bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRÁTICAS DE ESCRITA E METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS: UMA PROPOSTA DE TRABALHO COLABORATIVO
Authors: Paulinelli Maysa de Pádua Teixeira
Published: May 2022

No presente artigo, propomos uma reflexão sobre as perspectivas do ensino aprendizagem da escrita no Brasil, traçando um breve percurso histórico que se inicia pela composição, passa pela redação e chega até a produção textual, caracterizada como a versão mais atual da prática em sala de aula. Nessa breve retrospectiva, abordamos aspectos como as concepções de língua e linguagem que embasam a composição, a redação e a produção textual; o momento histórico em que essas práticas de escrita foram engendradas; a forma de avaliação preconizada em cada uma delas e o padrão de autor que se formava como consequência dos modelos de ensino adotados. Na contemporaneidade, o trabalho com metodologias ativas surge como uma alternativa às práticas engessadas de escrita, ao oportunizar ao aluno que se torne protagonista de sua aprendizagem. Nesse sentido, ao final, apresentamos uma proposta de intervenção pedagógica com o método ativo Revisão por Pares, adaptado à revisão do texto dissertativo-argumentativo para o contexto do Ensino Médio.
Nutritional Habits of Middle School Students in Al-Nasiriyah City
Authors: Khudair Sara H. , Mohammed Wasna J.
Published: May 2022

Objective(s): The purpose of this study is to ascertain middle school pupils' nutritional habits. Methodology: The investigation began on November 3rd, 2021 and will conclude on March 10th, 2022. The design is cross-sectional. The study is being undertaken in the male and female middle schools in Al-Nasiryia City. A random sample of 60 middle school pupils is chosen. Consent forms were signed by all students who volunteered to participate in the study. The study will employ a self-report questionnaire separated into two sections: part I will analyze middle school students' sociodemographic traits, and part II will measure secondary school students' nutritional knowledge. Content validity and internal consistency reliability are determined using a pilot study. A data collection instrument is employed. The data are analyzed using the descriptive statistical data analysis approach, whereas the data are analyzed using the inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: Results show that the majority of the female and male students have fair dietary habits (75.0%). Conclusion: The study concluded that nutrition education is an effective strategy for enhancing the dietary habits of middle school students. This study shows that the dietary habits of these students are not affected as they age. Recommendations: The study says that the Ministry of Education should set up nutrition education classes for these students to help them learn more about nutrition-related issues. Keywords: Nutritional Habits, Middle School Students
Assessment of Old Age Nutritional Status at Geriatric Home in Al- Diwaniyah City
Authors: Mohammed Fatima R. , Abdulwahid Hala S.
Published: May 2022

Background: Because of the various harmful impacts of malnutrition on older individuals' overall health, well-being, and autonomy, nutrition in the elderly has become a concern. Diet and lifestyle choices, as well as maintaining a healthy body weight, are important for maintaining health at any age, but they are especially important for healthy aging. Objective: Assess old age nutritional status throughout anthropometric measurements and MNA tool at Geriatric Home in AL-Diwaniyah City. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design utilizing the assessment approach is used to assess the nutritional status of the old ages in the Geriatric Home in AL-Diwaniyah City. Non-probability (convenient) sampling approach was used to select a sample of (24) old age live in Geriatric Home in AL-Diwaniyah City. These old age are distributed with respect to their age as early old age of (65-74) year, middle old age of (75-84) year and old-old age of (85 and more) year. Results: Findings demonstrated that the (45.8%) out of 24 participants from old age at geriatric home exhibited moderate nutritional status as described by moderate mean scores 29.08 (±6.128). Conclusion: Old ages who are unable to read and write is significantly associated with poor nutritional and those who are less years in geriatric home is significantly associated poor nutritional status. While those who are 9-21 kg/ m2 is significantly associated with poor nutritional status. Keywords: Assessment, Old Age, Nutritional Status, Geriatric Home.
Evaluation of Quality Assurance at Sub Primary Health Care Center in Basra City
Authors: Juma Huda S. , Abdulwahid Hala S.
Published: May 2022

Background: In the health context, the word “quality” often denotes a spectrum of desirable characteristics of health systems and, in particular, health care. Quality assurance programs are designed to investigate the effectiveness, efficiency, safety, and standards of health services and strategies and to identify measures for achievable improvements. A characteristic feature of quality assurance in health is that, with dynamic developments in medical practice required to stay in line with modern trends, the quality assurance system needs to be continually updated. Aims of The Study: To evaluate the quality assurance of sub-primary health care centers in Basra city, relative to their structure, process, and outcome. Methodology: A Descriptive study design was employed to evaluate the quality of primary healthcare with respect to structure, process, and consumer satisfaction, involving (60) clients and (10) sub-primary health Basra city for the period of October 15th 2021 through May 1st 2022. Non-probability “convenient” sample of (10) primary health care centers. Conclusion: The Ministry of Health and Environment with the collaboration of the Basra health directorate periodically monitors the primary healthcare centers in Basra City and guarantees that all of them, regardless of their classification as sub-primary healthcare centers. The Directorate of Public Health in Basra, which is responsible for the primary health care sectors in Basra, must distribute the medical staff according to health standards and indicators to ensure quality because there is a shortage of medical staff and in addition to a shortage of medical equipment because the primary care sub-centers cross the important part, especially in rural areas. Keywords: Evaluation, Quality assurance, Primary healthcare, Primary Health Care Centers.
Assessment of Trainers' Knowledge about Pragmatic Language for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Muslim Marwah Salih , Ajil Zaid W.
Published: May 2022

Background: Pragmatic consider an important part of the conversation. Children with autism have delay in the early language milestones based on standardized language tests. Study aimed: To assess the level of trainers' knowledge about pragmatic language for children with autism spectrum disorder, and to find out relationships between trainers’ knowledge and their demographic characteristics. Methodology: Using the pre-experimental design of the current study, for one group of 47 trainers working at the private Autism Centers in Baghdad, data was collected from January 8/ 2022 to February 13 /2022. Using non-probability samples (convenient samples), self-management technology in which trainers fill out the questionnaire form themselves was used in the data collection process; it was analyzed through descriptive and inference statistics. Conclusion: The study concluded that there was no significant or weak correlation between the trainer's knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics. The knowledge of the trainers ranged from medium to high in various dialogues. Keyword: Assessment, Trainers' Knowledge, Pragmatic Language, Autism Spectrum Disorder
Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitude about Intramuscular Injection (LML)
Authors: Attar Wafaa M. A. Al- , Hattab Wafaa Abd Ali , Abdulghan Mohammed Faris
Published: May 2022

Intramuscular injection, often known as IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of the ways to introduce medicine into the body. This method is preferred over some other methods such as intradermal or subcutaneous injection because the muscle has a larger size and has many blood vessels, which speeds up the absorption of the drug in it. The study aims to assess nurses' knowledge and attitudes on how to use intramuscular injections. A descriptive study was conducted on nurses working in Baghdad hospitals. The study was carried out from 13 January to 10 of July, 2021. An improbable random sample of 200 male and female nurses working in Baghdad hospitals was selected. Data were collected through the use of a designed electronic questionnaire consisting of three parts: Demographic characteristics of nurses, nurses' knowledge about intramuscular injections, which include 15 items and nurses’ attitudes on the steps for applying intramuscular injection, which include 15 items. An electronic version of the questionnaire was used to collect data from nurses, and the validity and reliability of the questionnaire for the study were determined. The results of the study showed that most of the sample was female 65.5%, (40%) within the age group (20-29 years), (39%) of them graduated from the Medical Institute diploma, 40% of the nurses have experience in the hospital (1-3) And (46%) of them do not have training courses on intramuscular injection. From the results of the research, it was concluded that the majority of the study sample that the nurses' knowledge about intramuscular injection was of medium of score. While for the nurses' attitudes on the steps of applying intramuscular injection were highly mean of score. The researchers recommend providing e-learning programs for nurses and nursing students to develop their knowledge experiences as well as their practical skills through continuous training course in hospitals and nursing laboratories.
Assessment of Student’s Knowledge Regarding Breast Cancer at al-Muthanna University-College of Nursing
Authors: Ibrahim Nuha Adel
Published: May 2022

Background: Although 1 in 8 women in the US may acquire breast cancer, there is optimism for 2019 with 34.8 female breast cancer rates in the governorate of Iraq. Overall, survival rates are rising. Women live longer after beating cancer. Nurse students were studied as future health care professionals. Objectives: The study's aims are to assess student knowledge of breast cancer at al-Muthanna University-College of Nursing. Methodology: The descriptive study was used for three months to analyse nursing college students' knowledge and its relationship to age, gender, and education. The study was done at Al-Muthanna University's College of Nursing. It contained 100 male and female students from three academic levels. The data was collected using a questionnaire that included 30 questions about students' understanding about breast cancer. Results: The results of the study that two-thirds of the students were female and three-quarters of the students their ages were among the youth group, most of them from the second stage, and as for their level of knowledge, it was average or acceptable in relation to the knowledge table of (30) items towards breast cancer, and therefore they obtained a degree ranging within the acceptable level Conclusion: The researcher concluded from the results of the current study that most of the nursing students at the University of Muthanna, Iraq had acceptable knowledge, but it was not sufficient to limit the spread of breast cancer, and this knowledge came to them to qualify them to educate women in the city Keywords: Assessment, Student’s Knowledge, Breast Cancer.
Trends in Body Mass Index and Obesity Prevalence among School Going Students with Down Syndrome in Islamabad and Rawalpindi
Authors: Fajar Ibtesam-E- , Janjua Huma Bashir , Sheikh Taimur Khalil , Ahmed Daniyal , Baig Iman , Baig Sundus Asghar , Khokhar Aamna
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Down syndrome is present in every 1 in 700 births, associated with developmental disability and comorbidities, like obesity which significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in these children. Objective: To identify the trends in body mass index and prevalence of obesity in school going down syndromes. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted at special children’s schools in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. A questionnaire was designed after literature search and was filled by the parents of the selected candidates according to inclusion criteria i.e., school going down syndromes and residents of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, in an interactive counselling session conducted by authors in collaboration with pediatrician, with parents at respective schools of their child, keeping the questionnaire anonymous. After data collection it was entered in SPSS v25 for statistical analysis in terms of frequencies and percentages. Results: Our survey included 44 candidates in which majority was between the age group 11 years to 20 years i.e., 52% (n=23) and 27% (n=12) were below 10 years. This survey showed that 95% (n=42) of our selected candidates have Normal BMI while 4.5% (n=2) of our candidates fall in Overweight (High BMI) category. Conclusion: Most of our selected Down syndrome individuals are protected from obesity as they indulge in different sports, physical activities, physiotherapy and maintain a balanced diet. It is therefore recommended to emphasize the importance of physical activities, active participation in sports, gymnastics, regular exercises and maintaining a healthy diet plan to avoid obesity in these individuals so that further complications of obesity can be prevented thus improving the quality of life of these individuals. Keywords: Body Mass Index, Down Syndrome, Obesity
Prevalence of Diarrhea and Association with Socio-Demographic Factors among Children Under Five in Mayo Camp-Khartoum State Sudan
Authors: . Elmanssury , . Ahmed , . Elnadif , . Dafalla , . Safa , . Abdalla
Published: May 2022

Background: Diarrhoeal diseases remain among the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in children, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In 2013, of the 6.3 million children worldwide who died before they reached their fifth birthday, about half (3.2 million) died from infectious diseases, with diarrhoea killing more than 500,000 children. Sudan has one of highest prevalence rates of diarrhoea and Global Acute Malnutrition. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of diarrhea and impact of socio-demographic factors on the prevalence among Children under five years, Methodology: a community-based cross-sectional research was carried out to study the prevalence of diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. Results: The average prevalence of diarrheal cases occurring during the 2 weeks preceding the interview was 35.0 percent (n = 311). The prevalence was higher among boys than among girls (25% and 10%, respectively). Our research showed that sociodemographic factors such as family size, number of < 5 siblings and occupation of the mother were not significantly correlated with diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age, whereas the research showed a high significance between the educational level of the mother and the diarrheal disease family income in children under 5 years of age. Conclusions: our study showed High prevalence of diarrhea in children under the age of five, with the highest prevalence among male compared with female. correlation highly associated between education of mothers, income levels, and diarrheal disease. Keywords: Prevalence, Diarrhea, sociodemographic, children, Association
Body Image Satisfaction and Quality of Life among Aesthetic Surgery Clients
Authors: Khudair Raghda Abdulzahra , Alwan Iman Hussein
Published: May 2022

Background: A negative body image contributes to poor quality of life, which can lead to more susceptible to many disturbances in physical, psychological and social. The aimed to investigate the relationship body image satisfaction and its relationship to quality of life among aesthetic surgery in Babylon Province/ Iraq. Methods: The correlational study design approach is done by interrogating members of the study population is conducted in Babylon Prpvince. To conduct the study, a non-probability (purposive) sample of (150) clientele who attend beauty facilities in Babylon Province was chosen. The contentment with one's body image is addressed in the used questionnaire. The questionnaire's dependability was established through a pilot research, and it was subsequently presented to experts for validation. The information was gathered through interview techniques and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis. Results: Out of 150 participants aged 20-25 years at mean age is 26 (±4.98), the female clients predominated (82.7%), urban residents (86.0%), the single clients were composed the highest percentage (60.7%), the students clients were constituted the majority (92.0%), clients hasn't had any previous plastic surgery (72.7%), clients wants to have a rhinoplasty (50.7%) to improve their appearance (89.3). There were significant correlation (positive) between body image and quality of life (r=0.168; p=0.040), and simple liner regression confirmed that the body image had been affected quality of life. Conclusions: A negative body image contributes to poor quality of life, which can lead to more susceptible to many disturbances in physical, psychological and social. Body image dissatisfaction is associated with marked impairment in aspects of quality of life relating to mental health and psycho-social functioning and at least some aspects of physical health. It is need to be counseling program to attain a realistic, positive perception of their body image and to overcome the negative views about their body image in order to enhance their self-esteem and different dimensions of their quality of life. Keywords: Body Image, Quality of Life, Aesthetic Surgery, Clients
Synergistic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and L-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylate against P53/Caspase-3-Mediated Apoptosis in Lung Tissue of Rats Exposed to Chlorpyrifos
Authors: Hassan Nawal S. , Shaheen Nora E.M. , Hassen Marwa T. , Haggag Nawal Z.
Published: May 2022

Chlorpyrifos [O, O-diethyl O-(3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate), which causes lung dysfunction, was used in this investigation to see if mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC) could alleviate the symptoms (CPF). Six sets of male albino rats (12010g) were formed. H2O was administered as a control, whereas OTC was administered orally at a dose of 100mg/kg b.wt./day and CPF was administered orally at a dose of 17.5mg/kg. It is possible to combine the use of one intravenous injection of MSCs (a single dose of 2106 cells) with the use of CPF+OTC, CPF+MSCS, or even CPF+MSCS+MSCS (CPF co-treated with OTC and MSCs). Results after a month demonstrated that treatment with OTC or/and MSCs improved GPx, MDA, and TAC in glutathione peroxidase (TAC). Lung tissue organisation was recovered by H&E after treatment with OTC and/or MSCs. As a result, it's possible that OTC and MSCs work in concert to help protect lung tissue against the apoptotic effects of CPF. Keywords: MSCs; p53/Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis; OTC; Lung.
Design, Development & Validation of an Assessment Tool for Undergraduate Medical Students of Community Health Sciences Rotation
Authors: Malik Farhat R , Ali Saima , Ullah Irfan
Published: May 2022

Background: Questionnaires are the most commonly used data collection methods in applied research for assessment of inputs. It is a useful instrument if valid and reliable. Objectives; To establish, design and appraise the reliability and validity tool for measuring knowledge with skills among undergraduate students. Methods: An observational study conducted at Peshawar Medical College in six months’ duration through three stage process, after having approval of Institutional Review Board of Prime Foundation. Process initiated by slot regulation, component development and questionnaire generation with judgement analysis of instrument by an expert panel of five public health specialists for relevance, representativeness and transparency of each item based on Likert rating scale. Validity and reliability measured in the final steps. Suggestions put forward by the experts with item impact scores corresponded to face validity. Rewording, combination and elimination resulted in final 35 item instrument.Data was analysed through SPSS Version- 21 with computation of content validity ratio, content validity index, item content validity, scale validity, Kappa statistics and Cronbach’s Alpha values. Results: Mean years of experience for the panellists was 14.2 years with S. D + 5.2 (n= 5). Excellent CVR, I CVI, S CVI, Percent Agreement and Kappa statistics were calculated for the entire questionnaire as 1.The final 24 item knowledgesection had 0.732 Inter Class Correlation and acceptable Cronbach Alphaas 0.743, while the 11 item skill portion had 0.819 Inter Class Correlation with good Cronbach Alpha 0.890. Conclusions: The findings support the face and content validity of the questionnaire. Keywords: Instrument development and Validation, Competency, Knowledge, Skill, Assessment, Content Validity, Content Validity Ratio, Reliability, Questionnaire
Anatomical Variations on Routine CT Scans Observed in the Paranasal Sinuse
Authors: Khalid Ahmad Bin , Siddiqa Ayesha , Haider Syed Imran , Alam Gohar , Butt Nadeem Akram
Published: May 2022

Objective: The aim of current study is to determine the frequency of anatomical variants on routine CT scan observed in the paranasal sinus. Stud Design: Cross-sectional Place and Duration: The study was conducted at Radiology department of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore for the duration of nine months from January 2021 to September 2021. Methods: There were 90 sinus patients of both genders with ages 20-55 years in this study. Cases were recruited after informed written permission was obtained and data such as gender and BMI were collected. The prevalence of various anatomical variations of the sinonasal cavities was determined based on the results of the CT scans. Anatomical differences between individuals with low to no apparent imaging evidence of rhinosinusitis vs those with clinically substantial radiologic evidence of rhinosinusitis were examined in this study. SPSS 21.0 was used to analyze complete data. Results: Among 90 cases, the majority of the patients were males 63 (70%) and 27 (30%) were females with mean age 33.41±8.56 years and mean BMI 23.22 ±5.31 kg/m2. According to Kero’s classification to determine the difference in olfactory fossa depth, most of the patients 62 (68.9%) were in type II, 20 (22.2%) in type I and 8 (8.9%) in type III. In accordance with anatomical variation, we found that most of the patients 65 (72.2%) had deviated nasal septum (DNS) followed by agger nassi cells in 61 (67.8%) cases and concha bullosa in 35 (38.9%) cases. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that the prevalence of anatomical variants among patients of paranasl sinus was higher in which the majority of the patients had deviated nasal septum and agger nassi cells. Keywords: Frontal sinus, Paranasal Sinus, Maxillary sinus, Anatomical variants
Prophylaxis of Macular Edema with Preoperative Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy Undergoing Phacoemulsification
Authors: Javed Muhammad Abid , Latif Sidrah , Javaid Rana Muhammad Mohsin , Khan Asad Aslam , Mahju Tehseen Mahmood , Ahmed Farooq
Published: May 2022

Purpose: To determine frequency of post-operative macular edema in diabetic retinopathy patients having received preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab, after phacoemulsification cataract surgery while compared with the controls. Study Design: Quasi experimental trial Place and Duration of Study: Department of ophthalmology eye unit 3, KEMU /Mayo hospital, Lahore from March 2020 to August 2020. Methods: A total of 60 patients were included in the study and randomly divided into two groups. Patients of study group were given 1.25mg bevacizumab injection by IV route two weeks priority to surgery while nothing was administered in the control group. Before one week of surgery ocular examination and OCT were perfumed and it was repeated after every month of performance of surgery. Allocation of patients was even not known to the researcher to avoid biasness. Components of monthly examination were best correct visual acuity, slit lamp examination and central macular thickness quantification with OCT. Standard cataract surgery was performed in all the patients (phacoemulsification and implantation of monofocal intraocular lens (IOL)). Post-operatively, all patients were given standard treatment i.e moxifloxacin-dexamethasone). Follow up of all the patients was made for consecutive three months on monthly basis to assess outcome variables i.e macular edema was observed keeping in view central macular thickness. Results: In patients of study group, 16.66% had developed macular edema while in control group it was observed in 46% patients. While comparing macular edema between side of eye, study group had 02 (13.33%) patients belonging to right eye while 03(20.0%) had left eye. However, in control group it was 08 (53.33%) and 06 (40.0%) for right and left eyes respectively. Group A had 230.23 ± 32.16 µm central macular thickness while it was 274.21 ± 25.34 µm in group B. Conclusion: In macular edema prophylaxis using preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab is efficacious in comparison with the controls in patients with mild-moderate edema. Keywords: NPDR, Macular edema, Intravitreal Bevacizumab, Phacoemulsification Surgery, Diabetic Retinopathy.
Knowledge, Perspectives and Practice Patterns of Eye Care Providers in Pakistan Regarding Myopia
Authors: Shahzad Muhammad Aamir , Khan Hashim Ali , Arshad Muhammad Sohail , Sharjeel Muhammad , Yasin Nasir , Jahangir Smaha , Bukhari Syed Muhammad Umar Farooq , Ahmed Muhammad
Published: May 2022

Aim: To survey eye-care professionals in Pakistan, including optometrists, ophthalmologists, and residents from either, on their knowledge, opinions, and clinical practice patterns. We also looked to see if their myopia-related practice habits were in accordance with current standards of care and guidelines. Methods: An online survey was created and shared with eyecare providers from all provinces in Pakistan. The responses were collected over a span of 8 weeks. Results: 173 professionals took part in the survey and 146 were able to complete the survey (based on their response to specific questions). Most common method of refraction was cycloplegic refraction, and most tended to under-correct myopia. Only 1/4th of clinicians were measuring axial length and 21% never performed binocular testing and checked lag of accommodation in myopes. Most common method of myopic fundus examination was dilated fundus biomicroscopy and criteria for peripheral fundus examination was myopia greater than 6 diopters. Almost half have not attended a course/ workshop on myopia (control) in past 6 months and 1/4th tended to rarely read a myopia related journal article. Progression of more than 1 diopter a year was criteria for initiation of control strategies for most clinicians and 0.01% atropine was the preferred initial concentration and almost half of them believed the control strategies to be moderately effective. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of eyecare providers do not appear to be aware of current concepts and do not incorporate recent guidelines into their practices regarding myopia management. Keywords: Practice patterns, Eye care providers, Myopia
Diagnostic Analysis of Electrolytes (NA+, k+, CL-, MG+2 and PO-34) in Cadaveric Synovial Fluid from Knee Joint to Estimate Postmortem Interval
Authors: Abbas Aatiqa , Farooq Arooj , Farooq Muhammad Ali
Published: May 2022

Accurate determination of Time since death (TSD) has always been a challenge to forensic pathologists. Due to non-precise results using physical methods to estimate time of death, focus has been shifted to biochemical methods using body fluids. Previously, body fluids like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and vitreous humour have been used to determine postmortem interval (PMI), but in cases of head and ocular injuries respectively, they can be rendered useless. Synovial fluid is a well-preserved, compartmentalized fluid and hence, can be used to estimate PMI. The aim of this study was to determine death interval based on synovial fluid electrolytes levels (Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg+2, PO-34) and to assess its reliability for future studies. Study design: It was a correlational study. Study settings: The research was conducted at department of Forensic Medicine King Edward Medical University, Mayo Hospital Lahore, from August 2018 to August 2019. Methodology: PMI was regressed on synovial fluid electrolytes and regression formulae were formulated. Significant positive correlation was found between time since death and K+ ion concentration using regression formula. Results: However, there was negative relationship between PMI and Na+ and no significant relationship was found between TSD and Cl-, Mg+2 and PO-34 concentrations. The regression model of K+ gave a 97.9% accuracy and a correlation coefficient of 0.978 which showed the model using K+ values in synovial fluid is the most accurate one. Conclusion: The concentration of potassium ions increases with increasing time of death whereas, that of sodium decreases with increasing PMI. However, magnesium, chloride and phosphate concentrations remain unchanged with time interval. Keywords: sodium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, electrolytes, synovial fluid
Comparison of Anatomical Success Between Early and Late Removal of Silicone oil after Retinal Detachment Surgery
Authors: Javed Muhammad Abid , Latif Sidrah , Mohsin Javaid Rana Muhammad , Khan Asad Aslam , Mahju Tehseen Mahmood , Ahmed Farooq
Published: May 2022

Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the retinal redetachment after early and late removal of silicone oil. Place and Duration of Study: Department of ophthalmology eye unit 3, KEMU /Mayo hospital, Lahore from February 2021 to July 2021 . Study: Quasi experimental trial. Patients and Methods: Time of silicone oil removal of first group (29 patients) at 6 weeks and second group (29 patients) at 12 weeks post-operatively. Presence of 360 barrage laser. The two groups were compared as to the condition of the eye at the time of SOR at 1st day 1st week, 1st months.3rd month following SOR. Inclusion Criteria PPV for rhegemantogenous RD with all types of breaks with silicon oil tamponade, both gender 360 barrage laser. Exclusion criteria bands keratopathy grade c PVR, presence of cataract, GRT, only eye Results: The risk of retinal re-detachment was similar in both groups. Conclusion: The danger of re-detachment was not increased by early removal of silicone oil after six weeks, and higher compliance with the removal period was ensured. In patients who are less likely to follow a procedure for delayed removal, it is especially advised..
Evaluation of Primigravida Pregnant Women Perceived Stress during Second Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Omran Suhad Hassan , Khazraji Lujain Anwar Al-
Published: May 2022

Objective: To evaluate primigravida pregnant women’s perceived stress during the first trimester of pregnancy and to compare between these women relative their perceived stress and pregnancy trimesters, and to determine the relationship between these women’s perceived stress and their demographic characteristics of age, women’s education, women’s occupation, spouses’ education, spouses’ occupation, maternal medical history, and monthly income. Methodology: Time dimension study design, using a longitudinal “follow-up type” study was conducted in primary health care centers from the health care sectors at Al-Russafa and Al-Karkh Health Directorates in Baghdad City, for the period of October 15th 2020 through January 17th 2022, in order to evaluate Primigravida women’s perceived stress. The sample was Convenient, non-probability, sample of (300) primigravida pregnant woman who are recruited from (10) main, (10) sub and (10) family medicine primary health care centers, (150) woman at Al-Russafa and (150) woman at Al-Karkh in Baghdad City. All primigravida pregnant women, who have participated in the study, have signed consent form for their agreements for the participation in the study. The questionnaire was designed as an instrument for collecting data through the use of the Self-report questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study. The study instrument was constructed through review of relevant literature, the questionnaire which consisted of two main parts. The first part relates to the primigravida pregnant women socio-demographic characteristics (such as age, woman’s education, woman’s occupation, spouse’s education, spouse’s occupation, pregnancy woman’s medical history, monthly income) and the second part relates to the stressors that cause primigravida’s perceived stress. This part is comprised of (70) item that evaluate primigravida pregnant women’s perceived stress during pregnancy these items are distributed throughout (6) dimensions that include physical stressors (20) items, cognitive stressors (11) items, social stressors (16) items, emotional stressors (8) items, behavioral stressors (9) items and financial stressors (6) items. All items are measured on 3-level type Likert scale of never = 1, sometimes = 2 and always = 3. A pilot study was carried out for the period of November 4th through December 14th 2020 in order to determine the validity and reliability of the study instrument to (12) primigravida pregnant women. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by using the Cronbach Alpha test, and the content validity of the questionnaire was determined throughout panel of (12) experts. The data were analyzed and described using the descriptive statistical data analysis approach of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, mean of scores, total scores and ranges and inferential statistical data analysis approach of analysis of t-test, analysis of variance, multiple linear regression
Significant different Perceptions of the Viral Dynamics and the Immune System to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) Exposure
Authors: . Mehrunisa , Jahangir Sana , Choudhry Abdullah , Ghaffar Fahad Bin , Bhojwani Vijay Kumar , Majid Abdul
Published: May 2022

Aim: The knowledge of viral characteristics in addition immune reply to severe respiratory disorder (Sars Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination still has significant gaps. Methods: In a retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis of 140 cases having PCR-established SARS-CoV-2 disease, researchers analyzed those parameters and demonstrated their correlation with symptom manifestations (mean age, 44 years; 54 percent male; 48 percent through comorbidities). Breathing models (n = 76) remained obtained for viral culture, serum specimens (n = 32) for IgM/IgG levels, and plasma samples (n = 82) for inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The illness burden remained connected to the findings of viral culture, serologic tests, also immunological markers. Results: Fifty-eight (58%) cases established viral pneumonia, including 22 (18%) requiring supplementary oxygen and 14 (11%) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Twenty of the 77 individuals were positive for viral culture from respiratory samples (24 percent). When the PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value remained more than 31 or greater than 15 days following indication onset, no virus was recovered. Seroconversion happened at a median (IQR) of 13.6 (10–20) days for IgM and 16.1 (14–22) days for IgG; 56/63 patients (88.2 percent) seroconverted on day 15 or later. Health hazard appeared linked to quicker seroconversion as well as greater peak IgM and IgG levels. Conclusion: Researchers discovered that viral viability significantly related having such a lower PCR Ct charge in the initial stages of disease. The seriousness of the illness was linked to a greater antibody level. Overcharged pro-inflammatory immune markers provide marks for host-directed immunotherapy, that would have been investigated in randomized precise studies. Keywords: Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), immune response, acute respiratory syndrome.
Effect of Clomiphene Citrate on Ovulation Induction and Hormones of Infertility with Inflammatory Effects on Gingiva
Authors: Arshad Asma , Pervaiz Saima , Zafar Abeera , Cheema Sara Masood , Khan Maryam , Khan Faiza , Shamim Saba
Published: May 2022

Objective: To determine clomiphene citrate effect on ovulation induction and its effects and evaluation on inflammation of gingiva. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical trial on 50 patients using clomiphene citrate [CC] for ovulation induction and 50 patients with control. These women were examined for their dental hygiene, and to evaluate the index of gingiva, and index of plaque, gingival crevicular fluid, and how much bleeding occurs when probing, any inflammation and dental caries. All the results were compared with a control group in this evaluation [50 females] who do not use ovulation medicines. Results: Clomiphene citrate is used for ovulation induction. It alters the hormonal level in serum and also leads to gingival inflammation. Although same level of plaque is P > 0.05, females having CC treatment for ovulation induction for more than three to four months with increase inflammation pg gingiva level respectively having value of P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), GCF volume is P <0.001) and bleeding is with P <0.001 as it was compared with control group and to treatment with CC for three months.. Conclusion: It is concluded that hormonal disturbance in infertility and drugs used in present study may cause gingival inflammation. Keyword: Clomiphene citrate, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, inflammation, Gingivitis.
Validate the Precision of the RIPASA Grading System for the Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ali Mansab , Dawani Surrendar , Khan Madiha Masood , Jafferi Salman , Siddiqui Adeela Z , Kumar Rakesh
Published: May 2022

Aim: To determine the accuracy of the RIPASA (Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Appendicitis) grading system for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi Pakistan from March 2020 to November 2021. Methodology: A total of 150 patients with clinical signs of acute appendicitis were studied. To determine the RIPASA score's validity, testing was assessed for acute appendicitis. Patients with gynecological and urological disorders, appendicular lumps, were excluded from the study. The RIPASA Score chart was employed, and the findings of additional clinical studies corroborated the findings. Results: Among the 150 patients, 80 (53.3%) were males, and 70 (46.66%) were females. The participants' average age was 22 ± 5.4 years. At a cut-off score of 7.5, the RIPASA scoring system exhibited good validation testing. The majority of the population (n=135, 90 %) was under the age of 40, with the minority (n=15, 10%) being over 40. The incidence of appendicitis increases dramatically in the second and third decades. There is no case below the age of ten and no case over the age of sixty years. Conclusion: For the diagnosis of AA, the RIPASA score is more sensitive and specific. This Scoring system is a valid and significant selective power in the diagnosis of appendicitis and in reducing unnecessary admissions and abdominal explorations, especially in the Asian race. Keywords: Acute appendicitis, Histopathology, RIPASA, Validation study
An Insight into Obesity and Overweight Frequency Secondary to Unhealthy Dietary Intake among Housewives in Pakistan
Authors: Zia Tayyaba , Naveel Tania , Arshad Syma , Jabeen Norina , Ali Mubarik , Roy Nadeem , Amin Ali H , Ahmad Bilal
Published: May 2022

The goal of current review was to determine the occurrence of obesity and overweight among housewives consequently of a poor diet. Obesity has been related to diabetes, heart disease and osteoarthritis in the past. It has been estimated that 190 million overweight and obese people worldwide, obesity and overweight constitute a severe risk to human health. As a result, we looked into the impact of certain eating behaviors on weight among Pakistani housewives. We examined the link between the unhealthy dietary intake and their weight. Genetics, Screen time, sedentary lifestyle, eating speed, number of meals consumed on daily, and high-sugar diets were all found to be associated with obesity. Our findings show that increasing the number of meals per day, slowing down the rate of eating, and limiting high-sugar foods could help. Keywords: obesity, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy food intake, media
Effectiveness of an Education Program on Primary School Teachers Knowledge towards T1DM
Authors: Hamza Aqil Jaber Abd Al-, , Mahmood Sawsan Ali , Obaid Khamees Bandar
Published: May 2022

Background: Schools have an important role to play in ensuring that students with diabetes have the support they need to stay healthy, enjoy the same opportunities for learning and having fun as their peers, and are prepared to do their best in school. Training teachers and education professionals on diabetes is crucial for full-time monitoring of diabetic children in schools. The aims of study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program on teachers knowledge towards management of students with type I diabetes mellitus. Methods: A quasi-experimental study conducted on a group of teachers in the Numaniyah district using the pre and post assessment. Using an purposive sample of 60 teachers divided into two groups of 30 samples for each them. The educational program was conducted on 30 teachers and they were compared to the control group. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 30-items. The data was collected by using the self-report method and analyzed by applying a descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: The results of the study indicated that the (70%) of school teachers expressed deficit knowledge, and after the application of intervention program, (66.7%) of school teachers expressed good knowledge. While in the control group for two tests, the teachers' knowledge was poor (86.7% and 76.7%) respectively. There is a no statistical significant difference between intervention and control groups in the pre-test period of measurement (p=0.230). While, there is a highly statistical significant difference between the intervention and control groups at the post-test period of measurement (p=0.000). Conclusions: Training the primary school teacher's staff by the implementation such education program which indeed helps to develop their knowledge. Ministry of Health and Education should try to consider teachers benefits. It should adjust training on managing diabetes at school program’ aims to increase the awareness of the teachers on diabetes. Increase the awareness of childhood diabetes, it is critical to expand the management strategies to every area, other than healthcare institutions, to which children attend. Keywards: Knowledge, Primary School Teachers, T1DM.
Challenges Facing Nurses toward Providing Care for Patients at Intensive Care Units during the Pandemic of Corona Virus Disease
Authors: Khalaf Jameel Yousif , Bakey Serwan Jafar
Published: May 2022

Background: Nurses constitute the majority of healthcare practitioners, have been fighting the COVID-19 outbreak on the front lines. Nurses could face several challenges during delivering care for patients at ICUs especially at the time of pandemic of COVID -19, including workload and shortage, psychological load, availability of resources, responsibilities, and role conflict. Aims of the study: To what extent is there a significant relationship between challenge that facing nursing care at intensive care unit during the pandemic of corona virus ? Methodology: A descriptive study design was conducted on ICU nurses at Baquba teaching hospital for the period October 15th, 2021, to March 25th, 2022. A non-probability (Purposive) sample was selected of 35 nurses who work at Baquba teaching hospital. The data was collected using a previously prepared questionnaire and official agreement to use the study questionnaire was obtained from the original author. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (person correlation) were used in the data analysis. Results: Results showed that nurses who work at ICU during the pandemic of COVID -19 were faced several challenges to deliver care for patients, including shortage of nurses in the presence of large number of patients, lack of appropriate offices for nurses, stressful work environment, sense responsibilities for some critical cases, and lack of support from superiors. Conclusion: The study concluded that nurses who work at ICU during the pandemic of COVID -19 were faced several challenges to deliver care for patients, including shortage and workload, psychological load, taking responsibilities, and role conflict challenges. Keywords: challenges, nurses, ICU, COVID-19.
Effect of Moral Distress on Decision Making among Nurses in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Turfi Murtadha Kudhair Al- , Jubouri Mohammed Baqer Al-
Published: May 2022

Background: Moral distress, as one of the most important issues in the nursing profession, can negatively affect the healthcare system Objectives: To examine the effect of moral distress on decision making. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study a non-probability sampling method was used and a total sample collected was (126) ICU nurses Result: Moral distress among ICUs nurses were moderate and decision making was good Conclusion: Although nurses in ICUs perceive good decision making but suffered from moderate MD which affected their decision making. MD is still an important issue that nurses may face in ICUs Conclusion: Although nurses in ICUs perceive good decision making but suffered from moderate MD which affected their decision making. MD is still an important issue that nurses may face in ICUs Keyword: moral distress, decision making, ICU nurses
Six Minute Walk Test in People with Tuberculosis Sequelae
Authors: Latif Salman , Sharyar Muhammad , Shafee Iram , Ali Jurat , Mannan Abdul , Deedar Salman , Waris Sadaf
Published: May 2022

Background: Tuberculosis often brings about diffuse fibrotic and other changes to lung tissue also consolidation of lung tissue prompting a decrease in generally lung tissue compliance. Following tuberculosis, the functional status of people is reduced e.g., impaired ventilation and gas exchanges leading to shortness of breath, muscular deconditioning, and a functional status decline is seen Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the six-meter walk distance and physical functional capacity (VO2 max) in 40 – 65 years people with pulmonary tuberculosis and healthy subjects. Methods: Forty healthy subjects (20 males and 20 females) and forty subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (30 males and 10 females) took part in this study. All the subjects underwent a six min walk test. Walk-work was calculated and used for evaluating functional capacity. To examine for significant relationships Pearson product correlation was used Results: A significant difference was found between the groups in regards to 6MWT distance (p < 0.05). For height and body mass index (BMI) Pearson product correlations with 6MWD were significant in normal individual and for the weight and BMI it was significant in the TB sequelae group. Conclusion: A significant difference was found in functional capacity in terms of VO2max between healthy and patients with TB was found. TB sequelae individuals’ group, 52.6% patients had a VO2 max under 21 milliliter per kilogram per minute that brought about an impressive effect of TB sequelae on endurance in regards to cardiorespiratory system. Keywords: functional capacity, hospital, six-minute walk test, tuberculosis