bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing trends in sinus and septal surgery, 2007 to 2009
Authors: Psaltis Alkis J. , Soler Zachary M. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: March 2012

Background:

Sinus surgery remains one of the most commonly performed procedures in the United States, with more than 600,000 patients undergoing sinus operations each year. Advances in our understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), as well as the technology used to treat it, has resulted in significant changes in surgical management. The aim of this study was to identify recent changes in the performance and coding of certain endoscopic sinus surgical procedures (ESS) in the hope of generating further discussion and research in this area.

Methods:

The MarketScan Research Database was used to query health insurance claims for all rhinological procedures performed between 2007 and 2009. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for sinonasal procedures that are endorsed by the American Medical Association were analyzed and compared to general otolaryngological procedures in an attempt to identify trends in the performance and coding of certain ESS procedures.

Results:

Compared to general otolaryngological procedures such as adenotonsillectomy, there was a statistically significant increase in the use of CPT codes for all ESS procedures between 2007 and 2009. The most marked interval changes were seen in the use of the CPT codes for procedures previously considered more complex, namely frontal sinusotomy (75%), sphenoidotomy (33%), and maxillary antrostomy with tissue removal (31%).

Conclusion:

The performance of certain ESS procedures previously considered more complex due to anatomy, access, and proximity to vital structures has increased dramatically in the past few years, whereas increases in basic procedures have mirrored anticipated changes similar to those seen in general otolaryngological procedures.
Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of PS‐PPDC resin: A novel flexible cross‐linked polymeric support for solid‐phase organic synthesis
Authors: Siyad M. A. , Kumar G. S. Vinod
Published: March 2012

The present study describes the synthesis of different mole densities of poly(propylene glycol)dimethacrylate cross‐linked resins using monomer units such as styrene and 4‐chloromethyl styrene and its evaluation as an ideal support toward different stages of solid‐phase peptide synthesis. Free radical generated aqueous suspension polymerization has been followed for polymerization and the formation of resin was characterized using infrared and carbon‐13 spectroscopic techniques. Surface morphology of resin was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The polymerization reaction was investigated with respect to the effect of amount of cross‐linking agent to verify the swelling, loading, and the mechanical stability of resin. Solvent imbibition abilities in commonly used solvents were measured and compared to commercially available Merrifield as well as reported styrene‐acryloyloxyhydroxypropyl methacrylate‐tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (SAT resins. The chemical inertness of the support was also checked with different reagents used for solid‐phase peptide synthesis. The suitability of support was demonstrated by synthesizing biologically potent Endothelin class of linear peptides by Fmoc strategy and compared to SAT resin. The purities of synthetic peptides were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and corresponding masses by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation‐time of flight analysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 239–248, 2012.
Homogeneous Human Complex‐Type Oligosaccharides in Correctly Folded Intact Glycoproteins: Evaluation of Oligosaccharide Influence On Protein Folding, Stability, and Conformational Properties
Authors: Kajihara Yasuhiro , Tanabe Yasutaka , Sasaoka Shun , Okamoto Ryo
Published: March 2012

The N‐glycosylation of proteins is generated at the consensus sequence NXS/T (where X is any amino acid except proline) by the biosynthetic process, and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. In order to investigate the influence of human complex‐type oligosaccharides on counterpart protein conformation, crambin and ovomucoide, which consist of 46 and 56 amino acid residues, respectively, were selected for synthesis of model glycoproteins. These small glycoproteins were intentionally designed to be glycosylated at the α‐helix (crambin: 8 position), β‐sheet (crambin: 2 position) and loop position between the antiparallel β‐sheets (ovomucoide: 28 position), and were synthesized by using a peptide‐segment coupling strategy. After preparation of these glycosylated polypeptide chains, protein folding experiments were performed under redox conditions by using cysteine–cystine. Although the small glycoproteins bearing intentional glycosylation at the α‐helix and β‐sheet exhibited a suitable folding process, glycosylation at the loop position between the antiparallel β‐strands caused multiple products. The conformational differences in the isolated homogeneous glycoproteins compared with non‐glycosylated counterparts were evaluated by circular dichroism (CD) and NMR spectroscopy. These analyses suggested that this intentional N‐glycosylation did not result in large conformational changes in the purified protein structures, including the case of glycosylation at the loop position between the antiparallel β‐strands. In addition to these experiments, the conformational properties of three glycoproteins were evaluated by CD spectroscopy under different temperatures. The oligosaccharides on the protein surface fluctuated considerably; this was dependent on the increase in the solution temperature and was thought to disrupt the protein tertiary structure. Based on the measurement of the CD spectra, however, the glycoproteins bearing three disulfide bonds did not exhibit any change in their protein tertiary structure. These results suggest that the oligosaccharide conformational fluctuations were not disruptive to protein tertiary structure, and the tertiary structure of glycoproteins might be stabilized by the disulfide bond network.
A Robust Porous Metal–Organic Framework with a New Topology That Demonstrates Pronounced Porosity and High‐Efficiency Sorption/Selectivity Properties of Small Molecules
Authors: Li Huanhuan , Shi Wei , Zhao Kaina , Niu Zheng , Chen Xitong , Cheng Peng
Published: March 2012

A robust porous metal–organic framework (MOF), [Co3(ndc)(HCOO)3(μ3‐OH)(H2O)]n (1) (H2ndc=5‐(4‐pyridyl)‐isophthalic acid), was synthesized with pronounced porosity. MOF 1 contained two different types of nanotubular channels, which exhibited a new topology with the Schlafli symbol of {42.65.83}{42.6}. MOF 1 showed high‐efficiency for the selective sorption of small molecules, including the energy‐correlated gases of H2, CH4, and CO2, and environment‐correlated steams of alcohols, acetone, and pyridine. Gas‐sorption experiments indicated that MOF 1 exhibited not only a high CO2‐uptake (25.1 wt % at 273 K/1 bar) but also the impressive selective sorption of CO2 over N2 and CH4. High H2‐uptake (2.04 wt % at 77 K/1 bar) was also observed. Moreover, systematic studies on the sorption of steams of organic molecules displayed excellent capacity for the sorption of the homologous series of alcohols (C1–C5), acetone, pyridine, as well as water.
Cholesteryl esters and ACAT
Authors: Pramfalk Camilla , Eriksson Mats , Parini Paolo
Published: March 2012

Acyl‐coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 1 and 2 are both involved in intracellular cholesterol esterification. The expression of acyl‐coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1; (ACAT1) is ubiquitous, whereas, enterocytes and hepatocytes exclusively express acyl‐coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2). Studies in mice lacking ACAT1 showed extensive deposition of unesterified cholesterol in skin and brain, and larger atherosclerotic lesions compared to controls. ACAT2 deficiency in mice protected against atherosclerosis, diet‐induced hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol gallstone disease, and reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and decreased serum cholesterol levels. Two unspecific ACAT inhibitors have been tested in humans. In the face of the results in ACAT1 deficient mice, strongly arguing against an ACAT1 inhibition, it was not surprising that none of these inhibitors showed beneficial effects on the predefined primary endpoints of the studies. However, and still to be proven, ACAT2 inhibition might be a therapeutic option for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we aim to outline some important aspects on the role of ACAT in cholesterol esterification and to reappraise ACAT2 as therapeutic target.
The interaction of elasticity and rocking in flexible structures allowed to uplift
Authors: Acikgoz Sinan , DeJong Matthew J.
Published: March 2012

Numerous structures uplift under the influence of strong ground motion. Although many researchers have investigated the effects of base uplift on very stiff (ideally rigid) structures, the rocking response of flexible structures has received less attention. Related practical analysis methods treat these structures with simplified ‘equivalent’ oscillators without directly addressing the interaction between elasticity and rocking. This paper addresses the fundamental dynamics of flexible rocking structures. The nonlinear equations of motion, derived using a Lagrangian formulation for large rotations, are presented for an idealized structural model. Particular attention is devoted to the transition between successive phases; a physically consistent classical impact framework is utilized alongside an energy approach. The fundamental dynamic properties of the flexible rocking system are compared with those of similar linear elastic oscillators and rigid rocking structures, revealing the distinct characteristics of flexible rocking structures. In particular, parametric analysis is performed to quantify the effect of elasticity on uplift, overturning instability, and harmonic response, from which an uplifted resonance emerges. The contribution of stability and strength to the collapse of flexible rocking structures is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of scouring process downstream of grade‐control structures under steady and unsteady flows
Authors: Lu Jau‐Yau , Hong Jian‐Hao , Chang Kai‐Po , Lu Tai‐Fang
Published: March 2012

For many incised channels, one of the most common strategies is to install some hard structures, such as grade‐control structures (GCSs), in the riverbed to resist further incision. In this study, a series of experiments, including both steady and unsteady flow conditions, were conducted to investigate the scouring process downstream of a GCS. Three distinct phases, including the initial, developing and equilibrium phases, during the evolution of scour holes were identified. In addition, a semi‐empirical method was proposed to predict the equilibrium scour‐hole profile for the scour countermeasure design. In general, the comparisons between the experimental and simulated results are reasonably consistent. As the studies on temporal variation of the scour depth at GCSs caused by floods are limited, the effect of flood hydrograph shapes on the scour downstream of GCSs without upstream sediment supply was also investigated experimentally in this study. Based on the dimensional analysis and the concept of superposition, a methodology is proposed to simulate the time evolution of the maximum scour depth downstream of a GCS for steady flows. Moreover, the proposed scheme predicts reasonably well the temporal variations of the maximum scour depth for unsteady flows with both single and multiple peak. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of uncertainty in design water levels due to uncertain bed form roughness in the Dutch river Waal
Authors: Warmink J. J. , Booij M. J. , Van der Klis H. , Hulscher S. J. M. H.
Published: March 2012

Hydrodynamic river models are applied to design and evaluate measures for purposes such as safety against flooding. The modelling of river processes involves numerous uncertainties, resulting in uncertain model results. Knowledge of the type and magnitude of these uncertainties is crucial for a meaningful interpretation of the model results. Uncertainty in the hydraulic roughness due to bed forms is one of the main contributors to the uncertainty in the modelled water levels. The aim of this study was to quantify the uncertainty in the bed form roughness under design conditions and quantify the effect on the design water levels in the Dutch river Waal. Five roughness models that predict bed form roughness based on measured bed form and flow characteristics were extrapolated to design conditions. The results show that the 95% confidence interval of the predicted Nikuradse roughness values under design conditions ranges from 0.32 to 1.03 m. This uncertainty was propagated through the two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, WAQUA, by means of a Monte Carlo simulation for an idealized schematization of the Dutch river Waal. The uncertain bed form roughness results in an uncertainty in the design water levels, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.53 m, which is significant for Dutch river management practice. The uncertainty in the bed form roughness was mainly caused by a lack of knowledge about the physical process of bed form evolution that causes roughness. An improved estimation of bed form roughness can significantly reduce the uncertainty in the design water levels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The metastatic microenvironment: Brain‐derived soluble factors alter the malignant phenotype of cutaneous and brain‐metastasizing melanoma cells
Authors: Klein Anat , Sagi‐Assif Orit , Izraely Sivan , Meshel Tsipi , Pasmanik‐Chor Metsada , Nahmias Clara , Couraud Pierre‐Olivier , Erez Neta , Hoon Dave S.B. , Witz Isaac P.
Published: March 2012

The working hypothesis of this study is that the interactions between the brain microenvironment and melanoma cells determine metastasis formation at this organ site. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of such interactions to the formation of brain metastasis in nude mice xenografted with human melanoma cells. An insight into these interactions is an essential prerequisite for the development of effective targeted therapy for melanoma brain metastasis. We assessed the effects of soluble factors present in supernatants of short‐term cultures of normal mouse brain (referred here after as brain‐derived soluble factors) on several characteristics linked to melanoma brain metastasis. It was found that brain‐derived soluble factors affect differentially cutaneous and brain‐metastasizing melanoma cells variants in vitro. Such factors enhanced the viability of cutaneous melanoma cells but caused an S phase arrest followed by apoptosis of brain‐metastasizing cells. Brain‐derived soluble factors enhanced migration of melanoma cells metastasizing to the brain, but did not affect the migration of the cutaneous variants. Such factors upregulated the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR4 in both cutaneous and brain‐metastasizing melanoma cells. It is not unlikely that CCR4 ligands expressed in the brain interact with the CCR4‐expressing melanoma cells thereby directing them to the brain. Brain‐derived soluble factors enhanced the transmigration, across human brain endothelial cells of cutaneous but not of brain‐metastasizing melanoma variants. This activity could promote the capacity of the cutaneous cells to metastasize to the brain.
The effects of a low vitamin E diet on dichloroacetate‐ and trichloroacetate‐induced oxidative stress in the livers of mice
Authors: Cearfoss Jacquelyn , Hassoun Ezdihar
Published: March 2012

Groups of mice were fed either a standard (Std) diet or a diet not supplemented with vitamin E (Low‐E) and were divided into three subgroups that were treated subchronically by gavage, with water (control), dichloroacetate (DCA), or trichloroacetate (TCA). The livers of the animals were assayed for various biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS), antioxidant enzyme activities, and total glutathione (GSH). In general, livers from the low‐E diet group expressed lower levels of biomarkers of OS associated with greater increases in various antioxidant enzymes activities and GSH when compared with the corresponding treatments in the Std diet group. These results suggest that vitamin E supplementation to the diet, while essential to maintain certain body functions, can compromise the effectiveness of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes and GSH resulting in an increase in DCA‐ and TCA‐induced OS and a possible increase in the compounds‐induced hepatotoxic/hepatocarcinogenic effects in mice. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:147–154, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20421
Percutaneous transtracheal needle insufflation: A useful emergency airway adjunct simply constructed from common items found on your anesthesia cart
Authors: Gallagher Thomas Q. , Setlur Jennifer , Maturo Stephen , Hartnick Christopher J.
Published: March 2012

Using material already available in the operating room, we describe the construction and application of a percutaneous transtracheal needle insufflation device to be used in pediatric airway emergencies. Our technique of percutaneous needle insufflation using common materials found in the operating room can be a helpful adjunct in a time of need. Quickly constructed and at a minimal cost, the device can be just one of the many useful tools found in the otolaryngologist's airway armamentarium.
Validation of an operating room immersive microlaryngoscopy simulator
Authors: Fleming Jason , Kapoor Karan , Sevdalis Nick , Harries Meredydd
Published: March 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To assess the face and construct validity of two assessment tools for a microlaryngoscopy simulator—a Checklist Assessment for Microlaryngeal Surgery and Global Rating Assessment for Microlaryngeal Surgery.

Study Design:

Blinded experimental simulator‐based study.

Methods:

There were 15 candidates divided into a novice (≤50 procedures performed) or experienced (>50 procedures) group depending on their previous microlaryngoscopy experience. Each candidate undertook a 10‐minute simulation of a microlaryngoscopy and excision biopsy, and two blinded experts rated their performance live on each of the two assessment tools. To assess face validity, each candidate subsequently completed a questionnaire about the simulator.

Results:

The model demonstrated good face validity across all levels of experience. The global rating assessment demonstrated excellent interrater reliability (0.9) compared to the checklist assessment (0.7). The checklist assessment was able to differentiate experienced and novice candidates and therefore demonstrated construct validity. The global rating tool, however, was unable to differentiate candidates. There was a significant correlation between the two assessment tools (correlation coefficient = 0.624).

Conclusions:

This study is the first reported study of a high‐fidelity microlaryngoscopy simulator with task‐specific rating tools. Use of these tools is recommended within otolaryngology training programs, with the global rating assessment for use as a frequently used feedback tool, and the checklist assessment as a confirmatory evaluation of competency at transitions of professional training.
Minimally invasive surgery for parapharyngeal space tumors
Authors: Beswick Daniel M. , Vaezi Alec , Caicedo‐Granados Emiro , Duvvuri Umamaheswar
Published: March 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Parapharyngeal space (PS) tumors are surrounded by critical anatomical structures. Resection is often challenging due to limited surgical exposure. Herein, we report a novel transcervical, minimally invasive, video‐assisted technique that facilitates the resection of PS lesions.

Study Design:

Case series and review of literature.

Methods:

Description of surgical technique with analysis of four cases and literature review.

Results:

The technique combines a transcervical approach to the PS and skull base with video‐assisted and image‐guided dissection of tumor. Four cases of benign PS tumors resected with this technique are reported. The size of the tumor excised varied between 0.9 cm and 5 cm. Estimated blood losses were minimal. The average length of hospital stay was 1.5 days. No permanent complications were encountered.

Conclusions:

Excision of PS tumor abutting the skull base using a novel minimally invasive, video‐assisted, image‐guided, transcervical approach is feasible and safe. The short hospitalization stay and low morbidity makes it well suited for the resection of benign PS lesions.
Community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus skull base osteomyelitis with occipital condylar cerebrospinal fluid leak in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Tomovic Senja , Friedel Mark E. , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: March 2012

Community acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) is emerging as an important pathogen in paranasal sinus disease. However, sinonasal CA‐MRSA has not been reported as a source of central skull base osteomyelitis. We report an unusual case of a previously healthy and immunocompetent adult who developed meningitis, central skull base osteomyelitis, and occipital condylar cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea from CA‐MRSA sphenoid sinusitis requiring endoscopic surgical repair. This case clearly demonstrates the expanding spectrum of severe infections caused by CA‐MRSA, which requires prompt diagnosis, a high level of suspicion, and appropriate medical and/or surgical management.
SOIL EROSION ASSOCIATED WITH AN UPLAND FARMING SYSTEM UNDER POPULATION PRESSURE IN NORTHEAST INDIA
Authors: Prokop P. , Poręba G. J.
Published: March 2012

Rapid increase in population and growing demand for agricultural products has generated changes in land use and upland farming systems and resulted in erosion and land degradation over large tracts of northeast India. The spatial variation of soil erosion rates was studied, in a small catchment under a modified form of shifting cultivation on the hilly Meghalaya Plateau, using the 137Cs technique. Soil erosion and deposition patterns are much influenced by land use. The estimated annual soil loss from cultivated fields ranged from 32 to 79 Mg ha−1 y−1 and reached only 0·5 Mg ha−1 y−1 from degraded grassland. Calculated soil erosion rates from cultivated fields exceed that which can be produced by weathering of new soil from parent materials. Observed intensification of agricultural production will lead to progressive conversion of cultivated fields into degraded grasslands and other changes to land use in the upper part of the Meghalaya Plateau. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energetic stability and electronic properties of exohedral derivatives of C20: C20Xn (X = H, F, Cl; n = 1–4)
Authors: Gomez Vivian B. , Beran Kyle A.
Published: March 2012

Exohedral derivatives of the smallest fullerene, C20, with the general formula of C20Xn (X = H, F, Cl; n = 1–4) have been systematically investigated to evaluate the energetic stability of these molecular structures and determine their respective electronic properties. Analysis of the theoretical results indicate that the addition of exohedral atoms increase the stability of the caged‐structure to varying degrees according to the predicted HOMO‐LUMO gaps, ionization energies, and electron affinities. Further support for increasing stability is deduced from the calculated reaction and binding energies of the exohedral atoms. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Composites: Intercalation of Naproxen into Mg‐Al Layered Double Hydroxides Coated on Fe3O4
Authors: Rezvani Zolfaghar , Sarkarat Maryam
Published: March 2012

In this work the synthesis and characterization of a magnetic composite is described. It was prepared by deposition of Nap‐Mg‐Al‐LDH on Fe3O4 by a coprecipitation method. The structures of the obtained products were studied by powder X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. From the X‐ray diffraction results, it was found that Fe3O4 was successfully distributed into the layered double hydroxide (LDH) phase. Furthermore, the increase in the basal spacing of LDHs from 0.881 nm to 2.157 nm shows that naproxen was successfully intercalated into the interlayer space. The particle size was estimated using transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric studies indicate that the thermal stability of naproxen was enhanced after intercalation. Moreover, in vitro drug release experiments in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4) were investigated.
“Cage‐like” Carboxyl Bridged Octaphenyltetraantimony Compounds (SbPh2)4(μ‐O)4(μ‐OH)2(μ‐O2CR)2: Synthesis and Structural Characterization
Authors: Yin Handong , Wu Qingkun , Hong Min , Li Wenkuan
Published: March 2012

The metal‐directed self‐assembly of biphenylantimony trichloride and homocarboxylic acids LH [L = 2‐CHO‐C6H4COO– (1), 2, 3‐2F‐C6H4COO– (2), 4‐CF3–C6H4COO– (3)] provided three novel tetranuclear organoantimony(V) complexes, which were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as melting point, and X‐ray single crystal analysis. In the molecular structure, four hexacoordinate antimony atoms are linked into a [Sb2(μ‐O)2]2(μ‐O)2 “cage” architecture by oxo‐bridges which are terminally bridged by two carboxyl groups.
Positive spaces, generalized semi-densities, and quantum interactions
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: March 2012

The basics of quantum particle physics on a curved Lorentzian background are expressed in a formulation which has original aspects and exploits some non-standard mathematical notions. In particular, positive spaces and generalized semi-densities (in a distributional sense) are shown to link, in a natural way, discrete multi-particle spaces to distributional bundles of quantum states. The treatment of spinor and boson fields is partly original also from an algebraic point of view and suggests a non-standard approach to quantum interactions. The case of electroweak interactions provides examples.
Influence of non-radiative recombination on photoluminescence decay time in GaInNAs quantum wells with Ga- and In-rich environments of nitrogen atoms
Authors: Kudrawiec R. , Syperek M. , Latkowska M. , Misiewicz J. , Korpijärvi V.-M. , Laukkanen P. , Pakarinen J. , Dumitrescu M. , Guina M. , Pessa M.
Published: March 2012

The influence of non-radiative recombination on the photoluminescence decay time (τPL) has been studied for GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells with Ga- and In-rich environments of N atoms. At low temperatures, this influence is suppressed, due to the carrier localization phenomenon, which leads to a spectral dispersion of τPL. For investigated samples, this dispersion has been found to be in the range of ~0.2–2.0 ns. With the temperature increase, the free exciton emission starts to dominate instead of the localized exciton emission and the dispersion of τPL disappears. The dynamic of free exciton recombination is strongly influenced by the non-radiative recombination, which varies between samples, due to different concentration of non-radiative centers. The study of influence of non-radiative recombination on τPL has been performed at 180 K, since this temperature is high enough to eliminate the localized emission and activate non-radiative recombination and low enough to observe excitonic emission without strong contribution of free carrier recombination when the sample is excited with low power. It was observed that, for as-grown samples, the τPL increases from 0.14 to 0.25 ns with the change in As/III beam equivalent pressure ratio from 3.8 to 12.1 (in this case, it corresponds to the change in nitrogen nearest-neighbor environment from Ga- to In-rich), whereas, after annealing (i.e., also the change from Ga-rich to In-rich environment of N atoms), this time increases 2–4 times, depending on the As/III ratio. It has been concluded that the τPL is influenced by point defects rather than the nitrogen nearest-neighbor environment, but their concentration is correlated with the type of nitrogen environment.
Simultaneous measurements of the parallel and perpendicular ion temperature with a pinhole probe in the scrape-off-layer of the tokamak ISTTOK
Authors: Nedzelskiy I. S. , Silva C. , Duarte P. , Fernandes H.
Published: March 2012

A pinhole probe (PHP) for the simultaneous measurement of the parallel, T∥, and perpendicular, T⊥, ion temperature has been designed and tested in the scrape-off-layer (SOL) plasma of the tokamak ISTTOK. The PHP consists of a tunnel immersed into the plasma parallel to magnetic field and an ion collector. One end of the tunnel is covered with a thin foil that has a pinhole sampling ions from the plasma. The other end of the tunnel (close to the negatively biased collector) is covered with a fine-mesh screen. The possibility of performing an analytical description of the PHP current-to-voltage characteristics obtained on the collector when biasing the tunnel simplifies the interpretation of the results. The PHP operation has been previously tested in T∥, T⊥ measurements in low temperature weekly magnetized plasma [H. Mase, T. Honzava, and G. Miyamoto, J. Appl. Phys. 49(10), 5171 (1978)]10.1063/1.324412. In this paper, the PHP operation in the SOL of the tokamak ISTTOK is described, and the first results of T∥ and T⊥ measurements are presented. The obtained results demonstrate strong (∼30%) variation of T∥ and T⊥ on a time scale of 0.5 ms, and general predominance of T∥ > T⊥ anisotropy (T∥mean/T⊥mean ∼ 1.5) during plasma shot.
What Scientific Theories Could Not Be
Authors: Halvorson Hans
Published: March 2012

According to the semantic view of scientific theories, theories are classes of models. I show that this view—if taken literally—leads to absurdities. In particular, this view equates theories that are distinct, and it distinguishes theories that are equivalent. Furthermore, the semantic view lacks the resources to explicate interesting theoretical relations, such as embeddability of one theory into another. The untenability of the semantic view—as currently formulated—threatens to undermine scientific structuralism.
Impact of Participatory Forestry Program on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Lessons From an Indian Province
Authors: Das Nimai
Published: March 2012

This paper examines how rural livelihoods are improved owing to the impact of policy interventions through community‐driven forest management in West Bengal, India. As an instance of comparative analysis of a gender‐sensitive forestry program, this study employs the “sustainable rural livelihoods” framework to assess any enhancement of livelihood opportunities across various socioeconomic groups in forest fringe areas. In general, robust livelihoods sustainability is found for a pro‐poor section of rural households that participated in the forestry program. Amongst participants, however, especially the feminine units attain more favorable livelihoods outcome. Conversely, the program's eschewed households are behind sustainable livelihoods. It is therefore early need to expand the participatory forestry program for sustaining poor households' livelihood security in forest fringe areas of rural India.
Herminiimonas contaminans sp. nov., isolated as a contaminant of biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , P. Glaeser Stefanie , Lodders Nicole , Busse Hans-Jürgen , Falsen Enevold
Published: March 2012

A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium isolated as a contaminant from a biopharmaceutical process (strain CCUG 53591T) was studied for its taxonomic allocation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity data, this strain was clearly allocated to the genus

Herminiimonas

.

Herminiimonas saxobsidens

was shown to be the most closely related species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %), followed by

Herminiimonas glaciei

(99.6 %) and

Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans

(98.8 %). Strain ND5, previously reported as

H. glaciei

, but showing 100 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain CCUG 53591T, was included in the comparative study. Similarities to all other species of the genus

Herminiimonas

were below 98.0 %. Chemotaxonomic data (major ubiquinone, Q-8; major polar lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol; and major fatty acids, C17 : 0 cyclo, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C16 : 0, with C10 : 0 3-OH as hydroxylated fatty acid) supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus

Herminiimonas

. DNA–DNA hybridization results (mean values) for strain CCUG 53591T with

H. saxobsidens

CCUG 59860T (34 %),

H. glaciei

DSM 21140T (57 %),

H. arsenicoxydans

DSM 17148T (17 %) and

Herminiimonas fonticola

S-94T (11 %) clearly supported the separate taxonomic position of this strain. Strain ND5 showed DNA–DNA similarities of 78, 56 and 52 % to strain CCUG 53591T,

H. glaciei

DSM 21140T and

H. saxobsidens

CCUG 59860T, respectively. Phenotypic differentiation of the isolate from the most closely related species was possible by various features. Hence, strain CCUG 53591T represents a novel species, for which the name Herminiimonas contaminans sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain CCUG 53591T ( = CCM 7991T). Strain ND5 is a second strain of this species.
Nutritional evaluation of complementary food developed from plant and animal protein sources
Authors: Ibironke Samson , Fashakin Joseph B. , Badmus A.O.
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to nutritionally evaluate the potency of complementary food produced by mixing different sources of vegetable and animal protein together.

Design/methodology/approach

Maize (carbohydrate), peanut (groundnut) and crayfish (Euastacus spp) were the sole energy and protein sources, respectively. Diet 1 (Basal); diet 2 (groundnut‐fermented‐maize (ogi) 1:9); diet 3 (crayfish‐ground‐nut‐ogi, 1:1:9); diet 4 (crayfish‐ogi, 1:9); diet 5 control (Nutrend). The formulated complementary diets were fed to 30 albino rats. A commercial product (Nutrend) manufactured by nestle plc was obtained at a local supermarket, Ile‐Ife, Nigeria and was used as standard diet.

Findings

The result showed the growth rate (non‐protein diet) decreased from 37.962‐36.910; and the growth rate (protein diet) increased from 37.270‐54.544, 37.770‐82.662, 37.900‐78.570, and 37.636‐80.521 for diets 1 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Protein efficiency ratio (PER), for diets 1 2, 3, 4 and 5 were nil, 1.45, 3.30, 3.15, and 2.94, respectively. Net protein ratio (NPR), for diets 1 2, 3, 4 and 5 were nil, 0.85, 2.78, 2.59, and 2.45, respectively. The average nitrogen retained in various organs of experimental animals, such as liver, kidney and muscle of the diets 1 2, 3 4 and 5 were 35.52, 33.55, 33.58: 48.32, 48.40 48.68: 55.70, 53.20, 56.08: 52.30, 50.48, 54.65: and 56.76, 44.63, 56.80, respectively. The formulations compared to control were found superior in terms of growth rate, PER, NPR and ensure optimum nitrogen content in the liver, kidney and tissues.

Originality/value

The paper's findings show that the complementary food formulations which are not expensive, locally available, and affordable, could be produced from plant and animal sources and may be suitable to eradicate protein energy malnutrition (PEM).
The transition from a judgmental to an integrative method in demand forecasting
Authors: Nakano Mikihisa , Oji Nobunori
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extract some implications for managing the transition process of demand forecasting.

Design/methodology/approach

Using case study methodology, this paper describes a case of the transition from a judgmental to an integrative method in demand forecasting at Kao Corporation in Japan and extracts useful implications from the case.

Findings

Even if the forecaster and user are not the same, it is found that firms can realize an integrative method of using judgment as input to model building through effective transition management of demand forecasting.

Research limitations/implications

The results of this paper are from a case study. To examine the validity and effectiveness, future research needs to continue case studies and search for cross‐case patterns.

Practical implications

In the transition process of demand forecasting, it is very useful for firms that the forecaster demonstrates the benefits of new forecasting methods through experiential initiatives, solves various problems with the user at the beginning of the transition process, and creates opportunities so that the user experientially acquires the technical knowledge of the forecaster.

Originality/value

Through describing a case of the transition process of demand forecasting in detail, this paper finds useful means for managing the transition process of demand forecasting.
The use of communication activities in the development of small to medium‐sized enterprise brands
Authors: Centeno Edgar , Hart Susan
Published: March 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) use particular brand communication activities to develop their brands.

Design/methodology/approach

As a means to build some understanding about this phenomenon, a “contemporary marketing practices” perspective was used as a theoretical framework to 30 holistic case studies in Mexico. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with brand owner/managers.

Findings

Findings suggest four categories of brand communication activities based on interactional, transactional, and e‐marketing approaches, including “close and personal”, “mass‐personalisation”, “mass”, and “e‐communication” activities.

Research limitations/implications

Many more activities were found in interactional marketing as it appeared to be more suited to SMEs and context. Future research may address key activities for further investigation such as word‐of‐mouth as a key role in SME brand communication.

Practical implications

This study confirms the key participatory role of the brand owner with regard to brand communication activities.

Originality/value

This is one of the first articles that attempts to explain how SME brands use marketing communication tools to interact with their stakeholders for brand development.
Neural network hysteresis modeling with an improved Preisach model for piezoelectric actuators
Authors: Guo Weiping , Liu Diantong , Wang Wei
Published: March 2012

Purpose

Widely used in micro‐position devices and vibration control, the piezoelectric actuator exhibits strong hysteresis effects, which can cause inaccuracy and oscillations, even lead to instability. If the hysteretic effects can be predicted, a controller can be designed to correct for these effects. This paper aims to present a neural network hysteresis model with an improved Preisach model to predict the output of piezoelectric actuator.

Design/methodology/approach

The improved Preisach model is given: A wiping‐out memory sequence is defined that is along a single axis only and at the same time the ascending and the descending extreme points are separated. The extended area variable is calculated according to wiping‐out memory sequence. The relationship between the two inputs (the extended area variable and variable rate of input signal) and the hysteresis output is implemented with a neural network to approximate the hysteresis model for the piezoelectric actuators.

Findings

Some experiments are carried out with a piezoelectric ceramic (PST150/7/40 VS12) and the results show the neural network hysteresis model can reliably predict the hysteretic behaviours in piezoelectric actuators.

Originality/value

The improved Preisach model is a simple model that is implemented by a neural network to reliably predict the hysteretic output in piezoelectric actuators.
Alignment or independence? Multinational subsidiaries and parent relations
Authors: Reilly Marty , Scott Pamela , Mangematin Vincent
Published: March 2012

Purpose

Subsidiary units must respond to emerging threats including disaggregation of value chains and increased headquarters monitoring and control which have led to a cycle of subsidiary decline. The authors recognize the value of subsidiary initiatives as a short‐term response but argue that subsidiary long‐term survival and growth will depend on the unit's ability to align with its parent strategic activities and knowledge base through developing vertical embeddedness.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is part of an ongoing quantitative and qualitative study programme of Irish subsidiary operations of foreign MNCs. This paper integrates the authors' broader research to date including both in‐depth interviews within a focal case combined with a comprehensive review of the literature relating to MNC and subsidiary management in identifying how subsidiaries can respond to current challenges.

Findings

In contrast to the dominant view in the literature, this research found that subsidiaries can respond to emerging threats by integrating their activities and deepening their alignment with their parent operation. The authors identify three pillars in developing a strategy of alignment – strategic embeddedness or ensuring development of subsidiary strategy in line with headquarters stated objectives, relational embeddedness determined by trust relationships and a history of consistent subsidiary delivery and finally knowledge embeddedness facilitated through coalescent knowledge creation and collaborative effort in line with headquarters strategy and direction.

Research limitations/implications

Results from the survey are subject to the standard limitations and a larger pool of interviewees may have reinforced the qualitative findings.

Practical implications

Subsidiary managers need to be aware of how closer integration of unit activities with headquarters and the management of knowledge outflows can reduce the risk of relocation and better position subsidiaries for survival and growth. To date the emphasis on subsidiary initiative has overshadowed the benefits of aligning with headquarters strategy, a more feasible alternative for many subsidiaries which do not enjoy strategic independence.

Originality/value

By demonstrating the benefits of alignment with headquarters, this paper identifies a valuable alternative perspective to the predominant view in the literature that subsidiary survival is dependent on subsidiary initiative. Interesting insights into how alignment can be achieved are also provided. Capturing both the subsidiary and parent perspectives provides valuable insights.
Meta‐SWOT: introducing a new strategic planning tool
Authors: Agarwal Ravi , Grassl Wolfgang , Pahl Joy
Published: March 2012

Purpose

SWOT analysis is defective as a tool for guiding strategic planning because of its subjective, unsystematic, and non‐quantitative nature that lacks predictive power. This paper aims to present an alternative tool that overcomes these defects and is grounded in the resource‐based view of the firm. Meta‐SWOT does not take markets and other factors in the competitive environment as given but invites planners to start from resources and capabilities in determining competitive advantage.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a critique of SWOT analysis, an alternative decision‐support method is presented. Meta‐SWOT is based on the inside‐out approach typical of the resource‐based view of the firm. The method is implemented in a workbook programmed in Microsoft Excel that guides decision‐makers in a systematic step‐by‐step process of questions and answers from an initial brainstorming to a prioritized list of action steps. Input decisions generate a competitive map and a strategy map that assist effective planning. The idea of strategic fit is central to the process.

Findings

Systematic analysis of a business and sequential decision‐making can overcome many of the weaknesses of SWOT. The paper demonstrates the implementation of a theory of business in spreadsheets and the derivation of more objective, systematic, and quantitative recommendations.

Originality/value

Meta‐SWOT is an original but relatively simple software that can be used for a wide range of strategic planning exercises. The Excel workbook is made available for free to interested readers.
Norms, cognitive dissonance, and cooperative behaviour in laboratory experiments
Authors: Wichardt Philipp C.
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The paper emphasises the general relevance of social norms and social associations for cooperative behaviour in less or non‐social economic contexts, focusing in particular on economic laboratory experiments, and to illustrate the underlying psychological driving forces.

Design/methodology/approach

The argument focuses on the interplay between social norms, their psychological enforcement mechanism (cognitive dissonance) and context effects. Drawing on findings from both (social) psychology and experimental economics, it emphasises the relevance of social norms for cooperative behaviour also in less or non‐social environments as often created in economic laboratory experiments. Moreover, the conditions for cognitive dissonance effects to occur are summarised and the corresponding behavioural effects are both highlighted and exemplified by means of various examples including the analysis of a specific data set.

Findings

The discussion strongly suggests that the influence of common cooperative social norms is difficult to “anonymise away” in laboratory experiments or other less socially focused decision environments. Moreover, it provides a possible explanation for the occurrence of a variety of behavioural patterns often found in such settings, such as initially high but decreasing willingness to cooperate in social dilemmas.

Practical implications

Emphasising the far reach of social aspects in economic decision making, the discussion may help in the design of institutions as it illustrates a widespread source of non‐economic individual incentives.

Originality/value

The argument addresses the idiosyncrasies of individual cooperative behaviour in situations where economic incentives should hinder such behaviour. Adding to earlier arguments which explain such cooperation, for example, by reference to fairness concerns or inequity aversion, the present discussion emphasises in particular the specific psychological driving forces behind such behaviour. In doing so, it establishes a clear link to the research on cognitive dissonance in psychology.
Availability and organisation of creationist literature in UK public libraries
Authors: MacDonald Archie , McMenemy David
Published: March 2012

Purpose

This study seeks to investigate the availability of creationist and intelligent design (ID) books in UK public libraries, whether any materials held are obtained as a result of donation or purchase, and whether such materials, if available, are classified as religion or science.

Design/methodology/approach

A Freedom of Information Request (FOI) was sent to a subset of all the public library authorities in the UK. The FOI requests took the form of three queries/questions asked of the library service of each local authority. From a list of 218 library authorities, 68 were contacted either by email or by online contact form.

Findings

There was a relatively low level of reported donations of creationist and ID materials in UK public libraries. However, a high number of library authorities did have creationist and intelligent design materials on their catalogues via their own procurement mechanisms. There was no consistent nationwide pattern with regards to how these materials were classified and there was a wide geographic variation reported, with difficulties evidenced in whether to present creationist and intelligent design texts to the public as religious texts or science texts.

Research limitations/implications

The paper presents results from a subset of local authorities in the UK, thus cannot claim to be anything more than indicative of the sample.

Practical implications

The paper suggests that library authorities may need to be more consistent in how they present controversial materials to users.

Originality/value

The paper is the first to examine the issue of creationist materials in UK public libraries and how they are processed.