bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Improved Unscented Kalman Filter Algorithm for Dynamic Systems Parameters Estimation
Authors: doroudi aref , mohseni adel , Karrari mehdi
Published: March 2024

The high capabilities of unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for estimating the state variables of a dynamic system have led to their use for parameter estimation as well. In order to use the UKF to estimate the unknown parameters of a dynamic system, the parameters must be assumed to be in the form of virtual state variables. This paper first shows that this assumption causes some serious challenges. Then, trying to solve this problem, a modified UKF algorithm will be presented. Eventually, using the proposed algorithm, the parameters of a power plant turbine-governor system as a typical dynamic system are estimated and the efficacy of the method is investigated. The results show that the proposed method has good performance and is superior to the conventional algorithm. Purpose – This paper proposes a modified UKF algorithm to estimate the parameters of a dynamic system Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, by changing the point of view to system modeling, an improved version of the UKF-based method was presented. In the proposed version of the UKF algorithm, unlike the traditional one, the whole of the measurement signal samples is used as input in each stage of the estimation process. By doing this, throughout the entire simulation time i.e. within the entire time in which the measured signals exist, the unknown parameters are considered constant. Findings – The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through an illustrative example in parameter estimation of a TGOV1 Turbine-governor system as a case study. The proposed approach overcomes the shortcomings of the conventional method and shows high efficiency. It can be a useful substitute for the conventional UKF method. Originality/value – The proposed method is an evolutionary method whose evolution principles do not random behavior. It is based on Kalman filter rules and relations and enjoys all the advantages of this filter. It looks similar to a smoothing approach whose practical result is to filter out (in the mean sense) estimates with little physical meaning that normally arise when the number of state-variables is increased, that ultimately might lead the filter to diverge.
Feasibility and Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults with Mild to Moderate Depressive Symptoms: A Pilot Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Duan Yanping , Wang Yanping , Liang Wei , Wong Heung-Sang , Baker Julien Steven , Yang Shuyan
Published: March 2024

Background and aims:
Older adults with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms (MMDS) are at high risk to develop severe depression along with mortality and disability. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in older adults with MMDS.
Methods
Three elderly centers involving 24 older adults with MMDS were randomized into: 1) HIIT (n = 8); 2) moderate-intensity continuous training (Baduanjin Qigong) (MICT-BDJ) (n = 8); or 3) recreation workshop (RW) control (n = 8) for a 16-week (32 session) intervention. Feasibility was assessed using retention rate, session attendance rate, exercise intensity adherence, acceptability, and safety. Self-reported depressive symptoms and objectively measured physical fitness (PF) were assessed at baseline and post-intervention.
Results
20 participants completed data collection twice. The retention rate was 87.5% (7/8), 87.5% (7/8), 75% (6/8) for HIIT, MICT-BDJ, and RW, respectively. 87.5% (7/8) of HIIT participants completed at least 75% of exercise sessions. 81.4% of HIIT participants achieved the pre-designed intensity (≥ 80% maximum heart rate) during the high-intensity intervals. All HIIT (7/7) participants were satisfied with their group allocation. More HIIT (6/7) than MICT-BDJ (5/7) participants found the exercise enjoyable. Two mild adverse events were reported in the HIIT group. HIIT improved depressive symptoms more than MICT-BDJ (d = -1.02) and RW (d = -1.32). Both HIIT (d = 1.26) and MICT-BDJ (d = 1.39) improved PF more than RW.
Conclusion
HIIT was feasible and effective in improving the depressive symptoms and PF for older adults with MMD.
Trial registration:
This study was registered on the ClinicalTrials Registry (NCT06014294).
Decoding the Health Matrix: The Interplay of Health Systems, International Health Regulations (IHR), Universal Health Coverage (UHC), and Health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Lee Yuri , Lee Sieun , Macaraeg Emmanuel C. , Malabana Meyan Rose V. , Park Kidong
Published: March 2024

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of strong health systems and raised questions about achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study explores the connections between Health Professional Density (HPD), International Health Regulation (IHR) core capacities, UHC, and SDGs, it investigates how these elements interact, proposing that higher HPD and compliance with IHR can significantly impact UHC and SDG achievement. Through statistical analysis, the study aims to clarify these relationships, contributing to the understanding of global health dynamics and informing policy decisions.
Methods
This study employed a quantitative analysis of data from 194 countries to investigate the interrelations among International Health Regulations (IHR) core capacities, health system strengthening, Universal Health Coverage Index (UHCSCI), and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index. Utilizing WHO reports and online databases, the study concentrated on four primary variables: Health Professional Density (HPD), IHR compliance score, UHCSCI, and SDG Index Score. Linear regression and a serial mediation model were applied for statistical evaluation, facilitated by SPSS software, to elucidate the dynamics between these global health indicators.
Results
Our analysis uncovered strong positive relationships between Health Professional Density (HPD), International Health Regulation (IHR) compliance, Universal Health Coverage (UHC) service coverage, and sustainable Development Goals (SDG) performance. Key findings include the significant impact of higher HPD on better IHR compliance and wider UHC service coverage, which in turn correlate with improved SDG outcomes. This highlights the critical role of health professional availability and international health regulation adherence in enhancing global health and achieving sustainable development objectives.
Conclusions
This study confirms the significant links between Health professional Density (HPD), International Health Regulation (IHR) compliance, Universal Health Coverage (UHC) service coverage, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using a serial mediation model. It shows a clear progression from PHD to improved SDG outcomes via better IHR compliance and UHC coverage. Despite potential limitations like information bias, the research provides valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare professionals. It suggests that enhancing HPD and IHR compliance can directly contribute to achieving UHC and SDG targets, offering a roadmap for addressing global health challenges and promoting sustainable health development.
Efficient agroforestry system using fiber grow bag of medicinal plant, Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr
Authors: Park Kwan Been , Yong Seong Hyeon , Kim Do Hyeon , Cha Seung A , Lee Ji Hyun , Kim Seon A , Sim Seon Jeong , Choi Myung Suk
Published: March 2024

Forest cultivation of medicinal plants is environmentally friendly, but selecting the optimal cultivation site is difficult and it is necessary to overcome competition with weeds. Fiber growth bags are pots made of non-woven fabric that are light, inexpensive, and have excellent drainage properties. In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions for forest cultivation of Asparagus cochinchinensis using fiber growth bags. The soil temperature of the fiber growth bag was not significantly different from the soil temperature of the experimental site. The survival rate of the above-ground part was highest in large fiber growth pockets, and the growth of the underground part also showed differences depending on the size of the fiber growth pocket. The above-ground growth of A. cochinchinensis did not show significant differences depending on planting density. Planting under conifers was suitable in terms of above-ground growth. Above-ground shoot growth was higher when planted on a northern slope than on a southern slope. The photosynthetic rate of A. cochinchinensis was slightly lower than that of other wild plants. The maximum quantum yield was over 0.8, confirming that there were no problems with photosynthetic growth during forest cultivation using fiber growth bags. The content of asparagine, an important bioactive substance, in A. cochinchinensis was approximately 9.9 times higher than that grown on farms. In other words, in the case of A. cochinchinensis forest cultivation, the production method using fiber growth bags is an excellent production method and is considered to be apply to other wild vegetable cultivation.
Merger Simulation in Second-Score Auctions: A Nested Logit Model
Authors: De Stefano Martino , Moresi Serge
Published: March 2024

In several recent merger investigations involving companies competing through bidding, economists have used second-score auction models. The standard application of the model makes a “flat logit” assumption, which has the strong implication that business diversion from one bidder to the other rival bidders is proportional to the rivals’ shares (or win probabilities). We show how to simulate merger effects under a more general “nested logit” assumption, which allows for diversion to be more than proportional to shares for bidders in the same nest, and less than proportional to shares for bidders in different nests. We show how to apply the framework to the 2012 acquisition of Power Reviews by Bazaarvoice, which was challenged by the U.S Department of Justice.
Raman spectroscopy of the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution
Authors: Breitenfeld Laura B. , Dyar M. Darby , Tokle Leif , Robertson Kevin
Published: March 2024

Ilmenite (Fe2+TiO3) and geikielite (MgTiO3) are important terrestrial minerals relevant to the geology of the Earth, the Moon, Mars, and meteorite samples. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique that allows for mineral cation determination for the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution. We report on a suite of nine samples within the ilmenite–geikielite solid solution and provide context for their quantitative interpretation. We compare a univariate Raman peak position model for predicting ilmenite composition with a multivariate machine learning model. The univariate model is currently recommended, though the multivariate model may become superior if the data set size is increased. This study lays the groundwork for quantifying Fe (ilmenite) and Mg (geikielite) within oxide minerals using a cheap, portable, and efficient technology like Raman spectroscopy.
Fourier Infrared spectroscopy in the study of manifestations of sperm pathology
Authors:   National Research University of Information Technology, Mechanics and Optic, Nechiporenko Alimpiada , Sitnikova Vera E. ,   National Research University of Information Technology, Mechanics and Optic, Nechiporenko Ulyana ,   Medical laboratory “Invitro”, Konovalenko Andrey ,   Bureau of Forensic Sciences
Published: March 2024

Using Fourier IR spectroscopy and spermograms, a series of sperm samples isolated by centrifugation from ejaculate in normal and with different types of pathology, followed by drying for 12–14 hours at room temperature (20–22 °C) on slides, was studied. The high informative value of the method for the study of the material composition of sperm cells and the pool of associated cell forms (epithelial cells, spermatogenesis, leukocytes, lecithin grains) was noted. The depth of IR radiation penetration (2–10 microns), allows us to estimate the total content and configuration-conformational forms of proteins (Amide-I and Amide-II bands), polypeptides (1572 cm–1), carbohydrate (1100–1000 cm–1) and lipid (1236, 1172, 1155 cm–1) components, as well as the presence of pyranose forms of β-glucose (835, 770 cm–1) and α-fructose (777 cm–1) in all parts of the cell (head, neck, tail). It has been shown that a decrease in the quality of spermatozoa is accompanied by a decrease in the content of phospholipids, the content and quality of protein structures affecting the viability of the cell and its functional ability, and a simultaneous increase in the content of polypeptide and carbohydrate components in the composition of glyco-peptide complexes. The data obtained can be useful for improving the methods and methods of diagnostic analysis and treatment against the background of the growth of the male factor in the problem of infertile marriages.
Accuracy of a new intellectual method in measuring Cobb’s angle on spinal radiographs and the possibility of its clinical application
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kassab Dima , Kamyshanskaya Irina ,   St. Petersburg State University,   St. Petersburg City Mariinsky Hospital, Trukhan Stanislav ,   LLC “Esper”, Ladogubets Natalia ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2024

Cobb’s angle is until now considered the gold standard method for measuring the angle of scoliosis. The subjectivity of this method has always been its main disadvantage. The aim of this work is to evaluate a new system (computer program) “Esper.Scoliosis”, based on artificial neural networks that can measure Cobb’s angle automatically on frontal radiographs. We compared the angles measured by the automatic system with measurements of a radiologist using a testing set of 114 digital X-rays with variable grades of scoliosis. In 84.8 % of scoliotic curvatures detected by the system, no significant measurement variability (< 2,5°) of the angles was found between the two methods. The system shows better results in X-rays with scoliosis grades 1 and 2. In our work, image quality has the largest effect on accuracy of the system and measurement’s variability. We concluded that controlled clinical use of “Esper.Scoliosis” for automatic Cobb’s angle measurement is recommended.
Retrospective analysis of develop-ment and use of telemedicine technologies in Russia and abroad
Authors:   S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Fedotkina Svetlana ,   St. Petersburg State University, Khugaeva Elsa ,   S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Akhmineeva Aziza ,   S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy
Published: March 2024

The article presents a retrospective analysis of bibliographical sources devoted to the development and use of telemedicine technologies in Russia and abroad. Each historical period had ultimate and advanced technologies for telemedicine purposes. Telemedicine history can be viewed as a gradual progression of communication tools and remote information exchange. On the other hand, stages of telemedicine history are based on the progressive development of clinical capabilities. Telemedicine development can be classified into periods by technological types of telecommunications (telephone, radio, satellite communications, etc.) and by clinical forms of application (remote transmission of diagnostic examination data; teleconsultations for planned and emergency care; telemedicine for remote work; biotelemetry; telemonitoring; mobile telemedicine for remote and hard-to-reach areas, etc.) In both cases, periods have blurred and tentative boundaries, with many stages “intersecting” or ongoing simultaneously. It can be remarked that “remote provision of medical aid and medical services through telecommunications” had globally started at least 50 years before the very idea and concept of telemedicine was formulated, and the term came into use. Telemedicine has been successfully applied in many countries, including the Russian Federation, and has proven to be an effective method for improving access to medical services in lowly populated and remote areas and for reducing the costs of medical services.
Biochemical and morphological changes in the gland in the most common liver diseases (literature review)
Authors:   Penza State University, Komarova Ekaterina , Fedorova Maria ,   Penza State University, Kozlova Anastasia ,   Penza State University, Tsyplihin Nikita ,   Penza State University
Published: March 2024

Currently, there are a large number of studies devoted to the study of the relationship between liver diseases and the development of pathological processes in other organs, such as the kid neys, brain, etc. However, in the available scientific literature, the problem of the influence of hepatic pathologies on the structure and functions of the thyroid gland is covered to a much lesser extent. In some cases, information on this problem is only indirectly addressed in scientific research. In order to summarize these data, a literature review of scientific articles posted in the public domain search engines was carried out. This literature review contains basic information concerning the problem of the influence of liver diseases on the structural and functional features of the thyroid gland. The paper highlights the current data of experimental and clinical studies. Some mechanisms of the development of thyroid diseases associated with pathological processes occurring in the liver tissues are analyzed. The biochemical, pathophysiological and morphological features of the thyroid gland in acute and chronic hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver are described.
Occurrence of sulfate-reducing bacteria in well water: identification of anaerobic sulfidogenic bacterial enrichment cultures
Authors: Üstüntürk-Onan Miray , Tüccar Tuğçe , Ilhan-Sungur Esra
Published: March 2024

Bacteriological studies of well water mainly focus on aerobic and facultative aerobic coliform bacteria. However, the presence of obligate anaerobic bacteria in well water, especially sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), possible causative agents of some diseases, is often ignored. In this study, the presence of SRB and coexisting anaerobic bacteria with SRB in sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures obtained from 10 well water samples in Istanbul was investigated. A nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis strategy was performed to characterize the bacterial community structure of the enrichments. The most probable number method was used to determine SRB number. Out of 10, SRB growth was observed in only one (10%) enrichment culture and the SRB number was low (<10 cells/mL). Community members were identified as Desulfolutivibrio sulfodismutans and Anaerosinus sp. The results show that SRB coexist with Anaerosinus sp., and this may indicate poor water quality, posing a risk to public health. Furthermore, Anaerosinus sp., found in the human intestinal tract, may be used as an alternative anaerobic fecal indicator. It is worth noting that the detection of bacteria using molecular analyzes following enrichment culture techniques can bring new perspectives to determine the possible origin and presence of alternative microbial indicators in aquatic environments.
Water quality prediction using ARIMA-SSA-LSTM combination model
Authors: Wang Tingyu , Chen Wei , Tang Bo
Published: March 2024

The water quality index model is a popular tool for evaluating drinking water quality. To overcome low precision and significant errors in the traditional single prediction model, a novel autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)-sparrow search algorithm (SSA)-long short-term memory (LSTM) combination model is proposed to accurately predict residual chlorine, turbidity, and pH in drinking water. First, the ARIMA model is used to extract the linear part of water quality data and output the nonlinear residual. Then, the LSTM model is used to predict the residual, and the SSA is used to find the optimal hyperparameters of the LSTM model, which plays an essential role in reducing the error of the model. To prove the superiority of the model developed, the ARIMA-SSA-LSTM model is compared with SSA-LSTM, whale optimization algorithm-LSTM, PSO-LSTM, ARIMA-LSTM, ARIMA, and LSTM. The results show that the coefficient of determination (R2) of the combination model for residual chlorine, turbidity, and pH are 0.950, 0.990, and 0.998, respectively, which are greater than all comparison models. Therefore, the model is more suitable for the prediction and analysis of water quality data.
Applications of different types of heat pipes in solar desalinations: A comprehensive review
Authors: Ben Bacha Habib , Nazari Mohammad Alhuyi , Ullah Naeem , Shah Nehad Ali
Published: March 2024

Desalination processes are energy consuming and it is required to apply clean energy sources for supplying them to prevent environmental issues. Solar energy is one of the attractive clean energy sources for desalination. In solar thermal desalination systems, different thermal components could be used for heat transfer purpose. In solar desalination technologies, heat pipe as efficient heat transfer mediums could be employed to transfer absorbed and/or stored thermal energy. The objective of this study is to review applications of heat pipes in solar energy desalination systems. Regarding the performance dependency of these thermal systems on the variety of factors, scholars have investigated these systems by consideration of the effect of different influential factors. Based on the results, it is concluded that use of heat pipes could lead to proper performance of solar desalination systems. Aside from direct transfer of absorbed heat from solar radiation, heat pipes can be applied in the storage units of solar desalination systems to keep the systems active in night-hours or low solar irradiation conditions. The overall performance of the solar desalinations systems with heat pipes can be influenced by some factors such as filling ratio and operating fluid that affect the performance of heat pipes.
Ascorbic acid enhanced the circulation between Fe(II) and Fe(III) in peroxymonosulfate system for fluoranthene degradation
Authors: Zhang Longbin , Gao Jianxiong , Liu Yulong , Zhou Zhengyuan , Sheng Xianxian , Li Dexiao , Chen Yuantian , Lyu Shuguang
Published: March 2024

In this research, ascorbic acid (AA) was used to enhance Fe(II)/Fe(III)-activated permonosulfate (PMS) systems for the degradation of fluoranthene (FLT). AA enhanced the production of ROS in both PMS/Fe(II) and PMS/Fe(III) systems through chelation and reduction and thus improved the degradation performance of FLT. The optimal molar ratio in PMS/Fe(II)/AA/FLT and PMS/Fe(III)/AA/FLT processes were 2/2/4/1 and 5/10/5/1, respectively. In addition, the experimental results on the effect of FLT degradation under different groundwater matrixes indicated that PMS/Fe(III)/AA system was more adaptable to different water quality conditions than the PMS/Fe(II)/AA system. was the major reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for FLT removal through the probe and scavenging tests in both systems. Furthermore, the degradation intermediates of FLT were analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the probable degradation pathways of FLT degradation were proposed. In addition, the removal of FLT was also tested in actual groundwater and the results showed that by increasing the dose and pre-adjusting the solution pH, 88.8 and 100% of the FLT was removed for PMS/Fe(II)/AA and PMS/Fe(III)/AA systems. The above experimental results demonstrated that PMS/Fe(II)/AA and PMS/Fe(III)/AA processes have a great perspective in practice for the rehabilitation of FLT-polluted groundwater.
Optimizing neural network algorithms for submerged membrane bioreactor: A comparative study of OVAT and RSM hyperparameter optimization techniques
Authors: Ibrahim Syahira , Abdul Wahab Norhaliza
Published: March 2024

Hyperparameter tuning is an important process to maximize the performance of any neural network model. This present study proposed the factorial design of experiment for screening and response surface methodology to optimize the hyperparameter of two artificial neural network algorithms. Feed-forward neural network (FFNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) are applied to predict the permeate flux of palm oil mill effluent. Permeate pump and transmembrane pressure of the submerge membrane bioreactor system are the input variables. Six hyperparameters of the FFNN model including four numerical factors (neuron numbers, learning rate, momentum, and epoch numbers) and two categorical factors (training and activation function) are used in hyperparameter optimization. RBFNN includes two numerical factors such as a number of neurons and spreads. The conventional method (one-variable-at-a-time) is compared in terms of optimization processing time and the accuracy of the model. The result indicates that the optimal hyperparameters obtained by the proposed approach produce good accuracy with a smaller generalization error. The simulation results show an improvement of more than 65% of training performance, with less repetition and processing time. This proposed methodology can be utilized for any type of neural network application to find the optimum levels of different parameters.
Chirality Sensing in Coordination-driven Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Paul Abhik , Roy Subhadip
Published: March 2024

Chirality is a widespread structural characteristic found in nature and plays a
vital role in the structure and functioning of almost all biological systems. Nevertheless, the
translation of chirality into synthetic systems is highly intricate yet captivating, as it not
only applies fundamental understanding but also has the potential to tackle significant difficulties
in biochemistry and medicine. Structurally, the process of coordination-driven selfassembly
involves the organization of basic molecular components into well-defined porous
homochiral metal-organic cages (MOCs). This allows for a systematic investigation of
the enantioselective processes occurring within the nanocavities, which have limited space
and specific chiral microenvironments. This article aims to provide a comprehensive summary
of the recent advancements in supramolecular chirality generated in the fascinating
class of porous MOCs. It will cover the synthesis and characterization of these materials, as well as the implications
of their stereochemical information in terms of chiral recognition and enantio-separation. Subsequently, a
subjective viewpoint will be presented regarding the potential, possibilities, and significant challenges in the
future advancement of this domain, aiming to expand the progress in creating novel chiral functional materials
in the realm of chemistry and beyond.
Recent Advancements in Biochar and its Composite for the Remediation of Hazardous Pollutants
Authors: Verma Akshay , Sharma Gaurav , Kumar Amit , Dhiman Pooja , Stadler Florian J.
Published: March 2024

:

Biochar has garnered considerable attention in recent times due to its potential uses in the
environmental field. In this study, we comprehensively examine and condense information on biochar
production, characteristics, and adsorption mechanisms, with a focus on its economic applications
for remediating hazardous contaminants. Our assessment is based on over 200 publications
from the past decade. Biochar, a carbon-rich material, can be derived from various organic waste
sources, such as food waste and urban sewage sludge. Researchers are particularly interested in biochar
due to its high carbon content, cation exchange capacity, substantial specific surface area, and
stable structure. We investigate how the physical and chemical properties of biochar may vary based
on the feedstock used, providing a comprehensive overview of biochar and its composition for pollution
remediation. The review also discusses common techniques such as gasification, hydrothermal
carbonization, and pyrolysis used to produce biochar. We analyze current research on the mechanisms
involved in pollutant treatment using biochar and its composites while also addressing future
directions in biochar research.
Exploring the Potential of Nanoparticles in Biofuel Production: Challenges
and Future Directions – A Comprehensive Review
Authors: joy Nivin , M Anish , V Hariharan , M Reshlin Rithan Raj , V Jayaprakash , J Jayaprabakar
Published: March 2024

The utilization of nanotechnology and nanotechnology in contemporary society has garnered
significant interest due to their captivating properties across various academic disciplines. The
investigation and development of biodiesel production and fabrication using nanotechnology and nanomaterials
have emerged as a central area of scholarly inquiry worldwide. Implementing strategies
to accelerate biodiesel production is essential to its success; there is an increasing focus on utilizing
state-of-the-art nanotechnology, which enables achieving maximum output while minimizing costs.
Consequently, the investigation will center on using various nanomaterials and nanocatalysts to explore
the manufacture of biodiesel from diverse materials. The examination of this research project
will primarily focus on the culture of algae utilizing nanomaterials and the subsequent collection of
lipids. Furthermore, the present investigation is intended to serve as a comprehensive examination of
the foremost obstacles and prospective ahead-of-time enhancements regarding the utilization of biodiesel
blended with nanoparticle additives in internal combustion engines. Furthermore, this essay
will specifically address the problems related to the welfare of individuals and the environment in
using nanomaterials in mass manufacturing biodiesel. Consequently, future producers, researchers,
and academics stand to gain valuable insights from this study, as it offers a comprehensive understanding
of the existing body of research on the application of nanoparticles and nanotechnology in
making biodiesel, along with the advancements in enhancing its efficiency.
A Retrospective Study on Azvudine in Hospitalized Elderly Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Nie Ruifang , Hou Ning , Xu Ke , Shen Shan , Yang Shuangshuang
Published: March 2024

Background:

The ongoing 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia pandemic continues to
pose a serious threat to public health and safety. In response, numerous specific anti-SARS-CoV-2
drugs have been urgently approved for use. Azvudine has been recommended as a priority treatment
for COVID-19 patients, but its efficacy and safety in elderly patients remain unexplored.

Methods:

In this retrospective, single-center, observational study, we assessed the impact of Azvudine
treatment on elderly hospitalized patients aged over 70 years. We analyzed parameters such as
the time of SARS-CoV-2 negative conversion, clinical outcomes, length of hospital stay, and respiratory
support requirements. Additionally, we compared changes in blood routine indicators, liver and
kidney function indicators, and the incidence of adverse events before and after Azvudine administration
to provide real-world data concerning elderly patients.

Results and Discussion::

The study included 36 elderly patients aged 70 to 95 years. Following Azvudine
administration, the average time for SARS-CoV-2 negative conversion was 5.15 days. Clinical
outcomes revealed improvement and discharge in 74.3% of the patients, exacerbation in 5.7% of the
patients, and mortality in 20% of the patients. Analysis of blood routine indicators and liver function
indicators before and after medication showed no clinically significant changes. However, serum
creatinine levels (Scr) demonstrated a statistically significant increase (71.12 ± 44.22 vs. 87.88 ±
57.39, p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Although correlation analysis was not conducted, limited by the small sample size and
retrospective nature of the study, these findings underscore the importance of monitoring Azvudine’s
impact on renal function.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2)
Authors: Hitaishi Prashant , Parab Akash Anandrao , Verma Rohit , Khurana Parul , Thatai Sheenam
Published: March 2024

When light shines on an object, it sheds focus on the intrinsic characteristics of that material.
Transmission of light or an electromagnetic (em) wave through a matter undergoes various
physiochemical processes, like emission, absorption, and splitting of light into its constituent wavelengths.
This interaction of em radiation with matter is widely used for the investigation of unknown
and new target analytes in a sample, and the technique is known as spectroscopy. In the early 2000s,
energy excitation of the virus was demonstrated in influenza. The research first demonstrated the use
of Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), whose biomedical application became a potential
diagnostic tool. The LASERs also attracted attention and were incorporated with the optical and
spectroscopy instruments that significantly enhanced the application, reach, and detection limit of air
and waterborne elements. Surface plasmon resonance and SERS are the most applied spectroscopic
techniques with high accuracy and speed. A combination of these techniques with other advanced
microscopy techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and tunnelling
electron microscopy, may ease and boost biomedical applications. This review is focused on the
application of spectroscopy and laser-based techniques in the detection of Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2).
Assessment of radiation risks of multiple CT images with the use of modern CT scanners
Authors:   A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre – branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (A. Tsyb MRRC), Kashcheev V.V. , Pryakhin E.A. ,   A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre – branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (A. Tsyb MRRC), Menyajlo A.N. ,   A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Centre – branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (A. Tsyb MRRC)
Published: March 2024

Technological developments, as well as software upgrades to existing computerized tomography (CT) scanners, require a continuous review of the methods for estimating radiation risk from CT procedures. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), such assessments should be based on absorbed doses in organs and tissues exposed to radiation. This work is devoted to the study of the influence of various characteristics of the CT (manufacturer, type of scanner, etc.) on the evaluation of radiation risks on the example of multiple exposures in standard CT procedures. As an example, the value of lifetime attribute risk (LAR) and lifetime attributable risk fraction (LARF) for 5 CT scans during the life of a woman aged 20, 25, 30, 45 and 50 years is estimated. The lifetime attributable risk of possible cancer induction was estimated according to the ICRP mathematical model (Publication 103) and using the medical and demographic characteristics of the Russian population, as well as scan protocol data for typical CT scanners of selected models. The results were obtained with the use of old and updated conversion factors for the DLP (Dose Length Product – a measure of the absorbed radiation dose for the whole CT examination) parameter to organ doses from a particular procedure. The lifetime attributable risk of possible cancer induction calculated using organ doses derived from old conversion factors was compared with the risk calculated with data for modern CT scanners with updated conversion factors. The LAR was evaluated over time for one CT examination, two, three, four and five different procedures during the patient's lifetime. It was found that to date such factor as software updates in the field of optimisation of scanning protocols or the CT scanner manufacturer still do not has a significant impact on the radiation risks associated with specific diagnostic procedures. The methods developed by the authors for calculating absorbed doses and radiation risks can be used in planning CT examinations and optimising patient dose loads on any modern CT scanners.
Radioecological assessment of reactor facilities based on postulated emergency scenarios
Authors:   Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Spiridonov S.I. , Mikailova R.A. ,   Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Karpenko E.I. ,   Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute»
Published: March 2024

The methodical approach based on scenarios of design and beyond design basis accidents was developed for comparative radioecological assessment of reactor facilities. The dynamics of possible radiation doses to the thyroid and the whole body of the public resided nearby the Russian nuclear power plants equipped with the VVER-440, VVER-1000, VVER-1200 and BN-800 reactors was estimated. With the use of the conservative approach for each accident scenario, as well as with the use of acute and medium-term dose criteria, radiation exposure indices were calculated for each accident scenario. Reactor facilities are ranked according to an index summarizing the accident scenarios features and the probability of their realization, the height of radioactive emissions and the activity of dosage-forming radionuclides. The potential radioecological danger of Russian reactors to the population has been reduced. The lowest estimates of the summarized emergency risk are typical for the advanced VVER-1200 reactor of the 3+ generation and the fast neutron reactor BN-800. The most severe emergency scenarios for each considered reactor are highlighted. The VVER-440 reactor has the highest number of severe projected accidents exceeding the dosage criteria envisaging evacuation of the population. The directions of further research related to the analysis of the environmental radiological effects, the justification of radiation protection measures and the development of operational intervention levels in the acute post-accident period are outlined.
Youth is Prized in Medicine, Old Age is Valued in Law: Analysis of Media Narratives Over 200 Years
Authors: Ng Reuben , Indran Nicole
Published: March 2024

Background

This is the first study to explore how age has influenced depictions of doctors and lawyers in the media over the course of 210 years, from 1810 to 2019. The media represents a significant platform for examining age stereotypes and possesses tremendous power to shape public opinion. Insights could be used to improve depictions of older professionals in the media.

Objective

This study aims to understand how age shapes the portrayals of doctors and lawyers. Specifically, it compares the difference in sentiments toward younger and older doctors as well as younger and older lawyers in the media over 210 years.

Methods

Leveraging a 600-million-word corpus of American media publications spanning 210 years, we compiled top descriptors (N=478,452) of nouns related to youth × occupation (eg, younger doctor or physician) and old age × occupation (eg, older lawyer or attorney). These descriptors were selected using well-established criteria including co-occurrence frequency and context relevance, and were rated on a Likert scale from 1 (very negative) to 5 (very positive). Sentiment scores were generated for “doctor/physician,” “young(er) doctor/physician,” “old(er) doctor/physician,” “lawyer/attorney,” “young(er) lawyer/attorney,” and “old(er) lawyer/attorney.” The scores were calculated per decade for 21 decades from 1810 to 2019. Topic modeling was conducted on the descriptors of each occupation in both the 1800s and 1900s using latent Dirichlet allocation.

Results

As hypothesized, the media placed a premium on youth in the medical profession, with portrayals of younger doctors becoming 10% more positive over 210 years, and those of older doctors becoming 1.4% more negative. Meanwhile, a premium was placed on old age in law. Positive portrayals of older lawyers increased by 22.6% over time, while those of younger lawyers experienced a 4.3% decrease. In the 1800s, narratives on younger doctors revolved around their participation in rural health care. In the 1900s, the focus shifted to their mastery of new medical technologies. There was no marked change in narratives surrounding older doctors from the 1800s to the 1900s, though less attention was paid to their skills in the 1900s. Narratives on younger lawyers in the 1800s referenced their limited experience. In the 1900s, there was more focus on courtroom affairs. In both the 1800s and 1900s, narratives on older lawyers emphasized their prestige, especially in the 1900s.

Conclusions

Depending on the occupation, one’s age may either be seen as an asset or a liability. Efforts must be expended to ensure that older professionals are recognized for their wealth of knowledge and skills. Failing to capitalize on the merits of an older workforce could ultimately be a grave disservice not only to older adults but to society in general.
Effects of a Chatbot-Based Intervention on Stress and Health-Related Parameters in a Stressed Sample: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Schillings Christine , Meißner Echo , Erb Benjamin , Bendig Eileen , Schultchen Dana , Pollatos Olga
Published: March 2024

Background

Stress levels and the prevalence of mental disorders in the general population have been rising in recent years. Chatbot-based interventions represent novel and promising digital approaches to improve health-related parameters. However, there is a lack of research on chatbot-based interventions in the area of mental health.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 3-week chatbot-based intervention guided by the chatbot ELME, specifically with respect to the ability to reduce stress and improve various health-related parameters in a stressed sample.

Methods

In this multicenter two-armed randomized controlled trial, 118 individuals with medium to high stress levels were randomized to the intervention group (n=59) or the treatment-as-usual control group (n=59). The ELME chatbot guided participants of the intervention group through 3 weeks of training based on the topics stress, mindfulness, and interoception, with practical and psychoeducative elements delivered in two daily interactive intervention sessions via a smartphone (approximately 10-20 minutes each). The primary outcome (perceived stress) and secondary outcomes (mindfulness; interoception or interoceptive sensibility; subjective well-being; and emotion regulation, including the subfacets reappraisal and suppression) were assessed preintervention (T1), post intervention (T2; after 3 weeks), and at follow-up (T3; after 6 weeks). During both conditions, participants also underwent ecological momentary assessments of stress and interoceptive sensibility.

Results

There were no significant changes in perceived stress (β03=–.018, SE=.329; P=.96) and momentary stress. Mindfulness and the subfacet reappraisal significantly increased in the intervention group over time, whereas there was no change in the subfacet suppression. Well-being and momentary interoceptive sensibility increased in both groups over time.

Conclusions

To gain insight into how the intervention can be improved to achieve its full potential for stress reduction, besides a longer intervention duration, specific sample subgroups should be considered. The chatbot-based intervention seems to have the potential to improve mindfulness and emotion regulation in a stressed sample. Future chatbot-based studies and interventions in health care should be designed based on the latest findings on the efficacy of rule-based and artificial intelligence–based chatbots.

Trial Registration

German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00027560; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00027560

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

RR2-doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2023.1046202
Using Large Language Models to Support Content Analysis: A Case Study of ChatGPT for Adverse Event Detection
Authors: Leas Eric C , Ayers John W , Desai Nimit , Dredze Mark , Hogarth Michael , Smith Davey M
Published: March 2024

This study explores the potential of using large language models to assist content analysis by conducting a case study to identify adverse events (AEs) in social media posts. The case study compares ChatGPT’s performance with human annotators’ in detecting AEs associated with delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol, a cannabis-derived product. Using the identical instructions given to human annotators, ChatGPT closely approximated human results, with a high degree of agreement noted: 94.4% (9436/10,000) for any AE detection (Fleiss κ=0.95) and 99.3% (9931/10,000) for serious AEs (κ=0.96). These findings suggest that ChatGPT has the potential to replicate human annotation accurately and efficiently. The study recognizes possible limitations, including concerns about the generalizability due to ChatGPT’s training data, and prompts further research with different models, data sources, and content analysis tasks. The study highlights the promise of large language models for enhancing the efficiency of biomedical research.
Accuracy of a Web-Based Time-Use Diary (MEDAL) in Assessing Children’s Meal Intakes With Food Photography by Parents as Reference: Instrument Validation Study
Authors: Chong Kar Mun , Chia Airu , Shah Budin Nur Syahirah , Poh Bee Koon , Jamil Nor Aini , Koh Denise , Chong Mary Foong-Fong , Wong Jyh Eiin
Published: March 2024

Background

My E-Diary for Activities and Lifestyle (MEDAL) is a web-based time-use diary developed to assess the diet and movement behaviors of Asian school children.

Objective

This study aims to determine the accuracy of MEDAL in assessing the dietary intake of Malaysian school children, using photographs of the children’s meals taken by their parents as an objective reference.

Methods

A convenience sample of 46 children aged 10 to 11 years recorded their daily meals in MEDAL for 4 days (2 weekdays and 2 weekend days). Their parents took photographs of the meals and snacks of their children before and after consumption during the 4-day period and sent them along with a brief description of food and drinks consumed via an instant SMS text messaging app. The accuracy of the children’s reports of the food they had consumed was determined by comparing their MEDAL reports to the photographs of the food sent by their parents.

Results

Overall, the match, omission, and intrusion rates were 62% (IQR 46%-86%), 39% (IQR 16%-55%), and 20% (IQR 6%-44%), respectively. Carbohydrate-based items from the food categories “rice and porridge”; “breads, spreads, and cereals”; and “noodles, pasta, and potatoes” were reported most accurately (total match rates: 68%-76%). “Snack and dessert” items were omitted most often (omission rate: 54%). Furthermore, side dishes from “vegetables and mushrooms,” “eggs and tofu,” “meat and fish,” and “curry” food groups were often omitted (omission rates: 42%-46%). Items from “milk, cheese, and yogurt”; “snacks and desserts”; and “drinks” food groups intruded most often (intrusion rates: 37%-46%). Compared to the items reported by the boys, those reported by the girls had higher match rates (69% vs 53%) and lesser omission rates (31% vs 49%; P=.03, respectively).

Conclusions

In conclusion, children aged 10 to 11 years can self-report all their meals in MEDAL, although some items are omitted or intruded. Therefore, MEDAL is a tool that can be used to assess the dietary intake of Malaysian school children.