bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated Plasma Levels Of Oxytocin In Women Taking Low‐Dose Oral Contraceptives: Identification Of The Plasma Oxytocin With High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Stock Solveig , Silber Märta , Uvnäs‐Moberg Kerstin
Published: November 2007

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether low‐dose oral contraceptives affect oxytocin concentrations in plasma. Twenty women participated in an open cross‐over study. Six consecutive blood samples were drawn twice, with a 4—week interval, in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when the women were/were not taking oral contraceptives. Plasma levels of oxytocin were analysed with a radio‐immunoassay specific for oxytocin. A significant increase in oxytocin concentrations was observed following ingestion of oral contraceptives (p<0.02). Women with the highest oxytocin levels during a normal menstrual cycle increased their levels the most when on oral contraceptives. Analysis with high performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that immunoreactive oxytocin found in plasma, whether with or without oral contraceptives, co‐eluted with synthetic oxytocin standard. An interesting possibility could be that the mental side effects and effects on glucose metabolism occurring after treatment with oral contraceptives might be related to elevated oxytocin levels, since metabolic and CNS effects of oxytocin are known.
A Spleen Pregnancy
Authors: Kahn Jarl A. , Skjeldestad Finn E. , Düring Vidar v. , Sunde Arne , Molne Kåre , Jørgensen Ole G.
Published: November 2007

Non‐tubal ectopic pregnancy is very rare. We report a case of spleen pregnancy, difficult to recognize clinically. The tests and investigations which led to the diagnosis and treatment are described briefly.
La Grande Dépression française à la fin du XIXème siècle : réflexion sur sa datation et sur sa fonction
Authors: Bonin Hubert
Published: November 2007

Résumé La Crise actuelle interpelle l'historien et l'économiste en quête de références facilitant la compréhension des mouvements dépressifs de longue durée. La difficulté même de la datation de la dépression de la fin du XIXème siècle indique la nécessité d'affiner la détermination des mécanismes de son enclenchement. Les phénomènes apparents - récessions, krachs, chômage - ne sont que les signes de tensions profondes. Aux cycles internes à certaines branches s'ajoutent les restructurations et les mutations vécues par des branches ébranlées par la concurrence internationale et mondiale, qui redessine la division nationale et internationale du travail. Toutefois, ces explications mécanis- tes doivent être complétées par la crise de l'esprit d'entreprise. La sortie de la Crise suppose à la fois la définition par l'économie française de nouveaux « points forts » et la réapparition d'une motivation des entrepreneurs, largement dépendante désormais de l'environnement conjoncturel mondial.
Le mariage de Renée de France avec Hercule d'Esté : une inutile mesalliance. 28 juin 1528
Authors: Braun Gabriel
Published: November 2007

Résumé L'article traite du dramatique changement d'alliance auquel fut contraint le duc de Ferrare pour conserver son duché au milieu de la lutte de François 1er et Charles Quint en Italie. Un traité conclu avec l'empereur le 30 septembre 1526 fut remplacé, après l'entrée d'une nouvelle armée française en Lombardie durant l'été 1527, par un traité signé avec François 1er le 15 novembre 1527. Comme garantie de ces traités, chacun des souverains accordait en mariage une proche parente avec le fils aîné du duc : Marguerite, fille naturelle de Charles Quint, Renée de France, seconde fille de Louis ХП. Parles succès militaires des Français au début de 1528, le duc est amené a accepter que le mariage soit conclu. En fin de compte, la défaite des Français dans le royaume de Naples rendit cette union inutile.
La comparaison des croissances économiques de deux régions industrielles : la Champagne et l'Alsace (1810-1939)
Authors: Hau Michel
Published: November 2007

Abstract : The fewest imperfect indicator for comparing economic growth in different regions seems to be the chain of Laspeyres indices. The application of this method to the cases of Champagne and Alsace during the XlXth and XXth centuries shows fundamentally different models of growth and confirms the major importance of the problem of the labour resources in France during the second half of the XlXth century.
Chemins de fer et développement régional en France de 1852 à 1937 : la contribution de la compagnie du Midi
Authors: Bouneau Christophe
Published: November 2007

Résumé : La plus mal lotie des grandes Compagnies ferroviaires françaises, la Compagnie du Midi, mena de 1852 à 1937 une politique de développement régional particulièrement complète. Liant étroitement l'expansion économique du Sud-Ouest et celle de son trafic, le «Midi» prit en charge trois actions d'envergure. Il contribua d'abord à la spécialisation de l'agriculture, à la modernisation de ses techniques de production et de ses méthodes de commercialisation. D'autre part il provoqua l'établissement d'un complexe d'industries nouvelles en développant une electrification ferroviaire étendue. Enfin son aménagement d'une infrastructure touristique intégrée diversifia l'activité du littoral et du massif pyrénéen et assura la promotion d'une image de marque plus séduisante. Après la période fondatrice des Péreire, cette politique multiforme connut son apogée durant rentre-deux-guerres avec le directeur Jean-Raoul Paul et son équipe d'ingénieurs modernisateurs. Seule entreprise de dimension régionale, le «Midi» se substituait alors aux entrepreneurs et à l'État défaillants : il anticipait sur la politique nationale d'aménagement du territoire.
Introduction : l'évolution des transports terrestres en Europe (vers 1800-vers 1940)
Authors: Caron François
Published: November 2007

Abstract This introduction corresponds in parts to the synthesis given at the International Congress in Louvain during the A2 session. Taking into account the diverse studies brought together in this special issue, it summarizes the principle phases of transportation history during the 19th and 20th centuries, making note of the particularities of each system in comparison with (an) other competing system(s) as well as the particularities of each of the principal countries of the European continent.
Voies navigables et développement économique
Authors: Kunz Andreas
Published: November 2007

Résumé Ce texte est celui de la brève communication prononcée lors de la session A2 du congrès de Louvain (août 1990). Il présente quelques réflexions à propos de l'importance d'un mode de transport pré-industriel durant la période d'industrialisation et de son rôle sur la croissance économique des principaux pays «first comers».
Les privilèges selon Sieyès ou le triomphe de la désinformation
Authors: Durand Yves
Published: November 2007

Abstract Since the writings of Sieyès in 1788-1789, many historians and nearly all the authors of school-books have claimed that the first two orders of French society in the Ancien Regime, the clergy and the nobility, were the only privileged ones, to the exclusion of the Tiers État. In fact, all the French were privileged before 1789. The task of desinformation carried on by Sieyès has been utterly successful. It paved the way to the Terror, before it durably warped the minds of the XlXth and XXth centuries.
Des sages-femmes qui sauvent les mères ?
Authors: Beauvalet-Boutouyrie Scarlett , Renard Jacques
Published: November 2007

Résumé Les efforts entrepris en vue d'une meilleure formation des sages-femmes dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle ont-ils eu des effets notables sur la mortalité maternelle ? En étudiant deux zones rurales de la généralité de Rouen (l'une proche de Pont-1'Evêque, l'autre voisine de Vernon) et les villes de Cherbourg et Vernon, nous nous sommes proposés de répondre à cette question. Les cours de formation des sages-femmes se mettent en place à partir de 1777 dans cette région sous l'impulsion de l'intendant, Thiroux de Crosne. Les sources nous ont permis de déterminer quelles paroisses de l'échantillon étaient pourvues d'une accoucheuse et quand tel était le cas, de savoir si elle avait ou non reçu une formation. Les 18 139 accouchements (fiches MF et MO) observés entre 1777 et 1807 font apparaître une diminution de la mortalité maternelle, laquelle est fonction du niveau de formation des accoucheuses. Lorsque les femmes sont accouchées par des matrones non formées, le taux de mortalité maternelle est de 8,69 pour mille (délai de 42 jours après l'accouchement, 10,06 pour mille, délai de 60 jours), il s'abaisse à 5,38 pour mille (6,28 pour mille, délai de 60 jours) quand c'est une sage-femme formée qui opère. La différence est notamment sensible sur la mortalité maternelle du premier jour, c'est-à-dire celle que l'on peut attribuer aux manœuvres de l'accouchement et au choc obstétrical. Il apparaît donc, en Normandie du moins, que les cours de formation des sages-femmes ne sont pas étrangers à la baisse, même modérée, de la mortalité maternelle. Cette baisse qui était connue pour les villes concerne aussi les campagnes. Ces efforts trouvent cependant leurs limites dans le haut niveau de l'infection post néonatale, infection que l'on n'a commencé à réellement maîtriser qu'au XXe siècle.
Les mécanismes d'interdépendance spatiale entre marchés du blé au XIXe siècle
Authors: Roehner Bertrand Marie
Published: November 2007

Résumé Les mécanismes d'interaction spatiale entre marchés sont étudiés par leurs effets sur les fluctuations à court terme des prix affichés sur diverses places. On s'intéresse en particulier à la validité des modèles d'arbitrage, à la variation des écarts ou des corrélations de prix avec la distance, à l'intégration croissante du marché, à l'existence de marchés dominants ou satellites. Afin d'aboutir à des conclusions ayant une portée générale, ces problèmes sont examinés dans une large gamme de distances allant des échanges au niveau cantonal, tant en France qu'en Allemagne, jusqu'aux liaisons internationales.
Le quartier, espace vécu à l'époque moderne
Authors: Cabantous Alain
Published: November 2007

Abstract It is now the historian's turn to take an interest in the urban quarter after the sociologist's and the geographer's. Some historians of contemporary history have already used some well-proven methods. The challenge is different though for those historians whose research focuses on more ancient times. The origin of documents, the urban situation in XVIIth and XVIIIth France make the task all the harder. Which criteria shall we base our definition of the urban quarter upon ? Bearing in mind that we must avoid any possible confusion with the neighbourhood or the parish. The following article aims at answering these questions at least where towns in « modern » France are concerned.
Le marché de la viande à Grenoble au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Favier René
Published: November 2007

Abstract During le 18th century, the urban elite's increasing demand for good quality meat gradually contributed to transform the market's organisation. Thus it entailed the appearance of real trade companies in Grenoble. Their development was however hindered by the municipal policy of prices' taxation which Parliament didn't manage to cancel entirely. This marlet's incomplete adaptation to the new born liberalism helped to maintain the town's numerous difficulties concerning its good quality meat's supplies, and partly placed it under the dependence of Lyons's butchers.
Les politiques coloniales britanniques et le maintien de l'Ancien Régime au Bas-Canada (1791-1832)
Authors: Laudy Danielle
Published: November 2007

Résumé Engagée dans la voie du parlementarisme depuis 1688, la Grande-Bretagne instaure des institutions politiques semblables aux siennes dans sa colonie du Bas-Canada. La réalité coloniale se révèle néanmoins fort différente en inscrivant la participation à la vie politique dans une logique d'Ancien Régime. La présence d'institutions représentatives coloniales et l'attention prêtée par la métropole aux revendications régulièrement transmises par les habitants du Bas-Canada sous forme de mémoires, pétitions et délégations n'empêchent pas la poursuite, voire le renforcement, d'une pratique oligarchique de plus en plus centralisée où le pouvoir politique demeure basé sur la propriété foncière et légitimé par la religion.
Les inventaires de textes autobiographiques
Authors: Lejeune Philippe
Published: November 2007

Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse the assessment procedures of approximately forty autobiographical texts in seven different linguistic domains : German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch and Polish. The objective is to find out for what sort of users they are designed, and with what intentions, to define how the texts are described, classified and indexed, and within what generic and temporal limits. It will also try to find out whether the texts in question are published or unpublished material, before ending with a more developed table of the situation in France, followed by a detailed appraisal of the analysed assessments.
Penser la révolution industrielle
Authors: Komlos John
Published: November 2007

Résumé Cet article présente un modèle du développement des économies traditionnelles. Ce modèle est « malthusien » : la tendance de la population à croître plus vite que les disponibilités en détermine des cycles longs, qui se terminent par des crises graves, comme celle des XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Mais ce modèle est fortement nuancé par l'introduction d'« épisodes boserupiens » durant lesquels la croissance de la population a des effets positifs. De plus, en Europe, les crises n'ont pas empêché l'accumulation croissante de capital physique et humain. Cette accumulation a débouché sur la Révolution industrielle, qui a permis d'échapper au piège malthusien, et qui apparaît donc comme le couronnement d'un processus à très long terme.
La rationalisation dans l'industrie française : une réponse aux problèmes de la seconde industrialisation ou l'invention de la consommation de masse ?
Authors: Moutet Aimée
Published: November 2007

Résumé La rationalisation de la production constitue une adaptation des usines aux caractères nouveaux de l'industrie issus de la seconde industrialisation. Le but était d'obtenir une fabrication en flux continu même et surtout dans les industries qui ne s'y prêtaient pas par nature, comme les constructions mécaniques. Elle s'est constituée à partir des expériences propres à l'Europe, avant d'intégrer, à partir de et grâce à la première guerre mondiale, les méthodes américaines qu'étaient le taylorisme et le fordisme. C'est après le second conflit mondial, au cours des trente glorieuses, que l'industrie européenne a fait un pas de plus, et ajouté à une production de masse une consommation de masse des produits des nouvelles industries, en commençant par l'automobile. Ce nouveau système d'organisation a, dès l'entre-deux-guerres, bouleversé la condition professionnelle des ouvriers.
Les liens sociaux à Paris au XVIIe siècle : une analyse des contrats de mariage de 1660, 1665 et 1670
Authors: Beauvalet Scarlett , Gourdon Vincent
Published: November 2007

Résumé À partir d'un échantillon de 1385 contrats de mariage parisiens relevés pour trois années, 1660, 1665 et 1670, nous nous sommes intéressés aux témoins de mariage; les actes assez riches, ayant permis d'identifier de façon assez précise 9226 témoins, dont 1611 femmes. Deux conclusions principales se dégagent : d'une part, le réseau apparent des mariés est très dépendant de leur statut social et de leur position socio-économique; d'autre part, l'étude du réseau de témoins semble un bon indicateur de la mobilité sociale ainsi que de la place de la femme dans la société. Une première approche du réseau de témoins de trois groupes représentatifs, les gagne-deniers, les marchands de vin et des avocats au Parlement révèle l'existence de véritables modèles de sociabilité et nous invite à étendre cette étude à d'autres périodes au travers de plus grands effectifs.
Les tueries à Paris sous l'Ancien Régime ou pourquoi la capitale n'a pas été dotée d'abattoirs aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Abad Reynald
Published: November 2007

Résumé Tout au long des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, les bouchers parisiens abattent eux-mêmes les bêtes qu'ils achètent sur les marchés aux bestiaux. La mise à mort se fait dans une pièce appelée tuerie, généralement située à proximité immédiate de la boutique. La présence de nombreuses tueries au cœur de la capitale est à l'origine de graves nuisances pour la population. D'abord, le déplacement des troupeaux dans Paris provoque des embarras considérables; ensuite, l'abattage des bêtes est une source permanente de puanteur et de saleté dans les rues environnantes; enfin, la fonte des suifs dans les tueries représente un risque non négligeable d'incendies. Confrontées à cette situation et aux protestations de l'opinion publique, les autorités ont envisagé à plusieurs reprises de construire des abattoirs à la périphérie de la ville. Pourtant, les projets n'ont jamais abouti, du fait de la résistance des bouchers, qui refusaient tout changement dans l'organisation de leur commerce, et voulaient conserver le contrôle sur la chaîne d'approvisionnement, depuis les marchés jusqu'à l'étal.
De la reconstruction agraire à la mise en vente des biens nationaux : possession de la terre, conjoncture agraire et rapports sociaux dans la plaine d'Alsace (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles)
Authors: Boehler Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

Résumé La présente contribution répond à un double objectif. Il importe d'une part de dégager l'ambiguïté de la notion de «propriété». Sous l'Ancien Régime, le paysan, habitué aux situations concrètes et aux pratiques coutumières ne s'embarrasse guère de la valeur juridique des concepts, entretient habilement la confusion entre la «possession» et la «propriété» du sol, la première l'intéressant bien davantage que la seconde. Il convient ensuite de mettre en évidence l'articulation entre le contexte conjoncturel, les modes de tenure et les rapports de forces, tant entre seigneurs et paysans qu'entre bailleurs et preneurs, à la lumière de la compétition autour de la terre. En passant d'une période de reconstruction, au lendemain de la crise du XVIIe siècle, à une période d'essor de la rente foncière au XVIIIe siècle, la campagne alsacienne témoigne, en dépit de sa singularité qui l'apparente au monde rhénan, d'une évolution significative. De bonne heure, se mettent en place les mécanismes qui présideront à la mise en vente des biens nationaux.
La Banque de France et la réforme du système monétaire international : entre impératifs nationaux et solidarité des banques centrales européennes (1963-1968)
Authors: Bussiere Eric
Published: November 2007

Abstract This author analyzes the position taken by the Bank of France during discussions about reform of the international monetary system. These debates were marked by de Gaullian criticism of the imperialism of the dollar and a fairly acrimonious conflict between France and the United States, which lasted from 1963 to 1968. We can see that there were ambiguities in the French bank's position. While the bank agreed with the French government and its European partners about the defects in the system, it was impossible to achieve a coherent European stance on methods of reform. It seems that the government's view about the role of gold, its attitude at the time of the sterling crisis, and its stance on managing the bank's gold reserves all served to estrange the bank from its colleagues and damaged the latter' s ability to influence debate and decision-making. However, we should not overestimate the degree to which a more cooperative French attitude might have helped further European solidarity in face of the stance taken by America.
Des montagnes au service de la cause nationale : la Société des Alpinistes du Trentin et l'irrédentisme de 1872 à 1915
Authors: Blanchon David
Published: November 2007

Résumé Créée en 1872 par des vétérans de l'épopée garibaldienne, la Société Alpine du Trentin, (devenue en 1876 Société des Alpinistes du Trentin) a toujours défendu, à travers la connaissance et l'exploration des montagnes - principal attrait de la région -, l'italianité du Trentin, terre irrédente italianophone, laissée à l'Autriche en 1866. Association officiellement apolitique, d'abord élitiste puis populaire, cette société a contribué de façon originale à la politisation du monde rural et fit des montagnes l'enjeu d'une lutte nationale acharnée. Entre la défense des particularisme locaux et le désir - prohibé - de se rattacher à l'Italie, les liens difficiles avec l'Églises et les autres partis politiques, libéraux et socialistes, l'histoire de la S.A.T., reflète, jusqu'à sa disparition en 1915 la complexité des mouvements irrédentistes dans l'Empire austro-hongrois finissant.
La ville, miroir et enjeu de la santé : Paris, Montréal et Alger au XIXe siècle
Authors: Goubert Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

Abstract In the 19th century, an urban system of public health was set up. As far as it was identified with circulation, networks were organized that both irrigated the body and the city: without the latter, there was no salvation. Whether it were in old France, in Paris, in a new country as Canada in Montreal or in a colonial territory in Algiers, Europeans and more particularly the French provided themselves with a preventive medicine and a public hygiene before Pasteur revolution and later on with its support. Rejecting humoral medicine, smallpox vaccination finally became the rule as well as water distribution. These were the evidence of European power in those towns where the French have lived either permanently or as servants or as masters. In the setting of an alliance between political, medical, public and private sector interests, a scientific and technical revolution was taken advantage of so as to expand a new health empire the western way, an emblem of the coming in to Modernity.
Des suppliciés oubliés de la Grande Guerre : les pithiatiques
Authors: Darmon Pierre
Published: November 2007

Résumé Le pythiatisme est l'une des nouvelles pathologies de la Grande Guerre. Dans ce conflit au ras du sol, nombreux furent les soldats ensevelis qui, une fois dégagés, se retrouvèrent figés dans d'étranges postures, plies en deux ou accroupis. Certains avaient encore les mains ou les pieds tordus, d'autres étaient sourds ou muets. Mais l'examen clinique ne révélait aucune lésion. Aussi furent-ils déclarés «suggestionnés», voire traités en simulateurs. Pour eux, Babinski inventa le terme de « pithiatisme » (du grec «je persuade» et «je guéris»). Les thérapies employées pour les renvoyer au feu étaient féroces. Enfermés dans des carcans redresseurs ou soumis au torpillage électriques, ils pouvaient, sous l'empire de la souffrance, retrouver une éphémère mobilité, mais, tôt ou tard, les contractures reprenaient le dessus.
Les mots de la corruption : la déviance publique dans les dictionnaires d'Ancien Régime
Authors: Génaux Maryvonne
Published: November 2007

Abstract The vocabulary of public deviance worked simultaneously on two different levels : that of legal accuracy (concussion, péculat, exaction), which made it possible to isolate the corresponding practices and to qualify them as crimes ; and that of inclusion within general categories such as abus, lèse-majesté or malversation, which had a strong political or moral dimension. The study of the word "corruption " in the second part of the work shows that it had moral meaning inherited from the Aristotelian tradition. 'Corruption,' with its moral overtones, was initially unrelated to the penal question of public deviance. Rather, it marked the fundamental discrepancy between man and the virtue of justice.
Survivre à la dissolution du couple : vieillesse et patrimoine en Île-de-France au milieu du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Luther Viret Jérôme
Published: November 2007

Abstract In a micro-owners' populated country, where wages pay was vital, the old persons were particularly vulnerable. Parisian custom did not afford a sufficient protection for the widowers and for the widows. It left the parents without resort, and still worse, without power. Then the parents used various processes to make sure they would have a minimal subsistence, in agreement with the custom.
Le maintien tardif d'un système traditionnel de régulation de la population : un village béarnais au début du XIXe siècle
Authors: Minvielle Stéphane
Published: November 2007

Résumé Dans un village rural du sud-ouest de la France, les mécanismes de régulation de la population hérités de l'Ancien Régime continuent à fonctionner dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Dans un contexte de transmission inégalitaire des biens d'une génération à l'autre, les structures familiales restent directement liées aux rythmes fluctuants de la reproduction.
Le financement d'une entreprise textile familiale : des logiques entrecroisées
Authors: Daumas Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Résumé La gestion des entreprises familiales a été longtemps assimilée à un conservatisme inefficace et malthusien. L'exemple de la firme lainière elbeuvienne Blin et Blin, demeurée contrôlée par la même famille de sa fondation en 1827 à sa cessation d'activité en 1975, montre la difficulté, pour une entreprise familiale, de trouver un compromis heureux entre les intérêts des associés et ceux de l'entreprise. Les Blin y ont successivement adopté deux attitudes opposées: celle, d'abord, de l'entrepreneur industrialiste qui, soucieux de croissance, associe autofinancement, élargissement du capital social et recours à l'emprunt pour financer les investissements ; celle, ensuite, de l'entrepreneur conservateur n'ayant d'entre perspective que de privilégier son revenu et de maintenir sa situation acquise. La famille peut donc être aussi bien source de dynamisme que de fragilité.
Les verbes psychologiques
Authors: Bouchard Denis
Published: November 2007

D. Bouchard

It is incorrect to attribute a particular Deep Structure or special theta roles to these constructions because they are very productive. Moreover, the Experiencer and Theme can hold many different Grammatical Functions, so that a transformational analysis based on regularities of theta assignment cannot be maintained. It is proposed that the peculiarities of these constructions are not due to special syntactic properties, but rather to the fact that one of the arguments is a psy-chose , which receives a particular type of referential interpretation in mental space.
Le contrôle de l'espace psychologique
Authors: Van Voorst Jan
Published: November 2007

J. van Voorst

Psychological constructions in French typically exclude the subject's control of the psychological process that affects the direct object. This important factor in the analysis of these verbs corresponds with a position on a continuum that can be used to characterize verbs semantically. The continuum describes the relationship between the subject and the direct object in terms of the increasing level of closeness that can exist between them in the course of an event. Most verbs can occupy a number of positions on this continuum. The psychological interpretation of many action verbs is possible only when this relationship does not imply the control of the process affecting the direct object. When there is control, we usually encounter an agentive interpretation, which can be, sometimes, psychological. This article shows that psychological verbs are not a separate class, as their semantic behaviour overlaps with that of a large number of verbs that are not psychological.
Morphologie et représentation événementielle : le cas des noms de sentiment et d'attitude
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

J. C. Anscombre

Among the so-called "psych-nouns", feelings and attitudes represent an intuitive point of view. In fact, a more careful examination of their linguistic properties clearly shows that such notions as feelings and attitudes might very well be unfounded linguistically speaking. This paper is an attempt to establish such a classification on aspectual grounds, in terms of event representation. Another claim is that morphology is relevant, that is noun and adjective formation give some access to the event representation above mentioned.
Pourquoi peut-on dire Max est en colère mais non *Max est en peur ? Hypothèses sur la construction être en N
Authors: Leeman Danielle
Published: November 2007

D. Leeman

Fear and anger are usually classified as "nouns of feeling", but whereas it is possible to say Max est en colère we cannot say Max est en peur : we could then propose the hypothesis according to which/èar and anger do not refer to the same type of feeling. Rather than trying to define the noun, it seems more appropriate to characterize the structure in which it occurs : so we propose a hypothesis for the construction be in N which takes into consideration its two constituents in and be. It allows us to explain why a definite list of nouns can appear in this context. The criteria generally advanced to define a class "nouns of feeling" are then questioned. according to which/èar and anger do not refer to the same type of feeling. Rather than trying to define the noun, it seems more appropriate to characterize the structure in which it occurs : so we propose a hypothesis for the construction be in N which takes into consideration its two constituents in and be. It allows us to explain why a definite list of nouns can appear in this context. The criteria generally advanced to define a class "nouns of feeling" are then questioned.
Une étude de la combinatoire des noms de sentiment dans une grammaire locale
Authors: Balibar-Mrabti Antoinette
Published: November 2007

A. Balibar-Mrabti

The aim of this paper is to establish a list of "nouns of feeling" within the theory of support verbs of Zellig Harris and to construct a lexicon-grammar expressing "feelings". We study in simple sentences combinatorial constraints between these nouns and specific verbs, which we have also listed. We consider two syntactic positions : subject and complement. About thirty nouns combine with about sixty verbs. We pay a particular attention to a relation between causative sentences and sentences with an "instrumental" complement.
Verbes psychologiques et interprétation sémantique
Authors: Mathieu Yvette Yannick
Published: November 2007

Y. Y. Mathieu

FEELING is a system for understanding French psychological verbs. Given a sentence with such a verb, we examine how to infer the semantics of the subject and of the object. We describe the knowledge representation used by FEELING. The semantic interpretation is given by production rules like .
Thermoplastic polymers as modifiers for urea–formaldehyde wood adhesives. III. In situ thermoplastic‐modified wood composites
Authors: Das S. , Matuana L. M. , Heiden P.
Published: November 2007

Acrylic monomers and free‐radical initiators were dispersed in an aqueous urea–formaldehyde (UF) suspension and polymerized in situ to afford a suspension containing 5 wt % thermoplastic (5 g of thermoplastic/100 mL of suspension). The viscosity of the thermoplastic‐modified UF suspension (65 wt % solids at 25°C) ranged from 240 to 437 cP versus 121 cP for the unmodified UF control. Wood‐flour composites (sugar maple and 50 wt % adhesive) were prepared with thermoplastic‐modified UF suspensions and cured with the same cycle used for the composites prepared with the unmodified UF adhesive (control). The effect of the thermoplastic‐modified UF adhesive was evaluated on the notched Izod impact strength and equilibrium moisture uptake of the wood‐flour composites. The notched Izod impact strength of the composites prepared with modified UF adhesives increased by as much as 94% above that of the control. The increase depended on the initiator and the monomer composition. The modification affected the equilibrium moisture uptake and rate of moisture uptake in the wood‐flour composites. Preliminary results for particleboard prepared with 10 wt % modified UF adhesive (5% thermoplastic in the UF resin) and unoptimized cure conditions confirmed a significant effect of the thermoplastic modification on both the internal‐bond strength and thickness swelling of the particleboard. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects and properties of poly(arylene ether benzonitrile)s of various molecular weights blended with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)
Authors: Wu Han‐Lang , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Lin Chun‐Chieh , Chiu Yie‐Chan , Chen Chih‐Yuan , Chiang Chin‐Lung
Published: November 2007

Poly(arylene ether benzonitrile) (PAEBN) was synthesized with 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile and biphenol. PAEBNs with various molecular weights (MWs), 1,640,000 and 185,000 g/mol, were synthesized by control of the stoichiometry of the monomers and were blended with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). The effects of MW on the water uptake, swelling, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity of the SPEEK/PAEBN blend membranes were investigated. The molecular mobility of the SPEEK/PAEBN blends was also examined in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cholinergic innervation of the frontal cortex: Differences among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys
Authors: Raghanti Mary Ann , Stimpson Cheryl D. , Marcinkiewicz Jennifer L. , Erwin Joseph M. , Hof Patrick R. , Sherwood Chet C.
Published: November 2007

Cholinergic innervation of the frontal cortex is important in higher cognitive functions and may have been altered in humans relative to other species to support human‐specific intellectual capacities. To evaluate this hypothesis we conducted quantitative comparative analyses of choline acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive axons in cortical areas 9, 32, and 4 among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys. Area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in inductive reasoning and specific components of working memory processes, while area 32 of the medial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in theory of mind. Area 4 (primary motor cortex) was also evaluated because it is not directly associated with higher cognitive functions. The findings revealed no quantitative species differences in the three cortical areas examined, indicating that human cognitive specializations are not related to a quantitative increase in cortical cholinergic input. However, species‐specific morphological specializations were observed. Clusters of cholinergic fibers that may be indicative of cortical plasticity events were present in chimpanzees and humans, but not in macaques. The other significant morphology noted was the common and distinctive oval or ovoid perisomatic staining in macaque cortices. This feature was also sporadically observed in chimpanzee cortex. Our findings suggest a potential alteration of cortical cholinergic afferents within the prefrontal cortex of humans and chimpanzees, to the exclusion of macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:409–424, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eulerian–Lagrangian grid coupling and penalty methods for the simulation of multiphase flows interacting with complex objects
Authors: Sarthou A. , Vincent S. , Caltagirone J. P. , Angot Ph.
Published: November 2007

Our purpose is to develop an efficient coupling between incompressible multiphase flows and fixed or moving obstacles of complex shape. The flow is solved on a fixed Cartesian grid and the solid objects are represented by surface elements. Our strategy is based on two main originalities: the generation and management of the objects are ensured by computer graphics software and front‐tracking methods, while the coupling between the flow and the obstacle grids is ensured by a fictitious domain approach and new high‐order penalty techniques. Several validation problems are presented to demonstrate the interest and accuracy of the method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genuinely multidimensional characteristic‐based scheme for incompressible flows
Authors: Razavi S. E. , Zamzamian K. , Farzadi A.
Published: November 2007

This paper presents a novel multidimensional characteristic‐based (MCB) upwind method for the solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. As opposed to the conventional characteristic‐based (CB) schemes, it is genuinely multidimensional in that the local characteristic paths, along which information is propagated, are used. For the first time, the multidimensional characteristic structure of incompressible flows modified by artificial compressibility is extracted and used to construct an inherent multidimensional upwind scheme. The new proposed MCB scheme in conjunction with the finite‐volume discretization is employed to model the convective fluxes. Using this formulation, the steady two‐dimensional incompressible flow in a lid‐driven cavity is solved for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. It was found that the new proposed scheme presents more accurate results than the conventional CB scheme in both their first‐ and second‐order counterparts in the case of cavity flow. Also, results obtained with second‐order MCB scheme in some cases are more accurate than the central scheme that in turn provides exact second‐order discretization in this grid. With this inherent upwinding technique for evaluating convective fluxes at cell interfaces, no artificial viscosity is required even at high Reynolds numbers. Another remarkable advantage of MCB scheme lies in its faster convergence rate with respect to the CB scheme that is found to exhibit substantial delays in convergence reported in the literature. The results obtained using new proposed scheme are in good agreement with the standard benchmark solutions in the literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Country‐of‐origin, localization, or dominance effect? An empirical investigation of HRM practices in foreign subsidiaries
Authors: Pudelko Markus , Harzing Anne‐Wil
Published: November 2007

This article contributes to two recurring and very central debates in the international management literature: the convergence vs. divergence debate and the standardization vs. localization debate. Using a large‐scale sample of multinationals headquartered in the United States, Japan, and Germany, as well as subsidiaries of multinationals from these three countries in the two other respective countries, we test the extent to which HRM practices in subsidiaries are characterized by country‐of‐origin, localization, and dominance effects. Our results show that overall the dominance effect is most important (i.e., subsidiary practices appear to converge to the dominant U.S. practices). Hence, our results lead to the rather surprising conclusion for what might be considered to be the most localized of functions—HRM—that convergence to a worldwide best practices model is clearly present. The lack of country‐of‐origin effects for Japanese and German multinationals leads us to a conclusion that is of significant theoretical as well as practical relevance. Multinationals might limit the export of country‐of‐origin practices to their core competences and converge to best practices in other areas. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways after soman poisoning in rat cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Pejchal J. , Österreicher J. , Kassa J. , Tichý A. , Mokrý J.
Published: November 2007

The expression of activated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activated MAPK transcription factors c‐jun, c‐myc and elk‐1 were examined in rat cerebellum after soman poisoning to determine the pathogenetic mechanism of the non‐specific long‐term effects of nerve agents. Male Wistar rats were poisoned by intramuscular administration of soman at a dose 60 µg kg−1 (70% LD50) and samples were taken 1, 7 and 14 days after poisoning, immunohistochemically stained and p‐p38MAPK, p‐c‐jun, p‐c‐myc and p‐elk‐1 expressions were measured using image analysis. Control groups were administered with saline instead of soman. The expression of activated p38MAPK and c‐myc increased 14 days after soman poisoning while c‐jun and elk‐1 expressions remained unchanged 1, 7 and 14 days after soman poisoning. Delayed activation of p38 MAPK and its targets might be involved in the pathogenetic mechanism of the long‐term neurophysiological toxic effects of nerve agents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heparin modification of calcium phosphate bone cements for VEGF functionalization
Authors: Lode A. , Reinstorf A. , Bernhardt A. , Wolf‐Brandstetter C. , König U. , Gelinsky M.
Published: November 2007

A promising strategy to promote angiogenesis within an engineered tissue is the local and sustained delivery of an angiogenic factor by the substitute itself. Recently, we reported on functionalization of Biocement D (BioD) and several modifications of this calcium phosphate bone cement with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Maintenance of biological activity of VEGF after release from the cement was improved by modification of BioD with mineralized collagen type I (BioD/coll). However, BioD/coll composites showed a higher initial burst of VEGF release than do the unmodified BioD. In the present study, VEGF release from BioD/coll composites modified with different amounts of heparin was investigated. We found a distinct reduction of the initial burst of release by adding heparin in a concentration‐dependent manner. Moreover, the heparin modification had a positive impact on the biological activity of released VEGF. An advancement of biological properties of BioD/coll by addition of heparin was further shown by improved adhesion of endothelial cells on the cement surface. Characterization of material properties of the heparin‐modified BioD/coll composites revealed a finer microstructure with smaller HA‐particles and a higher specific surface area than heparin‐free BioD/coll. However, higher amounts of heparin resulted in a reduced compressive strength. The rheological properties of these cement pastes have been found to be favorable for good handling particularly with regard to their clinical application. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
The effect of combined application of TGFβ‐1, BMP‐2, and COLLOSS® E on the development of bone marrow derived osteoblast‐like cells in vitro
Authors: van der Zande M. , Walboomers X. F. , Briest A. , Springer M. , Álava J. I. , Jansen J. A.
Published: November 2007

This study investigated the combined application of Transforming Growth Factor β‐1 (TGFβ‐1) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 (BMP‐2) to stimulate osteogenic expression in vitro. TGFβ‐1 and BMP‐2 fulfill specific roles in the formation of new bone. COLLOSS® E, a bone‐derived collagen product containing a variety of naturally occurring growth factors, was also used. Growth factors were administered to osteoblast‐like cells from rat bone marrow (RBM). Proliferation and differentiation were monitored up to 24 days, by measuring total DNA content, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium content. Genetic expression of a set of differentiation markers at day 7 was measured by Q‐PCR. Adding BMP‐2 alone induced high proliferation rates, compared to the growth factor supplemented groups, and it induced high differentiation rates, compared to the control group. Adding TGFβ‐1 combined with BMP‐2, TGFβ‐1 alone, or COLLOSS® E resulted in a significant decrease in proliferation rate, but an increase in differentiation rate, compared to the control group. Additive or synergistic effects of application of TGFβ‐1 and BMP‐2 were not observed. The observed effects of COLLOSS® E mainly resembled those of TGFβ‐1 application alone. It can be concluded that BMP‐2 is the most suitable candidate for osteogenic stimulation of RBM cells in these settings. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Self‐assembling cyclodextrin based hydrogels for the sustained delivery of hydrophobic drugs
Authors: Daoud‐Mahammed S. , Grossiord J. L. , Bergua T. , Amiel C. , Couvreur P. , Gref R.
Published: November 2007

This study aims to investigate the rheological properties of self‐assembling gels containing cyclodextrins with potential application as injectable matrix for the sustained delivery of poorly soluble drugs. The ability of these gels to entrap two hydrophobic molecules, benzophenone (BZ) and tamoxifen (TM), and to allow their in vitro sustained release was evaluated. In view of their future pharmaceutical use, gels were sterilized by high hydrostatic pressures (HHP) and tested for their biocompatibility. The gels formed instantaneously at room temperature, by mixing the aqueous solutions of two polymers: a β‐cyclodextrin polymer (pβCD) and a hydrophobically modified dextran by grafting alkyl side chains (MD). MD‐pβCD gels presented a viscoelastic behavior under low shear, characterized by constant values of the loss modulus G″ and the storage modulus G′. The most stable gels were obtained for a total polymer concentration Cp of 6.6% and 7.5% (w/w), and a polymer ratio MD/pβCD of 50/50 and 33/67 (w/w). BZ and TM were successfully incorporated into MD‐pβCD gels with loading efficiencies as high as 90%. In vitro, TM and BZ were released gradually from the gel matrix with less than 25% and 75% release, respectively, after 6 days incubation. HHP treatment did not modify the rheological characteristics of MD‐pβCD gels. Moreover, the low toxicity of these gels after intramuscular administration in rabbits makes them promising injectable devices for local delivery of drugs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
The cancer nuclear microenvironment: Interface between light microscopic cytology and molecular phenotype
Authors: True Lawrence D. , Jordan C. Diana
Published: November 2007

A definitive diagnosis of cancer may be rendered by microscopic assessment of only a few cells in an appropriate clinical setting due to the distinctive nuclear structure of most cancer cells in comparison to nuclei of normal human cells. The molecular architecture of non‐neoplastic human nuclei—of the nuclear matrix and of matrix‐associated proteins and nucleic acids—is being characterized in exquisite molecular detail. What is missing is the application of the findings and tools of molecular biology to understanding the cytological structure of cancer nuclei. This article delves into the basis of nuclear structure at different levels of resolution—light microscopic, electron microscopic, and molecular. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1994–2003, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.