bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization for the Production of Deoxynivalenoland Zearalenone by Fusarium graminearum UsingResponse Surface Methodology
Authors: Wu Li , Qiu Lijuan , Zhang Huijie , Sun Juan , Hu Xuexu , Wang Bujun
Published: February 2017

Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are the most common contaminants in cereals worldwide, causing a wide range of adverse health effects on animals and humans. Many environmental factors can affect the production of these mycotoxins. Here, we have used response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the Fusarium graminearum strain 29 culture conditions for maximal toxin production. Three factors, medium pH, incubation temperature and time, were optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimized conditions for DON production were pH 4.91 and an incubation temperature of 23.75 °C for 28 days, while maximal ZEN production required pH 9.00 and an incubation temperature of 15.05 °C for 28 days. The maximum levels of DON and ZEN production were 2811.17 ng/mL and 23789.70 ng/mL, respectively. Considering the total level of DON and ZEN, desirable yields of the mycotoxins were still obtained with medium pH of 6.86, an incubation temperature of 17.76 °C and a time of 28 days. The corresponding experimental values, from the validation experiments, fitted well with these predictions. This suggests that RSM could be used to optimize Fusarium mycotoxin levels, which are further purified for use as potential mycotoxin standards. Furthermore, it shows that acidic pH is a determinant for DON production, while an alkaline environment and lower temperature (approximately 15 °C) are favorable for ZEN accumulation. After extraction, separation and purification processes, the isolated mycotoxins were obtained through a simple purification process, with desirable yields, and acceptable purity. The mycotoxins could be used as potential analytical standards or chemical reagents for routine analysis.
Synthesis of Mono- and Di-Glucosides of Zearalenone and α-/β-Zearalenol by Recombinant Barley Glucosyltransferase HvUGT14077
Authors: Michlmayr Herbert , Varga Elisabeth , Lupi Francesca , Malachová Alexandra , Hametner Christian , Berthiller Franz , Adam Gerhard
Published: February 2017

Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin occurring in Fusarium-infected cereals. Glucosylation is an important plant defense mechanism and generally reduces the acute toxicity of mycotoxins to humans and animals. Toxicological information about ZEN-glucosides is limited due to the unavailability of larger amounts required for animal studies. HvUGT14077, a recently-validated ZEN-conjugating barley UDP-glucosyltransferase was expressed in Escherichia coli, affinity purified, and characterized. HvUGT14077 possesses high affinity (Km = 3 µM) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km = 190 s−1·mM−1) with ZEN. It also efficiently glucosylates the phase-I ZEN-metabolites α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol, with kcat/Km of 40 and 74 s−1·mM−1, respectively. HvUGT14077 catalyzes O-glucosylation at C-14 and C-16 with preference of 14-glucoside synthesis. Furthermore, relatively slow consecutive formation of 14,16-di-glucosides was observed; their structures were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry and for ZEN-14,16-di-glucoside confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Recombinant HvUGT14077 allowed efficient preparative synthesis of ZEN-glucosides, yielding about 90% ZEN-14-glucoside and 10% ZEN-16-glucoside. The yield of ZEN-16-glucoside could be increased to 85% by co-incubation with a β-glucosidase highly selective for ZEN-14-glucoside. Depletion of the co-substrate UDP-glucose was counteracted by a sucrose synthase based regeneration system. This strategy could also be of interest to increase the yield of minor glucosides synthesized by other glucosyltransferases.
Small Scale Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) Project for a Remote Area
Authors: Zhang Jianhua , Duke Mikel , Northcott Kathy , Packer Michael , Allinson Mayumi , Allinson Graeme , Kadokami Kiwao , Tan Jace , Allard Sebastian , Croué Jean-Philippe , Knight Adrian , Scales Peter , Gray Stephen
Published: February 2017

An Advanced Water Treatment Plant (AWTP) for potable water recycling in Davis Station Antarctica was trialed using secondary effluent at Selfs Point in Hobart, Tasmania, for nine months. The trials demonstrated the reliability of performance of a seven barrier treatment process consisting of ozonation, ceramic microfiltration (MF), biologically activated carbon, reverse osmosis, ultra-violet disinfection, calcite contactor and chlorination. The seven treatment barriers were required to meet the high log removal values (LRV) required for pathogens in small systems during disease outbreak, and on-line verification of process performance was required for operation with infrequent operator attention. On-line verification of pathogen LRVs, a low turbidity filtrate of approximately 0.1 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), no long-term fouling and no requirement for clean-in-place (CIP) was achieved with the ceramic MF. A pressure decay test was also reliably implemented on the reverse osmosis system to achieve a 2 LRV for protozoa, and this barrier required only 2–3 CIP treatments each year. The ozonation process achieved 2 LRV for bacteria and virus with no requirement for an ozone residual, provided the ozone dose was >11.7 mg/L. Extensive screening using multi-residue gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) database methods that can screen for more than 1200 chemicals found that few chemicals pass through the barriers to the final product and rejected (discharge) water streams. The AWTP plant required 1.93 kWh/m3 when operated in the mode required for Davis Station and was predicted to require 1.27 kWh/m3 if scaled up to 10 ML/day. The AWTP will be shipped to Davis Station for further trials before possible implementation for water recycling. The process may have application in other small remote communities.
Borehole Logging and Slug Tests for Evaluating the Applicability of Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Groundwater Exploration in Nampula Complex, Mozambique
Authors: Chirindja Farisse , Rosberg Jan-Erik , Dahlin Torleif
Published: February 2017

In Nampula province, Mozambique, there is a high number of water wells considered as having failed for having too low a pumping yield. Two Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) measurement campaigns were conducted in the area for evaluating the reasons of failures. However, in some cases it was difficult to verify and interpret the ERT results by only using the inadequate lithological description presented in drilling reports. In this paper the integration of borehole logging and slug testing is presented as a solution to add more information and to enhance the interpretation of ERT models. The borehole logging tool measured resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma. The logging results proved that the ERT models are accurate in estimating the resistivity for basement (>1400 Ωm), fractured layer (220–1400 Ωm), semi-weathered layer with clay accumulation (10–220 Ωm), and weathered and leached layer (220–2700 Ωm). The slug testing gave results of high hydraulic conductivity (K) values where the ERT indicates well-developed weathered and fractured layers, and low K values where these are less developed. The borehole interpretation can be extrapolated using the ERT model to give a geometric characterization of the aquifer. Therefore, the implementation of the ERT method in groundwater exploration is encouraged.
Evaluation of Peak Water Demand Factors in Puglia (Southern Italy)
Authors: Balacco Gabriella , Carbonara Antonio , Gioia Andrea , Iacobellis Vito , Piccinni Alberto
Published: February 2017

In the design of a water supply network, the use of traditional formulas of the peak factor may lead to over-dimensioning the network pipelines, especially in small towns. This discrepancy is probably due to changes in human habits as a consequence of a general improvement of living conditions. Starting from these considerations, and given the availability of a wide random sample data, an analysis of the water demand for several towns in Puglia was carried out, leading to the definition of a relationship between the above mentioned peak factor and the number of inhabitants, based on a stochastic approach. An interesting outcome of this study is that the design of water supply network is possible without considering the use of monthly and weekly peak factors, since the current water demands appear not specifically sensitive to these variations; moreover, the magnitude of the peak factor, as shown by measured data, is considerably lower compared to literature values, especially for small towns.
Energy Recovery in Existing Water Networks: Towards Greater Sustainability
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Modesto , Sánchez-Romero Francisco , Ramos Helena , López-Jiménez P.
Published: February 2017

Analyses of possible synergies between energy recovery and water management are essential for achieving sustainable improvements in the performance of irrigation water networks. Improving the energy efficiency of water systems by hydraulic energy recovery is becoming an inevitable trend for energy conservation, emissions reduction, and the increase of profit margins as well as for environmental requirements. This paper presents the state of the art of hydraulic energy generation in drinking and irrigation water networks through an extensive review and by analyzing the types of machinery installed, economic and environmental implications of large and small hydropower systems, and how hydropower can be applied in water distribution networks (drinking and irrigation) where energy recovery is not the main objective. Several proposed solutions of energy recovery by using hydraulic machines increase the added value of irrigation water networks, which is an open field that needs to be explored in the near future.
Modeling Glacier Mass Balance and Runoff in the Koxkar River Basin on the South Slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China, from 1959 to 2009
Authors: Xu Min , Han Haidong , Kang Shichang
Published: February 2017

Water resources provided by alpine glaciers are an important pillar for people in the arid regions of west China. In this study, the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenavdelning (HBV) light model was applied to simulate glacier mass balance (GMB) and runoff in the Koxkar River Basin (KRB) on the south slope of Mount Tumur, in the western Tianshan Mountains. Daily temperature and precipitation were calculated by multiple linear regressions and gradient-inverse distance weighting, respectively, based on in-situ observed data by automatic weather stations (AWSs) in the Koxkar River Basin (KRB; 2007–2009) and four meteorological stations neighboring the basin (1959–2009). Observed daily air temperature and precipitation were input into HBV model. The runoff data in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 were used to calibrate and validate the model in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. Generally, the model simulated runoff very well. The annual glacier mass balance and runoff were calculated by the HBV model and were driven by interpolated meteorological data between 1959 and 2009. The calculated glacier mass balances were reasonable, and were compared with nearby glaciers. The results indicate the decreasing trend of mass balance in the Koxkar Glacier, with an average value of ablation of −370.4 mm·a−1 between 1959 and 2009. The annual runoff showed an increasing trend (5.51 mm·a−1). Further analysis showed that the runoff is more sensitive to temperature than precipitation in KRB.
Applying SHETRAN in a Tropical West African Catchment (Dano, Burkina Faso)—Calibration, Validation, Uncertainty Assessment
Authors: Op de Hipt Felix , Diekkrüger Bernd , Steup Gero , Yira Yacouba , Hoffmann Thomas , Rode Michael
Published: February 2017

This study presents the calibration and validation of the physically based spatially distributed hydrological and soil erosion model SHETRAN for the Dano catchment, Burkina Faso. A sensitivity analysis of six model parameters was performed to assess the model response and to reduce the number of parameters for calibration. The hydrological component was calibrated and validated using observed discharge data of two years. Statistical quality measures (R2, NSE, KGE) ranged from 0.79 to 0.66 during calibration and validation. The calibrated hydrological component was used to feed the erosion modeling. The simulated suspended sediment load (SSL) was compared with turbidity‐based measurements of SSL of two years. Achieved quality measures are comparable to other SHETRAN studies. Uncertainties of measured discharge and suspended sediment concentration were determined to assess the propagated uncertainty of SSL. The comparison of measurement uncertainties of discharge and SSL with parameter uncertainty of the corresponding model output showed that simulated discharge and SSL were frequently outside the large measured uncertainty bands. A modified NSE was used to incorporate measurement and parameter uncertainty into the efficiency evaluation of the model. The analyses of simulated erosion sources and spatial patterns showed the importance of river erosion contributing more than 60% to the total simulated sediment loss.
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change and Extreme Value Uncertainty to Extreme Flows across Great Britain
Authors: Collet Lila , Beevers Lindsay , Prudhomme Christel
Published: February 2017

Floods are the most common and widely distributed natural risk, causing over £1 billion of damage per year in the UK as a result of recent events. Climatic projections predict an increase in flood risk; it becomes urgent to assess climate change impact on extreme flows, and evaluate uncertainties related to these projections. This paper aims to assess the changes in extreme runoff for the 1:100 year return period across Great Britain as a result of climate change using the Future Flows Hydrology database. The Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) and Generalised Pareto (GP) models are automatically fitted for 11‐member ensemble flow series available for the baseline and the 2080s. The analysis evaluates the uncertainty related to the Extreme Value (EV) and climate model parameters. Results suggest that GP and GEV give similar runoff estimates and uncertainties. From the baseline to the 2080s, increasing estimate and uncertainties is evident in east England. With the GEV the uncertainty attributed to the climate model parameters is greater than for the GP (around 60% and 40% of the total uncertainty, respectively). This shows that when fitting both EV models, the uncertainty related to their parameters has to be accounted for to assess extreme runoffs.
A Percolation‐Based Approach to Scaling Infiltration and Evapotranspiration
Authors: Hunt Allen , Holtzman Ran , Ghanbarian Behzad
Published: February 2017

Optimal flow paths obtained from percolation theory provide a powerful tool that can be used to characterize properties associated with flow such as soil hydraulic conductivity, as well as other properties influenced by flow connectivity and topology. A recently proposed scaling theory for vegetation growth appeals to the tortuosity of optimal paths from percolation theory to define the spatio‐temporal scaling of the root radial extent (or, equivalently, plant height). Root radial extent measures the maximum horizontal distance between a plant shoot and the root tips. We apply here the same scaling relationship to unsteady (horizontal) flow associated with plant transpiration. The pore‐scale travel time is generated from the maximum flow rate under saturated conditions and a typical pore size. At the field‐scale, the characteristic time is interpreted as the growing season duration, and the characteristic length is derived from the measured evapotranspiration in that period. We show that the two scaling results are equivalent, and they are each in accord with observed vegetation growth limits, as well as with actual limiting transpiration values. While the conceptual approach addresses transpiration, most accessed data are for evapotranspiration. The equivalence of the two scaling approaches suggests that, if horizontal flow is the dominant pathway in plant transpiration, horizontal unsteady flow follows the same scaling relationship as root growth. Then, we propose a corresponding scaling relationship to vertical infiltration, a hypothesis which is amenable to testing using infiltration results of Sharma and co‐authors. This alternate treatment of unsteady vertical flow may be an effective alternative to the commonly applied method based on the diffusion of water over a continuum as governed by Richards’ equation.
Machine Learning Algorithms for the Forecasting of Wastewater Quality Indicators
Authors: Granata Francesco , Papirio Stefano , Esposito Giovanni , Gargano Rudy , De Marinis Giovanni
Published: February 2017

Stormwater runoff is often contaminated by human activities. Stormwater discharge into water bodies significantly contributes to environmental pollution. The choice of suitable treatment technologies is dependent on the pollutant concentrations. Wastewater quality indicators such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) give a measure of the main pollutants. The aim of this study is to provide an indirect methodology for the estimation of the main wastewater quality indicators, based on some characteristics of the drainage basin. The catchment is seen as a black box: the physical processes of accumulation, washing, and transport of pollutants are not mathematically described. Two models deriving from studies on artificial intelligence have been used in this research: Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Regression Trees (RT). Both the models showed robustness, reliability, and high generalization capability. However, with reference to coefficient of determination R2 and root‐mean square error, Support Vector Regression showed a better performance than Regression Tree in predicting TSS, TDS, and COD. As regards BOD5, the two models showed a comparable performance. Therefore, the considered machine learning algorithms may be useful for providing an estimation of the values to be considered for the sizing of the treatment units in absence of direct measures.
Molecular bases for phyllomorph development in a one‐leaf plant, Monophyllaea glabra
Authors: Ishikawa Naoko , Takahashi Hirokazu , Nakazono Mikio , Tsukaya Hirokazu
Published: February 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

The aboveground part of one‐leaf plants (Gesneriaceae) consists of a unique shoot‐like unit called a phyllomorph, which is composed of a growing lamina and one petiolode (a stem‐ and petiole‐like organ). The phyllomorph has three meristems: a basal meristem (BM; involved in lamina growth), a petiolode meristem (PM; required for midrib and petiolode growth), and a groove meristem (GM; contributes to inflorescence and new phyllomorph development). Although the GM has a tunica‐corpus structure like a conventional shoot apical meristem (SAM), the vegetative GM of a one‐leaf plant does not form any organ primordia and has been considered a defective or suppressed SAM. In this study, we evaluated the nature of the three meristems to reconsider their roles in phyllomorph development in the one‐leaf species Monophyllaea glabra.

METHODS:

Mitotic activities of meristem cells were monitored by incorporation of a thymidine analog (EdU) into DNA. Orthologs of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) and PHANTASTICA, ROUGH SHEATH2, ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (PHAN/RS2/AS1) were isolated from M. glabra, and their expression patterns were investigated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in combination with a laser microdissection technique.

KEY RESULTS:

Mitotic activities were detected in all three phyllomorph meristems. Strong expression of the STM and PHAN/RS2/AS1 orthologs was detected in the vegetative GM and BM, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

The vegetative GM is an active meristem that expresses the STM ortholog. We postulate that the GM is required for growth of a phyllomorph by providing undifferentiated cells and/or growth regulators to the BM and/or PM.
Ecological and evolutionary consequences of tri‐trophic interactions: Spatial variation and effects of plant density
Authors: Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Parra‐Tabla Víctor , Moreira Xoaquín , Ramos‐Zapata José
Published: February 2017

PREMISE OF STUDY:

The factors driving variation in species interactions are often unknown, and few studies have made a link between changes in interactions and the strength of selection.

METHODS:

We report on spatial variation in functional responses by a seed predator (SP) and its parasitic wasps associated with the herb Ruellia nudiflora. We assessed the influence of plant density on consumer responses and determined whether density effects and spatial variation in functional responses altered natural selection by these consumers on the plant. We established common gardens at two sites in Yucatan, Mexico, and planted R. nudiflora at two densities in each garden. We recorded fruit output and SP and parasitoid attack; calculated relative fitness (seed number) under scenarios of three trophic levels (accounting for SP and parasitoid effects), two trophic levels (accounting for SP but not parasitoid effects), and one trophic level (no consumer effects); and compared selection strength on fruit number under these scenarios across sites and densities.

KEY RESULTS:

There was spatial variation in SP recruitment, whereby the SP functional response was negatively density‐dependent at one site but density‐independent at the other; parasitoid responses were density‐independent and invariant across sites. Site variation in SP attack led, in turn, to differences in SP selection on fruit output, and parasitoids did not alter SP selection. There were no significant effects of density at either site.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results provide a link between consumer functional responses and consumer selection on plants, which deepens our understanding of geographic variation in the evolutionary outcomes of multitrophic interactions.
In-situ monitoring by Raman spectroscopy of the thermal doping of graphene and MoS2 in O2-controlled atmosphere
Authors: Piazza Aurora , Giannazzo Filippo , Buscarino Gianpiero , Fisichella Gabriele , Magna Antonino La , Roccaforte Fabrizio , Cannas Marco , Gelardi Franco Mario , Agnello Simonpietro
Published: February 2017

The effects of temperature and atmosphere (air and O2) on the doping of monolayers of graphene (Gr) on SiO2 and Si substrates, and on the doping of MoS2 multilayer flakes transferred on the same substrates have been investigated. The investigations were carried out by in situ micro-Raman spectroscopy during thermal treatments up to 430 °C, and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The spectral positions of the G and 2D Raman bands of Gr undergo only minor changes during treatment, while their amplitude and full width at half maximum (FWHM) vary as a function of the temperature and the used atmosphere. The thermal treatments in oxygen atmosphere show, in addition to a thermal effect, an effect attributable to a p-type doping through oxygen. The thermal broadening of the line shape, found during thermal treatments by in situ Raman measurements, can be related to thermal phonon effects. The absence of a band shift results from the balance between a red shift due to thermal effects and a blue shift induced by doping. This shows the potential of in situ measurements to follow the doping kinetics. The treatment of MoS2 in O2 has evidenced a progressive erosion of the flakes without relevant spectral changes in their central zone during in situ measurements. The formation of MoO3 on the edges of the flakes is observed indicative of the oxygen-activated transformation.
Ultraviolet and Optical Emission Line Outflows in the Heavily Obscured Quasar SDSS J000610.67+121501.2: At the Scale of the Dusty Torus and Beyond
Authors: Zhang Shaohua , Zhou Hongyan , Shi Xiheng , Pan Xiang , Wang Ji , Jiang Ning , Ji Tuo , Jiang Peng , Liu Wenjuan , Wang Huiyuan
Published: February 2017

Broad emission line outflows of active galactic nuclei have been proposed for many years but are very difficult to quantitatively study because of the coexistence of the gravitationally bound and outflow emission. We present detailed analysis of a heavily reddened quasar, SDSS J000610.67+121501.2, whose normal ultraviolet broad emission lines (BELs) are heavily suppressed by the dusty torus as a natural “coronagraph,” and thus the blueshifted BELs (BBELs) can be reliably measured. The physical properties of the emission-line outflows are derived as follows: ionization parameter

, column density

cm−2, covering fraction of ∼0.1, and upper limit density of

cm−3. The outflow gases are located at least 41 pc away from the central engine, which suggests that they have expanded to the scale of the dust torus or beyond. Besides, Lyα shows a narrow symmetric component, to our surprise, which is undetected in any other lines. After inspecting the narrow emission line region and the star-forming region as the origin of the Lyα narrow line, we propose that the end result of outflows, diffusing gases in the larger region, acts as the screen of Lyα photons. Future high spatial resolution spectrometry and/or spectropolarimetric observations are needed to make a final clarification.
Continuum Foreground Polarization and Na i Absorption in Type Ia SNe*
Authors: Zelaya P. , Clocchiatti A. , Baade D. , Höflich P. , Maund J. , Patat F. , Quinn J. R. , Reilly E. , Wang L. , Wheeler J. C. , Förster F. , González-Gaitán S.
Published: February 2017

We present a study of the continuum polarization over the 400–600 nm range of 19 SNe Ia obtained with FORS at the VLT. We separate them into those that show Na i D lines at the velocity of their hosts and those that do not. Continuum polarization of the sodium sample near maximum light displays a broad range of values, from extremely polarized cases like SN 2006X to almost unpolarized ones like SN 2011ae. The non-sodium sample shows, typically, smaller polarization values. The continuum polarization of the sodium sample in the 400–600 nm range is linear with wavelength and can be characterized by the mean polarization (

). Its values span a wide range and show a linear correlation with color, color excess, and extinction in the visual band. Larger dispersion correlations were found with the equivalent width of the Na i D and Ca ii H and K lines, and also a noisy relation between

and R

V
, the ratio of total to selective extinction. Redder SNe show stronger continuum polarization, with larger color excesses and extinctions. We also confirm that high continuum polarization is associated with small values of R

V
. The correlation between extinction and polarization—and polarization angles—suggest that the dominant fraction of dust polarization is imprinted in interstellar regions of the host galaxies. We show that Na i D lines from foreground matter in the SN host are usually associated with non-galactic ISM, challenging the typical assumptions in foreground interstellar polarization models.
A Polarimetric Approach for Constraining the Dynamic Foreground Spectrum for Cosmological Global 21 cm Measurements
Authors: Nhan Bang D. , Bradley Richard F. , Burns Jack O.
Published: February 2017

The cosmological global (sky-averaged) 21 cm signal is a powerful tool to probe the evolution of the intergalactic medium in high-redshift universe (

). One of the biggest observational challenges is to remove the foreground spectrum which is at least four orders of magnitude brighter than the cosmological 21 cm emission. Conventional global 21 cm experiments rely on the spectral smoothness of the foreground synchrotron emission to separate it from the unique 21 cm spectral structures in a single total-power spectrum. However, frequency-dependent instrumental and observational effects are known to corrupt such smoothness and complicate the foreground subtraction. We introduce a polarimetric approach to measure the projection-induced polarization of the anisotropic foreground onto a stationary dual-polarized antenna. Due to Earth rotation, when pointing the antenna at a celestial pole, the revolving foreground will modulate this polarization with a unique frequency-dependent sinusoidal signature as a function of time. In our simulations, by harmonic decomposing this dynamic polarization, our technique produces two separate spectra in parallel from the same observation: (i) a total sky power consisting both the foreground and the 21 cm background and (ii) a model-independent measurement of the foreground spectrum at a harmonic consistent to twice the sky rotation rate. In the absence of any instrumental effects, by scaling and subtracting the latter from the former, we recover the injected global 21 cm model within the assumed uncertainty. We further discuss several limiting factors and potential remedies for future implementation.
Searching for Compact Radio Sources Associated with UCH ii Regions
Authors: Masqué Josep M. , Rodríguez Luis F. , Trinidad Miguel A. , Kurtz Stan , Dzib Sergio A. , Rodríguez-Rico Carlos A. , Loinard Laurent
Published: February 2017

Ultra-compact (UC)H ii regions represent a very early stage of massive star formation. The structure and evolution of these regions are not yet fully understood. Interferometric observations showed in recent years that compact sources of uncertain nature are associated with some UCH ii regions. To examine this, we carried out VLA 1.3 cm observations in the A configuration of selected UCH ii regions in order to report additional cases of compact sources embedded in UCH ii regions. With these observations, we find 13 compact sources that are associated with 9 UCH ii regions. Although we cannot establish an unambiguous nature for the newly detected sources, we assess some of their observational properties. According to the results, we can distinguish between two types of compact sources. One type corresponds to sources that are probably deeply embedded in the dense ionized gas of the UCH ii region. These sources are photoevaporated by the exciting star of the region and will last for 104–105 years. They may play a crucial role in the evolution of the UCH ii region as the photoevaporated material could replenish the expanding plasma and might provide a solution to the so-called lifetime problem of these regions. The second type of compact sources is not associated with the densest ionized gas of the region. A few of these sources appear resolved and may be photoevaporating objects such as those of the first type, but with significantly lower mass depletion rates. The remaining sources of this second type appear unresolved, and their properties are varied. We speculate on the similarity between the sources of the second type and those of the Orion population of radio sources.
The Low-mass Population in the Young Cluster Stock 8: Stellar Properties and Initial Mass Function
Authors: Jose Jessy , Herczeg(沈雷歌) Gregory J. , Samal Manash R. , Fang(方其亮) Qiliang , Panwar Neelam
Published: February 2017

The evolution of H ii regions/supershells can trigger a new generation of stars/clusters at their peripheries, with environmental conditions that may affect the initial mass function, disk evolution, and star formation efficiency. In this paper we study the stellar content and star formation processes in the young cluster Stock 8, which itself is thought to be formed during the expansion of a supershell. We present deep optical photometry along with JHK and 3.6 and 4.5 μm photometry from UKIDSS and Spitzer-IRAC. We use multicolor criteria to identify the candidate young stellar objects in the region. Using evolutionary models, we obtain a median log(age) of ∼6.5 (∼3.0 Myr) with an observed age spread of ∼0.25 dex for the cluster. Monte Carlo simulations of the population of Stock 8, based on estimates for the photometric uncertainty, differential reddening, binarity, and variability, indicate that these uncertainties introduce an age spread of ∼0.15 dex. The intrinsic age spread in the cluster is ∼0.2 dex. The fraction of young stellar objects surrounded by disks is ∼35%. The K-band luminosity function of Stock 8 is similar to that of the Trapezium cluster. The initial mass function (IMF) of Stock 8 has a Salpeter-like slope at >0.5 M
⊙ and flattens and peaks at ∼0.4 M
⊙, below which it declines into the substellar regime. Although Stock 8 is surrounded by several massive stars, there seems to be no severe environmental effect in the form of the IMF due to the proximity of massive stars around the cluster.
The NuSTAR Serendipitous Survey: The 40-month Catalog and the Properties of the Distant High-energy X-Ray Source Population
Authors: Lansbury G. B. , Stern D. , Aird J. , Alexander D. M. , Fuentes C. , Harrison F. A. , Treister E. , Bauer F. E. , Tomsick J. A. , Baloković M. , Moro A. Del , Gandhi P. , Ajello M. , Annuar A. , Ballantyne D. R. , Boggs S. E. , Brandt W. N. , Brightman M. , Chen C.-T. J. , Christensen F. E. , Civano F. , Comastri A. , Craig W. W. , Forster K. , Grefenstette B. W. , Hailey C. J. , Hickox R. C. , Jiang B. , Jun H. D. , Koss M. , Marchesi S. , Melo A. D. , Mullaney J. R. , Noirot G. , Schulze S. , Walton D. J. , Zappacosta L. , Zhang W. W.
Published: February 2017

We present the first full catalog and science results for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) serendipitous survey. The catalog incorporates data taken during the first 40 months of NuSTAR operation, which provide ≈20 Ms of effective exposure time over 331 fields, with an areal coverage of 13 deg2, and 497 sources detected in total over the 3–24 keV energy range. There are 276 sources with spectroscopic redshifts and classifications, largely resulting from our extensive campaign of ground-based spectroscopic follow-up. We characterize the overall sample in terms of the X-ray, optical, and infrared source properties. The sample is primarily composed of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), detected over a large range in redshift from z = 0.002 to 3.4 (median of

), but also includes 16 spectroscopically confirmed Galactic sources. There is a large range in X-ray flux, from

to −11, and in rest-frame 10–40 keV luminosity, from

to 46, with a median of 44.1. Approximately 79% of the NuSTAR sources have lower-energy (<10 keV) X-ray counterparts from XMM-Newton, Chandra, and Swift XRT. The mid-infrared (MIR) analysis, using WISE all-sky survey data, shows that MIR AGN color selections miss a large fraction of the NuSTAR-selected AGN population, from ≈15% at the highest luminosities (

erg s−1) to ≈80% at the lowest luminosities (

erg s−1). Our optical spectroscopic analysis finds that the observed fraction of optically obscured AGNs (i.e., the type 2 fraction) is

, for a well-defined subset of the 8–24 keV selected sample. This is higher, albeit at a low significance level, than the type 2 fraction measured for redshift- and luminosity-matched AGNs selected by <10 keV X-ray missions.
La juste distance professionnelle en soins palliatifs
Authors: Pétermann Michel
Published: February 2017

Pascal Prayez (2003) propose une relation soignant-soigné où « la distance professionnelle » fait place à « la juste distance ». Aux ornières d’une relation rigide se substitue une approche souple et intelligente qui favorise l’autonomie et le respect des acteurs en présence. Dans la gestion de la proxémique, opter pour « la juste distance professionnelle », c’est quitter « la prise en charge » pour s’ouvrir à « l’accompagnement thérapeutique », donc choisir la voie de la compétence. En soins palliatifs plus qu’ailleurs, les patients atteints gravement dans leur santé disent souvent souffrir d’un sentiment de perte de leur dignité. Dès lors, aller vers un mode de communication fait d’humanité participe à redonner sens à leur vie.
Les matériaux de la vie
Authors: Ingold Tim , Afeissa Hicham-Stéphane , Gosselin Sophie
Published: February 2017

Dans le Chapitre 2 de son livre Making , T. Ingold raconte certaines expérimentations menées avec ses étudiants dans son cours sur les 4 As. Ces expérimentations conduisent à reconsidérer les objets comme des matériaux solidifiés, et le « faire » comme un processus de croissance, qui échappe au modèle hylémorphique. Les matériaux eux-mêmes sont des potentiels actifs, et la fabrication consiste à unir nos forces aux leurs. En ce sens, l’alchimie est peut-être la plus apte à décrire la nature énigmatique des matériaux.
La grandeur de l’infinitésimal
Authors: Barad Karen , Neyrat Frédéric
Published: February 2017

Comment considérer l’unité de l’espace, du temps, et de la matière ? Comme « espacetempsmatérialisant ». Ce terme étrange a été fondu par l’éclair d’Hiroshima. Comme l’anthropologue Joe Masco nous y exhorte, « nous avons besoin d’examiner les effets de la bombe, non seulement au niveau de l’État-nation, mais aussi au niveau de l’écosystème local, de l’organisme, et, finalement, de la cellule ». Dès lors, quels outils d’analyse peut-on utiliser pour comprendre non seulement les enchevêtrements de phénomènes qui traversent les échelles, mais aussi la très itérative (re)constitution et sédimentation des configurations spécifiques de l’espace, du temps, et de la matière ? Comment finir pas comprendre qu’il n’y a pas de séparation entre le niveau micro et le niveau macro, qu’il n’y a pas de petite matière, que l’infinitésimal est grand, que le néant nous presse ?
L’insistance des possibles
Authors: Debaise Didier , Stengers Isabelle
Published: February 2017

Cet article s’efforce de reprendre l’appel de Whitehead : « la philosophie ne peut rien exclure ». La philosophie spéculative prolonge ainsi l’empirisme radical de W. James. Sa tâche est de se situer sur le terrain de l’expérience dans sa multiplicité, et de préserver ce que l’expérience fait importer. Mais l’importance ne peut jamais être réduite à un état de fait. Faire importer une situation, c’est intensifier le sens des possibles qu’elle recèle et qui insistent en elle, à travers les luttes et revendications pour une autre manière de la faire exister.
Les images filmiques et la part insignifiante de l’expérience urbaine
Authors: Brayer Laure
Published: February 2017

À partir de The Girl Chewing Gum réalisé par John Smith en 1976, cet article rend compte du travail perceptif et sensible que les images audiovisuelles peuvent induire chez le spectateur. Qu’est-ce qui prend forme au cours de l’expérience d’audio-vision, dans l’écart entre images et sons ? Quelle est la capacité des images filmiques à traduire des expériences urbaines sensibles et ordinaires, et à en favoriser le récit ?
Épopée urbaine à Montréal
Authors: Froger Marion
Published: February 2017

Entre 2007 et 2014, Rodrigue Jean fut l’initiateur d’une expérience cinématographique reposant sur le travail d’un collectif de création connu sous le nom d’Épopée et incluant des Montréalais vivant l’exclusion dans une extrême précarité. L’article examine comment, du point de vue du spectateur, les films qui en sont issus constituent une ressource imaginaire permettant de parer à la rupture de socialité qui marque l’expérience des villes. La forme de compagnonnage qu’ils proposent fait apparaître les logiques sociales qui conduisent à l’exclusion et mise sur « l’imagination radicale » pour intensifier la sensibilité politique des urbains.
Un plaidoyer pour Do[ing] The Right Thing
Authors: Pecqueux Anthony
Published: February 2017

Do The Right Thing (Spike Lee, 1989) a fait et fait encore débat. À rebours des habituelles lectures, il est question ici de prendre au sérieux le film en tant qu’il met en scène trois personnages principaux : la musique, la chaleur et le quartier. Cette configuration sensible permet de lier d’une part le déterminisme ambiantal mis en scène et d’autre part l’expressivité accordée à certains personnages ; et in fine de faire valoir la thématique perfectionniste du film.
Des gestes sur l’écran aux gestes de rue
Authors: Villière Marianne
Published: February 2017

L’ingéniosité et l’audace de Charlie Chaplin sont observées et analysées à travers la scène d’ouverture de City Lights . L’artiste dégage un certain nombre de parades et d’élans qui permutent les relations de pouvoir. Les places de chacun sont réorganisées via de multiples gestes critiques. Ode à la perturbation, en vue de les prolonger dans nos villes, dans nos quotidiens, l’article tente d’entraîner le lecteur dans de potentielles actions et interactions rediscutant l’espace public.
Environnement, croissance et inégalités : le rôle particulier du canal de la santé
Authors: Constant Karine , Raffin Natacha
Published: February 2017

Dans cet article, nous portons une attention particulière aux interactions réciproques entre la qualité de l’environnement, le processus de croissance et les inégalités passant par le canal de la santé. Notre objectif est ainsi d’apporter un éclairage sur la faisabilité d’un développement durable à long terme en identifiant les mécanismes qui relient ses trois dimensions – économique, environnementale et sociale. Nous mettons enfin en avant le rôle primordial des politiques environnementales dans l’amélioration des performances économiques et dans la réduction des inégalités.
Émissions polluantes et dynamique du secteur industriel indien
Authors: Ollivier Hélène
Published: February 2017

De nombreux mécanismes peuvent expliquer comment la performance environnementale des activités de production – c’est-à-dire la quantité d’émissions de CO 2 par unité de bien produit – peut varier entre les pays, les secteurs, et les firmes. À partir d’une revue critique des différents travaux portant sur ces mécanismes, nous proposons une méthodologie permettant de décomposer les effets spécifiques sur l’environnement de chacun de ces mécanismes. Grâce à des données de production et de consommation énergétique très précises, nous pouvons décomposer ces effets dans le contexte du secteur industriel indien durant la période 1990-2010.
Intangibles and methods for their valuation in financial terms: Literature review
Authors: Pastor Damián , Glova Jozef , Lipták František , Kováč Viliam
Published: February 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review literature devoted to intangibles and their valuation and give examples of the methods that can be used for valuation of individual intangibles in financial terms.Design/methodology/approach: Paper presents a systematic review of articles dedicated to intangibles and their valuation.Findings: This review shows that there is a need for consensus in definitions of intangibles, intangible assets, knowledge assets and other related terms. These terms are used interchangeably in spite of their different meanings. Many methods for valuation of intangibles can be found in the literature, but widely accepted list of basic intangibles with suggested methods for their valuation in financial terms is still missing.Research limitations/implications: Not all the papers related to this topic could be covered in this paper. Presented list of important intangible components may be enhanced and examples of some other methods for their valuation may be added in the future.Practical implications: Paper calls for development of framework comprising list of the most important intangibles, proposals of methods used for their valuation and examples of their use. This framework can be helpful for organization, which are confronted with a difficult task of intangibles valuation.Originality/value: Basic definitions and differences between intangibles, intangible assets, identifiable intangible assets, knowledge assets and intellectual capital have not been mentioned in one paper yet. List of intangibles and methods for their valuation gives a direction for future work that can be fruitful for valuation of intangibles.
Penser la frontière en archéologie : réflexion à partir d’exemples pré- et protohistoriques
Authors: Angevin Raphaël
Published: February 2017

Le concept de frontière, souvent mobilisé en archéologie, mérite d’être clairement explicité, tant il est riche de sens mais aussi source de profondes ambiguïtés. De prime abord, la notion exprime un « non-lieu », un « angle mort » des peuplements : dans l’œil de l’archéologue, la frontière est ainsi – et peut-être avant tout – un espace « invisible » dont l’appréciation ne peut s’opérer qu’en miroir de centres dynamiques. D’un point de vue socioculturel toutefois, la situation apparaît beaucoup plus indécise : du fait de son éloignement relatif, la frontière se présente presque toujours comme une « zone d’incertitude », un objet « suspect », dont l’identité fait sans cesse l’objet de négociations et de compromis. A travers l’analyse de l’occupation magdalénienne des régions de France centrale (circa 18-14 kA cal BP) ou la caractérisation des intenses phénomènes de « globalisation technique » qui affectent le Moyen-Orient ancien au cours des IVe et IIIe millénaires, nous essayerons de préciser la richesse sémantique de la notion de frontière (économique, culturelle, civilisationnelle) et de qualifier certaines de ses inférences sociales. À la fin de notre exposé, nous tenterons finalement d’éclairer la contribution des sources archéologiques dans la définition des différentes réalités de la frontière et de percevoir la manière dont les groupes humains ont pu inventer ou transformer l’espace frontalier, au sein de territoires qui se révèlent par ailleurs diversement intégrés.
Esquisse d’une frontière culturelle entre l’Europe occidentale et le bassin oriental de la Méditerranée dans le développement de l’astronomie à l’âge du Bronze (2200-800 av. J.-C.)
Authors: Mathias Florent
Published: February 2017

La question du développement de l’astronomie en Europe occidentale avant l’Antiquité est une lacune importante de l’histoire des sciences. Les données n’en existent pas moins. Cet article a pour but de présenter l’évolution des connaissances et des pratiques astronomiques au cours de l’âge du Bronze européen, ainsi que la part des influences contemporaines issues du Bassin oriental de la Méditerranée exercées dans ce processus. Dans cette perspective, nous cherchons à démontrer l’existence d’une frontière culturelle entre l’Europe occidentale et le Bassin Oriental de la Méditerranée au cours de l’âge du Bronze européen (2200-800 av. J.-C.) dans le développement et la pratique de l’astronomie par le biais de la confrontation des modèles contemporains en usage dans ces deux zones géographiques.La frontière entre l’Europe occidentale d’une part, et l’Orient méditerranéen d’autre part, est de prime abord difficilement perceptible du fait de l’existence de conceptions et de modèles relativement proches issus d’échanges et de contacts au cours de l’âge du Bronze. En revanche, celle-ci apparaît clairement dès lors que l’on cherche à considérer l’évolution des pratiques et des connaissances : il est alors possible de souligner que la complexification de l’astronomie orientale est directement liée à l’utilisation de l’écriture et, par extension, à l’existence d’un système étatique appuyé sur une administration et une stricte répartition hiérarchisée des tâches. Les sociétés européennes, dépourvues de ces deux éléments, exploitent leurs connaissances en suivant une autre voie, tout à fait originale. De plus, les disparités et les originalités qui existent dans les pratiques astronomiques entre l’Europe occidentale et le Bassin oriental de la Méditerranée résultent, au moins en partie, de problématiques spécifiquement liées aux facteurs environnementaux à une échelle locale.Une rupture est dès lors nettement perceptible entre une astronomie complexe dont le développement est favorisé par le comput systématique et la diffusion des éphémérides en Orient, et une astronomie d’observation plus limitée, mais néanmoins parfaitement intégrée dans les pratiques et la pensée des sociétés européennes.