bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Geometrical Features of Material Defects on the Identification Level by the Eddy Current Method
Authors: Jóźwik Wojciech , Samborski Tomasz
Published: August 2015

The article presents the results of the influence of geometrical features of defects in materials on the level of identification by the eddy current method. The study involved the inner ring of the tapered roller bearing. Four test defects, located at a constant distance from the inner surface, and a subsurface marker defect were performed in the treadmill of the tested ring. The test defects had a constant cross-sectional area in a perpendicular direction to the surface of the eddy current head. The geometrical features of each defect were the following: shape, the perimeter of the defect projected onto the surface of the ring, and the width and height of the defect projected on the face of the measuring head. The study involved an inner surface (subsurface defect detection) and external surface (the study of surface defects). It has been shown that the shape of the defect affects the level of detection using the eddy current method.
Nanomultilayer Coatings Based on Vanadium Nitride
Authors: Smolik Jerzy , Mazurkiewicz Adam , Słomka Zbigniew , Bujak Jan , Kacprzyńska-Gołacka Joanna , Garbacz Halina , Wieciński Piotr
Published: August 2015

Based on the analysis of the research directions in the field of coatings and layers with special operating properties, the production technologies of composite coatings, including the gradient, multi-layer, and multi-component coatings, should be distinct. The paper presents the results of material properties tests of a multi-layer coating Ti / TiN / TiAlNgradient / (TiAlN/VN)multinano obtained on hot working steel EN X32CrMoV3.3. The preparation of the multilayer coating was specially designed to increase the durability of forging dies in the brass forging process. The authors discuss the results of the microstructure tests for the obtained coatings (STEM+FIB) and present the hardness and Young's modulus as a function of the distance from the surface (nanoHardness Tester CSM) and the results of adhesion tests carried out using a scratch-test method. The obtained multilayer coatings were also subject to a tribological test using a tribometer tester by DUCOM.
The authors indicate that the coatings based on vanadium nitride have very high hardness and Young's modulus (HV = 32–35 GPa, E = 420–450 GPa), a much lower coefficient of friction in combination with brass than steel, and a lower stability of these parameters at elevated temperatures. According to the authors, the coating represents an interesting material solution to increase the durability of forging dies in the process of brass forging.
Task Scheduling Algorithms for Multi-Carrying Robots
Authors: Ledziński Damian , Śmigiel Sandra , Zabłudowski Łukasz , Zdrojewski Jarosław
Published: August 2015

In recent years, problem of task scheduling and allocation of resources has become the subject of many research. The interest of this issue, due to the necessity develop a perfect model, which properly mapped the many of logistical environment. Optimal appoint the path of robots, and also allocate the respective tasks and their order, is the key to solve this problem. For this purpose, was developed the virtual environment, which mapping the activities, taken in this area. Transport these resources is performed in real-time. The task is called by the transport of resources, performed by the robot, between the place of start point to point of distribution. Distribution point is called by the place for downloading and putting the resources by customers. In this article, presents the algorithms relates to aspects of the management of work and planning of task for robots. The results shows the times of the tasks, as well as the times of services the customers, via uses the different algorithms of working robot, and also the amount of consumed the energy, during the performed tasks.
A Prototype of a 3D Bioprinter
Authors: Mielczarek Jakub , Gazdowicz Grzegorz , Kramarz Jakub , Łątka Piotr , Krzykawski Marcin , Miroszewski Artur , Pieczarko Paweł , Szczelina Renata , Warchoł Piotr , Wróbel Sonia
Published: August 2015

3D bioprinting is an innovative method of manufacturing three-dimensional tissue-like structures. The method is based on a layer-by-layer deposition of biocompatible materials successively forming a scaffold for living cells. The technology allows to fabricate complicated tissue morphology, including vascular-like networks. The range of potential applications of 3D bioprinting is immense: from drug testing, across regenerative medicine, to organ transplantation. In this paper, we describe a prototype of a 3D bioprinter utilizing gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) doped with a photoinitiator as the printing substance. Biological requirements for the material, its synthesis and application adequacy for the bioprinting process are discussed. Technical details of the mechanical construction of the bioprinter and its control system are presented
Specialised Power Supply for Magnetron Plasma Sources
Authors: Gospodarczyk Andrzej
Published: August 2015

Magnetron plasma sources, due to their simplicity and reliability, are widely used in industrial stands for PVD technology. Despite their significant popularity, there still exists the problem with their power supply systems, especially in applications that require precise adjustment of the composition of the produced layers.
This paper presents one possible solution to this problem: The high-resolution power supply for magnetron plasma sources with triple processing, dedicated for power systems of PVD equipment. The module for power factor correction (PFC) is described as well as the module for increasing the resolution setting of the output waveform, and the DC/DC converter module with fast dynamic response to changes in output parameters. The results of experimental studies of individual modules are presented.
Raman Studies of Amorphous Carbon Phase in Diamond Films Grown by Hot-Filament CVD
Authors: Banaszak-Piechowska Agnieszka , Malinowski Piotr
Published: August 2015

Microcrystalline diamond thin films have been prepared using hot filament CVD technique with a mixture of H2/ CH3OH as the reactant gas. We demonstrated that the ratio of H2/ CH3OH in the reactant gas and total pressure in reactor chamber plays an important role in control of the grain size of diamonds and the growth of the microcrystalline diamonds. The object of this article is to summarize and discuss relation between structural properties of different diamond layers and technological parameters of their synthesis. The physical properties of the Hot Filament CVD microcrystalline diamond films are analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The sample grain size varies from 200 nm to 10 μm and their quality was checked on basis of 1332 cm−1diamond peak. The ratio of sp3/sp2carbon bonds was determined by 1550 cm−1G band and 1350 cm-1D band in the Raman spectrum
A Pro-Ecological System for Using Industrial Oils and Cutting Fluids
Authors: Rogoś Elżbieta
Published: August 2015

The increase in pollution and contamination of the environment in recent years has resulted in the increase of interest in its protection. The basic premise of environmental policy, which is reflected in a number of legal acts, is carrying out activities aimed at minimizing the amount of produced waste [1-3]. In particular, this applies to waste that have harmful effects on the environment, and it includes the vast majority of industrial oils and technological, petroleum-based fluids (over 85%) [4]. One of the fundamental directions related to their use, in accordance with the standards of protection of the environment, is reducing the consumption by extending their functional life [5]. The maximum extension of the functional life for oils and fluids is the goal of the systemic approach to the problem of rational use, which includes the process of the monitoring of key functional properties and systematic, periodical treatment. The most beneficial are on-site treatment processes of oils and fluids conducted while maintaining the continuity of the technological processes. It is preferable to use mobile treatment devices, which provide the means to create a dispersed system in fluid treatment in successive machines and equipment [6-8].
Optimization of CrN/CrCN Gradient Coatings
Authors: Szparaga Łukasz , Bartosik Przemysław , Gilewicz Adam , Ratajski Jerzy
Published: August 2015

The paper describes the optimization procedure supporting the designing process of geometry of gradient coatings basing on numerical simulation of internal stress and strain distributions in the coating and substrate. In mathematical model the gradient coating is represented by the so-called transition functions describing the change of physico-chemical parameters such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient and the density as a function of the spatial variables. The object of optimization is system composed of a CrN/CrCN gradient coating and Cr interlayer between the CrN /CrCN coating and the steel substrate deposited on nitrided 4140 steel substrate. Decision variables are: the parameters of the of curvature of transition function , thickness of gradient coating and the thickness of the Cr interlayer. Optimization was carried out under pre-defined fixed continuous external loads and created decision criteria were the functions of the state of stress and strain in the coating and the substrate. Using the optimization procedure the sets of optimal parameters (Pareto sets) of the PVD gradient coating/nitrided substrate systems, due to the adopted decision criteria were determined. The analysis of the obtained optimal solutions (Pareto-optimal sets) was carried out using the "utopian solution method". It was also examined the technological stability of the Pareto-optimal solutions (nondominated) by analyzing the number of direct neighbors of these solutions in the decision variables space.
Cylindrical Magnetron with Dynamic Magnetic Field
Authors: Betiuk Marek
Published: August 2015

The formation of anti-wear coatings on the inner surface of steel cylinders and pipes presents a difficult process-related problem for PA PVD methods. This problem is associated with a strictly limited geometry of the reaction space and dimensions of plasma sputtering-sources. Among the main factors behind physical and chemical phenomena occurring the reaction space, formed within a low-temperature plasma and at its boundaries with a solid object, there are type, concentration, unobstructed path for reacting substances, as well as values and geometry of electrical/magnetic/thermal fields [1-5]. In the research on the plasma-based technology in confined space, the lowest possible distance between the surface being modified and the source of ions of metallic and gaseous elements is taken into account.
The Use of 2D/3D Sensors for Robotic Manipulation for Quality Inspection Tasks
Authors: Burski Bartłomiej , Garbacz Piotr , Mężyk Jordan , Czajka Piotr , Mizak Wojciech
Published: August 2015

Industrial robots are mostly designed for tasks where working conditions are well known and do not change over time. However, there are many examples where robots require vision sensor-based control in order to perform complex operations and react to changes in the environment. Other areas where there is need for combining vision sensors with manipulators are quality inspection tasks of large or complex structured objects. The paper presents an overview of the methods used in robotic vision systems, taking into account their specific requirements and advantages. Experimental studies of a selected 2D/3D sensors mounted on industrial manipulators are presented including analysis of collected 3D points clouds. Additionally, a system of a reconfigurable manipulator that interchangeably uses various sensors and tools in complex inspection tasks is presented.
Cellular FLIP Inhibits Myeloid Cell Activation by Suppressing Selective Innate Signaling
Authors: Wu Yu-Jung , Wu Yung-Hsuan , Mo Shu-Ting , Hsiao Huey-Wen , He You-Wen , Lai Ming-Zong
Published: August 2015

Cellular FLIP (c-FLIP) specifically inhibits caspase-8 and suppresses death receptor–induced apoptosis. c-FLIP has also been reported to transmit activation signals. In this study, we report a novel function of c-FLIP involving inhibition of myeloid cell activation through antagonizing the selective innate signaling pathway. We found that conditional knockout of c-FLIP in dendritic cells (DCs) led to neutrophilia and splenomegaly. Peripheral DC populations, including CD11b+ conventional DCs (cDCs), CD8+ cDCs, and plasmacytoid DCs, were not affected by c-FLIP deficiency. We also found that c-FLIP knockout cDCs, plasmacytoid DCs, and bone marrow–derived DCs (BMDCs) displayed enhanced production of TNF-α, IL-2, or G-CSF in response to stimulation of TLR4, TLR2, and dectin-1. Consistent with the ability of c-FLIP to inhibit the activation of p38 MAPK, the enhanced activation of c-FLIP–deficient BMDCs could be partly linked to an elevated activation of p38 MAPK after engagement of innate receptors. Increased activation was also found in c-FLIP+/− macrophages. Additionally, the increased activation in c-FLIP–deficient DCs was independent of caspase-8. Our results reveal a novel inhibitory role of c-FLIP in myeloid cell activation and demonstrate the unexpected anti-inflammatory activity of c-FLIP. Additionally, our observations suggest that cancer therapy targeting c-FLIP downregulation may facilitate DC activation and increase T cell immunity.
Modulation of the IL-6 Receptor α Underlies GLI2-Mediated Regulation of Ig Secretion in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia Cells
Authors: Jackson David A. , Smith Timothy D. , Amarsaikhan Nansalmaa , Han Weiguo , Neil Matthew S. , Boi Shannon K. , Vrabel Anne M. , Tolosa Ezequiel J. , Almada Luciana L. , Fernandez-Zapico Martin E. , Elsawa Sherine F.
Published: August 2015

Ig secretion by terminally differentiated B cells is an important component of the immune response to foreign pathogens. Its overproduction is a defining characteristic of several B cell malignancies, including Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), where elevated IgM is associated with significant morbidity and poor prognosis. Therefore, the identification and characterization of the mechanisms controlling Ig secretion are of great importance for the development of future therapeutic approaches for this disease. In this study, we define a novel pathway involving the oncogenic transcription factor GLI2 modulating IgM secretion by WM malignant cells. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of GLI2 in WM malignant cells resulted in a reduction in IgM secretion. Screening for a mechanism identified the IL-6Rα (gp80) subunit as a downstream target of GLI2 mediating the regulation of IgM secretion. Using a combination of expression, luciferase, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrate that GLI2 binds to the IL-6Rα promoter and regulates its activity as well as the expression of this receptor. Additionally, we were able to rescue the reduction in IgM secretion in the GLI2 knockdown group by overexpressing IL-6Rα, thus defining the functional significance of this receptor in GLI2-mediated regulation of IgM secretion. Interestingly, this occurred independent of Hedgehog signaling, a known regulator of GLI2, as manipulation of Hedgehog had no effect on IgM secretion. Given the poor prognosis associated with elevated IgM in WM patients, components of this new signaling axis could be important therapeutic targets.
Rotorcraft Gross Weight and Center of Gravity Prediction Using Regime Recognition
Authors: Moon Suresh , Phan Nam
Published: August 2015

Several U.S. Navy rotorcraft models are equipped with Health and Usage Monitoring Systems. On-board or on-ground Regime Recognition (RR) programs are used to develop individual rotorcraft usage spectrums to compute component and airframe fatigue life expended (FLE). FLE is a function
of rotorcraft gross weight (GW) and center of gravity (CG), but neither are monitored by sensors. Thus GW and CG computation algorithms based on measured engine torque curves and trim equations during hover are developed and incorporated into RR. The algorithms are validated using numerous
fleet flights with known GWs and CG positions. Excellent correlation between predicted and actual values is observed with low standard error of estimate. The in-flight variation of GW and CG is determined with the help of recorded fuel weight. RR is used to analyze 32,000 h of data from 111
rotorcraft to develop GW and CG utilization distributions. Furthermore, GW variation is modeled with a beta probability distribution and the joint probability distribution of GW and CG utilization is determined to assess airframe and dynamic component fatigue lives.
Iqaluit, Nunavut
Authors:   Centre for Topographic Information
Published: August 2015

The Centre for Topographic Information and the Cartographic Imaging and Printing service are pleased to celebrate the creation of Nunavut, Canada's newest territory, with a special edition map of Iqaluit, its capital. This map has been compiled from National
Topographic System maps 25N/9, 25N/10, 25N/15 and 25N/16.
Analysis of Lung Flute-collected Sputum for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Su Jian , Anjuman Nigar , Guarnera Maria A. , Zhang Howard , Stass Sanford A. , Jiang Feng
Published: August 2015

Molecular analysis of sputum can help diagnose lung cancer. We have demonstrated that Lung Flute can be used to collect sputum from individuals who cannot spontaneously expectorate sputum. The objective of this study is to further evaluate the performance of the Lung Flute by comparing the characteristics of parallel samples collected with and without the Lung Flute and the usefulness for diagnosis of lung cancer. Fifty-six early-stage lung cancer patients (40 current smokers and 16 former smokers) and 73 cancer-free individuals (52 current smokers and 21 former smokers) were instructed to spontaneously cough and use Lung Flute for sputum sampling. Sputum cytology and polymerase chain reaction analysis of three miRNAs (miRs-21, 31, and 210) were performed in the specimens. All 92 current smokers and 11 (28.7%) of 37 former smokers spontaneously expectorated sputum and also produced sputum when using the Lung Flute. Twenty-seven former smokers (70.3%) who could not spontaneously expectorate sputum, however, were able to produce sputum when using the Lung Flute. The specimens were of low respiratory origin without contamination from other sources, eg, saliva. There was no difference of sputum volume and cell populations, diagnostic efficiency of cytology, and analysis of the miRNAs in the specimens collected by the two approaches. Analysis of the sputum miRNAs produced 83.93% sensitivity and 87.67% specificity for identifying lung cancer. Therefore, sputum collected by the Lung Flute has comparable features as spontaneously expectorated sputum. Using the Lung Flute enables former smokers who cannot spontaneously expectorate to provide adequate sputum to improve sputum collection for lung cancer diagnosis.
A Novel Molecular Test to Diagnose Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis at the Point of Care
Authors: Castellanos-Gonzalez Alejandro , Saldarriaga Omar A. , Tartaglino Lilian , Gacek Rosana , Temple Elissa , Sparks Hayley , Melby Peter C. , Travi Bruno L.
Published: August 2015

Dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) but current serological methods are not sensitive enough to detect all subclinically infected animals, which is crucial to VL control programs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have greater sensitivity but require expensive equipment and trained personnel, impairing its implementation in endemic areas. We developed a diagnostic test that uses isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) to detect Leishmania infantum. This method was coupled with lateral flow (LF) reading with the naked eye to be adapted as a point-of-care test. The L. infantum RPA-LF had an analytical sensitivity similar to real time-PCR, detecting DNA of 0.1 parasites spiked in dog blood, which was equivalent to 40 parasites/mL. There was no cross amplification with dog or human DNA or with Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania amazonensis, or Trypanosoma cruzi. The test also amplified Leishmania donovani strains (N = 7). In a group of clinically normal dogs (N = 30), RPA-LF detected more subclinical infections than rK39 strip test, a standard serological method (50% versus 13.3% positivity, respectively; P = 0.005). Also, RPA-LF detected L. infantum in noninvasive mucosal samples of dogs with a sensitivity comparable to blood samples. This novel molecular test may have a positive impact in leishmaniasis control programs.
An Economic Evaluation of the Posttreatment Prophylactic Effect of Dihydroartemisinin–Piperaquine Versus Artemether–Lumefantrine for First-Line Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Across Different Transmission Settings in Africa
Authors: Pfeil Johannes , Borrmann Steffen , Bassat Quique , Mulenga Modest , Talisuna Ambrose , Tozan Yesim
Published: August 2015

Malaria disproportionately affects young children. Clinical trials in African children showed that dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DP) is an effective antimalarial and has a longer posttreatment prophylactic (PTP) effect against reinfections than other artemisinin-based combination therapies, including artemether–lumefantrine (AL). Using a previously developed Markov model and individual patient data from a multicenter African drug efficacy trial, we assessed the economic value of the PTP effect of DP versus AL in pediatric malaria patients from health-care provider's perspective in low-to-moderate and moderate-to-high transmission settings under different drug co-payment scenarios. In low-to-moderate transmission settings, first-line treatment with DP was highly cost-effective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −76 to 196) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. In moderate-to-high transmission settings, DP first-line treatment led to a mean cost saving of US$1.09 (95% CI = −0.88 to 3.85) and averted 0.05 (95% CI = −0.08 to 0.22) DALYs per child per year. Our results suggested that DP might be superior to AL for first-line treatment of uncomplicated childhood malaria across a range of transmission settings in Africa.
Practical aspects of mobilising property tax: experience in Sierra Leone and Malawi
Authors: Fish Paul
Published: August 2015

Much literature has been written about the appeal of property tax as a stable source of revenue for subnational governments in developing countries. Building on this significant background of literature is the author’s practical experience working in local government institutions within both Sierra Leone and Malawi. This article relates to the development and testing of a process of mobilizing the internally generated property tax revenues of local governments, and reports on the results of that process, and the challenges and lessons learned.
Geographic and seasonal variation of dissolved methane and aerobic methane oxidation in Alaskan lakes
Authors: Martinez-Cruz K. , Sepulveda-Jauregui A. , Walter Anthony K. , Thalasso F.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Methanotrophic bacteria play an important role oxidizing a significant fraction of methane (CH4) produced in lakes. Aerobic CH4 oxidation depends mainly on lake CH4 and oxygen (O2) concentrations, in such a manner that higher MO rates are usually found at the oxic/anoxic interface, where both molecules are present. MO also depends on temperature, and via methanogenesis, on organic carbon input to lakes, including from thawing permafrost in thermokarst (thaw)-affected lakes. Given the large variability in these environmental factors, CH4 oxidation is expected to be subject to large seasonal and geographic variations, which have been scarcely reported in the literature. In the present study, we measured CH4 oxidation rates in 30 Alaskan lakes along a north-south latitudinal transect during winter and summer with a new field laser spectroscopy method. Additionally, we measured dissolved CH4 and O2 concentrations. We found that in the winter, aerobic CH4 oxidation was mainly controlled by the dissolved O2 concentration, while in the summer it was controlled primarily by the CH4 concentration, which was scarce compared to dissolved O2. The permafrost environment of the lakes was identified as another key factor. Thermokarst (thaw) lakes formed in yedoma-type permafrost had significantly higher CH4 oxidation rates compared to other thermokarst and non-thermokarst lakes formed in non-yedoma permafrost environments. As thermokarst lakes formed in yedoma-type permafrost have been identified to receive large quantities of terrestrial organic carbon from thaw and subsidence of the surrounding landscape into the lake, confirming the strong coupling between terrestrial and aquatic habitats and its influence on CH4 cycling.
Spatial variability of diploptene δ13C values in thermokarst lakes: the potential to analyse the complexity of lacustrine methane cycling
Authors: Davies K. L. , Pancost R. D. , Edwards M. E. , Walter Anthony K. M. , Langdon P. G. , Chaves Torres L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Cryospheric changes in northern high latitudes are linked to significant greenhouse gas flux to the atmosphere, including methane release that originates from organic matter decomposition in thermokarst lakes. The connections between methane production in sediments, transport pathways and oxidation are not well understood and this has implications for any attempts to reconstruct methane production from sedimentary archives. We assessed methane oxidation as represented by methane oxidising bacteria across the surface sediments of two interior Alaska thermokarst lakes in relation to methane emissions via ebullition (bubbling). The bacterial biomarker diploptene was present and had low δ13C values (lower than −38 ‰) in all sediments analysed, suggesting methane oxidation was widespread. The most δ13C-depleted diploptene was found in the area of highest methane ebullition emissions in Ace Lake (δ13C diplotene values between −68.2 and −50.1 ‰), suggesting a positive link between methane production, oxidation, and emission in this area. In contrast, significantly less depleted diploptene δ13C values (between −42.9 and −38.8 ‰) were found in the area of highest methane ebullition emissions in Smith Lake. Lower δ13C values of diploptene were found in the central area of Smith Lake (between −56.8 and −46.9 ‰), where methane ebullition rates are low but methane diffusion appears high. Using δ13C-diplotene as a proxy for methane oxidation activity, we suggest the observed differences in methane oxidation levels among sites within the two lakes could be linked to differences in source area of methane production (e.g. age and type of organic carbon) and bathymetry as it relates to varying oxycline depths and changing pressure gradients. As a result, methane oxidation is highly lake-dependent. The diploptene δ13C values also highlight strong within-lake variability, implying that single-value, down-core records of hopanoid isotopic signatures are not secure indicators of changing methane flux at the whole-lake scale.
A two-layer canopy model with thermal inertia for an improved snowpack energy balance below needleleaf forest (model SNOWPACK, version 3.2.1, revision 741)
Authors: Gouttevin I. , Lehning M. , Jonas T. , Gustafsson D. , Mölder M.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A new, two-layer canopy module with thermal inertia as part of the detailed snow model SNOWPACK (version 3.2.1) is presented and evaluated. As a by-product of these new developments, an exhaustive description of the canopy module of the SNOWPACK model is provided, thereby filling a gap in the existing literature. In its current form, the two-layer canopy module is suited for evergreen needleleaf forest, with or without snow cover. It is designed to reproduce the difference in thermal response between leafy and woody canopy elements, and their impact on the underlying snowpack or ground surface energy balance. Given the number of processes resolved, the SNOWPACK model with its enhanced canopy module constitutes a sophisticated physics-based modeling chain of the continuum going from atmosphere to soil through the canopy and snow. Comparisons of modeled sub-canopy thermal radiation to stand-scale observations at an Alpine site (Alptal, Switzerland) demonstrate improvements induced by the new canopy module. Both thermal heat mass and the two-layer canopy formulation contribute to reduce the daily amplitude of the modeled canopy temperature signal, in agreement with observations. Particularly striking is the attenuation of the nighttime drop in canopy temperature, which was a key model bias. We specifically show that a single-layered canopy model is unable to produce this limited temperature drop correctly. The impact of the new parameterizations on the modeled dynamics of the sub-canopy snowpack is analyzed. The new canopy module yields consistent results but the frequent occurrence of mixed-precipitation events at Alptal prevents a conclusive assessment of model performance against snow data. The new model is also successfully tested without specific tuning against measured tree temperature and biomass heat-storage fluxes at the boreal site of Norunda (Sweden). This provides an independent assessment of its physical consistency and stresses the robustness and transferability of the chosen parameterizations. The SNOWPACK code including the new canopy module, is available under Gnu General Public License (GPL) license and upon creation of an account at https://models.slf.ch/.
Hybrid Position-Force Control of a Cable-Driven Parallel Robot with Experimental Evaluation
Authors: Kraus W. , Miermeister P. , Schmidt V. , Pott A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. For cable-driven parallel robots elastic cables are used to manipulate a mobile platform in the workspace. In this paper, we present a hybrid position-force control, which allows for applying defined forces on the environment and simultaneous movement along the surface. We propose a synchronous control of the cable forces to ensure the stability of the platform during movement. The performance of the controller is experimentally investigated regarding contact establishment and dynamic behavior during a motion on the cable robot IPAnema 3.
Introduction to LIMITS '15: First workshop on computing within limits
Authors: Pargman Daniel , Raghavan Barath
Published: August 2015

This special issue brings together papers from Limits 2015, the first workshop on computing withn limits, held 15-16 June 2015 at the University of California, Irvine.
Toward a computational immigration assistant
Authors: Tomlinson Bill
Published: August 2015

In the face of global change and impending limits on various resources, the need for people to move across borders is likely to increase. Facilitating mobility could enable people to access resources more effectively, and thereby reduce suffering for both humans and other species. This paper proposes the need for computational support to facilitate immigration decisions across a range of scales, from the individual to the community to the national government. Drawing inspiration from global systems modeling, social networking, and collaborative filtering, these computational tools would help match up individuals and communities seeking to emigrate with potential host countries, based on the preferences of both.
Computing within limits and ICTD
Authors: Chen Jay
Published: August 2015

Computing research today is fixated on high performance and large scale, but computing can be tremendously powerful even at low power and small scale. In this article we present a perspective on promising directions for research on computing within limits, where concerns about limits overshadow performance and scale. Despite coming from different motivations, computing within limits has very similar considerations as Information Communication Technology for Development (ICTD). We discuss where the two research areas intersect and where they may diverge. We draw parallels between computing within limits and ICTD in terms of technical constraints, designing for context, and goals. We hope to help stimulate computing within limits with ideas from ICTD and highlight research synergies.
Understanding limits from a social ecological perspective
Authors: Cerratto Pargman Teresa , Joshi Somya
Published: August 2015

The latest developments in the field of HCI have given rise to an increasing interest in issues pertaining to global warming, resource depletion and environmental degradation. Concern about such issues has contributed to give shape to the design space of sustainable HCI (SHCI); a space whose boundaries are at times blurred. On the one hand, some, design “sustainable” information technology based on visions of the world that do not really question limits to continuous economic growth and, on the other hand, others embrace the design of information technology from stances that acknowledges limits (i.e., economic, ecological, energetic). This paper introduces the perspective of social ecology into SHCI. This perspective provides us with a core set of principles that makes us situate computing at the intersection of physical (natural) and moral (human) qualities of our human environment systems. As such it confronts us with choices to be made in the challenging years to come and invites us to argue about the very purpose of information technology in a world of limitations.
Puérperas adolescentes: percepções relacionadas ao pré-natal e ao parto
Authors: Luz Nina Franco , Assis Thaís Rocha , Rezende Fabrícia Ramos
Published: August 2015

Introdução: A gravidez na adolescência é considerada um problema de saúde pública em nível mundial. Essa população precisa ser assistida de forma singular pelos profissionais de saúde, pois, com frequência, experimentam maior sensação de insegurança perante o momento obstétrico e o próprio futuro. Objetivo: Verificar a percepção das puérperas adolescentes sobre a assistência recebida pela equipe de saúde durante o pré-natal e o parto. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa. Foram incluídas puérperas com idade entre 12 e 19 anos, primíparas de parto vaginal de feto único a termo e que estavam no pós-parto imediato em uma maternidade pública de Jataí (GO). As participantes responderam a duas questões norteadoras relacionadas ao atendimento recebido durante o pré-natal e o trabalho de parto. As respostas foram gravadas e, depois, transcritas. A análise das falas se deu segundo a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, em que os relatos foram organizados na forma de categorias. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 11 puérperas com média de idade de 16,5 anos. Os relatos foram divididos em duas categorias gerais e dentro de cada uma dessas emergiram categorias específicas. A categoria específica “satisfação” foi a que apareceu com maior frequência, nos relatos tanto do atendimento no pré-natal quanto do trabalho de parto. Conclusão: As adolescentes consideraram o atendimento e assistência recebida durante o pré-natal e trabalho de parto satisfatórios, devido às orientações e à atenção prestadas por parte da equipe de saúde. Em contrapartida, foram evidenciadas situações de violência obstétrica com um atendimento desumanizado e humilhante.
The benefits of treating undetectable tumors
Authors: Komarova Natalia L
Published: August 2015

Cancer prevention is predicted to result in more positive therapeutic outcomes than post-diagnostic interventions, and so may be a viable option for future personalized medicine.
Design Learning for Tomorrow — Design Education from Kindergarten to PhD
Authors: Nielsen Liv Merete , Brænne Karen , Maus Ingvill Gjerdrum
Published: August 2015

This issue of FORMakademisk is built upon papers from the DRS//CUMULUS Oslo 2013 con­fer­ence — 2nd International Conference for Design Education Researchers — at Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (HIOA) 14-17 May 2013 in Oslo. The conference was a cooperative event between the Design Research Society (DRS) and the International Association of Universities and Schools of Design, Art and Media (CUMULUS), and hosted by the Faculty of Technology, Art and Design at HIOA. The theme for the conference was Design Learning for Tomorrow — Design Education from Kindergar­ten to PhD. The conference received an overwhelming response both ahead of the conference, with 225 admitted papers, and during the conference with 280 delegates from 43 countries listening to 165 presentations and having a good time in Oslo. The last day of the conference was the 17th of May, Norway National Day, with traditional songs and a children’s parade in the centre of Oslo.We see this positive response to the conference as a growing awareness of perceiving design in a broad interdisciplinary perspective in support for a better tomorrow. For years the Design Literacy Research Group, with a base at HIOA in Oslo, has promoted the idea that sustainable design solutions should include more than ‘professional’ designers; they should also include the general public as ‘conscious’ consumers and decision makers with responsi­bility for quality and longevity, as opposed to a ‘throw-away’ society.
Community-based free clinics: opportunities for interprofessional collaboration, health promotion, and complex care management
Authors: Kaeser Martha A. , Hawk Cheryl , Anderson Michelle L. , Reinhardt Richard
Published: August 2015

Objective: Free or outreach clinics offer students the opportunity to work with diverse patient populations. The objective of this study was to describe the demographics and clinical characteristics of a sample of chiropractic patients at a free community-based clinic to assess clinical and educational opportunities for students to work with diverse populations, collaborate with other professions and practice health promotion through patient education.

Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over 2 months. Data on demographics, health status, and health risks were collected from patients and their interns.

Results: Of the 158 patients, 50.6% were women and 50.6% African-American, while only 20.9% were employed full-time. Of the 24.7% tobacco users, 48.7% expressed interest in cessation. Of 80.0% overweight or obese patients, 48.8% expressed interest in weight loss. By self-report, 16.5% were diabetic, 10.1% took hypertension medication, 36.7% used prescription pain medication (9.4% opiate use), 33.5% used nonprescription pain medication, and 9.4% were under the care of a mental health professional.

Conclusion: This patient population is demographically diverse. A high proportion of patients who used tobacco, or were overweight or obese expressed interest in information on those topics. A substantial proportion reported being under care with a mental health professional. This clinic provides opportunities for students to work with diverse populations, collaborate with other professions, and practice health promotion.
Tropical North Atlantic ocean‐atmosphere interactions synchronize forest carbon losses from hurricanes and Amazon fires
Authors: Chen Yang , Randerson James T. , Morton Douglas C.
Published: August 2015

We describe a climate mode synchronizing forest carbon losses from North and South America by analyzing time series of tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs), landfall hurricanes and tropical storms, and Amazon fires during 1995–2013. Years with anomalously high tropical North Atlantic SSTs during March–June were often followed by a more active hurricane season and a larger number of satellite‐detected fires in the southern Amazon during June–November. The relationship between North Atlantic tropical cyclones and southern Amazon fires (r = 0.61, p < 0.003) was stronger than links between SSTs and either cyclones or fires alone, suggesting that fires and tropical cyclones were directly coupled to the same underlying atmospheric dynamics governing tropical moisture redistribution. These relationships help explain why seasonal outlook forecasts for hurricanes and Amazon fires both failed in 2013 and may enable the design of improved early warning systems for drought and fire in Amazon forests.
Arctic sea ice freeboard from AltiKa and comparison with CryoSat‐2 and Operation IceBridge
Authors: Armitage Thomas W. K. , Ridout Andy L.
Published: August 2015

Satellite radar altimeters have improved our knowledge of Arctic sea ice thickness over the past decade. The main sources of uncertainty in sea ice thickness retrievals are associated with inadequate knowledge of the snow layer depth and the radar interaction with the snow pack. Here we adapt a method of deriving sea ice freeboard from CryoSat‐2 to data from the AltiKa Ka band radar altimeter over the 2013–14 Arctic sea ice growth season. AltiKa measures basin‐averaged freeboards between 4.4 cm and 6.9 cm larger than CryoSat‐2 in October and March, respectively. Using airborne laser and radar measurements from spring 2013 and 2014, we estimate the effective scattering horizon for each sensor. While CryoSat‐2 echoes penetrate to the ice surface over first‐year ice and penetrate the majority (82 ± 3%) of the snow layer over multiyear ice, AltiKa echoes are scattered from roughly the midpoint (46 ± 5%) of the snow layer over both ice types.
An index to characterize the spatial distribution of land use within watersheds and implications for river network nutrient removal and export
Authors: Mineau Madeleine M. , Wollheim Wilfred M. , Stewart Robert J.
Published: August 2015

The spatial distribution of land use and associated nutrient inputs may influence the efficacy of in‐stream nutrient removal; however, the effect of source location on N removal and watershed N export has not been quantified. We present the skewness index, a metric to quantify the spatial distribution of land use within watersheds. Using this index and a river network nitrogen removal model, we quantified the effect of varying the location of developed land use within two watersheds on nutrient removal and export. The quantity and location of developed land use as well as runoff affected nitrogen removal and export. Because river network nitrogen removal is bypassed when sources are skewed toward the watershed mouth, varying the location of land use alone can double aquatic nitrogen removal. Nutrient sources skewed toward the distant headwaters maximized in‐stream removal which in turn can reduce watershed export.
Imprints of impulse‐excited hydromagnetic waves on electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts
Authors: Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Wang Zi‐Han , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Claudepierre Seth G. , Mann Ian R. , Kivelson Margaret G. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Hao Yi‐Xin , Wang Yong‐Fu , Pu Zu‐Yin
Published: August 2015

Ultralow frequency electromagnetic oscillations, interpreted as standing hydromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere, are a major energy source that accelerates electrons to relativistic energies in the Van Allen radiation belt. Electrons can rapidly gain energy from the waves when they resonate via a process called drift resonance, which is observationally characterized by energy‐dependent phase differences between electron flux and electromagnetic oscillations. Such dependence has been recently observed and interpreted as spacecraft identifications of drift resonance electron acceleration. Here we show that in the initial wave cycles, the observed phase relationship differs from that characteristic of well‐developed drift resonance. We further examine the differences and find that they are imprints of impulse‐excited, coupled fast‐Alfvén waves before they transform into more typical standing waves. Our identification of such imprints provides a new understanding of how energy couples in the inner magnetosphere, and a new diagnostic for the generation and growth of magnetospheric hydromagnetic pulsations.
Large‐amplitude GPS TEC variations associated with Pc5–6 magnetic field variations observed on the ground and at geosynchronous orbit
Authors: Watson Chris , Jayachandran P. T. , Singer Howard J. , Redmon Robert J. , Danskin Donald
Published: August 2015

Large‐amplitude variations in GPS total electron content (TEC) at Pc5–6 (<6.67 mHz) frequencies have been observed, using a high data rate Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver of the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network. TEC variations with peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of 2–7 TEC units (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) were observed over a 2.5 h period in the postnoon sector on 9 September 2011, during a period of high auroral activity within a moderate geomagnetic storm. TEC observations were from the Sanikiluaq, Nunavut (56.54°N, 280.77°E) GPS receiver located in the auroral region. Over this same time period, compressional Pc5–6 magnetic field variations were observed by the geosynchronous GOES 13 magnetometer and the ground‐based Sanikiluaq magnetometer. GOES 13 has a northern magnetic footprint in close proximity to Sanikiluaq. Cross‐correlation analysis indicates that magnetic field and TEC variations were possibly linked. No natural hazards or nuclear explosions capable of exciting TEC perturbations were reported on this day. Using a triangulation technique involving TEC measurements of multiple GPS satellites, the propagation velocity of TEC variations in the ionosphere was also calculated. This calculation revealed two distinct events: lower frequency (~0.9 mHz) TEC variations that propagated westward, consistent with the westward propagation of compressional Pc5 waves observed by GOES 13 and 15 satellites, and higher‐frequency (~3.3 mHz) TEC variations that propagated southward. This is the first report of variations in ionospheric TEC linked to satellite observations of Pc5–6 ULF waves.
Gravimetric and magnetic anomalies produced by dissolution‐crystallization at the core‐mantle boundary
Authors: Mandea Mioara , Narteau Clément , Panet Isabelle , Le Mouël Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2015

Using the unique data sets provided by satellite observations, correlated temporal variations in gravity and magnetic fields over a large area extending from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean have been recently reported. On a timescale of few years to a decade, both field variations may be linked to changes at the top of the core. Here we propose that in addition to the topography generated by the convection in the mantle, the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) may be in a dynamic equilibrium state, mainly controlled by a dissolution‐crystallization process of the mantle silicate rocks in the liquid alloy of the core. Due to the resulting continuous changes in CMB topography, anomalies of hundreds of nGal and tens of nT yr−2might be produced by the corresponding mass redistribution and the secondary flow generated by the associated pressure field. Numerical modeling and both gravimetric and magnetic anomaly magnitudes suggest a rate of centimeters per year and a large range of length scales for the changes in the topography at the CMB.