bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Phenomenon of Parricide
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the phenomenon of parricide. It begins with vignettes highlighting several parricide cases in order to demonstrate the variety of circumstances in which child, adolescent, and adult offenders have killed their parents. It reviews critical legal and developmental issues, as parricide offenders include young children, adolescents, and adults. It then presents the typology of parricide offenders that were proposed in 1992. Case examples are used to facilitate understanding of three types of parricide offenders: the severely abused, the dangerously antisocial, and the severely mentally ill. These three types have stood the test of time, as referenced in the publications of other researchers and clinicians. The chapter concludes by exploring evolving changes in society's response to adolescent parricide offenders since the 1980s.
Forensic Assessment of Parricide Offenders
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the importance of a thorough evaluation by a mental health professional of individuals charged with killing a parent. It emphasizes the need for corroborative sources and identifies necessary components of an evaluation. These include an assessment of the individual's level of personality development. It presents the main tenets and levels of a personality theory used widely in the classification of offenders, the Interpersonal Level of Maturity Theory. This theory is very helpful when one is attempting to understand the dynamics that led an individual to engage in violence, determine the credibility of the person's statements, and chart appropriate intervention strategies. The discussion also includes ways of identifying parricide offenders whose destructive and violent behavior appears characterologically based; this individual is referred to as the nihilistic killer.
Patty Smith
Authors: Heide Kathleen M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the case of Patricia Smith, a 17-year-old White girl from a middle-class background, who was arrested about 32 hours after killing her father. It describes the assessment of Patty Smith based on clinical interviews with the defendant and her mother, plus a review of hundreds of pages of pertinent materials. Ten of the twelve characteristics commonly found in cases of severely abused children who kill their parents were clearly present in this case. These include a pattern of family violence in the Smith home, Patty's inability to get help or escape the family situation, and the increasing isolation the youth felt as her freedom was restricted. Patty felt increasingly helpless to deal with her home situation as her father's violence toward her escalated to an intolerable level, including sexual assault.
Probabilistic Persuasion: A Brunswikian Theory of Argumentation
Authors: Reimer Torsten , Hertwig Ralph , Sipek Sanja
Published: January 2013

The Brunswikian lens model has been widely used to describe how individuals integrate information when making a decision (Brunswik, 1943; Dhami, Hertwig, & Hoffrage, 2004). The chapter applies and extends the lens model to a persuasion context. Specifically, the chapter introduces the probabilistic persuasion theory (PPT) as a framework within which the quality of arguments can be defined and measured, and the cognitive processes involved in the selection and in the reception of arguments can be modeled. Construing persuasion within the framework of PPT has the surplus value of opening the door to a rich literature on information processing models in judgment and decision making. The chapter outlines basic assumptions of the new theory, exemplify its application, and discuss its heuristic value. The chapter begins by briefly reviewing dual-process models of persuasion and how they account for the impact of arguments on attitudes. Second, the chapter critically discusses the theories' implications for human rationality, particularly their equation of heuristic processing with irrationality. Third, the chapter describes basic tenets of PPT as an alternative account of persuasion that is based on a Brunswikian framework (Hammond & Stewart, 2001). PPT asserts that persuasion can be construed as a decision-making process, in which a communicator provides information with the goal to influence a receiver's judgments and decisions. The chapter demonstrates how PPT can be used to specify these influence processes and to study the cognitive processes involved in the selection and reception of arguments. Forth, the chapter derives five testable predictions of the new theory and describe preliminary experimental evidence in support of this account.
Simple Heuristics and Information Sharing in Groups
Authors: Reimer Torsten , Hoffrage Ulrich
Published: January 2013

In today's world of business and politics, collaboration is a common and valued practice. A group's potential to outperform individual decision makers is especially apparent if the knowledge of the members of a team or committee is distributed such that each member typically favors an inferior option at the outset. This biased information distribution is called a hidden profile because the full information about the options (i.e., their profile) is initially hidden from every individual group member. Previous research indicated that groups have difficulties mastering the challenge of communicating and integrating unique information held by single group members. As a consequence, groups are typically not able to decide in favor of the best option when its profile is hidden. The chapter summarizes the results of simulation studies in which various decision strategies that a group may apply with respect to their ability to solve hidden-profile problems were compared. Specifically, the chapter describes the conditions under which compensatory strategies outperform simple heuristics, and vice versa. The chapter then reviews two experiments that focus on participants' performance as a function of how information is distributed within the group. Groups can solve hidden-profile problems if (a) group members enter discussions without preconceived opinions (naïve groups), and (b) information regarding the choice alternatives is presented in the form of common cues, which facilitates the application of a cue-based heuristic. The simulation studies and experiments support the notion of ecological rationality: The performance of strategies and of participants was affected by information structures of the environment, in particular, by the skewness of cue validities and by the distribution of cue values across group members.
Can Simple Heuristics Explain Moral Inconsistencies?
Authors: Fleischhut Nadine , Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: January 2013

From virtue theory to moral psychology to behavioral economics, a range of disciplines have explained behavior in moral situations by states of the individual mind, such as character traits, moral stages, or social preferences. These internal explanations predict that moral behavior is stable across a range of situations and thus struggle with the common observation of inconsistencies in moral judgment and behavior. In contrast, the chapter first outlines how the same heuristic predicts systematically different outcomes, ethical or unethical, depending on differences in the environment. Behavior that appears inconsistent from an internal point of view is actually consistent when the interaction between heuristics and social environments is taken in consideration. Second, this chapter argues that the heuristics determining much of judgment and behavior in moral situations are not specifically moral rules, but morally neutral heuristics that serve particular social goals. Specifying these processes can facilitate understanding when and why humans succeed or fail in pursuing ethical goals. The approach thus emphasizes the relevance of designing better environments, not just better people, in order to effectively promote the ethical goals valued by a society.
Why Simple Heuristics Make Life Both Easier and Harder: A Social–Psychological Perspective
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Wänke Michaela
Published: January 2013

The purpose of the present chapter is to consider social rationality from the perspective of social psychology. According to the dual-process approaches that dominate contemporary social psychology, rationality is only possible in the systematic processing mode, whereas the heuristic processing mode is considered intrinsically flawed, in contrast to the unifying theme of the present volume. This chapter argues that social psychology's old-fashioned distinction of heuristic and systematic processing modes is hardly tenable. At the same time, the chapter shows that empirical and theoretical research in social psychology has distinct implications for all three major facets of rationality: probabilities, utilities, and integration rules. In social environments, the assessment of probabilities depends crucially on the active participation of social beings, who must not be conceived as passive observers but actively search for and often create information in a dynamic interaction with their social and physical environment. Utilities, the other major constituent of decision theories, are also subject to typical social trade-offs and compensation effects. One person's gains are usually other persons' losses; what is pleasant in the short run is often unpleasant in the long run. Last but not least, the integration of probabilities and utilities becomes a social issue because many cognitive functions of remembering, thinking, reasoning, judging, and deciding do not take place within isolated individuals' minds but in dyads, groups, and organizations.
Two Booms Since 1990
Authors: Rohit
Published: January 2013

Chapter 10 studies in depth the two booms i.e. of the 1990s and 2000s that preceded the current crisis. It shows that these two booms have similarities with the wealth and the debt effects described in the theoretical models respectively. While in the 1990s, it was the stock-market boom led consumption, in the 2000s, it was the housing market boom that helped counter the tendencies towards stagnation. It is interesting to note that that the business cycles follow the asset price cycles in these two markets. This chapter also tracks the government policy during these two booms and their contribution to the growth processes and eventually to the global crisis that followed.
3 Failure to Comply with a Judgment of the Court: Article 260 TFEU
Authors: Andersen Stine
Published: January 2013

This chapter examines Article 260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) concerning failure to comply with judgments of the Court of Justice according to Article 258 TFEU. It begins with a brief discussion of some of the early Community deliberations on sanctions and the eventual introduction of sanctions. It then examines Article 260(2) TFEU, including the amendments introduced by the Maastricht Treaty and the Lisbon Treaty. In doing so, it explains central procedural clarifications provided in case law. The penultimate section appraises the lex specialis provision stipulated in Article 260(3) TFEU concerning failure to notify measures transposing a directive. Drawing from international law literature, the final section discusses the characteristics that make EU sanctions relatively mobile, legitimate, and functional in comparison to sanctions in many international treaty regimes.
6 The Emergence of Non-binding, Auxiliary Enforcement Procedures: Expert Management of Compliance with Directives
Authors: Andersen Stine
Published: January 2013

This chapter discusses the Commission's practice of establishing groups composed of member state experts on implementation. The groups are established on an ad hoc basis and their aim is to identify and clarify issues of interpretation of directives. The chapter is organized as follows: The first section discusses some of the limitations of the general EU infringement procedure and the merits of peer-review from an enforcement viewpoint. Against this background, it looks at implementation expert groups and more specifically at the expert group dealing with the Free Movement Directive. It proceeds to problematize the Commission's turn towards management of compliance through implementation expert groups, arguing that the method may obfuscate the fact that enforcement is also about contested norms. The final section examines Article 70 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This provision was introduced by the Lisbon Treaty and provides express legal basis for peer-review. Albeit not concerned with directives specifically, the provision addresses some of the general issues discussed in the chapter concerning peer-review.
Aspects of individuation
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth , Hall Daniel Currie
Published: January 2013

This chapter sheds light on the crosslinguistically robust, but not total, complementarity between plurality and classifiers by proposing a formal representation of plurality and classification as two separate aspects of individuation, the semantic property that characterizes count nouns cross-linguistically. Drawing on data from English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Armenian, Korean, and Persian, the chapter argues that the differences among these languages can be reduced to a small number of differences in a) which features the language makes use of, b) which of those features can project as syntactic heads, and c) the status of non-projecting features as modifiers or head features. Under the proposed analysis, it is not necessary that a language be characterizable, as a whole, as a classifier language or as a plural-marking language. Rather, classifiers and plural marking may coexist in a language as long as only one appears in any given nominal.
11 The lexical representation of path curvature in motion expressions: a three‐way path curvature distinction
Authors: Nikanne Urpo , Van Der Zee Emile
Published: January 2013

This chapter shows that verbs describing paths of motion can be neutral in their specification of curvature, or that they can specify curvature at a local or global level of granularity. It demonstrates that this three-way distinction is encoded differently in the lexico-grammatical systems of Dutch and Finnish, and that this distinction makes it possible to formulate both constraints and constructions (Fillmore and Kay, 1996; Goldberg, 2006; Jackendoff, 2003; Fried and Östman, 2004; Nikanne, 2005) within the Dutch and Finnish grammars.
Plutarch On The Difference Between The Pyrrhonists And The Academics
Authors: Bonazzi Mauro
Published: January 2013

A clarification of Plutarch's attitude towards scepticism will help us to assess his Platonist stance. But his attitude is not clear and scholars diverge, ranging from the view that Plutarch was not interested at all in scepticism to the hypothesis that he might have had a sceptical phase or even that his entire philosophy was sceptical. A solution can be found if Plutarch's interpretation of the Hellenistic Academy is correctly reconstructed and if its difference from Pyrrhonism is considered. Plutarch claims that Pyrrhonism is nothing but the result of an empiricist ontology and epistemology, whereas what distinguishes Academic scepticism is an anti-empiricist stance. More precisely, an analysis of the treatise Against Colotes shows that Academic polemics against Epicurean empiricism involve the acknowledgment of the dualism between the sensible and the intelligible which is distinctive of all Platonist philosophy. If one considers only the senses and the sensible dimension life would be impossible; but the very fact that we live shows, according to Plutarch's interpretation of Arcesilaus, that something else, the intelligible, exists. By exploiting the so-called apraxia argument and by interpreting Arcesilaus' philosophy against the background of dualism, Plutarch can therefore claim that also the Hellenistic Academics can be regarded as loyal heirs of Plato.
Dopamine: Another “Magic Bullet” for Caregiver Responsiveness?
Authors: Mileva-Seitz Viara , Afonso Veronica M. , Fleming Alison S.
Published: January 2013

Mammalian mothering is complex and multidimensional, regulated by many hormonal, neurochemical, and neural changes occurring during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. This chapter outlines the maternal phenotype in both humans and rats—a common animal model for mothering. Next, the chapter examines the role of hormones in maternal behavior. It then discuss the role of the dopamine (DA) system in regulation of mothering and mothering-related systems including attention, motivation, mood, and reward. It does this by first presenting a wealth of neuroanatomical, physiological, and genetic evidence from rats that exemplifies specific effects of dopamine dysregulation on maternal behavior. The chapter concludes by outlining the current state of human research on DA and mothering. This includes some correlational neuroanatomical work with magnetic resonance imaging, as well as several genetic association studies.
Selsior Dancing Films, 1912–1917
Authors: Bottomore Stephen
Published: January 2013

In the years immediately preceding the First World War, an Austro-Hungarian émigré in London, Oszkár Rausch, developed a system for presenting dance films in sync with a live orchestra. The technique involved filming a group of dancers performing to music, and placing the conductor so as to appear in the corner of the frame. Then in the theatre a live orchestra would play the same music to the film and keep in time by watching the conductor’s image. Rausch made over a dozen short films with this system under the company name Selsior. The films were widely reviewed, and very popular with audiences throughout the United Kingdom, who seem to have enjoyed seeing both the dancers and the conductor in the corner. But Rausch got into financial trouble, was declared bankrupt, and during the First World War was interned as an enemy alien by the British authorities.
Framing the Atmospheric Film Prologue in Britain, 1919–1926
Authors: Brown Julie
Published: January 2013

In the late 1910s and 1920s, film prologues were often dramatic and/or musical performances presented live on stage immediately before a feature film. Directly related to the feature and intended to bridge the gap between “the world of actuality” and the world of the feature, they sometimes consisted of live enactments of plot summaries or involved a short scene from the film performed on stage by members of the film cast itself, though they might equally have involved a thematically related operatic scena or simply a song performance. This chapter focuses on the ubiquitous film trade-paper reporting of the phenomenon in Britain. To read against the grain is to discover a different story about the prologue’s genealogy (early special presentation in Britain, pre-Rothapfel) and its embrace in Britain (less widespread than implied) than the one told by the industry publicity.
Workers’ Rights and Performing Rights: Cinema Music and Musicians Prior to Synchronized Sound
Authors: Davison Annette
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores the role of the trade union and the collecting agency in relation to music in cinemas though the “silent” period and on to the emergence of synchronized sound. A brief history of the Musician’s Union and its relationship with other unions is followed by an investigation of the union’s role in supporting cinema musicians, and its negotiations with the principal employers’ organization, the Cinematograph Exhibitors’ Association. This is followed by an introduction to the Performing Right Society (PRS), the institution established by publishers and composers in 1914 to collect revenue for the public performance of their music. Here the vital role that cinemas played in the establishment and survival of the PRS during its infancy is highlighted, alongside the periodically difficult relationship between the Musicians’ Union and the PRS, in part due to the society’s classification system for the licensing of music in cinemas.
“What Children Need”
Authors: Garrett Frances
Published: January 2013

This chapter explores the care of children in Tibetan culture as seen in several works on the medical and ritual treatment and defence of children. These texts describe a remarkably broad range of technologies for healing and protecting children, recommending the feeding of pills, soups, butters, beers, or texts to children, parents, or deities; physically manipulative techniques, such as surgery, washing, anointing, fumigating, or massaging; the wearing of all manner of amulets, talismans, strings, papers, ointments, or letters; and the theatrical staging of elaborate hospitality or ransom dramas. Through an examination of the making and use of these therapeutic and protective objects, the chapter proposes that studying the material culture of childhood may be a fruitful method for understanding the child as a category in Tibet.
Marrying the “Thought of Enlightenment”
Authors: Lewis Todd , Emmrich Christoph
Published: January 2013

Before they reach puberty, girls from most Buddhist families of the Newar community in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal undergo a ritual called ihi, literally “wedding,” at the center of which stands the liturgical handling of a citrus fruit. Both the religious identity of the fruit and the social, political, and doctrinal modalities, origins, and effects of the performance have produced a variety of ways to make sense of this ritual and illuminate how Buddhist Newars understand childhood in its preparation of and development toward ritual competence, social maturity, and political agency. Taking one singular late twentieth-century performance as its starting point, this chapter analyzes the ways Newar Buddhist practitioners, literati, and those who once as children were themselves at the center of the event weave a dense tapestry of myths, soteriologies, reformist agendas, and personal recollections in which the expectations of and toward the emerging woman are enmeshed with the hopes and projections of a renewed Buddhist life.
The Liberal Response
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes liberal responses to the falsification challenge, which tended to be a version of one of two sorts. For noncognitivists, religious or theological utterances were never straightforward assertions, but are to be understood symbolically, or as expressions of an intention to follow a certain way of life, or as expressions of an internalized spiritual principle. Cognitive responses, on the other hand, argued that some religious or theological utterances are indeed straightforward assertions. Some argued that theological assertions could in principle be falsified, but in fact have not been (at least not all of them). Others argued that such assertions are meaningful because some things count as evidence against them, despite their invulnerability to conclusive empirical falsification. Yet both sorts of responses agreed with Flew that if religious or theological language is to be meaningful, it must meet the descriptivist requirements described in chapter one. This chapter considers the noncognitive response of R.M. Hare and the cognitive responses of Basil Mitchell, I.M. Crombie and Schubert M. Ogden. Though different from each other, liberal responses all assumed a descriptivist view of religious and theological language.
The Barthian Project in Postliberal Perspective
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes Barth’s influence on postliberal theology. It does so by analyzing Hans Frei’s doctoral dissertation, which described Barth’s methodological break with liberal theology. Frei elucidates three themes in Barth, all of which are designed to move Barth’s theological thinking away from its anthropological starting point. First, Barth prioritizes ontology over epistemology. In Barth’s view, one of the things that made liberal theology subject to Feuerbach’s critique was that it began with epistemological considerations, and then refused to make claims that could not meet its epistemic criteria. After the break, Barth insists that theology must begin with ontological affirmations about God, as these affirmations are given in the Incarnation and the testimony to it in the Bible. Second, after the break, Barth insists that theological method must be subordinate to and governed by positive ontological statements about God. This implies that theology cannot be systematic, because Barth believes that all true systematizing will be anthropologically and epistemologically driven. Third, Barth insists that interpretive method must be governed by his methodological commitments and his ontological affirmations about God. All these themes will drive Frei’s later work, as I’ll describe in subsequent chapters.
A Tale of Two Dead Ends
Authors: Knight John Allan
Published: January 2013

Previous chapters have described liberalism’s relationship to descriptivist understandings of language and postliberalism’s relationship to Wittgenstein. This chapter describes serious problems with descriptivism, on the one hand, and Wittgensteinian understandings of meaning, on the other. The chapter argues that the most influential descriptivist theory of meaning, that of Donald Davidson, is fatally flawed. The chapter then argues that satisfaction of descriptive senses cannot be either universally necessary or sufficient for successful reference. Thus, descriptivism is an inadequate account of either meaning or reference. The chapter then provides an analysis and critique of the later Wittgenstein’s understanding of meaning as use. The chapter discusses prominent criticisms of Wittgenstein’s understanding of meaning and concludes that at best it is too vague to be either defended or conclusively refuted. At worst, its problems can be resolved only by abandoning Wittgenstein’s central commitments. Postliberal appropriations of Wittgenstein raise additional serious problems. These center around the failure to distinguish semantics from speech acts and the refusal to allow reference any role in determining meaning. These postliberal moves deprive Frei and Lindbeck of the ability to argue for the truth of theological claims and leave them vulnerable to charges of fideism.
essaMEM: finding maximal exact matches using enhanced sparse suffix arrays
Authors: Vyverman Michaël , De Baets Bernard , Fack Veerle , Dawyndt Peter
Published: January 2013

Summary: We have developed essaMEM, a tool for finding maximal exact matches that can be used in genome comparison and read mapping. essaMEM enhances an existing sparse suffix array implementation with a sparse child array. Tests indicate that the enhanced algorithm for finding maximal exact matches is much faster, while maintaining the same memory footprint. In this way, sparse suffix arrays remain competitive with the more complex compressed suffix arrays.

Availability: Source code is freely available at https://github.ugent.be/ComputationalBiology/essaMEM.

Contact:  Michael.Vyverman@UGent.be

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Development of high‐density SNP genotyping arrays for white spruce (Picea glauca) and transferability to subtropical and nordic congeners
Authors: Pavy Nathalie , Gagnon France , Rigault Philippe , Blais Sylvie , Deschênes Astrid , Boyle Brian , Pelgas Betty , Deslauriers Marie , Clément Sébastien , Lavigne Patricia , Lamothe Manuel , Cooke Janice E.K. , Jaramillo‐Correa Juan P. , Beaulieu Jean , Isabel Nathalie , Mackay John , Bousquet Jean
Published: January 2013

High‐density SNP genotyping arrays can be designed for any species given sufficient sequence information of high quality. Two high‐density SNP arrays relying on the Infinium iSelect technology (Illumina) were designed for use in the conifer white spruce (Picea glauca). One array contained 7338 segregating SNPs representative of 2814 genes of various molecular functional classes for main uses in genetic association and population genetics studies. The other one contained 9559 segregating SNPs representative of 9543 genes for main uses in population genetics, linkage mapping of the genome and genomic prediction. The SNPs assayed were discovered from various sources of gene resequencing data. SNPs predicted from high‐quality sequences derived from genomic DNA reached a genotyping success rate of 64.7%. Nonsingleton in silico SNPs (i.e. a sequence polymorphism present in at least two reads) predicted from expressed sequenced tags obtained with the Roche 454 technology and Illumina GAII analyser resulted in a similar genotyping success rate of 71.6% when the deepest alignment was used and the most favourable SNP probe per gene was selected. A variable proportion of these SNPs was shared by other nordic and subtropical spruce species from North America and Europe. The number of shared SNPs was inversely proportional to phylogenetic divergence and standing genetic variation in the recipient species, but positively related to allele frequency in P. glauca natural populations. These validated SNP resources should open up new avenues for population genetics and comparative genetic mapping at a genomic scale in spruce species.
An Adolescent with Possible Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia and Long QT Syndrome: Evaluation and Management
Authors: Tisma‐Dupanovic Svjetlana , Wagner Jonathan B. , Shah Sanket , Huang David T. , Moss Arthur J.
Published: January 2013

We describe a unique presentation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) in a 14‐year‐old Caucasian male who was additionally diagnosed with long QT syndrome (LQTS). Genetic testing eventually confirmed the diagnosis of both ARVD and LQTS, which combined, to our knowledge, has not been reported in the literature.
Indigenous African Furnace Types and Slag Composition—Is there a Correlation?
Authors: Chirikure S. , Bandama F.
Published: January 2013

Within variation, three major iron smelting furnaces were used in the Iron Age of sub‐Saharan Africa, ranging from the natural draught driven tall shaft to the forced draught powered low shaft and bowl furnaces. These furnace types are, however, mostly known from the ethnographic context. Often, archaeologists are confronted with remnants from the smelting process, forcing them to speculate on the anatomy of the extant furnaces. The presence of multiple fused tuyeres has been used to identify natural draught furnaces in the archaeological record. However, working back from smelting remains such as slag to the furnace type using physical and chemical evidence has generally proved to be ‘undoable’. Thus, when randomly selected, the chances are high that one cannot separate bowl furnace slags from those that formed in their tall or low shaft counterparts. This observation is hardly unexpected; analogous thermodynamics and thermo‐chemical reactions governed bloomery smelting irrespective of furnace type. Rehren et al. (2007) have labelled this phenomenon the ‘tyranny of system driven constraints’. In this study, we argue that the hierarchical use of statistical methods may add another layer of evidence which, when coupled to archaeological indicators, may be useful in correlating slag chemistry to furnace types used in antiquity.
Resumption of work or studies after first‐episode psychosis: the impact of vocational case management
Authors: Abdel‐Baki Amal , Létourneau Geneviève , Morin Caroline , Ng Albert
Published: January 2013

Background

Psychosis compromises the educational and professional projects of young patients. Vocational case management (VCM) offers comprehensive support for reintegration into work or studies within an early psychosis intervention programme.

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of VCM in resumption of work or school and to identify the predictive factors of occupational outcome.

Methods

This descriptive study focused on occupational status of an early psychosis cohort during the first 5 years of VCM.

Results

56.6% of 97 study subjects had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 32% had type I bipolar disorder with psychotic features. 68% held a productive occupation the year prior to admission, and 47.4% at admission. The occupational rate rose from 57.1% at 12 months to over 70% after 48 months. 65.6% maintained or improved their occupational status. Most subjects held competitive employment, and the employment rate was similar to that of the general population. Prior employment and affective psychosis were associated with better outcome. [Correction added on 2 April 2013, after first online publication: ‘Non‐affective psychosis’ has been changed to ‘affective psychosis’ in the Results section.]

Conclusion

The majority of individuals suffering from early psychosis resume productive activity rapidly when offered VCM within an early intervention programme during a follow‐up period of up to 5 years.
A structured policy review of the principles of professional self‐regulation
Authors: Benton D.C. , González‐Jurado M.A. , Beneit‐Montesinos J.V.
Published: January 2013

Background

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) has, for many years, based its work on professional self‐regulation on a set of 12 principles. These principles are research based and were identified nearly three decades ago. ICN has conducted a number of reviews of the principles; however, changes have been minimal. In the past 5–10 years, a number of authors and governments, often as part of the review of regulatory systems, have started to propose principles to guide the way regulatory frameworks are designed and implemented. These principles vary in number and content.

Objectives

This study examines the current policy literature on principle‐based regulation and compares this with the set of principles advocated by the ICN.

Design and Data Sources

A systematic search of the literature on principle‐based regulation is used as the basis for a qualitative thematic analysis to compare and contrast the 12 principles of self‐regulation with more recently published work.

Results

A mapping of terms based on a detailed description of the principles used in the various research and policy documents was generated. This mapping forms the basis of a critique of the current ICN principles. A professional self‐regulation advocated by the ICN were identified.

Conclusions

A revised and extended set of 13 principles is needed if contemporary developments in the field of regulatory frameworks are to be accommodated. These revised principles should be considered for adoption by the ICN to underpin their advocacy work on professional self‐regulation.
Effects of solvent drying time and water storage on ultimate tensile strength of adhesives
Authors: Emamieh Shila , Sadr Alireza , Ghasemi Amir , Torabzadeh Hassan , Akhavanzanjani Vegharedin , Tagami Junji
Published: January 2013

Aim

Simplified adhesives are a blend of monomers with solvents that are expected to evaporate before light curing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of drying time and water storage on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of three adhesives: Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB), One‐Step Plus (OSP) and Clearfil S3 Bond (CSB).

Methods

Dumbbell‐shaped samples from each adhesive were prepared in three groups: (a) air drying prior to light curing; (b) no drying equal to active air drying; and (c) 3‐h drying. Each group was further divided into two subgroups of no storage or 7 days' water storage, prior to the UTS measurement (n = 10).

Results

Material, drying‐time, and storage had a significant effect on UTS, and the interactions of the factors were also significant (P < 0.05). OSP showed a higher evaporation rate under passive air drying, and OSP and CSB showed higher UTS values compared to ASB (P < 0.05). Air drying improved UTS in OSP and CSB, but not in ASB. Likewise, water storage only affected the UTS of OSP and CSB.

Conclusions

The effects of air drying and water storage period on UTS are material dependent. Whenever solvent evaporation improved the UTS of adhesive, water storage decreased it. The all‐in‐one self‐etching adhesive can maximize its best properties when the solvent is dried for an extended period.
Electrostatic Spray of Food‐Grade Organic Acids and Plant Extract to ReduceEscherichia coliO157:H7 on Fresh‐Cut Cantaloupe Cubes
Authors: Massey Leighanna M. , Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Martin Elizabeth M. , Ricke Steven C.
Published: January 2013

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of organic acids and plant extract alone and in combination when applied by electrostatic spraying onEscherichia coliO157:H7‐inoculated cantaloupe cubes. Inoculated cubes were sprayed with malic (M) and lactic (L) acids and grape seed extract at different concentrations (alone and various combinations) then stored at 4C. Under optimized concentrations,ML2% was able to reduceE. coliO157:H7 by 1.9 logs after 12 days of storage and was significantly different from the controls (P < 0.05). Increasing the concentration ofM(4%) alone and in combination withL(2%) caused an increase in log reduction (4.6 logs). These treatments can be used as alternatives to commercial sanitizers in order to improve the safety of fresh‐cut cantaloupe cubes. Multiple hurdle technology of electrostatic sprayer combined with natural antimicrobials can be effective in improving the safety of food.

Practical Application

Electrostatic sprayer is a technology that can be used to enhance the effectiveness of antimicrobials. Organic acids and plant extracts can be used as antimicrobials to efficiently reduce contaminated cantaloupe cubes when combined with electrostatic sprayer. This multiple hurdle technology can be used in different food industry settings.
Haptoglobin gene polymorphisms in peri‐implantitis and chronic periodontitis
Authors: Ebadian Ahmad R. , Kadkhodazadeh Mahdi , Naghavi Seyed Hamid Hosseini , Torshabi Maryam , Tamizi Mahmood
Published: January 2013

Aim

The haptoglobin–hemoglobin (Hp–Hb) complex plays a significant role in regulating immune responses and acts as a bacteriostatic agent. Haptoglobin polymorphisms result in different Hb binding affinities. This study sought to assess whether Hp 2‐2 could be a genetic determinant for increasing the risk of peri‐implantitis and chronic periodontitis.

Methods

Of the Iranian subjects referred to the Department of Periodontics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 203 were entered into the study, including 117 patients and 86 periodontally healthy individuals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for genotyping. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test using the SPSS statistics software package.

Results

The prevalence of Hp 2‐2, 2‐1, and 1‐1 did not differ significantly between patients and healthy subjects (P > 0.05). The highest frequencies of Hp 1‐1, 2‐1, and 2‐2 genotypes were seen in the control (7%), peri‐implantitis (51%) and periodontitis (64%) groups, respectively.

Conclusions

Haptoglobin polymorphisms may not play a role in development of peri‐implantitis or chronic periodontitis among Iranians but we strongly suggest researchers to evaluate this polymorphism in further studies on larger sample sizes, different populations, and other types of periodontitis.
Burden of paediatric pyoderma and scabies in North West Queensland
Authors: Whitehall John , Kuzulugil Deniz , Sheldrick Kyle , Wood Angela
Published: January 2013

Aim

The study aims to assess the health burden of children admitted with ‘scabies’ to Mt Isa Hospital, the referral centre for North West Queensland, from 2006 to 2010.

Methods

This is a retrospective chart audit of admissions of children with ‘scabies’ including age, sex, date, residence, Indigenous status, result of skin swabs and length of stay, and the number of admissions with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and acute post‐streptococcal glomerulo‐nephritis (APSGN) in that period. Financial burden was estimated from daily bed costs and transportation.

Results

There were 113 admissions with mean age of 23/12: 11% were <2/12 and mean stay was 4.5 days. 19 were admitted twice, 5 thrice and 2 four times. 7 individuals accounted for 25% of admissions. ‘Scabies’ accounted for 10.1% of medical admissions <5 years of age. Admissions increased from 10 in 2005 to 39 in 2010. The minimum cost per admission was $9584.07.

Seventy‐one per cent of swabs grew Group A streptococcus, all sensitive to penicillin. Sixty‐three per cent of these were accompanied by Staphylococcus aureus, which was the sole organism in 18%. Sixty‐four per cent of S. aureus were methicillin resistant.

There were 29 admissions for ARF and 23 with APSGN. All children with ‘scabies’ and ARF and all but three with APSGN were Indigenous.

Conclusion

Pyoderma and scabies are major health burdens in North West Queensland, requiring organised community‐based prevention. The number of repeat admissions emphasises the futility of individual treatment.
Patterns of appearance and risk of misdiagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhosis at contrast enhanced ultrasound
Authors: Galassi Marzia , Iavarone Massimo , Rossi Sandro , Bota Simona , Vavassori Sara , Rosa Laura , Leoni Simona , Venerandi Laura , Marinelli Sara , Sangiovanni Angelo , Veronese Letizia , Fraquelli Mirella , Granito Alessandro , Golfieri Rita , Colombo Massimo , Bolondi Luigi , Piscaglia Fabio
Published: January 2013

Aim

Primary aim was to validate the percentage of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICC) which have a contrast vascular pattern at contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at risk of misdiagnosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and, secondary aim, to verify if any characteristics in the CEUS pattern helps to identify ICC.

Methods

All ICC on cirrhosis seen in three Italian centres (Bologna, Milan and Pavia) between 2003 and 2011, in which CEUS and at least another imaging technique (CT or MRI) had been performed, were retrospectively identified. Those patients with ICC size comparable to the early HCC stage (Milan criteria, considered as small ICC) were enrolled for this study. The enhancement pattern at CEUS was analysed and compared with CT or MRI.

Results

A total of 25 small ICC made this study group. CEUS was at risk of misdiagnosis of ICC for HCC in a significantly higher number of cases than in CT (performed in 24 ICC) (52% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.009) and MRI (11 ICC) (52% vs. 9.1%, P = 0.02). A different contrast pattern among all techniques was found in 6 of 10 ICC lesions submitted to the three imaging methods. In the arterial phase, ICC lacked global hyperenhacement in approximately 50% of cases at CEUS and the degree of intensity of wash‐out in the late phase was marked in 24% of nodules.

Conclusions

CEUS misdiagnosed as HCC a significantly higher number of ICC lesions in cirrhotic patients than CT and MRI. However, some CEUS contrast features can help suspect ICC, especially in some cases with inconclusive CT or MRI.
Dermatophytes isolated from superficial fungal infections in Krakow, Poland, between 1995 and 2010
Authors: Budak Alicja , Bogusz Bożena , Tokarczyk Marianna , Trojanowska Danuta
Published: January 2013

Superficial fungal infections due to dermatophytes are common over the world and their frequency is constantly increasing. The aim of our study was to discuss fungal infections with frequency of occurrence, clinical stages and aetiology in patients admitted to dermatological ward and microbiological laboratory of the specialist hospital in Krakow. Investigations performed between 1995 and 2010 included the group of 5333 individuals. Dermatophyte infections, confirmed by culture, were revealed in 1007 subjects (18.9%), i.e. in 553 males and 454 females. The most frequent clinical forms of infections were tinea unguium and tinea pedis, caused mainly by Trichophyton rubrum and by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Tinea corporis, tinea manuum, tinea capitis and tinea cruris constituted a small percentage of infections and the main aetiological factors of these dermatomycoses were also T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Between 1995 and 2000 there were stated small differences in the number of isolated strains of dermatophytes in comparison with the number of examined patients. Since 2006 there has been observed a decrease in number of patients in our hospital with suspected fungal infections, but per cent of positive cultures has remained unchanged in comparison with earlier period.
The new HLA‐C variant HLA‐C*05:26 is likely to be structurally identical to the C*05:01P alleles
Authors: Zilian E. , Figueiredo C. , Eiz‐Vesper B. , Blasczyk R. , Immenschuh S.
Published: January 2013

The novel allele HLA‐C*05:26 differs from HLA‐C*05:01 by the non‐synonymous amino acid exchange Gly16Ser.
Impact of glucose and acetate on the characteristics of the platelet storage lesion in platelets suspended in additive solutions with minimal plasma
Authors: Saunders C. , Rowe G. , Wilkins K. , Collins P.
Published: January 2013

Background and Objectives

Glucose and acetate have been proposed to be required elements in platelet storage media. This study investigated the role of these compounds on the varied elements that comprise the platelet storage lesion.

Materials and Methods

For each replicate, four pooled and split ABO group–specific buffy coat–derived platelet concentrates were suspended in an in‐house additive solution with minimal plasma and varying final concentrations of acetate or glucose. Units were sampled on days 2, 3, 6, 8 and 10 and tested for markers of platelet morphology, activation, function, metabolism and indicators of cell death.

Results

The absence of glucose was associated with a decrease in ATP, falling to a mean of 1·1 ± 0·1 μmol/1011 plts in units with no added glucose compared with 4·2 ± 0·6 μmol/1011 plts (P < 0·001) in units with 30 mm glucose. As glucose became depleted, the decrease in ATP to levels below 3 μmol/1011 plts was associated with an increase in both annexin V binding and intracellular free calcium. In units lacking exogenous acetate, ATP levels on day 10 were 5·2 ± 1·5 μmol/1011 plts compared with 2·7 ± 0·9 μmol/1011 plts in units with 56 mm acetate (P = 0·006). Higher concentrations of exogenous acetate were associated with a lower hypotonic shock response and higher surface expression of CD62P suggestive of a dose dependency.

Conclusion

Under current physical storage conditions, glucose appears necessary for the maintenance of platelets stored as concentrates in minimal volumes of plasma. The addition of acetate was associated with increased platelet activation and reduced ATP levels.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Clostridium
sp. Maddingley, Isolated from Coal-Seam Gas Formation Water
Authors: Rosewarne Carly P. , Greenfield Paul , Li Dongmei , Tran-Dinh Nai , Bradbury Mark I. , Midgley David J. , Hendry Philip
Published: January 2013

Clostridium
sp. Maddingley was isolated as an axenic culture from a brown coal-seam formation water sample collected from Victoria, Australia. It lacks the solventogenesis genes found in closely related clostridial strains. Metabolic reconstructions suggest that volatile fatty acids are the main fermentation end products.
Draft Genome Sequences and Annotation of Enterococcus faecium Strain LCT-EF20
Authors: Chang De , Zhu Yuanfang , Chen Jiapeng , Fang Xiangqun , Li Tianzhi , Wang Junfeng , Guo Yinghua , Su Longxiang , Xu Guogang , Wang Yajuan , Chen Zhenhong , Liu Changting
Published: January 2013

The space environment is reported to cause biological alterations in microorganisms, such as growth, drug resistance, and virulence. Here, we present the model of
Enterococcus faecium
to investigate the effects of space conditions on the microbe and on the whole-genome sequences of the strain LCT-EF20 after being exposed to space flight.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Multidrug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 Isolates Resistant to Colistin
Authors: Comandatore Francesco , Sassera Davide , Ambretti Simone , Landini Maria Paola , Daffonchio Daniele , Marone Piero , Sambri Vittorio , Bandi Claudio , Gaibani Paolo
Published: January 2013

Sequence type 258 (ST258) is the most widespread multidrug resistant (MDR)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strain worldwide. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two colistin-resistant MDR
K. pneumoniae
ST258 clinical strains isolated from hospital patients in Italy. These strains are resistant to β-lactams, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, carbapenems, and colistin.