bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonic Structure of Infant Reactivity: Evidence From a Taxometric Perspective
Authors: Woodward Sue A. , Lenzenweger Mark F. , Kagan Jerome , Snidman Nancy , Arcus Doreen
Published: March 2003

Previously, we proposed a theoretical framework that classified infants into qualitative categories of reactivity, rather than on a continuous dimension. The present research used an objective statistical procedure (maximum covariance analysis, or MAXCOV) to determine if a qualitative latent structure, consistent with our theoretical conjectures, would be found to underlie quantitative indices of reactivity to stimuli in a sample of 599 four-month-old infants. Results of the MAXCOV analysis showed clear evidence of a latent discontinuity underlying the behavioral measures of infant reactivity. The base rate of the latent class (or taxon) was estimated at 10%. Infants within the putative high-reactivity taxon, compared with infants not in the taxon, were elevated on measures of behavioral inhibition at 4.5 years. These results provide objective empirical support for a central tenet in our theoretical model by supporting the taxonicity of infant reactivity.
Prosocial Foundations of Children's Academic Achievement
Authors: Caprara Gian Vittorio , Barbaranelli Claudio , Pastorelli Concetta , Bandura Albert , Zimbardo Philip G.
Published: March 2003

The present longitudinal research demonstrates robust contributions of early prosocial behavior to children's developmental trajectories in academic and social domains. Both prosocial and aggressive behaviors in early childhood were tested as predictors of academic achievement and peer relations in adolescence 5 years later. Prosocialness included cooperating, helping, sharing, and consoling, and the measure of antisocial aspects included proneness to verbal and physical aggression. Prosocialness had a strong positive impact on later academic achievement and social preferences, but early aggression had no significant effect on either outcome. The conceptual model accounted for 35% of variance in later academic achievement, and 37% of variance in social preferences. Additional analysis revealed that early academic achievement did not contribute to later academic achievement after controlling for effects of early prosocialness. Possible mediating processes by which prosocialness may affect academic achievement and other socially desirable developmental outcomes are proposed.
The Cultural Bounds of Maternal Accommodation: How Chinese and American Mothers Communicate With Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Goldin-Meadow Susan , Saltzman Jody
Published: March 2003

Children with special needs typically require family accommodation to those needs. We explore here the extent to which cultural forces shape the accommodations mothers make when communicating with young deaf children. Sixteen mother-child dyads (8 Chinese, 8 American) were videotaped at home. In each culture, 4 mothers interacted with their deaf children, and 4 interacted with their hearing children. None of the deaf children knew sign language, nor spoke at age level. We found that mothers adjusted their communicative behaviors to their deaf children, but in every case, those adjustments were calibrated to cultural norms. American mothers, for example, increased their use of gesture with deaf children but stopped far short of the Chinese range—despite the obvious potential benefits of gesturing to children who cannot hear. These findings provide the first cross-cultural demonstration that children are, first and foremost, inculcated into their cultures and, only within that framework, then treated as special cases.
The Role of Inhibition in the Regulation of Sequential Action
Authors: Li Karen Z.H. , Lindenberger Ulman , Rünger Dennis , Frensch Peter A.
Published: March 2003

We investigated the regulation of sequential action using a new paradigm. Participants learned a sequence of seven stimulus categories and then monitored for them during successive displays. All displays were instances of these categories, presented in pseudorandom order. On each trial, participants monitored for an instance of Category 1, pressed a key on a computer keyboard, then monitored for an instance of Category 2, pressed a key on the keyboard, and so on for all seven categories. Thus, a perfect trial contained exactly seven responses. Intrusion errors were classified as a function of ordinal distance from the current serial position (n). Fewer intrusion errors were made at near serial positions than at far ones, suggesting a gradient of lateral inhibition. In addition, more intrusions were made on n + 1 categories than n − 1 categories, suggesting greater availability of intended than completed goals. In accord with current models of sequential action, the results indicate lateral and self-inhibition as important mechanisms in regulation of sequential action.
Caricature Effects, Distinctiveness, and Identification: Testing the Face-Space Framework
Authors: Lee Kieran , Byatt Graham , Rhodes Gillian
Published: March 2003

According to the multidimensional space framework, faces are represented as locations in a psychological face-space. Our aim was to test whether the locations of veridical, caricatured, and anticaricatured face stimuli in face-space, derived from multidimensional scaling analyses, could account for identification accuracy and distinctiveness ratings for these stimuli. Caricatures were identified more accurately and rated as more distinctive than veridical images, whereas anticaricatures were identified less accurately but were not significantly less distinctive than veridical images. In the face-space derived from multidimensional scaling, caricatures were further from the origin and less densely clustered than veridical images, whereas anticaricatures were closer to the origin and located in denser regions of the space. A quantitative model successfully predicted identification performance from the spatial locations of the stimuli. In general, the physically transformed faces were systematically mapped in the psychological space.
Testing Between-Family Associations in Within-Family Comparisons
Authors: Dick Danielle M. , Johnson Jennifer K. , Viken Richard J. , Rose Richard J.
Published: March 2003

Using behaviorally discordant siblings to test for gene-behavior associations is a common tool in molecular genetics, because the within-family contrast offers a research design that avoids confounds inevitable in all between-family comparisons of unrelated individuals. We propose a similar strategy to assess the behavior-behavior associations on which much of psychological science is built. Between-family correlations of personality test scores (e.g., sensation seeking) and behavioral outcomes (e.g., substance use) may be mediated by variables that differ between families (e.g., social class or religiosity) and correlate with both personality and outcome. Contrasting twin and nontwin siblings who were highly discordant for behavioral correlates of substance use, we tested whether between-family behavioral correlations replicated within families. Some, but not all, did. Within-family analyses of behaviorally discordant siblings may find wide application in efforts to clarify the meaning of correlational research data.
Two Kinds of Reasoning
Authors: Rips Lance J.
Published: March 2003

According to one view of reasoning, people can evaluate arguments in at least two qualitatively different ways: in terms of their deductive correctness and in terms of their inductive strength. According to a second view, assessments of both correctness and strength are a function of an argument's position on a single psychological continuum (e.g., subjective conditional probability). A deductively correct argument is one with the maximum value on this continuum; a strong argument is one with a high value. The present experiment tested these theories by asking participants to evaluate the same set of arguments for correctness and strength. The results produced an interaction between type of argument and instructions: In some conditions, participants judged one argument deductively correct more often than a second, but judged the second argument inductively strong more often than the first. This finding supports the view that people have distinct ways to evaluate arguments.
Nonconscious Fear Conditioning, Visceral Perception, and the Development of Gut Feelings
Authors: Katkin Edward S. , Wiens Stefan , Öhman Arne
Published: March 2003

When people are presented with backward-masked images of fear-relevant stimuli and only some of these images are paired consistently with electric shocks, they can predict the occurrence of shocks even though they do not consciously know which images they have seen. We postulated that they may use the perception of visceral cues from the conditional fear response to facilitate the prediction of shocks. In this study, ability to detect heartbeats was used to index sensitivity to visceral cues. The results showed that subjects who could detect their heartbeats performed better than chance in predicting whether or not they would receive a shock during the conditioning task. The findings support the notion that hunches, or “gut feelings,” are based in part on the perception of visceral cues.
Seeing Mountains in Mole Hills: Geographical-Slant Perception
Authors: Proffitt Dennis R. , Creem Sarah H. , Zosh Wendy D.
Published: March 2003

When observers face directly toward the incline of a hill, their awareness of the slant of the hill is greatly overestimated, but motoric estimates are much more accurate. The present study examined whether similar results would be found when observers were allowed to view the side of a hill. Observers viewed the cross-sections of hills in real (Experiment 1) and virtual (Experiment 2) environments and estimated the inclines with verbal estimates, by adjusting the cross-section of a disk, and by adjusting a board with their unseen hand to match the inclines. We found that the results for cross-section viewing replicated those found when observers directly face the incline. Even though the angles of hills are directly evident when viewed from the side, slant perceptions are still grossly overestimated.
Can the Spotlight of Attention Be Shaped Like a Doughnut? Evidence From Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Müller Matthias M. , Hübner Ronald
Published: March 2003

Visual attention enables observers to extract and process high-priority information in the visual field. Controversy remains as to whether or not observers can ignore information that falls within the spatial beam of attention. We used an objective physiological measure, the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), to investigate this question. A stream of flickering small, uppercase letters was embedded in the center of a stream of large, uppercase letters. A unitary beam would result in no difference of the SSVEP amplitude elicited by the small letter stream when it was attended versus ignored (i.e., when subjects attended the large letter stream). Contrary to this prediction, SSVEP amplitude increased by almost 100% when the small letter stream was attended compared with when it was ignored. The results support the notion that the attentional spotlight can be formed like a doughnut, processing central information differentially depending on whether it is attended or ignored.
Speakers' Overestimation of Their Effectiveness
Authors: Keysar Boaz , Henly Anne S.
Published: March 2003

Successful communication depends in part on an ability to anticipate miscommunication. We investigated speakers' ability to gauge their addressees' understanding. Participants in our experiments were asked to say ambiguous sentences while attempting to convey a specific intention to their addressee. When they estimated the addressee's understanding of the intended meaning, they showed a consistent tendency to overestimate their effectiveness. They expected the addressee to understand more often than the addressee actually did. In contrast, overhearers who were informed about the speakers' intention did not systematically overestimate the speakers' effectiveness. Our findings suggest that when speakers monitor their own utterances, they do not act as unbiased observers. Instead, they underestimate the ambiguity of their own utterances and overestimate the extent to which their disambiguating cues make their intention transparent. Such overestimation could be a systematic source of miscommunication in natural conversation, and should be accounted for by any theory of language production.
Universality Versus Language-Specificity in Listening to Running Speech
Authors: Cutler Anne , Demuth Katherine , McQueen James M.
Published: March 2003

Recognizing spoken language involves automatic activation of multiple candidate words. The process of selection between candidates is made more efficient by inhibition of embedded words (like egg in beg) that leave a portion of the input stranded (here, b). Results from European languages suggest that this inhibition occurs when consonants are stranded but not when syllables are stranded. The reason why leftover syllables do not lead to inhibition could be that in principle they might themselves be words; in European languages, a syllable can be a word. In Sesotho (a Bantu language), however, a single syllable cannot be a word. We report that in Sesotho, word recognition is inhibited by stranded consonants, but stranded monosyllables produce no more difficulty than stranded bisyllables (which could be Sesotho words). This finding suggests that the viability constraint which inhibits spurious embedded word candidates is not sensitive to language-specific word structure, but is universal.
A Visual Equalization Strategy for Locomotor Control: Of Honeybees, Robots, and Humans
Authors: Duchon Andrew P. , Warren William H.
Published: March 2003

Honeybees fly down the center of a corridor by equating the speed of optic flow in the lateral field of the two eyes. This flow-equalization strategy has been successfully implemented in mobile robots to guide behavior in cluttered environments. We investigated whether humans use a similar strategy to steer down a corridor, and determined the relative contributions of equating the speed of flow (.27), the splay angles of base lines (.62), and the visual angles of texture on the left and right walls (.03) to steering behavior. A generalized equalization strategy based on the weighted linear combination of these variables closely models human behavior, providing robust visual control.
Objects and Events in the Attentional Blink
Authors: Sheppard Dianne M. , Duncan John , Shapiro Kimron L. , Hillstrom Anne P.
Published: March 2003

When two visual targets, T1 and T2, are presented in rapid succession, detection or identification of T2 is almost universally degraded by the requirement to attend to T1 (the attentional blink, or AB). One interesting exception occurs when T1 is a brief gap in a continuous letter stream and the task is to discriminate its duration. One hypothesized explanation for this exception is that an AB is triggered only by attention to a patterned object. The results reported here eliminate this hypothesis. Duration judgments produced no AB whether the judged duration concerned a short gap in the letter stream (Experiment 1) or a letter presented for slightly longer than others (Experiment 2). When identification of an identical longer letter T1 was required (Experiment 3), rather than a duration judgment, the AB was reestablished. Direct perceptual judgments of letter streams with gaps embedded showed that whereas brief gaps result in the percept of a single, briefly hesitating stream, longer gaps result in the percept of two separate streams with a separating pause. Correspondingly, an AB was produced in Experiment 4, when participants were required to judge the duration of longer T1 gaps. We propose that, like spatially separated objects, temporal events are parsed into discrete, hierarchically organized events. An AB is triggered only when a new attended event is defined, either when a long pause creates a new perceived stream (Experiment 4) or when attention shifts from the stream to the letter level (Experiment 3).
Are You Looking at Me? Eye Gaze and Person Perception
Authors: Macrae C. Neil , Hood Bruce M. , Milne Alan B. , Rowe Angela C. , Mason Malia F.
Published: March 2003

Previous research has highlighted the pivotal role played by gaze detection and interpretation in the development of social cognition. Extending work of this kind, the present research investigated the effects of eye gaze on basic aspects of the person-perception process, namely, person construal and the extraction of category-related knowledge from semantic memory. It was anticipated that gaze direction would moderate the efficiency of the mental operations through which these social-cognitive products are generated. Specifically, eye gaze was expected to influence both the speed with which targets could be categorized as men and women and the rate at which associated stereotypic material could be accessed from semantic memory. The results of two experiments supported these predictions: Targets with nondeviated (i.e., direct) eye gaze elicited facilitated categorical responses. The implications of these findings for recent treatments of person perception are considered.
A Prospective Study of Some Effects of Aircraft Noise on Cognitive Performance in Schoolchildren
Authors: Hygge Staffan , Evans Gary W. , Bullinger Monika
Published: March 2003

Before the opening of the new Munich International Airport and the termination of the old airport, children near both sites were recruited into aircraft-noise groups (aircraft noise at present or pending) and control groups with no aircraft noise (closely matched for socioeconomic status). A total of 326 children (mean age = 10.4 years) took part in three data-collection waves, one before and two after the switch-over of the airports. After the switch, long-term memory and reading were impaired in the noise group at the new airport. and improved in the formerly noise-exposed group at the old airport. Short-term memory also improved in the latter group after the old airport was closed. At the new airport, speech perception was impaired in the newly noise-exposed group. Mediational analyses suggest that poorer reading was not mediated by speech perception, and that impaired recall was in part mediated by reading.
Person Perception Across the Menstrual Cycle: Hormonal Influences on Social-Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Macrae C. Neil , Alnwick Kym A. , Milne Alan B. , Schloerscheidt Astrid M.
Published: March 2003

Women's reactions to men shift during the menstrual cycle. For example, during the phase of high conception risk, women prefer men with masculinized facial features. A favored explanation for this effect is that women display an enhanced sensitivity to stimuli that have significant reproductive relevance during the phase of the menstrual cycle in which conception risk is high. Consistent with this viewpoint, the present research demonstrated that women's cycle-dependent attentiveness to “maleness” also extends to basic aspects of the person-perception process. Specifically, during the phase of high conception risk, women displayed an enhanced ability both to categorize men and to access associated category-related (i.e., stereotypic) material from semantic memory. The implications of these findings for contemporary treatments of person perception are considered.
Serial Expertise of Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Terrace Herbert S. , Son Lisa K. , Brannon Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2003

Here we describe the development of serial expertise in 4 experimentally naive rhesus monkeys that learned, by trial and error, the correct order in which to respond to 3-, 4-, and 7-item lists of arbitrarily selected photographs. The probabilities of guessing the correct sequence on 3-, 4-, and 7-item lists were, respectively, 1/6, 1/24, and 1/5,040. Each monkey became progressively more efficient at determining the correct order in which to respond on new lists. During subsequent testing, the subjects were presented with all possible pairs of the 28 items used to construct the four 7-item lists (excluding pairs of items that occupied the same ordinal position in different lists). Subjects responded to pairs from different lists in the correct order 91% of the time on the first trials on which these pairs were presented. These features of subjects' performance, which cannot be attributed to procedural memory, satisfy two criteria of declarative memory: rapid acquisition of new knowledge and flexible application of existing knowledge to a new problem.
High-Fidelity Perceptual Long-Term Memory Revisited—and Confirmed
Authors: Magnussen Svein , Greenlee Mark W. , Aslaksen Per Matti , Kildebo Ole Øystein
Published: March 2003

Experiments on short-term perceptual memory for elemental visual attributes, such as contrast, motion, orientation, and spatial frequency, have relied on a delayed discrimination technique in which the subject compares two stimuli presented at different points in time and memory is indexed by discrimination thresholds measured for the different time intervals between reference and test. In a variant of this procedure, used in experiments on long-term memory, the presentation of a single reference is followed by a memory test that combines two-alternative forced-choice decisions with the method of constant stimuli. With this procedure, it is impossible to distinguish the effects of criterion-setting processes and memory on performance, but this confound can be eliminated by testing many subjects and having each subject make a single decision. The resulting “group thresholds” are stable across time intervals of 24 hr, confirming previous findings of high-fidelity storage in the long-term memory range.
Managing the Core Executive
Authors: Brady Christopher , Catterall Peter
Published: March 2003

In the build up to general elections there is invariably a wealth of discourse on constitutional and transitional issues and even on the efficiency and cost‐effectiveness of the civil service, but rarely is there any debate on the manner in which politicians manage the government machine. This article seeks to address this deficiency. It examines the operational factors common to the core executive, assesses the problems usually associated with the government as an organization and reviews alternative solutions. Finally, it offers managerially oriented advice, reasoning that it is the role of policy analysts to prescribe and that it is irresponsible to ignore this function. it is clearly emphasized that management solutions are not synonymous with business solutions. The article draws on universal principles of management, seeking to avoid normative suggestions and concentrating instead on practical considerations. Those considerations include personnel selection, collective responsibility, leadership style, organizational structure and team mentality. The conclusion is that strong managerially based leadership should not be dismissed as incompatible with the political constraints placed upon Prime Ministers but rather it should e the predominant impulse.
Public Policies, Private Strategies and Local Public Spending Bodies
Authors: Greer Alan , Hoggett Paul
Published: March 2003

Local Public Spending Bodies (LPSBs) occupy an important position in the contemporary structures of governance in the UK. As exemplars of many of the diverse characteristics of the New Public Management, LPSBs inhabit the fuzzy space between the public and private spheres, both in terms of organizational structure and service delivery. One finding from recent research into the internal governance of three kinds of LPSBs – Further Education Colleges, Housing Associations and Training and Enterprise Councils – was that the language of strategy predominated over that of policy on the boards of such organizations. In this article we assess the significance of this finding. We contend that the two terms are not interchangeable and that a vital distinction needs to be maintained between them. Specifically we argue that policy refers to collections of decisions grounded in public values whereas the concept of strategy, particularly as currently understood in the context of the New Public Management, refers to the positioning of an organization in its struggle to survive and grow. We conclude that LPSBs have been invited to behave strategically within a framework of increasingly centralized policy objectives and resource allocations.
‘Management by Contract’: A Study of Programmatic and Technological Aspects
Authors: Almqvist Roland
Published: March 2003

The practice of ‘Management by Contract’ can — as with any practice — be characterized by programmatic and technological dimensions. These dimensions contain concepts and ideas at the programmatic level, which shape the mission of the practice (concrete tasks and routines) at the technological level. Thus, the former attach the practice to the broader conceptual dimension. In this paper both of these dimensions will be analysed. The aim is to study how quality issues have been managed by contract. The first part presents some of the conceptual arguments of ‘Management by Contract’. The arguments of a structure generally used (the Purchaser/Provider split) and a method often used (competitive tendering) will be discussed. The second part presents some technological effects through empirical findings. The paper concludes with an analysis of the interaction or non‐interaction between these two dimensions.
Exploiting and creating knowledge through customer–supplier relationships: lessons from a case study
Authors: Tunisini Annalisa , Zanfei Antonello
Published: March 2003

Through an in‐depth analysis of a customer–supplier relationship in the information technology market, we illustrate the complexities of vertical coordination processes. We focus on the strategic and organizational criteria that suppliers and customers must design in order to favour interaction between their heterogeneous competencies. In the examined case, the supplier provides general purpose knowledge to be utilized and enriched through the contact with, and fertilization by, application abilities available at the customer level.
The new age of new product development: are we there yet?
Authors: Scott George
Published: March 2003

A three‐questionnaire DELPHI issues study identifies and ranks in importance the top twenty‐four management of technology (MOT) issues (unresolved problems) in new product development involving advanced technologies. The study was conducted because of a dearth of studies evaluating the relative importance of MOT problems that are shared across advanced‐technology industries. The study relates each of the top ten MOT issues to the ‘new product development paradigm’ to help explain the importance of each issue. Discussion of participants’ comments provides insights into their concerns about each issue. Strategic Planning for Technology Products was identified as the top priority issue, but European and USA participants did not fully agree on the importance of several issues. The findings aid in identifying priority new product development research projects, and show R&D managers the extent to which specific MOT issues are of general concern among companies.
R&D as an option on market introduction
Authors: Lint Onno , Pennings Enrico
Published: March 2003

Discounted cash flow methods for making R&D investment decisions cannot properly capture the option value in R&D. Since market and technology uncertainties change expectations about the viability of many new products, the value of projects is frequently adjusted during the R&D stages. Capturing the adjustment in expectations has an option value that may significantly differ from the Net Present Value of R&D projects. However, there are no historic time series for estimating the uncertainty of the value of R&D projects. As a result, the standard Black and Scholes model for financial option valuation needs to be adjusted. The aim of this paper is to report the application of a particular option pricing model for setting the budget of R&D projects. The option value of the model captures jumps or business shifts in market or technology conditions. The approach originates from applying current insight into the valuation of R&D projects to the field of multimedia research at Philips Corporate Research. This way, the gap between real option theory and R&D practice is further diminished.
Technological powerhouse or diluted competence: Techniques for assessing mergers via patent analysis
Authors: Breitzman Anthony , Thomas Patrick , Cheney Margaret
Published: March 2003

On a daily basis, we are bombarded with the news of yet another mega–merger. The business press generally greets these announcements with breathless projections based on extrapolations of combined sales, earnings, and R&D spending, with little emphasis on whether the merged companies will be worth the sum of their parts. In this paper we examine patent analysis techniques for evaluating the technological strength of merger candidates, and explore the notion that the technological quality of the merged company may be diluted rather than enhanced. We will also use patent analysis methods for examining the market value of companies, to determine whether a merger target is over– or under–priced. We will explore all of these techniques within the context of a case study of the proposed merger between Glaxo–Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, although the techniques can be readily applied to any merger within an R&D intensive industry.
Organizational energy: an empirical study in Indian R&D laboratories
Authors: Dhawan Sunil K. , Roy Santanu , Kumar Suresh
Published: March 2003

Analyzing the way organizations function and the processes that operate within these organizations is an important managerial responsibility. We have adopted a people–oriented approach called organizational energy to develop a simple process for diagnosing the level of satisfaction of scientists working in R&D laboratories. Psychic energy as reflected in different work activities in an organization is manifested in energy generating and energy draining activities that can be reduced to an energy count. The present study assesses the use of mental energy by scientific personnel working in three national laboratories in India with the objective of increasing the energy count for improving organizational effectiveness. We hope that the results can be used as the basis for initiating action to improve the motivation and utilization of scientists in India, to support the overall goal of self–reliance in science and technology.
Transcendence and Reason
Authors: Ramsay Hayden
Published: March 2003

Nussbaum argues for a (limited) transcendence through contemplation which is compatible with practical reasoning and aspiration towards other human goods. This paper raises difficulties for this account based on a) the relation of thinking to human freedom, and b) the self‐constitutive nature of human thinking. It explores connections Thomas Aquinas makes between contemplation, transcendence and happiness, and explains the relation between (unlimited) transcendent experience and rationality by considering individuals who lack rational judgement but do seem capable of contemplation (young children, certain mentally disordered persons). What contemplation by these individuals and by rational, mature adults have in common is awareness (by the less than perfectly rational) of the possibility of a life of unlimited rationality. I claim this awareness does not come naturally to us but is made possible by some super‐natural cause acting in a way that does not violate human nature but rather perfects our contemplative faculty and enables our happiness.
How is Akrasia Possible After All?
Authors: Gilead Amihud
Published: March 2003

I attempt to save akrasia from the skeptical doubt and denial as to its possibility in a new way. I argue that the akratic agent – the akrates – has unconscious reason(s) for the akratic action. Moreover, the akrates does not weigh and value the reasons for and against the akratic action in full awareness, including their emotive significance, consciously experienced as feelings. He follows his feelings favoring the akratic action (since he does not tolerate or resist them), and does not let his unconscious emotions, supporting the wanted, chosen action, play a causal role in impelling him to perform this action.
Non‐Cogntivism, Normativity, Belief
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: March 2003

I argue that the (widely accepted) normative constraints on belief raise a serious problem for non‐cognitivism about normativity.
Tolerance of the Intolerant?
Authors: Haarscher Guy
Published: March 2003

In the first part of the essay, the author analyzes the difference and the relation between two different ideas of toleration, the passive and the active meaning. While the former is related to opportunistic and prudential purposes, the second is grounded in an ethical framework and presupposes the individual's freedom of conscience. This second meaning appears to be very important in a multicultural society: On its basis it is possible to develop toleration both as a plurality of contexts of choice and as a priority rule between conscience and culture in Rawlsian terms. In the second part, starting from the case of O. Preminger Institut v. Austria, the author examines the relation between this idea of toleration and freedom of speech.
The Right to Privacy: A Discourse‐Theoretical Approach
Authors: Ruiz Blanca R.
Published: March 2003

The relative importance of the right to privacy in constitutional democracies is reconsidered on the basis of discourse theory. To this end the author does not regard privacy as an aim in itself but as a provider of freedom, and concentrates on the key role that freedom plays in discourse‐theoretical constructions of constitutional democracies.
Citizenship of the European Union. Human Rights, Rights of Citizens of the Union and of Member States
Authors: Bader Veit Michael
Published: March 2003

Debates about the EU show that the holy trinity of absolute, indivisible sovereignty, nationality/citizenship and national identity/loyalty should be replaced by multilayered, pluralist concepts for descriptive, explanatory and normative purposes. Democratic pluralism criticizes replacement‐strategies (of the nation‐state by a European state, citizenship‐rights by human rights, national obligations by European or global ones). It opts for productive complementarity guided by two principles: “proximity and accountability” and “correspondence of powers and democratic say” and for progressive transdomestic shifts. The inclusion of the articles on citizenship in the EC Treaty has, unintendedly, contributed to such a shift though it missed historical chances to develop a more democratic and social EU living up to minimal global obligations.
Hans Kelsen's Doctrine of Imputation
Authors: Paulson Stanley L.
Published: March 2003

First, the author examines the traditional doctrine of imputation. A look at the traditional doctrine is useful for establishing a point of departure in comparing Kelsen's doctrines of central and peripheral imputation. Second, the author turns to central imputation. Here Kelsen's doctrine follows the traditional doctrine in attributing liability or responsibility to the subject. Kelsen's legal subject, however, has been depersonalized and thus requires radical qualification. Third, the author takes up peripheral imputation, which is the main focus of the paper. It is argued that with respect to the basic form of the law, exhibited by the linking of legal condition with legal consequence, peripheral imputation counts as an austere doctrine, shorn as it is of all references to legal personality or the legal subject. If Kelsen's reconstructed legal norms are empowerments, then the austere doctrine of peripheral imputation captures the rudiments of their form, exactly what would be expected if peripheral imputation does indeed serve as the category of legal cognition. Finally, the author develops the puzzle surrounding the legal “ought” in this context. Although Kelsen talks at one point as though the legal “ought” were the peculiarly legal category, the author submits that this is not the best reading of Kelsen's texts.
Provision for Reading for Four Year Old Children
Authors: Brown Ann
Published: March 2003

The research outlined in this article was undertaken as part of a small‐scale project examining the effects of the voucher scheme on educational provision for four year olds. The findings indicate that, in response to the requirements of the Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning, some providers have adopted a formal literacy curriculum based on reading schemes, phonic programmes and worksheets. The article discusses the possible impact of this on children’s reading development.
Influences on the Literacy Hour
Authors: Beard Roger
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines some of the key influences on the development of the National Literacy Strategy. In particular, it concentrates on the influences of international data on reading standards, international analyses of school effectiveness and some sources which have influenced the main components of the Framework for Teaching which supports the Literacy Hour. Finally, it draws upon national inspection evidence that many schools are likely to have much to gain from adopting the Literacy Hour. This conclusion is supported by the highly significant gains in the achievement of over 7000 pupils which have been reported in the evaluations of the National Literacy Project (NLP), the initiative on which the National Literacy Strategy is based. The paper is based on a more detailed review of research and other related evidence (Beard, in press).
Purpose and Authenticity in Early Literacy Assessment
Authors: Nutbrown Cathy
Published: March 2003

Literacy and the assessment of literacy dominate current educational and political discussion with claims about falling standards (Gorman and Fernandes 1992), and effective remedies (Brookes et al 1996, Sylva and Hurry 1995). But answers to the question of how best to assess early literacy will depend on the purpose for which assessments are carried out. This paper is particularly concerned with assessment of literacy of children aged 3–5 years. There seems to be a growing acceptance that tests provide an answer to the problem of assessment but many tests are flawed due to a lack of authenticity in the tasks they ask children to respond to. This paper discusses the characteristics of three main purposes in early literacy assessment: teaching, management and research, and concludes that clarity of purpose is crucial if assessment of early literacy is to be properly understood, and if future assessment instruments are to be authentic.
Encouraging conversing: trying to change what parents do when their children read with them
Authors: Greenhough Pamela , Hughes Martin
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the kind of support given by parents when their children read school books at home with them. The paper reports the findings of two research studies on this issue. In the first study, we found distinct differences between parents and teachers, and amongst the parents themselves, in an activity we called ‘conversing’– where the adult discusses the text with the child. A report of this research can also be found in Greenhough and Hughes (1998). In the second study which is published here for the first time, we looked at different ways of encouraging parents to engage in more ‘conversing’ with their children.
What the children’s literature of war is telling the children
Authors: Fox Carol
Published: March 2003

This article discusses several issues arising from some wide reading of children’s literature of war and peace as part of a Comenius (EU) collaboration with partners in Belgium and Portugal. The focus here is on the content of the books rather than ways of telling. The issues raised concern national identities, gaps in the collective texts which perhaps reflect national identities, the emphasis on the home front rather than battles, the usefulness of children in wartime compared to most modern child readers, the ethical issues common to the literature in all three countries, the allegorical war literature available for young children, and, increasingly, the more realistic literature for the same group including stories of the holocaust.
Wealth Effects, Incentives, and Productivity
Authors: Mookherjee Dilip
Published: March 2003

Comparative static effects of varying the wealth level of a risk‐averse agent in a moral hazard setting with limited liability constraints are investigated. There are two principal opposing effects of increasing wealth: the incentive effect, which allows stronger punishments for poor performance, thereby encouraging higher effort; and the preference effect, which reduces the agent’s effort incentives owing to income effects in the demand for leisure. It is shown that optimal effort levels are initially constant, subsequently increasing and eventually decreasing in wealth. Hence agents with intermediate wealth levels are the most productive.
Privatization and Development
Authors: Bös Dieter
Published: March 2003

Many of the problems of privatization in developing countries result from the lack of information about the situation of the economy and from the lack of determination on their path of privatization. This paper addresses the lack of information by presenting a theory of incomplete privatization contracts. It then turns to the lack of determination, dealing with particular problems of partially privatized firms and, finally, postulating an elaborate system of price regulation of privatized monopolies, which typically is missing in developing countries.
Exchange Rate Management and the External Debt Burden: The Case of the Philippines
Authors: Faini Riccardo , Gressani Daniela
Published: March 2003

The paper develops a simple macroeconomic model which is then estimated for the Philippines. Econometric evidence shows that Philippines monetary authorities have been reluctant to allow a real devaluation, because of a large public external debt and for the fear of fueling inflation. Simulations show that, while an overvalued exchange rate may bring some benefits in the form of lower inflation and improved budgetary performance, its current account costs may be significant. Brady‐like deals can reduce fiscal imbalances, limit the sensitivity of fiscal aggregates to the exchange rate, and increase the benefits of a more aggressive exchange rate policy.
Measuring Exchange Market Pressure and Intervention in Interdependent Economies: A Two‐Country Model
Authors: Weymark Diana N.
Published: March 2003

In this article, operational exchange market pressure and intervention indices are derived for a world composed of two interdependent economies. The model‐consistent formulae, which can be calculated from observed data, are obtained by applying general definitions of exchange market pressure and intervention activity to a two‐country rational‐expectations model. It is demonstrated that the functional forms used to measure exchange market pressure and intervention activity depend on whether intervention is direct or indirect and also on whether foreign exchange reserves are held as currency or in the form of bonds.
Monetary Non‐Neutrality and the Intertemporal Approach to the Balance of Trade: The UK Trade Balance under Bretton Woods
Authors: Pasula Kit
Published: March 2003

Previous research on the intertemporal approach is based on the standard, real model of the balance of trade. This paper outlines a more general model that allows for monetary non‐neutrality, and tests the general model against a restricted version that embodies neutrality. While the empirical analysis focuses on the UK trade balance during the Bretton Woods era, the fundamental issues are of interest to more than just students of Bretton Woods.
Economies of Scale, International Capital Mobility, and North‐South Inequality
Authors: Benarroch Michael , Gaisford James
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a model of North‐South trade with a continuum of goods, external economies of scale and international capital mobility. The North‐South wage gap must exceed any difference in labor quality for South to overcome the established external economies in North. In equilibrium North retains the goods with the largest external economies and South specializes in the remaining goods. While Northern product innovation leads to the production of additional goods in South, it is possible for South to experience a terms‐of‐trade deterioration, a reduction in foreign investment, and an increase in wage and income inequality.
Business Cycles Between Developed and Developing Economies
Authors: Chyi Yih‐Luan
Published: March 2003

This paper compares the stylized facts of international real business cycles between developed and developing countries. A two‐sector two‐country real business cycles model is constructed to examine the cyclical behaviors of domestic as well as international macroeconomic variables, and to evaluate the model’s consistency with empirical observations. The model predicts correctly that consumption, investment, and saving are procyclical, while the trading balance/output ratio is countercyclical. There exist, however, some discrepancies between the model and the data.
An International Comparison of Employment Adjustment to Exchange Rate Fluctuations
Authors: Burgess Simon M. , Knetter Michael M.
Published: March 2003

This paper evaluates the response of employment to exchange rate shocks at the industry level for G‐7 countries. Using an empirical framework that places little structure on the data, it is found that European industries, at least France and Germany, are much less influenced by exchange rate shocks and much slower to adjust to long‐run steady states. The United States, Japan, Canada, the United Kingdom and Italy all appear to adjust more quickly. German and Japanese employment are quite insensitive to exchange rate fluctuations, consistent with previous research on output and markup responses to exchange rates.
Capacity Choice and Preemption of a Foreign Market
Authors: Vannini Stefano
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the strategic role of foreign direct investments (FDIs) when specified as a device for a multinational enterprise (MNE) to precommit capacity. This captures the idea of an MNE preempting the host market or, at least, achieving more profitable outcomes by setting the initial conditions of the post‐entry competition with local rivals. Here, the MNE chooses FDI even if “exporting costs” (e.g., tariffs) are not considered. Market preemption is an alternative justification for FDI, but not the only one; sometimes the tradeoff between advantages of strategic leadership and cost of establishing offshore facilities, alone, justifies FDI.
Differences in GDP Per Capita and the Share of Intraindustry Trade: The Role of Vertically Differentiated Trade
Authors: Durkin Jr John T. , Krygier Markus
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relationship between per capita GDP differences and bilateral intraindustry trade shares. The relationship is negative in OLS regressions but positive in fixed‐effect regressions, and evidence is presented suggesting this is due to the presence of vertically differentiated trade. The paper begins by distinguishing between vertically and horizontally differentiated trade, and then finds a positive and significant relationship between GDP per capita differences and the trade shares only in the regressions on the vertically differentiated trade shares. It is shown also that the extent to which income distributions overlap affects only the share of vertically differentiated trade.
The Sonnenschein–Debreu–Mantel Proposition and the Theory of International Trade
Authors: Kemp Murray C. , Shimomura Koji
Published: March 2003

Much of the comparative statics of trade theory rests on the unrealistic assumption that in each trading country all households are alike or behave collectively as though they are alike. In the present paper the authors show that two well–known comparative statical propositions are highly sensitive to the relaxation of the assumption, and suggest that many other results are equally fragile.