bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in Thermoplastic Piping
Authors: Reinhart Frank W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the increase in quality of thermoplastic pipe and fittings, and the technical advances that have resulted in acceptance and use of plastic piping. The improvements in thermoplastic piping materials are mostly in better compounding ingredients and the procedures for mixing these ingredients rather than in the base resins, which is the bulk of the plastic composition. The article discusses the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) requirements, along with PPI technical reports.
MECHANISM OF VIRUS ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON
Authors: Cookson John T.
Published: February 2018

Using a coliform bacteriophage as the virus material, this study indicates that viral amino groups adsorb to carboxyl groups on the carbon by electrostatic attraction. Effects of varying pH and ionic strength are discussed.
MOTIVATING FOR SAFETY
Authors: Binioid. Charles W.
Published: February 2018

Motivating employees to change their habitual attitudes toward safety programs is often the core of a successful continuing safety campaign. The Fort Worth Water Department found that appeals to reason and emotion are more effective than punishments and rewards.
PRODUCTION COST FACTOR IN RATE‐MAKING
Authors: Heaney James P. , Gemmell Robert S.
Published: February 2018

The cost of municipal water may be separated into three essentially distinct categories: distribution system costs, production costs, and service costs. Production costs comprise the costs of bringing the water from its source to the community served and treating the water prior to usage. Distribution costs are incurred in transporting the water from the treatment facility to the ultimate consumer. Service costs include administrative expenses associated with metering and billing customers and other associated costs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the production cost component of water utility costs and to investigate its role in establishing rates.
PIPELINE PLANNING BY DYNAMIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Authors: Kally Elisha
Published: February 2018

This paper proposes a method for the optimal planning of pipelines where the planner is free to choose the diameters of the various sections of the pipeline, the class of pipe which determines the permissible pressure, and the siting of pumping stations along the line. The proposed method uses the principle of dynamic programming and is applied with the aid of an electronic computer. The purpose of the method is to replace the intuitive human method, usually employed in this type of planning, by a more rapid and efficient one.
OPERATIONAL CLOUD SEEDING
Authors: Kriege Daniel F.
Published: February 2018

Santa Clara Valley, Calif., pioneered weather modification for increasing rainfall. After 15 years its program of cloud seeding is seen as an undoubted success, but one dependent on Santa Clara's unique geography and atmosphere.
RIVER WATER QUALITY FOR ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
Authors: Directo Leon S. , Lindahl Merlin E.
Published: February 2018

Seasonal changes in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of river water affect its suitability for artificially recharging underground reservoirs. That's especially true if the stream and the receiving body have dissimilar chemical compositions.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON TURBIDITY REMOVAL
Authors: Black A. P. , Vilaret Manuel R.
Published: February 2018

Monodisperse latex spheres, whose diameters can be closely controlled, were found to be ideal suspension‐material subjects with which to study turbidity removal. Findings indicate a clear relationship between the particle size of suspended latex and other materials and the effectiveness of different destabilizing agents.
QUICK CULTURING AND CONTROL OF IRON BACTERIA
Authors: Grainge J. W. , Lund E.
Published: February 2018

To test the effectiveness of bactericidal agents against iron bacteria, the authors first developed a time‐saving procedure for culturing the subject organisms. Methods for growing, then eliminating, iron bacteria are offered.
COMPARISON TESTS OF STEEL PIPE COATINGS
Authors: Hertzberg Lee B. , Westerback Arne E.
Published: February 2018

Tests of steel pipe coatings, while not haphazard in method, are not and can not always be accurate. The ideal pipe test should provide quantitative information about coating performance and condition of coating, and should be expressed numerically.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF FILTERABLE RESIDUE IN NATURAL WATERS
Authors: Allen Herbert E. , Bacon Charles W.
Published: February 2018

Commonly used procedures for determining filterable residue in water need large volumes of water and long drying times. A method is described here that requires less of both.
CHEMISTRY OF THE SAN JOAQUIN RIVER SYSTEM UNDER BASE FLOW CONDITIONS
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Behnke Jerold J.
Published: February 2018

The San Joaquin River system is chemically examined from its Sierra Nevada origin to its entry into the east side of the San Joaquin Valley.
RELATION OF PHOSPHATES TO EUTROPHICATION
Authors: Weiss Charles M.
Published: February 2018

Not only is eutrophication hard to define, but the role of phosphorus as its chief causative factor also remains unclear. A number of recent experiments, however, do shed some light on both problems.
RAPID PHOSPHATE DETERMINATION BY FLUORIMETRY
Authors: Guyon John C. , Shults Wilbur D.
Published: February 2018

To measure phosphate contamination, two similar procedures are offered, one for low concentrations and one for high.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF CROSS CONNECTION INSPECTIONS
Authors: Campbell Ernest H.
Published: February 2018

As though cross connections don't present enough legal problems by themselves, obtaining access to inspect for them creates even more.
AWWA PIPE STANDARDS IN PIPELINE ENGINEERING
Authors: Lischer Vance C.
Published: February 2018

AWW A pipe standards are meant to help pipeline engineers design conservatively but with the newest proven materials and techniques.
MATCHING INDUSTRIAL NEEDS TO MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES
Authors: Watson K. S.
Published: February 2018

While the amount of natural water resources remains relatively fixed, so much cannot be said of public and industrial water needs. Industry and public officials through joint effort can, however, stretch our water resource.
TREND IN RESIDENTIAL WATER USE
Authors: Seidel Harris F.
Published: February 2018

This brief paper summarizes the results of a study of residential water use in Ames, Iowa, a university town of substantially the same character for the past 2 decades. The paper concludes that water use per family or per residential customer service in Ames has increased generally at 1‐2 per cent/year since 1955. This trend has occurred under conditions of consistent character and steady growth of the community, and uniformity in the quality and price of water.
CAPPING SAND FILTERS
Authors: Nelson O. Fred
Published: February 2018

Water utility men in Wisconsin and Illinois began capping sand filters to produce the best quality water at lowest cost and to do away with short filter runs. The results they achieved were much better than they expected.
TREATMENT OF HIGH NITRATE WATERS
Authors: Amant Percy P. St. , McCarty Perry L.
Published: February 2018

A new process for removing excessive nitrates from waters consists of an anaerobic filter in which bacterial denitrification is encouraged. Facts, figures, and findings are presented.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
Authors: Hoggan Daniel H.
Published: February 2018

Hampered by inadequate staff and funds, a tangled network of boards and committees, and the absence of comprehensive statewide planning, state water resources planners have been handicapped in implementing the administrative machinery necessary to integrate planning objectives. Although states have leaned heavily upon the Federal government for water planning and development in the past, recently many have taken steps to implement statewide water planning programs of their own. Consolidation of natural resources functions in a single state agency or the establishment of a central council of department heads are two alternative organizational approaches recommended for accomplishing the coordination and cooperation necessary.
STUDIES RELATING TO WATER MINERALIZATION AND HEALTH
Authors: Winton Elliott F. , McCabe Leland J.
Published: February 2018

A review of research on the relation of heart disease to soft water during the past decade uncovers sufficient correlation to suggest that more definitive studies need be undertaken to resolve the question.
USE OF PLASTIC PIPE
Authors: Bottles Donald G.
Published: February 2018

Some utilities are now using plastic pipe that would not have considered it five years ago. At Skagit County, Wash., the Public Utility District has been using plastic water pipe since 1952 and has found it more than satisfactory.
GEARING THE JUNIOR COLLEGE TO HELP OPERATORS
Authors: Watts Paul
Published: February 2018

Water treatment plant operators might look to junior colleges to teach student courses in water treatment. Such courses might be incorporated in a curriculum like the Environmental Health Technology associate degree program operating in Illinois schools.
A POLICY ON EDUCATION
Authors: Hudson H. E.
Published: February 2018

To maintain their tradition of progress, water works, large and small, must budget for continuous on‐the‐job training suited to every category of personnel.
VIRUS REMOVAL BY COAGULATION WITH POLYELECTROLYTES
Authors: Thorup Robert T. , Nixon F. Patrick , Wentworth David F. , Sproul Otis J.
Published: February 2018

Attention has recently been directed to the use of polyelectrolytes for the treatment of water and waste. Polyelectrolytes have also been used for removing viruses from water. Under experimental conditions the cationic polyelectrolyte performed more acceptably than anionic and nonanionic types.
DIRECT PREPARATION OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS
Authors: Rossum John R. , McLean Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

The authors suggest revisions to the directions given in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for the preparation of three standard solutions commonly used in water analysis.
PLANNING FOR WATER QUALITY EMERGENCIES
Authors: Craft T. F.
Published: February 2018

A statement by the author of the need for planning measures to be taken in the event that unforeseen emergencies might arise affecting water quality. Also, a number of possible examples are given, along with their preventions.
THE INFLUENCE OF HENRY'S LAW ON BICARBONATE EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Thomas Jerome F. , Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2018

In a closed system, water saturated with sodium bicarbonate maintains a constant pH. But when the water contacts CO2 in air, pH rises. It is possible to determine the ultimate pH of a water when it comes to equilibrium of the CO2 in the atmosphere.
STRUCTURE OF PUBLICLY‐OWNED WATER UTILITIES
Authors: Keig N. G. , Fristoe C. W. , Goddard F. O.
Published: February 2018

Based on a study of 252 publicly‐owned water utilities in 45 states, this analysis investigates the relationship that exists between these utilities and municipal governments. It takes into account price determination, quality control and quantity determination.
TELEMETRY CONTROL OF PUMPS AND OPERATORS
Authors: Alexander Robert J.
Published: February 2018

To operate the complex, widely separated Waterworks District's water systems, Los Angeles County makes radios and automatic telephone dialing systems turn on pumps and call operators automatically at home.
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF RHINE WATER IN THE BERENPLAAT RESERVOIR
Authors: Rook John J. , Oskam Gijsbert
Published: February 2018

Due to increased industrial pollution of the Rhine, a major source of raw water, the Rotterdam Waterworks built the Berenplaat pumped storage reservoir. The authors describe the functional operation of this reservoir and its effectiveness as a water treatment plant. The research covers all phases of pollution treatment by a plant of this nature, especially the chemical and biological aspects.
INDUSTRIAL WATER RECIRCULATION IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS
Authors: Sasman Robert T.
Published: February 2018

Recirculation is one answer to the demand for more water for industrial use, since it decreases the net requirement for a given industrial application. The author demonstrates the attraction this method holds for new installations through examples of savings.
UNITIZED BLOCKING‐A NEW CONCEPT
Authors: Tinkey A. M.
Published: February 2018

Reaction blocking, the most common way to prevent movement in a pipeline, can be unitized for small installations, thereby saving time and money.
MIXING OF WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS FOR QUALITY CONTROL
Authors: Symons J. M. , Carswell J. K. , Robeck G. G.
Published: February 2018

Impounded waters are subject to quality deterioration. One method of avoiding such deterioration is artificial destratification. This paper briefly reviews water quality behavior in impoundments and describes the effectiveness of artificial destratification as a method of quality control.
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTION IN SURFACE WATERS
Authors: Brodský A. , Procházka J. , Vydrová H.
Published: February 2018

Identification of surface and subsurface organic pollutants, even with modern instrumentation, is only approximate with respect to the structure and size of the constituents. The authors attempt to determine these factors during treatment and consumption, using existing and experimental methods.
COST OF PROVIDING WATER FOR PROTECTION
Authors: Cote Donald R. , Goodman Alvin S.
Published: February 2018

Water for fire protection usually amounts to less than one per cent of the total water consumption in a given community. The demand for this water, however, occurs at relatively short time periods and high rates. An estimate of the portion of the total cost of a distribution system attributable to fire protection will be useful to operators.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT AUTOMATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Griffiths J. H. T.
Published: February 2018

With the cost of a man capitalized at approximately $42,000, it has become necessary to look to automation for an answer to increased production costs. An account of automation systems development, especially when it is explained in a sequential manner, is valuable to the operator.
WATER UTILITY PERSONNEL STATISTICS
Authors: Hudson H. E. , Rodriguez Fritz
Published: February 2018

As a start toward determining personnel needs of the water utility, and as a basis for future setting of skills and training needs for job incumbents, the authors present careful estimates of present employee numbers and categories.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN UNDERGROUND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
Authors: Cleary Edward J. , Warner Don L.
Published: February 2018

The number of deepwells for wastewater disposal is increasing throughout the country. Recognizing the need for better knowledge of this practice, and of its physical and public policy consequences, the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation COMMISSION (ORSANCO) has issued a monograph, “Perspective on the Regulation of Underground Injection of Wastewaters.” The following article is composed of three excerpts from it: the letter of submission covering the report, written by Robert K. Horton, Executive Director and Chief Engineer of ORSANCO; the first section of the two‐section report, written by Edward J. Cleary, consultant to, and former executive director of, ORSANCO; and the synopsis of findings for the second section, the full text of which was written by Don L. Warner, formerly with the Ohio River Basin Office of the Federal Water Quality Administration, now Associate Professor of Geological Engineering at the University of Missouri. Complete copies of the report are available from ORSANCO, 414 Walnut St., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202.
DIATOMITE FILTRATION SLUDGE DISPOSAL
Authors:   Subcommittee Progress Report
Published: February 2018

A progress report by the Subcommittee on Filter Aid Backwash Disposal, of the Water Quality Division's Committee on Diatomite Filtration. The subcommittee's continuing work aims at studying and publicizing existing means of coping with the waste disposal problem, as well as seeking new and better solutions.
BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN WATER SUPPLIES
Authors: Mackenthun Kenneth M. , Keup Lowell E.
Published: February 2018

Although none of the organisms found in surface waters may be injurious to health, domestic water supplies must be free of such organisms, since they, or their by‐products, may interfere with filtration and cause customer complaints. The authors have compiled various reports and surveys and their results will be of interest to all concerned with water quality.
SENSORY EXAMINATION OF MINERALIZED, CHLORINATED WATERS
Authors: Pangborn Rose Marie , Trabue Ida M. , Baldwin Ruth E.
Published: February 2018

Water taste is affected by its mineralization—and the form that mineralization takes, such as chloride, sulfate, and carbonate. Chlorination alters not only the mineral balance, by removing such components as iron and manganese, but alters the taste imparted by the remaining ions, at the same time having its characteristic changed by them. Herewith are the results of a study of this interaction.
WATER BILLS AND COMPUTERS
Authors: Blaha Jack W.
Published: February 2018

Based on the experience of the city of Phoenix, the author outlines basic considerations that should be taken into account when acquiring a computerized billing system. Factors influencing such a decision, such as efficiency, economy, and reliability, are included in this study.
WATER MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRY
Authors: Miller Robert C.
Published: February 2018

Recycling within an industrial plant is an increasingly used method of assuring adequate process water while reducing pollution of downstream surface waters. The redesign of certain water‐using processes can also lead to economies. Both methods are described here.
COAGULATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Letterman Raymond D. , Quon J. E. , Gemmell Robert S.
Published: February 2018

Although the use of activated carbon for taste and odor removal is now widespread, little is known of the influence of this material on the coagulation process. It is an advantage to treatment plant operators to known how carbon influences the process of coagulation.
SURVEY OF COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Authors: McCabe Leland J. , Symons James M. , Lee Roger D. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of the Community Water Supply Survey (CWSS) was to determine if the American consumer's drinking water met the Drinking Water Standards presented by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS). To obtain nationwide coverage, the Bureau of Water Hygiene initiated the CWSS in February of 1969 in nine areas across the country. The field work for the CWSS was conducted by the Bureau of Water Hygiene, in cooperation with the state and local health departments of the water utilities. The survey scope, methods and results are presented here.
RECRUITING PROFESSIONALS IN A DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Coleman James L. , Greene William L.
Published: February 2018

If the water industry wishes to acquire competent professional and technical personnel, it must actively recruit from colleges and universities. The comprehensive recruiting program of the Philadelphia Water Dept., along with a breakdown of costs, is described here.
BOD AND COD ANALYSES ON PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBONS
Authors: Zajic J. , Spacek O. , Strizic V.
Published: February 2018

In order to demonstrate the problems of hydrocarbon analysis for biological and chemical oxygen demand, the authors have conducted a study which also will serve as a guide for conducting such determinations.
A & I COMMITTEE'S PURPOSE
Authors: Radziul Joseph V.
Published: February 2018

The Automation and Instrumentation Com. intends to initiate the operator to the “enigmas” of telemetry and automatic control.
METER‐READING REVOLUTION
Authors: O'Leary Thomas V.
Published: February 2018

The meter‐reading process within the water‐utility field is on the verge of a transformation—from meter reader to telemeter
CONTROLS FOR A MEDIUM‐SIZED WATER UTILITY
Authors: Lee Robert L.
Published: February 2018

The water‐system operator today is faced with an ever increasing, automatic, supervisory‐control technology that offers him an almost unlimited variety of supervisory controls.
AUTOMATING TREATMENT MONITORING AND CONTROL
Authors: Rivers H. M. , Schweitzer G. W.
Published: February 2018

The automation of water‐treatment processes entails applying chemical reactants properly in relation to raw‐water flow and then appropriately disposing of certain reaction products. Aside from the problem of automating the treatment process itself, however, are the problems of automating the chemical‐sensing or ‐analyzing system upon which the total operation depends.
DEMAND MANAGEMENT THROUGH RESPONSIVE PRICING
Authors: Hanke Steve H. , Davis Robert K.
Published: February 2018

Although a rather radical departure from conventional practice, a policy of responsive pricing plus effective management of supply will provide the utility manager with the means to assure both a more efficient utilization of the resources employed to produce and distribute water, and a more equitable distribution of the costs incurred in providing water services.
COMPUTER METHODOLOGY AND WATER‐RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Bishop Stephen L. , Vittands Jekabs P.
Published: February 2018

As an adjunct to the NEWS study (reported previously in the JOURNAL) a program was undertaken to assess the water‐supply needs and approaches to their fulfillment for an area including a large portion of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Described in this article are the constraints according to which a computer study was run.
DETECTING TASTE AND ODOR IN DRINKING WATER
Authors: Suffet I. H. , Segall S.
Published: February 2018

On some water‐quality specification lists, standards of odor and taste rank second only to toxicological criteria. In the minds of some quality‐control personnel, taste and odor might be ranked first. At the moment, however, man's ability to evaluate taste and odor quantitatively using human “instruments” is limited.
DALLAS’ WASTEWATER‐RECLAMATION
Authors: Graeser Henry J.
Published: February 2018

The time rapidly is approaching when the entire US will have to reuse its wastewaters; for parts of the country that time is now. Many problems must be resolved before reuse becomes a fully viable process.
REUSE‐FACILITY REHABILITATION
Authors: Kaye James B.
Published: February 2018

Water‐reuse facilities can have their problems. One of them (as in the case of The Dow Chemical Co.'s Dalton, Ga. plant) is to keep the sediment in the clarifying ponds from building too much, thereby reducing system capacity. Here is a pictorial report on how Dow built its system and then met the challenge of maintaining reuse potential.
URBAN WATER: MULTIPLE‐USE CONCEPTS
Authors: Flack J. Ernest
Published: February 2018

New management concepts are needed to permit the transition to multiple use of the water supplies of the urban community. They should include area‐wide planning, evaluation of the role of user fees, and analysis of the water supply.
MUNICIPAL SUPPLY AUGMENTED BY TREATED SEWAGE
Authors: Elliott J. F. , Duff Joseph H.
Published: February 2018

Refinery demands necessitated increased water treating plant capacity at the Lima Refinery of The Standard Oil Co. (Ohio). Based on a complete engineering study, it was decided to replace the existing manual hot‐process–hot‐ion‐exchange system with a modern, high‐rate solids‐contact clarifier, dual‐media air‐scoured filters, and a continuous‐countercurrent sodium‐cycle ion‐exchange system.
SLUDGE DEWATERING BY FREEZING
Authors: Logsdon Gary S. , Edgerley E.
Published: February 2018

The authors contend that sludge freezing can be a practical process for dewatering—when done at the right rate with a sludge that has been adequately prepared.
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO LICENSING
Authors: Redekopp A. B. , Austin J. H.
Published: February 2018

There is no doubt that the water‐utility industry can benefit greatly from an organized training program and a meaningful licensing system. A promising approach, which is being adopted in Ontario, Canada, is the behavioral‐objective approach to solving training problems, in which the focus is on man's interaction with his work and his surroundings, not on inanimate objects or static ideas.
CHLORINATION AND DISINFECTION—STATE OF THE ART
Authors: Morris J. Carrell
Published: February 2018

This article reports on progress by the Research Com. on Disinfection and Chlorination. The steadily decreasing quality of raw‐water supplies as a result of increased demand and use, together with the possibility of waterborne transmission of viral diseases, makes it imperative that scientifically sound disinfection practices be more universally adopted. Research on engineering aspects of disinfection is badly needed.
FLUORIDATION PRACTICE IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Hertsch Frank F. , Maddox F. Donald
Published: February 2018

None of the water utilities in Wisconsin is obligated by state law to fluoridate its supplies. However, under city ordinances, more than 60 per cent of the suppliers do add one or more of three fluoride chemicals. Here is a report on how well they do in controlling their additions.
A DISCUSSION OF THE CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF WATER MIXTURES
Authors: Trussell R. Rhodes , Thomas Jerome F.
Published: February 2018

As potable water is increasingly a blend from several sources, it becomes necessary to predict the chemical characteristics of various mixtures. The authors present the results of research into measurements of such mixtures.
INDUSTRIAL WATER FORECASTS
Authors: Stewart Robert H. , Metzger Ivan
Published: February 2018

It is important for long‐term water‐resource planning to project many years into the future sometimes by as much as 50 years. Past predictions of industrial water demands have been disparate because all factors were not considered. The authors of the main article contend that there are four important factors to consider and that these factors are sufficient.

A critique article by a panel of three experts appends the feature article. The panel concurs with the approach adopted in the feature article and explains that any discrepancies between results by the panel and ones by Stewart and Metzger are related only to the precision of the starting data.
EFFECTS OF HVDC ON CAST‐IRON PIPE SYSTEMS
Authors: Fowles Deon T.
Published: February 2018

Since there is a definite increase in electric power transmission using direct current throughout the US, this article, dealing with the corrosive effects of such transmission on cast‐iron pipe, will be of interest to all owners of metallic pipe installations.
REMOVAL OF VIRUSES BY COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
Authors: Manwaring James F. , Chaudhuri Malay , Engelbrecht Richard S.
Published: February 2018

The attempt to remove viruses from drinking water by coagulation and flocculation is a relatively recent undertaking. Past efforts produced results that ranged from poor to excellent. The authors of this article evaluate a different coagulant and reach the conclusion that it is as effective as some others tested in the past—at least when there is little or no organic matter in the raw water. They also point out some of the considerations that any user of the process must consider to make it viable. The authors have attempted to discover the extent to which viruses are removed from raw water through coagulation and flocculation.
FINANCING WATER‐WORKS IMPROVEMENTS
Authors: Highley Ernest A.
Published: February 2018

Billions of dollars need to be invested in US water systems every year. The author discusses five methods by which water utilities can acquire these necessary funds.
UNCERTAINTY AND CHOICE OF PLANT CAPACITY
Authors: Russell Clifford S.
Published: February 2018

The following three comments are offered relative to papers previously published in the Journal AWWA.
DESTRATIFICATION USING AIR
Authors: Biederman W. J. , Fulton E. E.
Published: February 2018

Tests in Waco Reservoir, Texas, showed that several advantages can be gained by destratification using compressed air. The temperature gradients—from top to bottom and from month to month—can be decreased, and anaerobic conditions can be lessened. Here is a report of the test progress over a four‐year span.
Trace‐Metal Analysis Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Egan John T. , Peterson George E.
Published: February 2018

In these days of environmental concern over trace metals, a laboratory should have adequate equipment for examination of them in water supplies. An example can be drawn from the methods presently being employed by the water‐quality‐control laboratories of New York City. Details in this report supplement information contained in articles appearing in the January and May issues of the JOURNAL.
History of Desalting Operation, Maintenance, and Cost Experience
Authors: Scheffer S. Louis
Published: February 2018

Early in 1971 the OSW sponsored a study with the AWWA Research Foundation to review the impact of desalting technology on community water supplies. Operating experiences at various desalting plants in the US provided valuable background for this study. A review of the experiences with the Buckeye electrodialysis plant was made as a part of this program.
Water Quality Monitoring in Distribution Systems: A Progress Report
Authors: McClelland Nina I. , Moncy K. H.
Published: February 2018

A prototype water‐quality monitoring system uses experimental electronics to detect and control water deterioration in water‐distribution systems.
AWWA: Taking Action Now
Authors: Black Charles A.
Published: February 2018

The President of AWWA relates some of the actions taken (and to be taken) by AWWA to fulfill its destiny for greatness, and he describes what must be done both for and by the Association to improve the image of the industry that it serves.
“Cold Vapor” Method for Determining Mercury
Authors: Kopp John F. , Longbottom Mary C. , Lobring Lorry B.
Published: February 2018

Some forms of mercury are more insidious than others, and these forms are also among the more difficult to analyze. The method described by the authors is said to overcome many obstacles inherent in other methods. The authors provide some background with regard to mercury testing and then detail the procedure that evolved at their lab.
New, Simplified Methods for Metal Analysis
Authors: McFarren Earl F.
Published: February 2018

The author discusses the different kinds of procedures for determining different metals through atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
High‐Rate Filtration
Authors: Kirchman William B. , Jones Warren H.
Published: February 2018

Acceptable operation of a high‐rate filtration plant depends on the right equipment and a design that permits sufficient flexibility. After defining their prerequisites for high‐rate operation, the authors proceed to detail a system that fulfills these prerequisites.
Silicate as Fe, Mn Deposition Preventative in Distribution Systems
Authors: Dart F. James , Foley Paul D.
Published: February 2018

The authors prepared an initial report covering their work for the 90th Annual Conference (see JOURNAL, Oct. 1970). Since then, they have had the opportunity to scrutinize the use of such treatment in several communities and have arrived at several additional conclusions.
Computing Aggressivity Properties of Mixed Waters
Authors: Grohmann Andreas
Published: February 2018

Methods, of course, now exist for determining the scaling state of a water. However, as the author points out, they are too specific. Here is a report about the use of relative titration values—values that can be used to determine the behavior of mixed waters based on the titration values of the waters that are to be mixed.
Crystal‐Seed Conditioning of Lime‐Softening Sludge
Authors: Judkins J. F. , Wynne R. H.
Published: February 2018

Current technology is limited in its ability to produce a water‐treatment‐plant sludge of such concentration that it can be effectively handled. The authors have sought to remedy the situation.
Rate Design and Cost of Service
Authors: Luthin John C.
Published: February 2018

Basic data are offered by the author concerning methods for determining rates for customers based on several relevant considerations of which several cost‐of‐service studies play an important part.
Principles and Problems of Municipal Financing
Authors: Browne Alan K.
Published: February 2018

There are some who doubt whether local governments can continue to raise the monies needed for public works. Theories regarding counter action usually involve the federal government, either fiscally or administratively. The author argues against such involvement.
Computer Techniques for Water‐Distribution Analysis
Authors: Becher A. E. , Bizjak Gerald J. , Schulz James W.
Published: February 2018

This area of technological advance not only has made possible but has also required the use of increasingly more complex components and systems in water‐utility operations. It also has made it increasingly necessary to employ more sophisticated techniques and equipment in the design and operation of those facilities. Here, one such area is considered the application of modern techniques and equipment to the analysis of pipe networks.
Pipeline Problems — Brittle Fracture, Joint Stresses, and Welding
Authors: Phillips Robert V. , Triay Roland , Marynick Stephen M.
Published: February 2018

Since Jan. 1970 the Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power has suffered three major circumferential pipeline breaks in a portion of the newly constructed Second Los Angeles Aqueduct. In each case the pipe line failed in a brittle manner. Since the first failure, the department has conducted extensive metallurgical investigations, stress analyses, numerous tests on the steel plate, and a thorough analysis of welding procedures and techniques. Presented are the various factors pertinent to the breaks and recommendations based on the experiences and investigations.
San Diego's Experience With RPM Pipe
Authors: Clay Ernest E.
Published: February 2018

Reinforced‐plastic‐mortar pipe has been installed by the San Diego Water Utilities Dept. in situations where it was thought it might be an acceptable alternative to the more conventional types. Most of the ventures, to date, have been successful.
The Shifting Emphasis in Rate Making
Authors: Heidrick Harold H.
Published: February 2018

Rate‐making science for electric, gas, telephone, and water utilities can provide an idea of what is about to happen to rate making for water utilities.
Planning Water Supply for Ancient Izmir, Turkey
Authors: Marini Robert C.
Published: February 2018

The essential elements of a comprehensive study of the critical watersupply problems in metropolitan Izmir—present and future—have been extracted for this article, which also outlines a recommended five‐stage, $221,000,000 water‐resources improvement plan.
Automatic Meter Reading
Authors: Ebner T. L.
Published: February 2018

There is often a vast gulf between theory and practice. Much had to be learned before automatic meter reading could be considered practical. Here are some of the findings of the Houston Phase III trial, including some helpful tips for the would‐be user.
Reservoir Renovation: Butyl‐Rubber Lining and Floating Cover
Authors: Prazer Stanley J.
Published: February 2018

When the City of Erie, Pa., decided to cover an open reservoir in its distribution system, many practical decisions had to be made. The author traces the planning and construction of the project and discusses subsequent gains, problems, and recommendations.
Water‐System Operation
Authors: Roller John , Wubbena Robert , Robischon John , Terry Vic
Published: February 2018

The small water‐utility operator may not be thoroughly grounded in the technical aspects of system design, but he should have a reasonably good understanding of good system‐operation rudiments. Here, briefly, are important points to remember.
The President's Outgoing Message
Authors: Hamblin Clifford W.
Published: February 2018

AWWA's president for the past year reflects on the achievements of the Association, noting in particular some gratifying accomplishments.
Water Use, Consumption, and Outlook in the US in 1970‐Water‐Utility Manager Development
Authors: Langworthy Virgil W.
Published: February 2018

Many managers feel that they are staying on top of new management practices. However, managers sometimes become too comfortable with old ways of doing things and really don't keep abreast of changing times. Does management know how to communicate with and develop the talents of the younger generation? Is management flexible enough to change and able enough to provide the right kind of leadership? Can potential managers be guided to their greatest potential? Modern times require that water‐utility managers use new and sometimes sophisticated techniques. Many of the practices learned by managers on their way to earning a degree years ago do not apply today. Special programs and institutes devoted to management can and will aid managers to accept changes and adapt new ideas to their individual needs. Through such programs, managers can be given a new insight into communications up and down the heirarchy; utility staffing; management systems; utility computer applications; manpower planning; and many other techniques and styles.*

In the first article, the need for management programs is described. The second article discusses who the recipients of training and education should be. The third article investigates what subjects should be taught to managers. The fourth article evaluates one type of educational program. The last article describes various methods used to impart knowledge of management techniques.
Meter Reading by Two‐Way Radio
Authors: Freeman J. E.
Published: February 2018

With the expansion of service facilities in the evergrowing cities, utilities face the demanding problem of meter reading. One ingenious and efficient method is the use of walkie‐talkies; such a system is described herein, along with the answers to some problems likely to be encountered in implementing such a system.
Chemical Conditioning to Control Water‐Quality Failure in Distribution Systems
Authors: Ghosh iganka M.
Published: February 2018

Many water systems produce “poor” water at the tap because the water flowing through the distribution system is too aggressive. The author reports on his analysis of systems in Maine and his efforts to improve the character of the water by addition of lime or caustic.
The Hydrocyclone for Water Clarification
Authors: Cobb T. J. , Kincannon D. F. , Tiederman W. G.
Published: February 2018

The hydrocyclone, which has found widespread successful use in industry, has considerable potential as a clarifier in water treatment, according to the authors. This article represents a portion of the work accomplished at Oklahoma State Univ. in studying the feasibility of using the hydro‐cyclone for solids–liquids separation in water and wastewater treatment.
Hidden Costs Finance Effective Safety Programs
Authors: Binney Mel C.
Published: February 2018

Safety is an area where many water‐utility managers are “penny wise and pound foolish.” A dollar invested in accident prevention should reap several‐fold savings—on the basis of the true cost of accidents.
Accident Prevention and OSHA
Authors: Jacobs Harold C.
Published: February 2018

An effective safety program must involve both the management and the employees, according to the author. The advantages of such a program include safety for the personnel involved and increased savings for management.
Proper Attitude Toward Safety
Authors: Hogsett Ordie L.
Published: February 2018

For some reason, men find it difficult to accept their frailness. Accidents, it is reasoned, happen to others. A good accident‐prevention program with emphasis on education can make the employee understand the value of careful working habits.
Public‐Service‐Executive Motivation: Water Utilities
Authors: Herrick John Smith
Published: February 2018

The author has revised an indirect, but possibly more accurate, system to test the job needs and satisfactions of managers. In this the third use of the method, he analyzes water‐utility men, makes comparisons among groups of executives within the field, and then compares executives from the water‐utility field with others. Although the author's results cannot always be generalized, it appears that the water executive has not satisfied his security needs. His concern regarding this underfulfillment may be so great, in fact, as to impede his drive to achieve higher‐order needs, which are part and parcel of an executive's needs.
NOTES & COMMENTS
Authors: Calmon C.
Published: February 2018

The following comment is offered relative to an article by Ervin Bellack, which appeared in the Jul. 1971 JOURNAL.
Deflection of Buried Pipes
Authors: Watkins Reynold K. , Smith Albert B.
Published: February 2018

The Plate Com. of the American Iron and Steel Inst. sponsored research to improve methods of predicting ring deflection of buried, large‐diameter pipes subjected to external soil pressure. A simple relationship was found between ring deflection, the predicted vertical soil strain, and the stiffness ratio, which generally confirms theory but is simpler, is more accurate, and establishes statistical confidence levels.
Experimental Study of Chlorine Injection: Overall Mixing in Large Pipelines
Authors: Hayden John W.
Published: February 2018

This article gives the data collected from an extensive examination of safely cleaning pipelines with chlorine. Many problems and variables are delineated with the aid of explicit graphs for each phase of the study.
Tests of Coagulants for the Reduction of Viruses, Turbidity, and Chemical Oxygen Demand
Authors: Shelton Stephen P. , Drewry William A.
Published: February 2018

This article describes and analyzes the effectiveness of different cationic, nonionic, and anionic polyelectrolytes in reducing viruses, turbidity, and COD in wastewater.
Water Quality and Human Health
Authors: Viraraghavan T.
Published: February 2018

Because many water contaminants are still unresearched, there are unknown dangers to health throughout the world—a situation that calls for international cooperation.
WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE COMPUTER ARRIVES
Authors: Grimes Paul
Published: February 2018

Before a computer system can be installed, many problems must be solved. Among them are learning about what computers can do, familiarizing the staff with the proposed system, and making physical preparations for the computer itself. This article describes the experience of one plant that has recently introduced an automated control system.
Influence of Rapid‐Mix Parameters on Flocculation
Authors: Letterman Raymond D. , Quon J. E. , Gemmell Robert S.
Published: February 2018

By varying such factors as rapid‐mix intensity, rapid‐mix period and concentration of aluminum sulfate, improvements in turbidity removal can be obtained. Further improvements depend on the type of impeller vessel used.
Introductory Statement
Authors: Cornell Holly A.
Published: February 2018

The Engineering and Construction Com. has been in existence since 1967. During that time it has been hard at work to help the water‐utility industry. Here is a summary of its achievements and future plans.
Rights of Water Utilities in Streets
Authors: Wyss Gerard A. , Dodson Roy E.
Published: February 2018

As cities become more crowded with both cars and people, new problems arise regarding where to put utility pipe and power lines. Environmental awareness and the desire not to have overhead power lines have increased the pressure to go underground. The problem now confronting utilities is how to fit all necessary lines underground safely and economically.
Some Factors to Be Considered in Choosing Pipe
Authors: Inhoffer W. R.
Published: February 2018

Managers, engineers, maintenance men, and all others interested in transmission mains and water distribution have long been concerned with the age‐old problem of obtaining the best dollar value when purchasing pipe. With the improvement of familiar materials and the introduction of new ones in the manufacture of pipe, AWWA's Engineering and Construction Com. decided that an open discussion by qualified representatives of cast‐iron, steel, reinforced‐plastic, and reinforced‐concrete pipe manufacturers would be appropriate. In addition, a firsthand‐experience report from a major water system would place the problem in perspective. This Joint Discussion was presented at the Annual Conference on May 16, 1973. Each panelist was specifically requested to cover the following items in his presentation: (1) bedding requirements, (2) trench loadings—dead and impact, (3) permissible deflection in and recommended types of joints, (4) resistivity to corrosion, erosion, and chemical action, (5) flexibility during installation, (6) problems with and related costs of distortion potential, and (7) job‐site storage problems.*

The first article presents the factors to be considered in deciding what type of pipe to use. The second article makes a case for steel pipe. The third article compares gray and ductile cast‐iron pipe. The last article makes a case for fiber‐glass composite pipe.
Properties of GB in Water
Authors: Epstein Joseph
Published: February 2018

At times the postulated situation of nerve gas entering community drinking‐water supplies has had an unnerving effect. The author explains that it would be difficult to deposit a harmful amount into large drinking‐water systems and that, were the gas to be dissolved into a supply source, it would under most circumstances, quickly lose its potency. The process of destroying the agent, moreover, can be accelerated by several methods.
Virus Removal by Diatomaceous‐Earth Filtration—Part 1
Authors: Brown Thomas S. , Malina Joseph F. , Moore Barbara D.
Published: February 2018

This study, involving the removal of bacterial viruses from water using diatomaceous‐earth filter aids, covers the comparative properties of uncoated and polyelectrolye‐coated products as they affect the process. The work is based on studies using bacteriophage T2 for Escherichia coli. Part 2, involving this virus and poliovirus virulent strain Mahoney Type I, will be reported in a later issue.
High‐Rate Contact Flocculation—Filtration With Cationic Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Adin Avner , Rebhun Menahem
Published: February 2018

In conventional treatment plants the flocculation and sedimentation operations are inefficient for low‐turbidity water. Direct, high‐rate contact flocculation–filtration processes are suitable for this type of water when used with polyelectrolytes. Plants being designed for low‐turbidity water in developing countries can include the latter method to reduce overall capital cost. Existing plants also can be converted to the new method.
Potable‐Water Supply by Means of Upflow Filtration (L'Eau Claire Process)
Authors: Haney Ben J. , Steimle Stephen E.
Published: February 2018

Upflow filtration is a recent development in the history of water filtration. By using polyelectrolytes and progressively finer filter media a potable water can be produced that compares favorably with waters treated by conventional methods, which require flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration.
The Miami Conservancy District as a Social Instrument
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

The Miami Conservancy Dist. was formed in 1913 after a disastrous flood. Over the years it has grown in size and in objectives. Today it must face the challenges of development as well as of dealing with floods.
Problems of Water‐Quality Standards in the Management of Ground‐Water Basins
Authors: Pomeroy Richard D.
Published: February 2018

Hardness, “total dissolved salts,” and alkali factor provide a fairly complete picture of ground‐water quality with respect to major constituents, but many minor constituents need to be measured for the establishment of logical regulations.
Viruses—What Is Their Significance in Water Supplies?
Authors: Taylor Floyd B.
Published: February 2018

The attitude toward the safety and significance of viruses in water supplies has changed over the last few years in both public and water‐treatment arenas. How to protect and inform the public without producing unnecessary scares is the subject of this article.