bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational modeling and theoretical analysis of polyvinylidene fluoride microarrays for hybrid piezo‐pyroelectric energy harvesting
Authors: Fadzallah Iman Aris , Sabran Nuur Syahidah , Hasnan Megat Muhammad Ikhsan Megat , Ono Takahito , Sabri Mohd Faizul Mohd
Published: May 2024

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a promising piezoelectric and pyroelectric material for energy harvesting applications. This paper investigates the electrical outputs of PVDF microarrays using both simulation studies and theoretical calculations. The finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics® is utilized to model PVDF microarrays and simulate their responses under mechanical loading and temperature changes. Theoretical calculations are also performed to estimate the piezoelectric and pyroelectric voltage outputs using established mathematical formulas. A series of PVDF microarrays are modeled in two dimensions with defined geometry, materials, boundary conditions, and parametric sweeps of wind speed and temperature. The simulation results for electrical outputs show good agreement with the theoretical calculations, demonstrating the validity of both approaches. The maximum voltage outputs are on the order of 10−3 V for the range of wind speeds from 6.5 to 11 m/s and temperatures from 319.3 to 336.3 K. In addition, the mechanical and thermal sensitivities are quantified. This work provides a framework for design and optimization of PVDF‐based energy harvesters. The combined methodology enables characterization of the relationships between operational conditions, PVDF microarray properties, and electrical outputs.
Hydrogen bond‐reinforced double‐network hydrogels with enhanced mechanical strength: Preparation, characterization and swelling behavior
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Liu Ji‐Dong , Du Xiang‐Yun , Chen Su , Xiao Ji Jun
Published: May 2024

Recently, double network (DN) gels with dynamic non‐covalent interaction such as hydrogen bonds has drawn much attention as an innovative material having both high water content and high mechanical strength. Research efforts have identified DN gels as a promising class of materials due to their unique network architecture. These gels comprise two interpenetrating networks formed by different types of polymer. Herein, we report a tough DN hydrogel with high mechanical strength and high swelling ability. The DN gel is synthesized via a two‐step network formation. The first network gel was synthesized via frontal polymerization. Then, the first gel is immersed in an aqueous solution of a second monomer and carrying out a second polymerization in the presence of first network. The spectroscopic analysis and thermal behavior with differential scanning calorimeter measurements corroborated the existence of hydrogen bonds. The mechanical test and microscopic morphology were further explored to explain the strength and high imbibing characteristics. We expect that this facile strategy may explore a dynamic and tunable hydrogel to expand its potential applications in biomedical field.
Earwigs and woodlice as some of the world's smallest internal seed dispersal agents: Insights from the ecology of Monotropastrum humile (Ericaceae)
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji , Kimura‐Yokoyama Osamu , Kitamura Shumpei
Published: May 2024

Societal Impact Statement

This study illuminates the underappreciated role of invertebrates in seed dispersal, extending beyond the well‐documented contributions of ants. Focusing on Monotropastrum humile (銀竜草 [silver dragon plant] or 水晶蘭 [crystal orchid]), a non‐photosynthetic plant known for its minuscule, dust‐like seeds, the present research uncovers their seed dispersal roles of woodlice and earwigs in Japan. Remarkably, these invertebrates include the smallest known endozoochorous seed dispersers.

Endozoochory, or internal seed dispersal through the digestive tracts of animals, has been less studied in invertebrates compared with vertebrates. Nonetheless, endozoochory is plausible whenever seeds are small enough for ingestion by frugivorous animals, suggesting a potential role for invertebrates in seed dispersal, especially for plants with minute seeds.

Monotropastrum humile (Ericaceae), characterized by its fleshy fruits and dust‐like seeds, is known to utilize invertebrate agents such as camel crickets and cockroaches for seed dispersal. Here, we investigate this seed dispersal mechanism using time‐lapse photography, feeding experiments, and seed coat anatomy analysis, particularly focusing on interactions among undocumented invertebrate internal seed dispersers.

Field observations indicated that in the studied population, M. humile fruits were primarily consumed by camel crickets, woodlice, and earwigs. Their effectiveness as seed dispersers varied, with camel crickets primarily acting as dispersers, whereas earwigs and woodlice were more inclined toward seed predation. Nonetheless, some seeds defecated by earwigs and woodlice remained intact, suggesting that they could also function as dispersal agents.

The woodlouse Porcellio scaber is now recognized as the world's smallest internal seed dispersal agent. Combined with earlier discoveries, such as seed dispersal by camel crickets, cockroaches, and ants, and the fact that P. scaber is an exotic species in the study site, M. humile likely depends on a broad spectrum of local invertebrates. The engagement of multiple invertebrate dispersers may enhance seed dispersal across diverse habitats.
Int&in: A machine learning‐based web server for active split site identification in inteins
Authors: Schmitz Mirko , Ballestin Jara Ballestin , Liang Junsheng , Tomas Franziska , Freist Leon , Voigt Karsten , Di Ventura Barbara , Öztürk Mehmet Ali
Published: May 2024

Inteins are proteins that excise themselves out of host proteins and ligate the flanking polypeptides in an auto‐catalytic process called protein splicing. In nature, inteins are either contiguous or split. In the case of split inteins, the two fragments must first form a complex for the splicing to occur. Contiguous inteins have previously been artificially split in two fragments because split inteins allow for distinct applications than contiguous ones. Even naturally split inteins have been split at unnatural split sites to obtain fragments with reduced affinity for one another, which are useful to create conditional inteins or to study protein–protein interactions. So far, split sites in inteins have been heuristically identified. We developed Int&in, a web server freely available for academic research (https://intein.biologie.uni-freiburg.de) that runs a machine learning model using logistic regression to predict active and inactive split sites in inteins with high accuracy. The model was trained on a dataset of 126 split sites generated using the gp41‐1, Npu DnaE and CL inteins and validated using 97 split sites extracted from the literature. Despite the limited data size, the model, which uses various protein structural features, as well as sequence conservation information, achieves an accuracy of 0.79 and 0.78 for the training and testing sets, respectively. We envision Int&in will facilitate the engineering of novel split inteins for applications in synthetic and cell biology.
Targeted modulation of gene expression through receptor‐specific delivery of small interfering RNA peptide conjugates
Authors: Schenk Mareike , Mörl Karin , Herzig Stephan , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: May 2024

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has emerged as a valuable tool to address RNA interference (RNAi) to modulate gene expression also in therapy. However, challenges such as inefficient cell targeting and rapid degradation in biological systems have limited its success. To address these issues, the development of a receptor‐specific shuttle system represents a promising solution. [F7,P34]‐NPY analogues were modified by solid‐phase peptide synthesis, enabling non‐covalent conjugation with siRNA. This modification yielded an efficient siRNA vehicle capable of binding and transporting its cargo into target cells without adversely affecting receptor activation or cell viability. Mass spectrometry and gel shift assays confirmed successful and stable siRNA binding under various conditions. Microscopy experiments further demonstrated the co‐internalization of labeled peptides and siRNA in Hepa1c1 cells, highlighting the stability of the complex. In vitro quantitative RT‐PCR experiments, targeting the TSC22D4 gene to normalize systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, revealed a functional peptide‐based siRNA shuttle system with the ability to decrease mRNA expression to approximately 40%. These findings strengthen the potential of receptor‐specific siRNA shuttle systems as efficient tools for gene therapy that offer a possibility for reducing side effects.
Navigating the landscape of parameter identifiability methods: A workflow recommendation for model development
Authors: van Noort Martijn , Ruppert Martijn , DeJongh Joost , Marostica Eleonora , Bosch Rolien , Mešić Emir , Snelder Nelleke
Published: May 2024

In pharmacometric modeling, it is often important to know whether the data is sufficiently rich to identify the parameters of a proposed model. While it may be possible to assess this based on the results of a model fit, it is often difficult to disentangle identifiability issues from other model fitting and numerical problems. Furthermore, it can be of value to ascertain identifiability beforehand. This paper compares four methods for parameter identifiability, namely Differential Algebra for Identifiability of SYstems (DAISY), the sensitivity matrix method (SMM), Aliasing, and the Fisher information matrix method (FIMM). We discuss the characteristics of the methods and apply them to a set of applications, consisting of frequently used PK model structures, with suitable dosing regimens and sampling times. These applications were selected to validate the methods and demonstrate their usefulness. While traditional identifiability analysis provides a categorical result [PLoS One, 6, 2011, e27755; CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol, 8, 2019, 259; Bioinformatics, 30, 2014, 1440], we argue that in practice a continuous scale better reflects the limitations on the data and is more informative. The methods were generally consistent in their evaluation of the applications. The Fisher information matrix method seemed to provide the most consistent answers. All methods provided information on the parameters that were unidentifiable. Some of the results were unexpected, indicating identifiability issues where none were foreseen, but could be explained upon further analysis. This illustrated the usefulness of identifiability assessment.
Indoor and outdoor NO2 and SO2 levels in 13 randomly selected preschools from 7 districts in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Rodney Mudau , Kuku Voyi , Joyce Shirinde
Published: May 2024

Background

Air pollution is a serious worldwide issue, where both outdoor and indoor air quality have a substantial impact on the health of children. Children are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution due to their developing respiratory systems and higher respiration rates than adults. These children dedicate a substantial amount of time to the preschool setting. The study sought to evaluate the concentration of NO2 and SO2 in both outdoor and indoor environments of preschool facilities.

Methods

Concurrently, the levels of NO2 and SO2 were measured indoors and outdoors at 13 randomly selected preschools in 7 districts in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Radiello passive air samplers were employed to collect gaseous samples.

Results

The mean levels of NO2 indoors and outdoors were within the recommended criteria outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO), specifically target levels 1–3. Additionally, these values were also below the air quality guides outlined by South Africa, both for yearly and 1‐h mean measurements. Nevertheless, both levels remained above the suitable threshold of 10 µg m−3 outlined by the WHO air quality guidelines.

Conclusions

It is important to implement proactive measures such as enhancing airflow systems, employing air filters and reducing potential sources of air pollution in preschools, to aid in reducing exposure to indoor and outdoor NO2 and SO2.
Strategic threat health response in Australia capital cities: Predicting the optimum locations for field hospitals through geospatial analysis
Authors: Baazeem Mazen , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc
Published: May 2024

Objective

The advent of the COVID‐19 pandemic has accentuated the critical importance of epidemic preparedness within national healthcare systems. This study presents a geospatial analysis aimed at optimising the placement of field hospitals in Australia to ensure adequate healthcare access during pandemics.

Methods

The latest census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics were integrated with the spatial locations of current emergency departments within Australian capitals. Buffer zones with a 7.5 km radius were created around the public emergency departments (EDs). Buffer zones outside the 7.5 km radius that exhibited high population densities were categorised into high‐density (red), moderate‐density (yellow) and low‐density (green) zones to prioritise and tailor healthcare responses during a pandemic. The identification of high‐density population areas outside the ED radius enabled the stratification of potential sites for ED facilities.

Results

Ninety‐one potential field hospital sites were identified across Australia's capital cities. The findings indicate that the addition of these sites would place over 95% of the population within a 7.5 km radius of an ED facility. This network of proposed sites is designed to serve a spectrum of population densities, ensuring equitable healthcare access for both densely populated urban centres and less populated areas.

Conclusions

This study underscores the potential of field hospitals to strengthen Australia's public health system against emergencies. By advocating for the creation of 91 field hospitals within a 7.5 km reach for over 95% of urban dwellers across major cities, it demonstrates a strategic approach to ensure comprehensive ED coverage. Drawing on international examples, including China's Fangcang hospitals, the USA's post‐acute care (PAC) facilities and the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) Nightingale Hospitals, it highlights the need for healthcare agility and scalability, especially during pandemic outbreaks. The research presents a blueprint for field hospital deployment, marking a significant advancement in public health logistics and protection across Australia's varied demographic and geographical landscapes.
Reliability evaluation in the zero‐failure Weibull case based on double‐modified hierarchical Bayes
Authors: Zheng Bo , Long Zuteng , Ning Yang , Ma Xin
Published: May 2024

Hierarchical Bayes, or E‐Bayes, is frequently used to estimate the failure probability when solving a zero‐failure reliability evaluation model; however, the accuracy of the reliability estimation using these methods is not very good in practice. Due to this, a novel double‐modified hierarchical Bayes (DMH‐Bayes) is proposed for Weibull characteristic data in this study to enhance failure probability estimation and improve reliability point estimation accuracy. Meanwhile, in order to guarantee the preservation of the assessment findings' consistency and confidence level, the parametric Bootstrap method (P‐Bootstrap) and the L‐moment estimation method based on point estimation are introduced to obtain reliability confidence interval estimates. Based on Monte–Carlo simulation testing and analysis of a gyroscope bearing, the new model is confirmed to have better applicability and robustness while improving the accuracy of reliability assessment.
Impact of extraction method on the lipids of Himalayan marmot oil with ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography Q‐Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis
Authors: Yu Xina , Kong Qingquan , Wu Ye , Li Weilong , Rinchen Dorje , Zhang Zhifeng , Shen Qing , Luo Pei
Published: May 2024

Rationale

Himalayan marmot oil (SPO) has been used for pharmaceutical purposes for centuries, but its composition is still unclear. The bioactivity of SPO highly depends on the techniques used for its processing. This study focused on the comprehensive lipidomics of SPO, especially on the ones derived from dry rendering, wet rendering, cold pressing, and ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction.

Methods

We performed lipid profiling of SPO acquired by different extraction methods using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography Q‐Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and 17 classes of lipids (2 BMPs, 12 LysoPCs, 9 LysoPEs, 41 PCs, 24 PEs, 23 Plasmenyl‐PCs, 10 Plasmenyl‐PEs, 10 MGs, 63 DGs, 187 TGs, 2 MGDGs, 3 Cer[NDS]s, 22 Cer[NS]s, 2 GlcCer[NS]s, 14 SMs, 14 CEs, and 6 AcylCarnitines) were characterized.

Results

Fifty‐five lipids were differentially altered (VIP > 1.5, p < 0.05) between the extraction techniques, which can be used as potential biomarkers to differentiate SPO extracted by various methods. Additionally, the contents of oleic acid and arachidic acid were abundant in all samples that may suggest their medicinal values and are conducive to in‐depth research.

Conclusions

These findings reveal the alterations of lipid profile and free fatty acid composition in SPO obtained with different extraction methods, providing a theoretical foundation for investigating its important components as functional factors in medicines and cosmetics.
Optimized quantification of fatty acids in complex media using advanced analytical techniques
Authors: Jeon Eunji , Park Moonhee , Mojumdar Abhik , Kim Young Hwan , Choi Jong‐Soon , Cho Kun
Published: May 2024

Rationale

Various medium formulations contain essential fatty acids at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mg/L. Accurate and precise lipid measurement in media is crucial for monitoring media quality and conducting studies on lipids in the context of cell culture. This study employed two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) analyses to offer enhanced resolution, sensitivity, and separation performance compared to GC.

Methods

Quantification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in a medium was conducted using GC × GC combined with a high‐resolution mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector, considering potential interference from nonionic surfactant Tween 80, which was precipitated and removed by optimizing the concentration of cobalt thiocyanate (CTA) solution during pretreatment. This advanced analytical approach enabled identification of cis and trans isomers of identical molecular weights and determination of the location and number of double bonds in the same carbon number structure.

Results

Our analysis identified 36 FAMEs within the C6–C24 region, and a 5% CTA solution was optimal for efficient removal of Tween 80 during lipid extraction. Additionally, this advanced method minimized FAME contamination and loss during pretreatment, thereby significantly reducing the sample volume required to detect trace levels of FAMEs. This improvement led to a fatty acid recovery rate of 106% while maintaining the average relative standard deviation for the target FAMEs of about 3%.

Conclusions

Our research paves the way for future investigation into medium quality control and the role of fatty acids in cell culture. This offers the possibility for economical and effective trace quantification of fatty acids in complex media.
A case of endobronchial mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma successfully treated with radiotherapy and a review of the literature
Authors: Arai Rino , Tanifuji Mizuka , Nagai Asuka , Ebihara Akinori , Iwamoto Tokuzen , Onaka Shinnosuke , Aoyama Mayumi , Otaki Makoto , Shigemitsu Hidenobu , Kuwahira Ichiro
Published: May 2024

A 60‐year‐old man was noted to have an elevated lesion in the right mainstem bronchus on chest computed tomography (CT) during his annual medical checkup 3 years previously. The lesion had gradually increased in size. FDG‐PET showed no accumulation. Bronchoscopy revealed 5 nodular smooth surface protrusions on the ventral surface of the right mainstem bronchus, with the largest lesion that measured 5 mm in diameter. Biopsy showed diffuse infiltration of small lymphocytes, positive for CD20 and subsequently diagnosed with mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The lesions disappeared on chest CT after radiotherapy, and no recurrence has been observed after 5 years. We reviewed 48 cases of endobronchial MALT lymphoma in the literature and provided a comprehensive review of the literature to date including our case.
Using multiscale lidar to determine variation in canopy structure from African forest elephant trails
Authors: Keany Jenna M. , Burns Patrick , Abraham Andrew J. , Jantz Patrick , Makaga Loic , Saatchi Sassan , Maisels Fiona , Abernethy Katharine , Doughty Christopher E.
Published: May 2024

Recently classified as a unique species by the IUCN, African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) are critically endangered due to severe poaching. With limited knowledge about their ecological role due to the dense tropical forests they inhabit in central Africa, it is unclear how the Afrotropics are influenced by elephants. Although their role as seed dispersers is well known, they may also drive large‐scale processes that determine forest structure through the creation of elephant trails and browsing the understory, allowing larger, carbon‐dense trees to succeed. Multiple scales of lidar were collected by NASA in Lopé National Park, Gabon from 2015 to 2022. Utilizing two airborne lidar datasets in an African forest elephant stronghold, detailed canopy structural information was used in conjunction with elephant trail data to determine how forest structure varies on and off trails. Forest along elephant trails displayed different structural characteristics than forested areas off trails, with lower canopy height, canopy cover, and different vertical distribution of plant density. Less plant area density was found on trails at 1 m in height, while more vegetation was found at 12 m, compared to off trail locations. Trails in forest areas with previous logging history had lower plant area in the top of the canopy. Forest elephants can be considered as “logging light” ecosystem engineers, affecting canopy structure through browsing and movement. Both airborne lidar scales were able to capture elephant impact along trails, with the high‐resolution discrete return lidar performing higher than waveform lidar.
Fabrication and Magnetic Behavior of Jellyfish‐Like Ni Nanowires Synthesized Using Bilayered Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Templates
Authors: Samardak Aleksei Yu. , Sobirov Mukhammad I. , Rogachev Kirill A. , Shishelov Aleksandr F. , Lembikov Alexey O. , Ognev Nikita A. , Leyko Grigoriy A. , Ognev Alexey V. , Samardak Alexander S.
Published: May 2024

The potential to produce nanostructures with intricate shapes in large quantities holds promise for a range of applications in the fields of nanoelectronics and biomedicine. Here a method for fabricating jellyfish‐like Ni nanowires (JFNWs) using bilayered nanoporous anodic alumina templates with through pores of varying diameters in each layer is presented. To assess the capabilities of this method, samples are created with different voltages during the second step of anodization, resulting in distinct geometrical characteristics of the second layer of the template, and subsequently synthesize Ni JFNWs. By employing magnetometry and first‐order reversal curve (FORC) method, the magnetic properties are examined and a significant alteration in their magnetic behavior, attributed to the differing shapes of the JFNWs and the magnetostatic interactions within the array, is observed. The study utilizes magnetic force microscopy to evaluate the stray magnetic fields generated by the individual JFNWs and unveils their unusual and asymmetric distribution. Through simulations based on the experimental data, the study analyzes the field‐ and current‐induced domain wall movement in a single JFNW and their array. The findings reveal non‐trivial micromagnetic configurations in these structures, including a remarkable ‘corkscrew’ state, and allow for an examination of the process of magnetization switching.
Organ‐Targeted Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles Facilitate Sequence‐Activated Fluorogenic Probe for Precise Imaging of Inflammatory Liver Disease
Authors: Bian Yongning , Zhang Yong , Hu Bo , Huang Yuanyu , Liang Weier , Yuan Qing , Zhang Jinchao , Gao Xueyun , Su Dongdong
Published: May 2024

Activatable near‐infrared (NIR) fluorogenic probes offer a potent tool for real‐time, in situ detection of hepatic biomarkers, significantly advancing the precision in diagnosing inflammatory liver disease (ILD). However, the limited distribution of small molecule fluorogenic probes in the liver and their rapid clearance impair the accuracy of fluorescence imaging and in ILD diagnosis. In this study, an effective utilization of ionizable lipid nanoparticles (iLNPs) is presented as liver‐targeted carriers for efficient delivery of fluorogenic probes, aiming to overcome biodistribution barriers and achieve accurate detection of hepatic biomarkers. Based on this strategy, a liver‐targeted NIR fluorogenic nanoprobe hCy‐H2O2@iLNP is prepared using hCy‐H2O2 as a small molecule reporter for visualizing the over‐produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in situ of liver. Notably, iLNPs not only significantly enhance probe accumulation in the liver, but also enable sequence activation of fluorescent nanoprobes. This response is achieved through primary liposome‐dissociation release and secondary hCy‐H2O2 response with pathological H2O2, enabling high‐precision detection of oxidative stress in hepatocytes. These distinctive features facilitate accurate early diagnosis of acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced inflammatory liver injury as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced hepatitis. Therefore, the organ‐targeted nanoprobe design strategy showcasts great potential for early and accurate diagnosis of lesions in situ in different organs.
Recent Progress of Low‐Dimensional Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Aqueous Zinc‐Based Batteries
Authors: Xing Hanfang , Han Yu , Huang Xia , Zhang Chiyu , Lyu Miaoqiang , Chen Kai‐Jie , Wang Teng
Published: May 2024

Aqueous zinc‐based batteries (AZBs) are promising energy storage solutions with remarkable safety, abundant Zn reserve, cost‐effectiveness, and relatively high energy density. However, AZBs still face challenges such as anode dendrite formation that reduces cycling stability and limited cathode capacity. Recently, low‐dimensional metal‐organic frameworks (LD MOFs) and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for improving the electrochemical performance of AZBs owing to their unique morphologies, high structure tunability, high surface areas, and high porosity. However, clear guidelines for developing LD MOF‐based materials for high‐performance AZBs are scarce. In this review, the recent progress of LD MOF‐based materials for AZBs is critically examined. The typical synthesis methods and structural design strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of LD MOF‐based materials for AZBs are first introduced. The recent noteworthy research achievements are systematically discussed and categorized based on their applications in different AZB components, including cathodes, anodes, separators, and electrolytes. Finally, the limitations are addressed and the future perspectives are outlined for LD MOFs and their derivatives in AZB applications. This review provides clear guidance for designing high‐performance LD MOF‐based materials for advanced AZBs.
Linguistic response surface methodology approach to measure the quality of nonlinear frame‐pixel and bit place‐based video steganography
Authors: Samanta Sabyasachi , Roy Sudipta , Sarkar Abhijit , Jana Dipak Kumar
Published: May 2024

Steganography refers to the practice of hiding sensitive information inside seemingly unrelated data sets. Steganography in the video is one of the best methods available for hiding data without compromising the film's appearance. For improved security and compatibility, the traditional system uses different video steganography techniques with linear or precise positions. Traditional linear video steganography practices face vulnerability, a lack of security, limited embedding options, and inadequate compatibility. Here nonlinear frame(s) and pixel positions based information hiding techniques have been developed to overwhelm the following. Both the nonlinear frame positions and nonlinear pixel positions are selected for the video‐based steganography. In the beginning, the nonlinear frame positions are selected through the key and the key may be with any prescribed range and alphanumeric characters. A single or more frames may be selected through the key and that entirely depends upon the corresponding run‐through. Then the nonlinear pixel and bit positions are also selected through a similar key. The proposed method is also compared with some former techniques and gives a magnificent result. Furthermore, a security analysis of the suggested algorithm has also been conducted using the differential attack method. To validate the suggested method and ensure that it is accurate, the author of this article made use of a very specific and innovative methodology known as the linguistic response surface methodology (LRSM). This model is framed based on achieving a few steganography assessment measures like PSNR, SSIM, and MSE metric values after incorporating hidden text in various nonlinear frames' nonlinear pixel locations of the video. The analysis of the variance using LRSM for PSNR, SSIM, and MSE response reveals very substantial results with confirmation.
SiSMA‐SWMS: Signature‐based Secure Monitoring Approach for Smart Waste Monitoring Systems
Authors: Lama Radhika , Karmakar Sandip
Published: May 2024

With the speedy growth of the populace, corresponding waste also grows, notably raising greater concern about the monitoring of waste in urban areas. Although the traditional method of waste monitoring has benefited city waste management systems, it remains time‐consuming, inefficient, and detrimental to public health. This situation can be improved by integrating advanced technologies, which can significantly enhance the flexibility and performance of waste monitoring systems. However, these advanced technologies encounter numerous security challenges. In this article, we have implemented a signature‐based monitoring approach to oversee the status of smart bins. To ensure the security, robustness, and reliability of the introduced protocol, we utilized tools such as AVISPA, Scyther, the ROR model, and Mao and Boyd logic. As discussed in the informal security analysis, the introduced protocol successfully fulfills the security requirements for smart waste monitoring systems. Finally, an in‐depth comparative analysis of the related works and the introduced protocol shows that the latter provides greater security, reliability, and efficiency. As a result, the reliability and hardness of the cryptographic operations used in the introduced protocol make it secure enough to use in real‐world applications.
Novel Strategy towards Efficiency Enhancement of Flexible Optoelectronic Devices with Engineered M13 Bacteriophage
Authors: Kim Jae Ho , Kim Geonguk , Kim Sung‐Jo , Kim Yu Bhin , Kang Jae‐Wook , Choi Jin Woo , Oh Jin‐Woo , Song Myungkwan
Published: May 2024

Plasmonic nanostructures, which exhibit notable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, are a promising approach for improving the efficiency of fiber‐shaped dye‐sensitized solar cells (FDSSCs) and flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (FOLEDs). Herein, novel plasmonic nanostructure is successfully synthesized via the self‐densification of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto a genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage template. The synthesized Au NP‐M13 bio‐nanostructure show extraordinary gap‐plasmon effects and significantly enhanced LSPR properties compared to randomly dispersed Au NPs for both solid‐state FDSSCs (SS‐FDSSCs) and FOLEDs. Briefly, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) increment of 40.7% is recorded for the Au metallic NPs‐anchored M13 bacteriophage (Au NPs‐M13) enhanced SS‐FDSSCs; whereas an external quantum efficiency (EQE) increment of 47.2% is achieved for the Au NPs‐M13 enhanced FOLEDs.
Dealloying Strategies for Mesoporous AuCu Nanoparticles: Impact on Internal Metallic Structure and Electrocatalytic Performance
Authors: Nugraha Asep Sugih , Ashok Aditya , Xia Wei , Miyata Hirokatsu , M. Alshehri Saad , Ahamad Tansir , Bando Yoshio , Han Minsu , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: May 2024

Tailoring the surface structure of the mesoporous metal catalysts is pivotal for influencing both the catalytic activity and selectivity. Through the dealloying of bimetallic alloys, surface modification is achieved by dissolving unstable components, thereby forming a multitude of catalytically active sites. In this study, highly enhanced electrocatalysts are fabricated via chemical etching of mesoporous AuCu alloy nanoparticles prepared through the self‐assembly of micelles. The presence of large mesoporosity (>10 nm) with rich defect sites on the surface, along with the synergistic effect arising from the AuCu bimetallic alloy, effectively boosts electrocatalytic performance for the ethanol oxidation reaction. This strategy demonstrates a promising strategy to further enhance the catalytic performance of Au‐based mesoporous nanoparticles by eliminating the unstable metal component and refining the mesoporous structure with an abundance of various active sites.
From Dopant to Host: Solution Synthesis and Light‐Emitting Applications of Organic‐Inorganic Lanthanide‐Based Metal Halides
Authors: Bai Tianxin , Wang Qiujie , Bai Yunfei , Meng Qichao , Zhao Hongyuan , Wen Ziying , Sun Haibo , Huang Li , Jiang Junke , Huang Dan , Liu Feng , Yu William W.
Published: May 2024

The rich and unique energy level structure arising from 4fn inner shell configuration of trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln3+) renders them highly attractive for light‐emitting applications. Currently, research primarily focuses on Ln3+ doping in either traditional garnets or the recently developed perovskite phosphors. However, there have been few reports on stable phosphors crystallized with pure lanthanide elements. Herein, a universal solution‐based route to eight Ln3+‐based metal halides from the organic‐inorganic A4LnX7 family is described, where A+ =  4,4‐difluoropiperidinium (DFPD+), Ln3+ =  Nd3+, Eu3+, Ho3+, Sm3+, Tm3+, Tb3+, Yb3+, Er3+, and X− =  Cl−, Br−. Visible photoluminescence (PL) is observed from Tb3+‐, Eu3+‐, Ho3+‐, and Sm3+‐based compounds with Tb and Eu compositions exhibiting high PL quantum yields of 90–100%; Nd3+‐, Tm3+‐, Yb3+‐, and Er3+‐based crystals show fascinating near‐infrared emission. Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated with (DFPD)4TbCl7 yield characteristic emission of Tb3+, representing the first demonstration of electroluminescence from these organic‐inorganic Ln3+‐based metal halides. Moreover, these materials exhibit distinct excitation wavelength‐dependent emission after alloying with different Ln3+ ions, making them interesting for multicolor display and multilevel information encryption applications. It is foreseen that this study will open up the way to a possible design of robust optoelectronic devices based on lanthanide metal halides.
Covalent Linkages Used in Prebiotic Chemistry for RNA‐Templated Amino Acid Transfer and Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Escobar Luis
Published: May 2024

Biological translation is a universal process taking place in the ribosome. It involves the synthesis of a protein with a particular sequence from the information encoded in a messenger RNA and the amino acids carried by transfer RNAs with the assistance of specific enzymes. However, the origin of translation in the prebiotic world and, thus, in the absence of enzymes is difficult to envisage. Past and recent studies proposed different prebiotic models, following top‐down and bottom‐up approaches, for the origin and evolution of a primitive ribosome. The bottom‐up models made use of distinct covalent linkages to connect RNA strands with amino acids and peptides. In this review, I focus on the covalent linkages used in these prebiotic models: acyl phosphate mixed anhydrides, phosphoramidates and ureas. I describe their syntheses under prebiotically plausible reaction conditions, as well as include their main conventional preparation methods. I also comment on their properties and chemical stabilities in aqueous solution. Finally, I examine the functions of the described covalent linkages in prebiotic processes involving RNA‐templated amino acid transfer and peptide synthesis.
Therapeutic sequencing in inflammatory bowel disease: Determining the optimal position of vedolizumab for long‐term Crohn’s disease control using real‐world evidence
Authors: Louis Edouard , Litkiewicz Michal , Agboton Christian , Armuzzi Alessandro
Published: May 2024

Background

Several biologics are available for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease, but data to optimize their use are scarce. Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a gut‐selective anti‐lymphocyte trafficking monoclonal antibody that was approved in 2014 for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease. Based on real‐world evidence, a model was developed to examine the effect of VDZ's position in the treatment sequence on clinical outcomes.

Objective

The aim of this study was to develop a model using real‐world data to investigate how the positioning of VDZ in a sequence of biologic therapies for CD affects clinical effectiveness outcomes of quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYS), patient‐reported disease activity, and surgery rates.

Methods

A semi‐Markov sequential model was developed to identify the optimal position of VDZ in a treatment sequence that included corticosteroids (CS), two biologics, and best supportive care (BSC). Using real‐world data, three sequences were compared: VDZ as first (position), second, and last biologic (with anti‐tumor necrosis factor alpha agents adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX) and the anti‐interleukin‐12 and ‐23 agent ustekinumab (UST) as alternative biologic treatments). Published real‐world evidence informed model inputs. Vedolizumab sequences were compared and ranked based on QALYS, patient‐reported outcomes from Crohn's disease activity index scores, or proportion of patients undergoing surgery by the 10‐year time horizon for model simulation. Sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the impact of model input uncertainty.

Results

Vedolizumab as the first biologic was the optimal position for this treatment according to all criteria, including yielding the highest QALYs (5.09) versus VDZ in second (4.97) and third (4.96) biologic sequence positions in sequences containing CS, anti‐TNFα (aggregated data), UST, and BSC; 1780/2000 (89%) probabilistic simulations. In sequences containing ADA, VDZ, and UST biologics, ADA and VDZ in the first‐line biologic position yielded QALYs of 5.09 versus 5.07, respectively. Adalimumab as the first biologic was best for clinical remission.

Conclusions

This simulation model using real‐world evidence indicates that positioning VDZ or ADA as the first biologic is likely to lead to improved long‐term patient outcomes when compared to administering these treatments later or starting with IFX monotherapy.
Diffusion models as stochastic quantization in lattice field theory
Authors: Wang L. , Aarts G. , Zhou K.
Published: May 2024

Abstract

In this work, we establish a direct connection between generative diffusion models (DMs) and stochastic quantization (SQ). The DM is realized by approximating the reversal of a stochastic process dictated by the Langevin equation, generating samples from a prior distribution to effectively mimic the target distribution. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the DM can serve as a global sampler for generating quantum lattice field configurations in two-dimensional ϕ4 theory. We demonstrate that DMs can notably reduce autocorrelation times in the Markov chain, especially in the critical region where standard Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) algorithms experience critical slowing down. The findings can potentially inspire further advancements in lattice field theory simulations, in particular in cases where it is expensive to generate large ensembles.
Precision three-dimensional imaging of nuclei using recoil-free jets
Authors: Fang Shen , Ke Weiyao , Shao Ding Yu , Terry John
Published: May 2024

Abstract

In this study, we explore the azimuthal angle decorrelation of lepton-jet pairs in e-p and e-A collisions as a means for precision measurements of the three-dimensional structure of bound and free nucleons. Utilizing soft-collinear effective theory, we perform the first-ever resummation of this process in e-p collisions at NNLL accuracy using a recoil-free jet axis. Our results are validated against Pythia simulations. In e-A collisions, we address the complex interplay between three characteristic length scales: the medium length L, the mean free path of the energetic parton in the medium λ, and the hadronization length Lh. We demonstrate that in the thin-dilute limit, where L ≪ Lh and L ~ λ, this process can serve as a robust probe of the three-dimensional structure for bound nucleons. We conclude by offering predictions for future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider within this limit.
On the high-energy behavior of massive QCD amplitudes
Authors: Wang Guoxing , Xia Tianya , Yang Li Lin , Ye Xiaoping
Published: May 2024

Abstract

In this note, we propose a factorization formula for gauge-theory scattering amplitudes up to two loops in the high-energy boosted limit. Our formula extends existing results in the literature by incorporating the contributions from massive loops. We derive the new ingredients in our formula using the method of regions with analytic regulators for the rapidity divergences. We verify our results with various form factors and the scattering amplitudes for top-quark pair production. Our results can be used to obtain approximate expressions for complicated two-loop massive amplitudes from simpler massless ones, and can be used to resum the mass logarithms to all orders in the coupling constant.
Stability of saddles and choices of contour in the Euclidean path integral for linearized gravity: dependence on the DeWitt parameter
Authors: Liu Xiaoyi , Marolf Donald , Santos Jorge E.
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Due to the conformal factor problem, the definition of the Euclidean gravitational path integral requires a non-trivial choice of contour. The present work examines a generalization of a recently proposed rule-of-thumb [1] for selecting this contour at quadratic order about a saddle. The original proposal depended on the choice of an indefinite-signature metric on the space of perturbations, which was taken to be a DeWitt metric with parameter α = – 1. This choice was made to match previous results, but was otherwise admittedly ad hoc. To begin to investigate the physics associated with the choice of such a metric, we now explore contours defined using analogous prescriptions for α ≠ – 1. We study such contours for Euclidean gravity linearized about AdS-Schwarzschild black holes in reflecting cavities with thermal (canonical ensemble) boundary conditions, and we compare path-integral stability of the associated saddles with thermodynamic stability of the classical spacetimes. While the contour generally depends on the choice of DeWitt parameter α, the precise agreement between these two notions of stability found at α = – 1 continues to hold over the finite interval (– 2, – 2/d), where d is the dimension of the bulk spacetime. This agreement manifestly fails for α > – 2/d when the DeWitt metric becomes positive definite. However, we also find dramatic failures for α < – 2 that correlate with breakdowns of the de Donder-like gauge condition defined by α, and at which the relevant fluctuation operator fails to be diagonalizable. This provides criteria that may be useful in predicting metrics on the space of perturbations that give physically-useful contours in more general settings. Along the way, we also identify an interesting error in [1], though we show this error to be harmless.
QED corrections to the thermal neutrino interaction rate
Authors: Jackson G. , Laine M.
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Motivated by precision computations of neutrino decoupling at MeV temperatures, we show how QED corrections to the thermal neutrino interaction rate can be related to the electron-positron spectral function as well as an effective $$\overline{\nu }\nu \gamma $$ vertex. The spectral function is needed both in a timelike and in a spacelike domain, and for both of its physical polarization states (transverse and longitudinal with respect to spatial momentum). Incorporating an NLO evaluation of this spectral function, an estimate of the $$\overline{\nu }\nu \gamma $$ vertex, and HTL resummation of scatterings mediated by soft Bose-enhanced t-channel photons, we compute the interaction rate as a function of the neutrino momentum and flavour. Effects on the – (0 . . . 2)% level are found, noticeably smaller than a previous estimate of a related quantity.
Definitions and adverse outcomes of sarcopenia in older patients in orthopedic and trauma care: A scoping review on current evidence
Authors: Gewiess Jan , Kreuzer Sebastian , Eggimann Anna Katharina , Bertschi Dominic , Bastian Johannes Dominik
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Sarcopenia, defined as the loss of muscle mass and strength, can hinder postoperative recovery and raise mortality rates. However, the current evidence on the harmful effects of sarcopenia in older patients in orthopedic and trauma care is unclear. This scoping review investigates different definitions that were used for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in older patients in orthopedic and trauma care and what adverse consequences have been examined.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Embase, following the PRISMA guidelines. We included original studies that examined clinical outcomes (such as length of hospital stay, rate of non-home discharge, rate of subsequent falls, rate of refractures, mortality, and functional outcome/quality of life) in older patients in orthopedic and trauma care (aged 65 years and above) with diagnosed sarcopenia (S) compared to a group without sarcopenia (NS).

Results

Our search identified 2,748 publications. Out of these, 23 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most publications were from Asia (n = 13). A total of 6174 patients were examined, with a prevalence of sarcopenia in 14–92%. 11 articles focused on patients with hip joint pathologies. Most studies diagnosed sarcopenia according to the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGSOP1 or AWGSOP2) definitions (n = 10). Length of hospital stay was investigated in 13 studies. Seven studies assessed rates of non-home discharge rates. Subsequent falls were not investigated in any of the studies. 1 study reported the overall refracture rate (S: 10.4%; NS: 5.8%). Mortality was assessed in 11 studies (S: 1–60.5%; NS: 0–39.5%). The functional outcome/quality of life was investigated by 17 studies (Barthel Index decline S: -4.5 to -15.3 points; NS: -11.7 to -54.7 points).

Conclusion

Sarcopenia has been increasingly studied in older patients in orthopedic and trauma care but there is a lack of consistent definition criteria. This scoping review suggests that sarcopenia may be associated with prolonged length of stay, higher rates of non-home discharge, and increased mortality among older patients in orthopedic and trauma care. However, prospective studies are necessary to establish the relationship between sarcopenia and refractures, falls, and functional outcome/quality of life among older patients in orthopedic and trauma care.