bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explosive Crystallization of Urea Triggered by Focused Femtosecond Laser Irradiation
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi Y. , Hosokawa Yoichiroh , Masuhara Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

The crystallization of urea was triggered using an intense 800 nm femtosecond laser that was focused to a supersaturated solution through an objective lens. An explosive crystallization proceeded in the entire sample glass tube for a few seconds at a concentration that no spontaneous nucleation occurred even after a few days. The crystallization was precisely monitored using a high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera attached to a microscope with a time resolution of 100 µs. On the basis of the results, the dynamic process of crystallization triggered by femtosecond laser ablation was discussed.
Nonlithographic Random Masking and Regrowth of GaN Microhillocks to Improve Light-Emitting Diode Efficiency
Authors: Lee Chi-Ling , Lee Shih-Chang , Lee Wei-I
Published: January 2006

In this study, p-GaN microhillocks are grown on the top of a standard multiple-quantum-well (MQW) light-emitting diode (LED) with novel nonlithographic random masking. Such microhillocks can dramatically increase the external efficiency of the LED because of the destroyed symmetry of LED interfaces. By controlling metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth conditions, p-GaN microhillocks of various densities and sizes can be easily grown on a standard LED structure. The use of this novel method to grow microhillocks on the top of the LED can facilitate the control of the leakage current of LED compared that of the photo enhanced chemical (PEC) wet etch and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etch methods.
All-Monolithic 1.55 µm InAlGaAs/InP Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers Grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Park Mi-Ran , Kwon O-Kyun , Han Won-Seok , Lee Ki-Hwang , Park Seong-Joo , Yoo Byueng-Su
Published: January 2006

We successfully demonstrate all-monolithic InAlGaAs/InP vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in the wavelength range of 1.55 µm. The devices showed the high performances such as single mode output power of 1.6 mW, side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 60 dB, divergence angle of 8°, the slope efficiency of 0.27 W/A, and the continuous wave (CW) operation of temperature over 80°C. We achieved the modulation bandwidth exceeding 2.5 Gbps and power penalty free transmission over 30 km.
In vivo rates of erythrocyte glutathione synthesis in adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Reid Marvin , Badaloo Asha , Forrester Terrence , Jahoor Farook
Published: January 2006

Despite reports of lower GSH concentration in sickle cell disease (SCD), the in vivo kinetic mechanism(s) responsible for GSH deficiency is unknown. To determine whether suppressed synthesis was responsible for the lower erythrocyte GSH concentration, we used a primed intermittent infusion of [2H2]glycine to measure erythrocyte GSH synthesis in vivo in 23 individuals with homozygous βsSCD and 8 healthy controls. Erythrocyte cysteine concentration, the rate-limiting precursor for GSH synthesis, plasma markers of oxidant damage, and dietary intakes of energy and protein were also measured. Compared with values of controls, SCD subjects had significantly lower erythrocyte GSH ( P < 0.04) and cysteine concentrations ( P < 0.004) but significantly faster fractional rates of GSH synthesis ( P < 0.02). The absolute rates of GSH synthesis in SCD subjects compared with control subjects was greater by ∼57% ( P = 0.062). However, the concentrations of markers of oxidative damage, plasma derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites, plasma nitrotyrosine, urinary isoprostane-to-creatinine ratio, and GSH-to-GSSG ratio, as well as dietary intakes of energy, protein, and GSH precursor amino acids, were not different between SCD subjects and controls. The findings of this study suggest that the lower erythrocyte GSH of SCD patients is not due to suppressed synthesis or impaired regeneration but rather to increased consumption. In addition, the lower erythrocyte cysteine concentration plus the faster rate of GSH synthesis strongly suggest that the endogenous cysteine supply is not sufficient to meet all anabolic demands; hence, cysteine may be a conditionally essential amino acid in individuals with SCD.
Cofilin mediates ATP depletion-induced endothelial cell actin alterations
Authors: Suurna Maria V. , Ashworth Sharon L. , Hosford Melanie , Sandoval Ruben M. , Wean Sarah E. , Shah Bijal M. , Bamburg James R. , Molitoris Bruce A.
Published: January 2006

Ischemia and sepsis lead to endothelial cell damage, resulting in compromised microvascular flow in many organs. Much remains to be determined regarding the intracellular structural events that lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. To investigate potential actin cytoskeletal-related mechanisms, ATP depletion was induced in mouse pancreatic microvascular endothelial cells (MS1). Fluorescent imaging and biochemical studies demonstrated a rapid and progressive increase in F-actin along with a decrease in G-actin at 60 min. Confocal microscopic analysis showed ATP depletion resulted in destruction of actin stress fibers and accumulation of F-actin aggregates. We hypothesized these actin alterations were secondary to dephosphorylation/activation of actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins. Cofilin, the predominant isoform expressed in MS1 cells, was rapidly dephosphorylated/activated during ATP depletion. To directly investigate the role of cofilin activation on the actin cytoskeleton during ischemia, MS1 cells were infected with adenoviruses containing the cDNAs for wild-type Xenopus laevis ADF/cofilin green fluorescent protein [XAC(wt)-GFP], GFP, and the constitutively active and inactive isoforms XAC(S3A)-GFP and XAC(S3E)-GFP. The rate and extent of cortical actin destruction and actin aggregate formation were increased in ATP-depleted XAC(wt)-GFP- and XAC(S3A)-GFP-expressing cells, whereas increased actin stress fibers were observed in XAC(S3E)-GFP-expressing cells. To investigate the upstream signaling pathway of ADF/cofilin, LIM kinase 1-GFP (LIMK1-GFP) was expressed in MS1 cells. Cells expressing LIMK1-GFP protein had higher levels of phosphorylated ADF/cofilin, increased stress fibers, and delayed F-actin cytoskeleton destruction during ATP depletion. These results strongly support the importance of cofilin regulation in ischemia-induced endothelial cell actin cytoskeleton alterations leading to cell damage and microvascular dysfunction.
Hypokalemia in a mouse model of Gitelman's syndrome
Authors: Morris Ryan G. , Hoorn Ewout J. , Knepper Mark A.
Published: January 2006

Hypokalemia is a prominent feature of Gitelman syndrome and a common side effect of thiazide use in the treatment of hypertension. It is widely recognized that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the renal thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) initiates the potentially severe renal potassium loss observed in these settings. Surprisingly, hypokalemia has not been detected in NCC (−/−) mice maintained on normal rodent diets (Schultheis PJ, Lorenz JN, Meneton P, Nieman ML, Riddle TM, Flagella M, Duffy JJ, Doetschman T, Miller ML, and Shull GE. J Biol Chem 273: 29150–29155, 1998). We show that modest reduction of dietary potassium induced a marked reduction in plasma potassium and elevated renal potassium excretion in NCC (−/−) mice that was associated with a pronounced polydipsia and polyuria of central origin. These findings are consistent with the development of potassium depletion in NCC (−/−) mice and were not seen in wild-type mice maintained on the same low-potassium diet. In addition, plasma aldosterone levels were significantly elevated in NCC (−/−) mice even in the presence of a low-potassium diet. Collectively, these findings suggest an early central component to the polyuria of Gitelman syndrome and show that both elevated aldosterone and dietary potassium content contribute to the development of hypokalemia in Gitelman syndrome. Therefore, NCC (−/−) mice are more sensitive to reductions in dietary potassium than wild-type mice and become hypokalemic, thus more faithfully representing the Gitelman phenotype seen in humans.
Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Modifies Vection Paths in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Lepecq Jean-Claude , De Waele Catherine , Mertz-Josse Sophie , Teyssèdre Claudine , Huy Patrice Tran Ba , Baudonnière Pierre-Marie , Vidal Pierre-Paul
Published: January 2006

The present study aimed at determining whether vestibular inputs contribute to the perception of the direction of self-motion. This question was approached by investigating the effects of binaural bipolar galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on visually induced self-motion (i.e., vection) in healthy subjects. Stationary seated subjects were submitted to optokinetic stimulation inducing either forward or upward linear vection. While perceiving vection, they were administered trapezoidal GVS of different intensities and ramp durations. Subjects indicated the shape and direction of their perceived self-motion path throughout the experiment by a joystick, and after each trial by the manipulation of a 3D mannequin. Results show that: 1) GVS induced alterations of the path of vection; 2) these alterations occurred more often after GVS onset than after GVS offset; 3) the occurrence of vection path alterations after GVS onset depended on the intensity of GVS but not on the steepness of the GVS variation; 4) the vection path deviated laterally according to either an oblique or a curved path; and 5) the vection path deviated toward the cathode side after GVS onset. It is the first time that vestibular information, already known to contribute to the induction of vection, is shown to modify self-motion perception during the course of vection.
Dysregulated monocyte iron homeostasis and erythropoietin formation in patients with anemia of chronic disease
Authors: Theurl Igor , Mattle Verena , Seifert Markus , Mariani Mariagabriella , Marth Christian , Weiss Günter
Published: January 2006

Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is frequently found in patients with chronic immune activation. Since most studies on ACD pathophysiology were performed with cell culture or animal models but not in humans, we examined 37 ACD patients suffering from autoimmune diseases or infections, 10 subjects with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), 10 anemic patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS), and 27 age-matched controls. Although hemoglobin concentrations were comparable between ACD and IDA patients, the latter presented with significantly higher serum erythropoietin concentrations than ACD patients. The significant negative correlation between erythropoietin and hemoglobin levels observed in IDA patients was also found in a group of anemic but not hypoferremic hereditary spherocytosis subjects, but not in ACD patients. Increased serum concentrations of the hepcidin precursor prohepcidin were paralleled by a decreased expression of the iron exporter ferroportin in circulating monocytes of ACD patients. In the latter cells, increased amounts of the iron storage protein ferritin and a reduced activity of iron-regulatory protein indicated monocyte iron accumulation. Our data indicate that hypoferremia in ACD may result from downregulation of ferroportin expression by hepcidin and cytokines with subsequent iron retention in monocytes. Together with a diminished erythropoietin formation, the impaired iron recirculation from monocytes may be central in the pathophysiology of ACD in humans.
A fibrinogen deficiency accelerates the initiation of LDL cholesterol–driven atherosclerosis via thrombin generation and platelet activation in genetically predisposed mice
Authors: Iwaki Takayuki , Sandoval-Cooper Mayra J. , Brechmann Markus , Ploplis Victoria A. , Castellino Francis J.
Published: January 2006

Mice with combined deficiencies of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR–/–) and the catalytic component of an apolipoprotein B–edisome complex (APOBEC1–/–) that converts apoB-100 to apoB-48 have been characterized, and this model of LDL cholesterol–driven atherosclerosis was applied to an investigation of the role of fibrinogen (Fg) in the genesis and progression of the plaque. LDLR–/–/APOBEC1–/–/FG–/–(L–/–/A–/–/FG–/–) triple-deficient mice presented more advanced plaque in their aortic trees and aortic sinuses at 24, 36, and 48 weeks of age compared to L–/–/A–/– mice, a feature that may result from enhanced platelet activation in these former mice. This is supported by the presence of hypercoagulability, increased CD61 and CD62P on resting platelets, and higher plasma soluble P-selectin in L–/–/A–/–/FG–/– mice as compared to L–/–/A–/–, FG–/–, or wild-type mice. The elevated higher molecular weight forms of von Willebrand factor (VWF) in L–/–/A–/–/FG–/– mice, revealed by increased VWF collagen binding activity, perhaps resulting from down-regulation of its cleaving metalloproteinase, ADAMTS13, further indicates enhanced platelet activation. Thus, the earlier arterial plaque deposition in L–/–/A–/–/FG–/– mice appears to contain a contribution from enhanced levels of thrombin and activated platelets, a synergistic consequence of an Fg deficiency combined with a high LDL cholesterol concentration.
Hypoxia reduces the output of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in monocytes by inhibiting its secretion and elevating membranal association
Authors: Rahat Michal A , Marom Barak , Bitterman Haim , Weiss-Cerem Lea , Kinarty Amalia , Lahat Nitza
Published: January 2006

Cellular hypoxia, characterizing tumors, ischemia, and inflammation induce recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, immobilize them at the hypoxic site, and alter their function. To migrate across the extracellular matrix and as part of their inflammatory functions, monocytes and macrophages secrete proteases, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), whose expression is induced by proinflammatory cytokines [e.g., tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)]. We show that hypoxia (<0.3% O2 for 48 h) reduced the output of TNF-α-induced proMMP-9 by threefold (P<0.01) in the U937 monocytic cell line and in primary human monocytes. TNF-α induced MMP-9 transcription by threefold, but no significant difference was observed in MMP-9 mRNA steady-state between normoxia and hypoxia, which inhibited the trafficking of proMMP-9 via secretory vesicles and increased the intracellular accumulation of proMMP-9 in the cells by 47% and 62% compared with normoxia (P<0.05), as evaluated by zymography of cellular extracts and confocal microscopy, respectively. Secretion of proMMP-9 was reduced by the addition of cytochalazin B or nocodazole, which inhibits the polymerization of actin and tubulin fibers, or by the addition of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632, suggesting the involvement of the cytoskeleton and the Rho GTPases in the process of enzyme secretion. Furthermore, attachment of proMMP-9 to the cell membrane increased after hypoxia via its interactions with surface molecules such as CD44. In addition, the reduced migration of monocytes in hypoxia was shown to be mediated, at least partially, by secreted MMP-9. Thus, hypoxia post-translationally reduced the secreted amounts of proMMP-9 by using two mutually nonexclusive mechanisms: mostly, inhibition of cellular trafficking and to a lesser extent, attachment to the membrane.
CCL2 as a trigger of manifestations of compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome in mice with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Hitoshi , Tsuda Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Makiko , Herndon David N , Suzuki Fujio
Published: January 2006

Patients with compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) are at a higher risk for infection with various opportunistic pathogens. CARS develops commonly in association with the manifestation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In the present study, the role of SIRS-associated soluble factors on the CARS development was examined in mice with pancreatitis, a carrier of typical SIRS. Following the production of SIRS-related cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin (IL)-1β], CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), IL-4, and IL-10 (typical CARS cytokines) were detected in the sera of mice with pancreatitis. CCL2 has been described as an essential chemokine for the T helper cell type 2 manifestation. CARS effector cells (cells with an ability to produce IL-4 and IL-10) were not generated from normal T cells after stimulation with SIRS-related cytokines. However, these cells were generated from normal T cells after cultivation with peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) from SIRS mice in a dual-chamber transwell. Normal T cells did not convert to CARS effector cells after transwell cultures with PMN from normal mice. CCL2 was detected in culture fluids of PMN from SIRS mice, and PMN from normal mice did not produce CCL2 into their culture fluids. CARS effector cells did not appear in PMN-depleted SIRS mice or SIRS mice treated with anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibody, and these cells were demonstrated in PMN-depleted SIRS mice after treatment with recombinant murine CCL2. These results indicate that CCL2 produced by PMN from SIRS mice is an active molecule on the SIRS-associated CARS manifestation.
The lectin jacalin plus costimulation with anti-CD28 antibody induces phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and IL-4 synthesis-I
Authors: Tamma Seetha M Lakshmi , Balan Satya Priya , Chung Ken Wook , Pahwa Savita
Published: January 2006

Costimulatory signals play an important role in the development of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) or Th2 type. Little is known about jacalin plus CD28-mediated signaling and cytokine secretion. In the present study, we analyzed the intracellular signaling events following stimulation of CD4+ T cells with jacalin plus CD28 cross-linking (CD28XL) with anti-CD28 antibody. Our results indicate enhanced phosphorylation of Tec and linker for activation of T cells when compared with stimulation with jacalin alone or CD28XL alone. Stimulation with jacalin or CD28XL appears to be insufficient to induce interleukin (IL)-4 secretion; however, CD28XL followed by stimulation with jacalin resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and increased secretion of IL-4. However, compared with stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin, jacalin plus CD28XL resulted in decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor α secretion. Addition of p38 inhibitor, SB203580, inhibited p38 phosphorylation and IL-4 secretion. These data suggest that jacalin stimulation alone appears to be insufficient for Th2 development, and addition of CD28 costimulation induced Th2 generation. We propose that jacalin plus CD28XL induces Th2 differentiation via activation of p38 MAPK.
Different effects of adiponectin isoforms in human monocytic cells
Authors: Neumeier Markus , Weigert Johanna , Schäffler Andreas , Wehrwein Gabriele , Müller-Ladner Ulf , Schölmerich Jürgen , Wrede Christian , Buechler Christa
Published: January 2006

Adiponectin (APM) is an adipocyte-derived adipokine with immunosuppressive, antidiabetic, and antiatherosclerotic properties. Low molecular weight (LMW)- and higher molecular weight (HMW)-APM circulate in the serum and activate different signaling pathways. We were interested to see whether LMW-APM exerts different effects on monocytic cells compared with the HMW isoform. Therefore, the effects of recombinant LMW-APM produced in insect cells and the APM from higher eukaryotic cells containing HMW forms on monocytic cells were investigated with respect to apoptosis and inflammation. LMW- and HMW-APM induce apoptosis in nondifferentiated THP-1 cells, reduce macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) A mRNA expression, and stimulate phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, HMW-APM induces the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 in human monocytes and THP-1 cells but does not suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 secretion. In contrast, LMW-APM reduces LPS-mediated IL-6 release and furthermore, stimulates IL-10 secretion, most likely by reducing the abundance of inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-κB kinase β, leading to a diminished nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Our data indicate that the different APM isoforms do share common effects on monocytic cells but also induce isoform-specific responses. Although apoptosis, the activation of AMPK, and the reduction of MSR are mediated by all APM isoforms, only LMW-APM displays anti-inflammatory properties.
Association of Prolactin and Its Receptor Gene Regions with Familial Breast Cancer
Authors: Vaclavicek Annika , Hemminki Kari , Bartram Claus R. , Wagner Kerstin , Wappenschmidt Barbara , Meindl Alfons , Schmutzler Rita K. , Klaes Rüdiger , Untch Michael , Burwinkel Barbara , Försti Asta
Published: January 2006

Context: The contribution of prolactin (PRL) through its receptor (PRLR) to the pathogenesis and progression of human mammary tumors has received recent attention.

Objective: We investigated whether genetic variation in the PRL and PRLR genes is associated with the risk of breast cancer (BC).

Design: We conducted a case-control study with a total of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Setting: The study was conducted at an academic research laboratory and university clinics.

Patients and Other Participants: A total of 441 German familial, unrelated BC cases and 552 controls matched by age, ethnicity, and geographical region participated in the study.

Intervention(s): There were no interventions.

Main Outcome Measures(s): SNP genotype and haplotype distributions and haplotype interactions were correlated with the risk of BC.

Results: Two SNPs (rs1341239 and rs12210179) within the PRL promoter regions were significantly associated with increased risk in homozygotes for the variant alleles [odds ratio (OR), 1.67 and 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–2.50; and OR, 2.09 and 95% CI, 1.23–3.52, respectively]. The PRL haplotype containing the variant alleles of the promoter SNPs increased significantly the risk of BC (OR 1.42, 95%CI 1.07–1.90). A PRLR haplotype was associated with a significant decrease in BC risk (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.54–0.89). An increasing number of PRL and PRLR risk haplotypes led to a significant trend of increasing risk for BC (χ2 = 12.15; P = 0.007).

Conclusions: Genetic variation in the PRL and PRLR genes was shown to influence BC risk. Additional studies are needed to further clarify the role of the PRL and PRLR genes in the risk of BC.
Dendrites Contain a Spacing Pattern
Authors: Taylor Aaron B. , Fallon Justin R.
Published: January 2006

The distinctive branching patterns of dendritic arbors are essential for neuronal information processing. The final shape of an arbor is the result of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the cellular mechanisms that underlie branch patterning are unknown. In many biological systems, locally acting factors are intrinsically organized into spacing patterns that guide patterned morphogenesis. Here, we show that neurons contain two types of periodic and regular elements (PADREN1s and PADREN2s) that are arranged into a spacing pattern. The wavelength of the pattern is ∼20 μm. Dendritic branches occur preferentially within PADREN1s, and specific PADREN lengths correspond to specific arbor types. The lengths of the PADRENs also change over time and can be modified by activity. However, PADRENs are intrinsically organized, possibly by a reaction-diffusion process. PADRENs reveal a previously unrecognized level of neuronal organization that may provide insight into how the distinct branching patterns of the dendrites are intrinsically organized.
Goal Representation in Human Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus
Authors: Hamilton Antonia F. de C. , Grafton Scott T.
Published: January 2006

When a child reaches toward a cookie, the watching parent knows immediately what the child wants. The neural basis of this ability to interpret other people’s actions in terms of their goals has been the subject of much speculation. Research with infants has shown that 6 month olds respond when they see an adult reach to a novel goal but habituate when an adult reaches to the same goal repeatedly. We used a similar approach in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Adult participants observed a series of movies depicting goal-directed actions, with the sequence controlled so that some goals were novel and others repeated relative to the previous movie. Repeated presentation of the same goal caused a suppression of the blood oxygen level-dependent response in two regions of the left intraparietal sulcus. These regions were not sensitive to the trajectory taken by the actor’s hand. This result demonstrates that the anterior intraparietal sulcus represents the goal of an observed action.
Quenched reinforcement exposed to fire
Authors: Hertz K. D.
Published: January 2006

Idealised data are derived for the tensile strength of quenched and tempered prestressing steel and of quenched and self-tempered reinforcing bars for fire safety design. 0·2% stresses are derived as a function of the maximum temperature and, in addition, 2·0% stresses are provided. A strain of 2·0% is seldom found in ‘slack’ (not prestressed) reinforcement, but 2·0% stresses might be relevant for reinforcement in T-shaped cross sections and for prestressed structures, where large strains can be applied. All data are provided in a ‘HOT’ condition during a fire and in a ‘COLD’ condition after a fire. The COLD condition is relevant for analyses of residual load-bearing capacity of a structure after a fire exposure. It is also relevant for analyses of concrete structures exposed to fully developed fire courses. The reason is that compression zones of concrete are always the weakest in the cooling phase after a fire, and therefore data for the reinforcement are needed in this phase as well as in a HOT condition in order to assess the minimum of the load-bearing capacity of a structure. Quenched and self-tempered steel is widely used, but its properties at fire exposure are rarely investigated. Therefore, two test series have been made, which are presented in the present paper. In one test series, transient properties are found in a HOT condition during a fire and in the other, residual properties are found in a COLD condition after a fully developed fire course.
Seedling Transplant Selection Does Not Cause Genetic Shifts in Genebank Populations of Inbred Potato Species
Authors: Bamberg J. B. , del Rio Alfonso H.
Published: January 2006

A basic goal of the U.S. Potato Genebank (USPG) and others is to test assumptions about the stability of genetic diversity in their collections. For example, when heterogeneous seed populations are regenerated, one assumes that using a careful regeneration protocol will result in very little diversity loss in the progeny. However, even the most careful mating scheme cannot prevent genetic selection if it happens earlier—when seedlings are transplanted to become the seed‐increase parents. The objective of this work was to assess the prospect of losing diversity at the seedling transplant step. Seeds of a total of 245 original seedlots (from the wild) of 11 inbreeding species [Solanum acaule Bitter, albicans (Ochoa) Ochoa, demissum Lindl., etuberosum Lindl., fendleri A. Gray, polyadenium Greenm., palustre Poepp. ex Schltdl., polytrichon Rydb., papita Rydb., stoloniferum Schltdl. & Bouché, and verrucosum Schltdl.] were sown. The most vigorous, uniform “normal” (N) seedlings were distinguished from any that were small (S) or otherwise would likely be avoided when transplanting the parent plants to be used for seed increase. Bulks of N and S types within seedlots were compared by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic similarity (GS) was calculated as average percentage matching band status at RAPD loci. About 25% of the seedlots exhibited S types, but in no case were these significantly different from their N sibs (none with lower than GS = 98%). These results suggest that inbred species' original seedlots are homogeneous and not subject to unwanted seedling selection at transplanting, despite random environmental effects that sometimes produce S seedlings.
Increased midbrain gray matter in Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Garraux Gaëtan , Goldfine Andrew , Bohlhalter Stephan , Lerner Alicja , Hanakawa Takashi , Hallett Mark
Published: January 2006

Objective

To investigate cerebral structure in Tourette's syndrome (TS).

Methods

Voxel‐based morphometry study of high‐resolution MRIs in 31 TS patients compared with 31 controls.

Results

Increased gray matter mainly in the left mesencephalon in 31 TS patients.

Interpretation

This result constitutes strong and direct evidence supporting Devinsky's hypothesis (Devinsky O. Neuroanatomy of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Possible midbrain involvement. Arch Neurol 1983;40:508–514) according to which midbrain disturbances play an important pathogenic role in TS. Ann Neurol 2006;59:381–385
Length dependence in polyneuropathy associated with IgM gammopathy
Authors: Franssen Hessel , Notermans Nicolette C.
Published: January 2006

Objective

In polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal IgM gammopathy, nerve conduction studies may show disproportionate distal slowing consistent with segmental demyelination. This was suggested to represent a length‐dependent demyelinating process, starting in distal and proceeding to proximal segments. Because the evidence for this is incomplete, we assessed whether length dependence occurs in IgM neuropathy.

Methods

In 22 patients with IgM neuropathy, 20 disease controls with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and 36 normal controls, we investigated motor conduction, sensory conduction, and needle electromyography for nerves with short, intermediate‐length, and long axons as well as conduction in short segments of the ulnar nerve from proximal to distal. To compare variables in nerves of different length, we normalized individual values with respect to the median in normal controls.

Results

In IgM neuropathy, distal slowing and features of axon loss increased with nerve length, and ulnar nerve conduction became gradually slower from proximal to distal when the elbow segment was excluded. In CIDP, no clear length dependence was found except for distal amplitude.

Interpretation

The disproportionate distal slowing in IgM neuropathy may be part of a length‐dependent process, assuming that this process is randomly distributed due to a generalized exposure to IgM. Ann Neurol 2006;59:365–371
Neurological impact of vasopressin dysregulation and hyponatremia
Authors: Bhardwaj Anish
Published: January 2006

Hyponatremia is frequently associated with neurological disease, neurosurgical procedures, and use of psychoactive drugs. Arginine vasopressin (AVP), or antidiuretic hormone, is the principal physiological regulator of water and electrolyte balance, and disruption of the normal AVP response to osmotic stimuli is a common cause of dilutional hyponatremia in neurological disorders. The hyponatremia‐induced shift in water from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment can lead to cerebral edema and serious neurological complications, especially if the decrease in serum sodium concentration ([Na+]) is large or rapid. Overly rapid correction of the serum [Na+] may lead to osmotic demyelination and irreversible brain injury. Fluid restriction is considered first‐line treatment and pharmacological agents currently used in the treatment of hyponatremia are limited by inconsistent response and adverse side effects. AVP receptor antagonists represent a new approach to the treatment of hyponatremia by blocking tubular reabsorption of water by binding to V2 receptors in the renal collecting ducts, resulting in aquaresis. Initial clinical experience with AVP receptor antagonists for hyponatremia has shown that these agents augment free water clearance, decrease urine osmolality, and correct serum [Na+] and serum osmolality. Controlled clinical trials now underway will help elucidate the role of AVP receptor antagonism in the treatment of hyponatremia. Ann Neurol 2006;59:229–236
Axonal neuropathy with optic atrophy is caused by mutations in mitofusin 2
Authors: Züchner Stephan , De Jonghe Peter , Jordanova Albena , Claeys Kristl G. , Guergueltcheva Velina , Cherninkova Sylvia , Hamilton Steven R. , Van Stavern Greg , Krajewski Karen M. , Stajich Jeffery , Tournev Ivajlo , Verhoeven Kristien , Langerhorst Christine T. , de Visser Marianne , Baas Frank , Bird Thomas , Timmerman Vincent , Shy Michael , Vance Jeffery M.
Published: January 2006

Objective

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) neuropathy with visual impairment due to optic atrophy has been designated as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type VI (HMSN VI). Reports of affected families have indicated autosomal dominant and recessive forms, but the genetic cause of this disease has remained elusive.

Methods

Here, we describe six HMSN VI families with a subacute onset of optic atrophy and subsequent slow recovery of visual acuity in 60% of the patients. Detailed clinical and genetic studies were performed.

Results

In each pedigree, we identified a unique mutation in the gene mitofusin 2 (MFN2). In three families, the MFN2 mutation occurred de novo; in two families the mutation was subsequently transmitted from father to son indicating autosomal dominant inheritance.

Interpretation

MFN2 is a mitochondrial membrane protein that was recently reported to cause axonal CMT type 2A. It is intriguing that MFN2 shows functional overlap with optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), the protein underlying the most common form of autosomal dominant optic atrophy, and mitochondrial encoded oxidative phosphorylation components as seen in Leber's hereditary optic atrophy. We conclude that autosomal dominant HMSN VI is caused by mutations in MFN2, emphasizing the important role of mitochondrial function for both optic atrophies and peripheral neuropathies. Ann Neurol 2006;59:276–281
Preparation and properties of core [poly(styrene‐n‐butyl acrylate)]–shell [poly(styrene–methyl methacrylate–vinyl triethoxide silane)] structured latex particles with self‐crosslinking characteristics
Authors: Guo Tianying , Chen Xi , Song Moudao , Zhang Banghua
Published: January 2006

Structured latex particles with a slightly crosslinked poly(styrene‐n‐butyl acrylate) (PSB) core and a poly(styrene–methacrylate–vinyl triethoxide silane) (PSMV) shell were prepared by seed emulsion polymerization, and the latex particle structures were investigated with Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The films that were formed from the structured core (PSB)–shell (PSMV) particles under ambient conditions had good water repellency and good tensile strength in comparison with films from structured core (PSB)–shell [poly(styrene–methyl methyacrylate)] latex particles; this was attributed to the self‐crosslinking of CH2CHSi(OCH2CH3)3 in the outer shell structure. The relationship between the particle structure and the film properties was also investigated in this work. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1824–1830, 2006
Effects of neck exposure to 5.5 mT static magnetic field on pharmacologically modulated blood pressure in concious rabbits
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Ohkubo Chiyoji
Published: January 2006

No Asbtract.
Millimeter wave induced reversible externalization of phosphatidylserine molecules in cells exposed in vitro
Authors: Szabo Imre , Kappelmayer Janos , Alekseev Stanislav I. , Ziskin Marvin C.
Published: January 2006

In vitro exposure of refrigerated samples (4 °C) of anti‐coagulated blood with millimeter waves (MMWs) at incident power densities (IPDs) between 0.55 and 1.23 W/cm2 has been found to induce clot formation. We found a small but statistically significant change in clot size with increasing IPD value. MMW exposure of blood samples starting at room temperature (22 °C) did not induce blood coagulation; neither did conventional heating at temperatures up to 40 °C. Since cell‐free plasma did not clot upon MMW exposure, the role of blood cells was particularly analyzed. Experiments on various mixtures of blood cells with plasma revealed an important role of red blood cells (RBC) in the coagulation process. Plasma coagulation also developed within the MMW beam above dense keratinocyte (HaCaT) monolayers suggesting it lacked cell‐type specificity. We hypothesized that alteration of the membrane surface in exposed cells might be responsible for the circumscribed coagulation. The thrombogenic role of externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) molecules is well known. Therefore, we carried out experiments for immunolabeling PS molecules with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated Annexin V on exposed cells. Fluorescence microscopy of the adherent human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and murine melanoma cells (B16F10) showed that MMW exposure at an IPD of 1.23 W/cm2 is capable of inducing reversible externalization of PS molecules in cells within the beam area without detectable membrane damage. Nonadherent Jurkat cells exposed to MMW at an IPD of 34.5 mW/cm2 also showed reversible PS externalization with flow cytometry, whether the cell temperature was held constant or permitted to rise. These results suggest that certain biological effects induced by MMWs could be initiated by membrane changes in exposed cells. Bioelectromagnetics 27:233–244, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of therapeutic antibody effector functions by glycosylation engineering: Influence of Golgi enzyme localization domain and co‐expression of heterologous β1, 4‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase III and Golgi α‐mannosidase II
Authors: Ferrara Claudia , Brünker Peter , Suter Tobias , Moser Samuel , Püntener Ursula , Umaña Pablo
Published: January 2006

The effector functions elicited by IgG antibodies strongly depend on the carbohydrate moiety linked to the Fc region of the protein. Therefore several approaches have been developed to rationally manipulate these glycans and improve the biological functions of the antibody. Overexpression of recombinant β1,4‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT‐III) in production cell lines leads to antibodies enriched in bisected oligosaccharides. Moreover, GnT‐III overexpression leads to increases in non‐fucosylated and hybrid oligosaccharides. Such antibody glycovariants have increased antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). To explore a further variable besides overexpression of GnT‐III, we exchanged the localization domain of GnT‐III with that of other Golgi‐resident enzymes. Our results indicate that chimeric GnT‐III can compete even more efficiently against the endogenous core α1,6‐fucosyltransferase (α1,6‐FucT) and Golgi α‐mannosidase II (ManII) leading to higher proportions of bisected non‐fucosylated hybrid glycans (“Glyco‐1” antibody). The co‐expression of GnT‐III and ManII led to a similar degree of non‐fucosylation as that obtained for Glyco‐1, but the majority of the oligosaccharides linked to this antibody (“Glyco‐2”) are of the complex type. These glycovariants feature strongly increased ADCC activity compared to the unmodified antibody, while Glyco‐1 (hybrid‐rich) features reduced complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) compared to Glyco‐2 or unmodified antibody. We show that apart from GnT‐III overexpression, engineering of GnT‐III localization is a versatile tool to modulate the biological activities of antibodies relevant for their therapeutic application. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absorptive capacity and interpretation system's impact when ‘going green’: an empirical study of ford, volvo cars and toyota
Authors: Williander Mats
Published: January 2006

Whether or not it pays to be green or under what circumstances is an important ongoing debate among economic researchers. However, this question, with its rather instrumental rationality, may underestimate another key issue: the ability of companies to create value that can be captured from customers. This paper reports on three companies in the automotive industry developing and launching cars with improved eco‐environmental performance and less petrol consumption. The study reveals that, despite being captured in the same technological paradigm, the individual company's mode of environmental interpretation and its aspiration to exploit new technology may be two important explanatory factors in its ability to go green profitably. The study indicates that an enacting mode of environmental interpretation may be superior to a discovering mode, and suggests that for companies having a discovering mode there may be a need to complement existing engineering practice with insights into consumer psychology, and bundling of common good versus private good product attributes. The research upon which this paper is based was conducted using an insider/outsider approach in studying the three companies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Corporate environmental non‐reporting – a UK FTSE 350 perspective
Authors: Martin A. D. , Hadley D. J.
Published: January 2006

Until relatively recently the majority of large publicly listed UK companies have not produced annual environmental reports. Of particular note is the slow take‐up of environmental reporting amongst the UK's top 350 companies, the FTSE 350. Using the results of a postal questionnaire, the reluctance of a majority of the FTSE 350 to voluntarily report is linked to 13 drawbacks. Results from non‐reporting respondents to the questionnaire allowed the relative importance of these drawbacks to be placed in a ranked order. Senior management doubt over the advantages of reporting was shown to be the most important drawback, closely followed by the effort required for data collection. A comparison in the uptake of corporate environmental management practices (other than reporting) was also made amongst reporters and non‐reporters. Reporters were shown to have a generally higher level of uptake, although company sector type and size was influential on environmental engagement overall. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Gaseous HgH2, CdH2, and ZnH2.
Authors: Shayesteh Alireza , Yu Shanshan , Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure and Bonding of Zinc Antimonides: Complex Frameworks and Narrow Band Gaps.
Authors: Mikhaylushkin Arkady S. , Nylen Johanna , Haeussermann Ulrich
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Quantum Delocalization of Hydrogen in the Li2NH Crystal
Authors: Zhang Changjun , Dyer Matthew , Alavi Ali
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ag5Te2Cl1‐xBrx (x = 0—0.65) and Ag5Te2‐ySyCl (y = 0—0.3): Variation of Physical Properties in Silver(I) Chalcogenide Halides.
Authors: Nilges Tom , Lange Stefan
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermodynamic Characteristics of the Al‐ and Cu‐Doped NdNiIn Hydrides
Authors: Sato Masashi , Denys R. V. , Riabov A. B. , Vartys V. A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Chemical Bond in Polyphosphides: Crystal Structures, the Electron Localization Function, and New View of Aromaticity in P42‐ and P5‐.
Authors: Kraus Florian , Korber Nikolaus
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Skeletal 3D Polymeric Inorganic Cluster [W4S16Cu16Cl16]n with Cu in Mixed‐Valence States: Solid‐State Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties.
Authors: Cai Ya , Wang Yan , Li Yizhi , Wang Xiaoshu , Xin Xinquan , Liu Caiming , Zheng Hegen
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Deracemization of Quaternary Stereocenters by Pd‐Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Decarboxylative Allylation of Racemic β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Mohr Justin T. , Behenna Douglas C. , Harned Andrew M. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Cyanohydrin Derivatives Catalyzed by Triethylamine.
Authors: Baeza Alejandro , Najera Carmen , Retamosa Ma. de Gracia , Sansano Jose M.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral 2,4,6‐Trihydroxycyclohexanones as Potent Building Blocks: A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure Acyclic 1,3‐Diols.
Authors: Kirsch Stefan F. , Bach Thorsten
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
7‐endo Radical Cyclizations Catalyzed by Titanocene(III). Straightforward Synthesis of Terpenoids with Seven‐Membered Carbocycles.
Authors: Justicia Jose , Oller‐Lopez Juan L. , Campana Araceli G. , Oltra J. Enrique , Cuerva Juan M. , Bunuel Elena , Cardenas Diego J.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Triarylborane Ammonia Complexes as Ideal Precursors for Arylzinc Reagents in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Dahmen Stefan , Lormann Matthias
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Diethynyltriptycene‐Linked Dipyridyl Ligands.
Authors: Kodanko Jeremy J. , Morys Anna J. , Lippard Stephen J.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Reduction of Benzofuryl Halomethyl Ketones: Asymmetric Synthesis of (R)‐Bufuralol.
Authors: Zaidlewicz Marek , Tafelska‐Kaczmarek Agnieszka , Prewysz‐Kwinto Andrzej
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5,6‐Diamino‐1,3‐dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene 2,2‐Dioxide.
Authors: Tashbaev G. A. , Tukhtasunov O.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.