bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal distribution and control measure evaluation of droplets and aerosol clouds in dental procedures
Authors: Yuan Chao , Yang Hongtao , Zheng Siyuan , Sun Xiangyu , Chen Xiaochi , Chen Yuntao , Kang Jian , Liu Moubin , Zheng Shuguo
Published: January 2022

We evaluated the distributions of dental splatters and the corresponding control measure effects with high-speed videography and laser diffraction. Most of the dental splatters were small droplets (<50 μm). High-volume evacuation combined with a suction air purifier could clear away most of the droplets and aerosols.
Effectiveness of commercial portable air cleaners and a do-it-yourself minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV)-13 filter box fan air cleaner in reducing aerosolized bacteriophage MS2
Authors: Cadnum Jennifer L. , Bolomey Austin , Jencson Annette L. , Wilson Brigid M. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: January 2022

In an unventilated room, 2 commercial portable air cleaners with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and a do-it-yourself box fan air cleaner with minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV)-13 filters significantly reduced aerosolized bacteriophage MS2. Increasing airflow and addition of ultraviolet-C light plus titanium dioxide–generated photocatalytic oxidation enhanced viral clearance.
Asymptotic study of linear instability in a viscoelastic pipe flow
Authors: Dong Ming , Zhang Mengqi
Published: January 2022

It is recently found that viscoelastic pipe flows can be linearly unstable, leading to the possibility of a supercritical transition route, in contrast to Newtonian pipe flows. Such an instability is referred to as the centre mode, which was studied numerically by Chaudharyet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 908, 2021, p. A11) based on an Oldroyd-B model. In this paper, we are interested in expanding the parameter space investigated and exploring the asymptotic scalings related to this centre instability in the Oldroyd-B viscoelastic pipe flow. It is found from the asymptotic analysis that the centre mode exhibits a three-layered asymptotic structure in the radial direction, a wall layer, a main layer and a central layer, which are driven by pure viscosity, axial and/or radial pressure gradient, and a combined effect of viscosity and elasticity, respectively. Depending on the relations of the control parameters, two regimes, the long-wavelength and short-wavelength centre instabilities, emerge, for which the central-layer thicknesses are of different orders of magnitude. Our large-Reynolds-number asymptotic predictions are compared to the numerical solutions of the original eigenvalue system, and favourable agreement is achieved, especially when the parameters approach their individual limits. In addition to revealing the dominant factors and their balances, the asymptotic analysis describes the instability system by reducing the number of control parameters, and furthermore explaining the collapse of the numerical results for different re-scalings.
Positive degree-day sums in the Alps: a direct link between glacier melt and international climate policy
Authors: Braithwaite Roger J. , Hughes Philip D.
Published: January 2022

Annual balances of eight alpine glaciers were slightly negative for 1961–90 and highly negative for 1991–2018. We explain this by changes in positive degree-day sums and summer temperatures extrapolated to the median altitudes of the glaciers. We test a new way of calculating degree-day sums that performs better than the traditional method which used daily mean temperatures. Annual degree-day sums are highly correlated with May–September temperatures as suggested in 1866 by Karl von Sonklar. We find moderate correlations between annual balances and degree-day sums, and with May–September temperatures. Calculated degree-day factors for the eight glaciers cover the reported range for snow and ice ablation, while the temperature sensitivity of annual balance is from −0.4 to −1.0 m w.e. for a +1°C temperature change. We accurately predict mean balances for 1991–2018 using May–September temperatures in regression models calibrated for 1961–90. May–September temperatures in the Alps have already increased ~+3°C since 1880 and, if temperatures continue to rise, these glaciers will shrink rapidly. As annual balances are already negative for present-day temperatures, these glaciers will not be ‘safe’ under the further temperature increase permitted by the Paris Agreement.
What Counts as a Memory? Definitions, Hypotheses, and “Kinding in Progress”
Authors: Colaço David
Published: January 2022

This paper accounts for broad definitions of memory, which extend to paradigmatic memory phenomena, like episodic memory in humans, and phenomena in worms and sea snails. These definitions may seem too broad, suggesting that they extend to phenomena that don’t count as memory or illustrate that memory is not a natural kind. However, these responses fail to consider a definition as a hypothesis. As opposed to construing definitions as expressing memory’s properties, a definition as a hypothesis is the basis to test inferences about phenomena. A definition as a hypothesis is valuable when the “kinding” of phenomena is ongoing.
Accuracy-First Epistemology Without Additivity
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: January 2022

Accuracy arguments for the core tenets of Bayesian epistemology differ mainly in the conditions they place on the legitimate ways of measuring the inaccuracy of our credences. The best existing arguments rely on three conditions: Continuity, additivity, and strict propriety. In this paper, I show how to strengthen the arguments based on these conditions by showing that the central mathematical theorem on which each depends goes through without assuming additivity.
There Is Cause to Randomize
Authors: Larroulet Philippi Cristian
Published: January 2022

While practitioners think highly of randomized studies, some philosophers argue that there is no epistemic reason to randomize. Here I show that their arguments do not entail their conclusion. Moreover, I provide novel reasons for randomizing in the context of interventional studies. The overall discussion provides a unified framework for assessing baseline balance, one that holds for interventional and observational studies alike. The upshot: Practitioners’ strong preference for randomized studies can be defended in some cases, while still offering a nuanced approach to evidence appraisal, one where not all nonrandomized studies are treated equally.
Can Raising the Stakes of Election Outcomes Increase Participation? Results from a Large-Scale Field Experiment in Local Elections
Authors: Huber Gregory A. , Gerber Alan S. , Biggers Daniel R. , Hendry David J.
Published: January 2022

Political campaigns frequently emphasize the material stakes at play in election outcomes to motivate participation. However, field-experimental academic work has given greater attention to other aspects of voters' decisions to participate despite theoretical models of turnout and substantial observational work signaling that a contest's perceived importance affects the propensity to vote. We identify two classes of treatments that may increase the material incentive to participate and test these messages in a large-scale placebo-controlled field experiment in which approximately 24,500 treatment letters were delivered during Connecticut's 2013 municipal elections. We find some evidence that these messages are effective in increasing participation, as well as that some of them may be more effective than typical nonpartisan get-out-the-vote appeals. While these results remain somewhat preliminary, our findings have important implications for our understanding of how voters decide whether to participate and how best to mobilize citizens who would otherwise sit out elections.
Nudges, Regulations and Liberty
Authors: Dowding Keith , Oprea Alexandra
Published: January 2022

Nudge advocates contend that nudges are liberty preserving, while government regulations are not. We interrogate that assumption by considering negative liberty in the forms suggested by the proponents of nudges. Specifically, we examine three ways of measuring negative liberty – liberty as freedom of choice, liberty as absence of coercion and liberty as absence of interference – applying the measures to a case study relevant to the nudge literature: regulations governing healthy food manufacture. We show that, depending on the liberty measure adopted and the estimated impact on producer and consumer behaviour, some regulations can be liberty reducing, while others are liberty preserving or liberty enhancing. When it comes to comparing nudges and more traditional policies aimed at increasing the health and welfare of citizens, there is no a priori negative liberty ground for preferring nudges.
Relationship between pest grasshopper densities and climate variables in the southern Pampas of Argentina
Authors: Mariottini Y. , Marinelli C. , Cepeda R. , De Wysiecki M. L. , Lange C. E.
Published: January 2022

Grasshoppers are one of the most predominant insects in the grasslands of the southern Pampas. In this region,Dichroplus elongatus,Dichroplus maculipennis, Dichroplus pratensisandBorellia bruneriare the most abundant species and have the greatest economic importance. This study aimed to assess the relationship between temporal changes in the density of these species and climate variables associated with temperature and rainfall over an 11-year study period., We monitored 22 sites in different areas of Laprida county from 2005 to 2016. A total of 25 grasshopper species were collected. The most abundant species wereD. maculipennisandB. bruneriwhich reached the highest densities from 2008–2009 to 2010–2011. The rainfall accumulated from September (RAS) to the sampling date and the number of rainy days (RD) largely explained the density variation ofB. bruneri. Besides RD and RAS, winter rainfall, rainfall accumulated from October to the sampling date, and thermal amplitude of October (TAO) influenced the density ofD. maculipennis. Our results indicated that seasons with less rainfall and fewer RD favored these two species’ abundance. We identified that the RD and TAO contributed significantly to variations in the density ofD. elongatus.In contrast to the other two species, we recordedD. elongatusin seasons with high rainfall and high RD. A better understanding of the climate influence on the life cycle of these economically important insects may identify key factors in their population dynamics which in turn may improve management options.
The Informational Role of Ownership Networks in Bank Lending
Authors: Gao Haoyu , Ru Hong , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: January 2022

This article documents novel large-sample evidence on the informational role of interfirm ownership networks in bank lending. Using comprehensive loan-level data in China, we find that banks’ internal loan ratings at issuance predict subsequent delinquent events more accurately when borrowers are connected to banks’ existing customers via ownership networks. In post-issuance monitoring for delinquent loans, banks with access to ownership networks manage to downgrade their initial ratings before late payments. These findings suggest that ownership networks facilitate the transmission of private information for bank lending. Moreover, ownership networks are more important for transmitting information related to small and medium enterprises.
Blockholder Disclosure Thresholds and Hedge Fund Activism
Authors: Ordóñez-Calafi Guillem , Bernhardt Dan
Published: January 2022

Blockholder disclosure thresholds shape incentives for hedge fund activism, which are jointly determined with real investment and managerial behavior. Uninformed investors value lower thresholds (greater transparency) when the cost of trading against an informed activist outweighs the benefits of the activist’s disciplining of management. Conversely, activists may desire disclosure thresholds if the threat of their participation discourages managerial malfeasance, which is their source of profits. Hedge fund activism can be excessive: If market opacity sufficiently harms uninformed investors, the costs of reduced real investment outweigh the social benefits from managerial disciplining, and society benefits from lower thresholds.
Middle-ear carcinoid tumour metastasising to the parapharyngeal space and the parotid gland
Authors: Sato M P , Otsuki N , Iwamoto S , Doi K
Published: January 2022

Background.Middle-ear carcinoid tumour is a rare malignant tumour with an indolent course occasionally causing regional or distant metastasis. This paper presents a case of middle-ear carcinoid tumour metastasising to the parapharyngeal space and the parotid gland 20 years after the first surgery.

Case report.A 35-year-old woman who underwent multiple tympanomastoidectomies for middle-ear carcinoid presented with tumours of both the parapharyngeal space and parotid gland, detected by regular imaging. Based on the clinical course, metastatic relapse of middle-ear carcinoid was suspected. This was treated with subtotal parotidectomy with elective neck dissection (levels II and III), leading to the pathological diagnosis of carcinoid tumour. A cervico-parotid approach was selected to avoid complications associated with parapharyngeal space tumour removal. Transient facial palsy (House–Brackmann grade III) occurred, which completely recovered two months after surgery.

Conclusion.Awareness of parapharyngeal space tumours possibly caused by metastasis from a middle-ear tumour is necessary.
Differences in genetic risk score profiles for drug use disorder, major depression, and ADHD as a function of sex, age at onset, recurrence, mode of ascertainment, and treatment
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Ohlsson Henrik , Bacanu Silviu , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: January 2022

Background

Do genetic risk profiles for drug use disorder (DUD), major depression (MD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differ substantially as a function of sex, age at onset (AAO), recurrence, mode of ascertainment, and treatment?

Methods

Family genetic risk scores (FGRS) for MD, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcohol use disorder, DUD, ADHD, and autism-spectrum disorder were calculated from 1st–5th degree relatives in the Swedish population born 1932–1995 (n = 5 829 952). Profiles of these FGRS were obtained and compared across various subgroups of DUD, MD, and ADHD cases.

Results

Differences in FGRS profiles for DUD, MD, and ADHD by sex were modest, but they varied substantially by AAO, recurrence, ascertainment, and treatment with scores typically higher in cases with greater severity (e.g. early AAO, high recurrence, ascertainment in high intensity clinical settings, and treatment). However, severity was not always related to purer genetic profiles, as genetic risk for many disorders often increased together. However, some results, such as by mode of ascertainment from different Swedish registries, produced qualitative differences in FGRS profiles.

Conclusions

Differences in FGRS profiles for DUD, MD, and ADHD varied substantially by AAO, recurrence, ascertainment, and treatment. Replication of psychiatric studies, particularly those examining genetic factors, may be difficult unless cases are matched not only by diagnosis but by important clinical characteristics. Genetic correlations between psychiatric disorders could arise through one disorder impacting on the patterns of ascertainment for the other, rather than from the direct effects of shared genetic liabilities.
Simplification of literary and scientific texts to improve reading fluency and comprehension in beginning readers of French
Authors: Javourey-Drevet Ludivine , Dufau Stéphane , François Thomas , Gala Núria , Ginestié Jacques , Ziegler Johannes C.
Published: January 2022

Reading comprehension and fluency are crucial for successful academic learning and achievement. Yet, a rather large percentage of children still have enormous difficulties in understanding a written text at the end of primary school. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate whether text simplification, a process of reducing text complexity while keeping its meaning unchanged, can improve reading fluency and comprehension for children learning to read. Furthermore, we were interested in finding out whether some readers would benefit more than others from text simplification as a function of their cognitive and language profile. To address these issues, we developed an iBook application for iPads, which allowed us to present normal and simplified versions of informative and narrative texts to 165 children in grade 2. Reading fluency was measured for each sentence, and text comprehension was measured for each text using multiple-choice questions. The results showed that both reading fluency and reading comprehension were significantly better for simplified than for normal texts. Results showed that poor readers and children with weaker cognitive skills (nonverbal intelligence, memory) benefitted to a greater extent from simplification than good readers and children with somewhat stronger cognitive skills.
‘That is a place where I would want to go’: investigating digital nature to enhance social wellbeing among older adults
Authors: van Houwelingen-Snippe Josca , Ben Allouch Somaya , van Rompay Thomas J. L.
Published: January 2022

Feelings of disconnectedness and social isolation among older adults are increasingly recognised as important challenges of our times. Interestingly, nature interaction can stimulate social connectedness and enhance perceived social support, indicating that nature can contribute to social wellbeing. However, nature may not always be around or accessible for older adults. In such cases, digital nature could provide an alternative means for enjoying nature's benefits. To identify limitations and restrictions that older adults experience with respect to nature interaction, and to explore preferences with respect to digital nature and their potential for influencing social wellbeing, two studies are reported: a qualitative study comprising focus groups with Dutch care centre residents (N = 26) and a subsequent quantitative study (N = 200) testing effects of digital landscapes on social wellbeing measures. Findings from the focus groups indicate that opportunities for nature interaction and preferences for digital nature vary with mobility restrictions, whereas findings from the quantitative study testify to the potential of digital nature for enhancing social wellbeing and related emotions. These findings extend research on how (digital) nature interventions can contribute to the social wellbeing of older adults and pinpoint essential nature characteristics important for doing so.
“Press the thumb onto the eye”: Moral Effect, Extreme Violence, and the Transimperial Notions of British, German, and Dutch Colonial Warfare, ca. 1890–1914
Authors: Menger Tom
Published: January 2022

Historiography on the extreme violence of fin de siècle colonial wars has often remained nationally fragmented or actively invested in theories of national exceptionality. Focusing on the British, German and Dutch empires, this article seeks to understand the extreme violence as atransimperialphenomenon and asks how we can conceptualise and give empirical substance to this transimperial dimension. First, I give some indication of the degree of transimperial connectivity in the field of colonial warfare, highlighting how intensive mutual imperial observation and the individual mobility of actors fed knowledge into what Kamissek and Kreienbaum have called an “imperial cloud.” Secondly, I argue that a transimperial body of thought behind the extreme violence can be discerned on the level of colonial warfare's racialisation and the resulting specific communicative and performative aspects. Drawing on fin de siècle manuals of colonial warfare and a selection of case studies, I take the transimperial notion of “moral effect” to demonstrate how such basic notions both generated and legitimised extreme violence in colonial warfare.
Hybrid methodology based on computational vision and sensor fusion for assisting autonomous UAV on offshore messenger cable transfer operation
Authors: Ramos Gabryel S. , Pinto Milena F. , Coelho Fabricio O. , Honório Leonardo M. , Haddad Diego B.
Published: January 2022

The recent development of new offshore projects in pre-salt deepwater fields has placed offshore loading operations as the main production outflow alternative, increasing the operational complexity and risks. Numerous dangerous situations are associated with oil offloading, such as the messenger line transfer during the mooring stage. Nowadays, this critical task is realized by launching a thin messenger cable using the pneumatic line throwing apparatus. This is a complex and slow process since the operation usually occurs with the ship opposite to the wind. This work proposes a hybrid flight methodology based on computer vision and sensor fusion techniques for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The UAV takes off from an oil rig and precisely reaches a specific point in the shuttle tanker without using expensive positioning devices and augmenting UAV’s orientation (yaw) precision since the compass can suffer from severe interference due to naval metallic structures near the vehicle. The proposed framework was tested in a realistic simulated environment considering several practical operational constraints. The results demonstrated both the robustness and efficiency of the methodology.
DeBruyn and Casagrande manuscripts on tree shrew retinal ganglion cells as a basis for cross-species retina research
Authors: Norton Thomas T. , Savier Elise L. , Sedigh-Sarvestani Madineh
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this brief communication is to make publicly available three unpublished manuscripts on the organization of retinal ganglion cells in the tree shrew. The manuscripts were authored in 1986 by Dr. Edward DeBruyn, a PhD student in the laboratory of the late Dr. Vivien Casagrande at Vanderbilt University. As diurnal animals closely related to primates, tree shrews are ideally suited for comparative analyses of visual structures including the retina. We hope that providing this basic information in a citable form inspires other groups to pursue further characterization of the tree shrew retina using modern techniques.
An exploration of dimensions of early adversity and the development of functional brain network connectivity during adolescence: Implications for trajectories of internalizing symptoms
Authors: Chahal Rajpreet , Miller Jonas G. , Yuan Justin P. , Buthmann Jessica L. , Gotlib Ian H.
Published: January 2022

Different dimensions of adversity may affect mental health through distinct neurobiological mechanisms, though current supporting evidence consists largely of cross-sectional associations between threat or deprivation and fronto-limbic circuitry. In this exploratory three-wave longitudinal study spanning ages 9–19 years, we examined the associations between experiences of unpredictability, threat, and deprivation with the development of functional connectivity within and between three brain networks implicated in psychopathology: the salience (SAL), default mode (DMN), and fronto-parietal (FPN) networks, and tested whether network trajectories moderated associations between adversity and changes in internalizing symptoms. Connectivity decreased with age on average; these changes differed by dimension of adversity. Whereas family-level deprivation was associated with lower initial levels and more stability across most networks, unpredictability was associated with stability only in SAL connectivity, and threat was associated with stability in FPN and DMN-SAL connectivity. In youth exposed to higher levels of any adversity, lower initial levels and more stability in connectivity were related to smaller increases in internalizing symptoms. Our findings suggest that whereas deprivation is associated with widespread neurodevelopmental differences in cognitive and emotion processing networks, unpredictability is related selectively to salience detection circuitry. Studies with wider developmental windows should examine whether these neurodevelopmental alterations are adaptive or serve to maintain internalizing symptoms.
Environmental effect on temporal patterns in lentil seed quality development
Authors: Whitehouse Katherine J. , Norton Sally L.
Published: January 2022

To maximize seed longevity, seeds should be harvested at optimal maturity, that is, when seeds have acquired maximum physiological quality before deterioration begins. The aim of this study was to map the variation in temporal patterns of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) seed quality development when grown across four regeneration environments, which differ in the level of temperature and humidity control throughout the growing season, at the Australian Grains Genebank. Seeds of two lentil accessions (76080 and 76072) were harvested at different stages throughout development, commencing at 21 d after 50% anthesis until a maximum of 130 d. At each harvest, physiological quality traits, including germinability (fresh and dried seeds) and seed longevity, were determined, as well as seed dry weight and moisture content. Seeds of both accessions, and in all environments, started to accumulate physiological quality early on in development but did not reach their maximum until 3–54 d after mass maturity. The temporal patterns of desiccation tolerance and storage longevity were highly influenced by the environmental conditions during the maturation drying phase, affecting both ‘when’ maximum quality was attained and for how long it was maintained, thereafter. Seeds did not show a typical developmental response, rather variation was observed in seed quality development both between and within accessions grown in the different environments. The poorest storage longevity was seen when seeds of both accessions were grown in the cooler, temperature-controlled glasshouse, and the maximum longevity was observed in the warmer, semi-protected environments of the green and the big igloo for accessions 76080 and 76072, respectively.
Learning by Doing: Using an Undergraduate Research Lab to Promote Diversity and Inclusion
Authors: Nonnemacher Jeffrey , Sokhey Sarah Wilson
Published: January 2022

Undergraduate research labs have long been recognized as having educational and professional benefits, but much less attention has been given to how they can promote diversity and inclusion. Without a conscientious effort to promote these goals, labs are likely to replicate and perpetuate existing inequalities. This article discusses our experiences and lessons from launching an undergraduate research lab in a political science department at a research-oriented state university. It concludes with suggestions for other departments interested in starting undergraduate research labs. Promoting diversity and inclusion by working with undergraduates is unlikely if faculty are recruiting students individually outside of a lab, if the burden is on students to approach faculty, or if labs do not take practical steps to make this happen.
Coffee and caffeine intake in relation to symptoms of psychological disorders among adults
Authors: Nouri-Majd Saeedeh , Salari-Moghaddam Asma , Hassanzadeh Keshteli Ammar , Afshar Hamid , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Adibi Peyman
Published: January 2022

Objective:

Given that there is an inconsistency in the findings related to the relationship between coffee and caffeine consumption and symptoms of psychological disorders, we performed a cross-sectional analysis to examine the association between coffee and caffeine intake and symptoms of psychological disorders among adults.

Design:

In this cross-sectional study, 3362 participants were included. We assessed the coffee and caffeine intakes using a self-completed FFQ. Symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological distress were assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and General Health Questionnaire screening tools.

Setting:

Fifty different healthcare centres located in the province of Isfahan, Iran.

Participants:

This study was performed on 3362 Iranian general adults working in healthcare centres.

Results:

The mean age of participants in this study was 36·2 ± 7·8 years. After controlling for potential confounders, individuals who consumed coffee weekly or more had a significantly lower odds of symptoms of depression (OR 0·67; 95 % CI (0·46, 0·96)) and symptoms of anxiety (OR 0·57; 95 % CI (0·34, 0·95)) compared with those who did not consume coffee. However, no significant association was found between coffee intake and symptoms of psychological distress (OR 0·98; 95 % CI (0·68, 1·42)). No significant relationship was found between caffeine intake and odds of symptoms of depression (OR 0·94; 95 % CI (0·75, 1·16)), symptoms of anxiety (OR 0·90; 95 % CI (0·67, 1·20)) and symptoms of psychological distress (OR 1·13; 95 % CI (0·89, 1·42)).

Conclusion:

Compared with lack of coffee intake, weekly or more coffee consumption might be correlated with symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Imaging Rough Paper to Evaluate Methods for Soot Removal
Authors: Duncan Teresa T. , Vicenzi Edward P. , Brogdon-Grantham Shannon A.
Published: January 2022

Here, we use a variety of microscopic imaging techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, 3D visible light microscopy, and portable microscopy to capture the topography of rough paper. Paper coated with a model soot was cleaned with either a firm vinyl eraser or softer, putty-like kneaded eraser and reimaged to characterize the disposition of remaining soot. Although both methods remove soot from the upper-most surface of the paper, only the kneaded eraser can conform to the complex topography to remove soot from the interstices between paper fibers.
Power and Pathways: Exploring Robustness, Cooperative Stability, and Power Relationships in Regional Infrastructure Investment and Water Supply Management Portfolio Pathways
Authors: Gold David F. , Reed Patrick M. , Gorelick David E. , Characklis Gregory W.
Published: January 2022

Cooperative management of natural resources is a key component of a transition to a sustainable society and urban water supply planning is a prime example. Regional cooperation among urban water utilities is a powerful mechanism for improving supply reliability and financial stability in urban water supply systems. Through coordinated drought mitigation and joint infrastructure investment, water utilities can efficiently exploit existing water supplies and reduce or delay the need for new supply infrastructure. However, cooperative water management brings new challenges for planning and implementation. The benefits of cooperation may not be uniformly distributed across cooperating partners, resulting in the “instability” of cooperative compromises. Further, cooperation may add new vulnerabilities for each partner by imbuing their cooperating partners with the power to impact their performance through policy actions. Power imbalances stemming from these vulnerabilities can lead to conflict between cooperating partners that destabilize otherwise robust planning alternatives. This work contributes a new exploratory modeling centered framework for assessing cooperative stability and mapping power relationships in cooperative infrastructure investment and water supply management policies. Our framework uses multi‐objective optimization as an exploratory tool to discover how cooperating partners may be incentivized to defect from robust regional water supply partnerships and identifies how the actions of each regional partner shape the vulnerability of its cooperating partners. Our methodology is demonstrated on the Sedento Valley, a highly challenging hypothetical regional urban water supply benchmarking problem. Our results reveal complex regional power relationships between the region's cooperating partners and suggest ways to improve cooperative stability.
Quantifying the Carbon Export and Sequestration Pathways of the Ocean's Biological Carbon Pump
Authors: Nowicki Michael , DeVries Tim , Siegel David A.
Published: January 2022

The ocean's biological carbon pump transfers carbon from the surface ocean to the deep ocean by several distinct pathways, including gravitational settling of organic particles, mixing and advection of suspended organic carbon, and active transport by vertically migrating metazoans. Carbon exported by these pathways can be sequestered as respired CO2 in the deep ocean for years to centuries. However, the contribution of each pathway to carbon export and sequestration remains highly uncertain. Here, satellite and in situ ocean biogeochemical observations are assimilated in an ensemble numerical model of the biological pump to quantify global and regional carbon export and sequestration. The ensemble mean global carbon export is 10.2 Pg C yr−1 and the total amount of carbon sequestered via the biological pump is 1,300 Pg C. The gravitational pump is responsible for 70% of the total global carbon export, 85% of which is zooplankton fecal pellets and 15% is sinking phytoplankton aggregates, while migrating zooplankton account for 10% of total export and physical mixing is responsible for the remaining 20%. These pathways have different sequestration times, with an average of 140 years for the gravitational pump, 150 years for the migrant pump, and only 50 years for the mixing pump. Regionally, the largest sequestration inventories and longest sequestration times are found in the northern high latitudes, while the shortest sequestration times are found in the subtropical gyres. These results suggest that ocean carbon storage will weaken as the oceans stratify and the subtropical gyres expand due to anthropogenic climate change.
Reconstructing the Crustal Section of the Intra‐Oceanic Caribbean Island Arc: Constraints From the Cumulate Layered Gabbronorites and Pyroxenites of the Rio Boba Plutonic Sequence, Northern Dominican Republic
Authors: Escuder‐Viruete J. , Castillo‐Carrión M. , Pérez Valera F. , Valverde‐Vaquero P. , Rubio Ordónez Á. , Fernández F. J.
Published: January 2022

Located in northern Dominican Republic, the Early Cretaceous Rio Boba mafic‐ultramafic plutonic sequence constitutes a lower crust section of the Caribbean island arc, made up by gabbroic rocks and subordinate pyroxenite. Modal compositions, mineral chemistry, whole‐rock compositions and thermobarometric calculations indicate that pyroxenites and gabbronorites represent a cumulate sequence formed by fractionation of tholeiitic magmas with initially very low H2O content in the lower crust of the arc (0.6–0.8 GPa). Melts evolved along a simplified crystallization sequence of olivine → pyroxenes → plagioclase → Fe‐Ti oxides. The magmatic evolution of the Rio Boba sequence and associated supra‐crustal Puerca Gorda metavolcanic rocks is multi‐stage and involves the generation of magmas from melting of different sources in a supra‐subduction zone setting. The first stage included the formation of a highly depleted substrate as result of decompressional melting of a refractory mantle source, represented by a cumulate sequence of LREE‐depleted island arc tholeiitic (IAT) and boninitic gabbronorites and pyroxenites. The second stage involved volumetrically subordinate cumulate troctolites and gabbros, which are not penetratively deformed. The mantle source was refractory and enriched by a LILE‐rich hydrous fluid derived from a subducting slab and/or overlying sediments, and possibly by a LREE‐rich melt. The third stage is recorded in the upper crust of the arc by the Puerca Gorda “normal” IAT protoliths, which are derived from an N‐MORB mantle source enriched with a strong subduction component. This magmatic evolution has implications for unraveling the processes responsible for subduction initiation and subsequent building of the Caribbean island arc.
Pacific Waters Pathways and Vertical Mixing in the CESM1‐LE: Implication for Mixed Layer Depth Evolution and Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Canada Basin
Authors: Lavoie Juliette , Tremblay Bruno , Rosenblum Erica
Published: January 2022

We compare the vertical hydrography of the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM1‐LE) with observations from two specific periods: the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX; 1975–1976) and Ice‐Tethered Profilers (ITP; 2004–2018). A comparison between simulated and observed salinity and potential temperature profiles highlights two key model biases in all ensemble members: (a) an absence of Pacific Waters in the water column and (b) a slight deepening of the May mixed layer contrary to observations, which show a large reduction in the mixed‐layer depth and an increase in stratification over the same time period. We examine processes controlling the sea ice mass balance using a one‐dimensional vertical heat budget in the light of the model limitations implied by these two biases. Results indicate that remnant solar heat trapped beneath the halocline is mostly ventilated to the surface by mixing before the following melt season. Furthermore, we find that vertical advection associated with Ekman pumping has only a small effect on the vertical heat transport, even in early fall when the winds are strong and the pack ice is weak. Lastly, we estimate the impact of the missing Pacific Waters at 0.40 m of reduced winter ice growth.
REWTCrunch: A Modeling Framework for Vegetation Induced Reactive Zone Processes in the Critical Zone
Authors: Roque‐Malo Susana , Druhan Jennifer L. , Kumar Praveen
Published: January 2022

Vegetation optimizes its geochemical environment for resource management via root exudation. We refer to the soil zone where biogeochemical behavior is significantly influenced, directly or indirectly, by root processes as the vegetation induced reactive zone (VIRZ). Root exudates react with VIRZ soil substrates creating temporally variable chemical environments through depth that extend below the rooting zone, impacting weathering, and releasing solutes and gases. We present a new framework, REWTCrunch, to capture VIRZ dynamics by integrating three modeling advances: the multicomponent reactive transport model CrunchFlow, the root exudation model REWT, and the multilayer canopy‐root ecohydrologic model MLCan. REWTCrunch's high‐resolution, process‐based simulation of root exudation, and the transport and transformation of carbon (C) and nutrients according to mass‐balanced and charge‐balanced reaction networks gives new insight into vertically resolved root‐soil‐microbe‐water interactions and their influence on solute fluxes at a daily timescale. We benchmark REWT and CrunchFlow, illustrate coupling mechanisms, and present REWTCrunch simulations for an agricultural site in the US Midwest. Results demonstrate root‐sourced reactive C can augment or reduce solute concentrations in the soil by several orders of magnitude. Silicate weathering products illustrate after‐harvest effects of plant C inputs in leaching patterns. Calcium simulations reveal the development of a stable weathering front. Aluminum concentrations are particularly responsive to root‐sourced reactivity, and analysis of leaching concentration versus leaching flux indicates hysteresis behavior. REWTCrunch significant improves our ability to simulate the link between root processes and soil biogeochemistry, thereby filling an important gap in the numerical simulation of root processes, weathering, and long‐term soil health.
China's Terrestrial Carbon Sink Over 2010–2015 Constrained by Satellite Observations of Atmospheric CO2 and Land Surface Variables
Authors: He Wei , Jiang Fei , Wu Mousong , Ju Weimin , Scholze Marko , Chen Jing M. , Byrne Brendan , Liu Junjie , Wang Hengmao , Wang Jun , Wang Songhan , Zhou Yanlian , Zhang Chunhua , Nguyen Ngoc Tu , Shen Yang , Chen Zhi
Published: January 2022

The magnitude and distribution of China's terrestrial carbon sink remain uncertain due to insufficient constraints at large scales, whereby satellite data offer great potential for reducing the uncertainty. Here, we present two carbon sink estimates for China constrained either by satellite CO2 column concentrations (XCO2) within the Global Carbon Assimilation System or by remotely sensed soil moisture and Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR) in addition to in situ CO2 observations within the Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System. They point to a moderate size of carbon sinks of 0.34 ± 0.14 (mean ± unc.) and 0.43 ± 0.09 PgC/yr during 2010–2015, which are supported by an inventory‐based estimate for forest and soil carbon sink (0.26 PgC/yr) and fall in the range of contemporary ensemble atmospheric inversions (0.25–0.48 PgC/yr). They also agree reasonably well on interannual variations, which reflect the carbon sink anomalies induced by regional droughts in southwest China. Furthermore, their spatial distributions are broadly consistent that of the forest inventory‐based estimate, indicating that the largest carbon sinks locate in central and eastern China. Their estimates for forest carbon sink coincide fairly well with the inventory‐based estimate across different regions, especially when aggregated to the north and south of China. Although enhanced recently by afforestation, China's carbon sink was also significantly weakened by regional droughts, which were often not fully represented in previous in situ CO2‐based inversions due to insufficient observations. Our results suggest that satellite‐based atmospheric CO2 and land surface observations are vital in characterizing terrestrial net carbon fluxes at regional scales.
Hydrological Basis of Different Budyko Equations: The Spatial Variability of Available Water for Evaporation
Authors: Yao Lili , Wang Dingbao
Published: January 2022

The available water for evaporation within a catchment is spatially variable. However, how the spatial variability of available water affects mean annual evaporation is not fully understood. For a specific catchment, a suitable distribution function defined for non‐negative random variables can be determined through statistical methods to represent the spatial variability of the available water when the point‐scale data are available. This article proposes that the distribution function representing the spatial variability of available water for evaporation determines the functional form of Budyko equation based on the one‐stage precipitation partitioning concept. Specifically, the available water for evaporation following a single‐parameter distribution function leads to a deterministic Budyko equation; whereas a two‐parameter distribution function of available water for evaporation leads to a single‐parameter Budyko equation. We identified the property of distribution function for symmetric Budyko equation, which suggests that precipitation partitioning and energy partitioning in the hydrological cycle follow the same functional form with respect to aridity index and humidity index, respectively. The lower bound of Budyko curve is explained as a result of probable distributions of available water for evaporation due to catchment co‐evolution.
Duplex DNA and BLM regulate gate opening by the human TopoIIIα-RMI1-RMI2 complex
Authors: Bakx Julia A. M. , Biebricher Andreas S. , King Graeme A. , Christodoulis Panagiotis , Sarlós Kata , Bizard Anna H. , Hickson Ian D. , Wuite Gijs J. L. , Peterman Erwin J. G.
Published: January 2022

Topoisomerase IIIα is a type 1A topoisomerase that forms a complex with RMI1 and RMI2 called TRR in human cells. TRR plays an essential role in resolving DNA replication and recombination intermediates, often alongside the helicase BLM. While the TRR catalytic cycle is known to involve a protein-mediated single-stranded (ss)DNA gate, the detailed mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we probe the catalytic steps of TRR using optical tweezers and fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate that TRR forms an open gate in ssDNA of 8.5 ± 3.8 nm, and directly visualize binding of a second ssDNA or double-stranded (ds)DNA molecule to the open TRR-ssDNA gate, followed by catenation in each case. Strikingly, dsDNA binding increases the gate size (by ~16%), while BLM alters the mechanical flexibility of the gate. These findings reveal an unexpected plasticity of the TRR-ssDNA gate size and suggest that TRR-mediated transfer of dsDNA may be more relevant in vivo than previously believed.
Formyl peptide receptor 2 determines sex-specific differences in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis
Authors: Lee Chanbin , Kim Jieun , Han Jinsol , Oh Dayoung , Kim Minju , Jeong Hayeong , Kim Tae-Jin , Kim Sang-Woo , Kim Jeong Nam , Seo Young-Su , Suzuki Ayako , Kim Jae Ho , Jung Youngmi
Published: January 2022

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important health concern worldwide and progresses into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although prevalence and severity of NAFLD/NASH are higher in men than premenopausal women, it remains unclear how sex affects NAFLD/NASH pathophysiology. Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) modulates inflammatory responses in several organs; however, its role in the liver is unknown. Here we show that FPR2 mediates sex-specific responses to diet-induced NAFLD/NASH. NASH-like liver injury was induced in both sexes during choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) feeding, but compared with females, male mice had more severe hepatic damage. Fpr2 was more highly expressed in hepatocytes and healthy livers from females than males, and FPR2 deletion exacerbated liver damage in CDAHFD-fed female mice. Estradiol induced Fpr2 expression, which protected hepatocytes and the liver from damage. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FPR2 mediates sex-specific responses to diet-induced NAFLD/NASH, suggesting a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD/NASH.
NAc-VTA circuit underlies emotional stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in the three-chamber vicarious social defeat stress mouse model
Authors: Qi Guangjian , Zhang Pei , Li Tongxia , Li Ming , Zhang Qian , He Feng , Zhang Lijun , Cai Hongwei , Lv Xinyuan , Qiao Haifa , Chen Xiaoqian , Ming Jie , Tian Bo
Published: January 2022

Emotional stress is considered a severe pathogenetic factor of psychiatric disorders. However, the circuit mechanisms remain largely unclear. Using a three-chamber vicarious social defeat stress (3C-VSDS) model in mice, we here show that chronic emotional stress (CES) induces anxiety-like behavior and transient social interaction changes. Dopaminergic neurons of ventral tegmental area (VTA) are required to control this behavioral deficit. VTA dopaminergic neuron hyperactivity induced by CES is involved in the anxiety-like behavior in the innate anxiogenic environment. Chemogenetic activation of VTA dopaminergic neurons directly triggers anxiety-like behavior, while chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons promotes resilience to the CES-induced anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, VTA dopaminergic neurons receiving nucleus accumbens (NAc) projections are activated in CES mice. Bidirectional modulation of the NAc-VTA circuit mimics or reverses the CES-induced anxiety-like behavior. In conclusion, we propose that a NAc-VTA circuit critically establishes and regulates the CES-induced anxiety-like behavior. This study not only characterizes a preclinical model that is representative of the nuanced aspect of CES, but also provides insight to the circuit-level neuronal processes that underlie empathy-like behavior.