bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidation effects in adsorption bleaching of vegetable oils
Authors: King R. R. , Wharton F. W.
Published: July 2007

In bleaching fatty oils an equilibrium exists between two reactions favorable and two unfavorable in respect to color reduction. Adsorption of color and oxidative decrease in color are favorable. Oxidative increase in color and oxidative stabilization against adsorption are unfavorable. Adsorbents are shown to catalyze these oxidative reactions.

Under any comparable set of conditions signifi‐cantly lower colors results when bleaching is carried out under vacuum or in an inert atmosphere. Multiple stage bleaching under atmospherie conditions shows no advantage because of the adverse oxidative effect but may be advantageous under vacuum conditions.

Low pH earths respond better than high pH earths to vacuum bleaching with respect to improved color removal and oil stability.
Formation of traces of conjugated tetraenoic and trienoic constituents in autoxidized linolenic and linoleic acids and vegetable oils during alkali‐isomerization
Authors: Swain Margaret L. , Brice B. A.
Published: July 2007

It has been shown that the low‐intensity absorption bands characteristics of conjugated tetraenoic and trienoic fatty acids frequently encountered in the ultra‐violet spectra of alkali‐isomerized vegetable oils prepared by ordinary commercial or laboratory extraction techniques have their probable origin in oxidation products of linolenic and linoleic acid, respectively. Similar bands are found in the spectra of mildly autoxidized preparations of pure linolenic and linoleic acids after either alkali‐isomerization or heating at 180°C. in neutral ethylene glycol.

Tetraenoic and trienoic conjugation formed from oxidation products of linolenic and linoleic acids during alkali‐isomerization can be differentiated from the tetraenoic and trienoic conjugation produced by alkali‐isomerization of arachidonic and linolenic acids, respectively, by spectrophotometric examination of the sample after heating in neutral ethylene glycol. Essentially equal amounts of conjugation are formed from the fatty acid oxidation products on heating and on alkali‐isomerization while no conjugation is obtained from arachidonic and linolenic acids on heating in the absence of alkali.
Antioxidant properties of polyhydroxybenzoic acids and their esters, and other nuclear substituted polyphenols
Authors: Morris Steward G. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: July 2007

Summary and Conclusions

A study has been made of the antioxidant properties of a number of polyhydroxybenzoic acids and the higher alkyl esters of these acids, and also of the acyl and alkyl substituted polyphenols. The active oxygen method (A.O.M.) and baked cracker tests were used. In the A.O.M. tests the classes of compounds had the following ascending order of activity; acyl phenols, polyhydroxy benzoic acid esters, phenols, and several alkyl catechols. In the cracker tests the free phenols, acyl phenols, and dihydroxybenzoic acid esters showed little or no carry‐over. The gallic acid (3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoic acid) esters and 2,3,4‐trihydroxybenzoic acid esters showed a small amount of carry‐over.

The alkyl catechols had the most activity of all the catechol derivatives in the A.O.M. and cracker tests.
Neuronal fusion pore assembly requires membrane cholesterol
Authors: Cho Won Jin , Jeremic Aleksandar , Jin Huan , Ren Gang , Jena Bhanu P.
Published: July 2007

Cholesterol has been proposed to play a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. The neuronal porosome/fusion pore, the secretory machinery at the nerve terminal, is a 12–17 nm cup‐shaped lipoprotein structure composed of cholesterol and a number of proteins, among them calcium channels, and the t‐SNARE proteins Syntaxin‐1 and SNAP‐25. During neurotransmission, synaptic vesicles dock and fuse at the porosome via interaction of their v‐SNARE protein with t‐SNAREs at the porosome base. Membrane‐associated neuronal t‐SNAREs interact in a circular array with liposome‐associated neuronal v‐SNARE to form the t‐/v‐SNARE ring complex. The SNARE complex along with calcium is required for the establishment of continuity between opposing bilayers. Here we show that although cholesterol is an integral component of the neuronal porosome and is required for maintaining its physical integrity and function, it has no influence on the conformation of the SNARE ring complex.
Independent effects of both right and left ventricular function on plasma brain natriuretic peptide
Authors: Vogelsang Thomas Wiis , Jensen Ruben J. , Monrad Astrid L. , Russ Kaspar , Olesen Uffe H. , Hesse Birger , Kjær Andreas
Published: July 2007

Background

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is increased in heart failure; however, the relative contribution of the right and left ventricles is largely unknown.

Aim

To investigate if right ventricular function has an independent influence on plasma BNP concentration.

Methods

Right (RVEF), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) were determined in 105 consecutive patients by first‐pass radionuclide ventriculography (FP‐RNV) and multiple ECG‐gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (ERNV), respectively. BNP was analyzed by immunoassay.

Results

Mean LVEF was 0.51 (range 0.10–0.83) with 36% having a reduced LVEF (<0.50). Mean RVEF was 0.50 (range 0.26–0.78) with 43% having a reduced RVEF (<0.50). The mean LVEDVI was 92 ml/m2 with 22% above the upper normal limit (117 ml/m2). Mean BNP was 239 pg/ml range (0.63–2523). In univariate linear regression analysis LVEF, LVEDVI and RVEF all correlated significantly with log BNP (p<0.0001). In a multivariate analysis only RVEF and LVEF remained significant. The parameter estimates of the final adjusted model indicated that RVEF and LVEF influence on log BNP were of the same magnitude.

Conclusion

BNP, which is a strong prognostic marker in heart failure, independently depends on both left and right ventricular systolic function. This might, at least in part, explain why BNP holds stronger prognostic value than LVEF alone.
Caldesmon suppresses cancer cell invasion by regulating podosome/invadopodium formation
Authors: Yoshio T. , Morita T. , Kimura Y. , Tsujii M. , Hayashi N. , Sobue K.
Published: July 2007

The podosome and invadopodium are dynamic cell‐adhesion structures that degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and promote cell invasion. We recently reported that the actin‐binding protein caldesmon is a pivotal regulator of podosome formation. Here, we analyzed the caldesmon's involvement in podosome/invadopodium‐mediated invasion by transformed and cancer cells. The ectopic expression of caldesmon reduced the number of podosomes/invadopodia and decreased the ECM degradation activity, resulting in the suppression of cell invasion. Conversely, the depletion of caldesmon facilitated the formation of podosomes/invadopodia and cell invasion. Taken together, our results indicate that caldesmon acts as a potent repressor of cancer cell invasion.
Cholesterol inhibits MMP‐9 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes and HaCaT cells
Authors: Kim Sangmin , Kim Yoonkyung , Lee Youngae , Cho Kwang Hyun , Kim Kyu Han , Chung Jin Ho
Published: July 2007

Cholesterol is a major component of skin lipids and acts as a regulator of vesicular trafficking and signal transduction. However, the function of cholesterol on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression of human skin is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of cholesterol on MMP‐9 expression in normal human keratinocytes (NHK) and HaCaT cells. Basal level of MMP‐9 expression was decreased by cholesterol in NHK. On the other hand, MMP‐9 expression was increased by the cholesterol depletion agent, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD), while it was inhibited by cholesterol repletion in HaCaT cells. MβCD induced ERK and JNK phosphorylation were prevented by cholesterol repletion. The inhibition of ERK and JNK decreased MβCD‐induced MMP‐9 expression. Therefore, our results suggest that cholesterol regulates MMP‐9 expression through ERK and JNK‐dependent pathways.
EFFECT OF POPULATION DENSITY AND SOWING DATE OF PUMPKIN ON SOIL HYDROTHERMAL REGIME, WEED CONTROL AND CROP GROWTH IN A YAM–PUMPKIN INTERCROP
Authors: OLASANTAN F. O.
Published: July 2007

Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) is used for live mulch and edible apical shoots, seeds and fruits, and requires that a strategy for using it as ground cover in intercropping with food crops be developed while sustaining reasonable apical and fruit yields. Field experiments were conducted in 1999–2001 to investigate the effects of population density (5000, 10 000 and 15 000 plants ha−1) and sowing date (March, April and May) of pumpkin on the soil hydrothermal regime, earthworm casts, weed control, and crop growth and yields in a Yam–pumpkin intercrop. Growing pumpkin between yam mounds reduced maximum diurnal soil temperature by 4.3–8.1 °C, weeding frequency by 52% and weed dry biomass by 50–67%, while soil moisture was conserved by 48–62 g kg−1, earthworm casts were increased by 58–68% and yam tuber yield by 30–52%, irrespective of population density or sowing date, compared with yam monoculture. Intercropping had no effect on the growth and fruit yields of pumpkin, but leaf area index and apical shoot and fruit yields increased by 30–49% as the plant population increased to 10 000 plants ha−1, beyond which there was no further significant increase. Furthermore, apical shoot and fruit yields were remarkably reduced when pumpkin was sown beyond April. Increasing pumpkin population up to 10 000–15 000 plants ha−1 reduced soil temperatures by 0.7–1.2 °C, weeding frequency by 15–35% and weed dry biomass by 36–57%, conserved soil moisture by 46–63 g kg−1, and increased earthworm casts by 20% compared to 5000 plants ha−1 in both cropping systems. Although the sowing date did not affect earthworm casts and weeding frequency, pumpkin sown in March or April reduced soil temperatures by 2.6–4.0 °C and weeds by 27%, and conserved soil moisture by 15–37 g kg−1, compared with May-sown plants. Intercropping pumpkin up to 10 000 plants ha−1 with yam at an optimal sowing date target in March-April is recommended for maximum development and productivity, and when pumpkin is used for live mulch in yam plots to reduce supra-optimal soil temperature, excessive evaporation and weed growth.
GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN THE GROWTH OF BANANAS (MUSA SPP.) INFECTED WITH MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODES. 2. SHOOTS
Authors: KALORIZOU H. A. , GOWEN S. R. , WHEELER T. R.
Published: July 2007

In order to identify the effect of burrowing nematodes on the shoots (pseudostem and leaves) of banana plants and to determine whether or not shoot characteristics are associated with plant resistance to nematodes two experiments were conducted in controlled conditions within polytunnels. The banana plants were harvested on three occasions for the measurement of root morphology and biomass. Varieties differed in their resistance to nematodes from resistant (Yg Km5, FHIA 17, FHIA 03) and partly resistant (FHIA 01, FHIA 25) to not resistant (FHIA 23, Williams). Nematodes reduced total plant dry weight at the first harvest in Experiment 1 and by an average of 8.8% in Experiment 2, but did not affect leaf area in either experiment. The ratio of above-ground weight to total plant weight was reduced from 75% to 72% in nematode-infected plants compared with the control plants for all varieties tested in Experiment 1, but was only reduced in FHIA 25 and FHIA 23 in Experiment 2. Varieties differed in above-ground growth. The FHIA varieties had greater shoot weights and leaf area than YgKm5 and Williams. Overall, resistance to nematodes was associated with the partitioning of a greater proportion of biomass to the roots than to above-ground parts
Metamorphic sole rocks and their mafic dykes in the eastern Tauride belt ophiolites (southern Turkey): implications for OIB-type magma generation following slab break-off
Authors: ÇELİK ÖMER FARUK
Published: July 2007

The metamorphic sole rocks observed between the Pozantı–Karsantı ophiolite and the melange unit are located on the eastern part of the Tauride carbonate platform. They consist of ortho-amphibolites at the top and metasedimentary lithologies at the base. Amphibolites from the metamorphic sole rocks are represented by OIB, MORB and IAT based on their major, trace and REE compositions. The isolated dolerite dykes intrude both the metamorphic sole rocks and the ophiolitic unit at different structural levels. The dolerite dykes cutting the metamorphic sole rocks are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE. Enrichment in LILE such as Th, relative to HFSE, is indicative of the presence of a subduction component. Flat-lying REE patterns of the dolerite dykes also confirm an IAT source. Pyroxenite and albitite dykes also cut the metamorphic sole rocks. REE patterns of pyroxenite dykes show prominent LREE enrichment, similar to that observed in within-plate alkaline basalts. The alkaline isolated pyroxenite dykes were probably the result of late-stage magmatism fed by melts that originated from an OIB source, shortly before the emplacement of the Pozantı–Karsantı ophiolite onto the Tauride carbonate platform. A hydrothermal alteration stage is characterized by albitite formation in the joints of the metamorphic sole rocks and by secondary mineralization along the contact zones of dolerite dykes. Mineral parageneses in the metamorphic sole rocks exhibit amphibolite and greenschist-facies assemblages. Geothermobarometric studies based on a newly recognized mineral assemblage (e.g. kyanite) and chemical compositions of minerals in the metamorphic sole rocks indicate that the metamorphic temperature during the metamorphism was 570–580°C and the pressure was around 5–6 kbar.
Restriction categories III: colimits, partial limits and extensivity
Authors: COCKETT ROBIN , LACK STEPHEN
Published: July 2007

A restriction category is an abstract formulation for a category of partial maps, defined in terms of certain specified idempotents called the restriction idempotents. All categories of partial maps are restriction categories; conversely, a restriction category is a category of partial maps if and only if the restriction idempotents split. Restriction categories facilitate reasoning about partial maps as they have a purely algebraic formulation.

In this paper we consider colimits and limits in restriction categories. As the notion of restriction category is not self-dual, we should not expect colimits and limits in restriction categories to behave in the same manner. The notion of colimit in the restriction context is quite straightforward, but limits are more delicate. The suitable notion of limit turns out to be a kind of lax limit, satisfying certain extra properties.

Of particular interest is the behaviour of the coproduct, both by itself and with respect to partial products. We explore various conditions under which the coproducts are ‘extensive’ in the sense that the total category (of the related partial map category) becomes an extensive category. When partial limits are present, they become ordinary limits in the total category. Thus, when the coproducts are extensive we obtain as the total category a lextensive category. This provides, in particular, a description of the extensive completion of a distributive category.
Graph rewriting for the π-calculus
Authors: GADDUCCI FABIO
Published: July 2007

We propose a graphical implementation for (possibly recursive) processes of the π-calculus, encoding each process into a graph. Our implementation is sound and complete with respect to the structural congruence for the calculus: two processes are equivalent if and only if they are mapped into graphs with the same normal form. Most importantly, the encoding allows the use of standard graph rewriting mechanisms for modelling the reduction semantics of the calculus.
A denotational semantics for the symmetric interaction combinators
Authors: MAZZA DAMIANO
Published: July 2007

The symmetric interaction combinators are a variant of Lafont's interaction combinators. They enjoy a weaker universality property with respect to interaction nets, but are equally expressive. They are a model of deterministic distributed computation and share the good properties of Turing machines (elementary reductions) and of the λ-calculus (higher-order functions and parallel execution). We introduce a denotational semantics for this system, which is inspired by the relational semantics for linear logic, and prove an injectivity and full completeness result for it. We also consider the algebraic semantics defined by Lafont, and prove that the two are strongly related.
An assessment of preliminary food-based dietary guidelines for infants 6–12 months of age in the Little Karoo area of the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Van der Merwe J , Bourne L , Marais D
Published: July 2007

Objective

This study aimed to assess mother's/caregiver's understanding, practical application and cultural acceptability of a preliminary set of South African food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) for children aged 6–12 months living in the Little Karoo area of the Western Cape Province.

Design

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study design was followed. Focus group interviews, recorded on videotape, were analysed for qualitative data. Quantitative questionnaires measured knowledge and comprehension of guidelines, perceived constraints to compliance with and importance of guidelines as well as socio demographic data prior to the focus group interviews.

Setting

Afrikaans-, English- and Xhosa-speaking communities of the Little Karoo area of the Western Cape Province of South Africa, including the urban areas of Oudtshoorn, Bongulethu, Bridgton, Toekomsrus and the adjacent rural areas of Dysselsdorp, Calitzdorp, Uniondale, Ladismith and Zoar.

Subjects

Sixty-four mothers or caregivers to infants 6–12 months of age were included in the sample.

Results

Information obtained through the questionnaires supported what was said during discussions. Although perceived as important by the majority of respondents, some of the guidelines were not well understood without prior explanation. Such guidelines were those pertaining to meal frequency and cup feeding, while application of the guideline to prolonged breast-feeding seemed the most problematic.

Conclusions

The FBDGs for this age group will have to be supported by extensive and appropriate educational material to be effective when introduced to the public. The fact that the applicability of the guideline to prolonged breast-feeding seemed to be the most problematic is a cause for concern.
Longitudinal glia in the fly CNS: pushing the envelope on glial diversity and neuron-glial interactions
Authors: Stacey Stephanie M. , Thomas Graham B. , LabbÉ Alain , Van Meyel Donald J.
Published: July 2007

Interactions between neurons and glial cells are crucial for nervous system development and function in all complex organisms, and many functional, morphological and molecular features of glia are well conserved among species. Here we review studies of the longitudinal glia (LG) in the Drosophila CNS. The LG envelop the neuropil in a membrane sheath, and have features resembling both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Because of their unique lineage, morphology and molecular features, the LG provide an excellent model to study the genetic mechanisms underlying glial subtype differentiation and diversity, glial morphogenesis and neuron–glial interactions during development. In addition, they are proving useful in understanding how glial cells maintain ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis and protect neurons from environmental insult.
Exzessiver Alkoholkonsum bei 15-Jährigen mit externalen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Blomeyer Dorothea , Laucht Manfred , Hohm Erika , Dyer Anne S. , Schmidt Martin H.
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung: Externale Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen gelten als Risikofaktor für spätere alkoholbezogene Störungen. Unklar ist jedoch, ob das Risiko auch bei reinen hyperkinetischen Störungen (HKS) erhöht ist und ob es mit dem Alter bei Diagnose ansteigt. Es werden Ergebnisse der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie berichtet, einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie an einer Geburtskohorte von 326 Jugendlichen. Externale Störungen wurden im Entwicklungsverlauf von 2 bis 15 Jahren erfasst, Alkoholkonsum mit 15 Jahren. Externale Störungen ab acht Jahren waren mit exzessivem Alkoholkonsum im Alter von 15 assoziiert. Das Trinkverhalten von Jugendlichen mit reiner HKS entsprach dem unauffälliger Jugendlicher. Jugendliche mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens ab dem Alter von 8 Jahren tranken exzessiver, wobei sich der durchschnittliche Konsum pro Monat nicht von der Vergleichsgruppe unterschied. Damit stellen Störungen des Sozialverhaltens im späten Kindesalter einen Risikofaktor für exzessiven Alkoholkonsum im Jugendalter dar und sollten gezielt von Präventionsprogrammen aufgegriffen werden. Frühere Verhaltensstörungen und reine HKS scheinen nicht mit riskanten Alkoholkonsummustern in Verbindung zu stehen.
Epilepsien im Jugendalter
Authors: Petermann Franz , Rau Jörn
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag stellt die Bedeutung chronischer Erkrankungen des Jugendalters im Hinblick auf die Interaktion mit allgemeinen normativen Entwicklungsaufgaben der Adoleszenz dar und spezifiziert dann die besonderen psychosozialen Charakteristika der Epilepsie als häufigste neurologische Erkrankung des Jugendalters. Die besondere Bedeutung der Compliance und Aspekte der Krankheitsbewältigung für Jugendliche mit Epilepsie werden im Hinblick auf wichtige entwicklungspsychologische Themen des Jugendalters diskutiert. Bedeutung und Ziele von Patientenschulung als zentraler Behandlungsbaustein bei chronischen Erkrankungen werden erläutert.
Strategien zur Motivationsregulation und ihre Erfassung
Authors: Schwinger Malte , von der Laden Tanja , Spinath Birgit
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, inwiefern eine von Wolters (1998 , 1999 , 2003 ) vorgenommene Systematisierung und ein darauf basierender Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Strategien zur Motivationsregulation auf deutsche Studierende übertragbar sind. Zu diesem Zweck wurden drei Studien durchgeführt. In der ersten Untersuchung wurde 106 Studierenden eine deutsche Übersetzung des Fragebogens vorgegeben. Es zeigte sich, dass die Faktorenstruktur und die Reliabilitäten der deutschen Übersetzung gut mit denen des amerikanischen Originals übereinstimmten. Die Antworten einer Substichprobe von 78 Studierenden, die auch in einem offenen Fragebogen nach ihren Motivationsregulationsstrategien befragt wurden, wiesen auf zusätzliche Strategien hin. Aus diesem Grund wurde der Fragebogen erweitert und an zwei weiteren studentischen Stichproben (N = 168 bzw. N = 87) erprobt. Wiederum erwiesen sich die psychometrischen Eigenschaften als gut. Zudem wiesen die Motivationsregulationsstrategien in erwarteter Weise Zusammenhänge zu Zielorientierungen und Lernstrategien auf, was für die konvergente und diskriminante Validität des Verfahrens spricht. Diskutiert werden u.a. Gründe für die bei den Studierenden festgestellte Bevorzugung extrinsischer gegenüber intrinsischen Motivationsregulationsstrategien.
Rechenstörungen bei Kindern
Authors: von Aster Michael , Schweiter Martin , Weinhold Zulauf Monika
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Prävalenz von Rechenstörungen mit einem longitudinalen Design in einer deutsch-schweizer Stichprobe nach zwei Jahren Schulbesuch erhoben. Die Erfassung von numerischem Wissen erfolgte mittels revidierter Versionen der Neuropsychologischen Testbatterie für Zahlenverarbeitung und Rechnen (ZAREKI) für das Kindergarten- (-K) und Schulalter (-R) an einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von N = 337 Kindern aus ländlichen und urbanen Gebieten. Die erste Untersuchung fand im letzen Jahr vor Schuleintritt statt (Durchschnittsalter: 6;5 Jahre), die Nachtestung umfasste zusätzlich die Überprüfung der Schriftsprachkompetenz und erfolgte zwei Jahre später (8;7 Jahre). Die ermittelte Prävalenzrate für Rechenstörungen betrug 6.0% bei Verzicht auf das Intelligenz-Diskrepanz-Kriterium, wobei es sich bei 1.8% um isolierte Rechenstörungen und bei 4.2% um Rechenstörungen mit kombinierter Lese-Rechtschreibstörung handelte. Die Prävalenzrate von isolierten Rechenstörungen fällt damit deutlich niedriger aus als diejenige von isolierten Störungen des Schriftspracherwerbs (5.7%). Bereits im Kindergarten zeigten betroffene Kinder schwächer ausgeprägte numerische Fertigkeiten gegenüber später nicht beeinträchtigten Kindern. Die Testprofile der Gruppe mit kombinierten Rechenstörungen wiesen zu beiden Testzeitpunkten gegenüber der Gruppe mit isolierten Rechenstörungen zusätzliche Schwierigkeiten hauptsächlich bei Aufgaben auf, die hohe Anforderungen an das Arbeitsgedächtnis stellen. Rund eineinhalb Jahre nach Schuleintritt beurteilten die Lehrpersonen die Kinder mit kombinierten Rechenstörungen auch auf der Verhaltensebene als stärker von Aufmerksamkeitsdefiziten und Hyperaktivität betroffen. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund von Entwicklungsmodellen der Zahlenverarbeitung diskutiert.
Gestaltungskurs für onkologische Patienten in der ambulanten Nachsorge
Authors: Götze Heide , Geue Kristina , Buttstädt Marianne , Singer Susanne
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Für krebskranke Menschen bieten Kunsttherapien die Möglichkeit, mit sich und der Umwelt in Dialog zu treten, das heißt künstlerisches Tätigsein eröffnet neue Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten. Fragestellung: Unbekannt ist, ob die Wirkungen von Kunsttherapien, die während der stationären onkologischen Behandlung und in Rehabilitationskliniken erreicht wurden, auch während der ambulanten Nachsorge erzielt werden können und wie ein solches Angebot gestaltet sein sollte. Stichprobe und Methodik: In unserer Abteilung wurde ein Gestaltungskurs für den ambulanten psychoonkologischen Bereich entwickelt. Mittels qualitativer Leitfadeninterviews wurde erhoben, welche Erwartungen onkologische PatientInnen an den Kurs haben und welche Wirkungen sie ihm Anschluss an die Intervention beschreiben. Ergebnisse: Aus den insgesamt 240 Aussagen der TeilnehmerInnen bezüglich der Wirkungen wurden folgende fünf Bedeutungsbereiche extrahiert: Persönliches Wachstum, Emotionale Stabilisierung, Krankheitsverarbeitung, Erweiterung der Ausdrucksmöglichkeit und Kommunikation. Im Vordergrund steht hierbei das persönliche Wachstum (v.a. Selbstreflexion, Schaffung persönlicher Freiräume), was ¾ der KursteilnehmerInnen als Kurswirkung angaben. Die Kategorien Emotionale Stabilisierung, Kommunikation und Krankheitsverarbeitung sind für ca. die Hälfte der KursteilnehmerInnen wesentlich. Diskussion: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass kunsttherapeutische Interventionen auch in der ambulanten psychosozialen Nachsorge einen entscheidenden Beitrag für das psychische Wohlbefinden und die Unterstützung der Krankheitsverarbeitung von onkologischen Patienten leisten können.
Noise Aftereffects and Brain Processes
Authors: Schapkin Sergei A. , Falkenstein Michael , Marks Anke , Griefahn Barbara
Published: July 2007

Abstract. Aftereffects of noise-induced sleep disturbance on executive functions were investigated with motivational traits as mediating variables. Thirty-two healthy young subjects performed a visual Go/Nogo task with simultaneous EEG recording after a quiet night and after 3 nights with railway noise at different noise levels. As motivational traits, the “hope of success” (HS) and “fear of failure” (FF) were assessed. Subjective sleep rating worsened with increased noise level, but, noise-induced sleep disturbances did not affect performance immediately following sleep. However, in the event-related potential (ERP) an attenuation of the N2 and P3 amplitude as well as an increase in N2 latency in Noise conditions were found. Only subjects who scored low in HS showed a reduction of the N2 after Noise, while subjects who scored high in HS did not. The N2 and P3 were larger in high HS than in low HS subjects in Nogo trials only. Similarly, low FF subjects had larger N2 and P3 than high FF subjects in Nogo trials only. The results suggest that achievement motivation modulates executive control and stimulus-response mapping processes as well as their resistance against aftereffects of noise-induced sleep disturbance.
A model investigation of internal variability in the Angola Benguela Frontal Zone
Authors: Colberg Frank , Reason Chris J. C.
Published: July 2007

In this study, a regional ocean model is applied to the tropical southeast Atlantic Ocean with the aim of investigating internal variability of the Angola Benguela Front. The model is forced at the upper boundary with monthly climatologies of windstress, heat and freshwater fluxes. The model results suggest that anomalous northward (southward) positions of the Angola Benguela Frontal Zone are connected to anomalous intensities of the front. Anomalous northward shifts of the Angola Benguela Frontal Zone appear to be associated with an anticyclonic circulation pattern in the area that shifts the frontal system toward the north. This anomalous circulation also forces changes in coastal upwelling that in turn alter upper ocean temperatures, such as to enhance the meridional temperature gradient across the front. This mechanism is seasonally dependent and most clearly established during austral spring and summer. A comparison between model variability near the Angola Benguela Frontal Zone and other modes of variability suggests that variability resulting from the monthly climatological forcing could at times account for the same amount of variability as that induced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and for up to 20% of the variability apparent during major warm events in the southeast Atlantic such as Benguela Niños.
Scale analysis of airborne flux measurements over heterogeneous terrain in a boreal ecosystem
Authors: Mauder Matthias , Desjardins Raymond L. , MacPherson Ian
Published: July 2007

A wavelet analysis was applied to airborne flux measurements over a boreal ecosystem in Canada to investigate thermally induced mesoscale circulations and turbulent organized structures, which are according to large eddy simulation studies considered as one major reason for the energy balance closure problem. Fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, carbon dioxide, and ozone were separated into a mesoscale and a small‐scale turbulence part to quantify those flux contributions that cannot be captured with single‐tower measurements. Mesoscale fluxes were comparable in magnitude to the energy balance residuals from ground‐based tower measurements close to the flight track. A scale‐dependent correlation analysis between the fluxes of different scalar quantities could not justify the common practice of correcting eddy covariance measurements of the sensible and the latent heat flux for the lack of energy balance closure according to the Bowen ratio or of correcting carbon dioxide fluxes according to the energy balance residual.
Estimating biases and error variances through the comparison of coincident satellite measurements
Authors: Toohey M. , Strong K.
Published: July 2007

A framework for the statistical comparison of six coincident remote sounding measurements is presented, which distinguishes between additive and multiplicative biases. The relationship between multiplicative bias and error variance is explored, and three methods are proposed for producing sets of values for three comparison variables: the multiplicative bias, and the error variance for each of two instruments. We illustrate and compare the three methods through the comparison of coincident measurements of the relatively long‐lived stratospheric species O3, N2O, and HNO3 from two independent measurement sets: version 2.2 retrievals (with updated O3) from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment‐Fourier transform spectrometer onboard SCISAT‐1, and version 1.51 retrievals from the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder onboard Aura. We find that multiplicative bias between the two measurement sets, compared on a common vertical grid, is significant at some heights for O3 and N2O, and for all heights tested for HNO3. The most realistic estimates of measurement error are produced by a method which incorporates a third correlative data set into the analysis. Using this method, estimated error standard deviations (SDs) are comparable between the two instruments for O3 measurements, and are less than 10% of the mean measurement value between approximately 100 and 1 hPa. ACE N2O measurements are consistent with a 10% error SD at all heights tested, although the uncertainty of the estimates is large at heights above 5 hPa. Estimated MLS N2O error SDs are comparable with those for ACE in the lower stratosphere, but increase steeply with height. For HNO3, estimated error SDs are approximately 10% between 70 and 10 hPa for both instruments. At heights above 10 hPa and below 100 hPa, estimated ACE errors are significantly smaller than those for MLS.
Impact of turbulence, land surface, and radiation parameterizations on simulated boundary layer properties in a coastal environment
Authors: Zhong Shiyuan , In Heejin , Clements Craig
Published: July 2007

The impact of planetary boundary layer (PBL) turbulence, land surface, and radiation parameterizations on mesoscale simulations of boundary layer properties in a coastal environment are examined using observations from different platforms and numerical simulations using the mesoscale model MM5 during a 10‐day period in July 2004. The parameterization schemes examined are the MRF and Eta PBL schemes, the simple soil model and the more sophisticated NOAH land surface model, and the Dudhia and RRTM longwave radiation parameterizations. Comparisons are made between simulated and observed near surface mean variables, radiation, turbulence fluxes, mixed layer heights and morning inversion strengths, low‐level jets, and land‐sea breeze circulations. The comparisons indicate that for the Gulf Coast environment and typical summertime conditions, the Eta PBL scheme clearly outperforms the MRF PBL scheme in nearly all aspects. The results reveal that the popular Dudhia radiation scheme tends to overpredict the downward longwave radiation, which consequently results in a warm bias at night and a weaker nocturnal low level jet. Although the NOAH land surface model is much more sophisticated than the simple soil model, it failed to deliver significantly improved simulations of boundary layer properties for the conditions considered in this study.
Hydrological changes in the Mediterranean Sea over the last 30,000 years
Authors: Essallami L. , Sicre M. A. , Kallel N. , Labeyrie L. , Siani G.
Published: July 2007

Sea surface temperatures were reconstructed over the last 30,000 years from alkenone paleothermometry (SST‐alk) and planktonic foraminifera assemblages using the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) (SST‐foram) along two cores of the Mediterranean Sea: MD84‐632 (Levantine basin) and MD04‐2797 (Siculo‐Tunisian Strait). Oxygen isotope of planktonic foraminifera G. bulloides for core MD04‐2797 and G. ruber for core MD84‐632 were also determined. SST‐alk in the Levantine basin indicate colder values at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (∼14°C) than earlier established from MAT, and a cooling amplitude of 6°–7°C, comparable to the central Mediterranean Sea. Climatic events such as the Younger Dryas (YD) and Heinrich events 1 and 2 (H1 and H2) were times of significant cooling in the two cores. In the Eastern basin, values of local seawater oxygen isotope, δw, indicate relatively saltier waters during the LGM and deglaciation than today, with increasing δw values (higher salinity) in the Eastern basin and decreasing ones (lower salinity) in the central Mediterranean Sea, during cold stadials. The observed alterations of surface water properties (T and δw) in the central and eastern Mediterranean at the LGM are consistent with model experiments showing slightly lower evaporation in the Mediterranean than today, except for the Eastern basin.
Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically‐influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes
Authors: Zhang Q. , Jimenez J. L. , Canagaratna M. R. , Allan J. D. , Coe H. , Ulbrich I. , Alfarra M. R. , Takami A. , Middlebrook A. M. , Sun Y. L. , Dzepina K. , Dunlea E. , Docherty K. , DeCarlo P. F. , Salcedo D. , Onasch T. , Jayne J. T. , Miyoshi T. , Shimono A. , Hatakeyama S. , Takegawa N. , Kondo Y. , Schneider J. , Drewnick F. , Borrmann S. , Weimer S. , Demerjian K. , Williams P. , Bower K. , Bahreini R. , Cottrell L. , Griffin R. J. , Rautiainen J. , Sun J. Y. , Zhang Y. M. , Worsnop D. R.
Published: July 2007

Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns were deconvolved into hydrocarbon‐like OA (HOA) and several types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components. HOA has been linked to primary combustion emissions (mainly from fossil fuel) and other primary sources such as meat cooking. OOA is ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments, on average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of the total OA in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote sites, respectively. A case study analysis of a rural site shows that the OOA concentration is much greater than the advected HOA, indicating that HOA oxidation is not an important source of OOA, and that OOA increases are mainly due to SOA. Most global models lack an explicit representation of SOA which may lead to significant biases in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions of OA, and in aerosol hygroscopic properties.
Evaluation of the turbulent energy cascade rates from the upper inertial range in the solar wind at 1 AU
Authors: Vasquez Bernard J. , Smith Charles W. , Hamilton Kathleen , MacBride Benjamin T. , Leamon Robert J.
Published: July 2007

We construct a database from ACE spacecraft measurements of solar wind magnetic field fluctuations at 1 AU which resolves ∼2 decades in frequency at the high end of the inertial range. Using magnetic field measurements outside of magnetic clouds in combination with plasma measurements, we evaluate expressions for the Kolmogorov and Kraichnan cascade rates at 0.01 Hz from magnetic field power spectra and consider both isotropic and cross‐field rates. We examine these rates as functions of proton temperature and solar wind speed, comparing them to the expected rate based on the heating of protons at 1 AU. The average Kolmogorov rate is consistently more than a factor of 10 greater than expected. We conclude that the cascade rate cannot be estimated using the Kolmogorov prescription and power spectra. The Kraichnan rate is close to the expected rate and is potentially a good way to estimate the cascade rate. No distinction is found between the isotropic and cross‐field rates at 1 AU. However, consideration of the likely dependence of cascade rates with distance from the Sun shows that a distinction should exist at distances closer than 1 AU but not outside 1 AU. Moreover, we find that inside 1 AU, the cross‐field Kraichnan prediction can maintain agreement with the expected heating rate whereas the isotropic prediction cannot.
A semi‐automated method for 5′‐ectonucleotidase measurement in lymphocytes
Authors: Chalmers A. H. , Hare Cavelyn
Published: July 2007

We describe a simple, non‐radioactive, semi‐automated method for measuring lymphocyteccto‐5′‐nucleotidase activity in isolated cell homogenates. The method which uses inosine 5′‐monophosphate (IMP) as a substrate was optimized and requires a total of 4×106 lymphocytes. The reference range obtained (38·7–180·0 nmol/h per mg protein; = 106·6) agrees with other isotopic methods which use 14C‐IMP. The simplicity, sensitivity (lower limit 10, upper limit 400 nmol/h per mL) and precision (at 114 nmol/h per mL, interday 4·2%s.d., n= 20; intraday 5·8%, n= 10) makes this method suitable for routine clinical laboratory use.
Lymphocyte ectoenzyme activity compared in healthy persons and patients seropositive to or at high risk of HIV infection
Authors: Chalmers A. H. , Hare C. , Woolley G. , Frazer I. H.
Published: July 2007

We measured two ectoenzymes, ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (NT) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of various groups of HIV‐infected patients because of the previous implied relationship of these enzymes to immune function.

NT expressed as mean nmol/h per mg protein (±s.d.) was significantly depressed in the HIV‐seropositive asymptomatic (42 ± 32; P<0·01) and AIDS groups (14±7; P<0·002) when compared with a healthy HIV‐seronegative male population (83 ± 27). The NT activities in asymptomatic HIV‐seropositive and HIV‐seronegative high risk groups (53 ± 30) were not significantly different from one another but both groups had significantly higher enzyme activities than the AIDS group (P= 0·01 and <0·002, respectively). The seronegative high risk and normal healthy group had similar NT activities.

DP activities expressed as mean nmol/h per mg protein (± s.d.) in both seropositive asymptomatic (0·188 ± 0038) and high risk seronegative (0·180 ± 005) groups had higher enzyme activities than the healthy seronegative (0·117 ± 0·015; P= 0·02 and 0·05. respectively) and AIDS group (0·096 ± 0·036; P= 0·002 and 0·02. respectively). The healthy seronegative group had DP activities not significantly different to the AIDS groups. Similarly the high risk seronegative and healthy seropositive group had similar DP activities.

These results taken together indicate that measurement of both DP and NT should be evaluated prospectively as a monitor of the clinical progression of HIV infection.
Murine candidiasis: Susceptibility is associated with the induction of T cell‐mediated, strain‐specific autoreactivity
Authors: Ashman R. B.
Published: July 2007

Inbred mice can be classified as susceptible or resistant to systemic infection with the yeast Candida albicans by histopathological evaluation of tissue lesions. Candida‐specific memory T cell responses generated by resistant BALB/c mice are vigorous and sustained, whereas those displayed by susceptible CBA/H mice are weak. When spleen cells from immune mice were activated by culture with Candida antigens in vitro, and injected into syngeneic and allogeneic recipients in the absence of further antigenic stimulation, cells from CBA/H mice induced a specific inflammatory response only in CBA/H recipients. In contrast, cells from immune BALB/c mice showed no specific activity. The effector cells were identified as T cells of the cytotoxic/suppressor subclass (CD4‐, CD8+); and analysis in various Fl hybrid mice showed that reactivity was expressed only in animals carrying CBA/H genes. The data thus indicate that susceptibility to C. albicans infection is associated with the induction of a T cell subpopulation that has the potential to react specifically against unmodified self antigens expressed by the susceptible strain.
Quantitative estimation of suppressor/cytotoxic and helper T cells during acute and chronic Plasmodium berghei infection
Authors: Wangoo A. , Kaur S. , Ganguly N. K. , Bhatti G. , Mahajan R. C.
Published: July 2007

In the present study, the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations and their relation to T cell subsets was estimated during acute and chronic Plasmodium berghei malaria. During acute infection, a decreased percentage of T lymphocytes was observed, whereas no change was observed during chronic infection. However, no change in the percentage of B cells was observed in both types of infection. The T cell population was characterized by an increased percentage of T suppressor cytotoxic (CD8+) cells and a decreased percentage of T helper cells (CD4+) during acute infection. This resulted in an inversion of the CD8+/CD4+ cell ratio. During chronic infection no change in the CD8+ cell percentage was observed; however some increase in CD4+ cell percentage was observed in later stages. Thus failure of the immune system to overcome acute infection may be due to an increase in T suppressor cells, and maintenance of parasites at subpatent levels during chronic infection may involve the normal CD8+/CD4+ cell ratio with some increase in CD4+ cells.
Characteristics of a breast cancer‐associated antigen defined by RCC‐1 antibody
Authors: Tjandra J. J. , Zalcberg J. , Xing P.‐X. , McKenzie I. F. C.
Published: July 2007

This study reports the characterization of a breast cancer‐associated antigen identified by murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) RCC‐1 (formerly called 24–17·1). Immunoperoxidase staining indicated that RCC‐1 recognized an antigen highly expressed in malignant tumours of breast origin, and no reactivity was noted with connective tissue, muscle or lymph nodes, which is an important consideration in its successful use in immunolymphoscintigraphy. The RCC‐1 was shown to consist of 94 000daiton disulfide‐bonded dimers which were shown to be different from the transferrin receptor. In addition, the antibody RCC‐1 did not react with components of human milk or with an antigenic peptide derived from the core protein of a mammary mucin. Chemical treatment and enzymatic digestion suggested that the epitope recognized by antibody RCC‐1 was protein as it was resistant to neuraminidase and periodate treatment but was sensitive to trypsin. The RCC‐1‐defined antigen detects a novel breast cancer associated antigen.
Expression of the p70 chain of the IL‐2 receptor on human lymphoid cells: Analysis using a monoclonal antibody and high‐sensitivity immunofluorescence
Authors: Zola Heddy , Purling Rebecca J. , Koh Lin Y. , Tsudo Mitsuru
Published: July 2007

Using monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against the p70(β)chain of the interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) and a high‐sensitivity immunofluorescence procedure, p70 can be demonstrated on the majority of lymphocytes from normal blood samples, without in vitro stimulation. A subpopulation of cells bears a high concentration of receptor, and these cells have the physical properties of large granular leucocytes (LGL). The smaller lymphocytes, although weaker, are quite clearly positive T8 cells stain relatively strongly, while T4 cells and B cells slain relatively weakly. Leukaemic cells showed a variety of phenotypes when examined for expression of the p55 and p70 chains of the IL‐2R. The demonstration of IL‐2R chains directly by immunofluorescence on unstimulated lymphocytes has potential clinical applications, since this technique can be used in a diagnostic setting.
The cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitor, Piroxicam, enhances cytokine‐induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Haynes D. R. , Wright P. F. , Whitehouse M. W. , Vernon‐Roberts B.
Published: July 2007

The effects of Piroxicam on the production and activity of lymphoproliferative cytokines (LC) produced by mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) were examined. In vitro, Piroxicam did not affect IL‐1 induced thymocyte proliferation (LAF assay). However, the LAF activity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated MNP cultures was increased after Piroxicam (0·1–20 μol/L) treatment. The increase in apparent LC activity was largely due to suppression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Peripheral blood, spleen and thymus lymphocytes from animals predosed with Piroxicam (5 mg/kg per day for 3 days) synthesized more DNA than untreated mice (as measured by [3H]‐thymidine uptake ex vivo). MNP from Piroxicam‐treated animals produced significantly more LC. Piroxicam had similar effects in both inflamed and non‐inflamed mice. Piroxicam and other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) may therefore stimulate or modulate the immune functions requiring lymphoproliferation by suppressing the formation of PGE2, a natural inhibitor of both LC production and LC‐induced lymphoproliferation.