bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation, 1995
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Conn Bart , Field Michelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 3 miniblocks, each ⅓ acre, of 17-yr-old trees on MM 111 rootstock. Trees measured 15 ft. in height and 14 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree replications per treatment per treatment, with 2 replications per mini-block in a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrrounded by 1 unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA5OOA airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates of application were 11 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)], 18 Apr [prepink (PP)], 20 May [petal fall (PF)], 1 Jun [first cover (lC)], 13 Jun [second cover (2C)], 30 Jun [third cover (3C)I for all treatments except (Product X), 6 Jul [third cover (3c)] (Product X) only, 13 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 27 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 14 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], 24 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], and 6 Sep [eighth cover (8C)l. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were AgriMycin, Dithane, Kocide, K-salt (NAA), Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting insects observed on the periphery of test trees periodically during the season. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminalsltree. Effect of treatment against ERM was determined by sampling 25 leavesltree (4 replications), removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. WALH and RLH control was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leavesltree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5-min. periodltree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked appleslreplication plus up to 100 drop appleslreplication on 21 Sep.
Comparison of Fipronil (Regent 80Wg) and Imidacloprid (Admire 2F, Provado 1.6F) for Insect Control in POTATOES, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 17 March at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 4 rows 25ft long with 3ft between row spacing. Each plot was separated by 6ft of bare ground. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Admire 2F was applied in furrow prior to planting using a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer. Foliar sprays were applied using a threenozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi on 15 May and 14 June. Spray decisions were based on the following CPB thresholds: 4 small larvae, 1.5 large larvae or 0.5 adults/stem. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen stems/plot, counts of PLH and aphids on 10 randomly picked compound leaves/plot, and ratings of percent defoliation and ECB damage. Sampling dates are indicated in the table. On 30 May, all of the foliar treatment plots were sprayed with Dimethoate 4EC (80z product/acre) to control aphids and PLH. On 7 July, the center two rows of each plot were harvested and graded to determine yields.
Evaluation of Alternative Insecticides for Squash Vine Borer Control on Summer Squash, 1995
Authors: Boucher J. , Nixon G.
Published: December 2017

‘Multipik’ summer squash were direct seeded 6 June, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seedbed technique, using paraquat as a preplant application, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. Rows were spaced four ft apart. Five treatments were replicated four times in a RCBD. Treatments consisted of two applications per week of Safer Insecticidal Soap Concentrate, MVP and Bio Vector on 7, 12, 14, 19, 21, 26, and 28 Jul and 1, 4 and 8 Aug, five weekly applications of Ambush beginning on 7 Jul, and an unsprayed control. Applications were directed at the foliage and stems by spraying plots from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 50 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre. The water used in the spray mix on 7 Jun was 77°F with a pH of 7.1. Fruit from five plants per plot were harvested, counted and weighed every three to four days from 20 Jul through 15 Aug. Five plants from each plot were dissected on 15 Aug and SVB larvae were counted.
Comparison of Various Soil Insecticides And Foliar Sprays for Soil Insect Control in Sweet Pota-Toes, Painter, Va, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet potatoes were transplanted on 20 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter. VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long, planted on 3 ft row spacing. An untreated guard row separated each plot from each other. Treatments were replicated 6 times in a RCB design. In furrow and band treatments, and the initial foliar sprays were applied with a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer. Granular treatments were applied with a hand held shaker. The Mocap treatments were applied on 25 May to avoid phytotoxicity. The later foliar sprays were applied with a backpack sprayer using 6 flat fan nozzles/row and delivering 42 gal water/acre at 40psi. Thiodan sprays were applied on 7, 14, and 21 Jul. Sevin XLR was sprayed on 27 Jul in order to observe the restrictions on the number of applications allowed on the Thiodan label. Foliar sprays were applied in order to coincide with clickbeetle (adult wireworm) flights, as determined by the black light trap at Painter, VA. Layby treatments were applied on 26 Jul. On 11 Oct, the center row of each 3 row plot was harvested and 25 market sized roots were randomly selected, washed, and evaluated for insect damage.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1995
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 68 ft X 68 ft, were in a 4-yr-old stand of‘Wampr’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gpa. Treatments were applied 21 Jun with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Stainless steel 8003 Tee Jet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH densities were determined 2, 7, 9 and 16 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Roseau, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M.
Published: December 2017

Hybrid Canola seed (Hyola 401) was obtained from Zeneca Seeds, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The seed was divided, a portion of which was coated with Benolin K, Benlate T, and Amaze plus Belate T, a second portion treated with Gaucho 480F by Gustafson, Inc., Piano, Texas, and a final portion retained for planting with granular materials. The trial was located on land just west of Roseau, MN. Plots were 5 ft X 20 ft and planted with a standard plot drill on 13 May. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Admire 2F foliars were applied in 20 gpa on 21 May. Stands were uneven early in the season.
Efficacy of Planting-Time Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticides Applied Using the Smartbox Metering Device in South Dakota, 1995
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W.
Published: December 2017

Five dryland field sites (Aurora, Cavour, Delmont, Garretson, and Lake Andes) in central and eastern SD were chosen to compare the efficacy of insecticides applied using the electronic Smartbox metering unit versus those delivered using ground-driven Noble units for managing rootworm larvae. Plots (15.2 m long rows spaced 96.5 cm apart) were arranged in a RCBD with four replications. Metering devices were mounted on a specially adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter, and calibrated on the planter before applications. Banded (B) treatments were placed in 18-cm swaths ahead of furrow-closing wheels, and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow (F) treatments were applied by directing granules between double-disk openers and into the open seed furrow. Five roots per plot were examined for feeding injury, and rated using the Iowa State 1 to 6 scale. Data were analyzed with SAS’s General Linear Models procedure and means were compared using DMRT.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Cotton Aphid in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1995
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticide treatments were evaluated against cotton aphids in non-irrigated no-till cotton planted 5 May at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No insecticides had been previously applied to the test area. Treatments were applied 9 Jun with a tractor mounted boom system and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 38 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 5 plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 3, 5, 7 and 10 DAT. Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. These plots received 0.1 and 0.9 inches rainfall on 11 and 12 Jun, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Efficacy of Various Insecticide and Insecticide Combinations Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1995
Authors: Meyers H. B. , Johnson D. R. , Klein C. D.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 17 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 8 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Jun, 2 Jul, and 15 Jul with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 9.91 gpa at 25 psi using Teejet TXVS-6 nozzles on 20 inch spacings. Insect counts on the first 2 evaluation dates (19 Jul, 2 Aug) were made by whole plant examination of 14 row ft in the center of each plot. Insect counts on the last evaluation date (15 Aug) were made by randomly examining 50 squares and terminals throughout the plot.
Efficacy of Karate 1Ec & Karate 2.09 Cs Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1995
Authors: Meyers H. B. , Johnson D. R. , Klein C. D.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 17 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County. Plots consisted of 8 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Jun, 2 Jul, and 15 Jul with a CO2 sprayer mounted on a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle. Total volume was 9.91 gpa at 25 psi using Teejet TXVS-6 nozzles on 20 inch spacings. Insect counts on the first 2 evaluation dates (19 Jul, 2 Aug) were made by whole plant examination of 14 row ft in the center of each plot. Insect counts on the last evaluation date (15 Aug) were made by randomly examining 50 squares and terminals throughout the plot.
Apple, Airblast Evaluation of Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental insecticide sprays were applied to 3-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 3 replicates of ‘Yorking’ with a buffer row between plots. Trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 20 yr old. All samples were taken from the center tree in each plot. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.0 mph. Applications dates for all materials can be found in the first table. The second application of the 2 Comply 40 WP treatments was timed for 250° DD after the first emergence of codling moth adults during the first brood. All applications were complete sprays. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate 50DF, Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP, and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the experiment. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the treatments on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/ten top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf, except the first count where a rating scale (0-4) was used instead of counting live aphids (see table footnotes for scale). The total number of aphid natural enemies was determined by counting the number observed on 10 terminals per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator, S. punctum, was observed by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. STLM was evaluated on 6 Jun by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines present on spur leaves only during a 5 min examination around the periphery of one tree/replicate. On 28 Jul and 18 Aug STLM were counted by observing the number of tissue-feeding mines present on shoot leaves only in a 5 min examination. OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 5 min examination. Effectiveness of chemicals on all fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury on dropped apples on 27 Jun; 3, 17 and 31 Jul; and 22 Aug and picked samples of 35 and 100 fruit per replication on 14 Aug and 25 Sep, respectively. Larvae found feeding internally on all drop and pick samples were collected and identified by treatment. Russet evaluations were made on Golden Delicious fruits (30 per replicate). Each apple was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51 % russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of % of surface russeted) are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Stink Bugs on Sorghum, 1995
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

Three pyrethroids and 2 organophosphates were evaluated for stink bug control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Seed of hybrid grain sorghum (ATx399 X RTx430) was planted 15 Jun on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 4 rows X 30 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots when sorghum was in the soft-dough stage. Insecticides were applied on 2 Sep between 0800 and 0900 h CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 4.9 gpa. Stink bug abundance was assessed by using the “beat bucket” technique to sample 20 panicles/plot. A pre-treatment count of RSB and SGSB nymph and adult abundance was made the day before insecticides were applied. Post-treatment counts were made on 3 Sep (1 DAT) and 5 Sep (3 DAT). Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD. The % control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton (1955) sampling formula.
Small Plot Assessment of Insecticides Against the Sugarcane Borer, 1995
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Schexnayder H. P. , Reagan T. E.
Published: December 2017

Fifteen insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of SCB at St. Gabriel Research Station, St. Gabriel, LA. A RCB design with 5 replications was used in a field of first ratoon sugarcane. Insecticide treatments were applied to 3-row plots (0.05 acre) using a CO2 sprayer mounted on an ATV (all terrain vehicle) on 7 and 28 Jul, and 25 Aug. Three 8005 flat fan spray tips per 6 ft width of row at 35 psi delivered 20 gpa. Initial treatment was made when the SCB infestation exceeded the economic threshold (5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths); succeeding applications occurred when reinfestations began to appear in the Guthion/Baythroid treatment. Prior to the initiation of the experiment, 1 application of Lorsban 15G was broadcast (15.0 lb/acre) to suppress red imported fire ant predation on SCB larvae (Jun 13). SCB damage was assessed by counting the bored intemodes, moth emergence holes, and total number of intemodes per stalk from 75 randomly selected stalks of sugarcane (15 stalks/plot) in each treatment (20 Oct). All of the Confirm treatments were applied with Triton CS-7 at 0.125% v/v. Following ANOV, separation of means was by LSD.
Adult Sunflower Beetle Control, Thief River Falls, Mn, 1995
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Person Howard
Published: December 2017

Three commercial fields were divided into 4-40 acre plots each. Insecticide was applied by air in 2.5 gpa on 10 Jun when sunflower plants were in the 2 to 4 leaf stage. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Adult beetle counts were taken 24 h and 1 wk post treat. Larval counts were taken on 3 and 13 Jul. Defoliation readings were taken 17 Jun and 3 and 13 Jul. The grower had the untreated plots sprayed when defoliation exceeded 24% (10 Jul). Means were compared using LSD.
Late Season Control of Hornworms in Ga Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1994
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Taylor J. Delano , Crowe Bert D.
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco, CV ‘K-326’, was trans-planted on 29 Mar at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied: Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and mole cricket control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 0.5 ton/acre. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) X 20 ft long were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. On 11 Jul, all plants in each plot were cut down to a 12 inch mainstalk, all leaves were removed, and 100 lb/acre of additional nitrogen (16-0-0) was applied. All cut plants were then allowed to regrow with 2-3 main shoots. On 26 Jul, 9 insecticide treatments (plus an untreated control) were applied to the center 2 rows of selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 23.2 gpa at 40 psi. The granular materials were hand applied on all available foliage. The number of live hornworms was recorded per 5 plants on row 2 of each plot prior to the application, and 3, 7, and 10 d after treatment (DAT). The percent defoliation was visually estimated 10 DAT. All data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT (P = 0.05).
Control of Black Cutworm With Scimitar and Tempo, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations and 2 rates of Scimitar were compared to Tempo for efficacy. The experiment was conducted on a golf course putting green at the Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. Plots were 3 X 3 ft, replicated 4 times, in a RCB design with a 2 ft buffer between plots. Larvae were predominantly 4th instar. Sprays were applied 25 Sep with a CO2 backpack sprayer in 1.9 gal water/1000 ft2. Sprays were allowed to dry on but received heavy rainfall. Plots were rated 7 DAT by drenching with Joy soap solution and counting the number of emerging larvae. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 60.8°F; wind, 1 MPH; sky, cloudy; soil temperature, surface 60.9°F; thatch depth, 0.4 inch; soil pH, 5.9; slope, 0%; soil texture, loam; soil organic matter, 4.6%; soil moisture, 31%; post treatment precipitation, 3.5 inch rain.
Curative Black Cutworm Control With Merit and Fcr 4S4S, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

Three treatments were applied to third and fourth instar BCW larvae at Amherst Country Club. Plots were 7 X 7 ft, replicated 4 times, in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 7 Sep and rated 14 Sep (7 DAT). Treatments were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 10002. Plots were rated using a soap flush and counting the number of emerging larvae. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 84.3°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy; soil temperature, 77.3°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; soil pH, 5.7; slope, 0%; soil texture, silt loam: sand 40%, silt 59%, clay 1%; soil organic matter, 3.7%; soil moisture, 22.6%; post treatment precipitation, 0.1 inch daily; mowing height, 0.187 inch.
Large Plot Trials to Control Black Turfgrass Ataenius With Entomophagous Nematodes, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of nematodes and a chemical standard were applied 28 Jun to plots 10 X 100 ft on a golf course fairway at the Abenaki Country Club, Rye, NH. The plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in an RCB design. Spray volume for the nematode treatments was 2.5 gal/1000 ft2, using an FMC sprayer and a walking boom. Oftanol 5G was applied with a Lesco broadcast spreader. Larvae were predominantly first and second instar at the time of application. Turf was irrigated pretreatment with 0.3 inch water. After treatment, treatments were irrigated with 0.2 inch water. The treatment was rated 20 DAT on 18 Jul by counting the number of live larvae and pupae in ten 0.1 ft2 plugs per plot. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 70.9°F; wind, 2 MPH; sky, cloudy; soil temperature, 1 inch, 75.3°F; thatch depth, 0.0 inch; soil texture, loam, 60% sand, 23% silt, 17% clay; soil organic matter, 9.7%; soil moisture, 30.6%; soil pH, 5.6; post treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch every other day; 2.0 inch rainfall 12 hr after treatment.
Control of Mole Crickets on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

A trial was conducted at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co. to determine the efficacy of various rates of granular insecticides applied on different dates for the control of newly hatched mole cricket nymphs. Test plots 30 ft X 30 ft were established on a bermudagrass fairway in an area which has a history of serious mole cricket infestations. Treatments (with 4 replicates) were randomly assigned to the plots and preweighed portions of all insecticides tested were applied to the plots using a hand-held Republic EZ HandspreaderⓇ. Application took place on 8 and 22 Jun, and 12 Jul which corresponds to pre-egg laying and hatch, egg laying and early hatching, and full hatch with the presence of early mole cricket instars, respectively. After each application the fairway irrigation system was used to apply approximately 0.25 inch of water to the test area. Soil at the test site was classified as a sandy loam with a pH of 6.2 and 0.41 humic matter. Soapy water flush sampling in the area of the test indicated the population was approximately 15% Tawny and 85% Southern mole crickets. Plots were evaluated on 12 Jul by making two m2 soapy water flushes per plot and recording the number of mole cricket nymphs that came to the surface. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 27 Jul, 9 and 24 Aug and 14 Sep by taking five random m2 damage grid ratings (0-9) per plot. The actual damage means for each sampling date are reported in the table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Annual Bluegrass Weevil Management on a Golf Course Fairway With Chlorpyrifos, Cyfluthrin, Talstar, and Experimental Formulations in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Applications were made when flowering dogwood was in full bloom. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 908 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (15 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: application time, mid-afternoon; air temperature, 68°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.50 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 21.2% sand, 45.1% silt, 33.7% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 50.1%; organic matter, 7.0%; water pH, 7; soil pH, 5.8; and skies were partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.0588 inch of water/48 square feet. Posttreatment counts were made 36 d later (20 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 4 inch cupcutter sod samples from each replicate and recording the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) per sample. Totals were then converted to a ft2 count.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs With Merit on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Penn-Sylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 1021 ml/54 ft2 of water or delivering 5 gal water/1,000 ft2. Granular treatments were applied with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (20 Jul) the following soil and environ-mental conditions existed: air temperature, 66°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 68°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.5% sand, 56.5% silt, 15.0% clay; organic matter, 6.8%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 34.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.7; application time, early-morning; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inch of water followed by 0.2 inch of rainfall. Posttreatment counts were made 69 d later (27 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Individual Mound Control of Red Imported Fire Ant in Residential Turf with Bait Formulations, 1995
Authors: Reinert James A.
Published: December 2017

Bait formulations of Finitron and Amdro were applied to individual mounds of RIFA in residential lawns in Piano, TX on 30 June, 1995. Measured amounts of bait material was applied evenly over and immediately adjacent to each mound with a hand held shaker. An untreated undisturbed check was included for comparison. A randomized complete block design was used with 15 replications of one RIFA mound per treatment in each replicate. Mounds were blocked by colony size, that is the largest colonies were in the first replicate. Mound activity was assessed 1-2 days before treatments and 2-wk, 3-wk, and 4-wk posttreatment ratings were taken. Mound activity was determined by stomping hard (4–5 times) on the soil or turf ca 1 ft from the mound in a circle around each mound. For the final rating at 4 wk (28 July), each colony was also excavated to a depth of ca. 8 inches with a small shovel to determine mound activity. If no live ants were found, the colony was considered dead. The percentage mortality provided by each bait treatment was determined and the means were separated using exact confidence intervals calculated from binomial distribution (Steel & Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.).
Synthetic Pyrethroid Dusts Evaluated for Individual Mound Control of Red Imported Fire ant in Residential Landscapes, 1995
Authors: Reinert James A. , Maranz Steven J.
Published: December 2017

Dust formulations of two synthetic pyrethroid were applied to individual mounds of RIFA in residential turf on 13 Nov, 1995 in Dallas, TX. Material was applied with a hand held shaker evenly over the mound or to the mound and including a 6 inch perimeter area around the mound. Mounds treated with either Tempo or Orthene that were still active at the 1-wk rating, were retreated at their initial rates. Orthene 75%S was used as the standard control and both a water check (1 gal of water sprinkled over each mound) and an untreated check were included. All treatments were replicated on 12 isolated mounds. Mound activity was assessed the day before treatments and 3-d, 1-wk, and 2-wk posttreatment ratings were taken. Mound activity was determined by stomping hard (4-5 times) on the soil or turf ca 1 ft from the mound in a circle around each mound. For the final rating at 2 wk, each colony was also excavated to a depth of ca. 8 inches with a small shovel to determine mound activity. If no live ants were found, the colony was considered dead. The percentage mortality provided by each chemical treatment was determined and the means were separated using exact confidence intervals calculated from binomial distribution (Steel & Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.).
Pine Tortoise Scale, Foliar Control Trial, 1995
Authors: Cooper Dayna , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on heavily infested lodge-pole pine grown at the Houston Gardens in Greeley, CO. Treatments were applied to single branches on 7 Jul, 1994 with replications consisting of a single tree. Plot design was a RCB with 4 replications. Evaluations were made the following spring, 12 May, 1995 by counting all mature female scales on the terminal 1-ft of each branch.
Campylomma Control On ‘Golden Delicious’, 1995
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a RCB with ten treatments and four single-tree replicates. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300-400 psi. Per acre application rates were based on 400 gpa. The Lorsban 4E + Volck Supreme oil treatments were applied at half-inch green (31 Mar). The other treatments were applied at pink (19 Apr) or petal fall (10 May). Nymphs were sampled from 2 limbs of each replicate tree on each sampling date with the mean of the 2 samples representing that replication. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm X 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 1 Aug. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for C. verbasci damage. Fruit with one or more stings were classed as damaged.
Laboratory Bioassay for Control of Fall Webworm, 1995
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Jason Bishop R.
Published: December 2017

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate growth regulator insecticides (Precision, Azatin, Spinosad) for control of fall webworm. In addition, two pyrethroid insecticides were included as standards. Fall webworms (in late instars) were collected from native chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.) and returned to the laboratory. Larvae were placed in petri dishes at a density of ten larvae/dish. A total of ten dishes (100 larvae) was used for each insecticide. Chokecherry foliage was then treated with the test insecticidesand, after drying, was collected for the bioassay and fed to the larvae. Subsequent feedings, after 48 h, involved use of untreated foliage. Evaluation of larval mortality was done every 48 h by counting the number of live, dead and moribund larvae present in each petri dish. A low level of parasitism was present in webworms used in the study. Larvae found to be parasitized were removed from the dishes and treatment effects were analyzed on the number of larvae left in the petri dish.
Ovicidal Activity Trial, 1995
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, Miss. Plot size was 30 ft X 4 rows arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates/treatment. Treatments were applied on 12 Jul (Test 1) and 18 Aug (Test 2) by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed-air spray system. Total spray volume was 6 gpa at 5 mph and 35 psi using two TX10 nozzles/row. TB eggs were obtained from cultures maintained in the laboratory. Test 1 eggs were obtained from a susceptible STV-LAB strain and Test 2 eggs were from a resistant G2-95 strain. The STV-LAB strain had been in culture without insecticide selection pressure since collection from cotton in 1984; the G2-95 strain was collected from cotton 13-16 Jun, 1995, and had been shown to have multiple resistance by standard bioassays. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed by crumpling the material. Eggs treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3-4 expanded leaves in the terminal of 4 plants in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthan gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs were sprinkled on the leaves in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. Eggs remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after being sprayed. The number of eggs averaged 15.0 ± 5.5 (S.D.). Leaves were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82° F. The number of unhatched eggs was determined at 48 and 72 h after eggs were applied. Eggs were considered dead when black and shriveled. Cumulative egg mortality (EM) 72 h after treatment is reported. Hatched larval mortality (LM) was observed at 48 and 72 h after treatment and is reported as cumulative larval mortality at 72 h after treatment. Larval mortality was used to calculate total mortality (TM) at 72 h.
Observations On Dpl Nucotn 33 And Dpl Nucotn 35, 1995
Authors: Burris Gene , Cook Don , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Pankey J.
Published: December 2017

Plots were 50 feet long and 16 rows wide (40-inch spacing) and consisted of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Transgenic cotton seed (NuCOTN 33 and NuCOTN 35) containing a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki that codes for a delta endotoxin (BOLLGARD) toxic to certain lepidopteran larvae and seed of standard commercial varieties from Delta and Pine Land Seed Company (DPL 5415, DPL 20, DPL 5690 were planted 16May, on a Commerce silt loam soil which was sidedress fertilized with 90 lb N/acre. A John Deere model 7100 series planter equipped with 10 inch seed cones mountedto replace the seed hoppers was used for planting. The seed rate was 4 seeds/row ft. All plots received 0.5 lbs Al/acre Temik 15G and 1.2 lbs Al/acre Terraclor Super X at planting. Control measures for the heliothine complex were applied to the appropriate treatment on an “as needed” basis. Plant terminals and squares were examined for bollworm and tobacco budworm (BW/TBW) eggs, larvae, and damage and boll weevil damage on 3, 12, 17, 20, 24, 26 July, 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 Aug. Based on those observations, the plots designated as requiring treatments for the heliothine complex received the following control measures: Karate IE, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (18 Jul); Karate IE, 0.028 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (2 Aug); Karate IE, 0.033 lb Al/acre + Lannate LV 2.4, 0.24 lb Al/acre (8 Aug); Baythroid 2E, 0.04 lb Al/acre + Curacron 8E, 1.0 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.4 lb AI/ acre (17 Aug); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Orthene 90S, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Confirm 2F, 0.125 lb Al/acre (25 Aug); and Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Evasion 1.5E, 0.25 lb Al/acre + Curacron 8E, 1.0 lb Al/acre (30 Aug). Control measures for nonheliothine pests applied as oversprays to all plots and/or the border rows on an “as needed” basis, consisted of the following treatments: Provado 1.6, 0.05 lb Al/acre (23 Jun); Bidrin 4E, 0.4 lb Al/acre + Evasion 1.5E, 0.2 lb Al/acre (29 Jun); Guthion 2L, 0.25 lb Al/acre (13 Jul); Baythroid 2E, 0.033 lb Al/acr + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (18 Jul, applied to border rows only); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (28 Jul); Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Larvin 3.2F, 0.25 lb Al/acre (2 Aug); Karate IE, 0.03 lb Al/acre + Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Lannate LV 2.4, 0.24 lb Al/acre (10 Aug); and Methyl parathion 4E, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Orthene 90S, 0.33 lb Al/acre + Confirm 2F, 0.125 lb Al/acre (25 Aug). Percent defoliation from insect feeding and number of damaged bolls per 3 meters was determined on 30 Aug. The center four rows of the plots were harvested on 12 Oct. Plots were harvested using a John Deere spindle type picker. Yields were converted to lbs. seedcotton/acre.
Spanworm Control, 1995
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 25 May for early to middle instar BS larval control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Columbia, (Test 1) and Cherryfield (Test 2), Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment (4 for Cryolite, Marlate, no insecticide in Test 1), with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Treatments were blocked according to population levels. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gpa using a CO2-propelled 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 5-10% tight cluster, 85-90% loose cluster and 5% bloom. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot. The larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test.
Blueberry, Early Season Control of Cranberry Fruitworm and Cherry Fruitworm, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes near Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments plots were arranged in a CRD of two 44 foot-long rows containing a total of 22 bushes, replicated 4 times. Untreated control plots contained 3 rows of blueberries (33 bushes). Funginex was applied separately to all treatments. Applications of materials were made on 9 Jun (1st egg laying) and 15 Jun (Petal Fall) as indicated in the tables. CBFW and CFW injury was assessed by sampling fruit twice weekly from 8 Jun to 29 Jun. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA followed by Fischer’s LSD multiple comparison procedure for sample dates with significant main treatment effects (P ≤ 0.05). Larval counts for 15, 19, 26, and 29 Jun were transformed using Log(x +1).
Evaluation of Bas 300 111 for Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus 1995
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago
Published: December 2017

Experimental BAS 300 1II tank-mixed with Bond sticker, NR 435 spray oil, or Bond sticker and Champ copper fungicide, were compared to Vendex + Bond sticker. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times on plots of 5 trees each in a block of 10-yr-old grapefruit on 15 X 28 ft spacing. Applications were made on 28 Apr using an FMC 1229 commercial single volute sprayer with nozzling, pressure and speed calibrated to deliver 250 gpa. At 7-day-intervals post spray, 25 fruit were randomly selected from the center 3 trees in each plot and examined for CRM in situ with a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation. At harvest, 12 randomly sampled fruit from each tree (60 per treatment replicate) were evaluated for CRM feeding damage. If one third of the fruit surface area was damaged it was downgraded to process or juice fruit. The percent of downgraded fruit for each treatment was determined and expressed as percent russet.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1995
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G. , Urena A. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1995 in Field 4142 at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. Five treatments were compared against an untreated control using 200 gpa and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). The field was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and replicated twice in each field; each plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. Ten data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instar immatures was monitored after petal fall by examining 10 fruit randomly selected from each data tree (100 fruit per plot, 200 fruit per treatment in each field). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct, 1995 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars.
Apple, Obliquebanded Leafroller Control with Spinosad, Bacillus Thuringiensis, Abamectin and Chlorpyrifos in Spring, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Spinosad, 80% (formulation NAF-127, DowElanco); Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Dipel 2X, Abbott Laboratories), abamectin Agri-Mek 0.15 EC (Merck & Co., Inc.) and chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E, DowElanco) were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard in Mattawa, WA. The trees were 3-yr-old Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to 12-tree plots replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip. Application dates were 5 Apr (pink) and 9 May (petal fall). Approximate application timings with regard to plant development stage are shown in the table. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 24 May by a count of the total number of live OBLR larvae on all trees of a treatment replication. Live larvae were collected to observe sublethal effects. Surviving larvae were reared on artificial leafroller diet in 3.25 oz portion cups until death or adult emergence. Any deformities possibly resulting from exposure to an insect growth regulator were recorded. Weather was good, calm winds and moderate temperatures, at the time of applications.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects in Spring and Fall Planted Snapbeans, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

A spring and a fall planting of snapbeans were made at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA on 18 May and 03 Aug, respectively. Each plot consisted of two 25 ft long rows planted on 3 ft row spacing and replicated 4 times in a RCBD. An untreated guard row separated each plot. The experimental design and the treatments were identical in both plantings. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/ row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied at the appearance of the first trifoliate leaves (spring - 14 Jun, fall - 29 Aug), at beginning bloom (spring - 26 Jun, fall - 11 Sep), and at pin stage pod formation (spring - 30 Jun, fall - 20 Sep). Additional sprays of Asana XL and Asana SP at 0.20 lb(AI)/acre were applied on 21 Jun in the spring and 5 Sep in the fall. No phytotoxicity was observed at this rate of active ingredient for either formulation. Fifty pods/plot were hand-harvested on 11 Jul (spring planting) and 29 Sep (fall planting) and rated for insect damage. The plots were mechanically harvested (both rows) on 12 Jul (spring planting) and 03 Oct (fall planting) and weighed to determine yields. The percent damaged pods was calculated from the 50 pod subsample and subtracted from the yields (adjusted yield).
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Broccoli, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C.
Published: December 2017

Broccoli was direct seeded into double-row beds on 19 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. A single foliar application was made on 15 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi, delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.25% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (> 2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on 10 randomly selected broccoli plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted the day of application, 15 Oct, and at 4 days after treatment, 19 Oct (4 DAT).
Control of Insect Pests on Cabbage with Spinosad, 1996
Authors: McEnhill E. , Grafius E.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of Spinosad were tested in Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm, in East Lansing, MI, for the control of imported cabbageworm, cabbage looper, and diamondback moth and their effect on beneficial insects. Seedlings were transplanted on 18 July at 2-ft spacing into four row plots 40 feet long. There was a 10-ft untreated zone between each plot within each row and an untreated row (3-ft spacing) on either side of the plots. Treatments were replicated three times and assigned to plots in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer with a single boom (40 psi, 20 gal/A), on 12 and 23 Aug. and 4 Sep. All insects on 10 randomly selected plants were sampled in each plot on 7, and 16 Aug, and 2 and 10 Sep. The percent defoliation of outer leaves was assessed on 17 Sep, when 8-10 heads per plot were harvested. These were then rated for marketability: no damage, slight damage (damage to outer leaves of head only), or unmarketable (damage to head beyond outer couple of leaves).
Insect Pest Control in Cabbage, 1996
Authors: McEnhill E. , Grafius E.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticide treatments were tested at Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm, in East Lansing, MI, for their control of imported cabbageworm, cabbage looper, and diamondback moth. Seedlings were transplanted at 2-ft spacing in single-row plots, 15 ft long, on 18 Jul. There was a 6-ft untreated zone between two plots with an untreated row (3 ft spacing) on either side of a treated row. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer with a single boom and a hand-held nozzle (30 psi, 20 gal/A). Treatments were sprayed on 12 and 23 Aug, and 4 Sep. All insects on two randomly selected plants were counted in each plot on 7, 16 and 29 Aug and 10 Sep. The percent defoliation of outer leaves was assessed for each plot on 17 Sep, before the heads were harvested. These were then assigned a marketability rating: no damage, slight damage (outer leaves of the head only), or unmarketable (damage to head beyond the outer couple of leaves).