bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Separation and Adjustment to University: Moderating Effects of Gender, Age, and Perceived Parenting Style
Authors: Beyers Wim , Goossens Luc
Published: July 2003

Examined in this article is the association between psychological separation and adjustment to university in a sample of 969 late adolescents. Structural equations modeling confirmed the existence of two dimensions of psychological separation, namely independence from parents and positive separation feelings. Results indicated that both dimensions of psychological separation positively predicted better adjustment to university, but that positive separation feelings clearly were the better predictor. None of these associations was moderated by students' grade level or gender or by their parents' perceived parenting style. In the total sample, independence from parents was associated with lower levels of positive separation feelings. This association was, however, moderated by students' grade, gender, and parents' perceived parenting style. The negative relationship between the two dimensions of psychological separation only held for freshmen and junior students, females, and students reared by authoritarian parents. Implications of these findings for current understanding of the separation-adjustment link and for counseling college students are discussed.
The Father-Adolescent Relationship in the Context of the Mother-Adolescent Relationship
Authors: Sim Tick N.
Published: July 2003

This study examined father and mother linkages in relation to adolescent academic and athletic competence and self-worth. A total of 140 Singapore undergraduates reported on themselves and their parents. Results indicate that some links between father characteristics and adolescent attributes exist only when mother characteristics are considered. The link between father responsiveness and athletic competence existed only when mother responsiveness was high, and that link between father acceptance of individuation and athletic competence existed only when mother acceptance of individuation was moderate or high. Results also indicate that father characteristics moderate links between mother characteristics and adolescent attributes. The link between mother responsiveness and self-worth became stronger as father responsiveness increased. These findings demonstrate the need to consider both parents' characteristics together rather than independently or exclusively.
The Evolution of Local Economic Development in South Africa: The Case of Stutterheim and Social Capital
Authors: Nel Etienne L. , McQuaid Ronald W.
Published: July 2003

Local economic development and promoting racial reconciliation have been key foci in addressing the legacy of apartheid in South Africa. This article examines what is arguably the most well-established example of local economic development in South Africa, namely a local government and community-led development initiative in the small rural town of Stutterheim. As the project has evolved over a decade, it has changed its development focus to reflect the changing context and various internal constraints. The study reveals that even though the project has had difficulties, its sheer survival and ability to adapt in a rapidly changing society have been important. More general lessons include the significance of key social entrepreneurs and the development of social and human capital in concert with physical and business infrastructure.
Enhancing Sustainable Development by Triple Value Adding to the Core Business of Government
Authors: Roberts Brian , Cohen Michael
Published: July 2003

Much of the debate on sustainable development is focused on improvements to production and development practices. However, government decision-making processes can have a significant influence over sustainable development outcomes. Many decision-making processes used to resolve sustainable development issues result in compromised or lowest-common-denominator outcomes. This article argues the need for a more diversified approach to sustainable development by using decision-making processes involving government projects and programs to add value to economic, social, and natural capital. The article introduces the concept of triple value adding to the core business activities of government. Triple value adding involves applying new approaches to improve the planning, designing, and packaging of public projects and service programs to increase their economic, environmental, and social capital multiplier effects and thereby achieve more sustainable development outcomes. This article suggests some practical measures to embed sustainability into the core business of public agencies.
Response to August 2000 Forum Article by Timothy Bates on Financing for the Development of Urban Minority Communities
Authors: Tansey Charles D.
Published: July 2003

Tim Bates focuses on the poor performance of Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Companies (MESBICS) in the 1987-to-1994 period as a basis for criticizing the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, New Market Venture Capital, and other federal efforts at promoting capital formation in the inner city. MESBICS did indeed fail during that period, but so did a number of conventional Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs)—and mostly for the same reasons. The SBA made sweeping program changes in 1994 and 1995 that significantly improved the SBIC industry performance and dramatically increased participation of inner-city entrepreneurs. The SBA’s job is not to mitigate risk by avoiding financing gaps, but to take the risk that the private sector cannot or will not take—and develop effective ways to manage it. The process is necessarily iterative, and the key questions are as follows: What are the impediments we face now, and how do we overcome them?
LFT-D — A Process Technology for Large Scale Production of Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Components
Authors: Krause W. , Henning F. , Tröster S. , Geiger O. , Eyerer P.
Published: July 2003

Long-Fiber reinforced Thermoplastics (LFT) have gained an increasing market share in the automotive industry since the last decade. Already known in some large scale applications, the processing of semi-finished products, as GMT (glass-mat reinforced thermoplastic sheets) and LFT-G (long-fiber reinforced thermoplastic granules), constitutes the state-of-the-art of these materials. The LFT-D process, in which continuous rovings are fed directly into the polymer melt, differs fundamentally from the GMT and LFT-G processes in that it avoids the need of semi-finished products manufactured by the material supplier. It is therefore a cost effective measure. Further advantages of this technology are high output-capacity and flexibility in fiber and polymer-modification in accordance with the customers needs. Advanced LFT's are using engineering plastics i.e., PET and PA as well as local unidirectional reinforcements and tailored fiber placement.
Effect of Stacking Structure on the Properties of Satin Laminated Composites
Authors: Mariatti M. , Nasir M. , Ismail H.
Published: July 2003

Studies on the effect of stacking structure on the flexural and tensile properties of satin laminated composites were carried out. Satin, which is an asymmetrical pattern exhibits different face and back appearances. Hence the stacking of these two faces during the laminating process results in different stacking structures. Results of the mechanical testing clearly show that the flexural and tensile properties of satin laminated composites are dependent on the stacking structure of the laminate. As expected, there are differences in the results of tensile and flexural tests concerning the effect of different stacking structures of satin laminated composites. This is due to different loading and failure modes present in each testing method. The effect of hole damage on the properties of different stacking structures of satin laminated composite were also investigated. In general, the presence of holes significantly reduces the overall inherent properties of the woven composite system.
Micromechanical Modeling of Fiber Composites Under Off-Axis Loading
Authors: Zhu Changming , Sun C. T.
Published: July 2003

The nonlinear behavior of AS4/PEEK composite under off-axis loading was investigated using a finite element-based micromechanical approach with three different unit cells. Proper boundary conditions for uniaxial off-axis loading for the unit cell were established. The elastic moduli of the fiber and the nonlinear stress-strain curve of the matrix were used in the micromechanical analysis. By comparing the predicted off-axis stress-strain curves with experimental data, it was found that the nonlinear behavior of the composite is highly dependent on the fiber packing arrangement of the unit cell model.
Deformation and Failure of Composite Sandwich Structures
Authors: Daniel Isaac M. , Gdoutos Emmanuel E. , Abot Jandro L. , Wang Kuang-An
Published: July 2003

An investigation was conducted of failure modes and criteria for their occurrence in composite sandwich columns and beams. The initiation of the various failure modes depends on the material properties of the constituents (facings and core), geometric dimensions and type of loading. The loading type or condition determines the state of stress throughout the sandwich structure, which controls the location and mode of failure. The appropriate failure criteria at any point of the structure account for the biaxiality or triaxiality of the state of stress. The specimens were made of unidirectional carbon-epoxy facings and aluminum honeycomb and PVC closed-cell foam cores. The constituent materials were fully characterized and, in the case of the foam core, failure envelopes were developed for general two-dimensional states of stress. Sandwich specimens were loaded under bending moment, shear and axial loading and failure modes were observed and compared with analytical predictions. The failure modes investigated are face sheet compressive failure, adhesive bond failure, indentation failure, core failure and facing wrinkling. The transition from one failure mode to another for varying loading or state of stress was discussed. Experimental results are compared with analytical predictions.
Diversity and Becoming: Implications of Human Existence as Coexistence
Authors: Cody William K.
Published: July 2003

Better ways of understanding and working with human diversity are needed in the healthcare and human service disciplines. Nursing, as the discipline that cares for whole persons throughout their lives and meets people where they are, is ideally suited to provide leadership to this effort. In this column, the author explores human diversity by explicating human existence as coexistence, with implications for nursing. The author locates his worldview within the human becoming school of thought. Human diversity and human existence as coexistence are explored within this context, with implications for nursing as a discipline identified. Ideas that are crucial in the explication of human existence as coexistence are difference, imagination, creativity, and wholeness.
Is there a Unique Nursing Ethic?
Authors: Volker Deborah Lowe
Published: July 2003

There is no agreement in the nursing literature as to the meaning of the term, nursing ethics. Proposed definitions refer to nurses' moral decision-making and behaviors, ethical conflicts, and analysis of ethical issues that arise within nurses' practice. Presumably, a distinct nursing ethic should address unique theories, standards, and inquiry into what comprises nurses' ethical behavior and study of how nurses actually behave and reason about ethical issues. The purpose of this column is to synthesize the dialogue regarding the potential existence of a unique nursing ethic, and to propose that such an ethic has yet to emerge.
A Graduate Curriculum Guided by Human Becoming: Journeying with the Possible
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: July 2003

Graduate education involves teaching-learning processes and experiences where faculty and students journey with adventure and trepidation all-at-once. In this column, notions regarding graduate education where the educational curriculum is guided by the human becoming school of thought as a conceptual framework are explored. Opportunities and challenges from both faculty and student perspectives are highlighted.
Nursing Shortage or Nursing Famine: Looking Beyond Numbers?
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: July 2003

There are numerous references in the nursing literature and in the popular press that offer description and commentary on the history, evolution, and future of the global nursing shortage. Authors express concerns about declining nursing numbers, nursing layoffs, diminishing student enrollments, faculty retirements, the aging workforce, and global recruitments. But what is missing in these articles and news alerts is a questioning about the substantive knowledge of nursing and what role this knowledge, or lack of, has in light of shrinking nursing resources. Of interest in this column are the meanings and messages that the nursing shortage has for nurses and for decision makers who will shape the direction of the nursing discipline. Issues connected with the global nursing shortage, or is it better thought of as a famine, are examined here in order to elucidate some points that may prove helpful for decisions of tomorrow.
The Experience of Being Listened to: A Human Becoming Study with Music
Authors: Jonas-Simpson Christine M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this research was to discover the structure of the lived experience of being listened to from the perspective of 10 older women receiving in-patient rehabilitation. The Parse research method was used to guide this study where music was used in the dialogical engagement process. The women told their stories and created melodies of being listened to with the researcher using her flute. The findings include three core concepts—an acknowledging engagement, gratifying contentment, and an unburdening respite. Findings extend the theory of human becoming, enhance understanding of the experience of being listened to, and affirm its value.
Nurse-Parent Dialogue: Illuminating the Evolving Pattern of Families with Children Who are Medically Fragile
Authors: Tommet Patricia A.
Published: July 2003

Guided by Newman's theory of health as expanding consciousness, this study explored the pattern of nurse-parent interaction in families with children who were medically fragile by applying the hermeneutic, dialectic method of interviewing and analysis. Living with children who are medically fragile was manifested by continual uncertainty. Families changed from trying to gain control of their uncertainty to learning to live in the uncertainty, as they evolved through an initial period of disruption and disorganization to organization at another level. This required new ways of relating to friends, family, healthcare providers, and the community, expanding the consciousness of the family.
Nurses' Self-Relation—Becoming Theoretically Competent: The SAUC Model for Confirming Nursing
Authors: Gustafsson Barbro , Willman Ania M.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to acquire an understanding of how nurses' self-relation (view of themselves as nurses) was influenced in connection with implementation of a nursing theory, the sympathy-acceptance-understanding-competence model for confirming nursing. This model was developed by Gustafsson and Pörn. Twenty-two nurses' written statements evaluating mentoring during the six-month implementation process in elder care, were analyzed hermeneutically with the hypothetic-deductive method. An action-theoretic and confirmatory approach was used for facilitating theoretically specified hypotheses. The nurses increased their ability to describe nursing theoretically and gained a foundation of common nursing values. The results provided an understanding of how nurses' self-relation was strengthened by becoming theoretically competent.
The New Accountability, Student Failure, and Teachers' Work in Urban High Schools
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Dorothea
Published: July 2003

This study uses Lipsky's concept of the street-level bureaucrat to identify how English teachers in two Chicago public high schools respond to student failure within the context of a district accountability agenda. Analyses of interview and classroom observation data indicate that teachers' responses to district policies related to the degree to which teachers perceived the policies as threats to their professional autonomy. Teachers responded to testing policies by allocating significant classroom time to “teaching to the tests” but employed several defensive strategies in response to policies aimed at lowering course failure rates. These strategies may have reduced failure rates but did not remedy student failure.
Correcting the Record: Understanding the History of Federal Intervention and Failure in Securing U.S. Educational Reform
Authors: Hirschland Matthew J. , Steinmo Sven
Published: July 2003

The authors show here that contrary to popular rhetoric, at an early stage the American federal government demonstrated remarkable influence over national education policy. This occurred in spite of the fact that the political institutions of the national government were fragmented and poorly organized to accomplish such goals. In this light, the authors' focus is on how late-19th-century developments set the tone and impediments for meaningful educational reform that carry over through today. The historical development of American education detailed here traces the roots of the ongoing policy tug-of-war between localism and national progressive goals that characterize contemporary reform efforts. Ironically, it is its early roots as the premier educational resource provider that has ultimately contributed to the greatly diminished role of the U.S. federal government in education today. This is a legacy that policy makers, parents, and educators are wise to understand but often neglect as they craft reform.
The Colonization of (M)Others in Welfare-to-Work Education
Authors: Bloom Leslie Rebecca , Kilgore Deborah
Published: July 2003

This article argues that welfare reform policies colonize poor mothers. Using ethnographic data of a welfare-to-work educational program, the article analyzes how colonizing public and governmental discourses about welfare mothers infiltrate the program's educational policy and everyday practices. Using postcolonial theory that establishes an epistemological foundation of colonization, it is demonstrated that poor mothers are defined in public discourse and in the classroom as irreconcilable others whom colonizers have a moral obligation to colonize through efficient administration. As a form of welfare administration, welfare-to-work education neither fully colonizes nor fully educates, but rather produces a resistant student.
European Integration and Labour Market Cooperation: A Comparative Regional Perspective
Authors: Gitterman Daniel P.
Published: July 2003

National economies around the world are becoming increasingly integrated. While regional integration offers opportunities for mutual gain, it also fosters distributional consequences, thus creating economic and political risks for governments. Governments pursue different strategies for coping with risk. The first strategy is protectionism. A second strategy is to link economic openness with the provision of domestic compensation. A final strategy is for nations to develop mechanisms to coordinate rules, norms, or principles to govern working conditions and industrial relations. The political conflict between nations at different stages of economic development, and the regional responses in the EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, and ASEAN all follow a similar pattern, with the more advanced economies pressing for some harmonization that would moderate the competitive advantages of developing countries. Given this cleavage, various compromises have been struck, which confirmed national policy control but also amounted to an incremental convergence toward common minimum standards.
European Social Integration: Harmonization, Convergence and Single Social Areas
Authors: Threlfall Monica
Published: July 2003

The extensive research on European integration so far offers little to explain the effect of EU social policies on integration between member-states. Starting from the premise that there is a parallel process of social integration accompanying developments in political and economic integration, the article defines `social integration' and uses it as a tool for exploring the effects of EU policy and law from the citizen's perspective. It defines four types of social integration and reviews existing fields of policy regulation in relation to the typology. Then areas are identified where boundaries between member-states have fallen to the extent that citizens can experience living in the EU as if it were a single country, using the term `single social areas'. Finally, it is argued that the article's approach advances understandings of the European integration process and ways of relating it to integration theory are suggested for further research.
Mrs Miller Moves House: The Interoperability of Local Public Services in Europe
Authors: Kinder Tony
Published: July 2003

This article analyses the political, social, economic and technological dimensions of interoperability of information and communication technologies in the services of local council and public administrations. New empirical research features an everyday life-event: a hypothetical Mrs Miller moving house. Seven councils from six EU states detail how interoperable their local services are and their plans and perspectives for interoperability. The article argues that interoperability is best conceptualized holistically and is not only a technical issue. It concludes with an analysis and comments on public policy.
Unconditional Kindness to Strangers
Authors: Sampson Edward E.
Published: July 2003

Relational science has become an increasingly important paradigm in psychology. Its emphasis on the centrality of interpersonal relationships to psychological processes and its insistence that such relationships are the key to human survival and well-being appear to be the needed antidote to the problems of the individualistic paradigm. Unfortunately, however, even while talking the language of relationships, relational science continues to walk individualistically. Using Levinas' philosophy as the basis, I argue that this problem stems from adopting a conditional understanding of the interpersonal domain; this differs from Levinas's insistence on persons' unconditional obligations to be responsible for others, especially the stranger. I further argue that these unconditional obligations offer the only basis by which sociality can contribute to human survival and well-being. Four implications and a conclusion for an ethical psychology complete the article.
Imagination in Action
Authors: Nishizaka Aug
Published: July 2003

The psychology of mental imagery has been caught up in the misconception that mental images are entities in an individual. First, I address this longstanding misconception by examining the basic conception of Stephen M. Kosslyn and his colleagues, which underlies all their arguments. This misconception is genuinely conceptual in the sense that it stems from grammatical violations of the use of the words `see', `mental image', `imagination', and so on. Next, in the main body of this article, I attempt to elucidate the concept of imagination by describing practices for organizing imagination. Imagination is re-specified as an organizational property of the ongoing activity rather than any process, event or state in an individual, through the detailed analysis of an occasion in which three 12-year-old participants jointly play a kind of computer game. Finally, Zeno Pylyshyn's `tacit knowledge' explanation of mental imagery is examined.
Categories and Embodied Objects
Authors: Fisher Harwood
Published: July 2003

The immediate purpose of this paper is to develop the idea that the subjective self is a natural category. Its characteristics, such as reflexivity and recursiveness, provide for a mix of semiotic and logical depictions of subjectivity and the self. This conception of a subjective self dramatically affects the psychology of the self and the observer. Not only does a subjective self fit into current-day conceptions of autopoeisis and natural phenomenology, but also the features of the natural category force a re-evaluation of how William James's natural psychology limits the psychologist-observer to a focus on the objective self. The broad aim of the paper is to place within a natural psychology the self as subjective and as object, and the psychologist as self and as observer.
Are there Limits on What We Can Know?
Authors: Mos Leendert P.
Published: July 2003

A critical review of C.H. Vanderwolf's provocative critique of mentalism in psychology, and his proposal for a psychology as a science of brain and behavior (`Brain, Behavior, and Mind: What Do We Know and What Can We Know?', 1998). Vanderwolf's critique of mentalism is an indictment of the discipline since its inception, and serves as a basis for reflection on psychology as a human science; as neither a biological nor a mentalistic science.
Emancipative Social Science
Authors: Tissaw Michael
Published: July 2003

As recent contributions to the social science reformation literature, the books reviewed in this essay articulate rather different visions of social science. Set against the background of the `science wars', incorporating a model of human decision-making, and drawing upon the ideas of Aristotle and Foucault, Bent Flyvbjerg expounds his own `phronetic social science' that highlights context, value rationality and power. Andrew Sayer, on the other hand, targets `defeatist' strains of postmodernism and assesses the concerns of critical social science from an already established theoretical framework: the philosophy of critical realism. A few problems with these books are discussed, including Flyvbjerg's views on cognitivism's failure to investigate `value rationality' and Sayer's linking critical realism with postmodernist anti-foundationalism. The complexities of foundationalism, ignored by both books, are discussed further in a concluding section.
Causal and Functional Explanations
Authors: de Jong Huib Looren
Published: July 2003

Functional explanation, for long the mainstay of psychology's autonomy, has recently come under attack. It is sometimes argued that higher-level generalizations are causally impotent, and do not really explain anything. Presumably only the reduction of higher-level patterns to underlying causal physical properties, and the specifying of lower-level, local causal mechanisms, provides genuine explanations. Two lines of argument are critically discussed: causal exclusion and multiple realization. These bear upon the credibility of functional explanation, and upon the presumed explanatory superiority of causal mechanisms over functional higher-level generalizations. It is argued that the causal exclusion argument conflates metaphysics with explanation, and that, rather than pointing towards reductionism, multiple realization indicates the indispensability of higher (functional) generalizations, alongside lower (causal) explanations; the choice for higher or lower level depends on context and explanatory interest. The notion of screening-off suggests a criterion for the legitimacy of higher-level characterizations. A brief example from the history of genetics is discussed to illustrate these ideas. This leads to a plea for pluralism in explanation.
Psychology in the Field of Being
Authors: Burkitt Ian
Published: July 2003

In this paper I take up the various ontological positions forwarded in social constructionism. While acknowledging its advances over other approaches to psychology, I nevertheless argue that the various ontological positions create confusion over the nature of human perception and the sensible realization of a world that does not rest wholly in language. Using the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, I argue for a more fundamental ontology that grasps the relation of the whole human being to the world. Essential to this are the metaphors of `field of Being', `dimensionality' and `transformation'. The field of Being is realized in bodily perception of the sensible world, which is then articulated and transformed in linguistic expression. This has to be understood as a naturally embodied topography as well as a culturally and historically articulated and transformed space. I therefore present these metaphors as an extension of constructionism, seeing psychological phenomena as existing more broadly in a field of Being.
Psychotherapy and the Idea of Meaning
Authors: Mackay Nigel
Published: July 2003

A number of influential theorists in psychotherapy and psychology rightly argue that meaning is central to psychology. However, they ground this insight on further claims that persons autonomously create meaning and reality; and that a constructivist, anti-realist, postmodern philosophy offers justification for the centrality of meaning. These further claims are mistaken. They confuse symbolic meaning with meaning as salience. The latter, the meaning usually of concern to psychotherapy, is a relation between a person (specifically motives) and objects. It results from the interaction between persons and objects relevant to their motivational interests. It is part of the real, determinate world and in principle scientifiically investigable. The argument that meaning is part of autonomously created realities is incoherent. Further, anti-realist, postmodern constructivism depends on the realist assumptions about facts, truth and objective knowledge that it denies. The genuine insights of the meaning-making movement require a realist account of knowledge, truth and objectivity.
Bridging Incommensurate Discourses
Authors: McNamee Sheila
Published: July 2003

Mackay (2003) argues that the meaning-making literature places an emphasis on meaning from a `meaning as salience' perspective, which he claims constructionists use, illogically, to support an anti-realist view. In response, first, this article attempts to articulate language (from a constructionist stance) as an engaged activity, not a tool used to talk about the world. It is the discursive emphasis on language as an activity, as opposed to the semiotic emphasis on linguistic systems as a means through which we obtain knowledge, that positions constructionists differently vis-à-vis issues of truth, reality, meaning and objectivity. Second, this article attempts to perform constructionism-in-action by offering a way to bridge incommensurate discourses in such a manner that we can create meaningful and useful ways of going on together.
The Denationalization of Money: Embedded Neo-Liberalism and the Risks of Implosion
Authors: Kelsey Jane
Published: July 2003

Currencies, exchange rate mechanisms and monetary policy are intrinsically political. Throughout the 20th century they have been constantly renegotiated in response to periodic economic, social and political crises. Those who advocate the depoliticization of monetary policy through central bank independence, and the more radical denationalization of currencies through dollarization and monetary union, aim to bring that history to an end and quarantine money from the control of governments, permanently. Critical theorists tend to treat these three techniques separately. This article seeks to understand their common ideological premises through the writings of three prominent advocates: Kurt Schuler, Robert Mundell and F. A. Hayek. When all three monetary regimes are re-embedded in the social, economic and political context in which they operate, deep contradictions emerge. These manifest in different ways in different national contexts, reflected in examples as diverse as `convertibility' in Argentina and European Monetary Union. The article concludes that such regimes are ultimately unsustainable, and challenges the belief that global capitalism can thrive in a social, cultural and political void that attempts to quarantine itself permanently from the contradictions it creates.
Sexual Ethics and Violence Prevention
Authors: Carmody Moira
Published: July 2003

Violence against women remains a pressing and unresolved global issue which has proved resistant to over 30 years of feminist activism around prevention. This article argues that many prevention strategies have been shaped by unarticulated discourses about sexuality which have focused primarily on women managing the risk of the unethical behaviour of men. An alternative conception of sexual ethics is proposed based on Foucault's work on ethics, sexuality, governmentality and power as productive and in a constant state of negotiation. I argue that all sexual encounters, regardless of the gender of the people involved, invites the possibility of ethical sexual behaviour. Given the failure of prevention strategies in eradicating intimate sexual violence to date, there is a pressing need to consider how desire, acts and pleasure can be understood from an ethical perspective to create a greater possibility of realizing an erotics of consent. This would result in alternative ways of shaping violence prevention strategies and provide new directions for law, education and negotiating intimate sexual relationships of women and men of diverse sexualities.
Legal Forms and Reproductive Norms
Authors: Fletcher Ruth
Published: July 2003

This article draws on Pashukanis's concept of legal form and on O'Brien's concept of synthetic value to argue that legal form plays a role in reproductive relations by constructing legal subjects as the bearers of reproductive responsibilities. Pashukanis conceived of legal form as playing a particular role in capitalist exchange relations by interpellating subjects as the bearers of property rights. O'Brien argued that reproduction's specific value is synthetic value, which represents the value of integrating nature and reason in species continuity. Synthetic value is distinct from exchange value or emotional value which may also attach to reproductive process. By working through Pashukanis's method of extracting legal form from specific social relations and by adapting it to reproductive relations, an example is provided of how legal form analysis can be extended beyond the particular context of capitalist exchange relations. Just as legal form constitutes owners and non-owners as legal subjects, so it constitutes reproducers and non-reproducers. By tracing the way in which law attributes reproductive responsibility, legal form analysis shows us how law draws a line between good and bad reproducers. Each legal form has this internal contradiction between wanting to attribute responsibility and not to attribute it, and this contradiction is a hook which social forces such as sexuality, gender, race, class and disability can latch on to in pushing legal form to shape reproductive responsibilities in a particular way. Each legal form is also externally contradicted by other legal forms. When law negotiates a balance between the reproductive norms of responsibilities and rights, it demonstrates how particular legal forms manage the interaction of different sets of social relations, such as reproduction and exchange.
The North Korean Nuclear Crisis Revisited: The Case for a Negotiated Settlement
Authors: Lee Jung-Hoon , Moon Chung-In
Published: July 2003

Despite the Kim Dae-jung government's active pursuit of its `sunshine policy', the Korean peninsula is once again caught up in a major nuclear crisis. The current crisis emerged when Pyongyang revealed that it was conducting a uranium-enriched nuclear weapons program in violation of the Geneva Agreed Framework of 1994. The new development suggests the Pyongyang regime's continuing reliance on a pattern of raising stakes for political and economic `rewards'. For Kim Jong Il, there would appear to be no reason to act otherwise in the light of the previous successes of his brinkmanship. Since the regime believes that there is a positive causal relationship between the nuclear weapons program and its own survival, it may be difficult to engage Pyongyang in a genuine dialogue, let alone persuade it to dismantle its WMD programs. If a peaceful resolution is to have a chance, a consensus must emerge between the governments of the USA, South Korea, Japan, China, and Russia, signaling to Pyongyang that the only way to ensure its survival is not to threaten for rewards, but in fact to earn them. Meanwhile, every effort must be made to achieve a negotiated settlement. This article chronicles the trends of crisis on the Korean peninsula and offers a negotiated-settlement option as the most viable policy option for dealing with the North Korean nuclear challenge, especially in the apparent absence of the traditional US-South Korea alliance cohesion.
Terrorism and the Use of Force
Authors: Ulfstein Geir
Published: July 2003

There exist today a number of conventions aimed at combating terrorism. These treat acts of terrorism as criminal acts. However, the events of 11 September 2001 introduced a new dimension into the debate on the use of force in addressing the problem of terrorism. This article discusses whether the UN Security Council has given its approval for the USA's use of force in the wake of 11 September 2001 and whether this use of force can be justified under the right of self-defence. The article's conclusion is that the Security Council has not given its approval. Nevertheless, the USA may invoke the right of self-defence on the basis of the Taliban's support for the terrorists. However, it is important to remember that acts of terrorism ought as far as possible to be addressed through criminal prosecution. Furthermore, any use of force ought to take place under the control of the UN. And we must be on our guard against any erosion of the prohibition against the use of force in international law.
Opening Up the ESDP to the South: A Comprehensive and Cooperative Approach to Euro-Mediterranean Security
Authors: Biscop Sven
Published: July 2003

The European Union currently lacks a strategic concept for its European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). However, two themes can already be discerned within the EU's security policy: a focus on the periphery of the union and a comprehensive and cooperative approach to security. These can be seen in the objectives of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. However, there have been few concrete developments within this project because of paralysis of the partnership's political and security basket. The main reason for this is the persistence of conflict in the Middle East, though a lack of trust between the northern and southern shores of the Mediterranean has also obstructed implementation of the partners' security commitments. Opening up the ESDP to participation by the EU's Mediterranean partners would make them less suspicious of the union's security policy. At the same time, it would provide a basis on which a close, institutionalized security partnership could be built, beginning with enhanced dialogue and the adoption of confidence- and security-building measures. This process could ultimately lead incrementally to the establishment of Euro-Mediterranean arrangements for crisis management and the emergence of a truly joint security policy.
`Keeping It Real'
Authors: Wheaton Belinda , Beal Becky
Published: July 2003

This article examines the consumption of alternative sport's subcultural media. Our research is situated in the context of `post' CCCS subcultural research which has explored how the media and the market are central to the authentication of popular cultural practices. Qualitative audience research was conducted with windsurfers from the UK and skateboarders from the US, examining the meanings that the niche magazines have for the participants of those alternative sports in the construction of their sporting identities. We focused on participants' readings of magazine advertising images, exploring their discourses about `authentic' identity and status in their subcultures, particularly through their complex and `creative' readings of the meanings of images and brands. Our empirical research suggests that the magazines played an important role in providing and circulating cultural knowledges, but also were an avenue for the participants to display their subcultural capital. We map the interpretive frameworks used by both groups to discuss `authentic' discourses of their sports. These centred on action photos of people `doing it' and their associated lifestyles and social worlds. Inauthentic images included those that portrayed equipment simply as commodities, or brands that could not demonstrate long-term commitment to the sports and lifestyles, or were targeting outsiders/beginners. Additionally authentic status was based on assumptions of maleness and whiteness, making full inclusion complicated for females and non-white participants.
The Men in White
Authors: Tuck Jason
Published: July 2003

This article aims to explore, from a figurational perspective, the complex inter-relationship between sport, national identity politics and habitus codes. It addresses the significance of this relationship through an investigation into the role of the media in constructing and representing the nation through the sport of rugby union. More specifically, these processes are examined by analysing the national habitus codes employed by the British media in relation to the men's international team representing England during the 1995 Rugby World Cup held in South Africa. This investigation into the media's representations of `patriots at play' in some corner of a foreign field provides an interesting insight into the interlinkage between sport, the media and national character.
Geographies of Gender, Sexuality and Race
Authors: van Ingen Cathy
Published: July 2003

This article returns to an earlier discussion on `sport and space' that began in a 1993 special issue of the International Review for the Sociology of Sport. In this article I initiate a discussion and debate that aims to move spatial inquiry beyond a focus on `place' in order to more clearly link the relation between identity and the spaces through which identity is produced and expressed. Reframing the focus to include a broader cultural analysis enables sport sociologists to more closely examine the geography of social relations. In particular, this article considers how relations of gender, sexuality and race are produced, negotiated and contested in social space. This discussion is largely situated in the work of French theorist Henri Lefebvre and contextualized in the recent `spatial turn' in sport sociology.
Constructing Images and Interpreting Realities
Authors: McCarthy D. , Jones R. L. , Potrac P.
Published: July 2003

Through its interpretation of events, and subsequent creation of social reality, mediated sport is often seen to be presented within certain ideological discourses which reflect existing power structures. The aim of this study was to investigate this phenomenon through an analysis of the images constructed of the Black soccer player in the UK by television commentators. The methodology employed was two-fold. First, 100 hours of football footage was scrutinized, with the descriptors used to portray both Black and White players being coded into one of the following categories: (a) players and their performance, (b) the physical characteristics of players, and (c) the psychological characteristics of players. Second, through the subsequent use of same-race focus groups, the influence of the images portrayed on differing racial groups was also examined. Results demonstrated that the Black groups clearly identified the existence of media sport racial stereotypes, which were fed and reaffirmed through commentator discourse. The White groups, on the other hand, were much less certain of such phenomena, with, in particular, only a small discursive space being apparent between an awareness of the Black athletic stereotype and acceptance of that stereotype.
Solving the Puzzle of Prosociality
Authors: Gintis Herbert
Published: July 2003

Homo sapiens is the only species in which we observe extensive cooperation among large numbers of genetically unrelated individuals. Incompatible approaches to explaining cooperation among humans have been offered by sociologists, biologists, and economists. None is wholly successful. Each discipline, moreover, has ignored basic insights of the others. This article explains cooperation by combining central contributions of these disciplines, developing a model of cultural evolution in which we use (a) the sociological concept of the internalization of norms to explain cultural transmission; (b) the biological concepts of vertical and oblique transmission to model the interaction of cultural and biological adaptation; and (c) the economic concepts of rational action and the replicator dynamic to model the interaction between self-interested and altruistic behavior. The article closes with a bioeconomic explanation of the human capacity to internalize norms.
Games Prisoners Play
Authors: Kaminski Marek M.
Published: July 2003

A new inmate, or `rookie', who enters a total institution usually faces `tests' and `games' organized by the `old crew'. In this article I argue that such initiation rituals are often designed by inmates in order to uncover a rookie's personal characteristics, such as toughness and cleverness. While such rituals may seem violent, they usually involve more skillful deception and tricks than pain and suffering. The basic idea is to persuade the rookie that he or she faces some tough choices - and watch his or her reaction to adverse or unusual circumstances. The mock character of a typical test creates a fundamental problem for its validity, since an informed rookie can simulate both toughness and cleverness. Thus, an informed rookie cannot be distinguished from one with the desired characteristics. This problem is well recognized by most knowledgeable inmates and motivates them to search for new games and tests. The result is a wide variety of competing tests, frequent changes of argot and the secret code of behavior. The initiation rituals are modeled as simple games and decision problems. The ethnographic material was collected by the author as a political prisoner in Poland in 1985.
The Hispanic Family and Male-Female Relationships: An Overview
Authors: Galanti Geri-Ann
Published: July 2003

An overview of the traditional Hispanic family and male-female relationships is presented, with an emphasis on issues relevant to providing health care to Hispanic populations. Aspects of the family presented include visitation, decision making, self-care, and emotional problems. Male-female relationships stem from traditional gender roles. Machismo and patriarchal authority characterize the male role; the roles of a traditional woman are housewife and mother. Women are expected to defer to the authority of their husbands. The negative aspects of machismo can result in heavy drinking and the pursuit of high-risk activities, leading to domestic violence and HIV/AIDS. These health risks are exacerbated by such cultural factors as male dominance, female modesty, and the practice of keeping problems within the family. The importance of personalismo in patient-provider encounters is emphasized.
HIV Prevention in the Hispanic Community: Sex, Culture, and Empowerment
Authors: Marín Barbara Vanoss
Published: July 2003

To address the serious HIV epidemic in the Hispanic community in the United States, the underlying causes of the epidemic must be addressed. Marginalization, including homophobia, poverty, and racism, as well as cultural factors such as machismo and sexual silence disempower people, making HIV prevention difficult. This article reviews evidence for the impact of marginalization and cultural factors on HIV risk and proposes a cycle of disempowerment. Three examples of empowerment interventions developed specifically for Hispanics (targeting heterosexuals, women, and gay men) are presented, and how these interventions address disempowerment is discussed. One intervention is used to illustrate principles of developing culturally appropriate interventions.