bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lactated Ringer vs Normal Saline Solution During Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusive Episodes
Authors: Alwang Augusta K. , Law Anica C. , Klings Elizabeth S. , Cohen Robyn T. , Bosch Nicholas A.
Published: September 2024

Importance

Sickle cell disease (SCD), a clinically heterogenous genetic hemoglobinopathy, is characterized by painful vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) that can require hospitalization. Patients admitted with VOEs are often initially resuscitated with normal saline (NS) to improve concurrent hypovolemia, despite preclinical evidence that NS may promote erythrocyte sickling. The comparative effectiveness of alternative volume-expanding fluids (eg, lactated Ringer [LR]) for resuscitation during VOEs is unclear.

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of LR to NS fluid resuscitation in patients with SCD and VOEs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This multicenter cohort study and target trial emulation included inpatient adults with SCD VOEs who received either LR or NS on hospital day 1. The Premier PINC AI database (2016-2022), a multicenter clinical database including approximately 25% of US hospitalizations was used. The analysis took place between October 6, 2023, and June 20, 2024.

Exposure

Receipt of LR (intervention) or NS (control) on hospital day 1.

Main Outcome and Measures

The primary outcome was hospital-free days (HFDs) by day 30. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation was used to calculate marginal effect estimates. Heterogeneity of treatment effect was explored in subgroups.

Results

A total of 55 574 patient encounters where LR (n = 3495) or NS (n = 52 079) was administered on hospital day 1 were included; the median (IQR) age was 30 (25-37) years. Patients who received LR had more HFDs compared with those who received NS (marginal mean difference, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6 days). Patients who received LR also had shorter hospital lengths of stay (marginal mean difference, −0.4; 95% CI, −0.7 to −0.1 days) and lower risk of 30-day readmission (marginal risk difference, −5.8%; 95% CI, −9.8% to −1.8%). Differences in HFDs between LR and NS were heterogenous based on fluid volume received: among patients who received less than 2 L, there was no difference in LR vs NS; among those who received 2 or more L, LR was superior to NS.

Conclusion and Relevance

This cohort study found that, compared with NS, LR had a small but significant improvement in HFDs and secondary outcomes including 30-day readmission. These results suggest that, among patients with VOEs in whom clinicians plan to give volume resuscitation fluids on hospital admission, LR should be preferred over NS.
Tumor and α‐SMA‐expressing stromal cells in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have a distinct RNA profile depending on tumor grade
Authors: Niedra Helvijs , Peculis Raitis , Saksis Rihards , Mandrika Ilona , Vilisova Sofija , Nazarovs Jurijs , Breiksa Austra , Gerina Aija , Earl Julie , Ruz‐Caracuel Ignacio , Rosas Marta Gabriela , Pukitis Aldis , Senterjakova Natalja , Rovite Vita
Published: September 2024

Alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) expression in the stroma is linked to the presence of cancer‐associated fibroblasts and is known to correlate with worse outcomes in various tumors. In this study, using a GeoMx digital spatial profiling approach, we characterized the gene expression of the tumor and α‐SMA‐expressing stromal cell compartments in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). The profiling was performed on tissues from eight retrospective cases (three grade 1, four grade 2, and one grade 3). Selected regions of interest were segmented geometrically based on tissue morphology and fluorescent signals from synaptophysin and α‐SMA markers. The α‐SMA‐expressing stromal‐cell‐associated genes were involved in pathways of extracellular matrix modification, whereas, in tumor cells, the gene expression profiles were associated with pathways involved in cell proliferation. The comparison of gene expression profiles across all three PanNET grades revealed that the differences between grades are not only present at the level of the tumor but also in the α‐SMA‐expressing stromal cells. Furthermore, the tumor cells from regions with a rich presence of adjacent α‐SMA‐expressing stromal cells revealed an upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP9) expression in grade 3 tumors. This study provides an in‐depth characterization of gene expression profiles in α‐SMA‐expressing stromal and tumor cells, and outlines potential crosstalk mechanisms.
Microbiological investigation of pregnancies following vaginal radical trachelectomy using 16S rRNA sequencing of FFPE placental specimens
Authors: Tsunematsu Risa , Mariya Tasuku , Umemoto Mina , Ogawa Shiori , Arai Wataru , Tanaka Suguru E. , Ashikawa Kyota , Kubo Terufumi , Sakuraba Yoshiyuki , Baba Tsuyoshi , Ishioka Shinichi , Endo Toshiaki , Saito Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2024

This study examined the risk of intrauterine infection associated with radical trachelectomy (RT) in early‐stage cervical cancer patients. This procedure preserves fertility but is linked to increased risk of intrauterine infection due to cervical defects during pregnancy. DNA was extracted from the formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) placental specimens of 23 pregnant post‐RT patients and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used for bacterial identification. The prevalence of Lactobacillus crispatus and Burkholderia stabilis was significantly higher in the non‐chorioamnionitis group. In contrast, alpha diversity analysis using the PD index showed significantly higher diversity in the chorioamnionitis group (P = 0.04). The demonstrated relationship between chorioamnionitis and microbial diversity affirms the importance of controlling the genital bacterial flora in pregnancies following RT.
Robust Solid–Solid Phase Change Coating Encapsulated Glass Fiber Fabric with Electromagnetic Interference Shielding for Thermal Management and Message Encryption
Authors: Liang Chaobo , Huo Qiangqiang , Qi Jiamin , Zhang Yali , Liu Chunlei , Liu Yaqing , Gu Junwei
Published: September 2024

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites with both thermal response/management functions and message transfer/encryption behavior are ideal for use in fields such as aerospace, construction engineering, and military equipment. In this work, a self‐cross‐linking supramolecular solid–solid phase change polyethylene glycol (ScPEG) coating is prepared based on multiple hydrogen bonds, which is used for encapsulating glass fiber fabric (GFF) modified with silver nanowires (AgNWs). The solid–solid phase change coating is obtained through the hydrolysis‐condensation of PEG with a reactive silanol end group. Polyethylene glycol molecular chains can store and release heat by switching between the crystalline and amorphous state. The silanol groups can form supramolecular networks through the physical cross‐linking of multiple hydrogen bonds, resulting in an excellent thermal stability. In particular, hydrogen bonds between ScPEG and AgNW‐modified GFF (A‐GFF) enhance interfacial interactions, and the resulting robust structure enables an efficient stress transfer. ScPEG‐coated A‐GFF can achieve a tensile strength of up to 191 MPa and a tunable EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 40 to 72 dB depending on the number of fabric layers. Moreover, the fabric exhibits a flexible thermal response characteristic, an outstanding thermal management capability, and potential message encryption behavior.
MXene/Zwitterionic Hydrogel Oriented Anti‐freezing and High‐Performance Zinc–Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor
Authors: Li Ruonan , Jia Wenhan , Wen Jianfeng , Hu Guanghui , Tang Tao , Li Xinyu , Jiang Li , Li Ming , Huang Haifu , Fang Guozhao
Published: September 2024

With the wide application of portable electronic devices, zinc–ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHCs) have aroused great interest. However, balancing the low‐temperature performance and high energy density of ZIHCs remains a huge challenge. Herein, a zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte (ZHE) loaded with carboxymethylcellulose and MXene is designed for ZIHCs, which shows excellent frost resistance and high output voltage. Carboxymethylcellulose and MXene enhance the flexibility and conductivity of the zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte. Moreover, When ZnCl2 is introduced into a gel electrolyte, it induces an increase in the rate of ion transport, which enables a broadening of the operating temperature of the hydrogel (−40 °C–25 °C). As a result, Zn//AC ZIHCs based on ZHE show a high voltage window of 2 V, a high energy density (specific capacity) of 137 Wh kg−1 (247 F g−1), and the potential for wearable devices. This study will provide an effective strategy for the design of hydrogel ZIHCs with wide voltage windows, high energy density, and high practicality.
Anions‐Trappable Hollow Mesoporous Nanoparticle Coating Enables High‐Performance and Safe Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Gao You , Zhang Ying‐Ying , Wu Gang , Wang Xiu‐Li , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: September 2024

Polyolefin separators, such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) separators, are the commonly used separators for lithium batteries, which have good mechanical properties and chemical/electrochemical stability, but their high‐temperature dimensional stability is poor and Li+ transference number (t Li+) is low. Recently, much attention has been paid to developing separators with new substrates, but so far there is no separator to replace the polyolefin separator for large‐scale application. Therefore, the surface modification of the polyolefin separator to enhance its functionality is a simple and effective method. Among many modified layers, the porous modified layer can store the electrolyte and provide enough space for ion transport. In this work, a hollow mesoporous silica nanosphere (mSiO2) is prepared for the PP separator multifunctional coating to improve the electrochemical performance and high‐temperature safety of the PP separator. The experimental and theoretical results show that the mSiO2 coating can not only improve the electrolyte wettability and high‐temperature dimensional stability of the PP separator, but also promote the Li+ transport, so that the mSiO2/PP separator exhibits high ionic conductivity (2.35 mS cm−1) and high t Li+ (0.63). As a result, Li//LiFePO4 cells using mSiO2/PP separators exhibit excellent cycling performance, rate performance, and high‐temperature safety.
Evaporation‐Induced Composition Evolution in Metal Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Lu , Guo Zixu , Peng Guochen , Wu Shiwei , Zhang Yanming , Yan Wentao
Published: September 2024

In fusion‐based metal additive manufacturing (MAM), the high‐intensity energy input leads to serious evaporation, but how evaporation induces composition evolution and variation and further impacts microstructure and mechanical properties remain a knowledge gap. Here a model integrating composition evolution with molten pool dynamics is developed to reproduce temperature‐ and composition‐dependent evaporative losses and subsequent transport during laser melting. Together with comprehensive experimental characterizations and tests, the simulation results illustrate varying evaporation rates of different elements altering compositions, resulting in a 3D cirrus‐shaped concentration distribution, which significantly impacts the mechanical properties. The simulations reproduce the detailed composition evolution from surface evaporation to molten pool transport and reveal underlying mechanisms relating the composition, temperature, fluid flow, and cracking, which is challenging to observe experimentally. This study elucidates the critical role of evaporation‐induced composition evolution in determining microstructure and mechanical properties. In future alloy design for MAM, integrating initial composition and manufacturing parameters is imperative, where composition evolution simulation offers valuable guidance.
Optimizing MOF‐Derived Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers through Gradient Pore Regulation for Pareto Improvement
Authors: Liu Guang , Zhu Panbin , Teng Ji , Xi Runyi , Wang Xiaoguang , Wang Xinhua , Yan Mi , Wu Chen
Published: September 2024

Porous materials emerging as potential high‐efficiency electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers confront a critical trade‐off between impedance matching and attenuation capability. In this study, a versatile strategy is reported to overcome this challenge by constructing gradient pores via solvent‐assisted linker exchange for the fabrication of metal‐organic framework (MOF) derived Fe/Fe3Co7/Co/C composites with high porosity. The impedance and attenuation characteristics of single‐pored and gradient‐pored derivatives are investigated through combined experimental and simulation approaches. Simulated space EM field, loss density, and Smith charts reveal significantly enhanced EM interactions and optimized impedance within the pores. Compared to individual MOF derivatives, the gradient derivative exhibits improved impedance matching from the large‐pored shell and superior attenuation capability from the small‐pored core, giving rise to a Pareto improvement in EM absorption with strong reflection loss (−64.7 dB) and wide effective adsorption bandwidth (5.8 GHz) at a thickness of 2.5 mm. This work not only advances a novel gradient pore strategy for constructing efficient absorbers with enhanced impedance matching and attenuation capability, but also sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of EM interaction with varied porosity, offering insights for extended designs in magnetic, electric and optic devices.
Electron Spin Polarization in Rechargeable Batteries: Theoretical Foundation and Practical Applications
Authors: Xia Huicong , Hu Yao , Li Zixin , Lan Haihui , Zhang Jianan
Published: September 2024

Electron spin polarization (ESP) refers to the alignment of electron spins in a specified direction, with burgeoning research underscoring its pivotal role in enhancing rechargeable batteries. This review delves into the theoretical underpinnings of ESP and its intricate connection to the performance of rechargeable batteries, elucidating its potential to augment charge/discharge efficiency, elevate energy density, and refine overall battery functionality. The review further encompasses an overview of experimental methodologies employed to probe ESP in rechargeable battery systems, spotlighting seminal discoveries from contemporary studies and evaluating the hurdles and prospects linked to its practical applications. The profound advantages of ESP for rechargeable batteries are underscored, suggesting that harnessing this phenomenon can empower researchers and engineers to develop batteries with superior energy storage capacities, swifter charging rates, and extended cycle lifespans. Such advancements can expedite the adoption of electric vehicles and the seamless integration of renewable energy sources into power grids, among other high‐energy‐demand applications. In conclusion, this review offers invaluable perspectives on rechargeable batteries through the lens of ESP, with the insights presented here expected to catalyze further research and innovation in the energy storage sector, thereby advancing the development of sustainable and efficient rechargeable battery technologies.
Constructing of n‐Type Semiconductor Heterostructures for Efficient Hydrazine‐Assisted Hydrogen Production
Authors: Zhou Min , Yu Zhiqiang , Yu Guo , Fu Rong , Wang Shuocheng , Yang Wei , Liao Xiaobin , Zhao Yan , Wang Zhaoyang
Published: September 2024

Hydrazine‐assisted water electrolysis presents a promising approach toward energy‐efficient hydrogen production. However, the progress of this technology is hindered by the limited availability of affordable, efficient, and durable catalysts. In this study, a feasible strategy is proposed for interface modulation that enables efficient hydrogen evolution and hydrazine oxidation through the construction of n‐type semiconductor heterostructures. The metal–semiconductor contacts are rationally designed using ruthenium nanoclusters and a range of metal oxide (M–O) semiconductor heterostructures, including p‐type semiconductor substrates (NiO, Co3O4, NiCo2O4, CuCo2O4, ZnCo2O4) and n‐type semiconductor substrate (Fe2O3). Intriguingly, Ru nanoclusters supported on p‐type M–O substrates induce a transition from p‐type M–O to n‐type M‐O/Ru. The design of n‐type semiconductor heterostructures can significantly reduce space‐charge regions and increase charge carrier concentration, thereby improving the electrical conductivity of electrocatalysts. Moreover, Ru atoms can serve as highly efficient active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrazine oxidation reaction. The NiO/Ru heterostructure can drive current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 with only 0.021 and 0.22 V cell voltages for hydrazine‐assisted water electrolysis. This work provides new insights for the development of highly efficient semiconductor catalysts, enabling energy‐saving hydrogen production.
Angular‐Inertia Regulated Stable and Nanoscale Sensing of Single Molecules Using Nanopore‐In‐A‐Tube
Authors: Yang Jianxin , Pan Tianle , Liu Tong , Mao Chuanbin , Ho Ho‐Pui , Yuan Wu
Published: September 2024

Nanopore is commonly used for high‐resolution, label‐free sensing, and analysis of single molecules. However, controlling the speed and trajectory of molecular translocation in nanopores remains challenging, hampering sensing accuracy. Here, the study proposes a nanopore‐in‐a‐tube (NIAT) device that enables decoupling of the current signal detection from molecular translocation and provides precise angular inertia‐kinetic translocation of single molecules through a nanopore, thus ensuring stable signal readout with high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Specifically, the funnel‐shaped silicon nanopore, fabricated at a 10‐nm resolution, is placed into a centrifugal tube. A light‐induced photovoltaic effect is utilized to achieve a counter‐balanced state of electrokinetic effects in the nanopore. By controlling the inertial angle and centrifugation speed, the angular inertial force is harnessed effectively for regulating the translocation process with high precision. Consequently, the speed and trajectory of the molecules are able to be adjusted in and around the nanopore, enabling controllable and high SNR current signals. Numerical simulation reveals the decisive role of inertial angle in achieving uniform translocation trajectories and enhancing analyte‐nanopore interactions. The performance of the device is validated by discriminating rigid Au nanoparticles with a 1.6‐nm size difference and differentiating a 1.3‐nm size difference and subtle stiffness variations in flexible polyethylene glycol molecules.
Enhancing Detection Frequency and Reducing Noise Through Continuous Structures via Release‐Controlled Transfer Toward Light‐Based Wireless Communication
Authors: Jang Woongsik , Luong Hoang M. , Kim Min Soo , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Wang Dong Hwan
Published: September 2024

Organic photodetectors (OPDs) have received considerable attention owing to their superior absorption coefficient and tunable bandgap. The introduction of bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) structure aims to maximize charge generation, however, its response speed is constrained by the random distribution of donor and acceptor. Herein, a multiple‐active layer design consisting of a single acceptor layer and a bulk‐heterojunction layer (A/BHJ structure) is introduced, which combines the benefits of both the planar junction and the BHJ, improving photo‐sensing. A transfer process is employed for this structure, which involves calculating the energy release rate at each interface, considering temperature and velocity. Consequently, the OPD with the A/BHJ structure is successfully fabricated through transfer printing, resulting in reduced dark current, superior detectivity (1.06 × 1013 Jones), and rapid response, achieved by creating a high hole injection barrier and suppressing trap sites within the interfaces. By thoroughly investigating charge dynamics in the structure, the A/BHJ structure‐based OPD attains large bandwidth detection with high signal‐to‐noise. An efficient wireless data communication system with digital‐to‐analog conversion is showcased using the A/BHJ structure‐based OPD.
Scalable Layer‐Controlled Oxidation of Bi2O2Se for Self‐Rectifying Memristor Arrays With sub‐pA Sneak Currents
Authors: Zhao Yingjie , Lou Zhefeng , Hu Jiaming , Li Zishun , Xu Lanxin , Chen Zhe , Xu Zhuokai , Wang Tao , Wu Mengqi , Ying Haoting , An Minghao , Li Wenbin , Lin Xiao , Zheng Xiaorui
Published: September 2024

Smart memristors with innovative properties are crucial for the advancement of next‐generation information storage and bioinspired neuromorphic computing. However, the presence of significant sneak currents in large‐scale memristor arrays results in operational errors and heat accumulation, hindering their practical utility. This study successfully synthesizes a quasi‐free‐standing Bi2O2Se single‐crystalline film and achieves layer‐controlled oxidation by developing large‐scale UV‐assisted intercalative oxidation, resulting β‐Bi2SeO5/Bi2O2Se heterostructures. The resulting β‐Bi2SeO5/Bi2O2Se memristor demonstrates remarkable self‐rectifying resistive switching performance (over 105 for ON/OFF and rectification ratios, as well as nonlinearity) in both nanoscale (through conductive atomic force microscopy) and microscale (through memristor array) regimes. Furthermore, the potential for scalable production of self‐rectifying β‐Bi2SeO5/Bi2O2Se memristor, achieving sub‐pA sneak currents to minimize cross‐talk effects in high‐density memristor arrays is demonstrated. The memristors also exhibit ultrafast resistive switching (sub‐100 ns) and low power consumption (1.2 pJ) as characterized by pulse‐mode testing. The findings suggest a synergetic effect of interfacial Schottky barriers and oxygen vacancy migration as the self‐rectifying switching mechanism, elucidated through controllable β‐Bi2SeO5 thickness modulation and theoretical ab initio calculations.
Polyfunctional and Multisensory Bio‐Ionoelastomers Enabled by Covalent Adaptive Networks With Hierarchically Dynamic Bonding
Authors: Dang Chao , Shao Yizhe , Ding Shuwei , Qi Haobo , Zhai Wei
Published: September 2024

Developing versatile ionoelastomers, the alternatives to hydrogels and ionogels, will boost the advancement of high‐performance ionotronic devices. However, meeting the requirements of bio‐derivation, high toughness, high stretchability, autonomous self‐healing ability, high ionic conductivity, reprocessing, and favorable recyclability in a single ionoelastomer remains a challenging endeavor. Herein, a dynamic covalent and supramolecular design, lipoic acid (LA)‐based dynamic covalent ionoelastomer (DCIE), is proposed via melt building covalent adaptive networks with hierarchically dynamic bonding (CAN‐HDB), wherein lithium bonds aid in the dissociation of ions and the integration of dynamic disulfide metathesis, lithium bonds, and binary hydrogen bonds enhances the mechanical performances, self‐healing capability, reprocessing, and recyclability. Therefore, the trade‐off among mechanical versatility, ionic conductivity, self‐healing capability, reprocessing, and recyclability is successfully handled. The obtained DCIE demonstrates remarkable stretchability (1011.7%), high toughness (3877 kJ m−3), high ionic conductivity (3.94 × 10−4 S m−1), outstanding self‐healing capability, reprocessing for 3D printing, and desirable recyclability. Significantly, the selective ion transport endows the DCIE with multisensory feature capable of generating continuous electrical signals for high‐quality sensations towards temperature, humidity, and strain. Coupled with the straightforward methodology, abundant availability of LA and HPC, as well as multifunction, the DCIEs present new concept of advanced ionic conductors for developing soft ionotronics.
Nonlinear Damping as the Fourth Dimension in Optical Fiber Anemometry
Authors: Williams Jeremiah C. , Chandrahalim Hengky
Published: September 2024

In this study, nonlinear damping is introduced as the fourth dimension in the operation of a fiber tip optomechanical anemometer. The flow sensing element, featuring a 3D rotor measuring 110 µm in diameter and fabricated through a two‐photon nanomachining process, is monolithically integrated onto the cleaved face of the optical fiber, which serves as an integrated waveguide. As the rotor encounters airflow, it spins, and mirrors on its blades reflect light across the fiber core at each pass. This setup permits precise measurement of gaseous fluid flow with minimal sensor footprint at the point of detection and accommodates a variety of optical sources and measurement apparatuses without the need for specific wavelength or broad‐spectrum capabilities. To stabilize the rotation of the rotor and facilitate consistent frequency‐domain analysis, a polydimethylsiloxane hydrocarbon stabilizing agent is infused into the gap between the rotor and stator of the sensing element via dual‐function microfluidic channels. This enhancement allows for the measurement of gaseous nitrogen flow rates from 10 to 20 liters per minute (LPM), with a consistent periodic response. Comprehensive characterizations of the fiber tip anemometer are presented with and without the stabilizing medium, demonstrating its crucial role in regulating the dynamics between the rotor and the stator.
Cell Identity and Spatial Distribution of PD‐1/PD‐L1 Blockade Responders
Authors: Li Xintong , Liu Yuanxin , Gui Jun , Gan Lu , Xue Jianxin
Published: September 2024

The programmed death 1 (PD‐1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) axis inhibits T cell activity, impairing anti‐tumor immunity. Blocking this axis with therapeutic antibodies is one of the most promising anti‐tumor immunotherapies. It has long been recognized that PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade reinvigorates exhausted T (TEX) cells already present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, recent advancements in high‐throughput gene sequencing and bioinformatic tools have provided researchers with a more granular and dynamic insight into PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade‐responding cells, extending beyond the TME and TEX populations. This review provides an update on the cell identity, spatial distribution, and treatment‐induced spatiotemporal dynamics of PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade responders. It also provides a synopsis of preliminary reports of potential PD‐1/PD‐L1 blockade responders other than T cells to depict a panoramic picture. Important questions to answer in further studies and the translational and clinical potential of the evolving understandings are also discussed.
Energy Efficient Memristor Based on Green‐Synthesized 2D Carbonyl‐Decorated Organic Polymer and Application in Image Denoising and Edge Detection: Toward Sustainable AI
Authors: Pal Pratibha , Li Hanrui , Al‐Ajeil Ruba , Mohammed Abdul Khayum , Rezk Ayman , Melinte Georgian , Nayfeh Ammar , Shetty Dinesh , El‐Atab Nazek
Published: September 2024

According to the United Nations, around 53 million metric tons of electronic waste is produced every year, worldwide, the big majority of which goes unprocessed. With the rapid advances in AI technologies and adoption of smart gadgets, the demand for powerful logic and memory chips is expected to boom. Therefore, the development of green electronics is crucial to minimizing the impact of the alarmingly increasing e‐waste. Here, it is shown the application of a green synthesized, chemically stable, carbonyl‐decorated 2D organic, and biocompatible polymer as an active layer in a memristor device, sandwiched between potentially fully recyclable electrodes. The 2D polymer's ultramicro channels, decorated with C═O and O─H groups, efficiently promote the formation of copper nanofilaments. As a result, the device shows excellent bipolar resistive switching behavior with the potential to mimic synaptic plasticity. A large resistive switching window (103), low SET/RESET voltage of ≈0.5/−1.5 V), excellent device‐to‐device stability and synaptic features are demonstrated. Leveraging the device's synaptic characteristics, its applications in image denoising and edge detection is examined. The results show a reduction in power consumption by a factor of 103 compared to a traditional Tesla P40 graphics processing unit, indicating great promise for future sustainable AI‐based applications.
Industrial‐Level Modulation of Catalyst‐Electrolyte Microenvironment for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction: Challenges and Advancements
Authors: Liu Weiyi , Lv Zunhang , Wang Changli , Sun Caiting , Tian Chongao , Wang Xiaoqi , Yu Huidi , Feng Xiao , Yang Wenxiu , Wang Bo
Published: September 2024

CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), as a promising strategy for storing renewable energy and promoting carbon resource recycling, is critical for industrial development. Previous reports have extensively explored catalyst‐electrolyte microenvironmental modulation to elucidate coupling mechanisms and enhance catalytic conversion to multicarbon products. Currently, most reviews mainly focus on the impact of microenvironment modulation in low‐current systems on mechanism exploration and performance optimization, yet few of them can integrate macroscopic applications with microscopic investigations to explore the relevance between industrial development and catalyst‐electrolyte microenvironmental optimization. To address the gap, this review focuses on summarizing the challenges and advancements in microenvironment modulation for the development of high‐current devices. By introducing models of different scales sequentially, the connection between microenvironmental modulation and device performance is clarified. Then, various invalidation mechanisms and effective solutions are summarized to intuitively expound the impact of microenvironment modulation on high‐current stability. Meanwhile, as an intuitive measure of the rationality of microenvironment modulation, evaluation methods of device performance should be refined, which are also covered in further detail below. Finally, more valuable and challenging prospects are discussed for guiding the further industrial transformation of CO2RR.
2D‐Pyroelectric Materials for Waste Thermal Energy Harvesting and Beyond
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Mandal Dipankar
Published: September 2024

Polar 2D materials hold the emerging functionalities such as ferro‐, piezo‐, and pyro‐electric properties. On account of infrared‐active low bandgap and polar nature at reduced dimensionality, they served as an ideal choice of pyroelectric material. It can cover up a diverse range of applications, such as waste thermal energy harvesting, IR imaging, photodetector, temperature sensors, and several catalytic processes due to the abundance of dynamic thermal fluxes. Recently, 2D pyroelectric materials have manifested a substantial role in thermal energy harvesting. Consequently, it is realized that there are plenty of scopes available to diversify its applicability. Thus, the challenges are spotlighted in this perspective to envision the desired 2D pyroelectric materials to achieve the effective thermal energy harvesting, sensing, and catalytic efficacy. Particularly, the emphasis is given to elucidate the role of spontaneous polarization in 2D materials to ascertain the giant pyroelectricity.
Improving the Selectivity and Stability of Supported Cobalt Catalysts via Static Bi‐Doping and Dynamic Trace CO2 Co‐Feeding During Propane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Yao Yongbin , Wang Jingnan , Liu Qiang , Yu Can , Gao Zhan , Yuan Fangli , Wang Xi
Published: September 2024

Simultaneously enhancing selectivity and stability on supported propane dehydrogenation (PDH) catalysts remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report a combined static and dynamic strategy to address these issues synergistically. Firstly, we demonstrate a feasible sol‐gel method for preparing atomically‐dispersed Bi‐decorated metal nanoparticle catalysts (MBi/Al2O3, M=Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn). In PDH testing, the total selectivity of by‐products (CH4 and C2H6) significantly decreases to 4 % for CoBi catalysts due to the static Bi‐doping, compared with 16 % for Co‐supported catalysts. Secondly, to enhance catalytic stability, we introduce a dynamic trace CO2 co‐feeding route. 10CoBi/Al2O3 catalysts exhibit superior durability against coke formation for 330 hours in PDH under a 40 % C3H8 atmosphere followed by pure C3H8 conditions at 600 °C while maintaining propylene selectivity at 96 %. Notably, introducing trace CO2 leads to a remarkable 6‐fold decrease in the deactivation rate constant (kd). Multiple characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal that charge transfer from atomically‐distributed Bi to Co nanoparticles benefits lowering the energy of C3H6 adsorption thereby suppressing by‐products. Furthermore, the dynamic co‐feeding of trace CO2 facilitates coke removal, suppressing catalyst deactivation. The static Bi‐doping and dynamic trace CO2 co‐feeding strategy contributes simultaneously to increased selectivity and stability on supported PDH catalysts.
Integrated “Two‐in‐One” Strategy for High‐Rate Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Formate
Authors: Lei Peng‐Xia , Liu Shao‐Qing , Wen Qi‐Rui , Wu Jia‐Yi , Wu Shuwen , Wei Xiaoxiao , Feng Renfei , Fu Xian‐Zhu , Luo Jing‐Li
Published: September 2024

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECR) is a promising pathway to producing valuable chemicals and fuels. Despite extensive studies reported, improving CO2 adsorption for local CO2 enrichment or water dissociation to generate sufficient H* is still not enough to achieve industrial‐relevant current densities. Herein, we report a “two‐in‐one” catalyst, defective Bi nanosheets modified by CrOx (Bi−CrOx), to simultaneously promote CO2 adsorption and water dissociation, thereby enhancing the activity and selectivity of ECR to formate. The Bi−CrOx exhibits an excellent Faradaic efficiency (≈100 %) in a wide potential range from −0.4 to −0.9 V. In addition, it achieves a remarkable formate partial current density of 687 mA cm−2 at a moderate potential of −0.9 V without iR compensation, the highest value at −0.9 V reported so far. Control experiments and theoretical simulations revealed that the defective Bi facilitates CO2 adsorption/activation while the CrOx accounts for enhancing the protonation process via accelerating H2O dissociation. This work presents a pathway to boosting formate production through tuning CO2 and H2O species at the same time.
DNA Origami Vesicle Sensors with Triggered Single‐Molecule Cargo Transfer
Authors: Büber Ece , Yaadav Renukka , Schröder Tim , Franquelim Henri G. , Tinnefeld Philip
Published: September 2024

Interacting with living systems typically involves the ability to address lipid membranes of cellular systems. The first step of interaction of a nanorobot with a cell will thus be the detection of binding to a lipid membrane. Utilizing DNA origami, we engineered a biosensor with single‐molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) as transduction mechanism for precise lipid vesicle detection and cargo delivery. The system hinges on a hydrophobic ATTO647N modified single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) leash, protruding from a DNA origami nanostructure. In a vesicle‐free environment, the ssDNA coils, ensuring high FRET efficiency. Upon vesicle binding to cholesterol anchors on the DNA origami, hydrophobic ATTO647N induces the ssDNA to stretch towards the lipid bilayer, reducing FRET efficiency. As the next step, the sensing strand serves as molecular cargo that can be transferred to the vesicle through a triggered strand displacement reaction. Depending on the number of cholesterols on the displacer strands, we either induce a diffusive release of the fluorescent load towards neighboring vesicles or a stoichiometric release of a single cargo‐unit to the vesicle on the nanosensor. Ultimately, our multi‐functional liposome interaction and detection platform opens up pathways for innovative biosensing applications and stoichiometric loading of vesicles with single‐molecule control.
Enhanced peroxidase‐like activity of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles on halloysite nanotubes for uric acid detection
Authors: Shen Hengxia , Xiang Zhenbo , Dang Anfang
Published: September 2024

Nanozymes have significantly advanced sensing assays by replicating native enzyme functions. However, designing nanozymes with high catalytic activity and easy recyclability remains challenging. The study presented here has resulted in the development of a highly efficient and sensitive colorimetric system for the detection of uric acid, utilizing MnFe2O4@HNTs—a novel composite material consisting of MnFe2O4 loaded onto halloysite nanotubes. These nanocomposites exhibited outstanding peroxidase‐like activity and attractive magnetic properties. The catalytic efficiency of the MnFe2O4@HNTs in the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine, in the presence of H2O2, was remarkable, leading to a distinct color change from colorless to blue. A linear relationship was observed between absorbance and UA concentration in the range of 1–20 μM, with a detection limit as low as 52 nM. Mechanistic investigations revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically singlet oxygen (1O2), were generated through the decomposition of H2O2, which is responsible for the peroxidase‐like activity demonstrated by the MnFe2O4@HNTs. The method showed minimal interference from serum substances and high selectivity. Magnetic MnFe2O4 allowed easy separation and maintained over 95% activity after seven reuse cycles. The developed assay was successfully applied to the detection of uric acid in human serum, achieving recoveries greater than 98.60%. This research significantly advances the design of recyclable high‐performance nanozymes and establishes an effective colorimetric sensing platform for UA detection in clinical samples, potentially improving diagnostic tools for healthcare applications.
Dual‐Mode Optical Thermometers Based on the Thermal‐Stable Perovskite Nanocrystals Embedded in Robust Metal Halide Salts
Authors: Yang Dandan , Zhao Tianzhu , Peng Zixing , Xiao Xiudi , Dong Guoping
Published: September 2024

Photothermal sensing is crucial for the creation of smart integrated devices. All‐inorganic metal halide perovskites with the formula CsPbX3 (X═Cl, Br, I) have excellent photo‐physical performance, offering exciting opportunities for flexible electronics. Hence, a supersaturated precipitation strategy is proposed for the preparation of salt‐shelled metal halide solids. The well‐designed CsPbX3@MX (M═K, Cs) products exhibit bright narrow visible emissions and favorable thermal stability up to 195 °C. Co‐doping with Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions, the CsPbCl3@KCl products have realized dual‐mode thermometry. Utilizing the blue emission from the CsPbCl3 host and the red emission from the Mn2+ ion, a fluorescence intensity ratio technique is obtained to monitor the temperature of good stability and repeatability. Based on the regular fluorescence decay of Mn2+ ions with rising temperature, the lifetime of Mn2+ ions can also be used for temperature sensing. It is believed that such stable metal halides with dual‐mode thermometry will provide a new sight for optical thermometers and, more importantly, will unleash the possibility of a broad variety of applications in lightweight and integrated functional devices.
Terahertz Metasurfaces for Polarization Manipulation and Detection: Principles and Emerging Applications
Authors: Liu Yongliang , Xu Yifei , Yu Bo , Liu Wenwei , Zhang Zhengren , Cheng Hua , Chen Shuqi
Published: September 2024

Terahertz frequencies locating between microwave and infrared regions can record and process optical information for next‐generation information technology such as 6G communication. Metasurfaces, as emerging planar optical components built with micro‐ or nanostructures, enable precise control, and manipulation of electromagnetic waves from near fields to far fields. These subwavelength artificial structures can be engineered to exhibit specific polarization responses, thus holding significant potential for applications in polarization detection. In the terahertz (THz) region, polarization information is crucial for identifying and analyzing the properties of materials in the terahertz. In this review, we focus on recent advances in terahertz metasurfaces for polarization manipulation and detection, including principles and emerging applications. New polarization detection methods such as polarization state conversion, polarization‐selective absorption, polarization‐selective focusing, and vector beam construction are discussed. Finally, it is concluded with a few perspectives on emerging trends and existing challenges in the fields of terahertz polarization manipulation and detection.
Viral metagenomic analysis reveals potential biological hazards in non‐human primates in a zoo
Authors: Liang Ruiying , Tang Xinming , Liang Lin , Ding Jiabo , Tian Ye , Qin Yixian , Zhao Sufen , Zhang Lixia , Pu Tianchun , Liu Xuefeng , Liu Jinpeng , Zhang Chenglin , Li Zibin , Jia Ting
Published: September 2024

Pathogens have been documented to be transmissible between humans and non‐human primates (NHPs), with NHPs demonstrating susceptibility to human viruses. Conducting surveillance for viruses in NHPs to identify potential zoonotic agents that may emerge or pose a high risk of spillover remains a critical strategy for preparing for and responding to future zoonotic events. This study employed viral metagenomic analysis on nine randomly selected NHPs from the Zoo in China to detect potential pathogens within captive environments. The analysis identified the presence of picornavirus Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), poxvirus (BeAn 58,058 virus, BAV), and retroviruses (human endogenous retrovirus, HERV and baboon endogenous virus, BaEV). These viruses exhibited significant genetic homology to established viral strains, with EMCV demonstrating close relatedness to a strain previously detected in the United States, and BAV beling newly identified in NHPs. The study suggests that zoo rodents, particularly rats, serve as the primary reservoirs for the viruses, thereby posing a potential threat to public health. Therefore, this underscores the imperative to enhance rodent control measures within zoological institutions and provides strategic recommendations for mitigating interspecies viral transmission.
Emapalumab Treatment in Patients With Rheumatologic Disease–Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in the United States: A Retrospective Medical Chart Review Study
Authors: Chandrakasan Shanmuganathan , Allen Carl E. , Bhatla Deepika , Carter John , Chien May , Cooper Robert , Draper Lauren , Eckstein Olive S. , Hanna Rabi , Hays J. Allyson , Hermiston Michelle L. , Hinson Ashley P. , Hobday Patricia M. , Isakoff Michael S. , Jordan Michael B. , Leiding Jennifer W. , Modica Renee , Nakano Taizo A. , Oladapo Abiola , Patel Sachit A. , Pednekar Priti , Riskalla Mona , Sarangi Susmita N. , Satwani Prakash , Tandra Anand , Walkovich Kelly J. , Yee John D. , Zoref‐Lorenz Adi , Behrens Edward M. ,   the REAL‐HLH investigators
Published: September 2024

Objective

Rheumatologic disease–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a rare, life‐threatening, systemic hyperinflammatory syndrome, occurs as a complication of underlying rheumatologic disease. Real‐world evidence is lacking on emapalumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the proinflammatory cytokine interferon‐γ, approved for treating patients with primary HLH.

Methods

REAL‐HLH, a retrospective medical chart review study conducted across 33 US hospitals, assessed real‐world treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with HLH treated with one or more dose of emapalumab between November 20, 2018, and October 31, 2021. Data are presented for the subset of patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH.

Results

Fifteen of 105 patients (14.3%) had rheumatologic disease–associated HLH. Of these, nine (60.0%) had systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and one (6.7%) had adult‐onset Still disease. Median (range) age at HLH diagnosis was 5 (0.9–39) years. Most patients (9 of 15; 60.0%) initiated emapalumab in an intensive care unit. Emapalumab was most frequently initiated for treating refractory or recurrent (10 of 15; 66.7%) disease. Most patients received HLH‐related therapies before (10 of 15; 66.7%) and concurrently with (15 of 15; 100.0%) emapalumab. Emapalumab‐containing regimens stabilized or achieved physician‐determined normalization of most laboratory parameters, including absolute neutrophil count and absolute lymphocyte count (13 of 14; 92.9%), chemokine ligand 9 (9 of 11; 81.8%), and platelets and alanine transaminase (11 of 14; 78.6%), and reduced glucocorticoid dose by 80%. Overall survival and 12‐month survival probability from emapalumab initiation were 86.7%.

Conclusion

Emapalumab‐containing regimens stabilized or normalized most key laboratory parameters, reduced glucocorticoid dose, and were associated with low disease‐related mortality, thereby demonstrating potential benefits in patients with rheumatologic disease–associated HLH.
Escherichia coliin the production of biopharmaceuticals
Authors: İncir İbrahim , Kaplan Özlem
Published: September 2024

Escherichia colihas shouldered a massive workload with the discovery of recombinant DNA technology. A new era began in the biopharmaceutical industry with the production of insulin, the first recombinant protein, inE. coliand its use in treating diabetes. After insulin, many biopharmaceuticals produced fromE. colihave been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency to treat various human diseases. AlthoughE. colihas some disadvantages, such as lack of post‐translational modifications and toxicity, it is an important host with advantages such as being a well‐known bacterium in recombinant protein production, cheap, simple production system, and high yield. This study examined biopharmaceuticals produced and approved inE. coliunder the headings of peptides, hormones, enzymes, fusion proteins, antibody fragments, vaccines, and other pharmaceuticals. The topics on which these biopharmaceuticals were approved for treating human diseases, when and by which company they were produced, and their use and development in the field are included.
Industry 4.0 adoption and eco‐product innovation capability—Understanding the role of supply chain integration
Authors: Sahoo Saumyaranjan , Kumar Ashwani , Kumar Mangla Sachin , Tiwari Anurag
Published: September 2024

Employing Industry 4.0 technologies has been recognized to facilitate data‐driven decision‐making and real‐time operational insights. While such technologies are poised to streamline supply chains for increased efficiency, the nexus between these technologies and environmental sustainability remains underexplored. This study applies the resource‐based view and network theories to assess the role of Industry 4.0 in fostering eco‐product innovation through supply chain integration. Data from 496 Indian manufacturing firms were analyzed using structural equation modeling to probe the relationships between Industry 4.0 adoption, supply chain integration, and eco‐product innovation capability. Results demonstrate that Industry 4.0 technologies have a positive direct effect on supply chain integration. However, when considering the capability for eco‐product innovation, the role of Industry 4.0 is contingent upon the degree of supply chain integration at upstream, internal, and downstream stages. The findings reveal that supply chain integration acts as a pivotal mediator in harnessing Industry 4.0 for eco‐product innovation. The direct influence of Industry 4.0 on eco‐innovation capability was found to be insignificant, underscoring the integrated approach to supply chain management as critical for environmental advancements. This work contributes a nuanced understanding of how manufacturers can strategically employ Industry 4.0 to bolster their environmental and competitive positioning, providing a comprehensive framework for enhancing eco‐product innovation capability.