bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on beam‐wave interaction of EIK in THz band
Authors: Chen Ke , Xu Qian , Xiong Neng , Xu Wang‐Ju , Zhang Kai‐Chun
Published: May 2019

The extended interaction klystron, which has high power, high efficiency, and high gain characteristics in the millimeter wave and terahertz frequency bands, is a compact electric vacuum device. In this paper, a multisection coupling cavity, each of which consists of multiple gaps, is proposed as the high‐frequency circuit of the extended interaction klystron and the beam‐wave interaction is studied. According to the space charge wave theory, the electronic conductance in the multigap cavity is studied. With the operating frequency of 225 GHz and the electron beam voltage of 12 to 13.65 kV, the system can achieve a stable operation. In the multigap cavity, the amplitude of electronic conductance increases with gap number. It means that the large gap number can enhance the beam‐wave interaction. The beam‐wave interaction is studied by establishing the impedance matrix of the multigap coupling cavity and using the electronic disk model. Under the condition of the electron beam voltage of 13.03 kV, the current density of 65A/cm2, and the signal frequency range of 225.63 to 225.67 GHz, the electron conversion efficiency is about 6.5%. Compared with the particle‐in‐cell simulation, the theoretical research results agree well with the simulation results. It verifies that the method in this paper is accuracy and reliability.
β‐Hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate, Arginine, and Glutamine Complex on Muscle Volume Loss in Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Nakamura Kensuke , Kihata Atsushi , Naraba Hiromu , Kanda Naoki , Takahashi Yuji , Sonoo Tomohiro , Hashimoto Hideki , Morimura Naoto
Published: May 2019

Background

β‐Hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate (HMB), a metabolite of leucine, can strongly induce muscle protein synthesis. We evaluated the efficacy of HMB complex on muscle volume loss during critical care.

Methods

For this prospective, single‐center, randomized control trial, we created control and HMB groups by random assignment of intensive care unit (ICU) patients for whom enteral nutrition could be performed. From 164 ICU patients, 88 severely ill patients were included and assigned: 43 to control and 45 to HMB. From day 2 after admission, HMB group were administered 3 g HMB, 14 g arginine, and 14 g glutamine daily in addition to standard nutrition therapy. Early rehabilitation with electrical muscle stimulation was started from day 2 in both groups. As a primary outcome, we evaluated femoral muscle volume using computed tomography on days 1 and 10.

Results

Femoral muscle volumes of 24 control and 26 HMB group participants were analyzed as per protocol. Volumes decreased significantly during days 1–10 (P < 0.0001). Volume loss rates were 14.4 ± 7.1% for control participants and 11.4 ± 8.1% for HMB participants (P = 0.18). In a subgroup of the sequential organ failure assessment scores <10, femoral muscle volume loss was 14.0 ± 6.9% for control participants and 8.7 ± 6.4% for HMB (P = 0.0474). Results of intention‐to‐treat analysis of the 2 groups showed no differences in basic characteristics or outcomes.

Conclusions

For critically ill patients, HMB complex supplementation from the acute phase of intensive care does not inhibit muscle volume loss.
Chronic kidney disease and the risk of incident hearing loss
Authors: Gupta Shruti , Curhan Sharon G. , Cruickshanks Karen J. , Klein Barbara E.K. , Klein Ronald , Curhan Gary C.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

There is a strikingly high prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss among patients with chronic kidney disease, with estimates ranging from 36% to 77%; however, longitudinal data are limited. We assessed whether lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated using creatinine (eGFRCr), as well as decline in eGFRCr over time, were associated with incident hearing loss.

Methods

Serum creatinine was measured in 1,843 individuals aged 48 to 80 years without hearing loss at the start of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study in 1993. Follow‐up creatinine assessments were conducted at 5 (n = 1,526) and 10 (n = 1,095) years. Hearing tests were conducted at baseline and at 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐year follow‐up visits. The risk of hearing loss was assessed as a function of baseline eGFRCr as well as a function of a 20% decline in eGFRCr between baseline and 5 years and between 5 and 10 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the risk of incident speech‐frequency hearing loss, defined as pure tone average (PTA) > 25 decibels hearing loss for thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz (PTA0.5,1,2,4) in either ear.

Results

During 15,676 person‐years of follow up, there were 802 cases of incident hearing loss. There was no statistically significant association between lower baseline eGFRCr and risk of incident hearing loss. Decline in eGFRCr was also not associated with incident hearing loss at speech frequencies.

Conclusion

Overall, there was no significant association between eGFRCr or decline in eGFRCr using the serum creatinine‐based equation and risk of incident hearing loss.

Level of Evidence

2 Laryngoscope, 130:E213–E219, 2020
Continuous cropping of soybean alters the bulk and rhizospheric soil fungal communities in a Mollisol of Northeast PR China
Authors: Liu Junjie , Yao Qin , Li Yansheng , Zhang Wu , Mi Gang , Chen Xueli , Yu Zhenhua , Wang Guanghua
Published: May 2019

Continuous cropping of soybean causes soil degradation and decreased soybean yield in Northeast PR China. However, the mechanism underlying the effect on soil fungal communities and the relationship between these effects and cropping systems have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we comparatively investigated the abundance, diversity, and structures of fungal communities in the bulk and rhizospheric soils of soybean grown in two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize using real‐time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing methods. The results showed that the rhizospheric soil fungal abundance was significantly higher in CC than in CR, but the opposite trend was observed in bulk soils. CC decreased the fungal alpha diversity in both bulk and rhizospheric soils compared with CR. The fungal community compositions were distinctly different between CC and CR in both bulk and rhizospheric soils, and the composition and diversity in bulk soils were predominantly affected by the soil carbon to nitrigen (C/N) ratio. The soil fungal functional groups varied between the two cropping systems; CC increased the relative abundances of the potentially pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Lectera longa and beneficial fungi Mortierella sp. and Paecilomyces lilacinus. In contrast, CR increased the relative abundance of Ustilago maydis, which is a pathogen that causes corn smut. Our findings showed that CC increased the abundances of plant pathogens, which is harmful to soybean growth; in contrast, the abundances of some beneficial fungi also increased, which suggested that suppressive soils might be developed after long‐term CC.
Multiphoton Microscopy of Collagen Structure in Ex Vivo Human Skin Following Electrochemical Therapy
Authors: Hu Allison C. , Hong Ellen M. , Toubat Omar , Sivoraphonh Ryan , Barnes Christian , Moy Wesley J. , Krasieva Tatiana B. , Wong Brian J. F.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Injury to healthy dermis and the dermoepidermal junction initiates a robust healing process consisting of fibrous tissue overgrowth, collagen deposition, and scar formation. The conventional management of scars and other skin injuries has largely relied upon surgical soft tissue transfer to resurface and/or replace damaged and dysmorphic tissue with new skin. However, these strategies are invasive, expensive, and may further exacerbate integumentary injury. In this study, we examine the creation of in situ redox generated pH changes in fresh human skin. We believe this process of “electrochemical therapy” (ECT) leads to changes in collagen matrix structure. Our objective is to map local tissue pH landscapes and image changes in collagen structure of non‐injured skin following ECT.

Study Design

Ex vivo human study involving ECT of human skin.

Methods

Remnant fresh ex vivo human facial skin from facelift operations was enveloped in saline‐soaked gauze for a maximum of 2 hours prior to ECT and imaging. ECT was performed by inserting platinum‐plated needle electrodes connected to a DC power supply. Voltage (4, 5, or 6 V) and time (3, 4, or 5 minutes) were varied systematically. High frequency ultrasound (25 MHz) was performed immediately after ECT on each sample. Treated samples were also imaged using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) with second harmonic generation (SHG) to specifically visualize collagen fibers in the dermis. The pH landscapes were mapped using indicator dyes in bisected specimens and the MPM images were compared with histologic findings.

Results

Above 4 V and 3 minutes, a profound reduction in dermal collagen SHG signal was observed at the anode. Although there was less blunting of SHG signal seen at the cathode, a decrease in the fluorescence of the dermoepidermal junction was observed. The pH application suggests ECT spatial selectivity and a direct relationship between voltage and application time. Ultrasound demonstrated gas formation between the anode and cathode, which is consistent with ECT's mechanism of action. Importantly, these electrochemical changes occurred without disrupting dermal and epidermal histologic architecture.

Conclusion

ECT alters tissue pH leading to dermal collagen structural change. These results offer additional insight into the translational potential of ECT to locally remodel the soft‐tissue matrix. Future directions aim to expand into a skin injury model to determine if similar collagen effects are observed in vivo. ECT is incredibly inexpensive (~$5) and may be a means to treat soft tissue injuries using simple needle‐based devices and DC battery power supplies. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Focused ultrasound opening of the blood–brain barrier for treatment of Parkinson's disease
Authors: LeWitt Peter A. , Lipsman Nir , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: May 2019

The expanding landscape of options for Parkinson's disease (PD) therapeutics calls for novel ways to improve delivery of treatments to counteract neurodegeneration or enhance symptomatic control. This unmet need is particularly relevant for opportunities in gene therapy, which, in recent PD clinical trials, has required invasive neurosurgical approaches into the CNS. One of the promising techniques to bring new therapies into the brain for PD therapeutics involves an evolving technology, focused ultrasound. Focused ultrasound has been used to alleviate tremor by thermal ablation with high‐energy sonication. Using similar equipment but much lower sonication energy, focused ultrasound assisted with micro‐bubbles can temporarily open the blood–brain barrier at specific brain targets to facilitate real‐time magnetic resonance–guided delivery of therapeutic agents. To explore the current status and future of focused ultrasound in transvascular therapeutics for PD, a November 2018 workshop reviewed its accomplishments and challenges. This report summarizes key points of discussion and provides further background to the promising roles focused ultrasound offers. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Gene expression in blood from an individual with β‐thalassemia: An RNA sequence analysis
Authors: Taghavifar Forough , Hamid Mohammad , Shariati Gholamreza
Published: May 2019

Background

Transcriptome profiling in individuals affected with β‐thalassemia, especially in individuals who carry novel mutations in the HBB, may improve our understanding of the heterogeneity and molecular mechanisms of the disease.

Methods

Members of a family with a daughter affected with thalassemia intermedia, although her mother was not clinically affected, were examined. We also characterized genome‐wide gene expression in the family using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and high‐throughput RNA‐sequencing mRNA expression profiling of blood.

Results

We described the downregulation of the β‐globin gene in β‐thalassemia by RNA‐sequencing analysis using a sample from an affected individual and her mother, who have a novel mutation in the HBB that creates a cryptic donor splice site. The daughter has a typical β‐thalassemia allele as well, and an unexpectedly severe phenotype. The differentially expressed genes are enriched in pathways that are directly or indirectly related to β‐thalassemia such as hemopoiesis, heme biosynthesis, response to oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, immune responses, control of circadian rhythm, apoptosis, and other cellular activities.

Conclusion

We compare our findings with published results of RNA‐sequencing analysis of sickle cell disease and erythroblasts from a KLF1‐null neonate with hydrops fetalis, and recognize similarities and differences in their transcriptional expression patterns.
Genetic analysis of the relation between IL2RA/IL2RB and rheumatoid arthritis risk
Authors: Yang Yonghui , Yuan Shan , Che Meihua , Jing Haiyin , Yuan Limin , Dong Kuaini , Jin Tianbo
Published: May 2019

Background

The biological mechanisms driving disease chronicity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are largely unidentified. Therefore, we aimed to determine genetic risk factors for RA.

Methods

In this case–control study, which includes samples from 499 patients and 507 healthy controls, six single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin‐2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA) and IL2RB were selected. Genotyping was performed using the Agena MassARRAY platform, and the statistical analyses were performed using the chi‐squared and Fisher's exact tests, genetic model analysis, and haplotype analysis.

Result

In the allele model, using the chi‐squared test, the result showed that rs791588 in IL2RA was associated with a decreased RA risk (odds ratios [OR] = 0.74, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.62–0.89, p = 0.0014) after adjusting for age and gender. In the genetic model, logistic regression analyses revealed that rs791588 was associated with a decreased risk of RA under the codominant model, dominant model, recessive model, and log‐additive model. Stratification analysis revealed that two SNPs (rs791588 and rs2281089) were significantly associated with a reduced RA risk in an allele and genetic model after stratification by gender or age (p < 0.05). In addition, the haplotypes “Crs12569923Grs791588” and “Crs12569923Trs791588” of IL2RA was associated with an increased risk of RA adjusted by age and gender (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.12–1.64, p = 0.0016; OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03–1.48, p = 0.021).

Conclusion

This finding indicates that the inherited altered genetic constitution at IL2RA may predispose to a less destructive course of RA.
Risk factors and timing of postoperative hematomas following microvascular breast reconstruction: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Phan Robert , Rozen Warren M. , Chowdhry Muhammed , Fitzgerald O'Connor Edmund , Hunter‐Smith David J. , Ramakrishnan Venkat V.
Published: May 2019

Background

Microvascular free tissue transfer has become the gold standard for breast reconstruction. While safe and reliable, there are operative complications, with hematomas developing under the free flap among the more common. These can compromise flap viability, lead to hemodynamic instability and infection. This study aims to identify predictors of hematomas following free‐flap breast reconstruction.

Methods

A prospective study was undertaken of patients undergoing autologous free‐flap breast reconstruction over a 4‐year period. Precise times to hematoma formation, age, arterial and venous anastomosis time, and anastomosis length were recorded and analyzed for association with time to hematoma formation.

Results

One thousand two hundred twelve flaps were undertaken in 1,070 patients during the period of review. Seventy‐one (5.8%) flaps were taken back to theater for hematomas. Immediate reconstruction had a significantly higher hematoma rate compared to delayed reconstruction 7.4% versus 5.2% (p < .001). It is noted that there were two main peaks for time to develop hematomas—less than 4 hr postsurgery and between 12 and 15 hr postsurgery.

Conclusion

Hematomas are a complication, which must be managed with prompt return to theater to ensure flap salvage and patient stabilization. Predictors for hematoma are presented, with hematomas most likely encountered within the first 12 hr of surgery.
Computational 1H NMR: Part 2. Chemical applications
Authors: Krivdin Leonid B.
Published: May 2019

This is the second one of three closely interrelated reviews dealing with computation of 1H NMR chemical shifts and 1H–1H spin–spin coupling constants prepared for Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. Presented in this review are some basic notes and illustrative examples of how modern computational 1H NMR could be used for structural elucidation and stereoelectronic studies of the medium‐sized organic molecules involving saturated, unsaturated, aromatic, and heteroaromatic compounds together with their functional derivatives and coordination complexes to get deeper insight into their stereochemical structure and stereodynamic behavior.
Adjusted cost analysis of video televisits for the care of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Paganoni Sabrina , van de Rijn Marc , Drake Kristin , Burke Katherine , Doyle Michael , Ellrodt Amy Swartz , Nicholson Katherine , Atassi Nazem , de Marchi Fabiola , Babu Suma , Estrada Juan , Schwamm Lee H. , Berry James D.
Published: May 2019

Introduction: We previously reported our amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) video televisit experience. Here we report on video televisit versus in‐clinic costs, adjusting for perceived medical usefulness (MU). Methods: We take the patient‐perspective and a focused institutional‐perspective. Costs are adjusted for patient/caregiver and physician perceptions of visit MU. The base‐case reflects our outpatient ALS practice. Results: In the base‐case, from the patient perspective, in‐clinic visits cost $1,116 and video televisits cost $89 ($119 after MU‐adjustment). From the institutional perspective, clinic visits cost $799, and video televisits cost $354 ($472 after MU‐adjustment). Adjusted cost‐savings per televisit are $997 (patient) and $327 (institution). Sensitivity analyses on 5 variables accounted for uncertainty in base‐case assumptions. Conclusions: Video televisits provide marked adjusted cost‐savings for patients and institutions. Adjusted costs are sensitive to perceived MU of video televisits. Future research should explore the ability of video televisits to reduce healthcare resource usage. Muscle Nerve 60: 147–154, 2019
Assessment of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Rearing Habitat Potential Prior to Species Reintroduction
Authors: Zeug Steven C. , Wiesenfeld Jesse , Sellheim Kirsten , Brodsky Annie , Merz Joseph E.
Published: May 2019

Successful Pacific salmon reintroduction into rivers where they have been extirpated requires understanding the range of habitats and environmental conditions that currently exist and their ability to support target species. Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were extirpated from the San Joaquin River, California, over 60 years ago and are targeted for reintroduction into the system. To assess the remaining habitat along the longitudinal lower San Joaquin River gradient, juvenile Chinook Salmon were reared within an Alluvial Site, a Transitional Site, and two lowland sites (Lowland Cinnamon Slough and Lowland Eastside Bypass) during two rearing periods (early and late). The highest Chinook Salmon growth rates were observed during the early rearing period within the lowland sites when water temperatures were moderate and prey densities were greatest. However, high-water events precluded a spatial comparison of growth with that of fish reared at the Alluvial and Transitional sites during the early period. In the late rearing period, the lowest and highest growth rates were observed at the Lowland Eastside Bypass (lowest prey abundance) and Lowland Cinnamon Slough (highest prey abundance), respectively. Growth rates at the Alluvial and Transitional sites were intermediate between those at the two lowland sites. Main-channel (Alluvial and Transitional) growth rates were generally lower than those within the lowland sites, suggesting that main-channel restoration may require targeted food web enhancement. Our results indicate that lowland floodplain sites can provide quality rearing habitat and growth benefits early in the rearing season. As temperatures increase, salmon can continue to grow if sufficient prey is available. Managers considering measures for improving floodplain access to provide juvenile Chinook Salmon rearing habitat should consider interactions between environmental conditions and prey density—and how these factors vary along the river continuum—to determine when these habitats can provide the greatest growth benefit.
Characteristics of facial muscle activity during voluntary facial expressions: Imaging analysis of facial expressions based on myogenic potential data
Authors: Kuramoto Eriko , Yoshinaga Saori , Nakao Hiroyuki , Nemoto Seiji , Ishida Yasushi
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Facial expressions are formed by the coordination of facial muscles and reflect changes in emotion. Nurses observe facial expressions as way of understanding patients. This study conducted basic research using facial myogenic potential topography to visually determine changes in the location and strength of facial muscle activity associated with voluntary facial expression to examine relationships with facial expressions.

Methods

Participants comprised 18 healthy adults (6 men, 12 women; mean age, 24.3 ± 4.3 years). Facial myogenic potentials were measured from 19 electrodes arranged concentrically on the face, and topographic analysis was conducted. Using potential changes and topograms, the muscle activity associated with nonvoluntary facial expression and voluntary facial expressions of happiness and disgust were classified according to the characteristics of expressions. To classify homogeneous groups among the reaction of disgust, hierarchical cluster analysis was utilized.

Results

One characteristic of the facial expression of happiness was activity in areas including the greater zygomatic muscle. With the facial expression of disgust, characteristic changes were seen in areas including the corrugator supercilii. Cluster analysis of the expression of disgust showed four homogeneous subgroups.

Conclusion

With facial myogenic potential topography, facial expressions can be evaluated objectively without being influenced by face shape or countenance. Color changes in topograms showed subtle changes in expressions that could not be supplemented with statistical processing alone, and these were useful in identifying individuality. Topography is thus expected to be utilized to supplement basic knowledge of facial expressions for a better understanding of patients.
Clinical application and evaluation of hyperdried human amniotic membrane for the surgical repair of oral mucosal defects
Authors: Tsuno Hiroaki , Okabe Motonori , Fujiwara Kumiko , Ishizaka Risa , Tomihara Kei , Yoshida Toshiko , Nikaido Toshio , Noguchi Makoto
Published: May 2019

The amniotic membrane is highly biocompatible, possesses anti‐inflammatory properties, and has been used for reconstructive surgeries in various areas. However, there have been persistent problems related to its preparation, storage, and sterilization. Hyperdried human amniotic membrane (HD‐AM) was developed at the Toyama University to resolve these problems of fresh amnion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of the surgical repair of oral mucosal defects by using HD‐AM. In total, 29 patients with oral precancerous lesions or early‐stage cancer were included. After resection of the oral lesions, surgical defects of the oral mucosa were covered with HD‐AM in 15 patients (HD‐AM group) and with commercial collagen graft material in 14 patients (CGM group). Postoperative pain, feeding state, epithelialization, the scarring of the wound, and oral function were evaluated. The postoperative medication period of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use was significantly shorter (P = 0.0457) and the recovery period for resumption of oral feeding was also significantly earlier (P = 0.0414) in the HD‐AM group than in the CGM group, without specific complications. HD‐AM reduced the postoperative inflammation; it can be used as a novel dressing material for the surgical repair of oral mucosal defects.
Ultrathin‐Carbon‐Layer‐Protected PtCu Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Capsules: A Structure Engineering of the Anode Electrocatalyst for Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells
Authors: Xu Min , Chen Hong , Zhao Yufei , Ni Wei , Liu Mingquan , Xue Yifei , Huo Silu , Wu Linlin , Yang Zhiyu , Yan Yi‐Ming
Published: May 2019

Structure engineering is an effective strategy to enhance the performance of electrocatalysts for the formic acid oxidation reaction. However, it remains a challenge to prepare a highly active electrocatalyst based on a distinct understanding of its structure‐dependent performance. The design and synthesis of ultrathin‐carbon‐layer‐protected PtCu nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in a N‐doped carbon capsule (PtCu@NCC) is reported. This system is fabricated by using Zn‐based metal–organic frameworks as the carbon support source and metal‐containing tannic acid as the protecting shell template. It displays 9.8‐ and 9.6‐fold enhancements in mass activity and specific activity compared to commercial Pt/C. Moreover, a constructed direct formic acid fuel cell using PtCu@NCC as the anodic electrocatalyst delivers a maximum power density of 121 mW cm−2. Significantly, PtCu@NCC exhibits superior structural stability and catalytic durability in both half‐cell and full‐cell tests. A mechanism study reveals that the enhanced activity is partially attributed to facilitated electro‐oxidation kinetics of formic acid in the unique structure of PtCu@NCC, while the excellent durability stems from the “protecting effect” of the in‐situ‐formed ultrathin carbon layer on the surface of the PtCu NPs. This work opens a new avenue for the development of high‐performance electrocatalysts for fuel‐cell applications by offering essential insights into the structure–performance relationship of the materials.
Sequence‐specific dynamic information in proteins
Authors: Scheraga H. A. , Rackovsky S.
Published: May 2019

We examine the local and global properties of the average B‐factor, 〈B〉, as a residue‐specific indicator of protein dynamic characteristics. It has been shown that values of 〈B〉 for the 20 amino acids differ in a statistically significant manner, and that, while strongly determined by the static physical properties of amino acids, they also encode averaged information about the influence of global fold on single‐residue dynamics. Therefore, complete sequences of amino acids also encode fold‐related global dynamic information, in addition to the local information that arises from static physical properties. We show that the relative magnitudes of these two contributions can be determined using Fourier methods, which represent the global properties of the sequences. It has also been shown that the behavior of Fourier components of 〈B〉 differs, with very high statistical significance, between structural groups, and that this information is not available from a comparable analysis of static amino acid properties.
Extraction of molecular features for the drug discovery targeting protein‐protein interaction of Helicobacter pylori CagA and tumor suppressor protein ASSP2
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Li Cheng‐Dong , Shah Masaud , Khan Abbas , Guo Haoyue , Wei Dong‐Qing
Published: May 2019

Half of the world population is infected by the Gram‐negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). It colonizes in the stomach and is associated with severe gastric pathologies including gastric cancer and peptic ulceration. The most virulent factor of H. pylori is the cytotoxin‐associated gene A (CagA) that is injected into the host cell. CagA interacts with several host proteins and alters their function, thereby causing several diseases. The most well‐known target of CagA is the tumor suppressor protein ASPP2. The subdomain I at the N‐terminus of CagA interacts with the proline‐rich motif of ASPP2. Here, in this study, we carried out alanine scanning mutagenesis and an extensive molecular dynamics simulation summing up to 3.8 μs to find out hot spot residues and discovered some new protein‐protein interaction (PPI)‐modulating molecules. Our findings are in line with previous biochemical studies and further suggested new residues that are crucial for binding. The alanine scanning showed that mutation of Y207 and T211 residues to alanine decreased the binding affinity. Likewise, dynamics simulation and molecular mechanics with generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) analysis also showed the importance of these two residues at the interface. A four‐feature pharmacophore model was developed based on these two residues, and top 10 molecules were filtered from ZINC, NCI, and ChEMBL databases. The good binding affinity of the CHEMBL17319 and CHEMBL1183979 molecules shows the reliability of our adopted protocol for binding hot spot residues. We believe that our study provides a new insight for using CagA as the therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment and provides a platform for a future experimental study.
A structured literature review of interventions used in the management of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Authors: Povsic Manca , Oliver Louisa , Jiandani Neha Raju , Perry Richard , Bottomley Juliana
Published: May 2019

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic, progressive disease, that can advance to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite being a leading cause of liver transplantation, there are no approved pharmacological treatments. Our aim was to identify literature on management options in NASH. Our structured review of interventions treating NASH patients from English language publications between 1 January 2007 and 25 September 2017 elicited 48 eligible references. Lifestyle management was identified as the mainstay of NASH therapy. Vitamin E and pioglitazone reported reductions in steatosis; however, although recommended for some, no therapies are indicated in NASH. Multiple investigational treatments reported efficacy in mild‐to‐moderate fibrosis in Phase II/III NASH trials. Lifestyle management, although the focus of clinical guidelines, is insufficient for patients progressing to advanced fibrosis. With no clear guidelines for patients requiring interventions beyond lifestyle modification, long‐term outcomes data are needed, particularly in patients with moderate‐to‐severe fibrosis.
Fabrication of Nickel NanoChains/PVDF Nanocomposites and Their Electrical/Magnetic Properties
Authors: Martin Baptiste , Dantras Eric , Lonjon Antoine , Laffont Lydia , Lacabanne Colette
Published: May 2019

Magnetic nickel nanoparticles (NPs) and nanochains (NNCs) are grown in a polyol medium under a static field as an alternative to template electrodeposition and strong reducers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and their statistical analysis show an important aspect ratio of 75 for NNCs. These NNCs present enhanced magnetic properties in terms of coercive field (HC = 163 Oe) and saturation magnetization (MS = 10.8 emu g−1). Nanocomposites of NNCs/PVDF are fabricated with 2 %vol. NNCs and present better properties than NPs/PVDF with higher filler content. The longitudinal and transverse magnetic properties of the composite are measured showing that higher properties are recorded in the longitudinal direction. Electrical conductivity of composite is plotted as a function of NNCs volume content to determine the electrical percolation threshold. The corresponding value of the apparent aspect ratio (ξ = 70) confirms that the processing of composite does not modify the particles morphology. Thus, it explains the enhancement of the magnetic properties due to the NNCs anisotropy.
PEDOT@4A‐Molecular Sieve Composite Electrode for Supercapacitor
Authors: Hu Zaixin , Zhang Xinyu , Gao Min , Zhou Huawei , Wu Mingxing
Published: May 2019

A composite electrode of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)@4A‐molecular sieve is synthesized by a simple electrochemical polymerization method for supercapacitor applications. The prepared PEDOT@4A‐molecular sieve composite exhibits excellent capacitive behavior, with high reversibility in the electrochemical window from −0.8 V and 0.2 V. The specific capacitance of the PEDOT@4A‐molecular sieve composite electrode reaches 163.4 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1, that is much higher than those of the pristine 4A‐molecular sieve (14.8 F g−1) and PEDOT (117.0 F g−1) electrodes at the same conditions. The composite electrode also presents excellent cycle stability, and the specific capacitance retains 82.8% of its initial value after continuous 1000 charge‐discharge cycles. This work indicates that synthesis of a composite electrode is a promising approach for enhancing the electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor electrode due to the synergistic effect.
Photoluminescence and Structural Characterization of RE‐Doped Sodium Aluminosilicate Oxyfluoride Glass and Nanocrystalline Glass‐Ceramics as a Function of γ‐Irradiation Dose
Authors: Mahendru Nancy , Kothiyal Govind P. , Singla Shivani , Falconier Mauro , Sharma Gopi
Published: May 2019

Dy3+ and Eu3+‐doped oxyfluoride glass and glass nanocomposites are subjected to low and high dose of γ‐irradiation, i.e., 100 Gy and 1 kGy, respectively. The photoluminescence spectra show changes in electric to magnetic dipole ratios signifying variations in local structural environment. Glass‐ceramics depict the tendency of crystallization or the ordering of structure with increasing γ‐irradiation dose. The results are further supported with X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. The formation of nanometer size fluoride particles in the pristine glass and glass‐ceramics after γ‐irradiation has been observed from SEM studies. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study reveals the restructuring of aluminosilicate network under γ‐irradiation.
Triangle and Aperiodic Metasurfaces for Bistatic Backscattering Engineering
Authors: Ghayekhloo Alireza , Afsahi Majid , Orouji Ali A. , Denidni Tayeb A.
Published: May 2019

Advanced electromagnetic (EM) surfaces are commonly designed to improve wave propagation and scattering. Control of EM wave scattering is one of the important venues for metasurface as an advanced surface, in which the EM surface takes place lower space than the famous metamaterial. At the same time, advanced surfaces get the same EM features as bulk metamaterials. With a new arrangement of metasurfaces and a fully characterized solution, conspicuous bistatic backscattering reduction is achieved over a wide frequency range and incidence angle interval. Closed‐form equivalent electric circuit models are primarily obtained to describe the physical challenges. Triangular and aperiodic metasurfaces are characterized to increase union diffusions of returning field. To evaluate the principal models, numeric and fabrication solutions are performed. Thus, the achieved frequency bandwidth for 10 dB reduction in bistatic backscattering is 80%. Furthermore, this fractional bandwidth goes to 70% in the case of oblique incidence. The main novelty of this research versus the related state of art is the highest 10 dB reduction bandwidth for the bistatic radar‐cross‐section reductions with the new studied coating configurations. Meanwhile, the obtained closed‐form circuit models are suitable for other applications, such as shielding and wave path redirection.
Synthesis and Docking Study of Pyrimidine Derivatives Scaffold for Anti‐Hypertension Application
Authors: Katouah Hanadi A. , Gaffer Hatem. E.
Published: May 2019

The present work introduces four new macromolecules pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine scaffolds substituted with various benzene‐sulfonamide moieties; those were picked up via cyclization of 2‐amino‐3‐cyanopyrroles with phenyl isothiocyanate. The newly prepared pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives have been elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (FT‐IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and MS) and elemental analyses. The antihypertensive activity of the synthesized pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives based on sulfonamide moiety was evaluated. All pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives were showed a potent antihypertensive activity than Prazosin that utilized as standard drug. The structure activity relationship (SAR) was studied to correlate the influence of sulfonamide group with the aminopyrimidine moiety. Molecular docking for the synthesized derivatives and theoretical statistics were carried out to expect their antihypertensive efficacy.
Synthesis of ZnTiO3@TiO2 Heterostructure Nanomaterial as a Visible light Photocatalyst
Authors: Bhagwat Ujwala O. , Wu Jerry J. , Asiri Abdullah M. , Anandan Sambandam
Published: May 2019

Here ZnTiO3@TiO2 heterostructure nanomaterial was prepared through a simple sonochemical strategy using TiO2 (P25) with zinc nitrate as a precursor and then calcined the obtained sample at 700 °C in 2h for the photocatalytic degradation of Congo red dye solution. XRD result confirms that the diffraction patterns related to the ZnTiO3 and TiO2 as heterostructure with high purity. SEM confirms that particles are irregular in shape with high agglomeration and HRTEM reveals that ZnTiO3@TiO2 is highly crystalline with a lattice spacing of 0.37 nm. The calculated band gap of as‐synthesized ZnTiO3@TiO2 heterostructure nanomaterial is found to be 3.07 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of as prepared ZnTiO3@TiO2 heterostructure was investigated for the degradation of Congo red dye by varying the effect of catalyst amount and initial dye concentration. The ZnTiO3@TiO2 heterostructure nanomaterial exhibited 96% degradation efficiency of Congo red in 4h under visible light illumination. Moreover, the photodegradation mechanism of Congo red was studied with various scavengers such as EDTA, IPA, and Benzoquinone. Further, the detection of OH radicals during photocatalytic processes was confirmed by luminescence technique using terephthalic acid (TA) as a test molecule.
Nanoparticle Linker‐Controlled Molecular Wire Devices Based on Double Molecular Monolayers
Authors: Seo Sohyeon , Viet Bui Quoc , Hwang Eunhee , Cho Yunhee , Lee Junghyun , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki , Lee Hyoyoung
Published: May 2019

Highly conductive molecular wires are an important component for realizing molecular electronic devices and have to be explored in terms of interactions between molecules and electrodes in their molecular junctions. Here, new molecular wire junctions are reported to enhance charge transport through gold nanoparticle (AuNP)‐linked double self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of cobalt (II) bis‐terpyridine molecules (e.g., Co(II)(tpyphS)2). Electrical characteristics of the double‐SAM devices are explored in terms of the existence of AuNP. The AuNP linker in the Co(II)(tpyphS)2–AuNP–Co(II)(tpyphS)2 junction acts as an electronic contact that is transparent to electrons. The weak temperature dependency of the AuNP‐linked molecular junctions strongly indicates sequential tunneling conduction through the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of Co(II)(tpyphS)2 molecules. The electrochemical characteristics of the AuNP–Co(II)(tpyphS)2 SAMs reveal fast electron transfer through molecules linked by AuNP. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the molecular HOMO levels are dominantly affected by the formation of junctions. The intermolecular charge transport, controlled by the AuNP linker, can provide a rational design for molecular connection that achieves a reliable electrical connectivity of molecular electronic components for construction of molecular electronic circuits.
In Situ Observation of Grain Refinement in the Simulated Heat‐Affected Zone of Al–Ti‐0.05% Ce‐Deoxidized Steel
Authors: Cao Yuxin , Wan Xiangliang , Hou Yanhui , Niu Chenrui , Liu Yu , Li Guangqiang
Published: May 2019

The particles and microstructural characteristics in the simulated heat‐affected zone (HAZ) of the Al–Ti deoxidized steel with 0.05% Ce treatment are investigated using in situ, optical, and electron microscopes and an electron backscattered diffraction analysis, and compared with the Al–Ti deoxidized steel with Ca treatment. The results reveal that the fine CeAlO3 inclusions and nanoscale (Ti, Nb)N precipitates are formed in the Ce‐bearing steel instead of the Ca–Al oxides surrounded by TiN and nanoscale (Ti, Nb)N precipitates in the Ca‐bearing steel. The nanoscale precipitates with higher density in the Ce‐bearing steel can effectively pin austenite grain boundary, and the finer austenite grain is obtained during the welding thermal cycle. The inclusions in both steels are detrimental to the acicular ferrite nucleation. Thus, the transformation from austenite to bainite occurs actively, and bainite packets with different lengthening directions divide the prior austenite into several small regions at intermediate temperature. The fine‐grained microstructure is obtained in the simulated HAZ of the Ce‐bearing steel due to the pinning effect of finer precipitates with higher density and the formation of the bainite packets with high‐angle grain boundary.
Tracking Inclusions during Ladle Refining Using a Kinetic Model for the Compositions of Metal, Slag, and Inclusions
Authors: Tabatabaei Yousef , Coley Kenneth S. , Irons Gordon A. , Sun Stanley
Published: May 2019

A mathematical kinetic model to predict the trajectory of chemical compositions of the molten steel, slag, and inclusions in the ladle metallurgy furnace was presented in a recent study. The model considered the following chemical processes: 1) the rate of slag–steel reaction; 2) the rate of supply of calcium during calcium treatment; and 3) the rate of steel–inclusion reactions, including oxides and sulfides. Herein, the model is further validated by running the model in varying conditions and comparing the predicted and measured composition of inclusions and dissolved species in the steel for additional plant heats. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to investigate the effect of different parameters, including sulfur content of steel, total oxygen, slag composition, and reoxidation of steel on the trajectory of composition of inclusions during the ladle process. The model developed by the authors offers potential for control and optimization of the operation of a ladle furnace.
Rapid Preparation of Oxidized Starch with High Carbonyl Contents Using NaBrO as Oxidizer
Authors: Yang Jinhui , Wang Man , Zhang Yinan , Jia Xiangxiang , Chen Yanxue , Liu Tai , Zhang Ziyi , Yang Hongzhao , Wu Qi , Xiao Huining
Published: May 2019

In this work, oxidized starch with high carbonyl contents is obtained in a rather simple way using corn starch as raw material and NaBrO as an oxidizer. The produced oxidized starch is evaluated by measuring the carboxyl content, carbonyl content, yield, and the intrinsic viscosity. The influences of pH, reaction time, temperature and oxidizer content on carbonyl content, carboxyl content, intrinsic viscosity, and yield of the oxidized starch are investigated in detail. It is found that the reaction conditions are readily controlled, and the higher carbonyl contents as well as yield of oxidized starch can be obtained compared with those reported previously, leading to promising products. The formation of carboxyl and carbonyl groups on the oxidized starch is confirmed by FT‐IR. The changes of crystallinity and the apparent morphology of oxidized starch are characterized with XRD and SEM, respectively.
Conceptualizing resilience in engineering systems: An analysis of the literature
Authors: Wied Morten , Oehmen Josef , Welo Torgeir
Published: May 2019

It is now widely recognized that many important events in the life cycle of complex engineering systems cannot be foreseen in advance. From its origin in ecological systems, operating without the use of foresight, resilience theory prescribes presuming ignorance about the future, and designing systems to manage unexpected events in whatever form they may take. However, much confusion remains as to what constitutes a resilient system and the implications for engineering systems. Taking steps toward a synthesis across a fragmented body of research, this paper analyses 251 definitions in the resilience literature, aiming to clarify key distinctions in the resilience concept. Asking resilience of what, to what, and how, we first distinguish systems serving higher ends and systems that are ends in themselves, and, within these, performance variables to be minimized, preserved, or maximized. Second, we distinguish systems subject to adverse events, adverse change, turbulence, favorable events, favorable change, and variation. Finally, we distinguish systems capable of recovery, absorption, improvement, graceful degradation, minimal deterioration, and survival. Together, these distinctions outline a morphology of resilient systems and suggest answers to the principal design questions, which must be asked of any resilient engineering system.
Time to act: climate change and toxic air
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: May 2019

In this editorial, Roger Kirby, Editor‐in‐Chief on Trends in Urology and Men's Health, discusses the hazards of climate change and air pollution on human health.
Detection and isolation of Shiga Toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in caecal samples from pigs at slaughter in Italy
Authors: Arancia Silvia , Iurescia Manuela , Lorenzetti Serena , Stravino Fiorentino , Buccella Carmela , Caprioli Andrea , Franco Alessia , Battisti Antonio , Morabito Stefano , Tozzoli Rosangela
Published: May 2019

Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are food‐borne pathogens of public health concern. Despite ruminants are the most important reservoir, STEC human infections have also been attributed to pigs. We examined for the presence of STEC in 234 samples of swine caecal content collected during the year 2015 at Italian abattoirs in the framework of the harmonized monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (Decision 2013/652/EU). The presence of stx genes was detected in 122 (52.1%) samples, which were subsequently subjected to STEC isolation and characterization. The analysis of the 66 isolated STEC strains showed that the majority of the isolates (74.2%) possessed the stx2a gene subtype, in a few cases (16.7%) in combination with stx2b or stx2c. Only 25.8% of isolates possessed the stx2e subtype, typical of swine‐adapted STEC. None of the isolates possessed the intimin‐coding eae gene and the majority of them did not belong to serogroups commonly associated with human infections. The results of this study suggest that pigs can be considered as potential reservoir of certain STEC types.
The bi-fundamental gauge theory in 3+1 dimensions: the vacuum structure and a cascade
Authors: Karasik Avner , Komargodski Zohar
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study the phases of the SU(N
1) × SU(N
2) gauge theory with a bifundamental fermion in 3+1 dimensions. We show that the discrete anomalies and Berry phases associated to the one-form symmetry of the theory allow for several topologically distinct phase diagrams. We identify several limits of the theory where the phase diagram can be determined using various controlled approximations. When the two ranks are equal N
1 = N
2, these limits all lead to the same topology for the phase diagram and provide a consistent global understanding of the phases of the theory. When N
1 ≠ N
2, different limits lead to distinct topologies of the phase diagram. This necessarily implies non-trivial physics at some intermediate regimes of parameter space. In the large N
1,2 limit, we argue that the topological transitions are accounted for by a (non-supersymmetric) duality cascade as one varies the parameters of the theory.