bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dongson Drums : Instruments of Shamanism or Regalia ?
Authors: Loofs-Wissowa Helmut Hermann Ernst
Published: July 2010

Les tambours de bronze du type Heger-I, appelés maintenant communément « de Dôngson » d'après le site de ce nom au nord du Vietnam, toujours richement décorés, ont été trouvés partout en Asie du Sud-Est, du nord de la péninsule indochinoise jusqu'à l'est de l'Indonésie, sauf sur l'île de Bornéo et aux Philippines. L'âge des plus anciens de ces grands tambours n'est pas certain mais il doit être d'environ 2 500 ans. Ce qui n'est pas certain non plus est leur fonction et la raison de leur dispersion. Plusieurs théories ont été émises sur ces deux points, notamment, à propos du premier, que ces tambours étaient des instruments chamaniques et, quant au second, que leur dispersion est simplement due aux échanges commerciaux.

La décoration de ces tambours, tout en étant assez variée, comprend trois éléments que l'on trouve sur tous, ou sur une grande partie d'entre eux : l'« étoile» au centre du plateau, des oiseaux en vol également sur le plateau, et des bateaux plus ou moins stylisés sur l'épaule. Il est démontré ici que l'« étoile» centrale ne peut être ni une étoile ni le soleil et que les théories concernant l'emploi de ces tambours basées sur l'une ou l'autre de ces interprétations sont dénuées de tout fondement. L'une de ces théories veut que les tambours aient été des instruments d'un chamanisme officiel à Dôngson.

La vraie raison de la distribution actuelle des tambours de Dôngson peut être déduite de deux faits ou suppositions : les tambours ont été initialement utilisés pour l'investiture d'un roi et ceux trouvés en Indonésie n'ont pas été fabriqués localement mais quelque part dans le nord de l'Indochine. Ces tambours, donc, sont comme des regalia. Leur dispersion ne peut s'expliquer que par le désir de chefs lointains de devenir rois en obtenant un grand tambour de bronze de l'Autorité rituelle (mais non politique) située quelque part dans le nord de la péninsule indochinoise qui avait le pouvoir, comme la papauté dans l'Occident, de donner des regalia. Une nouvelle interprétation du motif des oiseaux et de celui des bateaux soutient cette théorie.
Peintures tibétaines de la vie de Mi-la-ras-pa
Authors: Dollfus Pascale
Published: July 2010

This paper gives a description of a complete set of three paintings illustrating the life of Milarepa, the famous saint and poet who lived in XIth century in Tibet. These thangka are kept in the Musée de l'Homme in Paris. They were acquired by Jacques Bacot in the eastern province of Khams around 1910. All three of them follow the same organisational lines: a central picture of the yogin surrounded by many clearly-defined registers relating episodes of his life. Most of them have legends handwritten in printing characters identifying people and places. Indeed these painted scrolls were used most likely to accompany the narrative of the mani-pa story-tellers who used to travel from village to village telling legends about great Tibetan saints and heros for the edification of the people. Life of this most famous among Tibetan hermits is well-known to us through his biography, rnam-thar, as well as the collection of his songs, mgur 'bum, the work of a XVIth century yogin of which exist several translations in western languages. Those very popular texts have guided us in analysing and interpreting the various scenes depicted in each painting.
Jades of the Hongshan culture : the dragon and fertility cult worship
Authors: Childs-Johnson Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

Des jades, sans équivalent jusqu'à présent, ont été mis au jour récemment sur des sites appartenant à la culture de Hongshan dans la partie la plus septentrionale de la Chine, à savoir la région est de la Mongolie intérieure, le nord-est du Hebei et le Liaoning. Ces jades sont datés entre ca. 4000 et 2000 av. J.-C, ce qui correspond à une phase importante de la préhistoire de la Chine, ayant contribué à la formation de sa civilisation. D'importants types de jades sont identifiés dans l'article et font l'objet d'une analyse stylistique et typologique : ce sont le « cochon-dragon » zhulong, la forme dite « de nuage à crochets », la forme dite «en sabot de cheval», «la chouette aux ailes

déployées», pour reprendre leur désignation en chinois. Le style de ces jades est imagé et naturaliste, des qualités difficiles à obtenir avec un matériau aussi dur à travailler, et ce, dès une époque très reculée. La forme la plus chargée de sens, dite zhulong ou «cochon-dragon», paraît associée à l'image la plus ancienne du dragon mythique en même temps qu'à un culte de la fertilité. L'existence de ce culte est suggérée par les vestiges d'une vaste architecture consacrée à une déesse de la fertilité, par des fragments de figurines sculptées représentant des femmes enceintes et par des témoins de la période Shang ayant un caractère paléographique ou ayant valeur de comparaison.
Un exemple de civilisation de ports-entrepôts des Mers du Sud : le Sud Kedah (Malaysia) Ve-XIVe siècles
Authors: Jacq-Hergoualc'h Michel
Published: July 2010

The civilization of South Kedah (Malaysia) was closely linked, from the 5th to the 14th centuries A.D. to international sea trade between several parts of Asia: China, the Middle East and India. Entrepôt ports arose, which were more or less controlled by the Sumatran thalassocracy of Srivijaya. The archaeological remains consist, on the one hand, of large amounts of sherds of ceramic (mostly Chinese), sherds of glass vessels from the Middle East, and beads, and, on the other hand, of the ruins of temples devoted to Buddhism or Hinduism. After the 10th century, these two religions were probably practised together with predominating Hinduism. These temples were the local pragmatic adaptation of classic Indian structures. They are not evidence of an Indian colonization or of a small Indianized Malay state but were only ordered by the Indian traders and built in the neighbourhood of the entrepôt ports with the permission of the local Malay potentates. It is very probable that the other communities of foreign merchants also had their temples and their mosques but that these were built with perishable materials.
Portraits of Meritorious Officials : Eight Examples from the First Set Commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor
Authors: Tsang Ka Bo
Published: July 2010

Entre les années 1755 et 1759 les forces chinoises subjuguèrent les Dzungars et les tribus musulmanes habitant la Dzungarie et le Turkestan oriental. Ces conquêtes éliminèrent les forces croissantes qui menaçaient la stabilité des frontières du nord-ouest de la Chine. Pour commémorer ces victoires, l'Empereur Qianlong, grand amateur d'art, décida de commander une série de tableaux parmi lesquels les portraits des cent officiels qui avaient assuré le succès de ces campagnes. Lorsqu'on étudie de près cette série, on constate qu'elle comportait trois versions distinctes qui furent toutes enlevées des collections impériales lors de la Révolte des Boxers en 1900. A l'heure actuelle on ne connaît, de la première version, que sept exemples dispersés dans des collections publiques et privées dans différents pays. De la seconde version il ne subsiste qu'un seul fragment conservé au Canada dans une collection particulière. Le contenu, la signification et les fonctions de cette série de tableaux, la première des quatre réalisées sur commande impériale à l'époque Qianlong, sont examinés dans cette étude.
L'image du bodhisattva Seishi du Kondō du Hōryūji retrouvée au musée Guimet. Le dossier documentaire [Le dossier documentaire]
Authors: Frank Bernard
Published: July 2010

It is almost certain by now, that the bronze statue of Bodhisattva Seishi (Mahasthamaprapta) discovered in 1989 at the storeroom of the musée Guimet, is in fact a work of Kosho, the fourth son of Unkei, who started it in 1231 at the same time as the two other elements of the Amida's Triad assigned to the West-Altar in the Kondo of Horyuji. Placed on the right of the principal Altar which ornaments the famous Shaka's Triad, executed in 623 by master Tori, and symmetrical of the one at the East, where the statue of Buddha Yakushi is placed dated at the time following the great conflagration of 670, this West-Altar was built during the proceedings of reconstruction at the end of the VIIth century. In spite of the engraved text, behind it's principal personnage's aureole, leading to believe, that the Amida's Triad was raised in the place of another, former one, stolen at the end of the XIth century — or, by the terms of a traditional variation as soon as the Xth century — , it seems that the West-Altar had to wait 1232 to receive the group of images corresponding to its original intention. So far, the Altar has been adorned with different kind of statuettes. When the Horyuji decided to charge Kosho with the execution of the original Amida's Triad, the artist did not fail to put forth a mark of potent expression as well as his remarkable realistic manner, but as it had to be in harmony with the former existing sculpture of the Kondo, he was constrained to work in an archaistic manner. Under the double influence of the development of Amidist's faiths and a certain reversal to the origin of Japanese Buddhism, the Prince Shotoku, considered formerly as the incarnation of the great compassionate Kannon, knew then a renewal of popularity. The origin of the inspiration placing the Amida's Triad in the Kondo has probably to be searched among a Religious like Kenshin, well-known compiler of an important mass of information about the prince's life accomplished in 1238 (Shotoku-taishi den shiki), an the instigator of a mandala centred on the Prince himself (Shoko-mandara). All things considered, the most fundamental place is granted to this Triad in the beliefs, expressed by the religious dispositif of the Kondo both in the Shotoku-taishi den shiki and in the mandala in question: stating her name, the mother of the Prince, widow of the Emperor Yomei (the Horyuji, it has to be recalled, has been built initially for his recovery) is nominated as a "descended trace" of Amida; the Prince, himself, like one of Kannon and his wife the Lady Takahashi, alias Kashiwade, like one of Seishi. This is the conception having apparently presided over the source of the statue, Emile Guimet acquired later. He bought it as a Chinese work suspecting nothing about the Holy and glorious origin. The circumstances of this object's disappearance from the Monastery has still not been resoluted in the present state of knowledge. This article is the presentation of the texts relating to this question.
Le programme iconographique des peintures de la « Salle des ambassadeurs » à Afrasiab (Samarkand)
Authors: Marshak Boris Ilich
Published: July 2010

The author presents a new interpretation of the famous paintings in the reception hall of the VIIth-century « palace » at Afrasiab, the site of pre-Mongol Samarkand. In this building, perhaps his own family house rather than the royal palace, the king Varkhuman (named in an inscription) commissioned an elaborate cycle of paintings to celebrate the various sources of his legitimacy : his public recognition by foreign ambassadors as protector of the gods and laws of Samarkand (western wall) ; the power and lifestyle of the Chinese, his political and commercial partners (northern wall) ; the dynastic cult of his own ancestors, celebrated in a procession taking place at the New Year (southern wall). The paintings on the eastern wall, as well as fragments coming from the upper register, can be interpreted as relating to the world of the gods. A comparison is proposed between the New Year procession illustrated on the southern wall and the Sogdian funerary monument discovered near Anyang in northern China, of which one slab is exhibited at the Musée Guimet.
Les sépultures en grandes jarres du bassin du Yŏngsan-gang
Authors: Denès Laurence
Published: July 2010

This article presents a synthesis of the data collected by korean archaeologists on jar-coffins in the south-west of the peninsula. Buried horizontally at the top of tumuli, these jars have typical characteristics, such as their size, their relative richness and their solely funerary role. Spread in the Yongsan River Basin, they were built between the 2nd and the 5th centuries AD. They were progressively standardized, becoming the quasi exclusive funerary method for the upper-class families. This culture was at its height during the 4th century, in the region of Pannam-myon (Naju-gun) : the shape of these jars, extremely simplified, perfectly fits their role of coffin, and the display of riches is there the most prominent. Corresponding to the ancient period of korean tumuli, these graves show a hierarchical society with power in a stage of consolidation.
Datation d'une statue d'Amida-nyorai exposée au musée Guimet
Authors: Mertz Mechtild
Published: July 2010

In the center of the essay is the dating of a statue of Amida-nyorai, which is exhibited among the collection of Japanese Buddhist sculptures in the Guimet Museum (H. : 1.42 m ; lacquer and goldleaves on wood-core). The first steps to indicate age are as follows : the technical principles, the style and the parameters of fabrication such as destination, attribution and function, are analysed, in order to elaborate the criteria of the dating. As concerns the technical aspects of the statue in the Guimet Museum, the criteria which are valuable for the dating, are the principles of construction of the wood-core and the coating of the statue. The criteria for a stylistic comparison are some details of the head and of the drapery. The analysis of the parameters of fabrication did not give a favourable result. The following step is to compare the elaborated criteria of the statue in the Guimet Museum with those of other examples such as a statue in the Rietberg Museum of Zurich concerning the style. The results of the research are that the statue can be considered as a "work of transition" between the periods of Fujiwara (894-1185) and Kamakura (1185-1392), and its date of construction can be situated at the beginning of Kamakura.
Archéologie des Xiongnu en Russie : Nouvelles découvertes et quelques problèmes
Authors: Minaev Sergei
Published: July 2010

The Xiongnu (Eastern Huns) developed their empire after the late third century BC in Transbaikalia. Excavations in Buriatia by A. Davydova and S. Minaev at the Xiongnu sites of Ivolga, Dureny-1 and 2 and the cemetery of Derestuy are reported. A special study is devoted to the bronze belt ornaments of the tombs of Derestuy. They depict fighting scenes between animals and/or mythical beings in Ordos style and are connected to the social hierarchy of their bearers. The permanent settlements are seen as "proto-cities". The Xiongnu performed agriculture and craft activities. Analyses of Chinese sources as well as archaeology leads to the conclusion that such cities were necessary for the maintaining of an Empire in the steppe zone, contrary to the strict nomadic theory. A classification of the burial types is made that differentiates early Xiongnu tombs and later elite monumental burials, influenced by Han China, and surrounded by poor sepultures with human sacrifices of non-Xiongnu individuals. In opposition with the classical Chinese sources locating the "proto-Xiongnu" in the Ordos, the Author recognizes them in the material found in the excavations of cemeteries, South and South-West of Manchuria.
Fouilles anciennes en Afghanistan (1924-1925). Païtāvā, Karratcha
Authors: Cambon Pierre
Published: July 2010

The "Buddha of the Great Miracle" from Païtava, in the collection of the Guimet Museum in Paris, was found by Joseph Hackin in 1924. An almost identical piece exists in the Museum of Berlin and comes from the same site. In the Kabul Museum, a statue extremely close comes from Shotorak excavated by Jacques Meunié some ten years later, next to the monastery sounded by Barthoux in 1925, in a place called Karratcha. The theme is native to Kapiça where Begram was the center, witnessing a local sensitivity, apparently distinctive from the one found in Gandharan art. Not only does the grey-green schiste used by the sculptors seem specific, but also the treatment of the relief conceived as a stele, the image detached from the background of bare stone, the haloed head, the body sometimes entirely nimbled. The figures of Païtava and those of Karratcha suggest an evolution in time that confirms the Shotorak site, and the final point would be the "Great Miracle" of Sarai Khwaja.
Les Vaikuṇṭha gupta de Mathura : Viṣṇu ou Kṛṣṇa ?
Authors: Schmid Charlotte
Published: July 2010

During the gupta age some sculptures of a three-headed form of Visnu appeared in Mathura : Visnu is represented with one human head flanked by the muzzle of a lion and the snout of a boar. These images were first identified as being representations of Vaikuntha, a four-headed form of Visnu described in the Visnudharmottara-Purana, where the supplementary heads of the god symbolize the emanations springing up from the cosmogonie deity. This identification was questioned a few years ago and the so-called Vaikunthas were then recognized as being images of Visnu flanked by the heads of two of his avatara, the lion and the boar which are among the most ancient and important ones. Now, the thing is that Krsna's figures appeared before the boar and the lion ones, especially in the Mathura region in which his cult could have originated. The principal avatara of Visnu in the gupta Mathura should then logically be Krsna. Thus he should also figure on this multi-headed form of Visnu. In fact he may be the central human sculpture. The gupta images of Visnu are indeed directly derived from the kusana representations of Krsna, at that time a four-armed divinity who holds a mace, a discus and a conch. The human part of the "Vaikuntha", could represent Krsna, the human (manusya) avatara of Visnu, or rather could be a representation where Krsna and Visnu are merged in each other.

I think that, like other gupta representations, these figures highlight the ambiguity of the bond between Krsna and Visnu, from the IVth century when the iconography of Krsna was modified because of the apparition of Visnu's cult figures. The creative power which was attributed from very ancient times to Vasudeva-Krsna could also explain why in a text like the Visnudharmottara-Purana the creative emanations coming from Vasudeva-Krsna and the avatara of Visnu are mistaken ones for the others.
Solar Symbolism of the Mughal Thrones. A Preliminary Note
Authors: Malecka Anna
Published: July 2010

The present paper is an attempt to provide a general analysis of the form, decoration and surroundings of the Mughal thrones as the seats of the emperors regarded to be the "Embodied Suns". The article looks at a combination of Persian, Turco-Mongol, Hindu and Jaina influences on the iconography of the Mughal thrones. It also examines those miniatures which seem to represent the "Heavenly Thrones" of Solomon, Khusru and most of all of Jamshid - that are so popular in the Mughal texts. The paper tries to demonstrate how the decoration of the Mughal thrones with solar motives, stones and images of the animals traditionally believed to be heavenly and solar, created the celestial space for the Emperor - "The Sun".
De l'icône à l'anecdote : les frontispices imprimés en Chine à l'époque des Song (960-1278)
Authors: Drège Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

Le passage du manuscrit à l'imprimé se traduit par une série de mutations dont les changements concernant l'illustration sont réels. Les frontispices, en particulier, prennent une dimension nouvelle. A travers quelques exemples des XIe-XIIIe siècles, pris autant à la dynastie des Song (960-1278) qu'à celles des Liao et Xia occidentaux, on peut observer que l'image ajoute peu à peu à son caractère iconique premier, de type statique, un contenu narratif, adoptant une présentation dynamique qui la détache de la peinture tout en conservant au frontispice une distance par rapport au livre.
La céramique importée à Angkor : étude préliminaire
Authors: Dupoizat Marie-France
Published: July 2010

Le matériel céramique importé mis au jour par les fouilles françaises sur le site d'Angkor provient pour l'essentiel de Chine mais également du Vietnam et de Thaïlande. Il recouvre les périodes du Xe au XIVe siècle et de fin XVIe-début XVIIe siècle, ainsi que plus récemment le XIXe-XXe siècle. La présence d'un grand nombre de fragments de boîtes munies de couvercle à proximité du Phimeanakas pourrait correspondre à un usage particulier lié à des fonctions cultuelles ou funéraires.
Le kourgane de Berel' dans l'Altaï kazakhstanais
Authors: Samashev Zainullah , Bazarbaeva Galia A. , Zhumabekova Gulia S. , Francfort Henri-Paul
Published: July 2010

En 1998 et 1999, une équipe équipe franco-italo-kazakhstanaise a fouillé un kourgane scythe gelé à Berel', dans l'Altaï. L'état de conservation des vestiges, préservés par le froid, a permis une collecte d'informations exceptionnelles. Dans la chambre funéraire en bois, deux corps ont été découverts dans un grand sarcophage. Au nord, treize chevaux sacrifiés, entièrement harnachés, portaient des ornements caractéristiques de style animalier scytho-sibérien. Le kourgane est daté de 294 avant J.-C. par la dendrochronologie. Les analyses des matériaux organiques sont en cours.
A Plan of the Emperor's Glassworks
Authors: Byrne Curtis Emily
Published: July 2010

From the outset of the French mission to China, scientific and cultural pursuits were envisioned and playing a large role. In 1696, a glass workshop was established as a division of the imperial ateliers. It was built on a piece of land next to the French Jesuits' church, which was situated within the walls of the Imperial City, and placed under their care. The glass workshop continued to develop and production at it reached its zenith during the Qianlong period (r. 1735-1796). However, when missionary glass artisans, such as Pierre d'Incarville, and Léonard de Brossard, were no longer associated with the workshop, the quality of its wares began to decline. At the turn of the century, the mission in China sank almost to extinction, and by 1827, all activity at the glassworks had ceased. In 1998, the existence of a Chinese plan for this glass workshop was revealed in an inventory of documents from the Lazarist mission to Beijing. Therefore, the topic of this paper is a study of this plan and the glassmaking activities associated with it.
« Le principe de la rosée de jade dans le bois aux grues » : un récit peint par Qian Gu (1508-ap. 1574)
Authors: Laurent Cédric
Published: July 2010

Cet article présente le rouleau conservé au musée du Palais de Taibei, et propose une traduction de la référence textuelle de Luo Dajing (XIIIe s.) et de la postface de Peng Nian (1505-1596). La peinture, remarquable exemple de peinture narrative Ming, fait ici l'objet d'une étude sur les modalités et les enjeux de la transposition du texte à l'image. Plus qu'une simple illustration, celle-ci suit une structure littéraire et emploie des figures de style qui lui confèrent une grande autonomie dans son rapport au texte. Le traitement des personnages et de leur environnement est aussi abordé en comparaison avec d'autres peintures narratives. A partir de l'exemple de cette œuvre, l'auteur avance l'idée que la peinture lettrée Ming doit être envisagée comme un art littéraire.
Benvenuto Cellini et la cour de France (1540-1545)
Authors: Jestaz Bertrand
Published: July 2010

Der von 1540 bis 1545 dauernde Aufenthalt von Cellini am französischen Hof kann anhand der vorhandenen Textquellen und der überlieferten Werke des Künstlers neu thematisiert werden. Nachdem François Ier Cellini aus der Engelsburg befreit hatte, trat dieser in seine Dienste. Die ungeahnten technischen Schwierigkeiten bei der Ausführung des silbernen Jupiter erklären deren große Langsamkeit. Cellinis nicht verwirklichter Plan eines Eingangsportals für Fontainebleau war zwar angemessen dimensioniert, aber von exzentrischer Konzeption; der Beitrag versucht eine Rekonstruktion dieses Projekts. Alle Stücke des italienischen Künstlers zeugen sowohl von seinem Willen, als Bildhauer zu wirken, als auch von den sich dabei auftuenden Hindernissen. Cellini verließ den Hof aus Angst vor Repressalien der Herzogin von Etampes im Fall des - abseh- baren - Todes des Königs. Cosimo I. nahm ihn umso lieber in seine Dienste als er sich mit François Ier überworfen hatte. Das Werk von Cellini in Frankreich erweist sich somit als Vorbereitung der letzten Phase seiner Karriere als Bildhauer in Florenz.
Le maître et son élève Claude Ballin et Nicolas Delaunay orfèvres de Louis XIV
Authors: Bimbenet-Privat Michèle
Published: July 2010

Claude Ballin (1615-1678) und Nicolas Delaunay (1646-1727) gehören zu den berühmtesten Goldschmieden unter Ludwig XIV. Ein großer Teil der von ihnen im Auftrag des Königs angefertigten Arbeiten wurde mit denen zahlreicher anderer Zeitgenossen 1689 und 1709 eingeschmolzen, wiederum auf einen königlichen Befehl hin. Ihre Produktion kennen wir aus zahlreichen Quellen und bildlichen Darstellungen sowie Objektzuweisungen. Bisher unbekannte öffentliche und private Archivdokumente, insbesondere notarieller Natur, klären nun die näheren Beziehungen zwischen beiden Goldschmieden: Delaunay war nicht nur der Schüler, sondern auch der angeheiratete Neffe von Ballin; er übernahm nach dessen Tod seine laufenden Arbeiten— darunter einen gewaltigen Auftrag des Königs — sowie seine umfangreiche Sammlung von Zeichungen und Modellen; die von Ballin geplante Veröffentlichung dieses Ensembles realisierte er jedoch nicht.
Pêche et consommation du poisson en Berry au Moyen Âge
Authors: Querrien Armelle
Published: July 2010

During the Middle Ages many fishing sites were developed in the Berry. They are mentioned in documents recording donations or the settlement of disputes over water rights, but these sources never describe any equipment, whereas archaeological evidence provides ample technical information. Fish consumption is even more difficult to determine: it appears only incidentally in charters concerning fairs and markets, or in late mediaeval accounts. Yet ichthyology, though seldom applied, is capable of distinguishing the range of varieties consumed on an excavated site. Thus we have evidence of carp breeding as early as the late 14th or early 15th century. Combining all available sources makes it possible to balance their individual deficiencies and to assess the importance of fishing in the social and economic life of the Middle Ages.
Une diplomatique allemande des documents administratifs français du XIXe siècle
Authors: Stein Wolfgang Hans
Published: July 2010

Nineteenth-century administration has been little studied in France. Conversely, the exporting of the same administration to Germany at the time of the Revolution and Empire has aroused much interest, both due to its exotic appeal and to its importance for the modernisation of Germany. This has prompted various studies in the field of diplomatic, which can shed light on the contemporary diplomatic of France itself, following the threefold perspective of German diplomatic scholarship: methodical, analytical and genetic. The results of this two-way transfer are particularly relevant for the analysis of administrative working methods. They have uncovered a well-organised and efficient microcosm; but they may also qualify our perception of supposedly omnipotent officials, by emphasising the important part played by their clerks.
Donner à l’image et au son le statut de l’écrit : pour une critique diplomatique des documents audiovisuels
Authors: Delmas Bruno
Published: July 2010

Die Ton-und Bildarchive (Festbilder, bewegte Bilder, Tonaufnahmen) bieten für das 20. Jahrhundert eine Quellenmasse, die jener der papiernen Quellen gleichkommt. Ihre Bedeutung sowohl im öffentlichen wie im privaten Gebrauch hat über die letzten 150 Jahre hinweg konstant zugenommen. Ihre Auswertung durch die Historie stösst sich jedoch an zwei Hindernissen, einem technischen und einem methodologischen: Das technische Hindernis liegt in der Schwierigkeit, die Entstehungsbedingungen sicher einzuschätzen; die Lehre der Herstellungs-und Darstellungstechniken der audiovisuellen Archivalien ist ebenso komplex wie die Disziplinen der Paläographie und der Philologie für die älteren Quellen. Die methodologischen Probleme beruhen auf der Abwesenheit eines Analyserasters, das jenen vergleichbar wäre, die seit langem in der klassischen Aktenkunde vorliegen. Der Artikel erstellt daher ein erstes Raster der wissenschaftlichen, technologischen und methodologischen Parameter für eine Behandlung von Photographien, Tondokumenten und Filmen (Form, Entstehung, Tradition, Edition, Auswertung), wie es zur Grundlegung einer audiovisuellen Quellenkunde und einer historischen Auswertung dieser Quellen erforderlich ist.
« Rex, lex, lux, pax » : jeux de mots et jeux de lettres dans les inscriptions médiévales
Authors: Favreau Robert
Published: July 2010

Die vier Verse des Epitaphs von Angilbert de Corbie beginnen und enden mit denWörtern rex, lex, lux und pax. Die vier Einsilbler erscheinen in mehreren Manuskripten aus Deutschland, Spanien und Italien, jeweils bezogen auf Christus. Sie stehen auch in einzelnen Inschriften, zum Teil mit der Form dux statt lex, aus dem Rheinland (Elfenbeintafel und tragbarer Altar in Darmstadt, Kreuz inKöln) sowie aus dem Südwesten Frankreichs (Portal von Olérat, Tympana von Saint-Pierre und von Saint-Michel du Dorat, Bronzekreuz in Périgueux, neun Christogramme aus dem Pyrenäenraum). Die Inschriften liefern noch weitere Beispiele für Wort-und Buchstabenspiele, nicht nur das bekannte magische Quadrat Sator arepo tenet opera rotas. Für die Sprachwissenschaft bieten sie ein noch kaum erforschtes Forschungsfeld.
Architectes et commande artistique en Normandie à la fin du Moyen Âge : l’église Saint-Ouen de Pont-Audemer d’après les archives municipales
Authors: Meunier Florian
Published: July 2010

Die Ausgabenbücher der normannischen Stadt Pont-Audemer vomausgehenden 15. und beginnenden 16. Jahrhundert liefern die Namen berühmter und unbekannter Architekten, die von 1486 an die ansässige Kirche in Flamboyant-Stil planten und bauten. Der kurzzeitige Aufenthalt in der Stadt von Jacques undRoullant LeRoux, Architekten der Kathedrale vonRouen, und von Thomas Theroulde, Architekt von Notre-Dame de Caudebec-en-Caux, unterstützen die Hypothese, dass diese Meister die Weiterführung der Bauprojekte beeinflussten. Das zunächst von unbekannten Steinmetzmeistern geplante Projekt der Fassade und des Hauptschiffs wurde ab 1490 von Michel Gohier umgesetzt und vielleicht adaptiert; selbst in Notre-Dame de Montfort-sur-Risle beschäftigt, wurde dieser sehr bald durch seinen Stellvertreter Jean Guillaumit ersetzt. Einmal abgesehen von der Erwähnung von Steinen aus Caen und Montfort-sur-Risle zeigen die städtischen Bücher, wie sehr die Kirche von Pont-Audemer den Finanzherren und Kunstschaffenden der Stadt Rouen verpflichtet ist.
L’empereur, le grand maître et la Prusse : la Bulle de Rimini en question (1226/1235)
Authors: Gouguenheim Sylvain
Published: July 2010

Die Bulle von Rimini, mit der Kaiser Friedrich II. 1226 dem teutonischen Orden Culmerland zugestanden und den Angriff auf Preussen zugelassen hätte, wirft zahlreiche Probleme auf; man hat vermutet, dass die überlieferten Versionen auf das Jahr 1235 zurückgehen. Der historische Kontext legt das ebenso nahe wie die Ähnlichkeit zu kaiserlichen Privilegien für die Reichsfürsten, die erst 1231/ 32 erlassen wurden. Diese Datierung löst jedoch nicht alle Widersprüche, was zu neuen Hypothesen führt. Zunächst wird das Argument einer Schenkung von Preussen an den Landgraf von Thüringen im Jahre 1226 hinfällig: Bei dieser Schenkung handelte es sich um das Pleissenland. Eine Reihe von Indizien lässt vermuten, dass der heute bekannte Text der Bulle von Rimini das Ergebnis einer Uıberarbeitung ist, die nach der Gefangennahme von Bischof Christian von Preussen und nach der Erlassung der kaiserlichen Privilegien für dieReichsfürsten erfolgte. In dieser Lesart erkennt man den Text der Bulle als intensiv interpolierten Text, wobei das vorliegende Ergebnis in keinerWeise der päpstlichen Intervention widerspricht, die sich in der Bulle von Rieti (1234) widerspiegelt: Beide Dokumente ergänzen sich in idealer Weise und schulden viel dem politischen Geschick des Grossmeisters Hermann von Salza, der vollständige Garantien erhielt, um die Ländereien Preussens gegen seine Nachbarn zu schützen.
Autour du Testament politique de Richelieu : à la recherche de l’auteur perdu (1688-1778)
Authors: Avezou Laurent
Published: July 2010

The debate surrounding the authenticity of Cardinal de Richelieu’s Testament politique began as soon as the text was published in 1688, and continued to the death of its main instigator, Voltaire, in 1778. It raged principally from 1750 to 1764, with the latter opposing the academician and Oratorian Foncemagne. The argument was fought between two contrasting conceptions of documentary evidence and, ultimately, of history: the one, that of Voltaire, valued interpretation more than assessment; the other, represented by Benedictine erudition and the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, relied primarily on external and internal criticism, and refused any interpretation of any evidence not fit to be interpreted. Standing on the unfamiliar field of erudition, Voltaire overcompensated his technical incompetence by an attitude of hypercriticism to the point of dishonesty, putting to advantage his own literary reputation. Even though the discussion virtually died out after Voltaire, it was to start over again, this time with reference to the authenticity of Richelieu’s Mémoires, which, after they were discovered by Foncemagne, had to await 1823 before they appeared in print.
Deux actes de Suger : les franchises de Vaucresson et de Puteaux
Authors: Guyotjeannin Olivier
Published: July 2010

Ein kleines Kartular der Abtei von Saint-Denis, das der monastischen Propstei Rueil gewidmet ist (Paris, Arch. nat., LL 1167) bereichert das Urkundenkorpus von Suger: Es liefert eine vollständigere Fassung der berühmten Freibriefe, die 1145 der Stadtgründung (Villeneuve) von Vaucresson zugestanden wurden, sowie einen bisher von der Historie unbeachteten Freibrief (charte de franchise), der 1148 für die von Suger selbst gegründete Villeneuve von Puteaux (Hauts-de-Seine) ausgestellt wurde. Die vergleichende Untersuchung beider Texte, die auch das Dokument über die Befreiung der Leibeigenen von Puteau (1248) einbezieht, erweist zum einen, dass der Abt Suger ein stark strukturiertes Formelinventar anwandte, zum andern, dass seine Politik der Städtegründungen und der Erlassung von Freibriefen einem ebenso klaren Schema folgte.
Brouillons de lettres pontificales dans le « Rotulus de negotio albigensi » (1221-1225)
Authors: Kay Richard
Published: July 2010

Der «Rotulus de negotio albigensi» (Bibl. nat. de Fr., Baluze 385, 239) enthält dieKopie von 28 Dokumenten, die in drei Serien abgeschrieben wurden und für einen unbekannten Adressaten bestimmt waren, der zweifellos ihre Vereinigung in einer einzigen Schriftrolle vorgenommen hat. 13 Texte sind nur in dieser Quelle überliefert, und einzelne weitere Dokumente waren bisher unediert. Mit Ausnahme der Doppelausfertigung einer Urkunde von Raimund VII., Graf von Toulouse, und seiner Verbündeten sind alle Dokumente Briefe des Papsts Honorius III., die im Zusammenhang mit dem zweiten Albigenserkreuzzug entstanden; sie betreffen insbesondere drei Episoden: Die Entsendung von Conrad vonUrach als Legaten (1221), dieVerhandlungen über eine Versöhnung mit Raimund VII. (1224) und die Entsendung des Legaten Romano Bonaventura (1225). Eine formale und inhaltliche Analyse, verbunden mit einem Regest und einer Edition der drei unedierten Dokumente erlaubt die Vermutung, dass die Kopien an der Kurie, auf der Grundlage der Breven der Papstbriefe angefertigt wurden; sie entsprechen einer ersten Version, die zum Teil in der— nur für vierzehn Briefe— ausgefertigten Fassung erweitert und überarbeitet wurde.
Improving the Routine Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Value of Tight Control
Authors: MEASE PHILIP J.
Published: July 2010

Evidence is mounting that adopting a tight control approach to the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) yields superior clinical outcomes including inhibition of progressive structural damage. While this approach has been successfully implemented in other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, its use in RA is less straightforward as there is not a simple “gold standard” measure for disease activity. A key component of the tight control approach is the availability of easily implemented and clinically relevant assessment measures of disease activity that allow physicians to monitor progress toward preset goals. This article summarizes the evidence from clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of achieving tight control and surveys the instruments available to assess patient progress in a consistent manner. A case study clearly demonstrates the benefits of the tight control approach in routine clinical practice.
Applying the Impairment, Activity Limitation, and Participation Restriction Constructs of the ICF Model to Osteoarthritis and Low Back Pain Trials: A Reanalysis
Authors: AYIS SALMA , ARDEN NIGEL , DOHERTY MICHAEL , POLLARD BETH , JOHNSTON MARIE , DIEPPE PAUL
Published: July 2010

Objective.

To test the hypothesis that interventions targeting the relief of pain and disability in musculoskeletal diseases may have differential effects on activity limitation and participation restriction as defined in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).

Methods.

Full data were obtained for 3 randomized controlled trials that used the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Measure (WOMAC), the Medical Outcomes Study Short-form 36 (SF-36), or the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire as their primary outcome measures. The trial outcomes were reanalyzed using items previously designated as assessing pure activity limitation (A) or participation restriction (P), or a mixture of the 2 (A/P) only, and the results compared with the outcomes found using the full scales, which assess a mixture of outcome domains.

Results.

The results did not refute the hypothesis. An exercise-based intervention and injection therapies both appeared to have more effect on participation restriction (P) than on activity limitation (A), while a drug-based intervention had more effect on A than on P.

Conclusion.

Different interventions used to treat musculoskeletal disorders may have differential effects on impairment, activity limitation, and restricted participation. The use of outcome measures that do not differentiate these 3 domains may obscure the true value of an intervention.
Biochemical features of a Protoceratium reticulatum red tide in Chipana Bay (Northern Chile) in summer conditions
Authors: Rossi Sergio , Fiorillo Ida
Published: July 2010

Protoceratium reticulatum is considered a potential toxic dinoflagellate. This paper describes a high-frequency monitoring study performed at Chipana Bay (northern Chile), sampling over 48 hours in a near-bottom shallow coastal area to quantify the biochemical features of a red tide dominated by this microscopic algae. This area belongs to the Humboldt Current upwelling system, and is considered highly productive for artisanal fisheries. Total chlorophyll a, total lipids, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, fatty acids and major phytoplankton group concentration (i.e. dinoflagellates, diatoms, ciliates and cysts) were studied in 7-hour intervals in February 2007. Our results indicate a high concentration of potential available food in the form of lipids ranging from 50 to 300 μg L-1 for benthic suspension feeders, i.e. bivalves. The dominance of P. reticulatum (60-80% of the total cell concentration per litre, ranging from 55x103 to 384x103 cells L-1) can be considered as a possible interference for harvesting in this productive area, although the toxicity of this algae was not proved in the present study. The main dinoflagellate fatty acid markers [18:0, 18:4(n-3), 20:5(n-3), and 22:6(n-3)] showed high proportions (%) during the short time cycle and in at least two cases [the 18:4 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3) fatty acids] a highly significant relationship with dinoflagellate concentration (cells L-1). The topographical and benthic structure (mainly kelp forest) of the zone helps to retain particles and nutrients that may in part explain the high productivity and food availability, but the presence of recurrent red tides in this coastal area—if they prove to be toxic—is argued to be a major problem for local fisheries.
Feeding behaviour and daily ration of the spotted flounder Citharus linguatula (Osteichthyes: Pleuronectiformes) in the central Tyrrhenian Sea
Authors: Carpentieri Paolo , Cantarelli Tiziana , Colloca Francesco , Criscoli Alessandro , Ardizzone Giandomenico
Published: July 2010

Spotted flounder Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most abundant species within demersal fish assemblages next to the continental shelf (up to 200 m depth) of the Mediterranean Sea. In spite of the ecological importance of this species in the central Tyrrhenian Sea, many aspects of its biology (e.g. feeding behaviour) are poorly described. In order to analyze how feeding habits are related to the ontogenetic changes in this species, 2636 specimens (between 9 and 26 cm of total length TL) were collected from November 2000 to January 2002. During ontogenetic development spotted flounder occupied different trophic levels: diet shifted from mysids, predominantly in the smaller spotted flounder ( < 11 cm TL), towards fish in the larger individuals ( > 19 cm TL). Before the transition to the icthyophagous phase, a more generalist foraging behaviour including decapods (Processa sp., Alpheus glaber), molluscs (Turitella sp.) and benthic fish (Lesuerigobius spp., Gobius niger, Callionymus spp., Arnoglossus laterna) dominated the diet. Seasonal analysis of the diet showed an increase in the presence of mysids in summer and autumn, and of decapods in summer and spring. Teleosteans are present throughout the year without significant variations. Daily ration values, computed from the Eggers method, ranged from 1.57% to 2.83% wet body weight, showing a negative relationship between reproduction and daily consumption rate.
The Use of Geospatial Technology in Disaster Management
Authors: Westlund Scott
Published: July 2010

The daily use of geospatial technology, such as the global positioning system (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing (RS), is increasing. The use of geospatial technology in disaster management is a natural fit because almost every aspect of a disaster is referenced by location. This paper presents the results of a recent web-based survey of disaster management practitioners. Findings reveal that more than 60% of disaster management practitioners are currently using geospatial technology and 70% plan to use it in a future disaster management activity. However, the results indicate that most disaster management practitioners have a low level of knowledge of geospatial technology. The survey findings also show that geospatial technologies enhance situational awareness, cost is a major challenge for practitioners who would like to use them, and an opportunity exists for the academic community to engage with practitioners to help them raise their level of geospatial knowledge.
Disease, Death, and the Body Politic
Authors: Wilson James L. , Mansfield Christopher J.
Published: July 2010

More than a trillion dollars of public money is spent annually on health care in the United States. In order to inform policymakers, health advocacy groups, tax-paying constituents, and beneficiaries, it would be useful to present and analyze health outcome and health-related data at the U.S. congressional district level. Presently, health event data are not reported at this political unit; however, recent interest and advances in areal interpolation techniques are beginning to transcend the inherent limitations imposed by legacy data collection and analyses systems. In this paper, the authors use the dasymetric approach to illustrate how this areal interpolation technique can be used to transfer county-level mortality rate data from several causes of death to the U.S. congressional district level. The study’s primary goal is to promote areal interpolation techniques in the absence of a systematic and comprehensive national program for geocoding health events.
Improving Switched Current Sigma Delta Modulators' Performances via the Particle Swarm Optimization Technique
Authors: Fakhfakh M. , Masmoudi S. , Cooren Y. , Loulou M. , Siarry P.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents the optimal design of a switched current sigma delta modulator. The Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization technique is adopted to optimize performances of the embryonic cell forming the modulator, that is, a class AB grounded gate switched current memory cell. The embryonic cell was optimized regarding to its main performances such as sampling frequency and signal to noise ratio. The optimized memory cell was used to design the switched current modulator which operates at a 100 MHz sampling frequency and the output signal spectrum presents a 45.75 dB signal to noise ratio.
Integrating Adaptive Games in Student-Centered Virtual Learning Environments
Authors: del Blanco Ángel , Torrente Javier , Moreno-Ger Pablo , Fernández-Manjón Baltasar
Published: July 2010

The increasing adoption of e-Learning technology is facing new challenges, such as how to produce student-centered systems that can be adapted to each student’s needs. In this context, educational video games are proposed as an ideal medium to facilitate adaptation and tracking of students’ performance for assessment purposes, but integrating the games in the educational flow presents technical and practical challenges. Moreover, their eventual integration should be accomplished according to the current standardization trends in e-Learning to simplify general adoption. Barriers still exist between the gaming and e-Learning communities, preventing their mutual interaction. In this work, the authors present a middle-ware to bridge this gap, integrating adaptive educational video games in e-Learning environments with a special focus on the ongoing standardization efforts.
Cost and Service Capability Considerations on the Intention to Adopt Application Service Provision Services
Authors: Yao Yurong , Lee Denis M. , Lee Yang W.
Published: July 2010

The Application Service Provision (ASP) model offers a new form of IS/IT resource management option for which the vendor remotely provides the usage of applications over a network. Currently, the ASP industry appears to be more vendor-driven. But without a good understanding of how the ASP offerings might appeal to prospective customers, the industry might not survive. This study investigates empirically the intention to adopt an ASP service from the customers’ perspective, using survey data collected from a national sample of IS/IT executives. Based on the Transaction Cost Theory (Williamson, 1979, 1985) and service capability, a causal model is developed to examine the effects of perceived cost savings and service capability, as well as their antecedent factors, on the intention to adopt an ASP service. The results show a dominant effect of cost savings consideration on ASP adoption intention.