bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainability in Higher Education: An Exploratory Investigation of Hospitality Management Courses
Authors: Chawla Gaurav , Manhas Parikshat Singh
Published: October 2015

This paper aims to investigate students’ perceptions about sustainability curricula in hospitality management degree programmes. Sustainability, a prime business concern, is now a prominent agenda in higher education, and also in hotel management courses. The study is located in India and adopts a positivist epistemological position. Quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires from 250 undergraduate students undergoing hospitality degree programmes in the states of Jammu and Kashmir. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS. The findings establish that students are engaged in environmental literacy and view this as an important concern for their future. Respondents who demonstrate greater awareness and concerns in everyday life attach greater importance to such issues in a business context also. Lastly, the mode of delivery of sustainability-related modules deeply impacts students’ attitudes toward this all-important agenda. Sustainability education is most effective when it is embedded into all aspects of the course or forms the overall context within which hospitality management courses are delivered.
Online Community Commitment and Member Loyalty: A PLS-based Study to Examine Chinese Travel and Tourismrelated Online Communities
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Omar Rosmini
Published: October 2015

While the question of how commitment influences user behavior in online communities has recently attracted considerable research, few studies have empirically evaluated the drivers of online community commitment. Building on a conceptual framework of factors affecting commitment with online communities, this study evaluates the influence of individual psychological attachment and online community characteristics on the commitment of its members. Data was collected from 361 members of 3 travel and tourismrelated Chinese online communities. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was adopted to analyse the data collected for this study. The findings reveal that both individual psychological attachment and online community characteristics significantly influence commitment in Chinese travel and tourism-related online communities. The results also show that online community commitment significantly contributes to member loyalty. The implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.
Sociocultural Hurdles of Sustainable Hospitality Management
Authors: Binder Annina , Varga Peter
Published: October 2015

Sustainability in the hospitality industry has been an area of growing interest among stakeholders in the last decades. However, sustainable projects that are often proposed by foreign/international stakeholders have met various obstacles during their implementation. Beyond economic and political barriers, this paper focuses on sociocultural specificities that jeopardize sustainable projects in luxury hotel settings in Bali, Indonesia. Through unique organizational and communal values such as bapakism, banjar, kira kira and suka duka, the paper highlights the complexity of the local sociocultural environment that plays a crucial role in managerial decisions at luxury hotels. Understanding these sociocultural specificities of the Balinese society will facilitate the efficient implementation of projects in the field of sustainable development. In a more general context, the research indicates the importance of both creating awareness of local sociocultural dynamics and establishing efficient intercultural communication among stakeholders that influence the future success of development projects in Bali.
Successful childhood obesity management in primary care in Canada: what are the odds?
Authors: Kuhle Stefan , Doucette Rachel , Piccinini-Vallis Helena , Kirk Sara F.L.
Published: October 2015

Background.The management of a child presenting with obesity in a primary care setting can be viewed as a multi-step behavioral process with many perceived and actual barriers for families and primary care providers. In order to achieve the goal of behavior change and, ultimately, clinically meaningful weight management outcomes in a child who is considered obese, all steps in this process should ideally be completed. We sought to review the evidence for completing each step, and to estimate the population effect of secondary prevention of childhood obesity in Canada.

Methods.Data from the 2009/2010 Canadian Community Health Survey and from a review of the literature were used to estimate the probabilities for completion of each step. A flow chart based on these probabilities was used to determine the proportion of children with obesity that would undergo and achieve clinically meaningful weight management outcomes each year in Canada.

Results.We estimated that the probability of a child in Canada who presents with obesity achieving clinically meaningful weight management outcomes through secondary prevention in primary care is around 0.6% per year, with a range from 0.01% to 7.2% per year. The lack of accessible and effective weight management programs appeared to be the most important bottleneck in the process.

Conclusions.In order to make progress towards supporting effective pediatric obesity management, efforts should focus on population-based primary prevention and a systems approach to change our obesogenic society, alongside the allocation of resources toward weight management approaches that are comprehensively offered, equitably distributed and robustly evaluated.
Persistent and extreme outliers in causes of death by state, 1999–2013
Authors: Boscoe Francis P.
Published: October 2015

In the United States, state-specific mortality rates that are high relative to national rates can result from legitimate reasons or from variability in coding practices. This paper identifies instances of state-specific mortality rates that were at least twice the national rate in each of three consecutive five-year periods (termed persistent outliers), along with rates that were at least five times the national rate in at least one five-year period (termed extreme outliers). The resulting set of 71 outliers, 12 of which appear on both lists, illuminates mortality variations within the country, including some that are amenable to improvement either because they represent preventable causes of death or highlight weaknesses in coding techniques. Because the approach used here is based on relative rather than absolute mortality, it is not dominated by the most common causes of death such as heart disease and cancer.
Influence of plate tectonic mode on the coupled thermochemical evolution of Earth's mantle and core
Authors: Nakagawa Takashi , Tackley Paul J.
Published: October 2015

We investigate the influence of tectonic mode on the thermochemical evolution of simulated mantle convection coupled to a parameterized core cooling model. The tectonic mode is controlled by varying the friction coefficient for brittle behavior, producing the three tectonic modes: mobile lid (plate tectonics), stagnant lid, and episodic lid. The resulting compositional structure of the deep mantle is strongly dependent on tectonic mode, with episodic lid resulting in a thick layer of subducted basalt in the deep mantle, whereas mobile lid produces only isolated piles and stagnant lid no basaltic layering. The tectonic mode is established early on, with subduction initiating at around 60 Myr from the initial state in mobile and episodic cases, triggered by the arrival of plumes at the base of the lithosphere. Crustal production assists subduction initiation, increasing the critical friction coefficient. The tectonic mode has a strong effect on core evolution via its influence on deep mantle structure; episodic cases in which a thick layer of basalt builds up experience less core heat flow and cooling and a failed geodynamo. Thus, a continuous mobile‐lid mode existing from early times matches Earth's mantle structure and core evolution better than an episodic mode characterized by large‐scale flushing (overturn) events.
Vertical structure of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances
Authors: Ssessanga Nicholas , Kim Yong Ha , Kim Eunsol
Published: October 2015

We develop an algorithm of computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) to infer information on the vertical and horizontal structuring of electron density during nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). To facilitate digital CIT we have adopted total electron contents (TEC) from a dense Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver network, GEONET, which contains more than 1000 receivers. A multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique was utilized with a calibrated IRI‐2012 model as an initial solution. The reconstructed F2 peak layer varied in altitude with average peak‐to‐peak amplitude of ~52 km. In addition, the F2 peak layer anticorrelated with TEC variations. This feature supports a theory in which nighttime MSTID is composed of oscillating electric fields due to conductivity variations. Moreover, reconstructed TEC variations over two stations were reasonably close to variations directly derived from the measured TEC data set. Our tomographic analysis may thus help understand three‐dimensional structure of MSTIDs in a quantitative way.
The Art of Drawing
Authors: Carpo Mario
Published: October 2015

Today, architecture is inextricably linked with drawing. Drawing and representation are generally regarded as the core skills of the professional architect. Architectural theorist and historian Mario Carpo challenges the notion that architecture has to necessarily be an art of drawing. He reminds us that the architect, as a maker of drawings, is in fact a fairly recent cultural and technical phenomenon ‐ only emerging in early 15th‐century Italy. Could, then, the digital revolution of the last 20 years be starting to challenge the drawing's hegemony?
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring Opening Reaction of Azabenzonorbornadienes with Aromatic Amines
Authors: Lu Zhiwu , Wang Jun , Han Baiqiu , Li Sifeng , Zhou Yongyun , Fan Baomin
Published: October 2015

A palladium/(R)‐Binap catalyst for asymmetric ring opening reaction of azabenzonorbornadienes with amines was developed that afforded the corresponding substituted dihydronaphthalenes in good yields (up to 97%) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee). To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric ring opening reaction of azabenzonorbornadienes with heteronucleophiles.

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Preparation of Chitosan‐g‐Poly(l‐Lactic Acid) Copolymer
Authors: Cui Yuan , Zhang Jingpeng , Zhang Wei , Duan Qian
Published: October 2015

Although poly (l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) is used as tissue engineering scaffold to implant in vivo, secondary inflammation will be induced by the lactic acid enrichment in short period during the PLLA implant degradation. To dissolve the problem, the chitosan (CS), a typical polyaminosaccharide is introduced to neutralize the acetic acid when the scaffold is degraded in vivo. First, the active amino groups of CS are protected by excess phthalic anhydride. Then, the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide onto phthaloyl‐protected CS could be performed without the addition of a catalyst. Finally, the product is deprotected by hydrazine hydrate to give chitosan‐g‐poly (l‐lactic acid) (CS‐g‐PLLA). The structure of CS‐g‐PLLA copolymer is characterized by infrared spectrum and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. When CS is introduced on PLLA, the solution of the degraded copolymer ceased to be acidic. In addition, CS‐g‐PLLA shows excellent solubility in some organic solvent for the easier tissue engineering scaffold preparation.
Alkene‐Directed N‐Attack Chemoselectivity in the Gold‐Catalyzed [2+2+1]‐Annulations of 1,6‐Enynes with N‐Hydroxyanilines
Authors: Huple Deepak B. , Mokar Bhanudas D. , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: October 2015

Kinetically unstable nitrones are generated from gold‐catalyzed reactions of 1,6‐enynes with N‐hydroxyanilines, and subsequently trapped by tethered alkenes to furnish [2+2+1]‐annulations. Our experimental data reveal that such nitrones arise from atypical N‐attack chemoselectivity that is triggered by tethered alkenes to facilitate the key protodeauration reaction.
Catalysis of Radical Reactions: A Radical Chemistry Perspective
Authors: Studer Armido , Curran Dennis P.
Published: October 2015

The area of catalysis of radical reactions has recently flourished. Various reaction conditions have been discovered and explained in terms of catalytic cycles. These cycles rarely stand alone as unique paths from substrates to products. Instead, most radical reactions have innate chains which form products without any catalyst. How do we know if a species added in “catalytic amounts” is a catalyst, an initiator, or something else? Herein we critically address both catalyst‐free and catalytic radical reactions through the lens of radical chemistry. Basic principles of kinetics and thermodynamics are used to address problems of initiation, propagation, and inhibition of radical chains. The catalysis of radical reactions differs from other areas of catalysis. Whereas efficient innate chain reactions are difficult to catalyze because individual steps are fast, both inefficient chain processes and non‐chain processes afford diverse opportunities for catalysis, as illustrated with selected examples.
Reversible Supramolecular Surface Attachment of Enzyme–Polymer Conjugates for the Design of Biocatalytic Filtration Membranes
Authors: Moridi Negar , Corvini Philippe F.‐X. , Shahgaldian Patrick
Published: October 2015

To be used successfully in continuous reactor systems, enzymes must either be retained using filtration membranes or immobilized on a solid component of the reactor. Whereas the first approach requires large amounts of energy, the second approach is limited by the low temporal stability of enzymes under operational conditions. To circumvent these major stumbling blocks, we have developed a strategy that enables the reversible supramolecular immobilization of bioactive enzyme–polymer conjugates at the surface of filtration membranes. The polymer is produced through a reversible addition–fragmentation transfer method; it contains multiple adamantyl moieties that are used to bind the resulting conjugate at the surface of the membrane which has surface‐immobilized cyclodextrin macrocycles. This supramolecular modification is stable under operational conditions and allows for efficient biocatalysis, and can be reversed by competitive host–guest interactions.
Direct Access to Multifunctionalized Norcamphor Scaffolds by Asymmetric Organocatalytic Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Mose Rasmus , Jensen Magnus E. , Preegel Gert , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: October 2015

A general organocatalytic cross‐dienamine activation strategy to produce chiral multifunctionalized norcamphor compounds having a large diversity in substitution pattern is presented. The strategy is based on a Diels–Alder reaction of an amino‐activated cyclopentenone reacting with most common classes of electron‐deficient olefins, such as nitro‐, ester‐, amide‐, and cyano‐substituted olefins, chalcones, conjugated malononitriles, CF3‐substituted enones, and fumarates. The corresponding norcamphor derivatives are formed in good yield, excellent enantioselectivities, and with complete diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that quaternary stereocenters and spiro norcamphor compounds can be formed with high stereoselectivity. The present development provides a simple, direct, and efficient approach for the preparation of important norcamphor scaffolds.
Asymmetric Pentafulvene Carbometalation—Access to Enantiopure Titanocene Dichlorides of Biological Relevance
Authors: Cini Melchior , Bradshaw Tracey D. , Woodward Simon , Lewis William
Published: October 2015

Unprecedented asymmetric copper‐catalyzed addition of ZnEt2 (ZnBu2) to the exocyclic CC bond of pentafulvenes C5H4(CHAr) (Ar=2‐MeOPh and related species) results in enantiomerically enriched (up to 93:7 e.r.) cyclopentadienyl ligands (C5H4CHEtAr; abbreviated CpR). Copper catalyst promotion with both chiral phosphoramidite ligands and a phosphate additive is vital in realizing both acceptable enantioselectivities and reaction rates. Enantiomeric CpR2TiCl2 complexes have been prepared; the (S,S) isomer is twice as active towards pancreatic, breast, and colon cancer cell lines as its (R,R) enantiomer at 24 h.
Destruction and Construction: Application of Dearomatization Strategy in Aromatic Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Functionalization
Authors: Wang Shuo‐En , Wang Linfei , He Qiuqin , Fan Renhua
Published: October 2015

The formation of carbon–carbon bonds through the functionalization of aromatic carbon–nitrogen bonds is a highly attractive synthetic strategy in the synthesis of aromatic molecules. In this paper, we report a novel aromatic carbon–nitrogen bond functionalization reaction by using a simple dearomatization strategy. Through this process para‐substituted anilines serve as a potential aryl source in the construction of a range of functionalized aromatic molecules, such as quaternary carbon centers, α‐keto esters, and aldehydes.
Finding Love: Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment in the Relationships of Gay Men
Authors: Brown Jac , Ramirez Oscar Modesto , Schniering Carolyn
Published: October 2015

This paper identifies the stages of gay male relationships through a qualitative analysis of the interviews of 12 gay men within the context of the Sternberg () three component model of love. Four stages were identified: Confrontation with sexuality: Preparing for intimacy, Exploration of Sexuality: Engaging with passion, Experimentation with Relationships: Uniting intimacy and passion, and Formation of Committed Relationships: Integrating passion, intimacy, and commitment. Confrontation with Sexuality was a necessary first step before forming intimate relationships, as it provided a context for the second stage of Exploration of Sexuality, where passion could be explored. Once sexuality had been explored, Experimentation with Relationships was the next stage which involved uniting passion with intimacy, often including a period of experimenting with the types of relationships that are usually explored much earlier for heterosexuals. Finally, the fourth stage of Formation of Committed Relationships was identified which involved the integration of passion, intimacy, and commitment. The therapeutic implications of these results are elaborated by an analysis of these stages in clinical cases.
Spatially resolved monitoring of crystalline suprastructure and molecular orientation in α‐ and β‐nucleated polypropylene pipes using differential scanning calorimetry, infrared microscopy, and polarized light microscopy
Authors: Schuster Tobias , Rode Karsten , Brüll Robert , Heinemann Jürgen , Haupt Hansgeorg
Published: October 2015

Differently nucleated polypropylene (PP) pipes were studied by polarized light and infrared (IR) microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Although Fourier transform IR microscopy (µFTIR) excels by high spatial resolution and ease of measurement over the classical approach with manually prepared sections and individual analysis, a disadvantage is that the vibrational bands used to calculate the degree of crystallinity may be influenced by the polymorphism of PP. While this does not play a role for the α‐polymorph, in the case of β‐nucleated PP the calculated profile of crystallinity derived from the so called crystallinity bands depends on the direction of inspection. We could show that in the case of β‐nucleation the results from µFTIR and DSC of cross‐sections can be correlated, and thus the crystallinity profile obtained from µFTIR becomes independent from the direction of consideration. Consequently the advantages of µFTIR with regard to spatial resolution and reproducibility can now be exploited for β‐nucleated PP as well. Using the differently nucleated specimen we give the first practical validation of a previously on a theoretical basis derived model to determine the molecular orientation in all three dimensions (machine, transverse, and normal). It could be shown that the profiles of molecular orientation are a function of both, the extrusion process with its post extrusion cooling conditions, and the type of nucleating agent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4182–4190, 2013
New Coumarin Derivatives as Potent Selective COX‐2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Anti‐Inflammatory, QSAR, and Molecular Modeling Studies
Authors: Dawood Dina H. , Batran Rasha Z. , Farghaly Thoraya A. , Khedr Mohammed A. , Abdulla Mohamed M.
Published: October 2015

Two new series of coumarin derivatives incorporating thiazoline and thiazolidinone moieties were designed, synthesized, and investigated in vivo for their anti‐inflammatory activities using the carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema model and in vitro for their inhibitory activities against the human cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 and COX‐2 isoforms. Most of the synthesized compounds demonstrated exceptionally high in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity and displayed superior GI safety profiles (0–7% ulceration) as compared to indomethacin. All the bioactive compounds showed in vitro high affinity and selectivity toward the COX‐2 isoenzyme, compared to the reference celecoxib with IC50 values ranging from 0.31 to 0.78 μM. The ethyl thiosemicarbazone 2b, thiazoline derivatives 3a, 3b, 5b, 6a, and 7f, and the thiazolidinone compounds 8b and 9a showed the highest in vivo and in vitro anti‐inflammatory activities with remarkable COX‐2 selectivity. Quantitative structure–activity relationship study (QSAR) was done and resulted in a highly predictive power R2 (0.908). A molecular docking study revealed a relationship between the docking affinity and the biological results.
Maximum Reduced Proper Motion method: Detection of new nearby ultracool dwarfs
Authors: Phan‐Bao N.
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we describe how to use the Maximum Reduced Proper Motion method (Phan‐Bao et al. 2003) to detect 57 nearby L and late‐M dwarfs (dphot ≤ 30 pc), 36 of them newly discovered. Spectroscopic observations of 43 of the 57 ultracool dwarfs were previously reported in Martín et al. (2010). These ultracool dwarfs were identified by color criteria in ∼5000 square degrees of the DENIS database and then further selected by the method for spectroscopic follow‐up to determine their spectral types and spectroscopic distances. We also report here our newly measured proper motions of these ultracool dwarfs from multi‐epoch images found in public archives (ALADIN, DSS, 2MASS, DENIS), with at least three distinct epochs and time baselines of 2 to 46 years (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ArgR–promoter interactions in Corynebacterium glutamicum arginine biosynthesis
Authors: Theron Grant , Reid Sharon J.
Published: October 2015

Arginine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum is currently poorly understood. A better understanding of its regulation will aid in the engineering of overproducing strains. A transcriptional analysis of the argCJBDFRGH genes and construction of argR deletion mutant confirmed the role of ArgR as a negative regulator of arginine biosynthesis. Increasing the copy number of the argC promoter region caused arginine levels to increase twofold. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using recombinant ArgR revealed in vitro binding with dissociation constants between 200 and 250 nM to the putative promoter regions of argC and carAB. In contrast, ArgR did not bind in vitro to the putative argG promoter region. Binding of ArgR to the argC and carA promoter regions was prevented by double‐stranded competitor oligonucleotides containing motifs resembling the universal ARG box consensus sequence (two in the case of the argC promoter region and one in the case of the carA promoter region). A single ARG box was identified in the carA promoter region. The consensus sequence for the three C. glutamicum ARG box motifs was 5′‐HMT GMA TSW ADW WTW TDY‐3′ and the core sequence (underlined) is well conserved throughout the C. glutamicum genome and located preceding several putative ArgR targets.
Soluble expression of human Id3 in Escherichia coli and generation and application of its polyclonal antibodies
Authors: Li Xiao‐Jun , Jia Li , Chen Fang‐Fang , Zhong Ai‐Fang , Yu Wei , Wang Kai , Luo Bing
Published: October 2015

Inhibitor of DNA binding differentiation 3 (Id3), a member of the Id helix–loop–helix protein family, plays important roles in cell differentiation, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. In the present study, the human Id3 (hId3) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pET32a(+). The recombinant plasmid pET32a/hId3 was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The histidine–Tag‐fused protein was expressed by induction of 1 mM isopropylthio‐β‐d‐galactoside and purified by Ni2+–nitrilotriacetic acid–agarose column chromatography. The purified hId3 protein was used to generate rabbit polyclonal antisera that recognize recombinant hId3 (rhId3). The antibody was purified by polypeptide affinity chromatography and used for analysis of Id3 subcellular localization in several kinds of tumor cells by indirect immunofluoresence assay. A large quantity of purified rhId3 protein and polyclonal anti‐hId3 antibodies would be useful reagents for the further study of biological functions of hId3.
Building up sugarcane ethanol sustainability
Authors: Cortez Luís
Published: October 2015

A new agricultural model totally designed to satisfy sustainability requirements is needed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Removal of bacterial suspension water occupying the intercellular space of detached leaves after agroinfiltration improves the yield of recombinant hemagglutinin in a Nicotiana benthamiana transient gene expression system
Authors: Fujiuchi Naomichi , Matsuda Ryo , Matoba Nobuyuki , Fujiwara Kazuhiro
Published: October 2015

The use of detached leaves instead of whole plants provides an alternative means for recombinant protein production based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated transient gene overexpression. However, the process for high‐level protein production in detached leaves has not yet been established. In this study, we focused on leaf handling and maintenance conditions immediately after infiltration with Agrobacterium suspension (agroinfiltration) to improve recombinant protein expression in detached Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We demonstrated that the residual water of bacterial suspension in detached leaves had significant impact on the yield of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (HA). Immediately after agroinfiltration, detached leaves were stored in a dehumidified chamber to allow bacterial suspension water occupying intercellular space to be removed by transpiration. We varied the duration of this water removal treatment from 0.7 to 4.4 h, which resulted in leaf fresh weights ranging from 0.94 to 1.28 g g−1 relative to weights measured just before agroinfiltration. We used these relative fresh weights (RFWs) as an indicator of the amount of residual water. The detached leaves were then incubated in humidified chambers for 6 days. We found that the presence of residual water significantly decreased HA yield, with a clear inverse correlation observed between HA yield and RFW. We next compared HA yields in detached leaves with those obtained from intact leaves by whole‐plant expression performed at the same time. The maximum HA yield obtained from a detached leaf with a RFW of approximately 1.0, namely, 800 μg gFW−1, was comparable to the mean HA yield of 846 μg gFW−1 generated in intact leaves. Our results indicate the necessity of removing bacterial suspension water from agroinfiltrated detached leaves in transient overexpression systems and point to a critical factor enabling the detached‐leaf system as a viable recombinant protein factory. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 901–906. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spannungsfeld Forstwirtschaft und Naturschutz
Authors: Schulze Ernst‐Detlef , Ammer Christian
Published: October 2015

Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die zeitliche Entwicklung der Flora in Deutschland mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der an Waldstandorte gebundenen Arten. Die Zahl der Pflanzenarten hat über die Zeit kontinulierlich zugenommen. Dies ist vor allem eine Folge der Landnutzung, durch die auch einige gefährdete Arten erhalten werden. In forstlich bewirtschafteten Wäldern ist der Pflanzenartenvielfalt größer in als in Wäldern unter Naturschutz. Keine der obligaten Waldarten ist in den letzten 250 Jahren durch die Waldbewirtschaftung verloren gegangen. Für Arten mit besonderen Habitat‐Ansprüchen sind alternative Schutzprogramme zu einer Nicht‐Bewirtschaftung nötig, um spezielle Lebensräume zu erhalten.
Relative Roles of Methanol Synthesis and Solid Acid Catalysts in the Direct DME Synthesis from Syngas
Authors: Jung Heon , Lee Seong‐Min , Yang Dae‐Ryook , Jung Kwang‐Deog
Published: October 2015

The Cu/ZnO/Al2O3
catalysts with 13.0 and 30.6 m2 Cu/g were designated as HM (highly active catalysts for methanol synthesis) and LM (low active catalysts for methanol synthesis), respectively. γ‐Al2O3
and η‐Al2O3
were designated as LD (low active catalysts for methanol dehydration) and HD (highly active catalysts for methanol dehydration), respectively. Four catalytic systems (LMLD, LMHD, HMLD, and HMHD) were prepared by admixing methanol synthesis catalysts and methanol dehydration catalysts. The syngas to dimethyl ether (DME) (STD) reaction was conducted at a GHSV of 6000 mL/gcat/h, 42 atm, and 250 °C. The activity of LMLD was almost same as that of LMDH, indicating that the activity of solid acid catalysts did not influence the STD reaction on the admixed catalysts using LM. On the other hand, the activity of HMHD was much higher than that of HMLD, indicating that the solid acid catalysts controlled the STD reaction on the admixed catalysts using HM.
Raising environmental awareness through applied biochemistry laboratory experiments
Authors: Salman Ashraf S.
Published: October 2015

Our environment is under constant pressure and threat from various sources of pollution. Science students, in particular chemistry students, must not only be made aware of these issues, but also be taught that chemistry (and science) can provide solutions to such real‐life issues. To this end, a newly developed biochemistry laboratory experiment is described that guides students to learn about the applicability of peroxidase enzymes to degrade organic dyes (as model pollutants) in simulated waste water. In addition to showing how enzymes can potentially be used for waste water remediation, various factors than can affect enzyme‐based reactions such as pH, temperature, concentration of substrates/enzymes, and denaturants can also be tested. This “applied biotechnology” experiment was successfully implemented in an undergraduate biochemistry laboratory course to enhance students' learning of environmental issues as well important biochemistry concepts. Student survey confirmed that this laboratory experiment was successful in achieving the objectives of raising environmental awareness in students and illustrating the usefulness of chemistry in solving real‐life problems. This experiment can be easily adopted in an introductory biochemistry laboratory course and taught as an inquiry‐guided exercise. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(5):341–347, 2013
First Chemical Analysis and Characterization of the Male Species‐Specific Cephalic Labial‐Gland Secretions of South American Bumblebees
Authors: Brasero Nicolas , Martinet Baptiste , Urbanová Klára , Valterová Irena , Torres Alexandra , Hoffmann Wolfgang , Rasmont Pierre , Lecocq Thomas
Published: October 2015

The evolution of signals and reproductive traits involved in the pre‐mating recognition has been in focus of abundant research in several model species, such as bumblebees (genus Bombus). However, the most‐studied bumblebee reproductive trait, the male cephalic labial gland secretions (CLGS), remains unknown among bumblebee species from South America. In this study, the CLGS of five South American bumblebees of the subgenera Thoracobombus (Bombus excellens and B. atratus) and Cullumanobombus (B. rubicundus, B. hortulanus, and B. melaleucus) were investigated, by comparing the chemical compositions of their secretions to those of closely related European species. The results showed an obvious interspecific differentiation in both subgenera. The interspecific differentiation among the species of the Thoracobombus subgenus involved different compounds present at high contents (main compounds), while those of the Cullumanobombus subgenus shared the same main components. This suggests that among the species of the Cullumanobombus subgenus, the differentiation in minor components could lead to species discrimination.
Corrosion Prevention Mechanism of Aluminum Metal in Superconcentrated Electrolytes
Authors: Yamada Yuki , Chiang Ching Hua , Sodeyama Keitaro , Wang Jianhui , Tateyama Yoshitaka , Yamada Atsuo
Published: October 2015

The front cover artwork is provided by Prof. Yamada's group at the University of Tokyo (Japan). The image shows an interface between a superconcentrated electrolyte and an aluminum current collector at a positive electrode in lithium‐ion batteries. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201500235.
Hydrogenated Graphenes by Birch Reduction: Influence of Electron and Proton Sources on Hydrogenation Efficiency, Magnetism, and Electrochemistry
Authors: Eng Alex Yong Sheng , Sofer Zdeněk , Huber Štěpán , Bouša Daniel , Maryško Miroslav , Pumera Martin
Published: October 2015

Interest in chemical functionalisation of graphenes today is largely driven by associated changes to its physical and material properties. Functionalisation with hydrogen was employed to obtain hydrogenated graphenes (also termed graphane if fully hydrogenated), which exhibited properties including fluorescence, magnetism and a tuneable band gap. Although the classical Birch reduction has been employed for hydrogenation of graphite oxide, variation exists between the choice of alkali metals and alcohols/water as quenching agents. A systematic study of electron (Li, Na, K, Cs) and proton sources (tBuOH, iPrOH, MeOH, H2O) has been performed to identify optimal conditions. The proton source exerted a great influence on the resulting hydrogenation with water and out‐performed alcohols, and the lowest carbon‐to‐hydrogen ratio was observed with sodium and water with composition of C1.4H1O0.3. Although ferromagnetism at room temperature correlates well with increasing hydrogen concentrations, small contributions from trace iron impurities cannot be completely eliminated. In contrast, hydrogenated graphenes exhibit a significant paramagnetic moment at low temperatures that has no correlation with impurities, and therefore, originates from the carbon system. This is in comparison to graphene, which is strongly diamagnetic, and concentrations of paramagnetic centres in hydrogenated graphenes are one order of magnitude larger than that in graphite. Nonetheless, hydrogenation over a particular level might also excessively disrupt intrinsic sp2 conjugation, resulting in unintended reduction of electrochemical properties. This was observed with heterogeneous electron‐transfer rates and it was postulated that hydrogenated graphenes should generally have high defect densities, but only moderately high hydrogenation, should they be employed as electrode materials.
Enantioselective Preparation, Conformational Analysis and Absolute Configuration of Highly Substituted Aziridines
Authors: Bencivenni Giorgio , Righi Paolo , Lunazzi Lodovico , Ranieri Silvia , Mancinelli Michele , Mazzanti Andrea
Published: October 2015

The first example of organocatalytic aziridination reaction of α‐substituted‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones is presented. The reaction was found to be highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective, yielding N‐tosylated aziridines. Low‐temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra allowed for the determination of the N‐inversion barrier, that was found to be quite lower with respect to unsubstituted aziridines. A thorough conformational analysis supported by low‐temperature NMR data allowed for the determination of the absolute configuration of the main stereoisomer by means of time‐dependent Density Functional Theory simulation of the electronic circular dichroism spectra. Chirality 27:875–887, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On bubble column reactor design for the determination of kinetic rate constants in gas–liquid systems
Authors: Cardona S. C. , López F. , Abad A. , Navarro‐Laboulais J.
Published: October 2015

The design of a semibatch bubble column reactor with its mathematical description is proposed for the study of ozonation reactions. The mathematical model used to describe the gas–liquid mass transfer rate in the reactor is based on the unstationary film theory and the resulting model is theoretically analysed to identify its relevant parameters. After its structural identifiability analysis, the parameters are reduced to five, that is, the gas hold‐up, the ratio of diffusivities of the reacting species, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and two time constants related with the kinetic rate constant. From the sensitivity analysis of this reduced model, we conclude that it is not sensible to the gas hold‐up and the diffusivity ratio of the reacting species for optimization purposes in moderate and slow kinetic regimes. The model is tested with the reaction between the ozone and the azo‐compound Acid Red 27. The experimental data match quite well the model allowing the estimation of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient together with the kinetic constant. The kinetic rate constant for the direct reaction between the ozone and the Acid Red 27 is estimated in k2 = 3723 ± 127 M−1 s−1 at 21.2 ± 0.5°C. The self‐coherence of the model, the absence of hypothesis about the state of the film together with the proposed optimization procedure, allows to consider the proposed methodology as a viable alternative for the study of gas–liquid systems in semi‐batch bubble columns reactors in comparison with classical approaches.
A new auction‐based scheduler for heterogeneous systems with moldable generic resources support
Authors: Soner Seren , Ozturan Can
Published: October 2015

Slurm resource management system is used on many TOP500 supercomputers. We present a new auction‐based heterogeneous cluster scheduler plug‐in called AUCSCHED2. AUCSCHED2 contributes two major enhancements: the first is the extension of Slurm to support generic resource moldability by specification of resource ranges. The generic resources include accelerators like graphics processing unit or Xeon Phi. The current version of Slurm supports specification of node ranges but not of generic resource ranges. Such a feature can be very useful to run‐time auto‐tuning applications and systems that can make use of variable number of generic resources. The second enhancement involves the implementation of a new integer programming formulation in AUCSCHED2 that drastically reduces the number of variables. This allows faster solution and larger number of bids to be generated. Slurm emulation results are presented for the heterogeneous 1408 node Tsubame supercomputer, which has 12 cores and three graphics processing units on each of its nodes. AUCSCHED2 is available at https://github.com/aucsched/aucsched2. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of the Director Tilt in the Lyotropic Smectic C* Analog Phase: Hydration Interactions and Solvent Variations
Authors: Bruckner Johanna R. , Knecht Friederike , Giesselmann Frank
Published: October 2015

The origin and long‐range correlation of the director tilt in the recently discovered
phase, which is the lyotropic analog of the thermotropic smectic C* (SmC*) liquid crystalline phase, are investigated. Polarized micro‐Raman spectroscopy reveals that the director tilt in the
phase originates from a tilting of the aromatic 2‐phenylpyrimidine cores of the surfactant molecules. Optical measurements of the tilt angle show that its magnitude decreases with increasing solvent concentration, suggesting that the long‐range inter‐lamellar correlation of the tilt directions is reduced at increasing thickness of the solvent layers. The phase diagrams with four different solvents (water, formamide, N‐methylformamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide) are investigated, showing that the
phase is only formed with those solvents that exhibit a dense network of hydrogen bonds. This observation suggests that these hydrogen bond networks play an essential role in the long‐range correlation of the director tilt between adjacent surfactant layers. To verify this assumption, mixtures with deuterated solvents are investigated, showing that the tilt angle in the
phase is indeed reduced by this modification of the solvent′s hydrogen bond network.
Spindle cell lipoma with predominant nerve sheath tumor‐like areas: A potential diagnostic pitfall on aspiration cytology
Authors: Gupta Sanjay , Gupta Ruchika , Sodhani Pushpa
Published: October 2015

Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is an uncommon variant of lipoma that usually is present in subcutaneous fat of adult men. This tumor has a low rate of local recurrence and no risk of malignant behavior. Although histological features of SCL are well documented, cytological descriptions have been few. We present the case of a 41‐year man with a right arm swelling, which on fine‐needle aspiration cytology showed adipose tissue fragments, spindle cell areas mimicking benign nerve sheath tumor, and bundles of ropy collagen in a myxoid background, suggesting a diagnosis of SCL. SCL with predominant spindle cell component may mimic benign nerve sheath tumor on aspiration cytology. Subtle cytological features like presence of adipose tissue, ropy collagen, and mast cells help in accurate diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:1017–1019. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study on metal detection with electromagnetic induction probe utilizing rotating magnetic field
Authors: Koyama Kiyoshi , Hoshikawa Hiroshi , Sakon Toshikazu
Published: October 2015

The present paper describes an investigation conducted on metal detection with a scanning probe. The authors applied a rotating magnetic field probe to metal detection. The rotating magnetic field probe was composed of two vertically placed rectangular exciting coils and a circular detecting coil. The experimental results confirmed that the probe could detect metal objects and provide more information about their shape, direction, and electromagnetic characteristics than conventional metal detector probes. A two‐dimensional signal display shows a blurred image of the metal object and the signal phase indicates the object's direction and electromagnetic characteristics. The experimental results showed that excellent restoration of the surface shapes of metal objects can be obtained for both magnetic and nonmagnetic metals under present conditions. There is also a possibility that the rough shape of a metal object can be estimated from the restored image. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(4): 1–11, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21178
Analysis of spatial smoothing effect of short‐term fluctuation of global solar radiation based on data including quantization error
Authors: Ue Yosuke , Hara Ryoichi , Kita Hiroyuki , Saito Yutaka , Takitani Katsuyuki , Saito Masami
Published: October 2015

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are attracting attention as one of the promising countermeasures against global warming and the environmental issues. However, the generation output from PV systems is generally unstable and unpredictable. Therefore, large penetration of PV systems may cause some serious impacts on power system operation, such as load frequency control, voltage regulation, etc. Estimation of the influences of PV system installation is becoming important, but it requires simultaneous multipoint solar radiation measurements. The Japan Meteorological Business Support Center has provided 1‐minute meteorological data observed in Japan, but its solar radiation data includes quantization errors. This paper proposes a regeneration method for solar radiation data including quantization errors. It also analyzes the spatial smoothing effect of global solar radiation fluctuations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(3): 55–63, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21274
Electrical properties of polylactic acid with nucleating agent added
Authors: Shinyama Katsuyoshi , Oi Toru , Fujita Shigetaka
Published: October 2015

We examined the electrical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) with a nucleating agent added. The PLA with added nucleating agent was then heat‐treated at 100 °C for 30 seconds. The crystallinity of the PLA with added nucleating agent increased to more than 40%, and its crystallization speed also increased significantly. The temperature dependence of the conductivity (σ) was investigated; at temperatures higher than 60 °C, σ of PLA to which the nucleating agent had been added showed a tendency to become lower than σ of PLA to which no nucleating agent had been added. The temperature dependence of the dielectric breakdown strength ($E_B$ ) was investigated. $E_B$ of the PLA with added nucleating agent was about 5.0 MV/cm at 25 °C. Of particular note was the fact that the $E_B$ of PLA with added nucleating agent was about 4.7 MV/cm at 100 °C, which is about 3 times the $E_B$ value for PLA with no added nucleating agent. The temperature dependence of the relative dielectric constant (ϵr″) and the relative dielectric loss factor (ϵr″) was investigated. The peak dielectric absorption value of ϵr″ for the PLA to which nucleating agent had been added showed a tendency to be lower than that of the PLA to which no nucleating agent had been added. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(3): 25–31, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21293
Reduction of λ5‐Phosphinines
Authors: Savateev Aleksandr , Vlasenko Yurii , Shtil Nataliya , Kostyuk Aleksandr
Published: October 2015

A convenient method to easily prepare parent λ3‐phosphinine from easily accessible λ5‐precursors was developed. A series of λ5‐phosphinines bearing heteroatom substituents OMe, SMe, and/or NMe2 at the phosphorus atom were prepared by electrocyclization of phosphahexatrienes generated in situ. Reaction conditions for the synthesis of λ5‐phosphinines were optimized. The molecular structure of 1,1‐dimethoxy‐λ5‐phosphinine was determined by an X‐ray diffraction analysis. A series of reducing agents were tested in order to prepare λ3‐phosphinine. 1,1‐Dimethoxy‐λ5‐phosphinine was reduced by LiAlH4. The method of choice appeared to be the reduction of bis(dimethylamino)‐λ5‐phosphinine with diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL‐H) in 30 % overall yield starting from vinyl ethyl ether.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura, Heck and Hydroarylation Reactions on (–)‐Levoglucosenone and Application to the Synthesis of Chiral γ‐Butyrolactones
Authors: Stockton Kieran P. , Merritt Christopher J. , Sumby Christopher J. , Greatrex Ben W.
Published: October 2015

The chiral pool material (–)‐levoglucosenone (6,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐2‐en‐4‐one, LGO) has been substituted by using a series of Pd‐mediated cross‐coupling reactions. Iodination of LGO followed by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction with boronic acids by employing the Buchwald ligand SPhos with Pd(OAc)2 afforded 3‐aryl derivatives in excellent yields. Selective Heck arylation reaction at the 2‐position was achieved with aryl iodides with K3PO4 as base and SPhos ligand with Pd(OAc)2 (1–5 mol‐%). A selective hydroarylation reaction (formal conjugate addition) was developed by using the same aryl iodides, benzyldiethylamine, Pd(OAc)2, and P(o‐tol)3. The products were converted, either directly or after alkene reduction, through a Baeyer–Villiger oxidation into chiral 3‐ and 4‐substituted 5‐(hydroxymethyl)dihydrofuran‐2(3H)‐ones.