bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Perils of Glorifying the In‐group: Intergroup Violence, In‐group Glorification, and Moral Disengagement
Authors: Castano Emanuele
Published: November 2007

The moral disengagement strategies that individuals use when appraising misdeeds committed by their in‐groups (e.g., nations) are discussed, with a particular focus on the process of dehumanization of the victims. The glorification of the in‐group is identified as a main determinant of the use of such strategies, which, in turn, affect behavioral intentions related to punishment of perpetrators and reparations to victims. It is further discussed whether such moral disengagement strategies are prompted by a need to prevent the emergence or diminish the impact of negative emotions (such as shame and guilt) that are likely to be experienced by the individuals because of their connection with the in‐group. Possible policy implications of this analysis are suggested.
Classical and Modern Methods of Psychological Scale Construction
Authors: Simms Leonard J.
Published: November 2007

Scale construction is a growth enterprise in the psychological literature. Unfortunately, many measures promise much but are severely limited by the inadequacies of their conceptualization and execution. In this paper, a model for developing psychological scales is presented that is rooted in the traditions of construct validity and classical test theory but informed by modern psychometric methods. Construct validity is conceptualized as a guiding principle in each of three phases of scale development, focused on (i) construct conceptualization and development of the initial item pool, (ii) item selection and structural validity, and (iii) assessment of external validity vis‐à‐vis other measures and relevant nontest criteria.
The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory as a Culturally Relevant Personality Measure in Applied Settings
Authors: Cheung Fanny , Fan Weiqiao , To Clara
Published: November 2007

This paper introduces the development of the Cross‐Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) as a culturally relevant measure for personality assessment in collectivistic cultures. In addition to universal personality traits, the CPAI included indigenously derived scales that assessed the relational aspects of personality. We reported three studies that illustrated the usefulness of these indigenous scales in Chinese organizational settings. The Interpersonal Relatedness factor scales on the CPAI contributed additional value beyond scales from the universal factors of Social Potency and Dependability in profiling MBA students at senior‐level positions, in assessing hotel workers’ customer orientation, and in predicting senior executives’ leadership behaviors.
Novel Schiff Bases with Oxime Groups and Their Homo- and Heteronuclear Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Dede Bülent , Karipcin Fatma , Cengiz Mustafa
Published: November 2007

Two novel tetradentate Schiff bases containing oxime groups and their homodinuclear, homotrinuclear Cu(II) and heterodinuclear Cu(II)-Mn(II) and Cu(II)-Co(II) complexes were synthesized. The Schiff base ligands (H2L1 and H2L2) were prepared by condensing of diethylenetriamine with 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N'-hydroxy-2-oxoacetimidamide (HL1) and 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-N'-hydroxy-N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxoacetimidamide (HL2). Structure assignments are supported by a combination of FT-IR, elemental analyses, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity and thermal analyses studies. The free ligands were also characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Elemental analyses, stoichiometric and spectroscopic data indicated that the metal:ligand ratio is 2:1 for the dinuclear copper(II) complexes and 3:2 for the trinuclear copper(II) complexes. The copper(II) ions are coordinated to the oxime and imine nitrogen atoms. Pyrolytic decomposition occurred in melting the metal complexes and metal oxides were the ultimate products.
Electrode Reaction of Adriamycin Interpreted as Two Consecutive Electron Transfers with Stabilization of the Intermediate
Authors: Komorsky-Lovrić Šebojka , Lovrić Milivoj
Published: November 2007

In cyclic voltammetry of adriamycin (doxorubicin hydrochloride) adsorbed on graphite electrode surface, the response of quinone/hydroquinone redox centers is split into two pairs of peaks because of inactivation of semiquinone intermediates by the hydrogen bonds.
On the Reaction of Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with Heptamethyldisilazane. Crystal Structure of P3N3Cl5{N(CH3)[Si(CH3)3]}
Authors: Voznicová Radka , Alberti Milan , Taraba Jan , Dastych Dalibor , Kubáček Pavel , Příhoda Jiří
Published: November 2007

The reaction of P3N3Cl6 (1) with heptamethyldisilazane in the molar ratio 1:1 leads to the formation of 2,4,4,6,6-pentachloro-N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)cyclotriphosphazen-2-amine, P3N3Cl5{N(CH3)[Si(CH3)3]} (2). Compound 2 was characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopically. Molecular and crystal structures of 2 were determined by X-ray diffraction. 2 is monoclinic, space group P21/n. Experimental data were compared with results of DFT calculations.
Patterning and Polarity in Seed Plant Shoots
Authors: Bowman John L. , Floyd Sandra K.
Published: November 2007

Leaves and stems are ultimately derived from the shoot apical meristem (SAM); leaves arise from the peripheral zone of the SAM and stem tissue is derived from both the peripheral and central zones of the SAM. Both the peripheral and central regions of the SAM are formed during embryogenesis when the basic body plan of the plant is established. Interplay between points of maximal concentration of auxin and specific patterns of transcription of both auxin-responsive transcription factors and other patterning genes subdivide the embryo along both the apical-basal and central-peripheral axes. Differential gene expression along these axes leads to the differentiation of tissues, lateral organs, meristems, and boundary regions, each with varying responsiveness to auxin. Subsequent shoot growth and development is a reiteration of basic patterning processes established during embryogenesis.
Nanografting for Surface Physical Chemistry
Authors: Liu Maozi , Amro Nabil A. , Liu Gang-yu
Published: November 2007

This article reveals the enabling aspects of nanografting (an atomic force microscopy–based lithography technique) in surface physical chemistry. First, we characterize self-assembled monolayers and multilayers using nanografting to place unknown molecules into a matrix with known structure or vice versa. The availability of an internal standard in situ allows the unknown structures to be imaged and quantified. The same approaches are applied to reveal the orientation and packing of biomolecules (ligands, DNA, and proteins) upon immobilization on surfaces. Second, nanografting enables systematic investigations of size-dependent mechanics at the nanometer scale by producing a series of designed nanostructures and measuring their Young's modulus in situ. Third, one can investigate systematically the influence of ligand local structure on biorecognition and protein immobilization by precisely engineering ligand nanostructures. Finally, we also demonstrate the regulation of the surface reaction mechanism, kinetics, and products via nanografting.
Advances in Correlated Electronic Structure Methods for Solids, Surfaces, and Nanostructures
Authors: Huang Patrick , Carter Emily A.
Published: November 2007

Calculations of the electronic structure of solids began decades ago, but only recently have solid-state quantum techniques become sufficiently reliable that their application is nearly as routine as quantum chemistry is for molecules. We aim to introduce chemists to the pros and cons of first-principles methods that can provide atomic-scale insight into the properties and chemistry of bulk materials, interfaces, and nanostructures. The techniques we review include the ubiquitous density functional theory (DFT), which is often sufficient, especially for metals; extensions such as DFT + U and hybrid DFT, which incorporate exact exchange to rid DFT of its spurious self-interactions (critical for some semiconductors and strongly correlated materials); many-body Green's function (GW and Bethe-Salpeter) methods for excited states; quantum Monte Carlo, in principle an exact theory but for which forces (hence structure optimization and dynamics) are problematic; and embedding theories that locally refine the quantum treatment to improve accuracy.
Ions at Aqueous Interfaces: From Water Surface to Hydrated Proteins
Authors: Jungwirth Pavel , Winter Bernd
Published: November 2007

The surfaces of aqueous solutions are traditionally viewed as devoid of inorganic ions. Molecular simulations and surface-selective spectroscopic techniques show, however, that large polarizable anions and hydronium cations can be found (and even enhanced) at the surface and are involved in chemistry at the air/water interface. Here, we review recent studies of ions at the air/water interface and compare from this perspective water with other polar solvents. For water, we focus in particular on the surface behavior of its ionic product (i.e., hydronium and hydroxide ions). We also investigate the feasibility of dielectric models for the description of the protein/water interface, in analogy to the air/water interface. Little correlation is found between these two interfaces in terms of ion segregation. Therefore, we suggest a local model of pairing of ions from the solution with charged and polar groups at the protein surface. We also describe corresponding results of experimental studies on aqueous model systems.
Sequential phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-2 by glycogen synthase kinase-3 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase plays a role in hepatic insulin signaling
Authors: Sharfi Hadar , Eldar-Finkelman Hagit
Published: November 2007

Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins is a potential inhibitory mechanism in insulin signaling. Here we show that IRS-2 is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3. Phosphorylation by GSK-3 requires prior phosphorylation of its substrates, prompting us to identify the “priming kinase.” It was found that the stress activator anisomycin enhanced the ability of GSK-3 to phosphorylate IRS-2. Use of a selective c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor and cells overexpressing JNK implicated JNK as the priming kinase. This allowed us to narrow down the number of potential GSK-3 phosphorylation sites within IRS-2 to four regions that follow the motif SXXXSP. IRS-2 deletion mutants enabled us to localize the GSK-3 and JNK phosphorylation sites to serines 484 and 488, respectively. Mutation at serine 488 reduced JNK phosphorylation of IRS-2, and mutation of each site separately abolished GSK-3 phosphorylation of IRS-2. Treatment of H4IIE liver cells with anisomycin inhibited insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2; inhibition was reversed by pretreatment with the JNK and GSK-3 inhibitors. Moreover, overexpression of JNK and GSK-3 in H4IIE cells reduced insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-2 and its association with the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Finally, both GSK-3 and JNK are abnormally upregulated in the diabetic livers of ob/obmice. Together, our data indicate that IRS-2 is sequentially phosphorylated by JNK and GSK-3 at serines 484/488 and provide evidence for their inhibitory role in hepatic insulin signaling.
Macrophage-derived apolipoprotein E ameliorates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in obese apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
Authors: Atkinson Robin D. , Coenen Kimberly R. , Plummer Michelle R. , Gruen Marnie L. , Hasty Alyssa H.
Published: November 2007

Previous studies have demonstrated that macrophage-derived apolipoprotein E (apoE) reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation in lean apoE-deficient (−/−) mice. apoE has also been demonstrated to play a role in adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. Because the prevalence of obesity has grown to epidemic proportions, we sought to determine whether macrophage-derived apoE could impact atherosclerotic lesion formation or adipose tissue expansion and inflammation in obese apoE−/−mice. To this end, we transplanted obese leptin-deficient ( ob/ ob) apoE−/−mice with bone marrow from either ob/ ob;apoE−/−or ob/ ob;apoE+/+donors. There were no differences in body weight, total body adipose tissue, or visceral fat pad mass between recipient groups. The presence of macrophage-apoE had no impact on adipose tissue macrophage content or inflammatory cytokine expression. Recipients of apoE+/+marrow demonstrated 3.7-fold lower plasma cholesterol ( P < 0.001) and 1.7-fold lower plasma triglyceride levels ( P < 0.01) by 12 wk after transplantation even though apoE was present in plasma at concentrations <10% of wild-type levels. The reduced plasma lipids reflected a dramatic decrease in very low density lipoprotein and a mild increase in high-density lipoprotein levels. Atherosclerotic lesion area was >10-fold lower in recipients of ob/ ob;apoE+/+marrow ( P < 0.005). Similar results were seen in leptin receptor-deficient ( db/ db) apoE−/−mice. Finally, when bone marrow transplantation was performed in 4-mo-old ob/ ob;apoE−/−and db/ db;apoE−/−mice with preexisting lesions, recipients of apoE+/+marrow had a 2.8-fold lower lesion area than controls ( P = 0.0002). These results demonstrate that macrophage-derived apoE does not impact adipose tissue expansion or inflammatory status; however, even very low levels of macrophage-derived apoE are capable of reducing plasma lipids and atherosclerotic lesion area in obese mice.
MNK kinases regulate multiple TLR pathways and innate proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages
Authors: Rowlett Robert M. , Chrestensen Carol A. , Nyce Mark , Harp Mary G. , Pelo Jared W. , Cominelli Fabio , Ernst Peter B. , Pizarro Theresa T. , Sturgill Thomas W. , Worthington Mark T.
Published: November 2007

The MNK kinases are downstream of both the p38 and ERK MAP kinase pathways and act to increase gene expression. MNK inhibition using the compound CGP57380 has recently been reported to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in macrophage cell lines stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the range of receptors that signal through the MNK kinases and the extent of the resultant cytokine response are not known. We found that TNF production was inhibited in RAW264.7 macrophage cells by CGP57380 in a dose-responsive manner with agonists for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 (HKLM), TLR4 ( Salmonella LPS), TLR6/2 (FSL), TLR7 (imiquimod), and TLR9 (CpG DNA). CGP57380 also inhibited the peak of TNF mRNA production and increased the rate of TNF mRNA decay, effects not due to the destabilizing RNA binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP). Similar to its effects on TNF, CGP57380 caused dose-responsive inhibition of TTP production from stimulation with either LPS or CpG DNA. MNK inhibition also blocked IL-6 but permitted IL-10 production in response to LPS. Studies using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) isolated from a spontaneous mouse model of Crohn's disease-like ileitis (SAMP1/YitFc strain) revealed significant inhibition by CGP57380 of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 4 and 24 h after LPS stimulation. IL-10 production was higher in CGP53870 -treated BMDM at 4 h but was similar to the controls by 24 h. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MNK kinases signal through a variety of TLR agonists and mediate a potent innate, proinflammatory cytokine response.
Maternal obesity at conception programs obesity in the offspring
Authors: Shankar Kartik , Harrell Amanda , Liu Xiaoli , Gilchrist Janet M. , Ronis Martin J. J. , Badger Thomas M.
Published: November 2007

Risk of obesity in adult life is subject to programming during gestation. To examine whether in utero exposure to maternal obesity increases the risk of obesity in offspring, we developed an overfeeding-based model of maternal obesity in rats utilizing intragastric feeding of diets via total enteral nutrition. Feeding liquid diets to adult female rats at 220 kcal/kg3/4 per day (15% excess calories/day) compared with 187 kcal/kg3/4 per day for 3 wk caused substantial increase in body weight gain, adiposity, serum insulin, leptin, and insulin resistance. Lean or obese female rats were mated with ad libitum AIN-93G-fed male rats. Exposure to obesity was ensured to be limited only to the maternal in utero environment by cross-fostering pups to lean dams having ad libitum access to AIN-93G diets throughout lactation. Numbers of pups, birth weight, and size were not affected by maternal obesity. Male offspring from each group were weaned at postnatal day (PND)21 to either AIN-93G diets or high-fat diets (45% fat calories). Body weights of offspring from obese dams did not differ from offspring of lean dams when fed AIN-93G diets through PND130. However, offspring from obese dams gained remarkably greater ( P < 0.005) body weight and higher %body fat when fed a high-fat diet. Body composition was assessed by NMR, X-ray computerized tomography, and weights of adipose tissues. Adipose histomorphometry, insulin sensitivity, and food intake were also assessed in the offspring. Our data suggest that maternal obesity at conception leads to fetal programming of offspring, which could result in obesity in later life.
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in preeclampsia: heterogeneous contribution, mechanisms, and morphological prerequisites
Authors: Luksha Leanid , Nisell Henry , Luksha Natallia , Kublickas Marius , Hultenby Kjell , Kublickiene Karolina
Published: November 2007

We hypothesized that in preeclampsia (PE), contribution of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) and the mechanism/s of its action differ from that in normal pregnancy (NP). We aimed to assess endothelial function and morphology in arteries from NP and PE with particular focus on EDHF. Arteries (≈200 μm) were dissected from subcutaneous fat biopsies obtained from women undergoing cesarean section. With the use of wire myography, responses to the endothelium-dependent agonist bradykinin (BK) were determined before and after inhibition of pathways relevant to EDHF activity. The overall responses to BK in arteries from PE ( n = 13) and NP ( n = 17) were similar. However, in PE, EDHF-mediated relaxation was reduced ( P < 0.05). All women within the PE group were divided into two subgroups: with more ( group 1) or less ( group 2) than 50% reduction of EDHF-typed responses after 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid (an inhibitor of myoendothelial gap junctions, MEGJs). The division showed that 1) MEGJs are principally involved when the EDHF contribution is reduced; and 2) when the EDHF contribution is similar to that in NP, the H2O2 and/or cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase products of arachidonic acid (AA), along with MEGJs, confer EDHF-mediated relaxation. In contrast, MEGJs were the main pathway for EDHF in NP. The abundant presence of MEGJs in arteries from NP but deficiency of them in PE was observed using transmission electron microscopy. We conclude that PE is associated with heterogeneous contribution of EDHF, and the mechanism behind EDHF-typed responses is mediated either by MEGJs alone or in combination with H2O2 or cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase metabolites of AA.
Contrasting effects of exercise, AICAR, and increased fatty acid supply on in vivo and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism
Authors: Rantzau C. , Christopher M. , Alford F. P.
Published: November 2007

The increased energy required for acute moderate exercise by skeletal muscle (SkM) is derived equally from enhanced fatty acid (FA) oxidation and glucose oxidation. Availability of FA also influences contracting SkM metabolic responses. Whole body glucose turnover and SkM glucose metabolic responses were determined in paired dog studies during 1) a 30-min moderate exercise (maximal oxygen consumption of ∼60%) test vs. a 60-min low-dose 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) infusion, 2) a 150-min AICAR infusion vs. modest elevation of FA induced by a 150-min combined intralipid-heparin (IL/hep) infusion, and 3) an acute exercise test performed with vs. without IL/hep. The exercise responses differed from those observed with AICAR: plasma FA and glycerol rose sharply with exercise, whereas FA fell and glycerol was unchanged with AICAR; glucose turnover and glycolytic flux doubled with exercise but rose only by 50% with AICAR; SkM glucose-6-phosphate rose and glycogen content decreased with exercise, whereas no changes occurred with AICAR. The metabolic responses to AICAR vs. IL/hep differed: glycolytic flux was stimulated by AICAR but suppressed by IL/hep, and no changes in glucose turnover occurred with IL/hep. Glucose turnover responses to exercise were similar in the IL/hep and non-IL/hep, but SkM lactate and glycogen concentrations rose with IL/hep vs. that shown with exercise alone. In conclusion, the metabolic responses to acute exercise are not mimicked by a single dose of AICAR or altered by short-term enhancement of fatty acid supply.
Influences of Arm Proprioception and Degrees of Freedom on Postural Control With Light Touch Feedback
Authors: Rabin Ely , DiZio Paul , Ventura Joel , Lackner James R.
Published: November 2007

Lightly touching a stable surface with one fingertip strongly stabilizes standing posture. The three main features of this phenomenon are fingertip contact forces maintained at levels too low to provide mechanical support, attenuation of postural sway relative to conditions without fingertip touch, and center of pressure (CP) lags changes in fingertip shear forces by ∼250 ms. In the experiments presented here, we tested whether accurate arm proprioception and also whether the precision fingertip contact afforded by the arm's many degrees of freedom are necessary for postural stabilization by finger contact. In our first experiment, we perturbed arm proprioception and control with biceps brachii vibration (120-Hz, 2-mm amplitude). This degraded postural control, resulting in greater postural sway amplitudes. In a second study, we immobilized the touching arm with a splint. This prevented precision fingertip contact but had no effect on postural sway amplitude. In both experiments, the correlation and latency of fingertip contact forces to postural sway were unaffected. We conclude that postural control is executed based on information about arm orientation as well as tactile feedback from light touch, although precision fingertip contact is not essential. The consistent correlation and timing of CP movement and fingertip forces across conditions in which postural sway amplitude and fingertip contact are differentially disrupted suggests posture and the fingertip are controlled in parallel with feedback from the fingertip in this task.
On Relative Homotopy Groups of Modules
Authors: Su C. Joanna
Published: November 2007

In his book “Homotopy Theory and Duality,” Peter Hilton described the concepts of relative homotopy theory in module theory. We study in this paper the possibility of parallel concepts of fibration and cofibration in module theory, analogous to the existing theorems in algebraic topology. First, we discover that one can study relative homotopy groups, of modules, from a viewpoint which is closer to that of (absolute) homotopy groups. Then, through the study of various cases, we learn that the classic fibration/cofibration relation does not come automatically. Nonetheless, the ability to see the relative homotopy groups as absolute homotopy groups, in a stronger sense, promises to justify our ultimate search.
Experimental Design Optimization of a Sequential Injection Method for Promazine Assay in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Idris Abubakr M. , Assubaie Fahad N. , Sultan Salah M.
Published: November 2007

Experimental design optimization approach was utilized to develop a sequential injection analysis (SIA) method for promazine assay in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the oxidation of promazine by Ce(IV) in sulfuric acidic media resulting in a spectrophotometrically detectable species at 512 nm. A33full factorial design and response surface methods were applied to optimize experimental conditions potentially controlling the analysis. The optimum conditions obtained were1.0×10−4 M sulphuric acid, 0.01 M Ce(IV), and 10 μL/s flow rate. Good analytical parameters were obtained including range of linearity 1–150 μg/mL, linearity with correlation coefficient 0.9997, accuracy with mean recovery 98.2%, repeatability with RSD 1.4% (n=7consequent injections), intermediate precision with RSD 2.1% (n=5runs over a week), limits of detection 0.34 μg/mL, limits of quantification 0.93 μg/mL, and sampling frequency 23 samples/h. The obtained results were realized by the British Pharmacopoeia method and comparable results were obtained. The provided SIA method enjoys the advantages of the technique with respect to rapidity, reagent/sample saving, and safety in solution handling and to the environment.
Studies on the Effects of Certain Soil Properties on the Biodegradation of Oils Determined by the Manometric Respirometric Method
Authors: Kaakinen Juhani , Vähäoja Pekka , Kuokkanen Toivo , Roppola Katri
Published: November 2007

The biodegradability of certain biofuels was studied in the case of forest soils using the manometric respirometric technique, which was proved to be very suitable for untreated, fertilized as well as pH adjusted soils. Experiments carried out in infertile sandy forest soil gave a BOD/ThOD value of 45.1% for a typical model substance, that is, sodium benzoate after a period of 30 days and mineral addition improved the BOD/ThOD value to a value of 76.2%. Rapeseed oil-based chain oil almost did not biodegrade at all in 30 days in nonprocessed soil, and when pH was adjusted to 8.0, the BOD/ThOD value increased slightly to a value of 7.4%. Mineral addition improved the BOD/ThOD value on average to 43.2% after 30 days. The combined mineral addition and pH adjustment together increased the BOD/ThOD value to 75.8% in 30 days. The observations were similar with a rapeseed oil-based lubricating oil: after 30 days, the BOD/ThOD value increased from 5.9% to an average value of 51.9%, when the pH and mineral concentrations of the soil were optimized. The mineral addition and pH adjustment also improved the precision of the measurements significantly.
High Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Induction byMycobacterium BovisBCG
Authors: Hofner Péter , Seprényi György , Miczák András , Buzás Krisztina , Gyulai Zsófia , Medzihradszky Katalin F. , Rouhiainen Ari , Rauvala Heikki , Mándi Yvette
Published: November 2007

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a nuclear protein, is a critical cytokine that mediates the response to infection, injury, and inflammation. The aim of our study was to elaborate a reliable in vitro model to investigate whetherMycobacterium bovisBCG is able to induce HMGB1 secretion from the monocytic U-937 cells. Western blot technique was applied for the detection of HMGB1 from supernatants of cells, following induction withMycobacterium bovisBCG. Densitometric analysis revealed higher concentrations of HMGB1 in cell supernatants stimulated with BCG than in the supernatants of the control, nonstimulated cells. Further quantitation of the secreted HMGB1 was performed by ELISA. The BCG strain resulted in a higher amount of secreted HMGB1 (450±44 ng/mL) than that of LPS (84±12 ng/mL) orStaphylococcus aureus(150±14 ng/mL). BCG and Phorbol−12-myristate−13acetate (PMA), added together, resulted in the highest HMGB1 secretion (645±125 ng/mL). The translocation of the HMGB1 towards the cytoplasm following infection of cells with BCG was demonstrated by immunofluorescence examinations. Conclusion: Our pilot experiments draw attention to the HMGB1 inducing ability ofMycobacterium bovis. Assesment of the pathophysiological role of this late cytokine in mycobacterial infections demands further in vitro and in vivo examinations.
A Video Specific Instruction Set Architecture for ASIP design
Authors: Shen Zheng , He Hu , Zhang Yanjun , Sun Yihe
Published: November 2007

This paper describes a novel video specific instruction set architecture for ASIP design. With single
instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions, two destination modes, and video specific
instructions, an instruction set architecture is introduced to enhance the performance for video
applications. Furthermore, we quantify the improvement on H.263 encoding. In this paper, we evaluate
and compare the performance of VS-ISA, other DSPs (digital signal processors), and conventional SIMD
media extensions in the context of video coding. Our evaluation results show that VS-ISA improves the
processor's performance by approximately 5x on H.263 encoding, and VS-ISA outperforms other
architectures by 1.6x to 8.57x in computing IDCT.
Perinatal Plasma Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Concentrations in Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Briana Despina D. , Boutsikou Maria , Baka Stavroula , Papadopoulos George , Gourgiotis Dimitrios , Puchner Karl Philipp , Hassiakos Dimitrios , Malamitsi-Puchner Ariadne
Published: November 2007

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) plays vital roles in immune response, angiogenesis, and pregnancy outcome. We investigated plasma MCP-1 concentrations in 40 mothers and their 20 intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) and 20 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) fetuses and neonates on postnatal days 1 (N1) and 4 (N4). Maternal and fetal MCP-1 concentrations were decreased (P<001andP= .018, resp.), whereas N1 MCP-1 concentrations were elevated in IUGR group (P= .012). In both groups, fetal MCP-1 concentrations were lower compared to N1 and N4 ones (P= .045,P= .012, resp., for AGA,P<.001 in each case for IUGR). Reduced maternal and fetal MCP-1 concentrations in IUGR may reflect failure of trophoblast invasion, suggesting that down-regulation of MCP-1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of IUGR. Increased MCP-1 concentrations in IUGR neonates and higher postnatal ones in all infants may be attributed to gradual initiation of ex utero angiogenesis, which is possibly enhanced in IUGR.
Video Broadcasting Using Queue Proportional Scheduling
Authors: Toumpakaris Dimitris , Kotsopoulos Stavros
Published: November 2007

Queue Proportional Scheduling (QPS) has been shown to be throughput optimal for Gaussian Broadcast Channels. This paper examines the use of QPS for Video Broadcasting. First, the behavior of QPS is examined as the scheduling frequency is reduced and a method is proposed that uses statistics on the arrival rates to improve its performance. The reduction of the scheduling frequency simplifies the scheduler and decreases the required operations. Then, the packet delay variation is modeled using a Markov Chain approach leading to a method for approximating the packet delay distribution. Based on the resulting distribution, it is discussed how the video encoding rate can be chosen in order to reduce the expected distortion of streams transmitted through Broadcast Channels.
The Immunohistochemistry Profile of Lymphocytic Gastritis in Celiac Disease and Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Interplay between Infection and Inflammation
Authors: Broide Efrat , Sandbank Judith , Scapa Eitan , Kimchi Nimrod Alain , Shapiro Michael , Lerner Aaron
Published: November 2007

Lymphocytic gastritis (LG) is associated with helicobacter pylori (Hp) and celiac disease (CD). We aimed to clarify the relationship between Hp infection and CD by defining a unique histopathology profile of LG in these two diseases. Forty patients who underwent upper endoscopy were divided into four groups: eight controls, ten active CD patients without Hp, twelve CD negative with Hp, and ten active CD with Hp infection. Antral samples were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for CD20, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD57, CNA42, and Ki67 for lymphoid aggregates, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) number, density of lamina propria (LP) lymphocytes, and inflammatory glandular involvement. Only IELs positive for CD3 and CD8 were increased significantly in CD patients with or without Hp infection. Hp did not contribute to the number of CD8 IELs. In complicated cases with Hp and suspicious for CD, the number of CD8+ IELs hints toward a CD rather than Hp infection.
Tumour Lysis Syndrome Occurring in a Patient with Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour Treated with Glivec (Imatinib Mesylate, Gleevec, STI571)
Authors: Pinder Elizabeth M. , Atwal Gurprit S. S. , Ayantunde Abraham A. , Khan Sarah , Sokal Mike , McCulloch Tom , Parsons Simon L.
Published: November 2007

Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a rare side effect of chemotherapy for solid tumours. It describes the metabolic derangements following rapid and extensive tumour cell death following a good response to chemotherapy. Symptoms are those of metabolic derangement and renal failure. Treatment involves rehydration and correction of metabolic abnormalities. TLS should be considered in high risk groups. We report a case of TLS in a patient with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour treated with imatinib mesylate. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case.
New Current-Mode Bandpass Filters Using Three Single-Output ICCIIs
Authors: Soliman Ahmed M.
Published: November 2007

New current-mode bandpass filters using three single outputs inverting second generation current conveyors (ICCII) are introduced. The first circuit uses two ICCII+ and one ICCII−, and realizes an inverting bandpass response. This circuit has one floating resistor and no independent gain control. The second circuit uses three ICCII−and realizes a noninverting bandpass response. The third circuit uses three ICCII+ and realizes also a noninverting bandpass response. The second and third circuits employ four grounded resistors and two grounded capacitors and have independent control onQand on the center frequency gain by varying a single grounded resistor. Spice simulation results using 0.5 um CMOS transistors are included to support the theoretical analysis.
Morphology and Luminescence of Nanocrystalline Nb2O5Doped with Eu3+
Authors: Falcomer Daniele , Speghini Adolfo , Ibba Giulio , Enzo Stefano , Cannas Carla , Musinu Anna , Bettinelli Marco
Published: November 2007

The synthesis of nanocrystalline Nb2O5:Eu3+has been achieved by using a Pechini procedure. The obtained materials are single-phase niobia with the orthorhombic structure, average crystallite size around 25 nm and average lattice strain of about 0.002. TEM images show that the particles are rectangular and reasonably isolated. The luminescence of the Eu3+ions in the niobia lattice is efficient and affected by a strong inhomogeneous broadening, due to an important disorder around the lanthanide ions.
Generation of Variations on Theme Music Based on Impressions of Story ScenesConsidering Human′s Feeling of Music and Stories
Authors: Ishizuka Kenkichi , Onisawa Takehisa
Published: November 2007

This paper describes a system which generates variations on theme music fitting to story scenes represented by texts and/or pictures. Inputs to the present system are original theme music and numerical information on given story scenes. The present system varies melodies, tempos, tones, tonalities, and accompaniments of given theme music based on impressions of story scenes. Genetic algorithms (GAs) using modular neural network (MNN) models as fitness functions are applied to music generation in order to reflect user′s feeling of music and stories. The present system adjusts MNN models for each user on line. This paper also describes the evaluation experiments to confirm whether the generated variations on theme music reflect impressions of story scenes appropriately or not.
Hawthorne and War
Authors: Fuller Randall
Published: November 2007

Of the “classic” antebellum authors who lived to write about the Civil War, none was so artistically disabled by it as Nathaniel Hawthorne. Turning from his biting satire “Chiefly About War-Matters” to compose a new romance, he struggled with it until he died, no longer capable of “beautifying and idealizing our rude, material life.”
Internalized Heterosexism
Authors: Kashubeck-West Susan , Szymanski Dawn , Meyer Jill
Published: November 2007

This article focuses on implications of empirical research on the construct of internalized heterosexism (IH) in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. First, suggestions for practice with LGB clients are provided using the framework proposed by Goodman et al. for social justice work at micro, meso, and macro levels. Second, ideas for the training of counseling psychologists on the construct of IH are presented. Ways in which counseling psychologists can train students beyond the traditional micro-level approach are included.
Development of a Tool to Evaluate the Comfort of a Baseball Cap from Objective Pressure Measurement: (I) Holding Power and Pressure Distribution
Authors: Tae Jin Kang  , Chung Hee Park  , Jun Youngmin , Jung Kyungho
Published: November 2007

A tool to evaluate the subjective wearing comfort of baseball caps from the objective measurement of pressure was developed. Comfortable fit-ability index (CFI) and holding power were defined to represent the subjective wearing comfort of caps. As a preliminary step to define the CFI, average pressure, pressure distribution and standard deviation of pressure were obtained and subjective sensation were evaluated by wearing caps. The holding power was also estimated from wind tunnel testing. Two sets of baseball caps were evaluated, one set made of elastic fabric (F-caps) and the other set made of non-elastic fabric (S-caps). F-caps began to be taken off by the higher wind velocity and thus exhibited higher values of holding power. On the other hand, F-caps exerted lower average pressure, a narrower pressure distribution, and smaller standard deviation. It was concluded that caps employing elastic fabric were more comfortable since their pressure was rather evenly distributed and still maintaining higher holding power.
Odor Retention on Apparel Fabrics: Development of Test Methods for Sensory Detection
Authors: McQueen Rachel H. , Laing Raechel M. , Wilson Cheryl A. , Niven Brian E. , Delahunty Conor M.
Published: November 2007

A method for collecting axillary odor on nine knit fabrics was developed and odor intensity determined using a panel of assessors. Two methods, one involving paired-comparisons in the quad analysis method and the other a line scale, were investigated to determine if differences in intensity of odor retained on the fabrics varying by fiber and fabric structure could be detected. Both methods allowed detection of differences. However, the line scale method was more time-efficient and enabled a greater number of assessors on the panel, an advantage for reducing the effect of individual differences in sensitivity to axillary odorants. Recommendations for a collection method, handling and assessment method are raised.
Structure and Properties of Low Twist Short-staple Singles Ring Spun Yarns
Authors: Kun Yang  , Xiao Ming Tao  , Bin Gang Xu  , Lam Jimmy
Published: November 2007

Low twist singles ring yarns are desirable for their low residual torque, high bulk and softness, as well as high spinning productivity. However, conventional low twist ring yarns have very low strength and, thus, cannot be used. In this paper, a modification technique is described for producing singles ring yarns with a low twist and a relatively high strength simultaneously. A false twister was used to increase fiber migration and entanglement in the spinning triangle, leading to a reinforcement of yarn strength. The yarn cross sectional structure, fiber path and yarn surface were examined and yarn tensile and torsional properties were evaluated. The results revealed that the modified yarn had a structure and properties different from the conventional ring spun yarns. The fiber path modification was kept in the resultant yarn.
Relationships of Rurality, Home Health Care Use, and Outcomes
Authors: Vanderboom Catherine Prouty , Madigan Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2007

Rural elders have a disproportionate prevalence of illness and limited access to health services. The purpose of this study is to determine whether degree of rurality and home health care use influences home health care patient outcomes. An adaptation of the Outcomes Model for Health Care Research provided the framework for the study. A stratified random sample was selected from a database of risk-adjusted publicly reported patient outcomes from Medicare-certified home health care agencies and merged with agency factors from Medicare cost reports and U.S. Census data. Path analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships in the model. Hospitalization is the only outcome variable associated with community and agency characteristics or home health care use. Rurality does not have a direct effect on hospitalization; however, increased visits per patient and low-income community status are associated with increased hospitalization. Rurality may not have a direct effect on outcomes but instead acts through health care services.
Commonly Used Preclinical Models of Pain
Authors: Jeong Younhee , Holden Janean E.
Published: November 2007

Pain cuts across gender, age, and disease and is the most common reason people seek health-related treatment. Certain pain states do not respond to standard therapies, leaving nurses with few options to successfully care for patients in pain. Preclinical studies use many models to investigate the mechanisms and treatments for pain states similar to those encountered in humans. Within Cervero and Laird's conceptual framework of experimental pain, the authors present several commonly used preclinical models. Phase 1 pain models measure responses to a brief, controlled stimulus that minimizes tissue damage. Phase 2 pain models use topical or injected irritants, which cause inflammation and persistent pain that change peripheral and central neuronal responses. Phase 3 pain models produce neuropathic pain through partial or complete ligation of peripheral nerves. The use of preclinical models of pain can lead to the development of better pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies that enhance nursing practice.
Midwest Nursing Research Society Sage Best Paper Award: Milieu Change and Relocation Adjustment in Elders
Authors: Bekhet Abir K. , Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Wykle May L.
Published: November 2007

Relocation is a major life event for elders and has been found to adversely affect their adjustment and ability to perform daily activities. Rosenbaum's theory of learned resourcefulness suggests that such adverse effects can be minimized if elders have positive cognitions and are resourceful. A cross-sectional design was used to examine the hypothesized relationships among the study variables in a sample of 104 cognitively unimpaired elders (aged 65+ years) who have relocated to retirement communities in Northeast Ohio. Results indicate that positive cognitions had a direct positive effect on learned resourcefulness and on relocation adjustment. Furthermore, learned resourcefulness had a moderating effect on the relationship between relocation controllability and relocation adjustment when controlling for covariates. It is imperative to generate interventions to enhance positive thinking and learned resourcefulness for elders facing the need to relocate and to create the therapeutic milieu within the retirement communities.
Locating the public in research and practice
Authors: Staeheli Lynn A. , Mitchell Don
Published: November 2007

Discussions of public space and the public have become complicated in recent years. This article seeks to bring some clarity to these discussions by examining where participants in public space debates `locate' the public — those spheres or realms where participants believe a public is constituted and where public interest is found. To identify the ways in which public space is conceptualized and located, we analyze the literature on public space, interviews with scholars actively involved in public space research, and interviews with participants in a series of public space controversies in the USA. We find that differing definitions of `the public' that underlie these conceptualizations are rooted in strongly held political orientations and normative visions of democracy. But we also find that there is considerable overlap in how participants frame their understandings of publicity, and thus there is a basis for more thorough debate and even transformation of policy and practice.
Finding Peace (Kwam Sa-ngob Jai)
Authors: Ross Ratchneewan , Sawatphanit Wilaiphan , Suwansujarid Tatirat
Published: November 2007

Purpose: This study examines the Buddhist beliefs and practices of Thai HIV-positive postpartum women as ways to live with their infection. Method: Seven HIV-positive postpartum, Buddhist, Thai women were interviewed. Principles of hermeneutic phenomenology guided the study. Findings: All women in the study practiced spiritual activities based on their understanding of three central Buddhist beliefs: karma, the Five Precepts, and the Four Noble Truths. These beliefs played a major role in helping them to deal with their infection. Meditating, praying, and doing good deeds are examples of spiritual activities they practiced. All participants maintained that their beliefs and practices allowed them to feel peaceful and that their ultimate goal in life is to find peace (Kwam Sa-ngob Jai).Implications: Understanding patients' spiritual beliefs and practices can help nurses to positively promote better nurse—patient relationships. Nurses should encourage patients' spiritual practices as being grounded in their belief system.
Breast Biopsy and Distress
Authors: Potter Pamela J.
Published: November 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this randomized pilot was to determine feasibility of testing Reiki, a complementary therapy intervention, for women undergoing breast biopsy (BB). Background: Increasingly women face the possibility of BB, the definitive test for breast cancer. Psychological distress associated with BB includes anxiety and depression. Reiki was proposed as an intervention to decrease anxiety and promote relaxation. Method: Thirty-two women scheduled for BB were randomized to Reiki intervention versus conventional care control. Anxiety and depression were evaluated using self-report questionnaires. Findings: Analysis found no significant mean differences between groups over time. Comparably low baseline anxiety levels (possible selection bias) decreased naturally with time allowing little room for observing treatment effect. Conclusions: Reiki, when administered in the naturalistic setting of a complementary therapy office, did not suggest evidence of efficacy. An intervention offered within the bounds of the conventional care setting may be more feasible for addressing BB distress.
A Novel Theory for Nursing Education
Authors: Goodwin Miki , Sener India , Steiner Susan H.
Published: November 2007

This article discusses how aspects of a holistic comfort theory were adapted to create a taxonomic structure to apply its concepts to a fast-track nursing education program. The principles of learner-centered education were combined with comfort theory to develop strategies that appear to have produced positive influences on the attributes and contexts of comfort within the learning community. With emphasis on balanced academic exposure to the art of comfort as well as the rigorous science of nursing, students and teachers developed a mutually rewarding learning partnership. The resulting grid, adapted from Kolcaba's taxonomic structure, exposes educators and students to the application of holistic comfort theory. It is anticipated that this adaptation may assist students to transform into professional nurses who are comfortable and comforting in their roles and who are committed to the goal of lifelong learning.