bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Parenting Style Matter? Concerted Cultivation, Educational Expectations, and the Transmission of Educational Advantage
Authors: Carolan Brian V. , Wasserman Sara J.
Published: December 2014

Recent work on the transmission of educational advantage has shifted empirical attention toward the active role of parents and their parenting style. Drawing from cultural capital theory and using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) ( N = 512), this study examines how a specific style of parenting, concerted cultivation, and educational expectations relate to adolescents’ academic achievement. Results from a recursive structural equation model (SEM) confirm a direct relationship between educational expectations and achievement, but not for concerted cultivation. However, subsequent analyses indicate that educational expectations also mediate the relationship between a child’s social background and academic achievement. These results provide insights into the family’s role in the transmission of educational advantage and contribute to the larger public and scholarly debate regarding explanations for the stratification of educational outcomes.
Mixed Parents, Mixed Results
Authors: Emonds Viktor , van Tubergen Frank
Published: December 2014

In this article, we have used panel data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey ( N = 3,337) to test several mechanisms (English proficiency, friends with native parents, parental socioeconomic status [SES], educational attitudes, bilingualism, and family stability) by which mixed parents (one native, one foreign-born) affect their children’s educational attainment differently from immigrant parents (both foreign-born), using a multiple mediator model. We found that children from mixed parents benefited from higher parental human capital and a higher English proficiency and were set back by lower educational attitudes and less stable family situation. However, bilingualism offered no significant advantages or disadvantages for children of mixed parents. Having more friends from native-born parents had a surprising negative effect. The total indirect effect was slightly negative and a substantial negative direct effect of growing up with mixed parents on educational attainment remains. Some of the effects depend on the sex of the native partner. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Explaining religious terrorism: A data-mined analysis
Authors: Saiya Nilay , Scime Anthony
Published: December 2014

What is the relationship between religious liberty and faith-based terrorism? The wider literature on freedom and terrorism has failed to reach a conclusive verdict: some hold that restricting civil liberties is necessary to prevent acts of terrorism; others find that respecting such rights undermines support for terrorist groups, thus making terrorism less likely. This article moves the debate on liberty and terrorism forward by looking specifically at terrorism motivated by a religious imperative and a country’s level of religious liberty—something not attempted in previous studies. Using classification data mining, we test a unique dataset on religious terrorism in order to discover the characteristics that contribute to a country experiencing religiously motivated terrorism. The analysis finds that religious terrorism is indeed a product of a dearth of religious liberty. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for policy-makers.
Does poverty cause conflict? Isolating the causal origins of the conflict trap
Authors: Braithwaite Alex , Dasandi Niheer , Hudson David
Published: December 2014

Does poverty cause civil conflict? A considerable literature seeks to answer this question, yet concerns about reverse causality threaten the validity of extant conclusions. To estimate the impact of poverty on conflict and to determine whether the relationship between them is causal, it is necessary to identify a source of exogenous variation in poverty. We do this by introducing a robust instrument for poverty: a time-varying measure of international inequalities. We draw upon existing theories about the structural position of a country in the international economic network—specifically, the expectation that countries in the core tend to be wealthier and those on the periphery struggle to develop. This instrument is plausibly exogenous and satisfies the exclusion restriction, which suggests that it affects conflict only through its influence upon poverty. Instrumental variables probit regression is employed to demonstrate that the impact of poverty upon conflict appears to be causal.
Prenatal Diagnosis and Postnatal Outcome of Schizencephaly
Authors: Kutuk Mehmet Serdar , Gorkem Sureyya Burcu , Bayram Ayse , Doganay Selim , Canpolat Mehmet , Basbug Mustafa
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to present our experience with 5 cases of fetal schizencephaly in terms of prenatal diagnostic features, and postnatal outcome. The database of prenatal diagnosis unit was searched for antenatally diagnosed cases with schizencephaly. Maternal characteristics, ultrasonography, prenatal-postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and postnatal outcome were noted. Of 5 cases, 2 had definitive prenatal diagnoses on ultrasound and 3 cases were diagnosed by fetal MRI. All cases had cerebral cortical migration anomalies including polymicrogyria, subependymal heterotopia, and lissencephaly, and 2 cases had additional extracranial malformations. Three cases showed regression of the cerebral clefts on follow-up postnatal MRIs. Three cases had moderate to severe psychomotor retardation, and 1 case needed repeated ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation due to hydrocephaly. Prenatal diagnosis of schizencephaly with ultrasonography is not straightforward and required further evaluation with fetal MRI. Additional cerebral anomalies worsen the prognosis of schizencephaly.
Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Analysis of the Developmental Changes of Tourette Syndrome Reveal Reduced Diffusion in the Cortico-Striato-Thalamo-Cortical Pathways
Authors: Debes Nanette , Jeppesen Signe , Raghava Jayachandra Mitta , Groth Camilla , Rostrup Egill , Skov Liselotte
Published: December 2014

There is evidence that cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical pathways are involved in Tourette syndrome. We performed a longitudinal imaging study in 22 patients and 21 healthy controls in order to examine the development of tics and its correlation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Patients were divided in a group with persisting and a group with remission of tics. We found a decrease in volume of left putamen in controls, but not in patients. We found changes in mean diffusivity between patients and controls in right caudate nucleus, thalamus, and frontal lobe. In contrast to controls, parallel and perpendicular diffusivity decreased in patients and were most pronounced in the patients with persisting tics compared to those with remission. The findings suggest that the development of the brain in patients with remission resembles the normal development more than in patients with persistent tics. This could reflect a change in brain structure or compensatory mechanisms in the brain.
Acid‐Base Disorders
Authors: Ayers Phil , Dixon Carman , Mays Andrew
Published: December 2014

Nutrition support practitioners should be confident in their ability to recognize and treat various metabolic and respiratory disorders encountered in daily practice. A clinician's comprehension of the underlying physiologic processes and/or exogenous causes that occur during acid‐base disorders is essential when making therapeutic decisions regarding fluids, parenteral nutrition, and electrolyte management. This invited review will discuss basic metabolic and respiratory disorders while briefly addressing mixed acid‐base disorders.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Child Neglect Questionnaire
Authors: Stewart Chris , Kirisci Levent , Long Abigail L. , Giancola Peter R.
Published: December 2014

Neglect poses a significant risk for children throughout their development and is often linked with serious consequences that reach into adulthood. The Child Neglect Questionnaire (CNQ) fills existing gaps by incorporating multiple perspectives from both parents and the child, as well as measuring the complex phenomenon of neglect multidimensionally. Furthermore, this measure addresses the need for an instrument specifically developed for late childhood (ages 10-12), as much of the extant evidence and corresponding measures focus on young children and their mothers. A panel of three psychologists, using Cicchetti’s model of child neglect as a theoretical guide, began by selecting items from an existing database. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and item response theory demonstrated the unidimensionality of physical, emotional, educational, and supervision neglect as well as a second-order construct of child neglect. Analyses controlling for risk status due to father’s substance use disorder, socioeconomic status, and child’s ethnicity demonstrated that father’s and mother’s (parental) neglect, particularly in the child’s versions, had sound concurrent and predictive validity. Concurrently, at age 10-12, the child’s version of both parents’ neglect correlated with their parenting behaviors evaluated by other available measures. Prospectively, from 10-12 years of age to 11-13 years of age, parental neglect predicted child’s drug use frequency with coexisting psychological dysregulation, psychiatric symptoms, antisocial behavior, non-normative sexual behavior, involvement with deviant peers and leisure activities thus demonstrating sound predictive validity. Also, internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were excellent. The CNQ, particularly the child’s version, may thus be useful for detecting children at high risk for parental neglect.
Considering the Genetic and Environmental Overlap Between Bullying Victimization, Delinquency, and Symptoms of Depression/Anxiety
Authors: Connolly Eric J. , Beaver Kevin M.
Published: December 2014

Emerging evidence from longitudinal research suggests that bullied children are more likely to develop antisocial tendencies and mental health problems later in life. Less research, however, has used genetically sensitive research designs to control for genetic confounding and examine whether the well-supported association between bullying victimization and maladaptive development is partially accounted for by common genetic and environmental influences. Using sibling data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the current study used a series of bivariate liability-threshold models to disentangle the genetic and environmental influences on observed covariance between repeated bullying victimization, delinquent involvement, and symptoms of depression/anxiety. Results revealed that common additive genetic and nonshared environmental effects accounted for the covariance in liability between bullying victimization and delinquent involvement as well as bullying victimization and symptoms of depression/anxiety. The results suggest the presence of genotype–environment correlation ( rGE) between repeated victimization and maladaptive development.
Size Matters
Authors: Salas-Wright Christopher P. , Vaughn Michael G.
Published: December 2014

A number of studies suggest that physical size is associated with violent behavior. However, few, if any, studies have examined this relationship using population-based samples. Moreover, limited evidence exists on the relationship between physical size and violence with respect to gender, race/ethnicity, and exposure to childhood maltreatment. The present study, using data from Waves I and II ( N = 34,653) of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), aims to address these gaps by comparing the prevalence of violent behavior among individuals in the top quintiles in height and weight with that of the general population. Significant associations were identified for both males and females between physical size and bullying/intimidation, intentional injury of other persons, and hitting someone so hard that they required medical attention. Stratified analyses revealed that the magnitude of the relationship between physical size and violence is greater among Hispanics than among non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans. Childhood abuse and neglect significantly moderated the relationship between physical size and violent behavior. While an important degree of variability can be observed with respect to gender, race/ethnicity, and exposure to child maltreatment, results indicate that, in general, physically larger individuals are more likely than their relatively smaller counterparts to be violent.
Evaluating Mental Health Court by Impact on Jurisdictional Crime Rates
Authors: Bullard Chelsea Elizabeth , Thrasher Ron
Published: December 2014

Mental health courts are relatively new to the scenes of therapeutic jurisprudence and problem-solving courts. Research is necessary to determine how to evaluate this unique subset of courts and their clients. This research uses a mixed methodology to develop grounded theories explaining the differences found in more successful courts whose jurisdiction saw a statistically significant decrease in crime rate after the mental health court was established and less successful courts that did not. Eleven Oklahoma-based mental health courts were researched. More successful courts prioritized intensive monitoring methods, multiple specially tailored treatment options, and additional program supports. More successful courts also used a diverse court team, emphasized proper program assessment, visibly divided compliant and noncompliant participants in court, and gave “tangible symbolic incentives.” The found successful theories were compared with the published Essential Elements of a Mental Health Court and Cesare Beccaria’s Essay on Crimes and Punishment for possible future validation efforts.
Analysis of vibration amplification in a multi-staged clutch damper during engine start-up
Authors: Li Laihang , Singh Rajendra
Published: December 2014

Transient vibration amplifications of torsional systems passing through critical speeds have been of interest for a considerable amount of time. However, previous investigations on the piecewise linear system have focused mostly on numerical methods, and thus a reliable analytical method is not available for predicting transient amplification events. This article overcomes this void by developing and utilizing the closed-form solution of a linear single-degree-of-freedom torsional system, given a motion input under a constant acceleration rate, to approximate the transient responses of a piecewise linear system. This system represents a simplified vehicle powertrain system with a multi-staged clutch damper during the engine start-up process under an instantaneous motion input from the flywheel. First, the utility of a single-degree-of-freedom system and the motion input for the start-up process are experimentally and numerically illustrated by vehicle start-up measurements. Second, a closed-form solution of a linear damped torsional oscillator, given instantaneous-frequency excitation, is successfully developed and numerically verified. Finally, the proposed analytical solution of a linear system is utilized to predict the approximate peak-to-peak value of the displacement of a piecewise linear system during transient amplification for a rapid variation in speed.
Nurses Negotiating Professional–Familial Care Boundaries
Authors: Ward-Griffin Catherine , Brown Judith Belle , St-Amant Oona , Sutherland Nisha , Martin-Matthews Anne , Keefe Janice , Kerr Mickey
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this sequential, two-phase mixed-methods study was to examine the health of male and female nurses who provided care to older relatives (i.e., double duty caregivers). We explored the experiences of 32 double duty caregivers, which led to the development of an emergent grounded theory, Negotiating Professional–Familial Care Boundaries with two broad dialectical processes: professionalizing familial care and striving for balance. This article examines striving for balance, which is the process that responds to familial care expectations in the midst of available resources and reflects the health experiences of double duty caregivers. Two subprocesses of striving for balance, reaping the benefits and taking a toll, are presented in three composite vignettes, each representing specific double duty caregiving (DDC) prototypes ( making it work, working to manage, living on the edge). This emergent theory extends current thinking of family caregiving that will inform the development and refinement of practices and policies relevant to DDC.
Genetic and environmental determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Laursen Julie H , Søndergaard Helle Bach , Albrechtsen Anders , Frikke-Schmidt Ruth , Koch-Henriksen Nils , Soelberg Sørensen Per , Sellebjerg Finn , Oturai Annette
Published: December 2014

Background:

Evidence is accumulating supporting a beneficial effect of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis (MS). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown significant associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key genes in the vitamin D metabolism.

Objective:

To examine the association between 25(OH)D and six GWAS SNPs and environmental factors in 1497 MS patients.

Methods:

Blood samples and lifestyle questionnaires were collected between 2009 and 2012. Genotyping of GC-, CYP2R1- and NADSYN1-SNPs was performed by TaqMan allelic discrimination (Life Technologies).

Results:

We found significant associations between 25(OH)D and SNPs in GC (rs7041, p = 0.01 and rs2282679, p = 0.03) and CYP2R1 (rs10741657, p =1.8 × 10−4). Season of blood sampling (p = 2.8 × 10−31), sex ( p = 1.9 × 10−5), BMI ( p = 2.3 × 10−5), vitamin supplements ( p = 7.0 × 10−22), and fish intake ( p = 0.02) also had significant effects on 25(OH)D.

Conclusion:

In this cross-sectional study, we found significant effects of environmental factors and SNPs in GC and CYP2R1 on 25(OH)D in MS patients. Since 25(OH)D might have protective effects in MS, and vitamin D supply is a modifiable factor, it may be important to include this in the MS treatment regimen.
Using quality improvement science to reduce the risk of pressure ulcer occurrence – a case study in NHS Tayside
Authors: Mackie Susan , Baldie Deborah , McKenna Eileen , O'Connor Pat
Published: December 2014

Pressure ulcer prevention is core to nursing practice and as such is often overlooked as a safety risk. A multifaceted quality improvement initiative guided by both Felgen’s Model and the Model for Improvement delivered implemented in a systematic way led to significant improvements in the prevalence and incidence of pressure ulcers. Prevalence of all ulcers was reduced from 21% to 7% and to 3.1% when grade 1 ulcers are removed from analysis. Incidence (i.e. ulcers acquired in hospital) was reduced from 6.6% to 2.4% and 1.4% when grade 1 ulcers are removed from the analysis. Furthermore, improvements have been sustained for more than 2 years. This paper presents a case study of framework for change developed across a healthcare region NHS Tayside in Scotland.
International Business Students’ Cross-Cultural Competence Development
Authors: Mikhaylov Natalie S.
Published: December 2014

This study explores the role of educational programs in promoting students’ cross-cultural competence (CCC) development in international business education. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology (GTM), a comparative analysis of four extensive case studies was conducted within four schools, all of which offer international management education in English for local and international students. This study examines institutional contributions to an environment that supports students’ CCC development. A typology model consisting of four educational approaches to students’ CCC development is presented based on student experiences. The study provides recommendations regarding the steps that higher educational institutions (HEIs) can take to promote educational environments that support cross-cultural exchange, cultural knowledge creation, and individual and organizational cross-cultural competence development.
Isolated Dislocation of Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
Authors: Oktay Alper , Baysal Ozgur , Ecevız Engin , Elmalı Nurzat
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

Proximal tibiofibular joint luxation is very rare condition and usually missed in the ED. The aim of the study is if a patient is brought to ED with knee injury, we should keep in mind this pathology.

Methods:

A 23 year old man was admitted to emergency department with knee pain and restricted movement of the knee during the football match. Physical examination revealed mild swelling and limited ROM on his knee. We took AP and lateral X-rays immediately. We diagnosed the proximal tibiofibular luxation with X-rays. After diagnosing this injury we reducted this joint luxation with closed reduction immediately. Knee joint was immobilized with casting. Magnetic resonance imaging was applied. Casting was removed three weeks later after the diagnosis. Passive range of motion exercises were applied.

Results:

In the second month examination, there is no pain in his knee joint and the range of motion was full. There was no neoruvascular pathology in the physical examination of the knee. In the MRI findings proximal tibiofibular ligament had mild eudema, there was a contusion area in the lateral plateau and the other knee ligaments was normal.

Conclusion:

Proximal tibiofibular joint injury is very uncommon pathology, If the pathology is diagnosed on time , it can be treated appropriately to prevent unnecessary complication. The main problem of this injury is correct and timely diagnosis
Do the Patients Really Need Concentrated and/or Accelerated Rehabilitation Program After ACL Surgery? A New Lightened Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Kaya Defne , Turhan Egemen , Dönmez Gürhan , Doral Mahmut Nedim
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to design and assess the outcomes of the new lightened rehabilitation program after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R).

Methods:

Thirty-two of the 57 patients with ACL-R using tibialis anterior grafts completed the study. The patients in the lightened rehabilitation program were compared with patients in standard rehabilitation program. The two groups were assessed using International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Lysholm scores, isokinetic knee muscle strength, knee joint position sense, and hop test.

Results:

There were no significant differences in muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstring at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 330°/s between the operative and non-operative side in the lightened rehabilitation group while there was significant difference in muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstring at 60°/s between the operative and non-operative side in the standard rehabilitation group. There were significant differences in muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstring at 330°/s and joint position sense at 75°, 45°, and 15°between the operative side of the patients in lightened rehabilitation group and operative side of the patients in standard rehabilitation group. There was no difference in the knee joint position sense at 15°, 45°, and 75°, between the operative and non-operative side in the both groups.

Conclusion:

Clinical relevance of this study is that the new lightened rehabilitation program should be also succeeding as much as standard rehabilitation program after ACL-R. It is suggested that future studies might evaluate the effects of the new lightened rehabilitation program for different grafts and professional athletes.
An Absent Right Umbilical Artery Versus Absent Lt and the Prognostic Implications for the Fetus
Authors: Durant Jennifer , Helm Douglas , Having Karen , Guthrie Joy
Published: December 2014

A single umbilical artery (SUA) is one of the most common malformations in a fetus, with approximately a 1% occurrence rate. A retrospective study of 108 fetuses with a SUA was done to determine if the laterality of the SUA made a difference in fetal prognosis. An absent right umbilical artery was found in 42 (38.9%) of cases and an absent left umbilical artery in 66 (61.1%) cases. When correlated with fetal outcome, there was a closer association between an absent right umbilical artery with genitourinary anomalies, cardiac defects, and chromosomal abnormalities. There was a nine times greater likelihood (95% confidence interval of a 3 to 27 times greater probability) of a fetal anomaly with an absent right umbilical artery than with an absent left umbilical artery.
On the Origin of Hagionyms in North American French Surnames
Authors: Picard Marc
Published: December 2014

AbstractMost surnames of French origin in North America were borne by migrants from various parts of France, so it is hardly surprising that the two sets should share many commonalities. One of these involves the existence of hagionymic family names, for example, Saint-Pierre, Saint-Jean, Sainte-Marie, and the like. A significant difference between them, however, is that the ones in present-day France invariably stem from surnames that were taken directly from hagiotoponyms, of which there were a great many, whereas the majority of those in North America originate from nicknames — the so-called dit names — of various types. Prominent among these were the numerous noms de guerre that discharged soldiers passed on to their descendants.
Effect of shelf-life simulation on the bond strength of self-etch adhesive systems to dentin
Authors: Cardoso Sueli A , Oliveira Hellen L , Münchow Eliseu A , Carreño Neftali LV , Gonini Junior Alcides , Piva Evandro
Published: December 2014

Self-etch adhesive systems are composed of various monomers, solvents, fillers, and initiators that make their molecular formulations quite complex. The intricate design involved in these systems has raised uncertainties regarding the long-term chemical stability of the components prior to clinical application. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of shelf-life simulation on the bond strength of self-etch adhesives to dentin. Sound human teeth samples were used and restored using one of three different adhesives: AdheSE™ (Ivoclar Vivadent), Single Bond Universal™ (3 M ESPE), or Clearfil SE Bond™ (Kuraray); Filtek Z350™ (3 M ESPE) was used as composite resin. The study (bond strength testing) was conducted in two distinct parts: (1) without shelf-life simulation of adhesives; and (2) after storing the adhesives in a climate chamber at 40°C and 50% relative humidity (shelf-life simulation). Both groups were prepared for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing; however, specimens from the first part of the study were evaluated after 24 h and 6 months of storage in distilled water, whereas specimens from the second part of the study were prepared and tested after 1, 2, and 3 months of shelf-life simulation of adhesives. The hybrid layer and fracture pattern of specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bond strength data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey’s test (α = 5%). When no shelf-life simulation was applied, Single Bond Universal increased bond strength after long-term water storage, whereas AdheSE and Clearfil SE Bond reduced bond strength to dentin. However, the bonding ability of all three adhesive systems investigated was negatively influenced by the shelf-life simulation used.
Short-Term Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Individuals With Lynch Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jenkins Mark A. , Dowty James G. , Ait Ouakrim Driss , Mathews John D. , Hopper John L. , Drouet Youenn , Lasset Christine , Bonadona Valérie , Win Aung Ko
Published: December 2014

Purpose

For carriers of germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, the most relevant statistic for cancer prevention is colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) risk, particularly in the short term.

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis of all independent published Lynch syndrome studies reporting age- and sex-dependent colorectal cancer risks. We estimated 5-year colorectal cancer risk over different age groups, separately for male and female mutation carriers, and number needed to screen to prevent one death.

Results

We pooled estimates from analyses of 1,114 Lynch syndrome families (508 with MLH1 mutations and 606 with MSH2 mutations). On average, one in 71 male and one in 102 female MLH1 or MSH2 mutation carriers in their 20s will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the next 5 years. These colorectal cancer risks increase with age, peaking in the 50s (one in seven males and one in 12 females), and then decrease with age (one in 13 males and one in 19 females in their 70s). Annual colonoscopy in 16 males or 25 females in their 50s would prevent one death from colorectal cancer over 5 years while resulting in almost no serious complications. In comparison, annual colonoscopy in 155 males or 217 females in their 20s would prevent one death while resulting in approximately one serious complication.

Conclusion

For MLH1 or MSH2 mutation carriers, current guidelines recommend colonoscopy every 1 to 2 years starting in their 20s. Our findings support this regimen from age 30 years; however, it might not be justifiable for carriers who are in their 20s.
Europe and Its Complexity
Authors: Robins Kevin
Published: December 2014

This article is concerned with contemporary developments in European culture, with particular respect to new forms of transnational and transcultural mobility and communication. There is a growing sense that Europe has become a space of complexity and diversity—although, of course, the reality is that it was always so. In the context of the new articulations of complexity, however, it becomes crucial to develop more imaginative and resonant forms of understanding and dealing with cultural change. Certain possibilities are put forward—though only as possibilities among many potential others. The article is critical of many attempts to deal with the vital political issues by mainstream social sciences. The key issue, it is argued, concerns how we might elaborate upon actually existing discourses of cosmopolitanism. European cosmopolitan thinking has a long history and provides both intellectual and imaginative resources for the present conjuncture.
Godard in Sarajevo
Authors: Roberts Phillip
Published: December 2014

In Cinema 1 and Cinema 2, Gilles Deleuze posits a huge change in the nature of cinematic time in the postwar years. In “Postscript on the Societies of Control,” he also claims to identify a change in power relations and control strategies that takes in a number of other media transformations. Taken together, these arguments point toward a broader transformation in the history of thought that is developed across Deleuze’s work, but also raise a number of problems. This essay will critique and rearticulate the terms of Deleuze’s media philosophy in relation to work by Paul Virilio on media and warfare. This critique is organized around a study of the recent films of Jean-Luc Godard, which focus on the recurrence of the images of the mainstream culture industry and their transformation in wartime Sarajevo. It argues that Godard’s work is concerned with a cinema of cliché, following Deleuze’s conceptualization of cliché in Cinema 1 and Cinema 2, and that this raises important political dimensions to Deleuze’s cinema philosophy and his theorization of media control.
TheKulturof Cultural Techniques
Authors: Winthrop-Young Geoffrey
Published: December 2014

This article offers an introduction to the German concept of Kulturtechniken (cultural techniques), with a special focus on the term’s multilayered semantic career, as well as on the way old notions of Kultur are at play in the concept.
Technical and Physical Performance over an English Championship League Season
Authors: Morgans Ryland , Adams David , Mullen Richard , McLellan Chris , Williams Morgan D
Published: December 2014

The English Championship League (ECL) has a demanding ten-month schedule possibly exposing players to residual fatigue if they play the majority of matches. When present, residual fatigue may be evidenced by reduced physical and technical match performances as the season advances. The aim of this study was to investigate if differences in physical and technical performance occurred across a season for 11 ECL footballers who played the majority of matches that season. From the home matches analysed, only total distance covered was different ( p = 0.0258), where it peaked at mid-season compared to two months later ( p = 0.0104). Team possession remained stable throughout the season. Relative total distance covered by the team when in possession was 72 m/min less ( p < 0.0001) than out of possession. In summary, maintaining possession during matches may reduce physical demands imposed on players and help preserve performance throughout the season.
Interpersonal Dynamics in Baseline Rallies in Tennis
Authors: Carvalho João , Araújo Duarte , Travassos Bruno , Fernandes Orlando , Pereira Fernando , Davids Keith
Published: December 2014

In tennis, the relative positioning of players on court constrains their opportunities to perform successful actions. In this study we proposed and validated an empirical function that captures the spatial-temporal relationship between tennis players during competitive performance. This parameter, termed goal-directed displacement index (GDD Index), is defined over time by the product of both players' distances to the central line of the court and to the centre of the net. Results showed that the GDD index successfully described tennis players' patterns of interaction, as well as identified breaks in patterns of play during competitive performance, due to changes in relative positioning on court. Our analysis revealed two different patterns of interpersonal interactions, cross and down-the-line rallies, and two ways for a break to emerge in game dynamics, parallel variation (transition from a cross court rally to a down-the-line rally) and angle opening (lateral displacement). Data suggest that the elaboration of specific individual profiles of performance for different players, using the GDD index, could improve performance analysis in tennis.
Systematic Snooker Skills Test to Analyze Player Performance
Authors: Chung David H.S. , Griffiths Iwan W. , Legg Phil A. , Parry Matthew L. , Morris A. , Chen M. , Griffiths W. , Thomas Alex
Published: December 2014

The process of rigorous training and coaching is one that is essential to any sports player aiming to develop their abilities further. From the novice player through to professional athletes, it is vital to maintain and assess their level of performance in order to progress to a higher standard. However, traditional practice routines can often be non-strategic and devised with an “ad-hoc” approach. In order for a training regime to be beneficial to a player, methods to examine a player's performance are desirable and can offer quantifiable feedback that will help the player to understand their current weaknesses and provide a benchmark to improve upon.

This article focuses on the introduction of a systematic skills test. We assess the fundamental physics of snooker and from this we identify a set of key skills that characterises the basis of all snooker shots. We present 5 snooker tests that can be used to quantify the performance of these key skills. This allows us to analyse snooker players in an objective manner based on their level of ability for each key skill. The article concludes with a user study that assesses the performance of novice, intermediate and professional players when performing our proposed snooker skills test, which demonstrates the ability to make accurate comparison between players of different ability.
Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Bench Press Power and Velocity in Adolescent Male Athletes
Authors: Andre Matthew J. , Fry Andrew C. , McLellan Ernest , Weiss Lawrence W. , Moore Christopher M.
Published: December 2014

The purpose was to examine the acute effect of pre-exercise static stretching on barbell power and velocity during the bench press exercise. Forty male high school athletes performed 1 repetition maximum (1 RM) testing and were divided into either a static stretching (SS), or a no stretching (NS) protocol. Subjects performed 1 set of 3 repetitions of the bench press with 50% 1 RM as a warm-up. SS then performed a series of stretching exercises for the involved muscles. After completing either the bench press warm-up or the stretching protocol, subjects executed one bench press repetition at 85% 1 RM. After 24 hours, the groups switched protocols. Concentric mean barbell power and velocity were measured during the 85% lift. Stretching resulted in significantly lower mean power (NS=366.6±115.7 W, SS=282.7±111.4W) and mean velocity (NS=0.413±0.103 m×s−1, SS=0.302±0.086 m·s−1) when compared to NS. Static stretching has an acute detrimental effect on muscular performance.
Effect of In-Season Generic and Soccer-Specific High-Intensity Interval Training in Young Soccer Players
Authors: Jastrzebski Zbigniew , Barnat Wojciech , Dargiewicz Robert , Jaskulska Ewelina , Szwarc Andrzej , Radzimiński Łukasz
Published: December 2014

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different interval training regimes on the physical capacity and soccer-specific skills of young soccer players. Twenty-two subjects were divided into two groups: small-sided games group (SSGG; age: 15.8 ± 0.63 y, body mass: 61.6 ± 8.97 kg, height: 175.0 ± 6.23 cm) or interval-running group (IRG; age: 15.8 ± 0.55 y, body mass: 62.7 ± 8.69 kg, height: 177.6 ± 6.48 cm). The groups completed two different 8-week training programs. The intervention consisted of two training sessions per week (IRG – 7 × 3 min running where each bout consisted of 15 s of high-intensity running and 15 s of jogging with an active recovery period of 3 min; SSGG – 3 vs. 3 games for 7 × 3 min, with an active recovery period of 3 min). Significant changes over time were found in V̇O2max ( p = 0.009, η2 = 0.29) and peak power ( p = 0.014, η2 = 0.26). Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant increase in the maximal oxygen uptake only in the SSG group (p = 0.019). No significant improvement in running speed was found. The mean HR at AT increased significantly in both groups. A relevant correlation (group × time) was found for oxygen uptake at the AT intensity ( p = 0.015, η2 = 0.26). A significant time effect was also present with respect to this variable ( p = 0.000, η2 = 0.61). Post-hoc analysis of the V̇O2/AT index revealed no relevant (p = 0.19) improvements in the IRG (from 44.1 ± 5.72 to 46.0 ± 5.03 ml·kg−1·min−1), but there was a significant ( p = 0.000) increase in the SSG (from 40.9 ± 3.51 to 46.0 ± 3.88 ml·kg−1·min−1). The improvement in soccer-specific skills was not significant (3.2 % in IRG and 5.3 % in SSGG). The results of this study show that small-sided games and running can both be efficient training strategies for developing aerobic capacity and soccer-specific skills.
Effects of Pitch Size and Skill Level on Tactical Behaviours of Association Football Players during Small-Sided and Conditioned Games
Authors: Silva Pedro , Aguiar Paulo , Duarte Ricardo , Davids Keith , Araújo Duarte , Garganta Júlio
Published: December 2014

In Association Football, the study of variability in players' movement trajectories during performance can provide insights on tactical behaviours. This study aimed to analyse the movement variability present in: i) the players' actions zones and ii), distances travelled over time, considered as a player's positional spatial reference. Additionally, we investigated whether the movement variability characteristics of players from different skill levels varied. Two groups of U-17 yrs players of different performance levels (national and regional) performed in three small-sided games with varying pitch dimensions (small, intermediate and large). Linear and non-linear analyses were used to capture the magnitude and structure of their movement variability. Results showed that increases in pitch size resulted in more restricted action zones and higher distance values from personal spatial positional references for both groups. National-level players were more sensitive to pitch modifications and displayed more variability than regional-level players in the small and intermediate pitches. These findings advance understanding about individual tactical behaviours in Association Football and have implications for training design, using pitch size manipulation.
Dynamic Modeling of an Insect Wing Subject to Three-Dimensional Rotation
Authors: Jankauski Mark , Shen I.Y.
Published: December 2014

A dynamic model of an insect wing is developed treating the wing as a deformable body subject to three-dimensional finite rotation about a fixed point at the base of the wing. Discretization of a stationary wing is first conducted via finite element analysis to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the wing. By formulating and discretizing the kinetic and potential energy, we derive the equation of motion governing the modal response of a flapping wing using Lagrange's equation. The equation of motion indicates Coriolis, Euler, and centrifugal forces resulting from the finite rotation are responsible for the wings elastic deformation. Numerical integration reveals a beat phenomenon that arises from the Coriolis excitation in the first vibration mode. The beat phenomenon is insensitive to yaw amplitudes and nonzero initial conditions but diminishes in the presence of damping. The beat phenomenon can potentially be used to estimate gyroscopic forces.
Pitch and Roll Control Mechanism for a Hovering Flapping Wing MAV
Authors: Karásek Matej , Hua Alexandre , Nan Yanghai , Lalami Mohamed , Preumont André
Published: December 2014

Hovering flapping flight is inherently unstable and needs to be stabilized actively. We present a control mechanism that modulates independently the wing flapping amplitude and offset by displacing joints of a flapping linkage mechanism. We demonstrate its performance by high speed camera recordings of the wing motion as well as by direct measurements of pitch moment and lift force. While flapping at 17 Hz the prototype produces 90 mN of lift and generates pitch moments from −0.7 N.mm to 1.1 N.mm. The mechanism shows low level of cross-coupling in combined pitch and roll commands.
Decision Making in Brazil and Emerging Technologies: The Case of 18F-FDG
Authors: de Sousa Willy
Published: December 2014

The article recalls the history of the development of Fluor FDG in Brazil. Important facts that impacted this development and how this technology evolved considering a time span of more than ten years, starting from 1996, are presented in this paper. Five decisions made between 2004 and 2005 were selected and analyzed from the perspective of knowledge that a key decision maker has developed around the main elements of a decision - problem, objectives, alternatives, consequences, risks approach, and linked decisions. In conclusion, this case shows that experienced decision makers can make quality decisions when they are equipped with the appropriate information, align the relevant decisions taken over time, know how to use the right tactics at the right time and with all participants in decision making. Experienced decision makers identify opportunities where there seem to be problems, review the current strategies and visualize new strategies, and prepare themselves adequately to deal with the uncertainties.
«The mystеrious path» of medieval law. The theme of the Grail
Authors: Исаев Игорь , Isaev Igor
Published: December 2014

On the basis of analysis of myths, legends, as well as the works by R. Wagner, Dante and other authors the article reveals the category of law in relation to the Middle ages.
Synthetic being of law: trying to deal with a processional interpretation
Authors: Носков Владимир , Noskov Vladimir
Published: December 2014

The article is devoted to the problem of synthetic (integrative)

interpretation of law in the national philosophy and theory of

law. The author analyses pro et contra points of view concerning this

problem. He highlights the three main meanings to be taken into

account in the considering of integrative law: the intention as integrated

law; the process as integrable law; the result as integral law.

The author stresses the topicality of the processional interpretation

of the synthetic (integrative) law.
The 1815 Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
Authors: Шпопер Дариуш , Shpoper Dariusz
Published: December 2014

The article reveals the history of the 1815 Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland. Special attention is paid to the Constitution draft’s creation story and its authors.
A Computational Study of Exact Approaches for the Bi-Objective Prize-Collecting Steiner Tree Problem
Authors: Leitner Markus , Ljubić Ivana , Sinnl Markus
Published: December 2014

We introduce the bi-objective prize-collecting Steiner tree problem, whose goal is to find a subtree considering the conflicting objectives of minimizing the edge costs for building that tree, and maximizing the collected node revenues. We consider five iterative mixed-integer programming (MIP) frameworks that identify the complete Pareto front, i.e., one efficient solution for every point on the Pareto front. More precisely, the following methods are studied: an ε-constraint method, a two-phase method, a binary search in the objective space, a weighted Chebyshev norm method, and a method of Sylva and Crema. We also investigate how to exploit and recycle information gained during these iterative MIP procedures to accelerate the solution process. We consider (i) additional strengthening valid inequalities, (ii) procedures for initializing feasible solutions (using a solution pool), (iii) procedures for recycling violated cuts (using a cut pool), and (iv) guiding the branching process by previously detected Pareto optimal solutions. This work is a first study on exact approaches for solving the bi-objective prize-collecting Steiner tree problem. Standard benchmark instances from the literature are used to assess the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dignan Karen , Hobbs Julie
Published: December 2014

The book begins with an introduction which sets the scene about the intentions within the scope of the book and the best way to utilize the book effectively. The book is a practical guide to managers involved with workforce planning and skill mix assessment.
Midwives as educators: perceptions of a changing role
Authors: Collington Val
Published: December 2014

Recent policy changes imply that women be partners in decision making regarding care and need to be empowered by the relevant knowledge about maernity services, birth processes and parenting. The role of midwives as childbirth educators was investigated in a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Principal thematic findings were that midwifery programmes do not adequately prepare midwives for the role and that constraints are imposed by government policies on their practice. Current ideologies and policies may create conflicts In midwifery practice and pose a challenge to midwives and parents in the decision making process. As women are encouraged to actively participate in decision making regarding their care, empowerment is the purpose of educating them regarding childbirth and parenting. Midwives shared their views on what knowledge was felt to be appropriate to prepare women for informed decision making.