bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Start‐Up Levels on the Stress–Strain Field and Cracking Tendency during Direct‐Chill Casting of Magnesium Alloy AZ80
Authors: Bai Yuanyuan , Wei Rufei , Le Qichi , Zhang Haitao
Published: June 2016

The stress field of magnesium alloy AZ80 billets at different start‐up levels in direct‐chill (DC) casting is calculated, including equivalent stresses, equivalent strains, sump depth, and temperature fields. The equivalent stresses and strains are highest in the center of the billet for all start‐up levels considered. A new criterion called cracking damage index (CDI) is used to predict the cracking susceptibility of the billets. At dangerous position of the billets, increasing start‐up levels is benefit for the decrease of CDI, equivalent stresses, and equivalent strains. Consequently, reasonably increasing start‐up levels can reduce the risk of cracks in the billets.
Catalytic membrane reactor for Suzuki‐Miyaura C−C cross‐coupling: Explanation for its high efficiency via modeling
Authors: Gu Yingying , Bacchin Patrice , Lahitte Jean‐François , Remigy Jean‐Christophe , Favier Isabelle , Gómez Montserrat , Gin Douglas L. , Noble Richard D.
Published: June 2016

A polymeric catalytic membrane was previously prepared that showed remarkable efficiency for Suzuki‐Miyaura C‐C cross‐coupling in a flow‐through configuration. A mathematic model was developed and fitted to the experimental data to understand the significant apparent reaction rate increase exhibited by the catalytic membrane reactor compared to the catalytic system under batch reaction conditions. It appears that the high palladium nanoparticles concentration inside the membrane is mainly responsible for the high apparent reaction rate achieved. In addition, the best performance of the catalytic membrane could be achieved only in the forced flow‐through configuration, that, conditions permitting to the reactants be brought to the catalytic membrane by convection. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 698–704, 2017
A novel MED12 mutation: Evidence for a fourth phenotype
Authors: Prontera Paolo , Ottaviani Valentina , Rogaia Daniela , Isidori Ilenia , Mencarelli Amedea , Malerba Natascia , Cocciadiferro Dario , Rolph Pfundt , Stangoni Gabriela , Vulto‐van Silfhout Anneke , Merla Giuseppe
Published: June 2016

Mutations of the MED12 gene have been reported mainly in males with FG (Opitz–Kaveggia), Lujan–Fryns, or X‐linked Ohdo syndromes. Recently, a different phenotype characterized by minor anomalies, severe intellectual disability (ID), and absent language was reported in female and male patients belonging to the same family and carrying a frameshift MED12 mutation (c.5898dupC). Here, we report on two brothers and their niece affected by severe and mild ID, respectively, where whole exome sequencing combined with variant analysis within a panel of ID‐related genes, disclosed a novel c.2312T>C (p.Ile771Thr) MED12 mutation. This variant, which has not been reported as a polymorphism, was not present in a third unaffected brother, and was predicted to be deleterious by five bioinformatic databases. This finding together with the phenotypic analogies shared with the carriers of c.5898dupC mutation suggests the existence of a fourth MED12‐related disorder, characterized by severe ID, absent or deficient language and, milder, clinical manifestation in heterozygotes. We have reviewed the literature on MED12 heterozygotes, their clinical manifestations, and discuss the possible biological causes of this condition. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lower molar shape and size in prosimian and platyrrhine primates
Authors: St. Clair Elizabeth M. , Boyer Doug M.
Published: June 2016

The goal of this research is to evaluate the relative strength of the influences of diet, size, and phylogenetic signal on dental geometric shape. Accurate comprehension of these factors and their interaction is important for reconstructing diet and deriving characters for a cladistic analysis in fossil primates. Geometric morphometric analysis is used to identify axes of shape variation in the lower second molars of (a) prosimian primates and (b) platyrrhines. Landmarks were placed on µCT‐generated surface renderings. Landmark configurations were aligned using generalized Procrustes analysis. Principal components analysis and phylogenetic principal components analysis (pPCA) were performed on species average landmark co‐ordinates. pPCs were examined with phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis for association with size and with diet. PCs from both phylogenetic and non‐phylogenetic analyses were sufficient to separate species by broad dietary categories, including insectivores and folivores. In neither analysis was pPC1 correlated with tooth size, but some other pPCs were significantly correlated with size. The pattern of association between pPCs and size altered when centroid size and dietary variables were combined in the model; effects of diet factors typically exceeded effects of size. These results indicate a dominant phylogenetic and dietary signal in molar shape but also show some shape change correlated with size in the absence of obvious dietary associations. Geometric morphometric analysis appears to be useful for tracking functional traits in molars, particularly in tracking differences between folivorous and insectivorous species.
Comparison of the distribution of intranasal steroid spray using different application techniques
Authors: Tay Sok Yan , Chao Siew Shuen , Mark Kim Thye Thong , Wang De Yun
Published: June 2016

Background

Optimizing the intranasal distribution of nasal steroid spray (NS) is important in managing patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Using a 3‐dimensional computational model of the human nose, we found that inspiratory airflow improved particle distribution by 86%. We hence designed a study to determine if the intranasal distribution of NS is improved by (1) simultaneous gentle inspiration or (2) nasal decongestion.

Methods

Twenty patients with AR were recruited. Colored triamcinolone nasal spray Nasacort®, was applied to 1 side of the nasal cavity with simultaneous gentle inspiration (technique1) and the other side with no inhalation (technique 2). Flexible nasoendoscopy with video documentation was performed immediately after each application. The same procedures were repeated 30 minutes after nasal decongestion. The nasal cavity was divided into 10 different regions and presence of the colored medication in each region was given 1 point.

Results

Prior to decongestion, the mean total score was significantly higher using technique 1 (4.61 ± 0.25) compared to technique 2 (3.80 ± 0.24), (p = 0.03). Following decongestion, the mean total score for techniques 1 and 2 was (5.20 ± 0.40) and (4.30 ± 0.32), respectively. The differences in total score for both techniques before and after decongestant were not significant.

Conclusion

The presence of inspiratory airflow, using the gentle inspiration technique, improves the intranasal distribution of NS in patients with AR. The use of correct technique is more important than nasal decongestion in the distribution of nasal spray particles.
Direct current stimulation induces mGluR5‐dependent neocortical plasticity
Authors: Sun Yan , Lipton Jonathan O. , Boyle Lara M. , Madsen Joseph R. , Goldenberg Marti C. , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Sahin Mustafa , Rotenberg Alexander
Published: June 2016

Objective

To obtain insights into mechanisms mediating changes in cortical excitability induced by cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

Methods

Neocortical slices were exposed to direct current stimulation (DCS) delivered through Ag/AgCl electrodes over a range of current orientations, magnitudes, and durations. DCS‐induced cortical plasticity and its receptor dependency were measured as the change in layer II/III field excitatory postsynaptic potentials by a multielectrode array, both with and without neurotransmitter receptor blockers or allosteric modulators. In vivo, tDCS was delivered to intact mice scalp via surface electrodes. Molecular consequences of DCS in vitro or tDCS in vivo were tested by immunoblot of protein extracted from stimulated slices or the neocortex harvested from stimulated intact mice.

Results

Cathodal DCS in vitro induces a long‐term depression (DCS‐LTD) of excitatory synaptic strength in both human and mouse neocortical slices. DCS‐LTD is abolished with an mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, and inhibitor of protein synthesis. However, DCS‐LTD persists despite either γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor inhibition. An mGluR5‐positive allosteric modulator, in contrast, transformed transient synaptic depression resultant from brief DCS application into durable DCS‐LTD.

Interpretation

We identify a novel molecular pathway by which tDCS modulates cortical excitability, and indicate a capacity for synergistic interaction between tDCS and pharmacologic mGluR5 facilitation. The findings support exploration of cathodal tDCS as a treatment of neurologic conditions characterized by aberrant regional cortical excitability referable to mGluR5‐mTOR signaling. Ann Neurol 2016;80:233–246
Absence of γ‐aminobutyric acid‐a receptor potentiation in central hypersomnolence disorders
Authors: Dauvilliers Yves , Evangelista Elisa , Lopez Regis , Barateau Lucie , Jaussent Isabelle , Cens Thierry , Rousset Matthieu , Charnet Pierre
Published: June 2016

Objective

The pathophysiology of idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) remains unclear. Recently, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)‐induced enhancement of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐A receptor activity was found in patients with IH compared to controls.

Methods

Fifteen unrelated patients (2 males and 13 females) affected with typical IH, 12 patients (9 males and 3 females) with narcolepsy type 1, and 15 controls (9 males and 6 females) with unspecified hypersomnolence (n = 7) and miscellaneous neurological conditions (n = 8) were included. A lumbar puncture was performed in all participants to measure CSF hypocretin‐1 and GABA‐A response. We used a voltage‐clamp assay on Xenopus oocytes injected with the RNAs that encode the α1β2γ2 or the α2β2γ2 subunits of the human GABA‐A receptor. A sequence of 6 different applications (GABA, GABA/CSF, and CSF alone) with 2 to 4 oocytes per CSF sample was performed in a whole‐cell voltage‐clamp assay.

Results

Representative current traces from oocytes expressing human α1β2γ2 or α2β2γ2 GABA‐A receptors were recorded in response to 6 successive puffs of GABA diluted in the survival medium (SM), showing stable and reliable response. GABA puffs diluted in SM/CSF solution or SM/CSF solution alone showed no significant differences in the CSF of IH, narcolepsy, or control groups. No associations were found between GABA responses, demographic features, disease duration, or disease severity in the whole population or within groups.

Interpretation

Using the Xenopus oocyte assay, we found an absence of GABA‐A receptor potentiation with CSF from patients with central hypersomnolence disorders, with no significant differences between hypocretin‐deficient and non–hypocretin‐deficient patients compared to controls. Ann Neurol 2016;80:259–268
Wege zur Verwertung von Lignin: Fortschritte in der Biotechnik, der Bioraffination und der Katalyse
Authors: Rinaldi Roberto , Jastrzebski Robin , Clough Matthew T. , Ralph John , Kennema Marco , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: June 2016

Lignin ist ein reichlich vorhandenes Biopolymer mit hohem Kohlenstoffgehalt und hoher Aromatizität. Trotz seines Potenzials als Rohstoff für die Kraftstoffherstellung und die chemische Industrie ist Lignin noch immer das am wenigsten genutzte Biopolymer der Lignocellulose. Zur effektiven Aufwertung von Lignin ist eine sorgfältige Feinabstimmung mehrerer vorgeschalteter Prozessstufen (d. h. Biotechnik von Lignin, Abtrennung von Lignin und katalytische Umwandlung von Lignin in der Anfangsphase) und mehrerer nachgeschalteter Prozessstufen (d. h. Depolymerisation und Verwertung von Lignin) erforderlich, die den Einsatz und das Zusammenwirken eines breiten Spektrums wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen erfordert. Dieser Aufsatz liefert eine Analyse der neuesten Fortschritte bei der Verwertung von Lignin “vom Anfang bis zum Ende”. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf dem verbesserten Verständnis der Biosynthese und Struktur von Lignin, den Unterschieden in Struktur und chemischer Bindung zwischen nativen und technischen Ligninen, den neu aufkommenden Verfahren der katalytischen Verwertung und den Zusammenhängen zwischen Ligninstruktur und Katalysatorleistung.
Direct Difluoromethylation of Alcohols with an Electrophilic Difluoromethylated Sulfonium Ylide
Authors: Zhu Jiansheng , Liu Yafei , Shen Qilong
Published: June 2016

A general method for the formation of alkyl difluoromethylethers under mild reaction conditions and with good functional‐group tolerance was developed. The development of the method was based on the invention of a stable, electrophilic, difluoromethylating reagent, difluoromethyl‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐bis(carbomethoxy) methylide sulfonium ylide, which was synthesized by reaction of the easily available 4‐nitrophenyl (difluoromethyl)thioether and dimethyl diazomalonate in the presence of a rhodium catalyst.
A Highly Permeable Aligned Montmorillonite Mixed‐Matrix Membrane for CO2 Separation
Authors: Qiao Zhihua , Zhao Song , Wang Jixiao , Wang Shichang , Wang Zhi , Guiver Michael D.
Published: June 2016

Highly permeable montmorillonite layers bonded and aligned with the chain stretching orientation of polyvinylamineacid are immobilized onto a porous polysulfone substrate to fabricate aligned montmorillonite/polysulfone mixed‐matrix membranes for CO2 separation. High‐speed gas‐transport channels are formed by the aligned interlayer gaps of the modified montmorillonite, through which CO2 transport primarily occurs. High CO2 permeance of about 800 GPU is achieved combined with a high mixed‐gas selectivity for CO2 that is stable over a period of 600 h and independent of the water content in the feed.
Single C−F Bond Cleavage of Trifluoromethylarenes with an ortho‐Silyl Group
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Shimomori Ken , Kim Youngchan , Hosoya Takamitsu
Published: June 2016

The transformation of a single C−F bond of trifluoromethylarenes bearing a hydrosilyl group at the ortho position was achieved. The activation of the hydrosilyl group with a trityl cation in the presence of nucleophiles allowed for selective C−F bond functionalization, for example, by allylation, carboxylation, or chlorination. Further derivatization of the resulting fluorosilylarenes afforded various aromatic difluoromethylene compounds.
Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis
Authors: Rinaldi Roberto , Jastrzebski Robin , Clough Matthew T. , Ralph John , Kennema Marco , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: June 2016

Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most poorly utilised of the lignocellulosic biopolymers. Effective valorisation of lignin requires careful fine‐tuning of multiple “upstream” (i.e., lignin bioengineering, lignin isolation and “early‐stage catalytic conversion of lignin”) and “downstream” (i.e., lignin depolymerisation and upgrading) process stages, demanding input and understanding from a broad array of scientific disciplines. This review provides a “beginning‐to‐end” analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation. Particular emphasis is placed on the improved understanding of lignin's biosynthesis and structure, differences in structure and chemical bonding between native and technical lignins, emerging catalytic valorisation strategies, and the relationships between lignin structure and catalyst performance.
Alcohol‐Mediated Resistance‐Switching Behavior in Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Electronic Devices
Authors: Liu Yaqing , Wang Hong , Shi Wenxiong , Zhang Weina , Yu Jiancan , Chandran Bevita K. , Cui Chenlong , Zhu Bowen , Liu Zhiyuan , Li Bin , Xu Cai , Xu Zhiling , Li Shuzhou , Huang Wei , Huo Fengwei , Chen Xiaodong
Published: June 2016

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn increasing attentions as promising candidates for functional devices. Herein, we present MOF films in constructing memory devices with alcohol mediated resistance switching property, where the resistance state is controlled by applying alcohol vapors to achieve multilevel information storage. The ordered packing mode and the hydrogen bonding system of the guest molecules adsorbed in MOF crystals are shown to be the reason for the alcohol mediated electrical switching. This chemically mediated memory device can be a candidate in achieving environment‐responsive devices and exhibits potential applications in wearable information storage systems.
Double Double Cation Order in the High‐Pressure Perovskites MnRMnSbO6
Authors: Solana‐Madruga Elena , Arévalo‐López Ángel M. , Dos Santos‐García Antonio J. , Urones‐Garrote Esteban , Ávila‐Brande David , Sáez‐Puche Regino , Attfield J. Paul
Published: June 2016

Cation ordering in ABO3 perovskites adds to their chemical variety and can lead to properties such as ferrimagnetism and magnetoresistance in Sr2FeMoO6. Through high‐pressure and high‐temperature synthesis, a new type of “double double perovskite” structure has been discovered in the family MnRMnSbO6 (R=La, Pr, Nd, Sm). This tetragonal structure has a 1:1 order of cations on both A and B sites, with A‐site Mn2+ and R3+ cations ordered in columns and Mn2+ and Sb5+ having rock salt order on the B sites. The MnRMnSbO6 double double perovskites are ferrimagnetic at low temperatures with additional spin‐reorientation transitions. The ordering direction of ferrimagnetic Mn spins in MnNdMnSbO6 changes from parallel to [001] below TC=76 K to perpendicular below the reorientation transition at 42 K at which Nd moments also order. Smaller rare earths lead to conventional monoclinic double perovskites (MnR)MnSbO6 for Eu and Gd.
Highly Efficient Formal [2+2+2] Strategy for the Rapid Construction of Polycyclic Spiroindolines: A Concise Synthesis of 11‐Demethoxy‐16‐epi‐myrtoidine
Authors: Zhu Jun , Cheng Yu‐Jing , Kuang Xiao‐Kang , Wang Lijia , Zheng Zhong‐Bo , Tang Yong
Published: June 2016

A novel formal [2+2+2] strategy for the stereoselective elaboration of polycyclic indole alkaloids is described. Upon treatment with the catalyst InCl3 (5 mol %), tryptamine‐derived enamides reacted readily with methylene malonate, thus enabling rapid and gram‐scale access to versatile tetracyclic spiroindolines with excellent diastereoselectivity (21 examples, up to 95 % yield, up to d.r.>95:5). This strategy provides a concise approach to alkaloids isolated from Strychnos myrtoides, as demonstrated by a short synthesis of 11‐demethoxy‐16‐epi‐myrtoidine.
Validity and Reliability of Two‐Dimensional Motion Analysis for Quantifying Postural Deficits in Adults With and Without Neurological Impairment
Authors: Paul S.S. , Lester M.E. , Foreman K.B. , Dibble L.E.
Published: June 2016

Frequently, clinical balance outcome measures are limited by floor or ceiling effects and provide insufficient resolution to determine subtle deficits. Detailed assessment of postural control obtained through posturography may be cost‐prohibitive or logistically infeasible in some clinical settings. Two‐dimensional (2D) motion analysis may provide a clinically feasible means of obtaining detailed quantification of balance deficits. Forty‐five participants aged 18–80 years, with and without Parkinson disease, performed the Push and Release (PR) test, sit‐to‐stand (STS), and timed single leg stance (SLS). Performance was captured simultaneously using a three‐dimensional (3D) (10‐camera laboratory‐based 3D motion capture system and 3D motion analysis software) and 2D (two commercially available video cameras and 2D motion analysis software) system. Agreement was excellent between 2D and 3D systems for all outcomes of the PR and SLS (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC2,1] 0.96–0.99, 95% CIs 0.92–0.98 to 0.99–1.0), and ranged from fair to excellent for STS outcomes (ICC2,1 0.59–0.93, 95% CIs 0.36–0.75 to 0.87–0.96). Test–retest reliability (ICC3,1 0.89–1.0, 95% CIs 0.76–0.96 to 1.0–1.0) and inter‐rater reliability (ICC2,1 0.77–1.0, 95% CIs 0.61–0.87 to 1.0–1.0) of the 2D obtained outcomes were excellent. A technology package of commonly available video cameras and 2D motion analysis software was a valid and reliable method for quantifying outcomes of postural control tasks in people with a range of balance abilities. Two‐dimensional analysis can be used in clinical practice to provide balance assessments as a cost‐effective alternative to 3D motion capture. Anat Rec, 299:1165–1173, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toolbox for Antibiotics Discovery from Microorganisms
Authors: Fisch Katja M. , Schäberle Till F.
Published: June 2016

Microorganisms produce a vast array of biologically active metabolites. Such compounds are applied by humans to positively influence their health and, therefore, natural products serve as drug leads for pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. In this minireview, tools for the discovery and the production of potential drug leads are explained. A snapshot is provided, starting from the isolation of new producer strains, across genomic mining of (meta)genomes to identify biosynthetic gene clusters corresponding to natural products, toward heterologous expression to produce potential drug leads.
Autism‐specific maternal anti‐fetal brain autoantibodies are associated with metabolic conditions
Authors: Krakowiak Paula , Walker Cheryl K. , Tancredi Daniel , Hertz‐Picciotto Irva , Van de Water Judy
Published: June 2016

Approximately 23% of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) produce specific patterns of autoantibodies to fetal brain proteins that have been detected in only 1% of mothers of typically developing children. The biological mechanisms underlying the development of ASD‐specific maternal autoantibodies are poorly understood. We sought to determine whether ASD‐specific maternal autoantibodies identified postnatally were associated with metabolic conditions (MCs) during gestation. Participants were 227 mothers of 2–5 year old children with confirmed ASD, enrolled in CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risk from Genetics and the Environment) between January 2003 and April 2008, and from whom blood samples were collected and analyzed for anti‐fetal brain autoantibodies (Ab+). MCs included diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and prepregnancy obesity or overweight, ascertained from medical records or structured telephone interviews. Log‐linear regression models were performed to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on robust standard errors. Fifty‐six (25%) mothers were Ab+. Ab+ prevalence was higher among mothers with diabetes, hypertensive disorders, or overweight compared to healthy mothers, but differences were not statistically significant. In a subset of 145 mothers whose children exhibited severe ASD (31 Ab+), those diagnosed with type 2 or gestational diabetes were 2.7‐fold more likely to be Ab+ (95% CI 1.1, 6.6), controlling for delivery payer and smoking. Gestational diabetes specifically was associated with a 3.2‐fold increased Ab+ prevalence (95% CI 1.2, 8.6). In this exploratory study, mothers whose children had severe ASD and who experienced diabetes were more likely to have anti‐fetal brain autoantibodies 2–5 years later. Autism Res 2017, 10: 89–98. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐spatial analysis of forest residue utilization for bioenergy
Authors: Jacobson Ryan A. , Keefe Robert F. , Smith Alistair M.S. , Metlen Scott , Saul Darin A. , Newman Soren M. , Laninga Tamara J. , Inman Daniel
Published: June 2016

The alternative energy sector is expanding quickly in the USA since passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Increased interest in wood‐based bioenergy has led to the need for robust modeling methods to analyze woody biomass operations at landscape scales. However, analyzing woody biomass operations in regions like the US Inland Northwest is difficult due to highly variable terrain and wood characteristics. We developed the Forest Residue Economic Assessment Model (FREAM) to better integrate with Geographical Information Systems and overcome analytical modeling limitations. FREAM analyzes wood‐based bioenergy logistics systems and provides a modeling platform that can be readily modified to analyze additional study locations. We evaluated three scenarios to test the FREAM’s utility: a local‐scale scenario in which a catalytic pyrolysis process produces gasoline from 181 437 Mg yr−1 of forest residues, a regional‐scale scenario that assumes a biochemical process to create aviation fuel from 725 748 Mg yr−1 of forest residues, and an international scenario that assumes a pellet mill producing pellets for international markets from 272 155 Mg yr−1 of forest residues. The local scenario produced gasoline for a modeled cost of $22.33 GJ−1*, the regional scenario produced aviation fuel for a modeled cost of $35.83 GJ−1 and the international scenario produced pellets for a modeled cost of $10.51 GJ−1. Results show that incorporating input from knowledgeable stakeholders in the designing of a model yields positive results. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Every transcription factor deserves its map: Scaling up epitope tagging of proteins to bypass antibody problems
Authors: Partridge E. Christopher , Watkins Timley A. , Mendenhall Eric M.
Published: June 2016

Genome‐wide identification of transcription factor binding sites with the ChIP‐seq method is an extremely important scientific endeavor − one that should ideally be performed for every transcription factor in as many cell types as possible. A major hurdle on the way to this goal is the necessity for a specific, ChIP‐grade antibody for each transcription factor of interest, which is often not available. Here, we describe CETCh‐seq, a recently published method utilizing genome engineering with the CRISPR/Cas9 system to circumvent the need for a specific antibody. Using the CETCh‐seq method, targeted genomic editing results in an epitope‐tagged transcription factor, which is recognized by a well‐characterized, standard antibody, efficacious for ChIP‐seq. We have used CETCh‐seq in human cancer cell lines as well as mouse embryonic stem cells. We find that roughly 60% of transcription factors tagged using CETCh‐seq produce a high quality ChIP‐seq map, a significant improvement over traditional antibody‐based methods.
Influence of FtsZ GTPase activity and concentration on nanoscale Z‐ring structure in vivo revealed by three‐dimensional Superresolution imaging
Authors: Lyu Zhixin , Coltharp Carla , Yang Xinxing , Xiao Jie
Published: June 2016

FtsZ is an essential bacterial cytoskeletal protein that assembles into a ring‐like structure (Z‐ring) at midcell to carry out cytokinesis. In vitro, FtsZ exhibits polymorphism in polymerizing into different forms of filaments based on its GTPase activity, concentration, and buffer condition. In vivo, the Z‐ring appeared to be punctate and heterogeneously organized, although continuous, homogenous Z‐ring structures have also been observed. Understanding how the Z‐ring is organized in vivo is important because it provides a structural basis for the functional role of the Z‐ring in cytokinesis. Here, we assess the effects of both GTPase activity and FtsZ concentration on the organization of the Z‐ring in vivo using three‐dimensional (3D) superresolution microscopy. We found that the Z‐ring became more homogenous when assembled in the presence of a GTPase‐deficient mutant, and upon overexpression of either wt or mutant FtsZ. These results suggest that the in vivo organization of the Z‐ring is largely dependent on the intrinsic polymerization properties of FtsZ, which are significantly influenced by the GTPase activity and concentration of FtsZ. Our work provides a unifying theme to reconcile previous observations of different Z‐ring structures, and supports a model in which the wt Z‐ring comprises loosely associated, heterogeneously distributed FtsZ clusters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 725–734, 2016.
Exploring the mechanism how AF9 recognizes and binds H3K9ac by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations
Authors: Wang Quan , Zheng Qing‐Chuan , Zhang Hong‐Xing
Published: June 2016

Histone acetylation is a very important regulatory mechanism in gene expression in the chromatin context. A new protein family‐YEATS domains have been found as a novel histone acetylation reader, which could specific recognize the histone lysine acetylation. AF9 is an important one in the YEATS family. Focused on the AF9‐H3K9ac (K9 acetylation) complex (ALY) (PDB code: 4TMP) and a serials of mutants, MUT (the acetyllsine of H3K9ac was mutated to lysine), F59A, G77A, and D103A, we applied molecular dynamics simulation and molecular mechanics Poisson−Boltzmann (MM‐PBSA) free energy calculations to examine the role of AF9 protein in recognition interaction. The simulation results and analysis indicate that some residues of the protein have significant influence on recognition and binding to H3K9ac peptides and hydrophobic surface show the hydrophobic interactions play an important role in the binding. Our work can give important information to understand how the protein AF9 recognizes the peptides H3K9ac. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 779–786, 2016.
How optional should regional anatomy be in a medical course? An opinion piece
Authors: Moxham Bernard J. , Pais Diogo
Published: June 2016

The use of optional (elective) courses within the medical curriculum is increasingly being seen as a way of allowing students to pursue their studies according to their personal interests. For anatomy, particularly where the subject is being taught in an integrative curriculum and by means of a systemic approach, the development of elective regional anatomy courses is being employed to reintroduce regional anatomy and/or dissection by students. However, there is presently little evidence that objectively evaluates optional/elective courses. In this paper we critique the concept and practice of using elective courses and assess whether their deployment is ultimately in the interests of medical education, the medical profession, society in general and the layperson (potential patient) in particular. Clin. Anat. 29:702–710, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Shock and Go?” extracorporeal cardio‐pulmonary resuscitation in the golden‐hour of ROSC
Authors: Spangenberg Tobias , Meincke Felix , Brooks Stephanie , Frerker Christian , Kreidel Felix , Thielsen Thomas , Schmidt Tobias , Kuck Karl‐Heinz , Ghanem Alexander
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The feasibility and outcomes of 35 consecutive patients subjected to eCPR in the tertiary cardiology center were investigated.

Background

While conventional cardiopulmonary‐resuscitation (cCPR) often times achieves only mediocre outcomes extracorporeal cardiopulmonary‐resuscitation (eCPR) increasingly shifts into the focus of interest. However, the scientific evidence for eCPR is sparse, particularly in the cardiological setting.

Methods

Retrospective chart analysis of 35 patients treated with eCPR between 01/2014 and 10/2015.

Results

The duration of cCPR until initiation of eCPR was 73.8 ± 37.6 min and resulted in an initial pH of 6.9 ± 0.2 and serum lactate level of 14.5 ± 4.8 mmol/L. About 62% (n = 22) of the patients suffered from out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), 85% (n = 30) of the overall events were witnessed and bystander‐CPR performed in 77% (n = 27) of cases. Cause of arrest was dominated by acute myocardial infarction (AMI, 71%), initial rhythm to a lesser degree by ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (VF/VT, 57%). Almost all patients (n = 33, 94%) experienced return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after establishing extracorporeal life support (ECLS). In all 57% patients were successfully weaned from ECLS. Survival to discharge was 31% with predominantly good cerebral performance category (CPC 1‐2). Survivors were more likely to receive bystander‐CPR (P = 0.03) and the duration of cCPR until initiation of eCPR was significantly shorter (P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Our data proves the exceptional level of efficiency of eCPR particularly when Bystander‐CPR has been initiated and there is a short duration of cCPR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How to deal with atrial septal defect closure from right internal jugular vein: Role of venous‐arterial circuit for sizing and over‐the‐wire device implantation
Authors: Butera Gianfranco , Lovin Nicusor , Basile Domenica Paola
Published: June 2016

Secundum atrial septum defect (ASD) is the most common congenital heart disease. It is usually treated by a transcatheter approach using a femoral venous access. In case of bilateral femoral vein occlusion, the internal jugular venous approach for ASD closure is an option, in particular in cases where ASD balloon occlusion test and sizing is needed. Here, we report on a new technique for ASD closure using a venous‐arterial circuit from the right internal jugular vein to the femoral artery. Two patients (females, 4 and 10 years of age) had occlusion of both femoral veins because of a previous history of pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum, for which they underwent percutaneous radiofrequency perforation and balloon angioplasty. These subjects needed balloon occlusion test of a residual ASD to size the hole and to check for hemodynamic suitability to ASD closure. After performing a venous‐arterial circuit, a 24 mm St Jude ASD sizing balloon catheter was advanced over the circuit and the defect closed for 15 min to check hemodynamics and size the defect. ASD was closed is hemodinamically suitable. This technique was safe and reliable. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patient and lesion‐specific characteristics predict risk of major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention undergoing noncardiac surgery
Authors: Armstrong Ehrin J. , Graham Laura , Waldo Stephen W. , Valle Javier A. , Maddox Thomas M. , Hawn Mary T.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To identify predictors of major adverse cardiovascular outcomes (MACE) among patients with prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who require noncardiac surgery.

Background

Patients with prior PCI who undergo noncardiac surgery have an increased risk of postoperative MACE, but few studies have examined the association of PCI lesion characteristics with subsequent operative risk.

Methods

Patients were identified using the VA Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (CART) program. Patients who underwent noncardiac surgery within 2 years after stent placement were linked to VA and non‐VA surgical records. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to identify predictors of postoperative MACE.

Results

Among 12,621 patients with a history of prior PCI who underwent subsequent noncardiac surgery, 570 (4.5%) developed postoperative MACE. The median time from stent placement to surgery was 368 days (IQR 181–528). The strongest predictors of postoperative MACE were urgency of the operation, revised cardiac risk index, the indication for the prior PCI, and timing of the surgery after the PCI. Lesion characteristics independently associated with postoperative MACE included PCI to a distal (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11–1.83) or ostial lesion (AOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.11–2.08), and lesion calcification (AOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03–1.61), but stent length and target vessel were not independently associated with outcomes. Placement of a bare metal stent was also an independent predictor of MACE after noncardiac surgery (AOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.06–1.57).

Conclusions

While patient and operative characteristics are the strongest predictors of MACE after noncardiac surgery, specific lesion characteristics including ostial or distal lesion location and calcification are novel risk factors for postoperative MACE. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Photocatalytic Water Reduction Using In Situ Generated Knölker's Iron Complexes
Authors: Sun Yuan‐Yuan , Wang Hai , Chen Nan‐Yu , Lennox Alastair J J , Friedrich Aleksej , Xia Liang‐Min , Lochbrunner Stefan , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias , Zhou Shaolin , Luo Shu‐Ping
Published: June 2016

In situ generated iron‐based Knölker complexes were found to be efficient catalysts in a fully non‐noble metal Cu–Fe photocatalytic water reduction system. These mononuclear iron catalysts were able to generate hydrogen up to 15 times faster than previously reported [Fe3(CO)12]. A reductive quenching mechanism was shown to operate by fluorescence experiments.
Metal Complexes Supported on Solid Matrices for Visible‐Light‐Driven Molecular Transformations
Authors: Mori Kohsuke , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: June 2016

Hybridization of visible‐light‐responsive metal complexes with solid matrices offers an attractive route for practical catalyst design of nanostructured photocatalysts that are operationally simple and can attain unprecedented reactions owing to synergistic effects. This Minireview highlights the precise architectures of hybrid photocatalysts that enable efficient and selective photochemical molecular transformations, including selective oxidation by O2 and H2 evolution from water. Several techniques for the immobilization of metal complexes are discussed, including encapsulation within zeolite cavities, anchoring within mesoporous channels, incorporation within the macroreticular space of ion‐exchange resins, intercalation within the interlayer spaces of layered materials, and anchoring onto the plasmonic colloidal Ag nanoparticles. The relationships between photoluminescence characteristics and photocatalytic activities of these hybrid materials are also discussed.
SnO2 “Russian Doll” Octahedra Prepared by Metalorganic Synthesis: A New Structure for Sub‐ppm CO Detection
Authors: Jońca Justyna , Ryzhikov Andrey , Kahn Myrtil L. , Fajerwerg Katia , Chapelle Audrey , Menini Philippe , Fau Pierre
Published: June 2016

Micrometer‐sized hierarchical Sn3O2(OH)2 octahedra, which are self‐assembled one inside the other, resembling “Russian doll” organization, have been obtained by a metalorganic approach. This synthesis is based on the controlled hydrolysis of [Sn(NMe2)2]2 in the presence of an alkylamine ligand in an organic solvent (THF). The water content of the medium proved to be a key parameter for the formation of these multi‐walled octahedra. The resultant structures have been used as gas‐sensitive layers on micromachined silicon devices. During in situ heating, Sn3O2(OH)2 is oxidized to SnO2 while retaining the initial morphology. The sensors present outstanding dynamic responses at very low CO concentrations (7 % and 67 % resistance variation to 0.25 and 20 ppm CO, respectively, at an operating temperature of 500 °C). This superior gas‐sensing performance is closely related to the unique microstructure of the SnO2 multi‐walled octahedra.
Supramolecular Antibiotic Switches: A Potential Strategy for Combating Drug Resistance
Authors: Bai Haotian , Lv Fengting , Liu Libing , Wang Shu
Published: June 2016

Bacterial infectious disease is a serious public health concern throughout the world. Pathogen drug resistance, arising from both rational use and abuse/misuse of germicides, complicates the situation. Aside from developing novel antibiotics and antimicrobial agents, molecular approaches have become another significant method to overcome the problem of pathogen drug resistance. Established supramolecular systems, the antibiotic properties of which can be switched “on” and “off” through host–guest interactions, show great potential in combating issues regarding antibiotic resistance in the long term, as indicated by several recent studies. In this Concept, recently developed strategies for antibacterial regulation are summarized and further directions for research into antibiotic switches are proposed.
A Semisynthetic Approach to New Immunoadjuvant Candidates: Site‐Selective Chemical Manipulation of Escherichia coli Monophosphoryl Lipid A
Authors: D'Alonzo Daniele , Cipolletti Manuela , Tarantino Giulia , Ziaco Marcello , Pieretti Giuseppina , Iadonisi Alfonso , Palumbo Giovanni , Alfano Alberto , Giuliano Mariateresa , De Rosa Mario , Schiraldi Chiara , Cammarota Marcella , Parrilli Michelangelo , Bedini Emiliano , Corsaro Maria M.
Published: June 2016

A semisynthetic approach to novel lipid A derivatives from Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipid A is reported. This methodology stands as an alternative to common approaches based exclusively on either total synthesis or extraction from bacterial sources. It relies upon the purification of the lipid A fraction from fed‐batch fermentation of E. coli, followed by its structural modification through tailored, site‐selective chemical reactions. In particular, modification of the lipid pattern and functionalization of the phosphate group as well as of the sole primary hydroxyl group were accomplished, highlighting the unusual reactivity of the molecule. Preliminary investigations of the immunostimulating activity of the new semisynthetic lipid A derivatives show that some of them stand out as promising, new immunoadjuvant candidates.
Dynamic Covalent Nanoparticle Building Blocks
Authors: Kay Euan R.
Published: June 2016

Rational and generalisable methods for engineering surface functionality will be crucial to realising the technological potential of nanomaterials. Nanoparticle‐bound dynamic covalent exchange combines the error‐correcting and environment‐responsive features of equilibrium processes with the stability, structural precision, and vast diversity of covalent chemistry, defining a new and powerful approach for manipulating structure, function and properties at nanomaterial surfaces. Dynamic covalent nanoparticle (DCNP) building blocks thus present a whole host of possibilities for constructing adaptive systems, devices and materials that incorporate both nanoscale and molecular functional components. At the same time, DCNPs have the potential to reveal fundamental insights regarding dynamic and complex chemical systems confined to nanoscale interfaces.
A novel optimization approach for oil and gas production process considering model parameters uncertainties
Authors: Gao Xianwen , Liu Tan , Yuan Qingyun , Wang Lina
Published: June 2016

Through analyzing the integrated oil and gas production process, a multi‐objective optimization model for the integrated oil and gas production process is established through considering nonlinear reservoir behaviour, multiphase flow in wells, and constraints from the surface facilities. In order to reduce the influence of model parameter uncertainty in the oil and gas production process, an error compensation method based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is proposed to compensate the model. Non‐ dominated sorting genetic algorithm‐II (NSGA‐II) is used as the optimization algorithm. Moreover, an operational strategy using post‐ optimization is applied to solve the optimization model, so as to ensure the feasibility of the obtained optimal set‐point. Finally, a novel optimization approach for the oil and gas production process considering model parameter uncertainty is proposed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed optimization method is feasible and effective.
Characterization of Clay‐ and Silt‐Sized Fractions and Corresponding Humic Acids Along a Terra Rossa Soil Profile
Authors: Brunetti Gennaro , Mezzapesa Giuseppe Natale , Traversa Andreina , Bonifacio Eleonora , Farrag Karam , Senesi Nicola , D'Orazio Valeria
Published: June 2016

This study focuses on the relationship between soil mineralogy and soil organic matter stabilization along a Terra Rossa soil profile in Southern Italy. This soil profile is characterized by three horizons: Namely Ap, 2AB, and 2Bt, where the clay, silt, and sand size fractions were isolated and their mineralogical composition, and the different forms of iron, silicon, and aluminum were determined. Humic acids (HAs) were isolated from clay‐size (C‐HA) and silt‐size (S‐HA) fractions, and characterized by chemical and physico‐chemical techniques. The clay fraction had the largest amount of amorphous and crystalline oxides, kaolinite, and chlorite. In all fractions, the 2AB horizon differed from the other two horizons showing a very high content of iron and aluminum bound to organic matter (Fep and Alp). Chemical and spectroscopic analyses of humic acids indicated the presence of macromolecules with larger size and polycondensation degree in S‐HAs, apparently less susceptible to degradation than simpler hydrophilic compounds occurring in the clay‐size HAs. A good correlation was found between Fep and Alp contents and HA organic carbon. These properties are expected to slow down organic matter dynamics in Terra Rossa Mediterranean soils even in the presence of a fast turnover of aggregates.
3‐Arylidene‐N‐hydroxyoxindoles: A New Class of Compounds Endowed with Antitumor Activity
Authors: Musso Loana , Cincinelli Raffaella , Zuco Valentina , De Cesare Michelandrea , Zunino Franco , Fallacara Anna Lucia , Botta Maurizio , Dallavalle Sabrina
Published: June 2016

A series of compounds containing the N‐hydroxyoxindole scaffold were synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity. The compounds showed potent antiproliferative activity against the wild‐type p53 IGROV‐1 ovarian carcinoma cell line and considerably lower efficacy against the mutant IGROV‐1/Pt1 subline that lacks p53 function. The differential response of ovarian carcinoma cells depending on p53 status was also reflected in the varied susceptibility to apoptosis of the treated cell lines. These results support a role for the p53 transcription factor as a determinant of cytotoxicity. The therapeutic potential of the most promising compound of the series was evaluated in the treatment of an IGROV‐1 xenograft growing as ascitic tumor in mice. Using intraperitoneal administration, daily treatment with the compound for four weeks produced a significant delay in the onset of ascites.