bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal effects of Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) essential oil on Callosobruchus maculatus [Coleoptera: Bruchidae]
Authors: Moussa Kéïta Sékou , Vincent Charles , Schmidt Jean-Pierre , Thor Arnason John
Published: April 2011

Analysis of Thuja occidentalis L. essential oil used for insect fumigation by phase gas chromatography revealed the presence of 22 compounds including α-thujone (49.64%), fenchone (14.06%), and β-thujone (8.98%). Fumigation of adult bruchids with the oil alone resulted in lethal doses (LD50) of 1.1, 0.7, 0.5 and 0.2 μL/insect after 3, 6, 9 and 12 h, respectively. When insects were treated with aromatized powder, significant differences were also found between treatments and control. Application of 100 mg of powder aromatized at 3 μL essential oil g–1 on bruchid pairs lead to 95% mortality of females and 100% of males with 0% of mortality in the control after 6 h exposure. Five days after their deposit, egg hatching was 1.2% (treated with kaolin powder aromatized with T. occidentalis essential oil), 41% (with kaolin alone) and 44% of eggs (control without kaolin). In the same experiment, adult emergence of 80% (in treatments with kaolin alone), 100% in control (without kaolin) and 0% (with kaolin aromatized with T. occidentalis essential oil) were recorded 30 d after treatment. Germination of cowpea seeds was not significantly affected by the treatments. Five days after sowing, germination was 88, 97 and 97%, respectively, when cowpea grains were treated and exposed, treated and unexposed, untreated and unexposed, respectively, while those untreated and exposed had 15% germination. Key words: Thuja occidentalis, Callosobruchus maculatus, essential oil, kaolin, fumigation, ethnobotany.
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) management in canola (Brassica rapa) and barley (Hordem vulgare) rotations under zero tillage
Authors: O’Donovan J. T. , Blackshaw R. E. , Harker K. N. , W McAndrew D. , Clayton G. W.
Published: April 2011

The effect of in-crop herbicide rate, crop row spacing and seeding rate on Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] management in two cycles of a canola (Brassica rapa L.)/barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) rotation was investigated under zero tillage at Vegreville, Alberta. The entire plot area received pre-harvest glyphosate from 1993 through 1995. In crop, either no herbicides were applied or clopyralid and dicamba/MCPA-K were applied at one-half or full recommended rates to canola and barley, respectively. In most cases, Canada thistle shoot density and dry weight were lower when the herbicides were used at either rate compared with no herbicide application. Pre-harvest glyphosate followed by either clopyralid or dicamba/MCPA-K in-crop reduced Canada thistle shoot densities from approximately 20 m–2 in 1993 to one or fewer m–2 in 1996. In-crop herbicides resulted in higher crop yields and revenues in 1993 and 1994, but not in 1996 when the Canada thistle infestation was relatively low. The effect of crop row spacing was inconsistent, and had little effect on Canada thistle shoot density or dry weight. In some cases, crop yield was higher at 20-cm than at 30-cm row spacing. Crop seeding rate had no effect on crop or Canada thistle variables. Key words: Cirsium arvense, zero tillage, pre-harvest glyphosate, clopyralid, dicamba/MCPA-K, crop row spacing, crop seeding rate.
Spring wheat and canola response to nitrogen placement with no-till side band openers
Authors: Johnston A. M. , Lafond G. P. , Hultgreen G. E. , Hnatowich G. L.
Published: April 2011

The development of successful no-till crop production systems has led to the practice of applying all the seed and fertilizer in a single field operation. This study was initiated to assist producers in the selection of commercially available bolt-on side banding openers. Field trials were conducted at 10 locations in Saskatchewan over a 2-yr period (1995 and 1996) to evaluate the performance of five bolt-on side band openers on the establishment and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brasica rapa L.). Trial locations were selected to provide a range of soil and environmental conditions. The openers tested included the Flexi-coil Stealth™, Dutch-Vern Eaglebuster™, Swede SW470™, GEN 200 and Morris Edge-On™. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) as urea was applied in the side band at rates of 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha–1 with a side banded starter fertilizer blend of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. When properly adjusted for individual site soil conditions at seeding, no difference was recorded between the side band openers tested in the establishment and grain yield of spring wheat. Averaged across all N rates, three of the five openers showed poor canola seedling emergence, indicating inadequate seed–fertilizer separation. However, the ability of the canola crop to branch and compensate for poor crop establishment prevented any significant grain yield loss in this study. In cases where differences between openers were observed, the Flexi-Coil Stealth™ and GEN 200™ openers provided the best crop establishment. Given the importance of crop establishment to achieving optimum grain yields, the bolt-on side band openers that provided good crop establishment should be recommended to producers. Key words: Canola, fertilizer placement, no-till, openers, wheat
Maize kernel moisture, carbon and nitrogen concentrations from silking to physiological maturity
Authors: Ma B. L. , Dwyer L. M.
Published: April 2011

Grain characteristics prior to physiological maturity are important for silage harvest and for grain harvest when grain fill has been prematurely terminated by factors such as hail or early frost. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in grain moisture, C and N concentrations associated with the progression of milk line from silking to physiological maturity for hybrids with maturity ratings between 76 and 95 Minnesota relative maturity days. A field experiment with a total of 15 hybrids was carried out on a well-drained sandy loam soil at Ottawa, Canada, from 1995 to 1997, inclusive. A large number of uniform plants with the same phenology were marked in each plot near tasseling, and ears were sampled from these plants at weekly intervals from R1 to final harvest. It was noted that 50% milk line was associated with a range of kernel moisture concentrations: in 1995, a relatively warm year, kernel moisture was 389 g kg–1 when 50% milk line occurred; in 1996, a relatively cool year, kernel moisture was over 420 g kg–1 at 50% milk line. During the course of grain fill, C concentrations remained relatively constant whereas N concentrations were dramatically reduced from as high as 50 g kg–1 to approximately 15 g kg–1. Maximum dry matter accumulation was reached at 325 g kg–1 moisture. In general, later-maturing hybrids appeared to have longer duration from silking to 50% milk line; however, they took less time to reach physiological maturity (faster grain fill and dry down). Although benchmarks of 50% milk line and 0% milk line are commonly used for silage and grain production, there is a range of grain moisture-milk line relationships among genotypes and under different environmental conditions during grain fill. Key words: Maize, milk line progression, kernel moisture, carbon and nitrogen
The biology of Canadian weeds. 114. Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom (Aster pilosus Willd.)
Authors: Chmielewski Jerry G. , Semple John C.
Published: April 2011

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom, the white heath aster, is a robust, native North American, polyploid, herbaceous perennial. Until recently the species was treated as part of Aster. Its placement in the segregate genus Symphyotrichum follows the revised generic combinations proposed for North American asters. Occurring throughout eastern North America from Nova Scotia and Maine in the northeast, southward to Georgia, west ward through southern Quebec and Ontario to Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas, and Arkansas in disturbed areas such as fallow land, roadsides, dumps, quarries, arable fields, railroad beds, and embankments, the species is troublesome in the United States but a weed of minor importance in Canada. Two varieties, var. pilosum and var. pringlei are recognized. The former, the hairy variety, is weedier than the latter, the hairless variety. The species commonly occurs in fields following the first year of abandonment and may dominate in the second, or subsequent years. Control may be achieved through the application of selected herbicides. Also, even a moderate amount of grazing by herbivores such as small rodents and rabbits is sufficient to restrict growth in the species. Mildew is chronic and widespread in natural populations but typically neither kills the plants nor prevents seed production. This contribution summarizes the known biological data for the species. Key words: Symphyotrichum pilosum, Aster pilosus, white heath aster, weed biology, var. pilosum, var. pringlei
AC Morgan Oat
Authors: Kibite Solomon , Menzies James G.
Published: April 2011

AC Morgan is a high-yielding spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta and released in 1999. It is described as a medium maturing cultivar with strong straw, plump kernels, high test weight, high protein content, low hull content and high milling yield. It also has low oil content, which is a desirable feature in milling oat cultivars. AC Morgan is well adapted to Alberta and the rust-free areas of Saskatchewan. Key words: Avena sativa, oat (spring), cultivar description
Conquest summer rape
Authors: Stringam G. R. , Degenhardt D. F. , Thiagarajah M. R. , Bansal V. K.
Published: April 2011

Conquest is a Roundup-ready canola quality Brassica napus cultivar adapted to the canola-growing areas in western Canada. It has high seed yield, high oil content, good lodging resistance, excellent resistance to blackleg disease, and is superior in all these traits to the average of AC Excel, Defender and Legacy. Key words: Rape (summer), cultivar description, yield, blackleg resistant, Roundup Ready, lodging resistant
295 BX summer oilseed rape
Authors: McVetty P. B. E. , Scarth R. , Rimmer S. R.
Published: April 2011

295 BX is the second in the Navigator® series of summer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) canola cultivars, which are resistant to Compas®, a mix of herbicides including the broadleaf herbicide bromoxynil. It is 44 kg ha–1 (1.9%) higher yielding than the mean of the checks Cyclone, AC Excel and Legend, is 2 g kg–1 higher than the mean of the checks for oil concentration and is moderately susceptible to blackleg. 295 BX is adapted to the long- and mid-season B. napus canola-growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Oilseed rape (summer), bromoxynil resistance, Navigator® , Compas®
Cartier BX summer oilseed rape
Authors: Rimmer S. R. , Scarth R. , McVetty P. B. E.
Published: April 2011

Cartier BX is the fourth in the Navigator® series of summer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) canola cultivars, which are resistant to Compas® herbicide, a mix of herbicides including the broadleaf herbicide bromoxynil. It is 32 kg ha–1 (1.3%) higher yielding than the mean of the check cultivars Defender, AC Excel and Legacy, is 5 g kg–1 lower in oil concentration and is 11 g kg–1 higher in protein concentration than the means of the check cultivars, respectively. Cartier BX is moderately resistant to blackleg disease. Cartier BX is adapted to the long- and mid-season B. napus canola-growing areas of western Canada. Key words: Oilseed rape (summer), bromoxynil resistance, Navigator® , Compas®
AC Helena spring wheat
Authors: Nass H. G. , Shugar L. P. , Etienne M. J.
Published: April 2011

AC Helena, a hard red spring milling wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) is adapted to Ontario and the Maritimes. It expressed high grain yield, lodging resistance, and a high level of resistance to powdery mildew. Key words: Triticum aestivum, red spring wheat, yield, cultivar description
Utilization of physiological traits for selection of high-yielding double haploid barley
Authors: Dwyer L. M. , Ma B. L. , Choo T. M. , Ho K. M. , Martin R. A. , Fregeau-Reid J.
Published: April 2011

There is an increased interest in developing high-yielding hulless feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with low fibre content for swine rations. However, little information on physiological basis to select for high-yielding hulless barley was available. Approximately 400 double haploid barley lines were derived from a Kunlun No. 1/CIMMYT No. 6 cross using the bulbosum method. Both parental lines were six-row feed barley types differing in seed type, leaf type, leaf area distribution, tillering, time to heading and maturity and grain yield. Although Kunlun No. 1 yielded abou t 66% of CIMMYT No. 6, its seed was hulless with a grain weight 21% larger than covered CIMMYT No. 6 seed. Hulless barley, with its reduced fibre content, is desirable in swine rations. Selected double haploid lines (100 covered lines in 1995 and 100 hulless lines in 1996), parental lines and an adapted check, Chapais were evaluated at Ottawa, ON, and Charlottetown, PEI. We found that grain yields were significantly correlated with leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM), length and width of flag leaves, and plant height. All of the highest yielding lines in both hulless and covered populations common to both sites were similar to the parent Kunlun No. 1 with broader, shorter and greener leaves than the parent, CIMMYT No. 6. The best covered lines yielded more than the check cv. Chapais and some of the hulless lines were similar to the check. This study suggests that selection of high-yielding low fibre double haploid barley lines based on physiological traits has potential to increase grain yield for feed barley. Key words: Hulless barley, physiological traits, yield, feed quality, double haploid
Improving the nutritive value of timothy through management and breeding
Authors: Bélanger G. , Michaud R. , Jefferson P. G. , Tremblay G. F. , Brégard A.
Published: April 2011

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is a widely grown fo rage grass species in cool and humid regions of the world including northeastern and northwestern North America, Nordic countries, Russia, and Japan. The nutritive value of timothy decreases with time, phenological development, and increasing forage yield. This review paper summarizes methods of controlling or improving the nutritive value of timothy through management practices and genetic selection, while keeping in mind the importance of forage yield. Consequently, the nutritive value of timothy is considered in relation to the accumulation of forage yield. The ecophysiological basis for the decrease in nutritive value with increasing forage yield during a growth cycle is presented with the assumption that the forage is made of two components: metabolic and structural. The decrease in the proportion of the metabolic component with increasing forage yield reduces the nutritive value of timothy. The nutritive value is also affected by the N concentration of the metabolic component, and by the digestibility of the structural component. Harvest dates, growing seasons, N fertilization, and cultivars have an indirect effect on the nutritive value of timothy through increased forage yield and the change in the proportion of the metabolic and structural components, but they also have a direct effect on each component. The results presented demonstrate the possibility of dissociating yield and nutritive value by plant breeding and, therefore, to improve the nutritive value of timothy while maintaining forage yield. Key words: Yield, cultivar, nitrogen, digestibility
Proteolysis in alfalfa silages made from different cultivars
Authors: Tremblay G. F. , Bélanger G. , McRae K. B. , Michaud R.
Published: April 2011

During silage fermentation, proteolysis reduces the nutritional value of N, particularly in alfalfa. This study evaluated the proteolysis of 27 alfalfa cultivars seeded in triplicate in 2 consecutive years. Forage from each plot was wilted to a targeted dry matter (DM) content of 250 g kg–1 and ensiled in laboratory silos. Minisilos were made with spring growth and summer regrowth in the first year of production for the first seeding, and with the first 2 yr of production for the second seeding, giving 3 harvest years altogether. Concentrations of NPN, NH3, FAA, DM, TN, and pH were measured in silages, whereas RUP concentration was evaluated in forages. Low NPN concentration indicates low proteolysis during silage fermentation. Spring growth and summer regrowth were analyzed separately by ANOVA as a completely randomized block design replicated over 3 harvest years. A principal component analysis was then performed on the ANOVA means. Silage DM was used as covariate when it was deemed appropriate. There was a significant variation among cultivars for NPN concentration in silages made of summer regrowth; it varied from 612 to 717 g kg–1 of TN. Concentration of NPN was significantly lower for cultivars WL 225, Rangelander, Iroquois, and WL 222, and higher for cultivars Oneida VR, Arrow, Vernal, Spredor 2, and Armor. Oneida VR and Rangelander had respectively high and low silage NPN concentration in both spring growth and summer regrowth. From cultivars with low silage NPN concentration, Rangelander was the only one with high forage RUP concentration in both spring growth and summer regrowth; proteins in this cultivar would be more resistant to microbial degradation during ensiling and in the rumen. Key words: Non protein nitrogen; proteolysis; alfalfa silage; cultivars
Characterization of honeys by melissopalynology and statistical analysis
Authors: Herrero Baudilio , María Valencia-Barrera Rosa , San Martín Roberto , Pando Valentín
Published: April 2011

We analyzed pollen from 89 honey samples, collected in León and Palencia provinces (NW Spain). According to their pollen spectra, 46 were considered monofloral. The most abundant monofloral honeys were Erica types followed by Castanea, Centaurea, Reseda and Helianthus. One hundred and forty-two different pollen types were recorded, belonging to 47 families. Fifty-five of them reached percentages over 3% in at least one sample, while the other 87 types never exceeded 3% in any of the 89 samples. The families that were present in the highest number of samples were Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Cistaceae and Asteraceae. Plant families that had the highest percentages were Fabaceae, Ericaceae, Asteraceae, and Rosaceae. The pollen types that appeared in most samples were Rubus ulmifolius (73 samples), Cytisus scoparius (70) and Mentha aquatica (62); the pollen types that had the highest relative abundance were Erica arborea, Lotus corniculatus, Cytisus scoparius. The pollen types of the Ericaceae family, Jasione montana, and Lavandula latifolia types could be used as indicators of the origin of honeys among five zones in the area studied.

The use of cluster and correlation statistical analyses proved useful in characterizing honey samples from a geographical and botanical point of view. The honey samples were divided into four classes according to the data matrix of presence/absence, and into seven classes according to absolute frequencies of pollen types in the samples. Key words: Honey, palynology, melissopalynology, botanical origin, characterization
Root growth, appearance and disappearance in perennial grasses: Effects of the timing of water stress with or without defoliation
Authors: Flemmer A. C. , Busso C. A. , Fernandez O. A. , Montani T.
Published: April 2011

The effects of early and late defoliations were evaluated under different levels of soil water content on root growth, appearance and disappearance in Stipa clarazii Ball. S. tenuis Phil., and S. gynerioides Phil. Field studies were conducted in 1995. 1996 and early 1997. Stipa clarazii and S. tenuis are two important palatable perennial tussock grasses in temperate, semiarid rangelands of central Argentina. where S. gynerioides is one of the most abundant, unpalatable perennial grass species. We hypothesized that (1) root growth is reduced after defoliation at any phenological stage in S. clarazii and S. tenuis in comparison to undefoliated controls, (2) root growth. and root appearance and disappearance in all three species decrease as plant water stress increases, and (3) root growth associated with water stress in S. clarazii and S. tenuis is reduced comparatively less when plants are water-stressed earlier than later, or for a longer period of time during the growing season. Our results led us to reject hypothesis 1 and to accept hypotheses 2 and 3. Maintenance of root growth after defoliation in S. clarazii and S. tenuis would allow these species a greater soil exploration and resource finding to sustain regrowth in their native, semiarid environments. Key words: Root growth, appearance and disappearance, perennial grasses, water stress, defoliation, Stipa species
Neural network models to predict the maturity of spring wheat in western Canada
Authors: Hill B. D. , McGinn S. M. , Korchinski A. , Burnett B.
Published: April 2011

The Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) and the railways require accurate predictions of harvest dates to facilitate the movement of grain from the Canadian Prairies. Our objective was to develop neural network (NN) models to predict, 4–8 wk in advance, the maturity date of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) across the Prairies with an accuracy of 0.5 wk. We used soil and climatic zone information, cultivar, CWB wheat class, seeding date, and the first 9 wk of weather after seeding to predict days to maturity in the standing crop from seeding date. Our first Prairie-wide model (MD1), derived from data at 76 locations over 1970 –1995, performed well (R2 = 0.82–0.83, average absolute error = 3.0–3.1 d), but used solar radiation inputs, which may not always be available. Therefore, a second model (MD2) was developed (R2 = 0.76–0.80, average absolute error = 3.3–3.4 d) without solar radiation inputs. A third model (MD3) was developed (R2 = 0.72, average absolute error = 3.8 d) specifically for Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat grown at dryland locations. The MD2 and MD3 models were tested on more recent (1996–1998) data, but their performance was poor (R2 = 0.26–0.33; average absolute errors = 5.2–6.9 d) because of differences in the weather data. Thus, a fourth model (MD4) was developed (R2 = 0.85–0.90; average absolute error = 2.7–2.8 d) using 1989–1998 crop data from 19 locations combined with more recent Environment Canada “Real Time” Weather (ECRTW) data. Considering the variation in soil types, cultivars, seeding dates, and weather conditions across the Prairies, the NN models gave accurate predictions of wheat maturity. Key words: Neural networks, model, wheat, maturity, weather, Canadian prairies
Stand establishment in processing carrots – Effects of various temperature regimes on germination and the role of salicylates in promoting germination at low temperatures
Authors: Rajasekaran Lada R. , Claude Azure Stiles, , Caldwell D.
Published: April 2011

The effects of various temperature regimes on carrot seed germination and the possibility of hastening germination at a low temperature using salicylates were studied. Seeds were incubated at various temperatures viz., 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 and 2°C. Salicylates such as, 2,6-dihydoxybenzoic acid (DHBA), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), salicylic acid (SA) were supplied at 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg L-1 continually to the seeds incubated at 25 and 5°C until germination. Data on germination percentage were collected, and vigor value was calculated. Incubating seeds at various low temperature regimes significantly and proportionately reduced germination percentage and vigor value. The highest cumulative germination and vigor value was observed at 25°C. Critical threshold temperature for germination (GT50) was 5°C. Seed treatment using salicylates hastened germination at 5°C. 2,6-dihydoxybenzoic acid 1, ASA 100 and SA 1 mg L-1 all were effective in hastening germination at 5°C. Among all the salicylates, ASA 100 mg L-1 was the most effective in advancing germination at 5°C. Salicylates at the highest concentration of 1000 mg L-1 inhibited germination significantly both at 25 and 5°C. Key words: Acetylsalicylic acid, carrot, 2,6-dihydoxybenzoic acid, germination percentage, rate of germination, salicylates, SA, temperature, thermogenesis, vigor value
AC Scarlet dry bean
Authors: Mündel Hans-Henning , Kiehn Ferdinand A. , Saindon Gilles , Huang Henry C.
Published: April 2011

AC Scarlet is a high-yielding small red dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar. AC Scarlet is well adapted to the eastern Canadian prairies and yielded significantly more than the check cultivar NW 63. AC Scarlet is susceptible to white mold and susceptible to common bacterial blight. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, small red bean, high yield
Grain yield and N benefits to sequential wheat and barley crops from single-year alfalfa, berseem and red clover, chickling vetch and lentil
Authors: Bullied W. J. , Entz M. H. , Smith, Jr. S. R. , Bamford K. C.
Published: April 2011

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system
Weed seed return as influenced by the critical weed-free period and row spacing of no-till glyphosate-resistant soybean
Authors: Swanton Kevin Chandler, Anil Shrestha, and
Published: April 2011

Seed return from later-emerging weeds is a concern in soybean management systems based on critical periods for weed control. This study in Ontario estimated the weed seed return to the soil surface as influenced by the duration of weed control in soybean and soybean row spacing. Weeds emerging after the 1- to 2-trifoliate stage of soybean development did not increase the weed seedbank population compared to the residual population in the weed-free control. Weed seed return was greater in 76 cm than in 38 cm or 19 cm (twin rows) soybean row spacings. Key words: Seedbank, weed population dynamics, integrated weed management, glyphosate-resistant soybean, [Glycine max (L.) Merr].
RD 714 soybean
Authors: Voldeng H. D. , Cober E. R. , Guillemette R. J. D.
Published: April 2011

RD 714 is a 2700 crop heat unit soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with high protein content. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description
Inheritance of stem solidness in eight durum wheat crosses
Authors: Clarke F. R. , Clarke J. M. , Knox R. E.
Published: April 2011

Yield loss from sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton) can be prevented by growing solid-stemmed wheat. No solid-stemmed durum cultivars (Triticum turgidumL. var. durum) are registered in Canada, even though solid-stemmed lines are available. Understanding the inheritance of stem solidness in such lines would be useful to breeders. Eight crosses were made between solid-stemmed and hollow-stemmed durums: Trinakria/DT369, Trinakria/DT367, Hugenot G/DT369, Hugenot W/DT369, 8678-1048A/Hugenot W, 8678-1048A/Hugen ot G, Kamilaroi/Hugenot G, and W9262-260D3/Kofa. Trinakria, Hugenot G, Hugenot W and W9262-260D3 are solid-stemmed and the other parents are hollow stemmed. Stem solidness was measured in field trials. The F1 were solid-stemmed, and the F2 of five of the seven crosses were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from a three solid-stemmed to one hollow-stemmed segregation ratio. The backcross of the solid-stemmed parents with the F1 was 100% solid-stemmed, and the backcross of the hollow-stemmed parents with the F1 was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from an expected one solid-stemmed to one hollow-stemmed segregation ratio. The F1 derived doubled haploids did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from an expected one solid-stemmed to one hollow-stemmed segregation ratio. The expression of stem solidness fit the expected segregation ratios for a single dominant gene model in most of the crosses, which suggests that stem solidness in the four durums evaluated is controlled by a single dominant gene. Key words: Inheritance, sawfly, solid-stemmed, Triticum turgidum L. var. durum
Boron for brown-heart control on two rutabaga cultivars
Authors: Sanderson K. R. , Sanderson J. B. , Gupta U. C.
Published: April 2011

Field experiments were carried out in Prince Edward Island to investigate the effect of broadcast and foliar B applications on brown-heart, leaf nutrient content, yield and storage of two rutabaga cultivars (Brassica napabrassica Mill.) at one site in 1994, 1996 and 1997. The two cultivars, York and Thomson Laurentian, were seeded with preplant broadcast B at 0, 2.24, 4.48 and 6.72 kg ha-1. Within each preplant broadcast B treatment, foliar B was applied as Solubor (20.5% B) at 0 and 2.24 kg B ha-1. Foliar B was applied 28 and 42 d after seeding at 1.12 kg B ha-1 at each application. Averaged over these 3 yr, total yield was reduced by broadcast B and foliar B applications. Applications of B increased soil and tissue B levels. Boron was within acceptable levels for plant tissue and soil in all years; however, brown-heart was severe in 1994. On average, the incidence of brown-heart was lower in York than in Thomson Laurentian, and further decreased with increasing rate of B, both broadcast and foliar. Key words: Boron, brown-heart, York, Thomson Laurentian, rutabaga
Plot-to-plot, row-to-row and plant-to-plant outcrossing studies in oilseed rape
Authors: Cuthbert J. L. , E. McVetty P. B.
Published: April 2011

Unidirectional outcrossing rates were assessed between neighboring plots, rows (spaced 40, 80 and 120 cm apart) and plants of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) grown in simulated plant breeding field trials, using the transgenic dominant bromoxynil herbicide resistance gene as a marker. Bromoxynil susceptible (pollen recipient) plots, rows and plants were planted in the field and surrounded by bromoxynil-resistant plots, rows and plants, respectively. The field trials were conducted at Winnipeg, Carman, and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, in 1996 and 1997. Seed produced on the susceptible plots and rows was harvested and then planted in the field the following year with all emerged seedlings sprayed at 750 g a.i. ha–1 bromoxynil to identify resistant individuals. Approximately 420 000 seedlings were screened in 1997 and 1998 with 23 816 resistant individuals identified, each resistant individual being the result of an outcrossing event. The overall mean plot-to-plot outcrossing rate was 4.0% (± 0.23). The overall mean row-to-row outcrossing rate was 9.5% (± 0.62) for the 40-cm row spacing, 5.6% (± 0.37) for the 80-cm row spacing and 3.9% (± 0.25) for the 120-cm row spacing. For the plant-to-plant trials, seed produced on the susceptible plants was harvested and then a sample was planted in the greenhouse with all emerged seedlings sprayed at 560 g a.i. ha–1 bromoxynil to identify resistant individuals. The overall mean plant-to-plant outcrossing rate was 21.0% (± 1.73). Outcrossing rates of this magnitude have significant implications for all oilseed rape breeding programs. Methods to minimize outcrossing are discussed. Key words: Brassica napus L., outcrossing rates, transgenic dominant bromoxynil resistance marker
CDC Montero field pea
Authors: Vandenberg Albert , Slinkard Al , Warkentin Tom
Published: April 2011

CDC Montero is a green cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with semi-leafless leaf type, powdery mildew resistance and medium-sized round seed. It was developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency issued registration #5237 to CDC Montero on 12 January 2001. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description, powdery mildew resistance
CDC Verdi field pea
Authors: Vandenberg Albert , Slinkard Al E.
Published: April 2011

CDC Verdi is a green cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with semi-leafless leaf type, good yielding ability, medium-sized round seeds and good bleaching resistance. It was developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. The Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency issued registration #5045 to CDC Verdi on 7 February 2000 by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description
Diurnal spray timing does not affect the thinning of apples with carbaryl, benzyladenine, and napthaleneacetic acid
Authors: Cline John A. , Bijl Mary
Published: April 2011

Inclement weather during fruit set of apples [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] can restrict an orchardist's ability to apply chemical thinners in a timely fashion. While recommendations for the timing of chemical thinners are very specific to the phenological stage of development and the environmental conditions following spray application, few studies have addressed the influence of diurnal timing and environmental conditions at the time of application on treatment efficacy. This 2-yr study was designed to determine the effect of diurnal spray timing and product on the thinning of mature Empire/M.26 apple trees. Treatments of 10 mg L-1 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 75 mg L-1 N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (6-benzyladenine) (BA), and 750 mg L-1 1-napthyl-N-methylcarbamate (CB) were applied at approximately 6-h intervals over a 24-h period when the largest fruitlets were 10–12 mm in diameter. Environmental conditions at the time of spraying in both years ranged from very cool (5°C) and humid (> 90% RH) causing slow drying times (> 180 min), to warm (25°C) and dry (35% RH) with rapid drying times (< 15 min). Fruit thinning was consistently influenced by the chemical thinning product, but was unaffected by diurnal timing in both years. This work strongly indicates that choosing a specific time of day or ideal temperature and humidity conditions for spraying is not a major factor influencing thinning results if the combination of fruitlet development stage and chemical product is otherwise suitable. Key words: Malus, spray conditions, chemical thinning, crop density
Concentration of cadmium and other elements in the grain of near-isogenic durum lines
Authors: Clarke J. M. , Norvell W. A. , Clarke F. R. , Buckley W. T.
Published: April 2011

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) shows genetic variation for concentration of the heavy metal cadmium in the grain. This variation is being exploited to develop cultivars with low cadmium concentration, but there is no information on the effect of incorporation of the trait on uptake of other elements or on economic traits such as yield. Five pairs of near-isogenic high/low cadmium durum wheat lines and their parents were grown in a randomized complete block trial with three replications. Trials were grown at Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 1994, at Swift Current, Stewart Valley and Regina, Saskatchewan in 1995 and 1996, at Langdon and Fargo, North Dakota in 1995, and at Casselton and Langdon, North Dakota in 1996. Grain yield, test weight, kernel weight and protein concentration were determined. Grain cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel and zinc were measured by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The low cadmium trait had no significant effect on average yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, or kernel weight as indicated by comparison of the high and low cadmium isolines. Average grain cadmium concentration differed among years within locations, among locations within years, and among genotypes. The average grain cadmium concentration of the high cadmium isolines was approximately double that of the low cadmium isolines. There were significant genotypic differences in grain concentration of the other elements, but the differences were not associated with the high and low cadmium isogenic lines. The low cadmium allele seems to be specific for cadmium, lowering cadmium without altering concentrations of other elements or affecting economic traits. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. var durum; grain cadmium concentration; grain yield
Metribuzin and trifluralin residues in faba bean following preplant incorporated application
Authors: Cessna Allan J.
Published: April 2011

In a study involving three sites in western Canada, residues of the herbicides metribuzin and trifluralin in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were monitored by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection following pre-plant incorporation of tank mixtures of metribuzin plus trifluralin at (0.28 + 1.12) and (0.42 + 1.12) kg ha–1. In green foliage samples collected 40 to 48 and 90 d after seeding, mean residues (n = 4) of either herbicide did not exceed 0.10 mg kg–1. No metribuzin or trifluralin residues were detected in the mature seed. Key words: Metribuzin, trifluralin, faba bean, Vicia faba L., herbicide residues, gas chromatography
Variation of myrosinase activity in the cross progenies of two Brassica juncea lines with relatively low and high myrosinase activities
Authors: Li Qun , Brown Jack , Eigenbrode Sanford D.
Published: April 2011

A crossing experiment was conducted to estimate the inheritance pattern for myrosinase activity in Brassica juncea. Myrosinase activities were measured in cotyledon tissue of the F1 progeny and backcrosses from two doubled-haploid parental lines of B. juncea, one with relatively high myrosinase activity and one with relatively low myrosinase activity in cotyledon tissues. Myrosinase activity was measured in terms of the rate of hydrolysis of exogenous sinigrin by soluble protein extract of the cotyledons. Myrosinase activities of the parental lines were 0.63 nmol mg-1 min-1 (“High”) and 0.22 nmol mg-1 min-1 (“Low”) (P = 0.0001), and mean myrosinase activities for the F1 progeny were 0.35 nmol mg-1 min-1 (with Low as the maternal parent) and 0.51 nmol mg-1 min-1 (with High as the maternal parent). This pattern suggests a maternal effect on myrosinase activity, which is expected because of the maternally dominated genome of cotyledon tissue. In a set of reciprocal backcrosses, significant effects of the original parental lines on myrosinase activity occurred when these lines were pollen receivers in the backcross, not when they were pollinators, also supporting a maternal inheritance pattern. A significant (P < 0.05) but weak simple additive genetic inheritance of myrosinase activity was also detected. Key words: Myrosinase, myrosinase activity, glucosinolates, inheritance, Brassica juncea, cotyledons
Managing inoculation failure of field pea and chickpea based on spectral responses
Authors: McConnell J. T. , Miller P. R. , Lawrence R. L. , Engel R. , Nielsen G. A.
Published: April 2011

Pulse crop production is expanding in semiarid regions of the Northern Plains, and depends on successful biological N2-fixation. Inoculation failure, resulting in plant N deficiency and economic crop loss, might be alleviated by remedial N fertilizer application. The experiment was conducted using no-till management at two dryland sites in Montana in 1999 and 2000, where field pea and chickpea were grown in cereal stubble. Shoot biomass, shoot biomass N concentration, seed yield and seed N concentration were measured for uninoculated and inoculated controls and compared with remedial fertilizer N applied 0, 4, 6, and 8 wk after seeding. Spectral reflectance was compared for the inoculated and uninoculated controls. For field pea and chickpea, the critical period for fertilizer N application to prevent yield loss occurred within 6 wk of seeding (P ≤ 0.05). Logistic regression models derived from spectral reflectance had overall accuracies of 84 and 60% for detecting uninoculated control treatments in field pea and chickpea, respectively. The field pea model had a high degree of accuracy 6 wk after seeding, indicating it was capable of assisting a decision to apply remedial N fertilizer. Spectral reflectance provided a window of opportunity of 1 wk to apply remedial N fertilizer to attain full yield potential. Key words: Chickpea, field pea, inoculant failure, nitrogen, spectral reflectance
The biology of Canadian weeds. 123. Senecio vulgaris L.
Authors: Robinson D. E. , O’Donovan J. T. , Sharma M. P. , Doohan D. J. , Figueroa R.
Published: April 2011

Senecio vulgaris L. is a native of Eurasia, and has been introduced to and become naturalized in North America, South America, Africa and Australia. In Canada, it is found in all provinces and the Northwest and Yukon Territo ries. High fecundity, rapid wind dispersal, continuous germination under a wide range of growing conditions, rapid growth rate, ability to set seed a number of times per growing season and lack of chemical control options has made this species an importan t weed of some horticultural crops. This species produces pyrrolizidine alkaloids that have been implicated as a cause of liver toxicity in livestock. Populations of S. vulgaris have displayed resistance to Group 5, 6 and 7 herbicides (triazines, uracils, substituted ureas and nitriles) and other photosynthetic-transport-inhibiting herbicides. Triazine resistance in S. vulgaris was the first reported case of herbicide resistance worldwide. A rust pathogen, Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke, is currently being evaluated for control of S. vulgaris in Europe. Key words:
Effect of leaf spotting diseases on grain yield and seed traits of wheat in southern Saskatchewan
Authors: Wang H. , Fernandez M. R. , Clarke F. R. , DePauw R. M. , Clarke J. M.
Published: April 2011

Although leaf spotting diseases have been reported to have a negative effect on grain yield and seed characteristics of wheat (Triticum spp.), the magnitude of such effects on wheat grown on dryland in southern Saskatchewan is not known. A fungicide experiment was conducted at Swift Current (Brown soil) and Indian Head (Black soil) from 1997 to 1999 to determine the effect of leaf spotting diseases on yield and seed traits of wheat. Two fungicides, Folicur 3.6F and Bravo 500, were applied at different growth stages on three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) genotypes. Fungicide treatments generally did not affect yield, kernel weight, test weight or grain protein concentration, and these effects were relatively consistent among genotypes. Folicur applied at head emergence in 1997 and at flag leaf emergence and/or head emergence in 1998 increased yield at Indian Head (P < 0.05). Fungicides applied at and before flag leaf emergence tended to increase kernel weight. Grain protein concentration increased only in treatments of Bravo applications at Indian Head in 1998. These results suggested that under the dryland environment and management in southern Saskatchewan leaf spotting diseases generally have a small effect on yield, kernel weight, test weight and protein concentration. Key words: Wheat, leaf spotting diseases, fungicide, yield
An evaluation of five methods for the determination of moisture in grass seeds
Authors: Fairey N. A.
Published: April 2011

Seed of four grass species was re-hydrated to 11 pre-determined moisture concentrations ranging from 100 to 600 g kg-1 fresh weight ( FW) to simulate seed maturation during swathing and combining. The performance characteristics of three thermogravimetric and two electronic capacitance methods of moisture determination were evaluated. The thermogravimetric methods had no moisture range limitations and were, in general, more accurate than the electronic methods. The thermogravimetric Koster tester is suitable for grass seeds of all moisture concentrations, and can be easily adapted for use at field sites. The John Deere Moisture- Chek electronic tester is suitable for the rapid determination of moisture in grass seeds but is limited to concentrations of 80–250 g kg-1 FW. Key words: Grass seed crops, seed moisture measurement, swathing, combining, time of harvest
Phenoxy herbicides in Alberta rainfall: Potential effects on sensitive crops
Authors: Hill B. D. , Harker K. N. , Hasselback P. , Moyer J. R. , Inaba D. J. , Byers S. D.
Published: April 2011

During 1999–2000, we detected phenoxy herbicides in Alberta rainfall at levels as high as 17 to 53 μg L-1, or 60 to 149 μg m-2. In this study, we conducted indoor bioassays to determine whether injury to sensitive crops could occur from such herbicides in Alberta rainfall. Spray conditions were chosen that maximized exposure of greenhouse-grown plants to simulated rain containing a mixture of 2,4-D, bromoxynil, MCPA and dicamba at 2.25 g ha-1 total rate. Bean and tomato plants showed permanent sub-lethal effects (P < 0.05), sunflowers showed enhanced effects (P < 0.05), while sugar beets showed only transient injury (P < 0.10). There were no effects (P > 0.05) on potatoes. Although caution is required when extrapolating from indoor bioassays, we conclude that injury to beans and tomatoes is possible in the field. Field experiments should be conducted to establish the likelihood of such injury. Key words: Phenoxy herbicides, atmospheric deposition, sub-lethal effects, non-target crops
CT572 flue-cured tobacco
Authors: Haji H. M. , Mishra S. , DeVos M.
Published: April 2011

CT572 is a flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar with superior yield and quality. Grade index value and company evaluation are significantly higher and percent alkaloids is lower than the check cultivars. Key words: Nicotiana tabacum L., tobacco, cultivar description