bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 4.—The Houses. Block β
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

This Insula is now seen to contain five houses, (i) 1–22, (ii) 23–25, (iii) 28–31, (iv) 26, 27 and 32–39, (v) 40–47. The partial excavation of 1–36 was described in B.S.A. viii. pp. 310–316.

Rooms1–22—The continued investigation of this house yielded some interesting results. In the courtyard (11) we uncovered the remains of a verandah, the wooden pillars of which rested on round limestone bases (diam. ·38 m., ht. ·18) distant 1·40 m. from the walls of rooms 10 and 12. On the East, rectangular bases alternated with the round ones, as in the courts of the palaces at Phaistos and Gournià; these probably supported piers of brickwork or stone. A quantity of charred wood, brick-earth, and freestone blocks reddened and disintegrated by fire, lay over and round about the bases. At the West end of 13, where the plan shews a double wall, part of the later one ·55 m. thick was removed, exposing a face of well-finished small ashlar coated with white plaster. The precisely similar masonry of a small house on the South of the Ridge was shown by the pottery found in it to be as old as the Middle Minôan period. 15 may be explained as a bath-room; its entrance was at the N.W., screened as usual by a cross-wall, not at the S.E. angle where the previous plan shewed it; its carefully plastered floor (Palaikastro I. p. 315) was level with the adjoining floors, as was that of the bathroom in the Queen's Megaron at Knossos.
Church of the Ruined Monastery at Daou-Mendeli, Attica
Authors: Comyn Heaton
Published: October 2013

So little of this picturesque and interesting Byzantine church and monastery unfortunately is left standing that the measured drawings and photographs reproduced on Plates XIV.—XVII, will perhaps serve as the best form of description. Mr Hasluck and I made a careful survey of the church and the scanty remains of the monastic buildings in March, 1902, putting up for a week at a farmhouse about four miles distant.

The planning of the central part of the church at the ground level carried up as a hexagon and domed with a twelve-sided cupola is very interesting and somewhat unusual for this type of church. An hexagonal plan of somewhat similar character is shown in Fig. 1, a drawing from a Cairene Mosque made by Mr E. F. Reynolds, Student of the School in 1902–3. The arrangement of the apse internally is very effective, though, on account of the slope of the ground, which rises considerably at this end of the church, we were unable to determine the external treatment. The gallery and first floor are approached on the west side from a room over what appears to have been the monks' cells, and this seems to have been the only means of access to it, as no evidence of a staircase leading to the upper floor exists in the church at all. Fig. 2 gives an elevation and section of the screen.
Some Geometric Pottery from Crete
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

In the spring of 1906 I spent some time in the Museum at Candia, studying the Cretan Geometric pottery. In particular my attention was devoted to two large groups hitherto unpublished, the one from Praesos excavated by Mr. R. C. Bosanquet and Mr. J. H. Marshall in 1901 and the other discovered by a local tomb-hunter, ᾿Ιωάμμης Χατζιλάρης in 1902, in a tomb near Adhromyloi, two hours south-west of Praesos, and confiscated by the local authorities.

To these I added two groups, the one of five vases from Vavelloi, a village almost on the site of ancient Praesos, and the other, consisting of four vases, from a field on the road between Haghios Nikolaos and Mirabello, which latter group I have to thank Dr. Joseph Hazzidakes for permission to publish.

The clay of the large majority of the vases is of a rather soft nature and buff in colour, often, however, especially in the Adhromyloi group, slightly tinged with pink. The paint used is generally a sepia without much glaze, varying in shade according to its thickness and the amount of baking which it received. This normal clay and paint is to be assumed in what follows, unless there be a note.
Dipylon Vases from the Kynosarges Site
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

In the spring of 1896, a small excavation conducted by Mr. Cecil Smith, then Director of the British School, resulted in the discovery of the site of the Kynosarges gymnasium on the left bank of the Ilissus below Callirrhoe.

The excavation also brought to light a considerable number of ‘Dipylon’ tombs. It is unfortunate that, according to the law as it then stood, the larger part of the vases found in these tombs passed into the hands of the owner of the site and are now beyond reach, but a certain number are preserved in the Museum of the British School, and these, to judge from a photograph of some of the lost vases, I believe to be good representatives of the whole group. I have to thank Mr. Cecil Smith for permission to publish them.

There are in all forty-four vases, many unfortunately very fragmentary. Besides these there are three pieces which show traces of later oriental influence. The numbers are those of the Museum Catalogue.
Notes from the Sporades, Astypalaea, Telos, Nisyros, Leros
Authors: Dawkins R. M. , Wace Alan J. B.
Published: October 2013

These notes are part of the results of a journey undertaken by us in the summer of 1906. We have been led to put them together in the hope that they may be of some service to other travellers, and perhaps serve as a basis for a fuller and more perfect account of the islands concerned. Any references not given in footnotes to the text will be found in the Bibliography at the beginning.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § I.—The Season's Work
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The year 1906 was marked by the inception of what seems likely to be the most extensive and productive piece of work yet undertaken by the British School at Athens. We take this opportunity of expressing our thanks to the Hellenic Government and the Ephor-General of Antiquities for the liberality with which permission to undertake the excavation of this important site was accorded to us, and for the constant support given to us in all the stages of the work. Among the officials of the Department of Antiquities we are particularly indebted to Dr. Soteriades, the Ephor appointed to reside at Sparta during the excavations, and among local officials, to the Demarch, the Treasurer and the Chief Engineer, thanks to whose co-operation many difficulties and obstacles were overcome, and to Mr. G. D. Kapsales, the efficient Curator of the Museum.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 2.—The City Wall
Authors: Wace A.J.B.
Published: October 2013

From the 3rd till the 26th of May a series of trial excavations was made along the river bank, north of the precinct of Artemis Orthia. These resulted in the discovery of the Greek wall of the city and of traces of an, at present, nameless Heroön close to it. The following description begins from the south. (General Plan, Pl. VII.)

The part of the wall found south-east of the Artemisium is, as far as it has at present been uncovered, of a normal type (Plate VII.). It is three metres thick, built of hewn limestone blocks laid in courses with irregular jointing. Not more than two courses are preserved, and they rest on a foundation of small stones and rough blocks. Most remarkable is the deep drain running out through the wall, which here comes obliquely from the cliff to the south, between the Roman building and the river. Where the Eurotas has eaten into the bank and destroyed part of the Roman arena, the wall also has been carried away. On the cliff (General Plan, O 16) a few trial pits produced one tile-stamp (of type 17, see p. 348), and revealed a long block of hewn rock, but the line of the fortification has still to be found here.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 3—The Heroön
Authors: Wace Alan J. B.
Published: October 2013

South of the well mentioned above and inside the city wall a series of trial pits produced important results (P 13). At a distance of 1·80 m. from the city wall another wall was found which varies from ·50 to ·65 m. in width. Between this, which was followed for some distance, and the city wall, traces of a pavement of beaten earth came to light at a depth of 1·40 m. On the outside of the inner wall a drain was found running parallel to it. We have here, most probably, a street that followed the city wall on the inside. The depth at which it was found agrees very well with that of a similar pavement to the west of the Altar (1·82 m.). The lower level there perhaps indicates an earlier date. In any case the level of the road was raised in a later period, as proved by the tile drain referred to above. Within the inner wall we found distinct traces of a shrine, probably a Heroön. Everywhere, except in the neighbourhood of the well, where the lower strata are composed of gravel, regular stratification ranging from the Geometric age to late Greek times was distinguishable. The Greek layer, which cannot yet be divided into early and late periods, begins at an average depth of a metre. At about 1·90 m. Corinthian pottery was found, which between 2·15 and 2·45 m. was sometimes mixed with Geometric fragments. The Geometric stratum commences at an average depth of 2·30 m., and at three metres or a little deeper the soil is virgin.
II—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 9.—Inscriptions from the Artemisium
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The inscriptions may be classed as follows: (1) about fifty from the Artemisium; (2) a few fragments found near the Altar; (3) about forty from various other sites. The last class includes many which were found built into the late Byzantine walls and a few which were obtained outside the area of the excavation, but are undoubtedly of Spartan origin. A final section deals with the inscriptions copied by Fourmont.

It has been thought best to publish without delay everything but small fragments. The commentary does not claim to be complete; this applies especially to the inscriptions from the Artemisium, where no finality of conclusion can be reached until all available stones have been dug out and read. With very few exceptions the inscriptions are given from my own copies and impressions.
The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, 1911: § 3.—Intramural Tombs of Infants
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

In several places near the city remains of numerous rock-cut tombs exist, and it would appear from the prevalence of the local Geometric among the fragments of pottery picked up near them during the old excavation, that they belong in great measure to the end of the First and the beginning of the Second City. These tombs had all been robbed, and therefore no bones were found; if they had been undisturbed, it is now safe to say that at least all those with Geometric vases would have proved to be the tombs of adults, for a series of burials of children of this period has now been found, which shews a curious difference between the methods of disposing of the adult and of the infant dead.

On the surface of the rock, upon which the foundations of the houses of the lowest stratum rest, there were found a number of shallow basin-like depressions, in which large pithoi were lying. Probably owing to the hardness of the rock these holes were not more than at most a foot deep, and the pithoi are consequently only partially sunk in them.
The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, 1911: § 6—Native Melian Fabrics
Authors: Dawkins R. M. , Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

Pottery with a finely burnished surface, brown to deep black or less commonly red, was plentiful among the Geometric deposits, and not scarce in the higher levels in which the pre-Mycenaean Melian predominated. The sherds found in still later deposits were isolated and must be regarded as out of place; whilst, close to the rock, which in the area excavated this year means in the middle period of the First City, they were also scarce. It belongs therefore to the early period of the Second City, and is contemporary with the Cretan Middle Minoan.
The Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, 1911: § 7.—Miscellaneous Finds
Authors: Dawkins R. M. , Droop J.P.
Published: October 2013

Evidence of the local use of bronze or copper appeared amongst the deposits in H 5 1 in the shape of several pieces of small clay crucibles. None of them were complete, but the two best examples, shewn on Plate VII give the shape. They were spoon-shaped vessels about ·24 m. long by ·16 m. wide, made of coarse dark clay with a spout at one end; this is seen in the left-hand example on the plate. They stood on three short legs so arranged that the crucible could be tilted forward and cause the molten metal to flow out of the spout into the mould. That they had seen some service was proved by the remains of metal which clung to their inner surface. A fragment of such a crucible was found in the old excavation and two broken stone moulds, one for a Double Axe. Such a Double Axe, shewn on Pl. XIV, 59, was found this year together with a bronze spear-head, in a cleft between two stones almost immediately above the rock underneath a floor-level in H 4 15. They had the appearance of being in a sort of cache and probably belonged to a later period than that of the First City, to which their actual level would assign them. The only other bronzes found were the arrowhead and knife shewn on Pl. XIV (Nos. 58 and 60).
The Fortifications of Phokis
Authors: Tillard Laurence B.
Published: October 2013

In May 1911 I made a systematic examination of the fortifications of Phokis. My attention was primarily directed to the fortifications quâ fortifications, but I have been led to some identifications which may help to add more certainty to the topography of Phokis (Fig. 1). Briefly, my results so far as concerns the plain of the Kephissos are as follows:—

(i) Tithorea occupied the site of the earlier Neon, that is to say approximately the site of the modern village Velítza. Historically the town was of no importance; the military remains are among the finest and best preserved in Greece.

(ii) Erochos was situated near the village of Kato-Souvála.

(iii) Charadra is to be placed at Mariolátes.

(iv) A Kastro, marked on the French Map as ‘Psili Kastro,’ may be identified as the Patronis of Plutarch.

(v) Near some Hellenic remains, which have been conjectured to mark the position of the Phokikon in the valley of the Platanias, is a Kastro hitherto ignored or undiscovered by travellers. The presence of this fort—it was not a town—lends colour to the identification of these Hellenic remains as the Phokikon.

The remainder of the article deals with the fortifications of Phokis, which with the exception of Abai, Hyampolis and the remains at Modi, are of a uniform type and date from the restoration after the battle of Chaironeia in 338 B.C.
Note on the Metre of the Inscriptions in Popular Greek
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: October 2013

The inscriptions in popular Greek on A and B are highly interesting as the earliest examples of the metrical cries of the Factions of the Hippodrome. Hitherto the earliest known example dated from about half a century later, in A.D. 561 (see Theophanes, ed. De Boor, 236). Then we have several acclamations in the record of A.D. 602. Phocas was greeted by the chant:—

ὕπαγε, μάθε τὴν κατάστασιν, ‘Away, understand the situation,

ὁ Μαυρίκιος οὐκ ἀπέθανεν, Maurice is not dead,

<ὔπαγε> μάθε τὴν ἀλήθειαν (Away), learn the truth!’

(See Theoph. Simoc, [304 ed. de Boor], and John of Antioch, 218d, in F.H.G. v. 37.) Each verse has ten syllables and the accent falls on the antepenultimate. In all this popular ‘poetry,’ the metre depends not on quantity but on the number of syllables and the accent.
A Note on the θήλεα νοῦσος of the Skythians
Authors: Halliday W. R.
Published: October 2013

In a note on the Argive festival of the Hybristika I mentioned the diviners of Skythia as examples of that strange phenomenon familiar among many savage peoples, the magician who dresses as a woman. As the θήλεα νοῦσος has been somewhat of a crux to Herodotean scholars, I may perhaps be allowed to develop the point a little more at length.

It has usually been suggested that the θήλεα νοῦσος must be explained either as a vice, or as a bodily disease, or as a mental affliction. None of these theories, however, accounts for all the features of the evidence which we possess, and can only be tortured into conformity by the Procrustean ingenuity of the scholar. Those, for example, who explain the θήλεα νοῦσος as a vice, have further to show why those who are afflicted with it form a definite class, why they are connected especially with Askalon, and why they are magicians.
II.—Topography: East-Central Laconia
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

This paper is a brief account of the classical topography of east-central Laconia. It includes all the country on the left bank of the Eurotas between Leonidi and Zarax with the exception of the small piece directly opposite Sparta and round Chrysapha. The whole of this district is not well watered and irrigation is not possible, for the fertile, undulating plain below Geraki is well above the level of the river; the olive tree, however, flourishes here, and in the neighbourhood of Gouves there are some splendid old trees. In the alluvial plain at the mouth of the Eurotas corn grows well but is often severely damaged by winter floods.
The Transliteration of Modern Greek
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The present irregularities and inconsistencies in the transliteration of Modern Greek make it very desirable to draw up some short notes on the subject, in order to arrive at some reasoned system for future use.

In September, 1908, a leaflet was issued to the contributors to the Annual of the British School at Athens containing a system of transliteration to be applied to Ancient Greek, and this may conveniently be reprinted here to serve as a starting-point for the present discussion.
The East Pediment Sculptures of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan
Published: October 2013

At the Archaeological Congress which met at Athens in 1905 one of the most interesting sittings was that at which Furtwängler gave a brilliant exposition of his reconstitution of the Pediment Sculptures of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina, the result of his recent excavations in the island. Those who were present on that occasion were profoundly struck by an arrangement of the groups calculated to inspire the noble marbles with so much new and vivid life; in regard, however, to the grouping of the figures of the East Pediment there are said to have been not a few dissentient voices. This dissent related more especially to the disposal of the central groups right and left of the Athena and, in a particular way, to the falling pose given to the wounded hero on either side.
The Kouretes and Zeus Kouros: A Study in Pre-Historic Sociology
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: October 2013

Ἰώ, μέγιστε Κοῦρε, Χαῖρέ μοι,

Κρόνιε.

The opening words of the Hymn to Diktaean Zeus recently found at Palaikastro instantly arrest attention. Zeus the Father of Gods and Men is invoked by a title that to our unaccustomed ears sounds strange and barely reverent.
Estimating the burden of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza in Finland during two seasons
Authors: SHUBIN M. , VIRTANEN M. , TOIKKANEN S. , LYYTIKÄINEN O. , AURANEN K.
Published: October 2013

In Finland, the pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 was the dominant influenza strain during the pandemic season in 2009/2010 and presented alongside other influenza types during the 2010/2011 season. The true number of infected individuals is unknown, as surveillance missed a large portion of mild infections. We applied Bayesian evidence synthesis, combining available data from the national infectious disease registry with an ascertainment model and prior information on A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza and the surveillance system, to estimate the total incidence and hospitalization rate of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. The estimated numbers of A(H1N1)pdm09 infections in Finland were 211 000 (4% of the population) in the 2009/2010 pandemic season and 53 000 (1% of the population) during the 2010/2011 season. Altogether, 1·1% of infected individuals were hospitalized. Only 1 infection per 25 was ascertained.
Economic evaluation of a crisis resolution service: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: McCrone Paul , Johnson Sonia , Nolan Fiona , Pilling Stephen , Sandor Andrew , Hoult John , McKenzie Nigel , Thompson Marie , Bebbington Paul
Published: October 2013

Aims – The use of specialised services to avoid admission to hospital for people experiencing mental health crises is seen as an integral part of psychiatric services in some countries. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact on costs and costeffectiveness of a crisis resolution team (CRT). Methods – Patients who were experiencing mental health crises sufficient for admission to be considered were randomised to either care provided by a CRT or standard services. The primary outcome measure was inpatient days over a six-month follow-up period. Service use was measured, costs calculated and cost-effectiveness assessed. Results – Patients receiving care from the CRT had non-inpatient costs £768 higher than patients receiving standard care (90% CI, £153 to £1375). With the inclusion of inpatient costs the costs for the CRT group were £2438 lower for the CRT group (90% CI, £937 to £3922). If one less day spent as an inpatient was valued at £100, there would be a 99.5% likelihood of the CRT being costeffective. Conclusion – This CRT was shown to be cost-effective for modest values placed on reductions in inpatient stays.
On the so-called future-progressive construction
Authors: WADA NAOAKI
Published: October 2013

This article aims to systematically explain linguistic facts concerning thewill+be -ingconstruction (WBI construction) in terms of a general theory of tense. For this purpose, temporal structures of the WBI construction are constructed based on the tense theory of Wada (2001, 2009, 2011) by combining temporal structures of sentences containingwillwith temporal structures of sentences containing present-progressive forms. It is shown that the temporal structure-based analysis not only addresses problems with previous studies, but also illuminates the characteristics of the WBI construction in a unified way.
Socio-economic disparities in Australian adolescents’ eating behaviours
Authors: Niven Philippa , Scully Maree , Morley Belinda , Crawford David , Baur Louise A , Wakefield Melanie
Published: October 2013

Objective

To assess the association between socio-economic position (SEP) and poor eating behaviours in a large representative sample of Australian secondary-school students.

Design

Cross-sectional survey of students’ vegetable, fruit, sugar-sweetened beverage and fast-food consumption assessed using validated instruments and collected via a web-based self-report format.

Setting

Secondary schools across all Australian states and territories.

Subjects

Secondary-school students (n 12 188; response rate: 54 %) aged 12–17 years participating in the 2009–10 National Secondary Students’ Diet and Activity (NaSSDA) survey.

Results

Overall, 25 % of students reported consuming ≤1 serving of vegetables/d and 29 % reported eating ≤1 serving of fruit/d. Fourteen per cent of students reported drinking at least 1–2 cups of sugar-sweetened beverages/d while 9 % reported eating fast food ≥3 times/week. After adjusting for other demographic factors, students of lower-SEP areas were more likely to report low intake of vegetables (F(4, 231) = 3·61, P = 0·007) and high frequency of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (F(4, 231) = 8·41, P < 0·001) and fast food (F(4, 231) = 4·59, P = 0·001) compared with students of high-SEP neighbourhoods. A positive SEP association was found for fruit consumption among female students only (F(4, 231) = 4·20, P = 0·003). Those from lower-SEP areas were also more likely to engage in multiple poor eating behaviours (F(4, 231)=5·80, P < 0·001).

Conclusions

Results suggest that socio-economic disparities in Australian adolescents’ eating behaviours do exist, with students residing in lower-SEP neighbourhoods faring less well than those from high-SEP neighbourhoods. Reducing social inequalities in eating behaviours among young people should be a key consideration of future preventive strategies.
The Ownership of Assets by Place-Based Community Organisations: Political Rationales, Geographies of Social Impact and Future Research Agendas
Authors: Moore Tom , McKee Kim
Published: October 2013

This article calls for a more nuanced understanding of the links between the motivations, trajectories and policy environments of community asset organisations and the geographies of their social impact. While potential for the ownership of physical assets by place-based community organisations can be found in new localism powers in all four jurisdictions of the UK, there may be differences in policy articulation and implementation that enable or limit the social benefits community asset organisations are thought to deliver. Furthermore, community assets are premised on their intrinsic tie and value to place, with social cohesion, communal mobilisation and identification of mutual interest thought to be at their heart. This article reviews research in this field set in relation to recent policy developments, and identifies an important need to better understand how the personal and social geographies of impact are delivered in, and influenced by, different spatial contexts and political frameworks.
Evaluative Stimulus (In)Congruency Impacts Performance in an Unrelated Task
Authors: Gast Anne , Werner Benedikt , Heitmann Christina , Spruyt Adriaan , Rothermund Klaus
Published: October 2013

In two experiments, we assessed evaluative priming effects in a task that was unrelated to the congruent or incongruent stimulus pairs. In each trial, participants saw two valent (positive or negative) pictures that formed evaluatively congruent or incongruent stimulus pairs and a letter that was superimposed on the second picture. Different from typical evaluative priming studies, participants were not required to respond to the second of the valent stimuli, but asked to categorize the letter that was superimposed on the second picture. We assessed the impact of the evaluative (in)congruency of the two pictures on the performance in responding to the letter. In addition, we manipulated attention to the evaluative dimension by asking participants in one experimental group to respond to the valence of the pictures on a subset of trials (evaluative task condition). In both experiments, we found evaluative priming effects in letter categorization responses: Participants categorized the letter faster (and sometimes more correctly) in trials with congruent picture-pairs. These effects were present only in the evaluative task condition. These findings can be explained with different resource-based accounts of evaluative priming and the additional assumption that attention to valence is necessary for evaluative congruency to affect processing resources. According to resource-based accounts valence-incongruent trials require more cognitive resources than valence-congruent trials (e.g., Hermans, Van den Broeck, & Eelen, 1998 ).
Size, separation, structural order and mass density of molecules packing in water and ice
Authors: Huang Yongli , Zhang Xi , Ma Zengsheng , Li Wen , Zhou Yichun , Zhou Ji , Zheng Weitao , Sun Chang Q.
Published: October 2013

The structural symmetry and molecular separation in water and ice remain uncertain. We present herewith a solution to unifying the density, the structure order and symmetry, the size (H-O length dH) and the separation (dOO = dL + dH or the O:H length dL) of molecules packing in water and ice in terms of statistic mean. This solution reconciles: i) the dL and the dH symmetrization of the O:H-O bond in compressed ice, ii) the dOO relaxation of cooling water and ice and, iii) the dOO expansion of a dimer and between molecules at water surface. With any one of the dOO, the density ρ(g·cm−3), the dL and the dH, as a known input, one can resolve the rest quantities using this solution that is probing conditions or methods independent. We clarified that: i) liquid water prefers statistically the mono-phase of tetrahedrally-coordinated structure with fluctuation, ii) the low-density phase (supersolid phase as it is strongly polarized with even lower density) exists only in regions consisting molecules with fewer than four neighbors and, iii) repulsion between electron pairs on adjacent oxygen atoms dictates the cooperative relaxation of the segmented O:H-O bond, which is responsible for the performance of water and ice.
Quantifying the effect of temporal resolution on time-varying networks
Authors: Ribeiro Bruno , Perra Nicola , Baronchelli Andrea
Published: October 2013

Time-varying networks describe a wide array of systems whose constituents and interactions evolve over time. They are defined by an ordered stream of interactions between nodes, yet they are often represented in terms of a sequence of static networks, each aggregating all edges and nodes present in a time interval of size Δt. In this work we quantify the impact of an arbitrary Δt on the description of a dynamical process taking place upon a time-varying network. We focus on the elementary random walk and put forth a simple mathematical framework that well describes the behavior observed on real datasets. The analytical description of the bias introduced by time integrating techniques represents a step forward in the correct characterization of dynamical processes on time-varying graphs.
Human opinion dynamics: An inspiration to solve complex optimization problems
Authors: Kaur Rishemjit , Kumar Ritesh , Bhondekar Amol P. , Kapur Pawan
Published: October 2013

Human interactions give rise to the formation of different kinds of opinions in a society. The study of formations and dynamics of opinions has been one of the most important areas in social physics. The opinion dynamics and associated social structure leads to decision making or so called opinion consensus. Opinion formation is a process of collective intelligence evolving from the integrative tendencies of social influence with the disintegrative effects of individualisation and therefore could be exploited for developing search strategies. Here, we demonstrate that human opinion dynamics can be utilised to solve complex mathematical optimization problems. The results have been compared with a standard algorithm inspired from bird flocking behaviour and the comparison proves the efficacy of the proposed approach in general. Our investigation may open new avenues towards understanding the collective decision making.
Hsp70 Inhibitors
Authors: Chen Yaoyu , Zhou Wenlai
Published: October 2013

Hsp70 proteins function as ATP-dependent molecular chaperones, which are involved in the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, the assembly of multi-protein complexes and the transport of proteins across cellular membranes. Hsp70 is crucial for maintaining protein homeostasis, thus disregulation of Hsp70 is found in many human diseases, such as cancer and Parkinson*s disease, where Hsp70 is thought to be a potential target. To target Hsp70, several compounds were identified to inhibit the functions of Hsp70 through different mechanisms. In this chapter, we introduce the major chemical platforms for screening Hsp70 inhibitors and describe ten different Hsp70 inhibitors including structural features, the binding mechanisms and cellular functions. Lastly, we discuss the prospects for the development of Hsp70 inhibitors.
Autophagy and cell death
Authors: Yonekawa Tohru , Thorburn Andrew
Published: October 2013

Autophagy is intimately associated with eukaryotic cell death and apoptosis. Indeed, in some cases the same proteins control both autophagy and apoptosis. Apoptotic signalling can regulate autophagy and conversely autophagy can regulate apoptosis (and most likely other cell death mechanisms). However, the molecular connections between autophagy and cell death are complicated and, in different contexts, autophagy may promote or inhibit cell death. Surprisingly, although we know that, at its core, autophagy involves degradation of sequestered cytoplasmic material, and therefore presumably must be mediating its effects on cell death by degrading something, in most cases we have little idea of what is being degraded to promote autophagy's pro- or anti-death activities. Because autophagy is known to play important roles in health and many diseases, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which autophagy interacts with and affects the cell death machinery since this will perhaps allow new ways to prevent or treat disease. In the present chapter, we discuss the current state of understanding of these processes.
Role of autophagy in cancer prevention, development and therapy
Authors: Helgason G. Vignir , Holyoake Tessa L. , Ryan Kevin M.
Published: October 2013

Autophagy is a process that takes place in all mammalian cells and ensures homoeostasis and quality control. The term autophagy [self (auto)-eating (phagy)] was first introduced in 1963 by Christian de Duve, who discovered the involvement of lysosomes in the autophagy process. Since then, substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanism and signalling regulation of autophagy and several reviews have been published that comprehensively summarize these findings. The role of autophagy in cancer has received a lot of attention in the last few years and autophagy modulators are now being tested in several clinical trials. In the present chapter we aim to give a brief overview of recent findings regarding the mechanism and key regulators of autophagy and discuss the important physiological role of mammalian autophagy in health and disease. Particular focus is given to the role of autophagy in cancer prevention, development and in response to anticancer therapy. In this regard, we also give an updated list and discuss current clinical trials that aim to modulate autophagy, alone or in combination with radio-, chemo- or targeted therapy, for enhanced anticancer intervention.
Minimum gain identifiable when pseudo‐random binary sequences are used for system identification in noisy conditions
Authors: Davidson J.N. , Stone D.A. , Foster M.P.
Published: October 2013

A method to determine the minimum gain of the system is presented which can be identified by pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS)‐based approaches when noise is present in the output signal. A formula for the minimum gain is derived in terms of required noise resilience from the discrete Fourier transforms of the PRBS signals and white noise. The formula allows an engineer to discount noise‐affected low‐gain portions of the transfer function. The calculated minimum gain is compared graphically with noisy Bode plots and good agreement is shown with the actual noise level, demonstrating the usefulness of the result.
Generalised constant‐envelope DualQPSK and AltBOC modulations for modern GNSS signals
Authors: Zhang Kai
Published: October 2013

Two QPSK‐like global navigation satellite system signals with unequal power are multiplexed as a constant‐envelope signal analytically. It is further generalised as an extended AltBOC signal that has unbalanced power on the upper and the lower sidebands by the phase rotating technique. The modulations provide additional power control flexibility than the traditional DualQPSK and AltBOC signals and are demonstrated as optimum analytical implementations that maximise the power efficiency.
Miniaturised double‐coaxial cavity resonator and duplexer with ZOR characteristic using air‐core coils
Authors: Kim K.S. , Kim C.Y. , Kim D.O. , Park J.G. , Koo B.H. , Lee C.H.
Published: October 2013

A novel method of miniaturising the size of a coaxial cavity resonator by utilising zeroth‐order resonance (ZOR) characteristics is presented. This miniaturisation has been achieved through the introduction of air‐core coils inside a conventional coaxial cavity resonator. This structure possesses ZOR characteristics, which results in the miniaturisation of the resonator while still exhibiting a reasonable high unloaded Q factor. A duplexer was designed and fabricated using the proposed resonator. The measurement results verified that a 30% reduction in size was achieved compared with a traditional duplexer.
Rear‐facing mobile camera‐based finger motion command recognition system
Authors: Oh Byung‐Hun , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Hong Kwang‐Seok
Published: October 2013

A novel rear‐facing mobile camera‐based finger motion command recognition system is proposed and implemented that can support mobile human–computer interaction (HCI) by using only the index finger of the hand holding the mobile device. This is a hybrid approach that includes (i) maximum morphological gradient combination and an AdaBoost‐based robust fingertip detector under dynamic lighting conditions, against complicated backgrounds and (ii) one‐handed mobile HCI using finger motion and fingertip pointer tracking.
Enhanced JRMP multiplexing headers under non‐fragmented local area network constraints
Authors: Basanta‐Val P. , García Valls M.
Published: October 2013

A simple but effective optimisation for a popular level‐5 protocol called Java's Remote Method Protocol, which is used in a distribution model named RMI (Java's Remote Method Invocation) is presented. The protocol has been enhanced with a simple multiplexing mechanism which offers the possibility of transferring several parallel request–response interactions without opening new transfer control protocol/Internet protocol connections. The temporal overhead and the advantages stemmed from the approach in terms of response‐time are explored in a simple but realistic evaluation scenario: a local area network (LAN) (switched‐Ethernet) infrastructure under the small packet size condition (i.e. when the remote invocation does not have packet fragmentation). Presented results show that the proposed extensions are useful in the LAN scenario under the non‐fragmentation assumption in applications that do not require packet fragmentation.
CMOS quasi‐digital temperature sensor for battery operated systems
Authors: Azcona C. , Calvo B. , Medrano N. , Celma S.
Published: October 2013

A high performance 1.2 V–0.18 µm CMOS quasi‐digital temperature sensor is presented with frequency output suitable to be used in battery operated systems. It is based on a multivibrator current‐to‐frequency converter and works properly over a temperature range of –40 to + 120°C, exhibiting a linear sensitivity of 442 Hz/°C with accuracy better than 1.0°C and a power consumption of 1.8 µW.
Image deformation with length‐preserving feature curves
Authors: Zhou X.J.
Published: October 2013

Image deformation techniques have been widely used in the entertainment industry, animation and medical imaging. Motivated by the fact that the lengths of some feature curves should remain constant during the deformation, an image deformation method is proposed with length‐preserved feature curves. Intrinsic representation of the curves is used to achieve length‐preserving curve deformation, and then the deformation of the image is driven by the deformation of the feature curves.
Exact and asymptotic PEP derivations for various quasi‐orthogonal space–time block codes
Authors: Choi Minhwan , Lee Hoojin , Nam Haewoon
Published: October 2013

Insightful closed‐form formulas for the exact pairwise error probability (PEP) of quasi‐orthogonal space–time block codes in Rayleigh fading channels are presented. In addition, simple asymptotic expressions are proposed, from which the achievable asymptotic diversity orders are easily determined in the high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime. Finally, comparing analytical and simulation results, the accuracy of the derived analytical formulas is validated.
Performance analysis of randomised space–time block codes for amplify‐and‐forward cooperative relaying
Authors: Verde Francesco
Published: October 2013

In recent studies (Verde et al.), capitalising on randomised space–time block coding (STBC), a decentralised coding method has been developed for amplify‐and‐forward (A&F) relays, which can closely achieve the performance of a centralised A&F linear dispersion coding (LDC) scheme and notebly outperform the decentralised A&F LDC counterpart, by requiring a reduced amount of signalling and processing overhead. However, A&F relaying process introduces correlation among the noise samples at the destination which, along with the non‐Gaussian nature of the relaying channel and the fact that the relays are located in different positions, significantly complicates the performance analysis of the system. In this study, a theoretical performance analysis of the randomised STBC A&F rule is carried out in terms of average pairwise error probability to evaluate its attainable diversity order. Numerical results are provided to corroborate the analytical findings.
Joint proportional fair user scheduling for in‐building distributed antenna systems
Authors: Cao Fengming , Fan Zhong
Published: October 2013

This study exploits coordinated proportional fair (PF) user scheduling for in‐building distributed antenna systems (DAS) to address the co‐channel interference problem. The PF algorithm for multiple remote units in the DAS has been analysed and two sub‐optimal solutions have been proposed, which manage to maximise the subcarrier‐wise summation of PF ratio either in a brute‐force search manner or in a greedy manner with lower complexity. System‐level evaluation shows that the throughput of the cell edge users can indeed be significantly improved, whereas the average throughput of radio units in the proposed schemes also outperforms that in the conventional PF scheme.
Hardware stream cipher with controllable chaos generator for colour image encryption
Authors: Barakat Mohamed L. , Mansingka Abhinav S. , Radwan Ahmed G. , Salama Khaled N.
Published: October 2013

This study presents hardware realisation of chaos‐based stream cipher utilised for image encryption applications. A third‐order chaotic system with signum non‐linearity is implemented and a new post processing technique is proposed to eliminate the bias from the original chaotic sequence. The proposed stream cipher utilises the processed chaotic output to mask and diffuse input pixels through several stages of XORing and bit permutations. The performance of the cipher is tested with several input images and compared with previously reported systems showing superior security and higher hardware efficiency. The system is experimentally verified on XilinxVirtex 4 field programmable gate array (FPGA) achieving small area utilisation and a throughput of 3.62 Gb/s.
Vessel‐based registration of fundus and optical coherence tomography projection images of retina using a quadratic registration model
Authors: Golabbakhsh Marzieh , Rabbani Hossein
Published: October 2013

The new techniques of three‐dimensional (3D)‐optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is very useful for detecting retinal pathologic changes in various diseases and determining retinal thickness ‘abnormalities’. Fundus colour images have been used for several years for detecting retinal abnormalities too. If the two image modalities were combined, the resulted image would be more informative. The first step to combine these two modalities is to register colour fundus images with an en face representation of OCT. In this study, curvelet transform is used to extract vessels for both modalities. Then the extracted vessels from two modalities are registered together in two stages. At first, images are registered using scaling and translation transformations. Then a quadratic transformation model is assumed between two pairs of images; because retina is imaged as a second‐order surface. Twenty‐two eyes (17 macular and 5 prepapillary), from random patients, were imaged in this study with Topcon 3D OCT1000 instrument. A new registration error is defined which averages the distance between all the corresponding points in two sets of vessels. Results show that registration error after stage one is 6.01 ± 1.82 pixels and after stage two is 1.02 ± 0.02 pixels.
D-shaped equilibrium for the Grad-Shafranov equation
Authors: Hernandes J. A. , Nogueira G. T.
Published: October 2013

We present a particular solution for D-shaped equilibrium from the solution of the Grad-Shafranov equation. We review a method we introduced on a previous work, on which we depart from Palumbo's method and we generalize the method for an arbitrary expansion of the magnetic flux. We show that for a particular class of solutions we can obtain an exact analytical D-shaped magnetic surface. We also show that further expansion of this method leads to an overdetermined problem, with more equations than unknowns.
Dynamical second-order Bethe-Salpeter equation kernel: A method for electronic excitation beyond the adiabatic approximation
Authors: Zhang Du , Steinmann Stephan N. , Yang Weitao
Published: October 2013

We present a dynamical second-order kernel for the Bethe-Salpeter equation to calculate electronic excitation energies. The derivation takes explicitly the functional derivative of the exact second-order self energy with respect to the one-particle Green's function. It includes naturally a frequency dependence, going beyond the adiabatic approximation. Perturbative calculations under the Tamm-Dancoff approximation, using the configuration interaction singles (CIS) eigenvectors, reveal an appreciable improvement over CIS, time-dependent Hartree-Fock, and adiabatic time-dependent density functional theory results. The perturbative results also compare well with equation-of-motion coupled-cluster and experimental results.
Sequence dependent free energy profiles of localized B- to A-form transition of DNA in water
Authors: Kulkarni Mandar , Mukherjee Arnab
Published: October 2013

DNA carries an inherent polymorphism, which surfaces under various external conditions. While B-form remains predominant under normal physiological conditions for most of the DNA sequences, low humidity and increased ion concentration cause B- to A-form transition. Certain proteins and molecules also sometimes cause local deformation of the DNA to the specific A-form. Previous experimental and computational studies focused on the overall B- to A-form transition. Here for the first time we investigated thermodynamics and mechanism of B- to A-form transition in water for various DNA sequences at a local dinucleotide base pair level. We introduced a new reaction coordinate Zp′, based on the unique order parameter Zp, to drive B- to A-form transition locally and thereby calculate free energy profiles for the same for all the ten different dinucleotide steps embedded in a twelve base pair DNA. Results show that the trend of “A” and “B” philicity observed in experiment is preserved even at this local dinucleotide level, indicating its localized origin. Higher free energy cost obtained here is attributed to the cost of creating B/A junctions along with formation of B->A transition at dimer level. We find that while water energetically stabilizes A-form for all the ten different dinucleotide steps to various extents, entropy acts against it. Therefore, we find that the stability of B-form DNA in water is entropic in origin. Mechanism of the conversion appears to be triggered by Slide; however, backbone parameters change concertedly.