information-consulting and dynamic (active). The first group includes: the possibility to request and obtain information, in the amount and according to the procedure not prohibited by law, on the activities of preventing and fighting corruption from the bodies of state and local governance; the possibility to take part in parliamentary hearings; the possibility to report the revealed facts of corruption or corruption-related violations, of real or potential conflict of interests to specially authorized subjects in the sphere of counteracting corruption, to National Agency of Corruption Prevention, to the management or other representatives of the body, company, institution or organization where these violations happened or whose employees have a conflict of interests; the possibility to introduce initiatives to the subjects of the legislative initiative on improving the legislative regulation of relations emerging in the sphere of preventing corruption, and on taking measures aimed at informing the public on preventing corruption. The group of dynamic methods includes the possibility to initiate and conduct a public anti-corruption expertise, as well as scientific and sociological research on the problems of preventing corruption, and also the possibility to have public anti-corruption control. Besides, the legislation provides for a possibility to implement other anti-corruption measures that are not prohibited by law. One of the key methods of counteracting corruption is the anti-corruption training of the potential subjects of corruption offences. The authors conclude that the public is a key full-fledged subject of fighting corruption in Ukraine.
Criminological Security in the Sphere of Preventive Medicine: Risks and Their Prevention
Authors: Burlakov Vladimir , Shchepelkov Vladislav , Diveeva Nelli
Published: December 2020

Currently there is a high public interest in solving the problems of preventive medicine (vaccinations, medical check-ups, clinical examinations). This can be largely explained by legislative initiatives that draw mixed reactions from the public, by real problems that people face during vaccinations and medical check-ups, and, certainly, by the pandemic of COVID-19. A separate group of problems connected with various preventive medical programs is composed of criminological risks and prevention of crimes associated with preventive healthcare. The authors give a definition of criminological security in the sphere of preventive medicine, single out criminological risks and present their classification. They describe the essence of key criminological risks of preventive medicine (iatrogenic and corruption ones), establish their causes and outline the ways of their prevention. To reduce the iatrogenic risks of vaccination, it is suggested that a systemic national monitoring of the safety of vaccines should be organized, including the analysis of official data, public surveys, comparison of data from various sources, and other measures. To reduce the iatrogenic risks of medical check-ups, it is necessary to reject medical examinations that pose high risks to life and health; it is also necessary for the Russian Ministry of Healthcare to issue orders with a list of medical manipulations included in check-ups which would also act as criteria of their completeness. The authors believe that corruption risks in the sphere of preventive medicine can be reduced through the following measures: 1) vaccinations and check-ups should be conducted after citizens request them in their accounts (this should reduce the number of distorted records); 2) the list of compulsory check-up procedures should not include the procedures that cause pain, are dangerous to health and life, as well as those connected with accessing closed parts of the human body, or they should be substituted with alternative procedures that provide diagnostic results; 3) a time limit for check-ups should be introduced; 4) preventive medicine should be included in the monitoring of the effectiveness of corruption counteraction. A legal and criminological expertise of draft legal acts that regulate the procedure of medical check-ups, conducted by leading legal centers (universities), should become a general measure of preventing criminological risks of medical check-ups.
Terrorism Threat Level in the Context of Modeling the Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators
Authors: Merkuryev Victor , Ulyanov Mikhail , Gorshechnikova Elena
Published: December 2020

The authors call terrorism a global threat and point out the necessity of studying this negative phenomenon on the basis of empirical data while taking into consideration regional specifics. They use the methodology of cluster analysis (SPSS Statistics software) of statistical data on the number of terrorism crimes to analyze the spread of this threat on the territory of the Russian Federation. Three centers of terrorism tensions have been identified: North Caucasian Federal District, Moscow and the Republic of Tatarstan. Besides, the authors attempted to establish a linear dependence between the dynamics of terrorism crimes and such factors as socio-economic situation and migration. The calculations showed that there is no cause-and-effect link between material status and terrorism. The socio-economic situation is not the key factor that creates the condition of terrorism threat, although its impact is considerate. This is equally just for the above-mentioned centers of tensions. Foreign researcher of this problem come to similar conclusions. Besides, the correlation between the migration coefficient (increase per 100 th. inhabitants) and the level of terrorism crimes has not been proven. At the same time, it is mentioned that the insufficiently external and internal migration processes influence the spread of extremism ideology. To prove this, the authors present information from the Court Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, according to which in recent years the number of foreign citizens who commit terrorism crimes has been steadily growing, and they have been involved in practically all types of terrorism crimes. It is thus impossible to identify a single key factor of terrorism. The system determining terrorism crimes consists of a complex interaction of negative processes in all spheres of public life (economic, social, governance, ideological, criminal), which is reflected in the psychological state of society as a whole. It is expedient to pay special attention to the analysis of the personality of terrorists as well as persons who get involved in terrorism activities.
The Concept of Malware as a Means of Committing Computer Crimes: Classification and Methods of Illegal Use
Authors: Rossinskaya Elena , Ryadovskiy Igor
Published: December 2020

The authors analyze problems connected with malware from the standpoint of the doctrine of the methods of computer crimes/offenses as one of the components of the theory of information-computer support of criminalistic work. Most methods of computer crimes are based on the unauthorized access to computer facilities and systems gained through malware that, in fact, acts as a weapon of crime. The authors present a classification of malware based on different parameters: from the standpoint of criminal law and criminology; the standpoint of information technology; the standpoint of the doctrine of computer crimes/offenses. Various grounds for the classification of malware are examined. A general classification, widely used by the developers of antiviral software, includes virus-programs, worm-programs and trojan-programs. In the modern situation of massive digitization, it is not practical to regard masquerading as a legitimate file as a dominant feature of trojan software. On the contrary, criminals try hard to hide from the user the downloading, installation and activity of malware that cannot self-propagate. The key method of propagating trojan programs is sending mass emails with attachments masquerading as useful content. The classification of malware by the way and method of propagation - viruses, worms and trojan programs - is only currently used due to traditions and does not reflect the essence of the process. A different classification of malware into autonomous, semi-autonomous and non-autonomous programs is based on the possibility of their autonomous functioning. At present there is practically no malware whose functions include only one specific type of actions, most of it contains a combination of various types of actions implemented through module architecture, which offers criminals wide opportunities for manipulating information. The key mechanisms of malwares work are described and illustrated through examples. Special attention is paid to harmful encryption software working through stable cryptographic algorithms - ransomware, when criminals demand ransom for restoring data. There is no criminal liability for such theft. The authors outline the problems connected with the possibility of the appearance of new malware that would affect cloud resources.
Counteracting Criminal Communities (Criminal Organizations) and Leaders of the Criminal World: Destructive Trends, a Search for New Legislative Solutions
Authors: Yakusheva Tatyana
Published: December 2020

The criminal law policy of Russia should follow the general national political course and, thus, be well-considered, stable and corresponding to key postulates declared in the Constitution of the Russian Federation as the charter document of the state. The situational character of the legislative approach in using such means of implementing criminal policy as the criminalization and de-criminalization of actions is unacceptable; it leads to the de-systematization of legislation and difficulties in law enforcement. The interference in the choice of means of criminal law impact on organized crime poses a special danger when it is ill-conceived and not based on objective needs. The author analyses mistakes made by lawmakers in the process of formulating and upgrading norms aimed at counteracting criminal communities (criminal organizations) as the highest forms of organized crime, as well as persons who organize and manage them. The author also draws attention to the negative trends of unsubstantiated toughening of criminal repressions, of using terminological instruments not characteristic of criminal law regulation, and poorly conceived implementation of legislative initiatives for narrowing the scope of Art. 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. It is concluded that the principle of justice has been violated, the judicial-investigation system has been undermined, and there is a threat of strict liability and unconstitutionality in the proposed legislative initiative of limiting the scope of Art. 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, if the fate of the norm of liability for business fraud is taken into consideration. Based on the conducted analysis of criminal law norms on criminal community (criminal organization) as a form of complicity and as an independent crime, court practice, statistical indices, international experience, existing opinions of a number of scholars and personal legal position, the author formulates suggestions within a conceptually new approach to modernizing criminal legislation in the analyzed sphere.
Cigarette Ssmuggling and Corruption in Ukraine: Current Challenges and New Trends
Authors: Krylova Yulia , Shelley Louise
Published: December 2020

Considering the current problems associated with cigarette smuggling, the authors of the article highlight new challenges that arise in connection with the growing volume of counterfeit and contraband cigarettes smuggled to the European Union (EU) from Ukraine. One of the main reasons behind this trend is the continuation of the conflict in Ukraine, which exacerbates the economic situation, accompanied by an increase in unemployment due to the destruction of production capacities and infrastructure, the breakdown of economic and social ties between different parts of Ukraine, and the weakening of the financial, banking, transportation, and communication systems. Conflict and widespread corruption in public and law enforcement agencies are creating new challenges related to the current crisis of counterfeit and contraband cigarettes of Ukrainian origin. These challenges require the Ukrainian government to implement new measures to combat cigarette smuggling. In this regard, the authors of the article pay special attention to various anti-smuggling measures, including increasing excise taxes, anti-corruption programs, and cooperation with European customs and law enforcement authorities. It is noted that the initiatives of the State Border Guard Service and the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine to combat smuggling are hampered by the continuing instability and lack of resources. This poses obvious challenges in strengthening the necessary infrastructure to continue the fight against cigarette smuggling. Obviously, successful anti-smuggling programs will require additional funding, human resources and technical support from the relevant authorities, as well as greater integrity among their staff. The article indicates that until the negative socio-economic consequences of the current crisis have been overcome, the illegal flows of tobacco products from Ukraine to the EU will remain high.
An Analysis of the Decrees of Plenary Sessions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation from the Standpoint of Cognitive Biases of Criminal Proceedings' Professional Participants
Authors: Korableva Svetlana
Published: December 2020

The research concepts of cognitive biases - predictable systemic cognitive mistakes - are being actively developed and used in different areas. A series of experiments showed that criminal proceedings participants also fall under the influence of cognitive biases and heuristics. Irrational assessments of judges, investigators, prosecutors, etc. could have a negative impact on crime investigation and sentencing because these processes should be rationalized as much as it is possible. The author summarizes the available information on systemic cognitive mistakes, analyzes some types of cognitive biases typical of professional participants of criminal proceedings and examines the unfavorable consequences of their impact using the data of court statistics for 2018. It is proven that one of the available ways of overcoming the negative effects of cognitive biases is the recommendations of plenary sessions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. At the same time, its Decrees could acts as triggers of cognitive biases. The article presents an analysis of the Decrees of plenary sessions of the Supreme Court that proves the existence of contradictions between the objectives of presented recommendations and their actual impact on the professional participants of criminal proceedings due to the emerging cognitive biases. In this connection, the author raises the question of the necessity of changing recommendations given in the Decrees of the Supreme Court. Specifically, the author presents a new edition of the Decree of the plenary session of the Supreme Court «On the Practice of Imposing Criminal Penalties by Courts of the Russian Federation» of Dec. 22, 2015 No 58 with changes in the part that regulates taking into account the circumstances characterizing the personality of the defendant. Besides, in order to improve the law enforcement practice on cases of self-defense, the author suggests reconsidering the whole concept in the Decree of the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court «On the Application of Self-Defense Legislation by Courts and on Infliction of Harm during the Apprehension of a Person who Committed a Crime» of September 27, 2012 to reduce the impact of retrospective bias while adjudicating on cases of defense against attacks.
SAMSUN’DAKİ KÜLTÜR, SANAT VE TURİZM DERNEKLERİNİN FAALİYET ANALİZİ, SORUNLARI VE ŞEHRE KATKISI
Authors: YILDIRIM Mücahit
Published: December 2020

Sivil toplum kuruluşları sosyal, kültürel, toplumsal ve ekonomi gibi birçok alanda devlet kurumlarına yardımcı olmak suretiyle kurulmuş ve bir gelenekten günümüze kadar uzanan gönüllü örgütlerdir. Bu doğrultuda kurulan sivil toplum kuruluşlarının bazıları da kültür, sanat ve turizm başlığı altında faaliyet gösteren dernek ve vakıflardır. Bu kuruluşlar, özellikle kültürel ve sanatsal faaliyetler düzenleyerek kuruldukları bölgenin sosyal yaşamına katkıda bulunurlarken; turizmini de canlandırmaya yönelik yaptıkları organizasyonlar ile bölgeye ekonomik olarak fayda sağlamaktadır. Samsun’da kültür, sanat ve turizm alanında faaliyet gösteren toplam 84 adet sivil toplum kuruluşu bulunmaktadır. İlçelere eşit dağılmayan bu derneklerin % 71’i merkez ilçelerde faaliyet göstermektedir. Özellikle doğal ve beşeri çekiciliklerinin oldukça fazla olduğu ilçelerde ise konu ile ilgili ya çok az sayıda dernek olması ya da hiç dernek bulunmaması dikkati çekmektedir. Bu alanlara yönelik sivil toplum kuruluşlarının olmaması, ilçede yaşayan halkın kültür ve sanatsal faaliyetlerden mahrum kalmasına ve ilçe turizminin yeterince tanıtılamamasına sebep olmaktadır. Sivil toplum kuruluşu yöneticilerine uygulanan anket sonucunda mevcut sivil toplum kuruluşlarının yıl içerisinde yaptıkları faaliyetlerin yeterli sayıda ve etkide olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Sivil toplum kuruluşlarının sorunlarının ise daha çok ekonomik yetersizlikler ve hem kurumların hem de halkın ilgisizliği olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir.
Microwave Synthesis of CaTiO3 Nanoparticles by the Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Kostryukov Victor F. , Igonina Anastasia E.
Published: December 2020

A technique for the microwave-activated synthesis of calcium titanate nanopowder was proposed. The microwave effect used in the synthesis of CaTiO3 samples when using sodium carbonate as a precipitant allowed obtaining a chemically homogeneous nanopowder with a significant reduction of the process time.

 

 

 

References1. Zhang Q., Saito F. Effect of Fe2O3 crystallite sizeon its mechanochemical reaction with La2O3 to formLaFeO3. Journal of Materials Science. 2001;36(9):2287–2290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/a:10175208069222. Bayraktar D., Clemens F., Diethelm S., et al.Production and properties of substituted LaFeO3‑perovskitetubular membranes for partial oxidation ofmethane to syngas. Journal of the European CeramicSociety. 2007;27(6): 2455–2461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.10.0043. Reznichenko V. A., Averin V. V., Olyunina T. V.Titanaty. Nauchnye osnovy, tekhnologiya, proizvodstvo[Titanates. Scientific foundations, technology, production].Moscow: Nauka Publ.; 2010. 72 p. (In Russ.)4. Suzdalev I. P. Nanotekhnologiya: fiziko-khimiyananoklasterov, nanostruktur i nanomaterialov[Nanotechnology: physical chemistry of nanoclusters,nanostructures and nanomaterials]. Moscow:KomKniga Publ.; 2006. 592 p. (In Russ.)5. Gusev A. I. Nanomaterialy, nanostruktury,nanotekhnologii [Nanomaterials, nanostructures,nanotechnology]. Moscow: Fizmatlit Publ.; 2007. 416 p.6. International Center for Diffraction Data.7. X-ray diffraction date cards, ASTM
Анализ деятельности малого предпринимательства: институциональный подход
Authors: Канапухин Павел Анатольевич , Воронин Валерий Павлович , Карибов Сергей Тамазович
Published: December 2020

Цель: статья посвящена анализу деятельности малого предпринимательства в его развитии. Обсуждение: в ходе исследования авторами было уделено особое внимание оценке влияния институтов на эффективность деятельности малого предпринимательства, а также народного хозяйства в целом с учетом сущностных различий в экономических отношениях, характерных для тех или иных экономических систем. Безусловно, разработка механизмов предотвращения негативных последствий возникающих проблем в ходе развития малых предприятий требует выявления роли государства в поддержке деятельности малого предпринимательства и в сопоставлении индивидуалистского и коллективистского подходов в развитии малых предприятий. Результаты: авторами систематизированы теоретические подходы и допущения в институциональном анализе фундаментальных предпосылок и внешней среды, а также механизм их взаимодействия. На основе проведенного анализа авторами предложены уточнения теоретического подхода в институциональном анализе обоснования допущений.
The chaos of hazard or the cosmos of determinism?
Authors: Gafton Francisc
Published: December 2020

All that exists emerges from the previous and is subject to some determining factors, that is, it has antecedents and causes, which have antecedents and causes, regardless of the difficulty of exhaustively analysing the elements of the causal chain (that is to quantify their forces, their hierarchy and weights, to determine their degrees of conjunction, interdetermination and collaboration, to monitor, mathematize and algorithmize their components), nothing being indeterminate and random. Such difficulty or impossibility cannot generate or constitute a reason to conclude that such complex processes would be indeterminate and random, as they are rigorously determined by a multitude of inextricably intertwined factors.
From noematology to hermeneutics. Nicolae I. Apostolescu’s perspective
Authors: Munteanu Cristinel
Published: December 2020

In this article I will analyse the contribution of Nicolae I. Apostolescu, one of B.P. Hasdeu’s disciples, who (in his study, Language and its Social Manifestations) resumes his magister’s discussion about noematology and enlarges its sphere, directing it to a kind of “hermeneutics of sense”, appliable to both revealing the (hidden) meaning in art in general, and to etymological explanations (in order to clarify, for instance, the way in which folk etymologies appear, when the speaker makes certain connections, understands the situations which motivate certain significations in a specific way etc.). On this occasion, I will try to demonstrate that N.I. Apostolescu deserves to be considered an important forerunner of the Romanian hermeneutical research.
De la noematologie la hermeneutică. Perspectiva lui Nicolae I. Apostolescu
Authors: Munteanu Cristinel
Published: December 2020

În acest articol voi analiza contribuția unui discipol al lui B.P. Hasdeu, Nicolae I. Apostolescu, care (în studiul Limbajul și înfățișările lui sociale) reia discuția magistrului său despre noematologie și lărgește sfera acesteia, ducînd-o spre un soi de „hermeneutică a sensului”, aplicabilă atît la revelarea sensului (ascuns) din artă în general, cît și la explicațiile de natură etimologică (pentru a lămuri, de pildă, felul în care apar etimologiile populare, cînd vorbitorul face anumite legături, „înțelege” într-un anume fel situațiile care motivează anumite semnificații ș.a.m.d.). Cu acest prilej, voi încerca să demonstrez că N.I. Apostolescu merită să fie considerat un precursor însemnat al cercetărilor hermeneutice din spațiul românesc.
The Romanian language in Habsburg Bukovina from the institutionalized bilingualism perspective
Authors: Prisacaru Ana-Maria
Published: December 2020

From the perspective of the power relationships manifested in a territory under foreign occupation, institutionalized bilingualism involves the differentiation between the languages coming into contact and their hierarchization according to the communicative functions they are to fulfill within the new state organization governed by a sovereign authority. A linguistic phenomenon that proves to be unbalanced as far as the interfering languages are concerned, this type of bilingualism imposed the German language in Habsburg Bukovina as the only language used in the “administrative structures of the country”, officially declared as such in Northern Moldavia in 1784. The fact that the communication functions of the Romanian language were almost exclusively limited to the colloquial register is the result of an intense policy of linguistic “leveling” (Ausgleichspolitik), implemented by the Court of Vienna in all its imperial provinces in order to reduce national specificity by means of imposing the use of the German language. The cohesion and uniformity of all Habsburg territories was only possible through the reformation, according to the Josephine principles, of the institutions responsible with the preservation of the national identity of the subjugated nations. In Bukovina, the juridical-administrative, church and school sectors were targeted, being affected by the Germanization process especially after the North of Moldavia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
The diachrony of the cognate object construction in Romanian and Hungarian
Authors: Farkas Imola-Ágnes
Published: December 2020

Building on the cross-linguistic observation generally valid in the majority of languages according to which cognate object constructions are frequently subject to diachronic changes, this paper provides an analysis of the history of diachronic changes in the cognate constructions of two typologically unrelated languages. We demonstrate that, although the present stage of Romanian and Hungarian lacks the canonical (aspectual) cognate object construction illustrated in to sleep a sound sleep, this structure does exist in both languages but either at an earlier language stage (the case of Romanian) or at the present language stage, as a result of a clear increase in it towards the modern period, but the cognate nominal is expressed by a pseudo-object (the case of Hungarian). Consequently, the diachronic change in these constructions of these languages is in two different directions.
Culture language and foreign names adaptation during the pre-modern Romanian
Authors: Gînsac Ana-Maria , Ungureanu Mădălina
Published: December 2020

Translation is an act of “negotiation” between two or more cultural systems and languages, being mediated by a translator and carrying both the traces of the mediator and those of the translation context. We aim at investigating the impact of culture languages on foreign names translation into Romanian at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next. We consider several types of situations. Sometimes, the culture language is also the expression of the reference universe of names, even if they occur in texts whose sources were written in other languages than the respective culture language; in this case, the language of the source text plays the role of an intermediary. In some other instances, the culture language plays the role of a model that determines the name form in the target language, without being directly involved in the act of translation. Translators from the pre-modern stage of Romanian have often substituted the forms from different vernacular languages such as German, French or Italian by a variant received under the influence of a specific culture language, i.e. Greek or Latin.
Influența limbilor de cultură asupra adaptării numelor străine în limba română în perioada premodernă
Authors: Gînsac Ana-Maria , Ungureanu Mădălina
Published: December 2020

Pornind de la principiul că traducerea este o negociere între două culturi efectuată de un mediator—traducătorul—și că, în consecință, rezultatul final poartă atît urmele mediatorului, cît și pe ale epocii și mediului în care traducerea a fost efectuată, analizăm în acest articol influența pe care o au limbile de cultură asupra traducerii în limba română a numelor proprii străine, în perioada premodernă (sfîrșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea). Avem în vedere mai multe tipuri de situații. Una ar fi cea în care limba de cultură este și expresia universului de referință al numelor, chiar dacă acestea sînt prezente în texte ale căror originale sînt scrise în altă limbă decît limba de cultură respectivă. În cazul acesta, limba originalului joacă, de fapt, rolul unui intermediar. Alteori, limba de cultură joacă rolul unui model care determină—fără să fie implicat direct în actul de traducere—forma pe care o ia un nume în textul-țintă. Influențați de limbile de cultură ale epocii (greacă, latină), traducătorii români din perioada premodernă optează deseori pentru înlocuirea formelor din textele traduse din diferite limbi vernaculare printr-o variantă receptată prin intermediul limbilor de cultură.
Journalistic clichés under the conceptual “umbrella” of isotopies: “linguistic pathologies in vogue” or “mirror-words” of psychosocial reality?
Authors: Stroia Armanda Ramona
Published: December 2020

The present paper examines the dominant isotopies under which linguistic clichés emerge in the context of the intense media coverage of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of the linguistic automatisms excerpted from the online journalistic discourse proved to be prolific in identifying additional features of the linguistic “behaviour” of clichés. Furthermore, the investigation facilitated our understanding of the underlying motivations, implications, and potential effects triggered by the use of specific prefabricated structures. As a general remark, the analysis of these dominant overused schemes revealed how media institutions overuse, under the pressure of the international model, specific lexico-semantic isotopies which exploit prefabricated structures from distinct fields: war, particularly the area of pyrotechnic elements (“explosion of new cases”, “huge explosion of Covid cases”), the semantic area of natural disasters subsumed to liquidity (“a new wave of COVID”, “anti-Covid control wave”, “death wave”, “a wave of hateful comments”, “wave of infections/confirmations/illnesses”, “flood of accusations/fines”, “tsunami of COVID-19 patients/displacements”). We have also identified journalistic automatisms circumscribed to the isotopy of the economy (“epidemiological balance”), ranking and sports competition (statistical clichés: “top of infections”, “Covid top”, “top Covid infections”, “European top of Covid evolution”, “vaccine race”, among others), disaster (clichés of melodramatic excess, salient to tabloid journalism: “disaster”, “chaos”, “nightmare”, “COVID-19 drama”). For the present article, we channeled our investigative effort only towards the first two dominant isotopies.

To achieve these objectives, we proposed a two-dimensional research model. Specifically, we correlated the data obtained through conjugating linguistic micro-parameters (semantic, stylistic features, lexical and morpho-syntactic patterns) and macrolevel variables (pragmatic, psycholinguistic aspects, perspectives derived from the sociology of media communication, critical analysis of discourse, among others).

The investigation results revealed that these linguistic patterns, analyzed under the conceptual “umbrella” of isotopy, can function as rhetorical and lexico-semantic strategies through which journalists activate the receptors’ affective responses. Consequently, media discourse can trigger and maintain artificial states of anxiety, panic, and restlessness. Over time, this journalistic operation leads, through the impact of obsessive repetition, to the passive consumption of media representations and cultural stereotypes, of preconceived ideas.
Issues in Latin America. Sociocultural contrasts and their representations in contemporary literature
Authors: Ghiață Sorina-Crina
Published: December 2020

Starting with the independence process of all the territories once colonies and later, overseas territories of the different states of Western Europe, Latin America meant an association of unique paradoxes. Portugal and Spain have dominated in the past, especially from a linguistic and religious perspective,the current space that became avaried cultural environment. In this context, the aim of this study is to capture, in the introductory part, characteristics of the Latin American complex identity(reflected, for example, in the names associated with this space of civilization, in political circumstances and social issues, in particular). In addition, another purpose is to highlight the way in which these aspects are considered in the prose of modern Latin American writers, Rodrigo Rey Rosa and Héctor Abad Faciolince. At the same time,emphasizing the scourge of discrimination or inequality, but especially the perpetual violence, thestudyconcludes with a reference (also found in the literary discourse of the two texts chosen for analysis, Los sordos and El olvido que seremos) to the ethical spirit, but also to the feeling of empathy—subjects approached by both writers—in a world that seems more and more fragmented and depersonalized, as if it has been occupied by a continuous stigma of imbalance.
Problematici în America Latină. Contraste socioculturale și reprezentările lor în literatura contemporană
Authors: Ghiață Sorina-Crina
Published: December 2020

America Latină a însemnat o asociere de paradoxuri inedite, încă din momentul în care s-a declanșat procesul de obținere a independenței tuturor teritoriilor care au fost cîndva colonii și, ulterior, teritorii ultramarine, ale diferitelor state din Europa Occidentală. Portugalia și Spania au dominat în trecut, mai ales din punct de vedere lingvistic, dar și religios, actualul spațiu devenit un mediu cultural variat. În acest context, scopul prezentului studiu este de a surprinde, în partea introductivă, caracteristici ale complexei identității latinoamericane (reflectate, spre exemplu, în denumirile asociate acestui spațiu al civilizației, în împrejurările politice și problemele sociale, în special). În plus, o altă finalitate constă în a evidenția felul în care se reflectă aceste aspecte în proza autorilor hispano-americani moderni, Rodrigo Rey Rosa și Héctor Abad Faciolince. Subliniind totodată și flagelul discriminării sau cel al inechităților, dar, mai ales, violența perpetuă, studiul conchide cu o referire (regăsită tot în discursul literar din cele două texte alese pentru analiză, Los sordos și El olvido que seremos) la spiritul etic, dar și la sentimentul de empatie—subiecte abordate de către ambii scriitori—într-o lume care pare tot mai fragmentată și depersonalizată, acaparată parcă de un continuu stigmat al dezechilibrului.
The impact of oxidiser humidity on methane combustion in a gas burner
Authors: Avramenko Andrii
Published: December 2020

The improvement of thermodynamic and environmental indicators of energy facilities is a vital and topical problem. Numerical simulation methods are used to investigate the processes of combustion and formation of hazardous substances by computation, and to work out recommendations on increasing the effectiveness of fuel combustion. The paper examines the impact of atmospheric air humidity on the process of combustion of a stoichiometric methane-air mixture in a burner. The combustion process is simulated in the 3D unsteady statement in Cartesian coordinates. In the investigation, the combustion of the methane-air mixture is considered in one stage. Air humidity is considered in the 0 to 100% range. The monoxide nitrogen formation process is described using the extended Zeldovich-Fenimore mechanism. A comparative study has found that increasing air humidity up to 100% reduces the mass emission of monoxide nitrogen by a factor of 1.27, as compared to dry air. The study results can be used for designing equipment that uses methane as fuel.
PISA 2012 VERİLERİNE GÖRE TÜRKİYE, KAZAKİSTAN, ENDONEZYA VE ALMANYA’DAKİ OKULLARIN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ
Authors: Kaplan İzzet , Uğurlu Celal , Usta Gonca
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye, Kazakistan, Endonezya ve Almanya ülkelerinin PISA başarı puanları, okul liderliği, okul iklimi ve öğretmen morali değişkenleri açısından karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye, Kazakistan, Endonezya ve Almanya’nın matematik okuryazarlığı, fen okuryazarlığı ve okuma becerileri puanlarına göre karşılaştırmak için Türkiye’den 5808, Kazakistan’dan 4848, Endonezya’dan 5622 ve Almanya’dan 5001 öğrenci yaş gruplarına göre örnekleme dahil edilmiştir. Araştırma yapılan okul sayıları, Türkiye’den 169, Kazakistan’dan 217, Endonezya’dan 230 ve Almanya’dan 208 okuldur. Araştırma PISA çalışmasında elde edilen verilerle yürütülmüştür. Öğretimsel liderlik, öğretmen morali ve okul iklim değişkenleri okul müdürlerine uygulanan anket verileri, www.pisa.oecd.org sitesinden alınmıştır. Veriler, betimsel istatiksel sonuçlarla, kaykare ve Manova testi ile çözümlenmiştir. Türkiye’deki öğretmenlerin diğer ülkelere göre moral olarak düşük düzeyde olduğu yer almaktadır. Öğretimsel liderlik değişkeni açısından ise ülkeler arasındaki farklılıklar incelendiğinde; Kazakistan ve Türkiye’de öğretimsel liderlik algısı Almanya ve Endonezya’ya göre daha yüksek algıya sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre öneriler sunulmuştur.
Boundary phenomenon Bakhtin’s philosophy
Authors: Baraboshina Natalia V.
Published: December 2020

The article analyzes the phenomenon of boundary in the philosophy of M.M. Bakhtin. The thesis that the boundary in the concept of M.M. Bakhtin can be considered as a dialogue in which each remark of the participants presents a full-fledged questioning about being, requiring individual responsibility and correlation of meanings. The boundary in Bakhtins theory is considered from the perspective of participatory thinking, as the moment of transition in a responsible act in which a person affirms being-co-being. The perspective of considering the boundary as an event (event) the point of meaning in a situation of context-event motivation and self-determination of a person in the world of culture is shown. The article outlines the potential of the boundary as one of the significant concepts in Bakhtins anthropological ontology and modern philosophy.
D.D. Shostakovich in Samara — university project
Authors: Burlina Elena Ya.
Published: December 2020

Once of the largest event in the world culture of the twentieth century is premiere of the Seventh Symphony by D.D. Shostakovich in Kuibyshev. It took place on March 5, 1942 and is described in detail. The author of the article puts forward a hypothesis about the fixed image of Shostakovich in the citys homosphere, namely as the author of themilitary Symphony. Other works created by him in the reserve capital did not receive a philosophical and cultural understanding. The article also presents a projective idea: Shostakovichs music as a communication and University promoter. The article describes for the first time the internationalization of the almanac and the exhibition Samaras Hommage. The Samara project with this name was presented to Bonn, at The Russian Consulate General, on the anniversary of the end of World War II. Professors from Europa universities were also invited to the presentation. For the first time, describes how to participate in the intercultural project of the writer CH.T. Aitmatov. The author conclusion that the Kuibyshev period of D.D. Shostakovich is significantly shortened and read far from completely, including in a scientific and communicative way.
Commercial representation of graven image at easter island in a conflict area
Authors: Kabylinsky Boris V.
Published: December 2020

The article provides authors reflections on the conflict nature of capitalism at Rapa Nui (Easter Island), inspired by impressions of his own participation in the anthropological expedition to the island in August 2019. As the methodological basis of the study, the author uses the works of Professor V. Malloy, his scientific followers and also own notes of conversations with Doctor P. Pouwnell, whose fate has been connected with Rapa-Nui for more than 60 years. The article is an attempt to separate the most popular misconceptions about Rapa Nui in mass culture from the real history of the famous moai (monuments).
The chronotope in the worldview and music eras
Authors: Yarmuhametova Ramilya S.
Published: December 2020

In this article the author refers to the philosophical and cultural concepts of worldview and chronotope and justifies their interpretation in musicology. In his concept, the author proceeds from the recognition of the content of musical matter, which allows attributing the historical belonging of musical works. The worldview of the epoch and the picture of the world inherent in this time is reflected in the most characteristic means of expression, based on musical intonation, semantics of typical forms and genres. The combination of the methodology of philosophical and musicological analysis of space and time in music allows us to achieve the most adequate interpretation of the semantic field of a work of art in its historical interpretation.
Welches ist die beste Myomoperation?
Authors: Blum R.
Published: December 2020

The article, the presentation and tone of which hardly fully corresponds to scientific work, treats the myomoctomy method used by the Leipzig University Gynecological Clinic and the results of 70 such operations for the period from 1892 to March 1896.
Die operative Behanglung der üterusmyome durch vaginale Toxalexstirpation
Authors: Leopold G.
Published: December 2020

Pointing to the need for individualization, L. recognizes that for the treatment of some of them the best is: castratio per laparatomiam; for others, whose myoma exceeds the size of the child's head miomectomia with lowering or external attachment of the stump; in the third row of cases, the most appropriate: hatching myom per vaginam; the fourth group includes cases that not only need radical help, but which, in view of weakness, should be especially spared for such, sleeve extirpation of the uterus is the most useful.
Ueber den Werth und diè Technik des Probecurettements
Authors: Gessner A.
Published: December 2020

Until now, Gessener says there are authors who doubt the usefulness and expediency of microscopic studies for diagnostic purposes. They prefer clinical diagnostics to microscopic ones. In case of malignant neoplasms, they put digital examination of the uterine cavity higher than scraping.
FEATURES OF ASSESSING THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF MALE RATS IN THE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE A STIMULATING EFFECT ON SEXUAL FUNCTION
Authors: Subbotina Svetlana N. , Kryazhevskikh Anastasiya A. , Kryazhevskikh Aleksey A. , Yudin Mikhail A. , Eletskaya Elizaveta I.
Published: December 2020

The paper presents a comparative analysis of information content of methods for assessing the copulatory behavior of male rats with the introduction of compounds that have a stimulating effect on the sexual activity of animals. The social significance of the problem of sexual dysfunctions determines the relevance of the development of various experimental models of sexual behavior that allow assessing the effectiveness and safety of new drug. The probability of detecting the activating effect of pharmacological agents on sexual activity directly depends on the correct choice of the experimental model. The drugs of the central mechanism of action galantamine hydrobromide (1mg/kg) and loxidan (1,7mg/kg), were used as pharmacological agents; drugs of peripheral action were yohimbine hydrochloride (2,6mg/kg) and vardenafil hydrochloride (1,7mg/kg). It has been shown that the determination of the stimulating effects of compounds of the central mechanism of action is possible using methods with different testing duration (from 15 to 180min). Thus, the introduction of galantamine enhances the sexual activity of males in terms of the copulation rate, the number of perfect ejaculations and the duration of the post-ejaculatory refractory period, loxidan in terms of the total number of intromissions and relative rest time in tests of limited duration. In the test showing the completed sexual cycle of males, the stimulating effects of galantamine are shown in terms of the number of completed copulatory series and the number of completed ejaculations. To assess the activating effects of compounds of the peripheral mechanism of action, the expediency of using experimental models with a test duration of 30 minutes or more was shown. The most informative test is the test of paired interaction between a male and a female until the male reaches the state of sexual exhaustion. A method with high information content is presented, which provides a high probability of detecting the activating effect of compounds on the sexual function of male rats.

Determination of the stimulating effects of compounds of the central mechanism of action is possible using methods with different test duration