bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stub loaded, low profile UWB antenna with independently controllable notch‐bands
Authors: Awan Wahaj A. , Zaidi Abir , Hussain Niamat , Iqbal Amjad , Baghdad Abdennaceur
Published: June 2019

The design and realization of a compact coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultrawideband (UWB) antenna having dual‐notched bands is presented in this article. The antenna possesses on demand notch bands at 4 to 5.78 GHz and 6.83 to 8.22 GHz. The presented design consists of a single iterated octagonal patch antenna designed on cheap FR4 substrate. The stub is utilized to achieve a wide impedance matching of 7.33 GHz (3.2‐10.5 GHz), while the notch‐bands are realized using split ring circular slots. These notch‐bands are controlled independently without affecting the overall performance of the antenna. Simulated and measured results showed that the antenna offers excellent performance with an overall size of 20 × 23 mm2, high efficiency of more than 90%, and a nearly omnidirectional maximum gain of 4.8 dBi. The performance of the proposed antenna is better than the antennas presented in the literature in term of size, stable gain, and independently controllable notch bands. Besides these advantages, the compact size allows the antenna to integrate into small devices easily and help manufacturers to produce a massive number of antennas comfortably.
Does social media matter in developing democracies? Examining its impact on citizen political participation and expression in Uganda
Authors: Kasadha Juma
Published: June 2019

This study examines the impact of citizens' use of social media for political participation and expression in developing democracies of Africa in particular Uganda. Findings from studied N = 2,400 respondents, evidenced social media does matter in the developing democracy of Uganda as the second most preferred form of media (.95 ± 2.37). Findings also showed the use of social media for political participation in persuading others to vote for a given candidate or party was positively correlated r = .043*(p value at .05), n = 2,400, and p = .035 with R2 = .002. Future studies should examine the use of social media platforms for policy implementation, civic engagement, and inclusiveness.
Post‐1994 South Africa's peacekeeping and military intervention in Southern Africa, reference from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Lesotho
Authors: Mlambo Daniel N. , Adetiba Toyin Cotties
Published: June 2019

South Africa, once a pariah state as a result of the apartheid regime destabilization policies in Southern Africa, became a full fledge democratic state following the victory of the African National Congress (ANC) in the first and all‐inclusive democratic elections of 1994. The ANC's vision for Southern Africa was to be routed on the notion of curbing the imbalances of the past (pre‐1994), which had cost the Southern African region great economic loss. Here, one of the many fundamentals that were to drive the ANC's foreign policy doctrine was that of conflict resolution for a more stable and prosperous Africa particularly Southern Africa. Conflict resolution was viewed as a pivotal element for the new democratic government in order to stimulate beneficial relations with other African states post the apartheid era. In light of the above, and using a qualitative method approach, this paper draws a nuanced appraisal and examines the role of South Africa's peacekeeping and mediation initiatives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Lesotho post‐1994. In conclusion, South Africa has been able to utilize its regional hegemonic stance to ensure regional security while ensuring economic stability at home.
High‐performance soluble copolyarylate based on phenolphthalein: synthesis, characterization and properties
Authors: Guan Xinghua , Nie Heran , Wang Honghua , Zhao Jiyong , Wang Zhipeng , Zhou Guangyuan , Gu Qiang
Published: June 2019

A series of copolyarylates (PP0–PP100) containing phthalide groups was synthesized via interfacial polymerization from a mixture of phenolphthalein (PP) and bisphenol A with molar equivalent of terephthalyl chloride. Incorporating PP into the polymer chain improved the solubility of the polyarylates in common organic solvents. The glass transition temperature (191–314 °C), residual weight percentage, Young's modulus (1.7–2.8 GPa), solubility and complex melt viscosity of the copolyarylates increased with increasing PP units in the copolymerization. By contrast, crystallinity and elongation at break (14.1 to 11.2%) of the copolyarylates decreased with increasing PP units in the polymer backbone. When the PP content increased over 30 mol% (PP30), the copolyarylates became amorphous polymers. When the PP content was below 30 mol%, the copolyarylates exhibited good melt processability. With regards to its solubility, thermal stability, mechanical properties and melt processability, PP30 may be considered as a promising candidate in the field of processable high‐performance engineering plastics. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing the relationships between self‐reports of childhood adverse experiences and DSM‐5 alternative model of personality disorder traits and domains: A study on Italian community‐dwelling adults
Authors: Borroni Serena , Somma Antonella , Krueger Robert F. , Markon Kristian E. , Perego Gaia , Pietrobon Andrea , Turano Elisa , Fossati Andrea
Published: June 2019

A body of research suggests that child maltreatment may not represent an uncommon phenomenon. Adverse childhood experiences have been consistently linked to a variety of mental disorders, including personality disorder. Starting from these considerations, we aimed at testing the associations between retrospective self‐reports of childhood abuse and Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 (PID‐5) traits and domains in a sample of community‐dwelling adult participants (N = 369; 41.2% male). PID‐5 scales yielded 63 (52.5%) rank‐order correlations with self‐reports of childhood abuse that were significant at Bonferroni‐corrected p level (i.e. p < 0.00042), with values ranging from 0.18 to 0.36. According to Fisher's z‐test for correlation coefficient homogeneity, the wide majority of the correlations were reproduced across male participants and female participants. Partial rank‐order correlation analyses highlighted specific personality profiles that were uniquely, albeit modestly associated with memories of childhood abuse. Confirming and extending previous findings, our results showed that retrospective reports of childhood abuse are significantly, albeit moderately associated with different dysfunctional personality traits, at least in Italian community‐dwelling adults. As a whole, our data seemed to stress the importance of PID‐5 traits and domains in improving our understanding of the relationships between self‐reports of childhood abuse and dysfunctional personality dimensions in adulthood. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pediatric Pulmonology year in review 2018: Asthma, physiology/pulmonary function testing, and respiratory infections
Authors: Loughlin Ceila E. , Muston Heather N. , Pena Michael A. , Ren Clement L. , Yilmaz Ozge , Noah Terry L.
Published: June 2019

Pediatric Pulmonology publishes original research, reviews, and case reports related to a wide range of children's respiratory disorders. In our “Year in Review” series, we summarize publications in our major topic areas from 2018, in the context of selected literature in these areas from other journals relevant to our discipline. This review covers selected articles on asthma, physiology/lung function testing, and respiratory infections.
The 3A6‐TCR/superagonist/HLA‐DR2a complex shows similar interface and reduced flexibility compared to the complex with self‐peptide
Authors: Salutari Ilaria , Martin Roland , Caflisch Amedeo
Published: June 2019

T‐cell receptor (TCR) recognition of the myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein HLA‐DR2a, one of the MHC class II alleles associated with multiple sclerosis, is highly variable. Interactions in the trimolecular complex between the TCR of the MBP83‐99‐specific T cell clone 3A6 with the MBP‐peptide/HLA‐DR2a (abbreviated TCR/pMHC) lead to substantially different proliferative responses when comparing the wild‐type decapeptide MBP90‐99 and a superagonist peptide, which differs mainly in the residues that point toward the TCR. Here, we investigate the influence of the peptide sequence on the interface and intrinsic plasticity of the TCR/pMHC trimolecular and pMHC bimolecular complexes by molecular dynamics simulations. The intermolecular contacts at the TCR/pMHC interface are similar for the complexes with the superagonist and the MBP self‐peptide. The orientation angle between TCR and pMHC fluctuates less in the complex with the superagonist peptide. Thus, the higher structural stability of the TCR/pMHC tripartite complex with the superagonist peptide, rather than a major difference in binding mode with respect to the self‐peptide, seems to be responsible for the stronger proliferative response.
Experimental Investigation and Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Novel Flash Ironmaking Process Based on Partial Combustion of Natural Gas in a Reactor
Authors: Abdelghany Amr , Fan De-Qiu , Elzohiery Mohamed , Sohn Hong Yong
Published: June 2019

A large‐scale bench reactor (LSBR) is operated at the University of Utah to develop a novel flash ironmaking process. The reactor vessel is a refractory‐lined furnace with 0.8 m in diameter and 2.1 m in length, with a capacity of processing 1–7 kg h−1 of magnetite concentrate. Natural gas is partially oxidized with oxygen in a uniquely designed burner, producing a short flame that provides heat (1423–1873 K) and a reducing gas mixture (hydrogen and carbon monoxide). The reducing gas reacts with magnetite (Fe3O4) concentrate particles to produce metallic iron. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate the LSBR runs, in which the kinetics of magnetite concentrate reduction, separately determined in a drop‐tube reactor, is incorporated. The reduction degrees and composition of the off‐gas obtained from the CFD model show reasonable agreements with the experimental results.
Densities, Diets, and Growth Rates of Larval Alewife and Bloater in a Changing Lake Michigan Ecosystem
Authors: Eppehimer Drew E. , Bunnell David B. , Armenio Patricia M. , Warner David M. , Eaton Lauren A. , Wells David J. , Rutherford Edward S.
Published: June 2019

Variability in abiotic and biotic factors during larval stages has profound impacts on fish recruitment. In Lake Michigan, where the composition of lower trophic levels has undergone considerable changes in the past decade, managers are concerned that fish recruitment could be negatively affected. We hypothesized that spatial variation in Lake Michigan larval fish density and growth can be explained by various environmental predictor variables. In July 2015, we sampled larval fish and zooplankton at 24 sites (distributed among eight transects) around Lake Michigan. We measured larval fish densities and estimated growth rates and diets of the two most abundant species: the AlewifeAlosa pseudoharengusand BloaterCoregonus hoyi(prey fish that represented 89% and 4% of the total catch, respectively). Larval Alewife densities at a given site ranged from 0 to 42.57 larvae/100 m3, but no explanatory variables explained the variation. Alewife mean growth rate equaled 0.50 mm/d, and fish age and zooplankton density best explained growth variation across sites. Larval Bloater densities ranged from 0 to 1.16 larvae/100 m3, and mean growth rate was 0.21 mm/d. Across all sites, 67% of larval Alewife stomachs were empty, whereas only 16% of Bloater stomachs were empty. Larval fish growth rates observed in our study were at least 40% slower than those reported in previous decades for both Alewife and Bloater. Worsening prey environment for pelagic larvae, such as Alewife and Bloater, during the era of abundant dreissenid mussels could reduce the probability of strong year‐classes, which in turn may affect growth and survival of recreationally important salmonine predators.
Ultrasound morphometric and cytologic preoperative assessment of inguinal lymph‐node status in women with vulvar cancer: MorphoNode study
Authors: Garganese G. , Fragomeni S. M. , Pasciuto T. , Leombroni M. , Moro F. , Evangelista M. T. , Bove S. , Gentileschi S. , Tagliaferri L. , Paris I. , Inzani F. , Fanfani F. , Scambia G. , Testa A. C.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To assess the accuracy of preoperative ultrasound examination for predicting lymph‐node (LN) status in patients with vulvar cancer.

Methods

This was a single‐institution retrospective observational study of all women with a histological diagnosis of vulvar cancer triaged to inguinal surgery within 30 days following ultrasound evaluation between December 2010 and January 2016. For each groin examined, 15 morphological and dimensional sonographic parameters associated with suspicion for LN involvement were examined. A morphometric ultrasound pattern (MUP) was expressed for each groin, classifying the inguinal LN status into five groups (normal; reactive‐but‐negative; minimally suspicious/probably negative; moderately suspicious; and highly suspicious/positive) according to subjective judgment, followed by stratification as positive or negative for metastasis according to morphometric binomial assessment (MBA). In cases of positive MBA, fine‐needle aspiration cytology was performed. Combining the information obtained from MUP and cytologic results, a binomial final overall assessment (FOA) was assigned for each groin. The final histology was considered as the reference standard. Comparison was performed between patients with negative and those with positive LNs on histology, and receiver‐operating‐characteristics curves were generated for statistically significant variables on univariate analysis, to evaluate their diagnostic ability to predict negative LN status.

Results

Of 144 patients included in the analysis, 87 had negative inguinal LNs and 57 had positive LNs on histology. A total of 256 groins were analyzed, of which 171 were negative and 85 showed at least one metastatic LN on histology. The following parameters showed the greatest accuracy, with the best balance between specificity and sensitivity, in predicting negative LN status: cortical (C) thickness of the dominant LN (cut‐off, 2.5 mm; sensitivity, 90.0%; specificity, 77.9%); short‐axis (S) length of the dominant LN (cut‐off, 8.4 mm; sensitivity, 63.9%; specificity, 90.6%); C/medulla (M) thickness ratio of the dominant LN (cut‐off, 1.2 mm; sensitivity, 70.4%; specificity, 91.5%), the combination of S length and C/M thickness ratio (sensitivity, 88.9%; specificity, 82.4%); and the FOA analysis (sensitivity, 85.9%; specificity, 84.2%).

Conclusions

Preoperative ultrasound assessment, with or without the addition of cytology, has a high accuracy in assessing inguinal LN status in patients with vulvar cancer. In particular, the combination of two ultrasound parameters (S length and C/M thickness ratio) provided the greatest accuracy in discriminating between negative and positive LNs. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A new method for spatial allocation of turbines in a wind farm based on lightning protection efficiency
Authors: Zhang Li , Lao Huanjing , Wang Guozheng , Zou Liang , Zhao Tong , Fang Zhiyang
Published: June 2019

Existing studies of the spatial allocation of wind farms are typically based on turbine power generation efficiency and rarely consider the damage caused by lightning strikes. However, lightning damage seriously affects the economic performance of wind farms because of the high cost of repairing or replacing damaged blades. This paper proposes a method for the spatial optimization of multiple turbines based on lightning protection dependability. Firstly, the lightning protection efficiency of turbine blade protection systems is analyzed by combining the physical mechanisms of lightning leader progression with a conventional electro‐geometric model to develop an electro‐geometric model of turbine blades (EGMTB). Then, the optimized spatial allocation of multiple turbines in a wind farm is investigated using the EGMTB. The results are illustrated from an example wind farm with 1.5 MW turbines, which shows that the optimal spacing between two turbines perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction L⊥ is 4R‐6R, where R is the length of a turbine blade. This spacing is shown to effectively shield turbine blades from lightning damage over a wide range of lightning currents (>26‐60 kA). Note that, the suggested L⊥ will be smaller considering the influence of lightning polarity as it takes more difficulty developing upward leader (UL) in the condition of positive lightning striking. Experiments verify the effectiveness and correctness of this method.
Analytical methods to analyze pesticides and herbicides
Authors: Wang Yifan , Shen Lin , Gong Zhanyang , Pan Jian , Zheng Xing , Xue Jinkai
Published: June 2019

Presented in this paper is an annual review of literatures published in 2018 on topics relating to analytical methods for pesticides and herbicides. According to the different techniques, this review is divided into six sections, including extraction methods; chromatographic or mass spectrometric techniques; electrochemical techniques; spectrophotometric techniques; chemiluminescence and fluorescence methods; and biochemical assays.

Practitioner points

Totally 134 relevant research articles are summarized.

The review is divided into six parts according to the techniques.

Chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods are the most widely used.
Trajectories of posttraumatic growth among adolescents over time since the Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Zhou Xiao , Zhen Rui , Wu Xinchun
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Studies have found that posttraumatic reactions show heterogeneous trajectories, but few studies have assessed the heterogeneous trajectories of posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents. This study examined trajectories of PTG among adolescents following the Wenchuan earthquake, analyzing the relationships between PTG trajectories and gender, age, traumatic exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Methods

Adolescents were surveyed 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 years after the earthquake. Self‐report questionnaires were administered to 391 participants ranging in age from 12 to 19 years.

Results

Four PTG trajectories were found: high, decreasing, low‐stable, and increasing. High PTG group respondents were older and had more intrusive symptoms. In addition, having more symptoms in the hyperarousal symptom cluster was associated with the development of high PTG. In contrast, the presence of fewer symptoms in the avoidance symptom cluster increased the likelihood of high or increasing PTG.

Conclusions

These findings indicated that adolescents exhibit heterogeneous PTG trajectories and that age and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters differentiate distinct PTG trajectories.
Symptom frequency and development of a generic functional disorder symptom scale suitable for use in studies of patients with irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome or chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Hyland Michael E. , Bacon Alison M. , Lanario Joseph W. , Davies Anthony F.
Published: June 2019

Objectives

To describe the extent to which irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) exhibit symptom overlap, and to validate a patient‐derived, generic symptom questionnaire.

Methods

A patient‐derived 61‐item symptom‐frequency questionnaire was completed by participants recruited through IBS, FMS and CFS self‐help websites. Principal axis factor analysis with oblimin rotation was performed separately for those reporting an IBS, FMS or CFS diagnosis.

Results

Questionnaires were completed by 1751 participants of whom 851 reported more than one of the three diagnoses. Stomach pain on at least a weekly basis was reported by 79% of IBS, 52% of FMS, and 43% of CFS single diagnosis participants. Pain increasing the day after activity was reported by 32% of IBS, 94% of FMS, and 85% of CFS single diagnosis participants. Waking still tired at least once weekly was reported by 75% of IBS, 97% of FMS, and 95% of CFS single diagnosis participants. Exploratory factor analysis produced consistent results across all three diagnostic groups, the 61 items loading on 12 correlated factors with a single higher order factor on which all items loaded. Frequency analysis led to the rejection of one item (cold sores on or near lips), and freeform reporting by participants of additional symptoms identified an additional five, namely, restless legs, hair loss/brittle hair/thinning, dizziness/balance problems, blurred vision and urination problems.

Conclusions

IBS, FMS and CFS are polysymptomatic spectrum disorders with a wide range of overlapping symptoms, many of which are unrelated to diagnostic criteria. Frequency analysis and factor analysis confirm the validity of using the same questionnaire across different diagnostic categories. The 65‐item general symptom questionnaire (GSQ‐65) is a valid generic symptom scale suitable for assessing the many different symptoms of people with IBS, FMS and CFS.
Association of handgrip strength with the prevalence of hypertension in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Mallah Manthar Ali , Liu Min , Liu Yu , Xu Hai‐Feng , Wu Xiao‐Jun , Chen Xiao‐Tian , Wang Hui , Liu Chun‐Lan , Tian Yuan‐Rui , Li Meng‐Xia , Li Qun , Fu Jun , Shen Chong
Published: June 2019

Objective

Handgrip strength (HGS) exercise has been reported to reduce blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive patients. In this study, we evaluated the association of HGS with hypertension in a Chinese Han Population.

Methods

A total of 11,151 subjects mainly consisting of a rural population were recruited with a multi‐stage sampling method in Jurong city, Jiangsu Province, China. Besides hypertension and diabetes, major chronic diseases were excluded. HGS was categorized into tertiles by age and gender. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of HGS and hypertension with the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

From low to high tertiles of HGS, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly increased (74.52 ± 7.39, 74.70 ± 7.03, and 75.54 ± 7.01 mmHg, respectively; Ptrend = 0.001), as well as in females (Ptrend=0.003). The differences in DBP among the tertiles of HGS were still significant in females even after adjusting for covariates (Ptrend=0.048). No significant differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) were observed among the tertiles of HGS (P>0.05). Compared to low HGS, high HGS was significantly associated with hypertension after adjustment for age and gender (adjusted OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.34; P =0.004). A stratified analysis showed that the significant association of high HGS and hypertension was also observed with the following factors even after adjusting for age and gender: female gender (adjusted OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.08–1.46; P=0.004), ages of 60–69 years (adjusted OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06–1.57; P=0.011), and married (adjusted OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.06–1.37; P=0.005). However, no significant associations were found after adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index, physical activity level, glucose, high‐ and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride (P>0.05).

Conclusion

The findings of the current study suggest that HGS was positively correlated with DBP in a rural population, and high HGS was associated with hypertension in females; however, the association may be modified by smoking status, drinking status, body mass index, physical activity, cholesterol level, and glucose level. Further utilization of HGS exercises to intervene in the development and prognosis of hypertension should be verified in the future.
New innovations in automotive thermoplastics
Authors: Nickels Liz
Published: June 2019

A recent JEC innovation award winner was a set of glass fiber thermoplastic sunroof guide rails. For the first time, glass fiber thermoplastic sunroof guide rails could replace a similar set made in aluminum. This new application could lead to big things for the automotive composites industry.
Tackling gaps in developing life‐changing treatments for dementia
Authors: Mauricio Rui , Benn Caroline , Davis John , Dawson Gerry , Dawson Lee A. , Evans Alison , Fox Nick , Gallacher John , Hutton Mike , Isaac John , Jones Declan N.C. , Jones Lesley , Lalli Giovanna , Libri Vincenzo , Lovestone Simon , Moody Catherine , Noble Wendy , Perry Hugh , Pickett James , Reynolds David , Ritchie Craig , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Routledge Carol , Rowe James , Snyder Heather , Spires‐Jones Tara , Swartz Jina , Truyen Luc , Whiting Paul ,   Therapeutics for Dementia Consortium
Published: June 2019

Since the G8 dementia summit in 2013, a number of initiatives have been established with the aim of facilitating the discovery of a disease‐modifying treatment for dementia by 2025. This report is a summary of the findings and recommendations of a meeting titled “Tackling gaps in developing life‐changing treatments for dementia”, hosted by Alzheimer's Research UK in May 2018. The aim of the meeting was to identify, review, and highlight the areas in dementia research that are not currently being addressed by existing initiatives. It reflects the views of leading experts in the field of neurodegeneration research challenged with developing a strategic action plan to address these gaps and make recommendations on how to achieve the G8 dementia summit goals. The plan calls for significant advances in (1) translating newly identified genetic risk factors into a better understanding of the impacted biological processes; (2) enhanced understanding of selective neuronal resilience to inform novel drug targets; (3) facilitating robust and reproducible drug‐target validation; (4) appropriate and evidence‐based selection of appropriate subjects for proof‐of‐concept clinical trials; (5) improving approaches to assess drug‐target engagement in humans; and (6) innovative approaches in conducting clinical trials if we are able to detect disease 10–15 years earlier than we currently do today.
Recovery of Heart Rate Variability After Exercise Under Hot Conditions: The Effect of Relative Humidity
Authors: Abellán-Aynés Oriol , López-Plaza Daniel , Alacid Fernando , Naranjo-Orellana Jose , Manonelles Pedro
Published: June 2019

Introduction

The aim of this study was to analyze changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise in hot environments and recovery to baseline values depending on relative humidity.

Methods

Ten recreational runners participated in this study. Each participant performed 2 trials consisting of 30 min of continuous running under hot and dry (HD) (38°C and 28% relative humidity) and hot and humid (HH) conditions (38°C and 64% relative humidity) at their common 10 km race-running rhythm. HRV and body mass were assessed pre- and post-trial; the rating of perceived exertion and HRV were assessed during the trial; and HRV measurements were repeated 2, 4, 8, and 24 h postexercise. Primary HRV outcomes were root mean square of the successive differences, high frequency power, stress score, and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio. One-way analysis of variance testing was used to analyze differences.

Results

No significant difference in body mass occurred across the different conditions or distances covered ( P>0.05). Rating of perceived exertion presented the highest correlation values with stress score (r=0.729 for HD; r=0.568 for HH) and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio (r=0.621 for HD; r=0.519 for HH) during exercise. HRV recovered to baseline values more quickly after exercising under dry conditions (4 h) than under humid conditions (between 8 and 24 h).

Conclusions

Stress score and sympathetic/parasympathetic ratio seem to be the best HRV predictors of internal load. Although there are no differences in HRV during recovery at the same time points in both conditions, the recovery is slower after exercise in HH than in HD.
Exploring Sex-Based Differences in Concussion Knowledge, Attitudes and Resources in Young First Nations Hockey Players: A Cross-Sectional Survey from Ontario, Canada
Authors: Hunt Cindy , Michalak Alicja , Johnston Elaine , Macumber Leila , Jocko Tony , Ouchterlony Donna
Published: June 2019

Objective:

Indigenous youth are vulnerable to concussion when playing hockey. A clear characterisation of sex differences among Indigenous youth could assist in tailoring future education programmes for prevention and management of concussion. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast concussion knowledge, attitudes and resources in First Nations girls and boys playing recreational hockey.

Method:

The cross-sectional survey was conducted in partnership with a First Nations’ chief, other Indigenous community leaders and a tertiary care head injury clinic. In Canada, researchers engaging with Indigenous peoples are expected to adhere to principles of Ownership, Control, Access and Possessions. The study included Indigenous boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 18 years of age.

Results:

More girls attending the hockey tournament participated in the study as compared to boys (girlsn= 46, boysn= 29). More girls reported they had never experienced a concussion (73.9%), as compared to boys (58.6%) self-reports. Less than half of all study participants were able to identify some signs and symptoms of concussion such as vomiting/nausea, memory problems, fatigue and blurred vision and recognition of several concussion symptoms varied by sex.

Conclusions:

We created a unique partnership between Indigenous leaders and tertiary care clinic staff. Among Indigenous youth reasons for not reporting concussion symptoms to the coach varied by sex (although not reaching statistical significance), suggesting concussion education warrants tailoring for girls and boys.
Viscoelastic liquid curtains: experimental results on the flow of a falling sheet of polymer solution
Authors: Gaillard A. , Roché M. , Lerouge S. , Gay C. , Lebon L. , Limat L.
Published: June 2019

We experimentally investigate the extensional flow of a sheet – or curtain – of viscoelastic liquid falling freely from a slot at constant flow rate under gravity. Extruded liquids are aqueous solutions of flexible polyethylene oxide (PEO) and of semi-rigid partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM) with low shear viscosities. Velocimetry measurements reveal that the mean velocity field$U(z)$(where$z$is the distance from the slot exit) does not reduce to a free fall. More precisely, we show that the liquid falls initially with sub-gravitational accelerations up to a distance from the slot which scales as$g\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{fil}^{2}$(where$g$is gravity and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{fil}$is the extensional relaxation time of the liquid) due to the stretching of polymer molecules. Beyond this elastic length, inertia dominates and the local acceleration reaches the asymptotic free-fall value$g$. The length of the sub-gravitational part of the curtain is shown to be much larger than the equivalent viscous length$((4\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C})^{2}/g)^{1/3}$for Newtonian liquids of density$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$and dynamic viscosity$\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$which is usually small compared to the curtain length. By analogy with Newtonian curtains, we show that the velocity field$U(z)$rescales on a master curve. Besides, the flow is shown to be only weakly affected by the history of polymer deformations in the die upstream of the curtain. Furthermore, investigations on the curtain stability reveal that polymer addition reduces the minimum flow rate required to maintain a continuous sheet of liquid.
Kinetic energy spectra and flux in turbulent phase-separating symmetric binary-fluid mixtures
Authors: Perlekar Prasad
Published: June 2019

We conduct direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the Cahn–Hilliard–Navier–Stokes (CHNS) equations to investigate the statistical properties of a turbulent phase-separating symmetric binary-fluid mixture. Turbulence causes an arrest of the phase separation which leads to the formation of a statistically steady emulsion. We characterise turbulent velocity fluctuations in an emulsion for different values of the Reynolds number and the Weber number. Our scale-by-scale kinetic energy budget analysis shows that the interfacial terms in the CHNS equations provide an alternative route for the kinetic energy transfer. By studying the probability distribution function (p.d.f.) of the energy dissipation rate, the vorticity magnitude and the joint-p.d.f. of the velocity-gradient invariants we show that the statistics of the turbulent fluctuations do not change with the Weber number.
Numerical investigation of the dependence of stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold on the pump intensity fluctuation
Authors: Zhu Xuehua , Wang Guanling , Wu Daohua
Published: June 2019

In this paper, the dependence of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold on the sinusoidal modulated properties of pump pulse is studied. A 527-nm-wavelength, 5 ns square laser pulse with sinusoidal temporal modulation is used as the pump source, and a 600 mm liquid heavy fluorocarbon material FC-40 is used as the Brillouin medium. The numerically calculated results indicate that the SBS threshold increases with the increase of both temporal intensity modulation index and modulation frequency of the pump pulse. However, when the intensity distortion criterion is below 30% or the duration of modulation peaks below three times the phonon lifetime, the SBS threshold tends to remain stable. The numerical results provide assistance to judge the SBS threshold for unsmoothed pump pulses, especially for high power laser applications.
Changes in English language policy in Kim Jong-un's North Korea
Authors: Kang Hyeon-Seok
Published: June 2019

One of the most important components of a country's language policy is its planning on foreign languages and its decisions regarding which foreign language(s) to choose and teach to its people in the nation's school system (Cenoz & Gorter, 2012). The government generally makes a selection among the candidate languages on the basis of the languages' perceived economic and socio-political value inside and outside the country. However, the socio-economic power and prestige of languages are variable and bound to change over time (Wright, 2004). For this reason, changes are almost always observed in any country's foreign language policy.
Concurrent right atrial isomerism, complete atrioventricular septal defect, and single ventricle in an L-transposition of great arteries patient complicated by brain abscess
Authors: Yonas Emir , Pranata Raymond , Nusarintowati Nuvi
Published: June 2019

We present a case of an 11-year-old Indonesian female who was referred to our facility after surgical excision of brain abscess. The patient has been previously diagnosed with right atrial isomerism, complete atrioventricular septal defect, and L-Transposition of great arteries. Multiple staged surgeries are required for the management of this condition.
Accountability by Numbers: A New Global Transitional Justice Dataset (1946–2016)
Authors: Bates Genevieve , Cinar Ipek , Nalepa Monika
Published: June 2019

In an era of democratic backsliding, scholars and policymakers wonder if failure to reckon with former authoritarian elites and their collaborators plays a role. Yet without adequate data on the way former autocracies and countries emerging from conflict deal with human rights violators, it is hard to tell if new democracies are unstable because of their failure to reckon with their former authoritarian elites or despite it. We introduce a dataset of personnel transitional justice events that allows scholars to answer such questions, disaggregating these events temporally from the date of a country’s democratization. The time series nature of our data allows scholars to measure key characteristics of states’ dealing with their past and complements existing transitional justice datasets by focusing not only on post-conflict societies and not only on post-authoritarian societies, but on both. To showcase the possibilities our data affords scholars, we use it to develop three novel measures of personnel transitional justice:severity, urgency, andvolatility. The granular structure of our data allows researchers to construct additional measures depending on their theoretical questions of interest. We illustrate the use of severity of transitional justice in a regression that also employs data from the Varieties of Democracy project.
Sorghum Fermented by Aspergillus oryzae NK Enhances Inhibition of Vascular Inflammation in TNF-α-stimulated Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Song Hae Seong , Kwon Jung-Eun , Baek Hyun Jin , Kim Chang Won , Jeon Hyelin , Ra Jong Sung , Lee Hyo Kyu , Kang Se Chan
Published: June 2019

Abstract. ﻿Sorghum bicolor﻿ L. Moench is widely grown all over the world for food and feed. The effects of sorghum extracts on general inflammation have been previously studied, but its anti-vascular inflammatory effects are unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the anti-vascular inflammation effects of sorghum extract (SBE) and fermented extract of sorghum (﻿f﻿SBE) on human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). After the cytotoxicity test of the sorghum extract, a series of experiments were conducted. The inhibition effects of SBE and ﻿f﻿SBE on the inflammatory response and adhesion molecule expression were measured using treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a crucial promoter for the development of atherosclerotic lesions, on HASMCs. After TNF-α (10 ng/mL) treatment for 2 h, then SBE and ﻿f﻿SBE (100 and 200 μg/mL) were applied for 12h. Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (2.4-fold) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (6.7-fold) decreased, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (3.5-fold) increased compared to the TNF-α control when treated with 200 μg/mL ﻿f﻿SBE (﻿P﻿<0.05). In addition, the ﻿f﻿SBE significantly increased the expression of HO-1 and significantly decreased the expression of VCAM-1 and COX-2 compared to the TNF-α control in mRNA level (﻿P﻿<0.05). These reasons of results might be due to the increased concentrations of procyanidin B1 (about 6-fold) and C1 (about 30-fold) produced through fermentation with ﻿Aspergillus oryzae﻿ NK for 48 h, at 37 °C. Overall, the results demonstrated that ﻿f﻿SBE enhanced the inhibition of the inflammatory response and adherent molecule expression in HASMCs.
Resolving Teleseismic Earthquake Catalog and InSAR Data Discrepancies in Absolute Space to Explore Rupture Complexity Along the Ecuadorian Megathrust Fault
Authors: Kwong Kevin B. , DeShon Heather R. , Kim Jin Woo , Lu Zhong
Published: June 2019

The 2016 MW 7.8 Pedernales, Ecuador, megathrust earthquake produced notable crustal deformation and generated an extensive aftershock sequence that included two M6.5+ events. We combine an improved teleseismic earthquake catalog for Ecuador with analysis of coseismic interferometric synthetic aperture radar data derived from the Sentinel‐1A satellite to better delineate the spatial and temporal slip history of the megathrust fault in absolute space. The revised teleseismic catalog spans 1961‐2016 and incorporates catalog phase onset times and waveform correlation derived differential times to locate earthquakes. Using teleseismic double‐difference (DD) tomography to simultaneously solve for an updated regional 3‐D compressional velocity model and locations yields earthquakes shifted ~25 km southwest relative to rapidly available teleseismic catalogs. The DD catalog better compares in absolute space to the Ecuadorian local catalog and better models the measured deformation fields of the 2016 Pedernales mainshock and largest aftershocks. Additionally, the DD mainshock location agrees with local‐scale seismic and geodetic studies that show the 2016 event had concentrated slip on a highly coupled asperity that likely participated in the 1942 Ecuador megathrust earthquake. The two large aftershocks also ruptured on the megathrust where moderate to strong interseismic coupling is observed. The DD catalog contains moderate‐sized aftershocks that concentrate outside high slip regions, primarily in areas that produced earthquakes during the interseismic cycle, and outside areas of aseismic slip. Development of rapid relative location approaches linking new seismicity to better constrained global catalogs could aid with near real‐time hazard assessment in areas lacking local data.
Seasonal and Spatial Variation in the Location and Reactivity of a Nitrate‐Contaminated Groundwater Discharge Zone in a Lakebed
Authors: Smith Richard L. , Repert Deborah A. , Stoliker Deborah L. , Kent Douglas B. , Song Bongkeun , LeBlanc Denis R. , McCobb Timothy D. , Böhlke J. K. , Hyun Sung Pil , Moon Hee Sun
Published: June 2019

Groundwater discharge delivering anthropogenic N from surrounding watersheds can impact lake nutrient budgets. However, upgradient groundwater processes and changing dynamics in N biogeochemistry at the groundwater‐lake interface are complex. In this study, seasonal water‐level variations in a groundwater flow‐through lake altered discharge patterns of a wastewater‐derived groundwater contaminant plume, thereby affecting biogeochemical processes controlling N transport. Pore water collected 15 cm under the lakebed along transects perpendicular to shore varied from oxic to anoxic with increasing nitrate concentrations (10–75 μM) and corresponding gradients in nitrite and nitrous oxide. Pore water depth profiles of nitrate concentrations and stable isotopic compositions largely reflected upgradient groundwater N sources and N cycle processes, with minor additional nitrate reduction in the near‐surface lakebed sediments. Potential denitrification rates determined in laboratory microcosms were 10–100 times higher in near‐surface sediments (0–5 cm) than in deeper sediments (5–30 cm) and were correlated with sediment carbon content and abundance of denitrification genes (nirS, nosZI, and nosZII). Potential anammox‐driven N2 production was detectable in deeper anoxic sediments. Injection of bromide and nitrite in the lake sediments showed that the highest net nitrite consumption rates were within the top 10 cm. However, short transit times owing to rapid upward pore water velocities (4–5 cm hr−1) limited removal of the contaminant nitrate transiting through the sediments. Results demonstrate that local hydrologic and biogeochemical processes at the point of discharge affect the distribution and discharge rate of N through lakebed sediments, but processes in the upgradient groundwater can be more important for affecting N speciation and concentration.
Regional Differences in Sea Level Rise Between the Mid‐Atlantic Bight and the South Atlantic Bight: Is the Gulf Stream to Blame?
Authors: Ezer Tal
Published: June 2019

Recent studies appear to show that a “hot spot” for accelerated sea level rise (SLR) shifted around 2010 from the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) to the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) and south Florida. The role of the Gulf Stream (GS) in this shift was thus investigated. The findings show that in the ~15–20 years before, SLR was accelerating in the MAB due to weakening and southward shifting of the GS. After 2010, however, SLR started slowing down in the MAB due to strengthening and northward shifting of the GS. Thermosteric effects seen in altimeter data indicate a warming trend south of 35°N that started around 2010 and contributed to increased SLR south of Cape Hatteras. However, in the MAB, after the GS separated from the coast, the warming of the Subtropical Gyre and cooling of nearshore waters resulted in an opposite SLR response and strengthening of the GS front. Oscillations with periods of 2–5 years dominated the GS flow and coastal sea level variability, but the GS in the MAB is often out of phase with the GS in the SAB due to eddies and recirculation gyres. These oscillations can create temporal changes in SLR rates that are ~10 times larger than the long‐term trend, so recent changes in the local “hot spot” may not be interpreted as a sign of a shift in the long‐term trend, but more likely a temporal shift associated with interannual and decadal variations in the North Atlantic.
Detection of Mesospheric CO2 Ice Clouds on Mars in Southern Summer
Authors: Jiang F. Y. , Yelle Roger V. , Jain S. K. , Cui J. , Montmessin F. , Schneider N. M. , Deighan J. , Gröller H. , Verdier L.
Published: June 2019

This paper reports the first detections of two high‐altitude nighttime CO2 clouds on Mars during southern summer (Ls=264° and Ls=330°) with stellar occultation measurements by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft. Interpretation of the transmission spectra with Mie theory indicates particle radii of ∼90–110 nm assuming a monodisperse distribution. The altitude profile of extinction indicates that the cloud layers are confined horizontally to sizes less than ∼500–700 km. Examination of the CO2 density and temperature profiles reveals strong wave‐like perturbations. Supersaturated temperatures occur at the maximum negative extent of these wave‐like perturbations, which are organized in longitude with a dominant m=3 zonal harmonic. This suggests that tides are important in the formation of CO2 clouds.
Electron Vorticity Indicative of the Electron Diffusion Region of Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Hwang K.‐J. , Choi E. , Dokgo K. , Burch J. L. , Sibeck D. G. , Giles B. L. , Goldstein M. L. , Paterson W. R. , Pollock C. J. , Shi Q. Q. , Fu H. , Hasegawa H. , Gershman D. J. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Dorelli J. C. , Avanov L. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J.
Published: June 2019

While vorticity defined as the curl of the velocity has been broadly used in fluid and plasma physics, this quantity has been underutilized in space physics due to low time resolution observations. We report Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations of enhanced electron vorticity in the vicinity of the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection. On 11 July 2017 MMS traversed the magnetotail current sheet, observing tailward‐to‐earthward outflow reversal, current‐carrying electron jets in the direction along the electron meandering motion or out‐of‐plane direction, agyrotropic electron distribution functions, and dissipative signatures. At the edge of the electron jets, the electron vorticity increased with magnitudes greater than the electron gyrofrequency. The out‐of‐plane velocity shear along distance from the current sheet leads to the enhanced vorticity. This, in turn, contributes to the magnetic field perturbations observed by MMS. These observations indicate that electron vorticity can act as a proxy for delineating the electron diffusion region of magnetic reconnection.
A Transient Modeling Study of the Latitude Dependence of East Asian Winter Monsoon Variations on Orbital Timescales
Authors: Xie Xiaoxun , Liu Xiaodong , Chen Guangshan , Korty Robert L.
Published: June 2019

Transient simulations for the last 300,000 years are conducted to identify how orbital insolation, greenhouse gases, and ice sheets affect variations of the East Asia winter monsoon (EAWM). Results show that the southern EAWM's dominant period is 23 kyr in response to variations in boreal winter insolation (primarily from precession), while the northern EAWM's dominant period is 100 kyr and is most strongly modulated by Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, displaying a significant latitude dependence in orbital‐scale EAWM variations. The precession‐modulated boreal winter insolation can control the southern EAWM by influencing zonal land‐sea thermal contrast at low latitudes, while Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during glacial periods can strengthen the northern EAWM by forcing a powerful cyclonic circulation anomaly over northern Pacific. The different responses of southern and northern EAWM to orbital insolation and ice‐sheet forcings can further lead to in phase or out phase variations between the southern and northern EAWM.