bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Studies on a Sulfoxide Transfer Reaction Mediated by Diphenyl Sulfoxide/Triflic Anhydride
Authors: Fascione Martin A. , Adshead Sophie J. , Mandal Pintu K. , Kilner Colin A. , Leach Andrew G. , Turnbull W. Bruce
Published: January 2012

Sulfoxides are frequently used in organic synthesis as chiral auxiliaries and reagents to mediate a wide variety of chemical transformations. For example, diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride can be used to activate a wide range of glycosyl donors including hemiacetals, glycals and thioglycosides. In this way, an alcohol, enol or sulfide is converted into a good leaving group for subsequent reaction with an acceptor alcohol. However, reaction of diphenyl sulfoxide and triflic anhydride with oxathiane‐based thioglycosides, and other oxathianes, leads to a different process in which the thioglycoside is oxidised to a sulfoxide. This unexpected oxidation reaction is very stereoselective and proceeds under anhydrous conditions in which the diphenyl sulfoxide acts both as oxidant and as the source of the oxygen atom. Isotopic labelling experiments support a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of oxodisulfonium (S‐O‐S) dication intermediates. These intermediates undergo oxygen‐exchange reactions with other sulfoxides and also allow interconversion of axial and equatorial sulfoxides in oxathiane rings. The reversibility of the oxygen‐exchange reaction suggests that the stereochemical outcome of the oxidation reaction may be under thermodynamic control, which potentially presents a novel strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of sulfoxides.
Photoreversible Supramolecular Polymerisation and Hierarchical Organization of Hydrogen‐Bonded Supramolecular Co‐polymers Composed of Diarylethenes and Oligothiophenes
Authors: Yagai Shiki , Ohta Keisuke , Gushiken Marina , Iwai Kazunori , Asano Atsushi , Seki Shu , Kikkawa Yoshihiro , Morimoto Masakazu , Kitamura Akihide , Karatsu Takashi
Published: January 2012

Diarylethene 1 equipped with two monotopic melamine hydrogen‐bonding sites and oligothiophene‐functionalized ditopic cyanurate (OTCA) were mixed in a nonpolar solvent to form AA‐BB‐type supramolecular co‐polymers (SCPs) bearing photoswitchable moieties in their main chains and extended π systems as side chains. UV/Vis, fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), TEM, and AFM studies revealed that the two functional co‐monomers formed flexible quasi‐one‐dimensional SCPs in solution that hierarchically self‐organized into helical nanofibers through H‐aggregation of the oligothiophene side chains. Upon irradiating the SCPs with UV light, a transition occurred from the H‐aggregated state to non‐aggregated monomeric oligothiophene side chains, as shown by spectroscopic studies, which indicates the formation of small oligomeric species held together only by hydrogen‐bonding interactions. TEM and AFM visualized unfolded fibrils corresponding to elongated single SCP chains formed upon removal of solvent. The helical nanofibers were regenerated upon irradiating the UVirradiated solution with visible light. These results demonstrated that the supramolecular polymerisation followed by hierarchical organization can be effectively controlled by proper supramolecular designs using diarylethenes and π‐conjugated oligomers.
Fluorogenic Peptide‐Based Substrates for Monitoring Thrombin Activity
Authors: van Berkel Sander S. , van der Lee Bas , van Delft Floris L. , Wagenvoord Rob , Hemker H. Coenraad , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: January 2012

The synthesis of a series of peptides containing C‐terminal 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin (AMC) for use in the thrombin generation test (TGT) is described. The lead structure in this project was H‐Gly‐Gly‐Arg‐AMC, of which the water solubility and kinetic parameters (KM and kcat) are greatly improved over those of the substrate in current use in the TGT: Cbz‐Gly‐Gly‐Arg‐AMC. A series of N‐terminally substituted Gly‐Gly‐Arg‐AMC derivatives were synthesized, as well as implementation of structural changes at either the P2 or P3 position of the peptide backbone. Furthermore, two substrates were synthesized that have structural similarities to the chromogenic thrombin substrate SQ68 or that contain a 1,2,3‐triazole moiety in the peptide chain, mimicking an amide bond. To determine the applicability of newly synthesized fluorogenic substrates for monitoring continuous thrombin generation, the KM and kcat values of the conversion of these fluorogenic substrates by thrombin (FIIa) and factor Xa (FXa) were quantified. An initial selection was made on basis of these data, and suitable substrates were further evaluated as substrates in the thrombin generation assay. Assessment of the acquired data showed that several substrates, including the SQ68 derivative Et‐malonate‐Gly‐Arg‐AMC and N‐functionalized Gly‐Gly‐Arg‐AMC derivatives, are suitable candidates for replacement of the substrate currently in use.
Cancer mortality‐to‐incidence ratios in Georgia
Authors: Wagner Sara E. , Hurley Deborah M. , Hébert James R. , McNamara Chrissy , Bayakly A. Rana , Vena John E.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

The objective of this study was to evaluate racial cancer disparities in Georgia by calculating and comparing mortality‐to‐incidence ratios (MIRs) by health district and in relation to geographic factors.

METHODS:

Data sources included cancer incidence (Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry), cancer mortality (Georgia Vital Records), and health factor (County Health Rankings) data. Age‐adjusted incidence and mortality rates were calculated by cancer site (all sites combined, lung, colorectal, prostate, breast, oral, and cervical) for 2003‐2007. MIRs and 95% confidence intervals were calculated overall and by district for each cancer site, race, and sex. MIRs were mapped by district and compared with geographic health factors.

RESULTS:

In total, 186,419 incident cases and 71,533 deaths were identified. Blacks had higher MIRs than whites for every cancer site evaluated, and especially large differentials were observed for prostate, cervical, and oral cancer in men. Large geographic disparities were detected, with larger MIRs, chiefly among blacks, in Georgia compared with national data. The highest MIRs were detected in west and east central Georgia, and the lowest MIRs were detected in and around Atlanta. Districts with better health behavior, clinical care, and social/economic factors had lower MIRs, especially among whites.

CONCLUSIONS:

More fatal cancers, particularly prostate, cervical, and oral cancer in men were detected among blacks, especially in central Georgia, where health behavior and social/economic factors were worse. MIRs are an efficient indicator of survival and provide insight into racial cancer disparities. Additional examination of geographic determinants of cancer fatality in Georgia as indicated by MIRs is warranted. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society
Comparative assessment of 5 methods (methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction, methylight, pyrosequencing, methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting, and immunohistochemistry) to analyze O6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltranferase in a series of 100 glioblastoma patients
Authors: Quillien Véronique , Lavenu Audrey , Karayan‐Tapon Lucie , Carpentier Catherine , Labussière Marianne , Lesimple Thierry , Chinot Olivier , Wager Michel , Honnorat Jérome , Saikali Stephan , Fina Frédéric , Sanson Marc , Figarella‐Branger Dominique
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

There is a strong need to determine the best technique for O6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltranferase (MGMT) analysis, because MGMT status is currently used in clinical trials and occasionally in routine clinical practice for glioblastoma patients.

METHODS:

The authors compared analytical performances and predictive values of 5 techniques in a series of 100 glioblastoma patients who received standard of care treatment (Stupp protocol).

RESULTS:

MGMT promoter was considered methylated in 33%, 33%, 42%, and 60% of patients by methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting, MethyLight, pyrosequencing (with an optimal risk cutoff at 8% for the average percentage of the 5 CpGs tested), and methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MS‐PCR), respectively. Fifty‐nine percent of the samples had <23% (the optimal risk cutoff) of MGMT‐positive tumor cells. The best predictive values for overall survival (OS), after adjustment for age and performance status, were obtained by pyrosequencing (hazard ratio [HR], 0.32; P < .0001), MS‐PCR (HR, 0.37; P < .0001), and immunohistochemistry (HR, 0.43; P = .0005) as compared with methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting (HR, 0.52 P = .02) and MethyLight (HR, 0.6; P = .05). For progression‐free survival (PFS), the best predictive values were obtained with pyrosequencing (HR, 0.35; P < .0001), methylation‐sensitive high‐resolution melting (HR, 0.46; P = .002), and MS‐PCR (HR, 0.49; P = .002). Combining pyrosequencing and immunohistochemistry slightly improved predictive power for OS, but not for PFS. Poor reproducibility and interobserver variability were, however, observed for immunohistochemistry.

CONCLUSIONS:

Good prediction of survival in addition to high reproducibility and sensitivity made pyrosequencing the best among the 5 techniques tested in this study. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society
Solubility data of trisodium citrate hydrates in aqueous solution and crystal‐solution interfacial energy of the pentahydrate
Authors: Gao Junyan , Xie Chuang , Wang Yanlei , Xu Zhao , Hao Hongxun
Published: January 2012

In this paper, the solubility of trisodium citrate dihydrate and trisodium citrate pentahydrate in water was experimentally determined. From solubility data, it was found that the relationship between trisodium citrate dihydrate and trisodium citrate pentahydrate is enantiotropic with a transition temperature at 315.4±1.0 K. Different hydrates can be isolated safely by controlling the crystallization temperature. The induction periods of trisodium citrate pentahydrate in aqueous solution were measured at different temperatures. The crystal–solution interfacial energy was calculated by using classical nucleation (CL) theory, mononuclear (MN) and polynuclear (PL) mechanisms through the relationship between induction period and supersaturation. It was found that the interfacial energy values calculated by using the CL theory and the MN model are nearly the same while interfacial energy calculated by PN model are about 40% higher. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Top‐seeded growth, optical properties and theoretical studies of noncentrosymmetric Te2V2O9
Authors: Zhang Wenlin , Wang Xiaoqing , Shen Guangqiu , Shen Dezhong
Published: January 2012

A single crystal of Te2V2O9 with dimensions of 15×15×5 mm3 has been grown by the top‐seeded growth method. Infrared and transmission spectra indicate the transmission cutoff wavelength of Te2V2O9 crystal is about 620 nm in visible region and 6.2 μm in infrared region. In addition, band structure and density of states calculations of Te2V2O9 were carried out using the total‐energy code CASTEP based on density functional theory. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanistic Investigation on the Formation and Dehydrogenation of Calcium Amidoborane Ammoniate
Authors: Chua Yong Shen , Li Wen , Shaw Wendy J. , Wu Guotao , Autrey Tom , Xiong Zhitao , Wong Ming Wah , Chen Ping
Published: January 2012

Possessing high H2 capacities and interesting dehydrogenation behavior, metal amidoborane ammoniates were prepared by reacting Ca(NH2)2, MgNH, and LiNH2 with ammonia borane to form Ca(NH2BH3)2⋅2 NH3, Mg(NH2BH3)2⋅NH3, and Li(NH2BH3)2⋅NH3 (LiAB⋅NH3). Insight into the mechanisms of amidoborane ammoniate formation and dehydrogenation was obtained by using isotopic labeling techniques. Selective 15N and 2H labeling showed that the formation of the ammoniate occurs via the transfer of one H(N) from ammonia borane to the [NH2]− unit in Ca(NH2)2 giving rise to NH3 and [NH2BH3]−. Supported by theoretical calculations, it is suggested that the improved dehydrogenation properties of metal amidoborane ammoniates compared to metal amidoboranes are a result of the participation of a strong dihydrogen bond between the NH3 molecule and [NH2BH3]−. Our study elucidates the reaction pathway involved in the synthesis and dehydrogenation of Ca(NH2BH3)2⋅2 NH3, and clarifies our understanding of the role of NH3, that is, it is not only involved in stabilizing the structure, but also in improving the dehydrogenation properties of metal amidoboranes.
A multiobjective optimization tool for Very Large Scale Integrated nonslicing floorplanning
Authors: Anand S. , Saravanasankar S. , Subbaraj P.
Published: January 2012

Floorplanning is a vital phase in the design process of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit physical design process. The main objective of floorplanning is to minimize the area and wire length with the fixed‐outline constraints. Most of the tools developed so for are using weighted some approach. Hence, these tools suffer from weights assignment and undesirable bias toward particular objective. A tailor‐made multiobjective optimization tool could overcome this issue.

In this article, we propose a new multiobjective optimization technique named self adaptive B*tree coded Archived Multiobjective Simulated Annealing Algorithm (AMOSA) and implemented to solve the VLSI nonslicing floorplanning problem. The proposed model provides choices from among different trade‐off solutions. The self adaptive B*tree coded AMOSA combines the novel cooling schedule, B*tree encoding, improved neighborhood search procedure, self adaptive local search, and the AMOSA. In B*tree coded AMOSA, the solution is represented using a B*tree. This representation causes a reduction in time and space complexity of AMOSA. The B*tree coded AMOSA is further improved with a novel cooling schedule, a self adaptive local search mechanism, and an improved neighborhood search procedure, resulting in further reduction of computational time and improvement in exploration capability. The FastSA, B*tree coded AMOSA, and the self adaptive B*tree coded AMOSA are tested with Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC) benchmarks. The results are compared and validated. The proposed method shows 59.8% improvement in the computational time for ami49 without changing the system quality. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Structure of Silver Amino‐Arenesulfonates
Authors: Busse Madleen , Andrews Philip C. , Junk Peter C.
Published: January 2012

Treatment of a variety of zwitterionic amino‐arenesulfonic acids with silver oxide has resulted in the synthesis of seven new AgI amino‐arenesulfonates [Ag(O3SR)]∞ [R = o‐aminobenzyl (oAB) (1), m‐aminobenzyl (mAB) (2), 6‐amino‐3‐methoxybenzyl (6A3MB) (3), o‐aminonaphthyl (oAN) (4), 5‐aminonaphthyl (5AN) (5), 4‐amino‐3‐hydroxynaphthyl (4A3HN) (6) and 5‐isoquinolinyl (I) (7)]. This has allowed an exploration of their coordination chemistry, whereby we examine the impact of structural diversity in the anions: the position of the amino functionality on the arene moiety, inclusion of the N within a heterocycle and an increase in ring size from phenyl to naphthyl. The solid‐state structures of 1, 2 and two forms of 4, one with a coordinated water molecule, have been determined by X‐ray diffraction and are all polymeric. Analytical data is provided for two of the structurally known complexes: known silver p‐aminobenzenesulfonate 8 [Ag(O3SBAp)]∞ and AgI 2‐pyridinesulfonate [Ag(O3SP)]∞ (9). The composition of all nine complexes has been confirmed through NMR spectroscopy, MS‐ES+, FTIR and elemental analysis.
A chemometric approach for the elucidation of the parameter impact in the hyphenation of field‐enhanced sample injection and sweeping in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Anres Philippe , Delaunay Nathalie , Vial Jérôme , Gareil Pierre
Published: January 2012

The aim of this work was to elucidate the impacts of parameters influencing cation‐selective exhaustive injection coupled to sweeping and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). A chemometric approach using cationic compounds, acidic conditions (phosphate buffer, pH 2.3) and polyacrylamide‐coated capillaries to suppress electroosmotic flow were used. It was demonstrated that the water plug was not useful because of long electrokinetic injections. If conductivity of the high conductivity buffer (HCB) and the HCB to sample conductivity ratio are sufficiently high (>1.66 S/m and >30, respectively), variations of HCB conductivity do not impact sensitivity. The length of the HCB must be long enough so that the most mobile cation remains stacked in this zone for a given injection time. SDS concentration should be as high as possible (the maximum concentration is dictated by MEKC, here 90 mM), so sensitivity is not impacted. We have shown analytes can be lost after electrokinetic injection, when the polarity of the voltage is reversed. Introducing a plug of micellar electrolyte before polarity reversal avoids these losses. Following these recommendations only injection time and sample conductivity impacted sensitivity enhancement. Sample conductivity had to be the lowest as possible and controlled in real case analyses to obtain repeatable enrichment factors.
Effect of glass fiber‐reinforced polymer and epoxy injection on compressive strength of elevated temperature damaged concrete
Authors: Demirboğa Ramazan , Akif Kaygusuz Mehmet , Polat Rıza
Published: January 2012

Glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials have received a great deal of interest among civil engineers during the past decade. This paper presents an overview of experimental studies carried out on GFRP‐wrapped and epoxy‐injected concrete samples exposed to elevated temperatures.

For this purpose, 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40 water to binder (w/b) ratios were used. For each w/b ratio, normal aggregates were replaced by lightweight aggregates with a size fraction of 0–2 mm at three different volume fractions such as 10%, 20% and 30% of total aggregate volume. At the same time, a group of air‐entrained samples was also cast for each w/b ratios. Prepared samples were exposed to 600 °C for 3 h.

The damaged samples were separately repaired by GFRP and epoxy injection.

Before and after elevated temperature exposure, water absorption and compressive strength were tested. After repairing with GFRP and epoxy injection, only the compressive strength test was carried out. GFRP improved the compressive strength between 1–22% and 348–1403% for samples before and after being exposed to elevated temperatures, respectively. Epoxy injection increased the compressive strength of the samples, exposed to elevated temperature, between 1% and 123%. However, the epoxy injection process failed to recover the compressive strength of the samples before elevated temperature exposure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the fire resistance of timber members loaded in tension
Authors: Fragiacomo Massimo , Menis Agnese , Moss Peter J. , Clemente Isaia , Buchanan Andrew H. , De Nicolo Barbara
Published: January 2012

The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two‐step process implemented in the Abaqus finite element code: first, a time‐dependent thermal analysis of the member exposed to fire and then a structural analysis under a constant load are performed. The structural analysis considers the reduction in mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and strength) of timber with temperature. The analysis terminates when the member can no longer redistribute stresses from the hottest to the coldest parts, leading to structural failure. The model was used to simulate fire tests carried out on specimens made from laminated veneer lumber loaded in tension. Experimental data in terms of temperature, charring depth, displacement and failure time were compared with the numerical results obtained by assuming the thermal properties and degradation of mechanical properties with temperature as suggested by Eurocode 5, showing an overall acceptable approximation. The fire resistance of the timber member was then predicted depending upon the applied tensile loads using the numerical model and analytical formulas. The proposed finite element model can be used to predict the fire resistance of timber structures as an alternative to expensive and complicated experimental tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of narrow band imaging endoscopy in early mucosal head and neck cancer
Authors: Lin Yen–Chun , Wang Wen–Hung , Lee Kam–Fai , Tsai Wan–Chi , Weng Hsu–Huei
Published: January 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to show the investigated prevalence rate of brownish spots of early cancer under narrow band imaging (NBI) in different sites/types of the epithelium.

Methods

In all, 125 adults with early mucosal cancer underwent NBI examination. Four types of epithelium were categorized: keratinized thick stratified squamous (type 1), nonkeratinized thin (type 2a) or very thick (type 2b) stratified squamous, and pseudo‐stratified ciliated columnar epithelium (type 3).

Results

The prevalence rate of brownish spots in early cancer of the nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and epiglottis were 11.1%, 15.9%, 21.4%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Type 2a epithelium (odds ratio [OR], 76.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.26–631.14) was a significant predictive factor for the brownish spots.

Conclusion

The brownish spots have higher reliability for screening in early cancer of the mouth floor, hypopharynx, and epiglottis, but not in other mucosal sites. Mucosal sites with type 2a epithelium have a higher tendency of demonstrating brownish spots. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Anti‐proliferative effect of glucocorticoids on mesenchymal cells in juvenile angiofibromas
Authors: Wendler Olaf , Dlugaiczyk Julia , Birk Stephanie , Schick Bernhard
Published: January 2012

Background

Glucocorticoids (GCs) not only regulate metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms, but also are known to suppress tumor growth. Despite previous detection of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in juvenile angiofibromas, their distribution and function have not further been studied.

Methods

Juvenile angiofibroma tissue (n = 30), nasal mucosa specimens (n = 10), subepithelial stroma of nasal mucosa (n = 20), and primary fibroblasts from juvenile angiofibroma (n = 6) and nasal mucosa samples (n = 6) were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. The antiproliferative effect of GCs (dexamethasone, prednisolone, and hydrocortisone) in vitro was assessed using a bromdeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay.

Results

An upregulation of GR transcripts and protein was shown in juvenile angiofibroma tissue and primary mesenchymal cells compared to nasal mucosa. Application of GCs resulted in a significantly higher antiproliferative effect on juvenile angiofibroma versus nasal mucosa fibroblasts in vitro.

Conclusion

Expression of GRs and antiproliferative effects of GCs on juvenile angiofibroma fibroblasts offer novel options for the treatment of this unique fibrovascular tumor. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Minor salivary gland tumors of the sinonasal region: Results of a retrospective analysis with review of literature
Authors: Pantvaidya Gouri H. , Vaidya Abhishek D. , Metgudmath Rajendra , Kane Shubhada V. , D'Cruz Anil K.
Published: January 2012

Background

Minor salivary gland tumors of the sinonasal region are rare. Minor salivary gland tumors of this region behave differently from other subsites in the head and neck. The objective of our study was to analyze the survival and prognostic factors in patients with minor salivary gland tumors of the sinonasal region.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective review of patients with minor salivary gland tumors of the sinonasal region. All slides were reviewed by an independent pathologist. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox multivariate regression to identify prognostic factors.

Results

In all, 163 patients were identified from our registry. The 5‐year disease‐free and overall survival rates were 48.3% and 83.3%, respectively. Tumor grade, nodal status, and adjuvant radiotherapy were significant predictors of disease‐free survival (DFS), on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Minor salivary gland tumors have a good overall survival in spite of high recurrence rates. Tumor grade, nodal status, and adjuvant radiotherapy are independent predictors of DFS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws—A clinicopathologic review. Part I: Metastatic and salivary‐type carcinomas
Authors: Woolgar Julia A. , Triantafyllou Asterios , Ferlito Alfio , Devaney Kenneth O. , Lewis James S. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Slootweg Pieter J. , Barnes Leon
Published: January 2012

This is the first part of a 3‐part comprehensive review of intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws. We have outlined 4 groups of intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws (metastatic, salivary‐type, odontogenic, and primary intraosseous carcinoma), emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis and the problems associated with changing classification systems, standardization of diagnostic criteria and nomenclature, and the accuracy of existing literature. In this first part, the features of metastatic and the very rare salivary‐type carcinomas of the jaws are examined with particular emphasis on histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics, diagnostic difficulties, and uncertainties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws: A clinicopathologic review. Part III: Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Woolgar Julia A. , Triantafyllou Asterios , Ferlito Alfio , Devaney Kenneth O. , Lewis James S. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Slootweg Pieter J. , Barnes Leon
Published: January 2012

This is the third part of a review of the clinicopathologic features of intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws (IOCJ). In parts 1 and 2, we discussed metastatic and salivary‐type and odontogenic carcinomas, respectively. This part deals with primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma. Again, based on a critical approach, we emphasize histopathologic features, diagnostic difficulties, discuss histogenesis, and highlight areas of uncertainty. The 3‐part review also offers speculations on how future studies may refine our understanding of the unusual and interesting IOCJ. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Untersuchungen zum Energiefluß in Sedimenten der Kieler Bucht
Authors: Boje‐Volkmann Sixta
Published: January 2012

Over a course of one year total oxygen consumption of sediment cores was determined for the period of one week in a laboratory flow‐through system. The cores were collected during different months of the year and at two localities. One of the areas of investigation, at about 1 m water depth near the beach, had a carbon demand of 160 g C/m2/year. The other one, at a water depth of 11 m–a very heterogeneous sediment with a large gravel fraction — had a carbon demand of 100 g C/m2/year. As additional parameters for characterization of the sediments and interpretation of the determined metabolic rates particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, ATP, chlorophyll and pheopigments, bacterial counts and fauna composition were used. Both areas can be described as non detritus‐accumulating sediments.
Assessments of primary and bacterial production in three large mountain lakes in Alberta, Western Canada
Authors: Anderson R. S. , Dokulil M.
Published: January 2012

Preliminary studies on production by phytoplankton and bacteria in three large mountain lakes in Alberta, Canada (two in Waterton Lakes National Park and one in Jasper National Park) were concluded mainly through the use of the14C technique. The main experiments were conducted in August, 1974, and some were repeated in August, 1975. Net primary production rates varied little from 1974 to 1975, even though there were drastic changes in the phytoplankton composition. Production in the largest lake (max. depth 135 m; mean phytoplankton production 206.5 mgC.m−2.d−1) was approximately twice that for each of the two smaller lakes (max. depths 19 and 27 m: average phytoplankton production 109 mgC.m−2.d−1). Bacterial production estimates averaged 3.8 times those for the phytoplankton production, after a proportionalety large error in the dark‐uptake technique was subtracted. High production rates in the largest lake are probably due to enrichment. Bacterial production rates are comparable to those in smaller oligotrophic lakes in Europe.
Plankton ecology in Long Pond, St. John's, Newfoundland: A polluted pond characterized by a high flushing rate
Authors: O'Connell Michael F. , Andrews Cater W.
Published: January 2012

Plankton was studied seasonally and quantitatively in Long Pond, St. John's, Newfoundland. This pond receives both rural and urban runoff and is characterized by a high flushing rate. A comparison is made with Clarkes Pond, Hogans Pond and Bauline Long Pond. Long Pond phytoplankton was characterized by nannoplankton (particularly flagellated forms). The most important zooplankters wereBosmina coregoniandDaphnia catawba. Aspects of plankton ecology are discussed in relation to eutrophication and water renewal.
Effect of organic excretion by benthic annelida on the productivity of phytoplankton
Authors: Lacaze Jean‐Claude , de Naïde Olivier Villedon
Published: January 2012

The incorporation of an organic chelating agent (E. D. T. A.) in water containing the benthic polychaete Sabella pavonia for 16 hours causes an increase of 25% in primary production.
Benthic invertebrates as indicators of organic pollution in the Western Baltic Sea
Authors: Anger Klaus
Published: January 2012

The quantitative distribution of some important benthic invertebrates in a shallow inshore area of Kiel Bay (Western Baltic Sea) is described. This region is partly polluted by domestic sewage from the municipality of Kiel. Three groups of species are distinguished with reference to their densities and other population parameters in the different subareas: Progressive species of the 1st and 2nd order indicate a high and moderate to slight degree of pollution respectively by high population numbers. Regressive species are adverse indicators, absent or occurring in exceptionally low numbers in affected areas. In many cases the examination must be concentrated on sand bottom, because a series of species normally dwelling on aufwuchs build up dense populations in sand, if it is organically enriched.

The polychaetes Capitella capitata, Nereis diversicolor and Polydora ligni are regarded as progressive species of the 1st order. The amphipods Corophium insidiosum and Gammarus salinus, the mussel Mytilus edulis, the polychaete Pygospio elegans, the snail Hydrobia ulvae, and some other invertebrates belong to the group of indicators for slight organic pollution. The main regressive species are the amphipod Bathyporeia sarsi and the mite Copidognathus fabriciusi.
Particle size selection and sediment reworking in a funnel feeder, Leptosynapta tenuis (Holothuroidea, Synaptidae)
Authors: Powell Eric N.
Published: January 2012

The burrowing behavior of the holothurian Leptosynapta tenuis, its lebensspuren, and the types of peristaltic waves used in movement and burrow irrigation are described. Particle size selection is a function of accessability of grains. L. tenuis cannot distinguish between particle sizes but nevertheless ingests small particles in a lesser proportion than that found in the surrounding sediment. Feeding rates are 2900–5500 g · yr−1 · animal−1. These rates are strongly dependent on temperature. Computation of a sediment mixing budget shows that of all the sediment ingested, 51% is ingested from the top 1/2 cm of sediment, 75% from the top 3 cm. The significance of the funnel as a ‘tool’ to exploit the top 1/2 cm of sediment is discussed. L. tenuis differs from other deposit feeders in that (1) it removes small particles from the surface sediment during its reworking activities, (2) it reworks sediment downward as well as upward, (3) its reworking activities tend to increase the stability of the upper 3 cm of the sediment, and (4) because so much sediment is ingested from the top 1/2 cm, it reworks an entire sediment column less efficiently per gram of sediment ingested than many other deposit feeders.
Organic matter processing by a stream‐segment ecosystem: Fort River, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Authors: Fisher Stuart G.
Published: January 2012

An annual organic matter budget for a 1700 m segment of Fort River (Massachusetts, USA) is presented. Primary production in this fourth order stream exceeds litter input annually, however ecosystem P/R is 0.5. Respiration in excess of gross primary production is supported by allochthonous organic matter imported from upstream reaches. The relative contribution of organic matter size fractions to stream consumers depends upon biologic lability, rate of input, and residence time in the ecosystem. Particles of seston size (1 μm to 1 mm) are most heavily used by consumers, however dissolved organic matter represents the largest input component. Microorganisms are the predominant consumers in this soft‐water, nutrient‐poor stream ecosystem. A conceptual model for assessing the processing efficiency of stream ecosystems is presented and discussed in terms of several headwater to estuary gradients.
Microbial cellulolytic activity of the brackish water in the Tvärminne area, Northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Väätänen Pentti , Sundquist Jorma
Published: January 2012

Microbial cellulolytic activity was determined by an indirect method (loss of tensile strength in cotton yarn). The activity values were high in late autumn, but low in spring and early summer. The factors responsible for the seasonal variation are discussed.
Phytoplankton countings. Intercalibration results and recommendations for routine work
Authors: Hobro Ruth , Willén Eva
Published: January 2012

Intercalibrations of phytoplankton countings were made in the Baltic in 1974 and 1975, where seven laboratories participated, each using their routine method. A statistical evaluation was made on the results, and recommendations for routine countings with the Utermöhl technique are given.
Ultrasound‐guided injection of steroid in multiple postamputation neuromas
Authors: Chen Po‐Jen , Liang Huey‐Wen , Chang Ke‐Vin , Wang Tyng‐Guey
Published: January 2012

After limb amputation, neuromas may be asymptomatic when not compressed, but can cause unexplained discomfort when a prosthesis is worn. The sonographic presentation of multiple postamputation neuromas has rarely been reported. A 40‐year‐old female with a left, below‐elbow amputation suffered from late‐onset stump pain and prosthesis intolerance. Physical examination revealed a painful nodule, whereas sonographic findings disclosed three hypoechoic masses derived from the median, ulnar, and radial nerves. Marked pain reduction was reported 2 weeks after sonography‐guided steroid injection. Investigation of all damaged nerves in the residual limbs is important. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2013
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of 1,8‐Carbazole‐Based Donor–Acceptor Type Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Fujita Hiroyuki , Michinobu Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2012

1,8‐Diethynylcarbazole‐based conjugated polymers were synthesized by the acetylenic oxidative coupling reaction or Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction of the newly designed 3,6‐dialkylated 1,8‐diethynylcarbazole monomers. In particular, the Sonogashira polycondensation was effective for the preparation of donor–acceptor type alternating copolymers. The UV‐vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the polymers revealed the strength of the donor–acceptor interactions as well as their self‐assembling features. The combination of electrochemical redox potentials and optical band gaps enabled the estimation of the polymer energy levels. The bulk‐heterojunction solar cells composed of these promising polymers and PCBM exhibited a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.24%. It was determined that the partial doping of the bulk‐heterojunction layer increased the open‐circuit voltage (Voc), but decreased the short‐circuit current (Jsc).
Semionotiform fish from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)
Authors: Arratia G. , Schultze H.-P.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The late Late Jurassic fishes collected by the Tendaguru expeditions (1909–1913) are represented only by a shark tooth and various specimens of the neopterygian Lepidotes. The Lepidotes is a new species characterized by a combination of features such as the presence of scattered tubercles in cranial bones of adults, smooth ganoid scales, two suborbital bones, one row of infraorbital bones, non-tritoral teeth, hyomandibula with an anteriorly expanded membranous outgrowth, two extrascapular bones, two postcleithra, and the absence of fringing fulcra on all fins. Die spätoberjurassischen Fische, die die Tendaguru-Expedition zwischen 1909 und 1913 gesammelt hat, sind durch einen Haizahn und mehrere Exemplare des Neopterygiers Lepidotes repräsentiert. Eine neue Art der Gattung Lepidotes ist beschrieben, sie ist durch eine Kombination von Merkmalen (vereinzelte Tuberkel auf den Schädelknochen adulter Tiere, glatte Ganoidschuppen, zwei Suborbitalia, eine Reihe von Infraorbitalia, nichttritoriale Zähne, Hyomandibulare mit einer membranösen nach vorne gerichteten Verbreiterung, zwei Extrascapularia, zwei Postcleithra und ohne sich gabelnde Fulkren auf dem Vorderrand der Flossen) gekennzeichnet. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020110
Identification of milk mixtures by 1H NMR profiling
Authors: Lamanna Raffaele , Braca Angela , Di Paolo Elvio , Imparato Giovanna
Published: January 2012

Nuclear magnetic resonance profiling, combined with a single‐layer artificial neural network, is used for the evaluation of the content of mixtures of different kinds of milk. In particular, aqueous fractions of cow and sheep milk mixtures are analyzed by 1H NMR. The spectral differences are highlighted by an analysis of the variance and a principal component analysis. The species classification problem is solved by a linear discriminant analysis. The quantification of the relative amount of the milk of two different species is then achieved by solving the appropriate multilinear problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and organization within films of arabinoxylans extracted from wheat flour as revealed by various NMR spectroscopic methods
Authors: Rondeau‐Mouro Corinne , Ying Ruifeng , Ruellet Julien , Saulnier Luc
Published: January 2012

Arabinoxylans (AXs) extracted from wheat flour were characterized by using three different techniques of NMR spectroscopy. Liquid‐state 1H NMR and solid‐state 13C NMR allowed the investigation of the fine structure of the three specific fractions of AXs representative of the structural heterogeneity of AX in wheat tissues. Three pure AX fractions exhibiting an arabinose to xylose ratio of 0.33, 0.53, and 0.73 were compared relative to their substitution feature and also to their assembly into thin films. Measurements of M2, i.e. the second moment of proton dipolar interactions between the polysaccharide chains, were achieved using time‐domain (TD) 1H NMR at different water contents and temperatures. Transitions of the M2 values were observed at a certain temperature close to the glass transition temperature Tg values of AXs in films. Comparison of the different AX films containing various water contents pointed out stronger dipolar interactions for lowly substituted AX. This indicated that, in films, contiguous unsubstituted xylan chains can interact together through hydrogen bonding resulting in a compact structure with small nanopores because of the lower chain motions and the shorter average distances between the lowly substituted AX chains. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eliminating side excitations in PROPELLER‐based 2D‐selective RF excitations
Authors: Busch Martin G. , Finsterbusch Jürgen
Published: January 2012

Recently, spatially two‐dimensional selective radiofrequency excitations based on the PROPELLER trajectory have been presented and were applied to minimize partial volume effects in single‐voxel MR spectroscopy. Thereby, residual side excitations appeared due to limitations of the Voronoi diagram that was used to consider the nonconstant sampling density, and trajectory distortions caused by eddy currents varying between the differently rotated blades. In this extension, one of the refocusing radiofrequency pulses of a PRESS‐based pulse sequence is applied in the blip direction of each segment to eliminate the side excitations. This corresponds to an infinitely dense sampling of the blade and the required sampling density correction can easily be calculated. Thus, signal contributions from outside the desired region‐of‐interest are completely avoided. The feasibility of this approach to acquire single‐voxel MR spectra of anatomically defined regions‐of‐interest is demonstrated in the human brain in vivo on a 3T whole‐body MR system. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurements of T1‐relaxation in ex vivo prostate tissue at 132 μT
Authors: Busch Sarah , Hatridge Michael , Mößle Michael , Myers Whittier , Wong Travis , Mück Michael , Chew Kevin , Kuchinsky Kyle , Simko Jeffry , Clarke John
Published: January 2012

The proton T1 was measured at 132 μT in ex vivo prostate tissue specimens from radical prostatectomies of 35 patients with prostate cancer. Each patient provided two specimens. The NMR and MRI measurements involved proton repolarization, a field of typically 150 mT and detection of the 5.6‐kHz signal with a superconducting quantum interference device. Values of T1 varied from 41 to 86 ms. Subsequently, the percentages of tissue types were determined histologically. The theoretical image contrast is quantified for each case by δ = [1 – T1(more cancer)/T1(less cancer)]. A linear fit of δ versus difference in percentage cancer yields T1 (100% cancer)/T1 (0% cancer) = 0.70 ± 0.05 with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.30. Two‐dimensional T1 maps for four specimens demonstrate variation within a single specimen. These results suggest that MR images with T1 contrast established at ultra‐low fields may discriminate prostate cancer from normal prostate tissue in vivo without a contrast agent. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast metabolite mapping in the pig heart after injection of hyperpolarized 13C‐pyruvate with low‐flip angle balanced steady‐state free precession imaging
Authors: Månsson Sven , Petersson J. Stefan , Scheffler Klaus
Published: January 2012

The conversion of hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate to metabolic products in the Krebs cycle provides valuable information about the metabolic status and the viability of the myocardium. Therefore, imaging methods must be able to spectrally discriminate different 13C metabolites. However, the requirement for spectral selectivity conflicts with the demands for rapid image acquisition and high spatial resolution in cardiac imaging. In this work, the feasibility of a balanced steady state free precession sequence with low flip angles was investigated in the pig heart after injection of hyperpolarized 13C1‐pyruvate. Using cardiac gating, it was possible to acquire 13C‐bicarbonate images within a single heartbeat (acquisition time 150 ms) without destroying the substrate signal from the hyperpolarized pyruvate. Therefore, the technique may be useful in dynamic studies of cardiac metabolism. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors Associated with the Severity and Progression of Self‐Reported Hand Pain and Functional Difficulty in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nicholls Elaine E. , van der Windt Danielle A. W. M. , Jordan Joanne L. , Dziedzic Krysia S. , Thomas Elaine
Published: January 2012

Background

Hand problems are common in older adults and cause significant pain and disruption to everyday living. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on the factors associated with the severity and progression of self‐reported hand pain and functional difficulty in population‐based studies of older adults.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAL, BNI, AMED, HMIC, PsycINFO and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched up to January 2011 for relevant articles. The search strategy combined text words for hand, pain, function and epidemiological study. Inclusion criteria were applied and articles in the review assessed for quality using the QUality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) assessment tool. Data extraction included: author, year of publication, study location, participant inclusion criteria, risk factor and outcome measurement, and association with hand pain and/or function.

Results

Seven articles from five studies met the inclusion criteria from 5,679 citations. All studies were cross‐sectional and provided no information on progression of hand pain and function over time. Factors associated with limited hand function were older age, female gender, manual occupation, neck or shoulder pain, clinical and radiographic osteoarthritis, weaker hand strength, hand pain, history of Parkinson's disease, stroke, diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis, and illness perceptions (namely, frustration, impact and symptom count). Key factors associated with hand pain severity were age, impact, frustration, patient expectation of a long disease time course and self‐reported diagnosis of the cause of the hand problem.

Conclusions

Both demographic and clinical factors were found to be related to self‐reported hand pain severity and functional difficulty in older adults; however, the results were derived from a small number of studies, with no information on progression of hand pain and functional difficulty over time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional arbitrary voxel shapes in spectroscopy with submillisecond TEs
Authors: Snyder Jeff , Haas Martin , Dragonu Iulius , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim
Published: January 2012

A novel spectroscopic method for submillisecond TEs and three‐dimensional arbitrarily shaped voxels was developed and applied to phantom and in vivo measurements, with additional parallel excitation (PEX) implementation. A segmented spherical shell excitation trajectory was used in combination with appropriate radiofrequency weights for target selection in three dimensions. Measurements in a two‐compartment phantom realized a TE of 955 µs, excellent spectral quality and comparable signal‐to‐noise ratios between accelerated (R = 2) and nonaccelerated modes. The two‐compartment model allowed a comparison of the spectral suppression qualities of the method and, although outer volume signals were suppressed by factors of 1434 and 2246 compared with the theoretical unsuppressed case for the clinical and PEX modes, respectively, incomplete suppression of the outer volume (935 cm3 compared with a target volume of 5.86 cm3) resulted in a spectral contamination of 10.2% and 6.5% compared with the total signal. The method was also demonstrated in vivo in human brain on a clinical system at TE = 935 µs with good signal‐to‐noise ratio and spatial and spectral selection, and included LCModel relative quantification analysis. Eight metabolites showed significant fitting accuracy, including aspartate, N‐acetylaspartylglutamate, glutathione and glutamate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.