bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Soil Mulch in Weed Suppression and Sugarcane Productivity
Authors: Cerqueira Danilo C. O. de , Ferreira Vilma M. , Souza Renan C. de , Araújo Neto João C. de , Silva Vinicius S. G. da , Almeida Freds F. A. de
Published: July 2018

The soil mulch is an agricultural practice that can benefit soil fertility and can be effective in suppressing weeds. The objective this research was to evaluate the mulching from legumes in weed control and sugarcane (first harvest/cut) productivity, comparing the results with the conventional application of herbicides. This research was carried out under field conditions. Five legumes were managed in two ways to form the soil cover: (1) mechanical topple, and (2) chemically desiccated. To compare the results, used treatments with herbicides applied in pre and pre + post emergence. The soil mulch from mechanical topple of Crotalaria spectabilis, C. juncea, C. ochroleuca, C. breviflora and Cajanus cajan presented lower efficiency in suppressing weeds than the treatment with herbicides applied in pre + post-emergence, however, were more efficient in controlling weeds in relation to the use of herbicides in pre-emergence, a fact observed at 60 days of sugarcane cultivation.
Antioxidant Enzymes Activity in the Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Submitted to Drought
Authors: Neto Cândido O. , Rocha Maria E. , Abade Mayra T. , Nogueira Glauco A. , Nascimento Vitor R. , Cardoso Kerolem P. , Brito Ana E. , Machado Liliane C. , Martins Jéssica T. , Costa Thays C. , Okumura Ricardo S.
Published: July 2018

Oil palm is a very responsive culture in relation to climate change that intensifies or lowers its productivity. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in two genotypes of E. guineensis, both under water deficiency. The experiment conducted in a greenhouse at UFRA used genotypes 2528 and 2501 of E. guineensis submitted to water deficiency from the 10th day. The biochemical analysis was evaluated at the 5% level of significance by the Tukey test. The antioxidant variables analyzed were superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, ascorbate peroxidase activity, Malondialdeído (MDA), Glutathione and ascorbic acid content. In view of the obtained results, it was observed increases of the antioxidant enzymes when the genotypes were submitted to the water deficiency, presented significance for the results. Therefore, the study suggests that oil palm had a good use and adaptation when submitted to water deficit and that genotype 2528 was more responsive to maintain its vital biochemical activities.
Accelerated Aging for the Evaluation of the Physiological Potential of Eggplant Seeds
Authors: Deuner Cristiane , Rodrigues D. B. , De Tunes L. V. M. , Almeida A. S. , Suñe A. S. , Martins A. B. N. , Zimmer Gustavo , Chagas Henrique , Gewehr Ewerton , Konzen L. H. , Reis B. B.
Published: July 2018

The use of healthy and vigorous seeds is necessary to ensure adequate plant stands, therefore, vigor tests are used to measure the physiological potential of seeds alongside with the germination test. The objective of this study was to evaluate different procedures for the estimation of the physiological potential of eggplant seeds through the accelerated aging test. Seed lots were tested for moisture content, germination, first count of germination, seedling emergence and speed of emergence index. Then, seeds were subjected to the conventional accelerated aging test, using an unsaturated NaCl solution or a NaCl saturated solution, for 24, 48 and 72 hours at 41 °C, estimating the moisture content after each period of aging. The treatments were allocated in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (seed lots) and four replicates. The use of the saturated solution of NaCl decreases the absorption of water and the rate of deterioration of eggplant seeds during the accelerated aging test, providing more uniform results. The accelerated aging test allows eggplant seed lots from cv. Napoli to be ranked at different levels of vigor and, among the procedures tested, the combinations 41 °C/48 hours and 41 °C/72 hours allowed the proper assessment of the physiological potential of seeds of this cultivar.
Experimentally and analyzed property of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset plates
Authors: Okayasu Mitsuhiro , Tsuchiya Yuki , Arai Hiroaki
Published: July 2018

The tensile and fatigue properties of long unidirectional (UD) and crossply (CR) carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) were investigated. The CFRPs in this study were fabricated from 60% CF and various resins: epoxy, polyamide (PA6), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK). The ultimate tensile strength sUTS of Epoxy-CFRP was found to be about twice that of PEEK-CFRP. Relatively high tensile strengths were found for PPS- and PA6-CFRP in the thermoset resin group, although these were still only about 85% of the strength of epoxy-CFRP. The tensile and fatigue strengths of the CR-CFRPs were less than half those of the UD-CFRPs, even though high ductilities were found for the CR-CFRPs. These high ductilities can be attributed to the crosslinking fiber effect and the low proportion of CFs in the loading direction. The sUTS values of CFRPs depend not only on the tensile strengths s and volume fractions V of CF and resin (i.e., through the conventional compound law sUTS = sfiberVfiber + sresinVresin), but also on several material properties, including the wettability of the CF by the resin. On the basis of the material properties, the ultimate tensile strengths of various UD- and CR-CFRPs were well estimated numerically through a statistical analysis, which afforded better estimates than those obtained from the compound law.
Fullerenes: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Nimibofa Ayawei , Newton Ebelegi Augustus , Cyprain Abasi Yameso , Donbebe Wankasi
Published: July 2018

Fullerenes were initially found to be inert, but their unique cage structure and solubility in organic solvents opened up their susceptibility to functionalization via addition and redox reactions. Endohedral and exohedral derivatives of Buckminster fullerene [C60] have created a niche in the application of carbon nanomaterials in the medical, electronics, energy and water treatment/conservation sectors.
Effect of Stirring on Crystal Morphologies and on Macro-Segregation
Authors: Fujimura Toshio , Brimacombe J. K.
Published: July 2018

To minimize the macro-segregation in continuously cast steel slabs, the effects of the stirring on the macro-segregation were studied. Industrial findings by the metallographic observations of the steel slabs showed macro-segregation was improved by the refinements of crystals. It was also found that the stirring at low fraction solid refined crystals. The unsolidified liquid core of the continuously cast slab with the optimum stirring was well packed with the refined crystals whereas it was not with coarse equiaxed crystals. The analogue study with experiments of Pb-Sn alloy showed, similarly as with steel slabs, the stirring at low solid fraction refined crystals. Also, the artificially created cavity in a mush was well packed with the refined, globular, crystals whereas it was not with the coarse dendritic crystals. Thus, it is considered the stirring at the low solid fraction is advantageous to refine crystals and to improve macro-segregation.
Application of the Method of Coordinate Grids for Experimental Study of Pipe Extrusion Process With Lateral Metal Flow
Authors: Igorevich Kosmatskiy Yaroslav , Mohammed Jasim Mohammed Al-Jumaili , Ahmed Saleem Oleiwi Al-Khuzaie
Published: July 2018

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of pipe extrusion process with lateral flow using the method of coordinate grids. The calculation of the forming operation is made for extrusion process stages.
Experimental Study of Pipes Extrusion Process by Using Method of Coordinate Grids
Authors: Igorevich Kosmatskiy Yaroslav , Oleiwi Al-Khuzaie Ahmed Saleem , Mohammed Al-Jumaili Mohammed Jasim
Published: July 2018

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the pipe extrusion process using the method of coordinate grids. The estimation of influence of separate conditions of friction on the contact surfaces of the deformable material and the pressing tool on metal flow pattern. The calculation of the forming operation is made for extrusion process stages.
Effect of Annealing on Microstructure, Grain Growth and Hardness of Nanocrystalline Cu-Zr Alloy Prepared by Cryogenic Ball Milling
Authors: Khobragade Nidhi , Sikdar Koushik , Kumar Binod , Roy Debdas
Published: July 2018

Nanocrystalline Cu-0.75 at.%Zr alloy was synthesized by high energy ball milling under cryogenic temperature. To investigate the influence of 0.75 at.%Zr addition on thermal stabilization of nanocrystalline state of Copper, milled powder was annealed up to T/Tm = 0.79 for 1h in an inert atmosphere. The microstructural changes of both milled and annealed powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mechanical properties were determined in terms of hardness. It was found that addition of 0.75 at.%Zr can stabilize grain size at higher temperature, i.e., ~ 32 nm at 800oC (T/Tm = 0.79). The hardness of Cu-0.75 at.%Zr at 800oC was found to decrease by only ~ 13% as opposed to a 65% decrease in pure copper from cryomilled condition. The thermal stability of Cu-0.75 at.%Zr system at high temperatures was attributed to the kinetic stabilization, i.e., grain boundary pinning by intermetallic phases. Thermal stability contributions were assessed by thermodynamic models elicits added Zr is not sufficient for stabilization, rather kinetic stabilization (by intermetallic pinning of grain boundary) became active at higher annealing temperature.
Strain Aging in Boron Alloyed Multi-Phase С- Mn – Si – Steel Wire Rod
Authors: Nesterenko Anatoliy , Sychkov Alexander , Plyuta Valeriy , Blokhin Mikhail
Published: July 2018

The specimens of C – Mn – Si - steel wire rod 5.5 mm in diameter with 0.005% B and without B additions from Moldova Steel Works had been studied. It was been established by crystallographic-geometrical analysis, that the boron atoms could be allocate in B – alloyed a – Fe only in the positions of a sub-interstitial solid solution. By study a static strain aging (SSA) and a dynamic strain aging (DSA) specimens of wire rod by C – Mn – Si - steel with B and without B (both with multi-phase (ferrite- martensite (bainite)-pearlite) microstructures) more expressed decreasing of strengthening properties and higher characteristics of ductility had been determined for C – Mn – Si - steel specimens with B. These results could be explained by “de - nitrogenous” and “de - carbonaceous” mechanisms, when boron atoms from a – Fe sub-interstitial solid solution by producing wire rod and by its strain aging thermal treatment with temperatures 150 - 450 °С generate boron- nitrogenous and boron - carbonaceous – nitrogenous precipitations. By realizing these mechanisms nitrogen and carbon atoms are partly excluded from the dislocation pinning’s process. This, in fact, explains to inhibit the development of strain aging (SSA and DSA) in boron- micro-alloyed C – Mn – Si - steel.
Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 7, No. 3
Authors: Green Lily
Published: July 2018

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Materials Science Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2018
Stakeholders’ Perception and Preferences of Post-harvest Quality Traits of Tomato in Ghana
Authors: Osei Michael , Danquah Agyemang , Blay Essie , Danquah Eric , Adu-Dapaah Hans
Published: July 2018

The high levels of tomato consumption coupled with wide production levels in Ghana make the crop economically viable. Food preferences vary among individuals and geographical locations. Traits to select during crop improvement therefore, depend on the target beneficiaries. Breeders sometimes fail to consider preferences of end users probably because they are oblivious of them. This study used Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and surveys to identify preferences and perceptions of end users in tomato value chain, for making proper breeding choices according to the information collected. The strategy employed for this research was descriptive survey. The target population included tomato farmers, market players and consumers. A multi-stage sampling was used to select the study sample. More than half (57.3%) of the respondents had been involved in tomato production for over 10 years. Sixteen variables were discussed with each group. The first three principal components (PCs) with Eigen values greater than 1.0 together explained 100% of total variation in the data set. Scores for ranking popular vegetable and ranking causes for poor shelf life were not significantly associated with any of the components. The Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) also established that, seven main vegetable crops were cultivated and produced by the communities and ranked tomato as number one. Similarly, six important quality traits of tomato were mentioned by stakeholders as their favorite. Respondents showed extreme preferences for firmness and shelf life as the most important quality traits of tomato. Seventy-seven-point five percent (77.5%) of the consumers use tomatoes every day in their food preparation. The study revealed stakeholders’ desire and plea for firmness and extended shelf life of tomato fruits in Ghana. Consequently, the survey validated the need to regulate tomato breeding goals to develop high yielding tomatoes with improved fruit quality and prolonged shelf life.
Epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica with special consideration of animal reservoir
Authors: Morka Katarzyna , Cieniuch Gabriela , Bugla-Płoskońska Gabriela
Published: July 2018

The Yersinia genus is Gram-negative rods that now comprises 18 species. Y. enterocolitica is a psychrotrophic rod. It is a pathogen with a number of virulence factors that allow both the adhesion to the surface of the epithelial cells and avoidance the host immune response. Y. enterocolitica is an etiologic agent of various forms of yersiniosis, including intestinal, parenteral and transgranular forms. The registration of yeriniosis cases in Poland was started in 2002 and the increase in the number of cases has been reported since 2007 and it was caused by the European Y. enterocolitica bioserotypes 4/O:3 and 2/O:9. In 2006, the first case of Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O:8 US lines was reported in Poland. The main source of Y. enterocolitica infection is consumption of contaminated water or food, particularly raw or undercooked pork meat.
The most common animals reservoir for Y. enterocolitica in the world is considered slaughter
pigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Among Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from slaughter pigs the 4/O:3
is the most predominant bioserotype. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have recently been tested for Y.
enterocolitica because of the increase in their populations. It turns out that wild boars may also
be a reservoir for Y. enterocolitica with diverse biotypes. Currently, studies are being conducted
to check the wildlife such as red deer and roe deer as reservoirs for this bacterium. Potential,
not yet widely recognized Y. enterocolitica reservoir may be domestic dogs, monkeys and small
rodents. Investigation of these atypical reservoirs is conducted towards understanding the
incidence of Y. enterocolitica and determining the potential pathogenicity.
Materialismo Histórico e Dialético em pesquisas do campo curricular: o ensino de História no curso de Pedagogia
Authors: Silva Francisco Thiago , Borges Lívia Freitas Fonseca
Published: July 2018

o presente artigo resulta de pesquisa acadêmica que investigou o espaço curricular do ensino de História em Instituições de Educação Superior privadas no curso de licenciatura em Pedagogia. Tomando como premissa a ideia de que analisar o objeto proposto a partir da tese - de que o ensino de História deva ser relevante nos currículos de formação do pedagogo - direciona esses escritos para a análise reflexiva sob a lente teórico-metodológica do materialismo histórico dialético - MHD. Não se assume uma postura de concebê-lo como doutrina, reconhece-se seus limites, mas admite-se que ainda é a tendência que melhor se aproxima dos anseios provocados pela própria teoria crítica de currículo. O objetivo do texto é apresentar elementos epistemológicos e metodológicos - por meio de revisão crítica de literatura - que garantam uma refinada utilização do método de Marx, com as devidas proporções, aplicado ao campo do currículo, sobretudo na esteira das teorias críticas. O objeto teórico aqui proposto é apenas para ilustrar de que forma as categorias teóricas da dialética marxiana e marxistas, como contradição, totalidade e prática social podem ser aplicadas em estudos dessa natureza.
Políticas de inclusión: ¿educación obligatoria o derecho a la educación?
Authors: Behares Luis Ernesto
Published: July 2018

Esse artigo estuda, desde a perspectiva teórica e de análise ideológica, a junção entre as políticas de inclusão, como paliativas da exclusão, e a postulação dos direitos individuais, principalmente no âmbito da educação. Inclui-se um estudo sobre as origens e vaivéns da noção de exclusão/inclusão, em seus vínculos com as ideologias neoliberais e com as interpretações “progressistas” posteriores.  A postulação contemporânea de direitos individuais, com suas características e fundos ideológicos, é analisada com atenção especial aos processos de Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguai e Uruguai.  As políticas de inclusão e as de direitos têm linhas paralelas, com junções relativas e não-estruturais, no que diz respeito à formulação política e às instrumentalizações. O vínculo entre elas fica notório na definição da educação com base nos direitos. Em particular, o artigo aprofunda na malha dos conflitos conceptuais e operacionais derivados do encontro das políticas mais tradicionais de obrigatoriedade da educação básica, estatutária na maior parte dos países, com os intentos para definir à educação como um instrumento para assegurar o gozo efetivo dos direitos consagrados a nível internacional, já normal na legislação sobre educação.
Defensor del Pueblo y defensorías autonómicas : reflexiones sobre sus relaciones y posición recíproca
Authors: Fernández Rodríguez José Julio
Published: July 2018

La relaciones entre el Ombudsman estatal y los ombudsmen autonómicos es un tema de suma relevancia para el adecuado ejercicio de las funciones que tienen asumidas. El riesgo de solapamiento que presentan las competencias concurrentes, y los desajustes que de ello se derivan, exigen una solución satisfactoria a tal problemática. Los principios jurídicos que rigen estas relaciones no están recogidos con precisión y claridad en la normativa aplicable. Ello refuerza el papel de las relaciones personales, de por sí muy relevante en el funcionamiento de estos órganos. Así las cosas, se recomienda reforzar y replantear, a partir de criterios jurídicos más nítidos y mejor construidos, estas relaciones, que se manifiestan en múltiples vertientes.
Una revisión de la potestad de autorreglamentación del Defensor del Pueblo desde la perspectiva de la teoría de las fuentes del derecho
Authors: González García Ignacio
Published: July 2018

En este trabajo se defiende que el Defensor del Pueblo goza, por imperativo constitucional, de un ámbito de autonomía orgánica y funcional que incluye la potestad para autonormarse internamente, esto es, para aprobar y reformar unilateralmente su Reglamento de Organización y Funcionamiento, sin que resulte procedente intervención alguna de las Cortes Generales en este ámbito. Desde esa premisa, se trazan las líneas rojas que separan a este tipo normativo de otras normas que le son fronterizas: los Reglamentos de las Cámaras, el Estatuto de Personal de las Cortes Generales y la Ley Orgánica del Defensor del Pueblo.
La difícil articulación de una nueva institución: el Défenseur des Droits francés
Authors: Sánchez Navarro Ángel
Published: July 2018

En 2008, la reforma constitucional francesa estableció un nuevo órgano, el Defensor de Derechos, de alguna forma inspirado en la experiencia española del Defensor, cuyos rasgos específicos tienen que ser desarrollados por ley orgánica. Dos años después, el mandato constitucional no ha sido desarrollado todavía y el debate sobre el nuevo cuerpo —y sus relaciones con otras instituciones con actividades similares— hacen difícil de prever cuando comenzará a operar el nuevo instituto creado.
La defensoría del pueblo. La experiencia peruana
Authors: Abad Yupanqui Samuel B.
Published: July 2018

El presente artículo examina la introducción de la Defensoría del Pueblo en la Constitución peruana de 1993, su desarrollo normativo, así como su funcionamiento desde el inicio oficial de sus actividades (1996) hasta la actualidad. Han existido tres etapas de la Defensoría del Pueblo en el Perú. La primera, durante el régimen del ex-Presidente Alberto Fujimori, fue muy difícil pues sus espacios de actuación eran reducidos debido a la ausencia de un gobierno democrático. No obstante, durante dicha etapa la Defensoría se consolidó y obtuvo niveles de legitimidad impresionantes, convirtiéndose en la única institución pública independiente. Una segunda etapa, se presentó durante la transición democrática y la actual se presenta con mayores espacios de actuación fruto de vivir en un gobierno democrático. La Defensoría del Pueblo ha detectado un conjunto de problemas estructurales en los cuales ha venido interviniendo y que constituyen la agenda básica de su actuación. Todo ello le ha permitido ir consolidando su legitimidad ciudadana.
Encuesta sobre la renovación del Tribunal Constitucional
Authors: Teoría y Realidad Constitucional -
Published: July 2018

This academic survey, answered by Public Law Professors, focuses on the present situation of the Spanish Constitutional Court, and this Professors express their opinions about the composition of the Court, the new way on which its members are appointed by the Parliaments of the «Comunidades Autonomas», the requirements to be elected, the new rule relative to the «prorrogatio» in the term of office, and the delay in the election of the new members.Esta encuesta académica, a la que responden un grupo de Profesores de Derecho Constitucional, está dedicada a la renovación del Tribunal Constitucional y en ella se responde a preguntas relativas a su composición, el nuevo sistema de elección de magistrados en el que intervienen las Asambleas Legislativas de las CCAA, los requisitos de elegibilidad, la nueva norma sobre la «prorrogatio» de funciones y los retrasos en los nombramientos de nuevos magistrados.
El incidente de nulidad de actuaciones como remedio previo al recurso de amparo : la función del Ministerio Fiscal
Authors: Aragón Reyes Manuel
Published: July 2018

This paper is a study of the recent reform of art. 241 LOPJ, regarding the previous modification of our appeal for protection of fundamental rights introduced by LO 6/2007, of 24th may, and focuses specially on the new powers and competences conferred to the Attorney General.El trabajo aborda la modificación del incidente de nulidad de actuaciones judiciales previsto en el art. 241 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, tras la reforma del recurso de amparo realizada por la Ley Orgánica 6/2007, de 24 de mayo. Se presta especial atención a la función del Ministerio fiscal en el nuevo incidente referido.
Apuntes sobre una reforma de la configuración constitucional del Defensor del Pueblo : un paso más hacia la Justicia Social
Authors: García Álvarez Manuel , García López Rubén
Published: July 2018

La regulación constitucional del Defensor del Pueblo y la función llevada a cabo por esta Institución, ha sido valorada, con carácter general, de forma positiva. No obstante, en el marco de una posible reforma de la Constitución que tenga como fin, entre otros, el fortalecimiento del Estado social, sería aconsejable reforzar su posición como garantía institucional de los derechos sociales y económicos. Con este objetivo, se podrían introducir cambios en el artículo 54 relativos a la delimitación de la función del Defensor, a sus formas de actuación, a su elección, y, en fin, a la necesaria colaboración de las autoridades y funcionarios con la Institución, así como a las consecuencias de la vulneración de este deber.The constitutional regulation of the Spanish ombudsman, as well as the functions performed by the latter has generally been appraised in a positive way. This not withstanding should a Constitutional reform be undertaken, having in mind the strengthening of the Welfare (social) state, it may be advisable to reinforce the ombudsman as a warrant of social, economic rights. With this end in view, we suggest to undertake some changes in article 54 of our Constitution. These changes should concern the functions which it performs, its proceedings and its election. And last but not least, the necessary cooperation by authorities and civil servants, as well as the aftermath in case they break their duty to provide the ombudsman with the information required by it.
Sobre la reforma de la Constitución
Authors: Contreras Casado Manuel , García López, Eloy Eloy , Gavara de Cara Juan Carlos , López Basaguren Alberto , López Pina Antonio
Published: July 2018

En esta encuesta un grupo de Catedráticos de Derecho Constitucional responden a un conjunto de preguntassobre la reforma constitucional: sobre las normas que rigen la reforma de la Constitución Española de 1978, sobre la prácticade dichas normas, sobre las materias constitucionales que sería necesario reformar, y, en particular, sobre la reforma introducidaen el art. 135 CE en 2011, tanto respecto al procedimiento seguido para la misma, como a su contenido. In this Academic Survey a group of Constitutional Law Professors answer some questions about constitutionalreform, and particularly about the regulation of Constitutional Reform in Spain, the practice of this constitutionalreform, the constitutional matters that should be amended or modified, and, of course, about the last constitutional reform ofart. 135 CE (the content of the reform and also the special reform procedure).
Reformar el proceso decisional europeo : legitimidad, eficacia, legibilidad = Reforming the european decisión-making process : legitimacy, efficiency, legibility
Authors: Chopin Thierry , Jamet Jean-François , Priollaud François-Xavier
Published: July 2018

Este texto pretende articular propuestas concretas con el objetivo de aportar un contenido preciso y operativo al proyecto de unión política dirigido a reforzar la legitimidad y el control democráticos de las decisiones europeas en el marco de los trabajos sobre la reforma de la Unión económica y monetaria. La viabilidad jurídica de cada una de las propuestas contempladas se analiza identificando el tipo de reforma que suponen: innovaciones sin cambios en el tratado, modificaciones limitadas del Tratado a título del procedimiento de reforma simplificado ; modificaciones más amplias del Tratado a título del procedimiento de reforma ordinario.This paper aims to outline a certain number of concrete proposals in view of providing detailed, operational content to the project to strengthen legitimacy and democratic control of European decisions as part of the work towards reforming the Economic and Monetary Union.The legal feasibility of each of the proposals set out here is analyzed by identifying the type of reform it involves: innovation using the treaty as it stands; limited changes to the Treaty under the simplified revision procedure, more important changes to the Treaty under the ordinary revision procedure.
Alcance del artículo 3 del convenio europeo de derechos humanos en relación con la detención de un menor extranjero no acompañado : la obligación positiva de no dejarle en desamparo = The detention of foreigners unaccompanied children in Europe : considerations around Rahimi vs. Greece , (ECHR, 2011)
Authors: López Ulla Juan Manuel
Published: July 2018

La Unión Europea y el Consejo de Europa han recordado recientemente la obligación que tienen sus Estados miembros de mejorar el sistema de garantías respecto de los menores extranjeros no acompañados. En este trabajo nos centramos en los derechos del menor detenido. Nos anima a ello la Sentencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en el caso Rahimi c. Grecia (2011), que por vez primera califica como trato inhumano o degradante no asistir a un menor cuando, dictada la orden de expulsión, éste sale del Centro de internamiento. Al mismo tiempo, en el último trienio, las dos organizaciones anteriormente citadas han reconocido abiertamente el incumplimiento que en la práctica se observa de las obligaciones que se derivan del Convenio de Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos del Niño y la necesidad de articular un procedimiento marco que garantice los derechos de este grupo especialmente vulnerable cuando son detenidos a causa de la irregularidad de su situación administrativa.The European Union and the Council of Europe have reminded its Member States that it is necessary to improve the protection of unaccopanied foreing minors. In particular, we are going to study in this paper the rights of detainees. Concerning this matter, we consider of a remarkable interest the rule of the European Court of Human Rights in Rahimi v. Greece (2011): it has been the first time that the Court has considered as a violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) when an unaccompanied minor is neglected by national authorities after being released without any kind of protection from a detention center. At the same time, the documents that in this paper we have studied —approved from 2010 to 2012— explicitly recognize that in Europe have not yet been adopted the measures required to protect effectively the rights recognized in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and that it necessary to promote the adoption of procedures to safeguard the administrative and judicial protection of these children.
La liga constitucional europea : el encanto teórico constitucional y la insuficiencia teórica del principio de incertidumbre = European Constitucional League : constitutional theorical charming and the theory failure of uncertainty principle
Authors: Jaestadt Mathias
Published: July 2018

Desde que a partir de los años ochenta se calificara a los Tratados como «Carta constitucional», el proceso de integración europea se ha intensificado a pasos agigantados, y la aparición del Constitucionalismo europeo no ha hecho sino evidenciar la compleja relación existente ente la Unión y sus Estados miembros, entre el Derecho de la Unión y el Derecho de sus Estados miembros. Tanto la Teoría del Estado como la Teoría de la Constitución resultan ser sólo parcialmente eficaces para definir un modelo conceptual adecuado al nuevo fenómeno de integración europea. Se habla así de un nuevo concepto, el de «Liga constitucional europea», que terminológicamente proporciona un denominador común y que introduce en la Unión Europe la visión de un Derecho constitucional a diferentes niveles. Cada vez es más difícil diferenciar cuándo estamos ante asuntos nacionales y cuándo ante asuntos comunitarios. Por este motivo, si queremos legitimar la función de la Unión Europea habrá que intentar incluir los principios constitucionales que rigen en los Estados miembros en este nuevo nivel. De ahí el ambicioso concepto de «Liga constitucional europea». Pero no obstante, los numerosos problemas teóricos que presenta este modelo reflejan la dificultad de hablar de un sistema multinivel en el que exista una convivencia no jerárquica entre los distintos niveles, pues en último término lo que refleja es una conexión incorrecta entre ellos.Since the beginning of the eighties Treaties were graded as «Constitutional Charter», the process of European integration has increased rapidly, and the emergence of European Constitutionalism has only demonstrated the complex relationship between the Union and its Member States, between Union law and the law of its Member States. Both the State Theory and the Theory of the Constitution are to be only partially effective in defining an appropriate conceptual model to the new phenomenon of European integration. It speaks well of a new concept, that of «European constitutional League», which provides a common terminological and introduced into the Europe Union’s vision of constitutional law at different levels. It is increasingly difficult to differentiate when we are dealing with national issues and when community issues. Therefore, if we want to legitimize the role of the European Union, we will have to try to include the constitutional principles governing the Member States in this new level. Hence the ambitious concept of «European constitutional League». But nevertheless, the many theoretical problems with this model reflect the difficulty of speaking of a multilevel system in which there is no coexistence between different hierarchical levels, because ultimately it does show a incorrect connection between them.
Acerca del papel del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y de la tentación de desacreditar al mensajero [a propósito de la STEDH (gran sala) en el asunto Del Río Prada c. España] = The impact of the ECHR decisions : Del Río Prada v. Spain judgment
Authors: Andrés Sáenz de Santamaría Paz
Published: July 2018

Mediante su sentencia en el asunto del Río Prada c. España, la Gran Sala del TEDH ha consolidado su enfoque flexible respecto a la distinción entre las penas y las medidas de ejecución; también ha establecido con claridad que la libertad del Estado en materia de política criminal debe compaginarse con la prohibición absoluta de la aplicación retroactiva del derecho penal desfavorable. Por su parte, la Audiencia Nacional ha recurrido a un procedimiento expeditivo de ejecución de la Sentencia cuya base legal no está clara. Debido a la trascendencia del caso, algunos sectores han caído en la tentación de criticar tanto la Sentencia como al propio Tribunal, actitud común también en otros países y que se explica pero no se justifica por el impacto que las decisiones del TEDH tienen en ocasiones sobre los ámbitos particularmente sensibles del ordenamiento estatal; sin embargo, ante una sentencia condenatoria la solución no está en desacreditar al mensajero sino en reforzar el diálogo entre tribunales.By means of del Río Prada v. Spain judgment, the ECHR Grand Chamber has consolidated its flexible approach regarding the distinction between penalties and measures relating to their execution; the Court has also established clearly that while the States are free to determine their own criminal policy, they must comply with the unconditionally prohibition of retrospective application of the criminal law. In its turn, the Audiencia Nacional has resorted to an expeditious execution procedure of the judgment whose legal foundations are far from clear. Due to the significance of the case, some sectors have given way to the temptation to criticize both the judgment and the Court itself, common attitude also to other countries and that can be explained but not justified on account of the impact that the ECHR decisions may have on especially sensitive areas of national law; however, in the face of a condemnation judgment, the solution is not in discrediting the messenger but in strengthening the dialogue amongst Courts.
Assessing food retail competitors with a multi-criteria GIS-based method
Authors: Roig-Tierno Norat , Baviera-Puig Amparo , Buitrago-Vera Juan , Escriba-Perez Carmen
Published: July 2018

Given the importance of competition in the retail sector, this research builds on spatial interaction theory to develop the competition index (CI). For this, geographic information systems (GIS) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were used. AHP results reveal that key factors to assess competitors relate to location and branding. The proposed method was tested by evaluating 45 supermarkets in the city of Castellón (Spain). Using this method, sales targets can be adapted to each outlet’s individual circumstances.
El comportamiento de las exportaciones españolas de vino en los mercados internacionales
Authors: Cervera Ferrer Francesc J. , Compés López Raúl
Published: July 2018

The different evolution of wine production and consumption in Spain in recent decades has pushed the sector into a model which is highly dependent on international markets. In these circumstances, the variable that determines the viability of many enterprises is the performance of exports. This article evaluates the performance of Spanish wine exports using a set of indicators that measure their diversification, adaptation and competitiveness in target markets. The results show a positive export performance in three dimensions, which contributes to determine the keys to their success, especially in volume, and to guide future strategies.
Impacto del comercio y el transporte internacional sobre la calidad ambiental: un estudio en países de América Latina y el Caribe
Authors: García Christian Martín
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the effect of trade liberalization and international transport on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 18 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 1995-2013. The results indicate that an increase in the levels of trade openness has a greater effect for high-income countries (0.17 %) than for the others (0.067 %). While it is observed that an increase of 1 % in the tons transported per kilometer increases CO2 emissions by 0.022 % (high-income countries) and by 0.014 % (middle-high income countries).
Choosing not to choose: A meta-analysis of status quo effects in environmental valuations using choice experiments
Authors: Barreiro-Hurle Jesus , Espinosa-Goded Maria , Martinez-Paz Jose Miguel , Perni Angel
Published: July 2018

Discrete choice experiments (DCE) normally include in their choice sets an option described as the status quo (i.e. no change to current situation; SQ). The literature has identified Status Quo Effect (SQE) as the systematic preference of the SQ over the alternatives that propose changes over and beyond what can be captured by the variation of attributes’ levels. In this paper, we conduct a meta-analysis of DCE applied in environmental policy to identify potential drivers of SQE. We find that accounting for heterogeneity in the econometric analysis, excluding protest responses and easing the choice’s cognitive burden reduce the presence of SQE.
Product-country image and crises in the Spanish horticultural sector: Classification and impact on the market
Authors: Serrano-Arcos M. Mar , Pérez-Mesa Juan Carlos , Sánchez-Fernández Raquel
Published: July 2018

This research provides a conceptual framework to analyse the concept of ‘crisis’ and its multiple origins in the Spanish horticultural sector, the largest horticultural exporter in Europe. For this purpose, this study provides a typology of crises and a classification according to their nature, reasons, and temporary impact. Consequently, this research reviews and chronologically classifies the harmful campaigns that have originated several of those crises. Additionally, the impact on the perceived product-country image is analysed through an empirical research based on the results of a survey of consumers in several European countries.
Análisis espacial de los precios del suelo de uso agrario
Authors: Segura Baldomero , Marqués Pérez Inmaculada
Published: July 2018

Since 1983, the Spanish administration publish the national land prices survey, whose main objective is to measure the prices evolution of agricultural land. The Survey provides objective reference prices without speculative effects, by Autonomous Communities and differentiated by the most representative uses in each one of them. We start from the hypothesis that the land value is conditioned by its location. We want analyst the spatial correlation between the prices publicized or it is necessary different grouping or if it is necessary to introduce new location correction factors.
¿Es el lugar de compra determinante en las preferencias de los compradores de aceite de oliva?
Authors: Corbeto-Fabón Héctor , Kallas Zein , Gil José M.
Published: July 2018

This paper aims at analyzing consumers’ preferences towards olive oil attributes taking into account the retail chain where they buy food. The methodological approach is based on the design of a choice experiment using home scan data from a sample of Catalonian households. Four attributes are selected: price, brand, type of olive oil and packaging size. Two retailers are considered with different business strategies: Mercadona and Carrefour. Results show that the preferences for olive oil attributes are different depending of the retail outlet a household uses to buy.
Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica): An analysis of capacity to cause structural damage (compared to other plants) and typical rhizome extension
Authors: Fennell Mark , Wade Max , Bacon Karen L
Published: July 2018

Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) is a well-known invasive alien species in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe and North America. The plant is known to have a negative impact on local biodiversity, flood risk, and ecosystem services; but in the UK it is also considered to pose a significant risk to the structural integrity of buildings that are within 7 m of the above ground portions of the plant. This has led to the presence of the plant regularly being used to refuse mortgage applications. Despite the significant socioeconomic impacts of such automatic mortgage option restriction, little research has been conducted to investigate this issue. The ‘7 m rule’ is derived from widely adopted government guidance in the UK. This study considered if there is evidence to support this phenomenon in the literature, reports the findings of a survey of invasive species control contractors and property surveyors to determine if field observations support these assertions, and reports a case study of 68 properties, located on three streets in northern England where F. japonicawas recorded. Additionally, given the importance of proximity, the 7 m rule is also tested based on data collected during the excavation based removal of F. japonicafrom 81 sites. No support was found to suggest that F. japonicacauses significant damage to built structures, even when it is growing in close proximity to them and certainly no more damage than other plant species that are not subject to such stringent lending policies. It was found that the 7 m rule is not a statistically robust tool for estimating likely rhizome extension. F. japonica rhizome rarely extends more than 4 m from above ground plants and is typically found within 2 m for small stands and 2.5 m for large stands. Based on these findings, the practice of automatically restricting mortgage options for home buyers when F. japonicais present, is not commensurate with the risk.
Stem cell heterogeneity drives the parasitic life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Wang Bo , Lee Jayhun , Li Pengyang , Saberi Amir , Yang Huiying , Liu Chang , Zhao Minglei , Newmark Phillip A
Published: July 2018

Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms infecting hundreds of millions of people. These parasites alternate between asexual reproduction in molluscan hosts and sexual reproduction in mammalian hosts; short-lived, water-borne stages infect each host. Thriving in such disparate environments requires remarkable developmental plasticity, manifested by five body plans deployed throughout the parasite’s life cycle. Stem cells in Schistosoma mansoni provide a potential source for such plasticity; however, the relationship between stem cells from different life-cycle stages remains unclear, as does the origin of the germline, required for sexual reproduction. Here, we show that subsets of larvally derived stem cells are likely sources of adult stem cells and the germline. We also identify a novel gene that serves as the earliest marker for the schistosome germline, which emerges inside the mammalian host and is ultimately responsible for disease pathology. This work reveals the stem cell heterogeneity driving the propagation of the schistosome life cycle.
CYK-4 functions independently of its centralspindlin partner ZEN-4 to cellularize oocytes in germline syncytia
Authors: Lee Kian-Yong , Green Rebecca A , Gutierrez Edgar , Gomez-Cavazos J Sebastian , Kolotuev Irina , Wang Shaohe , Desai Arshad , Groisman Alex , Oegema Karen
Published: July 2018

Throughout metazoans, germ cells undergo incomplete cytokinesis to form syncytia connected by intercellular bridges. Gamete formation ultimately requires bridge closure, yet how bridges are reactivated to close is not known. The most conserved bridge component is centralspindlin, a complex of the Rho family GTPase-activating protein (GAP) CYK-4/MgcRacGAP and the microtubule motor ZEN-4/kinesin-6. Here, we show that oocyte production by the syncytial Caenorhabditis elegans germline requires CYK-4 but not ZEN-4, which contrasts with cytokinesis, where both are essential. Longitudinal imaging after conditional inactivation revealed that CYK-4 activity is important for oocyte cellularization, but not for the cytokinesis-like events that generate syncytial compartments. CYK-4’s lipid-binding C1 domain and the GTPase-binding interface of its GAP domain were both required to target CYK-4 to intercellular bridges and to cellularize oocytes. These results suggest that the conserved C1-GAP region of CYK-4 constitutes a targeting module required for closure of intercellular bridges in germline syncytia.
The two shapes of the Tau protein
Authors: Kelly Jeffery W
Published: July 2018

Tau proteins can convert from an inert shape to a misfolded shape that seeds the growth of fibers that contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease.
Efficient Near‐Infrared Electroluminescence at 840 nm with “Metal‐Free” Small‐Molecule:Polymer Blends
Authors: Minotto Alessandro , Murto Petri , Genene Zewdneh , Zampetti Andrea , Carnicella Giuseppe , Mammo Wendimagegn , Andersson Mats R. , Wang Ergang , Cacialli Franco
Published: July 2018

Due to the so‐called energy‐gap law and aggregation quenching, the efficiency of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) emitting above 800 nm is significantly lower than that of visible ones. Successful exploitation of triplet emission in phosphorescent materials containing heavy metals has been reported, with OLEDs achieving remarkable external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) up to 3.8% (peak wavelength > 800 nm). For OLEDs incorporating fluorescent materials free from heavy or toxic metals, however, we are not aware of any report of EQEs over 1% (again for emission peaking at wavelengths > 800 nm), even for devices leveraging thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Here, the development of polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) peaking at 840 nm and exhibiting unprecedented EQEs (in excess of 1.15%) and turn‐on voltages as low as 1.7 V is reported. These incorporate a novel triazolobenzothiadiazole‐based emitter and a novel indacenodithiophene‐based transport polymer matrix, affording excellent spectral and transport properties. To the best of knowledge, such values are the best ever reported for electroluminescence at 840 nm with a purely organic and solution‐processed active layer, not leveraging triplet‐assisted emission.
Synthesis and Reactivity of o‐Enoyl Arylisocyanides: Access to Phenanthridine‐8‐Carboxylate Derivatives
Authors: Cai Jinxiong , Hu Zhongyan , Li Yifei , Liu Jun , Xu Xianxiu
Published: July 2018

Various o‐enoyl arylisocyanides were prepared from readily available reactants and found to undergo a double annulation with glutaconate to provide straightforward access to phenanthridine‐8‐carboxylates and hydrophenanthridine‐8‐carboxylates under mild aerobic conditions. In this domino transformation, two rings and three bonds were successively created. A mechanism involving tandem [3+3]‐annulation/intramolecular cyclization/ demethoxycarbonylation/aerobic oxidative aromatization sequence was proposed.

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