bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Intercalation‐Induced Two‐Phase Evolution Engineering of 1T and 2H‐MS2(M = Mo, V, W) for Interface‐Polarization‐Enhanced Electromagnetic Absorbers
Authors: Jia Zirui , Liu Jinkun , Gao Zhenguo , Zhang Chuanhui , Wu Guanglei
Published: May 2024

Polarization at interfaces is an important loss mechanism for electromagnetic wave (EMW) attenuation, though the motion behavior of carriers in interfaces composed of different types of conductors has yet to be investigated. Tuning the phase structure of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) MS2(M = Mo, V, W) by organics small molecule intercalation to achieve the modulation of interfacial types is an effective strategy, where 1T‐MS2exhibits metallic properties and 2H‐MS2has semiconducting properties. To exclude the contribution of the intrinsic properties of TMDs materials, three TMDs (MoS2, VS2, and WS2), which also possess phase transitions, are investigated. Among them, the 1T‐MS2composite exhibits excellent EMW absorption performance under the synergistic effect of interfacial polarization and conduction loss. 1T‐MoS2/MOF‐A exhibits the best EMW absorption performance with an RLminof −61.07 dB at a thickness of 3.0 mm and an EAB of 7.2 GHz at 2.3 mm. The effectiveness of the modulation of the interfacial polarization using 1T‐phase and 2H‐phase MS2is demonstrated, which is important for the analysis of the carrier motion behavior during the interfacial loss.
Inducing Long Lasting B Cell and T Cell Immunity Against Multiple Variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 Through Mutant Bacteriophage Qβ—Receptor Binding Domain Conjugate
Authors: Tan Zibin , Yang Canchai , Lin Po‐han , Ramadan Sherif , Yang Weizhun , Rashidi Zahra , Lang Shuyao , Shafieichaharberoud Fatemeh , Gao Jia , Pan Xingling , Soloff Nachy , Wu Xuanjun , Bolin Steven , Pyeon Dohun , Huang Xuefei
Published: May 2024

More than 3 years into the global pandemic, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) remains a significant threat to public health. Immunities acquired from infection or current vaccines fail to provide long term protection against subsequent infections, mainly due to their fast‐waning nature and the emergence of variants of concerns (VOCs) such as Omicron. To overcome these limitations, SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)‐based epitopes are investigated as conjugates with a powerful carrier, the mutant bacteriophage Qβ (mQβ). The epitope design is critical to eliciting potent antibody responses with the full length RBD being superior to peptide and glycopeptide antigens. The full length RBD conjugated with mQβ activates both humoral and cellular immune systems in vivo, inducing broad spectrum, persistent, and comprehensive immune responses effective against multiple VOCs including Delta and Omicron variants, rendering it a promising vaccine candidate.
Transdermal Sensing of Enzyme Biomarker Enabled by Chemo‐Responsive Probe‐Modified Epidermal Microneedle Patch in Human Skin Tissue
Authors: Poursharifi Nazanin , Hassanpouramiri Morteza , Zink Alexander , Ucuncu Muhammed , Parlak Onur
Published: May 2024

Wearable bioelectronics represents a significant breakthrough in healthcare settings, particularly in (bio)sensing which offers an alternative way to track individual health for diagnostics and therapy. However, there has been no notable improvement in the field of cancer, particularly for skin cancer. Here, a wearable bioelectronic patch is established for transdermal sensing of the melanoma biomarker, tyrosinase (Tyr), using a microneedle array integrated with a surface‐bound chemo‐responsive smart probe to enable target‐specific electrochemical detection of Tyr directly from human skin tissue. The results presented herein demonstrate the feasibility of a transdermal microneedle sensor for direct quantification of enzyme biomarkers in an ex vivo skin model. Initial performance analysis of the transdermal microneedle sensor proves that the designed methodology can be an alternative for fast and reliable diagnosis of melanoma and the evaluation of skin moles. The innovative approach presented here may revolutionize the landscape of skin monitoring by offering a nondisruptive means for continuous surveillance and timely intervention of skin anomalies, such as inflammatory skin diseases or allergies and can be extended to the screening of multiple responses of complementary biomarkers with simple modification in device design.
Pinhole Healing of Pristine FAPbI3 Films via Homogeneous Recrystallization with Mixed Vapor of Tetramethylene Sulfoxide and Anisole
Authors: Chen Kaipeng , Hou Tian , Wang Xin , Fu Zhipeng , Li Xiaoshan , Jiang Guangmian , Deng Chen , Sun Xiaoran , Zhang Meng
Published: May 2024

The preparation of pristine formamidinium lead tri‐iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite films for solar cells applications can be very challenging without methylammonium containing additives. The pinhole‐rich films prepared by methylammonium‐free approach limit the performance of the pristine FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This work proposes a recrystallization method employing mixed solvent annealing (MSA) to heal the pinholes in pristine FAPbI3 perovskite films. The tetramethylene sulfoxide vapor is demonstrated most effective in grains‐merging and pinhole healing, while the addition of a secondary solvent vapor of anisole significantly improved the uniformity of TMSO vapor distribution. The pristine FAPbI3 PSCs prepared with MSA recrystallized film achieved power conversion efficiencies up to 22.43% and 16.54% on small cells (0.105 cm2) and mini‐modules (12.6 cm2), respectively, showing great potential in upscaling fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics with pristine FAPbI3.
Defined Transfer of Colloidal Particles by Electrochemical Microcontact Printing
Authors: Gödrich Sebastian , Brodoceanu Daniel , Kuznetsov Volodymyr , Kraus Tobias , Papastavrou Georg
Published: May 2024

Soft lithography, in particular microcontact printing (µCP), represents a well‐established and widespread class of lithographic patterning techniques. It is based on a directed deposition of molecules or colloidal particles by a transfer process with a micro‐structured stamp. A critical aspect of µCP is the adhesion cascade that enables the directed transfer of the objects. Here, the interfacial properties of a µCP‐stamp are tuned electrochemically to modify the adhesion cascade. During the printing process, the µCP‐stamp is submerged in an electrolyte solution and acted as a working electrode whose surface properties depended on the externally applied potential, thus enabling in situ rapid switching of its adhesion properties. As a proof of principle, defined particle patterns are selectively removed from a monolayer of colloidal particles. The adhesion at the particle/solid interface and the transfer mechanisms are determined by using the colloidal probe technique based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this case, a single particle is brought into contact with an electrode with the same surface chemistry as the µCP‐stamp. Hence, it became possible to determine the electrochemical potential ranges suitable to establish an adhesion cascade.
Responsivity Surge in MAPbI3:PC61BM/Au/ZnO Sandwich‐Structured Photodetector
Authors: Li Haoda , Jiang Dayong , Zhao Man , Zhao Yue , Wang Meijiao , Peng Yanyan , Li Mingyang
Published: May 2024

The low gain in the presence of a single transverse external electric field limits the application of metal‐semiconductor‐metal (MSM) photodetectors. Here, a longitudinal built‐in electric field by spin‐coating CH3NH3PbI3:PC61BM on the electrode region of an Au/ZnO MSM photodetector, which constitutes a vertically crossed composite electric field with a transverse external electric field, is constructed. In this case, the transverse electric field collects the electrons, and the longitudinal electric field separates them. Based on this novel electric field structure, carrier multiplication at lower voltage conditions is achieved. Compared to the low voltage, there is a significant amplification effect when the voltage reaches 7 V. The responsivity is increased ≈270 times for UV–vis wavelengths, escalating from ≈0.02 to ≈5.4 A W−1. This study provides a novel carrier transport control scheme for high‐gain perovskite‐based photodetectors.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Strong Near‐Field Coupled Localized and Delocalized Surface Plasmons
Authors: Lin Yuanhai , Fan Lufang , Jiang Maojie , Wang Danqing , He Jianfang , Fu Yulan , Wang Junsheng , Zhang Xinping
Published: May 2024

This paper reports transient dynamics of strong near‐field coupling behavior of plasmons in a multilayer metal nanostructure that enables ultrahigh‐efficient optical switching. Particle plasmon on the top array units couples with localized/delocalized plasmons on the bottom Au film to produce dipolar and high‐order hybrid modes with nearly suppressed reflection. The mode coupling can be tuned from near‐field to far‐field regime readily mediated by the spacer thickness. The dipolar mode inherits the high dispersive property of the delocalized plasmon, but the higher‐order one shows limited dispersion. Transient spectroscopy illustrates both hybrid modes have a picosecond timescale redshift under on‐ and off‐resonance excitation. However, the higher‐order mode exhibits a longer decay lifetime than the dipolar one because of resonance characteristics and cavity properties. An ultrafast optical switching effect with a response time of τ = 3.2 ps and an ultrahigh efficiency of 5100 mOD mJ−1 cm2 is achieved under an extremely low pump fluence.
Dual‐Polarity Response in Self‐Powered Infrared SnTe Photodetector with Double Symmetric Schottky Junctions
Authors: Xie Ying , He Qianming , Guo Jiaxin , Li Xinyu , Wei Jiahui , Zhang Yanchao , Gu Chenjie , Lu Pengfei , Shen Xiang
Published: May 2024

Self‐powered photodetectors with dual‐polarity response have great advantages in processing complex light information that is proven to be applied in switchable light imaging, optical communication, and spectral band distinction. Here, a novel strategy for designing self‐powered photodetectors by introducing the double symmetric Schottky junctions at the semiconductor‐metal interfaces is proposed, which guarantees the linear response characteristic and dominates the transfer of photogenerated carriers without external bias. Narrow bandgap semiconductor SnTe is employed as the photosensitive material. The bandgap is characterized to be 126 meV, showing great potential for wide spectrum response. As the consequence of selective excitation of unilateral Schottky junction and switching of electric field polarity, the device obtains a dual‐polarity photoresponse, which can be tuned from −14.8 to 13.5 µV. Moreover, an ultra‐broadband photoresponse from near‐infrared 808 nm to far infrared 10.6 µm is achieved with deep exploration of the working mechanism. The synergistic effect of photo thermoelectricity and photoconductivity created a high photoresponsivity of 0.35 mV W−1 excited by 10.6 µm at room temperature. This work provides a novel design strategy for self‐powered photodetectors with a dual‐polarity powered principle, which can take full advantage of the directivity of the photoresponse to identify optical information.
Reconfiguring the Optical Selection Rule in Ultramicrotome‐Crafted Vertically Aligned InSe Ribbons
Authors: Hu Xin , Li Zi‐Han , Li Zhen‐Hui , Fu Jie‐Rui , Wang Han , Geng Yan‐Quan , Zhen Liang , Li Yang , Xu Cheng‐Yan
Published: May 2024

Due to the high carrier mobility and direct bandgap character, indium selenide (InSe) exhibits great advantages for advanced optoelectronic applications. However, the unique optical section rule in InSe weakens the light‐matter interaction when the electric field of illuminated light is perpendicular to the c‐axis of planar InSe flake. To overcome this constraint, ultramicrotome technique is introduced to achieve vertically aligned InSe ribbons, aiming to reconfigure the optical paths for improved optical absorption and device performance. The well‐designed InSe ribbons are acquired with uniform morphology, showing an integrated structure free of cracks or fragments. First, the structural symmetry, crystal orientation, and optical anisotropy of InSe ribbon are carefully revealed by polarization‐dependent Raman spectrum, second harmonic generation (SHG), and photoluminescence measurements. Then, the back focal plane (BFP) imaging of photoluminescence distinguishes the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane dipole emission of InSe ribbons and planar InSe flakes, respectively. Notably, the ribbon exhibits new PL peaks with energy lower than the exciton peak of InSe at low temperature, which is attributed to Se vacancies. The work by introducing vertically aligned InSe nanoribbons provides a new strategy to manipulate the light‐matter interactions and defect engineering for novel optoelectronics, which can be also extended to other 2D semiconductors.
Electrochemically Generated Benzyl Cation‐Triggered Alkylacetoxylation of Terminal Alkynes with (Thio)xanthenes and Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Yang Na , Gao Hui , Zhang Peng‐Zhan , Sun Xiang , Wang Pei‐Long , Ma Fang , Li Hongji
Published: May 2024

A catalyst‐free electrochemical alkylacetoxylation reaction of terminal alkynes with (thio)xanthenes and carboxylic acids is developed. Treating the addition products with K2CO3 as a base in methanol affords the ketones in moderate to good yields. Preliminary experimental and computational studies indicate that the benzylic cation generated from the (thio)xanthenes triggers the electrophilic addition to alkynes.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Three‐Component Alkylpyridylation of Alkenes Enabled by Electron Donor‐Acceptor Complex
Authors: Shen Jiaxuan , Chen Meijun , Li Jincan , Chen Yimin
Published: May 2024

Visible‐light‐induced difunctionalization of alkenes is a powerful strategy for constructing complex molecules. Herein, we disclose a three‐component 1,2‐alkylpyridylation of alkenes under mild and photosensitizers‐free conditions. UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy studies and NMR titration experiments indicate that the formation of an EDA complex between 4‐alkyl‐DHPs and 4‐cyanopyridines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary C(sp3)‐centered radicals were formed by homolytic cleavage of 4‐alkyl‐DHPs. Gram‐scale synthesis and late‐stage functionalization of medicinally relevant molecules showed the synthetic potential of our methodology.
Synthesis of Sulfonyl‐Containing spiro[5,5]trienones from Sodium Metabisulfite
Authors: Xiao Wei , Tang Zhimei , He Fu‐Sheng , Wu Jie
Published: May 2024

An efficient three‐component reaction of biaryl ynones, sodium metabisulfite and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates is developed. The reaction occurs at room temperature without any additives, thus offering a sustainable approach to access sulfonyl‐containing spiro[5,5]trienones. This protocol features mild conditions, broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility, furnishing the target products in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction undergoes a 6‐exo‐trig dearomative spirocyclization process which is initated by an aryl radical with the insertion of sulfur dioxide.
Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Benzylic C−F Bonds
Authors: Hoppe Axel , Stepen Arne J. , Köring Laura , Paradies Jan
Published: May 2024

The activation of C(sp3)−F bonds by the commercially available catalyst B(C6F5)3 is reported and applied in reactions with arenes, allylic, vinylic and acetylenic silanes, and olefins to achieve a variety of C−C bond formations (45 examples).
Self‐Adaptive Graphdiyne/Sn Interface for High‐Performance Sodium Storage
Authors: Cheng Shujin , Zuo Zicheng , Li Yuliang
Published: May 2024

Efficiently reconciling the substantial volume strain with maintaining the stabilities of both interfacial protection and three‐dimensional (3D) conductive networks is a scientific and technical challenge in developing tin‐based anodes for sodium ion storage. To address this issue, a proof‐of‐concept self‐adaptive protection for the Sn anode is designed, taking advantage of the arbitrary substrate growth of graphdiyne. This protective layer, employing a flexible chain doping strategy, combines the benefits of 2D graphdiyne and linear chain structures to achieve 2D mechanical stability, electronic and ion conductions, ion selectivity, adequate elongation, and flexibility. It establishes close contact with the Sn particles and can adapt to dynamic size changes while effectively facilitating both electronic and ion transports. It successfully mitigates the detrimental effects of particle pulverization and coarsening induced by large‐volume changes. The as‐obtained Sn electrodes demonstrate exceptional stability, enduring 1800 cycles at a high current density of 2.5 A g−1. This strategy promises to address the general issues associated with large‐strain electrodes in next‐generation of high‐energy‐density batteries.
Hot Carrier Trapping and It's Influence to the Carrier Diffusion in CsPbBr3 Perovskite Film Revealed by Transient Absorption Microscopy
Authors: Lv Jianchang , Liu Ao , Shi Danli , Li Minjie , Liu Xi , Wan Yan
Published: May 2024

The defects in perovskite film can cause charge carrier trapping which shortens carrier lifetime and diffusion length. So defects passivation has become promising for the perovskite studies. However, how defects disturb the carrier transport and how the passivating affects the carrier transport in CsPbBr3 are still unclear. Here the carrier dynamics and diffusion processes of CsPbBr3 and LiBr passivated CsPbBr3 films are investigated by using transient absorption spectroscopy and transient absorption microscopy. It's found that there is a fast hot carrier trapping process with the above bandgap excitation, and the hot carrier trapping would decrease the population of cold carriers which are diffusible, then lower the carrier diffusion constant. It's proved that LiBr can passivate the defect and lower the trapping probability of hot carriers, thus improve the carrier diffusion rate. The finding demonstrates the influence of hot carrier trapping to the carrier diffusion in CsPbBr3 film.
Recent Advanced Ultra‐Wide Bandgap β‐Ga2O3 Material and Device Technologies
Authors: Sun Sihan , Wang Chenlu , Alghamdi Sami , Zhou Hong , Hao Yue , Zhang Jincheng
Published: May 2024

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is an emerging ultra‐wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor material that has gained significant attention in the field of high voltage and high frequency power electronics. Its noteworthy attributes include a large bandgap (Eg) of 4.8 eV, high theoretical critical breakdown field strength (EC) of 8 MV cm−1, and saturation velocity (νs) of 2 × 107 cm s−1, as well as high Baliga figures of merit (BFOM) of 3000. In addition, Ga2O3 has the advantages of large‐size substrates that can be achieved by low‐cost melt‐grown techniques. This review provides a partial overview of pivotal milestones and recent advancements in the Ga2O3 material growth and device performance. It begins with a discussion of the fundamental material properties of Ga2O3, followed by a description of substrate growth and epitaxial techniques for Ga2O3. Subsequently, the contact technologies between Ga2O3 and other materials are fully elucidated. Moreover, this article also culminates with a detailed analysis of Ga2O3‐based high voltage and high frequency power devices. Some challenges and solutions, such as the lack of p‐type doping, low thermal conductivity, and low mobility are also presented and investigated in this review.
Spintronic Artificial Synapses Using Voltage‐Controlled Multilevel Magnetic States
Authors: Jeong Jimin , Jang Yunho , Kang Min‐Gu , Hwang Seungeon , Park Jongsun , Park Byong‐Guk
Published: May 2024

Neuromorphic computing offers energy‐efficient computations for large‐scale data processing compared to conventional von Neumann computing. The artificial synapse, a key element for learning and memory operations in neuromorphic computing, requires multi‐state characteristics and the capability to change and store its states. The implementation of hardware‐based artificial synapses using nonvolatile memory provides significant advantages in terms of energy consumption and circuit area compared to their currently employed CMOS‐based counterparts. In this regard, spintronic devices have emerged as a promising candidate due to their desirable properties for artificial synapses, including multilevel formability, non‐volatility, and outstanding writing performance. In this study, spintronic artificial synapses utilizing voltage‐controlled multilevel magnetic states and energy‐ and area‐efficient artificial neural network architectures associated with them are demonstrated. The multilevel states are created by gradually modulating the magnetic easy‐axis orientation from perpendicular to in‐plane and vice versa, which is achieved either by sequentially applying gate voltage pulses or by adjusting the pulse width of the gate voltage. Based on these spintronic artificial synapses, convolutional neural network (CNN) and spiking neural network (SNN) architectures are constructed, demonstrating high recognition accuracy for the MNIST dataset with improved energy efficiency and a reduced circuit area.
Tailoring Cyano Substitutions on Quinoxaline‐based Small‐Molecule Acceptors Enabling Enhanced Molecular Packing for High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Li , Zhao Chaoyue , Yu Han , Sergeev Aleksandr , Zhu Liangxiang , Ding Kan , Fu Yuang , Ng Ho Ming , Kwok Chung Hang , Zou Xinhui , Yi Jicheng , Lu Xinhui , Wong Kam Sing , Ade Harald , Zhang Guangye , Yan He
Published: May 2024

Cyanation is a common chemical modification strategy to fine‐tune the energy levels and molecular packing of organic semiconductors, especially materials used in organic solar cells (OSCs). Generally, cyanation is used to modify the end groups of high‐performance small‐molecule acceptors (SMAs). However, the cyanation strategy has not been investigated on the central backbone of SMAs, which could introduce stronger intermolecular interaction and enhance the π–π stacking for rapid charge transport. This paper, for the first time, reports a new cyanation strategy on the central benzo‐quinoxaline core and synthesizes two novel A‐DA'D‐A type SMAs, named BQx‐CN and BQx‐2CN, with mono‐ and di‐cyanide groups, respectively. Through tailoring the number of CN groups, the BQx‐CN‐based OSC exhibits the best device performance of 18.8%, which is significantly higher than the non‐cyano BQx‐based one. The reason for the superior performance of BQx‐CN‐based devices can be attributed to the fine‐tuned energy level, stronger packing, and ideal phase segregation, which lead to superior exciton dissociation, faster charge transport, and suppressed recombination, therefore the highest fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiencies (PCE). The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the cyanation strategy on the central core of SMAs for enhanced molecular packing and better performance of OSCs.
Atomic‐iodine‐substituted polydiacetylene nanospheres with boosted intersystem crossing and nonradiative transition through complete radiative transition blockade for ultraeffective phototherapy
Authors: Zhao Dan , Zhang Lingling , Yin Mingming , He Zhenyan , Fang Fang , Zhan Minle , Tian Sidan , Meng Fanling , Luo Liang
Published: May 2024

The energy dissipation pathways of a photosensitizer for phototherapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), compete directly with that of its fluorescence (FL) emission. Enriching heavy atoms on the π‐conjugated systems and aggregation‐caused quenching are two effective methods to turn off the FL emission of photosensitizers, which is expected to boost the intersystem crossing (for PDT) and nonradiative transition (for PTT) of photosensitizers for maximized phototherapeutic efficacy. Following this approach, an all‐iodine‐substituted polydiacetylene aggregate poly(diiododiacetylene) (PIDA) has been developed, which shows a superior near infrared absorption (ε808nm = 26.1 g−1 cm−1 L) with completely blocked FL, as well as high efficiency of reactive oxygen species generation (nearly 45 folds of indocyanine green) and photothermal conversion (33.4%). To make the insoluble fibrillar PIDA aggregates favorable for systemic administration, they are converted into nanospheres through a pre‐polymerization morphology transformation strategy. The in vivo study on a 4T1 tumor‐bearing mouse model demonstrates that PIDA nanospheres can almost eliminate the tumor entirely in 16 days and prolong the survival time of mice to over 60 days, validating their effective phototherapeutic response through the strategy of inhibiting FL for boosted intersystem crossing and nonradiative transition.
From hunter‐gatherers to food producers: New dental insights into the Nile Valley population history (Late Paleolithic–Neolithic)
Authors: Martin Nicolas , Thibeault Adrien , Varadzinová Lenka , Ambrose Stanley H. , Antoine Daniel , Brukner Havelková Petra , Honegger Matthieu , Irish Joel D. , Osypiński Piotr , Usai Donatella , Vanderesse Nicolas , Varadzin Ladislav , Whiting Rebecca J. , Velemínský Petr , Crevecoeur Isabelle
Published: May 2024

Objectives

This study presents biological affinities between the last hunter‐fisher‐gatherers and first food‐producing societies from the Nile Valley. We investigate odontometric and dental tissue proportion changes between these populations from the Middle Nile Valley and acknowledge the biological processes behind them.

Materials and Methods

Dental remains of 329 individuals from Nubia and Central Sudan that date from the Late Pleistocene to the mid‐Holocene are studied. Using 3D imaging techniques, we investigated outer and inner metric aspects of upper central incisors, and first and second upper molars.

Results

Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic foragers display homogeneous crown dimensions, dental tissue proportions, and enamel thickness distribution. This contrasts with Neolithic trends for significant differences from earlier samples on inner and outer aspects. Finally, within the Neolithic sample differences are found between Nubian and Central Sudanese sites.

Discussion

Substantial dental variation appears to have occurred around 6000 bce in the Nile Valley, coinciding with the emergence of food‐producing societies in the region. Archeological and biological records suggest little differences in dietary habits and dental health during this transition. Furthermore, the substantial variations identified here would have happened in an extremely short time, a few centuries at most. This does not support in situ diet‐related adaptation. Rather, we suggest these data are consistent with some level of population discontinuity between the Mesolithic and Neolithic samples considered here. Complex settlement processes could also explain the differences between Nubia and Central Sudan, and with previous results based on nonmetric traits.
Designed Additive to Regulated Crystallization for High Performance Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Cao Yang , Yan Nan , Wang Mingzi , Qi Danyang , Zhang Jiafan , Chen Xin , Qin Ru , Xiao Fengwei , Zhao Guangtao , Liu Yucheng , Cai Xuediao , Zhao Kui , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Feng Jiangshan
Published: May 2024

It is a crucial role for enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to prepare high‐quality perovskite films, which can be achieved by delaying the crystallization of perovskite film. Hence, we designed difluoroacetic anhydride (DFA) as an additive to regulating crystallization process thus reducing defect formation during perovskite film formation. It was found DFA reacts with DMSO by forming two molecules, difluoroacetate thioether ester (DTE) and difluoroacetic acid (DA). The strong bonding DTE⋅PbI2 and DA⋅PbI2 retard perovskite crystallization process for high‐quality film formation, which was monitored through in situ UV/Vis and PL tests. By using DFA additives, we prepared perovskite films with high‐quality and low defects. Finally, a champion PCE of 25.28 % was achieved with excellent environmental stability, which retained 95.75 % of the initial PCE after 1152 h at 25 °C under 25 % RH.
Halogen, Chalcogen, Pnictogen, and Tetrel Bonding in Non‐Covalent Organocatalysis: An Update
Authors: Jovanovic Dragana , Poliyodath Mohanan Meghana , Huber Stefan M.
Published: May 2024

The use of noncovalent interactions based on electrophilic halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, or tetrel centers in organocatalysis has gained noticeable attention. Herein, we provide an overview on the most important developments in the last years with a clear focus on experimental studies and on catalysts which act via such non‐transient interactions.
Regional anaesthesia for major orthopaedic trauma surgery in patients with conservatively managed pneumothoraces
Authors: Yadav H. , Gera S. , Sehgal L. , Minhas V.
Published: May 2024

The anaesthetic management of multiple traumatic injuries poses numerous challenges. In this report, we present the cases of two patients with polytrauma including pneumothoraces and multiple rib fractures. The first patient, a 39‐year‐old man, presented with multiple left upper limb fractures, multiple bilateral rib fractures, bilateral pneumothoraces and fractures of multiple facial and cranial bones. The second patient, a 39‐year‐old woman, presented with right‐sided radial and ulnar fractures, a right‐sided pelvic fracture, and multiple right‐sided rib fractures with an associated pneumothorax. We used ultrasound‐guided superficial cervical plexus, interscalene and supraclavicular blocks in the first case and a combined spinal and epidural after ultrasound‐guided fascia iliaca and supraclavicular blocks in the second case. In both cases, the use of multiple regional techniques allowed us to avoid the risks of general anaesthesia in patients with conservatively managed pneumothoraces.
Harnessing leather waste in polymer matrix for sustainable smart shape‐stable phase change materials
Authors: Sarkar Jit , Samanta Debasis , Chaudhuri Saikat , Angeline J. , Kumari K. G. Akshaya , Jaisankar Sellamuthu N.
Published: May 2024

The utilization of leather waste (LW) in a polyurethane (PU) matrix makes a smart and novel shape stable phase change material (SSPCM). This is essential for sustainability as it reduces landfill waste after use. The PU is synthesized in bulk with a 90% yield, using biodegradable polycaprolactone diol and bio‐based polyol (castor oil), along with tolylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate. PL and PLG composites are prepared by blending of constituent components PU (P), LW (L), and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA, G), as specified by their code names. Role of LW (hydrogen bonding and chemical crosslinking) and morphology are elucidated by FTIR and SEM, respectively. Self‐healing time (2 h), shape fixity ratios (Rf) (PL: 60–80% and PLG: 60–70%) and shape recovery ratios (Rr) (100% for both) are determined at 60°C. PLG displays faster shape recovery in water (<30 s) compared to air (>300 s). Shape stability and thermal properties of the SSPCM are examined using the temperature responsive leakage study, TGA, and DSC. This research introduces a new approach for using leather waste (LW) in SSPCM, with self‐healing and 100% Rr. This material may find application where SSPCM with high durability and flexibility is essential such as textile and footwear materials.
Microstructure and performance modification of PVDF ultrafiltration membrane via adjusting the composition of coagulation Bath
Authors: Zhai Yiwei , Kang Qianru , Zhao Fangbo , Chen Hongxu , Li Junqing , Park Hee‐Deung
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the effect of the composition of a nonsolvent bath on the physicochemical properties of the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes were comprehensively investigated using the nonsolvent‐induced phase separation method. Three additives (ethanol, glycerol, or NaCl) were added to the water coagulation bath respectively to obtain different membranes. It was found that the microstructure of the membranes changed from finger‐like structure to the sponge‐like structure with the increase of additives concentration, which successfully improved the retention and mechanical properties of the membranes. In addition, the membrane surface became smoother and more hydrophilic. The membrane fabricated in 30 wt% glycerol bath exhibited outstanding comprehensive properties of retention and anti‐fouling, with a water flux of 243.5 L/(m2 h), a bovine serum albumin rejection of more than 90%, and a flux recovery rate of 97%. From mechanism analysis, the addition of ethanol, glycerol, or NaCl to the coagulation bath altered the thermodynamic stability of the polymer system, and slowed down the rate of solvent and nonsolvent diffusion from a kinetic perspective. This research provides important clues for optimizing the membrane properties, such as flux, rejection, and strength.
ATI Stabilized Germylene Cation as a Cyanosilylation Catalyst for Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Singh Vivek Kumar , Singh Dharmendra , Kumar Hemant , Joshi Prakash Chandra , Singh Vishal , Shukla Pratima , Sharma Tanu , Rajaraman Gopalan , Nagendran Selvarajan
Published: May 2024

The aminotroponiminate (ATI) ligand stabilized germylene cation [(i‐Bu)2ATIGe][B(C6F5)4] (2) is found to be an efficient low‐valent main‐group catalyst for the cyanosilylation of aldehydes and ketones (ATI=aminotroponiminate). It was synthesized by reacting [(i‐Bu)2ATIGeCl] (1) with Na[B(C6F5)4]. The catalytic cyanosilylation of diverse aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) using 0.075–0.75 mol% of compound 2 was completed within 5–45 min. The catalytic efficiency seen with aliphatic aldehydes was around 15,800 h−1, making compound 2 a capable low‐valent main‐group catalyst for the aldehyde and ketone cyanosilylation reactions. Further, DFT calculations reveal a pronounced charge localization at the germanium atom of compound 2, leading to its superior catalytic performance.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide exerts an osteoinductive effect in human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Castro‐Vázquez David , Arribas‐Castaño Paula , García‐López Iván , Gutiérrez‐Cañas Irene , Pérez‐García Selene , Lamana Amalia , Villanueva‐Romero Raúl , Cabrera‐Martín Alicia , Tecza Karolina , Martínez Carmen , Juarranz Yasmina , Gomariz Rosa P. , Carrión Mar
Published: May 2024

Several neuropeptides present in bone tissues, produced by nerve fibers and bone cells, have been reported to play a role in regulating the fine‐tuning of osteoblast and osteoclast functions to maintain bone homeostasis. This study aims to characterize the influence of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the differentiation process of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts and on their anabolic function. We describe the mRNA and protein expression profile of VIP and its receptors in MSCs as they differentiate into osteoblasts, suggesting the presence of an autocrine signaling pathway in these cells. Our findings reveal that VIP enhances the expression of early osteoblast markers in MSCs under osteogenic differentiation and favors both bone matrix formation and proper cytoskeletal reorganization. Finally, our data suggest that VIP could be exerting a direct modulatory role on the osteoblast to osteoclast signaling by downregulating the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio. These results highlight the potential of VIP as an osteoinductive differentiation factor, emerging as a key molecule in the maintenance of human bone homeostasis.
Prime editing‐mediated correction of the leptin receptor in muscle cells of db/db mice
Authors: Lee Kyung Eun , Xu Yanping , Geng Bingchuan , Kim Jongsoo , Kellon Natalie , He Zhixian , Zhang Zhentao , Li Deqiang , Gouchoe Doug A. , Zhu Hua
Published: May 2024

Genetic diseases can be caused by monogenic diseases, which result from a single gene mutation in the DNA sequence. Many innovative approaches have been developed to cure monogenic genetic diseases, namely by genome editing. A specific type of genomic editing, prime editing, has the potential advantage to edit the human genome without requiring double‐strand breaks or donor DNA templates for editing. Additionally, prime editing does not require a precisely positioned protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence, which offers flexible target and more precise genomic editing. Here we detail a novel construction of a prime editing extended guide RNA (pegRNA) to target mutated leptin receptors in B6.BKS(D)‐Leprdb/J mice (db/db mice). The pegRNA was then injected into the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle of db/db mice to demonstrate in vivo efficacy, which resulted in pegRNA mediated base transversion at endogenous base transversion. Genomic DNA sequencing confirmed that prime editing could correct the mutation of leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Furthermore, prime editing treated skeletal muscle exhibited enhanced leptin receptor signals. Thus, the current study showed in vivo efficacy of prime editing to correct mutant protein and rescue the physiology associated with functional protein.
Molecular and immunological characteristics of postoperative relapse in lymph node‐positive esophageal squamous cell cancer
Authors: Pan Hua‐guang , Fang Han‐lin , Zhu Chan , Li Si , Yi Huan , Zhang Xing , Yin Xiang‐yu , Song Yun‐jie , Chen Dongsheng , Yin Chun‐tong
Published: May 2024

Background

The molecular and immunological characteristics of primary tumors and positive lymph nodes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) are unknown and the relationship with recurrence is unclear, which this study attempted to explore.

Methods

A total of 30 ESCC patients with lymph node positive (IIB‐IVA) were enrolled. Among them, primary tumor and lymph node specimens were collected from each patient, and subjected to 551‐tumor‐targeted DNA sequencing and 289‐immuno‐oncology RNA panel sequencing to identify the different molecular basis and immunological features, respectively.

Results

The primary tumors exhibited a higher mutation burden than lymph nodes (p < 0.001). One‐year recurrent ESCC exhibited a higher Mucin16 (MUC16) mutation rate (p = 0.038), as well as univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that MUC16 mutation is independent genetic factor associated with reduced relapse‐free survival (univariate, HR: 5.39, 95% CI: 1.67–17.4, p = 0.005; multivariate, HR: 7.36, 95% CI: 1.79–30.23, p = 0.006). Transcriptomic results showed non‐relapse group had higher cytolytic activity (CYT) score (p = 0.025), and was enriched in the IFN‐α pathway (p = 0.036), while those in the relapsed group were enriched in the TNF‐α/NF‐κB (p = 0.001) and PI3K/Akt pathway (p = 0.014).

Conclusion

The difference in molecular characteristics between primary lesions and lymph nodes may be the cause of the inconsistent clinical outcomes. Mutations of MUC16 and poor immune infiltration are associated with rapid relapse of nodes‐positive ESCC.
Novel Aryl Thioamides Derivatives as Insect Growth Regulators Analogues against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Design, Synthesis, Insecticidal Activity and Biochemical Impacts
Authors: Asiri Badriah M. K.
Published: May 2024

A significant reason for developing innovative insecticidal active agents is the exponential rise in resistance to traditional chemical pesticides. Exploring new classes of insecticidal compounds with distinct mechanisms of action is one way to address this difficulty. So that, novel aryl thioamides derivatives 3–15 has been synthesized viaone‐pot, three‐component reaction of aroyl chloride, ammonium thiocyanate, and aromatic amines in dry acetone. The newly synthesized compounds′ structures were validated by various spectroscopic methods, including elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR, 13C NMR, and infrared spectroscopy. Under laboratory circumstances, the synthesized compounds showed good and broad‐spectrum insecticidal activities toward S. littorali. When compared to other synthetic target compounds, 2,4‐dichloro‐N‐[(3‐fluorophenyl)carbamothioyl]benzamide 11, 2,4‐dichloro‐N‐[(3‐fluorophenyl)carbamothioyl]benzenecarbothioamide 13 showed good insecticidal activity, with 46.33 mg/L and LC50 values of 49.25 mg/L for 2nd instar larvae. Furthermore, the compound 3 was the least toxic in controlling the second and fourth instar larvae of S. littoralis on tomato leaves. Additionally, several histopathological and biochemical features of the some synthesized compounds under laboratory circumstances were also examined.
On Inter‐bubble Hydrodynamics and Cluster Formation in Non‐Newtonian Bubbly Columns: A Review
Authors: Li Yunsong , Yuan Wenjun , Duan Lian
Published: May 2024

A comprehensive understanding of the inter‐bubble dynamics and the cluster formations in non‐Newtonian fluids is pivotal for chemical and biomedical engineering applications. In this review, we summarize current research efforts to provide a fundamental understanding and engineering principles of the interactions between bubbles and the dynamics of bubble clusters in non‐Newtonian fluids. Although the majority of research is still predominantly conducted through experimentation, the significance of computational fluid dynamics in elucidating interaction mechanisms has become increasingly prominent in recent years. Moreover, the gas‐liquid systems reviewed in this paper are driven by gravity, which is closer to the actual industrial processes. We indicate the effects of non‐Newtonian fluid special rheological properties (especially viscoelasticity and shear‐dependent viscosity) on the interaction between multiple bubbles and the formation of clusters. We summarize the main empirical correlations in related research, which are useful for the optimization of industry. Ultimately, we address the current trends, limitations, and future directions in this research field.
Coexistence of brain capillary telangiectasia and venous angioma: A case report and literature review
Authors: Moursi Moaz O. , Alsadi Anas , Ali Yousra , Kolleri Jouhar , Hussein Tanweer
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

While Cerebral vascular malformations exhibit distinct clinical and radiographical features, rare instances of coexisting lesions occur. This case report sheds light on the rare coexistence of brain capillary telangiectasia and venous angioma in a patient presenting with a seizure attributed to frontal lobe bleeding. Though often silent, brain capillary telangiectasia can manifest with serious life‐threatening intracranial bleeding. Therefore, in cases of spontaneous intracranial bleeding, an MRI of the head is crucial to rule out such cerebral vascular malformations.
Endodontic management of a four‐canal mandibular second premolar; using an operative microscope: A case report
Authors: Ghabraei Sholeh , MahjourianQomi Reza , Bagheri Parisa
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Due to the complexities and variations of the root canal system's anatomy, mandibular premolars are among the most difficult teeth for endodontic treatment. The lack of clinician knowledge ultimately leads to treatment failure.

Mandibular premolars are the most complicated teeth for endodontic treatment because of the variations in root canal anatomy. On the other hand, missing root canals can subsequently lead to failure of endodontic treatment, which causes the patient to become symptomatic. Therefore, the clinician's knowledge of the different types of root canal anatomy and the skill of using new equipment for proper root canal treatment improve the outcome. This study reported the successful endodontic treatment of a mandibular second premolar with four root canals by using an operative microscope.
Primary leiomyosarcoma of thyroid with pulmonary metastasis: A diagnostic odyssey
Authors: Ullah Safi , Fazal Hamza , Hassan Subtain , Saqib Muhammad , Khan Abdul Wali , Nashwan Abdulqadir J. , Ullah Irfan
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

The presented primary thyroid leiomyosarcoma (TL) case report underscores the importance of recognizing and addressing the diagnostic challenges and management complexities associated with this exceedingly rare malignancy. Given the limited effective therapeutic strategies available, timely intervention, thorough diagnostics, and vigilant follow‐up are paramount in managing such intricate tumors. Further research focusing on molecular‐based treatment modalities is imperative to improve patient outcomes in cases of primary TL.
Bifunctional Strontium Cobalt Molybdenum Oxide (Sr2CoMoO6) Perovskite as an Efficient Catalyst for Electrochemical Water Splitting Reactions in Alkaline Media
Authors: Atif Shahan , Padhy Abhisek , Jha Pawan Kumar , Sachdeva Dorothy , Barpanda Prabeer
Published: May 2024

Developing earth‐abundant low‐cost electrocatalysts is of prime research interest towards the need for clean energy technology, such as water‐splitting reactions. Herein, we have explored the electrocatalytic activity of the double perovskite‐based strontium cobalt molybdenum oxide (SCMO) towards water‐splitting reactions, both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), in harsh alkaline condition (1 M KOH). Prepared by scalable autocombustion synthesis, the as‐synthesised bulk SCMO perovskite exhibited impressive electrocatalytic performance attributed to its substantial electrochemical active surface area, measured at 26.3 cm2. For the OER, it exhibited an overpotential of 350 mV with a Tafel slope value of 76 mV/dec. Concurrently, it showed proficient activity in the HER, revealing an overpotential of 270 mV and a Tafel slope of 112 mV/dec. Further, this perovskite material was stable during continuous electrocatalysis over a 24 h period in harsh alkaline media with a negligible increase in observed overpotential value. The electronic density of states confirmed that the Co plays a pivotal role in enhancing electrocatalytic activities. This is achieved by a substantial reduction in the band gap and enhancement of the d‐band centre to an optimal level, rendering the system more favourable for electrocatalytic reactions. Our study contributes essential insights to the advancement of the design and utilization of perovskite‐based catalysts in the realm of sustainable energy technologies.
The Effect of Residence Time and Stream Restrictions on the Precursors’ Structure and Coke Morphology
Authors: Pourabdollah Kobra , Khoshbin Reza
Published: May 2024

In this work, the precursors and intermediates of catalytic dehydrogenation of toluene, ethylbenzene, and styrene (TES) stream were detected, quantified, and classified at 750–800 °C. The classification approach for tracing the structural changes of the produced precursors was designed based on different residence times of intermediates, leading to the presentation of a morphology prediction model for precipitated coke according to the restriction of stream pass. The results revealed that the coke structure of encapsulating is formed by heavier precursors produced at a restricted direction of flow. On the other hand, the filamentous coke made from lighter precursors is formed at smooth streams with no restricted areas.
Modified Rice Husk Waste‐Based Filter for Wastewater Treatment: Pilot Study and Reuse Potential
Authors: Badawi Ahmad K. , Kriaa Karim , Osman Randa M. , Hassan Raouf
Published: May 2024

This study investigates a rice husk waste‐based filter (RHW‐BF) for the treatment of graywater (GW) and primary treated wastewater (PTW). The RHW‐BF comprises three layers: coarse sand, chemically modified rice husk (MRH), and gravel. Continuous runs (Run I, II, III) assessed chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and turbidity removal. Run (I) for GW achieved high removal: 73.7 %, 73.4 %, 74.6 %, and 92.6 %. Subsequent runs showed decreasing efficiencies due to media saturation. Similar trends occurred for PTW, with Run (I) achieving significant removal: 70.3 %, 69.0 %, 44.2 %, and 90.2 %. MRH particles played a crucial role in sustainable pollutant removal. The study compares treated wastewater with the World Health Organization and Egyptian limits, demonstrating its suitability for reuse in irrigation, agriculture, or sewer discharge.