bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enigmatic psittacine chlamydiosis: Results of serotesting and isolation attempts, 1978 through 1983, and considerations for the future
Authors: Grimes James E.
Published: February 2025

From 1978 through 1983, chlamydiosis was diagnosed by isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from various types of psittacine birds. The organism was isolated from 126 (30.4%) of 414 tissue specimens, with the percentages ranging from 12.5% (budgerigars) to 42.8% (cockatiels), excluding 2 parakeets with 1 isolation (50%). From 1,035 cloacal swab/feces specimens, 51 (4.9%) isolations were made, ranging from 1.4% from African grays (1 of 70) to 27.8% from lovebirds (5 of 18).

Positive direct microscopic examination of stained (Gimenez method) tissue impressions correlated with positive isolation at a rate of 79.2% and those found negative by direct examination had a correlation of 87.5%. Direct complement-fixation testing was done on 3,485 sera. Forty-six were unsatisfactory for testing due to their being anticomplementary or reacting with control antigen. The distribution of titers ranged from 2,008 (57.6%) at 8 to 76 (2.2%) at ≥256.

In serotests and isolation attempts from the same bird, there was 42.8% agreement between titers ≥32 and positive isolation. One cockatiel with a complement-fixation titer of 16 yielded a positive isolation, whereas other types of birds with a ≤ 16 titer were negative.
Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. , Hart Lynette A.
Published: February 2025

Using a computer-generated data base of rankings of 56 breeds of dogs on 13 behavioral traits, a factor analysis was performed to determine the extent to which a few general underlying behavioral tendencies are manifested in specific characteristics. Three factors, referred to as reactivity, aggression, and trainability, accounted for 81% of the variance in the 13 behavioral traits. Subsequently, a cluster analysis was performed to generate 7 clusters of dog breeds on the basis of similarity in scores for each of the 3 main factors. The clusters reflected to some degree the conventional groupings of dogs into working, sporting, hound, and terrier breeds. A quantitative analysis of the ranking of male dogs vs female dogs for the 13 characteristics revealed that males differed from females on 10 traits. It was concluded that these gender and cluster profiles will allow people to select a breed or gender of dog that is most likely to match the emotional and physical needs of the person who will provide a home for the pet.
Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation in two non-Arabian horses
Authors: Wilson W. David , Hughes Sheree J. , Ghoshal Nani G. , McNeel Sandra V.
Published: February 2025

Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation was diagnosed in a 19-month-old mare of Appaloosa breeding and in a 3-year-old Quarter Horse gelding. Both horses had abnormal head and neck carriage since birth, but neurologic deficits did not become evident clinically until the horses reached 2 and 3 years of age, respectively. Palpation and manipulation of the base of the skull and cervical area proved to be useful diagnostically. Movement could not be elicited at the atlantooccipital joint but, in comparison with clinically normal horses, the range of dorsoventral motion at the atlantoaxial joint was increased. Alternate subluxation and relocation of this joint generated audible clicking sounds.

Radiography revealed symmetric atlantooccipital fusion, with modification of the atlas, atlantoaxial joint, and axis. These findings were confirmed at necropsy.
Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: Clinical observations
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Turner A. Simon , Park Richard D.
Published: February 2025

Correction was attempted in 27 foals (41 limbs) with angular deformities at the carpal region (35 limbs), metatarsophalangeal region (5 limbs) and distal end of the tibia (1 limb) by hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum (hctp) and periosteal stripping (ps). Successful outcome was determined by straight limbs and soundness, which was achieved in 81.5% of the cases, with 60% of the horses in performance training. Follow-up evaluation for all foals was completed at various times after physiologic closure of the physes. In none of the limbs was the deformity overcorrected.

Owners of foals with carpal region deviations corrected by means of hctp and ps were satisfied with the result. The cosmetic appearance of the surgical site was excellent. The hctp and ps adequately corrected greater degrees of carpal region deformity and greater degrees of deformity in older foals than previously reported with this or other surgical techniques.
Salmonella shed by horses with colic
Authors: Palmer Jonathan E. , Benson Charles E. , Whitlock Robert H.
Published: February 2025

Salmonella was isolated from 13 of 100 colicky horses admitted to a referral hospital. Seven horses were shedding the microorganism at or soon after hospital admission. A unique serotype was introduced into the hospital by a horse not shedding Salmonella at admission. It was concluded that 8 horses were infected before admission. Whether the remaining 5 horses were infected before or after admission could not be determined. Salmonella senftenberg was the most commonly isolated serotype from colicky horses and from horses with salmonellosis that were not colicky on hospital admission during the survey period. This organism was rarely isolated at the hospital before initiation of this survey.
Type I biplanar configuration of external skeletal fixation: Application technique in nine dogs and one cat
Authors: Egger Erick L. , Rigg Dale L. , Blass Charles E. , Berg R. John , Runyon Caroline L. , Wykes Peggy M.
Published: February 2025

Mechanical attributes and techniques of applying the type I biplanar (quadrilateral) configuration of external skeletal fixation are reported. The apparatus was used clinically on 9 dogs and 1 cat with long bone fractures. Bony union occurred in these animals, but was slightly delayed in one. Return to clinical function of the limb generally was good to excellent. The instances of delayed union and poor clinical results are discussed to emphasize the use of good techniques of application and case selection.
Malignant edema in horses
Authors: Rebhun William C. , Shin Sang J. , King John M. , Baum Karen H. , Patten Valerie
Published: February 2025

Malignant edema (clostridial myositis) was diagnosed in 9 horses with signs of illness that included fever, depression, painful muscular swellings, and toxemia. The infection followed intramuscular injections in 8 horses and developed in a puncture wound in 1 horse. Treatment consisted of surgical fenestration of the involved muscle, high doses of penicillin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and analgesics, and supportive fluid therapy. Five horses recovered and 4 died. Those that died had advanced signs of the disease at admission.
Malignant histiocytosis in four dogs
Authors: Wellman Maxey L. , Davenport Deborah J. , Morton Daniel , Jacobs Robert M.
Published: February 2025

The clinical and pathologic features of 4 dogs with malignant histiocytosis were evaluated. The most common clinical signs were weight loss, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and anemia. Neoplastic histiocytic infiltrates most commonly were found in the spleen, bone marrow, liver, or lymph nodes. Malignant histiocytosis was considered as a differential diagnosis for anemic dogs with lymphadenopathy and/or hepatosplenomegaly.
Lesions in the ocular posterior segment of raptors
Authors: Buyukmihci Nedim C.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-eight free-living raptors, including various hawks, owls, and an eagle, had lesions of the ocular posterior segment believed to be the result of trauma. Although lesions of the anterior ocular segment and of the rest of the body often were seen, the lesions of the posterior segment of the eye were disproportionately more severe and usually were not suspected by rehabilitation personnel. The tightly encased raptor eye, with its anteriorly placed scleral ossicles, may have rendered the eye more susceptible to contrecoup damage. In the birds that were treated, ocular lesions were resolved and some vision was restored.
Hemograms and microscopic lesions of herring gulls during captivity
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Leighton Frederick A.
Published: February 2025

Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) kept in captivity for a maximum of 28 days developed marked heterophilia and nonregenerative anemia. These hematologic findings remained abnormal throughout captivity. Concurrently, severe amyloid deposition was seen in vessel walls of the spleen and in other tissues, and vacuolar degeneration of catecholamine-producing cells of the adrenal glands was found in gulls necropsied at various intervals. Behavioral signs of stress were seen in the early stages of captivity, but were not seen in most gulls after day 3. Clinical signs referable to the microscopic lesions were not observed in this study. Therefore, gulls brought into captivity appear to adapt behaviorally, but maintain severe microscopic lesions and an abnormal hemogram.
Disease patterns in the Detroit Zoo: A study of the avian population from 1973 through 1983
Authors: Kaneene John B. , Taylor R. Flint , Sikarskie James G. , Meyer Teresa J. , Richter Nadine A.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate disease patterns in birds at the Detroit Zoo from 1973 through 1983. Data were derived from the zoo's medical and animal census records; the mean (± sd) population of birds during the study period was 469 ± 42. Overall annual morbidity rates were 12.5% to 21.5%, with spring months having the highest morbidity rates. Annual mortality rates were 3.1% to 15.2%; 23.9% of the deaths were caused by microbial agents (particularly Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, hemolytic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Aeromonas spp and Proteus spp), 15.4% by trauma, and 42.5% by nondetermined causes. The mute swan (Cygnus olor), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), common gallinule (Gallinula chloropus), common rhea (Rhea americana), and red-billed hornbill (Tockus erythrorhynchus) were the 5 species most frequently affected of the 1,032 deaths from 1973 through 1983. The most frequently isolated parasites were Microtetramere spp, coccidian species, Diplotriaena spp, and Trichomonia spp.
Ocular anterior segment disease in northern fur seals
Authors: Stoskopf Michael K. , Zimmerman Steven , Hirst Lawrence W. , Green Richard
Published: February 2025

Eyes of 1,716 wild northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus; 1,501 subadults and 215 adults) were examined for the prevalence of ocular anterior segment disease; 4.6% of the seals had clinically recognizable eye lesions. Six seals had bilateral eye lesions. Corneal scars were the most frequently observed lesion, followed by prominent lens sutures, cataracts, and iris depigmentations. Corneal edema, active corneal ulceration, or inflammation was not observed. Examination of normal corneas indicated an epithelial structure similar to that of the California sea lion, with 11 to 14 layers of nucleated superficial stratified squamous cells that lacked keratohyaline granules. The seal corneal endothelium had less hexagonality than do human corneal endothelial cells, with mean endothelial cell areas of 331 to 396 μm2, similar to that found in primates.
An epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions
Authors: Dierauf Leslie A. , Vandenbroek Debra J. , Roletto Janette , Koski Marilyn , Amaya Lynn , Gage Laurie J.
Published: February 2025

Between May and December 1984, an epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) occurred along the west coast of the United States from Monterey County, Calif, northward to Seattle, Wash. Clinical signs observed were severe depression, excessive thirst, and tucked-up posturing, with associated leukocytosis and increased globulin, bun, and creatinine values. Effective antibiotic therapy consisted of tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours, orally) or potassium penicillin G (44,000 U/kg every 12 hours, orally or im) for 10 to 14 days. Sixty-six sea lions were treated successfully and released. Necropsies of animals that died indicated marked kidney swelling, darkened reniculi, and poorly differentiated cortices and medullae, thick, black bile in gallbladders, thick, pale yellow pericardial fluid, and friable hemorrhagic mesentery. Primary histologic lesions were tubular nephritis and glomerulonephritis. Darkfield microscopy of kidney macerates and/or urine, and results of the microscopic agglutination test, using Leptospira serovar pomona-killed antigen led to a presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis. Bacteriologie isolation and identification is ongoing. The epizootic primarily affected juvenile or subadult male California sea lions migrating northward from breeding rookeries of southern California's Channel Islands.
Disease patterns in the Detroit Zoo: A study of the mammalian population from 1973 through 1983
Authors: Kaneene John B. , Taylor R. Flint , Sikarskie James G. , Meyer Teresa J. , Richter Nadine A.
Published: February 2025

A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate disease patterns in the mammals at the Detroit Zoo from 1973 through 1983. The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), common eland (Taurotragus oryx), rednecked Wallaby (Protemnodon rufogrisea), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii), and kangaroo (Macropus spp) were the most frequently affected mammalian species. Parasitic agents (80% of which were internal parasites) caused morbidity in 60.2% of the mammals evaluated (n = 2,475) and microbial agents caused morbidity in 20.8% of the animals. Strongyloides spp, Trichostrongylus spp, coccidian species, Diphyllobothrium spp, and Trichuris spp were the internal parasites most frequently found. Overall annual mortality rate was 14% to 34%, with microbiological agents causing the highest mortality (26.5%). Pasteurella spp, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequent microbial causes of death. Cause of mortality could not be determined in 21.5% of the animals evaluated. The percentage of animals successfully treated increased from 1973 through 1983. Generally, however, the percentage of successfully treated animals was low (21% to 39%).
Efficacy of fenbendazole for endoparasite control in large herds of nondomestic ruminants
Authors: Janssen Donald L.
Published: February 2025

An experimental 4% fenbendazole premix was milled into the feed of 55 nondomestic ruminants (37 antilopines, 12 hippotragines, and 6 caprines). Efficacy of the premix against endoparasites in the ruminants was determined by comparison with pre- and posttreatment fecal egg counts. Dosages calculated from feed consumption percentages were 3.6 to 8.5 mg/kg. Dosages <5 mg/kg resulted in 80% to 100% reductions in fecal egg counts, and dosages >5 mg/kg resulted in 98% to 100% reductions in fecal egg counts. With all dosage groups considered, Strongyloides and Nematodirus eggs were most sensitive to treatment, with 100% reductions in fecal egg counts. Strongyle and Trichuris egg counts were reduced 90% and 96%, respectively.
Insulin-secreting tumor: Diagnosis and medical and surgical management in 55 dogs
Authors: Leifer Connie E. , Peterson Mark E. , Matus Robert E.
Published: February 2025

Insulin-secreting tumor of the pancreas was diagnosed in 55 dogs. Diagnosis was based mainly on the increase of serum insulin concentrations in the presence of hypoglycemia. The use of the amended insulin/glucose ratio to diagnose the tumor, although providing less false-negative results than did increased serum insulin concentrations alone, appeared less specific and gave false-positive results in dogs without insulin-secreting tumors. Management of the disease included surgical intervention alone (26 dogs), surgery plus medical management with diazoxide (14 dogs), and medical management with diazoxide alone (4 dogs). Eleven dogs were euthanatized at the time of diagnosis. Diazoxide therapy controlled hypoglycemia in about 70% of the dogs.
Diskospondylitis in a kennel of dogs: Clinicopathologic findings
Authors: Turnwald Grant H. , Shires Peter K. , Turk Margaret A. M. , Cox Hollis Utah , Pechman Robert D. , Kearney Michael T. , Hugh-Jones Martin E. , Balsamo Gary A. , Helouin Carl M.
Published: February 2025

Selected aspects pertaining to the cause and pathogenesis of diskospondylitis were investigated in a kennel of 45 Airedale Terriers.

Diskospondylitis was detected via spinal radiography in 17 male and 14 female dogs. Bacteria isolated from the coat, vagina, and urine of affected Airedales were not statistically different from those isolated from clinically normal Airedales. Serologic evidence of Brucella canis infection was not detected. There was no difference in response to thyrotropin stimulation tests between affected and clinically normal dogs. Necropsy findings in affected dogs included hypercellular renal glomeruli and pulmonary arterial thrombi.
Periorbital skull fractures in five horses
Authors: Caron J. P. , Barber S. M. , Bailey J. V. , Fretz P. B. , Pharr J. W.
Published: February 2025

Periorbital skull fractures were diagnosed in 5 horses, and were associated with ophthalmic complications including corneal ulceration, uveitis, and entrapment of the eye by retrobulbar bone fragments. Physical examination was of greater diagnostic use than radiography. Surgical repair was performed on all horses and was associated with a more favorable postoperative appearance in horses treated acutely; however, the cosmetic results were considered acceptable in all horses. Major post-operative complications were not observed.
Iron deficiency and pseudo-iron deficiency in hospitalized horses
Authors: Smith Joseph E. , Cipriano JoAnn E. , DeBowes Richard , Moore Kateri
Published: February 2025

Values for serum ferritin, serum iron, and serum total-iron binding capacity were determined in 100 hospitalized horses. Six foals had iron deficiency, as indicated by low serum ferritin and iron concentrations. Twenty-eight horses had low serum iron content and normal or high serum ferritin content and were considered to have pseudo-iron deficiency, possibly in response to infection. Ten horses had serum ferritin concentrations that were quite high, probably indicating iron overload.
Congenital spirochetosis in calves: Association with epizootic bovine abortion
Authors: Osebold John W. , Spezialetti Rosanne , Jennings Myra B. , Pritchett Randall F. , Bushnell Robert B.
Published: February 2025

Congenital spirochetosis wag encountered as a newly recognized infection of cattle. The spirochete was seen in blood of fetuses with lesions of epizootic bovine abortion. A spirochete with morphologic feaitures similar to those found in the fetuses was detected in Ornithodoros coriaceus ticks. Ticks collected from rangelands were allowed to feed on cows that then produced epizootic bovine abortion-affected fetuses, and the fetuses had spirochetosis. Inapparent spirochetosis also was found in fetuses in clinically normal cattle sent to slaughter. Only a few lesions were seen in abattoir-collected fetuses. Fetal spirochetosis was common in the bovine population studied, and it appeared that infection may be limited only by the availability of the tick vector.
Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid associated with canine granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis: A retrospective study
Authors: Bailey Cleta Sue , Higgins Robert J.
Published: February 2025

Cerebrospinal fluid of 22 dogs with histologically confirmed granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was analyzed, retrospectively. Seventeen dogs had cisternal csf analysis, 4 dogs had lumbar csf analysis, and 1 dog had both. For cisternal csf, the mean ± sem total wbc count was 800.8 ±300.9 cells/μl. The wbc differential count was predominantly lymphoplasmacytic cells, but 13 of the 18 cisternal csf had polymorphonuclear (pmn) cells, and the mean ± sem pmn cell percentage was 18.6 ± 5.3%. The mean ± sem total protein content of cisternal csf was 255.8 ± 98 mg/dl. Of 5 cisternal csf pressures measured, 4 were within the normal range. The mean ± sem total wbc count and total protein content of lumbar csf were 533.4 ± 256.5 cells/μ/μl and 163.2 ± 25 mg of protein/dl, respectively. As with cisternal csf, the wbc differential count of lumbar csf was predominantly lymphoplasmacytic cells. Of 5 lumbar csf, 4 contained pmn cells, but the percentage was less than the pmn cell percentage of cisternal csf. Although variable, the general pattern of csf abnormality associated with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis was different from the csf abnormalities commonly seen with viral, bacterial, or mycotic encephalitides.
Diagnostic value of serum γ-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in hepatobiliary disease in the cat
Authors: Center Sharon A. , Baldwin Betty H. , Dillingham Stephanie , Erb Hollis N. , Tennant Bud C.
Published: February 2025

The diagnostic value of serum γ-glutamyl transferase (ggt) activity and serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity in the detection of liver disease in the cat (n = 69) was compared. On the basis of histologic examination of the liver, cats were assigned to 8 groups: group 1—complete extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (n = 5), group 2—cholangiohepatitis-cholangitis syndrome (n = 11), group 3—hepatic lipidosis (n = 15), group 4—neoplasia, including lymphosarcoma and myeloproliferative disease (n = 9), group 5—hepatic necrosis (n = 7), group 6—cirrhosis (n = 3), group 7—portosystemic vascular anomaly (n = 4), and group 8—miscellaneous (n = 15). Cats assigned to group 8 lacked substantial histologic abnormalities of the liver.

The mean value ± sd of ggt in 20 clinically normal cats was 0.44 ± 0.26 IU/L. The highest ggt activity in clinical patients developed in groups 1, 2, and 6. The highest alp activity developed in groups 1 to 4. Significant correlations between ggt and alp activities were detected only in groups 2 (P < 0.001) and 5 (P < 0.10).

Among 54 cats with hepatic disease, only 11% had both the ggt and alp activities within the normal ranges. Comparatively, 52% had alp activities within the normal range, and 17% had ggt activities within the normal range.

The serum ggt activity had a better sensitivity, but lower specificity, than did the serum alp activity in the cat for the detection of hepatobiliary disease. In only one group (group 3) did the magnitudes of increased activity (number of times greater than normal) of serum alp commonly exceed that of serum ggt. On the basis of this study, it was recommended that ggt and alp activity are best used in combination for the detection of naturally developing liver disease because the combination gives the best sensitivity and negative predictive value, with no loss of positive predictive value.
Large colon resection and anastomosis in horses
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Stashak Ted S. , Sullins Ken E.
Published: February 2025

Large colon resection and anastomosis was performed in 11 horses at various levels of the colon, using several surgical methods. The level of resection ranged from the pelvic flexure to the cecocolic ligament. Nine of 11 horses survived and at follow-up (4 months to 7 years) were free of clinical signs referable to disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Seven horses could be evaluated as to athletic or reproductive function and all returned to original potential.
Hypercalcemia associated with blastomycosis in dogs
Authors: Dow Steven W. , Legendre Alfred Μ. , Stiff Marilyn , Greene Craig
Published: February 2025

Hypercalcemia that could not be explained by previously recognized causes was detected in 4 dogs with systemic blastomycosis. A variety of malignancies and certain endocrine, metabolic, and renal disorders may cause hypercalcemia, but to our knowledge, no infectious diseases have been associated with hypercalcemia in dogs. Increased production of calcitriol by mononuclear cells was thought to be the mechanism of hypercalcemia in granulomatous disease.
Superovulation and embryo transfer in the dairy goat
Authors: Kiessling Ann A. , Hughes William H. , Blankevoort Mary R.
Published: February 2025

Eighteen mature, purebred (Saanen, Alpine, Nubian, La Mancha) dairy does were estrus-regulated with progesterone-impregnated vaginal pessaries. On treatment days 16 to 18, superovulation of 6 does was attempted with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (pmsg), and of 12 does with follicle stimulating hormone (fsh). Estrus was induced by progesterone withdrawal on days 18 to 20 and the does were mated to bucks of proven fertility. Embryos were recovered from oviduct flushings on the fourth day after mating. The yield of 4- to 12-cell embryos with fsh superovulation was 17(±2), significantly greater (P<0.001) than with pmsg, which was 2(±2). Thirty-six embryos from 3 fsh donor does were transferred to 14 recipients that were estrus-regulated to the donor cycles with the same progesterone pessary regimen. Eleven (78%) of the recipients became pregnant and delivered 21 (70%) kids from 40 embryos, a mean of 7(±2)/donor.
Effects of risk factors and prophylactic treatment on primary glaucoma in the dog
Authors: Slater Margaret R. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: February 2025

Seventy dogs from 26 breeds were admitted with primary glaucoma between January 1979 and December 1983. Compared with mixed-breed dogs, 8 breeds were at higher risk (P<0.01) of developing glaucoma: Basset Hound, Beagle, Boston Terrier, Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, Miniature Poodle, Norwegian Elkhound, and Siberian Husky. Dogs between the ages of 5 and 10 years were at increased risk (P<0.001). There was no predisposition for either eye to be affected first (P>0.55). Females were at twice the risk of males (P<0.01). Fourteen dogs had bilateral glaucoma. Among 46 dogs for which the number of months that the second eye remained normal was available, 24 were treated prophylactically and 22 were not treated or had treatment stopped. Prophylactic treatment significantly extended the interval between diagnosis in the first eye and development of glaucoma in the second eye for dogs in predisposed breeds (P<0.01). Prophylactic treatment did not make a difference when all breeds were considered (P>0.19), nor did gender affect this interval (P>0.37).
Clinical and pathologic features of thyroid tumors in 26 dogs
Authors: Harari Joseph , Patterson Jon S. , Rosenthal Robert C.
Published: February 2025

Thyroid tumors were diagnosed in 26 dogs between 1977 and 1984. A total of 23 of the 26 tumors were carcinomas, and 3, detected as incidental findings at necropsy, were adenomas. The median patient age was 9.5 years. Dogs of the Beagle breed were affected most commonly (5 dogs). The most common physical abnormalities in carcinoma patients were cervical swelling, dyspnea, and coughing. A total of 25 of 26 dogs were clinically euthyroid. Aspiration cytology provided diagnostic information in 8 of 17 cases. In dogs with thyroid carcinoma, a cervical soft tissue lesion was identified consistently by use of radiography and scintigraphy with sodium pertechnetate. Pulmonary metastases were detected radiographically in 8 of 21 dogs with thyroid carcinoma. Thoracic nuclear imaging confirmed the radiographic findings in 11 of 14 dogs. Surgical excision of the thyroid mass was the primary treatment for 17 dogs with carcinoma. Eight dogs died within 2 years (median, 7 months) of surgery because of primary tumor regrowth or metastases. Four dogs were alive at a range of 3 to 48 months after surgery, and 4 dogs died from unrelated causes. Necropsy of 7 dogs with thyroid carcinoma revealed neoplastic infiltration of the cervical blood vessels and pulmonary metastases in each dog. The most common histologic patterns of thyroid carcinoma were solid or compact cellular (11 dogs) and mixed solid-follicular tumors (8 dogs). Dogs with a solid carcinoma had a median survival time of 10.5 months (6 dogs), and dogs with a mixed solid-follicular tumor had a median survival time of 8 months (3 dogs).
Tiamulin in drinking water for treatment and development of immunity to swine dysentery
Authors: Olson LeRoy D.
Published: February 2025

The diarrhea of swine dysentery receded in swine treated with 60 or 45 mg of tiamulin/L of drinking water (60 or 45 ppm). However, within 2 to 10 days (average 4.1 days) after drug withdrawal, diarrhea recurred. Tiamulin (22.5 mg/L in drinking water) did not markedly reduce the diarrhea during medication, and tylosin (66 mg/L in the drinking water) was not effective. In swine treated with 120 mg of dimetridazole/L of drinking water, there was no recurrence of diarrhea. After the recurrence of diarrhea in swine, repeated medication with tiamulin in drinking water reduced the severity of diarrhea and prevented deaths. After 1 to 3 retreatments, swine were immune to exposure with swine dysentery inoculum, and there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in their serum anti-Treponema hyodysenteriae antibodies. Seemingly, drug withdrawal permitted the occurrence and recurrence of diarrhea that was necessary to stimulate immunity.
Evaluation of a modified castellated laryngofissure for alleviation of upper airway obstruction in dogs with laryngeal paralysis
Authors: Smith Mark M. , Gourley Ira M. , Kurpershoek C. J. , Amis Terence C.
Published: February 2025

A modified castellated laryngofissure procedure (castellated laryngofissure, vocal fold resection, and bilateral arytenoid lateralization) was performed on 12 dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis. Clinical signs of airway obstruction were assessed and a pulmonary function test (tidal breathing flow volume loop) was used to evaluate the severity of obstruction. The dogs were evaluated before surgery and at various periods from 4 days to 15 months after surgery. One dog died immediately after surgery and 3 dogs died due to nonrelated or unknown causes 1, 9, and 11 months after surgery. Clinical signs of upper airway obstruction disappeared or decreased in severity in the 11 dogs that recovered from surgery. Tidal breathing flow volume loop values were normal in 7 of 10 dogs evaluated within 5 to 189 days after surgery. The modified castellated laryngofissure procedure provided successful long-term relief of upper airway obstruction associated with bilateral laryngeal paralysis.
Interepizootic survival of porcine parvovirus
Authors: Mengeling W. L. , Paul P. S.
Published: February 2025

Porcine parvovirus (ppv) was transmitted by direct contact between experimentally infected and susceptible pigs at 1 and 2 weeks, but not at 4, 8, 16, or 25 weeks, after experimental infection. In contrast, ppv was found to remain infectious for at least 14 weeks in uncleaned rooms previously vacated by experimentally infected pigs. These findings suggest that facilities contaminated by secretions and excretions of infected pigs may provide the major means by which ppv survives between episodes of acute infection.
Use of gray-scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of reproductive disease in the bitch: 18 cases (1981-1984)
Authors: Poffenbarger Ellen M. , Feeney Daniel A.
Published: February 2025

Gray-scale ultrasonography was utilized in addition to radiography in the diagnosis of reproductive disease in 18 bitches. In 72% of the cases, ultrasonography was considered diagnostic because it revealed information on organ architecture, relationships of radiographically silhouetting soft tissue structures, and fetal viability that was unobtainable by radiography alone. In the remainder of the cases, ultrasonography was contributory to the diagnostic process by supporting the clinical and radiographic diagnoses. The benefits of ultrasonography are discussed, as is the ultrasonographic appearance of a variety of reproductive tract diseases.
Diagnostic laparoscopy in the horse
Authors: Fischer A. T. , Lloyd K. C. Kent , Carlson G. P. , Madigan J. E.
Published: February 2025

Laparoscopy was performed in 5 clinically normal horses. Abdominal fluid protein content and wbc count increased markedly in all horses. Necropsy findings were confined to an increased amount of slightly turbid abdominal fluid. Five examples of applications of laparoscopy in horses with abdominal problems indicated that laparoscopy can be a valuable diagnostic procedure in the horse.
Evaluation of canine hyperadrenocorticism, using computed tomography
Authors: Emms Stephen G. , Wortman Jeffrey A. , Johnston Dudley E. , Goldschmidt Michael H.
Published: February 2025

Abdominal computed tomography was performed in 9 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and in 2 healthy dogs. Both adrenal glands were identified in all dogs. Computed tomography allowed accurate identification of the sites of adrenal gland dysfunction, when interpreted in combination with a biochemical diagnosis of canine hyperadrenocorticism. This accuracy permitted the retroperitoneal approach to be used for all adrenalectomies. Use of contrast medium (although not essential) was helpful in the computed tomographic identification of blood vessels, kidneys, and other abdominal organs.
Metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in dairy cattle: 33 cases (1979–1985)
Authors: Tulleners Eric P.
Published: February 2025

Metacarpal (22) and metatarsal (11) fractures in 33 dairy cattle were treated by application of short or full limb casts. Twelve fractures involved the distal physis (6 closed, 6 open) and 21 fractures were nonphyseal (17 closed, 4 open). All physeal fractures were noncomminuted and 11/12 were classified as Salter-Harris type II. Eleven (52%) of nonphyseal fractures were comminuted.

Closed fractures were reduced and a cast was applied after manual restraint, sedation with xylazine (along with use of ropes), or general anesthesia. Open fractures were best treated with the cow under general anesthesia. These fractures were carefully debrided, lavaged, and reduced, and a cast was applied. Antibiotics and analgesics were given parenterally. All cattle were restricted to a box stall during fracture healing.

Fracture healing generally was rapid and uncomplicated. No closed fracture perforated the skin. Fracture healing was characterized radiographically by extensive circumferential periosteal new bone growth, closure of the distal physis, and preservation of articulations adjacent to the fracture site.

Follow-up ranged from 6 to 78 months (mean, 32 months). Thirty of 33 (91%) cattle survived for a long period. All cows with closed (23) and 7 of 10 (70%) with open fractures survived. Three cows were euthanatized; 2 developed severe osteomyelitis and one fractured her metatarsus above a short cast. All 30 surviving cattle were considered by their owners not lame on the previously injured limb, with no noticeable angulation, bowing, or shortening. No deleterious effects on milk production were detected.
Triple osteotomy of the pelvis and trochanteric osteotomy as a treatment for hip dysplasia in the immature dog: The surgical technique and results of 77 consecutive operations
Authors: Schrader Steven C.
Published: February 2025

Triple osteotomy of the pelvis with transplantation of the greater trochanter was performed in 41 immature dogs (77 hips) with hip dysplasia. Before surgery, all hips were moderately to severely subluxated and unstable on palpation. The juxta-acetabular location of the ilial, ischial, and pubic osteotomies allowed repositioning of the acetabulum over the femoral head even when subluxation was severe. The acetabular fragment was rotated 70° to 90° in all hips. After surgery, craniodorsal coverage of the femoral head was increased and each hip was stable on palpation. Bilateral procedures were performed 4 to 7 weeks apart. The functional status of the limb was assessed and physical examination and radiography were performed in 71% (55) of the hips 1.0 to 5.5 years (mean, 2.7 years) after surgery. Functional ability was considered satisfactory in 93% (51) of the limbs, though few dogs had a normal gait. On palpation, all hips were stable and all but one were evaluated as nonpainful. In most instances, contact between the femoral neck and the repositioned acetabular rim resulted in a variable amount of crepitus and restriction of motion when the hip was abducted and rotated externally and internally. Eighty-two percent (45) of the hips had little or no evidence of degenerative joint disease. A satisfactory functional, physical, and radiographic result was obtained in 73% (40) of the hips.
Bovine anaplasmosis: Susceptibility of seronegative cows from an infected herd to experimental infection with Anaplasma marginale
Authors: Lincoln S. D. , Zaugg J. L. , Maas J.
Published: February 2025

Adult cows from an Anaplasma marginale-infected herd that were negative to the A marginale rapid card agglutination (rca) and complement fixation (cf) tests for 1 to 4 years developed acute anaplasmosis after inoculation with 0.5 ml of blood from an A marginale carrier cow. The test cattle were as susceptible as the control cattle of similar ages. Also, 2 cows that had seroconverted from rca/cf-positive to rca/cf-negative status naturally were fully susceptible to anaplasmosis when they were experimentally infected. Results of the study indicated that indigenous seronegative cattle in anaplasmosis - enzootic regions probably do not have acquired or natural immunity to A marginale infection.
Use of ultrasonography for the detection of aortic-iliac thrombosis in horses
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Roby Kate A. W. , Richardson Dean W. , Vaala Wendy E. , Johnston Janet K.
Published: February 2025

Two dimensional ultrasonographic evaluation of the iliac arteries and terminal portion of the aorta was utilized in 18 horses with histories of exercise intolerance or hindlimb lameness. A plaque or thrombus was imaged in one or more of these vessels in 5 horses. In 2 horses, the initial rectal examination findings were normal and the thrombus may have been missed without the use of diagnostic ultrasonography.
Peripheral nerve injury associated with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the pelvis in dogs and cats: 34 cases (1978-1982)
Authors: Jacobson Andrea , Schrader Steven C.
Published: February 2025

Peripheral nerve injury was associated with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the pelvis in 23 dogs and 11 cats. In most cases, peripheral nerve injury resulted from ilial fracture with craniomedial displacement of bone fragments, or from sacroiliac fracture-dislocation with cranial displacement of the ilium. Sciatic nerve injury was associated with fracture of the acetabulum in 2 dogs. A combination of sensory, voluntary motor, and reflex abnormalities were observed in the ipsilateral extremity of affected animals. Signs of severe pain were noticed in 4 of the dogs and in 1 cat. Eight of the animals died or were euthanatized for reasons not directly related to the severity of peripheral nerve injury. Of the remaining 26 animals, 21 (81%) had good or excellent limb function 16 weeks after peripheral nerve injury was sustained. Limb function was lost or self-mutilation occurred in 4 (15%) of the animals.
Prevalence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in ileocecal lymph nodes of cattle culled in the United States
Authors: Merkal R. S. , Whipple D. L. , Sacks J. M. , Snyder G. R.
Published: February 2025

During 1983 and 1984, ileocecal lymph node specimens were obtained from clinically normal cattle at 76 US Department of Agriculture-inspected cull cattle slaughterhouses in 32 states and Puerto Rico. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was isolated from the lymph nodes of 119 of 7,540 cattle. The prevalence of bovine paratuberculosis was 1.6% overall, with 2.9% in dairy culls and 0.8% in beef culls. The prevalence for females and males did not appear to differ significantly.
Evaluation of the usefulness of routine microscopy in canine urinalysis
Authors: Fettman Martin J.
Published: February 2025

The initial physical signs, clinical problems, and results of 1,000 consecutive urinalyses of canine patients at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were reviewed and summarized to compare microscopic and physicochemical examinations of urine. Physicochemical examination alone would have resulted in an 11.4% (64/562) false-negative rate for detection of abnormal urine specimens without consideration of patient risk for genitourinary disease. The effects of a discriminative diagnostic algorithm on macroscopic examination sensitivity were determined. Fifty-one macronegative/micropositive and 85 macro- and micronegative specimens were obtained from higher-risk patients with history, physical signs, clinical problems, or serum biochemical analysis results indicative of predisposition to genitourinary disease, which would have warranted complete urinalyses regardless of physicochemical findings. Exclusion of these patients from evaluation of physicochemical examination sensitivity in order to consider such methodology's impact as a screening procedure only for those patients whose genitourinary disease was not already suspect resulted in a significantly (P<0.001) lower false-negative rate of 3.05% (13/426).
Generalized lymphadenopathy resembling lymphoma in cats: Six cases (1972–1976)
Authors: Mooney Samantha C. , Patnaik Amiya K. , Hayes Audrey A. , MacEwen E. Gregory
Published: February 2025

Six cases of prominent generalized peripheral lymphadenopathy in the cat were reviewed. The lymph node biopsy specimens of these cats had many histologic features of lymphoma. One cat was euthanatized after the initial diagnosis of lymphoma. In the other 5 cats, the lymphadenopathy regressed without therapy within 1 to 17 weeks.
Ultrasonographic appearance of the bovine uterus during the estrous cycle
Authors: Pierson R. A. , Ginther O. J.
Published: February 2025

The uteri of 22 Holstein heifers were monitored during 58 interovulatory intervals by transrectal ultrasonographic imaging. The ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus was influenced by the stage of the estrous cycle. Profound changes in characteristics visualized by ultrasonography included thickness of the uterine body, ultrasonographic evidence of edema, and accumulation of intravaginal and intrauterine fluids. Scores representing intravaginal fluid, intrauterine fluid, ultrasonographic texture, and number of gray-scale zones (comprising the image of the uterus) increased before ovulation, then decreased until approximately day 3 to day 6 (ovulation = day 0). The scores for uterine shape and number of cross sections of a uterine horn in one 5-MHz field began to increase before ovulation, reached a high plateau during the period associated with maximal progesterone production, and decreased before the time associated with estrus and ovulation.
An analysis of journal citation frequency in the consultant data base for computer-assisted diagnosis
Authors: White Maurice E.
Published: February 2025

An analysis was done of a random sample of one third of the Consultant data base for computer-assisted diagnosis to determine the number of journals cited and the number of times each was cited. Although 86 journals were represented, 80% of citations for small animal practice were from 9 journals and 90% were from 14 journals. Eighty percent of citations for large animal diseases were from 17 journals and 90% were from 25 journals. The Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association provided 20% of total journal citations.
Clinicopathologic findings associated with chronic renal disease in cats: 74 cases (1973–1984)
Authors: DiBartola S. P. , Rutgers H. C. , Zack P. M. , Tarr M. J.
Published: February 2025

The historic, physical, laboratory, and histologic findings for 74 cats with chronic renal disease were reviewed. Most cats were older, and no breed or sex predilection was detected. This most common clinical signs detected by owners were lethargy, anorexia, and weight loss. Dehydration and emaciation were common physical examination findings. Common laboratory findings were nonregenerative anaemia, lymphopenia, azotaemia, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, and isosthenuria. The most common morphologic diagnosis was chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis of unknown cause. The other pathologic diagnoses were renal lymphosarcoma, renal amyloidosis, chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, polycystic renal disease, and pyogranulomatous nephritis secondary to feline infectious peritonitis.
Benefits and costs of a control program for an epizootic of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis
Authors: Goodger William J. , Ferguson Greta
Published: February 2025

In response to an epizootic of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, the owner of a 2,000-cow dairy instituted a treatment, prevention, and control program (hereafter, “intervention program”) consisting of teat dipping, bacteriologic culturing of milk from all fresh cows and from cows with clinical signs of infection, and culling cows found to be infected. The program was highly beneficial, yielding $2.40 in direct benefits for every $1 invested.
Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from neonatal calves with ruminal and abomasal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration
Authors: Roeder B. L. , Chengappa M. M. , Nagaraja T. G. , Avery T. B. , Kennedy G. A.
Published: February 2025

Eight neonatal calves (2 to 21 days old) with suspected abomasal displacement or intestinal obstruction after acute onset of abdominal tympany, colic, depression, or death were referred to Kansas State University for clinical examination or for necropsy. Results of routine hematologic and serum chemical analyses did not reveal consistent changes. Necropsy revealed abomasal distention, with various degrees of abomasitis, hemorrhage, and ulceration, but did not reveal evidence of displaced abomasum or obstructed intestine. Specimens of ruminal contents collected via stomach tube or at necropsy and abomasal contents collected at necropsy were obtained for anaerobic bacteriologic culture. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from all specimens, and on the basis of toxin neutralization tests in mice, 7 were type A and one was type E. Copper concentrations in serum and tissues were within normal limits. It appeared that the acute abdominal syndrome in these neonatal calves was unrelated to copper deficiency, and that C perfringens, particularly type A, may have had an appreciable contributory role in its pathogenesis.
Open peritoneal drainage for treatment of contaminated peritoneal cavity and septic peritonitis in dogs and cats: 24 cases (1980–1986)
Authors: Greenfield Cathy L. , Walshaw Richard
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 22 dogs and 2 cats in which generalized peritonitis had been treated by open peritoneal drainage were reviewed. The age of the affected animals ranged from 5 months to 14 years. The causes of peritonitis were numerous, with the most common being leakage of gastrointestinal contents through spontaneous gastric or intestinal perforations and peritoneal contamination resulting from surgical complications. Bacteria were isolated from 18 (94.7%) of 19 specimens obtained for culturing at the time of diagnosis of peritonitis and from 8 (80%) of 10 specimens obtained for culturing at the time of final abdominal closure. Only 2 (25%) of 8 of the animals in which bacteria were isolated at the time of final abdominal closure died. The overall mortality was 33%. The mortality attributable to peritonitis or its direct complications was 21%. Open peritoneal drainage was tolerated well by all patients.
Assessment of neutrophil function in dogs with primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Morrison Wallace B. , Frank Dagmar E. , Roth James A. , Wilsman Norman J.
Published: February 2025

Compared with neutrophils from healthy dogs, neutrophils from 2 dogs with primary ciliary dyskinesia had increased distance of random migration, but fewer of the neutrophils migrated. The affected dogs had an increase in the numbers of Staphylococcus aureus phagocytized. Lymphocyte blastogenesis in the affected dogs in response to standard mitogens was considered to be normal.