Large-scale cross-societal examination of real- and minimal-group biases
Authors: Yang Xin , Schulz Jonathan Friedemann , Schmidt Kathleen , Kenny Adam R , Pfuhl Gerit , Gjoneska Biljana , Dalgar Ilker , Lewis Savannah C , Exner Anna , Buchanan Erin Michelle , Lander Karen , Becker Maja , Du Hongfei , Johri Akshay , Selcuk Emre , Gallyamova Albina , Calluso Cinzia , Reggev Niv , Vranka Marek Albert , Acar Oguz A. , Palma Tomás A , kocur miroslaw , Oliveros Juan C. , Montefinese Maria , Wilton Leigh Solano , Wilton Leigh Solano , Zdybek Przemysław , Ferreira Paulo RS , Pfattheicher Stefan , Akkas Handan , Autin Frederique , Sorokowska Agnieszka , Janssen Steve M. J. , March David Scott , Young Danielle Magan , Valentova Jaroslava Varella , Tasbas Esra H. Oguz , Bukun Mehmet Fatih , Giammusso Isabella , Brandt Mark John , Couto Cleno , Simon Derek Alexander , Cutler Jo , Prokosch Marjorie L. , Sjåstad Hallgeir , Manunta Efisio , Whyte Stephen , Marsh Abigail , Papadatou-Pastou Marietta , Jaeger Bastian , Morvinski Coby , Primbs Maximilian , Akil Atakan M. , Kapoor Hansika , Barzykowski Krystian , Ghai Sakshi , Moreau David , Seehuus Martin , Kowal Marta , Evans Thomas Rhys , Hill Kimberley , Calvillo Dustin P , Wiechert Sera , Afhami Reza , Hoyer Karlijn , Korbmacher Max , Elbaek Christian T. , Alsuhaibani Zainab , Pronizius Ekaterina , Cui Qianqain , Cundiff Jenny , Taghipanahi Alireza , Bjornsdottir R. Thora , Baskin Ernest , Ergiyen Tolga , Metin-Orta Irem , Collins W. Matthew , Bø Simen , Marinucci Marco , Baker Bradley James , Özdoğru Asil Ali , Anne Michele , Standage Martyn , Tullett Alexa Mary , Milfont Taciano L , Flynn Francis , Zidkova Radka , Ruiz-Fernandez Susana , Sachs Tobias , Bilancini Ennio , Verheyen Steven , Massoni Sébastien , Wen Jiahui , Camargo Andrés , Wang Yilin Andre , Zhou Steven , Peetz Hannah Katharina , Grigoryev Dmitry , Ghasemi Omid , Westgate Erin Corwin , Sutherland Clare , Boucher Leanne , Grigoryan Lusine , Paltoglou Aspa , Al-Hoorie Ali H. , Sacco Donald F. , Thomas Andrew G. , Haeffel Gerald , Davis William E. , Mandalaywala Tara M , Cruz Francisco , Ross Robert M , Jiang Xiaoming , Studzinska Anna , Dumbravă Andrei , Misiak Michał , Tran Ulrich S. , Felisberti Fatima Maria , Nagy Tamas , Gunaydin Gul , Miranda Jacob Francisco , Behnke Maciej , Akin Karen , Berkessel Jana , Johnson David Charles , Wu Yang , Godbersen Hendrik , Edlund John , Gourdon-Kanhukamwe Amélie , Martin Doug , Norman Jasmine B , Batres Carlota , Kutuk Bahtim , Szumowska Ewa , Storage Daniel , Bouguettaya Ayoub , Lins Samuel , Voracek Martin , Tavel Petr , Trémolière Bastien , Cyrus-Lai Wilson , Alzahawi Shilaan , Anderson Leif Douglas , Röer Jan Philipp , Malinakova Klara , KARABABA Alper , Walczak Radoslaw B. , Ribeiro Gianni , Sarı Erkin , Pypno-Blajda Katarzyna , Paruzel-Czachura Mariola , Travaglino Giovanni A. , Neta Maital , Vaidis David C. , Lu Jackson G. , Camgöz Selin Metin , Lockwood Patricia , Mitkidis Panagiotis , Lin Wenzheng , Rathje Steve , van Lent Tjits , Greijdanus Hedy , Faure Ruddy , Lamm Claus , Brick Cameron , Zhao Xian , Aquino Sibele Dias , Ulloa Fulgeri Jose Luis , Walker Bradley , Malecki W. P. , Lou Nigel Mantou , Pizziol Veronica , Kuzminska Anna O. , Schepisi Michael , Adıgüzel Arca , Karadeniz Gizem , Yücel Emine , Isloi Chris , Chwiłkowska Patrycja , Yu Zhaoliang , Fay Nicolas , Papaioannou Kostas , Peker Mhmet , Huang Guanxiong , El-Haddad Rita W. , Verschuere Bruno , Meier Zdenek , Vaughn Leigh Ann , Albayrak-Aydemir Nihan , Stieger Stefan , Çoksan Sami , Bijlstra Gijsbert , Alves Sara Gouveia , Hartanto Andree , Mallik Peter Robert , Jami Waleed , Chen Rong , Fellnhofer Katharina , Marcu Gabriela Mariana , Batalha Luisa , Kocalar Halil Emre , Vieira Luc , Gleibs Ilka Helene , Sharifian MohammadHasan , Hadjisolomou Stavros P. , Riva Paolo , Sirota Miroslav , Novák Lukas , Sorokowski Piotr , Li Yansong , Elsherif Mahmoud Medhat , Carvalho Catarina , Lima Tiago Jessé Souza , Baker Aaron , Ishii Tatsunori , Mifune Nobuhiro , Miura Asako , Ohtsubo Yohsuke , Takahashi Ryu , Szala Anna , Wolfe Kelly , Özdemir Fatih , Komyaginskaya Elizaveta , Wu QY , Boncinelli Leonardo , Lin Jing , Gupta Rashmi , Vazirian Mohammad Hossein , Hajighasemi Mohammadhesam , Sepehri Amir , Peters Kim Olivia , Emery Cécile , Collis Hannah , Henningsen Levke , Aglioti Salvatore Maria , Mirisola Alberto , Manríquez-Robles Diego , Rivera Maria Jose Baeza , Salazar-Fernández Camila , Paydarfard Saeed , Katzir Maayan , Dorfman Anna , Hadar Ram , Butt Muhammad Mussaffa , Jia Lile , Chua Khai Qing , Ismail Ismaharif , Willinger David , Siebenhandl Angelique , Kaminski Gwenael , Bennett Tia , Kohl Amelia , Stevens Laura , Flowe Heather D. , Colloff Melissa Fay , Scott Kyra , Wagner Kirstin , Ingham Madeleine , Fabbri Marco , Limata Plinio , Smalarz Laura , Eerdmans Rose , Branas-Garza Pablo , GAVIRIA ADRIANA , Espín Antonio M. , Kovářík Jaromír , Benito-Ostolaza Juan M. , Galang Roberto Martin Nolan , Denzon Eduardo Ezekiel , Otálora Yenny , Taborda-Osorio Hernando , Aminnuddin Nur Amali , Kaça Gülin , Boga Merve , Malysheva Daria , Balim Sercan , Bürhan Pınar , Bilger Deniz , Liu Lei , Kruse Elliott Tyler , Solak Çağlar , Akpınar Burcu , Gül Doğa , Muftareviç Sümeyye , Deschrijver Eliane , Zigdon Ido , Krosch Amy Rose , Ilchovska Zlatomira , Rhoads Shawn A , Kountouriotis Georgios , Cairney Maria , Daryani Yalda , Tome Natalia Lopez , Görzig Anke , Ozcakan Serkan , Freira Lucia , Gökdağ Ceren , Borinca Islam , Spasovski Ognen , Pillai Raunak M , Chalik Lisa , Moon Chanki , Pauer Shiva , Roberts S. Craig , Friedrich Scarlett , Takagi Ryunosuke , Shannon Connor , LePine Sara , Stallman Jane Kathleen , Ram Brian , Julliard Yoann , Brun Lise , Liuzza Marco Tullio , Colacino Cristiana , Parker Laura Ruth , Finley Sara , McFarland Mason , Jantus Candela I. , Navajas Joaquin , Pavlov Yuri G. , Kosachenko Alexandra I. , Stephen Ian D , Kök Büşra , Hendrix Joël , de Lange Martijn A. , Khalid Afreen , Szymański Kacper , Aykutoğlu Bülent , Van Bavel Jay Joseph , Amormino Paige , Elbistan Gökhan , Justus Brandon , Hsieh Yi-Chen , Byrd Nick , Porat Roni , Glasserman Dan , Barros Marta , Quarenta Joana , Dinić Bojana M. , Ball Olivia , Huynh Alex , Dunham Yarrow 
Published: January 2025

Biases in favor of culturally prevalent social ingroups are ubiquitous, but random assignment to arbitrary experimentally created social groups is also sufficient to create ingroup biases (i.e., the minimal group effect; MGE). The extent to which ingroup bias arises from specific social contexts versus more general psychological tendencies remains unclear. This registered report focuses on three questions. First, how culturally prevalent is the MGE? Second, how do critical cultural and individual factors moderate its strength? Third, does the MGE meaningfully relate to culturally salient real-world ingroup biases? We compare the MGE to bias in favor of a family member (first cousin) and a national ingroup member. We propose to recruit a sample of &gt; 200 participants in each of &gt; 50 nations to examine these questions and advance our understanding of the psychological foundations and cultural prevalence of ingroup bias.