bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CULTIVAR BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS, YIELD STABILITY AND GROUPING OF TEST LOCATIONS FOR FIELD BEAN CULTIVAR TRIALS IN ONTARIO
Authors: PARK S. J.
Published: March 2010

Yield data of six recommended cultivars grown at seven locations (L) over 6 yr (Y) in the Ontario field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar trials were analyzed to examine cultivar by environment interaction components, to determine yield stability of cultivars, and to group test locations. Cultivar (C), C × L, and C × L × Y effects were highly significant with large variance components indicating the importance of cultivar and test locations. The C × Y interaction was not significant. When yield stability was evaluated using cultivar means, regression coefficients (b), and deviations from linear regression (S2d), Ex Rico 23 was identified as being stable and potentially high yielding. Test locations were grouped into four homogeneous subareas by a biological classification method. Since breeding or recommending cultivars for four small subareas is not practical, efforts should be devoted to improving average stability and yield potential by testing at locations representative of homogeneous subareas.Key words: Bean (field), Phaseolus vulgaris, yield testing, genotype × environment interactions
TRANSFER OF COMMON BLIGHT (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli) RESISTANCE FROM Phaseolus coccineus Lam. TO P. vulgaris L. THROUGH INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Authors: PARK S. J. , DHANVANTARI B. N.
Published: March 2010

Four interspecific backcross populations derived from hybridizations between Phaseolus vulgaris × (P. vulgaris × P. coccineus) were produced to transfer common blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli) resistance from a blight–resistant accession of P. coccineus to P. vulgaris white bean cultivars and to determine the association between blight resistance and some agronomic characteristics. Frequency distribution of leaf blight resistance ratings in the BCF2 and BCF3 generations and of percent pod blight infection in the BCF3 generation appeared to be continuous, ranging between the respective parental resistance reactions. This indicated that the transfer of common blight resistance from P. coccineus to P. vulgaris was feasible. Scores for leaf and pod blight were not associated indicating differential blight resistance reactions of the two plant organs. Leaf blight was negatively correlated with days to blossom but was not correlated with growth habit and pod set except for one cross in which leaf blight and pod set were associated. Percent pod blight was negatively correlated with days to blossom in two crosses. Pod blight was not associated with growth habit and pod set except for one cross in which it was associated with pod set. Days to blossom and pod set were associated. Implications of these findings in the breeding of blight resistant white bean cultivars are discussed.Key words: Interspecific crosses, Phaseolus coccineus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Xanthomonas campestris pv phaseoli, common blight, correlation
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 77.Veratrum viride Ait.
Authors: MULLIGAN GERALD A. , MUNRO DEREK B.
Published: March 2010

This paper provides a summary of biological data on Veratrum viride Ait., false hellebore. It is a herbaceous perennial, native to wet habitats in North America. Subspecies viride occurs primarily in eastern Canada and subspecies eschscholtzii (A. Gray) Löve and Löve in the west. Both subspecies have the chromosome number of n = 16, 2n = 32. Ingested material of false hellebore is poisonous to humans and livestock.Key words: False hellebore, Veratrum viride Ait., weed biology
MITCHELL FIELD BEAN
Authors: PARK S. J. , AYLESWORTH J. W.
Published: March 2010

Mitchell is an early-maturing, high-yielding bush, white (navy or pea) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with the same maturity but 4% higher yield than Seafarer. It outyields OAC Seaforth by about 8% and is 1 d earlier in maturity. The disease reaction of Mitchell is the same as for Seafarer. Its main advantage is its yield performance as an early-maturing cultivar.Key words: Cultivar description, bean, dry edible (white, navy or pea), earliness
TOLERANCE OF COLUMBIA JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE TO SELECTIVE HERBICIDES
Authors: WALL D. A. , KIEHN F. A. , FRIESEN G. H.
Published: March 2010

Columbia Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) exhibited satisfactory tolerance to preplant incorporated applications of ethalfluralin, trifluralin, pendimethalin, EPTC and chloramben in field experiments conducted from 1983 to 1985. Applications of metribuzin resulted in chlorosis and necrosis of leaf margins, and reduced plant height. Yield of tubers did not differ significantly between the hand-weeded and the weedy check plots indicating a high tolerance of Jerusalem artichoke to weed interference.Key words: Helianthus tuberosus L., weed control, crop tolerance, tuber yield
FALSE CLEAVERS (Galium spurium L.) COMPETITION AND CONTROL IN RAPESEED
Authors: MALIK N. , BORN W. H. VANDEN
Published: March 2010

False cleavers (Galium spurium L.) sown within a week of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) competed with the crop and contaminated the crop seed even when infestation was light. Competition by an infestation of 100 false cleavers m−2 throughout the growing season reduced rapeseed yield by 18%. Trifluralin and ethalfluralin controlled 80–90% of false cleavers, but survivors produced sufficient seeds to contaminate the crop. Selectivity and 85% control were achieved with benazolin amine at 0.5 kg ha−1, but the EC formulation injured the crop.Key words: Galium spurium L., rapeseed, competition, control
EFFECT OF NUMBER OF PASSES WITH A ROLLER-APPLICATOR USING DILUTE HERBICIDE SOLUTIONS ON CONTROL OF BRUSH REGROWTH IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: WADDINGTON JOHN , BITTMAN SHABTAI
Published: March 2010

Experiments to control regrowth of aspen poplar (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and willow (Salix spp.) were conducted. Applying increased amounts of several herbicide mixtures (2,4-D alone, 2,4-D + picloram (9:1 active ingredient ratio) and glyphosate) by passing a roller-applicator several times in different directions produced damage approximately in proportion to the number of passes made. At the rates used the three herbicide mixtures were equally effective on aspen poplar, but willow showed a better recovery the year following treatment with glyphosate.Key words: Poplar, willow, 2,4-D, picloram, glyphosate, roller-applicator
EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES AND THEIR APPLICATION TIME ON ALFALFA FORAGE PRODUCTION
Authors: WADDINGTON JOHN
Published: March 2010

Dichlobenil at 2 kg ha−1 yearly increased alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. ’Beaver’) forage yield by 17% over 4 yr, and controlled narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard (Crepis tectorum L.) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber). Terbacil increased forage yield by 5% in spite of damage to the alfalfa immediately after application in spring and at 2 kg ha−1 suppressed growth of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.). 2,4-D controlled only narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard, damaged alfalfa moderately to severely, reduced yields, but increased forage protein and phosphorus levels some of the time. There were no significant differences in yield between fall and spring applications of herbicides.Key words: Alfalfa, simazine, 2,4-D, dichlobenil, terbacil, napropamide
EFFECTS OF CULTURAL SYSTEMS AND HARVESTING TECHNIQUES ON THE PRODUCTION OF STRAWBERRIES FOR PROCESSING
Authors: DALE A. , GRAY V. P. , MILES N. W.
Published: March 2010

Field and decapping performance were compared for two strawberry clones, the cultivar Midway and the selection Vineland (V) 6747R-6, grown in solid beds or in matted rows and harvested either once-over by hand or by machine or by multiple harvests involving both hand and machine. Yields, which were related to crown numbers, were higher and fruit sizes were lower from the solid beds compared to the matted rows. Within each cultural system, yields were higher from the once-over hand and multiple harvests than from once-over machine harvests. A similar proportion of decapped fruit for a frozen product was obtained by mechanical decapping from the two systems. A greater proportion was obtained from multiple harvests of the matted rows than by other harvest treatments in that system or by any of the treatments in the solid bed system. From all systems and treatments, Midway gave higher yields and more decapped fruit than V6747R-6.Key words: Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa, yield, machine harvest, solid beds, matted rows
EFFETS A LONG TERME DE L’ENRICHISSEMENT CARBONÉ SUR LA TOMATE DE SERRE CULTIVÉE AVEC OU SANS ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT
Authors: YELLE SERGE , GOSSELIN ANDRE , TRUDEL MARC-J.
Published: March 2010

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vedettos’) was grown under three different concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (330, 900 and 1500 ppm) and two lighting intensities (natural and natural plus 30 W m−2 (PAR)) provided by high-pressure sodium lights (HPS). Results show a reduction in CO2 efficiency after eight weeks of enrichment. The higher the CO2 concentration, the more serious is this reduction. Our results show the potential of CO2 enrichment and supplementary lighting as well as their synergetic effect on productivity (yield increases of 32, 73 and 122%, respectively). Supplementary lighting does not compensate for the reduction of CO2 efficiency. Concentrations of 900 and 1500 ppm increased the plants’ water-use efficiency.Key words: Carbon dioxide, tomato, greenhouse, growth, yield
CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS IN TWO Cuphea SPECIES
Authors: CAMPBELL T. A.
Published: March 2010

Presoaked (24 h at 20 °C) seeds of Cuphea tolucana Peyr. and C. wrightii A. Gray were treated with mutagens at 20 °C in two experiments. Experiment 1 treatments were: distilled water (DW), 0.05 M PO4 buffer (pH 7), 0.01 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) (each applied for 8 h), 0.02 M EMS (applied for 4 h), 0.04 EMS M, 0.08 M EMS, or 0.16 M EMS (each applied for 2 h). Experiment 2 treatments were: DW, 0.1 M PO4 buffer (pH 3), 0.0005 M sodium azide (SA), 0.001 M SA, or 0.002 M SA (each applied for 2 h). None of the treatments had significant effects on emergence and height of M1 plants nor were any macro-mutations noted in the M2 generations. In a third experiment, DW, 0.04 M EMS, or 0.001 M SA were applied for 2 h at 30 °C to presoaked (48 or 72 h at 30 °C) seeds of C. tolucana and C. wrightii. Compared to EMS, SA had deleterious effects on height in the M1, emergence was better for C. tolucana than for C. wrightii, and C. wrightii plants grew taller after a 72-h pre-soak than after a 48-h presoak. M2 progenies were evaluated in the field. None of the presoak-treatment combinations increased variation significantly in several quantitative characters, no macro-mutations were detected in C. wrightii, but a fertile, small-leaved, decumbent mutant with very short internodes was noted in C. tolucana. Mutation rates were greatest for the 72 h presoak-EMS combination.Key words: Cuphea tolucana, Cuphea wrightii, ethyl methanesulfonate, sodium azide, medium-chain triglycerides, lauric acid
RELATIONSHIPS OF MATURITY, HEIGHT AND MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS WITH WHOLE-PLANT YIELD AND DIGESTIBILITY OF BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: BARON V. S. , KIBITE SOLOMON
Published: March 2010

Eight six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines were used to study the relationship of whole-plant dry matter yield (WPY), whole-plant digestible yield (WPDY) and percent in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVDOM) with plant height, maturity, grain and leaf content at the time of maximum WPY. The study was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta during 1983 and 1984. Whole-plant harvests were initiated at the 50% heading stage of individual lines and continued for seven consecutive weeks. WPY and WPDY attained maximum levels at identical harvest times after heading in all lines and years. In 1983 all lines, and in 1984, six of eight lines attained maximum WPY at the same time postheading (fourth and third harvest in 1983 and 1984, respectively). WPY and WPDY were significantly correlated with days from planting to time of maximum yield (TMY) in both years. Partial coefficients of determination from stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the effect of days from planting until TMY > plant height > days to heading on WPY. The effect of days from planting until TMY > plant height > IVDOM > days to heading on WPDY, and the effect leaf content was more important than any other variable on IVDOM. It was concluded that late-maturing, tall barley lines having a high leaf content were most likely to produce high WPDY and hence be advantageous for utilization as whole-plant barley forage.Key words: Barley, whole-plant, digestibility, maturity, height
GENETICS OF SEED COLOR IN REED CANARYGRASS, Phalaris arundinacea L.
Authors: KNOWLES R. P.
Published: March 2010

A yellow-seeded mutant of reed canarygrass was crossed with normal black-seeded plants and F2 and test-cross populations observed for seed color. Disomic inheritance was postulated with two recessive genes y1 and y2 being responsible for yellow seed color. Black-seeded plants were designated Y1Y1Y2Y2 although in two black-seeded plants one locus appeared heterozygous, i.e. Y1y1Y2Y2, thereby suggesting that the alleles for yellow seed may occur quite frequently in this species.Key words: Reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L., seed color, disomic inheritance, genetics
METSULFURON USE IN BARLEY AND RESIDUAL EFFECT ON SUCCEEDING CROPS
Authors: IVANY J. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments conducted over 4 yr (1982–1985) determined the efficacy of metsulfuron for use in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Volla’) and effects of herbicide residues on crops grown the next season. Barley tolerated metsulfuron at rates up to 72 g a.i. ha−1 with no significant effects on yield but 1000-kernel weight was significantly reduced in two of the three barley crops grown. Control of lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) and low cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.) was acceptable and that of corn spurry (Spergula arvensis L.) and shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) better than the standard MCPA amine treatment. There was no significant effect on marketable and total yield of rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) or potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and none on total yield of silage corn (Zea mays L.) when each was grown the season after metsulfuron use. Reductions in corn root growth were noted in bioassay tests as late as 120 d after metsulfuron application but the lack of effects on yields of succeeding crops would indicate that the remaining residues were broken down or diluted by plowing and working the soil.Key words: Metsulfuron, barley, potato, rutabaga, silage corn, persistence
EFFET DE LA PRESENCE DE LA FLEOLE DES PRES SUR LA SURVIE A L’HIVER DU TREFLE ROUGE
Authors: BELZILE LUCIUS
Published: March 2010

The influence of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) on winter survival of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was studied in an experiment conducted in 1984–1985 and repeated in 1985–1986. The results indicate that the presence of timothy can help to improve red clover persistence. When the winter was favorable to the survival of legumes, the red clover population was higher in pure than in mixtured clover populations. However, when the winter was unfavorable to legumes, the red clover population was higher in populations mixed with timothy than in a pure clover population.Key words: Red clover-timothy mixture, winter survival, stand, yield
ECONOMICS OF N FERTILIZATION OF BROMEGRASS FOR HAY IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: MALHI S. S. , BARON V. S. , McBEATH D. K.
Published: March 2010

Yield data from N fertilizer response experiments involving bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) at four locations in central Alberta were fitted to quadratic regression equations. The marginal yield response to fertilizer N and the economic optimum N rates varied with soil climatic zones, being lowest at Botha, an area of low rainfall. Intensive management of grass-type hays appears most economical in the moist compared to dry areas.Key words: Bromus inermis, economics, hay, nitrogen fertlizer
FROST TOLERANCE OF WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY, CANOLA AND MUSTARD AND THE ROLE OF ICE-NUCLEATING BACTERIA
Authors: GUSTA L. V. , O’CONNOR B. J.
Published: March 2010

Each year in western Canada, millions of dollars are lost in crop production due to untimely spring and fall frosts. For example, on 11 June 1985 and 6 June 1986, frosts of −7 and −6 °C, occurred in Saskatchewan. From Saskatoon North, on 13 Aug. 1979 a frost of −6 to −8 °C completely devastated all unripe crops. The seeding of frost-sensitive crops such as canola and mustard must be delayed in certain areas to avoid spring frosts. This results in a yield reduction and a delay in maturity which, in turn, can result in crop loss due to fall frosts. If seeding is delayed to avoid killing frosts, early-maturing, lower yielding varieties must be sown. In addition to reducing yield, frosts may induce lesions which provide a means of infection by bacteria and fungi. Fall frosts may result in either a complete loss or reduced quality. Frosted wheat may not be suitable for milling and is often graded as feed. Frost at the soft dough stage can result in poor seed germination which makes seed unacceptable for registration. Fall frosts result in green seeds which are unacceptable to the crushers because green oil is produced. Certain spring crops such as wheat, barley and oats possess a certain degree of frost hardiness. Some of our current cultivars can withstand a frost of −5° to −7 °C with little or no apparent injury. The current cultivars of canola and mustard cannot tolerate −4 °C of frost in the cotyledon stage without being severely injured or killed.Key words: Frost tolerance, wheat, oat, barley, canola, mustard
GALL-INDUCING CYNIPID WASPS ATTACKING Rosa rugosa
Authors: SHORTHOUSE JOSEPH D.
Published: March 2010

Galls of two cynipid wasps are becoming increasingly common on the shrub rose, Rosa rugosa Thunb., and its hybrids in gardens of Ontario cities. Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead), found naturally in Ontario on Rosa blanda Ait., induces large stem galls, whereas Diplolepis radicum (Osten Sacken), found naturally in Ontario on Rosa acicularis Lindl., induces large root galls. One or two galls per plant appear to cause little damage; however, dead branches with 10–15 stem galls and hedges stunted by large root galls have been found.Key words: Rosa rugosa, Diplolepis spinosa, Diplolepis radicum, stem gall, root gall, host damage
FIRST 18 YEARS OF A LONG-TERM CROP ROTATION STUDY IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN – YIELDS, GRAIN PROTEIN, AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
Authors: ZENTNER R. P. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of rotation length, crop sequence, and N and P fertilizers on yield, grain quality, and economic performance of 10 crop rotations in an ongoing experiment conducted on a Brown Chernozemic silty loam soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan are discussed after the first 18 yr. When N and P fertilizers were applied based on soil tests, yields of wheat grown on fallow were similar for the 2-yr and 3-yr wheat rotations (1905 kg ha−1). Yields of wheat grown on N- and P-fertilized stubble were also similar whether grown in 3-yr or continuous rotations (1379 kg ha−1). Stubble wheat yields were unaffected by the preceding crop, except when following flax in a continuous-type rotation where it was suppressed due to moisture competition from weeds. Fertilizer N had no affect on yields of wheat grown on fallow because little N was required or applied; but yields of wheat grown on stubble were increased 7% when grown in a 3-yr rotation and 17% when grown continuously. Application of P fertilizer increased fallow and stubble wheat yields by 11–12%. In contrast to seeded area yields, total wheat production was lowest for the fallow-wheat rotation (949 kg ha−1 yr−1), intermediate for fallow-wheat-wheat (1105 kg ha−1 yr−1), and highest for wheat grown continuously (1354 kg ha−1 yr−1). Protein concentrations in wheat grown on fallow were similar in the 2-yr and 3-yr wheat rotations and were generally higher than that found in wheat grown on stubble, except when wheat was grown on flax stubble. Fallow-wheat was the most profitable rotation when wheat prices were below $130.00 t−1. At wheat prices between $130.00 and $160.00 t−1, the fallow-wheat and fallow-wheat-wheat rotations provided the highest and about equal net return; between wheat prices of $160.00 and $275.00 t−1, fallow-wheat-wheat provided the highest net return while continuous wheat provided the highest net return for wheat prices above $275.00 t−1. The cost of producing wheat was lowest for fallow-wheat ($88.00 t−1), intermediate for fallow-wheat-wheat ($94.00 t−1), and highest for continuous wheat ($138.00 t−1). Income variability and risk of financial loss decreased as the proportion of fallow in the rotation increased.Key words: Crop rotations, protein, fertilizer effects, net returns, costs, income variability
EVALUATION OF SPRING BARLEYS FOR REACTION TO Fusarium culmorum SEEDLING BLIGHT AND ROOT ROT
Authors: GREY WILLIAM E. , MATHRE DONALD E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of Fusarium seedling blight and root rot, caused by Fusarium culmorum, on plant emergence, harvestable tillers, grain yield and disease reaction in 12 spring barley cultivars were studied in greenhouse and field experiments at Bozeman, Mt. in 1984 and 1985. Atomization of F. culmorum macroconidia onto seed increased disease severity in greenhouse seedlings and mature plants in the field as compared with noninoculated seed. In the inoculated treatments the mean disease rating, based upon the extent of discoloration of the seedling coleoptile or the mature plant subcrown internode, differentiated resistant and susceptible two- and six-rowed cultivars. Among the 12 cultivars, seedling and mature plant disease reactions were not correlated. In 1985 field tests, F. culmorum inoculation reduced the plant emergence of all two-rowed, but only one six-rowed cultivar. Plant emergence in 1985 field tests was negatively correlated with greenhouse seedling and field mature plant disease reactions. To remove the effects of stand reduction by inoculation and determine the subsequent effect of infection on grain yield, the plant stand of a control treatment was hand-thinned to equal that of the inoculated treatment. Generally, F. culmorum inoculation had no effect on harvestable tillers or grain yield when compared with the hand-thinned control. The ease with which seed can be inoculated with the pathogen makes this technique a useful tool in evaluating the ability of a genotype to compensate for stand reduction and to tolerate root rot infection.Key words: Disease tolerance, dryland root rot
PROLONGED FREEZING OF DARK-HARDENED SEEDLINGS FOR RATING AND SELECTION OF WINTER WHEATS FOR WINTER SURVIVAL ABILITY
Authors: THOMAS J. B. , SCHAALJE G. B. , ROBERTS D. W. A.
Published: March 2010

Winter survival ability is an important trait in cultivars of winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) bred for cold climates; however, it is laborious to measure accurately under field conditions. This report evaluates a simple artificial freezing procedure as a screening test for winter survival ability. Duration of survival of germinating seedlings of wheat cultivars germinated and hardened in a dark cabinet (8 wk at +0.75 °C) and frozen for long periods also in the dark (up to 12 wk at −10 °C) correlated closely (r = 0.9) with winter survival ability in the field. The cultivar Norstar was fully vernalized on completion of the test but Sundance was not. Extra exposure to vernalizing conditions may therefore be necessary to obtain seed from all survivors. Freezing for 2 wk at −5 °C following 7 wk at +0.75 °C increased the duration of cold resistance at −10 °C but did not improve the prediction of winter survival ability in the field, nor did it complete the vernalization of Sundance.Key words: Cold resistance, frost resistance, winter hardiness
ASSESSING THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CRUCIFER SEEDLINGS TO FLEA BEETLE (Phyllotreta spp.) DAMAGE
Authors: LAMB R. J.
Published: March 2010

A 5-yr field study to develop a method for assessing the susceptibility of crucifer seedlings to damage by the flea beetles Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) and Phyllotreta striolata (F.) is described. The recommended method consisted of five replicate 5-m rows per cultivar in a randomized complete-block design. Each test was sown three times at weekly intervals, to assure that at least one test received an appropriate level of flea beetle damage. Each test was assessed 4–5 wk after seeding by counting the number of surviving seedlings in each row and by weighing the dried aboveground portion of 10 randomly selected seedlings, although the latter discriminated fewer lines. The damage caused by flea beetles varied spatially, but this source of variation was minor and did not compromise the tests. This method proved adequate for discriminating among crucifer species and agronomically similar cultivars, some of which showed consistent, significant differences in their responses to flea beettle damage.Key words: Crucifer, rapeseed, flea beetle, pest resistance
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE AND YIELD OF ALFALFA
Authors: BUCK D. C. , COHEN R. D. H. , CHRISTENSEN D. A.
Published: March 2010

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) were evaluated with regard to alfalfa quality parameters: acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, crude protein (CP), calcium, phosphorus and dry matter (DM) yield. PGRs mefluidide and chlormequat were applied 28 and 49 d after initiation of alfalfa spring growth in 112 and 225 L ha−1 of water, whereas maleic hydrazide, ancymidol, paclobutrazol, daminozide, dicamba, 2,4-DB, MCPB, flamprop methyl, carbofuran, accel and ethephon were applied 28 d after initiation of alfalfa spring growth in 112 L ha−1 water. Alfalfa ADF, NDF and lignin were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in some trials by mefluidide, chlormequat, maleic hydrazide, dicamba, carbofuran and accel. Ancymidol and daminozide significantly (P < 0.05) increased fiber content and ancymidol significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the CP level. Carbofuran significantly increased CP (P < 0.05), calcium (P < 0.05) and phosphorus (P < 0.01). Mefluidide had significant (P < 0.05) effects on calcium and DM yield, but the nature of these responses was not consistent. Rate of mefluidide applied and time of application had significant (P < 0.05) effects on CP values. A large environment-PGR interaction was indicated.Key words: Mefluidide, chlormequat, maleic hydrazide, ancymidol, dicamba, carbofuran
EFFECT OF GRAZING ON GROWTH, CARBOHYDRATE POOLS, AND MYCORRHIZAE IN WINTER WHEAT
Authors: TRENT J. D. , WALLACE L. L. , SVEJCAR T. J. , CHRISTIANSEN S.
Published: March 2010

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was either subjected to fall grazing or left ungrazed and was examined the following spring for above and below ground growth, carbohydrate pools, and root length colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). Root colonization by VAM occurred in both grazed and ungrazed winter wheat during reproductive growth (late spring). Prior to May, low soil temperatures apparently inhibited VAM colonization. Percent VAM colonization did not differ between treatments during reproductive growth, but root length per unit of soil volume was reduced by grazing, resulting in a greater colonized root length for ungrazed plants. Grazing reduced total carbohydrate pools. Although grazing and VAM colonization were separated in time, a grazing effect on colonization was evident. Colonization may be governed by the wheat plant’s ability to recover from grazing during the period prior to VAM spore germination. Although grazed plants gained more carbon during reproductive growth, the gain was not sufficient to overcome the grazing induced carbon limitation, as grain yields and VAM root length density were reduced by 16 and 38%, respectively.Key words: Wheat (winter), grazing, mycorrhizae, carbohydrates
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 84. Oenothera biennis L.
Authors: HALL IVAN V. , STEINER ERICH , THREADGILL PAUL , JONES RICHARD W.
Published: March 2010

Oenothera biennis L., the common evening-primrose, is a widespread weed of roadside and waste places commonly occuring on light sandy or gravelly soils where competition is limited. The species is native to North America and, although occurring in all 10 Canadian provinces, is more common in the east than in the west. The chief factor contributing to its success as a weed is the ability to tolerate drought. A winter annual or facultative biennial, it flowers and bears seed only once in a lifetime. The small, irregularly shaped seeds have a high oil content, and contain γ linolenic acid, an uncommon fatty acid of pharmaceutical value. Oenothera biennis is a true-breeding translocation heterozygote composed of two genomes (complexes) differing genetically as well as in chromosomal end arrangement. Populations of O. biennis consist of numerous inbreeding lines, between which limited hybridization may occur.Key words: Common evening-primrose, Oenothera biennis, weed biology, population structure
LAURA HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: DEPAUW R. M. , TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F. , McCAIG T. N. , CLARKE J. M.
Published: March 2010

Laura hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) combines higher grain yield than currently registered cultivars with very good bread-making properties. Laura has resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici and stem rust caused by P. graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and E. Henn. It was registered on 23 December 1986. Breeder seed of Laura will be maintained by Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description
EFFECT OF MATRIC AND OSMOTIC SUCTION ON THE EMERGENCE OF WHEAT AND BARLEY
Authors: HAO X. , JONG E. DE
Published: March 2010

Total emergence of wheat and barley was not affected my matric and osmotic suctions up to 0.5 and 0.9 MPa, respectively. Above 1.5 MPa matric suction, seeds germinated but did not emerge. Emergence rate decreased with increasing matric and osmotic suctions, except at high suctions where the reverse was observed.Key words: Emergence, osmotic suction, matric suction, wheat, barley
ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN THREE PLANT PARTS AT FOUR GROWTH STAGES IN WHEAT BY NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE
Authors: NOAMAN M. M. , TAYLOR G. A. , MCGUIRE C. F.
Published: March 2010

Near Infrared Reflectance was examined to be used as a technique of estimating protein concentration in the head, flag leaf, and peduncle of Newana, hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at four growth stages. The plant samples were taken from a field experiment including three N levels. The standard Kjeldahl method was used to estimate protein concentration in these plant parts. Protein concentration in these samples ranged from 2.7% in the peduncle to 16.7% in the flag leaf. The NIR was calibrated using these plant parts. Using 3 of 19 available filters the R2 for the calibration between Kjeldahl and NIR was 0.98. The validity of the NIR calibration was tested using an independent set of plant parts of winter wheat taken at three growth stages. The r2 obtained between Kjeldahl and NIR was highly significant. It was concluded that NIR provides an accurate, rapid, and economical technique for estimating protein concentration in aerial plant tissues. This should facilitate the screening of wheats for genotypic variation in aerial plant protein.Key words: Wheat, Kjeldahl N, protein translocation, protein estimation, Triticum aestivum L.
"DEFEATED" Rps1 GENE IN SOYBEAN
Authors: ANDERSON T.R. , BUZZELL R.I.
Published: March 2010

Field testing of 10 backcross-derived Rps1Rps1 cultivars/lines of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and their recurrent rps1rps1 cultivars in the presence of compatible races of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea showed no residual effects of race-specific resistance on tolerance of soybean to the disease.Key words: Soybean, race-specific resistance, tolerance, phytophthora rot
SOME GROWTH REGULATOR EFFECTS ON THE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF APPLE LEAVES AND STEMS
Authors: LAREAU M. J.
Published: March 2010

The growth regulators SADH, CCC, TIBA and CEPA affected sorbitol, sugars and starch content of leaf and stem tissues of young McIntosh apple trees. CEPA and TIBA decreased the carbohydrate content of leaves and stems, respectively, when sampled during the summer, whereas CEPA, TIBA and CCC increased stem carbohydrates at the end of the growing season.Key words: Growth regulators, growth retardants, sorbitol, sugars, carbohydrates, apple trees
ANTHOCYANIN, AGLYCONE AND AGLYCONE-SUGAR CONTENT OF THE FRUITS OF FIVE SPECIES OF Vaccinium SECTION Myrtillus
Authors: BALLINGTON J. R. , BALLINGER W. E. , MANESS E. P. , LUBY J. J.
Published: March 2010

HPLC analysis of fruit from the blueberry species Vaccinium chamissonis, V. deliciosum, V. membranaceum and V. ovalifolium identified the 3-monoarabinosides, 3-monogalactosides, and 3-monoglucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin and petunidin. Vaccinium parvifolium only contained cyanidins, and was very high in cyanidin-3-galactoside (88.7%). Vaccinium membranaceum was also high in cyanidins and cyanidin-3-galactoside. Differences in the relative percentages of galactose, cyanidins and in particular cyanidin-3-galactoside supported current designations of these two taxa as valid species and distinguished them from the other three. Differences in anthocyanin or aglycone percentages were not useful in distinguishing V. deliciosum from V. chamissonis and V. ovalifolium; however, differences in aglycone-sugars were. The similarities among V. chamissonis (2n = 2X = 24) and V. ovalifolium (2n = 4X = 48) support their previous designation as a probably polyploid series.Key words: HPLC, blueberry, chemotaxonomy, taxonomy, biosystematics
THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FUMIGANTS, NITROGEN, PLASTIC MULCH AND METALAXYL ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF YOUNG APPLE TREES IN APPLE REPLANT DISEASE SOIL
Authors: JENSEN PAUL , BUSZARD DEBORAH
Published: March 2010

Postplanting weekly or biweekly applications of metalaxyl at 0.312 mg or 0.600 mg a.i. L−1 soil were as effective as steam sterilization in controlling apple replant disease (ARD) symptoms in greenhouse studies. Growth improvements obtained with metalaxyl suggest that Oomycetes may be involved in ARD in Quebec. In orchard trials plastic mulch, as a cultural treatment, was found to be as effective as methyl bromide, chloropicrin and formalin against ARD; metalaxyl, Vorlex and nitrogen were found to be less effective.Key words: Replant, apple, Malus pumila Mill., Pythium, mulch
EFFECTS OF LIGHT SPECTRAL QUALITY ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY TOMATO
Authors: TREMBLAY N. , GASIA M.-C. , FERAUGE M.-Th. , GOSSELIN A. , TRUDEL M. J.
Published: March 2010

Young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Duranto’) were grown in a controlled environment under three light sources. The plants were fertilized with nutrient solutions containing either 45Ca, 86Rb, 59Fe or 54Mn. Calcium uptake increased significantly under white deluxe and grow-lux lamps as compared to high-pressure sodium, while Rb uptake was higher under gro-lux lamps. No significant differences in uptake were obtained for Fe or Mn among light sources.Key words: Tomato, Isotope, Mineral uptake, Light quality
BLACK SPECK IN CAULIFLOWER
Authors: LOUGHTON ARTHUR , RIEKELS JERALD W.
Published: March 2010

During the warm weather of early fall in southern Ontario, Snowball types of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) developed black lesions (0.5–4 mm) in the interior of the curd. The lack of a pathogen and the collapse of cells in a lesion indicate that the disorder is physiological.Key words: Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L., anatomy, physiological disorder
DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND REDISTRIBUTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN IN WHEAT
Authors: McMULLAN PATRICK M. , McVETTY PETER B. E. , URQUHART AILEEN A.
Published: March 2010

Dry matter and nitrogen (nitrate and reduced) accumulation and redistribution in four different spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown at field density were studied on a plant part and whole plant basis over the growing season for 2 yr. The four cultivars displayed significant differences in plant part and total plant dry matter, harvest index, nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen translocated values at most sample dates in both years. Grain yield was highly correlated with dry matter accumulation (r = 0.88**), while grain nitrogen content was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content (r = 0.95**). Nitrogen harvest index and plant nitrogen content were correlated at anthesis (r = 0.61**), while, as a consequence of this, the amount of nitrogen translocated was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content at anthesis (r = 0.87**). Nitrogen harvest index and harvest index were highly correlated (r = 0.83**), indicating that they may be related processes. Since plant dry matter and plant nitrogen content were not significantly correlated, it should be possible to select simultaneously for these traits to effect grain yield and grain nitrogen content increases on a per-plant basis. Further research will have to be done to determine how these changes will relate to grain nitrogen concentrations and grain yield per unit area.Key words: Wheat, dry matter, nitrogen, yield, protein, Triticum aestivum L.
UTILIZATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE TO ASSESS KERNEL COLOR AND ITS INHERITANCE IN ELEVEN SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: PAUW R. M. DE , McCAIG T. N.
Published: March 2010

White kernel color in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is preferred for the principal foods made from wheat in some countries. In general white-kernelled wheats have a shorter dormancy period than red-kernelled wheats and, therefore, are subject to greater levels of preharvest sprouting damage caused by wet weather. In many countries kernel color serves as the basis for segregating grain into classes. Kernel coat color is controlled by up to three genes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) to enhance kernel color and thereby to facilitate distinguishing between red colored kernels and white ones in wheat populations segregating for kernel color. Six two-way crosses, with five of them made in reciprocal, a single backcross and a three-way cross were made to produce populations segregating for kernel color. A one-molar NaOH solution with 0.1% surfactant was applied to kernels of parents, F1, and several segregating generations. Kernel color reaction to NaOH was under maternal inheritance. The intensity of kernel color reaction to NaOH tended to be related to the number of genes for kernel color.Key words: Triticum aestivum, kernel color, sodium hydroxide, inheritance
RESISTANCE TO ALTERNATING FREEZE AND THAW STRESSES IN WHEAT, RYE, TRITICALE AND FOXTAIL BARLEY
Authors: BOLDUC R. , COMEAU A. , COUTURE L. , ST-PIERRE C. A.
Published: March 2010

One local biotype of foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), seven cultivars of rye (Secale cereale), three cultivars of triticale (X Tritico-secale) and 14 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were tested for their resistance to alternating freeze and thaw stresses in an unheated greenhouse in winter. Foxtail barley maintained 95% survival after five freeze-thaw cycles. Most rye cultivars were also significantly superior to all other cereals. Survival of all wheat and triticale cultivars ranged from 10 to 50% after four cycles; several had 0% survival after five cycles. Data from this test correlated significantly with survival notes collected in the Quebec regional trials of winter cereals. The freeze-thaw screening test could be a useful tool for cereal breeders in Eastern Canada.Key words: Freeze, thaw, wheat, rye, triticale, foxtail barley
FIELD EVALUATION ON NONSALINE SOILS OF A SOMACLONAL VARIANT OF McGREGOR FLAX SELECTED FOR SALT TOLERANCE IN VITRO
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , McHUGHEN A. , McONIE C.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments, comparing the performance of a tissue-culture-derived salt-tolerant selection (STS) of McGregor flax (Linum usitatissimum) with the cultivars McGregor, Linott, Noralta, NorLin and NorMan, were sown at three nonsaline locations in Saskatchewan in 1984 and 1985. The salient feature of this experiment was the dissimilarity of STS to its parent, McGregor. STS yielded less, was earlier to bolt, flower and mature, and had larger seeds with a lower oil content than McGregor. The yield of STS was similar to other early-maturing cultivars under test.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, somaclonal variation, seed yield
GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT OF DEVELOPING RAPESEED (Brassica napus L. ’Midas’) SEEDLINGS
Authors: McGREGOR D. I.
Published: March 2010

The content of aliphatic, aromatic and indole glucosinolates were measured in the roots, hypocotyl, cotyledons and leaves of the high glucosinolate Brassica napus cultivar Midas over the first 10–14 d after seeding. For seedlings grown in light from emergence, glucosinolate content declined slightly then increased. Increase in the indole glucosinolate content of the shoot (hypocotyl and cotyledons) was caused by an increase in 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate. When seedlings were confined to darkness for either 6 or 10 d after seeding, 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate did not increase. The content of 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl the dominant glucosinolate in the seed, declined in both light and dark grown seedlings. The individual glucosinolates in different parts of the seedling appeared to vary independently and to be related to development of specific organs or tissues. The complexity and relative rapidity with which amounts of the individual glucosinolates changed suggests the existence of an intricate metabolic control.Key words: Rapeseed, Brassica napus L., Cruciferae, glucosinolate, seedling development
INFLUENCE OF SINGLE STRAINS AND A COMMERCIAL MIXTURE OF Bradyrhizobium japonicum ON GROWTH, NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND NODULATION OF TWO EARLY-MATURING SOYBEAN CULTIVARS
Authors: BAILEY L. D.
Published: March 2010

Seven single strains and a commercial mixture of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were evaluated in association with two early-maturing Canadian soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars, Maple Presto and Maple Amber. Inoculated and uninoculated plants were grown in pails outdoors. Soil temperature at 15 cm depth was monitored throughout the experiment. At the V2, V3, R2 and R4 growth stages, whole plants were removed from the pails. Nodules were counted and weighed; roots and tops were separated, weighed and analyzed for total nitrogen. Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains 61A148, 61A196, 61A194 and 61A155 were similar in effectiveness, but superior to strains 61A124a, 61A118b, 61A101c and the commercial mixture in earliness of nodule formation, number and weight of nodules per plant, and in promoting greater root and top growth and plant nitrogen accumulation. There were indications that soil temperature may have affected nodulation. Maple Amber showed the greater potential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. This cultivar supported earlier nodulation, had a greater number of nodules, accumulated more nitrogen in the tops and roots and had greater growth than Maple Presto.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, soil temperature, soybean growth stages, Bradyrhizobium, nodulation
STELLAR LOW LINOLENIC-HIGH LINOLEIC ACID SUMMER RAPE
Authors: SCARTH R. , McVETTY P. B. E. , RIMMER S. R. , STEFANSSON B. R.
Published: March 2010

Stellar summer rape (Brassica napus L.) is the first canola quality cultivar which produces seed oil with 3% linolenic acid and 28% linoleic acid. This oil has shorter hydrogenation time and better stability than standard canola oil. Stellar is adapted to the southern B. napus growing areas of western Canada, particularly the Black and Grey soil zones of Manitoba and Saskatchewan.Key words: Rape (summer), low linolenic-high linoleic acid, cultivar description
INFLUENCE DU MODE DE DISTRIBUTION D’UN ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT (HPS) ET DE LA PHOTOPÉRIODE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LES RENDEMENTS DU CONCOMBRE DE SERRE
Authors: TURCOTTE GILLES , GOSSELIN ANDRÉ
Published: March 2010

Eight light treatments were compared to determine the distribution and duration of supplementary lighting (HPS) that are best suited for the production of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in winter. Seven groups of plants were exposed to supplementary lighting in two ways: with day length prolonged without interruption or with nights interrupted, producing photoperiods of 14, 16, 18, or 20 h. A control group was exposed only to sunlight. For a given duration of lighting, the type of light distribution affected neither the vegetative growth nor the early yield of the greenhouse cucumber. Plants exposed to long day lengths showed the best rate of growth and the highest yields: 20 h > 18 h > 16 h or 14 h > control.Key words: Cucumber, supplementary lighting (HPS), photoperiod, greenhouse, Cucumis sativus L.
NET CO2 EXCHANGE RATE AS A SENSITIVE INDICATOR OF PLANT WATER STATUS IN CORN (Zea mays L.)
Authors: CEULEMANS R. , IMPENS I. , LAKER M. C. , ASSCHE F. M. G. VAN , MOTTRAM R.
Published: March 2010

With the objective to evaluate and compare different physiological plant parameters as indicators of water stress, net CO2 exchange rate (NCER), leaf temperature, predawn and daytime leaf water potential were monitored diurnally on last fully expanded leaves of corn (Zea mays L.) plants under two different soil water treatments (stressed and nonstressed) during a 10-d period at anthesis in a semi-arid region in South Africa. Profile available water capacity (PAWC) was used to express the soil water contents during the experiments. A significant decrease in NCER was noticed as soon as 30% of PAWC was extracted, i.e. 2 or 3 d after irrigation. Although the results were limited to a short, well-defined measuring period, NCER, and especially NCER at noon, seemed to be a more sensitive and more reliable indicator of corn water stress than, for example, predawn or daytime leaf water potential, at least under the conditions studied here. This reduction in NCER might have a significant impact on total biomass, rooting density, flower and ear formation.Key words: Corn, irrigation scheduling, photosynthesis, leaf water potential, profile available water capacity, soil water content
GENOTYPIC STABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY IN MAIZE EVALUATION TRIALS
Authors: MAJOR D. J. , RAO U. M. B.
Published: March 2010

Four commercial maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were analyzed for their stability and compatibility with each other in an attempt to assess the role played by these characters in determining grain yield. The four hybrids have produced similar yields in Alberta performance trials and have similar maturity ratings. Stability was analyzed using data from 1977 to 1985 from test sites in Alberta, Manitoba and the Atlantic provinces. Test sites were divided into four groups according to the yield level and variability of the test site for assessing stability. The response of the four hybrids was different for the four groups of test sites. One hybrid was most stable at the high-yield and high-variability sites and another was most stable at the low-yield and low-variability sites. The high coefficient of variation in evaluation trials in short-season areas was probably due to a greater range of competition among entries in these trials. The four hybrids were also grown in 1983–1985 at Lethbridge, Alberta to assess their compatibility with each other when grown in plots with borders of different hybrids or inbreds. The effect of border rows was at least as influential in determining yield as the yielding ability of the hybrids themselves. No differences were detected among pure stand yields but significant differences were detected for compatibility. Thus it was concluded that competition will affect the reliability of yield estimates from performance trials with two-row plots.Key words: Environmental interaction, Zea mays L., hybrid trials, hybrid selection, competitive ability