bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Starbucks Culture
Authors: Marques Joan , Camillo Angelo A. , Holt Svetlana
Published: February 2015

Bombarded with reports of immoral corporate performances, many have become convinced that ethical companies are history. CEOs, facing narrow performance windows, often feel pressured to adopt a hit-and-run mentality, thereby contaminating their entire corporate culture. Yet, there are companies that continue to outperform their competitors and redefine their industries, while simultaneously following a strict moral compass. One such company is the Starbucks Corporation, entailing 18,000 stores worldwide, of which approximately 13,000 are in North America. Starbucks directly supervises 5,500 coffeehouses in 61 countries. After a successful expansion into China, Starbucks is now moving into India. Nonetheless, the coffee giant continues to make the list of the world's most ethical companies for good reasons. This case reviews Starbucks's internal and external culture, examining its partner treatment, environmental awareness, farmer support, stakeholder inclusion, and other revolutionary strategies, in hopes to have these elements serve as focus points for current and future leaders.
RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathways in necrotic jaw bone from bisphosphonate-treated subjects
Authors: Di Nisio C. , Zizzari V.L. , Zara S. , Falconi M. , Teti G. , TetÃ¨ G. , Nori A. , Zavaglia V. , Cataldi A.
Published: February 2015

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a chronic complication affecting long-term bisphosphonate-treated subjects, recognized by non-healing exposed bone in the maxillofacial region. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying ONJ has not been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway and, in parallel, to evaluate angiogenic and matrix mineralization processes in jaw bone necrotic samples obtained from bisphosphonate-treated subjects with established ONJ. Necrotic bone samples and native bone samples were processed for Light and Field Emission in Lens Scanning Electron Microscope (FEISEM) analyses, for Real-Time RT-PCR to evaluate the gene expression of TNFRSF11A (RANK), TNFSF11 (RANKL), and TNFSF11B (OPG) and for immunohistochemical analyses of VEGF and BSP expression. Morphological analyses performed by Light microscope and FEISEM show empty osteocytic lacunae and alteration of lamellar organization with degradation of the mineralized bone matrix in necrotic bone samples. A significant increase in TNFRSF11A, TNFSF11, TRAF6 and NFAT2 gene expression, and a reduction of TNFSF11B gene transcription level compared is also showed in necrotic bone compared to control samples. No significant difference of VEGF expression is evidenced, while lower BSP expression in necrotic bone compared to healthy samples is found. Even if the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-associated ONJ remains unknown, a link between oral pathogens and its development seems to exist. We suppose lipopolysaccharide produced by bacteria colonizing and infecting necrotic bone and the surrounding viable area could trigger RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling pathway and, in this context, osteoclasts activation could be considered as a protective strategy carried out by the host bone tissue to delimitate the necrotic area and to counteract infection.
Muc5ac mucin expression during rat skin development
Authors: Ferretti V. , Segal-Eiras Ã. , Barbeito C.G. , Croce M.V.
Published: February 2015

Some mucin genes have been detected during human embryonic and fetal organ development; however, little is known about mucin expression in epidermal development, neither in humans nor in other species. The present research was developed to explore Muc5ac skin expression during prenatal and postnatal rat development. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting (WB) and RT-PCR were employed. By IHC, Muc5ac protein was found early in embryonic epidermis from day 13 of gestation until seven days after birth when the surface epidermis became negative and the reaction was restricted to secreting sebum cells. In coincidence with IHC findings, WB analysis showed a band at approximately 200KDa at the same periods of development. Results were also confirmed by RT-PCR.Â Muc5ac expression in rat embryonic epidermis suggests that Muc5ac may play a protective role in embryonic skin previous to birth which may be replaced by pile covering. To our knowledge, this is the first report which confirmed Muc5ac expression during skin development.Conclusion:Â  Muc5ac expression in rat embryonic epidermis suggests that Muc5ac may play a protective role in embryonic skin previous to birth which may be replaced by pile covering. To our knowledge, this is the first report which confirmed Muc5ac expression during skin development.Â
Lipofuscin, lipofuscin-like pigments and autofluorescence
Authors: Di Guardo G.
Published: February 2015

A brief overview is here provided on lipofuscin and lipofuscin-like substances, with particular reference to their biological significance as well as to their cellular origin and pathophysiological role. Special emphasis is also placed on the mutual relationships between lipofuscin and lipofuscin-like lipopigments on one side, and cell autofluorescence on the other.
Internalized chitosan nanoparticles persist for long time in cultured cells
Authors: Malatesta M. , Grecchi S. , Chiesa E. , Cisterna B. , Costanzo M. , Zancanaro C.
Published: February 2015

Chitosan-based nanoparticles (chiNPs) are considered to be potentially good carriers for the sustained intracellular delivery of specific molecules. However, scarce attention has been paid to the long-lasting permanence of these NPs in the intracellular milieu, as well as to their intracellular fate (i.e., distribution, interaction with cell organelles, and degradation) in the long term. In the present study, the presence and subcellular location of FITC-labelled chiNPs were monitored in HeLa cells up to 14 days post-administration using multicolor-fluorescence confocal microscopy and diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation at transmission electron microscopy. The main result of the present study is the demonstration that internalized chiNPs persist inside the cell up to two weeks, occurring in both the cytoplasm and nucleus; accordingly, chiNPs are able to pass from mother to daughter cells through several mitotic cycles. The cells did not show increased mortality or structural damage up to 14 days after chiNP exposure.
A Note on Planarity Stratification of Hurwitz Spaces
Authors: Ongaro Jared , Shapiro Boris
Published: February 2015

One can easily show that any meromorphic function on a complex closed Riemann surface can be represented as a composition of a birational map of this surface to ℂℙ2and a projection of the image curve froman appropriate pointp∊ ℂℙ2to the pencil of lines throughp. We introduce a natural stratiûcation of Hurwitz spaces according to the minimal degree of a plane curve such that a given meromorphic function can be represented in the above way and calculate the dimensions of these strata. We observe that they are closely related to a family of Severi varieties studied earlier by J. Harris, Z. Ran, and I. Tyomkin.
Valoración de las necesidades de cuidados del paciente durante la hemodiálisis y su relación con el grado de dependencia
Authors: López Toledano María del Carmen , Luque Cantarero Isabel , Gómez López Victoria Eugenia , Casas Cuestas Rafael
Published: February 2015

Introducción: En la actualidad, el paciente en hemodiálisis tiene más edad, comorbilidad añadida y algún grado de dependencia. Esta situación ha hecho que su atención en las unidades de diálisis sea cada más compleja, relacionándose a menudo grado de dependencia con mayor necesidad de cuidados de enfermería. Sin embargo, no existen estudios donde se evidencie este hecho de forma concreta.
Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el grado de dependencia de los pacientes en hemodiálisis y su relación con las necesidades de cuidados de enfermería durante la sesión.
Pacientes y Métodos: Se estudiaron 88 pacientes en hemodiálisis, del Servicio de Nefrología del HURS de Córdoba, mediante un diseño observacional analítico. Para evaluar el grado de dependencia se utilizó el “Test Delta”, y el “Índice de Katz”. Para analizar la demanda de cuidados se usó una parrilla de actividades de enfermería durante la sesión, de elaboración propia.
Resultados: La edad media fue 64,87 años y en el índice de comorbilidad se encontró una mediana de 7 (rango 0-12). Cuando se analizaron los resultados del Test Delta, comprobamos que el 69,3% presentaban algún tipo de dependencia, mientras que con el Índice de Katz la presentaban el 72,7%, encontrándose entre ambos una buena correlación (r=0,866 p
Análisis del material didáctico para educación nutricional en pacientes con insuficiencia renal
Authors: Molina Casco Alejandro , López-Pardo Martínez Mercedes
Published: February 2015

Para conseguir una correcta alimentación en la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT), es imprescindible que el paciente aprenda a manejar los alimentos para obtener de ellos los nutrientes necesarios, en cantidad y proporción adecuadas según el estadio en que se encuentre la enfermedad. La información sanitaria sobre aspectos nutricionales juega un papel muy importante en los pacientes con IRCT, ya que la nutrición repercute directamente en el progreso de la enfermedad1. Por tanto, la dieta en los pacientes con insuficiencia renal, debe ser cuidadosamente planificada, teniendo en cuenta que la información que reciban afectará a su salud de manera inmediata. Las fuentes más habituales por las que el paciente recibe información sanitaria son el material didáctico proporcionado en el hospital como apoyo en las consultas, material didáctico proporcionado por asociaciones de pacientes, e Internet. El material educativo es un instrumento que se utiliza en educación para la salud, para facilitar la comunicación entre educador y paciente. Su finalidad es aportar los conocimientos suficientes, para crear hábitos saludables y para facilitar que el paciente asuma su estado de salud. El material informativo tiene que ajustarse a los objetivos educativos de dicha intervención, y su finalidad será la de servir de apoyo para una correcta alimentación, la adherencia terapéutica y la observación de unas correctas medidas de hábitos saludables. Dentro del cuidado integral de enfermería al paciente con IRCT, es necesario dotar al paciente de los conocimientos necesarios sobre estos importantes aspectos del autocuidado, fundamentales para el proceso de evolución de su enfermedad, para conseguir la participación del paciente y su familia resultando esto imprescindible para garantizar el cumplimiento dietético2.
Performance Comparison of Steam-Based and Chromate Conversion Coatings on Aluminum Alloy 6060
Authors: Din Rameez Ud , Jellesen Morten S. , Ambat Rajan
Published: February 2015

In this study, oxide layers generated on aluminum alloy 6060 (UNS A96060) using a steam-based process were compared with conventional chromate and chromate-phosphate conversion coatings. Chemical composition and microstructure of the conversion coatings were investigated and their corrosion performance was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization, acetic acid salt spray, and filiform corrosion testing of powder coated specimens. The steam-based process resulted in homogenous growth of oxide layer and superior coverage over intermetallic particles when compared to chromate-based conversion coatings. The coating formed by steam showed improved corrosion resistance, while adhesion to powder coating and filiform corrosion was comparable with chromate conversion coatings.
Aircraft measurements of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the START08 Field Experiment
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Wei Junhong , Zhang Meng , Bowman K. P. , Pan L. L. , Atlas E. , Wofsy S. C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. This study analyzes in situ airborne measurements from the 2008 Stratosphere–Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START08) experiment to characterize gravity waves in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (ExUTLS) region. The focus is on the second research flight (RF02), which took place on 21–22 April 2008. This was the first airborne mission dedicated to probing gravity waves associated with strong upper-tropospheric jet-front systems. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the in situ observations, along with a diagnosis of the polarization relationships, clear signals of mesoscale variations with wavelengths ~50–500 km are found in almost every segment of the 8 h flight, which took place mostly in the lower stratosphere. The aircraft sampled a wide range of background conditions including the region near the jet core, the jet exit and over the Rocky Mountains. In contrast to the long wavelength mesoscale variations, smaller-scale wavelike oscillations below 50 km are found to be quite transient. In particular, aircraft measurements of several flight segments are dominated by signals with periods of ~20– ~60 s and wavelengths of ~5– ~15 km. We speculate that at least part of these nearly-periodic high-frequency signals are a result of intrinsic observational errors in the aircraft measurements or small-scale flight-altitude fluctuations that are difficult to fully characterize. Despite the presence of possibly spurious wave oscillations in several flight segments, the power spectra of horizontal winds and temperature averaged over the analyzed START08 flight segments follow closely the -5/3 power law.
Climate forced air-quality modeling at urban scale: sensitivity to model resolution, emissions and meteorology
Authors: Markakis K. , Valari M. , Perrussel O. , Sanchez O. , Honore C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. While previous research helped to identify and prioritize the sources of error in air-quality modeling due to anthropogenic emissions and spatial scale effects our knowledge is limited on how these uncertainties affect climate forced air-quality assessments. Using as reference a 10 yr model simulation over the greater Paris (France) area at 4 km resolution and anthropogenic emissions from a 1 km resolution bottom-up inventory, through several tests we estimate the sensitivity of modeled ozone and PM2.5 concentrations to different potentially influential factors with a particular interest over the urban areas. These factors include the model horizontal and vertical resolution, the meteorological input from a climate model and its resolution, the use of a top-down emission inventory, the resolution of the emissions input and the post-processing coefficients used to derive the temporal, vertical and chemical split of emissions. We show that urban ozone displays moderate sensitivity to the resolution of emissions (~8%), the post-processing method (6.5%) and model resolution (~5) while annual PM2.5 levels are particularly sensitive to changes in their primary emissions (~32%) and the resolution of the emission inventory (~24%) while model horizontal and vertical resolution are of little effect. In addition we use the results of these sensitivities to explain and quantify the discrepancy between a coarse (~50 km) and a fine (4 km) resolution simulation over the urban area. We show that the ozone bias of the coarse run (+9 ppb) is reduced by ~40% by adopting a higher resolution emission inventory, by 25% by using a post-processing technique based on the local inventory (same improvement is obtained by increasing model horizontal resolution) and by 10% by adopting the annual emission totals of the local inventory. The bias on PM2.5 follows a more complex pattern with the positive bias associated to the coarse run (+3.6 μg m3) increasing or decreasing depending on the type of the refinement. We conclude that in the case of fine particles the coarse simulation cannot selectively incorporate local scale features in order to reduce model error.
Seismic wave propagation in anisotropic ice – Part 1: Elasticity tensor and derived quantities from ice-core properties
Authors: Diez A. , Eisen O.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A preferred orientation of the anisotropic ice crystals influences the viscosity of the ice bulk and the dynamic behaviour of glaciers and ice sheets. Knowledge about the distribution of crystal anisotropy is mainly provided by crystal orientation fabric (COF) data from ice cores. However, the developed anisotropic fabric influences not only the flow behaviour of ice but also the propagation of seismic waves. Two effects are important: (i) sudden changes in COF lead to englacial reflections, and (ii) the anisotropic fabric induces an angle dependency on the seismic velocities and, thus, recorded travel times. A framework is presented here to connect COF data from ice cores with the elasticity tensor to determine seismic velocities and reflection coefficients for cone and girdle fabrics. We connect the microscopic anisotropy of the crystals with the macroscopic anisotropy of the ice mass, observable with seismic methods. Elasticity tensors for different fabrics are calculated and used to investigate the influence of the anisotropic ice fabric on seismic velocities and reflection coefficients, englacially as well as for the ice–bed contact. Hence, it is possible to remotely determine the bulk ice anisotropy.
The Effect of Selected Human Resource Management Practices on Employees' Job Satisfaction in Ethiopian Public Banks
Authors: Ijigu Amare Werku
Published: February 2015

Most of the research has been conducted in the job satisfaction of employees’ on employees job related outcomes but there is little well comprehensive research done that shows  the influence of HRM practices on the satisfaction of employees towards a job.This study is correlational type of research design which is aimed to describe or ascertain if there are significant associations between selected HRM practices and employees’ job satisfaction.In addition to Correlation and Regression, Descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentages were utilized to analyze the data. Interpretation is made on the mean, frequency, and percentage of the data and summarized by bar graphs and pie charts.The study result has implied that recruitment and selection is found to have moderate but positive correlation with employees’ job satisfaction and the remaining, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation package found to have strong positive correlation with employees’ job satisfaction. Moreover, the regression result shows that recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation package have a significant positive impact on job satisfaction.Each HRM practices in the banks should be a source for employees’ satisfaction and then employees will be loyal and willing to stay in those organizations (Banks) because, employees’ satisfaction on the job will reduce absenteeism and turn over intentions in public banks.
Volatility Transmission Between Dow Jones Stock Index And Emerging Islamic Stock Index: Case Of Subprime Financial Crises
Authors: Saadaoui Amir , Boujelbene Younes
Published: February 2015

In the course of the recent global crisis, the stock shocks are distributed and transmitted from their homes in the developed stock market to emerging stock markets. By supporting the development of emerging stock markets, this study aims to see the transmission of volatility between the Dow Jones stock index and the Dow Jones emerging Islamic stock indiex. In this study we have divided the period into three, periods, before, during and after this crisis to demonstrate the resilience of the Islamic market index in response to the global financial crisis. Another aim of this study is to provide a new guide line for investors in emerging stock market before making investment decisions. The data are daily, going from 02/01/2005 until 31/12/2012. To measure the transmission we used bivariate BEKK-GARCH and DCC-GARCH model. The result shows that there is a transmission mainly during the crisis period which means that the crisis affects all the financial assets whether Islamic or not. The same result also shows the preference to invest in both Islamic and classical stock indexes since they are less risky.
Using Genetic Algorithm For Winter Maintenance Operations: Multi Depot K-Chinese Postman Problem
Authors: Akyurt İbrahim Zeki , Keskinturk Timur , Kalkancı Çağatay
Published: February 2015

In this study, the assignment and routing problem of one of Istanbul’s winter maintenance activities, salt pouring, was scrutinized. The starting point of the study considers the high cost of winter maintenance work, a shrinking assigned budget, high numbers of vehicles and streets to service that the increase in difficulty to solve the problem due to their high numbers. In this respect, the problem was modeled as multi depot k-Chinese postman problem, a type of arc routing problem. This mathematical model was solved by genetic algorithm. For comparison, the current solution, Clarke and Wright Algorithm and Sweep Algorithm were used.
The Role Of Cross Selling In SME Banking: An Analysis From Turkey
Authors: Karadag Hande , Akman Vedat
Published: February 2015

Non-lending activities in SME financing is a phenomenon whose significance has recently been recognized. Provision of different products and services to companies is becoming an important profit center for banks serving SMEs and the supply side of SME financing has been experiencing a shift towards fee-based products and services, mainly due to the risks and challenges associated with SME lending. Despite these important developments in the industry, there are a limited number of studies that focus on the bank activities related with cross-selling to SMEs. This paper aims to address this gap in the literature, by investigating the role of cross selling in SME banking by analyzing the major business models and strategies both at international and local contexts. The study targets to make important contributions to SME finance and in particular SME banking literature, as it highlights the changing market structure in the supply-side of SME banking and pinpoints how best practices in international banking system can form examples for banks that prioritize growth in SME segment.
Asymmetric Pass-Through in U.S. Gasoline Prices
Authors: Chesnes Matthew
Published: February 2015

This paper presents new evidence of asymmetric pass-through, the notion that upward cost shocks are passed through faster than downward cost shocks, in U.S. gasoline prices. Much of the extant literature comes to seemingly contradictory conclusions about the existence and causes of asymmetry, though the differences may be due to different aggregation (both over time and geographic markets) and the use of different price series including crude oil, wholesale, and retail gasoline prices.

I utilize a large and detailed dataset to determine where evidence of a passthrough asymmetry exists, and how it depends on the aggregation and price series chosen by the researcher. Using the error correction model, I find evidence of pass-through asymmetry based on spot, rack and retail prices, though the largest effect is found in the rack to retail relationship. I find more asymmetry in branded prices compared with unbranded prices, consistent with a consumer search explanation for asymmetry. However, I also find evidence consistent with explanations based on market power as the magnitude of asymmetry is positively associated with retail concentration. On average, retail prices rise three to four times as fast as they fall.
Real-Time Experimental Comparison of Two Depth Control Schemes for Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Maalouf Divine , Creuze Vincent , Chemori Ahmed , Tamanaja Ivan Torres , Mercado Eduardo Campos , Muñoz Jorge Torres , Lozano Rogelio , Tempier Olivier
Published: February 2015

This paper deals with an experimental comparison between the proportional integral derivative (PID) control law and the adaptive nonlinear state feedback control, both applied on the AC-ROV underwater vehicle. The experimental results evaluate the closed-loop behaviour of the system under each controller in various operating conditions in order to compare how robust they are towards parameters' change and how they can reject external disturbances. It was concluded that the adaptive controller ensures a faster convergence and can adapt to a change of parameters as well as compensate for external disturbances. The PID needs to be retuned for every parameter change and is more sensitive to external disturbances.
Automating the Simulation of SME Processes through a Discrete Event Parametric Model
Authors: Aggogeri Francesco , Faglia Rodolfo , Mazzola Marco , Merlo Angelo
Published: February 2015

At the factory level, the manufacturing system can be described as a group of processes governed by complex weaves of engineering strategies and technologies. Decision-making processes involve a lot of information, driven by managerial strategies, technological implications and layout constraints. Many factors affect decisions, and their combination must be carefully managed to determine the best solutions to optimize performances. In this way, advanced simulation tools could support the decisional process of many SMEs. The accessibility of these tools is limited by knowledge, cost, data availability and development time. These tools should be used to support strategic decisions rather than specific situations.

In this paper, a novel approach is proposed that aims to facilitate the simulation of manufacturing processes by fast modelling and evaluation. The idea is to realize a model that is able to be automatically adapted to the user's specific needs. The model must be characterized by a high degree of flexibility, configurability and adaptability in order to automatically simulate multiple/heterogeneous industrial scenarios. In this way, even a SME can easily access a complex tool, perform thorough analyses and be supported in taking strategic decisions.

The parametric DES model is part of a greater software platform developed during COPERNICO EU funded project.
Adaptation du modèle de développement moral de Kohlberg à l’analyse des chartes éthiques informationnelles dans un contexte multiculturel
Authors: Kefi Hajer , Sarr Lamine
Published: February 2015

Cet article se propose d’investiguer les fondements philosophiques et psychosociologiques de la notion d’éthique informationnelle (ou éthique des TI/SI1) et leurs articulations avec la dimension culturelle. Le but étant de discuter de la conception globaleversuspluraliste de l’éthique des TI/SI que nous appliquons à l’analyse des chartes éthiques d’un échantillon composé de 34 organisations européennes et de 20 organisations africaines. Nos résultats démontrent des niveaux de développement moral très comparables entre les deux échantillons et des contenus éthiques assez convergents qui impliquent un impact assez réduit de la culture régionale sur le positionnement éthique organisationnel.
Pour une approche par les ressources et les compétences du travail institutionnel
Authors: Ben Slimane Karim , Leca Bernard
Published: February 2015

Cette note de recherche propose de prendre en compte les ressources et les compétences impliquées dans le travail institutionnel. En partant de la littérature existante nous identifions quatre phases du travail institutionnel. Pour chacune de ces phases nous identifions l’usage de ressources et de compétences utiles à leur bon déroulement. Les problèmes posés, et les perspectives de recherche futures ouvertes, par un rapprochement entre approche par les ressources et les compétences et théorie néo institutionnelle sont également discutés.
RSE et DD, des mythes de substitution pour les entreprises de Service Public en réseau
Authors: Delpuech Corinne
Published: February 2015

Cette recherche met en parallèle le déclin du concept de service public (SP) et de la montée en puissance des concepts de responsabilité sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE) et de développement durable (DD) en France. Elle s’appuie sur la théorie néo-institutionnelle (TNI), appliquée à l’étude de deux cas : La Poste et GDF SUEZ. Elle montre que dans les groupes dépositaires d’une mission de SP, le concept de RSE-DD est un mythe rationalisé de substitution, qui s’institutionnalise pour permettre de retrouver une légitimité cognitive et normative, légitimité écornée lors du passage du modèle de SP au modèle marchand.
Quel apport de la théorie de l’acteur-réseau pour appréhender la dynamique de construction du réseau entrepreneurial ?
Authors: Lamine Wadid , Fayolle Alain , Chebbi Hela
Published: February 2015

Les travaux de recherche sur le réseau entrepreneurial ne cessent de croitre. Cependant les connaissances produites sur les dynamiques de construction de ce réseau en fonction du temps restent limitées. Ce constat est encore plus marqué pour tous ceux qui s’intéressent à l’étude de la phaseantecréation du processus entrepreneurial. En prenant comme fondement théorique de l’entrepreneuriat la conception de Bruyat (1993), les auteurs ont suivi pendant deux ans la formation progressive du réseau entrepreneurial. Ils ont mobilisé la théorie de l’acteur-réseau pour étudier cette dynamique dans une situation de création d’entreprise innovante.
Organisation du marché de la RSE et lutte contre la pauvreté : leçons sur le cas de l’île Maurice
Authors: Bhukuth Augendra , Ballet Jérôme
Published: February 2015

Depuis 2009, l’Ile Maurice a mis en place un marché de la RSE destiné à financer la lutte contre la pauvreté. Ce marché est contrôlé et administré par le NCSRC qui joue le rôle d’intermédiaire entre les entreprises et les ONG. Le fonctionnement actuel du marché pose néanmoins trois problèmes majeurs. Premièrement, les ONG ne bénéficient que peu du financement RSE des entreprises. Deuxièmement, les projets sont financés sur des bases communautaires et confessionnelles qui pourraient créer de vives tensions intercommunautaires. Troisièmement, l’imbrication des partis politiques dans la vie des ONG détourne le travail social envers des visées électoralistes.
Carbon dynamics of the Weddell Gyre, Southern Ocean
Authors: Brown Peter J. , Jullion Loïc , Landschützer Peter , Bakker Dorothee C. E. , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Meredith Michael P. , Torres‐Valdés Sinhue , Watson Andrew J. , Hoppema Mario , Loose Brice , Jones Elizabeth M. , Telszewski Maciej , Jones Steve D. , Wanninkhof Rik
Published: February 2015

The accumulation of carbon within the Weddell Gyre and its exchanges across the gyre boundaries are investigated with three recent full‐depth oceanographic sections enclosing this climatically important region. The combination of carbon measurements with ocean circulation transport estimates from a box inverse analysis reveals that deepwater transports associated with Warm Deep Water (WDW) and Weddell Sea Deep Water dominate the gyre's carbon budget, while a dual‐cell vertical overturning circulation leads to both upwelling and the delivery of large quantities of carbon to the deep ocean. Historical sea surface pCO2 observations, interpolated using a neural network technique, confirm the net summertime sink of 0.044 to 0.058 ± 0.010 Pg C yr−1 derived from the inversion. However, a wintertime outgassing signal similar in size results in a statistically insignificant annual air‐to‐sea CO2 flux of 0.002 ± 0.007 Pg C yr−1 (mean 1998–2011) to 0.012 ± 0.024 Pg C yr−1 (mean 2008–2010) to be diagnosed for the Weddell Gyre. A surface layer carbon balance, independently derived from in situ biogeochemical measurements, reveals that freshwater inputs and biological drawdown decrease surface ocean inorganic carbon levels more than they are increased by WDW entrainment, resulting in an estimated annual carbon sink of 0.033 ± 0.021 Pg C yr−1. Although relatively less efficient for carbon uptake than the global oceans, the summertime Weddell Gyre suppresses the winter outgassing signal, while its biological pump and deepwater formation act as key conduits for transporting natural and anthropogenic carbon to the deep ocean where they can reside for long time scales.
A link between solar events and congenital malformations: Is ionizing radiation enough to explain it?
Authors: Overholt Andrew C. , Melott Adrian L. , Atri Dimitra
Published: February 2015

Cosmic rays are known to cause biological effects directly and through ionizing radiation produced by their secondaries. These effects have been detected in airline crews and other specific cases where members of the population are exposed to above average secondary fluxes. Recent work has found a correlation between solar particle events and congenital malformations. In this work we use the results of computational simulations to approximate the ionizing radiation from such events as well as longer‐term increases in cosmic ray flux. We find that the amounts of ionizing radiation produced by these events are insufficient to produce congenital malformations under the current paradigm regarding muon ionizing radiation. We believe that further work is needed to determine the correct ionizing radiation contribution of cosmogenic muons. We suggest that more extensive measurements of muon radiation effects may show a larger contribution to ionizing radiation dose than currently assumed.
Accumulation of permanent deformation during earthquake cycles on reverse faults
Authors: Simpson Guy
Published: February 2015

A two‐dimensional viscoelastic finite element model with a discrete stick‐slip thrust fault is used to investigate tectonic strain accumulation and release associated with repetitive earthquakes. Results show that although interseismic and coseismic motions are opposite in sign, they generally do not completely cancel each other over a seismic cycle, as normally presumed in elastic rebound theory. Complete elastic strain release adjacent to dip‐slip faults is inhibited by gravity, so that permanent deformation accumulates in the lithosphere with time. In the models, this permanent deformation is observed at the surface as large‐scale upwarping of a hanging wall anticline and depression of an adjacent footwall foreland basin. The results are supported by observation of similar features adjacent to reverse faults in active collisional mountain belts and along the coastal margin of some modern subduction zones.
Shallow crustal mechanics from volumetric strain data: Insights from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Young N. K. , Gottsmann J.
Published: February 2015

Volumetric strain data from the 29 July 2008 Vulcanian explosion of the Soufrière Hills Volcano provide an excellent opportunity to probe the mechanical properties of the volcanic edifice and the shallow crust beneath Montserrat. We use Finite Element Analysis to constrain the geometry of the shallow plumbing system as well as edifice and crustal mechanical properties for mechanically plausible pressure drops associated with dilatational volumetric strains recorded during the explosive activity. Our results from both forward and inverse models indicate a conduit radius of ∼40 m and a length of ∼1500 m, and hence much larger conduit dimensions than previously suggested. In order to fit the syneruptive volumetric strain data for a conduit pressure drop of <10 MPa, the conduit needs to be surrounded by a halo of mechanically compliant rocks for which the best fit models indicate a width of ∼600 m and a Young's modulus of ∼1 GPa. Young's moduli for the main edifice and the shallow crust up to ∼1000 m below sea level are found to be ∼10 GPa. Our best fit inverse model predicts a syneruptive radial conduit contraction by 0.24 m with a corresponding volume loss of ∼0.1 Mm3, implying only partial emptying of the conduit upon the explosion. This study demonstrates the critical role of edifice and shallow crustal mechanics for strain partitioning on Montserrat. Our findings may have implications for the assessment of conduit processes at other dome‐building volcanoes.
Postearthquake relaxation evidence for laterally variable viscoelastic structure and water content in the Southern California mantle
Authors: Pollitz Fred F.
Published: February 2015

I reexamine the lower crust and mantle relaxation following two large events in the Mojave Desert: the 1992 M7.3 Landers and 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes. Time series from continuous GPS sites out to 300 km from the ruptures are used to constrain models of postseismic relaxation. Crustal motions in the Mojave Desert region are elevated above background for several years following each event. To account for broadscale relaxation of the lower crust and mantle, the Burgers body model is employed, involving transient and steady state viscosities. Joint afterslip/postseismic relaxation modeling of the GPS time series up to one decade following the Hector Mine earthquake reveals a significant rheological contrast between a northwest trending “southwest domain” (that envelopes the San Andreas fault system and western Mojave Desert) and an adjacent “northeast domain” (that envelopes the Landers and Hector Mine rupture areas in the central Mojave Desert). The steady state viscosity of the northeast domain mantle asthenosphere is inferred to be ∼4 times greater than that of the southwest domain. This pattern is counter to that expected for regional heat flow, which is higher in the northeast domain, but it is explicable by means of a nonlinear rheology that includes dependence on both strain rate and water concentration. I infer that the southwest domain mantle has a relatively low steady state viscosity because of its high strain rate and water content. The relatively low mantle water content of the northeast domain is interpreted to result from the continual extraction of water through igneous and volcanic activity over the past ∼20 Myr.
Constructing new seismograms from old earthquakes: Retrospective seismology at multiple length scales
Authors: Entwistle Elizabeth , Curtis Andrew , Galetti Erica , Baptie Brian , Meles Giovanni
Published: February 2015

If energy emitted by a seismic source such as an earthquake is recorded on a suitable backbone array of seismometers, source‐receiver interferometry (SRI) is a method that allows those recordings to be projected to the location of another target seismometer, providing an estimate of the seismogram that would have been recorded at that location. Since the other seismometer may not have been deployed at the time at which the source occurred, this renders possible the concept of “retrospective seismology” whereby the installation of a sensor at one period of time allows the construction of virtual seismograms as though that sensor had been active before or after its period of installation. Here we construct such virtual seismograms on target sensors in both industrial seismic and earthquake seismology settings, using both active seismic sources and ambient seismic noise to construct SRI propagators, and on length scales ranging over 5 orders of magnitude from ∼40 m to ∼2500 km. In each case we compare seismograms constructed at target sensors by SRI to those actually recorded on the same sensors. We show that spatial integrations required by interferometric theory can be calculated over irregular receiver arrays by embedding these arrays within 2‐D spatial Voronoi cells, thus improving spatial interpolation and interferometric results. The results of SRI are significantly improved by restricting the backbone receiver array to include approximately those receivers that provide a stationary‐phase contribution to the interferometric integrals. Finally, we apply both correlation‐correlation and correlation‐convolution SRI and show that the latter constructs fewer nonphysical arrivals.
Shoreline variability from days to decades: Results of long‐term video imaging
Authors: Pianca C. , Holman R. , Siegle E.
Published: February 2015

The present work characterizes the time‐space scales of variability and forcing dependencies of a unique 26 year record of daily to hourly shoreline data from a steep beach at Duck, North Carolina. Shoreline positions over a 1500 m alongshore span were estimated using a new algorithm called ASLIM based on fitting the band of high light intensity in time exposure images to a local Gaussian fit, with a subsequent Kalman filter to reduce noise and uncertainty. Our findings revealed that the shoreline change at long times scales dominates seasonal variability, despite that wave forcing had only 2% variance at interannual frequencies. The shoreline response presented 66% of the variance at interannual scales. These results were not expected since from wave forcing it would have been expected that the shoreline response should similarly lack interannual variability, but we found it to be dominated by this scale. The alongshore‐mean shoreline time series revealed no significant annual cycle. However, there are annual oscillations in the shoreline response that are coherent with wave forcing and deserves further explanations. The pier was found to have a significant influence on shoreline behavior since restricts the seasonal longshore transport between the sides, resulting in a seasonally reversing sediment accumulation. Thus, there is a significant annual peak in shoreline variability that is coherent with the annual forcing but becomes insignificant in the longshore‐average.
A vertical gradient of nitrous oxide below the subsurface of the Canada Basin and its formation mechanisms
Authors: Zhan Liyang , Chen Liqi , Zhang Jiexia , Li Yuhong
Published: February 2015

The ocean is regarded as a significant source of N2O, which is an ozone‐depleting greenhouse gas. However, the contribution of the Arctic Ocean to the global N2O budget is not yet known. Herein, the first observations of N2O concentrations in the Canada Basin (CB) and Greenland Sea Basin (GSB) are presented. A correlation between the historic atmospheric N2O record and N2O concentrations at the corresponding depth in the GSB suggests that the N2O distribution pattern is dominated by air‐sea exchanges and hydrographic processes in this region. The consistency between the observed N2O concentrations in the CB and calculated results based on the above correlation suggest that the N2O concentrations in the CB are most likely dominated by N2O dynamics and subsequent hydrographic processes in the sea adjacent to the GSB. The N2O concentration in the Canada Basin Intermediate Water (CBIW) reflects anthropogenic influences, whereas the N2O concentration in the Canada Basin Deep Water (CBDW) suggests that the CBDW may be a preindustrial “relict.”
Investigation of interbasin exchange and interannual variability in Lake Erie using an unstructured‐grid hydrodynamic model
Authors: Niu Qianru , Xia Meng , Rutherford Edward S. , Mason Doran M. , Anderson Eric J. , Schwab David J.
Published: February 2015

Interbasin exchange and interannual variability in Lake Erie's three basins are investigated with the help of a three‐dimensional unstructured‐grid‐based Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of grid resolutions and different sources of wind forcing on the lake dynamics. Based on the calibrated model, we investigated the sensitivity of lake dynamics to major external forcing, and seasonal climatological circulation patterns are presented and compared with the observational data and existing model results. It was found that water exchange between the western basin (WB) and the central basin (CB) was mainly driven by hydraulic and density‐driven flows, while density‐driven flows dominate the interaction between the CB and the eastern basin (EB). River‐induced hydraulic flows magnify the eastward water exchange and impede the westward one. Surface wind forcing shifts the pathway of hydraulic flows in the WB, determines the gyre pattern in the CB, contributes to thermal mixing, and magnifies interbasin water exchange during winter. Interannual variability is mainly driven by the differences in atmospheric forcing, and is most prominent in the CB.
Ocean salinity changes in the northwest Pacific subtropical gyre: The quasi‐decadal oscillation and the freshening trend
Authors: Nan Feng , Yu Fei , Xue Huijie , Wang Ran , Si Guangcheng
Published: February 2015

Ocean salinity changes play an important role in modulating ocean and climate variability. Analyses of the repeating observations along PN, TK, and 137°E sections reveal that both surface and subsurface salinity in the Northwest Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) had clear quasi‐decadal oscillation (QDO) of ∼10 year and a sustained freshening trend during 1987–2012. Surface salinity in the NPSG troughed in 1989, 1999, and 2008, and peaked in 1993, and 2003. The peak‐to‐tough range of surface salinity oscillation can reach 0.3 psu. Meanwhile, surface salinity decreased about 0.10 psu from 1987 to 2012 with a freshening trend of −0.0042 psu yr−1. These surface salinity anomalies were subducted into the subsurface layer mainly in the ventilated zone along the Kuroshio Extension, and advected over the NPSG. The QDO of the subsurface salinity maximum (Smax) lagged that of the surface salinity by about 1∼2 years. Both the peak‐to‐tough range of the Smax oscillation (0.15 psu) and its freshening trend (−0.0036 psu yr−1) are smaller than those of the surface salinity. Salinity changes in the NPSG likely began in the mid‐1970s associated with the North Pacific regime shift during 1976/1977. Analyses of mixed layer salinity budget indicated that air‐sea freshwater flux change in the NPSG is the leading factor controlling the surface salinity anomalies, while change of large‐scale ocean circulation (Geostrophic advection) also plays a minor role. Salinity and air‐sea freshwater flux changes in the NPSG are all closely related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, indicating the large‐scale ocean‐atmosphere interaction.
Retrieving the refractive index, emissivity, and surface temperature of polar sea ice from 6.9 GHz microwave measurements: A theoretical development
Authors: Lee Sang‐Moo , Sohn Byung‐Ju
Published: February 2015

A new method for retrieving the refractive index, horizontally and vertically polarized emissivities (εH, εV), and temperature of sea ice has been developed by using the “combined Fresnel equation,” which combines two Fresnel‐polarized reflectivity equations into one. By using low‐frequency 6.9 GHz brightness temperature measurements, the full microwave radiative transfer equation was simplified so that the atmospheric influence on the horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperatures (TH, TV) can be ignored, and thus εH/εV = TH/TV. Since εH can be expressed by εV according to the combined Fresnel equation (or vice versa), εH and εV can directly be retrieved from TH/TV. The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E) measurements based on the developed method indicate that retrieved εV is close to 1, regardless of region and season, which is consistent with the theoretically expected value of εV near the Brewster angle (close to AMSR‐E viewing angle of 55°). This finding strongly suggests that εH and εV hold the same degree of accuracy because εH/εV = TH/TV. Such expected accuracy can also be applied to associated sea ice temperature and refractive index retrievals. Likewise, the close agreement of retrieved sea ice temperature with in situ measurement at the ice surface suggests that emissivity and refractive index retrievals are also sound. Some caveats of this approach for the surface temperature over the area including open water are discussed.