bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skeletal remains of five blue foxes (Vulpes lagopus) from St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska: A view of differential diagnosis
Authors: Lawler Dennis F. , Tangredi Basil P. , Etnier Michael A.
Published: December 2020

We evaluated skeletal remains of five blue arctic foxes from St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. All five had been found dead. Cleared skeletal remains were examined visually and by magnification or backlighting where necessary. Pathological features were described and photographed. Results suggested that more than one disorder may have occurred in these foxes, with primary observations being demineralizing and/or proliferation. Most prominently affected were the skull, maxillae, mandibles, pelvis, long bones, and major diarthrodial joints. It was critically important to recognize certain other pathological features that can be observed on many or most fox skeletal remains but are unlikely to relate to conditions that demineralize bone or cause overt bone loss, multifocal loss of joint architecture, or severe multifocal periarticular boney proliferation. The differential diagnosis of canid skeletal demineralizing includes primary and secondary (nutritional or renal) hyperparathyroidism. Boney proliferation has a wider differential spectrum that can include hypervitaminosis A, osteomyelitis, abnormalities related to inbreeding, and environmental toxicosis. In our view, given the lack of soft tissue for histological evaluation and biochemical analysis, a well‐considered differential diagnosis is an appropriate scientific point of conclusion. In the many similar circumstances that would require additional studies for valid definitive diagnosis during life, investigators should review relevant literature and consider the value of well‐structured differential diagnosis, as contrasted with more speculative definitive diagnoses.
A library of thermoresponsive PEG‐based methacrylate homopolymers: How do the molar mass and number of ethylene glycol groups affect the cloud point?
Authors: Li Qian , Constantinou Anna P. , Georgiou Theoni K.
Published: December 2020

In this study, a novel library of thermoresponsive homopolymers based on poly (ethylene glycol) (EG) (m)ethyl ether methacrylate monomers is presented. Twenty‐seven EG based homopolymers were synthesized and three parameters, the molar mass (MM), the number of the ethylene glycol groups in the monomer, and the chemistry of the functional side group were varied to investigate how these affect their thermoresponsive behavior. The targeted MMs of these polymers are varied from 2560, 5000, 8200 to 12,000 g mol−1. Seven PEG‐based monomers were investigated: ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (MEGMA), ethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate (EEGMA), di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (DEGMA), tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (TEGMA), tri(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate (TEGEMA), penta(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), nona(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (NEGMA). Homopolymers of 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were also synthesized for comparison. The cloud points of these homopolymers were tested in different solvents and it was observed that it decreases as the number of EG group was decreased or the MM increased. Interestingly, the end functional group (methoxy or ethoxy) of the side group has an effect as well and is even more dominant than the number of EG groups.
Investigating the Reasons for the Difficult Erase Operation of a Charge‐Trap Flash Memory Device with Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Thin‐Film Channel Layers
Authors: Kim Jun Shik , Kang Sukin , Jang Younjin , Lee Yonghee , Kim Kwangmin , Kim Whayoung , Lee Woongkyu , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: December 2020

A charge‐trap flash (CTF) device is fabricated using atomic‐layer‐deposited zinc tin oxide (ZTO) as an n‐type amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) channel layer and its program/erase characteristics are examined. When a positive voltage of 20 V is applied to the gate electrode, electrons are fluently injected into the adopted SiNx charge trap layer, resulting in a program operation showing a threshold voltage (Vth) shift of 3.7 V. However, even when −20 V is applied for up to 10 s, the trapped electrons are not detrapped. Instead, it is possible to recover Vth to its initial value only by the irradiation of white light. To understand this phenomenon, a ZTO CTF device is modeled using the technology computer‐aided design (TCAD) simulation package. The high hole injection barrier between the source/drain and the ZTO channel prohibits hole injection, which is the cause of the inefficient erasing. It is also confirmed that an AOS CTF with sufficient program and erase speed would be limited by the inherent energy band structure of AOS with its wide bandgap of over 3 eV. An alternative method of using the fringing field effect according to channel length scaling is proposed.
Fluorescence‐guided D3 lymphadenectomy in robotic right colectomy with complete mesocolic excision
Authors: Petz Wanda , Bertani Emilio , Borin Simona , Fiori Giancarla , Ribero Dario , Spinoglio Giuseppe
Published: December 2020

Background

In robotic right hemicolectomy for cancer, appropriate lymphadenectomy is essential. Visualization of draining lymph nodes and blood flow with near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence DaVinci® imaging system is a recent development. We present the technique of robotic right colectomy with complete mesocolic excision (CME) and D3 lymphadenectomy using Indocyanine Green (ICG) endoscopic submucosal injection to intraoperatively identify tumour lymphatic basin.

Methods

The day before surgery, in patients scheduled for robotic right colectomy an endoscopic submucosal injection of 3 mg of ICG solution around the tumor is realized. Robotic right hemicolectomy is performed with suprapubic trocars layout and “bottom to up dissection”, realizing a CME with central vessel ligation and D3 lymphadenectomy. Site of primary tumor and lymphatic basin are visible with the FireflyTM camera modality.

Results

From July 2016 to July 2020, 85 patients received a robotic right colectomy with CME and D3 lymphadenectomy. In 50 patients, ICG submucosal injection was performed: visualisation of the site of primary tumour and of LN in the D3 area was possible in all cases; in 17/50 patients (34%), LN out from anatomical lymphatic basin were identified. No side effects were observed.

Conclusions

In this series, submucosal ICG injection showed to be feasible and safe. The accuracy in identification of D3 lymphatic basin was high, thus permitting an image‐guided radical lymphadenectomy. Fluorescent technology represents an interesting innovation to ameliorate surgery of colon cancer.
Controller and anti‐windup co‐design for the output regulation of rational systems subject to control saturation
Authors: Castro Rafael S. , Flores Jeferson V. , Salton Aurélio T. , Gomes da Silva Jr João M
Published: December 2020

This article presents a novel framework for the output regulation of rational nonlinear systems subject to input saturation, where the controller structure is composed by an internal model generator in series with an output feedback stabilizing stage. In order to address the effects of control saturation, we propose the use of an anti‐windup compensation loop into both internal model and stabilizing control stages. Given prior knowledge of the system zero‐error steady‐state condition and a proper internal model, we cast the regulation error dynamics in a differential‐algebraic form, which leads to matrix inequalities conditions that ensure closed‐loop stability and exponential transient performance. Optimization problems are then proposed to simultaneously compute the stabilizing controller and the anti‐windup gains such that a domain of attraction estimate is maximized.
Understanding the merits of winning data competition solutions for varied sets of objectives
Authors: Lu Lu , Anderson‐Cook Christine M. , Zhang Miaolu
Published: December 2020

Data competitions provide an efficient cost‐effective way to obtain diverse solutions for challenging problems across a wide variety of applications. The competition leaderboard, by necessity, must combine multiple objectives into a single scoring formula to determine winners and allocate prize money. However, after the competition concludes, the host may wish to choose a best solution for a particular scenario that focuses on only a subset of all the competition objectives. Through the use of Pareto fronts and graphical summaries, we describe how top solutions for a specific scenario can be identified and compared. The strategy uses intentional tie‐handling, thresholds to eliminate undesirable solutions and Pareto fronts to identify objectively superior solutions for a subset of objectives. Then the strengths and weaknesses of different alternatives can be compared to find the ideal solution for the problem. The methods are illustrated with a real Topcoder data competition hosted by Los Alamos National Laboratory that used 16 different objectives to evaluate the quality of solutions for urban radiation search.
Validation of SATURN, a free, electronic, self‐administered cognitive screening test
Authors: Bissig David , Kaye Jeffrey , Erten‐Lyons Deniz
Published: December 2020

Background

Cognitive screening is limited by clinician time and variability in administration and scoring. We therefore developed Self‐Administered Tasks Uncovering Risk of Neurodegeneration (SATURN), a free, public‐domain, self‐administered, and automatically scored cognitive screening test, and validated it on inexpensive (<$100) computer tablets.

Methods

SATURN is a 30‐point test including orientation, word recall, and math items adapted from the Saint Louis University Mental Status test, modified versions of the Stroop and Trails tasks, and other assessments of visuospatial function and memory. English‐speaking neurology clinic patients and their partners 50 to 89 years of age were given SATURN, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and a brief survey about test preferences. For patients recruited from dementia clinics (n = 23), clinical status was quantified with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale. Care partners (n = 37) were assigned CDR = 0.

Results

SATURN and MoCA scores were highly correlated (P < .00001; r = 0.90). CDR sum‐of‐boxes scores were well‐correlated with both tests (P < .00001) (r = −0.83 and −0.86, respectively). Statistically, neither test was superior. Most participants (83%) reported that SATURN was easy to use, and most either preferred SATURN over the MoCA (47%) or had no preference (32%).

Discussion

Performance on SATURN—a fully self‐administered and freely available (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.02v6wwpzr) cognitive screening test—is well‐correlated with MoCA and CDR scores.
Novel Adipose Tissue Targets to Prevent and Treat Atherosclerosis
Authors: Scheja Ludger , Heeren Joerg
Published: December 2020

Adipose tissue as a major organ of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism has a major impact on metabolic homeostasis and thus influences the development of atherosclerosis and related cardiometabolic diseases. Unhealthy adipose tissue, which is often associated with obesity and systemic insulin resistance, promotes the development of diabetic dyslipidemia and can negatively affect vascular tissue homeostasis by secreting pro-inflammatory peptides and lipids. Conversely, paracrine and endocrine factors that are released from healthy adipose tissue can preserve metabolic balance and a functional vasculature. In this chapter, we describe adipose tissue types relevant for atherosclerosis and address the question how lipid metabolism as well as regulatory molecules produced in these fat depots can be targeted to counteract atherogenic processes in the vessel wall and improve plasma lipids. We discuss the role of adipose tissues in the action of approved drugs with anti-atherogenic activity. In addition, we present potential novel targets and therapeutic approaches aimed at increasing lipoprotein disposal in adipose tissue, boosting the activity of heat-producing (thermogenic) adipocytes, reducing adipose tissue inflammation, and improving or replacing beneficial hormones released from adipose tissues. Furthermore, we describe the future potential of innovative drug delivery technologies.
Introduction to Occupational Safety
Authors: Otto Thomas
Published: December 2020

It is not possible to write a book on Safety at Accelerators, or on occupational safety in general, without a practical understanding of the technical language of the field. Like in other scientific or technical fields, words are used with a specific meaning, often deviating from their everyday use. These terms must be clarified before penetrating deeper into the subject. Central to occupational safety are the terms of hazard, risk, and control. A more detailed description of these concepts is found in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-57031-6_5.
Industrial Safety at Particle Accelerators
Authors: Otto Thomas
Published: December 2020

The construction and operation of particle accelerators implies the use of numerous technologies and trades which are well-known from the manufacturing and construction industries. Consequently, their safety hazards are described in the literature and standard best practice solutions exist for controlling the risks emerging from these activities. In this section, the occupational hazards of electricity, mechanical equipment and pressure vessels are illustrated with examples from particle accelerator facilities. Further sections are dedicated to accelerator-specific protection against fire, occupational noise, and environmental damage.
Theoretische Grundlagen: Das International Sales Accelerator Modell als Business Development und Vertriebsmanagement Prozess-Tool
Authors: Reber geb. Wiesenauer Simone
Published: December 2020

Kapitel 2 bettet das ISA-Modell in die Business Development und Vertriebsforschung ein (Kapitel 2.1) und stellt die Entwicklung der Methodik des ISA-Modells vor (Kapitel 2.2). Es werden theoretische Grundlagen und Definitionen vorgestellt und das Thema der Arbeit zu anderen wissenschaftlichen Bereichen abgegrenzt und eingeordnet.
Internationale Zielmarktanalyse
Authors: Reber geb. Wiesenauer Simone
Published: December 2020

In Kapitel 3 werden die Ergebnisse aus den Experteninterviews zu den ISA-Modell Bausteinen 1-3 dargestellt (Kapitel 3.1-3.3). Die Bausteine 1-3 des ISA-Modells gehören zur strategischen Analyse im Prozess des strategischen Managements.
Internationaler Vertriebsaufbau und Vertriebsentwicklung
Authors: Reber geb. Wiesenauer Simone
Published: December 2020

Kapitel 4 erläutert die Ergebnisse aus den Experteninterviews in den ISA-Modell Bausteinen 4-7 (Kapitel 4.1-4.4). Baustein 4 repräsentiert dabei den Teil der Strategieformulierung und Strategieauswahl im Prozess des strategischen Managements. Die Bausteine 5-7 stehen für die Strategieimplementierung im Prozess des strategischen Managements.
Functional calculus on non-homogeneous operators on nilpotent groups
Authors: Calzi Mattia , Ricci Fulvio
Published: December 2020

We study the functional calculus associated with a hypoelliptic left-invariant differential operator $$\mathcal {L}$$
L
on a connected and simply connected nilpotent Lie group G with the aid of the corresponding Rockland operator $$\mathcal {L}_0$$

L
0

on the ‘local’ contraction $$G_0$$

G
0

of G, as well as of the corresponding Rockland operator $$\mathcal {L}_\infty $$

L
∞

on the ‘global’ contraction $$G_\infty $$

G
∞

of G. We provide asymptotic estimates of the Riesz potentials associated with $$\mathcal {L}$$
L
at 0 and at $$\infty $$
∞
, as well as of the kernels associated with functions of $$\mathcal {L}$$
L
satisfying Mihlin conditions of every order. We also prove some Mihlin–Hörmander multiplier theorems for $$\mathcal {L}$$
L
which generalize analogous results to the non-homogeneous case. Finally, we extend the asymptotic study of the density of the ‘Plancherel measure’ associated with $$\mathcal {L}$$
L
from the case of a quasi-homogeneous sub-Laplacian to the case of a quasi-homogeneous sum of even powers.
Okzipital- und Parietallappenepilepsien – Klinische Anfallssemiologie und Elektrophysiologie
Authors: Pataraia Ekaterina , Aull-Watschinger Susanne
Published: December 2020

Okzipitallappenepilepsien (OLE) und Parietallappenepilepsien (PLE) kommen im Erwachsenenalter selten vor. Die klinischen Symptome können subjektiv wahrgenommen werden, objektiv zu beobachten sein oder sowohl subjektiv als auch objektiv auftreten. Die Anfallssemiologie wird je nachdem, ob die Symptome durch epileptische Entladung im Okzipital- oder Parietallappen entstehen oder durch die Propagation der iktalen Aktivität in andere Hirnregionen zustande kommen, in Initial- oder Spätsymptome eingeteilt. Die Leitsymptome bei OLE sind visuelle und okulomotorische Symptome und bei PLE elementare somatosensorische Sensationen. Obwohl der Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) als apparativer Methode in der Diagnostik der Epilepsien eine entscheidende Rolle zukommt, ist das Skalp-EEG bei OLE und PLE nur bedingt verwertbar. Die definitive Differenzierung der Anfallsursprungszone beruht meist auf einer intrakraniellen EEG-Ableitung und dem Vorhandensein einer strukturellen Läsion in der Bildgebung. Die Quellenlokalisationsmethoden mittels Magnetenzephalographie und hochauflösender EEG zeigen generell eine gute Übereinstimmung mit der Anfallsursprungszone und werden zunehmend in der Diagnostik der posterioren Kortexepilepsien eingesetzt.
A bivariate finite mixture growth model with selection
Authors: Aristei David , Bacci Silvia , Bartolucci Francesco , Pandolfi Silvia
Published: December 2020

A model is proposed to analyze longitudinal data where two response variables are available, one of which is a binary indicator of selection and the other is continuous and observed only if the first is equal to 1. The model also accounts for individual covariates and may be considered as a bivariate finite mixture growth model as it is based on three submodels: (i) a probit model for the selection variable; (ii) a linear model for the continuous variable; and (iii) a multinomial logit model for the class membership. To suitably address endogeneity, the first two components rely on correlated errors as in a standard selection model. The proposed approach is applied to the analysis of the dynamics of household portfolio choices based on an unbalanced panel dataset of Italian households over the 1998–2014 period. For this dataset, we identify three latent classes of households with specific investment behaviors and we assess the effect of individual characteristics on households’ portfolio choices. Our empirical findings also confirm the need to jointly model risky asset market participation and the conditional portfolio share to properly analyze investment behaviors over the life-cycle.
Network model and analysis of the spread of Covid-19 with social distancing
Authors: Maheshwari Parul , Albert Réka
Published: December 2020

The first mitigation response to the Covid-19 pandemic was to limit person-to-person interaction as much as possible. This was implemented by the temporary closing of many workplaces and people were required to follow social distancing. Networks are a great way to represent interactions among people and the temporary severing of these interactions. Here, we present a network model of human–human interactions that could be mediators of disease spread. The nodes of this network are individuals and different types of edges denote family cliques, workplace interactions, interactions arising from essential needs, and social interactions. Each individual can be in one of four states: susceptible, infected, immune, and dead. The network and the disease parameters are informed by the existing literature on Covid-19. Using this model, we simulate the spread of an infectious disease in the presence of various mitigation scenarios. For example, lockdown is implemented by deleting edges that denote non-essential interactions. We validate the simulation results with the real data by matching the basic and effective reproduction numbers during different phases of the spread. We also simulate different possibilities of the slow lifting of the lockdown by varying the transmission rate as facilities are slowly opened but people follow prevention measures like wearing masks etc. We make predictions on the probability and intensity of a second wave of infection in each of these scenarios.
Neoliberal Nationalism
Authors: Joppke Christian
Published: December 2020

The Brexit and Trump shocks of 2016 mark a deep caesura in the history of liberal societies. It is no longer sufficient, if it ever was, to look at Western states' immigration and citizenship policies through the single lens of advancing liberalism. Instead, two additional forces need to be reckoned with: a new nationalism, but also the neoliberal restructuring of state and society in which it is generated. Joppke demonstrates that many of the new policies have their roots in neoliberalism rather than the new nationalism. Moreover, some of them, such as 'earned citizenship', are the product of neoliberalism and nationalism working in tandem, in terms of a neoliberal nationalism. The neoliberalism-nationalism nexus is complex, its elements sometimes opposing but sometimes complementing or even constituting one another. This topical book will appeal to students and scholars of populism, nationalism, and immigration and citizenship, across comparative politics, sociology and political theory.
Meet-Up!
Authors: Eppler Martin J. , Kernbach Sebastian
Published: December 2020

This book is about meetings and providing a new perspective from behavioural economics called nudging to make meetings more productive and enjoyable. Nudging hacks into the fast, automatic, subconscious system in human reasoning to breed success in every get-together. Once you know the foundations of focus, orientation, involvement, and commitment, the advantages of nudging are evident. The authors provide an explanation of nudge theory and 6 principles of how nudging affects our behavior. Examples from the actions and choices of the Dalai Lama, Ray Dalio, and Barack Obama demonstrate how nudging can make a difference. Based on theory, the book also gives 100 very practical nudges to improve meeting productivity that can be used by any meeting leader or participant.
The number of ergodic measures for transitive subshifts under the regular bispecial condition
Authors: DAMRON MICHAEL , FICKENSCHER JON
Published: December 2020

If
$\mathcal {A}$
is a finite set (alphabet), the shift dynamical system consists of the space
$\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {N}}$
of sequences with entries in
$\mathcal {A}$
, along with the left shift operator S. Closed S-invariant subsets are called subshifts and arise naturally as encodings of other systems. In this paper, we study the number of ergodic measures for transitive subshifts under a condition (‘regular bispecial condition’) on the possible extensions of words in the associated language. Our main result shows that under this condition, the subshift can support at most
$({K+1})/{2}$
ergodic measures, where K is the limiting value of
$p(n+1)-p(n)$
, and p is the complexity function of the language. As a consequence, we answer a question of Boshernitzan from 1984, providing a combinatorial proof for the bound on the number of ergodic measures for interval exchange transformations.
Quantifying shell outline variability in extant and fossilLaqueus(Brachiopoda: Terebratulida): are outlines good proxies for long-looped brachidial morphology and can they help us characterize species?
Authors: López Carranza Natalia , Carlson Sandra J.
Published: December 2020

Extant and extinct terebratulide brachiopod species have been defined primarily on the basis of morphology. What is the fidelity of morphological species to biological species? And how can we test this fidelity with fossils? Taxonomically and phylogenetically, the most informative internal feature in the brachiopod suborder Terebratellidina is the geometrically complex long-looped brachidium, which is highly fragile and only rarely preserved in the fossil record. Given this, it is essential to test other sources of morphological data, such as valve outline shape, when trying to recognize and identify species. We analyzed valve outlines and brachidia in the genusLaqueusto explore the utility of shell shape in discriminating extant and fossil species. Using geometric morphometric methods, we quantified valve outline variability using elliptical Fourier methods and tested whether long-looped brachidial morphology correlates with shell outline shape. We then built classification models based on machine learning algorithms using outlines as shape variables to predict fossil species’ identities. Our results demonstrate that valve outline shape is significantly correlated with long-looped brachidial shape and that even relatively simple outlines are sufficiently morphologically distinct to enable extantLaqueusspecies to be identified, validating current taxonomic assignments. These are encouraging results for the study and delimitation of fossil terebratulide species, and their recognition as biological species. In addition, machine learning algorithms can be successfully applied to help solve species recognition and delimitation problems in paleontology, especially when morphology can be characterized quantitatively and analyzed statistically.
The Semi-Peripheral Novel: Narrating the Neoliberal Present from Southern India and Southern Italy
Authors: Lazzari Gabriele
Published: December 2020

This articles intervenes in current debates about the configuration of the contemporary literary system and argues that works coming from the intermediate formation of the semi-periphery can most lucidly register how neoliberalism has transformed the social, economic, and affective structures of the historical present. Drawing on postcolonial criticism, world-systems theory, and theories of combined and uneven development, I propose a comparative study of two novels originating from southern India and southern Italy, Vivek Shanbhag’sGhachar Ghochar(2013) and Nicola Lagioia’sLa Ferocia(2014). By analyzing how residual forces—patriarchy, gender violence, and familism—interact with processes of market neoliberalization and environmental destruction, this article further suggests that only the formal study of novels from semi-peripheral areas can problematize current critical paradigms based on binary oppositions (center/periphery, North/South). To do so, I develop a systemic approach that is attentive to how contextual specificities produce formal outcomes that can best diagnose global socioeconomic inequalities.
Prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia in Brazilian children under 5 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Silveira Victor N. C. , Carvalho Carolina A. , Viola Poliana C. A. F. , Magalhães Elma I. S. , Padilha Luana L. , Conceição Sueli I. O. , Frota Maria Tereza B. A. , Calado Isabela L. , Cantanhede Nayra A. C. , Franceschini Sylvia C. C. , França Ana Karina T. C.
Published: December 2020

Fe-deficiency anaemia is considered an important public health problem both in wealthier countries and in those of medium and low income, especially in children under 5 years of age. The shortage of studies with national representativity in medium-income countries, such as Brazil, prevents the knowledge of the current situation and its associated factors. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of Fe-deficiency anaemia in Brazilian children under 5 years of age and determined the factors involved in the variability of the estimates of prevalence. We collected fifty-seven studies from the databases MEDLINE, LILACS and Web of Science, along with the reference lists of included articles. We contacted authors for unpublished data. We did not restrict publication timespan and language. This systematic review and meta-analysis was reported according to the guidelines by PRISMA. The pooled prevalence of anaemia in Brazil was 40·2 (95 % CI 36·0, 44·8) %. The age range of the child and the period of data collection were associated with the anaemia prevalence. The pooled prevalence of anaemia was higher in children under 24 months of age (53·5 v. 30·7 %; P < 0·001) and in studies with data collected before 2004 (51·8 v. 32·6 %; P = 0·001). The efforts made by the Brazilian government were successful in the reduction of anaemia in children under 5 years of age in Brazil in the evaluated period. However, prevalence remains beyond acceptable levels for this population group.
Foreign-Born Resident Networks and Stock Comovement: When Local Bias Meets Home (Country) Bias
Authors: Meng Yun , Pantzalis Christos
Published: December 2020

Foreign migration flows have important stock market consequences. Foreign-born resident networks within U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) are associated with excess return comovement between locally headquartered stocks and American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) from countries with ties to the MSA through the network of foreign-born residents. This comovement is hardly due to correlated fundamentals and at least partially driven by correlated trading within members of a common investor base consisting of foreign-born residents. Our evidence has implications for both investors and foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) seeking to reap benefits from cross-listings and is consistent with the notion that foreign-born residents exhibit both local bias and home (country) bias.
Counting People and Making People Count
Authors: Fischer Jessica J.T.
Published: December 2020

Common-sense morality seems to tell us that a rescuer who can save either one individual or five other individuals from death has a duty to save the greater number. But contractualism, a moral theory on which principles must be justifiable to individuals, seems to imply that it is permissible to save the one. This is because a commitment to individual justification blocks the possibility of appealing to the aggregate amount of lives saved. Does contractualism really have this implication? If so, should we side with the common-sense approach, or is there any reason to side with the contractualist? In this paper, I first examine a new argument from Jay Wallace which claims to reconcile contractualism with a duty to save the greater number. I find the argument to be unsuccessful. I then suggest that common-sense morality doesn't support a duty to save the greater number as straightforwardly as it might initially seem as it might initially seem. I introduce two mundane cases in which the permissibility of saving either the lesser or greater number is intuitively plausible, and I offer some reasons to think that the permissibility of saving the lesser number coheres with our value judgements more generally.
Sympathy for the Devil: The Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance, the Role of Fiction in Moral Thought, and the Limits of the Imagination
Authors: Dain Edmund
Published: December 2020

What are the limits of the imagination in morality? What role does fiction play in moral thought? My starting point in addressing these questions is Tamar Szabo Gendler's ‘puzzle of imaginative resistance’, the problem of explaining the special difficulties we seem to encounter in imagining to be right what we take to be morally wrong (or vice versa) in fiction, and Gendler's claim that those difficulties are due to our unwillingness to imagine these things, rather than our inability to imagine what is logically or conceptually impossible. Using a wide range of examples, I argue that there is no puzzle of imaginative resistance and that to think that there is such a puzzle is to miss almost entirely the role fiction plays in moral thought. That, however, does not mean that there are no limits to what we can imagine in morality. In fact, I argue, the imagination is limited in morality, as elsewhere, by what is logically or conceptually possible. Together, those claims suggest that fiction and the imagination play a fundamental role in shaping our conception of the moral landscape. The paper concludes by drawing some of the consequences of these views for the nature of moral thought.
Ballets Russes and Blackface
Authors: Järvinen Hanna
Published: December 2020

Prompted by Achille Mbembe's reading of how racial assignation functions, this article examines the recurrences of two blackface ballet characters, the Golden Slave in Schéhérazade and the Blackamoor in Petrouchka, on twentieth and twenty-first-century dance stages, in exhibits, research, and pedagogy. The company that first performed these racist stereotypes, the Ballets Russes, has been canonized as crucial to the emergence of modernism in the performing arts more generally, although consistently Orientalized in the process. The designation of works revolving around racist stereotypes as “masterpieces,” and their constant reiteration, amounts to complicity with racism that is not limited to ballet stages.
A review of current clinical biomarkers for prostate cancer: towards personalised and targeted therapy
Authors: Osei Ernest , Swanson Steph
Published: December 2020

Background:

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and it is responsible for about 10% of all cancer mortality in Canadian men. The current ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of prostate cancer is a prostate biopsy and the decision on when to biopsy a patient with non-suspicious Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) result and total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) of 4–10 ng/ml can be challenging. In order to shift the treatment paradigm of prostate cancer toward more personalised and targeted therapy, there is the need for a clear system that makes its detection binary so as to decrease the rate of inaccurate detections. Therefore in recent years, there have been several investigations into the development of various biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for screening, early detection and personalised patient-specific targeted medicine from diagnosis to treatment of the disease.

Materials and methods:

This paper reports on nine currently available clinical biomarkers used in screening for early detection and diagnosis, to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies, in risk assessment of aggressive disease and in monitoring treatment response of prostate cancer.

Conclusion:

Current clinical prostate cancer biomarkers have the potential for a personalised risk assessment of aggressive disease and the risk of developing distant metastatic disease and have been proven to be useful tools to guide clinicians in personalised patient-specific targeted treatment and in the shared decision making between patients and their physicians regarding prostate biopsy and treatment. Using biomarkers to select patients with a significant probability of aggressive prostate cancer would potentially avoid premature death from the disease, while at the same time would safely preclude patients who do not require unnecessary invasive intervention.
On the Decolonial Beginnings of Edward Said
Authors: Labelle Maurice Jr M.
Published: December 2020

This essay historicizes the formation of Edward Said's critique of imperial culture before the publication of Orientalism (1978) and examines how it framed the decolonial approach that made him world-renowned. Deeply influenced by the writings of Martinique-born psychiatrist and Algerian revolutionary Frantz Fanon, an Arab tradition of anti-orientalism, existentialist thought, and the Palestinian national movement, the New York-based intellectual reconceptualized the idea of decolonization in the late 1960s in a way that shifted contemporary thinking on social relationships between racial difference and empire from the individual and interpersonal to the collective and intercultural. Through his deep historical, epistemological, and phenomenological digs into orientalism's imperial culture and its myriad ways of being, Said made it his antiracist mandate to liberate consciousnesses from Eurocentrism and empower the universalization of decolonization.
Waveform Reconstruction of Lightning Current Based on Output‐Error Model and Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain Method
Authors: Fu Yapeng , Zhang Qi , Yang Bo
Published: December 2020

A simple method combining Output‐Error (OE) model and Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain (FDTD) method is proposed to reconstruct lightning current in this paper. First, the FDTD method is adopted to calculate electromagnetic fields of any desired point, and the transfer function between the obtained fields and channel base current is built by using OE model. Then, the lightning current is reconstructed by putting the actual measured electromagnetic field into the corresponding transfer function. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through the measured data given in the literature. Moreover, three influence factors on the reconstruction performance of this method are analyzed as well, including the effect of distance from field observation point to lightning channel, ground conductivity and the velocity of return stroke.
Climate Sensitivity Increases Under Higher CO2 Levels Due to Feedback Temperature Dependence
Authors: Bloch‐Johnson Jonah , Rugenstein Maria , Stolpe Martin B. , Rohrschneider Tim , Zheng Yiyu , Gregory Jonathan M.
Published: December 2020

Equilibrium climate sensitivity‐the equilibrium warming per CO2 doubling‐increases with CO2 concentration for 13 of 14 coupled general circulation models for 0.5–8 times the preindustrial concentration. In particular, the abrupt 4 × CO2 equilibrium warming is more than twice the 2 × CO2 warming. We identify three potential causes: nonlogarithmic forcing, feedback CO2 dependence, and feedback temperature dependence. Feedback temperature dependence explains at least half of the sensitivity increase, while feedback CO2 dependence explains a smaller share, and nonlogarithmic forcing decreases sensitivity in as many models as it increases it. Feedback temperature dependence is positive for 10 out of 14 models, primarily due to the longwave clear‐sky feedback, while cloud feedbacks drive particularly large sensitivity increases. Feedback temperature dependence increases the risk of extreme or runaway warming, and is estimated to cause six models to warm at least an additional 3K under 8 × CO2.
Semiquantitative Estimates of Rainfall Variability During the 8.2 kyr Event in California Using Speleothem Calcium Isotope Ratios
Authors: de Wet Cameron B. , Erhardt Andrea M. , Sharp Warren D. , Marks Naomi E. , Bradbury Harold J. , Turchyn Alexandra V. , Xu Yiruo , Oster Jessica L.
Published: December 2020

A multiproxy record from a fast‐growing stalagmite reveals variable hydroclimate on the California coast across the 8.2 kyr event and a precursor event likely caused by initial drainage of proglacial Lake Agassiz. Using speleothem δ44Ca, we develop the first semiquantitative estimates of paleorainfall variability for California through calibration with measurements of the modern climate and cave environment. We find that the magnitude of rainfall variability during the 8.2 kyr event approached the multiyear variability observable in the recent past (1950–2019) and the magnitude of variability during the precursor event likely exceeded this range. Additionally, we observe other instances of multidecadal variability comparable in magnitude to the precursor event during the record. Our work suggests that speleothem calcium isotope ratios are a powerful semiquantitative means to reconstruct paleorainfall, although numerous factors must be assessed in each cave system before applying this approach.
Challenges on Mercury's Interior Structure Posed by the New Measurements of its Obliquity and Tides
Authors: Steinbrügge G. , Dumberry M. , Rivoldini A. , Schubert G. , Cao H. , Schroeder D. M. , Soderlund K. M.
Published: December 2020

We present calculations of interior models of Mercury that are constrained to match Mercury's mean density, normalized moment of inertia factor (MoI), and 88 days libration amplitude. We show that models matching a MoI = 0.333 ± 0.005, based on a recent obliquity measurement require a new perspective on Mercury's interior. Specifically, we confirm the mandatory presence of a large inner core > 600 km in radius which, however, leads to lower mantle densities in comparison to previous models and implies a mantle with > 5wt.% C, > 10wt.% magnesium sulfide (MgS), or is partially convecting. Furthermore, we also show that the core radius is lower than previous estimates, making it inconsistent with current estimates from magnetic induction measurements. In addition, the requirement of low viscosities in the lower mantle to match recent estimates of k2 imply a significantly weaker mantle than previously believed, potentially including partial melting.
A Survey of Photoelectrons on the Nightside of Mars
Authors: Cao Y. ‐T. , Cui J. , Wu X. ‐S. , Niu D. ‐D. , Lai H. ‐R. , Ni B. ‐B. , Luo Q. , Yu J. , Wei Y.
Published: December 2020

Despite produced exclusively on the dayside, photoelectrons, as an important population of the Martian ionosphere, have also been observed on the nightside. Here we present a statistical survey of nightside photoelectrons using the suprathermal electron measurements, made by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution. We find that nearly 30% of the available nightside suprathermal electron spectra show clear photoelectron signatures. Nightside photoelectrons have an occurrence rate that decreases with increasing solar zenith angle and they are characterized by a preferentially field‐aligned pitch angle distribution. Our analysis also suggests that nightside photoelectrons are less likely observed under the high solar wind condition. These observations are favorably interpreted by the scenario of photoelectron transport along cross‐terminator magnetic field lines, as supported by a simplified test particle model. Our study highlights a complex plasma environment near Mars modulated by both internal and external conditions.
Global Microbarom Patterns: A First Confirmation of the Theory for Source and Propagation
Authors: De Carlo Marine , Hupe Patrick , Le Pichon Alexis , Ceranna Lars , Ardhuin Fabrice
Published: December 2020

Microbarom signals are generated by wind waves at the ocean surface and propagate all around the globe through the stratosphere and ionosphere. Microbaroms dominate the coherent infrasound ambient noise measured worldwide, with a peak around 0.2 Hz. Monitoring these signals allows characterizing the source activity and probing the properties of their propagation medium, the middle atmosphere. Here, we show the first quantitative validation of global microbarom modeling based on ocean wave models, a new source model and atmospheric attenuation. For evaluating these parameters' impact, we compare the modeling results with a global reference database of microbaroms detected by the infrasound International Monitoring System over 7 years. This study demonstrates that the new source model improves the prediction rate of observations by around 20% points against previous models. The performance is enhanced when the new model is combined with a wind‐dependent attenuation and an ocean wave model that includes coastal reflection.
A Biologically Friendly, Low‐Cost, and Scalable Method to Map Permeable Media Architecture and Interstitial Flow
Authors: Hilliard Brandon , Reeder William J. , Skifton Richard S. , Budwig Ralph , Basham William , Tonina Daniele
Published: December 2020

Porous media are ubiquitous, a key component of the water cycle and locus of many biogeochemical transformations. Mapping media architecture and interstitial flows have been challenging because of the inherent difficulty of seeing through solids. Previous works used particle image velocimetry (PIV) coupled with refractive index‐matching (RIM) to quantify interstitial flows, but they were limited to specialized and often toxic fluids that precluded investigating biological processes. To address this limitation, we present a low‐cost and scalable method based on RIM coupled PIV (RIM‐PIV) and planar laser induced fluorescence (RIM‐PLIF) to simultaneously map both media architecture and interstitial velocities. Our method uses irregularly shaped grains made of a fluorocarbon plastic with refractive index of 1.36 and specific gravity of 1.93. This allows using a water–glycerin solution for the RIM fluid. By using RIM‐PIV, we mapped media structure with 2% accuracy, which improved to 0.2% with RIM‐PLIF because of improved image contrast.
Not Just Sea Ice: Other Factors Important to Near‐inertial Wave Generation in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Guthrie J. D. , Morison J. H.
Published: December 2020

Internal wave energy in the Arctic Ocean is often an order of magnitude lower than the midlatitudes. By inhibiting energy input and causing damping, the presence of sea ice is believed to be responsible for low internal wave energy. While a few current studies have shown slightly elevated internal wave energy compared to historical measurements, it has not matched the catastrophic decline in sea ice extent over the same period. We report internal wave energy and mixing estimates that show little difference in the presence of sea ice. To examine possible causes other than sea ice, we adopt the model framework developed in Gill (1984) to explore the importance of previously unexamined factors responsible for the low internal wave energy in the Arctic Ocean. Model results show that low β and shallow mixed layers can result in significant reductions in horizontal kinetic energy in the pycnocline compared to midlatitudes.
Late Miocene (10.0∼6.0 Ma) Rapid Exhumation of the Chinese South Tianshan: Implications for the Timing of Aridification in the Tarim Basin
Authors: Chang Jian , Glorie Stijn , Qiu Nansheng , Min Kyoungwon , Xiao Yao , Xu Wei
Published: December 2020

Cenozoic exhumation in the Tianshan is controlled by a complex interaction between tectonics and climate. However, the timing and magnitude of exhumation of the Tianshan and its contribution to climate change in Central Asia remains debated. In this study, we report new apatite fission track and (U‐Th)/He ages for granite samples from the roof of the South Tianshan that are significantly younger than those published for other parts of the South Tianshan. Inverse and forward modeling reveals two phases of accelerated cooling at 10∼6 Ma and since ∼3 Ma, which can be linked to (1) the reactivation of strike‐slip faults and hot asthenospheric upwelling during India‐Eurasia convergence and (2) the interplay between tectonics and glaciation, respectively. The 10∼6 Ma exhumation phase further corresponds to the timing of climate change, suggesting that this exhumation phase significantly contributed to the enhanced aridification of the Tarim Basin.
Surface Brightening in Eastern and Central China Since the Implementation of the Clean Air Action in 2013: Causes and Implications
Authors: Shi Hongrong , Zhang Jinqiang , Zhao Bin , Xia Xiangao , Hu Bo , Chen Hongbin , Wei Jing , Liu Mengqi , Bian Yuxuan , Fu Disong , Gu Yu , Liou Kuo‐Nan
Published: December 2020

Surface brightening has been observed in China since 2005. However, it remains unclear whether the brightening has accelerated recently in response to the strictest ever air pollution control policies since 2013. By combining intensive surface and satellite observations, we find an unprecedented rapid increasing trend in surface solar radiation (SSR) of 0.70–1.16 W m−2 yr−1 over the eastern and central China for 2014–2019. Using a novel method to identify the relative contributions of aerosol and cloud radiative effects to the SSR trends, we find that the strongly declining aerosol radiative effect due to the strict air pollution controls is the main cause of the upward SSR trends; cloud variations should not be the main reason. Distinction exists in seasonal trends of SSR, with decreasing trends in winter and increasing trends in other seasons. Air pollution controls play an important role in regulating SSR, which has valuable implications for photovoltaic power generation.