bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problem‐solving test: Southwestern blotting
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: August 2014

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: Southern blotting, Western blotting, restriction endonucleases, agarose gel electrophoresis, nitrocellulose filter, molecular hybridization, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, proto‐oncogene, c‐abl, Src‐homology domains, tyrosine protein kinase, nuclear localization signal, cDNA, deletion mutants, expression plasmid, transfection, RNA polymerase II, promoter, Shine‐Dalgarno sequence, polyadenylation element, affinity chromatography, Northern blotting, immunoprecipitation, sodium dodecylsulfate, autoradiography, tandem repeats
Anticancer and Toxic Properties of Cyclotides are Dependent on Phosphatidylethanolamine Phospholipid Targeting
Authors: Troeira Henriques Sónia , Huang Yen‐Hua , Chaousis Stephanie , Wang Conan K. , Craik David J.
Published: August 2014

Cyclotides, ultrastable disulfide‐rich cyclic peptides, can be engineered to bind and inhibit specific cancer targets. In addition, some cyclotides are toxic to cancer cells, though not much is known about their mechanisms of action. Here we delineated the potential mode of action of cyclotides towards cancer cells. A novel set of analogues of kalata B1 (the prototypic cyclotide) and kalata B2 and cycloviolacin O2 were examined for their membrane‐binding affinity and selectivity towards cancer cells. By using solution‐state NMR, surface plasmon resonance, flow cytometry and bioassays we show that cyclotides are toxic against cancer and non‐cancerous cells and their toxicity correlates with their ability to target and disrupt lipid bilayers that contain phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipids. Our results suggest that the potential of cyclotides as anticancer therapeutics might best be realised by combining their amenability to epitope engineering with their ability to bind cancer cell membranes.
A Robust Nanoporous Supramolecular Metal–Organic Framework Based on Ionic Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Roques Nans , Mouchaham Georges , Duhayon Carine , Brandès Stéphane , Tachon Aurélie , Weber Guy , Bellat Jean Pierre , Sutter Jean‐Pascal
Published: August 2014

Hydrogen‐bond assembly of tripod‐like organic cations [H3‐MeTrip]3+ (1,2,3‐tri(4′‐pyridinium‐oxyl)‐2‐methylpropane) and the hexa‐anionic complex [Zr2(oxalate)7]6− leads to a structurally, thermally, and chemically robust porous 3D supramolecular framework showing channels of 1 nm in width. Permanent porosity has been ascertained by analyzing the material at the single‐crystal level during a sorption cycle. The framework crystal structure was found to remain the same for the native compound, its activated phase, and after guest resorption. The channels exhibit affinities for polar organic molecules ranging from simple alcohols to aniline. Halogenated molecules and I2 are also taken up from hexane solutions by this unique supramolecular framework.
From Covalent Glycosidase Inhibitors to Activity‐Based Glycosidase Probes
Authors: Willems Lianne I. , Jiang Jianbing , Li Kah‐Yee , Witte Martin D. , Kallemeijn Wouter W. , Beenakker Thomas J. N. , Schröder Sybrin P. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Overkleeft Hermen S.
Published: August 2014

Activity‐based protein profiling has emerged as a powerful discovery tool in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research. Success of activity‐based protein profiling hinges on the presence of compounds that can covalently and irreversibly bind to enzymes, do so selectively in the context of complex biological samples, and subsequently report on the selected pool of proteins. Such tagged molecules featuring an electrophilic trap, termed activity‐based probes, have been developed with most success for serine hydrolases and various protease families (serine proteases, cysteine proteases, proteasomes). This concept presents the current progress and future directions in the design of activity‐based probes targeting retaining glycosidases, enzymes that employ a double displacement mechanism in the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds with overall retention. In contrast to inverting glycosidases, retaining glycosidases form a covalent intermediate with their substrates during the catalytic process and are therefore amenable to activity‐based protein profiling studies.
Improvement of Magnesia Refractory Ceramics for Applications in Gasifiers
Authors: Gerlach Nora , Gehre Patrick , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: August 2014

In Vergasungsanlagen erfolgt die Umsetzung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Rohstoffen unter Zugabe von Sauerstoff und Wasserdampf zu Synthesegas. Durch die Entwicklung neuer Verfahrensweisen konnte die Maximaltemperatur gesenkt werden. Dies ermöglicht den Ersatz der hochchromoxidhaltigen feuerfesten Auskleidung durch kostengünstigere und umweltfreundlichere Werkstoffe. Hier wurden die mechanischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von ZrO2‐dotierten Magnesiumoxid‐Feuerfestkeramiken untersucht und hinsichtlich der Eignung als Auskleidungsmaterial in Vergasungsanlagen bewertet.
CO2 – Baustein des Lebens und Treiber der globalen Erwärmung
Authors: Riener Korbinian , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: August 2014

Seit hunderten von Millionen Jahren nutzt die Natur Kohlendioxid in der Photosynthese als Baustein des Lebens. Die gasförmige Verbindung ist zudem von essentieller Bedeutung im Kohlenstoffkreislauf und für den Transport von Kohlenstoff zwischen den Erdsphären mitverantwortlich. In den letzten Jahren ist CO2 vermehrt in Zusammenhang mit der globalen Erderwärmung in den Fokus gerückt, da die Verbrennung primär fossiler Rohstoffe seit Beginn der Industrialisierung zu einem erheblichen Anstieg der CO2‐Konzentration in der Atmosphäre geführt hat. Eine Reduktion des Ausstoßes wird nun im globalen Kontext angestrebt und aufgrund der Verknappung fossiler Rohstoffe ist auch ein Trend Richtung erneuerbarer Ressourcen klar zu erkennen. Hier kann die Nutzung von nahezu unbegrenzt vorhandenem CO2 durch die chemische Industrie ihren Beitrag leisten.
Trends in den Polymerwissenschaften
Authors: Nuyken Oskar
Published: August 2014

Mit diesem Beitrag soll gezeigt werden, dass der Phantasie des Polymerchemikers kaum Grenzen gesetzt sind. Zur Verwirklichung der gestellten Aufgabe bedient er sich Erkenntnissen aus allen Bereichen der Chemie, der Verfahrenstechnik, Biologie und anderer Naturwissenschaften. Die hier vorgestellten Probleme und Lösungsansätze sind vor allem Herausforderungen an den Synthese‐, den Physiko‐ und den technischen Chemiker. Der Einbau von –N=N‐Funktionen in die Hüllwand von Mikrokapseln macht diese thermolabil und für den Thermotransferdruck einsetzbar. Durch verwandte Funktionen wie –N=N–NR– oder –N=N–P(O)(OR)2– in der Hauptkette von Polymeren werden diese besonders photolabil und können daher mittels Laser fragmentiert und damit strukturiert werden. Für OLEDs wurden Polymere wegen ihrer “Unreinheit” anfangs als ungeeignet eingestuft. Dank vieler Fortschritte bei der Synthese und vieler unübersehbarer Vorteile der Polymere gegenüber niedermolekularen Verbindungen werden diese auch im Bereich der OLEDs zunehmend eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Mit dem Beitrag über den “Spinning Disk Reactor” soll für eine Technologie geworben werden, die m. E. in ihren Möglichkeiten noch völlig unterschätzt wird.
Biogene Polymere als Template
Authors: Zollfrank Cordt
Published: August 2014

Es wird das Potential von biologischen Templaten für die bioinspirierte Synthese anorganischer Materialien und Werkstoffe vorgestellt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Polysaccharide geeignete Basisstrukturen für die Generierung unterschiedlichster anorganischer Materialien sind. Insbesondere Cellulose ist besonders gut als Strukturtemplat geeignet. Mikroorganismen wie Bakterien oder Algen können ebenfalls als Template eingesetzt werden, da diese vielfach Cellulose und andere Polysaccharide sekretieren. Die Nutzung des hohen Potentials des bioinspirierten Materialdesigns, erfordert dabei das fächerübergreifende Zusammenspiel von Ingenieuren, Chemikern, Physikern und Biologen.
Wie unsere Nase die enantiomeren Linaloole unterscheidet
Authors: Prasse Agneta , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Zeller Klaus‐Peter , Berger Stefan , Sicker Dieter
Published: August 2014

Die beiden enantiomeren Formen des Linalools wurden aus Rosenholzöl bzw. Korianderöl durch Vakuumdestillation isoliert und anschließend mittels Säulenchromatographie gereinigt. Alle analytischen Spektren sind vollständig entweder im Hauptteil oder in der supporting information wiedergegeben. Die NMR‐ sowie die Massenspektren werden eingehend interpretiert und mit theoretischen Berechnungen der 13C‐chemischen Verschiebungen verglichen. Das Projekt stellt eine Fortsetzung des Buches “Classics in Spectroscopy” von S. Berger und D. Sicker (Wiley‐VCH 2009) dar.
Linoleum
Authors: Hübner Karl
Published: August 2014

Vor 150 Jahren begann die industrielle Produktion von Linoleum. Noch bevor die ersten Kunststoffe auf Erdölbasis entstanden, kam damit ein künstlich hergestelltes Polymer zum Einsatz. Nach einer großen Zeit in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts spielt Linoleum heute trotz seiner Nachhaltigkeit nur noch in Nischenmärkten eine Rolle. Immerhin: Ein deutscher Produktionsstandort hat den Niedergang überlebt. Die Anfänge des Materials lagen jedoch in England.
Implementation of the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: The beginning
Authors: Lee Nancy C. , Wong Faye L. , Jamison Patricia M. , Jones Sandra F. , Galaska Louise , Brady Kevin T. , Wethers Barbara , Stokes‐Townsend George‐Ann
Published: August 2014

In 1990, Congress passed the Breast and Cervical Cancer Mortality Prevention Act because of increases in the number of low‐income and uninsured women being diagnosed with breast cancer. This act authorized the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to establish the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) to provide high‐quality and timely breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic services to low‐income, uninsured women. The program started in 1991, and, in 1993, Congress amended the act to allow the CDC to fund American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and tribal organizations. By 1996, the program was providing cancer screening across the United States. To ensure appropriate delivery and monitoring of services, the program adopted detailed policies on program management, evidence‐based guidelines for clinical services, a systematized clinical data system to track service quality, and key partnerships that expand the program's reach. The NBCCEDP currently funds 67 programs, including all 50 states, the District of Columbia, 5 US territories, and 11 tribes or tribal organizations. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2540‐8. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program data validation project
Authors: Eheman Christie R. , Leadbetter Steven , Benard Vicki B. , Blythe Ryerson A. , Royalty Janet E. , Blackman Donald , Pollack Lori A. , Adams Paula Willey , Babcock Fran
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the quality of national data generated by the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP); to assess variables collected through the program that are appropriate to use for program management, evaluation, and data analysis; and to identify potential data‐quality issues.

METHODS

Information was abstracted randomly from 5603 medical records selected from 6 NBCCEDP‐funded state programs, and 76 categorical variables and 11 text‐based breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic variables were collected. Concordance was estimated between abstracted data and the data collected by the NBCCEDP. Overall and outcome‐specific concordance was calculated for each of the key variables. Four screening performance measures also were estimated by comparing the program data with the abstracted data.

RESULTS

Basic measures of program outcomes, such as the percentage of women with cancer or with abnormal screening tests, had a high concordance rate. Variables with poor or inconsistent concordance included reported breast symptoms, receipt of fine‐needle aspiration, and receipt of colposcopy with biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall conclusion from this comprehensive validation project of the NBCCEDP is that, with few exceptions, the data collected from individual program sites and reported to the CDC are valid and consistent with sociodemographic and clinical data within medical records. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2597‐603. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Microwave‐Assisted C–C and C–S Couplings Catalysed by Organometallic Pd‐SCS or Coordination Ni‐SNS Pincer Complexes
Authors: Basauri‐Molina Manuel , Hernández‐Ortega Simón , Morales‐Morales David
Published: August 2014

A family of SCS and SNS pincer compounds of the type [PdCl{C6H3‐2,6‐(CH2SR)2}] {R = tBu (3a), sBu (3b), iBu (3c)} and [NiCl2{C5H3N‐2,6‐(CH2SR)2}] {R = tBu (4a), sBu (4b)} have been prepared. Among these, complexes 3b, 3c, 4a–4c are reported for the first time. Dimeric compounds such as [NiCl{C5H3N‐2,6‐(CH2SiBu)2}μ‐Cl]2 (4c) were found in the solid state for the nickel complexes with lower steric hindrance exhibiting octahedral metal centers, whereas other nickel structures such as [NiCl2{C5H3N‐2,6‐(CH2StBu)2}(iPrOH)] (4d) could also expand their coordination number by coordinating to solvents. The single crystal X‐ray diffraction results for 4a, 4c and 4d are presented. The catalytic activity of the six compounds was studied in C–C and C–S cross‐coupling reactions under conventional heating and under microwave irradiation conditions. The palladium catalysts enabled good to excellent conversions in Suzuki–Miyaura couplings of p‐substituted halobenzenes with phenylboronic acid. Comparable yields resulted from application of the nickel complexes in the thioetherification of iodobenzene with different disulfides. The fast increase in reaction temperature associated with microwave irradiation, in combination with the robust pincer catalysts, allowed for quantitative conversions in only minutes.
(Arene)ruthenium Complexes with Imidazolin‐2‐imine and Imidazolidin‐2‐imine Ligands
Authors: Tönnemann Justus , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: August 2014

Imidazolin‐2‐imine and imidazolidin‐2‐imine ligands are versatile N donors in transition metal chemistry. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of (arene)Ru complexes with these ligands. Simple adducts of the type [(p‐cymene)Ru(L)Cl2] (L = 1,3‐diarylimidazolin‐2‐imine or 1,3‐dimesitylimidalzolidin‐2‐imine) can be converted into complexes in which the imines act as π ligands with tethered imine groups. Furthermore, the high basicity of the N donor group can promote self‐activation of the (arene)Ru complexes.
A single‐sample method to determine the hydroxyl values of polyols using mid‐FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Tavassoli‐Kafrani Mohammad Hossein , Curtis Jonathan M. , van de Voort Frederik R.
Published: August 2014

A single‐sample Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method suitable for automation was developed to determine the hydroxyl value (OHV) of lipid‐based polyols. It is a modification of the original split‐sample FTIR method using the reaction of p‐toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (TSI) with OH groups and measures the carbamate band formed in the differential spectrum before and after the reaction. In the new method, the TSI‐isocyanate absorption is measured before and after the reaction, the area change being proportional to the OHV of the sample, but is sensitive to moisture. Moisture compensation is achieved by monitoring the CO2 produced by the water‐TSI reaction and correcting for its additional contribution to isocyanate loss. The method was validated by assessing polyol mixtures containing added water, comparing the results to those from the moisture independent split‐sample FTIR method. The single‐sample FTIR procedure had similar accuracy and reproducibility as the split‐sample method when CO2 moisture compensation was implemented. The procedure was not affected by carboxylic acids but can be affected by the presence of amines. The advantage of the new OHV FTIR method is that it requires only a single sample to be prepared and analyzed, making it amenable to automation as well as reducing sample preparation time, solvent, and reagent use.

Practical applications: This paper provides an automatable, rapid, and accurate FTIR‐based method for determination of hydroxyl value of polyols, which is a critical parameter of polyols and polyurethane production. The method can be employed by commercial laboratories and researchers working in this area for quality control and to facilitate improvement and development of new products.

An FTIR method is described to measure hydroxyl values of polyols using the reaction with isocyanate employed in other methods. The new approach is suitable for automation and moisture compensation is achieved in the same experiment by measuring CO2 produced. Method validation indicates that the method is accurate compared to theoretical values.
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Polycyclic Indoles: Brønsted or Lewis Acid Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of α‐Carbolines and Pyrimidoindoles
Authors: Arigela Rajesh K. , Kumar Ravi , Samala Srinivas , Gupta Sahaj , Kundu Bijoy
Published: August 2014

We report the diversity‐oriented synthesis of pyrido‐ and pyrimido‐indoles from an acid‐catalyzed three component (3C) reaction involving ethyl 2‐amino‐1H‐indole‐3‐carboxylates, arylaldehydes, and terminal alkynes. In the presence of a Brønsted acid such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), the 3C reaction furnished a mixture of pyrido‐ and pyrimido‐indoles, whereas when catalyzed by Yb(OTf)3 as a Lewis acid, pyrimidoindoles were obtained as the single product. The findings demonstrate the ability to control reaction products through change in the acid catalyst. The salient feature during TFA‐catalyzed 3C reaction is that two different pathways are followed in one pot after propargylamine formation. The two cascade cyclizations comprise in situ decarboxylation‐carbocyclization and an intramolecular hydroamination to afford products with different connectivity.
Catalyst‐Free Convergent Approach for the Synthesis of Spiro[imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]oxazine‐7,3′‐indoline
Authors: Siddiqui I. R. , Srivastava Anushree , Rai Pragati , Srivastava Arjita , Srivastava Anjali
Published: August 2014

Strategies to address mounting environmental concerns with current approaches include an operationally simple and highly efficient one‐pot three‐component approach for the synthesis of spiro[imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]oxazine‐7,3′‐indoline derivatives, which has been developed via Huisgen zwitter ion intermediate. The significant advantages of this protocol are short reaction time, excellent yields, and facile formation of three new bonds in one operation from easily available starting materials.
Spectroscopic studies of folic acid adsorbed on various metal substrates: does the type of substrate play an essential role in temperature dependence of spectral features?
Authors: Kokaislová Alžběta , Helešicová Tereza , Ončák Milan , Matějka Pavel
Published: August 2014

Folic acid is an essential nutrient involved in biosynthetic processes and cell growth. From an analytical point of view, folic acid can be used as an active part of sensors for substances with affinity to folic acid molecules. In biological environment, sensors can be exposed to temperatures that differ from room temperature. Thus, it is important to describe the influence of temperature on adsorbed molecules, especially on orientation of molecules towards the metal surface and on stability of adsorbed layer. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy is a useful tool for investigation of architecture of molecular layers adsorbed on metal surfaces because the spectral features change with varying orientation of molecules towards the surface, as well as with changes in interactions among adsorbed molecules. In this study, folic acid was adsorbed on electrochemically prepared Au and Ag substrates, and both these substrates were exposed to temperature changes according to the temperature program consisting of stabilization, the substrate temperature at 10°C, at 50°C and back at 10°C. Decomposition of adsorbed folic acid at 50°C can be excluded on both metals, though the metal (Ag or Au) influences the arrangement of adsorbed molecules and its temperature‐induced changes. In the case of Ag substrate, significant and irreversible increase of certain Stokes band intensities is observed, whereas in the case of Au substrate, the band intensity increase is negligible. Experimental spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis and supplemented with calculated data for folic acid molecule adsorbed on small metal cluster using density functional theory. Moreover, it was proved that changes of surface plasmon resonance and collision frequency of Ag substrate are negligible in the studied temperature interval. Slight re‐orientation of adsorbed folic acid molecules was identified as the main source of band intensity variation in the spectra of folic acid adsorbed on Ag. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polysomnography: Assessment of decannulation readiness in chronic upper airway obstruction
Authors: Wolter Nikolaus E. , Anderson Jennifer
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the clinical value of polysomnography in patients with a tracheotomy due to chronic upper airway obstruction prior to attempting decannulation.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Subjects with chronic upper airway obstruction were identified using a clinical database between 2000 and 2014. All subjects had a tracheotomy, were assessed by the senior author in a tertiary care academic center, and underwent polysomnography prior to attempting decannulation. Patients were excluded if they did not undergo polysomnography or had severe obstructive sleep apnea as the primary indication for tracheotomy.

Results

Fifteen patients were identified. The majority (87.5%) of patients were successfully decannulated after their first polysomnography showed acceptable results when carried out with the tracheotomy occluded. Obstructive sleep apnea was identified in four of the nine patients who tolerated overnight tracheotomy occlusion, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was initiated. An additional four of the remaining six patients were decannulated after subsequent polysomnography demonstrated improvement with CPAP, and two required an additional airway procedure.

Conclusions

Chronic upper airway obstruction requiring tracheotomy can be challenging to treat and successfully decannulate. Indirect laryngoscopy is essential to evaluate the anatomy of the larynx; however, it cannot assess potential increased obstruction during sleep. The study indicates that polysomnography can assist with the evaluation of decannulation readiness in patients with chronic upper airway obstruction as an adjunct measure in addition to imaging and laryngoscopy.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 124:2574–2578, 2014
Comparison of tensile strength of fibrin glue and suture in microflap closure
Authors: Myer Charles M. , Johnson Christopher M. , Postma Gregory N. , Weinberger Paul M.
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Suture closure and fibrin glue placement have been advocated as alternatives to healing by secondary intention. The aim of this study was to examine the tensile strength of these microflap closure techniques.

Study Design

Basic research.

Methods

Three pairs of excised bovine true vocal folds underwent microflap creation and closure by either single 6‐0 polyglactin suture or fibrin glue. Vocal folds were distracted to failure on a universal testing system. Excised porcine true vocal folds underwent microflap creation and were closed with either single 6‐0 polyglactin suture or fibrin glue, or were left without closure. Tensile strength testing was performed with a universal testing system measuring load at 1 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm of distraction.

Results

The bovine vocal fold model failed after an average extension of 22.6 mm (range, 21.4–23.9 mm) corresponding to 11.61 N (range, 8.04–13.47 N), with no failure of the suture prior to model failure. Fibrin glue did not demonstrate any measureable resistance to tension application. In the porcine vocal fold model, there was a significant difference between the median tensile load of suture closure (2.91 N) and no closure (1.16 N) at 10 mm of distraction (P = .01). There was no significant difference in median load of vocal folds undergoing fibrin glue closure or no closure.

Conclusions

There is no significant difference in tensile strength of a microflap closed with fibrin glue or not closed. Suture closure of a microflap provides a significantly stronger mechanical closure than no closure. This suggests that use of fibrin glue is of little benefit on the vocal folds.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:167–170, 2015
Stability and optimality of decay rate for a weakly dissipative Bresse system
Authors: Alves M.O. , Fatori L.H. , Jorge Silva M.A. , Monteiro R.N.
Published: August 2014

This paper is concerned with asymptotic stability of a Bresse system with two frictional dissipations. Under mathematical condition of equal speed of wave propagation, we prove that the system is exponentially stable. Otherwise, we show that Bresse system is not exponentially stable. Then, in the latter case, by using a recent result in linear operator theory, we prove the solution decays polynomially to zero with optimal decay rate. Better rates of polynomial decay depending on the regularity of initial data are also achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model order reduction for meshfree solution of Poisson singularity problems
Authors: Chen Jiun‐Shyan , Marodon Camille , Hu Hsin‐Yun
Published: August 2014

Model order reduction (MOR) techniques for enriched reproducing kernel meshfree methods are proposed for analysis of Poisson problems with mild and strong singularities. The employment of an integrated singular basis function method (ISBFM), in conjunction with the selection of harmonic near‐tip asymptotic basis functions, leads to a Galerkin formulation in which the non‐smooth near‐tip basis functions appear only on the boundaries away from the singularity point. This approach avoids the need of integrating the derivatives of non‐smooth functions near the singularity point and yields a discrete system that allows effective MOR procedures. Under this framework, a decomposed reduction method equipped with two distinct projections for smooth and non‐smooth parts of the finite‐dimensional space is proposed. Compared with the uniform reduction approach using a single projection operator, the decomposed projection on ISBFM discrete system preserves the singularity behavior of the fine‐scale solution in its lower‐dimensional approximation. Analytical error estimation and stability analysis show that ISBFM with the decomposed projection can achieve better accuracy with only a slight increase of condition number compared with the uniform reduction approach in the reduced‐order solution of singularity problems. The numerical tests validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF REGULATORY REFORM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Kirkpatrick Colin
Published: August 2014

Effective economic governance is a key condition for economic growth and development, and donor support to developing countries has increasingly been focused on regulatory reforms that are intended to enable markets to function more efficiently thereby providing a stable and supportive environment for investment, private sector development, and market‐led economic growth. This article reviews the empirical evidence on the impact of regulatory reform in developing countries. The evidence is broadly consistent with a priori expectations, showing a positive relationship between regulatory reform and improved economic performance. However, various methodological and data problems weaken the robustness of these findings and point to the need to broaden the range of designs and methods for evaluating the results of donor‐supported regulatory reforms in developing countries. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of histone deacetylase 4 increases cytotoxicity of docetaxel in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Colarossi Lorenzo , Memeo Lorenzo , Colarossi Cristina , Aiello Eleonora , Iuppa Antonio , Espina Virginia , Liotta Lance , Mueller Claudius
Published: August 2014

Purpose

New treatment options for gastric cancer are in great demand. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are exciting therapeutic targets, but only the class I HDACs 1, 2, and 3 have been studied in gastric cancer. We have investigated class IIa HDAC expression and inhibition in gastric cancer cells.

Experimental design

We measured the level of 27 (phospho)proteins related to class IIa HDAC expression and function in ten laser‐capture microdissection gastric tumor samples compared to patient‐matched adjacent normal mucosa. Following, we evaluated class IIa HDAC inhibition by MC1568 in SNU‐16 gastric cancer cells alone and in combination with cisplatin or docetaxel.

Results

We demonstrate for the first time an increase of HDAC4 in gastric tumor cells. HDAC4 inhibition had a synergistic effect with docetaxel treatment, shifting the cellular response from a cytostatic to a cytotoxic phenotype. This effect was associated with increased levels of cleaved caspases 3 and 9 and increased acetylated histone H3 Lys9/Lys14.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

These data support in vivo studies investigating the potential clinical use of HDAC4 inhibitors in combination with docetaxel for the treatment of gastric cancer, lowering treatment doses of docetaxel to reduce the burden of adverse side effects on patients.
Flanged foundation connection of the Offshore Wind Farm Amrumbank West – Concept, approval, design, tests and installation
Authors: Gollub Peter , Jensen Jacob Fisker , Giese Dirk , Güres Selcuk
Published: August 2014

Monopile (MP) foundations are the preferred foundation concept for offshore wind turbine generators (WTG) with soil conditions suitable for driving. Transition Pieces (TP’s) are required for the connection of the driven MP to the tower of the wind turbine. The most commonly used connection between the MP and the TP is grouting of the annulus between MP and TP with fine grained high durability concrete, so called grouted joint. In the Amrumbank wind farm project a flanged connection is used. In this paper the concept of the flanged joint, main aspects of approval, design, procedure tests, manufacturing, prototype assembly and installation are described.

Fundamentflanschverbindung der Offshore Wind Farm Amrumbank West − Konzept, Genehmigung, Design, Tests und Montage. Die Gründung mit Monopiles (MP) ist bei geeigneten Baugrundbedingungen häufig das bevorzugte Konzept für die Gründung von Offshore Windenergieanlagen (WEA). Transition Pieces (TP, Übergangsstücke) werden zur Verbindung des gerammten MP zum Turm der WEA benötigt. Die herkömmliche Verbindung zwischen MP und TP ist der Verguss mit Feinkornbeton. Für das Amrumbank‐Projekt kommt eine Ringflanschverbindung als MP‐TP‐Verbindung zur Ausführung. Das Konzept der Flanschverbindung, wesentliche Gesichtspunkte zur Genehmigung, Design, Verfahrenstests, Fertigung, Prototype‐Montage und Installation werden im folgenden Beitrag beschrieben.
Planung, Genehmigung und Ausführung des Offshore‐Windparks Amrumbank West
Authors: Schwegmann Dominik , Kossel Thomas , Göhlmann Joachim , Lochte‐Holtgreven Stephan
Published: August 2014

Der Offshore‐Windpark Amrumbank West liegt 35 km nördlich der Insel Helgoland und 35 km westlich der Insel Amrum in der Ausschließlichen Wirtschaftzone Deutschlands in der Nordsee und befindet sich derzeit in der Realisierungsphase. Nach mehr als dreijähriger Planungs‐ und Genehmigungsphase berichtet dieser Beitrag über die Planung und Genehmigung des Offshore‐Windparks. Neben den für die 80 Monopile‐Tragstrukturen in knapp 25 m Wassertiefe maßgebenden und bereits in der statischen Vorplanungsphase berücksichtigten Beanspruchungen werden Besonderheiten in der Genehmigungsphase beschrieben und die erforderlichen Stahltonnagen für die Projektumsetzung vorgestellt. Abschließend werden erste Meilensteine in der Projektrealisierung erläutert und ein Überblick über die ausgeführten Sonderlösungen gegeben.

Planning, certification and installation of Amrumbank West offshore wind farm. The offshore wind farm Amrumbank West is located 35 km in the north of Helgoland and 35 km kilometers in the west of the island of Amrum in the exclusive economic zone of Germany. The installation of Amrumbank West is currently ongoing. After more than three years of development and certification, this paper deals with the main topics of planning and certification of the offshore wind farm. Besides the design driving parameters which have been already considered during the conceptual design phase of the 80 monopile substructures in nearly 25 m water depths, specific features of the certification process will be discussed. Furthermore, first milestones of the installation and special technical solutions are presented.
Learning to BREATHE: An intervention to foster mindfulness in adolescence
Authors: Broderick Patricia C. , Frank Jennifer L.
Published: August 2014

During adolescence, young people are traversing exciting and also challenging stages in their development. Mindfulness, if taught in a developmentally appropriate way, has the potential to be an asset in adolescents’ lives. Developmentally appropriate approaches of mindfulness intervention during adolescence need to consider adolescents’ social contexts (for example, school setting, peer group, family), their cognitive and emotional stages in development, and age‐specific strength and vulnerabilities. This chapter puts mindfulness education into a developmental perspective, and presents the Learning to BREATHE program as a school‐based universal intervention for adolescents. The authors describe developmental dimensions and themes of the program, and discuss common challenges of program implementation in schools. A case example of bringing the Learning to BREATHE program into the school context is provided.
The Center of Biological Nitrogen Fixation: FeMo‐Cofactor
Authors: Spatzal Thomas
Published: August 2014

The enzyme nitrogenase is the only known biological system capable of reducing atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia, and is therefore an essential player in the biological nitrogen cycle. Despite decades of research, essential questions about the mechanism of nitrogen fixation are unanswered. The complexity of the nitrogenase active site FeMo‐cofactor contributes thereby significantly to the problems nitrogenase research is facing today. Attempts to mimic its exceptional catalytic properties were without success and also the metal center itself exposed only a small fraction of its secrets so far. Today, the FeMo‐cofactor is still the largest and most complex metal center known in biological systems. Solely its structure determination turned out to be an unexpected long process facing multiple hurdles. Even though X‐ray crystallography led to first structural data of the [7Fe:9S:C:Mo]:R‐homocitrate entity more than twenty years ago, only recently the entire atomic structure of the metal center was revealed. This review gives a short overview of the FeMo‐cofactor with a special focus on its structure determination.
A New Method of Preparing Copper Oxide from Dinitrourea Copper Salt
Authors: Il'yasov Sergey G. , Kazantsev Igor V. , Til'zo Mikhail V. , Sakovich Gennady V. , Zaikovskii Vladimir I. , Prosvirin Igor P. , Tuzikov Fedor V.
Published: August 2014

A new approach for the preparation of copper nanooxide by solvothermal decomposition of N, N′‐dinitrourea copper(II) salt in an aprotic solvent was developed. The resulting particles were studied by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The effects of different solvents on shapes of the agglomerates formed are shown.
The High‐Pressure Borate HP‐(NH4)B3O5
Authors: Sohr Gerhard , Wilhelm Dominik , Vitzthum Daniela , Schmitt Martin K. , Huppertz Hubert
Published: August 2014

The high‐pressure ammonium triborate HP‐(NH4)B3O5 was synthesized in a high‐pressure/high‐temperature experiment at 3 GPa and 600 °C. It crystalizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with the parameters a = 981.0(2), b = 880.2(2), c = 922.2(2) pm, β = 103.8(1)°, V = 0.7735(3) nm3, Z = 8, R1 = 0.0436, and wR2 = 0.1059 (all data). The compound is built up from ribbons of interconnected corner‐ and edge‐sharing BO4 tetrahedra that are linked by planar BO3 groups to form a three‐dimensional structure. The ammonium ions are situated in channels, forming four hydrogen bonds to oxygen of the boron oxygen network. The structure is a substitutional variant of the compounds HP‐MB3O5, (M = K, Rb) and HP‐Cs1–x(H3O)xB3O5 (x = 0.5–0.7). The collected IR and Raman spectra of HP‐(NH4)B3O5 show great similarities to the spectra of the analogous phases.
Pseudomelanosis duodeni in a female adult with chronic renal failure
Authors: Sun Wei‐Chih , Tsay Feng‐Woei , Lai Kwok‐Hung , Hsu Ping‐I , Shih Chih‐An
Published: August 2014

Pseudomelanosis duodeni is a rare endoscopic finding that manifests as dark speckled spots in the duodenum. It is considered a benign condition and is associated with certain diseases and the use of certain medications. This study reports a case of a 74‐year‐old woman, with end‐stage renal disease under maintenance hemodialysis, hypertension under regular medical control, iron deficiency anemia under oral iron supplement, and progressive anemia with suspicious occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed multiple tiny brownish‐black pigmentation throughout the proximal second portion of the duodenum. The histopathological examination showed pigment‐laden macrophages with positive iron stain and negative melanin stain in the lamina propria of the mucosal villi.
Aubry–Mather theory for homeomorphisms
Authors: FATHI ALBERT , PAGEAULT PIERRE
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we develop a variational approach to study the dynamic of a homeomorphism on a compact metric space. In particular, we describe orbits along which any Lipschitz Lyapunov function has to be constant via a non-negative Lipschitz semi-distance. We give the link with Auslander’s notion of generalized recurrence, and recover in a different way some parts of a more recent work of Akin and Auslander.
Harmonic measures and the foliated geodesic flow for foliations with negatively curved leaves
Authors: ALVAREZ SÉBASTIEN
Published: August 2014

In this paper we define a notion of Gibbs measure for the geodesic flow tangent to a foliation with negatively curved leaves and associated to a particular potential $H$. We prove that there is a canonical bijective correspondence between these measures and Garnett’s harmonic measures.
Chaotic planar piecewise smooth vector fields with non-trivial minimal sets
Authors: BUZZI CLAUDIO A. , DE CARVALHO TIAGO , EUZÉBIO RODRIGO D.
Published: August 2014

In this paper some aspects on chaotic behavior and minimality in planar piecewise smooth vector fields theory are treated. The occurrence of non-deterministic chaos is observed and the concept of orientable minimality is introduced. Some relations between minimality and orientable minimality are also investigated and the existence of new kinds of non-trivial minimal sets in chaotic systems is observed. The approach is geometrical and involves the ordinary techniques of non-smooth systems.
Medication Adherence in New Zealand Older Adults: Effects of an External Cognitive Support
Authors: Greyvenstein June , Kazantzis Nikolaos , Pachana Nancy A.
Published: August 2014

Pharmacotherapy is the most frequently used treatment modality among the older adult population. Consequently, medication adherence represents an important treatment consideration. The present study was conducted to assess the extent of medication adherence in the New Zealand sample, and evaluate the effectiveness of an external cognitive support in a sample of 50 community-dwelling older adults (M = 70.70, Mdn = 72.00, SD = 8.12). A randomised controlled trial to compare the usual medication practice with a medication calendar was conducted. The present sample had high levels of medication adherence, with high adherence measured on an adherence ratio 97% (range 82% to 109%), and low rate of medication errors (19 errors). There were no significant differences in medication adherence between intervention and control groups (ps > .05). However, consistent with prior research, there was some evidence to suggest that female participants were less compliant and made more errors than male participants. Further research on larger more representative older adult samples is warranted.
The Covariation Between Burnout and Sick Leave Due to Mental Disorders Is Explained by a Shared Genetic Liability: A Prospective Swedish Twin Study With a Five-Year Follow-up
Authors: Mather Lisa , Bergström Gunnar , Blom Victoria , Svedberg Pia
Published: August 2014

Background: This study aims to assess whether the associations between burnout and sick leave due to stress-related mental disorders, other mental disorders, and somatic conditions are influenced by familial (genetic and shared environmental) factors.Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 23,611 Swedish twins born between 1959 and 1985, who answered a web-based questionnaire, including the Pines Burnout Measure 2004–2006, were included. Registry data on sick leave spells from the response date until December 31, 2010 were obtained from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the association between burnout and sick leave for the whole sample, while conditional logistic regression of the same-sex discordant twin pairs was used to estimate the association between burnout and sick leave, adjusting for familial confounding. The Bivariate Cholesky models were used to assess whether the covariation between burnout and sick leave was explained by common genetic and/or shared environmental factors.Results: Burnout was a risk factor for sick leave due to stress-related and other mental disorders, and these associations were explained by familial factors. The phenotypic correlation between burnout and sick leave due to somatic conditions was 0.07 and the association was not influenced by familial factors. The phenotypic correlations between burnout and sick leave due to stress-related (0.26) and other mental disorders (0.30) were completely explained by common genetic factors.Conclusions: The association between burnout and sick leave due to stress-related and other mental disorders seems to be a reflection of a shared genetic liability.
Comparative single-cell genomics reveals potential ecological niches for the freshwater acI Actinobacteria lineage
Authors: Ghylin Trevor W , Garcia Sarahi L , Moya Francisco , Oyserman Ben O , Schwientek Patrick , Forest Katrina T , Mutschler James , Dwulit-Smith Jeffrey , Chan Leong-Keat , Martinez-Garcia Manuel , Sczyrba Alexander , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Grossart Hans-Peter , Woyke Tanja , Warnecke Falk , Malmstrom Rex , Bertilsson Stefan , McMahon Katherine D
Published: August 2014

Members of the acI lineage of Actinobacteria are the most abundant microorganisms in most freshwater lakes; however, our understanding of the keys to their success and their role in carbon and nutrient cycling in freshwater systems has been hampered by the lack of pure cultures and genomes. We obtained draft genome assemblies from 11 single cells representing three acI tribes (acI-A1, acI-A7, acI-B1) from four temperate lakes in the United States and Europe. Comparative analysis of acI SAGs and other available freshwater bacterial genomes showed that acI has more gene content directed toward carbohydrate acquisition as compared to Polynucleobacter and LD12 Alphaproteobacteria, which seem to specialize more on carboxylic acids. The acI genomes contain actinorhodopsin as well as some genes involved in anaplerotic carbon fixation indicating the capacity to supplement their known heterotrophic lifestyle. Genome-level differences between the acI-A and acI-B clades suggest specialization at the clade level for carbon substrate acquisition. Overall, the acI genomes appear to be highly streamlined versions of Actinobacteria that include some genes allowing it to take advantage of sunlight and N-rich organic compounds such as polyamines, di- and oligopeptides, branched-chain amino acids and cyanophycin. This work significantly expands the known metabolic potential of the cosmopolitan freshwater acI lineage and its ecological and genetic traits.
Depth-stratified functional and taxonomic niche specialization in the ‘core’ and ‘flexible’ Pacific Ocean Virome
Authors: Hurwitz Bonnie L , Brum Jennifer R , Sullivan Matthew B
Published: August 2014

Microbes drive myriad ecosystem processes, and their viruses modulate microbial-driven processes through mortality, horizontal gene transfer, and metabolic reprogramming by viral-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs). However, our knowledge of viral roles in the oceans is primarily limited to surface waters. Here we assess the depth distribution of protein clusters (PCs) in the first large-scale quantitative viral metagenomic data set that spans much of the pelagic depth continuum (the Pacific Ocean Virome; POV). This established ‘core’ (180 PCs; one-third new to science) and ‘flexible’ (423K PCs) community gene sets, including niche-defining genes in the latter (385 and 170 PCs are exclusive and core to the photic and aphotic zones, respectively). Taxonomic annotation suggested that tailed phages are ubiquitous, but not abundant (<5% of PCs) and revealed depth-related taxonomic patterns. Functional annotation, coupled with extensive analyses to document non-viral DNA contamination, uncovered 32 new AMGs (9 core, 20 photic and 3 aphotic) that introduce ways in which viruses manipulate infected host metabolism, and parallel depth-stratified host adaptations (for example, photic zone genes for iron–sulphur cluster modulation for phage production, and aphotic zone genes for high-pressure deep-sea survival). Finally, significant vertical flux of photic zone viruses to the deep sea was detected, which is critical for interpreting depth-related patterns in nature. Beyond the ecological advances outlined here, this catalog of viral core, flexible and niche-defining genes provides a resource for future investigation into the organization, function and evolution of microbial molecular networks to mechanistically understand and model viral roles in the biosphere.
Epitaxial growth of a self-separated GaN crystal by using a novel high temperature annealing porous template
Authors: Zhang Lei , Dai Yuanbin , Wu Yongzhong , Shao Yongliang , Tian Yuan , Huo Qin , Hao Xiaopeng , Shen Yinan , Hua Zhen
Published: August 2014

A novel template with microporous structure was fabricated by the high temperature annealing method. The high temperature annealing porous (HTAP) templates were used for the growth of GaN crystals by HVPE. The GaN crystals were easily separated from the HTAP templates with the assistance of the microporous structure.
Intrinsic optical bistability and frequency upconversion in Tm3+–Yb3+-codoped Y2WO6 phosphor
Authors: Soni Abhishek Kumar , Rai Vineet Kumar
Published: August 2014

Intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) behaviour in the Tm3+–Yb3+ codoped Y2WO6 phosphor.
Role of morphology in the performance of LiFe0.5Mn1.5O4spinel cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Pico M. P. , Álvarez-Serrano I. , López M. L. , Veiga M. L.
Published: August 2014

Different LiFe0.5Mn1.5O4spinels are synthesized and characterized structurally and electrochemically to highlight the improvement of electrochemical behaviour with LiMn1.5Fe0.5O4/Li2MnO3composite.