bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of 10 microsatellite loci in the spiny‐tailed iguana Ctenosaura hemilopha
Authors: BLÁZQUEZ M. C. , RODRÍGUEZ ESTRELLA R. , MUNGUÍA VEGA A.
Published: May 2006

Ten microsatellite loci were developed for the Baja California spiny‐tailed iguana Ctenosaura hemilopha, using an enriched genomic DNA library. In the Cerralvo Island population, seven loci were polymorphic and presented moderate levels of variation. Number of alleles ranged from two to eight (average 4.43), and observed heterozygosity from 0.150 to 0.857 (average 0.492). Polymorphism was detected at six loci on C. hemilopha individuals from the southern Baja California Peninsula. These markers will be useful to study familiar relationships and behaviour on the Cerralvo Island population.
PCR primers for polymorphic microsatellite loci in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: YASSIN YOSUF A. , HEIST EDWARD J. , IBRAHIM KAMAL M.
Published: May 2006

Nine pairs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers that amplify polymorphic microsatellite loci in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), were developed using a magnetic bead‐based enrichment protocol. A sample of 48 locusts collected during the 1993 and 1995 upsurge periods in Eritrea, East Africa, were genotyped. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 20; the average was 12.67. Allelic distributions were significantly different between samples from different localities.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the Amazonian blackwing hatchetfish, Carnegiella marthae (Teleostei, Gasteropelecidae)
Authors: BEHEREGARAY L. B. , PIGGOTT M. , CHAO N. L. , CACCONE A.
Published: May 2006

The blackwing hatchetfish, Carnegiella marthae, is a small characin species distributed in forest streams of the Negro and upper Orinoco River basins in Amazonia. Freshwater hatchetfish are popular in the aquarium trade and represent an economic resource for the riverine people from middle Rio Negro, in Brazil. We isolated and characterized seven microsatellite DNA loci for the blackwing hatchetfish. Number of alleles and heterozygosity per locus in a sample of 30 fish ranged from three to 17 and from 0.19 to 0.87, respectively. These microsatellite loci provide powerful markers for studies on taxonomy, management and phylogeographic history of Amazonian hatchetfish.
Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers for the white‐breasted thrasher, Ramphocinclus brachyurus
Authors: JIN LI , TEMPLE HELEN JANE , HOFFMAN JOSEPH IVAN , TAN SHENGJIANG , AMOS WILLIAM
Published: May 2006

We isolated and characterized six polymorphic microsatellite markers for the white‐breasted thrasher from genomic libraries enriched for (AC)n, (GT)n, (CAAA)n, (TTTC)n, (GAC)n, (CT)n and (TTTG)n microsatellites. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven. Observed heterozygosity (HO) ranged from 0.30 to 0.85.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in endangered Astrophytum asterias (Cactaceae)
Authors: TERRY MARTIN , PEPPER ALAN E. , MANHART JAMES R.
Published: May 2006

We report the development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the endangered North American cactus Astrophytum asterias (Cactaceae). Six loci, averaging 8.5 alleles per locus, were found to amplify genomic DNA consistently in 94 individuals from four geographically defined demes in South Texas. These markers will permit the generation of appropriate data for estimating population genetic parameters, population structure and the degree of inbreeding in the small, fragmented populations of A. asterias that currently exist. These are the first microsatellites reported for the genus Astrophytum and for the tribe Cacteae.
Isolation of simple and compound polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellites for the neotropical leaflitter frog Eleutherodactylus ockendeni (Leptodactylidae)
Authors: ELMER KATHRYN R. , DÁVILA JOSÉ A. , LOUGHEED STEPHEN C.
Published: May 2006

Few studies of population structure and genetic diversity exist for frogs in the Amazon of South America, an area renowned for exceptionally high species richness. We isolated seven highly variable tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the neotropical leaflitter frog, Eleutherodactylus ockendeni using an enrichment method. Three of the repeats are simple, three are compound and one is imperfect. We screened all loci with 175 individuals from one geographical area in the upper Napo of Ecuador and found high polymorphism in all loci (> 14 alleles/locus). These markers are suitable for population genetics studies of E. ockendeni and perhaps other leaflitter frogs of the same genus.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the Eucalyptus leaf pathogen Mycosphaerella nubilosa
Authors: HUNTER GAVIN C. , CORTINAS MARIA NOEL , WINGFIELD BRENDA D. , CROUS PEDRO W. , WINGFIELD MICHAEL J.
Published: May 2006

Mycosphaerella nubilosa is one of the most important Eucalyptus leaf pathogens, causing premature defoliation and stunting of growth. The aim of this study was to develop polymorphic microsatellite markers for M. nubilosa. Fifteen primer sets were developed and evaluated for polymorphism. Two primers were monomorphic, three primers did not amplify the desired region and 10 primer pairs were polymorphic. These microsatellite markers will be applied to population biology studies of M. nubilosa collections from several countries. These studies will promote an understanding of the genetics and the global movement of M. nubilosa that is severely limiting plantation development.
Isolation and characterization of two different 5S rDNA in Anguilla anguilla and in Anguilla rostrata: possible markers of evolutionary divergence
Authors: PICHIRI GIUSEPPINA , NIEDDU MARIELLA , MANCONI SARA , CASU CINZIA , CONI PIERPAOLO , SALVADORI SUSANNA , MEZZANOTTE ROBERTO
Published: May 2006

We cloned and sequenced the HaeIII 350‐bp 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) band of Anguilla rostrata and designed specific primers from this sequence. Polymerase chain reaction performed with these primers is able to distinguish DNA samples obtained from European (Anguilla anguilla) and American (Anguilla rostrata) eels. Two amplicons of 1200 bp and 600 bp were obtained, respectively, from A. rostrata and A. anguilla, and the whole 5S rDNA repeated unit from these eels was cloned and sequenced. Southern blot experiments, using four different restriction enzymes and the 5S nontranscribed spacers regions as probe, are able to point out specific diversity in these eels.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers in an Australian freshwater fish, southern pygmy perch Nannoperca australis
Authors: COOK B. D. , MA J. , HILLYER M. J. , SONG S. D. , HUGHES J. M.
Published: May 2006

Five microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the southern pygmy perch, Nannoperca australis, a regionally vulnerable Australian freshwater fish. Screening of 22 individuals from southeastern Australia revealed four to 15 alleles per locus, and observed levels of heterozygosity ranged from 0.09 to 0.45. All loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg proportions and were in linkage equilibrium.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) wildflowers
Authors: WU CARRIE A.
Published: May 2006

Members of the Ipomopsis aggregata species complex in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae) often hybridize when they occur in sympatry, and thus have been extensively studied to examine processes involved in plant speciation. I developed 12 microsatellite loci in I. aggregata that are also polymorphic in closely related Ipomopsis tenuituba, producing an average of eight alleles per locus in test populations of 12 individuals per species. Several of these markers also successfully amplified in other Ipomopsis species and more distant members of the Polemoniaceae, suggesting they should prove useful for a broad range of evolutionary studies in this widely distributed system.
Development of multiple dominant markers by using Vectorette PCR‐based nonradioactive transposable element display
Authors: WANG JIANJUN , MILLER THOMAS A. , PARK YOONSEONG
Published: May 2006

Transposable element (TE) display is a method exhibiting the insertion site variations of TE, serving for multiple dominant markers. We report an improved TE display method evaluated by testing inheritance pattern of the TE insertion sites in two different piggyBac‐like elements in a lepidopteran insect tobacco budworm. The specificity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method was confirmed by sequencing randomly chosen a total of 15 bands all revealing the junctions between TE‐end and the flanking sequence. The improved method removes the steps in the conventional TE display method using radiolabelled primers and running denaturing gel, saving time and costs.
Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Neotropical fish Prochilodus argenteus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae)
Authors: BARBOSA ANNA C. D. R. , CORRÊA THAÍS C. , GALZERANI FELIPE , GALETTI PEDRO M. , HATANAKA TERUMI
Published: May 2006

Prochilodus species inhabit the main river systems of South America and usually present commercial value to inland fishing. In the present study, we describe the isolation and characterization of 13 novel microsatellite loci in Prochilodus argenteus. The number of alleles per polymorphic locus varied from four to 22 and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.333 to 0.893. Additionally, cross‐species amplification was successful in two other Prochilodus species. These loci will be useful for studies of the population genetic structure in this fish group.
The ‘Peter Pan’ of Australian Economic Policy Research
Authors: HUNTER BOYD H.
Published: May 2006

The classic book by J.M. Barrie finishes with Peter Pan inviting the audience to believe in fairies lest more fairies die. Bob Gregory almost invariably invites his audience to believe in economic research – his infectious enthusiasm for ideas is part of it, but he also invites the audience/reader to suspend disbelief, and to accompany him on a journey in hyper‐reality of economic research. The analogy of Bob to Peter Pan is developed by reference to my collaborations with Bob during and after my doctoral thesis. Unless social science research creatively explores possibilities with imagination, the overall quality of research dies.
How Does Marriage Affect the Wages of Men in Australia?*
Authors: BIRCH ELISA ROSE , MILLER PAUL W.
Published: May 2006

This paper investigates how marriage affects the wages of men in Australia. It finds that there are wage advantages associated with marriage, although men benefit most, in terms of wages, from being married to a more highly educated woman. This advantage is greater where the wife does not work. These findings are more aligned with human capital theory than with assortative mating theory. The focus on the family reflects many of Bob Gregory's contributions, including his study in the Journal of Labor Economics in 2005 (Meng & Gregory 2005).
The Gregory Thesis Visits the Tropics*
Authors: WARR PETER
Published: May 2006

A concern about large, export‐orientated projects relates to the flows of foreign exchange into the domestic economy that they produce. These flows occur both during the investment phase of the project and subsequently during its operational phase, through export earnings. Foreign exchange inflows produce direct benefits for some groups, but may also indirectly harm others, through an appreciation of the real exchange rate. These indirect outcomes, known as the ‘Gregory effect’ in Australia and as the ‘Dutch disease’ or ‘booming sector’ effect elsewhere, are studied in this paper in the context of a large infrastructure project in Laos.
From Golden Age to Golden Age: Australia's ‘Great Leap Forward’?*
Authors: FRIJTERS PAUL , GREGORY ROBERT
Published: May 2006

The 25 years after World War II witnessed strong labour market institutions and beneficial labour market outcomes – high wage growth and integration of low‐skilled immigrants. Then came the macro shocks of the mid‐1970s. Labour market outcomes deteriorated as full‐time employment–population ratios fell, particularly among men; unemployment and welfare use increased; and real wages grew slowly. The golden age passed. In response, successive governments have increasingly begun to dismantle the institutional framework. We address this transition within a simple long‐run graphical framework to help us marshal facts and arguments and to discuss the likely impact of institutional reform.
Aristocratic and Gentry Women, 1460–1640
Authors: Harris Barbara J.
Published: May 2006

This essay surveys both the external and internal developments that have shaped work on late medieval and early modern English aristocratic women in the last century. Feminism and the position of women have played a crucial role in determining the level of interest in and interpretations of the subject. The development of related fields such as family history, feminist theory, and women’s studies has also profoundly affected the evolution of the field and current work on it.
Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists: A Brief Historiographical Inquiry
Authors: McCloud Nedra
Published: May 2006

The historiography of the rise and fall of Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists has been lively since the 1930s. The months of parliamentary debate that followed the fascist and communist violence at Mosley’s BUF rally of June 1934 at Olympia Hall in Hammersmith, London generated much soul‐searching about the role of the state in keeping order in the public political arena in Britain. The significance of that “Olympia debate” in parliament and the press has itself been contested in the 1990s and in the first decade of the twenty‐first century. Of late, social historians such as Julie Gottlieb have begun examining the phenomenon of British fascism by asking whether the female of the species is, after all, the more gentle and merciful of the two genders in regard to violent and racist social eruptions. With the recent release of private and governmental papers concerning Mosley and his movement, scholars are finding British fascism well worth further inquiry.
Atrial Tachycardia Originating from the Upper Left Atrial Septum: Demonstration of Transseptal Interatrial Conduction Using the Infolded Atrial Walls
Authors: KUMAGAI KOJI , SUZUKI FUMIO , AONUMA KAZUTAKA , SHIMOKAWA HIROAKI
Published: May 2006

We report a rare case of atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the upper left atrial septum. Electroanatomic mapping of both atria demonstrated that the earliest atrial activation during AT occurred at the upper left atrial septum 26 msec before the onset of the P wave, followed by the mid‐right atrial septum (10 msec before the onset of the P wave) and then the upper right atrial septum just adjacent to the left septal AT site (1 msec before the onset of the P wave), indicating detour pathway conduction from the upper left to the upper right atrium. Embryologically, it was suggested that the superior components of the secondary atrial septum are made by the infolded atrial walls and could develop a transseptal detour pathway involving the left‐side atrial septal musculature, the superior rim of the oval fossa and the right‐side atrial septal musculature. A single radiofrequency application targeting the upper left atrial septum successfully abolished the AT.
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia in Two Siblings with Wolfram Syndrome
Authors: FRISCH DANIEL R. , KWAKU KEVIN F. , ALLOCCO DOMINIC J. , ZIMETBAUM PETER J.
Published: May 2006

This is a case of two siblings with the autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome who both have documented atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). This is the first report to our knowledge that links AVNRT to a syndrome in which the putative gene has been identified.
Food Vacuole Contents in the Ciliate, Balantidium jocularum (Balantididae), a Symbiont in the Intestine of the Surgeonfish, Naso tonganus (Acanthuridae)
Authors: NORMAN GRIM J.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT. During the past 16 years, the ciliate Balantidium jocularum has been collected from the intestines of many specimens of its fish host, Naso tonganus, all collected from the Great Barrier Reef near Lizard Island, Australia. Ciliates for this study of food consumption were isolated in 1988, 1989, 2003, and 2005. Nineteen specimens of B. jocularum were examined in the transmission electron microscope to determine the contents of both food vacuoles and a putative discharging cytoproct vacuole. Food vacuoles contained rod‐shaped bacteria, tightly coiled spirilliform bacteria, and one or more euglenid flagellates. In several balantidia of somewhat different form than the type species of B. jocularum, the large bacterium, Epulopiscium fishelsoni, was observed in light microscope protargol preparations. Some putative phagolysosomes retained spirilliform bacteria that were apparently intact, and others contained partially digested flagellates. Food in a single discharging cytoproct vacuole consisted of normal appearing spirilliform bacteria, some other bacteria, and no flagellates. The results argue for non‐selective ingestion of food and selective digestion; hence, somewhat inefficient food processing.
The Density and Diversity of Gymnamoebae Associated with Terrestrial Moss Communities (Bryophyta: Bryopsida) in a Northeastern U.S. Forest
Authors: ROGER ANDERSON O.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT. Moss communities are commonly found in temperate forests and form a nearly continuous understory in some high latitude forests. However, little is known about the microbial component of these communities, especially the non‐testate amoeboid protists. Fifty morphospecies of naked amoebae were identified in samples collected at eight sites in a northeastern North American forest. The mean number (±SE) of morphospecies found per sample site based on laboratory cultures was 17±2.1. The density of amoebae expressed as number/g dry weight of moss ranged from 3.5±0.04 × 103 to 4.3±0.2 × 104 and was positively correlated with the moss moisture content (r=0.9, P<0.001, df=26). Densities of gymnamoebae in the moss are generally higher than found in the surrounding soil, but this may be due in part to the greater weight of soil per unit volume compared with moss. The percentage of encysted forms was inversely related to the moisture content of the moss sample.
Absence of Dihydropteroate Synthase Mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii from Brazilian AIDS Patients
Authors: WISSMANN GUSTAVO , ALVAREZ‐MARTINEZ MÍRIAM J. , MESHNICK STEVEN R. , DIHEL ADA R. S. , PROLLA JOÃO C.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT. Several studies from developed countries have documented the association between trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis failure and mutations in the Pneumocystis jirovecii gene coding for dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). DNA was extracted from Giemsa‐stained smears of 70 patients with P. jirovecii pneumonia seen in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from 1997 to 2004. Successful PCR amplification of the DHPS locus was obtained in 57 of 70 cases (81.4%), including five cases (8.7%) that had used sulfa prophylaxis. No DHPS gene mutations were seen. These results suggest that DHPS mutations are currently as rare in Brazil as in other developing countries.
IgG2 containing IgM–IgG immune complexes predominate in normal human plasma, but not in plasma of patients with warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Authors: Stahl Dorothea , Sibrowski Walter
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  The different physicochemical and sterical properties of IgG subclasses may favour a selective enrichment of defined IgG subclasses in IgM–IgG immune complexes (IC) of human plasma under physiological conditions. Such enrichment of IgG subclasses in IgM–IgG IC of plasma may differ from the normal IgG subclass distribution in plasma itself, and contribute to the physiological functions of IgM–IgG IC. Systematic studies on the IgG subclass distribution in IgM–IgG IC in humans are lacking. Using specific analytical techniques to characterise IgM–IgG IC in human plasma (i.e. fast protein liquid chromatography, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, affinity biosensor technology), and taking warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (WAIHA) of humans as a disease model, we here demonstrate that: (i) IgG2 is the predominant IgG subclass in IgM–IgG IC under physiological conditions, (ii) the predominance of IgG2 within IgM–IgG IC may get lost in polyclonal IgG‐mediated autoimmune disease and (iii) the IgG subclass distribution in IgM–IgG IC influences the interaction between IC and blood cells involved in antigen presentation. The data presented here therefore extend the physiological function of IgG2, which is the protective immune response towards carbohydrate antigens in bacterial infections, and suggest IgG2‐dependent regulation of immune responses to self‐immunoglobulin in humans. The disturbed IgG subclass distribution in IgM–IgG IC of patients with WAIHA might influence activity of self‐reactive B cells involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Bortezomib increases osteoblast activity in myeloma patients irrespective of response to treatment
Authors: Heider Ulrike , Kaiser Martin , Müller Christian , Jakob Christian , Zavrski Ivana , Schulz Carsten‐Oliver , Fleissner Claudia , Hecht Monica , Sezer Orhan
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  Objectives: Myeloma bone disease is a result of excessive osteoclast activation and impaired osteoblast function. Recent in vitro studies suggested that proteasome inhibitors might increase osteoblast function. Methods: We analyzed serum markers of osteoblast activity in 25 patients with multiple myeloma receiving bortezomib alone or in combination with dexamethasone. As control, serum samples from 58 consecutive myeloma patients receiving a therapy different than bortezomib (i.e. adriamycin/dexamethasone, melphalan/prednisone or thalidomide) were evaluated. The serum concentrations of bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and osteocalcin were quantified before initiation of treatment and after 3 months. Results: In patients treated with bortezomib, mean serum levels of osteocalcin significantly increased from 6.3 to 10.8 μg/L (P = 0.024), while mean BAP levels increased from 19.7 to 30.2 U/L (P < 0.0005). Of interest, the increase in BAP was significant both in responders and non‐responders. In contrast, the control group did not show a statistically significant change in BAP (24.8 U/L vs. 23.3 U/L) and osteocalcin (6.8 μg/L vs. 6.5 μg/L) before and after the treatment. Conclusion: These data show that treatment with bortezomib leads to enhanced markers of osteoblast activity in patients with myeloma. The comparison with the control group suggests that the effect on osteoblasts is unique to the proteasome inhibitor.
Hypogammaglobulinemia with a selective delayed recovery in memory B cells and an impaired isotype expression after rituximab administration as an adjuvant to autologous stem cell transplantation for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Nishio Mitsufumi , Fujimoto Katsuya , Yamamoto Satoshi , Endo Tomoyuki , Sakai Toshiya , Obara Masato , Kumano Kohki , Minauchi Koichiro , Yamaguchi Keisuke , Takeda Yukari , Sato Norihiro , Koizumi Kazuki , Mukai Masaya , Koike Takao
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  Objectives: Some studies have indicated patients who received rituximab as adjuvant to stem cell transplantation had an increased risk of developing severe hypogammaglobulinemia. The mechanism of this hypogammaglobulinemia is unknown, although investigators have hypothesized a further delay in the B‐cell recovery as one potential etiology. The aim of this study is to clarify the mechanism(s) of this hypogammaglobulinemia. Methods: A total of 14 patients with high‐risk CD20+ lymphoma underwent an autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (APBSCT). After a hematological recovery, rituximab was given weekly for up to four doses as an adjuvant therapy. Results: After a median follow up of 33.5 months, we found six patients (group A) who had hypogammaglobulinemia, while the eight other patients (group B) had normal serum immunoglobulin levels. A phenotypical analysis revealed that group A patients had already achieved B‐cell recovery. However, we found a severe delay in the recovery of CD27+ memory B cells, especially in the IgD−/CD27+ switched populations in group A, but CD27 negative naive B‐cells reverted to a normal range in both groups. Consistent with this, reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction studies with peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that most patients in group A lacked more than two classes of isotype transcripts. Conclusions: Abnormal repertoires and impaired isotype expression are seen in patients with common variable immunodeficiency, these data suggested that rituximab after APBSCT can affect not only the B‐cell quantities, but also the recovery of the B‐cell repertoires.
CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma complicated by pyoderma gangrenosum with increased levels of serum cytokines
Authors: Saito Shoji , Yasui Kozo , Hosoda Waki , Ogawa Mina , Kobayashi Norimoto , Sakashita Kazuo , Koike Kenichi
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  We here present the case of a 5‐yr‐old girl with pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) in association with underlying CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma with increased serum cytokine levels (interleukin‐8, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor). An association between PG and increased cytokine levels was suggested. Even in children, dermatosis of PG should receive prompt careful evaluation for underlying hematological malignancy.
Secular trends of physical fitness in Swedish adults
Authors: Ekblom B. , Engström L.‐M. , Ekblom Ö.
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present study was to study differences in fitness (maximal aerobic power (VO2max), balance control, abdominal strength and endurance) and anthropometric data in Swedish women and men (20–65 years of age) between two national cross‐sectional samples, studied in 1990/1991 and 2000/2001, respectively. The absolute and relative VO2max (aerobic fitness), estimated from a submaximal test, declined with increasing age in both genders. The submaximal test was validated against running VO2max. Furthermore, the relative aerobic fitness (mL/min/kg) was lower in the 2000/2001 sample in men but not in women. Overall physical activity level was unchanged in both genders. An unexpected finding was that in both samples there were no major differences in relative VO2max between men and women of the same age. Combined overweight and obesity (body mass index≥25) is becoming more prevalent in men, but not in women with prevalence in 2000/2001 of 61% and 38% for men and women, respectively. Balance control and abdominal strength and endurance decrease with increasing age with no differences between the two samples. Thus, the near future health situation for men may be worse, while for women it may be less or no differences compared with today.
Long‐term results after primary repair or non‐surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a randomized study with a 15‐year follow‐up
Authors: Meunier A. , Odensten M. , Good L.
Published: May 2006

We investigated the long‐term outcome of 100 patients 15 years after having been randomly allocated to primary repair (augmented or non‐augmented) or non‐surgical treatment of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. The subjective outcome was similar between the groups, with no difference regarding activity level and knee‐injury and osteoarthritis outcome score but with a slightly lower Lysholm score for the non‐surgically treated group. This difference was attributed to more instability symptoms. The radiological osteoarthritis (OA) frequency did not differ between surgically or non‐surgically treated patients, but if a meniscectomy was performed, two‐thirds of the patients showed OA changes regardless of initial treatment of the ACL. There were significantly more meniscus injuries in patients initially treated non‐surgically. One‐third of the patients in the non‐surgically treated group underwent secondary ACL reconstruction due to instability problems. In this study, ACL repair itself could not reduce the risk of OA nor increase the subjective outcome scores. However, one‐third of the non‐surgical treated patients were later ACL reconstructed due to instability. The status of the menisci was found to be the most important predictor of developing OA. Early ACL repair and also ACL reconstruction can reduce the risk of secondary meniscus tears. Indirectly this supports the hypothesis that early stabilization of the knee after ACL injury is advantageous for the long‐term outcome.
Injuries among judokas during competition
Authors: Green C. M. , Petrou M. J. , Fogarty‐Hover M. L. S. , Rolf C. G.
Published: May 2006

Aims: To investigate the type and severity of injury sustained during judo competitions, and to investigate any possible correlation between injury rate and gender, grade, weight category and rapid weight loss.

Method: Three hundred and ninety‐two judokas (284 males, 108 females) competed in three consecutive competitions. A judoka was “injured” if they requested medical treatment or could not continue. Following injury, a questionnaire was completed. Uninjured judokas were asked to complete a questionnaire at one competition to assess risk factors of injury. Follow‐up was conducted 6 weeks after each competition.

Results: Fifty‐three out of 392 judokas (13.5%) (40 males, 13 females) sustained an injury. No difference was found between injury rates among males (41.3/1000 anthlete‐exposures (A‐E's)) and females (40.9/1000 A‐E's), or between judokas of different weight groups or grades. Rapid weight loss of 5% or more of a judoka's body weight placed the athlete at a higher risk of injury (P=0.022). Most injuries affected the upper extremities. Injuries most often resulted from grip fighting, being thrown, or attempting to throw.

Conclusions: Judokas are advised not to lose weight before a competition as this increases the risk of injury. Neither grade, nor gender, or weight category are associated with an increase in injury rate.
Female Sexuality and Sexual Dysfunction: Are We Stuck on the Learning Curve?
Authors: Bachmann Gloria
Published: May 2006

Introduction

Female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs) are very prevalent, multifaceted problems that continue to be under-recognized and undertreated. Improved recognition and management depend on physicians’ inclination and ability to communicate with female patients about their sexual function. Many women hesitate to share sexual complaints due to concerns about physicians’ time constraints or their interest in addressing it. Direct questioning by physicians about sexual function is often critical to patients’ reporting of sexual concerns.

Aim

To obtain pilot data on physicians’ knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding FSDs, which may help uncover means of facilitating future dialog between physicians and patients.

Methods

A self-reply questionnaire was used to survey physicians and other health professionals attending the 2004 annual meetings of four major specialty societies.

Main Outcome Measures

Survey questions were included on the prevalence of FSDs; dialog on sexual function/activity; obstacles to appropriate evaluation and management of FSDs; effectiveness of current treatment options; and referral patterns.

Results

A total of 1,946 attendees completed the survey. Most respondents (60%) estimated that one- to three-quarters of their patients had FSDs. Low sexual desire was the most prevalent FSD observed. A total of 58% of participants reported initiating the first discussion of FSDs in one-quarter or less of patients. Obstacles to discussing sexual health included limited time and training, embarrassment, and absence of effective treatment options. Approximately 60% of participants rated both their knowledge of and comfort level with FSDs as only fair or poor. Eighty-six percent rated current treatment options as fair or poor.

Conclusion

Healthcare professionals are aware of the high prevalence of FSDs but infrequently initiate a discussion of sexual function with their female patients or conduct a comprehensive evaluation for FSDs. Additional medical education and training are needed to improve the identification and management of FSDs in women.
Reservoir Repositioning and Successful Thrombectomy for Deep Venous Thrombosis Secondary to Compression of Pelvic Veins by an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Reservoir
Authors: Brison Daniel , Ilbeigi Pedram , Sadeghi-Nejad Hossein
Published: May 2006

Introduction

We describe a 51-year-old man with a history of radiation therapy and large bowel diversion for rectal cancer who underwent an uneventful penile implant surgery for erectile dysfunction that was refractory to conservative therapy. The patient presented with acute left lower extremity swelling and pain a few days after surgery. Workup revealed compression of the pelvic veins by the prosthesis reservoir.

Aim

To highlight an avoidable, adverse event related to penile prosthesis reservoirs.

Methods

Retrospective review of a clinical case.

Results

The patient underwent repositioning of the reservoir followed by venous thrombectomy and Greenfield filter placement.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an early diagnosis and successful thrombectomy of the external iliac and common femoral vein thrombosis secondary to reservoir compression. Awareness of this possible adverse event and the management strategy are helpful to surgeons who perform penile prosthesis surgery.
Electrical Behavior in Gas–Solid Interface of Gas Sensors Based on Oxide Semiconductors
Authors: Lee Sung Pil
Published: May 2006

A carrier transport for gas adsorption on a gas–solid surface is studied qualitatively. The image force and tunneling effects, which has been applied in metal–semiconductor contact, are included in the space charge model, and the current density is calculated by computer simulation. The number of chemisorbed atom per unit area is calculated to be about 1.42 × 1012 cm–2 in a SnO2‐based gas sensor. The ratio of the current density in CO gas ambient to air is 2.4–10,000 ppm CO gas change. Gas ionic field emission and thermionic field emission for tunneling effect are discussed in heavily doped sensors.
Processing and Characterization of Oxygen Sensors Prepared From Freeze‐Dried Calcia‐Stabilized Zirconia Powders
Authors: Zhou Minghua , Ahmad Aftab
Published: May 2006

Precursor powders of 15 and 22 mol% calcia‐stabilized zirconia solid electrolytes were synthesized by a freeze‐drying method and calcined at 900°C. Sensor elements were fabricated via uniaxial pressing of the calcined powders and subsequently sintered at 1650°C. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to analyze the phase composition and microstructure. The electrical response of the gas sensors to oxygen and the complex impedance in air were investigated at various operating temperatures. The correlation between electrical properties and sensor material chemical compositions as well as microstructure is discussed.
Novel Structural Modulation in Ceramic Sensors Via Redox Processing in Gas Buffers
Authors: Azad Abdul‐Majeed , Akbar Sheikh A.
Published: May 2006

High selectivity, enhanced sensitivity, short response time, and long shelf‐life are some of the key features sought in the solid‐state ceramic‐based chemical sensors. As the sensing mechanism and catalytic activity are predominantly surface‐dominated, benign surface features in terms of small grain size, large surface area, high aspect ratio and, open and connected porosity, are required to realize a successful material. In order to incorporate these morphological features, a technique based on rigorous thermodynamic consideration of the metal/metal oxide coexistence is described. By modulating the oxygen partial pressure across the equilibrium M/MO proximity line, formation and growth of new oxide surface on an atomic/submolecular level under conditions of “oxygen deprivation,” with exotic morphological features, has been achieved in potential sensor materials. This paper describes the methodology and discusses the results obtained in the case of potential semiconducting ceramic oxide‐based carbon monoxide and hydrogen sensors with enhanced characteristics.
Simulated Environments Testing System for Advanced Ceramic Matrix Composites
Authors: Mei Hui , Cheng Laifei , Luan Xingang , Zhang Litong , Xu Yongdong , Wang Dong
Published: May 2006

The present work aims toward the application of an innovative methodology for testing the environmental performance of advanced ceramic matrix composites in the presence of combined mechanical, thermal, and environmental applied conditions. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of how a composite might perform in certain application environments, a newly developed environmental performance testing platform, which includes simulated equivalent environments system (ES) and a wind tunnel environments system (WS), is proposed. A multiplication factor of 10.8 between the ES and WS at 1300°C has been obtained tentatively.
Microstructure, Conductivity, and NO2 Sensing Characteristics of α‐Al2O3‐Doped (8 mol% Sc2O3)ZrO2 Composite Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Xiong Weizhen , Kale Girish M
Published: May 2006

α‐Al2O3‐doped (8 mol % Sc2O3)ZrO2 composite solid electrolyte has been investigated in the fabrication of solid‐state ceramic gas sensors. The microstructure and electrical conductivity of the composite solid electrolyte have been measured over a range of temperature from 240°C to 596°C. The composite solid electrolyte has been found to exhibit a higher conductivity compared with the commonly used (8 mol% Y2O3)ZrO2 at temperatures above ∼448°C. The sensing characteristics for NO2 detection have been studied in the temperature range of 500–650°C at the low concentration from 10 to 30 ppm and at high concentration from 100 to 500 ppm of NO2. The NO2 sensor was found to respond reproducibly and rapidly to the variations of NO2, concentration, indicating that the composite solid electrolyte has promising application as a solid electrolyte for on‐board exhaust gas monitoring.
Microwave Dielectric Properties of La5CrTi3O15 and La4MCrTi3O15 (M=Pr, Nd, and Sm) Ceramics
Authors: Rejini Rajamma , Sebastian Mailadil Thomas
Published: May 2006

The La5CrTi3O15 and La4MCrTi3O15 (M=Pr, Nd, and Sm) microwave dielectric ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid‐state ceramic route. The structure and microstructure of the ceramics were studied by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy methods. The dielectric properties of the ceramics were measured in the microwave frequency region using a network analyzer by the resonance method. The ceramics show a dielectric constant (ɛr) in the range of 37 to 39.5, a quality factor (Qu×fo) 17,300 to 34,000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) in the range from −22 to −38 ppm/°C.
The Extent, Distribution, and Fragmentation of Vanishing Montane Cloud Forest in the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico1
Authors: Cayuela Luis , Golicher Duncan J. , Rey‐Benayas Jose María
Published: May 2006

Montane cloud forest (MCF) has high levels of species diversity, contributes positively to the catchment water yield, and is a globally threatened habitat type. The shortage of reliable data regarding the area currently occupied by MCF remains an obstacle to operational conservation planning in Mexico. This paper assesses how much MCF remains in the central Highlands of Chiapas (Mexico) and how fragmented it is in relation to other forest cover. We estimated that the area covered by MCF was between 3700–5250 ha. This estimate contrasted with the approximately 40,000 ha reported for the same region by the Mexican National Forestry inventory in 2000. MCF was highly scattered and fragmented within a matrix of other tropical montane forest types. Other forest types may be partially buffering the remaining MCF habitats, however, mitigating their disturbance and enhancing their connectivity. We conclude that mechanisms should be sought to promote the protection of core areas containing MCF fragments in agreement with communal and private landowners and to conserve the ecological functions of surrounding buffer zones. Such a conservation strategy would match the natural configuration of these endangered habitats.
Tree Diversity, Environmental Heterogeneity, and Productivity in a Mexican Tropical Dry Forest1
Authors: Balvanera Patricia , Aguirre Efraín
Published: May 2006

Species diversity–environmental heterogeneity (D–EH) and species diversity–productivity (D–P) relationships have seldom been analyzed simultaneously even though such analyses could help to understand the processes underlying contrasts in species diversity among sites. Here we analyzed both relationships at a local scale for a highly diverse tropical dry forest of Mexico. We posed the following questions: (1) are environmental heterogeneity and productivity related?; (2) what are the shapes of D–EH and D–P relationships?; (3) what are individual, and interactive, contributions of these two variables to the observed variance in species diversity?; and (4) are patterns affected by sample size, or by partitioning into average local diversity and spatial species turnover? All trees (diameter at breast height ≥5 cm) within twenty‐six 0.2‐ha transects were censused; four environmental variables associated with water availability were combined into an environmental heterogeneity index; aboveground standing biomass was used as a productivity estimator. Simple and multiple linear and nonlinear regression models were run. Environmental heterogeneity and productivity were not correlated. We found consistently positive log‐linear D–EH and D–P relationships. Productivity explained a larger fraction of among‐transect variance in species diversity than did environmental heterogeneity. No effects of sample size were found. Different components of diversity varied in sensitivity to environmental heterogeneity and productivity. Our results suggest that species' differentiation along water availability gradients and species exclusion at the lowest productivity (driest) sites occur simultaneously, independently, and in a scale‐dependent fashion on the tree community of this forest.
The Use of French Spikes to Collect Botanical Vouchers in Permanent Plots: Evaluation of Potential Impacts1
Authors: De Castilho Carolina V. , Magnusson William E. , Oliveira de Araújo R. Nazaré , Da Costa Pereira Everaldo , De Souza Sebastião Salvino
Published: May 2006

We evaluated the impacts of the use of French climbing spikes on the growth rate and survival of trees during an interval of 14–28 mo. No climbed tree died during this interval and the growth rates of the climbed trees were not different from those trees that were not climbed. We recommend that users always record when a tree is climbed using spikes, especially in permanent plots.
Geographic Range, Habitats, and Host Plants of Bromeliad‐living Jumping Spiders (Salticidae)1
Authors: Romero Gustavo Q.
Published: May 2006

Although spiders are a very diverse group on vegetation, their associations with plants are poorly known. Some salticid species specifically use Bromeliaceae as host plants in some regions of South America. In this study, I report the geographic range of these spider‐bromeliad associations, and whether the spiders inhabit particular bromeliad species and vegetation types, as well as open areas or interior of forests. Nine salticid species were found to be associated with up to 23 bromeliad species in cerrados (savanna‐like vegetation), semideciduous and seasonal forests, coastal sand dune vegetation, restingas, inselbergs, highland forests, chacos, and rain forests at 47 localities in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. Some species were typically specialists, inhabiting almost exclusively one bromeliad species over a large geographic range (e.g., Psecas chapoda on Bromelia balansae), whereas others were generalists, occurring on up to 7–8 bromeliad species (e.g., Psecas sp., Eustiromastix nativo, and Coryphasia sp. 1). The regional availability of bromeliad species among habitats may explain this pattern of host plant use. More jumping spiders were found on bromeliads in open areas than on bromeliads in the interior of forests. These results show that several jumping spider species may be strictly associated with the Bromeliaceae in the Neotropics. This is one of the few studies to show host‐specific associations for spiders on a particular plant type over a wide geographic range.
Hypocrealean (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) Fungal Diversity in Different Stages of Tropical Forest Succession in Costa Rica1
Authors: Chaverri Priscila , Vílchez Braulio
Published: May 2006

The relationship between forest succession and microfungal diversity has been poorly studied. Fungi provide important ecosystem services that may deteriorate in deforested or highly disturbed forests. To determine the possible effects of deforestation and forest succession on microfungi, species diversity of hypocrealean fungi (Ascomycota) was compared in forest stands in Eastern Costa Rica representing three stages of succession: 1–2, 25–27 yr old, and an old growth forest. Species diversity in a second‐growth forest fragment surrounded by timber plantations and second‐growth forest was also compared to that of a stand surrounded by old growth forest. The results show that the overall diversity of hypocrealean fungi was inversely proportional to the age of the forest stand, and each family showed different successional trends. Clavicipitaceae was more diverse in the old‐growth forest and was positively related to the age of the forest stand. Nectriaceae was highly diverse in the 1‐ to 2‐yr‐old stand and less diverse in the old‐growth stand. Saprobic and plant pathogenic fungal species were more diverse in the 1‐ to 2‐yr‐old stand and their diversity was inversely proportional to the age of the forest stand. The diversity of insect pathogens was positively related to the age of the forest stand. The 20‐ to 22‐yr‐old forest fragment had the lowest number of species overall. Based on the data gathered in this study, hypocrealean fungal species diversity is related to the successional stage and fragmentation of tropical forest.
A Theory of Unconscious Thought
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , Nordgren Loran F.
Published: May 2006

We present a theory about human thought named the unconscious-thought theory (UTT). The theory is applicable to decision making, impression formation, attitude formation and change, problem solving, and creativity. It distinguishes between two modes of thought: unconscious and conscious. Unconscious thought and conscious thought have different characteristics, and these different characteristics make each mode preferable under different circumstances. For instance, contrary to popular belief, decisions about simple issues can be better tackled by conscious thought, whereas decisions about complex matters can be better approached with unconscious thought. The relations between the theory and decision strategies, and between the theory and intuition, are discussed. We end by discussing caveats and future directions.
Enlarging the Societal Pie Through Wise Legislation: A Psychological Perspective
Authors: Baron Jonathan , Bazerman Max H. , Shonk Katherine
Published: May 2006

We offer a psychological perspective to explain the failure of governments to create near-Pareto improvements. Our tools for analyzing these failures reflect the difficulties people have trading small losses for large gains: the fixed-pie approach to negotiations, the omission bias and status quo bias, parochialism and dysfunctional competition, and the neglect of secondary effects. We examine the role of human judgment in the failure to find wise trade-offs by discussing diverse applications of citizen and government decision making, including AIDS treatment, organ-donation systems, endangered-species protection, subsidies, and free trade. Our overall goal is to offer a psychological approach for understanding suboptimality in government decision making.