bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violent Threats
Authors: Dailey Anne C.
Published: May 2018

The law generally takes people at their word. For example, contracts are interpreted based on the objective meaning of the written terms rather than by reference to the parties’ subjective intent. In contrast, psychoanalysis rarely trades in literalisms, instead examining words for their hidden associations, connotations, implications, and ambiguities. This chapter explains how a psychoanalytic perspective on the meaning of words reworks the law’s presumption of transparency. The discussion focuses on the law governing violent threats communicated to therapists but directed at third parties, the so-called Tarasoff rule. Under this rule, when a patient says to her therapist, “I am going to kill him,” the law requires that the therapist take the patient at her word. But while the Tarasoff rule may protect some potential victims, a psychoanalytic perspective suggests that the rule may do more harm than good, in particular by discouraging those individuals who struggle with violent thoughts to seek treatment, thus raising the risk of their resorting to violence. Psychoanalytic insights into interpretive opacity, transference, regression, and acting out illuminate how the law’s pragmatic reliance on the literal meaning of words can undermine the law’s own goals to protect individuals from harm to themselves and others.
The Harvard Indian College Scholars and the Algonquian Origins of American Literature
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter recovers the history of the Harvard Indian College and highlights the multiple cultural, literary, and oral traditions that intersected in colonial Cambridge, Massachusetts. It includes analysis of the missionary schools in which Wawaus, or James Printer, a young Nipmuc scholar, and his Wampanoag, Patucket, and Nipmuc peers were trained alongside English students. Native scholars were trained in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew literatures and participated in the production of the first bilingual works of American literature, including the “John Eliot” bible, printed at the Harvard Indian College, where the first printing press in the colonies was housed. This chapter includes an extensive interpretation of the Latin address of Caleb Cheeshateaumuck, the first Native American graduate of Harvard College. The Harvard Indian College provides a necessary foundation for understanding the complex role of “praying Indians,” or members of Indigenous mission communities, as scribes and scouts during King Philip’s War. The chapter demonstrates that Indigenous scholars were not merely students who received, or were subjected to, colonial education but became significant contributors to a multilingual American literary tradition.
Interlude: Nashaway
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This Interude provides an account of the colonization of Nashaway, a fertile intervale at the crossroads of Indigenous trails, which became the English colonial town of Lancaster, Massachusetts. It focuses on the relationship between trade, colonization, and dispossesion, providing groundwork for understanding the Nipmuc context of King Philip’s War and for the raid on Lancaster, the originary moment of Mary Rowlandson’s captivity narrative.
The Printer’s Revolt: A Narrative of the Captivity of James the Printer
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the beginning of King Philip’s War in the Nipmuc country, focusing not only on Native responses and resistance but also on the colonial drive toward containment, charged by fear of unknown spaces and increased racialization of “Indians.” The Nipmuc scholar James Printer and his mission community of Hassanamesit are a center from which the story spirals out to the broader Nipmuc country, the Connecticut River Valley, and Massachusetts colony. This chapter highlights Nipmuc gatherings at the sanctuary of Menimesit and the ambush and standoff at Quaboag, known as “Wheeler’s Surprise,” and the Brookfield siege, focusing on strategic Indigenous guerilla warfare tactics and environmental knowledge. It also focuses on Indigenous diplomacy, including the arrival of Metacom in Nipmuc country. James and his kin at first attempted to avoid any embroilment in the burgeoning war but soon found themselves drawn into the conflict, as scouts serving colonial companies and captives taken in colonial campaigns. This chapter conveys the context of James’s own captivity by Massachusetts forces and his imprisonment in Cambridge, the site of his earlier education.
Protesting the “Perfect City”
Authors: DeLucia Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter follows Native and Euro-American communities in eastern Massachusetts through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, examining a series of commemorations and counterprotests that unfolded in urbanizing areas and related sites. It analyzes how Bostonians’ conceptions of the city and modernity tended to exclude Native peoples from both, instead relegating them to the past—despite the presence of numerous “Urban Indians” in the growing metropolis, who were seeking employment and social opportunities. It considers a series of pageants and historical markers erected across the Commonwealth, as well as Native pushback against dominant Euro-American narratives about history, such as a 1970 gathering in Patuxet/Plymouth, Massachusetts that foregrounded Indigenous perspectives and inaugurated an annual National Day of Mourning. The chapter also details how tribal communities challenged plans to build a sewage treatment plant on Deer Island, on grounds considered intensely sensitive for their ties to the incarcerations of King Philip’s War. Finally, it illuminates a recent series of memorial journeys along the Charles River and Boston Harbor Islands in which mishoonash (Native dugout canoes) have played important roles in reconnecting Native descendants to the landscapes of ancestors, as well as providing avenues for Indigenous solidarities into the future.
Israel and Palestine
Authors: Salameh Franck
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the works of Arab and Israeli authors who celebrate diversity, humanity, and humanism. These include Anglo-Palestinian novelist Samir el-Youssef (b. 1965), Fawaz Turki (b. 1940), and polyglot Israeli essayist Jacqueline Kahanoff (1917–79). Fawaz Turki and Samir el-Youssef, although outside the circle of those considered paragons of Palestinian literature, are exquisite—albeit contrasting—representatives of the Palestinian condition and the Palestinians' intellectual trajectories of the past fifty years. Rather than being representatives of a single state, they are mostly ensconced in a state of liminality, straddling Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and other areas of dispersion, both East and West. Kahanoff's relevance is that her work, her thought, and the intellectual school to which she belonged are being excavated, rehabilitated, and valorized by both Israelis and Palestinians today.
A Search for Religious Experience
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

The topic of religious experience is explored in its academic setting and a number of Neot Smadar conversations are discussed in detail. The chapter shows that the concept of emptiness plays a major role in how religious experience figures in Neot Smadar.
Washing Dishes
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

In this chapter the author describes in detail the work that takes place in the dining hall and kitchen, which are the central gathering places for members of the community.
Constructing the Art Center: Communal Project as Ascetic Practice
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

The most striking structure in Neot Smadar is the Art Center, which took over ten years to construct. This chapter looks at the process of construction, a project that tested the members of the community to the edge of their endurance.
At Work in Neot Smadar: Making Wine, Milking Goats, Learning the Lesson of the Bolt
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at three work situations in which the author participated: winery, goat farm and garage. The chapter investigates the way that Self-inquiry shapes work and community in Neot Smadar.
The Extended Family: Sociality in Neot Smadar
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

Self-inquiry is an individual discipline, but it requires the help of others. This chapter looks at the communal consequences of Self-inquiry, which become manifest in what the school in Neot Smadar calls “extended family.” The contribution of difficult projects to community solidarity is also covered.
Conclusion: Looking Forward
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

NEOT SMADAR SHOWS ITSELF AS A RICH and textured picture: dozens of complicated men and women running a diverse economy all year long for twenty-six years now, telling hundreds of stories. This book captures a sliver, several quick glances within an epic. Do these glances capture anything essential? Does each moment encapsulate something valuable that the totality hides in infinite layers of detail? Perhaps. In this conclusion I try to simplify the picture even further and see what happens....
Ecological History of the Lake Superior Basin
Authors: Langston Nancy
Published: May 2018

The cumulative ecological changes from the fur trade, mining, logging, and farming on Lake Superior were profound. While contemporary observers understood that these rapid changes might cause problems, it was rare to recognize that Lake Superior’s geological context and history made the watershed particularly vulnerable to sudden ecological change. After the retreat of the ice, the Canadian Shield’s thin soils and high resistance of its rocks to weathering had ensured that Lake Superior was biologically unproductive and slow to accumulate sediments. Lake Superior’s geographic context meant that its waters were very cold, and that coldness shaped its ecology in profound ways. Lake Superior’s enormous size, which made planners hope that dilution might be the solution to pollution, actually worked against them. Lake Superior is large enough and cold enough that when thermal bars form, as mentioned above, they hold pollution where people and fish are more likely to encounter it.
Industrializing the Forests, 1870s to 1930s
Authors: Langston Nancy
Published: May 2018

How did the pulp and paper industry—an industry that was intended to solve rather than create environmental problems in the Lake Superior basin—become the source of the region’s greatest pollution problems? As trees grew back on cutover lands, a new industry developed to exploit them. Aquatic pollution from the industry created a new set of pollution challenges that soon dwarfed the conservation problems presented by the lumber industry. Pulp mills and regulators tried to manage pollution from growing industries, but their models did not account for the complexity of nearshore habitats, limnological conditions, bumpy shore bottoms, shoals that catch currents carrying sediments, or fish with minds of their own.
The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreements
Authors: Langston Nancy
Published: May 2018

By the 1960s, the failures of research and cooperative pragmatism to control Great Lakes pollution were becoming painfully evident. In 1972 Canada and the United States signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The agreement was groundbreaking in its focus on cleaning up existing pollution and preventing new pollutants, but the International Joint Commission has no authority to force the two nations to implement recommendations. Therefore, when Canada or the United States refuses to abide by the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (in its various revisions), very little happens in response—besides calls for more research.
Introduction
Authors: Scanlan Padraic X.
Published: May 2018

On 21 January 1824, in what is now Ghana, near the banks of the Pra River, between the British fort at Cape Coast Castle and the bivouacked Asante army at Asemkow, Sir Charles MacCarthy and a party of soldiers under his command were surprised by an Asante detachment. MacCarthy, governor-in-chief of Britain’s West African possessions, was shot twice in the firefight and bled out. His private secretary, J. T. Williams, was knocked unconscious and taken prisoner. Williams came to in the Asante camp, next to MacCarthy’s headless corpse....
Antislavery on a Slave Coast
Authors: Scanlan Padraic X.
Published: May 2018

Before the abolition of the slave trade in the British empire in 1807, colonial Sierra Leone was an experiment in free trade and free labour, founded by the Sierra Leone Company, a joint-stock company led by antislavery activists, and settled by African American Loyalists from Nova Scotia. This chapter explores the early history of the colony, and shows how antislavery was undermined by the routines of the transatlantic slave trade. Meanwhile, African American settlers were marginalised, and the arrival of 500 Jamaican Maroons in 1800 helped to cement the relationship between the leaders of the antislavery movement and the British armed forces.
The Vice-Admiralty Court
Authors: Scanlan Padraic X.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the Vice-Admiralty Court of Sierra Leone, the first court in the British empire with an explicit mandate to release enslaved people from slavery. In practice, the Court and its officers paid little attention to the people the Court called ‘captured Negroes.’ Instead, the Court became the hub of a brisk trade in seized slave ships, which were renovated and resold at auction for the coastal trade. British officers, sailors and soldiers received ‘prize money,’ shares of the auction value of property they captured. Many settlers and European merchants were engaged in trades related to the Court, from victualling and rum-selling to surveying and ship-building. The antislavery businessman Zachary Macaulay had a controlling stake in many colonial businesses. This chapter also examines the role of the Royal African Corps, a regiment of white convicts and former slaves, and their place in the colony.
The Absolute Disposal of the Crown
Authors: Scanlan Padraic X.
Published: May 2018

From 1810 until the Court’s powers were dramatically reduced in 1817, the Vice-Admiralty Court of Sierra Leone became the object of intense interest from the British armed forces. Royal Navy and Royal African Corps officers competed for prize money and cruising territory. More and more former slaves were enlisted into both the Royal African Corps and the West India Regiments, a group of regiments composed of black soldiers that fought principally in the Caribbean. The last Royal Navy Governor of Sierra Leone in the Age of Revolution, Edward Columbine, was replaced by Charles Maxwell, a Royal African Corps officer. Maxwell grasped the military potential of ‘captured Negroes,’ enlisting many in his regiment, and launching campaigns to attack local slave forts, a series of attacks deemed to be illegal at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Military Service and Social Mobility
Authors: O'Neill Kelly
Published: May 2018

This chapter demonstrates how service, whether elected or appointed, had great potential as an integrative tool. It could also be used as a mechanism for preserving local social hierarchies. The provincial government itself was part of an imperial system that cultivated multiple jurisdictions and multiple centers of power—a kind of flexibility essential to the function of a composite multiethnic empire. This flexibility or layered structure had a resonance even in the army, which had long served as a mechanism for integrating non-Russian elites. This was a form of interaction with the tsarist regime that the Crimeans found palatable, and the chapter looks at how Russians and Tatars used stints in a series of light horse regiments to their own ends: as a tool for maintaining the stability of the borderland during wars with the Ottomans, and as a vehicle for the acquisition (or maintenance) of rank and power.
Rethinking Integration and Imperial Space
Authors: O'Neill Kelly
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter argues that the empire-building process cannot be understood apart from its spatial context. On one hand, the exercise and experience of authority were shaped in important ways by the built and natural environments. Russian officials paid an inordinate amount of attention to sites and attempted to infuse many of them with particular symbolic significance. In another sense, the cultural and economic connections that integrated Crimeans into non-Russian, and usually trans-imperial, spaces were themselves valuable to the empire-building process. Commercial networks, family estates, and pilgrimage routes continually took Crimeans across the border of the empire. Cross-border transactions then provided the empire with channels for expanding its own sphere of influence.
Enforcing the Code
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This chapter explains how the World Fellowship of Buddhists's (WFB) embrace of a socially engaged role for Buddhist monks corresponded to initiatives already in progress in Thailand, where the ecclesiastical establishment, under government auspices, had begun to increase clerical involvement in secular affairs. For American observers at the conference, the resolution bore implications for continuing U.S. efforts to exert a constructive influence on Buddhism in South Vietnam. The chapter shows how Thai Buddhist leaders would secretly become involved in these efforts. What emerged during 1964–66 was a pattern of triangular Buddhist diplomacy between Thailand, South Vietnam, and the United States that quietly mirrored the secular and more visible military strategic ties.
Thailand’s Buddhist Hierarchy Confronts Its Challengers, 1967–1975
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses how, even as Thailand's lay Buddhist elites attempted to project their principle of Buddhist apoliticism internationally, preconditions for political disturbances within the Thai clergy were being met. This reflected a combined effect of social change and political unrest within the kingdom and intensifying Cold War strife in the broader region. Thailand's Buddhist elders initially forbade monks from volunteering for military service before leaving the monkhood, considering enlistment a violation of the monastic rules. But within the year they themselves routinely blessed the departing troops, lending their prestige to the Bangkok government's expeditionary forces. Such ceremonial farewells further eroded the Thai Buddhist clergy's purported disavowal of secular political affairs.
Conclusion
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter discusses how Thai monks were to refrain from the forms of oppositional political participation increasingly seen among their clerical counterparts in colonized countries just across Thailand's borders. When not pursuing spiritual attainment or gaining scriptural knowledge, the monks were to continue to visibly but silently legitimize the status quo, neither challenging nor overtly defending the hierarchical social system whose apex was the Thai monarch himself, surrounded by Buddhist patriarchs and elderly abbots. These were the standards that had continued to define proper behavior for Thailand's clergy as monks in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam experimented with vocal, dissident modes of engagement in the secular political realm during the period before World War II.
Prologue
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: May 2018

This book tells the complex story of the Townshend brothers, Charles and George, and how they had influenced the world in which they lived based on the sense that they were destined to lead at a momentous time—the “Townshend moment.” In particular, it explores how Charles and George Townshend sparked an age of revolution and the reform of the British empire in the eighteenth century. The brothers spent a great deal of their childhoods at Raynham Hall. In 1767, Charles Townshend worked as Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer and George Townshend as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. During this time, the two men believed that they could change the world. Indeed, they would go on to shape the histories of Britain, Ireland, and America during a tumultuous period.
George Townshend’s Ireland
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines George Townshend's vision for the Irish during his tenure as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1767. On August 12, 1767, the king announced that George was assuming the position of lord lieutenant of Ireland. In October that year, he set off for Dublin. The chapter first considers the challenges faced by George Townshend as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland before discussing his efforts to address a host of Irish problems, including the corrupted nature of the relationship between Ireland and Britain. It then describes how George successfully made Ireland—constitutionally and practically—a province of Britain and analyzes his views on sovereignty. It also explains how George engaged in the business of patronage and employed in a bid to establish a system for Ireland. Finally, it looks at the Patriots's response to George's actions as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Henry Flood's criticism of his vision.
Making Revolution
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role played by Charles and George Townshend in the transition of British colonies from patriotic resistance toward a desire for independence. In 1777, an anonymously written ghost story entitled Dialogues in the Shades was printed in London. The pamphlet presented three discourses on the war between Britain and its colonies. One discourse features the ghostly Charles Townshend, showing the futility of his belief in how the world worked. The chapter considers how making revolution entailed new patterns of the ways history turned Charles Townshend into a ghost. It also explores how the Townshend Duties contributed to the movement for American Independence and how George, like Charles in America, also vanished in both the Irish and the broader imperial story. Finally, it discusses the politicization of slaves in America and of Catholics in Ireland, George Townshend's death, and what would have happened had the Townshends not come to power.
Introduction: The End of Liberalism
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

This book argues that almost all of the promises that were made by the proponents of liberalism have not come to fruition. These promises range from limited but effective government to rule of law, an independent judiciary, responsive public officials, and free and fair elections. After being conceived as a political philosophy some 500 years ago, and put into effect at the birth of the United States nearly 250 years later, liberalism appears to have failed—not because it fell short, but because it was true to itself. In practice, liberalism promotes gross inequality, enforces uniformity and homogeneity, fosters material and spiritual degradation, and undermines freedom. Its vision of human liberty seems increasingly to be a taunt rather than a promise. The book highlights the failings of liberalism in four distinct but connected areas of our common life: politics and government, economics, education, and science and technology.
A Living Truth
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the concept of law and the legal and social role of the courts—especially the U.S. Supreme Court—as a moral and social agent for change, particularly in protecting the minority or the disadvantaged in society as opposed to favoring the strong or majority. This raises questions about who is the majority or minority or the stronger or the weaker, and who decides the answers to these questions. The chapter shows how restricting constitutional interpretation to the specific meanings of the original language is too narrow and, given the majestic generalities of that language, even conflicts with the original authors' intentions. But then again, freeing judges from objectively determinative standards excessively opens them to confusing personal preferences with enduring constitutional values.
This Word “Reason”
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the psychological aspects of subjugative relations in society by examining the psychological obstacles and benefits arising from those relations. This reflects a major contribution of a broad scholarly reach to understand the forces at work in human interaction that the legal system should take into account. The chapter also discusses the psychological benefits to the subjugator that result from the subordination of others and that engender profound resistance to the emancipation. This discourse introduces a consideration of the views of various great thinkers—Hobbes, Freud, Libet, Baars, Taylor, Armstrong, Goffman, and others—to elaborate on the topic of the protection of minorities and the weak and the role of the court in that mission.
The Healthiest Possible Soul
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter addresses the question of whether social institutions can be designed to promote a just resolution of the conflict between oppressor and oppressed, and whether there is a special role for the judiciary in that regard. It highlights the suffering that oppressors inflict on themselves and explores how that can be turned into emancipation for the vulnerable. The chapter derives from a varied mix of commentators (including a plantation mistress, Alexis de Tocqueville, Hans Loewald, Socrates, and Callicles) for insights on the role of the judiciary, and provides an interesting and enlightening comparison between judges and psychotherapists. It argues that if oppressors can be brought to understand that any benefits of subordinating others are outweighed by the damage they inflict on themselves as oppressors, the obstacles to emancipation might be overcome.
Abortion: Private and Public Considerations
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the topic of abortion. After rejecting as inappropriate the usual justifications for abortion rights, such as privacy and the harm principle, it presents the equality guarantee and dignity as providing a better rationale and goes on to offer an analysis of a theoretical foundation to deal with the topic: shared egalitarian authority. By conclusively resolving the abortion dispute initially, the Supreme Court missed the chance to invite the disputing parties to face each other to try to ascertain for themselves whether they could reach an accommodation, thereby avoiding a winner-versus-loser result. The chapter then discusses some of the fallout from the Court's attempt to impose a final resolution on a deeply divided public, including the battle between opposing factions to ensure that a majority of judges would be appointed to the Court who would rule their way.
Ordering Moral Deliberations
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter points out that judges are not the only actors through whom democratic values founded on empathic mutual respect and accountability can be promoted. At the center of this study is the Civil Rights Act of 1968, the passage of which was threatened by a Southern filibuster that could be ended by a favorable vote for cloture. It turned out that one senator from Alaska was key to the favorable vote; his vote was cast in a most dramatic way, as he was ultimately persuaded by his realization of the moral significance of what was at issue. The chapter notes that the senator was not commanded by party leaders to vote but left alone to reflect on the matter—he was persuaded by his conscience to do the right thing.
Pastors and Catechumens
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on Catholic intellectuals of the 1940s who, while committed to “revolution,” and in some cases even supportive of nascent Communist regimes, categorically refused to follow the path of Stalinism. The journal Tygodnik Powszechny shared its French counterparts’ commitments to personhood, peace, social justice—and even anti-German ethnonationalism. But its writers refused to proceed in lockstep with every whim of the Communist regime. As a result, they looked past Mounier, formulating their own revolutionary visions. In Mounier’s stead, they drew on both interwar Polish Thomists and postwar French pastoral reformers—especially the Dominican “new theologians,” the French Mission, and the worker-priest movement. This chapter focuses on one priest and one layman, both of whom found an alternative to Stalinism in Tygodnik Powszechny: a Catholic playwright named Jerzy Zawieyski, and the young Rev. Karol Wojtyła—the future Pope John Paul II. Their example illuminated an alternative path for Catholic “revolution” that remained loyal to Thomism and social Catholicism, while still bucking the Holy See. Its watchwords were pastorship and a new approach to ministry to the poorest of the poor—Europe’s industrial workers.
The Spaniels of San Marcos
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the interpretations of the meanings of the concepts of “wolf,” “dog,” and “wolf-dog” from an evolutionary perspective. Much literature on dogs shows similar simplistic, often mistaken, assumptions concerning the processes by which dogs evolved from wolves. Most people expect that there is some clear line that exists between the taxonomic categories “wolf” and “dog,” a problem that began when Linnaeus classified domestic dogs and gray wolves as distinct species in the eighteenth century. The chapter then shows that each human cultural tradition developed with specific images of the canid that was able to share their particular way of life. This is why it is so hard to define the term dog—different cultural traditions, and even individuals within these traditions, have very different images of what type of canid is best suited for relationships with humans.
Cooperation between Species
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews the study of cooperative behavior between species, with emphasis on examples of cooperative hunting found in a wide range of species. Seen in this context, the idea of cooperative hunting between humans and wolves that evolved into present relationships with dogs does not seem unusual or surprising. The chapter then critiques the proposal that competition between species is more important than cooperation in structuring ecological communities, discussing how this notion leads to a suite of ideas philosophically separating humans from the rest of the natural world. In many ways Western science is unintentionally complicit in such thinking. The chapter concludes by discussing complex cooperation, including long-term relationships between members of different species.
“Dingo Makes Us Human”
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the distinctive situation in Australia, where Homo sapiens and dingoes coexisted for several thousand years. These two species were the only large placental mammals on a continent dominated by marsupial mammals and large reptiles. The dingo group represents a unique branch of canid domestication; they live independently, either wild or semi-wild, but also associate with humans, including hunting and even sleeping with them. Dingoes demonstrate that it is possible for an animal previously domesticated to live and reproduce successfully without humans. The relationship between dingoes and the Aboriginals provides a model for investigating the process of domestication in canids, strongly suggesting that domestication is a multistep and potentially reversible process. It also reveals how a canid can exist in a situation where it may or may not choose to live with humans, functioning well in either case.
Introduction: Savants, Artisans, Artistes
Authors: Bertucci Paola
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter focuses on the artiste to explain the relationship among science, the mechanical arts, and the state in Old Regime France. Its main chronological arc is between the foundation of the Académie Royale des Sciences in 1666 and the publication of the first volumes of the Encyclopédie in 1751. The chapter discusses the Société des Arts, founded in Paris in 1728, as the most visible attempt to turn the expertise of the artiste into an instrument of the state. The society's ambitious program has attracted the attention of several Enlightenment scholars, who have pointed to the intellectual connections between the program of the Société des Arts and Diderot and D'Alembert's Encyclopédie.
Lost Knowledge and the History of the Arts
Authors: Bertucci Paola
Published: May 2018

This chapter situates the emergence of the projects on the “history of the arts” in the political and cultural contexts of the 1660s, particularly with respect to the memorandum on trade that Colbert prepared for Louis XIV in 1664. It addresses the ongoing discourse on lost knowledge, revived in the late 1680s by the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns, which divided the Académie Francaise and intrigued the reading public. The mechanical arts offered an abundance of evidence to support the new idea that human knowledge was cumulative, which was the preliminary step for the elaboration of the notion of progress.
Theory, Practice, Improvement
Authors: Bertucci Paola
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about early attempts to constitute associations dedicated to the improvement of the mechanical arts, casting light in particular on the earlier, little-known Société des Arts founded in Paris during the Regency (1718). It frames such associations within the broader economic history of France, with special attention to the history of artisans' migrations between France and England, and the demands deriving from France's colonial expansion. Artistes involved in these associations advocated a clear distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge, which aimed to discredit the expertise of academic institutions in technical matters. Appropriating Francis Bacon's distinction between operative and speculative knowledge, artistes contrasted the philosophers' search for truth to their expertise on practical matters and their concern with public good.
Society of Arts
Authors: Bertucci Paola
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the Société des Arts as a microcosm of overlapping networks modeled on the working practices of the artiste, particularly clock- and watchmakers. It compares the Société with other institutions of artisanal and intellectual sociability—such as guilds, royal academies, commercial societies, and the Republic of Letters—and reveals the role that the group played in the constitution of the Académie de Chirurgie in 1731. The chapter also offers a nuanced discussion of the relationship between the Société and the Académie des Sciences, and of the reasons that led to the early dissolution of the Société des Arts.
Judaism
Authors: Wheeler-Reed David
Published: May 2018

This chapter establishes that most of the sexual ethics of Second Temple Judaism are similar to the ideological sexual codes of the Roman Empire. It examines works as diverse as Tobit, the writings of Philo and Josephus, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. It contends that the dominant sexual ideology among Second Temple Jews is “Procreationism,” which maintains that sex is for reproduction and not for pleasure. Furthermore, it suggests that most of the Jewish literature of the Second Temple period upholds the same hegemonic ideology of the Augustan marriage legislation, except for the writings of the Essenes.
Introduction
Authors: Myers David N.
Published: May 2018

The Introduction begins with the simple question that opens Marc Bloch’s classic book The Historian’s Craft: “What is the use of history?” This question has assumed particular urgency in the past decade as interest in the humanities and the study of history has waned. But well before, various modern commentators, ranging from Friedrich Nietzsche to Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, have questioned the utility of historical research that tells us more and more about less and less. In contrast to this claim, this chapter suggests that history, while it has the capacity to distort, can and often does edify. It also suggests that history should not be seen in opposition to memory, but rather frequently serves as a tool of remembrance. In this regard, the chapter engages in a sustained dialogue with Yerushalmi’s seminal 1982 book Zakhor, which posits a bright-line distinction between history and memory—as well as with other writings of his that present a more complicated assessment of the relationship between them.
Religion as a resource or as a source of exclusion? The case of Muslim women’s shelters
Authors: Minganti Pia Karlsson
Published: May 2018

This chapter demonstrates, through a case study on women's shelters in Sweden, that it is not only the north–south divide that stands out in Europe, but also the conflictual notions of religion, and especially Islam, and secularity. It points to an assimilationist discourse that is widespread in Europe, which results in Muslim women being treated as victims of an oppressive religion. Such a normative secularism is dissolving religion as a resource and turning it into a source of exclusion. The shelter known as Somaya in Stockholm has been obliged to ‘tone down’ its Muslim profile by emphasising the idea of intersectionality as its political goal. The chapter then raises interesting questions about two frequently competing human rights, namely the freedom of religion and the rights of women—including those from minority religions.
Welfare and values in Europe: insights drawn from a comparative cross-country analysis
Authors: Fokas Effie
Published: May 2018

This chapter applies a comparative lens both to the material emanating from the WaVE case studies and to the chapters gathered in this book. It highlights the transversal patterns found in the case study material, offering thereby further insights on the practices, tendencies and mechanisms leading to conflict or cohesion. The factors that can be identified as having more or less positive results in the direction of increased social cohesion are ambiguous. In terms of factors that lead to more or less negative results in terms of social cohesion between majorities and minorities, these are in many cases interrelated. A lack of cultural competence among majority individuals and institutions providing welfare to minorities often leads to inappropriate, or ineffective, welfare provision. In terms of tendencies towards ‘conflict’ or ‘cohesion’ arising from values, the most conspicuous area of conflict in the domain of welfare relates to minority social networks.
Choosing care
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on some of the mainstream and circumscribed examples of rethinking agency. Once one starts seeing and treating people as healthcare actors—as having something to contribute to their own care and to health systems and environments—many possibilities emerge. Some of these are already absorbed into mainstream thinking and others are more challenging or radical. The former includes the expectation that patients should play an active role in clinical decision making that affects them. The latter extend much more widely—questioning why ‘lay people’ are often allowed to be influential only in circumscribed instances, when their agency and perspectives could be equally influential in agenda setting and design decisions in all aspects of service planning, care provision, research, resource allocation and so on. This question highlights the potential to move beyond an individualist or consumerist conception of agency and towards more civic, social and democratic conceptions of social action.
The prospects for social policy in the UK after the 2015 General Election
Authors: Pinker Robert
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, Robert Pinker reflects on the implications of the largely unexpected outcome to the 2015 general election in the UK that termined the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition and saw the return of single party government by Conservatives for the first time since 1992. He first considers the social policy proposals set out in the Conservative and Labour Party 2015 election manifestos before discussing how the government clarified its post-election policy intentions in three keynote speeches as it prepared the ground for the Chancellor's presentation of his July Budget. He then analyses the Chancellor's position on tax credits, Labour's response to his budget proposals, the concurrent progress of its leadership election campaign and its eventual outcome. Pinker concludes with an assessment of the ways in which these events, and their ideological ramifications, might affect the prospects for health and social care in the UK over the next five years.
Conclusion: The new fundraisers
Authors: Breeze Beth
Published: May 2018

The concluding chapter suggests that we are witnessing the emergence of ‘The New Fundraisers’ who exist in a necessarily complementary relationship with ‘The New Philanthropists’, said to typify the most recent generation of major givers. These two groups are shown to share similar demographic characteristics, attitudes and goals, including: shared passion for a cause and conviction about its importance that transcends any specific charitable organisation; the desire for agency and power; a focus on impact and results; and a joy in asking and giving. The similarities between ‘new philanthropists’ and ‘new fundraisers’ enables them to build mutually beneficial relationships that can achieve transformational results, despite a general lack of public affirmation in the UK for either givers or askers.
The Janzen familicide
Authors: Yardley Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses the Janzen familicide that took place on April 28, 2015 in British Columbia, Canada. The perpetrator of the crime was Randy Janzen, who made a confession in his Facebook page that he shot his nineteen-year-old daughter, Emily, in the head because she suffered from migraines. He also admitted to fatally shooting his wife, Laurel, and his sister, Shelly, that same day. Randy eventually committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. His Facebook confession appeared to be the focal point of the stories in international mainstream media and was the factor that first drew the author's attention to the case. The chapter first considers the individual, familial, local and structural context of the Janzen family before discussing the Janzens' social media lives and practices. It also compares Randy's use of networked media with that of Derek Medina.
Discussion: the complex contexts of social media homicide confessions
Authors: Yardley Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the cases of Jennifer Alfonso, Randy Janzen and Charles Taylor collectively in the context of the relevant conceptual frameworks. It first considers the perpetrators' media practices prior to becoming involved in homicide before discussing their confessions, focusing on continuities and changes. It shows that the family emerged as a prominent social group in the perpetrators' social media archives, and that the perpetrators all admitted responsibility for taking the lives of others but in very different ways. The narratives, the chapter suggests, were rooted in perpetrators' social realities and structural locations. The chapter also highlights the broader structures and contexts in which people like Derek Medina, Randy Janzen and Amanda Taylor make homicide confessions on social media and concludes by proposing directions for future criminological enquiry into media in homicide.
From poverty to life chances: framing co-produced research in the Productive Margins programme
Authors: Cohen Sue , Herbert Allan , Evans Nathan , Samzelius Tove
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about how to engage with co-produced research and participatory practices from a community perspective. It discusses how co-produced interdisciplinary research experiences and knowledge exchanges facilitate interaction with members of the community, with academics and with artists as a part of the Productive Margins project. The programme is seeking to remap the terrain of regulation, by involving the knowledge, passions, and creativity of citizens often considered on the margins of politics and policymaking. However, rather than examining the progress and outcomes of the research project itself, the chapter analyses the settings and process leading up to the establishment of the research project: the formation of the working group where they explored the theme of poverty; and the Research Forum where academics and community partners came together to share knowledge and interdisciplinary ways forward.
Mapping in, on, towards Aboriginal space: trading routes and an ethics of artistic inquiry
Authors: Lowry Glen , Gellman Mimi
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the project of Trading Routes, an art/research project seeking to engage with the contested geographies in Northern British Colombia, Alberta, and relations of Indigenous and non Indigenous ways of knowing. It emphasizes the need for the ontological differences between Indigenous and non Indigenous/Western maps. The chapter calls attention to new coalitions — among artists, academics, and community leaders — that are respectful of land-based knowledge systems. Differences between colonial and Indigenous mapping and ways of knowing fissure the singular map Canada. Coming to terms with these differences is crucial to developing a more nuanced understanding of the spatial dynamics underwriting a colonial will to power as well as the means of resisting that will.
Adapting to the future: vulnerable bodies, resilient practices
Authors: Heddon Deirdre , Porter Sue
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the ‘Walking Interconnections: Performing conversations of sustainability’ project and focuses on the potential contributions of disabled people to sustainability planning. It talks about the interventions that the project and its outcomes have staged not only in environmental discourse and debate about inclusive public space, but also in representations of walking practices. Walking Interconnections brought together disabled people and sustainability practitioners to share walking encounters in public places. Through mapping, talking, walking and reflecting together they entered each other's life worlds. The chapter shows how their experiences are caught in photographs, maps, and Going for a Walk, a verbatim play crafted by Deirdre Heddon from the recorded conversations of the walkers.
Conclusion: Reflections on contemporary debates in co-production studies
Authors: Ersoy Aksel
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter discusses the contribution of the book in relation to process-oriented research and the institutional dimension of co-production debates. It starts with discussing the key contours of the terrain over recent decades, doing so under the theme of co-production of research and the impact agenda. By focusing on the process-oriented research, the chapter draws out three key messages. First, research on co-production opens up new materialist imaginaries of both concepts through conceptualising local knowledge, analysing impact and its enabling conditions. Second, it advances new theoretical agendas for co-produced research by developing original interfaces between social sciences, arts, and humanities. Finally, it opens up the multiple temporalities of communities, exploring experimental relationship with links between present, past, and future in search of alternative temporalities of representation.