bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre-fracture Mobility Using Standardized Scale as an Early Indicator of High Health Risk in Patients with a Hip Fracture
Authors: Yeong Keefai , Lisk Radcliffe , Watters Hazel , Enwere Peter , Robin Jonathan , Fluck David , Fry Christopher H. , Han Thang S.
Published: November 2021

Hip fracture in older adults is associated with poor prognosis. We tested the hypothesis that a single standardized measure, pre-fracture mobility, can be used as an early indicator of patients at high health risk after a hip fracture. Analysis of prospectively collected data of older adults admitted with a hip fracture between April-2009 and June-2019 in a single NHS hospital, UK. Pre-fracture mobility status (freely mobile, mobilising outdoors with one aid or with two aids, and limited to indoors), was used to predict length of stay (LOS) and mortality in hospital, and discharge destination. Among 3073 (2231 women, 842 men) admitted from their own home (mean ± SD age = 82.7 ± 9.3 yr), 159 died and 2914 survived to discharge: 1834 back to their home, 772 to rehabilitation, 66 to residential care, 141 to nursing care and 101 to unknown destinations. Compared with LOS of 15.9 ± 15.6 days in patients who mobilised freely before fracture (reference), those who were able to mobilise outdoors with one aid stayed 3.5 days, and those with two aids or confined to indoor mobility stayed one week longer in hospital. In-patient mortality was increased among patients who mobilised outdoors with two aids: OR = 2.1 (95%CI = 1.3–3.3), and those limited to indoors: OR = 2.1 (1.3–1.5). Finally, a change in residence on discharge was more likely in those who mobilised outdoors with two aids (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.2–2.6), and those limited to indoors (OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.2–2.9). In conclusion, pre-fracture mobility may be a useful early indicator for identifying patients at increased risk of adverse outcomes after an acute hip fracture.
The role of loneliness in university students’ pathological Internet use – a web survey study on the moderating effect of social web application use
Authors: Reissmann Andreas , Lange Klaus W.
Published: November 2021

The present study investigated the role of social web application use in the association between loneliness and pathological Internet use. A sample of university students (n = 445) completed an online survey of their loneliness and Internet use, including an assessment of pathological Internet use level. Based on existing theory and empirical findings, loneliness was expected to be indirectly associated with pathological Internet use through social-compensatory Internet use motives. The strength of this indirect effect was hypothesized to be moderated by levels of social web application use. Results pointed to the specificity of social-compensatory use motives in mediating loneliness effects on pathological Internet use, while the size of these effects was moderated by quantity of social web application use. Findings suggest that lonely people with higher levels of social web activity show a stronger social-compensatory use orientation, which translates to higher levels of pathological Internet use. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed and several suggestions for future studies are made.
Risk analysis for forecasting cyberattacks against connected and autonomous vehicles
Authors: Meyer Sunniva F. , Elvik Rune , Johnsson Espen
Published: November 2021

A security risk analysis was conducted to identify possible cyberattacks against a future transport system consisting of autonomous and connected vehicles. Six scenarios were developed: joyriding, kidnapping, domestic abuse, autopilot manipulation, a large transport accident, and paralysis of the transport system. Even if it were possible to increase the difficulty of conducting such cyberattacks, it might be impossible to eliminate such attacks entirely. Measures that limit the consequences will therefore be necessary. Such measures include safety measures in vehicles to protect their occupants in traffic accidents and measures that make vehicles easier to remove in case they do not function.
On Evidence-Based Practice in Disaster Risk Reduction
Authors: Alexander David E.
Published: November 2021

Disaster science and scholarship are forever expanding and there are increasing calls to base disaster risk reduction policies on the evidence produced by such work. Using examples and argument, this opinion piece examines the nature of evidence. It defines evidence-based practice and considers how it has developed and become important to disaster risk reduction. A definition of what constitutes evidence is difficult to achieve but it must be made in relation to whether the data and information collected can usefully be interpreted and employed to change things for the better. Case histories from past and present centuries show that evidence can sometimes be argued over endlessly. In other cases it is roundly ignored. In yet other instances, false conclusions derived from evidence can become evidence in their own right. Nevertheless, there are situations in disaster risk reduction in which evidence is sorely needed but is clearly lacking. The effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures is one such area. In conclusion, evidence is valuable, above all if there is willingness to use it to support policy formulation, especially in a simple, transparent manner. Subjective interpretation can never be entirely removed from the use of evidence, and evidence alone will not stimulate the policy formulators to improve their decision making.
Der Simulierte Klassenraum Biologie – Erfassung deklarativen und prozeduralen Wissens bei Lehramtsstudierenden der Biologie
Authors: Fischer Julian , Machts Nils , Möller Jens , Harms Ute
Published: November 2021

In der Lehrerprofessionalisierungsforschung werden zahlreiche Studien durchgeführt, die sich intensiv mit verschiedenen Wissensbereichen – fachliches, fachdidaktisches und pädagogisches Wissen – beschäftigen. Vernachlässigt werden häufig spezifische Wissenstypen, die nach psychologischen Ansätzen in deklaratives und prozedurales Wissen differenziert werden. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Studie die verschiedenen Bereiche des Professionswissens angehender Biologiestudierenden (N = 51) zur Evolution und versucht gleichzeitig, erste Erkenntnisse über den Zusammenhang zwischen dem deklarativen und prozeduralen Wissen zu gewinnen. Zu diesem Zweck wird eine Kombination zweier Instrumente verwendet - ein Fragebogen zur Evolution, der das deklarative Wissen misst - und der Simulierte Klassenraum Biologie (SKRBio), der das prozedurale Wissen im Bereich der Diagnosefähigkeit erfasst. Im SKRBio können die Lehramtsstudierenden Fragen zur natürlichen Selektion an virtuelle Schüler*innen richten, woraufhin die gegebenen Antworten und die gezeigten Leistungen diagnostiziert werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse im SKRBio zeigen, dass die Lehramtsstudierenden in der Lage sind, die wissenschaftliche Korrektheit der virtuellen Schülerantworten zu beurteilen (91% Diagnoserate). Größere Schwierigkeiten werden bei der Diagnose spezifischer Fehlvorstellungskategorien innerhalb der virtuellen Schülerantworten identifiziert (59% Diagnoserate). Zwischen dem deklarativen und dem prozeduralen Wissens zeigten sich schwache bis moderate Zusammenhänge. Erwartungswidrige Ergebnisse lieferten die differenzierten Zusammenhangsanalysen zwischen deklarativem und prozeduralem Wissen innerhalb eines Wissensbereichs. Diese Befunde zeigen, dass deklaratives und prozedurales Wissen angehender Lehrer*innen zusammenhängen. Weitere Replikationsstudien könnten dazu beitragen, die beobachteten Unterschiede in den Zusammenhangsgrößen innerhalb der Wissensbereiche zu erklären. In Zukunft könnte der SKRBio eine simulierte Klassenraumumgebung darstellen, um Lehramtsstudierenden neben den schulpraktischen Phasen die Möglichkeit zu geben, prozedurales Wissen anzuwenden und trainieren zu können.
Ecotoxicological investigations of milking cow slurry and changes of oestrogenic compounds in the solid and liquid phase
Authors: Gubó Eduárd , Kiss-Szarvák Ildikó , Erdenebaatar Mishele , Gubó Richárd , Horváth Bence , Szakál Pál , Plutzer Judit
Published: November 2021

Due to the appearance of intensive livestock-rearing systems since the 1970s, a vast amount of liquid manure (slurry) has been produced. The application and utilization are partly regulated for this special substance, which contains urine, excrement, process water, and other chemicals, such as insecticides and disinfectants. Our research was conducted on a slurry management system of a dairy cattle farm, focusing on the investigation of the presence of oestrogenic substances and toxicity of slurry before and after using a separator technology. Yeast oestrogen screen shows in this study that the separation of the liquid and solid phases of slurry contributes to the reduction in oestrogenic substances. Based on the toxicological studies, the growth inhibition of algae was 93%, and the inhibition of the germination of higher plant seeds was 25%, without separation. After separation of the phases, growth and germination were comparable with the negative control; moreover, some stimulation was detected. Consequently, harmful substances were removed with the suspended solid phase. From the present study, we can conclude that stakeholders should support separation technology in intensive livestock-rearing systems, and ecotoxicological investigations obviously help the risk management of slurry utilization. To our best knowledge, this is the first paper presenting detailed and complex toxicological study on slurry samples.
Charged Particle Tracking via Edge-Classifying Interaction Networks
Authors: DeZoort Gage , Thais Savannah , Duarte Javier , Razavimaleki Vesal , Atkinson Markus , Ojalvo Isobel , Neubauer Mark , Elmer Peter
Published: November 2021

Recent work has demonstrated that geometric deep learning methods such as graph neural networks (GNNs) are well suited to address a variety of reconstruction problems in high-energy particle physics. In particular, particle tracking data are naturally represented as a graph by identifying silicon tracker hits as nodes and particle trajectories as edges, given a set of hypothesized edges, edge-classifying GNNs identify those corresponding to real particle trajectories. In this work, we adapt the physics-motivated interaction network (IN) GNN toward the problem of particle tracking in pileup conditions similar to those expected at the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider. Assuming idealized hit filtering at various particle momenta thresholds, we demonstrate the IN’s excellent edge-classification accuracy and tracking efficiency through a suite of measurements at each stage of GNN-based tracking: graph construction, edge classification, and track building. The proposed IN architecture is substantially smaller than previously studied GNN tracking architectures; this is particularly promising as a reduction in size is critical for enabling GNN-based tracking in constrained computing environments. Furthermore, the IN may be represented as either a set of explicit matrix operations or a message passing GNN. Efforts are underway to accelerate each representation via heterogeneous computing resources towards both high-level and low-latency triggering applications.
Self-Monitoring of Urinary Hormones in Combination with Telemedicine — a Timely Review and Opinion Piece in Medically Assisted Reproduction
Authors: Hart Roger J. , D’Hooghe Thomas , Dancet Eline A. F. , Aurell Ramón , Lunenfeld Bruno , Orvieto Raoul , Pellicer Antonio , Polyzos Nikolaos P. , Zheng Wenjing
Published: November 2021

Cycle monitoring via ultrasound and serum-based hormonal assays during medically assisted reproduction (MAR) can provide information on ovarian response and assist in optimizing treatment strategies in addition to reducing complications such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Two surveys conducted in 2019 and 2020, including overall 24 fertility specialists from Europe, Asia and Latin America, confirmed that the majority of fertility practitioners routinely conduct hormone monitoring during MAR. However, blood tests may cause inconvenience to patients. The reported drawbacks of blood tests identified by the survey included the validity of results from different service providers, long waiting times and discomfort to patients due to travelling to clinics for tests and repeated venepunctures. Historically, urine-based assays were used by fertility specialists in clinics but were subsequently replaced by more practical and automated serum-based assays. A remote urine-based hormonal assay could be an alternative to current serum-based testing at clinics, reducing the inconvenience of blood tests and the frequency of appointments, waiting times and patient burden. Here we provide an overview of the current standard of care for cycle monitoring and review the literature to assess the correlation between urine-based hormonal assays and serum-based hormonal assays during MAR. In addition, in this review, we discuss the evidence supporting the introduction of remote urine-based hormonal monitoring as part of a novel digital health solution that includes remote ultrasound and tele-counselling to link clinics and patients at home.
The Top 100 Most Cited Articles on Intrauterine Adhesion: a Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Gu Pan , Li Waixing , Zhao Xingping , Xu Dabao
Published: November 2021

Bibliometric analysis is a statistical method that attempts to assess articles by their citations, analyzing their frequency and citation pattern, which subsequently gleans direction and guidance for future research. Over the past few years, articles focused on intrauterine adhesions have been published with increasing frequency. Nevertheless, little is known about the properties and qualities of this research, and no current analysis exists that has examined the progress in intrauterine adhesion research. Web of Science Core Collection, BIOSIS Citation Index, and MEDLINE database were searched to identify articles on intrauterine adhesion published from 1950 to October 2020. The 100 most cited articles were chosen to analyze citation count, citation density, authorship, theme, geographic distribution, time-related flux, level of evidence, and network analysis. An overwhelming majority of these 100 articles were published in the 2010s (35%). Citations per article ranged from 30 to 253. Chinese authors published the most papers in the top 100, followed by the USA, France, Israel, and Italy. The most salient study themes included operative hysteroscopy and adjunctive treatments for improving reproductive outcomes. The most common level of evidence was level II, and there was no statistical difference in the number of citations between the levels. The network analysis indicated that hysteroscopy, hysteroscopic adhesiolysis, infertility, and the reproductive outcome had a great degree of centrality in the 2000s and 2010s. In comparison, placental implantation had a great degree of centrality in the 2000s, and stem cell and fibrosis had a great degree of centrality in the 2010s. The value of IUA investigation has been gradually appreciated recently. Hysteroscopic adhesiolysis was continuously explored to achieve better reproductive outcome. Over time, the main focus of research has gradually shifted from complications to postoperative adjuvant treatment. Moreover, breakthrough progress is needed in underlying mechanism and early prevention of IUA.
Happy Times: an Exploration of How Australian Young Adults Define Happiness
Authors: McMillan Nathan , Laughland-Booÿ Jacqueline , Roberts Steven , Smith Jonathan
Published: November 2021

Happiness is an inescapable notion within everyday life and central to the human experience. With evidence that happiness decreases significantly between adolescence and adulthood, this article aims to inform further exploration of why this is so, by first understanding how young people define happiness. In this article, we present data from 29 in-depth interviews with Australian young adults (aged 26–27) in which we asked what they understand happiness to be. From their responses, we found support for a previously proposed typology of happiness. Notably, distinct temporal paradigms emerged in our sample’s definitions of happiness not yet considered within previous typologies. These temporal orientations are not only made up of three-time perspectives, past, present and future; furthermore, nuance was identified in temporal outlooks characterised as adaptable, controllable, predictable and uncertain. With early indications that these temporal orientations play a significant role in shaping happiness, this study argues that temporalities are key to understanding the decline of happiness from adolescence to adulthood.
The determinants of racial disparities in obesity: baseline evidence from a natural experiment
Authors: Durfee Thomas , Myers Samuel , Wolfson Julian , DeMarco Molly , Harnak Lisa , Caspi Caitlin
Published: November 2021

This article uses baseline data from an observational study to estimate the determinants of racial and gender disparities in obesity. Samples of low-income workers in Minneapolis and Raleigh reveal that respondents in Minneapolis have lower body mass indices (BMIs) than respondents in Raleigh. There are large, statistically significant race and gender effects in estimates of BMI that explain most of the disparity between the two cities. Accounting for intersectionality—the joint impacts of being Black and a woman—reveals that almost all the BMI gaps between Black women in Minneapolis and Raleigh can be explained by age and education differences.
Impact of public water supply unreliability on residential property prices in Marion County, West Virginia
Authors: Alzahrani Fahad , Collins Alan R.
Published: November 2021

Water supply unreliability in many public water systems stems from aging infrastructure. We measure unreliability by the issuance of boil water notices (BWNs) within one year prior to single-family residential sale observations. Using a spatial quantile regression framework on transactions between 2012 and 2017, we find statistically significant, negative relationships between BWNs and residential properties. The estimated impacts of unreliability on residential housing prices, however, are not uniform across the distribution of prices. Specifically, we find that BWNs have a larger impact on medium- to low-priced houses (at or below the 60 percent quantile) compared with high-priced houses. An aggregate marginal willingness-to-pay value of $4.2 million was computed for a one-day reduction in annual BWN throughout Marion County.
Increasing resilience via the use of personal data: Lessons from COVID-19 dashboards on data governance for the public good
Authors: Li Veronica Qin Ting , Yarime Masaru
Published: November 2021

Contemporary data tools such as online dashboards have been instrumental in monitoring the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. These real-time interactive platforms allow citizens to understand the local, regional, and global spread of COVID-19 in a consolidated and intuitive manner. Despite this, little research has been conducted on how citizens respond to the data on the dashboards in terms of the pandemic and data governance issues such as privacy. In this paper, we seek to answer the research question: how can governments use data tools, such as dashboards, to balance the trade-offs between safeguarding public health and protecting data privacy during a public health crisis? This study used surveys and semi-structured interviews to understand the perspectives of the developers and users of COVID-19 dashboards in Hong Kong. A typology was also developed to assess how Hong Kong’s dashboards navigated trade-offs between data disclosure and privacy at a time of crisis compared to dashboards in other jurisdictions. Results reveal that two key factors were present in the design and improvement of COVID-19 dashboards in Hong Kong: informed actions based on open COVID-19 case data, and significant public trust built on data transparency. Finally, this study argues that norms surrounding reporting on COVID-19 cases, as well as cases for future pandemics, should be co-constructed among citizens and governments so that policies founded on such norms can be acknowledged as salient, credible, and legitimate.
Julia sets of Zorich maps
Authors: TSANTARIS ATHANASIOS
Published: November 2021

The Julia set of the exponential family
$E_{\kappa }:z\mapsto \kappa e^z$
,
$\kappa>0$
was shown to be the entire complex plane when
$\kappa>1/e$
essentially by Misiurewicz. Later, Devaney and Krych showed that for
$0<\kappa \leq 1/e$
the Julia set is an uncountable union of pairwise disjoint simple curves tending to infinity. Bergweiler generalized the result of Devaney and Krych for a three-dimensional analogue of the exponential map called the Zorich map. We show that the Julia set of certain Zorich maps with symmetry is the whole of
$\mathbb {R}^3$
, generalizing Misiurewicz’s result. Moreover, we show that the periodic points of the Zorich map are dense in
$\mathbb {R}^3$
and that its escaping set is connected, generalizing a result of Rempe. We also generalize a theorem of Ghys, Sullivan and Goldberg on the measurable dynamics of the exponential.
Advisory Opinion on the Request by the Pan African Lawyers Union Regarding the Compatibility of Vagrancy Laws with the African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights and other Human Rights Instruments Applicable in Africa (Afr. Ct. H.P.R.)
Authors: Kamau Ndanga
Published: November 2021

On December 4, 2020, the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Court) issued an advisory opinion on the compatibility of vagrancy laws with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Charter), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (Children's Rights Charter), and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Protocol on Women's Rights). In this landmark advisory opinion, the Court considered an important social issue on the African continent.
Log-ratio transformations for dietary compositions: numerical and conceptual questions
Authors: Corrêa Leite Maria Léa
Published: November 2021

When evaluating the impact of macronutrient intakes on health outcomes, researchers in nutritional epidemiology are mostly interested in two types of information: the relative importance of the individual macronutrients and the absolute effect of total energy intake. However, the usual substitution models do not allow these separate effects to be disentangled. Dietary data are typical examples of compositional data, which convey relative information and are, therefore, meaningfully expressed in the form of ratios. Various formulations of log-ratios have been proposed as a means of analysing compositional data, and their interrelationships when they are used as predictors in regression models have been previously reported. This note describes the application of distinct log-ratio transformations to the composition of dietary macronutrients and discusses the interpretative implications of using them as explanatory variables in regression models together with a term for the total composition (total energy intake). It also provides examples that consider serum glucose levels as the health outcome and are based on data coming from an Italian population-based study. The log-ratio transformation of dietary data has both numerical and conceptual advantages, and overcomes the drawbacks of traditional substitution models.
Prevalence of inadequate intake of folate in the post-fortification era: data from the Brazilian National Dietary Surveys 2008–2009 and 2017–2018
Authors: Palchetti Cecília Zanin , Steluti Josiane , Verly-Jr Eliseu , De Carli Eduardo , Sichieri Rosely , Yokoo Edna Massae , Pereira Rosangela Alves , Marchioni Dirce Maria Lobo
Published: November 2021

The objectives were to compare the evolution of dietary folate intake, to estimate the prevalence of folate inadequacy (POFI) and the contribution of food groups to folate intake (dietary folate plus folic acid from fortified foods) in two post-fortification periods in the Brazilian population, according to life stages, geographic regions and per capita income. Population-based study including representative data from the National Dietary Survey – Brazilian Household Budget Surveys (NDS-HBS) 2008–2009 and 2017–2018, with a total of 32 749 (2008–2009) and 44 744 (2017–2018) individuals aged ≥ 10 years old, excluding pregnant and lactating women. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the distributions of usual dietary folate intake. POFI was estimated according to estimated average requirement cut-off point method. After 10 years of the first NDS-HBS, POFI has increased in all sex-age groups, except for 10–13 years. POFI among women of reproductive age was around 30 and 40 % in 2008–2009 and 2017–2018. Higher POFI was observed in the North region. The top five food groups contributors to folate intake in Brazil were beans, breads, pasta and pizza, cakes and cookies and non-alcoholic beverages groups in both periods, differing in the rank order of the last two groups. Although being a country that has adopted mandatory folic acid flour fortification for almost two decades, increased POFI was observed in 2017–2018. This study brings significant scientific information, which can help understand folate dietary data in different contexts and consequently guide the approach for public health fortification strategies.
BLINDNESS AS THE THRESHOLD BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH IN SENECA'S OEDIPVS AND PHOENISSAE
Authors: Duarte Ricardo
Published: November 2021

This article looks at the complexity of the thought processes that lead Seneca's Oedipus to choose the mors longa of blindness as punishment for his crime (in his blindness, he is to live in a kind of ostracism, separately from both the living and the dead). It offers an analysis of the consolation of this existence on the threshold between life and death, notably with reference to the end of the Oedipus, but also of the sorrow of this liminal existence. The latter is described in Seneca's Phoenissae, which suggests an escape, by death stricto sensu, from the threshold represented by blindness, by which Oedipus now feels trapped.

By examining these three topics, the article shows how the threshold between life and death which Oedipus chooses at the end of Seneca's Oedipus and experiences in the Phoenissae mirrors the ambivalence and the errors of his life before he blinded himself. Ultimately, it also illustrates Oedipus’ continuing failure to achieve self-knowledge.
The Health Effects of Workforce Involvement and Transitions for Europeans 50–75 Years of Age: Heterogeneity by Financial Difficulties and Gender
Authors: Settels Jason
Published: November 2021

A prominent demographic trend throughout the industrialized world is population aging. Concerns about economic growth and labour force shortages have led many European nations to enact policies aimed at prolonging working life. Understanding how paid work among late-middle-aged and senior adults is associated with health is therefore important. Using a sample of persons who were 50–75 years of age in 2015 from waves six (2015) and seven (2017) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (n = 38,884), this study shows how a comprehensive set of six workforce involvement/transitions patterns are associated with health. The results show benefits of paid work, especially among respondents having financial difficulties. There is further heterogeneity by gender. The more fragmented employment histories of 50–75-year-old women are associated with stable paid work being of less benefit for addressing financial difficulties and with their health being especially vulnerable to unemployment while they are undergoing financial troubles.
The effects of eye masks on post-operative sleep quality and pain in school-age children with CHD
Authors: Dai Wang-Sheng , Xie Wen-Peng , Liu Jian-Feng , Chen Qiang , Cao Hua
Published: November 2021

Objective:

This study aimed to explore the effects of eye masks on the sleep quality and pain of school-age children with CHD after surgery.

Methods:

Forty school-age children with CHD who underwent open-heart surgery in the Cardiac Surgery Department of a provincial hospital in China from January 2020 to December 2020 were selected. The children were randomly divided into the experimental group (n = 20) and the control group (n = 20). Children in the control group were given routine sleep care, and the children in the experimental group were given a sleep intervention with eye masks for three nights following the removal of tracheal intubation. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate the sleep quality of the children. The Children’s Pain Behaviour Scale was used to evaluate the pain of the children.

Results:

After three nights of receiving the eye masks intervention, the sleep quality scores of the children in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05) and the sleep quality of the children in the experimental group was higher. The pain scores of the children in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the children in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and the children in the experimental group suffered less post-operative pain.

Conclusion:

Eye masks are a simple, safe and economical intervention, that is beneficial for improving the post-operative sleep quality and relieving post-operative pain in school-age children with congenital heart disease.
Teaching the Hidden Curriculum in Political Science
Authors: Barham Elena , Wood Colleen
Published: November 2021

The “hidden curriculum” in academia represents a set of informal norms and rules, expectations, and skills that inform our “ways of doing” academic practice (Calarco 2020). This article suggests that relying on informal networks to provide access to instruction in these skills can reinforce preexisting inequalities in the discipline. Drawing on a pilot program that we developed and implemented in our own department, we provide a model for formalizing instruction and equalizing access to training in these professionalizing skills. Drawing on the literature on inclusive pedagogy, as well as our own implementation experience, we advance four recommendations for scaling and transporting instruction in the “hidden curriculum” to other departments.
GEOMETRIC WEIGHT-SHIFTING OPERATORS ON HILBERT MODULAR FORMS IN CHARACTERISTIC p
Authors: Diamond Fred
Published: November 2021

We carry out a thorough study of weight-shifting operators on Hilbert modular forms in characteristic p, generalising the author’s prior work with Sasaki to the case where p is ramified in the totally real field. In particular, we use the partial Hasse invariants and Kodaira–Spencer filtrations defined by Reduzzi and Xiao to improve on Andreatta and Goren’s construction of partial
$\Theta $
-operators, obtaining ones whose effect on weights is optimal from the point of view of geometric Serre weight conjectures. Furthermore, we describe the kernels of partial
$\Theta $
-operators in terms of images of geometrically constructed partial Frobenius operators. Finally, we apply our results to prove a partial positivity result for minimal weights of mod p Hilbert modular forms.
2020 BioImage Analysis Survey: Community experiences and needs for the future
Authors: Jamali Nasim , Dobson Ellen T. A. , Eliceiri Kevin W. , Carpenter Anne E. , Cimini Beth A.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we summarize a global survey of 484 participants of the imaging community, conducted in 2020 through the NIH-funded Center for Open Bioimage Analysis (COBA). This 23-question survey covered experience with image analysis, scientific background and demographics, and views and requests from different members of the imaging community. Through open-ended questions, we asked the community to provide feedback for the open-source tool developers and tool user groups. The community’s requests for tool developers include general improvement of tool documentation and easy-to-follow tutorials. Respondents encourage tool users to follow the best practice guidelines for imaging and ask their image analysis questions on the Scientific Community Image Forum (forum.image.sc). We analyzed the community’s preferred method of learning based on level of computational proficiency and work description. In general, written step-by-step and video tutorials are preferred methods of learning by the community, followed by interactive webinars and office hours with an expert. There is also enthusiasm for a centralized online location for existing educational resources. The survey results will help the community, especially developers, trainers, and organizations like COBA, decide how to structure and prioritize their efforts.
Prediction of Karst Suitable Area Using Fuzzy AHP Method and Dempster‐Shafer Theory
Authors: Mokarram M. , Mohammadizadeh P.
Published: November 2021

Finding abundant sources of drinking water is a must in practically every country throughout the world. The issue is even more dire in arid and semi‐arid regions, such as Iran, where the shortage of healthy drinking water is quite serious. Finding and maintaining groundwater resources is therefore potentially the best alternative for supplying the water demand of the country. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the potential of karstic areas as a major source of water supply in southwestern regions of the Maharlou watershed, Iran. For this purpose, a combination of fuzzy‐AHP (analytical hierarchy process) and DST (Dempster‐Shafer Theory) methods are used to locate suitable karstic regions in the study area. Karstic zone maps were also generated using a variety of parameters including lithology, fault, precipitation, elevation, temperature, river and slope. Fuzzy maps were also produced using fuzzy membership functions for each parameter, after which the AHP approach was incorporated to assign weights to each layer and eventually generate the final fuzzy‐AHP map. Ultimately, the DST model was used at three confidence intervals of 99.5%, 99%, and 95%. Based on the final results of the fuzzy‐AHP method, approximately 30% of the study region was unsuitable in terms of access to karstic areas, whereas unsuitable zones obtained using the DST method contributed to about 41%, 44%, and 46% of the study region at 95%, 99%, and 99.5% confidence levels, respectively. Taking into account the fact that reductions in the distance from faults increases the probability of the presence of karst regions (with other parameters being constant), by comparing the results of the two models with fault maps, it was determined that the DST model achieves higher accuracy. The DST method is among common methods employed to predict suitable karstic regions, which ultimately produces different maps based on the configured confidence level.
Reconstructing Solar Wind Profiles Associated With Extreme Magnetic Storms: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Nakano Shin'ya
Published: November 2021

The lack of data on solar wind have prevented a detailed understanding of extreme magnetic storms. To address this issue, we apply a machine learning technique in the form of an Echo State Network (ESN) to reconstruct solar wind data for several extreme magnetic storms for which little or no solar wind data were previously available. Multiple geomagnetic activity indices are used as the input data for the ESN, which produces a continuous time series of solar wind parameters as output. As a result, the solar wind parameters for the largest storm event in March 1989 are obtained, and the minimum Bz is estimated to be −95 nT ±10 nT. Two different types of solar wind profiles are discussed for the extreme magnetic storms, a sheath‐driven profile and a magnetic cloud‐driven profile. The results reported here will be highly useful as input data for future simulation studies modeling extreme magnetic storms.
SuppressedpCO2in the Southern Ocean Due to the Interaction Between Current and Wind
Authors: Kwak Kyungmin , Song Hajoon , Marshall John , Seo Hyodae , McGillicuddy Dennis J.
Published: November 2021

The Southern Ocean, an important region for the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), features strong surface currents due to substantial mesoscale meanders and eddies. These features interact with the wind and modify the momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. Although such interactions are known to reduce momentum transfer, their impact on air‐sea carbon exchange remains unclear. Using a 1/20° physical‐biogeochemical coupled ocean model, we examined the impact of the current‐wind interaction on the surface carbon concentration and the air‐sea carbon exchange in the Southern Ocean. The current‐wind interaction decreased winter partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) at the ocean surface mainly south of the northern subantarctic front. It also reducedpCO2in summer, indicating enhanced uptake, but not to the same extent as the winter loss. Consequently, the net outgassing of CO2was found to be reduced by approximately 17%when including current‐wind interaction. These changes stem from the combined effect of vertical mixing and Ekman divergence. A budget analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) revealed that a weakening of vertical mixing by current‐wind interaction reduces the carbon supply from below, and particularly so in winter. The weaker wind stress additionally lowers the subsurface DIC concentration in summer, which can affect the vertical diffusive flux of carbon in winter. Our study suggests that ignoring current‐wind interactions in the Southern Ocean can overestimate winter CO2outgassing.
Linkages Between East China Sea Deep‐Sea Oxygenation and Variability in the East Asian Summer Monsoon and Kuroshio Current Over the Last 400,000 years
Authors: Vats Nishant , Singh Raj K. , Das Manisha , Holbourn Ann , Gupta Anil K. , Gallagher Stephen J. , Pandey D. K.
Published: November 2021

The East China Sea (ECS) seasonally receives a high organic input due to the terrestrial organic matter influx, which is controlled by the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), and the increased productivity driven by upwelling of the subsurface Kuroshio Current (KC). Changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition in combination with paleoceanographic proxy data (CaCO3 (%), TOC (%), δ13Cpf, and δ18Obf) are used to reconstruct bottom water oxygenation and organic export flux variability over the last 400 kyr in the ECS. Multivariate analyses of benthic foraminiferal census data identified six biofacies characteristic of varying environmental conditions. These results suggest that enhanced EASM precipitation and KC upwelling directly influenced organic export flux and bottom water oxygen content in the ECS. The ECS bottom water was suboxic during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 to 8; suboxic to dysoxic between MIS 7 and 6, strongly dysoxic between mid‐MIS 5 and 4, and exhibited high variability between MIS 3 and 1. Spectral analysis of relative abundances of representative genera Quinqueloculina (oxic), Bulimina (suboxic), and Globobulimina (dysoxic) reveals a robust 23 kyr signal, which we attribute to precessionally‐paced changes in surface productivity and bottom water oxygenation related to KC variability over the past 400 kyr.
Sectional matrix solutions: the distorted truth
Authors: Bailey Oliver
Published: November 2021

Sectional matrix techniques offer more predictable solutions to achieving contact areas when placing direct interproximal posterior composites than circumferential matrix techniques, resulting in reduced reported complaints of food packing from patients. Despite this, a large majority of UK dentists and therapists don't currently use them. Sectional matrix systems are technique-sensitive to use, which can be a barrier to implementation for inexperienced users. The matrices can easily distort during their placement and stabilisation and when placing the restorative material. This can result in unwanted, clinically relevant problems in the resulting restorations, some of which may not be discernible once they have occurred. This paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of sectional matrices and the processes and techniques involved in their use, before discussing the potential for distortion at each step. It offers solutions to some of the commonly seen problems which will provide more predictable outcomes for those already using these techniques and encourage non-users to add them to their armamentarium.
A model for learning based on the joint estimation of stochasticity and volatility
Authors: Piray Payam , Daw Nathaniel D.
Published: November 2021

Previous research has stressed the importance of uncertainty for controlling the speed of learning, and how such control depends on the learner inferring the noise properties of the environment, especially volatility: the speed of change. However, learning rates are jointly determined by the comparison between volatility and a second factor, moment-to-moment stochasticity. Yet much previous research has focused on simplified cases corresponding to estimation of either factor alone. Here, we introduce a learning model, in which both factors are learned simultaneously from experience, and use the model to simulate human and animal data across many seemingly disparate neuroscientific and behavioral phenomena. By considering the full problem of joint estimation, we highlight a set of previously unappreciated issues, arising from the mutual interdependence of inference about volatility and stochasticity. This interdependence complicates and enriches the interpretation of previous results, such as pathological learning in individuals with anxiety and following amygdala damage.
Tau activates microglia via the PQBP1-cGAS-STING pathway to promote brain inflammation
Authors: Jin Meihua , Shiwaku Hiroki , Tanaka Hikari , Obita Takayuki , Ohuchi Sakurako , Yoshioka Yuki , Jin Xiaocen , Kondo Kanoh , Fujita Kyota , Homma Hidenori , Nakajima Kazuyuki , Mizuguchi Mineyuki , Okazawa Hitoshi
Published: November 2021

Brain inflammation generally accompanies and accelerates neurodegeneration. Here we report a microglial mechanism in which polyglutamine binding protein 1 (PQBP1) senses extrinsic tau 3R/4R proteins by direct interaction and triggers an innate immune response by activating a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. Tamoxifen-inducible and microglia-specific depletion of PQBP1 in primary culture in vitro and mouse brain in vivo shows that PQBP1 is essential for sensing-tau to induce nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), NFκB-dependent transcription of inflammation genes, brain inflammation in vivo, and eventually mouse cognitive impairment. Collectively, PQBP1 is an intracellular receptor in the cGAS-STING pathway not only for cDNA of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but also for the transmissible neurodegenerative disease protein tau. This study characterises a mechanism of brain inflammation that is common to virus infection and neurodegenerative disorders.
Flexible ceramic nanofibrous sponges with hierarchically entangled graphene networks enable noise absorption
Authors: Zong Dingding , Cao Leitao , Yin Xia , Si Yang , Zhang Shichao , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: November 2021

Traffic noise pollution has posed a huge burden to the global economy, ecological environment and human health. However, most present traffic noise reduction materials suffer from a narrow absorbing band, large weight and poor temperature resistance. Here, we demonstrate a facile strategy to create flexible ceramic nanofibrous sponges (FCNSs) with hierarchically entangled graphene networks, which integrate unique hierarchical structures of opened cells, closed-cell walls and entangled networks. Under the precondition of independent of chemical crosslinking, high enhancement in buckling and compression performances of FCNSs is achieved by forming hierarchically entangled structures in all three-dimensional space. Moreover, the FCNSs show enhanced broadband noise absorption performance (noise reduction coefficient of 0.56 in 63–6300 Hz) and lightweight feature (9.3 mg cm–3), together with robust temperature-invariant stability from –100 to 500 °C. This strategy paves the way for the design of advanced fibrous materials for highly efficient noise absorption.
Cross-property deep transfer learning framework for enhanced predictive analytics on small materials data
Authors: Gupta Vishu , Choudhary Kamal , Tavazza Francesca , Campbell Carelyn , Liao Wei-keng , Choudhary Alok , Agrawal Ankit
Published: November 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been increasingly used in materials science to build predictive models and accelerate discovery. For selected properties, availability of large databases has also facilitated application of deep learning (DL) and transfer learning (TL). However, unavailability of large datasets for a majority of properties prohibits widespread application of DL/TL. We present a cross-property deep-transfer-learning framework that leverages models trained on large datasets to build models on small datasets of different properties. We test the proposed framework on 39 computational and two experimental datasets and find that the TL models with only elemental fractions as input outperform ML/DL models trained from scratch even when they are allowed to use physical attributes as input, for 27/39 (≈ 69%) computational and both the experimental datasets. We believe that the proposed framework can be widely useful to tackle the small data challenge in applying AI/ML in materials science.
Toxin secretion and trafficking by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Pajuelo David , Tak Uday , Zhang Lei , Danilchanka Olga , Tischler Anna D. , Niederweis Michael
Published: November 2021

The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in macrophages. TNT is the C-terminal domain of the outer membrane protein CpnT and gains access to the cytosol to kill macrophages infected with Mtb. However, molecular mechanisms of TNT secretion and trafficking are largely unknown. A comprehensive analysis of the five type VII secretion systems of Mtb revealed that the ESX-4 system is required for export of CpnT and surface accessibility of TNT. Furthermore, the ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems are required for permeabilization of the phagosomal membrane in addition to the ESX-1 system. Thus, these three ESX systems need to act in concert to enable trafficking of TNT into the cytosol of Mtb-infected macrophages. These discoveries establish new molecular roles for the two previously uncharacterized type VII secretion systems ESX-2 and ESX-4 and reveal an intricate link between toxin secretion and phagosomal permeabilization by Mtb.