bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and hydration management in patients with acute kidney injury
Authors: Barrett Maria
Published: May 2019

In this article, Maria Barrett discusses the role of nutrition and hydration management in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), and explores why current nutritional studies have not yet delivered a conclusive answer on whether nutrition support can effectively improve outcomes for those with AKI
Disparities in kidney health across the UK
Authors: Loft Rosie
Published: May 2019

Kidney Research UK has published a report into kidney health inequalities in the UK, which shows how particular groups of people are at greater risk of developing kidney disease. Rosie Loft explains how the report shows that these groups face worse outcomes from kidney disease and sets out the research needed to address these challenges
The Association of Nephrology Nurses UK: one year on
Authors: Jenkins Karen
Published: May 2019

On the first anniversary of the founding of The Association of Nephrology Nurses UK (ANN UK), ANN UK President Karen Jenkins reflects on what the association has achieved during its first year in operation, as well as explaining some of the association's aims for the future and what you can do to get involved
General Bibliographic Sources
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines general bibliographic sources. In developing a search strategy, an awareness of general bibliographic tools and online searching strategies and procedures is useful. Just as each book is indexed and organized differently, each online database works differently. These differences factor into the development of search strategies. In addition, almost any research project will employ library catalogs and bibliographies. Library catalogs may include the collection of a single library or of many libraries, and bibliographies range widely in scope and size. National bibliographies are an important research resource, and those that cover discrete periods of time are often very useful. Meanwhile, many publishers, historical societies, scholars, libraries, and individuals have created websites that contain material of interest to legal researchers. When considering such sites, researchers should think about how to locate them, how reliable they are, whether they will exist in the future, and how they can be used.
The Early Republic, 1790s–1870s
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at sources of information about American law during the 1790s–1870s. To “create” a body of law, most states passed “reception statutes,” which generally allowed English law as of a certain date to be considered a part of the state's laws. Even with the reception statutes, however, not a lot of law was yet made in many of the states or in the United States as a whole. Therefore, for several decades, U.S. court decisions continued to rely on English law. In considering nineteenth-century sources, a researcher should keep in mind that legal publishing was not very advanced, even in the largest of the new states. As the court systems developed, a system for case reporting took shape but remained a nongovernmental activity until into the nineteenth century. Other sources of information include case files, court journals, court dockets, session law publications, and private laws.
Nonlaw Research
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter explores several types of nonlaw resources for legal history research. Since the law defines the relationships that people have with the state and, frequently, with each other, it is intimately related to many other areas of scholarship and inquiry. Legal researchers will often have to expand their research beyond the law and delve into politics, sociology, economics, psychology, current or historical events, and many other areas. The list of nonlaw resources offered in the chapter is not exhaustive but includes the most important and frequently used sources: newspapers; periodical literature, monographs and dissertations; statistical resources; and public records. There are many guides to research in each of these areas. Indeed, many academic libraries provide topical research guides for free on their websites. For more in-depth guidance, researchers should use library catalogs.
The Servant as Information Center
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the figure of the servant as an information center, both in connection with and as opposed to modern search engines. It proposes an analogy between the literary character Reginald Jeeves, the butler in P. G. Wodehouse's stories, and the search engine AskJeeves.com, which chose that literary figure as the prototype of its corporate identity. The idea is that the techniques of information retrieval, organization, and distribution which the classic butler or domestic employs already act as a search engine avant la letter. The claim will be further illustrated with the example of the library servant and his transformation from a subservient carrier and sorter of books to the powerful electronic library catalogue OPAC (online public access catalogue) of today.
Holding the Reins: On Demons and Other Ministering Spirits of Science
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with the history of sciences—more specifically, on the lab as the operational headquarters of the marginalized helpers in the production of knowledge. Following a brief history of demons and their central role in thought experiments, the chapter draws parallels between the theoretical activity of the ministering spirits of science and the concrete, yet equally elusive work of lab servants. These figures evince negentropic qualities—without their hidden yet constant (prep) work, any theoretical or experimental insight into the laws of nature would prove impossible. Starting from the precarious relation between the public scientist and his invisible aides, the chapter further discusses the benefits of and issues with fictionality in the scientific domain.
Idle Time
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter investigates how subalterns spend those long periods of inactivity. By virtue of their function, they continue to work even when all they have to do is wait: either for the next command or for the bell, from one of the rooms or at the front door. Waiting makes all servants equal, irrespective of their real status: whether they are high-ranking messengers, servants of communication stationed somewhere at the periphery, or underlings passing the time in the staff room, they wait for the bell to ring. But whenever they are deep in thought, lost in reading, or taking in spiritual nourishment, servants do not necessarily manage their own time but rather the time of their masters. The lack of activity is not meant for their own comfort or relaxation.
Swindler Sachem
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

According to his kin, John Wompas was “no sachem,” although he claimed that status to achieve his economic and political ends. He drew on the legal and political practices of both Indians and the English—even visiting and securing the support of King Charles II—to legitimize the land sales that funded his extravagant spending. But he also used the knowledge acquired in his English education to defend the land and rights of his fellow Nipmucs. This book offers a window on seventeenth-century New England and the Atlantic world from the unusual perspective of an American Indian who, even though he may not have been what he claimed, was certainly out of the ordinary. Drawing on documentary and anthropological sources as well as consultations with Native people, the book shows how Wompas turned the opportunities and hardships of economic, cultural, religious, and political forces in the emerging English empire to the benefit of himself and his kin.
“To Bee Trained Up Among the English”
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This chapter details John Wompas's youth in the town of Roxbury. Although Roxbury was an English town, it had a decidedly Indian side. Because Roxbury was the home of John Eliot, the “apostle to the Indians,” the town was a destination as well as a way station. It stood at the heart of the English effort to bring “civility” and Christianity to the Indians, a project that would frame much of John Wompas's life. John Eliot, Daniel Gookin, and colleagues from surrounding towns used several different approaches to converting and “civilizing” the Indians. These approaches include establishing Christian Indian towns, preparing Indians to form their own Puritan congregations, recruiting Indian children to live and work within English families, and shepherding a small number of Indian children through English grammar school to enroll at Harvard College.
“The English Did Wrong Them About Their Lands”
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This chapter details John Wompas's experience of returning home and finding an English family occupying his house, which was emblematic of the situation facing New England Indians in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, a situation dramatically accelerated by the recent war. Everywhere, the English had taken possession of Indian property, shutting Indians out with their fences, their livestock, and their laws. Not just barriers and deeds, but also colony-wide restrictions on Indian activity made what once had been Indian land off limits. This seems to have triggered a radical change in Wompas, turning him from a man who moved fluidly between Indian and English worlds in pursuit of his own interests to one who consistently represented himself as an Indian, championed Indian interests, and aspired to Indian leadership.
The Rule of Numbers
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

This chapter suggests that there is something uncomfortable about democracy as we live in it today, where the majority is considered as the righteous ruler. Thus, if the majority wants electricity, and if providing that service requires a few people to give up their land or health, then the few should sacrifice for the whole. How did American democracy get to the point where standing up for one's personal rights became understood as an affront to the broader collective good? The short answer is that the democratic state's rendering of most things and people into numbers has created such a state of affairs, which is referred to the “rule of numbers.” People, ecology, or really anything can be added or subtracted, and all that matters in the end is what comes out of the equation.
The Rural Rebel
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the rural rebel, who has been labeled with disparaging terms such as “hick,” “hillbilly,” “redneck,” “white trash,” etc. Such monikers stood for, and in large part remain tied to, political conservatives and the traditions of their environment, and opposed to the notion of progress that the state demands. It is argued that such terms denigrate the environmental embeddedness of the poor they are used to describe. Rebels exist because all states have their problems, even democratic ones; because people are environmentally embedded, and they have never ceased to be; and because the democratic state is not all-encompassing in its representation.
Macbeth as Political Comedy
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at William Shakespeare's Macbeth as a source for graphic satire. Given both its resonant depiction of regicide, atrocity, and criminality, and its sensational conjoining of the political and the fantastical, it is to be expected that Macbeth was a recurrent source for the period's graphic satirists. Between 1754 and 1835, at least sixty-two political prints cite the play in some manner: thirty-seven do so in extended or elaborate ways, and many others engage with it by means of brief but often complex intertextual gestures of the kind exemplified in Isaac Cruikshank's The Near in Blood, The Nearer Bloody (1793). The chapter then considers the largest and most prominent cluster of Macbeth prints, that is, parodies of the weird sisters. The weird sisters have long been the subject of scholarly fascination, but when looked at through the political and parodic lens of graphic satire, their history and status seems suddenly less familiar.
Gulliver Goes to War
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels as a source for graphic satire, specifically considering James Gillray's King of Brobdingnag, and Gulliver (1803). In a parodic reimagining of Part 2, Chapter 7 of Gulliver's Travels, George III, dressed in military uniform, scrutinizes with his spyglass the diminutive, swaggering Napoleon standing on the palm of his outstretched right hand. It is one of the most reproduced and instantly recognizable political caricatures in British history, and it has come increasingly to be entwined in the cultural memory with the very text it adapts. Of course, the efficacy of this 1803 caricature lies in its striking simplicity—the juxtaposition of two profile figures, one small one large, against a plain background—but the question of how it orients itself in relation both to Gulliver's Travels and to the longer history of that text's adaptation and political appropriation is more complex.
The Victim-Perpetrator Encounter
Authors: Pollin-Galay Hannah
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores witnesses’ notions of culpability and justice in the victim-perpetrator encounter. Within the Yiddish-Lithuanian corpus, the act of identifying guilty parties figures prominently. These locally focused conversations make less room for German perpetrators. Neighbors are both the most human and the most deplorable Holocaust perpetrators. By contrast, the personal-allegorical genre in the American context does not promise to produce the names of guilty parties. Witnesses blame a crisis of values, hate, or antisemitism rather than individual people. Geographic distance makes it less relevant to list the names of guilty neighbors. Contemporary political and economic advantages, being an American citizen, make it less moral to seek retribution. For those participating in the Israeli ecology, depicting the perpetrator often leads to a critique of the Jewish response to victimization. Narratives dwell upon the strategy of the perpetrator—on identifying the system behind his aggression and evaluating it. Some narrators in this ecology emphasize how Holocaust perpetration is common knowledge in Israeli life: The facts of anti-Jewish persecution are already well known, tamed within the space of the national archive, and thus require less forensic energy.
Accent as Archive: Yiddish and Language Biographies
Authors: Pollin-Galay Hannah
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the symbolic valences of the Yiddish language in all three ecologies. As idioms of new life, of reordering, the very sounding of English or Hebrew speech on tape establishes a teleological direction in the narrative, foreshadowing different types of language conversion that the witness will undergo at some point in the story. Since oral and video media highlight accents and speech patterns, a tonal Yiddish undercurrent may have a significant impact on testimonial meaning, creating the impression that there is a source language, an alternate voice that haunts the one narrating. If Yiddish embodies a meaning-system that was lost, then quoting, recalling, or ignoring this tongue is a way for witnesses to enact the results of cultural transformation. The chapter then tackles the question of how Yiddish functions as a language of testimony at the end of the twentieth century and beginning of the twenty-first. Here, witnesses make the language into both an artifact of memory and a tool of expression. These Yiddish oral recordings constitute a new chapter in the history of Yiddish oral art.
Places and Non-Places
Authors: Pollin-Galay Hannah
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines how witnesses animate places, both those reconstructed in narrative and those displayed on camera. Moreover, this chapter delves into the question of catastrophe as bodily perception. Memories of radical physical alienation, kinetic maneuvering, and topographical orientation all contribute to the witness’s notion of history. For witnesses testifying in Israeli and North American settings, their physical environments support different narratives of disembedding. Witnesses’ sense that something about themselves and the world has drastically changed can be affirmed by the physical scenery of today, which is, in fact, very different than the one within which they were born. Witnesses testifying in Yiddish in Lithuania have substantially different spatial guidelines when telling their stories. In this setting, progression in time is not matched by movement in space. The cities of Kovna, Vilna, and Shavl provide images of both prewar origin and postwar destination. Even dark places—ghettos and shootings pits—can intermingle with the geography of the everyday.
The Genesis and Trajectory of Anti-Jesuitism, 1554–1761
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the successive stages in the long history of anti-Jesuitism from the 1550s to 1759—that is, before and until it became part of a European-wide movement for positive Catholic reform. A largely French story, its stages are Gallican and Jansenist, followed by the eighteenth-century synthesis of the two. The chapter also makes a case for the preponderance of the French role in the formation of Catholic anti-Jesuitism despite long forays to England, the Dutch Republic, China, and New Spain (or Mexico). Largely if not exclusively a French creation, by 1759 Catholic anti-Jesuitism had recovered and synthesized all of its successive phases and stages while assimilating to its corpus every other gravamen against the Society from every other corner of Europe and the European-influenced globe.
Portugal and Spain, 1754–1767
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at how the role of France in the demise of the Society of Jesus turned out to be as pivotal as the Italian Augustinians had hoped it would be. The plotting and planning began in Rome after Clément's visit there in 1758–1759. Regretting that the Damiens affair in France had not led to a general assault against the Jesuits, Bottari suggested that in order to extinguish the Society without recourse to the papacy, it would “suffice if other important princes such as the King of France or Spain would slay them in his realm,” in which case other states might follow suit. At that point Bottari found inspiration in the example of Portugal, and it is there that the process began.
Naples, Parma, and the Bourbon Family Pact, 1767–1773
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how the story of the final Spanish phase of the end of the prerevolutionary Society of Jesus is unedifying, even ugly, despite the historian Augustin Theiner's efforts to sanctify it. Graceless and inglorious to the end, the final phase of the Bourbon campaign against the Jesuits came to its conclusion with the secretary Macedonio's formal presentation of the brief to a still astonished Ricci and his assistants at the Society's headquarters at Al Gesù Church in Rome on the morning of August 16, the date of the brief's official publication. As of that date in Rome, and by degrees as church and states implemented the papal brief's provisions elsewhere, the once proud Society of Jesus ceased to exist.
The End of the Jesuits and the Polarization of Catholic Europe, 1773–1791
Authors: Van Kley Dale K.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains how the papacy's first brief in reaction to the revolutionary legislation indeed condemned the concept of “rights in society,” a principle the brief attributed to the National Assembly's usurpation of not only temporal but also spiritual power. For what really brought Pius VI's anathemas down on the French Revolution was the National Assembly's unilateral attempt to bring the organization of the Gallican Church into conformity with the principles of the Revolution by means of the legislation known as the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Combined with the inevitable papal condemnation of 1791, it was that ecclesiastical legislation and the French and European Catholic reaction to both that would ring the death knell of Reform Catholicism.
The Cult of Beauty
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1890 to 1918. It has been argued that cultural despair was the distinguishing mark of modernism in the British compared to their European and North American counterparts, where a generally upbeat tone was more evident. Since the age of the Grand Tour, a pathology deeply marked by Mediterranean influences had characterized British culture. Thus, it was only logical that this remained true entering the twentieth century, and that despair and a sense of national fragility remained part of the mix. That hallmark characteristic had various roots, but critical to it was a continuing apprehension that the British remained unique as a leading European power in lacking an authentic, mature civilization of their own.
That Splendid Enclosure
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes how the spirit of commemoration of those killed in the Great War, which became such a hallmark of national culture in the years ahead, always remained overwhelmingly Southern and Greek. What was involved was not just aesthetic in a purely artistic sense. The legacy of physical disfigurement from war service was one prime reason why consciousness of beauty was habitual in society at large. Simplicity, minimalism, and the whiteness of marble were inherent in this rejuvenation of classical principles. For instance, the bare austerity of Edwin Lutyens's Cenotaph in Whitehall, erected in 1920, drew upon ancient Greek tombs at Xanthos. In her 1925 volume of essays, The Common Reader, Virginia Woolf captured essential elements in this national mood during the first years after the war by relating the British condition to the ancient Greek mind.
Introduction
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Gupta Anna , Morris Kate , White Sue
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter provides a background of child protection and its intersection with wider social policies and social trends. The modern child protection system emerged in the 1960s, rooted in a concern to stop babies dying or being ‘battered’ by parents who were considered to be suffering from a lack of empathic mothering in their own lives. Poverty, bad housing, and other social factors were screened out as holding helpful explanatory value in relation to why some babies were seriously harmed by their carers. From those beginnings, rooted in care for babies who were powerless and voiceless, and compassion for emotionally deprived parents, the system has expanded enormously in terms of remit, research base, influence, and power within a complex and changing society. The chapter then considers the core aspects and assumptions behind the welfare state and the emergence of a discourse around individual responsibility and risk that encompasses cause, consequence, and attribution.
A social model for protecting children: changing our thinking?
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Gupta Anna , Morris Kate , White Sue
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the evolution of the social model for child protection in areas such as disability and mental health. In these domains, there has been a very clear ‘other’ to which the social model was responding — medicine and the notion of biological damage. Similar individualised and pathologised stories are dominating thinking about child protection. It is thus timely to discuss the understanding of the possibilities presented by the notion of a social model for protecting children. The chapter then considers the key interrelated elements of reworking a social model: understanding and tackling root causes; rethinking the role of the state; developing relationship-based practice and co-production; and embedding a dialogic approach to ethics and human rights in policy and practice.
Domestic abuse: a case study
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Gupta Anna , Morris Kate , White Sue
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on domestic abuse. The recognition that poverty is a factor in domestic abuse and is linked to men's perceptions of the breadwinner role suggests how vital it is to understand and engage with social constructions of masculinity. Overall, given the extensive evidence that has emerged of the focus by child welfare and protection systems on deprived populations, the levels of domestic abuse that are commonly to be found in families subject to child protection processes are to be expected and add fuel to the concerns about the invisibility of poverty in contemporary child protection policies and practices. Moreover, a range of system interventions can either trap women in abusive relationships or be a driver of their vulnerability to poverty post separation. This reinforces the need to critically interrogate the implications of system interactions including child protection systems.
Concluding thoughts
Authors: Featherstone Brid , Gupta Anna , Morris Kate , White Sue
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter argues that, in order to do differently, people need bigger conversations that involve those from a range of endeavours and disciplines and all those concerned with, and impacted by, child protection. In social work, talking about the relationship between child abuse, neglect, and poverty is currently framed by notions of reinforcing or avoiding stigmatising or oppressive generalisations. However, accepting that poverty means it is more likely that children may be harmed means the societal and individual value of reducing child and family poverty becomes clearer. Poverty is a child protection matter and social work needs a conversation about what this means for the knowledge base and everyday practices. The chapter then explores some possibilities for democratising conversations more generally.
Sexual Politics of Gendered Violence and Women's Citizenship
Authors: Franzway Suzanne , Moulding Nicole , Wendt Sarah , Zufferey Carole , Chung Donna
Published: May 2019

The challenge of violence against women should be recognised as an issue for the state, citizenship, and the whole community. This book examines how responses by the state sanction violence against women and shape a woman's citizenship long after she has escaped from a violent partner. Drawing from a long-term study of women's lives in Australia, including before and after a relationship with a violent partner, it investigates the effects of intimate partner violence on aspects of everyday life including housing, employment, mental health, and social participation. The book contributes to theoretical explanations of violence against women by reframing it through the lens of sexual politics. Finally, it offers critical insights for the development of social policy and practice.
Problems of citizenship, violence and gender
Authors: Franzway Suzanne , Moulding Nicole , Wendt Sarah , Zufferey Carole , Chung Donna
Published: May 2019

This chapter draws together theoretical perspectives in developing an argument about gendered violence and women's citizenship. It suggests that the state's role in securing, enabling, and maintaining the rights of citizens plays an important part in how violence is perpetrated and challenged. The apparent failure of the state to protect women as citizens from persistent violence is examined, with particular attention to the sexual politics of power and violence and the interconnections of material conditions, discourses, and subjectivities in the everyday life of the citizen. The chapter proposes that the persistence of domestic violence is implicated in the sexual politics of citizenship. In addition, the discursive impact of a politics of ignorance serves to deny or obscure how women's inequality, materially and discursively, is produced and reproduced in everyday life.
Challenges of researching gendered violence
Authors: Franzway Suzanne , Moulding Nicole , Wendt Sarah , Zufferey Carole , Chung Donna
Published: May 2019

This chapter is focused on the challenges of researching gendered violence. Here, the chapter presents the empirical foundation and design of a large-scale national study conducted across Australia; which included a major survey, in-depth interviews, and constructed life histories. This chapter also considers some of the challenges faced when conducting and participating in gendered violence research in the context of the politics of ignorance and sexual politics. Given the risks that can flow from participating in and conducting research into gendered violence, it was particularly vital that the study was tightly conceptualised and methodologically sound, so that the benefits of participation by contributing to the development of new knowledge clearly outweighed any risks. The research study outlined here aimed to reveal the breadth and interconnected nature of the impact of intimate partner violence on women's citizenship as part of challenging wilful ignorance about violence and its relationship to gender inequality. As such, this research was an inherently political project that involved balancing a number of key considerations.
Living the connected effects of violence
Authors: Franzway Suzanne , Moulding Nicole , Wendt Sarah , Zufferey Carole , Chung Donna
Published: May 2019

This chapter is about how living the connected effects of violence situates the argument that domestic violence reverberates across women's lives and erodes their citizenship. A data analysis here reveals the effects of intimate partner violence on the material, emotional, and social aspects of women's lives and how such violence disrupts and restricts their combined capabilities to participate in everyday life, very often for lengthy periods. The chapter offers insights into how women's experiences are shaped by a range of factors, such as state legislation and policy, the resilience or hostility of their own families and communities, and the availability of opportunities to gain and maintain employment. It reveals that women who have experienced violence rarely regain their place on their original life course. The quality of their housing, employment, mental health, and social participation is generally diminished.
The UK policy context: reconfiguration of the Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative to reflect the importance of relationships and ensuring sustainability
Authors: Entwistle Francesca , Dykes Fiona
Published: May 2019

Over the last 20 years, the Unicef UK Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) has succeeded in gaining national recognition for the importance of breastfeeding and creating new ‘common knowledge’ related to many breastfeeding practices in the health service and among policy makers. For example, once hotly debated topics such as skin-to-skin contact, rooming in, teaching mothers how to breastfeed and avoiding supplements are now accepted as good practice. While not every mother in the UK receives this level of support, overall standards have improved and breastfeeding initiation rates have steadily increased: from 62% in 1990, to 76% in 2005, to 81% in 2010 (...
Breastfeeding’s emotional intensity: pride, shame and status
Authors: Smyth Lisa
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at how underlying social processes of status inequality, anxiety, and shame shape infant feeding orientation. It examines this connection by looking at the ways in which status anxiety experienced through shame makes infant feeding an emotionally intense feature of early mothering. Infant feeding is often experienced as emotionally intense, not only because of practical concerns with how one's baby might be growing and thriving, but also because of the moralised approach to promotion strategies. When breastfeeding is established as the hallmark of good mothering, the feeling that one is failing can be very damaging, whether one is not breastfeeding at all, not breastfeeding appropriately, or not breastfeeding with sufficient dedication. It should be no surprise that advertising for infant formula explicitly reassures non-breastfeeding mothers that this approach to feeding also signals devotion to infant health, bonding, and taking pride in children's development. However, this chapter argues that the shaming effects of current breastfeeding advocacy also undermine attempts to normalise the practice, as avoiding potential shame can mean avoiding breastfeeding completely.
‘Betwixt and between’: women’s experiences of breastfeeding long term
Authors: Dowling Sally
Published: May 2019

This chapter draws on research with women who breastfeed for longer than is usual in the United Kingdom, where a minority of women are still breastfeeding at six months and an unknown number breastfeed into the second year of life and beyond. The anthropological concept of liminality (being ‘neither one thing nor another’) is used to explore and understand their experiences. The chapter takes ideas about liminality and relates them to breastfeeding long term, discussing how they might help those working in this area to support more mothers to breastfeed for longer. It briefly outlines what is known about long-term breastfeeding from previous research and explains the concept of liminality. The remainder of the chapter discusses the findings in relation to liminality and how this has been used to think about breastfeeding, and considers what being ‘betwixt and between’ means for breastfeeding women. The idea of breastfeeding as polluting or ‘matter out of place’ is also briefly discussed.
Breastfeeding and modern parenting culture: when worlds collide
Authors: Brown Amy
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the modern parenting culture and how it affects breastfeeding. The combination of maternal isolation and modern lifestyle pressures has paved the way for a multimillion-pound baby care book market, with self-styled experts promising new parents structure to their day, ‘control’ of their infant and, importantly, time for themselves. Infants, according to these authors, can be trained to feed less frequently, sleep through the night, and need little interaction during the day. This chapter considers their impact on mothers and babies. We know that responsive care has the best outcomes for infants — socially, emotionally and educationally. We also know that breastfeeding works best when mothers are responsive, feeding to their infant's cues of hunger and satiety rather than a set routine. Conversely, the pressures on modern parents, and the impact of exhaustion and isolation upon maternal well-being, are also clear. This chapter explores this complex issue by looking at the drivers for parents adopting strict infant routines, alongside the potential impact of this on breastfeeding success. It considers what changes are needed at a societal level to enable both breastfeeding to succeed and maternal well-being to be protected.
Encountering public art: monumental breasts and the Skywhale
Authors: Bartlett Alison
Published: May 2019

This chapter is grounded in the idea that more visual imagery of breastfeeding will contribute to its normalisation, and counter the commercial sexualisation of breasts. It suggests, however, that this strategy is not just about seeing but also about feeling. To demonstrate this the chapter turns to a controversial piece of public art — Patricia Piccinini's Skywhale — which was launched in Australia in 2013 and has been touring internationally. The Skywhale is a hot-air balloon in the shape of a fantastical creature of the imagination, which features five giant breasts on each side. This unexpected flying mammal provokes responses wherever it goes, and arguably provides productive ways of engaging public responses to breastfeeding and maternity. This chapter examines responses to Skywhale through broadsheet and social media, and then analyses its affective domain through psychoanalytic concepts and its materiality through the tradition of public art and monuments. The extremes of intimacy and monumentality configured through Skywhale offer an object par excellence for seeing breastfeeding writ large in the public domain, and for feeling the return of the maternal. The chapter argues that this is fundamental to a shift in perceiving breasts as maternal, and breastfeeding as normative.
Thinking politically: challenging public education
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book presents a new conceptualisation, so-called Knowledgeable Polities, and identifies and deploys the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polity as the methodological means of examining the dynamics of the state, people, practices, ideologies and networks. Such an approach allows the study to consider the conditions for rethinking politically ongoing ‘reforms’ of education. The book provides access to ideas, evidence, and practices vital for the re-politicisation of public services education. By engaging with Hannah Arendt as a ‘discussion partner’, it explores a range of ideas and arguments.
Plurality: the idea and reality of choice
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the continued dominance of the private over the common purposes of education. It focuses on access to a school and examines what this means for plurality. Notably, through the deployment of the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polity, it gives prime attention to the demand side and how deregulation by the state means that parents have been offered ‘choice’ in the public system through schemes such as vouchers. The practices involved in offering and responding to the exercise of a preference for a ‘good’ school place is enabled through a form of depoliticisation by colonisation of globally networked market ideologies. Instinctively it seems that vouchers are enabling of plurality, but the chapter show how parental choice mechanisms are primarily rhetorical, by facilitating and strengthening segregation as a form of biopolitical distinctiveness.
Responsibility and judging: producing and using numbers
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: May 2019

In the high stakes context of biopolitical distinctiveness, what matters appears to be selecting data and using it to make performance claims by smoothing a narrative. This chapter examines how this is integral to segregating the system using Hannah Arendt's (2003) thinking about responsibility and judgement, where she identifies what happens when people are rendered thoughtless, particularly in how a situation is framed and understood through fabricated myth-making. The deployment of the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polity to the creation of ‘data-rich’ schools in England enables an examination of a form of depoliticisation by calculation where the interplay between standards, numbers, and school leadership is deployed to change identities and practices. The state has been able to make contractual alliances with elite individuals, companies, and networked knowledge producers who have used particular ideologies in order to present a seductive, trainable, and measurable model for the modern professional.
Transnational grandparenting: the intersection of transnationalism and translocality
Authors: Zhou Yanqiu Rachel
Published: May 2019

Using the case of transnational childcare by Chinese grandparents in Canada, this chapter presents a perspective on transnational grandparenting beyond a narrow cultural lens. Drawing on theories of transnationalism and translocality, it analyses three interconnected aspects of transnational grandparenting: (1) intergenerational love in the context of neoliberal care restructuring; (2) intergenerational families in the context of border control; and (3) generational reciprocity in the context of cultural rupture. It is concluded that an exploration of the intersection of transnationalism and translocality can contribute to a broader, contextualised perspective from which to understand the dynamics, dissonance, and effects of transnational grandparenting. This approach shows promise for revealing the complex intersections, including tensions, between mobility and locality, and thus allows a less linear and more open and inclusive conceptualisation of the manifold ways in which transnational grandparenting is constituted.
Transnational grandmother–grandchild relationships in the context of migration from Lithuania to Ireland
Authors: Vildaite Dovile
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the impact of transnational family migration on the relationships between Lithuanian migrant adolescents living in Ireland and their non-migrant grandmothers residing in Lithuania. Drawing on cross-generational perspectives obtained through multi-sited, in-depth interviews, this chapter focuses on three major themes, namely: 1) the changing nature of grandmother-grandchild relationship as perceived by both parties involved; 2) practices endorsed in maintaining intergenerational ties transnationally; and 3) the key factors contributing to the grandmother-grandchild relationship in transnationally dispersed families. Findings discussed in this chapter contribute to the study of intergenerational relationships by providing a more nuanced understanding of how significant physical distance and long-time separation affect relationships, contact practices, and perceived emotional ties between grandparents and grandchildren.
Conclusions: the grandparents’ century?
Authors: Timonen Virpi
Published: May 2019

This chapter contains reflections on the notion that the 21st century could be called the ‘grandparents’ century’. This is a reference to the prediction that, by the middle of this century, there will be relatively more ‘old’ people than children in the global population. As the majority of older adults are grandparents, the global population in the 21st century is characterised by the presence of unprecedented numbers of grandparents. Grandparents will be increasingly old, and many of them will enjoy good health. In some cases, they might even compete over the opportunity to spend time with and care for one or two grandchildren. Higher proportions of the younger grandparents will be working, if the plans to extend working lives succeed, but they will share such long spans of life with their grandchildren that they might have a better opportunity to bond when the latter are teenagers or young adults. Grandparents, rather than parents, might become important sources of direct material transfers to their grandchildren. Whether and when people become grandparents, and how this varies across contexts, and across cohorts, is set to define a new type of inequality – in access to, or inability to enter, the grandparent role.
Differential outcomes at school and beyond
Authors: Gorard Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents the simple patterns of a two-decade study into participation in education and attainment after the age of 16, in higher education, and throughout adult learners' lives. These findings are derived from the apparent differences in attainment by various social groups, girls and boys, types of schools, regions, and countries. The indicators covered in this chapter are the differences linked to family income, differences linked to special education needs (SEN), differences linked to precise age-in-year, differences linked to ethnicity, differences linked to first language, differences linked to recorded sex, participation in higher education, and finally, adult participation in education and training.
Differential attainment at school
Authors: Gorard Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks in more detail at some of the patterns of attainment in Chapter 3, such as by sex and area of residence. While these patterns change over time, all of them give further clues as to why the patterns themselves exist. As such, this chapter looks at some of the evidence on what were ‘moral panics’ at the time, such as the failure of pupils in Wales and the increasing under-achievement of boys and of parts of the United Kingdom. It also suggests that using the more sensitive measure of the duration of poverty (years with free school meals, or FSM) has much to recommend it. Using the number of years a student has been eligible for FSM, and how segregated a school system is by poverty and other indicators of disadvantage, it is possible to explain substantive differences such as the apparently superior attainment of schools in the South of England compared to the North.
Differential school effects
Authors: Gorard Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains why no type of school within the national school system has been found to be more effective than any other with equivalent students. It discusses the promising value-added (VA) approach, which judges schools by the progress that their pupils make during attendance at the school — not their absolute levels of attainment. Data on all pupils in the relevant school population is used to predict as accurately as possible how well each pupil will score in a subsequent test of attainment. Any difference between the predicted and observed test result is then used as a residual. The averaged residuals for each school are termed the school's ‘effect’, and are intended to represent the average amount by which pupils in that school progress more or less when compared to equivalent pupils in all other schools. This judgement about progress is intended to be independent of the raw-score figures, making it fairer than assessment by raw scores. Since this ‘school effect’ is deemed a characteristic of the school, not its specific cohort of pupils, it should be reasonably consistent over time.
The seven proposed analytical dimensions
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

This chapter proposes seven analytical dimensions for the academic analysis and practical management of public policy resources in the real world, which must include, first and foremost, an analysis of the strategic objectives of the actors that mobilize such resources and the objectives an actor pursues through the acquisition of rights of use to a set of resources. Only then should analysts move on to deal with the production and modalities of resource acquisition, the maintenance and modalities of resource use, the substitution and combination of resources, and the exchangeability and modalities of resource exchange. With regard to the latter, this chapter insists on the fact that resource exchanges are always structured in accordance with the principle of do ut des (“I give under the condition that you give me something”).
Personnel
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with the resource Personnel which is another important resource in the hands of public and private actors and is usually managed using an institutional policy known as human resources policy. It describes the high degree of regulation of the use of this resource, even in the ‘post public service’ age, the key postulates of modern human resource policies for public action, and the importance of budgetary cuts for this resource. Examples are drawn from money laundering policies, environmental policies, professional training policies and labour market policies. The chapter specifically refers to the numerous modes of exchange of this resource between target groups and political-administrative actors.
Money
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

This chapter, which is dedicated to the resource Money, challenges the saying that ‘money has no smell’. Money should not be confused with the resource Property and cannot be considered as a ‘super-resource’ because, among other reasons, irregular uses of this resource are frequent (not only as means of corruption) and the modalities of its use are highly regulated. The examples are drawn from public tendering policies and several policies that use subsidies aimed at selected target groups (agricultural, environmental, social or land-use policy). The chapter deals in particular with incentive-based policies, the use of money to generate political support and many examples of resource exchanges involving Money, e.g. for Personnel, Property, Consensus, Information and Law.