bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Persuasive Strategies by Rishi Sunak and Joe Biden in Addressing The COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Alvina Jesslyn
Published: October 2024

This study examines the persuasive strategies employed by Rishi Sunak and Joe Biden in their speeches addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing on theories by Beebe and Beebe (2012, 2017). Utilizing a qualitative methodology, excerpts from their speeches were analyzed to identify specific strategies. The analysis revealed that Rishi Sunak employed inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, causal reasoning, credible evidence, new evidence, specific evidence, evidence to tell a story, concrete examples, emotion-arousing words, and appeal to several emotions (hope, pride, and courage). While Joe Biden used inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, causal reasoning, credible evidence, specific evidence, evidence to tell a story, concrete examples, emotion-arousing words, fear appeals, and appeal to several emotions (hope, pride, and courage). In conclusion, despite differences in age, the persuasive strategies of Rishi Sunak and Joe Biden were primarily shaped by the topic and context of their speeches.
Interactional Styles Used by Lucinta Luna In Episode 1 #TheFamily YouTube Series
Authors: Novita Christine
Published: October 2024

This study aims to examine the feminine interactional styles and masculine interactional styles used by Lucinta Luna in the YouTube video Terbongkar: Lucinta Keceplosan Alasan Ayu Ting Ting Tolak Boy! Episode 1 #TheFamily. Besides, the writer employed a qualitative approach using Holmes’ (2006) theory on feminine interactional styles and masculine interactional styles.Moreover, the writer collected all utterances of Lucinta Luna in her interaction with the host and the participants. The analysis presented Lucinta utilized both feminine and masculine interactional styles, but she used more feminine interactional styles. Nonetheless, she did not use one feature of masculine interactional style at all, which is aggressive interruptions. She used more feminine language, which was related to her gender as a trans woman.
Strategies Used to Translate the Dialogue Texts and Narrations in Raider of the Copper Hill
Authors: Setiawan Agnes Bonita , Rini Julia Eka
Published: October 2024

Translators employ strategies as not every word has its direct equivalence in another language. This study aims to examine the strategies employed in the translation of dialogue texts and narrations found in Raider of the Copper Hill into Indonesian. Furthermore, the writer employs a qualitative approach using Baker’s (2018) strategies to examine each dialogue text and narration in the comic and see whether the strategies succeed in maintaining the meaning. Baker’s (2018) strategies the translator uses to translate the dialogue texts, namely: translation by a more general word, by a less expressive word, by cultural substitution, using a related word, by paraphrase using unrelated words, and by omission. To translate the narrations, the translator employs the same strategies except the less expressive word strategy. However, some tones and humor contained in the texts get altered.
Illocution and Perlocution Indicating Politeness and Impoliteness in The Ron Clark Story
Authors: Rolan Marvel Fransisko , Nugroho Aylanda Hidayati Dwi
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the speech acts that are present within Shameika’s polite and impolite utterances as responses to Mr. Clark in the movie “The Ron Clark Story”. It is aimed to understand how the compatibility between illocutionary act and intended perlocutionary effect can indicate the politeness degree in educational settings by students and teacher. This research addresses a gap in the relation between speech act and politeness degree within educational context, particularly focusing on Shameika as a student. The analysis is based on theories by Austin (1962), Short (1997), Brown and Levinson (1978), Culpeper (2011), and Brown and Prieto (2017). The findings reveal that there is a relation between speech act and politeness degree. The illocutionary act of Shameika’s impolite utterances that are directed toward Mr. Clark cannot fulfil Mr. Clark’s intended perlocutionary effect, even when she uses mock impoliteness when their relationship is already close. Meanwhile, the illocutionary act of Shameika’s polite utterances that are directed toward Mr. Clark can fulfil Mr. Clark’s intended perlocutionary effect, even if the polite utterance is not produced voluntarily by Shameika. The study concludes that one of the most effective ways for a student to produce polite utterances toward a teacher is by fulfilling the teacher’s intention.
Cognitive Domains in an English Teacher's Classroom Discourse at Petra Language Center
Authors: Kristina Herlin , Wijaya Henny Putri Saking
Published: October 2024

Asking questions in class can facilitate a smooth flow of discussion and encourage students’ active participation. Teachers help students to have a better understanding by giving questions related to the students’ cognitive domains. Therefore, this study aims to find the cognitive domains employed by an English teacher to primary students in the Children 3B English class atPetra Language Center. The theoretical framework is Anderson and Krathwohl's (2001) cognitive domains. Employing a qualitative approach, the writers transcribed and analyzed the teacher's WH questions in both English and Indonesian languages during three meetings before the final exams. The analysis showed that the teacher utilized two of six cognitive domains: remember and understand. The teacher primarily employed remember cognitive domain. In conclusion, significant factors influencing the outcomes include the learning objectives and the students' proficiency levels. Future research should expand to the Teenager class at Petra Language Center to examine the teacher's response to students' answers to the teacher’s questions.
Impact of Obesity and Adiposity on Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: George Michael D. , Giles Jon T. , Katz Patricia P. , England Bryant R. , Mikuls Ted R. , Michaud Kaleb , Ogdie‐Beatty Alexis R. , Ibrahim Said , Cannon Grant W. , Caplan Liron , Sauer Brian C. , Baker Joshua F.
Published: April 2017

Objective

The C‐reactive protein (CRP) level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are important disease activity biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to determine to what extent obesity biases these biomarkers.

Methods

Body mass index (BMI) associations withCRPlevel andESRwere assessed in 2RAcohorts: the cross‐sectional Body Composition (BC) cohort (n = 451), including whole‐body dual x‐ray absorptiometry measures of fat mass index; and the longitudinal Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) registry (n = 1,652), using multivariable models stratified by sex. For comparison, associations were evaluated in the general population using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Results

Among women withRAand in the general population, greaterBMIwas associated with greaterCRPlevels, especially among women with severe obesity (P< 0.001 forBMI≥35 kg/m2versus 20–25 kg/m2). This association remained after adjustment for joint counts and patient global health scores (P< 0.001 inBCandP< 0.01 inVARA), but was attenuated after adjustment for fat mass index (P= 0.17). Positive associations betweenBMIandESRin women were more modest. In men withRA, lowerBMIwas associated with higherCRPlevels andESR, contrasting with positive associations among men in the general population.

Conclusion

Obesity is associated with higherCRPlevels andESRin women withRA. This association is related to fat mass and notRAdisease activity. LowBMIis associated with higherCRPlevels in men withRA; this unexpected finding remains incompletely explained but likely is not a direct effect of adiposity.
Hollow Nanostars with Photothermal Gold Caps and Their Controlled Surface Functionalization for Complementary Therapies
Authors: Wang Ranran , Zhao Nana , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: April 2017

Gold nanoparticles exhibiting absorption in the desirable near‐infrared region are attractive candidates for photothermal therapy (PTT). Furthermore, the construction of one nanoplatform employing gold nanoparticles for complementary therapy is still a great challenge. Here, well‐defined unique hollow silica nanostars with encapsulated gold caps (starlike Au@SiO2) are readily synthesized using a sacrificial template method. Ethanolamine‐functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (denoted as BUCT‐PGEA) brushes are then grafted controllably from the surface of starlike Au@SiO2 nanoparticles via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization to produce starlike Au@SiO2‐PGEA. The photothermal effect of gold caps with a cross cavity can be utilized for PTT. The interior hollow feature of starlike Au@SiO2 nanoparticles endows them with excellent drug loading capability for chemotherapy, while the polycationic BUCT‐PGEA brushes on the surface provide good transfection performances for gene therapy, which will overcome the penetration depth limitation of PTT for tumor therapy. Compared with ordinary spherical Au@SiO2‐PGEA counterparts, the starlike Au@SiO2‐PGEA hybrids with sharp horns favor endocytosis, which can contribute to enhanced antitumor effectiveness. The rational integration of photothermal gold caps, hollow nanostars, and polycations through the facile strategy might offer a promising avenue for complementary cancer therapy.
Two‐Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Next‐Generation Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Mei Jun , Liao Ting , Kou Liangzhi , Sun Ziqi
Published: April 2017

The exponential increase in research focused on two‐dimensional (2D) metal oxides has offered an unprecedented opportunity for their use in energy conversion and storage devices, especially for promising next‐generation rechargeable batteries, such as lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs), as well as some post‐lithium batteries, including lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–air batteries, etc. The introduction of well‐designed 2D metal oxide nanomaterials into next‐generation rechargeable batteries has significantly enhanced the performance of these energy‐storage devices by providing higher chemically active interfaces, shortened ion‐diffusion lengths, and improved in‐plane carrier‐/charge‐transport kinetics, which have greatly promoted the development of nanotechnology and the practical application of rechargeable batteries. Here, the recent progress in the application of 2D metal oxide nanomaterials in a series of rechargeable LIBs, NIBs, and other post lithium‐ion batteries is reviewed relatively comprehensively. Current opportunities and future challenges for the application of 2D nanomaterials in energy‐storage devices to achieve high energy density, high power density, stable cyclability, etc. are summarized and outlined. It is believed that the integration of 2D metal oxide nanomaterials in these clean energy devices offers great opportunities to address challenges driven by increasing global energy demands.
Catalytic Generation of Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes under N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Activation and their Stereoselective Reaction with Alkylideneoxindoles
Authors: Prieto Liher , Sánchez‐Díez Eduardo , Uria Uxue , Reyes Efraím , Carrillo Luisa , Vicario Jose L.
Published: April 2017

Formylcyclopropanes undergo activation in the presence of an N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst generating a donor‐acceptor cyclopropane intermediate with the ability to undergo ring‐opening followed by formal [4+2] cycloaddition with alkylideneoxindoles. This enables the direct enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrano[2,3‐b]indoles through the use of a chiral NHC catalyst.

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Advances in Quantum‐Confined Perovskite Nanocrystals for Optoelectronics
Authors: Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Nickel Bert , Feldmann Jochen , Urban Alexander S.
Published: April 2017

Metal halide perovskites have emerged as a promising new class of layered semiconductor material for light‐emitting and photovoltaic applications owing to their outstanding optical and optoelectronic properties. In nanocrystalline form, these layered perovskites exhibit extremely high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and show quantum confinement effects analogous to conventional semiconductors when their dimensions are reduced to sizes comparable to their respective exciton Bohr radii. The reduction in size leads to strongly blueshifted photoluminescence and large exciton binding energies up to several hundreds of meV. This not only makes them interesting for optoelectronic devices, but also enables complex architectures based on cascaded energy transfer. Here, an overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art of quantum confinement effects in perovskite nanocrystals is provided, with a focus on synthetic strategies and resulting optical properties, characterization methods, and emerging applications.
Dynamic real‐time optimization with closed‐loop prediction
Authors: Jamaludin Mohammad Zamry , Swartz Christopher L. E.
Published: April 2017

Process plants are operating in an increasingly global and dynamic environment, motivating the development of dynamic real‐time optimization (DRTO) systems to account for transient behavior in the determination of economically optimal operating policies. This article considers optimization of closed‐loop response dynamics at the DRTO level in a two‐layer architecture, with constrained model predictive control (MPC) applied at the regulatory control level. A simultaneous solution approach is applied to the multilevel DRTO optimization problem, in which the convex MPC optimization subproblems are replaced by their necessary and sufficient Karush–Kuhn–Tucker optimality conditions, resulting in a single‐level mathematical program with complementarity constraints. The performance of the closed‐loop DRTO strategy is compared to that of the open‐loop prediction counterpart through a multi‐part case study that considers linear dynamic systems with different characteristics. The performance of the proposed strategy is further demonstrated through application to a nonlinear polymerization reactor grade transition problem. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3896–3911, 2017
Rhodium‐Catalyzed meta‐C−H Functionalization of Arenes
Authors: Bera Milan , Agasti Soumitra , Chowdhury Rajdip , Mondal Rahul , Pal Debasis , Maiti Debabrata
Published: April 2017

Rhodium‐catalyzed ortho‐C−H functionalization is well known in the literature. Described herein is the Xphos‐supported rhodium catalysis of meta‐C−H olefination of benzylsulfonic acid and phenyl acetic acid frameworks with the assistance of a para‐methoxy‐substituted cyano phenol as the directing group. Complete mono‐selectivity is observed for both scaffolds. A wide range of olefins and functional groups attached to arene are tolerated in this protocol.
Synthesis and characterization of a surface imprinting silica gel polymer functionalized with phosphonic acid groups for selective adsorption of Fe(III) from aqueous solution
Authors: He Hongxing , Gan Qiang , Feng Changgen
Published: April 2017

A Fe(III) ion‐imprinted silica gel polymer functionalized with phosphonic acid groups (IIP‐PA/SiO2) was prepared with surface imprinting technique by using Fe(III) ion as template ion, grafted silica gel as support, and vinylphosphonic acid as functional monomer. The polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and thermogravimetric analysis. The synthesized imprinted silica gel polymer was used as a sorbent for Fe(III) adsorption. The adsorption properties, such as the effect of solution pH, adsorption kinetic, adsorption isotherm, adsorption selectivity as well as the regeneration of sorbent were studied. The results showd that the prepared sorbent (IIP‐PA/SiO2) had a short adsorption equilibrium time (12 min) and high adsorption capacity (29.92 mg g−1) for Fe(III) at the optimal pH of 2.0. The selectivity coefficients of the sorbent for Fe(III) in presence of Cr(III), Mn(II), and Zn(II) were 51.76, 27.86, and 207. 76, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of the prepared sorbent did not decrease significantly after six repeated use. Thus, the prepared ion‐imprinted silica gel polymer was a promising candidate sorbent for the selective adsorption of Fe(III) from aqueous solutions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45165.
Copper(I)‐Mediated Denitrogenative Macrocyclization for the Synthesis of Cyclic α3β‐Tetrapeptide Analogues
Authors: Chen Chun‐Chi , Wang Sheng‐Fu , Su Yung‐Yu , Lin Yuya A. , Lin Po‐Chiao
Published: April 2017

A copper(I)‐mediated denitrogenative reaction has been successfully developed for the preparation of cyclic tetrapeptides. The key reactive intermediate, ketenimine, triggers intramolecular cyclization through attack of the terminal amine group to generate an internal β‐amino acid with an amidine linkage. The chemistry developed herein provides a new synthetic route for the preparation of cyclic α3β‐tetrapeptide analogues that contain important biological properties and results in rich structural information being obtained for conformational studies. With the success of this copper(I)‐catalyzed macrocyclization, two histone deacetylase inhibitor analogues consisting of the cyclic α3β‐tetrapeptide framework have been successfully synthesized.
Risk management consideration in the bioeconomy
Authors: de Assis Camilla Abbati , Gonzalez Ronalds , Kelley Stephen , Jameel Hasan , Bilek Ted , Daystar Jesse , Handfield Robert , Golden Jay , Prestemon Jeff , Singh Damien
Published: April 2017

In investing in a new venture, companies aim to increase their competitiveness and generate value in scenarios where volatile markets, geopolitical instabilities, and disruptive technologies create uncertainty and risk. The biobased industry poses additional challenges as it competes in a mature, highly efficient market, dominated by petroleum‐based companies, and faces significant feedstock availability and variability constraints, limited technological data, and uncertain market conditions for newly developed products. Thus, decision‐making strategies and processes for these investment projects must consider solid risk estimation and mitigation measures. Focusing on the biobased industrial sector, this paper critically reviews state‐of‐the‐art probabilistic and deterministic methodologies for assessing financial risk; discusses how a complete risk analysis should be performed; and addresses risk management, listing major risks and possible mitigation strategies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Upgrading Laccase Production and Biochemical Properties: Strategies and Challenges
Authors: Bertrand Brandt , Martínez‐Morales Fernando , Trejo‐Hernández María R.
Published: April 2017

Improving laccases continues to be crucial in novel biotechnological developments and industrial applications, where they are concerned. This review breaks down and explores the potential of the strategies (conventional and modern) that can be used for laccase enhancement (increased production and upgraded biochemical properties such as stability and catalytic efficiency). The challenges faced with these approaches are briefly discussed. We also shed light on how these strategies merge and give rise to new options and advances in this field of work. Additionally, this article seeks to serve as a guide for students and academic researchers interested in laccases. This document not only gives basic information on laccases, but also provides updated information on the state of the art of various technologies that are used in this line of investigation. It also gives the readers an idea of the areas extensively studied and the areas where there is still much left to be done. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1015–1034, 2017
A Techno‐Economic Analysis of Chemical Processing with Ionizing Radiation
Authors: McConnaughy Thomas B. , Shaner Matthew R. , McFarland Eric W.
Published: April 2017

Photons and electrons with energies above the ionization potential of most atoms can be used to facilitate chemical reactions not otherwise possible thermochemically or under more preferable process conditions. An analysis and comparison of the economics of using sources of ultraviolet photons, high‐energy electrons, γ‐rays, and X‐rays in a chemical conversion process is presented. In many processes where the penetration depth is sufficient, the overall production costs for equivalent products are lowest for electron‐beam based systems followed, in order, by ultraviolet, gamma rays from 60Co, and X‐ray sources. In process applications where large volume, high pressure, chemical reactors are required, gamma radiation has potential design advantages provided commercial gamma sources of lower cost than 60Co become available.
Offshore Floating Packed‐Bed Reactors: Key Challenges and Potential Solutions
Authors: Motamed Dashliborun Amir , Larachi Faïçal , Schubert Markus
Published: April 2017

The influence of floating vessel motions on the hydrodynamic behavior of multiphase flows in porous media was studied using a hexapod ship motion emulator with an embarked packed column. The response of gas‐liquid distribution, pressure drop, liquid saturation, and flow regime transition to column inclinations and roll motions was compared to those of the corresponding static vertical and inclined configurations. Two‐phase flow patterns in terms of local liquid saturation distribution were visualized online by means of a capacitance wire‐mesh sensor positioned firmly on the floating packed bed. The hydrodynamic performance of packed beds under roll motion deviates strongly from that of the static beds, indicating that the known characteristics of the conventional land‐based trickle‐bed reactors cannot be transposed on a one‐to‐one basis for design and scale‐up of the floating reactor configurations.
A Contribution to the Solution Thermodynamics of Chiral Lactide
Authors: Buchholz Hannes , Seidel-Morgenstern Andreas , Lorenz Heike
Published: April 2017

Solubilities and solution enthalpies of enantiopure L‐lactide and the racemic molecular compound DL‐lactide are examined. Different experimental methods are used to isolate and specify relevant thermodynamic contributions of the solution enthalpy. Thus, measurements of the dissolution process have been carried out by means of solution calorimetry. Additionally, solubilities of both chiral species have been measured at different temperatures to derive the van't Hoff enthalpy of solution from their temperature dependency and the enthalpy of solution at saturation concentration from the experimental Gibbs free energy of solution. The solution thermodynamic quantities are compared to the respective enthalpies of melting to isolate excess enthalpies, which incorporate different parts of the solution nonidealities. The solution nonidealities for the enantiomer and racemic compound in toluene incorporate solute‐solute interactions that depend on the concentration of the solute. A trend is identified that shows the absolute and relative solid‐liquid phase transition enthalpies from the melt to the saturated solution and their dependency on temperature.
Detection of Picric Acid by Terpy‐Based Metallo‐Supramolecular Fluorescent Coordination Polymers in Aqueous Media
Authors: Ding Zhongyu , Li Hongqing , Gao Wanqing , Zhang Yiquan , Liu Chunhua , Zhu Yuanyuan
Published: April 2017

The synthesis of two linear terpy‐based metallo‐supramolecular fluorescent coordination polymers through 1∶1 complexation of Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions with ditopic terpyridine ligand was reported. The dispersibility of P1 and P2 was significantly improved in organic solvent and water through the introduction of hydrophilic oligo‐ethyoxy side chain. Two polymers displayed yellow light emission both in solution and the solid state due to the intra‐ligand charge transfer (ILCT) between the d10 metal ions and the conjugated spacer unit. These coordination polymers were explored as fluorescent chemosensors for detecting picric acid in aqueous media, displaying high sensitivity and good selectivity. In addition, test strips were prepared from these polymers and exhibited the practical potential of detecting the NACs pollutants in the outdoor water for public safety and security.
Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of Trifluoromethyl KetoneN‐Tosylhydrazones, Alkynes and Azides: Synthesis of Difluoromethylene Substituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Zhang Zhikun , Zhou Qi , Yu Weizhi , Li Tianjiao , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: April 2017

A CuI‐catalyzed three‐component coupling of trifluoromethyl ketone N‐tosylhydrazones, alkynes and azides has been developed. The reactionrepresents a straightforward method to access difluoromethylene substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles. Mechanistically, it has been proposed that the reaction follows a pathway involving the formation of Cu(I)triazolide intermediate, Cu(I) carbene formation, migratory insertion, and β‐fluoride elimination. Thetransformation is featured by mild conditions, wide substrate scope and high efficiency.
Construction of Vesicles, Micro/Nanorods and Ultralong Nanotubes through the Self‐Assembly of Non‐Classical Amphiphiles with Rigid Conformation
Authors: Lin Feng , Liang Rongran , Qi Qiaoyan , Zhan Tianguang , Li Zhanting , Zhao Xin
Published: April 2017

Amphiphilic molecules have long been regarded as an important class of supramolecular building blocks for the fabrication of nanomaterials. While most previous researches have mainly focused on amphiphlies with flexible structures, in this work, four novel amphiphiles possessing wholly‐rigid skeletons have been designed and synthesized. These molecules were built by using 4,4’‐bipyridin‐1‐ium or viologen as hydrophilic moieties and phenyl or biphenyl as hydrophobic segments, bridged by a pyridazine unit. Their self‐assembly behavior has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which revealed they could self‐assemble into well‐ordered nanoarchitectures with various morphologies such as vesicles, micro/nanorods and nanotubes in water or methanol, depending on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic fraction ratios.
A New Thioimide‐Based Fluorescent ‘Turn‐On’ and Chromogenic Chemodosimeter in Acetonitrile and Its Nanoparticles in Water for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Hg2+
Authors: Mou Yong , Lu Haiyan , Li Meng , Chen Chuanfeng
Published: April 2017

A new thioimide‐based fluorescent ‘turn‐on’ and chromogenic chemodosimeter for highly selective and sensitive detection of Hg2+ has been developed. The chemodosimeter showed not only marked color change of the solution from dark green to colorless upon the addition of Hg2+ ion, but also 100‐fold enhancement of the fluorescent intensity in aqueous acetonitrile. The detection mechanism resulted from the Hg2+ induced desulfurization of the thioimide to its imide precursor. When the chemodosimeter was assembled into nanoparticles, it could also exhibit remarkably dual response of color change, fluorescence enhancement, and highly selective and sensitive detection of Hg2+.
Improved Stereoselective Syntheses of (+)‐Valiolamine and (+)‐Valienamine Starting from (–)‐Shikimic Acid
Authors: Li Fenglei , Ding Wei , Quan Na , Wu Jiajia , He Yungang , Zhu Xingliang , Shi Xiaoxin , Zhao Jianhong
Published: April 2017

Improved stereoselective syntheses of the target compounds (+)‐valiolamine 1 and (+)‐valienamine 2 starting from naturally abundant (–)‐shikimic acid are described. A common key intermediate compound 7 was first synthesized from (–)‐shikimic acid in 9 steps. The compound 7 was then converted to (+)‐valiolamine 1 in 3 steps, and was also converted to (+)‐valienamine 2 in 4 steps. In summary, (+)‐valiolamine 1 and (+)‐valienamine 2 were synthesized from (–)‐shikimic acid in 12 (or 13) steps in 40% and 39% overall yields, respectively. The present syntheses are more practical and might be important for the potential industrial preparations of pharmaceutically valuable (+)‐valiolamine 1 and (+)‐valienamine 2.
Systems Genetic Analysis in GeneNetwork.org
Authors: Parker Clarissa C. , Dickson Price E. , Philip Vivek M. , Thomas Mary , Chesler Elissa J.
Published: April 2017

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as a powerful tool to identify alleles and molecular pathways that influence susceptibility to psychiatric disorders and other diseases. Forward genetics using mouse mapping populations allows for a complementary approach that provides rigorous genetic and environmental control. In this unit, we describe techniques and tools that reduce the technical burden traditionally associated with genetic mapping in mice and enhance their translational utility to human psychiatric disorders. We provide guidance on choosing the appropriate mapping population, discuss the importance of phenotype, and offer detailed instructions on using the Web‐based resource GeneNetwork to aid neuroscientists in better understanding the mechanisms through which genes influence behavior. We believe that the continued development of mouse mapping populations, genetic tools, bioinformatics resources, and statistical methodologies should remain a parallel strategy by which to investigate the genetic and environmental underpinnings of psychiatric disorders and other diseases in humans. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developing an Environmentally Sustainable Business Plan: An International B2B Case Study
Authors: Gabler Colin B. , Panagopoulos Nikolaos , Vlachos Pavlos A. , Rapp Adam
Published: April 2017

Business may be in the best position to address the world's environmental problems. However, firms are still struggling with the how and when of their sustainability strategies. The goal of this case study is to uncover bridges and barriers to incorporating environmental issues into business strategy. We collect semi‐structured depth interviews with upper level executives at a global, B2B manufacturing firm. Analysis reveals six elements of an environmentally sustainable business plan: (1) unify the organizational vision, (2) create visible leadership, (3) address multiple stakeholders, (4) focus on innovation, (5) communicate the message, and (6) implement the strategy. We nest these components under the normative, strategic, and operational management framework of corporate sustainability, and then present future research directions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Lignin Hydrogenolysis: Improving Lignin Disassembly through Formaldehyde Stabilization
Authors: Kärkäs Markus D.
Published: April 2017

Lignocellulosic biomass is available in large quantities and constitutes an attractive feedstock for the sustainable production of bulk and fine chemicals. Although methods have been established for the conversion of its cellulosic fractions, valorization of lignin has proven to be challenging. The difficulty in disassembling lignin originates from its heterogeneous structure and its propensity to undergo skeletal rearrangements and condensation reactions during biorefinery fractionation or biomass pretreatment processes. A strategy for hindering the generation of these resistive interunit linkages during biomass pretreatment has now been devised using formaldehyde as a stabilizing agent. The developed method when combined with Ru/C‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis allows for efficient disassembly of all three biomass fractions: (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and suggests that lignin upgrading can be integrated into prevailing biorefinery schemes.
The Experience of Ethical Dilemmas, Burnout, and Stress Among Practicing Counselors
Authors: Mullen Patrick R. , Morris Carson , Lord Mary
Published: April 2017

The authors reported findings from a correlational investigation examining the relationship between counselors' (N = 140) experiences with ethical dilemmas and their reported levels of burnout and stress. Using structural equation modeling, the authors identified that a higher rate of encountering ethical dilemmas related to an increased level of counselor burnout and stress among the participants. However, higher rates of reflecting on the ethical dilemmas did not have a relationship with participants' burnout and stress. The authors present implications of these findings for counselors, along with future research directions.
Sex‐dependent infection causes nonadditive effects on kissing bug fecundity
Authors: Botto‐Mahan Carezza , Campos Verónica , Medel Rodrigo
Published: April 2017

The influence of parasites on host reproduction has been widely studied in natural and experimental conditions. Most studies, however, have evaluated the parasite impact on female hosts only, neglecting the contribution of males for host reproduction. This omission is unfortunate as sex‐dependent infection may have important implications for host–parasite associations. Here, we evaluate for the first time the independent and nonindependent effects of gender infection on host reproductive success using the kissing bug Mepraia spinolai and the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi as model system. We set up four crossing treatments including the following: (1) both genders infected, (2) both genders uninfected, (3) males infected—females uninfected, and (4) males uninfected—females infected, using fecundity measures as response variables. Interactive effects of infection between sexes were prevalent. Uninfected females produced more and heavier eggs when crossed with uninfected than infected males. Uninfected males, in turn, sired more eggs and nymphs when crossed with uninfected than infected females. Unexpectedly, infected males sired more nymphs when crossed with infected than uninfected females. These results can be explained by the effect of parasitism on host body size. As infection reduced size in both genders, infection on one sex only creates body size mismatches and mating constraints that are not present in pairs with the same infection status. Our results indicate the fitness impact of parasitism was contingent on the infection status of genders and mediated by body size. As the fecundity impact of parasitism cannot be estimated independently for each gender, inferences based only on female host infection run the risk of providing biased estimates of parasite‐mediated impact on host reproduction.
Elevational range shifts in four mountain ungulate species from the Swiss Alps
Authors: Büntgen Ulf , Greuter Lucie , Bollmann Kurt , Jenny Hannes , Liebhold Andrew , Galván J. Diego , Stenseth Nils C. , Andrew Carrie , Mysterud Atle
Published: April 2017

Warming‐induced range shifts along elevational and latitudinal gradients have been observed in several species from various taxa. The mobility and behavioral plasticity of large endothermic mammals, however, complicate the detection of climatic effects on their spatial distributions. Here, we analyzed 230,565 hunting locations of the four most abundant ungulate species in the European Alps: ibex, chamois, red deer, and roe deer. Year‐to‐year and inter‐decadal range shifts toward higher elevations in Switzerland coincided with warmer, snow‐free, and thus more favorable autumn conditions in the same area. The average harvest elevation of ibex, chamois, and red deer significantly increased between 1991 and 2013. Although this trend is anticipated to continue, behavioral plasticity may allow the Alpine ibex and other mountain ungulates to buffer some of the associated consequences of climate change. Our results demonstrate the utility of well‐replicated hunting archives to supplement shorter but more precise monitoring data. This study also provides independent evidence of animal range shifts in response to environmental change at interannual and multi‐decadal time‐scales.
Using decision analysis to support proactive management of emerging infectious wildlife diseases
Authors: Grant Evan H Campbell , Muths Erin , Katz Rachel A , Canessa Stefano , Adams Michael J , Ballard Jennifer R , Berger Lee , Briggs Cheryl J , Coleman Jeremy TH , Gray Matthew J , Harris M Camille , Harris Reid N , Hossack Blake , Huyvaert Kathryn P , Kolby Jonathan , Lips Karen R , Lovich Robert E , McCallum Hamish I , Mendelson Joseph R , Nanjappa Priya , Olson Deanna H , Powers Jenny G , Richgels Katherine LD , Russell Robin E , Schmidt Benedikt R , Spitzen‐van der Sluijs Annemarieke , Watry Mary Kay , Woodhams Douglas C , White C LeAnn
Published: April 2017

Despite calls for improved responses to emerging infectious diseases in wildlife, management is seldom considered until a disease has been detected in affected populations. Reactive approaches may limit the potential for control and increase total response costs. An alternative, proactive management framework can identify immediate actions that reduce future impacts even before a disease is detected, and plan subsequent actions that are conditional on disease emergence. We identify four main obstacles to developing proactive management strategies for the newly discovered salamander pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Given that uncertainty is a hallmark of wildlife disease management and that associated decisions are often complicated by multiple competing objectives, we advocate using decision analysis to create and evaluate trade‐offs between proactive (pre‐emergence) and reactive (post‐emergence) management options. Policy makers and natural resource agency personnel can apply principles from decision analysis to improve strategies for countering emerging infectious diseases.
A novel role for CRTC2 in hepatic cholesterol synthesis through SREBP‐2
Authors: Li Yujie , Song Yongfeng , Zhao Meng , Guo Yanjing , Yu Chunxiao , Chen Wenbin , Shao Shanshan , Xu Chao , Zhou Xinli , Zhao Lifang , Zhang Zhenhai , Bo Tao , Xia Yu , Proud Christopher G. , Wang Xuemin , Wang Li , Zhao Jiajun , Gao Ling
Published: April 2017

Cholesterol synthesis is regulated by the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP‐2) and its target gene 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), which is the rate‐limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate–responsive element (CRE) binding protein–regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC) 2 is the master regulator of glucose metabolism. However, the effect of CRTC2 on cholesterol and its potential molecular mechanism remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that CRTC2 expression and liver cholesterol content were increased in patients with high serum cholesterol levels who underwent resection of liver hemangiomas, as well as in mice fed a 4% cholesterol diet. Mice with adenovirus‐mediated CRTC2 overexpression also showed elevated lipid levels in both serum and liver tissues. Intriguingly, hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis was markedly increased under these conditions. In contrast, CRTC2 ablation in mice fed a 4% cholesterol diet (18 weeks) showed decreased lipid levels in serum and liver tissues compared with those in littermate wild‐type mice. The expression of lipogenic genes (SREBP‐2 and HMGCR) was consistent with hepatic CRTC2 levels. In vivo imaging showed enhanced adenovirus‐mediated HMGCR‐luciferase activity in adenovirus‐mediated CRTC2 mouse livers; however, the activity was attenuated after mutation of CRE or sterol regulatory element sequences in the HMGCR reporter construct. The effect of CRTC2 on HMGCR in mouse livers was alleviated upon SREBP‐2 knockdown. CRTC2 modulated SREBP‐2 transcription by CRE binding protein, which recognizes the half‐site CRE sequence in the SREBP‐2 promoter. CRTC2 reduced the nuclear protein expression of forkhead box O1 and subsequently increased SREBP‐2 transcription by binding insulin response element 1, rather than insulin response element 2, in the SREBP‐2 promoter. Conclusion: CRTC2 regulates the transcription of SREBP‐2 by interfering with the recognition of insulin response element 1 in the SREBP‐2 promoter by forkhead box O1, thus inducing SREBP‐2/HMGCR signaling and subsequently facilitating hepatic cholesterol synthesis. (Hepatology 2017;66:481–497).
Site‐specific gene expression analysis of implant‐near cells in a soft tissue infection model — Application of laser microdissection to study biomaterial‐associated infection
Authors: Svensson Sara , Trobos Margarita , Omar Omar , Thomsen Peter
Published: April 2017

Analysis of the implant–tissue interface is important for an understanding of the cellular response to biomaterials with different surface characteristics. However, inaccessibility to the site has restricted the detailed evaluation of the tissue surrounding the implant. Laser microdissection enables the isolation of specific cells and tissues for subsequent DNA, RNA, or protein analysis. The present experimental study employed laser microdissection to analyze tissue‐specific differences in gene expression in cells around infected or control titanium implants 72 h after subcutaneous implantation in a rat model. Three different tissue zones located 0–800 μm away from the implant–tissue interface were analyzed. Implant sites challenged with a dose of 106 CFU Staphylococcus epidermidis demonstrated higher gene expression of selected markers for inflammation (TNF‐α, IL‐6), cell recruitment (MCP‐1, IL‐8, IL‐8 R), infection (TLR2), and tissue remodeling (MMP‐9) compared with control implants. Furthermore, the gene expression analysis of the three extracted tissue zones revealed marked spatial differences, depending on the distance to the implant. Control implants continuously induced higher cell gene expression in the implant–tissue interface compared with cells 200–800 μm away from the implant, whereas the sites inoculated with S. epidermidis resulted in high gene expression further away from the implant as well. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that laser microdissection is an interesting tool, revealing both gene‐ and site‐specific gene expression patterns in the implant–tissue interface. The technique provides an opportunity for detailed molecular dissection of the biological events related to the implant but occurring at different distances from the implant. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2210–2217, 2017.
Epigenome-wide Association of DNA Methylation in Whole Blood With Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Morris John A , Tsai Pei-Chien , Joehanes Roby , Zheng Jie , Trajanoska Katerina , Soerensen Mette , Forgetta Vincenzo , Castillo-Fernandez Juan Edgar , Frost Morten , Spector Tim D , Christensen Kaare , Christiansen Lene , Rivadeneira Fernando , Tobias Jonathan H , Evans David M , Kiel Douglas P , Hsu Yi-Hsiang , Richards J Brent , Bell Jordana T
Published: April 2017

Genetic and environmental determinants of skeletal phenotypes such as bone mineral density (BMD) may converge through the epigenome, providing a tool to better understand osteoporosis pathophysiology. Because the epigenetics of BMD have been largely unexplored in humans, we performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of BMD. We undertook a large-scale BMD EWAS using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 array to measure site-specific DNA methylation in up to 5515 European-descent individuals (NDiscovery = 4614, NValidation = 901). We associated methylation at multiple cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD. We performed sex-combined and stratified analyses, controlling for age, weight, smoking status, estimated white blood cell proportions, and random effects for relatedness and batch effects. A 5% false-discovery rate was used to identify CpGs associated with BMD. We identified one CpG site, cg23196985, significantly associated with femoral neck BMD in 3232 females (p = 7.9 × 10−11) and 4614 females and males (p = 3.0 × 10−8). cg23196985 was not associated with femoral neck BMD in an additional sample of 474 females (p = 0.64) and 901 males and females (p = 0.60). Lack of strong consistent association signal indicates that among the tested probes, no large-effect epigenetic changes in whole blood associated with BMD, suggesting future epigenomic studies of musculoskeletal traits measure DNA methylation in a different tissue with extended genome coverage. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
SirT3 and p53 Deacetylation in Aging and Cancer
Authors: Chen Jijun , Wang Aiqin , Chen Qingqi
Published: April 2017

The mammalian Sirtuins are a family of highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)‐dependent histone deacetylase. The mammalian Sirtuins family has identified seven different types of sirtuin. Sirtuins 3(SirT3) is localized to mitochondria, and is a multiple functional protein deacylase through deacetylating a variety of substrates. Cellular senescence represents a permanent withdraw from cell cycle in response to diverse stress; it is controlled by the p53 and retinoblastoma protein (RB) tumor suppressors, and constitutes a potent anticancer mechanisms. p53 can be deacetylated by a protein complex containing histone deacetylases (HDAC1). There is possibility that SirT3 may also deacetylate p53. We introduce the recent research on the SirT3‐p53 interplay directly and indirectly, and discuss the significance of p53 deacetylation by SirT3 in the aging and cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2308–2311, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population‐Based Pharmacokinetic and Exposure‐Efficacy Analyses of Peginterferon Beta‐1a in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hu Xiao , Hang Yaming , Cui Yue , Zhang Jie , Liu Shifang , Seddighzadeh Ali , Deykin Aaron , Nestorov Ivan
Published: April 2017

Peginterferon beta‐1a reduced annualized relapse rate as compared with placebo and was approved to treat multiple sclerosis patients. A population pharmacokinetic and an exposure‐efficacy model were developed to establish the quantitative relationship between pharmacokinetics and annualized relapse rate. The pharmacokinetics was well described by a 1‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and linear elimination kinetics. Body mass index was the most significant covariate that impacted both clearance and volume of distribution, which in turn impacted area under the curve and maximum serum concentration. Cumulative monthly area under the curve and annualized relapse rate were best described by a Poisson‐gamma (negative binomial) model, demonstrating that the improved efficacy of every‐2‐weeks dosing was driven by greater drug exposure. The results supported the superior efficacy of the every‐2‐week dosing regimen compared with the every‐4‐weeks dosing regimen.
The Interpersonal Risk Awareness Survey: Understanding the Risk of Self‐Disclosure
Authors: SHEPERIS DONNA S. , SHEPERIS CARL J. , DAVIS RANDY J. , MOHR DARRELL
Published: April 2017

The authors investigated perceptions of comfort related to self‐disclosure through an instrument development process. The Interpersonal Risk Awareness Survey was developed using classical and modern test theory. Results of the study support its use for facilitating the therapeutic relationship and helping beginning humanistic counselors pursue therapeutic goal attainment.