bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crosstalk between hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide mediates priming‐induced drought tolerance in wheat
Authors: Wang Xiao , Li Qing , Yang Mengxiang , Zhang Jia , Huang Mei , Cai Jian , Zhou Qin , Dai Tingbo , Wollenweber Bernd , Jiang Dong
Published: November 2020

Drought is a limiting factor for wheat production. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are key signalling molecules produced in response to drought stress. Drought priming is a promising strategy for enhancing drought tolerance. Here, the roles of NO and H2O2 in drought priming were investigated. The results showed that the scavengers of NO or H2O2 reduced the effects of priming‐induced tolerance to drought stress during seedling and grain filling stages. Drought priming induced the production of H2O2 and NO, suggesting that H2O2 and NO were involved in priming‐induced drought tolerance and that the synthesis of H2O2 could be related to respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOH). Further, nitrate reductase (NR) activity was not the unique source for NO production. The elevated production of NO in the primed plants was blocked by scavengers of both H2O2 and NO, whereas the H2O2 concentration was not affected by a scavenger of NO. Osmolyte accumulation induced by drought priming was partly inhibited by the removal of NO, but was higher than in non‐primed plants. NO worked downstream of H2O2‐mediated the accumulation of proline and glycine‐betaine in primed plants under drought stress during grain filling. The results increase our understanding of the roles of H2O2 and NO in priming‐induced drought tolerance in wheat.
Effect of mixing glass frits on electrical property and microstructure of sintered Cu conductive thick film
Authors: Wang Jyun Yang , Lin Yi Xuan , Wu Chen Yu , Chiu Chung Yu , Lee Chia Hung , Yeh Ching Yu , Huang Bo Rong , Liu Cheng Yi
Published: November 2020

The resistivity of the sintered Cu thick film decreases with the weight percentage of the SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additive in the mixing glass frits up to 50 wt%. As the weight percentage of the SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additive in the mixing glass frits is over 50 wt%, the resistivity of the sintered Cu thick films is quite similar. The lowest resistivity (6.62 × 10−6 Ω‐cm) of the sintered Cu thick films occurs at 75 wt% of the SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additive. Also, we observe the extensive glass phase framing around the large Cu grains in the Cu thick films sintered with low SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additives (less than 50 wt%) narrows the cross‐section area of the electrical path. On the contrary, the round‐shaped glass phase solidified among the small Cu grains allows a larger cross‐section of the electrical path (a possible lower resistivity) for the Cu thick films sintered with higher SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additives (larger than 50 wt%). The above results imply that the resistivity of the sintered Cu thick film correlates well with the microstructure (Cu grain size and the glass/Cu composite structure) of the sintered Cu thick films. Twin grain boundaries can clearly be observed in the sintered Cu thick films, especially for the Cu thick film sintered with the higher SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additives. Owing to small Cu grains size and high density of Cu grain boundary, the probability of the grain boundaries with a high grain‐boundary energy in the Cu thick film sintered with high SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additive would be much larger, comparing to that in the Cu thick film sintered with low SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additive. Thus, more annealing twin boundaries formed in the Cu thick film sintered with high SiO2–ZnO–B2O3 additive. Hence, the formation of the twin boundary in the sintered Cu thick film helps reducing the resistivity of the sintered Cu films.
Namaste care delivered by caregivers of community‐dwelling older adults with moderate to advanced dementia: A mixed methods study protocol
Authors: Yous Marie‐Lee , Ploeg Jenny , Kaasalainen Sharon , McAiney Carrie
Published: November 2020

Aim

The aim of this study is to adapt and evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a multisensory, psychosocial intervention called Namaste Care delivered by family and friend caregivers of community‐dwelling older adults with moderate to advanced dementia.

Design

A multiphase mixed methods design combining quantitative and qualitative methods will be used.

Methods

This study is composed of two phases. Phase 1 is guided by a qualitative description approach. Small group workshop sessions with 8–10 caregivers of community‐dwelling older adults with moderate to advanced dementia will be conducted to adapt Namaste Care. In Phase 2, 10–20 caregivers will receive training and implement the adapted Namaste Care approach at home. A one group, before‐after design will be used to evaluate feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness of the approach over 3 months. Feasibility will be assessed using quantitative measures and acceptability will be explored using qualitative methods. Outcomes to evaluate preliminary effectiveness include quality of life (QoL), positive perceptions of caregiving, self‐efficacy, and caregiver burden.

Discussion

There are currently few skill‐building interventions that can be delivered by caregivers of people with moderate to advanced dementia at home. Caregivers should be involved in developing programs to enhance program relevance. This research will be the first to explore the feasibility of implementing the Namaste Care approach at home by caregivers.

Impact

Study results will provide important information about the feasibility and preliminary effects of an adapted form of Namaste Care. This program has the potential to improve the QoL of caregivers and may prevent hospitalization or long‐term care placement of older persons with moderate to advanced dementia. The revised Namaste Care program supports building the skills of caregivers so that their needs and the needs of older persons with dementia living at home are being addressed.
Perceptions on good‐life, good‐death, and advance care planning in Koreans with non‐cancerous chronic diseases
Authors: Cha EunSeok , Kim JinShil , Sohn Min Kyun , Lee Byung Seok , Jung Sung Soo , Lee SoJung , Lee Insil
Published: November 2020

Aims

This study explored perceptions on a good‐life, good‐death, and advance care planning in Koreans with non‐cancerous chronic diseases with the goal to develop a culture‐specific advance care planning intervention in this population.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design was used.

Methods

Data collections were conducted between September 2017 – June 2018. Twenty‐nine patients aged 41–82 years (85.8% men) participated in the interviews lasting 40–60 min. The verbatim transcriptions of the semi‐structured interview data were analysed using conventional content analysis.

Results

Good‐life was described as ‘present with physical and financial independence,’ ‘not burdensome to the family,’ ‘completed life responsibility’, and ‘helping others.’ Some participants described good‐death as ‘prepared death’ while others considered it as ‘sudden death during sleep.’ All participants wanted to have a painless death and not burden the family. Advance care planning was a new concept to many participants. It was likened to ‘insurance.’ Some participants believed that decision‐making on life‐sustaining treatment should be done by their family, not themselves, because of economic or emotional distress. Some participants wanted to discuss medical and non‐medical care services to reduce the burden on self and family.

Conclusion

Family is key when it comes to the meaning of good‐life and good‐death. Cultural adaptation is necessary to meet the advance care planning needs of Koreans with non‐cancerous chronic diseases.

Impact

Successfully implementing advance care planning in Koreans with non‐cancerous chronic diseases depends on how it is adapted to the disease‐specific characteristics compared with cancer, and the cultural norms and social context. Nurses need to be prepared to offer advance care planning to persons with non‐cancerous chronic diseases based on a keen sense of and empathetic cultural competence.
Nurses' assessments of staffing adequacy in care services for older patients following hospital discharge
Authors: Veenstra Marijke , Gautun Heidi
Published: November 2020

Aims

To explore community nurses' assessments of staffing adequacy in care provision for older patients following hospital discharge and analyse the extent to which their assessments are associated with characteristics of the system level of municipality and vertical coordination between hospital and community care services.

Design

Nation‐wide cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Web‐based survey conducted in 2017 among 3,461 nurses working with older persons (65+) in homecare services, residential care and nursing homes in Norway. Responses from individual homecare nurses were linked with municipal‐level register data (age structure, economic flexibility, service profiles). Stratified multilevel analyses were used to analyse the association of staffing adequacy with municipal characteristics and perceived quality of vertical coordination.

Results

Almost half of the nurses experienced inadequate staffing in general, whereas a similar share indicated that staffing was adequate. Nursing home nurses showed the least positive ratings of staffing adequacy. Most nurses indicated that there were too many unqualified care workers at their workplace. More positive assessments of staffing adequacy were associated with better vertical coordination. Average ratings of staffing adequacy were lower in larger municipalities and municipalities with an older population.

Conclusion

Healthcare providers, nurse managers and policy makers may benefit from a stronger focus on rebalancing skill‐mix and on new models of vertical coordination in addressing current and future nurse staffing shortages in care services for older people following hospital discharge.

Impact statement

This study adds to the scarce national and international research literature on nurse staffing in community care services, addressing the pressing challenges of staffing and skill‐ mix in long‐term care provision. Findings support the development of nurse‐led models of care coordination for older patients following hospital discharge and stimulate future research on the effects of recruitment and retainment strategies in different municipalities and different models of vertical coordination.
“Tutor and student dyadic interactions in relation to Interprofessional education and clinical care: A constructivist grounded theory study”
Authors: Bianchi Monica , Ghirotto Luca , Bagnasco Annamaria , Catania Gianluca , Zanini Milko , Aleo Giuseppe , Hayter Mark , Sasso Loredana
Published: November 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore and understand the interprofessional collaboration preparation processes implemented by clinical tutors and students, in various professions, involved in interprofessional education experiences.

Design

A constructivist grounded theory approach. The study was carried out between 2015‐#2017.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a total of ten undergraduate students and the seven clinical tutors who supervised them from three undergraduate courses in a university of applied sciences and arts in Switzerland. Students were sampled during their clinical placement. Data were analysed and coded using constant comparative analysis with the support of Nvivo 10 software.

Results

A substantive theory "Practicing contextual models of interprofessional care" was generated. It explains how the whole process takes place, the tutor–student interactions, and how together they gradually build models of interprofessional care, linked to their clinical context and to the patients/families who are part of it.

Conclusion

The process describes a journey to comprehensively explain the roles played by the two main actors (student and tutor) who build a relationship of interaction.

Impact

This theory provides an understanding of the complex process set up by students and how they are prepared for collaboration with other professionals. Its importance is mainly expressed in the educational field because it reveals a different vision from the one present so far and enables a thorough reflection from the pedagogical point of view. Teachers will be able to observe and approach the students' training curricula from a different point of view by evaluating any changes to favour it and rethink the organizational and training models of current programs.
Gastroenterology nurse prescribing in China: A Delphi method
Authors: Han Shifan , Jia Xiaoyue , Zhu Ruifang , Cao Yan , Xu Zhuya , Meng Yifei
Published: November 2020

Aim

This study aims to identify and reach a consensus among experts on the specific gastroenterology drugs that a gastroenterology nurse may be able to prescribe.

Design

This study employs a modified Delphi design to reach a consensus among medical and nursing experts about the gastroenterology system drugs that nurses may prescribe medication.

Method

From August 2019–November 2019, a two‐round study, consisting of 26 medical and nursing experts, was conducted using the Delphi method. IBM SPSS Ver. 22 and descriptive statistical software were used to analyse the results of the consultations.

Results

A total of 37 drugs across nine categories are identified as relevant to Chinese nurses working in gastroenterology departments. Among them, four drugs are generally prescribed independently, 24 tend to be prescribed collaboratively and nine are prescribed either independently, or in collaboration with others.

Conclusions

This list is a fundamental and dependable instrument for identifying the gastroenterology drugs that could possibly be prescribed by gastroenterology nurses in China. The research results have important guiding significance for the formulation and implementation of relevant policies for nurses to prescribe medicines.

Impact

Nurse prescribing has become a global trend and is slowly gaining attention in China under the development strategy of ‘Healthy China’. As such, this list will give some reference for policy formulation and implementation of future nurse prescribing in mainland China.
Mealtime verbal interactions among nursing home staff and residents with dementia: A secondary behavioural analysis of videotaped observations
Authors: Liu Wen , Williams Kristine , Batchelor Melissa , Perkhounkova Yelena , Hein Maria
Published: November 2020

Aims

To characterize dyadic mealtime verbal interactions and examine the associations with staff and resident characteristics.

Design

A secondary analysis of 110 videotaped mealtime observations collected from a dementia communication trial during 2011–2014.

Methods

Videos involved 25 residents with dementia and 29 staff in nine nursing homes. Verbal behaviours (utterances) were coded during 2018–2019 using the Cue Utilization and Engagement in Dementia mealtime video‐coding scheme, addressing eight positive behaviours and four negative behaviours. Bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models were used.

Results

Staff spoke three times more frequently (76.5%) than residents (23.5%). Nearly all staff utterances were positive (99.2%); 85.1% of residents' utterances were positive and 14.9% negative. Staff positive utterances were correlated with their negative utterances and resident positive and negative utterances. Staff negative utterances were correlated with resident negative utterances. Resident positive and negative utterances were correlated. Resident positive utterances were significantly associated with staff care‐giving length in the current nursing home (OR = 1.430, 95% CI = 1.008, 2.027). Resident negative utterances were significantly associated with resident gender (female versus male, OR = 11.892, 95% CI = 1.237, 114.289) and staff years worked as a caregiver (OR = 0.838, 95% CI = 0.710, 0.989). Staff positive and negative utterances were not associated significantly with any participant characteristics.

Conclusions

Staff engage residents using primarily positive verbal strategies. Staff–resident mealtime verbal interactions were dynamic, interactive, and complex and related to multiple individual characteristics.

Impact

Positive dyadic mealtime interactions are critical to engage residents in eating. Little work has characterized dyadic mealtime interactions, limiting the development of effective interventions. Findings showed staff–resident mealtime verbal interactions were primarily positive, inter‐related, and associated with multiple individual characteristics. Findings inform directions to improve mealtime care practice and develop person‐centred mealtime interventions targeting modifiable factors, including staff care‐giving experiences.
Structure, staffing, and factors affecting infection control nurses: Hospital based exploratory survey‐ A study protocol
Authors: Assariparambil Anil R. , Nayak Shalini G. , Sugunan Aswin , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay , Shankar Ravi , Devi Elsa Sanatombi , George Anice
Published: November 2020

Aim

The overall aim of the study is to develop a module for the structure, staffing, job responsibilities, training and workflow for the hospital Infection Control Department.

Design

An exploratory research design in two phases. Phase 1: Hospital based exploratory survey design. Phase 2: Delphi technique with Focus Group Discussion.

Method

Data will be collected through interviewing Infection Control Nurses (ICNs) or infection control in‐charge using Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF) released by World Health Organization (WHO) in the first phase and Delphi technique in the second phase to determine the problems and solutions for the concerns pertaining to the ICNs. The study is funded by Indian Council of Medical Research from 15 October 2019 for 3 years duration.

Discussion

Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) affects the care quality of millions of people around the globe. Many researchers have explored the evidence for causes and measures to contain infection. However, there are hardly few researches from the perspective to structure, staffing pattern and factors affecting ICNs. As staffing is considered as a vital component in infection prevention, there is a necessity for optimization to reduce the global burden related to HAI.

Impact

This protocol on Structure, staffing, and factors affecting ICN will provide insight into developing strategy, policy or educational module for the ICNs across the country.

Trial Registration

The trial is registered with Central Trial Registry of India (CTRI) with reference ID: CTRI/2020/07/026286
The effectiveness of interventions to improve pain assessment and management in people living with dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Tsai Yvette I‐Pei , Browne Graeme , Inder Kerry Jill
Published: November 2020

Aims

To synthesize and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for nurses to improve the assessment and management of pain in people living with dementia.

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials.

Data sources

CINAHL, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) EBP, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched for all journal articles published between 2009 ‐2019.

Review methods

Papers were included under population intervention comparator outcome (PICO) framework for: (a) people living with dementia aged 65 years and over; (b) interventions developed for nurses or other health professionals; (c) comparison group of standard care or control; and (d) outcome that measures the intervention effects on nurses and people living with dementia. Independent reviewers undertook critical appraisal, data abstraction, and synthesis. Meta‐analyses were performed to determine the effectiveness of interventions.

Results

Of 2099 titles and abstracts screened, six interventions with low‐to‐moderate risk of bias met inclusion criteria. Studies that implemented a routine pain assessment tool showed no effect on nurses’ analgesic management. Studies that developed a comprehensive pain model involving multidisciplinary health professionals showed overall effects on pain assessment and management in dementia care. Physician involvement had an impact on analgesic management.

Conclusion

Comprehensive pain models improve nurses’ pain assessment and management. A lack of balance between analgesia use and non‐pharmacological pain management in dementia care is evident. Multidisciplinary health professionals’ involvement is essential for effective intervention design for pain management in dementia.

Impact

Various pain assessment tools have been considered to assist identification and management of pain in people living with dementia. Nevertheless, challenges exist when caring for people living with dementia in pain. These findings support the development of a comprehensive pain model, which may be a more effective strategy than routine use of a pain tool alone for nurses to improve pain management in dementia care.
The influence of natural fire and cultural practices on island ecosystems: Insights from a 4,800 year record from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands
Authors: Ravazzi Cesare , Mariani Michela , Criado Constantino , Garozzo Lorena , Naranjo‐Cigala Agustín , Perez‐Torrado Francisco J. , Pini Roberta , Rodriguez‐Gonzalez Alejandro , Nogué Sandra , Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández‐Palacios José María , de Nascimento Lea
Published: November 2020

Aim

Long‐term ecological data provide a stepped frame of island ecosystem transformation after successive waves of human colonization, essential to determine conservation and management baselines. However, the timing and ecological impact of initial human settlement on many islands is still poorly known. Here, we report analyses from a 4800‐year sedimentary sequence from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands), with the goal of disentangling forest responses to natural fire from early human pressure on the island.

Location

La Calderilla, a volcanic maar caldera at 1,770 m a.s.l. on Gran Canaria.

Taxon

Plants and fungi.

Methods

A core from the caldera infill was analysed for sediment properties, pollen, micro‐ and macrocharcoal, with radiocarbon and biochronology dating. Fossil data were statistically zoned and interpreted with the help of cross‐correlation and ordination analyses. Surface samples and a pollen–vegetation training set were used as modern analogues for vegetation reconstruction.

Results

Before human settlement (4,800–2,000 cal. yr bp), pine (Pinus canariensis) pollen dominated. Extensive dry pine forests characterized the highlands, although with temporary declining phases, followed by prompt (sub‐centennial scale) recovery. Towards 2,280 cal. yr bp there was a shift to open vegetation, marked by an increase in coprophilous spores. Coincidental with independent evidence of human settlement in the pine belt (2,000–470 cal. yr bp) there was a decline of pine and a peak in charcoal. Following historic settlement (470–0 cal. yr bp), pollen producers from anthropogenic habitats, secondary vegetation and coprophilous fungi increased in abundance, reflecting higher pressure of animal husbandry and farming. Modern moss polsters reflect extensive reforestation since 1950 ce (Common Era).

Main conclusions

From 4,800 cal. yr bp, the pristine vegetation covering the Gran Canaria highlands was a mosaic of dry pine forests and open vegetation. The pine forests sustained intense fires, which may well have promoted habitat diversity. Human interference was initiated around 2,280 cal. yr bp probably by recurrent cultural firing and animal husbandry, triggering a steady trend of forest withdrawal and expansion of grasses and scrubs, until the final disappearance of the pine forest locally in the 20th century. Grasslands were found to be of ancient cultural origin in the summit areas of Gran Canaria, although they underwent an expansion after the Castilian Conquest.
Phylogenomics resolves the invasion history of Acacia auriculiformis in Florida
Authors: McCulloch Graham A. , Madeira Paul T. , Makinson Jeffrey R. , Dutoit Ludovic , Blair Zizah , Walter Gimme H. , Nawaz Muhammad , Purcell Matthew F.
Published: November 2020

Aim

Understanding the genetic structure of plants in their native range is crucial when reconstructing the invasion history of weeds. This information allows researchers to pinpoint the provenance of invasive plants and to test the importance of genetic admixture in facilitating invasion success. We assessed genetic structuring across the native range of A. auriculiformis, to determine whether genetic admixture contributes to the success of this weed in its introduced range, and test for rapid adaptation to environmental conditions in the invasive lineage.

Location

Australia, Papua New Guinea, Florida.

Taxon

Earleaf acacia.

Methods

We sampled A. auriculiformis from across its entire native distribution (northern Australia, Papua New Guinea) and its invasive range in Florida, and used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to assess population structuring.

Results

Principal component analysis, based on 9591 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, indicated significant differentiation among samples from Papua New Guinea, the Northern Territory (Australia) and north Queensland (Australia). Florida samples also formed a distinct cluster, with these samples most closely related to samples from the Northern Territory. These results indicate that the Florida A. auriculiformis lineage most likely originates from the Northern Territory, with no evidence that plants were introduced from different parts of the native range. We found evidence of allelic shifts in the Florida population, suggesting rapid adaptation to environmental conditions may contribute the success of the invasive lineage.

Main conclusions

Two well‐known biogeographic barriers—the Carpentaria Gap and Torres Strait—have caused genome‐wide divergence among A. auriculiformis plants from north Queensland, Northern Territory and Papua New Guinea. The taxonomic status of these allopatric populations should be further assessed. As the Florida lineage originated in the Northern Territory, the search for potential biological control agents should be focused in this region. Our results also demonstrate how artificial selection and strong genetic drift may cause introduced plants to have a unique genetic make‐up not found in the native range.
Early‐onset and recurrent depression in parents increases risk of intergenerational transmission to adolescent offspring
Authors: Jaffee Sara R. , Sligo Judith L. , McAnally Helena M. , Bolton Aroha E. , Baxter Joanne M. , Hancox Robert J.
Published: November 2020

Background

To assess whether the age‐of‐onset or the recurrence of parents’ major depressive disorder (MDD), measured prospectively in a longitudinal birth cohort study, predicted offspring depression at age 15.

Methods

A two‐generation study of New Zealanders, with prospective, longitudinal data in the parents’ generation (n = 375) and cross‐sectional data from their adolescent offspring (n = 612). Parent and offspring depression was measured with structured clinical interviews. Parent depression was measured at six time points from age 11 to 38 years. Adolescent offspring depression was measured at age 15.

Results

Compared to adolescents whose parents were never depressed, those whose parents met criteria for MDD more than once and those whose parents first met criteria before adulthood had more symptoms of depression. The combination of early‐onset and recurrent depression in parents made adolescents particularly vulnerable; their odds of meeting criteria for MDD were 4.21 times greater (95% CI = 1.57–11.26) than adolescents whose parents were never depressed. The strength of the intergenerational effect did not vary as a function of parent or offspring sex. The prevalence of adolescent depression was 2.5 times higher in the offspring than at age 15 in the parents’ generation.

Conclusions

Recurrent depression in both fathers and mothers increases offspring risk for depression, particularly when it starts in childhood or adolescence, but a single lifetime episode does not. Health practitioners should be aware of age‐of‐onset and course of depression in both parents when assessing their children’s risk for depression.
Diet, trophic interactions and possible ecological role of commercial sharks and batoids in northern Peruvian waters
Authors: Gonzalez‐Pestana Adriana , Mangel Jeffrey C. , Alfaro‐Córdova Eliana , Acuña‐Perales Nicolas , Córdova‐Zavaleta Francisco , Segura‐Cobeña Eduardo , Benites Diego , Espinoza Maximiliano , Coasaca‐Céspedes Javier , Jiménez Astrid , Pingo Sergio , Moscoso Victor , Alfaro‐Shigueto Joanna , Espinoza Pepe
Published: November 2020

The Peruvian sea represents one of the most productive ocean ecosystems and possesses one of the largest elasmobranch fisheries in the Pacific Ocean. Ecosystem‐based management of these fisheries will require information on the trophic ecology of elasmobranchs. This study aimed to understand the diet, trophic interactions and the role of nine commercial elasmobranch species in northern Peru through the analysis of stomach contents. A total of 865 non‐empty stomachs were analysed. Off northern Peru, elasmobranchs function as upper‐trophic‐level species consuming 78 prey items, predominantly teleosts and cephalopods. Two distinctive trophic assemblages were identified: (a) sharks (smooth hammerhead sharkSphyrna zygaena, thresher sharkAlopiasspp. and blue sharkPrionace glauca) that feed mainly on cephalopods in the pelagic ecosystem; and (b) sharks and batoids (Chilean eagle rayMyliobatis chilensis, humpback smooth‐houndMustelus whitneyi, spotted houndsharkTriakis maculata, Pacific guitarfishPseudobatos planiceps, copper sharkCarcharhinus brachyurusand school sharkGaleorhinus galeus) that feed mainly on teleosts and invertebrates in the benthonic and pelagic coastal ecosystem. This study reveals for the first time the diet ofT. maculataand the importance of elasmobranchs as predators of abundant and commercial species (i.e., jumbo squidDosidicus gigasand Peruvian anchovyEngraulis ringens). The results of this study can assist in the design of an ecosystem‐based management for the northern Peruvian sea and the conservation of these highly exploited, threatened or poorly understood group of predators in one of the most productive marine ecosystems.
Metapelite from the high‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure terrane of the Eastern Alps (Pohorje Mountains, Slovenia)—New pressure, temperature and time constraints on a polymetamorphic rock
Authors: Li Botao , Massonne Hans‐Joachim , Koller Friedrich , Zhang Junfeng
Published: November 2020

The Austroalpine nappe stack of the Pohorje Mountains (Mts.) in northeastern Slovenia comprises a suite of eclogite facies metamorphic rocks that were partially assigned to Eo‐Alpine ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism (UHPM). We selected a micaschist, which was previously related to this metamorphism, for a detailed study including the chemical zonation of garnet and potassic white mica, the identification of mineral inclusion assemblages, pseudosection modelling with PERPLE_X, and monazite in‐situ dating with the electron microprobe. Polymetamorphism was revealed by (at least) two generations of garnet and phengite and four populations of monazite yielding ages of 283.6 ± 6.1 (2σ), 94.1 ± 3.7, 47.9 ± 10.8 and 26.2 ± 2.8 Ma. The Permian monazite population is characterized by relatively high Y contents (~1.15 wt% Y) and low La/Gd mass ratios (8.7) indicating its formation before the growth of porphyroblastic garnet. The Eo‐Alpine population, however, grew synchronously with garnet based on low Y contents (~0.05 wt%) and high La/Gd ratios (21.4). The older Tertiary population (48 Ma) shows also high Y contents (1.1 wt%) and low La/Gd ratios (10.6) whereas the younger Tertiary population is characterized by low Y contents. The Permian P–T conditions of 7.5–10 kbar at 600–650°C were obtained using the inclusion assemblage of staurolite+rutile+biotite in porphyroblastic garnet. High pressure (HP) but no UHPM was reconstructed for both Eo‐Alpine coarse phengite (Si = 3.22 per formula unit = pfu) and small Tertiary garnet+fine‐grained phengite (Si = 3.27 pfu) at peak pressures ~16 kbar and 18.5–23 kbar respectively. Maximum temperatures close to 650°C were likely reached during the Eo‐Alpine HP event, whereas those of the Tertiary HP event were probably ~580°C. These HP metamorphic events suggest that the Pohorje Mts. experienced both an Eo‐Alpine and a Tertiary subduction–exhumation history, the latter of which was mainly reported for underlying Penninic nappes so far.
Chrono‐nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns
Authors: Flanagan Alan , Bechtold David A. , Pot Gerda K. , Johnston Jonathan D.
Published: November 2020

The circadian timing system governs daily biological rhythms, synchronising physiology and behaviour to the temporal world. External time cues, including the light‐dark cycle and timing of food intake, provide daily signals for entrainment of the central, master circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and of metabolic rhythms in peripheral tissues, respectively. Chrono‐nutrition is an emerging field building on the relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health. Evidence from both animal and human research demonstrates adverse metabolic consequences of circadian disruption. Conversely, a growing body of evidence indicates that aligning food intake to periods of the day when circadian rhythms in metabolic processes are optimised for nutrition may be effective for improving metabolic health. Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid homeostasis, insulin responsiveness and sensitivity, energy expenditure, and postprandial metabolism, may favour eating patterns characterised by earlier temporal distribution of energy. This review details the molecular basis for metabolic clocks, the regulation of feeding behaviour, and the evidence for meal timing as an entraining signal for the circadian system in animal models. The epidemiology of temporal eating patterns in humans is examined, together with evidence from human intervention studies investigating the metabolic effects of morning compared to evening energy intake, and emerging chrono‐nutrition interventions such as time‐restricted feeding. Chrono‐nutrition may have therapeutic application for individuals with and at‐risk of metabolic disease and convey health benefits within the general population.

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Narrow‐Framing and Risk Preferences in Family and Non‐Family Firms
Authors: Fang Hanqing “Chevy” , Memili Esra , Chrisman James J. , Tang Linjia
Published: November 2020

Building upon prospect theory’s concept of narrow‐framing, we explore family firms’ risk preferences across multiple decisions in corporate entrepreneurship. We argue that family firms’ decisions are less likely to be narrowly framed (more likely to be made as a group rather than in isolation) compared to non‐family firms. Examining the interaction between two risky decisions (internationalization and R&D investment) in two samples of publicly traded firms in the USA and China confirms our hypotheses. Family firms appear more likely than non‐family firms to diversify risk when making multiple decisions concerning corporate entrepreneurship. However, given inferior performance, risk taking across multiple decisions in family firms is positively related.
Responsiveness of methods to evaluate chewing ability after removable partial denture treatments
Authors: Fueki Kenji , Inamochi Yuka , Yoshida‐Kohno Eiko , Hayashi Yoko , Wakabayashi Noriyuki
Published: November 2020

Background

The ability of an instrument to detect a clinically important change in patient‐reported outcomes following prosthetic treatment is critical for its use in clinical practice and research settings.

Objectives

This study aimed to examine the responsiveness of instruments in evaluating patient perception of chewing ability after removable partial denture (RPD) treatment in a prospective cohort.

Methods

A single 100‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS), 20‐item food intake questionnaire (FIQ) and 6‐point chewing difficulty scale (CDS) were administered to 248 partially edentulous patients to evaluate chewing ability pre‐ and post‐RPD treatment. We conducted a statistical comparison between the pre‐ and post‐treatment scores and determined the effect size (r) of RPD treatment for the instruments.

Results

A significant improvement in chewing ability after RPD treatment was identified by VAS and CDS (P < .05), but not by FIQ (P = .16), which identified an improvement after controlling for sex, age, the number of missing teeth and presence/absence of existing removable dentures. The effect size was medium for VAS (r = .54), weak for CDS (r = .14‐.17) and absent for FIQ (r = −.09). The increase in r was significantly associated with impaired chewing ability before treatment (ρ = −0.87, P < .001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the 100‐mm VAS, followed by CDS, is the most responsive instrument to detect an improvement in chewing ability after RPD treatment. Pre‐treatment impairment of chewing ability was associated with better responsiveness of the instruments.
Elective neck dissection in primary parotid carcinomas: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Borsetto Daniele , Iocca Oreste , De Virgilio Armando , Boscolo‐Rizzo Paolo , Phillips Veronica , Nicolai Piero , Spriano Giuseppe , Fussey Jonathan , Di Maio Pasquale
Published: November 2020

Background

To estimate the rate of occult cervical lymph node metastases in cN0 patients affected by primary parotid carcinomas and to scrutinize the evidence on the indication and extent of elective neck dissection in these neoplasms.

Methods

Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched until August 31, 2020, to identify studies reporting the use of elective neck dissection in the management of malignant parotid tumours. The PRISMA checklist was used. A single arm meta‐analysis was then made to determine the pooled rate of occult lymph node metastases. Risk of bias of the included studies was assessed through the ROBINS‐E tool.

Results

The initial search returned 20 541 articles, of which twelve met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta‐analysis. They comprised 1310 patients with parotid carcinoma, of whom 542 cN0 underwent elective neck dissection, which led to the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis (pN+/cN0) in 113 cases. Meta‐analysis of the results of elective neck dissection showed an overall rate of occult metastases of 0.22 (99% CI: 0.14‐0.30). Locally advanced or high‐grade tumours were the commonest indications for elective neck dissection in the included studies. The most dissected lymph node levels were I‐II‐III, and level II was the commonest site of occult nodal metastases.

Conclusions

An occult metastasis rate of 0.22 (99% CI: 0.14‐0.30) represents a not negligible percentage value, which should encourage further research to outline the most appropriate elective neck management in cN0 patients with parotid carcinomas.
Wage trickle down versus rent trickle down: How does an increase in college graduates affect wages and rents?
Authors: Choi Jung Hyun , Green Richard K. , Noh Eul
Published: November 2020

We extend the Rosen–Roback spatial equilibrium model to show that increasing city‐level college share affects welfare distribution by changing both wages and housing costs heterogeneously across individuals with different education levels. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 1980 to 2013, we confirm that high‐skilled workers gain greater benefits from living in cities with a rising college share, as the increase in their wage premiums outweighs their rent growth. However, the increased earnings of the unskilled are completely offset by higher housing rents. In response to the college graduate influx, housing wealth also increases significantly more for college graduates, further widening the welfare gap. The increased welfare gap is greater in cities where housing supply is inelastic.
The influence of an apex predator introduction on an already established subordinate predator
Authors: Parker D. M. , van de Vyver D. B. , Bissett C.
Published: November 2020

African lions (Panthera leo) can influence the location, distribution and behaviour of smaller carnivores such as cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). In fenced protected areas, where space is limited, the effects of the apex predator can be exaggerated to the point of localized extinction of the subordinate. Here, we directly compare the prey selection of cheetahs before and after the re‐introduction of lions to the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa. The lion re‐introduction did not significantly influence the diet of the cheetahs. Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) comprised >75% of cheetah diet both before and after the lion re‐introduction with no noticeable changes in the size ranges of prey selected. In addition, there was no significant dietary overlap (O < 0.45) with the lions. Our study supports recent findings that cheetahs, as subordinate predators, can coexist with larger, more aggressive carnivores within an enclosed environment without compromising access to resources. However, our work represents a temporal snapshot into lion and cheetah foraging behaviour in an enclosed system and we recommend further research across multiple sites and predator densities.
Monitoring of spatiotemporal occupancy patterns of fish and amphibian species in a lentic aquatic system using environmental DNA
Authors: Brys Rein , Haegeman Annelies , Halfmaerten David , Neyrinck Sabrina , Staelens Ariane , Auwerx Johan , Ruttink Tom
Published: November 2020

To effectively monitor, manage and protect aquatic species and understand their interactions, knowledge of their spatiotemporal distribution is needed. In this study, we used a fine‐scale spatiotemporal water sampling design, followed by environmental DNA (eDNA) 12S metabarcoding, to investigate occupancy patterns of a natural community of fish and amphibian species in a lentic system. In the same system, we experimentally estimated the spatial and temporal dispersion of eDNA by placing a community of different fish and amphibian species in cages at one side of the pond, creating a controlled point of eDNA emission. Analyses of this cage community revealed a sharp spatial decline in detection rates and relative eDNA quantities at a distance of 5–10 m from the source, depending on the species and its abundance. In addition, none of the caged species could be detected 1 week after removal from the system. This indicates high eDNA decay rates and limited spatial eDNA dispersal, facilitating high local resolution for monitoring spatial occupancy patterns of aquatic species. Remarkably, for seven of the nine cage species, the presence of a single individual could be detected by pooling water of subsamples taken across the whole water body, illustrating the high sensitivity of the eDNA sampling and detection method applied. Finally, our work demonstrated that a fine‐scale sampling design in combination with eDNA metabarcoding can cover total biodiversity very precisely and allows the construction of consistent spatiotemporal patterns of relative abundance and local distribution of free‐living fish and amphibian species in a lentic ecosystem.
The genomic signature of ecological divergence along the benthic‐limnetic axis in allopatric and sympatric threespine stickleback
Authors: Härer Andreas , Bolnick Daniel I. , Rennison Diana J.
Published: November 2020

The repeated occurrence of similar phenotypes in independent lineages (i.e., parallel evolution) in response to similar ecological conditions can provide compelling insights into the process of adaptive evolution. An intriguing question is to what extent repeated phenotypic changes are underlain by repeated changes at the genomic level and whether patterns of genomic divergence differ with the geographic context in which populations evolve. Here, we combined genomic, morphological and ecological data sets to investigate the genomic signatures of divergence across populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) that adapted to contrasting ecological niches (benthic or limnetic) in either sympatry or allopatry. We found that genome‐wide differentiation (FST) was an order of magnitude higher and substantially more repeatable for sympatric benthic and limnetic specialists compared to allopatric populations with similar levels of ecological divergence. We identified genomic regions consistently differentiated between sympatric ecotypes that were also differentiated between or associated with benthic vs. limnetic niche in allopatric populations. These candidate regions were enriched on three chromosomes known to be involved in the benthic‐limnetic divergence of threespine stickleback. Some candidate regions overlapped with QTL for body shape and trophic traits such as gill raker number, traits that strongly differ between benthic and limnetic ecotypes. In summary, our study shows that magnitude and repeatability of genomic signatures of ecological divergence in threespine stickleback highly depend on the geographic context. The identified candidate regions provide starting points to identify functionally important genes for the adaptation to benthic and limnetic niches.
What do plants and bacteria want? Commentary on Carrie Figdor's Pieces of mind
Authors: Machery Edouard
Published: November 2020

In Pieces of mind, Figdor examines how to interpret psychological predicates that scientists assign to entities that commonsensically do not have a mind such as neurons and plants. She claims that these predicates are used literally to refer to the same structures in humans and non‐human entities. I argue on the contrary that most uses of this kind are merely the extension of preexisting, possibly behaviorist senses of the relevant psychological predicates.
A key cytosolic iron–sulfur cluster synthesis protein localizes to the mitochondrion of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Aw Yi Tong Vincent , Seidi Azadeh , Hayward Jenni A. , Lee Jiwon , Makota F. Victor , Rug Melanie , van Dooren Giel G.
Published: November 2020

Iron–sulfur (Fe‐S) clusters are prosthetic groups on proteins that function in a range of enzymatic and electron transfer reactions. Fe‐S cluster synthesis is essential for the survival of all eukaryotes. Independent Fe‐S cluster biosynthesis pathways occur in the mitochondrion, plastid, and cytosolic compartments of eukaryotic cells. Little is known about the cytosolic Fe‐S cluster biosynthesis in apicomplexan parasites, the causative agents of diseases such as malaria and toxoplasmosis. NBP35 serves as a key scaffold protein on which cytosolic Fe‐S clusters assemble, and has a cytosolic localization in most eukaryotes studied thus far. Unexpectedly, we found that the NBP35 homolog of the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii (TgNBP35) localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane, with mitochondrial targeting mediated by an N‐terminal transmembrane domain. We demonstrate that TgNBP35 is critical for parasite proliferation, but that, despite its mitochondrial localization, it is not required for Fe‐S cluster synthesis in the mitochondrion. Instead, we establish that TgNBP35 is important for the biogenesis of cytosolic Fe‐S proteins. Our data are consistent with TgNBP35 playing a central and specific role in cytosolic Fe‐S cluster biosynthesis, and imply that the assembly of cytosolic Fe‐S clusters occurs on the cytosolic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane in these parasites.