bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cone-Infesting Lonchaeids of the Genus Earomyia Zett., with Descriptions of Five New Species from Western North America (Diptera: Lonchaeidae)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

Study of lonchaeid material reared from cones of various coniferous trees in North America revealed five previously undescribed species of the genus Earomyia Zett. The composite nature of cone-infesting lonchaeidae has not been understood and at least four of the species treated here have been considered as a single species (Keen, 1938, 1952). Much of the material studied, particularly that reared by various Forest Insect Investigations officers of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (bearing Hopkins U.S. numbers), has been misidentified as Earomyia viridana (Mg.) (Keen, op. cit.), Lonchaea albitarsis Zett., L. rufitarsis Macq., L. polita Say, and others.
Life History and Habits of Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Leconte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the Interior of British Columbia
Authors: Walters J. , McMullen L. H.
Published: January 2010

The Douglas-fir hylesinus, Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Leconte), is a common bark beetle in western North America from British Columbia to Mexico. Although Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, is the preferred host, the beetle has been collected also from western red cedar, Thuja plicata Donn, grand fir, Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl., amabilis fir, Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forb., and western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., on the west coast of British Columbia, and from western hemlock and western yellow pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., in the interior of the Province. Swaine (1918) describes Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Lec.) as “a slender species, with strong colour-markings in dark and light reddish-brown; the male very densely clothed with stout scales; the epistomal lobe strongly developed; length, 2.8 mm.; width, 1.2 mm. The supposed female has interspace 9 on the declivity less strongly serrate, and the elytral scales decidedly elongate and becoming plumose towards the base.”
Entomology in Canada up to 1956: A Review of Developments and Accomplishments
Authors: Glen Robert
Published: January 2010

Entomology in Canada began about the middle of the nineteenth century with a small but able group of hobbyists. They became active shortly before confederation in what was then the Province of Canada, a temporary union of
the present provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Today, a century later, the science is firmly founded throughout the coilntry with over 400 professional entomologists, more than 50 well-equipped research centres, 16 institutions giving formal instruction, and eight profesional societies. Entomological advisory services are estahlished in several provinces and federal legislation protects the public against the spread of nosious insects and the fraudulent or dangerous sale of materials for their control.
Forest Insects and the Law of Natural Compensations
Authors: Graham Samuel A.
Published: January 2010

The subject of this paper was selected with enthusiasm. The law of natural compensations seemed most intriguing and the part played by forest insects in its enforcement appeared to afford unusual opportunity for discussion. Now that the time has arrived for its presentation there is a sense of trepidation, because the drawing of generalizations is always dangerous. However, without generalizations we should inevitably be confused by the mass of information concerning populations of insects, their parasites, predators, and host plants, and the responses of these organisms to their habitat. Therefore, it may be appropriate to present this somewhat old story from a different angle to illustrate the viewpoint of one forest entomologist, using some old and some hitherto unreported examples. Most of the examples that will be cited, whether old or new, have been observed first hand.
Note on Mediolata mali (Ewing) (Acarina: Raphignatidae) as a Predator of the European Red Mite
Authors: Parent B. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: January 2010

Early in July, 1953, a yellowish mite was observed feeding on active forms of the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), in an orchard at Rougement, Qué., where a minimum of pesticides (insecticides and acaricides) detrimental to the natural fauna had been used for two years. The mite increased considerably in numbers during 1954 and 1955, contributing noticeably to the control of the European red mite.
Preliminary Notes on Intersexes and Gynandromorphs of the Larch Sawfly
Authors: Wong H. R.
Published: January 2010

Sex anomalies have been used in an attempt to homologize the male and female genitalia of insects. Studies of some sex anomalies (Michener, C. D., Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 37: 336-351.1944) suggest that the second valvifers are
homologous with the gonocoxites (phallobase); the second valvulae probably are homologous with the penis valves; and the third valvulae are homologous with the gonostyli (parameres). Homologues of the first valvifers and first valvulae of the female are absent in the males of Pterygota.
On the Tibial Comb of the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) and Its Use in the Determination of the Neartic Species of Culicoides
Authors: Lewis Franklin B.
Published: January 2010

Recent studies of the genus Culicoides have exposed many new species and presented taxonomists with a difficult problem in using accepted characters or obtaining new differentiating characters clear-cut enough to provide suitable separation.

One such new character is the tibial comb, a structure found on the distal tip of the hind tibia of both sexes of ceratopogonid midges. Fox (1952) illustrated the tibial comb of several Puerto Rican Culicoides and (in litt.) suggested that this character might prove useful in separating other species of this genus. The present study appears to bear out this suggestion. Moreover the study indicates that the character might prove useful in other genera as well.
Some Larvae of the Genus Itame Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: January 2010

Although many forest insects feed in or on trees, a larger number live on the shrubs and herbs of the forest floor. The shrub and herb feeders should not be overlooked since they comprise an important part of the fauna and may serve as reservoir hosts of parasites of the more destructive forest insects. Some larvae of the genus Itame are tree feeders but many of them feed on shrubs. These larvae are frequently collected within the Boreal Zone of Canada. As no means for the identification of the larvae could be found in the literature this paper was written. It consists of an account of the life history and external morphology of the larvae of the genus, a key to separate the mature larvae and descriptions of ten species. These species are: I. ribearia (Fitch), I. evagaria (Hlst.), I. brunneata (Thunb.), I. andersoni Swett, I. occiduaria (Pack.), I. anataria (Swett), I. exauspicata (Wlk.), I. bitactata (Wlk.), I. denticulodes (Hlst.), and I. decorata (Hlst.). Studies of the first four species are based on material obtained on loans and studies of the other species were made on material reared by the Forest Insect Survey of the Forest Zoology Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta.
Notes on Coenosia tigrina (F.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), Mainly on Habits and Rearing
Authors: Perron J. P. , LeRoux E. J. , Lafrance J.
Published: January 2010

Coenosia tigrina (F.) was first observed in Canada in 1943 at Ottawa by Mr. A. R. Brooks of the Entomology Division (Mr. G. E. Shewell, Entomology Division, Ottawa, personal communication). By 1917 the insect had been collected as far west as Guelph, Ontario. It was first recorded from the province of Quebec in 1951 by Perron and Lafrance (1952), who observed it preying on adults of Hylemya antiqua (Mg.) in rearing cages at St. Jean. Later observations and surveys by these workers indicated the predator to be very abundant in southwestern Quebec. More recently Mr. F. M. Cannon (personal communication), Field Crop Insect Section, Science Service Laboratory, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and Mr. L. A. Miller (personal communication), Entomology Laboratory, Chatham, Ont., reported C. tigrina to be present as far east as Charlottetown and as far west as Chatham.
Remarks on a Possible Biological Control Program with the Weed Acanthospermum hispidum D.C.
Authors: Lloyd D. C.
Published: January 2010

It is well known that the accidental introduction of some plants into certain parts of the world has later led to noxious weed problems of varying degrees of acuteness. Concrol of such alien plants by cultural or chemical methods may be unsatisfactory or economically impracticable and recourse is made to biological methods in the form of insect enemies etc. It was in circumstances of this nature that the Government of Nigeria requested the C.I.B.C. to investigate the possibilities of the biological control of the weed Acanthospermum hispidum D.C. Despite the discouraging facts that the weed is an annual and related to plants of economic importance in the family Compositae, and that the entomological method is appropriately regarded as being of very restricted application in these instances, the nature of thc problem for Nigerian agriculture was such that a preliminary investigation of the status of the plant in its native South American home seemed warranted.
Effects of Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Hatching of Eggs of Aplomya caesar (Ald.) (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Wishart G.
Published: January 2010

It has long been known that the juices of the digestive tracts of lepidopterous larvae initiate action within the micro eggs of tachinid parasites that results in hatching (Severin et al., 1915). The etfect of the alkalinity of the digestive juices of larvae of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.), on hatching of eggs of Aplomya caesar (Ald.) was mentioned in an earlier paper (Wishart, 1945). More detailed work has revealed more clearly the critical nature of this relationship.
Ichneumon lariae Curtis A Critical Study on this Arctic Species and its Closely Related Forms
Authors: Heinrich Gerd H.
Published: January 2010

The description of this species was founded on two specimens, one captured, the other said to be reared from the Liparid Byrdia rossi Curtis. As the types are lost, we depend for re-identification of the species on the description, the coloured picture and the host record.

The Canadian National Collection contains 2 specimens of an Ichneumon species reared from Byrdia rossi Curtis (♀ from Spence Bay, N.W.T., ♂ from Repulse Bay, N.W.T.) and 2 captured specimens evidently belonging to the same species (♀ from Yukon Territory, ♂ from Frobisher Bay, Baffin Isl.). Unfortunately none of the mentioned specimens matches the picture of I. lariae Curt., either in colour pattern or in size.
Studies of Parasite Oviposition Behaviour. I. Mastrus carpocapsae Cushman. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Lloyd D. C.
Published: January 2010

The oviposition behaviour of numerous parasites toward hosts already parasitized has been the subject of a considerable number of investigations during the past twenty years. Many species of ichneumonids, braconids and chalcids have been shown generally to avoid oviposition in parasitized hosts under laboratory and field conditions but there are conflicting views on the nature of this behiviour and on the cause for such rejection (Salt 1935, 1937, Ullyett 1936). Incomplete data hearing on these problems with the parasite Mastrus carpocapsae are given here. Dificulties in laboratory propagation and particularly irregular and erratic oviposition under the experimental techniques employed have prevented a fuller study; hut it is felt that the data will be of interest to workers in this field of behaviour since in certain respects the findings help in the interpretation of relevant facts demonstrated in previous investigations.
Notes on the Black Army Cutworm, Actebia fennica (Tausch.) (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae), a Pest of Low-Bush Blueberry in New Brunswick
Authors: Wood G. W. , Neilson W. T. A.
Published: January 2010

The black army cutwarm, Actebia fennica (Tausch.), is the most important pest of foliage of the low-bush blueberry in New Brunswick. Although usually of minor importance, it periodically appears in outbreak proportions and destroys the entire crop in heavily infested helds. Such an outbreak occurred in Charlotte County in 1944 and 1945, when the present study was initiated.

The data presented in this paper are based on insectary-reared material, supplemented where possible by field observations. Larvae were reared individually in jelly jars or waxed cardboard cups and fed daily on fresh blueberry foliage. Observations on oviposition were made possible by mating reared moths.
Physical Environment and Behaviour of Immature Stages of Aedes communis (Deg.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Subarctic Canada
Authors: Haufe W. O.
Published: January 2010

Studies on the biology and control of biting flies in the Canadian north have been described by Hocking et al. (1950), Twinn et al. (1948), and Twinn (1950). The biological investigations have been directed largely toward the economic control of biting flies in isolated military areas. In the subarctic regions of North America so many factors influence the rate of development of mosquitoes that simple relations of time and temperature cannot be used to estimate adequately the periods of infestation. Casual field observations of mosquito larvae and pupae suggested that behaviour patterns peculiar to northern species modify the effect of environmental conditions on the rate of development.
Insects of Potential Economic Importance New to Canada, 1954: a Review
Authors: MacNay C. G.
Published: January 2010

A considerable number of insect species of potential economic importance new to Canada, some being new to North America, have been recorded in the Canadian Insect Pest Survey since new records were reviewed (McNay, 1955). These and others, mainly from 1954 records, are brought together in this paper. Two new mire species are included. Sources of information include Survey reports from officers of the Entomology and Plant Protection divisions, provincial entomologists, and other co-operators; The Canadian Entomologist; The Canadian Insect Pest Review; Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia; and the Bi-monthly Progress Report of the Forest Biology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture.
North American Components of the Genus Diasemia of Authors (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Work undertaken in connection with Mr. C. P. Kimball's projected list of Florida Lepidopera has revealed a number of problems in the North American species usually referred to Diasemia Hübner ([1824-25] p. 348), type Pyralis literalis Denis and Schiffermüller (=Phalaena litterata Scopoli) (Figs. 1, 2). A structural study shows that these species belong to five groups, generically distinct from one another and from the type species of Diasemia. Diasemia alaskalis Gibson (Fig. 3) is congeneric with Udea ferrugalis (Hübner) and should be known as Udea alaskalis (Gibson), new combination. I have characterized the genus Udea Guenée in an earlier paper (Munroe, 1950). Diasemia plumbosignalis Fernald (Fig. 10) and related species belong to the genus Choristostigma Warren, 1892: 440. The species of Choristostigma will be discussed in a separate publication. Diasemia magdalena Fernald and an undescribed species belong to the genus Daulia Walker (1859: 975) hitherto known from the tropics of the Old World and from Argentina. Hydrocampa ramburialis Duponchel and Desmia? janassialis Walker require new genera.
A Water-Trap for Detecting Insects in Stored Grain
Authors: Waiters F. L. , Cox G. A.
Published: January 2010

Much of the losses due to insects in stored grain occur when infestations remain unnoticed because of infrequent or inadequate sampling, There is clearly a need for a simple, sensitive method of indicating the presence of insects in stored grain before they become sufficiently numerous to occur in grain samples.

At the Winnipeg laboratory, jars of water are sometimes used to increase the relative humidity above wheat containing cultures of rhe rusty grain beetle,Laemophloeus ferrugineusSteph. The fact that adults were often trapped in the water suggested a method of detecting insect infestations in stored grain. This paper reports field and laboratory experiments on the general usefulness of a water-trap to detect insects in stored grain.
The Natural Control of Insect Populations
Authors: Milne A.
Published: January 2010

Animals are capable of multiplying their numbers by some form of reproduction; but they are hindered by natural means from multiplying to the point of committing collective suicide by exhausting the resources of this planet. Animals are also subject to having their numbers decreased; but, likewise, their decrease to extinction is hindered by natural means. The question of these natural means of limiting increase and decrease of numbers is a fundamental problem of Ecology: the problem of the mechanism of natural control of populations. The solution of this problem has, of course, great practical interest because man suffers from some animals being too few (beneficial species) and others too numerous (pests).
An Interesting Attractant forPriacma serrata(Lee), (Cupesidae: Coleoptera)
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

On the warm morning of May 27, 1956 at the Trinity Valley field station near Lumby, B.C., some laundry hanging out to dry attracted large numbers of a strange Cerambycid-like beetle. Closer examination showed this insect to bePriacma serrata(Lec.) of the family Cupesidae (Fig. 1), an interesting and infrequently collected species.

The family Cupesidae seems to have no economic importance, having only two genera and five species in North America that have been described (Blatchley, 1910). The larvae are reported to live in rotten wood; dissection of some adults collected at this time produced an entirely empty and deflated gut. The females and larvae of the closely relatedMicromalthus debilisLec. are found in rotting wood in North America and were reported from decaying mine timbers far under ground in Johannesburg.
Deterioration of Fire-Killed Pine in Ontario and the Causal Wood-Boring Beetles
Authors: Gardiner L. M.
Published: January 2010

In 1948, the Mississagi region of northern Ontario was swept by a niajor conflagration that began on May 25 and which, because of dry weather conditions, was not brought under control until July 23. When the fire had been extinguished, it was found to have spread over 57 townships, or 281,388 acres in all. Officers of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests estimated that approximately 75 per cent of the fire area bore mature stands of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), red pine (P. resinosa Ait.) and jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.). Salvage operations began immediately in an effort to save this vast amount of valuable timber.
Differences in Survival of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), from Two Geographic Areas in Varieties of Spring Wheat
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Peterson L. K. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: January 2010

The larva of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., lives inside the host stem, cuts it off at ground level in late summer, and spends the winter inside the stub below ground level. This insect can be controlled by the use of resistant spring wheats such as Rescue and Golden Ball. The possibility of the existence of a strain of C. cinctus to which these varieties are not resistant is of major importance.

Platt, Farstad, and Callenbach (1948) found that the average percentages of Rescue stems cut by C. cinctus for five years were 36 at Regina, Saskatchewan, and two at Lethbridge. They suggested that this difference may have resulted from the effects of the environments in two areas, or from genetic variations between the sawflies at the two stations.
Improved Technique for Inflating and Mounting Insect Larvae
Authors: Harvey J. K.
Published: January 2010

A collection of pinned, inflated larvae systematically arranged in Schmitt boxes provides an invaluable reference for taxonomists. Inflated or blown larvae are more readily available for examination and usually retain their colours better than do “liquid-preserved” larvae. Inflation has disadvantages in that the specimens are more easily damaged and require more time in preparation. However the importance of these two factors has been reduced by techniques employed at the Vernon Laboratory.
Note on Occurrence in Cape Breton Island of Tipula paludosa Mg. (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Authors: Fox C. J. S.
Published: January 2010

In September, 1955, crane flies reared from magsots, or “leather jackets”, collected from flower beds at North Easr Margaree, Cape Breton Island, were identified as of the Palaearctic species Tipule paludosa Mg. by J. R. Vockeroth, Entomology Division, Ottawa. This is probably the most injurious crane fly in Europe, where it is frequently reported in the literature as injuring grasses, cereals, beets, strawberries, hemp, flax, tobacco, and other crops. Further collecting has shown the species to be present in Murphy and Cranton sections, Inverness County, and Sydney, Cape Breton County, Cape Breton Island. It is doubtfully recorded from Newfoundland by Alexander (1942, pp. 260-261). These records constitute the only ones known in North America. T. paludosa was probably introduced in soil ballast dumped from ships on the shores of Cape Breton Island in the same manner as the exotic soil-inhabiting beetles referred to by Brown (1940).
Descriptions of Some Phytoseiide Mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Nine New Species from British Columbia with Keys to the Species of British Columbia. Part II. Redescriptions of Eight Species Described by Berlese
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: January 2010

In 1951 to 1955 Mr. N. H. Anderson of the Belleville laboratory, and Mr. C. V. G. Morgan, Entomology Laboratory, Summerland, B.C., collected plant material in southern British Columbia to investigate the distribution there of phytoseiid mites. Many phytoseiids in this material were apparently undescribed, and in 1956 the author collected further specimens. Nine undescribed forms were found; descriptions of these are given below, with a key for identifying the adult females of all phytoseiid species known to occur in British Columbia. The new species all are of the genus Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1957, as defined by Chant (in preparation). The mites were cleared in chloral hydrate or lactic acid and mointed in Berlese's fluid; but some were mounted directly in De Faure's fluid. The measurements given are of the greatest lengths and widths of the dorsal and ventri-anal shields, and whenever possible are the means for 10 specimens. The setal terminology of Garman (1948) and Nesbitt (1951) is followed. All specimens referred to were collected in British Columbia unless otherwise stated.
Descriptions of Two New Phytoseiid Genera (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), with a Note on Phytoseius Ribaga, 1902
Authors: Chant D. A.
Published: January 2010

Predacious mites of agricultural and horticultural importance are almost entirely of the family Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1913. These mites have received considerable attention both biologically and systematically in recent years, since the discovery that they feed on phytophagous mites of the family Tetranychidae that are of economic importance in many parts of the world.

Nesbitt (1951) revised the family in part, and present knowledge of the Phytoseiidae is largely based on his work. Garrnan (1948) devised a system of chaetotactic nomenclature that was used by both Nesbitt (loc. cit.) and Evans (1952) and is followed in this paper.
Effect of Continuous Rearing in Rescue Wheat on Survival of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Peterson L. K.
Published: January 2010

Rescue wheat has been grown in the prairie regions of Canada and the United States since 1946 as a control for the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. Although there is no evidence of the existence of a strain of sawflies to which Rescue is not resistant, the possibility of the development of such a strain is an important consideration. Callenbach (1952) found no differences in the percentages of Rescue sterns cut by the progenies of sawflies reared the previous year in Rescue and in susceptible varieties of wheat.

The present work was done to determine whether a strain that would survive readily in Rescue wheat could be segregated by rearing sawflies continuously in this variety.
Control of the Pine Tortoise Scale by Aerial Application of Insecticides
Authors: Jones P. A. , Shenefelt R. D.
Published: January 2010

The pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella numismaticum (Pettit and McDaniel), was epidemic on jack pine in Marinette, Oconto and Florence counties in northern Wisconsin during 1953 and 1954. In the spring of 1954, 2900 acres of jack pine plantation in Marinette County were heavily infested. Four hundred seventy-four acres had been killed during 1953 by the scale. Some of the timber had been expected to reach marketable pulp log size within the next four to five years. The infested plantations showed the same symptoms as those which died in 1953 had shown during that year.
A Further Consideration of Summit Ant Swarms
Authors: Chapman John A.
Published: January 2010

An earlier report on summit ant swarms (Chapman, 1954b) presented data and observations based on first-hand studies and results from 256 questionnaires returned, in 1952, from observers at mountain-top fire lookout stations in the western U.S.A. (Fig. 1). In 1953, questionnaires were again sent to fire lookout observers, including some in western Canada, together with specimen boxes for samples from summit ant swarms. A total of 318 of these forms were returned, of which 235 were accompanied by samples of ants. This is a final report on the material supplied by lookout observers, together with a few additional comments on the phenomenon.
Distributional Notes on and Synonymies of Some North American Scolytidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Wood Stephen L.
Published: January 2010

This paper introduces new names and synonymies to North American workers and corrects a few errors in the literature involving North American species of Scolytidae. A few distributional records are included to support some of the proposed synonymies. For convenience of reference the names of the species involved are arranged alphabetically.
Releases in North America and Reviews of Bionomics in Europe of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)
Authors: Smith B. C. , Coppel H. C.
Published: January 2010

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), causes serious damage to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., in Eastern Canada. It was introduced from Europe before 1900 (Balch, 1952) and has also become established in the northeastern United States. In continental Europe A. piceae is common on Abies alba Mill. but is not so serious a pest as in Canada. It has an extensive complex of insect predators in both Canada (Balch, 1934) and Europe (Delucchi, 1954). Balch (1934, 1952) found those in Canada inadequate as control agents. Some of the predators of Pineus pini Koch and Pineus strobi (Htg.) studied by Wilson (1938) in England, and recommended for introduction to new areas, were imported to Canada and released against A. piceae. Predators were first introdnced from Ensland in 1933 and later from continental Europe beginning in 1951.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Toxicities of Three Insecticides to Larvae of the Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Proverbs M. D.
Published: January 2010

Before the advent of synthetic organic insecticides, it was much more difficult to control the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), in arid, hot areas with a long growing season, as in the Pacific northwest, than in cooler areas such as Ontario, where there is more rainfall and usually a shorter growing season. As a rule, in all apple growing areas, the codling moth is most numerous during summers in which the temperatures are above normal, particularly if the prevailing temperatures are high at dusk, when the moth is ovipositing. Consequently, unsatisfactory control in hot, dry areas, such as the South Okanagan of British Columbia, was attributed largely to the direct and favorable influence of climate on codling moth development (Webster, 1936).
Factors in Resistance of Peas to the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). II. Amino Acids
Authors: Auclair J. L. , Maltais J. B. , Cartier J. J.
Published: January 2010

In field investigations on the relative resistance of varieties of peas, Pisum sativum L., to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), the average number of aphids per terminal growth for 13 years (Maltais, 1937, 1950, 1951, and unpublished technical report, 1950-54) for six varieties was as follows: Perfection, 39.6; Daisy, 32.6; Lincoln, 35.6; Laurier (H-103), 9.8; Champion of England, 11.8; and Melting Sugar, 16.8. In a preliminary investigation by Auclair and Maltais (1950), 11 free amino acids were detected in pea plant extracts by paper chromatography. From a visual comparison of chromatograms, the variety Perfection appeared to contain a higher concentration of most free amino acids than the variety Laurier. This is a report on the quantitative estimation of the free and total amino acid contents of the three susceptible varieties (Perfection, Daisy, and Lincoln) and the three resistant varieties (Laurier, Champion of England, and Melting Sugar) by the method of paper chromatography.
The Interpretation of Mortality Data in Studies on Population Dynamics
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: January 2010

Biologists in general, and entomologists in particular, have published many data of the ‘percentage mortality’ type. It appears to be a natural tendency in the ecological study of an insect to attempt to measure the degree of mortality caused bv difierent factors. Early publications listed many figures on ‘percentage age parasitism’ because it was one of the easiest mortalities to measure. More recently, as betrcr techniques were developed for population sampling and mortality assessment, it has been possible to derive mortality data for other factors. Notable progress has even been made with such difficult problems as measuring the mortality caused by avian, mammalian, and invertebrate predators. Despite these developments, life tables generally show some residual mortality that cannot be attributed to a specific factor. Frequent population measurement can establish the exact time of such mortality, however, while concomitant work on behaviour, physical ecology, and inherent factors can provide very useful clues as to what intrinsic or extrinsic factors it may be related. Fairly complete life tables are already available for natural populations of a few species, and will no doubt become available for additional species from time to time.
Natural Occurrence of Glycerol in Insects and Its Relation to Their Ability to Survive Freezing
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: January 2010

When Wyatt and Kalf (in press) reported the presence of glycerol in the haemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia (L.) pupae, the possibility that it was responsible for the ability of this stage to survive freezing was naturally raised. It is well known that glycerol may protect animal tissues from injuries otherwise caused by ice formation. Many other substances have a degree of similar protective ability but are less effective for various reasons. Lovelock (1954) tested the protective action of 15 neutral solutes on human red blood cells and found glycerol to be almost ideal because of its high solubility in aqueous salt solutions, its ability to permeate the cell rapidly and completely, its low molecular weight, and its absence of toxicity even when in great excess.
Artificial Insemination of Aedes aegypti (L.)
Authors: Burcham Elden
Published: January 2010

The technic of artificial insemination of insects offers a possible method for initiating or maintaining colonies of species which do not mate under laboratory conditions, and thus it may be possible to obtain a better understanding of their biology and permit the study of certain disease vectors. The technic might be applied to the study of the heredity of some species; it could be an aid to the taxonomist in the determination of species of questionable category.
Note on Aedes melanimon Dyar, a Mosquito New to Canada (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Burgess Lawrence
Published: January 2010

Four males of Aedes melanimon Dyar were collected in mosquito traps during flight studies on the prairie near Brooks, Alberta, in 1956. One of the specimens was taken on July 14, and two on July 24; the collection date of the fourth specimen is unrecorded. The determinations were made by Dr. J. R. Vockeroth, Entomology Division, Ottawa, from preparations of the genitalia. This is the first time that this species has been recorded from Canada; it was previously known only from the western United States. It is possible that females of this species have been collected in Canada but have not been recognized because of the similarity to A. dorsalis (Meig.). Barr (1955) and Richards (1956) have reviewed the specific status of Aedes melanimon Dyar and compared the morphology of this mosquito with that of other closely related species.
Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae): IV. Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), an Introduced Predator in Eastern Canada
Authors: Brown N. R. , Clark R. C.
Published: January 2010

Early in the present century the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), was introduced accidentally into North America. The history of its development and spread in the United States and Canada has been described by Balch (1952). At the present time, the adelgid occurs in eastern Canada over approximately the southern half of New Brunswick with an extension of the range in the extreme northeastern part of the Province, throughout Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and in some areas of the southwestern and southeastern parts of Newfoundland.
Biology of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in Eastern Ontario. II. Life-History, Behaviour, and Host Relationships
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

The diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), is one of three species of Lepidoptera that annually cause serious commercial damage to cabbage and related crops in Ontario. It has long been underrated as a pest of cruciferous crops, possibly because of its small size; in eastern Ontario, it is much more numerous than the other two species and ranks second in importance to the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Harcourt et al., 1955). Its biology in eastern Ontario was investigated from 1951 to 1956. The history, distribution, and synonomy of the insect and general descriptions of the stages were given earlier (Harcourt, 1956). This article presents the life-history, behaviour, and host relationships.
The Chromosomes ofRhopalurus(Scorpiones-Buthidae)
Authors: Piza S. de Toledo
Published: January 2010

In a series of papers it has been shown thatTityuschromosomes are provided with one centromere at each end (2, 4, 5 and 6). Proofs of such a view were found in the behaviour of the chromosomes in the course of spermatogenesis in the widely distributed Brasilian speciesT. bahiensis(Perty). Indeed, the long rod-shaped bivalents of this interesting species orient themselves in such a way that, while their bodies lie flat in the equatorial plane, the partners' corresponding ends are turned towards opposite poles. Metaphase side views show that the paired chromosomes are separated throughout their length. Being entirely unconnected by chiasmata, the chromosomes move toward the poles in perfect parallel, with the ends forward until late anaphase, when they bend strongly. Fragments bearing a single terminal centromere perform anaphase movement parallel to the spindle axis, as do the orthodox acrocentric rod-shaped chromosomes (11).
A Method of Rearing the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae), in the Laboratory
Authors: Jacobson L. A. , Blareley P. E.
Published: January 2010

Methods of rearing various stages of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., in the laboratory have been described (Hocking, 1952; Jacobson, 1952; King and Atkinson, 1927; Lindsay. 1954; Parker et al, 1921; Seamans and McMillan, 1935). From these a very satisfactory method has been evolved at the Lethbridge laboratory that this insect to be reared for several generations, providing a source of experimental material at any stage of development. The rearing may be done very satisfactorily a t room temperature but, if desired, the method is adaptable to rearing at various conditions of constant temperature and relative humidity.
Note on Effect of Flooding on the Carrot Rust Fly in the Holland Marsh Area of Ontario
Authors: Backs R. H.
Published: January 2010

During hurricane “Hazel”, on October 15, 1954, the Holland Marsh, Bradford, Ontario, was flooded with water to an average depth of about four feet. Some sections were covered by more than 10 feet of water and remained flooded for two to three weeks. Data from population studies on the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (F.), conducted in the area by Miss J. B. Williams of the Ottawa laboratory from 1951 to 1953 and by the author in 1954 and 1955 provided an opportunity to determine whether the flood had affected the abundance of the insect.
Separation of the Species of Arborvitae Leaf Miners in New Brunswick (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae and Gelechiidae)
Authors: Silver G. T.
Published: January 2010

In 1950 work was started in New Brunswick to obtain information on the biology, control, and damage caused by the arborvitae leaf miners. At that time all damage was attributed to the arborvitae leaf miner,Argyresthia thiella(Pack.). After the first season's work four species were recognized. Adults submitted to the Systematic Unit, Entomology Division, Ottawa, were identified asArgyresthia thuiella(Pack.),A. freyellaWlshm.,Recurvaria thujaellaKft., and a new species ofArgyresthialater described by Brower (1) asaureoargentella. With the exception ofA. thuiella, insufficient material was available for complete morphological studies, so work was based on finding suitable characters to separate the species in the late larval, pupal, and adult stages.
Timing Soil-surface Applications of Chlordane Dust Against the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.) (Anthomyiidae: Diptera), in Onion Seedlings
Authors: Perron J. P. , Lafrance J. , Hudon M.
Published: January 2010

Several Canadian workers have reported various results in the control of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.), with chemicals applied to the soil surface (Dustan, 1938; Matthewman et al., 1942; McLeod, 1946; Perron et al., 1953; Finlayson and Handford, 1954). In these tests, the date of the first application of insecticide coincided with early oviposition of the insect, the second and third applications following at weekly or ten-day intervals. Satisfactory control was therefore dependent to a great extent on the grower's ability to recognize the beginning of oviposition by the pest in the field. However, many growers find this recognition difficult and poor control often results from the three-application program.
Movement of Food in the Gut of Some Adult Stored Grain Beetles
Authors: Sinha R. N.
Published: January 2010

The time required for passage of food through various segments of the alimentary canal is important in understanding the process of digestion in insects. Abbott (1926) gave some information on this subject in connection with his study of the physiology of digestion in the Australian roach, Perqlaneta australasiae Fab. Snipes and Tauber (1937), have recorded the time required for passage and ejection of one type of food in the American cockroach, P. americana L. Later Day and Powning (1949) studied the time taken for starch paste to reach different parts of the alimentary canal of the German cockroach, Blattella germmica (L.). But any information in this respect seems to be lacking in numerous species of insects other than the cockroach. This study was undertaken to determine the time required to reach various points of the gut of small stored grain beetles, to find out the difference in the time requirement between two closely related species living on same diet and between large and small insects. Investigations were also made to locate the region of mixing in the gut of two subsequent meals, to understand the significance of certain anatomical structures in the gut in relation to the movement of food. The adult beetles used in these experiments were, Tribolium confusum Duv., T. castaneum Herbst (Fam. Tenebrionidae), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), O. mercator (Fauval) and Laemophloeus pusilloides Steel and Howe (Fam. Cucujidae).
Techniques for Biological Studies of Tetranychid Mites, Especially Bryobia arborea M. & A. and B. praetiosa Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Anderson N. H.
Published: January 2010

Biological studies of tetranychid mites have been hampered by lack of suitable techniques for studying and handling the mites in the field and laboratory. Common entomological methods are not readily adaptable for studying these minute animals. During population studies of orchard mites in British Columbia, the authors devised some field and laboratory techniques for studying the lifehistories of the brown mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson, the clover mite, B. praetiosa Koch, and the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch).
Parasitism of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Finlayson L. R. , Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

Cocoons of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) were collected in southwestern Ontario in 1941, 1943, 1946, 1947, and 1949 for experimental investigations at the Belleville laboratory. A total of 8,326 cocoons were collected, mainly within about eight miles northeast and east of Sarnia, Ont., but a few were collected at Strathroy and Brigden, Ont. Each cocoon was incubated separately in a small vial so that each parasite could be associated with the host cocoon from which it emerged. Sawflies emerged from 68 per cent of the cocoons and parasices from 12 per cent; dissection of the remaining cocoons showed 16 per cent contained dead sawfly larvae and pupae, and four per cent dead parasite larvae.
Studies of the Byron Bog in Southwestern Ontario. V. Seasonal Distribution of Horseflies and Deerflies (Tabanidae)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

In the description of the Byron Bog (Judd, 1957) it was pointed out that one method of collecting insects in the bog was the use of a trap baited with malt extract and the position of the trap in the bog was also shown. The construction and use of the trap are described by Judd (1956). The trap was in operation from May 15 to November 15, 1956 and insects were removed from the trap each day and counted. Among the insects so collected were horseflies and deerflies. In addition, four of these flies were coIlected by making a circular sweep with an insect net, held at arm's length, through the tops of the bushes in the Chamaedaphnetum calyculatae association (Judd, 1957). The net used was one with a rim twelve inches in diameter and the radius of the circle over which the sweep was made was six feet. A single sweep was made each day from May 15 to November 15, 1956 and the flies so collected were sorted and counted.
A Revision of the GenusEpicorsia Hübner(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Hübner (1818:24) erected the genusEpicorsia, mentioning two species:E. mellinalisHübner andE. verticalis(Linnaeus). Shibuya (1928:280) selectednyctemeralisHübner and Pierce and Metcalfe ( 1938:58) selectedrepandalisSchiff. as type ofEpicorsia; both selections refer to a publication other than the original one of the genus and are therefore intrinsically invalid; moreover neither of these species is one of the originally included ones. Accordingly I hereby selectEpicorsia mellinalisHübner as type ofEpicorsiaHübner, in accordance with the usage of Warren (1891) and of most modern authors.
Life History and Sex Determination in the Diaspine Scale,Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Targ.) (Coccoidea)
Authors: Bennett Frederick D. , Brown Spencer W.
Published: January 2010

The increasing body of knowledge about the armored scales is beginning to reveal manv unique aspects in the life cycles of these highly specialized insects. Such information is not only of value to the entomologist and those concerned with the control of scales but is also becoming important in such diverse fields as genetics, ecology, cytology, and physiology; armored scales may well find an expanding place in the laboratory as subjects for researches in a variety of fields.Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Targ.) has one of the most unusual, yet to date one of the best understood life cycles of the armored scales. Various aspects of its biology have been described by Berlese (1910), Smit (1953), Dustan (1953), and Monti (1955). Accounts of its natural enemies or biological control programs have been given by Berlese (1910) for Italy, by Ogilvie (1928) and Simmonds (1955) for Bermuda, by Bennett (1956) for Trinidad, and Clausen (1956) for Florida.P. pentagonais a pest of economic importance on a wide variety of hosts throughout an extekive geographic distribution (Anon., 1956), and has been cultured extensively in the biological control laboratory for the mass-rearing of scale parasites and predators. Recent investirzations of the sex determining mechanik and chromosome behaviour (Brown and Bennett, 1957) have arain shown unusual processes and relationships, some of which appear to occur in many other species of armored scales. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the life cycle ofP. pentagonaas it is known from field and laboratory studies and from cytological and genetic investigations.
Observations on the Biology of Certain Tortricids in Young Coniferous Plantations in Southern Ontario
Authors: Martin J. Lynton
Published: January 2010

Since 1953, plantation omers in southern Ontario have suffered serious losses from a group of tip-infesting insects of the family Tortricidae. These insects live primarily on the herbaceous ground-cover plants but may ascend trees under about 3 feet in height and feed on the new shoots during May and June, killing or injuring the leaders and causing serious growth deformities. Five species are involved, of which Tortrix alleniana Fernald and T. pallorana Robinson are common, and Archips rosaceana Harris, Sparganothis sulfureana Clemens, and S. unifasciana lemens occur only as scattered individuals among larger populations of the two common species. This paper records the most salient points in the life history and general ecology of T. alleniana and T. pallorana, with notes on the other three species.