bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steep Impulse Voltage Characteristics of Suspension Insulators
Authors: Morita Kenji , Imakoma Takashi , Nishikawa Morio , Nozaki Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

Transmission and distribution lines are sometimes struck by lightning and there is some risk of electrical puncture of suspension insulators due to high and steep lightning surge voltage. When the insulators suffer from steep lightning surge voltages, the solid insulating body of the insulators sometimes is punctured before external flashover in the air occurs. These characteristics were investigated on the insulators in the laboratory by using different steep impulse voltages.

From the investigation results, both V‐t characteristics of external flashover and internal puncture were obtained on the insulators. It was found that the puncture of the insulators is a matter of probability, depending on the dimensions of the insulators, steep impulse voltages and number of impulse voltage applications. Especially, the effect of number of voltage applications on puncture probability was clarified and partial damage by a small number of voltage applications was verified before complete puncture occurred. Based on the study results, an empirical equation relating to probability of puncture (P), impulse voltage (V) and number of voltage applications (N) was established.
Dynamic Voltage Stability of Power Systems Based on Fundamental Experiments
Authors: Maeda Tatsumi , Ohnishi Tokuo , Suzukt Takayuki
Published: July 2010

Recently built electric power systems have become very large and complicated. As a consequence, voltage collapse at the load end of these power systems has been observed. Voltage stability problems of power systems are being addressed, with many reports on voltage instability phenomena. However, most of these reports present only the phenomena for normal cases of balanced transmission line conditions.

This paper discusses voltage stability of a power system using experimental results. The influences of both load condition and faults condition of the transmission line on the dynamic voltage stability and the propssive speed of unstable phenomena arc discussed. Also investigated an improvements to voltage stability and the transient phenomena of the power system when the fault transmission line is closed with a multiple reclosing system.
A Method of Determining Target Configurations for Power System Restoration Using a Mixed Integer Programming Approach
Authors: Nagata Takeshi , Sasaki Hiroshi , Kitagawa Minoru
Published: July 2010

When electricity supply is interrupted due to a fault, it is essential that the power system be restored promptly according to an adequately planned restoration procedure. A problem of obtaining an appropriate target system for restoration is referred to as a power system restoration problem. The authors have already proposed a very efficient method based on the network simplex method which is in the category of mathematical programming approaches. Although the method is effective for most system conditions, it is likely to give an undesirable result in the case of abnormal network conditions.

This paper proposes an effective and computationally fast solution algorithm based on the mixed integer programming approach, which can resolve the shortcoming of the former method The solution speed is improved greatly by incorporating the, restoration strategies of system operators. The following assumptions are postulated in this approach: (1)0–1 variables are allocated to branches and loads to present their status; (2) continuous variables are taken to represent branch flows: and (3) costs are assigned to branches to represent their priorities during restorative operations and power flow limits. The proposed approach can be used to complement the former approach.

The new approach has been applied to restoration problems of practical size, and simulation results demonstrate its advantage over the former method for intricate operating conditions.
The sequential activity of Gata3 and Thpok is required for the differentiation of CD1d‐restricted CD4+ NKT cells
Authors: Wang Lie , Carr Tiffany , Xiong Yumei , Wildt Kathryn F. , Zhu Jinfang , Feigenbaum Lionel , Bendelac Albert , Bosselut Rémy
Published: July 2010

While most CD4+ T cells are MHC class II‐restricted, a small subset, including the CD1d‐restricted ‘invariant’ NKT (iNKT) cells, are selected on non‐classical MHC‐I or MHC‐I‐like molecules. We previously showed that the sequential activity of two zinc finger transcription factors, Gata3 and Thpok, promotes the differentiation of conventional, MHC II‐restricted thymocytes into CD4+ T cells. In the current study, we show that a Gata3‐Thpok cascade is required for the differentiation of CD4+ iNKT cells. Gata3 is required for iNKT cells to express Thpok, whereas Thpok is needed for proper NKT cell differentiation, and notably for NKT cells to maintain CD4 and terminate CD8 expression. These findings identify the sequential activity of Gata3 and Thpok as a hallmark of CD4+ T‐cell differentiation, regardless of MHC restriction.
Ferromagnetic Properties of a Trinuclear Nickel(II) Complex with a Trithiocyanurate Bridge (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 36/2009)
Authors: Kopel Pavel , Mrozinski Jerzy , Doležal Karel , Langer Vratislav , Boča Roman , Bieńko Alina , Pochaba Andrzej
Published: July 2010

The cover picture shows the structure of a new trinuclear nickel(II) complex with N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (pmdien) and a trithiocyanurate(3–) (ttc3–) bridge, [Ni3(pmdien)3(μ‐ttc)](ClO4)3. This trimer shows ferromagnetic interactions among nickel(II) magnetic centers and spin glass properties, which has been confirmed by the magnetization measurements at different temperatures, where the hysteresis loop is well visible in AC, FCM, and ZFCM measurements. Details are discussed in the article by J. Mrozinski et al. on p. 5475 ff.
Metals@MOFs – Loading MOFs with Metal Nanoparticles for Hybrid Functions
Authors: Meilikhov Mikhail , Yusenko Kirill , Esken Daniel , Turner Stuart , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Fischer Roland A.
Published: July 2010

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as well as porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are porous, organic–inorganic hybrid solids with zeolite‐like structures and properties. Due to their extraordinarily high surface area and well defined pore structure MOFs can be used for the stabilization of metal nanoparticles with adjustable size. The embedded metal nanoparticles are still accessible for other reagents due to the high porosity of the MOF systems. This fact makes “metal@MOF” systems especially interesting for heterogeneous catalysis, gas storage and chemical sensing. This review compiles the cases of metal nanoparticles supported by or embedded into MOFs reported so far and the main aspects and problems associated with these novel nanocomposite systems. The determination of the dispersion and the location of the particles at the MOF support, the control of the loading degree and its effect on the catalytic activity of the system are discussed as well as the partial degradation of the MOF structure upon particle formation. Examples of the introduction of stabilizing groups into the MOF network that direct the loading and can influence the size and shape of the embedded particles are still rare and point into the possible direction of future investigations. Finally, the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles, which are stabilized and supported by a MOF network, will also be reviewed.
Biased attributions regarding the origins of preferences in a group decision situation
Authors: Bäck Emma , Esaiasson Peter , Gilljam Mikael , Lindholm Torun
Published: July 2010

The current research investigated biases in attributions of the origins of others' preferences in a group decision situation. In two experiments, students indicated their preferred alternative in a decision on an important issue in their school, and then explained the bases for preferences of those agreeing and disagreeing with them. Results showed that participants saw preferences of those who agreed as more rationally and less externally based than of those who disagreed. This effect increased with perceived issue importance, when the decision was made by in‐group representatives, when the decision outcome was concordant with their own preference (Study 1), and, on the externality dimension, when their representatives were in the majority when deciding on an important issue (Study 2). Findings have important implications for our understanding of the tolerance of others and acceptance of group decisions, and ultimately, how group members behave and interact. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytomegalovirus‐enhanced induction of chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with potent genotoxic agents
Authors: Deng C. Z. , Abubakar S. , Fons M. P. , Boldogh I. , Hokanson J. , Au W. W. , Albrecht T.
Published: July 2010

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been shown to increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations, primarily chromatid‐type, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Because HCMV persists in most humans, pathologically activates cells, and may perturb the cell cycle, we investigated the possibility that HCMV‐infected cells have a modified sensitivity to chromosome damage induced by genotoxic chemicals. Uninfected PBLs exposed to bleomycin (3 to 100 μg/ml) demonstrated a linear increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations. HCMV infection of PBLs at an intensity that did not cause detectable damage followed by exposure to the same concentrations of bleomycin resulted in a significant enhancement (p < 0.01) in the frequency of chromosome aberrations relative to the effect of bleomycin alone. A more than additive enhancement of the frequency of chromosome aberrations was also noted in HCMV‐infected PBLs exposed to 4‐hydroxyaminoquinoline‐1‐oxide (4‐HAQO; 0.1 to 0.3 μg/ml) relative to uninfected cells treated with 4‐HAQO alone. No increase in the percentage of aberrant cells or the frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed in HCMV‐infected cells treated with 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4‐NQO) relative to similarly treated uninfected PBLs. These results suggest that HCMV can potentiate the induction of chromosome aberrations in human PBLs caused by potent DNA damaging agents.
Sister chromatid exchanges in chick embryos after treatment with the phenoxy herbicide mcpa
Authors: Arias Elio
Published: July 2010

The phenoxyherbicide and peroxisome proliferator 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) was tested for its ability to induce sister‐chromatid exchanges (SCE) in chick embryos. Erbitox E30 (a commercial formulation containing 28% MCPA sodium potassium salt as active ingredient) was injected into the air chamber in concentrations of MCPA of 0, 0.35, 0.7, 1.4, 2.8, or 5.6 mg/egg on day 0 of incubation. Pure MCPA sodium salt was tested at 2.8 mg/egg. Neutral red at 0.25 mg/egg was the mutagenic reference compound (positive control group). Eggs were then incubated for 4 days. MCPA induced a slight but significant increase in SCE frequency (about 1.3 times base line) at 2.8 mg/egg. The dose of 5.6 mg/egg was toxic. No difference in genetic activity between the commercial formulation and the pure compound was found. A cell cycle delaying effect of MCPA was evident at all the dose levels tested. The mitotic index remained unchanged.
Statistical inference: Some theoretical methods and directions
Authors: Fraser D. A. S. , Reid N.
Published: July 2010

We examine four core methods and principles of statistical inference and discuss implications among them. This leads to the consideration of some recent methods of obtaining distributions for inference concerning an interest parameter, free of nuisance parameters. A concluding section discusses some current methods for approximating the needed distributions.
The mortality from malignancies of haematopoietic and lymphatic systems (MHLS) among railway engine drivers. Is exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields associated with an increase of mortality from MHLS?
Authors: Balli‐Antunes M. , Pfluger D. H. , Minder Ch. E.
Published: July 2010

In an occupational study of death certificates in the Swiss mortality register in the years 1969‐1983, the mortality experience from malignancies of the haematopoietic and lymphatic systems (abbreviated as MHLS, 8th ICD: 200‐209) among railway engine drivers and two reference categories was analyzed. The reference groups included professions of metal construction and machine building (CI) and technical personnel (C2) respectively. For the railway engine drivers, assumed to be long‐term exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF), a total of 70,000 man‐years were observed, for C1 and C2 the number of years under observation were 900,000 and 1.56 million respectively. Railway engine drivers showed slightly elevated mortality ratios in comparison to C1: PMR=144, 95% confidence interval=91‐217, SMR=108, CI=69‐163. Comparison against C2 showed statistically significant increased mortality ratios, PMR=163, CI=103‐244, SMR=171, CI=109‐257. Analysis of all causes of mortality showed that railway engine drivers provide a lower support to the hypothesis that exposure to ELF may be leukemogenic.
Physical modeling of contaminant diffusion in environmental flows
Authors: Sullivan P. J.
Published: July 2010

This paper illustrates the role of the selection of an appropriate mathematical representation of relevant physics to modify the requirements of both the quality and quantity of the data base required in the assessment of contaminant diffusion in two environmental flows. The underlying difficulties in selecting an ensemble that can actually be measured are exposed.
Some intersections between turbulent dispersion and statistics
Authors: Mole Nils
Published: July 2010

This paper seeks to illustrate the importance of statistical methodology in work on turbulent dispersion by way of example. Two specific problem areas are discussedMdashthe removal of instrument effects from measurements of concentration, and the identification of the probability density function of concentration.
Sediment transport: Physical modelling of flocculation
Authors: Jeffrey D. J.
Published: July 2010

A study is made of the behaviour of cohesive sediment in turbulent flowfields, such as are found in strongly tidal river estuaries. A model is developed which incorporates the fact that cohesive sediments, usually clays, consist of particles which can flocculate because of the electrical charges on them. During the cycle of erosion and deposition that occurs in tidal estuaries, the degree of flocculation changes. An equation is formulated for the evolution of the size distribution of the particle aggregates in suspension, taking into account the effect of turbulence both on the rates of flocculation and breakup. Solutions of this equation are obtained using an extension of the quasi‐stationary approximation. The results are used to investigate the interpretation of the output of electro‐optical turbidity meters. These are important sources of field measurements, but they require calibration before their data can be used for the testing and construction of sediment transport equations. It is shown that the transformation of turbidity‐meter readings into density measurements requires statistical information about the sizes of the suspended aggregates. This can be calculated using the size distributions obtained from the model presented here, after they have been combined with an experimental determination of some empirical constants.
Model selection for environmental data
Authors: Bai Jun , Jakeman Anthony J. , McAleer Michael
Published: July 2010

A practical approach is proposed for model selection and discrimination among nested and non‐nested probability distributions. Some existing problems with traditional model selection approaches are addressed, including standard testing of a null hypothesis against a more general alternative and the use of some well‐known discrimination criteria for non‐nested distributions. A generalized information criterion (GIC) is used to choose from two or more model structures or probability distributions. For each set of random samples, all model structures that do not perform significantly worse than other candidates are selected. The two‐and three‐parameter gamma, Weibull and lognormal distributions are used to compare the discrimination procedures with traditional approaches. Monte Carlo experiments are employed to examine the performances of the criteria and tests over large sets of finite samples. For each distribution, the Monte Carlo procedure is undertaken for various representative sets of parameter values which are encountered in fitting environmental quality data.
Optimization of urban runoff quantity/quality management
Authors: Li James , Adams B. J.
Published: July 2010

With increasing concern for the deteriorating water quality of urban water bodies, planning for urban runoff control should simultaneously consider both quantity and quality management. This paper introduces a methodology for preliminary planning of urban runoff quantity and quality control. The methodology consists of three basic steps: rainfall analysis, prediction of runoff control system performance, and determination of least‐cost combinations of control measures. An application is demonstrated by employing the methodology to the Barrington catchment in East York, Toronto. This methdology is particularly suited to the preliminary planning of urban runoff control because control system performance is predicted by analytical models rather than by continuous simulation methods. Additionally, both the cost and performance of various combinations of control measures are analysed in the planning process. As a result, it enables decision maker to understand the cost of satisfying quantity and quality standards for urban runoff control.
Monitoring statistics for detecting interventions for autoregressive models
Authors: Tang S. M. , Macneill I. B.
Published: July 2010

Monitoring statistics for detecting interventions in autoregressive time series are considered. These statistics are defined for stochastic regressor variables analogous to the Bayesian‐type statistics derived for non‐stochastic regressors. Large sample distribution theory is derived for the changedetection statistic for the first‐order autoregressive model.
Mechanisms governing incipient motion of ellipsoidal rock fragments in concentrated overland flow
Authors: Poesen J. W. A. , Torri D.
Published: July 2010

A modified Shields criterion for incipient motion of ellipsoidal rock fragments in concentrated overland flow was previously defined based on laboratory data. In order to apply this new criterion, an estimate of the angle of repose for the considered rock fragment is needed. Therefore, a set of laboratory experiments was conducted in order to develop an algorithm for this estimation. The main result of these experiments shows that each rock fragment lying on a rill bed of a given roughness is characterized by a normally distributed set of angles of repose. This distribution reflects the different local slopes that a rock fragment can experience. The new criterion has been successfully validated for single rock fragments lying on an erodible rill bed. Application of this criterion to field conditions, however, did not explain all variation in the observed data. In fact, rock fragments having sizes larger than the predicted flow competence were removed during a moderate rainfall event. A consideration of several mechanisms reveals that collisions between rock fragments seems likely to be a significant mechanism explaining the observed discrepancy.
Behavior of [14c]-4-nitrophenol and [14c]-3,4-dichloroaniline in lab sediment-water systems. 1. Metabolic fate and partitioning of radioactivity
Authors: Heim Kerstin , Schuphan Ingolf , Schmidt Burkhard
Published: July 2010

Using a standard screening procedure, the fate of [14C]-4-nitrophenol and [14C]-3,4-dichloroamline was studied in lab sediment-water systems; incubation intervals ranged from 4 h to 90 d. The sediments were collected from a creek, a pond, and a drainage ditch of a fruit-growing plantation, and were characterized. Both compounds and their transformation products were sorbed to the sediments in large quantities; radioactivity left in the water phase was below 11 % after termination of the experiments. Besides minor amounts of 14CO2, 3,4-dichloroaniline was converted to predominantly nonextractable residues, presumably without preceding microbial transformation of the 3,4-dichloroaniline moiety. Two main end products were observed in the 4-nitrophenol experiments, namely nonextractable residues and 14CO2. Data obtained from the sediment exhibiting highest microbial activity probably indicated a further mineralization of 4-nitrophenol-derived sediment-bound residues. On the whole, 4-nitrophenol presumably shows low persistence and accumulation in sediment-water systems, whereas due to its stability the toxicity of sediment-sorbed 3,4-dichloroaniline should be examined.
Recent studies of dental development in Neandertals: Implications for Neandertal life histories
Authors: Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie
Published: July 2010

Did Neandertals share with modern humans their prolonged periods of growth and delayed ages of maturation? During the past five years, renewed interest in this question has produced dental studies with seemingly contradictory results. Some suggest fast dental growth,1, 2 while others appear to suggest a slower, modern‐human dental growth pattern.3, 4 Although some apparent contradictions can be reconciled, there remain questions that can be resolved only with additional data and cross‐validation of methods. Moreover, several difficulties are inherent in using dental development to gauge Neandertal life histories. Even with complete data on Neandertal dental development, questions are likely to remain about the meaning of those data with regard to understanding Neandertal life histories.
Über die thermodynamische Verträglichkeit von Gummiarabicum und makromolekularen Komponenten der Globulinfraktion der Bäckerhefe
Authors: Bogračeva T. Ja. , Grinberg V. Ja. , Tolstoguzov V. B.
Published: July 2010

Alle Komponenten der Globulinfraktion der Bäckerhefe (Lipid‐Eiweiß‐Komplexe, Eiweiße, Eiweiß‐Nucleinsäure‐Komplexe) sind mit Gummiarabicum im wäßrigen Medium beschränkt verträglich. Bei einer gegebenen Konzentration des Polysaccharids nimmt die Verträglichkeit in der Reihe Nucleinsäure‐Eiweiß‐Komplexe > Eiweiße > Lipid‐Eiweiß‐Komplexe ab. NaCl übt keinen Einfluß auf die Verträglichkeit von solubilisierten Lipiden mit Gummiarabicum aus, setzt aber erheblich die Verträglichkeit von Nucleinsäure‐Eiweiß‐Komplexen und besonders von Eiweißen mit diesem Polysaccharid herab. Es ist zweckmäßig, die Abtrennung der solubilisierten Lipide von den Haupteiweißkomponenten der Globulinfraktion der Bäckerhefe mittels fraktionierter Fällung mit Gummiarabicum bei einem niedrigen Salzgehalt durchzuführen. Die Verluste an Haupteiweißkomponenten infolge der gemeinsamen Fällung werden damit wesentlich vermindert.
Schnellmethode zur routinemäßigen Bestimmung des Gesamtquecksilbers in Lebensmitteln
Authors: Lauterbach K. , Klemp Chr.
Published: July 2010

Es wird ein Bestimmungsverfahren für Gesamtquecksilber beschrieben, das im Routinebetrieb der Lebensmittelüberwachung infolge seiner einfachen und schnellen Durchführbarkeit bei ausreichender Empfindlichkeit und Genauigkeit sehr gut einsetzbar ist.

Nach Mineralisierung des Probenmaterials mit einem HClO4/HNO3‐Gemisch wird das Quecksilber durch Kaltdampf‐Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie bestimmt. Der angewendete Aufschluß ist für alle homogenisierbaren Lebensmittel, außer für Fette und überwiegend fetthaltige Lebensmittel, gut geeignet. Die Bestimmungsgrenze liegt bei 10 ng Hg, der Variationskoeffizient beträgt 7,1% für 18 ng Hg und die Wiederfindungsrate (100 ± 7) %.
Identifying treatment effects in univariate time series using a joint estimation procedure
Authors: Prasad Sameer , Tata Jasmine
Published: July 2010

Researchers use interrupted time‐series analysis to identify the influence of treatments on social or organizational processes. Methods for analyzing interrupted time‐series, such as intervention analysis and the Changet al.(1988) procedure have limitations that could lead to erroneous conclusions. This paper presents an application of a new joint estimation procedure in gauging the impact of treatments. This procedure locates outliers (treatments) and estimates the series parameters jointly and, consequently, is relatively robust. As we will see in our examples, this robustness helps in identifying the impact more accurately. Finally, we believe this procedure should gain general acceptance with social scientists and organizational researchers given that it allows for greater flexibility and is easier to use.
Bayesian analysis of concurrent time series with application to regional IBM revenue data
Authors: Pai Jeffrey , Ravishanker Nalini , Gelfand Alan E.
Published: July 2010

Business data frequently arise in the form of concurrent time series. We present a general framework for simultaneous modeling and fitting of such series using the class of Box—Jenkins models. This framework is an exchangeable hierarchical Bayesian model incorporating dependence among the series. Our motivating data set consists of regional IBM revenue available monthly for several geographic regions. Stationary seasonal autoregressive models are simultaneously fit to the regional data series using various error covariance specifications for the strong interregional dependence. A modified Gibbs sampling algorithm is used to carry out the fitting and to enable all subsequent inference. Graphical techniques using predictive distributions are employed to assess model adequacy and to select among models. Outlier estimation and prediction under the chosen model are used for planning and to measure the effect of special promotional events.
The evolution of tyrosine‐kinase‐targeted cancer therapies
Authors: Leahy Mike
Published: July 2010

It is now over 50 years since systemic agents were first used to treat malignant disease. Initial results were positive, with cytotoxic chemotherapy achieving success in haematological malignancies, but these successes have not been reproduced for the majority of adult solid tumours, principally because the approach does not target tumour cells sufficiently and exclusively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intravenous therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hutchinson Michael , Nichol Karl , Nellis Mhairi , Spicer Jeanette , Wolfenden Elspeth
Published: July 2010

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a multi‐focal disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterised by inflammation, demyelination and axonal degeneration. In the majority of MS patients, the disease presents with a relapsing remitting course at disease onset. Relapsing remitting MS (RRMS); affects around two thirds of the 85 000 people in the UK with MS.1 The aims of treatment in RRMS are not only to prevent the rate of relapse, but also to slow down patients' disability progression. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Direct Applicability of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 – δ Thin Film Cathode to Yttria Stabilised Zirconia Electrolytes at T ≤ 650 °C
Authors: Noh H.‐S. , Son J.‐W. , Lee H. , Park J.‐S. , Lee H.‐W. , Lee J.‐H.
Published: July 2010

For investigating the direct applicability of highly active cobalt containing cathodes on YSZ electrolytes at a lower processing and operating temperature range (T ≤ 650 °C), we fabricated a thin film lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide (LSC) cathode on an yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ)‐based solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) via pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Its electrochemical performance (5.9 mW cm–2 at 0.7 V, 650 °C) was significantly inferior to that (595 mW cm–2 at 0.7 V, 650 °C) of an SOFC with a thin (t ∼ 200 nm) gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) buffer layer in between the LSC thin film cathode and the YSZ electrolyte. It implies that even though the cathode processing and cell operating temperatures were strictly controlled not to exceed 650 °C, the direct application of LSC on YSZ should be avoided. The origin of the cell performance deterioration is thoroughly studied by glancing angle X‐ray diffraction (GAXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the decomposition of the cathode and diffusion of La and Sr into YSZ were observed when LSC directly contacted YSZ.
Pseudocapacitance Effects for Enhancement of Capacitor Performance
Authors: Lota G. , Frackowiak E.
Published: July 2010

We report on the pseudo‐capacitance induced by a nitrogen substituted in the carbon network composite prepared by a simple carbonisation (750 °C) of formaldehyde and melamine in the presence of carbon nanotubes. Nitrogen content in the composites varied from 7.4 to 21.7 wt.%. Such materials have a higher density than activated carbons, hence, they can supply better volumetric capacity. N‐rich composites show an excellent charge propagation at current loads from 500 mA g–1 to 50 A g–1 because of multiwalled nanotubes which play a conducting as well as a supporting role. The electrochemical performance of various composites was investigated in two‐ and three‐electrode cells using acidic (1 mol L–1 H2SO4), alkaline (6 mol L–1KOH), neutral (1 mol L–1 Na2SO4) and organic electrolytes (1 mol L–1 TEABF4 in acetonitrile). Organic and neutral medium is not adapted for N‐rich carbon electrodes of supercapacitor. The detailed electrochemical characterisation pointed out the differences of charge propagation of electrodes with the different polarity.
Energy Cost Savings Through Direct Purchase and Transportation
Authors: Santa Donald F.
Published: July 2010

An end user can outperform its traditional supplier if the sum of (a) the price of gas paid to a producer or a marketer, (b) the rate paid for pipeline transportation, (c) the rate paid for distributor transportation (or in the alternative, the cost of bypassing the distributor), and (d) any other costs associated with the transaction, is less than the cost of gas currently paid to a distributor or a pipeline supplier. While an end user traditionally has relied on others to purchase, transport and deliver gas and to guarantee against interruption of supply, an end user in a direct purchase arrangement is sometimes responsible for assembling its own chain of supply and for protecting itself against interruption of supply. If an end user can reduce its purchased gas costs and if the risks inherent in arranging for its own supply are acceptable or can be mitigated suitably, a direct purchase arrangement is worth undertaking.
The relative age of some concretions in Cambrian sediments of St. Tudwal's Peninsula, North Wales
Authors: Crimes T. P.
Published: July 2010

A new classification of concretions is suggested. Some concretions are described from the Upper Cambrian (Maentwrog) sediments of St. Tudwal's Peninsula, southwest Caernarvonshire, and their age relative to that of the surrounding sediments is discussed.
Physico‐chemical analysis of paragenesis of minerals: A review
Authors: Marakushev A. A. , Perchuk L. L. , Rast N. , Newall G.
Published: July 2010

Nearly ten years have elapsed since Korzhinskii proposed his basis of paragenetic analysis in 1957. During this period the method was developed and popularised by including diverse problems of physico‐chemical petrology and the study of mineralisation. In the process, definite progress has been made in solving theoretical and practical problems. The present review does not pretend to be a full discussion of research in this field: its aim is reassessment of the most important achievements in certain problems of metamorphism, granitic and syenitic magmatism, metasomatism and formation of ores.
Palaeocurrent determinations by magnetic fabric measurements on the Cambrian Rocks of St. Tudwal's Peninsula, North Wales
Authors: Crimes T. P. , Oldershaw M. A.
Published: July 2010

The relationship between depositional grain orientation and current direction is discussed, and a method to assist in distinguishing between depositional and deformational magnetic fabrics is suggested. Magnetic fabric measurements from Middle and Upper Cambrian strata at St. Tudwal's Peninsula are presented. In the Maentwrog Beds (Upper Cambrian) a correspondence is found between the trend of the maximum magnetic susceptibility axes and the trend of the palaeocurrent as deduced from sole markings. In the Caered Mudstones and Flags (Middle Cambrian) the directions of maximum magnetic susceptibility are used to indicate palaeocurrent trends.
On some sources of errors in phase‐equilibria investigations at ultra‐high pressure; phase diagram of silica
Authors: Ostrovsky I. A.
Published: July 2010

Large pressure gradients and unrecognizable variations of pressure occur when solid substances are compressee by cold anvils (pistons) and heated by internal heaters. To improve the reliability of the results the miniaturization of samples and preliminary firing of pyrophyllite (which transmits pressure) are suggested. The equilibrium coesite—stishovite may be empirically expressed as:

Pkb = 85 + 0·364 T (°C)

Stishovite must be playing an important role in the mantle at depths greater than 500 km. Quartz and stishovite do not coexist in nature whatever PT‐conditions are.
Additional observations on the evolution of Gryphaea
Authors: Philip G. M.
Published: July 2010

The view that Gryphaea became uncoiled as it evolved, recently presented by T. P. Burnaby (1965), is shown to be based on the incorrect use of a size dependent parameter. His result is largely the outcome of the larger mean size of the higher subzone specimens in Hallam's collections. When this size dependence is allowed for, then the results of Burnaby's method are similar to those given by Philip (1962). An additional treatment of Hallam's data is given and it is shown that the slopes of the reduced major axes fitted to Hallam's samples by Philip (1962) are an adequate index of the tightness of coiling (estimated by s/r) of the larger specimens in the samples. Limitations of Burnaby's method are briefly discussed.
Reconnaissance seismic refraction surveys in the Malvern Hills Area
Authors: Brooks Michael
Published: July 2010

Seismic refraction profiles have been established in Eastnor Park (SO 745375) and in the Storridge area (SO 750486), respectively west and north of the Malvern Hills. The seismic results can be explained by a three‐layered subsurface configuration. Layers 1 and 2 are roughly equivalent to Silurian and Cambrian strata and layer 3 is regarded as Precambrian basement.

Under both profiles the Cambrian is much thinner than at the southern end of the Hill range where Groom (1902) estimated a minimum thickness of 2,500 ft (762 m). In Eastnor Park the basement dips westwards at about 10° and is overlain by approximately 1,000 ft (305 m) of Cambrian strata. At the western boundary of the Malvern Hills the Cambrian appears to be cut out locally by a pre‐LIandovery fault.

In the Storridge area the seismic results are consistent with a shallow basement overlain by a few hundred feet of Cambrian strata, as suggested in an earlier paper on the basis of gravity and magnetic interpretations (Brooks 1968).
Lower carboniferous Bryozoa from Scotland
Authors: Owen D. E.
Published: July 2010

Eight species of Bryozoa, two of them new, have been noted from limestones and calcareous shales of the Lower Limestone Group from Hessilhead Quarry, Beith.
The Ayres raised beach, Isle of Man
Authors: Ward C.
Published: July 2010

The area fringing the north coast of the Isle of Man, known as the Ayres, consists of beach deposits lying three or four metres above high‐tide level (about 6 m above O.D. at Douglas). This raised beach extends from Phurt on the east coast to Sartfield on the west where it is cut out by modern coastal erosion. The fossil fauna is recent in character; Lamplugh (1903) used this as a basis for correlation with other raised beaches and platforms around the island.
A rediscovered fossil locality at Shedden, near Burnley, Lancashire
Authors: Eagar R. M. C. , Williamson I. A.
Published: July 2010

Carbonicola agrestis (Brown 1843), described with C. heyae, C. rugosa and C. smithii, were recorded from “Ironstone Shale” at or near “Sheden”, a locality lost for many years. Non‐marine bivalves closely comparable with Brown's figures of C. agrestis and C. heyae were recently discovered in an old tip at Shedden, about 6–5 km south‐east of Burnley. With other evidence the material suggests that Brown's species were collected from a small mine in this locality and from a horizon not more than 3.7 m above the Arley Mine.
A reply to “On the age of the Hoxnian Interglacial” by N. R. Page
Authors: Shotton F. W.
Published: July 2010

The recent paper by Dr. N. R. Page (1972) proposes a time scale for Pleistocene events in East Anglia and southwest Britain which most workers on this subject find incredible and which results in a suggested correlation with other regions, particularly the English Midlands, which completely negates the many years of patient work of stratigraphers and palaeontologists. This paper is intended to show that the claims to the absolute ages of the East Anglian deposits cannot be sustained and that the resulting correlations with the Pleistocene of other parts of Britain and abroad are quite unacceptable.
The Leannan Fault in the Malin Head Peninsula, Co. Donegal, Eire
Authors: Dickinson Barbara
Published: July 2010

Geological evidence is presented confirming that, in the Malin Head area of Inishowen, the Leannan Fault follows the conjectural line of Pitcher (1969) and not the line proposed by Pitcher et al. (1964) and Riddihough and Young (1970).
The Ghirian tertiary volcanic province of Tripolitania, Libya
Authors: Almond D. C. , Busrewil M. T. , Wadsworth W. J.
Published: July 2010

The Ghirian volcanic province comprises three distinct units. An early (50–55 m.y.) phase of extensive plateau lava (basaltic hawaiite) eruption was followed by the emplacement of small phonolite domes (∼ 40 m.y.). After a long period of inactivity, a rejuvenation phase (< 12 m.y.ago) led to the formation of scattered minor volcanic centres, generally of basanitic composition, and carrying Iherzolite fragments. 39 new analyses illustrate the distinctive chemical characteristics of each episode. Differences in volume and composition between early and late basic volcanicity can be related to regional episodes of strong mantle convection in the early Tertiary and weak convection in the late Tertiary. The phonolites may be fractionates of an intervening injection of basic magma trapped at moderate depth. Continuing structural control was exerted on a regional scale by the zone of uplift and fracturing connecting the Ghirian area with Tibesti.
A gravity survey of Northwest Lancashire
Authors: Barker R. D.
Published: July 2010

A survey involving 860 gravity measurements over the Fylde area of Lancashire is described. A line of movement in the pre‐Permian basement rocks is shown to cross the area from north north east to south south west forming the eastern edge of a deep sedimentary basin. Displacement of the Carboniferous along this line has reached 1000 m in places and was probably an important influence on Permo‐Triassic deposition in Northwest Lancashire.
Facies relationships in the Upper Devonian‐Lower Carboniferous of southwest Ireland and adjacent regions
Authors: Naylor D. , Jones P. C. , Matthews S. C.
Published: July 2010

In southwest Ireland 2,500 m of Upper Famennian to basal Namurian marine sandstones and mudstones, the Cork Beds, overlie rocks of Old Red Sandstone facies. Coastal exposures of the Cork Beds are interpreted as showing gradual upward change from alluvial strata, through thick subtidal and shelf sediments to pyritic muds. A review of recent palaeontological evidence shows that the thick shallow marine part of the Cork Beds is older than the major development of lime‐stones north of the Cork Harbour—Kenmare Une, whose equivalents to the south are in the condensed basinal sediments. The Lower Carboniferous portion of the Cork Facies is shown to be thicker in South Cork than in West Cork. In Lower Carboniferous times a positive area–the Glandore High–separated two sub‐basins with different depositional histories. Six palaeogeographic maps are used to demonstrate the progressive shift of facies belts as Lower Carboniferous marine transgression progressed. Finally, brief comparison is made with rocks of the same age in southwest England.
Jointing and minor tectonics of the Vale of Glamorgan between Ogmore‐By‐Sea and Lavernock Point, South Wales
Authors: Roberts J. C.
Published: July 2010

Joints and faults were studied in Mesozoic and Avonian strata along 35 km of coast between Ogmore‐by‐Sea and Lavernock Point, Glamorgan, South Wales. Observations on joint and fault planes were recorded at 22 localities (i.e. approx. 750 stations), an analysis of which suggests the following. In the Mesozoic strata systematic joint patterns of tectonic origin exist with principal azimuths at 340°, 200° and 280°, with the more complex patterns characteristic of Triassic sequences, whilst a System of orthogonal microjoints (striking at 280°–190°) representa perhaps the earliest formed fractures in the Mesozoic strata. The joints in general formed early in the deformation of the area, whilst joints and faults can both be ascribed to a general northsouth compressive force. A study of fracture patterns in Avonian basement reveals a close similarity of trend, but there is little visible evidence to indicate much basement influence on cover tectonics.
The geological interpretation of gravity and magnetic surveys over the exposed southern margin of the Galway Granite, Ireland
Authors: Fairhead J. D. , Walker P.
Published: July 2010

Gravity measurements across the southern margin of the Galway granite, on the Islands of Gorumna and Lettermullen, reveal small positive Bouguer anomalies of amplitudes less than 40 g.u. associated with the denser country rock. These anomalies suggest that the ‘country rock’ is no more than a thin wedge, thickening southwards. Such a structure may form part of a large roof pendant or roof section with the true granite margin lying further south. Magnetic anomaly profiles across the granite contact reveal that the rock groups, making up the country rock, have distinct magnetic character which may provide a means of mapping their southern extent beneath Galway Bay.
Cuticular ultrastructure of a Cretaceous decapod crustacean
Authors: Dalingwater J. E.
Published: July 2010

The cuticie of the lobster Hoploparia longimana (Sowerby) from the Cambridge Greensand (Upper Cretaceous), when etched in E.D.T.A. and examined with the scanning electron microscope, reveals detail of ultrastructure not previously described from any fossil arthropod cuticle. The fibre patterns of laminae and inter‐laminae are described and interpreted by comparison with those in modern crustacean cuticles. Horizontal tubules at the laminae may represent a lamina membrane. The pore canals are round with fibrous walls and are surrounded by elliptical voids, possibly originally occupied by vertical fibres. Wider canals, around 15 μm in diameter, are probably setal ducts. The cuticle is now largely composed of an apatite.
The structure of the Skiddaw Slates in the Blencathra‐Mungrisdale area, Cumbria
Authors: Roberts D. E.
Published: July 2010

Four phases of deformation (D1‐D4) and a ubiquitous non‐tectonic bedding‐cleavage are described. D1 structures are gravity collapse folds without an associated cleavage, formed before the extrusion of the Borrowdale Volcanics. Pre‐Bala folds recognised in the Volcanics are not readily observable in the Slates on a small scale, but may be present on a wider aspect. D2‐D4 folds and cleavages are end‐Silurian structures, the result of the main closure of the Lake District Geosyncline during the Caledonian Orogeny. D2 is the result of crustal shortening and is closely related in time to the emplacement of the Skiddaw Granite; D3 resulted from vertical shortening in conjunction with the intrusion of the Lake District Batholith; and D4 resulted from post‐granite shortening of the existing fold axes. A correlation of the history of deformation with those of other areas is also suggested.
Microfaunas, microfloras and the environmental stratigraphy of the Late Glacial and Holocene in Cardigan Bay
Authors: Haynes J. R. , Kiteley R. J. , Whatley R. C. , Wilks P. J.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of foraminifers, ostracods, diatoms and pollen is studied in cores from submarine boreholes. This reveals that the history of the Flandrian transgression is largely the record of the infilling of meltwater channels cut during the early Late Glacial with transgressive estuarine and finally marine deposits. It also supports the idea of the ‘climatic earliness’ of the Welsh seaboard at all stages. Estuarine deposits in excess of —51 m O.D. suggest that Late Glacial sea levels were initially as low as —60 m O.D. and support the idea that the Welsh ice withdrew before 14,000 years B.P. The sea‐level rise plots as a smooth curve but was probably episodic in its early phases.
Comments on the environments and faunas across the Ludlovian‐Downtonian boundary (upper silurian) at Siefton, Salop
Authors: Antia David D. J.
Published: July 2010

A new temporary section across the Ludlovian‐Downtonian boundary (Upper Silurian) at Siefton (Nr Craven Arms), Salop, England, is described. The sediments present in the section were deposited in both intertidal and subtidal marine environments. The shelly faunas across the section are recorded and considered to be transported assemblages. Both burrowing and boring trace fossils occur in the presumed subtidal environments. Evidence for a late Whitcliffian marine transgression, following a marine regression is presented.
Late pleistocene rock‐basin lakes in South Wales
Authors: Culver S. J. , Bull P. A.
Published: July 2010

Laminated silts and clays recovered by coring and drilling in Swansea Bay are shown to be of lacustrine origin. Similar deposits penetrated by boreholes onshore in the Swansea area have also been ascribed to a lacustrine origin by several authors; a map showing the shape and distribution of five lakes in this area has been produced. Stratigraphic relationships and palynological evidence indicate that the lacustrine conditions probably lasted from about 16,000 to 10,000 years B.P.
Comments on the environments and faunas across the ludlovian‐downtonian boundary (upper silurian) at siefton, salop
Authors: Antia David D. J.
Published: July 2010

A new temporary section across the Ludlovian‐Downtonian boundary (Upper Silurian) at Siefton (Nr Craven Arms), Salop, England, is described. The sediments present in the section were deposited in both intertidal and subtidal marine environments. The shelly faunas across the section are recorded and considered to be transported assemblages. Both burrowing and boring trace fossils occur in the presumed subtidal environments. Evidence for a late Whitcliffian marine transgression, following a marine regression is presented.
Meltwater phenomena in the area between bala and corwen, North Wales
Authors: Rowlands B. M.
Published: July 2010

Previously unrecorded glacio‐fluvial phenomena are identified and mapped. These are shown to conform in part with the known southwest to northeast movement of meltwater from the wasting ‘Merioneth’ icecap in late Devensian time. A further series of meltwater channels and associated kames is also revealed, connecting southwards with the Dee Valley. Orientation of bedding within these latter kame deposits at Sarnau (971394) is also shown to accord with deposition by meltwater from an ice front to the southwest. Petrological analysis of igneous erratics within the Sarnau deposits suggests an origin entirely within the Arenig Mountains. It is thus postulated that the features relate to a late stage in the wasting of the 'Merioneth' ice cap, when a series of meltwater escape routes to the Dee Valley became progressively ice‐free, and that the newly‐discovered meltwater channel system is thus complementary to previously recorded phenomena.