bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosurvival role of heat shock factor 1 in the pathogenesis of pancreatobiliary tumors
Authors: Dudeja Vikas , Chugh Rohit K. , Sangwan Veena , Skube Steven J. , Mujumdar Nameeta R. , Antonoff Mara B. , Dawra Rajinder K. , Vickers Selwyn M. , Saluja Ashok K.
Published: February 2011

Several mechanisms have evolved to ensure the survival of cells under adverse conditions. The heat shock response is one such evolutionarily conserved survival mechanism. Heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) is a transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response. By the very nature of its prosurvival function, HSF1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. The current study investigates the role of HSF1 in the pathogenesis of pancreatobiliary tumors. HSF1 was downregulated in pancreatic cancer (MIA PaCa-2 and S2-013) and cholangiocarcinoma (KMBC and KMCH) cell lines by HSF1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). Nonsilencing siRNA was used as control. The effect of HSF1 downregulation on viability and apoptosis parameters, i.e., annexin V, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL), and caspase-3, was measured. To evaluate the cancer-specific effects of HSF1, the effect of HSF1 downregulation on normal human pancreatic ductal cells was also evaluated. HSF1 is abundantly expressed in human pancreatobiliary cancer cell lines, as well as in pancreatic cancer tissue, as demonstrated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Inhibition of HSF1 expression by the HSF1 siRNA sequences leads to time-dependent death in pancreatic and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Downregulation of HSF1 expression induces annexin V and TUNEL positivity and caspase-3 activation, suggesting activation of a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Although caspase-3 inhibition protects against cell death induced by HSF1 expression, it does not completely prevent it, suggesting a role for caspase-independent cell death. HSF1 plays a prosurvival role in the pathogenesis of pancreatobiliary tumors. Modulation of HSF1 activity could therefore emerge as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
Regional functional specialization and inhibitory nitrergic and nonnitrergic coneurotransmission in the human esophagus
Authors: Lecea B. , Gallego D. , Farré R. , Opazo A. , Aulí M. , Jiménez M. , Clavé P.
Published: February 2011

The aim of this study was to explore the myenteric mechanisms of control of human esophageal motility and the effect of nitrergic and nonnitrergic neurotransmitters. Human circular esophageal strips were studied in organ baths and with microelectrodes. Responses following electrical field stimulation (EFS) of enteric motoneurons (EMNs) or through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were compared in the esophageal body (EB) and in clasp and sling regions in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). In clasp LES strips: 1) sodium nitroprusside (1 nM to 100 μM), adenosine-5′-[β-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt (1–100 μM), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 nM to 1 μM) caused a relaxation; 2) 1 mM Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) shifted the EFS “on”-relaxation to an “off”-relaxation, partly antagonized by 10 μM 2′-deoxy- N6-methyladenosine 3′,5′-bisphosphate tetrasodium salt (MRS2179) or 10 U/ml α-chymotrypsin; and 3) nicotine-relaxation (100 μM) was mainly antagonized by l-NNA, and only partly by MRS2179 or α-chymotrypsin. In sling LES fibers, EFS and nicotine relaxation was abolished by l-NNA. In the EB, l-NNA blocked the latency period, and MRS2179 reduced “off”-contraction. The amplitude of cholinergic contraction decreased from the EB to both LES sides. EFS induced a monophasic inhibitory junction potential in clasp, sling, and EB fibers abolished by l-NNA. Our study shows a regional specialization to stimulation of EMNs in the human esophagus, with stronger inhibitory responses in clasp LES fibers and stronger cholinergic excitatory responses in the EB. Inhibitory responses are mainly triggered by nitrergic EMNs mediating the inhibitory junction potentials in the LES and EB, EFS on-relaxation in clasp and sling LES sides, and latency in the EB. We also found a minor role for purines (through P2Y1receptors) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediating part of nonnitrergic clasp LES relaxation.
Chronic and acute exposure of mouse hearts to fatty acids increases oxygen cost of excitation-contraction coupling
Authors: Boardman Neoma T. , Larsen Terje S. , Severson David L. , Essop M. Faadiel , Aasum Ellen
Published: February 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the underlying processes involved in the oxygen wasting induced by inotropic drugs and acute and chronic elevation of fatty acid (FA) supply, using unloaded perfused mouse hearts from normal and type 2 diabetic ( db/db) mice. We found that an acute elevation of the FA supply in normal hearts, as well as a chronic (in vivo) exposure to elevated FA as in db/db hearts, increased myocardial oxygen consumption (MV̇o2unloaded) due to increased oxygen cost for basal metabolism and for excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Isoproterenol stimulation, on top of a high FA supply, led to an additive increase in MV̇o2unloaded, because of a further increase in oxygen cost for EC coupling. In db/db hearts, the acute elevation of FA did not further increase MV̇o2. Since the elevation in the FA supply is accompanied by increased rates of myocardial FA oxidation, the present study compared MV̇o2 following increased FA load versus FA oxidation rate by exposing normal hearts to normal and high FA concentration (NF and HF, respectively) and to compounds that either stimulate (GW-610742) or inhibit [dichloroacetate (DCA)] FA oxidation. While HF and NF + GW-610742 increased FA oxidation to the same extent, only HF increased MV̇o2unloaded. Although DCA counteracted the HF-induced increase in FA oxidation, DCA did not reduce MV̇o2unloaded. Thus, in normal hearts, acute FA-induced oxygen waste is 1) due to an increase in the oxygen cost for both basal metabolism and EC coupling and 2) not dependent on the myocardial FA oxidation rate per se, but on processes initiated by the presence of FAs. In diabetic hearts, chronic exposure to elevated circulating FAs leads to adaptations that afford protection against the detrimental effect of an acute FA load, suggesting different underlying mechanisms behind the increased MV̇o2 following acute and chronic FA load.
Single-leg cycle training is superior to double-leg cycling in improving the oxidative potential and metabolic profile of trained skeletal muscle
Authors: Abbiss Chris R. , Karagounis Leonidas G. , Laursen Paul B. , Peiffer Jeremiah J. , Martin David T. , Hawley John A. , Fatehee Naeem N. , Martin James C.
Published: February 2011

Single-leg cycling may enhance the peripheral adaptations of skeletal muscle to a greater extent than double-leg cycling. The purpose of the current study was to determine the influence of 3 wk of high-intensity single- and double-leg cycle training on markers of oxidative potential and muscle metabolism and exercise performance. In a crossover design, nine trained cyclists (78 ± 7 kg body wt, 59 ± 5 ml·kg−1·min−1maximal O2consumption) performed an incremental cycling test and a 16-km cycling time trial before and after 3 wk of double-leg and counterweighted single-leg cycle training (2 training sessions per week). Training involved three (double) or six (single) maximal 4-min intervals with 6 min of recovery. Mean power output during the single-leg intervals was more than half that during the double-leg intervals (198 ± 29 vs. 344 ± 38 W, P < 0.05). Skeletal muscle biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis revealed a training-induced increase in Thr172-phosphorylated 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase α-subunit for both groups ( P < 0.05). However, the increase in cytochrome c oxidase subunits II and IV and GLUT-4 protein concentration was greater following single- than double-leg cycling ( P < 0.05). Training-induced improvements in maximal O2consumption (3.9 ± 6.2% vs. 0.6 ± 3.6%) and time-trial performance (1.3 ± 0.5% vs. 2.3 ± 4.2%) were similar following both interventions. We conclude that short-term high-intensity single-leg cycle training can elicit greater enhancement in the metabolic and oxidative potential of skeletal muscle than traditional double-leg cycling. Single-leg cycling may therefore provide a valuable training stimulus for trained and clinical populations.
Preferential Th1 Cytokine Profile of Phosphoantigen-Stimulated Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells
Authors: Dunne Margaret R. , Mangan Bozgana A. , Madrigal-Estebas Laura , Doherty Derek G.
Published: February 2011

Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells recognise pyrophosphate-based antigens (phosphoantigens) and have multiple functions in innate and adaptive immunity, including a unique ability to activate other cells of the immune system. We used flow cytometry and ELISA to define the early cytokine profiles of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells stimulated in vitro with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2 enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP) in the absence and presence of IL-2 and IL-15. We show that fresh Vγ9Vδ2 T cells produce interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) within 4 hours of stimulation with phosphoantigen, but neither IL-10, IL-13, nor IL-17 was detectable up to 72 hours under these conditions. Cytokine production was not influenced by expression or lack, thereof, of CD4 or CD8. Addition of IL-2 or IL-15 caused expansion of IFN-γ-producing Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, but did not enhance IFN-γsecretion after 24–72 hours. Thus, phosphoantigen-stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have potential as Th1-biasing adjuvants for immunotherapy.
Potential of Porous-Media Combustion Technology as Applied to Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Weclas Miroslaw
Published: February 2011

The paper summarizes the knowledge concerning porous media combustion techniques as applied in engines. One of most important reasons of this review is to introduce this still not well known technology to researchers doing with internal combustion engine processes, thermal engines, reactor thermodynamics, combustion, and material science. The paper gives an overview of possible applications of a highly porous open cell structures to in-cylinder processes. This application means utilization of unique features of porous media for supporting engine processes, especially fuel distribution in space, vaporization, mixing with air, heat recuperation, ignition and combustion. There are three ways for applying porous medium technology to engines: support of individual processes, support of homogeneous combustion process (catalytic and non-catalytic) with temperature control, and utilization of the porous structure as a heat capacitor only. In the first type of application, the porous structure may be utilized for fuel vaporization and improved fuel distribution in space making the mixture more homogeneous in the combustion chamber. Extension of these processes to mixture formation and ignition inside a combustion reactor allows the realization of a homogeneous and a nearly zero emissions level combustion characterized by a homogeneous temperature field at reduced temperature level.
Depressive Symptoms and Resilience among Pregnant Adolescents: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Salazar-Pousada Danny , Arroyo Dalton , Hidalgo Luis , Pérez-López Faustino R. , Chedraui Peter
Published: February 2011

Background. Data regarding depression and resilience among adolescents is still lacking. Objective. To assess depressive symptoms and resilience among pregnant adolescents. Method. Depressive symptoms and resilience were assessed using two validated inventories, the 10‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CESD‐10) and the 14‐item Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS), respectively. A case‐control approach was used to compare differences between adolescents and adults. Results. A total of 302 pregnant women were enrolled in the study, 151 assigned to each group. Overall, 56.6% of gravids presented total CESD‐10 scores 10 or more indicating depressed mood. Despite this, total CESD‐10 scores and depressed mood rate did not differ among studied groups. Adolescents did however display lower resilience reflected by lower total RS scores and a higher rate of scores below the calculated median (P < .05). Logistic regression analysis could not establish any risk factor for depressed mood among studied subjects; however, having an adolescent partner (OR, 2.0 CI 95% 1.06–4.0, P = .03) and a preterm delivery (OR, 3.0 CI 95% 1.43–6.55, P = .004) related to a higher risk for lower resilience. Conclusion. In light of the findings of the present study, programs oriented at giving adolescents support before, during, and after pregnancy should be encouraged.
Integrins Are the Necessary Links to Hypertrophic Growth in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Harston Rebecca K. , Kuppuswamy Dhandapani
Published: February 2011

To compensate for hemodynamic overload of the heart, an event which stretches the myocardium, growth and survival signaling are activated in cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Integrins serve as the signaling receptors of cardiomyocytes responsible for mechanotransduction toward intracellular signaling. The main integrin heterodimers on the cardiomyocyte surface are α5β1andαvβ3, and elimination of either β1or β3integrins impedes pressure-induced hypertrophic signaling and leads to increased mortality. The growth signaling pathways downstream of β1and β3integrins are well characterized. However, new integrin pathways responsible for inhibiting apoptosis induced by hemodynamic overload are emerging. β1and β3integrins activate differential survival signaling, yet both integrins initiate survival signaling downstream of ubiquitination and the kinase pathway including phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. Further characterization of these integrin-signaling mechanisms may lead to drug targets to prevent decompensation to heart failure.
Diffusion of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training to Chinese Immigrants with Limited English Proficiency
Authors: Yip Mei Po , Ong Brandon , Tu Shin Ping , Chavez Devora , Ike Brooke , Painter Ian , Lam Ida , Bradley Steven M. , Coronado Gloria D. , Meischke Hendrika W.
Published: February 2011

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an effective intervention for prehospital cardiac arrest. Despite all available training opportunities for CPR, disparities exist in participation in CPR training, CPR knowledge, and receipt of bystander CPR for certain ethnic groups. We conducted five focus groups with Chinese immigrants who self-reported limited English proficiency (LEP). A bilingual facilitator conducted all the sessions. All discussions were taped, recorded, translated, and transcribed. Transcripts were analyzed by content analysis guided by the theory of diffusion. The majority of participants did not know of CPR and did not know where to get trained. Complexity of CPR procedure, advantages of calling 9-1-1, lack of confidence, and possible liability discourage LEP individuals to learn CPR. LEP individuals welcome simplified Hands-Only CPR and are willing to perform CPR with instruction from 9-1-1 operators. Expanding the current training to include Hands-Only CPR and dispatcher-assisted CPR may motivate Chinese LEP individuals to get trained for CPR.
Gene Expression Profiling Provides Insights into Pathways of Oxaliplatin-Related Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in Humans
Authors: Rubbia-Brandt Laura , Tauzin Sébastien , Brezault Catherine , Delucinge-Vivier Céline , Descombes Patrick , Dousset Bertand , Majno Pietro E. , Mentha Gilles , Terris Benoit
Published: February 2011

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS; formerly veno-occlusive disease) is a well-established complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication, and widely used chemotherapeutic agents such as oxaliplatin. It is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Pathogenesis of SOS in humans is poorly understood. To explore its molecular mechanisms, we used Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays to investigate the gene expression profile of 11 human livers with oxaliplatin-related SOS and compared it to 12 matched controls. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that profiles from SOS and controls formed distinct clusters. To identify functional networks and gene ontologies, data were analyzed by the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Tool. A total of 913 genes were differentially expressed in SOS: 613 being upregulated and 300 downregulated. Reverse transcriptase-PCR results showed excellent concordance with microarray data. Pathway analysis showed major gene upregulation in six pathways in SOS compared with controls: acute phase response (notably interleukin 6), coagulation system (Serpine1, THBD, and VWF), hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation (COL3a1, COL3a2, PDGF-A, TIMP1, and MMP2), and oxidative stress. Angiogenic factors (VEGF-C) and hypoxic factors (HIF1A) were upregulated. The most significant increase was seen in CCL20 mRNA. In conclusion, oxaliplatin-related SOS can be readily distinguished according to morphologic characteristics but also by a molecular signature. Global gene analysis provides new insights into mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-related hepatotoxicity in humans and potential targets relating to its diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Activation of VEGF and coagulation (vWF) pathways could partially explain at a molecular level the clinical observations that bevacizumab and aspirin have a preventive effect in SOS. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(4); 687–96. ©2011 AACR.
Isorhamnetin Suppresses Skin Cancer through Direct Inhibition of MEK1 and PI3-K
Authors: Kim Jong-Eun , Lee Dong-Eun , Lee Ki Won , Son Joe Eun , Seo Sang Kwon , Li Jixia , Jung Sung Keun , Heo Yong-Seok , Mottamal Madhusoodanan , Bode Ann M. , Dong Zigang , Lee Hyong Joo
Published: February 2011

3′-Methoxy-3,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone (isorhamnetin) is a plant flavonoid that occurs in fruits and medicinal herbs. Isorhamnetin exerts anticancer effects, but the underlying molecular mechanism for the chemopreventive potential of isorhamnetin remains unknown. Here, we report anti–skin cancer effects of isorhamnetin, which inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced neoplastic cell transformation. It also suppressed anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells. Isorhamnetin attenuated EGF-induced COX-2 expression in JB6 and A431 cells. In an in vivo mouse xenograft using A431 cells, isorhamnetin reduced tumor growth and COX-2 expression. The EGF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, p90 and p70 ribosomal S6 kinases, and Akt was suppressed by isorhamnetin. In vitro and ex vivo kinase assay data showed that isorhamnetin inhibited the kinase activity of MAP (mitogen-activated protein)/ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase) kinase (MEK) 1 and PI3-K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and the inhibition was due to direct binding with isorhamnetin. Notably, isorhamnetin bound directly to MEK1 in an ATP-noncompetitive manner and to PI3-K in an ATP-competitive manner. This report is the first mechanistic study identifying a clear molecular target for the anticancer activity of isorhamnetin. Overall, these results indicate that isorhamnetin has potent anticancer activity and it primarily targets MEK and PI3-K, which might contribute to the chemopreventive potential of certain foods. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 582–91. ©2011 AACR.
Mice Do Not Develop Conditioned Taste Aversion because of Immunity Loss
Authors: Vidal Jose
Published: February 2011

Objectives: This study intends to test the generation of conditioned taste aversion and conditioned immunodepression by daily paired administration of saccharin solution with cyclophosphamide, 15 mg/kg, for 4 days. Methods: One group of male mice of the outbred CD1 strain drank 0.15% saccharin and received 1 injection of cyclophosphamide, 15 mg/kg, for 4 days (paired group), another group (unpaired group) received the same doses of saccharin and cyclophosphamide noncontingently, the third group (cy60) received saccharin paired with cyclophosphamide, 60 mg/kg, and the fourth group (placebo) received saccharin in the absence of cyclophosphamide. All mice were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), 0.2 mg, 1 day before the treatments. Results: Mice of the paired, unpaired and cy60 groups displayed a similarly decreased antibody response to KLH, but mice of the paired group did not develop an aversion to saccharin while mice of the cy60 group did. Besides, repeat presentation of saccharin to mice of the paired group did not alter their antibody response to ovalbumin compared with mice of the unpaired or placebo group. Conclusions: Taste aversion was not elicited in response to impaired immunity and the conditioned stimulus (saccharin) did not impair the antibody response.
Stress as a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis Onset or Relapse: A Systematic Review
Authors: Artemiadis Artemios K. , Anagnostouli Maria C. , Alexopoulos Evangelos C.
Published: February 2011

Background: Stress has been considered a triggering factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) since the description of the disease by Jean-Martin Charcot. Until our times, many published studies have supported that both MS onset and relapse could be predisposed by psychological stress. This review aims to synthesize existing knowledge of the relationship between psychological stress and MS onset and relapse, focusing mainly on the quality of observational studies. Methods: We hand-searched MEDLINE with the terms ‘stress and multiple sclerosis’, using English language restrictions, from January 1980 to November 2010. We included only observational longitudinal studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration was used for assessing the quality of the observational studies. Results: Seventeen publications were analyzed, 5 for MS onset (1 cohort and 4 case-control studies) and 12 for MS relapse (9 cohort and 3 case-control studies). We found a marked heterogeneity in stress measurement that mostly targeted the environmental approach to stress. Only 2 publications used radiological criteria for MS relapse. Quality issues were identified mainly for comparability, meaning that studies failed to control adequately for various triggering and psychosocial factors in the stress-MS relationship. Also, selection and blinding problems were identified in most case-control studies. All studies, with only 2 exceptions, resulted in favor of the stress-MS relationship, but due to marked stress measurement heterogeneity, no secure conclusions could be drawn. Conclusions: Future studies should incorporate a multidisciplinary approach to stress measurement and radiological criteria for MS. We further encourage researchers to test the effect of early life stress and stress management techniques on the clinical course of the disease.
Encapsulation of the UV Filters Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate and Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane in Lipid Microparticles: Effect on in vivo Human Skin Permeation
Authors: Scalia S. , Mezzena M. , Ramaccini D.
Published: February 2011

Background: Lipid microparticles loaded with the UVB filter ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and the UVA filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) were evaluated for their effect on the sunscreen agent’s percutaneous penetration. Methods: Microparticles loaded with EHMC or BMDBM were prepared by the melt emulsification technique using stearic acid or glyceryl behenate as lipidic material, respectively, and hydrogenate phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. Nonencapsulated BMDBM and EHMC in conjunction with blank microparticles or equivalent amounts of the 2 UV filters loaded in the lipid microparticles were introduced into oil-in-water emulsions and applied to human volunteers. Skin penetration was investigated in vivo by the tape-stripping technique. Results: For the cream with the nonencapsulated sunscreen agents, the percentages of the applied dose diffused into the stratum corneum were 32.4 ± 4.1% and 30.3 ± 3.3% for EHMC and BMDBM, respectively. A statistically significant reduction in the in vivo skin penetration to 25.3 ± 5.5% for EHMC and 22.7 ± 5.4% for BMDBM was achieved by the cream containing the microencapsulated UV filters. The inhibiting effect on permeation attained by the lipid microparticles was more marked (45–56.3% reduction) in the deeper stratum corneum layers. Conclusions: The reduced percutaneous penetration of BMDBM and EHMC achieved by the lipid microparticles should preserve the UV filter efficacy and limit potential toxicological risks.
Absence of Association between Two HECTD2 Polymorphisms and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Jeong Byung-Hoon , Lee Kyung-Hee , Lee Yun-Jung , Yun Jisuk , Park Young-Jae , Cho Han-Jeong , Kim Young-Hoon , Cho Young-Sook , Choi Eun-Kyoung , Carp Richard I. , Kim Yong-Sun
Published: February 2011

Background: HECT (homologous to E6-AP carboxyl terminus) E3 ubiquitin ligases are fundamental components of the eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome system and are involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including polyglutamine diseases. HECTD2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been linked to the incubation time of prion disease in mice, and its polymorphisms have been associated with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in the British population. Objective: To investigate whether 2 HECTD2 polymorphisms, –247G→A (rs7081363) and +16066T→A (rs12249854), are associated with sporadic CJD in the Korean population. Methods: We compared the genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of the 2 HECTD2 polymorphisms in 205 sporadic CJD patients to those of 208 healthy Koreans. Results and Conclusion: Our study does not show significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of these 2 polymorphisms between sporadic CJD and normal controls. Significant differences in the haplotype frequencies of these 2 polymorphisms were not observed between sporadic CJD and normal controls either. Our results indicate that these 2 HECTD2 polymorphisms are not associated with genetic susceptibility to sporadic CJD in a Korean population. This is the first genetic association study of HECTD2 with sporadic CJD in an Asian population.
Protective Effect of TiF4 Solutions with Different Concentrations and pH on Development of Erosion-Like Lesions
Authors: Hove L.H. , Holme B. , Stenhagen K.R. , Tveit A.B.
Published: February 2011

Aim: To evaluate how concentration and pH of TiF4 influence the erosion-protective effect. Methods: Specimens were treated with a TiF4 solution: (1) 0.5 M F, pH 1.2, (2) 0.05 M F, pH 2.1, (3) 0.5 M F, pH 2.1, or (4) 0.05 M F, pH 1.2; then, they were exposed to HCl. Results: After 2 min, the proportions of the area covered with the coating were 93, 71, 17 and 0% in groups 1–4. When present, the coating seemed to protect the surface. After 6 min, a coating could only be seen in group 1 (43%). Conclusion: Reducing the concentration of TiF4 and increasing the pH of the solution decreased the protective effect.
Effects of AST-120 on Left Ventricular Mass in Predialysis Patients
Authors: Nakai Kentaro , Fujii Hideki , Kono Keiji , Goto Shunsuke , Fukagawa Masafumi , Nishi Shinichi
Published: February 2011

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. One of the proposed mechanisms assumes that accumulated uremic toxins play an important role in the progression of CVD in CKD. Recently, it has been reported that AST-120 may attenuate progression of CVD through absorption of uremic toxins. In this study, we examined the association between the use of AST-120 and cardiac abnormalities in CKD patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of predialysis CKD patients hospitalized in our institution between April 2008 and October 2009. We divided 107 patients into two groups based on whether AST-120 had been administered for more than 6 months (AST-120 group: n = 43) or not (control group: n = 64). Echocardiography and laboratory tests were performed for all patients; we examined the relationship between clinical characteristics and cardiac abnormalities. Results: The number of patients with left ventricular (LV) concentric change was significantly smaller in the AST-120 group than in the control group. In multivariable analysis, the administration of AST-120, gender, and pulse pressure were significantly correlated with LV concentric change. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that AST-120 prevents the development of LV concentric change in predialysis CKD patients.
Low Serum Testosterone Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Men with Stage 3 or Greater Nephropathy
Authors: Haring Robin , Nauck Matthias , Völzke Henry , Endlich Karlhans , Lendeckel Uwe , Friedrich Nele , Dörr Marcus , Rettig Rainer , Kroemer Heyo K. , Wallaschofski Henri
Published: February 2011

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and low serum total testosterone (TT) concentrations are independent predictors of mortality risk in the general population, but their combined potential for improved mortality risk stratification is unknown. Methods: We used data of 1,822 men from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania followed- up for 9.9 years (median). The direct effects of kidney dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/ 1.73 m2), albuminuria (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio ≧2.5 mg/mmol) and their combination (CKD) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression models. Serum TT concentrations below the age-specific 10th percentile (by decades) were considered low and were used for further risk stratification. Results: Kidney dysfunction (hazard ratio, HR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.02–1.92), albuminuria (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06–1.79), and CKD (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09–1.84) were associated with increased all-cause mortality risk, while only kidney dysfunction (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.21–3.34) was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality risk after multivariable adjustment. Men with kidney dysfunction and low TT concentrations were identified as high-risk individuals showing a more than 2-fold increased all-cause mortality risk (HR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.08–5.85). Added to multivariable models, nonsignificant interaction terms suggest that kidney dysfunction and low TT are primarily additive rather than synergistic mortality risk factors. Conclusion: In the case of early loss of kidney function, measured TT concentrations might help to detect high-risk individuals for potential therapeutic interventions and to improve mortality risk assessment and outcome.
CD155 on Human Vascular Endothelial Cells Attenuates the Acquisition of Effector Functions in CD8 T Cells
Authors: Escalante Nichole K. , von Rossum Anna , Lee Martin , Choy Jonathan C.
Published: February 2011

Objective—

CD155 is a cell surface protein that has recently been described to exert immune regulatory functions. We have characterized the expression of CD155 on human vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and examined its role in the regulation of T-cell activation.

Methods and Results—

CD155 was expressed on resting human vascular ECs and was upregulated in an interferon-γ (IFNγ)–dependent manner. When the function of CD155 in regulating T-cell activation was examined, antibody-mediated neutralization of CD155 did not affect CD8 T-cell proliferation in response to stimulation with ECs. However, neutralization of CD155 activity or small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of CD155 expression in ECs increased expression of IFNγ and cytotoxic effector function in activated CD8 T cells.

Conclusion—

CD155 is an IFNγ-inducible immune regulatory protein on the surface of human ECs that attenuates the acquisition of effector functions in CD8 T cells.
Predicting Clinical Outcome in Comatose Cardiac Arrest Patients Using Early Noncontrast Computed Tomography
Authors: Wu Ona , Batista Leonardo M. , Lima Fabricio O. , Vangel Mark G. , Furie Karen L. , Greer David M.
Published: February 2011

Background and Purpose—

Early assessment of the likelihood of neurological recovery in comatose cardiac arrest survivors remains challenging. We hypothesize that quantitative noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) combined with neurological assessments, are predictive of outcome.

Methods—

We analyzed data sets acquired from comatose cardiac arrest patients who underwent CT within 72 hours of arrest. Images were semiautomatically segmented into anatomic regions. Median Hounsfield units (HU) were measured regionally and in the whole brain (WB). Outcome was based on the 6-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Logistic regression was used to combine Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score measured on Day 3 post arrest (GCS_Day3) with imaging to predict poor outcome (mRS>4).

Results—

WB HU (
P
=0.02) and the ratio of HU in the putamen to the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) (
P
=0.004) from 175 datasets from 151 patients were univariate predictors of poor outcome. Thirty-three patients underwent hypothermia treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that combining median HU in the putamen (
P
=0.0006) and PLIC (
P
=0.007) was predictive of poor outcome. Combining WB HU and GCS_Day3 resulted in 72% [61% to 80%] sensitivity and 100% [73% to 100%] specificity for predicting poor outcome in 86 patients with measurable GCS_Day3. This was an improvement over prognostic performance based on GCS_Day3≤8 (98% sensitive but 71% specific).

Discussion—

Combining density changes on CT with GCS_Day3 may be useful for predicting poor outcome in comatose cardiac arrest patients who are neither rapidly improving nor deteriorating. Improved prognostication with CT compared with neurological assessments can be achieved in patients treated with hypothermia.
Gendered Sovereignty: Numismatics and Female Monarchs in Europe, 1300–1800
Authors: Monter William
Published: February 2011

Coins have provided specific and concrete markers of official, legitimate political sovereignty since the time of the Roman Empire. Europe's female monarchs of the old regime, a group that has not been much studied, used numismatics in effective ways to enhance their official sovereignty. Throughout the entire period, most royal heiresses were married, and despite a persistent and widely circulated literature that preached wifely subservience, their coins (and, later, their medals) suggest their full political autonomy.
The Value of Values in Cross-Cultural Research: A Special Issue in Honor of Shalom Schwartz
Authors: Knafo Ariel , Roccas Sonia , Sagiv Lilach
Published: February 2011

The centrality of values in cross-cultural research has more than doubled over the last three decades. This Special Issue investigates values across cultures and focuses on two main levels: individual and national. At the individual level, values express broad, trans-situational motivational goals, affecting individuals’ interpretation of situations, preferences, choices, and actions. At the national level, values reflect the solutions groups develop in response to existential challenges and relate to the way social institutions function. The authors review the role of values at each level and present eight articles included in the special issue, showing the value of values in cross-cultural research.
The Structure of Human Values at the Culture Level: A Meta-Analytical Replication of Schwartz’s Value Orientations Using the Rokeach Value Survey
Authors: Vauclair Christin-Melanie , Hanke Katja , Fischer Ronald , Fontaine Johnny
Published: February 2011

We conducted a meta-analysis using the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) to replicate Schwartz’s value structure at the culture level. In Study 1, data on value priorities from 37 different cultural groups were analyzed. Using a configurational verification approach, the structure of conflicting value types as predicted by Schwartz was replicated. Significant correlations with Schwartz’s two-dimensional configuration of the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) confirmed this finding. Furthermore, a set of value items that was not included in Schwartz’s analysis formed a new value type labeled Self-Fulfilled Connectedness ( SFC) . It contains values that represent profound attachment to others as well as attributes of self-fulfillment. In Study 2, it was proposed that SFC may be an individualistic value orientation that shares some similarity with Autonomy but includes relational values as a main component. Correlations with country indices of subjective well-being, post-materialism, and socioeconomic development supported the idea that it is related to happiness, the pursuit of non-material goals, and endorsed in countries in which basic needs are fulfilled. Its theoretical meaning in the context of Schwartz’s culture-level value theory is discussed.
The Dual Route to Value Change: Individual Processes and Cultural Moderators
Authors: Bardi Anat , Goodwin Robin
Published: February 2011

Understanding value stability and change is essential for understanding values of both individuals and cultures.Yet theoretical thinking and empirical evidence on this topic have been scarce. In this article, the authors suggest a model outlining processes of individual value change. This model proposes that value change can occur through automatic and effortful routes. They identify five facilitators of value change (priming, adaptation, identification, consistency maintenance, and direct persuasion) and consider the moderating role of culture in each. In addition, the authors discuss the roles of culture, personal values, and traits as general moderators of value change. Evidence on the structure of value change and the effects of age on value change are also reviewed.
Science and Wisdom
Authors: Moltmann Jürgen
Published: February 2011

The ancient root of wisdom is the fear of the Lord, and the root of knowledge is astonishment. For the modern world, knowledge is power, and wisdom has gone lost. We seem to have no moral power over our scientific and technological power. This article discusses Einstein's dilemma concerning nuclear power and the Fritz Haber tragedy of the poison-gas dilemma. The future of humankind belongs not to the increase of sciences but to the rediscovery of wisdom, because only “wisdom gives life” (Eccl 7:12).
Reconsidering the Role of Mainline Churches in Public Life
Authors: Mathewes Charles T.
Published: February 2011

Recent sociological research suggests that the typical narrative of the “collapse” of mainline Protestantism's influence in American public life is misleading; rather than disappearing from public life altogether, the mainline churches are “quietly influential,” serving more as stewards of civil society and sites of potential civic engagement. As social scientists have shown time and again, in serving this role the churches remain of foundational importance for American public life. However, the churches could do much better in their direct engagement of public concerns, particularly in the messages that they send concerning economic and family life and regarding issues of race. They would do better to bring into richer communion their “spiritual” and “material” messages, and to argue more convincingly that, in all aspects of our lives, we are responding to God. The mainline churches could do this if they were to build on the theological insights of H. Richard and Reinhold Niebuhr. The author doubts that such a ressourcement will be forthcoming, but he nonetheless argues that the mainline churches remain the most promising religious resource for American public life, and that they are well worth fighting for.
Biotechnology
Authors: Cole-Turner Ronald
Published: February 2011

Although biotechnology offers many benefits, our desire for it may be fueled by discriminatory, competitive, anxious, or selfish motives. We yearn for a technology that promises us control over nature and freedom from the suffering and limits that define our biological existence. It is possible, however, to see biotechnology as serving a different purpose, as a support for life as it should be lived before God. Seeing it this way is particularly important when we come to the question of the genetic modification of future generations of human beings, a prospect that in some ways has already begun.
A Compromised Press Delivers Not-So-Hot News
Authors: Schaeffer Pamela
Published: February 2011

Economic shifts in the field of journalism have eroded commitment to principles basic to the integrity of the profession, principles that are also at the heart of Christian ethics: truth-telling and justice, suspicion of privilege, compassion, and support for people who are poor and weak. This declining commitment is exemplified by three major stories missed or downplayed by the press in recent years—the scandal of sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests, the financial improprieties that underlay the downfall of Enron, and the threat to national security posed by the growth of radical Islam and other international forces fomenting anger against the United States.
After the Revolution
Authors: Price Matthew J.
Published: February 2011

The post-1960s literature on the mainline Protestant clergy bears a striking resemblance to post-Revolutionary debates in France; a massive and irreversible shift in the ideological landscape has raised the question, “Where next?” Our Old Regime is the Protestant ministry of the 1950s, replete with professional aspirations and exemplified by H. Richard Niebuhr's portrayal of the Pastoral Director. Despite changed social assumptions about ministry, structural continuities in seminary training and church bureaucracies remain far more striking than changes. We are left with a ministerial calling stripped of its professional raison d'ětre by a series of theological critiques that have yet to outline or achieve corresponding structural changes.
From “Civilizing” to Colonizing to Respectfully Collaborating? New Zealand
Authors: Te Paa Jenny Plane
Published: February 2011

The article traces the mission imperatives of the two groups responsible for the establishment and ongoing development of the Anglican Church in New Zealand. Beginning in 1814 with the Church Missionary Society, initially a vulnerable fledgling Anglican missionary presence, the CMS was to impact irrevocably upon indigenous Maori. Theirs was ostensibly a “civilizing” mission. Approximately three decades after the CMS, the colonial Anglican Church arrived replete with its substantial wealth and political patronage. Theirs was indisputably a “colonizing” mission, one that ultimately disenfranchised the CMS and, by implication, those within the Maori church or Te Hahi Mihinare. Beginning around 1984, the Anglican Church attempted to redeem its unjust colonial past by reviving the original promise of gospel-based partnership relationships. This article explores the effect upon the church's mission of using political solutions to resolve historic ecclesial injustices.
Can Preaching Be Taught?
Authors: Farley W. Edward
Published: February 2011

Preaching—defined as sermon writing, exegesis, or discursive skill—appears to be teachable. On the other hand, is preaching, defined as announcing the gospel, hence the mysteries of God and God's redemptive work, teachable? Preaching the gospel embodies and, at the same time, transforms the three primary features of aesthetic art: creativity, emotional world-engagement, and imagination. If these artistic features are gifts prior to any teaching, then we may doubt that pedagogy can facilitate preaching the gospel. At the same time, however, teachers of preaching can identify students' artistic powers, stir them up, and expose alien paradigms and rhetorics that divert preaching from the gospel, redirecting them toward those that embody the gospel's true aims. In this sense, preaching can be taught.
Gregory of Nyssa's Dialogue with Macrina
Authors: Drury John L.
Published: February 2011

Through an analysis of Gregory of Nyssa's treatise On the Soul and the Resurrection, this article argues for the compatibility of the doctrines of the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the body. Nyssa's view is explicitly contrasted to contemporary tendencies to set up a false dichotomy between the two doctrines. After answering the common objection that immortality is an intruder to Christian theology, a typology of four views on the relation between immortality and resurrection is set out. The article concludes with reflections on the theological and practical significance of Gregory's view.
Lyrical Theology: Theology in Hymns
Authors: Kimbrough S T
Published: February 2011

Lyrical theology is a term first used by S T Kimbrough, Jr. in 1984 to describe theology that is couched in poetry, hymns/songs, and liturgy. It is characterized by rhythm and is expressive of emotion and sentiment. It often includes a digestion of theological concepts and ideas in brief, sometimes telescopic, terse lyrics.
Welcoming without Reserve?: A Case in Christian Hospitality
Authors: Reynolds Thomas E.
Published: February 2011

In an interconnected and diverse world, Christians are called to hospitality. Yet this is no easy matter, for welcoming the stranger requires becoming vulnerable. A particular case in Christian hospitality illustrates the point. Hosting a Jewish funeral, a church community elected to cover its sanctuary's cross. While such an action can be seen as scandalous, an act of bad faith, I argue instead that it embodies hospitality—scandalous, indeed, but in a positive sense. On several accounts, this instance of covering the cross opens up new ways of thinking about being Christian in a religiously diverse world.
My Enemy, Myself
Authors: Rutledge Fleming
Published: February 2011

There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. (Rom 8:1), “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.” (Matt 5:43–44)
“Jesus and Elvis” and John Updike's Poetry
Authors: Mctavish John
Published: February 2011

John Updike is not only a novelist of rare distinction but also a poet who displays a fine religious sensibility. This article examines three of Updike's theologically most pregnant poetic offerings. “Seven Stanzas at Easter” finds the poet attesting the bodily resurrection of Christ with Pauline fervor and literary grace. In “Religious Consolation,” the poet inserts the consoling message of faith into a poem that candidly recognizes the bizarre nature of so much of what passes for religion. And “Jesus and Elvis” compares two beloved kings, duly noting differences and similarities.
Edith Stein and Simone Weil
Authors: Maskulak, Marian
Published: February 2011

With a view to suggesting some points for reflection regarding a viable theology and spirituality of the cross, this article highlights certain themes from the writings of Edith Stein and Simone Weil concerning the cross and suffering. The convergence of thought of these two diverse philosophers on certain topics is particularly striking. Similarly, they employ the analogy of a seed for the cross, assign a special significance to Jesus' felt abandonment by God, and recognize that some persons share in this aspect of Christ's passion in the dark night of the soul.
Martin Luther King Jr.'s God, Humanist Sensibilities, and Moral Evil
Authors: Pinn Anthony B.
Published: February 2011

This essay attends to the nature and meaning of moral evil through an interrogation of Martin Luther King Jr.'s personalism and African American humanism. Combining his modality of personalism with African American humanist sensibilities provides an opportunity to think about moral evil and theodicy in ways that do not collapse into redemptive suffering. This is done through a theological turn toward a doctrine of God that recognizes and appreciates God's ongoing and fundamental concern with human welfare, but a concern that often involves divine missteps and the need for God to redirect effort.