bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors related to primary cancer death and non‐primary cancer death in patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for pulmonary oligometastases
Authors: Yamamoto Takaya , Niibe Yuzuru , Matsumoto Yasuo , Aoki Masahiko , Oh Ryoong‐Jin , Ozaki Masatoki , Kobayashi Mitsuru , Manabe Yoshihiko , Shintani Takashi , Dekura Yasuhiro , Onishi Hiroshi , Yamashita Hideomi , Jingu Keiichi
Published: October 2020

Cancer‐specific death (CSD) and non‐cancer‐specific death (non‐CSD) after stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for pulmonary oligometastases have not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative incidences of CSD and non‐CSD and to reveal prognostic factors. Data from a large survey of SBRT for pulmonary oligometastases were used for analyses, and patients with unknown cause of death were excluded from current analyses. CSD was primary cancer death and non‐CSD was non‐primary cancer death including a series of cancer treatment‐related deaths. Cumulative incidences were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method and a stratified Cox regression model was used for multivariate analyses (MVA). Fifty‐two patients with an unknown death were excluded and a total of 1326 patients was selected. CSD and non‐CSD occurred in 375 and 109 patients, respectively. The median OS period was 53.2 months and the cumulative incidences of 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year CSD vs. non‐CSD rates were 6.5% vs. 2.3%, 29.5% vs. 8.6%, and 41.2% vs. 11.0%, respectively. In MVA, the incidence of CSD was related to performance status (1 vs. 0; p < 0.001, 2–3 vs. 0; p = 0.011), oligometastatic state (sync‐oligometastases vs. oligo‐recurrence, p = 0.026) and maximum tumor diameter (p = 0.009), and the incidence of non‐CSD was related to age (p = 0.001), sex (p = 0.030), performance status (2–3 vs. 0; p = 0.002), and irradiated tumor‐located lung lobe (left lower lobe vs. other lobes, p = 0.036). CSD was main cause of death, but non‐CSD was not rare after SBRT. Prognostic factors for CSD and non‐CSD were different, and an understanding of the factors would help in treatment.
Two New Isomeric Andrographolides with Anti‐Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Liu Difa , Wang Zhangwei , Liu Yaoqi , Zhang Yi , Guo Eryan , He Mingzhen , Liu Junshan , Deng Shuangbing , Ye Wencai , Xie Ning
Published: October 2020

Two novel epimerized andrographolides, 8,17‐dihydro‐7,8‐dehydroandrographolide and 10β‐8,17‐dihydro‐7,8‐dehydroandrographolide, were isolated from andrographolide sulfonates. Their structures were elucidated by detailed NMR analysis, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and quantum chemical ECD calculations. In addition, these compounds exhibited suppression of NO production in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells over the range of 1.564 to 25.000 μg/mL.
Helping siblings of children with behavioral health disorders weather the COVID‐19 storm
Authors: Plante Wendy
Published: October 2020

In the United States, there are over 4.5 million people who have special health, developmental, or behavioral health concerns. Most of these people have typically developing, relatively healthy brothers and sisters. Over recent decades, more attention has been paid to these siblings in clinical settings, schools, and research studies. Siblings are both impacted by and have an impact on their brothers' and sisters' conditions. While a range of positive and negative effects have been reported for siblings, we know that they are at greater risk for developing academic, emotional, and behavioral problems than siblings of typically developing, healthy children.
Impact of individual stroke risk on outcome after Amplatzer left atrial appendage closure in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Häner Jonas D. , Fürholz Monika , Kleinecke Caroline , Galea Roberto , Streit Samuel R. , Fankhauser Mate , Cherni Takwa , Valgimigli Marco , Windecker Stephan , Meier Bernhard , Gloekler Steffen
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To investigate periprocedural and long‐term outcome of left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) using Amplatzer occluders with respect to individual pre‐procedural stroke risk.

Background

LAAC is a proven strategy for prevention from stroke and bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation not amenable to oral anticoagulation. Whether individual pre‐procedural stroke risk may affect procedural and long‐term clinical outcome after LAAC is unclear.

Methods

Multicenter study of consecutive patients who underwent Amplatzer‐LAAC. Using pre‐procedural CHADS2 score, outcomes were compared between a low (0–2 points) and a high stroke risk group (3–6 points).

Results

Five hundred consecutive patients (73.9 ± 10.1 years) who underwent Amplatzer‐LAAC. Two hundred and forty eight had preprocedural CHADS2 score ≤ 2 points (low‐risk group) and the remaining 252 patients had 3–6 points (high‐risk group). Periprocedural complication rates (6.0% vs. 5.6%, p = .85), procedural success (LAAC without major periprocedural or device‐related complications or major para‐device leaks: 89.4% vs. 87.9%, p = .74), and 30‐day‐mortality (2.4% vs. 2.6%, p = .77) were comparable. After 1,346 patient‐years (PY), the long‐term composite efficacy endpoint (stroke, systemic embolism, cardiovascular, and unexplained death) was reached in 23/653 (3.5/100 PY) versus 52/693 (7.5/100 PY); HR = 2.13; 95%‐CI, 1.28–3.65, p = .002) with stroke rates 67% and 68% lower than anticipated by preprocedural CHADS2 score. Combined safety endpoint (major periprocedural complications and major, life‐threatening or fatal bleedings) occurred in 22/653 (3.4/100 PY) versus 28/693 (4.0/100 PY); HR = 1.20; 95%‐CI, 0.66–2.20, p = .52).

Conclusions

Compared with patients at low risk of stroke, LAAC with Amplatzer devices is associated with similar safety and efficacy in high‐risk patients in our study.
Electrochemistry‐Based Light‐Emitting Mobile Systems
Authors: Salinas Gerardo , Pavel Ileana‐Alexandra , Sojic Neso , Kuhn Alexander
Published: October 2020

Light‐emitting mobile systems are presented as an important concept for direct visualization and tracking of active objects. Motion or light emission can be achieved by different electrochemical mechanisms. Various devices, that generate light by fluorescence, (electro)chemiluminescence or via light emitting diodes are shown to be an interesting alternative for the detection or release of target molecules, providing straightforward optical imaging. This review summarizes and discusses the recent advances with respect to the design and the potential applications of such original systems.
Vacancy‐Induced Oxygen Reduction Activity in Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Meng Yanan , Gao Yan , Li Kai , Tang Hao , Wang Ying , Wu Zhijian
Published: October 2020

In the past few years, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted extensive attention in the development of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. Herein, a new family of TMDs, Janus TMDs, as ORR catalyst has been investigated by employing the density functional methods. Our results indicated that the pristine Janus TMDs (MoXY, X, Y=S, Se, Te; X≠Y) and MoXY with X vacancy have poor ORR activity. In contrast, MoXY with Mo vacancy, i. e., MoXY‐SV‐Mo are good ORR catalysts due to the moderate adsorption strength of the ORR intermediates. In particular, MoSeS‐SV‐Mo possess the highest ORR activity with a low overpotential of 0.51 V. In addition, the ORR activity is slightly improved under tensile strain, while the compressive strain reduces the ORR activity. These results demonstrated that creating Mo vacancy in MoXY can modulate the ORR activity of Janus TMDs effectively.
Laser‐induced modification and external pressureless joining Na2FeP2O7 on solid electrolyte
Authors: Hiratsuka Masafumi , Honma Tsuyoshi , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: October 2020

Na2FeP2O7 (NFP) ceramics show potential application as the active material for sodium ion batteries. In this study, NFP ceramics were irradiated with infrared laser light with a wavelength of 1 µm. Fe2+ ions allowing local heating and resulting in instantaneous melting and rapid cooling for glass formation. The results of differential thermal analysis and X‐ray diffraction suggest that the laser‐irradiated part is vitrified and that rapid cooling is achieved to prevent recrystallization. It was possible to form a molten pattern withan output of 0.22 W and a scanning rate of up to 3mm/s of laser light. Irradiation of laser light on NFP powder on NASICON‐type Na3Zr2Si2PO12 solid electrolyte ceramic enabled the formation of a dense glassy NFP phase of several tenth‐micrometer depths on solid electrolyte ceramic. This technique is a promising process mainly for developing an oxide‐based all‐solid‐state battery because the contact interface can form instantaneously without external mechanical pressure.
Iminophosphorano‐Substituted Bispyridinylidenes: Redox Potentials and Substituent Constants from Tolman Electronic Parameters
Authors: Richard Nicholas A. , Khor Chun Keat , Hetherington Sydney M. , Mills Scott L. , Decken Andreas , Dyker C. Adam
Published: October 2020

Bispyridinylidenes (BPYs) have emerged as an important class of neutral organic electron donors, with redox potentials that vary widely with choice of substituent. Methods to predict the effect of substitution on the redox potential are therefore highly desirable. Here we show that the redox potential of BPYs featuring iminophosphorano substituents (R3P=N‐), which represent the most reducing class of BPYs, can be predicted based on the well‐known Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) for the respective phosphine fragment (R3P). Moreover, building on earlier work relating redox potentials to Hammett‐type substituent constants, it is now possible to quantitatively predict σp+values for iminophosphorano substituents from TEP values. These results provide a path for precisely tailoring redox potentials of iminophosphorano‐substituted BPYs, but also give quantitative descriptors for how these highly versatile iminophosphorano substituents can impact the properties of any molecular scaffold.
A Switchable Catalyst Duo for Acyl Transfer Proximity Catalysis and Regulation of Substrate Selectivity
Authors: Goswami Abir , Gaikwad Sudhakar , Schmittel Michael
Published: October 2020

Enzymes are encoded with a gamut of information to catalyze a highly selective transformation by selecting the proper reactants from an intricate mixture of constituents. Mimicking biological machinery, two switchable catalysts with differently sized cavities and allosteric control are conceived that allow complementary size‐selective acyl transfer in an on/off manner by modulating the effective local concentration of the substrates. Selective activation of one of two catalysts in a mixture of reactants of similar reactivity enabled upregulation of the desired product.
The Potential of Hybrid Mechanistic/Data‐Driven Approaches for Reduced Dynamic Modeling: Application to Distillation Columns
Authors: Schäfer Pascal , Caspari Adrian , Schweidtmann Artur M. , Vaupel Yannic , Mhamdi Adel , Mitsos Alexander
Published: October 2020

Extensive literature has considered reduced, but still highly accurate, nonlinear dynamic process models, particularly for distillation columns. Nevertheless, there is a need for continuing research in this field. Herein, opportunities from the integration of machine learning into existing reduction approaches are discussed. First, key concepts for dynamic model reduction and their limitations are briefly reviewed. Afterwards, promising model structures for reduced hybrid mechanistic/data‐driven models are outlined. Finally, crucial future challenges as well as promising research perspectives are presented.
Wasser – eine Anomalie in Experimenten
Authors: Luerßen Bjoern , Barth Heiko , Ries Marc , Hamscher Gerd , Over Herbert
Published: October 2020

Wasser zeigt trotz der Kleinheit und Einfachheit seiner molekularen Einheit H2O eine große Vielfalt von ungewöhnlichen physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften, die durch die Polarität von H2O und die Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen bedingt sind. Die anomalen Eigenschaften fangen bei der ungewöhnlich hohen Siede‐ beziehungsweise Schmelztemperatur an, so dass Wasser auf der Erde in allen drei Aggregatzuständen natürlich vorkommt. Ohne flüssiges Wasser wäre Leben auf der Erde unvorstellbar. Mit ausgesuchten Experimenten nähern wir uns einigen der anomalen Eigenschaften von Wasser an wie etwa der erhöhten Wärmekapazität und ‐leitfähigkeit, dem Dichtemaximum des Wassers bei 4 °C, der Volumenvergrößerung beim Phasenübergang Flüssig/Fest und vielem mehr. Für die belebte Natur sind die Löslichkeitseigenschaften von Wasser von besonderer Bedeutung. Die Löslichkeit von polaren Stoffen in flüssigem Wasser ist aber Fluch und Segen zugleich bei der Trinkwassergewinnung und ‐aufreinigung. So ist der Eintrag von Nitrat ins Grundwasser durch Überdüngung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen ein ernstes Problem, das Vorsorge statt Nachsorge erfordert.
Smartglasses im Labor
Authors: Marquard Daniel , Porr Marc , Lange Ferdinand , Austerjost Jonas , Beutel Sascha
Published: October 2020

Schutzbrillen müssen im Labor getragen werden, also warum diesen nicht einen Mehrwert geben? Der Vorteil an Smartglasses ist, dass der Träger digitale Informationen direkt im Sichtfeld eingeblendet bekommt, über Sprachkommandos durch diese navigieren kann und trotzdem beide Hände für die eigentliche Arbeit frei hat. Diese Stärke kommt bei der Durchführung von digitalen Workflows, dem Einsatz von wissenschaftlichen Apps und der Remote Maintenance besonders zum Tragen. Aktuell werden Smartglasses nur für Spezialanwendungen im Labor eingesetzt, die zeitlich begrenzt sind. Bevor ein flächendeckender Einsatz von Smartglasses möglich ist, müssen erst noch rechtliche und medizinische Fragestellungen geklärt werden. Um einen ganztägigen Einsatz im Labor zu ermöglichen, müssen sich Technologie und Tragekomfort der Smartglasses noch verbessern. Insbesondere in den voll digitalisierten Laboren, welche in der Zukunft entstehen werden, können Smartglasses ein sehr wertvolles und mächtiges Werkzeug für die tägliche Laborarbeit werden.
Optimization of medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 from co‐metabolism of glycerol and octanoate
Authors: Li Ying , Yang Songyuan , Jin Dayao , Jia Xiaoqiang
Published: October 2020

In this study, the co‐metabolism of glycerol and octanoate by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 significantly increased the production of medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl‐PHA). This was achieved through optimization of various parameters such as substrate concentration, nitrogen concentration, and other mixing conditions related to dissolved oxygen level. Experiments were performed in shake flasks and 5 L fermenter with findings assessed through single factor analysis and response surface methodology. The optimal concentration of substrates to improve mcl‐PHA production were determined to be 40 g glycerol/L, 12.23 g octanoate/L, and 1 g (NH4)2SO4/L. Indirect regulation of dissolved oxygen was achieved by controlling the mixing conditions such as the initial medium volume (50 mL) (shake flask experiment), agitation speed (500 rpm), and aeration rate (10 L/minutes) (fermenter experiment). Optimized process parameters resulted in an mcl‐PHA titer of 8.47 g/L, which was significantly higher than that observed under un‐optimized conditions (3.95 g/L). The response surface method can be efficiently used to determine the optimal level of several factors related to mcl‐PHA production.
A new method to determine the QRS axis—QRS axis determination
Authors: Gao Qijun , Dai Zhiguo , Hu Yingfu , Bie Fang , Yang Bo
Published: October 2020

Background

The development of a perfect method for determining the mean QRS axis (ÂQRS) is still lacking.

Hypothesis

We proposed a new simple method, whether this method is accurate is unknown.

Methods

The axis perpendicular to the mean QRS axis (P‐ÂQRS) divides six limb leads into two groups. All the leads that are in the range of 180° along the ÂQRS are positive, while all the leads in another 180° are negative, one lead is isodiphasic if it is on the P‐ÂQRS. If no lead is isodiphasic, then the P‐ÂQRS is located in the middle of two adjacent leads, which can help us determine the P‐ÂQRS. The six limb leads that fall in the range of −30° to 120° are as follows: aVL (−30°), I (0°), −aVR (30°), II (60°), aVF (90°), and III (120°). We can check an external lead (aVL or III) first. For example, if lead III is isodiphasic and lead aVF is positive, the P‐ÂQRS is 120°; if lead III is negative and lead aVF is positive, then the P‐ÂQRS is 105°. If more than one lead is negative, all such leads can be checked individually until a positive or isodiphasic lead is found. The ÂQRS can be easily decided once we know the P‐ÂQRS. In total, 200 recorded ECGs were investigated. We obtained the ÂQRS from our new method, computer interpretations, and a standard bipolar method. The Pearson correlation coefficient and Bland‐Altman analysis were performed.

Results

The mean and SDs were remarkably similar, the correlation coefficient between the P‐ÂQRS method and the bipolar method was 0.976 (P < .001). Mean bias (Bland‐Altman limits of agreement) between the two methods was 0.885 (−12.37 to 14.14).

Conclusion

The new method is simple and is able to assess the mean QRS axis accurately.
A Phase 1 Dose‐Escalation Study of Low‐Dose Metronomic Treatment With Novel Oral Paclitaxel Formulations in Combination With Ritonavir in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: de Weger Vincent A. , Vermunt Marit A.C. , Stuurman Frederik E. , Burylo Artur M. , Damoiseaux David , Hendrikx Jeroen J.M.A. , Sawicki Emilia , Moes Johannes J. , Huitema Alwin D.R. , Nuijen Bastiaan , Rosing Hilde , Mergui‐Roelvink Marja , Beijnen Jos H. , Marchetti Serena
Published: October 2020

ModraPac001 (MP1) and ModraPac005 (MP5) are novel oral paclitaxel formulations that are coadministered with the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir (r), enabling daily low‐dose metronomic (LDM) treatment. The primary aim of this study was to determine the safety, pharmacokinetics and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of MP1/r and MP5/r. The second aim was to establish the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) as LDM treatment. This was an open‐label phase 1 trial. Patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled according to a classical 3+3 design. After initial employment of the MP1 capsule, the MP5 tablet was introduced. Safety was assessed using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.02. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on days 1, 2, 8, and 22 for determination of paclitaxel and ritonavir plasma concentrations. In this study, 37 patients were treated with up to twice‐daily 30‐mg paclitaxel combined with twice‐daily 100‐mg ritonavir (MP5/r 30‐30/100‐100) in 9 dose levels. Dose‐limiting toxicities were nausea, (febrile) neutropenia, dehydration and vomiting. At the MTD/RP2D of MP5/r 20‐20/100‐100, the maximum paclitaxel plasma concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve until 24 hours were 34.6 ng/mL (coefficient of variation, 79%) and 255 ng • h/mL (coefficient of variation, 62%), respectively. Stable disease was observed as best response in 15 of 31 evaluable patients. Based on these results, LDM therapy with oral paclitaxel coadministrated with ritonavir was considered feasible and safe. The MTD and RP2D were determined as MP5/r 20‐20/100‐100. Further clinical development of MP5/r as an LDM concept, including potential combination treatment, is warranted.
A Systematic Assessment of US Food and Drug Administration Dosing Recommendations For Drug Development Programs Amenable to Response‐Guided Titration
Authors: Wang Lingshan , Maxfield Kimberly , Guinn Daphne , Madabushi Rajanikanth , Zineh Issam , Schuck Robert N.
Published: October 2020

A key goal in drug development is optimized dosing for patients. Interactions between drug developers and regulatory scientists throughout development are important for the optimization of dosing and serve as a forum to discuss approaches for optimal dosing, such as precision or individualized dosing. To date, there has not been a systematic assessment of the advice provided by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to drug developers from an individualized dosing perspective. Here, we reviewed FDA recommendations on dose selection for efficacy trials at end‐of‐phase meetings between the FDA and drug developers for 76 new molecular entities approved between 2013 and 2017 that are considered amenable for an individualized dosing method, response‐guided titration. Forty FDA dosing recommendations were identified as specific to dose selection and design of the respective efficacy trials and subsequently: (i) characterized based on if they were supportive of individualized dosing and (ii) compared with dosing regimens used in efficacy trials and labeling at approval to evaluate if FDA recommendations were implemented. Of these 40 recommendations for efficacy trials, 35 (88%) were considered supportive of individualized dosing. Eighteen of these 40 recommendations (45%) were incorporated into efficacy trials and 11 (28%) were incorporated into labeling. This research suggests that early FDA‐sponsor interactions can support the study of doses in efficacy trials that may lead to individualized dosing strategies in labeling.
Examining the relationship between agronomic performance and fiber quality in ten cotton breeding populations
Authors: Campbell B. Todd
Published: October 2020

Future cotton production systems need improved fiber quality to meet global market demands and provide the textile industry with high‐quality fiber. To achieve this, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) breeding programs must develop cultivars that overcome the negative relationship between agronomic performance and fiber quality. Since 1935, the USDA‐ARS Pee Dee germplasm enhancement program has prioritized improving fiber quality while also maintaining or enhancing agronomic performance. Along with a number of other breeding programs, the Pee Dee program documented that the negative relationship between agronomic performance and fiber quality is most often caused by genetic linkage. Several of these breeding programs have demonstrated that the negative genetic linkage can be overcome. In this study, we test the hypothesis that three Pee Dee germplasm lines previously identified as rare recombinants can generate populations with a decreased negative relationship between agronomic performance and fiber quality. The results suggest that two of the three Pee Dee germplasm lines generate populations with a decreased negative relationship and presumably transmit beneficial allelic combinations for lint percent and fiber quality traits in coupling phase linkage with one another or fixed in offspring.
The relationship between integrated reporting and corporate environmental performance: A green trial
Authors: Omran Mohammed S. Y. , Zaid Mohammad A. A. , Dwekat Aladdin
Published: October 2020

Integrated reporting is a fairly recent phenomenon in the corporate reporting realm. Its dawn marks a new age of corporate reporting where financial and non‐financial information and their interrelation create an integrated and holistic approach for telling a value creation story. In tandem with this transformation, business sustainability in general and environmental performance, in particular, are also gaining prominence in the corporate landscape. This scholarly article investigates the relationship between integrated reporting and corporate environmental performance. A panel‐data is used to carry out the study using a sample of 110 firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock exchange for the years 2014–2018, where Integrated Reporting was first mandated. The empirical results are robust and consistent with our predictions in that integrated reporting is found positively associated with corporate environmental performance. Our findings pave the way for a new stream of literature on the transformation and the connectivity functions of integrated reporting.
A Combined Experimental–Theoretical Study on Diels‐Alder Reaction with Bio‐Based Furfural: Towards Renewable Aromatics
Authors: van Scodeller I , De Oliveira Vigier Karine , Muller Eric , Ma Changru , Guégan Frédéric , Wischert Raphael , Jérôme François
Published: October 2020

The synthesis of relevant renewable aromatics from bio‐based furfural derivatives and cheap alkenes is carried out by using a Diels‐Alder/aromatization sequence. The prediction and the control of the ortho/meta selectivity in the Diels‐Alder step is an important issue to pave the way to a wide range of renewable aromatics, but it remains a challenging task. A combined experimental‐theoretical approach reveals that, as a general trend, ortho and meta cycloadducts are the kinetic and thermodynamic products, respectively. The nature of substituents, both on the dienes and dienophiles, significantly impacts the feasibility of the reaction, through a modulation on the nucleo‐ and electrophilicity of the reagents, as well as the ortho/meta ratio. We show that the ortho/meta selectivity at the reaction equilibrium stems from a subtle interplay between charge interactions, favoring the ortho products, and steric interactions, favoring the meta isomers. This work also points towards a path to optimize the aromatization step.
First evidence of wasp brood development inside active nests of a termite with the description of a previously unknown potter wasp species
Authors: Hugo Helder , Hermes Marcel G. , Garcete‐Barrett Bolívar R. , Couzin Iain D.
Published: October 2020

Potter wasps (Vespidae: Eumeninae) are known to exhibit not only sophisticated preying strategies but also a remarkable ability to manipulate clay during nest building. Due to a mixture of plasticity in building behavior and flexibility in substrate preferences during nest building, the group has been reported nesting in a variety of places, including decaying nests abandoned by termite species. Yet, evidence of wasps nesting inside senescent termite mounds is poorly reported, and to date, accounts confirming their presence inside active colonies of termites are absent. Here, we address a novel intriguing association between two species from the Brazilian Cerrado: a previously unknown potter wasp (nest invader) and a termite species (nest builder). Besides scientifically describing Montezumia termitophila sp. nov. (Vespidae: Eumeninae), named after its association with the termite Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Silvestri, 1901) (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), we provide preliminary information about the new species' bionomics by including (a) a hypothetical life cycle based on the evidence we collected and (b) a footage showing the first interaction between a recently ecloded wasp and a group of termites. In doing so, we attempt to provoke relevant discussions in the field and, perhaps, motivate further studies with the group. Finally, we describe a solution to efficiently detect and sample termitophilous species from termite nests, an intrinsic yet challenging task of any studies dealing with such a cryptic biological system.
MDMA Electrochemical Determination and Behavior at Carbon Screen‐printed Electrodes: Cheap Tools for Forensic Applications
Authors: Murilo Alves Gustavo , Soares Castro Alex , McCord Bruce Royston , de Oliveira Marcelo Firmino
Published: October 2020

This article describes a method that uses Carbon Screen‐printed Electrodes (C‐SPEs) to detect 3,4 – methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA) by Linear Sweep Voltammetry in aqueous medium. Major parameters of this technique were evaluated aiming improve the method sensibility. Amines interference were conducted in order to verify disturbs at the MDMA response. The method obtained a linear response from 1×10−5 mol L−1 to 1×10−4 mol L−1 with linear correlation coefficient of 0.996, Amperometric Sensitivity (AS) of 0.025 A×mol−1 L, Limit of Detection (LOD) of 1,83×10−6 mol L−1, and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 6,11×10−6 mol L−1. The method applicability, reproducibility and reproducibility were carried over inter/intra days tests and its application on seized samples.
Interphases Formation and Analysis at the Lithium–Aluminum–Titanium–Phosphate (LATP) and Lithium–Manganese Oxide Spinel (LMO) Interface during High‐Temperature Bonding
Authors: Levit Or , Xu Pengyu , Shvartsev Boris , Avioz Cohen Gal , Stanciu Lia , Tsur Yoed , Ein-Eli Yair
Published: October 2020

In this study, fabrication processes of solid electrolyte/cathode interfaces for their use in next‐generation all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion battery (LIB) applications are described. Standard lithium–aluminum–titanium–phosphate (LATP) solid electrolyte and lithium–manganese oxide (LMO) spinel cathode ceramic half cells are assembled using two all‐solid‐state methods: a) co‐sintering the cathode and electrolyte materials via field‐assisted sintering and b) field‐assisted high‐temperature bonding. The morphology and composition of the interfaces are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). This study reveals that the formation of interphases can be significantly decreased by separately performing the densification and joining procedures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is applied to understand and determine the effect of the manufactured interfaces on the system conductivity. Based on the results, it is concluded that the high‐temperature bonding technique appears to be a suitable technique for future production of all‐solid‐state LIBs.
Conflict in decision making and variation in public administration outcomes in Italy during the COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Malandrino Anna , Demichelis Elena
Published: October 2020

Italy has been heavily affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. National and subnational authorities have introduced several measures to tackle the resulting crisis, including social distancing and restrictions on economic activities. However, as we will show in this contribution, such measures have sometimes resulted in uncertainty concerning the allocation of decision making powers along the central–local government continuum and regarding the exercise of administrative tasks by public authorities, thus producing conflict and variation within the policymaking and policy‐delivery processes in Italy. To show this, we review the relevant events that occurred during the pandemic in the country in light both of the literature on centralization and discretion and of the principles shaping the Italian legal system. Our analysis, based on a dialogue between political science and public law, allows us to read the Italian case as a mix of inadequate institutional coordination and insufficient and unclear central guidelines which ultimately produced uncertainty, which together had a direct impact on policymakers, policy‐deliverers, and citizens in general.
Are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms stable irrespective of recovery from eating disorders? A 1‐year follow‐up of adult females
Authors: Svedlund Nils Erik , Norring Claes , Ginsberg Ylva , von Hausswolff‐Juhlin Yvonne
Published: October 2020

Objective

To explore the influence of recovery from eating disorders (ED) at 1‐year follow‐up on self‐reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in an unselected group of patients in a specialized ED clinic.

Methods

Four hundred and eight adult females with an ED were assessed with the World Health Organization adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale‐Screener, and for comorbid psychiatric symptoms at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. Recovery was registered at follow‐up.

Results

ADHD symptoms decreased between baseline and follow‐up in recovered patients treated for bulimic ED. In not recovered patients, ADHD symptoms were stable. Decreased depressive symptoms were associated to decreased ADHD symptoms at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Bulimic ED and ADHD are linked together. This link, although not known in every detail, has clinical implications with possible value for bulimic ED patients. Clinical studies exploring implementation of ADHD treatment strategies for Bulimia Nervosa are recommended.
Modeling the effect of saltation on surface layer turbulence
Authors: Huang Hao‐Jie
Published: October 2020

Particle–turbulence interaction has been a research focus in the field of pneumatic transport, especially in aeolian environments. However, knowledge regarding the effect of saltating particles on the turbulence characteristics is very limited. In this article, a process of sand‐laden flow from forming sand streamers to stability is investigated via a coupled mathematical model of wind‐blown sand that includes the spatiotemporal development. The variations in the turbulence characteristics, such as the mean velocity and turbulence intensity in clean air or sand‐laden flow field, are analyzed. The results show that the splash process of sand grains near the wall decrease the wind speed in the saltation layer and destroy the low‐speed streaks. Moreover, the profiles of streamwise turbulence intensity exhibit a transition from ‘decreasing’ to ‘increasing’ and approximately intersect at an ‘intensity focus’, which is presented for the first time. Furthermore, it was found that saltating particles could enhance the Reynolds stress. Meanwhile, it was also noticed that the shear stress at the wall surface is greater than the impact threshold and that there is a tendency towards the impact threshold. Therefore, saltation makes the particle Reynolds number of sand‐laden flow higher than that under non‐saltation conditions, thus changing the particles’ effect on the turbulence intensity. Gravity‐dominated saltation is probably the most essential difference between wind‐blown sand and other traditional two‐phase flows. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Is This Thing Called a Mechanism? Findings From a Review of Realist Evaluations
Authors: Lemire Sebastian , Kwako Alexander , Nielsen Steffen B. , Christie Christina A. , Donaldson Stewart I. , Leeuw Frans L.
Published: October 2020

Realist evaluation has, over the past two decades, become a widely used approach in evaluation. The cornerstone of realist evaluation is to answer the question: What works, for whom, under what circumstances, and why. This is accomplished by explicating the causal mechanisms that, within a particular context, generate the outcomes of interest. Despite the central role of mechanisms in realist evaluation, systematic knowledge about how the term mechanism is conceptualized and operationalized is limited. The aim of the present chapter is to examine how mechanisms are defined and applied in realist evaluations. Informed by the findings of the review, further conceptual and practical developments for future applications of mechanisms in realist evaluation are considered.
Using a Participatory Theory Driven Evaluation Approach to Identify Causal Mechanisms in Innovation Processes
Authors: Blundo‐Canto Genowefa , Devaux‐Spatarakis Agathe , Mathé Syndhia , Faure Guy , Cerdan Claire
Published: October 2020

Applied agricultural research institutes play different roles in complex agricultural innovation processes, contributing to them with other actors. To foster learning and usable knowledge on how research actions influence such lasting innovation processes, there is a need to identify the causal mechanisms linking these actions and the effects of the changes they enable. A participatory, theory‐driven, ex‐post evaluation method, ImpresS, was developed by the French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (Cirad). ImpresS reconstructs the innovation history and its impact pathway by analyzing behavioral mechanisms linked to stakeholders' individual reactions and responses, and underlying process mechanisms at a group level. ImpresS relies on iterative updating and refinement and on triangulating data sources and collection methods to ensure internal validity and to increase credibility by enabling different actors to express their viewpoints. Drawing on an in‐depth case study, we discuss how ImpresS makes it possible to draw robust conclusions on causal mechanisms while posing challenges linked to the group dynamics and power imbalances commonly encountered in participatory methods. As demonstrated by the case study, ImpresS generates policy‐relevant knowledge for future research projects. It also demonstrates how research actions can help coconstruct lasting dynamics that can survive fluctuating institutional support. Distinguishing between behavioral and process mechanisms benefits knowledge use as it makes it possible to disentangle the conditions that trigger changes in a given context while generating research questions concerning the external validity of mechanism hypotheses.
Phosphorus esters of1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene as effective flame retardants for polymeric materials
Authors: Howell Bob A. , Lienhart Gavan W.
Published: October 2020

1‐Dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethene has been converted to phosphorus diesters, 1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐diphenylphosphatophenyl)ethene (BDE‐DPP), and 1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐dopyloxyphenyl)ethene (BDE‐DOPO) which have been fully characterized using spectroscopic and thermal methods and assessed as flame retardants in DGEBA epoxy (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A). Both are effective flame retardants. The ester containing diphenylphosphato groups (BDE‐DPP) acts primarily in the condensed phase while that containing only dopyl units acts predominately in the gas phase. DGEBA epoxy containing sufficient 1‐dopyl‐1,2‐(4‐dopyloxyphenyl)ethene to provide 2% phosphorus displays a limiting oxygen index of 28, a peak heat release rate of 506 W/g, and a total heat release of 24 kJ/g.
Standardized Broad-Scale Management and Monitoring of Inland Lake Recreational Fisheries: An Overview of the Ontario Experience
Authors: Lester Nigel P , Sandstrom Steve , Kerckhove Derrick T , Armstrong Kim , Ball Helen , Amos Jeff , Dunkley Tal , Rawson Mike , Addison Peter , Dextrase Alan , Taillon Dan , Wasylenko Blair , Lennox Preston , Giacomini Henrique Corrêa , Chu Cindy
Published: October 2020

There are ~250,000 lakes in Ontario that support important cultural, recreational, and economic fisheries. In 2005, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry adopted the Ecological Framework for Recreational Fisheries Management to tackle the heterogeneity of lake resources and angler mobility across the landscape, increase public participation in fisheries management, and streamline an ever-growing list of regulations. The Broad-Scale Monitoring Program for Inland Lakes began in 2008 to meet these goals. Essential elements of the program are: clear objectives, standardized sampling methods, operational implementation, diagnostic indicators, standardized reporting, a multidisciplinary team, and adaptive monitoring. Fishes, zooplankton, habitat, and angling activity are measured at each lake and provide the data needed to make evidence-based fisheries management decisions. The data have benefited other provincial initiatives and provided significant contributions to the science of freshwater ecology. Recommendations are provided for other jurisdictions considering the implementation of a standardized broad-scale monitoring program.
Epigenome‐Wide Analysis of Methylation Changes in the Sequence of Gallstone Disease, Dysplasia, and Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Brägelmann Johannes , Barahona Ponce Carol , Marcelain Katherine , Roessler Stephanie , Goeppert Benjamin , Gallegos Ivan , Colombo Alicia , Sanhueza Verónica , Morales Erik , Rivera María Teresa , de Toro Gonzalo , Ortega Alejandro , Müller Bettina , Gabler Fernando , Scherer Dominique , Waldenberger Melanie , Reischl Eva , Boekstegers Felix , Garate‐Calderon Valentina , Umu Sinan U. , Rounge Trine B. , Popanda Odilia , Lorenzo Bermejo Justo
Published: October 2020

Background and Aims

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy of the biliary tract. Most cases of GBC are diagnosed in low‐income and middle‐income countries, and research into this disease has long been limited. In this study we therefore investigate the epigenetic changes along the model of GBC carcinogenesis represented by the sequence gallstone disease → dysplasia → GBC in Chile, the country with the highest incidence of GBC worldwide.

Approach and Results

To perform epigenome‐wide methylation profiling, genomic DNA extracted from sections of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded gallbladder tissue was analyzed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips. Preprocessed, quality‐controlled data from 82 samples (gallstones n = 32, low‐grade dysplasia n = 13, high‐grade dysplasia n = 9, GBC n = 28) were available to identify differentially methylated markers, regions, and pathways as well as changes in copy number variations (CNVs). The number and magnitude of epigenetic changes increased with disease development and predominantly involved the hypermethylation of cytosine–guanine dinucleotide islands and gene promoter regions. The methylation of genes implicated in Wnt signaling, Hedgehog signaling, and tumor suppression increased with tumor grade. CNVs also increased with GBC development and affected cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, MDM2 proto‐oncogene, tumor protein P53, and cyclin D1 genes. Gains in the targetable Erb‐B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 gene were detected in 14% of GBC samples.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that GBC carcinogenesis comprises three main methylation stages: early (gallstone disease and low‐grade dysplasia), intermediate (high‐grade dysplasia), and late (GBC). The identified gradual changes in methylation and CNVs may help to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this aggressive disease and eventually lead to improved treatment and early diagnosis of GBC.
Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and cancer of unknown primary risk: Results from the Netherlands Cohort Study
Authors: Hermans Karlijn E. P. E. , van den Brandt Piet A. , Loef Caroline , Jansen Rob L. H. , Schouten Leo J.
Published: October 2020

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a metastasised malignancy with no identifiable primary tumour origin. Despite the frequent occurrence and bleak prognosis of CUP, research into its aetiology is scarce. Our study investigates alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking and CUP risk. We used data from the Netherlands Cohort Study, a cohort that includes 120 852 participants aged 55 to 69 years, who completed a self‐administered questionnaire on cancer risk factors at baseline. Cancer follow‐up was established through record linkage to the Netherlands Cancer Registry and Dutch Pathology Registry. After 20.3 years of follow‐up, 963 CUP cases and 4288 subcohort members were available for case‐cohort analyses. Multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using proportional hazard models. In general, CUP risk increased with higher levels of alcohol intake (Ptrend = .02). The association was more pronounced in participants who drank ≥30 g of ethanol per day (HR: 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20‐2.05) compared to abstainers. Current smokers were at an increased CUP risk (HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.29‐1.97) compared to never smokers. We observed that the more the cigarettes or the longer a participant smoked, the higher the CUP risk was (Ptrend = .003 and Ptrend = .02, respectively). Interaction on additive scale was found for participants with the highest exposure categories of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking frequency and CUP risk. Our findings demonstrate that alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are associated with increased CUP risk. Lifestyle recommendations for cancer prevention regarding not drinking alcohol and avoiding exposure to smoking are therefore also valid for CUP.
Do socially responsible firms demand high‐quality audits? An international evidence
Authors: Saeed Asif , Gull Ammar Ali , Rind Asad Ali , Mubarik Muhammad Shujaat , Shahbaz Muhammad
Published: October 2020

This paper investigates whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance influences the demand for high‐quality audits in terms of audit effort measured by audit fee. Using a sample of listed firms from 20 developed countries across three regions, namely United States (US), United Kingdom (UK) and Europe (EU) over the period 2002–2016 and different measures of CSR performance (environmental and social), we find that socially responsible firms demand high‐quality audits from external auditors. Further analysis shows that this result is robust to the use of alternate samples, country and firm level governance systems, and endogeneity concerns. Taken together, these findings suggest that socially responsible attributes of being ethical, honest, trustworthy, and transparent while reporting financial results motivate firms to demand high‐quality audits in order to preserve their reputation or socially responsible image. The main implication of our findings is that the stakeholders may place greater confidence in the financial reports of socially responsible firms as they are likely to demand high‐quality audits.
Correlation between multi‐type human papillomavirus infections and viral loads and the cervical pathological grade
Authors: Li Yanfang , Wang Hairu , Zhang Yanjun , Jing Xuan , Wu Nan , Hou Yabin , Hao Chonghua
Published: October 2020

Objective

To investigate the relationship between single/multiple HPV infections and cervical lesions, and the correlation between viral load and the degree of cervical lesions.

Methods

A total of 27 284 patients who underwent testing for HPV were retrospectively screened and 3728 women were enrolled who tested positive for HPV when examined by liquid‐based ThinPrep cervical smear cytology test and diagnosed by histopathology at the Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital between May 2017 and March 2019. The genotype and viral load of HPV were determined by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Based on the pathological grade, the cervical lesions were stratified into three groups: chronic cervicitis/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I; CIN II/CIN III; and cervical cancer.

Results

There were significant intergroup differences in the distribution of single and multiple HPV infections. There was a positive correlation between the viral load and cervical pathological grade when the infections were caused by HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 51, 52, 53, and 58.

Conclusion

Multi‐type HPV infections are more likely to aggravate the degree of cervical lesions than single‐type infections. The HPV type‐dependent viral load is associated with the cervical pathological grade.
Spatiotemporal histological changes observed in mouse subcutaneous tissues during the foreign body reaction to silicone
Authors: Oe Sao , Masum Md. Abdul , Ichii Osamu , Nishimura Takanori , Nakamura Teppei , Namba Takashi , Otani Yuki , Nakayama Yasuhide , Elewa Yaser Hosny Ali , Kon Yasuhiro
Published: October 2020

We investigated spatiotemporal changes in host tissues during foreign body reactions. Silicone tube was subcutaneously embedded into ICR mice, and tissue surrounding silicone (TSS) was observed at 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 43, and 70 days (D) postsurgery. The thin layer (TL) and loose connective tissues (LCTs) (inside and outside the TSS) developed until D21 and densified afterward. Neutrophils infiltrated the TSS until D14 and formed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the TL during D7‐21. In the LCTs, mast cell counts increased until D21, and macrophage numbers peaked at D14. Several macrophages showed LYVE‐1 expression, supporting a tissue‐remodeling role. Developmental indices of collagen fibers (CFs) and reticular fibers (RFs) increased during D2‐21. NETs, but not neutrophils, were detected after D28. Mast cell numbers peaked at D43 and were maintained until D70. Myofibroblasts consistently localized to the TL from D14. During D21‐28, the area of connective tissue (CNT), and CFs and RFs decreased and increased, respectively, and both remained constant during D28‐70. The CF density remained constant from D21 and increased at D70. Thus, TSS showed two phases: inflammation and CNT development (D2‐21), and inflammation convergence and CNT stabilization (D28‐70). These results provide insights into foreign body reactions in clinical cases.