bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and input saturation control with full-state constraints of lightweight tendon-driven musculoskeletal arm
Authors: Yuan Jianbo , Fan Yerui , Wu Yaxiong
Published: March 2023

Purpose

This study aims to propose a novel lightweight tendon-driven musculoskeletal arm (LTDM-arm) robot with a flexible series–parallel mixed skeletal joint structure and modularized artificial muscle system (MAMS). The proposed LTDM-arm exhibits human-like flexibility, safety and operational accuracy. In addition, to improve the safety and stability of the LTDM-arm, a control method is proposed to solve local artificial muscle overload accidents.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed LTDM-arm comprises seven degrees of freedom skeletons, 15 MAMSs and various sensor systems (joint sensing, muscle tension sensing, visual sensing, etc.). It retains the morphology of a human skeleton (humerus, ulna and radius) and a simplified muscle configuration. This study proposes an input saturation control with full-state constraints to reduce local artificial muscle overload accidents caused by redundant muscle tension calculations.

Findings

3D circular trajectory experiments were conducted to verify the stability of the control method and the flexibility of the LTDM-arm. The results showed that the average error of the muscle length was approximately 0.35 mm (0.38%), which indicates that the proposed control scheme can make the output follow the target trajectory while ensuring constraint satisfaction.

Originality/value

The human arm is capable of performing compliant operations rapidly, flexibly and robustly in unstructured environments. Existing musculoskeletal arm robots lack simulations of the full morphology of the human arm and are insufficient in dexterity. However, the flexibility and safety features of the proposed LTDM-arm were consistent with that of the human arm. Therefore, this study offers a new approach for investigating the advantages of the musculoskeletal system and the concepts of muscle control.
Appropriation, migration, and unemployment
Authors: Pi Jiancai , Duan Shuxi
Published: March 2023

This article builds general equilibrium models to explore the relationship among appropriation, rural–urban migration, the minimum wage and unemployment. We find that the proportion of appropriated capital plays a key role in the effects of appropriation on unemployment and rural–urban migration. When the proportion of appropriated capital is large, a stronger control on appropriation by the government results in a lower unemployment rate and more rural–urban migrants, and vice versa. In the extended models, the conclusion may be different when the plundered factor changes from capital to land. In the situation with the agricultural sector employing unskilled labour and capital, appropriation has no impact on unemployment, and the effect on migration remains the same. We also discuss the implications of the minimum wage, and find that under plausible conditions, the rise of the minimum wage can alleviate appropriation and reduce unemployment. The situation of migration is ambiguous due to the impacts of two opposite factors.
Employment Status and Human Rights: An Emerging Approach
Authors: Atkinson Joe
Published: March 2023

The question of who falls within the ‘personal scope’ of employment law is of fundamental importance to the field but remains highly contested. This article makes a novel contribution by examining the implications of human rights in this context and advocating a fundamental shift in the courts’ approach to personal scope. It suggests that where employment legislation functions to protect human rights the scope of these statutes should, at the level of normative principle, be construed inclusively with any exclusions needing to be justified. The article then argues that the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 is to introduce a new human rights approach to employment status into English law which closely reflects this proposal. It sets out the frameworks that domestic courts should apply, and critically assesses a line of recent cases which illustrate the emergence and significance of this human rights approach to personal scope.
MOVEMENT 3. NAVIGATING URBAN ARRANGEMENTS
Authors:   The Re‐Arrangements Collective, Cante Fabien , Hussain Ajmal , Makori Timo , Mohamed Surer Qassim , Osbourne Alana , Pilo' Francesca , Ramakrishnan Kavita , Simone AbdouMaliq , Sitas Rike , Suhail Adeem
Published: March 2023

The third movement explores how (re)arrangements are made and re‐worked as people navigate fractured, ever‐shifting landscapes of urban opportunity, conflict and uncertainty. Drawing on fieldwork in Paris, Mogadishu and Abidjan, we point to the fragile, collective and anticipatory knowledges accumulated during navigations, and to how these knowledges become contained within and (re)constitute embodied archives.
MOVEMENT 4. BREATH SIGH TEMPEST: On the Temporal Dimensions of Re‐arrangements
Authors:   The Re‐Arrangements Collective, Cante Fabien , Hussain Ajmal , Makori Timo , Mohamed Surer Qassim , Osbourne Alana , Pilo' Francesca , Ramakrishnan Kavita , Simone AbdouMaliq , Sitas Rike , Suhail Adeem
Published: March 2023

The fourth movement explores the temporal relationship between arrangements and re‐arrangements, addressing the question of how an obdurate and ‘sticky’ temporal order may give way to palpable re‐arrangement of the ways in which subjects experience time. Eschewing a concern with linear homogenous time, it addresses the processes of re‐arrangement by understanding the dynamics of grave events, hauntings of the past, subtly changing rhythms of everyday life, and the force of potential futures in synchrony.
MOVEMENT 5. SENSING THE AFFECTIVE LIVES OF ARRANGEMENTS
Authors:   The Re‐Arrangements Collective, Cante Fabien , Hussain Ajmal , Makori Timo , Mohamed Surer Qassim , Osbourne Alana , Pilo' Francesca , Ramakrishnan Kavita , Simone AbdouMaliq , Sitas Rike , Suhail Adeem
Published: March 2023

This final movement explores whether thinking with re‐arrangements can help us account for that which is hidden, unseen or nested in the recesses and folds of urban practices. And if so, how we might then talk about and account for elusive parts of an arrangement that both exert an influence and are influenced. This essay uses sensibilities as an entry point into the intangible interactions between subjects and (re)arrangements.
Goal commitment and goal confidence mediate the path between desire to get drunk and binge drinking among young adults receiving text message goal‐related feedback
Authors: Suffoletto Brian , Chung Tammy
Published: March 2023

Background

Counteracting desires to drink are cognitive processes that exert self‐control to mitigate impulses or strengthen other, perhaps more distal, goals to limit consumption. Young adults are particularly challenged by mismatches between self‐regulation and desires to drink that make them susceptible to hazardous alcohol use.

Methods

We assessed whether drinking limit goal commitment and goal confidence mediate the association between desire to get drunk and binge drinking (4+ drinks for females and 5+ drinks for males on a given occasion) among young adults exposed to text message goal‐related feedback. We randomized 297 young adults to one of two text message interventions that incorporated drinking limit goal‐related assessments and feedback over 12 weeks of intervention exposure. On the 2 days per week that they typically drank alcohol, participants were asked to report plans to drink (yes/no). If a drinking plan was endorsed, participants reported their desire to get drunk (0 [not at all] to 8 [completely]), willingness to commit to a drinking limit goal (yes/no), and (contingent on goal commitment) goal confidence (0 [not at all] to 8 [completely]). The next day, participants reported their drinking quantity, coded as a binge drinking day (yes/no). Mediation was tested using path models of simultaneous between‐ and within‐person effects using maximum likelihood.

Results

At both within‐ and between‐person levels, we found significant indirect path effects of goal commitment and goal confidence between desire to get drunk and binge drinking. Greater than usual desire to get drunk was associated with lower drinking limit goal commitment and confidence, whereas greater than usual goal commitment and confidence were associated with lower likelihood of same‐day binge drinking.

Discussion

Findings support a mechanistic model where contextual variations in same‐day drinking limit goal commitment and confidence mitigate the path between desire to get drunk and binge drinking among young adults. Employing just‐in‐time strategies to reinforce drinking limit goal commitment and goal confidence could reduce hazardous drinking and related harms.
A snapshot of social activities programs in residential aged care facilities in Victoria: A brief report
Authors: Clune Samantha , Rayner Jo , McAuliffe Linda , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre
Published: March 2023

Objectives

To capture current opportunities for social participation for older people living in residential aged care in Victoria, Australia.

Methods

A postal survey of all 766 Victorian residential aged care facilities. Respondents were asked to outline the nature of social participation opportunities available to residents, any potential barriers to inclusion and organisational commitments such as funding allocations and staff fractions.

Results

Surveys were returned by 153 facilities, representing a response rate of 20%. All facilities had a dedicated social program, although just over half (57%; 87 of 153) offered the social program over the weekend, usually on a Saturday morning only (90%). Barriers to older people's opportunities for social participation included their ineligibility to continue attending external community programs once entering residential aged care (86%), their illness (71%), carer availability (50%) and lack of funding (42%). Funding for almost all programs (128 of 153; 84%) was described as internal and ad hoc, and staff allocations for the program were almost entirely fractional. Only 12 (8%) facilities reported that they had a dedicated full‐time coordinator for the social participation program.

Conclusions

Social participation programs are available in Victorian residential aged care facilities. However, limited funding and staff allocations reduce the opportunities for older people to engage in meaningful social participation with others.
Legacy effects of canopy gaps on liana abundance 25 years later in a seasonal tropical evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand
Authors: Fujimoto Yutaro , Kanzaki Mamoru , Meunpong Ponthep , Wachrinrat Chongrak , Waengsothorn Surachit , Kitajima Kaoru
Published: March 2023

Lianas require host trees to reach and stay in the forest canopy, but as seedlings and juveniles, they benefit from canopy gaps created by treefalls. Here, we evaluated the relative importance of these two aspects, that is, the availability of potential hosts vs. the legacy effect of past treefall gaps, on the local abundance of liana stems in a seasonal tropical evergreen forest in the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Thailand. Within a 2.5‐ha plot for forest dynamics monitoring, canopy height was measured in 1993 and 2018 at 5‐m intervals to distinguish areas of mature (canopy height ≥ 20 m), building (10–20 m), and gap phases (< 10 m). In 2017–2018, we surveyed all liana stems ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height within 50 subplots (10 m × 10 m each) and recorded their diameter and the diameter of the host tree. Of a total of 445 liana individuals, 242 could be identified at least to the family level, while the others had clear morphological traits of climbing mechanisms. The number of liana stems was higher in areas that had been at the building/gap phase than those at the mature phase in 1993. When this 25‐year‐old legacy of past gap locations was considered, there was a positive association of local abundance between lianas and trees in areas at the mature phase in 2018. In conclusion, liana abundance reflected a long‐term legacy of past treefall gaps more than 25 years earlier in this seasonal evergreen forest.
Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis under treatment with the interleukin‐6‐receptor‐antagonist sarilumab in a patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Jost Marion , Schwarz Thomas , Wehkamp Ulrike , Bohne Ann‐Sophie , Drerup Katharina
Published: March 2023

Skin manifestations may arise as adverse events following the use of novel drugs. We report a case of a patient with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis who developed a rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis (RND) under treatment with the interleukin‐6‐receptor‐antagonist sarilumab. The skin lesions developed 2–3 days after the first injection. RND presents with asymptomatic, symmetrical fixed urticarial‐like papules, plaques, and nodules, localized typically on the extensor surfaces of the forearms and hands. After discontinuing the medication, the nodules in our patient disappeared within a month.
Children in Denmark with cerebral palsy rarely complete elementary school
Authors: Pedersen Signe V. , Wiingreen Rikke , Hansen Bo M. , Greisen Gorm , Larsen Mads L. , Hoei‐Hansen Christina E.
Published: March 2023

Aim

To investigate how children with cerebral palsy (CP) perform in the Danish school system and which factors are associated with school performance.

Method

This was a population‐based cohort study including 463 126 children born from 1997 to 2003. Data were extracted from seven national registries. The study encompassed 818 children with CP (483 [59.0%] males, 335 [41.0%] females) and 417 731 without CP (214 535 [51.4%] males, 203 196 [48.6%] females). We evaluated two primary outcomes: not completing 10 years of elementary school, defined as attending fewer than eight final mandatory exams; and grade point averages (GPAs). Mann–Whitney U tests were used to analyse differences in GPAs and logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs).

Results

Among children with and without CP, 62.6% and 12.4% did not complete elementary school respectively (OR = 11.85 [10.28–13.66]). Additionally, children with CP who attended all final exams achieved lower overall GPAs than children without CP (6.6 vs 7.3, p = 0.001). In children with CP, comorbidities, maternal education, severity of motor impairments, and intellectual deficits were associated with increased odds of not completing elementary school. Notably, one‐third of children with CP with apparent normal intelligence did not complete school, despite special educational measures.

Interpretation

Danish children with CP rarely complete elementary school despite initiatives for a more supportive educational system. The complexity of individual needs in children with CP may be challenging for an inclusive school environment.

What this paper adds

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have a high risk of not completing elementary school.

Children with CP achieve lower overall grades than children without CP.

Motor impairment, comorbidities, and maternal education are associated with poor school performance.

Intellectual impairment is the most important predictor of poor school performance.
Ultra rapid lispro showed greater reduction in postprandial glucose versus Humalog in children, adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Aronson Ronnie , Biester Torben , Leohr Jennifer , Pollom Robyn , Linnebjerg Helle , LaBell Elizabeth Smith , Zhang Qianyi , Coutant David E. , Danne Thomas
Published: March 2023

Aim

This study compared the pharmacokinetics, glucodynamics and tolerability following single subcutaneous doses of ultra rapid lispro (URLi) versus Humalog in children (6‐11 years), adolescents (12‐17 years) and adults (18‐64 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D).

Materials and Methods

The study was a randomized, two‐period, subject‐ and investigator‐blind, crossover design in participants with T1D. Participants received a 0.2 U/kg bolus dose immediately before a liquid mixed meal tolerance test. Insulin lispro and glucose concentrations were measured.

Results

The study included 13 children, 14 adolescents and 15 adults. Consistently across the age groups, onset of appearance was 4‐5 min faster, the early 50% tmax was reduced by 7‐13 min, and exposure in the first 15 min was increased by 3.5‐6.5‐fold following URLi compared with Humalog (all p < .01). Exposure after 3 h was decreased by 37‐58% (p = .02) and the duration was reduced by 56 min (p = .006) in children and 36 min (p = .022) in adolescents with URLi compared with Humalog. The maximum and overall exposure were similar between treatments. Postprandial glucose at 1 h was reduced by 42 mg/dl in children (p = .008), 19 mg/dl (p = .195) in adolescents and 34 mg/dl (p = .018) in adults following URLi versus Humalog. The glucose excursion during a 5‐h test meal period was reduced by 16% in children and 9% in adolescents compared with Humalog. URLi was well tolerated in all age groups.

Conclusions

URLi showed an accelerated insulin lispro absorption and greater postprandial glucose reduction compared with Humalog in children, adolescents and adults with T1D.
The relationship between echocardiographic parameters and albumin bilirubin (ALBI) score in patients with isolated secundum type atrial septal defect
Authors: Evlice Mert , Bedir Ömer , Coşkun Mükremin , Paçacı Emre , Cerşit Sinan , Öcal Lütfi , Gürsoy Mustafa Ozan , Şen Ömer , Kurt İbrahim Halil
Published: March 2023

Background

It has been shown that the increase in volume and pressure in the right heart chambers increases liver stiffness. The Albumin‐Bilirubin (ALBI) score is a useful and easy‐to‐use score for objectively assessing liver function. There is no information in the literature about changes in ALBI score in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD). The aim of our study is to investigate the changes in ALBI score and its clinical impact in patients with ASD.

Methods

Of the 206 analyzed patients, 77 were excluded. The remaining 129 patients with secundum type ASD with left to right shunt were divided into three groups; Group I (16 patients with Qp/Qs < 1.5 and defect diameter < 10 mm), Group II (52 patients with Qp/Qs > 1.5 and defect diameter 10–20 mm) and Group III (61 patients with Qp/Qs > 1.5 and defect diameter > 20 mm). The ALBI score was calculated based on serum albumin and total bilirubin levels using the following formula: ALBI = (log10 bilirubin [umol/L] * .66) + (albumin [g/L] * ‐.085).

Results

ALBI scores as well as total bilirubin levels, transaminases, and functional‐structural heart abnormalities (increase in RA and RV dimensions, sPAP, ASD size and decrease in LVEF and TAPSE) showed a significant increasing trend from Group I to Group III (p < .001 for all comparisons). The mean ALBI scores for Group I, Group II, and Group III were ‐3.71 ± .37, ‐3.51 ± .25, and ‐3.27 ± .34, respectively. In multivariate linear regression analysis, ASD size, sPAP, RV‐RA diameter were found to be significantly associated with increased ALBI score.

Conclusion

The ALBI score offers a simple, evidence‐based, objective, and discriminatory method of assessing liver function in patients with ASD. ASD size, sPAP, RV and RA diameters were significantly associated with ALBI score.
The development of a reporting form for peer observation of online learning courses: An e‐Delphi consensus study of educators working in health professions education
Authors: Orsini Cesar , Jennings Barbara , Rodrigues Veena , Tricio Jorge
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Peer observation of online teaching has been suggested to maintain and monitor online learning standards. However, this practice and the designed peer observation forms have been almost exclusively restricted to face‐to‐face or stand‐alone synchronous/asynchronous sessions. This study, therefore, aimed to identify criteria for the successful design and delivery of online courses and develop a rigorous form specifically designed for peer observation of teaching in online learning environments applicable to the Health Professions Education context.

Materials and Methods

A three‐round e‐Delphi technique was used to gather consensus on categories/items and process/structure of the peer observation form. A total of 21 international, experienced online educators working in Health Professions Education were recruited. A 75% consensus was considered as the minimum agreement level.

Results

Response rates were 100% (n = 21), 81% (n = 17) and 90% (n = 19) respectively. The intensity of consensus was 38%–93%, while the agreement/disagreement consensus was 57%–100%. In Round 1, the 13 topics proposed as major categories for design and delivery reached agreement consensus. One option reached agreement on how to approach and structure the peer‐observation process. All items within major categories reached agreement in Rounds 2 and 3. The resulting form presents 13 major categories with 81 items.

Conclusion

The identified criteria and developed form address relevant educational principles such as constructive alignment, online instructional design, retrieval practice and spaced learning, cognitive load, and constructive feedback and authentic assessment, all of which have been suggested as critical aspects to ensure a high‐quality learning experience. This adds to the literature and to educational practice as clear, evidence‐based guidance for the design and delivery of online courses, which differ distinctly from traditional face‐to‐face teaching. The developed form expands the options for peer observation, from face‐to‐face and stand‐alone synchronous/asynchronous sessions to fully online courses.
Burden of suspected epileptic seizures on emergency services: A population‐based study
Authors: Kämppi Leena , Puolakka Tuukka , Ritvanen Jaakko , Tuppurainen Kati , Päkkilä Jari , Kuisma Markku , Peltola Jukka
Published: March 2023

Background and purpose

Patients with acute epileptic seizures form a large patient group in emergency neurology. This study aims to determine the burden caused by suspected epileptic seizures at different steps in emergency care.

Methods

A retrospective, cross‐sectional, population‐based (>1,000,000 inhabitants), 4‐year (2015–2018) study was conducted in an urban setting with a single dispatch centre, a university hospital‐affiliated emergency medical service (EMS), and five emergency departments (EDs). The study covered all adult (≥16 years old) emergency neurology patients receiving medical attention due to suspected epileptic seizures from the EMS and EDs and during hospital admissions in the Helsinki metropolitan area.

Results

Epileptic seizures were suspected in 14,364 EMS calls, corresponding to 3.3% of all EMS calls during the study period. 9,112 (63.4%) cases were transported to hospital due to suspected epileptic seizures, and 3368 (23.4%) were discharged on the scene. 6969 individual patients had 11,493 seizure‐related ED visits, accounting for 3.1% of neurology‐ and internal medicine‐related ED visits and 4607 hospital admissions were needed with 3 days’ median length of stay (IQR=4, Range 1‐138). Male predominance was noticeable at all stages (EMS 64.7%, EDs 60.1%, hospital admissions 56.2%). The overall incidence was 333/100,000 inhabitants/year for seizure‐related EMS calls, 266/100,000 inhabitants/year for ED visits and 107/100,000 inhabitants/year for hospital admissions. Total estimated costs were 6.8 million €/year, corresponding to 0.5% of all specialized healthcare costs in the study area.

Conclusions

Patients with suspected epileptic seizures cause a significant burden on the health care system. Present‐day epidemiological data are paramount when planning resource allocation in emergency services.
Influence of chrysin on D‐galactose induced‐aging in mice: Up regulation of AMP kinase/liver kinase B1/peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1‐α signaling pathway
Authors: Salama Abeer , Elgohary Rania
Published: March 2023

Adenosine monophosphate kinase/liver kinase B1/peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator 1‐α (AMPK/LKB1/PGC1α) pathway has a vital role in regulating age‐related diseases. It controls neurogenesis, cell proliferation, axon outgrowth, and cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK pathway also regulates mitochondrial synthesis. The current study evaluated the effect of chrysin on D‐galactose (D‐gal) induced‐aging, neuron degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in mice. The mice were allocated randomly into four groups (10 each group): Group 1: normal control group, Group 2: D‐gal group, Groups 3 and 4: chrysin (125 and 250 mg/kg, respectively). Groups 2–4 were injected with D‐gal (200 mg/kg/day; s.c) for 8 weeks to induce aging. Groups 3 and 4 were orally gavaged every day concurrent with D‐gal. At the end of experiment, behavioral, brain biochemical and histopathological changes were monitored. Chrysin administration elevated discrimination ratio in object recognition, Y Maze percentage alternation, locomotor activity and brain contents of AMPK, LKB1, PGC1α, NAD (P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1), nerve growth factor (NGF) (neurotrophin‐3; NT‐3), and seretonin as well as reduced brain contents of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compared to D‐gal‐treated mice. Chrysin also alleviated cerebral cortex and white matter neurons degeneration. Chrysin protects against neurodegeneration, improves mitochondrial autophagy and biogenesis as well as activates antioxidant genes expression. In addition, chrysin ameliorates neuroinflammation and stimulates the release of NGF and serotonin neurotransmitter. So, chrysin has a neuroprotective effect in D‐gal induced‐aging in mice.
Novel role for linear ubiquitination in regulating NFAT1 stability
Authors: De Meyer Femke , Afonina Inna S.
Published: March 2023

Linear ubiquitination is an important post‐translational modification regulating the activation of numerous proinflammatory signalling mediators. Deregulated linear ubiquitination has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this issue, Miao et al. have identified a novel role for linear ubiquitination in the stabilisation of the NFAT1 transcription factor, leading to enhanced NFAT1‐mediated gene expression, which might have functional implications in patients with Kawasaki disease.
Advanced practice nursing initiatives in Africa, moving towards the nurse practitioner role: Experiences from the field
Authors: Gray Deborah C. , Rogers Melanie , Miller Minna K.
Published: March 2023

Aim

This paper discusses the development and progression of the advanced practice nurse practitioner role in Africa.

Background

Providing adequate primary health care is problematic in Africa. The World Health Organization and International Council of Nurses proposed that nurses, specifically advanced practice nurse practitioners with the requisite skills in disease prevention, diagnosis and management, can be key to solving the primary care issue.

Sources of evidence

This paper utilized publications from PUBMED, CINAHL, policy papers, websites, workgroups, conferences, and the experiences and knowledge of authors involved in leading and moving forward key events and projects.

Discussion

Four African countries have formally adopted the advanced practice nurse practitioner role, with significant interest from countries throughout Africa, and ever‐increasing requests for assistance regarding initiation, development and integration of advanced practice roles. Initiatives to advance the roles have been supported by the International Council of Nurses Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nurse Network and Global Academy of Research and Enterprise. Next steps and projects for future role development are discussed.

Conclusions

There is a progression towards the adoption of the advanced practice nurse practitioner role in Africa, and further mechanisms are suggested to allow full uptake and utilization.

Implications for nursing practice

Prioritization and investment in initiatives implementing nurse practitioner/advanced practice nurse roles in Africa allows nurses to pursue further education, advanced role and leadership opportunities consistent with Nursing Now goals.

Implications for health policy

Implementation of nurse practitioner/advanced practice nurse roles increases the primary care workforce, consistent with recommendations and priorities in the World Health Organization Global Strategic Directions for Nursing and Midwifery 2021–2025 helping countries ensure that nurses optimally contribute to achieving universal health coverage and other population health goals.
Die anatomischen Grundlagen für den Wassertransport im Primärxylem von Ginkgo biloba L
Authors: Eicke R.
Published: March 2023

Durch ultradünne Quer‐ und Längsschnitte sind die anatomischen Grundlagen für den Wasserdurchfluß im Primärxylem festgestellt worden. Ergebnisse:

. Die Spiraltracheiden haben dünne Wände (60 nm), die nur mit Hilfe der elektronenmikroskopischen Vergrößerungen gemessen werden können. Da die Spiralbänder oft nur mit schmaler Basis (weniger als ein Drittel ihrer Breite) der Wand aufliegen, bleiben große dünne Flächen zum allseitigen Durchfluß des Wassers frei.

. Das Primärxylem enthält neben Spiraltracheiden Netz‐ und Tüpfeltracheiden und Mischungen dieser Typen, wobei die Dünnstellen der Nachbarzellen oft nicht korrespondieren und somit funktionslos sind.
Die Vegetation des Cerro San Fernando und des Cerro La Llorona im Trockengebiet bei Santa Marta, Kolumbien
Authors: Schnetter R.
Published: March 2023

Im Bereich der Erhebungen Cerro San Fernando und Cerro La Llorona im Trockengebiet bei Santa Marta, Kolumbien (0 bis 370 m Höhe ü. M., etwa 600 mm mittlere jährliche Niederschläge, 27 bis 29°C Jahresmitteltemperaturen), kommen an den für den Pflanzenwuchs günstigsten Stellen 12 bis 15 m hohe regengrüne Trockenwälder vor. Auf zunehmend trockneren Standorten wachsen dort Dorngehölze, Kakteendorngehölze (stellenweise mit Agaven) und eine halbwüstenartige Kleinstrauchvegetation. Die Artenzusammensetzung und räumliche Verteilung der einzelnen Pflanzengesellschaften (Vegetationskarte) in Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Eigenschaften des Bodens und des Mikroklimas sowie anthropogener Einwirkungen werden dargestellt.
Restitution der Kernmembran in postmeiotischen Basidien
Authors: Thielke Charlotte
Published: March 2023

Die Membranen der postmeiotischen Kerne entstehen als Differenzierungen eines endoplasmatischen Retikulums, das einerseits mit wandständigem ER in Verbindung steht und andererseits räumliche Beziehungen zu einem Körper zeigt, der in seiner peripheren Lage den Eindruck eines „Organisators” macht und vielleicht mit dem Centriol identisch ist.

Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft danke ich für Sachbeihilfe.
Über reniforme Gefäßdurchbrechungen im Holz einiger Kakteen1)
Authors: Süss Herbert
Published: March 2023

In den Gefäßen einiger Kakteenarten, die in stärkerem Maß Holz bilden, wurden Durchbrechungen gefunden, die wir reniform (= nierenförmig) nennen; sie treten stets in Verbindung mit normalen, einfachen Durchbrechungen auf. Reniforme Durchbrechungen entstehen offensichtlich durch schrittweise Fusion einzelner lochförmiger Durchbohrungen, die sich um einen in der Mitte der Perforationsfläche befindlichen Rest der Gefäßquerwand gruppieren.
Zur Bedeutung extrachromosomaler Erbträger für die Steuerung von Nucleinsäurestoffwechsel, Zelldifferenzierung und Mitosetätigkeit
Authors: von Wangenheim K.‐H.
Published: March 2023

Der Ablauf des Nucleinsäurestoffwechsels während der Entwicklung des Endosperms aus reziproken Kreuzungen zwischen diploider und autotetraploider Oenothera hookeri unterliegt der gleichen Beschleunigung in der einen und Verzögerung in der anderen Kreuzungsrichtung wie die übrigen Entwicklungsmerkmale im Endosperm derartiger Kreuzungen. Unterschiede im Genom beider Kreuzungsrichtungen scheiden als Ursache ebenso aus wie exogene Faktoren. Unterschiede bestehen jedoch auch in späteren Entwicklungsstadien in der Menge an Cytoplasma und deren Relation zur Zahl der Chromosomensätze. Strahlenbiologische Versuche zeigen ebenfalls eine gewisse Selbständigkeit des Cytoplasmawachstums. Hieraus wird geschlossen, daß das Wachstum des Cytoplasmas mit einer Vermehrungsrate vor sich geht, die nicht von der Ploidie des Kerns, sondern von autoreduplizierenden Konstituenten des Cytoplasmas abhängig ist. Demzufolge bestimmt das Ausgangsverhältnis zwischen der Anzahl extrachromosomaler Erbträger und der Anzahl der Chromosomensätze im Endosperm die Dauer des Wachstumsreizes auf die Integumente und den Zeitpunkt nicht nur des Beginns der Zellwandbildung und der RNS‐Syntheseaktivität, sondern auch der Beendigung der Mitosetätigkeit. Hiermit wird ein Beispiel dafür gegeben, auf welche Weise eine genetisch festgelegte Steuerung von Entwicklungs‐ und Differenzierungsvorgängen durch eine gegenseitige Abhängigkeit von extrachromosomalen und chromosomalen Erbträgern erfolgen kann.
Die Entstehung des Thallusrandes bei den Pannariaceen (Lichenes) mit einer generellen Diskussion über die Entwicklung lecanoriner und biatoriner Flechtenapothecien1)
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: March 2023

Die Ontogenie der Pannariaceenapothecien wurde besonders im Hinblick auf die Entstehung des Thallusrandes hin untersucht. Der Margo thallinus erwies sich als eine Neubildung durch die Markhyphen. Diese von anderen Flechten abweichende Entwicklung scheint ein spezifisches Merkmal der Familie zu sein. Die Ontogenie von Pannariaceenapothecien mit Eigenrand, Thallusrand sowie Thallusrand + Eigenrand wird im einzelnen beschrieben.

Die Terminologie der Apothecien und die Theorien über die mögliche Entstehungsweise des Margo thallinus werden diskutiert. Die eigenen Ergebnisse stützen die klassische Auffassung, nach welcher der Thallusrand sich aus dem Thallus entwickelt und demnach als Teil des Thallus betrachtet werden muß. Die Grundzüge der Entwicklung biatoriner und lecanoriner Apothecien werden an einigen Beispielen demonstriert.
Die Gerolsteiner Moß, Eifel, in moor‐ und vegetationskundlicher Sicht1)
Authors: Schwaar Jürgen
Published: March 2023

Die heutige Vegetation der Gerolsteiner Moß einschließlich der näheren Umgebung wurde mit den Darstellungen der Bodenbewachsung in der Tranchot‐Müfflingschen Karte zum Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts verglichen. Daraus ergab sich, daß der Anteil des Ackerlandes und auch der Heide beträchtlich höher als heute war. Dagegen zeigte das Areal des Waldes und Grünlandes eine geringere Ausdehnung. Ein Pollendiagramm des Moores erbrachte für die Vegetationsgestaltung der weiter zurückliegenden Zeit eine Klärung. Da sich der Ulmenabfall eben noch ablesen läßt, muß die Vermoorung ungefähr um 3000 v. Chr. eingesetzt haben. An der Wende von Zone IX zu X läßt sich die erste menschliche Besiedlung der Gerolsteiner Kalkmulde wahrscheinlich machen, der allerdings wieder eine Siedlungslücke folgt. Wir stimmen hierbei mit Peters (1967) überein, die auch entgegen den Fundkarten von Tackenberg (1954) eine frühe Besiedlung der Eifeler Kalkgebiete (Prümer Kalkmulde) nachweist. Die übrige Vegetationsentwicklung widerspricht nicht den Ergebnissen der schon gemachten Untersuchungen in der Vulkaneifel (Straka 1952–1961). Die Abweichungen erklären sich aus der anderen Vegetation der Gerolsteiner Kalkmulde gegenüber der Vulkaneifel und der früheren, intensiveren Besiedlung, welche die sonst hohen Fagus‐Maxima. erheblich senkt. Im Vergleich mit der potentiell natürlichen Vegetation wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob ein Querco‐Betuletum im untersuchten Raum natürlich ist oder ob es sich um degradierte Rotbuchenwälder handelt.
Kernzahl und Zellgröße im Fruchtkörperstiel von Coprinus radiatus (Solt) Fr.
Authors: Hafner L. , Thielke Ch.
Published: March 2023

Vor der Streckung der Stielzellen von Coprinus radiatus erhöht sich die Zahl der Kerne durch mehrere synchrone Teilungen.
Induktion der Apothecienbildung bei Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.
Authors: Jahns H. M.
Published: March 2023

Die Apothecien von Cladia aggregata werden vom generativen Gewebe gebildet, ohne daß vorher Geschlechtsorgane auftreten, die den Vorgang induzieren. Die Ausbildung des endgültigen Hymeniums erfolgt nur bei Anwesenheit von ascogonen Hyphen. Werden im jungen Fruchtkörper keine Geschlechtsorgane gebildet, so entsteht auf dem Fruchtkörper ein zweites Apothecium, auf diesem ein drittes und so weiter, bis nach Ausbildung der Geschlechtsorgane ein reifer Fruchtkörper die Entwicklung abschließt.
Lichtatmung und photosynthetische Primärreaktionen
Authors: Lösch B. , Dr. Karl‐Lueger‐Ring
Published: March 2023

Unter geeigneten Versuchsbedingungen läßt sich bei höheren Pflanzen eine lichtabhängige CO2‐Abgabe (und O2‐Aufnahme!) zeigen. Dieser als Lichtatmung bezeichnete Prozeß hat nichts mit der Mitochondrienatmung zu tun (die im Licht sogar inhibiert sein dürfte), sondern ist aufs Engste mit den photosynthetischen Primärreaktionen verknüpft. Zur Klärung dieses Zusammenhanges mit dem lichtgetriebenen Elektronenfluß wurde eine vergleichend biologische Darstellung des vieldiskutierten Zweiquantenschemas der Photosynthese erarbeitet. Demnach hat sich in der biologischen Evolution eine zwangsläufige Koppelung der photochemischen Wasserspaltung (zum Gewinn der Reduktionskraft) mit der nichtzyklischen Photophosphorylierung (zum Gewinn von Energie als ATP) herausgebildet. Im Stoffwechsel wird aber mehr ATP gebraucht als Reduktionskraft, besonders im CO2‐Mangel. Die Lichtatmung wird als Prozeß der Reoxydation überschüssiger Reduktionskraft am Luftsauerstoff aufgefaßt. Dadurch würde ein Weiterlaufen der nichtzyklischen Phosphorylierung auch dann ermöglicht, wenn die gleichzeitig anfallende Reduktionskraft keinen Abnehmer im Stoffwechsel findet. Gewisse photosynthetische Bakterien vermögen unter solchen Bedingungen die Reduktionselektronen in der Form molekularen Wasserstoffs “abzublasen”, eine Möglichkeit, die höheren Pflanzen nicht mehr offensteht (schon wegen des Fehlens einer Hydrogenase).

Certain experimental conditions allow the demonstration of a light‐dependent CO2‐production (and O2‐consumption) in higher plants. This “photo‐respiration” must not be mixed up with the mitochondrial respiration (which seems to be even inhibited in the light) but is very closely related to the primary reactions of photosynthesis. For a better understanding of the connection with the light‐driven electron transport a comparative biological view of the two‐quantum‐scheme of photosynthesis is presented now. According to this view, the biochemical evolution has developed an indispensable coupling of two processes,

. of the photochemical cleavage of water (to get reduction power) with the

. noncyclic photophosphorylation (to gain energy as ATP).

Yet there is a much greater need for ATP in metabolism than for reduction‐power, especially if CO2 is not available in sufficient amounts (as is the case in natural atmosphere). Photo‐respiration can be understood as a process of reoxydation of abundant reduction power, using air‐oxygen, so allowing photophosphorylation to go on even under conditions, when the simultaneously formed reduction power cannot be utilized in metabolism. Certain photosynthetic bacteria are able to get rid of the reducing electrons by evolving hydrogen gas — a process which is missing in higher plants (since they lack hydrogenase).
Über den Flavonoidstoffwechsel während der Samenkeimung
Authors: Weissenböck Gottfried
Published: March 2023

Es wurde das Flavonoidmuster ruhender Samen und 8 bis 10 Tage alter Keimlinge von 18 Pflanzenarten unterschiedlicher taxonomischer Einheiten verglichen. Als allgemeines Ergebnis kann festgestellt werden: In den meisten Samen und in allen Keimlingen liegen neben Zimtsäuren (und Derivaten) Flavonoide, hauptsächlich Quercetin‐ und Kämpferolglykoside, in unterschiedlicher Anzahl und Menge vor. Das “Ruhemuster” unterscheidet sich allgemein von der Pigmentausstattung junger Keimlinge. Drei typische Gruppen von Pflanzen wurden gefunden, deren Pigmentgehalt und ‐muster während der Samenkeimung charakteristisch verändert wird.
Extremes Auftreten von Calciumoxalat‐Exkreten bei einer Art der Gattung Usnea (Lichenes)
Authors: Schade Alwin , Seitz Wolfgang
Published: March 2023

Bei einer Art der Flechtengattung Usnea (U. sublaxa Vain.: U. dasypoga‐Gruppe) wird ein extremes Auftreten von Calciumoxalatexkreten nachgewiesen, das sich bereits äußerlich durch Aufreißen des Thallusmantels und Zutagetreten des weißen Markes bemerkbar macht. Eine ähnliche Korrelation zwischen der Exkretbildung von Calciumoxalat und der morphologischen Ausgestaltung des Thallus war früher schon bei Cladonia “subrangiformis” gefunden worden. Der hier beschriebene Fall bei Usnea ist ein erneuter Hinweis darauf, daß es sich bei Cl. “subrangiformis” nur um eine ökologisch bedingte (Kalkuntergrund) Modifikation von Cladonia furcata handelt.
Differentielle RNS‐Synthese an pflanzlichen Riesenchromosomen
Authors: Nagl Walter
Published: March 2023

An den Suspensor‐Riesenchromosomen von Phaseolus coccineus und vulgaris kann eine differentielle RNS‐Synthese strukturanalytisch, cytochemisch und radioautographisch nachgewiesen werden.

Das RNS‐Synthese‐Muster variiert in Abhängigkeit vom Entwicklungs‐stadium der Wachstumstemperatur und dem Angebot an Ionen und Phytohormonen.
Über die Transpirationsintensität bei Evonymus japonica Thunb. und Mahonia aquifolium Nutt. mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Alters der Blätter
Authors: Kojić M. , Cincović T.
Published: March 2023

Untersucht wird die Transpirationsintensität zweier immergrüner Ziersträucher — Euonymus japonica und Mahonia aquifolium — im Laufe eines Jahres unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Unterschiede zwischen älteren und jängeren Blättern,

Es wird Festgestellt, daß am gleichen Standort Mahonia aquifolium intensiver transpiriert als Evonymus japonica. Der Unterschied der gleichzeitig gemessenen Transpirationswerte kann bis zu 10 mg/g × min betragen.

Jüngere Blätter transpirieren in der Regel intensiver. Die Größe der Differenz zwischen den jüngeren und älteren Blättern variiert im Laufe des Jahres
Über ontogenetische Abbreviationen und Zeitkorrelationsänderungen und ihre Bedeutung für Morphologie und Systematik
Authors: Ihlenfeldt Hans‐Dieter
Published: March 2023

Die in der Evolution der Kormophyten aufgetretenen ontogenetischen Abbreviationen und Zeitkorrelationsänderungen erschweren einerseits morphologische Interpretationen, die sich in erster Linie auf ontogenetische Daten von rezenten Vertretern stützen; z. B. ist der Befund, daß selbst die Blattorgane der (rezenten!) Farne, die primitiven Telomständen noch relativ nahe stehen sollten, sich ontogenetisch nicht wie ein Aggregat von Telomen verhalten, kein Beweis gegen die Telomtheorie; umgekehrt dürfte aber der Versuch, etwa bei hochabgeleiteten Organen wie z. B. den Staubblättern der Angiospermen heute ontogenetisch noch Telome nachweisen zu wollen, von vornherein zum Scheitern verurteilt sein. Ontogenetische Abbreviationen erschweren auch die Konstruktion von Stammbäumen, da sie Durchbrechungen des Dolloschen Gesetzes zulassen

Die Berücksichtigung der geschilderten Phänomene ermöglicht andererseits in vielen Fällen neue morphologische Interpretationen (z. B. bi‐ und tetrasporische Embryosäcke) und macht bisher nur vermutete phylogenetische Zusammenhänge transparent (z. B. Jacobsenia — Monilaria, Meyerophytum, Mitrophyllum); einige strittige morphologische Fragen erweisen sich unter diesen Gesichtspunkten als Scheinprobleme (z. B.: Ist das Karpell der Angiospermen “vom Typ her” peltat oder epeltat?), andere müssen in die Gruppe der prinzipiell unlösbaren Probleme verwiesen werden (z. B. Interpretation der Synergiden im Embryosack der Angiospermen)
Die Gattungsabgrenzung bei den Opiliaceae
Authors: Hiepko Paul
Published: March 2023

Aufgrund eines Vergleichs des Merkmalsbestandes von Opilia s. str., Urobotrya und Rhopalopilia wird Urobotrya als selbständige Gattung betrachtet, in die einige als Lepionurus‐Arten beschriebene Sippen aus Indochina einzugliedern sind. Es ergeben sich 4 neue Kombinationen (siehe oben).
Galanthus ist doch sympodial gebaut!1
Authors: Müller‐Doblies D.
Published: March 2023

10. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerung

Bei Galanthus liegt eine doppelte Täuschung vor: Scheinbar handelt es sich um die Endblüte eines seitenständigen Schaftes, nach dem Gesagten jedoch anscheinend um die unterste Seitenblüte eines endständigen Schaftes. Wenn man die Pseudo‐Strukturen ganz auskosten will, kann man sagen, daß eine pseudoterrninale Blüte auf einem pseudo‐lateralen Schaft sitzt, was zum pseudo‐monopodialen Zwiebelbau führt (vgl. Abb. 2 und 10).

Es erhebt sich abschließend die Frage, ob es überhaupt echt monopodiale Zwiebeln gibt. Wie einleitend gesagt, stamrnen die Beispiele dafür immer aus den Amaryllidoideen, und flir diese sind alle drei denkbaren Meinungen vorgebracht worden:

. die Amaryllidoideen sind monopodiaI gebaut,

. dic Amaryllidoideen sind sympodial gebaut,

. die Amaryllidoideen sind teils monopodial und teils sympodial gebaut,

wobei über die Abgrenzung der beiden Gruppen keine Einigkeit besteht und wobei auch gar kein Versuch gemacht worden ist, die cine Gruppe von der andelen abzuleiten. Ich hoffe, dafs das wenige, was ich iiber die Amaryllidoideen irn allgemeinen gesagt habe, ausreicht, um anzudeuten, daß hier ein recht einheitlicher Bauplan vorliegt. Mit Galanthus fällt nun das beste Beispiel flir den monopodialen Zwiebelbau, und da keine andere Gattung iiber ein anderes oder gar besseres Argument verfügt, sind wohl die monopodialen Zwiebeln aus den Lehrbiichern zu streichen, und der morphologische Abstand zwischen Allioideae und Amaryllidoideae ist ein Snick geringer geworden.
Zur Cytotaxonomie der Gattung Saxifraga L.
Authors: Damboldt J.
Published: March 2023

Im Zuge unserer cytotaxonomischen Untersuchung der Gattung SaxifragaL. werden Sippen der S. exarata‐moschata‐Gruppe untersucht. S. exarata ssp. exarata aus den Seealpen ist diploid mit 2n = 20. S. exarata ssp. leucantha (Thomas) Br.‐Bl. aus dem Unterwallis (Vernayaz) ist tetraploid mit 2n = etwa 48 bis 52 und gehört unseres Erachtens zu den intermediären Formen zwischen S. exarata und S. moschata. Für S. moschata liegen weitere Zahlenangaben aus den Alpen und den benachbarten Gebirgen vor: 2n = 26 (Allgäu, ötztaler Alpen, Waadtländer Alpen), 2n = 24 (ötztaler Alpen, Hohe Tatra), 2n = 32, 34, 36 (Kantabrien). Intermediäre Formen zwischen S. exarata und S. moschata mit 2n = etwa 48 bis 52 wurden im Wallis, Zentralalpen, untersucht. Bei zwei Pflanzen einer Population oberhalb Saas‐Fee wurden 2n = 48 bzw. 2n = 52 Chromosomen gefunden. Diploide und tetraploide Pflanzen lassen sich nur nach der Pollengröße unterscheiden (2x = 20 bis 22 ?; 4 × = 22 bis 24 ?). Neben einer Punktkarte der Verbreitung fast aller bis jetzt cytologisch untersuchten Sippen im Alpengebiet werden Chromosomenbilder, Blattumrisse mit den jeweiligen Behaarungstypen und Ausbildung der Nervatur gebracht.