bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confronting the Possible Eugenics of the Past Through Modern Pressures for Compensation
Authors:   Hocking
Published: November 2003

Compensation is a primary legal mechanism to provide recompense for harm. It is a feature of both common (Anglo-Celtic) law and of civil (European) law systems. In both systems it deals with harms that occur across the world. It has featured in particular in claims for product liability, vehicle accident and workplace accident related harm. This form of claim is common to both the common law and the civil law system, although each system of law has developed distinctive features. While there are differences between the common law and the civil law jurisdictions in this context, there have been distinctive, new, and common, features to emerge from the concept of compensation over the past decade. Chief among these is the search for a unifying principle of compensation, one that can encompass the most recent pressure upon this area of law: compensation that reflects reparation for wrongs now the subject of broad human rights and humanitarian concern. Such wrongs include criminal actions by the state, and breaches of duty of care by state bodies leading to abuse and neglect of children. This paper will canvass some recent cross-jurisdictional cases with a view to establishing commonalities in the quest for a global shift from compensation to reparation. It looks in particular at compensation in the context of earlier governmental policies that have since been considered to contain or imply notions of eugenics. In keeping with two earlier papers published in this journal, the paper notes that while this is a matter of international concern, there can be a constructive comparative focus in examining both Australia and Sweden. The primary concern of the paper is to raise issues that concern the future of genetic research, placing that future in a reflective past context.
Book Review
Authors: Bogdan
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book Review
Authors: Vedsted-Hansen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Universalism and Title to Territory in Antarctica
Authors: Scott
Published: November 2003

The debate about whether international law could or should be universal has often centred on the somewhat nebulous phenomena of the relativity of cultural values, ideas, and use of language. While these are important considerations, this paper hightlights the fact that in the international law of Antarctica, universalism has had the practical legal effect of defining the issue in dispute. Prior to World War Two there were two distinct international legal regimes pertaining to territory in Antarctica. For the South American states the issue at stake was the location of their mutual boundary in territory to which they had long assumed sovereign rights; for the Europeans sovereignty itself was the issue with which they sougth to deal. Once the two regimes came into conflict – at least as regards that portion of Antarctica opposite the South American mainland – it was the European regime, under the guise of being `universal' international law, that came to define the issue in dispute. While the issue has never been settled, universalism has functioned to favour the position of the United Kingdom over those of Chile and Argentina. Sovereignty has remained the core issue in Antarctic law and politics. All writers on Antarctic law and politics who fail to recognize the evolution of two Antarctic legal regimes of which one has defined the current issue in dispute deny implicitly the existence of the Chilean-Argentine regime of boundary definition. Through doing so, they also perpetuate the myth of international law as universal.
Book Review
Authors: Fenger
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book Review
Authors: Sztucki
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Elements of Nordic and International Practice in the Year of 1996. The Work of the International Law Commission at Its 48th Session
Authors: Eiriksson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Maria Luisa Barolomei, Gross and Massive Violation of Human Rights in Argentina 1976--1983. An analysis of the Procedure under ECOSOC Resolution 1503
Authors: Medina Q.
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Alex G. Oude Elferink, The Law of Maritime Boudary Delimitation: A case Study of the Russian Federation.
Authors: Hakapää
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A Preliminary Study of the Problem of the Isle of Kolbeinsey
Authors: Jia
Published: November 2003

The diversity of modes of acquisition of territory is a well researched topic in international law, but little has been written on the possibilities of divestment of a title to territory. Natural changes of coastal formations can divest the coastal State of some area of land and maritime territory and greatly affect its national economy. An illustrative case is the phenomenon of erosion by sea of offshore islands. This study is particularly focused on one such case concerning an uninhabited Icelandic islet, Kolbeinsey. The vanishing of the islet is aggravating existing concerns about the allocation of fish stocks in the area, and there will arise the problem of loss of varioius maritime zones pertaining to the islet and to the Icelandic mainland. This paper will examine the way in which Iceland may continue to enjoy the whole or part of the extant jurisdiction in the Kolbeinsey area. Issues to be addressed include those as to whether Kolbeinsey is a juridical island and whether the concepts of artificial islands and low-tide elevations are helpful in the instant case.
Elements of Nordic and International Practice in the Year of 1996. Sweden
Authors: Magnuson
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Iceland, Whaling and the U.S. Pelly Amendment: The International Trade Law Context
Authors: McDorman
Published: November 2003

Iceland, a non-member of the International Whaling Commission, is considering a return to commercial whaling. It is inevitable that should Iceland recommence commercial whaling that the United States, pursuant to the Pelly Amendment, will threaten the imposition of trade measures against Iceland.This contribution examines the impact on all nations, most particularly the whaling nations, of both a U.S. decision not to impose an embargo against Iceland and a U.S. decision to impose an embargo against Iceland. In either scenario whaling nations have good reason to be concerned.
Russia in Transition: Reflections on International Law Doctrines
Authors: Låström
Published: November 2003

The article discusses the development of the Russian international law doctrine from the Soviet to the Russian era. The analysis is conducted by way of examining two Russian international law textbooks, the one being from the Soviet era and the other from the post-Soviet era. At first sight, one is inclined to expect that a deep-going social change, such as the one Russia has experienced, would indeed be reflected in doctrines about international law. The Soviet doctrine of international law claimed to provide a Marxist account of law. However, the base-superstructure analysis and historical materialism are premises that are not easily reconcilable with international law. Therefore, the Soviet writers were prone to much abstract theorizing about the “essence”and “nature” of international law. Furthermore, the revolutionary argument combined with extreme positivism led to a methodological schizophrenia in the Soviet international law doctrine. Now, the Marxism-Leninism is abandoned and the socialist dogmas of “peaceful coexistence of states belonging to different socio-economic systems” as well as “the principles of socialist internationalism” have accordingly become obsolete. The aim of this article is to establish to what extent the social change is reflected in the present Russian international legal thought.
C.F. Amerasinghe, Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations
Authors: Klabbers
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Dynamics of International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Sob
Published: November 2003

Waging war appears to be a constant feature of human behaviour. Until World War II, violations of the Law of War were generally punishable before national tribunals; this practice, however, proved unsatisfactory. The Nuremberg and Tokyo International War Crimes Tribunals appeared as the first successful attempts to delocalise proceedings related thereto, bearing in mind the absolute primacy of inflicting exemplary punishment on the guilty. The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda upheld an extended definition of punishable crimes under Conventional and/or Customary Law, while instituting more guarantees of fairness, i.e.: judges chosen from outside the warring parties, rejection of the death penalty, awarding compensation to victims and ensuring the protection of witnesses. Despite the application of ex posto facto law, it is worth recalling that human rights protection is clearly identified as an essential focus of the later ad hoc tribunals. However, only the institution of a permanent international criminal tribunal seems conductive to setting the seal on the determination of the international community to put in place an effective deterrent to resorting to war as a means of settling inter-societal disputes.
Demarcation of the Area
Authors: Thamsborg  , Lilje-Jensen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Bardo Fassbender, UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto: A Constitutional Perspective
Authors: Conlon
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The European Court of Justice Is an International Court
Authors: Allain
Published: November 2003

The achievements of the European Court of Justice in instilling the rule of law within the domain of economic integration is to witness to what extent public international law can be dynamic. For the Court of Justice, which attempted to slip its international law origins by characterizing European Community law as belonging to a ‘new legal order’; the post-Maastricht era has been a rude awakening. So effective was the European Court, during its first four decades, that Community law was seen as being set apart from traditional international law; as being sui generis. However, with the Maastricht Treaty and again with the Amsterdam Treaty, it has become evident that the creation of what is today termed the ‘European Union’ is governed by international law and that, ultimately, it is the States and not the European institutions – foremost among them the Court of Justice – which are the ‘Herren der Verträge’.Yet, within the domain of economic integration, the European Court has acted in a truly revolutionary manner for an international court. Barring witness to the achievements of the Luxembourg Court in this domain is to realize to what extent international law can be moulded to achieve results. The lesson to be learnt from the function of the European Court within the field of economic integration is that if there is State consensus, an international court can promote and actively ensure the rule of law. While the uniqueness of the European experience and that of the European Court of Justice may not be able to be grafted onto other areas of the international relations, what the evolution of the European Court does provide is a new way of thinking about international law. The supranational elements, those ‘constitutional’ areas of European law demonstrate the avenues that public international law can travel, if States are willing to allow it.
The Work of the International Law Commission at Its Fifty-First Session (1999)
Authors: Simma
Published: November 2003

The article provides an overview of the work of the International Law Commission at its fifty-first session (1999). The topics covered are Nationality in relation to the succession of States; State responsibility; Reservations to treaties; Jurisdictional immunities of States and their property; Unilateral acts of States; International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law (prevention of transboundary damage from hazardous activities); and Diplomatic protection.
Performance of Obligations as the Basis of Jurisdiction and Choice of Law (Lugano and Brussels Conventions Article 5(1) and Rome Convention Article 4)
Authors: Cordero Moss
Published: November 2003

When a dispute arises in connection with an international contract, it is necessary to clarify two matters: (i) the courts of which country are competent to decide on the dispute, and (ii) the law of which country applies to the merits of the dispute. Within the European Union, these matters are clarified, respectively, by the Brussels Convention on (i.a.) jurisdiction and by the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations. The scope of application of the Brussels Convention is extended also to cover the EFTA Countries, through the Lugano Convention. The scope of the Rome Convention, on the contrary, does not reach beyond the European Union. This imbalance in the relationship between choice of forum and choice of law is particularly noticeable in Norway, which does not have a codified system of choice of law rules. The relationship between choice of forum rules and choice of law rules is highlighted in this article from the point of view of a specific connecting factor: the performance of the disputed obligation.
Ivor C. Jackson, The Refugee Concept in Group Situations
Authors: Tlou
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Language and the Administration of Justice: The International Framework
Authors: Henrard
Published: November 2003

Language use in court proceedings, in prisons, and in communications with the police are three areas of interest within the domain of the administration of justice. If the existing standards that are of explicit or implicit relevance for language use in the administration of justice are analysed, the relevant general human rights provisions, minority rights standards and prison rules should be studied. Whereas the first category of rights reflects concerns of justice and fairness, and are thus formulated in terms of ’language one understands’, the second one refers more directly to minority languages (and thus also languages of the various population groups in plural societies without majority population). However, the latter provisions are so vague and replete with escape clauses that their actual contribution to the accommodation of linguistic diversity in respect of the administration of justice remains doubtful. The prison rules do not reveal any great attention to language issues, but the European Prison Rules (Council of Europe) definitely provide important guidelines. The specific Council of Europe Recommendation regarding Foreign Prisoners is much more language-sensitive and is arguably also applicable by analogy to prisoners speaking a language differing from the preferred state language. Overall, it is obvious that this area of law and its specific problems are little analyzed and not yet fully explored. It is to be hoped that this article will contribute to both the academic debate and policy developments in multilingual states.
Tim Allen and John Eade (eds.), Divided Europeans: Understanding Ethnicities in Conflict, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999. ISBN: 90–411–1213–8; 360 pages; price: USD 117; GBP 68; NLG 195
Authors: van Selm
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
M. Suksi (Ed.), Autonomy: Applications and Implications
Authors: Hannum
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A. Bloed and P. van Dijk (Eds.), Protection of Minority Rights through Bilateral Treaties. The Case of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Vierdag
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Randelzhofer, Tomuschat (Eds.), State Responsibility and the Individual. Reparation in Instances of Grave Violations of Human Rights, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999
Authors: Nollkaemper
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Role of the UN Security Council in Preventing Internal Conflicts
Authors: Türk
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Pluralism and Good Governance
Authors: Anwar
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Legal and Normative Bases for Saami Claims to Land in the Nordic
Authors: Eide
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book Review: S. Trifunovska, F. de Varennes (eds.), Minority Rights in Europe. European Minorities and Languages
Authors: Henrard
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book Review
Authors: Nollkaemper
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
CIS Conference on Refugees and Migrants
Authors: Mooney
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Hague Recommendations Regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities: Their Objective
Authors: Eide
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Vera Gowlland-Debbas (ed.), The Problem of Refugees in the Light of Contemporary International Law Issues (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996); Hélène Lambert, Seeking Asylum: Comparative Law and Practice in Selected European Countries (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995)
Authors: van Selm-Thorburn
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
J.C. Hathaway (ed.), Reconceiving International Refugee Law
Authors: Zieck
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
From Yugoslavia to Bosnia: Accommodating National Identity in National and International Law
Authors: McGoldrick
Published: November 2003

This article examines the constitutional and international law aspects of accommodating national identity in the historical process from Yugoslavia to Bosnia. Broad strategies to deal with crises are outlined. Detailed consideration is given to the whole range of international legal responses to the conflict in Yugoslavia, which were deployed in the pursuit of accommodating national identity. The Dayton Peace Agreement of November 1995, which included a Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina and an Agreement on Human Rights, is analyzed. Particular attention is given to the 'internationalizing' of the Constitution of Bosnia in terms of its making, its terms and its implementation. The article contains an assessment of the implementation and of the significance of the Dayton Agreement three years on. The concluding sections provide an overall assessment of the international responses and consider future strategies for accommodating national identity.
Accommodating an Emergent National Identity: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Pogany
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editor's Note
Authors: Packer
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Importance of Linguistic Rights for Speakers of Lesser Used Languages
Authors: Riagáin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Book Review
Authors: Zieck
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Defences before the international criminal court: Substantive grounds for excluding criminal responsibility – Part 1
Authors: Scaliotti
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Current Developments
Authors: Mettraux
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Criminal Procedure, A Worldwide Study, Craig M. Bradley (ed.).
Authors: Bohlander
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The `Schengen' Practice and Case-Law in Belgium
Authors: Hurwitz
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Status and Prospects for the UN Convention on Migrants' Rights
Authors: Taran
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comments on Angonese (Case C-281/98 of 6 June 2000), Graf (Case C-190/98 of 27 January 2000), Delège and Lehtonen (Cases C-51/96 and 176/96 of 11 and 13 April 2000), Nazli (Case C-340/97 of 10 February 2000) and Kaba (Case C-356/98 of 11 April 2000)
Authors: Martin
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editorial
Authors:   Boeles
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Prakash Shah, Refugees, Race and the Legal Concept of Asylum in Britain
Authors:   Tuitt
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Terrorism and Human Rights
Authors:   Eicke
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Residence Rights, Resident Question
Authors: Nagy
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Overview of the EU's Recent Activities in the Field of Movement of Persons
Authors: Moore
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Esther Cohen, Peaceable domain, certain justice. Verloren, Hilversum 1996. 112 p.
Authors:   Auzary-Schmaltz
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
E. Holthöfer, Ein deutscher Weg zu moderner und rechtsstaatlicher Gerichtsverfassung – Das Beispiel Württemberg. [Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg, Reihe B: Forschungen, 137]. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1997. XI + 328 S.
Authors:   Theisen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
E. Put, Inventaris van het Archief van de Raad van Brabant, Deel I: Archief van de griffies. [Archives Générales du Royaume, Inventaires, 256]. Bruxelles 1995. 233 p.
Authors:   Godding
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Alexander Cunningham's Corpus Juris
Authors:   van den Bergh
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Prefaces to Canon Law Books in Latin Christianity
Authors:   Heidecker
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
G. Roddi, Il "Coutumier" Valdostano (1588)
Authors:   Garré
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
E.J.H. Schrage, Van Delict tot Onrechtmatige Daad and J.H. Dondorp (met medewerking van J. Hallebeek), Schuld en Boete, Enige Grepen uit de Geschiedenis van de Onrechtmatige Daad
Authors:   Winkel
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
L'Auteur du Codi
Authors:   Gouron
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
F. Soetermeer, Livres et Juristes au Moyen Age
Authors:   Waelkens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Sibylle Hofer, Freiheit ohne Grenzen? Privatrechtstheoretische Diskussionen im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors:   Jansen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A. Böhmer, Die Europäische Union im Lichte der Reichsverfassung von 1871, Vom Dualistischen zum Transnationalen Föderalismus
Authors:   Wijffels
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: d'Ors
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: Wallinga
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: Huussen Jr.
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: Rooms  , de Vos
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Comptes Rendus
Authors: van der Walt
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Palingenesia in the Dutch Elegant School
Authors: van den Bergh
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
De Nijmeegse Criminele Ordonnantie van 1614
Authors: Moorman van Kappen
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Pouvoirs et institutions dans la France médiévale,tome I: Des origines àl'époque féodale, par O. Guillot et Y. Sassier, tome II: Des temps féodaux aux temps de l'Etat, par A. Rigaudière. Armand Colin, [Paris 1994]. 332 et 320 p.
Authors: Cauchies
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
F. Battenberg, Herrschaft und Verfahren: Politische Prozesse im mittelalterlichen Römisch-Deutschen Reich. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt [1995]. X + 253 p.
Authors: Nève
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Southern Cross: Civil Law and Common Law in South Africa, [ed. by] R. Zimmermann and D. Visser. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1996. C + 892 p.
Authors:   Schrage
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Teaching the Ius Hodiernum: Legal education of advocates in the northern Netherlands (1575–1800)
Authors: Ahsmann
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford University Press, [Oxford 1994]. XI + 544 p.
Authors: Heirbaut
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
G. Chiodi, L'interpretazione del testamento nel pensiero dei glossatori. [Università degli Studi di Milano, Facoltà di Giurisprudenza, Pubblicazioni dell'Istituto di storia del diritto italiano, 21]. Giuffrè, Milano 1997. 1020 p.
Authors: Wesener
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
H. Lück, Die kursächsische Gerichtsverfassung, 1423-1550. [Forschungen zur Deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, 17]. Böhlau, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1997. XLIV + 296 S.
Authors: van Rhee
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Le registre des causes civiles et criminelles de la justice de Choisy-le-Temple: 1475-1478, éd. et commenté par Marie-Claire Chavarot. Centre d'Études d'Histoire Juridique, Paris 1992. 198 p. (index des matiéres par Ph. Paschel, paru à part, Paris 1996 [23 p.])
Authors: Dauchy
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
L'appel Au Tribunal De Dieu Contre Un Juge Inique Dans Les Exemples de Thomas de Cantimpré
Authors: Platelle
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Dominium Utile Est Chimaera: Nouvelles Réflexions Sur Le Concept De Propriété Dans Le Droit Savant (à propos d'un ouvrage récent)
Authors: Feenstra
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
P. Landau, Kanones und Dekretalen, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Quellen des kanonischen Rechts. [Bibliotheca eruditorum, 2]. Keip, Goldbach [1997]. XXII + 528 S.
Authors: Feenstra
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
P. Weimar, Zur Renaissance der Rechtswissenschaft im Mittelalter. [Bibliotheca eruditorum, 8]. Keip, Goldbach [1997]. XV + 403 S.
Authors: Feenstra
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Sigrid Jacoby, Allgemeine Rechtsgrundsätze: Begriffsentwicklung und Funktion in der Europäischen Rechtsgeschichte. [Schriften zur Europäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte, 19]. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin [1997]. 319 S.
Authors: Wijffels
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Dutch Constitution of 1798 and the Problem of Slavery
Authors: Huussen Jr.
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Voconian law: Nova or Phoenix?
Authors: van der Meer
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Martina Müller-Ehlen, Hereditatis petitio: Studien zur Leistung auf fremde Schuld und zur Bereicherungshaftung in der römischen Erbschaftsklage. [Forschungen zum römischen Recht, 42]. Böhlau, Köln-Weimar-Wien 1998. XIV + 468 p.
Authors: Johnston
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A. Sottili, Università e Cultura: Studi sui rapporti italo-tedeschi nell'età dell'Umanesimo. [Bibliotheca Eruditorum, 5]. Keip Verlag, Goldbach [1993]. XIII + 431 S.
Authors: de Ridder-Symoens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Manon van der Heijden, Huwelijk in Holland: Stedelijke rechtspraak en kerkelijke tucht, 1550-1700. Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, Amsterdam 1998. 361 blz.
Authors: Huussen jr.
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
E.W.A. Henssen, Twee eeuwen advocatuur in Nederland, 1798-1998. Kluwer, Deventer 1998. XIV + 321 blz.
Authors: Hardenberg
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
S. Walker, The Rights Revolution: Rights and Community in Modern America. Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford 1998. XVIII + 222 p.
Authors: Blom
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Jane F. Gardner, Family and familia in Roman Law and Life. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998. X + 305 p.
Authors: Waelkens
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Gene interactions and stroke risk in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Hoppe Carolyn , Klitz William , Cheng Suzanne , Apple Ray , Steiner Lori , Robles Lara , Girard Tom , Vichinsky Elliott , Styles Lori ,   the CSSCD Investigators
Published: November 2003

Stroke is a devastating complication of sickle cell anemia (SCA), affecting up to 30% of children with the disease. Despite the relative frequency of stroke in SCA, few predictors of risk exist. Because stroke in SCA is likely a multifactorial disease, analysis of the combined effect of multiple genetic variants may prove more successful than evaluation of individual candidate genes. We genotyped 230 children with SCA for 104 polymorphisms among 65 candidate vascular genes to identify risk associations with stroke. Patients were phenotyped based on magnetic resonance imaging/angiography (MRI/MRA) findings into large-vessel (LV) versus small-vessel (SV) disease stroke subgroups. Specific polymorphisms in the IL4R 503, TNF (-308), and ADRB2 27 genes were independently associated with stroke susceptibility in the LV stroke subgroup, while variants in the VCAM1 (-1594) and LDLR NcoI genes were associated with SV stroke risk. The combination of TNF (-308)GG homozygosity and the IL4R 503P variant carrier status was associated with a particularly strong predisposition to LV stroke (odds ratio [OR] = 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3-13.1). We show that several candidate genes may play a role in predisposition to specific stroke subtypes in children with SCA. If confirmed, these results provide a basis for population screening and targeted intervention to prevent stroke in SCA.
Synthesis of Hexagonally Ordered Super-Microporous Silicas, Using Conventional Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromide, as Adsorbents for Water Adsorption Heat-Pump Systems
Authors: Yano Kazuhisa , Fukushima Yoshiaki
Published: November 2003

Super-microporous silicas with an ordered hexagonal structure were synthesized under dilute conditions using a conventional alkyltrimethylammonium halide as a template. The d100 of the super-microporous silicas was approximately 23 Å. The pore diameter of one of the obtained samples, determined by an argon adsorption measurement, was 16.7 Å. This material adsorbed water vapor with a P/P0 value higher than 0.29, while desorbing it with a P/P0 value lower than 0.14. It can be inferred that this super-microporous silica is suitable as an adsorbent for an adsorption heat-pump system.
Crystal Structure of High Temperature Phase and Ionic Conductivity Mechanism of CuHgSX (X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Moro’oka Masakazu , Ohki Hiroshi , Yamada Koji , Okuda Tsutomu
Published: November 2003

We found a new ionic conduction phase in CuHgSCl above 373 K and in CuHgSBr above 346 K. The crystal structures of these novel phases have been determined by Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction patterns. The electric conductivity at 500 K measured by AC impedance method was 1.4 × 10−5 S cm−1 for CuHgSCl and 4.0 × 10−6 S cm−1 for CuHgSBr. The activation enthalpy was determined to be 53 kJ mol−1 for CuHgSCl and 67 kJ mol−1 for CuHgSBr. The ionic transport number measurements indicated that Cu+ ions constitute the majority charge carriers in these samples. The electronic contribution to the conduction process is small in comparison with the Cu+ ionic contribution. The charge density analysis by the maximum entropy method (MEM) combined with Rietveld analysis clearly showed that the Cu+ ionic conduction path was along the crystallographic (100) direction.
Synthesis and Structural Determination of a Porphyrinatoplatinum(II): meso-Tetrakis(4-t-butylphenyl)porphyrinatoplatinum(II)
Authors: Umemiya Masamichi , Sugiura Ken-ichi , Miyasaka Hitoshi , Ishii Tomohiko , Yamashita Masahiro
Published: November 2003

A substituted porphyrinatoplatinum(II), meso-tetrakis(4-t-butylphenyl)porphyrinatoplatinum(II), has been spectroscopically and structurally characterized. The 1H NMR signal from the β-protons of the pyrrole ring is observed as a singlet with a full-width at half maximum of 1.6 Hz, contrary to the reported quasi-triplet resonance attributable to the 1H–195Pt long-range coupling. The porphyrin nucleus is nearly planar in the solid state. All macrocycle atoms lie within approximately 0.06 Å of the least squares mean plane with a pseudo-wave core conformation. The intramolecular Pt–N distances are 2.019(3) Å.
Intramolecular Electron-Transfer Pathway for Deoxy and Zinc Myoglobins Modified with N,N,N′,N″,N″-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetatocobaltate(III)
Authors: Tsukahara Keiichi , Nishimine Mari , Shioyama Yuka , Takashima Hiroshi , Hirose Junzo
Published: November 2003

Horse heart metmyoglobin (metMb), whose N-terminal Gly1 is linked by an N,N,N′,N″,N″-diethylenetriaminepentaacetatocobaltate(III) ion ([CoIII(dtpa)]) with an amide bond, was prepared and characterized. A one-electron reduced protein, [deoxyMb{CoIII(dtpa)}], was prepared by reduction with a methylviologen-radical cation, which was produced in situ by a photoreduction using a tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ion in the presence of disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate at 25 °C, pH 7.5 (a 0.010 mol dm−3 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane–HCl buffer), and an ionic strength of 0.50 mol dm−3 (NaCl). The reaction of [deoxyMb{CoIII(dtpa)}] to form [metMb{CoII(dtpa)}] obeyed a first-order rate law on the protein concentration. The first-order rate constant was dependent on the concentration of the protein, indicating that both intra- and intermolecular electron-transfer (ET) processes simultaneously occur. The latter is the reaction with excess [metMb{CoIII(dtpa)}] remaining. Both intra- and intermolecular ET rates could be explained by the Marcus theory, including the distance dependence of the rate of the reaction, and might arise mainly from the very large reorganization energy for the Co(III)/Co(II) couple. Zinc-substituted myoglobin, [ZnMb{CoIII(dtpa)}], was also prepared and the photoinduced ET reaction from the excited triplet state of zinc myoglobin to the Co(III) moiety was examined. The observed ET quenching rate constant is reasonably explained by the Marcus theory through the same ET pathway as that for [deoxyMb{CoIII(dtpa)}]. It is suggested that the ET occurs with through-bond and van der Waals interactions from the heme edge to the Co(III) edge via Phe138 and Leu137 over 18.8 Å (1 Å = 1 × 10−10 m) both in deoxy and zinc myoglobins.
Photophysical and Photochemical Studies of [Pt(binap)2]: Excited State Quenching by Oxygen
Authors: Tsubomura Taro , Abe Masakazu , Tarutani Michihiro , Yamada Haruya , Tsukuda Toshiaki
Published: November 2003

The quenching of the photoluminescence of [Pt(binap)2] by oxygen has been studied. Generation of singlet oxygen was confirmed by NIR spectroscopy. The usefulness of the Pt complex as a photosensitizer was established using a singlet oxygen scavenger, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DBF). The mechanism for the generation of singlet oxygen is discussed.
The Conformation of 1-Alkyl-2-phenylpropan-1-ols Studied by Ab Initio MO Calculations. Relevance of the CH/π and OH/π Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Takahashi Osamu , Saito Ko , Kohno Yuji , Suezawa Hiroko , Ishihara Shinji , Nishio Motohiro
Published: November 2003

Ab initio MO calculations were carried out, at the MP2/6-311G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level, for the conformation of a series of diastereoisomers of 1-alkyl-2-phenylpropan-1-ols CH3CH(C6H5)CH(R)OH and 2-phenylalkanes CH3CH(C6H5)CH2R (R = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7, t-C4H9). A rotamer where R is gauche to C6H5 and anti to the benzylic methyl group has been found to be the most populated. The distances between the CH and OH hydrogens and the phenyl group in the interacted rotamers have been found to be short. The distribution of the possible rotamers depends on the presence or absence of the OH group and the configuration of the alcohol diastereoisomers. The results are discussed in the context of weak attractive molecular forces; the CH/π, OH/π, and CH/O hydrogen bonds, as well as unfavorable steric effects occurring between R and Me and between vicinal CH groups.
Synthesis, Solubility, and Reaction of Long Alkyl-Chained Hypervalent Iodine Benzyne Precursors
Authors: Abe Takayoshi , Yamaji Teizo , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: November 2003

Long-chained hypervalent iodine benzyne precursors bearing ethyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl groups were synthesized, respectively. As the alkyl chain of the benzyne precursors is lengthened, the solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and the yield of the benzyne adduct with furan gradually increases.
Unusual Carbonyl Differentiation in the Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Allylation of Aldehydes with Tetraallyltin. Applications to Parallel Recognition and Shotgun Process
Authors: Nagano Yoshifumi , Orita Akihiro , Otera Junzo
Published: November 2003

In contrast to conventional substrate selectivity in Lewis-acid promoted nucleophilic reactions wherein less electrophilic aldehydes react preferentially over the more electrophilic counterparts, addition of tetraallyltin to aldehydes occurs in a reversed sense. The substrate selectivity in Lewis acid-promoted nucleophilic addition is generally dependent on the combinations of substrates, nucleophiles, catalysts, etc. Such diversity leads to two one-pot protocols, parallel recognition and shotgun process wherein different chemical transformations take place directly on the separate reaction sites without recourse to protection–deprotection procedures. These two protocols are tunable by controlling the electronic properties of the substrates.
Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Nitrones with α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by Cationic 3-Oxobutylideneaminatocobalt(III) Complexes
Authors: Kezuka Satoko , Ohtsuki Natsuki , Mita Tsuyoshi , Kogami Youichi , Ashizawa Tomoko , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru
Published: November 2003

The enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was realized using 3-oxobutylideneaminatocobalt complex catalysts. Varieties of the cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) complexes were screened and the cationic cobalt(III) complex with hexafluoroantimonate was found to be the most effective for the catalytic enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. In the presence of the cobalt(III) hexafluoroantimonate complex, the enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of various nitrones with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes afforded the corresponding isoxazolidines in high yields and with high enantioselectivities. The absolute configuration of the optically active products was determined by X-ray analysis. Reasonable explanations for the enantioselection in the present 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by the 3-oxobutylideneaminatocobalt complex were proposed.
Fabrication of Silica/Polystyrene Nanocomposite Microspheres by γ-Ray Irradiation
Authors: Wu Dazhen , Ge Xuewu , Chu Songnan , Zhang Zhicheng
Published: November 2003

Nanocomposite monodisperse polystyrene microspheres (ca. 90 nm) containing homogeneously dispersed silica nanoparticles (ca. 6 nm) have been successfully produced by combining happily the techniques of microemulsion, emulsion and γ-ray irradiation. The product was characterized with TEM, FTIR, and TGA. A possible formation mechanism of the nanocomposite was proposed.
Isolation of a Novel Singly Oxo-bridged Low-spin Fe(II) Dimeric Complex: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Saha Manas Kumar , Dey Dilip Kumar , Choudhury Chirantan Roy , Dey Subrata Kumar , Mitra Samiran , Lehmann Christian W
Published: November 2003

Redox reaction between [(phen)4Fe2(Cl)2(μ-O)]Cl2·4.5H2O (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and Mn(OH)2·xH2O in water methanol solution at refluxing temperature under inert atmosphere gives a novel low-spin iron(II)–oxo complex [(phen)4Fe2(Cl)2(μ-O)]·4H2O (1) which has been characterised by IR, Mössbauer, electrochemical and magnetic studies. The crystal structure shows that complex 1 is a dinuclear single oxo-bridged Fe(II) species with distorted octahedral geometry.
Preparation of Uniform Nanospheres with a Hydrophilic Core and a Hydrophobic Corona by the Macromonomer Method
Authors: Chen Ming-Qing , Kaneko Tatsuo , Zhang Ming , Liu Xiao-Ya , Wu Kang , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: November 2003

Uniform polymeric nanospheres comprised of hydrophilic cores and hydrophobic coronas were prepared by dispersion free radical copolymerization of acrylamide with poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) macromonomer (PtBMA) in ethanol/water mixed solvents, and the effects of cross-linker addition on the nanosphere size were investigated. Chemical analysis by electron spectroscopy confirmed that hydrophobic PtBMA chains grafted to the nanosphere surfaces. Changes in concentrations of the monomers and the cross-linker controlled the hydrodynamic diameter of the nanospheres (140–540 nm).
A Convenient, Efficient, and Environmentally Benign Method for Preparing Nitroanilines
Authors: Liu Xiao-zhi , Lu Shi-wei
Published: November 2003

An efficient method for the catalytic monoreduction of aromatic dinitro compounds to nitroanilines is reported. In the presence of selenium catalyst, the dinitroaromatic compounds are selectively reduced by CO/H2O to the corresponding nitroanilines under atmospheric pressure. The mono-reduction occurs in high selectivity regardless of the substitution groups on the aromatic ring without affecting other reducible functional groups.
Sliding Mode Transition of Water Droplet on the Silicon Surface Coated with Octadecyltrichlorosilane
Authors: Nakajima Akira , Suzuki Shunsuke , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Yoshida Naoya , Watanabe Toshiya , Okada Kiyoshi
Published: November 2003

The sliding acceleration of a water droplet on a silicon surface treated with octadecyltrichlorosilane was evaluated by changing the droplet weight. All water droplets slide down with a constant sliding acceleration. The slope of the sliding acceleration against the droplet weight was changed at 20 mg, suggesting that the dominant sliding mode was shifted from slipping to rolling.
A Novel Active Site Structure of Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts
Authors: Okamoto Yasuaki , Kawabata Takao , Kubota Takeshi , Hiromitsu Ichiro
Published: November 2003

A novel structure of the CoMoS phase, dinuclear Co clusters located on the edges of MoS2 particles, is proposed on the basis of an antiferromagnetic property of the Co atoms in highly active Co–Mo model sulfide catalysts prepared by a CVD technique using Co(CO)3NO.
Improved Cycleability of Li-Birnessite by Coprecipitation with Nafion
Authors: Yang Xiaojing , Tang Weiping , Liu Zong-huai , Ikeda Kazuya , Ooi Kenta
Published: November 2003

Birnessite-type lithium manganese oxide coprecipitated with Nafion showed improved stability on cycling as a cathode material for a Li-rechargeable battery at large current density.
Highly Regioselective Deoxyhalogenation at the C-6 Positions of N-Phthaloylchitosan with N-Halosuccinimide–Triphenylphosphine System
Authors: Satoh Taku , Sakairi Nobuo
Published: November 2003

N-phthaloylchitosan with high structural regularity found to be a good substrate for nucleophilic substitution with N-halosuccinimides and triphenylphosphine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which provided the corresponding 6-deoxyhalogenated derivatives in a highly regioselective manner.
Effectiveness of preventive human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Lehtinen M , Paavonen J
Published: November 2003

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the major preventable causes of cancer world-wide. Rapid increase in cervical cancer incidence also in some western countries with cervical cancer screening programmes is probably due to increase in background exposure to HPV in the young. HPV vaccines are in clinical trials and the results have been promising, but due to assortative transmission of the infection and multiple HPV types the effect of large-scale immunization on their spread will vary between different populations and by HPV type. Thus, it is difficult to predict the effect of vaccination on cancer incidence on the basis of efficacy trials only. In the following evaluation of population level, effectiveness of vaccination on cervical cancer incidence (1) and HPV prevalence (2) by combined cluster/individually randomized trials (1) and cluster/community randomized trials (2) are described.
Effects of a change from an appointment service to a walk-in triage service at a sexual health centre
Authors: Tideman R L , Pitts M K , Fairley C K
Published: November 2003

A walk-in triage system (WITS) was introduced at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in August 2001 as a result of the perceived need to increase access to the clinic for clients requiring immediate assessment. An audit of this alteration to clinic operation resulted in a significant increase in the number of new clients attending the clinic who were younger and less likely to report using condoms, substantial increases in the number of investigations ordered for bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and an increase in the detection of genital herpes and chlamydia. There are a number of possible explanations for these changes other than the change to clinic operation but these are less likely causes for the observed changes. Our findings should complement the other reasons to adopt a WITS system, such as improving access for those most in need and vital to reach if STI rates are to fall.
Randomized trial of an adherence programme for clients with HIV
Authors: Fairley C K , Levy R , Rayner C R , Allardice K , Costello K , Thomas C , McArthur C , Kong D , Mijch A ,   Melbourne Adherence Group
Published: November 2003

Our aim was to determine if a comprehensive adherence package improved self reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy. The adherence package included an education programme, individualized planning of regimens, and the opportunity for a patient to choose from a number of adherence aids and reminder devices. A randomized step wedge design was used. Forty-three individuals were randomized to begin the intervention over a five-month period. There was a substantial fall in the number of missed doses reported for the last four days (0.76 to 0.38, P =0.03) and last seven days (1.5 to 0.74, P =0.005) but not for the last 28 days (2.5 to 2.5, P =0.63). There was no statistical difference in the viral load or CD4 lymphocyte count in the period before or after the intervention. The Morisky score during the pre and post intervention periods was significantly different ( P =0.006), 2.9 (SD 0.9) and 3.3 (SD 0.8) respectively. This adherence package improved self reported adherence during the last four and seven days.
Factors associated with vertical HIV transmission during two different time periods: the impact of zidovudine use on clinical practice at a Brazilian reference centre
Authors: Mussi-Pinhata M M , Kato Cristina M , Duarte G , Paschoini M C , Bettiol H , Quintana S M
Published: November 2003

Vertical HIV transmission rates and associated factors among mother-infant pairs cared for at a Brazilian reference centre from 1988 to 1993 (period 1), and from 1996 to 1999 (period 2) were evaluated. A total of 150 and 239 infants born to HIV+ mothers were enrolled at birth during these periods. No zidovudine prophylaxis was available in period 1. In period 2, 92.4% of the infants were exposed to zidovudine (54% started at delivery or in the post-natal period). During period 1, 25 of 129 infants were found to be infected (19.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=13-27) vs 20 of 232 (8.6%; 95% CI=5-13) during period 2 ( P <0.01). After controlling for co-variables, this decline was due to zidovudine prophylaxis, either with complete (odds ratio [OR]=0.24; 95% CI=0.08-0.70) or incomplete (OR=0.37; 95% CI=0.17-0.81) regimens. Premature rupture of membranes (OR =3.2) and rhesus-negative blood type of the infant (OR=2.6) facilitated transmission. Although confirming the protective effect of zidovudine prophylaxis, alternative approaches aimed at pregnant women identified late are needed for this population.
Awareness of HIV/AIDS and household environment of pregnant women in Pune, India
Authors: Shrotri A , Shankar A V , Sutar S , Joshi A , Suryawanshi N , Pisal H , Bharucha K E , Phadke M A , Bollinger R C , Sastry J
Published: November 2003

Our objective was to determine the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge of pregnant women in India. In a sub-sample of these women, we documented the extent to which they experienced adverse social and physical difficulties within their home. The study was performed at an urban antenatal hospital clinic in Maharastra, India. From April to September 2001, structured interviews were conducted on 707 randomly selected antenatal clinic patients related to HIV/AIDS knowledge. Of these, 283 were further interviewed to document any social or physical difficulties they experienced. Over 75% of women displayed knowledge of primary transmission routes. Nearly 70% of women demonstrated knowledge of maternal to child transmission, however, only 8% knew of any methods of prevention. TV and written material were more strongly related to knowledge than access to radio messages or conversations with individuals. Thirty per cent of the women experienced physical or mental abuse or their spouse's alcohol and/or drug problems. Women reporting such abuse were more than twice as likely to have adequate HIV/AIDS knowledge compared with women reporting no such abuse. We found no relationship between reported household abuse and educational level of woman, husband, occupation of either partner, language or religion. We found no relationship between HIV status and knowledge of HIV and no relationship between HIV status and risk of abuse in the household. However, the total number of HIV patients in our sample was very small.