bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When traffic light management prefigures mobility choices: the strategic challenges of a technical tool
Authors: Brandeleer Céline , Ermans Thomas
Published: January 2017

This article opens the black box of the remote controlled traffic light system used by public transport in Brussels. This technical device redistributes the temporal sharing of space in favour of public transport, which allows the constant erosion of the commercial speed faced by the Société de transports intercommunaux de Bruxelles (STIB) to be halted, thus cutting back on operational costs. Our objective is to make sense of this technical device and to highlight the underlying political challenges in terms of the management of space. At the heart of discussions on remote controlled traffic lights is of course the question of the respective role of public transport and cars in the context of a very high level of road congestion. We also wish to emphasise the relatively invisible work of the administration (in this case Bruxelles Mobilité) in its capacity to create compromises – with their advantages and disadvantages – so that a project is able to function within the Brussels “ecosystem”.
The traces of World War I in Brussels
Authors: Jaumain Serge , Jourdain Virginie , Amara Michaël , Benvindo Bruno , Bouchat Pierre , Bousmar Eric , Charon Arnaud , Eggerickx Thierry , Gybels Elisabeth , Kesteloot Chantal , Klein Olivier , Mihail Benoît , Steffens Sven , Tallier Pierre-Alain , Tousignant Nathalie , Vaesen Joost
Published: January 2017

The hundredth anniversary of World War I has put the spotlight on this period once again. The media coverage of the commemorations is unprecedented and even surprising for a conflict which has remained in the memorial shadow of the even more deadly World War II. While there was every reason to believe that the Great War was only a distant memory, it must also be noted that it is still the object of true curiosity on the part of the general public. The hundredth anniversary has also led to a number of publications, most of which are in keeping with the revival of historical research surrounding World War I for the past twenty years or so. The case of Belgium – the scene of fighting in a territory which was almost completely occupied – has thus been well studied. However, while several recent studies have used Brussels as a framework, a global summary specifically devoted to the capital does not exist. This synopsis thus summarises the material traces and immaterial heritage of the conflict in Brussels. The aim is therefore not to trace the history of Brussels during World War I or to present the latest works on this subject, but rather to answer some simple questions asked by the inhabitants of Brussels today: What remains of World War I in the capital? Who is interested in it, and why? How does this conflict resonate today in Brussels’ memories? How are they reflected in the urban space? In other words, this synopsis reverses the historical temporality to observe the results of the sifting of time.
Répartition géographique de la vidéosurveillance dans les lieux publics de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale
Authors: De Keersmaecker Pauline , Debailleul Corentin
Published: January 2017

Depuis son introduction au début des années 1990 à Bruxelles, la vidéosurveillance dans l’espace public a pris de l’ampleur et ses objectifs se sont élargis. Le réseau de caméras de la capitale belge s’est étendu par vagues successives, gagnant du terrain sur le plan à la fois physique et idéologique. Le présent article vise à étudier le déploiement et la répartition géographiques des caméras dans les lieux publics à Bruxelles, ainsi que les politiques et les logiques sous-jacentes. Nous avons dressé une carte exhaustive montrant la répartition spatiale des caméras de voie publique installées dans toute la région. Une série d’entretiens semi-directifs avec des représentants des autorités publiques et de la police locale est venue compléter cette analyse spatiale. Il en est ressorti que le réseau bruxellois de caméras de surveillance s’inscrit dans un contexte de concurrence mondiale entre les villes et de gouvernance néolibérale à l’égard de l’insécurité, ce qui nous a par ailleurs amenés à nous interroger sur le recours effectif à la vidéosurveillance à la lumière de son économie politique locale.
Welke toekomst voor de Brusselse centrumwijken?
Authors: Van Criekingen Mathieu
Published: January 2017

De toegang tot de woonmarkt in de centrumwijken van Brussel voor gezinnen met beperkt inkomen werd het voorbije decennium aanzienlijk moeilijker. Tezelfdertijd vielen verschillende tekenen van vernieuwde investeringen er duidelijk op. Dit artikel interpreteert de transformaties die Brussel momenteel ondergaat aan de hand van het model van de “gentrificatie”. De analyse vertrekt met name van de studie van migratiedata: wie verlaat de Brusselse wijken gekenmerkt door gentrificatie en waarheen trekken deze migranten (zowel op het Brusselse grondgebied als erbuiten)? En hoewel de gentrificatie in Brussel zich (voorlopig nog) veeleer vertaalt in de opkomst van wijken die “in trek” dan wel wijken die “chic” zijn, wordt het proces toch (al) gekenmerkt door verregaande sociale selectiviteit. Verschillende types migranten verlaten inderdaad de centrumwijken, maar de bestemming van deze migratiestromen verschilt uitdrukkelijk naargelang het sociale profiel van de betrokkenen.
Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands
Authors: Janssens Rudi
Published: January 2017

Het meertalige karakter van de bevolking, het aantal taalgemengde gezinnen en het feit dat steeds meer Brusselaars gebruik maken van de dienstverlening van beide traditionele taalgemeenschappen maakt het steeds moeilijker om in Brussel een persoon aan een specifieke taalgemeenschap te linken. Ook het taallandschap op zich wordt complexer. Frans blijft met voorsprong de lingua franca en de in Brussel geboren jonger en met een “allochtone” achtergrond maken in hun nieuwe gezinnen meer en meer de shift naar het Frans. Tegelijk neemt echter het aantal tweetalige gezinnen en het aantal thuistalen toe. Het aandeel van Brusselaars uit eentalig Nederlandstalige gezinnen daalt licht en steeds meer Brusselaars die van huis uit Nederlands spreken doen dit in combinatie met een ander e taal. Desondanks spreken deze personen wel steeds meer Nederlands in de publieke ruimte. Het Engels blijft qua taalgebruik duidelijk op de der de plaats en wordt vooral in de arbeidsomgeving gesproken, al beweren steeds meer Brusselaars deze taal vlotter te beheersen dan het Nederlands. De Brusselaars zelf vinden deze meertalige omgeving een belangrijke meerwaarde, al blijft politieke polarisering steeds om de hoek loer en.
Language use in Brussels and the position of Dutch
Authors: Janssens Rudi
Published: January 2017

The multilingual character of the population, the number of mixed-language families and the fact that more and more people in Brussels are using services of both traditional language communities is making it increasingly difficult to link a person to a specific language community in Brussels. The linguistic landscape is also becoming more complicated in itself. French definitely remains the lingua franca and the youths who are born in Brussels with an “allochtonous” background are increasingly shifting to the use of French in their new family units. At the same time, however, the number of bilingual families and the number of home languages is rising. The portion of people from Brussels from monolingual Dutch families is slightly dropping and ever more people from Brussels who speak Dutch by birth do this in combination with another language. Nevertheless, these people are increasingly speaking Dutch in public life. English clearly remains in third place in terms of language use and is mainly spoken in a work environment, even though an increasing number of people from Brussels claim they speak.this language better than Dutch. People who live in Brussels find this multilingual environment an important asset, even though political polarisation is always looming around the corner.
Zich met kinderen verplaatsen in Brussel?
Authors: Montulet Bertrand , Hubert Michel
Published: January 2017

Aan de hand van een typologie van de “ruimte-tijdattitudes” gaan de auteurs na in welke mate de diverse transportmodi beantwoorden aan de behoeften van personen die met kinderen jonger dan twaalf jaar in Brussel wonen en er zich dagelijks verplaatsen. De studie legt de zwakke punten van het openbaar vervoer bloot, meer bepaald voor personen die zeer veel belang hechten aan tijdsbeheer (voor zichzelf of voor het welzijn van de kinderen die hen vergezellen). Om aan de behoeften van deze vaak gestresseerde, gehaaste en ongeruste doelgroep te voldoen, stellen de auteurs voor om het openbaar vervoer een humaner karakter te geven, zodat de gebruiker het gemakkelijker krijgt. Men mag van hem niet steeds meer vaardigheden verwachten om de verstrengeling van de netwerken te beheersen en zich aan het aanbod aan te passen. In dit opzicht is het bijzonder belangrijk om het comfort, de uitrusting en het onthaal aan de haltes en de modale en intermodale knooppunten te verbeteren. Dit is nu nog onvoldoende het geval in Brussel. Meer in het algemeen sporen de auteurs de lezers aan om na te denken over de aantrekkelijkheid van het openbaar vervoer. Factoren als de diverse fasen in de levenscyclus van de gebruikers en de verschillende manieren om het dagelijks leven te organiseren zijn hierbij belangrijk. Zij beklemtonen ook dat het openbaar vervoer een bijdrage kan leveren om het tijdsgebruik in de stad te synchroniseren.
Brussel als hoofdstad van een Europa van de regio’s?
Authors: Huysseune Michel , Jans Theo
Published: January 2017

Brussel is de internationale hoofdstad geworden voor regionaal en lokaal lobbyen. De oprichting van een vertegenwoordiging in de EU te Brussel is voor de regio’s van de EU-lidstaten de norm geworden (en in mindere mate ook voor lokale overheden). Het werkterrein van die vertegenwoordigingen vertoont een specifiek profiel dat hen gedeeltelijk onderscheidt van de klassieke belangen- en lobbygroepen. Ze werden opgericht vanuit heel verschillende motivaties, zoals het zoeken van fondsen, het spelen van een politieke rol op het niveau van de EU, of het in kaart brengen van hun regio en aansluiten bij netwerken en een supranationale gemeenschap in de nabijheid van de EU-instellingen. De doelstellingen en werkterrein van de regionale kantoren vallen steeds meer samen: op dit moment houden ze zich vooral bezig met het verzamelen van informatie, netwerking, lobbying, contacten leggen en onderhandelen voor hun regio. Regio’s metwetgevende bevoegdheden willen vooral de EU-beleidsvorming beïnvloeden; door hun bevoorrechte toegang tot de Raad krijgen ze van de Europese Gemeenschap ook de kans dit effectief te doen. Door hun ruime takenpakket zijn de regionale kantoren relevant en nuttig voor de thuisregio en zullen ze waarschijnlijk een blijvende aanwezigheid zijn in Brussel.
Expo ’58 and “the car as king”
Authors: Hubert Michel
Published: January 2017

Whereas it took more than forty years to complete the North-South railway junction, a scant three years was necessary to change the face of the city of Brussels completely and turn it into one of the European capitals with the highest levels of car ownership. Expo ’58 had a crucial role in accelerating this movement. After explaining the circumstances that led to the “car as king” attitude in Brussels, the author wonders about the difficulties of having Brussels embrace an urban development model less dependent on the car. According to the Brussels-Capital Region’s forecasts, the entire territory concerned by the extension of the future Regional Express Rail Network will be under the overwhelming domination of the car by 2015. The prospect of the crisis situation that this will spawn is an opportunity to be seized to turn the trend around. As we approach a new bend in the technological road, only a massive investment plan in Brussels’s mass transport and the latter’s integration in a management and information system on the appropriate functional scale (the REN area) could offset the road network development plans that marked the three decades that began with Expo ’58. Such a policy cannot be waged without thinking about road traffic and parking conditions, the external costs of travelling by car, and the latter’s contribution to financing public transport. Nor will it be possible without setting up civic participation schemes. The loss of attractiveness of urban areas that have been degraded by the colossal road infrastructure projects of the past can be combated, as shown by the examples of urban regeneration carried out in Boston and Madrid.
L’impact des institutions internationales à Bruxelles : une approche multicritères
Authors: Corijn Eric , Macharis Cathy , Jans Theo , Huysseune Michel
Published: January 2017

L’évaluation de l’impact des institutions internationales présentes à Bruxelles a jusqu’ici été menée selon une analyse coûts/bénéfices de type macro-économique, effectuée principalement en termes monétaires. Les auteurs proposent comme alternative une analyse multicritères reposant sur un champ d’application spatial. Les activités susceptibles d’avoir un impact pourraient être ainsi décrites au travers d’une analyse à plusieurs niveaux centrée d’abord sur les activités des institutions (fonctionnaires résidents, réunions, etc.). Le spectre pourrait ensuite être étendu aux secteurs directement dépendants (par exemple, les médias et les représentations diplomatiques), aux organisations fortement influencées (par exemple, les ONG et les sociétés multinationales), puis à toutes les entités impliquées dans le fonctionnement des institutions en tant que telles ainsi qu’aux individus qui y travaillent (leur impact sur le logement, l’éducation, les loisirs…). Le rôle des institutions internationales en tant que pôle d’attraction urbaine influençant le développement du tourisme ou des flux éducatifs et culturels serait également pris en compte. Il s’agit d’une alternative au modèle dominant, qui, selon les auteurs, est incapable de mesurer les impacts sur le système urbain et d’éclairer suffisamment la planification urbaine comme le Plan de développement international. La méthodologie retenue est multicritères, plus adéquate pour la prise en compte d’impacts non monétaires et l’intégration des points de vues de toutes les parties intéressées. Les éventuels effets distributifs peuvent être examinés selon différents schémas de diversité spatiale. Le modèle proposé comprend l’identification, la mesure et l’évaluation des impacts, permettant leur dissociation et leur localisation à partir d’une compréhension fine des systèmes urbains belges. Enfin, grâce à la possibilité qu’il offre de tester des scénarios ajustables, ce modèle apporte aux décideurs un outil leur permettant d’évaluer des alternatives aux politiques fédérales qui en réduiraient les impacts négatifs et en amélioreraient les impacts positifs.
De impact van internationale instellingen in Brussel: een benadering vanuit een multicriteria‑analyse
Authors: Corijn Eric , Macharis Cathy , Jans Theo , Huysseune Michel
Published: January 2017

Dit artikel ontwikkelt een kader voor een geïntegreerde evaluatie van effecten die te maken hebben met de aanwezigheid van internationale instellingen in Brussel. Een assessment van de impact van internationale instellingen in Brussel werd tot nu toe alleen uitgevoerd in termen van macro-economische kosten-batenanalyses, meestal uitgedrukt in geld. We stellen een alternatieve multicriteria-analyse voor met een ruimtelijk perspectief. De functies die invloed uitoefenen zullen worden beschreven aan de hand van een veelgelaagde analyse gericht op de werking van de instellingen. Het onderzoeksveld wordt dan uitgebreid naar direct afhankelijke sectoren (zoals de media en diplomatieke vertegenwoordigingen), sterk hierdoor beïnvloede organisaties (zoals ngo’s en transnationale organisaties) en alle eenheden betrokken bij de reproductie van de instellingen als zodanig en van de mensen die hen bevolken (bijvoorbeeld huisvesting, onderwijs, vrije tijd). Er wordt ook rekening gehouden met de rol van internationale instellingen als stedelijke aantrekkingspolen die de evolutie van het toerisme, onderwijs en culturele stromingen beïnvloeden. We bieden een alternatief voor het heersende model, dat naar onze mening onvoldoende in staat is om de invloed op het stedelijke systeem te meten en kan bijdragen tot de stedelijke planning zoals het Internationale Ontwikkelingsplan. De gekozen methodologie is een multicriteria-analyse benadering, die meer geschikt is om niet in geld uitgedrukte invloeden en de visie van stakeholders te integreren. Mogelijke distributieve effecten zullen worden uitgezet over de bestaande patronen van ruimtelijke diversiteit heen. Het voorgestelde model omvat identificatie, meting en analyse in een verfijnd begrip van Belgische stedelijke systemen, en laat zo toe invloeden op te splitsen en te lokaliseren. Door steeds opnieuw verschillende scenario’s voor te stellen kan onze methodologie beslissingsmakers helpen om een alternatief federaal beleid te beoordelen op zijn capaciteit om negatieve effecten te reduceren en de positieve effecten te bekrachtigen.
De handel in blanke slavinnen (1880‑1881): een Brussels schandaal?
Authors: Chaumont Jean-Michel
Published: January 2017

In 1880 en 1881 was Brussel het toneel van de eerste blanke-slavinnenzaak met internationale weerklank: een vijftigtal Belgische en buitenlandse – vooral Engelse – minderjarige meisjes werkten sinds 1878 in enkele van de vergunde bordelen van de stad. Een handvol van die meisjes werd met valse beloften naar Brussel gelokt. Na verschillende rechtszaken werden een vijftiental leden van de onderwereld veroordeeld, maar degenen die echt verantwoordelijk waren voor de misbruiken waren politieagenten. Daaruit kan evenwel niet worden afgeleid dat de Brusselse politie uitzonderlijk corrupt was: in feite werden de politieagenten door de reglementering van de prostitutie in een situatie geplaatst waarin ze de belangen van de bordeelhouders beschermden. Overal waar dat systeem werd ingevoerd, waren de gevolgen onveranderlijk dezelfde.
Economic growth devoid of social progress: the situation in Brussels
Authors: Van Hamme Gilles , Wertz Isaline , Biot Valérie
Published: January 2017

This article examines the economic and social evolutions in Brussels over the past two decades. Despite favourable economic evolutions during this period, the social situation has continued to deteriorate, with increasingly higher unemployment rates and growing social inequalities. Although this situation exists in the other major Belgian cities, it is much more pronounced in Brussels. This is due to multiple dynamics, including the evolution of the labour demand towards increassingly higher requirements in terms of skills, which plays an important role by excluding the least qualified people from the labour market. The aggravating role of the spatial concentration of disadvantaged populations – which is especially pronounced in Brussels – is also emphasised. The article ends with a discussion of the pertinence of regional policies, in particular as regards the emphasis placed on the international positioning of Brussels.
Multifunctional Dendrimers for Drug Nanocarriers
Authors: Zhang Tingbin , Zhang Chunqiu , Xing Jinfeng , Xu Jing , Li Chan , Wang Paul C. , Liang Xing-Jie
Published: January 2017

Dendrimers are nanosized, monodisperse, highly branched polymers with well-defined topological structure which have attracted much attention for drug delivery recently. To further improve the performance of dendrimers in drug delivery, various functional dendrimers are developed by decorating the dendrimers with targeting agents, imaging agents, or stimuli-sensitive moieties. They show good biocompatibility, visibility, tumor targeting and stimuli-sensitive properties for drug or gene delivery. This chapter will focus on the design of multifunctional nanocarriers based on the dendrimers. Therefore, the chapter will provide the ideas for designing the dendrimers based nanocarriers for controllable drug delivery and let more people know the development of dendrimers for drug delivery in recent years.
Product Design Applied to Formulated Products
Authors: Bodratti Andrew M. , He Zhiqi , Tsianou Marina , Cheng Chong , Alexandridis Paschalis
Published: January 2017

Product development is a multi-faceted role that a growing number of engineers are tasked with. This represents a significant shift in career paths for those employed in the chemical and materials engineering disciplines, who typically were concerned with bulk commodity manufacturing. This paradigm shift requires the undergraduate curriculum to be adapted to prepare students for these new responsibilities. The authors present here on a product design capstone course developed for chemical engineering seniors at the University at Buffalo (UB), The State University of New York (SUNY). The course encompasses the following themes: a general framework for product design and development (identify customer needs, convert needs to specifications, create ideas/concepts, select concept, formulate/test/manufacture product; and (nano)structure-property relations that guide the search for smart/tunable/functional materials for contemporary needs and challenges. These two main themes are enriched with case studies of successful products. Students put the course material into practice by working through formulated product design projects that are drawn from real-world problems. The authors begin by presenting the course organization, teaching techniques, and assessment strategy. They then discuss examples of student work to show how students apply the course material to solve problems. Finally, they present an analysis of historical student performance in the course. The analysis seeks to identify correlation between related student deliverables, and also between the Product Design course and a prerequisite materials science and engineering course.
Using Metacognitive Strategies in the STEM Field
Authors: Mariano Gina J. , Figliano Fred J. , Dozier Autumn
Published: January 2017

Too often, we teach students what to think but not how to think. This quote embodies the concept of metacognition and its importance to student learning. Students frequently do not use learning techniques to truly learn information and develop long-term understanding of the curriculum at hand. Instead they memorize information for exams without understanding the depth of what they have studied. This in turn can create a pseudo-understanding of the curriculum. The metacognitive strategies we teach students allow them to become good learners. In this chapter we discuss the relationships between metacognition and critical thinking, problem solving, motivation, and academic performance. Specifically, the STEM area of mathematics is discussed. The chapter brings together multiple perspectives on metacognition and the importance of engaging students in metacognitive activities and strategies to improve learning outcomes.
Development of Automated Measurement Setup for Characterizing Underwater Acoustic Transducers
Authors: Malarkodi Amirthalingam , Sridhar Peddinti SSR , Latha Ganesan
Published: January 2017

AbstractAccurate determination of sensitivity and directivity is important for any underwater acoustic transducer. In this work, an automatic measuring platform was designed and implemented for characterizing underwater acoustic transducers. The overall hardware setup includes
a PXI (PCI Extensions for Instrumentation)-based data acquisition system, computer-based controller module, motion controller module, and LabVIEW-based automatic calibration program. The system performs a sequence of operations automatically and achieves synchronous control of transmission
and acquisition of real-time acoustic signals as well as processing, recording, and report generation. This measurement platform can be utilized for characterizing any type of acoustic transducer for its receiving sensitivity, transmitting response, and directivity measurement as per IEC60565
standard. The measurement results for RESON TC4034 and RESON TC 2080 transducers are presented and the results show that the system is able to carry out accurate calibration and characterization of any underwater acoustic transducer. Sources of uncertainty for calibration are also presented
with the confidence level of approximately 95%.
Trimester Pattern of Change and Reference Ranges of Hematological Profile Among Sudanese Women with Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Rayis Duria A. , Ahmed Mohamed A. , Abdel-Moneim Hafez , Adam Ishag , Lutfi Mohamed Faisal
Published: January 2017

Trimester specific reference ranges of hematological indices were described in several populations; however, comparable reports among Sudanese women with normal pregnancy are lacking. To evaluate trimester pattern of change and reference ranges of hematological profile among Sudanese women with normal pregnancy, we followed 143 women with singleton gestation since early pregnancy until the third trimester in Saad Abu-Alela Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, during the period of January-December 2015. Obstetrics and medical history was gathered using questionnaire and hematological profile was investigated using hemo-analyser. The first, second and third trimester mean (SD) [5th- 95th centile] of hematological profile were as follow: RBC counts 4.30 (0.36) [3.69- 4.93], 4.35 (0.36) [3.69-4.93], 4.08 (0.44) [3.44-4.78] ×106/mm3; hemoglobin concentration 10.81 (1.22) [8.92-12.74], 10.62 (0.93) [9.00-12.10], 10.83 (1.13) [8.82- 12.60] g/dL; hematocrit 35.38 (3.52) [30.12-40.30], 34.43 (2.51) [30.58-38.23], 35.17 (3.18) 29.66-40.04] %; WBC counts 7.69 (1.96) [4.36-11.20], 8.45 (1.97) [5.48- 12.13], 8.36 (2.11) [5.00-11.96] ×103/mm3; platelet counts 278.02 (66.93) [182.6- 418.0], 251.96 (64.17) [163.8-381.8], 238.36 (57.10) [150.4-346.2] ×103/mm3. The present study is the first to establish trimester specific, reference range for hematological profile among Sudanese women with normal pregnancy. The trimester reference range of RBC, WBC and platelets and other hematological indices are mostly parallel to international records.
Safe Practices for Copy and Paste in the EHR
Authors: Tsou Amy , Lehmann Christoph , Michel Jeremy , Solomon Ronni , Possanza Lorraine , Gandhi Tejal
Published: January 2017

Background: Copy and paste functionality can support efficiency during clinical documentation, but may promote inaccurate documentation with risks for patient safety. The Partnership for Health IT Patient Safety was formed to gather data, conduct analysis, educate, and disseminate safe practices for safer care using health information technology (IT).

Objective: To characterize copy and paste events in clinical care, identify safety risks, describe existing evidence, and develop implementable practice recommendations for safe reuse of information via copy and paste.

Methods: The Partnership 1) reviewed 12 reported safety events, 2) solicited expert input, and

3) performed a systematic literature review (2010 to January 2015) to identify publications addressing frequency, perceptions/attitudes, patient safety risks, existing guidance, and potential interventions and mitigation practices.

Results: The literature review identified 51 publications that were included. Overall, 66% to 90% of clinicians routinely use copy and paste. One study of diagnostic errors found that copy and paste led to 2.6% of errors in which a missed diagnosis required patients to seek additional unplanned care. Copy and paste can promote note bloat, internal inconsistencies, error propagation, and documentation in the wrong patient chart. Existing guidance identified specific responsibilities for authors, organizations, and electronic health record (EHR) developers. Analysis of 12 reported copy and paste safety events was congruent with problems identified from the literature review. Conclusion: Despite regular copy and paste use, evidence regarding direct risk to patient safety remains sparse, with significant study limitations. Drawing on existing evidence, the Partnership developed four safe practice recommendations: 1) Provide a mechanism to make copy and paste material easily identifiable; 2) Ensure the provenance of copy and paste material is readily available; 3) Ensure adequate staff training and education; 4) Ensure copy and paste practices are regularly monitored, measured, and assessed.
Delivery of halogenated very short-lived substances from the West Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during Asian summer monsoon
Authors: Fiehn Alina , Quack Birgit , Hepach Helmke , Fuhlbrügge Steffen , Tegtmeier Susann , Toohey Matthew , Atlas Elliot , Krüger Kirstin
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. When transported to the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise on RV Sonne in the subtropical and tropical West Indian Ocean in July and August 2014, we measured the VSLS, methyl iodide (CH3I) and for the first time bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), in surface seawater and the marine atmosphere to derive their emission strengths. Using the Lagrangian transport model Flexpart with ERA-Interim meteorological fields, we calculated the direct contribution of observed VSLS emissions to the stratospheric halogen burden during Asian summer monsoon. Furthermore, we compare the in situ calculations with the interannual variability of transport from a larger area of the West Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere for July 2000–2015. We found that the West Indian Ocean is a strong source region for CHBr3 (910 pmol m−2 h−1), very strong for CH2Br2 (930 pmol m−2 h−1), and average for CH3I (460 pmol m−2 h−1). The atmospheric transport from the tropical West Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere experiences two main pathways. On very short timescales, especially relevant for the shortest-lived compound CH3I (3.5 days lifetime), convection above the Indian Ocean lifts oceanic air masses and VSLS towards the tropopause. On a longer timescale, the Asian summer monsoon circulation transports oceanic VSLS towards India and Bay of Bengal, where they are lifted with the monsoon convection and reach stratospheric levels in the southeastern part of the Asian monsoon anticyclone. This transport pathway is more important for the longer-lived brominated compounds (17 and 150 days lifetime for CHBr3 and CH2Br2). The entrainment of CHBr3 and CH3I from the West Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during Asian summer monsoon is less than from previous cruises in the tropical West Pacific Ocean during boreal autumn/early winter, but higher than from the tropical Atlantic during boreal summer. In contrast, the projected CH2Br2 entrainment was very high because of the high emissions during the West Indian Ocean cruise. The 16-year July time series shows highest interannual variability for the short-lived CH3I and lowest for the long-lived CH2Br2. During this time period, a small increase of VSLS entrainment from the West Indian Ocean through the Asian monsoon to the stratosphere is found. Overall, this study confirms that the subtropical and tropical West Indian Ocean is an important source region of halogenated VSLS, especially CH2Br2, to the troposphere and stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon.
Bed and width oscillations form coherent patterns in a partially confined, regulated gravel–cobble-bedded river adjusting to anthropogenic disturbances
Authors: Brown Rocko A. , Pasternack Gregory B.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Understanding the spatial organization of river systems in light of natural and anthropogenic change is extremely important because it can provide information to assess, manage, and restore them to ameliorate worldwide freshwater fauna declines. For gravel- and cobble-bedded alluvial rivers studies spanning analytical, empirical and numerical domains suggest that at channel-forming flows there is a tendency towards covarying bankfull bed and width undulations amongst morphologic units such as pools and riffles, whereby relatively wide areas have relatively higher minimum bed elevations and relatively narrow areas have relatively lower minimum bed elevations. The goal of this study was to determine whether minimum bed elevation and flow-dependent channel top width are organized in a partially confined, incising gravel–cobbled bed river with multiple spatial scales of anthropogenic and natural landform heterogeneity across a range of discharges. A key result is that the test river exhibited covarying oscillations of minimum bed elevation and channel top width across all flows analyzed. These covarying oscillations were found to be quasiperiodic at channel-forming flows, scaling with the length scales of bars, pools and riffles. Thus, it appears that alluvial rivers organize their topography to have quasiperiodic, shallow and wide or narrow and deep cross section geometry, even despite ongoing, centennial-scale incision. Presumably these covarying oscillations are linked to hydrogeomorphic mechanisms associated with alluvial river channel maintenance. The biggest conclusion from this study is that alluvial rivers are defined more so by variability in topography and flow than mean conditions. Broader impacts of this study are that the methods provide a framework for characterizing longitudinal and flow-dependent variability in rivers for assessing geomorphic structure and aquatic habitat in space, and if repeated, through time.
Temperature signal in suspended sediment export from an Alpine catchment
Authors: Costa Anna , Molnar Peter , Stutenbecker Laura , Bakker Maarten , Silva Tiago A. , Schlunegger Fritz , Lane Stuart N. , Loizeau Jean-Luc , Girardclos Stéphanie
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Suspended sediment export from large Alpine catchments (> 1000 km2) over decadal timescales is sensitive to a number of factors, including long–term variations in climate, the activation–deactivation of different sediment sources (proglacial areas, hillslopes, etc.), transport through the river system, and potential anthropogenic impacts on the sediment flux (e.g. through impoundments and flow regulation). Here, we report on a marked increase in suspended sediment concentrations observed close to the outlet of the upper Rhône River Basin in the mid–1980s. This increase coincides with a statistically significant step–like increase in basin–wide mean air temperature. We explore the potential explanations of the suspended sediment rise in terms of discharge (transport capacity) change, and the activation of different sources of fine sediment (sediment supply) in the catchment by hydroclimatic forcing. Time series of precipitation and temperature–driven snowmelt, snow cover and ice–melt simulated with a spatially distributed degree–day model, together with erosive rainfall on snow–free surfaces, are tested as possible reasons for the rise in suspended sediment concentration. We demonstrate that the abrupt change in air temperature reduced snow cover and the contribution of snowmelt, and enhanced ice–melt. The results of statistical tests showed that the onset of increased ice–melt was likely to play a dominant role in the suspended sediment concentration rise in the mid–1980s. Temperature–driven enhanced melting of glaciers, which cover about 10 % of the catchment surface, can increase suspended sediment yields through increased runoff from sediment–rich proglacial areas, increased contribution of sediment–rich meltwater, and increased sediment supply in proglacial areas due to glacier recession. The reduced extent and duration of snow cover in the catchment may also have partly contributed to the rise in suspended sediment concentration through hillslope erosion by rainfall on snow free surfaces, and by reducing snow cover on the surface of the glaciers and thereby increasing meltwater production. Despite the rise in air temperature, changes in mean discharge in the mid–1980s were statistically insignificant, and their interpretation is complicated by hydropower reservoir management and the flushing operations at intakes. Thus, the results show that to explain changes in suspended sediment transport from large Alpine catchments it is necessary to include an understanding of the multitude of sediment sources involved together with the hydroclimatic conditioning of their activation (e.g. changes in precipitation, runoff, air temperature). This is particularly relevant for quantifying climate change and hydropower impacts on streamflow and sediment budgets in high Alpine catchments.
Operational algorithm for ice–water classification on dual-polarized RADARSAT-2 images
Authors: Zakhvatkina Natalia , Korosov Anton , Muckenhuber Stefan , Sandven Stein , Babiker Mohamed
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from RADARSAT-2 (RS2) in dual-polarization mode provide additional information for discriminating sea ice and open water compared to single-polarization data. We have developed an automatic algorithm based on dual-polarized RS2 SAR images to distinguish open water (rough and calm) and sea ice. Several technical issues inherent in RS2 data were solved in the pre-processing stage, including thermal noise reduction in HV polarization and correction of angular backscatter dependency in HH polarization. Texture features were explored and used in addition to supervised image classification based on the support vector machines (SVM) approach. The study was conducted in the ice-covered area between Greenland and Franz Josef Land. The algorithm has been trained using 24 RS2 scenes acquired in winter months in 2011 and 2012, and the results were validated against manually derived ice charts of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. The algorithm was applied on a total of 2705 RS2 scenes obtained from 2013 to 2015, and the validation results showed that the average classification accuracy was 91 ± 4 %.
A Comparison of the Financial Characteristics of NAFTA and Latin American Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Meric Gulser , Haksever Cengiz , Procaccino J. Drew , Meric Ilhan
Published: January 2017

Comparing the financial characteristics of firms in different countries and different regions has been a popular research topic in finance. However, NAFTA and Latin American manufacturing firms have never been compared. In this paper, we undertake such a study with the MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) method and with data drawn from the Research Insight/Global Vintage database in October 2015. Our findings indicate that NAFTA manufacturing firms have less liquidity risk, but more financial risk, compared with Latin American Manufacturing firms. NAFTA manufacturing firms have significantly higher returns on equity due to achieving higher returns on assets and using more financial leverage. Latin American manufacturing firms have more efficient inventory management. However, NAFTA manufacturing firms have more efficient accounts receivable management and total assets management.
Development of Trade Communication of Iran with Selected Countries
Authors: Alipour Hamidreza , Gholamipour Leila
Published: January 2017

The present study aimed to determine the trade potential of Iran with 13 countries that have made up the largest volume of foreign trade in the last decade. For this purpose, we have utilized the generalized gravity model and multivariate regression technique with panel data is used to estimate it. The results show that the most important variables affecting the trading volume of Iran are gross domestic product per capita and population, and that geographical distance variable had insignificant impact. On the other hand, the most trade gap of Iran is attributed to Turkey and the United Kingdom and the minimum gap is related to Afghanistan.
Centro de Culto Religioso en Peñalolén : Primer Premio VIII Concurso CAP para Estudiantes de Arquitectura 1993-94
Authors: Barra M. Richard , Díaz G. Marco , Domínguez R. Francisco , Ozores  A. Carlos , Torres V. Rodrigo
Published: January 2017

La Parroquia Comunal de Peñalolén, ha requerido un programa ampliado para alojar actividades de desarrollo individual y social, además de las actividades propias del culto religioso.
Habilidad escalar del espacio, absorción como medida de centralidad
Authors: Celedón F. Alejandra
Published: January 2017

Este artículo explora hasta que punto es preciso describir los centros suburbanos de Londres como ambientes multiescalares, y que significa esto en términos del tipo de entidad social que es un suburbio. La investigación estudia el fenómeno espacial de «centralidades escalares» dentro de entidades mayores al interior de una ciudad, a través del estudio de veinte centros suburbanos en la ciudad de Londres.El artículo explora la relación entre la morfología espacial del centro suburbano y su funcionamiento socioeconómico. Por un lado los centros han crecido y se han encogido en el tiempo, pero también han cambiado sus actividades y se han diversificado. Por otro lado Londres ha sido descrita muchas veces como una ciudad de poblados absorbidos, y el estudio propone que existe un «grado de absorción» el cual tiene que ver con esas diferencias y jerarquías. Se propone una concepción escalar de la centralidad estableciendo conexiones entre patrones morfológicos escalares y funcionamiento socioeconómico. ¿Existe algún patrón escalar, o grado de absorción, en la definición de un centro suburbano? El estudio responde algunas de estas preguntas usando varias de las herramientas desarrolladas por Space Syntax.
Innovación constructiva a principios del siglo XX: preámbulo a la modernidad arquitectónica y arquitectura subestimada
Authors: Duarte G. Patricio
Published: January 2017

Las primeras décadas del siglo XX representan un período que adquiere singular importancia para la historia de la arquitectura chilena en general y particularmente para el caso de la ciudad de Santiago. Etapa de transición, que reproduce procesos gestados en otras realidades socioculturales, es un campo de estudio que no ha sido analizado con el detalle que demanda, exaltándose principalmente, la modelística del Movimiento Moderno como causa y razón que precipita la modernidad arquitectónica local.Sin embargo, existirían otros aspectos que, con un carácter rupturista menos evidente quizás, colaboraron igualmente en instaurar una modernidad histórico-arquitectónica en nuestro medio. Es el caso de la innovación técnica que de forma anticipada a la irrupción de la arquitectura moderna propiamente tal comenzó a presagiar, posibilitar y demandar el cambio modernizador que comenzaría a operar posteriormente. La introducción del hormigón armado, en tanto material y nueva concepción constructiva que su uso conllevaba, ejemplifica esta situación.
Las publicaciones de arquitectura en Latinoamérica: perfiles para comprender su trayectoria
Authors: Méndez Patricia
Published: January 2017

Estos párrafos presentan la variedad de perfil esy de fisonomías de las revistas de arquitectura latinoamericanas presentes en el siglo xx. Considera la metamorfosis informática a la que nos somete la realidad de esta nueva centuria, propone un análisis de las revistas relevantes en el continente y, si bien no aspira a desarrollar una relación exhaustiva, presenta la coyuntura a la que nos enfrentamos los investigadores, dada laimportancia unívoca de este material documental.
El filósofo y los arquitectos : Deconstrucción de axiomas arquitectónicos a partir del discurso derrideano
Authors: Medina G. Vicente
Published: January 2017

El pensamiento del filósofo Jacques Derrida, denominado deconstrucción, se ha diseminado más allá de su propia disciplina e influido en aquellas que ha afectado. Pero no nos ocuparemos de todos sus planteamientos, sino de aquel que se interesa por la metafísica y sus intrínsecos sistemas de pares axiológicos. Igualmente, tampoco vamos a abordar todas las materias interesadas por su discurso, sino solo la arquitectura. Este escrito pretende identificar de qué modo sus propuestas han influido en dicha materia y si ha generado una revisión «crítica» o «deconstructivista» de algunos pares de opuestos axiomáticos de la arquitectura.
La regeneración urbana en España : Revisión crítica para un estudio de caso de regeneración sostenible
Authors: Moreno S. Susana , González G. Francisco Javier , Gómez N. Alberto
Published: January 2017

El siguiente artículo aborda el desarrollo urbano en distintas ciudades españolas. En este contexto, los autores explican la necesidad de incorporar el cuidado del medio ambiente en las nuevas propuestas de conservación y rehabilitación de conservación y rehabilitación de áreas urbanas.
Bajo escasez ¿Media casa basta? Reflexiones sobre el Pritzker de Alejandro Aravena
Authors: Vergara Perucich Francisco , Boano Camillo
Published: January 2017

El artículo construye una agenda política de transgresión disciplinar contra el capitalismo a partir de las razones que valieron para Alejandro Aravena un Premio Pritzker y la curatoría de la Bienal de Venecia 2016. En ambos casos, las instituciones patrocinantes han informado que se reconoce el rol de Aravena como arquitecto social con una agenda orientada a ayudar a las personas de escasos recursos. A lo largo del artículo se expone la naturaleza ideológica de estas nominaciones y se expone la necesidad de emancipar la arquitectura de la subyugación a los objetivos de la rentabilidad, acumulación de capital y reproducción de ciclos de poder. Se argumenta que este sometimiento al capital ha destruido la naturaleza creativa de la disciplina generando una crisis cuya salida puede darse con más teorización, organización colectiva y explorando nuevos modos de producción. Se convoca a salir de la zona de confort y abrazar la crítica como un camino posible hacia la liberación disciplinar.
Virtual Classroom Instruction and Academic Performance of Educational Technology Students in Distance Education, Enugu State
Authors: Akpan Sylvester J. , Etim Paulinus J. , Ogechi Udom, Stella
Published: January 2017

The virtual classroom and distance education have created new teaching pedagogy. This study was carried out toinvestigate Virtual Classroom Instruction on Academic Performance of Educational Technology Students inDistance Education, Enugu State. The population for this study was limited to the Students in National OpenUniversity, Enugu study Centre. Simple random sampling technique was used to select forty respondents from theeducational technology students. A researcher developed questionnaire was used to gather the needed data. Collecteddata were analyzed using frequency counts and percentage. The findings from this paper suggested that the students’acknowledged that the availability and use of virtual classroom influenced their academic performance. Although thevirtual classroom available was adequate, it was not often utilized for instruction. Thus, the researcher recommendedthat the virtual classroom should be utilized for maximum learning.