bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normal tension glaucoma: The value of predictive tests
Authors: Yoshikawa Keiji , Inoue Toyoko , Inoue Yoichi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Fifty‐four normal tension glaucoma cases were studied to determine the value of several clinical tests for predicting the progression of the disease. Outflow facility, intraocular pressure (IOP) increase after water drinking, and diurnal changes in IOP were studied. Progression was determined on the basis of changes in visual sensitivity as measured on the Octopus 201. A minimum of four examinations of the central 30 degrees were conducted over a 3‐ to 7‐year period. Progression of visual field defects was seen in 38.5% of eyes that had demonstrated some degree of abnormality in at least one of three clinical tests, while only 10.7% of those eyes that appeared normal on the basis of these tests showed such progression. The difference was significant (p<0.04). These results suggest that the three clinical tests may be of value in detecting normal tension glaucoma eyes at risk for progression of visual field defects.
Human basic tear fluid osmolality
Authors: White Katherine M. , Benjamin William J. , Hill Richard M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Osmolalities of 100 human inferior tear prism fluid samples collected from two subjects and 100 standard solution samples (290 mOsm/Kg) were determined from their melting‐point temperatures with the Clifton Nanoliter Osmometer. Accuracy and reliability comparisons were made for endpoints obtained using a single‐sample simultaneous‐recalibration (SS/SR) strategy, vs a lowest‐of‐six periodic‐recalibration (LS/PR) strategy. Tear fluid osmolality values based on the LS/PR strategy were significantly lower (hypotonic) than for the SS/SR strategy (overall mean = 302.4 and 307.8 mOsm/Kg, respectively; p <0.0012). The mean difference (5.4 mOsm/Kg) resulted from the combined effects of machine drift and reduced reliability of endpoint determination for tear fluid in comparison to that of a homogenous standard solution. LS/PR osmolality was linearly correlated to SS/SR osmolality with a slope of 0.433 and the two endpoint strategies resulted in equivalent values at 298.4 mOsm/Kg. Eighty‐four percent (84%) of individual osmolality readings were greater than 298.4 mOsm/Kg, and an ‘averaging‐type’ effect caused LS/PR osmolalities to be increasingly less than SS/SR values above this value. These outcomes from two subjects were approximated by a parallel statistical model. We suggest that physiological representation of basic human tear fluid is more accurate using the single‐sample simultaneous‐recalibration strategy. Basic human tear prism fluid is more hypertonic and has a greater within‐subject range in normal (nondry eye) humans than previously realized.
Influence of target direction, luminance and velocity on monocular horizontal optokinetic nystagmus
Authors: Wang Ling , Söderberg Per G. , Tengroth Björn
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The present investigation demonstrates that the slow phase of human monocular horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) stimulated during scotopic vision does not depend on target direction but does depend on target luminance and velocity. OKN was elicited by a horizontally moving vertical grating projected inside a modified Goldman's perimeter hemisphere. Each of six target velocities (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 deg/s) were tested on each subject with step‐wise increased target luminance. Eye movement was recorded by DC EOG. Both right and left target directions were tested. It was found that there is no directional preference in OKN gain (slow phase velocity/stimulus velocity). For the target velocities 20–80 deg/s, OKN gain increases with increasing target luminance with an exponential decline. The exponential luminance constant increases as target velocity increases. The maximum OKN gain decreases as target velocity increases. The threshold luminance needed to initiate OKN increases with increasing target velocity. A linear relationship was found between OKN gain and target luminance for the target velocities 100 deg/s and 120 deg/s.
Effects of light scatter, defocusing, mean luminosity, contrast, and central scotoma on the PVER amplitude‐check size function curve
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Tetsuka Hitomi , Tetsuka Soichi , Hoon‐Ohn Young , Hirose Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We analyzed the effects of various stimulus parameters, ie, light scatter, defocusing, mean luminosity, contrast, and central scotoma, on the normal pattern reversal visual evoked response (PVER), amplitudecheck size function curve in six normal subjects. The steady‐state PVER was recorded with five check sizes ranging from 160 to 10 min in 1‐octave increments. The PVER amplitude, especially with the smaller check sizes, was markedly decreased by light scatter induced by acrylic sheets. The function curve quickly changed to a low pass filter shape when +2.0 diopters of defocus were added, with the decrease most marked in the small check sizes. When the mean luminosity was decreased, the function curve maintained its normal inverted‐U shape up to 5 cd/m2, but the shape flattened with lower luminosity. Amplitude decreases were seen with all check sizes in low luminosity. With contrast changes from 95 to 24%, the function curve maintained its normal shape, but with slightly reduced amplitudes. The amplitude decrease was moderate even with the lowest contrast. With a two‐degree central scotoma, the PVER amplitude was reduced more with the smaller than the larger check sizes. The function curve became somewhat flatter, with its peak shifting to the larger check sizes. Results indicated that the shape of the PVER amplitude‐check size function curve changes in response to different modes of stimulation.
Long‐term results with organ cultured, cryopreserved human corneal grafts. Re‐examination of 17 patients
Authors: Erdmann Lotte , Ehlers Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Seventeen organ cultured cryopreserved corneas were grafted in 1978–79. When published in 1982, 12 of the grafts (71%) were clear with an average thickness of 0.51 mm and an endothelial density of 1028 cells/mm2. A re‐examination of these patients after 13 years is presented. Seven grafts (58%) were clear. Average CCT was 0.51 mm and endothelial cell density was 988 cells/mm2. Visual acuity was 0.4 or better. The morphology resembled that seen after 1 year with large, multinucleated cells. It is concluded that cryopreserved grafts show a fair long‐term survival. Cryopreservation may still present a possibility in the establishment of a corneal bank with the perspective of supplying histocompatible donor material.
Evaluation of gray scale steps on Scheimpflug photographs
Authors: Qian Wen , Söderberg Per G. , Chen Enping , Magnius Karin , Philipson Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract A method for the calibration of gray scale density in a Scheimpflug photograph was established. Based on the result of statistical analysis, it was found that variability in the film emulsion was insignificant if the measuring area ≥ 0.01 mm2. Each lens image should be calibrated with the reference gray scale in the same photograph. Photometric readings of the lens image was converted to gray scale levels. This conversion can be obtained from fitting photometric readings of the gray scale as a function of gray scale steps with a third order polynomial. Adopting this calibration procedure, 95% of estimated nuclear densities are within ± 3–5% of the real value.
Tonometry in the general practice setting (I)
Authors: Christoffersen Terje , Fors Terese , Ringberg Unni , Holtedahl Knut
Published: May 2009

Abstract Intraocular pressure was measured in 132 consecutive patients over the age of 20 in a general pratice with two general practitioners (GP). Tono‐Pen tonometry was compared to Goldmann applanation tonometry in a masked, randomized design. Also, agreement between Tono‐Pen measurements by the GPs and the ophthalmologist was estimated. Both mean difference between Tono‐Pen and Goldmann applanation measurements and mean differences between Tono‐Pen readings made by GPs and ophthalmologist were less than 1 mmHg. Ninety‐five percent limits of agreement between the two methods were approximately ‐4.5 mmHg and 5.5 mmHg, and between observers approximately ‐4 mmHg and 5 mmHg. The Tono‐Pen was agreeable both to patients and physicians. The GPs made as accurate measurements as the ophthalmologist. The wide limits of agreement are clinically much more important than the small differences between means. Random variation was much greater than systematic variation. Wide limits of agreement will apply to all known methods of clinical tonometry.
A case of ocular brucellosis: Importance of vitreous specimen
Authors: Akduman Levent , Or Meral  , Hasanreisoǧlu Berati , Kurtar Kazim
Published: May 2009

Abstract Brucellosis is a rare cause of uveitis, seen more often in developing countries. We report a case of ocular brucellosis, where diagnosis was confirmed with a high Brucella agglutination titer in the vitreous specimen. The case was treated by pars plana vitrectomy and antibiotics. We believe that a vitreous specimen is very important in the diagnosis of ocular brucellosis.
Correlation between impression cytology and tear function parameters in Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Rivas Luis , Rodriguez José Julio , Alvarez Maria Isabel , Oroza Maria Antonia , del Castillo Juan Murube
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT We have compared clinical (Schirmer I test, BUT and rose bengal staining), laboratory (lysozyme and lactoferrin tear levels) and histological tests (impression cytology) in 165 eyes from 85 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and in 80 eyes from 40 control subjects Impression cytology can provide the location of cellular alterations on the ocular surface and information on the severity of the disease The upper bulbar and interpalpebral areas from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome were shown to have cellular alterations early in the course of the disease, while the lower bulbar and lower palpebral areas were only affected in severe cases Statistical analysis has shown that impression cytology and rose bengal staining are the most specific and sensitive methods for the diagnosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome
The blue‐green autofluorescence of the human ocular lens after the wear of PMMA contact lenses
Authors: Boets P. M. , Kok Jan H. C. , Van Best Jaap A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The green ocular lens autofluorescence was determined in 30 Poly Methyl Meth Acrylate (PMMA) contact lens wearing volunteers and compared to that of 21 healthy non‐contact lens wearing controls to determine whether a contact lens, reducing UV‐A intensity reaching the eye, might protect the ocular lens against cataract formation. Increased autofluorescence was considered an indicator of increased probability for cataract formation. A multiple regression procedure revealed a significant yearly increase of autofluorescence with age (p < 0.01) which did not differ significantly (p > 0.86) from that in the controls. The regression procedure also revealed a decrease of the autofluorescence as a function of contact lens wear, but this decrease was not significant (p = 0.3). The order of magnitude of the decrease (‐25%) corresponded to that of the calculated decrease in UV‐A intensity at the ocular lens (‐39%). This study could not support the thesis that cataract formation can be prevented by wearing PMMA contact lenses.
An intraocular paraganglioma?
Authors: Sandboe Frode D. , Elgjo Kjell , Eide Nils , Medin Walther , Scott Helge
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A tumour of the iris with the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a paraganglioma is presented. Neither this type of tumour, nor the specialized nerve cells giving rise to the tumour, have previously been reported in the eye. A successful local resection was performed. The diagnosis and concept of paragangliomas are discussed briefly.
Pressure increase following primary laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Elsås Tor , Johnsen Harald , Stang Ørnulf , Fygd Øvind
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Possible damaging effects on the visual field of postlaser pressure elevations the first 24 h following primary laser trabeculoplasty were investigated in 61 patients with exfoliative or open‐angle glaucoma. The intraocular pressure was monitored the first 24 h after treatment. Treatment with pressure reducing agents was started if the intraocular pressure was ≥ 50 mmHg. The visual field was plotted before and 1, 3, and 6 months after laser treatment with the C‐30–2 program on a Humphrey visual field analyzer. Peak pressures ≥ 50 mmHg occurred with 15 (25%) patients. There was no relationship between visual field changes at 1 month and pressure increase, peak pressure, prelaser pressure, prelaser visual field indices, the use of timolol postlaser, or the pressure decrease or pressure level 1 month after laser treatment. From 1 to 6 months after laser trabeculoplasty the visual field parameters remained stable. Postlaser pressure spikes do not seem to damage the visual field providing they are detected and treated.
Diffuse visual field loss and glaucoma
Authors: Åsman Peter , Heijl Anders
Published: May 2009

Abstract. It is often claimed that general reduction, or diffuse loss, of perimetric sensitivity is an early sign of glaucoma. Our clinical experience and the results of a few other studies led us to believe otherwise. To investigate factors associated with diffuse field loss we reviewed 4222 Humphrey 30–2 threshold tests from 1582 eyes of 862 patients followed at our department. Most of these patients had ocular hypertension or glaucoma. Each field test was evaluated with the Glaucoma Hemifield Test of the Statpac 2 program. The Glaucoma Hemifield Test classifies field test results as within or outside normal limits regarding localized field loss and general shifts in sensitivity. General reduction of sensitivity without concomitant localized loss was found in 117 tests from 81 eyes of 69 patients. Corresponding patient records were found for 60 eyes of 60 patients. Media opacities or miotic therapy were noted in 46 eyes (77%), 10 eyes (17%) had end‐stage field loss, and in 2 eyes (3%) other non‐glaucomatous ocular pathology explained the diffuse loss of sensitivity. Thus, general reduction of differential light sensitivity as an isolated finding was almost always associated with reasons other than early to moderate glaucoma in this material mainly consisting of patients with glaucoma or increased intraocular pressure. Since only 2 out of the 1582 eyes had general reduction of sensitivity that was not explained by non‐glaucomatous reasons, we conclude that purely diffuse field loss was not a sign of glaucoma.
Oxyphil cell adenoma (oncocytoma) of the lacrimal sac Review of the literature
Authors: Domanski Henryk , Ljungberg Otto , Andersson Lars‐O. , Schele Bengt
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A case of oncocytoma of the lacrimal sac is presented. An 84‐year‐old woman with a mass in the lacrimal sac area and epiphora was operated with excision. Histological and electron microscopic examination revealed it to be an oncocytic adenoma. Oncocytic tumours of the lacrimal sac are very rare and to our knowledge this is the 14th case to be reported. Oncocytomas are composed of polyhedric cells with abundant oxyphil cytoplasm which is granular and contains large numbers of abnormal mitochondria. Non‐neoplastic oncocytes may arise from the secretory epithelium of the sac in various chronic inflammatory states. They may also occur at an old age, as a result of the normal aging process.
Echographic classification of intraocular tumours
Authors: Verbeek A. M. , Thijssen J. M. , Cuypers M. H. M. , Brink H. , Deutman A. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The data on echographic routine diagnosis of intraocular tumours (prominence equal to, or larger than 2 mm) during the years 1976–1990 in the authors' department, were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods, using the final diagnosis either from pathology after enucleation or from the confirmed clinical diagnosis. The material consisted of melanomas (n = 325), metastases (n = 44), haemangiomas (n = 19) and other intraocular tumours (n = 16). The best set of echographic parameters in descending order of significance was: reflectivity (A‐mode), choroidal excavation (B‐mode), shape (B‐mode), and regularity (A/B‐mode). Echographic differentiation by computer analysis of data on the three main kinds of tumours (melanoma/metastasis/haemangioma) separate from all the remaining tumours was expressed by the correct fraction: melanoma 89%, metastasis 80% and haemangioma 97%. The clinical echographic classification for these cases was 89%, 93% and 99.5%, respectively. The simultaneous differentiation between the three classes was found to yield a correct fraction of 85% by computer statistics and 95% by routine echography. The results of the present study might be used for prospective classification through the use of the parameter ‘knowledge base’ contained in the statistical classification procedure.
Potassium iodate retinopathy
Authors: Singalavanija Apichart , Dongosintr Ngamkae , Dulayajinda Dhaivadee
Published: May 2009

Abstract.A case of potassium iodate toxicity in a 22‐year‐old man was reported. After taking a solution of highly concentrated potassium iodate, the patient developed nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and blurred vision. The visual acuity was hand motion in both eyes. The funduscopic examination showed retinal edema with subsequent pigmentary change at the macula and retinal pigment clumping resembling retinitis pigmentosa. The fundus fluorescein angiography and electrophysiologic studies showed degenerative changes of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells.
Orbital myositis secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Serop S. , Vianna R. N. G. , Claeys M. , De Laey J. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A 41‐year‐old woman presented to our department with a 2‐year history of unilateral painful swelling of the right eye. Clinical and laboratory evaluation ruled out endocrine, infectious and neoplastic disorders, and suggested the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Echographic examination of the orbit and CT‐scan revealed enlargement of the lateral and inferior rectus muscles at the right side, and enlarged medical rectus muscle at the left side. Despite the involvement of the extraocular muscles the patient did not have any ocular motility defects nor diplopia. The condition responded rapidly to systemic corticosteroids associated with immunosuppressive agents.
Refraction and retinopathy in diabetic children below 16 years of age
Authors: Johansen J. , Sjølie A. K. , Eshøj O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a population‐based cross‐sectional study of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, 42 children ‐ with a median age of 11 years (range 7–15 years) and a median duration of diabetes of 4 years (range 1–12 years) ‐ underwent an ophthalmological and a biochemical examination (HbAlc). None of the children had visual loss due to diabetes, and only 4.8% had mild, non‐proliferative retinopathy. Using cycloplegic refractioning, we found low degree myopia (less than −2D) in 12% of the patients, whereas non‐mydriatic measurements increased the frequency of myopia to 29%. We therefore recommend the use of cycloplegia in refractive evaluations of diabetic children.
Endonasal CO2‐Nd: YAG laser dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Seppä Heikki , Grenman Reidar , Hartikainen Jouko
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A preliminary series of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy was carried out on 12 patients with nasolacrimal obstruction using a recently developed combined CO2‐Nd: YAG laser that was guided by a fiberoptic light pipe inserted into the lacrimal sac through lacrimal canaliculi. The lacrimal passages were stented using silicone tubing that was kept in place for 6 months postoperatively. At an average follow‐up time of 14.3 months the success rate was 83%. The advantages of the operation include a relatively short operation time, quick rehabilitation, absence of a skin wound, good hemostasis, and preservation of canthal anatomy.
Posterior corneal curvature and its influence on corneal dioptric power
Authors: Edmund Carsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract. An algorithm for estimation of the posterior corneal curvature is presented and applied on data from normal and keratoconic eyes. Radius of central posterior corneal curvature are demonstrated to be (mean ± sd) 6.71 ± 0.23 mm and 5.58 ± 0.78 mm in normals and keratoconic eyes, respectively. This corresponds to a ratio between posterior and anterior corneal curvature at 0.85 and 0.83 in the groups mentioned. Both these ratios are significantly smaller than the corresponding ratio at 0.88 in Gullstrand's schematic eye which on corneal dioptric power results in offset errors at 0.20D and 0.46D in normal and keratoconic eyes. It is further demonstrated that the ratio is not constant over the corneal surface, resulting in central peripheral dioptric offset errors between 0.2D and −0.31D in normals and between 0.46D and −0.38D in keratoconic eyes. On corneal dioptric power it is finally shown that a variation in the refractive index of aqueous humor has a 30 times larger influence than a similar variation in corneal refractive index.
Wound healing and myopic regression following photorefractive keratectomy
Authors: Fagerholm Per , Hamberg‐Nyström Helene , Tengroth Björn
Published: May 2009

Abstract Scrapings from the treated area of 17 patients who had undergone photorefractive keratectomy were analyzed. All patients had regressed to myopia and were scraped at the time of retreatment. Three scrapings from the epithelium of patients undergoing primary photorefractive keratectomy served as control. Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded, the specimens were sectioned and stained specifically for hyaluronic acid. Hematoxylin was used for counterstaining in all specimens. Scrapings revealed either epithelial hyperplasia (11 cases) or an increased amount of extracellular material (15 cases) or both (9 cases). Five of the specimens stained positive for hyaluronic acid. Four of these cases showed the highest degree of corneal haze. The latter suggests a role for hyaluronic acid formation in excessive wound healing, causing myopic regression. All patients had received prolonged topical steroid treatment, a measure that may suppress a normal occurrence of hyaluronic acid.
Treatment of corneal dystrophies with excimer laser
Authors: Örndahl Mats , Fagerholm Per , Fitzsimmons Thomas , Tengroth Björn
Published: May 2009

Abstract Thirty‐three eyes with different corneal dystrophies underwent phototherapeutic keratectomy to ablate corneal opacities, surface irregularities and corneal wounds. For most patients the treatment goal was to improve vision but also corneal woundhealing, glare problems and unstable refraction were indications for treatment. In 27 eyes with the treatment goal to improve vision, 23 improved 2 lines or more on the visual chart used. In none of the patients has the treatment led to a worsening of the condition. The mean follow‐up time was 9 months. Excimer laser ablation of corneal dystrophies seems to be a good treatment, which can improve visual functions considerably, heal corneal wounds and in this way postpone corneal grafting in many cases.
Full‐field electroretinograms in patients with central areolar choroidal dystrophy
Authors: Ponjavic Vesna , Andréasson Sten , Ehinger Berndt
Published: May 2009

Abstract Patients with central areolar choroidal dystrophy are often difficult to diagnose because they are similar in fundus appearance to other retinal disorders. Nineteen patients with the diagnosis were studied in order to estimate the diagnostic and prognostic value of full‐field electroretinography in this disorder. Our results showed that the cone b‐wave amplitude in the ERG is decreased, that there is a progression in this decrease during a follow‐up period of 5 years, and that the cone b‐wave implicit time is prolonged. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy is considered to be primarily a choroidal disease. Our results indicate that it also affects most or all of the retinal cones. Further, our observations suggest that the disease is slowly progressive and that full‐field electroretinography is of value in its early diagnosis.
Experimental myopia in chickens induced by corneal astigmatism
Authors: Shih Yung‐Feng , Ho Tzyy‐Chang , Chen Muh‐Shy , Lin Luke L. K. , Wang Peng‐Cherng , Hou Ping‐Kang
Published: May 2009

Abstract Astigmatism has been suggested to be an important factor in the production and/or progression of myopia. Chickens have been used as a myopic animal model for several years. In the present investigation our aim was to evaluate the importance of surgically induced corneal astigmatism by peripheral corneal incision with compression suture in one eye, the right, of 3‐day‐old chicks. Vertical incision (2 mm) with compression suture (nylon 9‐0, one stitch) induces against‐the‐rule astigmatism, horizontal incision with compression induces with‐the‐rule astigmatism. Four groups were studied 1) with one vertical cut, 2) one horizontal cut, 3) two vertical cuts, 4) two horizontal cuts. The eyes were measured by caliper after 8 weeks. Eye enlargements were induced in all groups, however, less by one cut (astigmatism around 5 diopters) than by two cuts (astigmatism 10 diopters, or more). In the latter groups the pattern of equatorial eye enlargement dependend on the axis of the induced astigmatism, the greater elongation being associated with the strongest refracting corneal meridian. All considered, the results suggest that significant corneal astigmatism could be another factor in the production of myopia, possibly acting by way of optical degradation of retinal image quality.
Retinal maculopathy possibly associated with amiodarone medication
Authors: Thystrup Jan D. , Fledelius Hans C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A report is given on a 59‐year‐old female who acquired a wet maculopathy in her only seeing eye during amiodarone therapy given for a cardiac disorder. After withdrawal of the drug and subsequent central retinal laser therapy her visual acuity stabilized at 0.7 (follow‐up time 6 years). With no similar reports in literature, it is suggested that the association between amiodarone therapy and the central retinopathy was accidental only.
Waardenburg's syndrome and pituitary tumor
Authors: Kimura Hideya , du Pre Gauntt Chiaki , Kashii Satoshi
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 57‐year‐old woman with Waardenburg's syndrome presented with a 2‐month history of decreased vision in the right eye. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies for the brain disclosed a large suprasellar cystic lesion compressing the optic chiasm upwards. The association of Waardenburg's syndrome with pituitary tumor is rare, and may be fortuitous. However, it is interesting to note that both disorders are derived from the same embryological origin.
Novel ABC Transporter Gene,
vga
(C), Located on a Multiresistance Plasmid from a Porcine Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
ST398 Strain
Authors: Kadlec Kristina , Schwarz Stefan
Published: May 2009

A novel ABC transporter gene,
vga
(C), was identified on the 14,365-bp multiresistance plasmid pKKS825 in a porcine methicillin (meticillin)-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
isolate of sequence type 398. The
vga
(C) gene encodes a 523-amino-acid protein which confers resistance not only to streptogramin A antibiotics but also to lincosamides and pleuromutilins. Plasmid pKKS825 also carries the resistance genes
aadD
,
tet
(L), and
dfrK
, which may enable the coselection of
vga
(C) under selective pressure by kanamycin/neomycin, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim.
Doctors’ views of attitudes towards peer medical error
Authors: Asghari F , Fotouhi A , Jafarian A
Published: May 2009

Background

This study aims at evaluating doctors’ attitudes towards handling medical errors made by their peers.

Materials

This cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted between April and July 2006 and targeted general practitioners attending continuing medical education programmes in Tehran. A total of 474 doctors were approached, 400 of whom completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire contained a clinical vignette with three hypothetical patient outcomes: near-miss, leading to harm, and leading to death. The participants were asked how they would deal with each case. They were also asked how they would prefer their peers to react when they themselves made a medical error.

Results

The most common attitude toward peers’ medical errors was reporting it to the original doctor and asking them to disclose it to the patient (near-miss: 63.0%; 95% CI 58% to 68%; leading to harm: 70.0%; 95% CI 65.4% to 74.6%; and leading to death: 62.5%; 95% CI 57.5% to 67.5%). In most cases, doctors expected their peers to report their medical errors to them (92.7%; 95% CI 89.7% to 93.0). About 67% of the participating doctors had encountered a peer’s medical error in the past 6 months, although 90% of them had received no or very little training in dealing with this issue.

Discussion

The most acceptable approach to dealing with a peer’s medical error is to report it to the responsible doctor and encourage them to disclose it to the patient.
Biogeographic distributions and environmental controls of stream diatoms in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Antoniades Dermot , Douglas Marianne S.V. , Smol John P.
Published: May 2009

Streams are amongst the most sensitive ecosystems in Arctic regions to environmental change. Although diatoms are excellent indicators of environmental change, little information is available about stream diatom distributions across the vast Canadian High Arctic. We sampled 42 streams from nine islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to study their diatom floras and evaluate the influences of biogeographic and environmental variables on species distributions. Highly divergent diatom communities were identified, with 100% species overturn between the most dissimilar communities. Taxa including Hannaea arcus (Ehrenberg) Patrick were characteristic of streams from all regions; other common taxa included Nitzschia perminuta (Grunow) Peragallo, Rossithidium petersenii (Hustedt) Round & Bukhtiyarova, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, and Eucocconeis laevis (Østrup) H. Lange-Bertalot. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that diatom assemblages were significantly related to differences in pH, temperature, latitude, and longitude, which together explained 14.7% of species variability. Analysis of similarities indicated that communities did not differ significantly between epilithic and epiphytic samples and that there were weak but significant differences between the diatom communities in our three regions. These data provide important baseline information for future biomonitoring efforts as well as for paleolimnological studies of past stream hydrology.
Participation of abscisic acid and gibberellins produced by endophyticAzospirillumin the alleviation of drought effects in maize
Authors: Cohen Ana C. , Travaglia Claudia N. , Bottini Rubén , Piccoli Patricia N.
Published: May 2009

Azospirillum spp. are plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) that enhance growth by several mechanisms, including the production of phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellins (GAs). Their presence may also alleviate plant water stress. In the present paper, the effects of Azospirillum lipoferum in maize ( Zea mays  L.) plants treated with inhibitors of ABA and GA synthesis, fluridone (F) and prohexadione-Ca (P), respectively, and either submitted to drought stress or provided sufficient water, were analysed. Fluridone diminished the growth of plants that had been well watered, in a manner similar to drought, but inoculation with Azospirillum completely reversed this effect. The relative water content of the F-treated and drought-stressed plants was significantly lower (even though drought-stressed plants had been allowed to recover for one week), and this effect was completely neutralized by Azospirillum. These results were correlated with ABA levels assessed by GC-EIMS. Growth was diminished in drought-submitted plants treated with P, alone or combined with F, even though ABA levels were enhanced, suggesting that GAs produced by the bacterium are also important in stress alleviation. The results suggest that both ABA and GAs contribute to water-stress alleviation of plants by Azospirillum.
Degree of tapering of xylem conduits in stems and roots of small Pinus cembra and Larix decidua trees
Authors: Petit Giai , Anfodillo Tommaso , De Zan Carlo
Published: May 2009

Xylem conduits increase in size from the apex downwards. While conduit tapering in the stem has often been reported to converge towards a common pattern among all plants, information on conduit tapering in small plants and roots is extremely scarce. We selected 10 small trees (height < 3 m) of Pinus cembra  L. and Larix decidua Miller along an altitudinal gradient and measured diameter and conduit dimensions along stems and roots in the last annual ring. Sections of 10 µm were cut from wooden disks taken at different heights in the stem and in the roots and then stained with safranine. Slides were observed under a microscope, the lumen areas of conduits were measured and mean hydraulic diameters (Dh) calculated. Dh increased from stem tip (Dh at 1 cm from the apex averaged 10.75 µm; s = 2.33) to base (Dh from 20.70 to 30.54 µm), following a power trajectory (i.e., Dh = a·Lb, with L being the distance from the tip). Such degrees of conduit tapering may have a considerable effect in minimizing the hydraulic constraints. Despite trees at the treeline being older and smaller than in the subalpine forest (age: 28–70 years at the treeline; 18–39 years in the subalpine forest), conduit tapering did not differ significantly between sites, suggesting that tree height is the main factor controlling the basipetal increase in conduit lumens. In the roots, the increase in conduit dimensions continued towards their tips, even more steeply than in the stem. The widest conduits were measured around the root tips (around 40 µm). Conduit tapering resulted as a stable structural feature in small plants as well as in tall trees.
Steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain protein 5 localization and regulation in renal tubules
Authors: Chen Yu-Chyu , Meier Renate K. , Zheng Shirong , Khundmiri Syed J. , Tseng Michael T. , Lederer Eleanor D. , Epstein Paul N. , Clark Barbara J.
Published: May 2009

STARD5 is a cytosolic sterol transport protein that is predominantly expressed in liver and kidney. This study provides the first report on STARD5 protein expression and distribution in mouse kidney. Immunohistochemical analysis of C57BL/6J mouse kidney sections revealed that STARD5 is expressed in tubular cells within the renal cortex and medullar regions with no detectable staining within the glomeruli. Within the epithelial cells of proximal renal tubules, STARD5 is present in the cytoplasm with high staining intensity along the apical brush-border membrane. Transmission electronmicroscopy of a renal proximal tubule revealed STARD5 is abundant at the basal domain of the microvilli and localizes mainly in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with undetectable staining in the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Confocal microscopy of STARD5 distribution in HK-2 human proximal tubule cells showed a diffuse punctuate pattern that is distinct from the early endosome marker EEA1 but similar to the ER membrane marker GRP78. Treatment of HK-2 cells with inducers of ER stress increased STARD5 mRNA expression and resulted in redistribution of STARD5 protein to the perinuclear and cell periphery regions. Since recent reports show elevated ER stress response gene expression and increased lipid levels in kidneys from diabetic rodent models, we tested STARD5 and cholesterol levels in kidneys from the OVE26 type I diabetic mouse model. Stard5 mRNA and protein levels are increased 2.8- and 1.5-fold, respectively, in OVE26 diabetic kidneys relative to FVB control kidneys. Renal free cholesterol levels are 44% elevated in the OVE26 mice. Together, our data support STARD5 functioning in kidney, specifically within proximal tubule cells, and suggest a role in ER-associated cholesterol transport.
Tone-Specific and Nonspecific Plasticity of Inferior Colliculus Elicited by Pseudo-Conditioning: Role of Acetylcholine and Auditory and Somatosensory Cortices
Authors: Ji Weiqing , Suga Nobuo
Published: May 2009

Experience-dependent plasticity in the central sensory systems depends on activation of both the sensory and neuromodulatory systems. Sensitization or nonspecific augmentation of central auditory neurons elicited by pseudo-conditioning with unpaired conditioning tonal (CS) and unconditioned electric leg (US) stimuli is quite different from tone-specific plasticity, called best frequency (BF) shifts, of the neurons elicited by auditory fear conditioning with paired CS and US. Therefore the neural circuits eliciting the nonspecific augmentation must be different from that eliciting the BF shifts. We first examined plastic changes in the response properties of collicular neurons of the big brown bat elicited by pseudo-conditioning and found that it elicited prominent nonspecific augmentation—an auditory response increase, a frequency-tuning broadening, and a threshold decreas—and that, in addition, it elicited a small short-lasting BF shift only when the CS frequency was 5 kHz lower than the BF of a recorded neuron. We examined the role of acetylcholine and the auditory and somatosensory cortices in these collicular changes. The development of the nonspecific augmentation was affected little by a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist applied to the inferior colliculus and by a GABAA receptor agonist applied to the auditory or somatosensory cortex. However, these drugs abolished the small short-lasting BF shift as they abolished the large long-lasting cortical and short-lasting collicular BF shifts elicited by the conditioning. These results indicate that, different from the BF shift, the nonspecific augmentation of the inferior colliculus depends on neither the cholinergic neuromodulator nor the auditory and somatosensory cortices.
Maternal History and Uterine Artery Doppler in the Assessment of Risk for Development of Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Llurba Elisa , Carreras Elena , Gratacós Eduard , Juan Miquel , Astor Judith , Vives Angels , Hermosilla Eduard , Calero Ines , Millán Pilar , García-Valdecasas Bárbara , Cabero Lluís
Published: May 2009

Objective. To examine the value of one-step uterine artery Doppler at 20 weeks of gestation in the prediction pre-eclampsia (PE) and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).Methods. A prospective multicentre study that included all women with singleton pregnancies at 19–22 weeks of gestation (w). The mean pulsatility index (mPI) of both uterine arteries was calculated. Receiver-operating characteristics curves (ROC) were drawn to compare uterine artery Doppler and maternal risk factors for the prediction of early-onset PE and/or IUGR (before 32 w) and late-onset PE and/or IUGR.Results. 6,586 women were included in the study. Complete outcome data was recorded for 6,035 of these women (91.6%). PE developed in 75 (1.2%) and IUGR in 69 (1.1%) cases. Uterine Doppler mPI was 0.99 and the 90th centile was 1.40. For 10% false-positive rate, uterine Doppler mPI identified 70.6% of pregnancies that subsequently developed early-onset PE and 73.3% of pregnancies that developed early-onset IUGR. The test had a lower detection rate for the late-onset forms of the disease (23.5% for PE and 30% for IUGR). Maternal history has a low sensitivity in the detection of early-onset cases, although it is better at detecting late-onset PE.Conclusion. Uterine artery Doppler and maternal risk factors seem to select two different populations - early and late-onset PE which might suggest a different pathogenesis.
Effects of Electrolyte on Floating Water Bridge
Authors: Nishiumi Hideo , Honda Fumitaka
Published: May 2009

Fuchs found phenomena that when high voltage is applied to deionized water filled in two contacted beakers, a floating water bridge forms
spontaneously. In this paper, we examined flow direction of water bridge and what effects the addition of electrolytes such as NaCl, NaOH, and NH4Cl to the floating water bridge would give. We found that ionization degree reduced the length of water bridge though insoluble electrolyte Al2O3 had no effect on the length of water bridge.
Evaluation of the Risk of Spreading Endometrial Cell by Hysteroscopy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Damião Rievani de Sousa , Lopes Reginaldo Guedes Coelho , Santos Emilly Serapião dos , Lippi Umberto Gazzi , Fonseca Eduardo Borges da
Published: May 2009

Objective. The aim was to assess the intraperitoneal spread of endometrial cells during hysteroscopy.Study Design. Seventy-six women were submitted to a hysteroscopy with under a low pressure. Group 1 had not previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer, and group 2 had previous diagnosis of endometrial cancer (stage I-92.3%). Two peritoneal washing samples were taken before (PW1) and immediately after (PW2) the procedure. The dissemination for the peritoneal cavity was defined by the presence of endometrial cells in the PW2; such cells should be absent in WP1.Results. Four patients were excluded for presenting endometrial cells in PW1. In the 72 patients left, there was no passage of cells for the peritoneal cavity. In group 1, 88% presented secretory endometrial phase with correlation of 80% between hysteroscopy and biopsy.Conclusion. Hysteroscopy performed under a low pressure of does not cause spreading of endometrial cells into the peritoneal cavity.
Pediatric Migraine
Authors: Shah Ubaid Hameed , Kalra Veena
Published: May 2009

Migraine is the most common cause of acute recurrent headaches in children. The pathophysiological concepts have evolved from a purely vascular etiology to a neuroinflammatory process. Clinical evaluation is the mainstay of diagnosis and should also include family history. Investigations help to rule out secondary causes. The role of new drugs in treatment of migraine is discussed and trials are quoted from literature. Indications for starting prophylaxis should be evaluated based on frequency of attacks and influence on quality of life. For management of acute attacks of migraine both acetaminophen and ibuprofen are recommended for use in children. Many drugs like antiepileptic drugs (AED), calcium channel blockers, and antidepressants have been used for prophylaxis of migraine in children. The data for use of newer drugs for migraine in children is limited, though AEDs are emerging a popular choice. Biofeedback and other nonmedicinal therapies are being used with promising results.
Do Nitrogen Concentration and Forage Quality of the MossRacomitrium lanuginosumIncrease with Latitude?
Authors: Speed J. D. M. , van der Wal R. , Woodin S. J.
Published: May 2009

Mosses are an important component of high latitude ecosystems, contributing the majority of the plant biomass in many communities. In Arctic regions mosses also form a substantial part of the diet of many herbivore species. This may reflect either the availability of moss or its quality as forage. Here we test whether the nitrogen concentration and forage quality of the mossRacomitrium lanuginosumincrease with latitude and discuss the findings with reference to herbivore utilisation of moss in the Arctic. In contrast to vascular plants, moss nitrogen concentration significantly decreased with latitude (P<.01), in line with estimates of N deposition at the sampling sites. In addition, no evidence of an increase in nutritional quality of moss with latitude was observed; thus, this study suggests that the utilisation of moss by herbivores in arctic ecosystems maybe a function of their relatively high biomass rather than their quality as forage.
Callable Russian Options and Their Optimal Boundaries
Authors: Suzuki Atsuo , Sawaki Katsushige
Published: May 2009

We deal with the pricing of callable Russian options. A callable Russian option
is a contract in which both of the seller and the buyer have the rights to cancel and to exercise at any time,
respectively. The pricing of such an option can be formulated as an optimal stopping problem between the
seller and the buyer, and is analyzed as Dynkin game. We derive the value function of callable Russian
options and their optimal boundaries.
Platelet Thromboembolism after Lung Transplantation
Authors: Bravo Carles , Majó Joaquim , Ruiz Fernando , Muntaner Laura , Monforte Víctor , Solé Joan , Maestre José , Morell Ferran , Roman Antonio
Published: May 2009

Lung transplant patients have an increased risk of pulmonary embolism which is often associated with hypercoagulability disorders. We present a case of sudden death resulting from pulmonary intravascular platelet thromboembolism following a single-lung transplant.
An Application of a Game Development Framework inHigher Education
Authors: Wang Alf Inge , Wu Bian
Published: May 2009

This paper describes how a game development framework was used as a learning aid in a software engineering
. Games can be used within higher education in various ways to promote student participation, enable variation in how lectures are taught, and improve student interest. In this paper, we describe a case study at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) where a game development framework was applied to make students learn software architecture by developing a computer game. We provide a model for how game development frameworks can be integrated with a software engineering or computer science course. We describe important requirements to consider when choosing a game development framework for a course and an evaluation of four frameworks based on these requirements. Further, we describe some extensions we made to the existing game development framework to let the students focus more on software architectural issues than the technical implementation issues. Finally, we describe a case study of how a game development framework was integrated in a software architecture course and the experiences from doing so.
Natural Progression of Biochemical Markers of Biliary Tract Obstruction in Patients with Gallstone Pancreatitis
Authors: Petrosyan Mikael , Estrada Joaquin J. , Chan Sirius , Rosen Heather , Berne Thomas V. , Mason Rodney J.
Published: May 2009

The presenting pattern and natural progression of biochemical markers of biliary tract obstruction in patients with gallstone pancreatitis have not been elucidated. We analyzed serial values of bilirubin levels following admission to discharge in 143 patients. Ninety-four of patients demonstrated a Decrescendo (falling) pattern of bilirubin levels from admission until normalization at 21 hours (median). Forty-nine patients demonstrated a Crescendo-Decrescendo (initially rising) pattern with peak levels of bilirubin occurring at 39 hours after admission followed by a subsequent normalization after a median of 119 hours. Patients in the Decrescendo group were significantly younger (33 versus 41 years,P=.02) and more patients had experienced symptoms for greater than 48 hours (65% versus 47%,P=.05). Ten percent of patients in the Decrescendo group and 29% of patients in the Crescendo-Decrescendo group underwent ERCP (P=.02). Normalization of biochemical markers after ERCP was significantly delayed in both groups compared to no ERCP. Older patients present earlier, with higher bilirubin levels and normalize slower than younger patients, perhaps due to fibrosis of the ampulla and decreased compliance of the common bile duct. Patients who disobstruct spontaneously (90%) normalize quicker than patients undergoing ERCP.