bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical biomass burning smoke plume size, shape, reflectance, and age based on 2001–2009 MISR imagery of Borneo
Authors: Zender C. S. , Krolewski A. G. , Tosca M. G. , Randerson J. T.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Land clearing for crops and plantations and grazing results in anthropogenic burning of tropical forests and peatlands in Indonesia, where images of fire-generated aerosol plumes have been captured by the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) since 2001. Our modeling studies show this smoke increases atmospheric heating, and reduces regional SST and dry-season precipitation, causing a potential feedback that increases drought-stress and air quality problems during El Niño years. Here we analyze the size, shape, optical properties, and age of fire-generated plumes in Borneo from 2001–2009. Most smoke flows with the prevailing southeasterly surface winds at 3–4 m s−1, and forms ovoid plumes whose mean length, height, and cross-plume width are 41 ± 1.4 (mean ± std. error) km, 708 ± 13 m, and 27 ± 0.75% of the plume length, respectively. Borneo smoke plume heights are similar to previously reported plume heights, yet Borneo plumes are nearly three times longer than previously studied plumes, possibly due to more persistent fires and greater fuel loads in peatlands than in other tropical forests. Plume area (median 169 ± 15 km2) varies exponentially with length, though for most plumes a linear relation provides a good approximation. The MISR-estimated plume optical properties involve greater uncertainties than the geometric properties, and show patterns consistent with smoke aging. Optical depth increases by 15–25% in the down-plume direction, consistent with hygroscopic growth and nucleation overwhelming the effects of particle dispersion. Both particle single-scattering albedo and top-of-atmosphere albedo peak about halfway down-plume, at values about 3% and 10% greater than at the origin, respectively. The initially oblong plumes become brighter and more circular with time, increasingly resembling smoke clouds. Wind speed does not explain a significant fraction of the variation in plume geometry. We provide a parameterization of plume shape that can help atmospheric models estimate the effects of plumes on weather, climate, and air quality. Plume age, the age of smoke furthest down-plume, is lognormally distributed with a median of 2.8 ± 0.3 h, significantly different than median ages reported in other studies. Intercomparison of our results with previous studies shows that the shape, height, optical depth, and lifetime characteristics reported for tropical biomass burning plumes on three continents are dissimilar and distinct from the same characteristics of wildfire plumes from the extratropics.
Simulations over South Asia using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem): set-up and meteorological evaluation
Authors: Kumar R. , Naja M. , Pfister G. G. , Barth M. C. , Brasseur G. P.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The configuration and evaluation of the meteorology is presented for simulations over the South Asian region using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Temperature, water vapor, dew point temperature, zonal and meridional wind components, precipitation and tropopause pressure are evaluated against radiosonde and satellite-borne (AIRS and TRMM) observations along with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis fields for the year 2008. Chemical fields, with focus on tropospheric ozone, are evaluated in a separate paper. The spatial and temporal variability in meteorological variables is well simulated by the model with temperature, dew point temperature and precipitation showing higher values during summer/monsoon and lower during winter. The index of agreement for all the parameters is estimated to be greater than 0.6 indicating that WRF-Chem is capable of simulating the variations around the observed mean. The mean bias (MB) and root mean square error (RMSE) in modeled temperature, water vapor and wind components show an increasing tendency with altitude. MB and RMSE values are within ±2 K and 1–4 K for temperature, 30% and 20–65% for water vapor and 1.6 m s−1 and 5.1 m s−1 for wind components. The spatio-temporal variability of precipitation is also reproduced reasonably well by the model but the model overestimates precipitation in summer and underestimates precipitation during other seasons. Such a behavior of modeled precipitation is in agreement with previous studies on South Asian monsoon. The comparison with radiosonde observations indicates a relatively better model performance for inland sites as compared to coastal and island sites. The MB and RMSE in tropopause pressure are estimated to be less than 25 hPa. Sensitivity simulations show that biases in meteorological simulations can introduce errors of ±(10–25%) in simulations of tropospheric ozone, CO and NOx. Nevertheless, a comparison of statistical metrics with benchmarks indicates that the model simulated meteorology is of sufficient quality for use in chemistry simulations.
Performance of a Simplified Wall Motion Score Index Method for Noncardiologists to Assess Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Authors: Lebeau Réal , Potter Brian J. , Sas Georgetta , Moustafa Sherif , Di Lorenzo Maria , Soulieres Vicky , Beaulieu Yannick , Sauvé Claude , Amyot Robert , Serri Karim
Published: November 2011

Backgrounds. For emergency physicians performing a goal-directed transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), a reliable estimate of LVEF must be obtained rapidly. We compared rapid LVEF estimates obtained from short axis sections to those obtained from apical sections using two methods of evaluation. Methods. The TTE's of 6 patients were interpreted by 16 echo-proficient readers (PRO group) and 105 novice readers (NOV group). LVEF was assessed by each group. The strategies consisted of either a global visual estimation (VIS) of LVEF or semiquantitative (SQ) methods. Results. Using RNV and BIP as a reference standard, NOV readers performed better with the SQ method than global visual estimation. For NOV readers, best agreement was achieved with the 234C sequence in low LVEF situations, but with the BMA series in normal LVEF settings. Neither series of views was better than the other in the setting of mild LVEF depression. Conclusion. Semi-quantitative method was superior to global visual estimation of LVEF in NOV group in most of the LVEF ranges.
The Early Cinema ofEdwinS.Porter
Authors: Musser Charles
Published: November 2011

It might seem an indulgence to have an essay reprinted that is now more than 30 years old, but “The Early Cinema of Edwin S. Porter” has the virtue of raising basic issues that remain part of the debates still swirling around cinema of the early 1900s. Not only does it stand up in most of its essentials, but this effort also retains a freshness (a sense of working through a problem for the first time) and urgency that would be difficult to resurrect. Nonetheless, some introductory comments might provide a useful commentary and historical context for this essay.
From Peep Show to Picture Palace
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: November 2011

During the 20‐year period from 1894 to 1914, the exhibition of motion pictures underwent an extraordinary transformation. A young man or woman standing in a Kinetoscope parlor, in 1894, viewing a short continuous filmstrip loop in a peephole device would have a very different sense of motion pictures 12 years later, as part of a nickelodeon audience, viewing a series of short films projected on a wall screen. Then again, just eight years later, in 1914, he or she would have an equally different sense of motion pictures as a spectator, sitting comfortably in a palace cinema, engrossed in a feature‐length film, accompanied by orchestral music. Yet these three sites — the Kinetoscope parlor, nickelodeon, and palace cinema — hardly convey the wide range of venues, noncommercial as well as commercial, that screened motion pictures during those years. What follows stages a panorama of those venues, moving more or less chronologically through a series of major stages in the transformation of exhibition, and linking those stages to parallel changes in how motion pictures were distributed.
Erich von Stroheim and Cecil B. DeMille
Authors: Studlar Gaylyn
Published: November 2011

Cecil B. DeMille and Erich von Stroheim were two of the most important filmmakers to emerge in the early years of Hollywood feature film production. Their legacies now are perceived — rightfully — as having been of a radically different order. DeMille has come to epitomize the commercially savvy studio director who cultivated the public persona of an American “showman.” Over a career that spanned five decades, his name recognition revolved around a legacy of popularity and longevity. Rather than retaining recognition as a motion picture innovator and visual artist of the silent era, DeMille is now remembered almost exclusively as the director of entertaining, star‐studded film spectacles of the sound era that commercially exploited low‐ and medium‐brow tastes. By way of contrast, von Stroheim has grown to become one of the central referents in discussions of Hollywood's victimization of artists. An uncompromising perfectionist and proponent of naturalism, von Stroheim saw his vision thwarted by the industry. Through their triumph over him, producers consolidated their power in a move that would define the studio system for the next 40 years. For von Stroheim, that milestone was a tragic one that led writer Jim Tully to call the director, “the first man of genius and original talent to break his heart against the stone wall of cinema imbecility” (Tully 1927, 71).
In the Trenches, On the Screen
Authors: Kelly Andrew
Published: November 2011

With 8.5 million dead and 20 million injured, there was nothing great about the Great War except the scale of destruction and despair. The defeat of Germany led only to bitter memories, dead and injured relatives and friends, promises betrayed, and, above all else, disillusion. Disillusion is part of what Samuel Hynes calls the “Myth of the War” — “not a falsification of reality, but an imaginative version of it, the story of the war that has evolved, and has come to be expected as true.” This “generation of innocent young men,” heads full of lofty ideals about “Honor, Glory, and England, went off to war to make the world safe for democracy.” He added that “They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Those who survived were shocked, disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences, and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans, but the old men at home who had lied to them,” and concluded: “They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance” (1992, x).
Hollywood and Spanish‐Speaking Audiences
Authors: Jarvinen Lisa
Published: November 2011

In March of 1930, as the United States settled into a worsening economic recession,Varietytrumpeted another threat to the well‐being of American film studios. “U.S. MAY LOSE EUROPE” marched in bold across six columns as the headline article for foreign film news (1930b, 11). Although the United States had dominated the global film trade since the end of World War I, the introduction of synchronized sound to the commercial cinema in the late 1920s and with it the addition of spoken language to film created new problems for the international circulation of movies. The brief intertitles commonly used in silent films to convey dialogue or other information were easily (and economically) translated and replaced. Synchronized sound offered less flexibility. American film studios faced a world fragmented by language. In the words of one US newspaper, the talkies were “Babel tower all over again” (New York Times1930, 21). The ominously titledVarietyarticle warned that “the supremacy of American pictures is threatened abroad by the lack of suitable dialog versions in foreign tongues” (1930b, 11). Hollywood would, in fact, retain its advantage in international markets — yet those markets changed with the transition to sound. The American film industry developed solutions, made compromises and accommodations in response to the addition of spoken language to film; yet these never fully contained the disruption caused by the greater linguistic and cultural specificity of synchronized sound.
The Hollywood A‐Production Western
Authors: Stoehr Kevin L.
Published: November 2011

Film scholars have long recognized a familiar distinction established by the studios between large‐scale A‐Westerns and their usually less costly B‐Western counterparts. There is certainly no necessary correlation between financial investment and cinematic quality, as superb small‐budget films and atrocious big‐budget movies have demonstrated. But higher production values can indeed often attract better performers, accomplished directors and their crews, and more thoughtfully designed scripts.
There's No Place Like Home
Authors: Garcia Desirée J.
Published: November 2011

Commenting to theNew York Timesin 1959, MGM producer Arthur Freed emphasized the importance of portraying the past, with its associations of tranquility, grace, and charm, in the making of successful musical films, saying that “the period musical can capture a charm that many people long for today. It lets us enjoy, for a while, a more easy [sic] and more gracious way of life than exists in our now everyday life.”1
Friz Freleng's Jazz
Authors: Gabbard Krin
Published: November 2011

Short, animated films probably ought not to be the principal source for a history of jazz and black music. But we can learn a great deal from the Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes that Isadore “Friz” Freleng (1906–1995) directed for Warner Bros. from the 1930s through the 1950s.1These cartoons provide a thorough history of popular understandings of jazz during specific eras, even if we strongly reject these understandings today. In Freleng'sClean Pasturesfrom 1937, jazz is portrayed as a popular music for “primitive” African‐Americans even as they are turning into urbanized economic subjects. In 1944, in hisGoldilocks and the Jivin' Bears, Freleng anticipates the difficult “art music” later known as bebop by casting jazz as an outsider music for devotees playing mostly for themselves. The “Afterword” to this essay follows this trajectory into the 1950s, when Freleng'sPizzicato PussycatandThe Three Little Bopspresent jazz as a thoroughly commoditized mainstream music for white suburbanites. Before considering these cartoons in detail, I will sketch the early history of animated features at Warner Bros. and the men who created them. Placing the jazzy cartoons in a larger context reveals how intimately they were involved with the development of popular attitudes toward jazz during these decades. Indeed, the cartoons shown in movie theaters throughout the 1930s and 1940s reflect and refract American culture every bit as much as the Hollywood feature films that so perfectly fit Althusser's concept of “ideological state apparatuses.” But because the cartoons almost always featured wall‐to‐wall musical soundtracks, they are an even better guide to the construction of popular music and jazz than the feature films could ever be.
Cold War Thrillers
Authors: Palmer R. Barton
Published: November 2011

The United States, so Kennan advised, should in response devote its main energies toward resolving such explosive domestic issues as institutionalized racism and class inequality. The object was to improve the image of the nation abroad and reassure the American people in a time of growing uncertainty. Here was a public relations project of epic proportions that the Hollywood film industry soon found itself engaging, if unofficially and of its own accord. No call for action issued from Washington, but none was needed. Studio heads, as well as the independent producers then beginning to shape decisively the industry's product, were eager to turn out films that dramatized that stance. A cinematic series — the Cold War thriller in its various forms — was the result. Whether these films contributed to the “diplomatic victory” Kennan hoped for is a question that is impossible to answer. Cold War thrillers were often embarrassingly chauvinistic and obviously propagandistic, but they regularly proved at least moderately successful with audiences. In treating those films released during the years 1945–1965, I will place a special emphasis on lesser‐known releases that are most useful for illuminating the politics of the period, both national and cinematic.
American Underground Film
Authors: Rapfogel Jared
Published: November 2011

The first step in introducing the vast, but often neglected, topic of American Underground Cinema is to clarify what is meant by “underground.” In the field of noncommercial, independent cinema, descriptive terms and definitions are endlessly debated, as cases are made for and against labeling various (and inevitably ambiguous and overlapping) categories of films as “avant‐garde,” “experimental,” “nonnarrative,” and so on. “Underground” is very much a part of this disputed flock, a term that is sometimes understood as more or less synonymous with “avant‐garde” or “experimental,” and at other times applied to films that push the boundaries of sex, violence, or simply good taste. In still other contexts “underground” is used more precisely to identify a specific period in the history of noncommercial American filmmaking, from the late 1950s to the mid‐1960s — a period that saw an explosion of personal, independently made and produced films; the formation of cohesive communities of independent filmmakers; and the establishment of structures for the exhibition, distribution, and promotion of these films. This period, one of social and cultural transformation and upheaval throughout America, saw the alternative cinema coalesce into a vigorous movement, achieving an unprecedented cultural prominence.
Black Representation in Independent Cinema
Authors: Lykidis Alex
Published: November 2011

After World War II, black independent film production waned as black political leaders advocated integration over cultural nationalism, placing utmost importance not on the creation of a viable alternative space for black film culture but rather on improving the level of black participation and the accuracy of black representation in Hollywood cinema. The coordinated actions of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and other Civil Rights groups induced Hollywood to incorporate black actors, directors, producers and musicians such as Harry Belafonte and Quincy Jones into the industry, which weakened the pool of talent available for black independents (Cripps 1978, 48). Gladstone Yearwood notes that “as the Civil Rights movement made gains during the 1950s and early 1960s and increasing attention was given to bringing blacks into the mainstream film industry, the black independent film movement underwent a hiatus” (2000, 41).1Some postwar black independent films, such as Pierre Chenal'sNative Son(1951), starring and written by Richard Wright, and Anthony Harvey'sDutchman(1967), based on a screenplay by Amiri Baraka, were made outside of the United States and failed to garner the significant attention or support of domestic audiences (Cripps 1978, 47–48). Important black independent documentary filmmakers such as William Greaves and St. Clair Bourne did emerge during this period, but most documentaries about the Civil Rights and Black Power eras were made by white filmmakers, many of whom worked for radical newsreel organizations (Snead 1995, 372).
Cinema Direct and Indirect
Authors: Warren Charles
Published: November 2011

“Direct cinema” is a name preferred by certain American filmmakers emerging around 1960, for work they were doing in documentary under new principles and using new techniques. The technical breakthrough was the development of new lightweight equipment that allowed a crew as small as two persons, or even one, to move about freely and relatively unobtrusively, filming in 16 mm with synchronous sound recording. The new determination, or basic approach, was to attend to the world with a new flexibility and even modesty, following what might unfold, walking with the handheld camera and keeping it and the recorder running as long as appropriate, reframing and refocusing without stopping, not planning, not setting up shots, not setting out to teach a moral or make an argument, but just to take an interest, to become
involved
as an observer and to register, record, and relay. Anticipated in part by the Free Cinema movement in Great Britain of the 1950s, direct cinema practitioners in the United States — as Erik Barnouw says of the British — “often poked into places society was inclined to ignore or keep hidden,” and they liked to let the material stand with some ambiguity, leaving conclusions to viewers (1983, 231).
“The Rise of a Film Generation”
Authors: Zryd Michael
Published: November 2011

In 1967, film critic Stanley Kauffmann reflected on “the end of a decade that had seen the rise of a Film Generation around the country” (1968, 274). Yet, this rise of a Film Generation happened at a time when the theatrical box office suffered its lowest attendance: In 1971, the smallest number of tickets was sold in American film history — 16 million per week (Cook 2002, 14). How do we make sense of this apparent contradiction between the decline in theatrical film‐going and the rise of a “Film Generation”?
The Queer 1990s
Authors: Bronski Michael
Published: November 2011

The 1990s are unique in the history of lesbian‐gay‐bisexual‐transgender (LGBT) cinema in that they saw the release of an unusually large number of LGBT‐themed films — more than 75, including Hollywood productions, independent productions, and British and European films released in the United States. This output spans a wide range of themes, genres, and artistic and narrative approaches and, as will be argued below, it reflects a spectrum of political perspectives. This cinematic embarrassment of riches makes perfect sense when viewed against the background of the decade's extraordinarily vibrant political and social developments. In retrospect, the 1990s were clearly a pivotal period for LGBT politics and artistic endeavor.
Computer Animation
Authors: Wells Paul
Published: November 2011

Coppola was right. Computer animation, merely one aspect of the “communications revolution” is now a mainstream cinema practice. In the hands of Pixar Animation, DreamWorks SKG, Blue Sky, and a myriad of other studios,1it has evolved from a marginal, experimental approach to film production to become the core aspect of much contemporary moving image construction. Cinema has always been a highly synthetic medium, of course, but computer animation in all its guises has enabled a much greater degree of “constructedness” in the cinematic image, promp ting claims that animation is not so much a variant, or “second cousin” of film, but the essential condition of film itself.2While such a perspective encourages a radical reinterpretation of film form in its own right, it is important in the first instance to establish how the computer became an intrinsic part of film production and to trace the ways in which computer animation has influenced the vocabulary of film from visual effects to feature‐length animated stories. Prompted by the extraordinarily prescient comments Francis Ford Coppola made at the 1979 Oscar ceremony, this discussion, therefore, seeks to advance an informal history of computer animation within the American context, a task that necessitates defining its place and presence in American film before commenting on its own conditions as a film form and a mode of production in the contemporary era.
The Biggest Independent Pictures Ever Made
Authors: Connor J. D.
Published: November 2011

In place of the de rigueur defense of independent film, Schamus contended that the IFP should defend independent expression more generally — fighting the extension of the conglomerates, supporting local distribution networks around the world, working to repeal parts of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. If this speech was the theory, the integration of Good Machine into Universal and the launching of
Hulk
were the practice.
The End of Cinema (As We Know It)
Authors: Lewis Jon
Published: November 2011

In 1963, the French filmmaker Jean‐Luc Godard famously remarked, “I await the end of cinema with optimism.” What Godard so anxiously awaited was a departure from a certain dominant form of narrative moviemaking: a final, formal alternative to the sort of story‐films endemic to Hollywood's classical, invisible style. In the near future, Godard proposed, we might find a medium that could speak in a different sort of visual and aural shorthand; still celluloid, still moving pictures essentially, but such a complete formal departure from the 70‐year tradition of “cinema” that we would need to call it something else. Godard no doubt appreciated that his comment was provocative, if only because in 1963 an end to cinema as a medium was difficult to imagine.
Diet of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, 1. diet composition and diversity
Authors: WATTS DAVID P. , POTTS KEVIN B. , LWANGA JEREMIAH S. , MITANI JOHN C.
Published: November 2011

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are ecologically flexible omnivores with broad diets comprising many plant and animal foods, although they mostly eat fruit (including figs). Like other ecologically flexible nonhuman primates (e.g., baboons, Papio spp.) with broad diets, their diets vary across habitats. Much data on diets come from short studies that may not capture the range of variation, however, and data are scant on variation within habitats and populations. We present data on diet composition and diversity for chimpanzees at Ngogo, in Kibale National Park, Uganda, collected over a 15‐year period, with a focus on the plant components of the diet. We compare Ngogo data to those on chimpanzees at the nearby Kibale site of Kanyawara, on other chimpanzee populations, and on some other frugivorous–omnivorous primates. Results support the argument that chimpanzees are ripe fruit specialists: Ngogo chimpanzees ate a broad, mostly fruit‐based diet, feeding time devoted to fruit varied positively with fruit availability, and diet diversity varied inversely with fruit availability. Comparison of Ngogo and Kanyawara shows much similarity, but also pronounced within‐population dietary variation. Chimpanzees fed much more on leaves, and much less on pith and stems, at Ngogo. Figs accounted for somewhat less feeding time at Ngogo, but those of Ficus mucuso were quantitatively the most important food. This species is essentially absent at Kanayawara; its abundance and high productivity at Ngogo, along with much higher abundance of several other important food species, help explain why chimpanzee community size and population density are over three times higher at Ngogo. High inter‐annual variation at Ngogo highlights the value of long‐term data for documenting the extent of ecological variation among chimpanzee populations and understanding how such variation might affect population biology and social dynamics. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1–16, 2011.  © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of composition and the level of crosslinking of the poly(methylmethacrylate) phase on the properties of natural rubber‐poly(methylmethacrylate) semi‐2 interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Jayasuriya M. M. , Hourston D. J.
Published: November 2011

The effects of the PMMA content and the cross‐linker level in the poly(methylmethacrylate) component on the dynamic and physico‐mechanical properties of semi‐2 interpenetrating polymer networks based on natural rubber and poly(methylmethacrylate) were determined. The miscibility of the components in these semi‐2 interpenetrating polymer networks was determined using the loss tangent data, obtained from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and the interphase contents were calculated from modulated scanning calorimetric data. Some component mixing in these semi‐2 interpenetrating polymer networks was evident from these modulated differential scanning calorimetric and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis data. The degree of component mixing increased with cross‐linker level in the PMMA phase. The PMMA content in the semi‐2 IPNs has a significant effect on the tensile and hysteresis behavior of these semi‐2 interpenetrating polymer networks. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of juvenile fibromyalgia: A multisite, single‐blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Kashikar‐Zuck Susmita , Ting Tracy V. , Arnold Lesley M. , Bean Judy , Powers Scott W. , Graham T. Brent , Passo Murray H. , Schikler Kenneth N. , Hashkes Philip J. , Spalding Steven , Lynch‐Jordan Anne M. , Banez Gerard , Richards Margaret M. , Lovell Daniel J.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder in children and adolescents for which there are no evidence‐based treatments. The objective of this multisite, single‐blind, randomized clinical trial was to test whether cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) was superior to fibromyalgia (FM) education in reducing functional disability, pain, and symptoms of depression in juvenile FMS.

Methods

Participants were 114 adolescents (ages 11–18 years) with juvenile FMS. After receiving stable medications for 8 weeks, patients were randomized to either CBT or FM education and received 8 weekly individual sessions with a therapist and 2 booster sessions. Assessments were conducted at baseline, immediately following the 8‐week treatment phase, and at 6‐month followup.

Results

The majority of patients (87.7%) completed the trial per protocol. Intent‐to‐treat analyses showed that patients in both groups had significant reductions in functional disability, pain, and symptoms of depression at the end of the study, and CBT was significantly superior to FM education in reducing the primary outcome of functional disability (mean baseline to end‐of‐treatment difference between groups 5.39 [95% confidence interval 1.57, 9.22]). Reduction in symptoms of depression was clinically significant for both groups, with mean scores in the range of normal/nondepressed by the end of the study. Reduction in pain was not clinically significant for either group (<30% decrease in pain). There were no study‐related adverse events.

Conclusion

In this controlled trial, CBT was found to be a safe and effective treatment for reducing functional disability and symptoms of depression in adolescents with juvenile FMS.
Dynamic Pulse‐Frequency Modulation in Objects Control with Delay
Authors: Aitchanov B. Kh. , Kurmanov B. K. , Umarov T. F.
Published: November 2011

This paper describes the development of the method of building mathematical models of dynamic pulse‐frequency systems of automatic control of objects with random parameters and delay in the class of stochastic functional series of Voltaire and differential equations of Ito. In order to obtain mathematical descriptions of the system we have used homogenous models equivalent and majorizing processes in which are identical with the processes of the real stochastic dynamic pulse‐frequency system of control of objects with delay. Obtained mathematical models of stochastic dynamic pulse‐frequency systems of automatic control of objects with delay in the class of functional series of Voltaire and differential equations of Ito represent a further development of methods of description of “input‐output” systems and “state space” and serve as a basis for developing methods of analysis and synthesis of the given class of automatic control systems.
Role of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle in axial humeral rotation control
Authors: Eshuis Rienk , De Gast Arthur
Published: November 2011

This anatomical and biomechanical study focuses on the specific influence of the long head of biceps brachii muscle in controlling axial humeral rotation. The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii (biceps tendon) is shown to either facilitate or restrict axial humeral rotation. Its effect on axial humeral rotation is strongly related to firstly the amount of biceps tendon load, secondly glenohumeral scapular plane elevation, and thirdly the rotatory position of the humerus. At 0° glenohumeral elevation, biceps tendon load caused an increase of internal humeral rotation, from 0° at 2.25 N biceps tendon load to 23° at 82.25 N. Under 45° glenohumeral elevation, biceps tendon load can restrict and facilitate as well internal and external axial humeral rotation, increasing the rotatory range of motion. Above 45° glenohumeral elevation biceps tendon load restricts internal and external axial humeral rotation, increasing actively joint stability by increasing torsional rigidity. These findings on the function of the biceps tendon could have consequences for the clinical interpretation. In the elevated arm position, extreme rotation loads the long head of the biceps tendon and may turn out to biceps or bicepslabrum complex injuries. Clin. Anat. 25:737–745, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction following stent implantation: Comparison between first‐ and second‐generation drug‐eluting stents
Authors: Tandjung Kenneth , Basalus Mounir W.Z. , Muurman Esther , Louwerenburg Hans W. , van Houwelingen K. Gert , Stoel Martin G. , de Man Frits H.A.F. , Jansen Hanneke , Huisman Jennifer , Linssen Gerard C.M. , Droste Herman T. , Nienhuis Mark B. , von Birgelen Clemens
Published: November 2011

Background: First‐ and second‐generation drug‐eluting stents (DES) differ in coating materials, which may influence the incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI). Objective: To compare the incidence of PMI between first‐ and second‐generation DES, using the current Academic Research Consortium (ARC) definition of PMI. Methods: We assessed 800 patients treated with first‐ (Taxus Liberté or Endeavor) or second‐generation DES (Xience V or Resolute). Each DES group consisted of 200 consecutive patients, who were treated during the transition from first‐ to second‐generation DES. Routine peri‐interventional assessment of cardiac biomarkers was performed to compare the incidence of PMI between DES groups according to the updated definition by the ARC: 2x upper reference limit of creatine kinase (CK), confirmed by CK‐MB elevation. Results: In 800 patients, a total of 1,522 DES (363 Taxus; 385 Endeavor; 382 Xience V; 392 Resolute) were implanted to treat 1,232 lesions. Patient characteristics did not differ between groups. In patients receiving second‐generation DES, more multivessel percutaneous coronary interventions were performed (P = 0.01). The overall incidence of PMI was 4.75%. Between first‐ and second‐generation DES, there was no significant difference in PMI (5.5% vs. 4.0%; P = 0.29). In a multivariate analysis, only the total number of stents implanted (P < 0.001) and presentation with acute coronary syndrome (P = 0.02) were independent predictors of PMI. Conclusion: Using the revised ARC definition, we found no significant difference in PMI between first‐ and second‐generation DES. Overall, PMI occurred in 4.75%, which is 58% lower than with use of the historical PMI definition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Virtuous Creativity: The Effects of Leader Behavioural Integrity on Follower Creative Thinking and Risk Taking
Authors: Palanski Michael E. , Vogelgesang Gretchen R.
Published: November 2011

Despite the preponderance of research concerning creativity and ethical leadership, the possibility of why and how a leader's ethical behaviour may stimulate follower creativity has not been examined. Employing an online experimental design, we applied a virtue ethics framework to examine associations between subordinates' perceptions of their leader's integrity and their intention to think creatively and to engage in risk taking. Subordinates' perceptions of their leader's behavioural integrity positively predicted their sense of psychological safety. Moreover, psychological safety positively predicted followers' intention to think creatively and to take risks. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epoxidation of Alkenes Catalyzed by Phenyl Group‐Modified, Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica‐Entrapped, Dimeric Manganese–Salen Complexes
Authors: Hu Jianglei , Wu Qingyin , Li Wei , Ma Ling , Su Fang , Guo Yihang , Qiu Yongqing
Published: November 2011

A series of reusable, recoverable, diamine‐bridged dimeric manganese–salen complexes were prepared by the encapsulation of homogeneous dimeric Mn(salen) complexes into nanocages of a 3D periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) support followed by silylation of the support with organosilane. The composition, structure, morphology, and textural properties of the prepared PMO‐entrapped dimeric Mn(salen) complexes were characterized, and their catalytic performances were tested in the epoxidation of alkenes (styrene, cyclohexene, and 1‐phenylcyclohexene), with NaClO as an oxygen source and 4‐phenylpyridine‐N‐oxide as an axial ligand. Furthermore, the influences of the textural and morphological properties of the entrapped dimeric Mn(salen) complexes and the key reaction parameters on the catalytic activity and selectivity are discussed. Finally, the reusability of the supported dimeric Mn(salen) complexes was evaluated over three catalytic runs.
CMV drives clonal expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells expressing self‐specific KIRs in chronic hepatitis patients
Authors: Béziat Vivien , Dalgard Olav , Asselah Tarik , Halfon Philippe , Bedossa Pierre , Boudifa Ali , Hervier Baptiste , Theodorou Ioannis , Martinot Michelle , Debré Patrice , Björkström Niklas K. , Malmberg Karl‐Johan , Marcellin Patrick , Vieillard Vincent
Published: November 2011

Natural killer (NK) cells are affected by infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) manifested by increased expression of the HLA‐E binding activating receptor NKG2C. We here show that HCMV seropositivity was associated with a profound expansion of NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Multi‐color flow cytometry revealed that the expanded NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells displayed a highly differentiated phenotype, expressed high amounts of granzyme B and exhibited polyfunctional responses (CD107a, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α) to stimulation with antibody‐coated as well as HLA‐E expressing target cells but not when stimulated with IL‐12/IL‐18. More importantly, NKG2C+CD56dim NK cells had a clonal expression pattern of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIRs) specific for self‐HLA class I molecules, with predominant usage of KIR2DL2/3. KIR engagement dampened NKG2C‐mediated activation suggesting that such biased expression of self‐specific KIRs may preserve self‐tolerance and limit immune‐pathology during viral infection. Together, these findings shed new light on how the human NK‐cell compartment adjusts to HCMV infection resulting in clonal expansion and differentiation of educated and polyfunctional NK cells.
Heterometallic Oximato‐Bridged Linear Trinuclear NiII−MIII−NiII (MIII = Mn, Fe, Tb) Complexes Constructed with the fac‐O3 [Ni(HL)3]– Metalloligand (H2L = pyrimidine‐2‐carboxamide oxime): A Theoretical and Experimental Magneto‐Structural Study (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 34/2011)
Authors: Kalogridis Cerise , Palacios María A. , Rodríguez‐Diéguez Antonio , Mota Antonio J. , Choquesillo‐Lazarte Duane , Brechin Euan K. , Colacio Enrique
Published: November 2011

The cover picture shows how oximate‐bridged heterometallic trinuclear NiIIMIIINiII complexes can easily be constructed from the assembly of the “in situ” generated fac‐O3 [Ni(HL)3]– (H2L = pyrimidine‐2‐carboxamide‐oxime) metalloligand (blue screw) with either M2+ ions (M2+ = Mn and Fe), which are oxidized during the course of the reaction, or Tb3+ ions (red nut). The nickel(II) ions in these centrosymmmetric trinuclear complexes exhibit opposite propeller‐like chirality (the blue screws turn on the red nut in opposite directions). The red and green arrows are the spins of the M3+ and Ni2+ ions, and they are antiparalell, which indicates that the interaction is antiferromagnetic in nature. Details are discussed in the article by E. Colacio et al. on p. 5225 ff.
Numerical multiscale methods
Authors: Coutinho A.L.G.A. , Franca L.P. , Valentin F.
Published: November 2011

We restrict the variational multiscale method to a class of methods we denote by numerical multiscale methods. Numerical multiscale methods are methods obtained by enriching the piecewise linear functions with special local functions. The enrichment provides additional stabilization via terms obtained by static condensation. The resulting methods are improvements of the coarse scale solutions by the approximations of the fine scales emanating from the enrichments.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Blends of Sulfonated Polyethersulfone and Sulfonated Polyethersulfone Octylsulfonamide for PEMFC Applications
Authors: Mabrouk W. , Ogier L. , Vidal S. , Sollogoub C. , Matoussi F. , Dachraoui M. , Fauvarque J. F.
Published: November 2011

Our goal in the present work was to synthesize a new proton exchange membrane that could be used in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), based on a blend of sulfonated polyethersulfone (S‐PES) and sulfonated polyethersulfone octylsulfonamide (S‐PESOS). Five blends, using S‐PESOS with different grafting ratios of sulfonamide groups, have been elaborated, characterized, and tested in a PEMFC. The similar chemical structure between these two polymers favored their compatibility. The synthesized membranes showed a high water swelling capacity and an ionic conductivity equivalent to that of Nafion® (0.1 S cm–1) in the same conditions.
S1P1 receptor subtype inhibits demyelination and regulates chemokine release in cerebellar slice cultures
Authors: Sheridan Graham K. , Dev Kumlesh K.
Published: November 2011

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptors (S1PRs) are drug targets for the compound FTY720, which is the first oral therapy developed for treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. S1PRs play a variety of functional roles in the differentiation, proliferation, survival and/or migration of neurons and glia. In this study, rat organotypic cerebellar slice cultures were used to assess whether S1PRs play a role in demyelination induced by lysolecithin (LPC). The data demonstrated that FTY720 and SEW2871 (a S1P1R‐specific agonist) inhibited LPC‐induced demyelination as assessed by myelin basic protein (MBP) immunofluorescence. Treatment with both drugs for 48 h also induced an increase in S1P1R expression in astrocytes. Moreover, FTY720 and SEW2871 inhibited the release of several chemokines in conditions of LPC‐induced demyelination, including LIX (CXCL5), MIP‐1alpha, and MIP‐3alpha. Taken together, the data suggest that activation of S1P1Rs prevents LPC‐induced demyelination via a mechanism involving a reduction of chemotactic chemokine release. The study supports the concept that FTY720 attenuates demyelination by not only preventing S1PR‐mediated T cell migration into the CNS but also by limiting cytokine communication between cells of the immune system and the CNS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International cross-cultural field validation of an European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer questionnaire module for patients with primary liver cancer, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality-of-life questionnaire HCC18
Authors: Chie Wei-Chu , Blazeby Jane M. , Hsiao Chin-Fu , Chiu Herng-Chia , Poon Ronnie T. , Mikoshiba Naoko , Al-Kadhimi Gillian , Heaton Nigel , Calara Jozer , Collins Peter , Caddick Katharine , Costantini Anna , Vilgrain Valerie , Trinquart Ludovic , Chiang Chieh
Published: November 2011

This international field validation study examined the psychometric properties and clinical validity of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) questionnaire module for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the EORTC quality-of-life questionnaire (QLQ)-HCC18. The EORTC QLQ-HCC18 was administered with the core questionnaire, the EORTC QLQ-C30, to 272 patients from seven centers in 6 countries. Patient acceptability of the module was examined with a debriefing questionnaire, and psychometric and clinical properties were assessed. Multitrait scaling analyses confirmed the hypothesized scale structure without any scaling error, and the fatigue scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency. The test-retest reliability scores were high for all scales, except abdominal swelling and sexual interest. The correlations between all scales of the QLQ-HCC18 and the QLQ-C30 were low or moderate, and many scales could distinguish patients with different clinical conditions. The module demonstrated responsiveness to clinical change in pain before and after surgery and some borderline change in patients undergoing systemic treatment. Conclusion: The EORTC QLQ-HCC18 can be used as a supplementary module for the EORTC QLQ-C30 in clinical trials for patients with HCC. (Hepatology 2012)
Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among foreign-born persons living in the United States by country of origin
Authors: Kowdley Kris V. , Wang Chia C. , Welch Sue , Roberts Henry , Brosgart Carol L.
Published: November 2011

Estimates of the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the United States differ significantly, and the contribution of foreign-born (FB) persons has not been adequately described. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of FB persons in the United States living with CHB by their country of origin. We performed a systematic review for reports of HBsAg seroprevalence rates in 102 countries (covering PubMed from 1980 to July 2010). Data from 1,373 articles meeting inclusion criteria were extracted into country-specific databases. We identified 256 seroprevalence surveys in emigrants from 52 countries (including 689,078 persons) and 1,797 surveys in the general populations of 98 countries (including 17,861,035 persons). Surveys including individuals with lower or higher risk of CHB than the general population were excluded. Data were combined using meta-analytic methods to determine country-specific pooled CHB prevalence rates. Rates were multiplied by the number of FB living in the United States in 2009 by country of birth from the U.S. Census Bureau to yield the number of FB with CHB from each country. We estimate a total of 1.32 million (95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.61) FB in the United States living with CHB in 2009; 58% migrated from Asia and 11% migrated from Africa, where hepatitis B is highly endemic. Approximately 7% migrated from Central America, a region with lower CHB rates, but many more emigrants to the United States. This analysis suggests that the number of FB persons living with CHB in the United States may be significantly greater than previously reported. Assuming 300,000-600,000 U.S.-born persons with CHB, the total prevalence of CHB in the United States may be as high as 2.2 million. (Hepatology 2012)