bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of HLA genotypes with phenobarbital hypersensitivity in children
Authors: Manuyakorn Wiparat , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth , Likkasittipan Plernpit , Kamchaisatian Wasu , Wattanapokayakit Sukanya , Inunchot Wimala , Visudtibhan Anannit , Wichukchinda Nuanjun , Benjaponpitak Suwat
Published: August 2016

Objective

Phenobarbital hypersensitivity is one of the common drug hypersensitivity syndromes in children. Clinical symptoms of phenobarbital hypersensitivity vary from maculopapular rashes (MPs) to severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) including drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Drug hypersensitivity has been demonstrated to be associated with variations in the HLA genotypes. This study was to investigate the association between the variations of HLA genotypes and phenobarbital hypersensitivity in Thai children.

Methods

The cases were Thai children, between 0 and 18 years of age, who were diagnosed with phenobarbital hypersensitivity, which included SCARs and MPs. The control patients were Thai children of a corresponding age who had taken phenobarbital for at least 12 weeks without any hypersensitivity reaction. Blood samples were collected for HLA genotyping by using a reverse‐sequence‐specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes method. The carrier rates of HLA alleles were compared between 47 cases (27 SCARs and 20 MPs) and 54 controls.

Results

The carrier rates of HLA‐A*01:01 and HLA‐B*13:01 were significantly higher in the phenobarbital‐induced SCARs than in the tolerant controls (18.5% vs. 1.85%, p = 0.01, odds ratio [OR] 11.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–578.19; 37.04% vs. 11.11%, p = 0.009, OR 4.60, 95%CI 1.29–17.98). There was a trend of a higher carrier rate of HLA‐C*06:02 in the phenobarbital‐induced SCARs when compared with those in the tolerant controls (29.63% vs. 11.11%, p = 0.059, OR 3.31, 95% CI 0.88–13.31). In contrast to the phenobarbital‐induced SCARs, only the HLA‐A*01:01 carrier rate in the phenobarbital‐induced MPs was significantly higher than those in the tolerant controls (20% vs. 1.85%, p = 0.017, OR 12.69, 95% CI 1.15–661.62).

Significance

An association between phenobarbital hypersensitivity and HLA‐A*01:01 and HLA‐B*13:01 has been demonstrated in Thai children.
Regional and global connectivity disturbances in focal epilepsy, related neurocognitive sequelae, and potential mechanistic underpinnings
Authors: Englot Dario J. , Konrad Peter E. , Morgan Victoria L.
Published: August 2016

Epilepsy is among the most common brain network disorders, and it is associated with substantial morbidity and increased mortality. Although focal epilepsy was traditionally considered a regional brain disorder, growing evidence has demonstrated widespread network alterations in this disorder that extend beyond the epileptogenic zone from which seizures originate. The goal of this review is to summarize recent investigations examining functional and structural connectivity alterations in focal epilepsy, including neuroimaging and electrophysiologic studies utilizing model‐based or data‐driven analytic methods. A significant subset of studies in both mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and focal neocortical epilepsy have demonstrated patterns of increased connectivity related to the epileptogenic zone, coupled with decreased connectivity in widespread distal networks. Connectivity patterns appear to be related to the duration and severity of disease, suggesting progressive connectivity reorganization in the setting of recurrent seizures over time. Global resting‐state connectivity disturbances in focal epilepsy have been linked to neurocognitive problems, including memory and language disturbances. Although it is possible that increased connectivity in a particular brain region may enhance the propensity for seizure generation, it is not clear if global reductions in connectivity represent the damaging consequences of recurrent seizures, or an adaptive mechanism to prevent seizure propagation away from the epileptogenic zone. Overall, studying the connectome in focal epilepsy is a critical endeavor that may lead to improved strategies for epileptogenic‐zone localization, surgical outcome prediction, and a better understanding of the neuropsychological implications of recurrent seizures.
Post–epilepsy surgery psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Asadi‐Pooya Ali A. , Asadollahi Marjan , Tinker Jennifer , Nei Maromi , Sperling Michael R.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

We investigated the prevalence of post–epilepsy surgery psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) in patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy and the possible influence of risk factors on these seizures.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we examined data from all patients with a clinical diagnosis of drug‐resistant epilepsy who underwent epilepsy surgery at Graduate Hospital and the Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center between 1986 and 2016. Postsurgical outcome was identified for up to 15 years after surgery. Diagnosis of PNES was verified in the epilepsy monitoring unit with video–electroencephalography (EEG) ictal recording. Potential associated factors were assessed by comparing patients with or without postoperative PNES.

Results

A total of 1,105 patients were studied; 697 patients had postoperative seizures, and, of these, 27 patients (3.9%) had documented PNES after surgery. A full‐scale intelligence quotient (IQ) <80 was significantly associated with post‐epilepsy surgery PNES (odds ratio [OR] 2.89, p = 0.007, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33–6.29). A history of a preoperative psychiatric diagnosis was also significantly associated with post–epilepsy surgery PNES (OR 4.67, p = 0.0001, 95% CI 2.01–10.82). Other factors were not significantly associated with post–epilepsy surgery PNES.

Significance

Post–epilepsy surgery PNES should be considered when patients report recurrent seizures after epilepsy surgery. Although these seizures probably occur relatively infrequently, attention to factors such as appearance of new ictal behaviors, a preoperative history of a psychiatric disorder, and a low full‐scale IQ should raise suspicion and lead to appropriate diagnostic measures.
Large pituitary adenoma in an 8‐year‐old Arabian stallion
Authors: Madrigal R. G. , Andrews F. M. , Rademacher N. , McConnico R. S. , Duplantis D. , Eades S. C.
Published: August 2016

An 8‐year‐old Arabian stallion weighing 361 kg presented to Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a 3‐month history of weight loss, exercise intolerance, long hair coat and recent history of seizures and aimless wandering in the pasture. An initial presumptive diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) was made based on clinical signs. The initial examination revealed weight loss and loss of body condition (BCS3/9), hypertrichosis, muscle wasting and reluctance to move when prompted. A neurological examination revealed dull mentation with no evidence of proprioceptive deficits in the limbs. Mild hyperglycaemia and a stress leucogram were noted on initial biochemical panel and haematology, respectively. Plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations before and after thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation were markedly increased. Rapid slice computed tomography (CT) scan of the head before and after contrast revealed a large mass in the region of the pituitary gland suggestive of macroadenoma causingPPID. Prior to imaging, treatment consisted of supportive nursing care. Due to size of the pituitary gland (measuring 4.6 × 4.6 × 3.8 cm) and the presence of seizure‐like activity and dull mentation, the stallion was subjected to euthanasia. A necropsy was not performed. Pituitary macroadenomas in horses affected withPPID, who show neurological signs such as seizure‐like activity, dull mentation and aimless wandering, might have a poor prognosis and treatment with pergolide mesylate might not reduce pituitary gland size or relieve clinical signs. ACTscan is indicated in horses with neurological signs suspected ofPPIDto further evaluate pituitary gland size and surrounding structures and rule out other causes to better assess prognosis.
Moving Beyond Fatherhood Involvement: The Association Between Father–Child Relationship Quality and Youth Delinquency Trajectories
Authors: Yoder Jamie R. , Brisson Daniel , Lopez Amy
Published: August 2016

The effect of nonresidential father relationship characteristics on delinquency trajectories among low‐income youth (N = 799) was examined using data from the Three Cities Study, a longitudinal study of mothers and their children eligible for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio. Growth curve models were employed to track delinquency trajectories and their rate of growth. Characteristics of father–child relationships (anger–alienation, trust–communication) were specified as predictors of delinquency while controlling for father involvement and family structure. Trust–communication influenced delinquency growth, but the rate of growth slowed as youth aged. Implications for programs, interventions, and policy are explored.
Dihydromyricetin enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro partially via the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Shengdong , Yin Houfa , Chen Erman , Xue Deting , Zheng Qiang , Gao Xiang , Pan Zhijun
Published: August 2016

Substantial evidence has demonstrated that the decreased osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is closely related to bone metabolic diseases. Thus, it is very important to develop several potentially useful therapeutic agents to enhance BMSC osteogenesis. Flavonoids show promise in enhancing bone mass. Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a type of flavonoid, has not yet been investigated regarding its effects on BMSC osteogenesis. To investigate the effects of DMY on osteogenesis, human BMSCs were induced with or without DMY. We found that DMY (0.1–50 μm) exhibited no cytotoxic effect on proliferation, but increased alkaline phosphatase activity, osteoblast‐specific gene expression, and mineral deposition. It also enhanced active β‐catenin expression and reduced dickkopf‐1(DKK1) and sclerostin expression. The Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway inhibitor (DKK1 and β‐catenin‐specific siRNA) decreased the enhanced bone mineral formation caused by DMY. Taken together, these findings reveal that DMY enhances osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs partly through Wnt/β‐catenin in vitro.
Altered gene expression in hippocampus and depressive‐like behavior in young adult female mice by early protein malnutrition
Authors: Belluscio L. M. , Alberca C. D. , Pregi N. , Cánepa E. T.
Published: August 2016

Perinatal development represents a critical period in the life of an individual. A common cause of poor development is that which comes from undernutrition or malnutrition. In particular, protein deprivation during development has been shown to have deep deleterious effects on brain's growth and plasticity. Early‐life stress has also been linked with an increased risk to develop different psychopathologies later in life. We have previously shown that perinatal protein malnutrition in mice leads to the appearance of anxiety‐related behaviors in the adulthood. We also found evidence that the female offspring was more susceptible to the development of depression‐related behaviors. In the present work, we further investigated this behavior together with its molecular bases. We focused our study on the hippocampus, as it is a structure involved in coping with stressful situations. We found an increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test in perinatally malnourished females, and an alteration in the expression of genes related with neuroplasticity, early growth response 1, calcineurin and c‐fos. We also found that perinatal malnutrition causes a reduction in the number of neurons in the hippocampus. This reduction, together with altered gene expression, could be related to the increment in immobility time observed in the forced swimming test.
Linking microbial C:N:P stoichiometry to microbial community and abiotic factors along a 3500‐km grassland transect on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen Yong‐Liang , Chen Lei‐Yi , Peng Yun‐Feng , Ding Jin‐Zhi , Li Fei , Yang Gui‐Biao , Kou Dan , Liu Li , Fang Kai , Zhang Bei‐Bei , Wang Jun , Yang Yuan‐He
Published: August 2016

Aim

To explore large‐scale patterns and the drivers of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry in heterotrophic microbes.

Location

A 3500‐km grassland transect on the Tibetan Plateau.

Methods

We investigated large‐scale C:N:P stoichiometry patterns in the soil microbial biomass and their relationships with abiotic factors and soil microbial community structures by obtaining soil samples from 173 sites across the Tibetan alpine grasslands.

Results

C:N:P ratios in the soil microbial biomass varied widely among grassland types, with higher microbial C:N, C:P and N:P ratios in the alpine steppe than the alpine meadow. The soil microbial C:N:P ratio (81:6:1) in the alpine steppe was significantly wider than the global average (42:6:1). Combined stepwise regression and generalized additive models revealed that variations in the microbial C:N ratio were primarily related to abiotic variables, with the microbial C:N ratio exhibiting a decreasing trend along the precipitation gradient. In contrast, variations in microbial C:P and N:P ratios were primarily associated with shifts in the community structure of soil microbes. The microbial C:P and N:P ratios were both negatively associated with all components of the soil microbial communities. However, the fungi to bacteria ratio only regulated the microbial C:P ratio.

Main conclusions

These results demonstrate that microbial C:N:P stoichiometry exhibits significant flexibility across various ecosystem types. This flexibility is partly induced by shifts in microbial community structure and variations in environmental conditions.
Screening and risk assessment for coronary artery disease in HIV infection: an unmet need
Authors: Nadel J , Holloway CJ
Published: August 2016

HIV infection is now considered a chronic, treatable disease, although treatment is associated with increased rates of coronary artery disease (CAD). Increased risk of CAD in HIV‐infected patients has been associated with the inflammatory sequelae of the infection as well as the greater prevalence of cardiac risk factors in HIV‐positive populations and the side effects of life‐prolonging antiretroviral therapies. Patients with HIV infection now have a 1.5 to 2‐fold greater risk of developing CAD compared with noninfected individuals, raising the independent risk of CAD in HIV infection to levels similar to those in diabetes. Despite this increased risk, screening and other adjuvant assessment tools are lacking.

In this paper we explore the current climate of CAD in the contemporary HIV‐infected population and look at the tools used in the assessment and management of patients as well as the limitations of these approaches for this at‐risk population group.
Recent advances in autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Rangan G. K. , Tchan M. C. , Tong A. , Wong A. T. Y. , Nankivell B. J.
Published: August 2016

Autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common genetic renal disease in adults, affecting one in every 1000 Australians. It is caused by loss‐of‐function heterozygous mutations in either
PKD1
or
PKD2
, which encode the proteins, polycystin‐1 and polycystin‐2 respectively. The disease hallmark is the development of hundreds of microscopic fluid‐filled cysts in the kidney during early childhood, which grow exponentially and continuously through life at varying rates (between 2% and 10% per year), causing loss of normal renal tissue and up to a 50% lifetime risk of dialysis‐dependent kidney failure. Other systemic complications include hypertensive cardiac disease, hepatic cysts, intracranial aneurysms, diverticular disease and hernias. Over the last two decades, advances in the genetics and pathogenesis of this disease have led to novel treatments that reduce the rate of renal cyst growth and may potentially delay the onset of kidney failure. New evidence indicates that conventional therapies (such as angiotensin inhibitors and statins) have mild attenuating effects on renal cyst growth and that systemic levels of vasopressin are critical for promoting renal cyst growth in the postnatal period. Identifying and integrating patient‐centred perspectives in clinical trials is also being advocated. This review will provide an update on recent advances in the clinical management of ADPKD.
Characteristics of Queensland physicians and the influence of rural exposure on practice location
Authors: Runge C. E. , MacKenzie A. , Loos C. , Waller M. , Gabbett M. , Mills R. , Eley D.
Published: August 2016

The Queensland branch of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) commissioned this study to update their workforce profile and examine rural practice. The present investigation aimed to describe characteristics of Queensland physicians and determine the influence of childhood and training locations on current rural practice. A cross‐sectional online survey, conducted 4 July–4 November 2013, was administered to Fellows of The RACP, Queensland. Descriptive statistics report characteristics and logistic regression analyses identify associations and interactions. The outcome measure was current practice location using the Australian Standard Geographic Classification – Remoteness Area. Data were obtained for 633 physicians. Their average age was 49.5 years, a third was female and a quarter was in rural practice. Rural practice was associated with a rural childhood (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, CI) 1.89 (1.10, 3.27) P = 0.02) and any time spent as an intern (OR 4.07 (2.12, 7.82) P < 0.001) or registrar (OR 4.00 (2.21, 7.26) P < 0.001) in a rural location. Physicians with a rural childhood and rural training were most likely to be in rural practice. However, those who had a metropolitan childhood and a rural internship were approximately five times more likely to be working in rural practice than physicians with no rural exposure (OR 5.33 (1.61, 17.60) P < 0.01). The findings demonstrate the positive effect of rural vocational training on rural practice. A prospective study would determine if recent changes to the Basic Physician Training Pathway and the Basic Paediatric Training Network (more rural training than previous pathways) increases the rate of rural practice.
Rare‐Earth Dopant Effects on the Structural, Energetic, and Magnetic Properties of Alumina from First Principles
Authors: Limmer Krista R. , Neupane Mahesh R. , Brennan Raymond E. , Chantawansri Tanya L.
Published: August 2016

Density functional theory was used to study the effect of rare‐earth dopants on the structure, phase stability, and magnetic properties of α‐ and θ‐Al2O3. Lanthanide series rare‐earth dopants (Pr, Nd, Gd, Er, and Yb) were considered at a doping concentration of 0.83 at.%. Incorporation of rare‐earth dopants was found to increase the lattice parameters and exaggerate the local structural distortion around the dopant. The extent of local lattice distortion was correlated with the dopant ionic radii. The phase stability of rare‐earth‐doped Al2O3 was assessed by comparing cohesive and defect formation energies for doped and undoped α‐ and θ‐Al2O3. Rare‐earth dopants increased the relative stability of the metastable θ‐Al2O3, although doped α‐Al2O3 remained more stable. The total magnetic moment of the doped Al2O3 was shown to correlate with the number of unpaired electrons. The magnetic moment was also found to be strongly localized on the rare‐earth dopant for Er, Gd, Nd, and Pr‐doped Al2O3. In contrast, the Yb dopant induced a delocalized magnetic moment on ~80% of the oxygen atoms. These results further the understanding of dopant incorporation mechanisms, as well as the doping effect on phase stability and magnetic properties that may be applied to advanced field‐assisted material synthesis and processing for enhanced properties.
Electrocaloric Effect in Ba(Zr,Ti)O3–(Ba,Ca)TiO3 Ceramics Measured Directly
Authors: Sanlialp Mehmet , Shvartsman Vladimir V. , Acosta Matias , Lupascu Doru C.
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we report on studies of the electrocaloric (EC) effect in lead‐free (1−x)Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 ceramics with compositions range between 0.32 ≤ x ≤ 0.45. The EC effect was measured directly using a modified differential scanning calorimeter. The maximum EC temperature change, ΔTdirect = 0.33 K under an electric field of 2 kV/mm, was observed for the composition with x = 0.32 at ~63°C. We found that the EC effect peaks not only around the Curie temperature but also at the transition between the ferroelectric phases with different symmetries. A strong discrepancy observed between the results of the direct measurements and indirect estimations points out that using Maxwell's equations is invalid for the thermodynamic nonequilibrium conditions that accompany only partial (incomplete) poling of ceramics. We also observe a nonlinearity of the EC effect above the Curie temperature and in the temperature range corresponding to the tetragonal ferroelectric phase.
Effect of P2O5 on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Magnetite‐Based Glass‐Ceramics
Authors: Sandu Viorel , Greculeasa Simona , Kuncser Andrei , Kuncser Victor
Published: August 2016

The specific morphology and magnetic properties of magnetite‐based glass‐ceramics obtained by crystallization of Fe‐containing borosilicate glassmelts in the presence of P2O5 as nucleating agent are investigated. We found that the distribution of the tiny nanoparticles of magnetite determines the low temperature response to magnetic field. The observed effects are discussed with respect to the following factors: (1) the existence of a multimodal size distribution of the tiny grains as revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetometry, and high‐resolution electron microscopy; (2) the existence of a disordered layer at the grain surface which is driven by field in a magnetically ordered state; and (3) the interplay between the relaxation mechanisms in different temperature ranges.
Peri‐conceptual and mid‐pregnancy drinking: a cross‐sectional assessment in two Scottish health board areas using a 7‐day Retrospective Diary
Authors: Symon Andrew , Rankin Jean , Sinclair Hazel , Butcher Geraldine , Barclay Kylie , Gordon Rhona , MacDonald Michelle , Smith Lesley
Published: August 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a 7‐day Retrospective Diary to assess peri‐conceptual and mid‐pregnancy alcohol consumption.

Background

Alcohol consumption among women has increased significantly and is of international concern. Heavy episodic (‘binge’) drinking is commonplace and is associated with unintended pregnancy. Pre‐pregnancy drinking is strongly associated with continued drinking in pregnancy. Routine antenatal assessment of alcohol history and current drinking is variable; potentially harmful peri‐conceptual drinking may be missed if a woman reports low or no drinking during pregnancy.

Design

Cross‐sectional study (n = 510) in two Scottish health board areas.

Methods

Face‐to‐face Retrospective Diary administration from February to June 2015 assessing alcohol consumption in peri‐conceptual and mid‐pregnancy periods. Women were recruited at the mid‐pregnancy ultrasound clinic.

Results

Of 510 women, 470 (92·0%) drank alcohol before their pregnancy; 187 (39·9%) drank every week. Retrospective assessment of peri‐conceptual consumption identified heavy episodic drinking (more than six units on one occasion) in 52·2% (n = 266); 19·6% (n = 100) reported drinking more than 14 units per week, mostly at the weekend; ‘mixing’ of drinks was associated with significantly higher consumption. While consumption tailed off following pregnancy recognition, 5·5% (n = 28) still exceeded the recommended daily two‐unit limit in pregnancy. Multivariable logistic regression identified that women who ‘binged’ peri‐conceptually were 3·2 times more likely to do this.

Conclusion

Statistically significant peri‐conceptual consumption levels suggest a substantial proportion of alcohol‐exposed pregnancies before pregnancy recognition. Not taking a detailed alcohol history, including patterns of consumption, will result in under‐detection of alcohol‐exposed pregnancies. The Retrospective Diary offers practitioners a detailed way of enquiring about alcohol history for this population.
From Social Exclusion to Supported Inclusion: Adults with Intellectual Disability Discuss Their Lived Experiences of a Structured Social Group
Authors: Wilson Nathan J. , Jaques Hayden , Johnson Amanda , Brotherton Michelle L.
Published: August 2016

Background

People with intellectual disability often have few friends and experience social exclusion. Recognising this gap, supported social groups with the aim of inclusion and interdependence were created by a supported employment provider.

Methods

Interviews were undertaken with 10 adults with intellectual disability exploring their lived experiences of a supported social group. Data were analysed using descriptive phenomenology.

Results

Two themes emerged (i) supported engagement fosters wellbeing, and (ii) developing social belonging and connectedness. Participants not only acknowledged the support that they needed to participate, but also that the social group had changed their lives in many ways.

Conclusions

Adults with intellectual disability want to socialise, have friends and be part of their community. For this to be achieved, they recognise the need to seek some form of support. With appropriate and targeted support, adults with intellectual disability can move from social exclusion towards supported inclusion and experience richer lives.
Innovative Strength‐Based Care in Child and Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatry
Authors: Sams Deanna P. , Garrison David , Bartlett Joanne
Published: August 2016

PROBLEM

Child and adolescent psychiatric units serve the highest risk, most vulnerable populations in the mental health delivery system. This article describes the integration of a strength‐based approach with a traditional, medical model of psychiatric care on an acute inpatient unit. A strength‐based framework allows for increased focus on exploring patients' goals, strengths, relationships, skills, and family communication within the hospital setting.

METHODS

The process of integration of strength‐based care is described, followed by discussion of the implementation and evaluation of interventions, including mindfulness, family movie, narrative, and animal‐assisted therapies.

FINDINGS

Innovative interventions led to improvement in patient symptoms, unit culture, and patient, family, and staff satisfaction.

CONCLUSION

A strong emphasis on strength‐based, multidisciplinary treatment has enhanced patient care, as the goals of acute inpatient admission are broadened to include more than diagnosis and medication management.
Suicide Risk Screening Tools and the Youth Population
Authors: Patterson Sharon
Published: August 2016

TOPIC

The use of suicide risk screening tools is a critical component of a comprehensive approach to suicide risk assessment. Since nurses frequently spend more time with patients than any other healthcare professional, they are in key positions to detect and prevent suicidal behavior in youth.

PURPOSE

To inform nurses about suicide risk screening tools for the youth population. Suicide risk screening tools are research‐based standardized instruments that are used to identify people who may be at risk for suicide.

SOURCES USED

A literature search was performed using the Athabasca University Library Resource, the databases of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar.

CONCLUSIONS

Nurses are cautioned to utilize suicide risk screening tools as only part of the suicide risk assessment in youth populations and avoid the danger of relying on tools that may result in a blind application of evidence to the detriment of clinical experience and judgement.
Ukraine between a Constrained EU and Assertive Russia
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: August 2016

The article analyzes three factors constraining EU power: its unwillingness to view Ukraine as a candidate for membership, a miscalculation of Ukrainian leaders and the ignoring of growing nationalism and xenophobia in Russia. These three factors constrained the EU in its ability to respond to the Russia–Ukraine crisis by ignoring past Russian support for separatist movements and invasion of Georgia and recognition of the independence of two separatist enclaves. The EU did not appreciate that Russia also viewed the EU (not just NATO) as a hostile actor intervening in what it views as its ‘zone of privileged interests’.
The impact of sentinel node dissection on disease‐free and overall tumour‐specific survival in melanoma patients: a single centre group‐matched analysis of 1192 patients
Authors: Geimer T. , Sattler E.C. , Flaig M.J. , Ruzicka T. , Berking C. , Schmid‐Wendtner M.H. , Kunte C.
Published: August 2016

Background

Sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) is considered a standard staging procedure providing important prognostic information on melanoma patients. It remains a matter of debate, whether SLND and hence, removal of potential lymph node micrometastasis will alter survival outcome.

Objective

The aim of this group‐matched analysis was to compare survival data of a large cohort of melanoma patients who were treated by wide local excision only (WLE) and nodal observation (WLE group) to a group of patients treated with WLE plus SLND group to investigate the potential therapeutic benefit of SLND in the treatment of patients with melanoma.

Methods and materials

A total of 596 consecutive patients who had undergone WLE plus SLND between 1996 and 2003 were assessed. As a historical control group 596 patients treated with WLE and nodal observation but without SLND between 1986 and 1995 were selected. The groups were matched according to sex, age, Breslow tumour thickness and localization of primary tumour. The adjuvant treatment and follow‐up examinations were performed according to protocols of the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group (DeCOG) and applicable study protocols that our clinic participated in; and hence, subject to change over time.

Results

Kaplan–Meier testing revealed significant differences in survival in favour of the SLND group. Mean overall tumour‐specific survival (OS) was 102.7 months in the SLND group vs. 97.0 months in the WLE group respectively (P‐value: 0.024). Disease‐free survival (log–rank test: 0.003) and time to lymph node progression (P‐value: <0.01) also differed significantly between the two groups.

Conclusion

SLND is not only an important diagnostic procedure, but might also be of therapeutic benefit in terms of disease‐free and overall tumour‐specific survival of melanoma patients.
Apoptosis of keratinocytes and serum DNase I activity in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: relationship with clinical and immunoserological parameters
Authors: Skiljevic D. , Bonaci‐Nikolic B. , Brasanac D. , Nikolic M.
Published: August 2016

Background

Dysregulation of apoptosis has an important role in the induction of autoimmunity.

Objective

To evaluate the influence of keratinocyte apoptosis and deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) activity on the clinical and immunoserological parameters of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE).

Methods

We studied 69 CLE patients (39 with discoid LE (DLE), 12 with subacute CLE (SCLE), 12 with acute and 6 with intermittent CLE). Thirty of sixty‐nine patients fulfilled criteria for systemic LE (SLE). Apoptotic index (AI) was evaluated immunohistochemically in lesional and non‐lesional, photoprotected skin. Serum DNase I activity, antichromatin and anti‐ENA antibodies were measured by ELISA. Disease activity was determined by SLEDAI‐2K, SLICC/ACR, CLASI and RCLASI.

Results

AI in lesions was higher than in non‐lesional skin (P < 0.001). There was no difference in AI between CLE and SLE patients. Patients with SCLE had higher lesional AI than patients with DLE (P < 0.05). We found a positive correlation between the lesional AI with CLASI A (P < 0.05) and RCLASI D (P < 0.05). CLE and SLE patients had significantly lower DNase I activity than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Patients with normal DNase I activity and low AI had significantly lower CLASI A than patients with decreased DNase I activity and/or elevated AI (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Increased keratinocyte apoptosis characterizes lesions of all CLE forms, especially of SCLE. AI correlates with CLE markers of acute and chronic inflammation. Normal level of apoptosis and DNase I activity simultaneously reduce the level of acute inflammation in CLE. Serum DNase I activity and AI might be important biomarkers in the evaluation of CLE patients.
Quality Characteristics of Fresh and Cooked Ground Beef can be Improved by the Incorporation of Lean Finely‐Textured Beef (LFTB)
Authors: Moon Courtney T. , Yancey Janeal W. S. , Apple Jason K. , Hollenbeck Jace J. , Johnson Timothy M. , Winters Ashley R.
Published: August 2016

Ground beef was formulated into six treatments of 82 or 93% lean with 0, 10, or 20% lean finely‐textured beef (LFTB). Batches (n = 5/treatment) were ground and formed into patties, then aerobically packaged for 5 days of simulated retail display to measure fresh color and lipid oxidation (TBARS). Additional patties were cooked to 71.1C before measuring external and internal cooked color, TBARS, and Lee‐Kramer shear force (LKSF). Lightness (L*), redness (a*), and pH of fresh patties increased (P < 0.05), whereas TBARS values were decreased (P < 0.05) on days 1, 2, and 4 of display, with increasing LFTB percentage. Cooking loss was lowest (P < 0.05) in 20% LFTB patties, whereas LKSF declined (P < 0.05) with increasing LFTB inclusion. Thus, LFTB incorporation up to 20% improved the quality of fresh ground beef patties and tenderness of cooked patties, without detrimentally impacting (P > 0.07) cooked color.

Practical Applications

Lean finely‐textured beef (LFTB) is a product made using an advanced meat recovery system from high‐fat, beef trimmings, and LFTB is treated with food‐grade ammonia to increase product pH and reduce potential pathogenic bacteria contamination. Even though LFTB has received considerable negative media coverage since 2012 (Yadavalli and Jones ), results of this research indicate that the inclusion of LFTB up to 20% could lend many positive quality characteristics to both fresh and cooked ground beef patties. Decreased lipid oxidation along with improved fresh color could result in a product with greater quality attributes, especially a more appealing color to consumers. With no negative effects on cooked color or cooking loss and the potential for increased tenderness, LFTB inclusion is a viable way to produce a desirable product while ensuring more complete utilization of beef carcasses.
Details of the gabbro‐to‐eclogite transition determined from microtextures and calculated chemical potential relationships
Authors: Schorn S. , Diener J. F. A.
Published: August 2016

Permian‐aged metagabbros from the eclogite type‐locality in the eastern European Alps were partially to completely transformed to eclogite during Eoalpine intracontinental subduction. Microtextures developed along a preserved fluid infiltration and reaction front in the gabbros record the incipient gabbro‐to‐eclogite transition, allowing the details of the eclogitization process to be investigated. Original, anorthite‐rich igneous plagioclase is pervasively replaced by fine‐grained intergrowths of clinozoisite, kyanite and Na‐rich plagioclase. Where plagioclase was in contact with igneous orthopyroxene, 100–200 μm thick bimineralic coronae of symplectic kyanite and diopsidic clinopyroxene form along the edges of the grains. The rims of igneous orthopyroxene develop a complementary bimineralic corona of diopsidic clinopyroxene and garnet. Igneous clinopyroxene does not show any breakdown textures; however, jadeite content gradually increases towards the rims. In addition, exsolution lamellae inherited from the igneous clinopyroxene become progressively more jadeitic as eclogitization proceeds. Given that the igneous plagioclase is pervasively replaced by clinozoisite, kyanite and Na‐rich plagioclase, whereas kyanite–diopside symplectites are confined to narrow rim zones, we suggest that the development of these textures was controlled by the (im)mobility of different elements on different length scales. The presence of hydrous minerals in the core of anhydrous plagioclase indicates that H2O diffusivity occurred on a mm‐scale. By contrast, the size of the anhydrous diopside–kyanite and diopside–garnet symplectites indicate that Fe–Mg–Ca–Na diffusivity was limited to a 10s of μm scale. Chemical potential relations calculated in the idealized NCASH chemical system show that the clinozoisite–kyanite–albite intergrowths formed due to an increase of μH2O to plagioclase, whereas all other elements remained effectively immobile on the scale of this texture. Fluid conditions indicated by this texture span from virtually dry conditions (0.15) to H2O‐saturation, and therefore does not imply that the rocks were ever fluid‐saturated. Calculations in the CMAS and NCFMAS systems show that the gabbro‐to‐eclogite transition is characterized by the growth of garnet, diopsidic clinopyroxene and kyanite due to diffusion of Ca (+ Na) and Mg (+ Fe) along a μCaO (+ Na2O)–μMgO (+ FeO) chemical potential gradient developed between orthopyroxene and plagioclase compositional domains. The anhydrous nature of the textures indicate that the gabbro‐to‐eclogite transition is not driven by hydration; however, increased μH2O acts as a catalyst that increases diffusivity of all elements and rates of dissolution–precipitation, allowing the overstepped metamorphic reactions to occur. Our results show that crustal eclogite formation requires low H2O content, confirming that true eclogites are dry rocks.
Hippocampal PER1: a circadian sentinel controlling RSKy activity during memory formation
Authors: Yoo Seung‐Hee , Eckel‐Mahan Kristin
Published: August 2016

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Studies have demonstrated a pronounced dependence of memory formation on circadian time; however, the numerous mechanisms underlying this reliance are only beginning to be understood. While the 24‐h cellular clock controls various aspects of hippocampal memory formation, its consolidation in particular (i.e., its conversion from short‐term to long‐term memory), appears to be heavily dependent on circadian activity in hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal memory consolidation requires phosphorylation of the cAMP Response Element‐Binding protein, CREB, which upon phosphorylation promotes the transcription of genes necessary for long‐term memory formation. Rhythmic cAMP/ERK‐MAPK activity upstream of CREB is a necessary component. This Editorial highlights a study by Rawashdeh and coworkers, in which the authors establish the circadian clock gene Period1 (Per1) as a regulator of CREB phosphorylation in the mouse hippocampus, and thus reveal a functional link between circadian rhythms and learning efficiency.

Read the highlighted article ‘Period1 gates the circadian modulation of memory‐relevant signaling in mouse hippocampus by regulating the nuclear shuttling of the CREB kinase pP90RSK’ on page 731.
How Financially Literate Are Women? An Overview and New Insights
Authors: Bucher‐Koenen Tabea , Lusardi Annamaria , Alessie Rob , van Rooij Maarten
Published: August 2016

We document strikingly similar gender differences in financial literacy across countries. When asked to answer questions that measure knowledge of basic financial concepts, women are less likely than men to answer correctly and more likely to indicate that they do not know the answer. Both young and old women show low levels of financial literacy. Moreover, women for whom financial knowledge is likely to be very important—for example widows or single women—also know little about concepts relevant for day‐to‐day financial decisions. The gender differences are present for very basic as well as more advanced measures of financial literacy. This is important because financial literacy has been linked to economic behavior, including retirement planning and wealth accumulation. Women live longer than men and are likely to spend time in widowhood. Thus, improving women's financial literacy is key to helping them prepare for retirement and promoting their financial security.
Standardization, Racialization, Languagelessness: Raciolinguistic Ideologies across Communicative Contexts
Authors: Rosa Jonathan Daniel
Published: August 2016

This article examines the racialized relationship between ideologies of language standardization and what I term “languagelessness.” Whereas ideologies of language standardization stigmatize particular linguistic practices understood to deviate from prescriptive norms, ideologies of languagelessness call into question linguistic competence–and, by extension, legitimate personhood–altogether. Throughout the article I show how these ideologies interact with one another, and how assessments of particular individuals' language use often invoke broader ideas about the (in)competence and (il)legitimacy of entire racialized groups. I focus specifically on dimensions of the racialized relationship between ideologies of language standardization and languagelessness in contemporary framings of U.S. Latinas/os and their linguistic practices. I draw on a range of evidence, including ethnographic data collected within a predominantly Latina/o U.S. high school, institutional policies, and scholarly conceptions of language. When analyzed collectively, these sources highlight the racialized ways that ideologies of language standardization and languagelessness become linked in theory, policy, and everyday interactions. In my examination of these data through the lens of racialization, I seek to theorize how ideologies of language standardization and languagelessness contribute to the enactment of forms of societal inclusion and exclusion in relation to different sociopolitical contexts, ethnoracial categories, and linguistic practices.
Coming in First: Sound and Embodiment in Spelling Bees
Authors: Shankar Shalini
Published: August 2016

The increasingly intense level of competition of the National Spelling Bee in recent years suggests that this “brain sport” has become a complex site for the politics of language standardization, media, and childhood competition. In this article I delve into this nexus to explore its heart: sound. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted at spelling bees and with spellers, families, officials, and media broadcasters, I examine how spellers experience the word as a mélange of sounds, the embodied processes that inform their orthographic choices, and how this sensory process made viewable for media audiences who may know little about orthography. Employing what Steve Feld (2015) has called “acoustemology,” I analyze competitive spelling through the lens of “firstness,” a concept the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (1955) identified as a mode of being replete with unmediated feelings and qualities. Two‐minute spelling bee turns serve as ethnographic examples of language materiality that reveal the complex routines that spellers undertake in each spelling bee round. This onstage sensorium also provides a basis upon which media broadcasters create metasemiotic frameworks through which to observe and understand the complexity this sensory activity.

Video abstract:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TOnAokn96E
On the Iconization of Simplified Chinese
Authors: Wong Andrew D.
Published: August 2016

Although iconization is widely recognized as a crucial process through which linguistic differences are accorded social significance, we know little about how iconic linkages travel across time and space. This article highlights the processual nature of iconization and reveals recontextualization as an important mechanism for the transformation of indexical signs into icons. Focusing on a well‐known poem that purportedly encapsulates the defects of the simplified Chinese script used in mainland China, this study shows how its recontextualization in Hong Kong's print and social media between 2000 and 2015 helped construct simplified Chinese as defective and map its “defects” onto mainlanders.
Code‐Mixing among Sakha–Russian Bilinguals in Yakutsk: A Spectrum of Features and Shifting Indexical Fields
Authors: Ferguson Jenanne K.
Published: August 2016

In this article, I examine language mixing among Sakha–Russian bilinguals in Yakutsk, the largest city in the Republic of Sakha–Yakutia in the far northeastern region of the Russian Federation. Since the end of the Soviet era, the increasing movement of Sakha‐speakers from rural areas to the city has been shaping the language practices of bilingual speakers there, creating opportunities for Sakha usage outside of the home in settings formerly dominated by Russian. Through a discussion of language contact between Sakha and Russian, and of the borrowing or copying process through which Russian words enter into the Sakha lexicon, I consider the ways in which purist language ideologies and indexical meanings shape the spectrum of feature choices that bilinguals navigate when speaking Sakha. I also describe a syncretic speech style that is beginning to undergo enregisterment (Agha 2003) in the urban space of Yakutsk, showing how certain features that display varying degrees of bivalency play a particularly important role in this process.
“One does not say Moien, one has to say Bonjour”: Expressing Language Ideologies through Shifting Stances in Spontaneous Workplace Interactions in Luxembourg
Authors: Franziskus Anne
Published: August 2016

Drawing on both a language ideological framework and the concept of stancetaking (Jaffe 2009), this article analyzes how different language ideologies are constructed, shared, contested and reproduced in spontaneous interactions in multilingual Luxembourg. The analysis focuses on two conversations recorded in two multilingual workplaces in Luxembourg. In the first one, staff members from an IT company discuss the status of written Luxembourgish. In the second, several employees from a supermarket debate the appropriateness of different greeting routines in the local context. In both of these interactions, participants take up different stances towards Luxembourgish as a legitimate code and towards monolingual ideologies. The findings show that the different stance‐taking moves of the participants reflect their positions as either ‘insiders’ or ‘outsiders’ to this ideologically charged setting and are reminiscent of some broader societal stances in relation to language. The findings highlight three positions in particular: There is the long‐term resident who alternately takes an expert stance towards the local language and distancing himself from it to create solidarity with his work colleagues. Then there is the cross‐border worker, a relative newcomer, who is still in the process of ‘making his way’ into the sociolinguistic context by adopting greeting routines. And finally, there is the young Luxembourger whose stances are reminiscent both of the need for the local population to adjust to an increased number of newcomers and their sometimes conflicting ideological stances and of the generational shift in the use of Luxembourgish.