bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of compulsive buying: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Maraz Aniko , Griffiths Mark D. , Demetrovics Zsolt
Published: October 2015

Aims

To estimate the pooled prevalence of compulsive buying behaviour (CBB) in different populations and to determine the effect of age, gender, location and screening instrument on the reported heterogeneity in estimates of CBB and whether publication bias could be identified.

Methods

Three databases were searched (Medline, PsychInfo, Web of Science) using the terms ‘compulsive buying’, ‘pathological buying’ and ‘compulsive shopping’ to estimate the pooled prevalence of CBB in different populations. Forty studies reporting 49 prevalence estimates from 16 countries were located (n = 32 000). To conduct the meta‐analysis, data from non‐clinical studies regarding mean age and gender proportion, geographical study location and screening instrument used to assess CBB were extracted by multiple independent observers and evaluated using a random‐effects model. Four a priori subgroups were analysed using pooled estimation (Cohen's Q) and covariate testing (moderator and meta‐regression analysis).

Results

The CBB pooled prevalence of adult representative studies was 4.9% (3.4–6.9%, eight estimates, 10 102 participants), although estimates were higher among university students: 8.3% (5.9–11.5%, 19 estimates, 14 947 participants) in adult non‐representative samples: 12.3% (7.6–19.1%, 11 estimates, 3929 participants) and in shopping‐specific samples: 16.2% (8.8–27.8%, 11 estimates, 4686 participants). Being young and female were associated with increased tendency, but not location (United States versus non‐United States). Meta‐regression revealed large heterogeneity within subgroups, due mainly to diverse measures and time‐frames (current versus life‐time) used to assess CBB.

Conclusions

A pooled estimate of compulsive buying behaviour in the populations studied is approximately 5%, but there is large variation between samples accounted for largely by use of different time‐frames and measures.
Incidence and natural history of hen's egg allergy in the first 2 years of life—the EuroPrevall birth cohort study
Authors: Xepapadaki P. , Fiocchi A. , Grabenhenrich L. , Roberts G. , Grimshaw K. E. C. , Fiandor A. , Larco J. I. , Sigurdardottir S. , Clausen M. , Papadopoulos N. G. , Dahdah L. , Mackie A. , Sprikkelman A. B. , Schoemaker A. A. , Dubakiene R. , Butiene I. , Kowalski M. L. , Zeman K. , Gavrili S. , Keil T. , Beyer K.
Published: October 2015

Background

Parents and health staff perceive hen's egg allergy (HEA) as a common food allergy in early childhood, but the true incidence is unclear because population‐based studies with gold‐standard diagnostic criteria are lacking.

Objective

To establish the incidence and course of challenge‐confirmed HEA in children, from birth until the age of 24 months, in different European regions.

Methods

In the EuroPrevall birth cohort study, children with a suspected HEA and their age‐matched controls were evaluated in 9 countries, using a standardized protocol including measurement of HE‐specific immunoglobulin E‐antibodies in serum, skin prick tests, and double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges (DBPCFC).

Results

Across Europe, 12 049 newborns were enrolled, and 9336 (77.5%) were followed up to 2 years of age. In 298 children, HEA was suspected and DBPCFC was offered. HEA by age two was confirmed in 86 of 172 challenged children (mean raw incidence 0.84%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.67–1.03). Adjusted mean incidence of HEA was 1.23% (95% CI 0.98–1.51) considering possible cases among eligible children who were not challenged. Centre‐specific incidence ranged from United Kingdom (2.18%, 95% CI 1.27–3.47) to Greece (0.07%). Half of the HE‐allergic children became tolerant to HE within 1 year after the initial diagnosis.

Conclusions

The largest multinational European birth cohort study on food allergy with gold‐standard diagnostic methods showed that the mean adjusted incidence of HEA was considerably lower than previously documented, although differences in incidence rates among countries were noted. Half of the children with documented HEA gained tolerance within 1 year postdiagnosis.
A Case of Brugada Pattern Migrant from Right Precordial Leads to Peripheral Leads
Authors: Luzza Francesco , Crea Pasquale , Nicotera Angela , Picciolo Giuseppe , Pugliatti Pietro , Oreto Giuseppe
Published: October 2015

Since the first report in 1992, Brugada pattern (BP) diagnosis is mainly based on analysis of the precordial leads. In cases with no clear BP evidence in the conventional right precordial leads (4th intercostal space), limb leads analysis resulted helpful in suspecting BP. Fluctuations within right precordial leads between the diagnostic ECG pattern and nondiagnostic ECGs are well known. For the first time, in the patient herewith reported, the transformation of BP phenotype involves both precordial and peripheral leads, confirming that the analysis of all the 12 leads has a key role in BP diagnosis.
Stanford Type A Acute Retrograde Aortic Dissections: From Surgical to Endovascular Strategy?
Authors: Follis Fabrizio , Raffa Giuseppe M. , D'Ancona Giuseppe , Amaducci Andrea , Follis Marco
Published: October 2015

Acute type A retrograde aortic dissection is characterized by a port of entry located in the descending aorta near the subclavian take‐off, and is currently treated with surgery. Our experience with two patients who underwent a complicated postoperative course stimulated a review of the current literature and discussion of possible alternative strategies in light of recent advances in endovascular treatment.
Diffuse Midline Gliomas with Histone H3‐K27M Mutation: A Series of 47 Cases Assessing the Spectrum of Morphologic Variation and Associated Genetic Alterations
Authors: Solomon David A. , Wood Matthew D. , Tihan Tarik , Bollen Andrew W. , Gupta Nalin , Phillips Joanna J. J. , Perry Arie
Published: October 2015

Somatic mutations of the H3F3A and HIST1H3B genes encoding the histone H3 variants, H3.3 and H3.1, were recently identified in high‐grade gliomas arising in the thalamus, pons and spinal cord of children and young adults. However, the complete range of patients and locations in which these tumors arise, as well as the morphologic spectrum and associated genetic alterations remain undefined. Here, we describe a series of 47 diffuse midline gliomas with histone H3‐K27M mutation. The 25 male and 22 female patients ranged in age from 2 to 65 years (median = 14). Tumors were centered not only in the pons, thalamus, and spinal cord, but also in the third ventricle, hypothalamus, pineal region and cerebellum. Patients with pontine tumors were younger (median = 7 years) than those with thalamic (median = 24 years) or spinal (median = 25 years) tumors. A wide morphologic spectrum was encountered including gliomas with giant cells, epithelioid and rhabdoid cells, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)‐like foci, neuropil‐like islands, pilomyxoid features, ependymal‐like areas, sarcomatous transformation, ganglionic differentiation and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)‐like areas. In this series, histone H3‐K27M mutation was mutually exclusive with IDH1 mutation and EGFR amplification, rarely co‐occurred with BRAF‐V600E mutation, and was commonly associated with p53 overexpression, ATRX loss (except in pontine gliomas), and monosomy 10.
The effect of universal child benefits on labour supply
Authors: Schirle Tammy
Published: October 2015

Using a difference‐in‐differences estimator, I find the Canadian Universal Child Care Benefit has significant negative income effects on the labour supply of married individuals. The likelihood of lower‐educated mothers to participate in the labour force is reduced 3.2 percentage points when receiving the benefit. Median hours worked per week among lower‐educated mothers is reduced by 1.9 hours. The effects on higher‐educated mothers are substantial, with median hours worked among higher‐educated mothers reduced by nearly one hour per week. For men, the evidence suggests small but significant income effects on labour supply, consistent with the literature on labour supply elasticities.
Evolution of temporal and spectral dynamics of pathologic high‐frequency oscillations (pHFOs) during epileptogenesis
Authors: Jones Ryan T. , Barth Albert M. , Ormiston Laurel D. , Mody Istvan
Published: October 2015

Objective

In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), pathologic high frequency oscillations (pHFOs, 200–600 Hz) are present in the hippocampus, especially the dentate gyrus (DG). The pHFOs emerge during a latent period prior to the onset of spontaneous generalized seizures. We used a unilateral suprahippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA) mouse model of TLE to characterize the properties of hippocampal pHFOs during epileptogenesis.

Methods

In awake head‐fixed mice, 4–14 days after KA‐induced status epilepticus (SE), we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) with 64‐channel silicon probes spanning from CA1 alveus to the DG hilus, or with glass pipettes in the DC mode in the CA1 str radiatum.

Results

The pHFOs, are observed simultaneously in the CA1 and the DG, or in the DG alone, as early as 4 days post‐SE. The pHFOs ride on top of DC deflections, occur during motionless periods, persist through the onset of TLE, and are generated in bursts. Burst parameters remain remarkably constant during epileptogenesis, with a random number of pHFOs generated per burst. In contrast, pHFO duration and spectral dynamics evolve from short events at 4 days post‐SE to prolonged discharges with complex spectral characteristics by 14 days post‐SE. Simultaneous dural EEG recordings were exceedingly unreliable for detecting hippocampal pHFOs; therefore, such recordings may deceptively indicate a “silent” period even when massive hippocampal activity is present.

Significance

Our results demonstrate that hippocampal pHFOs exhibit a dynamic evolution during the epileptogenic period following SE, consistent with their role in transitioning to the chronic stage of TLE.
Carcinoma of the mammary gland in a mare
Authors: Bussche L. , Harms C. , Buckles E. L. , Whelchel D. , Brosnahan M. , Van de Walle G. R.
Published: October 2015

A 20‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare was presented with a firm, nonpainful swelling near the axial margin of the left mammary gland. Ultrasound examination of the mass revealed a 35 mm poorly encapsulated, homogeneous mass within the parenchyma of the left mammary gland. Using histopathology and immunohistochemistry, the mass was diagnosed as a mammary carcinoma and showed positivity for cytokeratin 18 (CK18), vimentin and α‐smooth muscle actin. Additionally, themRNAexpression level of the oncogenecMycdid not show a significant upregulation, whereasp53, a well‐known tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer, was significantly reduced in comparison with healthy equine mammary gland tissue. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a significant downregulation ofp53expression in a mammary carcinoma of a mare.
A call for ethical code enrichment in complementary and alternative healthcare professions
Authors: Long Preston A
Published: October 2015

Ethics are a key underpinning to health care. Complementary and alternative practices are no exception. The ethical codes of practice within popular complementary and alternative medicines are evaluated. The results and their significance are discussed.
Decoding the non‐coding genome: elucidating genetic risk outside the coding genome
Authors: Barr C. L. , Misener V. L.
Published: October 2015

Current evidence emerging from genome‐wide association studies indicates that the genetic underpinnings of complex traits are likely attributable to genetic variation that changes gene expression, rather than (or in combination with) variation that changes protein‐coding sequences. This is particularly compelling with respect to psychiatric disorders, as genetic changes in regulatory regions may result in differential transcriptional responses to developmental cues and environmental/psychosocial stressors. Until recently, however, the link between transcriptional regulation and psychiatric genetic risk has been understudied. Multiple obstacles have contributed to the paucity of research in this area, including challenges in identifying the positions of remote (distal from the promoter) regulatory elements (e.g. enhancers) and their target genes and the underrepresentation of neural cell types and brain tissues in epigenome projects – the availability of high‐quality brain tissues for epigenetic and transcriptome profiling, particularly for the adolescent and developing brain, has been limited. Further challenges have arisen in the prediction and testing of the functional impact of DNA variation with respect to multiple aspects of transcriptional control, including regulatory‐element interaction (e.g. between enhancers and promoters), transcription factor binding and DNA methylation. Further, the brain has uncommon DNA‐methylation marks with unique genomic distributions not found in other tissues – current evidence suggests the involvement of non‐CG methylation and 5‐hydroxymethylation in neurodevelopmental processes but much remains unknown. We review here knowledge gaps as well as both technological and resource obstacles that will need to be overcome in order to elucidate the involvement of brain‐relevant gene‐regulatory variants in genetic risk for psychiatric disorders.
Neural cells play an inhibitory role in pancreatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Nakashima Ryutaro , Morooka Mayu , Shiraki Nobuaki , Sakano Daisuke , Ogaki Soichiro , Kume Kazuhiko , Kume Shoen
Published: October 2015

Pancreatic endocrine β‐cells derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have received attention as screening systems for therapeutic drugs and as the basis for cell‐based therapies. Here, we used a 12‐day β‐cell differentiation protocol for mouse ES cells and obtained several hit compounds that promoted β‐cell differentiation. One of these compounds, mycophenolic acid (MPA), effectively promoted ES cell differentiation with a concomitant reduction of neuronal cells. The existence of neural cell‐derived inhibitory humoral factors for β‐cell differentiation was suggested using a co‐culture system. Based on gene array analysis, we focused on the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and showed that the Wnt pathway inhibitor reversed MPA‐induced β‐cell differentiation. Wnt pathway activation promoted β‐cell differentiation also in human iPS cells. Our results showed that Wnt signaling activation positively regulates β‐cell differentiation, and represent a downstream target of the neural inhibitory factor.
Active packaging solution to prolong the shelf life of rocket salad
Authors: Danza Alessandra , Conte Amalia , Cedola Annamaria , Chisacova Inna , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro
Published: October 2015

The best packaging conditions for rocket salad were assessed by subsequent experimental trials. In the first step, a preliminary screening of different packaging materials was performed and two micro‐perforated oriented polypropylene films with different micro‐hole diameters (90 and 110 μm) were selected as best packaging solutions. In the subsequent experimental step, modified headspace conditions were applied without any improvement on product quality. In the last step, the effects of an ethylene adsorbent were analysed. Rocket salad packaged in both films with the ethylene adsorbent recorded a shelf life of about 16 days, compared to the control samples that remained acceptable for 13 days. During storage, the microbial quality (mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, pseudomonadaceae, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, total coliforms and enterobacteriacae), the pH, the colour changes and the main sensory parameters were also monitored.
Physicochemical assessment of fresh chilled dairy dessert supplemented with wheat germ
Authors: Majzoobi Mahsa , Ghiasi Fatemeh , Farahnaky Asgar
Published: October 2015

Wheat germ is an available and economical source of protein, vitamins and antioxidants with an increasing application in food products. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) and particle sizes (120, 210 and 354 μm) of wheat germ on physicochemical properties of fresh chilled dairy dessert. With increasing wheat germ level, dry matter of the dessert increased while the pH decreased. Particle size had no significant effect on these parameters. Increasing the wheat germ content and particle size enhanced darkness, hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess of the desserts while decreasing springiness and water release of the samples. Wheat germ level had greater effects on different quality aspects of the desserts than its particle size. The most acceptable dessert was produced with no more than 5.0% wheat germ with either of the particle sizes used in this study.
Edible coatings enriched with essential oils for extending the shelf‐life of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ fresh‐cut apples
Authors: Guerreiro Adriana C. , Gago Custódia M. L. , Faleiro Maria L. , Miguel Maria G. C. , Antunes Maria D. C.
Published: October 2015

Edible coatings based on sodium alginate (AL) and pectin (PE) at 1% and 2%(w/v) enriched with eugenol (Eug) and citral (Cit) at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (0.10% and 0.15%) and double MIC were used to preserve the quality of fresh‐cut apples ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’. Samples were taken, through 14 day at 4 °C, for analysis of colour CIE(L*h°C*), firmness, °Brix, weight loss, antioxidant activity (TEAC), microbial growth and taste panels. With those quality characteristics, three groups were formed by the principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis, for each coating base (AL or PE). Based on, for each quality parameter measured, the mean closest value to the one at harvest for colour, higher value for firmness, °Brix and TEAC, and lower value for weight loss and microbial spoilage, the best group was selected for AL and PE. From each group, two edible coatings with the highest scores in overall acceptability were selected for fresh‐cut apples: AL2% + Eug 0.1%, AL2% + Cit 0.15% + Eug 0.1%, PE 2% + Cit 0.15% and PE 2% + Eug 0.2%.
Antifungal properties and inhibitory effects upon aflatoxin production by Zingiber officinale essential oil in Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Nerilo Samuel B. , Rocha Gustavo Henrique O. , Tomoike Caroline , Mossini Simone A. G. , Grespan Renata , Mikcha Jane M. G. , Machinski Miguel
Published: October 2015

In this study, the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) in reducing A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production was investigated. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the major components of GEO were α‐zingiberene (23.85%) and geranial (14.16%). Mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus was reduced significantly at a GEO concentration of 150 μg mL−1, and complete inhibition of conidial germination was observed at a concentration of 10 μg mL−1. Statistically significant inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis was detected at a GEO concentration of 10 μg mL−1. GEO was capable of fully inhibiting aflatoxin production by A. flavus at a concentration of 15 μg mL−1. The results suggest that low concentrations of GEO are capable of inhibiting aflatoxin production; such ability could be valuable in the upcoming future for agricultural companies to better control aflatoxigenic fungi in agricultural products.
Alkaline Hydration Of C2S and C3S
Authors: Sánchez‐Herrero María José , Fernández‐Jiménez Ana , Palomo Ángel
Published: October 2015

This study analyzed the behavior of two laboratory‐synthesized calcium silicates, C3S and C2S, after hydration in 8‐M NaOH and in water as a control. Two‐ and 28‐d mechanical strength values were determined and the products were characterized with XRD, TEM, and 29Si and 23Na MAS NMR. The results showed that hydrating C3S in a highly alkaline medium had no significant effect on the mechanical development of the material, whereas in C2S hydration, that medium hastened hydration substantially, impacting setting and hardening times. This finding has technological implications, given the low early‐age reactivity of dicalcium silicate under normal hydration conditions.
Scepticism about Beneficiary Pays: A Critique
Authors: Barry Christian , Kirby Robert
Published: October 2015

Some moral theorists argue that being an innocent beneficiary of significant harms inflicted by others may be sufficient to ground special duties to address the hardships suffered by the victims, at least when it is impossible to extract compensation from those who perpetrated the harm. This idea has been applied to climate change in the form of the beneficiary‐pays principle. Other philosophers, however, are quite sceptical about beneficiary pays (both in general and in the particular case of human‐induced climate change). Our aim in this article is to examine their critiques. We conclude that, while they have made important points, the principle remains worthy of further development and exploration. Our purpose in engaging with these critiques is constructive — we aim to formulate beneficiary pays in ways that would give it a plausible role in allocating the cost of addressing human‐induced climate change, while acknowledging that some understandings of the principle would make it unsuitable for this purpose.
Self‐Advocacy as a Means to Positive Identities for People with Intellectual Disability: ‘We Just Help Them, Be Them Really’
Authors: Anderson Sian , Bigby Christine
Published: October 2015

Background

Stigma attached to having an intellectual disability has negative implications for the social identities and inclusion of people with intellectual disability.

Aim

The study explored the effects of membership of independent self‐advocacy groups on the social identity of people with intellectual disability.

Method

Using a constructivist grounded theory methodology, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 25 members of six self‐advocacy groups which varied in size, resources, location and policy context: two based in the Australian states of Victoria and Tasmania and four in the UK.

Results

Collegiality, ownership and control by members characterized groups. They gave members opportunities for paid or voluntary work, skill development and friendship which contributed to their confidence and engagement with life. Possibilities for new more positive identities such as being an expert, a business‐like person, a self‐advocate and an independent person were opened up. Self‐advocacy is an important means of furthering social inclusion of people with intellectual disability.
Analyst Report Readability and Stock Returns
Authors: Hsieh Chia‐Chun , Hui Kai Wai , Zhang Yao
Published: October 2015

This study investigates the market's response to analyst report readability. We posit that readable reports decrease uncertainty of earnings expectations and by extension increase stock prices. Our results show that the equity market reacts more positively to readable reports and that this positive reaction is attributable to a reduction in uncertainty of future performance. Moreover, we find that the effect of readability on stock prices is significantly positive only for firms with greater R&D spending, higher bid‐ask spreads, a greater proportion of uninformed investors, and more experienced analysts, which suggests that readability matters only when information asymmetry in the equity market is high.
High Blood Pressure and Related Factors Among Individuals at High Risk for HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections
Authors: Nam Soohyun , Whittemore Robin , Jeon Sangchoon , Davey‐Rothwell Melissa A. , Latkin Carl
Published: October 2015

Data from a social network–based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention study with a total of 330 men and women at high risk for HIV/STIs were used to examine the relationships between substance use, depressive symptoms, general health, cardiovascular disease risk factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP). Approximately 60% of the participants had prehypertension to stage 2 hypertension. In the base model, older patients (P<.0001), men (P=.003), and patients with poorer self‐reported health (P=.029) were significantly associated with high SBP, whereas older age (P<.001) and higher body mass index (P<.001) were significantly associated with higher DBP. After adjusting for the base model, high frequency of alcohol drinking and high frequency of binge drinking remained significant for high SBP and DBP. These data suggest that future cardiovascular disease programs should target moderate alcohol consumption to improve blood pressure among individuals at high risk for HIV/STIs.
miRNA‐532‐5p functions as an oncogenic microRNA in human gastric cancer by directly targeting RUNX3
Authors: Xu Xia , Zhang Yingjie , Liu Zhifang , Zhang Xinchao , Jia Jihui
Published: October 2015

Accumulating data reveal that microRNAs are involved in gastric carcinogenesis. To date, no information was reported about the function and regulatory mechanism of miR‐532‐5p in human gastric cancer (GC). Thus, our study aims to determine the role and regulation of miR‐532‐5p in GC. Here, we found that transient and stable overexpression of miR‐532‐5p dramatically increased the potential of colony formation and migration of GC cells, decreased the percentage of cells in G1 phase and cell apoptosis in vitro, and increased the weight of mice lungs and number of lung xenografts in vivo. Gain‐of‐function, loss‐of‐function and luciferase activity assays demonstrated that miR‐532‐5p negatively regulated the expression of RUNX3 and its targets directly. We also found that miR‐532‐5p level was negatively correlated with RUNX3 gene expression in various GC cell lines. Our results indicate that miR‐532‐5p functions as an oncogenic miRNA by promoting cell growth, migration and invasion in human GC cells.
‘What the patient wants’: an investigation of the methods of ascertaining patient values in evidence‐based medicine and values‐based practice
Authors: Wieten Sarah
Published: October 2015

Evidence‐Based Medicine (EBM), Values‐Based Practice (VBP) and Person‐Centered Healthcare (PCH) are all concerned with the values in play in the clinical encounter. However, these recent movements are not in agreement about how to discover these relevant values. In some parts of EBM textbooks, the prescribed method for discovering values is through social science research on the average values in a particular population. VBP by contrast always investigates the individually held values of the different stakeholders in the particular clinical encounter, although the account has some other difficulties. I argue that although average values for populations might be very useful in informing questions of resource distribution and policy making, their use cannot replace the individual solicitation of patient (and other stakeholder) values in the clinical encounter. Because of the inconsistency of the EBM stance on values, the incompatibility of some versions of the EBM treatment of values with PCH, and EBM's attempt to transplant research methods from science into the realm of values, I must recommend the use of the VBP account of values discovery.
Controlled attenuation parameter for the diagnosis of steatosis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Lédinghen Victor de , Wong Grace Lai‐Hung , Vergniol Julien , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen , Hiriart Jean‐Baptiste , Chan Anthony Wing‐Hung , Chermak Faiza , Choi Paul Cheung‐Lung , Foucher Juliette , Chan Carmen Ka‐Man , Merrouche Wassil , Chim Angel Mei‐Ling , Le Bail Brigitte , Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun
Published: October 2015

Background and Aim

Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) evaluated with transient elastography (FibroScan) is a recent method for non‐invasive assessment of steatosis. Its usefulness in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unknown. We prospectively investigated the performance of CAP for the diagnosis of steatosis in NAFLD, factors associated with discordances between CAP and steatosis grades, and relationships between CAP and clinical or biological parameters.

Methods

All CAP examinations performed in NAFLD patients with a liver biopsy performed within 1 week of CAP measurement were included. Liver biopsies were assessed for activity and fibrosis stage, NAFLD activity score, and steatosis graded as follows: S0, steatosis < 5%; S1, 5–33%; S2, 34–66%; S3, >66%.

Results

Two hundred sixty‐one patients (59% male, age 56 years) from two ethnic groups were included. No patient had steatosis < 5%. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristics curve of CAP for steatosis ≥S2 and S3 was 0.80 and 0.66, respectively. At a cut‐off value of 310 dB/m, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for ≥S2 steatosis were 79%, 71%, 86%, and 71%, respectively. Discordance of at least one grade between CAP and steatosis was observed in 81 patients. By multivariate analysis, only steatosis S2S3 was associated with no discordance. By multivariate analysis, only BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 was significantly associated with CAP > 310 dB/m.

Conclusion

The association of CAP with steatosis, especially in patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, and with elevated BMI could be useful for the diagnosis and follow‐up of NAFLD patients.
Integrated Motherhood: Beyond Hegemonic Ideologies of Motherhood
Authors: Dow Dawn Marie
Published: October 2015

Existing research assumes that hegemonic mothering ideologies influence U.S. mothers' work and family decisions. These ideologies assume that childrearing is a mother's duty, that mothering occurs within a self‐sufficient nuclear family, and that paid employment conflicts with motherhood. Even when mothers do not conform to these ideologies, scholars find that they continue to influence mothers, as exhibited by mothers' efforts to reframe, redefine, or actively reject the ideal. This study expands on research that challenges the dominant influence of these ideologies on all mothers. Through analyzing the accounts of 24 middle‐ and upper‐middle‐class African American mothers employed in professional careers, three different cultural expectations about motherhood emerged. Participants assumed that they should work outside of the home, be financially self‐reliant, and use kin and community members as child caregivers. Together, these cultural expectations form the basis of an alternative ideology of mothering that the author terms integrated mothering.
Characterization of dendritic cells in lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Costa Nádia Lago , Gonçalves Andréia Souza , Martins Allisson Filipe Lopes , Arantes Diego Antônio Costa , Silva Tarcília Aparecida , Batista Aline Carvalho
Published: October 2015

Background

There may be differences in the antitumor immunity induced by dendritic cells (DCs) during the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) located in the lip rather than in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of immature and mature DCs in SCC and potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and lip.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the number (cells/mm2) of immature (CD1a+) or mature (CD83+) DCs in samples of oral cavity SCC (OCSCC) (n = 39), lip SCC (LSCC) (n = 23), leukoplakia (LK) (n = 21), actinic cheilitis (AC) (n = 13), and normal mucosa of the oral cavity (OC control, n = 12) and the lip (lip control, n = 11).

Results

The number of CD1a+ cells tended to be higher in the OC control samples compared with the LK (P = 0.04) and OCSCC (P = 0.21). Unlike, this cell population was lower in the lip control than in AC or LSCC (P < 0.05). The number of CD83+ cells was increased in the LSCC samples compared with the AC and lip control (P = 0.0001) and in OCSCC compared with both the LK (P = 0.001) and OC control (P = 0.0001) samples. LSCC showed an elevated number of CD1a+ and CD83+ cells compared with OCSCC (P = 0.03). The population of mature DCs was lower than the population of immature DCs in all of the tested groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

There were a greater number of both mature and immature DC populations in the LSCC samples than in the OCSCC, which could contribute to establishing a more effective immune antitumor response for this neoplasm.
Attitudes of Slovene paediatricians to end‐of‐life care
Authors: Grosek Stefan , Orazem Miha , Kanic Maja , Vidmar Gaj , Groselj Urh
Published: October 2015

Aims

The aims of this study were to assess the attitudes of Slovene paediatricians to aspects of end‐of‐life (EOL) care and compare these attitudes between paediatric intensivists, paediatric specialists and paediatric residents.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional survey, using a specifically designed 43‐item anonymous questionnaire.

Results

We included 323 out of 586 Slovene paediatricians and residents, while 46.7% (151 of 323) of them responded to our questionnaire. More than half of intensivists (54.2%) had sought counsel from the Committee for Medical Ethics in the past as compared with 12.0% and 12.1% of specialists and residents, respectively (P < 0.001). The decision to limit life‐sustaining treatment (LST) was found to be ethically acceptable in all groups of respondents. The highest level of agreement was found in residents (90.2%), followed by 83.3% among intensivists and 73.8% among specialists (P = not statistically significant (NS)). Disagreement with termination of hydration was highest among residents (85%) and intensivists (79.2%) while it was lower among specialists (66.7%) (P = NS). Patient's best interest, good clinical practice and patient's autonomous decision were graded as the top three aspects of the EOL care, while cost effectiveness and availability of patient's bed in intensive care were the least important.

Conclusions

The decision to limit LST measures was found to be ethically acceptable for Slovene paediatricians. No major differences were found among paediatric intensivists, specialist paediatricians and paediatric residents in the attitudes towards the EOL care.
Rural‐Urban Differences in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Diagnostic Prevalence in Kentucky and West Virginia
Authors: Abner Erin L. , Jicha Gregory A. , Christian W. Jay , Schreurs Bernard G.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

Older adults living in rural areas may face barriers to obtaining a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). We sought to examine rural‐urban differences in prevalence of ADRD among Medicare beneficiaries in Kentucky and West Virginia, 2 contiguous, geographically similar states with large rural areas and aged populations.

Methods

We used Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Public Use Files data from 2007 to 2013 to assess prevalence of ADRD at the county level among all Medicare beneficiaries in each state. Rural‐Urban Continuum Codes were used to classify counties as rural or urban. We used Poisson regression to estimate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios. Primary analyses focused on 2013 data and were repeated for 2007 to 2012. This study was completely ecologic.

Findings

After adjusting for state, average beneficiary age, percent of female beneficiaries, percent of beneficiaries eligible for Medicaid in each county, Central Appalachian county, percent of age‐eligible residents enrolled in Medicare, and percent of residents under age 65 enrolled in Medicare in our adjusted models, we found that 2013 ADRD diagnostic prevalence was 11% lower in rural counties (95% CI: 9%‐13%).

Conclusions

Medicare beneficiaries in rural counties in Kentucky and West Virginia may be underdiagnosed with respect to ADRD. However, due to the ecologic design, and evidence of a younger, more heavily male beneficiary population in some rural areas, further studies using individual‐level data are needed to confirm the results.
Increasing the Rural Physician Workforce: A Potential Role for Small Rural Medical School Campuses
Authors: Crump William J. , Fricker R. Steve , Ziegler Craig H. , Wiegman David L.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To address the issue of physician maldistribution, some medical schools have rural‐focused efforts, and many more are in the planning or early implementation stage. The best duration and structure of the rural immersion experience are unclear, and the relative effects of rural upbringing and rural training on subsequent rural practice choice are often difficult to determine.

Methods

To determine the effect of adding a rural clinical campus to our school, we analyzed the variables of rural upbringing, demographics, family medicine residency choice, and campus participation using a multivariate model for association with rural practice choice. We included graduates from the classes of 2001‐2008 from both campuses (urban and rural) in the analysis.

Findings

We found similar associations to those reported previously of rural upbringing (OR = 2.67 [1.58‐4.52]) and family medicine residency (OR = 5.08 [2.88‐8.98]) with rural practice choice. Even controlling for these 2 variables, participation in the full 2 years at the rural clinical campus showed the strongest association (OR = 5.46 [2.61‐11.42]). All 3 associations were significant at P < .001, and no other variables were significant.

Conclusions

We conclude that the investment of resources in our rural campus may add an increment to rural practice choice beyond the established associations with rural upbringing and family medicine residency. The decision of practice site choice is complex, and collaborative studies that include data from several schools with differently structured rural exposures, including those with rural clinical campuses, are needed.
Molecular phylogeny of the diverse parasitoid wasp genus Ophion Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
Authors: SCHWARZFELD MARLA D. , BROAD GAVIN R. , SPERLING FELIX A. H.
Published: October 2015

Ophion Fabricius is a diverse genus of nocturnal ichneumonid wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera) that is particularly species‐rich in temperate areas, yet has received little taxonomic attention in the Holarctic region, where most species occur. While there have been some attempts to divide Ophion into monophyletic species groups, the vast majority of species have been lumped into a single, paraphyletic group, the O. luteus species group, which is defined only by the lack of characters specific to the other groups. The challenging morphology of this large catch‐all group has limited attempts to subdivide it, and no phylogenetic hypothesis has been proposed for the genus as a whole. In this study, we use DNA sequence data [28S ribosomal RNA (28S), cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)] to present the first molecular phylogeny of Ophion. We also describe the secondary structure of ITS2 for the first time in Ichneumonidae, and explore its implications for phylogeny estimation. We define 13 species groups, nine of which were previously considered part of the O. luteus species group s.l. The included species groups are the O. minutus, O. areolaris, O. scutellaris, O. flavidus, O. parvulus, O. slossonae, O. nigrovarius, O. pteridis, O. luteus s.s., and O. obscuratus species groups, along with three groups lacking described species (Species group 1, New Zealand group, Madagascar group). This study provides a framework for future studies of this diverse and morphologically challenging genus.
Identification of a novel HLA‐C*03 variant allele, C*03:280 by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Chun S. , Song J. S. , Yu S. , Kim J. S. , Kwon O. J. , Kang E. S.
Published: October 2015

The new allele, HLA‐C*03:280 differs from C*03:04:01 by one nucleotide substitution at codon 35 (CGG→CAG).
Self‐Reported Acute Health Effects and Exposure to Companion Animals
Authors: Krueger W. S. , Hilborn E. D. , Dufour A. P. , Sams E. A. , Wade T. J.
Published: October 2015

To understand the etiological burden of disease associated with acute health symptoms [e.g. gastrointestinal (GI), respiratory, dermatological], it is important to understand how common exposures influence these symptoms. Exposures to familiar and unfamiliar animals can result in a variety of health symptoms related to infection, irritation and allergy; however, few studies have examined this association in a large‐scale cohort setting. Cross‐sectional data collected from 50 507 participants in the United States enrolled from 2003 to 2009 were used to examine associations between animal contact and acute health symptoms during a 10–12 day period. Fixed‐effects multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confident intervals (CI) for associations between animal exposures and outcomes of GI illness, respiratory illness and skin/eye symptoms. Two‐thirds of the study population (63.2%) reported direct contact with animals, of which 7.7% had contact with at least one unfamiliar animal. Participants exposed to unfamiliar animals had significantly higher odds of self‐reporting all three acute health symptoms, when compared to non‐animal‐exposed participants (GI: AOR = 1.4, CI = 1.2–1.7; respiratory: AOR = 1.5, CI = 1.2–1.8; and skin/eye: AOR = 1.9, CI = 1.6–2.3), as well as when compared to participants who only had contact with familiar animals. Specific contact with dogs, cats or pet birds was also significantly associated with at least one acute health symptom; AORs ranged from 1.1 to 1.5, when compared to participants not exposed to each animal. These results indicate that contact with animals, especially unfamiliar animals, was significantly associated with GI, respiratory and skin/eye symptoms. Such associations could be attributable to zoonotic infections and allergic reactions. Etiological models for acute health symptoms should consider contact with companion animals, particularly exposure to unfamiliar animals. Prevention of pet‐associated zoonotic diseases includes commonsense measures such as hand‐washing, but are often overlooked by pet owners and non‐pet owners alike.
Aspectos ecológicos del carpintero Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) en Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Granada Rios Hernan Dario , Mancera Rodriguez Nestor Javier
Published: October 2015

Se describe el uso de hábitat, hábitos alimentarios, organización social, vocalización y características de la vegetación donde se observaron ejemplares del pájaro carpintero Dryocopus lineatus. Se evalúa la relación entre el diámetro y la altura de los árboles usados para construir cavidades y la presencia de nidos activos y sin uso en la Estación Agraria Cotové, en el municipio de Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia. Los avistamientos fueron más frecuentes en las áreas con coberturas de silvopastoreo y zonas de bordes arbolados. Se registraron dos vocalizaciones y se observaron en parejas acompañadas de juveniles durante diciembre, abril y junio. No se encontraron diferencias significativas que indiquen preferencia de árboles y palmas de mayor altura y diámetro para la construcción de los nidos.
Implicaciones sociales y ambientales del uso del Dicloro Difenil Tricloroetano (DDT). Análisis del caso en tierras venezolanas.
Authors: Montilla Argenis De Jesus , Alvarado Moreno Marialaura
Published: October 2015

Se realizó un análisis de usos del DDT a nivel general, enfatizando en su utilización en Venezuela. Es un estudio descriptivo e histórico, realizado en base a revisión de fuentes escritas y orales, como libros, artículos científicos y entrevistas a informantes clave. Como resultado se obtiene una reseña sobre las implicaciones del insecticida después de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, de manera especial en asuntos de salud y ambiente. Se encontró que el uso del DDT produjo en el país una serie de efectos, tanto positivos como adversos, por ejemplo, disminución de malaria y fiebre amarilla, así como de la tasa de mortalidad, aumento de contaminación ambiental y problemas de salud identificados con la aparición de otras enfermedades después de su aplicación. Se hallaron también indicios de uso ilegal de DDT en agricultura, demostrado por la concentración en muestras de suelo y leche de vaca en algunos sectores del país.
Plantas asociadas al turismo y los sistemas tradicionales de manejo en el occidente cercano antioqueño (Colombia)
Authors: Alvarez Veronica Maria , Muriel Sandra , Osorio Natalia
Published: October 2015

Las especies vegetales subvaloradas son plantas marginalmente aprovechadas, aunque presentan nutrientes esenciales valiosos. El occidente cercano antioqueño se caracteriza por el crecimiento del turismo, que ha desplazado a la producción de frutales tropicales tradicionales y con ello amenaza el conocimiento local sobre su uso y manejo. Este trabajo evaluó la diversidad de plantas con potencial de integración al turismo y describió los usos y el manejo dados por la población. Se registraron 78 especies, de las cuales el 32 % reunieron las características de ser nativas, tradicionales y aceptadas por el turismo. Las especies más promisorias fueron zapote, tamarindo, corozo, iraca y algarrobo. La alta diversidad de especies y el conocimiento tradicional deben conservarse, a través de propuestas de turismo con identidad cultural.
Methodology for Estimating Thermal and Neutron Embrittlement of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds During Service in Light Water Reactors
Authors: Chopra O. K. , Rao A. S.
Published: October 2015

The effect of thermal aging on the degradation of fracture toughness and Charpy-impact properties of austenitic stainless steel (SS) welds has been characterized at reactor temperatures. The solidification behavior and the distribution and morphology of the ferrite phase in SS welds are described. Thermal aging of the welds results in moderate decreases in Charpy-impact strength and fracture toughness. The upper-shelf Charpy-impact energy of aged welds decreases by 50–80 J/cm2. The decrease in fracture-toughness J integral-resistance (J-R) curve or JIc is relatively small. Thermal aging has minimal effect and the welding process has a significant effect on the tensile strength. However, the existing data are inadequate to accurately establish the effect of the welding process on fracture properties of SS welds. Consequently, the approach used for evaluating thermal and neutron embrittlement of austenitic SS welds relies on establishing a lower-bound fracture-toughness J-R curve for unaged and aged and nonirradiated and irradiated SS welds. The existing fracture-toughness J-R curve data for SS welds have been reviewed and evaluated to define lower-bound J-R curves for submerged arc (SA)/shielded metal arc (SMA)/manual metal arc (MMA) welds and gas tungsten arc (GTA)/metal inert gas (MIG)/tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds in the unaged and aged conditions. At reactor temperatures, the fracture toughness of GTA/MIG/TIG welds is a factor of about 2.3 higher than that of SA/SMA/MMA welds. Thermal aging decreases the fracture toughness of all welds by about 20%. The potential combined effects of thermal and neutron embrittlement of austenitic SS welds are also described. Lower-bound curves are presented, which define the change in coefficient C and exponent n of the power-law J-R curve and the JIc value for SS welds as a function of neutron dose. The potential effects of reactor coolant environment on the fracture toughness of austenitic SS welds are also discussed.
First Complete Genome Sequences of Two Keystone Viruses from Florida
Authors: Stockwell Timothy B. , Heberlein-Larson Lea A. , Tan Yi , Halpin Rebecca A. , Fedorova Nadia , Katzel Daniel A. , Smole Sandra , Unnasch Thomas R. , Kramer Laura D. , Das Suman R.
Published: October 2015

We report here the first complete sequences of two Keystone virus (KEYV) genomes isolated from Florida in 2005, which include the first two publicly available complete large (L) gene sequences. The sequences of the KEYV L segments show 75.99 to 83.86% nucleotide similarity with those of other viruses in the California (CAL) serogroup of bunyaviruses.