bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collagen content in rat liver after experimentally induced cholestasis followed by choledochojejunostomy and X‐irradiation
Authors: Haveman J. , James J. , Geerdink A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The right part of the median lobe of the liver of female Wistar rats was irradiated, 12.5 or 25 Gy, at a field size of 15×20 mm. The central part of the irradiated liver lobe was fixed and used for the estimation of the collagen protein ratio by means of the Sirius Red‐Fast Green extraction method, immediately, 8, 16 or 32 weeks after irradiation. No significant increase in collagen content could be demonstrated in this time range, both after irradiation at 12.5 Gy and at 25 Gy. Partial hepatectomy according to Higgins led to rapid regrowfh of the remaining liver lobes. The right lobe grew out rapidly to replace the median lobe. Two days after partial hepatectomy the right lobe was irradiated at the same field size. Measurement of the collagen protein ratio in this experiment did not show a significant increase 8, 16 or 32 weeks after irradiation. However, the 25 Gy group did not survive long enough to obtain data at 16 or 32 weeks. The animals in this latter experiment suffered from ascites before dying. Experimentally induced cholestasis was obtained by ligation and partial resection of the common bile duct. After two weeks of cholestasis the bile flow was restored by Roux‐en‐Y choledochojejunostomy. The effect of irradiation 2 days after repair surgery was studied. Without irradiation the collagen protein ratio is increased. Irradiation of the right part of the median lobe led to a relatively enhanced collagen content in this lobe. Our results indicate that radiation itself does not lead to a significantly enhanced degree of fibrosis in the liver. However when an increase in collagen content was induced by cholestasis, the partial “dilution” of enhanced fibrosis as a result of proliferation of liver parenchyma cells following repair surgery was inhibited by irradiation.
Serum and cystic fluid CA 19–9 determinations as a diagnostic help in liver cysts of uncertain nature
Authors: Horsmans Yves , Laka Andoni , Gigot Jean‐François , Geubel André P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The distinction between hepatobiliary cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma and simple hepatic cyst complicated by intracystic hemorrhage may prove difficult to determine on the sole basis of clinical and radiological features because of the presence of intracystic structures and septations well‐demonstrated by ultrasound examination in both situations. We investigated four patients with various types of hepatic cysts, in whom diagnostic difficulties led to further investigations. In this small group, CA 19–9 serum levels were abnormal only in the two patients with cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma. Cystic fluid CA 19–9 values were also five times higher in cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma than in other benign lesions. Our data thus suggest that the determination of serum and cyst fluid CA 19–9 may be of help in distinguishing between hemorrhagic simple cyst and cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma.
Hepatic concentrations of proenkephalin‐derived opioids are increased in a rat model of cholestasis
Authors: Bergasa Nora Valeria , Vergalla John , Swain Mark G. , Jones E. Anthony
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The liver of adult rats with cholestasis secondary to bile duct resection has been shown to express the proenkephalin gene and, by immunohistochemical stains, to contain met‐enkephalin. To further study hepatic opioids in cholestasis, concentrations of proenkephalin‐derived endogenous opioids were measured in a rat model of cholestasis by the use of radioimmunoassays. The specificity of the immunoreactivity detected by the assays was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In adult male rats with cholestasis due to BDR, the concentrations of three proenkephalin‐derived opioid peptides were increased. Specifically, the mean hepatic concentrations of met‐enkephalin, Met‐Enk‐Arg6‐Phe7and leu‐enkephalin were 2.5 (p<0.005), 2.1 (p<0.005) and 2.5 (p<0.01) fold higher than the corresponding mean for controls. These findings provide further independent evidence that opioid peptides accumulate in the liver in a model of cholestasis and are consistent withde novosynthesis of opioid peptides occurring in the cholestatic liver. This phenomenon may have relevance to the altered function of the opioid system in cholestasis and to the role of the liver as a neuroendocrine organ.
Pregnancy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Janczewska Izabella , Olsson Rolf , Hultcrantz Rolf , Broome Ulrika
Published: August 2010

Abstract: A deterioration of liver function may occur during pregnancy in patients with chronic liver disorder. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic progressive liver disorder with a highly variable and fluctuating course. This study aims at investigating the outcome of pregnancy in patients with PSC and, conversly, the effect of pregnancy on the disease. Thirteen pregnancies in 10 patients with PSC (4 with liver cirrhosis, 6 with mild liver disease) were observed. Seven patients had PSC before pregnancy, 2 developed the disease during pregnancy, and one patient developed PSC 2 months after a normal pregnancy with a normal delivery. Clinical symptoms and biochemical analyses were routinely evaluated during the pregnancy. No gastrointestinal haemorrhage was observed during the pregnancy. Two patients had pruritus and 2 abdominal pain before pregnancy, and these symptoms continued during pregnancy. Abdominal pain was noted in 3 patients lacking this symptom before pregnancy. Four patients without pruritus prior to pregnancy developed this symptom during the pregnancy. In two patients, pruritus was so intense as to bring on premature delivery. Liver tests did not indicate any deterioration during pregnancy. No fetal loss occured. The outcome for all babies was normal. In patients with PSC pregnancy does not seem to have a negative effect on the disease process, neither mothers nor babies showed any ill effects. PSC has not worsened during the pregnancy in our patients.
Hepatic angiomyo(myelo)lipoma: difficulties in radiological diagnosis and interest of fine needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Messiaen T. , Lefebvre C. , Van Beers B. , Sempoux C. , Cosyns J. P. , Geubel A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: We report the case of a patient admitted for acute heart failure associated with severe dilated cardiomyopathy in whom a large hepatic tumor of the right lobe of the liver was incidentally discovered. A fine needle biopsy was performed that led to the diagnosis of angiomyo(myelo)‐lipoma (AMML). The difficulties in radiological diagnosis of these very rare heterogeneous benign tumors of the liver and the interest of fine needle aspiration biopsy are discussed.
Hepatic abscess likely related to Leptotrichia buccalis in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Messiaen T. , Lefebvre C. , Geubel A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: We present the case of a 64‐year‐old previously healthy man admitted for long evoluating fever. Buccal examination showed severe parodontitis. Blood cultures were positive for Leptotrichia buccalis and computed abdominal tomography discovered a hepatic abscess. So far, only exceptional cases of systemic diseases associated with Leptotrichia buccalis infections have been described in immunocompetent patients. Thus, in cases of severe parodontitis and long evoluating fever, attention must be paid to secondary anaerobic infections even in immunocompetent subjects.
Expression of mRNA encoding intestinal type alkaline phosphatase in rat liver and its increase by fat‐feeding
Authors: Goseki‐Sone Masae , Oida Shinichiro , Limura Tadahiro , Yamamoto Asako , Matsumoto Hiroko N. , Omi Naomi , Takeda Kohsuke , Maruoka Yutaka , Ezawa Ikuko , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The presence of types of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) other than the tissue non‐specific type enzyme in rat liver and its increase by fat feeding are known. In order to examine expression of intestinal type ALP in liver, specific oligonucleotide primers corresponding to two types of mRNAs of rat intestinal ALP (RTIN‐1 and‐2) were designed and amplified by means of the reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). It was found that RTIN‐1 mRNA was expressed only in the intestine but not in the liver, while RTIN‐2 mRNA was expressed both in the intestine and in the liver. By fat feeding, expression of RTIN‐1 mRNA increased in the intestine and that of RTIN‐2 mRNA increased both in the intestine and in the liver. Thus, it was concluded that rat liver expressed one of the intestinal type ALP (RTIN‐2) which was enhanced by fat feeding.
Hepatic stellate cell activation in dysplastic nodules: evidence for an alternate hypothesis concerning human hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Park Young Nyun , Yang Chang‐Pei , Cubukcu Olcay , Thung Swan N. , Theise Neil D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: We have previously suggested that dysplastic nodules (also referred to as “adenomatous hyperplasia” or “macroregenerative nodules”), likely precursors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), develop as an infiltrating clonal expansion, in advance of or parallel to cirrhosis. As part of this hypothesis, to explain aspects of their gross and microscopic appearance, we suggested that dysplastic nodules are resistant to the scarring process affecting the rest of the liver. We sought to test this hypothesis by examining the distribution of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the hallmark of hepatic scarring, in cirrhotic nodules, dysplastic nodules and HCC. We immunohistochemically stained 56 cirrhotic nodules, 20 low grade dysplastic nodules, 27 high grade dysplastic nodules, and 20 HCCs with monoclonal antibodies against alpha‐smooth muscle actin to identify activated HSCs. Distribution and number of HSCs were graded semiquantitatively (0 to 4+). In our results, HSCs were significantly less widespread in dysplastic nodules than in cirrhotic nodules or in HCCs (both: p<0.00001). HSCs were also more prominent in the periphery of dysplastic nodules than in the center, though still fewer in number than in cirrhotic nodules. In conclusion, the low number of activated HSCs in dysplastic nodules, compared to both cirrhotic nodules and HCC, supports our hypothesis concerning dysplastic nodule development: that they arise as clonal expansions of neoplastic hepatocytes in advance of, or parallel to, the development of cirrhosis.
Laparoscopy‐guided biopsy in diagnosis of liver disorders in children
Authors: Esposito C. , Garipoli V. , Vecchione R. , Raia V. , Vajro P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: To determine the safety and advantages of laparoscopic liver biopsy in pediatric liver disorders, we reviewed the medical records of 80 children affected by liver disease of various etiologies who underwent this procedure from 1986 to 1996. The main indicators for laparoscopic biopsy were increased risk of bleeding (i.e., mild to moderate coagulation abnormalities in patients probably affected by cirrhosis) and/or previous poorly informative blind needle liver biopsy (65 cases), and the need for a large amount of liver tissue for biochemical assays (10 cases). After inspection of the liver surface, at least two core biopsies were performed using a Tru‐cut needle. We encountered difficulties with the biopsy in only four cases, due to a hard consistency of the liver. Bleeding time from the liver orifice was greatly reduced by positioning a fibrin plug (50–120 s vs 5–10 s, on average). In 15 patients, a large excisional biopsy was also successfully performed. Our results confirm an important role for laparoscopy in the diagnosis of cirrhosis (30% of bioptic false negative diagnoses in this series) and show that in selected cases laparoscopy‐guided needle or excisional biopsy is an easy, useful and safe alternative to percutaneous blind liver biopsy.
Deferoxamine arrests in vitro the proliferation of porcine hepatocyte in G1 phase of the cell cycle
Authors: Chenoufi Norchen , Baffet Georges , Drénou Bernard , Cariou Sandrine , Desille Mirelle , Clément Bruno , Brissot Pierre , Lescoat Gerard , Loréal Olivier
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Iron is required for cell proliferation of all living species. Moreover, iron excess may be involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study we analyzed the effects of deferoxamine, an iron chelator, on normal porcine hepatocyte proliferation. We confirmed that hepatocytes isolated from young pigs proliferate in the presence of insulin and fetal calf serum as shown by [3H] methyl‐thymidine incorporation, presence of mitotic figures and increase in cell number. This was paralleled by nuclear expression of p34cdc2 and its associated histone H1 kinase activity. In the presence of deferoxamine, [3H] methyl‐thymidine incorporation, expression of nuclear proteins (p34cdc2 and PCNA) and H1 kinase activity were drastically reduced. In addition, in contrast with control cultures, cells in S‐phase were not detected by flow cytometry. These data suggest that iron chelation by deferoxamine can arrest the progression of porcine hepatocytes in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Relationship between cellular shape and receptor‐mediated endocytosis: an ultrastructural and morphometric study in rat Kupffer cells
Authors: Dini Luciana , Ruzittu Mariateresa , Carlà Emanuela C. , Falasca Laura
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— The relationship between cellular shape (i.e., size, volume, presence of microvilli, pseudopodia, flat or round shape) and receptor‐mediated endocytotic activities (i.e., binding and internalization) was investigated using intact liver as well as freshly isolated Kupffer cells and Kupffer cells in culture. The morphological features of Kupffer cells were reconstructed by three‐dimentional analysis from in situ experiments and by densitometric analysis of cells in suspension and in culture. By morphometry at the ultrastructural level, different cellular shapes were compared with the respective capacities for binding and internalization of glycoproteins with terminal galactosyl residues. The number of asialoglycoprotein‐gold particles bound to the cell surface or internalized into endosomes was calculated. Our data show that differences in cellular shape, mainly related to the reduction of projection and microvilli and to the roundness of cell surface, accompany modulation of galactose‐specific receptors in rat Kupffer cells, thus supporting the hypothesis that cell morphology is affected by endocytic activities. In fact, the progressive reduction in microvilli projections and cellular roundness is paralleled by the progressive decrement of both binding and uptake capacity from in situ, freshly isolated and cultured Kupffer cells.
Influence of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) on tissue oxygenation in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Denié Cécile , Vachiéry Florence , Gadano Adrian , Sogni Philippe , Elman Annie , Moreau Richard , Valla Dominique , Lebrec Didier
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Aims/Backgrounds: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the influence of transjugular portosystemic intrahepatic shunts (TIPS) on tissue oxygenation in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Methods: Five shunted patients were included in the study. The blood and tissue oxygenation values were analyzed 12 days and 4 months after TIPS procedure. The results were compared with those observed in patients treated by paracentesis. Results: Unlike patients treated by paracentesis, PaO2 values remained unchanged throughout follow‐up in shunted patients. After the TIPS procedure, there was a transient increase in systemic O2 transport and O2 uptake and a transient decrease in O2 saturation of hepatic oxyhemoglobin. After 4 months, TIPS resulted in an increase in PCO2 values and bicarbonate concentrations. Conclusions: The TIPS procedure seems to prevent the decrease in PaO2 observed in patients treated by paracentesis and may improve the respiratory alkalosis of cirrhosis.
Hepatic metabolism of oxidatively modified apo E‐free high‐density lipoproteins
Authors: DeLamatre John G. , Gabaldon Donna M. , Arnold C. Shane , Sarphie T. G. , Hornick Conrad A.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Aims/Background: The metabolism of rat apo E‐free high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) was contrasted with oxidatively modified apo E‐free high‐density lipoproteins (OX‐HDL) in the rat hepatoma cell, Fu5AH. Results: When 10–100 μg/ml [125I]‐HDL or [125I]‐OX‐HDL were incubated with cells for 4 h at 37°C, cellular uptake of oxidized lipoproteins was twice control. In contrast, protein degradation was equal. [125I]‐HDL or [125I]‐OX‐HDL were incubated with the cells for 4 h followed by a 4 h chase with unlabeled HDL and OX‐HDL, respectively. In these experiments, 80% of [125I]‐HDL was resecreted from the cell within 30 min while 50% of [125I]‐OX‐HDL was retained by the cell after 2 h. Electron microscopy was used to determine if the OX‐HDL was retained in lysosomes. Cells were incubated with gold‐labeled OX‐HDL, and lysosomes were stained with acid phosphatase. Gold‐labeled OX‐HDL was abundant in intracellular vesicles that were not reactive to acid phosphatase. However, vesicles with a high content of OX‐HDL frequently stained positively for 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine, a stain that reacts with catalase and is used to detect peroxisomes. Conclusions: The present evidence indicates that the cellular metabolism of OX‐HDL is different from that of unmodified HDL.
Differential nitric oxide and TNF‐α production of murine Kupffer cell subfractions upon priming with IFN‐γ and TNF‐α
Authors: Ten Hagen Timo L. M. , Van Vianen Wim , Heremans Hubertine , Bakker‐Woudenberg Irma A. J. M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Aims/Background: We have previously shown a striking heterogeneity of naive murine Kupffer cells (KC) that depends on cell size. Methods: In the present study, we demonstrate a shift in response of KC fractions separated on cell size by countercurrent elutriation upon priming with tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) or interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). Results: Whereas unprimed large KC are most active in the production of TNF‐α and nitric oxide (NO), after priming of KC with TNF‐α predominantly small and intermediate sized KC produce TNF‐α in response to bacteria. Priming with IFN‐γ enhanced NO production in all KC. A strong synergy, with respect to production of NO, was observed when KC subfractions were exposed to a combination of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. Concerning TNF‐α production, priming of KC subfractions seemed to induce a shift of activity from large KC to smaller KC. Conclusions: The present data demonstrate a clear heterogeneity among murine KC with respect to immunologic response to stimuli. These results demonstrate that KC have different functions in immunologic reactions that seem to be related to size.
Mature hepatocytes actively divide and express gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase after D‐galactosamine liver injury
Authors: Kitten Olivier , Ferry Nicolas
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Aims/Background: We studied the fate of hepatocytes in the rat liver after D‐galactosamine injury by genetic labeling using recombinant retroviruses carrying the Escherichia coli lacZ gene coupled to a nuclear localization signal. Methods: Hepatocytes were either labeled by direct injection of 2.5 ml high‐titer retrovirus‐containing medium in the regenerating liver parenchyma after administration of a single dose of D‐galactosamine. Alternatively hepatocytes were pre‐labeled, 24 h after a two‐thirds hepatectomy, by injecting the same volume of retroviral solution in the portal vein and D‐galactosamine was administered 15 days later. Gammaglutamyl transpeptidase and β‐galactosidase activities were assessed on cryostat sections, along with localization of the hepatocyte‐specific HES6 antigen. Results: Morphological observations, as well as β‐galactosidase activity detection, showed that hepatocytes actively divide as early as 1 day after D‐galactosamine injection. Gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity was detected in biliary cells, but also in mature hepatocytes, prelabeled with β‐galactosidase before D‐galactosamine administration. Conclusions: These experiments demonstrate that hepatocytes can divide to restore the liver mass after D‐galactosamine liver injury. Furthermore, we also show that gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase, which has been reported to be expressed only by fetal or preneoplastic hepatocytes, can be re‐expressed by mature hepatocytes during the recovery process.
PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES OF CYCLOSTOMES TO STIMULATION WITH ANTIGEN IN ADJUVANT
Authors: Linna T. J. , Finstad J. , Fichtelius K. E. , Good R. A.
Published: August 2010

Studies of the proliferative responses of certain organs and tissues following injection of BSA and Freund's adjuvant in hagfishes and lamprey have been made. Using 32P incorporation into DNA as an indicator, no significant proliferation was observed in blood, intestinal mucosa, intestinal epithelium or gills of the hagfish. In the lamprey, 32P incorporation into DNA revealed increased proliferation of gills, blood, protovertebral arch hematopoietic tissue and intestine. Responses of gills and blood cells were on statistically significant levels, whereas those of intestine and protovertebral arch did not reach statistical significance. By autoradiography evidence of greater proliferative responses in the blast type cells in the blood of the stimulated than the unstimulated hagfishes has been presented. In the lamprey, autoradiography revealed increased proliferative responses of the blast type cells, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells of the protovertebral arch following stimulation with antigen in adjuvant.
PRIMARY CEREBRAL RETICULOSARCOMA
Authors: Bertelsen Kamma
Published: August 2010

A report of seven cases of primary cerebral reticulosarcomas. All the patients are operated on, one is alive without recurrence two years and three months after operation. Histologically four cases are classified as reticulum cell type, two as Hodgkin's sarcoma type and one as microglioma type.
THE PATHOLOGICAL‐ANATOMICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN MORBUS CROHN AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: Johansen Aa. , Axelsson C.
Published: August 2010

One hundred and fourteen colon specimens were examined in order to analyse how often a number of previously defined pathological‐anatomical findings, with relation to morbus Crohn and ulcerative colitis, were present. By different combinations of the histological findings, the material was divided. Groups, based on wide and narrow definitions of the two diseases, were made. It was shown that a varying number of specimens could not fit into the groups, and—if not very limited criteria were used—some specimens disclosed signs of both diseases. When the macroscopic findings were related to the histological groups the number of specimens in the groups were always reduced. Transmural inflammation, an important sign of morbus Crohn, was divided in two parts: Focal lymphocyte collections and diffuse transmural inflammation. It was demonstrated that diffuse transmural inflammation fits better with findings usually accepted as characteristics of ulcerative colitis than with characteristics of morbus Crohn. A similar reasoning was carried out with a group of fissure shaped ulcers designated horizontal fissures. It was suggested that transmural inflammation and fissure shaped ulcers may have been differently interpreted in the literature, thereby being responsible for the reported differences in the ratio between morbus Crohn and ulcerative colitis. If the occurence of granulomas, transmural arranged focal lymphocyte collections and fistulas justify the diagnosis morbus Crohn, this disease could be demonstrated in a smaller or larger part of the colon in 29 out of the 114 patients (25 per cent).
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME AND SOME ATYPICAL MYELOID DISORDERS
Authors: Visfeldt J. , Franzén S. , Tribukait B.
Published: August 2010

Chromosome analyses of blood and bone marrow are described from a number of patients with polycythaemia vera and various haematological disorders, in whom early stages of leukaemia were suspected clinically. In 6 patients the bone marrow contained clone formations amounting to 32–100 per cent of the cells analysed. All these patients had had polycythaemia vera for a number of years and had been treated with repeated doses of 32P orally. Three of the 6 patients died within 6 months after the chromosome analyses. The karyotypes of the clones are discussed in relation to the radiation therapy given and the development of leukaemia.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Lund Bengt
Published: August 2010

An operative technique for kidney transplantation in rabbits is described. Kidney transplantation was performed as an end‐to‐side anastomisis between the renal vessels of the donor kidney and the aorta and vena cava of the recipient. The technique has been used for 180 allotransplantations, 50 autotransplantations and 15 second‐set allotransplantations. Complications are mentioned and discussed.
IN VITRO ASSAY OF THE EFFECT OF ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA ON BONE MARROW CELL PROLIFERATION
Authors: Kivilaakso E. , Rytömaa T. , Niskanen E.
Published: August 2010

The significance of the normal intestinal flora in maintaining the “normal” rate of granulocyte production has been investigated by studying the effect of an artificial suppression of the flora on the proliferative activity of normal bone marrow cells in vitro. The serum obtained from neomycin sulphate treated rats was shown to inhibit by 10.2 ± 1.9 per cent (P < 0.001) the incorporation of 3H‐thymidine into the bone marrow cells as compared to the control serum. This effect was not dependent on the type of antibacterial drug used. The same inhibitory effect on the marrow cells was also demonstrated by means of radioactive precursor substances other than 3H‐thymidine. The results have been interpreted as supporting the concept that one reason for the enormous daily production of granulocytes in “normal” conditions is the need for a protective barrier of granulocytes against the invasion of the organism by microbes and other agents from the gastrointestinal tract and elsewhere. Furthermore, the reduced resistance to systemic infections observed after an artificial suppression of the intestinal flora can perhaps be explained as a consequence of diminished granulocytopoiesis.
MUCOSUBSTANCES OF MIXED TUMOURS OF THE HUMAN LACRIMAL GLAND
Authors: Jensen O. A.
Published: August 2010

A histochemical study of the mucosubstances (MS) in mixed tumours of the lacrimal gland demonstrated G‐mucosubstance, C G‐mucin N ± and S‐mucin B 2.0 as well as C‐ and S‐mucopolysaccharide B 2.0 T indicating the presence of epithelial as well as connective tissue MS. The localisation of these substances was mainly such that neutral MS (G‐mucin) and epithelial sialomucins (C G‐mucin N ±) were found in the epithelial areas, in the vicinity of these and in the ducts and lumina, while connective tissue sialomucins (C‐mucopolysaccharide) and hyaluronidase labile connective tissue mucopolysaccharide (S‐mucopolysaccharide B 2.0 T) were found interstitially, the latter mainly centrally in the interstitia. The epithelial sulphomucins (S‐mucin B 2.0), probably derived from the epithelium, were found in the interstitia near the epithelium. The MS of the tumour epithelium were mainly neutral in contrast to the abundance of sialic acid containing MS in normal gland epithelium. The histogenetic possibilities are discussed, and it is concluded that the findings support an epithelial and a mesenchymal origin, although histochemical examination of the MS cannot exclude any stimulation on the stroma by the neoplastic epithelium. The histochemistry of the MS of mixed lacrimal and salivary gland tumours is mainly similar, and assessed on this basis the histogenesis of these tumours is identical.
FIBRO‐ADENOMATOSIS AND BREAST CARCINOMA
Authors: Jensen Henning
Published: August 2010

Fresh frozen tissue sections of benign and malignant proliferating human mammary tissue have been subjected to enzyme‐histochemical tests for various oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. Both tissue groups contained the same enzymes in principle, but they differed with regard to location and activity of these. NADH diaphorase and lactic acid dehydrogenase showed a characteristic irregularly distributed activity in tumour tissue, a fact which afforded evidence to suggest an enzyme‐histochemical differentiation between malignant and benign tissue. The glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity was often raised, both in fibro‐adenomatosis and in carcinoma. The phenomenon was interpreted as a sign of hormoral influence. In most cases the alkaline phosphatases showed failing activity in the tumour cells, whereas the surrounding connective tissue presented accumulation of actively proliferating fibroblasts forming a reaction zone with pronounced activity. The reaction cannot be explained solely as a sign of hormoral influence. The possibility of a specific reaction to the tumour tissue must be considered.
FAT EMBOLISM AND INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
Authors: Halleraker B.
Published: August 2010

The association between intravascular clotting and fat embolism in rabbits, following the intravenous injection of two doses of lipopolysaccharide, and in mice following the intravenous injection of trypsin is reported. Intravascular fibrin in the absence of fat emboli was seen after injection of Liquoid. It is suggested that the two findings may have a common aetiology, and that their association may be more frequent than appears from the literature.
CHANGES IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO EHRLICH'S CARCINOMA FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF THE HOST MICE WITH BUTAZOLIDINE
Authors: Hartveit F. , Halleraker B.
Published: August 2010

A changed growth pattern is reported in subcutaneous transplants of Ehrlich's carcinoma in mice following systemic treatment with Butazolidine. An acute inflammatory response was seen at the edge of the tumour transplant in the untreated control mice. Treatment with Butazolidine favoured the development of denser connective tissue which ran along the edge of the transplant rather than mingling with it. The change in the orientation of the fibroblasts and capillaries was accompanied by an increase in lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration and tumour cell necrosis. It is suggested that the tumour's ability to induce an acute inflammatory response may be a prerequisite for stroma formation and vital to the establishment of infiltrative growth.
NUMBER AND STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN LYMPHOCYTES CULTURED AT DIFFERENT OXYGEN TENSIONS
Authors: Andersen Vagn , Birch‐Andersen Aksel , Skovbjerg Hanne , Hellung‐Larsen Per
Published: August 2010

Previous studies have shown that human lymphocytes cultured in vitro show metabolic adaptations to variations in oxygen tension. In order to establish whether morphological adaptations take place under similar conditions, lymphocytes were cultured with phytohaemagglutinin at 5, 20 and 50 per cent 02. After 48 hours, the mitochondria were stained with Janus Green B and counted. The average number per cell was found to be independent of pO2 but varied with cell area. Cellular ultrastructure was studied in sections of fixed and stained preparations, and isolated mitochondria were subjected to hypotonic treatment and negative staining in order to investigate the stalked particles on the inner membrane. None of these methods disclosed any differences between cells cultured at different oxygen tensions.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LIVER BIOPSIES FROM PATIENTS WITH SURGICAL BILE DUCT DISORDERS
Authors: Poulsen Hemming , Christoffersen Per
Published: August 2010

The degree and incidence of a long series of histologic qualities from a total of 113 surgical biopsies from patients with surgical disorders of the biliary tract have been registered and correlated. The material has been divided into four groups, where both group I and II are from patients with operatively and radiologically verified obstruction (respectively with and without cholestasis), and group III and IV from patients without obstruction (likewise respectively with and without cholestasis). Two findings are of special interest. The first is, that the two groups with obstruction of the common bile duct, of which group II must be considered to have less pronounced obstruction than group I, with significantly greater frequency exhibit marginal bile duct proliferation than the groups without obstruction. The second is, that the group with obstruction and cholestasis (group I) with significantly greater frequency exhibits portal oedema and infiltration with granulocytes than the other three groups. We have interpreted the first finding as a manifestion of the bile ducts in the marginal zones of the portal areas being the sectors of the biliary tract which with greatest ease react to an increase in pressure. The second finding indicates—in connection with the fact that infiltration with neutrophil granulocytes and oedema are found most pronounced in the vicinity of proliferating marginal bile ducts with more or less disentegrated epithelium—that the acute portal inflammation in extrahepatic obstruction is secondary to more severe marginal bile duct proliferation.
EXPERIMENTAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN PREGNANT SOWS
Authors: Møller T. , Fennestad K. L. , Eriksen L. , Work K. , Siim J. Ghr.
Published: August 2010

Eight pigs and six pregnant sows were infected with cysts of a porcine strain or trophozoites of the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The pigs and the sows with their offspring of retained, stillborn or liveborn piglets, were examined for pathological changes at death, parturition or sacrifice. The pathological changes did not appear to be influenced by the infecting strain, but the extent of the lesions was more pronounced in the younger than in the older animals. The lesions in acute fatal infections of retained or stillborn piglets, in liveborn congenitally infected piglets, and in one pig and one sow were characterized by changes of exudative and degenerative nature with focal necrosis. Toxoplasma was demonstrable morphologically in all animals that died after clinical disease, and non‐viable Toxoplasma was demonstrable in 17 of 24 retained or stillborn piglets with pathological changes. The lesions in chronic infections of piglets, pigs and sows were characterized by reactive changes with formation of granulomas. Morphological demonstration of Toxoplasma was difficult in these cases, even though pathological changes indicative of toxoplasmosis were present. It is suggested that, in certain circumstances, Toxoplasma is able to provoke a tissue reaction of “specific” granulomatous nature.
REGENERATION OF EXO‐ AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
Authors: Boquist Lennart
Published: August 2010

Changes that were interpreted to be of regenerative nature were studied in Chinese hamsters treated with ethionine or excess methionine. Numerous ductules and associated nodules of rather large cells were seen in the light microscope. Ultrastructurally, the endoplasmic reticulum of unaffected and damaged acinar cells showed a whorled appearance. Exocrine cells with no or few zymogen granules and low or moderate cytoplasmic electron density were found. There were other exocrine cells that exhibited prominent endoplasmic reticulum consisting of vacuoles, vesicles, and cisternae, the latter containing electron dense masses. Occasional mitoses were seen in acinar and ductule cells. The endocrine pancreas showed some new formation of cells, with the occurence of granulated cells in ductules. It is suggested that, in pancreas damaged by the administration of ethionine or excess methionine; there is regeneration of acinar parenchyma by mitotic cell division, by restitution of damaged cells, as well as by new formation of cells from ductules. In addition, there is some new formation of endocrine cells.
EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC THYROIDITIS IN THE GUINEA‐PIG.
Authors: Kåresen Rolf
Published: August 2010

Thyroiditis was induced in guinea‐pigs by the injection of (NH4)2S04 purified thyroglobulin in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the development of the disease was studied at intervals between 5 and 40 days after immunization. Inflammatory reactions, varying from small focal to severe, confluent infiltrations, were observed. In inflamed areas the follicular cells were hypertrophied. In perfusion‐fixed thyroids focal accumulations of leucocytes adherent to the vessel wall of capillaries and venules could be seen. Studies with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated anti‐γ‐globulin serum revealed that the inflammatory cells contained γ‐globulin. In general the intensity of the fluorescence was moderate, but especially in the more severe forms of thyroiditis scattered strongly labelled cells were seen in the interstitium. In the electron microscope the leucocytes adhering to the vessel wall turned out to be almost exclusively lymphocytes in different stages of transformation, from small lymphocytes to immunoblasts. The transformed lymphocytes traversed the vessel wall through the endothelial cell cytoplasm, and not through the intercellular junctions. Most of the inflammatory cells in the interstitium were lymphocytes exhibiting the same continuous picture of transformation as intravascularly. Further differentiated cells, from the plasmablast, through the proplasmacyte to the mature plasma cell were, however, also found. The thyroid follicles and their lumina were invaded by leucocytes, mainly transformed lymphocytes, but also a few granulocytes. Some of the lymphocytes bulged deeply into the cytoplasm of the follicular cell, often indenting its nucleus, but true emperipolesis was not observed. Penetration of the leucocytes into the follicular lumina appeared to take place through the intercellular spaces. The only changes noted in the follicular cells were the hypertrophy and their occasional deformation by the lymphocytes.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN RABBITS
Authors: Lund B. , Jensen O. Myhre
Published: August 2010

The quantitative morphological alterations in kidney allografts, removed 1 to 14 days after transplantation, have been studied in 118 rabbits. Infiltration by small lymphocytes gradually increased from the first day after transplantation. These cells were later transformed into or followed by larger lymphocytes which dominated the infiltrates after the fourth or fifth day. Swelling or proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells in the glomeruli slowly became more marked in frequency and extent, followed by proliferations of vascular endothelium and exudation of polymorphonuclear cells and fibrin in glomeruli and vessels. As a rule, proliferative changes were more widespread than exudative changes in the glomeruli and vessels. Thrombosis and cortical necrosis were frequent. In only two cases, however, was massive glomerular microthrombosis present. In the rabbit, the renal allograft reaction differs from renal autograft reaction less in qualitative respects than in quantitative, i.e. by the severity and early appearance of lesions in the allograft.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT‐LABILE SERUM FACTORS ON VITAMIN D‐INDUCED ARTERIOSCLEROSIS IN MICE
Authors: Geertinger P. , Strannegård Ö. , Sørensen H.
Published: August 2010

Administration of fresh guinea pig serum to vitamin D‐treated mice greatly promoted the induction of arteriosclerotic vascular changes. Heat inactivated guinea pig serum had no such effect. Since mice have minimal serum complement concentrations the results suggest a role of complement in vitamin D‐induced arteriosclerosis. This hypothesis would be compatible with the earlier finding that decomplementation of rats prevents the development of vitamin D‐induced arteriosclerosis in these animals.
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Robertson Bengt
Published: August 2010

Five autopsy cases of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPH) in infancy and childhood are reported. In two cases, the diagnosis had been verified at cardiac catheterization, whereas in the remaining three cases the diagnosis was based upon indirect clinical and morphological evidence. The pulmonary vasculature was studied by microangiographic and histological techniques, including morphometry of muscular pulmonary arteries. In two neonatal cases (ages: 5 days, 16 days), there was tortuosity of intralobular pulmonary arteries and carry‐over of the foetal type of thick‐walled muscular pulmonary arteries and arterioles with moderate superimposed medial hypertrophy. In one subject, aged 8 months, muscular and transitional pulmonary arteries showed considerable medial hypertrophy, but no obliterative features. The increase of medial mass in muscular pulmonary arteries and the absence of obliterative vascular lesions suggest that a vasospastic mechanism was responsible for the pulmonary hypertension in these three cases. In the two cases of older patients (ages: 1 year and 10 months, 10 years) the microangiograms and the lung sections displayed a more complex pattern of severe vascular lesions: medial hypertrophy in muscular pulmonary arteries, obliterative intimal fibrosis, arterial necrosis and plexiform lesions. These vascular changes are identical to those found in cases of IPH in adult patients, as well as to the pulmonary vascular lesions in severe secondary hyperkinetic pulmonary hypertension. The clinical symptoms were dominated by cyanosis in the two neonatal subjects. In the three cases of older patients, syncopal attacks and/or sudden death was a common feature. This indicates that IPH should be considered among the possible causes of sudden, unexpected death in infancy and childhood.
TESTICULAR CHANGES IN ASSOCIATION WITH MALFORMATION OF TFIE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND MENTAL RETARDATION
Authors: Boström Kerstin , Brun Arne
Published: August 2010

The testes were studied microscopically in 15 severely mentally retarded men with cerebral malformations. They ranged from 19 to 71 years in age. The testicular picture was normal in 8. In 3 there were moderate or severe testicular changes of the type usually classified as being of extrahypophyseal origin. In 1 there were hardly any demonstrable Leydig cells in an adult testis and in 1 the testes were of infantil type. In both these cases there was wide‐spread injury to the hypothalamus or structures associated with the hypothalamus. In 2 men the picture of the testes was partly of infantile type and partly of adult type with hyperplasia of interstitial cells. In both cases there were malformations of different organs and signs of endocrine disorders. These two men showed extensive cortical cerebral malformations. It is possible that the picture of the testes may be explained by injuries of the cerebral cortex with consequent disturbed stimulation of the testes.
A CASE OF ABNORMAL INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT ARRANGEMENT SUBMITTED TO THREE DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Jørgensen M.
Published: August 2010

A case of abnormal intrahepatic bile duct arrangement, which in all probability should be classified as congenital hepatic fibrosis, was submitted to three‐dimensional reconstruction. This proved that the duct system of the portal tracts had the form of curving plates. This unusual architecture is compared with the embryological development of the intrahepatic bile duct system. On this base a hypothesis of the pathogenesis of the abnormal findings is presented.
THE TRANSPLANTED RABBIT HEART. HISTOLOGICAL, IMMUNOFLUORESCENT AND ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES
Authors: Heron Iver
Published: August 2010

The morphological changes have been studied in 35 ectopically allotransplanted rabbit hearts. The grafts survived rejection for an average of 9.9 days in unmodified recipients and permitted serial biopsies beeing taken. Generalized mononuclear cell infiltration of the myocardium, interstitial oedema, endothelial oedema and proliferation and generalized myo‐cardial damage were the most prominent histological changes at rejection. A very small number of the infiltrating cells contained cytoplasmatic 7‐globulins. 7‐globulins were traced to the sarcolemma and heavy deposits could be seen intracellularly in degenerating myo‐cardial cells. Electrocardiograms showed that decline in voltage was the most reliable indication of impending cardiac rejection.
COMPLETENESS AND RELIABILITY OF LUNG CANCER REGISTRATION IN THE SWEDISH CANCER REGISTRY
Authors: Larsson Sture
Published: August 2010

A study of the efficiency of registration in the Swedish Cancer Registry of primary lung cancer during the period 1959–1965 is presented. The investigation was designed as follows:

 analysis of the Registry data with regard to accuracy and basis of diagnosis, and the possibility of over‐registration

 checking of a clinical series with respect to completeness in reporting, and

 study of the reliability of histological types as recorded in the Registry. The data used for these studies are described.

Over‐registration had occurred in 1.6 per cent due to duplicate registration, inclusion of non‐malignant cases and cases of neoplastic disease other than lung cancer. Errors in registration of sex and residence were insignificant. The causes of the errors are discussed as well as preventive measures. According to the Registry the diagnosis had been based on positive histology in 94.7 per cent and on cytology only in 2.5 per cent. In the final revised series positive histology had been obtained in 96.8 per cent and cytology only in 1.1 per cent. The frequency of microscopical confirmation of the diagnosis was thus very high and yet the completeness in reporting seems to have been very satisfactory. Every patient in the checked sample had been reported, but errors as to site classification had deprived site 162.1 of 3.9 per cent of the patients and 1.5 per cent had incorrectly been recorded in the benign lists. The causes of errors as to site classification and coding of malignancy are discussed. Registration of histological types of primary lung cancer in the Registry seems not to produce the desired results. The recorded histological diagnosis epidermoid carcinoma was correct in 77 per cent of the cases, adenocarcinoma in 79 per cent, and anaplastic carcinoma in only 46 per cent as per re‐classification. The causes of these discrepancies are discussed. When the series was divided into only two histological groups according to Kreyberg consistency with re‐classification was observed in 84 per cent in group I and 86 per cent in group II and this is considered rather satisfactory.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS OF FAMILIAL AMYLOIDOSIS WITH CRANIAL NEUROPATHY AS PRINCIPAL MANIFESTATION
Authors: Meretoja Jouko , Teppo Lyly
Published: August 2010

A report is given of the histopathological findings in three cases of familial amyloidosis syndrome, presenting neurological and other symptoms, of which progressive facial nerve paralysis and lattice dystrophy of the cornea predominated. The patients were two females, 59 and 67 years of age, and one male of 79 years. The first patient had polycythaemia vera and died of myeloid leukaemia, the second suffered from bulbar paralysis for several years and died of cerebral haemorrhage. The third case died of pneumonia. Amyloid was observed in nearly every organ studied. It was localized mainly in the intima and the media of the arteries and capillaries, in most organs in the basement membranes as well. Arteries totally obliterated by amyloid deposits were found in the parotic gland, the rectum and the spleen. The glomeruli were markedly affected and the muscle tissue of the heart to a minor degree. Moderate deposits of amyloid were also found in the perineurium and the endoneurium of most peripheral nerves studied. However, clinically the cranial nerves were the most affected, and in one case, a branch of the facial nerve was totally replaced by amyloid. Apart from the amyloid deposits in the meninges and arteries, only changes typical of unspecific senile involution were noted in the examination of the central nervous system. The corneas and especially the anterior parts of the sclera were also affected.