bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gow Peter
Published: November 2023

The central problem of this study is why the native people of the Bajo Urubamba should use the Comunidad Nativa and the school as important institutions when discussing the social organization of their communities, and why they should continuously assert that they are ‘mixed people’. The first two parts of the book have provided the basic background for a solution to this problem. Part I . explored how native people conceive of their past and of the structure of their world, and how this can be understood in terms of the economic system of habilitaci6n. Habilitaci6n provides a set of material referents for their understanding both of history and of the structure of the wider social system of which they are a part. Part II analysed the social relations of native people and the central place occupied by the processes of coresidence in their imagery of kinship. For native people, the village is the place of kinship, in that it is produced as the location in which kinship is remembered, sustained, and created. But it is also a place fractured by death, and by the inability of all kin to live together. The final part of the book shows the logic of the connections between these two areas, history and kinship.
Introduction
Authors: Banks Marcus
Published: November 2023

The anthropological study of 'great tradition' religions must of necessity operate on two levels: the study of the people who claim to follow a particular religion together with the institutions and organizations they create and support to this end, and a study of the doctrines and beliefs to which these people adhere. This book proceeds on both levels, but the emphasis rests more on the former than on the latter, simply as a result of my own research interests. But the distinction is not absolute, and is often not perceived by the actors themselves. For example, Baird, in an article on the distinction between 'religion and the secular' in post-independence India.
The City of Jamnagar: Its Jain Inhabitants
Authors: Banks Marcus
Published: November 2023

Jamnagar is a small city with a population of some 277,000 (1981 Census), situated on the northern coast of the peninsular part of Gujarat State-a region known as Saurashtra or Kathiawad. The name derives from the title, jam, of its royal family. The city was originally the capital of a princely state both of which were known in the years leading up to Independence as Navanagar ('new city'), although the names were changed afterwards.
Who Owns What? Jain Religious Property in Jamnagar
Authors: Banks Marcus
Published: November 2023

The previous two chapters presented the Jains of Jamnagar and discussed their communal activities. In this chapter I wish to examine in more detail the framework within which this commonality is expressed, both through a fuller analysis of the sects and the gacchas (already begun in Chapter 2) and through an analysis of the various properties these groups control.
In and Out of Africa
Authors: Banks Marcus
Published: November 2023

Hugh Tinker has pointed out that 'Indians overseas represent no more than one (or at the most two) per cent of total population. For the mother country they are only a tiny offspring' (1975: 25), and moreover that those in East Africa are neither the largest nor the densest part of that minority (ibid.: 15). Nevertheless, the influence of these expatriates was and is disproportionate to their group size, not only because of the economic significance for their relatives in India (through remittances) but also in terms of the attention they have attracted from Western academic observers.
The City of Leicester: Its Jain Inhabitants
Authors: Banks Marcus
Published: November 2023

Leicester is a compact city in the Midlands, with a population of 276,000 (1981 Census). There has been a slight decline in the city's population over the last ten years due to a migration, felt in all British cities, away from the inner city to the suburbs. According to a pamphlet issued by the city council (LCC 1981) the site of the city had been continuously occupied since the first century AD when the Romans established a garrison town on the Fosse Way.
Traditional and Contemporary Art of Aboriginal Australia: Two Case Studies
Authors: Layton Robert
Published: November 2023

In his introduction to the book Ethnic and Tourist Arts, Nelson Graburn addresses himself to the contemporary role of the arts among the communities of the ‘Fourth World’, whom he defines as ‘peoples without countries of their own ... usually in the minority and without the power to direct the course of their collective lives’ (1976b: 1). Such peoples, he claims, rarely now produce arts for their own consumption, according to canons of taste unaffected by the dominant world; although he accepts that the Aboriginal community of Yirrkala in northern Australia is an exception (see Williams, 1976: 282). Rather, they produce arts primarily for sale to another culture. Graburn rightly argues that the ‘inwardly directed’ arts still made for, appreciated, and used by Fourth-World peoples within their own encapsulated communities function to maintain their separate identity, while those made for outside sale project an ethnic image determined to some degree by the alien purchasers’ values. While some of the work produced for outside markets is of little artistic merit, Graburn points out that in what he terms ‘reintegrated fine arts’ outside inspiration may have a reinvigorating effect, as I think will be seen in one of the central Australian cases to be outlined in this essay.
Graph Theory and Exchange Structures
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank
Published: November 2023

The eventual application of mathematics to the study of social structure in Oceania was clearly foreseen by W. H. R. Rivers, who, in the introduction to his monumental History of Melanesian Society, observed:

It would seem as if the only really satisfactory plan would be to employ symbols for the different relationships and it is probable that the time will come when this will be done and many parts of the description of the social systems of savage tribes will resemble a work on mathematics in which the results will be expressed by symbols, in some cases even in the form of equations (1914: 10).

Rivers was speaking of kinship, but surely the fundamental requirement is a mathematical model suitable for the analysis of social relations in general.
Introduction
Authors: Gellner David N
Published: November 2023

Caste has always fascinated foreign observers of South Asia. Yet social anthropologists of the region only turned away from an overriding concern with tribal peoples after the Second World War, beginning with Srinivas’s classic Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India (1952). Numerous monographs followed, culminating in Louis Dumont’s impressive synthesis, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications (first published in French in 1966, in English in 1970, and a complete revised English edition in 1980). Homo Hierarchicus quickly came to dominate the field and to represent it to non-specialists. Subsequently, however, many South Asianists have come to think that its influence has been too great.
Ś ākyas and Vajrācāryas: From Holy Order to Quasi-Ethnic Group
Authors: Gellner David N
Published: November 2023

Who are the Ś ākyas and Vajrācāryas? From B. H. Hodgson and Sylvain Levi to John Locke and Siegfried Lienhard, scholars have sought to understand them as the Nepalese inheritors of Indian Mahayana Buddhism, which died out, largely because of Muslim depradations, between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. The chronological focus of the present essay is less ambitious: I shall restrict myself to a time-scale roughly within this century.
Introduction
Authors: Carrier James G
Published: November 2023

This collection is about occidentalism, stylized images of the West. While anthropologists conventionally see themselves as producing, and recently have debated their ability to produce, knowledge of societies and cultures outside the core of the West, occidentalism is the silent partner of their work and debates. The contributors to this collection illustrate the impor tance of this occidentalism in various ways. My purpose in the first part of this Introduction is to describe occidentalism and locate it within the discipline. To do so I start by looking at one of the ways in which anthro pologists have criticized their own discipline, criticism that draws on Edward Said’s Orienta/ism. Indeed, Said’s work is so influential that ’orientalism’ has become a generic term for a particular, suspect type of anthropological thought.
Hellenism and Occidentalism: The Permutations of Performance in Greek Bourgeois Identity
Authors: Herzfeld Michael
Published: November 2023

During a recent period of field research in the town of Rethemnos, on the north coast of the island of Crete, a junior official of the local chamber of commerce asked me bluntly whether the Greeks were European or Oriental. When I tried to duck the question, which struck me as Hobson’s choice between two equally unattractive and essentialist alternatives, I was told rather crossly that I was just offering diplomatic niceties, and asked again what I really thought. Nothing would persuade my interlocutor that I was not simply being evasive: it was clear that he suspected me of believing Greeks to be Oriental and of being too embarrassed to admit it.
Fasting: Scorched Earth and Fertile Soil
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

The words Jains use for fasting are the same as those for asceticism in general—tap, tapas, tapasya—all derived from the Sanskrit root for ‘heat’: the heat that burns karma from the soul. Fasting is not the only form of austerity that lay Jains engage in (there are vows of silence, for instance), but it stands for self-mortification in general because it is easily the most widely practised. In this chapter I shall first survey the general forms of Jain fasting and discuss why they have to be governed by a vow; then I shall look at some elaborate magical fasts.
Paryushan: Austerity and Increase in Counterpoint
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

At many points in our consideration of Jain religious self-fashioning, we have seen the affirmation of worldly life and good fortune interwoven with asceticism and world-renunciation. We saw this in fasting, where the very substances which are renounced in ascetic practice are displayed and consumed, in celebration of the feat of not consuming them. In the Paryushan festival asceticism and auspiciousness are again combined, and here each occurs in such a heightened form that their co-occurrence presents itself as an almost surreal aesthetic contrast.1 This occurs in the Jains’ own celebrations, but to see its full force, we need to notice that the Jains also participate in a Hindu festival which is celebrated at the same time. As I described in Chapter 5, you can be a Jain without ceasing to be, in the broad sense, a Hindu; and this is essential, I think, to understanding how lay Jain religious identity works. But this is not an easy syncretism, and nor does it quite capture what is going on to say that certain Jain practices have a higher status than do ‘popular’ Hindu ones. In so far as Jainism is conceived as an ascetic renunciation of worldly life, it needs a conception and experience of what that worldly life is. And in so far as lay Jains are partial, conditional, imperfect, or intermittent practitioners of ascetic renunciation—in so far that is, as they are only occasionally ‘real Jains’—that worldly life is more than just a rhetorical background for them.
Heirs of the Establishment
Authors: Wake Jehanne
Published: November 2023

Born in the heyday of the Victorian world, those years between the 1887 Golden and the 1897 Diamond Jubilee when the flourish of imperialist swords proclaimed Pax Britannica, Robin Benson’s three sons were rocked in the cradle of Britain’s ruling classes. Their first steps took them into a circle interwoven with some 1,500 privileged families who matter-of-factly bred their children to take their place at the pinnacle of the largest empire in the world.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson F M L
Published: November 2023

In the course of his career Sir John Habakkuk—universally known as Hrothgar before 1976, when the euphonies of the British honours system induced a slight name-change in the tradition of the aristocracy whose habits his historical work has done so much to illuminate—has inspired two distinct groups of followers. In 1940, at the age of 25 and only four years after taking his History degree at Cambridge, he published the classic article on ‘English Landownership, 1680-1740’, which laid the foundations of the rigorous study of landownership, landed families, and the land market.
International Capital Movements and the Gold Standard: British Domestic Investment and American Railroads in the 1880s
Authors: Knick Harley C
Published: November 2023

The international gold standard in its heyday has impressed many observers with its stability and flexibility. Some have argued that the half-century before the First World War was superior in these respects to the monetary arrangements that active governmental policy has provided in more recent decades. However, our understanding of the details of how the historic gold standard worked remains incomplete. The mechanisms that underlie the robustness and flexibility of a monetary system are potentially best revealed in the reaction of the macro-economy to unanticipated shocks. International capital movements to the United States in the 1880s as a result of the construction boom in Western railroads was such an event.
English and French Landowners 1688–1789
Authors: O’Brien P K , Heath D
Published: November 2023

Political revolutions, however accidental and avoidable, brought almost total discredit upon the nobilities of Europe’s ancien regime, while aristocracies that weathered the storm from 1789 to 1815 tend to be praised for the wise management of their nation’s political, social, and economic affairs. Survival may be a limited test of competence in politics but more rigorous demonstrations of achievement are demanded from historians who attempt to evaluate the contributions of national elites to long-term economic growth. Although they clearly investors in industry, trade, and social overhead capital, in this essay British and French landowners will be evaluated in terms of their primary economic function, namely as managers and improvers of landed estates and other property rights connected with agricultural production.
Entrepreneurship and Public Inquiry: The Growth of Government in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Hartwell R M
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth century was rich in discussion about the role of government in society. From Bentham to Dicey, debate centred on the ‘Agenda’, and ‘Non-Agenda’, to use Bentham’s terms, on what it was proper for governments to do, or what should be optional, and on what governments should not do. J. S, Mill devoted a lengthy section of his Principles to government, asking questions that are still with us: What are ‘the proper limits of the functions and agency of government?’ ‘How governments should be constituted, and according to what principles and rules they should exercise their authority?’ And ‘to what departments of human affairs that authority should extend?’ Contemporary perceptions were conditioned by the obvious dismantling of the mercantilist state on the one hand, and by the equally obvious origins of ‘the welfare state’ on the other. To contemporaries it seemed clear that those two changes were separated chronologically, and that the century divided into two periods, the first in which the legal and institutional framework of a laissez-faire society was established, and the second in which there was increasing legislative intervention in society and economy, and the development of a bureaucracy of regulation and control.
Geoffrey Marshall
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon
Published: November 2023

Geoffrey Marshall, the only child of Leonard and Kate Marshall, was born in Chesterfield in 1929. The family, however, soon moved to Blackpool, where his mother kept a boarding house. Geoffrey was educated at Arnold School, Blackpool, where he won an assisted place. It was at Arnold School that his Latin teacher, Mr Haythornthwaite, stimulated his interest in language and precise expression. As a youth, Geoffrey also excelled in sport, conceiving a particular admiration for Stanley Matthews and becoming, partly for that reason, a lifelong fan of Blackpool.
New Labour and the New Premiership
Authors: Morgan Kenneth O
Published: November 2023

‘I am the Prime Minister and Tony is the President.’ This blank statement by Gordon Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, early on in the new Blair administration, cast a startling light on possible perspectives on British governmental leadership at the end of the millennium. No doubt it carried inward implications comprehensible only to those in touch with the arcane world of high politics and the balance of power between individuals and factions under New Labour. But it also appeared to convey a remarkable message on the nature of the office of British Prime Minister. The fact, for instance, that for the first time for thirty years it was the Chancellor not the Prime Minister who presided over the Cabinet’s Economic Affairs Committee might signify a more fundamental change. Since the premiership, its accountability and authority, has been one of the many preoccupations of my old friend and long-term tutorial colleague at Queen’s, Geoffrey Marshall, during our thirty-three years of happy professional association, it may provide an appropriate theme for this Festschrift.
Individual Ministerial Responsibility and a ‘Dash of Principle’
Authors: Woodhouse Diana
Published: November 2023

In 1989 Geoffrey Marshall wrote of the resignations of Sir Thomas Dugdale and Lord Carrington: ‘they are precedents and with a dash of principle may be treated as evidence of a convention.’Marshall’s statement not only accepted that resignation for departmental fault may be a requirement of individual ministerial responsibility. It also recognized that the effective operation of the convention depends upon the integrity of the minister concerned and the extent to which the acceptance of responsibility is a matter of principle rather than political pragmatism. Neither integrity nor principle was a characteristic associated with the Conservative governments of the 1990s. It is, therefore, not surprising that, during this period, the effectiveness of individual ministerial responsibility as a mechanism of accountability was increasingly questioned. The Labour government of 1997 seemed to offer improved accountability and the promise of the ‘dash of principle’ necessary to regenerate the convention. This chapter will examine the operation of ministerial responsibility in the first year of the Labour administration and consider whether the evidence suggests a realization of that promise.
Bridging the Chasm: Public Law and Political Science
Authors: Drewry Gavin
Published: November 2023

The chasm referred to in the title of this chapter is the one that has long existed between the academic disciplines of law and political science, particularly as they have been taught and researched in UK universities. This chapter argues that the existence of this academic divide has been damaging to both disciplines, given the natural affinity, and the enormous potential for intellectual cross-fertilization, between them. It also contends that the subject of this Festschrift, whose work is so highly esteemed by scholars in both disciplines, has played a major bridge-building role in a context where bridges have been sorely needed.
Interpreting Statutes in Great Britain and the United States:—Should Courts Consider Materials of Legislative History?
Authors: Summers* Robert
Published: November 2023

Among Geoffrey Marshall’s many contributions are his various writings on the legislative process and statutory interpretation.1 I have, over the years, learned much from him about statutory interpretation, beginning with that session of Hilary Term twenty-five years ago when he and I jointly taught a class on statutory interpretation at The Queen’s College. It is, for me, a privilege, and a special honour, to have this opportunity to join in a tribute to him and to his work, as he becomes 70.
Citizenship’s Late Entrance: The British Nationality Act, 1981
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

Ten years after the passage of the Immigration Act, 1971, Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government finally overhauled British nationality law. The British Nationality Act, 1981 (BNA 1981) abolished the category of CUKC, all but abolished the status of British subject, and introduced a definition of citizenship exclusively for the United Kingdom. British citizenship was, for the first time, linked with membership in the political entity of the United Kingdom and, for the first time since 1962, linked with the full exercise of civic and political privileges enjoyed by members of the British political community.
Migration Policy in the 1970s and 1980s: The Institutional Origins of British Restrictionism
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

As seen in previous chapters, British governments ended a centuries’ old tradition rapidly and completely. Open borders to the Commonwealth came to an end in 1962; quotas for work permits were halved in 1962 and primary migration was definitively halted in 1971. The following two decades contained further restrictions, formal and in implementation, that made British migration policy about as restrictive as it can possibly be. The aim, if not zero immigration (an illusory goal), has been the strict control on numbers. ‘Firm but fair’ migration polices have been the goals of both parties in government. Labour, following a century-old tradition, has criticized restrictive migration policies in opposition and extended them in office. The only individuals who can migrate, legally and permanently, to the UK are family members, asylum seekers, and those few who obtain a work permit and permanent leave to remain after four years. Most recently, asylum seekers have experienced the efficiency of Britain’s restrictionist migration policy: a (pan-European) rise in numbers was met with a series of restrictive acts that made the UK’s refugee policy barely consistent with its obligations under the 1951 Geneva Convention.
The Development of Complementation as an Adaptive Process
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 followed the emergence of finite complements in Babylonian. In Part III, we saw that during the history of Babylonian, finite complements (and embedded indirect questions) gradually took over some of the functions which were performed earlier by parataxis and by non-finite complements. In the previous chapter, I argued that this development is not unique to Babylonian, but in fact seems to be part of a general trend. This chapter suggests a motivation for this trend. I claim that finite complementation is a more powerful linguistic tool than the alternative constructions, because it is better at dealing with more complex communicative contents. The expansion in the use of finite complements may therefore be seen as an adaptation to the development of more complex communicative needs.
Salicylates
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

This menu has been deliberately chosen for its high level of the non- nutrient salicylate, which can produce an intolerance response in some people. This is perhaps not surprising, because salicylate has a powerful effect on certain key enzymes in our body. Despite this, or because of it, many people deliberately take a daily dose of salicylate that is far in excess of what they would get if they chose from the above menu, and they do this in the form of an aspirin tablet. Aspirin is one form of salicylate: its chemical name is acetylsalicylic acid. Millions of people around the world take this common medicine in relatively large doses to relieve the minor aches and pains of life.
Food for a healthy lifestyle
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

In this book we have tried to separate the facts from the myths that surround the food we eat. By now you will know how to avoid dangerous excesses of certain non-nutrients and how to keep clear of some of them altogether. You may also be reassured by the knowledge that, although there are risks in our food, they are not as alarming as some would have you believe.
Introduction
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C
Published: November 2023

Conventional actins appear to consitute a highly conserved family of cytoplasmic proteins found mall eukaryote ; but appears not to be present in prokaryotes. The functional characteritics originally used to identify actins include their ability) to self-assemble in to filaments which have a characteristics morphology (in the presence to" magnesium ions and at physiological salt concentrations) and the ability of these filaments to stimulate the ATPase activity of myosin.
Bristling with Charges
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Before Arrhenius it would have been unthinkable that there might be bare ionic charges, let alone positive and negative charges side by side, sprouting out all over a polypeptide chain. Electrostatic attraction had been the linchpin of all theories of chemical affinity, the only sensible idea available; opposite charges were seen as inexorably seeking each other out, forming chemical bonds in the process. The ultimate goal was not precisely an electrically neutral world, for positive and negative charges with a range of values were thought to exist and would not necessarily balance out in compound formation, but there was no rival to the electrical force itself.
Irving Langmuir and the Hydrophobic Factor
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Walter Kauzmann, in two reviews in 1954 and 1959, made protein chemists aware of the hydrophobic force and suggested that it was energetically more important than hydrogen bonds in folding proteins in aqueous solution into the compact shapes that most of them adopt. The same point had actually been made nearly twenty years earlier: how it happened and then came to be virtually forgotten makes a good story and provides a picture of an interesting period in protein history, more confrontational than anything we have seen since.
Are Enzymes Proteins?
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

In 1901 Franz Hofmeister, who was shortly to establish the peptide bond structure of proteins, predicted that in future a specific ‘ferment’ would be found for every vital reaction within the cell. This view was restated unequivocally by F. Gowland Hopkins twelve years later—’all metabolic tissue reactions are catalyzed by enzymes’. A long path had been tra- velled since 1752, when the French polymath, René-Antoine de Réaumur, first demonstrated the power of gastric juice extracted from the stomach of carnivorous birds to dissolve meat.
Antibodies
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

To attribute what could be called inventive activity to the body or to its cells, enabling them to produce new groups of atoms as required, would involve a return to the concepts current in the days of [an obsolete] natural philosophy. Our knowledge of cell function and especially of synthetic processes would lead us rather to assume that in the formation of antibodies, we are dealing with the enhancement of a normal cell function, and not with the creation at need of new groups of atoms. Physiological analogues of the group of the specifically combining antibodies must exist beforehand in the organism or in its cells.
Colour Vision
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Colour vision is the most highly prized of human sensory perceptions. The magic of colours in nature and in art has inspired civilized people from the earliest days. Not surprisingly, no field of animal physiology has attracted more attention from the wise and great, mostly people with no connection to protein science at all—poets and philosophers, physicists and biologists, all have been fascinated by it and have expressed ideas about it. This involvement of celebrities from other fields in a problem that can ultimately be solved only in terms of the photochemistry of proteins forms the principal focus of this chapter.
Blondlot and the N-Rays
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

The affair of the N-rays is the best and most widely analysed example of tribal delusion in the history of science. It has all the elements of drama—pathos and comedy, a theatrical dénouement, a high reputation brought low and more than a dash of chauvinism and malice.
Nor any Drop to Drink: the Tale of Polywater
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Thus D.H. Lawrence, and when he penned these lines in 1929, physical chemists already in reality had a fair idea of what the third thing was. Water is a highly unusual chemical substance, and, without its curious properties, there would be no life on earth. Water, to begin with, is a liquid at all but the coldest terrestrial temperatures, while hydrogen sulphide, in which the oxygen of water is replaced by sulphur—an element similar to oxygen, but heavier—is a gas. Water freezes at 0oC, a remarkably high temperature, and the solid, ice, is less, rather than more dense than the liquid with which it is in contact. Its specific heat (the heat input required to raise its temperature by a degree) is far higher than would be predicted from the properties of chemically similar substances, and drops by half when the water freezes. The consequence is that as the Gulf Stream flows from a colder to a hotter region it releases energy into the atmosphere.
What the Doctor Ordered
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Lewis Thomas, the most lucid of writers on medicine and doctoring, called his discipline ‘the youngest science’. Modern medicine assuredly has all the trappings of a science, and it undeniably makes abundant use of discoveries in the biological sciences, but it remains perilously poised between science and ‘healing art’, based as much on superstition as logic. The training of medical students still does not predispose to scepticism or an open mind in the face of textbook authority. The stance that doctors take on controversial issues commonly owes more to what they imbibed from their mentors than to a critical evaluation of the evidence. A debate, for example, has continued over two decades about whether high salt intake and hypertension are cause and effect. The argument in favour of the proposition appears to have been ruled by passion more than reason. The fog may now at last be clearing to reveal that there is no simple relation, and that millions of lives will not after all be saved by a low-salt diet.
Science in the Third Reich: Bigotry, Racism and Extinction
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Hitler’s Thousand-Year Reich endured for twelve years—a mere fifth of the lifetime of the Soviet Union and its Marxist imperium. Science, like all other facets of the country’s intellectual life, was maimed by the Nazi regime, but, as in the Soviet Union, a vein of quality endured. Around it grew the rank and malodorous weeds of Aryan physics, biology and, worst of all, medicine. They were propagated not only by impressionable dunces but also by genuine Nazi zealots inside the scientific community and by a host of cynical opportunists, not all of them inferior intellects. As in Russia, physics proved the most resilient of the sciences and in the main rejected the ideological poison. But whereas Stalin was persuaded of the value of physics to the state and was quite prepared to set Marxist principles aside if they stood in the way of technical progress, Hitler’s bigotry was impenetrable to reason. ‘If science cannot do without Jews,’ he told one of the country’s eminent physicists, ‘then we will have to do without science for a few years.’ The consequences are well known.
The Ecology of Sumatra
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin
Published: November 2023

Sumatra is the focus of a large number of agricultural, social and industrial developments and yet the possible biological impacts of these are largely only guessed at by local and foreign scientists working on those projects. One reason for this is that the biology of Sumatra and its surrounding islands is poorly known. Another reason is that the information that does exist is spread through a disparate array of Dutch, English, German and Indonesian journals and reports. The Ecology of Sumatra has brought together nearly 1500 references relevant to understanding the components and functioning of the wide range of natural and man-made ecosystems on Sumatra. It was originally written in 1983 by a team at the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (CRES) at the University of North Sumatra and the team members have conducted field work throughout Sumatra to supplement existing information. This new edition includes a commentary on the last 17 years of development on Sumatra, as well as an additional bibligraphy of recent publications. The Ecology of Sumatra will prove useful to resource managers, ecologists, environmental scientists and local government personnel, and will be enlightening to Sumatra's inhabitants and visitors. It should also be of great interest to anyone wanting to learn about Southeast Asian Biology.
Basic physics
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers basic physics that is not otherwise covered in the relevant chapters associated with the equipment discussed. It covers dimensions and units, linearity, frequency response, calibration, and mechanicsDimensions and unitsAny measurement made by the anaesthetist can be simplified and made easier to understand if it is represented by its basic dimensions.
Gas supply, pressure regulators, and the anaesthetic machine
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

Supply of anaesthetic gasesIn Europe and other advanced medical societies, medical gases are generally supplied by pipeline, with cylinders available as backup.OxygenLarge hospitals usually have oxygen supplied and stored in liquid form (LOX), as one volume of LOX provides 840 volumes of gaseous oxygen at 15 °C. It is stored in a secure vacuum-insulated evaporator (VIE) on the hospital site.
Airway management devices
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

The most important interface between the breathing system and the patient’s lungs is an airway management device (AMD). This is intended to secure the patient’s airway, which might otherwise obstruct due to anaesthesia, to provide a reasonably gas-tight seal to ensure accurate delivery of anaesthetic gases and, if necessary, to protect the lungs against aspiration of gastric contents.
Environmental and electrical safety
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

For these to occur, there is a need for combustible material, oxygen, and a source of ignition. The risk of these being present results from the use of high oxygen partial pressures and the use of inflammable anaesthetic agents or other inflammable materials.If the pressure of any gas is increased, heat is liberated.
An exaltation of thirty: Murasaki and company
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

In the cover story of its 12 September 1999 issue, the London Sunday Times Magazine featured The Top Thirty persons of the present millennium. Generated by 15 British and American scholars, this list was, to put it mildly, idiosyncratic, if not outright bizarre; in other words, one more manifestation of endof-millennium hoopla. Arranged in chronological order, the list started with the name of the only woman among this androgenic crow.
Genealogy and birth of the Pill
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

The above is from a long interview I had in early 1997 with Jill Wolfson, a reporter for the San Jose Mercury News, for a series of articles on technical contributions by some Silicon Valley veterans among whom they placed me. Why do I use such an excerpt to start a chapter that contains my views of the origin of the Pill? Because it refers to two overwhelming facts of the past half century—the global population explosion and the rise of women’s rights—without which oral contraceptives would just have been another interesting medical advance and not an invention with enormous societal consequences.
The view from Tokyo
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

There is no ideal contraceptive. Differences in life-styles, sexual mores, the status of women, religious views, and many other factors guarantee that what is good or acceptable to one person is questionable or totally unacceptable to another. No wonder that use of the Pill and IUDs, the two most popular reversible contraceptive methods worldwide, differs dramatically from one country to another, and even among regions of a single country. None is more interesting in that regard than Japan.
The Pill and Paul Klee
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

On 30 July 1985, a San Francisco Chronicle front-page article bore the headline, ‘6 Stolen S.F. Museum Drawings Found.’ At that time, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as SFMOMA, had not yet moved to its elegant new quarters south of Market Street. It still occupied the two top floors of the War Memorial Building, next door to the San Francisco Opera, its main entrance facing golden-domed City Hall across Van Ness Avenue. The War Memorial’s ground floor entrance hall is a rather grand space that is occasionally rented out for anniversary celebrations, weddings, and other private functions. On the less fashionable side of the street, SFMOMA faces some apartment buildings, one of them the abode of a 19-year-old psychology student attending San Francisco State University.
The Orthodontic Patient: Treatment and Biomechanics
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

This book is aimed at the undergraduate dental student, the general dental practitioner with an interest in orthodontics and students at the start of their postgraduate orthodontic training. The book assumes the reader has progressed down the path of orthodontic diagnosis and is in the process of formulating a treatment plan. Such planning requires the orthodontist to have a sound understanding of the biological principles of tooth movement, as well as to be aware of the treatment ideals and limitations. Knowledge of the various types of orthodontic appliances, their design and likely mode of action is also essential. Closely linked to this, advances in materials science have lead to great changes in orthodontic clinical practice in recent years. A chapter on orthodontic materials is therefore included. Orthodontic treatment is not without risk and there is a chapter on iatrogenic effects. Finally, with increasing specialisation there is a need to call upon the services of colleagues from other specialities in treating complex cases and so multidisciplinary treatments are also covered.
Basic biological principles
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

There are two main biological mechanisms that need to be considered in relation to orthodontic treatment:
Functional appliances
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

Functional, or myofunctional appliances as they are also known, are appliances that utilize forces generated by the orofacial soft tissues in order to move the teeth. They are constructed in such a way as to posture the mandible away from the rest position, with the forces being generated by the resultant soft tissue stretch (Fig. 4.1). In addition to moving the teeth, functional appliances have also been used with a view to modifying facial growth. This is particularly so in the case of Class II skeletal relationships and, to a lesser extent, Class III skeletal relationships. Before describing how functional appliances work it is worth briefly reconsidering the mechanisms involved in normal facial growth.
Iatrogenic problems
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

As a profession we must undertake, wherever possible, to minimize harm to our patients. In a specialty such as orthodontics, which is based largely on improving aesthetics and where there is limited evidence for any increased longevity of the dentition as a result of treatment, we must ensure that the long-term prognosis of teeth is not adversely compromised. At each stage it is essential that consideration be given to the fact that orthodontic treatment can cause damage to a number of tissues. It is fortunate that, in general, such damage is so minimal as to be clinically insignificant with little effect on the long-term prognosis of the dentition. It is a matter of clinical judgement when this damage, or the risk of such damage, outweighs the benefits to be gained by the treatment.
Unipolar depression across the lifespan: issues and prospects
Authors: Goodyer Ian M
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades behavioural genetic studies involving twins, adoption, and family designs have established a significant genetic contribution to aetiology of the depressions and other complex psychiatric phenotypes (Corsico and McGuffin, 2001). Undertaking genome wide searches as well as determining the strength of associations between susceptibility genes and clinical phenotypes will considerably improve the likelihood of determining the functional genes of interest. In addition the use of quantitative trait markers (QTL) of behaviour that are themselves associated with disorder, will enhance the opportunity for establishing links between molecules, psychology, and psychiatric disorder (Plomin et al., 2001).
Genome views on human evolution
Authors: Bertranpetit Jaume , Calafell Francesc
Published: November 2023

It has long been acknowledged that understanding the biological nature of humans does not require a special scientific framework. Nonetheless, it is fascinating how often this sentence is repeated, suggesting that it still needs to be restated against mythological explanations of human nature. The number of human traits that are included in biological studies has been growing with time. From the inclusion of humans in the animal kingdom to recent advances in the study of the molecular bases of consciousness, challenges to our own understanding seem an endless endeavor; the combined efforts from a wide range of disciplines are needed to understand the biological nature of humans.
Predictions of a Bayesian recognition memory model ( and a class of models including it)
Authors: Chappell Mark
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I report further predictions from a model of episodic recognition memory, the details of which have been presented elsewhere (McClelland and Chappell under revision). It turns out that these predictions apply also to a wider class of models which happens to include ours.
Negative affectivity, catastrophizing, and anxiety sensitivity
Authors: Keogh Edmund , Asmundson Gordon J G
Published: November 2023

The role that emotions play in the perception and experience of pain is considered to be an important, though admittedly not well understood process (Riley and Robinson 1999; Price 1999, 2000; Rainville 2002). Research indicates that separate brain regions may control the sensory and emotional components of pain. For example, imaging studies suggest that the anterior association cortex plays an important role in affective pain (Rainville et al. 1997). Evidence is also emerging that indicates how cognitive and emotional factors influence descending control mechanisms of pain sensations (Millan 1999, 2002).
The Role of Fear-Avoidance in the Early Identification of Patients Risking the Development of Disability
Authors: Linton Steven J , Boersma Katja
Published: November 2023

Because fear-avoidance beliefs are strongly related to chronic pain, it appears logical that fear-avoidance might be used to predict which patients will develop long-term pain and disability. Indeed, as only a small percentage of the large numbers of patients suffering an acute bout of back pain actually go on to develop chronic problems, early identification is essential for determining who should receive early, preventive interventions. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, we will consider the possible use of fear-avoidance, in relation to other psychological factors, in the early identification of patients with spinal pain who risk developing persistent pain and disability. To accomplish this, we will appraise the literature on the fear-avoidance model asking the question of whether these concepts and variables may be used to predict future disability. Second, we will contemplate how clinical screening procedures might best be employed. Rather than simply using a cut-off point to determine high versus low risk, we argue that combining psychological variables, with fear-avoidance in the forefront, provides a unique opportunity for priming a behavioral analysis, developing appropriate targets, and enhancing communication with the patient.
The molecular biology of HIV-1
Authors: Ghorpade Anuja , Brichacek, Beda , Bukrinsky Michael
Published: November 2023

Viral determinants necessary for efficient human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parallel those of the immune system. What regulates viral infection of its host and instigates specific pathogenic outcomes is often a combination of host- and virus-specific products. Any understanding of how HIV affects the CNS must first start with a thorough analysis of its functional and molecular properties. This chapter serves this purpose. Many patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) develop a syndrome of neurological deterioration known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Well-accepted neuropathological correlates of HAD include encephalitis, increased numbers of macrophages in the brain, and the presence of HIV antigen-positive microglial cells (for a recent review see Williams and Hickey 2002).
Common immune pathways of neural injury in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Lee Sunhee C , Dickson Dennis W
Published: November 2023

Microglial activation is a feature of virtually every central nervous system (CNS) disorder. In most cases this is considered a secondary process, but in certain autoimmune and infectious disorders, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis (HIVE), it can rightly be considered a primary process. The products of activated microglia, which have been shown to respond to even subtle functional alterations of neurons as well as neuronal degeneration and death, can initiate an inflammatory cascade by activating other glial cells and in some disorders recruiting systemic inflammatory cells into the CNS. Inflammatory mediators produced by microglia, in turn, control the fate of neurons and other glia. Glial-derived cytokines and chemokines have been shown to modulate neuronal toxicity in several CNS disorders.