bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lewis acid–dominated aqueous electrolyte acting as co-catalyst and overcoming N
2
activation issues on catalyst surface
Authors: Biswas Ashmita , Kapse Samadhan , Ghosh Bikram , Thapa Ranjit , Dey Ramendra Sundar
Published: August 2022

The growing demands for ammonia in agriculture and transportation fuel stimulate researchers to develop sustainable electrochemical methods to synthesize ammonia ambiently, to get past the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process. However, the conventionally used aqueous electrolytes limit N
2
solubility, leading to insufficient reactant molecules in the vicinity of the catalyst during electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). This hampers the yield and production rate of ammonia, irrespective of how efficient the catalyst is. Herein, we introduce an aqueous electrolyte (NaBF
4
), which not only acts as an N
2
-carrier in the medium but also works as a full-fledged “co-catalyst” along with our active material MnN
4
to deliver a high yield of NH
3
(328.59 μg h
−1
mg
cat
−1
) at 0.0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. BF
3
-induced charge polarization shifts the metal d-band center of the MnN
4
unit close to the Fermi level, inviting N
2
adsorption facilely. The Lewis acidity of the free BF
3
molecules further propagates their importance in polarizing the N≡N bond of the adsorbed N
2
and its first protonation. This push-pull kind of electronic interaction has been confirmed from the change in d-band center values of the MnN
4
site as well as charge density distribution over our active model units, which turned out to be effective enough to lower the energy barrier of the potential determining steps of NRR. Consequently, a high production rate of NH
3
(2.45 × 10
−9
mol s
−1
cm
−2
) was achieved, approaching the industrial scale where the source of NH
3
was thoroughly studied and confirmed to be chiefly from the electrochemical reduction of the purged N
2
gas.
The evolution of mating preferences for genetic attractiveness and quality in the presence of sensory bias
Authors: Henshaw Jonathan M. , Fromhage Lutz , Jones Adam G.
Published: August 2022

The aesthetic preferences of potential mates have driven the evolution of a baffling diversity of elaborate ornaments. Which fitness benefit—if any—choosers gain from expressing such preferences is controversial, however. Here, we simulate the evolution of preferences for multiple ornament types (e.g., “Fisherian,” “handicap,” and “indicator” ornaments) that differ in their associations with genes for attractiveness and other components of fitness. We model the costs of preference expression in a biologically plausible way, which decouples costly mate search from cost-free preferences. Ornaments of all types evolved in our model, but their occurrence was far from random. Females typically preferred ornaments that carried information about a male’s quality, defined here as his ability to acquire and metabolize resources. Highly salient ornaments, which key into preexisting perceptual biases, were also more likely to evolve. When males expressed quality-dependent ornaments, females invested readily in costly mate search to locate preferred males. In contrast, the genetic benefits associated with purely arbitrary ornaments were insufficient to sustain highly costly mate search. Arbitrary ornaments could nonetheless “piggyback” on mate-search effort favored by other, quality-dependent ornaments. We further show that the potential to produce attractive male offspring (“sexy sons”) can be as important as producing offspring of high general quality (“good genes”) in shaping female preferences, even when preferred ornaments are quality dependent. Our model highlights the importance of mate-search effort as a driver of aesthetic coevolution.
Cohesin ATPase activities regulate DNA binding and coiled-coil configuration
Authors: Xu Xingya , Kanai Ryuta , Wang Li , Yanagida Mitsuhiro
Published: August 2022

The cohesin complex is required for sister chromatid cohesion and genome compaction. Cohesin coiled coils (CCs) can fold at break sites near midpoints to bring head and hinge domains, located at opposite ends of coiled coils, into proximity. Whether ATPase activities in the head play a role in this conformational change is yet to be known. Here, we dissected functions of cohesin ATPase activities in cohesin dynamics in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
. Isolation and characterization of cohesin ATPase temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants indicate that both ATPase domains are required for proper chromosome segregation. Unbiased screening of spontaneous suppressor mutations rescuing the temperature lethality of cohesin ATPase mutants identified several suppressor hotspots in cohesin that located outside of ATPase domains. Then, we performed comprehensive saturation mutagenesis targeted to these suppressor hotspots. Large numbers of the identified suppressor mutations indicated several different ways to compensate for the ATPase mutants: 1) Substitutions to amino acids with smaller side chains in coiled coils at break sites around midpoints may enable folding and extension of coiled coils more easily; 2) substitutions to arginine in the DNA binding region of the head may enhance DNA binding; or 3) substitutions to hydrophobic amino acids in coiled coils, connecting the head and interacting with other subunits, may alter conformation of coiled coils close to the head. These results reflect serial structural changes in cohesin driven by its ATPase activities potentially for packaging DNAs.
Reversible structural changes in the influenza hemagglutinin precursor at membrane fusion pH
Authors: Garcia-Moro Eva , Zhang Jie , Calder Lesley J. , Brown Nick R. , Gamblin Steven J. , Skehel John J. , Rosenthal Peter B.
Published: August 2022

The subunits of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) trimer are synthesized as single-chain precursors (HA0s) that are proteolytically cleaved into the disulfide-linked polypeptides HA1 and HA2. Cleavage is required for activation of membrane fusion at low pH, which occurs at the beginning of infection following transfer of cell-surface–bound viruses into endosomes. Activation results in extensive changes in the conformation of cleaved HA. To establish the overall contribution of cleavage to the mechanism of HA-mediated membrane fusion, we used cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to directly image HA0 at neutral and low pH. We found extensive pH-induced structural changes, some of which were similar to those described for intermediates in the refolding of cleaved HA at low pH. They involve a partial extension of the long central coiled coil formed by melting of the preexisting secondary structure, threading it between the membrane-distal domains, and subsequent refolding as extended helices. The fusion peptide, covalently linked at its N terminus, adopts an amphipathic helical conformation over part of its length and is repositioned and packed against a complementary surface groove of conserved residues. Furthermore, and in contrast to cleaved HA, the changes in HA0 structure at low pH are reversible on reincubation at neutral pH. We discuss the implications of covalently restricted HA0 refolding for the cleaved HA conformational changes that mediate membrane fusion and for the action of antiviral drug candidates and cross-reactive anti-HA antibodies that can block influenza infectivity.
Women and Men are the Barometers of Relationships: Testing the Predictive Power of Women’s and Men’s Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Johnson Matthew D. , Lavner Justin A. , Muise Amy , Mund Marcus , Neyer Franz J. , Park Yoobin , Harasymchuk Cheryl , Impett Emily A.
Published: August 2022

There is a longstanding belief in relationship science and popular opinion that women are the barometers in mixed-gender relationships such that their perceptions about the partnership carry more weight than men’s in predicting future relationship satisfaction, but this idea has yet to be rigorously tested. We analyze data from two studies to test within-person links between men’s and women’s relationship satisfaction on their own and their partner’s next-day and next-year satisfaction. Study 1 combined nine daily diary datasets from Canada and the United States with 901 mixed-gender couples who provided 29,541 daily reports of relationship satisfaction. Study 2 analyzed five annual waves of data from the German Family Panel (pairfam) that surveyed 3,405 mixed-gender couples who provided 21,115 relationship satisfaction reports. Latent curve models with structured residuals (LCM-SR) revealed that in both studies, men’s and women’s relationship satisfaction significantly predicted their own and their partner’s relationship satisfaction, with no gender differences in the magnitude of these effects. Results underscore the interdependence of romantic partners’ satisfaction and indicate that both men and women jointly shape romantic relationship satisfaction.
Proximization and dialogue in Internet news texts and comments
Authors: Kowalski Grzegorz
Published: August 2022

The paper presents the results of an empirical study on proximization approached as a dialogue between journalists and readers of Internet media texts and online comments. In this way the paper shows a practical application of the research programme, whose tenets I presented elsewhere (Kowalski 2018), in relation to Polish and Romanian reciprocal media coverage on the winter 2016/2017 protests in the two countries, and follow-up online comments. The analysis shows that participants used proximization for different communicative purposes (descriptive or evaluative), for which they employed different reportoires of proximization strategies (categorization, domestication, construing hybrid IDC/ODC worlds, historical analogies, and references to cultural stereotypes). As a result, there was no consensus on a shared Discourse Space, and alternative Discourse Spaces were negotiated in the online dialogue.
Shifting addressivity
Authors: Caronia Letizia , Ranzani Federica , Colla Vittoria
Published: August 2022

In dealing with recent migration-related phenomena, inclusion has become an increasingly common
normative ethical imperative in socio-political discourse. Considering inclusion as a situated interactive
accomplishment, this article reports findings from a study on medical visits, each one involving a physician,
an unaccompanied foreign minor (UFM) and a professional educator. Adopting a Conversation Analysis-informed
approach to a corpus of video-recorded visits, we analyze (a) the physician’s shifts in addressivity, which
either foster or hinder UFM’s inclusion during the history-taking phase, and b) when and
how these shifts occur. We contend that, by shifting addressivity, the physician
navigates the locally incompatible goals of gaining reliable information on UFM patients and fostering their
active participation. We contend that the micro-practice of shifting addressivity is consistent with the
management of cultural-linguistic diversity proposed by the intercultural dialogue perspective.
Practices of inclusion/exclusion in and through classroom dialogue
Authors: Nasi Nicola
Published: August 2022

The paper explores non-native children’s peer socialization to norms of literacy and appropriate language use in the classroom. Drawing on ethnographic research in a primary school in northern Italy, this study adopts a CA-informed approach to analyze an Italian L2 class attended by children aged 8 to 10. The study focuses on children’s enacting of correction sequences following peers’ problematic conduct. As the analysis illustrates, children creatively re-produce teachers’ ways of speaking to enforce normative uses of language. Through these practices, non-native children socialize their classmates into expected ways of speaking, reading, and writing, and negotiate the social hierarchy of the peer group. Risks and opportunities of such practices are considered in relation to children’s social inclusion and exclusion.
Intervention in the coherence of narrative discourse in students with Developmental Language Disorder and with Typical Development (Intervención en la coherencia del discurso narrativo de alumnado con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje y con Desarrollo Típico)
Authors: Delgado-Cruz Atteneri , Acosta-Rodríguez Víctor M. , Ramírez-Santana Gustavo M.
Published: August 2022

The main goal of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of an intervention programme on narrative coherence in students with Typical Development (TD) and with a Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). Participants were 99 five-year-old students from schools in Tenerife. A task involving retelling a story was used for the narrative analysis, in which we studied thematic unity and the causal and temporal semantic relationships. The intervention programme, which had a total of 55 20-minute sessions, was organized into different practice levels and enlisted the collaboration of teachers and speech therapists. Two experimental groups (DLD and TD) and two control groups (DLD and TD) were established. The results show that students with DLD initially showed worse performance on coherence than their classmates with TD. After the programme, the students who received the intervention not only improved their performance but showed the strongest gains in thematic unity and mental state-causal relationships. The working model used serves as a guide for early intervention.
Same-different letter decision task: a study with Spanish children with dyslexia (Tarea de decisión de letras igual-diferente: un estudio con niños españoles con dislexia)
Authors: Martínez-García Cristina , Cuetos Fernando , Suárez-Coalla Paz
Published: August 2022

It is common to see mirror errors in letters in early stages of reading due to the mirror-generalization process that allows a visual stimulus to be identified independently of its orientation. To avoid such errors, this process must be inhibited. A special case would be children with dyslexia since their difficulties with the alphabetic code may also delay the acquisition of correct letter orientation. We investigated the relationship between reversible errors in reading and dyslexia. Twenty-seven Spanish-speaking children with dyslexia (7–12 years old) and 27 chronological-age-matched controls performed a ‘same-different’ letter decision task on reversible and non-reversible letters. Results showed that all participants required more time and committed more errors in discriminating reversible letters. In addition, worse execution was observed in the dyslexic group, which seems to indicate that this group is delayed in the acquisition of correct letter orientation. Therefore, our results indicated that overcoming reading errors in mirrors depends to some extent on the reading competence of the children and the ability to inhibit the process of generalization of mirrors.
Microstructures and properties of WC–10Co tuned by Ru integration and ball-milling
Authors: Zeng Hong , Liu Wenbin , Han Feitong , Wei Chongbin
Published: August 2022

Here, the effects of Ru and ball-milling on the mechanical properties of WC–10Co-cemented carbide were investigated using systematic characterisation and microstructure analysis. It was found that with an increase in the Ru content, the WC grain morphology and grain size did not change; however, the values of density and coercivity, Co magnetism, hardness, and fracture toughness of cemented carbide were changed. When the Ru content was 4%, compared with the alloy without Ru, the toughness increased from 16.8 to 24.2 (MPa. m1/2) and the hardness increased from 1290 to 1330 (HV30). Meanwhile, the analysis of the mixing process shows that the optimal ball-milling time is determined by the performance combination of the obtained alloy.
Performance and evolution of W/steel joint fabricated by selective laser melting
Authors: Li Sheng , Chen Longqing , Qiu Wenbin , Wen Pan , Tan Yang , Wu Chuan , Zhao Tianyu , Du Juan , Tang Jun
Published: August 2022

Herein, attempts were made to develop W/steel joints via selective laser melting (SLM) for the first time. The influence of processing parameters on the joint strength was investigated. To further improve the mechanical properties, we performed post-heat treatment on the as-fabricated specimens. The results showed that large amounts of solid solution and dispersed micro-/nanoparticles appear in the interface of W/steel joints fabricated by direct SLM because of the uniqueness of non-equilibrium solidification, which is favourable for the bonding properties. However, the solid solution gradually transforms into the Fe2W(Ni, Cr) phase encapsulated with W particles during heat treatment, while the Fe7W6 phase fills the poles at the W/steel interface, which is extremely detrimental to the bonding properties.
IgM antibodies derived from memory B cells are potent cross-variant neutralizers of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Hale Malika , Netland Jason , Chen Yu , Thouvenel Christopher D. , Smith Katherine Nabel , Rich Lucille M. , Vanderwall Elizabeth R. , Miranda Marcos C. , Eggenberger Julie , Hao Linhui , Watson Michael J. , Mundorff Charles C. , Rodda Lauren B. , King Neil P. , Guttman Miklos , Gale Michael , Abraham Jonathan , Debley Jason S. , Pepper Marion , Rawlings David J.
Published: August 2022

Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 can be supplemented with polyclonal sera from convalescent donors or an engineered monoclonal antibody (mAb) product. While pentameric IgM antibodies are responsible for much of convalescent sera’s neutralizing capacity, all available mAbs are based on the monomeric IgG antibody subtype. We now show that IgM mAbs derived from immune memory B cell receptors are potent neutralizers of SARS-CoV-2. IgM mAbs outperformed clonally identical IgG antibodies across a range of affinities and SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain epitopes. Strikingly, efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 viral variants was retained for IgM but not for clonally identical IgG. To investigate the biological role for IgM memory in SARS-CoV-2, we also generated IgM mAbs from antigen-experienced IgM+ memory B cells in convalescent donors, identifying a potent neutralizing antibody. Our results highlight the therapeutic potential of IgM mAbs and inform our understanding of the role for IgM memory against a rapidly mutating pathogen.
Numerical reconstruction from the Fourier transform on the ball using prolate spheroidal wave functions
Authors: Isaev Mikhail , Novikov Roman G , Sabinin Grigory V
Published: August 2022

We implement numerically formulas of Isaev and Novikov (2022 J. Math. Pures Appl.
163 318–33) for finding a compactly supported function v on

R

d

, d ⩾ 1, from its Fourier transform

F

[

v

]

given within the ball B

r
. For the one-dimensional case, these formulas are based on the theory of prolate spheroidal wave functions, which arise, in particular, in the singular value decomposition of the aforementioned band-limited Fourier transform for d = 1. In multidimensions, these formulas also include inversion of the Radon transform. In particular, we give numerical examples of super-resolution, that is, recovering details beyond the diffraction limit.
Piezoelectric approaches for wearable continuous blood pressure monitoring: a review
Authors: Yi Zhiran , Zhang Wenming , Yang Bin
Published: August 2022

Portable and timely monitoring of blood pressure (BP) is critical for early prevention and daily control of hypertension. Despite tremendous efforts, achieving a wearable and continuous BP monitoring system remains a challenge. Of special attention is the piezoelectric approach with intrinsically good dynamic response characteristics and high fidelity through correlating arterial pulse waves with BP waves. However, the piezoelectric arterial pulse dynamic response is elusive. Here, we review state-of-the-art wearable BP measurements and arterial pulse wave monitoring using piezoelectric sensors. We then discuss the challenges and some possible solutions in wearable continuous BP monitoring. Finally, we propose a potential wearable BP monitoring strategy using arterial pulse piezoelectric dynamics.
The study of phase change properties of Sb70Se30 thin film with scandium and aluminum doping
Authors: Liu Ruirui , Xu Zhehao , Yuan Yukang , Xu Jiayue , Zhai Jiwei , Song Sannian , Song Zhitang
Published: August 2022

The scandium (Sc) and aluminum (Al) co-doped antimony-selenium (Sb45Se25Sc7Al23) thin film was fabricated and systematically investigated in this study. The results reveal that our examined Sb45Se25Sc7Al23 thin film has good thermal stability (the failure temperature for ten years data retention ∼103 °C) and the fast phase change speed (5 ns) at same time. Besides, the Sb45Se25Sc7Al23 thin film shows no multiple phase change, which derives from the fact that no formation of new Sc or Al related phases that are able to trigger multiple states in the thin film. However, it is found that more Sb precipitation is formed by the increase of dopants, which may increase the tendency of multiple phase change. All results suggest Sb45Se25Sc7Al23 thin film would be a good candidate used for phase change random access memory applications.
Direct observation of antiferromagnetic parity violation in the electronic structure of Mn2Au
Authors: Fedchenko O , Šmejkal L , Kallmayer M , Lytvynenko Ya , Medjanik K , Babenkov S , Vasilyev D , Kläui M , Demsar J , Schönhense G , Jourdan M , Sinova J , Elmers H J
Published: August 2022

Using momentum microscopy with sub-µm spatial resolution, allowing momentum resolved photoemission on individual antiferromagnetic domains, we observe an asymmetry in the electronic band structure,

E
(
k
)
≠
E
(
−
k
)

, in Mn2Au. This broken band structure parity originates from the combined time and parity symmetry,

P
T

, of the antiferromagnetic order of the Mn moments, in connection with spin–orbit coupling. The spin–orbit interaction couples the broken parity to the Néel order parameter direction. We demonstrate a novel tool to image the Néel vector direction, N, by combining spatially resolved momentum microscopy with ab-initio calculations that correlate the broken parity with the vector N.
Setting up regional diagnostic reference levels for pediatric interventional cardiology in Latin America and the Caribbean countries: preliminary results and identified challenges
Authors: Ubeda C , Vano E , Perez M D , Jímenez P , Ramirez R , Nader A , Miranda P , Azcurra P , Damsky J , Capdevila S , Oliveira M , Albuquerque J , Bocamino R , Schelin H , Yagui A , Aguirre D , Riquelme N , Cardenas L , Álvarez A , Mosquera W , Arias F , Gutierrez R , De la Mora R , Rivera T , Zapata J , Araujo P , Chiesa P
Published: August 2022

The goal of the present study was to propose a set of preliminary regional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for pediatric interventional cardiology (IC) procedures in Latin America and the Caribbean countries, classified by age and weight groups. The study was conducted in the framework of the Optimization of Protection in Pediatric Interventional Radiology in Latin America and the Caribbean program coordinated by the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency. The first step of the program was focused on pediatric IC. Dose data from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were collected between December 2020 and December 2021. Regional DRLs were set as the third quartile of patient dose data (kerma area product) collected in 18 hospitals from 10 countries in an initial sample of 968 procedures. DRLs were set for four age bands and five weight ranges. The values obtained for the four age bands (<1 yr, 1 to <5 yr, 5 to <10 yr and 10 to <16 yr) were 2.9, 6.1, 8.8 and 14.4 Gy cm2 for diagnostic procedures, and 4.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 38.1 Gy cm2 for therapeutic procedures, respectively. The values obtained for the five weight bands (<5 kg, 5 to <15 kg, 15 to <30 kg, 30 to <50 kg and 50 to <80 kg) were 3.0, 4.5, 8.1, 9.2 and 26.8 Gy cm2 for diagnostic procedures and 3.7, 4,3, 7.3, 16.1 and 53.4 Gy cm2 for therapeutic procedures, respectively. While initial data were collected manually as patient dose management systems (DMSs) were not available in most of the hospitals involved in the program, a centralized automatic DMS for the collection and management of patient dose indicators has now been introduced and is envisaged to increase the sample size. The possibility of alerting on high dose values and introducing corrective actions will help in optimization.
Multilayer map construction and vision-only multi-scale localization for intelligent vehicles in underground parking
Authors: Jiang Zhuoyi , Gao Xiang , Li Yicheng , Wang Hai , Zhang Yong , Fang Xiao
Published: August 2022

High-accuracy localization is a major problem for intelligent vehicles. With the continuation of traffic scenarios, underground parking lots have become an essential link to intelligent vehicle localization. Current localization methods suitable for ordinary traffic scenes, such as the global localization system and Beidou, cannot obtain stable localization results because the satellite signal is blocked. Thus, localization is a complex problem to solve in this scenario to achieve highly accurate localization. This study proposes a coarse-to-fine multi-scale localization method that can achieve highly precise localization with only one monocular camera based on the constructed multilayer map. First, the visual features of the images to be located are extracted, and the proposed features are counted and matched with the map using the bag of word model to obtain the nearest node for completing node-level coarse localization. Second, the perspective N-point problem model is formed using visual features and structural information in the nearest node. Finally, the positions and attitudes of the vehicles relative to the map node are calculated to complete degree-level fine localization. The error rate of the localization algorithm is verified to be below 7.3%, which is superior to that of other methods. This study provides a new solution for the highly accurate localization of underground parking and other indoor scenes.
Quantifying the computational capability of a nanomagnetic reservoir computing platform with emergent magnetisation dynamics
Authors: Vidamour I T , Ellis M O A , Griffin D , Venkat G , Swindells C , Dawidek R W S , Broomhall T J , Steinke N J , Cooper J F K , Maccherozzi F , Dhesi S S , Stepney S , Vasilaki E , Allwood D A , Hayward T J
Published: August 2022

Devices based on arrays of interconnected magnetic nano-rings with emergent magnetization dynamics have recently been proposed for use in reservoir computing applications, but for them to be computationally useful it must be possible to optimise their dynamical responses. Here, we use a phenomenological model to demonstrate that such reservoirs can be optimised for classification tasks by tuning hyperparameters that control the scaling and input-rate of data into the system using rotating magnetic fields. We use task-independent metrics to assess the rings’ computational capabilities at each set of these hyperparameters and show how these metrics correlate directly to performance in spoken and written digit recognition tasks. We then show that these metrics, and performance in tasks, can be further improved by expanding the reservoir’s output to include multiple, concurrent measures of the ring arrays’ magnetic states.
Operando photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of graphene field-effect transistors
Authors: Lu Yi-Ying , Yang Yu-Lun , Chuang Pin-Yi , Jhou Jie , Hsu Jui-Hung , Hsieh Shang-Hsien , Chen Chia-Hao
Published: August 2022

In this study, operando photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the performance of graphene field-effect transistors under working conditions. By sweeping the back-gate voltages, the carrier concentration of the graphene channel on the 150 nm Si3N4/Si substrate was tuned. From the C1s core level spectra acquired under the application of different gate voltages, the binding energy shifts caused by electric-field effects were obtained and analyzed. Together with the C1s peak shape information and the photoluminescence spectrum of the Si3N4/Si substrate, the presence of local potential across the x-ray beam spot associated with defects and gate leakage current in amorphous Si3N4 was identified. The presence of defects in Si3N4/Si substrate could not only screen the partial electric field generated by the back gate but also serve as long-range scattering centers to the carriers, thus affecting charge transport in the graphene channel. Our findings will help further investigate the dielectric/graphene interface properties and accelerate the utilization of graphene in real device applications.
Measuring convective heat transfer in a room equipped with an air conditioner
Authors: Pebralia Jesi , Amri Iful , Rifa’i Ahmad Imam
Published: August 2022

This study has proposed a simple method to show the convective heat transfer. The object in this study is an air conditioner (AC) as a simple case of convection. In addition, AC is also easy to find in the class because most classrooms in Indonesia installed AC. Usually, a visualization needs special software (i.e. MatLab or others) and good programming skills. Therefore, in some cases, a lecturer would have difficulty enhancing the students’ understanding of the topic because it needs a simulation or visualization to explain it. Therefore, we present an alternative way to help the lecturer prepare materials for the learning process. The visualization was processed using Microsoft excel. So, it would be easy to operate and implement in the classroom. The result shows that the visualization convective heat transfer and the temperature change in the room seem to correspond to each other. The process AC does heat transfer is centred in a particular area as the coldest position. The lowest temperature is 20.90 °C with the decay constant 0.040, appropriate to the exponential decay in Newton’s law. Moreover, the decay constant (k) could not be used to predict the distance from the AC in temperature change.
Hands-on-experiments for additive colour mixing
Authors: Theilmann Florian
Published: August 2022

Ever since Newton’s groundbreaking work on the composed nature of light, additive colour mixing (and its laws) are subject to the interest of physicists as well as other sciences. In this paper, we present a setup for simple lab or home experiments on additive colour mixing and the laws of colour mixing. Students use the screen of a laptop or handheld device as (coloured) light source for respective experiments and can directly inspect the results of a superposition of different colours. With basic skills in designing presentation slides students can autonomously implement mixing experiments and explore the secrets which inspired Graßmann, Maxwell, and others.
Numerical simulation of AC losses in superconducting gravimeter
Authors: Huang Xing , Hu Xinning , Cui Chunyan , Wang Hao , Zhang Zili , Niu Feifei , Zhang Yuan , Wang Qiuliang
Published: August 2022

The annual drift of μGal level is an important indicator of superconducting gravimeters, which helps geophysicists to clarify the weak geophysical signals. In this paper, a finite element simulation model of the superconducting gravimeter sensor is developed based on the H formulation for evaluating the contribution of the excitation AC losses and the AC losses under operating conditions to the superconducting gravimeter’s drift. The model combines the H formulation and the heat transfer module of COMSOL Multiphysics software to calculate the AC losses of the superconducting gravimeter’s test mass and obtain the distribution images of the test mass’s temperature due to the AC losses-induced heating. The overall temperature rise of the test mass is obtained by assuming that it heats up uniformly and thus combines the temperature dependence factor (10 μGal mK−1) of the superconducting gravimeter to derive the instrument drift induced by AC losses. Then, the long-term drift due to excitation losses can reach 0.847 μGal yr−1, while the operating losses can be 0.45 μGal yr−1 or even less, according to the simulation. In addition, this paper discusses the effects of the parameters (index number, critical electric field, and critical current density) in the E–J power law introduced by the H formulation on the AC loss evaluation. It is concluded that the AC losses are sensitive to the critical current density, and increasing the test mass’s critical current density helps enhance the stability of the superconducting gravimeter.
Generation of terahertz radiation with fractional or integer OAMs from a fractional-order vortex two-color field
Authors: Wang Honggeng , Xu Shixiang , Chen Yue-Yue , Shen Baifei
Published: August 2022

This paper investigates the generation of the ultra-broadwidth (0.1–30 THz) terahertz (THz) radiation carrying fractional/integer orbital angular momentums (OAMs) via the interaction of the two-color (ω
0 and 2ω
0) laser field carrying initial fractional topological charges (TCs) with air in a moderate pump intensity regime (20 TW cm−2 < I
pump < 50 TW cm−2). The two four-wave mixing (FWM) processes (i.e., ω
0 + ω′0 − 2ω
0 → ω
THz and 2ω
0 − ω
0 − ω′0 → ω
THz) are responsible for THz generation. The two processes can produce two THz pulses. They interfere with each other and THz interference vortex beams are obtained. More importantly, the generation probability from the first FWM process grows while that of the second process declines in the positive frequency region over distance. This is largely due to the combined action of phase mismatch and the blue shift of the THz center frequency. For a longer distance, THz fractional vortex beams (FVBs)/integer vortex beams (IVBs) are produced by the dominant FWM process (ω
0 + ω′0 − 2ω
0 → ω
THz). Therefore, via employing different combinations of the initial TCs of the ω
0 and 2ω
0 pulses, one can manipulate the generation of the THz vortex beams with arbitrary fractional-order or integer-order TCs at some specific propagation distances. What is even more interesting is that, when employing half-integer TCs, THz FVBs with varying TC over distance can be produced, companied with birth and annihilation of the alternative vortex pair. This is principally due to diffraction-related effects and the unstable nature of the fractional vortex structures. This simple manipulation for THz waves carrying arbitrary fractional or integer TCs in this scheme encourages the applications for optically rotation, manipulation of molecular or cell assays and image edge enhancement in the field of biomedicine.
Modulation of electronic and magnetic properties of MoX2 (X = S and Se) monolayer via mono- and co-transition metal dopants: Spin density functional theory
Authors: Thajitr W , Busayaporn W , Rai D P , Sukkabot W
Published: August 2022

Using the spin density functional theory with Hubbard term (DFT + U) to account for exchange and correlation electronic effect, we study the electronic and magnetic properties of transition metal mono- and co-doped MoX2 (X = S and Se) monolayers. The electronic structures and magnetic properties of these monolayers are effectively modulated by the embedded transition metal atoms. The formation of the magnetism is caused by the double exchange mechanism, namely p-d and d-d hybridization. V, Cr and Co are the most energetically preferable substitutional dopants for these monolayers because of the lowest formation energies. Mn, Fe and Co doped-MoX2 (X = S and Se) and (Mo, Co, Co) Se2 monolayers are reflected as the half-metal behaviour with a perfect (100%) spin polarization at the Fermi level. Finally, the doped transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers exhibiting the half metallic properties are hopefully proposed for the benefit of two-dimensional spintronic devices.
Dynamics of Rényi-2 correlations in optomechanics
Authors: Lakhfif Abderrahim , Hidki Abdelkader , El Qars Jamal , Nassik Mostafa
Published: August 2022

We report on temporal evolution of three different kinds of correlations present between two mechanical resonators of two distant Fabry-Pérot cavities. The two cavities are jointly fed by a two-mode squeezed light and driven by two independent coherent lasers. We consider the initial state of the two mechanical modes as a two-mode uncorrelated thermal state. After evaluating the dynamical covariance matrix elements, we give explicit expressions of the measures of correlations defined via the Rényi-2 entropy, namely, the Rényi-2 quantum mutual information, the Gaussian Rényi-2 entanglement and the Gaussian quantum steering. We find that by an appropriate choice of the system parameters, it is possible to generate entanglement and steering via a quantum correlations transfer from squeezed light to the mechanical bi-mode state. The influence of the squeezing parameter, the optomechanical cooperativity and the environmental thermal noise on the correlations are studied thoroughly. Additionally, we show in various circumstances that the considered temporal correlations respect the hierarchical relation established in L Lami, C Hirche, G Adesso, and A Winter, (2016Phys. Rev. Lett.117, 220 502).
Dancing in the dark: detecting a population of distant primordial black holes
Authors: Martinelli Matteo , Scarcella Francesca , Hogg Natalie B. , Kavanagh Bradley J. , Gaggero Daniele , Fleury Pierre
Published: August 2022

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are compact objects proposed to have formed in the early Universe from the collapse of small-scale over-densities. Their existence may be detected from the observation of gravitational waves (GWs) emitted by PBH mergers, if the signals can be distinguished from those produced by the merging of astrophysical black holes. In this work, we forecast the capability of the Einstein Telescope, a proposed third-generation GW observatory, to identify and measure the abundance of a subdominant population of distant PBHs, using the difference in the redshift evolution of the merger rate of the two populations as our discriminant. We carefully model the merger rates and generate realistic mock catalogues of the luminosity distances and errors that would be obtained from GW signals observed by the Einstein Telescope. We use two independent statistical methods to analyse the mock data, finding that, with our more powerful, likelihood-based method, PBH abundances as small asfPBH≈ 7 × 10-6(fPBH≈ 2×10-6) would be distinguishable fromfPBH= 0 at the level of 3σwith a one year (ten year) observing run of the Einstein Telescope. Our mock data generation code,darksirens, is fast, easily extendable and publicly available on GitLab.
Gravitational waves in scalar-tensor theory to one-and-a-half post-Newtonian order
Authors: Bernard Laura , Blanchet Luc , Trestini David
Published: August 2022

We compute the gravitational waves generated by compact binary systems in a class of massless scalar-tensor (ST) theories to the 1.5 post-Newtonian (1.5PN) order beyond the standard quadrupole radiation in general relativity (GR). Using and adapting to ST theories the multipolar-post-Minkowskian and post-Newtonian formalisms originally defined in GR, we obtain the tail and non-linear memory terms associated with the dipole radiation in ST theory. The multipole moments and GW flux of compact binaries are derived for general orbits including the new 1.5PN contribution, and comparison is made with previous results in the literature. In the case of quasi-circular orbits, we present ready-to-use templates for the data analysis of detectors, and for the first time the scalar GW modes for comparisons with numerical relativity results.
Neutrino mass and kinetic gravity braiding degeneracies
Authors: Garcia-Arroyo Gabriela , Cervantes-Cota Jorge L. , Nucamendi Ulises
Published: August 2022

Modified theories of gravity yield an effective dark energy in the background dynamics that achieves an accelerated expansion of the universe. In addition, they present a fifth force that induces gravitational signatures in structure formation, and therefore in the matter power spectrum and related statistics. On the other hand, massive neutrinos suppress the power spectrum at scales that also modified gravity enhances it, so a degeneration of these effects has been recognized for some gravity models. In the present work, we study both effects using kinetic gravity braiding (nKGB) models to find that in spite of some degeneracies, the role of the fifth force at very large scales imprints a bump in the matter power spectrum as a distinctive signature of this model and, therefore, acts as a smoking gun that seems difficult to match within the present knowledge of power spectra. These models result interesting, however, since the n = 1 presents no H
0 tension, and all nKGB studied here present no σ
8 tension and, in addition, a null neutrino mass is excluded.
The investigation of spherically convergent plasma fusion as a high-flux neutron source with a long-pulsed laser driving
Authors: Yan Ji , Ren Guo Li , Chen Zhong Jing , Zhang Xing , Yang Chen , Li Li Ling , Zheng Jian Hua , Cao Hui , Sun Chuan Kui , Jiang Wei , Tang Qi , Song Zi Feng , Yu Bo , Pu Yu Dong , Dong Yun Song , Huang Tian Xuan , Liu Jie , Jiang Shao’en , He Xian Tu
Published: August 2022

The spherically convergent plasma fusion (SCPF) scheme is a robust approach to provide a high-brightness pulsed neutron source. The performance of the SCPF driven by the long-pulsed laser is investigated. The experiments, with the laser pulse duration in a range of 0.5 ns to 3 ns, were implemented on the ShenGuang-II Upgrade facility and a 100 kJ level laser facility. The intensity of the laser beam was about multiple 1014 W cm−2. The measured D–D reaction neutron yields were in a range of 7.3 × 108 to 1.01 × 1011, while the driven laser energies were in a range of 2.1 kJ to 100.5 kJ. The temporal self-emitted x-ray flux and image were measured. It showed that the plasma core could be maintained for a longer time in the long duration shots. The neutron reaction rate was measured on the 100 kJ level laser facility. The full width at half maximum reached about 1 ns in the shot with 2 ns duration laser. The scaling law of the measured yields with respect to the laser power and the pulse duration were presented. The neutron yield was able to be increased by increasing the power and extending the duration.
Design and field measurement of dipole magnets for a 300-MeV proton and heavy ion synchrotron in SESRI
Authors: Lyu M.B. , Zhao L.X. , Ma L.Z. , Yang J. , Zhang J.J. , Wu W. , Zhang X. , You W. , Yao Q.G.
Published: August 2022

Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure
(SESRI) is a new national research infrastructure under construction
at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) in China. Its 300-MeV proton
and heavy ion accelerator is a major radiation source, and a compact
synchrotron has been designed with a circumference of less than 44
m. The synchrotron dipoles are essential components of the
accelerator, and they have been designed and tested carefully to
meet the stringent physical requirements. The measured transverse
field homogeneity is less than 2 × 10-4 from 0.2 T to
1.4 T and roughly agrees with the simulated results. With a
modified linear programming algorithm, the integral magnetic field
uniformity within 0.2–1.1 T is optimised from 6 × 10-4 
to 1.5 × 10-4, and the corresponding multi-pole
field-component errors are greatly reduced. By shortening the pole
ends, the reproducibility of integral field among six magnets at
0.2 T is less than 3 × 10-4. In addition, the transient
effect of the magnetic field is also evaluated and tested. Through
analysis of the transient effect and structural strength, low-carbon
steel and stainless steel are selected for the side plates and end
plates, respectively. According to the transient measurement
results, the feedforward compensation can be implemented to produce
a more accurate current waveform. On 1 January 2022, the beam was
successfully accumulated with the preset current waveform, and the
beam intensity met the design requirements.
High-precision digital Faraday cups for FEEP thrusters
Authors: Mühlich Nina Sarah , Seifert Bernhard , Ceribas Emre , Gerger Joachim , Aumayr Friedrich
Published: August 2022

The number of scientific missions that require an extremely precise alignment of spacecraft achieved by electric thrusters has increased significantly in recent years. This requires a highly accurate knowledge of the thrust vector misalignment and the thrust intensity variation over time. In order to be able to resolve this high accuracy of the thruster beam, a high-precision plasma diagnostics system is required. For example, for upcoming missions like NGGM, it is required to get a spatial resolution of the ion beam current measurements <0.5° in polar and azimuthal direction. FOTEC's plasma diagnostics system based on Faraday cup analysis was optimised in order to be able to analyse the thrust vector misalignment with high spatial resolution. On the one hand, the geometry was adapted to keep the reduction of the signal due to secondary electron emission at a minimum. On the other hand, the entire measuring electronics were built into the head of each Faraday cup. This completely eliminates signal interference due to the cable length and movement of the diagnostics arm. Measurements of the digital Faraday cup diagnostics system will be presented, which were carried out at an IFM Nano Thruster. In particular, the signal-to-noise ratio could be significantly improved.
Scientist-stakeholder relationships drive carbon data product transfer effectiveness within NASA program
Authors: Brown Molly E , Escobar Vanessa M , Younis Fatima M , Sepúlveda Carlo Edil , McGroddy Megan , Arias Sabrina Delgado , Griffith Peter , Hurtt George
Published: August 2022

Carbon cycle science is at the heart of research on global climate change and its long-term impacts, as it examines the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, land, and the impact of fossil fuel emissions on this cycling. Given the urgency of the climate challenge, NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) requires all funded investigators to identify and work with stakeholder organizations at project inception to accelerate the transfer of the products developed by funded research into decision making systems. In this study, we contribute to the literature through the implementation of a quantitative analysis of 908 unique survey responses from funded investigators to explore the maturity of the scientist-stakeholder engagement. The paper employs multiple correspondence analysis to provide evidence to support policy options to increase stakeholder integration into research programs. Despite limitations of the dataset used, we demonstrated that multiple funding rounds, long-standing relationships between the stakeholder and scientist, and the scientific productivity of the Principal Investigator, including the ability to produce datasets and research papers on these datasets, all contribute to carbon products moving from research to operational use. The maturity of relationships between scientists and stakeholders was shown to result improved stakeholder engagement. The use of carbon products should be identified in every stage of the program, and that capacity building is needed to support both existing and newly identified stakeholders better understand and use CMS products. As federal, state, and local policy on climate adaptation and mitigation matures, the need for information on carbon will expand. Building of stakeholder-scientist relationships in CMS results in an effective generation and use of datasets to support this need and prototype ways that improved information needed for decision making can be created.