bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy diagnosed by brain biopsy, not by the DNA test for JC Virus
Authors: Lee Seung-yoon , Ko Hak-cheol , Kim Sang-il , Lee Youn , Son Byung-chul
Published: April 2018

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by a lytic infection of oligodendrocytes due to the presence of JC polyomavirus (JCV). The disease occurs mostly in immunocompromised patients and is associated with a high mortality rate. The diagnosis of PML is based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for JC viral DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, case reports of the diagnosis of PML established with brain biopsy despite negative JCV CSF PCR analysis when clinical and neuroimaging features are suggestive of PML have been published. A 44-year-old male with a 6-year history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developed mental confusion and memory impairment despite 3 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple subcortical white matter lesions in bilateral hemispheres and subcortical nuclei including the thalamus and basal ganglia. JCV DNA was not detected in CSF study, but a brain biopsy showed a high JCV DNA titer. The diagnosis of PML was established with brain biopsy. An early brain biopsy may be important in the diagnosis of PML in patients with clinical manifestations and neuroimaging findings if JCV DNA is undetectable in the CSF PCR.
The “negative” impact of a subgaleal drain: Post-cranioplasty negative pressure subgaleal drain-induced ascending transtentorial herniation
Authors: Woo Peter , Lo Wilson , Wong Hoi-Tung , Chan Kwong-Yau
Published: April 2018

One commonly practiced procedural step to reduce the risk of postoperative hematoma accumulation when performing cranioplasties is to place a closed negative-pressure subgaleal drain. We present a patient with sinking skin flap syndrome that underwent such a procedure and subsequently experienced immediate postoperative ascending transtentorial herniation and intracranial hemorrhage remote from the surgical site. On determining that the subgaleal drain was the responsible cause, it was immediate removed, and the patient had neurological recovery. Fewer than 30 cases of life-threatening subgaleal drain-related complications have been documented, and this is the first reported case of ascending herniation occurring after cranioplasty. This report illustrates the potential risks of subgaleal drainage, the importance of early recognition of this rare phenomenon and that intervention can be potentially life-saving.
Peroneal nerve palsy due to subparaneurial ganglion cyst, a rare variant of intraneural ganglion cyst
Authors: Kim Dongbin , Choi Jin-Gyu , Son Byung-Chul
Published: April 2018

Intraneural ganglion cysts are rare mucinous cysts originating within the epineurium of peripheral nerves. Although ganglion cysts are the most frequent tumors of the upper and lower extremities, ganglion cysts rarely result in peripheral nerve compression. We report a case of a 30-year-old patient who presented with foot drop due to subparaneurial ganglion cyst, a variant of an intraneural ganglion cyst. Characteristic magnetic resonance imaging findings were essential in the preoperative diagnosis of intraneural ganglion cyst. The common peroneal nerve and its branches were recognized and traced to its bifurcation during the operation. The articular branches were addressed. The mucious content of the ganglion was typically found to be located within the subparaneurial compartment. Incision of the subparaneurial ganglion cyst was performed, and mucinous content was evacuated. At 2 months after the surgery, paralyzed peroneal nerve was recovered completely. Therefore, early diagnosis of intraneural ganglion, precise identification of the pathology, and proper treatment of the articular branch with atraumatic dissection of ganglion cyst are essential in the successful management of this rare lesion.
Análisis crítico de la producción de contenidos y de la ley de la radio y la televisión de titularidad estatal. El caso de TVE
Authors: Medina-Nieto Margarita
Published: April 2018

Este artículo presenta un análisis crítico de corte cuantitativo sobre la tendencia a la externalización de la producción en TVE, que está limitada por la ley, y su función de servicio público. Método. Mediante el análisis del contexto jurídico basado en la ley y un muestreo de los contenidos y las productoras audiovisuales de los cuatro canales de televisión de la cadena, Resultados y discusión. se demuestra que existe una acusada tendencia a la externalización de la producción en la cadena que a veces llega a vulnerar parcialmente la ley. También muestra que esa externalización está basada en contenidos de procedencia internacional, lo que choca con las funciones de construcción de una identidad nacional y de proximidad que debe tener una cadena pública. Conclusión. Los datos aportados en el trabajo pretenden ser una base para futuras investigaciones acerca de la calidad de los contenidos emitidos en el ente y de su función de servicio público.
Desarrollo de las productoras audiovisuales en Extremadura en el S. XXI
Authors: Morales González Ana María
Published: April 2018

Extremadura contaba, a principios del siglo XXI, con tan sólo seis productoras audiovisuales que operan en la región de forma regular, centrándose mayoritariamente en el vídeo industrial y la publicidad. Diecisiete años más tarde, aunque siguen siendo pequeñas pymes de alrededor 10 trabajadores fijos que aumentan su plantilla en función de la producción del momento, se ha cuadruplicado el número de empresas de este tipo. La causa de este desarrollo fundamentalmente se debe a la aparición de la televisión pública regional. Metodología: investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa, de corte interpretativa, documental y teórica. Entrevistas. Resultados: los datos revelan que el desarrollo se ha producido de forma controlada y limitada, debido a que estas productoras audiovisuales extremeñas tienen una relación de dependencia con el canal autonómico, es decir, la actividad anual de cada una de ellas, casi en su totalidad, depende de los contratos que obtengan con el ente autonómico.
Polymyalgia rheumatica with normal values of both erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein concentration at the time of diagnosis: a four-point guidance
Authors: Manzo Ciro , Milchert Marcin
Published: April 2018

In our Editorial we highlight the possibility that polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) can have normal values of both erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations at the time of diagnosis.
We reported all the data in the literature about this subset of disease and discussed the most relevant hypotheses about the possibility that these biomarkers can be not raised in an auto inflammatory disease such as PMR.
The utility of an ultrasound examination of shoulder and hip girdles and the measurement of other biomarkers in adjunct to ESR and CRP represented other points of discussion.
In conclusion, we propose a four-point guidance on how to investigate PMR when normal ESR and CRP coexist.
Methotrexate treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in Poland: Retrospective analysis of patients in routine clinical practice
Authors: Świerkot Jerzy , Batko Bogdan , Wiland Piotr , Jędrzejewski Mariusz , Stajszczyk Marcin
Published: April 2018

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate methotrexate (MTX) treatment administered by Polish rheumatologists in everyday practice.

Material and methods

The study was based on a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 1957 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It was conducted among 100 rheumatologists, each of whom received 20 questionnaires and completed them based on the data from their rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Results

Methotrexate was taken by 91% of patients, and 80% of them continued the treatment either as a monotherapy (65%) or concomitantly with other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. In 60% of the cases, therapy was initiated within six months of diagnosis. Dose modifications were observed in 76% of cases and were contingent on different factors, e.g. lack of efficacy, presence of adverse events. The most prevalent adverse events were nausea and vomiting, weakness, and elevated liver enzyme activity. The most common initial dose of MTX was 10 or 15 mg/week. An increase in dose to the maximum of 25 mg/week was observed in 36% of cases, with continuation for 27% of patients. Treatment interruption was noted in 21% of patients, predominantly due to MTX intolerance; however, in 13% of cases, it was due to patient choice.

Conclusions

Methotrexate is the most common agent used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Dose modifications are often applied to maximise efficacy and reduce adverse reactions, which could lead to withdrawal. Methotrexate is an effective drug for treatment of RA when used according to current recommendations. To optimise MTX therapy, regular medical visits are required.
Monocyte-related biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis development in undifferentiated arthritis patients – a pilot study
Authors: Kurowska Weronika , Kuca-Warnawin Ewa , Radzikowska Anna , Jakubaszek Michał , Maślińska Maria , Kwiatkowska Brygida , Maśliński Włodzimierz
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Enhanced/disturbed activities of monocytes are crucial for perpetuation and for development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, knowledge about monocyte activities and regulation of molecular pathways operating within monocytes early in the course of RA development may help to predict the progression to the full-blown disease. We aimed to investigate the profile of miRNAs expression in circulating monocytes and monocyte-related cytokines in sera of individuals at undifferentiated arthritis (UA) stage, wich could serve as new biomarkers for RA development.

Material and methods

Magnetically sorted monocytes from peripheral blood of 20 UA patients served for total RNA isolation. RNA samples were used for microRNA profiling. Concentrations of CCL3/MIP-1α, M-CSF, CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-15 in sera of UA patients were measured using ELISA assays. Verification of diagnosis after 4 years of follow-up led to the identification of patients who developed RA (UA -> RA patients) and patients who remained still in UA phase (UA -> UA patients). Comparisons between patients groups were performed using two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test.

Results

We identified 50 miRNAs in monocytes with the largest variation of expression across all patients samples. From these selected miRNAs, expression of miR-642b-5p, miR-483-3p, miR-371b-5p were significantly up-regulated and miR-25-3p and miR-378d were significantly down-regulated in UA -> RA vs. UA -> UA patients. This specific pattern of miRNAs expression in circulating monocytes paralleled elevated IL-15 and M-CSF concentrations in sera of UA patients who progressed to RA.

Conclusions

Results of our pilot study indicate that altered activity of monocytes can be detected at early stages of RA. We found new miRNA candidates differentially expressed in peripheral blood monocytes and elevated concentrations of IL-15 and M-CSF involved in monocyte activity and differentiation in patients with UA who subsequently developed RA, in comparison to UA patients who did not progress to RA after 4 years follow-up.
Frequency and associations of chronic kidney disease among gout patients from a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Akpabio Akpabio Akanimo , Dung-gwom Pam Stephen , Olaosebikan Babatunde Hakeem , Adelowo Olufemi Oladipo
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To highlight common precipitants and co-morbidities of gout in Nigerians; determine the frequency of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Nigerian gout patients, as well as identify significant associations of CKD in gout patients.

Material and methods

Retrospective cross-sectional study of gout cases seen at the Rheumatology Clinic of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital over five years from January 2011 to December 2015. Gout was diagnosed using the 1977 American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted and examined for the presence of CKD defined using Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 guidelines as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, CKD-EPI) < 60 mls/min/1.73 m2 body surface area for > 3 months.

Results

One hundred and six gout patients were identified representing 4.5% out of a total of 2330 cases seen during the study period. There were 94 males and 12 females. Oligoarthritis was most frequent (41.5%) with the knee mostly affected (20.1%). Diuretic use was the most frequent precipitant (37.9%) with hypertension the commonest co-morbidity (62.9%). Of 70 patients with complete results, 29 had eGFR (CKD-EPI) < 60 mls/min (41.4%). Age, proteinuria, body mass index (BMI) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significant associations of CKD. Gout patients with CKD were significantly older (61.79 vs. 54.41 years, p = 0.003) with a significantly higher proportion developing proteinuria (15 vs. 4 patients, p  0.0001) compared to those without CKD. In contrast, those with CKD had a significantly lower BMI (27.31 vs. 29.65 kg/m2, p = 0.026) and PCV (31.97 vs. 37.95%, p = 0.005).

Conclusions

Thiazide diuretic use is the most common precipitant while hypertension is the commonest comorbidity in Nigerian gout patients. About two in five Nigerian gout patients had chronic kidney disease at presentation with age, proteinuria, BMI and PCV as significant associations. It is thus imperative to screen for chronic kidney disease when managing gout patients.
Clinical pattern of systemic sclerosis in Central Ukraine. Association between clinical manifestations of systemic sclerosis and hypertension
Authors: Semenov Viktor , Kuryata Olexandr , Lysunets Tatiana
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare disease of connective tissue, manifestations of which may vary in different geographical areas. We aimed to describe the clinical portrait of patients with SSc in Dnipropetrovsk region and to investigate how initial clinical and laboratory characteristics are connected with the presence of hypertension in SSc onset.

Material and methods

Patients were enrolled to this study from the registry of SSc patients, established in the Rheumatology Department, Mechnikov Dnipropetrovsk Regional Clinic, Dnipro. This registry contains histories of new cases of SSc from 1993 to 2014. Patients are followed-up and receive treatment according to EULAR and local standards. Diagnosis of SSc was based on ACR and EULAR Criteria for systemic Sclerosis. Two patients developed scleroderma renal crisis during follow-up. This report is a cross-sectional study. We analysed only data of the first visit to a rheumatologist.

Results

In total 148 patients (median age [IQR] – 47 [40; 52] years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Male/female ratio was 1 : 20.1. The most frequent clinical signs were Raynaud’s phenomenon and arthritis. The prevalence of skin lesion in dcSSc patients was twice as high as in lcSSc patients. Pulmonary fibrosis occurred significantly more commonly in dcSSc patients. Hypertension occurred in 26–33% in both groups. Patients with hypertension at the SSc onset were seven years older than normotensive patients. More hypertensive patients were classified as lcSSc. Mean GFR was dramatically lower in hypertensive patients.

Conclusions

The most common clinical form in our study was diffuse cutaneous subset of SSc. Hypertension in patients with SSc may be associated with local cutaneous subset of SSc and renal impairment. The strongest predictors of clinical form of SSc are signs of fibrosis (skin lesion and pulmonary fibrosis) and inflammation (arthritis and elevated CRP).
Socio-demographic determinants of the acceptance of systemic connective tissue diseases
Authors: Puto Grażyna , Repka Iwona , Zurzycka Patrycja , Kowalska Urszula
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Socio-demographic forecasts indicate a stable increase in the population of elderly people, which gives rise to the need to examine the relationship between the acceptance of chronic illness and socio-demographic variables not only in terms of subjective negative emotions but also because of possible social consequences. The acceptance of a chronic disease is determined by factors related to its character including its severity and the discomfort it brings about but also by factors connected with the patient that is socio-demographic determinants. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the acceptance of a chronic disease of locomotive organs.

Material and methods

The study was conducted in the group of 150 patients diagnosed with a systemic connective tissue disease during its stable phase. A socio-demographic questionnaire as well as a standardised Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) adapted by Juszczyński were applied in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Results

In the group of 150 patients suffering from a systemic connective tissue disease the percentage of women was higher than the percentage of men (60.7% vs. 39.3%). The indicator of the acceptance of illness in the group examined reached 24.5 ±7.5. The strongest correlation was found between the acceptance level and married probants (eta = 0.26; p = 0.01), high education (eta = 0.24; p = 0.04) and working activity (eta = 0.20; p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Socio-demographic factors which determine the level of illness acceptance include age, marital status, education and the source of income. The acceptance of illness in the examined group of patients with systemic connective tissue diseases reached 24.5.
Rheumatic fever – new diagnostic criteria
Authors: Szczygielska Izabela , Hernik Elżbieta , Kołodziejczyk Beata , Gazda Agnieszka , Maślińska Maria , Gietka Piotr
Published: April 2018

Rheumatic fever (RF) is an autoimmune disease associated with group A -hemolytic streptococcal infection, in the course of which the patient develops carditis, arthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules and erythema marginatum.

Rheumatic fever diagnosis is based on the Jones criteria, developed in 1944, then revised twice by the American Heart Association (AHA), in 1992 and recently in 2015.

The last revision of the Jones criteria consists mainly in the supplementation of the major criteria with echocardiographic examination, the introduction of a concept of subclinical carditis and the isolation of low, medium and high risk populations among the patients.

AHA recommends that all the patients with suspected RF undergo Doppler echocardiographic examination after the Jones criteria have been verified, even if no clinical signs of carditis are present.
Ultrasound as a useful tool to integrate the clinical assessment of nail involvement in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gutierrez-Manjarrez Jessica , Gutierrez Marwin , Bertolazzi Chiara , Pineda Carlos , Alfaro-Rodriguez Alfonso
Published: April 2018

Developing the skills to adequately assess nail lesions in psoriasis is mandatory for correct interpretation of the pathological features and to provide correct management of psoriatic patients. Although clinical assessment is part of an accurate diagnosis of nail psoriasis, recent advances in the field of imaging are generating growing interest among clinicians exploring its potential role for the assessment of nail psoriasis. We would like to address the attention to ultrasound (US), which is having an impact in different clinical scenarios such as diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of nail involvement in psoriatic disease
Quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus and its measurement
Authors: Saletra Agata , Olesińska Marzena
Published: April 2018

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is multi-system autoimmune rheumatic disorder with very broad clinical picture. Due to its generalized nature it influences all aspects of patient’s life: physical, psychological and social well-being. With the development in diagnosis and treatment of SLE, median survival increased significantly over the past years. This article focused on the elements of quality of life, which are especially important for SLE patients, like body image, fatigue, family relations, disease impact on professional and social life. The quality of life could be measured with two different instruments: generic and disease-specific questionnaires. Generic ones are used to assess the quality of life of patients comparing to general population whereas specific questionnaires are designed to measure outcomes in one specific disease. The aim of the article is to describe HRQoL in SLE patients and the variables important for patients which have impact on it.
Septic arthritis of the sacroiliac joint
Authors: Woytala Patryk J. , Sebastian Agata , Błach Katarzyna , Silicki Jurand , Wiland Piotr
Published: April 2018

Septic arthritis is an inflammation of a joint caused directly by various microorganisms. It is often characterized by many unspecific symptoms. Bacteria is the most often etiological factor.

We present a case report of a 76-years old woman with a unilateral septic arthritis of the sacroiliac joint. Bacterial sacroiliitis should be taken into account in patients with sacroiliitis and fever onset.

Proper diagnosis can be very often difficult and delayed but fast implementation of antibiotic therapy is extremely important in the treatment process. Diagnostic imaging is crucial to the diagnosis and monitoring of septic arthritis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most relevant tool for the detection of sacroiliitis, allowing the institution of therapeutic strategies to impede the progression of the disease.
A nine-year-old patient affected by chromosomal aberration with the suspicion of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Żuber Zbigniew , Nawrotek Magdalena , Sobczyk Małgorzata , Mężyk Elżbieta , Turowska-Heydel Dorota
Published: April 2018

We present a case study of a 9.5-year-old girl affected by chromosome 12 aberration with the suspicion of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). All the tests performed at the hospital and the presence of a genetic disorder ledus to search for a diagnosisother than JIA. We initially diagnosed spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT), which is related to chromosome 12. Certain signs and symptoms of this disease were presented by our patient at the time of admission. After analysing all the tests and the general conditionof the patient, we were unable to confirm this diagnosis. However, it is possible that the symptoms may occur during subsequentyears and may allow confirmation of SEDT in the future.
Modeling the biogeochemical impact of atmospheric phosphate deposition from desert dust and combustion sources to the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Richon Camille , Dutay Jean-Claude , Dulac François , Wang Rong , Balkanski Yves
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Daily modeled fields of phosphate deposition to the Mediterranean from natural dust, anthropogenic combustion and wildfires were used to assess the effect of this external nutrient on marine biogeochemistry. The ocean model used is a high-resolution (1∕12°) regional coupled dynamical–biogeochemical model of the Mediterranean Sea (NEMO-MED12/PISCES). The input fields of phosphorus are for 2005, which are the only available daily resolved deposition fields from the global atmospheric chemical transport model LMDz-INCA. Traditionally, dust has been suggested to be the main atmospheric source of phosphorus, but the LMDz-INCA model suggests that combustion is dominant over natural dust as an atmospheric source of phosphate (PO4, the bioavailable form of phosphorus in seawater) for the Mediterranean Sea. According to the atmospheric transport model, phosphate deposition from combustion (Pcomb) brings on average 40.5×10−6 mol PO4 m−2 yr−1 over the entire Mediterranean Sea for the year 2005 and is the primary source over the northern part (e.g., 101×10−6 mol PO4 m−2 yr−1 from combustion deposited in 2005 over the north Adriatic against 12.4×10−6 from dust). Lithogenic dust brings 17.2×10−6 mol PO4 m−2 yr−1 on average over the Mediterranean Sea in 2005 and is the primary source of atmospheric phosphate to the southern Mediterranean Basin in our simulations (e.g., 31.8×10−6 mol PO4 m−2 yr−1 from dust deposited in 2005 on average over the south Ionian basin against 12.4×10−6 from combustion). The evaluation of monthly averaged deposition flux variability of Pdust and Pcomb for the 1997–2012 period indicates that these conclusions may hold true for different years. We examine separately the two atmospheric phosphate sources and their respective flux variability and evaluate their impacts on marine surface biogeochemistry (phosphate concentration, chlorophyll a, primary production). The impacts of the different phosphate deposition sources on the biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean are found localized, seasonally varying and small, but yet statistically significant. Differences in the geographical deposition patterns between phosphate from dust and from combustion will cause contrasted and significant changes in the biogeochemistry of the basin. We contrast the effects of combustion in the northern basin (Pcomb deposition effects are found to be 10 times more important in the northern Adriatic, close to the main source region) to the effects of dust in the southern basin. These different phosphorus sources should therefore be accounted for in modeling studies.
Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)
Authors: Klein Nicole , Griebeler Eva Maria
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Bone tissue, microanatomy, and growth are studied in humeri of the pachypleurosaurs Dactylosaurus from the early Anisian of Poland and of aff. Neusticosaurus pusillus from the Lettenkeuper (early Ladinian) of southern Germany. Histology and modeled growth curves are compared to already published data of other pachypleurosaurs. Therefore, we herein established growth curves for Anarosaurus from the middle Anisian of Winterswijk (the Netherlands) and for pachypleurosaurs from the Anisian/Ladinian of the Alpine Triassic (i.e., Neusticosaurus spp. and Serpianosaurus). Humeri of Dactylosaurus, Anarosaurus, and aff. N. pusillus, all from the Germanic Basin, usually display an inner ring of (pre-)hatchling bone tissue. In some samples this tissue is surrounded by a layer of perpendicularly oriented fine fibers, which could indicate the start of active locomotion for foraging or might be related to viviparity. However, pachypleurosaurs from the Alpine Triassic do not show this tissue. This in turn could be related to overall differences in the environments inhabited (Germanic Basin vs. Alpine Triassic). Histological comparison revealed distinct taxon-specific differences in microanatomy and bone tissue type between Anarosaurus on the one hand and Dactylosaurus and the Neusticosaurus–Serpianosaurus clade on the other hand. Microanatomical differences imply a different degree in secondary adaptation to an aquatic environment. Life-history traits derived histologically and obtained from modeling growth were in general rather similar for all studied pachypleurosaurs. Onset of sexual maturation was within the first third of life. Asymptotic ages (maximum life span) considerably exceeded documented and modeled ages at death in all pachypleurosaur taxa. All traits modeled (more or less) matched values seen in similar-sized extant reptiles. Growth curves revealed differences in growth and maturation strategies within taxa that could indicate sexual dimorphism expressed in different adult sizes and a different onset of sexual maturation. Differences in gender size and morphology is well documented for the Chinese pachypleurosaur Keichousaurus and for Neusticosaurus spp. from the Alpine Triassic. Birth-to-adult size ratios of herein studied pachypleurosaurs were consistent with those seen in other viviparous Sauropterygia, other viviparous extinct taxa as well as extant viviparous reptiles. Anarosaurus had the highest maximum growth rates of all pachypleurosaurs studied, which best conformed to those seen in today's similar-sized reptiles and is expected from its bone tissue type. The other pachypleurosaur taxa had lower rates than the average seen in similar-sized extant reptiles. We hypothesize from our data that the considerably higher asymptotic ages compared to ages at death, early onset of maturation compared to asymptotic age, and viviparity reflect that pachypleurosaurs lived in predator-dominated environments.
Container Port Selection in West Africa: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
Authors: Icaza Rivelino R. De , Parnell Gregory Samuel
Published: April 2018

The West Africa gross domestic product is expected to grow and port expansion projects will increase capacity by over 12 million TEUs (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units) by 2020. With the economic potential that the region offers and the steady growth of container traffic, the port selection decision by shipping lines is complex because the region has a poor shipping infrastructure and political instability that impact transportation security supply chain services. This research applies a multi-attribute value theory (MAVT) with value-focused thinking (VFT) and alternative-focused thinking (AFT) methodologies to develop a shipping lines’ container port selection decision models for West Africa. Criteria and port alternatives from a previous published study were used in the research. The study demonstrates that a decision analysis model can be developed based on available quantitative port data rather than using data from surveys, interviews and questionnaires, as done in previous publications. In both approaches the Abidjan Port is the best option for shipping lines and the worst option is the Lagos Port. The VFT approach offers graphical displays that help decision makers understand strengths, weaknesses, tradeoffs, and improvement opportunities for each port alternative.
Trophy Hunting Versus Ecotourism as a Conservation Model? Assessing the Impacts on Ungulate Behaviour and Demographics in the Ruaha-Rungwa Ecosystem, Central Tanzania
Authors: Hariohay Kwaslema Malle , Jackson Craig R. , Fyumagwa Robert D. , Roskaft Eivin
Published: April 2018

Trophy hunting may influence wildlife populations in many ways, but these effects have received little consideration in many of Africa’s protected areas. We assessed the effects of trophy hunting on group size, behaviour, flight initiation distance, sex ratio and calf recruitment rate in two model species, impala (Aepyceros melampus) and greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), in Rungwa Game Reserve (RGR), Tanzania. The adjoining Ruaha National Park (RNP) served as a control site, since only ecotourism is permitted. Road transects were driven and data recorded immediately upon sighting animals. Both impala and greater kudu had higher flight initiation distances, smaller group size, lower calf recruitment rates and higher levels of vigilance behaviour in RGR compared to those in RNP. Sex ratios did not differ between the two areas. The observed differences are ascribed to the direct and indirect effects of trophy hunting in RGR. Low calf recruitment rates in RGR are of concern, as this may directly compromise population growth rates. Long-term studies may therefore be required to assess how hunted populations are affected by different hunting intensities and at what point this may threaten population persistence.
Evaluation of Hydrological Data Collection Challenges and Flood Estimation Uncertainties in Nigeria
Authors: Ekeu-wei Iguniwari Thomas
Published: April 2018

In recent years, flooding has become a recurring problem in many regions including Nigeria, owing to changing climatic conditions, as well as anthropogenic factors such as poor land use management and urbanization that aggravate flood impact. To effectively manage and mitigate flood impact, hydrological data is required, and in many developing regions gauging stations are established, and gauge readers recruited and trained to collect and transmit such data to designated hydrological or water resource management agencies. This study focuses on understanding the challenges associated with hydrological data collection in Nigeria, using the Ogun-Osun River as a typical case, while analytically assessing how these challenges result in uncertainties that propagate unto flood frequency estimates that are used to inform flood management decisions. The findings reveal that (i) capacity and institutional gaps; lack of maintenance of hydrological infrastructure and surrounding landscape; poor data management architecture; and floods events that destroy hydrological equipment and inundate roads thereby restricting access to collected data during peak floods, are some of the challenges associated with hydrological data collection in developing regions; (ii) these conditions result in gaps in and shortened length of annual maximum hydrological time series required for flood frequency estimation, consequently leading to under or overestimation of low and high flood quantiles such as 1-in-2year and 1-in-100year floods, to levels of 0.67 m and 0.9 m respectively for the Ogun Osun River Basin. The need for improved data collation, management and adaptation of new technologies such as radar or sonar by the Ogun-Osun River Basin Development Authority is recommended in this study, to ensure sustainable and improved hydrological data collection, management, transferability and usability for flood management.
Cocrystal solubility-pH and drug solubilization capacity of sodium dodecyl sulfate – mass action model for data analysis and simulation to improve design of experiments
Authors: Avdeef Alex
Published: April 2018

This review discusses the disposition of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; i.e., sodium lauryl sulfate), to solubilize sparingly-soluble drugs above the surfactant critical micelle concentration (CMC), as quantitated by the solubilization capacity (k). A compilation of 101 published SDS k values of mostly poorly-soluble drug molecules was used to develop a prediction model as a function of the drug’s intrinsic solubility, S0, and its calculated H-bond acceptor/donor potential. In almost all cases, the surfactant was found to solubilize the neutral form of the drug. Using the mass action model, the k values were converted to drug-micelle stoichiometric binding constants, Kn, corresponding to drug-micelle equilibria in drug-saturated solutions. An in-depth case study (data from published sources) considered the micellization reactions as a function of pH of a weak base, B, (pKa 3.58, S0 52 μg/mL), where at pH 1 the BH.SDS salt was predicted to precipitate both below and above the CMC. At low SDS concentrations, two drug salts were predicted to co-precipitate: BH.Cl and BH.SDS. Solubility products of both were determined from the analysis of the reported solubility-surfactant data. Above the CMC, in a rare example, the charged form of the drug (BH+) appeared to be strongly solubilized by the surfactant. The constant for that reaction was also determined. At pH 7, the reactions were simpler, as only the neutral form of the drug was solubilized, to a significantly lesser extent than at pH 1. Case studies also featured examples of solubilization of solids in the form of cocrystals. For many cocrystal systems studied in aqueous solution, the anticipated supersaturated state is not long-lasting, as the drug component precipitates to a thermodynamically stable form, thus lowering the amount of the active ingredient available for intestinal absorption. Use of surfactant can prevent this. A recently-described method for predicting the solubility product of cocrystals (coupled with predicted k values described here) allowed for simulations of solubility-pH speciation profiles of cocrystal systems in the presence of SDS. Well in advance of any actual measurements, these simulations can be used to probe conditions favorable to the design of cocrystal experiments where SDS stabilizes cocrystal suspensions against drug precipitation over a predicted range of pH values.
Effectiveness of E‑Learning in Higher Schools
Authors: Adamska Agata
Published: April 2018

The article provides a review of the literature, containing research into various aspects of e‑learning, especially in universities. The starting point was an attempt to define the concept of e‑learning itself, the understanding of which is varied and changes over time. The next step was to analyze the use of various forms and tools of e‑learning in the practice of university in the context of its three functions in relation to a  traditional teaching: support, supplement or replace. Then two dimensions of the effectiveness of e‑learning were discussed – learning effectiveness and cost effectiveness. Referring to the results of earlier published studies, the main barriers and factors affecting the growth of this effectiveness were indicated. The analyzes carried out lead to the conclusion that the best way of development of modern forms of education within universities is blended learning.
Paradoxes of Exploitation and Exploration in Diversity Management in Organisation
Authors: Gruszczyńska‑Malec Grażyna , Waligóra Łucja
Published: April 2018

In the article the author indicates the importance of the paradoxes of exploration and exploitation in the process of managing diversity. Attention was paid to the selected determinants of organisational management based on diversity, affecting the strengthening of the implementation of actions aimed at innovation and/or productivity. The aim of this publication is to identify these characteristics in the area of age, gender and culturality of employees that increase the effectiveness of exploration and exploitation in contemporary organisations.
Diversification of Labour Market Policy Instruments in the Process
of Elderly Unemployed Occupational Activation
Authors: Maksim Monika , Wiśniewski Zenon
Published: April 2018

Extending the economic activity of the elderly is now an important development
challenge, especially given the shrinking and ageing of the population and
increasing risk to the stability of the pension system. Activation of the elderly
unemployed and retaining them in employment is a key priority of labour market
policy. The article attempts to analyze the causes of older people’s difficulties
in the labour market, reviews active labour market programs targeted to the
elderly unemployed while pointing out their pros and cons.  The paper suggests
that in case of the elderly unemployed activation there should be complex and
individually based approach. It is also recommended to use non‑standard and
innovative measures at the stage of diagnosis, participation in programs and after
getting employment.
Diversity of Methods in Diagnosing Managerial Competencies
– Theoretical and Empirical Approach
Authors: Tyrańska Małgorzata
Published: April 2018

The limitation or elimination of the competence gap can be achieved by
applying a broad spectrum of assessment methods, including methods allowing
to diagnose: manager’s competence profile, progress in achieving objectives,
quality of work as well as manager’s utility in a workplace and allowing to develop
a  manager career path. For the purpose of the article it was assumed that the
variety of applied methods creates the conditions for obtaining a comprehensive
and objective assessment of the owned and used managerial competences in the
current activity. The aim of the article was to present methods for diagnosing
the competences of management staff and to show the scope of their use in the
practice of enterprises.
Vancomycin Versus Vancomycin Plus Rifampin for the Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Exacerbations of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Fusco Nicholas M. , Meaney Calvin J. , Wells Corey , Frederick Carla A. , Prescott William A.
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the change in pulmonary function in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) who were infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) treated with either vancomycin (VAN) alone or vancomycin plus rifampin (VAN-RIF).

METHODS Included patients were ages 6 to 20 years; hospitalized for an acute pulmonary exacerbation (APE) of CF from May 1, 2012, to April 30, 2014; had a respiratory tract culture positive for MRSA within 1 month of index hospital admission; received at least 48 consecutive hours of VAN or VAN-RIF; and had admission and discharge pulmonary function tests. The primary end point was change in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1).

RESULTS A total of 39 encounters met inclusion criteria: 24 in the VAN group (mean age 15.1 years) and 15 in the VAN-RIF group (mean age 13.7 years). There were no between-group differences in mean percent change in FEV1 (32.6% ± 28.8% vs. 21.1% ± 12.1%; p = 0.091), mean percent change in forced vital capacity (22.6% ± 25.8% vs. 14% ± 9.4%; p = 0.127), or return to baseline FEV1 (20 [83.3%] vs. 14 [93.3%] patients; p = 0.631). Median (IQR) length of stay (13 days [11–14 days] vs. 13 days [9–14 days]; p = 0.6) and median (IQR) time to readmission (82 days [43–129 days] vs. 147 days [78–219 days]; p = 0.2) were similar between the VAN and VAN-RIF groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS Vancomycin monotherapy appears to be adequate when treating APEs of CF in children and adolescents with moderate lung disease and high MRSA VAN minimum inhibitory concentrations. Therefore, the addition of RIF may be unnecessary; however, larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
CRPClustering: An R Package for Bayesian Nonparametric Chinese Restaurant Process Clustering with Entropy
Authors: Okada Masashi
Published: April 2018

Clustering is a scientific method which finds the clusters of data and many related methods are traditionally researched for long terms. Bayesian nonparametrics is statistics which can treat models having infinite parameters. Chinese restaurant process is used in order to compose Dirichlet process. The clustering which uses Chinese restaurant process does not need to decide the number of clusters in advance. This algorithm automatically adjusts it. Then, this package can calculate clusters in addition to entropy as the ambiguity of clusters.
Adaptive genetic variation at three loci in South African vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and the role of selection within Primates
Authors: Coetzer Willem G , Turner Trudy R , Schmitt Christopher A , Grobler J Paul
Published: April 2018

Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are one of the most widely distributed non-human primate species found in South Africa. They occur across all the South African provinces, inhabiting a large variety of habitats. These habitats vary sufficiently that it can be assumed that various factors such as pathogen diversity could influence populations in different ways. In turn, these factors could lead to varied levels of selection at specific fitness linked loci. The Toll-like Receptor (TLR) gene family, which play an integral role in vertebrate innate immunity, is a group of fitness linked loci which has been the focus of much research. In this study, we assessed the level of genetic variation at partial sequences of two TLR loci (TLR4 and 7) and a reproductively linked gene, acrosin (ACR), across the different habitat types within the vervet monkey distribution range. Gene variation and selection estimates were also made among 11 – 21 primate species. Low levels of genetic variation for all three gene regions were observed within vervet monkeys , with only two polymorphic sites identified for TLR4, three sites for TLR7 and one site for ACR . TLR7 variation was positively correlated with high mean annual rainfall, which was linked to increased pathogen abundance. The observed genetic variation at TLR4 might have been influenced by numerous factors including pathogens and climatic conditions. The ACR exonic regions showed no variation in vervet monkeys, which could point to the occurrence of a selective sweep. The TLR4 and TLR7 results for the among primate analyses was mostly in line with previous studies, indicating a higher rate of evolution for TLR4. Within primates, ACR also showed signs of positive selection, which was congruent with previous reports on mammals. Important additional information to the already existing vervet monkey knowledge base was gained from this study, which can guide future research projects on this highly researched taxon as well as help conservation agencies with future management planning involving possible translocations of this species.
Towards an analysis of the ecological economics of West African forests
Authors: Dendi Daniele
Published: April 2018

This paper presents a model of the Ecological Economy as instrument of management lands. The model relates the human capital with natural capital and pursuing the environmental sustainability in primary emphasis in the economic system. The protection of biodiversity must be part of a long-term development strategy. A profit becomes sustainable when its increase or its stability is not negatively affecting the natural capital over time. The identification of the equilibrium point in a set of lands permits the pinpoint of a baskets of goods and services that it maintains the biodiversity level in a target area. The basket identified is the key tool to address the management policy in the target areas. These policies will promote economic sustainable growth with more income for the families of the local communities in the park area for a selected target of lands. Thus, the decision process in the land management will be the result of a scientific identification process.
Doing things twice (or differently): Strategies to identify studies for targeted validation
Authors: Sarma Gopal P
Published: April 2018

The “reproducibility crisis” has been a highly visible source of scientific controversy and dispute. Here, I propose and review several avenues for identifying and prioritizing research studies for the purpose of targeted validation. Of the various proposals discussed, I identify scientific data science as being a strategy that merits greater attention among those interested in reproducibility. I argue that the tremendous potential of scientific data science for uncovering high-value research studies is a significant and rarely discussed benefit of the transition to a fully open-access publishing model.
Ampelisca eschrichtii Krøyer, 1842 (Ampeliscidae) of the Sakhalin Shelf in the Okhotsk Sea starve in summer and feast in winter
Authors: Durkina Valentina B. , Chapman John W. , Demchenko Natalia L.
Published: April 2018

Background. Ampelisca eschrichtii Krøyer, 1842 of the Sakhalin Shelf of the Okhotsk Sea, Far Eastern Russia, comprise the highest known biomass concentration of any amphipod population in the world and are a critically important prey source for western gray whales. Growth and reproduction in this population has not been apparent in summer. However, they are not accessible for sampling in winter to test a previous default conclusion that they grow and reproduce in winter.

Methods. We tested the default winter growth and reproduction hypothesis by detailed comparisons of the brood and gonad development among 40 females and 14 males and brood sizes among females observed since 2002. Our test included six predictions of reproductive synchrony that would be apparent from gonad and brood morphology if active reproduction occurs in summer.

Results. We found high prevalences of undersized and damaged oocytes, undersized broods, a lack of females brooding fully formed juveniles, atrophied ovaries, and males with mature sperm but lacking fully developed secondary sex morphologies required for pelagic mating. All of these conditions are consistent with trophic stress and starvation.

Discussion. These A. eschrichtii populations therefore appear to starve in summer and to grow and reproduce in winter. The Offshore A. eschrichtii populations occur in summer below water strata bearing high phytoplankton biomasses. These populations are more likely to feed successfully in winter when storms mix phytoplankton to their depths.