bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winter cover cropping increases albedo and latent heat flux in a Texas High Plains agroecosystem
Authors: McNellis Risa , van Gestel Natasja , Thomas R. Quinn , Smith Nicholas G.
Published: February 2024

Winter cover crops represent a land cover change that may sequester carbon in the soil and improve agricultural sustainability. Their adoption may also change the Earth's radiative balance and result in biophysical feedbacks to climate through alterations in albedo and latent heat fluxes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these alterations to the radiative balance is important for making reliable future climate projections. However, data on cover crop biophysics are limited, requiring models to rely on data from summer plants for parameterization, likely biasing predictions. To address this gap, we measured the albedo and stomatal conductance of two summer crops and three winter crops on farms in the High Plains region of Texas. We also established a winter cover crop field experiment with two cover crops and fallow fields to estimate the change in albedo and latent heat flux that results from a switch to winter cover cropping. We found that albedo was significantly higher in winter‐like conditions than in summer‐like conditions due to an increase in plant albedo and a reduction in leaf area index. The albedo of winter cover crops was higher than the soil albedo, resulting in an increase in top‐of‐atmosphere reflected radiation of 7%–14% when converting from fallow fields to winter cover cropped fields. There was an additional cooling effect through doubling of the estimated latent heat flux caused by the presence of cover crops. The combined changes in albedo and latent heat resulted in a change in the surface energy balance that is associated with an overall cooling effect of winter cover crops on surface atmospheric temperatures. While this effect is likely to be region‐specific, these results strongly indicate that winter cover crops alter the surface albedo and latent heat flux of agricultural fields and provide a direct cooling effect in the High Plains region of Texas.
From forgiveness and reconciliation to social capital and psychosocial well‐being: An evaluation of a multisite intervention in Colombia
Authors: Velez Gabriel , Idrobo Fabio
Published: February 2024

In 2016, the Colombian government signed a historic peace accord with the FARC‐EP after 50 years of armed conflict. Still, widespread obstacles to forgiveness and reconciliation remained. The current study explores the potential of reconciliation centres (RC) in Medellin to help counteract a return to violence. These seven RCs included three branches of programming about forgiveness and reconciliation to support community well‐being and social capital. A between‐group analysis, as part of a quasi‐experimental design, demonstrated no significant growth in participants’ understanding that restoration is different from reparation or awareness that reconciliation involves approaching the other to rebuild. There was enhanced acceptance that forgiveness is not forgetting and is a personal decision. While social capital increased, the perception that the community likes to help others and that community work benefits others decreased. The findings demonstrate the complicated relationships between reconciliation, community well‐being and social capital, especially for community‐level interventions in violent contexts.
‘We despair’: Examining the role of political despair for collective action and well‐being
Authors: Bird Lucy H. , Thomas Emma F. , Wenzel Michael
Published: February 2024

Anecdotally, people often report feeling despair about the political status quo. We conceptualise these feelings as political despair. But what is political despair, and what are its effects? We adapt intergroup emotion theory to analyse political despair in the context of racial inequality (Studies 1 and 2) and climate change (Study 3). Three cross‐sectional studies (total N = 866) tested the measurement of political despair (relative to anger and hope), its pattern of appraisals and outcomes for conventional and radical actions along with well‐being (stress, burnout and optimism). Structural equation modelling differentiated political despair from anger and hope and found that despair is associated with evaluations that the situation is both illegitimate and intractable (unchangeable). Moreover, political despair consistently had a negative relationship with well‐being and positive relationships with conventional and radical collective action. The results suggest political despair is negatively associated with well‐being and impact people's engagement in action for social change.
Network medicine‐based analysis of the hepatoprotective effects of Amomum villosum Lour. on alcoholic liver disease in rats
Authors: Wei Jing , Wang Sihua , Huang Junze , Zhou Xinhua , Qian Zhengming , Wu Tingbiao , Fan Qing , Liang Yongyin , Cui Guozhen
Published: February 2024

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, and mainly results from prolonged and excessive alcohol use. Amomum villosum Lour. (A. villosum), a well‐known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has hepatoprotective properties. However, its ability to combat alcohol‐induced liver injury has not been fully explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of A. villosum in a rat model of alcohol‐induced liver disease, thereby establishing a scientific foundation for the potential preventive use of A. villosum in ALD. We established a Chinese liquor (Baijiu)‐induced liver injury model in rats. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, in combination with biochemical tests, was used to evaluate the protective effects of A. villosum on the liver. The integration of network medicine analysis with experimental validation was used to explore the hepatoprotective effects and potential mechanisms of A. villosum in rats. Our findings showed that A. villosum ameliorated alcohol‐induced changes in body weight, liver index, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, blood lipid metabolism, and liver function in rats. Network proximity analysis was employed to identify 18 potentially active ingredients of A. villosum for ALD treatment. These potentially active ingredients in the blood were further identified using mass spectrometry (MS). Our results showed that A. villosum plays a hepatoprotective role by modulating the protein levels of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), anti‐nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). In conclusion, the results of the current study suggested that A. villosum potentially exerts hepatoprotective effects on ALD in rats, possibly through regulating the protein levels of ESR1, NR3C1, IL‐6, and TNF‐α.
Identity Theft, Deep Brain Stimulation, and the Primacy of Post‐trial Obligations
Authors: Fins Joseph J. , Merner Amanda R. , Wright Megan S. , Lázaro‐Muñoz Gabriel
Published: February 2024

Patient narratives from two investigational deep brain stimulation trials for traumatic brain injury and obsessive‐compulsive disorder reveal that injury and illness rob individuals of personal identity and that neuromodulation can restore it. The early success of these interventions makes a compelling case for continued post‐trial access to these technologies. Given the centrality of personal identity to respect for persons, a failure to provide continued access can be understood to represent a metaphorical identity theft. Such a loss recapitulates the pain of an individual's initial injury or illness and becomes especially tragic because it could be prevented by robust policy. A failure to fulfill this normative obligation constitutes a breach of disability law, which would view post‐trial access as a means to achieve social reintegration through this neurotechnological accommodation.
Oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid: Conclusions from a 20‐year patient cohort
Authors: Gruszczynski Nelson R. , Hasan Shahzeb S. , Brennan Ana G. , De La Chapa Julian , Reddy Adithya S. , Martin David N. , Batchala Prem P. , Stelow Edward B. , Dowling Eric M. , Fedder Katherine L. , Garneau Jonathan C. , Shonka David C.
Published: February 2024

Background

Oncocytic carcinoma (OCA) was recently reclassified as a distinct differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Given its rarity, OCA studies are limited. This study describes the characteristics of OCA in a 20‐year cohort.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients with OCA at a single tertiary care hospital from 2000 to 2021.

Results

Fifty‐one OCA patients (22M:29F) were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 60.3 years; 90% presented as palpable mass; 24% had a family history of thyroid cancer. None had vocal fold paresis. On ultrasound, most tumors were solid and hypoechoic. FNA (n = 14) showed Bethesda‐4 lesions in 93%. All were treated surgically. Histologically, 63% demonstrated angioinvasion, 35% had lymphovascular invasion, and 15% had extrathyroidal extension. Radioactive iodine was used as adjunct therapy in 77%.

Conclusion

OCA has distinct features that distinguish it from other DTCs, and additional focused studies will help clarify the aggressive nature, treatment options, and prognosis of the disease.
Exploring the experiences and perceptions of trainees undertaking a critical incident debrief training programme: A qualitative study
Authors: Pointon Lucy , Hinsby Kerry , Keyworth Chris , Wainwright Nigel , Bates Jenny , Moores Lucie , Johnson Judith
Published: February 2024

Rationale, aims and objectives

Critical incident debriefing is an occupational health tool for supporting healthcare workers following critical incidents. Demand for debriefing has increased following the Covid‐19 pandemic. There is now a need for more trained debrief facilitators to meet demand, but there is a dearth of literature regarding how best to train facilitators. This study addressed this by exploring participant experiences of an online critical incident debrief training programme.

Methods

We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 14 individuals who received a 5‐day training programme based on the Critical Incident Stress Management model. Participants were recruited from a range of professional disciplines including psychology, nursing and human resources within one British healthcare system. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

The analysis produced three themes. Managing trainee experiences and expectations suggested that disciplinary heterogeneity in training groups supported inter‐participant knowledge exchange. However, this variation also meant that training materials did not meet the learning needs of all participants. Modality of training suggested that while online learning was acceptable for some, others experienced screen fatigue and found it hard to build rapport with other participants. Systematic and organisational obstacles to training access and delivery suggested that lack of managerial support and organisational mental health stigma may be barriers to accessing training.

Conclusion

A 5‐day online CISM‐based training programme was acceptable to participants. Organisations implementing critical incident debrief training may benefit from (1) offering both in‐person and online training options, and (2) tailoring course materials according to the disciplinary make‐up of groups.
Vaccination and its impact on healthcare utilization in two groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study in Iran between 2021 and 2022
Authors: Kharazmi Erfan , Bayati Mohsen , Majidpour Azad Shirazi Ali
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

One of the main responsibilities of health systems impacted by the global Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, where the first case was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, is the provision of medical services. The current study looked into the impact of vaccination on the utilization of services provided to COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

This study was conducted in Iran between 2021 and 2022, utilizing a cross‐sectional research design. The research team collected data on the utilization of provided services and the number of COVID‐19 vaccines administered to 1000 patients in Iran through a random sampling approach. The data were analyzed with statistical methods, including the mean difference test, and multiple linear regression.

Results

Regression estimates show that after controlling for confounding variables like age, type of admission, and comorbidities, vaccination reduces the utilization of healthcare services in the general majority of services. The study's results reveal a fall in COVID‐19 patients' utilization of services, specifically in patients administered two or three doses of the vaccine. However, the reduction is not statistically significant. Regression models are in contrast to univariate analysis findings that vaccination increases the mean utilization of healthcare services for COVID‐19 patients in general. Comorbidities are a crucial factor in determining the utilization of diagnostic and treatment services for COVID‐19 patients.

Conclusion

Full COVID‐19 vaccination and other implementations, including investing in public health, cooperating globally, and vaccinating high‐risk groups for future pandemics, are essential as a critical response to this pandemic as they reduce healthcare service utilization to alleviate the burden on healthcare systems and allocate resources more efficiently.
Cellular Metabolic Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Its Applications
Authors: He Zhiyong , Zhou Xiang
Published: February 2024

Nucleic acids are considered as fundamental molecules of living systems, which serve as universal genetic information messengers and repositories. To uncover the multifaceted aspects of nucleic acid function and metabolism within cells, labeling has become indispensable. This labeling technique enables the visualization, isolation, characterization, and even quantification of specific nucleic acid species. This review delves into cellular metabolic approaches for nucleic acid labeling, wherein enzymatic steps are employed to introduce nucleic acid modifications before conjugation with a label for detection or isolation. The discussion begins with metabolic labeling for DNA, RNA with various reactive groups and post‐transcriptional RNA labeling for RNA methylation and acetylation sites, emphasizing recent advancements in the field and then, we spotlighted pertinent applications for cellular imaging and sequencing. of labeling.
Living with wildlife and associated conflicts in areas adjacent to protected areas, Northern Zimbabwe
Authors: Chakuya Jeremiah , Chikara Milcent , Gandiwa Edson
Published: February 2024

Human–wildlife conflicts (HWCs) are a worldwide problem, especially around protected areas where human and wildlife needs overlap. This study focused on the Chundu communal area and the Nyamakate resettlement area in Northern Zimbabwe, with three primary objectives: (i) to identify problematic wildlife species frequently involved in HWC in these areas; (ii) to examine the temporal variations of HWC cases; and (iii) to assess the effectiveness of current and suggested mitigation measures for managing these conflicts. Data were collected in November 2019 and February 2020, periods identified as peak times for HWC in these areas. A comprehensive three‐stage sampling design was used to collect data for this study. Data were collected through household questionnaires from 16 villages (64 households) in the Nyamakate resettlement area and nine villages (36 households) from the Chundu communal area. The study identified the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) as the most problematic animal in livestock predation, followed by the African lion (Panthera leo) and leopard (Panthera pardus). There were no significant differences in HWC between the dry season (M = 315, SD = 417.79) and the wet season (M = 383, SD = 540.19; t[4] = −0.43, p > 0.05). The study concluded that HWC occurred throughout the year in both communities, unaffected by seasonal variations. It was determined that current mitigation measures are inadequate for managing HWC in both areas. In light of these findings, the study recommends the use of nonlethal methods in HWC management, reserving lethal means as a last resort.
Application of radiogenomics in head and neck cancer: A new tool toward diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Ong Yen Hui , Zheng Weihui , Khong Pek Lan , Ni Qianqian
Published: February 2024

Head and neck cancer is a significant threat to human health and is characterized by high 5‐year morbidity and mortality rates. Addressing this challenge requires the application of precision medicine, but the inherent heterogeneity of head and neck cancer complicates its treatment. Radiogenomics, an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of genomics and radiology, may represent a solution. Radiogenomics offers the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of this complex and diverse disease. By comprehensively analyzing the genetic information and radiological features of tumors, clinicians can gain a profound understanding of patients' conditions. Gaining such in‐depth insight facilitates early detection and implementation of personalized treatment strategies, both of which are integral components of precision medicine. Tailored treatments, including surgical interventions and targeted therapies, provide improved outcomes and reduced side effects. Radiogenomics represents a groundbreaking advancement that has the potential to significantly enhance the quality of care and outcomes of patients with head and neck cancer. To shed light on this transformative approach, we performed a comprehensive overview of radiomics and radiogenomics‐based diagnostic methods tailored to the unique characteristics of head and neck cancer.
Dumping Syndrome Following Nissen Fundoplication, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Samuk Inbal , Afriat Rachel , Horne Tifha , Bistritzer Tzvy , Barr Joseph , Vinograd Itzhak
Published: February 2024

We evaluated the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of dumping syndrome (DS) following Nissen fundoplication in 50 consecutive infants and children who underwent the operation for gastroesophageal reflux. Examination include a preoperative dietary assessment with emphasis on specific postprandial clinical symptoms and technetium scintigraphy to evaluate gastric emptying. In the immediate postoperative period, postprandial glucose levels were examined in all patients with symptoms clinically suggestive of DS. In the late postoperative period (6 months to 5.5 years), all patients with more than one specific clinical symptom of DS were further evaluated by glucose tolerance test (GTT), HbA1C levels, and gastric technetium scintigraphy. DS was diagnosed in 15 patients (30%). Five patients had immediate severe DS (SDS), and 10 in the late postoperative course had latent postoperative DS (LDS). In all patients with DS, preoperative and postoperative gastric emptying scan T½ did not show any statistical significance. High levels of HbA1C ranging from 7.9 to 9% (mean, 8.25 ± 0.5) were found in only three patients. Treatment included parenteral nutrition in one patient. All the others were successfully managed with nutritional manipulation alone, using a combination of lactose‐free formula and fat emulsion. In patients whose postprandial symptoms persisted, pectin 5‐15 g/day divided into six doses was added to the diet. Following 6 months of dietary treatment, the postprandial normoglycomic response was restored. Eleven patients experienced complete resolution of symptoms (78.5%), and three patients (21.4%) showed significant clinical improvement. This study indicates that DS is a common complication following Nissen fundoplication. The GTT is the most reliable examination for establishing the diagnosis. Treatment is simple and effective. The technetium gastric emptying scan and HbA1C level do not play a significant role in the diagnosis.
Potassium Supplementation in Kwashiorkor
Authors: Manary M. J. , Brewster D. R.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Kwashiorkor is an edimatous form of severe malnutrition and is the predominant form of childhood malnutrition in Malawi. Potassium depletion is common and contributes to the high mortality. The aim of this study was to determine if high potassium supplementation improves the outcome of kwashiorkor treatment.

Methods:

We performed a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial of high potassium supplementation in 99 children with kwashiorkor. Controls (n = 51) received a standard potassium intake of 4.7 mmol/kg/day. The intervention group (n = 48) received 7.7 mmol/kg/day. All cases (intervention and control groups) were treated in the hospital‐based Nutrition Rehabilitation Center and received a standard treatment regime of mild feeds, mineral and vitamin supplements, and antibiotics.

Results:

There was no significant difference in length of hospitalization, or time for resolution of oedema between groups. The case‐fatality rate was reduced by 33% in the high potassium intervention group (13/48) compared to controls (21/51). There was a significant reduction in late deaths (13 in controls vs 3 in intervention group; odds ratio 5.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2‐31.0) but no difference in early deaths (0‐5 days). The intervention group also had significantly fewer presumed septic episodes (3 vs 18, odds ratio 8.9, confidence interval 2.2‐50.9), respiratory symptoms, and new skin ulcerations than controls.

Conclusions:

The high potassium supplementation reduced mortality and significant morbidity in kwashiorkor. This may be due to improved myocardial and immune function from earlier repletion of intracellular potassium. We recommend that the standard potassium supplement for the initial phase of treatment of kwashiorkor be increased from 4 to 8 mmol/kg/day.
Intestinal Permeability in Cystic Fibrosis in Relation to Genotype
Authors: Hallberg K. , Grzegorczyk A. , Larson G. , Strandvik B.
Published: February 2024

Background:

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the increased intestinal permeability (IP) seen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is correlated with the basic defect, as revealed by the patient's genotype, and/or whether the intestinal disturbance reflects secondary abnormalities such as essential fatty acid deficiency.

Methods:

Nineteen CF patients were compared with nine age‐ and sex‐ matched healthy controls. IP was evaluated by studying urinary excretion for 5 hours after a test meal containing lactulose, L‐rhamnose and xylose in water. Urine was analyzed for carbohydrates, and blood samples were taken for determination of the fatty acid pattern of serum phospholipids. The CF patients were grouped according to genotype: homozygous for ΔF508, heterozygous for ΔF508, or unidentified.

Results:

Patients who were homozygous (n = 9) or heterzygous (n = 6) for ΔF508 had significantly higher lactulose/L‐rhamnose excretion ratios (mean(range) values of 0.08(0.05‐0.13) and 0.09(0.03‐0.13), respectively) than patients (n = 4) with unidentified genotypes [0.03(0.02‐0.05); p = 0.005] or healthy controls [0.02(0.003‐0.06); p = 0.002]. CF patients with EFAD (n = 6) did not differ from those with a normal pattern of serum phospholipid fatty acids, the lactulose/L‐rhamnose excretion ratio being 0.08(0.02‐0.13) and 0.07(0.03‐0.12), respectively.

Conclusions:

These data show that the IP in CF was related to patient genotype; those homozygozous or heterozygous for ΔF508 having a significantly increased IP compared with patients with unidentified genotypes, who had IP values within the normal range.
A High Index of Suspicion: The Key to an Early Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease in Childhood
Authors: Sánchez‐Albisua Icíar , Garde Teresa , Hierro Loreto , Camarena Carmen , Frauca Esteban , de la Vega Angela , Díaz María Carmen , Larrauri Javier , Jara Paloma
Published: February 2024

Background:

To study the clinical features of Wilson's disease in childhood.

Methods:

Retrospective review of the clinical, laboratory, and histologic features and prognosis of Wilson's disease in 26 Spanish children.

Results:

The first medical visit, at age 9.8 ± 3.4 years (range, 4‐16 years), was prompted by liver dysfunction detected accidentally (61%), symptoms of liver disease (27%), family screening (8%), and extrapyramidal symptoms and personality changes (4%). There were laboratory data of hepatic failure in 27%. All copper metabolism test results (total serum copper, 24‐hour urine excretion, serum ceruloplasmin) were abnormal in 62%, two in 27%, and one in 11%. All patients in whom extrahepatic involvement was found at diagnosis had severe liver disease. Histologic findings were portal fibrosis with steatosis (29%), cirrhosis (21%), portal fibrosis (17%), chronic active hepatitis (17%), and minimal changes or normality (17%). Penicillamine was administered to all but one patient. Four children underwent liver transplantation, three of them having received penicillamine for 12, 45, and 70 days. Three other patients recovered from liver failure after 1 year of treatment with penicillamine. After a follow‐up of 4.5 ± 3.3 years, all the children survived. Penicillamine caused severe toxicity in one patient.

Conclusions:

Wilson's disease in childhood is generally detected by maintaining a high suspicion of liver disease in patients who have no or nonspecific hepatic symptoms. Kayser‐Fleischer ring is rare in childhood. Drug therapy is effective and well tolerated even in some cases of hepatic insufficiency.
Cisapride in Management of Chronic Pediatric Constipation
Authors: Halabi Issam M.
Published: February 2024

Background:

This study was conducted to explore the use of cisapride in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation in children.

Methods:

Seventy‐nine children were screened. Seventy‐three of them met the selection criteria that included clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and histopathologic investigations. These patients entered a week‐long phase I of disimpaction using lactulose. Four of them were noncompliant and thus were excluded from the next phase. In phase II sixty‐nine patients were assigned to two treatment groups: 0.3 mg/kg cisapride four times a day versus matching placebo for 8 weeks in a double‐blind study. The two groups that completed phase II were similar in age and duration of symptoms, confirmed by statistical analysis. Stool frequency was assessed weekly, beginning at the end of the disimpaction phase and continuing for 9 weeks. Total gastrointestinal transit time was measured twice, on completion of phase I and 9 weeks later. Transit time is the time required for a carmine marker taken orally after overnight fast to appear in the stool.

Results:

There was a significant difference between stool frequency per week before and after cisapride treatment, stool frequency per week at the end of phase II with cisapride versus placebo, and total gastrointestinal transit time before and after treatment with cisapride (p < 0.05 for all values). No such difference was demonstrated when comparing stool frequency per week or total gastrointestinal transit time before and after placebo (p > 0.05 for both).

Conclusions:

Cisapride may have a role in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation in children.
Autoimmune Enteropathy With Distinct Mucosal Features in T‐Cell Activation Deficiency: The Contribution of T Cells to the Mucosal Lesion
Authors: Murch Simon H. , Fertleman Caroline R. , Rodrigues Carlos , Morgan Gareth , Klein Nigel J. , Meadows Nigel , Savidge Tor C. , Phillips Alan D. , Walker‐Smith John A.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Autoimmune enteropathy is normally characterised by crypt hyperplastic villous atrophy with enterocyte autoantibodies, activation of mucosal lymphocytes and increased epithelial HLA‐DR. This case involved a severely affected Portuguese infant who was found to have lymphocyte activation deficiency and demonstrated correspondingly distinct mucosal features.

Methods:

A female infant of nonconsanguineous parents was treated for vomiting and diarrhoea, first with milk exclusion and then with parenteral nutrition. Lymphocyte subsets and immunoglobulin concentrations were normal, but in vitro testing showed no activation in response to phytohaemagglutinin, Candida, or purified protein derivative, although the response to interleukin (IL)‐2 was intact. Interleukin‐2 deficiency was excluded. Analysis of jejunal biopsy specimens revealed only mild villous blunting with absent goblet cells, normal epithelial proliferation, and no crypt hyperplasia. The dense infiltrate of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes showed normal CD2 and CD3 expression but no activation or proliferation markers. HLA‐DR was not increased on epithelium or lymphocytes. Thus, in addition to in vitro evidence for lymphocyte activation deficiency, the mucosal specimens showed no evidence of in situ T‐cell activation.

Results:

After development of overwhelming septicaemia, the patient died at 18 months, just before a planned bone marrow transplant.

Conclusions:

These findings confirm significant heterogeneity within autoimmune enteropathy. Formal immune function testing should be performed in all affected infants to identify T‐cell activation deficiencies. The distinct mucosal findings suggest that activated T cells usually induce the crypt hyperplastic villous atrophy characteristic of classic autoimmune enteropathy.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children and Adolescents: Mental Health and Family Functioning
Authors: Engstrom Ingemar
Published: February 2024

Background:

Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents often leads to an extremely complex somatic and psychiatric situation. The psychological effect of inflammatory bowel disease warrants further investigation, especially concerning salutogenetic factors that may lead to good mental health despite bad somatic conditions.

Methods:

These studies used a multimethod design comprising both semiquantitative measures, such as rating scales and questionnaires, and qualitative in‐depth interviews with both the child and his or her parents. Clinical comparison groups of matched children with diabetes and chronic tension headaches and matched children without chronic physical disease were examined.

Results:

Inflammatory bowel disease often leads to psychiatric sequelae. Emotional disorders, especially depression and anxiety symptoms, were found to be common. Self‐esteem was lowered. A subgroup of children with good mental health despite bad somatic conditions was found. They exhibited certain characteristics, including good knowledge of the disease, an internal locus of control, a good family climate, and an open social network.

Conclusions:

This study shows that the well‐being of a chronically ill child depends not only on the course of the physical disease but also on the psychological and social complications that often seem to accompany a disease of this kind. The importance of taking good care of the psychosocial aspects of inflammatory bowel disease within the comprehensive treatment program is discussed.
Variability of Human Milk Neutral Oligosaccharides in a Diverse Population
Authors: Erney Renee M. , Malone William T. , Skelding Mary Beth , Marcon Andrea A. , Kleman–Leyer Karen M. , O'Ryan Miguel L. , Ruiz–Palacios Guillermo , Hilty Milo D. , Pickering Larry K. , Prieto Pedro A.
Published: February 2024

Background:

A complex array of free oligosaccharides is a distinctive compositional feature of human milk. Although these oligosaccharides have been studied for several years, their variability and distribution have not been systematically studied, and their nutritional and functional roles have not been elucidated. This report describes a study in which a large number of human milk samples were analyzed for the presence and content of nine neutral oligosaccharides. The resultant data were used to probe for distribution trends by donor groups and stage of lactation.

Methods:

Milk samples from 435 women residing in 10 countries were analyzed using a simple preparation procedure, gel filtration, and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography.

Results:

All samples contained structures based on lacto‐N‐neotetraose and lacto‐N‐tetraose. This contrasts with the fucosyloligosaccharides tested, none of which was detected in 100% of the samples. Unexpected distribution trends were observed. For example, 100% of the samples from Mexico (n = 156) contained 2´‐fucosyllactose, whereas only 46% of the samples from the Philippines (n = 22) contained this structure. Concentration ranges for the analyzed oligosaccharides revealed quantitative and qualitative distribution trends.

Conclusions:

The oligosaccharide composition of human milk varied among samples. The geographical origin of the donors was one of the factors that accounted for this variability. This can be explained by genetically determined traits that are not uniformly distributed. Results indicated that further systematic studies are needed to ascertain the effect of other factors, such as lactation stage or diet.
Iron‐Deficiency Anemia Associated With Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
Authors: Konno Mutsuko , Muraoka Shunji , Takahashi Michiko , Imai Toshio
Published: February 2024

Background:

Recent studies have suggested an association of Helicobacter pylori and iron‐deficiency anemia (IDA). This is a report of six cases of IDA associated with H. pylori gastritis.

Methods:

Six patients with IDA were studied (5 boys and 1 girl; mean age 13.6 years; range 13–15 years). Five had a medical history of long‐standing IDA and of oral iron supplementation at outpatient clinics. The anemia recurred after the iron therapy had been discontinued. The sixth patient was admitted to the hospital with severe IDA. An extensive work‐up was ordered that included technetium‐99m (99mTc) scans for Meckel's diverticulum, total colonoscopy, and gastrointestinal endoscopy. After biopsy‐based H. pylori test results were confirmed to be positive, anti‐H. pylori therapy consisting of lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole was administered for 2 weeks with no iron supplementation. The hematologic profile and iron status were assessed periodically after the end of the eradication regimen.

Results:

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a marked antral nodularity but no evidence of bleeding lesions in all the patients. Given the histology and the fact that rapid urease test results were positive, chronic active gastritis with H. pylori was diagnosed in all these cases. H. pylori was successfully eradicated in all the patients. There was no evidence of IDA in any of the follow‐up examinations between 27 and 50 months after anti‐H. pylori therapy.

Conclusions:

H. pylori infection may be involved in cases of IDA of unknown origin, and the eradication of H. pylori can be associated with the resolution of anemia.
Predicting verbal and performance intelligence quotients from multimodal data in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: He Ningning , Kou Chao
Published: February 2024

Despite the importance of understanding how intelligence is ingrained in the function and structure of the brain in some neurological disorders, the alterations of intelligence‐associated neurological factors in atypical neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are limited. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between the brain functional and morphological characteristics and the intellectual performance of 139 patients with ADHD. Resting‐state functional and T1‐weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and intellectual‐performance data of the patients were collected. The MRI data were preprocessed to extract four indicators characterizing the participants' brain features: fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation, regional homogeneity, and gray and white matter volumes. Then, we used a two‐layer feature‐selection method with support vector regression models based on three kernel functions to predict the verbal and performance intelligent quotients of the patients, along with ten fold cross‐validation to evaluate the models' predictive performance. All models showed good performance; the correlation coefficients between the predicted and observed values for each predictive phenotypic variable were >0.41, with statistical significance. The brain features that could best predict the intellectual performance of the patients were concentrated in the superior and inferior frontal gyrus of the prefrontal areas, the angular gyrus and precuneus of the parietal lobe, the inferior and middle temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe, and part of the cerebellar regions. Thus, the voxel‐based brain‐feature indicators could adequately predict the intellectual performance of patients with ADHD, providing a foundation for future neuroimaging studies of this disorder.
A proposed modification to the Kellgren and Lawrence classification for knee osteoarthritis using a compartment‐specific approach
Authors: Perico Diego Alarcón , Uribe Abelardo Camacho , Niño Sara Jaimes , Mayorga María Camila Peñaloza , Sundfeld Christian , Lievano Jorge Rojas , Mendoza Cristal Castellanos , Ramirez Rafael Gómez , Rapalino Oscar Rivero , Zayed Gamal , Arango German Carrillo , Mieth Klaus
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Since Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) originally classified knee osteoarthritis, several authors have reported varying levels of reliability and a lack of uniformity in the use of this classification system. We propose several modifications to the KL classification including the use of a compartment‐specific approach that we hypothesize will lead to a better understanding of knee OA while maintaining an adequate interobserver and intraobserver reliability.

Methods

We propose the addition of the lateral and skyline‐view radiographs to the standard anteroposterior (AP) and lateral projections in the evaluation. Also suggest a more precise definition of the evaluated parameters; the addition of the subchondral cancellous bone as parameter of evaluation; and the assessment of medial tibiofemoral compartment (MTFC), lateral tibiofemoral compartment (LTFC) and patellofemoral compartment (PFC) separately resulting in a compartment‐specific KL staging score rather than a single overall KL score. Six evaluators (two knee surgeons, two radiologists and two knee fellows) used the modified KL classification to classify 230 randomly selected knees on two separate occasions. Reliabilities were assessed by calculating Krippendorff's ⍺ coefficients.

Results

Two hundred and ten knees were included for final evaluation and analyses (53% left knees; 65% females; mean age 56 years old). Average interobserver reliability was moderate for all compartments (0.51 for the MTFC; 0.51 for the LTFC; and 0.56 for the PFC). Average intraobserver reliability was substantial for all compartments (0.63 for the MTFC; 0.65 for the LTFC; and 0.7 for the PFC). Experienced evaluators showed a higher intraobserver reliability than less‐experienced evaluators.

Conclusions

A modified compartment‐specific KL classification enables a practical and detailed description of knee OA involvement and demonstrates acceptable interobserver and intraobserver reliability.

Level of Evidence: Level III
Melatonin injection and red light irradiation affect the antioxidant response and cell damage in disk abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) exposed to high water temperatures
Authors: Kim Jin A , Kim Min Ju , Park Young‐Su , Kim Jun‐Hwan , Choi Cheol Young
Published: February 2024

The effects of red light‐emitting diode (LED) light irradiation (630 nm, 0.5 W/m2) and melatonin (10−8 and 10−7 M) on oxidative stress and physiological responses in abalones exposed to high temperatures (28°C) were investigated. Changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of melatonin receptor (MT‐R), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and antioxidant enzymes, as well as alterations in H2O2 levels in the hemolymph, were examined. The results revealed that high‐temperature‐stressed abalones treated with melatonin injections or exposed to red LED light showed a significant increase in MT‐R mRNA expression, while HSP70 mRNA expression decreased. Notably, HSP70 mRNA expression levels in the red LED light‐irradiated group were similar to those in the group injected with 10−8 M melatonin after 24 h exposure. Abalones treated with melatonin at 20°C or irradiated with red LED light exhibited decreased H2O2 levels and reduced antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression compared with those of the control group. However, the high‐temperature environment induced oxidative stress in abalones, leading to increased antioxidant enzyme mRNA expression compared with that under 20°C conditions. Moreover, abalones exposed to high‐temperature stress exhibited hepatopancreatic DNA damage, which was attenuated by melatonin treatment or red LED light irradiation. Hence, red LED light reduces oxidative stress, boosts antioxidant enzymes, and alleviates DNA damage in high‐temperature‐stressed abalones, akin to 10−8 M melatonin treatment. Therefore, considering the practical challenges of continuous melatonin administration to abalones, utilizing red LED light emerges as a practical, effective alternative to protect abalones from oxidative stress compared to 10−8 M melatonin treatment.
Physicochemical properties of esterified/crosslinked quinoa starches and their influence on bread quality
Authors: Wang Donghai , Tang Zhiyi , Chen Rui , Zhong Xu , Du Xiaoyao , Li Yi‐Xuan , Zhao Zhengtao
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Starch is the main component of quinoa seeds. However, quinoa starch has poor solubility in cold water and poor mechanical resistance and is easily aged, which limit its application. Therefore, modification of its structure to improve its functional properties is necessary.

RESULTS

This research used acetic anhydride and sodium trimetaphosphate to modify the structure of starch molecules and investigated their influence on bread quality. The results showed that both esterification and crosslinking prevented the aggregation behavior of starch molecules. Moreover, they both decreased the gelatinization enthalpy change and relative crystallinity of the starch. Compared with native starch, modification significantly decreased the gelatinization temperature from 57.01 to 52.01 °C and the esterified starch exhibited the lowest enthalpy change with a 44.2% decrease. Modified starch increased the specific volume and decreased the hardness and chewiness of bread. Modification did not influence the moisture content in bread but impacted the water retention capacity, depending on the degree of modification. Low and medium degrees of modification improved the water retention capacity during storage. By contrast, a high degree of modification (10 g kg−1 crosslinking agent) decreased the water retention capacity. The dually modified quinoa starch (esterified and crosslinked) showed no influence on the textural properties of bread.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that both esterification and crosslinking significantly improved the functional properties of quinoa starch. Crosslinked or esterified quinoa starches have the potential to improve the textural properties of bakery products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Supplementation of lactobacillus‐fermented rapeseed meal in broiler diet reduces Campylobacter jejuni cecal colonization and limits the l‐tryptophan and l‐histidine biosynthesis pathways
Authors: Khattak Farina , Galgano Salvatore , Pedersen Ninfa Rangel , Hui Yan , Matthiesen Rikke , Houdijk Jos
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a widely distributed global foodborne pathogen, primarily linked with contaminated chicken meat, poses a significant health risk. Reducing the abundance of this pathogen in poultry meat is challenging but essential. This study assessed the impact of Lactobacillus‐fermented rapeseed meal (LFRM) on broilers exposed to C. jejuni‐contaminated litter, evaluating growth performance, Campylobacter levels, and metagenomic profile.

RESULTS

By day 35, the litter contamination successfully colonized broilers with Campylobacter spp., particularly C. jejuni. In the grower phase, LFRM improved (P < 0.05) body weight and daily weight gain, resulting in a 9.2% better feed conversion ratio during the pre‐challenge period (the period before artificial infection; days 13–20). The LFRM also reduced the C. jejuni concentration in the ceca (P < 0.05), without altering alpha and beta diversity. However, metagenomic data analysis revealed LFRM targeted a reduction in the abundance of C. jejuni biosynthetic pathways of l‐tryptophan and l‐histidine and gene families associated with transcription and virulence factors while also possibly leading to selected stress‐induced resistance mechanisms.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrated that LFRM inclusion improved growth and decreased cecal Campylobacter spp. concentration and the relative abundance of pivotal C. jejuni genes. Performance benefits likely resulted from LFRM metabolites. At the molecular level, LFRM may have reduced C. jejuni colonization, likely by decreasing the abundance of energy transduction and l‐histidine and l‐tryptophan biosynthesis genes otherwise required for bacterial survival and increased virulence. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Charge balance in OLEDs: Optimization of hole injection layer using novel p‐dopants
Authors: Xie Menglan , Pang Huiqing , Wang Jing , Cui Zhihao , Ding Hualong , Zheng Renjie , Kwong Ray , Xia Sean
Published: February 2024

Charge balance is one of the most important factors for realizing high performance organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). In this work, we provide a novel strategy to improve the charge balance in OLEDs by optimizing the hole injection layer (HIL) as well as the electron transporting layer (ETL) and thereby controlling the charge carrier supplies in the device. First, we develop a p‐dopant material (PD02), with a lowest unoccupied molecular orbit (LUMO) of −4.63 eV, much shallower than that of the commercial material (PD01) of which the LUMO is −5.04 eV. Nevertheless, this enables us to modulate the supply of holes to the emissive layer through tuning doping concentration. We demonstrate that device performances are significantly improved by employing such a scheme. With a 23% molar doping of PD02, a bottom emission red OLED achieves an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of over 30%, an operating voltage of 3.4 V and a LT95 ~15,000 h at 10 mA/cm2, with a Digital Cinema Initiative P3 (DCI‐P3) chromaticity of CIE (X, Y) = (0.68, 0.32). Moreover, the efficiency roll‐off is suppressed up till ~3500 cd/m2, a desirable feature in display applications. The lateral conductivity of by using such HIL is also found to be much lower than that of PD01, resulting in reduced crosstalk among RGB pixels. Next, a new electron transporting material (ETM‐02) with a deep LUMO of −2.86 eV is also introduced to further optimize the charge balance. Although devices with ETM‐02 shows lower voltage and higher EQE, lifetime is compromised. In order to improve lifetime, additional fine tuning of the charge balance is essential. Finally, a second p‐dopant PD03 with a LUMO of −4.91 eV is added to the HIL to further extend the modulation flexibility in the hole injection. A double‐layer HIL consisting of 8 nm of HTM:16% PD02 and 2 nm of HTM:3% PD03, where the former is in contact with anode, is adopted in the device structure. The bottom emission deep red device achieve EQE over 30%, an operating voltage of 3.2 V and an improved LT95 ~13,000 h at 10 mA/cm2 with a BT.2020 range chromaticity of CIE (X, Y) = (0.701, 0.299). In the double HIL configuration, the introduction of PD03 provides one more parameter for tuning and therefore improves the overall device performances.