bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Have You Not Been Sophisticated?”
Authors: Rosenthal Laura J.
Published: May 2021

This book demonstrates how the figure of the actress in the eighteenth century evokes her Restoration origins and commonly performs roles that demand the transformation of provincialism to worldliness. William Congreve's best-known comedy of this period, Love for Love, reprises the Restoration by reviving The Country Wife's Margery Pinchwife in the character of Miss Prue. By reaching back to Margery, Congreve created an iconic figure who continued to resonate back to the Restoration in all of her various embodiments. The iconic provincial girls of the Restoration and eighteenth-century stage became closely associated with particular actresses, whose reputed life stories mirrored the character of the rustic girl in her transformation from country naïveté to worldly (and global) sophistication by way of the theater. The chapter explores Miss Prue and her close association with Frances Abington, then looks back to Margery Pinchwife and her association with Elizabeth Boutell. The chapter turns to perhaps the most memorable of these provincials: Polly Peachum in The Beggar's Opera, inextricably associated with the life and art of Lavinia Fenton.
Victors Victorious
Authors: Crotty Martin , Diamant Neil J. , Edele Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Australia after World War I and the United States after World War II, which are considered the best-case scenarios in terms of veteran outcomes as they were generously rewarded by politicians. It highlights Australia and America's soldiers who were widely respected by the societies to which they returned, providing significant boosts to their vertical and horizontal status. It also considers cases where victorious veterans were compensated reasonably well for their wartime service and sacrifice, which challenges the intuitive or commonsensical notion that victory is a predictor of high status and generous rewards for veterans. The chapter talks about veterans who claimed that they had defeated expansionist German militarism, Nazism, Italian fascism, and Japanese aggression. It describes how the states, for which the veterans had fought and survived the war, could be held to the commitments they had made to soldiers.
Survival and Despair in Dystopia
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers the grassroots departure point for local regime decisions in which frequent attempts to get help through the system seldom achieved results as some party members failed to get assistance when they wrote petitions. It talks about urban ingenuity that existed at the margins of legality for those who took the initiative to effect repairs by their own labor and through informal connections managed to restore a dignified existence. It also refers to officials who condoned construction that lacked central approval and used labor and materials from the barter economy. The chapter explains how a church community could restore its dilapidated building through internal donations and labor and the black market. It talks about West squatters in Leipzig who were openly breaking laws about capitalist property ownership to demand drastic social change.
Urban Ingenuity Underground
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how local officials who were frustrated that the system failed to yield results turned to unofficial connections, funding from opaque financial reserves, and clandestine construction without the approval from central authorities. It reviews diverse sources that outline the mechanics of the unofficial economy. It also illustrates how local officials embraced an urban ingenuity that steadily turned toward producing illegal structures (Schwarzbauten). The chapter elaborates the trend from the mid-1970s onward that culminated with the Bowlingtreff, a postmodern people's palace atop a vast subterranean recreational wonderland right across from city hall. It recounts how local officials strove to offer the dejected populace architectural symbols to prove that they still had the capacity to act in the public interest while working around the centralized economy.
The Universalist Dimensions of Antagonism
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on two recent controversies in which Slavoj Žižek has been embroiled — the European refugee crisis and the issue of Eurocentrism — to illustrate the two universalist dimensions of antagonism. The two controversies are, of course, directly pertinent to international development, since the one (the refugee crisis) is closely entwined with North–South relations and the global politics of inequality, while the other (Eurocentrism) is a key cause of concern for those (postcolonial, decolonial) development theorists and practitioners focusing on continuing patterns of Western domination. Žižek's stand on both issues has been the subject of notable disapproval, if not denunciation. Critics reproach him for being Eurocentric and even racist, charges which he has repeatedly countered. The chapter examines the differing theoretical and political positions in these debates, underlining what Žižek's critics miss or misunderstand about the key notion of antagonism.
When Sex = (Socially Constructed) Gender, What Is Lost, Politically?
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the Lacanian view that sexual difference is neither a biological position nor a discursive construct but a negative ontological category. Sex thus refers to the condition of being split — out of joint and never whole. This contrasts sharply with recent feminist theory's tendency to ignore sexual difference in favor of gender as social construction, which has caused it to overlook the negativity and “trouble” inherent in sex, thereby missing an important way of radicalizing feminist politics. The chapter focuses on two recent variants of the gender and development literature — postmodern feminism and Butlerian performativity — arguing that each prescribes a politics founded on discursivity that yields to a timid and fragmented politics that is ultimately unthreatening to the neoliberal and patriarchal capitalist order. It seeks to valorize instead a feminist politics of development centered on sex as the domain of the “too much” and the “not enough,” amenable to both a more radical politics and universal collective action.
Introduction
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the portrayals of Middle America. How can such a beating-heart section of the country, the very cradle of regionalism, psychically ground and spiritually anchor a nation while simultaneously serving as its ultimate cautionary tale? Those who chose to leave Middle America sometimes hear in its portrayals a chilling message: Middle America is a place to avoid getting stuck in, a place whose fatalistic machinations the monied and mobile do well to escape. Many regionalists present Middle Americans as a Gothic people, from cradle to grave as mindful of death and dying as of living and thriving. Their stories and canvases illuminate an almost funereal-life-art practiced with fidelity in the heartland, where fictional characters and real-life citizens alike undertake the difficult task of living passionately and purposefully against a backdrop of finite and sometimes tragic limits. For true regionalists, however, the homegrown Gothic amounts to much more than mere pessimism or fatalism; it is an homage to Death, Life's less heralded twin, an animating force no less instructive and no less worthy of its own pages.
Life and Death in Oz
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter illustrates how the author came to Kansas to seek answers for how to bring a rural town back to life. Like much of the region known as the “Big Empty,” portions of central and western Kansas are experiencing such profound depopulation that they have taken a page from the Homestead Act and begun to offer free land to a new generation of hoped-for homesteaders. The youth out-migration problem there is so pernicious and long-standing that it has now been battled by multiple generations. As far back as 1966, editors at the state's leading newspapers, including the Lawrence Daily Journal-World, owned the problem by name in a column entitled “Our Brain Drain.” Forty-some years later, in 2008, the same story was told by NPR's Noah Adams. The author met up with the good folks of Tescott, Kansas, population approximately three hundred, whose creative city burghers have offered free land to families willing to build a home on the city-owned lots next to the K–12 school the town has fought to keep.
Opening the Crates
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Marie Gouret and Alexandre Phaneuf, two technicians with different backgrounds and expertise who work together in the shipping area. It analyzes the specificity of archival objects at the start of their archival trajectory at the Canadian Centre of Architecture (CCA). It also pays close attention to Gouret and Phaneuf's relationships with the objects in order to sketch the specificity of their practices. The chapter explains how objects are often surrounded and comforted by those who look after them and follow them, emphasizing the variety of trajectories of travel between institutions and sites. It talks about the use of photographs, which help recollect ethnographic situations and retain details, atmospheres, and flavors of actions, speeds and rhythms.
Conclusion
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter brings together a number of moves under different collectors that redefine an archive as a heterogeneous and relational aggregate that captures the distributed epistemic nature of an architectural oeuvre. It outlines archival ways of knowing that suggest how architecture can be grasped as a versatile addition of built forms. It also examines a composite understanding of architecture which causes a rethinking of what collections do to history, to architectural knowledge and its institutions. The chapter emphasizes how archiving discovers a history of architectural forms that unfolds as a diagram of active forces to challenge and reactualize the distributed ontological boundaries of buildings. It describes archiving as a semantic machine that continually evolves and develops possible futures for architecture.
Visualizing “International” and Korean-Japanese Marriage in Print Media
Authors: Kim Su Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses married life and the sensationalization of interracial marriages in print culture, and examines “international” marriages in newspapers and magazines, including Yŏsŏng (Women). It explains how the print media embraced “internationally” married couples as celebrities in the mid-1930s, specifically couples that consisted of Korean and non-Korean or non-Japanese partners. It also explores essays and interviews featured in the magazine Naisen ittai, looking at descriptions of the married life of Korean–Japanese couples. The chapter illustrates the ways the international marriage discourse strengthened the already widespread desire for Western-style homes and emphasizes the cosmopolitan impulses of this desire. It argues that the sensationalist stories and essays that contributed to the “sweet home” discourse accommodated and strengthened the Korean–Japanese intermarriage ideology by creating a new cosmopolitan model of “intimacy” for all forms of intermarriage.
Preventing Coups d’état
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how the decision to prioritize coup prevention is a rational one. It explains that the threat of a coup is more immediate and unpredictable than the threat posed by civil war or international conflict. It describes a range of coup-proofing strategies that rulers adopt to hinder military effectiveness, reinforce ethnic and political divides, and drain financial resources. The chapter shows that counterbalancing the military with coercive institutions outside the regular military chain of command increases the risk that coup attempts will fail. It highlights that understanding how counterbalancing works can help predict where coup attempts will occur, whether they will succeed, and how violent they are likely to be. It points out that coups are the most common way dictatorships begin and end, and that even failed coup attempts can have deleterious effects. The chapter also talks about how rulers design their coercive institutions, and discusses how counterweights might help insulate rulers from successful coups, but weakens the state in a number of ways. It then states that the way rulers organize their coercive institutions affects the survival of their regimes. Finally, it discusses how coup plotters begin their efforts to seize power by recruiting potential supporters, and the potential costs to the perpetrators if the coup fails.
Counterbalancing and Coup Failure
Authors: De Bruin Erica
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses the predictions of the theory using a new dataset that tracks how rulers organize and use the presidential guards, police, and other coercive institutions under their command. The dataset includes 110 countries between 1960 and 2010. Because it includes fine-grained information on features of individual security forces, including the chain of command through which each force reports to the regime and where it is deployed, the dataset allows for the development of more precise measures of counterbalancing than previously possible. It first presents descriptive data on the frequency with which rulers counterbalance and how the use of counterbalancing varies across countries and over time. It then tests statistically the argument that counterbalancing is associated with coup failure. In order to test arguments about the determinants of coup failure, the chapter also compiles new data on the identity of coup plotters in four hundred coup attempts. The chapter considers competing explanations for the negative association between counterbalancing and coup success, which posit that some other factor might explain both counterweights and coup outcomes, but shows that available evidence is inconsistent with them. The finding that counterbalancing makes coups less likely to succeed helps explain why some leaders have successfully prevented military coups, while others have not.
Two Cultures, One Throne Room
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about American historians of Muscovite Russia that have come to believe that the health, prosperity, and survival of the Muscovite state depended on the maintenance of a consensus among members of the ruling elite and the monarch. It examines how the Muscovite state lacked the wealth, the bureaucratic reach, and the military power to compel obedience from all its subjects that it had to rely on symbolic action to maintain a consensus. It also analyzes the Golden Hall, one of the two main throne rooms of Muscovite Russia, and in particular the murals there, as one site where ideas may have passed between the educated church elite and the far less educated secular elite. The chapter describes the murals that were painted after the great Moscow fire of 1547, which illustrated major themes current in ecclesiastical thinking about politics. It explains how visual means have educated illiterate courtiers to the fundamental tenets of Orthodox political culture.
Ivan the Terrible as a Carolingian ­Renaissance Prince
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter cites Michael Cherniavsky's imaginative and original but unconvincing attempt to align the image of Ivan the Terrible with literary ruler images and actual rulers in contemporary, sixteenth-century Western Europe. It aligns Muscovy with European history and suggests that the most appropriate comparison for the Muscovy of Ivan IV is early medieval, rather than early modern, Western Europe. It also details the type of evidence that Cherniavsky used on what are generally called “literary” texts from Ivan's reign and the period immediately following. The chapter explains how the assertion that Muscovite political ideas were independent of religion and contradicts many of Cherniavsky's own conclusions leads to a very distorted view of early modern Russian political culture. It talks about comparisons of Carolingian Europe and Muscovy that inevitably produce the impression that Muscovy was “backward.”
God, Tsar, and People
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides a background on the crucial role of fictions in history and in current lives, a role arguably bigger than that played by any other force, human or even natural. It mentions Yuval Noah Harari's claim that cultural skill allowed humans to first organize themselves into political or social units larger than a few tens of individuals. It also reviews developments in Russian culture that made the creation and preservation of the Muscovite state possible. The chapter explains how Muscovite culture was more effective as social cement than the broader, more diffuse, and more divided cultures of the West. It explores some of the themes that Muscovite churchmen created and elaborated, like the importance of the Old Testament to the historical thinking of Muscovy.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Sangjoon
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the historical, social, cultural, and intellectual constitution of the first postwar pan-Asian cinema network during the two decades after the Korean War armistice in July 1953. It argues that Asia's film cultures and industries were shaped by the practice of transnational collaboration and competition between newly independent and colonial states, with financial and administrative support from US institutions. It also looks at the network of motion picture executives, creative personnel, policy makers, and intellectuals in Asia at the height of the Cold War and beyond. The chapter shows how Asians aspired to rationalize and industrialize a system of mass production by initiating a regional organization. It identifies the cultural, economic, and political logic that gave rise to and modified the Federation of Motion Picture Producers in Southeast Asia and the Southeast Asian Film Festival.
Constructing the Anticommunist Producers’ Alliance
Authors: Lee Sangjoon
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the strategic significance of Hong Kong to the Asia Foundation (TAF), which was attributed to its geographical, political, and economic weight among overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. It mentions Robert Blum, who understood the importance of Hong Kong as the primary center in Asia for the production of Chinese media in the Mandarin language. It also talks about the film industry in Hong Kong that had been believed to be heavily dominated by communist producers as it had been subsidized by Chinese communist capital. The chapter identifies film production companies, such as Great Wall Pictures, The Phoenix Studio, and Dragon Horse, that had been markedly successful in local markets since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. It discusses how Great Wall Pictures was cofounded by Zhang Shankun, who is known as the king of Chinese cinema in wartime Shanghai.
Odysseus’s Apologoi and Narrative Therapy
Authors: Christensen Joel P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how Odysseus, in the telling of his own tales, may function as a poetic representation of the stages of necessary therapeutic intervention, rather than a clinical record of a patient in treatment. It argues that Odysseus's narrative shares many features with one psychological intervention, the modern counseling approach called Narrative Therapy. The Odyssey shows Odysseus using his tale of travels in order to revise his own past among the Phaeacians, ultimately re-authoring his tale and creating a sense of identity that prepares him to act in the future. This process is therapeutic for the epic's audiences as well, insofar as it advances concerns about agency and human identity explored in the epic's first few books and models the ways in which identities and concepts of action are constructed through narrative. Through Odysseus's story, the epic affirms that people can be affected negatively by their experiences, that controlling narrative is an important part of agency, and that problematic worldviews can, in fact, be rehabilitated through action and speech.
Provincial Silver Coins and the Fragmenting Chinese Monetary System, 1887–1900
Authors: Dean Austin
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Qing officials in the 1880s who believed the influx of foreign silver coins was a negative development that had to be opposed as it represented a violation of the dynasty's economic rights. It argues that strengthening the dynasty with more revenue was not the same as creating a unified national monetary system, which was an emerging goal for figures in the late Qing. It also introduces and analyzes disagreements within China about how to reform the coinage and monetary system in the context of political decentralization, including the role of silver. The chapter focuses on the intellectual and economic impetus to mint coins, as well as the problems of mint administration. It examines the tension between the power of provincial officials and the Qing central government, which acted as a constraint on the currency reform and state-building activities of the dynasty.
Conclusion
Authors: Dean Austin
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to the Beiping wuzhanshi, which chronicled the last-ditch attempts by the Nationalist government to rein in inflation and solidify its rule in the late 1940s. It describes the buying power of the fabi that continuously eroded and grew more worthless by the day, taking note of its failure than its success and early stability that dominated popular memory of the currency. It also analyses the brief debate in the late 1940s about whether the Nationalist government could extricate itself from the currency crisis by returning to a monetary system based on the metal. The chapter discusses the centralization of foreign exchange sales by the Nationalist government, which offered foreign exchange for fabi but only for legitimate and essential transactions. It recounts the establishment of a stabilization fund in 1939 by the Chinese government and British banks to help support the fabi.
New Women and Old
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Sarah Grand's The Heavenly Twins as Rachel Vinrace's unread book that is avowedly conjectural like Virginia Woolf's diaries, letters, and essays that contain no references to New Woman writers. It recounts how New Woman fiction was largely out of print and out of fashion by the time Woolf was choosing her own reading and reviewing books for publication. It also refers to Franco Moretti's bar graph “British Novelistic Genres, 1740–1900,” which constitutes one of the latest entries with one of the shortest durations. The chapter talks about fiction with a feminist purpose that is represented as unquestionably behind the times by 1915. It looks at Terence Hewet's use of the phrase “behind the times,” which implies that Vinrace lagged behind the contemporary moment that put her and her books at some distance from the present.
“They don’t want to work”
Authors: Jeske Christine
Published: May 2021

This chapter takes a look at the dominant narrative the author calls the laziness myth, exploring the origins and effects of a narrative that tells employers and employees alike that laziness is to blame for unemployment and poverty. It discusses the beliefs about laziness and about lazy people that make up the laziness myth: (1) that hard work determines who should achieve the good life, (2) that people who don't work hard are lazy, (3) that certain groups of people are especially lazy, and (4) that laziness is the source of social problems, so solving laziness should be central to solving social problems. The chapter explains the harm that the laziness myth has done using the experience of Zulu people as an example. It also presents three reasons to why the myth is just a myth: (1) because people are working hard but the myth keeps that work invisible, (2) because the causes of unemployment and poverty are systemic but the myth keeps those reasons invisible, and (3) because seemingly lazy behaviors have causes that are other than laziness.
In-Between the Public and the Private
Authors: Vauchez Antoine , Moyn Samuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter is mostly historical and accounts for the new pattern of public–private collusion that comes along the neoliberal turn of public policies from the early 1990s onward. In particular, it traces the symmetrical transformations and mutual dependence of Paris law firms and France's “regulatory state.” At a time when the notions of new public management were beginning to permeate public policy, profoundly transforming state intervention in markets, a few business law firms reshaped themselves as veritable law enterprises that offered their clients a new palette of services, from legal advice to political and government lobbying. In the wake of this transformation new alliances and new relationships were cemented between government institutions and market players. Hoping to establish the legitimacy of the regulatory turn, the proponents of the neoliberal revamping of state interventionism sought support from market professionals, whether lawyers, bankers, or other private advisers. Symmetrically, the emergence within the Paris legal profession of a powerful barreau d'affaires (corporate bar) played out in the proximity that these new practitioners (avocats d'affaires) were able to establish with public institutions, both national and European. Thereby they positioned themselves as brokers in a business world that was then discovering the critical importance of the “regulatory state” in the construction of market positions.
Venereal Diseases
Authors: Firpo Christina Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how the treatment of venereal diseases guided the colonial policing of sex work. Colonial policies designed to slow the spread of venereal diseases by policing ended up backfiring — inadvertently driving women underground to sell sex on the black market, where infection spread all the more easily. In the late 1930s, venereal disease prevention became a useful tool for policing unregistered sex work in ways that were not permitted under the 1921 law. The chapter talks about the making of the 1921 law, patterns of venereal disease transmission in Tonkin, the fight against venereal diseases, the collaborative efforts they mad to reduce transmission in the countryside, and the informal reform of the regulation system.
Rhetoric and Routine
Authors: Heiss Mary Ann
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the Committee on Information's second three-year term from 1953 to 1955, which marks the temporal parameters on its previous term from 1950 to 1952. It examines the presidential administration in Washington that signaled stronger US anti-Soviet rhetoric at the United Nations and a more overt effort to use the Committee on Information for propaganda purposes. It also investigates the Cold War's expansion beyond Europe and the first expression of developing world consciousness in the Bandung Conference that brought colonial questions at the United Nations. The chapter covers the initial stirrings of reformist campaigns and the admission of sixteen new UN member-states, which laid the groundwork for a dramatic expansion in the UN role in the nontrust dependent territories. It mentions the US desire to curry favor with the developing world at a time when the focus of the East–West rivalry was shifting from Europe to Africa and the Middle East.
Decolonizing Palestine
Authors: Sen Somdeep
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the Palestinian struggle for liberation and describes the author's fieldwork in the Gaza Strip, Israel, and Egypt, conducted between 2013 and 2016. The Gaza Strip as a whole became a place of contradictions when Hamas adopted a dual mode of existence following its historic victory in the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council elections. After the unequivocal triumph of the Islamist faction, Fatah refused to be part of the Hamas government. Over the course of the 2007 Battle of Gaza, Hamas then consolidated its rule over the Gaza Strip while maintaining its commitment to the armed resistance. In doing so, Hamas oscillated between the images of the postcolonial state and an anticolonial movement. As the government in the Gaza Strip, it represented a civilian authority posturing like the future Palestinian state. However, by remaining committed to the armed struggle, Hamas also recognized the fact that Palestine is far from being liberated.
On the Settler Colonial Elimination of Palestine
Authors: Sen Somdeep
Published: May 2021

This chapter situates the Gaza Strip within Israel's settler colonialism as a way of contextualizing the Palestinian anticolonial subjectivity. While recognizing the Nakba, or catastrophe, of 1948 as having begun the historical process of materializing the settler colonial “dream” of Palestinian nonexistence, it argues that the urge to eliminate the Palestinian community remains just as important today. While this conduct is characteristic of a settler colonizer, the Gaza Strip is often perceived only as representative of an extreme case of Palestinian suffering. Moreover, with a politically divisive organization at its helm and a decade-long siege still in place, the Palestinian coastal enclave is frequently placed outside the limits of any “normal” discussion of the politics of Israel–Palestine. Yet, the Gaza Strip in fact personifies the norm as a spatial representative of the effort to materially realize and naturalize the settler colonial dream of Palestinian nonexistence. Specifically, as Hamas-ruled Gaza has been indomitable in its armed struggle, the treatment meted out to it by Israel, by way of a siege that has continued despite the severity of the consequent humanitarian crisis and the ruthlessness of Israeli military onslaughts, demonstrates the extent of the settler's willingness to subdue any political act or ideology that acknowledges the existence of the indigene and thus insinuates the nonindigeneity of the settler.
Fetishism of the West in Tanizaki Jun’ichirō’s A Fool’s Love
Authors: Mitchell Arthur M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Tanizaki Jun'ichirō's A Fool's Love, which was written in 1924 after the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. The work responds to the rhetoric of social reform of the early 1920s that led up to that watershed event. Collectively referred to as daily life reform (seikatsu kaizen), these high-minded reform initiatives sought to discipline citizens, particularly women, to align their daily habits of consumption within the home with the interests of the state. The language of these reform efforts sublimated national geopolitical ambitions into consumer fantasies of efficient and sophisticated “Western style” living, as well as ideals of “love,” marriage, and “moral character.” Tanizaki's novel features a middle-class narrator who tells the story of how he fell in love with a young café waitress and divulges the details of their married daily life together. Thus, while the narrator's fantasy life is cloaked in the language of progressive reform, the actual life he describes turns out to be based in sadomasochistic pleasure and fetishistic desire. The chapter shows how the novel in this way subverts the language of daily life reform that was ubiquitous in the magazines and newspapers of the the late 1910s and early 1920s, exposing the contradictions of the ideologies embodied in that rhetoric.
Subversions of Ethnicity in Yokomitsu Riichi’s Neo-Sensationist Writings
Authors: Mitchell Arthur M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Yokomitsu Riichi's urban fiction, as well as his modernist treatise, in the context of the rhetoric of urban renewal that emerged in the wake of the Great Kantō Earthquake. The earthquake, which precipitated a crisis in the ideology of progress that had fueled national modernization for the previous several decades, inflected the fervor over-consumption practices promoted in the language of daily life reform to focus much more intensively on the self and the spirit. Yokomitsu responded to this through his “Neo-Sensationist” (shinkankaku) literature. His essay of that title strategically employs Kantian phenomenology to complicate and subvert essentialist phenomenological models and expose the ideologies of ethnic purity they implied. His urban fiction employed perceptually disorienting language to narrate the experience of protagonists who become cognitively estranged from their environments. In this way, his fiction directly disputed the ethnic essentialism that was chauvinistically being posited as the foundation for a new imperial urban renaissance.
Slipping Away
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains how armed groups in civil wars are able, or not, to prevent desertion as combatants often leave in some wars to go home, switch sides, or flee the war zone altogether. It analyses how some armed groups keep their soldiers fighting over long periods of time and explains why other groups fall apart from desertion and defection. It also explores the world of combatants in military units, with their comrades and commanders. The chapter discusses bonds of trust among combatants that keep them fighting, mistrust that pushes them to leave, and beliefs about political commitments and the motivation to fight. It clarifies how trust and mistrust depend on what soldiers perceive about others' motivations, both political and military.
Studying Desertion in the spanish Civil War
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter develops the account of desertion primarily in the context of the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, which clarifies the role of several variables through Spain. It looks at many different organizations on both the rebel side and the Republican side in order to examine the impact of different armed group characteristics on desertion. It uses the Spain case study to understand desertion dynamics in a particularly fascinating civil conflict. The chapter focuses on the Republican side, analyzing the dynamics of its relatively high rate of desertion at various points in the conflict. It demonstrates norms of cooperation and coercion at the micro level to statistically assess individual soldiers' decisions to fight or to flee.
The Popular Army of the Republic, Fall 1936–39
Authors: McLauchlin Théodore
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the militia summer of 1936, which had been a summer of both chaos and valor in the defense of the Republic. It describes the militias that arose to fight the rebels, which varied widely in their insistence that combatants send costly signals of commitment to fight. It also clarifies how the Republic transformed its armed forces to regularize them and put power back in the hands of the state by imposing military discipline and a single command structure on its militia forces. The chapter argues that the new discipline rules imposed costly signals of commitment on volunteers, requiring that they sign on to more demanding forms of warfare. It discusses the Republic's recruitment of less-committed troops by imposing conscription at the same time.
Navigating the Waves of Work and Life
Authors: Gagné Nana Okura
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Saitō-san and Shimizu-san as examples of individuals who escaped the corporate shackles and their lifeways on the fringes of salarymanhood. It looks at the stories of Matsuda-san and Takagi-san, which reveal how they were never free from difficulties and struggles as they navigated through the unpredictable waves of work and life. It also highlights Matsuda-san and Takagi-san's creative interpretations and responses to the circumstances they encountered and how they thrived within the inclusive employment systems and corporate restructuring. The chapter identifies some of the more successful salarymen of Matsuda-san's generation who heralded unexpected opportunities toward the end of their official careers at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It elaborates how Takagi-san's life experiences show that belonging to a corporation means that one's life will be largely framed and guided by one's relationship with one's direct boss, constituting one's corporate life.
Fictions of Connectivity
Authors: Johnson Rebecca C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the Arabic translation of Alexander Dumas's Count of Monte Crist. The Arabic translations of Cristo demonstrate that what Holt calls the “thick nexus of global finance and Arabic fiction” manifests itself above all as a problem of translation. Scenes of exchange necessarily invoke problems of translation, which in the context of nahḍa debates about the relative benefits of Arab and European cultures and economies puts special emphasis on what Lydia Liu has called “the meaning-value” of the sign. Especially in systems of exchange like global markets and literary translations, neither meaning nor value are intrinsic but are what Gayatri Spivak has called textual, in that they have no adequate literal referent. Fictions of connectivity like Monte Cristo, which focus on the global mobility of capital and bodies, are ideal places to see this instability in meaning-value. The Count is never only the Count, even in French. He is a vanishing semblance, always appearing in translation: Dantès, an English lord, and Sindbad the Sailor — himself an avatar of circulation — too. That Monte Cristo is a novel-length exploration of transnational circulation explains its singular popularity during the nahḍa's own world-making projects. The translations of Monte Cristo embed the economics of their literary relation with Europe into their techniques.
Tokyo’s Other Games
Authors: Frost Dennis J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how Japan became the third country, and the first outside Europe, to host the Paralympic Games in 1964. It reviews official and institutional reports, and general overviews of the Tokyo Paralympics that focus almost exclusively on key organizers whose vision and effort helped overcome various obstacles to bring the Paralympics to Japan. It also considers events leading up to the Games that reveal a more complex picture involving intersecting personal local, national, and transnational actors and motivations, which culminated in intense pressure to hold the Games in Tokyo immediately following the Summer Olympics. The chapter discusses the representations of athletes participating in the 1964 Tokyo Paralympics who share several similarities with those from recent disability sports events. It provides an analysis of the materials associated with the 1964 Games that offer insights that go beyond adding a “non-Western” perspective.
Athletes First
Authors: Frost Dennis J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Japan's preparations for the 2020 Games, shedding light on what changed and did not change after 1998 and why. It explores key questions about the role Tokyo's second Paralympics were envisioned to play in 2020 and beyond. It also analyses the biggest developments for Tokyo 2020 that stemmed from institutional changes at the international and national levels. The chapter examines Japan's most recent Olympic bids, which offer striking evidence of ongoing, significant changes in the bidding process for the Paralympics. It reviews the recent years in Japan that witnessed a combination of increased funding for disability sports, new forms of organizational support, efforts to integrate nondisabled and disability sports under a single government ministry, and legal changes related to both sports and disability.
The Beaten Tracks and Embedded Returns of Migrants and Pilgrims
Authors: Lücking Mirjam
Published: May 2021

This chapter characterizes the nature of the current mobility from Indonesia to the Arabian Peninsula, which migrants and pilgrims considered as “beaten tracks” that are loaded with meaning and direction through previous travellers' narratives. It discusses the prospect of return that significantly “leads” migrants and pilgrims in what they make of the journey. It also references norms and values that are valid in the migrants and pilgrims' home context in which the returnees exploit different types of capital from their migration or pilgrimage. The chapter looks at “success stories” of migrants and pilgrims as an outcome of their experience of guided mobility. It explores ethnographic accounts on a local level that illustrate how popular ideas of success and images of the Arab world guide migrants and pilgrims in how they represent their journeys.
Cutting off the Canadians
Authors: Hillard Michael G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the sporadic actions by local Maine woodcutters that began in the early 1970s and evolved into a movement by 1975. It details how the movement erupted in protest in October 1975, when hundreds of Maine's woodcutters picketed at mills across the state and attended meetings and protests hosted by the Maine Woodmen's Association (MWA). It also mentions labor historian Leon Fink, who characterized the woodcutters movement as one of the exotic examples of the mid-1970s upsurge in labor activism that swept the United States. The chapter talks about how the MWA pressed paper companies to redress low and infrequent pay and the consequent worsening of the pulp peonage that stressed debt-laden small contractors. It cites the growth of the MWA action out of a hothouse atmosphere of wide frustration by Maine citizen loggers.
Making Minorities and National Hierarchies
Authors: Goff Krista A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the evolution of Soviet nationality policies in the 1920s and 1930s and highlights early attempts to layer korenizatsiia across titular and nontitular communities in Azerbaijan. It explains what it meant to be a minority in the Soviet Union and about the process of minoritization there. It also describes an informal hierarchy that began forming among nationalities in those early decades and kept shifting in subsequent years. The chapter talks about nontitular and titular nationalities in the Soviet Union as inconsistent national cultural investments which meant that Moscow treated various titular populations differently and there was often little coherence to the nontitular category. It focuses on the example of Azerbaijan, which shows that national cultural resources varied widely across nontitular populations throughout the 1920s and 1930s.
Minority Activism and Citizenship
Authors: Goff Krista A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how minority activists took advantage of political de-Stalinization and the Thaw to advance national claims and interests. It recounts the 1950s, in which new grassroots movements emerged and challenged nationalizing policies and practices in the republics. It also illustrates the evolving political atmosphere in the USSR after Joseph Stalin's death and mentions minority activists that engaged in rights negotiations with the state and regained access to national rights lost in the 1930s. The chapter reviews the successes and failures of minority activists that expose the possibilities of the ongoing debates about the meaning and limits of Soviet constitutional guarantees of national equality and Leninist nationality politics. It discusses petitioning that is commonplace in Russian administrative and legal cultures before the Soviet period has long been a feature of historical analysis.
Swords, Clothing, and Armor in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Neuschel Kristen B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores warrior families and their material surroundings in the late Middle Ages, the late thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries, set in the contexts of the politics and warfare of the age as well as in that of the changing conditions of material life and the documentation that recorded it. It first considers changes in clothing and its ripple effects in the creation and use of other belongings and then treats the changes in metallurgy that permitted new varieties of armor as well as the production of swords in much greater number. The significance of swords must be weighed against the importance of and attention to these other goods that warrior bodies also carried and displayed. Often overlooked is the importance of tournament life for the way warriors invested in, and how they valued, armor. Finally, the chapter argues that written records barely capture the continued importance of a warrior's signature swords. Amid more belongings, and more swords, elites demonstrated their capacity to make a commonplace accoutrement, as swords increasingly were, into a signature belonging emblematic of their special status, by means of special decoration, deliberate collecting, or calculated display.
How Do We Collaborate?
Authors: Holmes Douglas R. , Marcus George E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter represents collaboration in a mode that describes a situation in which the dialogical encounter between two different research projects, such Douglas R. Holmes's European Far Right integralist movements and George E. Marcus's Portuguese aristocracy, prompted a joint reimagining of the scene of fieldwork. It focuses on the background of Holmes and Marcus's long-term collaboration that was conducted through a steady cumulative conversation. It also reflects on the value of a sustained process that is mundanely identifiable as friendship through a certain history of discipline. The chapter describes Holmes and Marcus's collaborative efforts that concentrated on aligning their work with the analytical endeavors of various epistemic partners who have created a series of unusual challenges. It mentions that refunctioned ethnography has a more complicated cast of characters than the conversations that are traditional between the ethnographer and native subjects or informants.
Ethnographic Reentanglements in the Collaborative Ecologies of Film and Contact Improvisation
Authors: Hegel Christine , Cantarella Luke
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a rich example of a mode of collaboration in Christine Hegel and Luke Cantarella's work with the Anthropology of the World Trade Organization (WTO) group to produce the film Trade Is Sublime. It discusses how Trade Is Sublime followed the primary fieldwork of the WTO collaboration wherein Hegel and Cantarella imagined it as a return to the site of fieldwork to deepen and reignite questions drawn on ethnographic material collected through work in a performance drama. It also describes that the target audience sought to create an intervention that would unlock something unarticulated in daily discourse. The chapter notes that anthropology lacks standard collaborative arrangements and norms, which produces collaborative commitments that are evolving and unstable. It emphasizes that openness to creative experiments between anthropology and the arts is considered an advantage from instability.
Variations in the Ways that Collaborations Surround and Effect Ethnographic Research Projects
Authors: Marcus George E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes experiences in collaborative projects through the 1990s and from 2009 to 2010 that have made an impression about how ethnographic work builds collaborative contexts. It provides a commentary on the perspective in collaborations with Doug Holmes, who co-authored an account on sustained collaborative friendship, and Keith Murphy, who tried to introduce a design-influenced pedagogical form that teaches the model of ethnographic research in a collaborative form. It also talks about the collaboration with Luke Cantarella and Christine Hegel on the atelier model of artistic collaboration across ethnographic projects based on scenic studio design and workshop methods. The chapter explores the heightened assessments of change that was brought on by the self-consciousness in the 1990s. It mentions a series of annuals by the University of Chicago Press on recruiting those with specific ethnographic experience to document change.