bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of in‐loop filter for HEVC decoder on reconfigurable processor
Authors: Liu Leibo , Chen Yingjie , Deng Chenchen , Yin Shouyi , Wei Shaojun
Published: July 2017

The in‐loop filter comprises deblocking filter and sample adaptive offset filter, which is an important module for improving image quality in a high‐efficiency video coding (HEVC) decoder. The in‐loop filter has a high computational complexity that accounts for ∼20% of the HEVC decoding computing load. Furthermore, it is difficult to implement a high‐performing in‐loop filter due to its large conditional processing requirement. First, this study presents a novel reconfigurable HEVC in‐loop filter implementation on a coarse‐grained dynamically reconfigurable processing unit. Next, a repartition scheme is presented that allows the in‐loop filter implementation at a coding tree unit along with the other decoding modules in the HEVC decoder, which satisfies requirements of low latency applications. Finally, a hierarchised‐pipeline and synchronised‐parallel technique is used to improve performance by eliminating data hazards in pipeline techniques and synchronisation problems in parallel techniques. Implementation results show that the presented HEVC in‐loop filter performs up to 1920 × 1080@52 frames per second at 250 MHz. The throughput is 67.5 × 9 × more than solutions based on digital signal processor and general‐purpose processor, respectively.
Haze removal for unmanned aerial vehicle aerial video based on spatial‐temporal coherence optimisation
Authors: Zhao Xintao , Ding Wenrui , Liu Chunhui , Li Hongguang
Published: July 2017

Haze removal is a non‐trivial work for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial video processing, and challenges are mainly attributed to spatial‐temporal coherence and computational efficiency. The authors propose a novel dehazing algorithm for hazy UAV aerial video and improve the classical dark channel prior approach with a bright region filling process to alleviate colour distortion in the recovered video, which enhances the spatial consistency. To achieve better temporal coherence, the authors constrain the atmospheric light estimation between adjacent frames by using a temporal filter. The authors also optimise the transmission calculation to reduce computational complexity. Experimental findings show that the proposed algorithm yields results superior to those obtained from previous methods. Compared with that in frame‐by‐frame dehazing, the processing time in the proposed method is reduced by 74.5%.
Evaluation of different inertial control methods for variable‐speed wind turbines simulated by fatigue, aerodynamic, structures and turbulence (FAST)
Authors: Wang Xiao , Gao Wenzhong , Scholbrock Andrew , Muljadi Eduard , Gevorgian Vahan , Wang Jianhui , Yan Weihang , Zhang Huaguang
Published: July 2017

To mitigate the degraded power system inertia and undesirable primary frequency response caused by large‐scale wind power integration, the frequency support capabilities of variable‐speed wind turbines is studied in this work. This is made possible by controlled inertial response, which is demonstrated on a research turbine – controls advanced research turbine, 3‐bladed (CART3). Two distinct inertial control (IC) methods are analysed in terms of their impacts on the grids and the response of the turbine itself. The released kinetic energy in the IC methods are determined by the frequency measurement or shaped active power reference in the turbine speed–power plane. The wind turbine model is based on the high‐fidelity turbine simulator fatigue, aerodynamic, structures and turbulence, which constitutes the aggregated wind power plant model with the simplified power converter model. The IC methods are implemented over the baseline CART3 controller, evaluated in the modified 9‐bus and 14‐bus testing power grids considering different wind speeds and different wind power penetration levels. The simulation results provide various insights on designing such kinds of ICs. The authors calculate the short‐term dynamic equivalent loads and give a discussion about the turbine structural loadings related to the inertial response.
Aluminum Chloride Promoted Hantzsch Reaction of N-Tosylhydrazones
Authors: Tang Meng , Wang Hu
Published: July 2017

An aluminum chloride promoted Hantzsch reaction of N-tosylhydrazones has been developed. The reaction is general for a wide range of N-tosylhydrazones, and a series of 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) were prepared in moderate to excellent yields.
Facile Access to Amido (Thio)xanthates under Eco-Friendly Conditions by One-Pot Three-Component Reaction (3-CR)
Authors: Franz Max , Stalling Timo , Schaper Raoul , Schmidtmann Marc , Martens Jürgen
Published: July 2017

A straightforward three-component reaction (3-CR) for the preparation of a variety of biologically interesting amido (thio)xanthates has been developed. By the proper choice of a potassium (thio)xanthate salt, a cyclic or acyclic imine, and an acyl chloride as substrates a broad scope with respect to the substituents can be realized. This operationally simple one-pot method proceeds under mild and environmentally friendly conditions while potassium chloride is produced as the single waste-product.
An Efficient Organic Electrosynthesis of β-Hydroxysulfones
Authors: Chen Po-Yu , Chang Meng-Yang , Chan Chieh-Kai , Lo Nai-Chang
Published: July 2017

An efficient organic electrosynthesis of tertiary β-hydroxysulfones from functionalized α-methylstyrenes with substituted sodium sulfinates has been established. The novel electrosynthetic method provided the desired products in excellent yields, and the key structure was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis.
Survey of Provider Preferences Regarding the Route of Misoprostol for Induction of Labor at Term
Authors: Towns Rachel , Quinney Sara , Pierson Rebecca , Haas David
Published: July 2017

Objective To survey obstetrical provider preferences regarding use of misoprostol for induction of labor (IOL).

Methods An anonymous 25-question survey was distributed at an American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) joint District V and VII Meeting in 2014 to obstetrics providers. The same survey was sent electronically to local providers. A separate survey was emailed to the labor and delivery nurses at two of the teaching hospitals in Indianapolis. The surveys queried provider demographics, dosing practice for misoprostol, opinions regarding different dosing strategies, and instructions on buccal administration.

Results A total of 113 (46.5%) providers responded. Of these, 92.9% used misoprostol for IOL, 73% preferred the vaginal route, 20% preferred buccal administration, and 7% oral administration. Only resident physician and midwife providers endorsed buccal route preference. Being a midwife independently predicted a preference for using buccal misoprostol (odds ratio [OR]: 125.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.9–1992.3). Additionally, 44 nurses completed the survey regarding administration techniques of buccal misoprostol. Also, 54.5% of nurses correctly instructed their patients on buccal administration techniques.

Conclusion Although not extensively studied, one-fifth of providers, particularly nurse midwives, prefer buccal administration of misoprostol for IOL. The majority of nurses correctly administered buccal misoprostol. There may be a need for further study and education about buccal administration of misoprostol for IOL.
A Review of Traditional Vaccine-Preventable Diseases and the Potential Impact on the Otolaryngologist
Authors: Greenlee Christopher , Newton Stephen
Published: July 2017

Introduction A majority of otolaryngologists have not had direct experience with many vaccine-preventable diseases since the creation of national vaccination programs. Despite the elimination of endemic transmission of some of these diseases in the United States, outbreaks can occur anywhere and still pose a threat to public health around the world. Recent outbreaks and changing trends in exemption rates indicate that it is important for physicians to maintain a working knowledge of how these diseases present and of the recommended treatment guidelines.

Objectives This review will evaluate the current state of vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and disease incidence in the United States and in the world. It will also examine the clinical presentation and treatment recommendations of these diseases.

Data Synthesis United States estimated vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and vaccine-preventable disease incidences were obtained from data compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. World vaccination rates and disease incidences were obtained from the World Health Organization databases, which compile official figures reported by member states. A PubMed literature review provided information on the current state of vaccination exemptions and outbreaks in the United States.

Conclusion Vaccination and vaccine exemption rates continue to put the United States and many areas of the world at risk for outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Clinical guidelines should be reviewed in the event of a local outbreak.
Microsurgical and Endovascular Treatments for Ruptured Paraclinoid Aneurysms
Authors: Zhao Qing-shuang , Hong Jing-fang , Zhao Lin , Zhang Xiao-jun , Wang Ru-mi , Wang Shou-sen
Published: July 2017

Background The treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms can be challenging due to their relationship to the cavernous sinus, carotid siphon, and optic nerve. The goal of this retrospective analysis is to compare the efficacy and safety of microsurgical versus endovascular treatments for ruptured paraclinoid aneurysms.

Methods Medical records were reviewed to collect information about patient demographics, risk factors, diagnosis (the position and size of aneurysms), Hunt and Hess grade, and surgical method and outcomes, including modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at the time of discharge and 6 months later, complications, and death.

Results In total, 15 and 6 patients were recruited into the microsurgery and endovascular groups, respectively. No difference was detected regarding age, sex, risk factors, and Hunt and Hess grade. Most patients had ophthalmic segment aneurysms (87% versus 83%; p = 1.000) and small aneurysms (< 10 mm, 67% versus 100%; p = 0.102). In the microsurgical group, five patients (33%) had large aneurysms (10–25 mm); three patients (20%) had multiple aneurysms (all p > 0.05 compared with the endovascular group). The occlusion rate at 6 months was 93% in the microsurgical group and 100% in the endovascular group (p > 0.05). No difference was found regarding mRS or the complication and mortality rates between the two groups (all p > 0.05). The occurrence of complications was not related to the location and size of aneurysms (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions Our retrospective analysis indicates that good clinical outcomes can be achieved with both microsurgical and endovascular approaches. But further prospective randomized multicenter studies are needed to provide more evidence for clinical practice.
Entwicklung der anästhesieassoziierten Letalität und Einfluss auf das Outcome
Authors: Rosenberger Peter , Drexler Berthold
Published: July 2017

Die anästhesieassoziierte Letalität konnte in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich gesenkt werden. Dies ermöglicht neben einer zuverlässigen Monitoringtechnik gut ausgebildetes Personal, das die patienten- und eingriffsspezifischen Risiken in das intraoperative Management mit einbezieht. Die richtige postoperative Betreuung von Patienten in Aufwachraum, PACU und Intensivstation ist ein weiterer zentraler Punkt für ein verbessertes Patienten-Outcome.
Anästhesie und Outcome: Einfluss der perioperativen Prozesse
Authors: Zieger Jörg , Häberle Helene
Published: July 2017

In den letzten Jahren hat sich die Rolle des Anästhesisten vom „Narkosearzt“ zum perioperativen Mediziner und Risikospezialisten enorm gewandelt. Die Patienten sind älter, multimorbide und werden zu immer umfangreicheren Eingriffen und Interventionen aufgeboten. Sozioökonomische Aspekte haben an Bedeutung zugenommen. Der Anästhesist ist als Wegbereiter eines guten Outcomes in nahezu alle perioperativen Prozesse involviert: präoperative Evaluation, Festlegung und Optimierung der prä- und intraoperativen Bedingungen, moderne intraoperative Anästhesieführung sowie eine postoperative, medizinisch indizierte, effektive und effiziente Behandlung der teilweise hochkomplexen Patienten. Die einzelnen perioperativen Prozessschritte auf diesem Weg werden in Anlehnung an etablierte Leitlinien und die Zunahme der gegenwärtigen Anforderungen beleuchtet. Schließlich wird ein besonderer Akzent auf die Erkenntnis gelegt, dass der perioperative Prozess nicht mit dem Operationsende abgeschlossen ist – postoperatives Outcome ist nicht zuletzt von postoperativen Komplikationen auf der Normalstation negativ beeinflusst. Das Risiko für Todesfälle nach Komplikationen, „Failure to rescue“, sollte frühzeitig erkannt und umgehend behandelt werden.
Gut schlafen und entspannen
Authors: Simianer Jessica
Published: July 2017

Interventionskoffer, die Neunte Wie oft liegen bei den Durchgängen im
Nachtdienst immer dieselben Patienten wach und äußern: „Ich kann nicht
einschlafen“? Manche kommen auch mitten in der Nacht verzweifelt aus dem Zimmer
und bitten um Hilfe, weil sie seit Stunden grübelnd wach liegen. In unserem
Interventionskoffer geben wir Ihnen das nötige Handwerkszeug, damit Ihre
Patienten entspannter einschlafen und ausgeruht aufwachen.
In den Schuhen des Anderen gehen
Authors: Weiße Dagmar
Published: July 2017

Einführung Fordernde und schwierige Pflegeprobleme treten im Umgang mit
Patienten immer wieder auf. Um diese zu reflektieren und zu lernen, damit
umzugehen, haben Lehrende und Lernende im Weiterbildungslehrgang Psychiatrische
Pflege an der Universitätsmedizin Mainz vor vier Jahren die systemische
Fallbesprechung ins Leben gerufen. Wie es gelingt, die Probleme aus der
Perspektive der Betroffenen zu erleben, Bekanntes zu hinterfragen und durch den
geänderten Blickwinkel neue Wege zu finden, schildert unsere Autorin.
Für die Menschen – gegen Ausgrenzung
Authors: Oehmcke Birgit
Published: July 2017

Aktionsbündnis Seelische Gesundheit Seit über zehn Jahren setzt sich das
Aktionsbündnis Seelische Gesundheit mit seiner Anti-Stigma-Arbeit für die
soziale Integration und Akzeptanz von psychisch erkrankten Menschen in
Deutschland ein. Dazu wurden in den letzten Jahren umfassende
Aufklärungskampagnen in wichtigen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen entwickelt und
umgesetzt. Ziel ist es, der Öffentlichkeit zu vermitteln, dass psychische
Störungen therapierbar sind und jeden betreffen können. Menschen sollen
ermuntert werden, Hilfe in Anspruch zu nehmen. Gleichzeitig sollen Ängste und
Vorurteile gegenüber den Betroffenen abgebaut werden.
Eine Wirklichkeit, verschiedene Blickwinkel
Authors: Bauer Ronja
Published: July 2017

Protokoll Im vorherigen Beitrag haben wir Ihnen die Grundlagen und den
Ablauf der systemischen Fallbesprechung dargestellt. An dieser Stelle startet
nun unsere neue Serie, in der wir in jeder Ausgabe das Protokoll eines
Weiterbildungsteilnehmers veröffentlichen. So erhalten Sie einen transparenten
Einblick in den Ablauf der Fallbesprechungen. Außerdem möchten wir Sie einladen,
sich selbst in die verschiedenen Rollen hineinzuversetzen. Fallen Ihnen weitere
Lösungswege ein? Dann schreiben Sie uns an psych.pflegeheute@thieme.de.
Effect of high fluence neutron irradiation on transport properties of thermoelectrics
Authors: Wang H. , Leonard K. J.
Published: July 2017

Thermoelectric materials were subjected to high fluence neutron irradiation in order to understand the effect of radiation damage on transport properties. This study is relevant to the NASA Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) program in which thermoelectric elements are exposed to radiation over a long period of time in space missions. Selected n-type and p-type bismuth telluride materials were irradiated at the High Flux Isotope Reactor with a neutron fluence of 1.3 × 1018 n/cm2 (E > 0.1 MeV). The increase in the Seebeck coefficient in the n-type material was partially off-set by an increase in electrical resistivity, making the power factor higher at lower temperatures. For the p-type materials, although the Seebeck coefficient was not affected by irradiation, electrical resistivity decreased slightly. The figure of merit, zT, showed a clear drop in the 300–400 K range for the p-type material and an increase for the n-type material. Considering that the p-type and n-type materials are connected in series in a module, the overall irradiation damages at the device level were limited. These results, at neutron fluences exceeding a typical space mission, are significant to ensure that the radiation damage to thermoelectrics does not affect the performance of RTGs.
Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in (111) diamond
Authors: Ishiwata Hitoshi , Nakajima Makoto , Tahara Kosuke , Ozawa Hayato , Iwasaki Takayuki , Hatano Mutsuko
Published: July 2017

We report the formation of perfectly aligned, high-density, shallow nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers on the (111) surface of a diamond. The study involved step-flow growth with a high flux of nitrogen during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth, which resulted in the formation of a highly concentrated (>1019 cm−3) nitrogen layer approximately 10 nm away from the substrate surface. Photon counts obtained from the NV centers indicated the presence of 6.1 × 1015–3.1 × 1016 cm−3 NV centers, which suggested the formation of an ensemble of NV centers. The optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectrum confirmed perfect alignment (more than 99%) for all the samples fabricated by step-flow growth via CVD. Perfectly aligned shallow ensemble NV centers indicated a high Rabi contrast of approximately 30% which is comparable to the values reported for a single NV center. Nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrated surface-sensitive nuclear spin detection and provided a confirmation of the NV centers' depth. Single NV center approximation indicated that the depth of the NV centers was approximately 9–10.7 nm from the surface with error of less than ±0.8 nm. Thus, a route for material control of shallow NV centers has been developed by step-flow growth using a CVD system. Our finding pioneers on the atomic level control of NV center alignment for large area quantum magnetometry.
Development of structural correlations and synchronization from adaptive rewiring in networks of Kuramoto oscillators
Authors: Papadopoulos Lia , Kim Jason Z. , Kurths Jürgen , Bassett Danielle S.
Published: July 2017

Synchronization of non-identical oscillators coupled through complex networks is an important example of collective behavior, and it is interesting to ask how the structural organization of network interactions influences this process. Several studies have explored and uncovered optimal topologies for synchronization by making purposeful alterations to a network. On the other hand, the connectivity patterns of many natural systems are often not static, but are rather modulated over time according to their dynamics. However, this co-evolution and the extent to which the dynamics of the individual units can shape the organization of the network itself are less well understood. Here, we study initially randomly connected but locally adaptive networks of Kuramoto oscillators. In particular, the system employs a co-evolutionary rewiring strategy that depends only on the instantaneous, pairwise phase differences of neighboring oscillators, and that conserves the total number of edges, allowing the effects of local reorganization to be isolated. We find that a simple rule—which preserves connections between more out-of-phase oscillators while rewiring connections between more in-phase oscillators—can cause initially disordered networks to organize into more structured topologies that support enhanced synchronization dynamics. We examine how this process unfolds over time, finding a dependence on the intrinsic frequencies of the oscillators, the global coupling, and the network density, in terms of how the adaptive mechanism reorganizes the network and influences the dynamics. Importantly, for large enough coupling and after sufficient adaptation, the resulting networks exhibit interesting characteristics, including degree–frequency and frequency–neighbor frequency correlations. These properties have previously been associated with optimal synchronization or explosive transitions in which the networks were constructed using global information. On the contrary, by considering a time-dependent interplay between structure and dynamics, this work offers a mechanism through which emergent phenomena and organization can arise in complex systems utilizing local rules.
Near-infrared measurement of water temperature near a 1-mm-diameter magnetic sphere and its heat generation rate under induction heating
Authors: Kakuta Naoto , Nishijima Keisuke , Kondo Katsuya , Yamada Yukio
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a method of measuring the temperature of water near a 1-mm-diameter magnetic sphere under induction heating. The method is based on the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient of water at a wavelength of 1150 nm. In this study, two-dimensional images of the absorbance, which is the transverse projection of the absorption coefficient of water, were acquired by a near-infrared camera through a telecentric lens, and three-dimensional radial profiles of the temperature were then generated by applying inverse Abel transforms (IATs) to the absorbance profiles. To ensure the spherical symmetry of the temperature and the parallelity of the light rays, which are the conditions necessary to apply an IAT, the onset of free convection and the angles of deflection were evaluated. This paper also presents a method of estimating the heat generation rate in a sphere by fitting the numerical solutions of the thermal conduction equation to the measured temperatures. The temperatures and heat generation rates were observed to change consistently with the changes in the magnetic field intensity.
Spin-accumulation capacitance and its application to magnetoimpedance
Authors: Zhu Yao-Hui , Zhang Xiao-Xue , Liu Jian , He Pei-Song
Published: July 2017

It has been known that spin-dependent capacitances usually coexist with geometric capacitances in a magnetic multilayer. However, the charge and energy storage of the capacitance due to spin accumulation (SA) has not been fully understood. Here, we resolve this problem starting from the charge storage in the spin degree of freedom: spin accumulation manifests itself as an excess of electrons in one spin channel and an equal deficiency in the other under the quasi-neutrality condition. This enables us to model the two spin channels as the two plates of a capacitor. Taking a ferromagnet/nonmagnet junction as an example and using a method similar to that for treating quantum capacitance, we find that an SA capacitance can be introduced for each layer to measure its ability to store spins. A spatial charge storage is not essential for the SA capacitor and the energy stored in it is the splitting energy of the spin-dependent chemical potentials instead of the electrostatic energy. The SA capacitance is essentially a quantum capacitance due to spin accumulation on the scale of the spin-diffusion length. The SA capacitances can be used to reinterpret the imaginary part of the low-frequency magnetoimpedance.
Domain wall conductivity in KTiOPO4 crystals
Authors: Lindgren G. , Canalias C.
Published: July 2017

We study the local ionic conductivity of ferroelectric domain walls and domains in KTiOPO4 single-crystals. We show a fourfold increase in conductivity at the domain walls, compared to that of the domains, attributed to an increased concentration of defects. Our current-voltage measurements reveal memristive-like behavior associated with topographic changes and permanent charge displacement. This behavior is observed for all the voltage sweep-rates at the domain walls, while it only occurs for low frequencies at the domains. We attribute these findings to the redistribution of ions due to the applied bias and their effect on the tip-sample barrier.
Enhanced electric polarization and breakdown strength in the all-organic sandwich-structured poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based dielectric film for high energy density capacitor
Authors: Zhang Yue , Chi Qingguo , Liu Lizhu , Zhang Changhai , Chen Chen , Wang Xuan , Lei Qingquan
Published: July 2017

It is essential to develop the dielectric energy storage capacitor for the modern electrical and electronic equipment. Here, the all-organic sandwich-structured composite with superior breakdown strength and delayed saturation polarization is presented. Furthermore, the energy storage characteristics of the composite are enhanced by the poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) fiber and the redistribution of local electric field. The dielectric permittivity of composite increases to ∼16, and the discharged energy density is high to ∼8.7 J/cm3 at 360 kV/mm, and the breakdown strength is up to ∼408 kV/mm. The excellent performance of the composite broadens the application in the field of power electronics industry.
Electrophoretic stretching and imaging of single native chromatin fibers in nanoslits
Authors: Yeh Jia-Wei , Szeto Kylan
Published: July 2017

Stretching single chromosomal DNA fibers in nanofluidic devices has become a valuable tool for studying the genome and more recently the epigenome. Although nanofluidic technology has been extensively used in single molecular DNA analysis, compared to bare DNA, much less work has been done to elongate chromatin, and only a few studies utilize more biologically relevant samples such as native eukaryotic chromatin. Here, we provide a method for stretching and imaging individual chromatin fibers within a micro- and nanofluidic device. This device was used to electrophoretically stretch and image single native chromatin fibers extracted from human cancer cells (HeLa cells) by attaching the chromatin to microspheres held at the entrance of a nanoslit. To further demonstrate the potential of this device in epigenetics, histone modification H3k79me2 was optically detected by fluorescence microscopy.
Quantitative assessment of acoustic pressure in one-dimensional acoustofluidic devices driven by standing surface acoustic waves
Authors: Liu Shilei , Xu Guangyao , Ni Zhengyang , Guo Xiasheng , Luo Linjiao , Tu Juan , Zhang Dong
Published: July 2017

Acoustofluidic devices based on standing surface acoustic waves (SSAWs) have shown great potential in the manipulation of particles and cells. However, characterizing the acoustic field in a microchannel is difficult. This work introduces an analytical acoustophoretic model that shows that, by identifying the time period of particle rearrangement and the width of the eventually formed “particle strip,” acoustic pressure amplitude in a one-dimensional (1D) SSAW-actuated microchamber could be estimated quantitatively. Experiments are carried out with the help of a micro-PIV (PIV: particle image velocimetry) system, the results of which show that in-channel acoustic pressure is proportional to the square of voltage and the duty factor of an applied pulsed signal. This work links external excitation with acoustic pressure via only one parameter, i.e., the electroacoustic scaling factor. The method is simple and effective enough to serve as a candidate for standardizing 1D SSAW-based acoustofluidic devices.
Evolutionary neuroscience of cumulative culture
Authors: Stout Dietrich , Hecht Erin E.
Published: July 2017

Culture suffuses all aspects of human life. It shapes our minds and bodies and has provided a cumulative inheritance of knowledge, skills, institutions, and artifacts that allows us to truly stand on the shoulders of giants. No other species approaches the extent, diversity, and complexity of human culture, but we remain unsure how this came to be. The very uniqueness of human culture is both a puzzle and a problem. It is puzzling as to why more species have not adopted this manifestly beneficial strategy and problematic because the comparative methods of evolutionary biology are ill suited to explain unique events. Here, we develop a more particularistic and mechanistic evolutionary neuroscience approach to cumulative culture, taking into account experimental, developmental, comparative, and archaeological evidence. This approach reconciles currently competing accounts of the origins of human culture and develops the concept of a uniquely human technological niche rooted in a shared primate heritage of visuomotor coordination and dexterous manipulation.
Older, sociable capuchins (Cebus capucinus) invent more social behaviors, but younger monkeys innovate more in other contexts
Authors: Perry Susan E. , Barrett Brendan J. , Godoy Irene
Published: July 2017

An important extension to our understanding of evolutionary processes has been the discovery of the roles that individual and social learning play in creating recurring phenotypes on which selection can act. Cultural change occurs chiefly through invention of new behavioral variants combined with social transmission of the novel behaviors to new practitioners. Therefore, understanding what makes some individuals more likely to innovate and/or transmit new behaviors is critical for creating realistic models of culture change. The difficulty in identifying what behaviors qualify as new in wild animal populations has inhibited researchers from understanding the characteristics of behavioral innovations and innovators. Here, we present the findings of a long-term, systematic study of innovation (10 y, 10 groups, and 234 individuals) in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) in Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica. Our methodology explicitly seeks novel behaviors, requiring their absence during the first 5 y of the study to qualify as novel in the second 5 y of the study. Only about 20% of 187 innovations identified were retained in innovators’ individual behavioral repertoires, and 22% were subsequently seen in other group members. Older, more social monkeys were more likely to invent new forms of social interaction, whereas younger monkeys were more likely to innovate in other behavioral domains (foraging, investigative, and self-directed behaviors). Sex and rank had little effect on innovative tendencies. Relative to apes, capuchins devote more of their innovations repertoire to investigative behaviors and social bonding behaviors and less to foraging and comfort behaviors.
The evolution of cognitive mechanisms in response to cultural innovations
Authors: Lotem Arnon , Halpern Joseph Y. , Edelman Shimon , Kolodny Oren
Published: July 2017

When humans and other animals make cultural innovations, they also change their environment, thereby imposing new selective pressures that can modify their biological traits. For example, there is evidence that dairy farming by humans favored alleles for adult lactose tolerance. Similarly, the invention of cooking possibly affected the evolution of jaw and tooth morphology. However, when it comes to cognitive traits and learning mechanisms, it is much more difficult to determine whether and how their evolution was affected by culture or by their use in cultural transmission. Here we argue that, excluding very recent cultural innovations, the assumption that culture shaped the evolution of cognition is both more parsimonious and more productive than assuming the opposite. In considering how culture shapes cognition, we suggest that a process-level model of cognitive evolution is necessary and offer such a model. The model employs relatively simple coevolving mechanisms of learning and data acquisition that jointly construct a complex network of a type previously shown to be capable of supporting a range of cognitive abilities. The evolution of cognition, and thus the effect of culture on cognitive evolution, is captured through small modifications of these coevolving learning and data-acquisition mechanisms, whose coordinated action is critical for building an effective network. We use the model to show how these mechanisms are likely to evolve in response to cultural phenomena, such as language and tool-making, which are associated with major changes in data patterns and with new computational and statistical challenges.
A social insect perspective on the evolution of social learning mechanisms
Authors: Leadbeater Ellouise , Dawson Erika H.
Published: July 2017

The social world offers a wealth of opportunities to learn from others, and across the animal kingdom individuals capitalize on those opportunities. Here, we explore the role of natural selection in shaping the processes that underlie social information use, using a suite of experiments on social insects as case studies. We illustrate how an associative framework can encompass complex, context-specific social learning in the insect world and beyond, and based on the hypothesis that evolution acts to modify the associative process, suggest potential pathways by which social information use could evolve to become more efficient and effective. Social insects are distant relatives of vertebrate social learners, but the research we describe highlights routes by which natural selection could coopt similar cognitive raw material across the animal kingdom.
Cultural macroevolution matters
Authors: Gray Russell D. , Watts Joseph
Published: July 2017

Evolutionary thinking can be applied to both cultural microevolution and macroevolution. However, much of the current literature focuses on cultural microevolution. In this article, we argue that the growing availability of large cross-cultural datasets facilitates the use of computational methods derived from evolutionary biology to answer broad-scale questions about the major transitions in human social organization. Biological methods can be extended to human cultural evolution. We illustrate this argument with examples drawn from our recent work on the roles of Big Gods and ritual human sacrifice in the evolution of large, stratified societies. These analyses show that, although the presence of Big Gods is correlated with the evolution of political complexity, in Austronesian cultures at least, they do not play a causal role in ratcheting up political complexity. In contrast, ritual human sacrifice does play a causal role in promoting and sustaining the evolution of stratified societies by maintaining and legitimizing the power of elites. We briefly discuss some common objections to the application of phylogenetic modeling to cultural evolution and argue that the use of these methods does not require a commitment to either gene-like cultural inheritance or to the view that cultures are like vertebrate species. We conclude that the careful application of these methods can substantially enhance the prospects of an evolutionary science of human history.
How language shapes the cultural inheritance of categories
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Roberts Steven O.
Published: July 2017

It is widely recognized that language plays a key role in the transmission of human culture, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms by which language simultaneously encourages both cultural stability and cultural innovation. This paper examines this issue by focusing on the use of language to transmit categories, focusing on two universal devices: labels (e.g., shark, woman) and generics (e.g., “sharks attack swimmers”; “women are nurturing”). We propose that labels and generics each assume two key principles: norms and essentialism. The normative assumption permits transmission of category information with great fidelity, whereas essentialism invites innovation by means of an open-ended, placeholder structure. Additionally, we sketch out how labels and generics aid in conceptual alignment and the progressive “looping” between categories and cultural practices. In this way, human language is a technology that enhances and expands the categorization capacities that we share with other animals.
The boundaries of belonging
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: July 2017

The chapters in this section form a fascinating combination in describing how quite different types of speakers negotiate a radical uprooting of their self-understanding, sense of place, and belonging. From the Bosavi villagers struggling to redefine themselves in the face of religious colonization in Bambi Schieffelin’s chapter, to the elderly miners still honoring their local speech style long after the forces of deindustrialization atrophied their community in the chapter by Peter Auer and Leonie Cornips, to the isolated Japanese expatriate wives who are trying to (re)create some kind of connectedness in Anna Banaś’ chapter, in each of these analyses we see speakers maintaining ways of belonging in the face of serious adversity. Below I will first explain that ideas of language, place and belonging are strongly influenced by discourses of modernity, and that sociolinguists have been trying to go beyond the legacy of this master narrative, before addressing the linguistic ways in which the speakers discussed in these chapters set out to construct a sense of place, group, and belonging.
Playing against peripheralization
Authors: Woolard Kathryn A.
Published: July 2017

The three chapters in this section make a mutually informing set that is as intellectually rewarding as it is fun to read. They share a center-periphery analytic frame with other contributions in the volume, but they are distinguished as a set by their shared focus on what Sari Pietikäinen (2016) calls carnivalesque critique, quite literally in the Limburgian event that Lotte Thissen examines. In all of these cases, minoritized speakers use humor, parody, and/or ritualized spectacle to disrupt the center-periphery framework and to subvert peripheralization. In turn, the three cases differ from and complement each other by revealing varying techniques that actors in specific marginalized communities use to carry out such disruption. In the following sections of this commentary I will first examine some facets of the center-periphery theoretical framework that seem especially relevant to sociolinguistic work. I will then consider both the shared and the different techniques of humorous contestation that these papers illuminate.
Peripheral performances
Authors: Stengs Irene
Published: July 2017

This contribution focusses on the languagecultural politics played out in performances of André Rieu, the World’s King of the Waltz. At stake are stereotypical oppositions made within the Netherlands between ‘the nation’s center’ (‘Holland’) and the ‘peripheral’ province of Limburg. During his concerts in the Limburgian capital Maastricht, Rieu’s hometown, Rieu negates the Hollanders-centered, taken-for-granted, perspective that foregrounds Standard Dutch and its speakers as the normative neutral. Presenting himself as a global-cum-local performer alternating local language with English, Rieu marginalizes Standard Dutch as irrelevant, in the Dutch language-scape usually the position of dialects. Rieu’s languagecultural political messages are persuasive because of his strategic, jocular use of various linguistic and cultural resources, all to highlight his belonging to Maastricht.
Contribution of the clathrin adaptor AP-1 subunit µ1 to acidic cluster protein sorting
Authors: Navarro Negredo Paloma , Edgar James R. , Wrobel Antoni G. , Zaccai Nathan R. , Antrobus Robin , Owen David J. , Robinson Margaret S.
Published: July 2017

Acidic clusters act as sorting signals for packaging cargo into clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), and also facilitate down-regulation of MHC-I by HIV-1 Nef. To find acidic cluster sorting machinery, we performed a gene-trap screen and identified the medium subunit (µ1) of the clathrin adaptor AP-1 as a top hit. In µ1 knockout cells, intracellular CCVs still form, but acidic cluster proteins are depleted, although several other CCV components were either unaffected or increased, indicating that cells can compensate for long-term loss of AP-1. In vitro experiments showed that the basic patch on µ1 that interacts with the Nef acidic cluster also contributes to the binding of endogenous acidic cluster proteins. Surprisingly, µ1 mutant proteins lacking the basic patch and/or the tyrosine-based motif binding pocket could rescue the µ1 knockout phenotype completely. In contrast, these mutants failed to rescue Nef-induced down-regulation of MHC class I, suggesting a possible mechanism for attacking the virus while sparing the host cell.
Novel in vitro booster vaccination to rapidly generate antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Sanjuan Nandin Irene , Fong Carol , Deantonio Cecilia , Torreno-Pina Juan A. , Pecetta Simone , Maldonado Paula , Gasparrini Francesca , Ordovas-Montanes Jose , Kazer Samuel W. , Kjaer Svend , Borley Daryl W. , Nair Usha , Coleman Julia A. , Lingwood Daniel , Shalek Alex K. , Meffre Eric , Poignard Pascal , Burton Dennis R. , Batista Facundo D.
Published: July 2017

Vaccines remain the most effective tool to prevent infectious diseases. Here, we introduce an in vitro booster vaccination approach that relies on antigen-dependent activation of human memory B cells in culture. This stimulation induces antigen-specific B cell proliferation, differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, and robust antibody secretion after a few days of culture. We validated this strategy using cells from healthy donors to retrieve human antibodies against tetanus toxoid and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) from H1N1 and newly emergent subtypes such as H5N1 and H7N9. Anti-HA antibodies were cross-reactive against multiple subtypes, and some showed neutralizing activity. Although these antibodies may have arisen as a result of previous influenza infection, we also obtained gp120-reactive antibodies from non–HIV-infected donors, indicating that we can generate antibodies without prior antigenic exposure. Overall, our novel approach can be used to rapidly produce therapeutic antibodies and has the potential to assess the immunogenicity of candidate antigens, which could be exploited in future vaccine development.
APMP key comparison of DC voltage at 1.018 V and 10 V
Authors: Kim Kyu-Tae , Maruyama Michitaka , Solve Stephane , Marais Louis , Abidin Abdul Rashid B Zainal , Chua Sze Wey , Lee Dennis , Huang Chun-feng , Pimsut Sittisak , Nurlan Seksembayev
Published: July 2017

A key comparison of DC voltage at 1.018 V and 10 V has been conducted from 2009 to 2011 between APMP member laboratories and the BIPM. All participants' results (except one) are within the uncertainty of comparison reference value and also within the uncertainty of the CIPM key comparison reference value of the BIPM.EM-K11.3, approximately 0.08 μV/V for 10 V and 0.2 μV/V for 1.018 V (k=2). The result of the comparison is supposed to successfully provide participating laboratories with the opportunity to compare national standards within the region, and to support participants' entries in Appendix C of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
An expanded mammal mitogenome dataset from Southeast Asia
Authors: Mohd Salleh Faezah , Ramos-Madrigal Jazmín , Peñaloza Fernando , Liu Shanlin , Mikkel-Holger S. Sinding , Riddhi P. Patel , Martins Renata , Lenz Dorina , Fickel Jörns , Roos Christian , Shamsir Mohd Shahir , Azman Mohammad Shahfiz , Burton K. Lim , Stephen J. Rossiter , Wilting Andreas , Gilbert M. Thomas P.
Published: July 2017

Southeast (SE) Asia is 1 of the most biodiverse regions in the world, and it holds approximately 20% of all mammal species. Despite this, the majority of SE Asia's genetic diversity is still poorly characterized. The growing interest in using environmental DNA to assess and monitor SE Asian species, in particular threatened mammals—has created the urgent need to expand the available reference database of mitochondrial barcode and complete mitogenome sequences. We have partially addressed this need by generating 72 new mitogenome sequences reconstructed from DNA isolated from a range of historical and modern tissue samples. Approximately 55 gigabases of raw sequence were generated. From this data, we assembled 72 complete mitogenome sequences, with an average depth of coverage of ×102.9 and ×55.2 for modern samples and historical samples, respectively. This dataset represents 52 species, of which 30 species had no previous mitogenome data available. The mitogenomes were geotagged to their sampling location, where known, to display a detailed geographical distribution of the species. Our new database of 52 taxa will strongly enhance the utility of environmental DNA approaches for monitoring mammals in SE Asia as it greatly increases the likelihoods that identification of metabarcoding sequencing reads can be assigned to reference sequences. This magnifies the confidence in species detections and thus allows more robust surveys and monitoring programmes of SE Asia's threatened mammal biodiversity. The extensive collections of historical samples from SE Asia in western and SE Asian museums should serve as additional valuable material to further enrich this reference database.
The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii genome and multi-omic analyses provide insights into biomineralization
Authors: Du Xiaodong , Fan Guangyi , Jiao Yu , Zhang He , Guo Ximing , Huang Ronglian , Zheng Zhe , Bian Chao , Deng Yuewen , Wang Qingheng , Wang Zhongduo , Liang Xinming , Liang Haiying , Shi Chengcheng , Zhao Xiaoxia , Sun Fengming , Hao Ruijuan , Bai Jie , Liu Jialiang , Chen Wenbin , Liang Jinlian , Liu Weiqing , Xu Zhe , Shi Qiong , Xu Xun , Zhang Guofan , Liu Xin
Published: July 2017

Nacre, the iridescent material found in pearls and shells of molluscs, is formed through an extraordinary process of matrix-assisted biomineralization. Despite recent advances, many aspects of the biomineralization process and its evolutionary origin remain unknown. The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii is a well-known master of biomineralization, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie its production of shells and pearls are not fully understood. We sequenced the highly polymorphic genome of the pearl oyster and conducted multi-omic and biochemical studies to probe nacre formation. We identified a large set of novel proteins participating in matrix-framework formation, many in expanded families, including components similar to that found in vertebrate bones such as collagen-related VWA-containing proteins, chondroitin sulfotransferases, and regulatory elements. Considering that there are only collagen-based matrices in vertebrate bones and chitin-based matrices in most invertebrate skeletons, the presence of both chitin and elements of collagen-based matrices in nacre suggests that elements of chitin- and collagen-based matrices have deep roots and might be part of an ancient biomineralizing matrix. Our results expand the current shell matrix-framework model and provide new insights into the evolution of diverse biomineralization systems.