bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine-Tuning Bidirectional Encoder Representations From Transformers (BERT)–Based Models on Large-Scale Electronic Health Record Notes: An Empirical Study
Authors: Li Fei , Jin Yonghao , Liu Weisong , Rawat Bhanu Pratap Singh , Cai Pengshan , Yu Hong
Published: September 2019

Background

The bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model has achieved great success in many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as named entity recognition and question answering. However, little prior work has explored this model to be used for an important task in the biomedical and clinical domains, namely entity normalization.

Objective

We aim to investigate the effectiveness of BERT-based models for biomedical or clinical entity normalization. In addition, our second objective is to investigate whether the domains of training data influence the performances of BERT-based models as well as the degree of influence.

Methods

Our data was comprised of 1.5 million unlabeled electronic health record (EHR) notes. We first fine-tuned BioBERT on this large collection of unlabeled EHR notes. This generated our BERT-based model trained using 1.5 million electronic health record notes (EhrBERT). We then further fine-tuned EhrBERT, BioBERT, and BERT on three annotated corpora for biomedical and clinical entity normalization: the Medication, Indication, and Adverse Drug Events (MADE) 1.0 corpus, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) disease corpus, and the Chemical-Disease Relations (CDR) corpus. We compared our models with two state-of-the-art normalization systems, namely MetaMap and disease name normalization (DNorm).

Results

EhrBERT achieved 40.95% F1 in the MADE 1.0 corpus for mapping named entities to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities and the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT), which have about 380,000 terms. In this corpus, EhrBERT outperformed MetaMap by 2.36% in F1. For the NCBI disease corpus and CDR corpus, EhrBERT also outperformed DNorm by improving the F1 scores from 88.37% and 89.92% to 90.35% and 93.82%, respectively. Compared with BioBERT and BERT, EhrBERT outperformed them on the MADE 1.0 corpus and the CDR corpus.

Conclusions

Our work shows that BERT-based models have achieved state-of-the-art performance for biomedical and clinical entity normalization. BERT-based models can be readily fine-tuned to normalize any kind of named entities.
Effectiveness of a Pharmacist-Led Web-Based Medication Adherence Tool With Patient-Centered Communication: Results of a Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Authors: van Lieshout Jan , Lacroix Joyca , van Halteren Aart , Teichert Martina
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

Growing numbers of people use medication for chronic conditions; nonadherence is common, leading to poor disease control. A web-based tool to identify an increased risk for nonadherence with related potential individual barriers might facilitate tailored interventions and improve adherence.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a newly developed tool aimed at improving medication adherence.

METHODS

We performed a cluster randomized controlled trial in patients initiating cardiovascular or oral blood glucose–lowering medication. Participants were recruited from community pharmacies. They completed an online questionnaire comprising assessments of their risk for medication nonadherence and subsequently of barriers to adherence. In pharmacies belonging to the intervention group, individual barriers displayed in a graphical profile on a tablet were discussed by pharmacists and patients with high nonadherence risk in face-to-face meetings and shared with their general practitioners and practice nurses. Tailored interventions were initiated by pharmacists. Barriers of control patients were not presented nor discussed and these patients received usual care. The primary outcome was the effectiveness of the intervention on medication adherence at 8 months’ follow-up between patients with an increased nonadherence risk from the intervention and control groups, calculated from dispensing data.

RESULTS

Data from 492 participants in 15 community pharmacies were available for analyses (intervention 253, 7 pharmacies; control 239, 8 pharmacies). The intervention had no effect on medication adherence (B=–0.01; 95% CI –0.59 to 0.57; P=.96), nor in the post hoc per-protocol analysis (B=0.19; 95% CI –0.50 to 0.89; P=.58).

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed no effectiveness of a risk stratification and tailored intervention addressing personal barriers for medication adherence. Various potential explanations for lack of effectiveness were identified. These explanations relate, for instance, to high medication adherence in the control group, study power, and fidelity. Process evaluation should elicit possible improvements and inform the redesign of intervention and implementation.

CLINICALTRIAL

The Netherlands National Trial Register NTR5186; https://tinyurl.com/5d8w99hk
Trust Me, I’m a Chatbot: How Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Fails the Turing Test (Preprint)
Authors: Powell John
Published: September 2019

UNSTRUCTURED

Over the next decade, one issue which will dominate sociotechnical studies in health informatics is the extent to which the promise of artificial intelligence in health care will be realized, along with the social and ethical issues which accompany it. A useful thought experiment is the application of the Turing test to user-facing artificial intelligence systems in health care (such as chatbots or conversational agents). In this paper I argue that many medical decisions require value judgements and the doctor-patient relationship requires empathy and understanding to arrive at a shared decision, often handling large areas of uncertainty and balancing competing risks. Arguably, medicine requires wisdom more than intelligence, artificial or otherwise. Artificial intelligence therefore needs to supplement rather than replace medical professionals, and identifying the complementary positioning of artificial intelligence in medical consultation is a key challenge for the future. In health care, artificial intelligence needs to pass the implementation game, not the imitation game.
A deep-learning-based prediction of refractive error using photorefraction images captured by smartphone: Model Development and Validation Study. (Preprint)
Authors: Chun Jaehyeong , Kim Youngjun , Shin Kyungyoon , Han Sun Hyup , Oh Sei Yeul , Chung Tae-Young , Park Kyung-Ah , Lim Donghui
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND

Accurately predicting refractive error in children is crucial for detecting amblyopia, which can lead to permanent visual impairment, but is potentially curable if detected early. Various tools have been adopted to more easily screen a larger number of patients for amblyopia risk.

OBJECTIVE

For efficient screening, easy access to screening tools and an accurate prediction algorithm are the most important factors. In this study, we developed an automated deep-learning-based system to predict the range of refractive error in children (mean age: 4.32±1.87 years) using 305 eccentric photorefraction images captured with a smartphone.

METHODS

Photorefraction images were divided into seven classes according to their spherical values as measured by cycloplegic refraction.

RESULTS

The trained deep-learning models resulted in an overall accuracy of 81.6%, with the following accuracy for each refractive error class: 80.0% in ≤ -5.0 diopters (D), 77.8% in > -5.0 D and ≤ -3.0 D, 82.0% in > -3.0 D and ≤ -0.5 D, 83.3% in > -0.5 D and < +0.5 D, 82.8% in ≥ +0.5 D and < +3.0 D, 79.3% in ≥ +3.0 D and < +5.0 D, and 75.0% in ≥ +5.0 D. These results indicate that our deep-learning-based system performed sufficiently accurately.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the potential for precise smartphone-based prediction systems for refractive error using deep learning and, further, yielded a robust collection of pediatric photorefraction images.

CLINICALTRIAL
Peritoneal Dialysis Patient Outcomes under the Medicare Expanded Dialysis Prospective Payment System
Authors: Young Eric W. , Kapke Alissa , Ding Zhechen , Baker Regina , Pearson Jeffrey , Cogan Chad , Mukhopadhyay Purna , Turenne Marc N.
Published: September 2019

Background and objectives

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) use increased in the United States with the introduction of a new Medicare prospective payment system in January 2011 that likely reduced financial disincentives for facility use of this home therapy. The expansion of PD to a broader population and facilities having less PD experience may have implications for patient outcomes. We assessed the impact of PD expansion on PD discontinuation and patient mortality.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

A prospective cohort study was conducted of patients treated with PD at 90 days of ESKD. Patients were grouped by study start date relative to the Medicare payment reform: prereform (July 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009; n=10,585), interim (January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010; n=7832), and reform period (January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012; n=18,742). Patient characteristics and facility PD experience were compared at baseline (day 91 of ESKD). Patients were followed for 3 years for the major outcomes of PD discontinuation and mortality using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Patient characteristics, including age, sex, race, ethnicity, rurality, cause of ESKD, and comorbidity, were similar or showed small changes across the three study periods. There was an increasing tendency for patients on PD to be treated in facilities with less PD experience (from 34% during the prereform period being treated in facilities averaging <14 patients on PD per year to 44% in the reform period). Patients treated in facilities with less PD experience had a higher rate of PD discontinuation than patients treated in facilities with the most experience (hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10 to 1.23 for the first versus fifth quintile of PD experience). Nevertheless, the risk of PD discontinuation fell during the late interim period (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.95) and most of the reform period (from HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.91 to HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.01). Mortality risk was stable across the three study periods.

Conclusions

In the context of expanding PD use and declining facility PD experience, the risk of PD discontinuation fell, and there was no adverse effect on mortality.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2019_09_12_CJN01610219.mp3
STATISTICAL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A LIQUID ORAL FLOATING IN SITU GEL OF METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE FOR SUSTAINED RELEASE: PHARMACODYNAMIC AND TOXICITY (HISTOPATHOLOGY) STUDIES
Authors: MATHEWS RASHMI , RAO B. PRAKASH , KONDE ABBULU , S. SUDARSHAN , TAHA NAWRES A. , C. SURESH
Published: September 2019

Objective: To statistically design, optimize and evaluate a liquid oral, floating in situ gel of metformin hydrochloride (MH) to increase the gastric residence time (the absorption window being the upper part of the duodenum), sustain and modulate the release behavior of the drug. No liquid oral SR formulations of MH are yet available in the market.

Methods: A simple mixing based ionic cross-linking method was used for the formulation. A Two-square Factorial Design was employed and the effect of sodium alginate and three categorical levels of HPMC (K4M, K100M, E50) on the response variables were studied.

Results: The optimized formulation gelled instantaneously in simulated gastric fluid and showed>24 h floating. The drug release in 1h was 37.98 %, followed by a moderate sustained release for 12 h. Pharmacodynamic studies showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. Short term preclinical safety studies revealed no toxicity to pancreatic tissues. On the contrary, faster regeneration of the β cells of the islets of Langerhans was observed with the group treated with the optimized formulation. Stability studies revealed a 2-year shelf life.

Conclusion: An elegant, needle-free, in situ gelling, SR liquid oral of metformin hydrochloride could be developed with drug release modulated as per official specifications for SR formulations of MH. This would be an interesting alternative for geriatric patients who find it difficult to swallow bulky tablets.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CLOBETASOL–LOADED SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR TOPICAL TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS
Authors: REDDY K. RAMESH , SATYANARAYANA S. V. , REDDY V. JAYASANKAR
Published: September 2019

Objective: The current research was structured to achieve a maximum topical delivery for the drug clobetasol-17-propionate (CP) and to predict the effects of various independent variables like lipid: drug ratio, surfactant, and homogenization time on particulate characters and performance solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs).

Methods: CP loaded SLNs were formulated by Emulsification–Homogenization method and optimized using 33 full factorial designs (Design-Expert software 11.0). Drug loaded SLNs were evaluated for various parameters like particle size, surface charge, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, thermal analysis, in vitro drug release through skin (Franz diffusion cell), drug deposition study and stability.

Results: The optimized formulation (SLNs) attains a minimal Particle size of 133.3±3.66 nm, Poly dispersibility index of 0.179±0.081, % entrapment efficiency of 78.1±1.11 and Zeta potential of-36.2±0.11mV. Skin permeation study of CP loaded SLNs suspension showed prolonged drug release up to 24h. Maximum drug deposition was obtained after developing the drug into SLNs (48.22µg/ml) when compared to the pure drug (19.12µg/ml).

Conclusion: SLNs were promising colloidal particulate carriers by which prolonged drug release and improved skin permeation was achieved for the drug Clobetasol 17- propionate.
DEVELOPMENT OF COSMETIC CREAM CONTAINING A PHARMACEUTICAL COCRYSTAL OF SALICYLIC AND PHENYLALANINE
Authors: PHETMUNG HIRIHATTAYA , SAWATDEE SOMCHAI
Published: September 2019

Objective: The objective of this present work was to develop the chemical peeling cream containing the synthesized active ingredient pharmaceutical cocrystal of salicylic acid and phenylalanine.

Methods: The salicylic acid and phenylalanine cocrystal (H2Sal·Phe) was synthesized by the solvent evaporation method and characterized by various techniques such as single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The five formulas of cocrystal cream were prepared. All formulas were then examined and observed for appearance, spreadability, viscosity, pH, homogeneity, SPF test, microbial limit test and stability test.

Results: The (H2Sal·Phe) consists of no zwitterion phenylalanine for the first time. X-ray crystal structure of cocrystal consists of double H2Sal and Phe molecules with stabilized by inter-, intra-molecular and π-π interactions. By using this cocrystal as an active ingredient for cosmetic development, the chemical peeling cream was produced along with the pharmaceutical examinations. The (H2Sal·Phe) formulations were prepared 0-1% and excipients included of jojoba oil, isopropyl myristate, castor oil, glyceryl monostearate cetostearyl alcohol, cyclomethicone (and) dimethicone crosspolymer, vitamin E, white bee's wax, glycerin, PEG 400, xanthan gum, Span 80 and Tween 60. We finally found that the F4 (1% H2Sal·Phe) was the best formulation with suitable physical properties of cream and chemical stable after storage. The results of cell viability show H2Sal·Phe is non-toxic with cell.

Conclusion: The chemical peeling cream containing (H2Sal·Phe) has shown the promising results which are both safe and efficacious peeling agent. Cocrystal (H2Sal·Phe) cream can be used as an alternative choice in whitening skin.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TELMISARTAN FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS USING JACK FRUIT SEED STARCH AS SUPERDISINTEGRANT
Authors: MUPPARAJU SUNDEEP , SURYADEVARA VIDYADHARA , DOPPALAPUDI SANDEEP , REDDYVALLAM L. C. SASIDHAR , ANNE RAMU , SUNKARA SIVA PRASAD
Published: September 2019

Objective: The main objective of the current study is to enhance the solubility of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class-II drug Telmisartan using jack fruit seed starch as super disintegrant which increases drug release.

Methods: Starches were extracted using alkali technique using sodium hydroxide at 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% concentrations and water from Jack fruit seed powder. These starches were evaluated for various phytochemical and physicochemical tests. Fast dissolving tablets were prepared using Telmisartan, jack fruit seed starch and Croscarmellose sodium in various concentrations using wet granulation technique. Various pre and post-compression parameters were evaluated along with in vitro drug release studies, characterization studies like Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and accelerated stability studies.

Results: Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of only starch in all the extracts. The starch prepared from 0.1% sodium hydroxide (JFS2) showed best physicochemical properties. From in vitro dissolution studies, it was observed that formulations F5 and F11 containing 15% w/w of JFS2 and 15% w/w of croscarmellose sodium showed faster disintegration and increased dissolution rate compared with other formulations. FTIR and DSC studies showed that there were no major interactions among drug and excipients. XRD studies revealed the nature of formulations. Accelerated stability studies revealed the stability of tablets.

Conclusion: Thus, the tablets prepared using Jack fruit seed starch revealed the super disintegrant property of starch.
SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE LOADED NIOSOMES DELIVERY TO HAIR FOLLICLES: PERMEATION THROUGH SYNTHETIC MEMBRANE AND GUINEA PIG SKIN
Authors: KARAMI MASOUD ALI , JALILI RAD MARZIE , ZADEH BEHZAD SHARIF MAKHMAL , SALIMI ANAYATOLLAH
Published: September 2019

Objective: Alopecia aretea is associated with an increase in free radicals causing damage to hair follicles. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) with sufficient penetration through hair follicles, can prevent their death by its strong antioxidant effects. SOD with high molecular weight underwent limitation in follicular delivery. The aim of this study was the improvement of SOD localization into hair follicles.

Methods: SOD-loaded niosomes were prepared by thin layer hydration method and were used as a vehicle for delivery to hair follicles through guinea pig skin and the synthetic membrane. Particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug release, and permeability parameters through hairly and non-hairly pig skin compared with a synthetic membrane were evaluated.

Results: Niosomes demonstrated 152-325 nm particle size and the SOD burst and sustained release from niosomes were mainly controlled by diffusion and dissolution phenomena. SOD was protected against degradation by niosomes and after six months, enzyme content and activity decreased less than 5%. In comparison with free SOD, niosomes increased SOD affinity to penetration through follicles by interaction with sebum. Likewise, niosome's characters such as type of surfactant, solid lipid/liquid lipid ratio played critical roles on SOD deposition on hair follicles.

Conclusion: Synthetic membrane and hairy guinea pig skin demonstrated similar barrier property against free-SOD thereby implying that free SOD does not interact with guinea pig sebum. Niosomes can introduce a suitable carrier for SOD localization into the hair follicles.
STABILITY INDICATING ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE, CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE, PARACETAMOL, GUAIPHENESIN AND BROMHEXINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION
Authors: CHENGALVA PRASANTHI , KUCHANA MADHAVI
Published: September 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study is to develop simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and economic stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of phenylephrine hydrochloride, chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol, guaiphenesin and bromhexine hydrochloride in bulk and tablet dosage form.

Methods: The separation of drugs in the chromatographic column was accomplished on Hibar C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.6 µm) column at a detection wavelength of 220 nm. The mobile phase was a combination of sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate buffer (pH was adjusted to 3.5 with orthophosphoric acid) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 70:30 % v/v which was pumped at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30 °C and the injection volume was 0.3 µl. Forced degradation studies of drugs were carried out using acid, base, peroxide, light and heat.

Results: All the five drugs have been eluted within 3 min. The retention times were found to be 0.834 min, 1.199 min, 1.600 min, 1.979 min and 2.525 min for phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol, guaiphenesin and bromhexine respectively. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.999 for all the drugs. The recovery levels were found to be in the range of 99.17 % to 100.69 %. RSD values of drugs were found to be below 2 %. The results of limit of detection and quantitation specified the sensitivity of the developed method. Significant degradation of drugs as a result of stress studies was found in acid, base and peroxide, but they were slightly degraded in photolytic and thermal conditions. The method has effectively resolved the degraded products. All the validation parameters were found to be within the limits according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.

Conclusion: A simple and rapid UPLC method was established for the determination of five drugs. Hence, the proposed method can be employed for the quality control of specified drugs in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation even in the presence of degradation products.
PROCESSING PARACETAMOL-5-NITROISOPHTHALIC ACID COCRYSTAL USING SUPERCRITICAL CO2 AS AN ANTI-SOLVENT
Authors: TJANDRAWINATA RAYMOND R. , HIENDRAWAN STEVANUS , VERIANSYAH BAMBANG
Published: September 2019

Objective: A new method of cocrystallization based on the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as an anti-solvent was explored. In the present study, we investigate and analyze paracetamol (PCA)-5-nitroisophthalic acid (5NIP) cocrystal produced using supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) process.

Methods: PCA-5NIP cocrystals prepared by SAS cocrystallization were compared to those produced using traditional solvent evaporation by rapid evaporation (RE) process. The cocrystals produced were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), polarized light microscopy (PLM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: The products obtained from SAS and RE process exhibited identical PXRD spectra and were distinguishable from the individual compounds, indicating the formation of a new phase. DSC analysis revealed that PCA-5NIP cocrystals from each method possess similar melting point which lies between the melting points of the parent compounds. Cocrystal particles with a mean diameter of 4.66 µm were produced from SAS process, which was smaller than those produced by traditional solvent evaporation method with a mean diameter of 38.09 μm.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the ability of SAS process to produce the submicron size of PCA-5NIP cocrystal with altered physicochemical properties in a single step process.
TRANSBUCCAL DELIVERY OF SPRAY DRIED LOVASTATIN FROM MUCOADHESIVE BUCCAL PATCHES AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: SHARANNAVAR BHUVANESHWARI R. , GADAD ANAND P.
Published: September 2019

Objective: The aim of the present work was to develop and characterize mucoadhesive film of spray dried Lovastatin (LVS) for buccal delivery to enhance bioavailability.

Methods: Mucoadhesive films were prepared by solvent casting technique by using different polymers HPMCK4M, HPMC E5LV and chitosan. The successful patches were evaluated for film thickness, weight, content uniformity, surface pH, swelling index, folding endurance, ex-vivo residence time, ex-vivo bioadhesion test, in vitro drug release, ex-vivo drug permeation and stability study.

Results: The thickness of all prepared patches ranged from 0.21±0.07 to 1.5±0.39 mm, the weight of the film 89.10±0.6 to 128.57±0.3 mg, drug content 85.47±0.87 to 97.33±0.31%, surface pH 5.6±0.67 to 7.6±0.98, swelling index 23.0±4.1 to 76.5±3.6%, folding endurance 165±1.9 to 350±2.5 respectively. Ex-vivo residence time ranged from 2.2±0.08to 8.2±0.17 h and ex-vivo bioadhesive strength 30±0.64 to 66±0.43 g. The formulations with HPMC E5 shown short period of residence time and shows weak force of adhesion., which might be because of low viscosity of the polymer which resulted into weak adhesion. The percentage drug release and ex-vivo drug permeation was in the following descending order HPMC K4M>HPMC E5LV>chitosan. These results confirm the extension of drug release in case of ionic polymer chitosan. The kinetics data shows that drug release and permeation follows nonfiction diffusion. Accelerated stability data revealed that there is no significant change in drug content, in vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that mucoadhesive buccal patch is a promising dosage form to enhance the drug bioavailability by preventing first-pass metabolism thus providing better therapeutic efficacy.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MICROBEADS LOADED WITH ZALTOPROFEN
Authors: KIRAN H. C. , VENKATESH DHANDAPANI NAGASAMY , RAJESHKUMAR RAMAN
Published: September 2019

Objective: The main aim of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate microbeads of zaltoprofen. Zaltoprofen, a BCS class II drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Zaltoprofen has a shorter half-life of 2.8 h, and it is administered at a dose of 80 mg thrice a day. By encapsulating the drug into microbeads, it is expected that the release of the drug would be prolonged and thereby, it reduces the frequency of administration and better patient compliance may be improved.

Methods: Gellan-chitosan and calcium chloride beads of zaltoprofen were prepared employing ionotropic gelation method using different concentrations of gellan, chitosan, calcium chloride and zaltoprofen. The microbeads were evaluated for its various Physico-chemical parameters such as particle size determination, drug entrapment efficiency, infrared spectroscopy study, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro drug release study and in vivo oral bioavailability studies.

Results: The results suggested that the batch FG-II exhibited higher drug entrapment efficiency (72.42±0.013), a sustained drug release for a period of 24 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug from microbeads exhibited an enhanced oral bioavailability (2.4 times higher than that of pure drug), lower elimination rate (1.14 times lesser for the drug in microbeads) with prolonged elimination half-life (2.561 times higher than pure zaltoprofen).

Conclusion: Zaltoprofen entrapped microbeads demonstrated as a better delivery system for the sustained release of drug and also to circumvent the drawbacks associated with conventional therapy.
EL PROCESO DE COMUNICACIÓN POLÍTICA EN LAS CAMPAÑAS PRESIDENCIALES DE 1994 Y LA OPINIÓN PÚBLICA EN MÉXICO
Authors: Zamitiz Gamboa Héctor
Published: September 2019

Con el propósito de contribuir a explicar de qué modo la opinión pública se manifestó en el voto de las elecciones presidenciales de agosto de I994, el autor analiza el proceso de comunicación política de las campañas presidenciales a través de cuatro aspectos: a) Las encuestas preelectorales; b) Los primeros debates presidenciales televisados; c) El Marketing político, y d) La demanda de pluralismo y de igualdad en los medios de comunicación electrónica.
EL PAPEL DE LA LEGISLATURA EN EL SISTEMA POLÍTICO MEXICANO
Authors: Béjar Algazi Luisa
Published: September 2019

Este artículo estudia los diversos cambios que ha tenido el poder legislativo, los últimos treinta años en México. Destaca la relación que se establece entre el régimen político mexicano, el gobierno y el Congreso de la Unión, así como el nuevo perfil y los cambios que requiere dicho órgano legislativo para funcionar como lo establece la constitución.
PERFIL DEL PROFESIONAL EN CIENCIA POLÍTICA, SEGÚN EMPLEADORES POTENCIALES, (ENTREVISTAS A DIRECTORES DE CENTROS PRIVADOS, QUE REALIZAN INVESTIGACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS POLÍTICO)
Authors: Trejo Romo Pablo
Published: September 2019

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LA ORGANIZACIÓN CORPORATIVA DE LOS TRABAJADORES DURANTE EL CARDENISMO.
Authors: Bolívar Meza Rosendo
Published: September 2019

El marco histórico en el cual da inicio el surgimiento de la organización corporativa de los trabajadores, se inscribe dentro del proceso de desintegración- integración del movimienio obrero mexicano de 1928 a 19366, a partir del desmoronamiento de la Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM) y hasta la creación de la Confederación de Trabajadores de México (CTM). Este período coincide con el maximato y con la crisis económica internacional iniciada en 1929, que también tiene sus repercusiones en México. Coincide además con los años del cardenismo, periodo en el cual se institucionaliza y consolida la Revolución mexicana.
ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES Y PROPUESTAS SOBRE EL PROCESO DE DIRECCIÓN, ELABORACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE TESIS*
Authors: Sánchez-Noriega Armengol María De los Ángeles , Solórzano María Del Carmen
Published: September 2019

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REFLEXIONES SOBRE ORGANIZACIÓN Y ESTRUCTURA CURRICULARES PARA EL NUEVO PLAN DE ESTUDIOS DE LA LICENCIATURA EN CIENCIA POLÍTICA
Authors: Baena Paz Guillermina
Published: September 2019

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Elie Wiesel y François Mitterand, memoria a dos voces.
Authors: QUINTANILLA OBREGÓN Lourdes
Published: September 2019

Ellie Wiesel y François Mitterand, Memoria a dos voces, París, Editions Odile Jacob, 1995.
Práticas e cuidados maternos com a saúde bucal do filho: uma visão voltada para a rotina domiciliar.
Authors: Aguiar Brunno Henrique Kill , Arrais Alessandra Da Rocha
Published: September 2019

Introdução: O conhecimento, as percepções e atitudes sobre saúde bucal expressas pelas figuras maternas são importantes e merecem atenção. O planejamento de ações e a compreensão dos valores, atitudes e crenças em saúde são fenômenos sociais e biológicos vividos culturalmente. A educação em saúde bucal no ambiente domiciliar é uma opção promissora para o processo educativo devido à facilidade de aprendizagem por parte das crianças. Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento das mães sobre saúde bucal na infância, observando as práticas e cuidados domiciliares estabelecidos por essas mulheres com a saúde oral de seu filho. Método: Foi uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa que analisou os dados relacionados às práticas e cuidados maternos domiciliares com a higiene bucal de crianças, internadas num Hospital no Distrito Federal – DF. Resultados: Revelou-se 98% das mães responderam que seus filhos têm os dentes limpos quando estão em casa e 2% responderam que não. Obteve-se que 67% das mães executam os procedimentos de higienização bucal domiciliar em seus filhos, 15% é a própria criança. Através da pesquisa obteve-se que 53% das crianças já visitaram o dentista pelo menos uma vez na vida e 47% nunca foram ao dentista. Conclusão: Com o estudo proposto foi possível observar que apesar do grande percentual de crianças nunca terem ido ao dentista existe uma grande adesão às práticas de limpeza bucais domiciliares, sendo a mãe a principal figura familiar responsável pelos cuidados com seu filho.
Descritores: Percepção social; Relações mãe-filho; Saúde bucal; Conhecimentos, atitudes e prática em saúde.
Serological diagnosis of trichinellosis in patients in Southern and Eastern Serbia in the period from 2007 to 2018
Authors: Miladinovic-Tasic Natasa , Ignjatovic Aleksandra
Published: September 2019

Introduction. The Nisava District has had low prevalence and incidence rates of trichinellosis for a long period. The aims of this study were to present the frequency of occurrence of trichinellosis in Nisava District and other districts in Southern and Eastern Serbia during 2007-2018, to investigate the demographic characteristics in the region and to compare the tests used for serological diagnosis of trichinellosis. Materials and Methods. This was a retrospective epidemiological study in which we analyzed the results of serological analyses of 139 serum samples taken from individual patients suspected to be infected with Trichinella spp. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and immunoenzyme (ELISA) methods were used for serological diagnosis of trichinellosis. Results and Conclusions. Of 139 examined sera, 36 (25.9%) were seropositive. Most seropositive findings were encountered in 2012 and 2014 (in both these years, 12 sera were positive, i.e. 33.3% of the total 36 positive sera), when three minor outbreaks of trichinellosis were reported. Seropositivity was equally distributed according to patient sex and according to the district where they reported with illness. Positive serological findings were statistically significantly more common in hospitalized patients than in out-patients. Comparison of the findings with both IIF and ELISA test established the performance level of the tests, with the ELISA test being less sensitive than the IIF test. Immunodiagnostic procedures for the diagnosis of trichinellosis must be improved in view of the sporadic cases and minor outbreaks of the disease in the studied districts of Eastern and Southeastern Serbia.
hs-CRP Is Associated With Incident Diabetic Nephropathy: Findings From the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Sinha Satyesh K. , Nicholas Susanne B. , Sung Jung Hye , Correa Adolfo , Rajavashisth Tripathi B. , Norris Keith C. , Lee Jae Eun
Published: September 2019

OBJECTIVE

African Americans (AA) suffer disproportionately from diabetic nephropathy (DN). C-reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with prevalent DN, but its association with incident DN in AA is unknown. We examined hs-CRP and incident DN in AA.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a longitudinal analysis of data from exams 1, 2, and 3 in 4,043 eligible Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants. Participants with DN or without hs-CRP at exam 1 were excluded. Incident DN was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) >30 mg/g or self-reported dialysis/transplantation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or HbA1c >6.5% by exam 2 or 3 among participants free of DN at exam 1. Kaplan-Meier curves examined DN event-free survival probability by hs-CRP. With Cox proportional hazards regression we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CI for DN by hs-CRP tertiles, adjusting for demographics and clinical and laboratory data.

RESULTS

During 7.8 years of median follow-up time, participants who developed DN had significantly higher baseline hs-CRP, age, fasting glucose, triglycerides, ACR, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and duration of DM (P < 0.05). The overall incident rate of DN was 7.9%. The mean time to incident DN was shorter for participants with hs-CRP in the high tertile (>4.24 mg/L) than in the low tertile (<1.46 mg/L); P < 0.001. Participants with high hs-CRP had higher incidence of DN (HR 2.34, 95% CI 1.04–5.24) versus the reference group.

CONCLUSIONS

Inflammation, as measured by hs-CRP levels, may be associated with incident DN in AA. Further studies are warranted to replicate and elucidate the basis for this association.
SISTEM PENGELOLAAN PENDIDIKAN FORMAL SMP PLUS PADA PANTI ASUHAN AT-THOIBA PEKANBARU
Authors: Marzuki M.
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan :1) Gambaran dan penjelasan tentang system pengelolaan pendidikan Formal SMP Plus pada Panti Asuhan At-Thoiba Pekanbaru, 2) penjelasan tentang factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengelolaan pendidikan Formal SMP Plus pada Panti Asuhan At-Thoiba Pekanbaru. System pengelolaan pendidikan yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh pimpinan dan seluruh staf pendidik dalam melaksanakan program-program pendidikan untuk mencapai tujuan. Dalam pengelolaan pendididikan disini harus mampu mengembangkan tujuh standar yaitu standar isi, standar proses, standar kompetensi lulusan, standar pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan, standar sarana prasarana, standar pengelolaan, standar penilaian pendididik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriftif kualitatif, karena penelitian ini ingin mengungkapkan pelaku actor-aktor sekolah dalam melaksanakan system pengelolaan pendidikan dilingkungan SMP Plus Pada Panti Asuhan At-Thoiba Pekabaru. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan pengkajian dokumentasi. Sebagai sumber data penulis menetapkan kepala sekolah sebagai key informan, dan guru-guru dan dokumentasi sebagai informasi pendukung. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis deskriftif kualitatif, terdiri dari reduksi data, display data, dan pengambilan kesimpulan. Ketiga kegiatan tersebut saling terkait antara satu dengan lainnya. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa system pengelolaan pendididikan secara teori dan praktek di Sekolah Menengah Pertama ( SMP) Plus pada Panti Asuhan At-Thoiba telah dilaksanakan. Namun dalam pelaksanaannnya masih belum berjalan dengan baik yang sesuai dengan tujuan sekolah.
Pengaruh antara Iklim Organisasi dan Kepuasan Kerja dengan Organizatioanal Citizenship Behaviour Pada Guru MIN Se Kota Pekanbaru
Authors: Nurhasnawati N. , Subhan Mhd.
Published: September 2019

This research aimed at investigating the influence of organizational climate and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior of Islamic elementary school teachers in Pekanbaru. The population of this research was teachers of Islamic elementary schools in Pekanbaru. The sampling technique of this research was simple random sampling which consisted of 164 samples. This research used two instruments: organizational climate and job satisfaction instruments, and organizational citizenship behavior. The validity of data was conducted with 3 experts which consisted of one expert of primary education and 2 experts of educational management. The reliability of 3 instruments was organization climate with Cronbach Alpha 0.84, job satisfaction with Cronbach Alpha 0.77, and organizational citizenship behavior with Cronbach Alpha 0.81. The analysis of data used SPSS Software Version 22.0. The research findings demonstrated that the descriptive level of job satisfaction toward organizational citizenship behavior was intermediate. However, it was significantly difference from climate organization. In addition, the inferential analysis with multiple regression about the influence of organizational climate and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship was 80.8%. It means that other factors was 19.2%. Therefore, the principal required to establish a program to improve the influence the organizational climate and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behavior of Islamic elementary school teachers in Pekanbaru.
Hakikat Supervisi Dalam Pendidikan Islam
Authors: Supriadi Bambang
Published: September 2019

Supervisi pendidikan atau yang lebih dikenal dengan pengawasan pendidikan memiliki konsep dasar yang saling berhubungan dengan pendidikan. Dalam konsep dasar supervisi pendidikan dijelaskan beberapa dasar-dasar tentang konsep supervisi. Sementara proses pelaksanaan supervisi merupakan rangkaian yang dilaksanakan ketika supervisi dilaksanakan dan upaya yang dilakukan oleh supervisor dalam melihat dan membina seluruh proses pelaksanaan pendidikan.Dalam perkembangannya, supervisi pendidikan memberikan pengaruh yang baik pada perkembangan pendidikan khususnya di Indonesia, terutama pendidikan Islam sehingga tingkat profesionalisme guru dalam mengajar dilakukan dengan baik, baik pada madrasah maupun guru pendidikan agama pada sekolah. Oleh karena itu, supervisi diperlukan dalam proses pendidikan berdasarkan dua hal penting. Pertama, perkembangan kurikulum yang merupakan gejala kemajuan pendidikan. Perkembangan tersebut sering menimbulkan perubahan-perubahan struktur maupun fungsi kurikulum. Oleh karenanya pelaksnaan kurikulum memerlukan penyesuaian terus menerus dangan keadaaan nyata dilapangan. Kedua, pengembangan personel, pegawai, atau karyawan senantiasa merupakan upaya yang terusmenerus dalam suatu organisasi. Jurnal ini membahas hakikat supervisi pendidikan Islam, urgensi supervisi pendidikan Islam, tujuan dan prinsip supervisi pendidikan Islam, serta supervisi dan perubahan pendidikan Islam. Semoga bermanfaat.
Importancia de los fundamentos contables. Aplicación práctica de un proceso contable en una empresa comercial
Authors: Morales-Antamba Lenin Ramiro , Sánchez-Cando Ariel Marcelo , Viscaíno-de la Cruz Cristian Javier , Avellán-Herrera Nilda Alexandra
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo surge como producto de aprendizaje de la asignatura de Proyecto Integrador 1 que integra los saberes de las materias de fundamentos contables y metodología de la investigación de la Carrera de Licenciatura en Finanzas y Auditoría de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Extensión Latacunga. El objetivo del trabajo fue aplicar un proceso contable en una empresa comercial al identificar como principal inconveniente la deficiencia del manejo de la información contable dentro de la empresa. El proyecto estuvo encaminado en un tipo de investigación no experimental orientado a observar los acontecimientos que se suscitaron,  más no a manipular el objeto de estudio, además se emplearon una serie de técnicas para la recolección de datos que permitieron llevar a cabo el proceso contable, a su vez se consideró un diseño de investigación mixto (bibliográfico y campo). Entre los resultados relevantes de la aplicación del proceso contable se puede resaltar la implementación de un control de inventarios a través de tarjetas kárdex, que ayudará a evitar pérdidas, acumulación y otros factores que ocasionan que no se tenga un conocimiento real de la existencia de la mercadería en la empresa, de esta manera se puede indicar que con la implementación del nuevo proceso contable se ayudará a la propietaria a una correcta toma de decisiones a través de los estados financieros que se presentaron al final de las actividades realizadas
Escepticismo Pofesional desde la perspectiva de la formación profesional de los Contadores Públicos en Colombia
Authors: Mármol Daza Marta De Jesús
Published: September 2019

El escepticismo profesional en la actividad contable representa el pilar fundamental para el mejoramiento de la credibilidad del contador en un ámbito local y global. Considerando esto, la presente investigación se planteó describir las estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje que fortalecen el desarrollo del escepticismo profesional en la formación de los Contadores Públicos en la Cooperative University of Colombia, seccional Santa Marta. Metodológicamente, el estudio se ubicó en una investigación contable interpretativa, aplicando un acercamiento con la comunidad investigada a partir de la entrevista aplicada a cuatro (04) profesores de la UCC, de los cuales dos (02) son de planta y dos (02) catedráticos. Teóricamente el estudio se fortaleció en Valderrama, Trejo y Rangel (2018) y Viloria (2016), el nivel normativo se abordó considerando el Manual de Pronunciamientos Internacionales de Formación (IAESB, 2008), y el Documento de Orientación Pedagógica sobre la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Auditoría (NIA) (2015), dentro de los resultados; los profesores aplican estrategias conceptuales y prácticas para incentivar el desarrollo de una mentalidad inquisitiva en los futuros profesionales de la contabilidad, las cuales en la mayoría de los casos se apoyan en estudio de casos reales e hipotéticos, así como en la investigación argumentativa. Como reflexiones finales, se sugiere a las instituciones de educación superior enfocar la planificación instruccional hacia la aplicación de estrategias prácticas, en la cual se logre un acercamiento entre el ámbito académico y el mundo práctico de la profesión.
Configuración del hábitat rural y condiciones de vida
Authors: Garay Ana
Published: September 2019

Los estudios rurales se refirieron históricamente a lo productivo, y actualmente, se pretende avanzar sobre la visibilización de otras dimensiones. Esto representó (y representa) un esfuerzo epistemológico y conceptual de académicos y comunidades para repensarse en el mundo.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un modelo teórico para el estudio de la relación existente entre la configuración del hábitat rural y las condiciones de vida. Este esquema permite dar un paso en el conocimiento sosteniendo un abordaje relacional entre ambas dimensiones, ya que no se encontraron trabajos previos que la consideraran.
Political news and stock market reactions: evidence from Turkey over the period 2008–2017
Authors: Karime Sleiman , Sayilir Özlem
Published: September 2019

The primary objective of the study is to examine the impact of political news (good and bad news) on the returns and volatility of Borsa Istanbul 100 Index (BIST-100). Sample data cover the period from January 2008 to December 2017. The main sample was divided into two subperiods to insulate the dominating impacts of both the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and 2013 Federal Reserve Tapering on Turkish stock markets. The daily stock market data were collected from the Electronic Data Delivery System (EVDS) web service, while political news headlines were collected from the Guardian newspaper. Different nonlinear volatility models (symmetric and asymmetric Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity [GARCH]-type models) were used to model and estimate BIST-100 volatility in response to political news. The findings of the paper highlight four main results. First, there seems to be a significant impact of political news on the returns and volatility of BIST-100 index. Second, negative shocks derived from bad news tend to have a significant impact on the returns and volatility of BIST-100, while positive shocks derived from good news do not tend to have any significant impact on the returns, but decreased returns volatility. Third, political news, both good and bad, can affect stock return and stock return volatility in different directions, and this direction is time-varying. Fourth, the findings strongly reveal the presence of “Leverage Effect” in the returns of BIST-100 index. Therefore, one can say that political uncertainty is still a problem for the Turkish stock market.
Spatiotemporal visibility characteristics impacted by forest and land fire over airports in sumatera and borneo Island, Indonesia
Authors: Ismanto Heri , Hartono Hartono , Marfai Muh Aris
Published: September 2019

Smoke can reduce the airport’s visibility and is related to the aviation safety and efficiency. Low visibility has potential safety hazard, such GA-152 crashed in 1997, and thus there is a need to find out the visibility characteristics in airports over Sumatra and Borneo Island caused by 2015 forest fire. This research aims to analyse the spatiotemporal visibility characteristics over airports in Sumatera and Borneo Island using flight rule visibility below minima criteria and hazard probability. The analysis of smoke was characterized using visibility severity index (VSI) that is a function of visibility severity class and its probability level. Spatiotemporal analysis of severity index combined with hotspot and wind numerical weather model indicates that the worst impact visibility occurred in September and October 2015. The lowest visibility was occured over night until afternoon time period. The spread of VSI impact has a tendency to northward and northwestward. The very high VSI levels occurred at airports such: WIJJ (Jambi), WIBB (Pekanbaru), WAGG (Palangkaraya) which were impacted up to 70% of flight operations time with IFR visibility below minima; while the WIOS (Susilo-Sintang), which operates only on VFR, experienced about 92% of VFR visibility below minima at smoke climax period.