bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanically Responsive Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Cellulose‐Nanocrystal‐Based Shape‐Memory Polymers
Authors: Xu Mingcong , Xu Zhen , Soto Miguel A. , Xu Yi‐Tao , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: April 2023

Stimulus‐responsive materials that display circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) have attracted great attention for application in chiral sensors and smart displays. However, due to difficulties in the regulation of chiral structures, fine control of CPL remains a challenge. Here, it is demonstrated that cellulose nanocrystal shape‐memory polymers (CNC‐SMPs) with luminescent components enable mechanically responsive CPL. The chiral nematic organization of CNCs in the material gives rise to a photonic bandgap. By manipulating the photonic bandgap or luminescence wavelengths of the luminescent CNC‐SMPs, precise control of CPL emission with varied wavelengths and high dissymmetry factors (glum) is achieved. Specifically, CPL emission can be switched reversibly by treating the luminescent CNC‐SMPs with hot‐pressing and recovery by heating. Pressure‐responsive CPL with tunable glum values is ascribed to the pressure‐responsive photonic bandgaps. Moreover, colorimetric and CPL‐active patterns are created by imprinting desired forms into SMP samples. This study demonstrates a novel way to fabricate smart CPL systems using biomaterials.
Constructing an Interfacial Gradient Heterostructure Enables Efficient CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells and Printed Minimodules
Authors: Tan Shan , Tan Chengyu , Cui Yuqi , Yu Bingcheng , Li Yiming , Wu Huijue , Shi Jiangjian , Luo Yanhong , Li Dongmei , Meng Qingbo
Published: April 2023

Severe nonradiative recombination originating from interfacial defects together with the pervasive energy level mismatch at the interface remarkably limits the performance of CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These issues need to be addressed urgently for high‐performance cells and their applications. Herein, an interfacial gradient heterostructure based on low‐temperature post‐treatment of quaternary bromide salts for efficient CsPbI3 PSCs with an impressive efficiency of 21.31% and an extraordinary fill factor of 0.854 is demonstrated. Further investigation reveals that Br− ions diffuse into the perovskite films to heal undercoordinated Pb2+ and inhibit Pb cluster formation, thus suppressing nonradiative recombination in CsPbI3. Meanwhile, a more compatible interfacial energy level alignment resulting from Br− gradient distribution and organic cations surface termination is also achieved, hence promoting charge separation and collection. Consequently, the printed small‐size cell with an efficiency of 20.28% and 12 cm2 printed CsPbI3 minimodules with a record efficiency of 16.60% are also demonstrated. Moreover, the unencapsulated CsPbI3 films and devices exhibit superior stability.
Over 18% Efficiency of All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Long‐Term Stability Enabled by Y6 as a Solid Additive
Authors: Ge Zhongwei , Qiao Jiawei , Li Yun , Song Jiali , Zhang Chen , Fu Zhen , Jee Min Hun , Hao Xiaotao , Woo Han Young , Sun Yanming
Published: April 2023

Morphology control greatly influences the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long‐term stability of all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs); however, it remains challenging owing to their complex crystallization behavior. Herein, a small amount of Y6 (2 wt%) is introduced as a solid additive into a PM6:PY‐DT blend. Y6 remained inside the active layer and interacted with PY‐DT to form a well‐mixed phase. Increased molecular packing, enlarged phase separation size, and decreased trap density are observed for the Y6‐processed PM6:PY‐DT blend. The corresponding devices showed simultaneously improved short‐circuit current and fill factor, achieving a high PCE of over 18% and excellent long‐term stability, with a T80 lifetime of 1180 h and an extrapolated T70 lifetime of 9185 h at maximum power point tracking (MPP) conditions under continuous one‐sun illumination. This Y6‐assisted strategy is successfully applied to other all‐polymer blends, demonstrating its universality for all‐PSCs. This work paves a new way for the fabrication of all‐PSCs with high efficiency and superior long‐term stability.
An Aerosol Jet Printed Resistance Temperature Detector‐Micro Hotplate with Temperature Coefficient of Resistance Stabilized by Electrical Sintering
Authors: Sui Yongkun , Tsui Lok‐kun , Thibodeaux Alfred J. , Lavin Judith M.
Published: April 2023

Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is an emerging direct write tool enabling rapid prototyping and fabrication of electronics components. AJP provides faster and less expensive production of devices with feature sizes of >10 microns compared to traditional MEMS processes. Herein, the fabrication of a resistance temperature detector‐micro hotplate (RTD‐µHP) is reported using AJP printed silver. AJP eliminates sophisticated MEMS processes such as masking, alignment, and etching. The compatibility of the AJP process with a broad range of materials is demonstrated by printing highly resolved lines on rigid and flexible substrates. Optimal thermal sintering conditions of AJP printed silver (Ag) lines are found by in situ resistance measurements. To stabilize the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the RTD‐µHP at high operating current levels, electrical sintering is performed on the RTD‐µHPs. Electrical sintering improves the conductivity of fully thermally sintered Ag RTD‐µHPs by 32% and provides a burn‐in mechanism for stabilizing the TCR. The TCR of the RTD‐µHPs after electrical sintering is 3.80 × 10−3at 22 °C, close to the value for bulk Ag. The performance of the RTD‐µHPs is tested using a reference thermocouple. The RTD‐µHPs show reliable and repeatable heating and temperature sensing up to 70 °C in air.
Solution‐Processable Small‐Molecule Hole Transport Material for High‐Performance QLED via Manipulating Dipole Moments
Authors: Yang Ming , Xie Liming , Yi Yuan‐Qiu‐Qiang , Liu Yang , Meng Xiuqing , Su Wenming , Cui Zheng
Published: April 2023

Solution‐processed quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) have achieved huge successes in terms of both efficiency and stability. However, the polymeric hole transport materials (HTMs) utilized in QLEDs, to some degree, cause severe damages to performance consistency due to their intrinsic batch‐to‐batch problems. Thus, adopting small‐molecule HTMs with definitive chemical structures and molecular weight is a plausible way to solve this issue. In this work, a new solution‐processable small‐molecule (SM)‐HTM (FLCZ) is designed and synthesized, through elaborately modifying the widely used 4,4′‐bis(carbazole‐9‐yl)‐biphenyl via manipulating dipole moments, for solution‐processed QLEDs to replace polymeric HTMs. The FLCZ‐based QLED has achieved an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 14.63% (18.74 lm W−1, 20.01 cd A−1), approaching that of polymer HTMs‐based QLEDs. In addition, the large surface energy of 45.29 mN m−1 is also observed on the film of FLCZ, which is highly desirable for inkjet‐printed (IJP) QLED devices, results in the IJP fabricated QLED with an EQE of 10.69%. To the best of knowledge, the results of this work represent the highest device performance of conventional solution‐processed QLED based on a single SM‐HTM.
Synthesis of Pb‐free Double‐Perovskite Heterojunction (Cs2SnCl6‐Bi3+&Te4+/Cs2GeF6‐Mn4+) with White Emission for LED Application
Authors: Ni Zongming , Zhao Jianwei , Zhang Guodong , Chen Yeqing , Lian Hongzhou , Lin Jun
Published: April 2023

Lead‐free halide double perovskites have been extensively studied for their application in the display and lighting fields. Owing to their characteristic single white luminescence, double perovskites have led to several developments in the field of white light illumination. However, most of these materials possess poor ambient stability or produce white emissions with high correlated color temperature (CCT) and low color rendering index (Ra), which hinder their application to home and commercial lighting displays. To address these challenges, a Pb‐free double perovskite heterojunction phosphor for white light is designed, namely Cs2SnCl6‐2%Bi3+&4%Te4+/Cs2GeF6‐0.11%Mn4+, which has a low CCT of 3525 K, a high Ra of 90.5, good optical moisture and thermal stability. The pattern and mechanism of epitaxial growth are derived from structural and surface tests. Analyzing the optical properties clarifies the existence of energy transfer modes in this heterojunction material, i.e., from Bi3+ to Te4+, from Bi3+ to Mn4+, and from Te4+ to Mn4+. These results indicate the application prospects of these heterojunction phosphors in the field of white light illumination.
Adjustable extracellular matrix rigidity tumor model for studying stiffness dependent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas progression and tumor immunosuppression
Authors: Zhang Haoxiang , Chen Jiaoshun , Hu Xiaoqing , Bai Jianwei , Yin Tao
Published: April 2023

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) is one of the stiffest malignancies with strong solid stresses. Increasing stiffness could alter cellular behavior and trigger internal signaling pathways and is strongly associated with a poor prognosis in PDAC. So far, there has been no report on of an experimental model that can rapidly construct and stably maintain a stiffness gradient dimension in both vitro and in vivo. In this study, a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)‐based hydrogel was designed for in vitro and in vivo PDAC experiments. The GelMA‐based hydrogel has porous, adjustable mechanical properties and excellent in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. The GelMA‐based in vitro 3D culture method can effectively form a gradient and stable extracellular matrix stiffness, affecting cell morphology, cytoskeleton remodeling, and malignant biological behaviors such as proliferation and metastasis. This model is suitable for in vivo studies with long‐term maintenance of matrix stiffness and no significant toxicity. High matrix stiffness can significantly promote PDAC progression and tumor immunosuppression. This novel adaptive extracellular matrix rigidity tumor model is an excellent candidate for further development as an in vitro and in vivo biomechanical study model of PDAC or other tumors with strong solid stresses.
Fatigue, quality of life and associations with adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund guidelines for health behaviours in 5835 adults living with and beyond breast, prostate and colorectal cancer in England: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kennedy Fiona , Lally Phillippa , Miller Natalie Ella , Conway Rana E. , Roberts Anna , Croker Helen , Fisher Abigail , Beeken Rebecca J.
Published: April 2023

Background

Many individuals living with and beyond cancer (LWBC) have ongoing quality of life (QoL) issues, including fatigue. The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) provides health behaviour recommendations for people LWBC, and there is some evidence linking adherence to these with improved QoL.

Methods

Adults LWBC (specifically breast, colorectal or prostate cancer) completed a survey covering health behaviours (diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking), fatigue (FACIT‐Fatigue Scale, version 4) and a broad measure of QoL (EQ‐5D‐5L descriptive scale). Participants were categorised as meeting/not meeting WCRF recommendations, using the following cut‐offs classified as meeting the guidelines: ≥150 min physical activity/week, fruit and vegetables (≥5 portions/day), fibre (≥30 g fibre per day), free sugar (<5% of total calories from free sugar), fat (<33% total energy), red meat (<500 g/week), processed meat (none), alcohol consumption (<14 units/week) and not a current smoker. Logistic regression analyses explored associations between WCRF adherence and fatigue and QoL issues, controlling for demographic and clinical variables.

Results

Among 5835 individuals LWBC (mean age: 67 years, 56% female, 90% white, breast 48%, prostate 32% and colorectal 21%), 22% had severe fatigue and 72% had 1+ issue/s on the EQ‐5D‐5L. Adhering to physical activity recommendations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.88, confidence interval [CI] = 0.77–0.99), meeting various dietary recommendations (fruit and vegetables OR = 0.79; CI = 0.68–0.91, free sugar OR = 0.85; CI = 0.76–0.96, fat OR = 0.71; CI = 0.62–0.82, red meat OR = 0.65; CI = 0.50–0.85) and not smoking (OR = 0.53, CI = 0.41–0.67) were associated with decreased odds of experiencing severe fatigue. Adhering to physical activity guidelines (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.62–0.82) was also associated with decreased odds of having 1+ QoL issue/s.

Conclusions

Adherence to various WCRF recommendations, particularly the recommendation for physical activity, was associated with less fatigue and better QoL in a large UK cohort of people living with and beyond breast, colorectal or prostate cancer. Multi‐component interventions designed to support people LWBC to improve health behaviours, in line with the levels recommended by the WCRF, may also improve QoL.
Understanding the Reactivity of Diazaborinines towards the Activation of σ‐Bonds
Authors: Portela Susana , Fernández Israel
Published: April 2023

The poorly understood factors governing the small molecule activation reactions mediated by diazaborinines have been computationally explored in detail using quantum chemical tools. To this end, the activation of E−H σ‐bonds (E = H, C, Si, N, P, O, S) has been investigated. These reactions, which proceed in a concerted manner, are exergonic and, in general, associated with relatively low activation barriers. In addition, the barrier becomes lower for the E−H bonds involving the heavier element in the same group (ΔG≠: C>Si; N>P; O>S). This reactivity trend together with the mode of action of the diazaborinine system are quantitatively analyzed by means of the activation strain model of reactivity in combination with the energy decomposition analysis method.
Porous Metal‐Organic Cages Based on Rigid Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐7‐ene Type Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Gas Uptake Properties
Authors: Doñagueda Suso Beatriz , Legrand Alexandre , Weetman Catherine , Kennedy Alan R. , Fletcher Ashleigh J. , Furukawa Shuhei , Craig Gavin A.
Published: April 2023

Three new ligands containing a bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐7‐ene‐2,3,5,6‐tetracarboxydiimide unit have been used to assemble lantern‐type metal‐organic cages with the general formula [Cu4L4]. Functionalisation of the backbone of the ligands leads to distinct crystal packing motifs between the three cages, as observed with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The three cages vary in their gas sorption behaviour, and the capacity of the materials for CO2 is found to depend on the activation conditions: softer activation conditions lead to superior uptake, and one of the cages displays the highest BET surface area found for lantern‐type cages so far.
Vanol‐Supported Lanthanide Complexes for Strong Circularly Polarized Luminescence at 1550 nm
Authors: Adewuyi Joseph A. , Schley Nathan D. , Ung Gaël
Published: April 2023

Strong circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) at 1550 nm is reported for lanthanide complexes supported by Vanol; these are the first examples of coordination of Vanol to lanthanides. A change in the ligand design from a 1,1’‐bi‐2‐naphthol (in Binol) to a 2,2’‐bi‐1‐naphthol (in Vanol) results in significantly improved dissymmetry factors for (Vanol)3ErNa3 (|glum|=0.64) at 1550 nm. This is among the highest reported dissymmetry factors to date in the telecom C‐band region, and among the highest for any lanthanide complexes. Comparative solid‐state structural analysis of (Vanol)3ErNa3 and (Binol)3ErNa3 suggests that a less distorted geometry around the metal center is in part responsible for the high chiroptical metrics of (Vanol)3ErNa3. This phenomenon was further evidenced in the analogous ytterbium complex (Vanol)3YbNa3 that also exhibit a significantly improved dissymmetry factor (|glum|=0.21). This confirms and generalizes the same observation that was made in other visibly emitting, six‐coordinate lanthanide complexes. Due to their strong CPL at 1550 nm, the reported complexes are potential candidates for applications in quantum communication technologies. More importantly, our structure‐CPL activity relationship study provides guidance towards the generation of even better near‐infrared CPL emitters.
Effect of case and control definitions on genome‐wide association study (GWAS) findings
Authors: Isgut Monica , Song Kijoung , Ehm Margaret G. , Wang May Dongmei , Davitte Jonathan
Published: April 2023

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have significantly advanced our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of diseases, but case and control cohort definitions for a given disease can vary between different published studies. For example, two GWAS for the same disease using the UK Biobank data set might use different data sources (i.e., self‐reported questionnaires, hospital records, etc.) or different levels of granularity (i.e., specificity of inclusion criteria) to define cases and controls. The extent to which this variability in cohort definitions impacts the end‐results of a GWAS study is unclear. In this study, we systematically evaluated the effect of the data sources used for case and control definitions on GWAS findings. Using the UK Biobank, we selected three diseases—glaucoma, migraine, and iron‐deficiency anemia. For each disease, we designed 13 GWAS, each using different combinations of data sources to define cases and controls, and then calculated the pairwise genetic correlations between all GWAS for each disease. We found that the data sources used to define cases for a given disease can have a significant impact on GWAS end‐results, but the extent of this depends heavily on the disease in question. This suggests the need for greater scrutiny on how case cohorts are defined for GWAS.
Prediction nomogram development and validation for postoperative radiotherapy in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Timothy P. J. , David Michael , Clark Jonathan R. , Low Tsu‐Hui (Hubert) , Batstone Martin D.
Published: April 2023

Background

Predictive nomograms are useful tools to guide clinicians in estimating disease course. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients would benefit from an interactive prediction calculator that defines their levels of survival‐risk specific to their tumors to guide the use of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT).

Methods

Patients with OSCC surgically treated with curative intent at four Head and Neck Cancer Centres were recruited retrospectively for development and validation of nomograms. Predictor variables include PORT, age, T and N classification, surgical margins, perineural invasion, and lymphovascular invasion. Outcomes were disease‐free, disease‐specific, and overall survivals over 5 years.

Results

1296 patients with OSCC were in training cohort for nomogram analysis. Algorithms were developed to show relative benefit of PORT in survivals for higher‐risk patients. External validation on 1212 patients found the nomogram to be robust with favorable discrimination and calibration.

Conclusion

The proposed calculator can assist clinicians and patients in the decision‐making process for PORT.
Spatiotemporal variability of stable isotopes in precipitation and stream water in a high elevation tropical catchment in the Central Andes of Colombia
Authors: Tangarife‐Escobar Andrés , Koeniger Paul , López‐Moreno Juan Ignacio , Botía Santiago , Ceballos‐Liévano Jorge Luis
Published: April 2023

The Colombian Andean Mountains include the headwaters of the main basins of the country. However, the isotope composition of water in these high mountain ecosystems has been poorly studied. In this study, we analysed the first set of stable isotope data collected along a wide elevation range (2600–4950 m a.s.l.) in the Central Andes of Colombia. The stable isotope composition of stream water and precipitation was determined for a period between 2017 and 2018 in the Upper Claro River basin. The driving factors influencing the spatial and temporal variability of δ2H, δ18O, and d‐excess were identified, and compared with daily air temperature and precipitation data from seven meteorological stations. The local regression line was described by δ2H = 8.2 δ18O + 12.3, R2 = 0.98. The δ2H and δ18O values showed more depletion in heavy isotopes, and the d‐excess values were more negative during the rainy season. An altitude effect of −0.11‰/100 m and −0.18‰/100 m was estimated for stream water and precipitation δ18O values, respectively, with the latter showing non‐linear behaviour. The dataset was compared with Colombian stations of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation database, and a back‐trajectory analysis of air masses was conducted and compared with the d‐excess values. The δ18O weighted mean values changed with respect to the position in the Central Andes, indicating contrasting altitude effects depending on the moisture sources. The most positive d‐excess values were attributed to moisture recycling enhanced by local ecosystem conditions and the origin of precipitation from the Amazon basin, which change during the year and across the northern Andes. The results showed a high level of variation because of differences in elevation, seasonality, and atmospheric circulation patterns during the year. This study contributes to knowledge of spatial and temporal isotope composition data in the northern Andes, delineation of water supply basins, and to the definition of ecosystem boundaries in the high mountains of Colombia.
Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology: Guidelines for the management of anal canal cancer
Authors: Valadão Marcus , Riechelmann Rachel P. , Silva José Antonio Cunha e , Mali Jorge , Azevedo Bruno , Aguiar Samuel , Araújo Rodrigo , Feitoza Mario , Coelho Eid , Rosa Arthur Accioly , Jay Naomi , Braun Alexcia Camila , Pinheiro Rodrigo , Salvador Héber
Published: April 2023

Background

Anal canal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a relatively uncommon neoplasia, and it is mostly a local‐regional cancer, of low metastatic potential (only 15%), resulting in cure in most cases treated with definitive chemoradiation. On the other hand, its incidence has been steadily increasing over the last decades, which makes it an important public health problem. In an effort to provide surgeons and oncologists who treat patients with anal cancer with the most updated information based on the best scientific evidence, the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology (SBCO) has produced the present guideline for the management of anal canal SCC, focused on the main topics related to daily clinical practice.

Objectives

The SBCO developed the present guidelines to provide recommendations on the main topics related to the management of anal canal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) based on current scientific evidence.

Methods

Between October 2022 and January 2023, 14 experts met to develop the guidelines for the management of anal canal cancer. A total of 30 relevant topics were distributed among the participants. The methodological quality of a final list with 121 sources was evaluated, all the evidence was examined and revised, and the management guidelines were formulated by the 14‐expert committee. To reach a final consensus, all the topics were reviewed in a meeting that was attended by all the experts.

Results

The proposed guidelines contained 30 topics considered to be highly relevant in the management of anal canal cancer, covering subjects related to screening recommendations, preventive measures, tests required for diagnosing and staging, treatment strategies, response assessment after chemoradiotherapy, surgical technique‐related aspects, and follow‐up recommendations. In addition, screening and response assessment algorithms, and a checklist were proposed to summarize the important information and offer an updated tool to assist surgeons and oncologists who treat anal canal cancer and in providing the best care to their patients.

Conclusion

These guidelines summarize recommendations based on the most current scientific evidence on relevant aspects of anal canal cancer management and are a practical guide to help surgeons and oncologists who treat anal canal cancer make the best therapeutic decisions.
Single gene non‐invasive prenatal screening for autosomal dominant conditions in a high‐risk cohort
Authors: Adams Sophie , Llorin Hannah , Maher Olivia , Dean Meghan , Dobson Lori J. , Gbur Sam , Foster Judith , McElhinney Sarah , Evans Chloe , Kelly Hannah , Wilkins‐Haug Louise , Guseh Stephanie , Gray Kathryn J.
Published: April 2023

Purpose

To determine the utility of single gene non‐invasive prenatal screening (NIPS‐SGD) in a high‐risk reproductive genetics clinic.

Methods

A clinical pilot for NIPS‐SGD was conducted from March 2020 to November 2021. A NIPS‐SGD panel assessing pathogenic variants in 30 genes was offered to pregnant individuals for the following indications: (1) advanced sperm age ≥40 years, (2) nuchal translucency (NT) ≥ 3.5 mm, (3) fetal anomaly, or (4) family history of a condition covered by the panel. Diagnostic testing was offered concurrently.

Results

NIPS‐SGD was ordered for 253 individuals: 88 (34.8%) for fetal anomalies, 96 (37.9%) for advanced sperm age, 37 (14.6%) for increased NT, and 5 (2.0%) for family history. Among 228 (90.1%) completed tests, 8 (3.5%) were positive. Diagnostic testing for 78 individuals revealed no false positive or negative results. Of 41 (25.9%) individuals who received a molecular diagnosis, 34 (82.9%) were outside the scope of NIPS‐SGD. Positive NIPS‐SGD altered medical management in five cases.

Conclusions

NIPS‐SGD in a high‐risk population can lead to earlier prenatal diagnosis, enhanced surveillance, and targeted genetic analysis, but should not replace clinically indicated diagnostic testing. Potential incidental findings include parental diagnoses and misattributed parentage.
Effects of the universal positive behavioral interventions and supports on collective teacher efficacy
Authors: Michael Demos , Goutas Theodoros , Tsigilis Nikolaos , Michaelidou Victoria , Gregoriadis Athanasios , Charalambous Vicky , Vrasidas Charalambos
Published: April 2023

There is a rich literature about the benefits of the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) for schools. However, evidence on teacher‐related outcomes is relatively limited. The current study examines the effect of the PBIS Tier 1 implementation on collective teacher efficacy (CTE). Participants were 530 teachers from 60 primary schools in Cyprus and Greece, who completed the Collective Teacher Efficacy Belief Scale (CTEBS) before and after a 1‐year PBIS implementation. The Greek language version of the instrument was tested and validated. Results were in line with the original two‐dimensional structure of instructional strategies and behavioral management, with adequate internal consistency (ω = 0.89 and ω = 0.87, respectively). Multilevel analyses showed that premeasurement and Tier 1 implementation fidelity along with selected teachers’ demographic characteristics accounted for a considerable amount of variance of CTE's both dimensions (30.84% and 25.43% for instructional strategies and behavioral management, respectively). The results suggest that PBIS Tier 1 training and subsequent implementation contributes to teachers’ collective belief that they can provide quality teaching opportunities and manage unexpected behaviors as a team. Schools are encouraged to consider the application of whole‐school approaches for improvement and actively engage all school staff in their efforts. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Study on the cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether initiated by dual active species based on [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] and its mechanism
Authors: Zhao Chenqi , Yan Penghua , Liu Ruofan , Li Wei , Jin Yushun , shi Qisong , Wu Yibo
Published: April 2023

The cationic polymerization of isobutene vinyl ether(IBVE) contains waters system was achieved by using triphenylmethylium tetrakis‐(pentafluorophenyl)borate [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], which overcame the harsh experimental requirements of traditional cationic polymerization. The influences of water content, solvent polarity, and reaction temperature on polymerization were studied. The end structure of the polymer was analyzed by 1H‐NMR. Combined with the effect of the proton trapping agent and triethylamine salt which can trap [H+], it was found that there was a reversible equilibrium between [Ph3C+] and [H+] active species during the polymerization process. The cationic polymerizations of isobutyl vinyl ether were initiated by these two active species simultaneously. The controllable cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether was achieved by the addition of ethyl methyl carbonate and ethyl benzoate. Gaussian 09 W simulation confirms the polymerization mechanism.
Improving Entanglement Generation Using the Coherence of a Nonthermal Reservoir
Authors: Li Xiao‐Ming , Man Zhong‐Xiao , Xia Yun‐Jie
Published: April 2023

The effect of environmental coherence on bipartite and tripartite quantum entanglements using quantum collision models is studied. In the collision model, an open quantum system of two qubits indirectly interacts with the reservoir via auxiliary qubits. The reservoir is modeled as a collection of initially uncorrelated qubits prepared in an identically nonthermal state. It is shown that the coherence of the nonthermal reservoir contributes to the generation and protection of entanglement. It is found that adding coherence to the initial state of the reservoir qubit can significantly enhance the steady‐state entanglement of the system, and the presence of coherence in the reservoir allows steady‐state entanglement to be obtained in a higher temperature region.
A portrait of Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound training programs in Europe: Current practices and opportunities for improvement
Authors: de Campos Sara Teles , Arvanitakis Marianna , Devière Jacques
Published: April 2023

Background

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and EUS are challenging procedures requiring a high level of expertise to provide effective and safe patient care. Thus, high‐quality training is needed to achieve competence. We aimed to evaluate the status of European ERCP/EUS training programs, to evaluate adherence to international recommendations, and to propose possible solutions for future improvements.

Methods

A web‐based survey was developed and ERCP/EUS experts and trainees across Europe were invited to participate.

Results

Forty‐one experts (out of 50; 82%) and 30 trainees (out of 70; 42.9%) from 18 countries answered the questionnaire. The training program application process is mainly driven by individual requests (87.8%). All surveyed departments offer combined ERCP/EUS training and the majority have adequate facilities and trainers. Although centers are high‐volume and provide long‐term fellowships, trainee hands‐on exposure is not very high (43% expect to do (or did) 100–150 ERCPs and 69% up to 150 EUSs). A formal curriculum is in place in 53.7% centers, including simulation‐training in 27.3%. Competence is assessed in 65.7% of centers, but validated tools are applied in only 33.3%.

Conclusions

This survey first provides an overview of ERCP/EUS training programs across Europe. It shows that there is adherence to international guidelines to a certain degree, but several gaps in the application process, use of simulators for training, training curriculum and assessment of performance have been recognized. Overcoming these shortcomings could serve as a basis for further improvement in ERCP/EUS training.
Dynamic response of a one‐dimensional hexagonal quasicrystal rod in the framework of fractional‐order thermoelasticity
Authors: Li Ying , Zhou Yan‐Bin
Published: April 2023

Based on the fractional‐order thermoelastic theory, the dynamic response of a finite quasicrystal (QC) rod fixed at both ends and subjected to a moving heat source is analyzed. The governing equations of one‐dimensional (1D) hexagonal QC rod are derived. And then the numerical solution is obtained by using the Laplace transform and its numerical inversion. The effects of time; the velocity of heat source; and fractional‐order parameter on displacement, stress, and temperature of the QCs are discussed and compared with classical materials in this paper.
Detectors in weakly-coupled field theories
Authors: Caron-Huot Simon , Koloğlu Murat , Kravchuk Petr , Meltzer David , Simmons-Duffin David
Published: April 2023

Abstract

We initiate a study of asymptotic detector operators in weakly-coupled field theories. These operators describe measurements that can be performed at future null infinity in a collider experiment. In a conformal theory they can be identified with light-ray operators, and thus have a direct relation to the spectrum of the theory. After a general discussion of the underlying physical picture, we show how infrared divergences of general detector operators can be renormalized in perturbation theory, and how they give rise to detector anomalous dimensions. We discuss in detail how this renormalization can be performed at the intersections of the Regge trajectories where non-trivial mixing occurs, which is related to the poles in anomalous dimensions at special values of spin. Finally, we discuss novel horizontal trajectories in scalar theories and show how they contribute to correlation functions. Our calculations are done in the example of ϕ4 theory in d = 4 − ϵ dimensions, but the methods are applicable more broadly. At the Wilson-Fisher fixed point our results include an explicit expression for the Pomeron light-ray operator at two loops, as well as a prediction for the value of the Regge intercept at five loops.
On the viability of a light scalar spectrum for 3-3-1 models
Authors: Cherchiglia A. L. , Peres O. L. G.
Published: April 2023

Abstract

In this work we study an effective version of the 3-3-1 model, in which the particle content is the same of the 2HDM. We show that the inherited structure from the SU(3)C ⊗ SU(3)L ⊗ U(1)X gauge group has a series of consequences, the most relevant one being the prediction of the masses of the neutral scalar to be of the order or lower than the mass of the charged scalar. Given current constraints from collider searches, B-physics, as well as theoretical constraints such as perturbativity of quartic couplings and stability of the scalar potential, we find that the new scalars cannot be lighter than 350 GeV.
One-loop inelastic amplitudes from tree-level elasticity in 2d
Authors: Polvara Davide
Published: April 2023

Abstract

We investigate the perturbative integrability of different quantum field theories in 1+1 dimensions at one loop. Starting from massive bosonic Lagrangians with polynomial-like potentials and absence of inelastic processes at the tree level, we derive a formula reproducing one-loop inelastic amplitudes for arbitrary numbers of external legs. We show that any one-loop inelastic amplitude is equal to its tree-level version, in which the masses of particles and propagators are corrected by one-loop bubble diagrams. These amplitudes are nonzero in general and counterterms need to be added to the Lagrangian to restore the integrability at one loop. For the class of simply-laced affine Toda theories, we show that the necessary counterterms are obtained by scaling the potential with an overall multiplicative factor, proving in this way the one-loop integrability of these models. Even though we focus on bosonic theories with polynomial-like interactions, we expect that the on-shell techniques used in this paper to compute amplitudes can be applied to several other models.
Bi-η and bi-λ deformations of ℤ4 permutation supercosets
Authors: Hoare Ben , Levine Nat , Seibold Fiona K.
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Integrable string sigma models on AdS3 backgrounds with 16 supersymmetries have the distinguishing feature that their superisometry group is a direct product. As a result the deformation theory of these models is particularly rich since the two supergroups in the product can be deformed independently. We construct bi-η and bi-λ deformations of two classes of ℤ4 permutation supercoset sigma models, which describe sectors of the Green-Schwarz and pure-spinor string worldsheet theories on type II AdS3 backgrounds with pure R-R flux. We discuss an important limit of these models when one supergroup is undeformed. The associated deformed supergravity background should preserve 8 supersymmetries and is expected to have better properties than the full bi-deformation. As a step towards investigating the quantum properties of these models, we study the two-loop RG flow of the bosonic truncation of the bi-λ deformation.
A comparison of the chemo- and radiotoxicity of thorium and uranium at different enrichment grades
Authors: Rump A. , Hermann C. , Lamkowski A. , Popp T. , Port M.
Published: April 2023

Uranium and thorium are heavy metals, and all of their isotopes are radioactive, so it is impossible to study chemical effects entirely independent of the radiation effects. In the present study, we tried to compare the chemo- and radiotoxicity of both metals, taking into account deterministic radiation damages reflected by acute radiation sickness and stochastic radiation damages leading to long-term health impairments (e.g., tumor induction). We made at first a literature search on acute median lethal doses that may be expected to be caused by chemical effects, as even acute radiation sickness as a manifestation of acute radiotoxicity occurs with latency. By simulations based on the biokinetic models of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and using the Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis software, we determined the amounts of uranium at different enrichment grades and thorium-232 leading to a short-term red bone marrow equivalent dose of 3.5 Sv considered to cause 50% lethality in humans. Different intake pathways for incorporation were considered, and values were compared to the mean lethal doses by chemotoxicity. To assess stochastic radiotoxicity, we calculated the uranium and thorium amounts leading to a committed effective dose of 200 mSv that is often considered critical. Mean lethal values for uranium and thorium are in the same order of magnitude so that the data do not give evidence for substantial differences in acute chemical toxicity. When comparing radiotoxicity, the reference units (activity in Bq or weight in g) must always be taken into account. The mean lethal equivalent dose to the red bone marrow of 3.5 Sv is reached by lower activities of thorium compared to uranium in soluble compounds. However, for uranium as well as thorium-232, acute radiation sickness is expected only after incorporation of amounts exceeding the mean lethal doses by chemotoxicity. Thus, acute radiation sickness is not a relevant clinical issue for either metal. Concerning stochastic radiation damages, thorium-232 is more radiotoxic than uranium if incorporating the same activities. Using weight units for comparison show that for soluble compounds, thorium-232 is more radiotoxic than low-enriched uranium in the case of ingestion but even more toxic than high-enriched uranium after inhalation or intravenous administration. For insoluble compounds, the situation differs as the stochastic radiotoxicity of thorium-232 ranges between depleted and natural uranium. For acute effects, the chemotoxicity of uranium, even at high enrichment grades, as well as thorium-232 exceeds deterministic radiotoxicity. Simulations show that thorium-232 is more radiotoxic than uranium expressed in activity units. If the comparison is based on weight units, the rankings depend on the uranium enrichment grades and the route of intake.
On the Domino Shuffle and Matrix Refactorizations
Authors: Chhita Sunil , Duits Maurice
Published: April 2023

This paper is motivated by computing correlations for domino tilings of the Aztec diamond. It is inspired by two of the three distinct methods that have recently been used in the simplest case of a doubly periodic weighting, that is, the two-periodic Aztec diamond. One of the methods, powered by the domino shuffle, involves inverting the Kasteleyn matrix giving correlations through the local statistics formula. Another of the methods, driven by a Wiener–Hopf factorization for two-by-two matrix-valued functions, involves the Eynard–Mehta Theorem. For arbitrary weights, the Wiener–Hopf factorization can be replaced by an LU- and UL-decomposition, based on a matrix refactorization, for the product of the transition matrices. This paper shows that, for arbitrary weightings of the Aztec diamond, the evolution of the face weights under the domino shuffle and the matrix refactorization is the same. In particular, these dynamics can be used to find the inverse of the LGV matrix in the Eynard–Mehta Theorem.
Low-field 0.55 T MRI evaluation of the fetus
Authors: Ponrartana Skorn , Nguyen HaiThuy N. , Cui Sophia X. , Tian Ye , Kumar Prakash , Wood John C. , Nayak Krishna S.
Published: April 2023

Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important adjunct modality for the evaluation of fetal abnormalities. Recently, low-field MRI systems at 0.55 Tesla have become available which can produce images on par with 1.5 Tesla systems but with lower power deposition, acoustic noise, and artifact. In this article, we describe a technical innovation using low-field MRI to perform diagnostic quality fetal MRI.
Consumption of Energy Drinks among Italian University students: a cross-sectional multicenter study
Authors: Protano Carmela , Valeriani Federica , De Giorgi Andrea , Angelillo Silvia , Bargellini Annalisa , Bianco Aida , Bianco Lavinia , Caggiano Giuseppina , Colucci Maria Eugenia , Coniglio Maria Anna , Dallolio Laura , De Giglio Osvalda , Di Giuseppe Gabriella , Elhadidy Heba Safwat Mhmoued Abdo , Gioffrè Maria Eufemia , Laganà Pasqualina , Licata Francesca , Marchesi Isabella , Masini Alice , Montagna Maria Teresa , Napoli Christian , Orsi Giovanni Battista , Pasquarella Cesira , Pelullo Concetta Paola , Paduano Stefania , Sacchetti Rossella , Scaioli Giacomo , Siliquini Roberta , Veronesi Licia , Liguori Giorgio , Spica Vincenzo Romano , Vitali Matteo , Gallè Francesca
Published: April 2023

Purpose

The aim of the study was to evaluate the caffeinated Energy Drinks (EDs) consumption among a large sample of Italian undergraduates and its association with some of the major lifestyle risk factors.

Methods

Students attending twelve public Italian universities were involved between October 2021 and May 2022. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, ED consumption, and on health-related behaviors of participants was collected by the use of a web-based questionnaire.

Results

A total of 2165 students participated in the study and 15.2% of them reported having used caffeinated EDs in the last six months, mainly once a month (41.5%). In comparison with non-users, ED users showed a higher proportion of males (p < 0.001) and a higher father’s educational level (p = 0.003), came mainly from Northern universities (p = 0.004) and life sciences degree courses (p < 0.001). Besides, ED users reported higher BMI values (p = 0.003), more particular dietary regimens (p < 0.001), higher levels of weekly moderate–vigorous physical activity (p < 0.001) and participation in sports (p < 0.001) and in team sports (p = 0.003), and higher proportion of smokers (p < 0.001) and alcohol drinkers (p = 0.005). ED use was negatively related with female gender (OR 0.546; 95% CI 0.374–0.798), the Mediterranean diet (OR 0.587; 95% CI 0.362–0.951) and coming from the center of Italy (OR 0.500; 95% CI 0.275–0.909) and positively associated with tobacco smoke (OR 1.712; 95% CI 1.176–2.492) and participation in a team sport (OR 1.686; 95% CI 1.051–2.707).

Conclusion

These findings could encourage figures engaged in education to increase the students’ awareness on this issue in order to prevent the excessive use of EDs and associated unhealthy behaviors, especially in the most interested subgroups.
Endothelial dysfunction in children with newly diagnosed Graves’ disease
Authors: Gamal Yasser , Badawy Ahlam , Ali Ahmed M. , Farghaly Hekma Saad , Metwalley Kotb Abbass , Gaber Noha , Allam Momtaz Thabet , Farouk Yasser
Published: April 2023

The most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism in children is Graves’ disease (GD). Vascular endothelium is a specific target of thyroid hormone. The purpose of this study is to assess flow-mediated dilatation (FMD)% and serum von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in children with newly diagnosed GD to reflect the extent of endothelial dysfunction in those children. In this study, 40 children with newly discovered GD and 40 children who were healthy served as the control group. Both patients and controls had anthropometric assessment, as well as measurements of fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), TSH, and free thyroxine (FT4 and FT3), thyrotropin receptor antibodies TRAbs and vWF. Noninvasive ultrasound was utilized to quantify the carotid arteries’ intima-media thickness and the brachial artery’s FMD. Patients reported significantly reduced FMD response and greater vWF and hs-CRP levels compared to controls (P = 0.001 for each). In multivariate analysis, we reported that vWF was significantly correlated with TSH (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.32–5.32, P = 0.001), FT3 (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.45–3.55, P = 0.001), TRAb (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.16–2.23, P = 0.01), and FMD% (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.18–8.23, P = 0.001).

  Conclusions: Children with newly diagnosed GD have endothelial dysfunction, which is shown by impaired FMD and increased vWF. These findings support the idea that GD may need to be treated as soon as possible.

What is Known:• Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children.• vWF is a reliable marker for detection of vascular endothelial dysfunction.

What is New:• Children with newly diagnosed Graves' disease may have endothelial dysfunction as reflected by impairment of FMD and raised vWF level.• Measurement of vWF level in children with newly diagnosed Graves' disease can be used for early detection of endothelial dysfunction.
Deep low-salinity groundwater in sedimentary basins: petrophysical methods from a case study in Somalia
Authors: Quiroga Elizabeth , Bertoni Claudia , Ruden Fridtjov
Published: April 2023

Oil and gas exploration data for the Northern Somalia and Horn of Africa region have been utilised for deep freshwater resources exploration. This unique geophysical and petrophysical dataset is integrated into a regional hydrogeological study and it allows for targeting of unmapped and unknown deep aquifers that would otherwise be beyond the conventional reach of the groundwater sector. The database includes open-hole well logging surveys (resistivity, gamma ray, and spontaneous potential), mud logging and drill stem test (DST) data. The results from the data analysis are combined with the geological interpretation to assess the freshwater potential of each mapped hydrostratigraphic unit in the region. The results highlight the presence of several previously unknown deep low-to-medium salinity (<9  g/L total dissolved solids (TDS)) aquifers within the Jurassic to Eocene units, including the Adigrat, Hamanlei, Gabredarre, Gumburo, Jessoma, and Auradu formations. With tested intervals of water containing less than 3.8 g/L total dissolved solids, the Auradu, Jessoma, and Gumburo formations are the most promising deep freshwater aquifers. Additional results on the analysis of groundwater parameters, such as hydraulic head, provide the basis for further groundwater modelling. The results show that the method has good potential, in particular for use in drought-stricken areas of arid regions. Ultimately, the results from this region have global significance, as the method can provide a new means of boosting fresh groundwater resources in water-poor regions, and supporting sustainable development and utilization of the resources in the medium and long term.