bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Aversion to Direct Cost Imposition: Selecting Climate Policy Tools in the United States
Authors: RABE BARRY G.
Published: September 2010

Numerous policy tools could be employed in attempting to mitigate climate change through reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Direct cost imposition through the taxation of carbon content of fossil fuels has long enjoyed support from diverse policy analysts but has proven highly difficult to advance politically in the United States and many other nations. This article considers the evolving American experience in climate policy tool selection, including extended engagement by many states over the past decade and growing federal involvement in recent Congresses. It demonstrates the enduring aversion to direct cost imposition as opposed to other policy options. This includes a brief period in late 2008 and early 2009 when prospects for direct cost imposition heightened markedly at the federal level but collapsed quickly in favor of a mélange of other approaches that are likely to be less efficient but also less direct in their imposition of costs. The article concludes with considerations of other methods to advance direct cost imposition in the American case.
A Meta‐Analytic Investigation of Job Applicant Faking on Personality Measures
Authors: Birkeland Scott A. , Manson Todd M. , Kisamore Jennifer L. , Brannick Michael T. , Smith Mark A.
Published: September 2010

This study investigates the extent to which job applicants fake their responses on personality tests. Thirty‐three studies that compared job applicant and non‐applicant personality scale scores were meta‐analyzed. Across all job types, applicants scored significantly higher than non‐applicants on extraversion (d=.11), emotional stability (d=.44), conscientiousness (d=.45), and openness (d=.13). For certain jobs (e.g., sales), however, the rank ordering of mean differences changed substantially suggesting that job applicants distort responses on personality dimensions that are viewed as particularly job relevant. Smaller mean differences were found in this study than those reported by Viswesvaran and Ones (Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(2), 197–210), who compared scores for induced “fake‐good” vs. honest response conditions. Also, direct Big Five measures produced substantially larger differences than did indirect Big Five measures.
Incremental Validity of Assessment Center Ratings Over Cognitive Ability Tests: A Study at the Executive Management Level
Authors: Krause Diana E. , Kersting Martin , Heggestad Eric D. , Thornton George C.
Published: September 2010

Both tests of cognitive ability and assessment center (AC) ratings of various performance attributes have proven useful in personnel selection and promotion contexts. To be of theoretical or practical value, however, the AC method must show incremental predictive accuracy over cognitive ability tests given the cost disparities between the two predictors. In the present study, we investigated this issue in the context of promotion of managers in German police departments into a training academy for high‐level executive positions. Candidates completed a set of cognitive ability tests and a 2‐day AC. The criterion measure was the final grade at the police academy. Results indicated that AC ratings of managerial abilities were important predictors of training success, even after accounting for cognitive ability test scores. These results confirm that AC ratings provide unique contribution to the understanding and prediction of training performance of high‐level executive positions beyond cognitive ability tests.
Personality Validity: The Role of Schemas and Motivated Reasoning
Authors: Aronson Zvi H. , Reilly Richard R.
Published: September 2010

We explored the role of schemas and motivated reasoning in personality assessment. Utilizing a sample of 299 participants, we investigated whether applying for a specific job leads applicants to adopt a schema. Once adopting the schema, the respondents use that schema in a way that inaccurately reflects what their behavior is. Consequently, as hypothesized, there is a lowering of validities, in comparison with assessing personality in a neutral setting. An intriguing implication of our research is that personality measurement for selection might be shifted from the employment setting to more neutral settings, such as a counselor setting, in order to be optimized.
Predicting Turnover with Broad and Narrow Personality Traits
Authors: Timmerman Thomas A.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality and turnover and the relative validity of broad and narrow personality traits. At the domain level, Extraversion and Openness to Experience were positively correlated with turnover in a sample of 203 call center employees. Several facets were correlated with turnover after controlling for the corresponding domains.
The Role of Dynamic Capabilities and Social Capital in Breaking Socio‐Institutional Inertia in Regional Development
Authors: PIHKALA TIMO , HARMAAKORPI VESA , PEKKARINEN SATU
Published: September 2010

A shift in the techno‐economic paradigm will affect regions; regions, however, are path‐dependent units. This path‐dependency often leads to considerable socio‐institutional inertia in the process of transformation whereby regions aim to remain competitive in the face of worldwide competition. The present article assesses the role of the dynamic capabilities of social capital in the process of regional adaptation. A survey conducted in the Lahti urban region in Finland is used as empirical data. The results of the survey reveal the respondents' fairly good awareness of the prevailing techno‐economic paradigm and of the strong socio‐institutional inertia confronting change in practice. The results suggest, however, that there are systematic differences in responsiveness between local politicians and other decision‐makers. The study concludes with a discussion of the relevance of shared common views on the development needed within the region.

Un changement dans le schéma conceptuel techno‐économique va affecter les régions, lesquelles présentent toutefois une ‘dépendance de chemin’. Cette situation conduit souvent à une très forte inertie socio‐institutionnelle dans le processus de transformation par lequel des régions s'efforcent de garder leur place face à la concurrence mondiale. L'article évalue le rôle des capacités dynamiques du capital social au sein du processus d'adaptation régionale. Une enquête menée dans la zone urbaine de Lahti, en Finlande, fournit les données empiriques. D'après ses résultats, les personnes interrogées ont une perception assez bonne du paradigme techno‐économique dominant et de la puissante inertie socio‐institutionnelle qui s'oppose concrètement au changement. Il en ressort cependant des différences systématiques dans la réactivité entre les hommes politiques et les autres décideurs. En conclusion, l'étude analyse la pertinence des opinions communes partagées concernant le développement nécessaire dans la région.
A Theory of Precautionary Regulatory Capital in Banking*
Authors: NGO PHONG T. H.
Published: September 2010

The orthodox assumption in the banking literature is that capital requirements are a binding constraint on banking behavior. This is in conflict with the empirical observation that banks hold a buffer of capital well in excess of the minimum requirements. This paper develops a model where capital is endogenously determined within a profit‐maximizing equilibrium. Optimality involves balancing the reduction in expected costs associated with regulatory breach with the excess cost of financing from increasing capital. We demonstrate that when the equilibrium probability of regulatory breach is less than one‐half, banks are expected to hold precautionary capital.
How do Individual, Institutional, and Foreign Investors Win and Lose in Equity Trades? Evidence from Japan*
Authors: BAE KEE‐HONG , YAMADA TAKESHI , ITO KEIICHI
Published: September 2010

We investigate the gains and losses from equity trades of individual investors, various institutional investors, and foreign investors in the Tokyo Stock Exchange. We develop a trade‐weighted performance measure and examine the impact of trading intervals, price spreads, and market timing on performance. We find that different investor types gain or lose from different sources. For example, we discover that individual investors have poor market timing ability but potentially gain during short‐run trading intervals as their average sell price is consistently higher than the average purchase price. In contrast, we find that foreign investors consistently generate gains from trade due to good market timing, although their average sell price is lower than the average purchase price. Also, we find that foreign investors extract significant portion of their gains by trading against Japanese institutional investors when Japanese investors trade before their fiscal‐year end.
The Valuation Effects of Prime Rate Revisions: Is There an Advantage of Being First?*
Authors: ARIFF MOHAMED , LAMBA ASJEET S.
Published: September 2010

US banks making prime rate revisions are known to suffer stock price declines, which is consistent with the Stiglitz–Weiss adverse selection theory, given the relative stickiness of interest rates. If banks suffer price declines, then why are some banks consistent leaders when revising prime rates? This research question is the focus of our paper and is examined in the relatively concentrated banking system of Singapore. Lead banks in Singapore initiating a large number of rate increases earned an average abnormal return of 5.2%, while non‐lead banks also experienced positive abnormal returns of 3.9%, a result not in agreement with US‐specific evidence. We argue that the rate increases (decreases) resulting in a significant stock price increase (decrease) for lead banks are consistent with a valuation effect in a concentrated banking system. Our results could be explained as a valuation effect from anticipated higher profits or as reward for being first. The first mover advantage may thus also have signaling value on quality.
Value‐at‐Risk in Emerging Equity Markets: Comparative Evidence for Symmetric, Asymmetric, and Long‐Memory GARCH Models
Authors: McMILLAN DAVID G. , SPEIGHT ALAN E. H.
Published: September 2010

This paper extends research concerned with the evaluation of alternative volatility forecasting methods under value at risk (VaR) modeling in the context of the Basle Committee adequacy criteria by broadening the class of generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity models, to include both asymmetric models and long memory models, in addition to the statistical methods commonly used in financial institutions. In the analysis of daily index data for eight emerging stock markets in the Asia – Pacific region, in addition to US and UK benchmark comparators, we find both asymmetric and long memory features to be important considerations in providing improved VaR estimates that minimize occasions when the minimum capital requirement identified by the VaR methodology would have fallen short of actual trading losses. More generally, our results illustrate the importance of adopting the stringent probability level stipulated in the regulatory framework, and of using fully out‐of‐sample forecast evaluation methods for the identification of forecasting models that mitigate the likelihood of inappropriately small VaRs and consequent regulatory intervention.
Emerging Market Efficiencies: New Zealand's Maturation Experience in the Presence of Non‐Linearity, Thin Trading and Asymmetric Information
Authors: RAYHORN CHARLES , HASSAN M. KABIR , YU JUNG‐SUK , JANSON KENNETH R.
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the efficiency of New Zealand's stock market by assessing the prevalence of thin trading, non‐linearity and information asymmetry. We find that the efficiency of this emerging market has been enhanced over time due to regulatory changes and the transition of the New Zealand economy to a free market orientation. During the 1970s and 1980s, the stock market appears to have been inefficient with thin trading and non‐linearity as leading causative agents. Our evaluation of non‐linear models, adjusted for thin trading effects, however, strongly suggests that the New Zealand stock market has become more efficient since 1990.
Cost Efficiency in South Asian Banking: The Impact of Bank Size, State Ownership and Stock Exchange Listings*
Authors: PERERA SHRIMAL , SKULLY MICHAEL , WICKRAMANAYAKE J.
Published: September 2010

This study examines the cost efficiency performance of 111 commercial banks in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka over 1997–2004. The primary focus is to assess whether bank size, state ownership and stock exchange listing have significant effects on South Asian banks' efficiency performance. To this end, a translog‐form composite‐error cost efficiency model, which allows for exogenous environmental influences, is estimated. The results indicate that the overall efficiency of South Asian banks declined over 1997–2004. Larger banks and banks with widespread ownership through stock exchange listings were found to be relatively more cost efficient. In contrast, state‐owned banks were less efficient.
Profitability of Contrarian Strategies: Evidence from the Istanbul Stock Exchange*
Authors: BILDIK RECEP , GÜLAY GÜZHAN
Published: September 2010

This study examines the momentum and contrarian effects on stock returns in one of the leading emerging markets, which has a unique market structure, with record‐high inflation, high volatility, high turnover, low correlation of returns with other exchanges and myopic investors: the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE). It also investigates the weak‐form efficiency of the stock market by examining the profitability of a number of contrarian strategies based on past returns, size, price, book‐to‐market and earnings‐to‐price ratios of stocks in various lengths of formation and holding periods. Our findings show that a self‐financing trading strategy, buying past loser stocks and selling past winner stocks generate significant abnormal returns (approximately 15% annually) in ISE. However, these large contrarian profits are for bearing the extra risk of loser stocks similar to the US results. We also find significant price, size, and B/M effects in stock returns. Finally, our results show the continous profitability of contrarian strategies both in very short (starting from 1 month) and in long holding periods (up to 36 months), which appears to be related to country‐specific factors.
A Refutation of the Existence of the Other January Effect*
Authors: EASTON STEPHEN A. , PINDER SEAN M.
Published: September 2010

Cooper et al. report US evidence of the ‘other January effect,’ where returns in January are shown to have predictive power for returns over the subsequent 11 months. We re‐examine the latest sub‐period that they examine and find that the results using excess returns are not unique to January and that the effect for January is not apparent for raw returns. Further, using excess (raw) return data for 38 (44) other countries, limited support is found for the other January effect, with eight (five) of the remaining 11 months demonstrating a statistically significant effect in at least as many countries as exhibited the ‘other January effect.’ Further, there is no evidence to suggest that different tax‐year ends across countries can explain the result.
Die neuen Schuldenbegrenzungsregeln für Bund und Länder – symbolische Verfassungsänderung oder gelungene Schuldenbremse?
Authors: Korioth Stefan
Published: September 2010

The paper discusses the recently reformed articles 109 and 115 as well as the respective temporary arrangement of article 143d of the German Basic Law. The aim of these norms is to limit public sector borrowing for both the federal state and the lands of the Federal Republic of Germany. The author critically assesses the capacity of the new regulations to achieve this aim. The different solutions for public debt will only be capable of alleviating the problem of excessive new public debts if there is a corresponding political will. The new regulations, partly following EU law, ignore the fact that the self-binding constraint of the democratic legislator in the sensitive area of public finance tends to exceed the jurisdiction of constitutional law. Thus it is argued that the new regulations are for the most part an act of merely symbolic legislation. They do not truly deserve to be called a “debt brake”.
Informed Consent: Autonomy and Self‐Ownership
Authors: ARCHARD DAVID
Published: September 2010

abstract  Using the example of an unconsented mouth swab I criticise the view that an action of this kind taken in itself is wrongful in respect of its being a violation of autonomy. This is so much inasmuch as autonomy merits respect only with regard to ‘critical life choices’. I consider the view that such an action is nevertheless harmful or risks serious harm. I also respond to two possible suggestions: that the action is of a kind that violates autonomy; and, that the class of such actions violates autonomy. I suggest that the action is wrongful in as much as it is a bodily trespass. I consider, and criticise, two ways of understanding how morally I stand to my own body: as owner and as sovereign. In respect of the latter I consider Arthur Ripstein's recent defence of a sovereignty principle. Finally I criticise an attempt by Joel Feinberg to explain bodily trespass in terms of personal autonomy.
The Action Plan on Combating Terrorism: A Flawed Instrument of EU Security Governance
Authors: BOSSONG RAPHAEL
Published: September 2010

After clarifying the ideal‐typical characteristics of action plans, this contribution shows how the Action Plan on Combating Terrorism emerged out of a hectic process of policy‐entrepreneurship by the European Commission and other integration‐minded actors. This overloaded the EU's policy‐making capacity and fostered policy conflict, while the strategic dimension was neglected.
Understanding the Geography of Post‐Traumatic Stress: An Academic Justification for Using a Spatial Video Acquisition System in the Response to Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Curtis Andrew , Mills Jacqueline W. , Kennedy Barrett , Fotheringham Stewart , McCarthy Timothy
Published: September 2010

In the aftermath of a disaster like Hurricane Katrina, remote‐sensing methods are often employed in an effort to assess damage. However, their utility may be limited by the aerial perspective and image resolution. The Spatial Video Acquisition System (SVAS), in conjunction with a Geographic Information System (GIS), has the potential to be a complementary methodology for obtaining damage assessment information as well as capturing recovery related geographies associated with post‐traumatic stress. An example is provided from the Lower 9th Ward of New Orleans with data that could be used to predict neighborhood post‐traumatic stress. Results reveal six dimensions in which a SVAS can improve existing disaster‐related data collection approaches: organization, archiving, transferability, evaluation, objectivity, and feasibility.
Narcissism and Effective Crisis Management: A Review of Potential Problems and Pitfalls
Authors: King Granville
Published: September 2010

In the event of a crisis, effective leadership by senior officials plays a significant role in an organization's attempt to return to a state of normal operation. Effectiveness, however, can be hampered by a leader's behaviour and attitude towards colleagues, and other employees within the organization. This paper explores how narcissism and narcissistic leaders may affect crisis management within an organization. Using the literature from the American Psychiatric Association, crisis management, and leadership, this paper explores how personality disorders associated with narcissism may affect the pre‐crisis, crisis, and post‐crisis stages of crisis management. The paper concludes by offering suggestions on how to handle narcissistic leaders within an organization, and areas for future research.
Impact of a parenting program in a high‐risk, multi‐ethnic community: the PALS trial
Authors: Scott Stephen , O’Connor Thomas G. , Futh Annabel , Matias Carla , Price Jenny , Doolan Moira
Published: September 2010

Background:  Parenting programs have been shown to work when delivered to motivated ethnic majority parents in demonstration projects, but comparatively little is known about their impact when delivered to high‐risk, multi‐ethnic populations by routine local services.

Methods:  The Primary Age Learning Skills (PALS) trial was a randomized controlled trial of an evidence‐based parenting‐group program that targeted the parent–child relationship and child literacy. Parents of 174 children were selected from a population of 672 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds attending four primary schools in a high‐risk, ethnically diverse, inner‐city area. Eighty‐eight children were allocated to the Incredible Years preventive program plus a shortened six‐week version of the SPOKES literacy program, delivered by local services; 86 to usual community services; 152/174 (87%) of families were successfully followed up. Parent–child relationship quality and child behavior were measured using direct observation and parent interview; child reading was assessed psychometrically.

Results:  Two‐thirds (58/89) of those offered the parenting program attended at least one session, with similar enrolment rates across the Black African, African‐Caribbean, White‐British and Other ethnic groups. Mean attendance was four relationship‐building sessions and one literacy‐development session. Satisfaction questionnaires were completed by 43/58 starters; 93% said they were well or extremely satisfied, with equally high rates across ethnic groups. At follow‐up after one year, those allocated to the intervention showed significant improvements in the parent–child relationship on observation and at interview compared to controls; effects were similar across all ethnic groups. However, child behavior problems and reading did not improve. The cost was £1,343 ($2,100) per child.

Conclusions:  Programs can be organized to be engaging and effective in improving parenting among high‐risk, multi‐ethnic communities, which is of considerable value. To also be cost‐effective in achieving child changes may require a set‐up that enables parents to attend more sessions and/or an exclusive focus on children with clinically significant behavior problems.
Time perception, phonological skills and executive function in children with dyslexia and/or ADHD symptoms
Authors: Gooch Debbie , Snowling Margaret , Hulme Charles
Published: September 2010

Background:  Deficits in time perception (the ability to judge the duration of time intervals) have been found in children with both attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. This paper investigates time perception, phonological skills and executive functions in children with dyslexia and/or ADHD symptoms (AS).

Method:  Children with dyslexia‐only (n = 17), AS‐only (n = 17), comorbid dyslexia+AS (n = 25), and typically developing controls (n = 42), matched for age and non‐verbal ability, were assessed on measures of phonological skills, executive function and time perception (duration discrimination and time reproduction).

Results:  Children with dyslexia were impaired on measures of phonological skill and duration discrimination compared to children without dyslexia (though problems on duration discrimination appeared to be attributable to mild symptoms of inattention in this group). In contrast, children with AS exhibited impairments on measures of both time perception and executive function compared to children without AS. Children with dyslexia+AS showed an additive combination of the deficits associated with dyslexia‐only and AS‐only.

Conclusions:  Dyslexia and AS appear to be associated with distinct patterns of cognitive deficit, which are present in combination in children with dyslexia+AS.
The effect of phosphate detergent bans on consumer clothing expenditures
Authors: SKOLNIK RICHARD J. , HOHENBERG PAUL M.
Published: September 2010

Metropolitan sales data from the 1977 Census of Retail Trade were analysed to test whether phosphate detergent bans increased consumer expenditure on clothing: positive effects were found for men's clothing and domestic fabrics (sheets and towels). In areas with medium water hardness the average annual cost in 1977 equalled $11·08 per household. For 1984, the equivalent cost was $14·17 per household. These results are consistent with laboratory studies that show decreased detergency associated with non‐phosphate detergents and increased fabric wear associated with carbonate‐built detergents, the principle substitute for phosphate detergents. The bans impose the largest cost on hard water areas. In both ban and non‐ban areas in 1977 higher laundering costs were associated with higher water hardness. Analysis of 1972 data indicated that water hardness did not affect clothing expenditures significantly when detergents contained large amounts of phosphates.
Theory to practice: HIV/AIDS policies in operation within British retailing
Authors: McLean Morag , Moore Christopher
Published: September 2010

Despite recent scientific advancements, Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) remains a serious health issue for those involved in employee management. The introduction of the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) has meant that increased numbers of HIV/AIDS infected workers are able to remain in employment, fully protected by this legislation. Because of the nature and characteristics of retail employment, it is suggested that retailers have an increased likelihood of encountering employees and/or customers with the disease, compared with most other industries. This paper examines one particular aspect of the challenge facing retailers, notably that of the ‘operationalization’ of their HIV/AIDS policies into practices, especially in terms of company selection rocesses, education and training, employee relations and employee assistance programmes. Data were collected from a number of leading retail companies,1 from which, important observations can be made with regard to retailers' attitudes towards employee welfare in general, and in relation to HIV/AIDS in particular. The research results indicate potential discrimination in terms of employee selection involving a significant number of major retailers, and little comprehensive education/training on HIV/AIDS occurring, despite evidence of disruptive behaviour by staff. In addition, the findings provide evidence that even major companies find it difficult to balance issues of employee welfare against the financial concerns of the organization, in terms of assisting affected employees.
Family characteristics and convenience food expenditure in urban Korea
Authors: Jae Mie Kyung , Ryu Jeong Soon , Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed
Published: September 2010

This study uses a sample of 39 025 urban families from the 1996 Korean Family Income and Expenditures Survey to examine the relationship between family characteristics and expenditure on convenience foods. Results indicate that age and education of the family's head, number of children, presence of children under the age of six, the wife's labour force participation, and area of residence were significant in predicting the level of expenditure on convenience foods. The present study points to and gives a rationale to differences in some of the effects as compared with those found in Western countries.
Comparison of attitudes towards school lunch by elementary school children in Japan, Korea and Thailand
Authors: Hori Kohji , Kim Yeon‐Soo , Kim Sang‐Ae , Thasanee Witoteerasarn , Boedi Purboyo R. A. Rahma , Hu Ji‐Yee , Sumonchat Jaroenkornburi , Saowapa Sukprasert
Published: September 2010

The attitudes of elementary school children towards school lunch among three Asian countries, namely Japan, Korea and Thailand, were compared. More school children in Japan felt that their teachers gave them advice during the school lunch programme. Japanese and Korean teachers advised their children to eat as much as possible of the lunch. Korean children may be a little more obedient with regard to heeding the advice. However, few teachers in Thailand gave the children advice over eating lunch, and the Thai children looked forward to and enjoyed the school lunch. The different responses between Thailand and other two countries may be attributed in part to the differences in the teachers' instruction in the programme. Elementary school teachers, especially in Thailand and Korea, have to take more classes in food and nutrition in universities or colleges, and positively take part in the school lunch programme.
Perception of food safety and changes in food consumption habits: a consumer analysis
Authors: Rimal Arbindra , Fletcher Stanley M. , McWatters K. H. , Misra Sukant K. , Deodhar S.
Published: September 2010

The relationship between seven types of food safety concerns and the corresponding change in food consumption habits of 236 households in Georgia, USA was evaluated. Results showed a gap between food safety concerns and food consumption habits. Gaps were particularly evident in the cases of pesticide residues, animal drug residues, growth hormones and bacteria. For example, more than 54% of sample households were extremely concerned about pesticide residues, but only 35% actually took extreme precaution in buying items considering this perceived threat. The study indicated that educating consumers about preventive methods to reduce food safety threats will lead to reduced concerns and changes in food consumption habits.
A comparison of determinants of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the performance of apparel products between South Korea and the United States
Authors: Chen‐Yu Jessie H. , Hong Keum‐Hee , Lee Yuri
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the present study was to identify the determinants of consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction (CS/D) with the performance of apparel products at the purchase and product‐consumption stages for Korean consumers, and to examine if these determinants were similar to those for US consumers. Results showed that at the purchase stage, the three variables, found significantly related to CS/D at purchase for US consumers, were also significant for Korean consumers. These three at‐purchase variables were: perceived at‐purchase performance, performance expectation and experience‐based norm disconfirmation (i.e. the discrepancy between consumers’ experience‐based norm and their perception of product performance at purchase). When the variables related to CS/D at the product‐consumption stage were examined, both similarities and differences were found between Korean and US consumers. For both countries, perceived consumption performance and satisfaction at purchase were significantly related to CS/D at the product‐consumption stage. Differences were found in the effects of expectancy disconfirmation and performance expectation on CS/D at the product‐consumption stage. Expectancy disconfirmation is the discrepancy between consumers' performance expectation and their perception of product performance after consumption. Expectancy expectation was found to be a significant determinant of CS/D for US consumers, but was not a determinant for Korean consumers. Performance expectation, which was found not to be a significant determinant of CS/D for US consumers, was a significant determinant for Korean consumers.
Knowledge: a variable in evaluating clothing quality
Authors: Hines Jean D. , Swinker Mary E.
Published: September 2010

This study was designed to determine the effect knowledge has on the types of information cues used to evaluate clothing quality. Students ranked the importance of 24 product attributes for evaluating clothing quality before beginning a 15‐week university course on evaluation of clothing products and again at the conclusion of the course. Most (64%) of the intrinsic cues were ranked significantly higher on the pretest than post‐test and many of the extrinsic (75%) and aesthetic (67%) cues rated significantly lower. There were no differences in the ranking of the performance cues. However, caution should be taken when interpreting the results of the study. Although all of the cues ranked significantly higher in the post‐test were intrinsic cues, when evaluating the relative ranking of the cues in the pretest and post‐test, there were few differences. The same five aesthetic cues were in the top third on both tests and the same six intrinsic cues were in the bottom third on both tests. The findings of this study suggest that knowledge does influence how consumers evaluate quality and additional research that focuses on the effect of knowledge in consumers’ evaluation of clothing quality is needed.
The morality of spending in Finnish youth consumer culture
Authors: Autio Minna
Published: September 2010

This article discusses the morality of spending (i.e. the unnecessary spending) as well as the freedom of spending in Finnish consumer narratives written by 16‐ to 19‐ year‐old pupils. First, the study explores different meanings of the unnecessary spending discourse. Second, the study argues that young consumers are using a wastrel metaphor (i.e. a squanderer, a prodigal son/daughter) as a symbol of liberation from the shame of spending. A narrative research approach is applied for the collection and analysis of data and illustrating the results. The qualitative data were collected in five upper secondary schools between November 2001 and May 2002. The morality of spending comprises various significances, although the discourse is often pleasure‐oriented for youth. Some youngsters define the unnecessary spending as a criticism of the consumer society. Furthermore, the discourse strengthens self‐control as well as helps to arrange both positive and negative consumer experiences. Thus, the morality of spending is a part of the process of growing up as a consumer and constructing a consumer identity.
Attitude towards fashion advertisements with political content: impacts of opinion leadership and perception of advertisement message
Authors: Harben Beth , Kim Soyoung
Published: September 2010

Fashion advertisements with political content are unique in that they go against the accepted strategy of advertising. As fashion advertisements with political content become more prevalent, consumers’ reactions to them become an important subject of research. This study examines consumers’ attitudes towards fashion advertisements with political content with respect to fashion and political opinion leadership, political views, perception of advertisement message and product attitude. Results showed that attitude towards advertisements with political content was influenced significantly by the viewer's political views and agreement with the advertisement message, but not by political opinion leadership. Fashion opinion leadership influenced product attitude only for advertisements without political content. The viewers’ advertisement attitudes were carried over to product attitudes regardless of the presence of political message.
Land Tenure and Tenure Regimes in Mexico: An Overview
Authors: ASSIES WILLEM
Published: September 2010

This article provides an overview of the evolution of land tenure and tenure regimes in rural Mexico from colonial times to the present. It shows how, by the late nineteenth century, the dual system of indigenous communal tenure and Spanish and criollo landholdings was undermined by liberal legislation that sought to privatize community lands. This resulted in a process of disappropriation and concentration of land in a few hands, which created the setting for rural upheaval during the Mexican revolution and for the subsequent redistributive land reform and the creation of a ‘social sector’ consisting of ejidos and agrarian communities. By the 1960s, however, the reform sector began to enter into crisis. A reform of the Constitution and new agrarian legislation of 1992 opened the way to privatization of land in the social sector, expecting that this would dynamize production. It is shown that this has not been the case. In a context of globalization and asymmetric free‐trade relations the crisis has only deepened.
Latitudinal patterns of reproductive effort in gamebirds and waterfowl: bucking the trend?
Authors: MUSVUUGWA TENDAI , HOCKEY PHILIP A. R.
Published: September 2010

Clutch sizes of gamebirds decrease in a hyperbolic fashion towards the equator, but their clutch investment (total clutch mass as a proportion of female body weight) does not vary with latitude, regardless of whether body mass and phylogeny are factored out. In contrast, clutch sizes of wildfowl increase towards the tropics, but when corrected for body mass and phylogeny, no latitudinal pattern remains. Clutch investment by wildfowl peaks in the tropics, but this relationship becomes insignificant when body size and phylogeny are factored out. These contrasting patterns are explored in terms of habitat type, and the groups’ shared precocial development mode.
SPICULES IN SILURIAN TABULATE CORALS FROM CANADA, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR AFFINITIES
Authors: CHATTERTON BRIAN D. E. , COPPER PAUL , DIXON OWEN A. , GIBB STACEY
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Specimens of Favosites from upper Llandovery strata of Anticosti Island show three types of calcite structures, herein interpreted as spicules, preserved within their calices and on top of the last tabula. This is stratigraphically younger material, some 50 m higher than fossils described two decades earlier, in which calcified polyps, each with 12 retracted tentacles, were noted. These more recently found structures show striking similarities in form and position to point, collaret and capstan spicules found in the soft tissues of modern pipe corals, i.e. the Octocorallia (Alcyonacea). Where preserved in a distinct pattern on top of the calcite tabulae, the spicular sclerites in Favosites occur in a particular sequence. Twelve individual, or sometimes six pairs of, triradiate point spicules have shrunk to a circlet near the middle of the calice (resting on the last, outermost, tabula). Surrounding the point spicules are 3–6 circlets of curved, usually perforated, lenticular collaret spicules; and surrounding these are scattered, much smaller, capstan spicules. The spicules display variability, probably ontogenetic, in their form and relative sizes; and they are more similar in form to calcareous spicules of alcyonacean corals than to those known from calcareous sponges. Structures with 12‐fold radial symmetry in Heliolites, originally described by one of us as ‘septal florets’, consist of elements that are considered comparable with the point spicules found in Favosites. They have been recognized in ten species of Heliolites from Silurian (Wenlock–Ludlow) strata in the Canadian Arctic islands.
DEVELOPMENTAL INTEGRATION RELATED TO BUOYANCY CONTROL IN NAUTILOIDS: EVIDENCE FROM UNUSUAL SEPTAL APPROXIMATION AND ONTOGENETIC ALLOMETRIES IN A JURASSIC SPECIES
Authors: CHIRAT RÉGIS , ENAY RAYMOND , HANTZPERGUE PIERRE , MANGOLD CHARLES
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The meaning of modifications in septal spacing that often coincide with maturity in extant Nautilus and fossil nautiloids, and also in ammonoids, remains controversial. In the Callovian nautilid species Paracenoceras marocenseMiller and Collinson, 1952, the extent of decrease in septal spacing and the exceptional number of approximated septa are correlated with an unusual positive ontogenetic allometry in whorl‐width expansion. This allometric growth implies that the threshold weight of the animal, requiring the formation of a new chamber to maintain near‐neutral buoyancy, was reached for an increasingly shorter angular length of shell added to the aperture. Thus, the available space for the newly forming chamber behind the advancing body was reduced accordingly. Ontogenetic modifications in septal spacing are linked to relative growth of the animal. The flexibility in the mechanisms of buoyancy regulation would be expected to have been a critical factor affecting the possible set of ontogenetic trajectories in chambered cephalopods and thus the realm of variation upon which selection could act.
THE LATE TRIASSIC BLACK SHALES OF THE GUANLING AREA, GUIZHOU PROVINCE, SOUTH‐WEST CHINA: A UNIQUE MARINE REPTILE AND PELAGIC CRINOID FOSSIL LAGERSTÄTTE
Authors: XIAOFENG WANG , BACHMANN GERHARD H. , HAGDORN HANS , SANDER P. MARTIN , CUNY GILLES , XIAOHONG CHEN , CHUANSHANG WANG , LIDE CHEN , LONG CHENG , FANSONG MENG , GUANGHONG XU
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Black shales of the lower member of the Carnian Xiaowa Formation (previously known as the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation or as the Wayao Formation) in the Guanling area, Guizhou Province, south‐west China, are yielding a rich marine reptile fauna and exceptional remains of pelagic crinoids. The black shales represent deposition on the drowned southern margin of the Yangtze Platform during a Maximum Flooding Interval. The relatively reduced sedimentation rates led to the formation of the Lagerstätte through the accumulation of fossils in the anoxic bottom sediments over a prolonged period of time. Invertebrate fossils represent almost exclusively pelagic forms, such as a diverse ammonite fauna and halobiid bivalves. The spectacular finds of colonies of large (stem lengths > 11 m) crinoids of the genusTraumatocrinusattached to driftwood prove that this crinoid was the first to evolve a pseudoplanktonic life style. The other crinoid is the planktonic roveacrinidOsteocrinus. The marine reptile fauna, represented by probably hundreds of skeletons, is numerically dominated by three species of ichthyosaurs and four species of thalattosaurs. The thalattosaurs fill a palaeobiogeographic gap between the Alpine thalattosaur faunas and those from western North America. Two species of placodonts are rare finds. As for the thalattosaurs, the placodont occurrences greatly expand the geographic range of the group because placodonts have been known previously only from the Mediterranean region, the Alps and the Muschelkalk Basin. The unique abundance of thalattosaurs contrasts with a scarcity of fishes. Although we suggest that the fauna is authochthonous and inhabited surface waters, it must have represented an unusual ecosystem. However, the possibility remains that both the marine reptiles and theTraumatocrinuscolonies were concentrated in the region by currents and do not reflect the biocoenosis.
DUROPHAGOUS PREDATION ON MIDDLE JURASSIC MOLLUSCS, AS EVIDENCED FROM SHELL FRAGMENTATION
Authors: ZATOŃ MICHAŁ , SALAMON MARIUSZ A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Durophagous (shell‐crushing) predation is known from the beginning of the Phanerozoic, but it has been suggested that modern intensity was not reached until the Late Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic, when specialized marine durophagous taxa increased in diversity. In this paper, evidence of durophagous predation on Middle Jurassic communities of molluscan prey is presented on the basis of distinct accumulations of fossil remains in the Polish Jura (south‐central Poland) that contain characteristic, angular shell fragments with sharp, non‐abraded margins. The diverse fossil content of the accumulations studied, consisting of either benthic or nektic/nekto‐benthic taxa, indicates that the potential predatory taxon was an opportunistic generalist, most probably fish. On the basis of taphonomic observations, the faunal accumulations are interpreted to represent regurgitated remains (pellets). The common occurrence of such accumulations in the Middle Jurassic clays of the Polish Jura indicates that durophagous predation has been intense since the mid‐Mesozoic, at least locally.
NEW FOSSIL LACEWINGS AND ANTLIONS (INSECTA, NEUROPTERA) FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS CRATO FORMATION OF BRAZIL
Authors: MENON FEDERICA , MAKARKIN VLADIMIR N.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Remarkable new fossil taxa of Neuroptera from the laminated limestone of the Crato Formation, north‐east Brazil, are described: Nuddsia longiantennata gen. et sp. nov. (Osmylidae, Gumillinae), the first fossil record of this family from South America, Parapalaeoleon magnus gen. et sp. nov. (Palaeoleontidae), and Triangulochrysopa formosa sp. nov. (Mesochrysopidae). A diagnosis of Gumillinae is provided; Epiosmylidae is considered to be a synonym of this subfamily. A revised diagnosis of Palaeoleontidae is provided, based on a new interpretation of venational characters evident on the exceptionally well‐preserved specimen of P. magnus; vein homologies are determined and the fusion of MP and CuA is discussed. The genus Triangulochrysopa has been known previously only from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain.
TRACING BACK THE ORIGIN OF THE INDO‐PACIFIC MOLLUSC FAUNA: BASAL TRIDACNINAE FROM THE OLIGOCENE AND MIOCENE OF THE SULTANATE OF OMAN
Authors: HARZHAUSER MATHIAS , MANDIC OLEG , PILLER WERNER E. , REUTER MARKUS , KROH ANDREAS
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Two new tridacnine species are described from the Chattian and Aquitanian of the Arabian Peninsula. For these, the new names Omanidacna eos gen. et sp. nov. and Tridacna evae sp. nov. are erected. Omanidacna is interpreted as an Oligocene ancestor of Hippopus, being the oldest record of this tridacnine lineage. The Aquitanian Tridacna evae is the first occurrence of the genus Tridacna. These Arabian taxa imply that the modern tridacnine lineages are rooted in the Palaeogene and early Neogene of the East African‐Arabian Province, although their Eocene ancestors, such as Byssocardium, are Western Tethyan taxa. During the Neogene they successfully settled the Indo‐Polynesian Province and became typical elements of the entire Indo‐West Pacific Region. The tridacnines are thus an example of a successive transformation and gradual eastward dispersal of an originally Tethyan element contributing to late Neogene diversity in the Indo‐West Pacific.
FILLING A GAP: THE FIRST OCCURRENCES OF EPIPHAXUM (CNIDARIA: HELIOPORACEA: LITHOTELESTIDAE) IN THE EOCENE, OLIGOCENE AND MIOCENE
Authors: LOZOUET PIERRE , MOLODTSOVA TINA
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  A new species of the genus Epiphaxum (family Lithotelestidae) is described and illustrated in detail, and compared to other species. Epiphaxum arbuscula sp. nov. has been collected from Upper Eocene (Priabonian), Upper Oligocene (Chattian) and Lower Miocene (Upper Burdigalian) deposits of the Aquitaine Basin, south‐west France. Epiphaxum is a poorly documented genus but its fossil record extends back to the Late Cretaceous; it was previously known only from the Paleocene (Danian). Epiphaxum arbuscula differs from all others species of the genus in the form of its colony. In contrast to the creeping colonies of previously known species, it has branched colonies. It is very common at one Upper Oligocene outcrop from which an assemblage with submarine cave remains has been described. A close relationship between the three extant species (two from the Caribbean Sea and one from the Indo‐West Pacific region) and the Paleogene species is also noted. These constitute a group that has not undergone any important morphological changes for the last 65 million years.