bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) into the Yangtze River basin and the relationship with riverine nitrogen export
Authors: Chen Fei , Hou Lijun , Liu Min , Zheng Yanling , Yin Guoyu , Lin Xianbiao , Li Xiaofei , Zong Haibo , Deng Fengyu , Gao Juan , Jiang Xiaofen
Published: January 2016

This study investigated net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI, including atmospheric nitrogen deposition, nitrogenous fertilizer use, net nitrogen import in food and feed, and agricultural nitrogen fixation) and the associated relationship with riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) export in the Yangtze River basin during the 1980–2012 period. The total NANI in the Yangtze River basin has increased by more than twofold over the past three decades (3537.0 ± 615.3 to 8176.6 ± 1442.1 kg N km−2 yr−1). The application of chemical fertilizer was the largest component of NANI in the basin (51.1%), followed by net nitrogen import in food and feed (26.0%), atmospheric nitrogen deposition (13.2%), and agricultural nitrogen fixation (9.7%). A regression analysis showed that the riverine DIN export was strongly correlated with NANI and the annual water discharge (R2 = 0.90, p < 0.01). NANI in the Yangtze River basin was estimated to contribute 37–66% to the riverine DIN export. We also forecasted future variations in NANI and riverine DIN export for the years 2013 to 2030, based on possible future changes in human activities and the climate. This work provides a quantitative understanding of NANI in the Yangtze River basin and its effects on riverine DIN export and helps to develop integrated watershed nitrogen management strategies.
Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Copp Andrew J , Greene Nicholas DE
Published: January 2016

Neural tube defects are malformations of the central nervous system and axial skeleton that arise before birth, and range from the fatal to the asymptomatic. They are among the commonest birth defects and can affect the brain, as in anencephaly, or the low spine, as in spina bifida. The defects have a strong genetic element, with a role for ‘planar polarity’ genes that control the elongation of the early embryo and cellular enzymes that metabolise folates. Environmental risk factors include maternal diabetes and antiepileptic drugs. Studies of mouse embryos reveal how the neural tube closes normally, and what can go wrong leading to a defect. The actin cytoskeleton is crucial, as is the balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural cells. Folic acid can reduce the risk of a neural tube defect, when taken in early pregnancy, although it does not prevent all cases. Other supplements, including inositol, are under investigation to see whether the prevention offered by folic acid can be enhanced in future.

Key Concepts

Neural tube defects are common, disabling birth defects of the central nervous system.

Several types of neural tube defects occur, depending on the embryonic event that goes wrong.

Neural tube closure is the key developmental event whose disturbance leads to spina bifida and anencephaly.

Genes and environmental factors interact to cause neural tube defects.

Genes of folate one‐carbon metabolism, and of the planar cell polarity pathway, are known to participate in the causation of neural tube defects.

Many cellular events of embryonic development have been implicated in the development of neural tube defects.

Folic acid supplements in early pregnancy can prevent some cases of neural tube defect.

Novel therapies are required for the primary prevention of neural tube defects that do not respond to folic acid.
R
adiolaria
Authors: Ishitani Yoshiyuki , Febvre‐Chevalier Colette , Febvre Jean
Published: January 2016

Radiolaria are marine unicellular zooplankton characterised by the presence of two types of pseudopodia called axopodia (pseudopodia having axial portion) and reticulopodia (pseudopodia make reticulated network). Class Phaeodarea, traditionally included in Radiolaria, were revised their taxonomic position (out of Radiolaria but in Cercozoa) on the basis of molecular studies. Also, a molecular perspective shows us that Radiolaria have five orders (Spumellaria, Nassellaria, Collodaria, Acantharia and Taxopodida) in two classes (former three in Polycystina, latter two in Spasmaria). Most of Radiolaria (excepting from some species of Collodaria) possess siliceous or celestite shells or spines, and both the fine structure and architectural diversity of the skeletons are used as taxonomic criteria. Good preservation of siliceous shells allows Radiolaria to be used as stratigraphic markers in Paleontology.

Key Concepts

Radiolaria are marine heterotrophic protists, and some harbour symbionts.

Most radiolarians, in particular class Polycystina, have good fossil record from the Cambrian era due to possessing siliceous shells.

Phylogenetic relationship of Radiolaria was revised through molecular phylogeny.

The closest lineage of Radiolaria is the other important microfossil group, Foraminifera.

Radiolaria are a member of eukaryotic supergroup Rhizaria, together with Cercozoa, Endomyxa and Foraminifera.
Jasmonic Acid Signalling
Authors: Roberts Michael R
Published: January 2016

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important plant hormone involved in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. A central feature of JA signalling is the repression of JA responses by the JASMONATE ZIM‐DOMAIN (JAZ) protein family. JAZ proteins function to inhibit the activity of transcription factors responsible for driving the expression of JA‐responsive target genes. This is achieved by recruitment of transcriptional repressors and chromatin remodelling proteins. Perception by a COI1‐JAZ coreceptor of the main bioactive molecule in JA signalling, jasmonoyl‐
l
‐isoleucine, results in JAZ protein degradation and release of JA responses from suppression. Specificity in JA signalling is generated by a combination of JAZ protein diversity, cell specificity of JA‐responsive transcription factors and interactions with other plant hormone signalling pathways.

Key Concepts

(+)‐7‐iso‐jasmonoyl‐
l
‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) is the main biologically active compound responsible for jasmonic acid (JA) signalling in higher plants.

JASMONATE ZIM‐DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins function as the central regulators of jasmonate signalling.

JAZ proteins recruit transcriptional repressors to inhibit the activity of transcription factors that positively regulate JA responses.

The F‐box protein COI1 functions along with JAZ proteins as a JA‐Ile coreceptor that controls JA‐dependent JAZ protein degradation.

Specificity in JA signalling is conferred by context‐specific interactions between JAZ proteins and their targets, and by interactions between JA and other signalling pathways.

There are two major pathways for jasmonate‐dependent plant defence responses, which are controlled by antagonistic master‐regulator transcription factors.

Herbivores, pathogens and symbiotic microorganisms can manipulate jasmonate signalling for their own benefit.

Interactions between JAZ and DELLA proteins mediate trade‐offs between growth and defence.

Jasmonates likely function as long‐distance defence signals within, and possibly even between, plants.

Other bioactive jasmonates include 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and
cis
‐jasmone.
Follicular Helper
T
Cells
Authors: Chen Yaping , Atnerkar Anurag , Yu Di
Published: January 2016

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are a subset of helper T cells with specialised functions to support high‐affinity and long‐term antibody responses. Tfh cells express high levels of transcription factor Bcl6, chemokine receptor CXCR5, cytokine IL‐21 and costimulatory receptor PD‐1 and ICOS, showing a phenotype distinct from other helper T‐cell subsets. The differentiation and function of Tfh cells are regulated by a unique molecular program orchestrated by the transcriptional factor Bcl6. The knowledge of Tfh cells provides new insights into the physiopathology of many human diseases, including immunodeficiency, autoimmune disease, infection and cancer.

Key Concepts

Tfh cells are a helper T‐cell subset.

Tfh cells regulate antibody response.

CXCR5 is an important functional marker for Tfh cells.

The ICOS–Bcl6 pathway critically regulates the differentiation of Tfh cells.

Certain primary immunodeficiencies show defects in Tfh cells.

Aberrant and/or excessive Tfh function promotes autoimmune diseases.
Molecular Genetics of Multiple Osteochondromas
Authors: de Andrea Carlos E , Hogendoorn Pancras CW , Bovée Judith VMG
Published: January 2016

Multiple osteochondromas (MOs) is an autosomal dominant disease characterised by MOs (previously named exostoses). Their formation requires bi‐allelic inactivation of
EXT1
or
EXT2
genes in growth plate cartilage. They encode glycosyltransferases that catalyse the chain elongation step in heparan sulfate biosynthesis and when mutated cause a variety of growth factor signalling defects, impaired cell–matrix interactions and loss of polarity. Osteochondromas are not clonal neoplasms, but a mixed population of cells harbouring homozygous loss of either
EXT
genes or cells retaining the
EXT
wild‐type allele. About 1–5% of patients with MO at the age of 30–60 years will eventually develop a secondary chondrosarcoma. Cells harbouring the wild‐type alleles of
EXT1
and
EXT2
genes are thought to preferentially undergo malignant transformation, possibly by inactivation of the
CDKN2A
locus. This locus encodes INK4a (p16), which regulates RB1, and p19ARF, which regulates P53. Inactivation of
CDKN2A
by mutation or deletion is a common pathway for oncogenesis.

Key Concepts

Patients with MO are characterised genetically by germline mutations in
EXT1
and
EXT2
genes and phenotypically by the development of at least two osteochondromas.

Osteochondroma is a benign cartilage‐capped bony projection arising on the external surface of bone containing a marrow cavity that is continuous with that of the underlying bone.

Osteochondromas are the most frequent cartilaginous lesions, most often found on the femur (21%), humerus (17%) and tibia (11%).

Somatic inactivation of both
EXT
alleles results in significantly shorter heparan sulfate chains.

Defective heparan sulfate biosynthesis results in abnormal diffusion and signalling of IHH and FGFR3 causing increased proliferation and delayed differentiation.

Approximately 1–5% of patients with MO at the age of 30–60 years will eventually develop a secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma.

An osteochondroma cap exceeding 1.5–2 cm in adults is suggestive of malignancy.

The most common location for malignant transformation of an osteochondroma is the pelvis, where large lesions can be difficult to excise completely.

Cells harbouring the wild‐type alleles of
EXT1
and
EXT2
genes are thought to preferentially undergo malignant transformation.

Secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma typically shows chromosome instability with gains and losses and genomic diversity that increases with increasing grade of malignancy. Loss of heterozygosity for the chromosomal bands bearing the
RB1
and
CDKN2A
(
p16INK4a
) tumour suppressor genes is often found.
J
ulius
S
achs (1832–1897)
Authors: Nickelsen Kärin
Published: January 2016

Julius Sachs (1832–1897), ennobled in 1877 to ‘von Sachs’, was a German plant scientist. He was the first botanist to receive his academic habilitation in ‘plant physiology’ and is considered one of the founding fathers of this discipline. From 1868, Sachs was the Director of the Botanical Institute and the Botanical Garden at the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, which became an internationally renowned centre for teaching and research in plant physiology. Sachs is particularly noted for introducing physical instrumentation into the study of plants. He did pioneering work on a broad range of subjects, including plant germination, nutrition, growth and tropism; and he inspired many botanists of the younger generation to consider plant physiology as a subject to pursue.
Face Perception
Authors: Barton Jason JS
Published: January 2016

Face perception is a challenging task, given the richness of information contained in faces, such as identity, expression and age, their dynamic and complex shapes and the subtlety of the differences between faces. Our face expertise shows a marked orientation dependence, being superior for upright faces, and the mechanisms involved process not only facial features but their spatial relationships to each other in a holistic, integrated manner. Cognitive models propose that recognition involves a flow of information through a series of stages, with distinct pathways for different facial properties, such as identity and expression. Anatomically, face processing involve a core face processing network in the occipital and temporal lobes, including the fusiform face area, as well as more extended regions of the brain. Face recognition is impaired in the condition of prosopagnosia, which can be either acquired or developmental. It may also be anomalous in some subjects with autism.

Key Concepts

Many types of information can be gathered through face perception, including the identity, gender, emotional state, age and attractiveness of the person.

The face inversion effect is a marker of an orientation‐dependent perceptual expertise we develop with faces.

The composite face effect and the part–whole advantage are experimental observations that show that we process faces in a holistic manner.

Not all parts of the face are equal in importance: the upper half and the eyes play a greater role in identifying the face.

Cognitive models propose a series of processing stages, with information flowing from perception to memory, and in different streams for identity and expression processing.

Neuroanatomic data show a core face network in the occipital and temporal lobes, more significant in the right side of the brain that interacts with additional regions in frontal and anterior temporal regions.

Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognise the identity of familiar faces, or to learn to recognise new faces.

There is debate about whether the recognition problem in prosopagnosia is limited to faces: some data indicate that identification of other objects for which the patient is also an expert may be affected too.

Prosopagnosia can be developmental, perhaps through a hereditary defect that affects the development of face‐sensitive cortical regions or their connections.

Patients with autism can have difficulty with recognising the identity or expression of faces: some suggest that this is due to their tendency to avoid looking at faces.
Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy: Methods and Applications
Authors: Kremer Anna , Lippens Saskia , Guérin Christopher J
Published: January 2016

Light has its limits, and even in the world of ‘super resolution’ microscopy, many cellular structures and even large protein complexes are not resolvable in the light microscope – although it is ideal for watching living cells and tissues and linking structural changes to functional outcomes. Electron microscopy can yield molecular level resolution but is limited to nonliving samples that have been extensively processed to preserve structure and be visible using electron optics. While it would be ideal to have a single system which provided nanoscale information on living samples, until that day arrives, the obvious answer is to use both light microscopy and electron microscopy as complementary approaches. Localising the same labelled structure in both imaging modalities is known as correlative LM and EM or correlated light and electron microscopy. Various methods and instrumentation are used for correlating data from the same sample imaged using both light and electrons.

Key Concepts

Light microscopes cannot resolve specimens at the nanoscale.

Combining light and electron microscopy can link ultrastructure to function.

For CLEM, exactly the same region of interest (ROI) is imaged in both the light and electron microscope.

3D (volume) electron microscopy can provide spatial information at the nanoscale.

Using special probes, proteins can be located in both light and electron microscopes.
Alternative Splicing and Genome Evolution
Authors: Gamazon Eric R
Published: January 2016

The alternative splicing of pre‐messenger ribonucleic acids is an important mechanism of proteomic diversity and plays a significant role in determining a protein's structure, function and localisation. Because of its ubiquity as a mechanism (affecting most human genes) and its broad functional role (in development and physiology), it is expected to make an important contribution to the evolution of trait complexity. Here, we consider the evolutionary consequences of this key cellular mechanism, which are being uncovered by important developments in genomic technology and methodology.

Key Concepts

Alternative splicing is a key cellular process driving phenotypic diversity and functional innovation.

Gene duplication and other molecular processes can interact with alternative splicing in highly complex ways to drive genome evolution.

Gene regulation, including alternative splicing, is thought to account for the extraordinary divergence in traits between closely related species given the small degree of molecular divergence between orthologous protein sequences.

Nonsense‐mediated decay (with its conserved machinery and targets across large evolutionary time spans) can act as a quality control mechanism on alternative splicing to guard the cell against potentially deleterious gene products.

In studies of the evolutionary landscape of alternative splicing (in multiple tissues across hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary time span), the identity of the species is the primary source of the variability in overall alternative splicing patterns, whereas tissue type is the main source for overall gene expression patterns.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection and habitat occupancy of threatened spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus)
Authors: Boothroyd Margaret , Mandrak Nicholas E. , Fox Michael , Wilson Chris C.
Published: January 2016

Determining the occurrence and site occupancy of rare and endangered species can be challenging, particularly without causing harm or stress to the species of concern.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection was used to assess habitat occupancy by spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), which is federally listed as Threatened in Canada, with known occurrences limited to a small number of locations in southern Ontario.

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were developed to detect spotted gar eDNA, which was detected in all but one previously recorded location. The eDNA method was shown to be more effective than traditional netting for detecting spotted gar habitat use.

The use of qPCR allowed for quantification of substantial variation in detection strength (copy number) among replicate eDNA samples, with implications for establishing sampling designs for detection and surveillance.

The use of eDNA for detection and monitoring of aquatic species of conservation concern shows great potential as a non‐invasive method for assessing species occurrences and habitat occupancy, as well as for informing targeted sampling by conventional capture methods.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network analysis: Understanding consumers' choice in the film industry and predicting pre‐released weekly box‐office revenue
Authors: Yahav Inbal
Published: January 2016

Predicting weekly box‐office demand is an important yet challenging question. For theater exhibitors, such information will enhance negotiation options with distributers, and assist in planning weekly movie portfolio mix. Existing literature focuses on forecasts of pre‐released total gross revenue or on weekly predictions based on first‐weeks observations. This work adds to the literature in modeling the entire demand structure forecasts by utilizing information on movie similarity network. Specifically, we draw upon the assumption that aggregated consumers' choice in the film industry is the main key in understanding movies' demand. Therefore, similar movies, in terms of audience appeal, should yield similar demand structure. In this work, we propose an automated technique that derives measurements of demand structure. We demonstrate that our technique enables to analyze different aspects of demand structure, namely, decay rate, time of first demand peak, per‐screen gross value at peak time, existence of second demand wave, and time on screens. We deploy ideas from variable selection procedures, to investigate the prediction power of similarity network on demand dynamics. We show that not only our models perform significantly better than models that discard the similarity network but are also robust to new sets of box‐office movies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early Entry into Ecology: Authentic Field Research Experiences for High School Youth
Authors: Flowers Susan K. , Beyer Katherine M.
Published: January 2016

Engaging pre‐college youth in authentic field research experiences is important for supporting entrance of young people into the environmental sciences. Here, we describe a model and outcomes for integration of career exploration programs into the research and restoration imperatives of a university field station and a nature reserve. A progression of two partnered programs provide St. Louis area pre‐college youth with field skills and then the opportunity to apply those skills in assistance to scientists on current research projects. The model provides for early entry into the ecological research career pathway for the youth and creates beneficial connection of professional activities to broader impacts outreach for the scientists. Importantly, the model differs from many other ecology outreach efforts because the youth programs are integrated into research rather than operating as separate outreach programs.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Mercury(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of an 18‐Membered NS4‐Macrocycle
Authors: Lee Eunji , Lee Shim Sung
Published: January 2016

An 18‐membered NS4
‐macrocycle was employed, and its complexation behaviors with hard and soft metal ions were investigated. Reactions of L with mercury(II) nitrate and thiocyanate afforded endocyclic mononuclear complexes [Hg(L)(NO3
)2] (1) and [Hg(L)(SCN)2] (2), respectively, with anion coordinations. In the nitrato complex 1, the mercury(II) center is six‐coordinate, being bound to three S donors and one pyridine N atom in L, and the coordination sphere is completed by two monodentate nitrate ions from both sides of the macrocyclic plane adopting a distorted octahedral geometry. The thiocyanato complex 2, which contains two crystallographically independent but almost isostructural complex units is five‐coordinate, being bound to NS2
donors in L and two monodentate thiocyanate ions on the same side of the bound macrocycle unlike 1, adopting a distorted square pyramidal geometry. Reaction of L with CuCl2
 · 2H2O yielded a dark‐green bis(macrocycle) trinuclear complex, [Cu3(L)2
Cl6
] · 0.5CH2Cl2
(3), in which two endocyclic monocopper(II) complex units are linked by an exocyclic one Cu and two bridging Cl atoms. In 3, interestingly, the local coordination environments of the three copper(II) atoms are different, with four, five, or six coordination, adopting a distorted square pyramidal, tetrahedral, or octahedral geometry, respectively. From these results, it is found that the ditopic ligand L reacts with both soft and hard metal‐ion species to give diverse types of endocyclic complexes whose structures are also dependent on the anions used.
Quantum Mechanical Study on the Blue‐Shifting Hydrogen‐Bond between 3‐Aminophenol and CHX3 (X ═ F, Cl)
Authors: Lee So Young , Kang Hyuk
Published: January 2016

Intermolecular bonding between 3‐aminophenol and two halomethanes, namely fluoroform and chloroform, was quantum mechanically investigated. Several low‐energy structures are found, and all geometries within 1 kcal/mol show π‐hydrogen bonds between the aromatic ring and the hydrogen atom of the halomethane. The C—H stretching frequency of halomethane involved in the π‐hydrogen bond is blue‐shifted, and the amount of blue shift is the largest with the most stable isomer and decreases with decreasing stability. Binding energy, infrared intensity, and dipole moment as a function of relative stability are also reported. This study forms another example of a blue‐shifting hydrogen bond, or an anti‐hydrogen bond.
Feasibility of Rapid Classification of Edible Salts by a Compact Low‐Cost Laser‐induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Device
Authors: Park Gisang , Yoo Hyerim , Gong Yongdeuk , Cui Sheng , Nam Sang‐Ho , Ham Kyung‐Sik , Yoo Jonghyun , Han Song‐Hee , Lee Yonghoon
Published: January 2016

We investigated feasibility of a compact, low‐cost, laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) device made up of a Q‐switched, diode‐pumped, solid‐state laser and a nongateable miniature spectrometer for the classification of edible salts. LIBS spectra of edible salts from 12 different geographic origins were obtained by this compact LIBS device. The detection limits of the compact LIBS device for potassium, magnesium, and calcium with effective discrimination power were sufficient to classify the edible salts. The classification model was developed by the multivariate analysis of the LIBS spectra. The comparison of the LIBS results with inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy analysis indicates that the clustering of principal component scores was well dominated by chemical compositions of the salts. The cross‐ and external validations of the classification model showed reasonable performance (98.3 and 87.5% correctness, respectively). Our results indicate that rapid classification of edible salts can be realized by a compact, low‐cost LIBS device.
Characteristic Fluorescence Response of (6‐Hydroxy‐2‐naphthyl)ethenyl Pyridinium Dyes with Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Choi Myung‐Seok , Gupta Ankush , Seo Jung Hwa , Velmathi S. , Wilson James N. , Park Jong S.
Published: January 2016

In this study, we report the efficient identification of proteins using (6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthyl)ethenyl pyridinium dyes (HNEPs). These dyes exhibited characteristic fluorescence responses, showing enhanced fluorescence with a red shift in the case of bovine serum albumin. The nature of the interaction between the dye and the protein was examined using a combination of various spectroscopic techniques. A time‐dependent density functional theory analysis supported the strong environment‐dependent fluorescence emission properties of the dyes. The current investigation clearly demonstrates that a selective optical response HNEPs can find potential usefulness as bio‐sensing probes.
On pH and Ca2+ Oscillations Monitored by pH Electrode and Ca‐ISE in Bromate–Sulfite–Ferrocyanide System Introduced Ca‐EDTA
Authors: Yang Shan , Hou Yu Long , Hu Dao Dao
Published: January 2016

The pH and Ca2+ oscillations of KBrO3–Na2SO3–K4Fe(CN)6 (BSF) system in presence of EDTA or Ca‐EDTA were investigated. Both EDTA and Ca‐EDTA can depress the amplitude and period of pH oscillation, and the effects of Ca‐EDTA are more obvious. These effects are attributed to the buffer effect in pH change. The Ca2+ oscillation appears as Ca‐EDTA introduced into the BSF system, which is ascribed to the stability of Ca‐EDTA being pH‐dependent. The pH and pCa (pCa = −log[Ca2+]) oscillations are synchronous in case of higher concentration of Ca‐EDTA; however, the chaotic behavior emerged in pCa oscillation arises at lower pH as the concentration of Ca‐EDTA is lower. Such observations can be understood by taking into account the interference of H+ on the response of Ca‐ISE to Ca2+. Both amplitude and period for pH and pCa oscillations as KCl introduced into the system can be obviously shortened due to the effect of ion strength on the reaction rate of the core oscillator and on the conditional formation constant of Ca‐EDTA. The results are significant for determining whether an experimentally observed chaos in chemical systems is of deterministic origin or is due to experimental noise.
A Study on Arsenic Speciation in Korean Oyster Samples using Ion Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nam Sang‐Ho , Cui Sheng , Oh Hae‐Joon , Min Hyung‐Sik , Lee Joung Hae
Published: January 2016

The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the different arsenic species in Korean oyster samples was performed to provide the vital information of food safety of the marine sample in terms of the arsenic species. Korean marine samples, oysters, were obtained from nine sites in the western and southern areas of South Korea. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was used to measure the total arsenic. The different arsenic species in the oyster were separated by ion chromatography (IC), and then detected by ICP‐MS. Extraction of arsenic species was performed with the mixed solvent of the methanol:water (3:1). The extraction efficiency of arsenic species (the ratio of total amount of the different arsenic species to the total arsenic in the oyster) for nine oysters was approximately 73–81%. The major arsenic species in the oyster was arsenobetaine, and its concentration in the samples was in the range of 7–16 mg/kg that was more than 90% of the total organic arsenic in the oyster. As(III) was not generally detected while the trace As(V) was detected in most oysters.
How Much Does the Hybridization of a Carbon Atom Affect the Transmission of the Substituent Effect on the Chemical Shift?
Authors: Jeong Eun Jeong , Lee In‐Sook Han
Published: January 2016

1H and
13C NMR spectra of aryl esters of propionic acid, acrylic acid, and propiolic acid were systematically examined to find out the substituent effect on the chemical shift. The values of the chemical shift of the carbonyl carbon showed an inverse correlation with the Hammett σ values, and the magnitude of the slope was the largest with the propiolates. The α carbons of acrylates and propiolates also showed an inverse correlation with much smaller values of the slopes than those of the carbonyl carbons; but those of the propionates showed absolutely no correlation. However, the β carbons of acrylates and propiolates showed normal correlation with larger values of the slopes. The signs and the magnitudes of the slopes may be understood by the transmission of the substituent electronic effect through bonds as well as through space. The propiolyloxy group also showed a significantly large effect on the
13C chemical shift values of the benzene ring.
Crystal Structures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enoyl‐ACP Reductase (FabI) in the Presence and Absence of NAD+ and Triclosan
Authors: Lee Jeong Hye , Park Ae Kyung , Chi Young Min , Jeong Seong Weon
Published: January 2016

Enoyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductases (ENRs) are enzymes involved in the final reduction in the bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS II) pathway. Based on their amino‐acid sequences, ENRs have been classified as FabI, FabK, FabL, and FabV. Among them, FabI is highly conserved among most bacteria and many ligands have been designed and tested for their inhibitory activities against FabI. In this study, we report crystal structures of FabI from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaFabI) in its apo and ternary complex with NAD
+ and triclosan at 2.6 and 1.8 Å resolutions, respectively. Structural comparison with apo and ternary complex indicates that triclosan leads to ordering of the substrate‐binding loop like other previously reported FabI structures. Depending on the conformations of the substrate‐binding loop, there are variations in the binding affinity of FabI and triclosan. PaFabI displays a relatively higher affinity toward triclosan in comparison with other FabIs, and this corresponds to its conformation of the substrate‐binding loop.
Chemical Property Change in a Metal‐Organic Framework by Fluoro Functionality
Authors: Ko Nakeun , Hong Jisu , You Laekyeong , Park Hye Jeong , Yang Jin Kuk , Kim Jaheon
Published: January 2016

A fluorine‐functionalized HKUST‐1 (HKUST‐1‐F) has been synthesized by a solvothermal reaction between copper nitrate and a potassium salt of 2‐fluoro‐1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid (K[H2BTC‐F]). HKUST‐1‐F shows nearly the same crystal structure as that of UHM‐31, a known fluorinated HKUST‐1. Because of its reduced surface area, HKUST‐1‐F takes up smaller amounts of gases (N2
, H2
, CO2
) than UHM‐31 at 1 bar. After a water vapor adsorption measurement at 298 K, HKUST‐1‐F turned into an unknown structure, based on powder X‐ray diffraction analyses. HKUST‐1‐F could be further functionalized with benzylamine in a postsynthetic modification; the nucleophilic replacement of the F atom in BTC‐F with benzylamine in methylene chloride at room temperature took place in a conversion yield of ~38% based on
1H NMR analyses.
Transformation of CuO from Cu‐MOF Templates and Their Enhanced Sensing Performance for HCHO
Authors: Kang Hyuntae , Park Kang Hyun , Lee Hyung‐Kun
Published: January 2016

In this study, porous CuO samples were prepared from Cu‐Metal‐organic frameworks (MOF) templates through thermal decomposition. Four types of porous CuO samples were prepared through different decomposition treatments at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C. The prepared CuO samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction. The CuO prepared at a calcination temperature of 500 °C (CuO‐500), showed outstanding sensing performance in terms of response and response/recovery speed. The micropores in the material provided numerous active sites whereas the mesopores functioned as passages for the HCHO gas molecules. Furthermore, CuO‐500 shows an excellent selectivity to HCHO gas.
Magnetically Separable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Imino Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Basavegowda Nagaraj , Mishra Kanchan , Lee Yong Rok , Joh Young‐Gull
Published: January 2016

Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using Saururus chinensis (S. chinensis) leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent via ultrasonication. The size, morphology, crystallinity, elemental composition, weight loss, surface chemical state, and magnetic properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated. The synthesized nanoparticles were used as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of a variety of 2‐methyl‐4‐substituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline derivatives by the imino Diels–Alder reaction. After the reaction, the catalyst was recovered by an external magnetic field. The recovered catalyst was then reused in a subsequent reaction under identical conditions. The recycled iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were reused five times without any significant loss of catalytic activity.
Electrochemical Properties of Lithium–Sulfur Cells in a Very Wide Range of Sulfur Concentration
Authors: Kim Tae Jeong , Koh Jeong Yoon , Yang Hye Jeong , Jung Yongju
Published: January 2016

This paper examines the influence of the sulfur concentration on the electrochemical properties of Li–S cells over a very wide sulfur concentration range of 1.5 to 14.2 m. The sulfur utilization decreased gradually from 74 to 40% with increasing sulfur concentration in this concentration range. Surprisingly, the Li–S cells successfully operated with a considerable capacity (675 mAh/g) even under an extremely high sulfur concentration of 14.2 m. At a high rate of 5.0 C, the cells with 9.8 and 11.5 m sulfur showed much poorer rate capabilities than those with 2.3 and 5.6 m sulfur. This feature was attributed mainly to the significant ohmic drop and large reaction overpotential due to chemical reactions coupled with the electrode reactions of sulfur and polysulfides. In addition, there was a notable variation in the cycle performance with a change in the sulfur concentration. Interestingly, higher capacity retention was observed in 5.6 and 9.8 m sulfur than in low (2.3 m) and high (11.5 m) sulfur concentrations.
Catalyst‐related Dispersion of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes by Simple Ultrasonication
Authors: Park Suyoung , Kang Hana , Kim Youngkwang , Lee Dongjin , Jin Changhyun
Published: January 2016

Various multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), obtained from three different catalyst‐making processes, were successfully dispersed through control by ultrasonication in a surfactant solution. Diverse MWCNTs exhibited a similar formation of aggregations comprising bundles of adjacent aligned nanostructures, regardless of the catalyst type. In contrast, with regard to the dimension of the MWCNTs, the distinct morphologies were affected by the catalyst type. The dispersion results according to power‐ and time‐dependent ultrasonication corresponded to ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy absorbance spectra between 200 and 800 nm. With the same surfactant concentrations, the maximum dispersion conditions were an ultrasonication power of 450 W for 60 min.
Synthesis and Characterization of Phthalocyaninatosilicon With Bridging Ligands (L) (L = Dimethylsilane, Diphenylsilane, Methylphenylsilane)
Authors: Park Ha Sun , Ryu Haiil , Jang Nak Han
Published: January 2016

Several new types of cofacial compounds of μ‐(dimethylsilane)phthalocyaninatosilicon [PcSi(dms)]
n
, μ‐(diphenyl‐ silane)phthalocyaninatosilicon [PcSi(dps)]
n
, and μ‐(methylphenylsilane)phthalocyaninatosilicon [PcSi(mps)]
n
were synthesized by the reaction of dichlorophthalocyaninatosilicon (PcSiCl2
) with dichlorodimethylsilane, dichlorodiphenylsilane, and dichloromethylphenylsilane in xylene, respectively. The corresponding silane‐bridged phthalocyaninatosilicon compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR),
29Si‐NMR, UV–vis, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The electrical conductivities of the compounds were measured by the four‐probe method, and the bridged phthalocyaninatosilicon compounds without the dopant showed very low electrical conductivity. A clear increase in conductivity, however, was observed for the doped compounds [PcSi(L)Iy]
n
and [PcSi(L)(ClO4
)
y
]
n
, which was found to be in the range σ
RT
 = 10−6–10−3 S/cm with doping (I2
, AgClO4
).
Looking back to inform the future: Lesson learned from survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Armenian Saro H. , Bhatia Smita
Published: January 2016

Long‐term survival is an expected outcome for children diagnosed with retinoblastoma and low‐grade astroglial tumors. Studies examining health‐related outcomes in long‐term survivors of these malignancies can help inform the next‐generation therapeutic studies aimed at decreasing long‐term morbidity without compromising survival.
Mortality in eating disorders ‐ results of a large prospective clinical longitudinal study
Authors: Fichter Manfred Maximilian , Quadflieg Norbert
Published: January 2016

Objective

To report on long‐term mortality in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (ED‐NOS), causes of death, and predictors of early death.

Method

A large sample of consecutively admitted inpatients (N = 5,839) was followed‐up on vital status through the German civil registry office. Of these patients 1,639 were treated for AN, 1,930 for BN, 363 for BED, and 1,907 for ED‐NOS. Data from the main inpatient hospital treatment were applied to bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses on survival time from onset of eating disorder to death or end of observation. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were computed matched for age, gender, and person‐years.

Results

SMR were 5.35 for AN, 1.49 for BN, 1.50 for BED, 2.39 for narrowly defined ED‐NOS, and 1.70 for widely defined ED‐NOS. Patients with AN died earlier than patients with BN, BED, or ED‐NOS who did not differ. A diagnosis of AN, chronicity, later age of onset, not living in a relationship, and an irregular type of discharge from index inpatient treatment were major predictors of a shorter time to death. Suicidality was a univariate predictor of a shorter time to death in BN only. AN patients mostly died from natural causes related to their eating disorder.

Discussion

Mortality in AN is excessive and considerably higher than in BN, BED, and ED‐NOS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:391–401).
Decarbonizing the Global Energy System: An Updated Summary of the IPCC Report on Mitigating Climate Change
Authors: Bruckner Thomas
Published: January 2016

The third volume of the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published in 2104 provides a comprehensive assessment of options for mitigating climate change through limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The entire AR5 serves as the main scientific input for the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris at the end of 2015. The assessment was carried out by Working Group III (WG III) of the IPCC by taking into account literature that has been accepted for publication before October 2013. Meanwhile, important publications were released describing the technical progress made and the recent cost trends seen in the field of low carbon energy supply technologies. On the basis of a brief summary of the energy‐related content of the WG III contribution to AR5, this Essay provides an overview of the latest trends. It further describes the associated implications that should be considered while interpreting the results of IPCC AR5.
Identifying trends in the spatial errors of a regional climate model via clustering
Authors: Berrocal V. J.
Published: January 2016

Since their introduction in 1990, regional climate models (RCMs) have been widely used to study the impact of climate change on human health, ecology, and epidemiology. To ensure that the conclusions of impact studies are well founded, it is necessary to assess the uncertainty in RCMs. This is not an easy task because two major sources of uncertainties can undermine an RCM: uncertainty in the boundary conditions needed to initialize the model and uncertainty in the model itself. Using climate data for Southern Sweden over 45 years, in this paper, we present a statistical modeling framework to assess an RCM driven by analyses. More specifically, our scientific interest here is determining whether there exist time periods during which the RCM in consideration displays the same type of spatial discrepancies from the observations. The proposed model can be seen as an exploratory tool for atmospheric modelers to identify time periods that require a further in‐depth examination. Focusing on seasonal average temperature, our model relates the corresponding observed seasonal fields to the RCM output via a hierarchical Bayesian statistical model that includes a spatio‐temporal calibration term. The latter, which represents the spatial error of the RCM, is in turn provided with a Dirichlet process prior, enabling clustering of the errors in time. We apply our modeling framework to data from Southern Sweden spanning the period 1 December 1962 to 30 November 2007, revealing intriguing tendencies with respect to the RCM spatial errors of seasonal average temperature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges to the representation of suspended sediment transfer using a depth‐averaged flux
Authors: Cheng Chen , Huang Huiming , Liu Chengyan , Jiang Weimin
Published: January 2016

The sediment saturation recovery process (i.e. the adaptation of suspended sediment concentration [SSC] to local forcing) is the main feature of the non‐equilibrium suspended sediment transport (SST) frequently occurring in fluvial, estuarine and coastal waters. In order to quantitatively describe this phenomenon, a series solution is analytically derived, including the evolution of both vertical SSC profile and near‐bed sediment flux (NBSF), and is verified by net erosion and net deposition experiments, respectively. The results suggest that the sediment saturation recovery process involves vertically varying fluxes that are not represented correctly by depth‐averaging. Consequently, a vertical two‐dimensional (2D) combined scheme is established and applied respectively in to a dredged trench and to a sand wave feature to demonstrate this argument. By analyzing the variations of the calculated depth‐averaged SSC and NBSF we reveal that the equilibrium state presented by the sediment carrying capacity (SCC) form of the NBSF, which is usually applied in depth‐integrated SST models, lags behind the actual dynamic bed equilibrium state. Moreover, the key factor α, the so‐called saturation recovery coefficient within this form, is not only a function of local Rouse number but also is influenced by the local SSC profile. Finally, a three‐dimensional (3D) non‐orthogonal curvilinear body‐fitted SST model is developed and validated in the Yangtze estuary, China, combined with the in situ hourly hydrographic data from August 14–15, 2007 during spring tide in the wet season. Model results confirm that the vertically varying sediment saturation recovery process, the discrepancies between the actual and SCC form of NBSF and non‐constant value of α are significant in actual real geomorphic cases. The quantitative morphological change resulting from variations in environmental conditions may not be correctly represented by uncorrected depth‐integrated SST models if they do not treat the effects of vertical motion on the sediment saturation recovery process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of radio frequency heating on nutritional quality and protein solubility of corn
Authors: Hassan Amro B. , Pawelzik Elke , von Hoersten Dieter
Published: January 2016

Abstact

In this study, radio frequency heat treatment at varying temperatures (50, 55, and 60°C) was applied to investigate its impact on the nutritional quality and protein solubility of corn. The nutritive value was measured in terms of crude protein content, in vitro protein digestibility, bioavailability of Fe and Ca, and antinutritional factors, tannins and total polyphenols contents. No significant change in total and digestible protein of corn flour was observed after treatments. On the other hand, the availability of Ca and Fe was significantly increased, whereas the antinutritional factors, tannins and total polyphenols contents were decreased after radio frequency heating. Moreover, protein solubility was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in treated corn than in control sample. Regarding these results, radio frequency heating at controlled temperature up to 60°C might be used as postharvest method to enhance the nutritional quality of corn.
2016 to Be Litigation‐Heavy, as the Obama EPA Wraps Up Its Air Agenda
Authors: McGuffey Carroll W. “Mack”
Published: January 2016

As promised, 2015 was a year of final air quality regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) filled the pages of the Federal Register with the final and effective versions of the rules it proposed in 2014. Given the controversial nature of those rules, 2016 will be a year of heavy litigation, as states, industries, environmentalists, and the EPA clash in federal court over whether the many new regulations are legal.
A lower Viséan (Carboniferous) brachiopod fauna from the eastern Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, and its palaeobiogeographical implications
Authors: Qiao Li , Falahatgar Mostafa , Shen Shu‐Zhong
Published: January 2016

The brachiopods from the upper part of the Mobarak Formation at the Kiyasar section in the eastern Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, have been studied in detail. Fifteen species assigned to 13 genera of Strophomenida, Orthotetida, Orthida, Productida, Athyridida and Spiriferida are described. The fauna is determined as early Viséan in age based on the presence of Eomarginifera paucispinosa, Grandispirifer mylkensis and Unispirifer sp., and their associated foraminifers Uralodiscus, Paraarchaediscus, Glomodiscus and Endothyra, though taxa ranging through the Tournaisian–Viséan are also present. A comparison of its palaeogeographical affinities with other faunas show that the Alborz brachiopod fauna maintains strong Palaeotethyan affinities based on its general similarities with those of Eurasia, North America and Australia. This is suggestive of a prevailing oceanic current that circulated between the northern and southern shelf sea of the Palaeotethys Ocean, with which the warm‐water brachiopod taxa were widespread in the Palaeotethyan Realm through the early Viséan. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.