bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosis, phenomenology, and culture: Welcoming the ‘black box’
Authors: Myers Neely Anne Laurenzo
Published: November 2023

This chapter builds on an earlier critical review of literature (through 2011) concerning the relationships between culture and schizophrenia. It updates that review with new literature on the influences of culture on all aspects of psychosis (i.e. onset, manifestations, course, and outcome) and literature invoking culture as an explanation for variations in psychosis (i.e. in phenomenology, incidence, course, and outcome) across countries and populations. As an addition to the original review, this chapter also comments on the paucity of literature on the phenomenology of psychosis across cultures and the importance of taking a global perspective to build a complete view of psychotic phenomena and their relation to the cultures in which people live and grow up. It also argues that there is an urgent need for further attention to phenomenology, as well as a plea for re-theorizing the role of culture, at least in part, as a source of ‘moral agency’ that people can use to seek out mental health recovery in locally meaningful ways.
Human rights and psychosis
Authors: Read Ursula M. , Colucci Erminia
Published: November 2023

This chapter starts with an outline of the history of global initiatives to protect the human rights of people with psychotic illness. This is followed by an overview of three major approaches: legislative reform, community-based mental healthcare, and advocacy. We consider the opportunities and challenges presented by these approaches, specifically in relation to psychosis. The final section describes innovations to address human rights abuses in low-resource settings and three case studies illustrating different approaches including the reform of mental health legislation in Ghana, mental health service user advocacy in Indonesia, and recovery-focused interventions and peer support in Uganda.
Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Hutchinson Gerard
Published: November 2023

International interest in the epidemiology of psychosis in Caribbean populations emerged because of the high reported rates of psychotic illness among first- and second-generation Caribbean migrants to Britain. This chapter explores the socioenvironmental risk factors for psychosis, including migration, discrimination, and negative social experiences, which are likely to have a cumulative effect to influence the onset and course of psychosis in this population. It also provides an overview of the current evidence of incidence and risk factors in Trinidad and Tobago, outlines the mental health services, and highlights the lack of funding for research and the social stigma associated with psychotic illnesses.
Nigeria
Authors: Gureje Oye , Ojagbemi Akin , Esan Oluyomi
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the local perspective of psychosis in Nigeria with emphasis on recent research programmes on various aspects of psychosis, descriptions of the treatment systems of psychosis, and the cultural contexts shaping the experience of psychosis. It describes how treatment systems for psychosis in Nigeria include services provided by orthodox mental health practitioners and by traditional and faith healers. The majority of orthodox mental health services are provided by eight neuropsychiatric hospitals, complemented by the departments of psychiatry in teaching hospitals. These hospitals and departments of psychiatry can be regarded as tertiary healthcare facilities. It then explains how traditional and faith healers provide for the mental health needs of a substantial proportion of the population in Nigeria. They are commonly consulted for severe mental health conditions, including psychotic disorders and typically have facilities for both inpatient and outpatient care. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of priorities for future research and service development.
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Burns Jonathan K. , Chiliza Bonginkosi
Published: November 2023

chapter provides an overview of services for and research on psychotic disorders in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) is the second largest province in South Africa with a population of 11.1 million of which 35% are under 15 years of age (Stats SA, 2016). It is diverse, ethnically and religiously. This chapter briefly sketches the current service and research landscape for psychoses in a province in South Africa. There are several important research studies that shed—or promise to shed—light on various aspects of psychoses in a setting characterized by a high prevalence of risks. It provides a roadmap for potential future research.
Physical health of people with intellectual disability across cultures
Authors: Derrer Katerina Denediou , Royston Rachel , Kiani Reza , Chauhan Umesh , Hassiotis Angela
Published: November 2023

It is proved beyond doubt that people with intellectual disabilities experience higher rates of mental and physical ill-health, as well as excess mortality, often from avoidable causes. Emerging evidence suggests disparities in care for people with intellectual disability based on ethnicity. Poorer care for people from ethnic minority backgrounds may be due to cultural perceptions, interpersonal care barriers, and an increased risk of physical health problems. Current interventions primarily focus on changing attitudes of health professionals, prompting interactions between patients and physicians, or changing the healthcare system and improving care access to improve well-being. However, health research in minority populations within the intellectual disability population is limited. Further efforts are essential to understand disease risk factors and presentation in these groups, and to identify interventions which facilitate help-seeking in patients and their carers.
Culture and therapies
Authors: Drewett Alison , Busch Louis , Cremasco Jessica , Ndigirwa Pauline , Yiu Natalie
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the frontline experiences of speech and language therapists, behaviour analysts, and occupational therapists. It draws upon two cultural competency frameworks to explore clinical practices that promote respectful and effective services for individuals with intellectual disability from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therapists come from diverse cultural backgrounds, as do the individuals and families they work with. When applying assessment and treatment modalities across cultures, professionals need to carefully consider the unique cultural contexts of their clients and they may need to adapt their practices to ensure their work is safe, relevant, and effective. This chapter uses two frameworks for understanding and responding to cultural needs. Speech and language therapists and occupational therapists use a model called VISION and behavioural analysts use the Mushquash framework for culturally safe psychological assessment. The models are explored using individual stories throughout this chapter.
Intellectual disability, spirituality, religion, and social inclusion across cultures
Authors: Amiola Ayomipo J. , Khodabux Nusra , Peerally Mohammad Farhad , Temple Phil , Bunn Rosie , Kuruppuarachchi K.A.L.A. , Roy Meera , Hollins Sheila , Alexander Regi T.
Published: November 2023

Spirituality and religion are not synonymous. The former is described as that aspect of life that gives it its ‘humanness’ while the latter is concerned with socially and traditionally shared beliefs and experience, including personal and subjective dimensions. Both play a significant role in many cultures. Although some religious beliefs are not conducive to the inclusion of people with disabilities and their families in society’s mainstream, spirituality has been widely seen to play important roles in the lives of many people with intellectual disability and their families. This chapter examines the approaches to intellectual disability and social inclusion within the world’s major religious faiths.
Asteroids co-orbital motion classification based on Machine Learning
Authors: Ciacci Giulia , Barucci Andrea , Di Ruzza Sara , Alessi Elisa Maria
Published: November 2023

In this work, we explore how to classify asteroids in co-orbital motion with a given planet using Machine Learning. We consider four different kinds of motion in mean motion resonance with the planet, nominally Tadpole at L4 and L5, Horseshoe and Quasi-Satellite, building three data sets defined as Real (taking the ephemerides of real asteroids from the JPL Horizons system), Ideal and Perturbed (both simulated, obtained by propagating initial conditions considering two different dynamical systems) for training and testing the Machine Learning algorithms in different conditions. The time series of the variable θ (angle related to the resonance) are studied with a data analysis pipeline defined ad hoc for the problem and composed by: data creation and annotation, time series features extraction thanks to the tsfresh package (potentially followed by selection and standardization) and the application of Machine Learning algorithms for Dimensionality Reduction and Classification. Such approach, based on features extracted from the time series, allows to work with a smaller number of data with respect to Deep Learning algorithms, also allowing to define a ranking of the importance of the features. Physical interpretability of the features is another key point of this approach. In addition, we introduce the SHapley Additive exPlanations for Explainability technique. Different training and test sets are used, in order to understand the power and the limits of our approach. The results show how the algorithms are able to identify and classify correctly the time series, with a high degree of performance.
Detecting Cosmic 21 cm global signal using an improved polynomial fitting algorithm
Authors: Liu Tianyang , Gu Junhua , Guo Quan , Shan Huanyuan , Zheng Qian , Wang Jingying
Published: November 2023

Detecting the cosmic 21 cm signal from epoch of reionization has always been a difficult task. Although the Galactic foreground can be regarded as a smooth power-law spectrum, due to the chromaticity of the antenna, additional structure will be introduced into the global spectrum, making the polynomial fitting algorithm perform poorly. In this paper, we introduce an improved polynomial fitting algorithm – the Vari-Zeroth-Order Polynomial (VZOP) fitting and use it to fit the simulation data. This algorithm is developed for the upcoming low-frequency anechoic chamber experiment, yet it is a general method suitable for application in any single antenna-based global 21 cm signal experiment. VZOP defines a 24-h averaged beam model that brings information about the antenna beam into the polynomial model. Assuming that the beam can be measured, VZOP can successfully recover the 21 cm absorption feature, even if the beam is extremely frequency-dependent. In real observations, due to various systematics, the corrected measured beam contains residual errors that are not completely random. Assuming the errors are frequency-dependent, VZOP is capable of recovering the 21 cm absorption feature even when the error reaches 10 per cent. Even in the most extreme scenario where the errors are completely random, VZOP can at least give a fitting result that is not worse than the common polynomial fitting. In conclusion, the fitting effect of VZOP depends on the structure of the error and the accuracy of the beam measurement.
Unraveling parameter degeneracy in GRB data analysis
Authors: Garcia-Cifuentes Keneth , Becerra Rosa Leticia , De Colle Fabio , Vargas Felipe
Published: November 2023

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow light curves and spectra provide information about the density of the environment, the energy of the explosion, the properties of the particle acceleration process, and the structure of the decelerating jet. Due to the large number of parameters involved, the model can present a certain degree of parameter degeneracy. In this paper, we generated synthetic photometric data points using a standard GRB afterglow model and fit them using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. This method has emerged as the preferred approach for analysing and interpreting data in astronomy. We show that, depending on the choice of priors, the parameter degeneracy can go unnoticed by the MCMC method. Furthermore, we apply the MCMC method to analyse the GRB 170817A afterglow. We find that there is a complete degeneracy between the energy of the explosion E, the density of the environment n, and the microphysical parameters describing the particle acceleration process (e.g. ϵe and ϵB), which cannot be determined by the afterglow light curve alone. Our results emphasize the importance of gaining a deep understanding of the degeneracy properties which can be present in GRB afterglows models, as well as the limitations of the MCMC method. In the case of GRB 170817, we get the following values for the physical parameters: E = 8 × 1050–1 × 1053 erg, n = 7 × 10−5–9 × 10−3, ϵe = 10−3–0.3, ϵB = 10−10–0.3.
Uncommon SN 2020jfo: ordinary explosion of 8 M⊙ red supergiant with dense wind
Authors: Utrobin V P , Chugai N N
Published: November 2023

We present the hydrodynamic model of Type IIP SN 2020jfo with the unusually short (∼60 d) light-curve plateau. The model suggests the explosion of ≈8 M⊙ red supergiant that ejected ≈6 M⊙ with the energy of ≈0.8 × 1051 erg. The pre-supernova wind density turns out highest among known SNe IIP. Yet the pre-supernova was not embedded into a very dense confined circumstellar shell that is a feature of some Type IIP supernovae, so the circumstellar interaction in close environment does not contribute noticeably to the initial (∼10 d) bolometric luminosity. Despite uncommon appearance SN 2020jfo turns out similar to SN 1970G in the V-band light curve, photospheric velocities, and, possibly, luminosity as well.
The transporter PHO84/NtPT1 is a target of aluminum to affect phosphorus absorption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana tabacum L.
Authors: Huang Zhiwei , Zhang Shixuan , Chen Ranran , Zhu Qian , Shi Ping , Shen Yuhu
Published: November 2023

The molecular mechanism of aluminum toxicity in biological systems is not completely understood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most used model organisms in the study of environmental metal toxicity. Using an unbiased metallomic approach in yeast, we found that aluminum treatment caused phosphorus deprivation, and the lack of phosphorus increased as the pH of the environment decreased compared to the control strain. By screening the phosphate signaling and response pathway (PHO pathway) in yeast with the synthetic lethality of a new phosphorus-restricted aluminum-sensitive gene, we observed that pho84Δ mutation conferred severe growth defect to aluminum under low-phosphorus conditions, and the addition of phosphate alleviated this sensitivity. Subsequently, the data showed that PHO84 determined the intracellular aluminum-induced phosphorus deficiency, and the expression of PHO84 was positively correlated with aluminum stress, which was mediated by phosphorus through the coordinated regulation of PHO4/PHO2. Moreover, aluminum reduced phosphorus absorption and inhibited tobacco plant growth in acidic media. In addition, the high-affinity phosphate transporter NtPT1 in tobacco exhibited similar effects to PHO84, and overexpression of NtPT1 conferred aluminum resistance in yeast cells. Taken together, positive feedback regulation of the PHO pathway centered on the high-affinity phosphate transporters is a highly conservative mechanism in response to aluminum toxicity. The results may provide a basis for aluminum-resistant microorganisms or plant engineering and acidic soil treatment.
A conserved nutrient responsive axis mediates autophagic degradation of miRNA–mRNA hybrids in blood cell progenitors
Authors: Ghosh Sushmit , Chakraborti Sreemoyee , Devi Devki , Sahu Rajesh , Mandal Sudip , Mandal Lolitika
Published: November 2023

In animals, microRNAs are amongst the primary non-coding RNAs involved in regulating the gene expression of a cell. Most mRNAs in a cell are targeted by one or many miRNAs. Although several mechanisms can be attributed to the degradation of miRNA and mRNA within a cell, but the involvement of autophagy in the clearance of miRNA and its target mRNA is not known. We discover a leucine-responsive axis in blood cell progenitors that can mediate an autophagy-directed degradation of miRNA-bound mRNA in Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens. This previously unknown miRNA clearance axis is activated upon amino acid deprivation that can traffic miRNA–mRNA-loaded Argonaute for autophagic degradation in a p62-dependent manner. Thus, our research not only reports a novel axis that can address the turnover of a catalytically active miRISC but also elucidates a slicer-independent mechanism through which autophagy can selectively initiate the clearance of target mRNA.
An improved method for the highly specific detection of transcription start sites
Authors: Seki Masahide , Kuze Yuta , Zhang Xiang , Kurotani Ken-ichi , Notaguchi Michitaka , Nishio Haruki , Kudoh Hiroshi , Suzaki Takuya , Yoshida Satoko , Sugano Sumio , Matsushita Tomonao , Suzuki Yutaka
Published: November 2023

Precise detection of the transcriptional start site (TSS) is a key for characterizing transcriptional regulation of genes and for annotation of newly sequenced genomes. Here, we describe the development of an improved method, designated ‘TSS-seq2.’ This method is an iterative improvement of TSS-seq, a previously published enzymatic cap-structure conversion method to detect TSSs in base sequences. By modifying the original procedure, including by introducing split ligation at the key cap-selection step, the yield and the accuracy of the reaction has been substantially improved. For example, TSS-seq2 can be conducted using as little as 5 ng of total RNA with an overall accuracy of 96%; this yield a less-biased and more precise detection of TSS. We then applied TSS-seq2 for TSS analysis of four plant species that had not yet been analyzed by any previous TSS method.
Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the diagnosis, prevalence, and impact of bipolar disorder (BPD). Religion’s influence on BPD through environmental and social pathways are examined. The possibility of religious delusions and hallucinations in BPD are acknowledged. The heart of this chapter, though, is a review of systematic research that has examined the relationship between religious involvement and BPD. The greatest weakness of most of this research is that more than 90% is cross-sectional, with few prospective studies and few if any randomized controlled trials. The authors find that in religious areas of the world (such as Brazil and India), religiosity and symptoms of bipolar disorder are closely intertwined, and in some cases, religiosity may conflict with and interfere with pharmacological treatment of the disorder. Finally, the chapter discusses clinical applications, including taking a careful spiritual history and supporting nonpathological religious beliefs and activities. Religious support and counsel by religious professionals are also emphasized.
Psychological Well-Being and Positive Emotions
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the relationship between religiosity and positive emotions. It first reviews predictors of psychological well-being, examining various psychological theories of well-being that involve demographic factors, genetic influences, satisfaction of goals, and cognitive processes having to do with reference points in comparison to others. Next, it examines the impact of well-being on health more generally, including effects on social relationships, work performance, and psychological resilience, as well as on physical health and longevity. The authors then theorize how and why religion might impact psychological well-being, and review research examining the relationship between religiosity and psychological well-being, purpose and meaning in life, optimism, hope, gratitude, and self-esteem. The chapter concludes by providing recommendations for future research and describing clinical applications for mental health and religious professionals.
Marital and Family Stability
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

Healthy personality characteristics, good mental and physical health during adulthood, future social relationships, prosocial values, and risk of delinquency/crime are heavily influenced by the family environment. This chapter opens with a discussion of increasing divorce rates, and an examination of predictors of divorce (cohabitation, premarital sex, non-marital parity, socioeconomic factors, unstable parents) and the health consequences of divorce on adults and children. Next, predictors of family stability and functioning are examined, followed by a case vignette of a couple with marital conflict. The chapter then reviews the teachings of religious faith traditions on marriage, divorce, and the importance of family and children, speculating on what effect religious involvement might have on marital and family stability. Next, the chapter reviews research on the effects of religiosity on divorce, quality of the marital relationship, family stability, child abuse, and domestic violence. Finally, applications in the clinic and community are discussed and recommendations made.
Hypertension
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

Hypertension is a widespread and deadly medical condition in both the United States and around the world. This is particularly true for certain subgroups of the population, such as African Americans, older individuals, and those with poor access to healthcare or to treatments that can lower blood pressure (BP). Psychological, social, behavioral, cultural, and environmental risk factors for hypertension are now well-known, and controlling these risk factors can help to lower BP and prevent hypertension. This chapter examines the many reasons why religious involvement might affect BP or influence the development of hypertension. Systematic research is reviewed on the relationship between religion, religiosity, and blood pressure. Likewise, religious/spiritual interventions that have potential for lowering BP are reviewed. The relationship between religiosity and BP, however, is a complex one that is affected by many factors. Practical applications in the clinic and community are described.
Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the effects of religious involvement on the development of cerebrovascular disease (CBVD), on the precipitation of CBVD events such as stroke, and on the health outcomes that follow (recurrent stroke, disability, death). It begins by emphasizing that CBVD is the leading cause of serious long-term disability in later life and the second most common cause of death worldwide, second only to ischemic heart disease. It then examines risk factors for stroke and speculates how religious involvement might affect CBVD. This is followed by a review of early and more recent studies examining the relationship between religiosity and CBVD, the impact of religiosity on CBVD, and the effects of religious/spiritual interventions on CBVD. Recommendations for future research are provided, and practical applications in the clinic and the community are suggested. Religious/spiritual interventions to reverse the course of CBVD are also considered.
Disease Prevention, Detection, and Treatment
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Peteet John R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the effects of religious involvement on disease detection and prevention. Good health behaviors, engagement in disease-prevention activities (particularly regular medical/dental visits and vaccinations), early disease detection through screening, and compliance with medical treatments are essential for preserving and improving physical and mental health. Early and more recent research is reviewed on the effects that religious involvement has in this regard (both positive and negative), particularly in terms of behaviors such as cigarette smoking, exercise, diet, alcohol intake, use of illicit drugs, disease-screening activities, and compliance with immunizations. The authors examine the roles of healthcare professionals and religious professionals in helping to educate religious persons about the benefits of disease-prevention and health-promotion activities that will maintain and maximize health and ability to serve in their community.
Indigenous Governance
Authors: Wilkins David E.
Published: November 2023

Indigenous Governance is a comprehensive, critical examination of Native political systems—the senior political sovereigns on the North American continent in terms of their origin, development, structures, and operation. Nearly six hundred Indigenous governments operate on lands connected to the state and federal governments. This study will, of necessity, be a broad comparative and illustrative analysis of these organic bodies. This study provides both the recognition and respect due to Indigenous governments while offering a critique of attributes that merit scrutiny. Governments are human constructions and, therefore, imperfect institutions. This appraisal will highlight their history, evolution, internal and intergovernmental issues, and diverse structures. These governments have always mattered to their constituencies but, today, given the weight and importance of many issues confronting Native peoples—from the devastating and lingering health and economic impact of COVID-19 to the profound environmental problems that have been exacerbated by climate change, and jurisdictional conflicts with local, state, and federal actors—they arguably matter even more to their peoples and the broader society. Native governments command attention as, after recovery from decades of federal dominance and dependence, they now exercise greater degrees of political, economic, and cultural power, and have become critically important as the chief providers of basic services and the authors of solutions to collective problems in their societies. They are major vessels of Indigenous-infused democratic politics; they are, for many communities—including non-Native neighbors—the largest spenders and employers; and key players in negotiating intergovernmental agreements that fortify their unique political status.
European Intrusions/Native Political Transitions
Authors: Wilkins David E.
Published: November 2023

This chapter charts how the arrival of Europeans and African peoples profoundly impacted Native nations’ population, economies, cultural systems, and governing arrangements. Despite the remarkable efforts of Native nations to retain and exercise essential components of their cultures and traditions, the political, legal, economic, and cultural forces wielded by non-Indians have made it impossible for Native peoples to act unencumbered. Case studies of the Cherokee Nation, Algonquian, and Five “Civilized Tribes” describe some of the strategies (including the adoption of constitutions) employed by these nations as they struggled to cope with their rapidly changing worlds. It also includes an overview of several policy and statutory enactments instituted by the federal government aimed at the forced assimilation of Indigenous peoples.
The Enigmatic Nature of Leadership
Authors: Wilkins David E.
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyzes the critical role of Indigenous leaders in their nations’ political development, as they support the goals, desires, and aspirations of their citizens. While scholarly literature on Indigenous leadership remains relatively scarce, the evidence thus far produced suggests that many Native leaders do not think or act in a manner equivalent to Western leaders. Factors such as their Tribal-specific cultural identity, an emphasis on persuasion rather than coercion, a community orientation rather than one based on individualism, and situationally specific rather than positionally specific approaches distinguish many Native leaders from non-Native leaders. That said, the impacts of colonialism and capitalism have exacerbated intra-group and inter-group dynamics in many Indigenous communities culminating in questions about the legitimacy of some leaders that can severely hamper or derail political, economic, and cultural stability. This chapter includes several interviews with Native political elites and analyzes a number of Native court cases where leadership conflicts have caused significant societal damage. Finally, there is discussion and analysis of oath-taking that Tribal leaders take upon attaining office and to whom these leaders pledge their allegiance, whether it be their nation, the state, the federal government, or all three.
Governments and the Media
Authors: Wilkins David E.
Published: November 2023

The media plays a vital role in covering politics. In Indian Country, the media occupies a particularly interesting niche since the U.S. Constitution’s 1st Amendment freedom of the press does not directly apply to Native governments and does not protect Native journalists. Another unique aspect of the media on Native lands centers on the fact that Tribal governments actually own over 70% of all Native print, radio, and TV operations, in contrast to the larger society where the media is privately owned. Native governmental control of media enterprises within their borders sometimes leads to serious free speech and free press conflicts. The chapter discusses a number of cases where Tribal officials engaged in censorship of materials they deemed harmful to the nation or themselves. This occurs, in part, because less than one-fifth of Native governing documents contain language that protects free speech and freedom of the press, despite the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 that purported to offer such protection to Native journalists and citizens. On the other hand, the media, especially social media, has been effectively used by some Tribal officials and Native activists when they fight to protect the health and welfare of their communities, such as when battling with extractive industries such as fossil fuel corporations regarding oil pipeline interests. Several of these clashes are discussed.
Peoples of Alaxsxaq and Kānaka Maoli
Authors: Wilkins David E.
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the unique political and ethnic differences of Alaska Natives and the Indigenous people of Hawaii, also known as Kānaka Maoli. While sharing some cultural and political similarities with Native nations located within what are now the lower 48 states, the members of the Native communities within Alaska and Hawaii have unique cultural and racial identities, histories, and political status. This chapter discusses the political and legal status of both groups, assesses the major social, cultural, and political clashes they continue to have with their surrounding states, the federal government, and sometimes with other Native nations. It also broadly describes how colonialism has and continues to impact these communities.
Epilogue
Authors: Alonso-Minutti Ana R.
Published: November 2023

This brief epilogue returns to the concept of mirrors of sounds as a way to approach Lavista’s compositional trajectory. It is through creative intimacy that Lavista was able to foster in his music a social space where humans and nonhumans not only interact with each other, but bounce into and reflect off one another. Through an affective process, the listener is invited to inhabit that space. Taking into account the testimonies of Lavista’s students such as Luis Jaime Cortez, Ana Lara, Gabriela Ortiz, and Hebert Vázquez, this chapter offers insight into Lavista’s legacy and discusses how his activities as a composer, teacher, mentor, promoter, editor, writer, and intellectual influenced the contemporary art music scene in Mexico for the past fifty years.
Romantic Pathways Among Emerging Adults
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

Emerging adults’ romantic lives have been described as fluid and unstable, reflecting the instabilities characterizing the lives of young people. Analyzing the romantic history of young people, the author suggests that fluctuations in the romantic and sexual experiences of emerging adults do not necessarily represent confusion but might serve as an arena for learning about relationships. In line with the developmental systems perspective, the author suggests that periods of instabilities can be part of the developmental reorganization and are aimed at finding and developing new forms of behavior that address the need and potential for change and growth. The findings show that the majority of emerging adults progress toward settling down in the romantic domain. Yet, while fluctuations can be beneficial and serve as a platform for change and growth, not every individual necessarily benefits from the different romantic experiences. There are individuals for whom romantic instabilities might become a pattern of life.
Gendered Pathways in Career Pursuit and Romantic Development
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

Unlike men, who are more focused on their careers, women tend to prioritize family over career pursuit; and this might be intensified by society. Unfortunately, this gendered attitude is further intensified by societal rules, regulations, and realities. As a result, balancing career and family is more complex for women and requires a longer period of time. Following women until the age of 35 allowed the author to capture and understand better the pathways women take in this process. Some women are more capable of balancing career and children. Others have to compromise and find a job that allows them to spend more time with their children. Yet, interestingly, following them for a longer period of time showed that over time some were able to find meaning in their jobs and to further develop their careers. Unfortunately, there are women who feel that they gave up their career for motherhood.
Personality Assets and Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters consistently showed that some individuals successfully make the transition to adulthood and achieve their goals, while others fail. Incorporating personality theories, this chapter demonstrates the significant role personality plays in the transition process. Also incorporating the self-determination theory, it is shown that efficacy, low self-criticism, and internal motivation have the potential to facilitate smoother career pursuit. In addition, having the capacity to relate to others in a mature manner explained a successful progression toward romantic intimacy and commitment. The last decade has seen increasing evidence that personality changes, in particular during emerging adulthood. These changes are geared toward facilitating coping with developmental tasks in career success and romantic development.
Support Systems and Their Role in Developmental Processes During Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Shulman Shmuel
Published: November 2023

Conceptualization and research on parent–child relationships during emerging adulthood have documented the changes in frequency, modes, and quality of these relationships. Despite these changes, for example, the decrease in parental support during the 20s, the author shows that parental support continues to play a role in the career and romantic adaptation of their adult children, probably by still providing support and advice. Interestingly, while maternal support was found to associate more with romantic life–related outcomes, paternal support was more likely to explain future career-related outcomes, probably reflecting the distinctive role of fathers in supporting independence. In addition, changes in parent–child relationships during emerging adulthood are likely to lead to a new and broader understanding of parental behavior. The longitudinal data reveals that achieving greater capacity to understand parents’ own career and family behavior could serve as a model for better adaptation for the emerging adult offspring during young adulthood.
Justice and Social-Spatial Arrangements
Authors: Sundstrom Ronald R.
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a nonideal account of spatial justice. It begins with a conceptual analysis of the phrase “spatial justice,” defined as the just or unjust conditions of social-spatial arrangements. Considering nonideal conditions of injustice in social-spatial arrangements leads to an initial position that spatial justice begins with the idea of basic moral equality. This fundamental value is the ethical basis for further claims of social equality and distributive justice and is also the ground of a right to housing. However, basic moral equality is insufficient to deal fully with the complicated injustices and inequalities related to the urban crisis, such as segregation and gentrification-based displacement. Therefore, this account depends on the idea of democratic equality, with its focus on civic equality and nondomination.
Bloody Sundays
Authors: Groth Helen
Published: November 2023

During the 1880s Trafalgar Square became a popular site for political protests and occupations, but few matched the scale and violence of 13 November 1887, as the subjects of this chapter attest. Writers, artists, and activists all, Margaret Harkness, Annie Besant, Walter Crane, and William Morris, crafted their first-hand experience of Bloody Sunday into literary and visual forms that parsed the official nomenclature of the riot as an act of wilful misreading and specious naming. Swept up in the riot itself, they were exposed to the literal risks of political action and violent suppression orchestrated by the state’s nominative force. None were left in any doubt that the reading of the Riot Act was explicitly used to reverse the perceived direction of the violence and legitimate the measures taken to restore the peace. What emerges from their work is a retrospective imagining of the riot as a complex event, a collective interpretive process that is intentionally redistributive and aesthetic. Abstracting from their immediate affective experience of the violence, each writer/artist enlists a different genre or medium—autobiography, the ballad, utopian, realist fiction, illustration—to reconfigure the riot’s seemingly chaotic formlessness into narrative and poetic sequences that challenge the rhetoric of irrational spontaneity that characterized contemporary media accounts which sensationally named the events of that day, Bloody Sunday.
From ‘Jihadi City’ to ‘Bride of the Revolution’
Authors: Rooney Caroline
Published: November 2023

When the Lebanese uprisings of 2019 began, it came as a surprise that the city of Tripoli played a leading role in them. This was because Tripoli had long been stereotyped as Lebanon’s ‘jihadi city’ while it was also known to be a hotbed of crime gangs, this reputation in contradistinction to the image of Beirut regarded as the progressive and avant-garde capital of the country. In this chapter, the insurrectionary rise of Tripoli will first be explored through an analysis of the dejected status and Islamist-crime nexus of Tripoli prior to the Lebanese uprisings. The chapter will then go on to explore how riots and revolutionary uprisings entail different structures of interpellation, even as they share the same motivational forces. The chapter will further discuss how popular culture played a significant role in the uprisings of 2019 in ways that serve not only to contest the centralization of power but to challenge official national discourses.
Conflicting Amores
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

In the first part of this chapter, an examination of Vergil’s introductory portraits of Lavinia, Amata, and Turnus reveals how his extensive engagement with elegiac material problematizes each character along amatory lines: Lavinia, sought after by Turnus and Aeneas, becomes their symbolic battleground; Amata’s name and behaviour point to her unseemly erotic desires; and Turnus is established as an amatory and martial rival to Aeneas. The chapter then proceeds to document Vergil’s conjunction of amatory and funerary elegiac material within Allecto’s sequential infuriations of Amata, Turnus, and Ascanius, his aesthetic approach amplifying the Fury’s powerful perversion of human emotions, as she transforms conflicting passions (amores) into actual violence and devastation. The chapter thus reveals the holistic elegiac atmosphere that pervades Vergil’s account of the origins of the war; on the aesthetic plane, Vergil reinforces his narrative vision of amor as an uncontrollable, lethal force.
Warriors in Love
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines two striking aetiological myths that are embedded within the epic catalogues of the Italian Iliad. As Vergil enumerates the mustering Italian forces (A. 7.641–817) and the fleet of Aeneas’ Etruscan allies (A. 10.163–817), he shifts the focus from each spectacle of arma to a tale of metamorphosis: Hippolytus’ resurrection and transformation into Virbius (A. 7.765–77); and the avian transfiguration of Cycnus (A. 10.185–88). By interweaving each mythological tale with amatory and funerary elegiac material, Vergil creates exceptional aesthetic and thematic vignettes that exist in productive tension with the surrounding martial context. The aesthetic fluctuation between epic and elegy articulates the crucial tension between arma, amor, and mors that drives the narrative of the maius opus. Moreover, the intra- and intertextual reveberations of these episodes reveals Vergil’s enduring commitment to Alexandrian aesthetic principals, his intense engagement with the recent innovations of Propertius and Tibullus, and his perpetuation of the poetic legacy of Gallus.
International laws and courts as institutional restraints
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

The chapter describes the evolution of international law and international courts across time. It begins with a brief history of changes in legal norms and laws, especially throughout the nineteenth century, from simple tools used by dominant states to promote their own interests, to forms of restraints on their power. The chapter then discusses the establishment and evolution of some of the most important international courts over the past century, such as the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court, and the European Court of Justice. It shows how the evolution of such courts as institutional power restraints is similar to that of courts in England and France, starting with the early medieval ones. The concluding section summarizes the findings and shows that the six main arguments of the book are supported by developments in the international realm.
International secretariats as institutional restraints
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

The chapter discusses the evolution of secretariats in intergovernmental organizations. It begins with the first such secretariats, established in river commissions in the mid-nineteenth century. It shows that those early international bureaucracies came to be almost completely controlled by state representatives, similar to the powerful control national leaders had over national government bureaucracies up to the nineteenth century. It then notes that the secretariats of organizations created after World War I, such as the League and ILO, were formally designed to be autonomous of powerful states. However, in practice, they often were not. This trend continued after World War II (especially in the UN). By the turn of the twenty-first century international bureaucracies became sufficiently autonomous and powerful to warrant the establishment of institutional restraints on them in organizations such as the World Bank, UN, and EU. The concluding section summarizes the evidence supporting the book’s six main arguments.
Transnational networked cooperation
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains the broader features of the militarization of AI and the threats posed, focusing specifically on the risk of ever greater reliance on autonomous systems—systems or machines with increasing levels of autonomy to search, destroy, and kill without human input and involvement, features that can also be enabled or enhanced by AI, highlighting legal, moral, and ethical concerns. It shows how states are more willing to cooperate on civilian than military AI affairs and surveys the global investment in the militarization of AI and autonomous killing by charting states’ plans to develop AI for military purposes, showcasing the leading trends in investment in AI and how the major powers are positioning AI at the center of their strategic aims. An AI military race is underway. The chapter introduces the new concept of transnational networked cooperation: a more inclusive form of multilateralism that can materialize to forge common good governance by means of networks that bind together engaged and concerned individuals from different segments of many countries that would not otherwise have the opportunity to form alliances in a true collective endeavor. Five main groups of change makers that advance transnational networked cooperation are examined: the scientists (the ones who create AI and are alerting the world against the perils of using algorithmic killing and weaponizing AI); the private sector; transnational civil society (the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots); the International Committee of the Red Cross; and the member states of the United Nations (their principles, initiatives, and positions).
Legal and political frameworks
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

The chapter sets out to offer a wide-ranging introduction to all of international law, apprising readers of its most important foundational constituting parts—from human rights law, the law of armed conflict, and international courts, to international criminal acts and the role of key actors along the way—and how it plays a role in people’s and states’ lives alike. It demonstrates that international legal and political frameworks remain an essential part of international relations when it comes to tackling new global cooperation problems, as demonstrated via examples and cases. The chapter traces the considerable expansion and broadening tenor and scope of international law since the creation of the United Nations, as a tool for addressing problems of global cooperation with mechanisms to advance sustainable development and human security, and most definitely no longer intended only to protect the interests of states, even if the major powers sometimes continue to understand and use international law in that way. It then exposes how the international legal architecture under international law today will be disrupted and will not suffice to cope with the heightened use of autonomous systems and by the weaponization of another set of technologies—AI—that could otherwise be used only for the common good of humanity. The analogical case here is nuclear technologies that were also weaponized and continue to threaten humanity. Approaches to furthering common good governance are presented.
Surveillance, Democracy, and Protest in a Time of Climate Crisis
Authors: Hadjimatheou Katerina
Published: November 2023

Government responses to the Covid-19 pandemic have prompted public protests across the world, often in defiance of strict lockdown restrictions enacted under emergency legislation. This chapter examines the question of how surveillance should be used to police protest in a time of emergency, focusing on environmental activism as a case study from which conclusions relevant to protests in other conditions of crisis can be drawn. Issues around police surveillance of protest movements are intertwined with urgent political questions about how prepared we are as democratic societies to deal with a climate emergency, an emergency that intersects ever more frequently with other crises, including the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.