bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppressed Desire: Inscriptions of Lesbianism in the British Theatre of the 1930s
Authors: Freshwater Helen
Published: January 2009

In this response to John F. Deeney's article, ‘Censoring the Uncensored: the Case of Children in Uniform’, which appeared in NTQ 63 (August 2000), Helen Freshwater enters the growing debate over our reclamation of historical depictions of homosexuality. She questions Deeney's contention that our contemporary critical prejudices obscure the circulation of dramatic images of lesbianism during the 1930s, proposing that the Lord Chamberlain's difficulties in identifying lesbianism demonstrate the impossibility of dispensing with the theoretical structure that informs our understanding of this identity. Her archival research also reveals that there were in fact many efforts to put the lesbian on the stage during this period, but that these were effectively suppressed by the Lord Chamberlain, who refused to contemplate the performative enactment of lesbianism, no matter how indistinct or conventionalized in form. Her article addresses the challenges faced when addressing these dramatic inscriptions of lesbian desire, which are often homophobic, prurient, and unquestioning in their affirmation of the heterosexual norm. Helen Freshwater has recently completed her PhD on performance and censorship in twentieth-century Britain at the University of Edinburgh, and now lectures in drama and performance at the University of Nottingham. Her ‘The Ethics of Indeterminacy: Theatre de Complicite's Mnemonic’ appeared in NTQ67. She is also a contributor to the Edinburgh Review and to the anthology Crossing Boundaries (Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).
Portable Politics: Creating New Space for Suffrage-ing Women
Authors: Carlson Susan
Published: January 2009

A few of the plays written in support of the movement for women's suffrage in Britain before the First World War have recently been recovered and published, but most of these were intended for some kind of professional or at least conventional production. Susan Carlson is here concerned to look also at some of the pieces which saw print only in the ephemeral suffrage press, and production (if at all) only as part of meetings or demonstrations. Breaking down traditional distinctions between social, political, and theatrical spaces, she argues that all were part both of the dramatization of the struggle, and also of a broader reclamation of public spaces for women, whether of a public venue such as the Albert Hall, outdoor spaces such as Hyde Park and Trafalgar Square – or the humbler and lonelier space of the street corners on which women sold the suffrage newspapers that contained the plays – some of them about women on street corners selling suffrage newspapers.…Susan Carlson is Professor of English and Associate Provost at Iowa State University. Her books include Women and Comedy (University of Michigan Press), and she has recently published essays on Aphra Behn, Timberlake Wertenbaker, Shakespeare, and nineteenth- and early twentieth-century women playwrights. This essay is part of a longer study of British suffrage theatre and its connections to Edwardian productions of Shakespeare's works.
The Director and the Playwright: Control over the Means of Production
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: January 2009

In this wide-ranging article. Peter Holland explores the relationship between the director and the playwright from contrasting historical and artistic perspectives. A typical film-contract, as recently signed by Trevor Griffiths with Warner Brothers, is thus made to shed retrospective light on the less overtly proprietorial assumptions which governed Stanislavski's approach to the plays of Chekhov – and which, in effect, sanitized them of their political insights into pre-revolutionary Russian society, creating instead bourgeois tragedies about flawed individuals. Acknowledging the difficulties of creating a framework within which the role of the playwright could be introduced more authoritatively into the theatrical structure, the author nonetheless stresses the importance of recognizing the nature of the hierarchy, which gives pre-eminence to the directorial ‘reading’. Peter Holland, University Lecturer in Drama in the University of Cambridge, is currently writing (in collaboration with Vera Gottlieb) a study of Stanislavski for Cambridge University Press, and is preparing the Oxford Shakespeare edition of A Midsummer Night's Dream.
‘Reading‘ and Directing the Play
Authors: Quinn Michael L.
Published: January 2009

A director's ‘reading’ of the play – the hierarchical implications of which were discussed by Peter Holland in the preceding article – normally begins with just that: areading, of the printed or typewritten text. Here. Michael Quinn discusses the various factors through which this initial acquaintance becomes a stage production carrying the stamp of the resulting perceptions – some of which go unrecognized, as much by the director as by those who evaluate his work. These may vary from preconceptions (or a lack of them) about the writer himself to the prevailing modes of the director's own work, or from such imponderables as the ‘lingering’ effect of objects on stage whose original function has been fulfilled to the ‘intertextuality’ always present when a play has a previous production history. The author argues not for the impossible elimination of such influences, but for their proper recognition, so that the director may be better aware of the reasons behind the choices he makes in translating a ‘reading’ into a production. Michael L. Quinn has previously published essays on Brecht and Roman Jakobson, and is currently serving as a play-reader for the San Francisco Magic Theater while preparing his doctoral dissertation on the theatre semiotics of the Prague school.
Kroetz's ‘Request Concert’ in India, Part One: Calcutta
Authors: Bharucha Rustom
Published: January 2009

What happens when a play without words, about one evening in the life of a lonely middle-aged woman, is transposed from its original bourgeois German setting into that of a deprived Indian city? Rustom Bharucha, himself born in Calcutta and now an expatriate living in the USA, was so impressed by an American production of Franz Xaver Kroetz's Request Concert that, together with a German colleague Manuel Lutgenhorst, he set out to relate the problems, theatrical and social, posed by this one-woman play to the conditions of nine Asian cities over a period of three years. He began in his native city, where Kroetz's Fraulein Rasch became the unmarried office-worker Joya Sen in the performance by Calcutta actress Usha Ganguli. The rehearsals and the final production – in a converted puppet theatre – were illuminating both in the similarities and the differences they revealed between East and West, and in this, the first of three accounts of Request Concert in its Indian productions, Rustom Bharucha records the mutual learning process involved in a fascinating intercultural experience.
Toward a Populist Nigerian Theatre: the Plays of Femi Osofisan
Authors: Richards Sandra L.
Published: January 2009

Though his work is as yet less familiar in Europe and the USA than that of Wole Soyinka. Femi Osofisan, while acknowledging a discipleship to his predecessor, is more concerned with specific social issues than with universalized themes, and is pre-eminent among contemporary Nigerian playwrights in combining a radical perspective with a recognition of the importance of cultural traditions. In this article. Sandra L. Richards explores his work in terms of the way that its social analysis elicits an active response from its audiences, through the reshaping of recognizable forms – ‘whodunits without solutions’ – while accepting the often-limited resources of theatre machinery and personnel on which most of his directors will be able to call. Sandra L. Richards spent two years in Nigeria as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Benin, and is presently Assistant Professor of Drama and Director of the Committee on Black Performing Arts at Stanford University, California. An earlier version of the present article was presented at the annual African Literature Association conference held at Michigan State University in 1986.
Eugenio Barba: the Latin American Connection
Authors: Watson Ian
Published: January 2009

The theoretical writings of Eugenio Barba on the nature and disciplines of acting have been a feature of NTQ since its first issue. These writings emerge, of course, from Barba's work with Odin Teatret, which recently celebrated its twentieth anniversary from its base in Holstebro, Denmark – and also from his formative association with ISTA. the International School of Theatre Anthropology. Accordingly, when a leading authority recently described Barba, along with Brecht and Grotowski, as one of the three major European influences on contemporary Latin American theatre, he was paying tribute to active participation and cross-fertilization, rather than to textbook discipleship. In the following article, Ian Watson, whose study of ‘Catharsis and the Actor’ appeared in NTQ 16 (1988), looks in detail at the nature and the consequences of Barba's ‘Latin American connection’.
Low-cost foods: how do they compare with their brand name equivalents? A French study
Authors: Darmon Nicole , Caillavet France , Joly Caroline , Maillot Matthieu , Drewnowski Adam
Published: January 2009

Objective

Consumers are increasingly relying on low-cost foods, although it is not clear if the nutritional quality of these foods is fully maintained. The aim of the present work was to analyse the relationship between cost and quality within a given food category.

Design and setting

The relationship was analysed between nutritional quality and cost for 220 food products belonging to seventeen different categories, controlling for package type and package size. Given that a summary of nutrient information was not available on the product label, a novel ingredient quality score was developed based on listed product ingredients.

Results

Within a given category, the lowest-priced foods were not different from the equivalent branded products in terms of overall energy or total fat content. Nevertheless, a positive relationship, small but significant, was observed between the price and the ingredient quality score. On average, the branded products cost 2·5 times more than the low-cost products, for an equivalent energy and lipid content, and had a slightly higher (1·3 times) ingredient quality score.

Conclusions

More studies are necessary to evaluate the nutritional quality of low-cost foods. This evaluation would be facilitated if nutrition labelling was mandatory. Yet in view of the present results, it does not seem to be justified to divert consumers, especially the poorest, from low-cost foods because this may have an adverse effect on the nutritional quality of their diet, by reducing further the fraction of their food budget spent on fresh fruit and vegetables.
Reactive Multilayers Examined by HRTEM and Plasmon EELS Chemical Mapping
Authors: Yajid M.A. Mat , Möbus G.
Published: January 2009

We examine chemical mapping of reaction phases in a Cu-Al multilayer system using low-loss electron energy loss spectroscopy spectrum imaging and image spectroscopy techniques. The sensitivity of the plasmon peak position and shape to various crystal structures and phases is exploited using postprocessing of spectra into second derivative plasmon maps and line scans. Analytical transmission electron microscopy is complemented by studies of the orientation relationship of the multilayer system using high-resolution electron microscopy of interfaces and selected area diffraction. The techniques have been applied to the Cu-Al multilayer sample and sharply bound epitaxial phases are found, before and after heat treatment.
Structural and Chemical Characterization of Yb2O3-ZrO2 System by HAADF-STEM and HRTEM
Authors: Angeles-Chavez C. , Salas P. , Díaz-Torres L.A. , de la Rosa E. , Esparza R. , Perez R.
Published: January 2009

ZrO2:Yb3+ nanocrystalline phosphors with high concentrations of ytterbium ions were prepared using the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, high-angle annular-dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the nanocrystalline phosphors annealed at 1000°C. Unit-cell distortion and changes in the crystalline structure of the monoclinic zirconia to tetragonal zirconia, and subsequently cubic zirconia, were observed with increased Yb concentration. Yb ions were randomly distributed into the lattice of the crystalline structure. No segregation of Yb2O3 phase was observed. The substitution of Zr atoms by Yb atoms on different crystalline phases was confirmed by the experimental results and theoretical simulations of HRTEM and HAADF-STEM.
Leonard Bernstein's Jewish Boston: Cross-Disciplinary Research in the Classroom
Authors: OJA CAROL J. , SHELEMAY KAY KAUFMAN
Published: January 2009

Leonard Bernstein is most often perceived as the quintessential New Yorker—music director of the New York Philharmonic from 1958 to 1969 and composer of Broadway shows that made New York their focus. Yet his grounding in the greater Boston area was powerful. He was born in 1918 in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and raised in various Jewish neighborhoods within Boston. The young Leonard went to Boston Latin, a prestigious public prep school, and graduated from Harvard in 1939.

This article explores a team research project, made up of Harvard graduate students and undergraduates, which delved into the urban subcultures and post-immigrant experiences that shaped Bernstein's youth and early adulthood. It considers the synergy between an individual and a community, and it examines the complexities of blending pedagogy with research, analyzing the multilayered methodologies and theoretical strategies that were employed.

Given Bernstein's iconic status, his life and career illuminate a broad range of questions about the nature of music in American society. Fusing the techniques of ethnographic and archival research, our team probed Bernstein's formative connections to Jewish traditions through his family synagogue (Congregation Mishkan Tefila), the ethnic geography that defined the Boston neighborhoods of his immigrant family, the network of young people involved in Bernstein's summer theatrical productions in Sharon, Massachusetts, during the 1930s, and the formative role of the city's musical venues and institutions in shaping Bernstein's lifelong campaign to collapse traditional distinctions between high and low culture.
Falling through the cracks: The role of fractures in Earth‐atmosphere gas exchange
Authors: Weisbrod Noam , Dragila Maria Inés , Nachshon Uri , Pillersdorf Modi
Published: January 2009

If we are to understand global warming, and in particular global water‐cycling, then it is vital to explore the links between atmospheric conditions, earth processes and major global cycles. One arena that has been heretofore ignored is the effect on global dynamics of earth fractures that are open to the atmosphere. Historically, these fractures have been studied merely as participants in aquifer recharge or aquifer contamination during periods of infiltration. In general, they are considered inactive when there is no precipitation. This paper puts forward in‐situ continuous field measurements demonstrating that during no‐flow periods, fractures breathe via convection on a daily basis, enhancing atmospheric exchange by several orders of magnitude compared to the non‐fractured crust. We quantify the timing, persistence and characteristics of this mechanism. The convective exchange mechanism is pervasive, occurring daily with peak flux exchange at night and in winter, the reverse of most other surface processes.
On OH uptake by sea salt under humid conditions
Authors: Park Jong‐Ho , Christov Christomir I. , Ivanov Andrey V. , Molina Mario J.
Published: January 2009

We have investigated OH uptake by a MgCl2‐CaCl2 mixture at 0‐29% RH, using a differential bead‐filled flow tube coupled to a high‐pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The results show that the effect of RH on OH uptake by the mixture reproduces quantitatively that of sea salt. This observation is supported by results of our thermodynamic modeling which predicts that the deliquescence relative humidity of MgCl2·6H2O(cr) decreases in the presence of CaCl2·6H2O(cr), leading to higher surface acidification, and therefore, to greater enhancement in OH uptake under humid conditions. This conclusion is further strengthened by our earlier experimental observations which indicate that the enhancement of the OH uptake coefficient under humid conditions for sea salt is a factor of two larger than that for binary MgCl2‐H2O solutions in equilibrium with MgCl2·6H2O(cr). Based on these results we conclude that surface composition determines, to a large extent, the heterogeneous reactivity of inorganic salt mixtures.
Gravity “steps” at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Instrumental effects or evidences of earthquake‐triggered magma density changes?
Authors: Carbone D. , Jousset P. , Musumeci C.
Published: January 2009

On two occasions, sudden gravity changes occurred simultaneously at two summit Etna's stations, during local low‐magnitude earthquakes. A systematic coupling between earthquakes inducing comparable maximum acceleration and displacement at the observation points and gravity steps is missing, implying (1) the non‐instrumental nature of the steps and (2) the need for particular underlying conditions for the triggering mechanism(s) to activate. We review some of the volcanological processes that could induce fast underground mass redistributions, resulting in gravity changes at the surface. These processes involve bubbles and crystals present in the magma and require particular conditions in order to be effective as mass‐redistributing processes. The gravity steps could be a geophysical evidence of the dynamical stress transfer between tectonic and magmatic systems at a local scale. Given the implications that these transfers may have on the volcanic activity, routine volcano monitoring should include the observation of fast gravity changes.
Prediction of Leisure‐time Physical Activity Among Obese Individuals
Authors: Godin Gaston , Amireault Steve , Bélanger‐Gravel Ariane , Vohl Marie‐Claude , Pérusse Louis
Published: January 2009

The aims of this study were to identify (i) what cognitions predict leisure‐time physical activity and (ii) the moderators of cognition‐behavior relationships among obese individuals. A sample of 91 adults (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) completed a baseline questionnaire assessing variables of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Biological measures and socio‐demographic variables were also obtained. Behavior was assessed 3 months later. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses indicated that significant variables predicting behavior were past behavior (β = 0.39; P = 0.0001), intention (β = 0.27; P = 0.03), and the interaction term “perceived behavioral control (PBC) × perceived built environment” (β = 0.17; P = 0.05). The PBC‐behavior relation was better when the built environment was perceived as favorable to physical activity. The model explained 41% of variance in behavior. The determinants explaining intention were PBC (β = 0.55; P < 0.0001), anticipated regret (β = 0.26; P = 0.0007), and past behavior (β = 0.22; P = 0.005), accounting for 59% of variance. Participation in leisure‐time physical activity is explained primarily by a person's intentions to perform this behavior. The results also suggest that people are more able to translate their perception of control into action if they perceive the built environment as favorable, although this additional gain in prediction is small relative to intention. Nonetheless, both cognitions and aspects of the built environment should be given consideration in the promotion of leisure‐time physical activity among obese individuals.
Maternal Influence, Not Diabetic Intrauterine Environment, Predicts Children's Energy Intake
Authors: Gluck Marci E. , Venti Colleen A. , Lindsay Robert S. , Knowler William C. , Salbe Arline D. , Krakoff Jonathan
Published: January 2009

Offspring of women with diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk of accelerated weight gain and diabetes, effects partly mediated by the in utero environment. Whether differences in energy intake can explain this increased risk is unknown. We compared diet composition, eating patterns, and physiological responses to a mixed meal in 63 nondiabetic children whose mothers developed diabetes either before (offspring of diabetic mothers, ODMs, n = 31, age 9.2 ± 1.7 years, mean ± s.d.) or after (offspring of prediabetic mothers, OPDMs, n = 32, 9.6 ± 1.3 years) the pregnancy. After consuming a standardized diet for 3 days, participants ate ad libitum from a computer‐operated vending machine stocked with foods they had rated favorably on a food preferences questionnaire. Mothers and children always ate together. A subset of 35 children underwent a meal test with blood draws to measure insulin and glucose. Children's energy intake was associated with age, sex, and percent body fat, and strongly with mother's energy intake (r = 0.57, P < 0.0001). After adjustment for these variables, there were no differences between ODM and OPDM in energy intake or diet composition. The insulin area under the curve (AUC) following the meal test was significantly correlated with total energy intake but not after adjustment for the above covariates. Differences in energy intake were not observed between ODM and OPDM. Mother's energy intake was a significant predictor of children's energy intake. These findings indicate that in this subset of children in a controlled in‐patient setting, maternal influence may outweigh intrauterine effects on energy intake.
GFP‐targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites
Authors: Stanway Rebecca R. , Witt Tina , Zobiak Bernd , Aepfelbacher Martin , Heussler Volker T.
Published: January 2009

Background information. The Plasmodium parasite, during its life cycle, undergoes three phases of asexual reproduction, these being repeated rounds of erythrocytic schizogony, sporogony within oocysts on the mosquito midgut wall and exo‐erythrocytic schizogony within the hepatocyte. During each phase of asexual reproduction, the parasite must ensure that every new daughter cell contains an apicoplast, as this organelle cannot be formed de novo and is essential for parasite survival. To date, studies visualizing the apicoplast in live Plasmodium parasites have been restricted to the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum.

Results. In the present study, we have generated Plasmodium berghei parasites in which GFP (green fluorescent protein) is targeted to the apicoplast using the specific targeting sequence of ACP (acyl carrier protein), which has allowed us to visualize this organelle in live Plasmodium parasites. During each phase of asexual reproduction, the apicoplast becomes highly branched, but remains as a single organelle until the completion of nuclear division, whereupon it divides and is rapidly segregated into newly forming daughter cells. We have shown that the antimicrobial agents azithromycin, clindamycin and doxycycline block development of the apicoplast during exo‐erythrocytic schizogony in vitro, leading to impaired parasite maturation.

Conclusions. Using a range of powerful live microscopy techniques, we show for the first time the development of a Plasmodium organelle through the entire life cycle of the parasite. Evidence is provided that interference with the development of the Plasmodium apicoplast results in the failure to produce red‐blood‐cell‐infective merozoites.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of peroxiredoxin 6 regulates its phospholipase A2 activity
Authors: Wu Yongzheng , Feinstein Sheldon I. , Manevich Yefim , Chowdhury Ibrul , Pak Jhang Ho , Kazi Altaf , Dodia Chandra , Speicher David W. , Fisher Aron B.
Published: January 2009

Prdx6 (peroxiredoxin 6), a bifunctional protein with both GSH peroxidase and PLA2 (phospholipase A2) [aiPLA2 (acidic calcium-independent PLA2)] activities, is responsible for the metabolism of lung surfactant phospholipids. We propose that the aiPLA2 activity of the enzyme is regulated through phosphorylation. Incubation of isolated rat alveolar type II cells (AECII) with PMA, a PKC (protein kinase C) agonist, had no effect on Prdx6 expression but led to ∼75% increase in aiPLA2 activity that was abolished by pretreatment of cells with the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitors, SB202190 or PD98059. Prdx6 phosphorylation after incubation of AECII with PMA was demonstrated by autoradiography after immunoprecipitation with either anti-phosphothreonine o-phosphoserine antibodies. in vitro, several active isoforms of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 phosphorylated Prdx6, resulting in an 11-fold increase in aiPLA2 activity. The increased activity was calcium-independent and was abolished by the aiPLA2 inhibitors, surfactant protein A and hexadecyl-3-trifluorethylglycero-sn-2-phospho-methanol (MJ33). The peroxidase activity of Prdx6 was unaffected by phosphorylation. Mass spectroscopic analysis of in vitro phosphorylated Prdx6 showed a unique phosphorylation site at Thr-177 and mutation of this residue abolished protein phosphorylation and the increase in MAPK-mediated activity. These results show that the MAPKs can mediate phosphorylation of Prdx6 at Thr-177 with a consequent marked increase in its aiPLA2 activity.
A study of the ultrastructure of Fragile-X-related proteins
Authors: Sjekloća Ljiljana , Konarev Petr V. , Eccleston John , Taylor Ian A. , Svergun Dmitri I. , Pastore Annalisa
Published: January 2009

Fragile-X-related proteins form a family implicated in RNA metabolism. Their sequence is composed of conserved N-terminal and central regions which contain Tudor and KH domains and of a divergent C-terminus with motifs rich in arginine and glycine residues. The most widely studied member of the family is probably FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein), since absence or mutation of this protein in humans causes fragile X syndrome, the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. Understanding the structural properties of FMRP is essential for correlating it with its functions. The structures of isolated domains of FMRP have been reported, but nothing is yet known with regard to the spatial arrangement of the different modules, partly because of difficulties in producing both the full-length protein and its multidomain fragments in quantities, purities and monodispersity amenable for structural studies. In the present study, we describe how we have produced overlapping recombinant fragments of human FMRP and its paralogues which encompass the evolutionary conserved region. We have studied their behaviour in solution by complementary biochemical and biophysical techniques, identified the regions which promote self-association and determined their overall three-dimensional shape. The present study paves the way to further studies and rationalizes the existing knowledge on the self-association properties of these proteins.
Probing the strength of the system-bath interaction by three-pulse photon echoes
Authors: Christensson N. , Dietzek B. , Yartsev A. , Pullerits T.
Published: January 2009

We explore how the width of the three-pulse photon echo signal at long population times can be used to determine the strength of the system-bath interaction. Using simulation with finite pulses we show that a simple relation exist between the width of the echo signal, the coupling strength, and the pulse autocorrelation. The derived model is applied to Rhodamine 6G in alcoholic solution, a paradigm system for the study of solvation dynamics, and the results are compared to conventional methods. The independently determined coupling strength forms the basis for a computationally inexpensive route to determine the entire spectral density, the key parameter when considering system-bath interactions. Our method allows us to accurately estimate the relative amplitude of fast and slow components in the correlation function using only impulsive limit simulations. We show that the peak shift significantly overestimates the amplitude of the fastest decay component for our experimental data. Changing solvent from methanol to 1-hexanol we observe a narrowing of the width of the echo profile. The changes in the echo width allow us to estimate the changes of the coupling strength in various solvents.
Solute migration caused by excited state absorptions
Authors: Chang Che-Kai , Li Yi-Ci , Chen Chen-Wei , Lee Li-Shu , Tang Jaw-Luen , Wang Chi-Chen , Leu Chang-Chi , Wei Tai-Huei , Huang Tzer-Hsiang , Song Yinglin
Published: January 2009

Using the Z-scan technique, we find that migration of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine in liquid ethanol can be induced by the absorption of a 19ps laser pulse with energy exceeding a threshold but not by that of a 2.8ns pulse depositing more energy at the solute molecules. Considering each solute molecule as an oscillator confined within a potential well, we explain, in accordance with the five-energy-band model, that solute molecules excited by a 19ps pulse retain more translational excess energy to overcome the potential well barrier compared with those excited by a 2.8ns pulse of equal energy. Therefore, they are more likely to migrate out of the laser beam center, weakening the solution’s absorption that we detect in the Z-scan measurements. Furthermore, we theoretically infer that the 19ps pulse-induced solute migration tends to be nonquasistatic and experimentally verify that it cannot be attributed to the Soret effect, a quasistatic process.
The 10-GeV synchrotron at Cornell
Authors: Mcdaniel Boyce D. , Silverman Albert
Published: January 2009

ON 10 OCTOBER Cornell University and the National Science Foundation will join in the dedication of the Wilson Synchrotron Laboratory and its associated facilities. This laboratory houses the 10-GeV election synchrotron, the fourth in a series of electron accelerators built and used by physicists at Cornell under the inspiration and leadership of Robert R. Wilson for whom the new laboratory is named. The new machine was conceived in August 1962; in March 1965, after two and a half years of design study and finance negotiations, a construction contract was signed. Two years later a beam circulated in the machine and in March 1968 we obtained full energy of 10 GeV. This is the highest energy yet attained in any electron synchrotron. The experimental-physics program utilizing the accelerator started in November 1967, at which time the synchrotron was already operating at an energy of 7 GeV.
Interstellar transport
Authors: Dyson Freeman J.
Published: January 2009

THE ORION PROJECT, with which I was involved about 10 years ago, aimed to build space ships powered by nuclear explosions. We began work on Orion after the Russian Sputnik went up and before the US was committed to a big space program with chemical propulsion. We felt then that there was a reasonable chance that the US could jump directly into nuclear propulsion and avoid building enormous chemical rockets like Saturn V. Our plan was to send ships to Mars and Venus by 1968, at a cost that would have been only a fraction of what is now spent on the Apollo program. We never got the green light; so nobody can be sure if our schemes were sound. I am not against the Apollo program; I much prefer it to no program at all. Still, I believe that fundamentally a Saturn V bears the same relation to an Orion ship as the majestic airships of the 1930's bore to the Boeing 707. The airships were huge, flimsy, with a payload absurdly small in comparison to their size, just like the Apollo ships.
A Visit to the Serpukhov 76-GeV Synchrotron
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

The world's largest particle accelerator, the 76-GeV synchrotron at Serpukhov, is now producing 2×1011 protons/pulse and is expected to be doing experiments shortly. Groups from CERN and France are collaborating with Serpukhov scientists, and there is some hope for American participation, too. (Such international coöperation may, of course, be influenced by the Czechoslovakian situation.)
AIP is host to society officers and its corporate associates
Authors: Wiley John P.
Published: January 2009

STAFF MEMBERS of the American Institute of Physics, AIP Corporate Associates and officers of member societies met in New York in late September. They heard assessments of the impact of changing governmental and industrial policies on physics, talks on the frontiers of pure and applied physics, and reports on institute operations from Director H. William Koch and AIP division heads.
A tetrahedron model for research
Authors: Bliamptis Emmanuel E.
Published: January 2009

RESEARCH is a much used term today not only by those involved in it but also by the general public. Such extensive use has resulted in frequent misunderstanding and misuse of the term. This misuse, which sometimes is deliberate, may lead someone to describe his activities as “conducting basic research on the ecologic and geographic factors affecting the anadromous salmo irideus, its feeding habits, and environment,” when he is in fact fishing for rainbow trout.
Weston Design: 400–500 GeV From a 200-GeV Accelerator
Authors: Scott John T.
Published: January 2009

A bold new design for the 200-GeV accelerator is taking shape at the National Accelerator Laboratory. The strong-focusing synchrotron will be capable of producing 400–500 GeV protons later by addition of power supplies to boost the magnetic field.
Radio Telescopes Linked in Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: January 2009

Another long baseline radio interferometer is in operation, the first one in the southern hemisphere. The linkup (similar to those described in PHYSICS TODAY, November 1967, page 69) is between two NASA Deep Space Stations in Australia, one near Woomera in South Australia and one near Canberra in New South Wales. Its baseline is more than 9×106 wavelengths long at 2295 MHz. Preliminary observations of radio source 3C 273 show that the interferometer has an angular resolution better than 0.008 sec of arc.
Britons seek closer relations between industry and university
Authors: Ellis R. Hobart
Published: January 2009

IF YOU TALK TO A British physicist, one of the problems he is likely to speak about is the failure of British universities to supply enough physicists to industry and the failure of industry to attract, use and hold those it gets. Having bumped into the problem frequently when I was in Britain in 1966, I went back again recently with the special intention of asking about it. The problem remains; many persons are worrying about it and studying it; correction programs are in operation; others are starting or being planned.
New York meeting moves to Chicago
Authors: Hodes Bernard
Published: January 2009

A PRECEDENT-BREAKING joint annual meeting of the American Physical Society and American Association of Physics Teachers will take place Monday through Thursday, 29 Jan.–1 Feb. at the 25-story Palmer House and the auxiliary La Salle Hotel in downtown Chicago. It will be the first joint annual meeting ever held in Chicago and the first such occasion at which the APS divisions themselves take responsibility for organizing their own symposia. It will also be the first regular meeting of the newly formed APS division of particles and fields, the culmination of the first AAPT teaching film competition, the first society gathering at which problems of physics and society are intensively treated and the first time APS members will have an opportunity to consider proposals that would broaden their constitution to include discussion of public issues.
Five four-year colleges: Reed College
Authors: Parker William L.
Published: January 2009

IN TERMS OF A PHYSICAL ANALOGY our curriculum is certainly an example of dynamic equilibrium—at times almost unstable equilibrium. It is in such a state largely as the result of tensions: tensions between theorists and experimentalists, tensions between classical ideas and modern ideas both as to subject matter and methods of approach, and tensions between an abstract, conceptual treatment and a phenomenological treatment. All of these tensions exist within the department itself; in addition there are tensions with our mathematics department as to who shall teach the applied mathematics, and that tension common to all liberal-arts colleges between the need for a broad general education and the desirability of thorough specialized training in the major field.
Five four-year colleges: Villa Madonna College
Authors: Miner George K.
Published: January 2009

WE MUST CONTEND with a variety of problems that are common to many small colleges. For example, in past years there has been a steady flow of comments about the inadequate laboratory equipment and the weak format of laboratory training. Furthermore there had been noticeable shortcomings in mathematics instruction in addition to difficulties with the physics curriculum. A final example is that the faculty must labor under severe handicaps such as heavy teaching loads, small financial resources and a lack of technical and secretarial assistance. On the other hand, of course, there are a number of advantages to a small college such as Villa Madonna. However, before I discuss more extensively the strengths and weaknesses of our college, including methods for evaluation, I will deal with the curriculum itself.
Four universities: University of Wisconsin at Madison
Authors: Richards Hugh T.
Published: January 2009

OUR DEPARTMENT RECENTLY restudied its whole undergraduate program and is now making the transition to a revised curriculum. It is, of course, too early to judge the wisdom of our changes, but the nature of the changes and the considerations that motivated them may be of help to others. Two faculty committees were involved in the studies and recommended changes. The first committee focused on the introductory courses. A subsequent committee considered the rest of the undergraduate program. The primary concern of the later committee was for the physics major, but they also kept in mind possible effects of the revision on the nonmajors. In particular the committee tried to ease the transition between introductory and intermediate courses and to improve coördination among all courses.
The interdisciplinary curriculum
Authors: Fowler John M.
Published: January 2009

LIKE THE PROGRAMS of the United Nations, interdisciplinary courses offer obvious advantages in theory but in practice often founder on political realities. Sometimes they also work well. Following the analogy, the interdisciplinary idea appears to work most successfully when applied outside the sphere of influence of the science department, that is, in courses for the “nonscientist.” But the situation is more difficult with joint introductory courses for science majors; for these courses are besieged with the possessive instincts of science departments toward their majors and with the narrow curricular views of the separate disciplines. Not surprisingly, perhaps, physics departments have, in many instances, stood out as the “hard line” department. Their rigorous view of what students should learn has left course developers with a disciplinary lump in the interdisciplinary amalgam.
Gravitational waves
Authors: Weber Joseph
Published: January 2009

IN THE SECOND “golden” decade of this century Albert Einstein unified physics and geometry and fulfilled a long cherished dream of Karl Friedrich Gauss, Bernhard Riemann and William K. Clifford. This geometrical theory of gravitation had “magnetic” types of velocity-dependent forces and a finite velocity of gravitational interactions; it apparently predicted gravitational radiation. The equations describe gravitation in terms of the curvature of space-time. Riemann gave the concept of the curvature of n-dimensional space as a logical generalization of the concept of curvature of a two-dimensional surface. Radii of curvature for such a surface are easy to visualize. There is a simple connection (given in the box on p. 39) between these radii and the sum of the angles of a small triangle made up of geodesic lines (figure 1).
Twenty years of physics: Optics
Authors: Meinel Aden B.
Published: January 2009

MANY EXCITING DEVELOPMENTS have occurred in optics over the last 20 years: The discovery of the laser, the birth of space optics, the innovation of fast computers to optimize optical designs or to reduce interferometric data and the opening up of the electromagnetic spectrum from short x rays to the radiowave region have been of tremendous value.
Twenty years of physics: Plasmas
Authors: Gottlieb Melvin B.
Published: January 2009

TWENTY YEARS AGO the study of plasmas occupied a relatively minor role in physics: The wide variety of plasma phenomena remained unexplored. The field had its origin early in this century in the study of the gas discharge, a relatively dense, slightly ionized plasma regime where the dominant effects are ionization, excitation, recombination and other atomic collision processes. Irving Langmuir initiated modern plasma physics through his discovery of plasma electrostatic oscillations and his realization that this was an aspect of collective particle motion. It is these collective motions which, generating and interacting with electric and magnetic fields, are responsible for the wealth of physical phenomena that take place in a plasma and make it so different from ordinary fluids.
Twenty years of physics: Structural crystallography
Authors: Ibers James A.
Published: January 2009

THE INFLUENCE of structural crystallography on physics, chemistry and biology is now far greater than it was 20 years ago. By the late 1930's crystallographic studies had laid the groundwork for interpretations of many phenomena of the solid state by providing detailed information on the metric aspects of simple molecular and crystal structures. But 20 years ago the chemist, let alone the biologist, would not come to the crystallographer for the determination of a complex structure. Structures, some of them complex, were being solved then, but the process was slow, uncertain and arduous. Structures were simply not being solved within the attention span of physicists, chemists and biologists, and there is no reason to suspect that that span was longer in those days than now. For the history of x-ray diffraction and personal reminiscence see P. P. Ewald, Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction, Utrecht 1962.
Twenty years of physics: Astrophysics
Authors: Woltjer Lodewyk
Published: January 2009

RADIO SOURCES had just been discovered twenty years ago, but their nature was unknown. The 21-cm hyperfinestructure line of hydrogen had been predicted but was not yet observed. Theories of stellar and galactic evolution were primitive: The origin of the elements was a mystery, and the nature of cosmic rays was obscure.
Twenty years of Physics Today: The recent years
Authors: Hutchisson Elmer
Published: January 2009

WHEN AT THE suggestion of the editors, Henry A. Barton and I each agreed to contribute a brief article for this 20th-anniversary issue of PHYSICS TODAY, we found it quite natural to divide the subject matter by decades since Barton was director of the American Institute of Physics during the first decade of PHYSICS TODAY and I was director for more than two thirds of the second decade. We were asked to look back over the issues for these years and, if appropriate, relate the development of PHYSICS TODAY to that of AIP. We probably would have followed this suggestion instinctively since from the beginning the basic role of PHYSICS TODAY has been to further the objectives set for AIP itself. Also, since the PHYSICS TODAY budget is an integral part of the AIP budget, financial support of the magazine is inextricably tied to that of AIP. However, since we are helping to celebrate an anniversary, it seems more fitting, at least in discussing the second decade of PHYSICS TODAY, to put primary emphasis on the magazine as an entity in itself. It is only at the end, in envisaging future opportunities, that I will speak briefly about the role of PHYSICS TODAY in the development of AIP.
The rise of gravity in the 17th century or a life in the day of Isaac Newton
Authors: Mayfield Melburn R.
Published: January 2009

IT HAS OFTEN been said that Henry Wadsworth Longfellow did not invent the mode of poetic expression known as Homeric hexameter. It has less frequently been said that Elvis Presley did not invent the pelvis, or even discover it, for that matter. Nevertheless he apparently gave it a new significance as a mode of expression. It appears likely that Longfellow made a similar contribution to hexameter. Although it is most improbable that Longfellow's favorite mode of expression will ever rival that of Presley, it has attracted a not inconsequential following among the relatively unsophisticated readers of American poetry (if a near redundancy may be pardoned).
Energy production in stars
Authors: Bethe Hans A.
Published: January 2009

FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL people must have been curious to know what keeps the sun shining. The first scientific attempt at an explanation was by Helmholtz about one hundred years ago, and was based on the force most familiar to physicists at the time, gravitation. When a gram of matter falls to the sun's surface it gets a potential energy Epot = −GM/R = −1.91×1015 erg/gm (1) where M = 1.99×1033 gm is the sun's mass, R = 6.96×1010 cm its radius, and G = 6.67×10−8 the gravitational constant. A similar energy was set free when the sun was assembled from intersellar gas or dust in the dim past; actually somewhat more, because most of the sun's material is located closer to its center, and therefore has a numerically larger potential energy. One-half of the energy set free is transformed into kinetic energy according to the well-known virial theorem of mechanics. This will permit us later to estimate the temperature in the sun. The other half of the potential energy is radiated away. We know that at present the sun radiates ε = 1.96 erg/gm sec (2) Therefore, if gravitation supplies the energy, there is enough energy available to supply the radiation for about 1015 sec which is about 30 million years.
How to live with the Philistines
Authors: Duckworth Henry E.
Published: January 2009

To CLARIFY MY TOPIC I quote the Concise Oxford Dictionary definition of the word “Philistine”: “one of an alien warlike people in South Palestine who harassed the Israelites; (facetiously) an enemy into whose hands one may fall, e.g. bailiff, critic, et cetera; (in German universities) a nonstudent; an outsider; (or, in general) an uncultured person, one whose interests are material and commonplace.” I shall use the word in the sense of an outsider or, I might say, a nonphysicist. Thus, a rewording of the subject for purposes of clarification would be “How to live with nonphysicists.” There are, of course, many classes of nonphysicist, but I shall have space to refer to only a few of the principal types.
Advances in superconductivity
Authors: Bardeen John
Published: January 2009

THE RAPID EXPANSION of the field of superconductivity in the past decade has been due to three factors: First, the microscopic theory provides a basis for interpretation of experimental data and prediction of new effects. Second, new superconducting materials have been discovered, some of which remain superconducting to very high magnetic fields. And third, applications are beginning to appear. These include superconducting magnets, linear accelerators, very sensitive detecting instruments and voltage standards. A comprehensive review has recently been published.
Phimsy
Authors: Ellis R. Hobart , Schwartzmann Martha J. , Turner Martin D. , Mackay Alan
Published: January 2009

More about stamps; A name is a name is a…; Nomenclature, nomenclature…; Change units to solve problems; Poems for computerers.