bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Critical Philosophical Issues in the Science of Unitary Human Beings
Authors: Sarter Barbara
Published: March 2007

Three key philosophical issues raised by the science of unitary human beings are analyzed: space and time; causality; and process. Clarification of Rogers' positions in relation to these issues is provided, and areas in need of further development are identified. These issues are of vital significance in the world view of the science of unitary human beings. Scholarly development of the substantive metaphysical implications of the model is invited.
School Choice Policy in France: Success and Limitations
Authors: Fowler Frances C.
Published: March 2007

In 1959, France passed the Debré Act, inaugurating massive subsidies for private education. Under this law, the French government subcontracted secular instruction to those private schools that signed contracts. On the whole, the policy has been successful It is popular because it provides parents with school choice and has not increased social stratification. However, the policy led to some problems with financial and political accountability. The French experience suggests that carefully conceived regulations are the key to successful choice policies. It also suggests that choice policies may succeed best in environments in which major equity problems have already been solved.
Critically Reflective Inquiry and Administrator Preparation: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Stevenson Robert B.
Published: March 2007

The Holmes Group's concept of professional development schools challenges conventional assumptions about how practitioners acquire knowledge of educational practice and how theory and practice are related. This article examines these different assumptions and their implications for administrator preparation in professional development schools by analyzing case studies of a problem-based administrative seminar and inquiry-oriented teacher education programs. To address the dilemmas revealed by the case studies in integrating theory and practice and reconceptualizing roles and relationships, the article discusses conditions for fostering collaborative inquiries into problems of practice by student administrators, university faculty, and cooperating school administrators.
Little Things Mean a Lot
Authors: Levin Henry M.
Published: March 2007

Levin views Clune's "The Shift From Equity to Adequacy" as a provocative contribution to the policy questions on educational adequacy. Although in agreement with much of the overall concept, Levin identifies potential problems with a number of the details of the plan. He argues that we lack the knowledge base at present to operationalize high minimum outcomes. Also, we do not know enough about the relationship between resources and outcomes to determine the cost of achieving desired outcomes. Last, we have not decided what mix of outcomes we wish to achieve or how to achieve those outcomes in a consistent or systematic way.
Statewide Finance Reform: Ensuring Educational Adequacy for High-Poverty Schools
Authors: Slavin Robert E.
Published: March 2007

Statewide finance reform can offer a one-time opportunity for major overhaul of instructional and noninstructional services throughout a state 's schools. Any funding remedy should address two kinds of issues. First, base funding for low-income schools should be improved to provide an adequate infrastructure for education. Second, investments should be made in programs and practices intended to directly assist schools in increasing student performance toward the level needed in the 21st century. This article describes a mechanism by which states might use new monies to disseminate effective programs and practices among schools, to evaluate results, and to build capacity within the state to support and disseminate effective programs and practices.
Charter Schools in the United States: The Question of Autonomy
Authors: Wohlstetter Priscilla , Wenning Richard , Briggs Kerri L.
Published: March 2007

By the end of 1994, 11 states had passed legislation authorizing charter schools. Following the argument that charter schools need to be autonomous, self-governing organizations to enhance their potential for high performance, this study explores legislative conditions that promote charter school autonomy. The study applies a conceptual framework of autonomy to assess variations among state charter school policies. 7he results suggest that state policies offer different levels of autonomy and thus charter schools will vary in their ability to innovate and in their potential for high performance. Differences in autonomy across charter school laws appear to be related to state political cultures and to the state's history of decentralization reform.
NASDC's Odyssey in Dallas (NC) Women, Class, and School Reform
Authors: Mickelson Roslyn Arlin , Wadsworth Angela L.
Published: March 2007

The 1992 award of a New American Schools Development Corporation (NASDC) grant to Gaston County Schools for the design and implementation of the Odyssey Project began a period of intense school reform and community activism in this semirural, working-class White county in North Carolina. The Odyssey Project was to be a comprehensive school restructuring effort that would integrate education with other social services throughout the community. A prolonged and painful battle among school officials, educators, parents, and other stakeholders in the community ended when NASDC withdrew funding from the Odyssey Project before the first anniversary of the award. This article describes and analyzes the role of ordinary women in shaping the course of school reform in their community. The women who mobilized the counter movement to the Odyssey Project framed the debate as the juncture between a national, elite-led reform movement and a locally situated grassroots counter movement protecting children, families, and the larger community's identity. This article offers insights into the interplay of class conflict, regionalism, and gender roles in the processes of local school reform.
Beginning Teachers: A Statewide Study of Factors Explaining Successful Completion of the Probationary Period
Authors: Heck Ronald H. , Wolcott Louise P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to propose and test a structural model of socialization factors that may be related to the successful completion of probationary teaching. The variables in the model included individual demographics, professional socialization, organizational context, and teaching performance. Results of the LISREL covariance structure analysis supported the construct validity of the proposed theoretical model. The strongest effect on teacher performance was professional socialization. Contextual conditions of the beginning teacher's school and personal demographics also exerted small, yet significant, total effects on performance. The study helps to underscore that policies regarding teacher preparation and induction must be evaluated not only for their effects but also for their features.
Educational Policy Making in the State Legislature: Legislator as Policy Expert
Authors: Weaver Sue Wells , Geske Terry G.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of the legislator as an education policy expert in the legislative decision-making process. Louisiana legislators were asked to identify the sources of information that they typically rely on when considering educational policy legislation. These legislators were also asked about the relative influence of these sources and how this influence might change given a different policy context. The findings of an analysis of variance are presented to consider the degree of influence expert legislators may have in formulating educational policy given differences in policy types, sources of information, and legislators' work roles. The article concludes with a discussion of the empirical findings and of the implications of the results.
Equity through Vouchers: The Special Case of Gifted Children
Authors: Baker Bruce D. , Richards Craig E.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which policy makers have shifted the burden of educating gifted children from public schools to families. A second objective was to determine the result of this externalization on different socioeconomic segments of the population and to explore policy options for equalizing opportunities where discrepancies exist. Analyses of state-level spending trends and trends in numbers of students served in public schools were performed. In addition, analyses of the growth rates of major private providers of services for the gifted were performed. The results of the analyses were used to construct simulations of policy options including wealth-equalized, talent-based scholarships distributed according to (a) district wealth and (b) family income. The authors then assessed the costs and relative effectiveness of each option.
Segregated Placement Patterns of Students with Disabilities in Three States
Authors: Weikart Lynne A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines placement patterns in New York, Louisiana, and New Jersey to determine why these states place nearly half of their students with disabilities in separate classrooms, when most states place the vast majority of students with disabilities in general classrooms. Using regression analysis and interviews, several factors were examined including the influence of the states 'prior practices and policies, economic and social variables, the consequences of state-funding formulas, and the effectiveness of federal monitoring. New York, Louisiana, and New Jersey have maintained a high proportion of separate placements regardless of disability far longer than most states. Each of these states has a large percentage of African American students and of students from poor families. Each of these states provides fiscal incentives for segregated placements. Federal monitoring is ineffective; the U.S. Department of Education is slow to act on placement variability across the states.
The Role of the Pharmacist in Evaluating Drug Use in Drivers: The Drug Evaluation and Classification Program
Authors: ImObersteg Anne
Published: March 2007

About 15% of accident-involved drivers have drugs detected in their system. The Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) Program was designed to give police officers a systematic, standardized twelve-step method to enable them to look for signs and symptoms of drug use from a group of seven drugs. The classes of drugs covered by the program are phencyclidine, inhalants, narcotic analgesics, cannabis, CNS depressants, CNS stimulants, and hallucinogens. The DEC program certifies the police officer as a Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) to evaluate the behavior and physical signs of the drug use such as blood pressure, pulse, nystagmus, strabismus, and pupil size. Since the procedures and methods of the program have a medical basis, the pharmacist, toxicologist or other similarly trained scientist with knowledge of physiology, pharmacology, disease states, chemistry, and physical assessment would be an ideal DRE. It is suggested that the future role of the pharmacist in the DEC program be one of final interpretation of the results noted by the DRE, or training the DRE to recognize the full spectrum of factors which may be causing the symptoms observed.
Appropriate Use of Chemical and Physical Restraints With Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: O'Donnell James T. , Lamb Karen V. , Matthiesen Valerie
Published: March 2007

This article describes the history and practice of using restraints (chemical and physical) in elderly nursing home residents, and the effect of the new Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act regulations affecting these practices. Copyright © 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Therapy for Infectious Diseases
Authors: Oliphant Catherine M.
Published: March 2007

Optimal use of antimicrobial agents is dependent on a multitude of factors. Empiric therapy should be based on the patient's underlying disease states, the most likely organisms suspected, and susceptibility patterns. Once susceptibilities are known, therapy should be streamlined. A number of factors must be evaluated during therapy. The site of infections must be considered when choosing antimicrobial agents. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) should be evaluated; the antimicrobial agent's MIC should be at or below the breakpoint for the organism to be considered susceptible. Antimicrobial agent selec tion and dosing should take into consideration not only the MIC, but also the post-antibiotic effect, if appli cable. Serum concentrations of antimicrobial agents should be obtained and evaluated to ensure thera peutic levels and to avoid potential toxicities. The choice of an antimicrobial agent is complicated by the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Drug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative infections are in creasing. We must attempt to control resistance by choosing appropriate antimicrobial agents and maxi mizing dosages. Pharmacists can play a critical role in the management of patients who receive antimi crobial agents.
Ecospirituality
Authors: Lincoln Valerie
Published: March 2007

Ecospirituality is a manifestation of the spiritual connection between human beings and the environment. Ecospirituality incorporates an intuitive and embodied awareness of all life and engages a relational view of person to planet, inner to outer land-scape, and soul to soil. This study describes an appraisal of a pattern in the human-environmental, continuous mutual process and innovative change; a phenomenological study that used the focus group method. Randomly selected volunteer registrants (n =36) of phase one of the American Holistic Nurses’ Association Certificate Program in Holistic Nursing constituted the sample and participated in one of four focus groups. The findings of this study contribute to holistic nursing by examining the essence of the lived experience of an ecospiritual consciousness of select holistic nurses. The essences of an ecospiritual consciousness are uniquely inseparable entities embedded within the framework of an ecospiritual consciousness. The essences are tending, dwelling, reverence, connectedness, and sentience.
A Holistic Approach to Promoting Success on NCLEX-RN
Authors: Mills Lisa W. , Wilson Carol B. , Bar Bonnie B.
Published: March 2007

The nursing faculty at the State University of West Georgia views individuals as an integration of body-mind-spirit. Our program’s commitment complements efforts to teach students to honor the body, mind, and spirit of patients. Within this framework, faculty recognize that factors other than nursing knowledge impact students’ ability to pass NCLEX-RN. An intervention program was designed that incorporated these factors. “Preparation for Licensure” was implemented as a holistic nursing course to intervene with students’ learning and testing needs. The purpose was to increase self-awareness, promote a positive attitude toward passing the NCLEX-RN, and provide specific strategies for test taking and stress reduction. Posttest raw scores and percent correct on the Mosby Assess Test were significantly higher (p < .05) than pretest scores. Qualitative analysis of journal data exploring the students’ experience of participating in the course revealed three themes: Perfectionism, Self-Worth, and Consequences and Meaning of Failure.
Self-Directed Health Care among Finnish Adults and its Implementation in Daily Life
Authors: Häggman-Laitila Arja
Published: March 2007

This article describes self-directed health care based on people’s everyday experiences from their own perspective. A total of 120 people (aged 30 and 50 years) participated in thematic interviews. Data were analyzed using a phenomenological, interpretive approach. Three types of self-directed health care emerged. Sixty percent attributed their self-directed health care to self-knowledge. Twenty-six percent attributed their self-directed health care to information of health as normalcy. Health and self-directed health care were distant or insignificant issues to 14%. The motives for own health care were identified in each type of self-directed health care. The strategies of self-care varied according to the revealed motives. The results increase understanding of the individual as the participant in question, related to his or her own health and health care, and can be used to develop health education programs and measurements that are meaningful from the viewpoint of people’s experiential world and their daily life.
Self-Efficacy as a Mediator Between Fear of Falling and Functional Ability in the Elderly
Authors: Li Fuzhong , Mcauley Edward , Fisher K. John , Harmer Peter , Chaumeton Nigel , Wilson Nicole L.
Published: March 2007

Objectives: This study examined falls self-efficacy and fear of falling to determine whether self-efficacy acts as a mediator between fear of falling and functional ability. Methods: Using the Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly as a fear-of-falling measure and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale for falls self-efficacy, structural relationships among fear of falling, self-efficacy, functional balance, and physical functioning outcomes were tested with older adults ( N = 256, M age = 77.5). Results: Lower levels of fear of falling were significantly related to higher levels of falls self-efficacy, which was in turn associated with better functional outcomes. Moreover, falls self-efficacy mediated the effects of fear of falling on functional outcomes. Discussion: Results substantiate the hypothesized mediational role of falls self-efficacy in fear of falling and underscore the need to consider ways of enhancing falls self-efficacy in interventions aimed at reducing falls and fear of falling.
Age, the Stress Process, and Physical Distress
Authors: Ensel Walter M. , Lin Nan
Published: March 2007

Objectives: This article examines the nature of distal stressors over a 15-year period and the extent to which they contribute to the explanation of additional variation in the life stress model. Methods: The study uses data collected from a community sample of adults to test specific hypotheses. Results: Findings show that (a) distal stressors significantly increase variance explained in physical symptoms and maintain a direct effect on physical symptoms, (b) recent stressors mediate the effects of distal stressors on distress, and (c) social resources have direct and mediating effects on physical distress. Variations exist for different age groups or life stages. Discussion: The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of life course, theoretical issues of temporality, types of stressors, and the role of social resources. The major conclusion is that there are multiple pathways to distress that differ for different stages in the life course.
Age-Based Rationing in the Allocation of Health Care
Authors: Dey Ian , Fraser Neil
Published: March 2007

Objectives:This article seeks to review debates about age-based rationing in health care. Methods:The article identifies four different levels (or types) of decisionmaking in health resource allocation—societal, strategic, programmatic, and clinical— and assesses how the issues of rationing vary in relation to each level. Results:The article concludes that rationing is least defensible at the clinical level, where it is also most covert. The role of rationing at other levels is more defensible when based on grounds of cost-effectiveness rather than equity. The article emphasizes the importance of fairness in health allocation and suggests that efficiency criteria need to be considered in that context. Discussion:The article suggests that rationing is most problematic where it is least overt. This raises further questions about how rationing can be made more explicit at different levels of decision making.
Medical Care for the Elderly
Authors: Beland Franqois , Maheux Brigitte
Published: March 2007

Attitudes of medical caregivers toward treating the elderly were defined in reference to two aspects of quality of care: the technical and the psychosocial aspects. The correlation between these aspects was assessed using samples of first-year and third-year students, interns, and MDs who had graduated two or four years previously. Socioeconomic background and orientational characteristics were also entered in an elementary structural model predicting attitudes toward treating elderly patients. The results clearly indicated that the two aspects of attitudes toward treating elderly persons were so highly correlated that only one dimension defined these attitudes, except in the case of first-year students. Furthermore, only two orientational characteristics consistently explained these attitudes throughout the five groups, while background characteristics were excluded from the model in the graduate MD group. These results suggest that studies of the determinants of medical student attitudes toward treating the elderly should test for the number of dimensions before estimating the effect of a set of predictors.
Health Care Professionals and Family Involvement in Care-Related Decisions Concerning Older Patients
Authors: Deimling Gary T. , Smerglia Virginia L. , Barresi Charles M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines care-related decision making within the context of in-home family care. It also uses the Andersen-Newman model to identify the correlates of physician involvement and centrality in decision making and the impact that it has on family members' caregiving satisfaction. Analysis of data from 244 family caregivers shows that elders (40%) and nuclear kin (53%) are key decision makers, indicating that families prefer to control care-related decisions. However, physicians are part of the decision-making process for nearly one fourth of the families in this study. The patient's impairment and the caregiver's education correlate with physician involvement in decision making. Shared residence and caregiver's overall satisfaction with the caregiving process correlate with physician centrality on the network. Discussion centers on implications for physician interactions with caregiving families around decision making. Included are indications for improved communication in decision-making contexts.
Individual versus Team Case Management in Optimizing Community Care for Chronically Ill Patients with Dementia
Authors: Zimmer James G. , Eggert Gerald M. , Chiverton Patricia
Published: March 2007

Secondary analyses of a randomized trial comparing two models of case management of community residing chronically ill elderly showed that the greatest cost savings of the more intensive neighborhood-based team model, as opposed to the centralized individual model, were in the group with dementia. Estimated costs of health care in the team group were 41% lower than costs for the control group. No differences in survivorship, functional and care need status, or in caregiver satisfaction were found, suggesting no negative effect of reduction in use. Team case managers had much smaller caseloads, made many more home visits, (with much more counseling for family support), and made more referrals for medical evaluation, respite, and day care than did case managers for the control group.
Disability Transitions for Older Persons with Arthritis
Authors: Verbrugge Lois M.
Published: March 2007

This article reports changes over 2 years in physical, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disabilities for older U.S. adults with arthritis, compared to those without arthritis. The data source is the 1986 Longitudinal Study on Aging, a follow-up survey of community-dwelling persons ages 70 and over when first interviewed in 1984 (N = 4,717). Disability is defined as difficulty doing an activity on one's own and without special equipment. Transitions from tO status (1984: No Difficulty, Yes Difficulty) to ti status (1986: No Difficulty-Community Dwelling, Yes Difficulty-Community Dwelling, Institutional Residence, Dead) are studied. (a) Among nondisabled persons at to, people with arthritis are more likely to incur all types of disability over a 2-year period. (b) Among disabled persons at tO, those with arthritis regain ADL, IADL, and walking abilities more readily than do their nonarthritis peers, but they are less likely to regain physical functions requiring endurance, strength, and dexterity. (c) Regardless of initial disability status, nonarthritis people are more likely to be institutionalized or die in 2 years than are arthritis persons. (These results are clear but vary in statistical strength: Most comparisons for [a] are significant at p ≤ .01; one third are significant at p≤ .05 for [b]; most comparisons for institutional outcome are nonsignificant due to small cell sizes; one third for dead outcome are significant at p ≤ .01.) The results reflect the medical nature of arthritis (musculoskeletal locale, moderate impact, nonfatal) and also people's successful accommodations to it. In sum, disability is an especially dynamic experience for persons with arthritis. Clinical and public health efforts to prevent disability onset and to aid restoration of function for this common disease can have high payoff, benefiting many persons for relatively low cost.
Identifying Dimensions of Physical (Motor) Functional Capacity in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Greene Laurence S. , Williams Harriet G. , Macera Carol A. , Carter John S.
Published: March 2007

This study addressed the dimensionality and construct validity of physical functional capacity within the context of performance-based measures. Sixty-two individuals (M= 70yrs), classified as "healthy" based on several screening procedures, completed a battery of standard neuromuscular and physical performance tests. Scores were submitted to a principal components factor analysis to examine and describe potential dimensions of physical functional capacity. Orthogonal and oblique rotations of axes were performed. Six interpretable and meaningful factors were extracted from the orthogonal rotation and identified as strength, unimanual dexterity, mobility/agility, static balance, general upper-extremity control, and movement planning speed. The results indicated that physical functioning in older persons is a multidimensional construct. Moreover, assessment techniques involving performance-based measures should be designed to diagnose physical functional status in separate motor dimensions and plan intervention approaches accordingly.
Patterns and Determinants of Health Services Use and Mortality after VA Nursing Home Care
Authors: Williams Brent C. , Fries Brant E. , Mehr David R.
Published: March 2007

Risk factors for institutionalization and death for up to four years for a nationwide cohort (n = 6,488) of males discharged alive from Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) nursing homes were identified through linked records of the DVA. Two-year cumulative probabilities of nursing home readmission, hospitalization, and death among nursing home discharges were 0.30, 0.61, and 0.24, respectively. Using multivariate survival analyses, chronic functional impairments and past nursing home use were important predictors of nursing home readmission, whereas hospitalizations for exacerbations of chronic medical conditions were predictors of hospitalization and death. Past hospitalizations predicted all three outcomes. Differences in risk factors for nursing home readmission as compared with hospitalization or death among DVA nursing home dischargees suggest that high-risk patients can be identified at nursing home discharge and that different types of interventions will be necessary to decrease nursing home readmission as compared with hospitalization or death. Future development of linked record systems across multiple settings, both within and outside the DVA, will help to further characterize persons at high risk of institutionalization or death and to design and evaluate targeted interventions to decrease this risk.
Intensity and Correlates of Fear of Falling and Hurting Oneself in the Next Year
Authors: Lawrence Renée H. , Tennstedt Sharon L. , Kasten Linda E. , Shih Juliette , Howland Jonathan , Jette Alan M.
Published: March 2007

Fear of falling is highly prevalent and associated with restricted activity. To help inform design of interventions, the authors examined the correlates of this fear. Data came from baseline information on subjects in a community-based falls intervention study (N = 392). In a multivariate model, lower levels of fear of falling and hurting oneself in the next year were related to being younger, having higher levels of dysfunction, and having lower levels of perceived ability to manage falls, with the last two remaining significant even after controlling for generalized fearfulness. When analyzing specific domains of dysfunction, higher levels of fear of falling and hurting oneself in the next year were associated with higher levels of physical dysfunction. The findings lend support to the expanding awareness that fear of falling may imperil quality of life and suggest the importance of interventions aimed at enhancing ability to manage falls.
Osteoporotic Fracture among Older U.S. Women
Authors: Turner Lori W. , Fu Qiang , Taylor Judith E. , Wang Min Qi
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a predictive model for osteoporotic fracture among a national sample of 2,325 women ages 50 years and older. Predictors for examination included age, race, heredity, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, and dairy product use. Analyses were conducted using Standard Analysis System (SAS) procedures. Strong risk factors predicting osteoporotic fracture included age, race, low BMI, and inactivity. Recommendations emphasize screening of high-risk women, achieving and maintaining health body weights for underweight women, and obtaining moderate physical activity. Promotion of healthy body weights for women of all ages is emphasized. Recommendations also include encouraging widespread physician, patient, and public education regarding osteoporotic fracture.
A Normative Analysis of Home Care Goals
Authors: Benjamin A. E.
Published: March 2007

Home-and community-based services (HCBS) can contribute to full social and economic participation in society by people with disabilities. Of 16 client-level and system-level HCBS goals, three are emphasized: targeting the neediest, individual choice, and strengthening informal systems. Projections are made of how selected goals would play out under two different resource conditions. Efforts to expand and strengthen HCBS involve trade-offs—for example, increasing access and comprehensiveness undermines affordability, increased targeting to the neediest means less access for those below the need threshold, and expanding client choice raises fears about trade-offs with quality and effectiveness. Targeting and choice seem to represent central and compatible goals for the design of anHCBSsystem. The combination minimizes trade-offs with affordability and enhances political feasibility.
Accountability, Strategy, and International Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Brown L. David , Moore Mark H.
Published: March 2007

Increased prominence and greater influence expose international nongovernmental development and environment organizations (INGOs) to increased demands for accountability from a wide variety of stakeholders, including donors, beneficiaries, staffs, and partners. This article focuses on developing the concept of INGO accountability, first as an abstract concept and then as a strategic idea with very different implications for different INGO strategies. The authors examine implications for INGOs that emphasize service delivery, capacity building, and policy influence. They propose that INGOs committed to service delivery may owe more accountability to donors and service regulators, capacity-building INGOs may be particularly obligated to clients whose capacities are being enhanced, and policy influence INGOs may be especially accountable to political constituencies and influence targets. INGOs that are expanding their activities to include new initiatives may need to reorganize their accountability systems to implement their strategies effectively.
The Emergence of Hybrid Organizational Forms: Combining Identity-Based Service Provision and Political Action
Authors: Minkoff Debra C.
Published: March 2007

After the 1960s, women, Blacks, and other ethnic groups mapped political objectives onto a more traditional form of voluntary association, along with investing in direct political protest and advocacy for civil and social rights. One result was the development of a hybrid organizational form that combines advocacy and service provision as its core identity and thus faces distinctive environmental uncertainties and boundary conditions. This article provides a community ecology framework for analyzing the development of the service/advocacy organizational form. The author argues that hybrid forms of organization, by expanding the resource infrastructure and legitimacy available to identity-based organizations, play a critical role in anchoring the continued viability of identity-based service organizations under newly politicized conditions. Data are drawn from a study of national women’s and racial and ethnic minority organizations since 1955.
In Search of the Impact of Staff Mix on Long-Term Care Ombudsman Programs
Authors: Huber Ruth , Netting F. Ellen , Paton Ruth Nelson
Published: March 2007

Although the Older Americans Act requires all states to implement long-term care ombudsman programs, states vary in the utilization of paid staff and volunteers in program implementation. Aggregate data from multiple secondary sources are analyzed in this article to provide an overall picture of the relationship between staff mix (percentage of staff who are volunteers) and the handling of complaints in both nursing and board-and-care homes throughout the country. Although the validity of the data is dubious, staff mix is positively correlated with the volume of complaints reported by ombudsmen and negatively correlated (but not significantly) with complaint resolution. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
ARNOVA and its Journal: Some Reflections
Authors: Van Til Jon
Published: March 2007

As immediate past editor of NVSQ, the author assesses the history of the journal and the last twenty years of research on nonprofit organizations and voluntary associations. The importance of the recent joining of the two main divergent strands of research, that on voluntary associations and that on nonprofit organizations, is highlighted. The author argues that ARNOVA promoted this development by creating an intellectual commons that embraces both traditions and that provides scholars with a climate of support and open communication.
The Impact of Professional Solicitors on Fund-Raising in Charitable Organizations
Authors: Greenlee Janet S. , Gordon Teresa P.
Published: March 2007

Donors claim that information about the fund-raising methods used by a charity is important to them, and the press periodically high lights fund-raising scandals and abuses, which fuels negative public attitudes. However, there is little systematic empirical research about fund-raising practices. This study examined professional solicitor contracts using information provided by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's Bureau of Charitable Organizations. The nature of the contracts, the impact of these contractual arrangements on the amount of funds the clients ultimately receive, and the relationship between actual and predicted returns were examined. Results showed that charities using professional solicitors tended to be larger and concentrated in the advocacy, disease/disorder, and public safety subsectors. Most campaigns generated few contributions and resulted in a small return to the charity, with many charities receiving nothing from the solicitations made in their names. Solicitors compensated by fixed-fee rather than by commission generated more contributions and provided proportionately greater returns to charities.
Child Politics
Authors: THERBORN GÖRAN
Published: March 2007

The article analyses the different strands of public concern regarding children in the course of the 20th century, and the political process and the ideological constellation which led up to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The ratification of the Convention and its political effects in northwestern Europe are analysed. Finally, a set of hypotheses are presented about likely determinants of the impact of the Convention in different parts of the world.
War-Affected Societies and War-Affected Children
Authors: JENSEN JØRGEN PAULI
Published: March 2007

The article is an overview of essential issues of children's development living under the conditions of war. The concept of `child victims' is discussed. `Victims' include not only killed and wounded children, but also many kinds of child survivors suffering from psychosocial distress. `Victims' include, furthermore, child and adolescent soldiers exposed to militaristic socialization characterized by the unlearning of humaneness. In the work for prevention of war and organized violence, the concept of `peace' should not be reduced to mean the absence of armed struggle and person-to-person violence. It should be expanded, as in modern peace research, to include also structural (societal) and cultural (e.g. mass media) violence. War and organized violence not only produce accumulation of atrocities and victims but also involve the mobilization of counter-movements and dissidents governed by the principles of care, love, sacrifice and solidarity.
Indicators of Economic Status and Social Capital in South African Townships
Authors: BARBARIN OSCAR A. , KHOMO NGOKOANA
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a set of non-monetary indicators of material and social resources characterizing the childrearing environments of families in South African black urban townships. The selected indicators include adequacy of food, quality of housing, financial assets, consumer goods and social resources. The study reported in the article was carried out between 1990 and 1996. Through factor analyses two dimensions of social and economic status (SES) - consumption and social/financial capital - were identified. High, moderate and low SES groups were formed based on the families' combined score on the two factors. SES was significantly predictive of a family's ability to meet basic needs and in its experience of material hardship. The results of the study are reported.
Compassion and Control
Authors: SZNAIDER NATAN
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the formation and expression of collective interest in the moral and physical well-being of children. `Compassion' is the term used to define a concern with the suffering of others, accompanied by the urge to help. Responses to the suffering of children offer a rich empirical site for studying the conditions under which public compassion emerges. The current social science literature on reform movements works primarily within a `discourse of suspicion', presenting reform as an imposition of one social group over another, or a desire to control. The purpose of this article is to look beyond this view. Source material relating to the Children's Aid Society and the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children has been used to illustrate the issues involved in this debate.
The Relationship Between Pains and Various Discomforts in SchoolChildren
Authors: KRISTJÁNSDÓTTIR GUDRÚN
Published: March 2007

This study differentiates multiple and specific pain experiences (headache, stomach pain and back pain) in a sample of 2173 Icelandic 11- to 12- and 15- to 16-year-old schoolchildren, and explores their relationship with other discomforts typically viewed as distress symptoms. In particular, the study explores the relationship between pain combinations and specific as well as general discomforts. The study finds that subjects experiencing any frequency or number of pains have significantly more discomforts than painfree subjects. Furthermore, having two or more types of pain is associated with more discomfort than having individual pains at all pain frequency levels. Among subjects experiencing recurrent pain, the most frequent discomforts include anger, anxiety, sadness and sleeping difficulties. However, the discomforts most sensitive to recurrent pain include fatigue, dizziness, tension/restlessness, concentration problems and sadness. The results are troublesome in view of the generally high prevalence of pain experiences in schoolchildren.
Child and Youth Employment in Denmark
Authors: FREDERIKSEN LISA
Published: March 2007

This study is based on an ongoing qualitative research project on child and youth employment in the retail sector in contemporary Denmark, focusing on young persons' own perspectives on their working lives. The children and youth interviewed explained the reasons why they work; the ways they move around in the labour market on their own or with friends' help, and the differences between good and bad jobs. They also discussed their difficulties in not being treated as experienced and capable workers, social relations in the workplace and the problems associated with their position at the bottom of the workplace hierarchy. These perspectives differ in various ways from available documentation on child and youth employment, and point to the importance of including the social relations of work if children and youth are to be protected in their working life.
Subpolitics
Authors: Beck Ulrich
Published: March 2007

A conventional view of politics is oriented toward the rule-directed struggle between parties for privileges and levers of power. The ecological issue underlines the need for a more differentiated analysis of politics. In the world risk society, politics is made in various realms of subpolitics, whether it is in the finn, the laboratory, at the gas station, or in the supermarket. New types of conflict emerge and new coalitions become thinkable. Subpolitics thus questions the status of existing systems, calls for a rethinking of the various schemes of classification according to which people are accustomed to perceive their organizational environment, and asks for the invention of new institutional ways to deal with environmental risk.
Nature in Marx Reconsidered
Authors: Burkett Paul
Published: March 2007

Alfred Schmidt's contribution to the ecological interpretation of Marx is reassessed from the standpoint of Marx's value-form analysis of capitalism and Marx's historical and materialist approach to nature under communism. Although Schmidt provides some useful insights into the relations between class exploitation and ecological destruction in Marx's view, his interpretation ultimately lapses into an uncritical determinism similar to that of official (Stalinist) Marxism. This determinism unjustifiably naturalizes capitalism's exploitation of nature while bypassing the systemic basis for an eventual merging of Red and Green anticapitalist movements that is highlighted by Marx's approach.
Constructionist Leadership in the Global Relational Age
Authors: Kaczmarski Kathryn M. , Cooperrider David L.
Published: March 2007

Many people perceive mountains as powerful symbols of pristine wilderness and natural strength. But these perceptions belie the vulnerabilities of mountain environments: All over the world, expanding economic pressures are degrading mountain ecosystems, while confronting mountain peoples with increasing cultural assimilation, poverty, and political disempowerment. In this article, we trace the human response to the growing global agenda for change in relation to the world's precious mountain environments, beginning with the global regime formation associated with Chapter 13 of Agenda 21 at the 1992 Earth Summit and resulting in the construction of a new worldwide organization, the Mountain Forum. In particular, the study builds on the regime formation literature surrounding the three widely acknowledged leadership types-structural, entrepreneurial, and intellectual-and proposes constructionist leadership as a fourth complementary but missing leadership type. Through grounded theory analysis of this unique and successful global change organizing effort, propositions are developed about a kind of leadership that enables productive connections, at the deepest levels of belief and method, among paradigms or cultures of inquiry. Helping to expand our understanding of the organization dimensions of global change, this study concludes that the most challenging task in global regime formation and organization development is the bridging of diverse systems of intelligibility, allowing for establishment of a worldwide metaculture of knowing.
Coercion, Corruption, and Reform: State and Society in the Soviet-Type Socialist Regime
Authors: Kaminski Antoni Z.
Published: March 2007

This paper offers an institutional and evolutionary interpretation of the Soviet-type state. Coercion, corruption and reform are treated as three distinct principles organizing the system of rule and the developmental potential of the state. The strong reliance on coercion characteristic of Stalin's period gave way to the corruption of the society by the elites, and vice versa. This mutual adjustment between the ruling classes and the society is one of the reasons for the declining efficiency of the Soviet-type regimes, particularly in the economic domain. The solution to this is the market reform and political changes that are necessary to make it work. The reform problem is examined from two perspectives: (1) the Soviet world system; (2) internal factors that help or block the reform efforts. The general theoretical analysis is illustrated with a discussion of the Hungarian, Polish and Czechoslovak cases.
Inter-party Competition in Advanced Democracies
Authors: Strom Kaare
Published: March 2007

Political competition, and especially inter-party competition, is a key concept in liberal democratic thought. This article develops three conceptions (or dimensions) of inter-party competition: (1) Contestability, (2) Conflict of Interest and (3) Performance Sensitivity. Each dimension is operationalized, and comparative time series data are presented for 15 advanced democracies, 1950-87. Inter-party competition is shown to vary mostly between countries, but also inter-temporally. The second part of the article investigates socio-demographic, economic and organizational explanations of cross-national differences in inter-party competition. A causal model based on these theories is specified and estimated. The model yields stronger results for contestability and performance sensitivity than for conflict of interest. Finally, possible consequences of inter-party competition for individuals, organizations and political systems are discussed.
Crime and Punishment: Further Reflections on the Counterintuitive Results of Mixed Equilibria Games
Authors: Weissing Franz , Ostrom Elinor
Published: March 2007

In a series of related articles, George Tsebelis (1989, 1990, 1991) challenges political theorists to rethink the foundations of policy analysis. His major critique of policy analyses, based on decision theory (where one individual decides in an inanimate but not certain environment) rather than on game theory (where one individual decides in an environment with other strategic individuals), has weathered the storm of commentaries made on his work. Tsebelis's argument, that payoff changes for one player do not affect the behavior of that player at a mixed-strategy equilibrium, holds in some cases but not in others. Whether changes in the payoffs of one player affect that player's behavior at a mixed-strategy equilibrium depends upon the type of linkages that exist between that player and the others in the frame or in a similar position in a game. In this note we have stated the general conditions under which changes in the payoffs of one player do not affect that player's behavior at equilibrium and when they do.