bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison between Children's and Adults' Ability to Detect Conceptual Information Conveyed through Representational Gestures
Authors: Kelly Spencer D. , Church R. Breckinridge
Published: August 2008

The present study compares children's and adults' ability to detect information that is conveyed through representational hand gestures. Eighteen children (M= 10 years, 1 month) and 18 college undergraduates watched videotaped stimuli of children verbally and gesturally explaining their reasoning in a problem‐solving situation. A recall procedure was used to assess whether children and adults could detect information conveyed in the stimulus children's gesture and speech. Results showed that children and adults recalled information that was conveyed through representational gestures. In addition, “mismatching” gesture negatively affected the precision of speech recall for adults. However, this negative effect on speech recall was absent for children.
Exploring Children's Emotional Security as a Mediator of the Link between Marital Relations and Child Adjustment
Authors: Davies Patrick T. , Cummings E. Mark
Published: August 2008

Guided by the emotional security hypothesis, this study examined whether links between marital relations and children's adjustment were mediated by children's emotional security, as evidenced by their emotional reactivity (e.g., vigilance, distress), regulation of exposure to parent affect (avoidance, involvement), and internal representations in the context of interparental relations. Multiple methods and contexts were used to assess 6‐ to 9‐year‐olds' emotional security in response to standardized, simulated conflicts involving parents. Latent variable path analysis supported a theoretical pathway whereby marital dysfunction was linked with adjustment problems as mediated by response processes indicative of emotional insecurity in relation to parental conflicts. Emotional reactivity and internal representations were most closely linked with marital relations and child adjustment, especially with regard to internalizing symptoms. The importance of understanding children's emotional security in the context of the marital subsystem is discussed.
Preadolescent Friendship and Peer Rejection as Predictors of Adult Adjustment
Authors: Bagwell Catherine L. , Newcomb Andrew F. , Bukowski William M.
Published: August 2008

Although peer‐rejected children appear to be at risk for later difficulties, the contribution of preadolescent friendship to adaptive adjustment lacks an empirical foundation. In this 12 year follow‐up investigation, 30 young adults who had a stable, reciprocal best friend in fifth grade and 30 who had been chumless completed measures of adjustment in multiple domains. Friendship and peer rejection were found to have unique implications for adaptive development. Lower levels of preadolescent peer rejection uniquely predicted overall life status adjustment, whereas friended preadolescents had higher levels of general self‐worth in adulthood even after controlling for perceived competence in preadolescence. In contrast, peer rejection and the absence of friendship were both associated with psychopathological symptoms in adulthood, although neither was uniquely predictive of symptomatology.
Children's Socialization Experiences and Functioning in Single‐Mother Households: The Importance of Fathers and Other Men
Authors: Coley Rebekah Levine
Published: August 2008

This research considers the importance of biological fathers and other men for children in unmarried‐mother families. One hundred and eleven third‐ and fourth‐grade children reported on the provision by fathers and other men of various social, emotional, and disciplinary experiences. Factor analysis revealed 2 relational dimensions among these social experiences–warmth and control. Results of multivariate regression analyses indicated that fathers' provision of warmth and control related to better academic achievement for children, and the provision of control from nonpaternal men predicted fewer teacher‐rated behavior problems in school and more prosocial behaviors toward peers. These relations were moderated by children's gender, race, and maternal marital history. Girls and Black children were more positively affected by relations with fathers and father figures than were boys and White children, and divorced fathers were more influential in children's achievement than never‐married fathers. Implications of the findings for social policy and intervention efforts are discussed.
Sleep Schedules and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents
Authors: Wolfson Amy R. , Carskadon Mary A.
Published: August 2008

Sleep and waking behaviors change significantly during the adolescent years. The objective of this study was to describe the relation between adolescents' sleep/wake habits, characteristics of students (age, sex, school), and daytime functioning (mood, school performance, and behavior). A Sleep Habits Survey was administered in homeroom classes to 3,120 high school students at 4 public high schools from 3 Rhode Island school districts. Self‐reported total sleep times (school and weekend nights) decreased by 40–50 min across ages 13–19, ps < .001. The sleep loss was due to increasingly later bedtimes, whereas rise times were more consistent across ages. Students who described themselves as struggling or failing school (C's, D's/F's) reported that on school nights they obtain about 25 min less sleep and go to bed an average of 40 min later than A and B students, ps < .001. In addition, students with worse grades reported greater weekend delays of sleep schedule than did those with better grades. Furthermore, this study examined a priori defined adequate sleep habit groups versus less than adequate sleep habit groups on their daytime functioning. Students in the short school‐night total sleep group (120 min) reported increased daytime sleepiness, depressive mood, and sleep/wake behavior problems, ps < .05, versus those sleeping longer than 8 hr 15 min with less than 60 min weekend delay. Altogether, most of the adolescents' surveyed do not get enough sleep, and their sleep loss interferes with daytime functioning.
Using Writing Instruments: Invariances in Young Children and Adults
Authors: Greer Tammy , Lockman Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2008

In 2 studies, developmental changes in variability associated with handwriting were investigated. In Study 1, variability in grip patterns and pen positioning relative to a flat surface were examined in 3‐ and 5‐year‐olds and adults. The results indicated that between 3 and 5 years of age there is a reduction in the number of grips that individual children routinely use and a reduction in variability associated with pen‐surface positioning. In Study 2, the 3‐year‐old children who participated in Study 1 were tested 6 months later. In comparison to young 3‐year‐old children, older 3‐year‐olds use an adult grip pattern more often and are less variable in pen‐surface positioning, although the use of multiple grip patterns is still common. The findings from both studies are considered in relation to prior research that emphasized modal patterns of motor development and newer work that uses developmental changes in variability to understand the acquisition of motor skill.
The Medium Can Obscure the Message: Young Children's Understanding of Video
Authors: Troseth Georgette L. , DeLoache Judy S.
Published: August 2008

In the first few years of life, children acquire a great deal of general information through symbolic media, including television. Here we explored whether very young children would use information presented via video to solve a retrieval problem. The children watched on a monitor as a toy was hidden in the room next door. A group of 21/2‐year‐olds was very successful at finding the hidden toy based on the televised hiding event, but a group of 2‐year‐olds was not. Substantially better performance was achieved by other 2‐year‐olds who either watched the hiding event directly through a window or who believed they were watching directly (but were in fact looking at the monitor through the window). These results (like those from other symbolic media such as models and pictures) indicate that very young children have difficulty using a symbolic representation as a source of information about an existing situation.
Growing or Just Getting Along? Technical and Adaptive Competence in Coping among Adolescents
Authors: Fournet Denise L. , Wilson Kenneth L. , Wallander Jan L.
Published: August 2008

This study examined coping among African American adolescents with learning disabilities. Ninety‐seven African American adolescents and their mother or primary caregiver participated in the study. The study centered on a new conceptual distinction between technical competence in coping and adaptive competence in coping. Technical competence referred to short‐term, reactive attempts at coping based on individuals' abilities to find techniques for reducing their feelings of distress. Adaptive competence referred to longer‐term, developmental processes of adaptive change that resulted in more global benefits for the individual. Past literature was reassessed on the basis of this conceptual distinction, and a new model of technical and adaptive competence in coping was proposed based on developmental theory. Perceptions of coping efficacy and the incidence of behavioral problems were regressed on measures of technical and adaptive competence in coping. Results were explored first as a general test of the model on the total sample, and second as a comparative analysis between gender subsamples. Total sample findings were consistent with hypothesized results. Technical competence was a better predictor of feelings of efficacy and adaptive competence was a better predictor of behavioral problems. Gender subsample differences were significant and supported a picture of gender‐typed approaches to coping.
The Development of Display Rule Knowledge: Linkages with Family Expressiveness and Social Competence
Authors: Jones Diane Carlson , Abbey Belynda Bowling , Cumberland Amanda
Published: August 2008

The development of display rule knowledge and its associations with family expressiveness (Study 1) and peer competence (Study 2) were investigated among elementary school children. In Study 1, the display rule knowledge of 121 kindergartners and third graders was assessed using validated hypothetical scenarios. There were significant grade differences in display rule knowledge such that third graders compared to kindergartners more frequently combined expression regulation with prosocial reasoning, norm‐maintenance, and self‐protective motives. Maternal reports of family emotional climates indicated that aspects of negative expressiveness were related positively to self‐protective display rules and negatively to prosocial display rules. Study 2 included 93 third and fifth graders who reported on their display rule knowledge and on their emotional reactions and strategies to resolve peer conflict. Classmates and teachers provided ratings on social competence. Age differences for display rule knowledge were not documented, but prosocial display rules were most consistently related to hypothetical peer conflict responses and social competence. The findings confirm that display rule knowledge is related in consistent and systematic ways to what children learn within the family emotional context, how they propose to resolve peer conflict, and how they are perceived by peers and teachers.
Child Development, Molecular Genetics, and What to Do with Genes Once They Are Found
Authors: Plotnin Robert , Rutter Michael
Published: August 2008

Genes associated with behavioral dimensions and disorders are beginning to be identified. Although it is difficult and expensive to find genes associated with behavior, it is relatively easy and inexpensive to use genes that have already been identified. We describe how genes are found, but the main goal of this article is to outline what developmentalists can do with genes once they are found and, hence, to encourage the use of DNA markers in developmental research. We suggest that genes can be used to answer questions about developmental continuities, about psychopathological patterns, and about environmental risk mechanisms. Developmental questions include the causal mechanisms involved in heterotypic continuity. Questions on psychopathological patterns address heterogeneity (Do gene‐behavior associations apply to disorders or to separate components representing risk or protective factors?), comorbidity (Are gene‐behavior associations diagnosis‐specific?), and the links between normality and disorder (Does a gene‐behavior association for a disorder extend to related dimensions of normal variation and vice versa?). Questions about environmental risk mechanisms are informed by study of gene‐environment interaction (Are individuals who are at genetic risk more sensitive to specific psychosocial risks?) and gene‐environment correlation (Are individuals who are at genetic risk more likely to be exposed to psychosocial risk?).
Chronic Residential Crowding and Children's Well‐Being: An Ecological Perspective
Authors: Evans Gary W. , Lepore Stephen J. , Shejwal B. R. , Palsane M. N.
Published: August 2008

Chronic residential crowding is associated with difficulties in behavioral adjustment at school, poor academic achievement, heightened vulnerability to the induction of learned helplessness, elevated blood pressure, and impaired parent‐child interpersonal relationships among a sample of working‐class, 10‐ to 12‐year‐old children living in urban India. The significant main effects of residential crowding on blood pressure and learned helplessness are moderated by gender. Residential crowding is positively associated with blood pressure only among boys and with helplessness only among girls. All analyses statistically control for household income. We then demonstrate that perceived parent–child conflict functions as an underlying, intervening process that largely accounts for several correlates of household crowding among children.
Levels‐of‐Processing Effects in Infant Memory?
Authors: Adler Scott A. , Gerhardstein Peter , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn
Published: August 2008

In 3 experiments, we manipulated 3‐month‐olds' attention to different components of a training display and assessed the effect on retention of those components. Attention was manipulated via a pop‐out display (one target amidst 6 distractors) that enhances selective attention to the target relative to the distractors, and retention was assessed with displays composed entirely of targets or distractors. In Experiment 1, infants recognized both target and distractors after 1 day, confirming that both are initially encoded at some level. In Experiment 2, infants recognized a target L and distractor Ls after delays longer and shorter, respectively, than infants trained with Ls in a homogeneous display. Experiment 3 replicated the preceding pattern of results with a + stimulus. Thus, increasing or decreasing attention to an item during encoding produces a corresponding increase or decrease in its memorability. This finding is consistent with a levels of processing account and is inconsistent with accounts that deny a capacity for explicit memory to prelinguistic infants.
Are Lions and Tigers Substitutes or Associates? Evidence against Slot Filler Accounts of Children's Early Categorization
Authors: Krackow Elisa , Gordon Peter
Published: August 2008

Items in event‐based categorical relations, or “slot fillers,” have been found to be recalled better by children than items in a taxonomic relation. This has been used as evidence that children's memory is organized around script‐based representations rather than taxonomic structures. Others have attributed the superior recall of slot fillers to association and typicality rather than memory structure per se. This study was designed to see if the slot filler advantage remains when association and typicality were controlled for. Forty‐five 3‐to 4‐year‐olds were tested using a cued recall procedure in which typicality and association were varied for slot filler versus taxonomic coordinate lists of items. Only children receiving the typical+high association slot filler list showed significantly better recall than the taxonomic coordinate list. There were no differences between the atypical+low association slot filler list and the taxonomic coordinate list. These results suggest that the slot filler advantage can be attributed to the more traditional mechanisms of association and typicality.
The Role of Maternal Control in the Development of Sex Differences in Child Self‐Evaluative Factors
Authors: Pomerantz Eva M. , Ruble Diane N.
Published: August 2008

The major goal of the present research was to examine the role of parental control in the development of sex differences in 2 pivotal self‐evaluative factors in children: taking responsibility for failure and possessing strong standards. Parents were expected to use control with and without autonomy granting in specific domains differentially with girls and boys on a daily basis, and this was expected to foster sex differences in children's self‐evaluative factors. Ninety‐one mothers of elementary school children completed a daily checklist for 10 to 21 days. The checklist assessed mothers' everyday use of control and autonomy granting in 5 specific domains (helping, monitoring, decision making, praising, and disciplining). Children completed self‐report measures assessing their tendency to take responsibility for failure and the strength of their standards. As anticipated, mothers were more likely to employ control without autonomy granting with girls than with boys, but were more likely to employ control with autonomy granting with boys than with girls. Significantly, this pattern of gender socialization partially mediated the tendency of girls to take greater responsibility for failure than boys. Although there were no sex differences in the strength of children's standards, the pattern of gender socialization was associated with the strength of children's standards as well.
TRANSNATIONALISM PERSONIFIED: YOUNG RETURNING TRINIDADIANS ‘IN THEIR OWN WORDS’
Authors: POTTER ROBERT B. , CONWAY DENNIS , BERNARD GODFREY ST.
Published: August 2008

In this paper we consider the nexus existing between returning transnational migrants to Trinidad and Tobago's adaptation experiences, matters pertaining to their transnational life‐paths, family and community experiences and their views on transnationalism and return. The research is based on an analysis of the detailed narratives provided by forty informants by means of semi‐structured interviews. The informants consisted of nine ‘second‐generation’, seven ‘one‐and‐a‐half‐generation’ and twenty‐four ‘prolonged sojourner’ returning transnational migrants to Trinidad and Tobago. The main conceptual themes that characterise Caribbean transnationalism are presented at the beginning of the paper. Addressing these in the context of Trinidad and Tobago, we present our narrative‐based findings under the following headings derived from analysis of our informant's experiences and views: transnational family and life‐course issues; transnational community relationships; keeping in touch; transnational mobility and ‘home as fixed anchor’; transnational identity; transnational economic and commercial interests; and strategic flexibility.
Testing Convergence in Income Distribution*
Authors: Bao Yong , Dhongde Shatakshee
Published: August 2008

The generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator is often used to test for convergence in income distribution in a dynamic panel set‐up. We argue that though consistent, the GMM estimator utilizes the sample observations inefficiently. We propose a simple ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator with more efficient use of sample information. Our Monte Carlo study shows that the GMM estimator can be very imprecise and severely biased in finite samples. In contrast, the OLS estimator overcomes these shortcomings.
How Do “Religion” and “Spirituality” Differ? Lay Definitions Among Older Adults
Authors: SCHLEHOFER MICHÈLE M. , OMOTO ALLEN M. , ADELMAN JANICE R.
Published: August 2008

Research and public interest in religion and spirituality is on the rise. Consequently, there is an increasing need for rigorously obtained information on what individuals mean when they use these terms. This study examined how 64 older adults living in three retirement communities (including one Christian‐based community), a relatively understudied population, conceptualize religion and spirituality. Participants defined “religion” and “spirituality,” and their narrative definitions were coded and compared using a framework derived from Hill et al.'s (2000) conceptualization of religion and spirituality. Despite considerable overlap, participants' definitions differed on several dimensions. Participants were more likely to associate religion than spirituality with personal beliefs, community affiliation, and organized practices. Moreover, spirituality appeared to be a more abstract concept than religion, and included nontheistic notions of a higher power.
Gendered consumer competences in households with one vs. two adults1
Authors: Berg Lisbet , Teigen Mari
Published: August 2008

Consumption is gendered. Some markets can be described as female‐dominated, while others can be described as male‐dominated consumer areas. The departure of this article is observed gender differences in consumer competences, measured by men and women's self‐reported efforts to stay informed on different markets. Three central gender research hypotheses are applied to investigate the observed gender differences in consumer competences.

Nowadays, modern consumer markets are characterized by abundance, complexity and rapid changes, making it hardly possible for any consumer to master all markets he or she operates in. Because very much of the consumption takes place within the households, it should be convenient to live in a household with two adult persons who can share responsibilities and stay informed on the different segments of the markets. However, many households consist of only one adult person.

Our main concern has been to investigate whether the observed gender differences in consumer competences could be explained by the specializing hypothesis, i.e. that the gendered pattern relies on a gendered division of consumer competences within couple households; in other words, that gender differences in consumer competences among single‐person households should be absent, or significantly lower, than among couple households. In case we would not find support for the specializing hypothesis, two other probable explanations are also put forward: the traditional gender difference hypothesis and the selection hypothesis. These three hypotheses are tested in a data material based on 2000 telephone interviews from the SIFO survey, collected in 2007.
Are consumers' perceptions of price–quality relationships well calibrated?
Authors: Boyle Peter J. , Lathrop E. Scott
Published: August 2008

Past research has shown that, to varying degrees, consumers tend to believe price is an indicator of quality, even though there is in fact often very little correlation between objective measures of price and quality (PQ). Moreover, consumers have been observed to be poorly calibrated in their knowledge of precisely which categories exhibit the strongest association between PQ for products. Given the profound changes that have occurred in consumer markets, such as the rise of the Internet and the flood of product quality information now readily available online, the present work seeks to update this line of research. Specifically, it seeks to determine if changes in the marketplace have affected (1) consumers' perceptions of the PQ relationship; and (2) consumers' PQ calibration. Data from two sources were collected and compared: (1) Subjective ratings of the PQ relation for various common products, collected using a questionnaire format in a survey of 313 US consumers; and (2) Objective estimates of the actual PQ association of the same products, gathered from independent third‐party information providers who report both prices and rank‐ordered quality measures for each. Results indicate that consumers today (1) continue to perceive a modest positive relationship between PQ (more so for durables, less for non‐durables); and (2) are modestly calibrated for durable products. But they are much less well calibrated in the realm of non‐durables, where consumers expect a positive link between price and quality in precisely those product categories in which the relationship is actually negative. Relative to past research, the calibration of consumers has apparently ‘flipped’ from non‐durables to durables today. Potential explanations for this result include (1) the rise of the Internet as an information source for quality ratings of durables; (2) a higher level of perceived risk for durable goods purchases; (3) a greater tendency for durables to exhibit a positive correlation between actual quality and price; and (4) the rising quality level of private label brands, which may render prior price–quality perceptions for non‐durables outdated or obsolete.
Strong or weak ties? British and Indian expatriate scientists finding jobs in Boston
Authors: HARVEY WILLIAM S.
Published: August 2008

In this article I analyse the different social networks that British and Indian scientists use to obtain job information in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector around Boston, Massachusetts. I argue that individuals' social networks are critical in helping highly skilled migrants find jobs. The research finds that British and Indian scientists use both strong and weak ties to obtain jobs and there is no significant difference between senior and junior workers in terms of whether they relied on strong or weak ties. I argue, nonetheless, that the terms strong ties and weak ties are problematic because they are not clearly understood or mutually exclusive.
Transnational social work: using a wraparound model
Authors: FURMAN RICH , NEGI NALINI , SCHATZ MONA C. S. , JONES SUSANNA
Published: August 2008

In this article, we explore the wraparound approach of service delivery as a model for transnational social work. The wraparound model, used primarily within community‐based children's mental health services and child protection initiatives, has been effective when planning services for clients and their families with complicated needs, whose care has to be provided within a multiple provider context. Most social work is delivered nationally or internationally rather than trans‐nationally. In the article we outline how the model could be structured to meet the particular needs of transmigrants, including the involvement of NGOs and INGOs, and identify key obstacles and limitations.
Do Australian Qualifications Help? The Effect of Host Country Qualification on Migrant Participation and Unemployment*
Authors: PARASNIS JAAI , FAUSTEN DIETRICH , CHEO ROLAND
Published: August 2008

The current Australian migration program rewards applicants for possessing Australian tertiary qualifications. This study examines whether such qualifications help mitigate the labour market disadvantages faced by immigrants in Australia. The effect of host country qualification on labour market assimilation is estimated by comparing the labour force participation and unemployment of natives with two groups of migrants: those holding foreign qualifications and those holding Australian qualifications. Controlling for factors such as level of education and experience, there is no evidence that Australian qualifications result in better labour market outcomes for migrants.
Governance and Agricultural Production Efficiency: A Cross‐Country Aggregate Frontier Analysis
Authors: Lio Mon‐Chi , Hu Jin‐Li
Published: August 2008

This study uses a stochastic frontier approach to investigate the relationship between six governance indicators and agricultural efficiency. We find that improvements in rule of law, control of corruption and government effectiveness enhance agricultural productivity significantly if each indicator enters the inefficiency equation independently. When all six indicators are included in the equation, we find that an improvement in rule of law raises agricultural efficiency significantly, but increases in voice and accountability and political stability appear to significantly reduce agricultural efficiency. Grouping the six indicators into three dimensions, we find that an improvement in ‘respect for institutional framework’ raises agricultural efficiency significantly, but an enhancement in ‘selection of authority’ reduces agricultural efficiency significantly. Our results imply that poorer countries can enhance their agricultural efficiency substantially by strengthening the state and citizens’ respect for institutional framework. However, our results show that greater democracy is associated with lower agricultural efficiency. This finding is consistent with interest group capture and political failure arguments of the political economy literature.
Use of Basic Biological Information for Rapid Prediction of the Response of Species to Habitat Loss
Authors: HOCKEY PHILIP A. R. , CURTIS ODETTE E.
Published: August 2008

Abstract: Much research has focused on identifying traits that can act as useful indicators of how habitat loss affects the extinction risk of species, and the results are mixed. We developed 2 simple, rapid‐assessment models of the susceptibility of species to habitat loss. We based both on an index of range size, but one also incorporated an index of body mass and the other an index combining habitat and dietary specialization. We applied the models to samples of birds (Accipitridae and Bucerotidae) and to the lemurs of Madagascar and compared the models' classifications of risk with the IUCN's global threat status of each species. The model derived from ecological attributes was much more robust than the one derived from body mass. Ecological attributes identified threatened birds and lemurs with an average of 80% accuracy and endangered and critically endangered species with 100% accuracy and identified some species not currently listed as threatened that almost certainly warrant conservation consideration. Appropriate analysis of even fairly crude biological information can help raise early‐warning flags to the relative susceptibilities of species to habitat loss and thus provide a useful and rapid technique for highlighting potential species‐level conservation issues. Advantages of this approach to classifying risk include flexibility in the specialization parameters used as well as its applicability at a range of spatial scales.
Should We Protect the Strong or the Weak? Risk, Resilience, and the Selection of Marine Protected Areas
Authors: GAME EDWARD T. , McDONALD‐MADDEN EVE , PUOTINEN MARJI L. , POSSINGHAM HUGH P.
Published: August 2008

Abstract:  It is thought that recovery of marine habitats from uncontrollable disturbance may be faster in marine reserves than in unprotected habitats. But which marine habitats should be protected, those areas at greatest risk or those at least risk? We first defined this problem mathematically for 2 alternate conservation objectives. We then analytically solved this problem for both objectives and determined under which conditions each of the different protection strategies was optimal. If the conservation objective was to maximize the chance of having at least 1 healthy site, then the best strategy was protection of the site at lowest risk. On the other hand, if the goal was to maximize the expected number of healthy sites, the optimal strategy was more complex. If protected sites were likely to spend a significant amount of time in a degraded state, then it was best to protect low‐risk sites. Alternatively, if most areas were generally healthy then, counterintuitively, it was best to protect sites at higher risk. We applied these strategies to a situation of cyclone disturbance of coral reefs on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. With regard to the risk of cyclone disturbance, the optimal reef to protect differed dramatically, depending on the expected speed of reef recovery of both protected and unprotected reefs. An adequate consideration of risk is fundamental to all conservation actions and can indicate surprising routes to conservation success.
How I Do It: Endovascular Stent Deployment Using a Novel Technique That Obviates the Need for Introducer‐Sheath Upsizing
Authors: Yevzlin Alexander S. , Chan Micah R. , Gimelli Giorgio , Maya Ivan D.
Published: August 2008

A case is presented and a novel technique is described by which an endovascular stent is deployed in the venous outflow system of an arteriovenous fistula without the traditional exchange to a larger diameter introducer sheath.
ASDIN: Use of a Covered Stent in a Failed Forearm Fistula as a Present Access and Future Bridge
Authors: Ross Jamie L.
Published: August 2008

The use of stents has been steadily increasing in the management of dialysis access dysfunction. The purpose of this report was to review the use of covered stents in failed forearm fistulas and describe a case of the use of a small caliber forearm covered stent in a early failed forearm fistula that allowed dialysis in that access within 2 weeks and while it required one intervention 6 months later there was evidence of ongoing upper arm vein development.
Central Vein Hardware: Cannot Live With It, Cannot Live Without It
Authors: Vachharajani Tushar J. , Moossavi Shahriar , Kaufman Tina , Rocco Michael
Published: August 2008

Central vein catheters for dialysis have become an integral and unavoidable access modality for providing hemodialysis therapy despite all their major drawbacks. We report a clinical decision dilemma that every nephrologist will encounter while considering an ideal dialysis access for the steadily aging dialysis population.
Physical Examination of Arteriovenous Fistulae by a Renal Fellow: Does It Compare Favorably to an Experienced Interventionalist?
Authors: Leon Carlos , Asif Arif
Published: August 2008

Physical examination (PE) has been highlighted to detect vascular access stenosis with high degree of accuracy when performed by an interventional nephrologist (IN) with expertise in physical examination. This study examines the accuracy of PE compared with angiography when performed by a nephrology fellow (NF). It also compares NF results to that of IN. Didactic and hands‐on PE training was provided to a renal fellow for 1 month during an interventional nephrology rotation. Forty‐five and 142 consecutive cases of arteriovenous fistula dysfunction were examined by the NF and IN, respectively. Preprocedure PE was performed by the NF and IN and the finding secured in a sealed envelope. Angiography from the feeding artery to the right atrium was then performed. The images were reviewed by an independent interventionalist with expertise in endovascular dialysis access procedures and the diagnosis was rendered. The reviewer was blinded to the physical examination. Cohen’s Kappa was used as a measurement of the level of agreement beyond chance between the diagnosis made by physical examination and angiography. Outflow stenosis: NF [strong agreement (81%), Kappa value = 0.63]; IN [strong agreement (89%), Kappa score = 0.78]. Inflow stenosis: NF [strong agreement (80%), Kappa value = 0.56]; IN [strong agreement (83%), Kappa score = 0.55]. These differences between NF and IN were not significant. NF performed significantly better than the IN regarding central vein stenosis. NF [strong agreement (79%), Kappa value = 0.44]; IN [weak agreement (11%), Kappa value = 0.17]. An NF can be trained in physical examination and accurately detect and localize stenoses in a great majority of arteriovenous fistulae when compared with an IN. We suggest that nephrology training programs should place more emphasis on this aspect of vascular access education.
Fabrication of a Fixed Retrievable Implant‐supported Prosthesis Based on Electroforming: A Technical Report
Authors: Nelson Katja , Hildebrand Detlef , Mehrhof Juergen
Published: August 2008

This article describes a method of fabricating a fixed retrievable implant‐retained prosthesis based on electroforming. This method combines the advantages of both the cement‐ and screw‐retained prostheses, including passive fit, ease of fabrication, and retrievability. The absence of visible occlusal screw‐canals adds to its increased esthetic appeal.
In Vitro Exploration and Finite Element Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Resin‐Bonded Fixed Partial Dentures
Authors: Van Dalen Andy , Feilzer Albert J. , Kleverlaan Cornelis J.
Published: August 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the debonding mechanisms of two‐unit cantilevered and straight and bent three‐unit fixed‐fixed resin‐bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs) and to measure the failure loads needed for debonding.

Materials and Methods: Failure load tests were performed using Bondiloy beams simulating both cantilevered and fixed‐fixed RBFPDs, luted onto flat‐ground buccal surfaces of bovine teeth with RelyX ARC, Panavia F2.0, and UniFix resin cements. The failure loads were recorded, and the debonded surfaces of both the enamel and the restorations were examined for details of interest. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to calculate the stress concentrations within the cement layers at failure.

Results: Simulated two‐unit cantilevered and straight three‐unit fixed‐fixed RBFPDs showed a significantly higher failure load than the simulated three‐unit fixed‐fixed RBFPDs with a curved appearance. The FEA models revealed the magnitude and stress locations within the cement layer, resulting in an explanation of the different failure modes.

Conclusions: The low failure loads for the three‐unit bent fixed‐fixed RPFPDs, compared with their straight counterparts and the two‐unit cantilevered RBFPDs, indicate that clinically a reserved attitude needs to be maintained with regard to three‐unit fixed‐fixed RBFPDs spanning a clearly curved part of the dental arch. The FEA results make it clear which part of the tooth restoration interface is subject to the highest stress levels, making it possible to design abutment preparations that avoid high interfacial stresses to help prevent debonding.
Immediate Implant Placement: Clinical Decisions, Advantages, and Disadvantages
Authors: Bhola Monish , Neely Anthony L. , Kolhatkar Shilpa
Published: August 2008

Implant placement in fresh extraction sockets in conjunction with appropriate guided bone regeneration is well documented. The decision to extract teeth and replace them with immediate implants is determined by many factors, which ultimately affect the total treatment plan. The goal of this article is to review some of the important clinical considerations when selecting patients for immediate implant placement, and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this mode of therapy.