bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Constraint on the Relative Disorder of Magnetic Fields between Neutral Interstellar Medium Phases
Authors: Lei Minjie , Clark S. E.
Published: August 2024

Utilizing Planck polarized dust emission maps at 353 GHz and large-area maps of the neutral hydrogen (H i) cold neutral medium (CNM) fraction (f
CNM), we investigate the relationship between dust polarization fraction (p
353) and f
CNM in the diffuse high latitude (

b

>
30
°

) sky. We find that the correlation between p
353 and f
CNM is qualitatively distinct from the p
353–H i column density (N
H i
) relationship. At low column densities (N
H i
< 4 × 1020 cm−2) where p
353 and N
H i
are uncorrelated, there is a strong positive p
353–f
CNM correlation. We fit the p
353–f
CNM correlation with data-driven models to constrain the degree of magnetic field disorder between phases along the line of sight. We argue that an increased magnetic field disorder in the warm neutral medium (WNM) relative to the CNM best explains the positive p
353–f
CNM correlation in diffuse regions. Modeling the CNM-associated dust column as being maximally polarized, with a polarization fraction p
CNM ∼ 0.2, we find that the best-fit mean polarization fraction in the WNM-associated dust column is 0.22p
CNM. The model further suggests that a significant f
CNM-correlated fraction of the non-CNM column (an additional 18.4% of the H i mass on average) is also more magnetically ordered, and we speculate that the additional column is associated with the unstable medium. Our results constitute a new large-area constraint on the average relative disorder of magnetic fields between the neutral phases of the interstellar medium, and are consistent with the physical picture of a more magnetically aligned CNM column forming out of a disordered WNM.
Pulsar Population Synthesis with Magnetorotational Evolution: Constraining the Decay of the Magnetic Field
Authors: Shi Zhihong , Ng C.-Y.
Published: August 2024

We present a population synthesis model for normal radio pulsars in the Galaxy incorporating the latest developments in the field and the magnetorotational evolution processes. Our model considers spin-down with a force-free magnetosphere and the decay of the magnetic field strength and its inclination angle. The simulated pulsar population is fit to a large observation sample that covers the majority of radio surveys using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique. We compare the distributions of four major observables—spin period (P), spin-down rate (

P

̇

), dispersion measure, and radio flux density—using accurate high-dimensional Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics. We test two B-field decay scenarios, an exponential model motivated by ohmic dissipation and a power-law model motivated by the Hall effect. The former clearly provides a better fit, and it can successfully reproduce the observed pulsar distributions with a decay timescale of

8.3

−
3.0

+
3.9

Myr. The result suggests that significant B-field decay in aged pulsars and ohmic dissipation could be the dominant process.
Eccentricity Estimation for Five Binary Black Hole Mergers with Higher-order Gravitational-wave Modes
Authors: Iglesias H. L. , Lange J. , Bartos I. , Bhaumik S. , Gamba R. , Gayathri V. , Jan A. , Nowicki R. , O’Shaughnessy R. , Shoemaker D. M. , Venkataramanan R. , Wagner K.
Published: August 2024

The detection of orbital eccentricity for a binary black hole system via gravitational waves is a key signature to distinguish between the possible binary origins. The identification of eccentricity has been difficult so far due to the limited availability of eccentric gravitational waveforms over the full range of black hole masses and eccentricities. Here we evaluate the eccentricity of five black hole mergers detected by the LIGO and Virgo observatories using the TEOBResumS-DALI, TEOBResumS-GIOTTO, and TEOBResumSP models. This analysis studies eccentricities up to 0.6 at the reference frequency of 5 Hz and incorporates higher-order gravitational-wave modes critical to model emission from highly eccentric orbits. The binaries have been selected due to previous hints of eccentricity or due to their unusual mass and spin. While other studies found marginal evidence for eccentricity for some of these events, our analyses do not favor the incorporation of eccentricity compared to the quasi-circular case. While lacking the eccentric evidence of other analyses, we find our analyses marginally shifts the posterior in multiple parameters for several events when allowing eccentricity to be nonzero.
Evidence of Gradients of Density and Magnetic Field in the Remnant of Tycho’s Supernova
Authors: Petruk Oleh , Kuzyo Taras , Patrii Mariana , Chomiuk Laura , Arias Maria , Miceli Marco , Orlando Salvatore , Bocchino Fabrizio
Published: August 2024

By using surface brightness maps of Tycho’s supernova remnant (SNR) in radio and X-rays, along with the properties of thermal and synchrotron emission, we have derived the postshock density and magnetic field (MF) strength distributions over the projection of this remnant. Our analysis reveals a density gradient oriented toward the northwest, while the MF strength gradient aligns with the Galactic plane, pointing eastward. Additionally, utilizing this MF map, we have derived the spatial distributions of the cutoff frequency and maximum energy of electrons in Tycho’s SNR. We further comment on the implications of these findings for interpreting the gamma-ray emission from Tycho’s SNR.
RRAT J1913+1330: An Extremely Variable and Puzzling Pulsar
Authors: Zhang S. B. , Geng J. J. , Wang J. S. , Yang X. , Kaczmarek J. , Tang Z. F. , Johnston S. , Hobbs G. , Manchester R. , Wu X. F. , Jiang P. , Huang Y. F. , Zou Y. C. , Dai Z. G. , Zhang B. , Li D. , Yang Y. P. , Dai S. , Chang C. M. , Pan Z. C. , Lu J. G. , Wei J. J. , Li Y. , Wu Q. W. , Qian L. , Wang P. , Wang S. Q. , Feng Y. , Staveley-Smith L.
Published: August 2024

Rotating radio transients (RRATs) are neutron stars that emit sporadic radio bursts. We detected 1955 single pulses from RRAT J1913+1330 using the 19 beam receiver of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope. These pulses were detected in 19 distinct clusters, with 49.4% of them occurring with a waiting time of one rotation period. The energy distribution of these individual pulses exhibited a wide range, spanning 3 orders of magnitude, reminiscent of repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs). Furthermore, we observed abrupt variations in pulse profile, width, peak flux, and fluence between adjacent sequential pulses. These findings suggest that this RRAT could be interpreted as a pulsar with extreme pulse-to-pulse modulation. The presence of sequential pulse trains during active phases, along with significant pulse variations in profile, fluence, flux, and width, should be intrinsic to a subset of RRATs. Our results indicate that J1913+1330 represents a peculiar source that shares certain properties with populations of nulling pulsars, giant pulses, and FRBs from different perspectives. The dramatic pulse-to-pulse variation observed in J1913+1330 could be attributed to unstable pair creation above the polar cap region and the variation of the site where streaming pairs emit coherently. Exploring a larger sample of RRATs exhibiting similar properties to J1913+1330 has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of pulsars, RRATs, and FRBs.
GallOnt: An ontology for plant gall phenotypes
Authors: Deans Andrew , Nastasi Louis , Davis Charles
Published: August 2024

Galls are novel plant structures that develop in response to select biotic stressors. These structures, extended phenotypes of the inducer, usually serve to protect and feed the inducer or its progeny. This life history strategy has evolved dozens of times, and tens of thousands of species — including many bacteria, fungi, nematodes, mites and insects — are capable of manipulating plants in this way. The variation in gall phenotypes is extraordinary across species but usually predictable for each species of inducer. We introduce here a new ontology, GallOnt, that facilitates consistent descriptions and the semantic representation of and reasoning over plant gall phenotype data. GallOnt was largely developed from ontologies in the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry and stands to connect plant gall phenotypes to knowledge derived from model plant systems, including genotype-phenotype and agricultural research. We also introduce the idea of a new gall data standard — Minimum Information for the Description of Galls (MIDG version 0.1) — as a starting point for discussions regarding cecidology best practices.
Extent, impacts and drivers of oystershell scale invasions in aspen ecosystems
Authors: Crouch Connor D. , Grady Amanda M. , Wilhelmi Nicholas P. , Hofstetter Richard W. , Moore Margaret M. , Waring Kristen M.
Published: August 2024

Invasive herbivores that kill foundation tree species pose a major threat to forest ecosystem sustainability. One important foundation tree species in the interior western United States is quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), which is threatened by recent outbreaks of an invasive insect, oystershell scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.; OSS). OSS outbreaks were first reported in 2016, when OSS began causing dieback and mortality of aspen in wildland forest settings in northern Arizona. Since then, OSS has been observed in other locations across Arizona and in other western states, and recent studies in Arizona have highlighted the threat that OSS poses to aspen sustainability, warranting a comprehensive survey of OSS invasions and their impacts on aspen ecosystems. We sampled aspen populations across Arizona and addressed three questions: (1) What is the geographic extent of OSS in Arizona? (2) What impacts does OSS have on aspen? (3) Which biotic and abiotic factors influence the proportion of aspen stems infested by OSS? OSS was present in 29% of our 220 study plots and had a negative impact on aspen forest health. OSS was associated with crown damage and tree mortality, especially of intermediate-sized, recruiting stems. Climate was the most important driver of OSS infestation, with warmer, drier conditions resulting in significantly more OSS. OSS was also associated with less recent fire, presence of ungulate management strategies (e.g. fenced exclosures) and stands with a greater density of aspen saplings. We conclude by providing OSS monitoring and management recommendations, based on our findings, and emphasise that active management – such as prescribed fire, reduced reliance on ungulate exclosures or thinning – is required to suppress OSS populations and mitigate damage to aspen ecosystems.
Well-posedness of a nonlinear stochastic model for a chemical reaction in porous media and applications
Authors: Eddahbi Mhamed , Mohammed Mogtaba , El-Otmany Hammou
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we considered a stochastic model of chemical reactive flows acting through porous media under the influence of nonlinear external random fluctuations, where the interchanges of chemical flow across the skeleton's surface are represented by a nonlinear function. We studied the existence and uniqueness of strong probabilistic solutions for the model under consideration. We also show the positivity for the concentration of the solute in the fluid face as well as the concentration of reactants on the surface of the skeleton under extra reasonable assumptions on the data. Initially, we approximated the solution of the nonlinear stochastic diffusion equation using Galerkin's approximation, and obtained important bound estimates along with probabilistic compactness results. Thereafter, we passed the limit and obtained a weak probabilistic solution. This was followed by the path-wise uniqueness of the solution, which leads to the existence and uniqueness of strong probabilistic solutions as a result of Yamada-Watanabe's theorem. Finally, we discuss some important numerical applications such as Langmuir and Freundlich kinetics using the extended stochastic non-conforming finite element method to illustrate the efficiency of this approach and compare it to the deterministic approach in both cases. Let us mention that well-posedness, positivity, and numerical simulations have not been considered so far for such a nonlinear stochastic model.
Integration of Industry 4.0 in Green Supply Chain Management
Authors: Ibrahim Mirna
Published: August 2024

The global manufacturing landscape is undergoing two key transformations that intersect in important ways, the digitization of operations through Industry 4.0 technologies and the push toward more sustainable systems via the implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) strategies. Industry 4.0 technologies like the internet of things, big data analytics, and blockchain are transforming production and SC operations with embedded sensors, automation, and transparency. This digital transformation intersects with the sustainability agenda by enabling enhanced environmental monitoring, resource efficiency, closed-loop flows, and SC coordination. This chapter reviews the literature on how these Industry 4.0 technologies can enable more sustainable and GSCM practices. Specifically, it examines the drivers, practices, and performance outcomes associated with implementing green SCs in the context of Industry 4.0. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future research directions at the intersection of Industry 4.0 and GSCM.
Finance and Technology-Integrated Digital Economy
Authors: Trivedi Pankaj , Ravisankar A. , Kumar Gajula Praveen , Krishnamoorthy V. , Shukla Suchita , Boopathi Sampath
Published: August 2024

The digital economy is changing as a result of the combination of technology and money, which is encouraging sustainable behaviors and creative financial solutions. The circular economy concepts and fintech innovations—such as digital currencies, blockchain, and AI-driven services—in traditional banking and investment management are highlighted in this chapter. The goals of technology-driven practices like blockchain and IoT, as well as sustainable finance efforts like green bonds and ESG standards, are to build a more resilient economy and encourage environmentally conscious investment. The digital revolution, propelled by big data, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, is changing economic dynamics and upending sectors. The concepts of the circular economy provide novel strategies and frameworks for sustainable growth.
Standardization and Regulatory Challenges in Modern Cryptography
Authors: Firmansyah Boy , Bansal Ritika
Published: August 2024

The field of modern cryptography faces significant standardization and regulatory challenges due to the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing importance of secure communication in various sectors. This abstract delves into the complexities surrounding the standardization and regulation of cryptographic algorithms and protocols.Standardization plays a crucial role in ensuring interoperability, security, and trustworthiness in cryptographic systems. However, the process of developing and implementing cryptographic standards is fraught with challenges such as balancing security requirements with usability, addressing evolving threats, and accommodating diverse stakeholder interests. One of the primary challenges in cryptographic standardization is the tension between the need for transparency and the desire to protect sensitive information. Openness and transparency are essential for building trust and verifying the security properties of cryptographic algorithms and protocols. However, excessive transparency can also expose vulnerabilities and aid adversaries in exploiting weaknesses. Regulatory challenges further complicate the landscape of modern cryptography. Governments and regulatory bodies seek to balance the interests of national security, law enforcement, and individual privacy rights. This often leads to debates over encryption backdoors, key escrow mechanisms, and export controls on cryptographic technologies. Navigating these challenges requires collaboration between cryptographic experts, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and civil society organizations. It involves striking a delicate balance between security, privacy, and regulatory compliance while fostering innovation and advancing the state-of-the-art in cryptography.In conclusion, standardization and regulatory challenges in modern cryptography highlight the intricate interplay between security, technology, and policy. By addressing these challenges through multi-stakeholder collaboration, the cryptographic community can promote the development and adoption of robust cryptographic standards that enhance security and privacy in the digital age.
An Extensive Review of Farming in Metaverse
Authors: Adhikary Adwaya , Mantri Anshul , Sah Anushree , Rawat Saurabh
Published: August 2024

The humans made graphical world which can be accessed and carved for multiple usage and opportunities, with endless possibilities and no limit. One such in this article is farm- ing and agriculture in the virtual world. How can it be commercialized and made scalable. Minecraft metaverse based game has generated a revenue over $161 million in 2022. Users love reality in graphics, rockstar has made open world and to add more reality they have created different looking people, proper California streets, a proper beaches, real race cars in, etc. GTA (Grand Theft Auto).If we can create a world where the characters have access to shops and services, where the avatars can enjoy in the virtual reality and can buy get access to products and services. In this article we can cultivate our own raw materials and trade them via cryptocurrency. The only thing the players have to maintain is a valid crypto wallet. This platform can be sold to other metaverse based games and generate revenue. The main idea behind buying raw product is to add another layer of reality to it. Proper and different crops can be designed .Some avatars can choose to cultivate and breed cattle in the virtual world and generate revenue in form of crypto currencies and sell them to other avatars. This article provide a comprehensive a comprehensive overview of farming in metaverse with all its challenges opportunities and future aspects. The information contained within this article is intended to aid researchers and other practitioners in the field of AI to refine their approach and to the enhancement in this field. By exploring the various aspects in farming in metaverse will help both experts and non experts to develop various techniques to optimize researches and development.
Digital Education and Awareness for Oral Health
Authors: Thapa Pramila Pudasaini
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores digital education and awareness in oral health using scientific literature from PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science. It focuses on “Digital Education” and “Awareness of Oral Health” addressing associated challenges and opportunities. The authors emphasize solutions like empowering digital education, collaborative advocacy efforts, targeted interventions for high-risk groups, and investment in digital infrastructure. They stress the importance of comprehensive monitoring, research, and innovation. Future research should prioritize global collaboration, user-friendly digital solutions, and cost-effective approaches. The conclusion highlights digital education as a highly effective means of communication within clinical health sectors, impacting oral health education, practice, policies, and future research directions. Digital education offers scalable, accessible, and productive methods for reaching diverse populations, exceeding geographical limitations and time constraints.
Sustainable Finance Using Blockchain
Authors: Das Saumendra , Patro Udaya Sankar , Panda Tapaswini , Madapana Karteek , Badawy Hassan R. H.
Published: August 2024

The blockchain protocol and technologies function as an independent, collaborative distributed computing system. These two principles facilitate the creation of an appropriate atmosphere and let individuals to perform operations, shrinks, and data, therefore creating trust among them. This study aims to investigate the difficulties faced by the financial sector through the application of blockchain technology. This report offers a comprehensive examination of blockchain technology and assesses the significant problems and obstacles encountered in the financial industry as a result of using blockchain technology. The prior system is often seen as being burdensome, vulnerable to errors, sluggish, and hazardous. In comparison, consumers view the blockchain as a more cost-effective, clear, and efficient alternative. Blockchain technology offers the banking industry more security, improved efficiency, and reduced costs in many procedures, ultimately leading to higher-quality products and services for consumers.
Unscrambling Financial Fraud With AI and Machine Learning in E-Commerce Transactions
Authors: Singh Bhupinder , Kaunert Christian , Kaushik Tarun Kumar
Published: August 2024

Financial fraud is a widespread problem in e-commerce that affects a number of industries, including credit card handling and advertising clicks. The use of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to prevent fraud is the subject of research in these fields. Financial fraud presents significant challenges in e-commerce, as fraudsters continually develop their strategies to exploit weaknesses in fraudulent advertising click systems and credit card management. This chapter examines how AI and ML can be leveraged to enhance detection and prevention mechanisms in these critical areas. It outlines the scope and objectives of introductory research, providing a comprehensive overview of the increasing need for advanced technological solutions to combat financial fraud in e-commerce. This chapter comprehensively scans contemporary issues and patterns and suggests fresh approaches to reducing the risk of financial fraud through the use of AI and M in identifying and stopping fraudulent activity in e-commerce transactions.
Case Study Methodology in Business Management
Authors: Cherkaoui Adil , Oudrhough Youness
Published: August 2024

The case study is one of the most important forms of qualitative research in the field of organizational management and provides a rich analysis of modern phenomena and their context. This method entails the gathering of data from different sources with a view to critically analyzing management situations. It involves skepticism of typical theories and procedures with the objectives of determining critical variables and researching organizational change and development processes. This chapter is concerned with how case studies can be defined and used in relation to research questions. The method used in the research process is systematic with the R software to cover data gathering, analysis. The chapter is supported by qualitative case studies from the published literature to stress the practical applicability and importance of this research method in expanding the body of knowledge in organizational management.
Integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence With Emotional Artificial Intelligence in Marketing
Authors: Ocak Altug
Published: August 2024

The advent of generative and emotional AI tools has revolutionized the marketing landscape, offering unprecedented opportunities for personalization and creativity. This chapter explores the role of human marketers in the creative process when utilizing generative AI, the potential of generative and emotional AI to enhance personalization and customization in marketing campaigns, and the long-term impact of these technologies on brand loyalty and affinity. Through an examination of current practices, case studies, and theoretical frameworks, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how marketers can harness these advanced technologies while maintaining a balance between human ingenuity and machine efficiency.
Motivations Behind Secondhand Luxury Consumption
Authors: Tugrul Tugba Orten , Günay Mevsim , Gök Buse
Published: August 2024

This chapter identifies and categorizes the motivations behind young consumers' purchases of secondhand luxury (SHL) products and examines gender differences within the context of a developing, collectivistic country. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve young consumers aged between 21 and 32. The findings revealed four dimensions of perceived SHL consumption: financial (value for money, affordability, and investment value), functional (durability and sustainability value), individual (hedonistic value), and social (conspicuousness value). Additionally, the results demonstrated that functional (affordability) and individual (hedonic) values were strongly influenced by gender. The current study shows that young consumers in developing and collectivist countries are increasingly considering sustainability when purchasing SHL products. The economic and cultural differences between countries are becoming increasingly less influential in determining the motivations for purchasing pre-owned and pre-used luxury items.
The Future of Retail
Authors: Recio-Román Almudena , Recio-Menéndez Manuel , Román-González María Victoria
Published: August 2024

In today's retail landscape, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies plays a pivotal role in revolutionizing business operations and enhancing customer experiences. This chapter delves into AI's integration across retail sectors, from optimizing supply chains to tailoring customer interactions. AI implementation in retail offers myriad benefits like inventory optimization, enhanced operational efficiency, and delivering personalized shopping experiences. Leveraging technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision aids in forecasting consumer needs, improving resource management, and boosting customer satisfaction. Nevertheless, AI integration poses notable challenges, including safeguarding customer data, investing in technology infrastructure, and upskilling staff for new tools. The chapter emphasizes a holistic approach, blending technical implementation with organizational adaptability. For retail enterprises, AI serves not just as an efficiency tool but also as a driver for innovation and competitiveness.
The Influence of Digital Transformation on the Retail Value Chain
Authors: Kaur Uttam , Siddhey Prashant Kumar
Published: August 2024

Institutional brick and mortar retailers have significant influence over consumer behavior and preferences because historically, consumers have made their purchases at the store shelf. The emergence of e-commerce, mobile shopping, and smart technology has brought new competitors to the market, posing a threat to the established dominance. From a value-creation standpoint, the authors examine how digitization initiated the decline of institutional retailing as the main means of client interaction. The framework identifies five novel sources of value creation, and the authors suggest how these sources can progress and alter the competition for this particular interface. New actors are gaining this authority due to the growing spread of branded product platforms, such as online shopping platforms and connected devices. It is critical for the players in this complex competition to recognize these shifts and take proactive measures to manage their place in the changing ecologies.
From Disciplinary to Convergence Approaches in Science Teaching
Authors: Çetin Gülcan
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides a dynamic approach to preparing science teachers for practice. It includes two parts: One is related to defining the key concepts of discipline, intradisciplinary, multidisciplinary, cross-disciplinary, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and convergence approaches. Another is related to their practice in science. Thus, readers differ to first all key concepts from disciplinary to convergent approaches. This chapter will give inspiration to science teachers as they move from study into the classroom. This chapter aims to show a transdisciplinary approach to teach science to create a classroom for engagement with scientific thinking, problem-based approach in real world context. The authors also present some examples related to interdisciplinary STEM project and transdisciplinary STEM project. Although all these subjects are categorized under a single discipline, the science course consists of interdisciplinary studies encompassing physics, chemistry, and biology.
Play for Everyone
Authors: Tuğrul Belma
Published: August 2024

Play is a vital activity that continues throughout life, not just in the world of children. It repairs, develops, and protects the emotional, mental, and physical health of individuals. Stuart Brown emphasizes that play is unique to each person, while Peter Gray highlights its critical importance for survival in the evolutionary process. Johan Huizinga argues that play is a fundamental element of human culture. Play creates a network of interaction between people, fostering trust and self-confidence. It reflects the emotional and cognitive world of children and provides a natural opportunity for their development. Throughout history, educators have praised the virtues of play in learning. However, as children grow older, they distance themselves from play due to various complex reasons, including the expectations of the adult world and the incompatibility of play pedagogy with school pedagogy. Children are directed to engage more in academic activities, reducing their playtime.
An Introduction to Generative AI
Authors: David Arokiaraj , Sankar Jeganathan Gomathi , Ganeshkumar C. , Kashif Mohammad
Published: August 2024

The chapter serves as an intricate exploration into the domain of Generative AI, offering a comprehensive understanding of its fundamental principles, diverse methodologies, and wide-ranging applications. Beginning with a clear definition and overview, it progresses to clarify key concepts such as probability distributions and sampling while providing an overview of various generative models, including autoregressive models, variational autoencoders, and generative adversarial networks. Architectural components, training methods, and optimization techniques are thoroughly examined, alongside an in-depth analysis of challenges and considerations in model design and selection. Through real-world examples, the chapter showcases the transformative potential of Generative AI across domains such as image generation, text processing, music composition, creative arts, etc. Addressing current limitations and outlining future directions offers valuable insights into the growing landscape of Generative AI, positioning it as a catalyst for innovation and creative expression.
Unleashing Creativity in Natural Language
Authors: R. S. Lysa Packiam , Murugappan Abirami
Published: August 2024

In today's cybernetic world, Generative AI (Gen AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) made a vibrant change in the technology. Intertwine between Generative AI and NLP creates a different angle that comes to light. NLP algorithms enhanced by Generative AI not only understands the language but also generates human-like responses, opening doors to more nuanced and context-aware interactions. This chapter focuses on two specific dimensions such as language generation and multilingual capability. Large Language Models (LLMs) are considered as a foundational element or backbone for generating texts. Thereby, prompting LLM is a crucial element for generating the desired text. The main aim of this chapter is to explore importance of prompting LLM, various prompting techniques used for interacting with LLM and the frameworks available for accessing the LLM, and issues involved in prompting LLM and their challenges and future directions will also be discussed.
IoT and Blockchain-Based Smart Grid Energy Management
Authors: Mahesh R. , Anilkumar K. B. , Shwetha S. N. , Kiran Kumar D. , Santhosh B. J. , Patil Harshal
Published: August 2024

Efficiency, security, and transparency have been improved by the smart grid energy management system's combination of IoT and blockchain technologies. Real-time data is collected by IoT devices, and safe transactions are recorded in a decentralized ledger using blockchain. In this chapter, the important elements have been discussed with distributed ledgers, smart meters, and sensors. Demand response, integration of renewable energy sources, and grid resilience have been enhanced by successful implementations. Issues related to interoperability, privacy, and scalability are tackled. The use of AI and ML in energy management, demand forecasting, and anomaly detection is also described in this chapter.
Research on Artificial Intelligence Technology in Accurate Recognition of Sports Training Actions
Authors: Tang Zhi , Wang Dongdong
Published: August 2024

In sports training, accurate identification of athletes' movements is helpful to judge whether athletes' actions are standard or not, thus providing precise movement data for training and improving athletes' levels. The convolutional neural network VGG model was constructed based on artificial intelligence technology to extract image features and accurately recognize actions automatically. Weizmann data set was used to train and verify the model. The results of this study showed that the motion recognition algorithm based on the convolutional neural network could achieve high recognition accuracy.
Strategies and Implementation of Exploring the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Ideological and Political Education
Authors: Lin Jiayan , Zhang Xiaohu
Published: August 2024

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) technology heralds significant transformations in education, especially in ideological and political education, where traditional teaching methods are being reassessed due to mounting challenges. This paper embarks on a mission to investigate how AI technology can revolutionize the delivery of political science courses by adopting a “human-computer collaboration” model. The central aim is to enhance the effectiveness and quality of teaching while stimulating students' critical thinking skills. It delves into the landscape and potential applications of AI technology in this field, emphasizing the role of intelligent teaching assistants in augmenting teachers' capabilities for lesson planning and delivery. This study not only outlines the design and implementation of AI tools but also emphasizes their potential to foster a more engaging and intelligent learning environment. By doing so, it contributes to the discourse on leveraging AI to advance teaching platforms and classroom practices, thereby enhancing the educational experience.
A Unique Failure Mode of SiC MOSFETs under Accelerated HTRB
Authors: Moens Peter , Domeij Martin , Cano Jean Francois , de Schepper Luc , Verleye Stefan , Allerstam Fredrik
Published: August 2024

Device lifetime under reverse bias conditions is an important reliability concern for SiC devices. Provided that the termination structure is well designed, device failure in the active cell is driven by gate oxide breakdown due to the high field in the semiconductor and gate dielectric. For planar MOSFETs, the largest field occurs in the JFET region [1,2]. Standard HTRB testing is insufficient to estimate failure rates under operating conditions and hence testing under accelerated off-state conditions (ALT-HTRB) is required. This paper provides data, statistical analysis, failure analysis and finally a Weibull statistics-based temperature, Vd and stress time dependent model.
High Single-Event Burnout Resistance 1.2 kV 4H-SiC Schottky Barrier Diode
Authors: Qi Yunyi , Renz Arne Benjamin , Kotagama Virendra , Antoniou Marina , Gammon Peter Michael
Published: August 2024

A 1.2 kV lateral RESURF Schottky diode (TZ-SBD) have been designed from SZ-SBD that can recover from a single-event effect (SEE) in which a heavy ion traverses the device at a linear energy transfer (LET) of 60 MeV·cm²/mg, ESA’s standard. Compared to SZ-SBD, TZ-SBD has an additional split in the N-drift region which is usually used to improve the electric field distribution so its breakdown voltage is improved by 9%. During the single events simulations, the maximum temperature is 919 K with reverse voltage (VR) = 1200 V and LET = 60 MeV·cm²/mg, which is much lower then the SiC melting temperature (3100 K) and the chemically unstable temperature of SiC in the presence of metal (1073 K).
Seizures in small brains
Authors: Wanigasinghe Jithangi
Published: August 2024

Neonatal seizures are the most common neurological emergency in newborns; often signalling significant neurological dysfunction. Their pathophysiology is complex and relates to the imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the immature brain. During the neonatal period, excitatory circuits mediated via neuro-transmitters like glutamate predominate while inhibitory circuits mediated via gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling are underdeveloped. Additionally, immature ion channels, such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium, increase neuronal excitability. The most common aetiology of seizures is attributed to neonatal hypoxic cerebral injury. However, metabolic vulnerabilities, such as hypoglycaemia and electrolyte imbalances, can also precipitate seizures. Identifying the underlying cause, which in a large majority is acute symptomatic, is critical for prompt treatment. Early intervention is essential to prevent long-term neurodevelopmental consequences.Diagnosing neonatal seizures is challenging due to their subtle presentations. Distinguishing them from non-seizure events is crucial. Accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment and management. Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is the gold standard for diagnosis, but an amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) is a useful alternative tool in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), for high-risk infants. This facilitates diagnosis of electroclinical as well as electrical seizures; commonly encountered in the very sick newborns and those born prematurely. Neuroimaging, like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) is required to identify structural causes, while laboratory and genetic tests check for infectious, metabolic and genetic aetiologies. The new classification proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), underscores the importance of recognition of electrical seizures and highlights the value of recognising the seizure semiology for the diagnosis of the underlying aetiology.
Paediatric acquired inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system
Authors: Tennakoon Manjula
Published: August 2024

Our understanding of paediatric acquired inflammatory demyelinating diseases is continually evolving. By integrating extensive clinical and paraclinical data, we can refine diagnostic accuracy using epidemiological information, clinical presentations, specific antibodies, and radiological abnormalities. Tailored management approaches can then be implemented based on the most congruent clinical picture. The availability of international collaborative research and standardised group protocols facilitates the selection of optimal immunosuppressive drug regimens, ensuring effective management of the disease and its comorbidities. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute optic neuritis, and acute transverse myelitis are observed in both paediatric and adult populations. However, there are notable differences in their clinical and radiological phenotypes, treatment considerations, and prognoses in the younger group. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for developing age-appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and predicting long-term outcomes in affected individuals. This article integrates the latest advancements and data to synthesize and critique the literature on acute acquired demyelinating disorders in children.
Stroke in women: anticoagulation in a complicated puzzle
Authors: Marongiu Francesco , Grandone Elvira , Marongiu Silvia , Mameli Antonella , Barcellona Doris
Published: August 2024

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the most important reason for disability. It is worth noting that 60% of all stroke deaths involve women. This review aims to revise the prothrombotic hemostatic alterations in hypertension along with the often-overlooked role of depression and the job strain of the homemakers’ condition proven to be risk factors for stroke. Moreover, the impact of atrial fibrillation and the related oral anticoagulation with either vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in women will be discussed. Another point is that women are treated less with anticoagulants than men. Underdosing is also frequent. In our opinion, defensive medicine represents the basic bias, which plays a major role in this contest. The main reasons are the overlooking of the increased cardioembolic risk in women, the fear of an increased bleeding risk, and the wrong concept regarding a hypothetical higher frailty. In conclusion, from a practical point of view, thrombosis centers should consider all these factors when a woman shows a bad quality of anticoagulation with VKA or a poor adherence to DOAC treatment. Underdosing should also be carefully avoided. We hope that the sex gap in terms of inadequate treatment and inclusion in clinical trials will be covered in the future. Lastly, defensive medicine should be strongly discouraged.
Prevenzione delle infezioni del sito chirurgico in ginecologia e ostetricia: una revisione di letteratura e una proposta di algoritmo gestionale
Authors: Surace Alessandra , Mauro Jessica , Tripodi Elisa , Perotto Stefania , Borghi Chiara , Paracchini Sara , Scatà Manuela , Buda Alessandro Antonio
Published: August 2024

Le complicanze del sito chirurgico sono un importante problema sanitario irrisolto, con un impatto negativo sul decorso post-operatorio delle pazienti e sulla spesa sanitaria pubblica. Attualmente mancano chiare indicazioni sulle strategie preventive delle infezioni del sito chirurgico (Surgical Site Infection, SSI) in chirurgia ginecologica e ostetrica; pertanto, presentiamo una revisione della letteratura e proponiamo un algoritmo per la gestione della ferita chirurgica in questo ambito. È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura comprendente i lavori pubblicati in lingua inglese tra il gennaio 1965 e febbraio 2022 sulla prevenzione delle infezioni del sito chirurgico in seguito a chirurgia ostetrica o ginecologica. Complessivamente sono state identificate 118 pubblicazioni. Sono stati considerati rilevanti solo i lavori che descrivevano strategie preventive per le infezioni del sito chirurgico (n = 27). Alla fine sono stati inclusi e analizzati in questa revisione 8 studi. Proponiamo un algoritmo basato sui fattori di rischio identificati. In base alla categoria di rischio, viene identificato il tipo di medicazione post-operatoria più adeguata per la singola paziente. Infine, utilizzando una scheda dedicata, abbiamo proposto anche di valutare l’efficacia della medicazione utilizzata, in relazione sia alle caratteristiche della ferita nella visita post-operatoria, sia al grado di comfort e soddisfazione espresso dalla paziente. L’identificazione di chiari fattori di rischio e di una specifica condotta preventiva, adattata alla singola paziente, ha lo scopo di facilitare il medico nella gestione quotidiana della ferita chirurgica, migliorando l’esito dell’intervento. Il nostro sforzo principale è quello di ottenere uno strumento semplice nella gestione della ferita chirurgica per diffonderlo nella nostra pratica clinica.
Review of Heidi M. Altman’s Agency and Bodily Autonomy in Systems of Care (Lexington Books, 2024)
Authors: Shehi Herr Monika
Published: August 2024

Agency and Bodily Autonomy in Systems of Care, edited by Heidi M. Altman (2024), weaves an impressive international tapestry to raise awareness of intercultural factors that restrict or eliminate agency over one’s body in systems of care. It is not often that a book seamlessly strings together stories of people from such seemingly diverse walks of life, including fishermen in the coastal states of Georgia and South Carolina in the U.S., patients in an Italian psychiatric hospital, and people who are deemed overweight in Japan. The merit of the book is that it delivers more than an opportunity for the reader to vicariously visit with different people and places. It ultimately points out the common denominator of the different groups of people it studies, which is their “minoritized social location” (p. 103) as people whose bodies do not meet their societies’ normative expectations and are, therefore, subjected to control.  This control may be applied in different ways, but it always demonstrates the fundamental premise of the book, which is Michele Foucault’s view of “the human body as an element under the control of outside structures, whether they be carceral, military, or medical” (p. 15). [...]
Motivations to become psychotherapists: beyond the concept of the wounded healer
Authors: Cruciani Gianluca , Liotti Marianna , Lingiardi Vittorio
Published: August 2024

Motivations to become psychotherapists have long been associated with the concept of the wounded healer, which posits that practitioners entering the field of mental health often do so as a result of their own personal struggles and challenges. Early difficulties and wounds are seen as a source of healers’ capacity to comprehend and promote the processes of recovery, fostering a deeper connection between the healer and the person seeking support. Nevertheless, other factors not directly linked with early adversities have been posited to have an influence on the development of motivations towards pursuing a career in the psychological field. The present work aimed to review available empirical literature on the motivations to become psychotherapists, encompassing the concept of the wounded healer as well as other possible factors shaping practitioners’ career choice. Three main domains of motivations have been addressed within the wounded healer framework: dysfunctional caregiving, negative personal experiences in the family of origin, and other early relational issues. Additionally, two other main domains, namely self-oriented and altruistic motivations, have been identified, and the concept of the healing healer was proposed to underline both the self-oriented healing process that a person may undergo while becoming a therapist, as well as the altruistic attitude in providing healing care towards others. Results were discussed addressing possible links between conscious and unconscious motivations to become therapists as well as in terms of clinical implications for practitioners in the field of clinical psychology.