bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Five Annual Rounds of Mass Drug Administration with Diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti Infection in American Samoa
Authors: Liang Jennifer L. , King Jonathan D. , Ichimori Kazuyo , Handzel Thomas , Pa’au Molisamoa , Lammie Patrick J.
Published: September 2018

American Samoa began a territory-wide mass drug administration (MDA) program with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in 2000 after baseline surveys indicated that 16.5% of 2,989 residents were infected with Wuchereria bancrofti based on tests for circulating filarial antigen. Follow-up surveys were conducted in 2001, 2003, and 2006, using convenience samples of residents of sentinel villages. Antigenemia prevalence in 2001 (11.5%) and 2003 (13.5%) showed no change. After the 2003 sentinel assessment, improvements were made in the social mobilization and drug distribution strategies. In 2006, after a total of 5 years of MDA and 3 years of improved MDA participation, the antigenemia prevalence dropped from 11.5% (2001) to 0.95% (2006) (P < 0.0001). In 2006, antigenemia prevalence was greater in males (1.5%) than females (0.4%) (P = 0.04). The decline in antigenemia prevalence shows the effectiveness of MDA and changes made in social mobilization and drug distribution.
Experimental Infection of Aedes sollicitans and Aedes taeniorhynchus with Two Chimeric Sindbis/Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Candidates
Authors: Arrigo Nicole C. , Watts Douglas M. , Frolov Ilya , Weaver Scott C.
Published: September 2018

Two chimeric vaccine candidates for Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) were developed by inserting the structural protein genes of either a North American (NA) or South American (SA) EEEV into a Sindbis virus (SINV) backbone. To assess the effect of chimerization on mosquito infectivity, experimental infections of two potential North American bridge vectors of EEEV, Aedes sollicitans and Ae. taeniorhynchus, were attempted. Both species were susceptible to oral infection with all viruses after ingestion of high titer blood meals of ca. 7.0 log10 plaque-forming units/mL. Dissemination rates for SIN/NAEEEV (0 of 56) and SIN/SAEEEV (1 of 54) were low in Ae. taeniorhynchus and no evidence of transmission potential was observed. In contrast, the chimeras disseminated more efficiently in Ae. sollicitans (19 of 68 and 13 of 57, respectively) and were occasionally detected in the saliva of this species. These results indicate that chimerization of the vaccine candidates reduces infectivity. However, its impact on dissemination and potential transmission is mosquito species-specific.
Early-phase Transmission of Yersinia pestis by Cat Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and Their Potential Role as Vectors in a Plague-endemic Region of Uganda
Authors: Eisen Rebecca J. , Borchert Jeff N. , Holmes Jennifer L. , Amatre Gerald , Van Wyk Kristen , Enscore Russell E. , Babi Nackson , Atiku Linda A. , Wilder Aryn P. , Vetter Sara M. , Bearden Scott W. , Montenieri John A. , Gage Kenneth L.
Published: September 2018

In recent decades, the majority of human plague cases (caused by Yersinia pestis) have been reported from Africa. In northwest Uganda, which has had recent plague outbreaks, cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) have been reported as the most common fleas in the home environment, which is suspected to be a major exposure site for human plague in this country. In the past, C. felis has been viewed as only a nuisance-biting insect because limited laboratory studies suggested it is incapable of transmitting Y. pestis or is an inefficient vector. Our laboratory study shows that C. felis is a competent vector of plague bacteria, but that efficiency is low compared with another flea species collected in the same area: the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis. On the other hand, despite its low vector efficiency, C. felis is the most common flea in human habitations in a plague-endemic region of Uganda (Arua and Nebbi Districts), and occasionally infests potential rodent reservoirs of Y. pestis such as the roof rat (Rattus rattus) or the Nile rat (Arvicanthis niloticus). Plague control programs in this region should remain focused on reducing rat flea populations, although our findings imply that cat fleas should not be ignored by these programs as they could play a significant role as secondary vectors.
Relationship Between Exposure, Clinical Malaria, and Age in an Area of Changing Transmission Intensity
Authors: O’Meara Wendy P. , Mwangi Tabitha W. , Williams Thomas N. , McKenzie F. Ellis , Snow Robert W. , Marsh Kevin
Published: September 2018

The relationship between malaria transmission intensity and clinical disease is important for predicting the outcome of control measures that reduce transmission. Comparisons of hospital data between areas of differing transmission intensity suggest that the mean age of hospitalized clinical malaria is higher under relatively lower transmission, but the total number of episodes is similar until transmission drops below a threshold, where the risks of hospitalized malaria decline. These observations have rarely been examined longitudinally in a single community where transmission declines over time. We reconstructed 16 years (1991–2006) of pediatric hospital surveillance data and infection prevalence surveys from a circumscribed geographic area on the Kenyan coast. The incidence of clinical malaria remained high, despite sustained reductions in exposure to infection. However, the age group experiencing the clinical attacks of malaria increased steadily as exposure declined and may precede changes in the number of episodes in an area with declining transmission.
Evolutionary Origins, Diversification, and Biogeography of Liver Flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae)
Authors: Lotfy Wael M. , Brant Sara V. , DeJong Randy J. , Le Thanh Hoa , Demiaszkiewicz Aleksander , Rajapakse R. P. V. Jayanthe , Perera Vijitha B. V. P. , Laursen Jeff R. , Loker Eric S.
Published: September 2018

Fasciolid flukes are among the largest and best known digenetic trematodes and have considerable historical and veterinary significance. Fasciola hepatica is commonly implicated in causing disease in humans. The origins, patterns of diversification, and biogeography of fasciolids are all poorly known. We have undertaken a molecular phylogenetic study using 28S, internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) that included seven of the nine recognized species in the family. The fasciolids examined comprise a monophyletic group with the most basal species recovered from African elephants. We hypothesize fasciolids migrated from Africa to Eurasia, with secondary colonization of Africa. Fasciolids have been conservative in maintaining relatively large adult body size, but anatomical features of their digestive and reproductive systems are available. These flukes have been opportunistic, with respect to switching to new snail (planorbid to lymnaeid) and mammalian hosts and from intestinal to hepatic habitats within mammals.
Humoral Immune Response of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Cases in Children from Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Authors: De Rivera Ivette Lorenzana , Parham Leda , Murillo Wendy , Moncada Walter , Vazquez Susana
Published: September 2018

The humoral immune response in Honduran dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) hospitalized pediatric cases from the epidemics of 2004 and 2005 was studied in sera collected from 5 to 7 days of fever onset. A total of 145 cases were included in the study: 40 classified as primary with DHF Grade I or II and 86 classified as secondary; from them, 73 were DHF Grade I or II and 13 were dengue shock syndrome (DSS) Grade III or IV. The highest number of primary cases was found in children < 1 year of age. The highest number of secondary cases was observed in children between 5 and 10 years of age. The IgA values showed a statistically significant difference between primary and secondary groups. The relationship between antibody responses and severity grade is discussed. This is the first study related to the humoral immune response and severity grade in DHF cases in Honduran children.
Differential Tissue and Flight Developmental Expression of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Isozymes in the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma infestans
Authors: Stroppa María Mercedes , Carriazo Carlota , Soria Néstor , Pereira Rodolfo , de Burgos Nelia M. Gerez
Published: September 2018

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) isozymes are differentially expressed among tissues and during flight development. GPDH-1 is involved in the flight-muscle metabolism and GPDH-2 provides precursors for lipid biosynthesis in many tissues. We have isolated and characterized from Triatoma infestans, a Chagas disease vector, two cDNAs encoding for GPDH-1 and GPDH-2 isozymes. The inferred amino acid sequences showed high identity with other GPDH sequences from flying insects. A GPDH-2 transcript was found in fifth instar nymphs, thoracic muscles, adult gonads, and fat bodies. Both isozymes are present in 30-day-old adult thoracic muscle transcripts, and the pattern of expression differs between sexes. The expression of GPDH-1 begins earlier in females, and GPDH-2 is expressed more abundantly in female adult thoracic muscles than in those from males. This finding is consistent with those of other investigators who showed a higher flight initiation probability in T. infestans females than in males.
Ethical, Social, and Cultural Considerations for Site Selection for Research with Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
Authors: Lavery James V. , Harrington Laura C. , Scott Thomas W.
Published: September 2018

Recent advances in technology have made strategies for disease control using genetically modified (GM) vectors more plausible. Selecting an appropriate field site for research with GM mosquitoes may be one of the most complex and significant aspects of the research process. Among the key considerations of the process is the need to address ethical, legal, and cultural (ESC) issues. No guidelines have been developed to date for this complicated and sensitive process. In this paper, we describe a site selection process and a set of preliminary considerations for addressing the ESC aspects of a research program involving genetic strategies for the control of mosquitoes as vectors for dengue viruses. These considerations reflect some of the key ESC issues for site selection decisions for research with GM vectors.
Schistosomiasis and Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 in Rural Zimbabwe: Systemic Inflammation during Co-infection and after Treatment for Schistosomiasis
Authors: Erikstrup Christian , Kallestrup Per , Zinyama-Gutsire Rutendo B. L. , Gomo Exnevia , van Dam Govert J. , Deelder André M. , Butterworth Anthony E. , Pedersen Bente Klarlund , Ostrowski Sisse R. , Gerstoft Jan , Ullum Henrik
Published: September 2018

We previously reported that treatment for schistosomiasis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) attenuated HIV replication as measured by plasma HIV RNA. We investigated systemic inflammation as measured by plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor II (sTNF-rII), interleukin-8, (IL-8), and IL-10 during schistosomiasis and HIV co-infection and after schistosomiasis treatment. The cohort was composed of 378 persons who were or were not infected with HIV-1, Schistosoma haematobium, or S. mansoni. Schistosomiasis-infected persons were randomized to receive praziquantel (40 mg/kg) at baseline or at the three-month follow-up. sTNF-rII and IL-8 were positively associated with schistosomiasis intensity as measured by circulating anodic antigen (CAA), regardless of HIV status. Interleukin-10 was positively associated with CAA in HIV-negative participants. IL-8 levels were higher in S. mansoni-infected individuals. Treatment for schistosomiasis caused a decrease in levels of sTNF-rII (P < 0.05) and IL-10 (P < 0.001). Our results indicate that schistosomiasis treatment may attenuate HIV replication by decreasing systemic inflammation.
Distinctive Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) Bites in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ariaratnam Christeine A. , Sheriff M. H. Rezvi , Theakston R. David G. , Warrell David A.
Published: September 2018

A prospective study was designed to define epidemiologic and clinical features of krait bites to improve diagnosis, management, and prevention. Among 762 cases of venomous snake bites admitted to 10 Sri Lankan hospitals in which the snake responsible was brought and identified, 88 (11.5%) were caused by common kraits (Bungarus caeruleus). Bites were: most frequent in September through November. Distinctive features of B. caeruleus bites (compared with bites by other species in parentheses) were bitten while sleeping on the ground, 100% (1%); indoors, 100% (49%); between 2300 and 0500 hours, 100% (3%). Only 13% of krait victims were bitten on their lower limbs (82%), only 9% had local swelling (in all cases mild) at the site of the bite (93%), 64% developed respiratory paralysis (2%), and 91% experienced (often severe) abdominal pain (10%). Case fatality was 6% (3%). This distinctive pattern of epidemiology and symptoms will aid clinical recognition (syndromic diagnosis) and prevention of krait bite envenoming.
Dracunculiasis Eradication: Neglected No Longer
Authors: Hopkins Donald R. , Ruiz-Tiben Ernesto , Downs Philip , Withers P. Craig , Roy Sharon
Published: September 2018

This report summarizes the status of the global Dracunculiasis Eradication Program as of early 2008. By the end of 2007, dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) transmission had been eliminated from 15 of the 20 countries where the disease was endemic in 1986, only 9,585 cases were reported worldwide, and 2,016 villages still had indigenous cases of the disease. Two of the remaining affected countries (Nigeria and Niger) reported < 100 cases in 2007 and are on the verge of eliminating dracunculiasis if they have not stopped transmission already. Sudan, Ghana, and Mali are addressing their final challenges to interrupting all remaining transmission by the end of 2009.
Filarial/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection in Urban Southern India
Authors: Talaat Kawsar R. , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Swaminathan Soumya , Gopinath Ramya , Nutman Thomas B.
Published: September 2018

The disease course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is often altered by existing or newly acquired coinfections. Treatment or prevention of these concomitant infections often improves the quality and duration of life of HIV-infected persons. The impact of helminth infections on infections with HIV is less clear. However, HIV is frequently most problematic in areas where helminth infections are common. In advance of the widespread distribution of drugs for elimination of lymphatic filariasis, we assessed the prevalence of active Wuchereria bancrofti infection among HIV-positive patients in Chennai, India at two time points separated by four years. We found that the overall prevalence of W. bancrofti infections among HIV-positive persons was 5–9.5%, and there were no quantitative differences in circulating filarial antigen levels between HIV-positive and HIV-negative filarial-infected patients.
Wastewater Quality and the Risk of Intestinal Nematode Infection in Sewage Farming Families in Hyderabad, India
Authors: Ensink Jeroen H. J. , Blumenthal Ursula J. , Brooker Simon
Published: September 2018

Use of sewage or wastewater in agriculture is becoming increasingly common as a result of a global water scarcity. Intestinal nematode infections have been identified as the main health risk associated with this practice. To protect consumer and farmer health, the World Health Organization (WHO) has established an intestinal nematode water quality standard. However, because of a lack of well-designed studies, the validity of this guideline is questioned. This report presents the findings of a study on the risk of intestinal nematode infections in farming families occupationally exposed to untreated and partially treated wastewater in Hyderabad, India. The study found an increased risk of hookworm (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.2–5.5), Ascaris lumbricoides (OR = 5.3, 95% CI = 2.0–14), and Trichuris trichiura (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 1.8–18) infection when untreated wastewater (150 intestinal nematode ova/liter) was used for crop production. Use of partially treated wastewater (28 intestinal nematode ova/liter) was only associated with an increased risk (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.2–8.6) of A. lumbricoides infection. The findings of the study suggest that the current WHO intestinal nematode guideline of 1 ova/liter is sufficient to protect farmer health.
Interference of Dexamethasone in the Pulmonary Cycle of Strongyloides venezuelensis in Rats
Authors: Tefé-Silva Cristiane , Souza Daniela I. , Ueta Marlene T. , Floriano Elaine M. , Faccioli Lúcia H. , Ramos Simone G.
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the interference of a daily treatment of dexamethasone in the pulmonary cycle of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection in rats. Three principal effects were found: 1) increased alveolar hemorrhagic inflammation provoked by the passage of larvae into alveolar spaces; 2) significant decrease of eosinophil and mast cell migration to the axial septum of the lungs; and 3) impaired formation of the reticular fiber network, interfering with granuloma organization. This study showed that the use of drugs with immunomodulatory actions, such as dexamethasone, in addition to interfering with the morbidity from the pulmonary cycle of S. venezuelensis infection, may contribute to showing the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis.
A Randomized Trial of Artesunate-Mefloquine versus Artemether-Lumefantrine for Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Mali
Authors: Sagara Issaka , Diallo Abdoulbaki , Kone Mamady , Coulibaly Modibo , Diawara Sory Ibrahima , Guindo Ousmane , Maiga Hamma , Niambele Mohamed Balla , Sissoko Mady , Dicko Alassane , Djimde Abdoulaye , Doumbo Ogobara K.
Published: September 2018

The choice of appropriate artemisin-based combination therapy depends on several factors (cost, efficacy, safety, reinfection rate, and simplicity of administration). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that artesunate-mefloquine (Artequin™) is as efficacious as artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem®) in treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The study was carried out from August 2004 through February 2005 in Kambila, Mali. Subjects with weights ≥ 10 kg and uncomplicated malaria were enrolled. Artesunate-mefloquine was given once a day for three days and artemether/lumefantrine twice a day for three days. A total of 470 (235 in each arm) patients were enrolled. The unadjusted 28-day cure rate was higher in artesunate-mefloquine arm than in the artemether-lumefantrine arm (79.7% versus 67.8%; P < 0.004). After correction for reinfection, the 28-day cure rates were similar in the two groups (96.04% versus 96.93%). Artesunate-mefloquine is well-tolerated and is as effective as artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. Artesunate-mefloquine also prevented more new infections.
Evaluation of Two New Immunochromatographic Assays for Diagnosis of Malaria
Authors: Ratsimbasoa Arsène , Fanazava Laza , Radrianjafy Rogelin , Ramilijaona Julien , Rafanomezantsoa Hughes , Ménard Didier
Published: September 2018

We assessed the performance of two new commercially available rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria (SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf® test and Ag Pf/Pan® test) in 200 patients with uncomplicated malaria between August and October 2007 in Madagascar. Results of the two RDTs were compared with those obtained by microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of Plasmodium falciparum were 93% and 98.9%, respectively, for the SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf® test and 92.9% and 98.9% for the SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf/Pan® test. The sensitivity of the SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf/Pan® test was much lower for detection of other species (63.6%). The sensitivity of the two new assays decreased to 77.3% at parasitemia levels < 100 parasites/μL for detection of P. falciparum.
Evaluation of Direct Agglutination Test, rk39 Test, and ELISA for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Mandal Jharna , Khurana Sumeeta , Dubey M. L. , Bhatia Prateek , Varma Neelam , Malla Nancy
Published: September 2018

The study reports an evaluation of the direct agglutination test (DAT) with use of promastigote/amastigote antigen, rk39 strip test, and ELISA for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Out of 94 clinically suspected VL patients, 16 (17%) were seropositive by all the techniques; in addition, 6 were positive in rk39 strip test and ELISA. On retrospective analysis, out of 16 positive by all the techniques, 11 (69%) had demonstrable Leishmania donovani (LD) bodies in their bone marrow samples, while in 5 bone marrow was not examined. Out of 6 that were positive by ELISA and rk39 strip test, 2 had myelofibrosis and 4 had chronic myeloid leukemia. On the basis of bone marrow aspirate positivity, the sensitivity and specificity of DAT were 100% while those of rk39 strip test and ELISA were 100% and 87%, respectively. The study suggests that DAT appears to be the best technique for the serodiagnosis of VL.
A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Intestinal Dilation in Trypanosoma cruzi–infected Mice Deficient in Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: Ny Lars , Li Hua , Mukherjee Shankar , Persson Katarina , Holmqvist Bo , Zhao Dazhi , Shtutin Vitaliy , Huang Huan , Weiss Louis M. , Machado Fabiana S. , Factor Stephen M. , Chan John , Tanowitz Herbert B. , Jelicks Linda A.
Published: September 2018

Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi causes megasyndromes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor alterations in the GI tract of T. cruzi–infected mice, and to assess the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the development of intestinal dilation. Brazil strain–infected C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice exhibited dilatation of the intestines by 30 days post-infection. Average intestine lumen diameter increased by 72%. Levels of intestinal NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, NOS2 and NOS3, were elevated in infected WT mice. Inflammation and ganglionitis were observed in all infected mice. Intestinal dilation was observed in infected WT, NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 null mice. This study demonstrates that MRI is a useful tool to monitor intestinal dilation in living mice and that these alterations may begin during acute infection. Furthermore, our data strongly suggests that NO may not be the sole contributor to intestinal dysfunction resulting from this infection.
Improved Malaria Case Management after Integrated Team-based Training of Health Care Workers in Uganda
Authors: Ssekabira Umaru , Bukirwa Hasifa , Hopkins Heidi , Namagembe Allen , Weaver Marcia R. , Sebuyira Lydia Mpanga , Quick Linda , Staedke Sarah , Yeka Adoke , Kiggundu Moses , Schneider Gisela , McAdam Keith , Wabwire-Mangen Fred , Dorsey Grant
Published: September 2018

Malaria case management in Africa is characterized by presumptive treatment and substantial overtreatment. We evaluated an integrated team-based training program on malaria case management. Surveillance data 120 days before and after training were compared at eight health facilities in Uganda. After training, the proportion of patients with suspected malaria referred for blood smears increased from 38.3% to 54.6% (P = 0.04) in persons < 5 years of age years and from 34.1% to 53.4% (P = 0.02) in those ≥ 5 years of age. The proportion of patients with negative blood smears prescribed antimalarial drugs decreased from 47.9% to 19.6% (P < 0.001) in persons < 5 years of age and from 38.8% to 15.6% (P < 0.001) in those ≥ 5 years of age. Training did not improve the proportion of patients with positive blood smears prescribed antimalarial drugs, the proportion of patients prescribed appropriate antimalarial drugs, or the diagnostic accuracy of microscopy. Integrated team-based training may improve malaria case management and reduce the number of unnecessary antimalarial treatments.
Tuberculosis Infection in Zambia: The Association with Relative Wealth
Authors: Boccia Delia , Hargreaves James , Ayles Helen , Fielding Katherine , Simwinga Musonda , Godfrey-Faussett Peter
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to assess the association between household socioeconomic position and tuberculosis (TB) infection in two communities of Zambia. For this purpose we implemented a cross-sectional investigation, nested within a larger case control study. Infection was assessed using Quantiferon-TB Gold. A socioeconomic position index was constructed through principal component analysis combining data on human resources, food availability, housing quality, and access to services and infrastructures. In this study, higher socioeconomic position, rather than lower, was associated with significantly higher risk of TB infection. None of the traditional risk factors for TB infection mediated this association, suggesting that in these two communities TB transmission may occur through exposure to as yet undefined risk factors that are associated with higher socioeconomic position. Although further studies are needed, these results suggest emerging new patterns of TB transmission and a role of socioeconomic position on the risk of TB infection opposite to that expected.
A Survey of Antibodies against Rickettsia rickettsii and Ehrlichia chafeensis in Domestic Animals from a Rural Area of Colombia
Authors: Hidalgo Marylin , Vesga Juan Fernando , Lizarazo Diana , Valbuena Gustavo
Published: September 2018

In a rural area of Colombia endemic for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, we performed indirect immunofluorescent antibody assays for Rickettsia spp. and Ehrlichia spp. using sera from randomly sampled dogs and horses to test the use of domestic animals as possible sentinels. Antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. were detected in 8 dogs (31.8%). Antibody titers against Rickettsia rickettsii antigen were positive in 4 dogs (18.2%) and 26 horses (16.3%). These values, albeit not directly comparable, are lower than those previously reported for humans in this region. A systemic approach to understanding dynamics of transmission is needed before implementing the use of domestic animals for disease surveillance activities.
An Update on a Serologic Survey of Q Fever in Domestic Animals in Iran
Authors: Khalili Mohammad , Sakhaee Ehsanollah
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies among goat and dairy cattle herds in southeast Iran. A total of 169 sera (76 caprine samples from 9 goat flocks and 93 bovine samples from 12 dairy herds) were collected randomly. The CHEKIT Q fever ELISA kit was used to identify specific antibodies against C. burnetii in goats and cattle. The results showed that 35.5% (N = 60) of all sera were positive. Goats had a significantly higher average seroprevalence (65.78%) than cattle (10.75%). All of the goat herds and only two dairy cattle herds were positive. This study represents an update on Q fever prevalence in Iran. Goats seem to be a more important risk for human infection in this area than cattle. C. burnetii would be a potent candidate for goat abortion in this region and other nearby provinces.
Antibody Response in Children Infected with Giardia intestinalis before and after Treatment with Secnidazole
Authors: Jiménez Juan C. , Pinon Anthony , Dive Daniel , Capron Monique , Dei-Cas Eduardo , Convit Jacinto
Published: September 2018

We examined 364 school children for intestinal parasites in a sub-urban zone of Caracas, Venezuela. Giardia intestinalis was the most prevalent parasite in stool samples from 34 children. Levels of IgA and IgG antibodies to G. intestinalis were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot before and after treatment with secnidazole. All patients were cured with a reduction of IgA antibody levels in 26 of 34 children and a reduction in IgG-specific antibody levels in 18 of 34 children. Serum of infected patients reacted with proteins of 14 kD to 137 kD. Some patients did not show a change in IgA serum reactivity for parasite proteins by Western blot after treatment. Seventeen children showed reduction of the reactivity or disappearance of protein reactivity (mainly the 14-kD, 122-kD, and 137-kD proteins). Antibody response was not related to clinical status, but quantitative and qualitative serum antibody response against G. intestinalis infection could be used to assess levels of new protein markers that decrease or disappear with successful chemotherapy.
Genetic Mapping of the Duffy Binding Protein (DBP) Ligand Domain of Plasmodium vivax from Unstable Malaria Region in the Middle East
Authors: Babaeekho Laleh , Zakeri Sedigheh , Djadid Navid Dinparast
Published: September 2018

The region II of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP–II) contains the critical binding residues, which is a major target for development of naturally acquired immunity. Several studies showed sequence polymorphisms in PvDBP–II, which may inhibit antibodies recognition. Therefore, in this study the level of PvDBP–II polymorphism within and among P. vivax populations from re-emerged areas in north and endemic areas in south of Iran were evaluated by sequencing analysis in 75 isolates for the first time. Fourteen non-synonymous and one synonymous mutations were identified and none of the amino acid substitutions were directly involved in erythrocyte binding. Only 6 out of 14 detected mutations have been found among northern isolates, including D384G, R390H, N417K, L424I, W437R, and I503K. In total, two and nine different variants have been identified among northern and southern isolates, respectively. High association of the amino acid frequencies for codons 417, 437, and 503 were found among northern (85% for trio association and 100% for N417K with W437R), and southern (36% for trio association and 98% for N417K with W437R) samples. Polymorphisms at positions R308S, K371E, D384G, K386N, R390H, N417K, L424I, W437R, and I503K were identified from Iran and diverse geographic areas; however, mutation at position F306L was only reported from Asian malaria endemic areas. It is suggested that to develop polyvalent vaccine against P. vivax infection, it is better to incorporate the common and high prevalent allelic variants of the antigen that were reported from different malaria endemic regions.
The Chesson Strain of Plasmodium vivax in Humans and Different Species of Aotus Monkeys
Authors: Collins William E. , Sullivan Joann S. , Jeffery Geoffrey M. , Williams Allison , Galland G. Gale , Nace Douglas , Williams Tyrone , Barnwell John W.
Published: September 2018

Comparison was made between the parasitemia of Chesson strain Plasmodium vivax in humans and in splenectomized Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, A. nancymaae, A. vociferans, and A. azarae boliviensis monkeys. In the monkeys, 56.3% of the animals had maximum counts > 25,000/μL and in humans 59.6% were above this peak parasitemia. In humans, it took an average of 9.3 days to reach the maximum parasite count. In monkeys with no previous infections, it took an average of 18.9 days to reach the maximum parasite count; for those with previous infections, it took an average of 15 days. Human and nonhuman primate data on this parasite suggest that splenectomized Aotus monkeys, particularly A. lemurinus griseimembra, and to a somewhat lesser extent A. vociferans, can mimic the course of Chesson malaria in humans regarding parasitemia and mosquito infection.
Nitazoxanide for Treatment of Refractory Bony Hydatid Disease
Authors: Winning Alison , Braslins Phillip , McCarthy James S.
Published: September 2018

Although nitazoxanide has been shown to have activity against Echinococcus multilocularis in animal studies and against E. granulosus in vitro, its use in treatment of human cystic echinococcosis has not been reported. We report a case of progressive bony hydatid disease treated with nitazoxanide that showed a clinical and radiologic response. The patient had a 40-year history of hydatid disease involving the left hip. Despite prolonged courses of albendazole and praziquantel, she had progressive disease with extensive involvement of the left hemipelvis and adjacent soft tissue cysts. She was treated with nitazoxanide, 500 mg twice a day for 3 months in combination with albendazole. The clinical response was supported by imaging showing marked improvement in the soft tissue cysts, with stable disease in the bony pelvis. Although further studies are required, this case suggests that nitazoxanide may be an effective treatment option in hydatid disease, particularly in patients with progressive disease who are receiving conventional therapy.
Rectal Perforation Caused by Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Argemi Xavier , Camuset Guillaume , Abou-Bakar Ahmed , Lucescu Ioan , Forestier Emmanuel , Christmann Daniel , Hansmann Yves
Published: September 2018

A 31-year-old woman from Cameroon was admitted to the University of Strasbourg Hospital in December 2007 with pelvic pain and fever that developed over three days. Her condition rapidly worsened and she underwent emergency exploratory celioscopy. Surgeons found peritoneal and retrouterine abscesses. The high rectum had a 4-cm perforation with infiltrated, friable, and irregular edges. A biopsy specimen of this pseudotumoral specimen showed many Schistosoma haematobium eggs with an inflammatory reaction surrounding the eggs. The patient was treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg/day) for 5 days and a 4-week course of antibiotic therapy. Her progress was good and digestive continuity surgery was performed four months later. Schistosomiasis frequently involves rectal mucosa, but perforation is unusual. Our review of the literature found only two cases of colon perforation associated with S. mansoni infection. To our knowledge, this is the first case of rectal perforation caused by S. haematobium described in the literature.
Melioidosis after Brief Exposure: A Serologic Survey in US Marines
Authors: Kronmann Karl C. , Truett April A. , Hale Braden R. , Crum-Cianflone Nancy F.
Published: September 2018

Melioidosis is endemic to Southeast Asia. The incidence of infection in visitors is not well known, especially for short visits. Thirteen (38%) of 34 previously unexposed US Marines had positive serology after 2 weeks in Thailand, and one developed acute disseminated disease. Asymptomatic infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei may be common, even from brief exposures.
Case of Gnathostomiasis in Beijing, China
Authors: Li Dong Ming , Chen Xue Rong , Zhou Jing Song , Xu Zhi Biao , Nawa Yukifumi , Dekumyoy Paron
Published: September 2018

A 59-year-old woman sought treatment of for creeping eruption and erythematous plaques associated with high fever and systemic symptoms. She had a history of eating undercooked freshwater fish raised in Beijing 10 days before admission and reported no travel during the previous year. Blood examination showed eosinophila and ultrasonography detected multiple hypoechoic areas in the liver and spleen. Western blot test detected specific antibodies to the larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Cutaneous and visceral larva migrations associated with G. spinigerum were diagnosed. Twenty-three cases in 12 provinces have been reported in the Chinese literature but none have been reported in English.
Assessment of Insecticide-Treated Bednet Use Among Children and Pregnant Women Across 15 Countries Using Standardized National Surveys
Authors: Eisele Thomas P. , Keating Joseph , Littrell Megan , Larsen David , Macintyre Kate
Published: September 2018

Impact of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) on preventing malaria may be minimized if they are not used by vulnerable populations. Among ITN-owning households from 15 standardized national surveys from 2003 to 2006, we identify factors associated with ITN use among children younger than 5 years of age and make comparisons of ITN use among children and pregnant women across countries. Within ITN-owning households, many children and pregnant women are still not using them. Between-country analysis with linear regression showed child ITN use increases as intra-household access to ITNs increases (P = 0.020, R2 = 0.404), after controlling for season and survey year. Results from within-country logistic regression analyses were consistent with between-country analysis showing intra-household access to ITNs is the strongest and most consistent determinant of use among children. The gaps in ITN use and possession will likely persist in the absence of achieving a ratio of no more than two people per ITN.
Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Lee Kkot Sil , Kim Tae Hyong , Kim Eu Suk , Lim Hyeong-Seok , Yeom Joon-Sup , Jun Gyo , Park Jae-Won
Published: September 2018

The number of Plasmodium vivax malaria patients in the Republic of Korea and North Korea since the re-emergence of malaria in 1993 is estimated to be approximately one million. To cope with this situation, the Army of the Republic of Korea has performed chemoprophylaxis with hydroxychloroquine and primaquine since 1997. The cumulative number of soldiers in the Army of the Republic of Korea given chemoprophylaxis exceeded 1.4 million by 2007. Extensive chemoprophylaxis contributed to preventing a rapid increase of malaria patients in the Army of the Republic of Korea, but increased the possibility of the occurrence of chloroquine (CQ)–resistant P. vivax strains. In this study, treatment responses of P. vivax malaria patients in the Republic of Korea monitored during 2003–2007, and CQ resistance was confirmed in 2 of 484 enrolled patients. Our results are the first report of CQ-resistant P. vivax in a temperate region of Asia. Continuous surveillance is warranted to monitor the change in CQ resistance frequency of P. vivax in the Republic of Korea.
Genetic Identification of Intestinal Microsporidia Species in Immunocompromised Patients in Tunisia
Authors: Chabchoub Najla , Abdelmalek Rim , Mellouli Fethi , Kanoun Fakher , Thellier Marc , Bouratbine Aïda , Aoun Karim
Published: September 2018

Stool samples from 86 immunocompromised patients (51 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients and 35 patients with haematologic malignancies) were systematically screened for intestinal microspordiosis by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primer V1/PMP2. Nine samples (10.5%) showed amplification with the predictive size of fragment (6 from HIV–infected patients and 3 from patients with myeloma). Only 5 out of them (all HIV–infected patients) were revealed positive by microscopy. By means of amplicons fragment size, species–specific primers (V1/EB450, V1/IS500) and sequencing, 3 microsporidia species were for the first time identified in Tunisia: Enterocytozoon bieneusi (3 isolates), Encephelitozoon intestinalis (2 isolates), and Encephalitozoon hellem (1 isolate). Systematic use of such sensitive and discriminative molecular tools will contribute to determining the true prevalence of microsporidiosis in Tunisia and to better management of infected immunocompromised subjects.
Arthritogenicity of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia garinii: Comparison of Infection in Mice
Authors: Craig-Mylius Kathleen A. , Lee Marshall , Jones Kathryn L. , Glickstein Lisa J.
Published: September 2018

Arthritogenicity, as determined by joint swelling and synovial histology, was compared between or within two Borrelia genospecies that cause Lyme arthritis in humans. The spirochete burden in bladder tissue (a site of spirochete persistence) was documented by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immune responses were analyzed. In C3H/HeJ mice, three B. burgdorferi isolates and two of the three B. garinii isolates induced severe arthritis and swelling. Previous designation as invasive or noninvasive B. garinii, or RNA spacer type of B. burgdorferi did not determine arthritis severity induced by isolates. Compared with the other five isolates, the B. garinii PBi isolate induced significantly less arthritis, a lower humoral immune response, and persisted at a much lower level in bladder tissue. However, B. garinii PBi isolates induced similar Borrelia antigen-specific inflammatory T cell responses from the local draining lymph node. Thus, diverse B. burgdorferi and B. garinii isolates were highly arthritogenic in immune competent mice.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Concrete Biosand Filter and Its Impact on Diarrheal Disease in Bonao, Dominican Republic
Authors: Stauber Christine E. , Ortiz Gloria M. , Loomis Dana P. , Sobsey Mark D.
Published: September 2018

A number of household water treatment and safe storage technologies, such as chlorine disinfection, solar disinfection, and ceramic filtration, have been documented for their ability to reduce diarrheal disease and improve microbial water quality. The biosand filter (BSF) is a promising household water treatment technology in use by > 500,000 people globally. The purpose of this research was to document the ability of BSFs to improve water quality and to reduce diarrheal disease in user compared with non-user households in a randomized controlled trial in Bonao, Dominican Republic, during 2005–2006. During the 6-month intervention period, 75 BSF households had significantly improved drinking water quality on average compared with 79 control households (P < 0.001). Based on random intercepts logistic regression, BSF households had 0.53 times the odds of diarrheal disease as control households, indicating a significant protective effect of the BSF against waterborne diarrheal disease.
High Prevalence of Serine Protease Autotransporter Cytotoxins among Strains of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Authors: Boisen Nadia , Ruiz-Perez Fernando , Scheutz Flemming , Krogfelt Karen A. , Nataro James P.
Published: September 2018

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) pathogenesis is thought to comprise intestinal colonization followed by the release of enterotoxins and cytotoxins. Here, we use a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the prevalence of 10 genes encoding serine protease autotransporter toxins (SPATEs) in a collection of clinical EAEC isolates. Eighty-six percent of EAEC strains harbored genes encoding one or more class I cytotoxic SPATE proteins (Pet, Sat, EspP, or SigA). Two Class II, non-cytotoxic, SPATE genes were found among EAEC strains: pic and sepA, each originally described in Shigella flexneri 2a. Using a multiplex PCR for five SPATE genes (pet, sat, sigA, pic, and sepA), we found that most of the Shigella isolates also harbored more than one SPATE, whereas members of most other E. coli pathotypes rarely harbored a cytotoxic SPATE gene. SPATEs may be relevant to the pathogenesis of both EAEC and Shigella spp.
Evaluation of Interferences between Dengue Vaccine Serotypes in a Monkey Model
Authors: Guy Bruno , Barban Veronique , Mantel Nathalie , Aguirre Marion , Gulia Sandrine , Pontvianne Jeremy , Jourdier Therese-Marie , Ramirez Laurence , Gregoire Veronique , Charnay Christophe , Burdin Nicolas , Dumas Rafaele , Lang Jean
Published: September 2018

Interferences between different antigens in the same vaccine formulation have been reported for some vaccines (e.g., polio vaccines, live attenuated dengue vaccine candidates). We examined interferences between the four serotypes of ChimeriVax dengue vaccines (CYDs) in a monkey model when present within a tetravalent formulation in equal concentrations (TV-5555). Immunoassays of vaccinated non-human primates showed that serotype 4 (DEN-4), and to a lesser extent, DEN-1 were dominant in terms of neutralizing antibody levels. Parameters that affected the interferences were identified, including 1) the simultaneous administration of two complementary bivalent vaccines at separate anatomical sites drained by different lymph nodes; 2) the sequential administration of two complementary bivalent vaccines; 3) the establishment of heterologous flavivirus pre-immunity before subsequent tetravalent immunization; 4) the adaptation of formulations by decreasing the dose of the immunodominant serotype; and 5) the administration of a 1-year booster. The applicability of these data to human responses is discussed.
Evaluation of Immunoprophylactic Efficacy of Brugia malayi Transglutaminase (BmTGA) in Single and Multiple Antigen Vaccination with BmALT-2 and BmTPX for Human Lymphatic Filariasis
Authors: Vanam Uma , Pandey Vivek , Prabhu Prince R. , Dakshinamurthy Gajalakshmi , Reddy Maryada Venkata Rami , Kaliraj Perumal
Published: September 2018

An attempt was made to study the immunoprophylactic efficacy of recombinant Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) as protein vaccine along with two other recombinant proteins, Brugia malayi abundant larval transcript-2 (BmALT-2) and Brugia malayi thioredoxin peroxidase (BmTPX), in single and multiple antigen form for human lymphatic filariasis. Parasite challenge studies in jirds exhibited protection of 30%, 69%, and 43% against BmTGA, BmALT-2, and BmTPX, respectively, in single antigen vaccination mode. The protective efficacy of BmTGA was enhanced significantly (74%) by immunizing the jirds in multiple antigen vaccination mode along with BmTPX, whereas immunizing with the combination of BmTGA and BmALT2 conferred only 47% protection. The same protection profiles were obtained by in vitro antibody–dependent cellular cytotoxicity, using live microfilariae and L3 stage larvae. The immune response was Th2 biased, irrespective of single or multiple vaccinations. The combination of BmTGA and BmTPX seems to be a promising vaccine candidate against lymphatic filariasis.
Review: Provider Practice and User Behavior Interventions to Improve Prompt and Effective Treatment of Malaria: Do We Know What Works?
Authors: Smith Lucy A. , Jones Caroline , Meek Sylvia , Webster Jayne
Published: September 2018

Effective case management of uncomplicated malaria is a cornerstone of successful malaria control. With current calls for the global elimination of malaria, all strategies to control malaria need to reach the highest achievable level of effective implementation. A systematic literature review of all interventions to improve provider- and/or user-side behavior in the prompt and appropriate treatment of uncomplicated malaria (with appropriate evaluation design and Roll Back Malaria outcome indicators) found 23 studies for review. Only 16 studies targeted providers, nine in the public sector and seven in the private sector. Just four interventions were conducted at national scale. These data suggest that very little is known about what interventions work in improving prompt and effective treatment of malaria. In the context of scaling up effective malaria control and malaria elimination plans and in increasing access to artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs), increased research in this area is crucial.
Development of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) in Miltefosine-Treated Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Das Vidya Nand Rabi , Pandey Krishna , Verma Neena , Lal Chandra Shekhar , Bimal Sanjeev , Topno Roshan Kamal , Singh Dharmendra , Siddiqui Niyamat Ali , Verma Rakesh Bihari , Das Pradeep
Published: September 2018

We report two cases of post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), which had subsequently developed after successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with miltefosine. Both patients had maculo-nodular lesions all over the body, and they were diagnosed as PKDL by parasitologic examination for Leishmania donovani bodies in a skin snip of lesions. Patients were put on amphotericin B and responded very well for nodular lesions with one course of treatment. However, longer duration of the treatment is needed for total clearance of macular lesions from body surface in PKDL cases. This is the first case report of PKDL in India, which developed after successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with miltefosine.