bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing Winter Baseflow in Response to Permafrost Thaw and Precipitation Regime Shifts in Northeastern China
Authors: Duan Liangliang , Man Xiuling , Kurylyk Barret , Cai Tijiu
Published: January 2017

Rapid permafrost thaw and precipitation regime shifts are altering surface and subsurface hydrological processes in arctic and subarctic watersheds. Long-term data (40 years) from two large permafrost watersheds in northeastern China, the Tahe River and Duobukuer River watersheds, indicate that winter baseflows are characterized by significant positive trends of 1.7% and 2.5%·year−1, respectively. Winter baseflows exhibited statistically significant positive correlations with mean annual air temperature and the thawing index, an indicator of permafrost degradation, for both watersheds, as well as the increasing annual rainfall fraction of precipitation for the Duobukuer River watershed. Winter baseflows were characterized by a breakpoint in 1989, which lagged behind the mean annual air temperature breakpoint by only two years. The statistical analyses suggest that the increases in winter baseflow are likely related to enhanced groundwater storage and winter groundwater discharge caused by permafrost thaw and are potentially also due to an increase in the wet season rainfall. These hydrological trends are first apparent in marginal areas of permafrost distribution and are expected to shift northward towards formerly continuous permafrost regions in the context of future climate warming.
Understanding Public Perception of and Participation in Non-Revenue Water Management in Malaysia to Support Urban Water Policy
Authors: Lai Chee , Chan Ngai , Roy Ranjan
Published: January 2017

In contextualising the serious water loss, inefficient resource utilization, and ineffective water utility management in Malaysia, the objective of this study is to understand the public’s perception of non-revenue water (NRW) management in order to provide policy inputs, and to determine ways to improve public participation in NRW reduction. Findings reveal that there is currently only meagre public participation in NRW management in Malaysia, with a majority of the respondents demonstrating a lack of knowledge and awareness on NRW; over-dependence on water utility and government agencies in reducing NRW rates; and failure to submit a report when a leaking pipe is noticed. Educating the public on the importance of reducing NRW and promoting public interests and concerns around water tariffs, is essential to improve NRW reductions in Malaysia. Community-led strategies to better engage the public in addressing NRW-related issues have to be enhanced. To this end, concrete policy implications derived from the findings of the study are outlined.
Hearing Characteristics of Stroke Patients: Prevalence and Characteristics of Hearing Impairment and Auditory Processing Disorders in Stroke Patients
Authors: Koohi Nehzat , Vickers Deborah A. , Lakshmanan Rahul , Chandrashekar Hoskote , Werring David J. , Warren Jason D. , Bamiou Doris-Eva
Published: January 2017

Background:Stroke survivors may suffer from a range of hearing impairments that may restrict their participation in postacute rehabilitation programs. Hearing impairment may have a significant impact on listening, linguistic skills, and overall communication of the affected stroke
patient. However, no studies sought to systematically characterize auditory function of stroke patients in detail, to establish the different types of hearing impairments in this cohort of patients. Such information would be clinically useful in understanding and addressing the hearing needs
of stroke survivors.Purpose:The present study aimed to characterize and classify the hearing impairments, using a detailed audiological assessment test battery, in order to determine the level of clinical need and inform appropriate rehabilitation for this patient population.Research
Design:A case‐control study.Study Sample:Forty-two recruited stroke patients who were discharged from a stroke unit and 40 control participants matched for age.Data Collection and Analysis:All participants underwent pure-tone audiometry and immittance measurements
including acoustic reflex threshold, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions, auditory-evoked brainstem response, and a central auditory processing assessment battery, performed in a single session. Hearing impairments were classified as peripheral hearing loss (cochlear and neural type), central
auditory processing disorder (CAPD), and as a combination of CAPD and peripheral hearing loss.Results:Overall mean hearing thresholds were not significantly different between the control and stroke groups. The most common type of hearing impairment in stroke patients was the combination
type, “peripheral and CAPD,” in the 61- to 80-yr-old subgroup (in 55%), and auditory processing deficits in 18- to 60-yr-olds (in 40%), which were both significantly higher than in controls.Conclusions:This is the first study to examine hearing function in detail in stroke
patients. Given the importance of hearing for the efficiency of communication, it is essential to identify hearing impairments and differentiate peripheral and central deficits to define an appropriate intervention plan.
Potential Audiological and MRI Markers of Tinnitus
Authors: Gopal Kamakshi V. , Thomas Binu P. , Nandy Rajesh , Mao Deng , Lu Hanzhang
Published: January 2017

Background:Subjective tinnitus, or ringing sensation in the ear, is a common disorder with no accepted objective diagnostic markers.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to identify possible objective markers of tinnitus by combining audiological and imaging-based techniques.Research
Design:Case-control studies.Study Sample:Twenty adults drawn from our audiology clinic served as participants. The tinnitus group consisted of ten participants with chronic bilateral constant tinnitus, and the control group consisted of ten participants with no history of tinnitus.
Each participant with tinnitus was closely matched with a control participant on the basis of age, gender, and hearing thresholds.Data Collection and Analyses:Data acquisition focused on systematic administration and evaluation of various audiological tests, including auditory-evoked
potentials (AEP) and otoacoustic emissions, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests. A total of 14 objective test measures (predictors) obtained from audiological and MRI tests were subjected to statistical analyses to identify the best predictors of tinnitus group membership. The least
absolute shrinkage and selection operator technique for feature extraction, supplemented by the leave-one-out cross-validation technique, were used to extract the best predictors. This approach provided a conservative model that was highly regularized with its error within 1 standard error
of the minimum.Results:The model selected increased frontal cortex (FC) functional MRI activity to pure tones matching their respective tinnitus pitch, and augmented AEP wave N1 amplitude growth in the tinnitus group as the top two predictors of tinnitus group membership.
These findings suggest that the amplified responses to acoustic signals and hyperactivity in attention regions of the brain may be a result of overattention among individuals that experience chronic tinnitus.Conclusions:These results suggest that increased functional MRI activity in
the FC to sounds and augmented N1 amplitude growth may potentially be the objective diagnostic indicators of tinnitus. However, due to the small sample size and lack of subgroups within the tinnitus population in this study, more research is needed before generalizing these findings.
TAILS FROM THE ORPHANAGE
Authors: Grillmair Carl J.
Published: January 2017

Examining a portion of the northern Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) footprint, we detect at least three and possibly seven halo debris streams. One of these (PS1-D) was recently detected in the Pan-STARRS1

survey, and the remaining two are also evident as extensions of the SDSS detections. All of these streams are metal-poor and are found at a distance of around 21 ± 5 kpc. The streams are between 65° and 70° in length, oriented almost north–south, and are nearly parallel and somewhat convergent with the neighboring Orphan stream. Surface densities ranging from 1.5 to 0.5 stars per square degree down to

correspond to surface brightnesses between 35 and 37 mag per square arcsecond. The streams each appear to be more than 300 pc across, suggesting either dwarf/ultrafaint galaxy progenitors or long-term heating of very ancient globular cluster streams. The orbits of all but one of these streams appear to be nearly radial, and the orbit normals suggest that all of the streams are part of the Vast Polar Structure, a relatively narrow plane that contains most of the known satellite galaxies, globular clusters, and stellar streams.
Les intellectuels, la nation et la démocratie au Brésil
Authors: Pécaut Daniel
Published: January 2017

Dans quelle mesure la vocation des intellectuels à assumer la fonction d’architectes de la Nation n’engendre-t-elle pas une matrice de pensée commune ? Au Brésil, le primat accordé au thème de l’Unité nationale, à la quête d’une « organisation » du social, à l’adhésion aux schémas évolutionnistes comportant promesse de l’accès à la modernité, en sont autant de composantes. Cette configuration ne laisse guère de place pour l’idée démocratique. Dans cet article l’auteur analyse la formation de cette matrice de pensée au cours des années 1925-1935, puis sa consolidation dans la période 1955-1964 sous les dehors d’une affirmation révolutionnaire. Dans cette première partie il attache une attention toute particulière aux relations que les intellectuels brésiliens entretiennent avec l’État. Puis dans un deuxième temps il interroge l’évolution de ce rapport. Confrontés à partir de 1964 à un régime militaire qui durera plus de vingt ans, les intellectuels sont progressivement amenés à réévaluer l’idée démocratique. Décrire la façon dont s’est effectué ce ralliement, suggérer que celui-ci n’élimine peut-être pas toutes références aux anciennes conceptions du politique, tel est le second propos de cet article.
Management et risques psychosociaux dans l’institution militaire risques psychosociaux au sein de l’institution militaire : l’effet médiateur du style de management perçu
Authors: Laberon Sonia , Barou Diana , Ripon Albert
Published: January 2017

L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer le rôle médiateur du style de management perçu sur le lien entre le statut de civil ou de militaire et l’apparition de risques psychosociaux. Pour ce faire, nous avons évalué auprès du personnel militaire et civil (N = 71) exerçant des fonctions de soutien administratif pour un régiment d’infanterie de l’Armée française, la tension au travail du personnel par le Job Content Questionnaire de Karasek (1985), ainsi que le style de management perçu à l’aide du Likert Organizational Profile (Likert, 1974). Les résultats indiquent que le fait d’être militaire prédit une perception d’un style de manage­ment plus participatif, d’une plus grande latitude décisionnelle et d’un soutien social des supérieurs plus important. Aussi, plus le management est perçu comme étant participatif, plus le salarié perçoit des ressources de latitude décisionnelle et de soutien social dans son travail. La médiation du style de management perçu sur le lien entre le statut des salariés et la latitude décisionnelle d’une part, et entre le statut des salariés et le soutien social des supérieurs d’autre part, s’est révélée totale et significative. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives utiles dans le domaine du management et du commandement et incitent à tenir compte de ces aspects dans l’évaluation des risques psychosociaux au sein des armées.
Evaluation of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery Follow-up and Impact of a Routine Callback Program
Authors: Casp Aaron J. , Wells Jodi , Holzgrefe Russell , Weiss David , Kahler David , Yarboro Seth R.
Published: January 2017

A high rate of patients lost to follow-up is a common problem in orthopedic trauma surgery. This adversely affects the ability to produce accurate clinical outcomes research. The purpose of this project was to (1) evaluate the rate of loss to follow-up at an academic level I trauma center; (2) identify the patient-reported reasons for loss to follow-up; and (3) evaluate the efficacy of a routine patient callback program. All patients who underwent surgery in the orthopedic trauma division of the University of Virginia Medical Center from April 1, 2014, to September 30, 2014, and did not complete their postoperative clinic follow-up were analyzed. The characteristics of these patients were evaluated, and the primary reason for not completing the recommended follow-up was identified. All patients were then offered additional orthopedic follow-up at the time of contact. Of the 480 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 41 (8.5%) failed to complete the recommended postoperative follow-up course. The most common reason for being lost to follow-up was feeling well and not having the need to be seen (46.3%). Only 6 (14.6%) of the 41 patients requested follow-up care at the time of contact. The lost to follow-up rate in this study, 8.5%, was considerably lower than that previously reported, but patient characteristics were consistent with those of prior studies on this subject. The low lost to follow-up rate may reflect a difference in geographic location or patient population. The patient callback program had a low yield of patients requesting additional follow-up after being contacted. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(2):e312–e316.]
Academic Writing in the Flipped EFL Classroom
Authors: Gasmi Afef Ahmed , Thomas Michael
Published: January 2017

During the last few years flipped classrooms have aimed to provide more authentic forms of student engagement in which learners have greater opportunity to utilise classroom time more effectively. This chapter reports on a preliminary study conducted in a private higher education institution in Oman involving 16 students enrolled in Level 3 of the English GFP (General Foundation program). It investigated the effect of the flipped model on the engagement of EFL (English as Foreign Language) learners in writing skills, focusing specifically on their cognitive, behavioural, emotional, and agentic levels of engagement. Students' self-report questionnaires and focus group interviews were used in a mixed methods approach. The results revealed that students' overall level of behavioural and emotional engagement was closely related to their cognitive engagement and agency. The chapter calls for more research on the flipped classroom in relation to writing skills as well as the need to identify strategies to help with the extra non-classroom activities required of them.
Motivating and Empowering Students' Language Learning in Flipped Integrated English Classes
Authors: Loucky John Paul
Published: January 2017

This chapter offers definitions of “Flipping Classes” (FC), which shift responsibility towards more student autonomy and responsibility, and employ media outside of class to help learners prepare for and contribute during classroom time. FC's primary purpose is to increase student engagement by the wiser use of CALL/TELL, and SMALL mobile-enhanced E-Learning. Students also enjoy preparing their lessons out of class and gain confidence and communication skills as they present in class. In support of these aims, examples of flipped instruction tools are examined with a view towards mining the best applications and websites. A decade constructing Integrated English courses for Japanese and international graduate engineering students has given the author opportunities to give them increasing access to language learning programs. These classes have also incorporated a Flipped Classroom approach to challenge students to test and collect their own favorite sites into a Symbaloo.com palette of language learning tiles to motivate and empower their language learning.
The Flipped Approach
Authors: Bagby Meghan
Published: January 2017

Learning is an important part of the development of a child into a productive member of society. However, in today's society much of the pressure of learning is not put on the student, but rather the teacher. In order to promote adults as lifelong learners who can go out and help solve problems in this world, the focus of learning in the classroom needs to be on the students. A flipped classroom rather than a traditional classroom approach may help with this endeavor. Students gain many benefits from the flipped classroom where they can watch lectures at home that pass important concepts along to the students. This gives students more time in class with the teacher to perform guided inquiries, labs, problem sets, or extra practice on a content area. The effectiveness of student achievement, growth, lifelong learning ability, and opinion of integrating a flipped classroom into a secondary education classroom are examined in this chapter.
MAGDM Problems with Correlation Coefficient of Triangular Fuzzy IFS
Authors: P. John Robinson , E. C. Henry Amirtharaj
Published: January 2017

Correlation coefficient of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (IFS), Interval valued IFS, Triangular IFS and Trapezoidal IFS are already present in the literature. This paper proposes the correlation coefficient for Triangular Fuzzy Intuitionistic Fuzzy set (TrFIFS). The method on uncertain Multiple Attribute Group Decision Making (MAGDM) problems based on aggregating intuitionistic fuzzy information is investigated for TrFIFSs. The Triangular Fuzzy Intuitionistic Fuzzy Ordered Weighted Averaging (TrFIFOWA) operator is proposed for TrFIFSs and the Triangular Fuzzy Intuitionistic Fuzzy Ordered Weighted Geometric (TrFIFOWG) operator is utilized for decision making models where expert weights are completely unknown. Based on these operators and the correlation coefficient defined for the TrFIFSs, new decision making models are proposed with numerical illustrations. Some comparisons are also made with existing ranking methods for validity.
Co-Existence of Bureaucracy and Post-Bureaucracy
Authors: Grønning Terje
Published: January 2017

A contract research organization within fine chemicals is described as for its main characteristics between 1972 and 2012 while identifying drivers pulling towards bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic traits within organizations. The drivers are in the form of three dimensions: Presence versus relative absence of centralized control, presence versus relative absence of specified targets, and presence versus relative absence of formal monitoring and reporting of performances. While identifying and analyzing these dimensions, the contexts in which they occur are conceptualized according to prevalent frameworks on a firm's evolutionary stages or event tracks. The analysis shows that the firm has been through four distinct stages or event tracks during its 40 year period, and three of these stages had seemingly contradictory co-existence between bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic organizational principles.
Self-Control Beyond Clans and Culture
Authors: Möltner Hannah , Morner Michèle , Nevries Pascal
Published: January 2017

Modern organizations increasingly depend on employees' cooperation. Clan control has been proposed in the literature as a means of organizing cooperation. This conceptual chapter provides an overview of the origins of clan control in the fields of organizational culture and organizational control. While the literature review shows an existing underdevelopment in terms of how clan control translates into cooperative behavior, it still identifies the internal nature of clan control. Following this characterization, the authors develop a three-step process model of self-control that is initiated by supportive leadership, and translated internally through employees' cognitive and motivational processes into cooperative behavior. Further additive, weakening, and strengthening effects of combining self-control with bureaucratic control and market control are discussed. The model provides practical levers for implementing self-control, and extends existing theory to include its cognitive, motivational, and behavioral processes.
Building an Ethical Culture in the Post-Bureaucratic Era
Authors: Fabiano Anthony , Hornstein Henry
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to propose a framework for achieving an ethical culture in the post-bureaucratic era. The authors emphasize the necessity of informal dialogue and employee empowerment, and examine the role that personal values have in the post-bureaucratic work environment. Next, this chapter explores the appraisal of personal values and asserts that modern organizations will need similar strategies in order to identify and develop an effective ethical culture. The last portion of this chapter addresses three employee virtues that are helpful in the design and implementation of an ethical culture. Over and above appraising the values of an organization, this chapter provides a modern account for the definition of values and discusses methods for appraising each virtue while also proposing some alternatives for measuring employee loyalty, integrity and perseverance.
Cognitive Biases in Decision Making in Post-Bureaucratic Organizations
Authors: Claes Marie-Therese , Jacquemin Thibault
Published: January 2017

In today's post-bureaucratic organization, where decision-making is decentralized, most managers are confronted with highly complex situations where time-constraint and availability of information makes the decision-making process essential. Studies show that a great amount of decisions are not taken after a rational decision-making process but rather rely on instinct, emotion or quickly processed information. After briefly describing the journey of thoughts from Rational Choice Theory to the emergence of Behavioral Economics, this chapter will elaborate on the mechanisms that are at play in decision-making in an attempt to understand the root causes of cognitive biases, using the theory of Kahneman's (2011) System 1 and System 2. It will discuss the linkage between the complexity of decision-making and post-bureaucratic organization.
Green Investments and Food Security
Authors: Ene Corina , Voica Marian Cătălin , Panait Mirela
Published: January 2017

Green investments are the perfect tool to generate complex self-regenerating systems in order to achieve a sustainable development. Even if the burden of transition from high polluting economy to a green economy is high, the cost should be split among all that have interest in achieving this goal. The switch to green is an international current that will ultimately force the change if it is not made willingly. All parties have an interest to promote change before the change gets them on the wrong foot. In this regard, the chapter aims to emphasizing the potential benefits of the transition to a green economy in terms of reducing poverty, enhancing food security, nutrition and health on a sustainable basis while promoting ecosystem stability. Thus, increased green investments throughout the food system are imperatively needed so that changing the way food is obtained could become a powerful force for sustainable development.
Musings on Co-designing Identity Aware Realities in Virtual Learning
Authors: Yonekura Francisca
Published: January 2017

Virtual learning in the third dimension presents many opportunities for meaningful learning to occur. Learning in which the learner's self and the collective self immerse in the co-creation of authentic experiences. The virtues of these 3D environments are best appreciated holistically through the visual and the spatial perspectives. For meaningful learning many variables interact; however, of great importance is the role selfhood plays. Today's computing power affords original and imaginative rich experiences in which the learner is at the center of the event. The following chapter presents an exploratory journey on the self and holistic design considerations for learning in virtual environments.
The injury of serotonin on intestinal epithelium cell renewal of weaned diarrhoea mice
Authors: Dong Y. , Yang C. , Wang Z. , Qin Z. , Cao J. , Chen Y.
Published: January 2017

Diarrhoea is a common cause of death in children and weaned animals. Recent research has found that serotonin (5-HT) in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in regulating growth and the maintenance of mucosa, which protect against diarrhoea. To determine the influence of 5-HT on intestinal epithelium cell renewal under weaned stress diarrhoea, a weaned-stress diarrhoea mouse model was established with senna infusion (15 mL/Kg) via intragastric administration and stress restraint (SR). Mice with an increase in 5-HT were induced by intraperitoneal injection with citalopram hydrobromide (CH, 10 mg/Kg). The results demonstrated that compared with the control animals, diarrhoea appeared in weaned stress mice and the 5-HT content in the small intestine was significantly increased (P<0.05). Further, the caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis in the small intestine were significantly increased, but the VH (villus height), V/C (villus height /crypt depth), and PCNA-positive rate significantly decreased. Compared with the control animals, CH increased the intestinal 5-HT content, caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but decreased the VH and V/C. Compared with both control and weaned stress animals, weaned stress animals that were pre-treated with CH showed higher 5-HT concentrations, positive caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but lower VH, V/C and PCNA-positive rate. In vitro, a low concentration of 5-HT inhibit, IEC-6 cell line apoptosis but a higher concentration of 5-HT promoted it. Therefore, weaned stress diarrhoea mice were accompanied by a 5-HT increase in the small intestine and vice versa, and the increase in 5-HT induced by CH caused diarrhoea. In brief, 5-HT and diarrhoea slowed the intestinal epithelium cell renewal and injured the abortion function and mucosal barrier by decreasing VH, V/C and proliferation and increasing epithelium cell apoptosis.
Characteristics of brown carbon in the urban Po Valley atmosphere
Authors: Costabile Francesca , Gilardoni Stefania , Barnaba Francesca , Di Ianni Antonio , Di Liberto Luca , Dionisi Davide , Manigrasso Maurizio , Paglione Marco , Poluzzi Vanes , Rinaldi Matteo , Facchini Maria Cristina , Gobbi Gian Paolo
Published: January 2017

Abstract. We investigate optical–microphysical–chemical properties of brown carbon (BrC) in the urban ambient atmosphere of the Po Valley. In situ ground measurements of aerosol spectral optical properties, PM1 chemical composition (HR-ToF-AMS), and particle size distributions were carried out in Bologna. BrC was identified through its wavelength dependence of light absorption at visible wavelengths, as indicated by the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE). We found that BrC occurs in particles with a narrow monomodal size distribution peaking in the droplet mode, enriched in ammonium nitrate and poor in black carbon (BC), with a strong dependance on OA-to-BC ratios, and SSA530 of 0.98 ± 0.01. We demonstrate that specific complex refractive index values (k530 = 0.017 ± 0.001) are necessary in addition to a proper particle size range to match the large AAEs measured for this BrC (AAE467 − 660 = 3.2 ± 0.9 with values up to 5.3). In terms of consistency of these findings with literature, this study i. provides experimental evidence of the size distribution of BrC associated with the formation of secondary aerosol;ii. shows that in the lower troposphere AAE increases with increasing OA-to-BC ratios rather than with increasing OA – contributing to sky radiometer retrieval techniques (e.g., AERONET);iii. extends the dependence of AAE on BC-to-OA ratios previously observed in chamber experiments to ambient aerosol dominated by wood-burning emissions. These findings are expected to bear important implications for atmospheric modeling studies and remote sensing observations as regards the parametrization and identification of BrC in the atmosphere.
The on-orbit performance of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) instrument and its radiometrically calibrated products
Authors: Crisp David , Pollock Harold R. , Rosenberg Robert , Chapsky Lars , Lee Richard A. M. , Oyafuso Fabiano A. , Frankenberg Christian , O'Dell Christopher W. , Bruegge Carol J. , Doran Gary B. , Eldering Annmarie , Fisher Brendan M. , Fu Dejian , Gunson Michael R. , Mandrake Lukas , Osterman Gregory B. , Schwandner Florian M. , Sun Kang , Taylor Tommy E. , Wennberg Paul O. , Wunch Debra
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) carries and points a three-channel imaging grating spectrometer designed to collect high-resolution, co-boresighted spectra of reflected sunlight within the molecular oxygen (O2) A-band at 0.765 microns and the carbon dioxide (CO2) bands at 1.61 and 2.06 microns. These measurements are calibrated and then combined into soundings that are analyzed to retrieve spatially resolved estimates of the column-averaged CO2 dry-air mole fraction, XCO2. Variations of XCO2 in space and time are then analyzed in the context of the atmospheric transport to quantify surface sources and sinks of CO2. This is a particularly challenging remote-sensing observation because all but the largest emission sources and natural absorbers produce only small (< 0.25 %) changes in the background XCO2 field. High measurement precision is therefore essential to resolve these small variations, and high accuracy is needed because small biases in the retrieved XCO2 distribution could be misinterpreted as evidence for CO2 fluxes. To meet its demanding measurement requirements, each OCO-2 spectrometer channel collects 24 spectra s−1 across a narrow (< 10 km) swath as the observatory flies over the sunlit hemisphere, yielding almost 1 million soundings each day. On monthly timescales, between 7 and 12 % of these soundings pass the cloud screens and other data quality filters to yield full-column estimates of XCO2. Each of these soundings has an unprecedented combination of spatial resolution (< 3 km2/sounding), spectral resolving power (λ∕Δλ > 17 000), dynamic range (∼ 104), and sensitivity (continuum signal-to-noise ratio > 400). The OCO-2 instrument performance was extensively characterized and calibrated prior to launch. In general, the instrument has performed as expected during its first 18 months in orbit. However, ongoing calibration and science analysis activities have revealed a number of subtle radiometric and spectroscopic challenges that affect the yield and quality of the OCO-2 data products. These issues include increased numbers of bad pixels, transient artifacts introduced by cosmic rays, radiance discontinuities for spatially non-uniform scenes, a misunderstanding of the instrument polarization orientation, and time-dependent changes in the throughput of the oxygen A-band channel. Here, we describe the OCO-2 instrument, its data products, and its on-orbit performance. We then summarize calibration challenges encountered during its first 18 months in orbit and the methods used to mitigate their impact on the calibrated radiance spectra distributed to the science community.
A year in the life of a central California kelp forest: physical and biological insights into biogeochemical variability
Authors: Koweek David A. , Nickols Kerry J. , Leary Paul R. , Litvin Steve Y. , Bell Tom W. , Luthin Timothy , Lummis Sarah , Mucciarone David A. , Dunbar Robert B.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Kelp forests are among the world's most productive marine ecosystems, yet little is known about their biogeochemistry. This study presents a 14-month time series (July 2013–August 2014) of surface and benthic dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity measurements, along with accompanying hydrographic measurements, from six locations within a central California kelp forest. We present ranges and patterns of variability in carbonate chemistry, including pH (7.70–8.33), pCO2 (172–952 µatm), and the aragonite saturation state, ΩAr (0.94–3.91). Surface-to-bottom gradients in CO2 system chemistry were as large as the spatial gradients throughout the bottom of the kelp forest. Dissolved inorganic carbon variability was the main driver of the observed CO2 system variability. The majority of spatial variability in the kelp forest can be explained by advection of cold, dense high-CO2 waters into the bottom of the kelp forest, with deeper sites experiencing high-CO2 conditions more frequently. Despite the strong imprint of advection on the biogeochemical variability of the kelp forest, surface waters were undersaturated with CO2 in the spring through fall, indicative of the strong role of photosynthesis on biogeochemical variability. We emphasize the importance of spatially distributed measurements for developing a process-based understanding of kelp forest ecosystem function in a changing climate.
Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks
Authors: Burke Eleanor J. , Ekici Altug , Huang Ye , Chadburn Sarah E. , Huntingford Chris , Ciais Philippe , Friedlingstein Pierre , Peng Shushi , Krinner Gerhard
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The land surface models JULES (two versions) and ORCHIDEE-MICT, each with a revised representation of permafrost carbon, were coupled to the IMOGEN intermediate complexity climate and ocean carbon uptake model. IMOGEN calculates atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and local monthly surface climate for a given emission scenario with the land-atmosphere CO2 flux exchange from either JULES or ORCHIDEE-MICT. These simulations include feedbacks associated with permafrost carbon changes in a warming world. Both IMOGEN-JULES and IMOGEN-ORCHIDEE-MICT were forced by historical and three alternative future CO2 emission scenarios. Simulations were performed for different climate sensitivities and regional climate change patterns based on 22 different Earth System Models (ESM) used for CMIP3 (phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project), allowing us to explore climate uncertainties in the context of permafrost carbon – climate feedbacks. Three future emission scenarios consistent with three representative concentration pathways: RCP2.6; RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 were used. Paired simulations with and without frozen carbon processes were required to quantify the impact of the permafrost carbon feedback on climate change. The additional warming from the permafrost carbon feedback is between 0.2 and 12 % of the change in the global mean temperature (ΔT) by year 2100 and 0.5 and 17 % of ΔT by 2300, this range reflecting differences in land surface models, climate models and emissions pathway. As a percentage of ΔT, the permafrost carbon feedback has a greater impact on the low emission scenario (RCP2.6) than on the higher emissions scenarios suggesting that permafrost carbon should be taken into account when evaluating heavy mitigation and stabilizations scenarios. Structural differences between the land surface models are found to be a larger source of uncertainties than differences between climate models, in particular due to different representations of soil carbon decomposition. Inertia in the permafrost carbon system means that the permafrost carbon response is dependent on the temporal trajectory of warming as well as the absolute amount of warming. We propose a new policy relevant metric – the Frozen Carbon Vulnerability timescale (FCVt) in years – that can be derived from the more complex land surface models and used to quantify the permafrost carbon response given any pathway of global temperature change.
Use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to assess recent surface elevation change of Storbreen in Norway
Authors: Immerzeel Walter , Kraaijenbrink Philip , Andreassen Liss
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Routinely and accurate monitoring of the outlines and surface mass balance of glaciers is essential. In this study an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used in September 2015 on a mountain glacier (Storbreen) in Norway to map the glacier outline, snow line and to derive a digital elevation model (DEM) of the glacier surface. The generated DEM has a relatively high accuracy with maximum horizontal RMSE of 0.36 m vertical RMSE of 0.44 m and the Structure for Motion algorithm also proved to be suitable under low contrast, high saturation fully snow covered conditions. A well distributed set of markers, measured by GPS, was required to generate a high quality DEM under the yielding conditions. The final UAV DEM was compared to a laser based DEM of 2009 and the annual geodetic mass balance between 2015 and 2009 was estimated to be between −0.71 ± 0.1 m w.e. and −0.75 m ± 0.1 w.e., which is in good agreement with the glaciological mass balance of −0.80 m ± 0.18 w.e. a−1. An analysis of the glacier outlines reveal that the glacier has lost 1.2 % of its surface area between 2009 and 2015. These findings confirm the strong mass loss and retreat of continental glaciers in southern Norway.
AVALIAÇÃO DE RISCO À SAÚDE ASSOCIADA À QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA PARA CONSUMO HUMANO EM CAMPINA GRANDE, PARAÍBA
Authors: Ogata Igor Souza , Oliveira Rui de , Meira Celeide Maria Belmont Sabino , Nascimento Ruth Silveira do , Henriques Juscelino Alves
Published: January 2017

Este trabalho realizou uma avaliação de risco da qualidade da água da redede distribuição de Campina Grande, Paraíba, nordeste do Brasil, por meiodo método da Análise dos Modos e Efeitos de Falhas (FMEA). A amostrafoi composta por oito pontos ao longo da rede de distribuição, tendo sidoanalisados os indicadores sentinelas — cloro residual livre (CRL) e turbidez —e mais quatro indicadores auxiliares — cloro residual combinado (CRC), cor,pH e bactérias heterotróficas. Utilizando todos os indicadores, seis pontosforam classificados como de risco baixo e dois como de risco moderado.Analisando apenas os riscos relacionados aos indicadores sentinelas,três pontos foram classificados como de risco baixo, três como de riscodesprezível, um como de risco moderado e um como de risco alto, tendoesses indicadores apresentado melhor adequação metodológica. A ausênciade CRL no ponto de risco alto foi o principal fator para tal classificação.
Urbanismo fluvial en el apogeo industrial de Valdivia
Authors: Saelzer Canouet Gerardo Enrique , Urbina Simón Andrés
Published: January 2017

El presente estudio analiza procesos productivos y arquitectónicos que transformaron el eje fluvial de Valdivia en recurso urbano, operaciones que al desaparecer han dejado en evidencia conflictos de desarrollo territorial. Las valoraciones históricas en el modelo de la ciudad en curso afectan sitios conectados con el espacio fluvial, recursos arqueológicos y patrimoniales. Se plantea que las conquistas logradas en las riberas durante el apogeo industrial se terminan por desarmar si no se resuelve el río como componente de la ciudad, específicamente del paisaje urbano. El presente estudio sistematiza los primeros indicadores inmuebles y cartográficos derivados de las etapas iniciales y avanzadas de la industria. Desde una perspectiva diacrónica y territorial, se localizan estos indicadores, tipologías arquitectónicas y valores del paisaje, orientados a un rescate cultural del espacio fluvial que incluya fomentar proyectos culturales basados en nuevas investigaciones interdisciplinarias, permitiendo discutir con bases empíricas el paradigma de planificación sectorial vigente.
Uitgebalanceerd compromis voor personenvennootschappen: drie maal is scheepsrecht?
Authors: Alzafari M. , Rutten S.S.M.
Published: January 2017

Uitgebalanceerd compromis voor personenvennootschappen: drie maal is scheepsrecht?

In september 2016 is het rapport Modernisering personenvennootschappen van de Werkgroep Personenvennootschappen aangeboden aan de minister van Veiligheid en Justitie. Hierin is een nieuwe wettelijke regeling voor personenvennootschappen opgenomen. In dit artikel bespreken de auteurs de belangrijkste thema’s van het wetsvoorstel en geven zij een reactie op opvallende wijzigingen. De minister heeft aangegeven dat hij het rapport zal meenemen in zijn plannen tot vernieuwing van het ondernemingsrecht. Het zal dan ook naar alle waarschijnlijkheid leiden tot indiening van een wetsvoorstel.
Rivelare e Tacere: Note per una riflessione su Scrittura e Tradizione nel pensiero di Clemente di Alessandria
Authors: Albano Emmanuel ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: January 2017

This article intends to highlight the idea of revelation that Clement expresses throughout his work. Drawing both from Greek philosophical culture and biblical thought, Clement shows how supernatural revelation, on the level of both faith and gnosis, corresponds to select ‘places’ of Scripture and the Church’s Tradition, culminating in the embodiment of gnosis by men who have reached the highest degree of knowledge and holiness of life. A comparison with the theme of revelation in Gnostic texts sheds more light on the peculiarities of Clementine thought.
Tertulliano e la filosofia
Authors: Cruciat Diego ,   Instituto Patristico Augustinianum
Published: January 2017

Tertullian is an important participant in the early dialogue between Christian faith and Latin culture. The aim of this article is to provide some elements useful in reconstructing the idea of philosophia in the writings of this apologist, following a metaphilosophical approach. After briefly presenting the occurrences of philosophical terms (listed in the Appendix), the Author proposes that Tertullian conceives of philosophia as an erroneous form of knowledge, which is not capable of adequately dealing with reality. Considering Tertullian’s thought from a metaphilosophical perspective could therefore be conducive to better understanding and explaining his negative view of philosophy.
Low Reporting Quality of the Meta-Analyses in Diagnostic Pathology
Authors: Liu Xulei , Kinzler Michael , Yuan Jiangfan , He Guozhong , Zhang Lanjing
Published: January 2017

Context.—

Little is known regarding the reporting quality of meta-analyses in diagnostic pathology.

Objective.—

To compare reporting quality of meta-analyses in diagnostic pathology and medicine and to examine factors associated with reporting quality of diagnostic pathology meta-analyses.

Design.—

Meta-analyses were identified in 12 major diagnostic pathology journals without specifying years and 4 major medicine journals in 2006 and 2011 using PubMed. Reporting quality of meta-analyses was evaluated using the 27-item checklist of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement published in 2009. A higher PRISMA score indicates higher reporting quality.

Results.—

Forty-one diagnostic pathology meta-analyses and 118 medicine meta-analyses were included. Overall, reporting quality of meta-analyses in diagnostic pathology was lower than that in medicine (median [interquartile range] = 22 [15, 25] versus 27 [23, 28], P < .001). Compared with medicine meta-analyses, diagnostic pathology meta-analyses less likely reported 23 of the 27 items (85.2%) on the PRISMA checklist, but more likely reported the data items. Higher reporting quality of diagnostic pathology meta-analyses was associated with recent publication years (later than 2009 versus 2009 or earlier, P = .002) and non–North American first authors (versus North American, P = .001), but not journal publisher's location (P = .11). Interestingly, reporting quality was not associated with adjusted citation ratio for meta-analyses in either diagnostic pathology or medicine (P = .40 and P = .09, respectively).

Conclusions.—

Meta-analyses in diagnostic pathology had lower reporting quality than those in medicine. Reporting quality of diagnostic pathology meta-analyses is linked to publication year and first author's location, but not to journal publisher's location or article's adjusted citation ratios. More research and education on meta-analysis methodology may improve the reporting quality of diagnostic pathology meta-analyses.
INCLUSÃO: ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA PARA ALUNOS SURDOS, COM UM OLHAR SOBRE A PAISAGEM A PARTIR DE UMA VISÃO FREIREANA
Authors: Fernandes Jean Volnei
Published: January 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma análise de questões inerentes à educação inclusiva, a categoria geográfica Paisagem e as diferentes formas de abordagem, que se pode utilizar no trabalho docente, com alunos deficientes auditivos a partir de uma visão freireana.  Em seguida apresenta-se, os principais conceitos de Paisagem, que foram teorizados pelas diferentes escolas que escreveram sobre o assunto, destacando o caráter humanista para alguns autores, e os aspectos físicos para outros. Assim sendo, procede-se uma análise, a partir das experiências vivenciadas em sala de aula, como professor de Geografia, das principais considerações e observações, a respeito do estudo da Paisagem para alunos surdos pautados nos conceitos criados por Paulo Freire, bem como a forma através das quais estes alunos podem construir um conceito próprio de Paisagem. Para tanto, considera-se a utilização de elementos que sejam significativos para sua aprendizagem, sobretudo os relacionados a utilização da Libras e da observação da própria Paisagem.
El traductor como transmisor de nuestra Historia: Adoración Elvira y la traducción de la metáfora novedosa del escritor Agustín Gómez Arcos
Authors: Arregui Barragán Natalia
Published: January 2017

En estas líneas me gustaría poner de relieve la importancia que tiene el trabajo de los traductores literarios en cuanto a trasmisores de nuestra historia. La labor del traductor literario tiende a exponerse únicamente desde parámetros de efecto, fidelidad, musicalidad, literalidad, literariedad, adaptación, domesticación, etc. dejando habitualmente de lado el estudio de la temática de las obras traducidas.Como fundamento de este artículo recurriré a dos novelas de Agustín Gómez Arcos y, concretamente, a la traducción de varias metáforas novedosas, del francés al castellano, realizada por la profesora Adoración Elvira Rodríguez.Palabras clave: traducción literaria; historia de España; metáforas.
“Al mensajero matara”. La suplantación del autor por el mediador y tres textos bíblicos
Authors: Calvo García de Leonardo Juan José
Published: January 2017

La tendencia del traductor a intervenir en la transmisión de su original viene de antiguo y, desde la Roma republicana hasta la agonía, al menos, del Antiguo Régimen, gozó de los parabienes de la cultura establecida, centrada la traducción como estaba, en la transmisión de la cultura literaria según los principios de la apropiación cultural como sujeto de derecho natural. La traducción se veía como transubstanciación, como reformulación, como emulación artística y/o retórica. Con el Romanticismo, esa tendencia a la coautoría se vio substancialmente refrenada pero no por ello resultará extinguida. En el polo positivo veremos que la naturaleza lingüística, referencial y cultural de la propia traducción hace inevitables ciertas intervenciones, independientemente del tipo de texto de texto de que se trate, si bien de manera decreciente desde los persuasivos a los informativos. En el polo negativo, incidiremos en los traductores imbuidos de una misión: los apparatchicki que inoculan al tiempo que intuban por la vía de trasvase cultural que es la traducción. Esta introducción primero histórica y posteriormente metodológica se verá complementada con la exposición, el análisis y la discusión de las versiones de tres extractos del libro más traducido y retraducido del mundo: la Biblia. Desde el punto de vista de la tipología textual tenemos tres: ‘informativo’ (el Prólogo al Evangelio de Juan), ‘expresivo’ (el Cantar de los Cantares) y ‘persuasivo’ o, como prefería llamarlo Nida, ‘imperativo’ (el Padrenuestro). Partimos básicamente de la versión latina Vulgata como texto original y contemplamos distintas lenguas occidentales, en diversos momentos históricos, como textos meta. Palabras clave: historia de la traducción; metodología traductológica; traducción cultural; substitución; coautoría.