bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bullish on Uncertainty
Authors: Michel Alexandra , Wortham Stanton
Published: July 2011

Bullish on Uncertainty provides rare insight into the secretive world of Wall Street high finance, which has shaped influential business, governmental, and cultural leaders and keeps supplying new business practices to other organizations in dynamic and complex environments. The book studies how two highly successful Wall Street investment banks managed the uncertainty of their high-velocity environment through different work practices. One bank chose the familiar route of decreasing bankers' uncertainty. The other bank used the novel and effective practice of increasing bankers' uncertainty to make them more alert to new situations and more likely to draw on the bank's entire range of resources. Through vivid accounts of newcomers during their first two years, the book traces how the two banks' initially similar participants were transformed into fundamentally different kinds of persons by the different kinds of work practices in which they participated.
Modeling and Reasoning with Bayesian Networks
Authors: Darwiche Adnan
Published: July 2011

This book is a thorough introduction to the formal foundations and practical applications of Bayesian networks. It provides an extensive discussion of techniques for building Bayesian networks that model real-world situations, including techniques for synthesizing models from design, learning models from data, and debugging models using sensitivity analysis. It also treats exact and approximate inference algorithms at both theoretical and practical levels. The treatment of exact algorithms covers the main inference paradigms based on elimination and conditioning and includes advanced methods for compiling Bayesian networks, time-space tradeoffs, and exploiting local structure of massively connected networks. The treatment of approximate algorithms covers the main inference paradigms based on sampling and optimization and includes influential algorithms such as importance sampling, MCMC, and belief propagation. The author assumes very little background on the covered subjects, supplying in-depth discussions for theoretically inclined readers and enough practical details to provide an algorithmic cookbook for the system developer.
Rotational Spectroscopy of Diatomic Molecules
Authors: Brown John M. , Carrington Alan
Published: July 2011

Written to be the definitive text on the rotational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules, this book develops the theory behind the energy levels of diatomic molecules and then summarises the many experimental methods used to study their spectra in the gaseous state. After a general introduction, the methods used to separate nuclear and electronic motions are described. Brown and Carrington then show how the fundamental Dirac and Breit equations may be developed to provide comprehensive descriptions of the kinetic and potential energy terms which govern the behaviour of the electrons. One chapter is devoted solely to angular momentum theory and another describes the development of the so-called effective Hamiltonians used to analyse and understand the experimental spectra of diatomic molecules. The remainder of the book concentrates on experimental methods. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers interested in the rotational spectroscopy of diatomic molecules.
The Art of Lecturing
Authors: Aarabi Parham
Published: July 2011

This simple and clear guide to lecturing is an example-based account of effective strategies for exciting and successful lectures for academic and business lecturers. From the lecturing mindset, combating fear and nervousness, to lecturing tricks and tactics, this book discusses a wide array of practical ideas that may surprise and help even the most experienced public speakers and lecturers. The author provides unique insights into lecturing for twenty-first century audiences, based on his academic and non-academic lecturing experiences at the University of Toronto and Stanford University; experiences which have resulted in numerous institutional, provincial, and international teaching and lecturing awards. Further resources for this title, including lecture slides and videos of presentations and lectures, are available online from www.cambridge.org/9780521876100.
The Theology of the Gospel of John
Authors: Smith Dwight Moody
Published: July 2011

D. Moody Smith treats the theology of the Gospel of John in its narrative form and historical context, both ancient Jewish and early Christian. His work draws upon the most recent scholarly investigations of the Gospel's historical purpose and setting. The major theological themes of the Gospel, especially its christology, are treated in relation to the context of the work, since Johannine theology is not simply a by-product of controversies that produced the Gospel, but is rather related to them in significant ways. As Professor Smith shows, John marks an important watershed between Christianity and Judaism. His study will thus serve equally well as an introduction to the question of the origin of John and as an introduction to its theology. It also consistently pays attention to the relationship of the Gospel to other major New Testament witnesses as well as to its important influence upon the development of later Christian doctrine.
American Protestantism in the Age of Psychology
Authors: Muravchik Stephanie
Published: July 2011

Many have worried that the ubiquitous practice of psychology and psychotherapy in America has corrupted religious faith, eroded civic virtue and weakened community life. But an examination of the history of three major psycho-spiritual movements since World War II – Alcoholics Anonymous, The Salvation Army's outreach to homeless men, and the 'clinical pastoral education' movement – reveals the opposite. These groups developed a practical religious psychology that nurtured faith, fellowship and personal responsibility. They achieved this by including religious traditions and spiritual activities in their definition of therapy and by putting clergy and lay believers to work as therapists. Under such care, spiritual and emotional growth reinforced each other. Thanks to these innovations, the three movements succeeded in reaching millions of socially alienated and religiously disenchanted Americans. They demonstrated that religion and psychology, although antithetical in some eyes, could be blended effectively to foster community, individual responsibility and happier lives.
Poor zinc status is associated with increased risk of insulin resistance in Spanish children
Authors: Ortega R. M. , Rodríguez-Rodríguez E. , Aparicio A. , Jiménez A. I. , López-Sobaler A. M. , González-Rodríguez L. G. , Andrés P.
Published: July 2011

Zn plays a key role in the synthesis and action of insulin. The aim of the present work was to determine whether a poorer Zn status was associated with insulin resistance in a group of 357 Spanish schoolchildren. Zn intake was determined by using a 3 d food record (i.e. Sunday to Tuesday). The body weight, height and waist and hip circumferences of all subjects were recorded and fasting plasma glucose, insulin and Zn concentrations were determined. Insulin resistance was determined using the homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) marker. Children (11·5 %) with Zn deficiency (serum Zn concentration < 10·7 μmol/l) had higher HOMA values than those with a more satisfactory Zn status (1·73 (sd0·93)) compared with 1·38 (sd0·90;P < 0·05). An inverse correlation was found between the HOMA value and the serum Zn concentration (r− 0·149,P < 0·05). The risk of having a greater insulin resistance value (HOMA greater than the 75th percentile) increased with age (OR 1·438; 95 % CI 1·021, 2·027) and BMI (OR 1·448; 95 % CI 1·294, 1·619) and decreased as Zn serum levels increased (OR 0·908; 95 % CI 0·835, 0·987;P < 0·001). Moreover, an inverse relationship was observed between HOMA values and Zn dietary density (r− 0·122), and the Zn intakes of male children with a HOMA value of >3·16 made a significantly smaller contribution to the coverage of those recommended (59·7 (sd14·7) %) than observed in children with lower HOMA values (73·6 (sd18·2) %;P < 0·05). Taking into account that Zn intake was below than that recommended in 89·4 % of the children, it would appear that increasing the intake of Zn could improve the health and nutritional status of these children, and thus contribute to diminish problems of insulin resistance.
Microstructure and interface control of GaN/MgAl2O4 grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition: Substrate-orientation dependence
Authors: He G. , Chichibu Shigefusa F. , Chikyow T.
Published: July 2011

GaN films with single-crystal and polycrystalline structure were deposited on (111) and (100) MgAl2O4 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using a substrate modified by chemical etching and thermal passivation. The interface structure and chemical bonding state of the GaN/MgAl2O4 interface was investigated using angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and resulting valence band spectra. Our results indicate that the Al2O3 buffered layer induced by thermal passivation of the (111) substrate remains unchanged during GaN deposition, which is primarily responsible for the epitaxial growth of GaN on (111) MgAl2O4 substrate. However, for the as-processed (100) substrate, interfacial reactions take place between the formed MgO-terminated surface and GaN films and GaN with a polycrystalline structure on (100) substrate forms. From the interface engineering viewpoint, the appropriate interface modification will allow control of the interface reaction to obtain high-quality GaN films for future optoelectronic devices.
On the rotational temperature and structure dependence of electric field deflection experiments: A case study of germanium clusters
Authors: Heiles S. , Schäfer S. , Schäfer R.
Published: July 2011

Molecular beam electric field deflection experiments offer a probe to the structural and dielectric properties of isolated particles in the gas phase. However, their quantitative interpretation is still a formidable task. Despite the benefits of this method, the analysis of the deflection behavior is often complicated by various experimental and theoretical problems, including the amount of energy stored in internal and rotational modes of the deflected particle and the amount of structural asymmetry. In this contribution, we address these issues by discussing the experimentally observed field-induced deflection of Ge9, Ge10, and Ge15 clusters in comparison to quantum mechanical and classical deflection models. Additionally, we derive simple formulas to describe how the molecular beam deflection depends on the rotational temperature and the symmetry of the particle. Based on these results, we discuss to what extend molecular beam electric field deflection experiments can be used as a tool for structure determination of isolated clusters in the gas phase.
Time resolved characterization of a free-burning argon arc after ignition by optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Ma Shuiliang , Gao Hongming , Wu Lin
Published: July 2011

Time resolved properties of a free-burning argon arc after ignition have been characterized using optical spectroscopic method. After ignition, when the arc current keeps constant, the plasma temperature decreases with time at any position of the arc. The decrease of the plasma temperature is associated with the increase of the arc cathode surface temperature. It is suggested that the variation of the cathode surface temperature, which changes the current density distribution over the cathode surface, leads to the decrease of the plasma temperature in the free-burning arc after ignition.
Room temperature detection of NO2 using InSb nanowire
Authors: Paul Rajat Kanti , Badhulika Sushmee , Mulchandani Ashok
Published: July 2011

Room temperature detection of NO2 down to one part-per-million (ppm) using single crystalline n-type InSb nanowires (NWs) chemiresistive gas sensor is presented. These sensors were synthesized and fabricated by the combination of chemical vapor deposition and dielectrophoresis alignment techniques. The sensor devices showed an increase in resistance upon exposure to successive increments of NO2 concentration up to 10 ppm. The reduction in conductance of n-type InSb NWs when exposed to NO2 is made possible due to the charge transfer from the InSb NW surface to the adsorbed electron acceptor NO2 molecules. The demonstrated results suggest InSb NW as a promising candidate in sensing applications as well as being environmental friendly over existing arsenic and/or phosphorous-based III-V NW sensors.
In the four-eyed fish (
Anableps anableps
), the regions of the retina exposed to aquatic and aerial light do not express the same set of opsin genes
Authors: Owens Gregory L. , Rennison Diana J. , Allison W. Ted , Taylor John S.
Published: July 2011

The four-eyed fish,
Anableps anableps
, has eyes with unusual morphological adaptations for simultaneous vision above and below water. The retina, for example, is divided such that one region receives light from the aerial field and the other from the aquatic field. To understand better the adaptive value of this partitioned retina, we characterized photoreceptor distribution using
in situ
hybridization. Cones expressing
sws1
,
sws2b
and
rh2-2
(i.e. UV, and short wavelength-sensitive) opsins were found throughout the retina, whereas cones expressing
rh2-1
(middle wavelength-sensitive) were largely limited to the ventral retina and those expressing
lws
(long wavelength-sensitive) opsins were only expressed in the dorsal retina. We next asked when this pattern evolved relative to the ‘four-eyed’ morphology. We characterized opsin expression in
Jenynsia onca
, a member of the sister genus to
Anableps
with typical teleost eye morphology. In
J. onca
,
sws1
,
sws2b
,
rh2-2
and
rh2-1
opsins were expressed throughout the retina; while
lws
opsins were not expressed in the ventral retina. Thus, the change that coincides with the evolution of unusual anablepid eye morphology is the loss of
rh2-1
expression in the dorsal retina, probably to accommodate increased
lws
opsin expression. The retinal area that samples aerial light appears not to have changed with respect to photoreceptor transcription.
Prescription patterns for asthma medications in children and adolescents with health care insurance in the United States
Authors: Arellano Felix M. , Arana Alejandro , Wentworth Charles E. , Vidaurre Carlos Fernandez , Chipps Bradley E.
Published: July 2011

To cite this article: Arellano FM, Arana A, Wentworth CE, Vidaurre CF, Chipps BE. Prescription patterns for asthma medications in children and adolescents with health care insurance in the United States. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 469–476.

Asthma is the most common chronic condition of childhood, and its prevalence has increased over recent decades. However, many children and adolescents with asthma are not being managed in accordance with guideline recommendations. The objective of this study was to analyze prescribing patterns for asthma medications in 6‐ to 18‐yr‐olds, with a focus on those aged 6–11 yr. Data from patients enrolled for ≥6 months in PharMetrics were analyzed between June 1, 1995, and September 30, 2008. PharMetrics contains data from 45 million US patients from 85 health care plans, including standard and mail order prescription records. Prescriptions for asthma medication for each patient were recorded. The overall asthma cohort included 659,169 patients; 34,950 (5%) were classified as having severe asthma. The 6‐ to 11‐yr‐old subgroup consisted of 374,068 patients (56.7% of the overall asthma cohort). Almost 40% of the population received no medication (severe asthma 1.0%; non‐severe asthma 37.6%), with almost identical findings in the 6‐ to 11‐yr‐old subgroup. In patients with non‐severe and severe asthma, frequency of medication use was as follows: short‐acting β2‐agonists (53% and 92%), oral steroids (23% and 64%), leukotriene receptor antagonists (17% and 49%); inhaled corticosteroids alone (15% and 80%) and in combination with long‐acting β2‐agonists (10% and 22%), respectively. Results for patients in the 6‐ to 11‐yr subgroup were similar to those of the overall cohort. In conclusion, a considerable proportion of children and adolescents with asthma do not receive any asthma medication. Among those who do receive medication, adherence to current guidelines is questionable.
PUBLIC–NONPROFIT PARTNERSHIP PERFORMANCE IN A DISASTER CONTEXT: THE CASE OF HAITI
Authors: NOLTE ISABELLA M. , BOENIGK SILKE
Published: July 2011

During disasters, partnerships between public and nonprofit organizations are vital to provide fast relief to affected communities. In this article, we develop a process model to support a performance evaluation of such intersectoral partnerships. The model includes input factors, organizational structures, outputs and the long‐term outcomes of public–nonprofit partnerships. These factors derive from theory and a systematic literature review of emergency, public, nonprofit, and network research. To adapt the model to a disaster context, we conducted a case study that examines public and nonprofit organizations that partnered during the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The case study results show that communication, trust, and experience are the most important partnership inputs; the most prevalent governance structure of public–nonprofit partnerships is a lead organization network. Time and quality measures should be considered to assess partnership outputs, and community, network, and organizational actor perspectives must be taken into account when evaluating partnership outcomes.
Towards a Process-Oriented Methodology: Modern Social Science Research Methods and Norbert Elias's Figurational Sociology
Authors: Baur Nina , Ernst Stefanie
Published: July 2011

This paper suggests that Norbert Elias's conception of process-oriented methodology consists of four stages: (1) explicating the researcher's theoretical and personal perspectivity; (2) reconstructing the figuration's rules and social structure using standardized data; (3) analysing the individual's placement within, perception of and ability to change the figuration, using open-ended data, and; (4) exploring the figuration's sociogenesis, using process-produced data. Having explicated this figurational methodological approach we will demonstrate how it can be used to illuminate contemporary discussions of: (a) the relationship between theory and data; (b) mixed methods research; (c) multi-level analysis; (d) process-produced data; (e) longitudinal research; and (f) methods of historical research.
Sport and Leisure
Authors: Liston Katie
Published: July 2011

This paper explores the main contributions of the figurational sociological tradition to the sociology of sport. It also charts the development of this work since the pioneering text, Quest for Excitement, by Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning, as well as offering a brief overview of some of the debates and disagreements that have arisen within the area.
Evaluation of methodology and quality characteristics of systematic reviews in orthodontics
Authors: Papageorgiou SN , Papadopoulos MA , Athanasiou AE
Published: July 2011

To cite this article:
 Papageorgiou SN, Papadopoulos MA, Athanasiou AE: Evaluation of methodology and quality characteristics of systematic reviews in orthodontics Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:116–137

Authors –  Papageorgiou SN, Papadopoulos MA, Athanasiou AE Systematic reviews (SRs) are published with an increasing rate in many fields of biomedical literature, including orthodontics. Although SRs should consolidate the evidence‐based characteristics of contemporary orthodontic practice, doubts on the validity of their conclusions have been frequently expressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methodology and quality characteristics of orthodontic SRs as well as to assess their quality of reporting during the last years. Electronic databases were searched for SRs (without any meta‐analytical data synthesis) in the field of orthodontics, indexed up to the start of 2010. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool was used for quality assessment of the included articles. Data were analyzed with Student’s t‐test, one‐way anova, and linear regression. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to represent changes during the years in reporting of key items associated with quality. A total of 110 SRs were included in this evaluation. About half of the SRs (46.4%) were published in orthodontic journals, while few (5.5%) were updates of previously published reviews. Using the AMSTAR tool, thirty (27.3%) of the SRs were found to be of low quality, 63 (57.3%) of medium quality, and 17 (15.5%) of high quality. No significant trend for quality improvement was observed during the last years. The overall quality of orthodontic SRs may be considered as medium. Although the number of orthodontic SRs has increased over the last decade, their quality characteristics can be characterized as moderate.
Increased glomerular filtration rate in early metabolic syndrome is associated with renal adiposity and microvascular proliferation
Authors: Li Zilun , Woollard John R. , Wang Shenming , Korsmo Michael J. , Ebrahimi Behzad , Grande Joseph P. , Textor Stephen C. , Lerman Amir , Lerman Lilach O.
Published: July 2011

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with glomerular hyperfiltration and is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. This study tested the hypothesis that increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in early MetS is associated with renal adiposity and microvascular proliferation. Twelve MetS-prone Ossabaw pigs were randomized to 10 wk of a standard (lean, n = 6) or atherogenic (MetS, n = 6) diet. Kidney hemodynamics and function, perirenal fat volume, and tubular dynamics were assessed in vivo by multidetector computed tomography (CT) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD)-MRI. Microvascular architecture was assessed ex vivo with micro-CT. Candidate injury mechanisms were evaluated in kidney tissue by Western blotting and histology. Basal GFR, renal blood flow, and renal cortical perfusion and volume were elevated in the MetS group. Perirenal and kidney tissue fat, proximal-nephron intratubular fluid concentration, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression were increased in MetS. GFR levels correlated with tissue triglyceride levels. Elevated spatial density of 20- to 40-μm cortical microvessels was accompanied by mild oxidative stress, inflammation, and with proximal tubular vacuolization. Medullary size and perfusion were relatively preserved, and BOLD-MRI showed intact medullary tubular response to furosemide. Increased GFR in early MetS is associated with renal adiposity and microvascular proliferation, which involve mainly the renal cortex and precede significant activation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Renal adiposity and proliferative microvessels may represent novel therapeutic targets for preserving renal function in early MetS.
De fato mahometano: Leibniz and Muhammad Iqbal on Islamic fatalism
Authors: Diagne Souleymane Bachir
Published: July 2011

This paper compares leibniz’s statements about Islamic fatalism with the way in which the question has been debated in Islamic theology and philosophy, in particular by Indian philosopher muhammad Iqbal. Speaking of destiny, Iqbal writes that it is “a word that has been so much misunderstood both in and outside the world of Islam”. he meant that, on the one hand, muslims themselves have misconstrued the notion as a strong belief in absolute predestination while, on the other hand, non-muslims have mischaracterized Islam as a religion based on blind fanaticism stemming from a faith in an already written fate. Such a characterization was given philosophical dignity by leibniz when, responding to the criticism that his philosophy inevitably led to necessity and fatalism, he insisted on establishing a distinction between what his doctrine did say about necessity and what it must not be mistaken for: Islamic fatalism, or fatum mahometanum. The author concludes on Iqbal’s philosophy of time as duration (Iqbal was a Bergsonian) as the condition for an amor fati without fatalism.
Estrogens regulate neuroinflammatory genes via estrogen receptors α and β in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats
Authors: Sárvári Miklós , Hrabovszky Erik , Kalló Imre , Solymosi Norbert , Tóth Kinga , Likó István , Széles János , Mahó Sándor , Molnár Béla , Liposits Zsolt
Published: July 2011

Background

Estrogens exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the brain mainly via estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ). These receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. This study was aimed at the elucidation of the effects of ERα and ERβ agonists on the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of aging female rats.

Methods

To identify estrogen-responsive immunity/inflammation genes, we treated middle-aged, ovariectomized rats with 17β-estradiol (E2), ERα agonist 16α-lactone-estradiol (16α-LE2) and ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN), or vehicle by Alzet minipump delivery for 29 days. Then we compared the transcriptomes of the frontal cortex of estrogen-deprivedversusER agonist-treated animals using Affymetrix Rat230 2.0 expression arrays and TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR. Microarray and PCR data were evaluated by using Bioconductor packages and the RealTime StatMiner software, respectively.

Results

Microarray analysis revealed the transcriptional regulation of 21 immunity/inflammation genes by 16α-LE2. The subsequent comparative real-time PCR study analyzed the isotype specific effects of ER agonists on neuroinflammatory genes of primarily glial origin. E2 regulated the expression of sixteen genes, including down-regulation of complement C3 and C4b, Ccl2, Tgfb1, macrophage expressed gene Mpeg1, RT1-Aw2, Cx3cr1, Fcgr2b, Cd11b, Tlr4 and Tlr9, and up-regulation of defensin Np4 and RatNP-3b, IgG-2a, Il6 and ER gene Esr1. Similar to E2, both 16α-LE2 and DPN evoked up-regulation of defensins, IgG-2a and Il6, and down-regulation of C3 and its receptor Cd11b, Ccl2, RT1-Aw2 and Fcgr2b.

Conclusions

These findings provide evidence that E2, 16α-LE2 and DPN modulate the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats via both ERα and ERβ. We propose that ERβ is a promising target to suppress regulatory functions of glial cells in the E2-deprived female brain and in various neuroinflammatory diseases.
Lophotrochozoan neuroanatomy: An analysis of the brain and nervous system of Lineus viridis(Nemertea) using different staining techniques
Authors: Beckers Patrick , Faller Simone , Loesel Rudi
Published: July 2011

Background

The now thriving field of neurophylogeny that links the morphology of the nervous system to early evolutionary events relies heavily on detailed descriptions of the neuronal architecture of taxa under scrutiny. While recent accounts on the nervous system of a number of animal clades such as arthropods, annelids, and molluscs are abundant, in depth studies of the neuroanatomy of nemerteans are still wanting. In this study, we used different staining techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy to reveal the architecture of the nervous system of Lineus viridis with high anatomical resolution.

Results

In L. viridis, the peripheral nervous system comprises four distinct but interconnected nerve plexus. The central nervous system consists of a pair of medullary cords and a brain. The brain surrounds the proboscis and is subdivided into four voluminous lobes and a ring of commissural tracts. The brain is well developed and contains thousands of neurons. It does not reveal compartmentalized neuropils found in other animal groups with elaborate cerebral ganglia.

Conclusions

The detailed analysis of the nemertean nervous system presented in this study does not support any hypothesis on the phylogenetic position of Nemertea within Lophotrochozoa. Neuroanatomical characters that are described here are either common in other lophotrochozoan taxa or are seemingly restricted to nemerteans. Since detailed descriptions of the nervous system of adults in other nemertean species have not been available so far, this study may serve as a basis for future studies that might add data to the unsettled question of the nemertean ground pattern and the position of this taxon within the phylogenetic tree.
Rotavirus infection activates the UPR but modulates its activity
Authors: Zambrano Jose Luis , Ettayebi Khalil , Maaty Walid S , Faunce Nicholas R , Bothner Brian , Hardy Michele E
Published: July 2011

Background

Rotaviruses are known to modulate the innate antiviral defense response driven by IFN. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the cellular proteome in response to rotavirus infection in the context of the IFN response. We also sought to identify proteins outside the IFN induction and signaling pathway that were modulated by rotavirus infection.

Methods

2D-DIGE and image analysis were used to identify cellular proteins that changed in levels of expression in response to rotavirus infection, IFN treatment, or IFN treatment prior to infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to determine the subcellular localization of proteins associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR).

Results

The data show changes in the levels of multiple proteins associated with cellular stress in infected cells, including levels of ER chaperones GRP78 and GRP94. Further investigations showed that GRP78, GRP94 and other proteins with roles in the ER-initiated UPR including PERK, CHOP and GADD34, were localized to viroplasms in infected cells.

Conclusions

Together the results suggest rotavirus infection activates the UPR, but modulates its effects by sequestering sensor, transcription factor, and effector proteins in viroplasms. The data consequently also suggest that viroplasms may directly or indirectly play a fundamental role in regulating signaling pathways associated with cellular defense responses.
A Fag by Any Other Name
Authors: Junge Benjamin
Published: July 2011

This paper examines concerns over self-image during conversations about same-gender sexuality -- ranging from ‘fag jokes’ to assertions of the rights of lesbians and gays -- among low-income Brazilians in the southern city of Porto Alegre. Applying sociolinguistic insights to the analysis of four ethnographic case studies collected in 2002-03, I consider how speakers referencing non-normative forms of sexual desire, identity and practice draw from a range of available discourses of gender and sexuality -- including those of machismo, science and medicine, and of sexual rights -- and how negotiation between these discourses becomes subject to gendered concerns about self-image. Within this purview, I also examine inter-personal dynamics and discursive proficiencies which encourage the perception that a speaker might be homophobic or anti-gay, and the rhetorical steps taken to minimize this likelihood. Implications for understandings of language, same-gender sexuality, and homophobia are addressed.
‘I Dislike Politicians and Homosexuals’
Authors: Provencher Denis M.
Published: July 2011

In this essay, I examine the pragmatic and social semiotic aspects of recent hate speech against French politicians and homosexuals. In part one I analyze the discourse surrounding the 2002 stabbing of Paris mayor Bertrand Delanoë in which his assailant Azedine Berkane expressed dislike for ‘politicians and homosexuals.’ The French media and authorities generally did not frame this as a ‘homophobic act’ and ignored any potentially logical association between the two terms (i.e. ‘politicians’ and ‘homosexuals’). In order to better understand his statement, I examine Berkane’s act in relation to what other spectators and participants said about it both immediately following the event and sometime after its occurrence. In part two of the essay, I link Berkane’s homophobic statement to a broader French semiotic system and set of textual practices including several examples of hate speech that occurred during an attack on Bègles mayor Noël Mamère. I analyze representative examples of hate speech received by Mamère when he performed the first and only gay marriage in France in 2004. By examining examples of hate speech from the ‘Mamère Affair,’ it is possible to gain a better understanding of the ideological underpinnings of Berkane’s seemingly illogical statement in the ‘Delanoë Affair’
Towards a ’second-generation' suffragism
Authors: Graban Tarez Samra
Published: July 2011

On 7 June 1907, The Kansas Commoner ran an obituary commemorating Helen M. Jackson Gougar (1843--1907) as a woman over whom the American public held ‘two opinions,’ in part because of her aggressive stance towards turn-of-the-century political reform. Known as a simultaneously elegant and ironic speaker, Gougar did not always align her own messages with the feminist mainstream. This essay seeks to bring Helen Gougar into the national conversation surrounding suffrage rhetoric, which has historically focused on American feminists such as Susan B. Anthony, Ida Harper, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Frances Willard, first by offering a way to discursively classify her texts, and secondly by demonstrating how more tacit features of her irony represent a productive and complex rhetoric – productive in the way it creates, rather than merely responds to, persuasive occasions, and complex in the way it employs her audiences as targeted subjects in certain exchanges.
‘Snippa’
Authors: Milles Karin
Published: July 2011

Second wave feminist linguistics has investigated sexist language practices. In Sweden it has often been claimed there is no neutral word for girls’ genitals. The article describes a feminist language reform aimed at establishing the word snippa as a neutral word for the female genitals. Snippa now seems to be one of the most common words to denote girls’ genitals, is included in dictionaries and used in printed books. The article discusses what made this reform successful and also considers whether the word is really the neutral word feminists were asking for. But despite the success of the reform, what to name the female genitalia is still being discussed. It is argued that these metalinguistic discussions are influenced by culturally constructed images of female sexuality, and part of the larger project of discussing and questioning images of female sexuality and women’s place in society.
The Stereochemistry of Complex Polyketide Biosynthesis by Modular Polyketide Synthases
Authors: Kwan David H. , Schulz Frank
Published: July 2011

Polyketides are a diverse class of medically important natural products whose biosynthesis is catalysed by polyketide synthases (PKSs), in a fashion highly analogous to fatty acid biosynthesis. In modular PKSs, the polyketide chain is assembled by the successive condensation of activated carboxylic acid-derived units, where chain extension occurs with the intermediates remaining covalently bound to the enzyme, with the growing polyketide tethered to an acyl carrier domain (ACP). Carboxylated acyl-CoA precursors serve as activated donors that are selected by the acyltransferase domain (AT) providing extender units that are added to the growing chain by condensation catalysed by the ketosynthase domain (KS). The action of ketoreductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), and enoylreductase (ER) activities can result in unreduced, partially reduced, or fully reduced centres within the polyketide chain depending on which of these enzymes are present and active. The PKS-catalysed assembly process generates stereochemical diversity, because carbon–carbon double bonds may have either cis- or trans- geometry, and because of the chirality of centres bearing hydroxyl groups (where they are retained) and branching methyl groups (the latter arising from use of propionate extender units). This review shall cover the studies that have determined the stereochemistry in many of the reactions involved in polyketide biosynthesis by modular PKSs.
Les Dioscures, les Apôtres et Lazare sur des plats en céramique africaine
Authors: Béjaoui Fathi
Published: July 2011

Three chips of a same rectangular dish, shape Hayes 56, kept in museum of Carthage, are being studied and compared with a dish disappeared from Mouzaïaville and with another pattern kept in Benaki museum. We can notice the association of a pagan scenery, the Dioscures, as central design, with Christian decorations on the lips : Lazare, the Apostles, a game hunting . This association of Dioscures with Christian themes is equally found on sarcophaguses.
Outpost duty in the desert. [Building the Fort at Gholaia (Bu Njem, Libya)]
Authors: Speidel Michael P.
Published: July 2011

What is known elsewhere about tours of duty and relieve in desert praesidia leads us to give a new interpretation to an inscription of Bu Njem : a vexillatio of Legio III Augusta (arrived in 201) is said to be reversa in december 205. That this detachment should be returning to Gholaia after having patrolled further in south during several years is unlikely. An ostrakon found in Pselkis in Nubia shows that after staying for eighteen months in outposts the garrisons were relieved and came back to their legionary base.
Les legs volontaires en France : évaluation et explication
Authors: Perelman Sergio , Pestieau Pierre
Published: July 2011

Planned Bequests in France: Assessment and Determinants,

by Sergio Perelman, Pierre Pestieau.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the proportion of planned bequests in France on the basis of a survey of the financial assets of 5600 households. These data are then analyzed to determine whether or not they correspond to our preconceived ideas on intentional legacies and whether or not they comply with some of the standard models of inheritance.
L'héritage et l'impôt
Authors: Maillard Didier , Trainar Philippe
Published: July 2011

Herencia e impuestos,

por Didier Maillard y Philippe Trainar.

Este artículo toma como punto de partida la siguiente paradoja: el impuesto sobre las herencias, descrito frecuentemente como el impuesto ideal, sólo es pagado por una pequeña fracción de contribuyentes y, sin embargo, su antigüedad debería garantizar su legitimidad. Ahora bien, este impuesto, mal aceptado, constituye únicamente una recaudación fiscal marginal. Los autores del presento artículo proponen un balance del análisis económico de la imposición de las herencias y se interrogan a propósito de su eficacia y de su contribución para la reducción de las desigualdades. Acto seguido se destaca el papel déterminante, para el análisis, del carácter voluntario o involuntario de los legados, de la perspectiva intradinástica o interdinástica considerada y de la existencia o no de comportamientos de "clase social". Si no se tienen en cuenta las hipótesis neoricardianas, dentro de las cuales puede considerarse neutra, la imposición de las herencias engendra distorsiones y pérdidas de bienestar, con un riesgo de acumulación excesiva de activos no sujetos a impuestos. La imposición no debe definirse a partir de un entóque utôpico, es decir, como el impuesto ideal, sino que debe formar parte de un sistema fiscal necesariamente híbrido. De esta forma se demuestra que dicha imposición se justifîca plenamente, con la condición de evitar los porcentajes de imposición demasiado elevados, causantes de distorsiones económicas graves y de fraude fiscal, sin compensación garantizada para la reducción de las desigualdades.
Théorie des zones cibles et fonctionnement du SME
Authors: Magnier Antoine
Published: July 2011

Presentación simple de la teoría de las zonas objetivo y de sus aplicaciones al estudio del SME,

por Antoine Magnier.

En el presente artículo se propone en primer lugar una presentación simple de la teoría de las zonas objetivo de tipo de cambio, y se muestra hasta qué punto dicha teoría proporciona un marco teórico pertinente para el estudio del SME. Acto seguido se analizan sus puntos débiles empíricos. No obstante, la realidad del SME puede comprenderse con mayor facilidad realizando determinadas adaptaciones, entre las cuales cabe destacar la supresión de la hipótesis de credibilidad perfecta. Esto permite poner de relieve un notable refuerzo, en los ultimos años, de la credibilidad de los márgenes de fluctuación del SME, y en particular los del franco francés respecte al deutschemark.
Cycle de vie et élasticité de l'épargne des ménages au taux d'intérêt
Authors: Schubert Katheline
Published: July 2011

Cycle de vie et élasticité de l'épargne des ménages au taux d'intérêt,

par Katheline Schubert.

La valeur de l'élasticité de l'épargne des ménages au taux d'intérêt est controversée. Elle est faible voire nulle selon les tests économétriques, alors que des résultats théoriques obtenus dans le cadre du modèle de cycle de vie indiquent qu'elle peut être très élevée. Nous adoptons la seconde approche et étudions à l'aide d'un modèle d'équilibre partiel les déterminants de cette élasticité. Along terme elle peut prendre une large gamme de valeurs mais est presque toujours positive. Un modèle d'équilibre général calculable permet d'étudier les sentiers transitoires apparaissant à la suite d'un choc sur le taux d'intérêt et de distinguer les élasticité de court et de long terme.
Estimation des consommations de producteurs agricoles d'Afrique centrale
Authors: Muller Christophe
Published: July 2011

Estimation of Consumption by Farmers in Central Africa,

by Christophe Muller.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate a linear system of consumer spending by Rwanda farmers. Several methods of estimation are used, particularly one to counteract the effects of the high own-consumption rate in these households. The available sociological observations are confirmed income elasticity for each good is estimated; minimal consumption is largely due to household composition. The influence of the head of the household and the environment is identified.
Modèles VAR et prévisions à court terme
Authors: Doz Catherine , Malgrange Pierre
Published: July 2011

Modèles VAR et prévisions à court terme,

par Catherine Doz, Pierre Malgrange.

Le but de cet article est d'évaluer l'aptitude d'un modèle VAR, utilisé comme une simple "boîte noire", à prévoir. Les résultats des estimations conduisent à retenir un modèle VAR avec relations de coïntégration, estimé par la méthode de Johansen. Il inclut les variables suivantes : Pib, consommation, importations, exportations, investissement. Pour les années étudiées, les performances de ce modèle sont assez voisines, pour certains horizons, de celles effectuées par les organismes de prévision.
Fluctuations du dollar, indicateurs macro-économiques et investissements directs américains dans les pays développés
Authors: Henry Jérôme
Published: July 2011

Variaciones de cambio, indicadores macroeconómicos e inversiones directas de los Estados Unidos en los países desarrollados,

por Jérôme Henry.

Las inversiones directas de los Estados Unidos en los grandes países de la OCDE sufrieron variaciones muy notables en los años ochenta. A partir de las estadísticas anuales estadounidenses que cubren el período de 1961 a 1989, se muestra en primer lugar que estas fluctuationes se deben fundamentalmente a las plusvalías sobre los stocks, relacionadas con las variaciones del tipo de cambio del dólar. Después de tomar en cuenta este efecto, los resultados econométricos permiten poner de relieve dos estrategias diferentes de mercado, denominadas de autonomía y de dependencia. Las inversiones de los Estados Unidos pueden efectivamente estar relacionadas alternativamente con la demanda local o con la propensión a exportar de la economía norteamericana.
Les échanges extérieurs de la France depuis 1980
Authors: Bonnaz Hervé , Paquier Olivier
Published: July 2011

France's Foreign Trade Since 1980,

by Hervé Bonnaz and Olivier Paquier.

The foreign constraint weighed heavy on growth during the 1980s. Economic policy actions helped to contain France's indebtedness in relation to other countries, but were not able to prevent the downturn in the manufacturing balance between 1984 and 1990. Conversely, the renewed balance in the foreign trade accounts in 1991 and 1992 was obtained by improving the manufacturing balance. German reunification and competitiveness gains have contributed to this recovery.
L'instrument de réserves obligatoires dans l'UEM
Authors: Taubert Peter
Published: July 2011

Das Instrument der Mindestreserven in der WWU,

von Peter Taubert.

Nach der Ratifizierung des Vertrags über die EuropPäische Union haben manche Zentralbanken, wie die Großbritanniens und da BLEU, praktisch auf das Instrument der Mindestreserven verzichtet, während andere, in erster Linie die Deutsche Bundesbank, es auch weiterhin einzusetzen beabsichtigen. Im Süden der Gemeinschaft geht es allerdings noch immer darum, Geldschöpfung und Finanzierung der öffentlichen Defizite, die mittels Bankreserven erfolgt, nicht mehr in einem Zusammenhang zu sehen. Vor dem Hintergrund einer allgemeinen Tendenz hin zur Lockerung der Reserveverpflichtungen, insbesondae für die Einlagen zu Marktzinssätzen, wo der Wettbewab zwischen den Banken am stärksten ist, nähern sich die Politiken der Zentralbanken aufgrund der derzeit durchgeführten Reformen einander an. Die relative Bedeutung der monetären Basen und der Devisenreserven sowie die Fähigkeit der Einflußnahme auf die Geldmarktsätze sind allerdings nach wie vor recht unterschiedlich. Da Unionsvertrag enthàlt zwar keinalei Vorgaben für das künftige Reservesystem; das Europäische System der Zentralbanken könnte jedoch langfristig die strukturellen Liquiditätsabweichungen durch einen Reservefondsmarkt ausgleichen.
Quelques réflexions pour une simplification de l'IRPP
Authors: Hugounenq Réjane , Sastre Descals José
Published: July 2011

Quelques réflexions pour une simplification de l'IRPP,

par Réjane Hugounenq, José Sastre Descals.

Cette étude analyse des modifications de la structure de l'impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques s'inscrivant dans une perspective de réforme de fond de l'ensemble du système de prélèvements. Afin de simplifier le système, d élargir la base d'imposition, et de supprimer les anomalies constatées dans la distribution des taux marginaux, la décote, les minorations et le minimum de recouvrement sont supprimés conjointement avec la modification du barème d'imposition. Les réformes proposées diminuent les taux marginaux et améliorent les propriétés redistributives (au sens de Lorenz) du système. On constate, que pour effectuer ces améliorations, les décideurs politiques ont une marge de manœuvre assez large quant aux choix des gains et pertes relatives des diverses classes de revenus. Enfin, de façon non surprenante, sur le court terme, un arbitrage doit nécessairement s'effectuer entre élargissement de la base imposable et redistribution.
Fiscalité des groupes : les effets distordants du principe de personnalité de l'impôt
Authors: Ferrand Olivier
Published: July 2011

Fiscalité des groupes : les effets distordants du principe de personnalité de l'impôt,

par Olivier Ferrand.

Le principe de personnalité de l'impôt, selon lequel chaque personne morale est imposée sur ses résultats propres, induit des distorsions fiscales importantes au détriment des groupes de sociétés. Ces distorsions touchent en premier lieu les impôts directs : imposition forfaitaire annuelle, en raison de la non proportionnalité de son montant par rapport au chiffre d'affaires, et surtout impôt sur les sociétés, du fait de la non compensation des résultats individuels des sociétés qui composent le groupe. Les impôts indirects pénalisent également les groupes : si la suppression de la règle du décalage d'un mois de TVA a opportunément annulé un surcoût fiscal qui pouvait se révéler dinmant, la TVA conserve cependant des effets distordants sur les structures de groupe où une holding financière chapeaute des filiales. Ainsi, le caractère fiscalement distordant de l'organisation groupale apparaît clairement : les groupes seraient-ils, d'un strict point de vue fiscal, une hérésie ?