bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pleurodese: técnica e indicações
Authors: Vaz Marcelo Costa , Marchi Evaldo , Vargas Francisco Suso
Published: September 2007

O derrame pleural recidivante é uma situação clínica comum que compromete a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, em especial dos portadores de doença oncológica em estágio avançado. A abordagem terapêutica do espaço pleural é variada, incluindo procedimentos agressivos como a pleurectomia. A pleurodese é a técnica mais freqüentemente utilizada, podendo ser induzida tanto através da inserção de cateteres pleurais, como por procedimentos cirúrgicos amplos (toracotomia). São vários os agentes esclerosantes indicados, incluindo o talco, que é o mais utilizado, o nitrato de prata e recentemente as citocinas proliferativas. Este artigo resume as principais abordagens do derrame pleural recidivante e particularmente da pleurodese, suas indicações, vantagens e desvantagens para a aplicação na prática diária do pneumologista.
Tuberculose como doença definidora de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida: dez anos de evolução na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Soares Elizabeth Cristina Coelho , Saraceni Valéria , Lauria Lilian de Mello , Pacheco Antonio Guilherme , Durovni Betina , Cavalcante Solange Cesar
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: Analisar a freqüência da tuberculose e das outras principais doenças oportunistas definidoras de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, no momento em que estes casos são notificados, no Município do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: Análise do banco de dados do Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Programa de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis e Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 1993 a 2002. RESULTADOS: A expansão da definição de casos de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida ocorrida em 1998 criou um aumento substancial no número de casos notificados de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, principalmente por aqueles que passaram a ser definidos pelo critério imunológico. Dentre os casos de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida que foram definidos apenas por doença, a candidíase em suas diversas formas manteve-se como a doença oportunista de maior freqüência no momento da notificação. Embora a pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii se apresentasse como a segunda doença mais freqüente na maioria dos anos observados, a partir de 2001, a tuberculose ultrapassou-a em freqüência, tornando-se a segunda doença mais freqüente no momento da notificação dos casos de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da diminuição do número de casos de síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida definidos por doença, a tuberculose manteve-se como um importante evento definidor dessa síndrome, sendo atualmente de ocorrência mais freqüente do que a pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii e a toxoplasmose, provavelmente por sua alta taxa de prevalência na cidade.
Paresia diafragmática bilateral idiopática
Authors: Pereira Mônica Corso , Mussi Rodrigo Frange Miziara , Massucio Reinaldo Alexandre de Carvalho , Camino Ana Maria , Barbeiro Aristóteles de Souza , Villalba Wander de Oliveira , Paschoal Ilma Aparecida
Published: September 2007

Relata-se o caso de um paciente com dispnéia intensa ao se deitar, em que foram excluídas doenças pulmonares, neuromusculares ou cardíacas, cuja investigação revelou paresia diafragmática bilateral. Um sinal chave para o diagnóstico foi a evidência de respiração paradoxal com o doente em decúbito supino. Havia piora da oxigenação e da capacidade vital forçada com a mudança da posição ortostática para supina. A fluoroscopia ortostática foi normal. A pressão inspiratória máxima estava muito reduzida. A estimulação elétrica transcutânea do diafragma foi normal, e a eletroestimulação do nervo frênico mostrou ausência de resposta, permitindo o diagnóstico de paresia bilateral do diafragma.
Insuficiência respiratória crônica nas doenças neuromusculares: diagnóstico e tratamento
Authors: Paschoal Ilma Aparecida , Villalba Wander de Oliveira , Pereira Mônica Corso
Published: September 2007

As doenças neuromusculares prejudicam a renovação do ar alveolar e, por esta razão, produzem insuficiência respiratória crônica. A instalação da insuficiência respiratória pode acontecer de modo agudo, como nos traumas, ou ser lenta ou rapidamente progressiva, como na esclerose lateral amiotrófica, distrofias musculares, doença da placa mioneural, etc. O comprometimento da musculatura respiratória prejudica também a eficiência da tosse e, no estado atual da terapêutica disponível no Brasil para estes doentes, pode-se dizer que a morbimortalidade nestes indivíduos está mais associada ao fato de que eles tossem mal do que de que ventilam mal. Nesta revisão, uma breve compilação histórica procura mostrar a evolução das órteses e próteses respiratórias, desde o final do século XIX até agora, com o objetivo de apresentar as opções de máquinas disponíveis para o suporte e substituição da ventilação nas doenças neuromusculares. Além disso, são enfatizados os elementos fundamentais para o diagnóstico da hipoventilação alveolar e da falência do mecanismo protetor da tosse: história clínica, determinação do pico de fluxo da tosse, medida da pressão expiratória máxima e da pressão inspiratória máxima, espirometria em dois decúbitos (sentado e supino), oximetria de pulso, capnografia e polissonografia. São apresentados os valores limites disponíveis na literatura tanto para a indicação do suporte noturno da ventilação como para a extensão do suporte para o período diurno. As manobras para incremento da eficiência da tosse são aqui também discutidas, assim como o momento adequado para sua introdução.
Fístula esôfago-traqueal após ingestão cáustica
Authors: Crema Eduardo , Fatureto Marcelo Cunha , Gonzaga Marcel Noronha , Pastore Ricardo , Silva Alex Augusto da
Published: September 2007

As fístulas esôfago-traqueais são incomuns e apresentam diversas etiologias, entre elas, a queimadura química esofágica devida à ingestão cáustica. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 27 anos com história de ingestão cáustica havia catorze dias, com dor retroesternal em queimação, fraqueza, tosse com escarro purulento e dispnéia associada à rouquidão no último dia. A endoscopia digestiva alta e a broncofibroscopia revelaram fístula esôfago-traqueal. O tratamento consistiu no suporte clínico, drenagem torácica bilateral, exclusão do transito esofágico com esofagostomia cervical terminal e gastrostomia. Houve cicatrização espontânea da fístula esôfago traqueal em seis semanas. Posteriormente, realizou-se a reconstrução do trânsito alimentar através de faringocoloplastia. A evolução pós-operatória foi satisfatória.
Amiloidose ganglionar mediastinal em paciente com sarcoidose
Authors: Schade Lilian , Carmes Eliane Ribeiro , Barros João Adriano de
Published: September 2007

Paciente masculino, 27 anos, com sintomas respiratórios, linfonodomegalia cervical anterior bilateral e hepatomegalia. Os estudos de imagem evidenciaram linfonodomegalia hilar bilateral e infiltrado pulmonar. O paciente foi submetido a biópsias pulmonar e hepática, que evidenciaram presença de granulomas não caseosos. Também foi submetido à biópsia de linfonodo hilar, que revelou a presença de material amilóide. Os achados clínicos, radiológicos e histopatológicos foram compatíveis com sarcoidose e amiloidose ganglionar. A associação entre sarcoidose e amiloidose é raramente descrita.
Endoprótese auto-expansível de malha de poliéster revestida por silicone (Polyflex®) no tratamento de estenoses traqueais não-cirúrgicas
Authors: Terra Ricardo Mingarini , Minamoto Helio , Tedde Miguel Lia , Almeida José Luiz Jesus de , Jatene Fabio Biscegli
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prótese Polyflex® quanto à sua eficácia, facilidade de implantação e complicações em pacientes com afecções traqueobrônquicas. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhados, prospectivamente, dezesseis pacientes com estenoses traqueais secundárias à intubação orotraqueal (n = 12), neoplasia (n = 3) e granulomatose de Wegener (n = 1), não candidatos a tratamento cirúrgico. Desses, onze eram mulheres e cinco eram homens, com idade média de 42,8 anos (intervalo de 21 a 72 anos). Os pacientes foram submetidos à implantação de um total de 21 próteses Polyflex®. Os procedimentos foram realizados no centro cirúrgico, sob anestesia geral e as próteses implantadas através de laringoscopia de suspensão e aplicador próprio. RESULTADOS: Em todos os casos foi possível implantar a prótese e observamos resolução de sintomas. Os pacientes permaneceram com a prótese por tempo médio de 7,45 meses, variando entre 2 e 18 meses. As complicações pós-operatórias imediatas observadas foram disfonia em dois pacientes (12,5%) e odinofagia em dois pacientes (12,5%). As complicações tardias foram tosse em dez pacientes (62,5%), migração em sete pacientes (43,75%), formação de granulomas em dois pacientes (12,5%) e pneumonia em um paciente (6,25%). CONCLUSÃO: A prótese Polyflex® é fácil de implantar e retirar, é bem tolerada e efetiva na resolução dos sintomas, porém, está associada a alto índice de migração, principalmente em estenoses pós-intubação orotraqueal.
Programa de cessação de tabagismo como ferramenta para o diagnóstico precoce de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica
Authors: Godoy Ilda de , Tanni Suzana Erico , Coelho Liana Sousa , Martin Rosana dos Santos e Silva , Parenti Luciana Cristina , Andrade Luiz Mauro , Godoy Irma
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é subdiagnosticada e subtratada, o que resulta em subestimação do impacto da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a inclusão da espirometria na avaliação dos fumantes que ingressam em programas de cessação do tabagismo contribui para o diagnóstico precoce da DPOC. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de dados médicos de 158 fumantes atendidos no programa cessação de tabagismo (Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil), de janeiro 2003 a novembro 2005. Todos os indivíduos tinham mais de 40 anos (idade média: 55 ± 8,5 anos), sendo 99 (62,6%) do sexo feminino. Foram analisados os dados clínicos, os diagnósticos médicos prévios e os resultados da espirometria. RESULTADOS: Dos 158 fumantes avaliados, 57 (36,1%) indivíduos preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos para DPOC e 14 (8,9%) foram considerados em risco para o desenvolvimento da doença. Dos 57 que preenchiam os critérios diagnósticos para DPOC, 39 (68,4%) foram diagnósticos novos e 18 (31,6%) foram confirmação de diagnóstico prévio da doença. Entre os 18 com diagnóstico anterior, 10 (56%) tinham doença leve/moderada e 8 (44%) doença grave. Sete pacientes com diagnóstico anterior de DPOC apresentaram resultados de função de pulmonar não compatíveis com os critérios diagnósticos da doença. Entre os 39 novos diagnósticos, 38 (97,4%) eram de doença leve/moderada e apenas 1 (2,6%) tinha DPOC grave CONCLUSÃO: A inclusão da espirometria na avaliação inicial dos fumantes admitidos em programa de cessação de tabagismo pode ser uma ferramenta útil para o diagnóstico precoce da DPOC.
Análise do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose em Cáceres, Mato Grosso, antes e depois da implantação do Programa de Saúde da Família
Authors: Ignotti Eliane , Oliveira Beatriz Fátima Alves de , Hartwig Shaiana , Oliveira Hellen Caroline de , Scatena João Henrique Gurtler
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: Analisar o Programa de Controle da Tuberculose em Cáceres, Mato Grosso, entre 1999 e 2004, e o impacto que sobre ele teve a implantação do Programa de Saúde da Família, ocorrida em 2000. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo, com base nos registros de casos de tuberculose diagnosticados e tratados em Cáceres, segundo as características dos doentes, o cumprimento ou não do protocolo para o diagnóstico, tratamento e acompanhamento dos doentes e o tipo de unidade de saúde responsável pelo atendimento. RESULTADOS: A incidência de tuberculose foi reduzida de 99,4 para 49,8 (por 100 mil habitantes) de 1999 a 2004. Os doentes apresentaram características similares às dos doentes de outras regiões do Brasil, com maioria do sexo masculino em idade economicamente produtiva. Entre os portadores de formas pulmonares atendidos pelo Programa de Saúde da Família, o número de baciloscopias realizadas no momento do diagnóstico (OR = 0,33; IC95%: 0,16-0,66) e no momento da alta (OR = 0,32; IC95%: 0,18-0,59) foi menor. Os pacientes acompanhados pelo Programa de Saúde da Família apresentaram uma taxa de cura 16,4% menor do que os pacientes atendidos na unidade de referência, assim como tiveram maior probabilidade de abandonarem o tratamento (OR = 2,93; IC95%: 1,15-7,46) e maior probabilidade de irem a óbito (OR = 5,71; IC95%: 1,85-18,1). CONCLUSÃO: A desconcentração do atendimento para unidades de saúde da família não resultou em melhoria no atendimento e acompanhamento dos casos de tuberculose do município de Cáceres.
Associação entre paracoccidioidomicose e tuberculose: realidade e erro diagnóstico
Authors: Quagliato Júnior Reynaldo , Grangeia Tiago de Araújo Guerra , Massucio Reinaldo Alexandre de Carvalho , De Capitani Eduardo Mello , Rezende Sílvio de Moraes , Balthazar Alípio Barbosa
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a freqüência da real associação entre paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) e tuberculose (TB) e a freqüência do diagnóstico errôneo prévio de TB em doentes com PCM entre os pacientes atendidos na Disciplina de Pneumologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (SP). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 227 pacientes adultos com diagnóstico confirmado de PCM (forma crônica) entre 1980 e 2005. RESULTADOS: Dos 227 casos, 36 (15,8%) haviam sido tratados anteriormente para TB. Porém, apenas 18 (7,9%) apresentaram baciloscopia positiva. Os outros 18 (7,9%) nunca tiveram o diagnóstico confirmado pela baciloscopia nem responderam ao tratamento específico para TB. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de a associação entre PCM e TB existir e estar documentada na literatura, o erro diagnóstico é bastante comum, haja vista a sobreposição e similaridade das apresentações clínicas e radiológicas dessas duas doenças, havendo, portanto, a necessidade do diagnóstico bacteriológico antes de se iniciar o tratamento específico.
Avaliação da notificação no Distrito Federal de casos de tuberculose residentes em dez municípios goianos do entorno e análise da incidência de tuberculose nestas localidades
Authors: Moreira Maria Auxiliadora Carmo , Bello Aline Sampaio , Alves Maristela dos Reis Luz , Silva Miramar Vieira da , Lorusso Vincenza
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a notificação, no Distrito Federal (DF), de casos de tuberculose em residentes nos municípios goianos da região do Entorno e possíveis influências no Plano de Controle da Tuberculose; analisar a taxa de incidência da tuberculose nos municípios e a interferência da situação socioeconômica e das características demográficas sobre esta taxa. MÉTODO: Analisaram-se dados relativos à incidência de tuberculose, taxas de cura, abandono, falência de tratamento, óbito, transferência e informações socioeconômicas e demográficas de dez municípios goianos. RESULTADOS: No período de 2000 a 2004, foram notificados 714 casos novos de tuberculose em residentes nos municípios estudados, sendo que 436 (61,0%) foram atendidos no DF, não sendo registrados no Sistema de Informação de Goiás. Considerando-se os casos atendidos somente em Goiás, a média de incidência de tuberculose do grupo variou de 4,40 a 10,02/100.000 habitantes; somando-se os atendidos no DF, a incidência aumentou significativamente, variando de 15,16 a 20,54/100.000 habitantes (p < 0,001). A taxa de contatos examinados foi baixa e os resultados de tratamento insatisfatórios, tanto em Goiás como no DF. Os dados socioeconômicos e demográficos foram compatíveis com as taxas de incidência. CONCLUSÃO: O número de casos de tuberculose atendidos pelos próprios municípios foi abaixo do esperado e o atendimento fora do município de residência pode comprometer o controle da tuberculose. A incidência de tuberculose recalculada é compatível com o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico da região. Um sistema de vigilância com base territorial pode ter sua eficiência otimizada, melhor contribuindo para o controle da enfermidade.
Peculiaridades do controle da tuberculose em um cenário de violência urbana de uma comunidade carente do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Souza Fabiana Barbosa Assumpção de , Villa Tereza Cristina Scatena , Cavalcante Solange Cesar , Ruffino Netto Antonio , Lopes Luciane Blanco , Conde Marcus Barreto
Published: September 2007

OBJETIVO: Descrever as dificuldades e peculiaridades encontradas por profissionais de saúde durante o tratamento e a investigação de contatos de pacientes com tuberculose (TB) em comunidades carentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa realizado nas unidades de saúde localizadas na Área Programática 1.0, no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com taxa de incidência de TB de 240/100.000 habitantes. Foram selecionados para o estudo dois visitadores domiciliares e um auxiliar de enfermagem, responsáveis pela visita e atendimento dos casos de TB e contatos. Os dados foram transcritos e estruturados sob forma de citação, com destaque para as idéias mais predominantes. RESULTADOS: As idéias centrais têm como eixo a dimensão da violência que se expressa através das regras do tráfico de drogas, das barreiras ao deslocamento dos pacientes e profissionais de saúde para o tratamento da TB, e da segurança pública (policiais). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo fornece dados para reflexão e análise aos formuladores de políticas de saúde e aos órgãos formadores de profissionais de saúde sobre a dificuldade que a violência urbana impõe ao controle da TB em uma comunidade carente.
Effect of an alcoholic diet on dental caries and on Streptococcus of the mutans group: study in rats
Authors: Kantorski Karla Zanini , Souza Daniela Martins de , Yujra Verônica Quispe , Junqueira Juliana Campos , Jorge Antonio Olavo Cardoso , Rocha Rosilene Fernandes da
Published: September 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an alcohol diet on Streptococcus of the mutans group and on dental caries in the oral cavity of rats. Forty animals were divided into 3 groups according to the following liquid diets: 20% ethanol solution (Alcohol Group, AG), 27% sucrose solution (Isocaloric Group, IG), and water (Control Group, CG). After 56 days, samples were collected and plated on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar to assess the number of colony forming units (CFU/mL) of Streptococcus of the mutans group. The animals were sacrificed and the jaws were removed in order to assess the occurrence of dental caries on the smooth and occlusal surfaces using stereomicroscopy. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test. The average numbers of CFU/mL (10³) were: 8.17 (AG), 9.78 (IG), and 5.63 (CG). There was no significant difference among the groups for the occurrence of occlusal caries. Regarding smooth surface caries, in the upper jaw, the caries number in the IG (1.58) was similar to that in the AG (2.06) and in the CG (1.14), and the number of caries in the AG was higher than in the CG; in the lower jaw there was significant difference among the 3 groups: AG (1.14), IG (2.00) and CG (0.43). The diets with the alcohol and sucrose solutions presented a tendency of increasing the colonization by Streptococcus of the mutans group and of increasing the occurrence of smooth surface dental caries in rat molars when compared to the control diet.
In vitro evaluation of marginal leakage in bonded restorations, with mechanical or chemical-mechanical (Carisolv) removal of carious tissue
Authors: Okida Ricardo Coelho , Martins Thiago Marchi , Briso André Luiz Fraga
Published: September 2007

This study carried out an in vitro evaluation and comparison of the occurrence of marginal leakage in bonded restorations using mechanical or chemical-mechanical (Carisolv) removal of carious tissue. For that purpose, 40 extracted decayed human molars were divided into 4 groups: GI (burs + Prime & Bond NT + TPH), GII (Carisolv + Prime & Bond NT + TPH), GIII (burs + SBMP + Z100) and GIV (Carisolv + SBMP + Z100). After accomplishment of the restorations and thermal cycling, the teeth were exposed to dye, sectioned and qualitatively evaluated. The results demonstrated that the system of removal of carious tissue did not influence the results of microleakage at any of the cavity margins. At dentinal margins, use of the Prime & Bond NT + TPH restorative system allowed the occurrence of less microleakage than the SBMP + Z100 system.
Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among students from João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Thiago Saads , Kehrle Helen Moura , Sampaio Fábio Correia
Published: September 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 12-15-year-old students from João Pessoa, PB, Brazil before starting a program of artificial fluoridation of drinking water. The use of fluoridated dentifrice was also surveyed. A sample of 1,402 students was randomly selected. However, 31 students refused to participate and 257 were not permanent residents in João Pessoa, thus leaving a final sample of 1,114 students. Clinical exams were carried out by two calibrated dentists (Kappa = 0.78) under natural indirect light. Upper and lower front teeth were cleaned with gauze and dried, and then examined using the TF index for fluorosis. A questionnaire on dentifrice ingestion and oral hygiene habits was applied to the students. The results revealed that fluorosis prevalence in this age group was higher than expected (29.2%). Most fluorosis cases were TF = 1 (66.8%), and the most severe cases were TF = 4 (2.2%). The majority of the students reported that they had been using fluoridated dentifrices since childhood; 95% of the participants preferred brands with a 1,500 ppm F concentration, and 40% remembered that they usually ingested or still ingest dentifrice during brushing. It was concluded that dental fluorosis prevalence among students in João Pessoa is higher than expected for an area with non-fluoridated water. However, although most students use fluoridated dentifrices, and almost half ingest slurry while brushing, the majority of cases had little aesthetic relevance from the professionals' point of view, thus suggesting that fluorosis is not a public health problem in the locality.
Effects of fibrin sealer and resorbable gelatin on the repair of osseous defects in rat tibia
Authors: Roslindo Eleny Balducci , Viola Naiana Vianna , Gaspar Ana Maria Minarelli
Published: September 2007

Gelfoam® - a biologically resorbable gelatin sponge - has the function of restricting hemorrhage, providing platelet rupture, and supporting fibrin threads. Beriplast® - a fibrinogen-thrombin compound - is used to adhere tissues, to consolidate sutures and in hemostasis. The objective of this study was to perform a histological analysis of the effects of haemostatic agents on osseous repair. These materials were inserted into surgical sites in young rat right and left tibiae. After the observation periods of 7, 14, 30 and 45 days, according to the bioethic protocol, the animals were killed, the tibiae were removed and fixed in 10% formalin and decalcified in equal parts of formic acid and sodium citrate solutions. After routine processing, the specimens were embedded in paraffin for microtomy. Analysis of the results demonstrated that the haemostatic agents are effective in controlling hemorrhage; they stimulate osteogenesis, featuring a pattern of osseous tissue formation similar to the control pattern, although the amount of osseous trabeculae was superior, especially in the Gelfoam group in the periods of 7 and 14 days; 30 days after surgery, the delay in tissue healing in the control group in relation to the experimental groups started to decrease, and the control and experimental groups exhibited similar tissue repair after 45 days, when all the groups exhibited secondary osseous tissue.
Anticariogenic effect of fluoride-releasing elastomers in orthodontic patients
Authors: Miura Karina Katsue , Ito Izabel Yoko , Enoki Carla , Elias Ana Maria , Matsumoto Mírian Aiko Nakane
Published: September 2007

This in vivo experimental study evaluated the efficacy of fluoride-releasing elastomers in the control of Streptococcus mutans levels in the oral cavity. Forty orthodontic patients were recruited and divided into two groups of 20. Fluoride-releasing elastomeric ligature ties (Fluor-I-Ties, Ortho Arch Co. Inc., USA) were used in the experimental group, and conventional elastomeric ligature ties (D. Morelli, Brazil), in the control group. Two initial samples of saliva were collected at a 14-day interval to determine the number of colony forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans. Immediately after collecting the second sample, fluoride-releasing elastomeric ligature ties were placed in the patients of the experimental group, and conventional ligature ties, in the patients of the control group. Seven, 14 and 28 days after placement of the elastomeric ligature ties, saliva and plaque surrounding the orthodontic appliance were collected for microbiologic analysis. There were no significant differences in the number of Streptococcus mutans CFUs in saliva or plaque in the area surrounding the fluoride-releasing or conventional elastomeric ligature ties. Thus, fluoride-releasing elastomeric ligature ties should not be indicated to reduce the incidence of enamel decalcification in orthodontic patients. Since there was no significant reduction in S. mutans in saliva or plaque, other means of prevention against enamel decalcification should be indicated for these patients.
Evaluation of TMJ articular eminence morphology and disc patterns in patients with disc displacement in MRI
Authors: Hirata Fabio Henrique , Guimarães Antônio Sérgio , Oliveira Jefferson Xavier de , Moreira Carla Ruffeil , Ferreira Evangelo Tadeu Terra , Cavalcanti Marcelo Gusmão Paraiso
Published: September 2007

The aim of this study was to assess the shape of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular eminence and the articular disc configuration and position in patients with disc displacement. TMJ magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 14 patients with bilateral disc displacement without unilateral reduction were analyzed. Articular eminence morphology was characterized as box, sigmoid, flattened, or deformed. Articular disc configuration was divided into biconcave, biplanar, biconvex, hemiconvex or folded, and its position, as "a" (superior), "b" (anterosuperior), "c" (anterior) or "d" (anteroinferior). The images were divided and the sides with disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and without reduction (DDWOR) were compared. Regarding articular eminence shape, the sigmoid form presented the greatest incidence, followed by the box form, in the DDWR side, although this was not statistically significant. In the DDWOR side, the flattened shape was the most frequent (p = 0.041). As to disc configuration, the biconcave shape was found in 79% of the DDWR cases (p = 0.001) and the folded type predominated in 43% of the DDWOR cases (p = 0.008). As to disc position, in the DDWR side, "b" (anterosuperior position) was the most frequent (p = 0.001), whereas in the DDWOR side, "d" (anteroinferior position) was the most often observed (p = 0.001). The side of the patient with altered disc configuration and smaller shape of TMJ articular eminence seems to be more likely to develop non-reducing disc displacement as compared to the contralateral side.
Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy Identifies Symmetric PO2− Modifications as a Marker of the Putative Stem Cell Region of Human Intestinal Crypts
Authors: Walsh Michael J. , Fellous Tariq G. , Hammiche Azzedine , Lin Wey-Ran , Fullwood Nigel J. , Grude Olaug , Bahrami Fariba , Nicholson James M. , Cotte Marine , Susini Jean , Pollock Hubert M. , Brittan Mairi , Martin-Hirsch Pierre L. , Alison Malcolm R. , Martin Francis L.
Published: September 2007

Complex biomolecules absorb in the mid-infrared (λ = 2–20 μm), giving vibrational spectra associated with structure and function. We used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy to “fingerprint” locations along the length of human small and large intestinal crypts. Paraffin-embedded slices of normal human gut were sectioned (10 μm thick) and mounted to facilitate infrared (IR) spectral analyses. IR spectra were collected using globar (15 μm × 15 μm aperture) FTIR microspectroscopy in reflection mode, synchrotron (≤10 μm × 10 μm aperture) FTIR microspectroscopy in transmission mode or near-field photothermal microspectroscopy. Dependent on the location of crypt interrogation, clear differences in spectral characteristics were noted. Epithelial-cell IR spectra were subjected to principal component analysis to determine whether wavenumber-absorbance relationships expressed as single points in “hyperspace” might on the basis of multivariate distance reveal biophysical differences along the length of gut crypts. Following spectroscopic analysis, plotted clusters and their loadings plots pointed toward symmetric (νs)PO2− (1,080 cm−1) vibrations as a discriminating factor for the putative stem cell region; this proved to be a more robust marker than other phenotypic markers, such as β-catenin or CD133. This pattern was subsequently confirmed by image mapping and points to a novel approach of nondestructively identifying a tissue's stem cell location. νsPO2−, probably associated with DNA conformational alterations, might facilitate a means of identifying stem cells, which may have utility in other tissues where the location of stem cells is unclear.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Suppression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Production Impairs the Ability of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Promote Ischemic Tissue Revascularization
Authors: Cai Liying , Johnstone Brian H. , Cook Todd G. , Liang Zhong , Traktuev Dmitry , Cornetta Kenneth , Ingram David A. , Rosen Elliot D. , March Keith L.
Published: September 2007

The use of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) for promoting repair of tissues is a promising potential therapy, but the mechanisms of their action are not fully understood. We and others previously demonstrated accelerated reperfusion and tissue salvage by ASCs in peripheral ischemia models and have shown that ASCs secrete physiologically relevant levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor. The specific contribution of HGF to ASC potency was determined by silencing HGF expression. RNA interference was used to downregulate HGF expression. A dual-cassette lentiviral construct expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and either a small hairpin RNA specifically targeted to HGF mRNA (shHGF) or an inactive control sequence (shCtrl) were used to stably transduce ASCs (ASC-shHGF and ASC-shCtrl, respectively). Transduced ASC-shHGF secreted >80% less HGF, which led to a reduced ability to promote survival, proliferation, and migration of mature and progenitor endothelial cells in vitro. ASC-shHGF were also significantly impaired, compared with ASC-shCtrl, in their ability to promote reperfusion in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. The diminished ability of ASCs with silenced HGF to promote reperfusion of ischemic tissues was reflected by reduced densities of capillaries in reperfused tissues. In addition, fewer GFP+ cells were detected at 3 weeks in ischemic limbs of mice treated with ASC-shHGF compared with those treated with ASC-shCtrl. These results indicate that production of HGF is important for the potency of ASCs. This finding directly supports the emerging concept that local factor secretion by donor cells is a key element of cell-based therapies.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Human Amnion Mesenchyme Harbors Cells with Allogeneic T-Cell Suppression and Stimulation Capabilities
Authors: Magatti Marta , De Munari Silvia , Vertua Elsa , Gibelli Lucia , Wengler Georg S. , Parolini Ornella
Published: September 2007

Cells derived from the amniotic membrane of human placenta have been receiving particular attention because of their stem cell potentiality and immunomodulatory properties, which make them an attractive candidate source for cell therapy approaches. In this study, we isolated cells from the mesenchymal region of amnion and identified two subpopulations discordant for expression of the HLA-DR, CD45, CD14, and CD86 cellular markers. We therefore refer to the unfractionated cell population derived from this region as amniotic mesenchymal tissue cells (AMTC). We studied the suppressive and stimulatory characteristics of the unfractionated, HLA-DR-positive, and HLA-DR-negative AMTC populations and demonstrated that all three fail to induce an allogeneic T-cell response. However, unfractionated AMTC, which could inhibit T-cell allogeneic proliferation responses, induced proliferation of T cells stimulated via the T-cell receptor (TcR), in a cell-cell contact setting. We have shown that this stimulatory capacity can be attributed to the HLA-DR-positive AMTC subpopulation. Indeed, even though the HLA-DR-positive AMTC fraction surprisingly failed to induce proliferation of resting allogeneic T cells, they could cause strong proliferation of anti-CD3-primed allogeneic T cells. This stimulatory effect was not observed using the HLA-DR-negative AMTC fraction. The revelation that human amniotic mesenchyme possesses cell populations with both suppressive and stimulatory properties sheds additional light on the immunomodulatory functions of this tissue and may contribute to the clarification of some ongoing controversies associated with mesenchymal stromal cells of other sources, such as the presence of HLA-DR-positive cells and the suppressive versus stimulatory properties of these cells.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem/Multipotent Stromal Cells: The State of Transdifferentiation and Modes of Tissue Repair—Current Views
Authors: Phinney Donald G. , Prockop Darwin J.
Published: September 2007

Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from the bone marrow of adult organisms were initially characterized as plastic adherent, fibroblastoid cells with the capacity to generate heterotopic osseous tissue when transplanted in vivo. In recent years, MSCs or MSC-like cells have been shown to reside within the connective tissue of most organs, and their surface phenotype has been well described. A large number of reports have also indicated that the cells possess the capacity to transdifferentiate into epithelial cells and lineages derived from the neuroectoderm. The broad developmental plasticity of MSCs was originally thought to contribute to their demonstrated efficacy in a wide variety of experimental animal models of disease as well as in human clinical trials. However, new findings suggest that the ability of MSCs to alter the tissue microenvironment via secretion of soluble factors may contribute more significantly than their capacity for transdifferentiation in tissue repair. Herein, we critically evaluate the literature describing the plasticity of MSCs and offer insight into how the molecular and functional heterogeneity of this cell population, which reflects the complexity of marrow stroma as an organ system, may confound interpretation of their transdifferentiation potential. Additionally, we argue that this heterogeneity also provides a basis for the broad therapeutic efficacy of MSCs.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Use of Geographic Information Systems for Planning HIV Prevention Interventions for High-Risk Youths
Authors: Geanuracos Catherine G. , Cunningham Shayna D. , Weiss George , Forte Draco , Henry Reid Lisa M. , Ellen Jonathan M.
Published: September 2007

Geographic information system (GIS) analysis is an emerging tool for public health intervention planning. Connect to Protect, a researcher–community collaboration working in 15 cities to reduce HIV infection among youths, developed GIS databases of local health, crime, and demographic data to evaluate the geographic epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections and HIV risk among adolescents.

We describe the process and problems of data acquisition, analysis, and mapping in the development of structural interventions, demonstrating how program planners can use this technology to inform and improve planning decisions.

The Connect to Protect project’s experience suggests strategies for incorporating public data and GIS technology into the next generation of public health interventions.
Association Between Fear of Crime and Mental Health and Physical Functioning
Authors: Stafford Mai , Chandola Tarani , Marmot Michael
Published: September 2007

Objectives. Studies have reported an inverse association between fear of crime and subjective mental and physical health. We investigated the direction of causality and the curtailment of physical and social activities as a possible mediating pathway.

Methods. We analyzed data from 2002 to 2004 of the Whitehall II study, a longitudinal study of more than 10 000 London-based civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline.

Results. Fear of crime was associated with poorer mental health, reduced physical functioning on objective and subjective indicators, and lower quality of life. Participants reporting greater fear were 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.55, 2.41) times as likely to have depression as those reporting lower fear of crime and had lower mental health scores (0.9 points on the Medical Outcomes SurveyShort Form 36; 95% CI=0.4, 1.3). They exercised less, saw friends less often, and participated in fewer social activities compared with the less fearful participants. Curtailed physical and social activities helped explain the link between fear of crime and health.

Conclusions. Fear of crime may be a barrier to participation in health-promoting physical and social activities. Public health practitioners should support fear-reduction initiatives.
Regulating and Litigating in the Public Interest
Authors: Hawkes Corinna
Published: September 2007

The pressure to regulate the marketing of high-energy, nutrient-poor foods to young people has been mounting in light of concern about rising worldwide levels of overweight and obesity.

In 2004, the World Health Organization called on governments, industry, and civil society to act to reduce unhealthy marketing messages. Since then, important changes have taken place in the global regulatory environment regarding the marketing of food to young people. Industry has developed self-regulatory approaches, civil society has campaigned for statutory restrictions, and governments have dealt with a range of regulatory proposals.

Still, there have been few new regulations that restrict food marketing to young people. Despite calls for evidence-based policy, new regulatory developments appear to have been driven less by evidence than by ethics.
Projecting Heat-Related Mortality Impacts Under a Changing Climate in the New York City Region
Authors: Knowlton Kim , Lynn Barry , Goldberg Richard A. , Rosenzweig Cynthia , Hogrefe Christian , Rosenthal Joyce Klein , Kinney Patrick L.
Published: September 2007

Objectives. We sought to project future impacts of climate change on summer heat-related premature deaths in the New York City metropolitan region.

Methods. Current and future climates were simulated over the northeastern United States with a global-to-regional climate modeling system. Summer heat-related premature deaths in the 1990s and 2050s were estimated by using a range of scenarios and approaches to modeling acclimatization (e.g., increased use of air conditioning, gradual physiological adaptation).

Results. Projected regional increases in heat-related premature mortality by the 2050s ranged from 47% to 95%, with a mean 70% increase compared with the 1990s. Acclimatization effects reduced regional increases in summer heat-related premature mortality by about 25%. Local impacts varied considerably across the region, with urban counties showing greater numbers of deaths and smaller percentage increases than less-urbanized counties.

Conclusions. Although considerable uncertainty exists in climate forecasts and future health vulnerability, the range of projections we developed suggests that by midcentury, acclimatization may not completely mitigate the effects of climate change in the New York City metropolitan region, which would result in an overall net increase in heat-related premature mortality.
Filamentous Scum Bacteria in Activated Sludge Plants: Detection and Identification Quality by Conventional Activated Sludge Microscopy versus Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Müller Elisabeth , Schade Margit , Lemmer Hilde
Published: September 2007

Detection of filamentous bacteria morphotypes involved in scum formation in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants by conventional sludge microscopy is often doomed to fail because of morphological and taxonomical variations. The aim of this study is to compare detection, identification, and quantification quality of filamentous “scum bacteria” found by conventional activated sludge microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In the case of filamentous Microthrix parvicella and Eikelboom morphotypes 1863 and 1851, conventional activated sludge microscopy and FISH results correspond well. In contrast, conventional activated sludge microscopy overlooks nocardioform actinomycete and type 1863 single cells. On the other hand, FISH underestimates filamentous nocardioform actinomycetes and morphotypes 0041/0675 or 0092 because of insufficient cell wall permeability or because of their taxonomic variability, with a resulting inadequacy of previously published probes. Nostocoida limicola morphotype results are still inconclusive because of low bacteria numbers being available in situ and the enormous taxonomic variability within this group.
Differences in A1C by Race and Ethnicity Among Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: Herman William H. , Ma Yong , Uwaifo Gabriel , Haffner Steven , Kahn Steven E. , Horton Edward S. , Lachin John M. , Montez Maria G. , Brenneman Tina , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to examine racial and ethnic differences in A1C in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We studied 3,819 individuals aged ≥25 years with IGT who were found to be eligible to participant in the Diabetes Prevention Program. A1C was compared among five racial and ethnic groups before and after adjustment for factors that differed among groups or might affect glycemia including age, sex, education, marital status, blood pressure, adiposity (BMI and waist circumference), hematocrit, fasting and post–glucose load glucose levels, glucose area under the curve (AUC), β-cell function, and insulin resistance.

RESULTS—Mean ± SD A1C was 5.91 ± 0.50%. Among whites, A1C was 5.80 ± 0.44%, among Hispanics 5.89 ± 0.46%, among Asian 5.96 ± 0.45%, among American Indians 5.96 ± 0.46%, and among blacks 6.19 ± 0.59%. Age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, fasting glucose, glucose AUC, corrected insulin response, and insulin resistance were each independent predictors of A1C. Adjusting for these and other factors, mean A1C levels were 5.78% for whites, 5.93% for Hispanics, 6.00% for Asians, 6.12% for American Indians, and 6.18% for blacks (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS— A1C levels are higher among U.S. racial and ethnic minority groups with IGT after adjustment for factors likely to affect glycemia. Among patients with IGT, A1C may not be valid for assessing and comparing glycemic control across racial and ethnic groups or as an indicator of health care disparities.
Exercise Capacity and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Characteristics of Overweight and Obese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ribisl Paul M. , Lang Wei , Jaramillo Sarah A. , Jakicic John M. , Stewart Kerry J. , Bahnson Judy , Bright Renee , Curtis Jeff F. , Crow Richard S. , Soberman Judith E. ,   on behalf of the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— We examined associations of cardiovascular, metabolic, and body composition measures with exercise capacity using baseline data from 5,145 overweight and/or obese (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2) men and women with type 2 diabetes who were randomized participants for the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) clinical trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Peak exercise capacity expressed as METs and estimated from treadmill speed and grade was measured during a graded exercise test designed to elicit a maximal effort. Other measures included waist circumference, BMI, type 2 diabetes duration, types of medication used, A1C, history of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, β-blocker use, and race/ethnicity.

RESULTS— Peak exercise capacity was higher for men (8.0 ± 2.1 METs) than for women (6.7 ± 1.7 METs) (P < 0.001). Exercise capacity also decreased across each decade of age (P < 0.001) and with increasing BMI and waist circumference levels in both sexes. Older age, increased waist circumference and BMI, a longer duration of diabetes, increased A1C, a history of cardiovascular disease, having metabolic syndrome, β-blocker use, and being African American compared with being Caucasian were associated with a lower peak exercise capacity for both sexes. Hypertension and use of diabetes medications were associated with lower peak exercise capacity in women.

CONCLUSIONS— Individuals with diabetes who are overweight or obese have impaired exercise capacity, which is primarily related to age, female sex, and race, as well as poor metabolic control, BMI, and central obesity.
The Effect of Exercise on the Absorption of Inhaled Human Insulin via the AERx Insulin Diabetes Management System in People With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Petersen Astrid H. , Köhler Gerd , Korsatko Stefan , Wutte Andrea , Wonisch Manfred , Jeppesen Ole K. , Sparre Thomas , Clauson Per , Laursen Torben , Wollmer Per , Pieber Thomas R.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—This study investigated the effect of moderate exercise on the absorption of inhaled insulin via the AERx insulin diabetes management system (iDMS).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this randomized, open-label, four-period, crossover, glucose clamp study 23 nonsmoking subjects with type 1 diabetes received a dose of 0.19 units/kg inhaled human insulin followed in random order by either 1) no exercise (NOEX group) or 30 min exercise starting, 2) 30 min after dosing (EX30), 3) 120 min after dosing (EX120), or 4) 240 min after dosing (EX240).

RESULTS—Exercise changed the shape of the free plasma insulin curves, but compared with the NOEX group the area under the curve for free plasma insulin (AUCins) for the first 2 h after the start of exercise was unchanged for EX30 and EX240, while it was 15% decreased for EX120 (P < 0.01). The overall insulin absorption during 6 and 10 h after dosing was 13% decreased for EX30 (P < 0.005), 11% decreased for EX120 (P < 0.01), and unchanged for EX240. Exercise did not influence the maximum insulin concentration (Cmax), while the time to Cmax was 22 min earlier for EX30 (P = 0.04). The AUC for the glucose infusion rate (AUCGIR) for 2 h after the start of exercise increased by 58% for EX30, 45% for EX120, and 71% for EX240 (all P < 0.02) compared with the NOEX group.

CONCLUSIONS—Thirty minutes of moderate exercise led to unchanged or decreased absorption of inhaled insulin via AERx iDMS and faster Cmax for early exercise. Thus, patients using AERx iDMS can adjust insulin dose as usual independent of time of exercise, but they should be aware of the faster effect if exercising early after dosing.