bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometry and membrane deformation rate of the subducting Cascadia slab
Authors: Chiao L -Y , Creager K C
Published: September 2016

The Juan de Fuca plate subducts along the west coast of North America along a plate boundary that extends some 1000 km from northern California to Vancouver Island. In map view, the plate boundary is nearly straight along its northern and southern regions, but
exhibits a 35°
change in orientation offshore from northern Washington State. Landward from this bend is an arch in the shape of the subducting plate, a concentration in Wadati - Benioff seismicity and an anomalously thick Miocene accretionary prism that makes up the two kilometer-high Olympic Mountains. We
speculate that all three are related, directly or indirectly, to the fact that the Cascadia slab is subducting into a concave, oceanward corner which creates a geometric space problem analogous to pleats in a tablecloth hanging off the corner of a table. To test this hypothesis, we develop a theory
of steady state, incompressible three-dimensional fluid flow that is asymptotically valid for a thin slab with high linear (or non-linear) viscosity relative to the surrounding fluid. Flow in this simple model is constrained by kinematic boundary conditions rather than buoyancy forces. Fixing the
slab geometry to the same trench-normal profile along the entire subduction
zone, we invert for the flow field that minimizes the dissipation power of the system and find that strain rates, characterized by along-strike compression, are concentrated along the west coast of Washington, reaching values of 2x10-16 s-1. In a second experiment, we constrain
the same 20° dip along the northern and southern edges of the subducting plate and find that the optimal slab geometry contains an arch in a location similar to the seismologically observed arch, and that the root-mean square of the strain rates are reduced by a factor of five.
Thus, if these strain rates are accommodated by intraplate earthquakes, this arching model provides a geometry that allows a five-fold reduction in seismic moment release rates. The predicted strain rates are consistent with the observed moment release rate associated with one Mw=7 and several
Mw>6 earthquakes per century in the Olympic Mountain/Puget Sound region, and a much lower rate to the north and south. Predicted strain rates associated with slab bending and unbending are generally smaller than the predicted membrane strain rates. The anomalously thick accretionary prism
associated with the Olympic Mountains can be explained by the critical taper theory as being caused by the shallow dip of the slab along the arch.
The radiated seismic energy and apparent stress of interplate and intraslab earthquakes at subduction-zone environments: implications for seismic hazard estimation
Authors: Choy G L , Boatwright J L , Kirby S H
Published: September 2016

The radiated seismic energies (Es) of 980 shallow subduction-zone earthquakes with magnitudes (equal or greater than) 5.8 are used to examine global patterns of energy release and apparent stress. In contrast to traditional methods which have relied upon
empirical formulas, these energies are computed through direct spectral analysis of broadband seismic waveforms. Energy gives a physically different measure of earthquake size than moment. Moment, being derived from the low-frequency asymptote of the displacement spectra, is a measure of the final
static displacement. Thus, moment is related to the long-term tectonic implication of an earthquake. In contrast, energy, being derived from the velocity power spectra, is more a measure of seismic potential for damage to anthropogenic structures. There is considerable scatter in the plot of Es-M0
for worldwide earthquakes. For any given M0, the Es can vary by as much as an order of magnitude about the mean regression line. The global variation between Es and M0, while large, is not random. When subsets of Es-M0 are plotted as a function of seismic region, tectonic setting and faulting type,
the scatter in data is often substantially reduced. There are two profound implications for the estimation of seismic and tsunamic hazard. First, it is now feasible to characterize the apparent stress for particular regions. Second, a given M0 does not have a unique Es. This means that M0 alone is
not sufficient to describe all aspects of an earthquake. In particular, we have found examples of interplate thrust-faulting earthquakes and intraslab normal-faulting earthquakes occurring in the same epicentral region with vastly different macroseismic effects. Despite the gross macroseismic
disparities, the MW's in these examples were identical. However, the Me's (energy magnitudes) successfully distinguished the earthquakes that were more damaging.
Deep intraslab earthquakes and how they contribute to seismic hazard in the Pacific northwestern U.S.
Authors: Petersen M D , Frankel A D
Published: September 2016

We investigate the impact of two different source and attenuation models for deep intraslab earthquakes to the seismic hazard along the northwestern coast of the United States. Different source models for deep intraslab earthquakes may cause either localized
hazard in the lower Puget Sound of Washington and northwestern California, or hazard that is spread out parallel to the Cascadia subduction zone. These source models result in hazard estimates for 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years that differ by as much as 25% near Portland, Oregon.
Applying maximum magnitudes (M=7.0 - 7.4) to the intraslab source model results in differences of less than 10% for
the hazard estimates in the Pacific Northwest. Attenuation models [e.g., Youngs et al., 1997; Atkinson and Boore, this volume] that relate the earthquake magnitude and distance to the ground motion, lead to differences of 50% in hazard for one second spectral acceleration near the earthquake
sources. The variability in hazard for different source models and attenuation relations indicates the importance of identifying the physical mechanisms that drive the intraslab events and understanding the variability in the ground motions.
La prospection au Canada
Authors: Lang A H
Published: September 2016

This book deals with prospecting in Canada in as much detail as is possible in one volume of medium size. It is a textbook on conventional prospecting but discusses advanced, sub-surface techniques only sufficiently to provide introductory, up-to-date information
on what they involve. Petroleum is discussed briefly for general in formation only. Prospecting is an important activity in Canada because mining forms a large sector of her economy, because of her large potential mineral areas, and because of the non-renewable nature of mineral resources. Canada
has long been noted for her competent full-time and part-time conventional prospectors-men without advanced scientific or engineering training, many of whom attended adult-education classes in prospecting or studied alone. They searched for outcropping lodes and, in earlier times, for placer gold .
Conventional prospecting is still significant and limited opportunities for it are expected to continue for many years. It has, however, been largely replaced by more advanced methods used mainly to search for deposits buried by overburden or ba rren rock. Analysis of histories of one hund red ore
deposits fo und a nd brought into production in the 20 years from the end of World War II to 1966 indicated virtually that conventional prospecting was responsible for forty, geological studies entirely or mainly for thirty-two, and geophysics entirely or mainly for twenty-eight. The ratio of
geophysical discoveries was higher in the latter part of the period. Geochemical studies assisted in several discoveries. The writer's experience in geological work and in advising prospectors and companies was supplemented by advice from many qualified persons and by critical readings of many
sections of the manuscript by authorities in the Department and outside it.
Sea-ice atlas of Arctic Canada, 1961-1968
Authors: Lindsay D G
Published: September 2016

Aerial surveys of the sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent waters have been made by the Polar Continental Shelf Project from 1961 to 1968. During these years successive observations have been made at various intervals between March and November
of the distributions of sea-ice types and features, the progression of breakup, the advance of ablation, the patterns of movement and the sequence of freeze-up. These observations are presented on maps accompanied by written descriptions and seasonal summaries.
The atlas comprises 120 coloured maps 28 x 38 cm.
Relevé GPS de cibles de référence au site test de Gatineau, Québec, dans le cadre du projet d'évaluation de l'épaisseur de neige par aéronef sans pilote
Authors: Prévost C , Fernandes R
Published: September 2016

Ressources naturelles Canada a le mandat de fournir de l'information essentielle sur la géographie du pays. Une meilleure connaissance de notre environnement physique constitue l'une des bases de ce mandat. Cette information de base est en général
associée au milieu terrestre tel qu'il apparaît en été. Cependant, les canadiens vivent sous un couvert de neige pour une période plus ou moins longue de l'année. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes associés à la neige, notamment ses processus
de fonte, constitue une information essentielle de grande importance. Les gestionnaires, ingénieurs et chercheurs ont besoin d'avoir accès à un portrait actualisé du couvert nival : Son étendue, son épaisseur et son contenu en eau. Ces éléments sont plus ou
moins difficiles à cerner et toute initiative en ce sens se doit de procéder par étape; la surface du couvert nival et le suivi de son retrait printanier étant la première de ces étapes.
A ce jour, l'évaluation de la surface du couvert nival, et le suivi de son retrait, étaient effectués par l'entremise d'imagerie satellitaire ou par des relevés au sol; les premiers fournissant une information souvent grossière, les seconds étant dispendieux et
sporadiques.
Fort heureusement, depuis quelques années des aéronefs sans pilote (ASP), aussi appelés drone, versatiles et peu dispendieux ont fait leur apparition dans l'univers de la télédétection et permettent désormais d'effectuer des relevés diachroniques, sur des
sites de quelques dizaines d'hectares, avec une facilité déconcertante. L'une des grandes vertus de ces appareils est qu'ils ont la capacité d'acquérir des photos de manière telle qu'il est possible de produire des orthomosaïques très précises et aussi des
modèles numériques de surface très fins en un seul survol.
Pour obtenir des orthomosaïques et des modèles de surface fins et positionnés avec précision, il est nécessaire de mettre en place des points de contrôle (i.e. cibles de référence) qui seront visibles par la caméra de l'ASP et dont la position
géographique sera connue avec précision. Pour ce faire, un relevé GPS de précision doit être effectué.
Ce document résume la méthode et les résultats des relevés GPS sur les points de contrôle utilisés pour la rectification des photos acquises par ASP dans le cadre du projet d'évaluation de l'épaisseur de neige par aéronef sans pilote du Centre canadien de
cartographie et d'observation de la Terre de Ressources naturelles Canada. Le site d'étude est situé dans un secteur de terrain en friche à 20 km au nord de Gatineau.
Sensitivity of black carbon concentrations and climate impact to aging and scavenging
Authors: Lund Marianne T. , Berntsen Terje K. , Samset Bjørn H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Despite recent improvements, significant uncertainties in global modeling of black carbon (BC) aerosols persist, posing important challenges for the design and evaluation of effective climate mitigation strategies targeted at BC emission reductions. Here we investigate the sensitivity of BC concentrations in the chemistry-transport model OsloCTM2 with the microphysical aerosol parameterization M7 (OsloCTM2-M7) to parameters controlling aerosol aging and scavenging. We focus on Arctic surface concentrations and remote region BC vertical profiles, and introduce a novel treatment of condensation of nitric acid on BC. The OsloCTM2-M7 underestimates annual averaged BC surface concentrations, with a mean normalized bias of −0.55. The seasonal cycle and magnitude of Arctic BC surface concentrations is improved compared to previous OsloCTM2 studies, but model-measurement discrepancies during spring remain. High-altitude BC over the Pacific is overestimated compared with measurements from the HIPPO campaigns. We find that a shorter global BC lifetime improves the agreement with HIPPO, in line with other recent studies. Several processes can achieve this, including allowing for convective scavenging of hydrophobic BC and reducing the amount of soluble material required for aging. Simultaneously, the concentrations in the Arctic are reduced, resulting in poorer agreement with measurements in part of the region. A first step towards inclusion of aging by nitrate in OsloCTM2-M7 is made by allowing for condensation of nitric acid on BC. This results in a faster aging and reduced lifetime, and in turn to a better agreement with the HIPPO measurements. On the other hand, model-measurement discrepancies in the Arctic are exacerbated. Work to further improve this parameterization is needed. The impact on global mean radiative forcing (RF) and surface temperature response (TS) in our experiments is estimated. Compared to the baseline, decreases in global mean direct RF on the order of 10–30 % of the total pre-industrial to present BC direct RF is estimated for the experiments that result in the largest changes in BC concentrations. We show that globally tuning parameters related to BC aging and scavenging can improve the representation of BC vertical profiles in the OsloCTM2-M7 compared with observations. Our results also show that such improvements can result from changes in several processes and often depend on assumptions about uncertain parameters such as the BC ice nucleating efficiency and the change in hygroscopicity with aging. It is also important to be aware of potential tradeoffs in model performance between different regions. Other important sources of uncertainty, particularly for Arctic BC, such as model resolution has not been investigated here. Our results underline the importance of more observations and experimental data to improve process understanding and thus further constrain models.
BRONCHOSKOPIJOS TAIKYMO GALIMYBĖS ANESTEZIOLOGIJOJE IR INTENSYVIOJOJE TERAPIJOJE
Authors: Bieliauskaitė Dalia , Bilskienė Diana , Juškė Milda , Paulauskaitė Kamilė , Trepenaitis Darius , Macas Andrius
Published: September 2016

Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) is a very important and useful tool, which has diagnostic or therapeutic indications. Overall, it is a very safe procedure with low complication rates reported. There are several published guidelines to provide general guidance on the conduct of FFB. It can be performed with the desired outcome. An important component of the overall process is to ensure that the patient is both as safe and comfortable as possible. Choosing the proper agent and level of sedation along with adequate topical anaesthesia can make the experience better for the patient and the bronchoscopist. On the topic provide suggestions for the use of topical anaesthesia, analgesia, and sedation during bronchoscopy.
SERGANTIEMS ŪMINIU ŠIRDIES NEPAKANKAMUMU
Authors: Mockutė Lina , Macas Andrius , Bakšytė Giedrė
Published: September 2016

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a clinical syndrome, which more often occurs in the anaesthesiologists‘ clinical practice. This syndrome aggravates patient‘s state and it is associated with an increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Besides, the increasing number of patients with critical states (cardiogenic shock) who require anaesthesia is seen. Therefore, it is very important to identify patients with acute heart failure and to assess the severity of their state before surgery. Patients‘ complains, their progression and duration, objective signs, diagnostic tests must be assessed. More attention for patients with acute heart failure should be given not only before surgery, while trying to assess and improve patients‘ state, but also during surgery, while vital functions are being observed, and after surgery, while trying to avoid potential complications. In this article the most important aspects of the anaesthesiological care for patients with acute heart failure (with or without cardiogenic shock) in preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods are reviewed.
An Empirical Study of Reading Habits and Interests of Saudi University EFL Learners
Authors: Rajab Hussam , Al-Sadi Alhasan
Published: September 2016

This small-scale, quantitative study investigated the reading habits and interests of Saudi English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) students at a university-level preparatory year program (PYP). The study aimed to identify certain habits and preferences of EFL learners with regard to various personal practices of the reading process in first language (L1) as well as in second language (L2). The study utilized a custom-designed, 10-item questionnaire on a Likert scale format in order to gain more insights into the manners with which students may or may not approach reading. The participants were newly-registered, male and female students (n=330) on the university PYP course with mixed English Language proficiency. Analysis of the data collected using descriptive statistical tools indicated several issues relating to the reading habits in general, including students’ lack of interest as well as lack of motivation towards ‘academic reading’ in both L1 and L2. However, the analysis revealed a greater level of engagement in reading in social media contexts. The study has several implications for future research and pedagogy in EFL reading as well as implications for the EFL classroom. 
Pensando a cultura escolar e a prática pedagógica
Authors: Tura Maria De Lourdes Rangel
Published: September 2016

Este texto analisa as culturas escolares com base em sua instituição no processo de produção dos sistemas nacionais de educação, destacando a cultura como uma rede de significados socialmente construída e que não podem ser entendidos como fixos e determinados, mas como dinâmicos, caracterizados pela mudança própria do momento vivido. Nesse contexto, analisa-se também a presença de múltiplas culturas no espaço pedagógico e as suas formas de comunicação com a cultura escolar, tendo por base dados da observação da prática pedagógica realizada em escolas de ensino fundamental da rede pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro, em que estão em circulação as novas propostas curriculares e os sistemas de avaliação externa, que demandam a preocupação com o desempenho dos estudantes que é demonstrado nos Índices de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica. Assim, novas significações, novos sentidos estão sendo construídos nesses espaços culturais.
Arte, cultura e conhecimento escolar: a integração é possível!
Authors: De Laplane Adriana Lia Friszman , Gonçalves Dayane , Portela Tatiana Brochado
Published: September 2016

Uma pequena equipe de pesquisa de uma universidade e duas professoras de uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental situada em uma cidade do estado de São Paulo criaram, no contexto de um projeto de pesquisa apoiado por um órgão de financiamento estadual, uma proposta de trabalho que integra várias áreas de conhecimento, incluindo a Arte no trabalho com projetos sobre um tema comum. A proposta se baseou na ideia de que a apropriação da cultura depende de um conjunto de ações, conhecimentos e saberes que podem ser mobilizados para compreender a realidade e agir sobre ela. A partir da escolha inicial de um eixo temático (a memória), as professoras planejaram diferentes atividades que promoveram o engajamento dos alunos e envolveram uma variedade de conhecimentos e de ações de pesquisa, ensino e aprendizagem. O presente estudo reflete sobre as implicações do trabalho com projetos que propõem a integração de disciplinas e áreas de conhecimento em sala de aula e sobre seu potencial para mudar as concepções e práticas tendentes à fragmentação e para ampliar e enriquecer a cultura de todos os participantes.
Estética do cotidiano: experiência e produção de saberes na formação docente
Authors: Ferreira Luciana Haddad , França Raul Cabral , Vieira Beatriz Vito
Published: September 2016

Toma-se como objeto de estudo e reflexão, neste trabalho, a articulação possível entre o cotidiano da escola e as experiências estéticas que possibilitam uma formação docente sensível e integradora. Partindo de uma perspectiva histórico-cultural, questiona-se a desvinculação entre a produção de saberes e a prática de ensinar, discutindo a formação de professores e propondo que esta se dá também no cotidiano da escola, que pode ser palco de experiências sensibilizadoras e transformadoras. Para tal, afirma-se que é necessário ao professor uma atitude estética diante da prática, análoga à do artesão, que alia o conhecimento técnico de seu ofício aos saberes sensíveis advindos da experiência, atento às sutilezas daquilo que vivencia e permeável ao encanto, aprendendo e ensinando pela relação com o outro. Considerando que, dessa forma, o cotidiano da escola torna-se uma instância privilegiada para a produção de saberes sobre o fazer docente, que não poderiam ser construídos de outra maneira, busca-se demonstrar que esse professor, compreendendo os alunos como portadores de histórias e singularidades, poderá constituir-se em propositor de experiências significativas, potentes para auxiliá-los na produção de sentidos, em uma relação autenticamente formativa.
Saberes profissionais de professoras de educação infantil: a mediação de conflitos entre crianças
Authors: Sommerhalder Aline , Buzinari Crislaine Augusta
Published: September 2016

Este artigo decorre de uma pesquisa concluída sobre saberes profissionais de professoras de educação infantil diante de momentos de conflitos que ocorrem entre crianças no cotidiano escolar. Teve como questão de pesquisa: Que saberes profissionais são mobilizados por professoras da educação infantil, em situações de conflito entre crianças? O objetivo foi identificar, a partir das vozes de professoras, quais são os saberes construídos por essas profissionais para lidar com situações de conflitos entre crianças nas práticas pedagógicas da educação infantil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa na perspectiva qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, que teve como participantes professoras da rede municipal de ensino de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, atuantes em creches municipais. Entre os resultados, destacam-se o diálogo, a aproximação com as famílias e a compreensão da dinâmica do desenvolvimento infantil como saberes dessas profissionais. Conclui-se que esses saberes são importantes processos mobilizados como ferramentas de mediação de conflitos entre crianças e precisam ser compartilhados, refletidos e valorizados no âmbito da docência na educação infantil.
Interdisciplinaridade: o ensino de ciências por meio da literatura infantil
Authors: Corso Ozelame Josiele Kaminski , Ozelame Diego Machado , Da Rocha Filho João Bernardes
Published: September 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho é trazer à discussão a possibilidade de construir uma prática no ensino de ciências que contemple atividades prazerosas de descoberta, experimentação e exploração de conhecimentos científicos a partir da literatura. Acreditamos que o ensino de ciências aliado a diferentes abordagens de trabalho despertem nos estudantes o desejo pelo conhecimento científico e a descoberta do novo. Para isso, analisamos a obra infantil, Bichos que existem e bichos que não existem (NESTROVSKI, 2002), em que o escritor apresenta, por meio de uma linguagem poética, a descrição desses “seres” que habitam nossa memória, desde o jabuti até o lobisomem. Por meio da dúvida, da (des)construção dessas informações é que o leitor tem a possibilidade de transformar o abstrato em concreto, construindo diferentes espaços de interpretação, articulando a história ficcional ao conhecimento da biologia. Nesse sentido, buscamos assegurar e sugerir que o aprendizado de ciências, uma vez abordado de forma menos tradicional, como por meio do discurso literário, apresenta um pensamento mais condizente com a necessária renovação no ensino de ciências.
Looking Ahead: Applying new Genomic Technologies to Accelerate Genetic Improvement in Beef Cattle
Authors: Cánovas Angela
Published: September 2016

In recent years, producers have combined the use of phenotypic appraisal and the estimation of breeding values (PTA or EPD) to make genetic selection decisions in beef and dairy cattle that have resulted in a steady genetic gain of 2% per year. However, the most extensive application of genomics has occurred in dairy with the estimation of molecular breeding values that has increased selection efficiency to a much higher order of magnitude. Despite a growing molecular and physiological understanding of complex traits, little is known about the genes determining the traits and their precise function, and a significant unexplained source of variation of phenotypes remains in livestock. Within this context, a more complete understanding of the genes and regulatory pathways and networks involved in economically important traits (i.e. feed efficiency and methane emissions, meat quality and carcass traits) in beef cattle will provide knowledge to help improve genetic selection and reproductive management. Therefore, high throughput -OMICS technology (i.e., transcriptomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, as well as epigenetics and gene networks amongst several others), will complement these tools and further advance identification of functional genes within a systems biology approach.
Aplicación de Principios de Nutrición de Ganado Lechero en la Producción de Leche y Carne con Ingredientes Tradicionales y Alternativos
Authors: Ramírez Ramírez Hugo A.
Published: September 2016

El aumento esperado en la población mundial tiene implicaciones de alto impacto en la producción animal porque se requerirá producir más alimentos de origen animal con baja disponibilidad de recursos naturales. Nuestro conocimiento y capacidad para desarrollar tecnologías que permitan la utilización eficiente de los recursos alimenticios para la producción de alimentos serán elementos críticos para el sustento de la población. Como parte de los avances tecnológicos en la alimentación animal, podemos evaluar recursos forrajeros que incrementen la producción, mejoren la eficiencia o una combinación de ambos. Actualmente se cuenta con híbridos de maíz y otras especies con características ventajosas para la producción de forraje que permiten una mejor digestibilidad y producción animal. Además, el desarrollo de varios procesos agroindustriales para la producción de satisfactores humanos conlleva a la creación de subproductos que se pueden utilizar en la producción de carne y leche de bovinos. Ejemplo de esto es la producción de etanol y biodiesel con la consecuente producción de granos de destilería y glicerol para la alimentación animal. Otros avances tecnológicos en la nutrición animal se pueden ver en el desarrollo de modelos computacionales para la formulación de dietas y tecnología aplicada a nutrientes específicos como amino ácidos protegidos. En este artículo se presenta información actual sobre nutrición y estrategias de alimentación de ganado lechero y de carne utilizando ingredientes tradicionales, subproductos industriales y suplementos nutritivos que permiten mejorar la producción pecuaria ya sea en términos de rendimiento, costo de alimentación o eficiencia alimenticia.
Unidades didácticas: Por una enseñanza asistida de la Matemática
Authors: Flores Morales Jairo José , Zamora Díaz Winston Joseph
Published: September 2016

En forma progresiva, el aprendizaje de la matemática se ha mostrado como el problema díscolo del ámbito didáctico-pedagógico, claro está que esta difícil percepción recae sobre el actuar del estudiante, pero además sobre el quehacer del docente. Diversas investigaciones en esta disciplina han constatado que existen una serie de factores que dificultan el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de la misma. En la búsqueda por dejar de suscitar problemas y dificultades ante esta compleja realidad, este ensayo recoge, desde el cuestionamiento y la reflexión aspectos vitales a tomar en cuenta a la hora de preparar y desarrollar nuestras prácticas docentes como profesores de matemática. A lo largo de las revisiones documentales y bibliográficas, y ante todo de la reflexión, lo que más destacamos es la necesidad de generar cambios en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizajes de las matemáticas, esto desde un enfoque que fortalezca la contextualización de los contenidos y por ende la inmersión matemática.
Mercado del cambio de divisas del sector formal versus informal en la ciudad de Estelí en el año 2015
Authors: Sevilla Rizo Alberto Cayetano
Published: September 2016

El tema sobre mercado del cambio de divisa del sector formal, versus informal en la ciudad de Estelí en el año 2015. Su fin se enmarca en la percepción que tienen los participantes del mercado de divisas de la ciudad de Estelí, tomando en cuenta la caracterización de los clientes, comparar la preferencia, como los factores que intervienen en ambos mercados, esto con el fin de establecer propuestas que vengan a mejorar la utilización de estrategias que conlleven a un mejor servicio al cliente, aprovechando que esta una actividad principal del mercado formal como informal. Es importante destacar que para la recolección de la información, fue necesaria la utilización de encuestas y entrevistas, con el propósito de tener información de primera mano y así brindar recomendaciones que solventen las inquietudes y problemas existentes en ambos mercados. Cabe señalar que el propósito es conocer las preferencia por parte de los clientes y los motivos que lo inducen a elegir al grupo o sector con él que se sienta mayormente identificados, esto es de acuerdo a los criterios que se consideran necesarios y que se dé mejor aprovechamiento en la realización del cambio de divisas por parte de los clientes, además de abordar a los participantes del mercado formal como los participantes del mercado informal, sobre los aspectos más importantes de acuerdo a la percepción y el conocimiento que se tiene sobre las preferencias y algunos inconvenientes que se relaciones con esta actividad. El resultado que se obtuvo, da pautas para hacer las recomendaciones a cada uno de los mercados participantes con el objetivo de comparar y sugerir estrategias que mejoren la realización de esta actividad como es el cambio de divisa.
Marketing de los servicios bancarios en el ambiente competitivo de las sucursales de BANPRO y el BDF de la ciudad de Estelí, período 2014-2015
Authors: Zeledón Zeledón Orlando
Published: September 2016

Esta investigación, analiza el mercado de los servicios bancarios en el entorno competitivo de las sucursales de BANPRO y el BDF de la ciudad de Estelí, durante el período comprendido del 2014 al 2015. Para ello, se tomó en cuenta que la intermediación financiera que realizan estos bancos es muy importante para determinar el nivel de competitividad que tienen en el mercado bancario, a su vez se compararon entre si los servicios que ofrecen estas sucursales para establecer que banco brinda mejores productos y servicios que contribuyen en dar una mejor atención al público y finalmente se propusieron estrategias que apoyen al mejoramiento de la posición competitiva de estos bancos en relación a la oferta de nuevos servicios para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes. Los resultados muestran que la intermediación financiera, da un aporte sustancial al empoderamiento competitivo de estos bancos en el mercado, además que los servicios ofrecidos por estas entidades son diversificados, pero aún deben de diseñar nuevos productos debido a la bancarización que está presente en el sector financiero, así mismo se propuso el establecimiento de nuevas estrategias que son de mucha utilidad para competir de una manera sana en el mercado bancario.
Higiene y seguridad laboral de los trabajadores del vertedero municipal de la ciudad de Estelí en el II semestre 2015
Authors: Talavera Rodríguez Félix Sergio , Castillo Herrera Beverly
Published: September 2016

En el presente estudio investigativo se realizó una evaluación sobre. La Higiene y Seguridad Laboral de los Trabajadores del Vertedero Municipal de la Ciudad de Estelí en el II Semestre del 2015. Esta Investigación es de tipo Cuali – Cuantitativa (Mixta). Porque aborda a profundidad La Higiene y Seguridad Laboral de los trabajadores del Vertedero Municipal, Del Área de Servicios Municipales de la Alcaldía Municipal de la Ciudad de Estelí. Las principales Recomendaciones se enfocan en el seguimiento de Higiene y seguridad Laboral de los Trabajadores del Vertedero Municipal. El Universo de estudio lo constituyen: La Alcaldía Municipal de Estelí y su Área de servicios Municipales. Las Técnicas de Recolección de datos son: la Entrevista y Encuesta. Las entrevistas se realizaron al Ing. Carlos Pino Corrales Director del Área de Servicios Municipales y a Ing. Lelia Isabel Pérez Ruiz Jefe de Recolección y Tratamientos de Desechos sólidos. También se realizó Entrevista a trabajadores CPF. Y Churequeros. Se Realizó Encuesta a Trabajadores informales conocidos como Churequeros. Los principales resultados Reflejan la Situación de Higiene y Seguridad Laboral de los Trabajadores del Vertedero Municipal.
Degradation Kinetics Study of Alogliptin Benzoate in Alkaline Medium by Validated Stability-Indicating HPTLC Method
Authors: Bodiwala Kunjan Bharatkumar , Shah Shailesh , Thakor Jeenal , Marolia Bhavin , Prajapati Pintu
Published: September 2016

A rapid, sensitive, and stability-indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method was developed and validated to study degradation kinetics of Alogliptin benzoate (ALG) in an alkaline medium. ALG was degraded under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, and thermal stress conditions. The degraded samples were chromatographed on silica gel 60F254-TLC plates, developed using a quaternary-solvent system (chloroform–methanol–ethyl acetate–triethyl amine, 9+1+1+0.5, v/v/v/v), and scanned at 278 nm. The developed method was validated per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines using validation parameters such as specificity, linearity and range, precision, accuracy, LOD, and LOQ. The linearity range for ALG was 100–500 ng/band (correlation coefficient = 0.9997) with an average recovery of 99.47%. The LOD and LOQ for ALG were 9.8 and 32.7 ng/band, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the quantitative estimation of ALG in its synthetic mixture with common excipients. Degradation kinetics of ALG in an alkaline medium was studied by degrading it under three different temperatures and three different concentrations of alkali. Degradation of ALG in the alkaline medium was found to follow first-order kinetics. Contour plots have been generated to predict degradation rate constant, half-life, and shelf life of ALG in various combinations of temperature and concentration of alkali using Design Expert software.
The Influence of Syriac Bible Commentaries on Judeo Arabic Exegesis as Demonstrated by Several Stories from the Book of Genesis
Authors: Zoref Arye
Published: September 2016

The article examines the influence of Syriac biblical commentaries on Judeo Arabic biblical exegesis through the lens provided by several stories from Genesis. In the story of the sons of God (Genesis 6), Judeo Arabic commentators adopted the Syriac view that the sons of God were the descendants of Seth. In the story of Nimrod, Judeo Arabic commentators adopted the positive view of the Syriac commentaries regarding Nimrod. As part of this examination the article explores the techniques used by Judeo Arabic commentators to incorporate Syriac materials into their commentaries, and in particular focuses on the treatment of the Syriac materials by three Judeo Arabic commentators: Qirqisani, Yefet b. 'Ali and Yeshu'ah b. Yehuda.
Analyse de l’implantation d’un programme d’accompagnement des enseignants pour favoriser l’inclusion des adolescents présentant des troubles du comportement
Authors: Massé Line , Couture Caroline , Levesque Vanessa , Bégin Jean-Yves
Published: September 2016

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche portant sur l’évaluation d’un programme d’accompagnement collaboratif des enseignants du secondaire afin de faciliter l’inclusion scolaire d’élèves présentant des troubles du comportement, en particulier les perceptions des acteurs concernant les conditions d’efficacité du programme. Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été réalisés auprès de 42 enseignants ayant été accompagnés, onze accompagnateurs et huit directions d’école. Selon l’analyse qualitative des résultats, le programme peut facilement être mis en place auprès des enseignants qui oeuvrent dans les écoles secondaires afin de faciliter l’intégration des élèves présentant des troubles du comportement. L’élément clé du programme semble être les activités de résolution de problème basées sur une évaluation fonctionnelle des comportements problématiques.
Risky Gifts and Uncertain Business: A Discussion of Results from a Survey on Commissioning in New Music
Authors: Fryberger Annelies , Lorenzon Matthew
Published: September 2016

What are the risks involved in commissioning new music? Through interviews with 24 commissioners, performers, and composers based in Canada, the us, Australia, and France, we develop a model of the different types of risk encountered during the commissioning process. Despite providing the money for a commission, we found that commissioners are least exposed to financial risk as it is classically defined; commissioning fees really do behave like the philanthropic gifts they are legislated to be. Composers were likewise little exposed to financial risk, concerning themselves instead primarily with the uncertainty inherent to the creative process. We found that it is actually performers who are most exposed to financial risk, especially when they act as “middlemen” between commissioning bodies and composers. Burdened with compliance to a variety of Occupational Health and Safety laws and cash-flow issues stemming from conflicting outcomes and funding schedules, we found that performers were caught in a pincer between composers’ desires to take aesthetic risks and the obligations created by the philanthropic gift.
Polarity-dependent effect of humidity on the resistive switching characteristics of nonpolar devices
Authors: Yin Qiaonan , Wei Chunyang , Wei Qi , Chen Yan , Xia Yidong , Xu Bo , Yin Jiang , Liu Zhiguo
Published: September 2016

The roles of moisture in resistive switching (RS) devices are closely related to the RS mechanism. In principle, the nonpolar RS promises symmetric behaviors independent of the polarities of operating voltages. However, the effect of humidity on the RS characteristics of Pt/TiO2−

x
/Pt nonpolar cells is confirmed to be polarity-dependent. The positive electroforming threshold voltage decreases when humidity increases, whereas the negative one is unaffected. This asymmetric phenomenon can be attributed to the polarity-associated rule of current varying with humidity before electroforming. The voltage distribution in the device and then the electroforming threshold voltage are modified.
Thermal cyclic etching of silicon nitride using formation and desorption of ammonium fluorosilicate
Authors: Shinoda Kazunori , Izawa Masaru , Kanekiyo Tadamitsu , Ishikawa Kenji , Hori Masaru
Published: September 2016

Novel selective cyclic etching of SiN over SiO2 via the formation and desorption of ammonium fluorosilicate was developed. The formation of ammonium fluorosilicate was observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy after hydrofluorocarbon-based radical exposure. Etching of SiN was observed after ammonium fluorosilicate was removed by thermal annealing. Cyclic etching tests were carried out by repeated radical exposure and thermal annealing. The etching depth increased on increasing the number of cycles. It was found that the cyclic etching is self-limiting because the etching depth does not depend on the radical exposure time but on the number of cycles.
Growth of epitaxial Mn and Zn codoped BiFeO3 thin films and an enhancement of photovoltage generated by a bulk photovoltaic effect
Authors: Nakashima Seiji , Takayama Kota , Shigematsu Koji , Fujisawa Hironori , Shimizu Masaru
Published: September 2016

Recently, the bulk photovoltaic effect of BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films has attracted much attention because of its above bandgap photovoltage for realizing novel photovoltaic devices. In this study, the epitaxial growth of 1-µm-thick Mn and Zn codoped BFO thin films has been demonstrated, and the effects of Mn and Zn codoping on the ferroelectric and bulk photovoltaic properties of the BFO thin films have been investigated. A 0.5% Mn and 0.5% Zn codoped BFO (BFMZO050) thin film on a SrRuO3-buffered vicinal-SrTiO3(001) substrate showed an atomically flat surface with a step-and-terrace structure, a low leakage current of 1.5 × 10−6 A/cm2 at 100 kV/cm, and well-saturated ferroelectric electric displacement–electric field (D–E) hysteresis loops. In addition, a Pt/BFMZO/Pt coplanar capacitor with an interelectrode distance of 260 µm illuminated by a violet laser (λ = 405 nm) showed an enhanced photovoltage of 145 V owing to the reduction in photoconductance by Mn and Zn codoping.
Superconductivity of metal-induced surface reconstructions on silicon
Authors: Uchihashi Takashi
Published: September 2016

Recent progress in superconducting metal-induced surface reconstructions on silicon is reviewed, mainly focusing on the results of the author’s group. After a brief introduction of an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV)–low-temperature (LT)-compatible electron transport measurement system, direct observation of the zero resistance state for the Si(111)–(

)-In surface is described, which demonstrates the existence of a superconducting transition in this class of two-dimensional (2D) materials. The measurement and analysis of the temperature dependence of the critical current density indicate that a surface atomic step works as a Josephson junction. This identification is further confirmed by LT-scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observation of Josephson vortices trapped at atomic steps on the Si(111)–(

)-In surface. These experiments reveal unique features of metal-induced surface reconstructions on silicon that may be utilized to explore novel superconductivity.
An Evaluation of the Diagnostic Potential of CT Scans and Herniography for Inguinal Hernias
Authors: Tokairin Yutaka , Nakajima Yasuaki , Kawada Kenro , Kawamura Toru , Kawano Tatsuyuki , Nakashima Akira
Published: September 2016

We evaluated and compared the diagnostic potential of computed tomography (CT) and herniography in the identification of inguinal hernias. Herniography is typically utilized in the diagnosis of inguinal hernias in our institute. We utilized transabdominal preperitoneal repair in the treatment of inguinal hernias since October 2010 and performed a laparoscopic diagnosis followed by single-incision laparoscopic surgery for totally extraperitoneal repair since November 2013. We herein evaluated and compared the diagnostic potential of CT and herniography. From February 2012 to March 2016, 46 patients (male/female: 43/3; median age: 70 years) with 63 inguinal hernias were investigated using CT and herniography. We classified each inguinal hernia according to the Japan Hernia Society classification using CT (prone position) and herniography, and evaluated the accuracy of each of the diagnostic methods. A total of 29 patients had unilateral hernias and 17 had bilateral hernias; 62% (39/63) and 84% (53/63) of the inguinal hernias were correctly diagnosed and classified by CT and herniography, respectively. A total of 87% (55/63) and 98% (62/63) of the inguinal hernias were detected by CT and herniography, respectively. Thus, herniography was found to be more sensitive than CT and the difference in the detectability of inguinal hernias by the 2 methods was statistically significant. Herniography appears to be superior to CT, for both the classification and detection of inguinal hernias.
Long‐lasting seismic repeaters in the Central Basin of the Main Marmara Fault
Authors: Schmittbuhl J. , Karabulut H. , Lengliné O. , Bouchon M.
Published: September 2016

The Main Marmara Fault which crosses the whole Marmara Sea is a significant seismic gap along the North Anatolian Fault. Here we show that nine long‐lasting strike‐slip seismic repeaters exist below the Central Basin within the seismogenic zone, in a 10 km region where deep creep was previously suggested from the analysis of the local seismicity. The typical recurrence time was 8 months during the 2008–2015 period. The cumulative slip of the repeating sequence appears to be compatible with the regional geodetic slip rate if they are assumed to be part of a large single asperity (10 km). The repeaters also exhibit short‐term crises and are possibly related to bursts of creep.
Simultaneous observations of storm‐generated sprite and gravity wave over Bangladesh
Authors: Chou Chien‐Chung , Dai Jeff , Kuo Cheng‐Ling , Huang Tai‐Yin
Published: September 2016

We report simultaneous observations of sprite and gravity wave generated by a storm over Bangladesh. The origin of a concentric gravity wave can be traced to the storm region on 27 April 2014 over Bangladesh with a low cloud top surface temperature (175 K). After data analysis, the time period of the concentric gravity wave is found to be 8.8–8.9 min. The horizontal wavelength is found to be ~50 km for red emissions (~55 km for green emissions), and the horizontal phase velocity is 94.4 ± 31.7 m s−1 for red emissions (102.6 ± 29.4 m s−1 for green emissions). Using the dispersion relation of gravity wave, the elevation angle of wave propagation direction is found to be ~53.3°. The sprite associated with the gravity wave was also recorded at 1534 UT on 27 April 2014. The initiation time of storm‐generated gravity wave is estimated to be 1454 UT at which lightning activity was relatively low using lightning data. At time 1534 UT of the recorded sprite, the lightning rate was close to its maximum value. The storm‐generated gravity wave could be thought as a precursor phenomenon for lightning and sprites since one of the necessary conditions for gravity wave, lightning, and sprites is strong convection inside storms.
Observed subseasonal variability of heat flux and the SST response of the tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Raj Parampil Sindu , Bharathraj G. N. , Harrison Matthew , Sengupta Debasis
Published: September 2016

We develop an experimental daily surface heat flux data set based on satellite observations to study subseasonal variability (periods shorter than 90 days) in the tropical Indian Ocean. We use incoming shortwave and longwave radiation from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, and sea surface temperature (SST) from microwave sensors, to estimate net radiative flux. Latent and sensible heat fluxes are estimated from scatterometer winds and near‐surface air temperature and specific humidity from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observations calibrated to buoy data. Seasonal biases in net heat flux are generally within 10 W m−2 of estimates from moorings, and the phases and amplitudes of subseasonal variability of heat fluxes are realistic. We find that the contribution of subseasonal changes in air‐sea humidity gradients to latent heat flux equals or exceeds the contribution of subseasonal changes in wind speed in all seasons. SST responds coherently to subseasonal oscillations of net heat flux associated with active and suppressed phases of atmospheric convection in the summer hemisphere. Thus, subseasonal SST changes are mainly forced by heat flux in the northeast Indian Ocean in northern summer, and in the 15°S–5°N latitude belt in southern summer. In the winter hemisphere, subseasonal SST changes are not a one‐dimensional response to heat flux, implying that they are mainly due to oceanic advection, entrainment, or vertical mixing. The coherent evolution of subseasonal SST variability and surface heat flux suggests active coupling between SST and large‐scale, organized tropical convection in the summer season.