bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid localization with modified 4D‐computed tomography and ultrasonography for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Kutler David I. , Moquete Rachel , Kazam Elias , Kuhel William I.
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

In this article, we report our decade‐long experience in using modified 4D‐computed tomography in combination with ultrasonography (Mod 4D‐CT/US) to localize abnormal parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Study Design:

Retrospective medical record review at a university‐based academic medical center.

Methods:

Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who underwent a Mod 4D‐CT/US and parathyroidectomy between January 1998 and May 2009 were included in the study. Results from preoperative localization studies were compared with operative findings, pathologic data, and biochemical measurements to assess the sensitivity and specificity as well as the positive and negative predictive values of Mod 4D‐CT/US.

Results:

Mod 4D‐CT/US demonstrated 94% sensitivity and 96% specificity when these imaging studies were used to lateralize the hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands to one side of the neck. In regard to localizing abnormal parathyroid glands to a specific quadrant of the neck (i.e., right‐left; superior‐inferior), the sensitivity and specificity of Mod 4D‐CT/US was 82% and 93%, respectively. Mod 4D‐CT/US had a 92% positive predictive value for single‐gland disease and 75% for multigland disease. The negative predictive value for single and multigland disease (MGD) were 73% and 92%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Mod 4D‐CT/US provides excellent sensitivity and specificity in terms of localizing abnormal parathyroid glands to the correct side and quadrant in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and it correctly identifies many patients with MGD.
Terminology and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx
Authors: Lewis James S. , Ferlito Alfio , Gnepp Douglas R. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Devaney Kenneth O. , Silver Carl E. , Travis William D.
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

To review the history and literature on neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx and discuss the terminology and classification of these tumors.

Study Design:

Contemporary review.

Methods:

Published journal articles identified through PubMed and conference proceedings were reviewed.

Results:

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx include both epithelial (carcinomas) and neural‐type lesions (paragangliomas). The nomenclature of these tumors has changed quite a bit over time, but recently, clearer categories have emerged that are biologically meaningful. They can overlap clinically and histologically so that segregation into the clinically relevant subtypes can be difficult, but it is extremely important to do so as they have a wide range of behaviors going from benign to rapidly fatal.

Conclusions:

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx can be clearly categorized into the five tumor types: typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and paraganglioma. These have concrete biologic and clinical significance and clearly dictate patient treatment.
Prostaglandin (PG)E2 exhibits antifibrotic activity in vocal fold fibroblasts
Authors: Zhou Hang , Felsen Diane , Sandulache Vlad C. , Amin Milan R. , Kraus Dennis H. , Branski Ryan C.
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis.

Prostaglandin (PG)E2 has been implicated in a variety of disease processes. It has been described as antifibrotic in the lower airway, yet scar‐inducing in the skin. We seek to describe the effects of PGE2 on vocal fold fibroblasts and its interactions with transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1. In addition, we describe a novel organotypic model, a critical step in the development of therapeutic trials.

Study Design.

In vitro, ex vivo.

Methods:

Collagen secretion by human vocal fold fibroblasts (HVFF) was assayed in response to TGF‐β1, PGE2, and specific EP receptor agonists. Basal HVFF migratory rate was also quantified in response to PGE2. TGF‐β1 induced COX‐2 mRNA expression/PGE2 secretion was assayed. Excised vocal folds were subjected to exogenous IL‐1β; PGE2 secretion into the supernatant was then assayed.

Results:

TGF‐β1‐induced collagen secretion was blunted in a dose‐dependent manner in response to PGE2. This effect appears to be mediated primarily through the EP1 and EP2 receptors. TGF‐β1 induced COX‐2 mRNA expression and PGE2 secretion. In our organ culture model, IL‐1β stimulated PGE2 secretion in a dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusions:

PGE2 is antifibrotic; this finding suggests that the upper airway response to this inflammatory mediator differs significantly from the lower airway. These data have important clinical implications for a variety of pathological processes. Furthermore, exogenous TGF‐β1 elicits induction of COX‐2, suggesting inherent complexity regarding these processes and PGE2 signaling, specifically. In addition, our organ culture model may prove useful as a means to quantify biological phenomena in the vocal folds.
Three‐dimensional computed tomography in obstructive sleep apneics treated by maxillomandibular advancement
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Hui , Liao Yu‐Fang , Chen Ning‐Hung , Lo Lun‐Jou , Chen Yu‐Ray
Published: May 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The goal of this study was to understand the changes to the head and neck musculoskeleton and the pharyngeal airway after surgery. We tested the correlation between the changes in the skeleton and pharyngeal airway and the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI).

Study Design:

Prospective, noncontrolled study.

Methods:

In a pilot study, 12 consecutive subjects (3 women, body mass index: 22.4 Kg/m2 ± 2.7, AHI: 35.9/sec ± 18.0) with Class II dentoskeletal malocclusion and high mandibular plane underwent segmental maxillomandibular rotational advancement (SMMRA). Subjects underwent overnight polysomnography and three‐dimensional computed tomography scanning of the head and neck before and 3 months after surgery. Linear, angular, and area measurements were obtained from skeletal images placed in the Frankfort horizontal position and from horizontal cross‐sectional tomograms derived from the upright pharyngeal airway. Skeletal movements, dimensional changes of the airway, and correlations between measurements and AHI were calculated. A linear regression model was generated using significant bivariate correlations.

Results:

The AHI was significantly reduced to 4.6/sec ± 4.1 with improvement in the nadir oxygen saturation from 83.0% ± 7.2 to 90.6% ± 3.6 after SMMRA. Following skeletal advancement, the hyoid bone was advanced and elevated by 7.5 mm ± 2.9 and 6.7 mm ± 5.5, respectively; the cervical spine was rotated forward by 4.6° ± 2.8; and the airway length was shortened by 6.8 mm ± 4.0 (all P < .01). Variable improvement of airway dimensions was noted at each horizontal level. A quadratic regression model was derived using the measurements of the Sella‐Nasion‐B point angle and AHI (Rsq = 0.557, sig = 0.000).

Conclusions:

Dimensions of pharyngeal airway were correlated with dimensions of craniofacial skeleton. Sella‐Nasion‐B point angle could be used as a guidance in achieving normalized AHI after surgery.
COMPARING FARMERS' PERCEPTION OF SOIL FERTILITY CHANGE WITH SOIL PROPERTIES AND CROP PERFORMANCE IN BESEKU, ETHIOPIA
Authors: Karltun E. , Lemenih M. , Tolera M.
Published: May 2011

Farmers' perceptions of soil fertility change were compared with observations on soil quality changes and crop performance in soils from a chronosequence representing a range of soil ages since conversion from forest to cropland (0 to 57 years). A majority of the farmers, 92 per cent, had observed a decline in soil fertility on their land. Farmers use crop yield, indicator plants, soil softness and soil colour to judge soil fertility. They identified 11 plants that they used to indicate high soil fertility and four plants that they used to indicate low soil fertility. There was a strong correlation (r = 0·96) between soil organic matter content (loss on ignition) and farmers' ranking of soil fertility based on colour and softness of soil samples from the chronosequence. The biotest experiment with maize showed an exponential decline in biomass production along the chronosequence, confirming the results of farmers' soil fertility ranking. In the biotest, total soil N predicted produced biomass well (r2 = 0·95), whereas the relationship with soil available P (Olsen) was less obvious. Among the eight analysed plant nutrients in the maize leaves, N content was found to correlate best with biomass production (r2 = 0·94). We conclude (i) that there is good agreement between farmers' knowledge and scientific indicators of soil fertility and (ii) that the major reason for declining soil fertility in Beseku is the decrease in N mineralization over time. Interventions should focus on supporting farmers to implement a diversified nutrient management strategy that can maintain or increase long‐term productivity of the soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Based on Telechelic PEG End‐Capped with Hydrophobic Dipeptides
Authors: Hamley Ian W. , Cheng Ge , Castelletto Valeria
Published: May 2011

The self‐assembly in aqueous solution of PEG (1 500 Da) telechelically end‐capped with hydrophobic dipeptides has been investigated using spectroscopic, microscopic, scattering, and rheological methods. A self‐assembled β‐sheet fibril‐based hydrogel has been identified (containing dityrosine end groups), which exhibits a gel–sol transition near body temperature. This thermo‐responsive PEG‐based biofunctional hydrogel is expected to have diverse potential uses in delivery or diagnostics for biomedical applications.

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FHIT gene and flanking region on chromosome 3p are subjected to extensive allelic loss in Egyptian breast cancer patients
Authors: Ismail Heba M. S. , Medhat Amina M. , Karim Amr M. , Zakhary Nadia I.
Published: May 2011

The fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene at chromosome 3p14.2. Deletions in FHIT gene were reported in different types of cancer including breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) incidence that target FHIT genomic structure and chromosome 3p in cancerous and pre‐neoplastic lesions of Egyptian breast patients. Genomic DNA was isolated from tumor tissues and their normal counterparts of 55 Egyptian patients diagnosed with breast cancer and 11 patients diagnosed with preneoplastic breast lesions. LOH was detected in 51% of breast cancer cases in at least one microsatellite marker of the four investigated markers. While, none of the markers showed LOH among the pre‐neoplastic breast lesions. We also observed a significant association between LOH and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) histopathological type while no association observed between LOH and patients' age, tumor grade, or lymph node involvement. We also investigated FHIT gene expression profiles in breast cancer using Oncomine database. We found that FHIT is significantly reduced in all investigated studies. We conclude that, FHIT is underexpressed in breast cancer tissues compared to their normal counterparts due to the extensive allelic loss that is observed in its gene structure. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and Comparison of hERG Blocker Classifiers: Assessment on Different Datasets Yields Markedly Different Results
Authors: Marchese Robinson Richard L. , Glen Robert C. , Mitchell John B. O.
Published: May 2011

In recent years, considerable effort has been invested in the development of classification models for prospective hERG inhibitors, due to the implications of hERG blockade for cardiotoxicity and the low throughput of functional hERG assays. We present novel approaches for binary classification which seek to separate strong inhibitors (IC50<1 µM) from ‘non‐blockers′ exhibiting moderate (1–10 µM) or weak (IC50≥10 µM) inhibition, as required by the pharmaceutical industry. Our approaches are based on (discretized) 2D descriptors, selected using Winnow, with additional models generated using Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVMs). We compare our models to those previously developed by Thai and Ecker and by Dubus et al. The purpose of this paper is twofold: 1. To propose that our approaches (with Matthews Correlation Coefficients from 0.40 to 0.87 on truly external test sets, when extrapolation beyond the applicability domain was not evident and sufficient quantities of data were available for training) are competitive with those currently proposed in the literature. 2. To highlight key issues associated with building and assessing truly predictive models, in particular the considerable variation in model performance when training and testing on different datasets.
Precision studies in supramolecular chemistry: a 1H NMR study of hydroxymethoxyacetophenone/β‐cyclodextrin complexes
Authors: Fielding Lee , McKellar Scott C. , Florence Alastair J.
Published: May 2011

The association constants for the interactions of 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyacetophenone, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyacetophenone, 2‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxyacetophenone, 3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyacetophenone and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyacetophenone with β‐cyclodextrin in water were measured by 1H NMR and by isothermal titration calorimetry. Very good agreement was obtained between the different methods. The errors associated with the NMR method for measuring mM binding affinities were estimated to be 10–30%, and by isothermal titration calorimetry, 10–20%. Rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy studies show that the solution phase host‐guest complexes formed by β‐cyclodextrin with these hydroxymethoxyacetophenone derivatives are not structurally well defined but that the hydroxymethoxyacetophenone derivatives are mostly associated with the narrow primary hydroxyl rim. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2D‐NMR studies of a model for Krytox® fluoropolymers
Authors: Li Xiaohong , McCord Elizabeth F. , Baiagern Silapong , Fox Peter , Howell Jon L. , Sahoo Sangrama K. , Rinaldi Peter L.
Published: May 2011

Multiple two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D‐NMR) techniques have been used to study the structures of Krytox® perfluoro(polyalkyl ether) and its mechanism of polymerization. Model compound K4, containing four Krytox® fluoropolymer repeat units, was analyzed to interpret the multiplet patterns in the NMR spectra from the polymer model. 19F {13C}‐Heteronuclear single‐quantum correlation experiments, performed with delays optimized for 1JCF and 2JCF, provided spectra that permitted identification of resonances from individual monomer units. Selective, 19F‐19F COSY 2D‐NMR experiments were performed with different excitation regions; these experiments were combined with selective inversion pulses to remove 19F‐19F J couplings in the f1 dimension. The resulting COSY spectra were greatly simplified compared with standard 19F‐19F COSY spectra, which are too complicated to interpret. They give information regarding the attachments of monomer units and also provide insights into the nature of the stereoisomers that might be present in the polymer. Both infrared and NMR spectra show peaks identifying chain end structures. With the help of these studies, resonances can be assigned, and the average number of repeat units in the polymer chain can be calculated based on the assignments obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of wave attenuation across parallel fractures using propagator matrix method
Authors: Zhao X. B. , Zhu J. B. , Zhao J. , Cai J. G.
Published: May 2011

Stress wave attenuation across fractured rock masses is a great concern of underground structure safety. This paper presents an analytical study on wave attenuation across parallel fractures at arbitrary incidence angles, where multiple reflections occurring between fractures are taken into account. Combined with displacement discontinuous model, plane wave analysis and propagator matrix method are applied to develop relations between the first layer and the nth layer with respect to potential amplitudes or displacements and stresses in matrix form. With initial and boundary conditions for different scenarios, potential amplitudes in any layer or displacements and stresses at any point can be obtained by solving corresponding matrixes. After parametric studies, it is found that parameters including incidence angle, normalized fracture stiffness, number of fractures, and fracture spacing have obvious effects on wave attenuation across parallel fractures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of sacral neuromodulation in treatment of bladder pain syndrome: Long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Ghazwani Yahya Q. , Elkelini Mohamed S. , Hassouna Magdy M.
Published: May 2011

Aims

This study was sought to evaluate the efficacy and durability of sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of bladder pain syndrome (BPS) patients.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed of patients who had unilateral sacral nerve stimulator (InterStim®) for refractory BPS between June 2002 and December 2004. Patients were qualified for permanent implantation by showing ≥50% improvement in their bladder pain and voiding symptoms 1‐week post‐percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE). Voiding diary was completed at pre‐implantation, 1 year, and on the last visit. Urinary distress inventory short form was completed pre‐implantation and on the last visit. Bladder pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale. Primary outcome was improvement in bladder pain. Differences among groups were compared by one‐way ANOVA and t‐test. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results

Twenty‐one female patients diagnosed with BPS had PNE; 11 patients (52%) showed ≥50% improvement in their bladder pain and voiding symptoms and they consider candidates for permanent implantation (Table I), while 10 patients (48%) failed to show 50% improvement in their voiding symptoms or bladder pain (Table II). In those 11 patients who underwent permanent implantation, the average patient's age was 44.3 ± 8.9 years; average time since diagnosis was 3 ±0.8 years; the average follow‐ up was 71.5 ± 9.3 months (Table III). There was significant improvement in the bladder pain and voiding parameters at 1‐year follow‐up, which was maintained at 5‐year follow‐up. There was continuous improvement in urgency (1.2 ± 0.68) at 1‐year follow‐up, and (0.98 ± 0.72) at the last visit. Average voided volume was also continuously improved from 242 ± 62.7 ml at 1‐year follow‐up to 276 ± 64.7 ml on the last visit.

Conclusion

Sacral neuromodulation as part of multimodal treatment provides an effective long‐term treatment option for sub‐group of refractory BPS. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:1271–1275, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A perfect marriage: optics and silicon
Authors: Paniccia Mario J.
Published: May 2011

While computing systems in general and their central processing units (CPUs) in particular continue to experience performance gains, the connections between them are nearing their physical limits. The current workaround – adding a vastly increasing number of copper cables to connect and support a computing environment – has resulted in performance bottlenecks, thermal and airflow issues as well as maintenance and cost ramifications. Although wired connections will always have a prominent role within and between computing devices, many systems and applications will soon demand interconnects that support greater bandwidth across longer distances. Thus forthcoming computing requirements will soon exceed the capabilities of current copper‐based links, requiring the need for optical transmission in the future.
Holographic displays and smart lenses
Authors: Stahl Richard , Jayapala Murali
Published: May 2011

The invention of micromirror arrays has sparked a revolution in vision systems research. These devices are an indispensable component in many current generation products ranging from large scale projection engines and portable projectors to heads up displays. In addition, these devices are enabling new research paths in spectroscopy, lithography, volumetric displays and optical networking, just to name a few. In this article we highlight some of the recent advances in micromirror array technology, especially using Silicon‐Germanium (SiGe) MEMS. We will also present an overview of two applications this technology gave rise to, namely the holographic display and a micromirror array based zoom lens.
A 32×32 photon counting camera
Authors: Tisa Simone , Bertone Nick , Zappa Franco
Published: May 2011

Silicon photon counting detectors have been in production for many years but until recently they were single pixel detectors that required a custom and specialized fabrication process. In the last couple of years, CMOS compatible processes were developed to produce silicon photon counting detectors with very good performances. Usually, in single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), the electronics for quenching the diode and the electronics for picking‐up the avalanche ignition are separate from the SPAD itself. Commercial detectors of such a design can have, for example, 49 % detection efficacy at 550 nm, dark counts of 1/s for an active area of 20 μm in diameter, and 30 ps timing resolution.
Microfluidics
Authors: Becker Holger
Published: May 2011

As the microelectronic revolution changed the way how electronic components and circuits were manufactured 50 years ago, leading to an explosive growth in the applications of integrated circuits and a birth of new industries, a similar development can be seen with the introduction of miniaturization in the Life Sciences. In this article, I will limit the discussion of microfluidics to the area which was the scope of the initial concept called “miniaturized total analysis system” (μ‐TAS), also called “Lab‐on‐a‐Chip”. This technology deals with the handling and manipulation of minuscule amounts of liquid in the Life Sciences and was introduced about 20 years ago.
The state of the photonics market
Authors: Hausken Tom
Published: May 2011

More than two years after the beginning of the Great Recession, it's time to ask the question: how is the photonics market doing? We've looked at different perspectives of the photonics industry, and the answer is that it's doing well, all things considered.
An anti‐hapten camelid antibody reveals a cryptic binding site with significant energetic contributions from a nonhypervariable loop
Authors: Fanning Sean W. , Horn James R.
Published: May 2011

Conventional anti‐hapten antibodies typically bind low‐molecular weight compounds (haptens) in the crevice between the variable heavy and light chains. Conversely, heavy chain‐only camelid antibodies, which lack a light chain, must rely entirely on a single variable domain to recognize haptens. While several anti‐hapten VHHs have been generated, little is known regarding the underlying structural and thermodynamic basis for hapten recognition. Here, an anti‐methotrexate VHH (anti‐MTX VHH) was generated using grafting methods whereby the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) were inserted onto an existing VHH framework. Thermodynamic analysis of the anti‐MTX VHH CDR1‐3 Graft revealed a micromolar binding affinity, while the crystal structure of the complex revealed a somewhat surprising noncanonical binding site which involved MTX tunneling under the CDR1 loop. Due to the close proximity of MTX to CDR4, a nonhypervariable loop, the CDR4 loop sequence was subsequently introduced into the CDR1‐3 graft, which resulted in a dramatic 1000‐fold increase in the binding affinity. Crystal structure analysis of both the free and complex anti‐MTX CDR1‐4 graft revealed CDR4 plays a significant role in both intermolecular contacts and binding site conformation that appear to contribute toward high affinity binding. Additionally, the anti‐MTX VHH possessed relatively high specificity for MTX over closely related compounds aminopterin and folate, demonstrating that VHH domains are capable of binding low‐molecular weight ligands with high affinity and specificity, despite their reduced interface.
Structural and enzymatic characterization of NanS (YjhS), a 9‐O‐Acetyl N‐acetylneuraminic acid esterase from Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Rangarajan Erumbi S. , Ruane Karen M. , Proteau Ariane , Schrag Joseph D. , Valladares Ricardo , Gonzalez Claudio F. , Gilbert Michel , Yakunin Alexander F. , Cygler Miroslaw
Published: May 2011

There is a high prevalence of sialic acid in a number of different organisms, resulting in there being a myriad of different enzymes that can exploit it as a fermentable carbon source. One such enzyme is NanS, a carbohydrate esterase that we show here deacetylates the 9 position of 9‐O‐sialic acid so that it can be readily transported into the cell for catabolism. Through structural studies, we show that NanS adopts a SGNH hydrolase fold. Although the backbone of the structure is similar to previously characterized family members, sequence comparisons indicate that this family can be further subdivided into two subfamilies with somewhat different fingerprints. NanS is the founding member of group II. Its catalytic center contains Ser19 and His301 but no Asp/Glu is present to form the classical catalytic triad. The contribution of Ser19 and His301 to catalysis was confirmed by mutagenesis. In addition to structural characterization, we have mapped the specificity of NanS using a battery of substrates.
Properties of spark plasma sintered nanostructured Zn1+xSb
Authors: Birkel Christina S. , Claudio Tania , Panthöfer Martin , Birkel Alexander , Koll Dominik , Kieslich Gregor , Schmidt Jürgen , Hermann Raphael , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: May 2011

Engineering materials with specific physical properties has recently focused on the effect of nanoscopic inhomogeneities at the 10 nm scale. Such features are expected to scatter medium and long‐wavelength phonons lowering thereby the thermal conductivity of the system without simultaneously decreasing the charge transport (phonon–glass electron–crystal concept). A new Zn1+xSb nanophase obtained by a wet chemical approach was densified by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Investigations on compounds subsumed as “Zn4Sb3” always suffer from its low thermal stability and the contamination of the nanoparticles with solvents and additives used in the synthesis. In order to gain insight into this compound's electronic properties we investigated a material free from remnants of the synthesis but contaminated with a small amount of well‐characterized decomposition product, i.e., ZnSb. To investigate the influence of the sintering process on the densified samples, different SPS conditions were applied. Four different conditions were used with heating rates between 160° and 230 °C/min, sintering temperatures between 130 and 190 °C and sintering times between 3 and 6 min. Powders from the surface of the pellets were subject to powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) yielding information about the surface composition. Small pieces of the pellets were also characterized using high‐energy synchrotron radiation scattering in order to reveal the phase compositions inside the pellets. Small changes in the sintering conditions of the samples were found to have a large influence on the resulting sample compositions. In addition, the phase compositions on the surface differ significantly from the ones inside the pellets which show a much higher grade of decomposition. The density and morphology of the obtained pellets have been investigated by means of laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The low density and porosity of the different pellets is a result of the graphite pressing tool which has to be used to ensure the temperature control during the SPS process.
A generalized statistical control chart for over‐ or under‐dispersed data
Authors: Sellers Kimberly F.
Published: May 2011

The Poisson distribution is a popular distribution used to describe count information, from which control charts involving count data have been established. Several works recognize the need for a generalized control chart to allow for data over‐dispersion; however, analogous arguments can also be made to account for potential under‐dispersion. The Conway–Maxwell–Poisson (COM‐Poisson) distribution is a general count distribution that relaxes the equi‐dispersion assumption of the Poisson distribution, and in fact encompasses the special cases of the Poisson, geometric, and Bernoulli distributions. Accordingly, a flexible control chart is developed that encompasses the classical Shewart charts based on the Poisson, Bernoulli (or binomial), and geometric (or negative binomial) distributions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional theory on phase space
Authors: Blanchard Philippe , Gracia‐Bond7iacute;a José M. , Várilly Joseph C.
Published: May 2011

Forty‐five years after the point de départ [Hohenberg and Kohn, Phys Rev, 1964, 136, B864] of density functional theory, its applications in chemistry and the study of electronic structures keep steadily growing. However, the precise form of the energy functional in terms of the electron density still eludes us—and possibly will do so forever [Schuch and Verstraete, Nat Phys, 2009, 5, 732]. In what follows we examine a formulation in the same spirit with phase space variables. The validity of Hohenberg–Kohn–Levy‐type theorems on phase space is recalled. We study the representability problem for reduced Wigner functions, and proceed to analyze properties of the new functional. Along the way, new results on states in the phase space formalism of quantum mechanics are established. Natural Wigner orbital theory is developed in depth, with the final aim of constructing accurate correlation‐exchange functionals on phase space. A new proof of the overbinding property of the Müller functional is given. This exact theory supplies its home at long last to that illustrious ancestor, the Thomas–Fermi model. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
NON‐UNIFORM CHANGES TO WHITEWATER RECREATION IN CALIFORNIA'S SIERRA NEVADA FROM REGIONAL CLIMATE WARMING
Authors: Ligare S. T. , Viers J. H. , Null S. E. , Rheinheimer D. E. , Mount J. F.
Published: May 2011

Whitewater recreation is an aesthetic ecosystem service potentially affected by climate warming alterations to runoff. In California's Sierra Nevada, climate change is likely to reduce water availability with warmer air temperatures and stationary or decreasing precipitation, which will likely alter whitewater recreation opportunities. In this study, we identified 128 whitewater runs on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada within a 13‐basin study area that ranged from serene float trips to remote, difficult, kayak expeditions. We used a spatially explicit, one‐dimensional rainfall‐runoff model to estimate the unregulated hydrology at specific locations within flow thresholds amenable to whitewater recreation. Climate warming scenarios were simulated by increasing air temperature by 2 °C, 4 °C and 6 °C and assuming no change in precipitation.

With mild warming, the average number of boatable weeks per year increases, but more extreme warming decreases the average boatable weeks per year across the Sierra Nevada. Runs in low‐elevation drainages, such as the Cosumnes and the Tule River Basins, are most vulnerable to changes in boatable weeks. Yet, high‐elevation watersheds, such as the Kern River, also have a large reduction in boatable weeks. Watersheds in the central Sierra Nevada show an increase in boatable weeks. Overall, we found elevation and run type to be the best predictors of resiliency for Sierra Nevada whitewater runs.

Recreation is important for management of rivers, yet it is difficult to quantify and to plan for. This research provides a sensitivity analysis approach to climate warming for the Sierra Nevada and presents a method that can be applied to other regions and whitewater rivers. The observed reduction in whitewater recreation opportunities in unregulated rivers because of climate warming and continued increases in population will likely increase the importance of whitewater boating on regulated rivers and thus the reliance on operations for meeting multiple demands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FISH ASSEMBLAGES RESPOND TO HABITAT AND HYDROLOGY IN THE WABASH RIVER, INDIANA
Authors: Pritchett J. , Pyron M.
Published: May 2011

Detailed relationships between fish assemblages and habitat and hydrology variation are largely unknown for large rivers. We evaluated hydrology, habitat variation and fish assemblages at 28 sites on the Wabash River, Indiana, USA, during 2005–2008. We calculated hydrologic variation with the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration software and tested for temporal hydrologic effects on habitat variation of substrate particle size, water depth and water velocity by reducing data into principal component axes that were tested for differences among years with ANOVAs. We then tested for effects of habitat and hydrology variation on fish assemblages with canonical correspondence analysis. These analyses showed significant relationships between hydrologic variation and local habitats, and hydrology and habitat variables had significant relationships with fish assemblage structure. Our Mantel tests resulted in significant concordance among hydrology, local habitat variation and fish assemblage structure, suggesting associations of these variables. These results supported strong connections for hydraulic control over habitat variation and subsequent effects on fish assemblages. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurobehavioral outcomes in preterm, growth‐restricted infants with and without prenatal advanced signs of brain‐sparing
Authors: Figueras F. , Cruz‐Martinez R. , Sanz‐Cortes M. , Arranz A. , Illa M. , Botet F. , Costas‐Moragas C. , Gratacos E.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To evaluate the neurobehavioral outcomes of preterm infants with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), with and without prenatal advanced brain‐sparing.

Methods

A cohort of IUGR infants (birth weight < 10th percentile with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler) born before 34 weeks of gestation was compared with a control group of appropriate‐for‐gestational age infants matched for gestational age at delivery. MCA pulsatility index was determined in all cases within 72 hours before delivery. Neonatal neurobehavior was evaluated at 40 weeks' ( ± 1) corrected age using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. The effect of abnormal MCA pulsatility index (< 5th percentile) on each neurobehavioral area was adjusted for maternal smoking status and socioeconomic level, mode of delivery, gestational age at delivery, pre‐eclampsia, newborn illness severity score and infant sex by multiple linear and logistic regression.

Results

A total of 126 preterm newborns (64 controls and 62 IUGR) were included. Among IUGR fetuses, the proportion of abnormal MCA Doppler parameters was 53%. Compared with appropriate‐for‐gestational age infants, newborns in the IUGR subgroup with abnormal MCA Doppler had significantly lower neurobehavioral scores in the areas of habituation, motor system, social‐interactive and attention. Similarly, the proportion of infants with abnormal neurobehavioral scores was significantly higher in the IUGR subgroup with abnormal MCA Doppler parameters in the areas of habituation, social‐interactive, motor system and attention.

Conclusion

Abnormal MCA Doppler findings are predictive of neurobehavioral impairment among preterm newborns with IUGR, which suggests that this reflects an advanced stage of brain injury with a higher risk of abnormal neurological maturation. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left–right difference in fetal liver oxygenation during hypoxia estimated by BOLD MRI in a fetal sheep model
Authors: Sørensen A. , Holm D. , Pedersen M. , Tietze A. , Stausbøl‐Grøn B. , Duus L. , Uldbjerg N.
Published: May 2011

Objective

The purpose of this study was to measure differences in oxygenation between the left and right sides of the fetal liver during varying oxygenation levels.

Methods

Eight ewes carrying singleton fetuses at gestational age 125 days (term, 145 days) were included in the study. Under anesthesia the ewes were ventilated with gas containing different levels of oxygen, thereby subjecting the fetuses to hyperoxia (mean ± SD maternal arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), 23.2 ± 8.2 kPa) and hypoxia (mean maternal arterial pO2, 7.1 ± 0.5 kPa). Changes in oxygenation within the fetal liver were assessed by blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results

During hyperoxia there was no difference between the BOLD signal in the left and right sides of the fetal liver; mean change in BOLD (ΔBOLD)hyperox, − 0.9 ± 3.7%. During hypoxia, however, the decrease in the BOLD signal was more pronounced in the right side as compared with the left side, thereby creating a significant increase in the left–right difference in the BOLD signal; mean ΔBOLDhypox, 5.2 ± 2.2% (P = 0.002, paired t‐test). The left–right difference was directly proportional to the degree of hypoxia (R2 = 0.86, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating differences in oxygenation between the left and right sides of the fetal liver during hypoxia, a difference that can be explained by increased ductus venosus shunting. Thus, the BOLD MRI technique is a promising non‐invasive tool that might be useful for the future monitoring of the human fetus. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excision and Primary Closure Using the Karydakis Flap for the Treatment of Pilonidal Disease: Outcomes from a Single Institution
Authors: Moran D. C. , Kavanagh D. O. , Adhmed I. , Regan M. C.
Published: May 2011

Background

Chronic pilonidal disease is a debilitating condition that typically affects young adults. There is a wide variety of available therapeutic strategies reflecting the inconsistent outcomes attributed to the various operative approaches. The majority involve excision of the sinus tract followed by either primary closure or healing by secondary intention. A variety of closure approaches exist. There remains uncertainty as to which is more effective. The aim of the current study was to determine subjective and objective outcomes following excision and Karydakis flap closure in a unit where this technique is the standard of care in the management of chronic pilonidal disease.

Methods

This study involving consecutive patients with chronic pilonidal disease was conducted over a 4‐year period. A tailored patient satisfaction questionnaire was given to each patient. Postoperative primary and secondary outcomes were evaluated. The mean follow‐up time was 30 months.

Results

One hundred six consecutive patients (33 female, 73 male) underwent excision and primary closure using the Karydakis flap. Ninety‐two completed questionnaires were returned (87% response rate). Patients consulted their general practitioner 2.8 times (mean) and 46% received empirical oral antimicrobial therapy prior to referral for a surgical opinion. The mean time lost to work/school following the Karydakis flap repair was 13 days (range 3–33). Successful treatment was achieved in 96.3% of cases and 92% of patients were satisfied with their operative result.

Conclusion

Excision and primary closure with Karydakis flap is an effective treatment for chronic pilonidal disease. It is associated with low morbidity, early return to premorbid functioning, and a high degree of patient satisfaction (92%).
“Just Beyond my Front Door”: Public Discourse Experiences of Children Adopted from China
Authors: Vashchenko M. , D'Aleo M. , Pinderhughes E. E.
Published: May 2011

The phenotypic differences between children and their adoptive parents in transracial adoptions make the child's adoptive status readily apparent in public. Consequently, adoptees field more frequent questions and comments about the adoption. The present study examines the nature of public conversations about ethnicity and adoption of 41 elementary school age girls adopted from China and the ecological factors related to less frequent occurrences of such conversations and to the positive nature of these experiences. Results indicate that family structure (single parent vs. two parents) and parental bicultural competence predict membership in the favorable condition (reporting fewer public interaction experiences and reporting more positive experiences, respectively). Child's age and racial diversity of the town of residence do not predict these outcomes. Implications for families, adoption professionals, teachers and researchers are discussed.
System‐Level Change in Cultural and Linguistic Competence (CLC): How Changes in CLC are Related to Service Experience Outcomes in Systems of Care
Authors: Barksdale Crystal L. , Ottley Phyllis Gyamfi , Stephens Robert , Gebreselassie Tesfayi , Fua Imogen , Azur Melissa , Walrath-Greene Christine
Published: May 2011

As US demographic trends shift toward more diversity, it becomes increasingly necessary to address differential needs of diverse groups of youth in mental health service systems. Cultural and linguistic competence (CLC) is essential to providing the most appropriate mental health services to youth and their families. The successful implementation of CLC often begins at the system level. Though various factors may affect change and system‐level factors set the tone for broad acceptance of CLC within systems, there is limited empirical evidence linking culturally competent practices to outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to examine system‐level CLC changes over time within systems of care and their associations with service experiences among youth and their families. Participants were 4,512 youth and their families enrolled in the national evaluation of the Children's Mental Health Initiative (CMHI). Results suggest that implementation of CLC at the system level improves over time in funded systems of care. Further, variation exists in specific system‐level components of CLC. In addition, the changes in CLC at the system level are related to family/caregiver participation in treatment. Implications for supporting positive changes in CLC among systems of care communities, and specific strategies for community psychologists, are discussed.
Fassier–Duval femoral rodding in children with osteogenesis imperfecta receiving bisphosphonates: Functional outcomes at one year
Authors: Ruck Joanne , Dahan-Oliel Noémi , Montpetit Kathleen , Rauch Frank , Fassier François
Published: May 2011

Purpose

To examine the functional outcomes of children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) following initial Fassier–Duval (FD) rodding to the femur at 1 year, and to determine which factors are associated with change in gross motor function, ambulation, and functional performance.

Methods

Approval from our Institutional Review Board was obtained. A retrospective chart review identified 60 children (28 males, 32 females) with OI who underwent initial FD femoral rodding (101 rods) and who were receiving bisphosphonates. The mean age of the children was 3 years, 11 months at the initial femoral FD rodding. Two had type I OI, 30 type III, 27 type IV, and one type VI. The maximum length of follow-up was 4 years. Telescoping FD rods were used for the femurs, with surgeries performed one leg at a time, with a 1-week interval. The active range of motion (AROM) of the hips and knees in flexion was measured 4–5 weeks post-initial rodding. Outcomes on the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) Ambulation Scale, the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) were compared pre-operatively and at 1 year post-surgery using t-tests and multivariate linear regression.

Results

Pre-operatively, the mean FAQ score was 2.0, and this increased to 5.8 at 1 year post-surgery. Statistically significant improvements ( P ≤ 0.05) were found on the FAQ, crawling, standing, walking and running, and total domains of the GMFM, and PEDI mobility and self-care from baseline to 1 year. The results from the multivariate linear regression indicate that older age ( P = 0.0045) and higher weight ( P = 0.0164) are significantly associated with lower scores in the self-care domain of the PEDI, and that OI type III compared to type IV is significantly associated ( P = 0.0457) with greater improvement on the crawling domain of the GMFM. Higher weight was also associated ( P = 0.0289) with lower scores in the standing domain of the GMFM, as well as with the total GMFM score ( P = 0.0398).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that initial FD femoral rodding resulted in benefits in ambulation, gross motor function, self-care, and mobility for children with OI beyond physiological expectations due to developmental growth. FD rodding is a procedure which can improve the overall mobility in children with OI with significant femoral deformities.
Changing the ubiquitin landscape during viral manipulation of the DNA damage response
Authors: Weitzman Matthew D. , Lilley Caroline E. , Chaurushiya Mira S.
Published: May 2011

Viruses often induce signaling through the same cellular cascades that are activated by damage to the cellular genome. Signaling triggered by viral proteins or exogenous DNA delivered by viruses can be beneficial or detrimental to viral infection. Viruses have therefore evolved to dissect the cellular DNA damage response pathway during infection, often marking key cellular regulators with ubiquitin to induce their degradation or change their function. Signaling controlled by ubiquitin or ubiquitin‐like proteins has recently emerged as key regulator of the cellular DNA damage response. Situated at the interface between DNA damage signaling and the ubiquitin system, viruses can reveal key convergence points in this important cellular pathway. In this review, we examine how viruses harness the diversity of the cellular ubiquitin system to modulate the DNA damage signaling pathway. We discuss the implications of viral infiltration of this pathway for both the transcriptional program of the virus and for the cellular response to DNA damage.
How do immune cells overcome the blood–brain barrier in multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Larochelle Catherine , Alvarez Jorge Ivan , Prat Alexandre
Published: May 2011

The presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) restricts the movement of soluble mediators and leukocytes from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). Leukocyte entry into the CNS is nonetheless an early event in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory disorder of the CNS. Whether BBB dysfunction precedes immune cell infiltration or is the consequence of perivascular leukocyte accumulation remains enigmatic, but leukocyte migration modifies BBB permeability. Immune cells of MS subjects express inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes that can facilitate their migration to the CNS by influencing BBB function, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we describe how immune cells from the peripheral blood overcome the BBB and promote CNS inflammation in MS through BBB disruption.
Efficacy of a single dose of an otic ivermectin preparation or selamectin for the treatment of Otodectes cynotis infestation in naturally infected cats
Authors: Nunn-Brooks Lindsey , Michael Robin , Ravitz Lea B. , Kordick Dorsey , Lappin Michael R.
Published: May 2011

Otodectes cynotis infestation is common in kittens housed in crowded environments like animal shelters. It is unknown how rapidly O cynotis is killed within the first 72 h of treatment with currently available products. Kittens ⩾4 weeks of age with live O cynotis in both ears (AU) were administered 0.5 ml of 0.01% ivermectin otic suspension (Acarexx; Idexx Pharmaceuticals) once, AU or selamectin (Revolution; Pfizer Animal Health) once, on the skin following the manufacturer's instructions. Repeat microscopic examination was performed on individual ears based on a randomization schedule during the 72 h after treatment. There was no evidence of toxicity with either drug and administration of 0.01% ivermectin significantly reduced the time to live mite-free status compared to selamectin. Both drugs have an effect against O cynotis as early as 10–12 h after administration with an increasing effect over time.