bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Well Casing Integrity Excellence: A Case History of Evaluating Casing Integrity Using Modern Imaging and Corrosion Tool Logs in Ghawar Field in Saudi Aramco
Authors: Al-Shuwaikhat Hisham I. , Al-Driweesh Saad M. , Al-Zain Ahmed K. , Al-BuHassan Shaker A. , El-Zefzafy Ibrahim M. , Al-Tammar Hasan I.
Published: October 2009

Ensuring good casing integrity is very important to prolong well life. Cement quality is a major element for ensuring casing integrity. Well casing integrity excellence is the key aspect that makes a well in good condition and keeps the well completion suitable to produce crude oil from an oil producer or inject water in an injector.

Recently, advances in cement and well completion practices have significantly improved the quality of wells and extended their operating life. Also, the installation of a Cathodic Protection System (CPS) on every well, and tubing packer completion in some wells, prevented external corrosion and consequently casing failure. However, casing integrity problems were discovered in three isolated cases. This paper will discuss issues related to three wells where casing leaks or behind casing channeling were detected across a high-pressure zone located above the main reservoir. A team, consisting of professionals from various engineering departments, was formed to explore remedial options and techniques, as well as employ tools and new technologies that assess well casing integrity excellence. Implementing the recommendations and findings of this team have improved well casing integrity.

As well casing is an important asset to ensure well safety, continuous operation and environmental protection; there is an ever increasing need for tools that verify wells with suspect casing integrity problems. These tools are the Cathodic Protection Evaluation Tool (CPET), Ultrasonic Inspection Tool (USIT), Ultrasonic Corrosion Inspection Tool (UCIT) and the Electro-Magnetic Imaging Tool (EMIT). The EMIT provides real images of the multiple casing strings.

CPET, USIT, UCIT and EMIT were selected and run on three wells Well-A10, Well-A20 (oil producers) and Well-B1 (water injector) with suspected casing integrity problems. These logs detected and imaged the corroded, scaled and cracked intervals before performing remedial actions to return the wells to an operating status by renovating casing integrity.
World-Class Organizations/World Class Safety—How the Best Oil and Gas Companies Achieve and Sustain Outstanding Safety Performance
Authors: Matthews Teg
Published: October 2009

Oil and gas organisations face a number of EHS challenges in today's business landscape. Fatality prevention, the changing role of safety professionals, managing behavioural reliability among increasingly globalization operations, and maintaining a focus on process and personal safety are some of the most common issues we hear about. The key to responding to these challenges is to approach safety performance systemtically. The key to creating world-class safety is understanding safety and its context with the organization.
Implementation of Real-Time Tubing Inspection in PDO's South Oman Fields Results in Reduced Costs and HSE Risks
Authors: Sharma Anurag , Al Ruqaishi Mohammed , Al Asmy Moghrob , Mahrooqi Salim , Shibu John
Published: October 2009

Real time tubing inspection during hoist interventions was implemented in South Oman in late 2007. It utilizes the principle of electromagnetic pipe inspection. The technique is similar to conventional yard based electro magnetic tubing inspection, the difference being that yard inspection is performed on the ground whereas real time tubing inspection is performed on the well. It provides scientific assessment of tubing condition in real time.

The purpose was to provide a quick, reliable and an objective method of evaluating the tubing condition. The past practice of visual inspection of pulled tubing by hoist crew often resulted in misjudgment of tubing condition. This led to either re-running flawed tubing or wholesale rejection of good tubing. The obvious consequences were premature well failures due to loss of completion integrity or unnecessary tubing transportation costs and associated HSE risks. It also strained the conventional system of yard inspection, which was unable to cope up with the huge work volume as a consequence of excessive tubing rejection by the hoists.

The technique was utilized during 130 hoist interventions in 2008 across the fields of South Oman. This represents approximately 10% of total hoist interventions in South Oman wells annually. Immediate gains were realized in terms of reduction in tubing consumption volume, reduction in yard inspection volume, prevention of pre-mature well failures due to loss of tubing integrity, reduction in transportation costs and HSE risks.

Above all it helped in collating tubing failure data in a systematic manner, which was not possible with centralized yard inspection as keeping track of rejected joints on well wise basis was not possible. The database allows segregation and analysis of tubing failure data based on field, age & failure depth basis. With sufficient data availability, it has potential to enable better understanding of pipe failure mechanisms and allow implementation of prevention steps.
Real-Time 3D Modeling and Geosteering in a Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Al-Jaberi Salem , Dama Saeed , Al-Rayaisah Jasim , Said Saad A. H. , Lakhlifi Assia
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a workflow method that has been designed to improve well placement accuracy, enhance decision-making and decrease cycle time through rapid geologic model updates. This workflow was applied successfully to a horizontal well located in a giant oil and gas field offshore Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

This workflow involves geomodeling, well design, synthetic log creation, real-time geosteering, and updating the geological model while drilling.

Drilling a horizontal well in this environment presents several challenges due to complex geology, heterogenous carbonate reservoir and layer thickness. In addition, there are many uncertainties reflected in the 3D geological model and while drilling.

The primary aim of this workflow is to minimize drilling time with maximum efficiency and optimum well placement. This is achieved through designing the well in the same model centric environment where the geological model was built allowing access to all available data and information for accurate well placement. Secondly, to reduce non-visible loss time and take faster decisions using real-time information. Thirdly, to evaluate associated geological uncertainties in 3D models. Finally, the use of the latest technology available in the market to meet field development requirements.

Great value was added when a 3D model was generated and updated in real time, in addition to the forward-modeling technique that assists the operation geologist to geosteer within the thin layer of the heterogeneous carbonate reservoir in order to achieve the optimum well placement in the minimum amount of time.
Successful Introduction of Next Generation - Reactive Liner Perforating Technology in Pakistan
Authors: Qayyum T. , Khattak K. , Qureshi I. , Aizad T. , Hameed S. , Akhtar S.
Published: October 2009

Maximizing productivity from every well has always been the ultimate objective of industry experts. Connecting the wellbore with the reservoir is a key element towards meeting this challenge. In the case of perforated completions, techniques like static and dynamic underbalance are used to try and remove the crushed zone caused by the perforation process. In marginal reservoirs, poor connectivity can be the difference between a commercial discovery and a dry well.

Reactive liner perforation technology is a new technique which removes the crushed zone using a highly exothermic reaction, providing a step-change improvement in perforation geometry and performance. The reaction breaks up and expels debris to leave a clean, undamaged tunnel, even in variable or low quality rock. This process is independent of lithology and wellbore conditions. This next generation perforating technique has recently been launched in Pakistan with exceptional results.

This paper describes these successes in greater detail. When compared with offset wells with identical parameters, perforated using relatively new techniques, the superiority of the reactive technique was proven. Significant rate improvements and very low (negative in some cases) values of total skin were measured. When applied prior to hydraulic fracturing, significantly reduced initiation pressures and lower horsepower requirement added significant value through optimized fracturing treatment, reduced risk of screen-out, and reduced expenditure.

Results in-hand prove the superiority of this technology in improving well connectivity, particularly in tight gas reservoirs. The independency from rock properties and wellbore conditions are truly added advantages of the reactive liner technology. This is a technically viable and cost efficient option for ensuring operators achieves their production objectives.
Dynamic Test Evaluates the Effectiveness of Self-Healing Cement Systems in the Downhole Environment
Authors: Darbe Robert , Pewitt Keith , Karcher Jeffery
Published: October 2009

Cement sheath is a critical piece when constructing a well for long-term competence. The ability of the cement to block annular fluid flow has both economical and environmental implications. Examples of uncontrolled movement of formation fluids through a leaking cement sheath include unwanted water migrating to the perforations, hydrocarbons escaping to a lower-pressure reservoir, and hydrocarbon-based fluids flowing to environmentally sensitive water zones or to the surface.

Throughout the years, several advances in cement technology have been introduced to help ensure zonal isolation is maintained throughout the operational life of the well. Such advances include the design of cement with mechanical modifiers tailored for a specific well type and anticipated loads on the cement. Today, a new cement system is being introduced. This system aims to help assure zonal isolation, even if the cement is loaded beyond its capacity resulting in cracks, micro-annuli, or pathways for wellbore fluids to migrate. The new system works on the premise that the migrating fluids react with the damaged cement system resulting in the cement automatically sealing the cracks to help prevent further fluid migration.

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate simple evaluation techniques that allow for quantification of auto-sealing cements in a simulated static or dynamic-downhole environment. Experimental apparatus used consist of a standard annular ring mold used for expansion/shrinkage measurements as well as a cement fluid-loss test apparatus with a specialized insert designed for continuous flow past the cement test specimen. The capability of the cement system to react to the flowing fluid and ultimately reduce the flow is monitored. Results of various cement systems reacting with fluids under a range of simulated downhole conditions are presented.
Ruminal Metabolism and Transport of Tall Fescue Ergot Alkaloids
Authors: Ayers A. W. , Hill N. S. , Rottinghaus G. E. , Stuedemann J. A. , Thompson F. N. , Purinton P. T. , Seman D. H. , Dawe D. L. , Parks A. H. , Ensley D.
Published: October 2009

Circumstantial evidence suggests ergovaline is the putative toxin causing fescue toxicosis. However, several investigators suggest lysergic acid may be involved as well. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (i) determine the metabolic fate of ergot alkaloids in ruminants, (ii) investigate gastric transport, and (iii) validate these findings in vivo. Ruminal metabolism of the alkaloids was determined by inoculating endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum(Schreb.) Darbysh.] with viable and nonviable ruminal fluid using in vitro techniques. Total ergot alkaloid concentration increased with time due to microbial metabolism. The alkaloids were extracted, and ruminal and omasal transport investigated in vitro. Only lysergic acid crossed gastric barriers. To validate the findings, fistulated steers were allowed to graze endophyte‐infected or endophyte‐free tall fescue paddocks in a crossover study, and ruminal fluid and urine were analyzed for ergot alkaloids over time. Ergovaline was not found in ruminal fluid or urine. Urine was immunopurified from a steer grazing endophyte‐infected tall fescue and analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A peak with a signal consistent with lysergic acid was found. These results imply that lysergic acid may be involved in the fescue toxicosis syndrome.
Improvement in Grain and Fodder Yields of Early‐Maturing Promiscuous Soybean Varieties in the Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
Authors: Tefera H. , Kamara A. Y. , Asafo‐Adjei B. , Dashiell K. E.
Published: October 2009

Thirteen early‐maturing and promiscuously nodulating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] varieties that belonged to maturity group I developed at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) from 1980 to 1996 were evaluated at two locations in the Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2001 and 2002 to determine genetic gain in grain yield and associated agronomic traits. The varieties were grown in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Data on grain yield and seven other traits were recorded. The study showed that grain yield potential of the soybean varieties increased from 1117 to 1710 kg ha−1 during two decades of breeding in IITA. The average rate of increase per year per release period (1980–1996) was 24.2 kg ha−1, which is 2.2%. Fodder yield also showed an annual increase of 22.81 kg ha−1 yr−1 Recent varieties had better lodging resistance scores of 1.25 to 1.37 in a 1 to 5 scoring scale (1 being resistant and 5 susceptible), shattering resistance scores of 1.6 to 2.7, and improved natural nodulation scores of 3.1 to 3.9. Old varieties had 50% or more pod shattering while the corresponding figure for new varieties was around 25%. Old varieties produced few and small nodules, while new varieties had many big nodules although size and number of nodules alone may not necessarily indicate nodule efficiency in N2 fixation. Grain yield showed a positive and highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) correlation coefficient (r = 0.75) with fodder yield, implying that high biomass could serve as an indicator of good yielding ability.
Surmounting antimicrobial resistance in the Millennium Superbug: Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Saxena Sanjai , Gomber Charu
Published: October 2009

Staphylococcus aureus is the third most dreaded pathogen posing a severe threat due to its refractory behavior against the current armamentarium of antimicrobial drugs. This is attributed to the evolution of an array of resistance mechanisms responsible for morbidity and mortality globally. Local and international travel has resulted in the movement of drug resistant S. aureus clones from hospitals into communities and further into different geographical areas where they have been responsible for epidemic outbreaks. Thus, there is a dire necessity to refrain further cross movement of these multidrug resistant clones across the globe. The plausible alternative to prevent this situation is by thorough implementation of regulatory aspects of sanitation, formulary usage and development of new therapeutic interventions. Various strategies like exploring novel antibacterial targets, high throughput screening of microbes, combinatorial and synthetic chemistry, combinatorial biosynthesis and vaccine development are being extensively sought to overcome multidrug resistant chronic Staphylococcal infections. The majority of the antibacterial drugs are of microbial origin and are prone to being resisted. Anti-staphylococcal plant natural products that may provide a new alternative to overcome the refractory S.aureus under clinical settings have grossly been unnoticed. The present communication highlights the new chemical entities and therapeutic modalities that are entering the pharmaceutical market or are in the late stages of clinical evaluation to overcome multidrug resistant Staphylococcal infections. The review also explores the possibility of immunity and enzyme-based interventions as new therapeutic modalities and highlights the regulatory concerns on the prescription, usage and formulary development in the developed and developing world to keep the new chemical entities and therapeutic modalities viable to overcome antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus.
Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with atypical radiologic findings
Authors: Oztekin Ozgur , Savas Recep , Gurel Duygu , Ozdemir Nezih , Akcaoglu Mustafa
Published: October 2009

Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung is an uncommon benign tumour that usually presents as an asymptomatic solitary nodule and affects middle age women. Because there are few findings on radiologic studies that are characteristic of sclerosing hemangioma, it is difficult to diagnose on the basis of imaging and biopsy remains the definitive diagnostic test. We report a case of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with extremely unexpected imaging findings and review the literature.
Is adequate and balanced nutrition during pregnancy more effective than iron and folic acid supplements?
Authors: Elmacioglu Funda , Surucu Bulent , Alper Tayfun , Ozenoglu Aliye , Ugurlu Serdal
Published: October 2009

To provide instruction for pregnant women regarding adequate and balanced nutrition and determine whether iron and folic acid supplementation is essential. The research was an experimental clinical intervention. The study was conducted between March 2004 and May 2005 with 80 pregnant volunteers. The study participants were in their 16th to 24th weeks of pregnancy; all participants were healthy, carried only one fetus, and successfully completed their pregnancy. All participants were instructed about adequate and balanced nutrition. Until the participants gave birth, 40 (Group 1) consumed an iron-rich diet that was equivalent to the inclusion of a supplement containing 100 mg Ferro III plus 0,35 mg folic acid; the other group (Group 2) was also instructed in proper nutrition and was given by a gynecologist 1 tablet (100 mg) Ferro III hydroxide polymaltose complex and iron pharmaceutical with 0,35 mg folic acid (Maltofer Fol). In both groups, before and after the instruction, consumption frequency was noted, and the levels of serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in the blood were determined at monthly intervals. Between the two groups, no statistical difference was found with regard to age, number of pregnancies, weight before pregnancy, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, and weight of the newborn (p>0,05). At the end of the study, the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum ferritin levels decreased considerably in both groups compared to the initial values (p<0.01). No statistically significant difference in serum ferritin levels could be found between the two groups (p>0,05). The comparison of Group I and Group II in terms of nutritional status (average energy and food consumption) in the pre-instruction and post-instruction periods revealed that intake of total protein, heme protein, dietary fiber, folic acid, carotene, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, and B12, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc was higher in Group I in the post-instruction period (p=0.000); no statistically significant change in nutritional status during pregnancy was observed in Group II. Conclusion: Medical diet programs with iron sources are examined in association with food consumption. Assessment of hematological results suggests that, during pregnancy, each patient should receive a specific dose, rather than a routine dose, of iron and folic acid.
A test of the hypothesis of partial common principal components
Authors: Rublík František
Published: October 2009

A test of the equality of the first h eigenvectors of covariance matrices of several populations is constructed without the assumption that the sampled distributions are Gaussian. It is proved that the test statistic is asymptotically chi-square distributed. In this general setting, an explicit formula for column space of the asymptotic covariance matrix of the sample eigenvectors is derived and the rank of this matrix is computed. An essential assumption in deriving the asymptotic distribution of the presented test statistic is the existence of the finite fourth moments and the simplicity of the h largest eigenvalues of population covariance matrices, which makes possible to use the formulas for derivatives of eigenvectors of symmetric matrices.
Estimation, model discrimination, and experimental design for implicitly given nonlinear models of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions
Authors: Siudak Anna , Lieres Eric , Müller Christine
Published: October 2009

Many nonlinear models as e.g. models of chemical reactions are described by systems of differential equations which have no explicit solution. In such cases the statistical analysis is much more complicated than for nonlinear models with explicitly given response functions. Numerical approaches need to be applied in place of explicit solutions. This paper describes how the analysis can be done when the response function is only implicitly given by differential equations. It is shown how the unknown parameters can be estimated and how these estimations can be applied for model discrimination and for deriving optimal designs for future research. The methods are demonstrated with a chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Benzaldehyde lyase.
Material Limitations on the Detection Limit in Refractometry
Authors: Skafte-Pedersen Peder , Nunes Pedro  S. , Xiao Sanshui , Mortensen Niels  Asger
Published: October 2009

We discuss the detection limit for refractometric sensors relying on high-Q optical cavities and show that the ultimate classical detection limit is given by min {Δn} ≳ η with n + iη being the complex refractive index of the material under refractometric investigation. Taking finite Q factors and filling fractions into account, the detection limit declines. As an example we discuss the fundamental limits of silicon-based high-Q resonators, such as photonic crystal resonators, for sensing in a bio-liquid environment, such as a water buffer. In the transparency window (λ ≳ 1100 nm) of silicon the detection limit becomes almost independent on the filling fraction, while in the visible, the detection limit depends strongly on the filling fraction because the silicon absorbs strongly.
A Novel Morphometry-Based Protocol of Automated Video-Image Analysis for Species Recognition and Activity Rhythms Monitoring in Deep-Sea Fauna
Authors: Aguzzi Jacopo , Costa Corrado , Fujiwara Yoshihiro , Iwase Ryoichi , Ramirez-Llorda Eva , Menesatti Paolo
Published: October 2009

The understanding of ecosystem dynamics in deep-sea areas is to date limited by technical constraints on sampling repetition. We have elaborated a morphometry-based protocol for automated video-image analysis where animal movement tracking (by frame subtraction) is accompanied by species identification from animals’ outlines by Fourier Descriptors and Standard K-Nearest Neighbours methods. One-week footage from a permanent video-station located at 1,100 m depth in Sagami Bay (Central Japan) was analysed. Out of 150,000 frames (1 per 4 s), a subset of 10.000 was analyzed by a trained operator to increase the efficiency of the automated procedure. Error estimation of the automated and trained operator procedure was computed as a measure of protocol performance. Three displacing species were identified as the most recurrent: Zoarcid fishes (eelpouts), red crabs (Paralomis multispina), and snails (Buccinum soyomaruae). Species identification with KNN thresholding produced better results in automated motion detection. Results were discussed assuming that the technological bottleneck is to date deeply conditioning the exploration of the deep-sea.
Bilan provisoire de dix mois de crise du marché de la volaille en France
Authors: Bonastre J.-B.
Published: October 2009

After a prosperous period, broiler production has passed through several crises (1957, 1961 , 1963, 1964). The latest one was particulary serious. Wholesale prices were subject to important daily fluctuations and ojten stayed below production costs.

Some authors think that this crisis is durable and linked with the technical nature of this production which can expand easily. Others believe that the main factor is market structure and size of firms : the transmittal of market information to the breeders is not satisfactory ; leading firms do not cut down their production when market conditions become unfavorable. The lac\ of concentration leads to important, production and manufacturing costs, all the more as production areas are far from consumption areas. This is important for certain areas since, as a result of the Common Market regulations, subsidies to cover part of the transport costs for exported poultry were abolished.

Concentration has not been realized through « voluntary » agreements between firms, but large concerns with important financial reserves are obtaining control over firms with financial difficulties and thus concentration is developing.

Different solutions have been considered to obtain a better balance between supply and demand. Market information should be improved and should emphasize quality aspects.

A number of other steps to reduce input costs, to reinforce the countervailing power of the breeders and to stabilize supply are recommended.
Prix agricoles et planification en Pologne
Authors: Pohorille Maksymilian
Published: October 2009

Farm prices present specific problems in the economic system oj socialist countries. In Poland, the marketing oj farm products is accomplished according to Jour systems, from compulsory deliveries to an open market system. In spite of the influence of the state monopolies, prices are subject to a fluctuation which is impossible to control. For production, consumption and investment, the general price level is determined according to the objects of the plan. Only at this stage, production costs interven. Prices are determined by the margin between etail prices and consumer prices, by taxes subsidies and farm credit, input prices and prices of industrial products consumed by the farmers. Even though a price increase may sometimes be useful for developing the agricultural production, the subsidies granted in order to increase inputs are more efficient for the future evolution.
Le développement de la Grande-Bretagne au 18m? siècle : révolution industrielle ou agricole ?
Authors: Ruilière G.
Published: October 2009

The study examines the influence of agriculture and transports on the growth of the British economy since the 18th Century Industrial Revolution. Without the joint development of transports and agriculture, Great Britain would not have been able to obtain such a lead over other countries by its industrialisation alone. Its economic power, based on the rise of industry, has not only been obtained by inventions and adoption of new technical processse, but also by a preliminary reform of agriculture, the transport system and the means of communication. The badly adapted cultivation methods and to a great extent the ignorance of scientific methods of soil conservation brought about a waste. The open field system prevented by its rigidity the adoption of new techniques. This system Was changed in 1760. The enclosures movement made it possible to change the mentality of the farmers and to bring in new cultivation methods. As to the improvment of the means of communication, its influence has beenn rather indirect. The network expanded during the second half of the eighteenth century, so as to permit a more intensive use of coal by the industries.
Les sociétés rurales françaises : inventaire typologique et étude des changements sociaux
Authors: Mendras Henri , Jollivet Marcel
Published: October 2009

De multiples études de géographie et d'histoire agraires, de géographie électorale, économique ou religieuse ont fait apparaître les diversités régionales des campagnes françaises. Cette diversité rend infructueuse toute analyse sociologique à un niveau national ; en particulier les études de changement social n'ont de sens que rapportées à chacune des sociétés rurales prises dans leurs particularités. Aussi est-il indispensable de dresser une typologie de ces sociétés. De multiples statistiques existantes permettent d'abord de dresser un Atlas sociologique de la France rurale, qui peut servir de base à une première esquisse typologique de régions. Par ailleurs des monographies comparatives doivent être prévues pour reconstituer dans un cadre délimité l'ensemble d'une société rurale déjà esquissée dans l'Atlas, en donner une vision globale et permettre de saisir son fonctionnement. Ceci pose le problème de définir ce qu'on entend par société rurale et d'élaborer des instruments d'analyse monographique correspondants aux exigences de cette recherche. A la première question, une réponse d'ordre pratique est donnée : le canton sera le cadre géographique de la monographie. Enfin une brève présentation des instruments d'analyse monographique est faite.
Approches du paupérisme rural : résultats d'une enquête-pilote dans la zone du centre rural du Neubourg (Eure)
Authors: Prod'homme J.-P.
Published: October 2009

Rural pauperism which is diffuse and isolated seem to have both social and financial causes.

16 % of the population in the Neubourg area are considered poor. They are evenly spread over the age structure, but Very unevenly over the villages. The poor family is characterized by a high number of children and persons living under the same roof. The per capita income is half of that of the rest of the population; food and illness are the two main concerns. The head of the family has a non-qualified Work and generally speaking, the poor can be characterized by low education standards and little vocational training. The overcrowded lodgings are lacking in cleanliness and decoration, but the household equipment is approximately equal to the national average. Social plagues like alcoolism, mental deficiency etc. are added to those unfavorable conditions.

The poor seem to make up a « sub-culture », formed by unstable individuals in which three groups can be distinguished: families with small incomes, families with moderate incomes and old people.

The future disappearing of pauperism depends on the effort of education and development of the understructure.
Le problème de la fusion de coopératives agricoles aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Cook Hugh L.
Published: October 2009

It is the policy of the U.S. Government to encourage the jormation and growth of agricultural cooperatives.

Problems of personalities and of finances must be overcome before cooperatives may merge. The larger ones may have legal problems under anti-trust laws. Efficiency is one requirement of success from integration.

It appears likely that the current merger movement may eclipse all previous ones in terms of dura' tion, number of firms acquired and assets of acqui red companies.
Nouvelles tendances de la recherche en marketing aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Ogren Kenneth E.
Published: October 2009

D'importants changements affectent la commercialisation des produits agricoles aux Etats-Unis. Le mode de vie des consommateurs s'est modifié ; la consommation collective représente une part accrue de la consommation totale ; les moyens de transport se sont améliorés ; les produits agricoles subissent de plus en plus souvent des transformations ; l'appareil de distribution s'est renouvelé. A tous les stades, la taille des entreprises tend à croître.

L'agriculteur remplit moins de fonctions commerciales, mais doit s'intéresser plus à la commercialisation. Dans les dépenses alimentaires la part due au coût du produit diminue au profit de celle due au coût de commercialisation.

L'amélioration de l'efficacité de la commercialisation, du mécanisme des prix, le développement du marché doivent orienter la recherche. Fonds public et privés sont indispensables. La solution des « grands problèmes » nécessite la collaboration des chercheurs de toutes les disciplines.
Vue prospective sur la répartition du territoire agricole français en 1975
Authors: Dumard Jean
Published: October 2009

L'évolution des conditions économiques, la mise en place d'une politique agricole commune et une description imparfaite du passé, rendent périlleuse la projection à long terme de production agricole.

Limiter ce travail à la seule répartition du territoire entre les différentes cultures peut paraître assez arbitraire puisque les transformations production végétale-production animale prennent une part de plus en plus prépondérante. Malgré la rigidité des assolements à partir d'une certaine production végétale, l'agriculteur a une possibilité technique de variations importantes dans le choix de ses spéculations animales.

L'évolution à long terme (ici 1975) de l'utilisation du territoire, faute de lois d'offre et de disponibilité d'en établir, ne peut être dessinée qu'en analysant les tendances ; la méthode est peu satisfaisante car elle repose sur des bases logiques douteuses.

L'impression générale qui se dégage de ce travail imparfait est une impression de stabilité. Une très grande inertie apparaît et rien ne permet de supposer qu'elle soit en passe de disparaître. Cette inertie est liée à la fois aux contraintes agronomiques et à la structure des exploitations.

Une projection cohérente ne peut se réaliser d'un seul trait et seulement pour les productions végétales. Des projections distinctes étant réalisées pour les productions animales, des tests de cohérence successifs peuvent s'appliquer : bilan fourrager, commerce extérieur, revenu des agriculteurs.

L'utilisation de ces tests implique la nécessité d'itérations et de corrections progressives qui nous ont conduits à cette notion de rigidité des tendances.

Plusieurs tentatives de projection au même terme ont été réalisées pour la France. Les résultats divergent les uns des autres lorsque l'on considère des postes élémentaires, mais à un niveau suffisant d'agrégation la concordance est assez bonne.

Dans certains cas l'analyse des chroniques du passé fait appel à la loi logistique ou exponentielle amortie, dont la signification dans ces domaines demande un surcroit de réflexion théorique.
Le marché foncier et les conflits nés de l'appétit de terre. Motivations
Authors: Coupriaux J.-M.
Published: October 2009

A' farmer's view on the disturbing problems of land shortage and the gaps in the present legislation ; he suggests (in his way) to ma\e a distinction between land ownership and farming.
Introduction au calcul des prix de revient dans les exploitations forestières et scieries
Authors: Bonneau Jacques
Published: October 2009

The computation method recommended by the National Wood Federation (Fédération nationale da bois) is connected with direct-costings.

The author analysis the units of measure used in this method, its application and the main problems arising at this point.
La promotion des salariés dans une entreprise agricole
Authors: Schoentgen Bernard
Published: October 2009

How can the farm worker, being a « dependant servant » become a « free assistant » ?

At present, professional training is often not within the reach of the farm workers. Could the training solve the problem of their advancement ?
La promotion des salariés dans l'entreprise agricole : point de vue d'un cadre
Authors: Thébault Gérard
Published: October 2009

Le témoignage d'un salarié sur sa propre promotion.
Une statistique agricole est-elle possible en France ?
Authors: Théodore Gérard
Published: October 2009

The degrading of agricultural statistics has become obvious. Which are its distant and present causes ?

In order to fight against this . deficiency and to face the growing needs, an effort of innovation is necessary as to the nature of, the studies, the survey procedures, the general program of, investigation and the place of the agricultural statistician in the research agencies and institutions. Such an action demands a qualified staff and credits. The different needs for information, the periodicity , of the regular surveys and the need for a rapid diffusion of the data should be taken into account.
Les bases socio-économiques de la promotion collective : réflexions sur deux expériences de formation et d'information économiques
Authors: Malassis Louis
Published: October 2009

These thoughts on an experiment already old, the INPAR (institute for rural adult education) and on an experiment in progress, « Télé-Promotion » (education television programs for farmers) point out that through collective and appropriate basic socio-economic education, the farmer should be able to participate in the creation, in the spreading and in the control of economic information.

Should we train and inform an élite or the mass ?

Collective training can only be a mass action; here, television is an excellent means, owing to the initiative and the participation of the audience, to the rôle of the television « host », to the accompanying documents and to the discussion in groups in which conclusions are drawn.
Agriculture, information et planification
Authors: Badouin Robert
Published: October 2009

The rapid evolution of the agricultural sector, the deep changes of its structures and its environment ma\e information more and more necessary.1

The rôle of information remains however limited, not only because of its present deficiency but also because the certainty it gives to the farmer is dissatisfactory.

Economic planning, through its engaging caracter, seems to correspond better to the needs of the farmers; they should perticipate in the drawing up of the Plan.
La lutte pour la possession de la terre en vue de ses usages agricoles et non agricoles
Authors: Madec J.
Published: October 2009

La propriété privée de la terre tend à se réduire dans la mesure où se développe l'emprise collective sur les terrains, notamment par l'extension des villes et l'équipement d'infrastructure.

Par ailleurs, une compétition existe entre particuliers, agriculteurs et non agriculteurs, pour la possession du sol en vue d'usages agricoles ou non agricoles. Les agriculteurs s'efforcent d'agrandir leurs exploitations trop exigües pour être économiquement satisfaisantes, tandis que les urbains cherchent à acquérir pour leurs loisirs un droit à l'espace champêtre. Actuellement propriétaires d'environ la moitié du territoire agricole utile, les agriculteurs achètent davantage de terrains qu'ils n'en vendent. Les achats urbains entraînent cependant des incidences sur le marché foncier, surtout en matière de prix.

A cette notion de compétition anarchique, il est souhaitable de substituer dans l'avenir la notion de complémentarité et d'organisation entre les aspirations des paysans et des urbains. D'où la nécessité de traiter ce problème dans l'optique générale de l'aménagement du Territoire et de la réorganisation structurelle.
Les données de la négociation Kennedy dans le domaine des produits agricoles
Authors: Wallon A.
Published: October 2009

Although the outcome of the Kennedy Round is still uncertain, the discussions have at least thrown light on the basic data : the existence of national agricultural policies and their effects on trade, The European Economic Community and the impacts of its common agricultural policy, the problems of the underdeveloped countries and finally the complexity of the international trade with agricultural products.
La maîtrise de l'offre de viande bovine
Authors: Dumard Jean
Published: October 2009

The supply of beef in the intermediate run. is connected with the price fluctuation, in its turn due to the gap between supply and demand. The result is a «cycle » in the beef production.

The study of this phenomenon enables us do propose an instrument for controlling the cyclic movements.

How efficient and useful is1 this solution ?
Le coefficient de capital : notions générales et application en agriculture
Authors: Rainelli P.
Published: October 2009

The problems of economic structures, of growth or of anticipations can not be considered without taking the stock, of capital into account.

The application of the capital-output ratio to agriculture taises some theoretical problems : the homogeneity between the two terms of the stock-blow ratio, estimation of the part of land in the farm capital.

However, the capital-output ratio is useful for determining the Vertical structure of the production and consequently to determine and anticipate the investments needs.
Le comportement financier des exploitants agricoles
Authors: de Bagneaux B.
Published: October 2009

The first survey of the CREP (Centre de Recherche Economique sur l'Epargne) was carried out in a non-representative sample of farmers.

After describing the technique employed in order to observe and estimate the savings of farmers, the author gives an account of the results with regard to the economic behaviour of farm families and the evaluation of their financial needs.

However, the period of observation — one year — is too short to make the survey completely satisfactory.
Comportement sociologique et crédit en agriculture
Authors: Raoul Louis
Published: October 2009

The development of farm credit in France interests the sociologist for three reasons. By the study of farmers' behaviour with respect to farm credit, the economic and social evolution can be measured, the decision making of expenditure and investment and finally the attitude of the farmers towards saving and towards banking institutions can be determined.
Le financement de la production agricole dans le cadre d'organisations contractuelles
Authors: Cusson Jacques
Published: October 2009

The contract arrangement dealt with here is of cooperative type. It implies a strict planning and a precise contract between the cooperative and the farmers. Its problems of treasury and investment are very important ; this is illustrated by three examples from the animal production.

Contract farming is a powerful factor for development and progress. However, the growth of the firms must not be curbed by certain laws (the legislation. which prohibits the accumulation of several farms) and they should be given the possibility to borrow in order to invest.
Décontraction des comptes agricoles nationaux d'Irlande par branche et par région
Authors: Attwood Edwin Artur
Published: October 2009

L'Institut Agronomique (An Foras Taluntais) et l'Institut de la Recherche Agronomique (Economie Research Institute) de Dublin, ont établi une comptabilité régionale basée sur les renseignements fournis en 1960 par les départements gouvernementaux et le Bureau central des Statistiques.

A partir des comptes nationaux agricoles, le revenu agricole est décontracté par région, par comté, et par catégorie d'agent. Les critères de répartition sont multiples.

Cette étude mesure les disparités régionales du revenu de l'agriculture irlandaise.
Une enquête sur l'invention
Authors: Pariat Maurice
Published: October 2009

A l'inventeur individuel, réputé «farfelu», succède le chercheur intégré dans une équipe. La puissance créative de l'inventeur moderne requiert toujours imagination et persévérance, mais elle repose sur de nombreuses méthodes scientifiques où s'exerce le travail de groupe.
Les problèmes économiques posés à l'agriculteur par l'innovation
Authors: Mainié Philippe
Published: October 2009

L'appropriation des rentes d'innovation dans les exploitations agricoles dynamiques est éphémère. Pour bénéficier durablement des avantages liés à l'adoption des progrès techniques, ces agriculteurs doivent participer à des réseaux d'entreprises dans lesquels la recherche de produits nouveaux et celle de nouvelles méthodes d'organisation sont fortement liées. C'est le «modèle californien» d'agriculture. Celui-ci ne peut être copié sans précautions en France, tout dépend des conditions liant l'emploi et le capital.
Agriculture et développement économique. Essai de détermination de liaisons fonctionnelles entre quelques agrégats économiques.
Authors: Simantov Albert
Published: October 2009

L'auteur fait une synthèse des travaux d'économie quantitative, montrant le déclin dans tous les pays, de la part de l'agriculture dans le Produit Intérieur Brut (P.I.B.). Il souligne que certaines politiques agricoles ont tenté sans y parvenir d'endiguer ce courant inéluctable. La seule mesure consisterait à accroître le degré d'auto-approvisionnement en denrées alimentaires d'un pays. Une constatation importante : la fraction des dépenses d'alimentation des consommateurs revenant au secteur non agricole tend à demeurer constante : les facteurs de production achetés par l'agriculture représentent 2,5 à 3,5 % du P.I.B. et les coûts de transformation et de distribution des produits agricoles représentent 8 à 9 %o du P.I.B. quels que soient le pays, l'époque ou le niveau du développement.
Analyse rétrospective des structures de productions agricoles françaises pour la période Î961-1963 (Analyse 1962)
Authors: Hauchecorne J. , Neveu André
Published: October 2009

This analysis classifies the French farms by regions in homogeneous groups, each represented by a model. The description and aggregation on a regional and national level of the physical and economic characteristics of the 5 000 models are based on data from the 1963 BC survey carried out by the Service Central des Enquêtes et Etudes Statistiques and on boo\-\eeping data collected by the farm management associations. The consistency is checked by a number of tests.

Though the « 1962 analysis » points out the necessity of differentiating the agricultural policy, this analysis alone cannot give all the information necessary.
Les sciences sociales à la découverte de la pauvreté
Authors: Mendras Henri
Published: October 2009

The modem industrial society generates both wealth and poverty. The existence of slums in the neighbourhood of Paris reveals the presence of poorer classes, that had been defined as an absence by the society.

Autonomie and having its own structures and standards, this « counter-society » is essentially self' consumer ; for that it is similar to the sustenance agriculture, which is still considerable in France.

The present economic theory denies the importance of self -consumption. But on the contrary, is not there any reason to elaborate a theory about it ?
Développement économique et pauvreté agricole
Authors: Pautard J.
Published: October 2009

Le développement économique du XIXème siècle a fait disparaître l'affreuse misère de certaines campagnes françaises, constatée par Arthur Young en 1787.

Cependant, au cours de cette période, la division de la propriété agricole a créé une nouvelle catégorie de pauvres : les petits exploitants agricoles.

Les progrès techniques du XX™ siècle ont accentué le décalage entre les régions développées et les autres (pratiquement la moitié Sud-Ouest de la France). Même dans les régions développées, il existe des agriculteurs pauvres : leur retard augmente sans cesse, ils en ont dramatiquement conscience.

Ce.ï régions, ces agriculteurs pauvres sont-ils les « laissés pour compte » de notre société industrielle ?
L'agriculture pauvre du Sud-Ouest devant la croissance économique française
Authors: Rouch E.
Published: October 2009

Après avoir étudié les données géographiques, démographiques et économiques du Sud-Ouest, l'auteur propose de prendre des mesures énergiques pour sauver ce qui peut l'être : par une orientation des exploitations qui tienne compte de la complémentarité des zones, par l'aménagement rural et en particulier la maîtrise de l'eau, par l'élargissement de la base industrielle fournissant un emploi à la main- d'œuvre agricole excédentaire, enfin par une mise en œuvre démocratique de ces mesures.

Sinon, la région risque de ne plus comporter dans l'avenir qu'un centre hypertrophié et fragile, entouré d'un désert parsemé de quelques oasis.