bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoration of small lakes through cooperative management: A suitable strategy for poverty‐laden areas in developing countries?
Authors: Gurung Tek Bahadur
Published: August 2010

Lake Rupa is a small, subtropical, shallow lake with a surface area of 100 ha situated 600 m a.s.l. in Central Himalaya, Nepal. This degraded lake was studied between 2000 and 2006, with the goal of determining whether or not it could be restored by a community‐based cooperative of local people living in its catchment. Main threats to the lake, its aquatic life and its very existence include encroachment by excessive aquatic vegetation, sedimentation, and low in‐lake concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Small lakes (≤ 500 ha) are relatively prone to the process of ‘succession and climax’, although they also can be of social, environmental and ecological importance. Thus, their disappearance could spark social chaos and disorder in areas already having to cope with other rapid environmental changes. This means that credible mechanisms for revitalizing or protecting small lakes are an important goal. Accordingly, a lake cooperative of 329 households living in close vicinity to Lake Rupa was formed in 2002, by prioritizing traditional fishers, women and other deprived community members with the goals of respecting the citizenry and equity. Following the cooperative's campaigns directed at weed removal and fish stocking, encroachment of vegetation on the lake margins was halted, its aquatic weeds became under control, and its fisheries improved. In addition to the cooperative's restoration activities, several water quality parameters, including water transparency and DO and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, were monitored on a monthly basis. The measured water transparency was inconsistent, exhibiting large variations between 2000 and 2003. Relatively low, but consistent, values, however, were measured after 2004. The results imply that the removal of weeds, and sufficient nutrients and solar radiation are subsequently available to the lake's phytoplankton communities. Supporting this notion is that the chlorophyll‐a concentration spiked to 205 µg L−1 in November 2006, the water transparency became consistent, and the DO concentration increased to >3.8 mg L−1 during the critical months (March–May) after 2004. These water quality indicators indicated improvement in the degraded Lake Rupa, suggesting that the establishment of cooperatives such as that highlighted in this study could be a powerful and sustainable mechanism for restoring degraded lakes in similar socioeconomic settings by maintaining equity, by connecting communities with their resources, and by facilitating integrity, equity, citizenry and social justice.
An overview of the current status of Lake Victoria fishery: Opportunities, challenges and management strategies
Authors: Njiru M. , Kazungu J. , Ngugi C. C. , Gichuki J. , Muhoozi L.
Published: August 2010

Lake Victoria is African's most important source of inland fishery production, exhibiting an annual catch of ≈500 000 mt. The lake moderates local climate, serves as a means of transport, and a source of human food and raw material for the fishmeal industry. The introduction of Nile perch transformed the fisheries from a locally based artisanal fishery to a national and international capital investment industry. The fisheries produce an annual income of $US 600 million, providing employment opportunities for over 3 million people. Although the benefits of transforming the fishery of Lake Victoria appear to be quite remarkable, the negative impacts of this development are even more dramatic.

Several challenges face the lake fishery, including environmental degradation, the introduction of exotic species, overfishing, and a fish export ban. Nutrients inputs into the lake have resulted in eutrophication and increased algal blooms. Deteriorated water quality and increased anoxia have caused the displacement and decline of some fish species. Exotic tilapiines have hybridized, displacing the indigenous fish species. Nile perch predation has caused the disappearance of once abundant native fish species. The once complex food web is now dominated by Nile perch. Unhygienic fishing methods have led to several fish export bans, while water hyacinth invasion in the lake has affected water quality, fishing and transportation possibilities. The current top‐down management and use of different regulations by the riparian states have been a major drawback to sustainable management of the lake. There is a need for a paradigm shift, in which the lake is considered to be one ecosystem and relevant stakeholders are involved in the decision‐making process.
Impact of damming the Mogi‐Guaçu River (São Paulo State, Brazil) on reservoir limnological variables
Authors: Brandimarte Ana Lúcia , Anaya Maurício , Shimizu Gisela Yuka , Meirelles Sérgio Tadeu , Caneppele Danilo
Published: August 2010

This study examined the effects of the damming of the Mogi‐Guaçu River (São Paulo State, Brazil) on the surface current velocity, water temperature, Secchi disc transparency, turbidity, colour, conductivity, pH and concentrations of nutrients and pigments. Surface‐water samples were taken before, during and after the reservoir was filled. Three sampling sites were established, one in the upper reach of the reservoir, one in the central area of the reservoir and one downstream from the dam. An additional sampling site was established on the Peixe River, the major tributary of the Mogi‐Guaçu in the study area. After filling of the reservoir, the surface current velocity tended to decrease, excepting downstream of the dam. The pH, and the Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, tended to increase. The nitrite concentrations increased mainly in the upper reach and central area of the reservoir. The Secchi disc transparency and colour tended to decrease. A decreasing trend in dissolved oxygen concentration was observed mainly at the central area of reservoir. The conductivity tended to decrease, later returning to levels observed prior to reservoir filling. The nitrate, total phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations exhibited an increasing trend after reservoir filling, followed by a decreasing concentration, reaching lower levels than those found prior to reservoir filling. High phaeophytin concentrations were measured for the filling phase. The observed water quality changes for Mogi‐Guaçu Reservoir generally were not as extreme as those observed for other tropical reservoirs. This trend was related to the operation of the reservoir. As Mogi‐Guaçu Reservoir is a run‐of‐the‐river reservoir with a short water retention time, the flooded area is not extensive and the retention of material and sedimentation upstream from the dam is not remarkable. These facts explain the small water quality changes observed for most of the variables after reservoir filling. The water quality decreased at the in‐lake site in the central part of the reservoir, attaining a hypereutrophic condition. This fact was related to the ageing of the reservoir and to cultural eutrophication.
Recruitment of Heliozoa, rhizopods and rotifers from the sediments of an extremely acidic lake during spring and early summer
Authors: Bell Elanor M. , Weithoff Guntram
Published: August 2010

The goal of this study was to investigate the recruitment of zooplankton from the littoral sediment of Lake 111, an acidic lake in north‐east Germany, in April (spring) and June (early summer), and its role in coupling the benthos and the pelagic. Maximum heliozoan and rhizopod recruitment occurred in early summer from sediment cores incubated at ambient water temperatures (20°C). Conversely, recruitment of the rotifer Cephalodella sp. was highest in spring at ambient spring temperatures of 12°C. A combination of passive and active recruitment processes is likely responsible. The seasonal abiotic and biotic sediment characteristics were relatively constant and therefore not likely responsible for the observed temporal recruitment pattern. The sediment water and carbon content ranged from 20 to 50% (mean = 29 ± 6% standard deviation) and 2–12% (mean = 5 ± 2% standard deviation), respectively. Similarly, there was little variation in the chlorophyll‐a (mean = 0.2 ± 0.2 µg Chl‐a g−1 dry weight ≡ 6.1 ± 3.9 mg Chl‐a m−2). The in situ sediment bacterial density (0.82 × 109 ± 0.26 × 109 g−1 dry weight ≡ 1.01 × 109 ± 0.34 × 109 cells cm−3) was high. In contrast, the abundance of zoobenthos and their resting stages was low (< 25 individuals cm−3, and mean of 90 ± 75 cysts cm−3, respectively), with no temporal pattern being observed. Temperature was the only abiotic factor influencing recruitment.

This study suggests that, even in relatively young, chemically extreme lakes, the benthos can play an important role in whole lake microbial processes and zooplankton community composition. Such benthic repositories of resting stages potentially provide protection against adverse environmental changes.
Impacts of land‐use/cover changes on the hydrology of the transboundary Mara River, Kenya/Tanzania
Authors: Mati Bancy M. , Mutie Simon , Gadain Hussein , Home Patrick , Mtalo Felix
Published: August 2010

The Mara River is the lifeline of the transboundary Mara basin across Kenya and Tanzania. The basin is considered one of the more serene subcatchments of the Lake Victoria Basin and ultimately the Nile Basin, and traverses the famous Maasai Mara and Serengeti National Parks. The basin also contains forests, large‐scale farms, smallholder farms, pastoral grazing lands, as well as hunter gatherers and fishers. There is growing concern, however, regarding land degradation in the basin, particularly deforestation in the headwaters, that is affecting the natural resource base and the river flows. Accurate scientific data are required to advise policy, and to plan appropriate mitigation measures. This study utilizes remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) tools, and hydrological and ground‐truth studies to determine the magnitude of the land‐use/cover changes in the Mara River Basin, and the effects of these changes on the river flows over the last 30 years. The study results indicate that land‐use/cover changes have occurred. In 1973, for example, rangelands (savannah, grasslands and shrublands) covered 10 989 km2 (79%) of the total basin area. The rangelands had been reduced to 7245 km2 (52%) by 2000, however, while the forest areas were reduced by 32% over the same period. These changes have been attributed to the encroachment of agriculture, which has more than doubled (203%) its land area over the same period. The hydrology of the Mara River also has changed, with sharp increases in flood peak flows by 7%, and an earlier occurrence of these peaks by 4 days between 1973 and 2000. There is evidence of increased soil erosion in the upper catchments, with silt build‐up in the downstream floodplains. This has caused the Mara wetland to expand by 387%, adversely affecting riparian agriculture. There is need for urgent action to stem the land degradation of the Mara River Basin, including planning and implementing appropriate mitigation measures.
VISUAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: LEDERER J.
Published: August 2010

Summary of paper read before Joint Meeting of Illuminating Engineering Soc. of Aust. and Inst. of Opt. of N.S.W., July 3rd, 1952.
PHOTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS
Authors: POLLARD H. F.
Published: August 2010

Following a review of basic photometric quantities, a survey is made of the principles of photometric measurement, with particular reference to the maximum precision obtainable by each method. Selected visual and photoelectric instruments are then described, indicating the type of measurement for which each is suited.
The anterior medial amygdala transmits sexual odor information to the posterior medial amygdala and related forebrain nuclei
Authors: Maras Pamela M. , Petrulis Aras
Published: August 2010

In Syrian hamsters, reproductive behavior relies on the perception of chemical signals released from conspecifics. The medial amygdala (MEA) processes sexual odors through functionally distinct, but interconnected, sub‐regions; the anterior MEA (MEAa) appears to function as a chemosensory filter to distinguish between opposite‐sex and same‐sex odors, whereas the posterodorsal MEA (MEApd) is critical for generating attraction specifically to opposite‐sex odors. To identify how these sub‐regions interact during odor processing, we measured odor‐induced Fos expression, an indirect marker of neuronal activation, in the absence of either MEAa or MEApd processing. In Experiment 1, electrolytic lesions of the MEAa decreased Fos expression throughout the posterior MEA in male hamsters exposed to either female or male odors, whereas MEApd lesions had no effect on Fos expression within the MEAa. These results indicate that the MEAa normally enhances processing of sexual odors within the MEApd and that this interaction is primarily unidirectional. Furthermore, lesions of the MEAa, but not the MEApd, decreased Fos expression within several connected forebrain nuclei, suggesting that the MEAa provides the primary excitatory output of the MEA during sexual odor processing. In Experiment 2, we observed a similar pattern of decreased Fos expression, using fiber‐sparing, NMDA lesions of the MEAa, suggesting that the decreases in Fos expression were not attributable exclusively to damage to passing fibers. Taken together, these results provide the first direct test of how the different sub‐regions within the MEA interact during odor processing, and highlight the role of the MEAa in transmitting sexual odor information to the posterior MEA, as well as to related forebrain nuclei.
Fast‐spiking interneurons of the rat ventral striatum: temporal coordination of activity with principal cells and responsiveness to reward
Authors: Lansink Carien S. , Goltstein Pieter M. , Lankelma Jan V. , Pennartz Cyriel M.A.
Published: August 2010

Although previous in vitro studies revealed inhibitory synaptic connections of fast‐spiking interneurons to principal cells in the striatum, uncertainty remains about the nature of the behavioural events that correlate with changes in interneuron activity and about the temporal coordination of interneuron firing with spiking of principal cells under natural conditions. Using in vivo tetrode recordings from the ventral striatum in freely moving rats, fast‐spiking neurons were distinguished from putative medium‐sized spiny neurons on the basis of their spike waveforms and rates. Cross‐correlograms of fast‐spiking and putative medium‐sized spiny neuron firing patterns revealed a variety of temporal relationships, including peaks of concurrent firing and transient decrements in medium‐sized spiny neuron spiking around fast‐spiking unit activity. Notably, the onset of these decrements was mostly in advance of the fast‐spiking unit firing. Many of these temporal relationships were dependent on the sleep–wake state. Coordinated activity was also found amongst pairs of the same phenotype, both fast‐spiking units and putative medium‐sized spiny neurons, which was often marked by a broad peak of concurrent firing. When studying fast‐spiking neurons in a reward‐searching task, they generally showed a pre‐reward ramping increment in firing rate but a decrement specifically when the rat received reward. In conclusion, our data indicate that various forms of temporally coordinated activity exist amongst ventral striatal interneurons and principal cells, which cannot be explained by feed‐forward inhibitory circuits alone. Furthermore, firing patterns of ventral striatal fast‐spiking interneurons do not merely correlate with the general arousal state of the animal but display distinct reward‐related changes in firing rate.
Laparoscopic colonic resection in inflammatory bowel disease: minimal surgery, minimal access and minimal hospital stay
Authors: Boyle E. , Ridgway P. F. , Keane F. B. , Neary P.
Published: August 2010

Objective  Laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is technically demanding but can offer improved short‐term outcomes. The introduction of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) as the default operative approach for IBD, however, may have inherent learning curve‐associated disadvantages. We hypothesise that the establishment of MIS as the standard operative approach does not increase patient morbidity as assessed in the initial period of its introduction into a specialised unit, and that it confers earlier postoperative gastrointestinal recovery and reduced hospitalisation compared with conventional open resection.

Method  A case–control study was undertaken on laparoscopic resection (LR) vs open colon resection (OR) for IBD. The LR group was collated prospectively and compared with a pathologically matched historical control set. Outcomes measured included: postoperative length of stay, time to normal bowel function and postoperative morbidity. Statistical analysis was performed using spss.

Results  Twenty‐eight patients were investigated (14 LR, 14 OR). The two groups were matched for type of operation, type of disease and age. There were no conversions in the LR group. Morbidity and readmissions did not differ significantly between the groups. Those undergoing laparoscopic resection had a quicker return to diet (median 2 vs 4 days; P = 0.000002), time to first bowel motion (2 vs 4 days; P = 0.019) and shorter postoperative length of stay (5.5 vs 12.5; P = 0.0067).

Conclusion  These findings support the routine use of MIS for the elective surgical management of IBD in our department. Patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomies for IBD can expect faster return of gastrointestinal function and shorter hospitalisation.
Ownership–efficiency relationship and the measurement selection bias
Authors: Bozec Richard , Dia Mohamed , Breton Gaétan
Published: August 2010

This study analyses the bias in the selection of performance measures for ownership comparisons, which depends on the specific objectives of the firms being compared. Our sample includes 13 Canadian state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), commercialized and/or privatized between 1976 and 2001. To replace profitability measures and reduce biases, we propose the use of technical efficiency, which provides for SOEs’ specificities. Overall, the results clearly support the view that privatization has no impact on a firm's technical efficiency, the only positive impact being related to a change in the objectives of the firm while using profitability measures. The results of this study raise the question of the validity of comparisons between SOEs and private firms when using profitability indicators. The potential bias in favour of the private firms contributes to a misleading image of the public sector being presented as inferior and inefficient. The use of more sophisticated measures, such as data envelopment analysis, suggests conflicting conclusions. This study also casts doubt on the legitimacy of the privatization program initiated around the world and more specifically in Canada in which the main justification for such a reform has been to increase the performance of SOEs.
Otra Empanada en la Parilla: Examining the Role of Culture and Information Sharing in Chile and Australia
Authors: Salter Stephen B. , Schulz Axel K.‐D. , Lewis Philip A. , López V. Juan Claudio
Published: August 2010

One of the biggest assets of a firm is its information base. Included in this information base is a knowledge of prior errors and failures. Extant research suggests that while the propensity to share “bad news” (i.e. a prior error) is dependent on the cost of sharing, the perceived value of that cost may be culturally dependent. One area of interest that has received substantial attention in the prior literature has been cross‐cultural differences in negative information sharing in general, as well as the particular context in which the individual's superior is either present or absent during the information‐sharing process. Our study examines the role of the two cultural values (individualism/collectivism and to a lesser extent power distance) in explaining national differences in information sharing. By focusing on a sample from Chile and Australia, we were able to remove the regional cultural dimension of face, which has been inherent in prior studies that used Greater China as the representative of a collectivist society. Results from our quasi experiment show that when a supervisor is present during information sharing, collectivist Chilean decision‐makers are more willing to share negative information with their colleagues than their counterpart and individualist Australian decision‐makers. Our results also show that when a supervisor is absent, both Australian and Chilean decision‐makers are willing to share more negative information but the increase in the Australian propensity is significantly greater than that of the Chileans.
Is There a Bank Lending Channel in Southern African Banking Systems?
Authors: Lungu Mark
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Macroeconomic models currently used by policymakers generally assume that the functioning of financial markets can be fully summarized by financial prices, because the Modigliani and Miller (1958) theorem holds. However, the assumption that this theorem holds is questionable. This paper argues that there are frictions in the market which traditional models based on the Modigliani and Miller theorem fail to take into account in explaining how monetary policy and other shocks are transmitted to the economy and points to new directions. A comprehensive macroeconomic model should incorporate financial market interactions to enhance the understanding of the transmission mechanisms of monetary policy and other shocks. If market dynamics are not taken into account, macroeconomic models used by policymakers may point to wrong policy choices. Motivated by the lack of assessment of the recently launched financial reforms, deregulation, consolidations, financial innovations and joint payment systems, the paper assesses the process of monetary transmission mechanism by investigating evidence of a bank lending channel in SADC during the period 1990–2006 using data from the banking sector. Data from a panel of banks is used to identify shifts in the loan supply curve in response to changes in monetary policy using a vector autoregression (VAR) model. Although the results are mixed the paper generally reports the existence of a bank‐lending channel in all SADC countries in the sample. The take‐off point for monetary policy effects differs from one country to another.
A method of combatting the homing shortage. The Perequation of Rents
Authors: MILHAUD Edgard
Published: August 2010

I PRELIMINARY POSTULATES. 1. Need for the legal protection of tenants. – 2. Need for a very active resumption of the building of dwellings. – 3. Need for financial intervention by public authorities. – 4. Need for special encouragement for non‐profit forms of building. – 5. Need for protective legislation for the tenants of new buildings. – II. HOW WE ARE LED TO THE IDEA OF THE PEREQUATION OF RENTS (1). 1. The duality of rent rates and the problem caused by it. – 2. Three solutions: a levelling off at the top; a levelling off at the base; a perequation. – III. THE PEREQUATION OF RENTS. 1. The principles. – 2. Problems and conditions of application. – 3. Results to be expected to be expected. – Conclusion.
Broccoli and Desire
Authors: Benson Peter , Fischer Edward F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Tracing the commodity chain of broccoli from Nashville, Tennessee supermarkets to Maya farmers in highland Guatemala, this paper examines relations of desire and political economic power. We argue that the global broccoli trade is shot through with desires—desires of Western consumers to eat healthy foods as well as desires for Maya farmers to get ahead economically. Such desires simultaneously subvert and sustain the hegemonic constellations that anchor crucial nodes in the international broccoli trade.
Governing the Sick City: Urban Governance in the Age of Emerging Infectious Disease
Authors: Keil Roger , Ali Harris
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Based on a case study of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto, Canada, this article suggests that we may have to rethink our common perception of what urban governance entails. Rather than operating solely in the conceptual proximity of social cohesion and economic competitiveness, urban governance may soon prove to be more centrally concerned with questions of widespread disease, life and death and the construction of new internal boundaries and regulations just at the time that globalization seems to suggest the breakdown of some traditional scalar incisions such as national boundaries in a post‐Westphalian environment. We argue that urban governance must face the new (or reemerging) challenge of dealing with infectious disease in the context of the “new normal” and that global health governance may be better off by taking the possibilities that rest in metropolitan governance more seriously.
Power and Scale: The Shifting Geography of Industrial Relations Law in Australia
Authors: Weller Sally
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  In an increasingly complex literature exploring the geographies of socially constructed scale, interest has focused on the relationship between scale, power and the contested political terrains through which these relations are played out. In this paper, I argue that these interactions must be understood in specific contexts, where shifts in scale are inextricably linked to shifts in the sources and instruments of power. By applying a scale perspective to the analysis of recent industrial relations legislation in Australia, I show that the nature and direction of rescaling is “fixed” by the powers of institutional actors and the scope of their jurisdictions. I then draw on the distinctively scaled relations of the Australian context to assess the extent to which Australia's national rescaling processes can be seen as representing a process of convergence toward universal “spaces of neoliberalism”.
Bystanders' reactions towards co‐punishment events in the Taiwanese military: Examining the moderating effects of organizational norms
Authors: Chi Shu‐Cheng S. , Lo Hsin‐Hsin , Tsai Ming‐Hong , Niehoff Brian P.
Published: August 2010

The present study examined bystanders' justice perceptions about co‐punishment events. In a sample of 169 logistic officers in the Taiwanese military, responsibility attributions (i.e. liability attributed to co‐punished persons) had a negative relationship with perceived harshness, and a positive relationship with perceived procedural justice. In addition, the effects of responsibility attributions on procedural justice were weaker if the person perceived stronger rather than weaker organizational norms of co‐punishment.
American and Japanese beliefs about self‐esteem
Authors: Brown Robert A.
Published: August 2010

Cross‐cultural researchers have tended to share the Western assumption that self‐esteem (SE) is both desirable and consequential. However, no study has empirically investigated whether this assumption is shared across cultures. The present research compared the beliefs about SE of 89 American and 98 Japanese university students, in relation to personal levels of SE. It was found that American students view SE as desirable and consequential, whereas Japanese students view SE as desirable but not consequential. However, mediation analysis indicated that beliefs about self‐esteem did not mediate the relationship between culture and personal SE, indicating an, as yet, unidentified source for moderate Japanese SE scores.
OWNERSHIP VERSUS TIMING OF THE GAME
Authors: SEPAHVAND MEHRDAD , CORNES RICHARD C.
Published: August 2010

This study examines the impact of timing of the game on the welfare gains of privatisation in the presence of strategic trade policy. We argue that only if the public enterprise acts as a Cournot player will it generate an additional distortion that could outweigh the distortion caused by the oligopolistic behaviour of private firms. But with a first‐mover advantage it can serve as an effective regulatory device comparable with a production subsidy. We further show that, in the presence of strategic trade policy, Cournot assumptions are inconsistent with the firms’ preferences over the timing of the game. As public Stackelberg leadership is a subgame Nash equilibrium of the extended game with endogenous order of moves, we conclude that it is the timing of the game rather than firms’ ownership structure which is responsible for the inefficiency of an international mixed market found by earlier studies.
MIGRATION, MEDICAL AID AND WELFARE*
Authors: KUREISHI WATARU , TABATA KEN
Published: August 2010

This paper constructs a simple rural‐urban migration model that explicitly incorporates the interactions between the individual's migration decision, the risk of incurring an infectious disease and unemployment. We show that providing a subsidy for health investment in urban regions in the form of medical aid does not improve individual welfare. This is because it induces further urban migration, increases the risk of infection and unemployment, and offsets completely the positive cost‐reduction effect.
Analyzing reciprocal relationships by means of the continuous‐time autoregressive latent trajectory model
Authors: Delsing Marc J. M. H. , Oud Johan H. L.
Published: August 2010

Over the past decades, several analytic tools have become available for the analysis of reciprocal relations in a non‐experimental context using structural equation modeling (SEM). The autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) model is a recently proposed model [BOLLEN and CURRAN Sociological Methods and Research (2004) Vol. 32, pp. 336–383; CURRAN and BOLLEN New Methods for the Analysis of Change (2001) American Psychological Association, Washington, DC], which captures features of both the autoregressive (AR) cross‐lagged model and the latent trajectory (LT) model. The present article discusses strengths and weaknesses and demonstrates how several of the problems can be solved by a continuous‐time version: the continuous‐time autoregressive latent trajectory (CALT) model. Using SEM to estimate the exact discrete model (EDM), the EDM/SEM continuous‐time procedure is applied to a CALT model of reciprocal relations between antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms.
Case Distribution and Nominalization: Evidence from Finnish
Authors: Brattico Pauli , Leinonen Alina
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In many languages, case is distributed among many grammatical elements inside of argument DPs. This article shows that case distribution in Finnish is sensitive to certain nontrivial structural properties of those DPs. This makes it possible to use case distribution as a tool to investigate the internal structure of a variety of DPs, including nominalized clauses. It is argued, based on such new evidence, that (i) there exists a syntactic nominalizer head n within various kinds of nominal phrases, and that (ii) genitive argument DPs of nominalized clauses undergo raising analogous to the EPP‐triggered DP raising in finite clauses. Furthermore, these genitive arguments are base‐generated below the nominalizer head n. Implications involving recent theories of Agree, valuation, and phrasal movement are discussed.
Ellipsis in Farsi Complex Predicates
Authors: Toosarvandani Maziar
Published: August 2010

Abstract. In this paper, I introduce a novel ellipsis construction from Farsi, v‐stranding VPE, in which part of a complex predicate goes missing, leaving behind the light verb. Under an analysis of complex predicates where the light verb is the overt realization of v, this type of ellipsis can be construed as deletion of the complement of v. I give evidence that this phenomenon patterns with English verb phrase ellipsis (VPE) in a number of important respects. The same licensing conditions that must be satisfied in English VPE, including an inflectional checking requirement and an antecedence condition, must also be satisfied in Farsi v‐stranding VPE.
A Continuous Latent Spatial Model for Crack Initiation in Bone Cement
Authors: Heron Elizabeth A. , Walsh Cathal D.
Published: August 2010

Hip replacements rovide a means of achieving a higher quality of life for individuals who have, through aging or injury, accumulated damage to their natural joints. This is a very common operation, with over a million people a year benefiting from the procedure. The replacements themselves fail mainly as a result of the mechanical loosening of the components of the artificial joint due to damage accumulation. This damage accumulation consists of the initiation and growth of cracks in the bone cement which is used to fixate the replacement in the human body. The data come from laboratory experiments that are designed to assess the effectiveness of the bone cement in resisting damage. We examine the properties of the bone cement, with the aim being to estimate the effect that both observable and unobservable spatially varying factors have on causing crack initiation. To do this, an explicit model for the damage process is constructed taking into account the tension and compression at different locations in the specimens. A gamma random field is used to model any latent spatial factors that may be influential in crack initiation. Bayesian inference is carried out for the parameters of this field and related covariates by using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.
A Marginalized Diffusion Model for Estimating Age at First Lower Endoscopy use from Current Status Data
Authors: Miglioretti Diana L. , Brown Elizabeth R.
Published: August 2010

We propose an approach for estimating the age at first lower endoscopy examination from current status data that were collected via two series of cross-sectional surveys. To model the national probability of ever having a lower endoscopy examination, we incorporate birth cohort effects into a mixed influence diffusion model. We link a state-specific model to the national level diffusion model by using a marginalized modelling approach. In future research, results from our model will be used as microsimulation model inputs to estimate the contribution of endoscopy examinations to observed changes in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.
Wage Determination in Post‐War Italy
Authors: Baici Eliana
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: A bargaining model is proposed and tested in order to explain the irrelevance of the general labour market conditions to wage settlements in the post‐war Italian economy.

The model is a “right to manage model”, but the solution cannot be improved, being both on the labour demand curve and on the contract curve. The reason for such an outcome is that both firms and unions have priorities, and distinguish the labour force between insiders and outsiders. Different definitions of insiders are used, but in the postwar Italian economy the employees and ex‐employees of the industrial sector appear to be the share of the labour force which have been better protected by both contractual parties.
The Political System as a Problem for the Trade Unions in Italy: 1975‐1983
Authors: Carrieri Mimmo , Donolo Carlo
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: This article focuses on a particular aspect of the evolution of the Italian trade unions, that is the problems faced by them in dealing with the political institutions and structures, or, in other words, the political system.

We consider this period from the mid‘70s to the early 80s, because it represents the culmination of a gradual development in both unions and institutions during the previous years, and the resulting problems that evolved in the interaction between them and the political institutions. We look at how the unions’political action was modified during this lapse of time, and draw some conclusions about the unions resulting political role.
Collective and individual forms of resistance in a public–private partnership: a case study of National Savings and Investments
Authors: Smith Andrew
Published: August 2010

This paper examines resistance at National Savings, which operates on two levels: firstly, the collective actions of the trade unions and their members, and, secondly, individual recalcitrance on the shop‐floor. It is argued that imposed organisational culture change has created more acrimonious employment relations.
Male–female wage discrimination in Chinese industry Investigation using firm‐level data1
Authors: Zhang Liqin , Dong Xiao‐Yuan
Published: August 2010

We use firm‐level data to analyze male–female wage discrimination in China's industry. We find that there is a significant negative association between wages and the share of female workers in a firm's labour force. However, we also find that the marginal productivity of female workers is significantly lower than that of male workers. Comparing wage gaps and productivity gaps between men and women, we notice an intriguing contrast between state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and private firms. The wage gap is smaller than the productivity gap in SOEs, while the converse is true for private firms. These results suggest that women in the state sector receive wage premiums, whereas women in the private sector face wage discrimination.
Resource abundance and regional development in China1
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo , Xing Li , Fan Shenggen , Luo Xiaopeng
Published: August 2010

Over the past several decades, China has made tremendous progress in market integration and infrastructure development. Demand for natural resources has increased from the booming coastal economies, causing the terms of trade to favour the resource sector, which is predominantly based in the interior regions of the country. However, the gap in economic development level between the coastal and inland regions has widened significantly. In this paper, using a panel dataset at the provincial level, we show that Chinese provinces with abundant resources perform worse than their resource‐poor counterparts in terms of per capita consumption growth. This trend that resource‐poor areas are better off than resource‐rich areas is particularly prominent in rural areas. Because of the institutional arrangements regarding property rights of natural resources, most gains from the resource boom have been captured either by the government‐ or state‐owned enterprises. Thus, the windfall of natural resources has more to do with government consumption than household consumption. Moreover, in resource‐rich areas, greater revenues accrued from natural resources bid up the price of non‐tradable goods and hurt the competitiveness of the local economy.
EARLY DAYS: FIRST STEPS TO A WARD‐BASED TOKEN SYSTEM
Authors: WILLIAMS CHRIS , PARICE MIKE
Published: August 2010

In this paper we do not endeavour to prove, demonstrate or applaud the token system us the ideal solution to any and every ward problem of behaviour management with retarded children. Neither are we in any position to present it as a masterpiece of technical skill in implementing behaviour modification, nor would we wish to do so. Our concern is to share some of the probletns, difficulties, failures and successes encountered during the early days of a pilot taken sclieme. If from this, you can appreciate some of the structural and administrative manoeuvres necessary for changing both your own and your children's behaviour, and, if we can also provide the germ of an idea for other projects, then we shall feel justified in our efforts.
Educating‐and involving‐the decision maker
Authors: ELLIOTT JAMES
Published: August 2010

No, nurse. You should not be sitting down eating with the patients: it's not only bad for discipline, but you're eating their food. In any case, you'll have to pay the fuIl cost of the meal, And that ridiculous spotted shirt you're wearing ‐ quite unprofessional! Appropriate uniform is provided and paid for by the management and approved by the Whitley Council. Haven't you heard of the national uniform for nurses?

And while I'm about it, I see you're using odd pieces of crockery at the table‐that's not Ministry issue ‐ all the colours are diferent. What's that? Bought it out of ward funds? What ward funds? Wheie is your account book und receipts? You've what? You let the patients club together ‐ the money's in a cocoa tin! Does the treasurer know? Who turned that side‐room into a disco? And papered the walls? The patients did it? Did the works officer approve the paper you used? Is it washable, or firepsoof? I've had complaints from committee members about nude pin‐ups in‐ the men's dormitories: they say you are putting ideas into innocent minds.

Did I see patients at the stove when I passed your kitchen just now? Cooking snacks? For themselves? You know there's a hospital regulation against it ‐ ever since Doris Brown got burned in 1957 and we had that committee of inquiry. And what about that student volunteer group from the university this evening? We can't have these people unsupervised. You'll be with them yourself? But according to the list you're ofl duty at five. You're going ofl now and coming back later? Does the allocations officer know? Don't you know the group nursing policy about hours of duty? What's the good of having central policies if people like you don't conform?
SOCIAL TRAINING IN A WARD SITUATION
Authors: Cox R. , Owen W. J. , Charge E. Paul , Scholey G.
Published: August 2010

Two groups of adult male trainees of varying levels of retardation were instructed and monitored over a period of 9 months in various aspects of social education. The training took place in an up‐graded home‐orientated atmosphere. Group A and B together showed an increase of 44 per cent in skill competence over the 9 month period and 46 per cent increase over the control group.
PREVENTION OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Authors: Masotti R. E. , Simons C. , Stewart J. F. H.
Published: August 2010

In a long‐stay hospital for the mentally retarded, with an epileptic population of 300, the average yearly incidence of admission for status epilepticus, to the Acute Medical‐Surgical Ward, was 26. There was a five‐fold reduction in the years 1971 and 1972 following the introduction of a prophylactic routine using intramuscular diazepam. This routine consisted of giving I.M. diazepam after any single seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or after any second seizure occurring within 24 hours. No complications from the programme have been identified. There has been a three‐fold reduction in deaths in known epileptics suggesting that seizure activity, either prolonged or serial, had been contributing to the previously high epileptic death rate. We conclude that intramuscular diazepam, administered by the nursing staff, is a reasonable, safe and effective method of preventing, status epilepticus in institutionalized epileptics.
TEACHING RETARDED ADULTS: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: TAYLOR P. D. , CAPIE A. C. M. , PERKINS E. A.
Published: August 2010

Learning is a process which is not confined to classroom, workshop or training centre but continues throughout the whole day. Hence, all those who have contact with retarded adults are obliged to teach them relevant skills in as efficient a way as possible. To do this they must address themselves to two basic questions, namely, «What skills shold we teach?» and «Hown shall we teach?» This article consideres some of the evidence and ideas relating to these two issues.
The needs of young mentally retarded adults
Authors: Reiter Shunit , Whelan Edward
Published: August 2010

The needs of young retarded adults were analysed from responses made to a series of photographs. Content analysis was carried out and the frequency of occurrence of certain ideas was recorded for each subject. Findings are interpreted in the light of Maslow's theory of the Hierarchy of Needs. It is concluded that young retarded adults are motivated by the needs for “Safety and Belonging” — the lower order needs in Maslow's Hierarchy. The higher order needs for “Esteem and Self Actualisation”, were not found to occur in the responses.
“FOREWARNED IS FOREARMED”
Authors: MALIN NIGEL A.
Published: August 2010

— Nursing staff take much of the blame for the inadequate level of care given to the mentally handicapped — but is this reasonable when they are thrown into the job with no proper notion of what they should be doing? —
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Newbould D. , York–Moore Rosemary , Metcalf M. W.
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Disability Rights Handbook for 1977

Making Movement Fun. Frederick Mortimore

Parents Information Bulletin No. 13 and 1977 Supplement. Editor: E. R. Tudor–Davies
SELF INJURIOUS BEHAVIOUR—a few words of caution
Authors: BREWSTER L. , HATTERSLEY J. , HOPE R. , TENNANT L.
Published: August 2010

In a recent issue of APEX, E. S. Robbins presented a “Teacher's guide to the treatment of self‐injurious behaviour” (Robbins, 1977). This discussion of a difficult problem included a plausible description of the causes of such behaviour and a review of some behavioural methods of management. Robbins was careful to avoid explanations with “overtones of mysticism” and was clearly attempting to draw the attention of teachers and others concerned with the care and management of the handicapped to relevant research literature. The following is offered as a contribution to this debate, enlarging upon a few of the points made in the earlier article and adding a few words of caution.
BBC TELEVISION SERIES “Let's Go…”: — programmes for teaching the mentally handicapped
Authors: Ozols Dace , Fraser Bill , Dickens Paul
Published: August 2010

A series of 20 programmes designed specifically for the mentally handicapped will be screened by the BBC this Autumn. The following two contributions give an idea of the kind of background work that has taken place.
RIDING—its value to the severely mentally handicapped
Authors: ROYDS E.
Published: August 2010

This article comprises extracts from a lecture delivered by Mr. Royds to the Faculty of Psychology, Witwaterszand University, Johannesburg, South Africa on 21st August, 1978
Development of a Curriculum for the ESN(S) School: Task Analysis in Programme Development
Authors: GARDNER J.M. , MURPHY J.
Published: August 2010

“It is now recognised that the tasks and skills to be learned by these children (severely educationally subnormal) have to be analysed precisely and that the setting of small, clearly defined incremental objectives for individual children is a necessary part of programme planning. We commend current work in curriculum development for them and hope that means may be found to disseminate successful practices more widely”
Towards a language curriculum for the ESN(S) school
Authors: BELL IAN P.
Published: August 2010

Recently, there has been a growing awareness that teachers of ESN(S) children should base their work firmly on a theoretical framework, rather than rely on intuition and guesswork. Having a firm foundation means that decisions about what to teach, about how to teach it, and about when to teach it, tend to be more reliable and rational. But building a theoretical framework is a difficult task — especially in a field such as language, which abounds in theories and which offers a multitude of teaching approaches. This article attempts to outline one possible theoretical framework for language teaching with ESN(S) children, and also makes some suggestions as to how this might be put into effect.
Staffing requirements for nursing the mentally handicapped — A pilot study
Authors: MAY A. E.
Published: August 2010

A pilot study was conducted at Norah Fry Hospital in Somerset to estimate the number of nurses required to care for patients in a ward for the mentally handicapped. The patients' disabilities and behaviour problems were taken into account using the Mental Handicap Register. It was concluded that this ward should have 20 staff instead of the present 10.5. The Mental Handicap Register was shown to be a reliable and valid measure of total handicap. The study has now been extended to all the patients of mental handicap hospitals in Somerset.