bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of and Prospects for Organic Aquaculture Worldwide
Authors: Biao Xie
Published: September 2010

The organic sector is booming, with the largest ever wave of farm conversions under way. Negative environmental impacts, safety issues for aquaculture products, increased fish consumption and the increasing market share of organic foods have combined to focus attention on organic aquaculture. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of organic aquaculture throughout the world with regard to the differences between organic and conventional aquaculture, standards and certification programmes, along with development and prospects. The author also examines the key factors shaping organic aquaculture growth and offers recommendations for stimulating the success of organic aquaculture.
Changing Governance Structures in South African Agribusiness
Authors: Doyer O.T. , D'Haese M.F.C. , Van Rooyen C.J. , Kirsten J.F. , D'Haese L.
Published: September 2010

This article examines the changing governance structures in the South African agri-food sector. Changing legislative and market conditions forced agribusiness managers to rethink their governance structures to ensure the competitiveness of the agri-food sector. They had to adapt to the new structures in a relatively short time. Three case studies of different levels of coordination between firms are presented. The analysis indicates a move away from spot markets to managed coordination structures in response to the deregulation of South African agricultural policy.
The Seed Laws of Asian Countries under the WTO and IPR Regime: A Paradigm Shift
Authors: Dastagiri M.B.
Published: September 2010

The basic motivations behind the liberalization of the seed laws of Asian countries are to regulate the seed market and ensure the availability of‘good-quality’ seeds. Changes in these laws are intended to harmonize with the equivalent laws of other countries around the world so that seed markets are open to big business. The seed laws of Asian countries lean towards WTO agreements, particularly with respect to market access and the trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) rather than sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT). These laws will enable the shifting of rights from farmers to breeders and transnational corporations as hybrids replace traditional farmers' varieties. The seed laws in all the Asian countries require that state-notified varieties are registered and certified. These laws and policies encourage private participation, benefit private seed companies and provide better market access to foreign seed companies. Reforms of seed laws also favour privatization and the role of transnational corporations. Asia (particularly India and China) is emerging as the largest seed market in the world for the European Union and the USA.
Organic Agriculture: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Demiryürek K. , Stopes C. , Güzel A.
Published: September 2010

Organic agriculture has grown rapidly throughout the world in recent years as a result of increasing consumer interest in healthy food and environmental concerns. The use of land in this operation helps to conserve the environment and promotes the sustainable use of natural resources. The demand for organic products has increased, especially in Europe, North America and Oceania, and hence has created export potential for developing countries. Turkey is a typical case among developing countries of the establishment of organic agriculture based on export potential. About 85% of its current organic production is exported to EU countries, and this is predicted to expand further. The main objectives of the study were to define the concept of organic agriculture and to describe the state of organic agriculture both worldwide and specifically in Turkey. The paper also describes major issues affecting Turkish organic agriculture and presents recommendations for developing this and related sectors in the hope that they will help to solve common problems faced by developing countries and improve policy programmes along with extension and research activities.
Breeding Options for Dairy Cattle Improvement in the Sudan
Authors: Musa L.M.-A. , Bett R.C. , Ahmed M.-K.A. , Peters K.J.
Published: September 2010

This paper attempts to define a rational choice of breeding strategies for the improvement of milk production in the Sudan involving Kenana, Butana, Friesian and crossbred dairy cows. In some major production traits, the Sudanese Butana and Kenana cattle compare favourably under average station management with some of the best breeds in tropical countries, and their performance does not fall far behind that of 50% crossbred cattle in the Sudan. Kenana and Butana could be used particularly in medium-intensive production systems. The local environment (high temperature, low feed quality and quantity, disease and parasitic challenge) can sustain only composite genotypes of a moderate level of Bos taurus blood. Their relative economic efficiency is yet to be considered. An economically viable use of Friesian cattle in central Sudan is an option only when adequate feeding management, hygiene, stockmanship, technical services and other types of infrastructure are available. A regional dairy breeding policy should be established that implements breeding programmes to produce dairy cattle suitable for particular eco-regions and production systems.
Striga Management and the African Farmer
Authors: Woomer Paul L. , Bokanga Mpoko , Odhiambo George D.
Published: September 2010

Striga asiatica and S. hermonthica are widespread plant parasites of cereals in Sub-Saharan Africa. In maize cropland alone, Striga has infested about 2.4 million ha, resulting in yield loss of 1.6 million tons per year, valued at US$383 million. Because the parasite attacks below ground, conventional weeding is largely ineffective. Researchers have been slow to develop other Striga control practices useful to small-scale African farmers. Two recent technical breakthroughs, however, offer opportunities for better Striga management. First, herbicide-resistant maize lines provide several weeks' chemical protection from infection, resulting in over one ton per ha yield improvement and reducing Striga expression by 80%. Second, many legumes induce Striga seed to germinate and die in the absence of susceptible host roots, a characteristic usefully employed in cereal–legume intercropping and rotation. The challenge is to translate these technical achievements into products and technologies available to and adopted by Africa's poor farmers.
Business Performance of Former State-Owned Large Farms (Agrocombinats) after Economic System Change
Authors: Hadelan Lari , Njavro Mario , Par Vjekoslav
Published: September 2010

Large farms (usually called‘agrocombinats’, the state-owned large-scale agricultural enterprises analogous to agribusinesses) have played a very important role in Croatian agriculture over the past 50 years. Their monopolistic position during the period of socialism was exploited with regard to distribution, marketing and financing privileges, and helped them to achieve economies of scale, but it had little effect on business efficiency. When that period ended, agrocombinats were transformed into joint-stock companies, which, using new business strategies, sought to become profitable firms on behalf of their shareholders. According to data from the Croatian Stock Market, investment in agrocombinats' stocks yielded high returns, but the volatility of the share prices indicated a significant level of speculation and a lack of confidence in their future business performance.
Entrepreneurial Students
Authors: Sjölundh Therese , Wahlbin Clas
Published: September 2010

Students at Jönköping University are encouraged to start their own businesses in parallel with their studies, and the university offers support as part of its encouragement. Jönköping students currently start up around 50 firms each year. These start-ups account for about 15 per cent of the new firms in the local community and they also bring other benefits to the region. Support for the student businesses is provided by the Business Lab section of Science Park Jönköping. The support system is open and student-driven: it is always available, there is no selection of ideas or people, and its direction and pace are to a large degree determined by the students themselves. In addition, the general business coaches are close to both the student and the business culture, there is no separate ‘coach culture’, and the support system is well integrated into the science park. These success factors are incorporated into a general model of the meeting between two cultures, viewed as a value-creating process that changes character over time.
Knowledge-Based Entrepreneurship in a Boundless Research System
Authors: Dell'Anno Davide
Published: September 2010

International entrepreneurship and knowledge-based entrepreneurship have recently generated considerable academic and non-academic attention. This paper explores the ‘new’ field of knowledge-based entrepreneurship in a boundless research system. Cultural barriers to the development of business opportunities by researchers persist in some academic contexts, where the focus is on ‘pure’ research rather than the exploitation of results. The promotion of ‘invisible networks’ of peers and the provision by higher education institutions of the kind of entrepreneurship education needed by scientists if they are to transform their research results into successful businesses are among the appropriate strategies to connect research with entrepreneurship in an international context.
Performance Differences between Entrepreneurial and Non-Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Jennings Daniel F. , Hindle Kevin G.
Published: September 2010

This paper extends the strategy–structure–performance paradigm to examine the performance differences between entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial electrical distribution firms. The results indicate that both entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial electrical distributors with an optimal strategy–structure alignment tend to have a higher organizational performance than those entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial electrical distributors without such an alignment. The results are examined and conclusions are offered. Finally, the implications for future research are set out, as are the limitations of the present study.
Technology-Based Entrepreneurship Education: Meeting Educational and Business Objectives
Authors: Boocock Grahame , Frank Regina , Warren Lorraine
Published: September 2010

The UK government's ‘Third Mission’ for Higher Education (2000) encourages universities to teach entrepreneurship to ‘STEM’ students (those studying science, technology, engineering and mathematics), in part to support the technology transfer agenda. Technology-based entrepreneurship education (TEE) incorporates the key elements of entrepreneurship education (EE), concentrating on the creation of economic value from technological change. In this paper, the key challenges associated with EE and TEE are outlined, and the authors propose that the way to meet these challenges is through a systematic process that takes a technology from an initial idea in the laboratory to full commercialization as a high-growth firm. The ‘Technology Entrepreneurship and Commercialization Algorithm’ developed at North Carolina State University (NCSU) offers such a framework for multidisciplinary teams. The paper describes why and how the Algorithm was adapted for use at Loughborough University (LU). The focus is on the educational and business objectives of the programme and the extent to which those objectives have been achieved. The paper thus makes a contribution to the TEE literature by spelling out specific challenges, discussing a potential solution to these challenges and thereby adding to our understanding of the linkages between education, innovation and entrepreneurship.
Opportunity and Innovation
Authors: Simmons Geoff , Thomas Brychan C. , Packham Gary
Published: September 2010

It is evident from the literature that there is potential synergy between opportunity and innovation in the creation of value and competitive advantage for businesses. However, while entrepreneurial marketing presents a strategic business context in which to explore that synergy, there is a lack of existing work on which to draw. Addressing this, the main aim of this paper is to provide a common platform for researchers and business practitioners to tackle gaps in understanding, providing strategic implications and opportunities for future research. This is achieved through the development of a conceptual model, which builds on theories relating to marketing/entrepreneurial orientation and recent research on entrepreneurial marketing. The conceptual model offers a means of interpreting the synergy between opportunity and innovation in the creation of value.
Entrepreneurship and the Informal Sector
Authors: Gurtoo Anjula , Williams Colin C.
Published: September 2010

This paper critically evaluates the popular structuralist representation of informal workers as marginalized populations who work as dependent employees out of economic necessity and as a last resort. Reporting on an empirical survey of 1,518 informal workers in India, it reveals not only that a large proportion work on their own account as informal entrepreneurs, but also that not all do such work purely out of economic necessity and in the absence of alternative means of livelihood. The paper concludes by calling for a wider recognition of the opportunity-driven entrepreneurial endeavour of many working in the informal sector.
A Critique of the Productivity Commission's Report on Assistance to Australian Tourism
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Spurr Ray
Published: September 2010

Australia's Productivity Commission has released a study of government assistance to Australian tourism which has proved quite controversial. Various aspects of the Commission's paper are of interest to tourism researchers and several of these are explored in this paper. The paper sets out the main arguments in the Productivity Commission's research paper, critiques those arguments and discusses the implications for tourism policy.
The Economic Structure of World Tourism
Authors: Vu Jo Chau , Turner Lindsay
Published: September 2010

The economic development of world regions has been linked increasingly to tourism development and particularly to the volume of tourist arrivals. International tourism is a form of trade that represents exports as tourist arrivals. Particular countries have been more or less successful in developing tourism exports and imports. It has been assumed sometimes that most world regional international tourism flows from the developed to the underdeveloped world and forms a process of foreign exchange income from developed to underdeveloped economies. This paper examines the question of which countries are linked economically in world tourism and, more importantly, analyses the structure of this linkage.
Tourism in European Cities: Insights into the Dynamics of Weekend Hotel Accommodation
Authors: Poater Albert , Garriga Anna
Published: September 2010

The rationalization of the cost of accommodation for the most representative night of the weekend (from Saturday to Sunday) was examined using hotel price information from the Internet. The overall data are related to 20 benchmark European cities, but also include brief comparisons with other cities around the world. The tool used to obtain the information was a web searcher with similar characteristics to a travel agency, which allows booking via the Internet. The amount of data thus collected was much greater than could have been produced from any other available information source, enabling a more robust and detailed analysis. ‘Yield management’, as used by airlines, especially as it relates to price discrimination and ‘peak load pricing’, drives hotel prices. An overview of differences among the main types of customer is provided, distinguishing mainly between those travelling for financial reasons and those travelling for pleasure. The results reveal that ‘sun-and-beach’ destinations, especially abundant in southern European countries, and in particular in Spain, usually offer cheap prices. However, the best-known southern cities present prices in accordance with the price lists of the rest of Europe and, in some cases, their prices are even higher than those in some Nordic cities. Apart from price analysis, the quality of the hotels is also taken into account using the ‘coefficient by star’ parameter.
Earnings of Hotel Managers: Comparing the Human and Social Capital Approach
Authors: Barros Carlos Pestana , Santos Carlos M.
Published: September 2010

This paper estimates a human capital model for hotel managers and compares the results with the social capital model, based on a questionnaire distributed in Portugal in 2003. The study disentangles the relative contributions of the two competing theories of earnings, the human capital and social capital theories, as applied to hotel managers. The authors conclude that hotel managers' earnings are a function of both theories. Policy implications are derived.
Improving Performance through HEI–Industry Engagements in the Built Environment
Authors: Underwood Jason , Williams Aled , Thurairajah Niraj
Published: September 2010

The poor performance and inefficiencies of the construction industry are well recognized and documented. Through a variety of combined industry and government initiatives there has been a continual expression in the UK over the last decade of the urgent need to address the fragmented nature of the industry to improve its performance. A major challenge is for education and industry stakeholders to create closer and more effective relationships with each other to facilitate greater mutual understanding. ‘Accelerating Change in Built Environment Education’ (ACBEE) is a sponsored initiative designed to encourage the closer working together of industry, education and professional bodies to provide more relevant training and education. This paper introduces ACBEE, along with an evaluation framework for measuring the performance of engagements at various levels. This is followed by an analysis of the application of this performance measurement framework through case studies of industry–education engagement. A number of case studies were identified as operating at the grades of ‘strategic alliance’ and ‘partnership’ (as classified in the ACBEE evaluation framework). The analysis of these cases focuses on the drivers behind and the purpose of the engagement, and how these are aligned with the business strategy of the collaborating organizations and measurement of the activity. Evidence of meeting the explicit business needs and strategic objectives and the contribution to good practice knowledge are also discussed.
A (Relative) Mismatch Perspective
Authors: Parellada Martí , Duch Néstor , Álvarez Montserrat
Published: September 2010

This article provides an analysis of job supply by Spanish firms and the demand for work, and the mismatch that occurs between these two variables. Data are taken for the year 2006, with particular attention to jobs offered by firms that require people with university degrees or other higher education qualifications. Demand and supply are broken down into several characteristics for the purposes of analysis: the level of studies; the professional category; the type of job contract; and the working day and salary.
Student Centrality in University–Industry Interactions
Authors: Ponomariov Branco
Published: September 2010

This paper proposes a model of interactions between university scientists and the private sector in which graduate students feature as important enablers. This conceptualization proposes that students represent a dimension of scientists' research capacity which improves their ability to identify and act on industry-related opportunities, and which also makes them more feasible research partners from the standpoint of industry. The results show that university scientists' student-related behaviour, such as grant support of students and research collaboration with them, and their student-related attitudes, such as their mentoring orientation, positively affect both the probability that scientists will engage in interaction with industry and the intensity of that interaction. The implications for policy and theory are discussed.
Structure and Management of European R&D Projects
Authors: Arranz N. , de Arroyabe J. C. Fdez.
Published: September 2010

Collaboration between economic agents, especially in technological areas, is characterized by ambiguity in terminology, multiple analytical approaches, a diversity of objectives and multiple organizational forms, among which the network constitutes the most important example of ‘common organization’ in international collaboration. This paper describes the main factors in the structure of a network that develops an R&D project and the predominant aspects of its management. The authors then discuss an empirical study based on technological projects developed within the framework of European RTD programmes. The sample comprises 350 industrial liaison organizations (ILOs) which often take an active part in the European Commission's Framework Programmes. The results show, from a structural point of view, how a network is shaped for technological product development. From the management perspective, the discussion highlights the role of the promoter and partners in achieving a project's objectives in terms of organization, decision and control.
Certification Schemes in the European Agri-Food Sector
Authors: Gawron Jana-Christina , Theuvsen Ludwig
Published: September 2010

In the last few years, following a number of food crises, quality assurance systems have been widely introduced into the European agri-food sector. Customers' growing quality demands and their undermined trust in food safety are just two of the driving forces behind this trend. With regard to quality assurance schemes, Central and Eastern European agriculture and food industries are in a catch-up position. To compensate for the lack of research in this field, this paper presents an overview of certification schemes in the European agriculture and food industry with a special emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe. It also discusses the characteristics and scope of the schemes as well as possible determinants and effects of the trend observed in recent years.
Intensification of Integrated Oil Palm–Ruminant Systems
Authors: Devendra C.
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses the potential importance and growing expansion of integrated oil palm–ruminant systems. It focuses on the significance of productivity-enhancing technologies and intensification consistent with economic benefits, social acceptance and environmental integrity, and alludes to potential opportunities associated with the sustainable development of such systems. The inclusion of animals in oil palm plantations has the distinct advantages of increasing productivity, providing supplies of animal proteins, and adding value to the oil palm crop. The principal feeds from the oil palm are oil palm trunks, oil palm fronds, palm kernel cake and palm oil mill effluent. These feeds, together with leguminous tree forages, provide for very efficient in situ development of oil palm-based feeding systems for ruminants that provide balanced diets and are relatively low-cost and cost-effective. A review of available data involving cattle in integrated systems indicates the following economic impacts: increased productivity from animals and offtakes, increased yield of fresh fruit bunches, increased income, savings in weeding costs, and an internal rate of return of about 19%. These economic impacts clearly encourage large-scale development of the systems: for this to happen, there is a need for supportive policies and more aggressive technology application on-farm. In addition, complacency needs to be overcome if there is to be wider adoption of the systems. Interest in integrated systems is increasing as intensification and the search for demonstrable efficiency in natural resource management and sustainable production pose challenges for the future.
Spread of Retailer Food Quality Standards
Authors: Drescher Larissa S. , Grebitus Carola , Herzfeld Thomas
Published: September 2010

Privately initiated food quality standards are becoming increasingly important elements in the marketing of food and agricultural products in Western Europe. At the same time, they are at the centre of a discussion about the potential negative effects on small farmers and farmers in developing and transition countries in general. This study analyses the adoption of two private food standards, the BRC Food Technical Standard and GlobalGAP, at an aggregated cross-country level. The results of the econometric analysis reveal some (potential) barriers for developing and transition countries in accessing this type of organizational innovation. Certificates seem more likely to be issued in countries that are larger and wealthier, which have better institutional arrangements and better infrastructural conditions, and which are former UK colonies.
Scale, Skill and Sustainable Livelihoods – Participatory Approaches to Improving Poultry Production in Peri-Urban Communities
Authors: Jordaan Johan W. , Alderson Michael
Published: September 2010

Poverty and food insecurity are widespread in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for approximately one-quarter of the world's poor, has acute food insecurity in its central, eastern and southern regions. Poverty has multiple dimensions and is characterized by the inability of individuals, households or entire communities to access sufficient assets to sustain a socially acceptable standard of living. By improving their asset status, households can become more resilient to external shocks through increased options for livelihoods. This paper examines the scaling-up of traditional family poultry systems as a possible livelihood strategy to reduce poverty and food insecurity in peri-urban communities in South Africa. Participative action research methodologies revealed small-scale broiler enterprises as the preferred poultry system. Through business incubation, trainee entrepreneurs from the community demonstrated abilities to manage scaled-up broiler systems profitably over four successive cycles of production and marketing. Participation in the broiler enterprise enabled entrepreneurs to accumulate a range of assets that contributed to improving their income and food security status. Improvements in household food security were achieved directly through the increased availability of poultry meat and indirectly through increased cash incomes to acquire other foodstuffs. At the community level, localized benefits included the increased availability of fresh poultry meat and income effects derived from more competitive retail pricing. The paper concludes that further research is required to determine the viability of different scales of production that could be managed within the framework of local culture and access to resources.
Collusion in the Hungarian Market for Raw Milk
Authors: Hockmann Heinrich , Vöneki Éva
Published: September 2010

This paper develops a structural market model for the Hungarian milk market. The results indicate that the abolition of export subsidies in 2004 led to considerable market distortions. The processors were able to exploit significant oligopsony power. However, the opportunities to benefit from this favourable market position eroded rather quickly with the development of alternative marketing channels for raw milk (exports to Italy). The authors conclude that export subsidies had a negative welfare effect due to foregone specialization gains since they postponed the development of these markets.
A Modular Training Project for Vocational Education and Improvement in Turkey
Authors: Arslan Rıdvan , Tekin Yücel , Yazıcı Murat , Kuş Abdil , Kaynak Z.Gökay
Published: September 2010

Various vocational training methods, most of which overlap with lifelong learning programmes, are being used to address the problem of unemployment – an issue of vital importance, especially for developing countries. This article examines the introduction of a modular certification project in Turkey supported by EU training funds. The objective of the project is to enable people who are unemployed to find work and people in employment to improve their professional skills and competences, and therefore their opportunities. The researchers observed the employment status and development of the 245 people who received a certificate. They found that 89% either had found work in a sector consistent with their training, thanks to their participation in the project, or had to taken up a different position in their current field of employment.
Business and Industry Project-Based Capstone Courses: A Reflection on the Performance of Student Teams
Authors: Maleki Reza A.
Published: September 2010

This is the second of two articles in which the author shares experiences gained from the development and delivery of a business/industry project-based capstone course. The course integrates research, proposal development and design experience based on knowledge and skills acquired in earlier coursework. It also incorporates standards and realistic constraints and draws on combinations of all intended academic knowledge and skill outcomes. To succeed in this course, students must demonstrate professional competence through the accomplishment of work activities for business and industrial clients. They are required to collaborate as a team to apply their knowledge, think critically and complete activities. They face many of today's competitive challenges to industry, business and government. This second paper addresses the challenges and rewards of working in a team setting and the ways in which the capstone course structure contributes to students' enhanced learning. The first paper, also included in this issue of Industry and Higher Education, examines the processes of project selection and assessment.
Establishing and Maintaining Organizational Trust in the 21st Century
Authors: Hunt Matt , Lara Tracy M. , Hughey Aaron W.
Published: September 2010

Recent corporate and academic scandals have led to decreasing levels of trust and confidence in many organizations. Whether the organization is a college or university, a government agency, a private company or a public corporation, the establishment and maintenance of trust is essential to both short-term success and long-term efficacy. This article deals with how managers and leaders can work to establish trust in their organizations via such strategies as fostering behavioural consistency, behavioural integrity, sharing of control, effective communication and demonstration of concern for employees. Also included are strategies of maintaining and enhancing trust, how the level of trust in an organization affects the individual as well as the entire enterprise, and the consequences of losing organizational trust.
What's New in the Launching of Start-ups?
Authors: Matricano Diego
Published: September 2010

The exploitation of knowledge and experience is increasingly important to companies operating in the globalized economy, faced with intense competition and striving to make headway in difficult markets. If such exploitation is important for existing companies, able to develop their own knowledge from previous experience, it is critical for new ventures that have no direct real-world experience on which to draw. Would-be entrepreneurs now operate in a very different business environment from that of their predecessors and they need new forms of entrepreneurship education and new methods of pre-launch trial and analysis for start-ups. The transition from ‘nature’ to ‘nurture’ in the approach to and perception of entrepreneurship, coupled with the increasingly engaged economic role of higher education institutions and research centres can be manipulated effectively to improve the prospects for success of high-expectation entrepreneurs. This article demonstrates how Curley and Formica's model of the experimental laboratory for would-be entrepreneurs responds to the new business environment and the new thinking.
Resourcing Lab Experiments for New Ventures: The Potential of a Start-up Database
Authors: Pietrobon Alberto
Published: September 2010

Curley and Formica introduce a new concept for high-expectation start-ups, involving the use of ‘laboratory experiments’. These experiments prepare potential entrepreneurs for the challenges they will face by providing a combination of interactive business experience and an opportunity to deepen their knowledge of their future markets. This article argues that a database providing information about previous start-ups could be of great use to the would-be entrepreneur and would enhance the value of the experimental phase. The database would provide instant access to information that would contribute to the experimental process. Ready access to the histories of previous start-ups would help new entrepreneurs to learn from the successes and failures of others. In this respect it would increase their chances of turning their ambitious business ideas into practical realities outside the simulation bubble.
Business and Industry Project-Based Capstone Courses: Selecting Projects and Assessing Learning Outcomes
Authors: Maleki Reza A.
Published: September 2010

This is the first of two articles in which the author shares experiences gained from the development and delivery of a business/industry project-based capstone course. The course integrates research, proposal development and design experience based on knowledge and skills acquired in earlier coursework. The course also incorporates standards and realistic constraints. Preparing students for ‘real world’ practices is an integral part of the curriculum for many engineering and technology programmes. Such preparation can involve numerous approaches to simulate realistic experiences, including engaging students with real-world external clients who might use their work. These practices offer the challenge of identifying and selecting suitable projects as well as developing the means to evaluate effectively the learning outcomes related to students' participation in such projects. This paper has two main parts. Part 1 concerns the process of project solicitation and communication with clients during different phases of the capstone project life. The difficulties encountered and the means of reducing their negative impacts are also addressed. Part 2 includes the development of the students' learning outcomes and the tools used to measure them. The second paper, also published in this issue of Industry and Higher Education, addresses some of the key factors in enhancing student learning in teams.
Entrepreneurial Leadership and Cultural Change in a Faith-Based Organization
Authors: Brown Mary
Published: September 2010

This paper considers entrepreneurial leadership in a faith-based organization, the Scottish Episcopal Church (SEC), between 1996 and 2000. It analyses the strategy of the then Primate, Richard Holloway, to attempt to broaden the Church's membership base through a cultural change initiative. The initiative was designed to question and challenge existing cultural norms and attract new members who might not share them. Although Jungian type theory is usually applied to understanding individual differences, this paper employs type theory innovatively to describe and analyse the SEC's essentially pluralist culture at the time. It appears that a predominantly traditionalist approach was leavened with a more liberal and mystical strain. Holloway set out to define a new cultural vision embracing diversity and to attract others to make it happen. However, he was unable to convince enough existing SEC members that he was right to seek a more heterogeneous membership whose views would better reflect his own increasingly liberal stance. Understanding how fundamental views of reality, held often unconsciously by individuals, inform and influence culture in a faith-based organization sheds new light on the experiences of entrepreneurs in a religious environment. In this case, Jungian-derived type theory may explain how Holloway's entrepreneurial approach attempted to stretch existing cultural norms, reflecting tradition and convention, too far towards a questioning and challenging approach. An entrepreneurial strategy that appeared to make sense in rational terms (and to embrace the Christian ethic of universal acceptance) was ultimately unsuccessful in changing deeply held cultural norms.
The Economic Impact of Tourism in Xinghai Park, China: A Travel Cost Value Analysis Using Count Data Regression Models
Authors: Wang Erda , Li Zuozhi , Little Bertis B. , Yang Yu
Published: September 2010

Using the travel cost method, the authors measure the recreational trip value of Xinghai Park in Dalian, China. They compare non-linear, truncated Poisson and truncated negative-binomial count data models to estimate recreational trip demand. The economic values of recreational trips in terms of consumer surplus (CS) are derived from each model. They estimate the CS values at between RMB ¥493 (US$64) to RMB ¥562 (US$73) per trip, resulting in a total social welfare estimate in the range from RMB ¥1.08 billion to RMB ¥1.23 billion (US$140 million to US$160 million in 2007).
Entry Fees as an Instrument for Environmental Management: Study of a Wildlife Park in Kerala, India
Authors: Santhakumar V.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the appropriate economic objective for managing tourism in a wildlife park in a developing country so as to conserve the environmental resource and maximize revenue generation on a sustainable basis. It identifies and elaborates the ‘minimization of uncovered cost’ as a reasonable objective for this purpose and develops a simple but theoretically grounded tool to decide whether or not the number of tourists should be increased (by changing the user fees) to achieve that objective. Empirically, the study assesses the potential revenue from tourism and the current position in this regard and uses this information in judging the desirability of increasing fees. On the basis of a ‘willingness to pay’ survey of tourists, it seemed that tourist numbers would be reduced by half if higher entry fees were charged – and the higher fee would not have much effect on total revenue. However, the current institutional structure of the wildlife park, despite well-defined state ownership and strict enforcement of forest regulations, is not conducive to the implementation of this policy of revenue maximization compatible with environmental conservation.
Effect of IT Investment Announcements on the Market Value of Hospitality Firms Using Event Study Methodology
Authors: Kim Sang Hyuck , Kim Woo Gon , Hancer Murat
Published: September 2010

The goals of this study are to examine the impact of IT investment announcements on firms' stock prices and to test the productivity paradox of IT investment in the hospitality industry by adopting event study methodology. The cautious interpretation of the results lends support for a positive link between IT investment announcements and financial performance. Furthermore, this study's descriptive analysis indicates that the trend of abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns shows steady increases over the three-day event windows. This study provides the stepping-stone to solving the IT productivity paradox and offers useful information for IT investment decision making in the hospitality business.
The Economic Value of Novel Means of Ascending High Mountain Peaks: A Travel Cost Demand Model of Pikes Peak Cog Railway Riders, Automobile Users and Hikers
Authors: Loomis John , Keske Catherine
Published: September 2010

In addition to hiking trails, some peaks have alternative transportation routes such as cog railways, trams or roads to reach the summit. The authors use a count data travel cost model to estimate the recreational demand for traditional and novel means of ascending Pikes Peak in Colorado. Their analysis shows statistically significant differences in the demand curve slopes and in the net willingness to pay (consumer surplus) for three categories of recreationists who take alternative means to ascend the mountain. The more exotic or unique the means of ascent, the higher the visitor benefits are. Cog railway and automobile users and those ascending by hiking receive consumer surpluses of US$98, US$54 and US$31, respectively, per day trip.
Tourism Employment and Poverty: Revisiting the Supply Curve
Authors: Riley Michael , Szivas Edith
Published: September 2010

The authors argue that the theory of the downward-sloping supply curve for labour is relevant to explanations of labour market behaviour in tourism. The paper is founded on the work of Sharif (1986, 1991, 2000), who questioned the definition of subsistence and argued that, in certain conditions, the initial slope of the curve would be downwards. The authors ask whether tourism development could provide these particular conditions. An important distinction is made between the perception of management of the market being in surplus or abundance. If the downward-sloping supply curve is the case, then the distress selling of labour that it implies would have implications for the quality of tourism products and for the capacity of tourism to alleviate poverty.
Modelling and Forecasting the UK Tourism Growth Cycle in Algarve
Authors: Andraz Jorge L.M. , Gouveia Pedro M.D.C.B. , Rodrigues Paulo M.M.
Published: September 2010

Over the past three decades, Portugal has developed a strong economic dependence on tourism, which has several implications for the country's overall economic development. Tourism is an activity that is interrelated strongly with the economic system since Portugal as a whole and specific regions in particular rely on the performance of tourism for their economic activity. Moreover, because economic cycles affect tourism development, it is highly vulnerable to economic fluctuations. Most tourists who visit Portugal are from the European Union, especially Western Europe. Statistics are based on the number of overnight stays in hotel accommodation and other similar establishments. In 2005, the main source markets were the UK (30.7%), Germany (16.5%), Spain (11.5%), the Netherlands (6.8%), France (4.7%), Ireland (3.6%) and Italy (3.1%). These values show that the UK has the greatest share of visitors to Algarve. The purpose of this paper is to propose a modelling approach that best fits the tourism flow pattern in order to support forecasting. The paper contributes to our understanding of the relationship between economic cycles and tourism flows to Portugal (Algarve) and explores the potential of applying the diffusion index model proposed by Stock and Watson (1999, 2002) for tourism demand forecasting.
Farmers' Adaptation Capacities in the Eastern Rainforest of Madagascar
Authors: Toillier Aurélie , Lardon Sylvie
Published: September 2010

Since 1996, contractual forest management involving the local population has been proposed as a solution to deforestation and poverty in Madagascar. This article highlights the way in which two contrasting farming systems can be adapted to conservation constraints without threatening sustainability. The authors show that farmers' adaptation capacities are heterogeneous among local communities and that a knowledge of the factors influencing this variability can help in the design of guidance for farms to enable them to develop sustainably in line with current perceptions of agriculture's role in land management and forest conservation.
The Agri-Environmental Footprint
Authors: Knickel Karlheinz , Kasperczyk Nadja
Published: September 2010

The monitoring and assessment of agri-environmental (AE) changes and impacts can help to reconcile different land use interests. This paper presents a common methodological framework for assessing changes and, related to that assessment, the effectiveness of AE schemes. The authors use a quantitative farm-level Agri-environmental Footprint Index (AFI), which aggregates the measurement of a range of farm and landscape-level indicators. The involvement of stakeholders is critically important in regionally customizing the index and its actual application. Such involvement raises the awareness of stakeholders about the multifunctionality of landscapes. This research builds on the results of the EU-funded AE-Footprint project.
The Dutch Pork Chain: A Commodity System Resisting Threats from the Market and Society
Authors: de Greef Karel , Casabianca François
Published: September 2010

The Dutch pork sector can be characterized as one massive, homogeneous commodity system, resisting diversification. A closer look at innovation strategies and initiatives leads to the conclusion that efforts are being made to enhance sustainability (including economic viability) through diversification, but the effects on system diversity are small; several initiatives have failed to alter the situation of a uniform commodity system dominating more than 95% of production volume. Explanations for the inertness of the commodity system were found in the lack of vertical integration and the dominance of the existing system (‘regime’ in innovation theory). Constraints include ‘commodity thinking’ and self-enhancing processes such as lock-ins.
Corporate Entrepreneurship Training Evaluation
Authors: Byrne Janice , Fayolle Alain
Published: September 2010

This paper looks at corporate entrepreneurship (CE) training and proposes some insights for its evaluation. The literature review begins by outlining what corporate entrepreneurship entails and the rationale for a firm adopting a more entrepreneurial posture. Subsequently, organizational devices for encouraging corporate entrepreneurship are explored, with a particular focus on the practice of training. Assessing the effect of training programmes leads to the question of how the programmes, especially CE programmes, can be effectively evaluated. An evaluative framework for CE training initiatives is proposed. The paper draws on evaluation principles from three fields of literature – training, adult education and entrepreneurship education. This study focuses on the ‘changes in learners’ that occur as a result of training. The evaluation insights gained from these three fields are coupled with an individualized measure of entrepreneurial orientation to present a schematic of effective CE training evaluation.
The Role of Inquiry-Based Learning in Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Pittaway Luke
Published: September 2010

This paper introduces a course design that used history and inquiry-based learning to develop science students' understanding of invention, innovation and commercialization processes. First, it explains inquiry-based learning and then introduces a sample course design, explaining the rationale, structure and process. Following on from this introduction, a student case study on the development of Taxol is used to show how inquiry-based learning can enhance science students' understanding of entrepreneurial processes. The case study provides an illustration of the forms of knowledge gained through the use of inquiry-based learning. The paper concludes by highlighting the benefits and challenges of this type of course for the students and pointing out how such a course can provide a different approach for entrepreneurship education targeted at science and engineering students.