bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Zealand's Role in Promoting a Nuclear-free Pacific
Authors: Clements Kevin P.
Published: March 2007

The election of the Fourth Labour government in 1984, the imposition of a ban on nuclear powered/ armed ship visits to New Zealand and the passage of the New Zealand Nuclear-free Zone Act in 1987 represented the culmination of eleven years of campaigning by the New Zealand Peace Movement in collaboration with the New Zealand Labour Party, the Social Credit League and the Values Party. The unique structural features of this development are outlined and attention is paid to the evolution of anti-nuclear orthodoxy in New Zealand. There is an analysis of the extent to which New Zealand's experience is transferable to other countries and the necessary preconditions for the 'Kiwi disease' to spread elsewhere International political reactions to the ship ban are outlined and a brief evaluation made of its significance for disarmament, arms control and confidence building.
The Rewards of Allah
Authors: Smith Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

`Let evil be rewarded with like evil. But he that forgives and seeks reconciliation shall be rewarded by Allah. He does not love those that do wrong...'

Sura 42:40

`... come to terms with your opponent in good time while you are still on the way to the court...'

Matthew 5:25

In the analysis of warfare and conflict, Peace Studies rarely directs attention to unique cultural symbolism and motifs that are critical elements of the popular support and perception of warfare. Conflicts are represented and perpetuated in the minds of participants according to the symbols and motifs of their culture and history. Meaningful traditions of strength and power, drawn from the cultural background of those involved, must be countered with positive symbols of reconciliation and coexistence that are not imposed by outside `mediators' or analysts, but drawn from the cultural identity of the people themselves. In this study, such symbols are located within the Jewish and Palestinian traditions. Detailed attention is given to the Palestinian ceremony of reconciliation known as the `Sulha', as an illustration of the kind of cultural analysis that Peace Studies must include within its areas of concern.
`Economic Warfare' and `Strategic Goods': A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing COCOM
Authors: FØRLAND TOR EGIL
Published: March 2007

The Western export control organization COCOM is often viewed as an example of `economic sanctions'. This is misleading, as the COCOM embargo was never intended to coerce Soviet leaders into changing their conduct, but to weaken the Soviet Union's military capabilities. COCOM is better understood as `economic warfare'. Analysts differ as to whether to base their definition of economic warfare on means employed or on ends sought after; the solution preferred here is to view economic warfare as a continuum of policies aiming to weaken the economic base of the adversary's power. `Strategic embargo', defined as restrictions on the export of strategic goods, is viewed as a means either to conduct economic warfare or to control the export of predominantly military items. Analysts building on the theory of comparative advantages and fungibility of resources define strategic goods as items which are relatively inefficient to produce domestically and needed for a given strategy. By importing such items, resources can be freed for more effective production. Not all inefficiently produced items are strategic: they should also contribute, directly or indirectly, to the adversary's military potential. Attempts to control strategic exports through the concept of contraband were built on this observation. In the world wars these efforts ended in the embargo of almost all goods, however, as very few commodities are irrelevant to war potential. Western Cold War perceptions of Soviet intentions have had it that the Kremlin has been bent on aggressive expansion. The logical policy to follow such an analysis would be a severance of trade relations with Eastern Europe. West European policy-makers refrained from this course, probably out of fear of political and economic repercussions. The logical policy to follow the current re-evaluation of Soviet intentions after the end of the Cold War would be to embargo only arms and items solely or predominantly useful for military purposes, but not to abolish COCOM as long as NATO exists.
The New Russian Diaspora: Minority Protection in the Soviet Successor States
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: March 2007

The dissolution of the Soviet Union has transformed the 25 million ethnic Russians living outside the Russian Federation into a new Russian diaspora. This situation represents a potential threat to political stability among and within the Soviet successor states. Right-wing political groups in Russia pose as defenders of the national rights of the diaspora. If they were able to induce the Russian Army to intervene in the non-Russian states on behalf of the diaspora, a situation dangerously similar to the Yugoslav conflict could arise. The problem of the diaspora can be neutralized through migration, border regulations and/or the establishment of regimes for minority rights. The stabilizing/destabilizing potential of each of these options is evaluated here with reference to the recent post-Soviet debate on the issue. It is argued that large-scale migration aimed at creating optimally `pure' ethnic nation-states may easily unleash uncontrollable chain reactions. Most non-Russian successor states are categorically opposed to border regulations; many Russian politicians have qualms as well. They are, inter alia, afraid that if the principle of the popular will is used to determine territorial issues, it might lead to a dismantling of the multi-ethnic Russian Federation. The least destabilizing option seems to be minority protection. The West could contribute to a viable human rights regime in the CIS by applying a differentiated trade and aid policy and giving the respective governments material incentives to respect the rights of the minorities. In any case, the leadership in the non-Russian successor states should, in their own interest, avoid providing the irredentist parties in Russian politics with arguments and sympathizers.
The Theory of the Flying Geese Pattern of Development and Its Interpretations
Authors: Korhonen Pekka
Published: March 2007

An interpretation is made of Akamatsu Kaname's theory of the flying geese pattern of development, launched in Japan during the 1930s. This theory explains how an undeveloped country can become developed relatively quickly. The undeveloped country adopts suitable labour-intensive industries from more developed countries. It produces first for the home market, but starts to export as soon as the industries have grown strong enough. Initially, products are simple, crude and cheap, but gradually the level of quality is elevated. The procedure is repeated over and over again, leading to a rapid process of national economic development. In Japanese postwar industrial policy, certain industries were designated as `sunrise' industries: these were imported from more advanced countries, and received state support. Older industries which were losing their comparative advantage were designated as `sunset' industries; state support was withdrawn, and they moved to less developed Asian countries. During the 1950s and 1960s there emerged the idea that Japan should use the phenomenon to support the other Asian countries in their development. In 1965 came the proposal for a Pacific Free Trade Area (PAFTA), as a nucleus for enhancing Asian Pacific trade, development, and economic integration. PAFTA never materialized, but various discussion fora, such as the Pacific Economic Cooperation Conferences (PECC) and the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conferences, were later formed on the basis of the proposal.
Neutrality and Economy: The Redefining of Swedish Neutrality, 1946-52
Authors: Karlsson Birgit
Published: March 2007

The article deals with the defining of Swedish neutrality in the initial years of the Cold War. The established truth that the Swedish interpretation of neutrality was adapted to US wishes is not challenged but the reasons for this development are discussed. The main reason for adaptation is identified as the Swedish government's ambitious economic policy which led to economic dependency upon the USA, acceptance of Marshall Aid and economic incorporation into the West. Sweden managed to show the US government that formal neutrality could be combined with practical measures that in fact meant adaptation to US wishes. The argument is also that the USA used economic pressure to achieve its purposes, as when Sweden submitted to US demands regarding strategic exports to Eastern Europe. Concern for the development of Swedish trade and economic growth was important when the Swedish government yielded to the US demands. By formulating the agreement with the USA as an expression of Sweden's autonomously decided policy, Sweden could still claim that formal neutrality had been maintained.
Enemy Images and the Journalistic Process
Authors: Ottosen Rune
Published: March 2007

This article discusses changes in enemy image in the three Norwegian daily newspapers through a comparative analysis of the coverage of four international conflicts: the Iraqi invasion of Iran in 1980, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, martial law in Poland in 1981 and martial law in Romania in 1989. Content analysis of a sample of 915 articles shows how Norway's traditional `enemy', the Soviet Union, ceases to be an enemy during this ten-year period. The study compares newspaper coverage of the social unrest in Poland, when the threat of Soviet intervention was manifest, with coverage of the rebellion against Ceauşescu in Romania. The author discusses what has happened since the Soviet Union ceased to be the `main threat' to Norwegian security. Has a `new' enemy linked to Islam emerged? This is discussed while comparing news coverage of the Iraqi invasion of Iran with that of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. This sample found several articles revealing prejudice against Muslims in general, but enemy images were mainly linked with the Ayatollah Khomeini in the first invasion and with Saddam Hussein in the second. The dominant use of enemy images of these two leaders is in itself an interesting part of the coverage. The author concludes that enemy images are obstacles to analytical journalism, making it more difficult for journalists to see the obvious parallels between the two invasions. Enemy images are projected mainly in editorials and commentary columns and less so in straight news articles. However, the angling of articles through headlines, illustrations and cartoons may reveal the attitudes of news desks as to who the `enemy' is, even when the text itself is written in `neutral' prose.
Ideology and Identity: A National Outlook
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Groberg David H. , Krumov Krum , Andrejeva Ludmilla , Kashlekeva Nadia , Russinova Zlatka , Csepeli Gyorgy , Ommundsen Reidar
Published: March 2007

Hopes for an international order and global peace seem shattered as we face the 21st century. The nation-state supported by the national outlook is not withering away. On the contrary, in the identity vacuum which followed the system collapse of Stalinism, new virulent forms of mini nationalisms and ethnic chauvinisms are observed. Clearly, peace research must devote more attention to the understanding of the ideological and identity components of the national outlook. The current studies contribute a step toward outlining the components of the national outlook. Phase 1 focused on components and structure of the US national outlook. 1867 US, international students, and domestic group respondents participated in the 60-item check-off survey. Few differences were found between groups, supporting the presence of a common national outlook with shared content and structure. In phase 2, 755 social science students from the USA, Bulgaria, Hungary and Norway responded to each of the 60 items on a five-point response category varying from completely meaningful (5) to completely meaningless (1). Differences in ratings by the samples were determined, and varimax rotated factor analyses were completed. The greatest overall differences were found, as predicted, between US and Bulgarian respondents, and the greatest similarities between US and Norwegian participants. Finally, the relationship of the national outlook to peace is discussed.
Why Nations Arm: A Reconsideration
Authors: Weede Erich
Published: March 2007

In a widely, but undeservedly overlooked book, Payne (1989) raised two important issues. First, he argued that many cross-national analyses of military burdens and arms races are misleading, because they rely on expenditure-based measures that are not comparable beyond OECD nations. This contention appears valid. Second, he argued that cultural variables exert a stronger influence on military effort and burdens than external challenges. Here, a reanalysis and reinterpretation of Payne's data rejects this conclusion and asserts instead that the impact of external challenges on the military force ratio is at least as strong as the impact of cultural variables.
Why Do Neighbors Fight? Proximity, Interaction, or Territoriality
Authors: Vasquez John A.
Published: March 2007

Most interstate wars are fought or begin between neighbors. This relationship between contiguity and war has long been known, but ignored within peace research. The major reason for this is that it has been seen as essentially a trivial relationship, reflecting the opportunity for war rather than the real underlying cause of war. Recent work on territory and the issues over which wars are fought has begun to question that interpretation. This article maintains that the clustering of war among neighbors may be theoretically significant. It presents a territorial explanation of the relationship and juxtaposes it with the proximity and interaction explanations. Each of the three explanations is appraised in terms of explicit criteria to see which is the most adequate. Ultimately, however, each explanation must specify a set of tests that would falsify it, and this article does so for the territorial explanation. The article concludes with some implications for peace in the post-Cold War era if the theoretical explanation is correct.
Conciliation as Counter-Terrorist Strategy
Authors: Sederberg Peter C.
Published: March 2007

Conventional wisdom suggests that regimes should never bargain with terrorists. This preference for coercive and repressive responses rests largely on rhetorical rather than analytical characterizations of the problem of terrorism. If we consider terrorism as one possible tactic available to a challenger group engaged in a political struggle we push the question of response back into the political context where it belongs. We argue that two major models of this political context - the war model and the rational actor model - not only fail to preclude conciliatory strategies, they actually incorporate them. We outline some of the strategic and tactical considerations that must be weighed in determining the appropriateness of a conciliatory strategy.
Democracy and Militarized Interstate Collaboration
Authors: Mousseau Michael
Published: March 2007

It is well documented that democratic nations very rarely engage in militarized conflict with other free nations. This study expands on this notable pattern by examining the possibility that democracies may also be more amenable to collaborate in militarized interstate conflict. A theoretical rationale for this expectation is developed resting on the cooperative norms of democratic political culture. With empirical analysis encompassing all nations from the Napoleonic era to the end of the Cold War, it is found that joint democracy has a positive and robust impact on the probability that two states will be on the same side at the start of a militarized interstate dispute. This conclusion remains robust after accounting for the potent influences of major power status, geographic proximity, dyadic alliance, and regime maturity on the probability of militarized collaboration. The results suggest that researchers may wish to seek answers for democratic foreign behavior that encompass the realm of interstate cooperation as well as the often-noted absence of interdemocratic militarized conflict.
Cumulation, Evaluation and the Research Process: A Response to Starr & Siverson
Authors: Simowitz Roslyn , Sheffer Matthew C.
Published: March 2007

The overarching objective of the original article was to apply a well-defined set of measures in a systematic and objective way to evaluate the extent of scientific progress within a given research program. The measures chosen were identified and defined by major philosophers of science. These measures were then applied to the empirical studies on the diffusion of war. Starr and Siverson claim to find problems in my analysis that undermined the conclusions I reach. This reply argues that each of their claims is unfounded. Moreover, they fail to refute the conclusion that the marginal progressiveness of their program is a significant reason for reduced interest in this topic.
Institutional Constraints, Political Opposition, And Interstate Dispute Escalation: Evidence from Parliamentary Systems, 1946-89
Authors: Prins Brandon C. , Sprecher Christopher
Published: March 2007

Research on the `democratic peace' has received considerable attention in the last few years. Democracies, though, are often thrown together when examining the propensity of different regime types to become engaged in international conflict. Yet, democratic governments vary dramatically across nation-states. Whether it be presidential versus parliamentary, or multi-party versus single-party, democratic states clearly differ in the structure of their governing institutions. This article examines the relationship between government type, domestic political opposition, and the threat, show or use of military force. The analysis finds that Western parliamentary governments are rarely involved in militarized interstate disputes, but when they are they tend to be the targets of aggression by non-democratic states. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that these democratic governments are much more likely to reciprocate disputes when their opponent is a non-democracy. Reciprocation, though, also tends to be influenced by the type of government in power during a dispute. Coalition democratic governments, rather than single-party governments, are much more likely to reciprocate militarized disputes. In fact, the findings suggest that coalition governments are more likely to reciprocate disputes in general, and particularly more likely to reciprocate with the actual use of military force. The results also suggest that the level of polarization of a parliamentary government tends to decrease the probability of dispute reciprocation.
Whither International Efforts for Internally Displaced Persons?
Authors: Weiss Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) now comprise the main war victims, and are probably twice as numerous as refugees. Paradoxically, a legal framework and a special institution exist for the latter whereas neither exists for the former. This serious structural flaw in the international humanitarian system has been recognized with the appointment of a representative of the UN Secretary-General on internally displaced persons. Over the last half decade, international discourse has changed and guiding principles have been developed for dissemination. It is time for action to replace oratory. A review of the progress to date and gaps in the present coverage for IDPs provide the background for analyzing intergovernmental options currently under consideration.
Acquaintance Robbery
Authors: FELSON RICHARD B. , BAUMER ERIC P. , MESSNER STEVEN F.
Published: March 2007

More than one-third of the robberies reported in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) involve people who are acquainted with each other in some way. Why do offenders so frequently target someone who can identify them to the police? This issue is explored by comparing acquaintance robberies with the typical robbery involving strangers using NCVS data. The authors find that people who are Black, poor, young, and single are particularly vulnerable to acquaintance robbery. Their vulnerability is attributed to opportunity factors, and for youth, a reluctance to report incidents to the police. Evidence suggests that some acquaintance robberies are expressions of grievances, whereas others involve inside information about what the victim is carrying.
Socio-Economic Status and Delinquent Behavior: A Retest
Authors: Akers Ronald L.
Published: March 2007

Some years ago F. Ivan Nye conducted a study in Washington in which he strongly questioned the traditional findings of a pre ponderance of delinquent behavior among the lower classes. Using self-reported behavior rather than official criteria, he found no sig nificant relationship between delinquent behavior and socio-economic status. The respondents in that study were the students of high schools in three small communities. The present paper reports a retest of the hypothesis of that study in an urban community. Using essentially the same procedure as the Nye study and employing Nye-Short delinquent behavior scale items and other items from that study, anonymous questionnaires were adminis tered to 992 junior high school students in a large Northeastern Ohio community. Delinquent behavior was self-reported, and socio- economic status was determined by employing the North-Hatt occupational prestige scale to rank the occupations of the respond ents' fathers.

A number of significance tests revealed no significant differences in delinquent behavior by socio-economic status, and correlational analysis revealed no correlation between the two variables. The results confirmed those of the Nye study. Thus, those theories of delinquency positing a disproportionate amount of delinquent behavior in the lower socio-economic levels are again met with empirical contradiction, this time in a large city.
An Evaluation of a Treatment Control Project for Narcotics Offenders: Phases I & II
Authors: Burkhart Walter R. , Sathmary Arthur
Published: March 2007

This study describes the results of the first three years of operation of California's ongoing Narcotic Treatment-Control Project, estab lished by legislation in 1959.

The program provides for: (1) assignment of parolees with a history of narcotics use to 30-man caseloads supervised by specially trained agents; (2) weekly narcotic detection testing of the parolees; and (3) mandatory short-term reconfinement and treatment for those detected reverting to narcotics us.

Findings show that administration of nalline testing was accom panied by a significant decrease in those using narcotics, and in jail and prison returns. There was some indication that the full program, including treatment, is making the program of control further effective. Treatment aspects are currently under further evaluation.
Comparing Theories of Criminogenesis
Authors: Naess Siri
Published: March 2007

Owing to the unusual complexity of language habits in the field of criminology, a reformulation is proposed of some theories of criminogenesis. The purpose of the reformulations is to facili tate a comparison of the theories in order to bring out the main points of controversy and complementarity. The reformulations are followed by definitions of the main terms used in the re formulations and a discussion of the field of application intended by the author of each theory. The complementarity of the social pressure theories and the psychoanalytic theories of super-ego development is discussed.
A Reformulation of Sutherland's Differential Association Theory and a Strategy for Empirical Verification
Authors: De Fleur Melvin L. , Quinney Richard
Published: March 2007

Relatively few of the many theories developed by sociologists have been stated in other than verbal symbols. Although the supposed advantages of more rigorous formalizations have been discussed at length, many sociologists maintain that the assertion by mathematical model-builders that their approach will actually advance thinking in substantive areas of sociology still remains to be demonstrated. The present paper is an attempt to show some of the ways in which this approach can yield new insights into old theories. First, Sutherland's widely used formulation in criminology is translated into set theory statements. Then, the value of this translation is shown by developing a set of underlying postulates from which the nine major propositions of the theory can be formally derived. Finally, additional propo sitions are shown to follow as logical consequences of the re formulated theory in such a way that a strategy for its empirical verification is obtained.
Undetected Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Gold Martin
Published: March 2007

The article discusses an interview method designed to measure delinquent behavior directly from the confidential confessions of teen-agers. The method is described and results are presented from a validation study of 125 undetected delinquents. Applica tion of the measure is illustrated with findings from a study of 522 randomly selected boys and girls, thirteen to sixteen years old, residing in Flint, Mich. Conclusions are drawn about the relationship between delinquency and social status and sex, and about the validity of official records.
School Identification and Delinquency Proneness
Authors: Hall Nason E. , Waldo Gordon P.
Published: March 2007

Is a lack of identification with social institutions important in the etiology of delinquency? Guttman scales were developed to measure six dimensions of the adolescent's identification with educational institutions: Capacity to Learn, Value of Education, Legitimacy, Teachers—General, Teachers—Personal, and Teach ers—Academic. The findings indicate delinquents are less likely to identify with the school than are nondelinquents and specify the dimensions along which identification is particularly absent. No differences between delinquent and nondelinquent boys were found in two dimensions, Value of Education and Attitude to ward Teachers—Academic.
Girl Recidivists
Authors: Sepsi Victor J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate statistically the re lationships between personal variables which distinguish between female juvenile recidivists and nonrecidivists. From data obtained solely from institutional records, 104 variables were selected on the basis of availability and objectivity. The 210 subjects of this study consisted of 105 recidivists and 105 nonrecidivists from an Ohio girls' training school. Results suggest that early age at the onset of delinquency, less formal education, and family relation ships are significantly associated with recidivism among girls.
Processing Juvenile Delinquency in Two Cities
Authors: Figueira-McDonough Josefina
Published: March 2007

A fundamental proposition in labeling theory is that stigmatization and alienation are conducive to the perpetuation of deviant behavior. From this perspective, the steady increase in juvenile delinquency in the past two decades has been linked to the expansion of functions exercised by the juvenile courts (increasing its potential for stigmatization) and the uncertainty of the courts' processing styles (leading to alienation). This study examines two related hypotheses subsumed by this theoretical explanation. First, because of a sup posed breakdown in alternative informal controls, urban court systems tend to expand their jurisdictions and to process large numbers of juveniles. Second, because they process so many cases. the courts tend to displace their goals.

In order to explore these propositions, two juvenile court systems. one in Brazil and the other in the United States, were compared. Both function in metropolitan centers with similar ecological profiles. The cross-national scope of the design enhances the range of variation for the hypotheses at issue, and it provides a way to assess the extent to which they might be culture-bound.

The data show that the United States court processed ten times more juve niles than the Brazilian court. This indicates that the direct association be tween metropolitan pressures and court expansion is not universal. The evidence supports the second hypothesis: The court processing a greater number of juveniles was found to have displaced the traditional mandates of juvenile justice.
Case Quotas in the Court: an Analysis of the Allocation of Judicial Resources
Authors: Noam Eli
Published: March 2007

The paper develops analytic criteria for the selection of the optimal "mix" of trials in a congested court system. It describes a model generating case quotas for major categories of crime that maximizes the reduction in the overall social losses due to crime. The empirical results for the District of Columbia suggest that scarce court time should be heavily allocated to trials for robbery and burglary.
NCCD Research Review : Life in the Fast Lane: a Retrospective View By Commercial Thieves
Authors: Gibbs John J. , Shelly Peggy L.
Published: March 2007

[ In this issue of the Journal, the NCCD Research Centers are deferring their usual opportunity to present a report on their own work in order to share, with the Journal's readers, some interim findings from an important research effort that is still in progress. Through the strong collaborative lanks that exist between NCCD and the Graduate School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University, we have been following with interest the research being conducted in the School's Center for the Study of Crime for Gain, a project funded by the National Institute of Justice and directed by Professor Richard Sparks. Ceding the "NCCD Research Review" space to a report solicited from our colleagues at Rutgers represents a small contribution on our part toward alleviating a chronic problem faced by researchers: the seemingly interminable lag time between the initiation of a research project and the public availability of the project's findings.] This article contains an analysis of interviews with commercial thieves. Both the interviews and analysis of them were shaped by the perspective that certain kinds of crime are like certain kinds of work. The article describes a variety of methods for illegally acquiring and distributing commercial goods, paths of entry into the business of commercial theft, and the relation between the work of the thief and his life style.
The London Metropolitan Police and their Clients: Victim and Suspect Attitudes
Authors: MAXFIELD MICHAEL G.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the 1982 British Crime Survey, this article examines attitudes toward police among residents of metropolitan London, focusing on two particular groups of clients: crime victims and suspected offenders. Contact with police often produces negative reactions from both types of clients. But the erosion of attitudes among victims is mostly due to the large proportion of victims who have also attracted the attention of police as suspects. Annoyance at police contact has a limited effect on general ratings of police performance. Attitudes about police demeanor has a greater impact on general assessments, but few clients felt that this was a problem in their contacts with London police.
Monoamine Oxidase and Criminality: Identifying an Apparent Biological Marker for Antisocial Behavior
Authors: ELLIS LEE
Published: March 2007

After describing how monoamine oxidase (MAO) appears to affect brain functioning, and how the activity of this enzyme, in turn, seems to be influenced by hormonal and genetic factors, studies are reviewed which link low MAO activity with high probabilities of criminality, psychopathy, childhood conduct disorders, as well as with sensation seeking, impulsivity, and drug abuse (especially alcoholism). Overall, low MAO activity appears to be associated with restless and uninhibited behavior patterns, and may reflect some of the mediating effects of serotonin and sex hormones (especially androgens) on criminal behavior. Lower MAO activity is more characteristic of males than females, and appears to be lower in Blacks than Whites, and lowest during the second and third decades of life. Interpretations of the findings reviewed in this article must be cautious, and on guard not to exaggerate their relevance to criminal behavior, however, they are very encouraging to those seeking to find some of the neurological underpinnings of human variations in criminal behavior.
Focusing on High-Risk Parolees: An Experiment to Reduce Commitments to the Texas Department of Corrections
Authors: TURNER SUSAN , PETERSILIA JOAN
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a randomized experiment conducted to assess the effects of Intensive Supervision Parole (ISP), a Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles program whose primary objective was to help alleviate prison crowding. The evaluation assessed program implementation, as well as the program's impact on offenders and system costs. Overall, the ISP results were the opposite of what was intended. The study found that ISP was not associated with fewer arrests, even though ISP offenders received more contacts than offenders on routine supervision. ISP was associated with increased technical violations, particularly in Houston, where the ISP model was implemented more fully. At the end of one year, about 30% of all ISP participants were in prison, whereas this was the case with about 18% of those on routine parole. Instead of saving the State of Texas money, ISP supervision turned out to be 1.7 times the cost of routine parole. The ISP program did however constitute an appropriate intermediate punishment, also an important Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles objective. If jurisdictions are primarily interested in providing much-needed flexibility in sentencing decisions by imposing an intermediate punishment that more closely fits the crimes of offenders, then ISP holds promise. If, however, they are primarily interested in reducing recidivism and system costs, then ISP programs, as currently structured—with a focus on surveillance as opposed to treatment—will likely fall short.
Teacher Education at the Millennium
Authors: Lytle James H.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author argues that an array of changing conditions in the work of teaching and in the national- and state-policy environment have dramatically increased the distance between both undergraduate and graduate college and university teacher education programs as well as the ways in which teachers in service are being educated, reeducated, trained, and retrained.
Validity and Accountability in High-Stakes Testing
Authors: Smith Mary Lee , Fey Patricia
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors argue that the cultures of accountability and validity are at odds. Calls for accountability arise from the polis, or political community. Validity is the standard of quality that professionals place on tests. When the polis demands that tests serve high-stakes accountability functions, professional testing standards often are compromised. In accountability contexts, test results decide which students are retained in grade, held back from graduation, and assigned to tracks or special classifications. Yet, empirical evidence suggests that the use of flawed indicators produces unreliable and unrepresentative inferences and decisions. High-stakes testing produces teaching and testing practices that lead to inflated test scores and further disadvantage already disadvantaged students.
The Overreliance of Accreditors on Consensus Standards
Authors: Murray Frank B.
Published: March 2007

The legitimacy of accreditation in teacher education is rooted in political consensus and power and, to a lesser extent, in scholarship. Both roots, however, are fragile and weak. Consequently, to take a negative example, there is no accepted concept of educational malpractice in the field. The standards we have are at best hypotheses awaiting confirmation or falsification. The legitimacy of accreditation should be rooted in the scholarly evidence that the program has fulfilled the claim that its graduates are competent, caring, and qualified.
Examining the Mismatch between Learner-Centered Teaching and Teacher-Centered Supervision
Authors: Paris Cynthia , Gespass Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Student teacher supervision, with few exceptions, remains a teacher-centered enterprise. Typical supervision policies, procedures, and forms focus on teachers’ observable behaviors. They grant authority to the perceptions of the supervisor/teacher. The concerns, questions, professional knowledge, and deliberative processes of the student teacher/learner are secondary, if they are considered at all. In this self-study, the authors explore alternatives to teacher-centered supervision by first supervising each other in their own learner-centered college classrooms, then extrapolating what was learned to their student teaching supervision. Data analysis yielded themes of responsibility, power, and purpose; challenges to the lesson as the unit of analysis and standard sources of data on student teachers’ work; and the importance of the social construction of roles and meanings. The authors’ intent is not to put forward yet another model of student teacher supervision but to describe a process of coconstructing supervision with student teachers so that the student teacher/learner is at the center.
Professors and the Practicum
Authors: Beck Clive , Kosnik Clare
Published: March 2007

Preservice practicum supervision is often carried out by special supervisory staff rather than by tenured or tenure-track education faculty. Some researchers feel this creates an unfortunate separation between the campus program and the practicum and results in lost opportunities to strengthen the school-university partnership. Five years ago, in an elementary preservice cohort program, the authors adopted a policy of heavy involvement in practicum supervision by all members of their faculty team; the authors also devised ways of supporting the faculty in their supervision. Over the past 4 years, the authors studied the effects of applying this model; it was found to strengthen the school-university partnership, enhance both the practicum and the campus program, and help faculty grow in knowledge and understanding of schooling. However, the approach was time-consuming and presented some other challenges for faculty. If it is to be adopted widely in preservice education, stronger institutional support is needed.
Engaging Teachers in Emancipatory Knowledge Construction
Authors: O'Loughlin Michael
Published: March 2007

It is misleading to speak of constructivism as a homogeneous ideology. Some forms of constructivism, such as those underlying critical, poststructuralist, and feminist theory, are emancipatory in intent. The Piagetian forms of constructivism that are gaining popularity as an alternative to traditional didactic education cannot be the basis for radical educational change. The author describes principles of an emancipatory approach to knowledge construction, and their effects on teachers' knowledge construction and practices are illustrated by the comments of teachers who participated in Hofstra University's Summer Institute for Teachers.
Constructing New Forms of Teaching: Subject Matter Knowledge in Inservice Teacher Education
Authors: Mosenthal James H. , Ball Deborah Loewenberg
Published: March 2007

The authors analyze how the staff of Summer Math for Teachers and the Writing Project, two inservice programs designed to help elementary school teachers develop constructivist teaching practices, construed the programs' subject matter and the role that subject matter knowledge was assigned relative to other kinds of knowledge and skill in helping participating teachers learn to teach mathematics or writing in radically different ways. The analysis showed that the programs' reformist pedagogy is based on a principled conception of the subject matter but developing teachers' subject matter knowledge was not an explicit objective. The authors conclude that research is needed to determine whether effective constructivist teaching, as characterized by the inservice programs, depends on the depth of teachers' subject matter knowledge.
Between Economy and the State: Private Security and Rule Enforcement in Russia
Authors: VOLKOV VADIM
Published: March 2007

This article explores how the segments of the state police and security organs were transformed into a large private security industry in Russia after 1992. As market reforms were launched, the numbers of private property owners grew dramatically, but the state institutions for the protection of property and dispute settlement were either absent or defunct. This gap was consequently filled with various private institutions, private protection companies and private security services being the major ones. The article studies the context of their emergence, their functions and practices as well as their relations with the state and the criminal sector.
A Move Analysis of Written Feedback in Higher Education
Authors: Mirador Josephine F
Published: March 2007

One way to examine whether or not there is a match between tutor intentions and student perceptions is to focus on the feedback given to students. This paper presents a move analysis of a corpus of written feedback provided to postgraduate students enrolled in a part-time Education program. This paper focuses on the discussion of the information types found in written feedback, the patterns of organising such information and the linguistic preferences that signal tutor intentions. The paper is relevant to researchers in discourse analysis and tutors providing assessment feedback.
How Big Is the Gap and How To Narrow It? an Investigation Into the Active and Passive Vocabulary Knowledge of L2 Learners
Authors: Fan May
Published: March 2007

It is generally believed that L2 learners know more words of the target language than they can actually use them. The aim of this study is to find out more about this gap and the ways to narrow it. The subjects under study were several groups of sub-degree students and the instruments for data collection included an active and a passive vocabulary test as well as a questionnaire. There was no evidence to indicate a consistent ratio between active and passive vocabulary knowledge and the relationship between them has been found to be more complicated than it appears to be. On the other hand, learning strategies which help to enhance active vocabulary knowledge have been identified. These and other findings of the study will be of interest to researchers in similar areas as well EAP teachers who are concerned about improving the vocabulary knowledge of their students.

The author is indebted to the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for funding the project and Professor Paul Nation for providing the long version of the Word Levels Test used in the study.
An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Self-Access Reading Materials in an EFL Setting
Authors: Brown James D. , Chen Yongpei  , Wang Yinglong
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the effectiveness of self-access reading materials (originally designed for native speakers of English) when used by Chinese EFL students in an English for science program. To this end, the following questions were addressed: (1) How much of the reading material was based on scientific subject matter? (2) How accurate were the author's claims for the reading levels of the materials? (3) How effective were the materials in terms of learning gain? (4) Were the placement tests provided by the author reasonably reliable and valid when applied to Chinese EFL students? And, (5) what were the students' attitudes toward the materials after they had used them? The subjects (N=118) were all students at the Guangzhou English Language Center in the People's Republic of China. They were asked to take the placement examinations provid ed with the materials, to use the materials themselves for ten weeks, and to take additional standardized reading tests at the beginning and end of the ten week period. The results indicated that the self- access reading materials were generally beneficial to the program with one serious reservation: the placement procedures provided with the reading materials were found to be completely inadequate for these EFL students.
Content Familiarity and the Perception of Textual Relationships in Second Language Reading
Authors: Nunan David
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the effect of content familiarity on the perception of certain textual relationships by second language learners. Research relating to schema theory is presented and an empirical study involving one hundred second language students is described. The results of the study support the notion that such subject factors as content familiarity and background knowledge have an important effect on levels of comprehension. The implications of this for pedagogy and for readability research are discussed.
Language Acquisition, Language Contact and Nativized Varieties of English1
Authors: Williams Jessica
Published: March 2007

The importance of non-native English varieties can be expected to increase as the number of their speakers continues to grow. This survey attempts to place non-native institutionalized varieties of English (NIVEs) within a wider framework which embraces the study of language contact and language acquisition in general. NIVEs and other contact varieties are explored from a sociolinguistic as well as second language acquisition perspective.
Culture and Learning: A Study of the learning style preferences of Japanese Students
Authors: Hyland Ken
Published: March 2007

Following a brief review of recent research on learning styles and the learning experiences of Japanese students, this article describes a replication of a study by Reid (1987) of learning style preferences of ESL learners in the US. A questionnaire asking students to identify their perceptual learning preferences was administered in either Japanese or English to 440 students at 8 Universities in Japan and to Japanese students at a tertiary college in New Zealand. Statistical analysis shows that variables such as sex, college level, years of English study, number of semesters with a foreign teacher and study overseas are all related to learning style differences. Japanese students appear to exhibit no major learning style but have multiple minor learning styles. The study concludes by discussing the implications of the results for TESOL teachers working with Japanese students.
Composing in Japanese as a First Language and English as a Foreign Language: a Study of Narrative Writing
Authors: Kamimura Taeko
Published: March 2007

There have been several studies in second-language composing processes; however, little research has been done to investigate potential interrelationships between first- and second/foreign language composing behaviors. This article reports a study conducted to explore these interrelationships—specifically between composing in Japanese as a first language and composing in English as a foreign language. The research questions posited were: Are good writers in Japanese also good writers in English? and what role does learners' English proficiency play in their composing in English? Thirty-nine Japanese college students were asked to write two narrative stories based on two series of pictures, one in Japanese and the other in English The subjects' English and Japanese compositions were analyzed both quantitatively (the number of sentences, words, and idea units) and qualitatively (holistic scoring). It was found that the subjects' Japanese and English writing behaviors were, by and large, positively correlated. However, there seemed to be a threshold English proficiency level: the students above this level composed similarly in Japanese and English, whereas some of the students below the level had considerably more problems in composing in English than in Japanese.