bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Underground Structural Anomalies and Slow Earthquake Activities Around Seismogenic Megathrust Earthquake Zone as Revealed by Inland Seismic Observations
Authors: Obara Kazushige ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan, Shiomi Katsuhiko
Published: April 2016

Seismogenic zones of interplate megathrust earthquakes along the Nankai Trough can be subdivided into several segments. At each segment, seismic rupture has occurred at a recurrence interval of about one century. In many cases, some neighboring segments ruptured simultaneously or sequentially after a short interval. One of the factors that controls the properties of such seismic ruptures is the underground structure, including the plate configuration and heterogeneity around the subducting plate (slab) interface. To clarify the mechanism of megathrust earthquakes, detailed surveys and analyses of the underground structures are required. Moreover, the detection of seismic phenomena on the plate interface is important in discussing interplate coupling and interactions between such events and megathrust earthquakes. More and better knowledge of the underground structure around the plate interface has been accumulated by analyses of high-quality data from high-density seismograph networks in inland areas and from joint seismic explorations of the sea and land. Moreover, knowledge regarding a wide variety of newly detected slow earthquakes has contributed toward our understanding of the subducting plate interface. Additional information about underground structures, such as slab segmentations, is expected to provide a better understanding of the occurrence of megathrust earthquakes.
Principal Component Analysis as a Tool for Materials Characterization of the Plate Boundary — Seismic Activity Application in the Plate Boundary Zone of the Northeastern Japan Arc.
Authors: Toriumi Mitsuhiro ,   Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
Published: April 2016

We have analyzed microseismic activity in the boundary zone of the Northeastern Japan Arc by using principal component analysis for discrete units by 25 × 20 of the boundary zone with 10 km thick over the plate boundary. We found two types of reduced parameter trends in the region, concluding that the area has two types of evolutionary tracks; one of isolated activity and the other of strong correlated north-southactivity.
Integrated Ground Motion and Tsunami Simulation for the 1944 Tonankai Earthquake Using High-Performance Supercomputers
Authors: Furumura Takashi ,   Center for Integrated Disaster Information Research, Interfaculty Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan, Saito Tatsuhiko
Published: April 2016

An integrated simulation of seismic wave and tsunami has been developed for mitigation of earthquake and tsunami disasters associated with large subduction-zone earthquakes occurring in the Nankai Trough. The ground motion due to the earthquake is firstly calculated by solving equation of motions with heterogeneous source-rupture model and 3-D heterogeneous subsurface structural model. Tsunami generation and propagation in heterogeneous bathymetry is then simulated by solving the 3-D Navier-Stokes equation. Ground motion and tsunami simulations are combined through an appropriate dynamic boundary condition at the sea floor. Thanks to supercomputers and efficient parallel computing, we are reproducing strong ground motion and tsunamis caused by the M8.0 Tonankai earthquake in the Nankai Trough in 1944. The visualized seismic wavefield and tsunami derived by integrated simulation provides a direct understanding of disasters associated with Nankai Trough earthquakes with the development of long-period ground motion in highly populated basins such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya and tsunamis striking along Japan’s Pacific Ocean coast.
Prediction of Strong Ground Motion and Building Damage in Urban Areas and Development of a Disaster Mitigation Strategy
Authors: Fukuwa Nobuo ,   Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan, Tobita Jun , Mori Masafumi , Takahashi Hiroto ,   OYO Corporation, Chubu Branch, 2-907 Sekohigashi, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8541, Japan
Published: April 2016

Considering the increased population and functionality of urban areas, we have studied the prediction of damages to and disaster mitigation strategies for urban areas which may be devastated when large disaster strikes. We have developed high-precision, high-resolution subsurface soil structure models in Chukyo Area including Nagoya city, by which strong ground motions are first predicted for every site of the area using a pseudo-empirical Green’s function method. Next, major damages are predicted based on earthquake response analyses of various structures such as energy facilities in reclaimed areas, industrial plants in alluvial plains, and high-rise buildings and ordinary school buildings in urban areas. We then have attempted to quantify disaster response capabilities of urban areas to set the target level for disaster mitigation countermeasures. Moreover, we have explained newly developed simulation tools for guiding individual residents to take disaster mitigation precautions by themselves.
Response to Possible Earthquake Disasters in the Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai Areas, and Their Restoration/Reconstruction Strategies
Authors: Maki Norio ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Chen Hai-Li , Suzuki Shingo ,   Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, 36-1 Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper sorts out the problems to be solved for the establishment of individual disaster response and a long term recovery strategies for all the areas assumed to be hit by Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai earthquakes. It takes into consideration (1) structural changes in the future (e.g. depopulation), (2) regional characteristics of societies (e.g. large urban, small to intermediate urban, and mountainous areas), (3) effects of the earthquakes occurring in a time-lagged manner, and (4) disaster images of individual areas hit by earthquakes occurring in a time lagged manner (e.g. disruption to social systems and effects on zero-meter areas) in order to show the research frameworks for “Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai earthquake linkage evaluation, Sub-project 2-(4) Disaster Response and a long term recovery strategies reflecting regional and societal characteristics in the future.” As the results of sorting out those issues, following things were pointed out. 1) Present frame work for disaster management for Tokai, Tonankai, and Nankai earthquakes does not count on the issues resulting from time lagged occurrence of those earthquakes, 2) According to depopulation in Japan, exposure to those earthquakes will reduced, 3) in western part of Japan, the time lagged occurrence would be worst-case scenario, and in eastern part of Japan, the simultaneous occurrence would be the worst, 4) Tsunami inundation would make serious problems for recovery in under sea level area, where the recovery work starts from un-watering the area, 5) analytical frame work on the long term recovery strategies based on “Program Evaluation” scheme consisted from (1) Assessment of need for the program, Assessment of Program Design and Theory, Assessment of program process and implementation, Assessment of program outcome/impact, Assessment of program cost and efficiency.
Current State of Seismic-Isolation Design
Authors: Kani Nagahide ,   The Japan Society of Seismic Isolation, JIA Bldg. 2FL, 2-3-18 Jingumae, Shibuyaku, Tokyo 150-0001, Japan
Published: April 2016

Japan has the world’s highest number of seismic-isolation structures - a figure that has been gradually increasing since the 1995 South Hyogo earthquake that devastated Kobe and its environs. It is the main reason that two seismically isolated buildings in Kobe have shown good performance during and after earthquakes. As the awareness of the benefits of seismic isolation has grown, it is being accepted more among people, to maintain structural safety and functionality during and after earthquakes. Safety, property value, and functionality must be maintained by the earthquake-resistance performance of buildings. This seismic isolation system is the appropriate earthquake-resistant method in consideration of satisfying these three items, and positive in the design of structures, such as residences, hospitals, and high-rise buildings, then in retrofitting. This paper focuses on the current status of seismically isolated structures and problems in seismic isolation design.
Seismic Roof Isolation over a Large Space - Kyoto Aquarena Roof Design -
Authors: Kaneda Katsunori ,   Shibaura Institute of Technology, Structural Design Office Plus One Co., Ltd. Japan, Takahashi Hirokazu ,   Structural Design Office Plus One Co., Ltd. Japan, Yoshino Bldg. 3F, 8-13 Yonbancho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0081, Japan
Published: April 2016

The indoor swimming pool we designed spans a maximum of 57- meters and is supported by structure pre-cast pre-stressed concrete and has a beam string structure (BSS) roof. Base isolation combining laminated lubber and hysteretic dampers lies on the connection between the BSS support and a lower structure. Vibration response against seismic and thrust caused by thermal stress and snow load.
Geologist Views of the Predicted Tokai Earthquake
Authors: Tokuyama Akira ,   Fuji-Tokoha University, 325 Oobuchi, Fuji City, Shizuoka 417-0801, Japan
Published: April 2016

1. The hypothesis of the Tokai earthquake is based on assumption of elastic and robust slab of crust (wider than 9,000 km2and 15 km thick) for the overriding mass of the underthrust, to which the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting. In seismology the crust is assumed elastic, homogeneous and strong enough to sustain strain energy of the gigantic earthquake, M>8. Geology of the region suggests the crust is neither elastic nor strong enough. It consists of compound slabs of folded strata of accretionary sediments. It is uncommon to consider such robust slab in this area. 2. The Fossa Magna is a large strike slip fault running from Suruga Bay to Itoigawa to the north. It follows a wide drag zone in the west, in which the focal area of the predicted Tokai earthquake is situated. The drag zone has been produced by slow creeping over 6 Ma. The creeping of the left-lateral fault is still active. Part of strain energy by subducting plates may be released by the creeping. 3. The Nankai trench is considered to extends into the Suruga Bay. In geology the bay is a canyon, seaward extension of the Fossa Magna, by which the trench is displaced and dragged to north to the south of Izu peninsula.
Emerging and Reemerging Infection Threats to Society
Authors: Saijo Masayuki ,   Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
Published: April 2016

In societies where infectious disease outbreak potential is steadily rising, the heavy burden on society may adversely influence health status, social activities, and the economy. Influenza pandemics, for instance, threaten society internationally, while infectious outbreaks such as food-borne problems are usually limited to local or domestic levels. Risk factors in infectious outbreaks include destruction of the natural environment, increased international trade and travel, economic activity, lifestyle changes, medical practice, political instability including terrorist activity, and natural disasters. Recent emerging and reemerging infection did not originate naturally and spontaneously, but occurred through the above risk factors. Infectious outbreaks have increased in both size and frequency over those in the past. Risk factors for large-scale infectious emergence and reemergence threatening society should be scientifically analyzed and measures implemented in advance whenever possible.
Tsunami Force Acting on Oil Tanks and Buckling Analysis for Tsunami Pressure
Authors: Sakakiyama Tsutomu ,   Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 1646 Abiko, Abiko-city, Chiba 270-1194, Japan, Matsuura Shinichi , Matsuyama Masafumi
Published: April 2016

Experiments on the tsunami force and pressure acting on oil tanks. The tsunami concerned in the present paper is that is expected to be generated by future Tokai and Tonankai earthquakes. The maximum water level of about 5 m is estimated at a certain power plant site. Two types of experiment were carried out: Measurements of the tsunami force acting on a single tank as a fundamental test and these on tanks in a tank complex as a practical problem. The effect of the free surface on the drag coefficient was discussed. If the tanks of which diameter ranges from 5.8 m to 48.6 m and weight ranges from 5.8 t to 540 t are empty, they can be floated due to in case of 2-m-high flooding. The tsunami pressure acting on tanks surrounded by oil protection walls is not uniform and the buckling of the side wall is very sensitive to the distribution of pressure around the tank. The lowest level of oil in the tank should be kept higher than the estimated inundation depth to prevent the tanks from floating and buckling.
A Multiphysics Multiscale 3-D Computational Wave Basin Model for Wave Impact Load on a Cylindrical Structure
Authors: Yim Solomon C. ,   Ocean Engineering Program Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Zhang Wenbin
Published: April 2016

A multiphysics multiscale finite-element based nonlinear computational wave basin (CWB) model is developed using LS-DYNA. Its predictive capability is calibrated using a large-scale fluid-structure interaction experiment conducted in a 3-dimensional wave basin to determine wave impact on a cylindrical structure. This study focuses on evaluating CWB accuracy using two wave excitation conditions — plane and focused solitary waves — and two cylinder arrangements — single and multiple cylinders. Water surface elevation and water particle velocity are predicted numerically for the fluid domain, obtaining horizontal force, overturning moment, and dynamic pressure on the cylindrical structure and calibrated against experimental measurement. The CWB model predicts wave motion characteristics — water surface elevation and velocity, and integrated structural response — horizontal force and overturning moment, for the given wave conditions well. Computation time increases and the predictive accuracy decreases as nonlinear fluid-structure interaction becomes increasingly complex. A study of computation settings for improving computation performance showed that a high-performance parallel-computing hardware platform is needed to model details of highly nonlinear physics of fluid flow including wave breaking and turbulence.
Tsunami Fragility — A New Measure to Identify Tsunami Damage —
Authors: Koshimura Shunichi ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Aoba 6-6-11-1104, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Namegaya Yuichi , Yanagisawa Hideaki ,   Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology C7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8567, Japan,   Tokyo Electric Power Services Co., Ltd. 3-3, Higashiueno 3-Chome, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0015, Japan
Published: April 2016

Tsunami fragility (fragility curve, or fragility function) is a new measure, we propose, for estimating structural damage and fatalities due to tsunami attack, by integrating satellite remote sensing, field survey, numerical modeling, and historical data analysis with geographic information system (GIS). Tsunami fragility is expressed as the structural damage probability or fatality ratio related to hydrodynamic features of tsunami inundation flow, such as inundation depth, current velocity and hydrodynamic force. It expands the capability of estimating potential tsunami damage in a quantitative manner.
2007 Emergency Mapping Center Constructing Common Operational Pictures with GIS
Authors: Tamura Keiko ,   Risk Management Office, Niigata University, Ikarashi, 2-Nocho Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan, Urakawa Go , Hayashi Haruo ,   Institute of Sustainability Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

Emergency Mapping Center (EMC) activities at Chuetsu-oki Emergency Operation Center (EOC) are an innovative approach to disaster management, originating in Niigata Prefecture. This represents three important “firsts” in Japan – (1) the first disasterresponse digital mapping providing common operational pictures (COP) to local responders in real time, (2) the first collaborative emergency operations center (EOC) information analysis team, and (3) the first EMCstaff not directly supporting operation function but supporting staff function of EOC.
Design Principles for Visualization of Public Information for Effective Disaster Reduction
Authors: Urabe Kenshin ,   Alliance for Disaster reduction Designs, ADD, 657 Higashi-monzencho, Shokokuji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0898, Japan, Hayashi Haruo , Inoue Satoshi , Yoshida Haruhide , Shimosakai Toshihiro
Published: April 2016

To raise public awareness of disaster prevention, this article discusses how the design for disaster prevention information should be. Recent development in expression and technology for information transmission allows information to be visualized in various ways in disaster prevention and disaster planning. Based on examples of design for disaster prevention such as hazardmaps, we discuss what people perceive frompublic information to achieve designs using those technologies for visualized information that appeals to them.
Spatial Exposure Analysis on Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake Disaster
Authors: Suzuki Shingo ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Hayashi Haruo
Published: April 2016

An anticipated Tokyo metropolitan earthquake is expected to cause enormous damage due to its high population, building, and infrastructure concentration — an occurrence further causing significant social and economic loss due to its highly concentrated government and economic functions. Taking a general view of this potential disaster, we calculate socioeconomic and critical infrastructure exposure andmap their distribution to quantify this exposure and its concentration in affected regions.
GIS-Based Damage Certification Support System Based on Recent Earthquake Experience
Authors: Matsuoka Katsuyuki ,   Exceed Corporation, Abira-Kawasaki 1402, 7-4 Ogawa-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, Japan, Hayashi Haruo , Yoshitomi Nozomu , Urakawa Go , Hamamoto Ryota , Nawa Yuji , Terano Hidenori , Tonosaki Norihiro ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan,   Institute of Sustainability Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan,   ESRI Japan Corporation
Published: April 2016

During the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake in Ojiya City, and 2007 Niigata Chuetsu-oki Earthquake in Kashiwazaki City, our research team built databases of building damage assessment results based on geographical coordinates and damage certification support systems (DCSS) for issuing damage certificates required by Japanesemunicipalities providing citizens with post-disaster recovery assistance. This paper discusses four major issues on databases and DCSS development, together with measures for solving these issues.
Using National Financial Incentives to Build Local Resiliency: The U.S. Disaster Mitigation Act
Authors: Topping Kenneth C. ,   Topping Associates International, 504 Warwick Street, Cambria, CA 93428, U.S.A.
Published: April 2016

The U.S. Congress passed the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) which requires adoption of multihazard mitigation plans as a precondition of local government eligibility for federal pre-disaster and postdisaster hazard mitigation grants. Its underlying purpose was to encourage local governments to systematically plan for reducing risks and future disaster losses before requesting federal grants to execute hazard mitigation projects. This paper examines the DMA 2000 legislation, its purposes, and the responses to it by state and local governments. Among other things the paper: 1) describes DMA 2000 statutory requirements, 2) assesses overall participation by region, 3) uses the State of California as a case study to examines hazard mitigation plan compliance issues, and 4) explores long-term implications of this broad national effort to use financial incentives to increase local resilience. By early 2009, 18,783 locally adopted hazard mitigation plans had been approved by FEMA. Although community resilience outcomes cannot be truly assessed without further research, the magnitude of this response implies substantial long-term local capacity building benefits within the U.S. This experience should also be the subject of comparative research regarding parallel efforts elsewhere.
Field Assessment of Tam Pokhari Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Khumbu Region, Nepal
Authors: Osti Rabindra ,   International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management, Public Works Research Institute, Minamihara 1-6, Tsukuba 305-8516, Japan, Egashira Shinji , Miyake Katsuhito , Bhattarai Tara Nidhi ,   NEWJEC Inc., 2-3-20 Honjo-Higashi, Kita-ku, Osaka 531-0074, Japan,   Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Published: April 2016

The Tam Pokhari glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in the Mount Everest region of Nepal is described primarily based on field observations by a survey team studying GLOF transmission areas and flood impact along the Inkhu River. An estimated accumulation of 18 billion cubic meters of water was suddenly released down the Inkhu River when a Tam Pokhari glacial lake moraine dam was breached. Field data suggests that the downstream flow consisted of massive sediment erosion and deposition resulting from bed slope changes and flow width and that river channel morphology was dramatically changed by this GLOF. As a consequence, the characteristics of GLOF changed drastically in downstream areas, resulting in infrastructures damage. In addition, the GLOF created numerous debris fans now occupied by settlements, especially tourism-based industries.
Flood Prevention Strategy in Taiwan: Lessons Learned from Typhoon Morakot
Authors: Hsieh Lung-Sheng ,   National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction, 9F, 200, Sec. 3, Beisin Rd., Sindian City, Taipei County, Taiwan, Jang Jiun-Huei , Lin Hsuan-Ju , Yu Pao-Shan
Published: April 2016

Typhoon Morakot hit Taiwan during August 7-9, 2009. Its record-breaking rainfall caused catastrophic damage, making it the deadliest typhoon to visit Taiwan in the last 50 years. Conducting a three-months and 160-member-strong field investigation of the scale and causes of this disaster, this paper proposes strategies effective to improve flood prevention work in Taiwan. The severe flood disaster triggered by Typhoon Morakot’s excessive rainfall is attributable to four factors: (1) hydraulic system failures, (2) river flow retardation, (3) reservoir release, and (4) land subsidence. Based on these findings, this paper proposes comprehensive improvement strategies in hydraulic facility inspection, emergency response, river basin management, and climate change assessment to improve flood prevention work in Taiwan. This study combines governmental, academic, and public efforts in investigating effective post-disaster flood prevention strategies that we hope will prove to be a useful reference for other countries while facing such issues.
Experimental Study on Gamma Ray Shielding with Cracked Concrete Panels
Authors: Takiguchi Katsuki ,   Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan, Nishimura Koshiro , Yoda Isao , Nagahara Dai , Kojima Kazuteru ,   Shimizu Corporation
Published: April 2016

In nuclear-related facilities, many reinforced concrete shielding panels are used against radioactive rays. Some shielding panels simultaneously serve as structural slabs or walls. Reinforced concrete shielding plates may crack due to the drying shrinkage of concrete, earthquakes, and other factors. The shielding performance of a cracked reinforced concrete panel against radioactive rays should be clarified. In the design process, engineering safety is based on knowledge of research. If the knowledge is short, conservative assumptions and large safety factors compensate the shortage of knowledge. On the other hand, it has to be recognized that the mental security of the people does not always correspond with the physical safety. In order to avoid misunderstanding and obtain the assurance of society, scientific data should be accumulated. Experimental results are the most fundamental. Therefore, in this study, gamma ray radiation tests on cracked concrete panels were carried out. In the tests, Co-60 and an ionization chamber were used as the source of gamma ray radiation and to measure the dose rate, respectively. A cracked concrete panel was placed between the radiation source and the ionization chamber, and the dose rate was measured. The purpose of this study is not only for the engineering safety but also for the mental security of the people. The previous tests were already reported [1]. The tests were carried out on six concrete panel specimens. Parameters of the tests were crack shape, panel thickness, and crack width. The crack shapes were natural crack and pre-made slit, the thicknesses were 50, 100, and 150 mm, and crack width was varied from 0 to 10 mm. In this paper, subsequent tests are reported. Two additional panel specimens 400 mm thick were prepared that have natural crack and pre-made slit, respectively. The useful data on the gamma ray shielding performance of cracked concrete plates were accumulated.
Seismic Capacity Test of Overhead Crane Under Horizontal and Vertical Excitation -Element Model Test Results on Nonlinear Response Behavior-
Authors: Suzuki Kenichi ,   Seismic Safety Division, Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization, Kamiya-cho MT Bldg., 4-3-20, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Inagaki Masakatsu , Iijima Tadashi ,   Hitachi Works, Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy, Ltd., 1-1, Saiwai-cho, 3-chome, Hitachi-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
Published: April 2016

In seismic safety assessments of nuclear power plants, it is important to determine the seismic capacity in terms of the structural strength and operative function of equipment. Since the revised regulatory guidelines for reviewing the seismic design of nuclear power reactor facilities in Japan requires dynamic analysis for vertical excitation, it is important to confirm the seismic capacity of equipment under vertical excitation. An overhead crane used in a boiling-water nuclear reactor building is a typical piece of equipment with low rigidity that is affected by vertical response amplification. A strong earthquake might cause nonlinear behavior such as sliding, or jumping and the resulting landing of the overhead crane, which may result in its derailing from the track. Accordingly, the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization initiated a seismic capacity test program in Fiscal 2006. The program included two test series for investigating nonlinear behavior, structural strength, and validity of the structural retrofit against vertical excitation. The first test series was a preliminary element model test for investigating basic features, and focused on certain issues concerning nonlinear behavior under vertical excitation. The second test series was a shake table test of a 1/2.5-scale model with the same structure as an actual crane. This paper reports the test results obtained from the former element model test. We clarified the nonlinear behavior of an overhead crane under vertical excitation.
Hard Missile Impact on Prestressed Shear Reinforced Slab
Authors: Tuomala Markku ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tekniikankatu 12, P.O.Box 600, FIN-33101, Tampere, Finland, Calonius Kim , Saarenheimo Arja , Välikangas Pekka ,   VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT, P.O.Box 1000, Kemistintie 3, Espoo, 02044 VTT, Finland,   Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Laippatie 4, PL 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
Published: April 2016

The protective concrete walls of nuclear power plants must withstand accidental or intentional missile impact, and structural systems and solutions are being developed in building frameworks and detailed levels requiring sophisticated tools for different design phases such as detailing shear reinforcement. Numerical methods, for example, have been developed and used for predicting prestressed shear reinforced concrete structures response subjected to hard projectile impact. The structural behavior of prestressed impact-loaded walls is predicted analytically and by using nonlinear FE models. Analysis predicts damage mechanisms such as crater formation, penetration, shear cone formation, and perforation. To produce experimental data required to verify the accuracy of numerical models, an experimental setup has been developed at the Technical Research Center of Finland (VTT) for intermediate-scale impact testing enabling force-plate testing with soft missiles and concrete slab impact testing.
An Approach for Performance-Based Capacity Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Containment Vessels for Internal Accidents Application to VVER 1000 Containment Vessel
Authors: Andonov Anton ,   Risk Engineering Ltd., 10 Vihren Str, Pavlovo, Sofia 1618, Bulgaria, Stefanov Dimitar , Kostov Marin
Published: April 2016

A direct procedure is proposed for capacity assessment of prestressed concrete containment structures subjected to internal accident loads. The assessment procedure is based on graphical comparison between the structural capacity and the load intensity by plotting both parameters in the same “temperature gradient – overpressure” coordinate system. Furthermore, the capacity in terms of structural integrity and leak tightness is evaluated, corresponding to different limit states or performance levels. A new damage index is proposed in order to correlate the intensity of damages on the containment structure with the load intensity. The criteria for leak tightness and structural integrity are adopted for VVER-1000 containment structure. The ultimate pressure capacity, the failure mode and the capacity corresponding to different performance levels of the containment structure are assessed. The influence of the temperature load on the structure response is also studied. Conclusions are drawn on the VVER-1000 containment vessel overpressure capacity and its response to different design basis and severe accidents. The main failure mode and the critical zones of the structure are also determined.
How Business Flow Diagram’s Improve Continuity of Operations Planning
Authors: Urakawa Go ,   Institute of Sustainability Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Hayashi Haruo ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

Efforts to create manuals on measures for effectively implementing post-disaster operations pose two problems - (1) Many practitioners have no practical experience in post-disaster operations and (2) Formats and methods depend on personal skills and effort. In this paper, we discuss how to extract priority operations using business impact analysis (BIA) based on business continuity plans and develop the projectmanagement-based business flow diagram (BFD) and workflow to support practical post-disaster operations. This approach focuses on creating manuals on enhancing responder awareness through workshops for building social capital.
Building Disaster Resilient Organizations in the Non-Government (NGO) Sector
Authors: Eisner Richard K. ,   Government Liaison, Fritz Institute, San Francisco, California,   Research Center for Disaster Reduction Systems (DRS), Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

In 2006 Fritz Institute initiated the development and implemention of a process to create “disaster resilience” in faith and community based organizations that provide services to vulnerable populations in California. The process included undertaking background research on the attributes of disaster resilient organizations; development of intervention strategies to promote organizational resilience, developing a definition of “soft” and “hard” resilience applicable to the non-government sector; and the development and implementation of A Disaster Resilience Standard for Community- and Faith-Based Service Providers. This process necessitated the creation of a constituency for a standard, convening of peer networks to support organizational change, and the formulation of a strategy to sustain application of the standard.
Urban Technological Risk Characterization and Management: Towards a Better Understanding of Non-Natural Threats in Merida City, Venezuela
Authors: Liñayo Alejandro ,   Disaster Risk Management Research Centre (CIGIR), Network for Social Studies on Disasters Prevention in Latin-American (LaRED), Mérida, Venezuela
Published: April 2016

The past four decades has seen an increase in the destructive impact of human-originated and natural hazard disasters in industrial facilities. This illustrates the limited capacity for comprehensively estimating and responding to technological risk scenarios at all urban scales. Accidents, such as the chemical releases at Séveso (Italy) in 1976 and Bhopal (India) in 1984 and the 1992 gas explosion in Guadalajara (Mexico), have led national legislation for implementing strategies for countering and preparing for urban technological risks. Other accidents, however, suggest the need to understand that the inherent conflict between how we occupy urban space creates new needs for technological risk management methods that can be used by city planners and disaster/emergency management planners. Information and procedural gaps also exist in terms of citizen knowledge (the right to know) and local administrative knowledge (missing expertise). This paper illustrates that technological risk does occur in many areas of the city and is not isolated in just large industrial sites. Advances and experience accumulated by the Disaster Risk Management Research Center in identifying and integrating technological risk treatment for the city ofMérida, Venezuela are presented. The application of new tools and technologies in geospatially characterizing risk scenarios are presented. Strengthening of the institutional and community aspects of local urban risk scenario management is recommended.
California’s Natural Hazard Zonation Policies for Land-Use Planning and Development
Authors: Real Charles R. ,   California Geological Survey, 801 K Street MS12-31, Sacramento, CA 95814-3531, USA
Published: April 2016

California has established state-level policies that utilize knowledge of where natural hazards are more likely to occur to enhance the effectiveness of landuse planning as a tool for risk mitigation. These policies set minimum standards for local government, and range from State designation of regulatory natural hazard zones to requirements that cities and counties include a Safety Element in their General Plan that evaluates their exposure to earthquakes, wildfires, floods, and other natural hazards, and to prepare a federal Local Mitigation Plan to reduce the risk. Such requirements placed on local government are enforced by potential liability for losses for failure to act, and the potential ineligibility for disaster relief funds should a catastrophic event occur. Building codes have been the primary means of mitigating the impact of natural hazards, but continued growth into high-risk terrain and repetitive losses have focused attention to the merits of avoiding harm’s way by means of prudent land-use decisions. Restricting land use can be difficult under the pressures of growth and development. California code exploits knowledge that the cost to adequately protect public safety can influence the type of development that is feasible when considering occupancy (high/low density residential, manufacturing, parkland, etc.) and critical function, such as the need to maintain essential services (police, fire, hospitals, emergency operation centers, etc.). Experience in California demonstrates that a combination of education, outreach, and mutually supporting policies that are linked to state-designated natural hazard zones can form an effective framework for enhancing the role of land-use planning in reducing future losses from natural disasters.
Strategic Disaster Reduction Planning with Government Stakeholder Collaboration - A Case Study in Nara and Kyoto, Japan
Authors: Maki Norio ,   Research Center for Disaster Reduction Systems (DRS), Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Tamura Keiko , Hayashi Haruo ,   Research Center for Natural Hazards and Disaster Recovery, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
Published: April 2016

Japan’s central government sets strategic disaster reduction goals against mega earthquake disasters such as the Tokai-Tonankai-Nankai, and Tokyo metropolitan area earthquakes. These goals focus on mortality and economic loss, and many other local governments are now working on their own related plans. In order to accomplish national goals of disaster reduction, efforts by local stakeholders to build community resilience are, in fact, indispensable. So it is necessary to develop disaster reduction planning schemes involving both local and national stakeholders in order to comply with national disaster reduction goals. This paper discusses strategic disaster reduction planning with stakeholder involvement. Case studies were done in the Nara and Kyoto prefectural governments.
Post-Disaster Redevelopment Planning: Local Capacity Building Through Pre-Event Planning
Authors: Meyer Sandy ,   State of Florida Division of Emergency Management, 2555 Shumard Oak Blvd, Tallahassee, Florida 32399, USA, Henry Eugene , Roy E.Wright  , Palmer Cynthia A. ,   Planning and Growth Management, Hillsborough County, Florida, 5701 E. Hillsborough Ave., Suite 1140, Tampa, Florida 33610, USA,   Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1800 S. Bell St. Arlington, VA 20598-3030, USA
Published: April 2016

Drawing upon the lessons learned from the impacts of the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons, in 2006 local governments and the State of Florida sought to find a way to change behavior toward creating greater community resiliency. They turned to the State’s growth management law that contains a requirement for coastal jurisdictions to develop a post-disaster redevelopment plan (PDRP), as an effective mechanism to begin to rethink current approaches to disaster recovery. This paper will summarize the combined and coordinated efforts of local, state, and federal government, as well as other stakeholders from 2006 to present, in promoting and facilitating community resiliency through post-disaster redevelopment planning. It will describe: the challenges faced by local communities and state and federal officials; the approach that defined a sound pilot planning initiative; the journey undertaken by one pilot county; lessons learned from looking back on the planning process; the future of advancing community resiliency not only throughout the state but across the nation. It will also highlight key outcomes yielded by the pilot initiative, including methodologies for integrating risk-based decision making within existing community processes and a best practice example of successfully merging recovery, mitigation, response and preparedness principles by organizing, engaging and facilitating communication with stakeholders.
Realization of Resilient Society with Information Technology Revolution
Authors: Iwatsuki Katsumi ,   NTT Service Integration Laboratories, 3-9-11 Midori-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo, Japan, Hayashi Haruo ,   Research Center for Disaster Reduction Systems, DPRI, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji-Shi, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we describe the key concept for realizing “Resilient Society” which would enable sustainable development by enhancing the capacity of resistance and restoration of society against natural disaster. Going on three revolutions, the Agricultural Revolution, the Industrial Revolution and the Information Technology Revolution - that have triggered significant paradigm shifts in the society, we survey the innovations having changed civilization from the viewpoints of energy and information, and consider the impacts of innovations in society from some examples. We point out that the key concept to realizing the Resilient Society resistant to natural disaster is “distributed autonomous cooperation.”
Next Generation ICT Services Underlying the Resilient Society
Authors: Maeda Yuji ,   NTT Service Integration Laboratories, 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8585, Japan, Higashida Mitsuhiro , Iwatsuki Katsumi , Handa Takao , Kihara Yoichi , Hayashi Haruo ,   NTT Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories, 3-1, Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan,   R&D Headquarters, NTT Data Corporation, Toyosu Center Bidg. Annex, 3-9, Toyosu 3-chome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8671, Japan,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper focuses on next-generation information and communication technology (ICT) supporting the use of information for implementing aresilient society, i.e., resistant to and resilient in disasters and crises. We probe present and prospective aspects for ICT systems and how ICT use will change national and local governments and civil lives resiliently, based on Japan’s IT strategy. We also present a vision of a future bringing about this resilient society.
Implementation Technology for a Disaster Response Support System for Local Government
Authors: Hatayama Michinori ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Kakumoto Shigeru ,   Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
Published: April 2016

Through experience with disaster and recovery support activities obtained as a result of Great Hanshin Earthquake, a research group composed of a support activity staff that includes the authors has been developing and studying implementation processes of an information system, a system that can be used by local governments and their surrounding communities immediately after a disaster. The Risk-Adaptive Regional Management Information System (RARMIS) concept is an outcome of these activities. In the concept for disaster risk management, an information system has been proposed that has three features: (1) continuity between emergency and routine use, (2) independence and decentralization, and (3) integrated space and time information. In this paper, the operational issue (1) is focused on and the importance of the implementation process is shown. Finally, two case studies are presented to qualitatively evaluate implementation processes of integrated temporal GIS.
Risk Management for Hospitals Using the Incident Report
Authors: Takeda Yurie ,   Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Higashida Mitsuhiro , Nagao Yoshimasa , Yotsubashi Manabu , Sato Shosuke , Hayashi Haruo ,   NTT Service Integration Laboratories, 3-9-11 Midori-cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo, Japan,   Patient Safety Division, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin, Kawahara-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi, Kyoto, Japan,   NTT Data Kansai Corporation, 3-3-20 Umeda, Kita-Ku, Osaka-Shi, Osaka, Japan,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

Since medical service risk management has been recognized as vital to improving medical service quality and safety, the problem has been actively tackled. Medical institution incident reports describe accidents occursin daily medical services, but descriptions largely in text make it difficult to collect and editing such reports and medical institutions cannot currently share such reports. To solve the text-related problem, we propose test analysis and to enable sharing, we propose using software as a service (SaaS), also known as software on demand.
Accidental Drop Load Effects on Buried Structures
Authors: Zarghamee Mehdi S. ,   Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. Engineering Mechanics and Infrastructure Division, 41 Seyon St., Building 1, Suite 500, Waltham, MA 02453, USA, Lim Keng-Wit
Published: April 2016

The finite-element model we propose to analyze the dynamics of accidental drop loads on critical buried structures during steam generator replacement includes representation of drop objects, impacted structures, soil media through which stress waves travel, and buried structures. Analysis accounts for the nonlinear effects of large deformation, steel plasticity and buckling, concrete cracking and crushing , and stress wave damping through soil. Stress and strain in buried structures is used to evaluate the condition of buried structures such as buried prestressed concrete and ductile iron pipelines and reinforced concrete structures housing critical components subjected to accidental drop loads during steam generator replacement near nuclear reactors operations.
Special Issue on Protecting Cultural Heritage and Historic Cities from Disasters
Authors: Izuno Kazuyuki , Okubo Takeyuki
Published: April 2016

Natural disasters have damaged or destroyed many invaluable cultural heritages. How to mitigate these losses, however, is difficult question. If we cannot save human lives, of course we cannot save cultural heritages from disasters. This requires more sophisticated countermeasures than conventional disaster reduction methodologies. This special issue of JDR provides many examples of such mitigation in historical cities which have expanded with cultural heritages as nuclei.

Cultural heritage disaster mitigation lies somewhere between the fields of cultural preservation and the disaster mitigation engineering. The first two review papers focus on the importance of protecting cultural heritage from natural disasters and the history of this issue from the viewpoints of both engineering and humanities.

Twelve papers discuss engineering problems and the planning of cultural heritages preservation, cover issues such as the seismic performance of traditional wooden structures, the vulnerability of historical masonry structures, disaster reduction in slope failures around cultural heritages, disaster risk analysis at historical cities, fire prevention in historical cities, and urban planning taking cultural heritage into consideration.

This issue closes with a tutorial paper showing the techniques and basics of cultural heritage disaster mitigation. It serves as a practical handbook on mitigating disasters surrounding cultural heritages and historical cities. We expect contributors to this field to increase in the near future due to the importance and urgency of cultural heritage disaster mitigation.

We thank the authors for their earnest contributions and the reviewers for their invaluable advice on improving the quality of this special issue of JDR.