bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types of Dysentery Bacilli isolated at No. 3 Australian General Hospital, Cairo, March—August, 1916, with Observations on the Variability of the Mannite Fermenting Group
Authors: Martin C. J. , Williams F. E.
Published: May 2009

1. Of 123 dysentery bacilli isolated, forty-seven were B. dysenteriae Shiga, seventy-six were mannite fermenters.

2. The biochemical activities of forty-nine strains of the latter were investigated immediately after isolation and again six months later. They showed variability as regards the fermentation of maltose, saccharose, dextrin, raffinose, arabinose, isodulcite, sorbite and glycerin and in the formation of indol. The same strain varied at different times, some gaining, others losing one or other of the above properties.

Similar observations by other observers and the authors are discussed and the conclusion is arrived at that the separation of the mannite fermenting dysentery bacilli into groups on the ground of their action upon the above carbohydrates is unsound and that the only carbo-hydrates of service for their identification are glucose, mannite, lactose and dulcite.

3. An experiment conducted during two and a half months upon a particular strain of dysentery bacillus shows that the fermentation of saccharose was in this strain a “recessive character” and only maintained by artificial selection.

4. One-sixth of the mannite fermenting dysentery organisms isolated were not agglutinated by a univalent Y (rabbit's) serum at the time of isolation but half of these acquired this property by cultivation. Others were well agglutinated by the patient's serum. An experiment is described in which agglutinability to Y serum was lost under prolonged cultivation on saccharose peptone media. In this experiment successive cultures were made every few days and the material for subcultivation was taken from daughter colonies (buds), which arose in the saccharose plates. Agglutinability was rapidly regained by propagation in broth. From the author's experience and from a survey of the literature, the conclusion is arrived at that no one univalent serum will agglutinate all dysentery bacilli of the mannite fermenting type and that a bacillus with the morphological, cultural, and biochemical characters of dysentery bacilli of this type is not discredited as an etiological factor because it is not agglutinated by any particular univalent serum.

In conclusion we express our indebtedness to Miss Rhodes of the Lister Institute for retesting many of the cultures in London, in January, 1917, and convey to her our grateful appreciation of her kindness in so doing.
The Isolation of B. Typhosus from Infected Water, with Notes on a New Process
Authors: Willson H. S.
Published: May 2009

It has been estimated that 75% of typhoid epidemics are water-borne, and it is not surprising, therefore, that many attempts have been made to prove the presence of the specific bacillus in the suspected waters, although the bacteriological examination for this purpose has always been recognised as most difficult and uncertain.
The Epidemic of Malarial Fever in Natal, 1905
Authors: Hill Ernest , Haydon L. G.
Published: May 2009

Natal, which has been considered of recent years to be a malaria-free country, has been visited in the past six months by an extensive epidemic of this disease.
The Chemical Action on Glucose of the Lactose-Fermenting Organisms of Faeces
Authors: Harden Arthur
Published: May 2009

(1) The lactose-fermenting organisms of faeces may be divided into two groups according to the molecular ratio alcohol/acetic acid produced from glucose under specified conditions.

(a) Those which produce alcohol and acetic acid in approximately equal molecular proportions.

(2) Those which produce more than 2·5 molecular proportions of alcohol to 1 of acetic acid.

(3) The members of the first of these groups comprise the Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 (1) suggested provisionally by MacConkey from the consideration of the action of these organisms on cane-sugar and dulcite. The members of the second of the groups correspond with Group 4, Sub-groups 2 and 3, of MacConkey' provisiosnal classification.

(4) B. lactis aerogenes acts upon glucose in a totally different manner from B. coli communis and is therefore to be regarded as a distinct organism.
The Examination of some Commercial Carbolic Acids and Disinfecting Powders
Authors: Blyth M. Wynter
Published: May 2009

1. The phenol solutions used as a standard in the bacteriological testing of disinfectants should be made from pure freshly distilled phenol.

2. The actual quantity of phenol, cresylic acid and water present in commercial carbolic acids and in carbolic powders may be estimated by extracting the oils and testing their germicidal power.

3. The comparative germicidal value of disinfectant powders may be estimated by keeping the powder and organism in contact by mechanical means during the whole period of the experiment.
The Sources of Infection in Food Poisoning Outbreaks
Authors: Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

Compared with 20, or even 10, years ago our present knowledge of food poisoning outbreaks is extensive and in certain directions fairly complete. In spite of this greatly extended knowledge there are some aspects in regard to which we are yet lacking in fundamental information. This is particularly the case as to the precise sources of infection. It may be accepted as a demonstrated fact that most outbreaks of food poisoning are due to infection of the food eaten with one or other member of the Gaertner group of bacilli. The present paper is only concerned with the outbreaks associated with this group of organisms. A study of the individual outbreaks usually supplies evidence which definitely incriminates a certain article of food, and for most of the recent outbreaks further evidence is forthcoming that this has been infected with one or other member of the Gaertner group of bacilli. Tracing the matter a step further back it is only in a quite small minority of outbreaks that the recorded facts show how the food has become so infected. In a proportion of cases, perhaps more than half for continental recorded outbreaks but in only a small fraction of the British outbreaks, it is true that definite evidence is forthcoming showing that the meat was derived from an animal itself suffering from general or local disease caused by Gaertner group bacilli. Even, however, for these cases our recorded knowledge ceases with this information, and we do not know how these animals became infected or whether they represent isolated cases or are part of widespread epidemics amongst the animals affected.
Report of Bacteriological Investigation of Tetanus carried out on behalf of the War Office Committee for the Study of Tetanus
Authors: Tulloch W. J.
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Journal of the R.A.M.C., December 1917, it was demonstrated, that B. tetani was susceptible of classification by serological methods into at least three “Types.” Since the publication of that paper, a fourth Type has been encountered; but, so far, it has been demonstrated only in five instances—four being from cases of declared tetanus which were not, however, fatal.
Further Experiments in the Etiology of Dengue Fever
Authors: Cleland J. Burton , Bradley Burton
Published: May 2009

The present figures show that the virus may be present in the blood as early as 18 hours and as late as 90 hours after the onset. It was not found in the blood 130 hours and 190 hours after the onset.

The virus outside the body has been found alive, if kept reasonably cool, in several instances up to 48 hours, and in one instance after 99 hours.

It is not possible from this series to draw deductions from the negative cases on this question.

Several mosquito experiments in this series have not therefore added to our previous knowledge, but the one satisfactory experiment withCulex fatiganstends to support the view we hold that this species is probably not a vector of the disease. The results previously published by us support the opinion of Bancroft (5) and show clearly that, whether or notC. fatigansmay also play a part in Australia,Stegomyia fasciatais capable of spreading the infection of dengu.
The Wilson-Weil-Felix Reaction in Typhus Fever
Authors: Wilson W. James
Published: May 2009

1. The Wilson-Weil-Felix agglutination reaction with cultures ofProteus“X 19” was Positive in dilutions of the serum ranging from 1 in 40 to 1 in 2560 in 22 out of 23 cases of Typhus Fever occurring in Ireland. In one case the reaction was still negative at the time of the patient's death on the 14th day of the disease. As controls, sera from the following gave completely negative results in a 1 in 20 dilution: 50 cases of Influenza, 12 cases of Trench Fever and 15 cases of Syphilis.

2. The agglutinins in Typhus serum forB. proteus“X 19” are completely destroyed by heating at 65° C. for half an hour.

3. Ten sera were tested for presence of immune body by means of the Complement Fixation test. The results were negative.

4. A coliform bacillus isolated from the urine of one case was agglutinated by the sera of twenty cases—the only ones examined—in dilutions varying from 1 in 40 to 1 in 640.

Sixty-two controls gave negative results with a 1 in 40 or higher dilution of their sera.

5. Absorption experiments indicated that the agglutinins forB. proteus“X 19” and this coliform bacillus were distinct.

6. The literature dealing with the heterologous agglutinins met with in the serum of Typhus Fever has been consulted and the various hypotheses that have been put forward to account for their presence have been examined. It is suggested that under the stimulus of infection with the Typhus Fever virus, some bacterium which is a normal inhabitant of the human intestine produces agglutinins for itself and group agglutinins for numerous other micro-organisms especially forProteus“X 19,”Proteus“X 2,” and various members of the Colon-typhoid group.
The Conversion of Air into a Lethal Mixture of Gases by Storage of Tobacco and Other Vegetable Substances
Authors: Frederick Robert C.
Published: May 2009

In analysing some samples of air which had been sent for examination, the writer was struck by the presence of an altogether abnormal quantity of carbon dioxide associated with a very much diminished oxygen content. In view of this excess, the space from which these samples had been obtained was then thoroughly ventilated and after remaining closed for only four days the air was found to contain already 2·27 p.c. of carbon dioxide instead of the normal 0·03 p.c. No immediate explanation of the phenomenon was available and this paper contains a short account of the research made to discover the cause.
The Chemotactic Effect of Osmosis Upon Leucocytes
Authors: Maltaner Frank , Hoppe Ella
Published: May 2009

This paper presents the results of a preliminary study of conditions affecting the movement of leucocytes. It demonstrates experimental facts which confirm the assumptions that osmotic force present in aqueous solutions and the permeability of leucocytes for water are the factors responsible for the movement of these cells from place to place.
An Outbreak of Pork Pie Poisoning at Derby
Authors: Peckham C. F. , Savage William G.
Published: May 2009

There are so many unexplained problems in connection with food poisoning that it is still of importance to study in detail and with care every outbreak. I have perused the records of several hundred food poisoning outbreaks, published and unpublished, and the prevailing impression left is one of regret that so many opportunities of clearing up obscurities and elucidating channels of infection have been lost by omission to push investigations home. The outbreak recorded here is in pleasant contrast and worthy of detailed study. It is noteworthy for two features. The bacillus isolated was not only isolated from the incriminated food but it was recovered from water from a tank in the slaughter-house, a rather unusual feature. This suggests a method of infection which has not hitherto been reported.
On the Inheritance of Acquired Antibodies
Authors: Learmonth J. R.
Published: May 2009

The presence of antibodies in the body fluids of the offspring of immunised parents has long been studied and variously explained. In 1912, Famulener2published a clear summary of the work upon the subject up to that date. Renewed interest in the problem has been aroused by the work of the Department of Animal Pathology of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, where the transmission of immunity to theBacillus abortusis being studied. It has been shown by Little and Orcutt3that agglutinins for this bacillus are transferred exclusively by the colostrum, since a calf from which colostrum is withheld does not show this agglutinin in its serum, although a high titre of agglutinin may be demonstrable in both serum and colostrum of the dam. Later Orcutt and Howe4, using a method of separating the protein fractions of serum devised by the latter5, 6, showed that the appearance of agglutinins in the serum of a calf fed with colostrum of high agglutinin titre was closely related to the appearance of euglobulin, which is absent from the blood of the newly born calf. Further, Smith and Little7showed that this absorption of agglutinin from the digestive tract also occurred when the calf was fed with serum rich in that antibody. The association of agglutinin with the globulin fraction of serum, and in particular with the euglobulin fraction, has been demonstrated by Orcutt and Howe4, who found that “the agglutinins are associated with the protein fractions which are precipitated up to and including 16·4 per cent. of sodium sulphate,” and that “a large proportion of the agglutinins is associated with the fraction which is precipitated by 14·2 per cent. of sodium sulphate, euglobulin.” Again, although a milk might show a high titre of agglutinin, with no corresponding increase in the proportion of its globulin, yet the agglutinin was removed from the milk by a concentration of sodium sulphate which removed the globulin fraction of the protein.
A Comparative Bacteriological Study of Bovine Abortion and Undulant Fever
Authors: Khaled Z.
Published: May 2009

1. Certain cross-immunisation experiments (on monkeys) with B. abortus and B. melitensis carried out in 1921 were repeated with the same effective result.

2. It was found that goats vaccinated intravenously with B. abortus in massive doses are protected from subsequent infection with a virulent B. melitensis strain, and fail to pass that organism in the milk.

3. The record of the effect of B. abortus vaccine in treating three cases of undulant fever is given.

In conclusion I wish to express my thanks and gratitude to the staff of the Lister Institute for the hospitality of the laboratories and for many valuable criticisms.
Vegetable Decomposition in Ditch Water Simulating Sewage Contamination
Authors: Cobbett Louis
Published: May 2009

In autumn and early winter certain ditches around Cambridge became offensive, and their water turned milky. This led to a grave suspicion of sewage contamination, which, however, was satisfactorily disproved. On the other hand certain bacilli with single flagella were isolated from the water of the ditches and found capable of giving off from their artificial cultures an odour comparable to that of the ditches. And to these bacilli, acting on the dead leaves which found their way into the water, and, probably, in conjunction with other anaerobic bacteria which were generating hydrogen disulphide, the sewage-like odour is attributed.

Certain patchy changes of colour in the leaves and wood immersed in the water are attributed to a chromogenic flagellate which was found growing on them.
The Stability of Tetanus Toxin in 50% Glycerine and of Tetanus Antitoxin in Saturated Salt Solution
Authors: MacConkey A. T.
Published: May 2009

The Standard Tetanus toxin sent out by the Hygienic Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service is in the form of a dry powder, and the required quantities have to be weighed out.
The Fermentation of Salts of Organic Acids as an aid to the differentiation of Bacterial Types
Authors: Brown H. C. , Duncan J. T. , Henry T. A.
Published: May 2009

(1) Reaction changes and production of gas in organic salt media are not sufficiently constant to form a reliable diagnostic criterion for the differentiation of bacterial types.

(2) The enhancement or inhibition of bacterial growth in such media in the majority of cases bears a direct relationship to the utilisation of the salt by the organism. This furnishes a useful differential test for certain organisms when citrates are used, but cannot be applied in the cases of all salts.

(3) The bacterial decomposition of the salts of those organic acids which form insoluble lead salts can be clearly demonstrated by the addition of suitable quantities of a solution of lead acetate to the culture.

(4) By the use of six organic salts, seven different groupings of the common Salmonella types can be obtained, whereas the sugar reactions have, up to the present, yielded only four different groupings.

(5) Regarding other groups of bacteria, the organic salts form an easy means of distinguishing between pathogenic and certain non-pathogenic vibrios, and between certain of the members of thecoli-aërogenesgroup, and also betweenB. diphtheriaeand Hofmann's bacillus, as well as betweenB. malleiandB. whitmori.

(6) The six organic salts employed in this test are relatively inexpensive, will stand sterilising by autoclave, and can be obtained with certainty in a state of purity much more readily than the rarer “sugars.”

(7) The nature of the decomposition products of citric acid has been fully examined in the case ofBacillus suipestifer; it has been shown that the products are acetic acid, carbon dioxide and succinic acid, and a simple explanation of the mechanism of this reaction is put forward. In the case of fumaric acid a preliminary examination shows that the acid is converted into succinic acid probably by direct reduction. Maleic acid appears to behave in an analogous manner to fumaric acid. Further work on these acids is in progress.

(8) A large number of organic acid salts have been tried, but only the six suggested have given useful results. It appears that simple aliphatic monobasic and dibasic acids, with the exception of formic acid, are not decomposed readily by the bacteria investigated, and this is also true of monohydroxycarboxylic acids. Readiness of decomposition is first shown by the dihydroxydicarboxylic acids (tartaric acids), and appears to be at its best in the hydroxytricarboxylic acid (citric acid).

(9) While organic salt fermentation tests have been found particularly useful in the cases of the bacterial groups dealt with in this paper, they cannot be substituted for the “sugar reactions” in general use.
The Bacteriology of Human Milk
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Jewesbury Reginald C.
Published: May 2009

This enquiry into the bacteriology of human milk was prompted by our recent investigation of a case of entero-colitis in a breast-fed infant. In this case an abundant growth of a streptococcus was obtained from the faeces of the infant which was identical as far as we could determine with a streptococcus isolated from the mother's milk.
Correlation of the Sulphite Reduction Test with Other Tests in the Bacterio-Logical Examination of Water.
Authors: Wilson W. James , Blair E. Maud McV.
Published: May 2009

In previous papers (1922, 1924) we have investigated the capacity possessed by certain micro-organisms of reducing sulphites to sulphides, and have applied it (1) to the differentiation of bacteria, and (2) to the bacterioscopic analysis of water.
The Monthly Birth-rate.
Authors: Sanders J.
Published: May 2009

Since the birth-rate is persistently diminishing, interest in the laws by which nativity is governed is steadily increasing. This interest became still more intense when, on account of the war, a large number of human lives were destroyed, causing a decrease of population in many countries. Those who fell in this war happened to be men in the prime of life, a fact which manifested itself after the war in a decreased number of births, apart from the temporary increase of births in consequence of the return of the mobilised men to their native towns.
Melioidosis in a Horse
Authors: Stanton A. T. , Fletcher William , Symonds S. L.
Published: May 2009

A race-horse, which had been imported into the Malay States from Australia, got out of condition and occasionally coughed up thick pus. Five specimens of pus were brought to the laboratory between February and July, 1925, and on each occasion B. whitmori was isolated from it. The blood of the horse agglutinated the standard strain of B. whitmori in high dilutions. The morpho-logical characters, and the biological reactions of the organism isolated from the horse were the same as those of the type strain (Ragaviah) of B. whitmori; and cross-agglutination and cross-absorption tests showed that they were identical. The strain was highly pathogenic for guinea-pigs and rats. The horse was killed in September, 1926, eighteen months after B. whitmori was first isolated from the nasal pus. No active lesions were found at autopsy and B. whitmori was not isolated from the organs.
Food-poisoning due to Bacilli of the type B. morbificians bovis (Basenau)
Authors: Sladden A. F. , Scott W. M.
Published: May 2009

An outbreak of food-poisoning is described in which the B. morbificans bovis (Basenau) was the causal agent. The position of this type in the Salmonella group as classified by Bruce White has been confirmed by analysis of the antigenic properties and agglutination reactions (including absorption of agglutinin) of the strains isolated in the outbreak.
A Further Contribution to the Serology of Typhus Fever
Authors: Wilson W. James
Published: May 2009

1. The development in typhus fever blood of agglutinins for a bacillus of the colon-paratyphoid group, which was isolated in 1921 from the faeces of a typhus case is shown to be a frequent occurrence in the disease as met with in Ireland, Poland and Syria. The bacillus has preserved its agglutina-bility up to the time of writing—a period of five years. Owing to its similarity to a bacillus previously isolated by the writer and which was designated bacillus “U,” this bacillus has been named B. agglutinabilis “U2.”

2. It has been shown that bacteria preserved in alcohol even for 3 years are sensitive for use in the serological test, and that sera to which equal volumes of pure glycerine have been added retain their agglutinins for atleast 5 years.

3. Five strains of B. proteus “X 19” fermented salicin with the production of acid and gas. Ordinary Proteus strains had no action on this glucoside and neither had the anindologenes strain “Kingsbury” although belonging to the “X 19” group.

4. Strains of B. proteus “X 19” show great differences in their sensitiveness to typhus fever agglutinins.

5. Views which have been advanced to explain the Weil-Felix reaction are discussed and the conclusion is reached that to label it as an instance of paragglutination does not account for the rise and fall of the agglutinins—agglutinins which are formed not only for B. proteus “X2” and “X 19” but for certain strains of the B. pyocyaneus and colon-paratyphoid-typhoid groups.
Bacterial Virulence and Immunity
Authors: Eastwood Arthur
Published: May 2009

Bacteriologists are not in a position to disregard the limitations recognised by the physiologists. Precise data which are not available from experiments are far from sufficient to explain the properties of living matter; they must be supplemented by vaguer conceptions about the functions of a cell, its internal organisation and its susceptibility to stimulative or inhibitory agencies—conceptions which cannot yet be translated into recognised chemical substances and physical properties. One must therefore start by recognising that bacterial virulence, being dependent on vital processes, cannot be fully explained in chemico-physical terms.
Types of Haemolytic Streptococci in Relation to Scarlet Fever (Second Report)
Authors: Griffith Fred
Published: May 2009

A series of 222 strains has been analysed serologically and 156 have been found to react with one or other of four sera prepared with haemolytic streptococci of scarlatinal origin.

Among the 156 strains the four chief types were distributed in the following proportions: 10 of Type I, 57 of Type II, 45 of Type III and 44 of Type IV.

The remaining 66 strains of the series have not yet been classified; though they certainly include individualistic strains, there may be other types to be defined by further analysis.

The four chief types are well defined and can generally be identified by direct agglutination. Cross-agglutination may cause confusion when suspensions are unstable, in which case resort must be made to agglutinin absorption. In addition, certain Type I strains may also agglutinate with Type III serum.

Analysis of clinical data in a series of 100 cases shows clearly that a fairly severe form of scarlatina with greater tendency to complications is often caused by infection with Type II scarlatinal streptococcus; Type II has so far been found only in association with scarlet fever.

There were nine instances where two or more members of the same family developed scarlatina; in six instances the same type was found in each patient and in three each patient yielded an unclassified strain. In one instance the strains from two members of the same family were different.

Haemolytic streptococcus colonies on fresh blood agar present three chief varieties; there are minor differences between these dependent on the amount of moisture in the medium.

There is a certain correlation between variety of colony and serological type. Type III colonies retain a soft consistency after two days' incubation, while the other types generally become tough and can be lifted from the medium as a whole.

Rough and smooth colonies with differential characters analogous to those occurring in pneumococcus cultures have not been identified. An interesting change in appearance is the production of a clear dome-shaped watery or slightly mucinous colony (3rd variety) in a culture which ordinarily forms either more or less opaque or soft coherent colonies.

There is evidence that the proportions of the four main types are likely to vary in different localities and in different outbreaks of scarlet fever in the same locality.

The importance of a reliable classification of haemolytic streptococci is discussed.
The Seasonal Frequency of Calliphorine Blowflies in Great Britain
Authors: Wardle Robert A.
Published: May 2009

The British genera of blowflies, if the term be restricted to members of the Muscid subfamily Calliphorinae, are Calliphora with the two species erythrocephala Mg. and Vomitoria L., Lucilia, with several species, of which the commonest in the Manchester area are caesar L. and simulatrix Pand., and Protocalliphora, withe two species azurea. Fln. and groenlandica Ztt., of which the later alone concern us.
The Distribution of Bacillus botulinus in Scottish Soils
Authors: Leighton Gerald , Buxton J. Basil
Published: May 2009

In January 1923, after the publication of The Epidemiology of Botulism by Dr K. F. Meyer and his colleagues in America, and after the publication of the official report to the Scottish Board of Health on the Loch Maree tragedy, it seemed obvious that an accurate knowledge of the distribution of the Bacillus botulinus in Scotland was very desirable. Dr Meyer had shown that this was an organism which lived in the soil, and he had already published the results of the bacteriological examination of a great number of soils in America and other countries. None of them, however, came from Scotland. I therefore suggested to the Scottish Board of Health that they should ask the Medical Research Council to undertake such an examination, and offered my own services for the purpose of collecting soils from all the Scottish counties. The Board at once agreed, and the Medical Research Council on having the request put to them also at once agreed and appointed Professor Basil Buxton, F.R.C.V.S., to undertake the bacteriological investigation. Prof. Buxton and myself arranged exactly the kind of samples which should be taken, and the method of taking them, and he supplied me from time to time with a number of sterilised containers into which samples of soil were put and forwarded to him for examination.
The Frequency of the Appearance of Tubercle Bacilli in the Faeces of three apparently healthy Cows
Authors: Williams R. Stenhouse , Hoy W. A.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (Williams and Hoy, 1927) it was shown that living and virulent tubercle bacilli could be demonstrated in the faeces of six apparently healthy cows from among a total of 391 which were examined. All these cows were living the normal life of the herds in which they were discovered, and three of them were brought to the Institute in order that a study might be made of the frequency with which tubercle bacilli could be found in their faeces.
Observations on the Reaction of the Skin to Oils and Tars
Authors: Twort C. C. , Twort J. M.
Published: May 2009

A Microscopical study of the skins of mice painted with definite carcinogenic agents and with agents which appear to be incapable of exciting the production of tumours has, in the main, enabled us to confirm the observations of previous workers on the different histological changes which take place. A brief description of our findings will first be given.
An Investigation into the Cause of Rheumatic Fever in Children
Authors: Lazarus-Barlow P.
Published: May 2009

1. Bacteriological examination from the tonsils and post-nasal space in forty-six cases of acute and sub-acute rheumatism resulted in streptococci alone being isolated.

2. The streptococci isolated fell into three groups, S. mitis, S. salivarius, and eleven strains of S. cardioarthritidis.

3. Comparison of the strains of S. cardioarthritidis with strains isolated in America show them to be closely related.

4. No evidence was found of an exotoxin.

5. Evidence was found of the presence of an endotoxin or lysate which produces an antitoxin.

6. Intravenous inoculation of the lysate into rabbits appears definitely to affect the heart muscle and lungs, and to some extent the liver and kidneys.
The Relation of the Decline in the Number of Horse-drawn Vehicles, and consequently of the Urban Breeding Grounds of Flies, to the Fall in the Summer Diarrhoea Death rate
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

Charts, illustrating observations over several years, have been published by Hamer (1908–10) for London, by Niven (1910) for Birmingham and by Hope (1920–21) for Liverpool, which show that in the third quarter of the year the summer diarrhoea death curve usually reaches its maximum about a fortnight after the curve representing the numbers of flies caught in traps has reached its highest point.
The Spermicidal Powers of Chemical Contraceptives. I.: Introduction, and Experiments on Guinea-pig Sperms
Authors: Baker John R.
Published: May 2009

The spermicidal powers of the various chemical contraceptives sold to the public have never previously been compared, and no one has been in a position to say that one spermicide is preferable to another. The only literature on the subject consists of the pamphlets issued by the makers of the different pessaries, and these give little or no information on the length of time taken to kill sperms at stated concentrations. The Birth Control Investigation Committee therefore asked me to undertake this investigation. The work was financed by the Committee, and carried out, with Prof. Goodrich's permission, in the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford.
Continued Fever due to a Gärtner-like Salmonella of the Type “Dublin.”
Authors: Smith J. , Scott W. M.
Published: May 2009

Three cases of continued fever are described in which the Salmonella type “Dublin” was isolated from the blood. The cultural and serological behaviour of the three strains so obtained are compared with those of 34 strains of typical S. enteritidis (Gärtner) (including strains from commercial rat virus) and with those of 12 other strains of S. dublin (including six from calf-dysentery in Denmark). The suggestion is made that the “Dublin” type is of bovine habitat and that cows' milk is the vehicle of human infection.
Agglutination Reactions in Relation to Sonne Dysentery
Authors: Smith J. , Fraser A. M.
Published: May 2009

A study of the agglutinin content of the sera of individuals who have suffered from attacks of Sonne dysentery has shown that in the majority of cases specific agglutinins are produced.

In a series of agglutination tests with sera from 138 normal individuals 24 per cent, were found to give a positive reaction in a dilution of 1 in 50 or greater.
Observations on the Occurrence, Characteristics and Specificity of Natural Agglutinins
Authors: Gibson H. J.
Published: May 2009

1. A study has been made of natural agglutination as exemplified by the reactions of the serum of nine animal species with a variety of bacteria.

2. End-titres are recorded, and the fact is noted that sera of different animal species show an order of agglutinating activity which is almost constant for all organisms used. Ox, pig and horse sera give consistently strong reactions, while specimens from rabbit, guinea-pig and rat react weakly or not at all. Sheep, human and cat sera occupy an intermediate position. Variations are noted, however, with different individual specimens of serum from the same species.

3. Organisms of the series tested can also be grouped in order according to their apparent susceptibility to agglutination by normal sera.

4. The serum of young animals is found to be deficient in the agglutinating principle.

5. The agglutinating effect shows a thermolability intermediate between that of complement and the immune agglutinins. Complete inactivation occurs as a rule after exposure to 60° C.–65° C. for half-an-hour. For certain strains the serum principle is inactivated at much lower temperatures.

6. Lability curves show marked irregularity. In certain cases a zone of relative inactivation is produced at a temperature of 55° C.

7. The natural agglutinating substance is found to be present in greater degree in the carbonic acid insoluble fraction of serum than in the carbonic acid soluble fraction. In this respect it differs from the immune agglutinins, which are chiefly located in the carbonic acid soluble moiety.

8. The agglutinating principle for each organism can be absorbed completely by the homologous strain, when a variable lowering of the end-titre for other unrelated organisms results. A similar lowering of activity for these organisms may be produced by treating the serum with non-specific physical absorbents. Charcoal and Kieselguhr were used to demonstrate this.

9. By the technique of double absorption it can be shown that agglutination depends on non-specific and specific factors and it is concluded that normal serum agglutinates bacteria in virtue of a twofold mechanism:

(a) A non-specific effect reacting in varying degree with all organisms and removable by treatment with a finely divided absorbent.

(b) A series of specific effects reacting as true “natural antibodies.” These specific antibody-like principles exist for a wide variety of organisms. Absorption of any one organism removes the homologous effect leaving the remainder quantitatively unimpaired.

10. The question of bacterial variation and receptor analysis in relation to the natural agglutinins is being studied and will be reported on at a later date.
Acute Bacillary Dysentery in Khartoum Province, Sudan, with Special Reference to Bacteriophage Treatment: Bacteriological Investigation
Authors: Riding D.
Published: May 2009

1. Two preparations of bacteriophage were used for the treatment of a number of cases of acute bacillary dysentery.

2. The types of B. dysenteriae encountered in 60 cases of acute bacillary dysentery are described. In the 60 cases investigated the causal bacillus was bacteriophagable with the standard bacteriophage in vitro in 48.

3. The cases are tabulated and no dramatic results due to the bacteriophage treatment are demonstrated.

4. Treatment of the bacteriophage with hydrochloric acid, in a concentration similar to that of the gastric juice, for 60 minutes did not alter the virulence of the bacteriophage.

5. It is shown that 25 per cent, autoclaved intestinal mucus in normal saline, and human blood serum, not inactivated, compare unfavourably with laboratory broth as a medium for bacteriophage action.

6. The results of giving bacteriophage by mouth to normal individuals, and to dysentery patients are described and discussed.
A further Note On “Status Thymico-Lymphaticus”
Authors: Greenwood Major
Published: May 2009

In 1927 Hilda M. Woods and I contributed to this Journal a study of some aspects of a syndrome called “Status Thymicus,” “Status Thymico-Lymphaticus” or simply “Status Lymphaticus.” We were moved by three considerations: (1) that Prof. H. M. Turnbull had placed at our disposal a long series of weighings of the Thymus, the alleged principal villain of the piece; (2) that every year a not inconsiderable number of deaths are put to the account of this syndrome; (3) that the first volume of Prof. J. A. Hammar's monograph on the Thymus had recently been published. Since our publication, the annual quota of victims shows no signs of diminution (Table I) and the second volume of Prof. Hammar's work has appeared.
Investigation of the Bacterial Content of the Urine in Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Hall Muriel Barton
Published: May 2009

Comparatively little work has been published upon the bacteriological investigation of the urine in the healthy woman either normally or during pregnancy and the puerperium, and the findings in such work as has been published are contradictory. In 1912, Leith Murray, Stenhouse Williams and A. J. Wallace, working together upon the coliform organisms in the female urinary tract, came to the conclusion that typical Bacillus coli is found in a considerable percentage of all female urines taken under conditions precluding all sources of contamination, and that ordinarily they have no apparent pathological significance. John Hewitt, in 1923, published a report upon 34 cases of urinary infection during pregnancy and the puerperium. He agreed with Leith Murray and other workers who had quoted figures to show that healthy pregnant women may have B. coli in the urine in the absence of pus cells.
Preliminary Rat-flea Survey and some Notes on its Relation to Local Plague, Hongkong
Authors: Fawcett Hugh A.
Published: May 2009

The chief object of the research here recorded was to try and bring this Colony into line with other plague centres from which valuable figures on this subject have already been recorded.
A note on the Cause of Certain Red Colorations on Salted Hides and a Comparison of the Growth and Survival of Halophilic or Salt-loving Organisms and Some Ordinary Organisms of Dirt and Putrefaction on Media of Varying Salt Concentrations
Authors: Robertson Madge E.
Published: May 2009

Hides and calf skins cured with marine salts, especially if kept under conditions of warmth and moisture, tend to develop on the flesh side large areas of brick-red coloration. Similar red colorations have, for many years, been noted as occurring in similar conditions on salted fish, and a number of investigations have been made as to their cause, the first recorded being that of Farlow (1878). Following him were Mauriac (1886), Ewart (1887), Layet (1887), Le Dantec (1891) and, in recent years, Harrison and Kennedy (1922), Browne (1921–22) and Cloake (1923). All these workers have agreed in attributing the red coloration on salted fish to the growth of one or several species of redcoloured organisms, and the more recent workers (Harrison and Kennedy, Browne, Cloake) trace these organisms to the sea salt used in curing the fish, and find them to be chromogenic bacteria only capable of growth in a high concentration of salt. Clayton and Gibbs (1927) have examined many solar brines and salts, and have found that “they almost invariably contain microorganisms which only exist and develop in the presence of abundance of common salt.” Sturges and Heidemann (1923, 1924) have isolated many saltloving organisms from meat-curing solutions, and Le Fèvre and Round (1919) from the brine of pickled cucumber.
A Review of the Cancer Statistics in England and Wales and in Scotland between 1891 and 1927
Authors: Russell W. T.
Published: May 2009

That the number of deaths ascribed to cancer has steadily increased within recent years no one will deny, but as to the causes which have produced the increase there is not the same unanimity of opinion. Thirty years ago cancer did not rank very high in the list of fatal diseases. In 1899 the total number of deaths from cancer amongst persons in England and Wales was 26,325 as against 60,659 allocated to tubercular disease. Nowadays, “the old order changeth yielding place to new.” According to the most recent statistics issued by the Registrar-General, in 1929, the number of deaths assigned to cancer was 56,896 and to all forms of tuberculosis 37,990. In view of this large increase in the number of deaths allocated to cancer it seemed of interest to review the cancer statistics of the last thirty years in this country and in Scotland. No investigation of this nature would be complete without first drawing attention to the very important work already done by Dr Stevenson in the Annual Reports of the Registrar-General, particularly the report for 1917 in which he examined the incidence of cancer in particular sites. The statistics of cancer in Scotland have not, until recently, received quite the same amount of attention as those of England. In a paper read to the Medical Association in Edinburgh and afterwards published in the Journal of that society, Dr Dunlop, the Registrar-General, gave a detailed account of the mortality, according to sites, between the years 1911 and 1928. He compared the actual numbers of deaths in 1920–2 and in 1928 with the numbers that might be expected to occur on the basis of the cancer mortality in age groups which prevailed in 1910–12. His method of analysis conforms partly to that of indirect standardisation.
Studies on the influence of various organic substances upon the phenol coefficient
Authors: Jensen Elsa , Jensen Vilh.
Published: May 2009

Studies on the phenol coefficient after the cover-slip method were made on some disinfectants with the addition of different amounts of various organic materials. The results show that the phenol coefficient varies with the nature and amount of the different organic substances added to the disinfectant in question.
Studies in tuberculosis in Hong Kong
Authors: Uttley K. H.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of these papers was:

(i) To ascertain the standardized death-rates for tuberculosis among the urban Chinese of Hong Kong.

(ii) To review the more important articles dealing with tuberculosis among the chinese.

(iii) To compare the data obtained in (ii) with those found in this survey of urban Chinese in Hong Kong.
Commercial and molecular distillates of mineral oils in relation to their carcinogenicity
Authors: Lyth R. , Twort C. C.
Published: May 2009

In our study of the relation of carcinogenicity to the physical characteristics of mineral oils we have dealt almost entirely with density, refractive index and viscosity.
The importance of receptor analysis for the study of physico-chemical properties of typhoid Bacilli
Authors: Scholtens R. Th.
Published: May 2009

In an article (Scholtens, 1937) published elsewhere, I have shown that the external smooth properties of typhoid bacilli (stability in physiological salt solution and colony form) depend on the body antigens, not only on the O antigen but also on the Vi antigen.
Horse-serum skin tests
Authors: Davis Hilda M.
Published: May 2009

An investigation is described which shows the type of skin reaction which may be expected from the intracutaneous injection of 0·1 c.c. normal horse serum in the normal and sensitized human subject. 150 normal individuals and 100 who had received previous serum injection were skin-tested. Of the normal subjects 30% showed a reaction of skin sensitivity, while 88% of the sensitized group gave a sensitive response, the reactions in the latter being more intense and of longer duration than those of the normal group. It is also shown that general skin sensitivity, demonstrated by a sensitive skin reaction in the opposite arm 2 weeks later, can be produced by intracutaneous injection of 0·2 c.c. of normal horse serum.

The value of specific skin tests in the prognosis of serum reaction is considered and a series of tests on 200 diphtheria cases is recorded. Since it has been shown that diphtheria has no appreciable effect in diminishing skin sensitivity (Westwater, 1935) the present series probably gives an accurate estimation of serum skin sensitivity even in the presence of acute diphtheritic infection.

The incidence of serum reaction was found to be only 6% higher in those cases which gave a sensitive skin reaction to horse serum prior to therapeutic serum injection than in those showing a normal response. It is therefore concluded that the demonstration of skin sensitivity is of no value in predicting the subsequent development of general serum reaction, and skin testing with horse serum, although it may demonstrate the presence of specific antibodies in the skin cells, is not an index of general sensitivity, which depends upon individual reactivity and power to produce antibodies following injection of foreign serum.
The classification of coliform bacteria
Authors: Malcolm James F.
Published: May 2009

A study of the biological characters of 1636 cultures of coliform bacteria, isolated from milk and bovine faeces, shows that the coliform group consists of a large number of different types. These types are so closely interlinked in characters and in relations to environment as to justify their inclusion in one genus. Nevertheless, to facilitate the identification of types, the group may be subdivided into subgroups, the Voges-Proskauer, Koser, inositol and indole reactions being reliable and outstanding criteria for this purpose. These characters show almost perfect correlations with various other characters. Thus Voges-Proskauer-negative types have a low CO2to H2ratio and are methyl-red-positive; Voges-Proskauer-positive types have a high CO2to H2ratio, are methyl-red-negative and Koser-positive. Koser-negative types are not highly resistant to brilliant green, are non-capsulated, do not form thick mucoid colonies and are Voges-Proskauer-negative, inositol-negative and indole-positive. Koser-positive types are highly resistant to brilliant green, and with the exception of group 2 and certain members of group 3, are frequently encapsulated and form thick, mucoid colonies. Non-inositol-fermenters are as a rule motile and adonitol-negative. Inositol-fermenters are Koser-positive, adonitol-positive, sucrose-positive and raffinose-positive; are frequently encapsulated and form thick, mucoid colonies; and as a rule are non-motile. Indole-negative types are Koser-positive, while indole-positive types are generally Koser-positive or negative according to whether the inositol reactions are positive or negative.
Is general paresis dependent upon previous treatment with mercury?
Authors: Heiberg Povl
Published: May 2009

Before dealing with this question it may be appropriate to present graphically the mortality of general paresis in Copenhagen in the period of 1866–1935 (see Fig. 1).