bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The conjunctival crypt of the equine third eyelid
Authors: Vallone L. , Scott E. , Irby N.
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study is to characterise the gross anatomy of a relatively large, cryptic structure within the bulbar conjunctival surface of the equine third eyelid that has commonly been observed by the authors during equine ophthalmic examinations. In this study, cadaveric eyes and adnexa were obtained from 13 Quarter Horses without history of ocular disease. The gross anatomy of the bulbar surface of the third eyelid was characterised by digital macrophotography and with an image capture system using an operating microscope. A well‐defined cryptic structure was readily identified in the majority of eyes (17/26). The location of the crypt varied but was most commonly observed within the central aspect of the bulbar surface of the third eyelid, often in close proximity to prominent blood vessels oriented perpendicular to the leading edge of the third eyelid. A patch of lymphoid follicles was often observed surrounding the crypt. The rectangular shape and upward facing orientation of the crypt was akin to a shirt's breast pocket. Width and depth were variable but ranged between 1 and 8 mm in either dimension. Some crypts were complex, with multiple channels observed within the primary opening. In conclusion, this study confirms the presence of a well‐organised mucosal crypt within the bulbar surface of the equine third eyelid capable of harbouring foreign material and ocular irritants. Additional anatomical characterisation of the macro‐crypt by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy is underway. Evaluation of this structure by equine practitioners and veterinary ophthalmologists should be performed during the routine ophthalmic examination to better understand its role in ocular disease.
Understanding the molecular basis for multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 1 (MMDS1): impact of a disease‐causing Gly189Arg substitution on NFU1
Authors: Wesley Nathaniel A. , Wachnowsky Christine , Fidai Insiya , Cowan J. A.
Published: September 2017

Iron–sulfur (Fe/S) cluster‐containing proteins constitute one of the largest protein classes, with highly varied function. Consequently, the biosynthesis of Fe/S clusters is evolutionarily conserved and mutations in intermediate Fe/S cluster scaffold proteins can cause disease, including multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome (MMDS). Herein, we have characterized the impact of defects occurring in the MMDS1 disease state that result from a point mutation (p.Gly189Arg) near the active site of NFU1, an Fe/S scaffold protein. In vitro investigation into the structure–function relationship of the Gly189Arg derivative, along with two other variants, reveals that substitution at position 189 triggers structural changes that increase flexibility, decrease stability, and alter the monomer–dimer equilibrium toward monomer, thereby impairing the ability of the Gly189X derivatives to receive an Fe/S cluster from physiologically relevant sources.
Forest biomass, productivity and carbon cycling along a rainfall gradient in West Africa
Authors: Moore Sam , Adu‐Bredu Stephen , Duah‐Gyamfi Akwasi , Addo‐Danso Shalom D. , Ibrahim Forzia , Mbou Armel T. , de Grandcourt Agnès , Valentini Riccardo , Nicolini Giacomo , Djagbletey Gloria , Owusu‐Afriyie Kennedy , Gvozdevaite Agne , Oliveras Imma , Ruiz‐Jaen Maria C. , Malhi Yadvinder
Published: September 2017

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is one of the most important parameters in describing the functioning of any ecosystem and yet it arguably remains a poorly quantified and understood component of carbon cycling in tropical forests, especially outside of the Americas. We provide the first comprehensive analysis of NPP and its carbon allocation to woody, canopy and root growth components at contrasting lowland West African forests spanning a rainfall gradient. Using a standardized methodology to study evergreen (EF), semi‐deciduous (SDF), dry forests (DF) and woody savanna (WS), we find that (i) climate is more closely related with above and belowground C stocks than with NPP (ii) total NPP is highest in the SDF site, then the EF followed by the DF and WS and that (iii) different forest types have distinct carbon allocation patterns whereby SDF allocate in excess of 50% to canopy production and the DF and WS sites allocate 40%–50% to woody production. Furthermore, we find that (iv) compared with canopy and root growth rates the woody growth rate of these forests is a poor proxy for their overall productivity and that (v) residence time is the primary driver in the productivity‐allocation‐turnover chain for the observed spatial differences in woody, leaf and root biomass across the rainfall gradient. Through a systematic assessment of forest productivity we demonstrate the importance of directly measuring the main components of above and belowground NPP and encourage the establishment of more permanent carbon intensive monitoring plots across the tropics.
Repatriation or Reshoring of Manufacturing to the U.S. and UK: Dynamics and Global Production Networks or from Here to There and Back Again
Authors: Vanchan Vida , Mulhall Rachel , Bryson John
Published: September 2017

There are three contrasting approaches to understanding the geography of production. The first approach emphasizes the importance of local agglomerations, the second intrafirm mechanisms, while the third highlights global relationships or global production networks (GPN) or global value chains. These explanations are partial, but complementary. This paper explores the restructuring of global production with a focus on the reshoring or repatriation of manufacturing production to the U.S. and UK. Our intention is to identify the drivers behind reshoring as the first stage toward developing a dynamic conceptual framework for understanding the global organization of production. Reshoring needs to be conceptualized by drawing on and combining approaches developed in GPN with micro‐approaches to understanding firms including the development of a geography of production tasks. The study is based on a theoretical mapping to inform an empirical analysis of reshoring in both countries to identify and conceptualize the quantitative and qualitative causal drivers behind this process. The evidence suggests that reshoring is sector‐dependent and is mainly driven by manufacturers’ cost‐management and quality strategies combined with the importance of manufacturing products close to market. This involves a “total manufacturing cost analysis” in which access to a set of tangible and intangible inputs are key drivers behind dynamics of GPN.
Doing gender in segregated and assimilative organizations: Ultra‐Orthodox Jewish women in the Israeli high‐tech labour market
Authors: Raz Aviad E. , Tzruya Gavan
Published: September 2017

Ultra‐Orthodox Jewish (haredi) women in Israel, who are traditionally expected to be both mothers and breadwinners so as to allow their husbands to immerse themselves in religious studies, are recently entering the high‐tech labour market in both segregated and assimilate organizations. This segmented labour market allows the constructed and intersectional character of doing gender in organizations to be examined, which in turn may also effect the ways in which such labour segmentation continues to develop. In 2014–2015, we administered a questionnaire to 119 haredi women working as computer programmers in assimilative and segregated organizations, and interviewed 42 of them as well as 16 of their managers. We describe the emergence of a dual pattern of employment with its benefits and disadvantages regarding pay, satisfaction, commitment and burnout. Findings are presented concerning the balancing of work and family as well as the professional/social conflict that is accentuated by working in an assimilative organization. Our findings show how the intersection of work, religiosity, class and gender is central to women's labour trajectories and identities, highlighting both the boundaries of gendered arrangements and their negotiability. We conclude by discussing how specific strategies of doing gender in segmented labour markets play out in/against ‘global’ norms of work and professionalism.
Origin and Evolution of Aquitard Porewater in the Western Coastal Plain of Bohai Bay, China
Authors: Li Jing , Liang Xing , Jin Menggui , Yang Jilong , Ma Bin , Ge Qin
Published: September 2017

High‐salinity paleowater from low‐permeability aquitards in coastal areas can be a major threat to groundwater resources; however, such water has rarely been studied. The chemical and isotopic compositions of porewater extracted from a 200‐m‐thick Quaternary sedimentary sequence in the western coastal plain of Bohai Bay, China, were analyzed to investigate the salinity origin and chemical evolution of porewater in aquitards. Porewater samples derived at depths shallower than 32 m are characterized by Cl‐Na type saline water (total dissolved solids [TDS], 10.9–84.3 g/L), whereas those at depths greater than 32 m comprise Cl·SO4‐Na type brackish water (TDS, 2.2–6.3 g/L). Saline porewater is interpreted as evaporated seawater prior to halite saturation, as evidenced by Cl‐Br relationships. Although substantial dilution of saline porewater with meteoric water is supported by a wider Cl− range and δ2H‐δ18O covariance, the original marine waters were not completely flushed out. The deeper brackish porewater is determined to be a mixture of fresher porewater and brine groundwater and had a component of old brine of less than 10%, as indicated by a mixing model defined using δ2H and Cl− tracers. Porewater δ2H‐δ18O relationships and negative deuterium excess ranging from −25.9‰ to −2.9‰ indicate the existence of an arid climate since Late Pleistocene in Tianjin Plain. The aquitard porewaters were chemically modified through water‐rock interactions due to the long residence time.
Fell‐Muir Lecture: Fibrillin microfibrils: structural tensometers of elastic tissues?
Authors: Kielty Cay M.
Published: September 2017

Fibrillin microfibrils are indispensable structural elements of connective tissues in multicellular organisms from early metazoans to humans. They have an extensible periodic beaded organization, and support dynamic tissues such as ciliary zonules that suspend the lens. In tissues that express elastin, including blood vessels, skin and lungs, microfibrils support elastin deposition and shape the functional architecture of elastic fibres. The vital contribution of microfibrils to tissue form and function is underscored by the heritable fibrillinopathies, especially Marfan syndrome with severe elastic, ocular and skeletal tissue defects. Research since the early 1990s has advanced our knowledge of biology of microfibrils, yet understanding of their mechanical and homeostatic contributions to tissues remains far from complete. This review is a personal reflection on key insights, and puts forward the conceptual hypothesis that microfibrils are structural ‘tensometers’ that direct cells to monitor and respond to altered tissue mechanics.
Gluten‐free muffins: effects of sugar reduction and health benefit information on consumer liking, emotion, and purchase intent
Authors: Wardy Wisdom , Jack Amber Renee , Chonpracha Pitchayapat , Alonso Jose Ramon , King Joan M. , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: September 2017

Availability of reduced sugar gluten‐free (GF) muffins remains commercially limited. In this study, selected physical properties, consumer perception and effects of health benefit information (HBI) were investigated for three GF muffins made with different amounts of sucrose (0%, 50%, 100%), with stevia used as a sucrose replacement. Sucrose reduction by 50%, unlike 100% with stevia, did not significantly decrease consumer acceptability (colour, odour, taste, sweetness, moistness, softness, stickiness, overall liking), positive emotions (calm, good, happy, healthy, pleasant, pleased, satisfied) and purchase intent (PI) before HBI was displayed. HBI had a positive effect on overall liking, PI and intensities of calm, good, happy, healthy and pleased emotions for both 50% and/or 100% sucrose reduction. The emotions happy and wellness became significant predictors of PI after HBI was provided. Overall, consumer acceptability and emotional responses of the GF muffin with 50% sucrose reduction were comparable to those with 100% sucrose.
Does International Migration Affect Labor Supply, Non‐farm Diversification and Welfare of Households? Evidence from Egypt
Authors: Arouri Mohamed , Nguyen Cuong Viet
Published: September 2017

This study examines the effect of international migration in Egypt using fixed‐effect regressions and panel data from Egypt Labour Market Panel Surveys in 2006 and 2012. We find that men and people with higher education are more likely to migrate than women and people with lower education. Middle‐aged people are also more likely to migrate than young or old people. International migration does not seem to affect the overall employment of remaining members of migrant‐sending households. However, it tends to increase the self‐employed work of members of migrant‐sending households. Finally, international migration also helps migrant‐sending households increase their wealth index. Remittances are used to improve living conditions (housing) and purchase more assets and durables. This finding supports the theory as well as the policy to increase migration as a way to stabilize consumption and reduce poverty in low income countries.
DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL PULMONARY FIBROSIS AND HONEYCOMB LUNG
Authors: FORBES I. J.
Published: September 2017

The clinical and pathological details are presented of seven cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lungs conforming to the criteria of Hamman and Rich.

Similar interstitial fibrosis was found in the lungs of a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. One case of "honeycomb lung". complicating a more chronic diffuse interstitial fibrosis was described.

It has not hitherto been appreciated that honeycomb change occurs in most cases of diffuse interstitial fibrosis of Hamman‐Rich type.

Although this type of interstitial fibrosis was formerly thought to be an acute process, it is now apparent that even the most rapidly fatal cases have been in progress many months, and what has been thought to be a fulminating acute course is actually the rapid terminal deterioration.

The symptoms and signs, course and pathological physiology are readily explained by the anatomical alterations.

Curious "conchoidal bodies" similar to Schaumann bodies in sarcoidosis were found in the lungs of four subjects. Their significance is not known.

Similar interstitial changes occur in many conditions. They evidently represent a pattern of response to injury of the pulmonary mesenchymal ground substance.

The ætiology of Hamman‐Rich fibrosis is discussed. An auto‐immune phenomenon may he involved.

The status of treatment with adi enal steroids and corticotrophin is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON KURU : I. A POSSIBLE GENETIC BASIS
Authors: BENNETT J. H. , RHODES F. A. , ROBSON H. N.
Published: September 2017

Kuru, a recently described neurological disease, occurs with high frequency among the Fore people, in a remote part of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea.

The results are given of a genealogical survey carried out in the northern Fore area. The survey recorded 2099 individuals, of whom 913 were dead. The cause of death was given as kuru in 204 instances, including 177 females (21 children) and 27 males (19 children).

An analysis is presented which shows that male victims of kuru are born almost exclusively to mothers with the disease, and that there is a similar association between young female victims and their mothers. The incidence of the disease is almost equal in males and young females, while a larger proportion of adult females is affected.

A tentative genetical hypothesis is advanced, suggesting that kuru may be controlled by a single autosomal gene “K”, which is recessive to its allelomorph “k” in males, and dominant in females. The females of genotype KK tend to have an early onset of the disease, while those of genotype Kk tend to have an onset in adult life.
SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS OF AUSTRALIANS AND NATIVES OF NEW GUINEA FROM BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD
Authors: WHYTE H. M. , YEE IRIS L.
Published: September 2017

The serum cholesterol concentration of newborn infants was the same for Australians (70 milligrammes per moo millilitres) as for natives (68 milligrammes per 100 millilitres). Measurements were also made of phospholipids, total fatty acids and lipoprotein fractions for Australian newborn infants and their mothers. There was no significant correlation between the lipid levels of mother and child.

The cholesterol concentration doubled within one year in both races and then rose steadily with age in Australians and fell gradually in the natives to adult levels. Possible causes of this acquired deviation are discussed, especially the differences in dietary fat and protein.
THE ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSE TO CORTICOTROPHIN IN ADDISON'S DISEASE AND PANHYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: FOGGITT FRANCES , STEINBECK A. W.
Published: September 2017

In Addison's disease the daily output of 17‐ketogenic steroids in isolated 24 hour urine specimens fall below or within the normal range, but is not increased by corticotrophin.

In panhypopituitarism the daily output of 17‐ketogenic steroids in isolated 24 hour urine specimens is lowered and may either increase after the exhibition of corticotrophin, but less than normally, or remain unaltered.

The daily urinary outputs of 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids and steroidal dihydroxyacetones follow patterns in both conditions.

The diagnostic significance of the results is illustrated and some clinical features are noted.
OBSERVATIONS ON KURU: II. CLINICAL FEATURES
Authors: SIMPSON D. A. , LANDER H. , ROBSON H. N.
Published: September 2017

Study of the clinical features of kuru shows that the most prominent neurological signs are those of a progressive, ultimately very gross motor incoordination suggesting cerebellar dysfunction. Passive tone is not constantly increased ; but when it is, its character is compatible with extrapyramidal disorder. Apart from tendon hyperreflexia, signs attributable to pyramidal dysfunction are scanty.

Mental changes, mainly of affect, are prominent.

Disturbances of sensation or of cranial nerve functions are not found.

The pattern and course of the disease is strikingly uniform, but the rate of deterioration may be quite uneven. Recovery has been claimed, but this remains uncertain, and may be due to hysterical mimicry.
RECOVERY OF RENAL FUNCTION AFTER ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Authors: EDWARDS K. D. G.
Published: September 2017

Renal function tests, including those of plasma creatinine level and endogenous creatinine clearance, were performed on 15 patients for periods of up to 76 weeks after the onset of recovery from acute renal failure. Hypertension was common in the first two weeks, and persisted in one patient. Proteinuria occurred commonly during the early diuretic phase, but disappeared in all except two cases. Microscopically evident hæmaturia and cylindruria were present in most cases initially and persisted in two.

Renal tract infection during recovery was common, but was cleared up by appropriate antibacterial agents. Streptomycin was avoided, and the dosage of other agents was reduced in proportion to reduction in renal function.

The glomerular filtration rate, measured as endogenous creatinine clearance, improved steadily during the first three to 12 weeks, and in all cases except one reached normal levels within 12 weeks. One patient had persistently impaired renal function.
HÆMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEW‐BORN
Authors: WALSH R. J. , WARD H. K.
Published: September 2017

The fate of the infants of 395 immunized Rh‐negative women has been analysed.

The severity of the disease in the first affected child frequently sets the pattern for subsequent children. If the first affected child is mildly affected, the subsequent children are more likely to survive than to die ; and first‐born severely affected children are likely to be followed by stillbirths or fatally affected children. The parity of the mother when the first affected child is born is not related to the chances of survival of the infant. The severity of the disease increases as the mean titre of the incomplete antibody in the maternal serum rises, but there are numerous exceptions to the general rule. The effects of immunization by a blood transfusion are similar to those when immunization follows a pregnancy. The frequency of stillbirths is not significantly greater when immunization follows transfusions.

The significance of these findings is discussed.
ANÆMIA OF RENAL ORIGIN, STUDIED BY MICRODISSECTION OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: BIALESTOCK DORA
Published: September 2017

Clinical data and animal experimentation imply that the kidney may be the site of formation of a substance responsible for normocyte maturation and the release of erythrocytes from bone marrow.

A quantitative and qualitative study by means of microdissection of nephrons has been carried out on the kidney from a four months old infant, G.K., who had suffered from severe anæmia and renal disease since birth.

The dimensions of nephrons in the baby G.K. are compared with those from a normal baby.

The changes in the anatomy of the nephron include variations in size and shape of glomeruli, hypertrophic proximal tubules, and very short loops of Henle. In addition, two types of atrophic tubules, blind‐ending collecting tubules, diverticula and cysts were found.

In this patient G.K., the short loops of Henle were found universally throughout the kidney. In the normal subject, the loop of Henle may prove to be the site for the formation of the erythrocyte‐stimulating factor, and in the present subject, the absence of the loop may have been an important factor in the causation of the anæmia.
SMALL‐BOWEL BIOPSY WITH THE SUCTION BIOPSY TUBE
Authors: RALSTON MARY , WOOD I. J. , HUGHES A.
Published: September 2017

In 1948 a suction gastric biopsy tube was designed in our Unit. In 1956 Shiner, of London, modified this tube for jejunal biopsy. In the present study minor alterations were made to Shiner's tube, and 51 successful biopsies were performed on 46 patients at 74 attempts, fragments of jejunum being obtained in 38 and fragments of duodenum in 13.

Eight representative cases and their corresponding biopsy findings are described, the conditions present including atrophic gastritis, pernicious anæmia and subacute combined degeneration of the cord with gastric atrophy, malabsorption with steatorrhœa and Whipple's disease.

Pronounced jejunal atrophy was present in two cases of malabsorption, and the villi were distended with P.A.S.‐staining cells in the case of Whipple's disease. No constant major abnormality of the jejunum was found to be associated with atrophic gastritis or gastric atrophy.

Our limited experience suggests that gastric atrophy and jejunal atrophy have not a common causal factor.
LIVER INVOLVEMENT IN “Q” FEVER
Authors: POWELL O. W.
Published: September 2017

In 72 consecutive cases of “Q” fever, hepatomegaly occurred in 47, and jaundice in three.

Abnormal results for serum cephalin‐cholesterol flocculation, thymol turbidity or serum alkaline phosphatase activity were found in 61 cases. The test that most commonly produced an abnormal result was the cephalin‐cholesterol flocculation test (56 cases); this was followed by the serum alkaline phosphatase estimation (26 cases) and the thymol turbidity test (25 cases). During the first four weeks, the serum alkaline phosphatase level was related to the degree of cephalin‐cholesterol flocculation. Positive cephalin‐cholesterol flocculation commonly persisted for several months.

Increased serum alkaline phosphatase levels were frequently the first, and occasionally the only, biochemical evidence of liver involvement. Quite high values were seen at times.

Serum transaminase activity was only moderately increased, even in jaundiced patients.

Liver biopsy was performed on 13 patients of the series, and on an additional jaundiced patient admitted to hospital subsequently. The predominant histological pattern was one of focal inflammation. This was of all grades, from small collections of mixed inflammatory cells to frank granulomas with central necrosis and fibroblastic reaction. In one patient a focal inflammatory lesion was found in the liver 17 weeks after the onset of the illness.
ACUTE HÆMOLYTIC ANÆMIA IN MEDITERRANEAN CHILDREN WITH GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE—DEFICIENT ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: HARLEY JOHN D.
Published: September 2017

A review has been made of certain clinical features of 20 episodes of acute hæmolytic anaemia sustained by 15 Australian children of Mediterranean racial extraction. When possible, metabolic studies were made on the erythrocytes of these 15 children.

Deficiency of the enzyme glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was found in the erythrocytes of the 13 children tested. Marked instability of reduced glutathione (GSH) and susceptibility to Heinz‐body formation on incubation with acetyl phenylhydrazine were demonstrated in the G6PD‐deficient erythrocytes of 10 of these 13 children.

The outstanding feature of the clinical study was the high incidence of males, of springtime illness, and of exposure to Vicia fava. Ingestion of broad beans closely preceded the onset of nine hæmolytic episodes, and five additional episodes occurred in ambulant males in spring. The erythrocytes of these children were characterized by very marked degrees of G6PD deficiency, GSH instability and susceptibility to Heinz‐body formation.

A second striking feature was the demonstration of erythrocyte G6PD deficiency in three infants with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinæmia. One infant had received 2 mg. of a vitamin K analogue, another may have ingested phenacetin or acetylsalicylic acid in maternal breast milk, and in the third case no toxic agent was found. One infant subsequently sustained an attack of favism.

Erythrocyte G6PD deficiency was also found in one child who developed acute hæmolytic anæmia with acute glomerulonephritis, and in another who sustained a mild hæmolytic episode in association with intestinal salmonellosis.

The relationship between neonatal jaundice, favism and drug‐induced hæmolysis has been discussed in terms of the mode of genetic transmission of G6PD deficiency, with reference to the protection of potentially susceptible individuals from potentially hæmolytic agents.
ARTIFICIAL COUGHING FOR PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS
Authors: COLEBATCH H. J. H.
Published: September 2017

A simple machine by which exsufflation with negative pressure (E.W.N.P.) can be performed to provide an artificial cough is described. Artificial coughing by this means allowed the control of lung complications in 20 patients with respiratory paralysis in whom retained bronchial secretions were an important problem. Massive collapse was relieved on eight occasions in seven patients. Prophylactic coughing makes possible the removal of a tracheotomy tube from patients with negligible respiratory muscle power.

E.W.N.P. produces changes essentially similar to those occurring during normal human coughing and does not appear to have any harmful effect on the lungs or circulation.

Besides patients with respiratory muscle weakness, artificial coughing is likely to be of greatest value in conditions in which there is prolonged unconsciousness.
THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY
Authors: MADDOCKS I.
Published: September 2017

Sixty‐six patients suffering from various diseases who received more than 10 grammes of cortisone for a period of more than three months were assessed for response to treatment and incidence of complications.

Long‐term corticosteroid therapy in this series was associated with a 60% incidence of complications, and a mortality rate of 6% attributable to corticosteroids. The complications were frequently insidious in onset. The incidence of complications was not influenced by age or sex, but increased with increasing total dose and duration of corticosteroid therapy. A favourable initial response to cortisone was associated with fewer complications. Particular complications were found more frequently in some diseases than in others ; dyspepsia and peptic ulcer were most frequently found in rheumatoid arthritis and psychological change in systemic lupus erythematosus. The incidence per patient for complications from corticosteroid therapy was greatest in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and lowest in chronic hepatitis.
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME OF ACUTE ONSET WITH HYPOVOLÆMIA
Authors: READER RALPH , JOHNSON J. R. , GOULSTON KERRY
Published: September 2017

A male patient, aged 21 years, presented with abrupt onset of circulatory failure one month after the prophylactic administration of antitetanic serum. This patient developed a typical uncomplicated nephrotic syndrome and was subsequently maintained for two years on continuous corticosteroid therapy.

The acute onset of circulatory failure was due to grossly depleted plasma protein, with massive proteinuria and plasma volume reduced to 35% of normal. This is discussed with reference to the usual reduced plasma protein concentration and plasma volume in the nephrotic syndrome, which adjusts itself gradually to achieve an equilibrium. Corticosteroid therapy appeared to decrease the permeability of the glomerular membrane for protein.
MEGALOBLASTIC AND TRANSITIONAL MEGALOBLASTIC ANÆMIA FOLLOWING PARTIAL GASTRECTOMY
Authors: DELLER D. J.
Published: September 2017

Studies of nine patients with megaloblastic anæmia and 18 patients with transitional megaloblastic erythropoiesis following partial gastrectomy are reported.

The 27 patients had had either gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer and had been operated on by the Pólya or Billroth I technique. Free acid had been present in the gastric secretion before surgery in those patients on whom the test had been performed, and the histological picture of the stomach removed at operation had not resembled the gastric atrophy of Addisonian pernicious anæmia. A long latent period (average 10 years) elapsed between gastric surgery and the diagnosis of anæmia. Atrophic glossitis was detected in seven patients, and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord was present in two patients. Loss of weight, weakness, anorexia, fullness after eating, the “dumping” syndrome, bilious vomiting and diarrhœa were frequent symptoms after operation.

The majority of the patients were shown to have subnormal levels of vitamin B12 in the serum, reduced levels of iron in the serum, impaired absorption of labelled vitamin B12 which was corrected by intrinsic factor, steatorrhœa, achlorhydria, reduced uropepsinogen excretion, atrophic gastritis and jejunitis. Considered as a group, patients with megaloblastic anæmia had lower serum levels of vitamin B12, greater degrees of anæmia and less severe iron deficiency than patients with transitional megaloblastic erythropoiesis.

It is considered that the present study provides evidence that megaloblastic anæmia is not a chance association with gastrectomy, and that the relationship is causal. Megaloblastic anæmia and transitional megaloblastic erythropoiesis after partial gastrectomy are usually due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. Resection of part of the stomach which secretes intrinsic factor, together with progressive atrophy of the remaining stomach, leads to the reduced secretion of gastric intrinsic factor and so to defective absorption of vitamin B12 contained in food. Clinical vitamin B12 deficiency develops many years later.
EFFECTS ON LYMPHOID CELLS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO LOW DOSES OF IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: SHIELS D. O.
Published: September 2017

In Leishman‐stained blood films of persons exposed to considerably less than 0·1r per week of whole‐body ionizing radiation, there are highly significant effects on the ratio of large lymphocytes plus monocytes to small lymphocytes, on the percentage of the lymphocytes which show red‐staining granules in the cytoplasm and on a factor, Index I, derived from these factors.
THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANÆMIAL
Authors: PITNEY W. R.
Published: September 2017

In a series of 179 adult patients with megaloblastic anæmia there were 95 cases of pernicious anæmia and 38 cases of nutritional megaloblastic anæmia. These two conditions were difficult to distinguish clinically in many instances, especially if the patient was elderly and did not have an obviously faulty diet. The estimation of serum vitamin B12 concentration and radioactive vitamin B12 absorption tests were valuable in differential diagnosis ; but there was some overlap in results in the two groups, and these tests need interpretation in the light of other clinical and laboratory findings.

Fourteen patients suffered from post‐gastrectomy megaloblastic anæmia. In five, the mechanism appeared to be lack of intrinsic factor secretion, in five, nutritional deficiency of folic acid, and in four, intestinal malabsorption.
PRACTICAL METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE BASIC WATER REQUIREMENT DURING OLIGURIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: ASHLEY B. C. E. , WHYTE H. M.
Published: September 2017

A quantitative approach to the analysis of water requirements of anuric subjects is presented, showing the importance of cell water as an occult gain to the water balance during under‐nutrition.

Methods of varying accuracy and complexity have been developed for prescribing the daily basic water requirement, and for determining the desirable daily weight loss. The usefulness of the methods has been tested by applying them to four “theoretically anuric” obese subjects, in whom the state of water balance was accurately measured during a period of 12 days' under‐nutrition.

The daily basic water requirement for an average adult anuric is about 400 ml. if uræmia is mild, and less if uræmia is developing rapidly.
IRRADIATION IN JURY TO THE GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TRACT: CLINICAL FEATURES, MANAGEMENT AND PATHOGENESIS
Authors: WOOD I. J. , RALSTON M. , KURRLE G. R.
Published: September 2017

Cure of cancer by radiotherapy may be achieved only at the expense of some damage to healthy tissue. In so far as the abdomen is concerned, the bowel is particularly vulnerable. In the treatment of abdominal cancer, it may be justifiable, on occasions, to risk limited bowel necrosis to produce adequate tumour destruction if there is a reasonable chance of a net gain in health status. In the present communication the signs, symptoms and pathology of irradiation injury to the stomach and bowel are illustrated by the description of three patients, treated for carcinoma of the cervix uteri, seminoma of the testis and malignant teratoma of the testis respectively. In all three cases the primary tumour had been removed, and irradiation was given for proven or suspected recurrence of the cancer. The irradiation caused both direct irradiation injury to the intestinal epithelium and injury to blood vessels with depletion of blood supply ; the latter process probably produced the greater damage. A variety of lesions occurred in the bowel, including ulceration, hæmorrhage, perforation, fibrosis, obstruction and malabsorption. Limited bowel resection became necessary in all three cases. Two patients have survived, with impaired health but without clinical evidence of recurrence ; the one treated for carcinoma of the cervix is surviving after two years, and the one treated for seminoma of the testis is surviving after three years. Improved methods of irradiation are discussed.
SENSORY LOSS IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: LANCE J. W. , WHITE S. W. , DODGSON M. C. H.
Published: September 2017

At the height of an epidemic of poliomyelities at the end of 1961, four patients were admitted to Prince Henry Hospital with the clinical syndrome of acute transverse myelitis. The level of sensory loss ascended in three patients, two of whom died. Poliovirus Type 3 was grown from the fæces of one patient, and antibody titres indicated past or present infection with poliovirus in all four patients.

Histological study of the spinal cords in the two fatal cases showed the cellular changes characteristic of poliomyelitis. In addition, focal lesions were noted in the white matter of one patient.

The major cause of sensory loss, which involved chiefly the modalities of pain and temperature, is considered to be the extension of cellular destruction into the posterior horns of grey matter.

As there is no correlation between the annual incidence of poliomyelitis and that of “acute transverse myelitis”, it appears that it is uncommon for infection by poliovirus to present in this fashion.
BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK: SOME USUAL AND SOME UNUSUAL FEATURES
Authors: BAUER G. E.
Published: September 2017

One hundred and sixty‐seven patients with bundle branch block personally examined have been studied, with special reference to ætiology and prognosis. Twenty‐seven patients were examined before the development of the bundle branch block, and 10 patients with transient and nine patients with intermittent bundle branch block were observed. A previously unsuspected association of right bundle branch block and aortic incompetence was seen in eight patients. The mechanism of bundle branch block is discussed in the light of these experiences.
STUDIES ON THE NEPHROTOXIC EFFECT OF NEOMYCIN
Authors: EMMERSON B. T. , PRYSE-DAVIES J.
Published: September 2017

Neomycin given parenterally produces a toxic lesion of the proximal renal tubules, which in the rat is manifest by glycosuria, amino aciduria and an increase of proteinuria. This lesion is accompanied by a decrease of enzyme activity in this region, particularly for alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, and changes in the amounts of these enzymes present have been followed by histochemical and biochemical techniques. The progress of lesions of differing severity in rats was followed at intervals for a period of seven weeks. By this time, tubular regeneration was occurring, and, except in a few focal areas, enzymic activity had almost returned to normal. Renal toxicity was also demonstrated after very large oral doses of neomycin. Certain similarities in the responses of the alimentary and renal epithelia to neomycin were demonstrated.
Expressions of p53 and PUMA in fibroblasts of systemic sclerosis patients are normal at transcription level
Authors: Mahmoudi Mohammad Bagher , Abed Khojasteh Majid , Alsahebfosoul Fereshteh , Gharibdoost Farhad , Mostafaei Shayan , Ganjalikhani‐hakemi Mazdak , Mahmoudi Mahdi
Published: September 2017

Background

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) fibroblasts show resistance apoptosis mechanisms, which enhances the fibrosis stage of the disease. Impaired function of p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) has been related to deficits in p53‐dependant apoptosis pathway. This study aimed to evaluate the transcriptional levels of p53 and PUMA mRNAs in fibroblasts from SSc patients and compare it with healthy individuals.

Methods

In this case‐control study, skin biopsy samples were obtained from 19 patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (DcSSc) and 16 healthy controls. Afterward, dermal fibroblasts were isolated and cultured. After extraction of total RNA from cultured fibroblasts, complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. mRNA quantification was carried out using real‐time PCR, SYBR Green PCR master mix, and specific primers for p53 and PUMA.

Results

No significant alteration was observed in mRNA expression levels of p53 and PUMA (P = .99 and .23, respectively) in fibroblasts from SSc patients compared with controls.

Conclusions

Apoptosis pathways are impaired in fibroblasts from patients with SSc, leading to chronic fibrosis. Nonetheless, PUMA/p53 pathway may not be involved in dysfunction of apoptosis mechanisms in fibroblasts of patients with SSc.
The Academic Spoken Word List
Authors: Dang Thi Ngoc Yen , Coxhead Averil , Webb Stuart
Published: September 2017

The linguistic features of academic spoken English are different from those of academic written English. Therefore, for this study, an Academic Spoken Word List (ASWL) was developed and validated to help second language (L2) learners enhance their comprehension of academic speech in English‐medium universities. The ASWL contains 1,741 word families with high frequency and wide range in an academic spoken corpus totaling 13 million words. The list, which features vocabulary from 24 subjects across four equally sized disciplinary subcorpora, is graded into four levels according to Nation's British National Corpus and Corpus of Contemporary American English lists, and each level is divided into sublists of function words and lexical words. Depending on their vocabulary levels, language learners may reach 92–96% coverage of academic speech with the aid of the ASWL.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. The composition of the corpora, the Academic Spoken Word List, and sublists are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/gwk45 and the IRIS digital repository at http://www.iris‐database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Pathological and immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated TDP‐43 in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with pallido‐nigro‐luysian degeneration
Authors: Uchino Akiko , Ogino Mieko , Takahashi‐Fujigasaki Junko , Oonuma Saori , Kanazawa Naomi , Kajita Sabine , Ichinoe Masaaki , Hasegawa Masato , Nishiyama Kazutoshi , Murayama Shigeo
Published: September 2017

Transactivation response DNA‐binding protein 43 kDa (TDP‐43) is a key protein of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and phosphorylated form of TDP‐43 (p‐TDP‐43) is a major pathological protein that accumulates in sporadic ALS. p‐TDP‐43 is found not only in primary motor neurons, but often propagates to non‐motor systems as well. However, pallido‐nigro‐luysian (PNL) degeneration (PNLD) is rarely associated with ALS. We describe here a 68‐year‐old ALS patient presenting severe PNLD. He had difficulty walking due to poor movement of his right leg, and was diagnosed as having Parkinson’s disease because of akinesia. About 2 years after onset, weakness of his left hand and leg led to a diagnosis of ALS. Tube feeding and non‐invasive positive‐pressure ventilation were initiated. He died of respiratory failure at the age of 71. There was no family history of either neurological disorders or dementia. Neuropathological examination revealed severe loss of neurons and gliosis in the PNL system in addition to the upper and lower motor neuron system. p‐TDP‐43 pathology was widespread in the PNL and motor neuron systems and also in the amygdala and hippocampus where no significant gliosis or neuronal loss was detected. Synuclein pathology was not observed in the investigated areas. Immunoblot analysis of p‐TDP‐43 C‐terminal fragments showed a type B band pattern consistent with sporadic ALS. This is the first case of ALS with PNLD, in which p‐TDP‐43 distribution was widespread in the hippocampal formation (Nishihira type 2 and Brettschneider stage 4), and the type B immunoblot pattern was confirmed. Our case indicated that the PNL system can be involved in the disease process in sporadic ALS cases, although rarely. We also reviewed previous autopsy cases of ALS with PNLD to clarify the clinicopathological features.
The unusual S locus of Leavenworthia is composed of two sets of paralogous loci
Authors: Chantha Sier‐Ching , Herman Adam C. , Castric Vincent , Vekemans Xavier , Marande William , Schoen Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

The Leavenworthia self‐incompatibility locus (S locus) consists of paralogs (Lal2, SCRL) of the canonical Brassicaceae S locus genes (SRK, SCR), and is situated in a genomic position that differs from the ancestral one in the Brassicaceae. Unexpectedly, in a small number of Leavenworthia alabamica plants examined, sequences closely resembling exon 1 of SRK have been found, but the function of these has remained unclear.

BAC cloning and expression analyses were employed to characterize these SRK‐like sequences.

An SRK‐positive Bacterial Artificial Chromosome clone was found to contain complete SRK and SCR sequences located close by one another in the derived genomic position of the Leavenworthia S locus, and in place of the more typical Lal2 and SCRL sequences. These sequences are expressed in stigmas and anthers, respectively, and crossing data show that the SRK/SCR haplotype is functional in self‐incompatibility. Population surveys indicate that < 5% of Leavenworthia S loci possess such alleles.

An ancestral translocation or recombination event involving SRK/SCR and Lal2/SCRL likely occurred, together with neofunctionalization of Lal2/SCRL, and both haplotype groups now function as Leavenworthia S locus alleles. These findings suggest that S locus alleles can have distinctly different evolutionary origins.
PacBio metabarcoding of Fungi and other eukaryotes: errors, biases and perspectives
Authors: Tedersoo Leho , Tooming‐Klunderud Ave , Anslan Sten
Published: September 2017

Second‐generation, high‐throughput sequencing methods have greatly improved our understanding of the ecology of soil microorganisms, yet the short barcodes (< 500 bp) provide limited taxonomic and phylogenetic information for species discrimination and taxonomic assignment.

Here, we utilized the third‐generation Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RSII and Sequel instruments to evaluate the suitability of full‐length internal transcribed spacer (ITS) barcodes and longer rRNA gene amplicons for metabarcoding Fungi, Oomycetes and other eukaryotes in soil samples.

Metabarcoding revealed multiple errors and biases: Taq polymerase substitution errors and mis‐incorporating indels in sequencing homopolymers constitute major errors; sequence length biases occur during PCR, library preparation, loading to the sequencing instrument and quality filtering; primer–template mismatches bias the taxonomic profile when using regular and highly degenerate primers.

The RSII and Sequel platforms enable the sequencing of amplicons up to 3000 bp, but the sequence quality remains slightly inferior to Illumina sequencing especially in longer amplicons. The full ITS barcode and flanking rRNA small subunit gene greatly improve taxonomic identification at the species and phylum levels, respectively. We conclude that PacBio sequencing provides a viable alternative for metabarcoding of organisms that are of relatively low diversity, require > 500‐bp barcode for reliable identification or when phylogenetic approaches are intended.
The Relational Sources of Advocacy Strategies: Comparative Evidence from the European and U.S. Climate Change Sectors
Authors: Hadden Jennifer
Published: September 2017

How do advocacy organizations make tactical choices? This paper contributes to theory building in advocacy studies by examining how the decision‐making processes of advocacy organizations are affected by the choices of their peers. Drawing on qualitative interviews with practitioners in two contexts—the European Union and the United States—I document that organizations face pressures toward cohesion and differentiation with the tactical choices of other organizations. Other important processes—such as rational evaluation of political opportunities, resource dependence, and ideological constraint—are also reported to be influential, although these processes are sometimes influenced by relational dynamics. These findings suggest new variables and relationships of interest for future quantitative research and provide insight into the growing complexity of climate politics.