bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parametric instability induced byX‐mode wave heating at EISCAT
Authors: Wang Xiang , Zhou Chen , Liu Moran , Honary Farideh , Ni Binbin , Zhao Zhengyu
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we present results of parametric instability induced byX‐mode wave heating observed by EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) radar at Tromsø, Norway. Three typicalX‐mode ionospheric heating experiments on 22 October 2013, 19 October 2012, and 21 February 2013 are investigated in details. Both parametric decay instability (PDI) and oscillating two‐stream instability are observed during theX‐mode heating period. We suggest that the full dispersion relationship of the Langmuir wave can be employed to analyze theX‐mode parametric instability excitation. A modified kinetic electron distribution is proposed and analyzed, which is able to satisfy the matching condition of parametric instability excitation. Parallel electric field component ofX‐mode heating wave can also exceed the parametric instability excitation threshold under certain conditions.
Imaging the lithospheric structure beneath the Indian continent
Authors: Maurya S. , Montagner J.‐P. , Kumar M. Ravi , Stutzmann E. , Kiselev S. , Burgos G. , Rao N. Purnachandra , Srinagesh D.
Published: October 2016

We present a high‐resolution 3‐D lithospheric model of the Indian plate region down to 300 km depth, obtained by inverting a new massive database of surface wave observations, using classical tomographic methods. Data are collected from more than 550 seismic broadband stations spanning the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions. The Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements along ~14,000 paths are made in a broad frequency range (16–250 s). Our regionalized surface wave (group and phase) dispersion data are inverted at depth in two steps: first an isotropic inversion and next an anisotropic inversion of the phase velocity including the SV wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy, based on the perturbation theory. We are able to recover most of the known geological structures in the region, such as the slow velocities associated with the thick crust in the Himalaya and Tibetan plateau and the fast velocities associated with the Indian Precambrian shield. Our estimates of the depth to the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere boundary (LAB) derived from seismic velocity Vsv reductions at depth reveal large variations (120–250 km) beneath the different cratonic blocks. The lithospheric thickness is ~120 km in the eastern Dharwar, ~160 km in the western Dharwar, ~140–200 km in Bastar, and ~160–200 km in the Singhbhum Craton. The thickest (200–250 km) cratonic roots are present beneath central India. A low velocity layer associated with the midlithospheric discontinuity is present when the root of the lithosphere is deep.
Rainfall estimation by inverting SMOS soil moisture estimates: A comparison of different methods over Australia
Authors: Brocca Luca , Pellarin Thierry , Crow Wade T. , Ciabatta Luca , Massari Christian , Ryu Dongryeol , Su Chun‐Hsu , Rüdiger Christoph , Kerr Yann
Published: October 2016

Remote sensing of soil moisture has reached a level of maturity and accuracy for which the retrieved products can be used to improve hydrological and meteorological applications. In this study, the soil moisture product from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite is used for improving satellite rainfall estimates obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission multisatellite precipitation analysis product (TMPA) using three different “bottom up” techniques: SM2RAIN, Soil Moisture Analysis Rainfall Tool, and Antecedent Precipitation Index Modification. The implementation of these techniques aims at improving the well‐known “top down” rainfall estimate derived from TMPA products (version 7) available in near real time. Ground observations provided by the Australian Water Availability Project are considered as a separate validation data set. The three algorithms are calibrated against the gauge‐corrected TMPA reanalysis product, 3B42, and used for adjusting the TMPA real‐time product, 3B42RT, using SMOS soil moisture data. The study area covers the entire Australian continent, and the analysis period ranges from January 2010 to November 2013. Results show that all the SMOS‐based rainfall products improve the performance of 3B42RT, even at daily time scale (differently from previous investigations). The major improvements are obtained in terms of estimation of accumulated rainfall with a reduction of the root‐mean‐square error of more than 25%. Also, in terms of temporal dynamic (correlation) and rainfall detection (categorical scores) the SMOS‐based products provide slightly better results with respect to 3B42RT, even though the relative performance between the methods is not always the same. The strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm and the spatial variability of their performances are identified in order to indicate the ways forward for this promising research activity. Results show that the integration of bottom up and top down approaches has the potential to improve the quality of near‐real‐time rainfall estimates from remote sensing in the near future.
The kinetics of the ClOOCl catalytic cycle
Authors: Canty Timothy P. , Salawitch Ross J. , Wilmouth David M.
Published: October 2016

We use simultaneous in situ observations of [ClO] and [ClOOCl] obtained in the Arctic polar vortex to evaluate the kinetics of the ClOOCl catalytic cycle. Available laboratory measurements of the ClOOCl absorption cross sections, the ClO + ClO + M reaction rate constant, and the ClO/ClOOCl equilibrium constant are considered, along with compendium evaluations of these kinetic parameters. We show that the most recent (year 2015) recommendations for the kinetics that govern the partitioning of ClO and ClOOCl put forth by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) panel are in extremely good agreement with the atmospheric observations of [ClO] and [ClOOCl]. Hence, we suggest that studies of polar ozone loss adopt these most recent recommendations. The most important difference with respect to calculations that rely on older recommendations is the temperature at which loss of O3 by the ClOOCl catalytic cycle terminates. The latest JPL recommendation for the equilibrium constant suggests that ClOOCl is less stable than previously assumed, resulting in an approximate 2°C downward shift in the termination temperature of polar ozone loss due to the ClOOCl catalytic cycle. Remaining uncertainties in our knowledge of the kinetics that govern the partitioning of ClO and ClOOCl within the activated vortex, and hence the efficiency of O3 loss by the ClOOCl cycle, will be best addressed by future laboratory determinations of the absolute cross section of ClOOCl at the peak (i.e., close to a wavelength of 245 nm) as well as reduced uncertainty in the rate constant of the ClO + ClO + M reaction.
Twenty five years of planetary science: Discoveries and new questions
Authors: Hauck Steven A. , Baratoux David , Stanley Sabine
Published: October 2016

This year marks the 25th anniversary of the first issue of JGR‐Planets. We are marking this occasion with a collection of review papers focused on enduring and fundamental themes in planetary science that have framed the past quarter century and will strongly influence research and exploration in the next quarter century. With topics covering bodies small and large, processes on and in solid planets and giant planets, in atmospheres, and around other stars, this collection samples the broad scope of planetary science and of JGR‐Planets.
Intermediate time scale response of atmospheric CO2 following prescribed fire in a longleaf pine forest
Authors: Viner B. , Parker M. , Maze G. , Varnedoe P. , Leclerc M. , Starr G. , Aubrey D. , Zhang G. , Duarte H.
Published: October 2016

Fire plays an essential role in maintaining the structure and function of longleaf pine ecosystems. While the effects of fire on carbon cycle have been measured in previous studies for short periods during a burn and for multiyear periods following the burn, information on how carbon cycle is influenced by such changes over the span of a few weeks to months has yet to be quantified. We have analyzed high‐frequency measurements of CO2 concentration and flux, as well as associated micrometeorological variables, at three levels of the tall Aiken AmeriFlux tower during and after a prescribed burn. Measurements of the CO2 concentration and vertical fluxes were examined as well as calculated net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for periods prior to and after the burn. Large spikes in both CO2 concentration and CO2 flux during the fire and increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and reduced CO2 flux were observed for several weeks following the burn, particularly below the forest canopy. Both CO2 measurements and NEE were found to return to their preburn states within 60–90 days following the burn when no statistical significance was found between preburn and postburn NEE. This study examines the micrometeorological conditions during a low‐intensity prescribed burn and its short‐term effects on local CO2 dynamics in a forested environment by identifying observable impacts on local measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentration and fluxes.
The influence of daily meteorology on boreal fire emissions and regional trace gas variability
Authors: Wiggins E. B. , Veraverbeke S. , Henderson J. M. , Karion A. , Miller J. B. , Lindaas J. , Commane R. , Sweeney C. , Luus K. A. , Tosca M. G. , Dinardo S. J. , Wofsy S. , Miller C. E. , Randerson J. T.
Published: October 2016

Relationships between boreal wildfire emissions and day‐to‐day variations in meteorological variables are complex and have important implications for the sensitivity of high‐latitude ecosystems to climate change. We examined the influence of environmental conditions on boreal fire emissions and fire contributions to regional trace gas variability in interior Alaska during the summer of 2013 using two types of analysis. First, we quantified the degree to which meteorological and fire weather indices explained regional variability in fire activity using four different products, including active fires, fire radiative power, burned area, and carbon emissions. Second, we combined daily emissions from the Alaskan Fire Emissions Database (AKFED) with the coupled Polar Weather Research and Forecasting/Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport model to estimate fire contributions to trace gas concentration measurements at the Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment‐NOAA Global Monitoring Division (CRV) tower in interior Alaska. Tower observations during two high fire periods were used to estimate CO and CH4emission factors. We found that vapor pressure deficit and temperature had a level of performance similar to more complex fire weather indices. Emission factors derived from CRV tower measurements were 134 ± 25 g CO per kg of combusted biomass and 7.74 ± 1.06 g CH4per kg of combusted biomass. Predicted daily CO mole fractions from AKFED emissions were moderately correlated with CRV observations (r = 0.68) and had a high bias. The modeling system developed here allows for attribution of emission factors to individual fires and has the potential to improve our understanding of regional CO, CH4, and CO2budgets.
Teachers' Ratings of Working Memory in English Language Learners: Do Laboratory Measures Predict Classroom Analogues?
Authors: Uppal Harpreet Kaur , Lee Swanson H.
Published: October 2016

This study investigated the relationship between teachers' classroom ratings of working memory (WM) and laboratory measures of WM of English language learners (ELLs) in the elementary grades. Multilevel modeling was used to identify whether teacher ratings accurately predicted ELL children's performance on WM tasks. The results indicated that teachers' ratings of WM were predicted by isolated components of WM even when measures of achievement, vocabulary and gender representation were entered into the analysis. Teacher ratings of WM were predictive of student performance on latent measures of Spanish short‐term memory and the executive component of WM. Entering inattention ratings into the analysis partialed out the influence of the executive component of WM, while leaving variance related to a language‐specific storage system as a significant predictor of teachers' classroom ratings of WM. The results suggest that classroom ratings of WM provide a valid analogue of student laboratory performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining Measurement Invariance Across Gender in Self‐defining Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Using a Shortened Version of the Memory Experiences Questionnaire
Authors: Siedlecki Karen L. , Falzarano Francesca
Published: October 2016

Participants between the ages of 18 and 94 years (n = 279) provided ratings on different phenomenological memory characteristics regarding a self‐defining autobiographical memory by completing a slightly shortened version of the Memory Experiences Questionnaire. Results of a multi‐group invariance analyses across men and women provided evidence of configural, metric, scalar, and structural invariance across gender. These results help to empirically substantiate the assumption that memory phenomenology is invariant across gender. Subsequent latent means analysis found that women, as compared with men, rated their self‐defining memories as being more coherent, having greater emotional intensity, having greater sensory detail, having higher levels of vividness/time perspective, and being more likely to be from a first‐person perspective. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passport Checks: Interactions Between Matching Faces and Biographical Details
Authors: McCaffery Jennifer M. , Burton A. Mike
Published: October 2016

Matching unfamiliar faces is known to be a difficult task. However, most research has tested viewers' ability to match pairs of faces presented in isolation. In real settings, professionals are commonly required to examine photo ID that contains other biographical information too. In three experiments, we present faces embedded in passport frames and ask viewers to make face matching decisions and to check biographical information. We find that the inclusion of a passport frame reduces viewers' ability to detect a face mismatch. Furthermore, the nature of the face match influences biographical data checking—true matches lead to fewer detections of invalid data. In general, viewers were poor at spotting errors in biographical information. This pattern suggests that detection of fraudulent photo ID is even harder than current experimental studies suggest. Possible mechanisms for these effects are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phonetic Symbolism and Memory for Advertisements
Authors: Boltz Marilyn G. , Mangigian Grace M. , Allen Molly B.
Published: October 2016

This study investigated whether phonetic symbolism within brand names influences the memory of advertisements. Participants both saw and heard brand names with front vs. back vowels paired with small vs. large products in a congruent vs. incongruent fashion. When later given several unexpected memory tasks, it was found that congruent (vs. incongruent) pairings led to enhanced brand name and product recall as well as the efficiency of both brand name and paired recognition. These findings are consistent with a theory of cross‐modal processing involving perceptual unification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased Incidence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Polymyositis: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Tseng Chia‐Chun , Chang Shun‐Jen , Tsai Wen‐Chan , Ou Tsan‐Teng , Wu Cheng‐Chin , Sung Wan‐Yu , Hsieh Ming‐Chia , Yen Jeng‐Hsien
Published: October 2016

Objective

Past studies have shown common pathologic characteristics and shared immunologic features between polymyositis (PM) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To explore the potential relationship between the 2 diseases, we performed a nationwide cohort study.

Methods

We identified all newly diagnosed patients with PM from Taiwan's Registry of Catastrophic Illness Database between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2011. Each PM patient was matched to ≤5 control patients from the National Health Insurance Research Database by sex, age, and entry date. Cumulative incidence of ALS was calculated by the Kaplan‐Meier method and compared using the log rank test. Cox hazard regression was used to calculate the hazard ratio of ALS.

Results

A total of 1,778 PM patients and 8,124 control patients were enrolled. PM patients had a higher cumulative incidence of ALS (P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation in being diagnosed with ALS in patients previously diagnosed with PM when stratified by sex. Consistent trends were conserved across different age strata. The strength of this association remained statistically significant after adjusting for sex, age, and concomitant autoimmune diseases (hazard ratio 25.72 [95% confidence interval 2.95–224.58]; P = 0.003).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a diagnosis of PM increased the likelihood of a subsequent ALS diagnosis, independent of sex, age, and concomitant autoimmune diseases. Future studies are warranted to clarify the underlying biologic mechanisms and to translate them into clinical therapeutic options.
Task space consensus in networks of heterogeneous and uncertain robotic systems with variable time‐delays
Authors: Nuño Emmanuel , Aldana Carlos I. , Basañez Luis
Published: October 2016

This work deals with the leader‐follower and the leaderless consensus problems in networks of multiple robot manipulators. The robots are non‐identical, kinematically different (heterogeneous), and their physical parameters are uncertain. The main contribution of this work is a novel controller that solves the two consensus problems, in the task space, with the following features: it estimates the kinematic and the dynamic physical parameters; it is robust to interconnecting variable‐time delays; it employs the singularity‐free unit‐quaternions to represent the orientation; and, using energy‐like functions, the controller synthesis follows a constructive procedure. Simulations using a network with four heterogeneous manipulators illustrate the performance of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Therapeutic Small‐Molecule Fluorophore for Cell Transplantation
Authors: Wang Xin , Chen Zelin , Luo Shenglin , Jin Taotao , Wang Yu , Chen Fuqin , Wu Liao , Tan Xu , Shi Chunmeng
Published: October 2016

Cell transplantation holds great promise in regenerative medicine but restricted cell survival and tracking severely limited their therapeutic efficacy. The development of multifunctional agents to simultaneously address these challenges will be very helpful in cytotherapy. Near‐infrared (NIR) imaging is being increasingly used for in vivo cell tracking, but the extensive cell contamination and potential cytotoxicity of current membrane lipophilic dyes severely limit their potentialuse in clinical applications. Here, a novel mitochondrial heptamethine dye, NIR cell protector‐61 (NIRCP‐61), is designed and synthesized via modification of N‐alkyl side chains around a heptamethine core, which maintains the superior fluorescent imaging properties and significantly decreases cell contamination. Further, NIRCP‐61 also significantly alleviates cell damage from acute oxidative stress and improves their therapeutic outcome in multiple animal models. This cytoprotective effect is mediated by evoking the intracellular antioxidant defense mechanisms of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways. NIRCP‐61 is the first NIR agent that simultaneously meets the requirements for both cell tracking and cytoprotection. Therefore, NIRCP‐61 may represent an attractive therapeutic fluorophore for cell transplantation and offers a convenient way to impel potential translation in clinical cell‐based therapies.
Hydroxyapatite/Mesoporous Graphene/Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Freestanding Flexible Hybrid Membranes for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Zhang Rujing , Metoki Noah , Sharabani‐Yosef Orna , Zhu Hongwei , Eliaz Noam
Published: October 2016

Freestanding flexible membranes based on biocompatible calcium phosphates are of great interest in regenerative medicine. Here, the authors report the first synthesis of well‐aligned biomimetic hexagonal bars of hydroxyapatite (HAp) on flexible, freestanding mesoporous graphene/single‐walled carbon nanotubes (MG/SWCNT) hybrid membranes. The chemical composition and surface morphology of the HAp coating resemble those of biological apatite. Nitrogen doping and oxygen plasma etching of the MG/SWCNT membranes increase the density of nucleation sites and yield more uniform coatings. This novel membrane favors the attachment and proliferation of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) osteoprogenitor cells. When soaked in simulated body fluid, enhanced in vitro biomineralization occurs on the hybrid membranes. This hybrid membrane holds great promise in biomedical applications such as patches and strips for spine fusion, bone repair, and restoration of tooth enamel.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Functional Layers for on Chip 3D Li‐Ion All Solid State Microbattery
Authors: Létiche Manon , Eustache Etienne , Freixas Jeremy , Demortière Arnaud , De Andrade Vincent , Morgenroth Laurence , Tilmant Pascal , Vaurette François , Troadec David , Roussel Pascal , Brousse Thierry , Lethien Christophe
Published: October 2016

Nowadays, millimeter scale power sources are key devices for providing autonomy to smart, connected, and miniaturized sensors. However, until now, planar solid state microbatteries do not yet exhibit a sufficient surface energy density. In that context, architectured 3D microbatteries appear therefore to be a good solution to improve the material mass loading while keeping small the footprint area. Beside the design itself of the 3D microbaterry, one important technological barrier to address is the conformal deposition of thin films (lithiated or not) on 3D structures. For that purpose, atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology is a powerful technique that enables conformal coatings of thin film on complex substrate. An original, robust, and highly efficient 3D scaffold is proposed to significantly improve the geometrical surface of miniaturized 3D microbattery. Four functional layers composing the 3D lithium ion microbattery stacking has been successfully deposited on simple and double microtubes 3D templates. In depth synchrotron X‐ray nanotomography and high angle annular dark field transmission electron microscope analyses are used to study the interface between each layer. For the first time, using ALD, anatase TiO2 negative electrode is coated on 3D tubes with Li3PO4 lithium phosphate as electrolyte, opening the way to all solid‐state 3D microbatteries. The surface capacity is significantly increased by the proposed topology (high area enlargement factor – “thick” 3D layer), from 3.5 μA h cm−2 for a planar layer up to 0.37 mA h cm−2 for a 3D thin film (105 times higher).
Integrating Band Structure Engineering with All‐Scale Hierarchical Structuring for High Thermoelectric Performance in PbTe System
Authors: Pei Yanling , Tan Gangjian , Feng Dan , Zheng Lei , Tan Qing , Xie Xiaobing , Gong Shengkai , Chen Yue , Li Jing‐Feng , He Jiaqing , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Zhao Li‐Dong
Published: October 2016

PbTe1−xSex‐2%Na‐y%SrTe system is investigated and a high maximum ZT of 2.3 at 923 K for PbTe0.85Se0.15‐2%Na‐4%SrTe is reported. This is achieved by performing electronic band structures modifications as well as all‐scale hierarchical structuring and combining the two effects. It is found that high ZTs in PbTe0.85Se0.15‐2%Na‐4%SrTe are possible at all temperature from 300 to 873 K with an average ZTave of 1.23. The high performance in PbTe1−xSex‐2%Na‐y%SrTe can be achieved by either choosing PbTe‐2Na‐4SrTe or PbTe0.85Se0.15‐2Na as a matrix. At room temperature the carrier mobility shows negligible variations as SrTe fraction is increased, however the lattice thermal conductivity is significantly reduced from ≈1.1 to ≈0.82 W m−1 K−1 when 5.0% SrTe is added, correspondingly, the lattice thermal conductivity at 923 K decreases from ≈0.59 to ≈0.43 W m−1 K−1. The power factor maxima of PbTe1−xSex‐2Na‐4SrTe shift systematically to higher temperature with rising Se fractions due to bands divergence. The maximum power factors reach ≈27, ≈30, ≈31 μW cm−1 K−2 for the x = 0, 0.05, and 0.15 samples peak at 473, 573, and 623 K, respectively. The results indicate that ZT can be increased by synergistic integration of band structure engineering and all‐scale hierarchical architectures.
Surface Engineering Strategies of Layered LiCoO2 Cathode Material to Realize High‐Energy and High‐Voltage Li‐Ion Cells
Authors: Kalluri Sujith , Yoon Moonsu , Jo Minki , Park Suhyeon , Myeong Seungjun , Kim Junhyeok , Dou Shi Xue , Guo Zaiping , Cho Jaephil
Published: October 2016

Battery industries and research groups are further investigating LiCoO2 to unravel the capacity at high‐voltages (>4.3 vs Li). The research trends are towards the surface modification of the LiCoO2 and stabilize it structurally and chemically. In this report, the recent progress in the surface‐coating materials i.e., single‐element, binary, and ternary hybrid‐materials etc. and their coating methods are illustrated. Further, the importance of evaluating the surface‐coated LiCoO2 in the Li‐ion full‐cell is highlighted with our recent results. Mg,P‐coated LiCoO2 full‐cells exhibit excellent thermal stability, high‐temperature cycle and room‐temperature rate capabilities with high energy‐density of ≈1.4 W h cc−1 at 10 C and 4.35 V. Besides, pouch‐type full‐cells with high‐loading (18 mg cm−2) electrodes of layered‐Li(Ni,Mn)O2 ‐coated LiCoO2 not only deliver prolonged cycle‐life at room and elevated‐temperatures but also high energy‐density of ≈2 W h cc−1 after 100 cycles at 25 °C and 4.47 V (vs natural graphite). The post‐mortem analyses and experimental results suggest enhanced electrochemical performances are attributed to the mechanistic behaviour of hybrid surface‐coating layers that can mitigate undesirable side reactions and micro‐crack formations on the surface of LiCoO2 at the adverse conditions. Hence, the surface‐engineering of electrode materials could be a viable path to achieve the high‐energy Li‐ion cells for future applications.
Hydrogen bond lifetimes and statistics of aqueous mono‐, di‐ and tri‐ethylene glycol
Authors: Olsen Richard , Kvamme Bjørn , Kuznetsova Tatiana
Published: October 2016

Hydrogen bond statistics, energy distributions of hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bond lifetimes for aqueous monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and triethylene glycol (TEG) were investigated at temperatures ranging from 275 to 370 K at 101.325 kPa using molecular dynamics simulations. Each individual type of hydrogen bond were studied separately to better understand how each type of hydrogen bond affected the collective behavior often measured in experiments. We also studied the effects of glycols on water–water hydrogen bond structures and lifetimes. Decay constants for hydroxyl type hydrogen bonds, as well as for water based hydrogen bonds were in the same order, thus indicating that all these hydrogen bonds play an essential role in the process of dielectric relaxation. Correlations between water hydrogen bond distances and angles were not affected markedly by adding glycols. However, hydrogen bond lifetimes increased by 9, 29, and 62 times by adding MEG, DEG, and TEG, respectively. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1674–1689, 2017
Electrochemical reaction engineering of polymer electrolyte fuel cell
Authors: Kawase M. , Sato K. , Mitsui R. , Asonuma H. , Kageyama M. , Yamaguchi K. , Inoue G.
Published: October 2016

Although fuel cells can be considered as a type of reactor, methods of kinetic analysis and reactor modeling from the viewpoint of chemical reaction engineering have not yet been established. The rate of an electrochemical reaction is a function of concentration, temperature, and interfacial potential difference (or electromotive force). This study examined the cathode reaction in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, in which oxygen and protons react over platinum in the catalyst layer (CL). The effects of the oxygen partial pressure and the cathode electromotive force on the reaction rate were assessed. Resistance to proton transport increases the electromotive force and reducing the reaction rate. It was established that the effectiveness factor of the cathode CL is determined by competition between the reaction and mass transport of oxygen and protons. Two dimensionless moduli that govern the cathode behavior are proposed as a means of depicting the processes in the cell. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 249–256, 2017
A Vision for the Future of Community Psychology Education and Training
Authors: Jimenez Tiffeny R. , Sánchez Bernadette , McMahon Susan D. , Viola Judah
Published: October 2016

As we reflect on the founding vision of the field of community psychology in the United States, we assess our progress toward achieving, building upon, and refining this vision. We review early literature regarding the US vision of the field, provide a historical overview of education and training within the field, and provide recommendations to guide and strengthen our approach to education. Our recommendations include the following: 1) serve as a resource to communities, 2) promote a sense of community within our field, 3) diversify students, faculty, and leadership, 4) evaluate our efforts, 5) be current and relevant, 6) enhance the visibility and growth of our field, and 7) create globally minded and innovative CPists. We provide strategies for programs, faculty, linkages between researchers and practitioners, and the Society for Community Research and Action. We conclude that community psychology education and training continues to reflect the early vision; however, we believe we must make more intentional efforts to align with the mission and values of the field, and to engage in a critical analysis of our pedagogy. Enhancing and growing undergraduate and graduate education can facilitate the achievement of our goals to promote social justice, prevent and address social problems, and build community connections to become more effective, impactful, and global social change agents.
Reduced intensity conditioned allograft yields favorable survival for older adults with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Rosko Ashley E. , Wang Hai‐Lin , de Lima Marcos , Sandmaier Brenda , Khoury H. Jean , Artz Andrew , Brammer Johnathan , Bredeson Christopher , Farag Sherif , Kharfan‐Dabaja Mohamed , Lazarus Hillard M. , Marks David I. , Martino Bufarull Rodrigo , McGuirk Joseph , Mohty Mohamed , Nishihori Taiga , Nivison‐Smith Ian , Rashidi Armin , Ringden Olle , Seftel Matthew , Weisdorf Daniel , Bachanova Veronika , Saber Wael
Published: October 2016

Older adults with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) have poor survival. We examined the effectiveness of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) in adults with B‐ALL age 55 years and older and explored prognostic factors associated with long‐term outcomes. Using CIBMTR registry data, we evaluated 273 patients (median age 61, range 55–72) with B‐ALL with disease status in CR1 (71%), >CR2 (17%) and Primary Induction Failure (PIF)/Relapse (11%), who underwent RIC HCT between 2001 and 2012 using mostly unrelated donor (59%) or HLA‐matched sibling (32%). Among patients with available cytogenetic data, the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) was present in 50%. The 3‐year cumulative incidences of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and relapse were 25% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 20–31%) and 47% (95% CI: 41–53%), respectively. Three‐year overall survival (OS) was 38% (95% CI: 33–44%). Relapse remained the leading cause of death accounting for 49% of all deaths. In univariate analysis, 3 year risk of NRM was significantly higher with reduced Karnofsky performance status (KPS <90: 34% (95% CI: 25–43%) versus KPS ≥90 (18%; 95% CI: 12–24%, P = 0.006). Mortality was increased in older adults (66+ vs. 55–60: Relative Risk [RR] 1.51 95% CI: 1.00–2.29, P = 0.05) and those with advanced disease (RR 2.13; 95% CI: 1.36–3.34, P = 0.001). Survival of patients in CR1 yields 45% (95% CI: 38–52%) at 3 years and no relapse occurred after 2 years. We report promising OS and acceptable NRM using RIC HCT in older patients with B‐ALL. Disease status in CR1 and good performance status are associated with improved outcomes. Am. J. Hematol. 92:42–49, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personality traits in Huntington's disease: An exploratory study of gene expansion carriers and non‐carriers
Authors: Larsen Ida Unmack , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Vinther‐Jensen Tua , Nielsen Jørgen Erik , Knudsen Gitte Moos , Vogel Asmus
Published: October 2016

Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with risk for developing psychiatric symptoms. Vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric symptoms may be associated with personality traits. This exploratory study, aimed to investigate personality traits in a large cohort of HD carriers and at risk gene‐expansion negative individuals (HD non‐carriers), exploring whether carrying the HD gene or growing up in an HD family influences personality traits. Forty‐seven HD carriers, Thirty‐nine HD non‐carriers, and 121 healthy controls answered the Danish version of the revised NEO personality inventory. Comparisons between HD carriers and HD non‐carriers were mostly non‐significant but the combined group of HD carriers and non‐carriers showed significantly higher scores on the facets: “hostility,” “assertiveness,” and “activity” and on the trait “Conscientiousness” relative to controls, “Conscientiousness” have been associated with resilience to psychiatric symptoms. Twelve HD carriers and non‐carriers were classified as depressed and showed significantly lower scores on “Extraversion” and “Conscientiousness” and significantly higher scores on “Neuroticism,” which are associated with vulnerability to psychiatric symptoms. Our findings suggest that, there is no direct effect of the HD gene on personality traits, but that personality assessment may be relevant to use when identifying individuals from HD families who are vulnerable to develop psychiatric symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselective Alkylation of Glycine Imine Promoted by Amino‐Acid‐Derived Phosphonium Salts
Authors: Wen Shan , Li Xing , Lu Yixin
Published: October 2016

Chiral phosphonium salts derived from natural amino acids were prepared and applied to the asymmetric alkylation reaction of glycine imine with substituted benzyl bromides, and the desired alkylation products were obtained in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Interim Relief in Arbitration: What Does the Case Law Teach Us?
Authors: Meyerson Bruce E.
Published: October 2016

We see it all the time in arbitration clauses.
On Emotional Processes: Where Decisions Really Come From
Authors: Creo Robert A.
Published: October 2016

‘Betrayal does so many different things to people.’
Erzeugung zweifach koordinierter Bor(I)‐Einheiten durch Fragmentierung eines molekularen Tetra‐Bor(I)‐Quadrats
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle , Auerhammer Dominic , Bertermann Rüdiger , Braunschweig Holger , Bringmann Gerhard , Celik Mehmet Ali , Dewhurst Rian D. , Finze Maik , Grüne Matthias , Hailmann Michael , Hertle Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo
Published: October 2016

Die Reduktion des Carbenboranaddukts [(cAAC)BBr2(CN)] (cAAC=1‐(2,6‐Diisopropylphenyl)‐3,3,5,5‐tetramethylpyrrolidin‐2‐yliden) verlief sauber zur Tetra(cyanoborylen)verbindung [(cAAC)B(CN)]4, welche einen zwölfgliedrigen (BCN)4‐Ring aufweist. Die Analyse der Kohn‐Sham‐Molekülorbitale zeigte eindeutige Boryleneigenschaften der BI‐Atome. Einerseits reduzierte [(cAAC)B(CN)]4 zwei Äquivalente AgCN unter Bildung von [(cAAC)B(CN)3], andererseits fragmentierte es in der Reaktion mit IMeMe (1,3,4,5‐Tetramethylimidazol‐2‐yliden) zu divalenten Bor(I)‐Einheiten und ergab dabei das entsprechende dreifach koordinierte, gemischte cAAC‐NHC‐Cyanoborylen. Das analoge cAAC‐Phosphan‐Cyanoborylen wurde durch die Reduktion von [(cAAC)BBr2(CN)] in Gegenwart eines Überschusses an Phosphan erhalten.
Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials
Authors: Wesdemiotis Chrys
Published: October 2016

Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion‐mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre‐ionization in the solution state or post‐ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end‐group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2, LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo‐ and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross‐linked or nonionizable polymers.
Characterization of the Cytochrome c Membrane‐Binding Site Using Cardiolipin‐Containing Bicelles with NMR
Authors: Kobayashi Hisashi , Nagao Satoshi , Hirota Shun
Published: October 2016

Cytochrome (cyt) c transports electrons from Complex III to Complex IV in mitochondria. Cyt c is ordinarily anchored to the mitochondrial membrane through interaction with cardiolipin (CL), however its release into the cytosol initiates apoptosis. The cyt c interaction site with CL‐containing bicelles was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift perturbations in cyt c signals upon interaction with bicelles revealed that a relatively wide region, which includes the A‐site, the CXXCH motif, and the N‐ and C‐terminal helices, and contains multiple Lys residues, interacts cooperatively with CL. The specific cyt c–CL interaction increased with increasing CL molecules in the bicelles. The location of the cyt c interaction site for CL was similar to those for Complex III and Complex IV, thus indicating that cyt c recognizes lipids and partner proteins in a similar way. In addition to elucidating the cyt c membrane‐binding site, these results provide insight into the dynamic aspect of cyt c interactions in mitochondria.
Thermal Dehydrogenation of Methane by [ReN]+
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut
Published: October 2016

The thermal reaction of the diatomic rhenium nitride cation [ReN]+ with methane has been explored using FT‐ICR mass spectrometry complemented by high‐level quantum chemical calculations. Mechanistic aspects of the reaction have been addressed to uncover scenarios for the competitive generation of a methylene and a hydrogen cyanide ligand attached to the rhenium center. The role the nitrogen atom plays in the reactive [ReN]+/CH4 couple is elucidated, and the cause of the rather different reactivities of [ReN]+ and its lighter congener [MnN]+ is revealed.
Dry Sintering Meets Wet Silver‐Ion “Soldering”: Charge‐Transfer Plasmon Engineering of Solution‐Assembled Gold Nanodimers From Visible to Near‐Infrared I and II Regions
Authors: Fang Lingling , Wang Yueliang , Liu Miao , Gong Ming , Xu An , Deng Zhaoxiang
Published: October 2016

Achieving highly tunable and localized surface plasmon resonance up to near infrared (NIR) regions is a key target in nanoplasmonics. In particular, a self‐assembly process capable of producing highly uniform and solution‐processable nanomaterials with tailor‐made plasmonic properties is lacking. We herein address this problem through a conjunctive use of wet Ag+ soldering and dry thermal sintering to produce nanodimer‐derived structures with precisely engineered charge‐transfer plasmon (CTP). The sintered dimers are water soluble, featuring gradually shifted CTP spanning an 800 nm wavelength range (up to NIR II). Upon silica removal, the products are grafted by DNA to offer surface functionality. This process is also adaptable to DNA‐linked AuNP dimers toward plasmonic meta‐materials via DNA‐guided soldering and sintering.
A Heck–Matsuda Process for the Synthesis of β‐Arylethenesulfonyl Fluorides: Selectively Addressable Bis‐electrophiles for SuFEx Click Chemistry
Authors: Qin Hua‐Li , Zheng Qinheng , Bare Grant A. L. , Wu Peng , Sharpless K. Barry
Published: October 2016

A Heck–Matsuda process for the synthesis of the otherwise difficult to access compounds, β‐arylethenesulfonyl fluorides, is described. Ethenesulfonyl fluoride (i.e., vinylsulfonyl fluoride, or ESF) undergoes β‐arylation with stable and readily prepared arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates in the presence of the catalyst palladium(II) acetate to afford the E‐isomer sulfonyl analogues of cinnamoyl fluoride in 43–97 % yield. The β‐arylethenesulfonyl fluorides are found to be selectively addressable bis‐electrophiles for sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry, in which either the alkenyl moiety or the sulfonyl fluoride group can be the exclusive site of nucleophilic attack under defined conditions, making these rather simple cores attractive for covalent drug discovery.
Novel type of SO3H–functionalized nano‐titanium dioxide as a highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans
Authors: Shamsi Taiebeh , Amoozadeh Ali , Sajjadi S. Maryam , Tabrizian Elham
Published: October 2016

n‐Butylsulfonated nano‐titania (n‐TiO2‐NH‐(CH2)4‐SO3H) as a highly efficient and reusable nanocatalyst was prepared by grafting 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate as a bi‐functional covalent linker onto a nano‐titania support, followed by reduction and then ring opening‐reaction of the synthesized amine with 1,4‐butanesultone. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the catalyst. The catalytic activity of n‐TiO2‐NH‐(CH2)4‐SO3H was evaluated in the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans, which affords high yields. Statistical experimental design was applied as an efficient and powerful method to achieve the optimal conditions for this catalytic reaction leading to high yield. Moreover, the catalyst was recovered and reused at least six times without a significant decrease in catalytic activity.
Preparation and characterization of a foam regulator with ultra‐high molecular weight
Authors: Zhan Mengyu , Li Siyu , Zhong Yi , Shen Chunhui , Gao Shanjun
Published: October 2016

Multistage emulsion polymerization was used to prepare ultra‐high molecular weight foam regulator of low cost, with methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), styrene (St) as main raw materials. Ubbelohde viscometer, dynamic light scattering, infrared and raman spectra, TEM, DSC, TGA, and GPC were all used to characterize constituent and structure, morphology, and molecular weight. As a result, when the ratio of soft monomer (BA) and hard monomer (St + MMA) is 1:3, MMA:St = 4:1, potassium persulfate (KPS): 0.15%, sodium hydrogen sulfite (SHS): 0.05%, azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN): 0.15%, divinyl benzene (DVB): 0.3%, the final product terpolymer has obvious core‐shell structure and ultra‐high molecular weight (Mw = 1,400,000). This kind of foam regulator showed improvements in the melt strength, prevention of bubble coalescence and reduction on cost when compared with the traditional. Finally, the coefficients of poly (methyl methacrylate‐butyl acrylate‐styrene) terpolymer's Mark‐Houwink equation were calculated with tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent at 25 °C. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44479.
Stability improvement of CO2 foam for enhanced oil‐recovery applications using polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles
Authors: Kalyanaraman Nishkriya , Arnold Cameron , Gupta Aadish , Tsau Jyun Syung , Ghahfarokhi Reza Barati
Published: October 2016

CO2 foam for enhanced oil‐recovery applications has been traditionally used in order to address mobility‐control problems that occur during CO2 flooding. However, the supercritical CO2 foam generated by surfactant has a few shortcomings, such as loss of surfactant to the formation due to adsorption and lack of a stable front in the presence of crude oil. These problems arise because surfactants dynamically leave and enter the foam interface. We discuss the addition of polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PECNP) to the surfactant solution to stabilize the interface using electrostatic forces to generate stronger and longer‐lasting foams. An optimized ratio and pH of the polyelectrolytes was used to generate the nanoparticles. Thereafter we studied the interaction of the polyelectrolyte–surfactant CO2 foam and the polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticle–surfactant CO2 foam with crude oil in a high‐pressure, high‐temperature static view cell. The nanoparticle–surfactant CO2 foam system was found to be more durable in the presence of crude oil. Understanding the rheology of the foam becomes crucial in determining the effect of shear on the viscosity of the foam. A high‐pressure, high‐temperature rheometer setup was used to shear the CO2 foam for the three different systems, and the viscosity was measured with time. It was found that the viscosity of the CO2 foams generated by these new systems of polyelectrolytes was slightly better than the surfactant‐generated CO2 foams. Core‐flood experiments were conducted in the absence and presence of crude oil to understand the foam mobility and the oil recovered. The core‐flood experiments in the presence of crude oil show promising results for the CO2 foams generated by nanoparticle–surfactant and polyelectrolyte–surfactant systems. This paper also reviews the extent of damage, if any, that could be caused by the injection of nanoparticles. It was observed that the PECNP–surfactant system produced 58.33% of the residual oil, while the surfactant system itself produced 47.6% of the residual oil in place. Most importantly, the PECNP system produced 9.1% of the oil left after the core was flooded with the surfactant foam system. This proves that the PECNP system was able to extract more oil from the core when the surfactant foam system was already injected. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44491.
Novel fluorescent porous hyperbranched aromatic polyamide containing 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene moieties: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Hu Xiaobing
Published: October 2016

In this thesis, two novel porous hyperbranched poly(1,3,5‐tris(4‐carboxyphenyl) benzene p‐phenylenediamine) amides with different terminal functional groups are synthesized through an A2 + B3 approach using 1,3,5‐tri(4‐carboxyl phenyl) benzene (H3BTB) and p‐phenylenediamine as raw material, N‐methyl‐pyrrolidone as solvent, triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as dehydrating agent, by means of regulating the mole ratio of the monomers. The chemical structures of the prepared hyperbranched polymers are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR) analysis. These two polymers can be soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF). Their DMSO solutions exhibit strong blue fluorescence, especially for the amino terminated polymer HP‐NH2. While in DMF solution, the two polymers emit strong green fluorescence. These two polymers are porous polymers with the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface areas of 4.53 and 24.52 m2/g for HP‐COOH and HP‐NH2, respectively. They are potential useful in the areas of storage, separation, catalysis, and light emitting. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44505.