bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friction and Wear Characteristics of Electrodeposited Ni‐Based Metallic Coatings on Cu‐Substrate under High‐Temperature Conditions
Authors: Chauhan Banti , Nadakuduru Vijay Navaratna , Mundotiya Brij Mohan
Published: June 2024

The Ni self‐lubricating coatings on copper substrates are deposited by electrodeposition using an aqueous electrolyte at room temperature. These coatings have the potential to improve the service life of Cu as a structural component in high‐temperature abrasion environments. A combination of low wear rate and coefficient of friction (CoF) is required in the coatings. Herein, friction and wear characteristics of the deposited Ni coatings are done by a ball‐on‐disc tribometer operated in the temperature range of 25–500 °C. The morphology and wear mechanism of tribo/transfer films are investigated using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The CoF of Ni coating is substantially lower (CoF 0.37) at 500 °C than the Cu‐substrate, which is 0.79 at 25 °C. The Ni‐coating also reveals a low wear rate due to the formation of in situ oxides of Ni and Cu on sliding surfaces at high temperatures.
A Review of the Tribology of Nickel‐Based Superalloys
Authors: Wang Yanjiang , Jia Zhi , Lu Wenjie , Cheng Qianqian , Ji Jinjin , Liu Dexue
Published: June 2024

This article provides a comprehensive review of the research progress in the tribology of nickel‐based superalloys (NBS). First, the microstructure, friction, and wear characteristics of NBS are summarized. Second, the tribological features of NBS and the effects of environmental factors on tribological behavior and wear mechanism are elucidated. Third, the microstructure and the corresponding formation mechanism of the NBS tribolayers and the oxidation behavior during friction are analyzed. Fourth, the effect of tribolayer formation on the friction state and wear mechanism is discussed. Moreover, the application of existing finite element simulation technology in NBS friction and wear is reviewed. Finally, the strain‐induced gradient structure (i.e., strengthening layer) is introduced, and the benefits of the gradient structure in the frictional process are analyzed in comparison with the coarse grain. According to these existing reports, future research should focus on elucidating the quantitative relationship between friction state and wear mechanism, investigating the design of wear‐resistant NBS, and expanding its potential applications. These advancements provide a pathway for thoroughly elucidating NBS tribology and promoting the application of strengthening technologies.
Synthesis of Spherical Hexagonal Boron Nitride via Precursor Morphology Control
Authors: Nam Minho , Yun Gyeongho , Cho Suhyeon , Kim Rian , Yoon Seog‐Young , Lee Seunghyup
Published: June 2024

The growing demand for high‐performance semiconductors, driven by the advancement of emerging industries such as artificial intelligence (AI), necessitates the development of novel materials for thermal management. In this respect, hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its unique properties. However, challenges arise from its two‐dimensional layered structure, resulting in thermal transfer anisotropy and poor fluidity when mixed with polymers for thermal management. To address these challenges, researchers have attempted to fabricate h‐BN into spherical shapes. In this study, a two‐step synthesis method of spherical h‐BN (s‐BN) particles via control of the precursor morphology and a subsequent thermal reaction is proposed. Therefore, as‐fabricated s‐BN exhibits solid spherical shapes with a uniform size distribution, with a median particle size of 0.955 μm. These s‐BN particles, when integrated into epoxy resin, disperse homogeneously, forming efficient heat transfer networks that achieve a 138% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to h‐BN particles with similar diameters, even at lower viscosities. This can overcome the limitations found in the conventional particle shapes while preserving the advantages of h‐BN. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the s‐BN will be applied in thermal management systems, thereby accelerating advancements in electronic technology.
A Revisit of Crystallization in Tin Halide Perovskite Thin Films: From Nucleation, Intermediate to Crystal Growth
Authors: Yin Mingyu , Yao Huanhuan , Qiu Hongju , Wu Cheng , Zhang Miao , Hao Feng
Published: June 2024

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are exuding unique charm in the third generation of thin film solar cell technology with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low production cost. Recently, the lead‐free tin halide perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have drawn significant research interests due to the advantages of low toxicity, near‐ideal bandgap and high carrier mobility. However, the rapid crystallization and easy oxidation limits the film quality and final performance of the solar cells. Therefore, the deposition of high‐quality tin halide perovskite films is key to the advance of TPSCs. In this review, the classical theory of solution nucleation and crystal growth is reviewed and correlated to the practical deposition of tin perovskite film. The physicochemical properties of tin perovskite with those of lead counterpart and the differences in the crystallization process is carefully compared. On this basis, recent regulation strategies are systematically summarized in terms of the nucleation management, intermediate phase engineering and crystal growth regulation. In addition, the preparation of mixed tin‐lead (Sn‐Pb) PSCs toward high performance is also discussed, as well as the limiting factors for device performance and stability. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of the crystallization regulation are discussed toward more efficient and stable TPSCs.
Innovations in Tactile Sensing: Microstructural Designs for Superior Flexible Sensor Performance
Authors: Wu Guancheng , Li Xiang , Bao Rongrong , Pan Caofeng
Published: June 2024

Tactile sensors have garnered considerable interest for their capacity to detect and quantify tactile information. The incorporation of microstructural designs into flexible tactile sensors has emerged as a potent strategy to augment their sensitivity to pressure variations, thereby enhancing their linearity, response spectrum, and mechanical robustness. This review underscores the imperative for progress in microstructured flexible tactile sensors. Subsequently, the discourse transitions to the prevalent materials employed in the fabrication of sensor electrodes, encapsulation layers, and active sensing mediums, elucidating their merits and limitations. In‐depth discussions are devoted to tactile sensors adorned with microstructures, including but not limited to, micropyramids, microhemispheres, micropillars, microporous configurations, microcracks, topological interconnections, multilevel constructs, random roughness, biomimetic microstructures inspired by flora and fauna, accompanied by exemplar studies from each category. Moreover, the utility of flexible tactile sensors within the realm of intelligent environments is explicated, highlighting their application in the monitoring of physiological signals, the detection of sliding motions, and the discernment of surface textures. The review culminates in a critical examination of the paramount challenges and predicaments that must be surmounted to further the development and enhance the functional performance of tactile sensors, paving the way for their integration into advanced sensory systems.
In2S3‐Gated Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor with a Stable Transconductance
Authors: Zhou Bing‐Yu , Huang Yu‐Ting , Yuan Cheng , Lou Hao , Liu Xing‐Shi , Zhao Wei‐Wei , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Xu Jing‐Juan
Published: June 2024

Transconductance (gm) is one important figure of merit for benchmarking organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensors, which nevertheless experiences undesired fluctuation instead of keep constant during the target detection of varied concentrations. Light‐matter interplay is recently shown as a potential way to regulate the OECT characteristics, e.g. maximum gm at zero gate bias is achieved. In this work, the challenge of unstable gm is addressed by using a unique metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐derived hollow tube indium sulfide (m‐In2S3) as the photogate. Interestingly, the light irradiation on m‐In2S3 generate a straight transfer curve, leading to a stable gm that is desirable for biological application. Exemplifying by an aptasening, such a device is then tested for protein quantification with a stable sensitivity during the detection. This work features the feasibility of light‐matter interplay to achieve a stable gm in organic electronics.
3D Multispheroid Assembly Strategies towards Tissue Engineering and Disease Modeling
Authors: Zhu Tong , Hu Yan , Cui Haitao , Cui Haijun
Published: June 2024

Cell spheroids (esp. organoids) as 3D culture platforms are popular models for representing cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, bridging the gap between 2D cell cultures and natural tissues. 3D cell models with spatially organized multiple cell types are preferred for gaining comprehensive insights into tissue pathophysiology and constructing in vitro tissues and disease models because of the complexities of natural tissues. In recent years, an assembly strategy using cell spheroids (or organoids) as living building blocks has been developed to construct complex 3D tissue models with spatial organization. Here, a comprehensive overview of recent advances in multispheroid assembly studies is provided. The different mechanisms of the multispheroid assembly techniques, i.e., automated directed assembly, noncontact remote assembly, and programmed self‐assembly, are introduced. The processing steps, advantages, and technical limitations of the existing methodologies are summarized. Applications of the multispheroid assembly strategies in disease modeling, drug screening, tissue engineering, and organogenesis are reviewed. Finally, this review concludes by emphasizing persistent issues and future perspectives, encouraging researchers to adopt multispheroid assembly techniques for generating advanced 3D cell models that better resemble real tissues.
Biodegradable Cascade‐Amplified Nanotheranostics for Photoacoustic‐Guided Synergistic PTT/CDT/Starvation Antitumor in the NIR‐II Window
Authors: Kang Weiwei , Wang Yuhang , Xin Lei , Chen Lin , Zhao Keqi , Yu Lujie , Song Xiaorui , Zheng Ziliang , Dai Rong , Zhang Weiwei , Zhang Ruiping
Published: June 2024

The development of nanoassemblies, activated by the tumor microenvironment, capable of generating photothermal therapy (PTT) and amplifying the “ROS (·OH) storm,” is essential for precise and effective synergistic tumor treatment. Herein, an innovative cascade‐amplified nanotheranostics based on biodegradable Pd‐BSA‐GOx nanocomposite for NIR‐II photoacoustic imaging (PAI) guides self‐enhanced NIR‐II PTT/chemodynamic therapy (CDT)/starvation synergistic therapy. The Pd‐BSA‐GOx demonstrates the ability to selectively convert overexpressed H2O2 into strongly toxic ·OH by a Pd/Pd2+‐mediated Fenton‐like reaction at a lower pH level. Simultaneously, the GOx generates H2O2 and gluconic acid, effectively disrupting nutrient supply and instigating tumor starvation therapy. More importantly, the heightened levels of H2O2 and increased acidity greatly enhance the Fenton‐like reactivity, generating a significant “·OH storm,” thereby achieving Pd2+‐mediated cascade‐amplifying CDT. The specific PTT facilitated by undegraded Pd accelerates the Fenton‐like reaction, establishing a positive feedback process for self‐enhancing synergetic PTT/CDT/starvation therapy via the NIR‐II guided‐PAI. Therefore, the multifunctional nanotheranostics presents a simple and versatile strategy for the precision diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
Over 19% Efficient Inverted Organic Photovoltaics Featuring a Molecularly Doped Metal Oxide Electron‐Transporting Layer
Authors: Nugraha Mohamad Insan , Ling Zhaoheng , Aniés Filip , Ardhi Ryanda Enggar Anugrah , Gedda Murali , Naphade Dipti , Tsetseris Leonidas , Heeney Martin , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: June 2024

Molecular doping is commonly utilized to tune the charge transport properties of organic semiconductors. However, applying this technique to electrically dope inorganic materials like metal oxide semiconductors is challenging due to the limited availability of molecules with suitable energy levels and processing characteristics. Herein, n‐type doping of zinc oxide (ZnO) films is demonstrated using 1,3‐dimethylimidazolium‐2‐carboxylate (CO2‐DMI), a thermally activated organic n‐type dopant. Adding CO2‐DMI into the ZnO precursor solution and processing it atop a predeposited indium oxide (InOx) layer yield InOx/n‐ZnO heterojunctions with increased electron field‐effect mobility of 32.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 compared to 18.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the pristine InOx/ZnO bilayer. The improved electron transport originates from the ZnO's enhanced crystallinity, reduced hydroxyl concentrations, and fewer oxygen vacancy groups upon doping. Applying the optimally doped InOx/n‐ZnO heterojunctions as the electron‐transporting layers (ETLs) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) yields cells with improved power conversion efficiency of 19.06%, up from 18.3% for devices with pristine ZnO, and 18.2% for devices featuring the undoped InOx/ZnO ETL. It is shown that the all‐around improved OPV performance originates from synergistic effects associated with CO2‐DMI doping of the thermally grown ZnO, highlighting its potential as an electronic dopant for ZnO and potentially other metal oxides.
Nanoarchitectonics in Advanced Membranes for Enhanced Osmotic Energy Harvesting
Authors: Wang Peifang , Tao Weixiang , Zhou Tianhong , Wang Jie , Zhao Chenrui , Zhou Gang , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: June 2024

Osmotic energy, often referred to as “blue energy”, is the energy generated from the mixing of solutions with different salt concentrations, offering a vast, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy resource. The efficacy of osmotic power production considerably relies on the performance of the transmembrane process, which depends on ionic conductivity and the capability to differentiate between positive and negative ions. Recent advancements have led to the development of membrane materials featuring precisely tailored ion transport nanochannels, enabling high‐efficiency osmotic energy harvesting. In this review, ion diffusion in confined nanochannels and the rational design and optimization of membrane architecture are explored. Furthermore, structural optimization of the membrane to mitigate transport resistance and the concentration polarization effect for enhancing osmotic energy harvesting is highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges that lie ahead is provided, and the potential applications of osmotic energy conversion are outlined. This review offers a comprehensive viewpoint on the evolving prospects of osmotic energy conversion.
Sulfur‐Bridged Asymmetric CuNi Bimetallic Atom Sites for CO2 Reduction with High Efficiency
Authors: Sun Zhiyi , Li Chen , Wei Zihao , Zhang Fang , Deng Ziwei , Zhou Kejia , Wang Yong , Guo Jinhong , Yang Jiayi , Xiang Zequn , Ma Peijie , Zhai Huazhang , Li Shenghua , Chen Wenxing
Published: June 2024

Double‐atom catalysts (DACs) with asymmetric coordination are crucial for enhancing the benefits of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction and advancing sustainable development, however, the rational design of DACs is still challenging. Herein, this work synthesizes atomically dispersed catalysts with novel sulfur‐bridged Cu‐S‐Ni sites (named Cu‐S‐Ni/SNC), utilizing biomass wool keratin as precursor. The plentiful disulfide bonds in wool keratin overcome the limitations of traditional gas‐phase S ligand etching process and enable the one‐step formation of S‐bridged sites. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirms the existence of bimetallic sites with N2Cu‐S‐NiN2 moiety. In H‐cell, Cu‐S‐Ni/SNC shows high CO Faraday efficiency of 98.1% at −0.65 V versus RHE. Benefiting from the charge tuning effect between the metal site and bridged sulfur atoms, a large current density of 550 mA cm−2 can be achieved at −1.00 V in flow cell. Additionally, in situ XAS, attenuated total reflection surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR‐SEIRAS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations show Cu as the main adsorption site is dual‐regulated by Ni and S atoms, which enhances CO2 activation and accelerates the formation of *COOH intermediates. This kind of asymmetric bimetallic atom catalysts may open new pathways for precision preparation and performance regulation of atomic materials toward energy applications.
Decoration of Ag Species into Reduced Graphene Oxide Foam as a Superelastic and Robust Host toward Stable Zn Metal Anodes under Dwell‐Fatigue Condition
Authors: Zheng Ya Qi , Sun Peng Xiao , Zhang Xin Yu , Li Nian Wu , Wu Lili , Luan Deyan , Zhang Xitian , Lou Xiong Wen (David) , Yu Le
Published: June 2024

Deep‐sea equipment usually operates under dwell‐fatigue condition, which means the equipped energy storage devices must survive under the changing pressure. Special mechanical designs should be considered to maintain the electrochemical performance of electrodes under this extreme condition. In this work, an effective assembly strategy is proposed to accommodate the dwell‐fatigue loading using Ag decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) foam (denoted as AGF) as a superelastic and robust Zn host. The wet‐press assembly process enables the formation of highly porous and robust framework. The strong synergetic effect between rGO and Ag further guarantees AGF's superelasticity and ultrahigh mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the homogeneously distributed Ag species on the rGO sheets act as zincophilic sites to effectively facilitate Zn plating. Furthermore, AGF offers enough space to address the expansion during the charge and discharge cycles. As expected, the symmetrical cell using this AGF@Zn host demonstrates a long lifespan over 400 h at a depth‐of‐discharge of 50%. It is worth mentioning that the superelastic AGF host realizes stable Zn plating/stripping under varying pressures.
Sodiophilic Substrate Induces NaF‐Rich Solid Electrolyte Interface for Dendrite‐Free Sodium Metal Anode
Authors: Liu Pei , Miao Licheng , Sun Zhiqin , Chen Xuchun , Jiao Lifang
Published: June 2024

3D substrate with abundant sodiophilic active sites holds promise for implementing dendrite‐free sodium metal anodes and high‐performance sodium batteries. However, the heightened electrode/electrolyte side reactions stemming from high specific surface area still hinder electrode structure stability and cycling reversibility, particularly under high current densities. Herein, the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) component is regulated and detrimental side reactions are restrained through the uniform loading of Na–Sn alloy onto a porous 3D nanofiber framework (NaSn‐PCNF). The strong interaction between Na–Sn alloy and PF6− anions facilitates the dissociation of sodium salts and releases more free sodium ions for effective charge transfer. Simultaneously, the modulations of the interfacial electrolyte solvation structure and the construction of a high NaF content SEI layer stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interface. NaSn‐PCNF symmetrical battery demonstrates stable cycling for over 600 h with an ultralow overpotential of 24.5 mV under harsh condition of 10 mA cm−2 and 10 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the full cells and pouch cells exhibit accelerated reaction kinetics and splendid capacity retention, providing valuable insights into the development of advanced Na substrates for high‐energy sodium metal batteries.
Tailoring Multi‐Phenyl Ring Cation for Stable Scalable Hybrid Bismuth Iodide Amorphous Film: Enabling Record Sensitivity and High‐Performance X‐Ray Array Imaging
Authors: Xu Youkui , Li ZhenHua , Shi Chang , Li Yumai , Lei Yutian , Peng Guoqiang , Yu Tengfei , Ren Haiyu , Wang Haoxu , Fan Hengzhong , Zhang Yongsheng , Ci Zhipeng , Wang Qian , Jin Zhiwen
Published: June 2024

The 329‐type bismuth (Bi)‐based metal halide (MH) polycrystalline films have potential to be applied in the new generation of X‐ray imaging technology owing to high X‐ray absorption coefficients and excellent detection properties. However, the mutually independent [Bi2X9]3− units and numerous grain boundaries in the material lead to low carrier transport and collection capabilities, severe ion migration, large dark currents, and poor response uniformity. Here, a new multi‐phenyl ring methyltriphenylphosphonium (MTP) is designed to optimize the energy band structure. For the first time, the coupling between the A‐site cation and [Bi2X9]3− is realized, making it the main contributor to the conduction band minimum (CBM), getting rid of dilemma that carrier transport is confined to [Bi2X9]3−. Further, the preparation of MTP3Bi2I9 amorphous large‐area wafer is achieved by melt‐quenching; the steric hindrance effect improves stability, increases ion migration energy, and promotes response uniformity (14%). Moreover, the amorphous structure takes advantage of A‐site cation participation in the conductivity, achieving a record sensitivity (7601 µC Gy−1 cm−2) and low dark current (≈0.11 nA) in the field of amorphous X‐ray detection, and features low‐temperature large‐area preparation. Ultimately, designing amorphous array imaging devices that exhibit excellent response uniformity and potential imaging capabilities is succeeded here.
Reactive Oxygen Species Responsive Multifunctional Fusion Extracellular Nanovesicles: Prospective Treatments for Acute Heart Transplant Rejection
Authors: Lu Xingyu , Xu Zhanxue , Shu Fan , Wang Yidan , Han Yuhang , Yang Xinrui , Shi Peilin , Fan Chuanqiang , Wang Linglu , Yu Fei , Sun Qipeng , Cheng Fang , Chen Hongbo
Published: June 2024

Heart transplantation offers life‐saving treatment for patients with end‐stage heart failure; however, ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) and subsequent immune responses remain significant challenges. Current therapies primarily target adaptive immunity, with limited options available for addressing IRI and innate immune activation. Although plant‐derived vesicle‐like nanoparticles show promise in managing diseases, their application in organ transplantation complications is unexplored. Here, this work develops a novel reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive multifunctional fusion extracellular nanovesicles carrying rapamycin (FNVs@RAPA) to address early IRI and Ly6C+Ly6G− inflammatory macrophage‐mediated rejection in heart transplantation. The FNVs comprise Exocarpium Citri grandis‐derived extracellular nanovesicles with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and mesenchymal stem cell membrane‐derived nanovesicles expressing calreticulin with macrophage‐targeting ability. A novel ROS‐responsive bio‐orthogonal chemistry approach facilitates the active targeting delivery of FNVs@RAPA to the heart graft site, effectively alleviating IRI and promoting the polarization of Ly6C+Ly6G− inflammatory macrophages toward an anti‐inflammatory phenotype. Hence, FNVs@RAPA represents a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating early transplantation complications and immune rejection. The fusion‐targeted delivery strategy offers superior heart graft site enrichment and macrophage‐specific targeting, promising improved transplant outcomes.
Ultrastable Zn3N2 Thin Films via Integration of Amorphous GaN Protection Layers
Authors: Sirotti Elise , Böhm Stefan , Sharp Ian D.
Published: June 2024

Zinc nitride (Zn3N2) is a promising semiconductor for a range of optoelectronic and energy conversion applications, offering a direct bandgap of 1.0 eV, large carrier mobilities, and abundant constituent elements. However, the material is prone to bulk oxidation in ambient environments, which has thus far impeded its practical deployment. While previous approaches have focused on stabilizing the material via integration of ZnO surface layers, these strategies introduce additional challenges regarding elevated processing temperatures and limited control of interface properties. In this study, it is shown that amorphous GaN thin films can serve as highly stable protection layers on Zn3N2 surfaces and can be deposited at the same growth temperature and in the same deposition system as the underlying semiconductor. The GaN‐capped Zn3N2 structures exhibit long‐term stability, surviving over 3 years of exposure to ambient conditions with no discernible alterations in composition, structure, or electrical properties. Notably, the amorphous GaN coatings can even impede Zn3N2 oxidation under prolonged aqueous exposure. Thus, this study offers a solution to stabilize Zn3N2 in ambient conditions, providing a viable pathway to its utilization in robust and high‐performance electronic devices, such as thin film transistors and solar energy conversion systems.
Revolutionizing Aquatic Robotics: Advanced Biomimetic Strategies for Self‐Powered Mobility Across Water Surfaces
Authors: Elhadad Anwar , Gao Yang , Choi Seokheun
Published: June 2024

Aquatic mobile robots are gaining attention for their potential to revolutionize marine monitoring and exploration within the Ocean Internet of Things. A significant challenge for these untethered robots, especially in remote areas, is achieving energy autonomy. This work presents an innovative self‐sustaining energy system for compact aquatic robots, inspired by biological digestion. Utilizing microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, organic materials found in aquatic environments are converted into electricity through catalytic redox reactions. To extend the MFC's lifespan, spore‐forming Bacillus subtilis is used as the anodic biocatalyst, leveraging its ability to endure harsh conditions and reactivate in favorable environments, thus enhancing the MFC's longevity. To ensure a steady supply of organic substrates for microbial viability, a biomimetic Janus membrane with asymmetric surface wettability is integrated, enabling selective substrate intake. Additionally, stability mechanisms inspired by water striders allow the robot to move efficiently across water surfaces. The robot mimics the water strider's movement using a motor powered by microbial metabolism, fueled by organic nutrients via the Janus membrane. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using natural processes for technological advancement, setting new benchmarks in the design of autonomous systems.
Airborne Acoustic Vortex End Effector‐Based Contactless, Multi‐Mode, Programmable Control of Object Surfing
Authors: Li Teng , Li Jiali , Bo Luyu , Brooks Michael R. , Du Yingshan , Cai Bowen , Pei Zhe , Shen Liang , Sun Chuangchuang , Cheng Jiangtao , Pan Y. Albert , Tian Zhenhua
Published: June 2024

Tweezers based on optical, electric, magnetic, and acoustic fields have shown great potential for contactless object manipulation. However, current tweezers designed for manipulating millimeter‐sized objects such as droplets, particles, and small animals exhibit limitations in translation resolution, range, and path complexity. Here, a novel acoustic vortex tweezers system is introduced, which leverages a unique airborne acoustic vortex end effector integrated with a three‐degree‐of‐freedom (DoF) linear motion stage, for enabling contactless, multi‐mode, programmable manipulation of millimeter‐sized objects. The acoustic vortex end effector utilizes a cascaded circular acoustic array, which is portable and battery‐powered, to generate an acoustic vortex with a ring‐shaped energy pattern. The vortex applies acoustic radiation forces to trap and spin an object at its center, simultaneously protecting this object by repelling other materials away with its high‐energy ring. Moreover, The vortex tweezers system facilitates contactless, multi‐mode, programmable object surfing, as demonstrated in experiments involving trapping, repelling, and spinning particles, translating particles along complex paths, guiding particles around barriers, translating and rotating droplets containing zebrafish larvae, and merging droplets. With these capabilities, It is anticipated that the tweezers system will become a valuable tool for the automated, contactless handling of droplets, particles, and bio‐samples in biomedical and biochemical research.
Synergistic Effect of Zn2+ Cation Doping and Te2− Anion Passivation on CsPbBrxI3‐x Nanocrystals for Efficient Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Rongwen , Wang Xi , Ma Jinming , Liu Xiangfu , Lu Chengxu , Zhang Jibin , Tu Guoli
Published: June 2024

The challenges of instability and surface defects in CsPbBrxI3‐x nanocrystals (NCs) pose significant limitations on their potential application in high‐performance pure‐red perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Herein, a synergistic strategy of divalent cation (Zn2+) doping and anion (Te2−) passivation is proposed to solve these issues. Density functional theory analysis reveals that the synergistic effect can not only reduce the formation energy of CsPbBrxI3‐x NCs but also increase theiodide vacancy defect formation energy of CsPbBrxI3‐x NCs. Consequently, the optimized Zn2+/Te2− co‐modified CsPbBrxI3‐x NCs exhibit significantly enhanced stability with a near‐unity photoluminescence efficiency. Pure‐red PeLEDs based on these CsPbBrxI3‐x NCs possess outstanding spectral stability with a maximum external quantum efficiency and luminance of 16.1% and 1397.2 cd m−2, respectively. This synergistic strategy provides a new approach for enhancing the performance of mixed halide perovskite NCs and the corresponding optoelectronic devices.
A Flexible Na‐Ion Supercapacitor/Battery Hybrid Device
Authors: Sharma Gagan Kumar , Pramanik Atin , Puthirath Anand B. , Chattopadhyay Shreyasi , Terlier Tanguy , Pieshkov Tymofii , Saju Sreehari K. , Vajtai Robert , Kaur Davinder , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: June 2024

A hybrid supercapacitor/battery device is proposed by integrating Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes as the battery electrode and carbon nanofiber as a supercapacitor electrode. The device made via the slurry casting of electrode material on foldable thin nickel foils leads to a robust, mechanically flexible sodium‐ion capacitor/battery (supercapattery) as a hybrid energy storage system. The device exhibits a specific capacitance of 136 F g−1 with a corresponding specific capacity of 95 C g−1 at a potential scan rate of 1 mV s−1, a maximum working voltage of 0.70 V, and a power density of 15 kW kg−1 at 2.50 Wh kg−1. Mechanical flexibility tests show practically unperturbed electrochemical properties at significant bending angles of up to 160°, indicating excellent robustness during large‐scale device deformation. The current study offers new avenues to develop energy storage systems for next‐generation portable and wearable energy storage devices that can be integrated into a variety of platforms.
Ferroelectric Order Evolution in Freestanding PbTiO3 Films Monitored by Optical Second Harmonic Generation
Authors: Huang Sisi , Xu Shuai , Ma Cheng , Li Pengzhan , Guo Er‐Jia , Ge Chen , Wang Can , Xu Xiulai , He Meng , Yang Guozhen , Jin Kuijuan
Published: June 2024

The demand for low‐dimensional ferroelectric devices is steadily increasing, however, the thick substrates in epitaxial films impede further size miniaturization. Freestanding films offer a potential solution by eliminating substrate constraints. Nevertheless, it remains an ongoing challenge to improve the stability in thin and fragile freestanding films under strain and temperature. In this work, the structure and ferroelectric order of freestanding PbTiO3 (PTO) films are investigated under continuous variation of the strain and temperature using nondestructive optical second harmonic generation (SHG) technique. The findings reveal that there are both out‐of‐plane and in‐plane domains with polarization along out‐of‐plane and in‐plane directions in the orthorhombic‐like freestanding PTO films, respectively. In contrast, only out‐of‐plane domains are observed in the tetragonal epitaxial PTO films. Remarkably, the ferroelectricity of freestanding PTO films is strengthened under small uniaxial tensile strain from 0% up to 1.66% and well‐maintained under larger biaxial tensile strain up to 2.76% along the [100] direction and up to 4.46% along the [010] direction. Moreover, a high Curie temperature of 630 K is identified in 50 nm thick freestanding PTO films by wide‐temperature‐range SHG. These findings provide valuable understanding for the development of the next‐generation electronic nanodevices with flexibility and thermostability.
Aloperine Suppresses Cancer Progression by Interacting with VPS4A to Inhibit Autophagosome‐lysosome Fusion in NSCLC
Authors: Guo Weina , Zhou Haifeng , Wang Jingbo , Lu Junjie , Dong Yalan , Kang Zhenyu , Qiu Xiaoyuan , Ouyang Xiaohu , Chen Qianyun , Li Junyi , Cheng Xiang , Du Keye , Li Mingyue , Lin Zhihao , Jin Min , Zhang Lei , Sarapultsev Alexey , Shi Kuangyu , Li Fangfei , Zhang Ge , Wu Kongming , Rong Yueguang , Heissmeyer Vigo , Liu Yue , Li Yunlun , Huang Kun , Luo Shanshan , Hu Desheng
Published: June 2024

Aloperine (ALO), a quinolizidine‐type alkaloid isolated from a natural Chinese herb, has shown promising antitumor effects. Nevertheless, its common mechanism of action and specific target remain elusive. Here, it is demonstrated that ALO inhibits the proliferation and migration of non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines in vitro and the tumor development in several mouse tumor models in vivo. Mechanistically, ALO inhibits the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and the autophagic flux, leading to the accumulation of sequestosome‐1 (SQSTM1) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inducing tumor cell apoptosis and preventing tumor growth. Knockdown of SQSTM1 in cells inhibits ROS production and reverses ALO‐induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, VPS4A is identified as a direct target of ALO, and the amino acids F153 and D263 of VPS4A are confirmed as the binding sites for ALO. Knockout of VPS4A in H1299 cells demonstrates a similar biological effect as ALO treatment. Additionally, ALO enhances the efficacy of the anti‐PD‐L1/TGF‐β bispecific antibody in inhibiting LLC‐derived subcutaneous tumor models. Thus, ALO is first identified as a novel late‐stage autophagy inhibitor that triggers tumor cell death by targeting VPS4A.
mRNA‐Lipid Nanoparticle‐Mediated Restoration of PTPN14 Exhibits Antitumor Effects by Overcoming Anoikis Resistance in Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Li Wei , Huang Masha , Wu Zhaoping , Zhang Yu , Cai Ying , Su Juncheng , Xia Jia , Yang Fan , Xiao Desheng , Yang Wen , Xu Yingjie , Liu Zhaoqian
Published: June 2024

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses a challenging prognosis due to early metastasis driven by anoikis resistance. Identifying crucial regulators to overcome this resistance is vital for improving patient outcomes. In this study, a genome‐wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen in TNBC cells has identified tyrosine‐protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 14 (PTPN14) as a key regulator of anoikis resistance. PTPN14 expression has shown a progressive decrease from normal breast tissue to metastatic tumors. Overexpressing PTPN14 has induced anoikis and inhibited cell proliferation in TNBC cells, while normal human breast cells are unaffected. Mechanistically, PTPN14 is identified as a key factor in dephosphorylating breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3, a novel substrate, leading to the subsequent inhibition of PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Local delivery of in vitro transcribed PTPN14 mRNA encapsulated by lipid nanoparticles in a TNBC mouse model has effectively inhibited tumor growth and metastasis, prolonging survival. The study underscores PTPN14 as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic TNBC, with the therapeutic strategy based on mRNA expression of PTPN14 demonstrating clinical application prospects in alleviating the burden of both primary tumors and metastatic disease.
Cellular Energy Cycle Mediates an Advection‐Like Forward Cell Flow to Support Collective Invasion
Authors: Zhang Jian , Mosier Jenna A. , Wu Yusheng , Waddle Logan , Taufalele Paul V. , Wang Wenjun , Sun Heng , Reinhart‐King Cynthia A.
Published: June 2024

Collective cell migration is a model for nonequilibrium biological dynamics, which is important for morphogenesis, pattern formation, and cancer metastasis. The current understanding of cellular collective dynamics is based primarily on cells moving within a 2D epithelial monolayer. However, solid tumors often invade surrounding tissues in the form of a stream‐like 3D structure, and how biophysical cues are integrated at the cellular level to give rise to this collective streaming remains unclear. Here, it is shown that cell cycle‐mediated bioenergetics drive a forward advective flow of cells and energy to the front to support 3D collective invasion. The cell division cycle mediates a corresponding energy cycle such that cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy peaks just before division. A reaction–advection–diffusion (RAD) type model coupled with experimental measurements further indicates that most cells enter an active division cycle at rear positions during 3D streaming. Once the cells progress to a later stage toward division, the high intracellular energy allows them to preferentially stream toward the tip and become leader cells. This energy‐driven cellular flow may be a fundamental characteristic of 3D collective dynamics based on thermodynamic principles important for not only cancer invasion but also tissue morphogenesis.
Organomagnesia: Reversibly High Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Magnesium Pyrazolates
Authors: Kracht Felix , Rolser Philipp , Preisenberger Paul , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Anwander Reiner
Published: June 2024

A series of new pyrazolate and mixed pyrazolate/pyrazole magnesium complexes is described and their reactivity toward carbon dioxide is examined. The dimeric complex [Mg(pztBu,tBu)2]2 inserts CO2 instantly and quantitatively forming the tetrameric complex [Mg(CO2·pztBu,tBu)2]4 and monomeric donor‐stabilized [Mg(CO2·pztBu,tBu)2(thf)2]. Complexes of the type [Mgx(pzR,R)2x(HpzR,R)y]n (R = iPr, tBu) engage in similar insertion reactions involving dissociation of the carbamic acid HOOCpzR,R. Even solid polymeric derivatives [Mg(pzR,R)2]n (R = Me, H) react instantaneously and exhaustively with CO2, the resulting [Mg(CO2·pz)2]m featuring a CO2 capacity of 35.7 wt% (8.2 mmol g−1). All described magnesium pyrazolates display completely reversible CO2 uptake in solution and in the solid state, respectively, as monitored via VT 1H NMR and in situ FTIR spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetric analysis. Fluorinated [Mg2(pzCF3,CF3)4(thf)3] does not yield any isolable CO2 insertion product but exhibits the highest activity in the catalytic transformation of epoxides and CO2 to cyclic carbonates.
Analysis and EOT Scaling on Top‐ and Double‐Gate 2D CVD‐Grown Monolayer MoS2 FETs
Authors: Patoary Naim Hossain , Mamun Fahad Al , Xie Jing , Grasser Tibor , Sanchez Esqueda Ivan
Published: June 2024

2D layered semiconductors have attracted considerable attention for beyond‐Si complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technologies. They can be prepared into ultrathin channel materials toward ultrascaled device architectures, including double‐gate field‐effect‐transistors (DGFETs). This work presents an experimental analysis of DGFETs constructed from chemical vapor deposition (CVD)‐grown monolayer (1L) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with atomic layer deposition (ALD) of hafnium oxide (HfO2) high‐k gate dielectrics (top and bottom). This extends beyond previous studies of DGFETs based mostly on exfoliated (few‐nm thick) MoS2 flakes, and advances toward large‐area wafer‐scale processing. Here, significant improvements in performance are obtained with DGFETs (i.e., improvements in ON/OFF ratio, ON‐state current, sub‐threshold swing, etc.) compared to single top‐gate FETs. In addition to multi‐gate device architectures (e.g., DGFETs), the scaling of the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) is crucial toward improved electrostatics required for next‐generation transistors. However, the impact of EOT scaling on the characteristics of CVD‐grown MoS2 DGFETs remains largely unexplored. Thus, this work studies the impact of EOT scaling on subthreshold swing (SS) and gate hysteresis using current–voltage (I–V) measurements with varying sweep rates. The experimental analysis and results elucidate the basic mechanisms responsible for improvements in CVD‐grown 1L‐MoS2 DGFETs compared to standard top‐gate FETs.
A Brilliant Magnetic Refrigerant Operating Near Liquid Helium Temperature: Enhanced Magnetocaloric Effect in Ferromagnetic EuTi0.75Al0.125Zr0.125O3
Authors: Xie Huicai , Jiang Jiaxin , Tian Lu , Mo Zhaojun , Liu Guodong , Gao Xinqiang , Shen Jun , Liu Yao
Published: June 2024

Rare earth‐based perovskites have become an attractive research interest in the field of cryogenic magnetic refrigerants due to their unique advantages in practical applications. The remarkable magnetocaloric effect (MCE) renders EuTiO3 a potential magnetic refrigerant in the liquid helium temperature range. More impressively, the tunability between antiferromagnetism (AFM) and ferromagnetism (FM) provides the feasibility of tailoring the magnetism and enhancing the magnetocaloric performance. In this study, the magnetism of EuTi0.75Al0.125Zr0.125O3 is investigated in depth through first‐principles calculations and experimental methods. Both theoretical calculations and experimental results reveal that it exhibits significant ferromagnetism due to the AFM‐FM magnetic transition promoted by the co‐substitution of Al and Zr. Lattice expansion and altered electronic interactions are responsible for the FM behavior, which leads to a significant enhancement of the MCE. With the field change of 0−1 T, the peak values of magnetic entropy change (−ΔSM), refrigerating capacity (RC), and adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad) reach 18.9 J kg−1 K−1, 77.7 J kg−1, and 7.4 K, respectively. More surprisingly, the values of maximum magnetic entropy change () and maximum adiabatic temperature change for EuTi0.75Al0.125Zr0.125O3 reach 11.4 J kg−1 K−1 and 3.7 K under the field change of 0−0.5 T, respectively. The remarkable magnetocaloric performance proves it to be a brilliant magnetic refrigerant operating near liquid helium temperature.
Intercepting the Chelation of Perovskites with Ambient Moisture through Active Addition Reaction for Full‐Air‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ning Lei , Song Lixin , Yao Zhengzheng , Chen Wei‐Hsiang , Du Pingfan , Jiang Pei‐Cheng , Xiong Jie
Published: June 2024

The fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under full‐air conditions accelerates their scalable production and industrialization. However, ambient moisture interacts with perovskites during the film formation that disturbs their crystallization and triggers structural imperfections. Here, a formamidine (FA) active addition reaction (FAAR) strategy is devised to intercept the deleterious chemical coordination. The simultaneous incorporation of 2, 6‐bis(aminomethyl)pyridine (BAMPy) molecule into tin oxide surface and perovskite bulk ameliorates the interface contact and film interior. It is found that the tail amino group from BAMPy selectively reacts with FA cation, occupying A site of perovskite crystals, increasing binding energy of perovskite with H2O molecule even in a defective surface, thereby strengthening moisture tolerance. This strategy effectively modifies perovskite crystallization in ambient air, favors structural uniformity, and forms the compressive‐strained films. The FAAR‐modified PSC devices fabricated under full‐air conditions deliver the highest efficiencies of 24.11% and 21.68% with aperture areas of 0.06 and 1 cm2, respectively. The favorable moisture impediment property contributes to perovskite crystallization enhancement and structural uniformity, maintaining 90.8% of their initial performance for the encapsulated devices after 2400 h storage under accelerating damp‐heat measurements (85 °C and 85% relative humidity).
Optimizing of Cathode Interface Layers in Organic Solar Cells Using Polyphenols: An Effective Approach
Authors: Ding Xiaoman , Lv Jie , Liang Zezhou , Sun Xiaokang , Zhao Jingjing , Lu Manjia , Wang Fei , Zhang Chenyang , Zhang Guangye , Xu Tongle , Hu Dingqin , kan zhipeng , Ruan Changshun , Shi Yumeng , Lin Haoran , Zhang Wanqing , Li Gang , Hu Hanlin
Published: June 2024

The cathode interface layers (CILs) play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, challenges arise due to the high work function of CIL and inadequate contact with the active layer, leading to high interface trap recombination and poor charge extraction. In this study, a novel approach is proposed to improve charge injection and extraction in CILs by incorporating polyphenols, trihydroxybenzoic acid (TBA). Focusing on the CIL PDINN, its work function is successfully reduced from 4.14 eV to 3.80 eV and obtained charge collection efficiency of 91.23% through TBA regulation. These enhancements can be ascribed to improved contact between the active layer and the CILs, and enhanced the formation of a fine fiber phase width and inhibited interface recombination. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the binary OSCs comprising PM6: BTP‐ec9 exhibits an increase from 18.2% to 19.3%, placing it among the one of the highest PCE values. Moreover, this approach demonstrated notable applicability for another CILs, as well as various OSCs systems. Overall, this research underscores the importance of regulating and modifying CILs to fully exploit their potential in OSCs devices, while laying the groundwork for optimizing their efficiency and stability.
Polymer Nanocomposites: Catalysts for Sustainable Hydrogen Production from Challenging Water Sources
Authors: Abdelazeez Ahmed Adel A. , Rabia Mohamed , Hasan Fuead , Mahanta Vivekananda , Adly Esraa R.
Published: June 2024

In this review, the transformative role of polymer nanocomposites in hydrogen production from challenging water sources is explored. Their catalytic efficiency and unique properties are highlighted, making them vital for overcoming complexities in hydrogen generation. Polymer nanocomposites demonstrate exceptional adaptability to various water compositions, including wastewater and saline water, enhancing efficiency, stability, and compatibility. In this review, the significance of these nanomaterials in the sustainable energy landscape is underscored, showcasing their ability to outperform conventional methods. Key breakthroughs in catalytic efficiency and adaptability are emphasized, illustrating their crucial role in clean hydrogen production. Looking forward, in this review, potential applications of polymer nanocomposites in diverse fields, from industrial processes to energy sector advancements, are identified. This synthesis of findings not only enhances the understanding but also sets the stage for the widespread adoption of polymer nanocomposites in meeting the global demand for sustainable hydrogen production.