bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A compact online proton spectrometer for diagnosis of picosecond intense-laser accelerated protons
Authors: Teng J. , Shan L. Q. , Zhu B. , Deng Z. G. , He S. K. , Yuan Z. Q. , Qi W. , Wang H. L. , Wei H. , Yan Y. H. , Huang H. , Zhang T. K. , Wang W. W. , Yi T. , Zhang F. , Yu M. H. , Yang L. , Lu F. , Yang Z. H. , Zhang B. , Cui B. , Tian C. , Zhou K. N. , Wu Y. C. , Su J. Q. , Zhou W. M. , Gu Y. Q.
Published: November 2023

A compact online proton spectrometer based on a CMOS plate detector was proposed for the diagnosis of picosecond intense-laser accelerated protons. Inside the CMOS plate detector, a composite structure that composed of a scintillator screen, a fiber optic plate (FOP), and a CMOS sensor was designed to detect the protons safely and efficiently. The scintillator screen converted the incident protons to visible light, which, in turn, was collected by using the FOP and detected by using the CMOS sensor. An additional aluminum housing was designed to decrease the strong electromagnetic pulse (EMP) impact on the electronic readout system from picosecond laser–plasma interaction. This online spectrometer is compact and cost-effective than the system based on the micro-channel plate or scintillator screen in combination with an electron multiplying CCD camera and has better resistance to radiation damage than the system based on a single CMOS sensor.
Linking vertical movements of large pelagic predators with distribution patterns of biomass in the open ocean
Authors: Braun Camrin D. , Della Penna Alice , Arostegui Martin C. , Afonso Pedro , Berumen Michael L. , Block Barbara A. , Brown Craig A. , Fontes Jorge , Furtado Miguel , Gallagher Austin J. , Gaube Peter , Golet Walter J. , Kneebone Jeff , Macena Bruno C. L. , Mucientes Gonzalo , Orbesen Eric S. , Queiroz Nuno , Shea Brendan D. , Schratwieser Jason , Sims David W. , Skomal Gregory B. , Snodgrass Derke , Thorrold Simon R.
Published: November 2023

Many predator species make regular excursions from near-surface waters to the twilight (200 to 1,000 m) and midnight (1,000 to 3,000 m) zones of the deep pelagic ocean. While the occurrence of significant vertical movements into the deep ocean has evolved independently across taxonomic groups, the functional role(s) and ecological significance of these movements remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate results from satellite tagging efforts with model predictions of deep prey layers in the North Atlantic Ocean to determine whether prey distributions are correlated with vertical habitat use across 12 species of predators. Using 3D movement data for 344 individuals who traversed nearly 1.5 million km of pelagic ocean in

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42,000 d, we found that nearly every tagged predator frequented the twilight zone and many made regular trips to the midnight zone. Using a predictive model, we found clear alignment of predator depth use with the expected location of deep pelagic prey for at least half of the predator species. We compared high-resolution predator data with shipboard acoustics and selected representative matches that highlight the opportunities and challenges in the analysis and synthesis of these data. While not all observed behavior was consistent with estimated prey availability at depth, our results suggest that deep pelagic biomass likely has high ecological value for a suite of commercially important predators in the open ocean. Careful consideration of the disruption to ecosystem services provided by pelagic food webs is needed before the potential costs and benefits of proceeding with extractive activities in the deep ocean can be evaluated.
Geometry of focal conics in sessile cholesteric droplets
Authors: Kamien Randall D. , Nastishin Yuriy , Pansu Brigitte
Published: November 2023

Focal conic domains are defects characteristic of layered liquid crystal phases. Their association can build flowers where petals are the ellipses of the Dupin cyclides involved in these defects. We report here the observation of focal conic flowers in cholesteric droplets sessile on a glass surface and surrounded by glycerol. The observation of the droplets in different directions helps to solve the three dimensional architecture of the flower. The effects of the droplet size and of the pitch value are also reported.
Sfrp4 is required to maintain Ctsk-lineage periosteal stem cell niche function
Authors: Chen Ruiying , Dong Han , Raval Dhairya , Maridas David , Baroi Sudipta , Chen Kun , Hu Dorothy , Berry Shawn R. , Baron Roland , Greenblatt Matthew B. , Gori Francesca
Published: November 2023

We have previously reported that the cortical bone thinning seen in mice lacking the Wnt signaling antagonistSfrp4is due in part to impaired periosteal apposition. The periosteum contains cells which function as a reservoir of stem cells and contribute to cortical bone expansion, homeostasis, and repair. However, the local or paracrine factors that govern stem cells within the periosteal niche remain elusive. Cathepsin K (Ctsk), together with additional stem cell surface markers, marks a subset of periosteal stem cells (PSCs) which possess self-renewal ability and inducible multipotency.Sfrp4is expressed in periosteal Ctsk-lineage cells, andSfrp4global deletion decreases the pool of PSCs, impairs their clonal multipotency for differentiation into osteoblasts and chondrocytes and formation of bone organoids. Bulk RNA sequencing analysis of Ctsk-lineage PSCs demonstrated thatSfrp4deletion down-regulates signaling pathways associated with skeletal development, positive regulation of bone mineralization, and wound healing. Supporting these findings,Sfrp4deletion hampers the periosteal response to bone injury and impairs Ctsk-lineage periosteal cell recruitment. Ctsk-lineage PSCs express the PTH receptor and PTH treatment increases the % of PSCs, a response not seen in the absence ofSfrp4. Importantly, in the absence ofSfrp4, PTH-dependent increase in cortical thickness and periosteal bone formation is markedly impaired. Thus, this study provides insights into the regulation of a specific population of periosteal cells by a secreted local factor, and shows a central role for Sfrp4 in the regulation of Ctsk-lineage periosteal stem cell differentiation and function.
Variational quantum state discriminator for supervised machine learning
Authors: Lee Dongkeun , Baek Kyunghyun , Huh Joonsuk , Park Daniel K
Published: November 2023

Quantum state discrimination (QSD) is a fundamental task in quantum information processing with numerous applications. We present a variational quantum algorithm that performs the minimum-error QSD, called the variational quantum state discriminator (VQSD). The VQSD uses a parameterized quantum circuit that is trained by minimizing a cost function derived from the QSD, and finds the optimal positive-operator valued measure (POVM) for distinguishing target quantum states. The VQSD is capable of discriminating even unknown states, eliminating the need for expensive quantum state tomography. Our numerical simulations and comparisons with semidefinite programming demonstrate the effectiveness of the VQSD in finding optimal POVMs for minimum-error QSD of both pure and mixed states. In addition, the VQSD can be utilized as a supervised machine learning algorithm for multi-class classification. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve obtained in numerical simulations with the Iris flower dataset ranges from 0.97 to 1 with an average of 0.985, demonstrating excellent performance of the VQSD classifier.
A community resource to mass explore the wheat grain proteome and its application to the late-maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) problem
Authors: Vincent Delphine , Bui AnhDuyen , Ezernieks Vilnis , Shahinfar Saleh , Luke Timothy , Ram Doris , Rigas Nicholas , Panozzo Joe , Rochfort Simone , Daetwyler Hans , Hayden Matthew
Published: November 2023

Background

Late-maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) is a wheat genetic defect causing the synthesis of high isoelectric point alpha-amylase following a temperature shock during mid-grain development or prolonged cold throughout grain development, both leading to starch degradation. While the physiology is well understood, the biochemical mechanisms involved in grain LMA response remain unclear. We have applied high-throughput proteomics to 4,061 wheat flours displaying a range of LMA activities. Using an array of statistical analyses to select LMA-responsive biomarkers, we have mined them using a suite of tools applicable to wheat proteins.

Results

We observed that LMA-affected grains activated their primary metabolisms such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; TCA cycle, along with DNA- and RNA- binding mechanisms; and protein translation. This logically transitioned to protein folding activities driven by chaperones and protein disulfide isomerase, as well as protein assembly via dimerisation and complexing. The secondary metabolism was also mobilized with the upregulation of phytohormones and chemical and defence responses. LMA further invoked cellular structures, including ribosomes, microtubules, and chromatin. Finally, and unsurprisingly, LMA expression greatly impacted grain storage proteins, as well as starch and other carbohydrates, with the upregulation of alpha-gliadins and starch metabolism, whereas LMW glutenin, stachyose, sucrose, UDP-galactose, and UDP-glucose were downregulated.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is not only the first proteomics study tackling the wheat LMA issue but also the largest plant-based proteomics study published to date. Logistics, technicalities, requirements, and bottlenecks of such an ambitious large-scale high-throughput proteomics experiment along with the challenges associated with big data analyses are discussed.
Impact of Fc receptors and host characteristics on myeloid phagocytic response to rituximab-treated 3D-cultured B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Kleinau Sandra
Published: November 2023

Antibody-based immunotherapy is successful in treating cancer, but its effectiveness varies among patients. Therefore, understanding myeloid phagocytic responses to therapeutic antibodies is critical. Immunoglobulin Fc receptors and host characteristics were evaluated in phagocytosis of 3D-cultured CD20+ B-cell lymphoma (spheroids) treated with different anti-CD20 rituximab (RTX) monoclonal antibody isotypes. Monocytes from healthy donors of different ages and sexes were isolated, and their Fc receptors for IgG (FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIa) and IgA (FcαRI) were determined, as well as Fc receptor gene polymorphisms. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis was assessed using flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and Fc receptor blocking. RTX isotypes showed varying efficacy in stimulating the phagocytosis of spheroids. RTX-IgG3 proved to be the most efficient, followed by RTX-IgG1. Monocytes infiltrated RTX-treated spheroids at the periphery but migrated also into the core when stimulated with RTX-IgG3. Blocking FcγRI or FcγRIIa, but not FcγRIIIa, with antibodies inhibited RTX-IgG1 and RTX-IgG3-mediated phagocytosis. Monocytes from younger women demonstrated higher FcγRI and FcγRIIa levels compared to older women, while older men displayed increasing FcγRI and FcγRIIIa levels compared to younger men. Monocytes from younger women displayed greater phagocytic activity compared to older women, while older men had better IgG-mediated phagocytosis than younger men. Single Fc receptor levels, or FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa genetic variants, had a low correlation with phagocytic intensity, likely as a result of multiple engagements of Fcreceptors for IgG-mediated phagocytosis. In conclusion, antibody isotype, Fc receptors, age, and sex influence tumor phagocytosis. This study exposes the relationship between host traits and the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies, providing insights into cancer immunotherapy treatment.
Impact of revised breakpoints on the categorization of susceptibility of Enterobacterales to temocillin
Authors: Farfour Eric , Le Brun Cécile , Degand Nicolas , Riverain Emeline , Dinh Aurélien , Timores Thierry , Mamona Christel , Vallée Alexandre , Vasse Marc
Published: November 2023

Background

To harmonize with the EUCAST breakpoints, the French Society of Microbiology introduced a change in the inhibition diameter breakpoint (17 mm versus 20 mm previously) of temocillin. We assessed the impact of the new breakpoints on categorizing susceptibility of Enterobacterales to temocillin.

Methods

This was a multicentric retrospective study including all Enterobacterales isolates routinely tested for temocillin susceptibility with the disc diffusion method between 1 January 2016 and 31 July 2022 in four centres. Categorization using the breakpoints of 20 mm (French guidelines CA-SFM/EUCAST 2020 v.1.1) and 17 mm (French guidelines CA-SFM/EUCAST 2021 v1.0 and EUCAST guidelines v11.0) was performed.

Results

Overall, 36 416 Enterobacterales isolates were included. The overall rate of temocillin resistance decreased from 11.3% to 4.7% (relative difference of 58.5%) when using the 17 mm breakpoint instead of the 20 mm breakpoint, respectively. The relative change ranged from −44.0% in Klebsiella aerogenes to −72.7% in Klebsiella oxytoca. The median inhibition diameter was 23 mm (IQR 21–25). The isolates with a diameter of 20 mm appeared overrepresented, whereas those with a diameter of 18 and 19 mm were underrepresented. We therefore reviewed the diameters between 18 and 21 mm of 273 isolates. Thirty-two (11.7%) of them categorized as susceptible at first measure were controlled resistant at second measure.

Conclusions

The new breakpoint induced a decrease in the rate of isolates categorized as resistant to temocillin, increasing therapeutic choice including for Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE). We suggest the bias in measuring the inhibition diameter is probably related to the fact that temocillin is considered remarkably stable against broad-spectrum β-lactamases.
Pharmacology of dental local anaesthesia
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

Local anaesthesia is defined as a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body by a depression of excitation in nerve endings or an inhibition of the conduction process in peripheral nerves. The term ‘anaesthesia’ denotes absence of all sensation including touch, temperature, pressure, and pain. In clinical practice it is a localized loss of pain sensation that is desired. The correct term for a localized loss of pain is ‘local analgesia’. The expressions ‘local anaesthesia’ and ‘local analgesia’ are used almost synonymously in dentistry. In this book the former term will be used throughout.
Poetry of Transition II (1914-1919)
Authors: Rosenthal M L
Published: November 2023

Yeats’s next books of new poetry after Responsibilities were The Wild Swans at Coale (1917; enlarged edition, 1919) and Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1921). All the poems in these books had been written by early 1919, for the most part during the preceding three or four years. The two collections reveal interesting reciprocities and, since the later book is very short, might well have been combined. This chapter will therefore consider them together, or at least as companion volumes.
Poetry after The Tower
Authors: Rosenthal M L
Published: November 2023

The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933) climbed its own winding stair over a period of four years to find its final shape: an untitled opening section of twenty-seven poems, followed by the two sequences “Words for Music Perhaps” and “A Woman Young and Old.” The brief history of its growth is worth noting because Yeats was slowly discovering the organic relationships implicit in it.
Philip’s Phoenix
Authors: Hannay Margaret P
Published: November 2023

Although previous studies have portrayed Mary Sidney as a demure, retiring woman, Hannay, basing her work on primary sources (account books, legal documents, diaries, family letters), has discovered that she was brilliant, learned, witty, articulate, and adept at self-presentation. Married to the wealthy Earl of Pembroke, she ruled over her little court at Wilton just as Elizabeth ruled in London. Her wisdom, poetry, and scholarship were extravagantly praised by those who sought to gain her favour. When Philip, her older brother, died fighting for the Protestant cause, she moved to London to take up his literary activities, publishing his writings, writing and translating works of which he would have approved, assuming his role as literary patron and supporting the Protestant cause for which he died. All the literary work for which she is celebrated took place between her return to London in 1588 and her husband's death in 1601. While previous biographers contended that her widowhood was quiet and uneventful, Hannay shows, via court cases, that her final years were colourful indeed, as, administering the properties she retained, she contended with jewel thieves, pirates, and murderers, finally bringing them to trial after complex legal and political manoeuvres.
The White Doe of Rylstone, The Convention of Cintra, and the History of a Career
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

The story of how Wordsworth delayed publishing The White Doe of Rylstone, finished in 1807-08, until 1815 is familiar. The received account runs like this: the poem represented Wordsworth’s effort to transform materials from the north of England and the borders, the stuff of romance and ballad which Sir Walter Scott had mined so successfully, into an exemplum of imagination and faith, but the poem proved too spiritual and lacking in adventure for those who heard or read the manuscript-Coleridge, Lamb, Hazlitt, Jane Marshall-and, discouraged, Wordsworth kept it back.
Ayin: The Concept of Nothingness in Jewish Mysticism
Authors: Matt Daniel C
Published: November 2023

There is allure and terror in mystical portrayals of nothingness: Eckhart’s Nichts, John of the Cross’s nada, the Taoist wu, the Buddhist sunyata. Despite appearances, these terms do not express an identical meaning since each mystic names the nameless from within a realm of discourse shaped by his own training, outlook, and language. My aim here is to trace the development of the concept of ayin (nothingness) in Jewish mysticism. In medieval Kabbalah ayin functions as a theosophical symbol, part of the elaborate system of the sefirot, the stages of divine manifestation. Everything emerges from the depths of ayin and eventually returns there. As we proceed from Kabbalah to Hasidism, the focus changes. Now the psychological significance of ayin is emphasized and it becomes a medium for self-transformation. The mystic experiences ayin directly and emerges anew.
Representations of the Working Classes by Nonworking-Class Writers: Subjectivity and Solidarity
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: November 2023

Detailed descriptions of the life and labour of the people in all its various aspects, sensational or scientific, derived from personal observation or statistical calculation, become a characteristic feature of the publications of the [the 1880s], whether newspapers or magazines, plays or novels, the reports of philanthropic organisations or the proceedings of learned societies. It may be said that this novel concentration of attention on the social condition of the people was due neither to intellectual curiosity nor to the spirit of philanthropy, but rather to a panic fear of the newly enfranchised democracy.
The Bavli in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters I suggested that the form of the Bavli reflects its authors’ opinion that truth is ultimately indeterminable. The text juxtaposes interpretations or rulings, frequently without preferring one or the other, in order to declare that a single confident truth is beyond the reach of human understanding. Because revelation is no longer a means of divine communication and because the divine record (scripture) is dependent on human interpretation, human reason becomes the arbiter of the divine will-but only at a cost; human reason, as the Bavli admits explicitly from time to time, is fallible. The single truth is therefore inaccessible, and the variety of approaches to truth must be (and are) systematically affirmed.
Target: Prime Time
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

Offering the first book-length exploration of network television's relations with advocacy groups, Kathryn C. Montgomery presents a comprehensive picture of the impact of organized pressure on prime-time TV. She vividly describes, for example, how the Catholic Church campaigned against Maude's abortion on the TV show, Maude; how outraged actors mobilized a national protest against the portrayal of blacks in the TV miniseries, Beulah Land; and how the Moral Majority waged a sophisticated campaign to "clean up TV," by threatening to boycott advertisers. Exposing the inner workings of network television as no other book has done, Montgomery's study demonstrates how behind-the-scenes struggles have shaped the images, messages, and values that enter people's homes every night. The book also raises critical questions about television's role in our society and its responsibility to the American public.
Out into the world.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

Though Sarah’s new whim to go to place excited so much astonishment, she knew that she had the entire approval of both father and mother. It was their teaching, probably, that had unconsciously led her to take it. They were not obliged to send her out to maintain herself, they could, in fact, have lived without working themselves, hut nothing could he farther from their habits and ideas than that their children should cease working on that account. If any better employment had offered itself for Sarah they would have directed her attention to it; as it was they would have laughed at the notion of losing dignity by work of any kind. If dignity could not take care of itself they would let it go. At worst, taking up an inferior trade was hut “reculer pour mieux sauter”-a thing quite in accordance with their practical, sterling character. So Mrs. Miles gave the girl some instructions as to her dress and behaviour, and Sarah felt herself quite equal to the occasion. She was thinking all the while of quite other matters. Her duties seemed to her easy enough, hut of small importance compared with the discoveries she should make when once within the gate of Paradise.
Hope again elastic springs.
Authors: Taylor Mary , Murray Janet H
Published: November 2023

What is it that makes a new idea come into people’s heads-a new idea on a subject whereon they have perhaps thought long and earnestly for days or weeks? We have perhaps a hard nut to crack, and see no way of doing it. We turn it over and over, and find no one side more impressible than another. We settle a hundred times that there is nothing to be done with it, but yet we go on looking at it, and trying to find a weak place where we may make an attempt. We turn in despair away, and then from nowhere comes the solution that we have sought so long. Some unconscious cerebration, or other new name for an unknown thing, brings out the new light we sought so long and painfully in vain.
The Yankee Invasion
Authors: Hackett David G
Published: November 2023

It was at the age of eighteen, and in the autumn of the year eighteen hundred, that I first set my foot within the precincts of the ancient and far-famed city of Albany.... Ihad then just launched my “light untimbered bark” upon the ocean of life; with no guide but Providence, and with no hand but my own to direct its course. Never shall I forget the deep feeling of loneliness that came over me when the receding headlands of my native bay disappeared in the distance, and I found myself, for the first time in my life, alone on the waters.
The Word in the Desert
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas
Published: November 2023

The retreat to the desert and growth of monasticism in fourth-century Egypt has long been recognized as one of the most significant moments in early Christianity. In the withdrawal to the stark solitude of the desert, a vibrant and original spirituality was born which was to wield great influence on both contemporaries and succeeding generations. Douglas Burton-Christie sheds fresh light on this early Christian ascetic movement by focusing on the way the desert saints interpret and appropriate the Scriptures. Drawing extensively on stories and sayings from the vast body of monastic literature, he shows that the Scriptures were a primary source of inspiration for the founders of early monasticism, and the shaping force in the development of a new `school’ of holiness in the desert. Burton-Christie goes on to discuss how this biblical spirituality developed, what substantive issues defined its growth, what hermeneutical approaches were used in shaping it, and how it came to its mature expression. He contends that, through the use of contemporary hermeneutical categories, the ‘desert hermeneutic’ can become not only intelligible to the modern interpreter, but engaging and challenging as well.
The Zen Discipline and Experience
Authors: King Winston L
Published: November 2023

Meditation has always been an integral Part of Buddhist doctrine and practice, though followed in varying degrees and in differing forms in the several Buddhist traditions. In those countries dominated by the Buddhist Theravada tradition, it is termed dhyäna and has been presumed to be the somewhat exclusive property of the monks who have foresworn worldly life. Indeed, final salvation (the attainment of Nirvana) is not possible without it. Laypersons have moral precepts to follow and monks to support and honor in order to gain merit for a better rebirth, perhaps with a monk’s nirvanic-oriented career in store.
Religion as a Mediating Factor 1n Culture Change
Authors: Bourguignon Erika
Published: November 2023

“In the autumn of 1984 a wave of rumors about mad Balanta women spread across the south of Guinea Bissau.” So begins a fascinating account by the Dutch psychiatrist Joop T.V.M. de Jong (l 987, p. 77) in his book A Descent into African Psychiatry. Guinea Bissau is a small West African country that had obtained its independence from Portugal only ten years before, and the Balanta are its largest ethnic group. What de Jong is referring to in the quotation cited above is a movement that came to be called Jangue Jangue. Young women who had lost children or who were unable to conceive were, it was said, being helped by an inspired woman healer. She supposedly received spirit messages that gave her knowledge of medicinal plants, as well as a new code of living. This code included an anti-witchcraft movement, of which there had been several in the past. In particular, one was associated with the struggle for liberation from colonial rule. Additionally, the leader’s teachings rejected many traditional practices, including arranged marriages and expensive mourning ceremonies involving much drinking and slaughtering of cattle. The founder’s original inspiration (which followed on a serious illness) and the conversions of new members involved such features as dreaming, hearing voices, head shaking, and running off into the bush.
The Burden of Christendom: Seventeenth-Century Harvard
Authors: Marsden George M
Published: November 2023

One of the remarkable facts of American history is that only six years after their settlement in the Massachusetts wilderness the Puritans established what soon became a reputable college. Higher education was for them a high priority in civilization building. During its early decades New England had one of the highest per capita concentrations of university-educated men anywhere in the world. By establishing a college so early (in the southern colonies it took a century to do the same) the Puritans laid the foundation for New England’s dominance in American higher education for the next three centuries. As late as the era when Americans founded modern universities or transformed their colleges into universities, few of the key leaders lacked New England connections. The Puritans’ commitment to higher education and the tensions that created for such an intensely spiritual movement must be understood in the context of a long history of often uneasy relationships of Christianity to advanced learning. The Puritans of the 1630s, it is helpful to recall, were living as close to the era of Thomas Aquinas as we are to theirs. So while we inevitably refract our understanding of them through what has happened since, we will gain a more balanced appreciation of their own concerns if we think in terms of their own history. They were still in many ways people of the Middle Ages. Their medieval outlook had indeed been modified by what we call the Renaissance, more by the Reformation, and they had been touched as well by glimmers of what was to become modernity. Nonetheless, the problems they addressed were still largely those of medieval Christendom. How could they set Christendom back on its proper course? So far as university education was concerned, they took for grantedsome deeply entrenched patterns that for several centuries had defined advanced learning in the Western world; but as reformers they were also ready to bend the patterns to suit their purposes.
American Arbitration Law
Authors: Macneil Ian R
Published: November 2023

Although arbitration is a way of settling disputes without expensive court litigation, it carries with it a central conflict for the state. That is, if the judgments of the arbiter are not supported by the state, then they are not enforceable, and arbitration becomes unworkable. On the other hand, arbitration can frequently be manipulated to maintain inequitable relationships, and the state has legitimate reservations about surrendering or leasing its authority. In this work, Ian Macneil examines the history of the American arbitration legislation that deals with this conflict.
Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy
Authors: Murphy”‘ Walter F
Published: November 2023

Scholars no less than public officials and journalists are apt to conflate representative democracy, requiring government by popularly elected officials, with constitu tionalism and its demands for limited government, then further confuse a constitution with constitutionalism. This chapter tries to untangle these concepts and analyze the product of their union, constitutional democracy.
Transition to Democracy, Corporatism, and Presidentialism with Special Reference to Latin America
Authors: Nino Carlos Santiago
Published: November 2023

This chapter seeks to connect the movement toward revision of the presidentialist system of government, perceptible in several Latin American countries, with some sociostructural variables with considerable impact on the process of consolidation of democracy.1 In particular, I intend to show that as the main threats to that consolidation of democracy are the pressures of so-called “corporative groups”-the military, the Church, the trade unions, and entrepreneurial conglomerates-it is necessary to develop mechanisms for wider popular participation and stronger political parties to counteract those pressures. Further, I want to demonstrate that those mechanisms may increase the tensions in the democratic system generated by the dysfunctions of presidentialist government. My argument will lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to modify the presidential system of government to allow for the operation of mechanisms to contain the pressures of corporations, thus amplifying the space of the democratic process.
The Broadcast Reform Movement versus the Radio Lobby: Arguments, Proposals, Programs, and Problems
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

The broadcast reform movement generated an extensive critique of commercial broadcasting and its limitations for the communication requirements of a democratic society. While there was general consensus on the core elements of this critique, the reformers disagreed about alternatives to the status quo. The assorted broadcast reformers had difficulty working in unison, thereby only magnifying the difficulty of their task of reconstructing U.S. broadcasting. This chapter will discuss the basic concerns that united the broadcast reform movement as well as the issues that divided them.
Conclusion
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W
Published: November 2023

A major objective of this study has been to indicate the extent to which there was organized popular opposition to commercial broadcasting in the United States, and to discredit the notion that the American people went along with the establishment of the status quo with barely a glimmer of dissent. The deterministic stance is based upon an assessment of the popular response to radio by the mid-192os, which follows from the presupposition that the network-dominated, advertising-supported system was intact and beyond political or ideological challenge by 1927 at the very latest. The status quo, however, only came into existence between 1927 and 1930; prior to those years, few if any imagined U.S. broadcasting would assume the traits it quickly adopted. Once the contours of the new system became apparent, many Americans, from a variety of backgrounds, reacted with utter disgust and devoted considerable energy to public campaigns to restructure the broadcasting set-up to allow for significant non profit and noncommercial devel. Far from being entrenched in the mid-192os, before it even came into existence, the status quo was only economically consolidated by 1932, legislatively consolidated by 1934, and ideologically consolidated by the end of the decade. On all three fronts, the broadcast reform movement challenged the industry with impunity prior to consolidation.
Introductory note to *1949b
Authors: Malament David B
Published: November 2023

In his lecture, Gödel exhibits and discusses the properties of his new exact solution to Einstein’s equation. The solution represents a possible universe, compatible with the constraints of relativity theory, in which aggregate matter (on a cosmological scale) is in a state of uniform, rigid rotation. Gooel’s presentation here covers much the same ground as does the published account (1949) that appeared two months later. But the tone throughout is more relaxed and expansive, and there are a number of specific additions. They include the following:
Introductory note to Gödel *1970a, *1970b, and *1970c
Authors: Solovay Robert M
Published: November 2023

Gödel *1970a is a handwritten document that was sent to Alfred Tarski for submission to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It lists four axioms and claims to deduce from them that 2No = N2• *1970b and *1970c are two other handwritten documents that bear on *1970a. *1970b claims, on the contrary, to deduce the continuum hypothesis from some of the axioms mentioned in *1970a.
American Lawyers
Authors: Abel Richard L
Published: November 2023

Based on an extensive survey of historical, sociological, and legal sources, American Lawyers traces the development of the legal profession during the past century. The most comprehensive work on the subject in over thirty years, this seminal study offers a disturbing portrait of the character, evolution, and future of law and lawyers in the United States. Since their emergence in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Abel argues, bar associations have consciously shaped and controlled the development of the profession. American Lawyers have deliberately erected entry barriers designed to restrict the number and raise the social status of lawyers, and have intentionally dampened competition. Abel demonstrates how lawyers sought to increase access to justice while simultaneously stimulating demand for legal services, and how they implemented self-regulation to forestall external control. Charting the dramatic transformation of the profession over the last two decades, Abel documents the growing number and importance of lawyers employed outside private practice in business and government.
Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic: The Lessons Silences Has Taught Us
Authors: Fishkin Shelley Fisher
Published: November 2023

A reader picking up Harper’s Magazine in October 1965 would have learned from the cover that a number of famous writers “and others” contributed to the issue. “And others” included Tillie Olsen-whose exclusion from the cover list of contributors gave ironic resonance to the themes of omission, erasure, and invisibility that her article so eloquently explored.
‘‘No One’s Private Ground”: A Bakhtinian Reading of Tillie Olsen’s Tell Me a Riddle
Authors: Coiner Constance
Published: November 2023

In the stories collected in Tell Me a Riddle Tillie Olsen examines the marginalization and potential empowering of various groups of oppressed people, particularly women, by experimenting with potentially democratizing modes of discourse. Deborah Rosenfelt has rightly placed Olsen in a line of women writers, associated with the American Left, who unite a class consciousness and a feminist consciousness in their lives and creative work, who are concerned with the material circumstances of people’s lives, who articulate the experiences and grievances of women and of other oppressed groups-workers, national minorities, the colonized and the exploited-who speak out of a defining commitment to social change (“Thirties” 374).
Television and Its Critics
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

The most prestigious gathering in television is the annual convention of the National Association of Broadcasters. Everybody who is anybody goes-the station owners, the general managers, the program directors, the news directors, the sales managers, the top executives of the networks, the program producers, the hardware makers, the top advertising people, the station representative organizations, the trade groups, the regulators, the lawyers for everybody, the consultants for everybody, the press, and everyone who counts from Washington, New York, and Los Angeles, the three power centers of the industry, and almost every place in between. Having all this power in one place does not necessarily mean that anything interesting happens, but the 1961 convention did have a particular electricity about it. In 1958, the quiz show scandal had rocked the industry. It had been revealed over the course of a nine-month grand jury probe and sensational public hearings by a subcommittee of the U.S.
Comic Debates: The Uses of Cosmopolite
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

The Confidence-Man begins with a dynamic vision of the West. Like Broadway, its opening image of the Mississippi is the cosmopolitan stage for all makes of man, foreign and domestic:

And the list goes on, pairing such opposites as Quakers and soldiers, Mormons and Papists, jesters and mourners. The West is an “all-fusing spirit” that contains “in one confident and cosmopolitan tide … that multiform pilgrim species, man.” Melville borrowed this opener from T. B.Thorpe’s “The Big Bear of Arkansas.” So well known was this tall tale that Melville’s readers could not miss echoes of Thorpe’s own cosmopolitan passenger list: “the wealthy Southern planter, and the pedlar of tin-ware from New England-bishop, and a desperate gambler-the land speculator, and the honest farmer-professional men of all creeds and characters Wolvereens, Suckers, Hoosiers, Buckeyes, and Com-crackers, beside a ‘plentiful sprinkling’ of the half-horse and half-alligator species of men.’’1 Some of Melville’s phrases-men of pleasure, men of business, backwoodsman, speculator, cotton planter-are close enough to be plagiarisms of Thorpe, but his repetition of the “-hunter” suffix manifests an aesthetics of fusion not found in the rhetoric of “Big Bear.”
Beyond “Just the Facts”: Reading as Rhetorical Action
Authors: Haas Christina
Published: November 2023

All English teachers are teachers of reading and of writing. Whether a teacher’s scholarship, instruction, and institutional identity lie primarily within literature or within composition, the day-to-day business of English classrooms is inherently bound up in texts: student texts, teacher texts, canonical texts, marginal texts. These texts are read and reread, written and rewritten, as teaching and learning proceed. Despite this fact, a great deal of recent scholarship in English, aimed at understanding the learning that goes on in our classrooms, has focused almost exclusively on writing and writing processes. In a recent College Composition and Communication article, Russell Durst points out that fully 62% of the articles cited in the Research in the Teaching of English bibliographies since 1984 have focused on written composition (Durst, 1990). Although 9% of the articles focused on literature, Durst noted none that specifically dealt with reading or reading processes. Similar results would no doubt be found for other publications written for college teachers of English.
Reading to Argue: Helping Students Transform Source Texts
Authors: Higgins Lorraine
Published: November 2023

College students are often asked to develop arguments that address the questions and problems raised in their courses. In assessing student papers, however, instructors often remark that students seem to be indiscriminately reporting on or responding to source texts rather than using them to argue a position. This chapter explores some of the difficulties students face as they attempt to transform source texts into written arguments, and it demonstrates how instructors can model and support the interpretive strategies that underlie written argument.
Sacred Biography
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Medieval “saints’ lives” are among the oldest literary texts of Western vernacular culture, yet are routinely patronized as “pious fiction”. Heffernan demonstrates that to characterize the genre as fiction is to misunderstand the intentions of medieval authors, who were neither simply credulous or blinded by piety. Concentrating on Latin and English texts, Heffernan reconstructs the medieval perspective, arguing that such biographical writing presupposes an entirely different view of the world and the self, and presents new ideas of sin and guilt, of what was real and what imaginary, and for what one should live and die. Offering a new perspective on Christian literary expression, this book will appeal to scholars in Medieval, Religious and New Testament studies, Feminist Studies, and those interested in the history of Christian spirituality.
The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicitas and the Imitatio Christi
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Although the vitae of female saints of the later Middle Ages are indebted to the conventions of medieval sacred biography no less than those of their male counterparts, these lives possess sufficient distinctive features to warrant their separate consideration. Although the creation of a taxonomy of female sanctity is beyond the scope of this chapter, there are four types of experience taken together (they almost constitute an ideology of convention) within which female spirituality is exemplified in these lives. These types occur early in the tradition of Christian sacred biography and grow out of a necessary adaptation of the vita apostolica and the Gospel depictions of Christ; moreover, they appear to be gender-specific and diachronically constant.1 They are: the redefinition of ideas of kinship; freedom from the Pauline notion of sexual “indebtedness”; the importance of prophetic visions; and the change from virgin, wife, or widow to sponsa Christi.
Magic, Religion, Science, and Secularization
Authors: Sharot Stephen
Published: November 2023

The object of this paper is not to analyze the distinctions between magic and religion and magic and science as categories of participants or so cieties under study but as categories of observers, the social scientists themselves. The problem here is not how distinctions have been defined in order to establish and protect social boundaries and normative rules, but how social scientists have defined them in order to present a sociolog ical thesis. On occasion social scientists’ discussions of the definitions of magic, religion, and science have become arid debates with no clear reference to any sociological or historical question, but for the most part anthropologists and sociologists have proposed defining these terms in such a way that will assist them to ask comparative and historical ques tions about modes of thought and social practices.
Plague And Politics In 1793: Arthur Mervyn
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: November 2023

An eighteenth-century New England minister who wrote a history of the American Revolution once described the need to “dress” his history modestly: “laboured elegance and extravagant colouring only brings her into suspicion, hides her beauty, and makes the cautious reader afraid lest he is in company with a painted harlot.”1 While it seems understandable that a minister would not want his reader to keep “company with a painted harlot,” the conjunction of history and harlotry here appears striking. Such nervousness about licentious sexuality in language-particularly language that depicted the still volatile topic of the American Revolution-extended to other writers, ministers, orators, and politicians in the young republic. They protected themselves by claiming to use a conservative rhetoric in their efforts to extradite the “alien” dangers of both deism and radical democracy. They proceeded, however, by emphasizing the dangers of the loose woman and, in attempting to educate the American people about the contagion of her infidelity, paradoxically enhancing the sexual associations they claimed to be protecting themselves against. The writer “Parson” Weems, known today for his aggrandizing Life of Washington, spent thirty years peddling books and tracts with titles like The Bad Wife’s Looking Glass and God’s Revenge Against Adultery. Presented as moral lessons, rooted in an idealized concept of sexuality and the family, these tracts also discussed political issues, a mixture so common in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century writings that the rhetoric of sexuality and the family became nearly interchangeable with that of religion and politics. Such interchangeability is a direct concern of the early American novel.
Religion & Power
Authors: Edwards Douglas R
Published: November 2023

This book contributes to the small but growing literature on the interaction between religion and power in antiquity. Edwards focuses on the eastern ‘Greek’ provinces in the first and second centuries A.D. - the period during which Christianity, Judaism, and numerous other religions and cults exploded across the Roman Empire. His purpose is to show how the local elite classes appropriated and manipulated mythic and religious images and practices to establish and consolidate their social, political, and economic power. Edwards considers both archaeological and literary evidence. He examines coins, epigraphs, statuary, building complexes, mosaics, and paintings from across Asia Minor and Syria-Palestine looking for evidence of sponsorship by local elites and the meaning of such sponsorship. On the literary side, Edwards selects one representative figure from each of the three major religio-cultural traditions: the Greek writer, Chariton of Aphrodisias; the Jewish historian, Josephus; and the Christian evangelist, the author of Luke Acts. He illustrates how each writer's use of religion reflects the interaction of local elite groups with the 'web of power' that existed in political, cultural, and social spheres of the Roman Empire.