bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where Do They Come from and Where Do They Go: Candidates for Regulating Extracellular Vesicle Formation in Fungi
Authors: Oliveira Débora , Rizzo Juliana , Joffe Luna , Godinho Rodrigo , Rodrigues Marcio
Published: May 2013

In the past few years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) from at least eight fungal species were characterized. EV proteome in four fungal species indicated putative biogenesis pathways and suggested interesting similarities with mammalian exosomes. Moreover, as observed for mammalian exosomes, fungal EVs were demonstrated to be immunologically active. Here we review the seminal and most recent findings related to the production of EVs by fungi. Based on the current literature about secretion of fungal molecules and biogenesis of EVs in eukaryotes, we focus our discussion on a list of cellular proteins with the potential to regulate vesicle biogenesis in the fungi.
Sociabilité juvénile en banlieue. L'exemple des rapports homme/femme
Authors: Aquatias Sylvain , Rarrbo Kamel
Published: May 2013

Les différenciations sexuelles et génération- nelles étudiées à travers les sociabilités juvéniles révèlent des solidarités et des relations sociales plus complexes et diversifiées qu'il ne semble. Ces relations sociales montrent une organisation de l'espace et des groupes sur les cités ségréguées basée sur le clivage homme/femme et sur les classes d'âge. Les sociabilités féminines, moins localisées que celles des garçons montrent une dynamique de promotion sociale plus forte. Les sociabilités masculines, plus limitées spatialement, se bâtissent sur une hiérarchie des classes d'âge. Les réputations, pour les filles comme pour les garçons, restent déterminantes pour négocier les statuts personnels. Les logiques d'identification et de présentation de soi dans ces "enclaves" sont donc primordiales pour saisir les rapports complexes qui s'instaurent entre jeunes d'une même cité.
Le mépris des formes. Action publique, esthétique contemporaine et culture juvénile
Authors: Le Moigne Philippe
Published: May 2013

«A hearing For legitimate provocation»

Public action, contemporary aesthetics and youth culture

This article looks at the diverse logistics which provide a back-up, both from the state and local authorities to the public plebiscite of contemporary art. These aesthetic, radical and iconoclastic canons have a great deal in common with both the past and present forms of youth culture. However, the territories of these two cultures only very rarely overlap. Young people's creative achievements, when simply labelled as «dangerous self-expression» nevertheless continue to be associated with private, commercial and «intimist» business. On the other hand, public promotion of the visual arts relates rather more to a «fashionable radicalism» ; it contributes to a hearing for legitimate provocation, leading to tensions but also to a reappraisal of cultural qualifications and skills.
L'ethnicité chez les jeunes Réunionnais
Authors: Labache  Lucette
Published: May 2013

La etnicidad en los jóvenes de la isla de la Reunion

La busca de la identidad en una sociedad de pluralidad cultural y etnicitaria sólo se puede acompañar de varios planteamientos de investigación relativos a la noción de pertenencia colectiva. A lo largo de este artículo nos interesamos, mediante un análisis transgeneracional, por algunos indicadores de etnicidad en los jóvenes de la isla de la Reunión.
Les jeunes et les transformations de l'éthique sportive
Authors: Augustini Muriel , Duret Pascal
Published: May 2013

Welche Rollen spielen die Jugendlichen in den Umwandlungen der Sportideologie ? Man kann ihren Standpunkt nicht auf die Ablehnung der traditionellen Sportethik reduzieren. Für sie gilt vor allem die Echtheit der Verpflichtung. Ihre Definition des sportlichen Erfolgs wird hauptsächlich durch vier Kriterien gekennzeichnet : die Handlungsfreiheit, die geographische Mobilität, die finanziellen Einnahmen und die Berümtheit. Sie verteidigen eine Justiz ohne Vermittlungen. Letzendlich verbinden sie in einer Multipraxis traditionelle Sportarten und neue Tätigkeiten.
La montée des tensions racistes
Authors: Bataille Philippe
Published: May 2013

Die steigerung der rassistischen spannungen

Der Autor stellt fest, dass die rassistischen und diskriminierenden Absichten neue Gebiete erobern und zwar vor allem auf der Basis des Schreckgespenstes der steigenden interkulturellen Spannungen. Er stellt sich einerseits Fragen über die Ursachen dieses erneut auftretenden Rassismus und andererseits über die Konsequenzen auf das soziale und kulturelle Leben.
L’animation et ses analogies : perspectives internationales
Authors: Gillet Jean-Claude
Published: May 2013

Die Animation und ihre Analogien : Internationale Perspektiven

Das Symposium von Bordeaux über "die Animation in Frankreich und ihre Analogien im Ausland" (November 2003) und seine Fortsetzung in Sao Paulo stellt den betroffenen Forschern und Fachleuten komplexe Fragen. Ist insbesondere das Konzept des •Analogie“ sinnvoll, um die Art der Beziehungen zwischen der sozialen und kulturellen Praxis, die in Frankreich mit dem Begriff Animation und in anderen Teilen der Welt mit anderen Bezeichnungen genannt werden, zu beschreiben ? Dieser Artikel, der von einem der Initiatoren dieses Abenteuers verfasst ist, schlägt einen Überlegungsweg vor, der die Vielfalt der Betrachtungen, der Begriffsbestimmungen, der Umstände entdecken lässt, sowohl in der Benutzung des Ausdruckes Animation als auch in anderen Begriffen, die mehr oder weniger damit verwandt sind.
Division politique du travail dans l’animation
Authors: Lebon Francis
Published: May 2013

Sozialer Aufbau einer Jugend in Schwierigkeiten

Die Jugend in Schwierigkeiten erscheint als ein sozialer Aufbau zu sein, der sich im Laufe der durch die sozialen und erzieherischen Institutionen vorgefundenen Schwierigkeiten bildet aber auch im
Temps et chronotope dans le théâtre d'aujourd'hui en Bosnie-Herzégovine
Authors: Miletić-Oručević Tanja
Published: May 2013

Vrijeme i hronotop u najnovijoj bosanskohercegovačkoj dramaturgiji

Na primjerima četiri suvremene drame različite poetike i dramskog izraza govori se о drami kao historiografiji u «vremenu koje je iskočilo iz zgloba».

Najznakovitije vezana za tradiciju jeste drama Zlatana Hadžidedića Pad, velika srednjo- vijekovna historijska freska koja problematizira pad Bosne, neosporno dramatičan period, relativno slabo dokumentiran, ali zato još uvijek bogato polje rasprava о etničkim «korijenima». U Zvornikuja sam ostavio svoje srce Abdulaha Sidrana ima temu tragedije stradanja Bošnjaka u Podrinju, s elementima martirologije i nacionalno-romantičarskog patosa i ambivalentnim odnosom prema tradiciji. Almir Imširević pokušava dešifrirati socijalističku i pionirsku mladost, prešućene zločine i uzaludne pobune u komadu Balkanski đavo Sram. Almir Bašović u Priviđenjima iz srebrnog vijeka upušta se u pokušaj razumijevanja srebre- ničke tragedije, dolazeći do tragedije mislećeg subjekta pred zločinom, šutnjom i apsurdom.

Navedene drame su analizirane uz pomoć hronotopa kao osnovne kategorije, i to mehaničkog, funkcionalnog/semantičkog i manirističkog hronotopa (tipologija Dževada Kara- hasana, razvijena iz književno-teorijske misli Mihaila Bahtina).
Engagement politique, nausée organique et sentimentalisme du désespoir
Authors: Vojvodic Radmila
Published: May 2013

Politički angažman, organska mučnina i sentimentalizam beznađa

Autor ovog eseja je u dvostrukoj i dvosmislenoj poziciji - kao reditelj savremenik istovremeno je i izvan i unutar predmeta istraživanja. Istražujući na temama koje prakticira dramska književnost u vakuumu dezintegrisanog postkomunističkog ambijenta eks-jugo- slovenskog društva na razmeđu dva vijeka, razaznaje zanimljiva tematska ukrštanja i akcentuje specifičnu sračunatost dramaturške konstrukcije na angažman. Ovaj angažman prividno potiskuje zainteresovanost da mijenja svijet i svijest čovjeka kome se obraća, viđenje svijeta je formirano u sadašnjici nad kojom je autor zabrinut, koju ne razumije, u kojoj se ne snalazi, prema kojoj je u besperspektivnom otpora.

Dramatičarev postupak «skalpel - olovkom» svjedoči о vlastitom vremenu i prostoru zagušenom politikom, obično postavljajući politiku kao objekt demistifikacije u pozorištu. Angažman koji koketuje s nemogućnošću angažmana kao strukturalni elemenat drame raspo- znat je kao osobenost ove nove južnoevropske drame.

Za primjere su uzeti tekstovi: Otpad Ljubomira Durkovića, Cigla i Ptičice Filipa Šovagovića, Porodične priče i Pad Biljane Srbljanović i Cirkus Inferno Almira Imširevića.
La mitigation des peines de l'enfer dans les légendes de Judas
Authors: Niqueux Michel
Published: May 2013

О смягчении адских мук в легендах об Иуде

Легенда об Иуде, изложенная в Золотой легенде Жака де Воражина (Якопо из Варацце) и распространенная в России с XV века, умалчивает о посмертной судьбе Иуды. Очевидно, он попадает в ад, но в некоторых средневековых западных текстах (гл. о. Плавание св. Брендана) встречается мотив о смягчении адских мук Иуды на один или несколько дней. В России мотив смягчения появляется лишь в конце XIX - начале XX века (Горький, Ремизов, Волошин). Главное богословское обоснование искупления Иуды принадлежит С. Булгакову («Иуда Искариот Апостол предатель», Путь, 1931).
Sur la flexion des thèmes en -a- en vieux novgorodien
Authors: Le Feuvre Claire
Published: May 2013

The inflection of a-stems in Old Novgorodian

The alleged influence of the soft stems on the hard stems in Old Novgorodian is not actually confirmed by the facts. It is limited to the cases where the ending was -ě either in the hard type or in the soft type, and is never attested for other endings: the problem is not the relation between hard and soft types, but the status of -ě. Rather than an extension of soft endings to the hard stems, we are dealing with an extension of -ě, either from the hard stems to the soft stems (Dat.Loc.sg and dual of ja-stems), or from the soft stems to the hard stems (Gen.sg and Nom.Acc.pl of a-stems). This development is part of the process of elimination of the abnormal double alternation ě ~ i / y ~ ě (eliminated everywhere in East Slavic). It is a consequence of the extension of the ending of the hard type -ě to the soft type in the Dat.Loc.sg, which is a Common East Slavic innovation, showing the expected influence of the hard type. This innovation created a new structure in the soft type, with a unique ending for the Gen.Dat.Loc.sg, homophonous with the Nom.Acc.dual (where Old Novgorodian has - ě after the hard type instead of etymological -i). This new structure was identical with that of the -i- stems. The extension of -ě within the hard type reflects thus an alignment on the structure of other feminine paradigms: in Old Novgorodian, ail the feminine types acquired a unique form for the Gen.Dat.Loc.sg. It seems that the old Nom.Acc.dual form played an important role in this process. The evolution should be described not as a transfer of soft endings to the hard type, but rather as an internal reorganization within the hard type: a complex structure (that of the hard type) is simplified after the analogy of a less complex one (that of the soft type and of the i- stems, in which several case oppositions are neutralized). Modern dialects which have such a unique form of Gen.Dat.Loc.sg, like Old Novgorodian, are northern dialects (Pskov, Novgorod, Ladoga), spoken in areas where the Fennic substratum is well known, and it is possible that this simplification reflects the former situation of bilingualism, since simplification of linguistic structures is frequently observed in such a case.
Le Journal de Kornej Čukovskij : une source d'histoire socio-culturelle ?
Authors: Chartreux Félix
Published: May 2013

Дневник Корнея Чуковского: источник социокультурной истории?

Дневник Корнея Чуковского был издан в начале 1990-х годов, но является ещё мало изученным историками литературы и культуры советского периода. Этот богатый документ, наряду с другими личными документами, коих в СССР производилось множество, требует особого подхода и специальной методологии. В этой статье мы взвесим, насколько его можно использовать как источник социальной и культурной истории советского периода с 1917 по 1941 год в трёх областях: в истории политического управления культурой, истории субъективности в сталинском периоде и истории советского быта. В частности, мы покажем, что такой дневник является необходимым документом для изучения литературных кругов в Петрограде/Ленинграде в институциональных (функционирование цензуры) и социальных (личные связи и материальное положение советских писателей) аспектах в 1920-1930-е годы.
Usage subversif de l'histoire dans l'œuvre d'Ivo Andrić
Authors: Sarancic Branka
Published: May 2013

Subverzivni pristup istoriji u Andrićevom djelu

Polazeći od djela Ive Andrića, naše izlaganje ima za cilj šire razmatranje о ulozi književnosti u stvaranju simboličkih obrazaca na kojima se temelje predstave о kolektivnoj pripadnosti i nacionalnom identitetu. Kompleksna romaneskna filozofija na kojoj počiva Andrićevo djelo prevazilazi okvire isključivo estetičkog i isključivo ideološkog interpretativnog modela. Baš zato što pomijera ustaljene granice izmedju objektivnog i subjektivnog, izmedju realnog i mitskog, Andrićevo djelo uspijeva da na originalan način mobilizira simbolički potencijal sadržan u kolektivnoj prošlosti, iznalazeći potpuno nova ideološka rješenja na planu književnog stvaranja, kao i na planu nacionalnog identiteta.
Un cas d'intertextualité boulgakovienne dans la littérature russe contemporaine : le Fantôme du théâtre (Prizrak teatra) d'Andrej Dmitriev (2003)
Authors: Gayraud Régis
Published: May 2013

К вопросу об интертекстуальных ссылках на тексты М. Булгакова в русской современной литературе : Призрак театра Андрея Дмитриева (2003)

На первый взгляд, ничего общего - кроме мелкого намека на пьесу Бег — не может быть между произведениями Михаила Булгакова и романом Призрак театра, написанным современным писателем Андреем Дмитриевым как реакция на кровавый терракт в театре на Дубровке. Однако, внимательное прочтение книги Дмитриева выявляет сильное влияние Булгакова. Это влияние оказывается основным структуральным фундаментом текста Дмитриева и придает ему всё его значение. Мы живем в жестоком мире, а это мир иллюзий, где царствует мишурно- театральный дьявол. Служа иллюстрацией этому факту, трагичные события той московской осени 2002-го года с их серией обманов, в пространстве, предназначенном для иллюзии, соответствуют булгаковскому духу и оправдывают выбор такого подтекста. Далекий от бароч- ности, характерной моде интертекстуальных отношений с булгаковскими произведениями, талант Дмитриева состоит в том, что он осознал, что лишь классицизм поможет понять и пойти навстречу вечному и новому противнику.
Les phonèmes vocaliques « indécidables » du russe : essai de réinterprétation
Authors: Comtet Maurice Roger
Published: May 2013

Гласные «непроверяемые» фонемы русского языка : опыт переосмысления вопроса

Согласно традиции в области правописания русского языка Московская фонологическая школа выявляет гласные звуки одной и той же морфемы в ударной позиции или «сильной» позиции, используя при необходимости системы словообразования и флекции. Но когда гласный не может находиться под ударением, как например, в слове волость, такая фонема является «непроверяемой». В настоящей работе предложены два дополнительных метода, направленные на сокращение подобных случаев и помогающие выйти за рамки узкого структурализма.

1. Использование исторически возникших чередований (полногласие ≈ неполногласие) типа влáсть ≈ вóло?сть. Благодаря общей семе {владеть}, влáсть и вóло?сть являются алломорфами. По аналогии с формой молодóй ≈ младóй, млáд, млáдший, в которой гласные звукосочетания оло соответствуют фонеме /о/ (см. мóлод, молóже), можно считать, что вóлость = /v°ol°os°t´. При отсутствии краткой формы, можно обратиться к южнославянским вариантам (см. ко? рóва = /kor°ov°a/, исходя из формы крава. Здесь мы основываемся на историческом и языковом родстве.

2. Использование фонетических реализаций. Слово игрá соответствует форме /igr°a/ от /igr°/, где начальное /У произносится как [і] «среднее»; подобная взаимно однозначная связь дает основание считать, что и?кра = /ikr°a/ на основании реализации [ikra:]. Такой фонетический подход применим и к другим «непроверяемым» гласным, и это заставляет пересмотреть вопрос о границах между фонологией и фонетикой.
Conscience historique et écriture de soi : la place des écrits personnels dans la culture russe : introduction
Authors: Catherine Depretto
Published: May 2013

Historical Consciousness and Writing of the Self : Diaries, Memoirs, Autobiographies in the Russian Culture

Diaries, memoirs and autobiographies have always been of great interest to historians and philologists as private, unofficial sources. In Russia, according to P. A. Zajončkovskij's fundamental bibliography, the number of these texts grew from the XVIIIth century to the beginning of the XXth; they did not disappear in the Soviet period, as one usually believes, even if at this epoch they need a specific approach. However, diaries and memoirs are not only historical testimony, they are also of literary interest. This issue of the RES is precisely devoted to the literary aspects of the question and analyses personal texts of such writers (in a broad sense) as Aleksandr Turgenev, Aleksandr Družinin, Vjačeslav Ivanov, Leonid Andreev, Andrej Belyj, Mixail Bulgakov, Jurij Oleša. An article analyses memoirs and autobiographies concerning the Russian Jewish culture.
Une descente aux enfers : le projet autobiographique ? Andrej Belyj et son séjour à Berlin (1922-1923)
Authors: Kissel Wolfgang
Published: May 2013

A Descent Towards Hell : Belyj's Autobiographical Project and His Sojourn in Berlin (1922/23)

The symbolist poet and novelist Andrej Belyj is known to have been a prolific memoir writer as well. This paper examines the emergence of his complex autobiographical project in the wake of his travelogue on a journey to Egypt in 1911 and his memoir on Blok. After the death of his friend and rival Blok in 1921 Belyj embarked on writing a lengthy memoir in which he tried to tell the story of their troubled friendship and to justify his own behaviour towards his dead friend. As he felt unsatisfied by the outcome he continued to rework Blok's image and gradually became intrigued by the prospect of giving a detailed picture of the whole prewar and prerevolutionary epoch. These ramifications were later to develop into the three volumes of his memoirs On the Border of Two Centuries (1930), The Beginning of the Century (1933) and Between Two Revolutions (1934). Yet in 1922 he first went for several months to Berlin probably in order to consider the perspectives of exile, an option which he nevertheless discarded categorically at the end of his stay. Instead he decided to return to the Soviet Union and to write a hybrid description of the city Berlin - part travelogue and part confession of a tormented soul - which already contains key notions of the fully elaborated memoirs. Belyj compares the German capital to an ancient Egyptian necropolis thus highlighting the decline of a quintessential Western city against the backdrop of the rising Soviet capital Moscow, the centre of a new civilization the author is going to choose as his permanent home. The paper gives special attention to the chronotope 'Egypt' which serves as a semantic link between the early travelogue on Egypt, the Berlin memoir piece and the last chapters of the third volume of the memoirs Between Two Revolutions. From this chronotope emerges a complex figure of modernity incorporating ancient as well as contemporary elements and emphasizing a tendency towards ambivalence which precludes any unilateral or teleological interpretation.
Le résultatif en russe et en français : quelques hypothèses
Authors: Kokochkina Irina
Published: May 2013

Resultative Constructions in Russian and in French : Some Hypotheses

In this paper, we will try to bring out some of the semantic constraints which determine the formation of the resultative participial constructions in these two languages. Our approach consists in putting in evidence several criteria which explain tendencies proper to each language, beginning with semantic properties of different classes of verbs able or not to have resultative.
Почему мантифолия с уксусом?
Authors: Ganapolskaya Elena V.
Published: May 2013

What is 'мантифолия' and Why is it with Vinegar ('с уксусом')?

The article is dedicated to the meaning of expression 'мантифолия с уксусом', used by Anton Čexov in his Ward № 6. The research also shows that this expression is very significant for the psychological portrait of one of the central characters of the story – Dr. Xobotov.

At first sight the expression 'мантифолия с уксусом' is the author's contamination of two French idioms (folie mantique and manteau (habit) (doublé) de vinaigre). However the appearing of every fact of the language has several reasons. So analyzing the process of 'мантифолия с уксусом' formation we took in consideration the functioning and evolution of several other words and expressions, connected by numerous associations in the system of Russian language.
Le problème de la concurrence des relatifs kto et kotoryj en russe moderne
Authors: Roudet Robert
Published: May 2013

Вопрос о конкуренции относительных местоимений кто и который в современном русском языке

Эта работа посвящена вопросу о конкуренции относительных местоимений кто и который в современном русском языке. Рассматривается возможность изменения нормы их употребления. После этого выявляется два принципа функционирования местоимения кто. Согласно первому из них местоимение кто в отличие от который сигнализирует слитность антецедента и относительного предложения. Второй принцип состоит в том, что употребление местоимения кто объясняется нереферентностью антецедента: в этом случае слитности с последующим относительным предложением может и не оказаться. Этот второй принцип кажется типичным прежде всего для современного языка.
Už ou le fil du discours en russe contemporain
Authors: Viellard Stéphane
Published: May 2013

Russian Particle už and Discursive Coherence in Modern Russian

The function of the Russian particle už has often been described in relation to morphosyntax. This paper deals with the cohesive role this particle plays within the discursive functioning of the text. The particle už isolates, within the referential domain of speakers, a specific informative center, topicalised or focalised in the utterance. The particle už can be combined with other particles (da, ved´, -to) in order to structure the information according to a hierarchical system.
Cohérence et rythme : aperçu historique sur la normalisation du russe écrit
Authors: Breuillard Jean
Published: May 2013

Coherence and Rhythm : A Historical Survey on Standardization of Russian Writing

The transition to modem Russian prose in the late eighteenth century is accompanied by a general reform of text and sentence rhythm. The paper deals with the intellectual prose of Nikolaj Karamzin ( 1766-1826) whose reform focused on the rhythm of the prose, both artistic and intellectual.
Synthesis of functionalized spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyridines] and spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyridinones] via one-pot four-component reactions
Authors: Zhang Li-Juan , Wu Qun , Sun Jing , Yan Chao-Guo
Published: May 2013

In the presence of triethylamine as catalyst, the one-pot four-component reactions of arylamines, methyl propiolate, isatin and malononitrile afforded the functionalized spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyridine] derivatives in good yields. Similar reactions with ethyl cyanoacetate successfully afforded the functionalized spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyridines] and spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyridinones] as the main products according to the structures of the arylamines and other primary amines.
Survival and Causes of Death in an Unselected and Complete Cohort of Norwegian Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Hoffmann-Vold Anna-Maria , Molberg Øyvind , Midtvedt Øyvind , Garen Torhild , Gran Jan Tore
Published: May 2013

Objective.

To determine survival and causes of death in an unselected and complete cohort of Norwegian patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) compared to the background population.

Methods.

Multiple methods were used to identify every patient with SSc living in southeast Norway, with a denominator population of 2,707,012, between 1999 and 2009. All patients who met either the American College of Rheumatology criteria or the Medsger and LeRoy criteria for SSc were included. Every patient was matched for sex and age with 15 healthy controls drawn from the national population registry. Vital status at January 1, 2010, was provided for patients and controls by the national population registry. Causes of death were obtained from death certificates and by chart review.

Results.

Forty-three (14%) of 312 patients with SSc died during the study period. The standardized mortality rate (SMR) was estimated to be 2.03 for the entire cohort and 5.33 for the subgroup with diffuse cutaneous (dc) SSc. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 91% and 70%, respectively, for dcSSc and 98% and 93% for limited cutaneous (lc) SSc. Causes of death were related to SSc in 24/43 (56%) patients, mostly cardiopulmonary diseases (n = 13), including pulmonary hypertension (n = 8). Factors associated with fatal outcome included male sex, dcSSc, pulmonary hypertension, and interstitial lung disease.

Conclusion.

Compared to the Norwegian background population, our cohort of 312 unselected patients with SSc had decreased survival. The survival rates observed were, however, better than those previously reported from SSc referral centers.
L'utilisation des études de cas pour l'élaboration de la théorie en psychothérapie
Authors: Stiles William B.
Published: May 2013

Dans cet article, je souhaite faire reconnaître l’étude de cas comme preuve scientifique. Je soutiens que les études de cas sont appropriées dans le contexte de la justification, de même que dans celui de la découverte. J’ai développé cette argumentation dans des écrits depuis de nombreuses années (Stiles, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010), et cet article synthétise beaucoup de ce qui y a déjà été dit.
Dans l'esprit du PageRank
Authors: Cardon Dominique
Published: May 2013

L’algorithme du moteur de recherche de Google, le PageRank, est une machine morale. Il enferme un système de valeurs, donnant la prééminence à ceux qui ont été jugé méritants par les autres, et déploie une volonté : faire du web un espace où l’échange des mérites n’est ni freiné ni déformé. En revenant sur les origines du PageRank en sociométrie et en scientométrie, cet article dégage les principales propriétés épistémiques d’un système de mesure de l’autorité des documents qui s’appuie sur les liens hypertextes que s’échangent les pages du web. Une condition essentielle de sa pertinence, décrite par les modèles statistiques qui fondent la thèse de la « sagesse des foules », est de présupposer que l’outil qui enregistre les comportements des internautes soit extérieur au monde qu’il mesure. Google a mis en place un ensemble de règles pour satisfaire cette condition : séparer le référencement naturel et les liens sponsorisés, ne pas toucher à la main l’algorithme, encourager les internautes à ne pas agir en fonction de l’algorithme. Mais la massification des usages du web et la multiplication des stratégies des internautes pour se faire voir de l’algorithme rendent de plus en plus fragile l’ordre que le PageRank a imposé au web.
Gouvernementalité algorithmique et perspectives d'émancipation
Authors: Rouvroy Antoinette , Berns Thomas
Published: May 2013

La gouvernementalité algorithmique se caractérise notamment par le double mouvement suivant : a) l’abandon de toute forme d’« échelle », d’« étalon », de hiérarchie, au profit d’une normativité immanente et évolutive en temps réel, dont émerge un « double statistique » du monde et qui semble faire table rase des anciennes hiérarchies dessinée par l’homme normal ou l’homme moyen ; b) l’évitement de toute confrontation avec les individus dont les occasions de subjectivation se trouvent raréfiées. Ce double mouvement nous paraît le fruit de la focalisation de la statistique contemporaine sur les relations. Nous tentons d’évaluer dans quelle mesure ces deux aspects de la « gouvernementalité algorithmique » ainsi dessinée, avec l’appui qu’elle se donne sur les seules relations, pourraient être favorables, d’une part, à des processus d’individuation par la relation (Simondon) et, d’autre part, à l’émergence de formes de vie nouvelles sous la forme du dépassement du plan d’organisation par le plan d’immanence (Deleuze-Guattari). Par cette confrontation aux principales philosophies contemporaines de la relation, il apparaît alors qu’une pensée du devenir et des processus d’individuation par la relation réclame nécessairement du « disparate » - une hétérogénéïté des ordres de grandeur, une multiplicité des régimes d’existence - que la gouvernementalité algorithmique ne cesse précisément d’étouffer en clôturant le réel (numérisé) sur lui-même. La gouvernementalité algorithmique tend plutôt à forclore de telles perspectives d’émancipation en repliant les processus d’individuation sur la monade subjective.
Open Educational Resources and the Opportunities for Expanding Open and Distance Learning (OERS-ODL)
Authors: Mbale Jameson , Egan Jack , Frindt T
Published: May 2013

Distance learning (DL) was a teaching modality which utilized technology to deliver teaching to students who were not physically present such as in a traditional classroom setting. DL was not constrained by geographic considerations and therefore offered unique opportunities to expand educational access. The University of Namibia (UNAM) and International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH) partnered to examine DL at UNAM, to assess strengths and weaknesses, and to make recommendations for improvement. The primary method used in this assessment was interviews with staff at centers and units engaged in Distance Learning at UNAM. It was analyzed how interactions vary between instructor and learner, among learners, and between learners and learning resources. DL at UNAM was categorized into five approaches including: 1) Outreach, 2) Print-based, 3) Computer based, 4) Internet-based, and 5) Digital Video Conferencing (DVC). All-in-all, a strategy of â??starting smallâ? was envisaged to allow individual instructors to voluntarily use collaborative software such as Google Groups to enhance print-based instruction and progressively expand DL at UNAM.
Context-Based Grouping and Recommendation in MANETs
Authors: Vanrompay Yves , Pinheiro Manuele Kirsch , Ben Mustapha Nesrine , Aufaure Marie-Aude
Published: May 2013

The authors propose in this chapter a context grouping mechanism for context distribution over MANETs. Context distribution is becoming a key aspect for successful context-aware applications in mobile and ubiquitous computing environments. Such applications need, for adaptation purposes, context information that is acquired by multiple context sensors distributed over the environment. Nevertheless, applications are not interested in all available context information. Context distribution mechanisms have to cope with the dynamicity that characterizes MANETs and also prevent context information from being delivered to nodes (and applications) that are not interested in it. The authors’ grouping mechanism organizes the distribution of context information in groups whose definition is context based: each context group is defined based on a criteria set (e.g. the shared location and interest) and has a dissemination set, which controls the information that can be shared in the group. They propose a personalized and dynamic way of defining and joining groups by providing a lattice-based classification and recommendation mechanism that analyzes the interrelations between groups and users, and recommend new groups to users, based on the interests and preferences of the user.
Integrating Sustainability into Technology-Oriented Project Management
Authors: Brent Alan , Tredoux Carin
Published: May 2013

Various driving forces originating from society, government, employees, and partners are forcing the enterprise to both incorporate sustainable development in its internal operations and practices, and to align these with the principles thereof. Technology-oriented project management, as a core competency of many enterprises, is not excluded from these requirements. Four cases are explored of how the aspects of sustainability have been addressed by various approaches and tools to enhance the performances of enterprises—in the context of project management in South Africa. The associated challenges are highlighted and the requirement for further work, to address the shortfalls, is outlined. Specifically, by developing methods for understanding the full implications of alternative choices and their relative attractiveness in terms of enhancing the resilience of systems, by extending the field of sustainability science into the field of project management.
Is it Feasible to Implement Green Logistics in Emerging Markets?
Authors: Thiell Marcus , Zuluaga Juan Pablo Soto
Published: May 2013

Smog in industrial zones, the depletion of the ozone layer, and global warming demonstrate exemplarily the harmful impact of business activities on environmental systems and the societies that act within them. Therefore, customers and many governments around the world are developing a more conscious and respectful attitude toward the environment, turning environmental concerns into a central element of many companies’ competitive strategies. As a result of these developments, the implementation of green logistics systems is gaining increasing importance worldwide. Green logistics practices, once considered proactive measures (Wu & Dunn 1995), are now integral part of many supply chains, and in many markets, their presence has become a requirement for doing business. Despite this, little is known about the current state of global practices in green logistics and obstacles of implementing them in an emerging market context. Led by the question “Is it feasible to implement green logistics in emerging markets?”, the main objectives of this article are to provide a summary of green logistics practices within a structured framework and to give an overview about the obstacles of implementing green logistics systems in emerging markets.
Neither Heroes nor Chaos
Authors: Ponte Diego , Camussone Pier Franco
Published: May 2013

This paper wishes to contribute to the ongoing debate on standardization processes by addressing on the economic and social aspects that shape the creation and diffusion of standards. The aim of the paper is to deal with a clear gap in the literature, as evolution of standards over time has not been fully explored. Indeed, mainstream literature tends to treat creation and diffusion as two distinguished phases. The research relies on an in-depth document analysis of the VHS vs. BETAMAX contest. By drawing upon the Actor-Network Theory, the paper shows that the evolution of a standard is a complex process where creation and diffusion are co-evolving dimensions, which cannot be easily distinguished; second, it shows that the coupling of both economic and social aspects permits a clear understanding of the factors and events that affect the evolution of a standard and the dominance of one standard among competing ones.
A Link-Node Nonlinear Complementarity Model for a Multiclass Simultaneous Transportation Dynamic User Equilibria
Authors: Hasan Mohamad K. , Ban Xuegang
Published: May 2013

Static transportation network equilibrium models have evolved from traditional sequential models to simultaneous (combined) models, and then to the multiclass simultaneous models to improve prediction of traffic flow. Most Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) models, however, still deal only with the trip assignment step (traveler route choice) that is one of several steps in the transportation planning process. In this paper, the authors combine a dynamic link-node based discrete-time Nonlinear Complementarity Problem (NCP) DTA model with a static Multiclass Simultaneous Transportation Equilibrium Model (MSTEM) in a unified dynamic link-node based discrete-time NCP Dynamic Multiclass Simultaneous Transportation Equilibrium Model (DMSTEM) model. The new model improves the prediction process and eliminates inconsistencies that arise when the DTA or Dynamic Traffic Assignment with Departure Time (DTA-DT) is embedded in a more comprehensive transportation planning framework. An iterative solution algorithm for the proposed DMSTEM model is proposed by solving several relaxed NCPs in each iteration of the algorithm.
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Air Standard Diesel and Diesel-Atkinson Cycles
Authors: Abbassi Mojtaba Beigzad , Gahruei Mohamad Hashemi , Vahidi Saeed , Jeshvaghani Hamed Shahmirzae
Published: May 2013

This study is concerned with the performance analysis and comparison of air standard Diesel and Diesel-Atkinson cycles with heat-transfer loss, friction like term loss and variable specific-heat ratio of the working fluid based on finite-time thermodynamics. Also numerical examples are detailed to show the relations between the output power and the compression ratio, between the thermal efficiency and the compression ratio, as well as the optimal relation between the output power and the thermal efficiency of both cycles. Furthermore, the effects of variable specific-heat ratio of the working fluid, heat transfer and the friction-like term loss on the performance of both irreversible cycles are analyzed. Comparison of the performance of cycles shows that the heat efficiency and the output power of an air standard Diesel-Atkinson are higher than the Diesel ones and the points of maximum output power and thermal efficiency of Diesel-Atkinson cycle occur at the lower compression ratio. Reduction of Noxis another advantage of Diesel-Atkinson cycle. The results obtained in this paper provide guidance for the design of Diesel and Diesel-Atkinson engines.
Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Drug Release of Melphalan Magnetic Microspheres
Authors: Xu Jin Qiao , Xu Hai Xing , Newaz Zubad , Li Ran , Zhang Yu , Liu Hiu , Huang Zhi Jun , Zheng Hua , Liu Xiao Ping , Yin Yi Hua , Lou Yi Ceng , Lu Bo , Xu Pei Hu
Published: May 2013

A new method of reversible association of melphalan (MEL) to magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles preparing MEL magnetic microspheres was developed for magnetically targeted chemotherapy. The efficacy of this approach was evaluated in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading content (DLC), delivery properties and cytotoxicity in vitro. Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation methods and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetization measurements. The MEL magnetic microspheres were obtained through emulsion cross-linking method and characterized by FTIR, magnetization measurements and scan electron microscopy (SEM). The EE and DLC were determined using a Spectro Vision DB-18805 spectrophotometer. The MEL magnetic microspheres showed good EE values, between 60.6% and 75.6%, as well as good DLC values, between 16.7% and 32.2%, and the magnetic properties were not significantly affected by incorporation of the drug. The in vitro drug release study was carried out in phosphate buffer solution (PBS), simulating physiologic body fluid conditions at 37o C with pH = 7.4. The release profiles showed an initial fast release rate, which decreased as time progressed; about 60% of the drug was released in the first 4 h, and about 78.23 % had been released after 24 h. The results indicated that the prepared magnetic microspheres may be useful for potential applications of MEL for magnetically targeted chemotherapy.
Blockade of Programmed Death-1 in Young (New Zealand Black × New Zealand White)F1 Mice Promotes the Suppressive Capacity of CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Protecting from Lupus-like Disease
Authors: Wong Maida , La Cava Antonio , Hahn Bevra H.
Published: May 2013

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) usually acts as a negative signal for T cell activation, and its expression on CD8+Foxp3+ T cells is required for their suppressive capacity. In this study, we show that PD-1 signaling is required for the maintenance of functional regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (CD4+ Treg) that can control autoimmunity in (New Zealand Black × New Zealand White)F1 lupus mice. PD-1 signaling induced resistance to apoptosis and prolonged the survival of CD4+ Treg. In vivo, the blockade of PD-1 with a neutralizing Ab reduced PD-1 expression on CD4+ Treg (PD1loCD4+ Treg). PD1loCD4+ Treg had an increased ability to promote B cell apoptosis and to suppress CD4+ Th as compared with CD4+ Treg with elevated PD-1 expression (PD1hiCD4+ Treg). When PD-1 expression on CD4+ Treg was blocked in vitro, PD1loCD4+ Treg suppressed B cell production of IgG and anti-dsDNA Ab. Finally, in vitro studies showed that the suppressive capacity of CD4+ Treg depended on PD-1 expression and that a fine-tuning of the expression of this molecule directly affected cell survival and immune suppression. These results indicate that PD-1 expression has multiple effects on different immune cells that directly contribute to a modulation of autoimmune responses.
Altered Immunity and Dendritic Cell Activity in the Periphery of Mice after Long-Term Engraftment with Bone Marrow from Ultraviolet-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Ng Royce L. X. , Scott Naomi M. , Strickland Deborah H. , Gorman Shelley , Grimbaldeston Michele A. , Norval Mary , Waithman Jason , Hart Prue H.
Published: May 2013

Alterations to dendritic cell (DC) progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) may contribute to long-lasting systemic immunosuppression (>28 d) following exposure of the skin of mice to erythemal UV radiation (UVR). DCs differentiated in vitro from the BM of mice 3 d after UVR (8 kJ/m2) have a reduced capacity to initiate immunity (both skin and airways) when adoptively transferred into naive mice. Studies in IL-10−/− mice suggested that UV-induced IL-10 was not significantly involved. To investigate the immune capabilities of peripheral tissue DCs generated in vivo from the BM of UV-irradiated mice, chimeric mice were established. Sixteen weeks after reconstitution, contact hypersensitivity responses were significantly reduced in mice reconstituted with BM from UV-irradiated mice (UV-chimeric). When the dorsal skin of UV-chimeric mice was challenged with innate inflammatory agents, the hypertrophy induced in the draining lymph nodes was minimal and significantly less than that measured in control-chimeric mice challenged with the same inflammatory agent. When DCs were differentiated from the BM of UV-chimeric mice using FLT3 ligand or GM-CSF + IL-4, the cells maintained a reduced priming ability. The diminished responses in UV-chimeric mice were not due to different numerical or proportional reconstitution of BM or the hematopoietic cells in blood, lymph nodes, and skin. Erythemal UVR may imprint a long-lasting epigenetic effect on DC progenitors in the BM and alter the function of their terminally differentiated progeny.
Age-Associated Increase of Low-Avidity Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T Cells That Re-Express CD45RA
Authors: Griffiths Stephen J. , Riddell Natalie E. , Masters Joanne , Libri Valentina , Henson Sian M. , Wertheimer Anne , Wallace Diana , Sims Stuart , Rivino Laura , Larbi Anis , Kemeny David M. , Nikolich-Zugich Janko , Kern Florian , Klenerman Paul , Emery Vince C. , Akbar Arne N.
Published: May 2013

The mechanisms regulating memory CD8+ T cell function and homeostasis during aging are unclear. CD8+ effector memory T cells that re-express CD45RA increase considerably in older humans and both aging and persistent CMV infection are independent factors in this process. We used MHC class I tetrameric complexes that were mutated in the CD8 binding domain to identify CMV-specific CD8+ T cells with high Ag-binding avidity. In individuals who were HLA-A*0201, CD8+ T cells that expressed CD45RA and were specific for the pp65 protein (NLVPMVATV epitope) had lower avidity than those that expressed CD45RO and demonstrated decreased cytokine secretion and cytolytic potential after specific activation. Furthermore, low avidity NLVPMVATV-specific CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in older individuals. The stimulation of blood leukocytes with CMV lysate induced high levels of IFN-α that in turn induced IL-15 production. Moreover, the addition of IL-15 to CD45RA−CD45RO+ CMV-specific CD8+ T cells induced CD45RA expression while Ag activated cells remained CD45RO+. This raises the possibility that non-specific cytokine–driven accumulation of CMV-specific CD8+CD45RA+ T cells with lower Ag-binding avidity may exacerbate the effects of viral reactivation on skewing the T cell repertoire in CMV-infected individuals during aging.
T Cell–Specific Notch Inhibition Blocks Graft-versus-Host Disease by Inducing a Hyporesponsive Program in Alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Sandy Ashley R. , Chung Jooho , Toubai Tomomi , Shan Gloria T. , Tran Ivy T. , Friedman Ann , Blackwell Timothy S. , Reddy Pavan , King Philip D. , Maillard Ivan
Published: May 2013

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) induced by donor-derived T cells remains the major limitation of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). We previously reported that the pan-Notch inhibitor dominant-negative form of Mastermind-like 1 (DNMAML) markedly decreased the severity and mortality of acute GVHD mediated by CD4+ T cells in mice. To elucidate the mechanisms of Notch action in GVHD and its role in CD8+ T cells, we studied the effects of Notch inhibition in alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using mouse models of allo-BMT. DNMAML blocked GVHD induced by either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Both CD4+ and CD8+ Notch-deprived T cells had preserved expansion in lymphoid organs of recipients, but profoundly decreased IFN-γ production despite normal T-bet and enhanced Eomesodermin expression. Alloreactive DNMAML T cells exhibited decreased Ras/MAPK and NF-κB activity upon ex vivo restimulation through the TCR. In addition, alloreactive T cells primed in the absence of Notch signaling had increased expression of several negative regulators of T cell activation, including Dgka, Cblb, and Pdcd1. DNMAML expression had modest effects on in vivo proliferation but preserved overall alloreactive T cell expansion while enhancing accumulation of pre-existing natural regulatory T cells. Overall, DNMAML T cells acquired a hyporesponsive phenotype that blocked cytokine production but maintained their expansion in irradiated allo-BMT recipients, as well as their in vivo and ex vivo cytotoxic potential. Our results reveal parallel roles for Notch signaling in alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that differ from past reports of Notch action and highlight the therapeutic potential of Notch inhibition in GVHD.
Igs Expressed by Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells Show Limited Binding-Site Structure Variability
Authors: Marcatili Paolo , Ghiotto Fabio , Tenca Claudya , Chailyan Anna , Mazzarello Andrea N. , Yan Xiao-Jie , Colombo Monica , Albesiano Emilia , Bagnara Davide , Cutrona Giovanna , Morabito Fortunato , Bruno Silvia , Ferrarini Manlio , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Tramontano Anna , Fais Franco
Published: May 2013

Ag selection has been suggested to play a role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis, but no large-scale analysis has been performed so far on the structure of the Ag-binding sites (ABSs) of leukemic cell Igs. We sequenced both H and L chain V(D)J rearrangements from 366 CLL patients and modeled their three-dimensional structures. The resulting ABS structures were clustered into a small number of discrete sets, each containing ABSs with similar shapes and physicochemical properties. This structural classification correlates well with other known prognostic factors such as Ig mutation status and recurrent (stereotyped) receptors, but it shows a better prognostic value, at least in the case of one structural cluster for which clinical data were available. These findings suggest, for the first time, to our knowledge, on the basis of a structural analysis of the Ab-binding sites, that selection by a finite quota of antigenic structures operates on most CLL cases, whether mutated or unmutated.