bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global electroweak fit and vector-like leptons in light of the Cabibbo angle anomaly
Authors: Crivellin Andreas , Kirk Fiona , Manzari Claudio Andrea , Montull Marc
Published: December 2020

Abstract

The “Cabibbo Angle Anomaly” (CAA) originates from the disagreement between the CKM elementsVudandVusextracted from superallowed beta and kaon decays, respectively, once compared via CKM unitarity. It points towards new physics with a significance of up to 4σ, depending on the theoretical input used, and can be explained through modifiedWcouplings to leptons. In this context, vector-like leptons (VLLs) are prime candidates for a corresponding UV completion since they can affectWℓνcouplings at tree-level, such that this modification can have the dominant phenomenological impact. In order to consistently assess agreement data, a global fit is necessary which we perform for gauge-invariant dimension-6 operators and all patterns obtained for the six possible representations (under the SM gauge group) of VLLs. We find that even in the lepton flavour universal case, including the measurements of the CKM elementsVusandVudinto the electroweak fit has a relevant impact, shifting the best fit point significantly. Concerning the VLLs we discuss the bounds from charged lepton flavour violating processes and observe that a single representation cannot describe experimental data significantly better than the SM hypothesis. However, allowing for several representations of VLLs at the same time, we find that the simple scenario in whichNcouples to electrons via the Higgs and Σ1couples to muons not only explains the CAA but also improves the rest of the electroweak fit in such a way that its best fit point is preferred by more than 4σwith respect to the begin.
Pentagon functions for scattering of five massless particles
Authors: Chicherin D. , Sotnikov V.
Published: December 2020

Abstract

We complete the analytic calculation of the full set of two-loop Feynman integrals required for computation of massless five-particle scattering amplitudes. We employ the method of canonical differential equations to construct a minimal basis set of transcendental functions,pentagon functions, which is sufficient to express all planar and nonplanar massless five-point two-loop Feynman integrals in the whole physical phase space. We find analytic expressions for pentagon functions which are manifestly free of unphysical branch cuts. We present a public library for numerical evaluation of pentagon functions suitable for immediate phenomenological applications.
3D endoscopy shows enhanced anatomical details and depth perception vs 2D: a multicentre study
Authors: Tomazic Peter Valentin , Sommer Fabian , Treccosti Andreas , Briner Hans Rudolf , Leunig Andreas
Published: December 2020

Purpose

The current standard endoscopic technique is a high resolution visualisation up to Full HD and even 4 K. A recent development are 3D endoscopes providing a 3-dimensional picture, which supposedly gives additional information of depth, anatomical details and orientation in the surgical field. Since the 3D-endoscopic technique is new, little scientific evidence is known whether the new technique provides advantages for the surgeon compared to the 2D-endoscopic standard technique in FESS. This study compares the standard 2D-endoscopic surgical technique with the new commercially available 3D-endoscopic technique.

Methods

The prospective randomized interventional multicenter study included a total of 80 referred patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with and without polyps without prior surgery. A bilateral FESS procedure was performed, one side with the 2D-endoscopic technique, the other side with the 3D-endoscopic technique. The time of duration was measured. Additionally, a questionnaire containing 20 items was completed by 4 different surgeons judging subjective impression of visualisation and handling.

Results

2D imaging was superior to 3D apart from “recognition of details”, “depth perception” and “3D effect”. For usability properties 2D was superior to 3D apart from “weight of endoscopes”. Mean duration for surgery was 26.1 min for 2D and 27.4 min. for 3D without statistical significance (P = 0.219).

Conclusion

Three-dimensional endoscopy features improved depth perception and recognition of anatomic details but worse overall picture quality. It is useful for teaching purposes, yet 2D techniques provide a better outcome in terms of feasibility for routine endoscopic approaches.
Der schleichende Niedergang der Demokratie in Benin. Konsequenzen für die Förderung von Rechtsstaatlichkeit und gutem Regieren in der internationalen Zusammenarbeit mit Westafrika
Authors: Preuß Hans-Joachim
Published: December 2020

Benin, Afrikas ehemalige Modelldemokratie, steht vor einem Scheideweg. Nach einem friedlichen Systemwechsel und der anschließenden Herausbildung und Konsolidierung demokratischer Institutionen hat ein Abschwung begonnen, dessen Ende noch nicht abzusehen ist. 30 Jahre nach der demokratischen Erneuerung hat die ärmere Bevölkerung bisher keine demokratische Dividende erhalten, und checks and balances werden als Hindernisse für Reformen wahrgenommen. Hat das Modell ausgedient, wird sich ein weiterer Staat Afrikas für ein autokratisches System entscheiden?
Land degradation risk mapping using topographic, human-induced, and geo-environmental variables and machine learning algorithms, for the Pole-Doab watershed, Iran
Authors: Torabi Haghighi Ali , Darabi Hamid , Karimidastenaei Zahra , Davudirad Ali Akbar , Rouzbeh Sajad , Rahmati Omid , Sajedi-Hosseini Farzaneh , Klöve Björn
Published: December 2020

Land degradation (LD) is a complex process affected by both anthropogenic and natural driving variables, and its prevention has become an essential task globally. The aim of the present study was to develop a new quantitative LD mapping approach using machine learning techniques, benchmark models, and human-induced and socio-environmental variables. We employed four machine learning algorithms [Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), and Dragonfly Algorithm (DA)] for LD risk mapping, based on topographic (n = 7), human-induced (n = 5), and geo-environmental (n = 6) variables, and field measurements of degradation in the Pole-Doab watershed, Iran. We assessed the performance of different algorithms using receiver operating characteristic, Kappa index, and Taylor diagram. The results revealed that the main topographic, geoenvironmental, and human-induced variable was slope, geology, and land use change, respectively. Assessments of model performance indicated that DA had the highest accuracy and efficiency, with the greatest learning and prediction power in LD risk mapping. In LD risk maps produced using SVM, GLM, MARS, and DA, 19.16%, 19.29%, 21.76%, and 22.40%, respectively, of total area in the Pole-Doab watershed had a very high degradation risk. The results of this study demonstrate that in LD risk mapping for a region, topographic, and geological factors (static conditions) and human activities (dynamic conditions, e.g., residential and industrial area expansion) should be considered together, for best protection at watershed scale. These findings can help policymakers prioritize land and water conservation efforts.
Metformin, chronic nephropathy and lactic acidosis: a multi-faceted issue for the nephrologist
Authors: Mariano Filippo , Biancone Luigi
Published: December 2020

Metformin is currently considered a first-line therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. After issuing warnings for decades about the risks of lactic acidosis in patients with chronic nephropathy, metformin is now being re-evaluated. The most recent evidence from the literature has demonstrated both a low, acceptable risk of lactic acidosis and a series of favorable effects, which go beyond its hypoglycemic activity. Patients treated with metformin show a significant mortality reduction and lower progression towards end-stage renal disease in comparison with those treated with other hypoglycemic drugs. Concerning lactic acidosis, in the last few years it has been shown how lactic acidosis almost always developed when patients kept taking the drug in the face of a concomitant disease or situation such as sepsis, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, which reduced metformin renal clearance. Actually, clearance of metformin is mainly renal, both by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion (apparent clearance 933–1317 ml/min, half-life < 3 h). As regards treatment, in cases of lactic acidosis complicated by acute kidney injury, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) plays a crucial role. Besides the elimination of metformin, CRRT  improves survival by correcting acidosis, electrolyte alterations, and maintaining fluid balance. Lactic acidosis almost always develops because of preventable drug accumulation. Therefore, prevention is a key factor. Patients should be aware that discontinuation for a limited time does not affect their health, even when it may be inappropriate, but it may avoid a serious, potentially fatal adverse event.
Incidental Findings in the Trauma Population: Interdisciplinary Approach and Electronic Medical Record Reminder Association with Pre-Discharge Reporting and Medicolegal Risk
Authors: Smith Lou M. , King Sarah A. , Shealy Jordan A. , Heidel Robert E. , Morin-Ducote Garnetta I. , Husband Leland D. , Callison John C. , Rosen Brenton A. , Savoy Rachel A. , Daley Brian J.
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:

Incidental findings (IFs) are reported in 20% or more of trauma CT scans. In addition to the importance of patient disclosure, there is considerable legal pressure to avoid missed diagnoses. We reported previously that 63.5% of IFs were disclosed before discharge and with 20% were nondisclosed. We initiated a multidisciplinary systemic plan to effect predischarge disclosure by synoptic CT reports with American College of Radiology recommended follow-up, electronic medical records discharge prompts, and provider education.

STUDY DESIGN:

Prospective observational series patients from November 2019 to February 2020 were included. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS, version 21 (IBM Corp).

RESULTS:

Eight hundred and seventy-seven patients underwent 1 or more CT scans for the evaluation of trauma (507 were male and 370 were female). Mean age of the patients was 57 years (range 14 to 99 years) and 96% had blunt injury. In 315 patients, there were 523 IFs (1.7 per patient); the most common were lung (17.5%), kidney (13%), and liver (11%). Radiology report compliance rate was 84% (210 of 249 patients). There were 66 studies from outside facilities. Sixteen IFs were suspicious for malignancy. A total of 151 patients needed no follow-up and 148 patients needed future follow-up evaluation. Predischarge IF disclosure compliance rate was 90.1% (286 patients); 25 were post discharge. Four patients remained undisclosed. Compared with our previous report, clearer reporting and electronic medical records prompts increased predischarge disclosure from 63.5% to 90.1% (p < 0.01, chi-square test) and decreased days to notification from 29.5 (range 0 to 277) to 5.2 (range 0 to 59) (p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test).

CONCLUSIONS:

Timely, complete disclosure of IFs improves patient outcomes and reduces medicolegal risk. Collaboration among trauma, radiology, and information technology promotes improved disclosure in trauma populations.
Learning to Read: Successful Program-Based Remediation Using the Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE) Curriculum
Authors: Williams Taylor P. , Hancock Kevin J. , Klimberg Suzanne V , Radhakrishnan Ravi S. , Tyler Douglas S. , Perez Alexander
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:

The Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE) curriculum is aligned with the American Board of Surgery (ABS) objectives. Our program adopted the SCORE curriculum in 2015 after poor ABS In-Training Examination (ABSITE) performance and lowest quartile ABS Certifying Exam (CE) and Qualifying Exam (QE) first-time pass rates. We examined the association of SCORE use with ABSITE performance and ABS board exam first-time pass rate.

STUDY DESIGN:

At a single institution, a retrospective review of surgery residents' SCORE metrics and ABSITE percentile was conducted for academic years 2015 to 2019. Metrics analyzed on the SCORE web portal were mean total minutes and total visits per resident for all residents using SCORE that year. First-time pass rates of the ABS QE and CE were examined from 2013 to 2019. Chi-square and linear regression analysis were performed, and a 95% level of confidence was assumed (alpha = 0.05).

RESULTS:

Yearly data from categorical general surgery residents showed a significant increase in total minutes, total visits, and ABSITE percentile. Combined first time pass rates for the ABS QE and CE significant increased from 70.8% in 2013 to 2015 to 93.9% in 2016 to 2019 (p = 0.018).

CONCLUSIONS:

Increased longitudinal use of the SCORE curriculum was associated with programmatic improvements in ABSITE performance and ABS board exam first-time pass rate.
The Current State of Infectious Disasters Preparedness Around the World: A Qualitative Systematic Review (2007-2019)
Authors: Sharififar Simintaj , Jahangiri Katayoun , Khoshvaghti Amir
Published: December 2020

Infectious disasters have specific features which require special approaches and facilities. The main challenge is the rate of spread, and their ability to traverse the Earth in a short time. The preparedness of hospitals to face these events is therefore of the utmost importance. This study was designed to assess the preparedness of countries facing biological events worldwide. A qualitative systematic review was done from PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), Scopus (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY), ProQuest (Ann Arbor, MI), and Google Scholar (Google Inc, Mountain View, CA). Two journals were searched as key journals. The search period was from January 1, 2007 to December 30, 2018. Twenty-one (21) documents were selected including 7 (33%) from Asia, 7 (33%) from Europe, 4 (19%) from USA, 2 (10%) from Africa, and 1 (5%) multi-continental. Forty-six (46) common sub-themes were obtained and categorized into 13 themes (infection prevention control, risk perception, planning, essential support services, surveillance, laboratory, vulnerable groups, education and exercise and evaluation, human resource, clinical management of patients, risk communication, budget, and coordination). Not all articles discussed all the identified categories. There is an extended process required to reach complete preparedness for confronting biological events, including adequate and well-managed budget. Medical centers may have trouble dealing with such events, at least in some respects, but most developed countries seem to be more prepared in this regard.
Minimal flows with arbitrary centralizer
Authors: ZUCKER ANDY
Published: December 2020

Given a G-flow X, let
$\mathrm{Aut}(G, X)$
, or simply
$\mathrm{Aut}(X)$
, denote the group of homeomorphisms of X which commute with the G action. We show that for any pair of countable groups G and H with G infinite, there is a minimal, free, Cantor G-flow X so that H embeds into
$\mathrm{Aut}(X)$
. This generalizes results of [2, 7].
A multi-institutional outbreak of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli with subsequent acquisition of the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase gene
Authors: Solter Ester , Kwong Jason C. , Walton Aaron , Sherry Norelle , Howden Benjamin P. , Grayson M. Lindsay , Schwartz David , Temkin Elizabeth , Frenk Sammy , Carmeli Yehuda , Schwaber Mitchell J.
Published: December 2020

We characterized 57 isolates from a 2-phase clonal outbreak of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase–producing Eschericha coli, involving 9 Israeli hospitals; all but 1 isolate belonged to sequence-type (ST) 410. Most isolates in the second phase harbored blaKPC-2 in addition to blaNDM-5. Genetic sequencing revealed most dual-carbapenemase–producing isolates to be monophyletically derived from a common ancestor.
Prolonged nightly fasting and lower-extremity functioning in community-dwelling older adults
Authors: Estrada-deLeón Daniela B. , Struijk Ellen A. , Caballero Francisco Félix , Sotos Prieto Mercedes , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando , Lopez-Garcia Esther
Published: December 2020

It is unknown if time-restricted feeding confers a protective effect on the physical function of older adults. The aim of this study was to assess prolonged nightly fasting in association with performance-based lower-extremity function (LEF) in a large population of community-dwelling older adults. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1226 individuals ≥64 years from the Seniors-ENRICA-II (Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain) cohort. Habitual diet was assessed through a validated diet history. Fasting time was classified into the following categories: ≤9, 10–11 and ≥12 h/d (prolonged nightly fasting). Performance-based LEF was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). After adjusting for potential confounders, a longer fasting period was associated with a higher likelihood of impaired LEF (OR for the second and third categoriesv.≤ 9 h/d fasting: 2·27 (95 % CI 1·56, 3·33) and 2·70 (95 % CI 1·80, 4·04), respectively;Ptrend< 0·001). Fasting time showed a significant association with the SPPB subtests balance impairment (OR for highestv.shortest fasting time: 2.48; 95 % CI 1·51, 4·08;Ptrend= 0·001) and difficulty to rise from a chair (OR 1·47; 95 % CI 1·05, 2·06;Ptrend= 0·01). The risk associated with ≥12 h fasting among those with the lowest levels of physical activity was three times higher than among those with ≤9 h fasting with the same low level of physical activity. Prolonged nightly fasting was associated with a higher likelihood of impaired LEF, balance impairment, and difficulty to rise from a chair in older adults, especially among those with low levels of physical activity.
Forgotten “New” Dancer of New York City's Gilded Age: Genevieve Lee Stebbins and the Dance as Yet Undreamed
Authors: Mullan Kelly Jean
Published: December 2020

In the Gilded Age, Genevieve Lee Stebbins (1857–1934) became a dance soloist admired in New York City's theater world. Stebbins created a foundation from which a new “serious” dance aesthetic emerged and notably inspired the early dance work of Ruth St. Denis and Isadora Duncan; however, she remains an overlooked figure within American dance history. This article chronicles Stebbins's innovations and clarifies misrepresentations of her work in recent scholarship. Unlike other American dance pioneers, there is no public archive dedicated to Stebbins, therefore this article draws upon newly available primary sources to explore Stebbins's foundational work.
“Harlem Knows”: Eleo Pomare's Choreographic Theory of Vitality and Diaspora Citation inBlues for the Jungle
Authors: Wells Charmian
Published: December 2020

This article examines Eleo Pomare's concept of vitality in his pieceBlues for the Jungle(1966) as a black aesthetic approach to choreography. Vitality seeks to connect with black audiences in Harlem by referencing and affirming shared cultural knowledge, conveying an embodied epistemology of the US political economy defined by the lived experiences of Harlem: “Harlem knows.” Using a lens of diaspora citation, I argue that Pomare's choreographic citations of “vital” ways of moving and knowing in Harlem critique the terms for “proper” national belonging, while articulating diasporic belonging in motion.
Conceptual Systems: The Dances, Music, and Drawings of Laura Dean
Authors: Mercer Elliot Gordon
Published: December 2020

Laura Dean's creative output in minimalist art spans interconnected work in dance, music, and drawing. Throughout the early 1970s, Dean represented her compositional structures as works on paper, which present an expanded visualization of her artistic experimentation with color, symmetry, repetition, and form. Dean rejects the reconstruction of her performance works, instead she advances a notion of dances as impermanent. Situating Dean in the context of serial and conceptual art in which the material art object is deemphasized in favor of communicating compositional logic, I argue that Dean presents a choreographic legacy premised on the intentional disappearance of her work in favor of perpetuating ideation and concept.
Plague Journal
Authors: BURTON ROBERT A.
Published: December 2020

Given a strong family history of early heart attacks, the future has always been an iffy proposition. Miraculously, I have bypassed the early off-ramps and find myself approaching 80, stents in place, considering the very real but previously unimaginable possibility of still more. But what kind of more? With dopamine on the wane and no longer supercharged by the push and shove of unbridled ambition and pride, bigger and grander are out of the question. Tired clichés poke through the widening cracks in my thinking to become uninvited bulletins of compromise and consolation. Be grateful. Relax, reminisce, enjoy sunsets, learn the backyard birds’ names, maybe even sing to them, and count blessings.
When Will the News be Bad Enough?
Authors: BURTON ROBERT A.
Published: December 2020

The cardiac rehab nurse calls out each of our group’s blood pressures and pulse rates. It is my first posthospitalization class and I am relieved to be in the middle of the pack. Although fully aware that numbers are not fate, I cannot help wondering if the worst performers will fully satisfy the dark needs of heart disease statistics. I presume that others are making similar calculations, yet wince at the ugly direction of my mind. Maybe it is not necessary to do better than another; if we take our meds, eat wisely, and exercise to the max, it is possible that our entire group will do well.
Intrusive imagery in anxiety disorders in adolescents
Authors: Ghita Ana , Tooley Emma , Lawrence Peter J.
Published: December 2020

Background:

Mental imagery plays an important role in models of anxiety disorders in adults. This understanding rests on qualitative and quantitative studies. Qualitative studies of imagery in anxious adolescents have not been reported in the literature.

Aims:

To address this gap, we aimed to explore adolescents’ experiences of spontaneous imagery in the context of anxiety disorders.

Method:

We conducted one-to-one semi-structured interviews, with 13 adolescents aged 13–17 years with a DSM-5 anxiety disorder, regarding their experiences of spontaneous imagery. We analysed participants’ responses using thematic analysis.

Results:

We identified five superordinate themes relating to adolescents’ influences on images, distractions from images, controllability of images, emotional responses to imagery and contextual influences on imagery.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that spontaneous images are an important phenomenon in anxiety disorders in adolescents, associated with negative emotions during and after their occurrence. Contextual factors and adolescents’ own cognitive styles appear to influence adolescents’ experiences of images in anxiety disorders.
Dosimetric comparison of constant dose rate volumetric modulated arc therapy (CDR-VMAT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for gallbladder cancer
Authors: Gedam Varsha R. , Pradhan Anirudh
Published: December 2020

Aim:

To study the feasibility of constant dose rate volumetric modulated arc therapy (CDR-VMAT) in radiotherapy for gallbladder cancer by comparing dosimetric parameter suggested by International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements-83 (ICRU-83) with step and shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy (SS IMRT).

Methods:

For this study, we selected 21 post-operative gallbladder cancer patients, which were treated with the IMRT technique from 2016 to 2019. For each patient, we generated SS IMRT plan and CDR-VMAT plan and were dosimetrically compared by parameters suggested by ICRU-83 for PTV. Homogeneity Index (HI) and Conformity Index (CI) were also calculated. For evaluation of Organ at Risk (OAR), we compared the mean doses, volume doses to the right kidney, left kidney, both kidneys combined, liver and max dose to the spinal cord. Monitor units (MUs) and treatment delivery time were also compared.

Results:

On comparing, we found that CDR-VMAT plans were highly conformed as CI and PCI (CI define by Paddick) were found more (0·98 ± 0·01 vs. 0·97 ± 0·03 and 0·86 ± 0·05 vs. 0·85 ± 0·05) than IMRT plans but not statistically significant. Better dose HI was found for IMRT plans with statistical significant difference (p < 0·001). The tumour coverage was found similar 98·24% and 97·83% for SS IMRT and CDR-VMAT, respectively. For D2%, the maximum dose to PTV was significantly lower in IMRT (p = 0·001). D50% and mean dose to PTV were also comparable to IMRT with no statistically significant difference. The OAR parameters were comparable in both the techniques. The mean doses and volume doses V10, V20 and V30 to the right kidney, left kidney and liver were also comparable with no significant difference (p > 0·05) was noted among them. However, the maximum dose to the spinal cord was significantly less in CDR-VMAT (21·1 Gy vs. 25·1Gy) than SS IMRT with p = 0·006. More MUs were associated with the CDR-VMAT technique, but shorter treatment delivery time than the IMRT technique.

Conclusions:

On dosimetric comparison of two treatment techniques, we conclude that CDR-VMAT can be a valid option in radiotherapy as it achieved highly conformed dose distribution, comparable tumour coverage and OAR sparing as IMRT technique for gallbladder cancer.
Orbital Forcing Strongly Influences Seasonal Temperature Trends During the Last Millennium
Authors: Lücke Lucie J. , Schurer Andrew P. , Wilson Rob , Hegerl Gabriele C.
Published: December 2020

Insolation changes caused by the axial precession induce millennial trends in last millennium temperature, varying with season and latitude. A characteristic seasonal trend pattern can be detected in both insolation and modeled surface temperature response. In the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, the maximum insolation trend occurs around April/May, while the minimum trend occurs between July and September. The temperature trend lags behind insolation trend by around a month. Hence orbital forcing potentially affects long‐term trends in proxy data, which are often sensitive to a distinct seasonal window. We find that tree‐ring reconstructions based on early growing season dominated records show different millennial trends from those for late summer dominated proxies. The differential response is similar to that seen in pseudo proxy reconstructions when considering proxy seasonality. This suggests that orbital forcing has influenced long‐term trends in climate proxies. It is therefore vital to use seasonally homogeneous data for reconstructing multicentennial variability.
Predictable Variations of the Carbon Sinks and Atmospheric CO2Growth in a Multi‐Model Framework
Authors: Ilyina T. , Li H. , Spring A. , Müller W. A. , Bopp L. , Chikamoto M. O. , Danabasoglu G. , Dobrynin M. , Dunne J. , Fransner F. , Friedlingstein P. , Lee W. , Lovenduski N. S. , Merryfield W.J. , Mignot J. , Park J.Y. , Séférian R. , Sospedra‐Alfonso R. , Watanabe M. , Yeager S.
Published: December 2020

Inter‐annual to decadal variability in the strength of the land and ocean carbon sinks impede accurate predictions of year‐to‐year atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) growth rate. Such information is crucial to verify the effectiveness of fossil fuel emissions reduction measures. Using a multi‐model framework comprising prediction systems initialized by the observed state of the physical climate, we find a predictive skill for the global ocean carbon sink of up to 6 years for some models. Longer regional predictability horizons are found across single models. On land, a predictive skill of up to 2 years is primarily maintained in the tropics and extra‐tropics enabled by the initialization of the physical climate. We further show that anomalies of atmospheric CO2growth rate inferred from natural variations of the land and ocean carbon sinks are predictable at lead time of 2 years and the skill is limited by the land carbon sink predictability horizon.
The Sensitivity of British Weather to Ocean Tides
Authors: Arnold Alex K. , Lewis Huw W. , Hyder Patrick , Siddorn John , O’Dea Enda
Published: December 2020

Tides in shelf seas greatly impact ocean mixing and temperature structure. Using a regional‐coupled ocean–atmosphere prediction system, at ocean coastal process and atmosphere convection permitting scales, we assess the influence of tides on British weather by comparing simulations with and without tides. In summer, when seasonal stratification is particularly sensitive to tides, the sea‐surface temperature is up to 6 K cooler in simulations with tidal mixing. Tides cool the air temperature over the sea by up to 3 K, and nearby land by up to 1.4 K. The mean air temperature across Great Britain land areas cools by 0.3 K with tides. Changes in near‐surface stability result in decreases in summer mean wind speeds over the ocean. A 6% reduction in summer precipitation is found with tides, consistent with cooler temperatures. This study has implications for climate projections since global‐coupled models typically do not include tides.
Intercomparison Between Surrogate, Explicit, and Full Treatments of VSL Bromine Chemistry Within the CAM‐Chem Chemistry‐Climate Model
Authors: Fernandez Rafael P. , Barrera Javier A. , López‐Noreña Ana Isabel , Kinnison Douglas E. , Nicely Julie , Salawitch Ross J. , Wales Pamela A. , Toselli Beatriz M. , Tilmes Simone , Lamarque Jean‐François , Cuevas Carlos A. , Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso
Published: December 2020

Many Chemistry‐Climate Models (CCMs) include a simplified treatment of brominated very short‐lived (VSLBr) species by assuming CH3Br as a surrogate for VSLBr. However, neglecting a comprehensive treatment of VSLBr in CCMs may yield an unrealistic representation of the associated impacts. Here, we use the Community Atmospheric Model with Chemistry (CAM‐Chem) CCM to quantify the tropospheric and stratospheric changes between various VSLBr chemical approaches with increasing degrees of complexity (i.e., surrogate, explicit, and full). Our CAM‐Chem results highlight the improved accuracy achieved by considering a detailed treatment of VSLBr photochemistry, including sea‐salt aerosol dehalogenation and heterogeneous recycling on ice‐crystals. Differences between the full and surrogate schemes maximize in the lowermost stratosphere and midlatitude free troposphere, resulting in a latitudinally dependent reduction of ∼1–7 DU in total ozone column and a ∼5%–15% decrease of the OH/HO2 ratio. We encourage all CCMs to include a complete chemical treatment of VSLBr in the troposphere and stratosphere.
The Effect of Aerosols on Fog Lifetime: Observational Evidence and Model Simulations
Authors: Yan Shuqi , Zhu Bin , Zhu Tong , Shi Chune , Liu Duanyang , Kang Hanqing , Lu Wen , Lu Chunsong
Published: December 2020

The aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) and aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI) have notable influences on clouds, but their effects on fog are rarely analyzed before. Previous studies indicate that fog frequency in East China has been decreasing, and we further reveal that fog duration increases during 1960–2010. We hypothesize that this trend is related to the increase of aerosol pollution and perform WRF‐Chem simulations to study the ARI and ACI effects. Results show that ACI significantly advances fog formation, delays fog dissipation, and increases fog duration by about 1 h in a case study, while ARI has negligible effect. The more but smaller fog droplets produced in polluted conditions significantly inhibit droplet sedimentation and reduce solar radiation, therefore provide favorable conditions for the duration of fog. Under extremely polluted conditions, ACI effect also far overweighs ARI effect. To shorten the duration of dense fog, our findings suggest the necessity for mitigating emissions.
Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation Impacts on Water Isotope Records During the Last Interglacial
Authors: Goursaud Sentia , Holloway Max , Sime Louise , Wolff Eric , Valdes Paul , Steig Eric J. , Pauling Andrew
Published: December 2020

Changes of the topography of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) can complicate the interpretation of ice core water stable isotope measurements in terms of temperature. Here, we use a set of idealized AIS elevation change scenarios to investigate this for the warm Last Interglacial (LIG). We show that LIG δ18O against elevation relationships is not uniform across Antarctica and that the LIG response to elevation is lower than the preindustrial response. The effect of LIG elevation‐induced sea ice changes on δ18O is small, allowing us to isolate the effect of elevation change alone. Our results help to define the effect of AIS changes on the LIG δ18O signals and should be invaluable to those seeking to use AIS ice core measurements for these purposes. Especially, our simulations strengthen the conclusion that ice core measurements from the Talos Dome core exclude the loss of the Wilkes Basin at around 128 kyr.
Structural and magnetic studies of mononuclear lanthanide complexes derived from N-rich chiral Schiff bases
Authors: Pilichos E. , Font-Bardia M. , Escuer A. , Mayans J.
Published: December 2020

The ac response of one isotropic GdIII and one anisotropic DyIII induced SIMs and their magnetically diluted analogous have been compared. The different response of both complexes evidences the different origin of relaxation for the GdIII cation.
Structure-regulated tough elastomers of liquid crystalline inorganic nanosheet/polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Morooka Toki , Ohsedo Yutaka , Kato Riki , Miyamoto Nobuyoshi
Published: December 2020

Liquid crystalline nanosheet/polyurethane composite elastomers with superior mechanical properties were successfully synthesized using the newly developedin situpolymerization technique.
Polymer–quantum dot composite hybrid solar cells with a bi-continuous network morphology using the block copolymer poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-polystyrene or its blend with poly(3-hexylthiophene) as a donor
Authors: Nguyen Dang-Trung , Sharma Sunil , Chen Show-An , Komarov Pavel V. , Ivanov Viktor A. , Khokhlov Alexei R.
Published: December 2020

The bi-continuous network morphology in the hybrid quantum dot solar cell is formed using the block copolymer P3HT-b-PS since the PS block is more compatible with the quantum dots.
New strategy for synthesising conjugated hexatrienylferrocenesviacross-dimerisation
Authors: Sawasaki Asami , Komine Nobuyuki , Kawauchi Susumu , Hirano Masafumi
Published: December 2020

A new strategy giving hexatrienylferrocenes.
Scalable synthesis of silicon nanoplate-decorated graphite for advanced lithium-ion battery anodes
Authors: Li Haimei , Li Xianglong , Wang Denghui , Zhang Siyuan , Xu Wenqiang , Zhu Li-Na , Zhi Linjie
Published: December 2020

A silicon nanoplate-decorated graphite design is developed for lithium battery anodes via a simple ball milling process.
Does liquid–liquid phase separation drive peptide folding?
Authors: Edun Dean N. , Flanagan Meredith R. , Serrano Arnaldo L.
Published: December 2020

Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy reveals folding of an intrinsically disordered peptide when sequestered into a model “membrane-less” organelle.
Diastereoselective synthesis of [1]rotaxanes via an active metal template strategy
Authors: Pairault Noël , Bessaguet Adrien , Barat Romain , Frédéric Lucas , Pieters Grégory , Crassous Jeanne , Opalinski Isabelle , Papot Sébastien
Published: December 2020

The first diastereoselective synthesis of mechanically planar chiral [1]rotaxanes has been achieved using the active template Cu-mediated alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction.
Optimal bidding strategy for virtual power plants considering the feasible region of vehicle‐to‐grid
Authors: Wang Zihan , Gao Jie , Zhao Ruina , Wang Jianxiao , Li Gengyin
Published: December 2020

With the rapid development of vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) technology, the use of the internet of things and advanced information technology to achieve the optimal dispatch of large‐scale plug‐in electric vehicles (PEVs) has become an important focus of scientific research and engineering practice worldwide. In order to achieve a balance between mass distributed energy resources and the secure and economic operation of the power grid, the authors propose an optimal market bidding strategy for a virtual power plant considering the feasible region of V2G. A detailed battery model considering the V2G mode of PEVs is established. A two‐stage stochastic optimisation model for the virtual power plant considering massive volumes of PEVs is built, taking into account the day‐ahead market revenue and the costs brought about by real‐time market deviations. Three bidding strategies—PEVs charging immediately after arrival, without V2G, and considering V2G—are compared using case studies to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Through the complete interaction between PEVs and the virtual power plant, this V2G‐based strategy can coordinate distributed energy resources, promote the accommodation of renewable energy, and significantly improve the economy of the virtual power plant operation.
Electricity market regulation: Global status, development trend, and prospect in China
Authors: Xu Chengwei , Wen Fushuan , Palu Ivo
Published: December 2020

With ever‐growing electricity consumption, unwanted climate change, and evolving generation mix, some energy policies related to electricity markets are enforced in various countries to cope with emerging challenges in the energy sector. Electricity market regulation, which is required to keep pace with the continuous development of power industry restructuring and electricity market operation, is also evolving. To help researchers and policy makers have a better understanding of the state‐of‐the‐art electricity market regulation, the aim is to survey the latest progress, as well as the development trends in this field in the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, and France, which have mature and widely recognized electricity markets around the globe. Subsequently, the progress of the electricity market reform in China is described, and the status, drawbacks, and prospect of the electricity market regulation in China presented.
Segregation of meaningful strokes, a pre‐requisite for self co‐articulation removal in isolated dynamic gestures
Authors: K. Anish Monsley , Yadav Kuldeep Singh , Misra Songhita , Khan Taimoor , Bhuyan M. K. , Laskar Rabul Hussain
Published: December 2020

Gesture formation, a pre‐processing step, has its importance when variations in patterns, scale, and speed come into play. Self co‐articulations are intentional movements performed by an individual to complete a gesture, whose presence in the trajectory alters its original meaning. For recognition, most researchers have directly used the trajectory formed along with these self co‐articulated strokes, with a few removing it using visible trait‐like velocity. Usage of velocity has shortcomings as gesturing in air differs from gesturing over a solid surface; hence, we propose a gesture formation model, which incorporates global and local measures to remove these self co‐articulations. The global measure uses Euclidean distance, instantaneous velocity, and polarity calculated from the complete gesture, while the local measure segments the gesture into stroke‐level segments by using the minimum–maximum‐polarity algorithm and applies the selective bypass rules. The proposed model, when experimented on gestures patterns with premeditated speed variation, has a mean error rate of 0.0069 and 7.40% self co‐articulations;individuals’ natural gesticulation has a mean error rate of 0.0371 and 12.07% self co‐articulations. Experimentation on each gesture of NITS hand gesture databases showed a relative improvement of 40% (accuracy 97%) over the existing baseline models.
A scientometric review of research on traffic forecasting in transportation
Authors: Liu Jin , Wu Naiqi , Qiao Yan , Li Zhiwu
Published: December 2020

Research on traffic forecasting in transportation has received worldwide concern over the past three decades. While there are comprehensive review studies on traffic forecasting, few of them explore the research advancement in this field from a visual perspective. With the help of CiteSpace and VOSviewer, this study uses scientometric review to identify the evolution and emerging trends of the research in the field. Totally, 1536 bibliographic records with references are extracted from Web of Science and used as the datasets to form the author network, institutional network, keyword network, and co‐citation network. The visualization of the results characterizes the research progress in the field. It
can be found that Eleni I. Vlahogianni receives the highest citation frequency, China and the United States contribute most of the journal articles. Some influential institutions and articles are also identified. With the author keyword network, the words “recurrent neural network”, “convolutional neural network”, “spatio‐temporal correlation”, “traffic pattern”, and “feature selection” are identified as the emerging trends. Also, the document citation bursts reveal that the applications of combined models and the study of traffic flow forecasting in atypical situations are becoming the emerging trends. This study provides a valuable reference for the research community in this field.
Straightforward Route to γ-Sultams via Novel Tandem SN/Michael Addition
Authors: Bakulina Olga , Klochkova Anastasiia , Bubyrev Andrey , Dar’in Dmitry , Krasavin Mikhail , Sokolov Viktor
Published: December 2020

A novel tandem approach to trisubstituted γ-sultams has been developed involving N-alkylation of methanesulfonanilides with EWG-substituted allyl bromides followed by intramolecular Michael addition. A series of various isothiazolidine 1,1-dioxides have been prepared under mild transition-metal-free conditions in high yields and trans-diastereoselectivity (confirmed by X-ray crystallography). The dependence of reactivity on electronic properties of substrates has been investigated.
Sleep Exacerbations and Facial Twitching: Diagnostic Clues for ADCY5-Related Dyskinesias
Authors: Nosadini Margherita , D'Onofrio Gianluca , Pelizza Maria Federica , Luisi Concetta , Padrin Davide , Baggio Laura , Zorzi Giovanna Simonetta , Toldo Irene , Sartori Stefano
Published: December 2020

Background Mutations in the adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5) gene are associated with childhood-onset paroxysmal dyskinesia.

Methods We report a new video-documented case of pediatric ADCY5-related dyskinesia with de novo ADCY5 mutation.

Results A boy born to nonconsanguineous parents after an uneventful pregnancy had developmental delay and hypotonia. At the age of 7 months, he presented with paroxysmal jerky–choreic–dystonic involuntary movements in wakefulness involving limbs, trunk, and face, exacerbated by emotional stimuli. These episodes gradually worsened in duration and frequency: at the age of 2.5 years, they occurred up to six times per day, and appeared also during sleep in prolonged bouts; the boy also had basal choreoathetoid–dystonic movements, hyperactivity, paraparetic–ataxic gait, generalized hypotonia with brisk tendon reflexes, drooling, and language delay with intellectual disability. Brain magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram, electromyogram, eye review, metabolic investigations, oligoclonal bands, and autoantibodies were normal. Extensive genetic testing had not let to a diagnosis, until a heterozygous de novo mutation c.1252C > T (p.Arg418Trp) was identified in the ADCY5 gene. Clonazepam had partial effectiveness. The boy walked at the age of 3.5 years. At the age of 5 years, the paroxysmal movement disorder has slightly improved.

Conclusion ADCY5 mutations should be considered among the differential diagnoses of early-onset paroxysmal choreic–athetosic–myoclonic–dystonic movement disorder involving limbs, trunk, and face, in patients with global neurological impairment with hypotonia and developmental delay. Facial dyskinesias and exacerbation by drowsiness/sleep and emotional stimuli are important clues that may allow a timely recognition of the disorder and avoidance of unnecessary diagnostic investigations.
Tunisian Newborn's Cord Blood: Reference Values of Complete Blood Count and Hemoglobin Fractions
Authors: Zitouni Sana , Bouatrous Emna , Laabidi Ons , Boudrigua Imen , Chaouachi Dorra , Saidani Naima , Kraiem Imen , Ayachi Amira , Abbes Salem , Mourali Mechaal , Menif Samia , Ouragini Houyem
Published: December 2020

Objective This study was aimed to establish local reference values for hematological indices and hemoglobin (Hb) fractions in umbilical cord blood (UCB) for the northern population of Tunisia.

Study Design Our study included full-term newborns by vaginal deliveries. Hematological parameters were collected using an automated blood cell counter. The amounts of Hb fractions were measured by capillary electrophoresis of Hb. Statistical analysis was performed using R software.

Results A total of 328 cord blood samples were analyzed. Among them, 154 (male: 44.8%, female: 55.2%) were used to establish reference values. The normal reference values of complete blood count (CBC) and Hb fractions were calculated. Mean neonatal Hb was 14.75 ± 2.26 g/dL. Gestational age affects the expression of CBC values as red blood cell (RBC), Hb, hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell (WBC), and the Hb profile. Umbilical blood hemogram parameters and Hb profile are affected by the environment; higher in newborns from urban regions but not affected by gender ratio.

Conclusion Reference ranges of normal CBC indices and Hb fractions have been successfully established in Tunisian neonates' UCB. Our data suggest reference values that could be useful for neonatal patients' laboratory results and clinical interpretation.

Key Points
Tracking based, high-resolution single-shot multimodal x-ray imaging in the laboratory enabled by the sub-pixel resolution capabilities of the MÖNCH detector
Authors: Dreier E. S. , Bergamaschi A. , Kallon G. K. , Brönnimann R. , Olsen U. L. , Olivo A. , Endrizzi M.
Published: December 2020

The simultaneous retrieval of x-ray attenuation, phase, and scattering using multimodal imaging techniques is finding increasing use in a range of applications, from medicine to materials science. Most techniques rely on the mechanical movement of an optical element (e.g., a grating or a mask) to obtain the multimodal images. While single-shot approaches exist, they typically employ detector pixels smaller than the grating period, often with low detection efficiency, and are limited in resolution unless either the sample or the optical element is displaced in various positions and multiple frames are collected. In this paper, we replace mechanical motion with the MÖNCH detector's capability to reach sub-pixel resolutions by interpolating between neighboring pixels collecting the charge generated by a single x-ray event. This enabled us to obtain the pilot demonstration of a laboratory-based high-resolution, single-shot multimodal imaging technique capable of simultaneously retrieving attenuation, directional differential phase, and scatter images, without any mechanical movement. We show that our proof-of-concept setup enables a single-shot resolution of 19.5 μm and that the resulting images provide sufficient information to produce a reliable sample thickness map. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the setup is capable of producing single-shot directional scattering images, while leaving open the option to further increase the resolution by using sample dithering.