bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy-associated neutropenic enterocolitis of the transverse colon post right hemicolectomy
Authors: Principe Daniel R , Koch Regina M , Bergsten Tova M , Rubin Jonathan
Published: December 2019

Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE) is a life-threatening infection of the immunocompromised. NE ubiquitously affects the cecum, often with involvement of the ascending colon and ileum. Classically, NE is associated with high mortality leading to the frequent use of aggressive treatment strategies including surgery. Although conservative approaches are often successful, there are currently no standardized treatment guidelines for NE and it is unclear when such strategies should be implemented. Here, we describe a patient with suspected chemotherapy-associated NE despite having previously undergone a right hemicolectomy. As computed tomography imaging failed to provide a conclusive diagnosis, we performed a gentle endoscopic evaluation that affirmed a diagnosis of NE of the transverse colon, and suggested the patient would benefit from conservative treatment. This case demonstrates that endoscopy can be a safe and useful tool in the diagnosis of NE, and is an important reminder that NE can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract.
Natural History of Untreated Transverse/Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis Following Posterior Fossa Surgery: Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Orlev Alon , Jackson Christopher M , Luksik Andrew , Garzon-Muvdi Tomas , Yang Wuyang , Chien Wade , Harnof Sagi , Tamargo Rafael J
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Transverse or sigmoid sinus thrombosis occurs in 4% to 11% of patients following posterior fossa surgery. Anticoagulation has been the mainstay treatment, mostly based on extrapolation from the literature on spontaneous sinus thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the rate and associated complications of postoperative transverse/sigmoid sinus thrombosis for patients undergoing posterior fossa tumor resection. In this series, no antithrombotic therapy was initiated, and no postoperative treatment alterations were made following thrombosis diagnosis.

METHODS

Prospectively accrued cases from a single surgeon operating at a single academic center were retrospectively reviewed to determine the natural history of untreated transverse/sigmoid sinus thrombosis following posterior fossa surgery. Inclusion criteria were patients 18 yr or older undergoing resection of a posterior fossa tumor. A total of 538 patients were analyzed.

RESULTS

In all 26 out of 538 (4.8%) patients were diagnosed with transverse/sigmoid sinus thrombosis on routine postoperative imaging. Early postoperative complication rate was 38% in the sinus thrombosis group, as compared to 15% in the no-thrombosis group (P = .02). A significantly higher rate of pseudomeningocele, dysphagia requiring gastrostomy, and cerebellar stroke signs were noted in patients with postoperative sinus thrombosis. However, only 3 of the 26 patients (12%) with postoperative sinus occlusion suffered prolonged central nervous system complications.

CONCLUSION

Transverse/sigmoid sinus thrombosis following suboccipital craniectomy results in a higher rate of early complications; however, most of these complications resolve without anticoagulation. It may be reasonable, therefore, to manage these patients conservatively in order to avoid the risks associated with anticoagulation in the perioperative period.
Learning How to Hope
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: December 2019

Democracy is struggling in America. Citizens increasingly feel cynical about our system and doubt they can influence public policy. Distrustful of other Americans and elected officials, some are even turning to authoritarian alternatives. Hyperpartisanship and recent contentious presidential elections have deepened political despair. While some citizens get swept up in optimism during campaign cycles, they often later find themselves frustrated with elected leaders as they wait for change. This book seeks to revive democracy by teaching citizens how to hope. Hope animates life in a democracy, moving citizens forward through new challenges, new ideas, and new experiments. The form of hope described in this book is more than just a campaign slogan or a self-help program, it is an informed call to citizen engagement that opens new possibilities for our country. Drawing on examples from life in America today and pragmatist philosophy, this book explains how schools can cultivate hope through our habits and how action in our communities can sustain hope. It shows how we can build trust, grow political agency, and shape an improved American identity through hoping together. This book provides guidance for learning how to hope in schools, universities, and civil society. It describes what hope is, why it matters to democracy, and how to teach it.
Gurdjieff
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

This is the first analysis of all of Gurdjieff’s published internal exercises, together with those taught by his students, George and Helen Adie. It includes a fresh biographical study of Gurdjieff, with groundbreaking observations on his relationships with P. D. Ouspensky and A. R. Orage (especially why he wanted to collaborate with them, and why that broke down). It shows that Gurdjieff was, fundamentally, a mystic and that his contemplation-like methods were probably drawn from Mount Athos and its hesychast tradition. It shows the continuity in Gurdjieff’s teaching, but also development and change. His original contribution to Western Esotericism lay in his use of tasks, disciplines, and contemplation-like exercises to bring his pupils to a sense of their own presence, which could, to some extent, be maintained in daily life in the social domain, and not only in the secluded conditions typical of meditation. It contends that he had initially intended not to use contemplation-like exercises, as he perceived dangers to be associated with these monastic methods, and the religious tradition to be in tension with the secular guise in which he first couched his teaching. As Gurdjieff adapted the teaching he had found in Eastern monasteries to Western urban and post-religious culture, he found it necessary to introduce contemplation. His development of the methods is demonstrated, and the importance of the three exercises in the Third Series, Life Is Real Only Then, When “I Am,” is shown, together with their almost certain borrowing from the exercises of the Philokalia.
Cinema Pessimism
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: December 2019

Cinema Pessimism uses the medium of film to explore the dilemmas of democratic representation. When is representation an aid to democracy, and when is it an obstacle? Why are democratic populations so perpetually dissatisfied with their representatives? An exploration of film representation gives us a unique standpoint from which to answer these and other questions. Representation contains dangers for democracy, including its ability to foster illusions of power and freedom in a citizenry rather than genuine autonomy. Film itself can be a powerful political narcotic, suppressing rather than expressing the humanity that is supposed to flourish in democracy. Most popular films today, like many elected representatives, frustrate and interrupt democracy rather than sustain it. In its best form, however, representation, both filmic and political, can add something irreplaceable to our political life. Democratic citizens are hard to represent because human beings only reveal themselves over time. Representing them thus holds special challenges that this work explores. Great representatives and great representations are rare, but when they do appear, they enhance our politics by sustaining the reciprocity and equality that are at the heart of any well-ordered human society. We can draw these lessons from films even as we resist the increasing saturation of modern life with representations that distract or degrade us.
The Metaphysics of the Material World
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M.
Published: December 2019

This book traces a particular development of the metaphysics of the material world in early modern thought. The route it follows derives from a critique of Spinoza in the work of Pierre Bayle. Bayle charged in particular that Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world founders on the account of extension and its “modes” and parts that he inherited from Descartes, and that Descartes in turn inherited from late scholasticism, and ultimately from Aristotle. After an initial discussion of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza and its relation to Aristotle’s distinction between substance and accident, this study starts with the original re-conceptualization of Aristotle’s metaphysics of the material world that we find in the work of the early modern scholastic Suárez. What receives particular attention is Suárez’s introduction of the “modal distinction” and his distinctive account of the Aristotelian accident of “continuous quantity.” This examination of Suárez is followed by a treatment of the connections of his particular version of the scholastic conception of the material world to the very different conception that Descartes offered. Especially important is Descartes’s view of the relation of extended substance both to its modes and to the parts that compose it. Finally, there is a consideration of what these developments in Suárez and Descartes have to teach us about Spinoza’s monistic conception of the material world. Of special concern here is to draw on this historical narrative to provide a re-assessment of Bayle’s critique of Spinoza.
Spinoza and Moral Anti-Realism
Authors: Andrew Youpa
Published: December 2019

It is undeniable that the Ethics contains seemingly incompatible claims about the nature of goodness and badness. The text presents its share of challenges to anyone who sets out to construct a coherent interpretation of Spinoza’s moral philosophy. It is not a surprise that these difficulties have led scholars to interpretations that do not agree on every detail. This chapter focuses on what in the author’s judgment is a major difficulty for a charitable interpretation of Spinoza’s theory of goodness and badness and then he examines Michael LeBuffe’s way of meeting this challenge, a way that constitutes an alternative to the moral realist reading defended in chapter 3.
Derivative Goodness and Derivative Badness
Authors: Andrew Youpa
Published: December 2019

In addition to the goodness and badness of wellness and illness, Spinoza has things to say about the goodness and badness of types of actions and about such things as food, music, sporting activities, and knowledge of God. This chapter continues to flesh out his moral philosophy. To avoid confusion with “action” in Spinoza’s technical sense of the word (3D2), the author uses “deed” when speaking of actions in our ordinary sense. By “deed” is meant an individual’s voluntary behavior—that is, behavior that results from an individual’s desires, emotions, and beliefs regardless of whether the desires and emotions are active or passive and regardless of whether the beliefs are adequate or inadequate. In contrast with the underivative goodness of wellness and the underivative badness of illness, this chapter shows that Spinoza is committed to the derivative goodness and derivative badness of deeds and of spatially external objects.
Summum Mentis Bonum
Authors: Andrew Youpa
Published: December 2019

Spinoza maintains that knowledge of God is the mind’s greatest good (4p28). This chapter addresses two questions concerning Spinoza’s account of the summum mentis bonum. First, in what way is knowledge of God related to emotions and desires and to the evaluative judgments that result from emotions and desires? The author argues that, for Spinoza, knowledge is, or is invariably accompanied by, an enhancement of power, and that as an enhancement of power knowledge is a type of joy. It is not the case that knowledge, in Spinoza’s view, is motivationally inert. The second question the chapter addresses is whether the goodness of knowledge of God is on a par with the goodness of such things as food, shelter, sporting activities, and theater while differing from these sorts of things only in degree. The author argues that the goodness of knowledge of God qualitatively differs from the goodness of food, shelter (etc.). Unlike the derivative goodness of human deeds and of spatially external objects, the goodness of knowledge of God is underivative.
The Empowered Life: Tenacity
Authors: Andrew Youpa
Published: December 2019

Everyone at times experiences intense passive emotions and, specifically, experiences intense types of sadness. This is unavoidable. Spinoza’s view is that we need not and should not surrender to a life of passivity and unhappiness. Although invulnerability is impossible, we can achieve a robust level of self-determination and happiness. We can take care of ourselves and have good lives. But taking care of oneself is something to be achieved. This chapter shows that Spinozistic tenacity is the intelligent care of oneself through hardship, setbacks, and misfortune. It is empowered self-love. It is empowered self-love because, as a species of strength of character, it is both a type of intelligence and a form of strength and resilience.
How the EU Became a Global Regulatory Power
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

Chapter 1 discusses the European Union’s (EU’s) emergence as a global regulatory power. It introduces key EU institutions and describes their role in the regulatory process. It then explains how regulation has become a key tool to advance European integration, giving these institutions a powerful motivation to pursue an ambitious regulatory agenda. It also argues how the creation of the single market was always the primary concern for the EU institutions. For a long time, the Brussels Effect was an ancillary and largely unintended by-product of a regulatory agenda that was driven by internal motivations. Only more recently, a conscious external agenda has emerged alongside this internal agenda.
Devotional Sovereignty
Authors: Simmons Caleb
Published: December 2019

This book investigates the shifting articulations of kingship in a wide variety of literary (Sanskrit and Kannada), visual, and material courtly productions in the South Indian kingdom of Mysore during the reigns of Tipu Sultan (r. 1782–1799) and Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (r. 1799–1868). Tipu Sultan was a Muslim king famous for resisting British dominance until his death, and Krishnaraja III was a Hindu king who succumbed to British political and administrative control. Both of their courts dealt with the changing political landscape of the period by turning to the religious and mythical past to construct a royal identity for their kings. With their use of religious narrative to articulate their kingship, the changing conceptions of sovereignty that accompanied burgeoning British colonial hegemony did not result in languishing. The religious past, instead, provided an idiom through which the Mysore courts could articulate their kings’ unique claims to kingship in the region, as they attributed their rule to divine election and increasingly employed religious vocabularies in a variety of courtly genres and media. What emerges within this material is an increasing reliance on devotion to frame Mysore kingship in relation to the kings’ changing role in regional politics. The emphasis on devotion for the constitution of Indian sovereignty in this period had lasting effects on Indian national politics as it provided an ideological basis for united Indian sovereignty that could simultaneously integrate and transcend premodern forms of regional kingship and its association with local deities.
Re-Engaging Out-of-School Youth
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the potential of re-engaging students who had formerly dropped out and re-enrolling them in a viable educational program. The chapter describes various programmatic strategies that have been successful in accomplishing this goal.
Law, Empire, and the Sultan
Authors: Ayoub Samy A.
Published: December 2019

This book is the first study of late Ḥanafism in the early modern Ottoman Empire. It examines Ottoman imperial authority in authoritative Ḥanafī legal works from the Ottoman world of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries CE, casting new light on the understudied late Ḥanafī jurists (al-mutaʾakhkhirūn). By taking the madhhab and its juristic discourse as the central focus and introducing “late Ḥanafism” as a framework of analysis, this study demonstrates that late Ḥanafī jurists assigned probative value and authority to the orders and edicts of the Ottoman sultan. This authority is reflected in the sultan’s ability to settle juristic disputes, to order specific opinions to be adopted in legal opinions (fatāwā), and to establish his orders as authoritative and final reference points. The incorporation of sultanic orders into authoritative Ḥanafī legal commentaries, treatises, and fatwā collections was made possible by a shift in Ḥanafī legal commitments that embraced sultanic authority as an indispensable element of the lawmaking process.
“Learning by Thinking” in Science and in Everyday Life
Authors: Lombrozo Tania
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces “learning by thinking” (LbT) as a form of learning distinct from familiar forms of learning through observation. When learning by thinking, the learner gains genuinely new insight in the absence of novel observations “outside the head.” Scientific thought experiments are canonical examples, but the phenomenon is much more widespread, and includes learning by explaining to oneself, through analogical reasoning, or through mental simulation. The chapter argues that episodes of LbT can be re-expressed as explicit arguments or inferences but are neither psychologically nor epistemically reducible to explicit arguments or inferences, and that this partially explains the novelty of the conclusions reached through LbT. It also introduces a new perspective on the epistemic value of LbT processes as practices with potentially beneficial epistemic consequences, even when the commitments they invoke and the conclusions they immediately deliver are not themselves true.
Metaphor and Scientific Explanation
Authors: Levy Arnon
Published: December 2019

The idea that metaphors can serve an explanatory function, or that they can carry any theoretical weight, has raised the hackles of philosophers of science from Hempel onward. But there seem to be bona fide cases of explanatory metaphors in science. This chapter sketches an account of explanation, grounded in the connection between explanation and understanding. It discusses some potential arguments for this account and shows how it allows us to make sense of the idea that metaphors can explain. The chapter illustrates these ideas by looking at the case of informational metaphors in cell biology.
Farroupilha and Freedom
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Rufino is living in Porto Alegre when the the Farroupilha federalist revolt begins in 1835. Porto Alegre was a town much like other Brazilian cities such as Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Recife, where slaves made up a large part of the urban population. Manumission rates were also high in Porto Alegre. Most of the manumission letters were bought by the slaves themselves. Mina slaves were not the majority of the slave population, as in Salvador, but they were a significant minority. In 1838, Mina slaves would lead a Muslim slave conspiracy in Pelotas, Rio Grande, where documents in Arabic were found. But Rufino was not there any more, for he had bought his freedom in 1835, when cattle ranchers started the Farroupilha rebellion against the Imperial government. Many slaves seized the oppportunity to escape into the bush or cross the border to Uruguay. That same year, Rufino buys his manumission from the police chief, and somewhat later he moves to Rio de Janeiro.
Freedman in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

When Rufino arrives, Rio de Janeiro is an African Tower of Babel. More than 600,000 Africans landed there between 1801 and 1830, many of whom stayed in the city. Less than 6 percent had come from West Africa, like Rufino. Central Africans comprised more than 80 percent and Mozambicans, 15 percent. Although they were a minority, West Africans controlled a large portion of the street labor market. Most worked as porters and vendors, the majority of the latter being women. In Rio de Janeiro, Rufino gets acquainted with the slave trade and may have realized that he could find protection and earn a living by working in that business.
Rio de Janeiro, a City in Fear
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Rufino arrives in Rio de Janeiro between the last months of 1835 and the first days of 1836, one year after the great Muslim slave rebellion in Salvador. As a result, African Muslims became a main targets of police authorities in Rio de Janeiro, for some of the rebels had been sold, if slaves, or migrated, if freedpersons, to the capital of the Brazilian empire. Throughout the 1830s there were rumors and fear of slave rebellions. Marronage in the suburbs, slave flights, and resistance were rampant. The city and its hinterland were under heavy police surveillance. West Africans, like Rufino, were closely watched.
The Evolutionary Roots of Social Comparisons
Authors: Benítez Marcela E. , Brosnan Sarah F.
Published: December 2019

A core aspect of human behavior is that people evaluate themselves in comparison to others in their social group. These social comparisons impact how people see themselves, the decisions they make, and the way they behave on a daily basis. Why, however, are people so focused on relative outcomes, rather than looking at their absolute gains? The answer to this question may lie in understanding the evolutionary roots of social decision-making. Like humans, animals regularly make important social decisions. Studies in animal behavior indicate that, both in the lab and in the wild, animals often make these decisions based on relative outcomes, rather than absolutes. This chapter relies on the comparative approach, pulling from studies on animal behavior, anthropology, and comparative psychology, to explore the evolutionary roots of social comparisons, with an emphasis on spanning the gap between controlled laboratory studies and natural contexts.
Health Cognitions, Decision-Making, and Behavior
Authors: Klein William M. P. , Rice Elise L.
Published: December 2019

Social comparison processes exert a ubiquitous influence on people’s thoughts, decisions, and behaviors related to their health. Moreover, many comparative perceptions (e.g., perceived personal risk, estimation of social norms) are miscalibrated with reality. The way in which people compare themselves with others on a wide variety of dimensions can have important implications for their long-term health, and health communications may be more influential to the extent that they heed people’s interest in social comparisons and acknowledge the role of biases in these comparisons. This chapter reviews the various influences that social comparisons can have on health outcomes, with a particular focus on health cognitions, decision-making, and behavior.
Income Inequality and Well-Being
Authors: Cheung Felix , Lucas Richard E.
Published: December 2019

Income inequality has risen drastically in recent decades. The question of whether income inequality is linked to subjective and physical well-being has gained increasing interest from various fields. This chapter reviews existing evidence and finds that income inequality is not consistently associated with greater or poorer well-being. The authors discuss how theoretical and methodological factors may have contributed to the heterogeneity in extant research. From a social comparison perspective, income inequality may not always lead to feelings of relative deprivation, and income differences may, in certain contexts, have positive associations with well-being. From a methodological standpoint, past research has used various operationalizations of income inequality, making comparisons across studies difficult. The authors point to new theoretical accounts and methodological improvements that may help future research to develop a deeper understanding of the associations between income inequality and well-being.
Overview
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

The study of epidemiology is about learning to ask, and answer, good questions in population health. The first section of the book lays the groundwork for understanding how study designs work, what they estimate, and how they can fail. These chapters give an overview of prevalence and incidence, measures of contrast such as risk differences and risk ratios, principles of causal inference and causal effect estimation, diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. The second section of the book builds on the core concepts of measuring disease and assessing causality to describe the study designs that are the core tools of epidemiology. This section focuses on randomized trials, observational cohort studies, and case-control studies; the author briefly addresses additional study designs including quasi-experiments. The final section discusses the causal impact approach to epidemiologic methods for moving from internally valid estimates to externally valid estimates to valid estimates of the effects of population interventions
Measures of Association
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the measures of contrast between two groups within the study population. Whereas in Chapter 1 the researcher might describe the total number of cases of a disease in a large population as a whole, in this chapter the researcher is interested in (for example) contrasting risk among those exposed to a drug and those unexposed to that drug within a larger population. In this chapter, the author primarily focuses on difference and ratio measures. This chapter introduces the 2 × 2 table, a widely used tool for learning epidemiologic methods. The author also discusses how to communicate these findings for researchers, policy makers, clinicians, and patients, all of whom may need to make decisions based on these data.
Building America
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

Building America: The Life of Benjamin Henry Latrobe is a biography of America’s first professionally trained architect and engineer. Born in 1764, Latrobe was raised in Moravian communities in England and Germany. His parents expected him to follow his father and brother into the ministry, but he rebelled against the church. Moved to London, he studied architecture and engineering. In 1795 he emigrated to the United States and became part of the period’s Transatlantic Exchange. Latrobe soon was famous for his neoclassical architecture, designing important buildings, including the US Capitol and Baltimore Basilica as well as private homes. Carpenters and millwrights who built structures more cheaply and less permanently than Latrobe challenged his efforts to establish architecture as a profession. Rarely during his twenty-five years in the United States was he financially secure, and when he was, he speculated on risky ventures that lost money. He declared bankruptcy in 1817 and moved to New Orleans, the sixth American city that he lived in, hoping to recoup his finances by installing a municipal water system. He died there of yellow fever in 1820. The themes that emerge in this biography are the critical role Latrobe played in the culture of the early republic through his buildings and his genius in neoclassical design. Like the nation’s political founders, Latrobe was committed to creating an exceptional nation, expressed in his case by buildings and internal improvements. Additionally, given the extensive primary sources available for this biography, an examination of his life reveals early American attitudes toward class, family, and religion.
Vitruvian Man
Authors: Oksanish John
Published: December 2019

This book offers a new assessment of the Roman architect Vitruvius and his treatise, On Architecture. Once reviled by scholars as a half-witted proletarian, Vitruvius emerges as well read and politically able when read alongside literary coevals through an intertextual lens. No building of Vitruvius’s name survives from antiquity, but his treatise remains a formidable literary construction that partakes of Rome’s vibrant textual culture. The book explores Vitruvius’s portrait of the ideal architect as an imposing “Vitruvian man” at the dawn of Augustus’s empire. In direct dialogue with his republican model, Cicero’s ideal orator, the architect embodies a distinctly imperial civic ethos in which technically skilled partisans supersede old elites as guarantors of Augustan authority. Vitruvius promises to shape not only the emperor’s legacy with architecture, but also the notion of a Roman citizen through the figure of the ideal architect.
Vitruvius, man?
Authors: Oksanish John
Published: December 2019

Chapter 1 surveys what little we can say with reasonable certainty about Vitruvius’s life and the circumstances surrounding De architectura’s publication. Our knowledge of the historical Vitruvius is occluded by a lack of contemporary external testimony, by his declared attitudes toward representation, and by a particularly complex reception tradition both within and outside of Classical scholarship. This chapter focuses in particular on the second of these factors. First, I examine how the work’s dedicatory preface, with its open interest in “representing” Augustan auctoritas, exemplifies the basic difficulties presented by Vitruvius’s rhetoric in the absence of external testimony. I also examine Vitruvius’s attitudes toward texts through close readings of the prefaces to books 7 and 9. The presence of Ennius in the latter of these has confounded scholars, but his appearance there in conjunction with references to the simulacrum and figura poetae compels analogy to ancestral imagines. Next, I turn to Cicero’s Pro Archia, which also compares the commemorative power of text and image with recourse to Ennius. I suggest that Vitruvius’s strategies of self-representation portray him as a close adviser who appropriates the glory of an imperator for the populus Romanus. Comparisons with Horace’s persona in his Satires and apparitorial scribae remain useful, even if Vitruvius’s scribal status is not assured. But Vitruvius’s self-effacing pose should also be understood as an iteration of an earlier model, the Ennian “good friend.”
Epilogue
Authors: Oksanish John
Published: December 2019

The epilogue examines the implications of Vitruvius’s claim at the end of the preface to De architectura 2 to have relied on his scripta and scientia rather than his physique to achieve renown. Vitruvius designs for himself a palimpsestic body. His textual corpus and the knowledge occluded by it (cf. chapter 3) complement his physical corpus (cf. chapters 4 and 5) in an iconic definition of a pistos hetairos who is remarkable for the power he claims over the emperor’s legacy no less than for his alleged subservience. Professionalism was, as ever, political. Again, this is not to say that Vitruvius was a mere shill for Augustus. The chapter ends with a discussion of how Vitruvius’s characterization of Alexander works to caution Augustus against tyranny and even (perhaps) to encourage artistic autonomy by comparison with later accounts of the meeting with Dinocrates, in which Alexander rejects the project for its hubris and connotations of flattery, which may yet remain perceptible beneath the surface of the Vitruvian version.
The Proximity of Other Skins
Authors: Parreñas Shimizu Celine
Published: December 2019

Transnational films representing intimacy and inequality disrupt and disgust Western spectators. When wounded bodies within poverty entangle with healthy wealthy bodies in sex, romance and care, fear and hatred combine with desire and fetishism. Works from the Philippines, South Korea, and independents from the United States and France may not be made for the West and may not make use of Hollywood traditions. Rather, they demand recognition for the knowledge they produce beyond our existing frames. They challenge us to go beyond passive consumption, or introspection of ourselves as spectators, for they represent new ways of world-making we cannot unsee, unhear, or unfeel. The spectator is redirected to go beyond the rapture of consuming the other to the rupture that arises from witnessing pain and suffering. Self-displacement is what proximity to intimate inequality in cinema ultimately compels and demands so as to establish an ethical way of relating to others. In undoing the spectator, the voice of the transnational filmmaker emerges. Not only do we need to listen to filmmakers from outside Hollywood who unflinchingly engage the inexpressibility of difference, we need to make room for critics and theorists who prioritize the subjectivities of others. When the demographics of filmmakers and film scholars are not as diverse as its spectators, films narrow our worldviews. To recognize our culpability in the denigration of others unleashes the power of cinema. The unbearability of stories we don’t want to watch and don’t want to feel must be borne.
Guest is God
Authors: Thomases Drew
Published: December 2019

This book is based on ethnographic fieldwork in Pushkar, a Hindu pilgrimage site in northwestern India whose population of 20,000 sees an influx of two million visitors each year. Since the 1970s, the town has also received considerable attention from international tourists, a group with distinctly hippie beginnings but that now includes visitors from a wide spectrum of social positions and religious affiliations. To locals, though, Pushkar is more than just a gathering place for pilgrims and tourists: it is where Brahma, the creator god, made his home; it is where pilgrims feel blessed to stay, if only for a short time; and it is where Hindus would feel lucky to be reborn, if only as an insect. In short, it is their paradise. But even paradise needs upkeep. Thus, on a daily basis the town’s locals, and especially those engaged in pilgrimage and tourism, work to make Pushkar paradise. The book explores this massive enterprise to build “heaven on earth,” paying particular attention to how the articulation of sacred space becomes entangled with economic changes brought on by globalization and tourism. As such, the author not only attends to how tourism affects everyday life in Pushkar but also to how Hindu ideas determine the nature of tourism there; the goal, then, is to show how religion and tourism can be mutually constitutive.
Introduction
Authors: Moland Naomi A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 1 introduces the book by discussing the key dilemmas that arose during the creation of Sesame Square, the Nigerian version of Sesame Street. It outlines the program’s goals to teach tolerance and peaceful coexistence to Nigerian children and the challenges of promoting these goals in the Nigerian context. This chapter introduces two dilemmas that form the central arguments of the book: first, that multicultural education and celebrating diversity can inadvertently exacerbate stereotypes; and second, that a violent and unjust context can undermine tolerance messages. This chapter reviews historical, political, and cultural aspects of the Nigerian context, including the rise of the extremist group Boko Haram, whose name means “Western education is forbidden.” It also explores what the United States government (which funds Sesame Square) believes the program might do to build stability, peace, and American goodwill in Nigeria. The chapter closes by previewing the content of the following chapters.
Can Zobi Build National Unity?
Authors: Moland Naomi A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5, “Can Zobi Build National Unity?,” examines the depiction of the Nigerian nation—and the calls for national unity—on Sesame Square. It explores the hopes of Sesame Square’s creators that the program could create a sense of “Nigerian-ness” among young viewers. Feelings of national pride were seen as antidotes to the ethnic and religious allegiances that were allegedly contributing to ongoing conflicts, so creators included symbols, songs, and messages celebrating Nigeria. Yet calls for viewers to be proud of their country seemed unrealistic in a context where the fragile Nigerian state is failing to provide basic services for its citizens (including education) and is indiscriminately arresting and executing thousands of Muslims. This chapter focuses on the book’s second overarching argument: that a violent public curriculum undermines messages of unity and peace.
Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism?
Authors: Moland Naomi A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 6, “Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism?,” examines some creators’ hopes that messages on Sesame Square—particularly messages about school attendance, gender equality, and tolerance—could counter Boko Haram’s messages. This chapter addresses both of the book’s overarching arguments. First, as creators decided what messages northern children needed to hear to make them less susceptible to extremist ideologies, they sometimes stereotyped northerners as all being connected to Boko Haram—supporting the book’s first argument that multicultural efforts can reproduce stereotypes. Second, the public curriculum in Nigeria undermined Sesame Square’s antiterrorist messages. Moreover, some creators seemed skeptical that an iconically American educational television program could be a match for an extremist group whose name means “Western education is forbidden.” The current conflict is further eroding intergroup trust and reinforcing stereotypes between groups, making Sesame Square’s messages seem increasingly unrealistic. This chapter explores the particular challenges that terrorism poses to educational soft power efforts.
What Really Sets Priorities?
Authors: Bump Jesse B.
Published: December 2019

The practice of priority-setting in global health has evolved to include both helpful strengths and extraordinary weaknesses. This chapter explores how context and methods shape the priority-setting process and influence its outcomes through an historical analysis of four cases of decision-making about cholera and diarrheal diseases: in Jamaica in 1850, in London in 1866, by multilateral development agencies in the 1980s, and by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance in 2006. The chapter focuses on the nature of the state–citizen relationship, the type of evidence used, the methods of analysis employed, and the identity of those whose judgment is applied to explain variation in decision-making. Analyzing these examples suggests that priority-setting has evolved to become a narrow exercise incapable of reckoning broader problems, ill suited to assessing comprehensive solutions, and unlikely to contribute to the development of state capacity. Taken together, these findings argue for rethinking priority-setting methods to better account for a wider range of problems, more participatory processes, and more comprehensive solutions.
The Lexical Object
Authors: Adams Michael
Published: December 2019

Adams discusses the formulation of Richardson’s New Dictionary of the English Language, focusing especially on Richardson’s influences as he defined his methods and the organizing principles he applied to the construction of the dictionary. Following Horne Tooke, Richardson’s method viewed etymology as unifying different words with distinct meanings and grammatical functions. As such, he lumped derivationally-related words in single entries and eschewed historical principles favoured by other prominent lexicographers. This entry-level practice, Adams argues, had a number of drawbacks, despite Richardson’s supposedly scientific arrangement of English words and the underlying semantic principle his method was meant to support. Though Richardson’s methods were largely ignored by subsequent lexicographers, Adams argues, without Richardson’s intervention in the history of lexicography, there would have been no OED. With its primary focus on Richardson and consideration of other significant contributions to continental lexicography, Adams’ chapter engages the argument about what dictionaries should do—whether they’re about words or meanings or usage or culture, and if in some combination, in what proportion. He claims that although this is principally a nineteenth-century argument, it persists as a conceptual and practical problem for lexicography to the present day.
Contemporary logomachies
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This chapter continues with the line of argument presented in chapter 2 about the role of monster images in framing “terrorist” actors and about the recurrence of monster metaphors that not only convey their “otherness” but also, more forcefully, their resilience and unmanageability. The first paragraph presents the pseudo-scientific framing of anarchists in the late nineteenth century as half-human, half-feral uncontrollable brutes. The following section reviews the resort to religious and “cosmic war” imagery in framing “terrorist” groups as part of ethnonationalist conflicts, including the biblical “beasts” cited by Ian Paisley, the unmanageable yakku of Sinhalese folklore, and the resilient people of Amalek who fought the Israelites throughout most of their ancient history. The final paragraph introduces the concept of global jihad and discusses the reasons why Frankenstein’s monster and the hydra proved to be the most popular metaphors for describing both al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.
The Created Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

Chapter 1 introduces Augustine’s earliest conception of will, synthesizing his comments in a number of his key anti-Manichean works as well as in two of his early classics, Soliloquies and On Free Will. Augustine’s conception of will in these texts is already both theological and biblically informed, though not in quite the same way as it will be in more mature periods. Augustine elaborates his understanding of will in these early works in light of, and in support of, general principles emerging from scripture as a whole—creation, God’s justice, the analogy between divine and creaturely being as expressed, for example, in the doctrine of the imago dei—whereas later he will rely to a greater extent on specific biblical pericopes. The resulting portrait of will accords it enormous importance, power, and potential for goodness. To speak in Augustine’s own terms, the will is a hinge (cardo) upon which the moral status of each act and the possibility of attaining fellowship with God depend.
What Is in Our Power
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 begins to look at how Augustine’s thought on the good will developed during the Pelagian controversy. It considers Augustine’s answers to the question of what is within human power with respect to the will by addressing two subsidiary questions: How much can people do to achieve a good will? and How much can people do to enact a good will, to carry through with the good they want even when their will is weak? Augustine’s conviction that human beings need God’s help for the latter remained constant throughout the Pelagian controversy. Over time, however, he understood the need for God’s electing grace for the former, to meet the preconditions of conversion, in more and more radical terms. This development was not a result of polemical exigency alone but the gradual outworking of decades of struggling with the writings of Paul following Augustine’s initial flash of insight in Ad Simplicianum.
God’s Gardening
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4 continues the analysis begun in chapter 3 of the Pelagian controversy, now turning attention to the specific question of how God impacts the will. It tackles this question in two parts. The first focuses on the theme of prayer. Throughout the Pelagian controversy, Augustine consistently points to prayer, especially the Lord’s Prayer, as evidence of God’s impact on the will. The Christian practice of prayer, as interpreted in scripture, is a key source for Augustine’s views about God’s impact upon the human will. The second part addresses how Augustine’s views develop over time. Whereas Augustine’s estimation of what is in human power with respect to good willing contracts over the course of the Pelagian controversy, his estimation of the extent of God’s role in effecting good human willing expands with each successive stage. Throughout the controversy, however, he views God’s aid as indispensible for right human willing.
The Redeemed Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 continues to concentrate on developments during the Pelagian controversy, setting forth Augustine’s diverse responses to the question of what the will is under grace. Part I introduces two of Augustine’s central images: the everyday image of a root and the abstract image of the eye of the soul. Part II analyzes a number of other ways Augustine characterizes the good will. Part III assesses the relationship between the good will and the heart in Augustine’s thinking. The overall picture of the good will that emerges during the Pelagian controversy is presented in part IV. For Augustine, rather than having its own independently coherent character, the will is good in relation to God, its maker and redeemer.
The Holy Spirit and the Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

Inseparably involved in the transforming work of Christ is the Holy Spirit. Yet the Holy Spirit relates to the human will in a manner unique to the Holy Spirit’s own divine person. After addressing the connection of Christ’s work upon the will to that of the Holy Spirit and the Holy Spirit’s role in enabling right human willing, this chapter investigates how the human will images the Holy Spirit in De Trinitate, thereby demonstrating how Augustine’s understanding of the human will is essentially connected to his account of the Trinitarian relations. The Holy Spirit’s involvement in Augustine’s concept of the human will takes place not only on the level of analogy but also on the level of concrete intervention. Since this loving activity is specifically the activity of the Holy Spirit, Augustine’s account of will has a distinctively triune, and therefore distinctively Christian, character.
Conclusion
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

The conclusion comments briefly on the concrete images Augustine uses to represent the will in its various permutations, the matter of defining the Augustinian will, and the contested issue of how Augustine’s theology of the will situates him in the Western intellectual tradition. It addresses the key sources for Augustine’s thinking. These include philosophy but also, first and foremost, the Christian scriptures, and a long line of earlier Christian reflection on human freedom and will, running from Origen to Cyprian and Ambrose. The latter two thinkers supplied key building blocks for the Augustinian will. The originality of Augustine’s thinking on the will rests upon the theological differentiation of his approach, the centrality of divine action in making human willing what it is, and the link he establishes between willing and loving, between the will and the heart.