bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propaganda and war, 1939–1945
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

During the Second World War, on the home front, the BBC became the crucial mechanism for keeping up morale and distributing official information and propaganda. Similarly, in its international work, the BBC cemented links with Britain’s allies, sought to encourage the US to enter the war against fascism, encouraged a spirit of resistance in occupied nations, and conducted increasingly aggressive psychological warfare against the enemy. This was when the BBC truly became a global broadcaster: its international work was, arguably, a higher priority than broadcasting for listeners in the UK. It forged particularly strong links with US broadcasters, strengthening the transatlantic flow of programmes and ideas. It also conducted propaganda targeting audiences across the British empire, and launched a massively expanded set of foreign-language services aimed at Europe. To maintain morale, and to keep listeners away from enemy stations, the BBC channelled resources into entertainment, especially in the new Forces Programme. It produced truly popular broadcasts: this had a lasting legacy in terms of its approach to making programmes. It also, hesitantly, began to enter the business of journalism, particularly by providing eyewitness accounts of D-Day and the liberation of Europe.
At risk, 2000–2022
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: April 2022

As the BBC entered the twenty-first century, it occupied a stronger position than at any time since the early 1970s. Sweeping internal reforms had defused public and political hostility towards the Corporation and allowed the BBC to focus on producing original and popular programming and an attractive digital offering. Finances were healthy and it was winning the competition with ITV for viewers. However, public controversy over the war in Iraq, which reached a climax with the death of the BBC source David Kelly, swept all this away, and led to the resignation of the chairman and the sacking of the director general, Greg Dyke. This ushered in a period of seeming continual crisis for the BBC, as it was attacked for perceived failures in governance, including the scandal over Jimmy Savile’s crimes. The BBC also saw its finances massively eroded during years of public austerity. Attempts to make up for the deficit by increasing commercial revenues triggered hostility from the private sector. In a divided political landscape, elements within the Conservative party seemed determined to cut the BBC down to size, or eliminate public broadcasting entirely. Meanwhile, the BBC faced serious competition from satellite and cable broadcasters, continuing to hamper its ability to cover top sporting events, and also from new social media and transnational streaming services. The latter emerged as the key competitor for audiences and, despite its early move online and the introduction of iPlayer, the BBC found itself struggling to retain its viewers and users as it approached its centenary year.
Maintaining a Healthy Perspective
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
The One Word We Need in Really Stressful Situations
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Change and Loss
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Being Creative During an Extended Crisis Is Great . . . but Also Don’t Forget the Basics
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Planning Versus Preoccupation
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Amazingly, Few Report This . . . But They Do Exist! I Have Seen Them
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Honoring “Alone Time”
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Kindness Wears Many Different Types of Clothes
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Mentally Moving in Uncertain Times
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Seeing Through the Clouds
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Becoming an Elder . . . Not Simply Older
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Leaning Back to Find Openness, Possibility . . . and a Healthy Perspective
Authors: Wicks Robert J.
Published: April 2022

One of the greatest gifts people can enjoy and share with others is a sense of one’s own inner peace, but people can’t share what they don’t have. This book offers a succinct list of essential elements for effectively mentoring oneself—especially during difficult times. They are designed to help shape the right attitude (clarity balanced with kindness) toward improving self-exploration and enhancing personal understanding. Following this, 50 brief lessons and illustrative stories are offered with the belief that it is not the amount of darkness in the world or people that is crucial; it is how people stand in that darkness (having a healthy perspective) that makes all the difference. The main topics include unlearning, preventing loss of emotional energy, self-forgiveness, toxic compassion, detachment, posttraumatic growth, the four types of friends needed in a strong interpersonal network, and inhabiting and modeling unpopular strengths. Underlying the contents and philosophy of the book is that vulnerability cannot, and should not, be ignored, avoided, or escaped. Instead, it needs to be psychologically inhabited with a spirit of humility because when one takes knowledge and adds humility, one gets wisdom. And, when one takes this very wisdom and adds it to compassion—including self-compassion—one gets the love that is at the heart of a rich and caring life.
Legitimating the Need
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, consequential events are covered as the University enters into the closing of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Population trends sparked by the Great Migration fueled racial tensions and race riots in Atlanta and the nation, followed by efforts to ease tensions by creating services for blacks. Returning World War I veterans brought a new sense of urgency for black rights, and the nascent profession of social work emerged with the Charity Organization Society and Settlement House movements, which were concerned with the plight of white ethnic immigrants but neglected black migrants. These events paved the way for a justification of the School of Social Work, with curriculum designed from data obtained from the work of Lugenia Burn Hope’s Neighborhood Union and a replication of research from DuBois’s Philadelphia Negro.
W. E. B. DuBois and Lugenia Burns Hope
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter overviews the lives and work of W. E. B. DuBois and Lugenia Burns Hope, whose contributions are given insufficient attention in the social work literature. Hope’s Neighborhood Union pioneered today’s community-based model, and DuBois’s influence, starting with his landmark study The Philadelphia Negro, continues to influence contemporary scholarship on matters of race. His thinking is reflected in contemporary formulations around critical race theory, which undergirds the diversity content in schools of social work and policy statements on equity and inclusion of social work professional associations. The consummate scholar and academician, DuBois held to the belief that the empirical evidence would be the best means for refuting empirically unfounded stereotypes about blacks and their inferiority as a race, building bridges between the races and paving the way for achieving equality and full citizenship for blacks. Both Burns and DuBois had relationships with Jane Addams, and reflect on Addams’s and those of other settlement house leaders stereotypical views about blacks as these views are reflected in their publications.
The Launching
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers events of the 20th century and a confluence of trends that lead to the launching of the School. The Roaring Twenties, the Harlem Renaissance, the 18th and 19th Amendments, the beginning of the ongoing fight for the vote, and the intensification of racism in the South are examined as contributing factors leading to the final launch. The many individuals who participated in the launch and their works are identified, among them Jesse O. Thomas’s speech given at the 1920 meeting of the National Social Work Conference on the need for a training school for Negro social workers and the subsequent partnering of the faculty and community leaders to develop a plan for educational policies and the design of the inaugural curriculum. The School opened with the support of a number of individuals including John Hope, the president of Morehouse College, who provided space at Morehouse to hold classes, a roster of social welfare leaders as volunteer faculty. Morehouse professor of sociology Gary Moore was appointed director, and the first classes were held on October 14, 1920 with an enrollment of 14 students under the official name of the Atlanta School of Social Work.
Shifting Ideology in US Social Welfare Philosophy
Authors: Carten Alma J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the School’s development during a period of shifting ideology in regards to the US social welfare philosophy. Michael Harrington’s The Other America and Kenneth Galbraith’s The Affluent Society are used to illuminate the wealth gap, pockets of poverty, and America’s invisible poor all of which contributed to the creation of a political climate that spawned the Great Society programs and expansion of the social welfare state under the Lyndon Johnson administration in the 1960s and early 1970s. During this era, the National Association of Black Social Workers was formed, and the Council on Social Work Education undertook major reforms in its accreditation and governance policies.
The Mahābhārata’s Last Three Books
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: April 2022

Chapter 6 is about the Mahābhārata’s last three parvans and the prominence within them of unacknowledged negative wonders, called “sub-wonders.” They come with a strategy of having one “governing wonder,” the inundation of Dvārakā. Their rationale is discussed in connection with Janamejaya’s last surprise, which comes at the end of the Mahābhārata’s inner-frame story right after “Janamejaya’s Last Question,” the title of a complementary article by Christopher Austin. Janamejaya’s surprise comes after Vaiśaṃpāyana tells him that none of his Pāṇḍava or Kaurava forefathers or their allies survived the exhaustion of their karmas in heaven. Each character in that generation was the aṃśa (portion) of a godly or demonic being; upon the exhaustion of their karma they again “became” the source they came from, without the possibility of mokṣa, or reincarnation. Janamejaya was “extremely surprised.” A Kṣatriya, he could expect long-standing heavenly rewards from doing sacrifices. His “extreme” surprise is too decisively placed to be a stray. But if surprise as a sthāyibhāva typically “gives rise” to the rasa of wonder, it could allow the question of whether all the negative examples in these three parvans, this one as the last, add up to the thickness of a “bushy cow’s tail” as befitting the end of a kāvya.
Every 90 Seconds
Authors: DePrince Anne P.
Published: April 2022

Awareness of violence against women has never been greater, yet rates of such violence persist at jaw-dropping levels. In Every 90 Seconds, Dr. Anne P. DePrince argues that to end violence against women, we must fundamentally redefine how we engage with the problem—starting by abandoning the idea that awareness is enough to cause change or that such acts are someone else’s problem. Instead, she argues that we must come to see that we share a common interest in ending violence against women, which diminishes individuals and communities. DePrince traces the links between violence against women and the most important public health and economic issues of our time, including healthcare, education, and legal system reform as well as gun control and immigration. Drawing on research from her own work as well as across disciplines, DePrince explains how violence against women directly and daily affects each of us. In a call to action, the author offers new ways to work together to restore and ensure dignity, fairness, opportunity, and safety for women, girls, and our communities. The book is organized around the connections between violence against women and challenges facing the United States in terms of healthcare (Chapter 1), gun violence (Chapter 2), education access and success (Chapter 3), immigration policy (Chapter 4), economic justice (Chapter 5), and legal system reform (Chapter 6).
When Gun Violence Is Gendered Violence
Authors: DePrince Anne P.
Published: April 2022

Many mass shootings have in common a link to violence against women, whether because the shooters targeted women and girls or had histories of perpetrating intimate violence. Drawing on research from across the United States, the chapter argues that preventing mass shootings and other forms of gun violence requires also addressing violence against women. Evidence is presented on the links between gun violence and violence against women, including the use of guns to coerce and control victims as well as in intimate partner homicides. Further, research on the impact of gun policies on intimate violence, including the potential to prevent intimate partner homicides, is considered. The author proposes that adolescent dating violence prevention programs offer an important avenue to curb violence against women and, ultimately, gun violence.
Lessons in Intimate Violence
Authors: DePrince Anne P.
Published: April 2022

Violence against women is linked with trauma-related difficulties that affect individual student learning as well as classrooms across K-12 schools and colleges. To explore links between violence against women and education, the chapter considers the impact of traumatic stress from witnessing domestic violence or direct victimization on brain regions involved in learning and school success. The chapter also explores the limits of punishment for addressing trauma-related behavioral problems and the potential for restorative justice approaches. Next, the chapter considers the roots of intimate partner violence in adolescent dating relationships and the importance of an intersectional approach to preventing dating violence. Further, the chapter considers traumatic stress and intimate violence in the higher education context. Finally, the chapter looks to trauma-informed principles as well as organizing by students and teachers as a springboard for moving towards collective action to address issues at the intersection of violence against women and education.
The Price of Intimate Violence
Authors: DePrince Anne P.
Published: April 2022

Violence against women both drives and is driven by economic factors, as illustrated by research reviewed in this chapter. For example, violence against women can increase housing insecurity and challenges in getting basic needs met, and economic uncertainty can increase intimate partner coercion and violence. Given the economic challenges facing women after intimate violence, the chapter explores the importance of victim compensation and other benefits programs, as well as the consequences of economic abuse. The chapter also explores intimate violence in the workplace as well as the potential for businesses to play a role in the prevention of violence against women.
Music Theory
Authors: Bowman Judith
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes issues related to teaching music theory online and presents experiences with online music theory instruction in narratives provided by professors teaching music theory online. It provides background on music theory pedagogy and the nature of music theory study. It lists accreditation standards for the study of music theory and explains its signature pedagogy. It reviews the state of the practice, including the status of music theory curricula and online music theory instruction as reported in several surveys. It features four professors who describe their online teaching experiences: development, evolution, and teaching of a fully online music fundamentals course; asynchronous music theory courses; and music theory pedagogy in flipped classrooms. Each professor offers suggestions for prospective online music theory teachers, and the chapter concludes with some lessons drawn from the field.
Coda
Authors: Bowman Judith
Published: April 2022

This chapter reviews the sudden shift to emergency remote teaching due to the coronavirus pandemic and emphasizes that remote teaching is not online learning. It reiterates ideas expressed in earlier chapters that effective online teaching takes time and careful planning to develop content and pedagogical techniques and to build an online learning community. Based on recent research reports, it suggests that online instruction and associated faculty development efforts will become increasingly important. It recommends that music instructors evaluate courses they developed for emergency remote teaching and build on elements that proved effective. Looking to the future, it reminds instructors to be prepared for the unexpected and offers encouragement that the experience with emergency remote teaching will be useful in the case of any future disruptions.
The Foundations and Development of Ethnic Nationalism in America
Authors: Schertzer Robert , Woods Eric Taylor
Published: April 2022

This chapter uncovers the roots of American ethnic nationalism. It begins by considering the conventional understanding of America as a beacon of civic nationalism. Against this view, it argues that American political culture has long been marked by a competing, ethnic nationalism. The chapter traces the development of American ethnic nationalism, , starting with the foundational ethnic myths and symbols that were established in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by white, Anglo-Protestant settlers. It then traces the persistence and change in the content of this ideology through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, during which it lessened its emphasis on Anglo-Saxonness and Protestantism, while putting greater emphasis on whiteness and Christianity as key symbols of the American in-group. This analysis makes a case for why it is important to pay close attention to the history of ethnic nationalism in America to understand how it is manifesting today.
Rebellious Wives, Neglectful Husbands
Authors: Mubarak Hadia
Published: April 2022

The past two decades have witnessed a proliferation of scholarship focused on women and gender in the Qurʾan. Yet, much of the scholarship evades a substantive engagement with tafsīr as a scholarly genre. This lack of engagement with tafsīr in the field of women in the Qurʾan partially stems from evaluations of the exegetical tradition as patriarchal and incapable of offering egalitarian interpretations. This book argues that this evaluation requires a critical reassessment. Rather than discard the exegetical tradition as meaningless to Muslims’ contemporary efforts to recover the Qurʾan’s ethics, this book brings into conversation the distinct fields of tafsīr studies and women’s studies. More specifically, it explores the impact of modernity on three influential, Sunni Qurʾanic commentaries in the twentieth century through the lens of gender: Tafsīr al-Manār, Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾan, and Al-Taḥrīr wa’l-Tanwīr. This book identifies significant shifts in modern Qurʾanic commentaries on the subject of women against the backdrop of broader historical, intellectual, and political developments in the early twentieth century. A serious engagement with tafsīr opens up its gateways and provides a clearer understanding of the genre’s intellectual history, development, methods, and construction of interpretive authority. Rather than pit a seemingly egalitarian Qurʾan against an allegedly patriarchal exegetical tradition, this book captures a tafsīr tradition with pluralistic, complex, and evolving interpretations of women and gender in the Qurʾan. The capacity to bring new meanings to bear on the Qurʾan is, therefore, not only intellectually viable but is inherent in the exegetical tradition.
Deflecting the Colonial Gaze
Authors: Mubarak Hadia
Published: April 2022

The project of Qurʾanic interpretation does not take place in a vacuum. The three influential modern Sunni commentaries reflect a broader engagement with contemporaneous debates on women in Islam in early to mid-twentieth-century Tunisia and Egypt. This chapter argues that the modern need to demonstrate Islam’s fair treatment of women emerges as a response to the epistemological crisis induced by Western modernity. The fixation of the Western colonial gaze on Muslim women at the turn of the twentieth century pressed indigenous scholars and intellectuals to respond to the colonial critique. The chapter clearly captures the unique historical encounters and considerations that frame their exegetical works. The three Qurʾanic commentaries evince a heightened gender consciousness that is absent from the interpretations of premodern exegetes. This discursive shift in Qurʾanic commentaries is particular to the modern period and the byproduct of distinct historical encounters with colonialism, modernization, and nationalism.
Modern Approaches to Qurʾanic Interpretation
Authors: Mubarak Hadia
Published: April 2022

Viewed as a springboard into an endless ocean of meaning, the genre of tafsīr created an open discursive space for new insights by generations of exegetes regarding the meaning of the Qurʾan, since no exegete could ever claim finality for his or her interpretation. Despite their divergent orientations and methods, all three modern Qurʾanic commentaries contribute new insights to the body of meanings that exegetes have derived from the Qurʾan for the past fourteen centuries. The findings of this chapter disrupt prevalent conceptions of the exegetical tradition as static and unchanging, pointing toward a pluralistic and evolving notion of tradition that obtains its authority through recourse to established methods, shared language, and a deep familiarity with its discursive history. This chapter explores the broader aims and methods of these three Qurʾanic commentaries in light of critical questions in the field of tafsīr studies, such as the boundaries of the genre, the construction of interpretive authority, and the relationship between new methods and interpretations.
Sexually Neglectful Husbands
Authors: Mubarak Hadia
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores modern shifts in commentaries on Q. 4:128 against the historical backdrop of premodern interpretations. An overlooked verse, Q. 4:128 recognizes the behavior of husbands as the source of marital turbulence, a parallel to Q. 4:34, which has received far more attention in contemporary literature on gender in the Qurʾan. This chapter compares the interpretations of three twentieth-century exegetes—a Reformist-Salafi, an Islamist, and a neo-traditionalist—with those of six premodern commentaries spanning the ninth to fourteenth centuries. It finds that the neo-traditionalist Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir ibn ʿĀshūr offers the most striking exception to premodern commentators’ disparate interpretations of male and female nushūz and mutual settlement. By grounding his interpretation in established hermeneutics of law, rationality, and philology, Ibn ʿĀshūr depicts the methods of the classical tradition as capable of accommodating change. His original analysis of Q. 4:128 challenges common assumptions of a correlation between new meanings and methodologies in exegesis.
A New Rationalization for Polygyny
Authors: Mubarak Hadia
Published: April 2022

Notwithstanding strands of continuity between modern and premodern tafsīr, significant differences emerge in modern interpretations of polygyny in Q. 4:3. Obscuring binary ways of thinking about polygyny, modern Muslim approaches to polygyny are diverse, complex, and at times reflect internal tension. For Rashīd Riḍā and some other Muslim exegetes, the colonial critique of Islam’s treatment of women served as the backdrop of discourses on the polemics of polygyny. Despite the significance of the colonial critique, however, modernist, Salafi, and Islamist exegetes alike reflected a willingness to turn the colonial critique inward and admit to the exploitative abuse of polygyny among some men. Nonetheless, modern Qurʾanic commentators also attempted to rationalize the institution of polygyny in a way that set them apart from premodern exegetes. Exegetes’ evolving interpretations of polygyny underscore the malleable boundaries of tafsīr and the impact of historical context on the construction of gender norms in modern Qurʾanic exegesis.
Quoting Genre and Creating Canon
Authors: Palis Eleni
Published: April 2022

Chapter 1 interrogates the (incorrect) popular and scholarly assumption that both allusion in general and film quotation in particular is unique to or revolutionized by the “film generation,” the first major cohort of film school–educated filmmakers. Peter Bogdanovich’s Targets (1968) and Martin Scorsese’s Mean Streets (1973) both reflect the ongoing transition between classical and post-classical industry and style; therein film quotation provides strategic authorial and authenticating presences, through which Bogdanovich and Scorsese assemble and then insert themselves into a classical “canon.” Bogdanovich and Scorsese’s strategic, selective film quotational practice positions classical Hollywood as their patrilineal “inheritance,” as young white, straight men breaking into a historically white, straight, male-dominated industry. These demographic claims to a “classical” art-historical and industrial inheritance appear in their classical Hollywood quotations, which emphasize male spectacle, especially in the Western and film noir genres, to validate masculine genealogy, ownership, and power during Hollywood’s post-classical period.
“D-I-Y” Quotation and Created Appropriation
Authors: Palis Eleni
Published: April 2022

Chapter 3 explores how white indie filmmaker Michel Gondry appropriates The Watermelon Woman’s oppositional aesthetics as a culturally appropriative, cross-racial ventriloquism. Like The Watermelon Woman, Be Kind Rewind (2008) creates an archive of classical quotations around a Black classical Hollywood artist, but while Watermelon Woman invented a fictional Black artist within an archival absence, Be Kind creates over a real-life artist, Fats Waller, a racist erasure by a white director fabricating Black artistry through cross-racial ventriloquism. Be Kind’s faux-35mm footage overlooks composer, artist, and activist Fats Waller’s real life and career and, instead, instrumentalizes Waller as a signifier, an image, a symbol of ancestral and commercial aura through monochrome’s cultural-memory-making power. Be Kind has too long masqueraded as goofy comedy without the critical weight to warrant interrogation of its (in)appropriation-via-quotation. Focusing on film quotation reveals this film’s strange, strained relationship to classical archive, Hollywood historiography, and race.
The Racialization of Space
Authors: Stokes Lauren
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines how the state used the housing market to regulate family reunification. The state required candidates for family reunification to have “sufficient housing” but largely failed to act against landlords who charged foreigners more than Germans. The state also reacted to the development of “foreign” neighborhoods on German soil with a national policy declaring certain cities and neighborhoods off-limits to further foreign settlement. This policy was in effect nationally from 1975 to 1977 and in West Berlin from 1975 to 1989. Both policies placed the burden of dispersal and “integration” on migrant families seeking to navigate a hostile housing market. Migrants unable to find state-approved housing often resorted to registering in false addresses or otherwise misrepresenting their living circumstances, placing many in the situation of being “residentially illegal” and thus vulnerable to deportation.
Are Men Family Members?
Authors: Stokes Lauren
Published: April 2022

This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of the male family migrant. These “trailing husbands” challenged the state’s position that “family migrants” should not enter the labor market. The state reacted by deciding that family migrants who had entered after December 1974 were ineligible for work permits. Official attempts to protect the labor market from foreigners inadvertently encouraged undocumented labor, hampered integration, and racialized foreign populations. Moreover, when men classified as “family migrants” illegally accessed employment, it reinforced the presumption that family migration was really “false family migration”—motivated not by affective ties but by greed. This chapter examines the 1979 reform to work permits as a “neoliberal” work policy intended to motivate migrants into specific sectors of the labor market using the instrument of work permits. It also considers state discourse on foreign women who worked as housewives and early attempts to move women from unpaid work into paid labor markets.
“Foreign Parents Violate the Rights of the Children”
Authors: Stokes Lauren
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the restrictions on child migration that were imposed in the 1980s. In 1981, West Germany lowered the age limit for child migration from eighteen to sixteen, becoming the first Western European state with an age limit for child migration that was lower than the age of majority. Many politicians proposed lowering the age limit even further, to six. These proposals were justified by a cultural and racial politics of the family: foreign children had to be protected from their fathers, stubborn patriarchs whose innate prejudices led them to make poor decisions dooming their children to an unhappy life in Germany. The debate about where to set the age limit revealed developing ideas about unbridgeable racial differences. These claims relied on social science that revealed the racial limits to German society’s imagined capacity for “integration” but placed the burden of navigating those limits on the shoulders of migrants.
Victory
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers the aftermath of World War II in the Soviet Union and China—known respectively as the Great Patriotic War and the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japan—in 1945 and the decisions the respective ruling regimes made with regard to commemorating the victory and the wider history of the war. It examines the early years of the Chinese Communist Party’s rule in China under Mao Zedong and the postwar and early Cold War years in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. This chapter covers the period 1945–1950.
Heroes
Authors: Stallard Katie
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers Kim Jong Un’s rise to power in North Korea and efforts to cultivate popular support and regime legitimacy through appeals to the dynasty’s version of history and the memory of his grandfather, Kim Il Sung. It examines efforts to rebuild war museums in Pyongyang and Sinchon and renewed attempts to stoke memories of the struggle for liberation from colonial rule and the Korean War. It explores how Kim Jong Un draws on these narratives to attempt to justify his nuclear weapons and missile programs. This chapter also considers the role of popular demonstrations and propaganda in maintaining the leader’s cult of personality and claim to power. It covers the period 2011–2019.
Introduction
Authors: Egloff Florian J.
Published: April 2022

The introduction presents the core argument that international political contestations in cybersecurity can be better understood adopting a semi-state actor lens, which the book builds through a sustained application of the historical analogy to mercantile companies, privateers, and pirates. The chapter introduces the three main claims of the book: First, by analysing contestations in cyber(in-)security against the background of the history of piracy and privateering, one can better understand how state proximity is used politically by both attackers and defenders. Second, the longevity and path dependencies of historical privateering setups refine our understanding of the constancy, and the long-term risks and rewards, of state collaboration with cybercriminals. Third, by treating large technology companies, such as Apple, Google, or Huawei, as political actors of their own kind, the mercantile company lens sharpens the focus on how cooperative and conflictive relations to states, and practices of self-protection, influence cyber(in-)security.