bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penerapan Metode Bernyanyi “Asyik” untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar pada Anak Usia Dini di Paud Al-Hikmah Desa Ciptamargi Kecamatan Cilebar Kabupaten Karawang
Authors: Iis Novianti  , Sri Watini
Published: March 2024

This study aims to increase children's learning motivation through the application of the "ASYIK" singing method. By applying the ASYIK play learning model with the ASYIK singing method hoped that it can increase children's motivation in following the learning process. The researcher took a Class Action Research with a sample that was consisting of 20 early childhood children in PAUD ALHIKMAH Ciptamargi Village, Cilebar District, Karawang Regency. This method consists of four stages; 1) the planning, 2). action, 3). Observation, and 4) reflection. Implementation in this activity is carried out in two cycles. The results of the study were shown by an increase in children's learning motivation from pre-cyclical which was only 35% or 7 out of 20 students who looked active and focused on following the learning process and the achievement of learning motivation was still in the category of very lacking, in the first cycle, 75% or 15 out of 20 students who looked so enthusiastic and excited about the achievement of learning motivation were still in the good category, and in cycle II it became 90% or 18 of the 20 learners who looked so enthusiastic and excited and the achievement of learning motivation became an excellent category.
Optimalisasi Peran Guru Penggerak dalam Pendidikan Merdeka Belajar di SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa
Authors: Hentihu Vivi Rahim , Badu Tri Kurnia , Mukadar Suraya , Loilatu Siti Hajar , Syafa Lisaholit
Published: March 2024

This study aims to find out: 1. Optimizing the role of movement teacher at SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa; 2. What factors that support and hinder the role of movement teacher at SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa. This research method is to use descriptive types and approaches of qualitative research. The results of this study show that SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa has implemented programs related to movement teacher in independent learning education. the program has been implemented Even though the program was not entirely maximum. The cause of the not being optimal here is that the understanding of the teachers of SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa is not optimally related to the role of this movement teacher, so initially Some of the teachers of SMP Negeri 2 jikumerasa do not want to be led and directed by movement teacher, they are indifferent to what the movement teacher does, even though the capacity of a movement teacher is as a learning leader in this case the movement teacher gives an example to other teachers. However, the lack of understanding from these teachers has resulted in some teachers participating and there are some teachers who do not want to follow what is directed by the driving teacher, so the results obtained are not one hundred percent maximum. The factors that support and hinder the role of driving teachers at SMP Negeri 2 Jikumerasa include: 1. The support of the principal; 2. Movement teacher able to position himself as the driving teacher; 3. There is support from fellow teachers; 4. Availability of adequate school facilities and infrastructure.
Need Analysis for Podcast Development in Teaching Speaking for English Department Students
Authors: Helfany Amsa  , Nofriza Efendi  , Sherly Franschisca
Published: March 2024

This research focuses on developing podcasts in teaching speaking which is done through needs analysis. This research is the initial stage of the ADDIE model research development, namely the needs analysis stage. Stages of needs analysis is done by survey method which is done by interview and distributing questionnaires. Interviews and questionnaires were used as data collection techniques. Interviews were conducted to dig deeper into information related to students' difficulties in interacting in speaking classes and to analyze needs for podcast development. Questionnaires were used to obtain quantitative data regarding students' needs for podcast development.
Implementasi Bermain Model “ASYIK” Untuk Meningkatkan Semangat Belajar Anak Melalui Kegiatan Outbound Di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal 46 Daun
Authors: Susy Humayrah  , Sri Watini
Published: March 2024

Early childhood education should not only be academically oriented, but should be able to provide new learning experiences for children. Therefore, teachers are required to be more creative and innovative in creating learning methods that are considered to be able to increase the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of students, namely through outbound activities. In addition to increasing children's enthusiasm for learning, outbound can also develop children's self-confidence, talents, and potential. This study aims to increase children's enthusiasm for learning through "Fun Rewards". The "Reward Fun" method is a new learning innovation model developed by Watini who has obtained a copyright for her work from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia. The method we use in this research is CAR (Classroom Action Research). In the "Fun" Play method, there is a learning design, especially for early childhood through systematically structured learning steps or procedures. Activities start from initial activities, core activities, and final activities in which there are elements of 3B (Singing, Playing, and Moving) and have distinctive songs, yells, and rewards.
Islamic Educational Management: Case Study on Mahad Aly Baitul Qur’an, Wonogiri, Indonesia
Authors: Sunar  , Sugiyo  , Mufrod Teguh Mulyo  , Dardiri Hasyim
Published: March 2024

This article aims to observe Mahad Aly Pesantren Baitul Qur'an, Wonogiri, Indonesia, in educating students to memorize the Qur'an. We investigate Baitul Qur'an Wonogiri using educational management approach and qualitative methods to describe research findings. We lived with informants and interviewed several students, teachers, and pesantren administrators. This article argues that the management of Pesantren Baitul Quran Wonogiri has unique characteristics based on the Islamic spirit. Respect from students to teachers is the key to memorising the Qur'an quickly. In addition, the Pesantren Baitul Qur'an Wonogiri uses SWOT analysis (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat) as a strategy to realize the vision and mission. This step is able to turn weakness dan threat into an opportunity. In articulating it, the manager includes all elements of the pesantren to get the best solution. Thus, the leadership model of pesantren has shifted from the individual to the collective. This finding is new in the study of pesantren and the management of Islamic education.
Academic Fraud Dalam Perkuliahan Daring Ditinjau Dari Teori Fraud Gone Dan Konformitas Kelompok Sebagai Pemoderasi
Authors: Nursa'adah Siti , Efendri
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to examine the effect of the GONE fraud theory with conformity of group as a moderating variable on academic fraud in students on the online learning system during the pandemic of covid-19. The content of the analysis showed student’s perceptions at a University in Jakarta regarding internal and external factors that encouraged academic fraud. The total of samples in this study were 300 students. The data is a primary data obtained from questionnaires. The results showed that greed, opportunity, and exposure had a positive and significant effect on academic fraud for students, while need had no relation with academic fraud for students. The analysis of the moderating variable was able to show that group conformity was categorized as a moderating predictor.
Implikasi Model Discovery Learning Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik Pada Materi Sikap Terpuji
Authors: Juwita Sri , Alhaq Mutia , Vera Fachriyah Neng , Irawan
Published: March 2024

This study aims to determine the effect of the discovery learning model based on a scientific approach to the subject matter of commendable attitudes. This research was carried out in learning Islamic religious education in class IV of SD Ashfiya. The research method used is a quasy experiment with a pretest posttest design. The sample in this study was class IV A, totaling 20 people as the experimental class and class IV C, totaling 20 people as the control class. The results showed that the average score between the pretest and posttest in the experimental class through the t-test was higher, namely 39.25 compared to the control class which obtained a value of 30.75. The average post-test score for the experimental class was 85.25 and the control class scored 75.50. The gain test value obtained by the experimental class was 0.72 while the control class was 0.56. The experimental class scores are in the high category, while the control class is in the medium category. The results showed that the learning model of discovery learning had a significant influence on student learning outcomes in commendable attitude material.
Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Terhadap Aktivitas Mengajar Guru di Kelas
Authors: Wasiyah  , Mariati  , Fitriana Yeni , Bakara Tirawati
Published: March 2024

Media pembelajaran menjadi tolak ukur evektifnya mengajar bagi guru di kelas, sehingga perlu ketepatan dan kecakapan para guru untuk memilih media pembelajaran yang digunakan sehingga ilmu yang ingin disampaikan dapat ditransfer dengan baik. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk melihat efektifnya media pembelajaran dalam mengajar. Dengan menggunakan library research diharapkan memberikan sumbangsi ilmu pengetahuna terhadap para guru-guru. Hasil penelitian rujuk kepada media pembelajaran dikelas berupa media cetak, audio, semi gerak dan audio visual. Sedangkan tips untuk memilih media yaitu dengan menyesuaikan tujuan kurikulum dan silabus, praktis, fleksibel, ekonomis, awet dan ramah lingkungan. Media pembelajaran dapat mempertinggi proses belajar siswa sehingga dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar yang dicapai siswa. Penggunaan media yang tepat dapat mengatasi sikap pasif siswa selama proses belajar mengajar berlangsung.
Rekayasa Didaktis untuk Mengembangkan Flipbook Bangun Ruang dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Uzlifatul Hasanah  , Tatag Yuli Eko Siswono  , Rooselyna Ekawati
Published: March 2024

A whole attention in didactic situations that might occur/ influence is the strength of didactic engineering as a research design for the development of mathematics learning media. The results of the epistimological obstacle and didactic obstacle analysis of students' creative thinking abilities in geometric material showed a gap between expectations and reality. Based on the results of the a priori analysis, flipbook media is appropriate to be used as one of the media development innovations to improve elementary students' creative thinking skills. Armed with completeness and a clear structure, this media got implementation results that show valid, practical as learning media and and not yet effective because students need time to adapt a new media but it can be seen that there was an increase from the value of presentation student who pass the minimum learning completeness criteria from 0% up to 46%. Based on the results of the a posteriori analysis which is validated by the results of the a priori analysis, it showed that this media can be used to improve students' creative thinking skills in terms of learning outcomes and other didactic phenomena during and after using the media
Model Pendidikan Karakter Bagi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus
Authors: Rachmandhani Muh. Shulthon , Sari Novita , Lestari Masita Ayu , Khoiriyah Mar'atus Kusnul
Published: March 2024

Character Education for Children with Special Needs (ABK) plays an important role in helping them reach the door to success. The right character education process is believed to help them become independent individuals and socialize with the surrounding environment. So that the character education process carried out by the Ponorogo Integrated Aisiyah Orphanage is interesting to study. This study aims to find a model of character education applied by the Panti Asuhan Aisiyah Tunanetra Terpadu Ponorogo, using a qualitative research method of the case study. The results showed that the character education model applied by the orphanage was a model of habituation and tadzkirah based on humanist independence.
Penggunaan Media Doodle Artistik Dalam Mengembangkan Motorik Halus Dan Seni Pada Anak Kelompok B di TK Tunas Bangsa Sukodono Sidoarjo
Authors: Supardi  , Hendratno Hendratno , Setyowati Sri
Published: March 2024

This research on the use of artistic doodle media focuses on the development of fine motor skills and art which aims to determine the impact of using artistic doodle media on group B children at Tunas Bangsa Kindergarten, Sukodono District, Sidoarjo Regency. This research is based on the results of preliminary observations which show that teachers are less effective in using instructional media, so that children are less interested in drawing and coloring activities. The research was conducted by using a descriptive qualitative approach which described the data in the form of narrative analysis, and descriptions of the development that would be developed were aspects of fine motor and artistic development in group B children in Tunas Bangsa Kindergarten as many as 15 children. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation to strengthen research results. The results of research at Tunas Bangsa Kindergarten, Sukodono District, Sidoarjo Regency found that drawing and coloring activities for group B children used artistic doodle media to attract children's interest in scratching objects from geometric patterns and arranging colorful textures to produce beautiful doodle works. This research is expected to utilize artistic doodle media as an effective learning medium in drawing and coloring activities in the Education Unit and become a reference source for other researchers to use and develop artistic doodle media to make it more interesting
In Search for New and Old Sounds
Authors: Eriksson Karin
Published: March 2024

Music has the capacity to evoke strong senses of belonging, place and identity. Especially in times of societal change music seems to become an important vehicle for individual and collective action. The new interest in folk music that swept over the Global North in the late 1960s and early 1970s particularly actualises these issues. It was a movement directed towards the revitalisation of local and regional folk music traditions, as well as an interest in folk music from different parts of the world. This article explores the intersections of these approaches. It investigates two musical initiatives where the musicians engaged in different ways with new repertoires, instruments and sound worlds. The first case is a female duo that performs Swedish traditional music from the region of Småland in Sweden, and the second a balalaika orchestra in Sweden, playing traditional music from Russia, Georgia and Ukraine. By adding a lens of mobility to previous research, using the notion of shifts coined by ethnologist Owe Ronström, the study follows the creative pathways of the performers engaged in these music groups. It investigates how folk music was enacted in performances and in contemporary discourses by combining analyses of archival material such as scrap books, reviews and recorded interviews with new multi-sited fieldwork. The study shows how the performers’ pathways were entangled with shifts in folk music aesthetics, shaping individual and collective stories in their search for authenticities, which point towards transnational belongings and a wish for creating better futures together.
Zagadnienia konstytucyjności sposobu liczenia oraz miarkowania kar administracyjnych dla przedsiębiorców wynikające z ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu nadmiernym opóźnieniom w transakcjach handlowych
Authors:   ORA Warszawa, Stryczyńska Jadwiga , Białasik Kamila ,   WKB Lawyers
Published: March 2024

Postępowania prowadzone na podstawie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu nadmiernym opóźnieniom w transakcjach handlowych dostarczają znacznych wątpliwości natury praktycznej i interpretacyjnej. Konstrukcja niektórych, wprowadzonych ustawą zatorową, przepisów spowodowała zaistnienie wątpliwości, które ze względu na ich charakter oraz pozycję przedsiębiorcy, mogą być postrzegane jako naruszające podstawowe uprawnienia strony w postępowaniu administracyjnym. Z praktyki wynika bowiem, że niektóre z regulacji wpłynęły na odmienność sytuacji przedsiębiorców w zbliżonych stanach faktycznych. Co więcej, prowadzone postępowania, ich długość oraz poziom skomplikowania wpłynęły również na wysokość orzeczonych kar administracyjnych. W artykule poruszono problemy związane z modelem liczenia kar administracyjnych oraz ich miarkowania przed dokonaniem zmiany przepisów z dniem 8 grudnia 2022 r. oraz po ich wprowadzeniu. Autorki dokonały również analizy rozwiązań regulacyjnych wprowadzonych w zakresie przeciwdziałania opóźnieniom w płatnościach w innych krajach Europy.
On the possibility of compensation for moral damage in case of violation of property rights: traditional views and innovations of practice
Authors: Kardava Aleksei Romanovich
Published: March 2024

The subject of the study is a set of approaches to the possibility of compensation for moral harm in case of violation of property rights and the approach presented in paragraph 4 of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 15 November 2022, No. 33 "On the practice of application by courts of the norms on compensation for moral harm". The author analyses the new approach, addressing the issue of its impact on judicial practice to determine the applicability of this approach. As a methodology, the author uses comparativistics of the approaches and practice of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts of the Russian Federation until 15 November 2022 and the approach presented in paragraph 4 of the above Resolution. The main conclusions of the study are that the new approach is recognised as revolutionary compared to those previously applied. The author concludes that the new approach, despite the contradiction with the rules based on the literal interpretation of the law, is a successful combination of all the main components of the institution in question, necessary for its correct application from the point of view of the meaning and purpose of compensation for moral harm. The new approach establishes an open list of cases in which compensation is possible, but at the same time introduces a certain criterion of applicability, in order to prevent the "emasculation" of this institution as a means of defence, since the procedure for assessing the existence and degree of moral harm is subjective. And the author analyses the impact of the new approach on judicial practice, noting that this approach is not fully understood and therefore accepted by the courts, as it does not coincide with the literal interpretation of paragraph 4 of the mentioned Ruling.
Symbolika krzyża w literackim dyskursie religijnym rejonu La Platy
Authors: Drozdowicz Maksymylian
Published: March 2024

Tekst niniejszy porusza zagadnienie obecności znaku krzyża w XIX i XX-wiecznych tekstach literackich i publicystycznych dorzecza La Platy. Poruszając się w perspektywie krytycznej analizy dyskursu (KAD), za podstawową kategorię przyjmujemy tu dyskurs definiowany jako wprowadzenie języka w praktykę społeczną. Przedstawiamy krótki rys historyczny owego nurtu krytycznego i przyglądamy się symbolowi krzyża jako znakowi tożsamości i wyznacznikowi modelu świata ludowo-religijnego Ameryki hiszpańskiej. Krzyż i droga krzyżowa to stałe elementy świata przedstawionego u twórców z La Platy (Sarmiento, Echeverría, Alberdi, Hernández, Barrett, Marechal, Arlt, Roa Bastos, Wast, Borges i inni). Chrystus z krzyża często pragnie zejść do ludzi, by wywołać rewolucję i zaprosić do zmiany hierarchii wartości. Mając do czynienia z mieszanką dyskursów, patrzymy zatem na literaturę naszego obszaru jako wypadkową myślenia religijnego, aksjologicznego dyskursu publicznego i pseudomistycznego spojrzenia na pobożność ludową, która nie szuka Boga jako takiego, a raczej jego ludzkich, współczujących cech. Motyw krzyża wprowadzony w dyskurs publiczny La Platy wprowadza weń element wartościujący i sztukę fikcji zamienia w pisarstwo moralnie zaangażowane.
A consolidação do mundo da arte do jazz em Portugal: condições e contextos contemporâneos
Authors: Baptista Bruno
Published: March 2024

Analisamos o recente processo de consolidação do mundo da arte do jazz em Portugal. Para ilustrar as suas dinâmicas e fragilidades serão analisadas as principais transformações no mundo da arte e nos contextos dos seus agentes a partir das representações de 45 músicos a quem foram aplicadas entrevistas compreensivas. Mostramos que a consolidação deste mundo é um processo ambivalente e ambíguo, devido a processos de evolução desnivelados entre os seus agentes, o que resulta na necessidade de um desdobramento em multipapéis por parte dos músicos e na prevalência de desigualdades e competição pelos recursos disponíveis.
Identification and validation of an endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-related gene signature as an effective diagnostic marker of endometriosis
Authors: Wang Tao , Ji Mei , Sun Jing
Published: March 2024

Background

Endometriosis is one of the most common benign gynecological diseases and is characterized by chronic pain and infertility. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a cellular adaptive response that plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes, including malignant transformation. However, whether ER stress is involved in endometriosis remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to explore the potential role of ER stress in endometriosis, as well as its diagnostic value.

Methods

We retrieved data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Data from the GSE7305 and GSE23339 datasets were integrated into a merged dataset as the training cohort. Differentially expressed ER stress-related genes (DEG-ERs) were identified by integrating ER stress-related gene profiles downloaded from the GeneCards database with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the training cohort. Next, an ER stress-related gene signature was identified using LASSO regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the constructed model, which was further validated in the GSE51981 and GSE105764 datasets. Online databases were used to explore the possible regulatory mechanisms of the genes in the signature. Meanwhile, the CIBERSORT algorithm and Pearson correlation test were applied to analyze the association between the gene signature and immune infiltration. Finally, expression levels of the signature genes were further detected in clinical specimens using qRT-PCR and validated in the Turku endometriosis database.

Results

In total, 48 DEG-ERs were identified in the training cohort. Based on LASSO regression analysis, an eight-gene-based ER stress-related gene signature was constructed. This signature exhibited excellent diagnostic value in predicting endometriosis. Further analysis indicated that this signature was associated with a compromised ER stress state. In total, 12 miRNAs and 23 lncRNAs were identified that potentially regulate the expression of ESR1, PTGIS, HMOX1, and RSAD2. In addition, the ER stress-related gene signature indicated an immunosuppressive state in endometriosis. Finally, all eight genes showed consistent expression trends in both clinical samples and the Turku database compared with the training dataset.

Conclusions

Our work not only provides new insights into the impact of ER stress in endometriosis but also provides a novel biomarker with high clinical value.
A Holistic Review of Rosacea and Its Association with Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Alharbi Aymen , Alahmadi Mohammed Abdullah , Radwan Sarah Mohammad , Alraddadi Abdulelah Nawaf , Shaheen Esraa A. , Allehyani Roaa Abdulrahman
Published: March 2024

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatological condition with different clinical phenotypes, usually diagnosed clinically and treated with systemic and topical medications. Rosacea is one of the skin conditions that is often believed to just have cutaneous manifestation, but it is actually a systemic condition that affects many different systems. The correlation between rosacea and a variety of comorbidities, including depression, gastrointestinal disorders, migraines, autoimmune conditions, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are noted in many different studies. There are numerous risk factors for CVD, including hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MS), and dyslipidemia. CVD has a high mortality rate and should not be overlooked. Rosacea patients must receive the appropriate education regarding the management of CVD risk factors in addition to rosacea. We thought it was important to conduct a literature review to investigate the association between rosacea and the risk factors associated with CVDs, since both conditions are chronic and involve the interaction of genetic and inflammatory factors. The purpose of this narrative review is to overview rosacea, draw attention to the cardiovascular risk that rosacea patients face, and alert dermatologists, cardiologists, and primary care physicians to the need for immediate risk factor treatment.
A Case Report on IRVAN Syndrome
Authors: Bezza Houda , Adrari Asma El , Mansouri Oumayma El , Zaoui Kawtar , Lhaj Lhoussaine Ait , Kriet Mohamed , Elasri Fouad
Published: March 2024

Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, arteriolar macroaneurysms, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) is a rare condition predominantly affecting young, healthy females without systemic disease. We present the case of a 35-year-old female who presented with a 3-month history of decreased visual acuity without associated symptoms. Ophthalmological examination revealed reduced visual acuity in both eyes, papillary oedema, stellate macular oedema, and haemorrhages bilaterally. Retinal imaging confirmed IRVAN syndrome. Treatment included pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) and intravitreal bevacizumab injections, resulting in macular oedema regression.
Foreign advisors and capacity building: The case of Kenya
Authors: Cohen John M.
Published: July 2007

Approximately 100,000 foreign advisors work in the public sectors of Sub‐Saharan African countries at an annual cost of more than $4 billion. The numbers, range of services, and costs of such advisors increased during the 1980s while at the same time donors launched new efforts to build professional capacity in the African civil service. Based on a study of advisors and their counterpart economists in Kenya's Ministry of Planning and National Development, this article addresses three important questions: what are the functions carried out by advisors in the development ministries?; why is it so difficult to retain skilled professionals in the civil service?; and how does the provision of advisors affect the retention of skilled government officers?
Institutional contexts of environmental management: Water pollution control in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Lo Carlos Wing‐Hung , Tang Shui‐Yan
Published: July 2007

In the past decade, Guangzhou (Canton), China, has produced mixed results in water pollution control: it has been successful in limiting pollution from industrial sources than from domestic ones. This article examines the case by reference to a growing body of literature in institutional analysis. The central arguments are that institutions affect the governance and management of natural resources by allocating decision‐making authorities among different individuals, agencies and levels of governments, by affecting whether rules and regulations can be effectively enforced and by creating different incentive structures. These arguments help to explain the divergent governmental efforts and outcomes in the two types of water pollution control in Guangzhou. The article concludes by discussing the case's theoretical and practical implications.
Present State of Rigorous Analytic Properties of Scattering Amplitudes
Authors: Sommer Gustav
Published: July 2007

The main (old and new) results about analyticity properties of two‐body transition amplitudes deducible from general local field theory are reviewed. Most of the proofs are included as well as a short chapter on applications.
One‐Pion Exchange Model in the Vector Theory for the Reaction πN → πN. The Present Status. Connection with the Absorption
Authors: Achasov N. N. , Shestakov G. N.
Published: July 2007

In the present paper it is shown that the Born diagram model with an overall phenomenological form factor suggested in papers [2, 3] on the basis of the ideas of universal interaction of Q‐meson with hadrons describes well the experimental data on the reaction π−p → Q°n in a wide range of energies 2.7 GeV/c ≦ QL ≦ 17 GeV/c at small momentum transfers |t| ≦ 0.2 (GeV/c)2. The connection of the Born diagram model with the other high energy models is considered. On one hand, we show that the absorption account in many respects, though not literally, comes to forming an overall form factor. On the other hand, the normalization of amplitudes of the traditional absorptive one‐pion exchange models to the Born diagrams at t = 0 lays on the absorptive parameters the condition σtotC/8πA = 1 corresponding to the total absorption of the low partial waves. In this case the one‐pion exchange models with absorption coincide at all t with the Born diagram model with absorption and the reaction aplitudes are independent of a choice of the initial vector theory Lagrangian.
Human–computer interaction in safety critical systems
Authors: Leathley Bridget A.
Published: July 2007

Increased dependence on computers in safety critical industries means increased dependence on a smaller number of people—both the users of computer systems, and those responsible for their design and production. Reliability and integrity of such systems can be enhanced without large overall increases in costs by looking critically at the human‐computer interaction early in the design phase. In this paper, a selection of human factors principles are applied to safety critical system design. This includes making systems easier to learn to use, reducing alarm overload, matching the design of menus to the task, consistency and modality.
A neural network model for the mechanism of selective attention in visual pattern recognition
Authors: Fukushima Kunihiko
Published: July 2007

When a complex figure consisting of two or more patterns is presented, we, as human beings, can selectively concentrate on these patterns one at a time, and recognize individual patterns in turn. At the same time, we can separate a component of the pattern being recognized, and extract it from the rest of the figure. Even if one of the patterns on which we are concentrating contains noise or defects, we can recall a complete pattern from which the noise and the defects have been eliminated. It is not necessary for perfect recall that the stimulus pattern be identical in shape to the pattern which we learned. Even though the pattern is distorted in shape or changed in size, we can recognize it and eliminate defects by interpolation. During the process of interpolation, we make full use of even slight traces in the defective parts of the pattern on which we are selectively concentrating, and recall the perfect original pattern. A model which performs this function of the human brain, that is, of the function of the selective concentration in visual pattern recognition, is proposed, and its behavior is demonstrated by computer simulation. The model consists of a hierarchical neural network which has efferent connections between cells.
Evaluative cognition and attention allocation in human interface
Authors: Matsui Nobuyuki , Bamba Eiichi
Published: July 2007

This paper investigates evaluative cognition and attention, which are the most important human abilities required in the manmachine system. A mathematical model for the evaluative cognition is proposed, and an effort is made to describe clearly the basic relation between the evaluative cognition based on the importance of several simultaneously presented information data and the attention allocation based on the result of the evaluative cognition. The information cognition space is introduced into the model to represent the state which describes the human information cognition. In the space, the information is compressed into the set of information expectation values, and then the evaluative cognition is performed. The allocation of attention is formulated as the ratio of the object information expectation values to the sum of the presented information expectation values. By the proposed evaluative cognition model, a clearer theoretical basis is provided for the attention allocation model. To verify the validity of the attention allocation model, a psychological experiment was made in which several figures are presented for a short interval (0.5 s). The results of experiment agreed almost completely with theoretical values, indicating the validity of the theory.
Page‐number of hypercubes and cube‐connected cycles
Authors: Konoe Michiko , Hagihara Ken'Ichi , Tokura Nobuki
Published: July 2007

By the book embedding of a graph is meant a procedure to place the vertices of a graph along the spine of a book and to draw the edges in several pages, where the edges in a page should not cross each other. By the page‐number of a graph is meant the minimum number of pages needed in the book embedding. This paper discusses the page‐numbers of the d‐dimensional hypercube (CUBEd) and the d‐dimensional cube‐connected cycles (CCCd, h) with length h, which are considered as interesting as the processor network configuration for the parallel computer. It is already known that the upper and lower bounds of the page‐number of CUBEd(d≥1) are d and d/4, respectively. This paper shows that the page‐number of CUBEd is exactly max{d‐1, 1}, and the upper bound of the page‐number of CCCd,h (h≥3, h≥d≥1) is max{d ‐ 1, 1}. The page‐number of the graph can be utilized in the evaluation of the practical realizability of the processor network graph on WSI. In other words, the result in this paper can be used as an evaluation measure for the circuit scale, when the processor network with hypercube or cube‐connected cycles topology is to be realized on WSI.
Manipulation of magnetic nanoparticles by the strayfield of magnetically patterned ferromagnetic layers
Authors: Ennen I. , Höink V. , Weddemann A. , Hütten A. , Schmalhorst J. , Reiss G. , Waltenberg C. , Jutzi P. , Weis T. , Engel D. , Ehresmann A.
Published: July 2007

The manipulation of magnetic particles at the nanometer scale is of great interest for applications in biotechnology. In this work the self-assembly of 12 nm Co nanocrystallites under the influence of magnetic strayfields originating from a magnetically patterned 3 nm thick CoFe layer has been investigated. The magnetic patterning has been carried out by bombardment with 10 keV He ions in an external magnetic field. A controllable accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles has been found at areas of the sample with a head to head orientation of the local magnetization. The force generated by the strayfield of Néel walls without head to head orientation of the magnetization is about ten times weaker and turned out to be just strong enough to attract a relatively small number of nanocrystals. Furthermore, it has been shown that the choice of the procedure to bring the particle solution onto the magnetically patterned sample determines the successful generation of particle arrangements and can be used to tune the number of particles and their coordination within the strayfield.
The Patrimonial Structure of Iranian Bureaucracy in The Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Sheikholeslami A. Reza
Published: July 2007

A major characteristic of traditional politics is that their policy-implementing and policy-formulating roles are less differentiated than those in more politically developed societies. Consequently, the bureaucracy in a traditional setting plays a crucial role in system-maintenance, not only through its recruitment function and socialization of the new recruits, but by reinforcing the system's goals and mores. Without the development of an effective bureaucracy as an agent of political integration, the traditional system either remains traditional or breaks apart. The possibility that the bureaucracy would be able to perform its herculean task is further reduced by the fact that as a subsystem within the larger traditional political system it mostly symbolizes the general systemic patterns. For example, if the ascriptive norms are prevalent in the society, one may expect to see inheritance of offices and nepotism on the institutional level. Political development, therefore, is a painfully slow process which more often than not may never come about.
Class Structure and Political Power in Iran Since 1796
Authors: Keddie Nikki R.
Published: July 2007

The transformation in the structure of classes and of power in the past two centuries in Iran, as in many Third World countries, can be seen as: (1) a change from a relatively decentralized structure of power in which several different groups and localities shared power to one in which power is concentrated in the center and is backed by a modernized army and bureaucracy, (2) a change from primarily vertical divisions in society, in which the most homogeneous groups--tribes, ulama, towns, and religious communities--comprise both rich and poor, to a division based on more horizontal class lines. These two changes go together and form part of the transformation often referred to under such rubrics as “modernization,” “westernization,” or “the impact of the West,” although none of these terms is fully satisfactory. This paper attempts to outline the basic lines of these two sociopolitical changes in modern Iran and also to assess recent sociopolitical developments there.
American Relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979–1981
Authors: Rubin Barry
Published: July 2007

The triumph of the Khomeini forces and of the Iranian revolution in February 1979, sweeping away the old imperial regime and the transitional Bakhtiyar government, marked the beginning of a highly critical period in American-Iranian relations. The conflict culminated in the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran and in the holding of U.S. diplomats as hostages for well over a year. The hostage issue was the most controversial question for U.S. foreign policy in 1980 and marked a historic low point in relations between the two countries.

From the viewpoint of most Iranian leaders, this battle was an inevitable one. Based on their perceptions of bilateral relations over the previous three decades, Ayatollah Khomeini and his supporters expected a deterministically hostile United States. In their eyes, Washington had provided the main foreign support for the shah, a regime for which their passionate hatred can scarcely be overstated, and had tried to prevent the revolution's triumph.
Generic Experimentation and Social Content in Nader Ebrahim's Ten Short Stories
Authors: Ghanoonparvar Mohammad R.
Published: July 2007

In modernist Persian literature there are at least two important features shared by the majority of contemporary Iranian poets and writers, namely, experimentation with form and social commitment in content. Experimentation with novelistic technique, narrative voice, and colloquial and literary language characterizes the works of such authors as Sadeq Chubak, Ebrahim Golestan, and Hushang Golshiri in fiction; and a continuing search for new means of poetic expression pervades the poetry of Ahmad Shamlu, Yadollah Ro'ya'i, and Ahmad Reza Ahmadi, among others. Furthermore, the content of this literature is almost always implicitly and often explicitly engagé, with engagement or social commitment broadly defined to include the author's choice of subject matter and conscious or subconscious treatment of the shortcomings of society and of the hardships of the individual or the masses.

Nader Ebrahimi (b. 1936), one of the most prolific yet least studied writers of the 1960s and 1970s, is by no means an exception in this regard.
Tahereh Saffarzadeh: From the Wasteland to the Imam
Authors: Alishan Leonardo P.
Published: July 2007

Tahereh Saffarzadeh is the only major Iranian poet who sees the afflictions of contemporary Iran in terms of a spiritual wasteland and turns to Islam as the sole cure for those ethical and sociopolitical afflictions. This essay examines Saffarzadeh's conviction that faith is the only source of deliverance from the wasteland of contemporary Iran.

Saffarzadeh (b. 1936) was born in Sirjan, where she lived through her high school years. Then she went to Shiraz to study English language and literature at Pahlavi University, receiving her B.A. in 1958. In 1962 she published her first collection of poems, Rahgozar-e Mahtab [The Passerby of Moonlight], under the pen name of “Mardomak” [Pupil of the Eye].

The poems of The Passerby of Moonlight, composed during the period from 1956 to 1962, are mainly love lyrics in the chaharpareh quatrain form.
The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Floor Willem
Published: July 2007

In the 18th century, rather remarkably, Iran formed a navy. Up to that time the shahs of Iran had relied on other powers to maintain security in the Persian Gulf. The dominant naval power in the gulf during the 16th century was Portugal, while the Dutch, and to a lesser extent the English, were supreme during the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries. Because Iran's southern borders were safe and secure after the conquest of Hormoz in 1622, it did not need a navy. Hence, Iran relied for a time on the Dutch and the English to maintain security in the gulf.

English naval assistance in the conquest of Hormoz set the pattern for the next century. This reliance on other powers for maintenance of security in the gulf proved to be a workable policy as long as there was no real threat to Iran's coastal borders in the south.
Italian Scholarship on Iran (An Outline, 1557–1987)
Authors: Piemontese Angelo
Published: July 2007

The origins of Iranian studies in Italy go back to the second half of the sixteenth century, when there developed a scholarly approach based on a recognition of Persian linguistic and literary evidence. The modern course of scholarly understanding was preceded, and prepared, by a process of political observation and geographical discovery of Iran, which began exactly a century before, with the accession of Uzun Hasan Aqqoyunlu (1457-1478).

Iran had then emerged as an autonomous power which on its western frontier contested the power of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet Fatih, the conqueror of Constantinople (renamed Istanbul) in 1453, was the great rival both of Iran and of Venice for the control of traffic and commerce between Asia and the Mediterranean. Hence the Papal State, interested in the salvation of souls, and the Republic of Venice, the hegemonical maritime power of the Mediterranean's eastern basin, established close diplomatic relations and pacts of alliance first with Uzun Hasan and then with the Safavids.
Oriental Studies in Tajikistan
Authors: Aini K. S. , Maltsev Y. S.
Published: July 2007

A major impetus was given to scholarly research in Tajikistan first with the founding of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924 and then in 1929 with the creation of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. This is particularly true in the field of oriental studies, but before we survey the modern state of the field in the Republic, it is worth casting a glance back over the previous centuries during which scholarship evolved.

The traditions of Tajik orientalism are rooted in the long, rich sociopolitical history of the peoples of Central Asia. The formation and development of Tajik orientalism in all its manifold aspects -- historical, geographical, philosophical, socio-economic, ethnic, and linguistic -- went hand in hand with the formation of a Tajik state system, and with the spread of the Farsi-Dari (Tajik) language throughout the regions of Mawarannahr and Khurasan as the main component of the national culture of the Tajik people.
Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty
Authors: Manz Beatrice Forbes
Published: July 2007

The great nomad conqueror Timur set out to conquer the whole of the former Mongol Empire and almost succeeded. Although the dynasty he founded lasted a relatively short time, he became a legendary figure within the Turco-Mongolian tradition of the Middle East and Central Asia, the subject of an elaborate myth connecting the Timurid dynasty with that of Chinggis Khan.

The dynastic claims formulated by Timur's successors remained alive and relevant to those within the tradition up to the nineteenth century. Timur's myth assumed its final form well after his death, but it had its origins in Timur's own formulation of his legitimacy and his personality as a ruler.

Timur's achievements as the founder of a dynasty and a myth are the more impressive because he operated under severe restraints within both the traditions to which he belonged, the Turco-Mongolian and the Islamic.
Centralizing Reform and its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period
Authors: Subtelny Maria Eva
Published: July 2007

The disintegration of the Timurid empire after the death of its founder, Timur, in 807/1405 followed the normal pattern for Central Asian nomadic empires based on a military tribal elite. The charismatic Timur had exercised a tight hold on the government of his realm, mainly as a result of the highly personal nature of his rule and the flexibility which the absence of a formal administrative apparatus afforded him. But, after his death, the traditional Turko-Mongol concept that territory was held collectively by the patriarchal, agnatic clan and that all lineal male descendants shared the right to claim political sovereignty over it, reasserted itself.

This corporate claim to sovereignty created a free-for-all situation in which individual members of the princely Timurid clan clamored to assert their claims to rule in the steadily shrinking territory under Timurid control, frequently resorting to the time-honored steppe tradition of guerilla struggle (qazāqliq) .
Magical Realism in Moniru Ravanipur's Ahl‐e gharq
Authors: Rahimieh Nasrin
Published: July 2007

Moniru Ravanipur began her literary career in 1989 with the publication of her first collection of short stories, Kanīzū. The same year she published her first novel, Ahl-e gharq. Since then she has completed two other novels, Del-e fūlād and Kowlī kenār-e ātesh, another collection of short stories, Sang-e shaytdn, occasional stories for children, and a compilation of southern Iranian legends and beliefs, Afsānehā va bāvarhā-ye jonūb. Her fictional works are almost all set in the Persian Gulf region and center around local myths and legends. The language of Ravanipur's literary production also bears the distinct mark of her regional dialect, which as a native of the village of Jofreh (also the setting of her first novel) she maintained after moving to Shiraz, where she eventually received a degree in psychology from Shiraz University.

For Ravanipur, writing is inextricably linked with her littoral linguistic and cultural heritage.
Microanalysis of Persian Textiles
Authors: Hardin Ian R. , Duffield Frances J.
Published: July 2007

Metallic yarns, particularly those wrapped with gold and silver, have been used throughout much of recorded history to create fabrics and garments of surpassing beauty which exemplified splendor and opulence. Extant examples are valued not only for their beauty, but also for their historical significance. The physical assessment of these fabrics usually includes a visual examination to ascertain the weave structure and fibre colors. Optical microscopic examination can add to this information, but it is limited at higher powers of magnification by an increasing loss of depth of field.