bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Annual Review of Constitution-Building: 2019
Authors: Abebe Adem , Bisarya Sumit , Bulmer Elliot , Houlihan Erin , Noel Thibaut
Published: January 2021

International IDEA’s Annual Review of Constitution-Building provides a retrospective account of constitutional transitions around the world, the issues that drive them, and their implications for national and international politics. This seventh edition covers events in 2019. Because this year marks the end of a decade, the first chapter summarizes a series of discussions International IDEA held with international experts and scholars throughout the year on the evolution of constitution-building over the past 10 years. The edition also includes chapters on challenges with sustaining constitutional pacts in Guinea and Zimbabwe; public participation in constitutional reform processes in The Gambia and Mongolia; constitutional change and subnational governance arrangements in Tobago and the Autonomous Region of Bangsamoro; the complexities of federal systems and negotiations on federal state structures in Myanmar and South Sudan; and the drawing (and redrawing) of the federal map in South Sudan and India. Writing at the mid-way point between the instant reactions of the blogosphere and academic analyses that follow several years later, the authors provide accounts of ongoing political transitions, the major constitutional issues they give rise to, and the implications of these processes for democracy, the rule of law and peace.
Semiotic Analysis of the Objectification of Women in Selected Pakistani Advertisements
Authors: Ahmed Khalid , Tariq Anila , Akram Arfan
Published: January 2021

This study explored the objectification of women in Pakistani advertisements of print and electronic media. The objectification and presentation of women in the advertisements of the western world has been extensively studied but this area lacks research in Pakistan. Semiotic analysis was used as the research tool in order to explore how multiple meanings and beliefs are built in a society by advertising sex. In this research, five advertisements from different Pakistani TV channels and newspapers were selected as sample. These commercials were selected because they presented women in a specific way. For analysis, Barthian semiotic analysis on two levels of significance, that is, the denotative and connotative levels, was employed. The findings of this paper revealed that advertisements in Pakistan focus on the physical appearance and depiction of women body.
Fondos europeos para la competitividad y su absorción en las regiones españolas (2007–2015)
Authors: García Nicolás Cristina , Murillo García Encarnación , Paniagua San Martín Milagros , Paniagua San Martín Milagros
Published: January 2021

Frente al principio de cohesión, ligado al de solidaridad, los retos derivados de las ampliaciones y de la globalización económica han llevado a la Unión Europea a priorizar la competitividad en el diseño de la nueva política de cohesión. Tras un breve repaso a la evolución conceptual de los principios de convergencia–cohesión y de competitividad, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar si en el caso de las regiones españolas el gasto ejecutado asociado a las ayudas estructurales europeas reﬂeja la prioridad del objetivo de competitividad durante el periodo 2007–2015. Igualmente, se pretende observar si existe homogeneidad en esa ejecución entre diferentes tipologías de territorios, así como la capacidad de absorción de dichos fondos, es decir, si se ejecutan las partidas programadas para este concepto, en la misma media que las del conjunto de los programas conﬁnanciados con ayudas europeas.
Plant-Based Milks: Soy
Authors: Goldberg Jessica , Rivero-Mendoza Daniela , Dahl Wendy J.
Published: January 2021

Soy milk is a plant-based milk made from the legume soybean. Unlike some of the recently marketed plant-based milks, soy milk has a long history as a beverage around the world and has been marketed in the United States for more than a century. If you have wondered how it compares to cow’s milk, this new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department describes the composition and nutrient content of soy milk and its potential benefits and risks to health. Written by Jessica Goldberg, Daniela Rivero-Mendoza, and Wendy J. Dahl.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs422
Macronutrient Deficiencies in Citrus: Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
Authors: Zekri Mongi , Obreza Thomas
Published: January 2021

This document is SL 202, a fact sheet of the Soil and Water Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First printed: January 2003.

SL 202/SS421: Macronutrient Deficiencies in Citrus: Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur (ufl.edu)
Weed Management in Small Grains Harvested for Grain
Authors: Ferrell Jason , MacDonald Gregory , Devkota Pratap
Published: January 2021

Successful weed control in small grains involves using good management practices in all phases of production. In Florida, winter weeds compete with small grains for moisture, nutrients, and light, with the greatest amount of competition occurring during the first six to eight weeks after planting. Weeds also cause harvest problems the following spring when the small grain is mature. This 4-page publication discusses crop competition, knowing your weeds, and chemical control. Written by J. A. Ferrell, G. E. MacDonald, and P. Devkota, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised May 2020.
Critical Congenital Heart Disease in Newborn: Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Willim Herick Alvenus , Cristianto  , Alice Inda Supit
Published: January 2021

Critical congenital heart disease (CHD) is a type of CHD that requires early intervention in the first year of life to survive. Morbidity and mortality increases significantly if newborns with critical CHD experience delay in the initial diagnosis and management. The infants may develop cyanosis, systemic hypoperfusion, or respiratory distress as the main manifestations of critical CHD. Pulse oximetry screening for early detection of critical CHD must be performed in newborns after 24 hours of age or before discharge from hospital. Generally, infants with critical CHD require patency of the ductus arteriosus with infusion of prostaglandin to maintain pulmonary or systemic blood flow. After initial management, the infants must be immediately referred to tertiary care center for definitive intervention.

Keywords: congenital heart disease, duct-dependent circulation, ductus arteriosus, prostaglandin
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Increase in CD4 count of HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Permata Mega , Harun Hudari  , Mediarty  , Taufik Indrajaya
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Vitamin D plays a role in health overall, but hypovitaminosis D stilloccurs throughout the world. HIV/AIDS patients are prone to suffer fromhypovitaminosis D because of the infection itself and the side effects of antiretroviraltherapy. Various effort have been tried to improve the immune status of HIV/AIDSpatients, one of them is by adding vitamin D. Vitamin D acts as an antiinflammatoryso that it can prevent apoptosis of CD4 T cells and increase CD4 cell count.Methods. This is a randomized control trial add on a study that aims to determinethe effect of vitamin D to increase in CD4 counts of HIV / AIDS patients who havereceived antiretroviral drugs. Subjects were HIV / AIDS patients who had receivedantiretroviral drugs. A total of 20 subjects were divided randomly into two groups;one group received vitamin D (calcitriol 0.5 mcg per day) for eight weeks, and theother group that received a placebo. Each group was measured of CD4 cell countbefore and after treatment. Results. There was a significant increase in the CD4 cellcount of the vitamin D group (p = 0.046), but not in the CD4 cell count of bothgroups (p = 0.985). The comparison of mean CD4 cell counts between groups beforetreatment was not significantly different (p = 0.057), but after treatment, it becamesignificantly different (p = 0.040). Conclusion. Vitamin D has been successful inincreasing CD4 cell count in the vitamin D group, and it is recommended to giveHIV / AIDS patients to increase CD4 cell count.
The Efficacy of Cinnamon Extract ( Cinnamomum burmannii ) on Reducing Staging Acute Kidney Injury in Ischemia Reperfusion (IR) Model
Authors: Lusiana Evi , Nia Savitri Tamzil  , Desi Oktarina
Published: January 2021

A B S T R A C TIntroduction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as sudden decline in theglomerular filtration rate, resulting in the retention of nitrogenous wastes, such asurea and creatinine in plasma. Cinnamomum burmannii is known as a anti-inflammatory renoprotective agent, although the precise mechanism is not wellunderstood. This study aimed to elucidate the effectiveness of Cinnamomumburmannii extract in decreasing creatinine level of acute kidney injury Ischemiareperfusion (IR) model. Method. We performed Ischemia reperfusion (IR) in maleWistar rat to induce acute kidney injury. The rat (n=30) were divided into six groups:IR, 1 group treated with methylprednisolone as a control (IR+M), 3 groups treatedwith different oral Cinnamomum burmannii extract doses (50mg/kg (IR+EKM1),100mg/kg (IR+EKM2), and 200 mg/kg (IR+EKM3), and a Sham operation (SO)group. AKI stage reduction based on serum creatinine levels, before and aftermodeling, before and after the cinnamon extract intervention. Creatinine levels werequntified by spectrophotometry and analyzed by SPSS. Result. Cinnamomumburmannii extract lowers creatinine levels; significant (P <0.05). 200 mg / kgbb isthe effective dose of lowering creatinine levels in the IR model. Conclusion.Cinnamomum burmannii extract reduced serum creatinine levels associated withdecreased acute renal staging in the IR model.
Does Electroencephalography Result Affect the Success of Treatment for Epilepsy Patients ?
Authors: Suroto Sri handayani , Diansari Yunni , Marisdina Selly , Lestari Nova , Yani Sri
Published: January 2021

A B S T R A C TIntroduction: Approximately there is 50 million people with epilepsy in the world.Currently, pharmacological management is the most therapeutic option. However,about 30% of patients will develop drug-resistant epilepsy. Many factors arethought to affect the treatment success. This study was conducted to determinethe relationship between electroencephalographic results and epilepsy treatmentsuccess. Methods : This is cross sectional observational study. Inclusion criteriawas epileptic patients aged > 18 years and had received epilepsy treatment for atleast 1 year. The chi-square test is performed to see the relationship betweenresearch variables. Results: EEG results has an effect on the success of therapy(p 0.027). The most common type of epileptiform abnormality is sharp waves. Themost epileptiform amplitude and location were 80 microvolts and in the temporallobe. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between EEG abnormalitiesand the epilepsy treatment success.
The Effect of Meniran Herbs Extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) on The Histological Spectrum of The Uterus and Oviduct Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
Authors: Mutianingsih Rosa , Khairil Pahmi
Published: January 2021

A B S T R A C TBackground The use of plants as natural medicinal ingredients isincreasingly in demand by the public because the plants are consideredto have lower negative effects than chemical drugs. The effect of mineranherbs extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) on the histological spectrum of theuterus and oviduct rat (Rattus Norvegicus) had been studied.Aim ofStudy Aim of this study to explore the effect of meniran herbs extract(Phyllanthus niruri Linn) on the histological spectrum of the uterus andoviduct rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Methods Wistar rats have been challengedwith 2% NaCl in drinking water to result in fibrotic uterus and oviduct.Phyllanthus niruri extract (200 mg/Kg) turned into given orally for 4weeks. Matrix extracellular abundance turned into decided via way ofmeans of HE Staining and measured via way of means of METAVIRFibrosis Score. The result of this examine have been assayed via way ofmeans of SPSS 16. Results P. niruri extract was potent to reduce thematrix extracellular in 2% NaCl-induced rats compared to control group(p<0.05) in uterus. Meanwhile, P. niruri extract was not able to decreasethe matrix extracellular in 2% NaCl-induced rats compared to controlgroup (p>0.05) in oviduct. Conclusion P. niruri extract was potent todecrease the matrix extracellular in the uterus of the rats, but in oviduct.
PENERAPAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN AKTIF PADA MATA PELAJARAN FIQIH DI MTs MA’ARIF NU I JATILAWANG KABUPATEN BANYUMAS
Authors: Hamdi Saiful , Farida Qurotul Aini
Published: January 2021

Strategi pembelajaran aktif merupakan hal ang penting yang perlu diperhatikan, disiapkandan dilaksanakan oleh guru ketika proses pembelajaran fiqih dilaksanakan. Karenastrategi pembelajaran aktif mempunyai pengaruh terhadap hasil dari pembelajaran itusendiri, apabila strategi yang digunakan tepat, maka hasil yang dicapai akan maksimal.Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Peneliti adalah Strategi pembelajaran aktif yangdigunakan dalam pembelajaran fiqih adalah card sort, inquiring minds want to know,every one is teacher here, reading aloud, index card mach dan jigsaw learning. Bahwa dalam penerapan strategi pembelajaran aktif disesuaikan dengan materi yang akandisampaikan sehingga strategi pembelajaran aktif yang digunakan akan sesuai denganmateri yang akan disampaikan. bahwa menggunakan strategi pembelajaran aktif adalahbukan merupakan kewajiban bagi seluruh guru fiqih, akan tetapi strategi pembelajaranaktif ini merupakan kreatifitas dari seorang guru sendiri untuk mempermudah dalammengajar dan sekaligus menumbuhkan minat bagi peserta didik agar terlibat secara aktifdalam pembelajaran. Pada prakteknya penggunaan strategi pembelajaran aktif tidakdigunakan sendiri – sendiri, melainkan dikombinasikan dengan strategi lainnya sesuaidengan materi pembelajaran.
MAHAR PERNIKAHAN DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM DAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Kafi Abd.
Published: January 2021

Masalah kewajiban calon mempelai laki-laki untuk  membayar mahar kepada calon  istri yang dikuatkan dengan latar belakang adanya mahar atau persyaratan lain dalam mahar perspektif hokum dan pendidikan islam. Sehingga tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) Mengetahui dasar hukum mahar dalam pandangan islam; 2) Mengetahui jumnlah mahar dari perspektif imam madzhab, dan 3) Implementasi dalam pendidikan islam di sekolah. Metode penelitian menggunakan library research dan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan pembahasan menunjukan mahar sebagai pemberian wajib dari calon suami kepada calon istri sebagai bentuk ketulusan hati calon suami untuk menimbulkan rasa cinta kasih bagi seorang istri kepada calon suaminya, atau suatu pemberian wajib dari calon suami baik dalam bentuk benda maupun jasa. Agama tidak menetapkan jumlah minimal maupun jumlah maksimal dari mahar. Hal ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan tingkatan dan kemampuan manusia dalam memberikannya. Implementasi pendidikan islam terletak pada bagaimana makna mahar yang dapat diajarkan dalam sekolah melalui pengetahuan dan pemahaman secara holistic pada kebutuhan karakter siswa laki-laki dan perempuan yaitu: Keikhlasan dan tanggungjawab dalam memberikan mahar bagi siswa laki-laki (calon suami), bijaksana dalam menggunakan mahar bagi siswa perempuan (calon istri) dan bersikap adil dalam membangun pernikahan.
Improving the health protection competence of 5th-9th grade schoolchildren in compliance with information security
Authors:   Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Kapalygina Irina I.
Published: January 2021

Problem and purpose. In modern society, information security must be considered as one of the factors in maintaining and strengthening health. Schoolchildren are one of the categories of citizens who are most vulnerable and less protected from information influences on the Internet. Compliance with certain conditions contributes to the formation of personal security in the information space, as well as to the preservation of mental, moral, and spiritual well-being. Methods. Methods of measuring the formation of components of health preservation competence were used in the study. The study involved two groups of schoolchildren studying in 5th-9th grade experimental (228 people) and control (212 people) classes. The experiment consisted of two stages. The first stage involved measuring the components at the initial stage of their formation, without the targeted intervention of teachers and parents. The second stage involved obtaining digital data after the introduction of certain conditions that contribute to the formation of personal security in the information space. Comparison of the indicators obtained at the first and second stages was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test (U), as well as the method of descriptive statistics to determine the mean value of the trait manifestation (M). Results. The analysis of the effectiveness of students’ health-protection competence formation showed significant differences on a number of scales (p<0.05). Positive changes were shown in the experimental group of students. The increase in the mean value (M) in terms of indicators was as follows: knowledge of the competence content (0.57), experience in the competence manifestation (0.64), attitude toward the competence content (0.33), emotional-volitional regulation of the competence manifestation (0.6), readiness to demonstrate competence (0.71). Statistically significant differences in the components of competence have been revealed (p<0.05). This category of children is characterized by high motivation for changes in the personal sphere and a creative approach to a joint activity. Conclusion. The author’s interpretation of the concept of “information security” is of practical importance for a student so that he/she knows how to protect against information that threatens his/her health and development, can regulate his/her behavior, knows how to use the mechanisms of protective behavior in a problem situation relative to what is happening. The experiment showed that compliance by schoolchildren with the proposed conditions could solve the problem of the formation of their information security skills in an educational institution. It is necessary to determine which of these skills can be supported by a social care teacher, others – by a practical psychologist or by parents, etc.
Environmental education of students as a factor in social capital development (through the example of the practice of household waste separate collection)
Authors:   Vyatka State University, Bushkova-Shiklina Elvira V. , Musikhina Tatiana A. ,   Vyatka State University
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Social capital is a set of resources for human social interaction – social ties, rules of social exchange and trust. As the most important part of human capital, social capital becomes an indicator of society cohesion mainly in the matters of implementation of socio-system values – the survival and integrity of society, care for current and future generations. In this regard, the implementation of environmental values is an important direction in the development of social capital and a key task of students’ environmental education. Students’ environmental education is possible by solving an urgent social problem – the separate collection of household waste. This problem is becoming more and more relevant and discussed both at the regulatory and public levels. There is no formed public opinion – the understanding of possibilities and threats of this problem, the readiness of the population to participate in its solution. The purpose of the article was to analyze the views of students regarding the prospects and possibilities of solving the problem of separate waste collection in society, their readiness to independently participate in this practice, as well as to assess the possibilities of using this practice for the purpose of environmental education and increasing social solidarity. Materials and methods: 1) a qualitative substantive analysis of 200 students’ essays on the topic “Environmental Problems of My Region”; 2) a survey of 400 students of the Vyatka State University. Results. Students’ high willingness to practice separate waste collection against the background of other environmental practices (up to 70%, mostly girls (χ2=24.1, p=0.001), senior students (χ2=70, p=0.0). High cognitive interest in this problem is shown – 53% of students would like to study it further. Students consider the purchase of goods in biodegradable packaging as a first step towards reducing the amount of garbage (97% of students are ready to do this to varying degrees). First of all, students are ready to collect non-perishable waste – paper, plastic, glass, to a lesser extent – organic waste, metal, clothes, and shoes. More than half of the students understand that the practice of separate waste collection is a promising direction in the development of a civilized society, contributing to the improvement of yard aesthetics, improving the quality of the environment, preserving valuable resources, forests and, in general, manifestations of care for future generations. The main directions of work on environmental education and social solidarity are outlined on the basis of the data obtained.
The attitude of teachers to the opportunities and risks of spiritual and moral education in the context of digitalization
Authors:   South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Shityakova Natalia P. , Verkhovykh Irina V. ,   South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Zabrodina Inga V. ,   South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University
Published: January 2021

The relevance of the research is due to the fact that the digitalization of the world educational system as a modern trend in the development of education requires serious reflection and solutions to a number of problems. The use of digital educational content, in addition to its obvious advantages, also contains a number of very likely risks. Including risks related to the spiritual and moral sphere of the individual. The purpose of our research is to study the attitude of teachers to the opportunities and risks of spiritual and moral education in the context of digitalization, as well as to find ways to minimize possible risks. The study involved teachers of the Chelyabinsk region who had advanced training in teaching the discipline "Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics" (on the basis of the Institute of continuing and additional education of the South Ural state humanitarian and pedagogical University). The survey method was used in the study. As a result of the survey, it was revealed that the main effect of using digital technologies, according to teachers, is better memorization of visually perceived information (72% of students), a third of respondents note the possibility of taking into account the individual characteristics of students, and a quarter of respondents – an increase in creative potential. Achievement of subject-based learning outcomes is, in the opinion of teachers, the main effect of using digital content, the educational effect of digitalization is not noted by respondents. More than 80% of teachers see the risk of using digital technologies in reducing the time for live communication, more than 60% – in reducing the communicative activity of children, in reducing interest in printed sources of information. The conclusions are related to the need for further research of this problem in the following areas: analysis of educational opportunities of existing digital educational content of spiritual and moral orientation and determination of criteria for evaluating such content; selection and creation of effective methods of using digital technologies that ensure the formation of students ' experience of emotional and value attitude to spiritual, historical and cultural heritage, as well as the ability to apply the knowledge gained in various life situations; training of teachers who are competent in the field of spiritual and moral education.
Influence of the quality of educational services of a technical university on the employment of graduates
Authors:   Perm State Agrarian and Technological University named after academician D. N. Pryanishnikov, Maltsev Dmitry V.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. Quality management of educational services is impossible without feedback from employers, graduates, and parents of students. Analysis of their opinions will help identify weaknesses in the educational process of the University, for the subsequent formation of a roadmap for managing the quality of education. The purpose of the study: to develop recommendations for improving the quality of education of students of the technical University by identifying dissatisfaction with professional, labor and socio-cultural training. Materials and methods. 1261 interested persons took part in the survey, including: 386 graduates (representatives of 225 enterprises and organizations), representatives of employers – 265 people (representatives of 173 enterprises and organizations), parents of students – 610 people. The quality of educational process was assessed by satisfaction with educational activities and satisfaction with the socio-cultural environment of the university. Research results. The results of the level of satisfaction with the quality of educational activities are analyzed, in particular: the level of satisfaction of graduates ranged from 66 to 88%, the greatest dissatisfaction is associated with the organization of practices, research work and the material and technical base of the University. Employers are more dissatisfied with the professional training of graduates, in particular bachelors. More than 70% of employers say that specialists are much better prepared to perform their work functions. In terms of assessing the socio-cultural environment, the satisfaction of students' parents ranged from 49 to 72%. The main comments are related to financial incentives (scholarships, surcharges), as well as the organization of leisure and recreation. The practical significance is to identify the most pressing issues that are not always obvious when viewed from the "inside" of the organization. Many problems are typical for higher education institutions in General, so the results of this study can be useful and applicable for internal audits, in-house surveys, and improving the quality of educational services in other universities.
Proposta de implementação da técnica de cliente oculto como ferramenta de captação de clientes
Authors: Martins Gabriel Rocha , Costa Matheus Nascimento Façanha , Miranda Anderson de Carvalho , Roberto José Carlos Alves
Published: January 2021

A constante busca pela aceitação dos clientes referente a um produto ou serviço, faz os empresários criarem estratégias de marketing para satisfazer as necessidades dos clientes, que estão a cada dia mais exigentes. Diante do exposto é necessário que as empresas façam planejamento como forma de diferenciação no mercado. O artigo apresentado tem por objetivo analisar e criar estratégias com apoio das ferramentas 5W2H e Cliente Oculto para a churrascaria do Boinho ter um diferencial competitivo no mercado. A pesquisa possui caráter cientifico, dentro das normas e parâmetros da ABNT que norteou a investigação, com fundamentos metodológicos, sendo: descritivo, exploratório, qualitativo, documental e bibliográfico para dar ciência ao artigo. O estudo de caso foi elaborado com base na Churrascaria do Boinho e de acordo com o diagnóstico organizacional apresentou a problemática existente no setor de marketing. Para resolver o problema apresenta-se as ferramentas da qualidade 5W2H e Cliente Oculto como técnica de gestão para ajudar o gestor na implementação da proposta de solução. As ferramentas 5W2H e Cliente Oculto contribuirão para a qualidade total dos processos, promovendo melhorias significativas e gerando resultados positivos para a organização.
Čaščenje Nimf in Fontana v vzhodnoalpskem prostoru
Authors: Visočnik Julijana
Published: January 2021

In July 2004, while trenching for the construction of a gas pipeline in the vicinity of the church in Šentpavel pri Domžalah, archaeologists found an altar devoted to Nymphs and Fontanus. It was discovered north of the former Roman villa rustica, which had been researched in 1997, 1998, and 1999, in the surroundings of the church of St Paul. Judging from the inscription, the altar was originally erected by a water source, while the dedication was supposed to ensure that it never dried up, possibly even to guarantee its healing powers. Since this altar has not yet been published according to the principles of epigraphic methodology, it seems appropriate to properly set it into the context of previously known facts about the worshipping of Nymphs and Fontanus (or Fons) in the Slovenian territory or in the wider Eastern-Alpine area.
Produkcija diplomatskega védenja v jugoslovanski in poljski povojni diplomatski praksi (1945–1947)
Authors: Lukanc Maja
Published: January 2021

Diplomacy provides a unique insight into the socio-political circumstances of individual countries. Through their reports, analyses, and interpretations, diplomats shape a modicum of knowledge about the state in which they operate. Based on Yugoslav and Polish archival materials and memorial literature, the following contribution explores how diplomats from both countries contributed to the knowledge about Yugoslavia and Poland in the first years after World War II. The article takes into account the factors that influenced the production of knowledge in diplomacy and answers the question of whether the Yugoslav and Polish political decision-makers applied the newly acquired knowledge and how. The first post-war elections in both countries serve as a case study: they allowed diplomats to gain an insight into the operations of the local political elites; shed light on the attitude of the population towards the new authorities; and answered the question of how far the communists were willing to go in their struggle for power.
Comparison of Field and Laboratory Result of Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete Application
Authors: Külekçi Gökhan
Published: January 2021

Synthetic fibers, which have become one of the main components of shotcrete, have been studied by many researchers in the laboratory environment. Unfortunately, the results obtained as a result of these researches are not suitable for underground chimneys due to the differences in ambient conditions and application differences. In this study, it is aimed to compare the results of the experiment samples prepared and kept in the laboratory with the mechanical properties of the shotcrete applied in underground conditions. For this purpose, keeping the slump and cement proportions constant, 35 cubic samples were prepared using 2 and 6 kg synthetic fiber for 1 m3 in the laboratory, and 30 cylinder samples and 6 plate samples were prepared for underground. While mechanical experiments were carried out on prepared cube and cylinder samples, the EFNARC plate test and freeze-thaw test were carried out on plate samples. It was observed that the set accelerator made a significant increase in resistance at the end of the 28 days and that the resistance of the samples prepared with polyester fibers in the laboratory environment were very high. As a result of the EFNARC panel tests performed, it was determined that the energy absorption of synthetic fibers increased with fiber amount. Thanks to this study, the energy absorption of the synthetic fiber used has been measured, and the reliability and practicality of the experiments carried out in the laboratory have been increased by evaluating the field conditions and laboratory conditions.
Evaluating the New Regulated Gas Pricing Policy for Industrial Customers in Indonesia
Authors:   Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, Yusgiantoro Filda Citra , Cindy Massita Ayu , Nugraha Diwangkara Bagus
Published: January 2021

The objective of the GoI to regulate an affordable natural gas price through MEMR Regulation No. 8/2020 undoubtedly benefit the industrial sector. However, the regulation should be carefully implemented and monitored to prevent revenue loss in the natural gas business entities and avoid underperforming gas users/industries. The study finds three main issues in implementing the new regulated natural gas price. First, the compensation limit for the upstream natural gas entities is problematic for KKKS, whose annual loss is higher than the annual government take. Second, a detailed incentive mechanism for natural gas transmission and distribution companies is unavailable. And third, the evaluation scheme on the industry’s performance remains unclear.
Diagnóstico de los costos de no calidad en el área de Regiduría de Pisos del hotel Iberostar Grand Packard
Authors: Matos Murcia Dolores Anay
Published: January 2021

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en el hotel Iberostar Grand Packard de categoría 5 estrellas perteneciente al Grupo de turismo Gaviota S.A y administrado por la cadena extrajera Iberostar, con el objetivo de diagnosticar los costos de no calidad en el área de Regiduría de Pisos. Con el fin de cumplir el objetivo trazado se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos de investigación, dentro de estos últimos, el análisis documental para caracterizar el hotel objeto de estudio, la entrevista a la especialista de calidad para indagar sobre los trabajos que se realizan en la instalación con relación a la calidad y los costos asociados a esta, los mecanismos de retroalimentación que se utilizan para determinar la satisfacción de los clientes, además de sus quejas y reclamaciones. También se entrevistó al Ama de Llaves para conocer sobre el funcionamiento del área de Regiduría de Pisos y se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de camareras para conocer la incidencia del cliente interno en la calidad del servicio. Los resultados se procesaron mediante la estadística paramétrica los cuales permitieron identificar un conjunto de no conformidades que originan costos de no calidad de falla interna y externa. Fue posible además contabilizar el costo intangible que se produjo por la insatisfacción de clientes en el año 2019. Luego a partir de todos los resultados se propusieron 13 acciones de mejoras.
Análise do ambiente de produção de uma empresa produtora de materiais de borracha
Authors: Hammes Maicon Rafael , Brum Argemiro Luís , Berger Daniel Artur , Teixeira Marcela Hammes
Published: January 2021

No presente artigo são analisados os processos produtivos e organizacionais de uma empresa de médio porte, voltada a confecção e comércio de artefatos de borracha, localizada no interior da região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. A CL Borrachas atua fornecendo aos seus clientes uma diversificada linha de peças agrícolas como mangotes, bandas de compactação e peças técnicas, todas fabricados através de resíduos de borracha. O objetivo foi o de analisar os processos desenvolvidos dentro de uma organização e apresentar sugestões de melhorias no setor de produção. Para tanto, metodologicamente, além de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, a qual serviu para agregar conhecimento teórico à proposição de melhorias para o setor de produção da empresa, foram realizados estudos de verificação in loco, com o uso de 40 horas de observação. Como resultado, o estudo mostrou que o método de fabricação apresentado pela empresa pode ser aperfeiçoado. Para tanto, são necessários investimentos que melhorem e automatizem tal método.
Phytochemical and technological characterization of canistel dehydrated pulp: a new potential food ingredient
Authors: Anjo Fernando Antônio , Saraiva Bianka Rocha , Ogawa Camilla Yara Langer , Vital Ana Carolina Pelaes , Sato Francielle , Matumoto-Pintro Paula Toshimi
Published: January 2021

Canistel (Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni) is a tropical fruit with a yellow pulp due to the presence of carotenoids, which may be interesting for application by the food industry. The aim of this research was to analyze the phytochemical and technological characteristic of dehydrated canistel pulp by thermal dehydration and freeze-drying techniques. Test for antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging; ferric reducing antioxidant power - FRAP), total polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids content (UV-Vis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy), color, and hygroscopic properties were performed. The freeze-dried sample showed a higher carotenoids concentration, more intense coloring and better hydration properties than the thermally dehydrated sample. Functional groups such as water, carotenoids, primary and secondary amides, aldehydes groups, phenolic acids, aromatic rings, cellulose, polysaccharides and niacin were identified by FTIR in both samples. Ingredient obtained by freeze drying showed better technological characteristics, allowing its use by the food industry.
Evaluación y diagnóstico del puente Pedro de Valdivia. Viga Gerber de hormigón armado del año 1954
Authors: Ramos Gutiérrez Óscar Ramón , Campo Rumoroso Iván , Schanack Frank , De Vena Retuerto Jorge , García Coca Haritz , Pantaleón Prieto Marcos Jesús
Published: January 2021

El puente Pedro de Valdivia (Valdivia, Chile) fue inaugurado en el año 1954 y reparado tras el gran sismo de Valdivia en el año 1962. El puente consta de cinco vanos: dos vanos laterales de aproximadamente 35 m y un tramo central de 3 vanos distribuidos aproximadamente en luces de 50+69+50 m, siendo la longitud total del puente 239 m. El ancho del tablero es 11.10 m y es constante en todo el tablero. Existe una vereda peatonal de 2 m a cada lado que fue añadida durante la reparación del puente.

El tramo central es un cajón de hormigón armado multicelular de canto variable. En el vano central se dispusieron dos rótulas a una distancia de 19.15 m de las pilas, lo que lo convierten en una viga tipo Gerber. El cajón consta de 2 células, excepto en las dos dovelas de cada lado más próximas a las pilas centrales, donde se construyó una losa intermedia quedando 4 células. La altura del cajón varía entre los 1.93 m y los 7.98 m.

Con vistas a valorar diferentes posibilidades de ampliación y refuerzo del puente se ha realizado una evaluación estructural consistente en las siguientes acciones:

            - Revisión y contraste de planos originales de la reparación de 1962.

            - Inspección de campo y realización de ensayos:

Ensayo no destructivo para la determinación del índice esclerométrico:

Auscultación no destructiva de la armadura de hormigón.

Ensayos de carbonatación del hormigón.

Medición de la dureza Brinell del acero estructural

Inspección Visual

Prospección subacuática.

Levantamiento geométrico.

- Modelización estructural de puente.

- Determinación del Load Rating.

En el artículo se expondrá detalladamente la metodología desarrollada para la evaluación y diagnóstico del puente, así como las principales conclusiones obtenidas.
Breath Biopsy and Discovery of Exclusive Volatile Organic Compounds for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Belizário José E. , Faintuch Joel , Malpartida Miguel Garay
Published: January 2021

Exhaled breath contains thousand metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that originated from both respiratory tract and internal organ systems and their microbiomes. Commensal and pathogenic bacteria and virus of microbiomes are capable of producing VOCs of different chemical classes, and some of them may serve as biomarkers for installation and progression of various common human diseases. Here we describe qualitative and quantitative methods for measuring VOC fingerprints generated by cellular and microbial metabolic and pathologic pathways. We describe different chemical classes of VOCs and their role in the host cell-microbial interactions and their impact on infection disease pathology. We also update on recent progress on VOC signatures emitted by isolated bacterial species and microbiomes, and VOCs identified in exhaled breath of patients with respiratory tract and gastrointestinal diseases, and inflammatory syndromes, including the acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. The VOC curated databases and instrumentations have been developed through statistically robust breathomic research in large patient populations. Scientists have now the opportunity to find potential biomarkers for both triage and diagnosis of particular human disease.
Salmonella Effector SpvB Disrupts Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity for Bacterial Translocation
Authors: Sun Lanqing , Yang Sidi , Deng Qifeng , Dong Kedi , Li Yuanyuan , Wu Shuyan , Huang Rui
Published: January 2021

Salmonella are common enteric bacterial pathogens that infect both humans and animals. Intestinal epithelial barrier, formed by a single layer of epithelial cells and apical junctional complex (AJC), plays a crucial role in host defense against enteric pathogens to prevent bacterial translocation. However, the underlying mechanisms of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction caused by Salmonella are poorly understood. It is found that a locus termed Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) gene exists extensively in clinically important Salmonella serovars. SpvB is a key effector encoded within this locus, and closely related to Salmonella pathogenicity such as interfering with autophagy and iron homeostasis. To investigate the interaction between SpvB and intestinal epithelial barrier and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, we used the typical foodborne disease agent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella typhimurium) carrying spvB or not to construct infection models in vivo and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were orally challenged with S. typhimurium wild-type strain SL1344 or spvB-deficient mutant strain SL1344-ΔspvB. Caco-2 cell monolayer model, as a widely used model to mimic the human intestinal epithelium in vitro, was infected with SL1344, SL1344-ΔspvB, or spvB complementary strain SL1344-c-ΔspvB, respectively. The results showed that SpvB enhanced bacterial pathogenicity during S. typhimurium infection in vivo, and contributed to intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in both infection systems. This SpvB-mediated barrier dysfunction was attributed to the cellular redistribution of Claudin-1, Occludin, and E-cadherin junctional proteins. Moreover, by using pharmacological inhibitors, we found that F-actin rearrangement and suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway were involved in SpvB-mediated barrier dysfunction. In conclusion, the study reveals the contribution of Salmonella effector SpvB to the dysfunction of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, which facilitates bacterial translocation via the paracellular route to promote Salmonella systemic dissemination. Our findings broaden the understanding of host–pathogen interactions in salmonellosis, and provide new strategies for the therapy in limiting bacterial dissemination during infection.
From Genes to Transcripts, a Tightly Regulated Journey in Plasmodium
Authors: Hollin Thomas , Le Roch Karine G.
Published: January 2021

Over the past decade, we have witnessed significant progresses in understanding gene regulation in Apicomplexa including the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite possesses the ability to convert in multiple stages in various hosts, cell types, and environments. Recent findings indicate that P. falciparum is talented at using efficient and complementary molecular mechanisms to ensure a tight control of gene expression at each stage of its life cycle. Here, we review the current understanding on the contribution of the epigenome, atypical transcription factors, and chromatin organization to regulate stage conversion in P. falciparum. The adjustment of these regulatory mechanisms occurring during the progression of the life cycle will be extensively discussed.
Science Communication Desperately Needs More Aligned Recommendation Algorithms
Authors: Hoang Lê Nguyên
Published: January 2021

With 1 billion watch-time hours per day, YouTube now plays a major role in communication. Unfortunately, a large amount of misinformation is produced and widely shared on this platform (Donzelli et al., 2018; Allgaier, 2019; Loeb et al., 2019). In this paper, after providing a brief overview of the creation of science content on YouTube, we particularly emphasize the importance of YouTube's automated recommendations. We then discuss the main challenges of making such recommendations aligned with quality science communication.
Role of Exosomal miRNAs in Heart Failure
Authors: Xue Ruicong , Tan Weiping , Wu Yuzhong , Dong Bin , Xie Zengshuo , Huang Peisen , He Jiangui , Dong Yugang , Liu Chen
Published: January 2021

Heart failure is the terminal outcome of the majority of cardiovascular diseases, which lacks specific diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. It contributes to most of cardiovascular hospitalizations and death despite of the current therapy. Therefore, it is important to explore potential molecules improving the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been reported to be involved in regulating processes of heart failure. After the discovery of miRNAs in exosomes, the subcellular distribution analysis of miRNAs is raising researchers' attention. Growing evidence demonstrates that exosomal miRNAs may be promising diagnostic and therapeutic molecules for heart failure. This review summarizes the role of exosomal miRNAs in heart failure in the prospect of molecular and clinical researches.
Racial and Sex Differences in the Response to First-Line Antihypertensive Therapy
Authors: Clemmer John S. , Pruett W. Andrew , Lirette Seth T.
Published: January 2021

Objective: As compared to whites, the black population develops hypertension (HTN) at an earlier age, has a greater frequency and severity of HTN, and has poorer control of blood pressure (BP). Traditional practices and treatment efforts have had minor impact on these disparities, with over a 2-fold higher death rate currently for blacks as compared to whites. The University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMC) is located in the southeastern US and the Stroke Belt, which has higher rates of HTN and related diseases as compared to the rest of the country.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the UMC's Research Data Warehouse, containing >30 million electronic health records from >900,000 patients to determine the initial BP response following the first prescribed antihypertensive drug.

Results: There were 5,973 white (45% overall HTN prevalence) and 10,731 black (57% overall HTN prevalence) patients who met criteria for the study. After controlling for age, BMI, and drug dosage, black males were overall less likely to have controlled BP (defined as < 140/90 mmHg) and were associated with smaller falls in BP as compared to whites and black females. Blockers of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) failed to significantly improve odds of HTN control vs. the untreated group in black patients. However, our data suggests that these drugs do provide significant benefit in blacks when combined with THZ, as compared to untreated and as compared to THZ alone.

Conclusion: These data support the use of a single-pill formulation with ARB or ACE inhibitor with a thiazide in blacks for initial first-line HTN therapy and suggests that HTN treatment strategies should consider both race and gender. Our study gives a unique insight into initial antihypertensive responses in actual clinical practice and could have an impact in BP control efficiency in a state with prevalent socioeconomic and racial disparities.