bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material Flow Analysis as a Decision Support Tool for Waste Management: A Literature Review
Authors: Allesch Astrid , Brunner Paul H.
Published: September 2015

This article reviews, categorizes, and evaluates the objectives, means, and results of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) in waste management. It identifies those areas where MFA methodologies are most successful in supporting waste management decisions. The focus of this review is on the distinction between MFA on the level of goods and on the level of substances. Based on 83 reviewed studies, potentials, strengths, and weaknesses are investigated for the two levels of MFA when applied for analysis, evaluation, and improvement of waste management systems. The differences are discussed in view of effectiveness, applicability, and data availability. The results show that MFA on the level of goods are instrumental for understanding how waste management systems function, facilitating the connections of stakeholders, authorities, and waste management companies. The substance level is essential to assess qualitative aspects regarding resources and environment. Knowledge about the transformation, transport, and storage of valuable and hazardous substances forms the base for identifying both resource potentials and risks for human health and the environment. The results of this review encourage the application of MFA on both levels of goods and substances for decision making in waste management. Because of the mass balance principle, this combination has proven to be a powerful tool for comprehensively assessing if a chosen system reaches designated waste management goals.
Comparison of spatula and cytobrush cytological techniques in early detection of oral malignant and premalignant lesions: a prospective and blinded study
Authors: Nanayakkara P. G. C. L. , Dissanayaka W. L. , Nanayakkara B. G. , Amaratunga E. A. P. D. , Tilakaratne W. M.
Published: September 2015

Background

The use of oral cytology to diagnose malignant and premalignant lesions at an early stage is considered crucial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnoses of the spatula and the cytobrush techniques compared with the gold standard histopathological findings, analysed according to different diagnostic criteria.

Methods

Cytological smears were obtained from 76 suspicious oral malignant lesions and 116 oral leukoplakia lesions using two techniques: cytobrush plus cell collector and metal spatula. Subsequently, a surgical biopsy was performed on each lesion to achieve a histopathological diagnosis. Evaluation was conducted with respect to three different diagnostic criteria.

Results

The sensitivity for diagnosing carcinoma in clinically malignant cases was 89.58% and 60.42% for cytobrush and spatula techniques, respectively. Inclusion of severe dysplastic cases for ‘high‐risk’ lesions increased the sensitivity up to 96.36% and 78.18% for two techniques, respectively. In leukoplakia lesions, malignant and severely dysplastic cells were diagnosed at a sensitivity of 88.89% in the cytobrush and 55.56% in the spatula techniques. Extending the criteria by defining malignant or any dysplastic findings as positive, sensitivity was increased to 98.02% and 89.11% for the spatula and the cytobrush techniques, respectively. Specificity for both techniques increased to 100%. The difference between the diagnoses of histopathology and the spatula cytology was statistically significant (P < 0.01), while no such difference was found with the cytobrush technique (P > 0.1).

Conclusion

The cytobrush, unlike the spatula, is a useful screening instrument for early diagnosis of suspicious oral lesions and could therefore contribute to improved oral cancer prognosis.
Antidepressant-like and anti-oxidative efficacy of Campsis grandiflora flower
Authors: Yu Hai-Chuan , Wu Jiao , Zhang Hong-Xing , Zhang Hai-San , Qiao Ting-Ting , Zhang Ji-Xia , Zhang Gao-Li , Sui Juan , Li Li-Wei , Zhang Li-Rong , Lv Lu-Xian
Published: September 2015

Objectives

Our study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of ethyl acetate extract of the flowers of Campsis grandiflora (EFCG) in a mice model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).

Methods

HPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify the chemical constituents of EFCG. The DPPH assay and ABTS radical-scavenging assay were performed to measure the antioxidant properties. The protective properties of EFCG against H2O2-induced oxidative damage were analysed in PC12 cells. The changes of behaviour profiles were investigated by using open-field test, sucrose preference test, forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Brain tissue samples of mice were collected, and antioxidative measure levels were measured.

Key findings

The result showed that EFCG had the most active anti-oxidative effect and the protective effect against H2O2 oxidative injury in PC12 cells. Treatment with the EFCG significantly reduced the depressant-like severity and immobility period as compared with untreated CUMS mice in FST and TST. Moreover, EFCG significantly elevated the contents of superoxide dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and decreased the contents of Malonaldehyde (MDA) in mice brain.

Conclusions

Our study found first the antidepressant activity of the EFCG. The results suggested the therapeutic potential of EFCG for depressive disorder.
Antinociceptive and hypoglycaemic evaluation of Conyza filaginoides (D.C.) Hieron Asteraceae
Authors: Ovalle-Magallanes Berenice , Déciga-Campos Myrna , Mata Rachel
Published: September 2015

Objectives

This work was undertaken to assess the antinociceptive and hypoglycaemic properties of a quantified extract of Conyza filaginoides (CFOE), as well as the antinociceptive potential of rutin, the main active compound of the plant, in normoglycaemic and/or hyperglycaemic mice (nicotinamide-streptozotocin, NA-STZ).

Methods

The antinociceptive effect of CFOE was evaluated using the writhing, hotplate and formalin tests in mice. Rutin was also examined with the formalin test. In addition, the antihyperalgesic effect of CFOE was evaluated in hyperglycaemic mice. The hypoglycaemic effect of CFOE was tested using an acute hypoglycaemic assay, and oral glucose and sucrose tests in normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice.

Key findings

CFOE showed antinociceptive effect when tested in normoglycaemic mice in the writhing and hotplate tests (31.6–316 mg/kg). CFOE was also active in both normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice in the formalin test (10–100 μg/paw) revealing its antihyperalgesic property. Rutin reduced the nociceptive behaviour in the formalin test; its mechanism of action seems to involve GABAergic and opioid pathways. CFOE possessed noted hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects in normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice (31.6–316 mg/kg).

Conclusions

The antinociceptive, antihyperalgesic and hypoglycaemic effects of C. filaginoides found in this study support the contemporary uses of the plant in Mexican folk medicine.
The oil-resin of the tropical rainforest tree Copaifera langsdorffii reduces cell viability, changes cell morphology and induces cell death in human endometriotic stromal cultures
Authors: Henriques da Silva Julianna , Borges Vinicius Raphael de Almeida , Pereira Leonardo da Cunha Boldrini , Ferrari Renato , de Mattos Rômulo Medina , Barros Eliane Gouveia de Oliveira , Palmero Celia Yelimar , Fernandes Patricia Dias , de Carvalho Patricia Ribeiro , Pereira de Sousa Valeria , Cabral Lucio Mendes , Nasciutti Luiz Eurico
Published: September 2015

Objectives

The hormonal treatment for endometriosis frequently fails to completely eradicate endometriotic implants. A new therapeutic treatment is needed. This study investigates the in-vitro effect of Copaifera langsdorffii oil-resin on human eutopic and ectopic endometrium stromal cell cultures (EuESCs and EctESCs).

Methods

A nanocomposite system containing the copaiba oil-resin (NanoCOR) was developed and acute toxicity test was performed. Endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from non-endometriotics controls (CESCs), EuESCs and EctESCs were isolated and treated with different concentrations of NanoCOR, at different time intervals to evaluate its effect on cell morphology, proliferation, viability, necrosis and apoptosis induction.

Key findings

When treated with 50 μg/ml of NanoCOR, the morphology of EctESCs changed, as the actin microfilaments were disorganized, disassembled or disrupted. Moreover, at 24 h of treatment with NanoCOR, the EctESCs viability was inhibited, and a significant number of these cells underwent apoptosis. In EuESCs, these effects were observed only at 48 h. Finally, the treatment of EctESCs with NanoCOR increased the lactate dehydrogenase release into the extracellular medium more than in EuESCs.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that NanoCOR has a greater impact on the behaviour of human endometriotic stromal cells than on the eutopic endometrium stromal cells, supporting the idea that NanoCOR should be further investigated as a novel and valuable alternative to treat endometriosis.
Making Up Is Hard to Do: Knowledge Acquisition Strategies and the Nature of New Product Innovation
Authors: Dunlap Denise , McDonough Edward F. , Mudambi Ram , Swift Tim
Published: September 2015

Innovation creates significant challenges for firms in high‐technology industries. This article examines how the use of external knowledge acquired from mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and joint ventures (JVs) influence the nature of innovative competence in the global pharmaceutical industry. We create a unique database on never‐before approved products that measure the scientific merit of new, exploratory product innovations, ranging from radical to incremental. We then follow their market success by recording the number of new exploitative product innovations that stem from these product innovations and that are later approved and subsequently marketed. Using a large data set spanning a 15‐year period, we find that firms were able to “make up” for their lack of exploitation or exploration innovative capabilities through the use ofM&As andJVs. These external knowledge acquisition strategies were found to overcome internal processes that otherwise could cause firms to overemphasize exploitation over exploration and vice versa. Our findings suggest that acquiring external knowledge viaM&As is associated with diminished exploratory product innovation, while assimilating external knowledge sourced fromJVsis associated with a reduction in new exploitative product innovation.
Unique evolutionary trajectories in repeated adaptation to hydrogen sulphide‐toxic habitats of a neotropical fish (Poecilia mexicana)
Authors: Pfenninger Markus , Patel Simit , Arias‐Rodriguez Lenin , Feldmeyer Barbara , Riesch Rüdiger , Plath Martin
Published: September 2015

Replicated ecological gradients are prime systems to study processes of molecular evolution underlying ecological divergence. Here, we investigated the repeated adaptation of the neotropical fish Poecilia mexicana to habitats containing toxic hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and compared two population pairs of sulphide‐adapted and ancestral fish by sequencing population pools of >200 individuals (Pool‐Seq). We inferred the evolutionary processes shaping divergence and tested the hypothesis of increase of parallelism from SNPs to molecular pathways. Coalescence analyses showed that the divergence occurred in the face of substantial bidirectional gene flow. Population divergence involved many short, widely dispersed regions across the genome. Analyses of allele frequency spectra suggest that differentiation at most loci was driven by divergent selection, followed by a selection‐mediated reduction of gene flow. Reconstructing allelic state changes suggested that selection acted mainly upon de novo mutations in the sulphide‐adapted populations. Using a corrected Jaccard index to quantify parallel evolution, we found a negligible proportion of statistically significant parallel evolution of Jcorr = 0.0032 at the level of SNPs, divergent genome regions (Jcorr = 0.0061) and genes therein (Jcorr = 0.0091). At the level of metabolic pathways, the overlap was Jcorr = 0.2545, indicating increasing parallelism with increasing level of biological integration. The majority of pathways contained positively selected genes in both sulphide populations. Hence, adaptation to sulphidic habitats necessitated adjustments throughout the genome. The largely unique evolutionary trajectories may be explained by a high proportion of de novo mutations driving the divergence. Our findings favour Gould's view that evolution is often the unrepeatable result of stochastic events with highly contingent effects.
Niche overlap and habitat use at distinct temporal scales among the California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi)
Authors: Pablo‐Rodríguez Nereyda , Aurioles‐Gamboa David , Montero‐Muñoz Jorge L.
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the trophic level, trophic breadth, and dietary overlap of two species of otariids (Zalophus californianus and Arctocephalus philippii townsendi) at the San Benito Islands in Baja California, Mexico, using scat analysis, and stable isotope analyses (SIA) of carbon and nitrogen in pup hair and dental collagen. Scat samples were collected during summer and winter. The most important prey for both species during summer was squid, comprising 74% of the A. p. townsendi diet and 45% of that of Z. californianus. In winter, squid was 87% of the A. p. townsendi diet, whereas fish was the predominant food (76%) for Z. californianus. Both species were specialist feeders and reached maximum trophic overlap during the summer (CH = 0.9). SIA of the hair of otariid pups showed significant differences in δ15N (P = 0.001), coinciding with A. p. townsendi's greater consumption of squid. The average δ13C value was significantly lower for A. p. townsendi (−16.3‰ ± 0.2‰), reflecting the species' consumption of squid from pelagic habitats, whereas that of Z. californianus (−15.9‰ ± 0.3‰) was significantly higher, reflecting their consumption of benthic fish. Difference in habitat use was confirmed in δ13C values of dental collagen.
Early‐life stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety behavior is reversed by histone deacetylase inhibition
Authors: Moloney R. D. , Stilling R. M. , Dinan T. G. , Cryan J. F.
Published: September 2015

Stressful life events, especially in childhood, can have detrimental effects on health and are associated with a host of psychiatric and gastrointestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Early‐life stress can be recapitulated in animals using the maternal separation (MS) model, exhibiting many key phenotypic outcomes including visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety‐like behaviors. The molecular mechanisms of MS are unclear, but recent studies point to a role for epigenetics. Histone acetylation is a key epigenetic mark that is altered in numerous stress‐related disease states. Here, we investigated the role of histone acetylation in early‐life stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity. Interestingly, increased number of pain behaviors and reduced threshold of visceral sensation were associated with alterations in histone acetylation in the lumbosacral spinal cord, a key region in visceral pain processing. Moreover, we also investigated whether the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), could reverse early‐life stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity and stress‐induced fecal pellet output in the MS model. Significantly, SAHA reversed both of these parameters. Taken together, these data describe, for the first time, a key role of histone acetylation in the pathophysiology of early‐life stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in a well‐established model of IBS. These findings will inform new research aimed at the development of novel pharmaceutical approaches targeting the epigenetic machinery for novel anti‐IBS drugs.
Berlin heart ventricular assist device as a long‐term bridge to transplantation in a Fontan patient with failing single ventricle
Authors: Halaweish I. , Ohye R. G. , Si M. S.
Published: September 2015

The use of VADs as a BTT in children with heart failure has increased due to enhanced device design and reliability, leading to improved survival, functional capacity, and quality of life. However, the use of VADs in patients with Fontan physiology as a BTT is rare with few case reports. Here, we describe a case of implantation of the Berlin VAD as a BTT for 179 days, one of the longest reported periods of mechanical support, in a child with failing single ventricle.
Vaccination of calves with yeast‐ and bacterial‐expressed paramyosin from the bovine lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus
Authors: Joekel D. , Hinse P. , Raulf M. K. , Schicht S. , Bäumer W. , Werling D. , Kremmer E. , Strube C.
Published: September 2015

Previously, vaccination of cattle with Escherichia coli‐expressed bovine lungworm paramyosin (EcPMY) adjuvanted with Quil A resulted in considerable reduction in worm burden and larvae shedding (Strube et al., 2015). To further evaluate the protective potential of PMY, cattle vaccination trials were performed using either E. coli‐ (EcPMY) or Pichia pastoris‐expressed PMY (PpPMY) with different adjuvants (Matrix‐Q™ or Quil A). Combinations EcPMY+Matrix‐Q™ (trial 1), PpPMY+Matrix‐Q™ (trial 2) and PpPMY+Quil A (trial 3) were tested against challenge infections with 2000 Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae. Even though GM worm burden and larvae shedding was lower in almost all vaccinated groups, there were high variations between individuals hampering significant differences. However, in all vaccinated groups, lungworms were significantly shorter compared with those in controls. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with recombinant (r)PMY revealed no significant proliferation following vaccinations or challenge infection. All vaccinated cattle showed a significant rise in specific antibodies, particularly IgG and its subclass IgG1, and detected the native lungworm PMY in immunoblots starting 2 weeks after the first vaccination. The use of a different rPMY‐adjuvant combination or combined vaccination with additional recombinant antigens might be a promising future approach towards a new vaccine against lungworms in cattle.
Genetic characterization of strains named as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae leads to a taxonomic revision of the X. axonopodis species complex
Authors: Constantin E. C. , Cleenwerck I. , Maes M. , Baeyen S. , Van Malderghem C. , De Vos P. , Cottyn B.
Published: September 2015

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (Xad) is the causal agent of anthurium bacterial blight and listed as an A2 quarantine organism by EPPO. However, the name Xad covers a variety of strains. Here, 25 Xad strains and 88 phylogenetically related strains, including Xanthomonas type strains and representatives of other pathovars, were examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Multilocus sequence analysis of seven genes showed that strains isolated from Dieffenbachia, Philodendron and Anthurium cluster into three phylogenetic groups (PG I, II and III), while the type strain of X. axonopodis clustered into a fourth group (PG IV). PG I included the type strains of X. citri subsp. citri, X. citri subsp. malvacearum, X. fuscans subsp. fuscans and X. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii. PG II included the type strains of X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans, X. alfalfae subsp. alfalfae and X. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis. PG III included the type strains of X. phaseoli. Each PG was shown to represent a single species, based on average nucleotide identity values, DNA–DNA hybridization data and phenotypic characteristics. Therefore, strains named as Xad belong to PG I, PG II and PG III, and not to X. axonopodis (PG IV). Taxonomic proposals are made: emendations of the descriptions of X. citri, X. phaseoli and X. axonopodis, to encompass the strains of PG I, PG III and PG IV, respectively; and reclassification of X. perforans and X. alfalfae as X. euvesicatoria and emendation of the description of X. euvesicatoria to encompass all strains of PG II.
Running performance and thermal sensation in the heat are improved with menthol mouth rinse but not ice slurry ingestion
Authors: Stevens C. J. , Thoseby B. , Sculley D. V. , Callister R. , Taylor L. , Dascombe B. J.
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a cooling strategy designed to predominately lower thermal state with a strategy designed to lower thermal sensation on endurance running performance and physiology in the heat. Eleven moderately trained male runners completed familiarization and three randomized, crossover 5‐km running time trials on a non‐motorized treadmill in hot conditions (33 °C). The trials included ice slurry ingestion before exercise (ICE), menthol mouth rinse during exercise (MEN), and no intervention (CON). Running performance was significantly improved with MEN (25.3 ± 3.5 min; P = 0.01), but not ICE (26.3 ± 3.2 min; P = 0.45) when compared with CON (26.0 ± 3.4 min). Rectal temperature was significantly decreased with ICE (by 0.3 ± 0.2 °C; P < 0.01), which persisted for 2 km of the run and MEN significantly decreased perceived thermal sensation (between 4 and 5 km) and ventilation (between 1 and 2 km) during the time trial. End‐exercise blood prolactin concentration was elevated with MEN compared with CON (by 25.1 ± 24.4 ng/mL; P = 0.02). The data demonstrate that a change in the perception of thermal sensation during exercise from menthol mouth rinse was associated with improved endurance running performance in the heat. Ice slurry ingestion reduced core temperature but did not decrease thermal sensation during exercise or improve running performance.
“Should I Trust the Bank or the Social Movement?” Motivated Reasoning and Debtors' Work to Accept Misinformation
Authors: Guzmán Sebastián G.
Published: September 2015

How can people believe corporate and state misinformation even if a social movement organization in their community has been countering this misinformation for years? Why do people knowingly accept misinformation without even being upset about it? I address these questions by analyzing ethnographic data and interviews with 84 Chilean low‐income housing debtors, whom, like many Chileans, are victims of financial misinformation. While the state and banks had significant agency in inducing the unproblematic acceptance of misinformation, debtors also played an active role in the processes. First, debtors had to decide whom to trust, which was not only a cognitive problem about evidence but also a behavioral and practical problem involving risks. Second, debtors engaged in “motivated reasoning”—affect‐driven biased information processing—to dismiss the possibility of being misinformed, to downplay the significance of misinformation, and to direct blame away from misinforming institutions. The latter two practices reduced debtors' anger about being misinformed. The findings have implications for studies of social movement framing and counterinformation, for the cognitive psychology of misinformation, and for the sociology and social psychology of acquiescence.
The 1990s Shift in the Media Portrayal of Working Mothers
Authors: Motro Joanna , Vanneman Reeve
Published: September 2015

A cultural theme of distressed working mothers depicts working mothers as caught between the demands of work and family in an unforgiving institutional context. Susan Faludi first identified this theme as a conservative backlash against feminists' attempts “to have it all.” But a similar narrative helps support demands for more flexible work–family policies and more significant housework contributions from fathers. We explore the actual trends and prevalence of this distressed working mothers theme by coding 859 newspaper articles sampled from the 1981–2009 New York Times. Articles discussing problems for working mothers increased in the mid‐1990s and have continued increasing into the twenty‐first century. Other themes about problems and benefits for working mothers show quite different trends. There is also an unexpected mid‐1990s shift in attention from problems working mothers are having at home to problems at work. The increase in the distressed working mother theme coincides with the mid‐1990s stall in the gender revolution. The simultaneity of the cultural, economic, political, and attitude trends suggests that the rise of the distressed working mother theme and the stall in the gender revolution may have mutually reinforced each other over the last two decades.
CTLA‐4 and CD28 genes' polymorphisms and renal cell carcinoma susceptibility in the Polish population – a prospective study
Authors: Tupikowski K. , Partyka A. , Kolodziej A. , Dembowski J. , Debinski P. , Halon A. , Zdrojowy R. , Frydecka I. , Karabon L.
Published: September 2015

Polymorphisms in co‐stimulatory genes are associated with susceptibility to several malignances such as breast cancer, cervical cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but have been scarcely investigated in renal cell cancer (RCC). A total of 310 RCC patients and 518 controls were genotyped for single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA‐4 and CD28 genes: CTLA‐4c.49A>G (rs231775), CTLA‐4g.319C>T (rs5742909), CTLA‐4g.*6230G>A (CT60; rs3087243), CTLA‐4g.*10223G>T (Jo31; rs11571302), CD28c.17+3T>C (rs3116496) and CD28c.‐1042G>A (rs3181098). The distribution of the alleles, genotypes and haplotypes in the CTLA‐4 and CD28 genes were similar in the RCC patients and in the controls. However, among the patients with a clear cell RCC (CCRCC), the G allele carriers of CT60 and Jo31 SNPs were overrepresented, and the overrepresentation became significant for the carriers of CT60[G] allele in CCRCC patients with necrosis in the primary tumor (P = 0.046). The CTLA‐4c.49A>G[A]/CTLA‐4g.319C>T[C]/CT60[A]/Jo31[T]/CD28c.17+3T>C[T]/ CD28c.1042G>A[G] haplotype was associated with an approximately threefold increased risk of primary tumor necrosis in CCRCC patients (Pcorrected = 0.0000007) and with the advanced stage of disease (IV) (Pcorrected = 0.001). When stratified by gender, CD28c.‐1042G>A[GG] genotype was more frequent in the female CCRCC patients compared with healthy women (P = 0.042). Polymorphisms in the CTLA‐4 and CD28 genes, in particular considered together as haplotypes, were associated with increased risk of CCRCC, especially with necrosis and with the advanced stage of disease. The CD28c.‐1042G>A SNP modulates the risk of CCRCC in women. These findings indicate that the associations of the CTLA‐4 and CD28 polymorphisms with the risk of renal cancer are worth further study in a larger group of patients.
Exploring the tertiary gene pool of bread wheat: sequence assembly and analysis of chromosome 5Mg of Aegilops geniculata
Authors: Tiwari Vijay K. , Wang Shichen , Danilova Tatiana , Koo Dal Hoe , Vrána Jan , Kubaláková Marie , Hribova Eva , Rawat Nidhi , Kalia Bhanu , Singh Narinder , Friebe Bernd , Doležel Jaroslav , Akhunov Eduard , Poland Jesse , Sabir Jamal S. M. , Gill Bikram S.
Published: September 2015

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) provides a powerful tool for the discovery of important genes and alleles in crop plants and their wild relatives. Despite great advances in NGS technologies, whole‐genome shotgun sequencing is cost‐prohibitive for species with complex genomes. An attractive option is to reduce genome complexity to a single chromosome prior to sequencing. This work describes a strategy for studying the genomes of distant wild relatives of wheat by isolating single chromosomes from addition or substitution lines, followed by chromosome sorting using flow cytometry and sequencing of chromosomal DNA by NGS technology. We flow‐sorted chromosome 5Mg from a wheat/Aegilops geniculata disomic substitution line [DS5Mg (5D)] and sequenced it using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 system at approximately 50 × coverage. Paired‐end sequences were assembled and used for structural and functional annotation. A total of 4236 genes were annotated on 5Mg, in close agreement with the predicted number of genes on wheat chromosome 5D (4286). Single‐gene FISH indicated no major chromosomal rearrangements between chromosomes 5Mg and 5D. Comparing chromosome 5Mg with model grass genomes identified synteny blocks in Brachypodium distachyon, rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). Chromosome 5Mg‐specific SNPs and cytogenetic probe‐based resources were developed and validated. Deletion bin‐mapped and ordered 5Mg SNP markers will be useful to track 5M‐specific introgressions and translocations. This study provides a detailed sequence‐based analysis of the composition of a chromosome from a distant wild relative of bread wheat, and opens up opportunities to develop genomic resources for wild germplasm to facilitate crop improvement.
A synteny‐based draft genome sequence of the forage grass Lolium perenne
Authors: Byrne Stephen L. , Nagy Istvan , Pfeifer Matthias , Armstead Ian , Swain Suresh , Studer Bruno , Mayer Klaus , Campbell Jacqueline D. , Czaban Adrian , Hentrup Stephan , Panitz Frank , Bendixen Christian , Hedegaard Jakob , Caccamo Mario , Asp Torben
Published: September 2015

Here we report the draft genome sequence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), an economically important forage and turf grass species that is widely cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. It is classified along with wheat, barley, oats and Brachypodium distachyon in the Pooideae sub‐family of the grass family (Poaceae). Transcriptome data was used to identify 28 455 gene models, and we utilized macro‐co‐linearity between perennial ryegrass and barley, and synteny within the grass family, to establish a synteny‐based linear gene order. The gametophytic self‐incompatibility mechanism enables the pistil of a plant to reject self‐pollen and therefore promote out‐crossing. We have used the sequence assembly to characterize transcriptional changes in the stigma during pollination with both compatible and incompatible pollen. Characterization of the pollen transcriptome identified homologs to pollen allergens from a range of species, many of which were expressed to very high levels in mature pollen grains, and are potentially involved in the self‐incompatibility mechanism. The genome sequence provides a valuable resource for future breeding efforts based on genomic prediction, and will accelerate the development of new varieties for more productive grasslands.
Forty Years of Clathrin‐coated Vesicles
Authors: Robinson Margaret S.
Published: September 2015

The purification of coated vesicles and the discovery of clathrin by Barbara Pearse in 1975 was a landmark in cell biology. Over the past 40 years, work from many labs has uncovered the molecular details of clathrin and its associated proteins, including how they assemble into a coated vesicle and how they select cargo. Unexpected connections have been found with signalling, development, neuronal transmission, infection, immunity and genetic disorders. But there are still a number of unanswered questions, including how clathrin‐mediated trafficking is regulated and how the machinery evolved.
Building a flexible, voluntary donation panel: an exploration of donor willingness
Authors: Bagot Kathleen L. , Masser Barbara M. , Starfelt Louise C. , White Katherine M.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

As blood collection agencies (BCAs) face recurrent shortages of varying blood products, developing a panel comprising donors who are flexible in the product they donate based on same‐time inventory demand could be an efficient, cost‐effective inventory management strategy. Accounting for prior whole blood (WB) and plasmapheresis donation experience, this article explores current donors’ willingness to change their donation product and identifies the type of information required for such donation flexibility.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Telephone interviews (mean, 34 min; SD, 11 min) were conducted with 60 donors recruited via stratified purposive sampling representing six donor groups: no plasma, new to both WB and plasma, new to plasma, plasma, flexible (i.e., alternating between WB and plasma), and maximum (i.e., high frequency alternating between WB and plasma) donors. Participants responded to hypothetical scenarios and open‐ended questions relating to their and other donors’ willingness to be flexible. Responses were transcribed and content was analyzed.

RESULTS

The most frequently endorsed categories varied between donor groups with more prominent differences emerging between the information and support that donors desired for themselves versus that for others. Most donors were willing to change donations but sought improved donation logistics and information regarding inventory levels to encourage flexibility. The factors perceived to facilitate the flexibility of other donors included providing donor‐specific information and information regarding different donation types.

CONCLUSION

Regardless of donation history, donors are willing to be flexible with their donations. To foster a flexible donor panel, BCAs should continue to streamline the donation process and provide information relevant to donors’ experience.
Discussing State‐of‐the‐Art Spatial Visualization Techniques Applicable for the Epidemiological Surveillance Data on the Example of Campylobacter spp. in Raw Chicken Meat
Authors: Plaza‐Rodríguez C. , Appel B. , Kaesbohrer A. , Filter M.
Published: September 2015

Within the European activities for the ‘Monitoring and Collection of Information on Zoonoses’, annually EFSA publishes a European report, including information related to the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Germany. Spatial epidemiology becomes here a fundamental tool for the generation of these reports, including the representation of prevalence as an essential element. Until now, choropleth maps are the default visualization technique applied in epidemiological monitoring and surveillance reports made by EFSA and German authorities. However, due to its limitations, it seems to be reasonable to explore alternative chart type. Four maps including choropleth, cartogram, graduated symbols and dot‐density maps were created to visualize real‐world sample data on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in raw chicken meat samples in Germany in 2011. In addition, adjacent and coincident maps were created to visualize also the associated uncertainty. As an outcome, we found that there is not a single data visualization technique that encompasses all the necessary features to visualize prevalence data alone or prevalence data together with their associated uncertainty. All the visualization techniques contemplated in this study demonstrated to have both advantages and disadvantages. To determine which visualization technique should be used for future reports, we recommend to create a dialogue between end‐users and epidemiologists on the basis of sample data and charts. The final decision should also consider the knowledge and experience of end‐users as well as the specific objective to be achieved with the charts.
Use of a physiological profile to document motor impairment in ageing and in clinical groups
Authors: Lord S. R. , Delbaere K. , Gandevia S. C.
Published: September 2015

Ageing decreases exercise performance and is frequently accompanied by reductions in cognitive performance. Deterioration in the physiological capacity to stand, locomote and exercise can manifest itself as falling over and represents a significant deterioration in sensorimotor control. In the elderly, falling leads to serious morbidity and mortality with major societal costs. Measurement of a suite of physiological capacities that are required for successful motor performance (including vision, muscle strength, proprioception and balance) has been used to produce a physiological profile assessment (PPA) which has been tracked over the age spectrum and in different diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease). As well as measures of specific physiological capacities, the PPA generates an overall ‘score’ which quantitatively measures an individual's cumulative risk of falling. The present review collates data from the PPA (and the physiological capacities it measures) as well as its use in strategies to reduce falls in the elderly and those with different diseases. We emphasise that (i) motor impairment arises via reductions in a wide range of sensorimotor abilities; (ii) the PPA approach not only gives a snapshot of the physiological capacity of an individual, but it also gives insight into the deficits among groups of individuals with particular diseases; and (iii) deficits in seemingly restricted and disparate physiological domains (e.g. vision, strength, cognition) are funnelled into impairments in tasks requiring upright balance. Motor impairments become more prevalent with ageing but careful physiological measurement and appropriate interventions offer a way to maximise health across the lifespan.

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A Line Heat Input Model for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Irwin Jeff , Michaleris P.
Published: September 2015

A line input model has been developed which makes the accurate modeling of powder bed processes more computationally efficient. Goldak’s ellipsoidal model has been used extensively to model heat sources in additive manufacturing, including lasers and electron beams. To accurately model the motion of the heat source, the simulation time increments must be small enough such that the source moves a distance smaller than its radius over the course of each increment. When the source radius is small and its velocity is large, a strict condition is imposed on the size of time increments regardless of any stability criteria. In powder bed systems, where radii of 0.1 mm and velocities of 500 mm/s are typical, a significant computational burden can result. The line heat input model relieves this burden by averaging the heat source over its path. This model allows the simulation of an entire heat source scan in just one time increment. However, such large time increments can lead to inaccurate results. Instead, the scan is broken up into several linear segments, each of which is applied in one increment. In this work, time increments are found that yield accurate results (less than 10 % displacement error) and require less than 1/10 of the CPU time required by Goldak’s moving source model. A dimensionless correlation is given that can be used to determine the necessary time increment size that will greatly decrease the computational time required for any powder bed simulation while maintaining accuracy.
Modelling of Heat Affected Zone Softening in Laser Welding of M1500
Authors: Wang Hongze , Zhang Yansong
Published: September 2015

With the implementation of more stringent emissions standards, ultra-high strength steel has been increasingly used in vehicle body to reduce the carbon emissions, but softening in the heat affected zone is one of the most serious issues faced with in welding of this steel. In this paper, a finite element model (FEM) was developed to estimate temperature distribution in laser welding of ultra-high strength steel M1500 and a carbon diffusion model was then developed to estimate the martensite tempering transformation in the softening zone based on the simulated temperature distribution results. Maximum softening degree, minimum hardness point position and boundary of the softening zone were estimated and validated by hardness measurement experiments. This work provides a better understanding of the mechanism for heat affected zone softening in laser welding of ultra-high strength steel.
Steerability and Kinematics of Bevel-Tip Flexible Needle
Authors: Gao Dedong , Lei Yong , Yao Bin , Li Qiang , Bai Huiquan
Published: September 2015

Steerable flexible needles with bevel-tip are designed for many medical diagnoses and treatments. In this paper we present a new kinematic model for the bevel-tip flexible needle. Based on the analysis of needle deflection, the procedure of needle insertion can be decomposed of n sub-procedures, which are independent on the depth of insertion. In each sub-procedure, the tip is steered though the base to generate three motions with respect to the body-frame Oxiyizi: the rotation about zi, the translation along zi and the rotation about yi. The kinematics of flexible needle with bevel-tip is presented using the Denavit-Hartenberg method. The inverse kinematics of needle insertion is derived from the kinematic equation of flexible needle. The solution sets are discussed for the insertion consisting of consecutive rotation and insertion control actions. Furthermore, how to select suitable insertion position and orientation is discussed.
Research on the Machining Performance of SiC/Al Composites Utilizing the BEAM Process
Authors: Chen Jipeng , Gu Lin , Xu Hui , Zhao Wansheng
Published: September 2015

The Blasting Erosion Arc Machining (BEAM) process was applied to improve the machining efficiency of SiC/Al composites. A set of experiments were conducted on 20 vol% SiC/Al composites to find out the relationship between the parameters and machining performance. Results revealed that when the peak current was 500 A, the material removal rate (MRR) could be greater than 8,200 mm3/min and the tool wear ratio (TWR) was about 2%. Besides, the influence of polarity on the surface properties was also studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and metalloscope. It disclosed that machining with a large peak current and a negative BEAM is suitable for bulk mass material removal, while the surface quality could be improved by applying the positive BEAM. Finally, a machined sample demonstrated the fesibility of BEAM for the machining of SiC/Al materials.
Characterization of Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Inconel 718 From Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Gong Xibing , Wang Xiaoqing , Cole Vernon , Jones Zachary , Cooper Kenneth , Chou Kevin
Published: September 2015

In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated from selective laser melting (SLM) process were experimentally investigated. Specimens with different build heights were prepared for microstructural observations by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope. The texture evolution was also examined using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). In general, columnar γ dendrites are found along the build direction from the X-plane (side surface), while the microstructure of Z-plane (scanning surface) is characterized by equiaxed grains. The microstructures vary along the build height: the top layers present coarse columnar dendrites while the bottom layers show much narrower columnar dendrites owing to a higher cooling rate. The top layers also present the combination of a γ matrix and a higher percentage of the Laves phase, while the bottom layers show a much less Laves phase due to, again, a higher cooling rate. Random textures are shown for the SLM Inconel 718 samples. Nanoindentation tests identify the Young’s modulus and hardness of about 200 GPa and 7 GPa, respectivley.
Investigations on Machining Induced Microstructural Changes in Inconel 100
Authors: Arısoy Yiğit M. , Özel Tuğrul
Published: September 2015

Inconel-100 (IN-100) which is a nickel-base alloy is used in metal components operate at the hot sections of gas turbines and jet engines due its excellent strength and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. This work presents investigations on the microstructural changes that occur during the machining process and specifically focuses on the effects of cutting parameters on the resultant average grain sizes of γ and γ′ phases and microhardness of the finished surfaces. Furthermore, finite element simulations have been performed to calculate the changes in grain sizes due to dynamic recrystallization by using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model.
Modeling Wear Process of Electroplated CBN Grinding Wheel
Authors: Yu Tianyu , Bastawros Ashraf F. , Chandra Abhijit
Published: September 2015

The wear of Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) grinding wheel directly affects the workpiece surface integrity and tolerances. This paper summarizes a combined experimental-modeling framework for CBN grinding wheel life expectancy utilized in both cylindrical and surface grinding. The presented fatigue type model is based on grit pullout mechanism and the associated state of damage percolation. The unique grit-workpiece interaction process leads to a non-uniform spatial distribution of the grit wear. The life expectancy model can be described as a function of the process parameters, grinding wheel geometry and topology, workpiece material properties, etc. The developed modeling framework will greatly enhance the understanding of electroplated CBN grinding wheel wear mechanism.
Dynamic Supply-Demand Matching for Manufacturing Resource Services in Service-Oriented Manufacturing Systems: A Hypernetwork-Based Solution Framework
Authors: Cheng Ying , Tao Fei , Zhang Lin , Zhao Dongming
Published: September 2015

Nowadays, service-oriented manufacturing (SOM) systems (e.g., cloud manufacturing (CMfg), product service systems (PSS), etc.) have attracted more and more interesting and attention of researchers from many different fields. However, because of the complex and dynamic environment, one of the most important issues need to be addressed for the promotion and application of SOM system is the dynamic supply-demand matching and scheduling of manufacturing resource services. In this paper, the issue of supple-demand matching in the typical SOM system is carried out at first. Then the dynamics and different models facing different users and different demands are analyzed respectively. As a result, a hypernetwork-based solution framework of this issue and the cloud manufacturing platform adding with the related functions are proposed with consideration of multi-objects, statistical characteristics and evolution. Finally, some future works with big data and industrial Internet of things are pointed out in the summary.
Mechanical Properties of Densified Untwisted Carbon Nanotube Yarn / Epoxy Composites
Authors: Yoshizaki Risa , Sung Kim Tae , Hosoi Atsushi , Kawada Hiroyuki
Published: September 2015

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have very high specific strength and stiffness. The excellent properties make it possible to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites. However, it is difficult to use CNTs as the reinforcement of long fibers because of the limitation of CNT growth. In recent years, a method to spin yarns from CNT forests has developed. We have succeeded in manufacturing the unidirectional composites reinforced with the densified untwisted CNT yarns. The untwisted CNT yarns have been manufactured by drawing CNTs through a die from vertically aligned CNT arrays. In this study, the densified untwisted CNT yarns with a polymer treatment were fabricated. The tensile strength and the elastic modulus of the yarns were improved significantly by the treatment, and they were 1.9 GPa and 140 GPa, respectively. Moreover, the polymer treatment prevented the CNT yarns from swelling due to impregnation of the matrix resin. Finally, the high strength CNT yarn composites which have higher volume fraction than a conventional method were successfully fabricated.