bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of resistant hypertension: Aldosterone antagonists or intensification of diuretic therapy?
Authors: Verdalles Ursula , García de Vinuesa Soledad , Goicoechea Marian , Macías Nicolas , Santos Alba , Perez de Jose Ana , Verde Eduardo , Yuste Claudia , Luño Jose
Published: March 2015

Abstrat

Objective

No consensus has been established as to which is the best fourth‐line agent in patients with resistant hypertension (RHT). The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of intensifying diuretic treatment with loop diuretic (furosemide) or aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone) on blood pressure (BP) control in RHT.

Methods

The study population comprised 30 patients with RHT who were divided into two treatment arms. Fifteen patients received furosemide 40 mg/day and 15 patients received spironolactone 25 mg/day. Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Results

Baseline BP was 162 ± 8/90 ± 6 mmHg, 70% men, mean age 63.3 ± 9.1 years 56.1% diabetic and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 55.8 ± 16.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2. There were no significant differences between groups at baseline in age, gender, percentage diabetics, eGFR, BP, number of antihypertensive drugs, or aldosterone levels. At 6 months, systolic BP decreased by 24 ± 9.2 mmHg (from 163.6 ± 8.6 to 139.6 ± 8.1 mmHg) in the spironolactone group, compared with 13.8 ± 2.8 mmHg (from 162 ± 7.9 to 148 ± 6.4 mmHg) in the furosemide group (P < 0.01). Diastolic BP fell 11 ± 8.1 mmHg in the spironolactone group compared with 5.2 ± 2.2 mmHg in the furosemide group (P < 0.01). Significant reduction in urinary albumin creatinine ratio (from 173 ± 268 to 14 ± 24 mg/g, P < 0.01) was observed in the spironolactone group at 6 months. Multiple regression analysis showed that only treatment with spironolactone was associated with control of BP < 140/90 mmHg at 6 months. No severe adverse events were recorded.

Conclusion

Spironolactone is more effective than furosemide for control of BP in RHT patients, with a positive added effect on albuminuria. Spironolactone is safe in patients with mild kidney impairment, although serum potassium should be closely monitored, especially in diabetics.
Primary intracranial low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma with FUS gene rearrangement
Authors: Chen Ni , Gong Jing , Nie Ling , Chen Xueqin , Xu Miao , Chen Min , Zhou Qiao
Published: April 2015

Low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare sarcoma typically presenting as a deep soft tissue mass in the lower extremities or trunk. Only four cases of primary intracranial LGFMS have been reported in the literature, but none with molecular/cytogenetic data. We report here a new bona fide case confirmed by the characteristic FUS gene rearrangement, as shown by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, in addition to typical histopathological findings. This would be the first genetically confirmed report of the extremely rare occurrence of intracranial LGFMS.
ANMS‐ESNM position paper and consensus guidelines on biofeedback therapy for anorectal disorders
Authors: Rao S. S. C. , Benninga M. A. , Bharucha A. E. , Chiarioni G. , Di Lorenzo C. , Whitehead W. E.
Published: April 2015

Background

Anorectal disorders such as dyssynergic defecation, fecal incontinence, levator ani syndrome, and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome are common, and affect both the adult and pediatric populations. Although they are treated with several treatment approaches, over the last two decades, biofeedback therapy using visual and verbal feedback techniques has emerged as an useful option. Because it is safe, it is commonly recommended. However, the clinical efficacy of biofeedback therapy in adults and children is not clearly known, and there is a lack of critical appraisal of the techniques used and the outcomes of biofeedback therapy for these disorders.

Purpose

The American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society and the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility convened a task force to examine the indications, study performance characteristics, methodologies used, and the efficacy of biofeedback therapy, and to provide evidence‐based recommendations. Based on the strength of evidence, biofeedback therapy is recommended for the short‐term and long‐term treatment of constipation with dyssynergic defecation (Level I, Grade A), and for the treatment of fecal incontinence (Level II, Grade B). Biofeedback therapy may be useful in the short‐term treatment of Levator Ani Syndrome with dyssynergic defecation (Level II, Grade B), and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome with dyssynergic defecation (Level III, Grade C), but the evidence is fair. Evidence does not support the use of biofeedback for the treatment of childhood constipation (Level 1, Grade D).
Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in caregivers of patients with chronic diseases
Authors: Remes‐Troche J. M. , Torres‐Aguilera M. , Montes‐Martínez V. , Jiménez‐García V. A. , Roesch‐Dietlen F.
Published: March 2015

Background

Caregivers are an at‐risk population for psychic and physical diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, it is not known whether providing care for the chronically ill patient can be considered a risk factor for developing IBS. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of IBS according to the Rome II criteria in a group of caregivers.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted through an evaluation of caregivers of chronically ill patients. Subjects completed questionnaires including the Rome II Modular Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZCBI) (an instrument for evaluating the burden experienced by caregivers), and the irritable bowel syndrome quality of life (IBS‐QoL) questionnaire.

Key Results

Ninety‐six primary caregivers (mean age was 43.6 ± 13.7 years and 87% were women) were evaluated. The mean length of time providing care was 37.6 months (3–288 months). Forty‐seven caregivers (49%) presented with IBS. The caregivers with IBS had higher scores in the global ZCBI score (47 ± 8 vs 28 ± 8, p = 0.001) and on the anxiety and depression scale (p = 0.001) than those that did not have IBS. A total of 72% were diagnosed with caregiver stress syndrome; 42 of them had IBS according to the Rome II questionnaire (60% vs 18%, p = 0.001, relative risk 3.28, 95% CI: 1.4–7.4).

Conclusions & Inferences

Caregivers of chronically ill patients have a high prevalence of IBS, which is associated with depression, anxiety, and poor QoL.
Arabidopsis AtbHLH112 regulates the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress tolerance by binding to their E‐box and GCG‐box motifs
Authors: Liu Yujia , Ji Xiaoyu , Nie Xianguang , Qu Min , Zheng Lei , Tan Zilong , Zhao Huimin , Huo Lin , Liu Shengnan , Zhang Bing , Wang Yucheng
Published: April 2015

Plant basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors play essential roles in abiotic stress tolerance. However, most bHLHs have not been functionally characterized. Here, we characterized the functional role of a bHLH transcription factor from Arabidopsis, AtbHLH112, in response to abiotic stress.

AtbHLH112 is a nuclear‐localized protein, and its nuclear localization is induced by salt, drought and abscisic acid (ABA). In addition, AtbHLH112 serves as a transcriptional activator, with the activation domain located at its N‐terminus.

In addition to binding to the E‐box motifs of stress‐responsive genes, AtbHLH112 binds to a novel motif with the sequence ‘GG[GT]CC[GT][GA][TA]C’ (GCG‐box). Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function analyses showed that the transcript level of AtbHLH112 is positively correlated with salt and drought tolerance. AtbHLH112 mediates stress tolerance by increasing the expression of P5CS genes and reducing the expression of P5CDH and ProDH genes to increase proline levels. AtbHLH112 also increases the expression of POD and SOD genes to improve reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability.

We present a model suggesting that AtbHLH112 is a transcriptional activator that regulates the expression of genes via binding to their GCG‐ or E‐boxes to mediate physiological responses, including proline biosynthesis and ROS scavenging pathways, to enhance stress tolerance.
Product stability and sequestration mechanisms in Solanum tuberosum engineered to biosynthesize high value ketocarotenoids
Authors: Mortimer Cara L. , Misawa Norihiko , Ducreux Laurence , Campbell Raymond , Bramley Peter M. , Taylor Mark , Fraser Paul D.
Published: April 2015

To produce commercially valuable ketocarotenoids in Solanum tuberosum, the 4, 4′ β‐oxygenase (crtW) and 3, 3′ β‐hydroxylase (crtZ) genes from Brevundimonas spp. have been expressed in the plant host under constitutive transcriptional control. The CRTW and CRTZ enzymes are capable of modifying endogenous plant carotenoids to form a range of hydroxylated and ketolated derivatives. The host (cv. Désirée) produced significant levels of nonendogenous carotenoid products in all tissues, but at the apparent expense of the economically critical metabolite, starch. Carotenoid levels increased in both wild‐type and transgenic tubers following cold storage; however, stability during heat processing varied between compounds. Subcellular fractionation of leaf tissues revealed the presence of ketocarotenoids in thylakoid membranes, but not predominantly in the photosynthetic complexes. A dramatic increase in the carotenoid content of plastoglobuli was determined. These findings were corroborated by microscopic analysis of chloroplasts. In tuber tissues, esterified carotenoids, representing 13% of the total pigment found in wild‐type extracts, were sequestered in plastoglobuli. In the transgenic tubers, this proportion increased to 45%, with esterified nonendogenous carotenoids in place of endogenous compounds. Conversely, nonesterified carotenoids in both wild‐type and transgenic tuber tissues were associated with amyloplast membranes and starch granules.
Persistent Untreated Riga‐Fede Disease for 6 Years
Authors: Ozmen Bilal , Acar Ozge
Published: March 2015

Riga‐Fede disease is an uncommon, benign, ulcerative condition due to dental trauma that can occur at any age. A 9‐year‐old boy with a painful tongue is presented. Physicians need to recognize Riga‐Fede disease and Riga‐Fede‐like disease to intervene early.
The thrill of loving a dominant partner: Relationships between preference for a dominant mate, sensation seeking, and trait anxiety
Authors: GIEBEL GILDA , MORAN JAMES , SCHAWOHL ANNE , WEIERSTALL ROLAND
Published: April 2015

This study investigates whether particular personality traits predict the desire to choose a dominant partner. Specifically examined are the traits of sensation seeking and trait anxiety as predictors of the preference for a dominant female/male partner. Sixty‐eight men and 104 women (N = 172) participated in an online survey. Individuals who avoid boredom and seek out exciting social activities have a stronger desire for a dominant partner. For female participants, we detected experience seeking and trait anxiety as additional factors associated with the preference for a dominant partner. Women higher in trait anxiety and lower in experience seeking have a higher preference for a dominant man. Gender differences are interpreted with regard to sexual selection theory and individual differences with respect to the theory of assortative mating.
Across all solid organs, adolescent age recipients have worse transplant organ survival than younger age children: A US national registry analysis
Authors: Dharnidharka Vikas R. , Lamb Kenneth E. , Zheng Jie , Schechtman Kenneth B. , Meier‐Kriesche Herwig‐Ulf
Published: April 2015

Univariate analyses suggest that adolescents have worse long‐term allograft survival versus younger children across different SOT. This study's objective was to determine whether multivariate analyses of a large national database recording all deceased SOT (KI; LI; HR; LU) also show worse adolescent allograft survival in the different organs. Using data from the national Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients in the USA for pediatric primary SOT from 1989 to 2010, we calculated median half‐lives and constructed K–M graft survival curves. Recipient age at transplant (<12 or adolescent 12–17 yr) was fitted with other identical covariates into multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. In all SOT recipients, unadjusted graft survival curves demonstrated better graft survival for adolescents initially, followed by crossing of the lines, such that adolescent SOT recipients had worse survival after one yr (KI), 4.6 yr (LI), 4.4 yr (HR), and 1.6 yr (LU). Multivariate models of the post‐cross period showed a significantly higher AHR for worse graft survival in adolescent age across all four SOTs: AHR 1.400 (KI), 1.958 (LI), 1.414 (HR), and 1.576 (LU). Improving adolescent long‐term outcomes across all four organs will be a defining issue in the future.
Idiopathic hyperammonemia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case report
Authors: Uygun Vedat , Karasu Gülsün , Daloğlu Hayriye , Hazar Volkan , Yeşilipek Akif
Published: March 2015

IHA is characterized by a sudden increase in plasma ammonia levels in the absence of any identifiable causes, which mostly results in intractable coma and high mortality. It has been reported in some patients after receiving intensive chemotherapy for hematological malignancy or HSCT. We describe a case of a patient with FA that developed acute idiopathic hyperammonemia after the preparative regimen for HSCT.
The evaluation of bone metabolism in children with renal transplantation
Authors: Büyükkaragöz Bahar , Bakkaloglu Sevcan A. , Kandur Yaşar , Isiyel Emel , Akcaboy Meltem , Buyan Necla , Hasanoglu Enver
Published: March 2015

This study aims to evaluate BMD and bone biomarkers and to investigate the effects of immunosuppressives on bone disease after RTx. Thirty‐three RTR aged 16.7 ± 3.7 yr and healthy controls (n = 32) were enrolled. There was no difference between pre‐RTx BMD and BMD at the time of study (45.9 ± 30.9 months after RTx), while both values were lower than controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Worst BMD scores were obtained at sixth month after RTx (−0.2 ± 0.9) and best at fourth year (1.4 ± 1.3). 25‐hydroxy‐(OH) vitamin D and OPG were higher in RTR (p < 0.001). BMD z scores negatively correlated with OPG and cumulative CS doses at the time of study (r = −0.344, p < 0.05 and r = −0.371, p < 0.05, respectively). Regression analysis revealed OPG as the only predictor of BMD (β −0.78, 95% CI −0.004 to −0.013, p < 0.001). The increase in OPG, a significant predictor of BMD, could either be secondary to graft dysfunction or for protection against bone loss. CS doses should be minimized to avoid their untoward effects on bone metabolism.
Low‐dose total‐body irradiation and alemtuzumab‐based reduced‐intensity conditioning regimen results in durable engraftment and correction of clinical disease among children with chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Mehta Bhakti , Mahadeo Kris , Kapoor Neena , Abdel‐Azim Hisham
Published: April 2015

HSCT with MAC is associated with durable donor engraftment for patients with CGD; however, MAC is limited by high rates of RRT. We used a novel RIC regimen with LD‐TBI (200 cGy × two doses), fludarabine (30 mg/m2 × three doses), and proximal alemtuzumab (0.5 mg/kg/dose × one dose) and unrelated donor grafts for consecutive patients with high‐risk CGD who were not candidates for MAC at our institution. Among four children with CGD transplanted at our institution, three PBSC recipients are alive with sustained donor engraftment (median follow‐up: two yr) and resolution of pre‐HSCT active infections while one patient with bone marrow graft is alive after graft failure and autologous recovery. RIC may be a curative option for children with high‐risk CGD.
Lymphocyte ‘homing’ and chronic inflammation
Authors: Sakai Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Motohiro
Published: April 2015

Chronic inflammation is a response to prolonged exposure to injurious stimuli that harm and destroy tissues and promote lymphocyte infiltration into inflamed sites. Following progressive accumulation of lymphocytes, the histology of inflamed tissue begins to resemble that of peripheral lymphoid organs, which can be referred to as lymphoid neogenesis or formation of tertiary lymphoid tissues. Lymphocyte recruitment to inflamed tissues is also reminiscent of lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymphoid organs. In the latter, under physiological conditions, homing receptors expressed on lymphocytes adhere to vascular addressin expressed on high endothelial venules (HEVs), initiating a lymphocyte migration process composed of sequential adhesive interactions. Intriguingly, in chronic inflammation, HEV‐like vessels are induced de novo, despite the fact that the inflamed site is not originally lymphoid tissue, and these vessels contribute to lymphocyte recruitment in a manner similar to physiological lymphocyte homing. In this review, we first describe physiological lymphocyte homing mechanisms focusing on vascular addressins. We then describe HEV‐like vessel‐mediated pathogenesis seen in various chronic inflammatory disorders such as Helicobacter pylori gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), autoimmune pancreatitis and sclerosing sialadenitis, as well as chronic inflammatory cell neoplasm MALT lymphoma, with reference to our work and that of others.
Inventory Planning for a Modular Product Family
Authors: Paul Anand , Tan Yinliang (Ricky) , Vakharia Asoo J.
Published: March 2015

This paper is motivated by observing that an increasing number of firms are offering modular products assembled with multiple option choices for the consumer. Starting with the PC offerings by Dell which allowed (and still allows) users to configure their product by choosing among multiple choices for each option, the current market place seems to have evolved to a make‐to‐stock scenario where Apple offers its IPAD series with multiple models each with a unique storage size, color, and wireless chip technology. The focus of our work is on determining the optimal stocking level of modular end‐products. Our analysis is based on a benchmark model with the aim of maximizing expected profit subject to an aggregate fill rate constraint as well as variant‐specific individual fill rates under a make‐to‐stock setting. To further assess the robustness of our finding, we consider the extensions of correlated market preferences over options, price‐dependent demand, and alternative probability distributions for characterizing uncertainty in market preferences or aggregate demand. Finally we also show how to extend the single period model into a multiple‐period setting. Through extensive computational analysis, we find that more precise estimates of market preferences for various modular options constitute extremely valuable information that goes beyond the usefulness of forecasts of aggregate market demand. From a practical perspective, this might be indicative of another classic marketing‐operations trade‐off. Offering more options for consumers would be preferred by marketing managers since this would reach more consumers and hence, enhance product sales. On the other hand, the ability to obtaining greater forecast accuracy would decline when the number of options increase. Hence, from an operational perspective, it would be preferred to limit option choices (so that better forecasts can be obtained) since this would lead to lower stocking costs and hence, higher profits.
Accuracy Motivations, Predispositions, and Social Information in Political Discussion Networks
Authors: Pietryka Matthew T.
Published: April 2015

This analysis studies how variation in individuals' motivation to form accurate judgments affects the process of political discussion. I use a small‐group experiment in which participants compete to elect the simulated candidate who best represents their true preferences. I manipulate economic incentives to control participants' accuracy motivations. The results show that accuracy‐motivated participants, compared to those with weaker accuracy goals, seek discussants with more expertise and a more diverse set of viewpoints, place greater emphasis on socially provided messages, and reduce emphasis on political predispositions. As a result of these differences, however, accuracy‐motivated participants rely more heavily on biased information. Hence, accuracy motivations do not produce more accurate judgments or better decisions. Although previous work on political discussion has largely ignored the role of motivations, these results suggest that accuracy motivations play an important but nuanced role in this process. Strengthened accuracy motivations increase individuals' exposure to political expertise and ideological diversity but also increase their potential to be misled.
Aversive event unpredictability causes stress‐induced hypoalgesia
Authors: Quelhas Martins Amadeu , McIntyre David , Ring Christopher
Published: March 2015

Temporal predictability, or knowing when a noxious stimulus will occur, has been implicated in stress‐induced hypoalgesia, but the contribution of event predictability, or knowing what the stimulus will be, remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we examined the effects of event predictability on pain intensity ratings and nociceptive flexion reflex responses. Participants repeatedly experienced five intensities of electrocutaneous stimulation, ranging from nonpainful to extremely painful, delivered either randomly (unpredictability group) or blocked (predictability group) with no cues provided. Unpredictable shocks produced the lowest pain ratings while evoking the highest flexion reflex responses. Moreover, anticipatory heart rate data indicated that unpredictable trials were the most physiologically arousing. Our findings show that uncertainty about the upcoming stimulus intensity is stressful and unpleasant, thereby causing hypoalgesia and reflex potentiation.
Performance of single versus mixed coral species for transplantation to restore degraded reefs
Authors: Cabaitan Patrick C. , Yap Helen T. , Gomez Edgardo D.
Published: April 2015

Coral transplantation has become a potential tool for the restoration of coral cover in degraded reef habitats. Yet, very few investigations have attempted to determine whether there is an advantage for at least two species to be used together in coral transplantation. It is hypothesized that corals would perform better in terms of survival and growth when transplanted in mixed‐ than in single‐species plots. Single‐species plots were compared with combinations of two species at several reef sites, using three separate coral species, namely, Porites cylindrica, Pavona frondifera, and Hydnophora rigida. P. cylindrica performed consistently well in terms of survival whether alone or in the presence of another species. In a stressful environment with strong wave action, P. frondifera performed better when mixed with P. cylindrica than when alone. However, this difference was not evident where wave action was weak. The influence of mixing on the growth rates of H. rigida and P. frondifera transplants could not be examined completely because of high mortality because of predation by the starfish Acanthaster planci and the gastropod Drupella sp. Interestingly, the presence of P. cylindrica appeared to minimize the impact of predation on P. frondifera transplants. The setback caused by predation stresses the importance of other factors that influence the outcome of restoration interventions. Future initiatives should take into consideration management measures when selecting sites in relation to wave action and predators, control predator outbreaks, and use coral species, e.g. P. cylindrica that are less susceptible to predation.
Statistical models for respiratory disease diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Wolfe Rory , Carlin John
Published: March 2015

Risk prediction equations are used in a variety of healthcare settings to provide prognosis for patients with various respiratory conditions. This article provides a review of statistical methods for the development, evaluation and implementation of respiratory disease prediction models. We also consider a second, closely related application of these methods: the creation of equations that describe normal lung function in a particular population and the use of such equations in the diagnosis of abnormal lung function. The methods are illustrated with examples of models that have been developed for use in respiratory medicine and research.
U–Pb Ages for Zircon Grains from Nsanaragati Alluvial Gem Placers: Its Correlation to the Source Rocks
Authors: Kanouo Nguo Sylvestre , Yongue Rose Fouateu , Ekomane Emile , Njonfang Emmanuel , Ma Changqian , Lentz David R. , She Zhenbing , Zaw Khin , Venkatesh Akella Satya
Published: March 2015

The Mamfe Basin is located in the SW of Cameroon and is an extension of the much bigger Benue Trough in the SE of Nigeria. Along the Asenem River and its tributaries in the western part of the Mamfe Basin (close to the border with Nigeria) gem placers yielding big zircon grains were found in recent river sediments close to Nsanaragati. In order to determine the source area and to establish a possible correlation between the zircons found in the Nsanaragati placers and rocks surrounding the Mamfe Basin 56 detrital zircon grains were analysed regarding their U–Pb ages and selected trace element contents by LA‐ICP–MS techniques. Possible source areas are rocks from the Benue Trough in the West and from the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) in the SE of the study area. Based on microscopic analyses it was possible to distinguish two groups of zircons: reddish and non‐reddish ones, where the latter group comprises color variations from brown to orange, yellow to even colorless. In general, the detrital zircons show high hafnium values (4576 to 12565 ppm) and very variable thorium (7.8 to 1565 ppm) and uranium values (13.4 to 687 ppm). The Th/U ratios vary from 0.4 to 2.3, allowing correlations for some zircon grains to kimberlitic, granitic or syenitic affinities. It was also possible to distinguish zircon grains crystallised in mafic mantle‐derived melts from those crystallised in felsic melts, e.g. from continental rift‐related magmatic systems. In general, the U–Pb zircon ages obtained range from 11.7 to 1949 Ma. All zircons of the reddish group yielded almost similar ages resulting in a Concordia age of 12.4 Ma (Serravallian), an age unknown from the Mamfe Basin so far. The group of non‐reddish zircons showed various ages ranging from Serravallian to Orosirian. It was possible to correlate the youngest ages with rocks known from intrusions along the CVL, dated with K/Ar or Ar/Ar methods. The most probable sources were Mount Bamenda and Mount Bambouto in the east of the Mamfe Basin. Cretaceous ages are interpreted as re‐recycled clastic sediments whose original source had been rocks in the south and the north of the Benue Trough and who had been eroded and deposited within the catchment area of the Asenem river system in the Mamfe Basin in post‐Cretaceous times. The oldest ages are assumed to represent the pan‐African and pre‐pan‐African basement of the Mamfe basin.
An Examination of Subnational Growth in Nigeria: 1999‐2012
Authors: Obikili Nonso
Published: March 2015

I use satellite imagery on night‐time lights to measure growth across states and local government areas in Nigeria since the return of democracy in 1999. The data suggest that states in southern Nigeria have grown faster on average than states in the north. Using the Ordinary Least Squares, I estimate a relationship between change in night lights and real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Africa and use the coefficients to estimate GDP growth for states and local government areas in Nigeria over the period. Finally, I evaluate the effects of violence on growth in Plateau, Yobe and Borno states. I find that the crisis in Plateau state has resulted in slower growth compared with other states in the region. I also show that Yobe and Borno states had performed worse than other states in the north even before the outbreak of violence related to the Boko Haram sect.
Phylogeny and placement of Boganiidae (Coleoptera, Cucujoidea) with a review of Australian and New Caledonian taxa
Authors: ESCALONA HERMES E. , LAWRENCE JOHN F. , WANAT MAREK , ŚLIPIŃSKI ADAM
Published: March 2015

A phylogeny of the cucujoid family Boganiidae (Coleoptera) is inferred for the first time based on a parsimony analysis of 102 morphological characters (70 adult and 32 larval). The analysis resulted in a monophyletic Boganiidae divided into two main clades, Boganiinae and Paracucujinae, each supported by a series of synapomorphies. The Boganiinae genera recovered were Afroboganium Endrödy‐Younga & Crowson and Boganium Sen Gupta & Crowson, whereas Paracucujinae includes Paracucujus Sen Gupta & Crowson, Metacucujus Endrödy‐Younga & Crowson, Athertonium Crowson and the New Caledonian Dzumacium caledonicum gen.n., sp.n. New specimen data and biological information for the Australian taxa are summarized with overviews on biogeography and comments on the fossil Jurassic Parandrexis Martynov (Parandrexidae). Two new species of Boganium, primarily from the Australian mallee are described: B. malleense sp.n. and B. medioflavum sp.n. Boganium malleense is recorded from flowers of Eucalyptus gracilis F. (Myrtaceae). Adults and larvae of Paracucujus rostratus Sen Gupta & Crowson are redescribed. Athertonium parvum Crowson is redescribed and Athertonium williamsi sp.n. is described from coastal New South Wales. Several host records for Athertonium are also presented.
Blood pressure measurement in pregnancy
Authors: Nathan Hannah L , Duhig Kate , Hezelgrave Natasha L , Chappell Lucy C , Shennan Andrew H
Published: April 2015

Key content

Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is fundamental to early diagnosis of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.

Poor auscultatory technique and lack of training leads to inaccuracies in BP measurement using sphygmomanometry with mercury and aneroid devices.

Automated devices limit user error but require validation of accuracy because they tend to underestimate BP in pre‐eclampsia.

Systolic hypertension may better predict risk of adverse outcome (such as haemorrhagic stroke) than diastolic hypertension.

Ambulatory/self‐monitoring increases the number of representative readings available on which to base management, limiting unnecessary intervention.

Detection of hypotension in pregnancy is crucial to the diagnosis of shock secondary to haemorrhage and sepsis.

Learning objectives

To learn how to obtain accurate BP measurements in pregnancy.

To understand the significance of hypertension in pregnancy.

Ethical issues

A large proportion of maternal deaths are associated with substandard care, often related to poor recognition of severity of hypertension or shock and need for treatment.

Lack of cheap, accurate, easy‐to‐use BP devices in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where risk of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity secondary to pre‐eclampsia and shock is highest, continues to be a challenge.
ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CRANIAL NERVE EMERGENCE AND SKULL FORAMINA IN THE HORSE USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Gonçalves Rita , Malalana Fernando , McConnell James Fraser , Maddox Thomas
Published: April 2015

For accurate interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the equine brain, knowledge of the normal cross‐sectional anatomy of the brain and associated structures (such as the cranial nerves) is essential. The purpose of this prospective cadaver study was to describe and compare MRI and computed tomography (CT) anatomy of cranial nerves' origins and associated skull foramina in a sample of five horses. All horses were presented for euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the head. Heads were collected posteuthanasia and T2‐weighted MR images were obtained in the transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Thin‐slice MR sequences were also acquired using transverse 3D‐CISS sequences that allowed mutliplanar reformatting. Transverse thin‐slice CT images were acquired and multiplanar reformatting was used to create comparative images. Magnetic resonance imaging consistently allowed visualization of cranial nerves II, V, VII, VIII, and XII in all horses. The cranial nerves III, IV, and VI were identifiable as a group despite difficulties in identification of individual nerves. The group of cranial nerves IX, X, and XI were identified in 4/5 horses although the region where they exited the skull was identified in all cases. The course of nerves II and V could be followed on several slices and the main divisions of cranial nerve V could be distinguished in all cases. In conclusion, CT allowed clear visualization of the skull foramina and occasionally the nerves themselves, facilitating identification of the nerves for comparison with MRI images.
True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention
Authors: Atkinson Greg , Batterham Alan M.
Published: March 2015

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

In ‘personalized medicine’, various plots and analyses are purported to quantify individual differences in intervention response, identify responders/non‐responders and explore response moderators or mediators.

What advances does it highlight?

We highlight the impact of within‐subject random variation, which is inevitable even with ‘gold‐standard’ measurement tools/protocols and sometimes so substantial that it explains all apparent individual response differences. True individual response differences are quantified only by comparing the SDs of changes between intervention and comparator arms. When these SDs are similar, true individual response differences are clinically unimportant and further analysis unwarranted.

Within the ‘hot topic’ of personalized medicine, we scrutinize common approaches for presenting and quantifying individual differences in the physiological response to an intervention. First, we explain how popular plots used to present individual differences in response are contaminated by random within‐subject variation and the regression to the mean artefact. Using a simulated data set of blood pressure measurements, we show that large individual differences in physiological response can be suggested by some plots and analyses, even when the true magnitude of response is exactly the same in all individuals. Second, we present the appropriate designs and analysis approaches for quantifying the true interindividual variation in physiological response. It is imperative to include a comparator arm/condition (or derive information from a prior relevant repeatability study) to quantify true interindividual differences in response. The most important statistic is the SD of changes in the intervention arm, which should be compared with the same SD in the comparator arm or from a prior repeatability study in the same population conducted over the same duration as the particular intervention. Only if the difference between these SDs is clinically relevant is it logical to go on to explore any moderators or mediators of the intervention effect that might explain the individual response. To date, very few researchers have compared these SDs before making claims about individual differences in physiological response and their importance to personalized medicine.
Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor improves cardiac function by attenuating adverse cardiac remodelling in rats with chronic myocardial infarction
Authors: Inthachai Tharnwimol , Lekawanvijit Suree , Kumfu Sirinart , Apaijai Nattayaporn , Pongkan Wanpitak , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: March 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Although cardioprotective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors have been demonstrated, their cardiac effects in chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are unclear. We determined the effects of a DPP‐4 inhibitor on cardiac function and remodelling in rats with chronic MI.

What is the main finding and its importance?

We demonstrated, for the first time, that DPP‐4 inhibitor, but not metformin, exerted similar efficacy in improving cardiac function and attenuating cardiac fibrosis compared with enalapril in rats with chronic MI. These findings reveal benefits additional to the glycaemic control by the DPP‐4 inhibitor in chronic MI, and it might become the new drug of choice for MI in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Adverse cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction (MI) leads to progressive heart failure. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors are new antidiabetic drugs that exert cardioprotection. However, their role in cardiac function and remodelling in chronic MI is unclear. We hypothesized that the DPP‐4 inhibitor vildagliptin reduces adverse cardiac remodelling and improves cardiac function in rats with chronic MI. These effects were also compared with enalapril and metformin. Male Wistar rats (n = 36) with chronic MI induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery were divided into six groups to receive vehicle, vildagliptin (3 mg kg−1 day−1), metformin (30 mg kg−1 day−1), enalapril (10 mg kg−1 day−1), combined metformin and enalapril or combined vildagliptin and enalapril for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), heart rate variability (HRV), left ventricular (LV) function, pathological and biochemical studies of cardiac remodelling were investigated. Our study demonstrated that rats with chronic MI had increased oxidative stress levels, depressed HRV, adverse cardiac remodelling, indicated by cardiac fibrosis, and LV dysfunction. Treatment with vildagliptin or enalapril significantly decreased oxidative stress, attenuated cardiac fibrosis and improved HRV and LV function. We conclude that vildagliptin exerts similar cardioprotective effects to enalapril in attenuating oxidative stress and cardiac fibrosis and improving cardiac function in rats with chronic MI. Metformin does not provide these benefits in this model. Moreover, addition of either metformin or vildagliptin to enalapril does not provide additional benefit in attenuating cardiac remodelling or improving LV function compared with enalapril alone.
Influence of Wave Induced Second-Order Forces in Semisubmersible FOWT Mooring Design
Authors: Lopez-Pavon Carlos , Watai Rafael A. , Ruggeri Felipe , Simos Alexandre N. , Souto-Iglesias Antonio
Published: March 2015

AZIMUT project (Spanish CENIT R&D program) is designed to establish the technological groundwork for the subsequent development of a large-scale offshore wind turbine. The project (2010–2013) has analyzed different alternative configurations for the floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT): SPAR, tension leg platform (TLP), and semisubmersible platforms were studied. Acciona, as part of the consortium, was responsible of scale-testing a semisubmersible platform to support a 1.5 MW wind turbine. The geometry of the floating platform considered in this paper has been provided by the Hiprwind FP7 project and is composed by three buoyant columns connected by bracings. The main focus of this paper is on the hydrodynamic modeling of the floater, with especial emphasis on the estimation of the wave drift components and their effects on the design of the mooring system. Indeed, with natural periods of drift around 60 s, accurate computation of the low-frequency second-order components is not a straightforward task. Methods usually adopted when dealing with the slow-drifts of deep-water moored systems, such as the Newman's approximation, have their errors increased by the relatively low resonant periods of the floating system and, since the effects of depth cannot be ignored, the wave diffraction analysis must be based on full quadratic transfer functions (QTFs) computations. A discussion on the numerical aspects of performing such computations is presented, making use of the second-order module available with the seakeeping software wamit®. Finally, the paper also provides a preliminary verification of the accuracy of the numerical predictions based on the results obtained in a series of model tests with the structure fixed in bichromatic waves.
NASA Lewis Research Center/University Graduate Research Program on Engine Structures
Authors: Chamis Christos C.
Published: April 2015

NASA Lewis Research Center established a graduate research program in support of the Engine Structures Research activities. This graduate research program focuses mainly on structural and dynamics analyses, computational mechanics, mechanics of composites and structural optimization. The broad objectives of the program, the specific program, the participating universities and the program status are briefly described.
Interlaboratory Comparison of Flexural Strength of Structural Ceramics
Authors: Lenoe E. M. , Neal D. , Vangel M. , Boehmer M. , Siebels J. E.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents results of statistical evaluation of flexural strength of various silicon nitrides and silicon carbides. The interlaboratory comparison involved both analytical and experimental procedures. For instance, two types of reaction bonded silicon nitride from the same production lots were evaluated using different test fixtures and experimental methods. A fairly extensive data base on five types of nitrides and carbides was evaluated using both conventional and advanced statistical techniques. The various differences observed are discussed in the body of the paper.
The Economic Assessment of Proposed CHP Installations
Authors: Bonham Peter
Published: April 2015

Various methods for the economic evaluation of proposed gas turbine combined heat and power plants are discussed. These vary from the simple annual average method to a complex computer simulation based model. The paper describes in detail the use of a program which simulates turbine and boiler performance from data provided by a potential customer. This data takes the form of load and steam demands for typical operating days. The method has been developed for the United Kingdom market but could be adapted to suit any country.
Design of a 465 MW Combined Cycle Cogeneration Plant
Authors: Leffler Donald W.
Published: April 2015

In June 1983 Power Systems Engineering, Inc. began engineering of a base loaded 465 MW (net) combined cycle cogeneration plant (Figure 1) designed to sell up to 1,150,000 lb/hr (145.0 kg/s) of steam to a chemical plant in Houston, Texas, and sell up to 550,000 kW of electric power to the local electric utility (Houston Lighting & Power). Power Systems designed the plant, specified and procured equipment, arranged $220 million of project financing, will manage the construction of the plant, and will operate the plant. Power Systems negotiated the long-term steam contract with the chemical company and the power contract with HL&P. In addition, Power Systems obtained all permits and contracted for a long-term fuel supply.
Preliminary Tests on an Annular Hybrid Diffuser
Authors: Montazerin N. , Adkins R. C.
Published: April 2015

Tests have been conducted on an annular, Hybrid Diffuser, of short length while operating in isolation. The purpose was to ascertain whether such a diffuser could operate efficiently without the downstream influence of the combustor dome which had been a feature of previous tests. The diffuser was fitted with a pre-diffuser in order to raise the static pressure level of the bleed air. A series of exit cones was used as the final stage of diffusion, covering a range of included angle from 15 to 45 degrees.

Results obtained demonstrate that this configuration of Hybrid diffuser operates efficiently, that performance is improved if pressures inside the inner and outer vortex chambers are balanced, and that larger quantities of bleed must be extracted in order to maintain a high pressure recovery as the exit included angle is increased.
A Mathematical Model for Computing the Effects of Air Humidity, Fuel Composition and Gas Dissociation on Gas Turbine Performance and its Actual Application
Authors: Gu Yong-Gen , Palmer J. R.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a mathematical model for computing the effects of air humidity, fuel composition, and gas dissociation on gas turbine engine performance and its actual application to a computer program for simulation of gas turbine engine performance. A new generalized modular program to allow for these effects was built, which is called ‘TURBOFLEXI’. It can simulate arbitrary gas turbine engine with a variety of configurations, at any air humidity conditions, with any fuel composition and gas dissociation or even water injection. The program was examined by test data and published data.
Design and Construction of the First Commercial Cheng Cycle Series 7 Cogeneration Plant
Authors: Jones J. Lloyd , Chang Chung-Nan , Digumarthi Ramarao V. , Conlon William M.
Published: April 2015

A description is given of the Cheng Cycle Engine and its application to cogeneration based upon the first commercial plant. The paper covers a description of the plant and its components, unique design features, the automatic control system and the plant operational features. Initial operating performance and NOx emission characteristics are cited.
Numerical Method for Fuel Distribution Downstream of the Emulsifying Channel Injector
Authors: Bing Liu , Hong-Ji Wang
Published: April 2015

Based upon experimental results, the physical processes of fuel-air mixture formation downstream of the emulsifying channel injector (ECI) have been studied and a calculation model for predicting fuel distribution downstream of ECI has been proposed in this paper. The two-dimensional differential equation of diffusion is solved by numerical method and the fuel distribution downstream of ECI is calculated. The calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Small Industrial Gas Turbine Combustor Performance With Low BTU Gas Fuels
Authors: Bahr D. W. , Sabla P. E. , Vinson J. W.
Published: April 2015

To permit the use of gasifier-generated low BTU gas fuels in the LM500 engine, a modified version of its existing combustor was defined and tested. The LM500 engine is a small aircraft-derivative engine in the four megawatt class and is used in a variety of industrial applications. The combustor of this engine consists of a short-length and compact annular design with 18 fuel injectors. To accommodate the high volumetric flow rates associated with the use of low BTU gas fuels, a modified fuel injector configuration was defined. With this modified configuration, the combustor was found to operate satisfactorily with low BTU gases over a wide range of heating values. Stable combustion was obtained with fuels having heating values as low as 3.72 MJ/m3 (100 BTU/SCF). Also, acceptable combustion efficiency levels and exit temperature distributions were obtained. Based on these results, it is concluded that the LM500 engine can satisfactorily accommodate low BTU gas fuels typical of those produced by coal or biomass gasifiers and by other industrial processes.
The Prediction of Thermal NOx in Gas Turbines
Authors: Odgers J. , Kretschmer D.
Published: April 2015

Two correlations enabling predictions of thermal NOx are considered. The first correlation is a purely empirical one, and its uses and limitations are defined. Providing that “base” data are available the correlation is found to be generally very satisfactory. The second correlation has a more theoretical background and when tested with the limited amount of data available, it promises to be even more useful than the first one.
A Finite Element Scheme for Incompressible Viscous Flow Calculations
Authors: Cheng Wang Li , Ming Zhang Hui
Published: April 2015

A finite element scheme for two dimensional incompressible viscous flows in primitive variables is proposed in this paper. An upwind factor finite element method is devised to solve the momentum equations, and the continuity equation is satisfied by the correction of the pressure field.

Numerical experiments are carried out for a driven cavity and a diffuser. The Renolds Number for the cavity flow is 100.0, and for the diffuser is 50000.0. The numerical result of the scheme for the cavity flow is compared with that by another numerical method and satistactory agreement is found.