bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results of a national survey of US veterinary college faculty regarding attitudes toward farm animal welfare
Authors: Heleski Camie R. , Mertig Angela G. , Zanella Adroaldo J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine attitudes toward farm animal welfare among veterinary college faculty.

Design—E-mail survey.

Study Population—157 US veterinary college faculty with large animal or food animal emphasis.

Procedure—Veterinarians from 27 US veterinary colleges were contacted via e-mail and asked to complete a 7-page survey relating to farm animal welfare issues. Thirty-one percent of those contacted responded.

Results—71% of respondents self-characterized their attitude toward farm animal welfare as "we can use animals for the greater human good but have an obligation to provide for the majority of the animals' physiologic and behavioral needs." An additional 19% of respondents were more concerned about animal welfare than was indicated by that statement, and 10% were less concerned about farm animal welfare than was indicated by that statement. Significant relationships among demographic variables and attitude scores were observed, including more concerned attitudes among females, those with more liberal political views, and those who cited lower religiosity. No relationship between attitude and age was observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Veterinary college faculty have the opportunity to impact many stakeholders within the animal agriculture industries (eg, future veterinarians and policy makers looking for a veterinary science perspective). Results indicated that a considerable level of concern toward farm animal welfare is present in this population. Although the process of change may not be rapid, it is likely that the influence of these respondents will factor heavily into enhancing farm animal welfare. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1538–1546)
Economic analysis of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus conventional milk replacer to dairy calves
Authors: Godden Sandra M. , Fetrow John P. , Feirtag Joellen M. , Green Lorissa R. , Wells Scott J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine growth, morbidity, and mortality rates in dairy calves fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus commercial milk replacer and compare economics of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus commercial milk replacer in dairy calves.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—438 dairy calves.

Procedure—Calves were assigned at 1 to 2 days of age to be fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk or a commercial milk replacer until weaned. Body weight was measured at the time of study enrollment and at the time of weaning, and any medical treatments administered and deaths that occurred prior to weaning were recorded. A partial budget model was developed to examine the economics of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus commercial milk replacer.

Results—Calves fed conventional milk replacer had significantly lower rates of gain (–0.12 kg/d [–0.26 lb/d]), lower weaning weights (–5.6 kg [–12.3 lb]), higher risk for treatment during the summer and winter months (odds ratio [OR], 3.99), and higher risk of death during the winter months (OR, 29.81) than did calves fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk. The estimated savings of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk, compared with milk replacer, was $0.69/calf per day. The estimated number of calves needed to economically justify the nonsaleable milk pasteurization system was 23 calves/d.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that dairy calves fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk have a higher growth rate and lower morbidity and mortality rates than do calves fed conventional milk replacer. Feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk could be an economically viable strategy for dairy calf producers. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1547–1554)
Economic impacts of reduced milk production associated with an increase in bulk-tank somatic cell count on US dairies
Authors: Losinger Willard C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure the economic impacts attributable to an increase in bulk-tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) on US dairies.

Design—Meta-analysis of data from various sources.

Procedure—Economic impacts attributable to reduced milk production associated with an increase in BTSCC (≥ 200,000 cells/mL) in dairy cows during 1996 were estimated from supply-and-demand curves for milk and from an estimate of the effect of increased BTSCC on milk production.

Results—Reduced milk production associated with an increase in BTSCC in dairy cows during 1996 caused an economic loss (mean ± 2SE) of 3.1 ± 2.1 billion dollars to consumers, an economic gain of 2.2 ± 1.7 billion dollars to dairy producers, and a total loss of 810 ± 480 million dollars to the US economy as a whole.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Consumers would stand to benefit from increased milk production associated with reducing the BTSCC to < 200,000 cells/mL on all dairy operations, whereas the US dairy industry would experience an economic loss. Individual dairy producers need to compare the costs of measures intended to reduce BTSCC with the anticipated benefits from a decrease in BTSCC. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1652–1658)
Corynebacterium urealyticum urinary tract infection in dogs and cats: 7 cases (1996–2003)
Authors: Bailiff Nathan L. , Westropp Jodi L. , Jang Spencer S. , Ling Gerald V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify clinical features ofCorynebacterium urealyticumurinary tract infection in dogs and cats and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofC urealyticumisolates.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—5 dogs and 2 cats.

Procedure—Medical records of dogs and cats for whichC urealyticumwas isolated from urine samples were reviewed. Isolates from clinical cases, along with previously lyophilized unsubtyped isolates ofCorynebacteriumspp collected between 1977 and 1995, were examined and, if subtyped asC urealyticum, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility.

Results—Signalment of infected animals was variable. Prior micturition disorders were common, and all animals had signs of lower urinary tract disease at the timeC urealyticuminfection was diagnosed. Median urine pH was 8.0; WBCs and bacteria were variably seen in urine sediment. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 14C urealyticumisolates revealed that all were susceptible or had intermediate susceptibility to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and vancomycin and most were susceptible to enrofloxacin. Thickening of the bladder wall and accumulation of sediment were common ultrasonographic findings. Contrast radiography or cystoscopy revealed findings consistent with encrusting cystitis in 3 dogs. Infection resolved in 2 dogs following surgical debridement of bladder plaques and antimicrobial administration. In 2 other dogs and 1 cat treated with antimicrobials, infection withC urealyticumresolved, but urinary tract infection with a different bacterial species developed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that preexisting urinary tract disorders are common in dogs and cats withC urealyticuminfection. Treatment with appropriate antimicrobials in combination with surgical debridement might eliminateC urealyticuminfection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1676–1680)
Efficacy of omeprazole paste for prevention of gastric ulcers in horses in race training
Authors: McClure Scott R. , White Gary W. , Sifferman Roger L. , Bernard William , Doucet Michèle Y. , Vrins Andre , Holste John E. , Fleishman Candis , Alva Roberto , Cramer Luiz G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the minimal effective dosage of omeprazole oral paste for the prevention of naturally occurring ulcers in horses starting race training.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—175 horses.

Procedure—Horses in the dose selection portion of the study were sham dose treated or received 1 mg (0.45 mg/lb) or 2 mg (0.9 mg/lb) of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 28 days or 4 mg of omeprazole/ kg (1.8 mg/lb; loading dose), PO, every 24 hours for 4 days, then 1 or 2 mg of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 24 days. Horses in the dose confirmation portion of the study were sham dose treated or received 1 mg of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 28 days. Gastric ulcer scores at the beginning and end of the study were compared.

Results—Sham–dose-treated horses had significantly higher ulcer scores than did horses treated with any of the omeprazole dosages evaluated. Among horses treated with omeprazole, there was no significant interaction of dose (1 or 2 mg/kg) and loading dose; therefore, the lowest effective dose (1 mg/kg) was evaluated in the dose confirmation portion of the study. In the dose confirmation study, 4 of 39 (10%) sham–dose-treated horses remained ulcer free, which was significantly different from the proportion of horses (31/38 [82%]) receiving 1 mg of omeprazole/ kg that remained ulcer free.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that omeprazole administered at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 28 days was effective for prevention of gastric ulcers in horses starting race training. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1681–1684)
Efficacy of omeprazole paste for prevention of recurrence of gastric ulcers in horses in race training
Authors: McClure Scott R. , White Gary W. , Sifferman Roger L. , Bernard William , Hughes Faith E. , Holste John E. , Fleishman Candis , Alva Roberto , Cramer Luiz G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether omeprazole oral paste administered at a dosage of 0.5 or 1 mg/kg (0.23 or 0.45 mg/lb), PO, every 24 hours would effectively prevent the recurrence of gastric ulcers in horses in race training.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—135 horses.

Procedures—Horses with gastric ulcers were treated with omeprazole at a dosage of 4 mg/kg (1.8 mg/lb), PO, every 24 hours for 28 days. Horses in the dose selection portion of the study were sham dose treated or received 0.5 or 1 mg of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for an additional 28 days. Horses in the dose confirmation portion of the study were sham dose treated or received 1 mg of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for an additional 28 days. Gastric ulcers were scored before and after the preventive phase of the study (day 28 to day 56) via gastroscopy, and ulcer scores were compared.

Results—Sham–dose-treated horses and horses receiving 0.5 mg of omeprazole/kg had significantly higher ulcer scores than did horses receiving 1 mg of omeprazole/kg. There was a significant difference between the proportion of horses receiving 1 mg of omeprazole/kg (38/48 [79%]) that remained ulcer free and the proportion of sham–dose-treated horses (7/44 [16%]) that remained ulcer free.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Omeprazole oral paste administered at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 28 days was effective for prevention of recurrence of gastric ulcers in horses in race training. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1685–1688)
Behavioral responses to two intranasal vaccine applicators in horses and ponies
Authors: Grogan Elkanah H. , McDonnell Sue M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate behavioral compliance of
horses and ponies with simulated intranasal vaccination
and assess development of generalized aversion
to veterinary manipulations.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—28 light horse mares, 3 pony geldings, 2
light horse stallions, and 3 pony stallions that had a
history of compliance with veterinary procedures.

Procedure—Behavioral compliance with 2 intranasal
vaccine applicators was assessed. Compliance with
standard physical examination procedures was
assessed before and after a single experience with
either of the applicators or a control manipulation to
evaluate development of generalized aversion to veterinary
manipulation.

Results—In all 30 horses, simulated intranasal vaccination
or the control manipulation could be performed
without problematic avoidance behavior, and simulated
intranasal vaccination did not have any significant
effect on duration of or compliance with a standardized
physical examination that included manipulation
of the ears, nose, and mouth. Results were similar for
the 2 intranasal vaccine applicators, and no difference
in compliance was seen between horses in which
warm versus cold applicators were used. For 3 of the
6 ponies, substantial avoidance behavior was
observed in association with simulated intranasal vaccination,
and compliance with physical examination
procedures decreased after simulated intranasal vaccination.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although
some compliance problems were seen with ponies,
neither problems with compliance with simulated
intranasal vaccination nor adverse effects on subsequent
physical examination were identified in any of
the horses. Further study is needed to understand
factors involved in practitioner reports of aversion
developing in association with intranasal vaccination.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:1689–1693)
Lameness and poor performance in horses used for team roping: 118 cases (2000–2003)
Authors: Dabareiner Robin M. , Cohen Noah D. , Carter G. Kent , Nunn Sandra , Moyer William
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the types of musculoskeletal problems that result in lameness or poor performance in horses used for team roping and determine whether these problems are different in horses used for heading versus heeling.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—118 horses.

Procedure—Medical records of team roping horses that were evaluated because of lameness or poor performance were reviewed to obtain information regarding signalment, primary use (ie, head horse or heel horse), history, results of physical and lameness examinations, diagnostic tests performed, final diagnosis, and treatment.

Results—Among horses evaluated by lameness clinicians, the proportion with lameness or poor performance was significantly greater in horses used for heading (74/118) and lower in horses used for heeling (44/118) than would be expected under the null hypothesis. Most horses examined for poor performance were lame. A significantly greater proportion of horses used for heading had right forelimb lameness (26/74 [35%]), compared with horses used for heeling (7/44 [16%]). Horses used for heading had more bilateral forelimb lameness (18/74 [24%]), compared with horses used for heeling (4/44 [9%]). Horses used for heeling had more bilateral hind limb lameness (3/44 [7%]), compared with horses used for heading (0%). The most common musculoskeletal problems in horses used for heading were signs of pain limited to the distal sesamoid (navicular) area, signs of pain in the navicular area plus osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints, and soft tissue injury in the forelimb proximal phalangeal (pastern) region. Heeling horses most commonly had signs of pain in the navicular area, osteoarthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joints, and osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses used for heading were most commonly affected by lameness in the right forelimb. Horses used for heeling had more bilateral hind limb lameness than horses used for heading. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1694–1699)
Risk factors associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle
Authors: Berghaus Roy D. , McCluskey Brian J. , Callan Robert J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine risk factors associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) among dairy cattle in the United States and identify characteristics of HBS in individual cows.

Design—Cross-sectional, population-based survey.

Sample Population—A stratified random sample of 1,013 dairy operations with ≥ 30 cows located in 21 states.

Procedure—Information on management and animal health-related topics was collected with a questionnaire.

Results—HBS was estimated to have been observed on 9.1% of operations during the preceding 5 years and on 5.1% of operations during the preceding 12 months. Factors found in multivariable analysis to be associated with the occurrence of HBS during the preceding 12 months were large herd size, administration of bovine somatotropin, and routine use of milk urea nitrogen concentration to determine ration composition. Use of pasture as part of the lactating cow ration during the growing season was associated with decreased odds of HBS in operations with rolling herd average milk production ≤ 20,000 lb, whereas in operations with higher milk production, use of pasture was not associated with occurrence of HBS. For individual cows with signs consistent with HBS, the third lactation was the median of the parity distribution and the median time between parturition and the onset of clinical signs was 104 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that management practices implemented to achieve high milk production may increase the risk of developing HBS in dairy cattle. Increased consumption of a high-energy diet seems to be the most plausible common pathway for all of the risk factors that have been described. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1700–1706)
Risk factors associated with Coccidioides infection in dogs
Authors: Butkiewicz Christine D. , Shubitz Lisa F. , Dial Sharon M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate potential risk factors for
Coccidioides infection among dogs living in a region in
which the organism is endemic (Pima and Maricopa
counties, Arizona).

Design—Community-based longitudinal and crosssectional
studies.

Animals—104 healthy 4- to 6-month-old puppies (longitudinal
study) and 381 4- to 18-month-old dogs with
unknown serostatus (cross-sectional study).

Procedure—Dogs in the longitudinal study were tested
3 times at 6-month intervals for anticoccidioidal
antibodies; dogs in the cross-sectional study were
tested only once. Owners of all dogs completed a
questionnaire on potential environmental exposures.

Results—In the longitudinal study, the relative risk of
infection for dogs that were outdoors during the day
was 4.9 times the risk for dogs that were kept indoors.
Seropositive dogs in the cross-sectional study were 6.2
times as likely to have access to > 1 acre to roam as
were seronegative dogs. Logistic regression analysis
indicated that the odds of infection increased with age
(odds ratio [OR], 1.1), amount of roaming space (OR,
2.4), and walking in the desert (OR, 2.2). Walking on
sidewalks had a protective effect (OR, 0.4).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that in regions in which the organism is endemic,
dogs that spend more time outdoors or have more
land in which to roam are at greater risk of infection
with Coccidioides spp. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;
226:1851–1854)
Clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Steffan Jean , Parks Craig , Seewald Wolfgang
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis among dogs in North America.

Design—Randomized controlled (phase 1) and openlabel (phase 2) trials.

Animals—268 dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Procedure—In phase 1, dogs were randomly assigned to be treated with cyclosporine (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h) or a placebo. In phase 2, all dogs were treated with cyclosporine for 16 weeks. Frequency of cyclosporine administration was decreased if dogs improved clinically.

Results—At the end of phase 1, canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI) scores for dogs treated with cyclosporine were significantly lower than scores for control dogs. Percentage of dogs with severe pruritus decreased from 67% to 16% for the cyclosporine group but from 66% to only 61% for the control group. During phase 2, cyclosporine dosage was decreased to every-otherday administration in 39% of the dogs after 4 weeks. After 12 weeks, 22% of the dogs were treated twice weekly and 36% were treated every other day. After 16 weeks, CADESI score had decreased > 50% in 68% of the dogs and 47% of dogs had no or mild pruritus. The most frequent adverse reactions were gastrointestinal tract signs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cyclosporine is efficacious for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs and that frequency of cyclosporine administration can be reduced following an initial induction period. The drug was well tolerated. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005:226:1855–1863)
Development and evaluation of a questionnaire for assessing health-related quality of life in dogs with cardiac disease
Authors: Freeman Lisa M. , Rush John E. , Farabaugh Andrew E. , Must Aviva
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop and evaluate a questionnaire (functional evaluation of cardiac health [FETCH] questionnaire) for assessing health-related quality of life in dogs with cardiac disease.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—360 dogs with cardiac disease.

Procedure—The questionnaire was developed on the basis of widely accepted clinical signs of cardiac disease in dogs. A FETCH score was calculated by summing responses to questionnaire items; possible scores ranged from 0 to 85. For questionnaire validation, owners of 60 dogs were asked to complete the questionnaire and provide an overall assessment of their dogs' quality of life (16 owners completed the questionnaire twice). Disease severity was assessed with the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) classification for cardiac disease. Following validation, the final questionnaire was administered to owners of the remaining 300 dogs.

Results—Internal consistency of the questionnaire was good, and the FETCH score was significantly correlated with the owner-reported quality-of-life score and with ISACHC classification. For owners that completed the questionnaire twice, scores were significantly correlated. During the second phase of the study, the FETCH score ranged from 0 to 70 (median, 7) and was significantly correlated with ISACHC classification, but did not vary significantly with underlying disease. For dogs examined twice, the change in FETCH score was significantly greater for dogs in which ISACHC classification improved than for dogs in which ISACHC classification was unchanged.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the FETCH questionnaire is a valid and reliable method for assessing health-related quality of life in dogs with cardiac disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1864–1868)
Evaluation of prognostic factors, survival rates, and treatment protocols for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: 151 cases (1993–2002)
Authors: Weinkle Tristan K. , Center Sharon A. , Randolph John F. , Warner Karen L. , Barr Stephen C. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate prognostic factors, survival, and treatment protocols for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—151 dogs with IMHA not associated with underlying infectious or neoplastic disease.

Procedure—Information recorded from review of medical records included signalment at the time of initial evaluation; vaccination history; 30-, 60-, and 365-day follow-up outcomes; laboratory data; results of imaging studies; and necropsy findings. Dogs were grouped according to the presence of spherocytes, autoagglutination, a regenerative erythrocyte response, and treatments received (azathioprine, azathioprine plus ultralowdose aspirin, azathioprine plus mixed–molecular-weight heparin [mHEP], or azathioprine plus ultralow-dose aspirin plus mHEP) for comparisons. All dogs received glucocorticoids.

Results—Cocker Spaniels, Miniature Schnauzers, neutered dogs, and female dogs were overrepresented. Alterations in certain clinicopathologic variables were associated with increased mortality rate. Rates of survival following treatment with azathioprine, azathioprine plus ultralow-dose aspirin, azathioprine plus mHEP, and azathioprine plus ultralow-dose aspirin plus mHEP were 74%, 88%, 23%, and 70%, respectively, at hospital discharge; 57%, 82%, 17%, and 67%, respectively, at 30 days; and 45%, 69%, 17%, and 64%, respectively, at 1 year. In comparison, mean survival rates at discharge and at 30 days and 1 year after evaluation collated from 7 published reviews of canine IMHA were 57%, 58%, and 34%, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with a combination of glucocorticoids, azathioprine, and ultralow-dose aspirin significantly improved short-and long-term survival in dogs with IMHA. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1869–1880)
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Coccidioides immitis in healthy horses
Authors: Higgins Jill C. , Leith Gayle S. , Voss Ed D. , Pappagianis Demosthenes
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies againstCoccidioides immitisin healthy horses residing in an area in which the organism is endemic.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—197 healthy horses (in which coccidioidomycosis had not been previously diagnosed) that resided in an area of Arizona in which coccidioidomycosis is endemic.

Procedure—Of the horses evaluated at the Arizona Equine Medical and Surgical Center during a 6-month period, 197 with no clinical signs of coccidioidomycosis were randomly selected for inclusion in the study; sera were evaluated for IgM and IgG antibodies againstC immitisvia an immunodiffusion assay (IgGpositive samples were assessed quantitatively). Within 6 months, recheck titer evaluations were attempted for all seropositive horses.

Results—Serum antibodies againstC immitiswere detected in 8 of 197 horses (seroprevalence, 4.06%). Results of serologic assays were positive for IgG antibodies and negative for IgM antibodies in 7 horses and positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies in 1 horse; reciprocal serum IgG antibody titers were low (none > 8). Follow-up serologic data were obtained from 5 horses; compared with initial findings, horses had become seronegative or titers were unchanged or decreased. Duration of residence in the area was significantly shorter for seropositive horses than for seronegative horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum antibodies againstC immitismay rarely be detected in healthy horses residing in an area in which the disease is endemic; any horse with a detectable serum antibody titer should be reevaluated after an interval of at least 3 weeks. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:1888–1892)
Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for treatment for single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 168 cases (1995–2001)
Authors: Mehl Margo L. , Kyles Andrew E. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , Kass Philip H. , Adin Christopher A. , Flynn Alison K. , De Cock Hilde E. , Gregory Clare R.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To evaluate use of an ameroid ring constrictor (ARC) for treatment for single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (PSSs) and identify factors associated with postoperative death, continued portosystemic shunting, and long-term outcome in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—168 dogs with a single extrahepatic PSS.

Procedure—Medical records of dogs that had a single extrahepatic PSS and were treated with an ARC were reviewed. Signalment, history, clinical signs, results of preoperative blood analyses and portal pressure measurements, PSS location, ARC size, postoperative complications, and postoperative scintigraphy results were recorded. Owners were interviewed 6 months to 6 years after surgery.

Results—Postoperative complications developed in 10% of dogs. Postoperative mortality rate was 7.1%. Predictive factors for postoperative death included high preoperative WBC count and postoperative complications. Twenty-one percent of dogs in which portal scintigraphy was performed 6 to 10 weeks after surgery had continued shunting. Predictive factors for persistent shunting included low preoperative plasma albumin concentration, high portal pressure after complete occlusion, and high portal pressure difference (postocclusion minus baseline). Clinical outcome in 108 dogs was classified as excellent (80%), good (14%), or poor (6%). Predictive factors for excellent long-term clinical outcome included high preoperative plasma albumin concentration, low preoperative leukocytosis, low portal pressure after complete occlusion, absence of postoperative seizures, and absence of continued shunting.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of an ARC for treatment for a single extrahepatic PSS resulted in low morbidity and mortality rates. Certain preoperative factors were associated with increased risk of postoperative death, continued portosystemic shunting, and long-term outcome. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226: 2020–2030)
Evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectant footbaths as used in veterinary hospitals
Authors: Morley Paul S. , Morris S. Nanea , Hyatt Doreene R. , Van Metre David C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of 2 disinfectants as used in footbaths in veterinary hospitals for reducing bacterial contamination of footwear.

Design—Prospective study.

Sample Population—Bacteria collected from the soles of rubber boots after experimental contamination and exposure to disinfectant solutions or control conditions.

Procedures—Investigators contaminated boots by walking through soiled straw animal bedding. Swab samples were collected from the sole of 1 boot (right or left) without treatment. The other boot was briefly immersed in a disinfectant solution (either a quaternary ammonium compound [QAC] or a peroxygen compound) or water, and samples were collected after 7 minutes. Differences associated with the experimental treatments were analyzed statistically. Veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) in the United States and Canada were contacted to obtain information about the use of footbaths.

Results—Mean bacterial concentrations from peroxygen-treated boots were 67% to 78% lower, compared with samples taken from untreated boots. In contrast, there were no statistically detectable differences in mean bacterial concentrations in samples taken from QAC- or water-treated boots, compared with control boots. Disinfectant footbaths were reportedly used in 30 of 31 VTHs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Disinfectant solution containing peroxygen applied in a footbath reduced bacterial concentrations on rubber boots under conditions representative of those found in VTHs. Footbaths are commonly used as a method to control infectious diseases in veterinary hospitals. Disinfectant footbaths should not be expected to sterilize footwear, but they may help in reducing the risk for nosocomial infection when used with effective disinfectants. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:2053–2058)
Efficacy of a collar impregnated with amitraz and pyriproxyfen for prevention of experimental tick infestations by Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ixodes ricinus, and Ixodes scapularis in dogs
Authors: Estrada-Peña Agustin , Rème Christophe
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the efficacy of collars impregnated with 9% amitraz or 9% amitraz and 0.5% pyriproxyfen (PPF) for control of newly established tick infestations byRhipicephalus sanguineus,Ixodes ricinus, andIxodes scapularisin dogs and determine whether egg production by surviving female ticks was decreased.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—72 dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were fitted with 1 of 3 test collars impregnated with amitraz, amitraz and PPF, or only excipients (untreated controls). In 3 trials corresponding to each of the 3 tick species, dogs were infested with 150 unfed adult ticks on days 8, 10, 13, and 18. The number of feeding female ticks was recorded on days 10, 13, 18, and 28. Surviving females were weighed and permitted to oviposit under controlled conditions.

Results—Collars impregnated with amitraz and PPF decreased tick loads as efficiently as collars containing amitraz alone. Inclusion of PPF into the collar did not significantly decrease the efficacy of amitraz. The few female ticks that survived after feeding on dogs treated with collars containing PPF were unable to oviposit.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Collars impregnated with amitraz were efficient in preventing tick infestations in dogs but did not inhibit oviposition in the few surviving female ticks. Incorporation of PPF into the amitraz-impregnated collar resulted in impairment of the reproductive ability of ticks. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:221–224)
Influence of lifetime food restriction on causes, time, and predictors of death in dogs
Authors: Lawler Dennis F. , Evans Richard H. , Larson Brian T. , Spitznagel Edward L. , Ellersieck Mark R. , Kealy Richard D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe effects of lifetime food restriction on causes of death and the association between body-mass characteristics and time of death in dogs.

Design—Paired-feeding study.

Animals—48 dogs from 7 litters.

Procedures—Dogs were paired, and 1 dog in each pair was fed 25% less food than its pair mate from 8 weeks of age until death. Numerous morphometric and physiologic measures were obtained at various intervals throughout life. Associations of feeding group to time and causes of death were evaluated, along with important associated factors such as body composition components and insulin-glucose responses.

Results—Median life span was significantly longer for the group that was fed 25% less food, whereas causes of death were generally similar between the 2 feeding groups. High body-fat mass and declining lean mass significantly predicted death 1 year prior to death, and lean body composition was associated with metabolic responses that appeared to be integrally involved in health and longevity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results were similar to results of diet restriction studies in rodents and primates, reflecting delayed death from species- and strain-specific intrinsic causes. Clinicians should be aware that unplanned body mass changes during mid- and later life of dogs may indicate the need for thorough clinical evaluation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:225–231)
Effect of surgical technique on limb function after surgery for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs
Authors: Conzemius Michael G. , Evans Richard B. , Besancon M. Faulkner , Gordon Wanda J. , Horstman Christopher L. , Hoefle William D. , Nieves Mary Ann , Wagner Stanley D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the outcome and effect of surgical technique on limb function after surgery for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL) and injury to the medial meniscus in Labrador Retrievers.

Study Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—131 Labrador Retrievers with unilateral RCCL and injury to the medial meniscus and 17 clinically normal Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure—Affected dogs had partial or complete medial meniscectomy and lateral suture stabilization (LSS), intracapsular stabilization (ICS), or tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). Limb function was measured before surgery and 2 and 6 months after surgery. Treated dogs were evaluated to determine the probability that they could be differentiated from clinically normal dogs and tested to determine the likelihood that they achieved improvement.

Results—No difference was found between LSS or TPLO groups, but dogs treated with ICS had significantly lower ground reaction forces at 2 and 6 months. Compared with clinically normal dogs only, 14.9% of LSS-, 15% of ICS-, and 10.9% of TPLO-treated dogs had normal limb function. Improvement was seen in only 15% of dogs treated via ICS, 34% treated via TPLO, and 40% treated via LSS.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Surgical technique can influence limb function after surgery. Labrador Retrievers treated via LSS, ICS, or TPLO for repair for of RCCL and medial meniscal injury managed with partial or complete meniscectomy infrequently achieve normal function. Results of LSS and TPLO are similar and superior to ICS. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:232–236)
Immunologic responses to West Nile virus in vaccinated and clinically affected horses
Authors: Davidson Ann H. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Rodeheaver Racquel M. , Ostlund Eileen N. , Pedersen Douglas D. , Moorhead Ron G. , Stricklin Joe B. , Dewell Renee D. , Roach Susan D. , Long Rachel E. , Albers Sara J. , Callan Robert J. , Salman M. D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare neutralizing antibody response between horses vaccinated against West Nile virus (WNV) and horses that survived naturally occurring infection.

Design—Cross-sectional observational study.

Animals—187 horses vaccinated with a killed WNV vaccine and 37 horses with confirmed clinical WNV infection.

Procedure—Serum was collected from vaccinated horses prior to and 4 to 6 weeks after completion of an initial vaccination series (2 doses) and 5 to 7 months later. Serum was collected from affected horses 4 to 6 weeks after laboratory diagnosis of infection and 5 to 7 months after the first sample was obtained. The IgM capture ELISA, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and microtiter virus neutralization test were used.

Results—All affected horses had PRNT titers ≥ 1:100 at 4 to 6 weeks after onset of disease, and 90% (18/20) maintained this titer for 5 to 7 months. After the second vaccination, 67% of vaccinated horses had PRNT titers ≥ 1:100 and 14% had titers < 1:10. Five to 7 months later, 33% (28/84) of vaccinated horses had PRNT titers ≥ 1:100, whereas 29% (24/84) had titers < 1:10. Vaccinated and clinically affected horses' end point titers had decreased by 5 to 7 months after vaccination.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A portion of horses vaccinated against WNV may respond poorly. Vaccination every 6 months may be indicated in certain horses and in areas of high vector activity. Other preventative methods such as mosquito control are warranted to prevent WNV infection in horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:240–245)
Economic costs associated with two testing strategies for screening feeder calves for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Larson Robert L. , Miller Robert B. , Kleiboeker Steve B. , Miller Margaret A. , White Brad J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop partial budgets of the economic costs of 2 test strategies for screening cattle for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).

Design—Partial budget analysis.

Animals—938 calves arriving at 2 stocker operations.

Procedure—Calves were tested to determine prevalence of persistent BVDV infection. Test strategies that were evaluated included a single-test strategy consisting of immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsy specimens from all animals and a 2-test strategy consisting of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assaying of pooled blood samples followed by immunohistochemical staining of skin biopsy specimens from animals in pools for which assay results were positive. Breakeven costs (ie, cost of persistent BVDV infection per animal necessary to justify whole-herd diagnostic testing) associated with each test strategy were calculated as a function of disease prevalence and test cost.

Results—Apparent prevalence of persistent BVDV infection was 0.32%. Sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay for pooled samples were 100% and 89.7%, respectively. Regardless of the prevalence of persistent BVDV infection, the break-even cost for the 2-test strategy was lower than the break-even cost for the single-test strategy. However, the economic advantage was greatest when prevalence was low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that using a 2-test strategy to screen cattle for persistent BVDV infection, whereby the first test involves PCR assaying of pooled samples and the second involves immunohistochemical testing only of those animals represented in pooled samples with positive assay results, will reduce the cost of screening incoming feedlot cattle, compared with immunohistochemical testing of all animals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:249–254)
Evaluation of a point-of-care blood analyzer and determination of reference ranges for blood parameters in rockfish
Authors: Harrenstien Lisa A. , Tornquist Susan J. , Miller-Morgan Timothy J. , Fodness Brian G. , Clifford Kevin E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare values of blood parameters in rockfish obtained by use of a point-of-care portable blood analyzer with values determined by a veterinary diagnostic laboratory, calculate reference ranges for various blood parameters in black rockfish, and compare values of blood parameters in clinically normal fish with those of fish with clinical abnormalities.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—41 captive adult black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) and 4 captive adult blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus).

Procedure—Rockfish were anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate for collection of blood samples. Heparinized blood samples were immediately analyzed with a point-of-care analyzer. Blood sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, and glucose concentrations; Hct; pH; partial pressure of carbon dioxide; total carbon dioxide concentration; bicarbonate concentration; base excess; and hemoglobin concentration were determined. A microhematocrit technique was used to determine PCV, and a refractometer was used to estimate total plasma protein concentration. Paired heparinized blood samples were transported to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for analyses.

Results—Data obtained with the point-of-care analyzer were reproducible; however, values for most blood parameters were significantly different from those obtained by the veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Fish with poor body condition had several blood parameter values that were lower than corresponding values in clinically normal fish.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Point-of-care blood analyses may prove useful in rockfish. Point-of-care data for a large number of clinically normal fish must be obtained for reference ranges to be calculated, and further assessments of clinically abnormal fish are necessary to determine the relevance of the data. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:255–265)
Control of urine marking by use of long-term treatment with fluoxetine or clomipramine in cats
Authors: Hart Benjamin L. , Cliff Kelly D. , Tynes Valarie V. , Bergman Laurie
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether clomipramine differs from fluoxetine in reducing feline urine marking; whether reduction of marking continues in cats treated > 8 weeks; whether recurrence of marking, after abrupt drug withdrawal, is less in cats treated > 8 weeks; and whether cats that are successfully treated but resume marking after drug withdrawal can be successfully treated again with the same drug regimen.

Design—Positive-controlled, double-masked clinical trial.

Animals—22 neutered cats (2 females, 20 males) ≥ 1 year old with objectionable urine marking.

Procedure—Cats that marked vertically ≥ 3 times/wk were treated with fluoxetine (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb], q 24 h, PO) or clomipramine (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb], q 24 h, PO) for 16 weeks, and efficacy was compared. Recurrence of marking was determined after abrupt withdrawal of fluoxetine at 16 or 32 weeks. Reduction in marking in cats treated with fluoxetine for 8 weeks after returning to marking following drug withdrawal was compared with the initial 8 weeks of successful treatment.

Results—Efficacy of fluoxetine and clomipramine was similar. Treatment > 8 weeks revealed increasing efficacy in reduction of marking. Return of marking after termination of fluoxetine administration occurred in most cats. Cats successfully treated initially with fluoxetine responded similarly to repeated treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clomipramine and fluoxetine were equivalent in treating urine marking. Longer treatment increased efficacy. Most cats return to marking after abrupt drug withdrawal. A second course of treatment can be expected to be as effective as the first. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226: 378–382)
Prevalence and radiologic and histologic appearance of vesicourachal diverticula in dogs without clinical signs of urinary tract disease
Authors: Groesslinger Karin , Tham Tanja , Egerbacher Monika , Lorinson Dragan
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalence and radiologic
and histologic appearance of vesicourachal diverticula
in dogs without clinical signs of urinary tract disease.

Design—Original study.

Animals—50 dogs between 4 months and 17 years
old representing 22 breeds that had been euthanatized
for unrelated reasons; none of the dogs had a
history or clinical signs of urinary tract disease.

Procedure—Retrograde positive-contrast radiography
was performed, and radiographs were examined for
macroscopic diverticula. Necropsy specimens from
the urinary bladder vertex were examined by means
of light microscopy for diverticula and signs of inflammation.

Results—17 of the 50 (34%) dogs had vesicourachal
diverticula, and 1 additional dog had a urachal cyst.
Fifteen of the 17 diverticula were macroscopic; surface
area of the diverticulum could be measured radiographically
in 13 of these dogs and ranged from 1 to
90 mm2. The remaining 2 diverticula were microscopic.
Sixteen diverticula were intramural and 1 was
extramural. Light microscopic signs of bladder wall
inflammation could be detected in 5 dogs, 4 of which
had macroscopic diverticula.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that a high percentage of dogs without clinical
signs of urinary tract disease may have vesicourethral
diverticula. Further studies are needed to determine
the clinical relevance of vesicourethral diverticula in
dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:383–386)
Estimates of prevalence of hip dysplasia in Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers and the influence of bias on published prevalence figures
Authors: Paster Erin R. , LaFond Elizabeth , Biery Darryl N. , Iriye Alisa , Gregor Thomas P. , Shofer Frances S. , Smith Gail K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To estimate prevalence of canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers and identify sources of bias in published reports.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—200 clinically normal Golden Retrievers and 140 clinically normal Rottweilers between 24 and 60 months of age referred for hip evaluation (group 1) and 93 clinically normal dogs evaluated for Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) hip certification (group 2).

Procedure—Hip-extended pelvic radiographs from group 1 dogs were screened for CHD. Radiographs were evaluated twice; the first interpretation used an OFA-type subjective 7-point scoring system, and the second included the caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte as an additional sign of degenerative joint disease. The OFA submission rate of group 2 dogs was determined from the number of official reports returned from the OFA.

Results—Prevalence of CHD in Golden Retrievers ranged from 53% to 73% and in Rottweilers ranged from 41% to 69%. Among dogs referred for OFA evaluation, radiographs from 49 (53%) were submitted to OFA. Of submitted radiographs, 45 (92%) were normal; of radiographs not submitted, 22 (50%) were normal. Radiographs with normal-appearing hips were 8.2 times as likely to be submitted to the OFA. Compared with Golden Retrievers, Rottweiler radiographs were significantly more likely to be submitted for OFA certification.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prevalence of CHD in these 2 breeds may be much higher than previously reported in the United States. Results suggest substantial bias in the OFA database, which causes lower estimates of prevalence of CHD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;226:387–392)