bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black parents speak out
Authors: Ochieng Bertha M N
Published: July 2010

Objective: This article presents an account of the beliefs and perceptions of Black parents and the influence of the education system on the wellbeing of their children.

Method: The material is drawn from a large ethnographic study that explored the attitudes and experiences of Black families and adolescents on healthy lifestyle.

Setting: Ten Black families of African Caribbean origin were interviewed in their homes.

Results: Despite the high value placed on education, a number of key factors were viewed as compromising the wellbeing of African Caribbean adolescents in schools; these were identified as experiences of racism, the delivery of a Euro-centric curriculum, and reliance on suspension and exclusion as a form of discipline at school. Participants also believed that because African Caribbean boys suffered worse educational achievements and the consequences of racism, this led to a significantly poorer wellbeing in comparison with the girls.

Conclusion: Findings suggested that for schools to enable the wellbeing and positive self-esteem of young people it is important to promote and provide an educational experience that responds to every child’s need for knowledge, linked to their unique experiences and histories. Though experiences in school are not the only factors that can affect the wellbeing of young people, it remains an important area to consider irrespective of ethnicity. Data from this study provides a conceptual and methodological basis for future large-scale and longitudinal investigations into the educational experiences of children from different ethnic groups and interplay with wellbeing, including health inequalities later in adult life.
Characterization of highly filled magnesium hydroxide-polypropylene composite foams
Authors: Antunes Marcelo , Velasco José Ignacio , Haurie Laia
Published: July 2010

Magnesium hydroxide—filled polypropylene foams were prepared by a compression-molding chemical foaming process and studied considering the effects of foaming and the presence of the particles on the microstructure (cellular structure and induced particle and polymer orientations), dynamic mechanical, and flame retardancy of the polypropylene composites. Two magnesium hydroxide concentrations, 50 and 70 wt%, as well as different foam densities, were considered. Results are discussed in terms of the observed anisotropy-induced cellular and particle and crystal orientations and their effects on the direction-dependent dynamic mechanical and flame behavior results. Preliminary flame retardancy characterization of the several solid and foamed composites showed interesting results due to foaming, foams globally exhibiting a higher extinguishability than the respective solid composites.
The utility of article and preposition error correction systems for English language learners: Feedback and assessment
Authors: Chodorow Martin , Gamon Michael , Tetreault Joel
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we describe and evaluate two state-of-the-art systems for identifying and correcting writing errors involving English articles and prepositions. Criterion SM, developed by Educational Testing Service, and ESL Assistant , developed by Microsoft Research, both use machine learning techniques to build models of article and preposition usage which enable them to identify errors and suggest corrections to the writer. We evaluated the effects of these systems on users in two studies. In one, Criterion provided feedback about article errors to native and non-native speakers who were writing an essay for a college-level psychology course. The results showed a significant reduction in the number of article errors in the final essays of the non-native speakers. In the second study, ESL Assistant was used by non-native speakers who were composing email messages. The results indicated that users were selective in their choices among the system’s suggested corrections and that, as a result, they were able to increase the proportion of valid corrections by making effective use of feedback.
Synthesizing grasp configurations with specified contact regions
Authors: Rosales Carlos , Ros Lluís , Porta Josep M. , Suárez Raúl
Published: July 2010

In this paper we present a new method to solve the configuration problem on robotic hands: determining how a hand should be configured so as to grasp a given object in a specific way, characterized by a number of hand—object contacts to be satisfied. In contrast to previous algorithms given for the same purpose, the method presented here allows such contacts to be specified between free-form regions on the hand and object surfaces, and always returns a solution whenever one exists. The method is based on formulating the problem as a system of polynomial equations of special form, and then exploiting this form to isolate the solutions, using a numerical technique based on linear relaxations. The approach is general, in the sense that it can be applied to any grasping mechanism involving lower-pair joints, and it can accommodate as many hand—object contacts as required. Experiments are included that illustrate the performance of the method in the particular case of the Schunk Anthropomorphic hand.
A long-term follow-up study of 18 patients with sporadic hemiplegic migraine
Authors: Stam Anine H , Louter Mark A , Haan Joost , de Vries Boukje , van den Maagdenberg Arn MJM , Frants Rune R , Ferrari Michel D , Terwindt Gisela M
Published: July 2010

Objective: Our objective was to study the long-term prognosis of sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM).

Methods: We performed a longitudinal follow-up study in 18 patients who were diagnosed with SHM between 1993 and 1996. Follow-up time between the first and second survey ranged from nine to 14 years. These patients were included as part of a genetic study in which we systematically analysed the role of the three known familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) genes.

Results: In 12 out of 18 patients the clinical diagnosis was unchanged. In two of the six remaining patients the attacks were no longer associated with hemiplegia; one of them had an ATP1A2 gene mutation (E120A). In the four other patients, the diagnosis changed into FHM, because a family member had developed hemiplegic migraine since the initial diagnosis was made. In two of the four patients a mutation was demonstrated ( CACNA1A [R583Q] and ATP1A2 [R834X]).

Conclusion: This study shows that the diagnosis of SHM changes into FHM in a considerable percentage of patients (22% [4 of 18]), almost a decade after the initial diagnosis. This indicates that a careful follow-up of SHM patients and their families is advisable for optimal care and counseling. Diagnostic screening of FHM genes in SHM patients can be of value. Our genetic and clinical follow-up studies reinforce the evidence that FHM and SHM are part of the same spectrum of migraine.
Survey of medical waste characterization and management in Iran: a case study of Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Authors: Bazrafshan E. , Kord Mostafapoor F.
Published: July 2010

Medical waste management has not received enough attention in recent decades in Iran, as is the case in most economically developing countries. This study investigated the quantities, generation rate, quality and composition of medial waste generated by hospitals in Sistan and Baluchestan province in Iran. A comprehensive inspection survey was performed for 14 hospitals located in the study area. Field visits were conducted to provide information on the different medical waste management aspects. The total number of beds in the hospitals was 2139, and the anticipated quantity of medical waste generated by these hospitals was about 6100 kg day-1. The results indicated that the medical waste generation rate for total waste, infectious waste, general waste and sharp waste were 2.76, 1.36, 1.37 and 0.042 kg bed-1 day-1, respectively, which was comprised of 51.6% of infectious waste, 47.2% general waste and 1.2% sharps waste. The most frequently used treatment practice for solid medical waste was disposal in an unsanitary dumpsite after open burning. The results also showed that segregation of various medical waste types in the hospitals had not been conducted properly. The study revealed the need for training and capacity building programmes for all employees involved in management of the medical waste.
Genotoxic damage in auto body shop workers
Authors: Siebel Anna Maria , Basso da Silva Luciano
Published: July 2010

Some studies have shown increased DNA damage among car painters, but other professionals working in auto body and paint shops have not been extensively assessed. The aim of this study was to assess DNA damage in different types of auto body shop workers by measuring micronucleus (MN) levels in exfoliated buccal cells. The mean number of cells with MN per 2000 exfoliated buccal cells was analyzed in three groups of male workers: auto body repair technicians, painters, and office workers (control group). All participants answered a questionnaire inquiring about age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, work practices, occupational exposure time, job activities, and use of protective equipment. The mean number of cells with MN was 3.50 ± 1.50 in auto body painters, 3.91 ± 2.10 in auto body repair technicians, and 0.80 ± 0.78 in office workers, with a significant difference between the control group and the two other groups (p = 0.0001). Age, occupational exposure time, use of protective masks, alcohol consumption, and smoking habit did not affect MN results. The findings indicate that technicians and painters working in auto body shops are at risk for genotoxic damage, while office workers seem to be protected.
Toxicologic evaluation of imazalil with particular reference to genotoxic and teratogenic potentials
Authors: Şişman Turgay , Türkez Hasan
Published: July 2010

Imazalil (IMA) is a fungicide that is used extensively in fruit plantations and post-harvest treatments. IMA is suspected to produce craniofacial malformations in vertebrates and scarce data are available about its genotoxicity. Therefore, toxicity tests on embryogenesis of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and genotoxicity biomonitoring assays on human lymphocytes were performed to assess the effects of IMA. For this aim, zebrafish embryos were continually exposed, from 0.5 to 144 h post-fertilization, to a range of concentrations (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 µM). IMA (0 to 672 µM) were also applied to the whole-blood cultures from two persons. We used chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) tests to examine DNA damage by IMA in human peripheral lymphocytes. The fungicide significantly altered zebrafish development even at low concentrations and its effects were dose-dependent. Results of the experiment indicated that IMA concentrations of 10 µM and above negatively affected embryo survival and hatching success. Morphological analysis uncovered a large suite of abnormalities such as less melanin pigmentation, wavy notochord, crooked trunk, tail defect and cardiac edema. The cytogenetic results clearly showed that IMA caused increases of the frequencies of the structural chromosomal aberrations and the rates of MN as compared to controls in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the present findings are of importance in the assessment of the potential risk of fungicides as IMA on aquatic ecosystems and humans.
Psychotic Symptoms in a Population-Based Sample of 85-Year-Old Individuals With Dementia
Authors: Östling Svante , Gustafson Deborah , Blennow Kaj , Börjesson-Hanson Anne , Waern Margda
Published: July 2010

Psychotic symptoms are common in elderly persons with dementia. These symptoms affect a person’s ability to function in daily life and put strain on the caregiver. Most studies focus on psychotic symptoms in clinical samples with Alzheimer disease (AD). Thus, their prevalence and relation with dementia subtype and severity in very old populations is unclear. We assessed a representative sample of 85-year-old individuals living in Gothenburg, Sweden (n = 494) using neuropsychiatric examinations, key informant interviews, and medical record reviews; 147 had dementia. Dementia and its severity were diagnosed in accordance with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Third Edition, Revision [DSM-III-R]) criteria. Alzheimer disease according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria was diagnosed in 64 persons and vascular dementia (VaD) according to Erkinjuntti criteria was observed in 69. Fourteen had dementia due to other causes. Psychotic symptoms were classified according to DSM-III-R. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms in this very old population was 36% among AD cases compared to 54% in VaD cases (P = .04). Proportions with psychotic symptoms increased with increasing dementia severity in individuals with AD. No such association could be shown in those with VaD. This finding of a high proportion of psychotic symptoms also in individuals with mild severity of VaD should alert health professionals to evaluate dementia in very old patients who present with hallucinations or delusions.
The Relationship Between Inflammatory Markers and Post Stroke Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Rothenburg Lana S. , Herrmann Nathan , Swardfager Walter , Black Sandra E. , Tennen Gayla , Kiss Alexander , Gladstone David J. , Ween Jon , Snaiderman Abraham , Lanctôt Krista L.
Published: July 2010

Objective: To determine whether there is a relationship between inflammatory markers (serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines) and post stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Patients were recruited from 4 sources: (1) the acute stroke unit of a general hospital, (2) an outpatient stroke prevention clinic, (3) a stroke rehabilitation unit in a specialized geriatric hospital, or (4) a stroke rehabilitation unit of a rehabilitation hospital. Patients meeting National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) and World Health Organization Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (WHO-MONICA) project criteria for stroke were invited to participate in this study within the first 5 to 31 days post stroke. Patients with subarachnoid or intracranial hemorrhage, decreased level of consciousness, severe aphasia or dysarthria, or a significant acute medical, neurological, or psychiatric illness were excluded. Clinical assessments included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognition, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) for stroke severity, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) for depressive symptoms. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum concentrations of CRP, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon γ (IFN-γ). Results: A total of 48 patients with ischemic stroke (age [mean ± SD] 71.6 ± 13.2 years, 54.2% male, MMSE 26.4 ± 3.8, NIHSS 6.8 ± 4.0) were recruited within their first month post stroke. Backward stepwise elimination linear regression showed that higher concentrations of serum CRP (βCRP = -0.46, p CRP = 0.002) predicted lower post stroke global cognition ([MMSE], F1,44 = 11.31, P = .002), with age (P = .92), level of education (P = .22), infarct side (P = 0.49), IL-6 (P = 0.36), and IFN-γ (P = .57) removed from the final model. Conclusions: A post stroke inflammatory response may be important in subacute, PSCI.
Use of the Talking Circle for Comanche Women’s Breast Health Education
Authors: Haozous Emily A. , Eschiti Valerie , Lauderdale Jana , Hill Carol , Amos Connie
Published: July 2010

Background: As breast cancer screening is critical to early detection and treatment, it is imperative to furnish health care providers with effective educational materials for the populations they serve. To do so for Comanche American Indian women requires understanding the cultural constructs that influence the use of screening and treatment recommendations. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe the health—illness beliefs and barriers to breast health for a group of Comanche women. Design: This was a descriptive, qualitative study guided by the principles of community-based participatory research. Seven community health representatives serving Comanche women participated in a “Talking Circle,” an indigenous method of making decisions and conducting group process among American Indian people. Findings: Themes were Barriers to Information, Barriers to Screening, Economic Barriers, Barriers to Follow-up, and Protecting Our Women. Discussion/Conclusion: This study provided insight into barriers to breast health for women in the Comanche Nation. These findings contribute to a foundation for enhancements needed to make breast health education and interventions culturally appropriate. These findings also add to the cultural knowledge of nurses for use in the practice area to improve understanding and communication with American Indian patients.
Achieving Medical Stability: Wives’ Experiences With Heart Failure
Authors: Hupcey Judith E. , Fenstermacher Kimberly , Kitko Lisa , Penrod Janice
Published: July 2010

The incidence of heart failure continues to rise as innovative treatments are developed. Despite life-prolonging interventions, morbidity and mortality in patients younger than 65 remain high. Few studies have focused on this younger cohort and/or their family caregivers as they navigate the complex illness trajectories manifested in heart failure. Instrumental case studies were employed to present exemplars for each of the five identified heart failure trajectories. Culling data from a longitudinal study of female spousal caregivers, each case study represents a wife’s discussion of caring for a husband (<65 years) in response to the husband’s changing heart failure trajectory. The goal of medical stability and the notion of uncertainty permeate throughout the case studies. Suggestions for supporting these wives are presented.
Grabbing the Rice Straw: Health Information Seeking in Chinese Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Chen Chih-Ju , Kendall Judith , Shyu Yea-Ing Lotus
Published: July 2010

Chinese immigrants in the United States experience a higher incidence of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, stomach, and liver and higher rates of tuberculosis and hepatitis B virus than other U.S. immigrant groups. Because of language and cultural barriers, many do not seek the health information they need, resulting in delayed diagnosis and inability to effectively manage health problems. The purpose of this study was to identify the cultural beliefs and meanings influencing the utilization behaviors and perceptions of how this group finds and uses the health information they need. Using an explorative qualitative descriptive design, 24 Chinese immigrants in two urban centers in the northwestern part of the United States were interviewed about their beliefs and perceptions of health information. Results revealed many challenges that served as barriers to health promotion, indicating that health care providers need to respond to the needs of this population with increased thoughtfulness and culturally relevant practices.
How Objective Is Bourdieu’s Participant Objectivation?
Authors: Kim Kyung-Man
Published: July 2010

Pierre Bourdieu argues that, in order to bring to light the “historical transcendental” that unconsciously dominates the thinking of the social scientists, social scientists must reflexively apply scientific methods to themselves and engage in what he calls a “participant objectivation,” a reflexive act of “objectifying the subject of objectivation.” In this article, the author argues that Bourdieu’s participant objectivation fails on two counts: First, the author shows that Bourdieu’s attempt to distinguish his epistemic reflexivity from the narcissistic or postmodern reflexivity turns out to be a complete failure. Second, using a particular example, the author shows why Bourdieu will not be able to help lay agents give up their own “supposedly” collusive objectivation.
Current Therapies and New Strategies for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Aderinwale Olapeju G. , Ernst Hans W. , Mousa Shaker A.
Published: July 2010

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that currently affects millions of Americans. There is no cure at present and no real long-term hope for patients with AD. While partially effective in improving symptoms, currently available treatments approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not halt progression of AD, or address the underlying mechanism of the disease, in part because the etiology of AD is still an active area of investigation. Identification of risk factors and the pathogenic mechanism of AD hold the promise of bringing forth novel treatments and perhaps even a cure. In this review, we will summarize some of the risk factors for AD, AD diagnosis, and current treatments. Novel therapeutic strategies such as inhibition of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), tau-mediated pathogenesis, and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), as well as neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory approaches and the impact of cholesterol-lowering, botanical, and nutritional agents are also reviewed.
Characterization of the apoptotic response of human leukemia cells to organosulfur compounds
Authors: Wong W Wei-Lynn , Boutros Paul C , Wasylishen Amanda R , Guckert Kristal D , O'Brien Erin M , Griffiths Rebecca , Martirosyan Anna R , Bros Christina , Jurisica Igor , Langler Richard F , Penn Linda Z
Published: July 2010

Background

Novel therapeutic agents that selectively induce tumor cell death are urgently needed in the clinical management of cancers. Such agents would constitute effective adjuvant approaches to traditional chemotherapy regimens. Organosulfur compounds (OSCs), such as diallyl disulfide, have demonstrated anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. We have previously shown that synthesized relatives of dysoxysulfone, a natural OSC derived from the Fijian medicinal plant, Dysoxylum richi, possess tumor-specific antiproliferative effects and are thus promising lead candidates.

Methods

Because our structure-activity analyses showed that regions flanking the disulfide bond mediated specificity, we synthesized 18 novel OSCs by structural modification of the most promising dysoxysulfone derivatives. These compounds were tested for anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity in both normal and leukemic cells.

Results

Six OSCs exhibited tumor-specific killing, having no effect on normal bone marrow, and are thus candidates for future toxicity studies. We then employed mRNA expression profiling to characterize the mechanisms by which different OSCs induce apoptosis. Using Gene Ontology analysis we show that each OSC altered a unique set of pathways, and that these differences could be partially rationalized from a transcription factor binding site analysis. For example, five compounds altered genes with a large enrichment of p53 binding sites in their promoter regions (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Taken together, these data establish OSCs derivatized from dysoxysulfone as a novel group of compounds for development as anti-cancer agents.
p21 promotes oncolytic adenoviral activity in ovarian cancer and is a potential biomarker
Authors: Flak Magdalena B , Connell Claire M , Chelala Claude , Archibald Kyra , Salako Michael A , Pirlo Katrina J , Lockley Michelle , Wheatley Sally P , Balkwill Frances R , McNeish Iain A
Published: July 2010

The oncolytic adenovirusdl922-947 replicates selectively within and lyses cells with a dysregulated Rb pathway, a finding seen in > 90% human cancers.dl922-947 is more potent than wild type adenovirus and the E1B-deletion mutantdl1520 (Onyx-015). We wished to determine which host cell factors influence cytotoxicity. SV40 large T-transformed MRC5-VA cells are 3-logs more sensitive todl922-947 than isogenic parental MRC5 cells, confirming that an abnormal G1/S checkpoint increases viral efficacy. The sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells todl922-947 varied widely: IC50values ranged from 51 (SKOV3ip1) to 0.03 pfu/cell (TOV21G). Cells sensitive todl922-947 had higher S phase populations and supported earlier E1A expression. Cytotoxicity correlated poorly with both infectivity and replication, but well with expression of p21 by microarray and western blot analyses. Matched p21+/+ and -/- Hct116 cells confirmed that p21 influencesdl922-947 activityin vitroandin vivo. siRNA-mediated p21 knockdown in sensitive TOV21G cells decreases E1A expression and viral cytotoxicity, whilst expression of p21 in resistant A2780CP cells increases virus activityin vitroand in intraperitoneal xenografts. These results highlight that host cell factors beyond simple infectivity can influence the efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses. p21 expression may be an important biomarker of response in clinical trials.
Sequential Grid Computing: Models and Computational Experiments
Authors: Ransbotham Sam , Murthy Ishwar , Mitra Sabyasachi , Narasimhan Sridhar
Published: July 2010

Through recent technical advances, multiple resources can be connected to provide a computing grid for processing computationally intensive applications. We build on an approach, termed sequential grid computing, that takes advantage of idle processing power by routing jobs that require lengthy processing through a sequence of processors. We present two models that solve the static and dynamic versions of the sequential grid scheduling problem for a single job. In the static and dynamic versions, the model maximizes a reward function tied to the probability of completion within service-level agreement parameters. In the dynamic version, the static model is modified to accommodate real-time deviations from the plan. We then extend the static model to accommodate multiple jobs. Extensive computational experiments highlight situations (a) where the models provide improvements over scheduling the job on a single processor and (b) where certain factors affect the quality of solutions obtained.
A Parallel Branch-and-Bound Approach to the Rectangular Guillotine Strip Cutting Problem
Authors: Bąk Sławomir , Błażewicz Jacek , Pawlak Grzegorz , Płaza Maciej , Burke Edmund K. , Kendall Graham
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a parallel branch-and-bound method to address the two-dimensional rectangular guillotine strip cutting problem. Our paper focuses on a parallel branching schema. We present a series of computational experiments to evaluate the strength of the approach. Optimal solutions have been found for some benchmark instances that had unknown solutions until now. For many other instances, we demonstrate that the proposed approach is time effective. The efficiency of the parallel version of the algorithm is compared and the speedup, when increasing the number of processors, is clearly demonstrated with an upper bound calculated by a specialised heuristic procedure.
International Diversification with Factor Funds
Authors: Eun Cheol S. , Lai Sandy , Roon Frans A. de , Zhang Zhe
Published: July 2010

We propose a new investment strategy employing “factor funds” to systematically enhance the mean-variance efficiency of international diversification. Our approach is motivated by the increasing evidence that size (SMB), book-to-market (HML), and momentum (MOM) factors, along with the market factor, adequately describe international stock returns, and by the direct link between investors' portfolio choice problems and international asset pricing theories and tests. Using data from 10 developed countries during the period 1981–2008, we show that the “augmented” optimal portfolio involving local factor funds substantially outperforms the “benchmark” optimal portfolio comprising country market indices only as measured by their portfolio Sharpe ratios. This strongly rejects the intersection hypothesis which posits that the local factor funds do not span investment opportunities beyond what country market indices do. Among the three classes of factor funds, HML funds contribute most to the efficiency gains. In addition, the local version of factor funds outperforms the global factor funds. The added gains from local factor diversification are significant for both in-sample and out-of-sample periods, and for a realistic range of additional investment costs for factor funds, and remain robust over time.
Locating of variable message signs in parking guidance systems
Authors: Chen Q. , Shi F.
Published: July 2010

Aiming to optimise the locations of variable message signs in parking guidance and information systems (PGIs), the location-selecting optimisation model was set up to specify the positions of variable message signs on road networks. The model was based on analyses of parking guidance grading and had the target of maximising guidance efficiency by combining analyses of the characteristics of parking flows. This optimisation model can ensure that all the parking flows are effectively guided, subject to the density restriction of variable message signs on road networks. The solution method for the model uses a genetic algorithm and after development a numerical example has been used to demonstrate the application of the model. The model can be used in the design of PGIs to determine the optimal locations of variable message signs on road networks in order to improve both the rationalities of the design and the parking guidance efficiencies.
Pavement foundation stiffness testing – a new regime
Authors: Frost M. W. , Fleming P. R. , Gordon M. , Edwards J. P.
Published: July 2010

Traditionally the construction of the foundations of paved infrastructure followed a recipe approach where specified materials are laid using specified plant in an approved way following a method specification. This approach is prescriptive and limits material use to those that meet the recipe assuming a given level of performance after completion. To encourage sustainability the UK Highways Agency launched new pavement and foundation design guidance that is moving away from this prescriptive approach (IAN 73/06 revised in 2009, and HA 26/06). The guidance aims to allow a more flexible design and assessment of the required foundation performance parameters of strength and resistance to permanent deformation. This also introduced a stiffness assessment of the constructed foundation to confirm compliance with design. In contrast to the previous regime, the actual performance of the foundation can influence (and provide savings to) the design of the structural pavement layers above. The new guidance permits the use of lightweight deflectometers to assess stiffness compliance. These are becoming increasingly common tools in the checking of foundations of paved infrastructure. This paper presents the background to the use of deflectometers within the new guidance, and elements of a recently completed good practice guide for their use.
Road safety management system for Oliveira do Bairro
Authors: Ferreira A. J. L. , Jesus J. M. S. A. , Pinto J. S. M.
Published: July 2010

The infrastructure departments of the Portuguese municipalities must strive to begin to use advanced information technology tools to increase institutional productivity and effectiveness in managing road safety. At the moment, they are beginning to understand the advantages of using road safety management systems. This paper describes the road safety management system developed for the City Council of Oliveira do Bairro that has helped the road safety unit in its tasks of planning, designing, developing, implementing and evaluating appropriate engineering response strategies that deal with road safety concerns throughout the municipality. The road safety management system is composed of a road database and a safety evaluation tool and it uses a road network model that was developed using a geographical information system. The road database stores information about accident characteristics, road geometry, pavement condition, traffic, operating and environmental conditions, maintenance history, and other characteristics of the road environment. The safety evaluation tool is used to compute several road safety indexes and other accident parameters for each element of the road network and allows the definition of a list of road elements with priority of application of countermeasures. The Chassiakos methodology to be used by the municipality for black sections assessment in municipal roads with availability of traffic data is recommended. For municipal roads in which traffic data are not available, the application of the relative severity index methodology is recommended. Using the priority list and the results of safety audits, short-term countermeasures can be defined with the goal of reducing road accidents and their impact on society.
Anxiolytic Effect of Flowers of Salix aegyptiaca L. in Mouse Model of Anxiety
Authors: Rabbani Mohammed , Sajjadi Seyed Ebrahim , Rahimi Fatimeh
Published: July 2010

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of total extract of flowers of Salix aegyptiaca on the elevated plus-maze (EPM) model of anxiety. The extract of the flower parts of the plant was administered by i.p. and p.o. to male NMRI mice, at various doses. Oral and i.p. administration of the S. aegyptiaca significantly increased the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the EPM at 200 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The plant extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the animal's locomotor activity at 10 and 15 min time intervals. These doses, however, did not affect the ketamine-induced sleeping time. The 100 mg/kg dose of the plant extract when given by i.p. route seemed to be the optimal dose in producing the anxiolytic effects. Lack of interaction with ketamine in increasing the sleep time is an advantage over diazepam which is water down by its reduction in locomotor activity.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Stereospermum suaveolens on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats
Authors: T Balasubramanian , Chatterjee Tapan Kumar
Published: July 2010

The ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (EESS) bark was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage, in wistar albino rats. The ethanol extract of Sterespermum suaveolens (EESS) bark (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) was administered to the experimental rats for 14 days. Silymarin (50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) was given as the standard drug. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various serum biochemical parameters as glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total proteins. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were determined to explain the possible mechanism of activity. The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by histopathological studies of liver tissue. The substantially elevated levels of serum GOT, GPT, ALP and total bilirubin, due to CCl4 treatment, were restored towards near normal by EESS, in a dose dependent manner. EESS also increased the serum total proteins of CCl4-intoxicated rats. Reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels and elevated lipid peroxide levels were restored towards near normal, by administration of EESS. A histological study showed a reduction of fatty degeneration and liver necrosis in EESS-treated rats. The results revealed that, the ethanol extract of Sterespermum suaveolens afforded significant dose dependent hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in CCl4-induced hepatic damage.
Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Methanol Extract and Alkaloid Rich Fraction of Mitragyna parvifolia Stem-Bark in Animal Models
Authors: Badgujar Vishal , Surana Sanjay J
Published: July 2010

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth (Rubiaceae) is widely used as an acrid, anodyne, bitter, stomachic, febrifuge, and in the treatment of gastropathy, colic, fever, and inflammation. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the stem bark methanol extract (MPBM) extracted by Soxhlet extraction and alkaloid rich fraction (MPBAlk) of M. parvifolia was investigated on various animal models. MPBM extract and MPBAlk fraction when tested separately, showed statistically significant (P < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of percentage rise in paw edema as compared to the control group in a dose dependent manner at different time intervals. When evaluated in acetic acid?induced writings, hot plate and tail flick method in mice, MPBM extract and MPBAlk fraction showed significant analgesic activity at higher dose of 400 mg/kg, whereas activity was moderate at lower dose. These findings suggest that M. parvifolia stem-bark possess significant and dose dependent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. Chemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins which may be responsible for these activities.
Numerical solutions to integral equations equivalent to differential equations with fractional time
Authors: Bandrowski Bartosz , Karczewska Anna , Rozmej Piotr
Published: July 2010

Numerical solutions to integral equations equivalent to differential equations with fractional time

This paper presents an approximate method of solving the fractional (in the time variable) equation which describes the processes lying between heat and wave behavior. The approximation consists in the application of a finite subspace of an infinite basis in the time variable (Galerkin method) and discretization in space variables. In the final step, a large-scale system of linear equations with a non-symmetric matrix is solved with the use of the iterative GMRES method.
Nonlinear controller design of a ship autopilot
Authors: Tomera Mirosław
Published: July 2010

Nonlinear controller design of a ship autopilot

The main goal here is to design a proper and efficient controller for a ship autopilot based on the sliding mode control method. A hydrodynamic numerical model of CyberShip II including wave effects is applied to simulate the ship autopilot system by using time domain analysis. To compare the results similar research was conducted with the PD controller, which was adapted to the autopilot system. The differences in simulation results between two controllers are analyzed by a cost function composed of a heading angle error and rudder deflection either in calm water or in waves. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the method in the presence of nonlinearities and disturbances, and high performance of the proposed controller.
Visual simultaneous localisation and map-building supported by structured landmarks
Authors: Bączyk Robert , Kasiński Andrzej
Published: July 2010

Visual simultaneous localisation and map-building supported by structured landmarks

Visual simultaneous localisation and map-building systems which take advantage of some landmarks other than point-wise environment features are not frequently reported. In the following paper the method of using the operational map of robot surrounding, which is complemented with visible structured passive landmarks, is described. These landmarks are used to improve self-localisation accuracy of the robot camera and to reduce the size of the Kalman-filter state-vector with respect to the vector size involving point-wise environment features only. Structured landmarks reduce the drift of the camera pose estimate and improve the reliability of the map which is built on-line. Results of simulation experiments are described, proving advantages of such an approach.
Rule weights in a neuro-fuzzy system with a hierarchical domain partition
Authors: Simiński Krzysztof
Published: July 2010

Rule weights in a neuro-fuzzy system with a hierarchical domain partition

The paper discusses the problem of rule weight tuning in neuro-fuzzy systems with parameterized consequences in which rule weights and the activation of the rules are not interchangeable. Some heuristic methods of rule weight computation in neuro-fuzzy systems with a hierarchical input domain partition and parameterized consequences are proposed. Several heuristics with experimental results showing the advantage of their usage are presented.
Scalable PP-1 block cipher
Authors: Bucholc Krzysztof , Chmiel Krzysztof , Grocholewska-Czuryło Anna , Idzikowska Ewa , Janicka-Lipska Izabela , Stokłosa Janusz
Published: July 2010

Scalable PP-1 block cipher

A totally involutional, highly scalable PP-1 cipher is proposed, evaluated and discussed. Having very low memory requirements and using only simple and fast arithmetic operations, the cipher is aimed at platforms with limited resources, e.g., smartcards. At the core of the cipher's processing is a carefully designed S-box. The paper discusses in detail all aspects of PP-1 cipher design including S-box construction, permutation and round key scheduling. The quality of the PP-1 cipher is also evaluated with respect to linear cryptanalysis and other attacks. PP-1's concurrent error detection is also discussed. Some processing speed test results are given and compared with those of other ciphers.
Transformation of 5,8-Dimethyl-1-Tetralone: Synthesis of Ar-Occidol
Authors: Banerjee Ajoy K. , Vera Willam J. , Cabrera Elvia V. , Sanchez Jennifer L.
Published: July 2010

Reduction of 5,8-dimethyl-1-tetralone 1 with sodium borohydride in methanol followed by methylation of the resulting alcohol with methyl iodide and sodium hydride yielded a methyl ether. This was oxidised with potassium permanganate and acetonitrile to give 4-methoxy-5,8-dimethyle-1-tetralone. Methoxycarbonylation of the ketone with dimethylcarbonate (DMC) in the presence of sodium hydride in dimethoxyethane (DME) afforded β-ketoester 5 which on heating with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in dioxane underwent aromatisation and elimination to furnish a naphthalene. The mesyl derivative the phenol on hydrogenation produced methyl 5,8-dimethyl-2-naphthoate. The transformation of naphthoate into ar-occidol was accomplished by a Grignard reaction with methyllithium in ether.
Novel Molecular Clip: Synthesis, Structure and Encapsulation of Small Solvent Molecule in the Crystal State
Authors: Ding Jiaoyang , Chen Yan , Wang Jungang , Wu Anxin , Cao Liping
Published: July 2010

A novel glycoluril molecular clip has been designed, synthesised and characterised. The X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the molecular clip had a large enough cavity to show the capability of encapsulate DMSO molecule. The supramolecular structure formed via N–H…O and π-π interactions, the molecules were linked into a two-dimensional structure.
Studies on the Synthesis of 2-Acyl-1H-Indenes via One-Pot Palladium-Catalysed Tandem Heck–Aldol Reaction
Authors: Tu Song , Sha Yong , Xu Long-he , Xiao Zong-yuan , Ye Li-yi , Fang Jun
Published: July 2010

2-Acyl-1H-indenes were synthesised efficiently by the reaction of o-halogenatedbenzaldehydes (or aryl ketones) with prop-2-en-1-ols via one-pot palladium-catalysed tandem Heck–aldol reaction in moderate to good yields. The optimal reaction conditions have been investigated and it was found that sodium acetate was the most effective base and in addition tetrabutylammonium chloride and LiCl was crucial for this process. Moreover, it was found that o-halogenatedbenzaldehydes react with various substituted prop-2-en-1-ols smoothly to produce the title compounds while 2-bromoacetophenone only reacted with 2-propen-1-ol to give the desired product.
Lewis Base-Catalysed Mukaiyama–Aldol Reaction of Trimethylsilyl Enolates with Aldehydes
Authors: Zhang Xingxian , Shi Junchen , Hu Shenghui
Published: July 2010

An efficient Mukaiyama-type aldol reaction of three typical silyl enolates, such as 1-(trimethylsiloxy)-1-methoxy-2-methyl-2-propene, 1-phenyl-1-trimethylsilyloxyethene and 1, 2-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclobutene, with aryl aldehydes and α,β–unsaturated aldehydes catalysed by 5 mol% of Lewis base catalyst 4-O2NPhOMgI in dichloromethane is described. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions in good to excellent yields.
Synthesis and Fluorescence Emission Properties of 1,3,6,8-Tetrakis(9H-Fluoren-2-yl)Pyrene Derivative
Authors: Hu Jian-yong , Hiyoshi Hidetaka , Do Jung-Hee , Yamato Takehiko
Published: July 2010

A novel pyrene-based highly pure blue fluorescent and stable molecule, 1,3,6,8-tetrakis[9,9-bis(3-methylbutyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl]pyrene, was successfully synthesised via a Pd-catalysed Suzuki coupling reaction of 1,3,6,8-tetrabromo-pyrene with 2-[9,9-bis(3-methylbutyl)-9H-fluoren-2-yl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolane. The photoproperties of this pyrene were examined in detail and these data indicated its potential application as blue-emitting materials in organic light-emitting diodes.
Synthesis and Spectral Investigation of Some Methyl-Substituted 3-(2-pyridyl)-2-(2-Thienyl)Thiazolidin-4-One Derivatives
Authors: Fidan İsmail , Kazaz Cavit , Şahin Ertan , Kaban Şeniz
Published: July 2010

Some heteroaryl-substituted thiazolidin-4-one derivatives have been synthesised starting from thiophenecarbox-aldehydes, 2-amino-6-methylpyridine and 2-mercaptoacetic acid. However, the use of 2-mercaptopropanoic acid gave the thiazolidinone derivatives as a mixture of cis-and trans-isomers. The configuration of both the cis-and trans-isomers has been established by NOE-difference experiments. Furthermore, the stereochemistry of one of the trans isomers was established by X-ray crystallography.
AN ANALYSIS OF LAND MARK IMPACT FACTORS ON HIGH ‐RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS VALUE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Moon Sung-Kon , Lee Sang-Hyo , Min Kyung-Min , Lee Joo-Sung , Kim Ju-Hyung , Kim Jae-Jun
Published: July 2010

Due to the improvement of high technology and the excessive congestion of cities, the number of high rise buildings has been increasing gradually. Also the number of studies about this issue has been rising relatively. However the previous research on super high rise buildings focused mostly on the use of public space from building plan perspective, survey ‘of residents’ satisfaction evaluation, construction technology and structural technology. Little research is done on the economic analysis of landmark factors. The purpose of this study is to find landmark factors that can be quantitatively measured, collect data on super high rise residential buildings in Seoul. Find the intrinsic values of the landmarks, and analyze how these values differ in areas with different densities, i.e. in Gangnam‐area and Yeongdeungpo‐gu and in other areas. It is expected that the results of this study can be used to set an appropriate price of super high rise building in consideration of its landmark value in different area.

Santruka

Del aukštuju technologiju tobulejimo ir pernelyg dideles miestu perkrovos ypač padaugejo aukštybiniu pastatu. Taip pat santykinai padidejo su šiuo klausimu susijusiu studiju. Tačiau atliekant ankstesnius ypač aukštu pastatu tyrimus daug demesio skirta viešosios erdves išnaudojimui pastato suplanavimo požiūriu, gyventoju pasitenkinimo tyrimo vertinimu, statybos ir struktūrinemis technologijomis. Mažai tyrimu atlikta analizuojant ekonominius žemes naudojimo veiksnius. Šio tyrimo tikslas ‐ išsiaiškinti kiekybiškai išmatuojamus žemes naudojimo veiksnius, rinkti duomenis apie ypač aukštus gyvenamuju namu pastatus Seule, rasti šiems pastatams būdingu vertybiu orientyrus ir analizuoti, kaip šie dydžiai skiriasi pagal skirtingo apgyvendinimo tankio teritorijas, t. y. Gamgnam, Yeongdeungpo‐gu ir kitose vietose. Tikimasi, kad šio tyrimo rezultatai gali būti naudojami nustatant tinkama ypač aukštu pastatu kaina, atsižvelgiant i žemes naudojimo verte skirtingose vietovese.