bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis in Cross‐Coupling: DMEDA‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Arylation of Unactivated Benzene.
Authors: Liu Wei , Cao Hao , Zhang Hua , Zhang Heng , Chung Kin Ho , He Chuan , Wang Haibo , Kwong Fuk Yee , Lei Aiwen
Published: March 2011

A conceptually different approach toward the biaryl syntheses uses DMEDA as organocatalyst to promote the direct C—H arylation of unactivated benzene.
ChemInform Abstract: Mannich Reaction of Imines and Silyl Enol Ethers Induced by Radical Cation Salts: Synthesis of β‐Amino Ketones.
Authors: Jia Xiao‐dong , Wang Wen‐juan , Huo Cong‐de , Quan Zheng‐jun , Ren Yan , Wang Xi‐cun
Published: March 2011

The Mannich reaction of imines (I) and silyl enol ether (II) and (V) induced by radical cation salt is investigated and a series of β‐amino ketones (III)/(IV) and (VI) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Samarium‐Promoted Michael Addition Between Aroyl Chlorides and Chalcones.
Authors: Liu Yongjun , Li Yuanying , Qi Yan , Wan Jun
Published: March 2011

A facile and mild procedure allows the synthesis of 1,4‐diketones (III) via a novel Michael addition between aroyl chlorides and chalcones.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling of Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Zhao Dongbing , Gao Chao , Su Xiaoyu , He Yunqing , You Jingsong , Xue Ying
Published: March 2011

The title reaction can also be used for the preparation of benzofuran derivatives, e.g. (X), by a one‐pot domino protocol based on the decarboxylative cross‐coupling of 2‐iodophenol (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Generation of Silver Acetylides from Terminal Alkynes with a Ag Anode and Integration into Sequential Pd‐Catalyzed Coupling with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Mitsudo Koichi , Shiraga Takuya , Mizukawa Jun‐ichi , Suga Seiji , Tanaka Hideo
Published: March 2011

An electro‐oxidative method for generating silver acetylides from acetylenes (I) with a Ag anode is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Combined Mechanistic and Computational Study of the Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Formation of Substituted Indenes.
Authors: Nun Pierrick , Gaillard Sylvain , Poater Albert , Cavallo Luigi , Nolan Steven P.
Published: March 2011

Gold‐catalyzed cyclization of propargylic acetates (I) provides access towards acetoxyindenes (II) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Deuterium Introduction at α‐Position of Carbonyl in Diazirinyl Derivatives for Photoaffinity Labeling.
Authors: Murai Yuta , Takahashi Miho , Muto Yasuyuki , Hatanaka Yasumaru , Hashimoto Makoto
Published: March 2011

Deuterium incorporation into diazirinyl acetophenone derivative (I) proceeds at the α‐position of the carbonyl group without decomposition of the diazirinyl ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 3,4‐Diiododihydrothiophenes via Electrophilic Iodocyclization.
Authors: Yang Fan , Jin Tienan , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: March 2011

A general method is developed and the utility of product (VIa) in the synthesis of thiophenes is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Oxindoles to 2‐Chloroacrylonitrile: A Highly Effective Organocatalytic Strategy for Simultaneous Construction of 1,3‐Nonadjacent Stereocenters Leading to Chiral Pyrroloindolines.
Authors: Li Xin , Luo Sanzhong , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: March 2011

Asymmetric Michael addition of 3‐substituted oxindoles (I) and (IV) towards acrylonitrile (II) proceeds efficiently in the presence of a thiourea organocatalyst to give oxindoles containing an all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter at position 3 and an additional nonadjacent stereocenter in the side chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐ and Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles from Anilines and Vicinal Diols.
Authors: Tursky Matyas , Lorentz‐Petersen Linda L. R. , Olsen Lasse B. , Madsen Robert
Published: March 2011

The title reaction is achieved under neat conditions with either an iridium or a ruthenium catalyst and with water and hydrogen gas as the only stoichiometric by‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Diazo Esters with Electron‐Deficient Alkenes in the Presence of Lewis Acids.
Authors: Novikov R. A. , Platonov D. N. , Dokichev V. A. , Tomilov Yu. V. , Nefedov O. M.
Published: March 2011

Lewis acids such as EtAlCl2, GaCl3 and Yb(O‐Tf)3 efficiently catalyze the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions furnishing pyrazoline derivatives in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐R‐2‐[(1E,3E)‐4‐Aminobuta‐1,3‐dien‐1‐yl]‐1H‐benzimidazoles. Synthesis and Some Transformations.
Authors: Zubkov F. I. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2011

7‐Nitropyridobenzimidazolium salts (I) suffer pyridine ring cleavage on treatment with secondary amines furnishing the title benzimidazoles (III) (16 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of KRIBB3 Analogues on a Proliferation of HCT‐116 Colorectal Cancer Cells.
Authors: Lee Sangku , Kim Jae Nyoung , Min Ji Hye , Yoon Kab Seog , Shin Ki Deok , Kwon Byoung‐Mog , Han Dong Cho
Published: March 2011

Diarylisoxazole derivatives (VI), analogues of the strongly antimitotic compound KRIBB3, are synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles Using a Low Amount of Cu(PPh3)2NO3 Complex.
Authors: Wang Dong , Li Na , Zhao Mingming , Shi Weilin , Ma Chaowei , Chen Baohua
Published: March 2011

Environmental benign conditions are employed to the Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition in the preparation of a broad spectrum of synthetically important triazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Iodide Catalyzed Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazoles from anti‐3‐Aryl‐2,3‐dibromopropanoic Acids and Sodium Azide.
Authors: Jiang Yubo , Kuang Chunxiang , Yang Qing
Published: March 2011

A simple and efficient method renders possible an easy access to the important triazole skeleton.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Heterocyclic Synthesis of Spiro Chromanone—Thiochroman Complexes Catalyzed by a Bifunctional Indane Catalyst.
Authors: Gao Yaojun , Ren Qiao , Wu Hao , Li Maoguo , Wang Jian
Published: March 2011

With the object to obtaining novel biologically active spiro chromanones the domino reaction of benzylidene‐chromanones (I) and 2‐mercapto‐benzaldehydes (II) is accomplished in the presence of a chiral indane amino‐thiourea catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Differentiated Metal Catalysis by Kinetic Discrimination.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Koenigs Rene M.
Published: March 2011

A combination of an iridium diamine complex with a chiral phosphoramide is successfully applied as a catalytic system for the asymmetric hydrogenation of quinolines (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Alkynylation—Cyclization of 2‐Aminoaryl Ketones: A Green Strategy for the Synthesis of 2,4‐Disubstituted Quinolines.
Authors: Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Anvar Salma , Mirjafari Arsalan
Published: March 2011

An efficient one‐pot procedure is developed for the synthesis of title compounds via microwave‐assisted cyclocondensation of 2‐aminoaryl ketones and arylacetylenes in the presence of reusable heterogeneous catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives and Investigation of Their Electrochemical Behavior.
Authors: Akbas Esvet , Levent Abdulkadir , Guemues Selcuk , Suemer Mehmet Rauf , Akyazi Inci
Published: March 2011

A series of 2‐imino‐ and 2‐thioxopyrimidines is synthesized applying Biginelli three‐component reactions (some yields not given).
ChemInform Abstract: Antiparkinsonian Effects of Novel Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Drabczynska Anna , Zygmunt Malgorzata , Sapa Jacek , Filipek Barbara , Mueller Christa E. , Kiec‐Kononowicz Katarzyna
Published: March 2011

A series of 11 known pyrimidopurinedione derivatives of type (IV) and the new compound (III) are tested for their antiparkinsonian activities.
ChemInform Abstract: New Approach to the Synthesis of Benzo[e]pyrazolo[5,1‐b][1,3]oxazines.
Authors: Osyanin V. A. , Nakushnov V. Yu. , Osipov D. V. , Klimochkin Yu. N.
Published: March 2011

Title compounds (III) are formed when (I) and (II) are refluxed in DMF in the presence of K2CO3, whereas (IV) are formed in the absence of K2CO3.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Direct Activation of Allylic Alcohols in the Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized 2‐Vinyl‐Morpholines.
Authors: Bandini Marco , Monari Magda , Romaniello Alessandro , Tragni Michele
Published: March 2011

The diastereomeric intramolecular nucleophilic alkoxylation of enantioenriched allylic alcohols, e.g. (I), (IV) or (V), is efficiently catalyzed by a Au(I)—Ag(I)—dppf complex to give vinylmorpholines in high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities (up to < 96% d.e.).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Thermal Rearrangement of 2‐(2‐Chloroethoxy)‐4,6‐disubstituted sym‐Triazines.
Authors: Dovlatyan V. V. , Eliazyan K. A. , Pivazyan V. A. , Yengoyan A. P.
Published: March 2011

The synthesis and thermal rearrangement of 2‐(2‐chloroethoxy)‐4,6‐disubstituted sym‐triazines of type (III) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: (Z)‐1,2‐Bis(ethoxydimethylsilyl)arylethenes as New Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Pawluc Piotr , Hreczycho Grzegorz , Szudkowska Justyna , Franczyk Adrian , Marciniec Bogdan
Published: March 2011

Title compounds are stereoselectively isolated after palladium‐catalyzed Heck coupling of (E)‐bis(ethoxydimethylsilyl)ethene (II) with aryl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling of 1,1‐Dibromo‐1‐alkenes with Dialkyl Phosphites: A Convenient Synthesis of 1‐Alkenylphosphonates.
Authors: Evano Gwilherm , Tadiparthi Krishnaji , Couty Francois
Published: March 2011

The Hirao reduction of 1,1‐dibromo‐1‐alkenes with diisopropyl phosphite generates intermediate 1‐alkenylbromides, which react with a second equivalent phosphite to afford desired 1‐alkenylphoshonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Encapsulation and Antitumor Activity of New Betulin Derivatives.
Authors: Csuk Rene , Barthel Alexander , Sczepek Ronny , Siewert Bianka , Schwarz Stefan
Published: March 2011

A series of new betulin derivatives of type (VII) and (IX) is prepared by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azides to the corresponding ethynyl precursors such as (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Norsesquiterpenoid from the Roots of Ligularia Fischeri.
Authors: Guo Zhen , Weng Cheng Wu , Liu Wu Xia , Shen Tong
Published: March 2011

The new title compound (I) is isolated along with three known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Steroidal Diols and Triols with Air/NaH.
Authors: Wojtkielewicz Agnieszka , Maj Jadwiga , Szczepaniak Lech , Morzycki Jacek W.
Published: March 2011

The initial oxidation product in the unusual air oxidation of steroidal alcohols, ketone or aldehyde, frequently undergoes further transformations, the course of which depends on the stereochemistry of the substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Semisynthesis of 6‐Chloropurine‐2′‐deoxyriboside 5′‐Dimethoxytrityl 3′‐(2‐Cyanoethyl‐N,N‐diisopropylamino)phosphoramidite and Its Use in the Synthesis of Fluorescently Labeled Oligonucleotides.
Authors: Uddin Md. Jashim , Schulte Michael I. , Maddukuri Leena , Harp Joel , Marnett Lawrence J.
Published: March 2011

The semisynthesis of (IV) consists of a combination of enzymatic and chemical synthesis providing significant advantages over chemical synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 4′‐Cyclopropyl‐5′‐norcarbocyclic Adenosine Phosphonic Acid Analogues.
Authors: Shen Guang Huan , Hong Joon Hee
Published: March 2011

The title analogues are obtained through a de novo acyclic stereoselective route utilizing triple Grignard addition [(I)→(III), (IV)→(VI), (VII)→(VIII)] and ring‐closing metathesis [(VIII)→(IX)+(X)] as key reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Conversion of Tetracycline Antibiotics to 4,11a‐Bridged Derivatives via Oxidative Mannich Cyclization.
Authors: Gu Jianxin , Cai Ping , Gong Yumin , Ruppen Mark E. , Storz Thomas
Published: March 2011

The reaction of minocycline (I) with mercuric acetate proceeds with oxidation of a dimethylamino group followed by a novel intramolecular Mannich cyclization of an intermediate iminium cation leading to 4,11a‐bridged derivative (II) in high yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Are Matrix Isolated Species Really “Isolated”? Infrared Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of Noble Gas—Transition Metal Oxide Complexes
Authors: Zhao Yan Ying , Zhou Ming Fei
Published: March 2011

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Monodisperse Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts on Silica Mesoporous Supports: Synthesis, Characterizations, and Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Somorjai Gabor A. , Joo Sang Hoon
Published: March 2011

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Triggered Structural and Property Changes in Polymeric Nanomaterials
Authors: Spruell Jason M. , Hawker Craig J.
Published: March 2011

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Future Trends in Organometallic Chemistry: Organometallic Approaches to Water Splitting
Authors: Piers Warren E.
Published: March 2011

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Transition Metal Diaryl Chemistry
Authors: Kays Deborah L.
Published: March 2011

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic Insight into NOYORI Asymmetric Hydrogenations
Authors: Kitamura Masato , Nakatsuka Hiroshi
Published: March 2011

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: New Opportunities in Systems Chemistry
Authors: Hunt Rosemary A. R. , Otto Sijbren
Published: March 2011

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation and Synthetic Applications of Metalated Organoboranes
Authors: Klis Tomasz , Lulinski Sergiusz , Serwatowski Janusz
Published: March 2011

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Applications of Diorganozinc Reagents: Beyond Diethylzinc
Authors: Lemire Alexandre , Cote Alexandre , Janes Marc K. , Charette Andre B.
Published: March 2011

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Accesses to 3/5‐Pyrazole Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Janin Yves L.
Published: March 2011

Review: 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis and Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H. , Malcolmson Steven J. , Meek Simon J. , Zhugralin Adil R.
Published: March 2011

Review: 18 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Natural Products and Related Compounds Using Ene—Yne Metathesis
Authors: Mori Miwako
Published: March 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Natural Products Containing Macrocycles by Alkene Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Gradillas Ana , Perez‐Castells Javier
Published: March 2011

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Natural Products Containing Medium‐Size Carbocycles by Ring‐Closing Alkene Metathesis
Authors: Blanchard Nicolas , Eustache Jacques
Published: March 2011

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones: Tactics to Achieve High Reactivity, Enantioselectivity, and Wide Scope
Authors: Ohkuma Takeshi
Published: March 2011

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis: An Alternative Synthetic Strategy
Authors: Savjani Jignasa K. , Savjani Ketan T. , Patel Bhumika S. , Gajjar Anuradha K.
Published: March 2011

Review: 14 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona‐Based Catalysts for Desymmetrization of meso‐Compounds and (Dynamic) Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Compounds
Authors: Lee Ji Woong , Jang Hyeong Bin , Lee Je Eun , Song Choong Eui
Published: March 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Chemically Modified Hyaluronan and Chondroitin Sulfate
Authors: Schiller J. , Becher J. , Moeller S. , Nimptsch K. , Riemer T. , Schnabelrauch M.
Published: March 2011

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Reaction Kinetics: Lessons Learnt from Ion Pumps
Authors: Clarke Ronald J.
Published: March 2011

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bringing Natural Products into the Fold — Exploring the Therapeutic Lead Potential of Secondary Metabolites for the Treatment of Protein‐Misfolding‐Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Joyner P. Matthew , Cichewicz Robert H.
Published: March 2011

Review: 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoscale Metal—Organic Materials
Authors: Carne Arnau , Carbonell Carlos , Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel
Published: March 2011

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of Porphyrin Chemistry in Tumor Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ethirajan Manivannan , Chen Yihui , Joshi Penny , Pandey Ravindra K.
Published: March 2011

Review: 205 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Relaxation of Ring Strains
Authors: Naruse Yuji , Inagaki Satoshi
Published: March 2011

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantitative Proteomics for Epigenetics
Authors: Eberl H. Christian , Mann Matthias , Vermeulen Michiel
Published: March 2011

Review: about 100 refs.
Bulk Solids Moistening using Spray Nozzles for Suppression of Fugitive Dust Emissions
Authors: Faschingleitner Jörg , Höflinger Wilhelm
Published: March 2011

Eine neue Auslegungs‐ und Berechnungsmethode für Staubminderungsmaßnahmen wurde entwickelt mit der das Schüttgut bei minimalem Wasserverbrauch gleichmäßig befeuchtet und eine maximale Staubabscheidung erzielt werden kann. Die Methode beruht darauf, dass der örtlich aufgelöste Befeuchtungseintrag einer Fläche unterhalb der Düse durch eine mathematische Glockenkurve beschrieben werden kann, die für verschiedene Bedüsungsparameterwerte experimentell erfasst wird. Die Konstanten, die die Form der Glockenkurve für bestimmte Bedüsungsparameter fixieren, werden in ein numerisches Datenfeld überführt und die von der Schüttgutfeuchte abhängigen materialspezifischen Emissionsfaktoren werden mit Hilfe einer Schüttgutfallapparatur ermittelt.
Simulating the Wear Behaviour of Cutting Tools using the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Mölders Nils , Blömer Jan , Bertling Jürgen
Published: March 2011

Zur Modellierung des Verschleißverhaltens von Schneidwerkzeugen bei der Zerkleinerung polymerer Werkstoffe werden die dominierenden tribologischen Prozesse unter Verwendung der Diskreten Elemente Methode (DEM) untersucht. Die hierzu benötigten Wechselwirkungsmodelle der Einzelpartikelkontakte werden aus dem makroskopischen Materialverhalten abgeleitet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Werkstoffmodells, um das viskoelastisch‐plastische Verhalten des polymeren Schnittguts abbilden zu können. Das verwendete Modell wird vorgestellt und durch den Vergleich mit Experimenten validiert.
Simulation of the Compression and Impact Behavior of Zeolith 4A Granules
Authors: Müller Peter , Antonyuk Sergiy , Tomas Jürgen
Published: March 2011

Mittels der Diskrete‐Elemente‐Methode wurden Granulate bestehend aus 1000 Primärpartikeln generiert. Als Modellmaterial dienten Zeolith 4A‐Granulate, deren Materialverhalten mit Druckversuchen ermittelt wurde. Die modellierten Granulate wurden durch Simulation eines Druckversuchs kalibriert, mit welchen der Stoßvorgang bei unterschiedlichen Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten gegen eine steife Wand simuliert wurde. Beim Vergleich der Simulationsergebnisse mit experimentellen Werten zeigte sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung bei den ermittelten Stoßzahlen.
Vom Rohöl zu Energie‐ und Chemierohstoffen. Erdölverarbeitung in der Mineralölraffinerie
Authors: Eßer Jochen
Published: March 2011

Mit einem Verbrauch von fast 4 Mrd. Tonnen pro Jahr gehört Erdöl nach wie vor zu den wichtigsten Primärenergieträgern. Gleichzeitig ist es der wichtigste Rohstoff für die chemische Industrie. In Mineralölraffinerien wird der Naturstoff Erdöl in einem komplexen Prozessverbund zu einer Vielzahl von Produkten verarbeitet.
CO2‐Speicherung. Chancen und Risiken
Authors: Kühn Michael
Published: March 2011

Der Mensch greift durch seine Kohlendioxid‐Emissionen wesentlich in den Kohlenstoffkreislauf der Erde ein. Im Rahmen der Klimapolitik wird daher die Lagerung von Kohlendioxid in tiefe Gesteinsschichten erwogen, mit einem noch zu bestätigenden Potenzial von 25 % an der vorgesehenen Gesamtreduktion. Die für Deutschland bzw. die weltweit abgeschätzten Speicherkapazitäten könnten für einige Jahrzehnte ausreichend sein. Die Quellen, an denen CO2 abgetrennt werden kann, finden sich in der Großindustrie (Energie, Stahl, Zement, Chemie). Die Senken, in denen es langfristig gespeichert werden soll, sind tiefe, Salzwasser‐führende Grundwasserleiter. Oberhalb der porösen Sandsteinspeicher, in die das CO2 eingebracht werden soll, muss eine Deckschicht das aufsteigende Gas zurückhalten. Mit der Zeit werden dann wesentliche Teile kapillar im Porenraum gebunden, als Kohlensäure im Wasser gelöst bzw. zu Carbonaten mineralisiert. Beachtet werden müssen potenzielle Leckagewege. Dies wird durch umfangreiche Überwachungsmethoden gewährleistet. Am Beispiel des Standortes Ketzin kann gezeigt werden, dass die geologische CO2‐Speicherung im Forschungsmaßstab sicher und verlässlich durchführbar ist.
Neuer Zugang zu Chemikalien‐Daten. eChemPortal
Authors: Wittwehr Clemens
Published: March 2011

eChemPortal erleichtert den Zugang zu Informationen über Chemikalien. Daten, die von Industrie und Wissenschaft in unterschiedlichste nationale und internationale Datenbanken eingespeist wurden, stehen nun in einem einheitlichen Abfrageformat zur Verfügung: Informationen über physikalisch‐chemische Eigenschaften sowie über Gefahren für Umwelt und Gesundheit, die von Chemikalien ausgehen, werden übersichtlich dargestellt, und Links zu den teilnehmenden Datenbanken helfen bei der eingehenderen Erörterung relevanter Daten.
Quo vadis, Flüchtling?
Authors: Reiche Nils
Published: March 2011

Die Frage nach dem Verbleib von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen bei der Sanierung industriell kontaminierten Grundwassers mit Pflanzenkläranlagen galt lange als ungeklärt. Neue Forschungserkenntnisse belegen nun: Die Pflanzen haben die “Flüchtlinge” gut im Griff und fördern den mikrobiellen Abbau im Boden, während ein massiver Transfer in die Atmosphäre nicht zu befürchten ist.
Nanoröhren‐Modelle
Authors: Quadbeck‐Seeger Hans‐Jürgen
Published: March 2011

Nach der Entdeckung des C60‐Fullerens und dessen langgestreckten Verwandten war es nur ein folgerichtiger Schritt bis zur Entdeckung der Nanoröhren aus Kohlenstoffatomen. Diese Nanoröhren (engl. Nanotubes) bilden sich aus monomolekularen Schichten des Graphits, also dem Graphen. Die Entdecker der ungewöhnlichen Eigenschaften des Graphens wurden 2010 mit dem Nobelpreis ausgezeichnet. Auch die Nanoröhren besitzen überraschende Eigenschaften, die Gegenstand einer zunehmenden Zahl von Forschungsarbeiten sind.
Eisen
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: March 2011

Das seit fast 200 Jahren bestehende Mineralogische Museum der Universität Bonn, das 1874 eine bedeutende Sammlung vom Gründer des heutigen Rheinischen Mineralien‐Kontors A. Krantz erhielt, zeigt u. a. systematisch geordnet Minerale zu ausgewählten chemischen Elementen. Sie werden in dieser Serie zum Internationalen Jahr der Chemie 2011 näher vorgestellt.
April – Ei, Ei, Ei
Authors: Hatscher Deike , Knirsch Sandra
Published: March 2011

Bunt haben wir sie am liebsten, die Eier zum Osterfrühstück. Obwohl gefärbte, hartgekochte Eier inzwischen praktisch das ganze Jahr im Supermarkt zu haben sind, erfreut sich die Tradition des Eierbemalens und ‐färbens kurz vor Ostern großer Beliebtheit.
Verstärker für Geruchsrezeptoren
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: March 2011

Das Aroma von Kaffee riecht die menschliche Nase über Flure hinweg. Bereits kleinste Mengen Geruchsstoffe werden erkannt. Heidelberger Physiologen untersuchten die molekularen Grundlagen dafür, wie Chlorid‐Ionen neuronale Signale verstärken und dafür in den Nervenzellen bevorratet werden.
Durch Trifluormethylierung zu lipophileren Wirkstoffen
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar
Published: March 2011

Die Erfahrung hat gelehrt, dass die Einführung der stark elektronenziehenden Trifluormethylgruppe (‐CF3) in Wirk‐ und Werkstoffe deren Eigenschaften als Chemotherapeutika, Agrochemikalien oder Bausteine von organischen Materialien und polymeren Kunststoffen grundlegend und günstig beeinflussen kann. Sie werden lipophiler und dadurch lipidmembrangängiger; sie erreichen sonst schwer zugängliche Ziele in Organ‐Kompartimenten von Tier und Pflanze oder Verteilungsphasen der Natur; sie werden schwerer chemisch angreif‐ und biologisch abbaubar; sie werden wasserabstoßender und bekommen neue physikalisch nutzbare Eigenschaften, etwa als Flüssigkristalle. Beispielsweise sind die die Bluthirnschranke überwindenden Antidepressiva oder die in den lipophilen Testosteron‐Stoffwechsel eingreifenden Pharmaka ein‐ oder mehrfach trifluormethylierte aromatische Ringsysteme.
Streit um die Quadratur des Kohlenstoffs
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: March 2011

Im Oktober berichteten wir über die Synthese und Untersuchung eines viergliedrigen Kohlenstoffrings, der offenbar sowohl die quadratische, nach der Hückel‐Regel anti‐aromatische Konformation als auch die rechteckige Form mit lokalisierten Doppelbindungen annahm. Zwei Zuschriften, die nun in Science erschienen, ziehen jedoch diese Interpretation der röntgenkristallographischen Daten von der Gruppe von Mihail Barboiu an der Universität von Montpellier in Zweifel.
Chemie zum Mitnehmen
Authors: Schumacher Elke
Published: March 2011

Im September 2008 wurde das Merck‐TU Darmstadt‐Juniorlabor an der Technischen Universität Darmstadt eröffnet, nachdem die Merck KGaA die Erstausstattung eines von der Universität grundsanierten Labors übernommen hatte. Der danach sofort einsetzende Zuspruch verdeutlicht, dass ein großer Bedarf an solchen Schülerlaborangeboten besteht: Innerhalb des ersten Jahres haben 2500, innerhalb des zweiten Jahres bereits 3000 Schülerinnen und Schüler an ein oder zwei Tagen zu einem ausgewählten Thema experimentiert, diskutiert und die Ergebnisse dokumentiert.
Excess molar volumes and refractive indices of binary mixtures of isopropylethanoate and symmetrical hydrocarbons at 308.15 K
Authors: Yadava S. S. , Yadav Neetu
Published: March 2011

Densities and refractive indices of binary mixtures of isopropylethanoate with several symmetrical hydrocarbons viz cyclohexane, benzene, 1,4‐dimethylbenzene and 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene at 308.15 K have been measured. The excess molar volumes (VE) are evaluated from the measured density values for the four binary systems. Experimental refractive indices are used to evaluate deviation in refractive indices (Δn) and molar refraction at experimental temperature. VE values are positive for the mixtures studied except binary mixtures between ester and 1,4‐dimethylbenzene which have negative VE values. Standard deviations σ(VE) and σ(Δn) are also reported. Results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions between the components of the mixtures.

Nous avons mesuré les densités et les indices de réfraction de mélanges binaires d'isopropyléthanoate avec plusieurs hydrocarbures symétriques, soit du cyclohexane, du benzène, du 1,4‐diméthylbenzène et du 1,3,5‐triméthylbenzène à 308,15 K. Les volumes molaires excédentaires (VE) ont été évalués à partir des densités mesurées pour les quatre systèmes binaires. Les indices expérimentaux de réfraction ont servi à évaluer l'écart des indices de réfraction (Δn) ainsi que la réfraction molaire à la température expérimentale. Les valeurs des VE étaient positives pour les mélanges étudiés à l'exception des mélanges binaires d'ester et de 1,4‐diméthylbenzène qui présentaient des valeurs des VE négatives. Les écarts type σ(VE) et σ(Δn) sont également indiqués. La discussion des résultats porte sur les interactions moléculaires entre les composants des mélanges. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Dahman Bassam , Jin Yan , Shickle Lisa M. , Ginder Gordon D.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

African American race and uninsurance are associated with undertreatment and poor survival in solid tumor cancers. This relationship has not been examined in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) where absence of treatment or treatment delays can result in death within weeks or months. Induction followed by consolidation treatment, in contrast, has a high probability for remission or cure. We examined the relationship between race and health insurance and inpatient chemotherapy and survival in AML patients between the ages of 21 and 64 years. We also examined inpatient costs associated with inpatient treatment.

METHODS:

We used population‐based data from the Virginia Cancer Registry and the Virginia Health Information discharge data for patients diagnosed with AML between 1999 and 2006 (n = 523). Adjusted logistic regression was used to measure the relationship between the independent variables and chemotherapy. We used the Cox proportional hazards method to estimate survival.

RESULTS:

Uninsured patients were more likely to be untreated than their privately insured counterparts (odds ratio, 4.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.85‐10.49) and had a higher likelihood of death (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.84). Once treatment was adjusted in the survival analyses, differences between insurance groups were not statistically significant. The median 1‐year cost of inpatient care following diagnosis for patients who received chemotherapy exceeded $100,000.

CONCLUSION:

This study addressed the urgency for health insurance that affords access to care. Without treatment, the outcome of AML is death within only a few months; with treatment, the chance for long‐term remission or even cure exists. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Functional implications of microRNAs in acute myeloid leukemia by integrating microRNA and messenger RNA expression profiling
Authors: Havelange Violaine , Stauffer Nicole , Heaphy Catherine C. E. , Volinia Stefano , Andreeff Michael , Marcucci Guido , Croce Carlo M. , Garzon Ramiro
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is deregulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the corresponding functional miRNA‐controlled pathways are poorly understood. Integration of messenger RNA (mRNA) and miRNA expression profiling may allow the identification of functional links between the whole transcriptome and microRNome that are involved in myeloid leukemogenesis.

METHODS:

We integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiles obtained from 48 newly diagnosed AML patients by using 2 different microarray platforms and performed correlation, gene ontology, and network analysis. Experimental validation was also performed in AML cell lines using miRNA oligonucleotide mimics and functional assays.

RESULTS:

Our analysis identified a strong positive correlation between HOX‐related genes and miR‐10 and miR‐20a. Furthermore, we observed a negative correlation between miR‐181a and miR‐181b, miR‐155, and miR‐146 expression with that of genes involved in immunity and inflammation (eg, IRF7 and TLR4) and a positive correlation between miR‐23a, miR‐26a, miR‐128a, and miR‐145 expression with that of proapoptotic genes (eg, BIM and PTEN). These correlations were confirmed by gene ontology analyses, which revealed the enrichment of members of the homeobox, immunity and inflammation, and apoptosis biological processes. Furthermore, we validated experimentally the association of miR‐145, miR‐26a, and miR‐128a with apoptosis in AML.

CONCLUSION:

Our results indicate that by integrating the transcriptome and microRNome in AML cells, it is possible to identify previously unidentified putative functional miRNA–mRNA interactions in AML. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) extracellular domain levels are associated with progression‐free survival in patients with HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer receiving lapatinib monotherapy
Authors: Lipton Allan , Leitzel Kim , Ali Suhail M. , Carney Walter , Platek Greg , Steplewski Klaudia , Westlund Ron , Gagnon Robert , Martin Anne‐Marie , Maltzman Julie
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Changes in serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) levels associated with clinical outcomes, including objective response rate, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival have been reported in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) receiving trastuzumab and chemotherapy. This study investigated whether baseline or changes in serum HER2 correlated with overall response rate (ORR) and/or PFS in patients with MBC receiving first‐line lapatinib monotherapy.

METHODS:

The EGF20009 study investigated lapatinib monotherapy in 138 HER2‐positive patients with MBC previously untreated for their metastatic disease. Serum was collected and assessed at baseline and every 4 weeks for 16 weeks after treatment initiation. Disease assessment was performed at weeks 8 and 12 and every 12 weeks thereafter. A ≥20% decrease or increase in serum HER2 was defined as a significant change.

RESULTS:

Seventy‐nine percent of patients had elevated baseline serum HER2. Baseline serum HER2 was associated with ORR (P = .043) but not PFS. Patients with a ≥20% decrease from baseline of serum HER2 at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 had a significantly increased ORR and prolonged PFS. Conversely, those with a ≥20% increase from baseline had a significantly lower ORR and shorter PFS.

CONCLUSION:

Significant decreases in serum HER2 levels during the first 16 weeks of lapatinib monotherapy were associated with better clinical outcome (longer PFS and increased ORR) in HER2‐positive MBC patients. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Racial/ethnic differences in receipt of pelvic lymph node dissection among men with localized/regional prostate cancer
Authors: Hayn Matthew H. , Orom Heather , Shavers Vickie L. , Sanda Martin G. , Glasgow Mark , Mohler James L. , Underwood Willie
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Black and Hispanic men have a lower prostate cancer (PCa) survival rate than white men. This racial/ethnic survival gap has been explained in part by differences in tumor characteristics, stage at diagnosis, and disparities in receipt of definitive treatment. Another potential contributing factor is racial/ethnic differences in the timely and accurate detection of lymph node metastases. The current study was conducted to examine the association between race/ethnicity and the receipt of pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) among men with localized/regional PCa.

METHODS:

Logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds of undergoing PLND among men who were diagnosed during 2000 to 2002 with PCa, who underwent radical prostatectomy or PLND without radical prostatectomy, and who were diagnosed in regions covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (n = 40,848).

RESULTS:

Black men were less likely to undergo PLND than white men (odds ratio [OR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84‐0.98). When the analysis was stratified by PCa grade, black men with well differentiated PCa (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27‐0.84) and poorly differentiated PCa (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60‐0.89) were less likely to undergo PLND than their white counterparts, but racial differences were not observed among men with moderately differentiated PCa (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.88‐1.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Among men with poorly differentiated PCa, failure to undergo PLND was associated with worse survival. Racial disparities in the receipt of PLND, especially among men with poorly differentiated PCa, may contribute to racial differences in prostate cancer survival. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A phase 2 trial of complete resection for stage IV melanoma
Authors: Ollila David W.
Published: March 2011

This is a concise editorial looking at the evidence for metastasectomy in stage IV melanoma patients. This includes an updated review of the Southwest Oncology Group data.
A phase 1/2 study of orally administered synthetic hypericin for treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas
Authors: Couldwell William T. , Surnock Amy A. , Tobia Alfonso J. , Cabana Bernard E. , Stillerman Charles B. , Forsyth Peter A. , Appley Alan J. , Spence Alexander M. , Hinton David R. , Chen Thomas C.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Hypericin is a potent inhibitor of glioma growth in vitro. To examine whether synthetic oral hypericin can be tolerated by patients with recurrent malignant gliomas (anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma) and to investigate its efficacy against these tumors, the authors undertook an open‐label, sequential dose escalation/de‐escalation tolerance study.

METHODS:

Patients with documented recurrent or progressive malignant gliomas who had received standard radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy were included. Patients were excluded for previous treatment with agents known to contain hypericin or treatment within 30 days with medications known to cause photosensitivity. Enrolled patients were given gradually increasing dosages of oral synthetic hypericin (0.05‐0.50 mg/kg) for up to 3 months if no toxicity was observed, and patient response to treatment was noted. The patients were examined each month and underwent magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate tumor status at 3 months.

RESULTS:

Synthetic hypericin administered orally appeared to provide stabilization or a slight (<50%) decrease in tumor volume (coded as stable disease) at 3 months for 7 of 42 patients (17%) and produced a tumor reduction >50% (partial response) in 2 patients (5%). Seventeen patients (40%) survived for 3 months on daily synthetic hypericin at dose levels of 0.33 ± 0.070 mg/kg daily. The mean maximum tolerated dose was 0.40 ± 0.098 mg/kg daily. Twelve patients continued on hypericin therapy beyond 3 months. The median survival was 26 weeks (Kaplan‐Meier method).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study indicated that synthetic, oral hypericin is well tolerated in this patient group. The response results were comparable to those reported from other studies of salvage therapies for recurrent malignant brain tumors. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Morphologic integration of hilar ectopic granule cells into dentate gyrus circuitry in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Cameron Michael C. , Zhan Ren‐Zhi , Nadler J. Victor
Published: March 2011

After pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus, many granule cells born into the postseizure environment migrate aberrantly into the dentate hilus. Hilar ectopic granule cells (HEGCs) are hyperexcitable and may therefore increase circuit excitability. This study determined the distribution of their axons and dendrites. HEGCs and normotopic granule cells were filled with biocytin during whole‐cell patch clamp recording in hippocampal slices from pilocarpine‐treated rats. The apical dendrite of 86% of the biocytin‐labeled HEGCs extended to the outer edge of the dentate molecular layer. The total length and branching of HEGC apical dendrites that penetrated the molecular layer were significantly reduced compared with apical dendrites of normotopic granule cells. HEGCs were much more likely to have a hilar basal dendrite than normotopic granule cells. They were about as likely as normotopic granule cells to project to CA3 pyramidal cells within the slice, but were much more likely to send at least one recurrent mossy fiber into the molecular layer. HEGCs with burst capability had less well‐branched apical dendrites than nonbursting HEGCs, their dendrites were more likely to be confined to the hilus, and some exhibited dendritic features similar to those of immature granule cells. HEGCs thus have many paths along which to receive synchronized activity from normotopic granule cells and to transmit their own hyperactivity to both normotopic granule cells and CA3 pyramidal cells. They may therefore contribute to the highly interconnected granule cell hubs that have been proposed as crucial to development of a hyperexcitable, potentially seizure‐prone circuit. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2175–2192, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal projections of medullary swallowing neurons in guinea pigs
Authors: Sugiyama Yoichiro , Shiba Keisuke , Nakazawa Ken , Suzuki Takeshi , Umezaki Toshiro , Ezure Kazuhisa , Abo Naoko , Yoshihara Toshio , Hisa Yasuo
Published: March 2011

A central pattern generator (CPG) for swallowing in the medulla oblongata generates spatially and temporally coordinated movements of the upper airway and alimentary tract. To reveal the medullary neuronal network of the swallowing CPG, we examined the cytoarchitecture of the swallowing CPG and axonal projections of its individual neurons by extracellular recording and juxtacellular labeling of swallowing‐related neurons (SRNs) in the medulla in urethane‐anesthetized and paralyzed guinea pigs. Three major types of neuronal discharge patterns were identified during fictive swallowing induced by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve: early (burst‐like activation during the pharyngeal stage), late (activation after the pharyngeal stage), and inhibited (inhibition during the pharyngeal stage) types. Sixteen neurons were successfully labeled in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and in the medullary reticular formation (RF). No motoneuron was labeled. The SRNs in the NTS had axons projecting to the NTS, RF, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus hypoglossus, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus on the ipsilateral side. Some NTS SRNs projected only within the NTS. The axons of SRNs in the RF projected also to the NTS, RF, motor nuclei on the ipsilateral side, and to the other side RF. These findings show anatomic substrates for the neuronal network of the CPG for swallowing, which consists of complex neuronal connections among SRNs in the NTS, RF, and motor nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2193–2211, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term changes in the morphology and synaptic distributions of adult‐born neurons
Authors: Livneh Yoav , Mizrahi Adi
Published: March 2011

The adult mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) is continuously supplied with adult‐born neurons. While some new neurons die shortly after arrival into the OB, others persist throughout the life of the animal. Here we followed the long‐term morphological changes in adult‐born periglomerular neurons and granule cells from the mouse OB well after they mature. We present a dataset of dendritic morphology and synaptic distributions from >100 adult‐born neurons as imaged in vivo and reconstructed in 3D. The dataset currently includes a substantial range of neuronal ages (0.5–11 months old). Using this dataset, we show that the morphological steady‐state which adult‐born periglomerular neurons reach soon after maturation is not maintained in older neurons. Rather, total dendritic length decreases after 6 months of age. We find that this morphological decrease in “old” periglomerular neurons is regulated by the age of the animal, and is independent of neuronal age. This suggests that morphological development of adult‐born neurons is regulated extrinsically. Our dendritic morphology dataset of 3D reconstructions is made available to the scientific community so it may serve as a useful resource for comparative morphological studies of the OB, and in particular of adult neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2212–2224, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of cerebellin‐2 in late embryonic chicken brain: Implications for a role in synapse formation and for brain evolution
Authors: Reiner Anton , Yang Mao , Cagle Michael C. , Honig Marcia G.
Published: March 2011

Cerebellin‐1 (Cbln1), the most studied member of the cerebellin family of secreted proteins, is necessary for the formation and maintenance of parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses. However, the roles of the other Cblns have received little attention. We previously identified the chicken homolog of Cbln2 and examined its expression in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord (Yang et al. [2010] J Comp Neurol 518:2818–2840). Interestingly, Cbln2 is expressed by mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive neurons and in regions of the spinal cord where those afferents terminate, as well as by preganglionic sympathetic neurons and their sympathetic ganglia targets. These findings suggest that Cbln2 may demonstrate a tendency to be expressed by synaptically connected neuronal populations. To further assess this possibility, we examined Cbln2 expression in chick brain. We indeed found that Cbln2 is frequently expressed by synaptically connected neurons, although there are exceptions, and we discuss the implications of these findings for Cbln2 function. Cbln2 expression tends to be more common in primary sensory neurons and in second‐order sensory regions than it is in motor areas of the brain. Moreover, we found that the level of Cbln2 expression for many regions of the chicken brain is very similar to that of the mammalian homologs, consistent with the view that the expression patterns of molecules playing fundamental roles in processes such as neuronal communication are evolutionarily conserved. There are, however, large differences in the pattern of Cbln2 expression in avian as compared to mammalian telencephalon and in other regions that show the most divergence between the two lineages. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2225–2251, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nerve growth factor promoter activity revealed in mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
Authors: Kawaja Michael D. , Smithson Laura J. , Elliott Janet , Trinh Gina , Crotty Anne‐Marie , Michalski Bernadeta , Fahnestock Margaret
Published: March 2011

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its precursor proNGF are perhaps the best described growth factors of the mammalian nervous system. There remains, however, a paucity of information regarding the precise cellular sites of proNGF/NGF synthesis. Here we report the generation of transgenic mice in which the NGF promoter controls the ectopic synthesis of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). These transgenic mice provide an unprecedented resolution of both neural cells (e.g., neocortical and hippocampal neurons) and non‐neural cells (e.g., renal interstitial cells and thymic reticular cells) that display NGF promoter activity from postnatal development to adulthood. Moreover, the transgene is inducible by injury. At 2 days after sciatic nerve ligation, a robust population of EGFP‐positive cells is seen in the proximal nerve stump. These transgenic mice offer novel insights into the cellular sites of NGF promoter activity and can be used as models for investigating the regulation of proNGF/NGF expression after injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2522–2545, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptotagmins I and II in the developing rat auditory brainstem: Synaptotagmin I is transiently expressed in glutamate‐releasing immature inhibitory terminals
Authors: Cooper Alan P. , Gillespie Deda C.
Published: March 2011

The lateral superior olive (LSO), a nucleus in the auditory brainstem, computes interaural intensity differences for sound localization by comparing converging excitatory and inhibitory inputs that carry tonotopically matched information from the two ears. Tonotopic refinement in the inhibitory projection pathway from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is known to be established during the first postnatal week in rats. During this period, immature MNTB terminals in the LSO contain vesicular transporters for both inhibitory and excitatory amino acids and release glutamate. The primary Ca2+ sensors for vesicular release in the CNS are understood to be synaptotagmins, and in adult auditory brainstem synaptotagmin 2 is the predominant synaptotagmin. We asked here whether a different Ca2+ sensor might be expressed in the immature auditory brainstem. We have found that synaptotagmin 1 is indeed expressed transiently in the immature auditory brainstem, most highly in those areas that receive glutamate‐releasing immature inhibitory inputs from the MNTB, and that during the first postnatal week synaptotagmin 1 co‐localizes with the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT3, a marker of glutamate‐releasing immature inhibitory terminals from the MNTB. We suggest that immature MNTB terminals may contain two populations of synaptic vesicles, one expressing the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter together with synaptotagmin 2 and another expressing VGLUT3 together with synaptotagmin 1. Because Ca2+ sensing is an important determinant of release properties for the presynaptic terminal, differential expression of the synaptotagmins might allow the differential release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in response to differing patterns of neural activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2417–2433, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.