bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Manipulation of Growth Mechanisms in the Vapor–Solid–Solid Growth of GaP Nanowires
Authors: Hu Tianyi , Cao Yuanyuan , Franzén Sara M. , Jacobsson Daniel , Seifner Michael S. , Messing Maria E. , Dick Kimberly A.
Published: November 2024

Vapor–solid–solid (VSS) growth of III‐V semiconductor nanowires (NWs) has long been considered an alternative for the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) growth mode, with the potential to avoid the incorporation of deep‐level impurities into semiconductors and to form compositionally abrupt interfaces. Most research however indicates that VSS growth has a much lower growth rate than observed in the VLS growth regime, explained by the very slow mass transport at the solid seed particle‐NW interface. In this study, the direct observation of the VSS growth of GaP NWs under different mechanisms is reported, by using Ni as a seed material inside an environmental transmission electron microscope. These results reveal that when NWs are grown from seed particles exhibiting the NiGa and Ni2Ga3 phases, classic VSS growth occurs with slow NW growth and interface diffusion as the dominant mass transport pathway. In contrast, when NWs are grown by seed particles containing Ni2P phase, rapid NW growth is observed together with a continuous reshaping of the seed particle. A cation exchange reaction is proposed as the predominant growth mechanism. This research results demonstrate an entirely new variant of the VSS growth mode, opening up new degrees of freedom for tuning NW properties.
Liquid Crystal 3D Optical Waveguides Based on Photoalignment
Authors: Ropač Peter , Hsiao Yu‐Tung , Berteloot Brecht , Ussembayev Yera , Nys Inge , Ravnik Miha , Neyts Kristiaan
Published: November 2024

A novel design and approach for the realization of liquid crystal optical waveguides using photopatterning as a manufacturing method is presented. The developed method is used to demonstrate straight waveguides of different widths and curved waveguides with different radius of curvature. The waveguides are terminated with +1 or −1 surface defects through which the light incouples/outcouples. The effect of the straight waveguide thickness and the radius of curvature of the curved waveguides on the attenuation of the light in the waveguide is experimentally explored. The experiments are supported with numerical simulations of light propagation through both types of waveguides and outcoupling out of the straight waveguides. Furthermore, the effect of the size of the −1 defect terminations on the outcoupling efficiency is explored using simulations. Based on the presented design and manufacturing approach, liquid crystal optical waveguides of various shapes can be realized accurately with low‐cost.
Machine Learning Approaches in Advancing Perovskite Solar Cells Research
Authors: Subba Subham , Rai Pratika , Chatterjee Suman
Published: November 2024

The integration of machine learning (ML) with perovskite solar cells (PSCs) signifies a groundbreaking era in photovoltaic (PV) technology. The traditional iterative approaches in PSC research are often time‐consuming and resource‐intensive. In contrast, ML leverages available data and sophisticated algorithms to quickly identify properties and optimize parameters for novel materials and devices. This review explores how ML‐driven approaches are improving various facets of PSCs research, including the rapid screening of novel compositions, enhancing stability, refining device architectures, and deepening the understanding of underlying physics. The paper is structured to gradually familiarize readers with essential terminologies and concepts, ensuring a solid foundation before delving into more intricate topics. A concise workflow and various introductory toolkits for ML are also briefly discussed. Through a detailed analysis of compelling case studies, a basic research framework within ML‐PSC‐integrated research is provided. This comprehensive review can serve as a valuable reference for researchers aiming to understand and leverage ML‐driven approaches in PSCs research, advancing the path for more efficient and sustainable PV technologies.
Targeting the SPC25/RIOK1/MYH9 Axis to Overcome Tumor Stemness and Platinum Resistance in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Jiang Xingyu , Yang Muwen , Zhang Weijing , Shi Dongni , Li Yue , He Lixin , Huang Shumei , Chen Boyu , Chen Xuwei , Kong Lingzhi , Pan Yibing , Deng Pinwei , Wang Rui , Ouyang Ying , Chen Xiangfu , Li Jun , Li Zheng , Zou Hequn , Zhang Yanna , Song Libing
Published: November 2024

In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), platinum resistance, potentially mediated by cancer stem cells (CSCs), often leads to relapse and treatment failure. Here, the role of spindle pole body component 25 (SPC25) as a key determinant promoting stemness and platinum resistance in EOC cells, with its expression being correlated with adverse clinical outcomes is delineated. Mechanistically, SPC25 acts as a scaffolding platform, orchestrating the assembly of an SPC25/RIOK1/MYH9 trimeric complex, triggering RIOK1‐mediated phosphorylation of MYH9 at Ser1943. This prompts MYH9 to disengage from the cytoskeleton, augmenting its nuclear accumulation, thus potentiating CTNNB1 transcription and subsequent activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. CBP1, a competitive inhibitory peptide, can disrupt the formation of the aforementioned trimeric complex, diminishing the activity of the SPC25/RIOK1/MYH9 axis–mediated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, and thus attenuate CSC phenotypes, thereby enhancing platinum efficacy in vitro, in vivo, and in patient‐derived organoids. Therefore, targeting the SPC25/RIOK1/MYH9 axis, which mediates the maintenance of stemness and platinum resistance in EOC cells, may enhance platinum sensitivity and increase survival in patients with EOC.
Surface Planarization‐Epitaxial Growth Enables Uniform 2D/3D Heterojunctions for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules
Authors: Lin Dongxu , Fang Jun , Li Sibo , Zhan Zhenye , Li Huan , Wang Xin , Xie Guanshui , Wang Daozeng , Huang Nuanshan , Peng Haichen , Xie Weiguang , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing , Qiu Longbin
Published: November 2024

Two‐dimensional/three‐dimensional (2D/3D) halide perovskite heterojunctions are widely used to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. However, interfacial defects between the 2D and 3D perovskites and the poor coverage of the 2D capping layer still hinder long‐term stability and homogeneous charge extraction. Herein, a surface planarization strategy on 3D perovskite is developed that enables an epitaxial growth of uniform 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction via a vapor‐assisted process. The homogeneous charge extraction and suppression of interfacial nonradiative recombination is achieved by forming a uniform 2D/3D interface. As a result, a stabilized power output efficiency of 25.97% is achieved by using a 3D perovskite composition with a bandgap of 1.55 eV. To demonstrate the universality of the strategy applied for different perovskites, the champion device based on a 1.57 eV bandgap 3D perovskite results in an efficiency of 25.31% with a record fill factor of 87.6%. Additionally, perovskite solar modules achieve a designated area (24.04 cm2) certified efficiency of 20.75% with a high fill factor of 80.0%. Importantly, the encapsulated uniform 2D/3D modules retain 96.9% of the initial efficiency after 1246 h operational tracking under 65 °C (ISOS‐L‐3 protocol) and 91.1% after 862 h under the ISOS‐O‐1 protocol.
Recognition of a Fungal Effector Potentiates Pathogen‐Associated Molecular Pattern‐Triggered Immunity in Cotton
Authors: Sun Lifan , Li Xiangguo , Zhong Jiajie , Wang Yu , Li Baiyang , Ye Ziqin , Zhang Jie
Published: November 2024

Plants are equipped with multi‐layered immune systems that recognize pathogen‐derived elicitors to activate immunity. Verticillium dahliae is a soil‐borne fungus that infects a broad range of plants and causes devastating wilt disease. The mechanisms underlying immune recognition between plants and V. dahliae remain elusive. Here, a V. dahliae secretory protein, elicitor of plant defense gene (VdEPD1), acts as an elicitor that triggers defense responses in both Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton plants is identified. Targeted gene deletion of VdEPD1 enhances V. dahliae virulence in plants. Expression of VdEPD1 triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of cell death in cotton plants. Gossypium barbadense EPD1‐interacting receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinase (GbEIR5A) and GbEIR5D interact with VdEPD1. Silencing of GbEIR5A/D significantly impairs VdEPD1‐triggered cell death in cotton plants, indicating the contribution of GbEIR5A/D to VdEPD1‐activated effector‐triggered immunity (ETI). VdEPD1 stimulates the expression of GbEIR5A and GbEIR5D in cotton plants. Interestingly, cotton plants with silenced GbEIR5A/D genes exhibit compromised pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)‐triggered ROS accumulation, whereas overexpression of GbEIR5A or GbEIR5D enhances PAMP‐induced ROS. These findings indicate that recognition of VdEPD1 potentiates GbEIRs to enhance cotton PAMP‐triggered immunity (PTI), uncovering a cooperative interplay of PTI and ETI in cotton.
Controlling the Thermoelectric Performance of Doped Naphthobisthiadiazole‐Based Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers through Backbone Engineering
Authors: Ding Jian‐Fa , Yamanaka Kodai , Hong Shao‐Huan , Chen Guan‐Lin , Wu Wei‐Ni , Lin Jhih‐Min , Tung Shih‐Huang , Osaka Itaru , Liu Cheng‐Liang
Published: November 2024

This study investigates backbone engineering and evaluates the thermoelectric properties of FeCl3‐doped naphthobisthiadiazole (NTz)‐based donor–acceptor (D‐A) conjugated polymer films. The NTz acceptor unit is coupled with three distinct donor units, namely dialkylated terthiophene (3T), dialkylated quaterthiophene (4T), and dialkylated bisthienyl thienothiophene (2T‐TT) to yield copolymers designated as PNTz3T, PNTz4T, and PNTzTT. The difference in donor units leads to diverse molecule stacking and electronic properties, which can be systematically discovered via the three polymers. The linear structure of PNTz4T enables an orderly arrangement of side chains, thereby promoting dopant intercalation for enhanced carrier concentration. Additionally, this linear structure leads to an edge‐on stacking mode, thereby improving the in‐plane carrier mobility. As a result, the doped PNTz4T exhibits the highest electrical conductivity (σ) of 88.3 S cm−1 along with a Seebeck coefficient (S) of 62.2 µV K−1, thereby achieving the highest power factor (PF) of 34.2 µW m−1 K−2. These results highlight the relationship between the molecular design, microstructure, and doping effects in manipulating the thermoelectric performance of doped NTz‐based D‐A polymers.
Learning Controllers for Continuum Soft Manipulators: Impact of Modeling and Looming Challenges
Authors: Falotico Egidio , Donato Enrico , Alessi Carlo , Setti Elisa , Nazeer Muhammad Sunny , Agabiti Camilla , Caradonna Daniele , Bianchi Diego , Piqué Francesco , Ansari Yasmin Tauqeer , Killpack Marc
Published: November 2024

Soft manipulators, renowned for their compliance and adaptability, hold great promise in their ability to engage safely and effectively with intricate environments and delicate objects. Nonetheless, controlling these soft systems presents distinctive hurdles owing to their nonlinear behavior and complicated dynamics. Learning‐based controllers for continuum soft manipulators offer a viable alternative to model‐based approaches that may struggle to account for uncertainties and variability in soft materials, limiting their effectiveness in real‐world scenarios. Learning‐based controllers can be trained through experience, exploiting various forward models that differ in physical assumptions, accuracy, and computational cost. In this article, the key features of popular forward models, including geometrical, pseudo‐rigid, continuum mechanical, or learned, are first summarized. Then, a unique characterization of learning‐based policies, emphasizing the impact of forward models on the control problem and how the state of the art evolves, is offered. This leads to the presented perspectives outlining current challenges and future research trends for machine‐learning applications within soft robotics.
High‐Precision Drop‐on‐Demand Printing of Charged Droplets on Nonplanar Surfaces with Machine Learning
Authors: Khalil Shaheer Mohiuddin , Ali Shahzaib , Nguyen Vu Dat , Cho Dae‐Hyun , Byun Doyoung
Published: November 2024

Direct printing methods are widely recognized as efficient techniques for manufacturing printed electronics. However, several challenges arise when printing on nonplanar surfaces, especially using the drop‐on‐demand (DoD) approach. These challenges include ink flow due to gravity, precise ink deposition, and reproducibility. This study introduces an innovative method for highly accurate DoD material jetting on nonplanar 3D conductive surfaces, enabling precise production and trajectory control of charged droplets. The technique involves using a grounded 3D substrate as the target, where in‐flight droplets are subjected to an external electric field generated by gate electrode installed on a piezo activated droplet dispenser. Individual droplets are generated and controlled using a complex trigger system that relays variable‐voltage signals to the gate electrode. Moreover, a predictive model for droplet deposition, exhibiting an accuracy of 87%, is developed utilizing supervised machine learning (ML). This approach significantly improves the accuracy and repeatability of droplet deposition. Overall, this study presents an effective method of integrating piezoelectric and electrohydrodynamic printing technologies, complemented by ML. It addresses the challenges associated with printing on nonplanar surfaces using the DoD material jetting technique and shows considerable promise for enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and repeatability in the manufacturing of printed electronics.
Revisiting Linear Enamel Hypoplasia in Cayo Santiago Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): How a Stress Marker Relates to Environment and Maternal Lineage in a Rare Rhesus Colony With Known Life History
Authors: Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Watson Julianna , Samuel Liya , Showalter Emma , Lerner Finn , Dixon Emilie , Kensler Terry B. , Francis George , Maldonado Elizabeth , Kohn Luci A. P. , Zhao Martin Q. , Wang Qian
Published: November 2024

Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) are development defects appearing as lines or grooves on enamel surfaces. Forming when physiological stressors disrupt developing teeth, LEHs provide retrospective insight into stress experienced in early development. Here, LEHs in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were observed with respect to decade of birth, whether an individual was transferred from the free‐ranging colony to the captive facility during probable crown formation periods, and matriline of birth. It was hypothesized that later decades would exhibit higher prevalence than earlier decades as climatic conditions in Puerto Rico worsened over time. Transfer was expected to affect LEH formation because the process of transfer, and subsequent restriction to captivity, is thought to be stressful. Matriline membership was hypothesized to relate to LEH formation because there is some evidence of a genetic influence on susceptibility to form LEH and because offspring of matrilines of different dominance ranks are known to experience different levels of aggression. Lower third premolars with minimal enamel surface wear were scored for LEH using a digital microscope, while a follow‐up analysis of the two matrilines with the most extreme differences in LEH frequency was conducted using enamel surface profiles. Results were: (1) individuals born during the 1990s had significantly greater LEH prevalence than those born in the 1960s, (2) transferred individuals exhibited weak evidence of greater LEH prevalence than nontransferred comparison groups, and (3) matrilines did not differ in LEH expression in the initial or follow‐up analysis. Although sample sizes were small for some comparisons, these results suggest that not all decades saw an equal prevalence of LEH, that there might be a small effect of transfer from free‐ranging to captive conditions on LEH prevalence that is difficult to detect, and that the matriline into which an individual is born is not related to LEH expression.
Establishment and Validation of Fecal Secretory Immunoglobulin A Measurement for Intestinal Mucosal Health Assessment in Wild Lemurs
Authors: Pethig Leonie , Behringer Verena , Kappeler Peter M. , Fichtel Claudia , Heistermann Michael
Published: November 2024

The measurement of biomarkers in blood and excreta can enable immune status assessment and provide prognostic information on individual health outcomes. In this respect, the fecal measurement of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), the primary mammalian antibody for mucosal defense, has recently received increased interest in a few anthropoid primates, but a fecal sIgA assay for use in strepsirrhine primates has not yet been reported. Here, we develop and analytically validate a cost‐effective in‐house sandwich enzyme immunoassay for the extraction and measurement of sIgA in feces of redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons). We also tested a simple method for sIgA extraction that can be used under remote field conditions and undertook experiments to assess the robustness of sIgA concentrations to variation in processing and storage conditions of fecal extracts. Our analytical validation revealed that the assay recognizes immunoreactive sIgA in redfronted lemur feces, that sIgA can be measured accurately with no potential interference from the fecal matrix, and that assay reagents and performance are highly stable over time. The field‐friendly extraction procedure produced sIgA results strongly correlated with those generated by a standard laboratory extraction method. Short‐term storage at room temperature resulted in a slight decline in sIgA concentrations, whereas freezing extracts at −20°C kept sIgA levels stable for at least 3 months. Longer‐term storage of >5 months, however, led to a significant decline of sIgA concentrations. Multiple freeze‐thaw cycles did not affect sIgA levels. This study, therefore, provides the basis for measuring fecal sIgA in lemurs and possibly other strepsirrhines. When samples are processed properly and stored frozen, and when sIgA analysis can be performed within 3 months upon sample collection, fecal sIgA measurements can become a valuable tool for monitoring aspects of immunity and health in both zoo‐housed and wild‐living lemurs.
Controllable Quantum Entanglement and One‐Way Steering in a Dual‐Cavity‐Magnon System
Authors: Zuo Chun‐Yu , Qian Rui‐Hao , Wu Wen‐Bin , Tao Yu , Xu Ye‐Jun
Published: November 2024

The quantum entanglement and the one‐way quantum steering in cavity magnonic system composed of a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere and two microwave cavities, one of which is driven by a two‐photon drive field, are studied. Bipartite entanglement, tripartite entanglement, and steering can be achieved under the four‐wave mixing process. It is shown that the degree of entanglement and the direction of one‐way steering can be manipulated not only by designing the dissipation ratio between the two cavity modes but also by regulating the coherent coupling strength ratio between the two cavity modes and the magnon mode. It is found that the direction of steering is associated with the populations of the two cavity modes, meaning that the mode with a greater population always dominates the steering direction. Especially, the transfer between cavity–magnon entanglement and cavity–cavity entanglement can be realized by adjusting the coupling strengths. The findings provide a practical method for coherently manipulating entanglement and one‐way steering in cavity–magnon system.
The E‐volution in swine nutrition: Current perspectives on vitamin E
Authors: Shastak Yauheni , Pelletier Wolf
Published: November 2024

This review provides an in‐depth analysis of vitamin E's multifaceted role in swine nutrition, incorporating both traditional insights and contemporary research. It begins with an exploration of vitamin E from an evolutionary perspective, followed by a detailed examination of its absorption, metabolism, and excretion in swine. The review emphasizes the micronutrient's critical functions in swine physiology, particularly its antioxidant properties and its emerging links to epigenetics, which include deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, histone modification, and noncoding ribonucleic acid regulation. The interactions of vitamin E with other dietary components are discussed, along with established nutritional requirements and current recommendations for supplementation. Additionally, the health benefits and performance improvements associated with vitamin E are presented, emphasizing its importance in immune function, growth, and meat quality. Despite extensive research, the review identifies gaps in understanding the bioavailability and long‐term impacts of different vitamin E isoforms and supra‐nutritional supplementation levels. It concludes with a discussion of research gaps and future directions, particularly the need for studies on the long‐term effects of high‐dose vitamin E supplementation and the influence of environmental factors on its metabolism. Through this comprehensive synthesis, this study aims to provide a holistic understanding of vitamin E's essential contributions to swine health and nutrition, with the goal of informing better dietary practices and enhancing swine productivity.
Silver‐Mediated Allylation of Aryl Alkenes to Synthesize 1,4‐Dienes
Authors: Wang Dantong , Wu Jiawen , Du Wenqian , Zhao Fen , Xia Zhonghua
Published: November 2024

An efficient silver‐mediated allylation of aryl alkenes is described, which provides a variety of skipped 1,4‐dienes. Without the need for other traditional transition metals or gold, this AgOTf‐mediated allylation proceeds smoothly with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Mechanistic and computational studies suggest that this silver‐mediated allylation takes place via a Friedel−Crafts‐type pathway of aryl alkenes to the silver‐activated allyl acetates.
The lasting influence of an open climate of classroom discussion on political trust: Results from a seven‐year panel study among English youth
Authors: Sun Ruoxi , Janmaat Jan Germen
Published: November 2024

This article investigates the impact of various educational conditions, including educational tracking, aspirations and aspects of citizenship education, on the development of political trust among English youth, and assesses whether these effects last into early adulthood. Data from the Citizenship Education Longitudinal Study show a tendency of distrust towards political institutions among English youth, with a fluctuating but overall downward trend in political trust as they grow older. Drawing on this dataset, we built hierarchical linear regression models to examine the effects of educational conditions on political trust during two major transitions experienced by English youth: from lower to upper secondary (or into work) and from upper secondary to university. As a participatory form of practicing citizenship education, open classroom climate in mid‐adolescence has a positive and enduring effect on young people's political trust. The citizenship education curriculum – such as its volume and content—shows little impact, suggesting that free expression and democratic engagement in the classroom are more effective in shaping young people's political trust than simply acquiring political knowledge. Political trust is volatile during adolescence and into early adulthood, as later real‐life experiences possibly lead to a more comprehensive and realistic sense of political trust.
A Remedy for Crime? A Systematic Review on the Effects of Pharmacological ADHD Treatment on Criminal Recidivism and Rehabilitation in Inmates With ADHD
Authors: Carlander A. , Rydell M. , Kataoka H. , Hildebrand Karlén M. , Lindqvist Bagge A.‐S.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

There is a high prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in prison populations compared to the general population, and ADHD has also been shown to be associated with criminality and antisocial behavior. This systematic review examines the effect of pharmacological ADHD treatment on criminal recidivism, ADHD symptoms, and rehabilitation in inmates with ADHD.

Methods

Adhering to PRISMA 2020 and AMSTAR guidelines, we conducted a structured search on September 6, 2023 using PubMed. We focused on original research published in peer‐reviewed scientific journals, following the IMRaD format, written in English, containing the established search terms, based on participants who met the criteria for ADHD diagnosis (any edition of DSM), and who were incarcerated at the start of pharmacological treatment for ADHD. The primary outcome was criminal recidivism, the secondary outcomes were ADHD symptoms, and rehabilitation‐related factors such as global function, norm‐breaking/antisocial behavior, adaptation to society/institutional behavior, cognitive function, and well‐being.

Results

Five studies, based on three patient cohorts, were included in this systematic review. Surprisingly, only one study investigated criminal recidivism. That study indicated that self‐reported criminal recidivism was lower than expected among inmates who had received pharmacological ADHD treatment. The five studies showed varying results in the effectiveness of pharmacological ADHD treatment on ADHD symptoms and other rehabilitation‐related factors. The included studies also varied regarding participant characteristics, study design, dosage, adherence to treatment, treatment regimes, and measured outcomes. All studies reported using osmotic‐release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate as their drug of choice.

Conclusion

We conclude that there is limited empirical evidence to support the efficacy of pharmacological ADHD treatment on criminal recidivism in inmates diagnosed with ADHD. Still, evidence suggests that these treatments can reduce ADHD symptoms and enhance rehabilitation outcomes, which may, in turn, lower the rate of reoffending. We point to the need for more targeted research in this area.
Associations of Dietary Intake of Vitamin B6 and Plasma Pyridoxal 5′‐Phosphate Level With Depression in US Adults: Findings From NHANES 2005–2010
Authors: Lu Jinhong , Mao Huina , Tan Yulei , Luo Guizhi
Published: November 2024

Background

Evidence regarding the associations of pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate level in plasma and dietary intake of vitamin B6 with depression risk is scarce. Accordingly, we investigated the aforementioned associations in US adults.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study that included data from two independent samples of 12,716 and 11,967 individuals (aged ≥ 20 years) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2010. The associations of the pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate level in plasma and dietary intake of vitamin B6 with depression risk were examined through multivariable logistic regression. In addition, we determined dose–response associations by fitting restricted cubic splines to the data.

Results

In the multivariable model, the highest quarter of dietary intake of vitamin B6 was associated with a significantly lower risk of depression compared to the lowest quarter (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.79, p < 0.001). Similarly, the highest quartile of plasma PLP levels was linked to a reduced risk of depression compared to the lowest quartile (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.93, p < 0.01). With increasing quartiles of dietary intake of vitamin B6 and plasma PLP levels, the risk of depression also decreased accordingly (all p for trend < 0.01). Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed that for every 1‐SD increase in the level of plasma lutein + zeaxanthin and dietary intake of vitamin B6, the risk of depression showed a decreasing trend (all p < 0.01). The interaction test results indicated that the dietary consumption of vitamin B6 did not significantly interact with any of the stratification factors (all p for interaction > 0.05). Moreover, no significant interaction was found between the amount of plasma PLP and any hierarchical factors (all p for interaction > 0.05), except for gender‐based subgroup analysis (p for interaction > 0.05). The dose‐response relationship results showed a linear decrease trend in the relationship between dietary vitamin B6 intake and plasma pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate with the risk of depression.

Conclusions

Plasma PLP levels and dietary vitamin B6 intake in the highest quartiles are associated with a lower risk of depression. These findings support the promotion of a balanced diet rich in vitamin B6. However, future randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm the effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on depression risk. We should aim for a healthy and balanced diet in terms of nutritional supplementation.
Effect of silver salt type on the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of solid‐state Ag‐exchanged zeolites
Authors: Faryad Sajad , Ghorbanpour Mohammad , Safajou‐Jahankhanemlou Majid
Published: November 2024

The silver‐exchanged zeolites were created using a solid‐state ion exchange method with silver sulfate and silver nitrate salts. Various techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, were employed to examine the structure, morphology, and physical‐chemical properties of the samples. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the zeolites was tested against gram‐negative Escherichia coli and gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus, common bacteria found in wastewater. Before the silver exchange, the original zeolite exhibited small clustered particles, but after the exchange, its shape underwent significant transformation. The original clinoptilolite did not contain any silver, whereas the silver‐exchanged samples AgSSE6% and AgNSE6% had silver contents of 2.29% and 3.80%, respectively. The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of Ag and AgO within the structure of the exchanged clinoptilolite. BET analysis indicated that the incorporation of Ag ions into the zeolite structure through ion exchange led to a reduction in surface area and micropores volume. The research findings revealed that zeolites exchanged with silver were more effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus, compared to E. coli. Additionally, zeolites treated with AgSO4 exhibited a wider inhibition zone against both bacteria compared to zeolites treated with AgNO3.
Open Sn Framework Structure Hosting Bi Guest atoms–Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of Na13Sn26Bi
Authors: Zeitz S. , Boyko M. , Ponou S. , Hlukhyy V. , Fässler T. F.
Published: November 2024

The large variety of structures of Zintl phases are generally well understood since their anionic substructures follow bonding rules according to the valence concept. But there are also exceptions, which make the semiconductors especially interesting in terms of structure‐property relationships. Although several Na‐Sn‐Pnictides with a variety of structural motives are known, up to this point no ternary compound in the Na‐Sn‐Bi system has been described. In this paper we present the Zintl‐phase Na13Sn25.73Bi1.27 comprising a complex, open‐framework structure of Sn atoms, with one mixed Sn/Bi site, hosting Na atoms. An additional Bi atom is loosely connected with only weak contacts to the framework filling a larger cavity within the network. According to band structure calculations of the two ordered variants with either full occupation of the mixed site with Sn or Bi, resulting in Na13Sn26Bi and Na13Sn24Bi3, respectively, both compounds are semiconductors with band gaps of 0.5 eV. A comparison of the band structures with the structurally related binary compounds Na5Sn13 and Na7Sn12 shows that only the perfectly charge balanced Na7Sn12 is a semiconductor whereas Na5Sn13 is metallic. The rather specific electronic situation in the ternary compound is traced back to the loosely bound Bi atom, which acts as a guest atom according to Bix@Na13Sn26‐yBiy, with x=1 and y=0.27, capable to change its oxidation state and thus to uptake additional electrons allowing the system to be a semiconductor. Therefore, Na13Sn25.73Bi1.27 can be understood as a rare example of an open framework structure of Sn atoms comprising Bi atoms in the cavities.
Crystallization‐Based Separation of ε‐Caprolactam from a Depolymerization Reaction Mixture – Fundamentals and Potential Separation Strategies
Authors: Schultheis Axel , Tenberg Vico , Rihko‐Struckmann Liisa , Sundmacher Kai , Lorenz Heike
Published: November 2024

Depolymerization and subsequent capture of monomers is of interest for process efficiency and sustainability. Polyamide‐6 (PA‐6) can be depolymerized in aqueous solution using a homogeneous catalyst. To purify the ε‐caprolactam (CPL) monomer and recycle the catalyst, two potential crystallization‐based strategies are studied: direct crystallization from the reaction mixture and liquid‐liquid extraction prior to crystallization. Solubilities in water and promising organic solvents were measured and compared to predictions using perturbed‐chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC‐SAFT) or conductor‐like screening model for real solvents (COSMO‐RS). Detailed solid‐liquid equilibria (SLE) of the CPL/water system were investigated utilizing DSC and PXRD. This work provides an overview of important factors of PA‐6 depolymerization including recycling of tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) and purification of CPL monomers. A first conceptual process design to be further developed is derived.
GA2LEN ANACARE consensus statement: Potential of omalizumab in food allergy management
Authors: Zuberbier Torsten , Muraro Antonella , Nurmatov Ulugbek , Arasi Stefania , Stevanovic Katarina , Anagnostou Aikaterini , Bonaguro Roberta , Chinthrajah Sharon , Lack Gideon , Fiocchi Alessandro , Le Thuy‐My , Turner Paul , Lozano Montserrat Alvaro , Angier Elizabeth , Barni Simona , Bégin Phillippe , Ballmer‐Weber Barbara , Cardona Victoria , Bindslev‐Jensen Carsten , Cianferoni Antonella , de Jong Nicolette , de Silva Debra , Deschildre Antoine , Galvin Audrey Dunn , Ebisawa Motohiro , Fleischer David M. , Gerdts Jennifer , Giovannini Mattia , Gradman Josefine , Halken Susanne , Arshad Syed Hasan , Khaleva Ekaterina , Lau Susanne , Loh Richard , Mäkelä Mika J. , Marchisotto Mary Jane , Morandini Laura , Mortz Charlotte G. , Nilsson Caroline , Nowak‐Wegrzyn Anna , Podestà Marcia , Poulsen Lars K. , Roberts Graham , Rodríguez del Río Pablo , Sampson Hugh A. , Sánchez Angel , Schnadt Sabine , Smith Peter K. , Szajewska Hania , Mitrevska Natasa Teovska , Toniolo Alice , Venter Carina , Warner Amena , Wong Gary W. K. , Wood Robert , Worm Margitta
Published: November 2024

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated food allergies are the most common type of food allergy, often causing rapid symptoms after exposure to allergens posing a serious health risk and a high impact on patient's and caregiver's quality of life. Omalizumab, a humanized anti‐IgE monoclonal antibody, reduces allergic reactions by binding to circulating IgE. Omalizumab has been successfully used in allergic asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and chronic urticaria, and was recently approved for treating IgE‐mediated food allergies by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This GA2LEN ANACARE Consensus Statement presents our position on the use of omalizumab for treating IgE‐mediated food allergies, based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis, experience with use for other conditions, and expert consensus achieved via an eDelphi process. Following publication of the recent OUtMATCH study (stage 1) results and subsequent FDA approval, we propose that there is now sufficient evidence to recommend omalizumab as the only drug currently available that can mechanistically reduce IgE‐mediated food allergic reactions. We acknowledge that the evidence does not reach the highest level of evidence which would be needed for a guideline recommendation.
Alteration of Cytoskeletal Proteins Leads to Retinal Degeneration in Drosophila
Authors: Sahu Surajita , Mishra Monalisa
Published: November 2024

The eye holds a special fascination for many neuroscientists because of its meticulously organized structure. Vertebrates typically possess a simple camera‐type eye, whereas the compound eye structure is predominantly observed in arthropods including model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Cell shape, cell polarization, and tissue integrity are the cell biological processes crucial for shaping the eye, which directly or indirectly depends on the cytoskeleton. Henceforth the cytoskeleton, specifically actin microfilaments, essentially has a dynamic role in the normal development and growth of eye structure. This review provides insight into the roles played by the actin cytoskeleton during the development and maintenance of the Drosophila eye.
Significant Pathologic Response Following Neoadjuvant Therapy and Curative Resection in Patients With Rectal Cancer: Surgical and Oncological Outcomes From a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Shahabi Fatemeh , Ansari Majid , Najafi Ghobadi Khadijeh , Ghahramani Abolfazl , Parandeh Amiresmaeil , Saberi‐Karimian Maryam , Orafaie Ala , Abdollahi Abbas
Published: November 2024

Aim

This study evaluated surgical complication rates, recurrence‐free survival, overall survival (OS), and stoma status of patients with rectal cancer after significant pathologic response following neoadjuvant treatment and curative resection. Pathologic complete response (pCR) and near‐pCR patients constitute patients in our study.

Methods

Included was a retrospective cohort study of patients with rectal cancer who were diagnosed between July 2011 and September 2022 and who underwent neoadjuvant therapy and surgical resection.

Results

Of 696 patients with rectal cancer, 149 (21.4%) cases achieved significant pathologic response. During the 64 (70.5) months of follow‐up, recurrence occurred in 16.1% of patients and distant metastases account for the majority of them. Age (p = 0.014) and receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.016) were significantly related to the occurrence of recurrence. The five‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and OS rates were obtained at 83% and 87%, respectively. Although age and surgical technique were significant factors in univariate Cox regression analysis, none of the candidate variables were significant prognostic factors for RFS in the multiple models. The risk of surgical complications remained in these patients. The most frequent complication attributed to infection (20.8%). Despite the 24.8% presence of permanent stoma at primary surgery, more than 50% of our patients lived without stoma at the last follow‐up.

Conclusion

Our recurrence rate was about 16%, and it was related to age and adjuvant chemotherapy. These patients achieved over 80% rates of five‐year RFS and OS. No significant prognostic factors were found on RFS in the multivariable model. As a matter of course, the risk of surgical complications and permanent stoma has still remained in these patients.
Assessment of genetic diversity and heterotic alignment of CIMMYT and IITA maize inbred lines adapted to sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Gonhi Tinovonga , Odong Thomas Lapaka , Dramadri Isaac Onziga , Ochwo‐Ssemakula Mildred , Chiteka Zvenhamo Albert , Adjei Emmanuel Amponsah , Muungani Dean , Menkir Abebe , Baffour Badu‐Apraku , Adejumobi Idris , Uwimana Brigitte , Dhliwayo Thanda , Wegary Dagne , Derera John
Published: November 2024

Despite the breeding efforts by many institutions, maize (Zea mays L.) productivity in sub‐Saharan Africa is still low. A limited number of productive maize hybrids have been developed partly due to a lack of knowledge on the diversity and heterotic relationship of the germplasm, especially in public breeding programs. Understanding the extent of diversity, structure, and heterotic grouping of available maize germplasm originating from different breeding programs is important to enhance long‐term genetic gain in hybrid maize breeding programs by optimizing heterotic pools using modern breeding tools. Information about the genetic structure of the available germplasm could help breeders design effective breeding strategies to improve yield. This study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity, population structure, and heterotic alignment among 187 elite maize inbred lines from the IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) and CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) maize breeding programs. The inbred lines were genotyped with 9857 Diversity Array Technology sequencing based single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Hierarchical clustering revealed three major groups, with some subgroups consistent with the selection history, and pedigree of the inbred lines. Three broad groups were detected: two consisting of CIMMYT lines and a mixed group consisting of both CIMMYT and IITA inbred lines. The STRUCTURE analysis revealed six subpopulations (fixation index value = 0.58), which depicts a moderate genetic diversity among the materials. Population 2 comprises the highest number of genotypes (102) from both programs. More than 89% of the elite lines had homozygosity exceeding 95%, with the remaining lines requiring further inbreeding through repeated self‐pollination. There was inconsistency in the predetermined heterotic groups' alignment between CIMMYT and IITA elite inbred lines. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that 96% of the total variation was accounted for by differences within groups, with the remaining 4% representing the variation between groups. This suggests that the two programs can benefit from germplasm exchange for the improvement of maize productivity.
Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles: A focus on inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Clua‐Ferré Laura , Suau Roger , Vañó‐Segarra Irene , Ginés Iris , Serena Carolina , Manyé Josep
Published: November 2024

Background

Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐EVs) have emerged as key regulators of intercellular communication, orchestrating essential biological processes by delivering bioactive cargoes to target cells. Available evidence suggests that MSC‐EVs can mimic the functions of their parental cells, exhibiting immunomodulatory, pro‐regenerative, anti‐apoptotic, and antifibrotic properties. Consequently, MSC‐EVs represent a cell‐free therapeutic option for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), overcoming the limitations associated with cell replacement therapy, including their non‐immunogenic nature, lower risk of tumourigenicity, cargo specificity and ease of manipulation and storage.

Main Topics Covered

This review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the therapeutic efficacy of MSC‐EVs in IBD, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential impact on treatment outcomes. We examine the advantages of MSC‐EVs over traditional therapies, discuss methods for their isolation and characterisation, and present mechanistic insights into their therapeutic effects through transcriptomic, proteomic and lipidomic analyses of MSC‐EV cargoes. We also discuss available preclinical studies demonstrating that MSC‐EVs reduce inflammation, promote tissue repair and restore intestinal homeostasis in IBD models, and compare these findings with those of clinical trials.

Conclusions

Finally, we highlight the potential of MSC‐EVs as a novel therapy for IBD and identify challenges and opportunities associated with their translation into clinical practice.

Highlights

The source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) strongly influences the composition and function of MSC‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), affecting their therapeutic potential. Adipose‐derived MSC‐EVs, known for their immunoregulatory properties and ease of isolation, show promise as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

MicroRNAs are consistently present in MSC‐EVs across cell types and are involved in pathways that are dysregulated in IBD, making them potential therapeutic agents. For example, miR‐let‐7a is associated with inhibition of apoptosis, miR‐100 supports cell survival, miR‐125b helps suppress pro‐inflammatory cytokines and miR‐20 promotes anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophage polarisation.

Preclinical studies in IBD models have shown that MSC‐EVs reduce intestinal inflammation by suppressing pro‐inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6) and increasing anti‐inflammatory factors (e.g., IL‐4, IL‐10). They also promote mucosal healing and strengthen the integrity of the gut barrier, suggesting their potential to address IBD pathology.
Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety Assessment in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Antoniou Valeria , Thomaidou Elena , Prokopiou Ekatherine
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, commonly first occurring in early childhood. Although many treatments have currently been established, their effectiveness often varies, and it is not always adequate. The first biologic agent approved in the pediatric population, in severe AD cases, is dupilumab. In this review we aim to present the current data on dupilumab effectiveness and safety in the pediatric population.

Methods

Systematic search was conducted throughout PubMed, ScienceDirect, and clinicaltrials.gov, from which three clinical trials and four real‐life studies were included. The studies were analyzed in terms of drug effectiveness (using EASI, IGA and SCORAD scoring systems) and safety profile (presence and occurrence of adverse events).

Results

EASI, SCORAD, and IGA scores were significantly improved in patients receiving dupilumab treatment irrespective of dosage. Conjunctivitis was the most consistently and commonly reported adverse event in both clinical trials (relative risk; RR = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.20, 4.84], p = 0.01) and real‐life studies (10.8% of patients). Injection‐site reactions and nasopharyngitis demonstrated an increased, yet nonsignificant RR. Compared to placebo, dupilumab exhibited a reduced RR of 36% in AD exacerbations (95% CI [0.43, 0.94], p = 0.0234) and 44% in skin infections (95% CI [0.36, 0.88], p = 0.0106).

Conclusions

Dupilumab appears to be a promising drug in the treatment of moderate to severe AD in pediatric population, with noticeable improvement in outcome scores. Among the adverse events, conjunctivitis is the most common; however, no long‐term or life‐threatening events were reported.