bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Odor Abatement in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Philp Jim , Polley Christopher , McLeod Sue
Published: July 2005

Odorous emissions from sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants are produced generally by hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and volatile or semi‐volatile organic compounds at very low concentrations; they are present in the liquid phase and are emitted into ambient air at the liquid‐gaseous interface (Frechen & Köster, 1998). These odours cause serious complaint in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plants. As a result odour control has become a key issue facing wastewater treatment plant management (Stuetz et al., 1999). Developments are under way to improve techniques for the assessment of odour and in the production of new technologies for destroying odour.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are often amenable to biological treatment through a variety of reactor formats. However, several other technologies exist that could be used in their treatment for the abatement of odour. The eventual choice of a technology largely depends on the efficiency of treatment and the capital and operating costs. The advent of the “triple bottom line” now considers sustainability of the technique also, although this philosophy is in its infancy. Biological treatment undoubtedly represent a sustainable green option, but it must also be proven to be economically viable and efficient.
C
hechen Separatists
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: July 2005

The Chechen rebels have been one of the most aggressive groups in their attempts to procure or produce a biological agent. The rebels have carried out many attacks, proving that given a biological weapon they would not be afraid to use it. And there are many indications that they have tried to make their own biological agents, including manuals found in rebel safe houses describing how to make biological agents and discoveries of traces of ricin. If current trends continue it may be a short time before the Chechen rebels produce a biological agent
Cost‐Effectiveness of Biological Weapons
Authors: Siegrist David W.
Published: July 2005

The cost of conventional and various types of unconventional weapons ranges significantly. These weapons also serve different operational objectives. Conventional, chemical, biological, and nuclear and radiological weapons are compared. While biological weapons have a comparatively low production cost versus other unconventional weapons, the success of their development depends on the expertise of the developer. However, as advances in biotechnology continue, more people are becoming familiar with advanced biological techniques that can be used for either good or ill, increasing the pool of potential perpetrators of biological attack.
Dual‐Use Equipment and Technology
Authors: Miller Erica
Published: July 2005

Biological dual‐use equipment and technology consists of items and information that have both legitimate, civilian applications and potential illicit or weapons applications. Export control, for example, by regimes such as the Australia Group, is the primary system currently in place to monitor and manage the spread of dual‐use equipment and technology. A second governance mechanism in place is domestic regulation, for example, the required registration and prohibition of misuse of facilities, pathogen collections, and personnel working with certain agents, equipment, and technologies. The dual‐use dilemma and mechanisms in place to address it are discussed.
E
dgewood
C
hemical
B
iological
C
enter (Formerly
E
dgewood
A
rsenal),
A
berdeen
P
roving
G
round
Authors: Savidge Charlotte
Published: July 2005

The article provides an overview of the history, current efforts, and future plans of the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) at Aberdeen Proving Ground. It covers ECBC's history from wartime defense and chemical weapons research to its current biodefense‐related activities. The article describes how ECBC supports military and federal defense efforts and highlights new biological detection products. Biodefense products in development are also discussed.
Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Baker Michelle
Published: July 2005

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is accountable for the safety and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, much of the U.S. food supply, devices that emit radiation, cosmetics, and medical devices. Title III of the Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 specifically designates the FDA as being responsible for the safety and integrity of the nation's food and drug supply, and recognizes FDA's oversight of 80 per cent of the entire U.S. food supply. The FDA must provide for the security of both finished food products within United States and the facilities involved in domestic and imported food manufacture and processing. Further, on May 30, 2002, the FDA announced a new regulation aiming to expedite approval of drugs and other products developed to reduce or mitigate the effects of biological, chemical, or radiological terrorism agents. The FDA's responsibilities in food security and counterterrorism are reviewed.
I
slam,
S
hi'a, and
S
unna
Authors: Salama Sammy , Thompson Kathleen
Published: July 2005

Fourteen centuries ago, an important schism occurred within the Islamic umma (nation of believers). From this rift, two main factions emerged: the Sunna and the Shi'a. Since then, myriad events in the Middle East have shaped the worldview and attitudes of the minority Shi'a population. Knowledge of this Islamic history is vital to understanding the dynamics of present day Iran and Iraq, both Shi'a nations. The schism sparked the idea of martyrdom, which had a tremendous impact on the history of Islam. This concept of martyrdom (shahada) is now used by militant groups to justify suicide bombings as a legitimate method of warfare. To best understand the motives of self‐martyrdom one must go back again to the reasons for the schism. This article focuses on the history of this division since it appears that both Iran and Iraq will be among the central focal points of U.S. foreign policy. The study of this history is necessary to understand the modern attitudes and postures of these two countries.
I
srael
Authors: Oppenheimer Andy
Published: July 2005

Israel has the capacity and resources to develop and produce biological weapons and has long been suspected of having such a program. It is widely believed that the Israel Institute for Biological Research is Israel's main center for both offense and defensive biological weapons research. Whether Israel possesses an actual production above pilot scale is unknown. Israel is not a signatory to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.

This article discusses Israel's biological weapon‐related efforts for both defensive (vaccines, antidotes, detection and decontamination equipment, and protective clothing), and offensive (deliverable biological agents) purpose.
K
urdistan
Authors: Nelson Gail H.
Published: July 2005

Kurdistan straddles the international boundaries of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and the former Soviet Union. The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims and are the fourth most numerous people in the Middle East. The Kurds have been in continuous confrontation with host nations since antiquity. The triad of Iran, Iraq, and Turkey pursued anti‐Kurdish policies since World War II. The most serious incident occurred in 1988, when the Iraqi government bombed the town of Halabja with chemical weapons. More than 5000 people died from the attack, the largest chemical attack that had ever been launched against a civilian population. The Kurdish quest for autonomy cannot be suppressed without precipitating protracted rebellion. They will remain a source of extremist activity and a breeding ground for regional instability. None the less, it is unlikely that Kurdish separatists will pursue a WMD capability to achieve political objectives.
M
etropolitan
M
edical
R
esponse
S
ystem
Authors: Shaw John J.
Published: July 2005

The Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS) is the first federal investment program to support local planning efforts to respond successfully to mass casualty incidents. The MMRS program expands local emergency response planning to include a comprehensive public health component.
Plague (

Y
ersinia pestis

)
Authors: Popov Serguei
Published: July 2005

Yersinia pestis
is classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a Category A agent, of highest priority in terms of public health and national security. Its high degree of infectivity and potential for person‐to‐person transmission have led to its development as a weapon by numerous state‐level biological warfare programs in the past. The disease exists in three principle forms, bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Pneumonic plague, the most likely manifestation of deliberate exposure, is the most rapidly progressive and frequently causes fatal pneumonia if not immediately treated. Coughing by victims of pneumonic plague releases airborne droplets that can spread the disease to other individuals, compounding the potential impact of this form of the disease.
POLISARIO
Authors: Nelson Gail H.
Published: July 2005

The goal of the POLISARIO is the creation of a sovereign Western Saharan state ruled by a democratic government that represents the Sahrawi tribes and Islamic culture. The means it chooses to achieve these goals include international diplomacy, insurgency, and terrorist attacks directed against Moroccan interests. However, the POLISARIO's modus operandi does not include the use of WMD to achieve its political objectives.
Scientists, Societies, and Bioterrorism Defense in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Colwell Rita R.
Published: July 2005

Fundamental research is one of the pillars of the United States strength and prosperity. A series of events specific to biological science and microbiology has unfolded in the approach to research. In 1980 smallpox was declared eradicated. Many microbiologists were not converts to the idea of eradication and in fact, have doubts about absolutes. There is now the paradox that must be faced that smallpox is now number one on the list of potential biological weapons. This situation symbolizes the obligation to outline new roles for scientists who must now deal with the global problem of bioterrorism. This article gives potential actions that microbiologists could take to assist federal and state health agencies, first responders, and citizens in the event of a bioterrorist attack or an infectious disease outbreak.
Smallpox
Authors: Pilch Richard F.
Published: July 2005

The smallpox virus was officially eradicated worldwide in 1977. It remains of primary concern as a biological warfare agent, however, due to its contagiousness, morbidity, and mortality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists the virus as a Category A agent, meaning that it is of the highest priority in terms of the threat it poses to both public health and national security. The smallpox virus is exceedingly difficult to acquire, and its successful production and delivery require substantial technical ability on the part of the perpetrator. Preemptive vaccination, though carrying some risk, offers an effective means of prevention, but whether the benefits of this approach outweigh the risks remains a topic of debate. In the event of a smallpox outbreak in the United States, a surveillance‐containment ring vaccination strategy will be implemented. If this approach is ineffective, mass vaccination will be employed.
Syndromic Surveillance
Authors: Zelicoff Alan P.
Published: July 2005

This article examines a vital area of the nation's counterterrorism response: the use of clinicians as sentinel detectors of unusual signs and symptoms. In their patient population coupled with real‐time analysis by public health experts of clinical data to provide the earliest possible detection of unusual disease outbreaks and patterns. A relatively novel means for conducting this search is via clinical “syndrome‐based surveillance”. This approach can at least augment existing public health reporting infrastructure for classical “reportable disease” and laboratory‐based surveillance. It can dramatically increase the likelihood of identification of intentionally introduced disease in animal and human populations. In addition this approach can enhance the robustness of routine public health systems including the detection of vaccine preventable illness and vector‐borne disease.
U
nited
S
tates
D
epartment of
A
griculture
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: July 2005

Following the attacks of September 11th, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has played an integral role in protecting the United States from acts of bioterrorism. Most importantly, the USDA has been tasked with protecting America's food supply and agricultural products. A number of protocols, for which the USDA is responsible, have recently been implemented, including the Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002. Additionally, the USDA began collaboration with the Department of Homeland Security in an attempt to protect the U.S. from future bioterrorism attacks.
Analysis of the degradation of poly(1‐butene) pipe through oxidation induction time tests
Authors: Bigg D. M. , Heater K. J. , Grunden B. L. , Badowski D. E. , Ricks J. G. , Brasch J.
Published: July 2005

The oxidation induction time (OIT) test is a powerful technique for evaluating the oxidative stability and/or degradation of polymers. It is especially effective in examining the relative utility of antioxidants on the stability of oxidizable polymers. It is also useful in determining whether or not antioxidants have been leached from the polymer, thus negating their effectiveness. In this study, the OIT test has been used to show the loss in effectiveness of antioxidant from the interior surface of poly(1‐butene) pipe used to convey potable water. The loss in antioxidant effectiveness was confirmed by significantly reduced OIT times. Confirmation of oxidation of the polymer was subsequently made by IR analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:215–225, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20045
Effect of crystallization and interface formation mechanism on mechanical properties of film‐insert injection‐molded poly(propylene) (PP) film/PP substrate
Authors: Yamaguchi S. , Leong Y. W. , Tsujii T. , Mizoguchi M. , Ishiaku U. S. , Hamada H.
Published: July 2005

A previous study has shown that the adhesion between the film and substrate of film‐insert injection‐molded poly(propylene) (PP) film/PP substrate was evident with the increases in barrel temperature and injection holding pressure. In this second part of the research work, the crystallinity at the interfacial region (i.e., region between the film and the injected substrate) was extensively studied using FTIR imaging, polarized light microscopy, and DSC in an attempt to determine the level of influence that crystallinity has on the interface and bulk mechanical properties. Consequently, a more thorough and clearer picture of the influence of the inserted film on the interfacial crystallinity and subsequently the substrate mechanical properties, such as peel strength and impact strength, has been revealed. The initial proposition that crystallinity could enhance film–substrate interfacial bonding has been confirmed, judging from the higher peel strength with increasing crystallinity at the interfacial region. Nevertheless, the change in crystallinity was not only confined to the interfacial region. With the film acting as heat‐transfer inhibitor between the injected resin and the mold wall, the total crystal structure of the substrate was substantially altered, which subsequently affected the bulk mechanical properties. The lower impact strength of film‐insert injection‐molded samples compared to that of samples without film inserts provided evidence of how the film could impart inferior properties to the substrate. The difference in cooling rate between the substrate and film might also cause other defects such as warpage and/or residual stress build‐up within the product. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 294–301, 2005
Naturally occurring quinones and flavonoid dyes for wool: Insect feeding deterrents
Authors: Park Jung Hwa , Gatewood Barbara M. , Ramaswamy Gita N.
Published: July 2005

This study investigated the ability of natural dyes to impede the attack of black carpet beetles on wool. The dyes evaluated were naturally occurring quinines (cochineal, madder, and walnut) and flavonoids (chestnut, fustic, indigo, and logwood). All of the dyes, except indigo, were applied by using five mordanting agents (aluminum, chrome, copper, iron, and tin). Mordanting agents were used to bind natural dyes on wool. The insect resistance of the controls and dyed specimens was evaluated, following the fabric weight loss procedures in AATCC Test Method 24. All of the dyes, except indigo, increased the insect resistance of the wool fabric to attack by black carpet beetles. The wool specimens dyed with cochineal and madder, naturally occurring anthraquinone dyes, had the lowest fabric weight loss among eight natural dyes investigated. The flavonoid dyes were not effective in enhancing insect resistance. Alum, copper, and iron have no significant effect on enhancing or reducing insect resistance of any of the eight natural dyes used in this study. However, tin and chrome, when used as a mordant for cochineal, reduced the insect resistance dramatically. Surprisingly, tin improves the insect resistance of wool fabrics dyed with fustic dyes. The anthraquionones including cochineal, madder, and walnut were found to be quite effective in protecting wool fabric against black carpet beetles. Thus, the naturally occurring mordant dyes provide an alternative to insecticides in protecting wool textiles from insect attack. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 322–328, 2005
The ADAM‐integrin‐tetraspanin complex in fetal and postnatal testicular cords
Authors: Tres Laura L. , Kierszenbaum Abraham L.
Published: July 2005

New insights have emerged about the expression, during testicular cord formation, of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) domain family of proteins that combines both cell surface adhesion and proteolytic activity; this family includes integrins α3β1 and α6β1 and tetraspanins, a distinct family of proteins containing four transmembrane domains, a small and a large extracellular loop, and short cytoplasmic tails. ADAM3 (cyritestin), ADAM5, ADAM6, and ADAM15 are expressed in fetal rat testes. In contrast, the expression of the ADAM1/ADAM2 pair (fertilin α/fertilin β, respectively) is not detected in fetal testis. Yet the expression of ADAM1 starts immediately after birth, and is followed within 24 hr by the expression of ADAM2. Therefore, the ADAM1/ADAM2 heterodimer is visualized far in advance of the meiotic and spermiogenic phase of spermatogenesis. A similar expression pattern was observed for integrin subunits α3, α6, and β1, as well as for tetraspanins CD9, CD81, and CD98; the latter is a single‐pass integrin subunit β1‐binding protein. ADAM2, integrin subunits α3, α6, and β1, and tetraspanin CD9 and CD81 immunoreactive sites are observed in prespermatogonia (also known as primordial germ cells or gonocytes). A model is proposed in which the ADAM‐integrin‐tetraspanin complex, known to constitute a network of membrane microdomains called the tetraspanin web, may be involved in the migration of prespermatogonia from the center to the periphery of the testicular cords and in the reinitiation of mitotic activity during the initial wave of spermatogenesis. A complementary model consists in the rearrangement of the tetraspanin web in prespermatogonia/spermatogonia undergoing spontaneous or Fas‐induced apoptosis upon coculturing with Sertoli cells. In this model, the cellular site involved in the formation of preapoptotic bodies is devoid of tetraspanin‐integrin clusters, in contrast with nonapoptotic cells, which display a diffuse circumferential distribution. In apoptotic prespermatogonia, immunoreactive clusters are restricted to sites where the attachment of prespermatogonia/spermatogonia to Sertoli cell surfaces is still preserved. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 75:130–141, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in mortality and hospital admission rates for abdominal aortic aneurysm in England and Wales, 1979–1999
Authors: Filipovic M , Goldacre M J , Roberts S E , Yeates D , Duncan M E , Cook-Mozaffari P
Published: July 2005

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate trends in population-based mortality, hospital admission and case fatality rates for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) from 1979 to 1999.

Methods

This was an analysis of routine statistics from 79 495 death certificates in England and Wales and 3217 hospital inpatient admissions in the Oxford Region.

Results

Mortality rates for all AAAs increased between 1979 and 1999 from 13 to 25 per million in women and from 80 to 115 per million in men. Admission rates increased in the same time interval from three to 22 admissions per million per year in women, and from 52 to 149 per million per year in men. Case fatality rates for all non-ruptured AAAs that were operated on decreased from 25·8 to 9·0 per cent and for all ruptured AAAs from 69·9 to 54·4 per cent.

Conclusion

Mortality rates and hospital admission rates for AAA rose in men and even more so in women between 1979 and 1999. Perioperative mortality for ruptured AAA declined a little during the study but nonetheless was still very high at the end. This reinforces the importance of detecting and treating AAA before rupture occurs.
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in a geographically isolated area
Authors: Duncan J L , Wolf B , Nichols D M , Lindsay S M , Cairns J , Godden D J
Published: July 2005

Background

Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm has been shown to reduce aneurysm-related mortality, but the applicability of the results to the whole of the UK has been questioned. This study examined screening in a remote and rural area.

Methods

Over 3 years, men aged 65–74 years were offered screening in the community by ultrasonography, usually in general practitioner surgeries. Men with an aneurysm were rescanned at intervals or assessed for surgery. The screening and hospital costs of the programme were calculated.

Results

Some 9323 men were offered screening of whom 8355 (89·6 per cent) attended. Uptake was high in all areas. A total of 430 scans (5·1 per cent) were abnormal; 40 men had an aneurysm greater than 55 mm in diameter. Twenty further men had an aorta that enlarged to greater than 55 mm during follow-up. A total of 54 men had elective repair with one death (mortality rate 2 per cent). The cost of screening alone was £16 per invitation and the overall cost of the programme, including surgery, was £58 per invitation.

Conclusion

Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm can be carried out in a remote and rural area with high uptake, acceptable clinical results and at no greater cost than in more densely populated areas.
Systematic review of recent evidence for the safety and efficacy of elective endovascular repair in the management of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Drury D , Michaels J A , Jones L , Ayiku L
Published: July 2005

Background

Conventional management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is by open repair and is associated with a mortality rate of 2–6 per cent. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is an alternative technique first introduced in 1991. A systematic review was undertaken of the evidence for the safety and efficacy of elective EVAR in the management of asymptomatic infrarenal AAA.

Methods

Thirteen electronic bibliographical databases were searched, covering biomedical, health-related, science and social science literature. Outcomes were assessed with respect to efficacy (successful deployment, technical success, conversion rates and secondary intervention rates) and safety (30-day mortality rate, procedure morbidity rates and technical issues—endoleaks, graft thrombosis, stenosis and migration).

Results

Of 606 reports identified, 61 met the inclusion criteria (three randomized and 15 non-randomized controlled trials, and 43 uncontrolled studies). There were 29 059 participants in total; 19 804 underwent EVAR. Deployment was successful in 97·6 per cent of cases. Technical success (complete aneurysm exclusion) was 81·9 per cent at discharge and 88·8 per cent at 30 days. Secondary intervention to treat endoleak or maintain graft patency was required in 16·2 per cent of patients. Mean stay in the intensive care unit and mean hospital stay were significantly shorter following EVAR. The 30-day mortality rate for EVAR was 1·6 per cent (randomized controlled trials) and 2·0 per cent in nonrandomized trials and case series. Technical complications comprised stent migration (4·0 per cent), graft limb thrombosis (3·9 per cent), endoleak (type I, 6·8 per cent; type II, 10·3 per cent; type III, 4·2 per cent) and access artery injury (4·8 per cent).

Discussion

EVAR is technically effective and safe, with lower short-term morbidity and mortality rates than open surgery. However, there is a need for extended follow-up as the long-term success of EVAR in preventing aneurysm-related deaths is not yet known.
Synthesis and Properties of New Tetrazines Substituted by Heteroatoms: Towards the World's Smallest Organic Fluorophores
Authors: Audebert Pierre , Miomandre Fabien , Clavier Gilles , Vernières Marie‐Claude , Badré Sophie , Méallet‐Renault Rachel
Published: July 2005

New tetrazines substituted by heteroatoms have been synthesized and their electrochemical and photochemical properties investigated. All compounds are reversibly electroactive with standard potentials shifting cathodically according to the donor character of the substituent. The tetrazine derivatives are also fluorescent with maximum emission wavelengths in the range 550–575 nm. Some of them show very long fluorescence lifetimes (several tens of ns) and remain fluorescent in the solid state without major changes in the spectral features. The fluorescence of one of the derivatives can be efficiently quenched by the presence of electron‐rich compounds such as triphenylamines, phenol or anisole, which make them very promising compounds for sensor applications.
Modified Expanded Corrole–Ferrocene Conjugates: Syntheses, Structure and Properties
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Misra Rajneesh , PrabhuRaja Viswanathan , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K.
Published: July 2005

Syntheses, characterization and properties of expanded corrole–ferrocene conjugates are reported. Ferrocenyl group are covalently linked to the corrole macrocycle through three different spacers groups. The synthetic strategy involved prior insertion of ferrocene with spacers to the dipyrromethane unit followed by a “3+2” acid‐catalyzed oxidative coupling methodology. The optical and emission data of the expanded corrole–ferrocene conjugates depend on the nature and length of the spacer groups and the maximum effects are seen where ferrocene is directly linked to the meso carbon of macrocycle. The single crystal X‐ray structure of two expanded corrole–ferrocene conjugates; [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.0.1.0) with different meso substituents, clearly reveal shortening of the CC bond length linking the meso carbon and the aryl substituent containing the ferrocene moiety relative to meso aryl substituents without ferrocene. The results suggest that an electronic interaction between the two π systems. Electrochemical data reveal harder oxidation for the ferrocene unit in the conjugates relative to free ferrocene; this suggests the electron donating nature of the ferrocene. The first corrole ring oxidation shows easier oxidation relative to 1 and the magnitude of shifts in potential is inversely proportional to the length of spacer. The molecular first hyperpolarizabilities (β) measured at 1064 nm by HRS method vary in the range 20–32×10−30 esu and imply that the β values can be increased by enhancing the number of mobile electrons in the conjugation. The conjugates form 1:1 metal complex with the RhI where rhodium is coordinated to one amino and one imino nitrogen of the dipyrromethane unit.
Induced Axial Chirality in the Biphenyl Core of the Proatropoisomeric, Cα‐Tetrasubstituted α‐Amino Acid Residue Bip in Peptides
Authors: Mazaleyrat Jean‐Paul , Wright Karen , Gaucher Anne , Toulemonde Nathalie , Dutot Laurence , Wakselman Michel , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Kaptein Bernard , Oancea Simona , Peggion Cristina , Crisma Marco , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio
Published: July 2005

An induced axial chirality in the biphenyl core of the 2′,1′:1,2;1′′,2′′:3,4‐dibenzcyclohepta‐1,3‐diene‐6‐amino‐6‐carboxylic acid (Bip) residue, a conformationally labile, atropoisomeric, Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acid, was observed by CD and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques in the linear dipeptides Boc‐Bip‐Xaa*‐OMe where Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl, OMe=methoxy, and Xaa*=D‐ and/or L‐Ala, ‐Val, ‐Leu, ‐Phe, ‐(αMe)Val and ‐(αMe)Leu. Chiral induction was significantly lower in the isomeric dipeptides Boc‐Xaa*‐Bip‐OMe, with the Xaa* residue located at the N‐terminus of Bip, as well as in the cyclic dipeptide cyclo‐[Bip‐L‐Ala]. The results obtained in solution were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis of a crystalline sample of Boc‐(R)‐Bip‐D‐Ala‐OMe.
Highly regionalized neuronal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1/CCL2) in rat brain: Evidence for its colocalization with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
Authors: Banisadr Ghazal , Gosselin Romain‐Daniel , Mechighel Patricia , Kitabgi Patrick , Rostène William , Parsadaniantz Stéphane Mélik
Published: July 2005

The monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1/CCL2) and its receptor CCR2 are key modulators of immune functions. In the nervous system, MCP‐1/CCL2 is implicated in neuroinflammatory pathologies. However, cerebral functions of MCP‐1/CCL2 under normal conditions are still unclear. In this study, using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and specific rat MCP‐1 enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approaches, we observed that MCP‐1/CCL2 mRNA and protein were expressed in different punched regions of the normal rat central nervous system. Immunohistochemical studies further revealed that this chemokine is constitutively expressed not only in astrocytes but also in neurons, in discrete neuroanatomical regions. Neuronal expression of MCP‐1/CCL2 is mainly found in the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus, hippocampus, paraventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei, lateral hypothalamus, substantia nigra, facial nuclei, motor and spinal trigeminal nuclei, and gigantocellular reticular nucleus and in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Moreover, we obtained the first evidence that MCP‐1/CCL2 is constitutively expressed in cholinergic neurons, notably in the magnocellular preoptic and oculomotor nuclei, and in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition, in the lateral hypothalamic area, MCP‐1/CCL2 co‐localized with melanin‐concentrating hormone‐expressing neurons. Interestingly, we demonstrate a co‐localization of MCP‐1/CCL2 with vasopressin in magnocellular neuronal cell bodies and processes in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, as well as in processes in the internal layer of the median eminence and in the posterior pituitary. Taken together, our data suggest that MCP‐1/CCL2 could act as a modulator of neuronal activity and neuroendocrine functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:275–292, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropeptide Y2 receptor protein is present in peptidergic and nonpeptidergic primary sensory neurons of the mouse
Authors: Brumovsky Pablo , Stanic Davor , Shuster Sam , Herzog Herbert , Villar Marcelo , Hökfelt Tomas
Published: July 2005

The localization of the neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) Y2 receptor (Y2R) protein was studied in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord, by using a recently developed rabbit anti‐Y2R antibody and a sensitive immunohistochemical method. Y2R‐like immunoreactivity (‐LI) was observed in about 10% of the small/medium‐sized lumbar DRG neurons. Among these, about 44% were calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐immunoreactive, and about 38% bound isolectin B4. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, an intense Y2R‐LI was seen in the most superficial layers, mostly restricted to laminae I–II. This immunoreactivity was completely abolished by dorsal rhizotomy. Y2R‐L1 was also detected on the skin, more abundantly in hairy than glabrous skin. Specificity experiments showed complete disappearance of the Y2R‐LI described above after incubation with antibody preadsorbed with the immunogenic peptide. Furthermore, Y2R‐LI was also absent in a Y2R knockout mouse. These results demonstrate that the NPY Y2R is associated mainly with both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic small, presumably nociceptive, neurons projecting to the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. The results also support a role for this receptor and NPY in pain mechanisms. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:328–348, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D atlas describing the ontogenic evolution of the primary olfactory projections in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Gaudin Arnaud , Gascuel Jean
Published: July 2005

The adult Xenopus presents the unique capability to smell odors both in water and air thanks to two different olfactory pathways. Nevertheless, the tadpole can initially perceive only water‐borne odorants, as the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) that will detect air‐borne odorants develop later. Such a phenomenon requires major reorganization processes. Here we focused on the precise description of the neuroanatomical modifications occurring in the olfactory bulb (OB) of the tadpole throughout metamorphosis. Using both carbocyanine dyes and lectin staining, we investigated the evolution of ORN projection patterns into the OB from Stages 47 to 66, thus covering the period of time when all the modifications take place. Although our results confirm previous works (Reiss and Burd [1997] Semin Cell Dev Biol 8:171–179), we showed for the first time that the main olfactory bulb (MOB) is subdivided into seven zones at Stage 47 plus the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). These seven zones receive fibers dedicated to aquatic olfaction (“aquatic fibers”) and are conserved until Stage 66. At Stage 48 the first fibers dedicated to the aerial olfaction constitute a new dorsomedial zone that grows steadily, pushing the seven original zones ventrolaterally. Only the part of the OB receiving aquatic fibers is fragmented, reminiscent of the organization described in fish. This raises the question of whether such an organization in zones constitutes a plesiomorphy or is linked to aquatic olfaction. We generated a 3D atlas at several stages which are representative of the reorganization process. This will be a useful tool for future studies of development and function. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:403–424, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular Conductors Based on peri‐Ditellurium‐Bridged Donors,2,3‐DMTTeA and TMTTeN
Authors: Fujiwara Emiko , Fujiwara Hideki , Narymbetov Bakhyt Zh. , Kobayashi Hayao , Nakata Masahiro , Torii Hajime , Kobayashi Akiko , Takimiya Kazuo , Otsubo Tetsuo , Ogura Fumio
Published: July 2005

Molecular conductors based on peri‐ditellurium‐bridged polyacene donor molecules 3,4‐dimethylanthra[1,9‐cd:4,10‐c'd']bis[1,2]ditellurole (2,3‐DMTTeA) and 2,3,6,7‐tetramethylnaphtho[1,8‐cd:4,5‐c'd']bis[1,2]ditellurole (TMTTeN) were prepared. The crystal structure analyses of neutral 2,3‐DMTTeA molecule and its cation radical salts revealed that these crystals involve an orientational disorder of the asymmetrical molecule, 2,3‐DMTTeA, and that the intermolecular network through tellurium atoms is very strong and dominant in terms of the construction of the crystal frameworks. In the crystal of (TMTTeN)2M(CN)2 (M = Ag and Au), the crystal structure analyses and the extended Hückel tight‐binding band calculations indicated that these salts are quasi three‐dimensional conductors. These salts are highly conductive (720–760 S cm–1) and maintain metallic states down to about 50 K. Furthermore, the Ag(CN)2– salt exhibited a Pauli paramagnetic behavior down to 2 K [χ(para) ≈ 2.0–2.5 × 10–4 emu mol–1]. In the crystal of (TMTTeN)(SCN)0.88, the donor molecules are stacked to form one‐dimensional columns and construct a three‐dimensional network between the columns through the intermolecular Te···Te contacts. The SCN– salt is also highly conductive (590 S cm–1) and maintains a metallic behavior down to 4.2 K. Almost temperature‐independent paramagnetic susceptibility of (TMTTeN)(SCN)0.88 indicates Pauli paramagnetism of this salt[χ(para) ≈ 1.6–1.9 × 10–4 emu mol–1]. A tight‐binding band structure calculation indicates that the Fermi surface of the SCN– salt is open along the b* and c* directions, but the intermolecular interactions between the donor columns are not so weak because of the three‐dimensional networkmediated by the protruded tellurium atoms. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Microwave‐Assisted and PdII‐Mediated Nitrile–Oxime Coupling
Authors: Garnovskii Dmitrii A. , Bokach Nadezhda A. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. , Haukka Matti , Fraústo da Silva João J. R. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu.
Published: July 2005

Refluxing PdCl2 with the ketoximes R1R2C=NOH (R1R2 = MeMe, MeEt, C5H10) in RCN (R = Me, Et, nPr, Ph) for 2–3 h results in precipitation of the oxime complexes [PdCl2(R1R2C=NOH)2], whereas further reflux of the reaction mixture for an additional 6–12 h leads to formation of the chelated species [PdCl2{NH=C(R)ON=CR1R2‐κ2N}] (R/R1R2 = Me/MeMe 1; Et/MeMe 2; nPr/MeMe 3; Me/MeEt 4; Me/C5H10 5; Ph/MeMe 6) by a PdII‐mediated coupling between the oximes and the nitriles; complexes 1–6 were isolated in the solid state in 60–75 % yields. The reaction time could be drastically reduced, to 15–30 min, when the system was additionally irradiated with microwaves (100 W, about 60 °C). Compounds 1–6 can also be obtained without isolation of the intermediate oxime complexes either by refluxing for 8–15 h or by microwave irradiation (100 W, about 60 °C) for 15–30 min. The formulation of 1–6 is based upon satisfactory C, H, and N elemental analyses, FAB mass spectrometry, and IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, while the structures of 1·(Me2CO), 1·(CHCl3), 2·(H2O), and 6·½(H2O) were determined by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
An ab initio valence bond (VB) calculation of the π delocalization energy in borazine, B3N3H6
Authors: Benker Daniel , Klapötke Thomas M. , Kuhn Gerhard , Li Jiabo , Miller Christian
Published: July 2005

Valence bond (VB) calculations using a double‐zeta D95 basis set have been performed for borazine, B3N3H6 and for benzene, C6H6 in order to determine the relative weights of individual standard Lewis structures. In the delocalized resonance scheme of borazine, the structure (I) with no double bonds and three lone pairs of electrons at the three nitrogen atoms is the major contributor with a structural weight of 0.17, followed by six equivalent Lewis structures with one double bond and two lone pairs at two nitrogen atoms (II) with weights of 0.08 each. In the case of benzene, the two Kekulé structures (III) contribute with structural weights of 0.15 each, followed by 12 equivalent ionic structures (IV) with weights of 0.03 each, followed by the three equivalent Dewar‐type structures (V) with structural weights of 0.02 each. The values of 54.1 and 45.8 kcal mol−1 for the delocalization energies of borazine and benzene were estimated. Therefore, B3N3H6 is calculated to have substantial aromatic character, similar to benzene, when we assume that the resonance energy can provide a criterion for aromaticity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:311–315, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20095
Synthesis of 2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐4(1H)‐ ones and their remarkably facile recyclization to 2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐4(1H)‐ones
Authors: Vovk Mykhaylo V. , Sukach Volodymyr A. , Chernega Alexander N. , Pyrozhenko Volodymyr V. , Bol'but, Andriy V. , M. Pinchuk Alexander
Published: July 2005

Functionalized 2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐4(1H)‐one derivatives have been synthesized by cyclocondensation of 3‐alkyl(aryl)amino‐2‐cyano‐3‐mercaptoacrylamides with aldehydes and ketones under acidic catalysis. 6‐Alkyl(aryl)amino‐5‐cyano‐2,3‐dihy‐ dro‐1,3‐thiazin‐4(1H)‐ones, when treated with a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide, are converted into the potassium salts of isomeric compounds, 1‐alkyl‐ (aryl)‐5‐cyano‐6‐mercapto‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐ 4(1H)‐ones. Alkylation of the latter with dimethyl sulfate in situ furnishes 1‐alkyl(aryl)‐6‐alkylthio‐5‐ cyano‐2,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐4(1H)‐ones, whereas boiling them in ethanol with an excess of hydrochloric acid leads to starting 2,3‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐4(1H)‐ones. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:426–436, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20129
The Preparation of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Guanidines
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Khashab Niveen M. , Bobrov Sergey
Published: July 2005

An operationally straightforward and efficient benzotriazole‐based method for the guanylation of diverse amines by use of the new reagent classes (bis‐benzotriazol‐1‐yl‐methylene)amines 13a–13f and benzotriazole‐1‐carboxamidines 17a–17i is described. The preparation is described for a variety of both acyclic and cyclic 1,2,3‐trisubstituted guanidines in high yields.
Syntheses of Enantiomerically Pure 2‐Substituted Pyrrolidin‐3‐ones via Lithiated Alkoxyallenes – An Auxiliary‐Based Synthesis of both Enantiomers of the Antibiotic Anisomycin
Authors: Kaden Silvia , Brockmann Mirjam , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: July 2005

The hydrochlorides of both enantiomers of the antibiotic anisomycin were prepared starting with the ‘diacetone‐fructose’‐substituted allene 1 and the N‐Boc‐protected imine precursor 2a. Addition of an excess of lithiated 1 to 2a provided a 2 : 1 mixture 3a of diastereoisomers, which were cyclized to 4a under base promotion (Scheme 2). The two diastereoisomers of 4a were separated and converted into enantiomerically pure pyrrolidin‐3‐ones (2R)‐5a and (2S)‐5a. A similar sequence yielded the N‐Tos‐protected compounds (2R)‐5b and (2S)‐5b. Compounds 5a were converted into silyl enol ethers 6 and by subsequent regio‐ and stereoselective hydroboration into pyrrolidine derivatives 7 (Scheme 3). Straightforward functional‐group transformations led to the hydrochlorides 9 of anisomycin (Scheme 3). The (2R) series provided the hydrochloride (2R)‐9 of the natural occurring enantiomer, whereas the (2S) series furnished the antipode (2S)‐9. The overall sequence to the natural product involved ten steps with eight purified intermediates and afforded an overall yield of 8%. Our stereochemically divergent approach to this type of hydroxylated pyrrolidines is highly flexible and should easily allow preparation of many analogues.
Oligoporphyrin Arrays Conjugated to [60]Fullerene: Preparation, NMR Analysis, and Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Bonifazi Davide , Accorsi Gianluca , Armaroli Nicola , Song Fayi , Palkar Amit , Echegoyen Luis , Scholl Markus , Seiler Paul , Jaun Bernhard , Diederich François
Published: July 2005

We report the synthesis and physical properties of novel fullerene–oligoporphyrin dyads. In these systems, the C‐spheres are singly linked to the terminal tetrapyrrolic macrocycles of rod‐like meso,meso‐linked or triply‐linked oligoporphyrin arrays. Monofullerene–mono(ZnII porphyrin) conjugate 3 was synthesized to establish a general protocol for the preparation of the target molecules (Scheme 1). The synthesis of the meso,meso‐linked oligopophyrin–bisfullerene conjugates 4–6, extending in size up to 4.1 nm (6), was accomplished by functionalization (iodination followed by Suzuki cross‐coupling) of the two free meso‐positions in oligomers 21–23 (Schemes 2 and 3). The attractive interactions between a fullerene and a ZnII porphyrin chromophore in these dyads was quantified as ΔG=−3.3 kcal mol−1 by variable‐temperature (VT) 1H‐NMR spectroscopy (Table 1). As a result of this interaction, the C‐spheres adopt a close tangential orientation relative to the plane of the adjacent porphyrin nucleus, as was unambiguously established by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR (Figs. 9 and 10), and UV/VIS spectroscopy (Figs. 13–15). The synthesis of triply‐linked diporphyrin–bis[60]fullerene conjugate 8 was accomplished by Bingel cyclopropanation of bis‐malonate 45 with two C60 molecules (Scheme 5). Contrary to the meso,meso‐linked systems 4–6, only a weak chromophoric interaction was observed for 8 by UV/VIS spectroscopy (Fig. 16 and Table 2), and the 1H‐NMR spectra did not provide any evidence for distinct orientational preferences of the C‐spheres. Comprehensive steady‐state and time‐resolved UV/VIS absorption and emission studies demonstrated that the photophysical properties of 8 differ completely from those of 4–6 and the many other known porphyrin–fullerene dyads: photoexcitation of the methano[60]fullerene moieties results in quantitative sensitization of the lowest singlet level of the porphyrin tape, which is low‐lying and very short lived. The meso,meso‐linked oligoporphyrins exhibit 1O2 sensitization capability, whereas the triply‐fused systems are unable to sensitize the formation of 1O2 because of the low energy content of their lowest excited states (Fig. 18). Electrochemical investigations (Table 3, and Figs. 19 and 20) revealed that all oligoporphyrin arrays, with or without appended methano[60]fullerene moieties, have an exceptional multicharge storage capacity due to the large number of electrons that can be reversibly exchanged. Some of the ZnII porphyrins prepared in this study form infinite, one‐dimensional supramolecular networks in the solid state, in which the macrocycles interact with each other either through H‐bonding or metal ion coordination (Figs. 6 and 7).
Osteoclastic resorption of calcium phosphate coatings applied with electrostatic spray deposition (ESD), in vitro
Authors: Siebers M. C. , Matsuzaka K. , Walboomers X. F. , Leeuwenburgh S. C. G. , Wolke J. G. C. , Jansen J. A.
Published: July 2005

Calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings have been applied on titanium implants to improve the bioactivity in order to favor the initial bone healing response. Recently, a new technique has been developed to apply CaP coatings: electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). Although ESD‐derived coatings have several benefits, it is not known whether they are degradable. This study was designed to examine the cell‐mediated degradation of two ESD‐derived coatings with different chemical compositions, that is, β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) and carbonate apatite (CA). First, coatings were deposited and analyzed physiochemically. Subsequently, rat bone marrow–derived osteoclastlike cells were seeded on the coatings, and analyzed with osteoclast‐specific markers, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that both coatings exhibited porous morphologies, with an average pore size of less than 1 μm (β‐TCP), or larger than 1 μm (CA). After heat treatment, both coatings were crystalline in structure. The Ca/P ratios were 1.4 to 1.5 for the β‐TCP coating, and 1.8 to 2.0 for the CA coating. After 8 and 12 days of culture, multinucleated osteoclastlike cells were observed on both coatings. The osteoclast phenotype was confirmed by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and immunostaining against the calcitonin receptor. Using scanning electron microscopy, numerous resorption lacunae were observed in both coatings. Finally, transmission electron microscopy of TRAP‐positive cells confirmed the osteoclastlike aspect of the cells revealing multiple nuclei and a ruffled border. In conclusion, CaP coatings produced with the ESD process can be degraded by osteoclasts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005