bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An attribution theory perspective on emotional labour in nurse–patient encounters: a nested cross‐sectional study in paediatric settings
Authors: Golfenshtein Nadya , Drach‐Zahavy Anat
Published: January 2015

Aims

To understand the role of patients’ attributions under the attribution theory framework (locus, controllability, stability) in nurses’ performance of surface or deep acting, as they unfold in interactions with different patients.

Background

Regulation of emotions at work, or emotional labour, has been conceptualized in terms of two main strategies: surface acting and deep acting. Most prior research tested for between‐subject variation in the search for the factors evoking these strategies in nurses, assuming them to be trait‐like characteristics. Only scant research has examined how nurses modify their emotional labour strategies in different patient‐nurse encounters.

Design

A nested cross‐sectional design (patients within nurses).

Methods

Data were collected during 2011–2012 through validated questionnaires from the nursing staff (N = 41) of two paediatric hospital wards and their randomly selected patients (N = 239). Questionnaires were administered to nurses multiple times after encounters with different patients. Analyses were conducted using mixed effects models.

Results

In accordance with attribution theory, different combinations of locus, controllability and stability attributions were related to the choice of surface or deep acting. Nurses’ perceptions of patients’ controllability were associated positively with surface acting and negatively with deep acting. Interaction terms of stability and locus and of controllability and stability, were distinctively associated with deep and surface acting.

Conclusions

Findings innovatively introduce the attribution process as an explanatory perspective to nurses’ emotional labour and highlight its situational nature, providing a potential tool for emotional labour strategy prediction. Raising nurses’ awareness of how they perceive patients may increase control of the strategies employed.
Post‐glacial population expansion of the Monterey Spanish mackerelScomberomorus concolorin the Gulf of California
Authors: Domínguez‐López M. , Díaz‐Jaimes P. , Uribe‐Alcocer M. , Quiñonez‐Velázquez C.
Published: January 2015

The level of genetic homogeneity and demographic history of the Monterey Spanish mackerelScomberomorus concolorwas assessed by analyses using sequences of themitochondrial (mt)DNA‐control region of samples from the two oceanographic regions of the Gulf of California in order to define the stock structure for this exploited vulnerable species. The data were consistent with a single homogeneous population and revealed the hallmark of fluctuations in population size; these fluctuations appear to have occurred during glacial events of the middle to late Pleistocene, which may in turn be related to the colonization and expansion ofS. concolorpopulations in the gulf.
Negative life events predict performance on an executive function task in young adults with developmental disabilities
Authors: Heyman M. , Hauser‐Cram P.
Published: January 2015

Background

Recent research with typically developing children indicates that chronic stress can be detrimental to the development of executive function. This study extends this work to individuals with developmental disabilities and examines the longitudinal relationship between an indicator of chronic stress, negative life events, and performance on a task of executive function within a group of 30 individuals with early identified developmental disabilities.

Methods

Multilevel modelling was used to analyse the relationship between cumulative negative life events and response time on aFlanker task.

Results

As hypothesized, individuals who had experienced more cumulative negative life events in their families demonstrated longer response time, an indicator of less efficient executive function.

Conclusions

The association between cumulative negative life events and executive function for children with developmental disabilities suggests the prominent role of the environment for development in this domain. These findings also suggest the importance of providing services, resources, and interventions that will help families adaptively cope with stressful circumstances.
When Worlds Collide: Medicine, Business, the Affordable Care Act and the Future of Health Care in the U.S.
Authors: Wicks Andrew C. , Keevil Adrian A. C.
Published: January 2015

Many observers claim that business has become a powerful force in medicine and that the future of health care cannot escape that reality, even though some scholars lament it. The U.S. recently experienced the most devastating recession since the Great Depression. As health care costs rise, we face additional pressure to rein in health care spending. We also have important new legislation that could well mark a significant shift in how health care is provided and who has access to care, namely the Affordable Care Act (ACA). These changes underscore the need to bring new thinking to the conversation about health care and to move beyond conceptual and practical obstacles that inhibit our progress.

In this paper we do not to claim to have solutions. Rather, our aim is to try to identify some obstacles to fostering a better conversation about the future of health care and to envisioning a better health care system.
Beyond the Market: The Role of Constitutions in Health Care System Convergence in the United States of America and the United Kingdom
Authors: Fletcher Jamie , Marriott Jane
Published: January 2015

Two narratives have emerged to describe recent health care reforms in the United States of America (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). One narrative speaks of revolution, that the adoptions of the Affordable Care Act 2010 (ACA) in the US, and the Health and Social Care Act 2012 (HSCA) in the UK, have resulted in fundamental, large-scale philosophical, political and legal change in the jurisdictions’ respective health care systems. The other narrative evokes evolution, identifying each new legislative scheme as a natural development of existing governance structures. Policymakers in both the US and UK face the problem of a health care system which, as traditionally envisaged, cannot offer universal access to health care at a reasonable, or politically acceptable, price
Upstream Health Law
Authors: Sage William M. , McIlhattan Kelley
Published: January 2015

Medicine and health are surprisingly separate. In the introduction to his 1963 master work on medical economics, Kenneth Arrow acknowledged that “the subject is the medical-care industry, not health.” In the 50 years that followed, researchers, policymakers, and public health professionals generated valuable and varied insights into health, impacting both behaviors and environments while addressing social determinants and demographic trends. Yet medical care has followed an even steeper upward trajectory, growing rapidly in scientific precision, public esteem, and technical sophistication.

As a result, the economic gap between the two domains has widened. The U.S. health care system spends almost $3 trillion annually. Preventive screening and early intervention bridge medical care and health, as do nutrition, behavioral health, aging, and a few other fields. But the money is overwhelmingly in medical care, particularly rescue care for those with acute illnesses or serious (and typically preventable) complications of chronic disease.
All Together Now: Developing a Team Skills Competency Domain for Global Health Education
Authors: Rowthorn Virginia , Olsen Jody
Published: January 2015

Global health is by definition and necessity a collaborative field; one that requires diverse professionals to address the clinical, biological, social, and political factors that contribute to the health of communities, regions, and nations. For universities with global health programs, the interprofessional nature of global health presents both vast opportunities and distinct challenges. In addition to helping students develop mastery within their chosen fields, universities must also ensure that students learn to collaborate with other professionals to address complex global health needs. While much work has been done in recent years to define the field of global health and set forth discipline-specific competencies, less has been done in the area of interdisciplinary or interprofessional global health education. This gap in scholarship is troubling given the clear and well-acknowledged need for professionals across a broad spectrum of disciplines to take part in global health initiatives.
Autonomy and Paternalism in Health Policy: Currents in Contemporary Bioethics
Authors: Rothstein Mark A.
Published: January 2015

In the United States the delivery of health care traditionally has been hierarchical and strictly controlled by physicians. Physicians typically provided patients with little information about their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan; patients were expected to follow their physicians’ orders and ask no questions. Beginning in the 1970s, with the widespread adoption of the doctrine of informed consent to treatment, the physician-patient relationship began to be more collaborative, although the extent of the change has been subject to debate. At a minimum, physicians began to give patients more information and asked them to consent to recommended treatment, the therapeutic privilege to withhold information from patients lost support and eventually was repudiated, and physicians embraced — at least in theory — a more patient-centered conception of health care.

More recently, health care and health promotion activities have moved beyond clinical encounters and the strict confines of physician-patient interactions.
A Meta‐Analytic Multitrait Multirater Separation of Substance and Style in Social Desirability Scales
Authors: Connelly Brian S. , Chang Luye
Published: January 2015

Though unlikely virtues scales have a long history in personality, clinical, and applied psychology for detecting socially desirable responding, using such social desirability (SD) scales has generally failed to improve the validity of personality measures. We examined whether this is because (a) response distortion itself has minimal impact on personality's validity, (b) SD scales are ineffective at assessing response distortion, or (c) SD scales are conflated with substantive trait variance. We compiled a meta‐analytic multitrait multimethod matrix consisting of multirater personality traits, SD scales, and performance outcomes. We examined the influence of trait factors and self‐report method factors on SD scales and performance. We found that self‐report method variance (a) was negatively related to performance, (b) would suppress personality‐performance relationships for self‐report measures, and (c) was (partially) assessed by SD scales. However, relative to the effects of self‐report method variance, SD scales are even more strongly influenced by Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Agreeableness. It is not the case that SD scales are insensitive to inflated responding but that their susceptibility to personality trait variance likely outweighs their benefits. We discuss the implications of these results for using SD scales in research and practice.
Historical epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in select countries – volume 2
Authors: Saraswat V. , Norris S. , de Knegt R. J. , Sanchez Avila J. F. , Sonderup M. , Zuckerman E. , Arkkila P. , Stedman C. , Acharya S. , Aho I. , Anand A. C. , Andersson M. I. , Arendt V. , Baatarkhuu O. , Barclay K. , Ben‐Ari Z. , Bergin C. , Bessone F. , Blach S. , Blokhina N. , Brunton C. R. , Choudhuri G. , Chulanov V. , Cisneros L. , Croes E. A. , Dahgwahdorj Y. A. , Dalgard O. , Daruich J. R. , Dashdorj N. R. , Davaadorj D. , de Vree M. , Estes C. , Flisiak R. , Gadano A. C. , Gane E. , Halota W. , Hatzakis A. , Henderson C. , Hoffmann P. , Hornell J. , Houlihan D. , Hrusovsky S. , Jarčuška P. , Kershenobich D. , Kostrzewska K. , Kristian P. , Leshno M. , Lurie Y. , Mahomed A. , Mamonova N. , Mendez‐Sanchez N. , Mossong J. , Nurmukhametova E. , Nymadawa P. , Oltman M. , Oyunbileg J. , Oyunsuren Ts. , Papatheodoridis G. , Pimenov N. , Prabdial‐Sing N. , Prins M. , Puri P. , Radke S. , Rakhmanova A. , Razavi H. , Razavi‐Shearer K. , Reesink H. W. , Ridruejo E. , Safadi R. , Sagalova O. , Sanduijav R. , Schréter I. , Seguin‐Devaux C. , Shah S. R. , Shestakova I. , Shevaldin A. , Shibolet O. , Sokolov S. , Souliotis K. , Spearman C. W. , Staub T. , Strebkova E. A. , Struck D. , Tomasiewicz K. , Undram L. , van der Meer A. J. , van Santen D. , Veldhuijzen I. , Villamil F. G. , Willemse S. , Zuure F. R. , Silva M. O. , Sypsa V. , Gower E.
Published: January 2015

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. In many countries, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological data that are crucial in implementing disease control measures as new treatment options become available. Published literature, unpublished data and expert consensus were used to determine key parameters, including prevalence, viremia, genotype and the number of patients diagnosed and treated. In this study of 15 countries, viremic prevalence ranged from 0.13% in the Netherlands to 2.91% in Russia. The largest viremic populations were in India (8 666 000 cases) and Russia (4 162 000 cases). In most countries, males had a higher rate of infections, likely due to higher rates of injection drug use (IDU). Estimates characterizing the infected population are critical to focus screening and treatment efforts as new therapeutic options become available.
Estimation of trace element concentrations in the lunar magma ocean using mineral‐ and metal‐silicate melt partition coefficients
Authors: Sharp Miriam , Righter Kevin , Walker Richard J.
Published: January 2015

This study uses experimentally determined plagioclase‐melt D values to estimate the trace element concentrations of Sr, Hf, Ga, W, Mo, Ru, Pd, Au, Ni, and Co in a crystallizing lunar magma ocean at the point of plagioclase flotation. Similarly, experimentally determined metal‐silicate partition experiments combined with a composition model for the Moon are used to constrain the concentrations of W, Mo, Ru, Pd, Au, Ni, and Co in the lunar magma ocean at the time of core formation. The metal‐silicate derived lunar mantle estimates are generally consistent with previous estimates for the concentration of these elements in the lunar mantle. Plagioclase‐melt derived concentrations for Sr, Ga, Ru, Pd, Au, Ni, and Co are also consistent with prior estimates. Estimates for Hf, W, and Mo, however, are higher. These elements may be concentrated in the residual liquid during fractional crystallization due to their incompatibility. Alternatively, the apparent enrichment could reflect the inappropriate use of bulk anorthosite data, rather than data for plagioclase separates.
Impact of Blood Pressure on Retinal Microvasculature Architecture Across the Lifespan: The Young Finns Study
Authors: Tapp Robyn J. , Hussain S. Monira , Battista Josephine , Hutri‐Kähönen Nina , Lehtimäki Terho , Hughes Alun D. , McG Thom Simon A. , Metha Andrew , Raitakari Olli T. , Kähönen Mika
Published: January 2015

Objective

The present study examined the impact of BP from childhood to mid‐adulthood on retinal microvascular architecture.

Methods

The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study included children aged 3–18 years, from five Finnish University cities, with participants chosen randomly from the national population registrar from those areas. The age of participants included in the current analyses in childhood (1980) ranged from three to nine years and in mid‐adulthood (2011) ranged from 34 to 40 years (complete data n = 657). Measures of retinal microvasculature architecture measured in adulthood included diameters, tortuosity, lengths, and LDR.

Results

Regression analysis showed a strong negative association between childhood systolic BP and adult arteriolar diameter (standardized regression coefficient [β] −0.300; p < 0.001) and with change in systolic BP from childhood to adulthood (β = −0.249; p < 0.001). For arteriolar tortuosity, there was a strong positive association between childhood systolic BP and adult arteriolar tortuosity (β = 0.154; p < 0.001) and no association with change in systolic BP from childhood to adulthood (β = 0.072; p = 0.110).

Conclusions

High BP in childhood and increased BP from childhood to adulthood impacts on retinal microvascular architecture in mid‐adulthood.
The BBA33 lipoprotein binds collagen and impacts Borrelia burgdorferi pathogenesis
Authors: Zhi Hui , Weening Eric H. , Barbu Elena Magda , Hyde Jenny A. , Höök Magnus , Skare Jon T.
Published: January 2015

Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, adapts to the mammalian hosts by differentially expressing several genes in the BosR and Rrp2‐RpoN‐RpoS dependent pathways, resulting in a distinct protein profile relative to that seen for survival in the Ixodes spp. tick. Previous studies indicate that a putative lipoprotein, BBA33, is produced in an RpoS‐dependent manner under conditions that mimic the mammalian component of the borrelial lifecycle. However, the significance and function for BBA33 is not known. Given its linkage to the BosR/Rrp2‐RpoN‐RpoS regulatory cascade, we hypothesized that BBA33 facilitates B. burgdorferi infection in the mammalian host. The deletion of bba33 eliminated B. burgdorferi infectivity in C3H mice, which was rescued by genetic complementation with intact bba33. With regard to function, a combinatorial peptide approach, coupled with subsequent in vitro binding assays, indicated that BBA33 binds to collagen type VI and, to a lesser extent, collagen type IV. Whole cell binding assays demonstrated BBA33‐dependent binding to human collagen type VI. Taken together, these results suggest that BBA33 interacts with collagenous structures and may function as an adhesin in a process that is required to prevent bacterial clearance.
Molecular detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma spp. ticks from camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Nigeria, West Africa
Authors: KAMANI J. , BANETH G. , APANASKEVICH D. A. , MUMCUOGLU K. Y. , HARRUS S.
Published: January 2015

Several species of the spotted fever group rickettsiae have been identified as emerging pathogens throughout the world, including in Africa. In this study, 197 Hyalomma ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) collected from 51 camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kano, northern Nigeria, were screened by amplification and sequencing of the citrate synthase (gltA), outer membrane protein A (ompA) and 17‐kDa antigen gene fragments. Rickettsia sp. gltA fragments were detected in 43.3% (42/97) of the tick pools tested. Rickettsial ompA gene fragments (189 bp and 630 bp) were detected in 64.3% (n = 27) and 23.8% (n = 10) of the gltA‐positive tick pools by real‐time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. The amplicons were 99–100% identical to Rickettsia aeschlimannii TR/Orkun‐H and R. aeschlimannii strain EgyRickHimp‐El‐Arish in GenBank. Furthermore, 17‐kDa antigen gene fragments of 214 bp and 265 bp were detected in 59.5% (n = 25) and 38.1% (n = 16), respectively, of tick pools, and sequences were identical to one another and 99–100% identical to those of the R. aeschlimannii strain Ibadan A1 in GenBank. None of the Hyalomma impressum ticks collected were positive for Rickettsia sp. DNA. Rickettsia sp. gltA fragments (133 bp) were detected in 18.8% of camel blood samples, but all samples were negative for the other genes targeted. This is the first report to describe the molecular detection of R. aeschlimannii in Hyalomma spp. ticks from camels in Nigeria.
Aquinas and Hauerwas on the Religious and the Secular
Authors: Kim Andrew
Published: January 2015

This essay supports William Cavanaugh's thesis in The Myth of Religious
Violence that the distinction between the “religious” and the “secular” is
arbitrary. This essay also accepts the claim that this arbitrary distinction
can be used to form unhelpful inversely-valued dichotomies for the sake of
ideological or sectarian ends. However, the current essay seeks to show that
this binary goes in the opposite direction as well. Sectarian outlooks of
various kinds also postulate a strict and inversely valued dichotomy between
the believing community and the world, where the former is the locus of
truth and life and the latter, falsehood and death. Instead of this model of
ethics, I commend an approach that upholds the prospect of concord between
the believing community and the world, of the religious and the secular,
even if these are somewhat inevitably arbitrary categories. In this
approach, religious and civil loyalties are not pitted against each other,
but rather exist on a continuum of provenance and perfection.
Anti‐Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies in Sudanese Patients with Leishmania donovani Infection Exhibit Reactivity not Dependent on Citrullination
Authors: Åhlin E. , Elshafie A. I. , Nur M. A. M. , Rönnelid J.
Published: January 2015

African patients with Leishmania donovani infections have signs of strong systemic inflammation and high levels of circulating immune complexes (IC) and rheumatoid factor (RF), all serologic markers of rheumatic disease. As inflammation in general is associated with citrullination, we sought to investigate ACPA responses in Sudanese Leishmania patients. Serum samples were collected from Sudanese patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) as well as from ACPA‐positive Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis patients and compared to healthy Sudanese controls. Levels of circulating C1q‐binding IC and anticyclic citrullinated peptide 2(CCP2) were investigated using ELISA, and RF was measured with nephelometry. C1q adsorption was carried out to investigate anti‐CCP2 content in IC. Citrulline specificity was evaluated with control plates with cyclic arginine‐containing control peptides. Leishmania‐infected patients had elevated levels of RF and circulating IC but also a significant increase in anti‐CCP2 (12%) as compared to healthy controls. Anti‐CCP2‐positive Leishmania patients displayed lower anti‐CCP2 levels than Sudanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anti‐CCP2 levels in Leishmania patients showed a continuum not resembling the dichotomous pattern seen in patients with RA. Whereas the anti‐CCP reactivity of Sudanese RA sera was strictly citrulline dependent, anti‐CCP2‐positive Leishmania sera reacted equally well with ELISA plates containing arginine control peptides. There was a strong correlation between anti‐CCP2 and circulating IC among the Leishmania patients, but IC depletion only marginally diminished anti‐CCP2 levels. Our findings stress the importance to interpret a positive CCP test carefully when evaluated in non‐rheumatic conditions associated with macrophage activation.
Mucosal Immunization with PsaA Protein, Using Chitosan as a Delivery System, Increases Protection Against Acute Otitis Media and Invasive Infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Xu J.‐H. , Dai W.‐J. , Chen B. , Fan X.‐Y.
Published: January 2015

As infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (mainly via the mucosal route) is a leading cause of acute otitis media, sinus and bacterial pneumonia, the mucosal immunity plays an important role in the prevention of pneumococcal diseases. Therefore, intranasal vaccination may be an effective immunization strategy, but requires appropriate mucosal vaccine delivery systems. In this work, chitosan was used as a mucosal delivery system to form chitosan–PsaA nanoparticles based on ionotropic gelation methods and used to immunize BALB/c mice intranasally. Compared to mice immunized with naked PsaA, levels of IFN‐γ, IL‐17A and IL‐4 in spleen lymphocytes, the systemic (IgG in serum) and mucosal (IgA in mucosal lavage) specific antibodies were enhanced significantly in mice inoculated with chitosan–PsaA. Furthermore, increased protection against acute otitis media following middle ear challenge with pneumococcus serotype 14, and improved survival following intraperitoneal challenge with pneumococcus serotype 3 or serotype 14, was found in the mice immunized with chitosan–PsaA nanoparticles. Thus, intranasal immunization with chitosan–PsaA can successfully induce mucosal and systemic immune responses and increase protection against pneumococcal acute otitis media and invasive infections. Hence, intranasal immunization with PsaA protein, based on chitosan as a delivery system, is an efficient immunization strategy for preventing pneumococcal infections.
GSK3β Negatively Regulates LPS‐induced Osteopontin Expression via Inhibiting its Transcription
Authors: Song H. , Deng B. , Zou C. , Huai W. , Zhao R. , Zhao W.
Published: January 2015

Osteopontin (OPN) is expressed by a variety of immune cells and is critical for both innate and adaptive immune responses. The expression status of OPN might be tightly regulated to maintain immune homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which OPN is negatively regulated in LPS‐stimulated macrophages remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibitors – SB216763, LiCl and azakenpaullone – enhanced LPS‐induced OPN expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages. GSK3β knock‐down had the similar effects. Furthermore, we found that GSK3β inhibitors and GSK3β knock‐down both increased the activity of OPN promoter in LPS‐stimulated macrophages. GSK3β inhibitor‐mediated enhancement of LPS‐induced OPN promoter activity was abrogated in GSK3β siRNA‐treated macrophages. Therefore, we identified GSK3β as a negative regulator of OPN expression and suggest GSK3β as a potential therapeutic target for the intervention of diseases with uncontrolled OPN production.
Molecular phylogeny of theHydroscaphidae (Coleoptera:Myxophaga) with description of a remarkable new lineage from theGuianaShield
Authors: SHORT ANDREW EDWARD Z. , JOLY LUIS J. , GARCÍA MAURICIO , WILD ALEXANDER L. , BLOOM DEVIN D. , MADDISON DAVID R.
Published: January 2015

The phylogeny of the aquatic beetle familyHydroscaphidae is inferred from one mitochondrial (COI) and five nuclear (18S,28S,wingless,arginine kinaseandCAD) genes. Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses were conducted on a combined dataset that included representatives from all three described hydroscaphid genera, three new species of the family of uncertain placement, and representatives from the myxophagan familiesSphaeriusidae,Torridincolidae andLepiceridae. All analyses strongly supported a set of nearly identical trees in which (i) the monophyly ofHydroscaphidae and all its constituent genera is affirmed, (ii) the nearly cosmopolitan genusHydroscaphais sister to the remaining and exclusivelyNeotropical genera, and (iii) the new, morphologically aberrant taxa from theGuianaShield form a monophylum separate from any described genus. Here, we review each genus of the family including the description ofConfossaShort,Joly,García &Maddisongen.n.to accommodate three new species:C. sculpturasp.n.,C. falcatasp.n.andC. minimasp.n.The new genus possesses a remarkable perforated abdominal surface that we hypothesize serves as a respiratory plastron. We also present a key to the genera and a catalogue of species of the family.
A new extant family of primitive moths from Kangaroo Island, Australia, and its significance for understanding early Lepidoptera evolution
Authors: KRISTENSEN NIELS P. , HILTON DOUGLAS J. , KALLIES AXEL , MILLA LIZ , ROTA JADRANKA , WAHLBERG NIKLAS , WILCOX STEPHEN A. , GLATZ RICHARD V. , YOUNG DAVID A. , COCKING GLENN , EDWARDS TED , GIBBS GEORGE W. , HALSEY MIKE
Published: January 2015

We report the first discovery since the 1970s of a new extant family (Aenigmatineidae fam.n.) of homoneurous moths, based on the small Aenigmatinea glatzella sp.n. from Kangaroo Island off southern Australia. It exhibits a combination of extraordinary anatomical characters, and, unlike most homoneurous moths, its larva is a conifer‐feeder (stem mining in Callitris, Cupressaceae). While the adult's mouthparts are strongly regressed, evidence from other morphological characters and from a Bayesian analysis of 25 genetic loci convincingly places the taxon among Glossata (‘tongue moths’). An unexpected tongue moth clade including Acanthopteroctetidae and Neopseustidae, suggested with low support in recent molecular analyses, remarkably becomes strongly supported when Aenigmatinea is included in the molecular analysis; the new taxon becomes subordinated in that clade (as sister group to Neopseustidae) and the clade itself appears as the sister group of all Heteroneura, representing the vast majority of all Lepidoptera. Including Aenigmatinea into the analysis thereby strengthens the surprising indication of non‐monophyly of Myoglossata, and the new phylogeny requires an additional number of ad hoc assumptions of convergence/character reversals in early Lepidoptera evolution.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:44393B52‐1889‐431A‐AB08‐6BBCF8F946B8.
Patient blood management in cardiac surgery results in fewer transfusions and better outcome
Authors: Gross Irwin , Seifert Burkhardt , Hofmann Axel , Spahn Donat R.
Published: January 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the introduction of a patient blood management (PBM) program in cardiac surgery on transfusion incidence and outcome.

Study Design and Methods

Clinical and transfusion data were compared between the pre‐PBM epoch (July 2006‐March 2007) and the PBM epoch (April 2007‐September 2012).

Results

There were a total of 2662 patients analyzed, 387 in the pre‐PBM and 2275 in the PBM epoch. Red blood cell (RBC) loss decreased from a mean (±SD) of 810 ± 426 mL (median, 721 mL) to 605 ± 369 mL (median, 552 mL; p < 0.001) and pretransfusion hemoglobin decreased from 7.2 ± 1.4 to 6.6 ± 1.2 g/dL (p < 0.001) in the pre‐PBM versus the PBM epoch. In conjunction, this resulted in a reduction of the RBC transfusion rate from 39.3% to 20.8% (p < 0.001). Similar reductions were observed for the transfusion of fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP; from 18.3% to 6.5%, p < 0.001) and platelets (PLTs; from 17.8% to 9.8%, p < 0.001). Hospital mortality and cerebral vascular accident incidence remained unchanged in the PBM epoch. However, the incidence of postoperative kidney injury decreased in the PMB epoch (from 7.6% to 5.0%, p = 0.039), length of hospital stay decreased from 12.2 ± 9.6 days (median, 10 days) to 10.4 ± 8.0 days (median, 8 days; p < 0.001), and total adjusted direct costs were reduced from $48,375 ± $28,053 (median, $39,709) to $44,300 ± $25,915 (median, $36,906; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Implementing meticulous surgical technique, a goal‐directed coagulation algorithm, and a more restrictive transfusion threshold in combination resulted in a substantial decrease in RBC, FFP, and PLT transfusions; less kidney injury; a shorter length of hospital stay; and lower total direct costs.
Digital Human Modelling to Analyse Virtual Amputee’s Interaction With the Prosthesis
Authors: Morotti Roberto , Rizzi Caterina , Regazzoni Daniele , Colombo Giorgio
Published: January 2015

This paper refers to the integration of simulations tools to assess the design of prosthetic devices. We address issues arising when the prosthesis needs to be virtually tested, i.e., the gait of the virtual patient wearing the prosthesis. Therefore, we integrate two different simulation tools: the first one to study the interaction between socket and residual limb during the gait and the second one to analyze the patient’s gait deviations. Combining these numerical analyses, it is possible to investigate the causes of gait deviations and suggest remedies, both related to the prosthesis setup and the socket modeling. To prove the validity of the approach, we implemented a Finite Element Analysis model to analysis the stump-socket contact and we assembled a low cost Motion Capture system to acquire and elaborate patient gait. Preliminary results and remarks conclude the paper.
Telavancin
In Vitro
Activity against a Collection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates, Including Resistant Subsets, from the United States
Authors: Mendes Rodrigo E. , Sader Helio S. , Flamm Robert K. , Farrell David J. , Jones Ronald N.
Published: January 2015

Telavancin had MIC
50
, MIC
90
, and MIC
100
values of 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 μg/ml, respectively, against methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
, methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA), and non-multidrug-resistant (non-MDR) and MDR subsets. MRSA with elevated MIC values for vancomycin (2 to 4 μg/ml) or daptomycin (1 to 2 μg/ml) had telavancin MIC
50
(0.06 μg/ml) values 2-fold higher than those of isolates with lower MIC results (MIC
50
, 0.03 μg/ml). However, telavancin had MIC
90
and MIC
100
results of 0.06 and 0.12 μg/ml (100% susceptible), respectively, regardless of the MRSA subset.
Characterization of the Effect of the Histidine Kinase CovS on Response Regulator Phosphorylation in Group A Streptococcus
Authors: Horstmann Nicola , Sahasrabhojane Pranoti , Saldaña Miguel , Ajami Nadim J. , Flores Anthony R. , Sumby Paul , Liu Chang-Gong , Yao Hui , Su Xiaoping , Thompson Erika , Shelburne Samuel A.
Published: January 2015

Two-component gene regulatory systems (TCSs) are a major mechanism by which bacteria respond to environmental stimuli and thus are critical to infectivity. For example, the
c
ontrol
o
f
v
irulence
r
egulator/
s
ensor kinase (CovRS) TCS is central to the virulence of the major human pathogen group A
Streptococcus
(GAS). Here, we used a combination of quantitative
in vivo
phosphorylation assays, isoallelic strains that varied by only a single amino acid in CovS, and transcriptome analyses to characterize the impact of CovS on CovR phosphorylation and GAS global gene expression. We discovered that CovS primarily serves to phosphorylate CovR, thereby resulting in the repression of virulence factor-encoding genes. However, a GAS strain selectively deficient in CovS phosphatase activity had a distinct transcriptome relative to that of its parental strain, indicating that both CovS kinase and phosphatase activities influence the CovR phosphorylation status. Surprisingly, compared to a serotype M3 strain, serotype M1 GAS strains had high levels of phosphorylated CovR, low transcript levels of CovR-repressed genes, and strikingly different responses to environmental cues. Moreover, the inactivation of CovS in the serotype M1 background resulted in a greater decrease in phosphorylated CovR levels and a greater increase in the transcript levels of CovR-repressed genes than did CovS inactivation in a serotype M3 strain. These data clarify the influence of CovS on the CovR phosphorylation status and provide insight into why serotype M1 GAS strains have high rates of spontaneous mutations in
covS
during invasive GAS infection, thus providing a link between TCS molecular function and the epidemiology of deadly bacterial infections.
Variation in the Susceptibility of Drosophila to Different Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Authors: Peña Jennifer M. , Carrillo Mayra A. , Hallem Elissa A.
Published: January 2015

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera
Heterorhabditis
and
Steinernema
are lethal parasites of insects that are of interest as models for understanding parasite-host interactions and as biocontrol agents for insect pests. EPNs harbor a bacterial endosymbiont in their gut that assists in insect killing. EPNs are capable of infecting and killing a wide range of insects, yet how the nematodes and their bacterial endosymbionts interact with the insect immune system is poorly understood. Here, we develop a versatile model system for understanding the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection that consists of seven species of EPNs as model parasites and five species of
Drosophila
fruit flies as model hosts. We show that the EPN
Steinernema carpocapsae
, which is widely used for insect control, is capable of infecting and killing
D. melanogaster
larvae.
S. carpocapsae
is associated with the bacterium
Xenorhabdus nematophila
, and we show that
X. nematophila
induces expression of a subset of antimicrobial peptide genes and suppresses the melanization response to the nematode. We further show that EPNs vary in their virulence toward
D. melanogaster
and that
Drosophila
species vary in their susceptibilities to EPN infection. Differences in virulence among different EPN-host combinations result from differences in both rates of infection and rates of postinfection survival. Our results establish a powerful model system for understanding mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection.
Anti-MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis diagnosed during pregnancy: new challenges for an old disease?
Authors: Neves Ana Raquel , Monteiro Pitorra , Matos Anabela , Santos Silva Isabel
Published: January 2015

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting predominantly women in their reproductive age. The course of the disease during pregnancy is unpredictable, although it is more difficult to manage earlier in the gestation. Myasthenia gravis with antibodies against the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (anti-MuSK) has been described as a subtype of disease with more localised clinical features and a poorer response to treatment than acetylcholine receptor antibody (anti-AChR)-positive patients. Few cases have been reported in pregnant women, with deliveries being performed mainly by caesarean section. We report a successful case of vaginal delivery and describe our experience providing the first review of the management of this subtype of disease during pregnancy.
Pile groups under deep expansion: a case history
Authors: Alonso E.E. , Sauter S. , Ramon A.
Published: January 2015

A viaduct in a high-speed railway line experienced severe heave of its central pillars as a result of deep expansion of an anhydrite rock. Bridge pillars were founded on pile groups that experienced vertical heave displacements as well as lateral displacements and rotations. A semi-analytical solution for the response of a pile group under loading and arbitrary located soil expansion was developed, integrating fundamental solutions for the elastic half-space. The procedure was first validated and then applied to explain the recorded behaviour of the pile groups. The deep expansion was identified from independent surface heave and continuous extensometer readings. Group rotations were well predicted. Observed tensile fissures at the cap–pile contact were explained by the calculated forces and moments on the piles.
Modeling frazil ice growth in the St. Lawrence River
Authors: Richard Martin , Morse Brian , Daly Steven F.
Published: January 2015

The paper presents a complete energy balance model of suspended frazil ice formation in the tidal water column of the St. Lawrence River. The model estimates of suspended frazil ice concentration are compared to in situ observations of an analogue of suspended frazil ice crystals, with good results. A time series of observed acoustic backscattering from suspended frazil serves as the analogue of the suspended frazil concentration. The model of frazil ice growth is used to estimate the rate of increase in mass of the suspended frazil ice by balancing the net rate of energy exchange with the atmosphere with the observed changes in water temperature and in anchor ice thickness. The positive results are achieved despite a number of difficulties with analysis. These difficulties include the bias resulting from the inability of the sonar to detect across the complete size range of suspended ice, the unknown impacts of advection, the unknown impact of anchor ice build-up on temperature and sonar readings, and the lack of knowledge regarding the accuracy of sonar estimation of anchor ice thickness. These results highlight the promise of models, suitably applied, and sonar to quantitatively estimate suspended frazil ice concentration.
Principles of Lifeworld Led Public Health Practice in the UK and Sweden: Reducing Health Inequalities
Authors: Hemingway Ann , Norton Liz , Aarts Clara
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this paper is to consider the role of the lifeworld perspective in reducing inequalities in health and we explain how the public health practitioner can use this perspective to address public health issues with individuals and groups. We offer ideas for public health actions that are based on and deal with the lifeworld context of individual people or families. Each of the dimensions of the lifeworld temporality, spatiality, intersubjectivity, embodiment and mood are outlined and their significance explained in relation to health inequalities. Suggestions for action to reduce health inequalities are made and overall principles of lifeworld led public health practice are proposed by way of conclusion. The principles comprise understanding the community members’ lifeworld view, understanding their view of their potential, offering resources and facilitating empowerment, and sharing lifeworld case studies and lobbying to influence local and national policy in relation to both the individual and communities.
Isolated Splenic Tuberculosis without Any Radiological Focal Lesion
Authors: Raviraj Sunil , Gogia A. , Kakar A. , Byotra S. P.
Published: January 2015

Incidence of tuberculosis (TB) of spleen is a rare entity and isolated splenic tuberculosis is an unusual phenomenon, especially in immunocompetent individuals. We came across a case of 63-year-old male who presented with high grade fever, loss of weight, and generalized weakness of one-month duration. When physically examined, he had pallor and moderate nontender splenomegaly without any other significant clinical findings. He had pancytopenia, elevated ESR, and positive Mantoux test. Ultrasonography and CT scan of abdomen showed splenomegaly without any other relevant findings. Markers of connective tissue disorders and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy all were noncontributory for diagnosis. Hence splenic biopsy was done and sent for histopathological examination. Presence of caseation surrounded by epitheloid granulomas and Langerhans cells was suggestive of diagnosis as tuberculosis. And gene probe for the AFB (acid fast bacilli) came to be positive. No primary focus was present in either lungs or other organs. Patient improved clinically with antitubercular treatment.
Asymptotic Behavior of the Bifurcation Diagrams for Semilinear Problems with Application to Inverse Bifurcation Problems
Authors: Shibata Tetsutaro
Published: January 2015

We consider the nonlinear eigenvalue problemu″(t)+λf(u(t))=0,  u(t)>0,  t∈I=:(-1,1),  u(1)=u(-1)=0, wheref(u)is a cubic-like nonlinear term andλ>0is a parameter. It is known by Korman et al. (2005) that, under the suitable conditions onf(u), there exist exactly three bifurcation branchesλ=λj(ξ)(j=1,2,3), and these curves are parameterized by the maximum normξof the solutionuλcorresponding toλ. In this paper, we establish the precise global structures forλj(ξ)(j=1,2,3), which can be applied to the inverse bifurcation problems. The precise local structures forλj(ξ)(j=1,2,3) are also discussed. Furthermore, we establish the asymptotic shape of the spike layer solutionu2(λ,t), which corresponds toλ=λ2(ξ), asλ→∞.
Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Based on Benchmark Simulation Model Number 1
Authors: Wang Xiaoyi , Wang Fan , Wei Wei
Published: January 2015

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the dissolved oxygen is the key variable to be controlled in bioreactors. In this paper, linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) is utilized to track the dissolved oxygen concentration based on benchmark simulation model number 1 (BSM1). Optimal LADRC parameters tuning approach for wastewater treatment processes is obtained by analyzing and simulations on BSM1. Moreover, by analyzing the estimation capacity of linear extended state observer (LESO) in the control of dissolved oxygen, the parameter range of LESO is acquired, which is a valuable guidance for parameter tuning in simulation and even in practice. The simulation results show that LADRC can overcome the disturbance existing in the control of wastewater and improve the tracking accuracy of dissolved oxygen. LADRC provides another practical solution to the control of WWTPs.
Thymoquinone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Exhibited Cytotoxicity towards Breast Cancer Cell Lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and Cervical Cancer Cell Lines (HeLa and SiHa)
Authors: Ng Wei Keat , Saiful Yazan Latifah , Yap Li Hua , Wan Nor Hafiza Wan Abd Ghani , How Chee Wun , Abdullah Rasedee
Published: January 2015

Thymoquinone (TQ) has been shown to exhibit antitumor properties. Thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (TQ-NLC) was developed to improve the bioavailability and cytotoxicity of TQ. This study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic effects of TQ-NLC on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa and SiHa). TQ-NLC was prepared by applying the hot high pressure homogenization technique. The mean particle size of TQ-NLC was 35.66 ± 0.1235 nm with a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) lower than 0.25. The zeta potential of TQ-NLC was greater than −30 mV. Polysorbate 80 helps to increase the stability of TQ-NLC. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that TQ-NLC has a melting point of 56.73°C, which is lower than that of the bulk material. The encapsulation efficiency of TQ in TQ-NLC was 97.63 ± 0.1798% as determined by HPLC analysis. TQ-NLC exhibited antiproliferative activity towards all the cell lines in a dose-dependent manner which was most cytotoxic towards MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell shrinkage was noted following treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with TQ-NLC with an increase of apoptotic cell population (P<0.05). TQ-NLC also induced cell cycle arrest. TQ-NLC was most cytotoxic towards MDA-MB-231 cells. It induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the cells.
Cinnabar-Induced Subchronic Renal Injury Is Associated with Increased Apoptosis in Rats
Authors: Wang Ying , Wang Dapeng , Wu Jie , Wang Bohan , Gao Xianhui , Wang Liangjun , Ma Honglin
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study was to explore the role of apoptosis in cinnabar-induced renal injury in rats. To test this role, rats were dosed orally with cinnabar (1 g/kg/day) for 8 weeks or 12 weeks, and the control rats were treated with 5% carboxymethylcellulose solution. Levels of urinary mercury (UHg), renal mercury (RHg), serum creatinine (SCr), and urine kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) were assessed, and renal pathology was analyzed. Apoptotic cells were identified and the apoptotic index was calculated. A rat antibody array was used to analyze expression of cytokines associated with apoptosis. Results from these analyses showed that UHg, RHg, and urine KIM-1, but not SCr, levels were significantly increased in cinnabar-treated rats. Renal pathological changes in cinnabar-treated rats included vacuolization of tubular cells, formation of protein casts, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and increase in the number of apoptotic tubular cells. In comparison to the control group, expression of FasL, Fas, TNF-α, TRAIL, activin A, and adiponectin was upregulated in the cinnabar-treated group. Collectively, our results suggest that prolonged use of cinnabar results in kidney damage due to accumulation of mercury and that the underlying mechanism involves apoptosis of tubular cells via a death receptor-mediated pathway.