bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Performance of Searchable Symmetric Encryption Through New Information Retrieval Scheme
Authors: Alyousif Aya , Yassin Ali
Published: October 2023

Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) is a robust cryptographic method that allows users to store and retrieve encrypted data on a remote server, such as a cloud server, while maintaining the privacy of the user's data. The technique employs symmetric encryption, which utilizes a single secret key for both data encryption and decryption. However, extensive research in this field has revealed that SSE encounters performance issues when dealing with large databases. Upon further investigation, it has become apparent that the issue is due to poor locality, necessitating that the cloud server access multiple memory locations for a single query. Additionally, prior endeavors in this domain centered on locality optimization have often led to expanded storage requirements (the stored encrypted index should not be substantially larger than the original index) or diminished data retrieval efficiency (only required data should be retrieved). We present a simple, secure, searchable, and cost-effective scheme, which addresses the aforementioned problems while achieving a significant improvement in information retrieval performance through site optimization by changing the encrypted inverted index storage mechanism. The proposed scheme has the optimal locality O(1) and the best read efficiency O(1) with no significant negative impact on the storage space, which often increases due to the improvement of the locality. Using real-world data, we demonstrate that our scheme is secure, practical, and highly accurate. Furthermore, our proposed work can resist well-known attacks such as keyword guessing attacks and frequency analysis attacks.
The Investigation of Thermoacoustic Methods for Nanofluid Stability on Heat Exchanger
Authors: Astuti  , Sri Poernomo Sari  , Kaprawi Sahim  , Ario Geraldi  , Barlin Oemar
Published: October 2023

Due to various engineering applications, nanofluids have gained much attention in the last decade. A Nanofluid is a nanometer-sized particle such as metal, oxide, carbide, etc., dispersed into a base heat transfer fluid. The heat exchanger is a device to transfer heat between fluids. Heat exchanger plays a very important role in modern industry. The new innovative fluid called nanofluid is introduced to improve the overall heat transfer and heat transfer rate. Thermoacoustic is a system which uses sound waves and a non-flammable mixture of inert gases to generate an effect. This paper investigates the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient of a nanofluid containing alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle with a volume fraction of 0.4% and sonification at 100 Hz, 500 Hz and 1000 Hz. The addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles will affect the characteristics of the nanofluids, which affect the values of density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and dynamic viscosity. And the addition of the thermoacoustic method with the sonification of acoustic waves can stabilise the effect of Brownian motion in the nanofluid flow. The maximum results are obtained using acoustic waves at 1000 Hz at high temperatures.
Thermo-hydrodynamic Analysis of Multistep Journal Bearing using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Muchammad Muchammad  , Mohammad Tauviqirrahman  , Dhia Danu  , Budi Setiyana  , J. Jamari
Published: October 2023

Journal bearing is a machine element that is used to maintain the continuous rotation of the shaft on its axis. The rising demand for efficient and economical journal bearing applications has resulted in increased demand for high-speed machines. An increase in engine speed raises the distribution of pressure, temperature, and vapor volume fraction. Most of the research still only focuses on increasing pressure distribution and load-carrying capacity. However, the value of friction force, temperature distribution, and vapor volume fraction must also be considered such that the lubrication of the journal bearing is close to the real situation. Therefore, the research was conducted by varying the geometry modelling through multistep textures using viscous boundaries and thermo-hydrodynamic lubrication. Owing to the high load and speed usage on multistep journal bearings, research on the effect of eccentricity ratio and inlet and outlet temperatures on the tribological performance of multistep journal bearings was conducted. The analysis has been performed using a multistep journal bearing modelling 3D computational fluid dynamics considering the effect of cavitation on temperature. The results of this study indicate that the use of multistep textures on journal bearings can reduce friction force, temperature, and vapor volume fraction. The variation of the eccentricity ratio shows that a high eccentricity ratio leads to a high three parameters (i.e., friction force, temperature, and vapor volume fraction). Finally, for variations of inlet and outlet temperatures, such parameters are high when the inlet and outlet temperatures are high.
Jandarma Bölgesinde Gerçekleşen Trafik Kazalarının Veri Madenciliği Yöntemiyle Analizi
Authors: Öncü Ahmet Eymen , Önder Murat
Published: October 2023

Dünyanın artan nüfusuna paralel olarak yolcu ve yük taşımacılığı ihtiyacı da artmaktadır. Ulaşım taleplerinin artması mevcut yol ağlarının genişlemesine ve ulaşım türlerinin artmasına neden olmuştur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü verilerine göre dünyada her yıl bir milyondan fazla kişi trafik kazası sonucu hayatını kaybetmektedir. Trafik güvenliği Jandarma ve Polis teşkilatlarının trafik birimleriyle sağlanmaktadır. Şehir içi trafik hizmetlerinden polis, şehir dışı trafik hizmetlerinden jandarma trafik ekipleri sorumludur. Jandarma teşkilatının taşrada görev yapması ve trafik akışının il merkezine göre değişiklik göstermesi nedeniyle kaza oluş nedenleri de farklılık gösterecektir. Jandarma trafik sorumluluk bölgesinde 2015-2019 yılları arasında meydana gelen ölümlü ve yaralanmalı trafik kazaları veri madenciliği yöntemlerinden olan birliktelik kuralları ile analiz edilmiştir. Birliktelik kuralları, kaza analizlerinde de hangi değişkenlerin bir araya geldiğinde kazanın oluştuğunu tespit etmekte kullanılmıştır. Birliktelik kuralları oluşturmak için literatürde kaza analizlerinde başarılı sonuçlar veren Apriori algoritması kullanılmıştır. Apriori algoritması kullanılarak hangi durumlarda kazaların daha sık olduğunu ortaya çıkarmak maksadıyla kurallar oluşturulmuştur. Kazalara karışan sürücüler incelendiğinde 25-50 yaş aralığında erkek otomobil kullanıcısı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Mind the Gap
Authors: Linett Maren
Published: October 2023

The article argues that eugenics was motivated, in part, by human exceptionalism. It first explores the ways in which eugenics understood nonwhite race, disability, and animality as forces capable of exerting a drag on the forward thrust of eugenic progress. Next, it traces the incoherent discourse about animality within eugenics, demonstrating that while eugenic breeding—eugenic methods—relied on human animality, the fundamental goal of eugenics was to improve human beings by distancing us from that animality. The final part of the article explores the imbrication of animality, race, and disability in Aldous Huxley’s 1948 novelApe and Essence, arguing that the novel is a dysgenic vision that substantiates the eugenic call to increase the evolutionary distance between human beings and other animals, to cement human domination—conceived of as white human domination—of the planet.
Measuring the Soft Excess Region Size Relative to the Corona in Active Galactic Nuclei with NICER
Authors: Zoghbi A. , Miller J. M.
Published: October 2023

The soft excess is a significant emission component in the soft (<1 keV) X-ray spectra of many active galactic nuclei (AGN). It has been explained by disk reflection, a warm corona, and other models. Understanding its origin is crucial for the energy budget of AGN emission, and for using it to study the inner accretion disk. Here, we track the weeks-to-months variability of several AGN that show different levels of soft excess strength with NICER. We use the variability timescales to compare the relative size of the soft excess emission region to the corona producing the hard X-ray emission above 1 keV. We find that the size of the soft excess emission region relative to the corona is not the same for the three sources studied. For TON S180, the soft excess region is comparable in size to the hard corona. While for MRK 335 and 1H0707-495, the soft excess region is larger than the corona by a factor of 2–4. This is the first time the relative sizes are quantified independently of the assumptions of the spectral models.
Black Hole Formation Accompanied by the Supernova Explosion of a 40 M
⊙ Progenitor Star
Authors: Burrows Adam , Vartanyan David , Wang Tianshu
Published: October 2023

We have simulated the collapse and evolution of the core of a solar-metallicity 40 M
⊙ star and find that it explodes vigorously by the neutrino mechanism, despite its very high “compactness.” Within ∼1.5 s of explosion, a black hole forms. The explosion is very asymmetrical and has a total explosion energy of ∼1.6 × 1051 erg. At black hole formation, its baryon mass is ∼2.434 M
⊙ and gravitational mass is 2.286 M
⊙. Seven seconds after black hole formation, an additional ∼0.2 M
⊙ is accreted, leaving a black hole baryon mass of ∼2.63 M
⊙. A disk forms around the proto−neutron star, from which a pair of neutrino-driven jets emanates. These jets accelerate some of the matter up to speeds of ∼45,000 km s−1 and contain matter with entropies of ∼50. The large spatial asymmetry in the explosion results in a residual black hole recoil speed of ∼1000 km s−1. This novel black hole formation channel now joins the other black hole formation channel between ∼12 and ∼15 M
⊙ discovered previously and implies that the black hole/neutron star birth ratio for solar-metallicity stars could be ∼20%. However, one channel leaves black holes in perhaps the ∼5–15 M
⊙ range with low kick speeds, while the other leaves black holes in perhaps the ∼2.5–3.0 M
⊙ mass range with high kick speeds. However, even ∼8.8 s after core bounce the newly formed black hole is still accreting at a rate of ∼2 × 10−2
M
⊙ s−1, and whether the black hole eventually achieves a significantly larger mass over time is yet to be determined.
Effect of pre-orthodontic trainer treatment on the masticatory and perioral muscles in patients with class II subdivision 1 malocclusion evaluated by surface EMG
Authors: Bogdanov Vladimir , Dinkova Miroslava , Tsakova Diana
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Myofunctional appliances have been shown to have a positive effect on the muscles in the facial area. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is one of the reliable methods used to investigate these effects.

Aim: The aim of this follow-up study is to evaluate the effect of a myofunctional appliance T4K on the perioral and masticatory muscles in patients with class II subdivision 1 malocclusion by sEMG.

Materials and methods: Sixteen children were treated with a Trainer appliance (T4K) for 9 months. The appliance should be worn every day for 1 hour and overnight. The EMG recordings were performed at the beginning and at the end of the Trainer therapy. The anterior temporal and masseter muscles were examined during maximal clenching. The orbicularis oris and mentalis muscles were examined during swallowing and sucking. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.0.

Results: The EMG values of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles during clenching increased significantly as a result of the treatment (p<0.05). At the end of the observation period, the EMG values of the mentalis muscle did not change during both sucking and swallowing (p>0.05), while the values of the orbicularis oris muscle increased significantly during sucking and swallowing (p<0.05).

Conclusions: As a result of the treatment with Trainer appliance, the EMG activity of the perioral and masticatory muscle significantly increased, while no change was observed in the electrical activity of the mentalis muscle.
Solvability of a fluid-structure interaction problem with semigroup theory
Authors: Krier Maxime , Orlik Julia
Published: October 2023

Continuous semigroup theory is applied to proof the existence and uniqueness of a solution to a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem of non-stationary Stokes flow in two bulk domains, separated by a 2D elastic, permeable plate. The plate's curvature is proportional to the jump of fluid stresses across the plate and the flow resistance is modeled by Darcy's law. In the weak formulation of the considered physical problem, a linear operator in space is associated with a sum of two bilinear forms on the fluid and the interface domains, respectively. One attains a system of equations in operator form, corresponding to the weak problem formulation. Utilizing the sufficient conditions in the Lumer-Phillips theorem, we show that the linear operator is a generator of a contraction semigroup, and give the existence proof to the FSI problem.
Les ouvroirs des Sœurs blanches en Algérie coloniale : l’enseignement technique et le travail féminin au service de l’apostolat missionnaire (années 1880-1930)
Authors: Joyeux Mélina
Published: October 2023

Institutions originales à mi-chemin entre ateliers de production artisanale et centres de formation technique pour filles et femmes autochtones, les ouvroirs ont souvent été éclipsés par les œuvres scolaires et sanitaires dans l’historiographie consacrée aux Sœurs blanches. À partir des archives de la congrégation, cet article entend souligner leur place au cœur de la stratégie missionnaire en Algérie coloniale. En se focalisant sur les enjeux matériels, les circulations techniques et les transformations économiques, il met en lumière un aspect méconnu des interactions entre religieuses et populations locales. La comparaison de différents terrains de mission (Kabylie, Mzab, Alger) permet de montrer les adaptations, les ambiguïtés et la réception d’une œuvre qui vise la « conquête des âmes » à travers les transformations sociales et morales attachées au travail féminin.
Économie du génie artistique chez les Goncourt : tractations romanesques et négociations symboliques
Authors: Charlier Marie-Astrid
Published: October 2023

Pour les Goncourt, l’art se définit par sa double dimension vocationnelle et sacrificielle, mise en récit dans leurs trois romans de l’artiste, Les Hommes de lettres (1860), Manette Salomon (1867) et Les Frères Zemganno (1879). Cependant, si l’on entre dans les romans en s’intéressant à la vie matérielle et à l’économie romanesque mais aussi à la place qu’occupent les personnages dans l’espace narratif, les visages de l’artiste sont beaucoup plus complexes à saisir et mènent la vie dure aux dualismes qui caractérisent a priori les valeurs des Goncourt : art versus argent ; génie artistique versus art industriel ; sacrifice versus confort ; isolement versus popularité. Notre étude tentera de mettre au jour une véritable trajectoire des rapports entre artiste et économie dans l’œuvre, où s’articulent tractations romanesques et négociations symboliques.
L’art du manque : Edmond de Goncourt entre témoignage et commisération lors du siège de Paris (1870-1871)
Authors: Gross Christoph
Published: October 2023

Lors du siège de Paris de 1870-71, Edmond de Goncourt se fait chroniqueur de la pénurie alimentaire et de la misère sociale. Cet article analyse les différentes modalités par lesquelles l’auteur expose dans son Journal les transformations économiques de la ville assiégée et leurs répercussions sur sa cohésion sociale. Dans la mesure où l’écriture diariste détaille les multiples observations de ce curieux flâneur en temps de guerre, elle soulève également la question de l’investissement émotionnel dans les événements décrits. Contrairement à Hugo qui prétend souffrir « ce que souffre le peuple », Edmond de Goncourt se refuse au romantisme d’une solidarité communautaire tout en mettant, à travers un style oscillant entre témoignage et commisération, le doigt sur la plaie des injustices sociales.
Droplet Measurement of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection Using PDPA
Authors: Fang Yuwen , Zhang Kaiqi , Ma Xiao , Zhang Yixiao , Xu Lubing , Li Yanfei , Shuai Shijin
Published: October 2023

Liquid ammonia is an ideal zero carbon fuel to reduce carbon emission of internal combustion engines. The high-pressure injection of liquid ammonia is a key technology to fast distribute fuels and prepare better combustion performances. The physical properties of liquid ammonia are different to traditional fossil fuels including diesel and gasoline, which can change the spray and droplet characteristics significantly. However, the spray droplet characteristics of liquid ammonia injection is lack of investigations. In this paper, Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) are used to measure the droplet diameter and velocity of high-pressure liquid ammonia sprays up to 75 MPa and compare to diesel sprays. Effects of flash boiling of liquid ammonia droplet characteristics are also analyzed. Results show that the SMD of liquid ammonia is 50 – 70 % smaller than diesel when injection pressure ranges from 25 – 75 MPa in ambient pressure 1 MPa, due to its lower viscosity and higher evaporation rate. The SMD of liquid ammonia is lower than 12 μm when the injection pressure is higher than 25 MPa. Besides, the droplet velocity of liquid ammonia is higher than diesel due to higher nozzle exit velocity caused by the lower viscosity of liquid ammonia. Furthermore, the flash boiling of liquid ammonia can reduce the SMD of liquid ammonia. Injections in non-flash boiling need to increase the injection pressure by 25 MPa in order to reach the same SMD in flash boiling conditions. Liquid ammonia shows better atomization and evaporation than diesel. The experiment results can provide important droplets data, which is useful for simulations and developments of liquid ammonia engines.
Improved Combustion Efficiency in Methanol/Renewable Diesel Dual Fuel Combustion by Advanced Injection Timing and Increased Intake Temperature: Single-Cylinder Experiment
Authors: Cung Khanh , Kalaskar Vickey , Mitchell Robert , Wallace Julian , Briggs Thomas , Smith Edward , Michlberger Alexander , Williams D. Ryan , Bitsis Chris
Published: October 2023

Conventional diesel combustion (CDC) is known to provide high efficiency and reliable engine performance, but often associated with high particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions. Combustion of fossil diesel fuel also produces carbon dioxide (CO2), which acts as a harmful greenhouse gas (GHG). Renewable and low-carbon fuels such as renewable diesel (RD) and methanol can play an important role in reducing harmful criteria and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. This paper details an experimental study using a single-cylinder research engine operated under dual-fuel combustion using methanol and RD. Various engine operating strategies were used to achieve diesel-like fuel efficiency. Measurements of engine-out emissions and in-cylinder pressure were taken at test conditions including low-load and high-load operating points. At each engine condition, advanced injection timing showed a reduction in combustion loss, including reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). A maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) was set at 15 bar/CAD which limited the advance of injection timing advance at high load. MPRR was below the limit at low load even for the highest methanol substitution rate. The effect of increased intake temperature was also investigated at low load. Higher intake temperatures resulted in reduced combustion losses but also limited the allowable injection timing advance.

In summary, this work (1) demonstrates the feasibility of operating a heavy-duty diesel engine under dual-fuel (RD and methanol) combustion mode, and (2) provides a pathway towards optimized engine and emissions performance.
Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Dynamic Performance of a Compressed Natural Gas Hybrid Electric Truck
Authors: Surcel Marius-Dorin , Michaelsen Jan , Bonsi Adime Kofi
Published: October 2023

The objective of the project was to compare the fuel consumption of a prototype hybrid electric CNG truck with that of two trucks: a CNG truck and a diesel truck for the similar market and operating conditions. The tests were conducted on a test route representative of the conditions encountered by these vehicles in normal driving operations. The test route length was 276 km with a maximum altitude difference of 374 m. The test route had four sections, including a hilly section with a length of 88 km. The result of the comparison between the two CNG trucks was expressed as fuel savings of CNG in percentage. The fuel consumption of the diesel truck was accurately measured using the gravimetric method. The hybrid electric CNG truck showed average fuel savings of 3.6% and demonstrated up to 7.7% in savings for the entire trip compared to the CNG truck. On the hilly section of the route, the hybrid electric CNG truck showed average fuel savings of 22% for the ascending portion and 9.7% for the complete section. On this section, the hybrid electric CNG truck also demonstrated superior dynamic behavior compared to the other two trucks. The torque and power contribution of the electric axle led to a less demanding and more economical behavior for the hybrid electric truck engine on the ascending section of the hilly route. The hybrid electric truck took a shorter time to complete the hilly section of the route compared to the other two trucks.
Experimental and Modeling Study of NH
3
-SCR on a Hydrocarbon-Poisoned Cu-CHA Catalyst
Authors: Tanaka Kotaro , Dobashi Ibuki , Sakaida Satoshi , Konno Mitsuru
Published: October 2023

A urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is used for the reduction of NOx emitted from diesel engines. Although this SCR catalyst can reduce NOx over a wide temperature range, improvements in NOx conversion at relatively low temperatures, such as under cold-start or low-load engine conditions, are necessary. A close-coupled SCR (cc-SCR), which was set just after the engine exhaust manifold, was developed to address this issue. The temperature of the SCR catalyst increases rapidly owing to the higher exhaust temperatures, and NOx conversion is then enhanced under cold-start conditions. However, since the diesel oxidation catalyst is not installed before the SCR catalyst, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions pass directly through the SCR catalyst and poison it, leading to lower NOx conversion. Therefore, the mechanism of NOx conversion reduction on HC-poisoned SCR catalysts are required to be studied. In this study, the effects of HC poisoning on the NOx conversion of Cu-CHA catalysts experimentally investigated using propene, n-decane, and 1-methylnaphtalene. In addition, a kinetic model of NH3-SCR over the HC-poisoned Cu-CHA catalyst was constructed. When 500 ppm propene was passed through the SCR catalyst, the coke was found to be formed on the catalyst, which led the decrease of the NOx conversion (maximum 75% reduction at 210 °C). Conversely, when n-decane or 1-methylnaphthalene was used, no coke was formed at temperatures below 500 °C, and the NOx conversion was unaffected. Even when coke was formed, it decomposed above 350 °C, and the NOx conversion was equivalent to that of a fresh catalyst. Based on the experimental results, a model for NH3-SCR over an HC-poisoned Cu-CHA catalyst was constructed. The reactor model was the one channel model and one-dimensional mass, momentum, energy and species balances were solved in the channel gas phase, assuming a quasi-steady state. The model reproduced the experimental results reasonably well, including the recovery of the catalyst from poisoning at relatively high temperatures.
Development of an Air Quality Monitoring System for Source-Receptor Analysis in the Philippines
Authors: Corpus Robert Michael Baria
Published: October 2023

In the Philippines, air pollution is a serious environmental issue that calls for the creation of efficient air quality monitoring systems for source-receptor analyses. This paper describes the creation of a system for monitoring air quality that was created with this objective in mind. The system uses a variety of sensors to assess important air contaminants and includes low-cost IoT-based data gathering technologies. In order to facilitate source-receptor analysis, it also uses data processing and analytic methods.

The analysis of linked literature demonstrates the importance of IoT-based, crowd-sourced, and low-cost air quality data gathering systems in expanding air quality monitoring capabilities. As crucial approaches for comprehending pollution patterns and causes, spatiotemporal analysis of air pollution data and receptor modeling of particulate matter are addressed. Furthermore, the comparison of fuel economy estimates from various approaches highlights the need of precise and trustworthy data for the assessment of policy and the development of mitigation measures.

The methodology section gives a summary of the planned air quality monitoring system and describes the sensors, hardware, and data collecting methods that will be used. Also provided are the data processing and analysis methods used for source-receptor analysis.

The designed air quality monitoring system’s performance assessment is shown in the findings and discussion section, indicating its capacity to offer real-time monitoring of significant air contaminants. Additionally, the part contains a thorough source-receptor analysis utilizing the data gathered, demonstrating the system’s efficiency in locating pollution sources and trends.

The summary of the developed air quality monitoring system’s contributions to source-receptor analysis in the Philippines is provided in the conclusion. It shows the system’s potential uses in community awareness, policy evaluation, health impact assessment, and urban planning. Future paths for study are also recommended, including sensor calibration, network extension, integration of extra parameters, sophisticated data processing methods, and cooperation for data sharing.

Overall, this study provides a thorough framework for the creation of an air quality monitoring system and emphasizes the need of doing so in order to comprehend and resolve air pollution problems in the Philippines.
Matching and Optimization Design of Electric Drive Assembly Mounting
System of Electric Vehicle
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Wang Yifan , Meng Dejian , Liu Dengcheng , Zhou Xiao Ming
Published: October 2023

The design method for the powertrain mounting system in internal combustion
engine vehicles is well-established. Electric vehicles experience higher
vibration frequencies and more significant transient responses when accelerating
or braking than fuel vehicles due to their high speed and fast response.
Therefore, the design of the electric drive assembly mounting system requires
further development. The modeling of electric drive assembly mounting systems
often neglects the mounting bracket’s influence, which significantly affects the
center of mass and rotational inertia of the electric drive assembly. This paper
examines the effect of the mounting bracket in the electric drive assembly
mounting system. It establishes a mathematical model with six degrees of freedom
for the mounting system, considering the mounting bracket. By comparing the
natural characteristics and the transient response, it is discussed whether the
mass of the mounting bracket greatly influences the system. Further analysis
determines the effect of mounting position and stiffness on the mounting system.
Ultimately, the mounting stiffness is optimized for design.
Energy Transformation Propelled Evolution of Automotive Carbon
Emissions
Authors: Han Zhiyu , Meng Shuo , Feng Jian , Li Minqing , Lyu Mengyang , Zhang Junbo , Chen Quhaoze
Published: October 2023

The Chinese government and industries have proposed strategic plans and policies
for automotive renewable-energy transformation in response to China’s
commitments to peak the national carbon emissions before 2030 and to achieve
carbon neutrality by 2060. We thus analyze the evolution of carbon emissions
from the vehicle fleet in China with our data-driven models based on these
plans. Our results indicate that the vehicle life-cycle carbon emissions are
appreciable, accounting for 8.9% of the national total and 11.3% of energy
combustion in 2020. Commercial vehicles are the primary source of automotive
carbon emissions, accounting for about 60% of the vehicle energy cycle. Among
these, heavy-duty trucks are the most important, producing 38.99% of the total
carbon emissions in the vehicle operation stage in 2020 and 52.18% in 2035. On
the other hand, carbon emissions from vehicle assembly and power battery
manufacturing processes keep about 10% of the vehicle life-cycle total due
mainly to the cleaner and cleaner grid electricity. Furthermore, although carbon
emissions from vehicle operation will peak in 2028, meeting the government’s
carbon-peak goal, those from the energy cycle and life cycle will continue to
increase until 2035, missing that goal. We further characterize the carbon
emissions projections for the future, and the results indicate that deploying
carbon-free hydrogen energy vigorously, particularly in heavy-duty trucks, could
help achieve vehicle net-zero carbon emissions by 2060.
Experimental Study on Transient Response Characteristics of
Commercial-Size PEMFC under Varying Load
Authors: Ma Yunyang , Lin Rui
Published: October 2023

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a promising next-generation energy
conversion device. The response characteristics of mass transfer and
electrochemical reactions during a transient process affect the cell performance
and still require further investigation. Experiment is conducted to measure
current density distribution under varying load and reactant flow rate in a
commercial-size single cell. Local current density around cathode inlet is
higher in normal operating conditions due to higher local oxygen concentration.
Such area performs a better transient response when a step change of load
current is demanded leading to much larger current density at cathode inlet and
lower at outlet. The redistribution of reactant gas concentration in a
commercial-size fuel cell happens after the load change and takes a few seconds.
After the redistribution a balance is reached and current density distribution
tends to get more homogeneous with lower performance at cathode inlet and higher
at outlet. Inhomogeneous current density distribution indicates inadequate use
of catalyst and more energy dissipated caused by in-plane potential difference.
Cell voltage and the overall cell performance has a negative linear correlation
with the inhomogeneity of local current density during a transient process when
fuel cell is supplied with more reactant gas or has a higher load current demand
while keeping the gas flow constant. This work leads to suggestion on flow
control strategy during dynamic load demands. The results also lay a foundation
for further study into the design of flow channel in the fuel cell for better
transient response characteristics and wider application conditions.
Design of a Permanent Magnet Biased Radial Magnetic Bearing for
Energy Storage of Vehicle Flywheels
Authors: Jing Li , Yang Binglin , Sha Yingdi
Published: October 2023

In order to exert the maximum capability of flywheel energy storage system(
FESS), a permanent magnet biased radial magnetic bearing (PMRB) was designed for
the FESS. In this paper the authors walk systematically through design and
verification of the PMRB. Sections 1 and 2 introduce the working principles and
mathematical models. Sections 3 and 4 details design and simulation process. In
section 5, a comparison of the current stiffness and displacement stiffness are
made between analysis and measurements. Finally, a brief summary and forecast
was made.
Torsional Vibration Attenuation of HEV Drivetrain Featuring on a
Controllable Damper
Authors: Yan Zhengfeng , Liu Shaofei , Cheng Shibo , Bai Xianxu
Published: October 2023

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with multiple vibration excitation sources have
complex torsional vibration problems of the drivetrain. When the drivetrain
system resonates, it will lead to an increase in vehicle vibration and noise.
The parameters of the passive damping mechanisms cannot be adjusted in real time
according to the torsional vibration level of the vehicle, and it is difficult
to meet the damping requirements of each vibration frequency band. Active
torsional vibration control systems need high cost and energy consumption,
strict maintenance, and complex control technology in practical applications. A
novel electronically controlled damper (ECD) is proposed in this paper and is
applied to a parallel hybrid power system. The structure of the ECD is
introduced, the dynamic model of the ECD is established, and the relationship
curve is obtained between the electromagnetic damping torque, excitation
current, and speed using finite element analysis (FEA). The dynamic differential
equation of the hybrid power system is derived, and on this basis, the topology
structure and damping range of the ECD are determined according to the
sensitivity simulation results under different working conditions. The
co-simulation analysis of AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink is carried out. The
simulation results of different ECD systems under the acceleration condition
show that the ECD with fuzzy control can significantly reduce the resonance
amplitude of the HEV drivetrain, and the damping rate of the critical area
between the resonance and the non-resonance can be accurately controlled to
achieve the best damping effect. At the same time, the vibration suppression
effect in the non-resonant area is always stable.
A Multi-Sine Excitation Signal Optimization Strategy for EIS
Measurement of High-Power Fuel Cells
Authors: Ma Tiancai , Xu Xinru , Xue Longchang , Lin Weikang
Published: October 2023

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used for fuel cell fault
diagnosis. However, traditional EIS measurements take a long time and are
difficult to use for real-time diagnosis. Using multi-sine composite signals as
the excitation source for fuel cell EIS measurements can shorten the measurement
time, but the problem of large signal peaks is also introduced. Moreover, for
high-power fuel cell systems, the smallest possible excitation amplitude is
needed to reduce power fluctuations, but too small an excitation signal
amplitude leads to a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and poor noise immunity.
To tackle this challenge, the strategy proposed in this paper is to maximize the
amplitude of each individual frequency component while minimizing the peak value
of the composite signal. Firstly, the boundary condition is determined as the
peak value of the composite signal does not exceed 1% of the DC current, after
that, the amplitude of the individual frequency is changed and then the phase is
optimized by genetic algorithm respectively. The multi-sine composite excitation
signal closest to the boundary condition is selected as the final optimized
signal. Finally, the EIS measurement system is built and the experimental test
is carried out on a 7.5mΩ standard resistor. Impedance measurement simulations
are also performed on a fuel cell equivalent circuit model. The results show
that the proposed optimized multi-sine signal has higher measurement accuracy,
better stability for multiple measurements, and improved noise immunity compared
with the unoptimized signal.
Research on Cold Start Strategy of Vehicle Multi-Stack Fuel Cell
System
Authors: Jin Yapeng , Yuan Tanghu , Fan Lei , Zhou Su
Published: October 2023

To study the cold start of muti-stack fuel cell system (MFCS), a novel thermal
management subsystem structure and corresponding cold start strategies are
proposed. Firstly, leveraging the distinctive configuration of the MFCS that can
be sequentially initiated, we augmented the existing thermal management
subsystem with the incorporation of two additional collection valves and two
bypass diverter valves, which affords an increased degree of flexibility in the
formulation of cold-start strategies. Secondly, we innovatively propose a
hierarchical auxiliary heating cold start strategy and an average auxiliary
heating cold start tailored for MFCS consisting of power levels of 20 kW, 70 kW,
and 120 kW. Furthermore, we have developed a controller to address temperature
control challenges during the start-up process. The results demonstrate that the
multi-stack hierarchical auxiliary heating cold start strategy yields a
significant reduction in energy consumption and startup time during the
cold-start process, in comparison to the average preheating strategy. Moreover,
when prioritizing the preheating of the 20 kW stack, its energy consumption
metric and start-up time are further improved by preemptively preheating other
stacks, resulting in a 20% reduction in startup time and a concurrent 20.39%
decrease in energy consumption.
Revealing systematic errors in hole drilling measurements through a calibration bench: the case of zero-depth data
Authors: Beghini Marco , Grossi Tommaso , Santus Ciro , Valentini Emilio
Published: October 2023

An accurate estimation of the measurement error in the hole drilling method is needed to choose an appropriate level of regularization and to perform a sensitivity analysis on the stress results. The latest release of ASTM E837 standard for the hole drilling method includes a procedure aimed at estimatingthe standard deviation of the random error component on strain measurements, proposed by Schajer. Nevertheless, strain measurements are also affected to some extent by systematic errors which are not included in the estimation and need to be compensated. For example, an error in the rosette gage factor orin the identification of the zero-depth datum systematically affects all strain measurements in a strongly correlated fashion. This paper describes a calibration bench, designed to superimpose a reference bending stress distribution on a given specimen while simultaneously performing a hole drilling measurement.Since the reference solution is known a priori and shares the measurement instrumentation, the hole geometry and the stepping process with the actual residual stress distribution, the bench provides the user with a direct validation of the obtained accuracy. In addition, strategies aimed at compensating systematicerrors can be tested on the reference solution and then applied on the residual stress evaluation. The imperfect hole geometry and drilling alignment are proven to cause a significant underestimation of stresses near the surface, as they lead to an incorrect identification of the zero-depth datum. It is shown that this effect can be corrected through the proposed calibration bench.
Prevalence of Kell Blood Group Antigens among Blood Donors & Impact of its Alloimmunization in Multi-transfused Thalassemia & Sickle Cell Disease Patients with Recommendation of Transfusion Protocol—Need of the Hour
Authors:   Transfusion Medicine, SCB Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, 753007, Odisha, India, Mahapatra Smita , Patra Kaushik , Marandi Manu Mangat
Published: October 2023

Background: The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of Kell antigen and its correlation to major blood groups, ABO & Rh system in Eastern India. There was simultaneous retrospective analysis of Kell alloimmunization to find out the implication and recommendation of transfusion protocols in multi-transfused thalassemia and sickle cell patients. Methods: The study was a prospective observational conducted on 3000 donors for KELL and ABO grouping. Retrospective analysis was made to identify common alloantibodies in multi-transfused patients. Results: The overall prevalence of Kell antigen was 2.6% (80) in 3000 donors. Among male, it was highly prevalent i.e. 2.77% and in females 0.65%. Kell antigen was highly prevalent among AB donors, i.e. 5.1%. It was 2.5% in A, 2.9% in B, 1.9% in Blood Donors. Kell prevalence was high in Rh D positive donors, i.e. 2.72% and was 1.72% among Rh D negative donors. Anti-K was the 3rd most common alloantibody detected in 638 cases of multi-transfused thalassemia and sickle cell (SCD) patients (9.25%). Anti-E (42.6%)was most common entity followed by anti-c (24.0%). Conclusion: The higher incidence of Kell prevalence in AB & Rh D Positive Blood groups and also in male persons indicate that there should be a donor database and knowledge of red cell antigen prevalence in a population. This will help blood centers in providing antigen negative compatible blood units to patients with corresponding alloantibodies. Hemolytic transfusion reactions due to Kell alloimmunization are of a significant severity. Prevalence of Kell alloantibody is high among multi-transfused patients and is next to anti E & anti c. Kell sensitized mothers may also cause serious consequences like hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn. Therefore, it is suggested that extended phenotyping including Kell blood group antigen should be implemented in cases of multi-transfused patients. Keywords: Blood donors, Extended phenotyping, Kell, Multitransfused thalassemia patients, Multitransfused sickle cell disease patients
A Cross-sectional Observational Study of the Etio-pathology, Socioeconomic Distribution and Clinical Pictures of Ectopic Pregnancy in a Tertiary Medical College and Hospital in Bankura, West Bengal, India
Authors:   Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine & JNM Hospital, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India, Talukder Anirban , Burman Sougata Kumar , Bera Gairik , Mukherjee Jayeeta , Maji Mousumi , Santra Debojyoti
Published: October 2023

Background: Ectopic pregnancy or abnormal implantation of embryo is one of the foremost causes of mortality and morbidity in women of reproductive age worldwide. Its serious consequences can be effectively averted by early diagnosis and timely intervention. This study aimed at determining the incidence, predisposing socio-economic factors and etiolo-pathology, and assessment of various clinical manifestations and treatment modalities of ectopic pregnancy. Methods: This observational cross- sectional survey was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology BSMCH, Bankura from 1.4.2015 to 31.3.2016. It included 100 patients with admitted with clinically or sonologically confirmed ectopic pregnancy after informed consent, data was collected and analysed thereafter. Results: It was observed that 68% of the cases belonged to 21-30 years of age, 80% with low socio-economic status, 69 % comprised of multigravidas. The typical risk factors detected were history of PID, abortion and previous tubal surgery. The most consistent clinical feature was pain in lower abdomen (98%) followed by amenorrhoea (90%) and vaginal bleeding (82%). 97% of the patients presented with pallor and 23% with shock. In 73% patients cervical motion tenderness could be elicited clinically and adnexal mass in USG was found in 95 %. Urine pregnancy test was positive in all patients and right side was the commonest side of involvement (53%). All the patients underwent surgical intervention. Conclusion: Prompt detection from history, clinical features, USG and appropriate and well-timed management are of utmost importance to enhance better maternal survival and conservation of reproductive capacity. Keywords: Ectopic pregnancy, UPT, PID, Tubal surgery, Adnexal mass, POD fluid, Ampulla
Pure Foamy Gland Carcinoma of Prostate - A Series of Rare Cases
Authors:   Department of Oncopathology, GCRI, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, Kakoty Sneha , Jetly Dhaval , Maru Paheli , Saha Anurag , Rai Varnika
Published: October 2023

Foamy gland carcinoma (FGC) is a distinct histological variant of prostatic acinar adenocarcinomas. It was first described by Epstein and Nelson in 1996. It is characterized by abundant xanthomatous cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, and intermediate Gleason grade. However, FGC with a high Gleason grade exists. FGC is found admixed with conventional acinar adenocarcinoma in 17 to 22% of needle biopsies and 13 to 22% of radical prostatectomy specimens and only rarely found in pure form. We report six cases of pure foamy gland carcinoma of prostate. The mean age in our study was 62.83 years and 5 out of the 6 cases presented with an elevated serum PSA level. Histopathological examination of our cases showed tumor cells with abundant foamy cytoplasm and low nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. This deceptively benign-looking morphology can mimic nonneoplastic prostatic glands, Cowper’s gland, mucinous metaplasia, and xanthomatous prostatitis and hence often pose diagnostic challenges, especially in core needle biopsies. PNI was detected in two of our cases. PSA and AMACR staining was positive in all our cases (100%). p63 Staining was negative in all four cases where it was performed. Three, two, and one of our cases had a Gleason score of 7, 8, and 6 respectively. The prognosis depends on the Gleason score and the presence or absence of PNI or extraprostatic extension. Three of the cases presented with bony metastasis. We report this case series in view of the rarity and also to raise awareness of this entity which is often missed on small biopsies. Keywords: Foamy gland carcinoma, Gleason score, Prostate
Socio-Demographic Profile and Adherence to Anti-Retroviral Treatment among HIV/AIDS Patients Attending the ART Centre in Tamil Nadu
Authors:   Department of Community medicine, Thoothukudi Medical College, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India, Rajasekar V , Thirunaaukarasu D , Surendar R
Published: October 2023

Background: Epidemiology of HIV infection in India is varied and depends on multitude of factors such as socio-demographic profile, geographic location and behavioural pattern. HIV/AIDS is not only a public health issue in India but also one of the most serious socioeconomic and developmental concerns as nearly 86% of reported cases occur in sexually active and economically productive age group (15-49yrs). Thus, for planning targeted interventions, it is essential to know the socio-demographic and clinical profile of the HIV/AIDS patients in a particular area as important for control of HIV replication, disease progression and ultimately containment of the disease. Hence this study was planned to describe the Socio-demographic profile and ART treatment adherence of People Living with HIV/AIDS attending The ART Centre, KKGMCH, Asaripallam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu. Objectives: To describe the Socio-demographic profile and ART treatment adherence of People Living with HIV/AIDS attending The ART Centre, KKGMCH, Asaripallam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu. Materials & Methods: This was a Cross- sectional study conducted among adult people living with HIV/AIDS who were on treatment at ART centre. The study was done during January 2014 to July 2014. The data was collected by using a semi structured questionnaire derived from WHO-BREFQOL. Result: The age of the study population varies from minimum 18 to maximum 59 years with the mean ± SD age of 39.5 ± 8.3 years. Around 69 (46.0%) participants are in the 31 – 40 years age group followed by 51 (39.0%) are in the 41 – 50 years age group. Regarding the Family type, 127 (84.7%) are from nuclear family; 19 (12.7%) are from extended family and another 4 (2.7%) are from the Joint family. The prevalence of opportunistic symptoms among the study participants, around 44% of the study participants developed respiratory related symptoms followed by Skin (24%). Among 150 subjects taking ART, 120 (80.0%) are receiving Regimen 1 and 30 others (20%) are receiving Regimen 2. Around 92 (61.3%) have good adherence to ART. 53 (35.3%) have fair and 5 (3.3%) have poor adherence. Conclusion: Non-adherence as a hindering factor for the success of therapy is well-established. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Socio-demographic profile, Drug Adherence, Targeted intervention