bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
[RETRACTED] Outback Belly Burner – Check The Best Price for Advanced Pills Online! v1
Authors: Belly Burner Outback
Published: January 2022

[RETRACTED]

https://dailyiowan.com/2022/01/18/outback-belly-burner-reviews-2022-shocking-price-49-dietary-ingredients/
Leadership approaches of principals heading National Strategy Learner Attainment Schools in South Africa
Authors: Cornelissen Rudolph Peter , Smith Juliana
Published: January 2022

This study examines the leadership approaches associated with sustained improved academic performance of principals heading National Strategy for Learner Attainment (NSLA) schools. This article reports on a qualitative multiple-case study focused on five successful NSLA secondary schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Data was collected from principals, teachers and selected School Management Team (SMT) members via questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to understand the leadership practices and personality traits that characterised the leadership approaches of principals to facilitate teaching and learning for improving academic performance of learners.  The findings indicated that an integrated leadership principal leadership framework would be most effective because it would cultivate community between teachers and learners and result into improved academic performance. This approach encapsulates the various leadership approaches and the leadership personality traits or characteristics of the principals as well as taking into consideration the situational context for effective leadership and decision-making.
La autopercepción del liderazgo docente
Authors: Sánchez González Jessica , Renta Davids Ana Inés , Tierno García Juana María
Published: January 2022

El liderazgo es un factor clave en el éxito de un centro educativo. Este es hoy en día uno de los temas principales de la investigación educativa, sobre todo por lo que refiere a la dirección escolar. No obstante, es necesario determinar cuál es el papel de los docentes. Por tanto, la presente investigación pretende conocer y analizar la percepción docente en relación a la capacidad de liderazgo en el desarrollo de su actividad. Para dar respuesta, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio exploratorio con el que, por un lado, describir y categorizar el estilo de liderazgo ejercido, identificándolo como uno más autoritario o, por el contrario, uno más adaptativo. Y, por otro lado, se busca tratar de determinar la relación existente entre el estilo de liderazgo y las características sociodemográficas de la persona que lo ejerce. Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio de carácter cuantitativo, utilizando el cuestionario como instrumento de recogida de datos. De esta forma, se ha conocido el testimonio de 676 docentes de diferentes centros educativos de toda Cataluña. Los resultados derivados de la investigación muestran que los docentes se identifican con el liderazgo adaptativo, un estilo de movilizar que difiere de la exclusividad y conlleva adaptarse a las diferentes situaciones con el fin de ofrecer la respuesta educativa que más se ajuste a las necesidades de cada momento.
PECULIARITIES OF TRAINING FUTURE SBGS OFFICERS FOR SHIP ADMINISTRATION IN MARITIME GUARD DETACHMENTS
Authors:   Bohdan Khmelnytsky National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, ahan V.
Published: January 2022

One of the main functions of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is the protection of the state border of Ukraine on land, sea, rivers, lakes and other bodies of water; protection of the sovereign rights of Ukraine in its exclusive (maritime) economic zone and control over the implementation of rights and fulfilment of obligations by other countries in this zone. The structure of the Border Guard Service of Ukraine includes the Maritime Guard, which consists of Maritime Guard Detachments. The State Border Guard Service of Ukraine organizes training and retraining of its servicemen in educational institutions. The Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is such an institution in the border protection system. The article analyses the peculiarities of training future officers of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine to conduct ship administration in the Maritime Guard Detachments of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The scientific attention was drawn by having identified certain problematic issues that arose in the training process organization of specialists for service in the Maritime Guard Regional Department of the Border Guard Agency – three Maritime Guard Detachments and the Maritime Guard Training Centre. Ship administration in the Maritime Guard Detachments provides support for operational and service activities, combat (professional) training, work with personnel, household, proper operation, repair, storage of weapons, military equipment and property. At the same time, as a result of scientific analysis of educational and professional programs (working programs of disciplines, practical training programs) of the National Academy, it has been established that there are no topics about the main provisions for the organization of ship administration in bodies, institutions and establishments of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The article also proposes to develop ways to resolve the contradiction between the emergence of the logistics section on headquarters of a rapid response border command and the lack of planning changes in the educational process of the National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The author highlights the results of the above analysis, including the facts of low qualification of officers in the field of ship administration, and focuses on the importance of taking into account in the issues of conducting ship administration in the educational process of the SBGS educational institutions, based on the requirements of departmental guidelines for proper professional training of relevant officials.
DECISION-MAKING BY THE COMMANDER UNDER NON-PREDETERMINED CONDITIONS
Authors:   Odesa Military academy, Snihur L. , Sarafaniuk E. ,   Odesa Military academy, Gibalo O. ,   Odesa Military academy
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the study of factors influencing decision-making by the commander under non-predetermined conditions in terms of training of servicemen in higher military educational institutions. The problem is considered from the standpoint of the future commander's capacity building in his moral, professional and personal components. The psychological factors that determine decision-making in conditions of uncertainty are highlighted. The cadet's research contained the following diagnostic and corrective techniques: J. Kelly's test with a role construct of a decisive and indecisive commander to identify personality traits that identify a commander who has the ability to act decisively under non-predetermined conditions, a dynamic method of psychom drawing "Symbol of one's own life" identification of features of value orientations and features of characteristics of thinking in a projection of development of own being; expert description of the commander's decision-making in a situation with uncertain conditions. In a special process to promote the organization of the influence of factors that help decision-making in uncertain conditions (trust in the commander, the relationship of brotherhood), showed its effectiveness (t-Student t = 5,71 at p<0,05 between the two groups at the end of the experiment at t-Student t = 2,28 at p> 0,05) it is possible to achieve a higher level of training of the future officer. The scientific novelty of the obtained research results is as follows: 1) Improved methodological approach to the formation of readiness for management decisions in extreme conditions; in conditions of uncertainty, taking into account the peculiarities of the analyzed unit, rational and irrational in the moral and psychological state of the individual and group; 2) The method of optimization of decision-making in the conditions of uncertainty which consists in the analysis of the information on the person and division in which it serves, a substantiation of the project of development of psychological structure of collective and the interconnected structure has received further development. Thus, the commander's decision-making under non-predetermined conditions can be considered from a situational approach, when at a certain time, taking into account the level of psychological readiness, the commander decides "for battle", as well as from the systemic, structural and functional, when the training system contains long ontogenetic development of the soldier's personality in his physical, psychophysiological, moral, spiritual directions.
HUMAN POTENTIAL IN THE PART OF THE DEFENSE ECONOMY STATE
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Syzov A. , Koval O. ,   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv
Published: January 2022

The issue of human potential development as one of the main sources of human capital and intellectual work in the field of defense of the country and in the country as a whole is studied. The problems of loss of human potential at the stages of its creation by analyzing the socio-economic and military situation in Ukraine, including demographic changes, changes in gross domestic product, income inequality in comparison with some European countries, the principles of personnel policy in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, management and defense spending in terms of the share of the state budget in the field of defense. The results of the analysis indicate a high level of inequality among the population of Ukraine, low purchasing power, the fact that there is a large arrears of wages, which negatively affects the ability to reproduce human abilities, as well as problems with compliance with international norms and practices. defense. An imbalance in the income of the population between the poor and rich classes, as well as the absence of the middle class. It is determined that it is expedient to create a favorable investment climate for the citizens of Ukraine, change the model of socio-economic development for the use of human capital, development of science and innovation, attract foreign investment, support national producers, preserve and create new jobs, carry out educational reform. scientific specialties that will be relevant in the future, taking into account technological progress, combating income inequality, creating a "middle class", and providing opportunities for citizens to receive a decent reward for honest work. Despite the significant growth of economic indicators, Ukraine is still characterized by a high level of poverty. This problem is solved in developed countries through adequate and effective state policy in the field of economic security, support of the national producer, creation of favorable conditions for investment processes, jobs, ensuring adequate financial support in the field of health, education and science.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE AFU STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS LEGAL SUPPORT
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Ostapenko I.
Published: January 2022

The paper provides a scientific and legal analysis of the development stages of the legal support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) strategic communications, as well as the analysis of the existing legislation, regulations and bylaws in the field. The research also focuses on the notion of strategic communication in the national legislation of Ukraine. The findings allow to stipulate that the development of the legal support of the AFU strategic communications is heavily influenced by globalization, rise of the digital technologies, widespread usage of social media, increased virtualization due to COVID-19 pandemic, rapid dissemination of information and an increased level of information-related threats as part of hybrid aggression. The development of the legal support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) strategic communications is divided into the following stages: first stage, 2010-2014 – laying the foundations for the strategic communications; second stage, 2014-2015 – developing the strategic communications framework; third stage, 2016 – until now – institutionalizing the strategic communications in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Characteristics of all stages have been identified. The paper establishes a systematic framework for the existing legislation that regulates the use of the strategic communications capabilities in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Research findings substantiate the need for further studies in the field of the legal support of the AFU strategic communications. The research also highlights the need to improve the state and defense governance in the field of communications, amend the existing legislation to correct and restate the terms and definitions related to strategic communications and to adopt new legislation in accordance with the principles, standards and best practices of NATO and EU member-states.
FEATURES THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY TOURISM IN UKRAINE
Authors:   National University of Food Technologies, S. Batychenko S. , Melnik L. ,   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Savkov P. ,   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Storubliov O. ,   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv
Published: January 2022

The article reveals the concept of military tourism. It is determined that military tourism is tourism on the battlefields and historical battles for all concerned, as well as for veterans and relatives of fallen soldiers, visits to existing and historical military facilities and training grounds, warships, submarines, military equipment, shooting from weapons on training grounds and shooting ranges, participation in military exercises and maneuvers, stay on training grounds as spectators – military tour, these also include tours to visit military concentration camps and prisons. Scientists have identified several classifications of subspecies of military tourism. Military tourism is military-historical, arms, military tourism, military tourism. There is also another classification of the division of military tourism into military-cognitive, military-adventure tourism, military-historical reconstructions of hostilities, illegal tours directly to the zone of military conflict. According to another approach, military tourism should be divided into three functional groups, taking into account the purpose and value orientations of tourists, as well as the emotional context of the trip: military-historical tourism, military tourism and military-event tourism. The resource base of military tourism in Ukraine is represented by objects of historical and cultural heritage of the princely era, the Cossacks, as well as the First, Second World and Civil Wars in the form of remnants of fortresses, defensive ramparts, graves, monuments and memorials to fallen soldiers and fellow villagers, places of executions or battles, military history museums, relevant exhibitions and festivals, military hotels. But not only visiting historical sites related to military events includes military tourism, but also tourists often want to try to shoot with weapons, ride tanks, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, as well as life in the military and participation in military training programs. In Ukraine, only one route has been developed and operates in the Transcarpathian region. It is established that military tourism in Ukraine is not fully mastered, but at the same time promising.
Technological Features of Early Ceramics of the Northeastern China
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Girchenko E.А.
Published: January 2022

This article investigates the materials from recent excavations of the Neolithic sites in the Northeastern China, where the pottery dated back to more than 10,000 years BP was discovered. The author considered two early Neolithic sites in the Nenjiang River basin in the territory of modern Jilin province, Houtaomuga (its earliest layer), Shuangta, as well as the later one, Changtuozi-3. The comparison with the traditions of the archaeological cultures of the adjacent territories of the Russian Far East could make it possible to clarify the distribution of ancient pottery in the region. The most credible similarities come from the cultures of Amur River valley, the Osipovka and Gromatukha, Novopetrovka, Mariinskoye cultures. The earliest materials of the Houtaomuga Phase 1 generally fit into the gap between these cultures and the later North Chinese ones. The following conclusions were made as a result of the investigations: 1. The main unifying feature for all these ceramic traditions is the addition of organic materials (grounded grass and, less often, crushed shell); 2. The most typical forms of the early Neolithic in this region are flat-bottomed cylindrical or truncated-conical pots; 3. The ceramics was constructed by slab construction methods or a mold base; 4. Similar ornament motives were made with a comb stamp and various combinations of comb patterns; 5. Typical features for later ceramics are ornamentation with molded rolls, sometimes dissected or decorated with impressions. The early ceramics of the two regions is rather similar and obviously differs greatly from the pointed or round-bottomed pottery examples from Transbaikal, the Japanese archipelago, and southern China. The highlighted common features indicate a certain continuity of the traditions of ceramic production in the region.
Exploration Works on the Right Bank of the Ob River in 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Zolnikov I.D. , Anoikin A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Phylatov E.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Vasiliev A.V. ,   Novosibirsk State University, Perfilev S.S. ,   Tomsk State University, Makarov S.S. ,   Museum of Nature and Man, Utkin M.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Chekha A.M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article describes the results of exploration works in the lower reaches of the Ob (Shuryshkarsky district of the YNAO) in 2021. The coastline of the right bank of the Ob was studied in three main areas: near the villages of Khashgort, Kushevat and the Sormas channel. In total, 13 pits and 2 excavation trenches were made with a total area of 70 sq. m. The coastline near the village of Khashgort revealed paleofaunal materials and stone artifacts of the Paleolithic type. The main excavations were carried out at the Kushevat Paleolithic site discovered in 2020. Archaeological and paleofaunal materials were recorded in the alluvial deposits of two excavation trenches with a total area of 44 sq.m at an unnamed inflow of the Ob. The excavations revealed tree bone-bearing layers; stone artifacts, charcoal pieces, and non-utilitarian items were recovered from the lowermost layer. Archaeological materials (2 specimens) are represented by a small spall and an exhausted core of the parallel reduction pattern. The paleofaunal material numbering 110 units (bones, horns, teeth, and fragments) is mainly represented by the remains of a reindeer.Thus, in the field season of 2021, a new locus of the surface occurrence of the Paleolithic materials was identified supporting previous identification of a cultural layer at Kushevat. As a result, taking into account the stratigraphic situation at the site and the preliminary results of radiocarbon dating, the Kushevat site is currently the northernmost and most ancient of the known Paleolithic sites known in the Ob valley. Apparently, the derived data indicate the earliest, pioneering stage of Homo sapiens sapiens habitation of the subarctic zone during MIS3 in the range of 45-30 ka BP.
Morphometric Study of Traces on Bone Retouchers from the Chagyrskaya Cave Using a Profi lometer
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Koliasnikova A.S. , Chistiakov P.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kolyasnikova A.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Bone retouchers were used by ancient humans in stone tool working. They were made mainly of the bones of prey animals. Retouchers are most characteristic of the Neanderalian bone tool collections, but they are also found in other cultural and chronological contexts at all stages of the Stone Age in Eurasia and beyond. Research on bone retouchers has been carried out for over a century using many different methods. Use-wear signs on bone retouchers are usually studied through a microscope with a magnification of up to x50 and are classified according to morphological characteristics. Most often the size of retouchers and their working zones are measured, but not the size of a single sign. Today, there are several classifications of use-wear traces on bone retouchers identifying from two to four types of marks. This paper presents the results of a morphometric study of the most widespread and recognized by most researchers category of marks on retouchers -short linear impressions with a V-shaped or trapezoidal profile using high-precision three-dimensional modeling methods. A high-precision three-dimensional structured light scanner and a three-dimensional surface profilometer were used to analyze traces on the surface of retouchers at the micro level. We measured the length, width, depth and angles of single, non-overlapping traces on the working areas of retouchers from the Chagyrskaya Cave. As a result, the average size of such traces with various exhaustion rates and their inclination angle in the cross-section view were determined. The dimensions of the marks on retouchers of Chagyrskaya Cave were compared with those on retouchers from other Middle Paleolithic sites previously published by other researchers.
Blade with Engraving from the Initial Upper Palaeolithic Complex of A.P. Okladnikov Palaeolithic Workshop
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Fedorchenko A.Yu. , Phylatov E.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Seletsky M.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Phylatova M.O. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article presents the main results of analyzing a stone blade with an engraving originating from cultural horizon 4 of the A.P. Okladnikov Palaeolithic Workshop (Eastern Trans-Baikal). The stratigraphic position and the technical and typological characteristics of horizon 4 lithic assemblage make it possible to date this artifact to the early Upper Paleolithic. We studied the blade through analyses of technological features and experimental-traceological techniques supplemented by the results of three-dimensional modelling. Analysis of the blade residual platform has shown traces of the core platform preparation through pecking - a specific technique common in the Initial Upper Palaeolithic complexes of North and Central Asia. The blade retained a fragment of the engraving in the form of a set of long cuts made by an instrument with a У-shaped blade on the natural surface of the nodule before it was knapped. Most of the cuts are arranged in a row and slanted towards the longitudinal axis of the artefact; cut marks intersect one another at an acute angle. We assume that the engraving performed is not associated with symbolic activity but represents marking the core preform or the raw material nodule. We can interpret the semantic meaning of such marks as a sign of ownership or a particular value of the marked raw material. This assumption is consistent with the recorded high quality of the raw material from which the blade was produced and the site functionality. A.P. Okladnikov Palaeolithic workshop is located at the primary deposits of raw materials, from where the lithic material was transported for further use at sites and settlements in the Ingoda River valley.
Levallois Technology in China
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Khatsenovich A.M. , Marchenko D.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Rybin E.P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Levallois technology dispersal is associated with several events of human habitation of the Asian region. Emergence of the Levallois technology in China precedes or coincides in time with the penetration of Initial Upper Paleolithic laminar industries into this region. All known Paleolithic localities, the assemblages of which include the Levallois component, are located in the border or adjacent zones in the modern China. The authors examine all these complexes and make an assumption about the nature of the Levallois technology introduced from the territories of the Russian Altai, Mongolia and India. Such complexes are dated to the terminal Middle Paleolithic and the initial Upper Paleolithic. In general, this period in China is characterized by a flake industry, often made on poor quality stone raw materials. In this region, three Levallois techniques are distinguished: preferential centripetal and parallel for the production of flakes and convergent unidirectional for the production of points. The convergent bidirectional reduction aimed at point production is not recorded in assemblages originating from the territory of China. In Mongolia, this technique is recorded along with the bidirectional parallel laminar technology in the Initial Upper Paleolithic industries, while in China both Levallois point and blade production techniques were unidirectional. The authors conclude that for most of the Paleolithic sites in China, the Levallois technology is an intrusive element that emerged along with the large blade industry. The exception is the Middle Paleolithic flake industry originating from the Jinsitai Cave, which is similar in its characteristics to the materials from the Denisova Cave. The composition of Xinjiang industries indicates that this territory was a kind of region where cultural complexes spread together with the bearers of these traditions along the Altai Mountains.
Preliminary Results of the 2021 Excavation Campaign at Tsagaan Agui Cave in the Gobi Altai Region, Mongolia
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Khatsenovich A.M. , Tserendagva Ya. ,   Institute of Archaeology MAS, Bazargur D. ,   Institute of Archaeology MAS, Marchenko D.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Rybin E.P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Klementiev A.M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS, Margad-Erdene G. ,   Novosibirsk State University, Kravtsova P.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Dolgushin I.D. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Gunchinsuren B. ,   Institute of Archaeology MAS, Olsen J. W. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Derevianko A.P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Middle and Upper Paleolithic human migrations and dispersals throughout Central Asia are usually associated with middle altitudes and mild steppe and forest-steppe environments with herds of large game mammals. However, since at least the Middle Paleolithic, human populations penetrated areas of Central Asia characterized by extreme arid climatic and environmental conditions in modern times. Investigation of archaeological sites in such regions demands understanding whether Pleistocene environmental conditions were more favorable to human habitation, what types of adaptation pressures human populations faced, and what kinds of adaptive mechanisms were developed. The Gobi Desert and Gobi Altai Mountains of southern Mongolia comprise one such region. Exposed and stratified Paleolithic sites there include Tsagaan Agui Cave and a variety of surface occurrences. Middle and Upper Paleolithic archaeological complexes at Tsagaan Agui are associated with various faunal species recovered in situ from sediments, allowing the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental conditions of human habitation there. Following trilateral excavations conducted at Tsagaan Agui in 1995-2000, the longitudinal profile of the cave was uncovered in 2021 to collect sediments and other samples and a small test pit was excavated in the cave’s main chamber. Layers 2.1-4 of Test Pit 2021/2 yielded a bone industry, Paleolithic art mobilier, and a small collection of lithic artifacts, all in stratigraphic context. Evidence of episodic hyaena occupation was also revealed in Layer 2.2. The 2021 Tsagaan Agui Cave excavation campaign provides clear rationale for further investigation of this site, especially excavations in the northern part of the cave that has not been previously studied, as well as garnering additional data for refined paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
First Results of Excavations at a Fortifi ed Settlement of the Daurian Type in the Western Amur Region
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Volkov D.P. ,   Center for Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Amur Region, Kryuchko Е.I. ,   Center for Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Amur Region, Mokhar V.А. ,   Center for Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Amur Region, Nesterov S.P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

In 2021, the team from the Center for Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Amur Region and Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences began archaeological excavations in a fortified settlement of the Daurian type in the vicinity of the village of Sergeevka in Blagoveshchensky District of Amur Region. According to archaeological passport, the site has the name “Sergeevka, fortified settlement-4.” It consists of two separate structures of similar shapes but different sizes connected by a rampart. Excavations at this site were determined by the lack of information about the practical purpose of archeological sites of this type, which today occur only in the Western Amur region on the left bank of the Amur River. The study covered a small part of the smaller structure at the site, including the corner tower, as well as rampart and ditches, which framed the tower. The total excavation area was 222 m2. As a result of the works, stratigraphy of the site was obtained, which makes it possible to establish the method of building the fortifications. It consisted of digging ditches and building ramparts along rectangular contour with angular protrusions. Simultaneously, the edge of the contour in the central part of the fortress became raised. Subsequent ditches and ramparts were formed along the contour of the resulting structure. The archaeological collection obtained during the excavations is insignificant and includes eight stone sinkers made of flat pebbles by knapping the edges on both opposite sides, fragment of bone arrowhead, burnt chalcedony object in the form of a round plaque, and fragments of animal bones including a lower jaw of a pig. The evidence does not make it possible to find any parallels with the previously identified archaeological evidence and attribute this site to a specific archaeological culture, which fosters the need for further studying this fortress.
Imashirozuka Burial Complex as the Tomb of Emperor Keitai
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Gnezdilova I.S.
Published: January 2022

This article presents an analysis of the results of archaeological study of the Imashirozuka burial mound located in Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture, the Japanese Archipelago. Archaeological excavations at the site have been performed by the trench method. During the excavations, mounds of the tomb, sections of the ditch and the earth bank were partially investigated. The section where the haniwa sculptural group is located has been studied in full. Presently, the largest group of haniwa known in the territory of the Japanese islands was found there. The results of the excavations make it possible to reveal the main characteristics of the elements of the burial complex, and to obtain new data on the methods of construction of the burials for the leaders at the later stages of the Kofun period. The article considers reconstruction of the technology for the construction of large burial mounds. The results of the study of the artifacts and methods of reconstruction of the grave goods are provided. The burial mound was partly destroyed due to tomb raiding in antiquity, so only fragments of grave goods were found in the area of the round mound. The Japanese archaeologists, using complex research methods and materials from the similar sites, were able to determine the composition of the funerary equipment, which included horse equipment, weapons, armor, and jewelry. The theory of the Imashirozuka mound as a burial place of the Emperor Keitai is offered for consideration and some controversial points of the theory are highlighted. The Japanese archaeologists present important arguments for the recognition of Imashirozuka as an Imperial burial.
Remains of Production Structures in the North of the Upper Ob River Region (Tashara-3): Towards the Problem of Ancient Tar Production
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Grishin A.E. , Sumin V.A. ,   Research and Production Center for Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of Novosibirsk Region, Marchenko Zh.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article analyzes Medieval production ground structures at the Tashara 3 site located on the right bank of the Ob River (on the border of Tomsk and Novosibirsk Regions). These archaeological objects were excavated by E.M. Evteeva and V.A. Sumin in 1994 (270 sq. m). In terms of morphological, stratigraphic, and planigraphic features, the archaeological structures represent funnel-shape pits partly covered by redeposited soil. Calcined spots and remains of charred wooden structural elements were found in the upper part of pits’ filling. The main component of filling was ashy layer. The sizes of the structures were 3.14-3.4 x 2.94 x 1.1—1.8 m. Additional small pits remaining from a canopy-like structure were found near the larger pits. Finds in the pits are rare. However, pottery fragments have made it possible to attribute structures 1 and 2 to the Middle—Late Upper Ob culture (6th — 9th centuries AD). General description of dry wood pyrolysis and earliest methods of tar production in pits, which are known from historical and technological literature, as well as comparative archaeological evidence on structures 1 and 2 at the Tashara-3 site are provided. The hypothesis on the use of these structures as pits for producing tar of coniferous wood species is suggested. The resulting products could have been in demand among the local Medieval population of the Upper Ob culture for veterinary and medicinal purposes, exchange, and for ensuring land and river communications which, according to various sources, ran in the northern part of the Upper Ob River basin.
Artifacts of the Paleometal Age from the Ust-Ulma III Site in Amur Region
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Zenin V.N. , Nesterov S.P. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Three sites of Ust-Ulma I—III were explored in the 1980s in the Mazanovsky District of Amur Region, at the mouth of the Ulma River which flows into the Selemdzha River, on its left side. Essentially, the evidence from these sites represents the Late Paleolithic Selemdzha culture. However, the upper cultural layer at these sites contained the evidence both from the Neolithic (Ust-Ulma I) and the Paleometal Age. Most of the artifacts, including pottery fragments of different periods, bronze objects, and stone tools come from the Ust-Ulma III site. Their study has shown that they belonged to two periods of the Paleometal Age. Fragments ofvessel rims of the Uril and Talakan cultures of the Early Iron Age, as well as Mikhailovka culture of the Early Middle Ages have been unambiguously identified. There were a few finds of the Uril pottery, but a bronze knife of distinctive shape belonging to this culture was discovered at the nearby Ust-Ulma I site. The largest number of pottery fragments, one bronze adornment, and one stone polished tool of distinctive shape are definitely associated with the Talakan culture. Different pottery fragments of the Mikhailovka culture have revealed that they belonged to about ten vessels; however, there were not many fragments belonging to this culture at the excavated site. Introduction of this small pottery collection into scholarly use has made it possible to place one more location of the Uril, Talakan and Mikhailovka cultures on the archaeological map of Amur Region. In addition, the evidence of the Late Neolithic Osinoozersk culture was present at the nearby Ust-Ulma I site.
Odontoscopy of the Tagar Population Series Based on Materials from Stantsiya Kazanovskaya-1 Burial Mound
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kishkurno M.S.
Published: January 2022

The article considers odontologic research of the series materials from the burial mound Stantsiya Kazanovskaya-1. This burial mound is dated back to 8-6th centuries BC (Podgornovo stage of the Tagar culture) (Bogdanov et al., 2020). The series includes permanent teeth of 23 individuals (7 male, 11 females, 4 infants, and 1 individual whose sexual identity could not be determined). The examination was carried out according to the standard odontoscopy program (Zubov, 1968; 2006) with archaic markers recording (Zubova, 2013). As a result, it was concluded that the anthropological composition of the studied group is close to the characteristics of the eastern dental type (mongoloid). An increase in some mongoloid features and a decrease in molar gracilization frequencies (reduction of the hypocone of the upper second molars, four-cusp lower first and second molars) significantly distinguish the Tagar series from Stantsiya Kazanovskaya-1 from other Tagar groups that had been studied earlier (Postnikova, 1974; Rykushina, 1977; Gulevskaya, unpublished data). Moreover, an intergroup comparison was carried out using the method of principal component analysis. The comparative analysis included odontologic series of the Early Iron Age from the Southern and Western Siberia, Western and Central Kazakhstan, the Aral Sea region, and the Southern Urals. As a result, the group from the Stantsiya Kazanovskaya-1 burial mound demonstrated the closest similarity to the Bolsherechye population of the Novosibirsk Ob region, as well as some similarity was recorded to the populations of Sargat and Kamensk cultures, and, more distantly, with the Ural group of early Sarmatians from the Pokrovka X burial ground and the Ural savromats from the Kazy-Baba burial ground. Therefore, the conclusion was made on possible formation of the anthropological composition of the studied Tagar group on a local basis and on the priority direction of interaction with the synchronous West Siberian forest-steppe populations.
The Latest Data on the Sanxingdui Culture
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Komissarov S.A. ,   Novosibirsk State University, Girchenko E.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Solovyev A.I. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article presents the data on the excavation at the Sanxingdui site in the the field season of 2021. Six more sacrificial pits ranging in size from 3.5 to 19 sq. m were added to two pits investigated in 1986. The inventory discovered inside is of exceptional wealth and includes bronze and gold masks, ritual vessels, and other cultic objects (altar, solar “wheel,” fragments of bronze trees). As a rule, metal objects were covered with the layer of elephant tusks. New discoveries include fragments of silk fabric and small wooden chest painted on both sides with cinnabar. Excavations were conducted at highest technological level and clearly manifest big success of Chinese science in the post-pandemic period, which is of great ideological importance. Publication of new archaeological evidence fostered the resumption of scholarly discussions about the functions of the excavated pits and origin of the Sanxingdui culture in general. According to authoritative opinion of Dr. Wang Wei, there should be a temple or other sacred structure, not yet found by archaeologists, next to the pits. As for the cultural genesis of the Sanxingdui culture, the majority of Chinese archaeologists attribute it to the state (culture, ethnos, or civilization) of Ancient Shu located in Sichuan. Precisely Sanxingdui represents the summit in the development of this culture (civilization, ethnos); nothing of the kind has appeared either before or after Sanxingdui. Therefore, the Shu culture, as well as Shang, Liangzhu, and others, can be considered as only one of possible components of the Sanxingdui complex, but hardly the most important. Establishing the origins of this unique phenomenon in the ancient history of China will require new evidence and new methods of its study.
New Data on the Weaponry of the Terracotta Army (Technological Aspect)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Komissarov S.A. ,   Novosibirsk State University, Solovyev A.I. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article presents the results of studying protection methods against corrosion in bronze weapons which were found in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuangdi. Even during the first season of excavations, well-preserved weapons with traces of chromium on the surface were discovered. Based on these findings, it was suggested that the Qin artisans knew the chromium plating process, when protective film was applied by immersing a bronze item in a container with solution of chromic acid salts. However, this technology is very complicated; it was fully mastered only in the early 20th century. Moreover, less than a dozen weapons were presented as examples of such a technology already in the Qin period (late 2nd century BC), which is not enough for such large-scale conclusions. Therefore, nowadays, an international team of scholars led by M. Martinon-Torres attempted to find a solution to this problem. As a result of their multidisciplinary studies, it has been established that traces of chromium on the surface of weapons are not directly associated with its good preservation. Particles of this metal were contained in lacquered fittings (scabbard, overlays on the handle, etc.), from where they penetrated into the composition of bronze. In the composition of lacquer, chromium ions appeared from treatment with chrome alum, well known to the Qin leatherworkers who could also use it for accelerating polymerization of lacquer tree sap. As far as really good preservation of bronze weapons found in the excavations is concerned, it was explained primarily by specific features of soil in the Mausoleum area (low acidity, fine dispersion, small amount of organic matter, etc.).
Results of Archaeological and Geophysical Works at the Novaya Kurya-1 Site in 2021 (Northern Kulunda Steppe)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Marchenko Zh.V. , Grishin A.E. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Pozdnyakova O.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Dyadkov P.G. ,   Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, Evmenov N.D. ,   Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, Gnezdilova I.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Ponedelchenko L.O. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

This article describes the results of integrated archaeological-geophysical works at the Novaya Kurya-1 burial ground in the Northern Kulunda Steppe. The strategy for archaeological research in 2021 was based on the geomagnetic map of the site compiled in 2019. Archaeological study continued the search for the Bronze Age objects and attempted to clarify the chronology of the burial ground. Main excavation pits were made in the southern part of the site above the group of three lined up geomagnetic anomalies (trench 1) and above the completely evened up burial mound which repeated the structure of large objects of the burial mound - the central grave and round ditch - in small scale (trench 3). A completely destroyed child burial of the Early Iron Age was studied in trench 3, and seven graves which were preliminary attributed to the late Early Iron Age - Early Middle Ages were studied in trench 1. A ceramic pot, stone abrasives, and wood and birch bark remains of the interior elements of burial chambers were discovered in the graves in trench 1. Composition and scarcity of burial objects do not make it possible to clarify the dates of complexes without using radiocarbon dating. Archaeological observations and aerial photography indicate that mounds were present over both complexes, which were completely or partly destroyed by plowing. Comparison of the archaeological-geophysical data reveal clear correlation between the total volume of humified soil in the filling of the grave pits and amplitude of magnetic anomalies. Magnetic susceptibility of soils and underlying rocks measured in the trenches was 65-85*10-5 SI units and 25-35*10-5 SI units, respectively. The contrast between these values was sufficient for generating distinct anomalies above archaeological objects. Their amplitude values reached 10-12 nT at the Novaya Kurya-1 site. Results of inversed data ofprofile magnetic survey which were made at four altitude levels (trench 1) show that the simulated depth where the archaeological objects were supposed to occur, was close to actual depth.