bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Homobivalent SPECT Radioligand ‐ Serinol Appended Methoxyphenyl Piperazine Derivative for Serotonin Receptor Imaging**
Authors: Rangaswamy Sandhya , Saklani Meenakshi , Kumar Rajnish , Mathur Rashi , Kaul Ankur , Tiwari Anjani K. , Kaur‐Ghuman Sandeep , Mishra Anil K. , Varshney Raunak
Published: June 2021

Serotonin receptor subtypes are predominantly accountable for various neurophysiologic and cognitive processes and are expressed in the hippocampus region. SPECT based radioligands offer a cost effective understanding to the molecular changes which are used in the diagnoses of various neurological disorders. A Homobivalent approach was used to synthesize 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl) piperazine based ligand by using click chemistry to incorporate two moieties of MPP via a linker (serinol) for SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography) evaluation. Molecular docking studies show better affinity for radiolabeled DO3 A‐serinol‐bis‐MPP complex. The radiolabeling efficiency of conjugate was optimized and evaluated for stability by various parameters and was found to be 99 %. The complex shows appreciable brain uptake in rabbit. Ex Vivo pharmacology indicated approximately 50 % of the total brain uptake in the hippocampus region which showed the selective preference of the ligand for serotonin receptor. This study could be considered as a novel, informative and preclinical finding for using the synthesised 99mTc‐DO3 A‐serinol‐bis‐MPP ligand to target serotonin receptor by SPECT imaging.
Benzophenone‐Functionalized Oligo(Amido Amine)/Iodonium Salt Systems as Visible Light Photoinitiators
Authors: Gencoglu Turkan , Graff Bernadette , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Lalevée Jacques , Avci Duygu
Published: June 2021

Two water soluble oligomeric photoinitiators (OAA‐B and OAA‐BP) were synthesized by first preparing an oligo(amido amine) (OAA) via aza‐Michael addition reaction of N,N’‐methylene bisacrylamide and 1,4‐diaminobutane, then carrying out another aza‐Michael addition reaction between OAA and 4‐benzoylphenyl acrylate for OAA‐B and also diethyl vinylphosphonate for OAA‐BP. Photopolymerization kinetics of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and HEMA: poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn = 575) mixture initiated by these photoinitiators were monitored by real‐time FTIR spectrophotometer and photo‐DSC. These photoinitiators together with bis‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod) have high polymerization efficiencies under UV and unexpectedly visible light exposure. The efficiency of the photoinitiators is based on two separate mechanisms, oxidative interaction between benzophenone group and Iod and charge transfer complex (CTC) formation between Iod and amines in OAA; verified by absorption, steady state photolysis, electron spin resonance and laser flash photolysis. The CTC formation mechanism was also studied by molecular modeling studies; and both mechanisms generating aryl radicals.
Study on Microstructure and Photocatalytic Mechanism of g‐C3N4/WO3 Heterojunctions Prepared by Ice Template
Authors: Zhang Ke , Jin Yaran , Guo Yongxiang , Wang Haiwang , Liu Kefan , Fu Weijie , Zhang Jinrui , Pan Haijun , Wang Bingzhu
Published: June 2021

For semiconductor photocatalyst, such as g‐C3N4/WO3, heterojunction contact area and specific surface area are the main reasons that limit their photocatalytic activity. Simultaneously, the photogenerated electron‐hole transport mechanism of g‐C3N4/WO3 is still controversial. In this article, g‐C3N4/WO3 semiconductor photocatalysts were synthesized by ice template method. XRD, SEM, BET, etc. were used to characterize the microstructure and morphology of g‐C3N4/WO3 with different quality scores of WO3, and it was found that the specific surface area of 10 wt% g‐C3N4/WO3 reached 54.8 m2/g, which was 1.92 times that of g‐C3N4. The photocatalytic performance of semiconductor photocatalysts was measured by photolysis of aquatic hydrogen and degradation of RhB solution. The results show that the cumulative hydrogen production of 10 wt% g‐C3N4/WO3 is 780.11 μmol/g, which is 27.5 % higher than that of g‐C3N4. Simultaneously, the degradation rate of the g‐C3N4/WO3 composite material to Rhodamine B solution is 4.27 times that of g‐C3N4. The mechanism of electron hole separation was obtained by EPR, and it is proved that g‐C3N4/WO3 composite material constructs Z‐type heterojunction.
Analysis about Change of the Armature's Average Speed for an Experimental Rail Launcher
Authors: Cao Ronggang , Ma Xiao , Zhang Guangwei , Hu Xueyi , Zhou Yu
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we measured the armature velocity of an experimental electromagnetic launcher by B‐dot method and analyzed the change of the armature's average speed. The electromagnetic gun launching process was also simulated by Ansoft Maxwell simulation software. The launch current is used as the model's excitation which means that the current in the model is the same as the rail current. Ansoft Maxwell's 3D model can accurately simulate the launching process, in theory. We found that there was an unexpected rise during the real launching process. The phenomenon can be discovered in the following several experiments. We analyzed several possible causes such as the inductive gradient change, rail broken and inaccurate measurement of B‐dot probe. The inductive gradient is an important parameter in the launching process and can affect the armature speed. After checking the measurement problem, we also found that the wave form of the output signal from the probe where the unexpected change occurred was normal but the amplitude was very small. The measurement method was proved correct. The rise of average inductance gradient leads to the unexpected increase in average speed and the small signal. Furthermore, the physical reason for the change of inductance gradient should be the change of current distribution. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Best practices for online team‐based learning: Strengthening teams through formative peer evaluation
Authors: Brown Tom , Rongerude Jane , Leonard Bruce , Merrick Laura C.
Published: June 2021

This chapter describes best practices for the peer evaluation process in online team‐based learning (TBL). Formative peer evaluation is an essential element of effective course delivery for online TBL classes, and when done well, shapes a group of individuals with a shared set of tasks into an interdependent team of learners. More generally, emphasizing the formative over the summative aspects of peer evaluation supports the development of the soft skills and behaviors students require to become more adaptive, resilient, reflective, and collaborative human beings.
JORDAN–KRONECKER INVARIANTS OF LIE ALGEBRA REPRESENTATIONS AND DEGREES OF INVARIANT POLYNOMIALS
Authors: BOLSINOV A. , IZOSIMOV A. , KOZLOV I.
Published: June 2021

For an arbitrary representation ρ of a complex finite-dimensional Lie algebra, we construct a collection of numbers that we call the Jordan–Kronecker invariants of ρ. Among other interesting properties, these numbers provide lower bounds for degrees of polynomial invariants of ρ. Furthermore, we prove that these lower bounds are exact if and only if the invariants are independent outside of a set of large codimension. Finally, we show that under certain additional assumptions our bounds are exact if and only if the algebra of invariants is freely generated.
Robust simulation of mineral precipitation–dissolution problems with variable mineral surface area
Authors: Kräutle Serge , Hodai Jan , Knabner Peter
Published: June 2021

We consider a macroscale model of transport and reaction of chemical species in a porous medium with a special focus on mineral precipitation–dissolution processes. In the literature, it is frequently proposed that the reaction rate should depend on the reactive mineral surface area, and so on the amount of mineral. We point out that a frequently used model is ill posed in the sense that it admits non-unique solutions. We investigate what consequences this non-uniqueness has on the numerical solution of the model. The main novelty in this article is our proposal of a certain substitution which removes the ill-posedness from the system and which leads to better numerical results than some “ad hoc methods.” We think that the proposed substitution is a rather elegant way to get rid of the non-uniqueness and the numerical difficulties and is much less technical than other ideas. As a proof of concept, we present some numerical tests and simulations for the new model.
The generation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves by free-stream turbulence in transonic flow
Authors: Ruban A. I. , Broadley H.
Published: June 2021

This paper studies the generation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves by free-stream turbulence in transonic flow over a half-infinite flat plate with a roughness element using an asymptotic approach. It is assumed that the Reynolds number (denoted Re) is large, and that the free-stream turbulence is uniform so it can be modelled as vorticity waves. Close to the plate, a Blasius boundary layer forms at a thickness of $$O(\mathrm{{Re}}^{-{1}/{2}})$$

O
(

Re

-
1
/
2

)

, and a vorticity deformation layer is also present with thickness $$O(\mathrm{{Re}}^{-{1}/{4}})$$

O
(

Re

-
1
/
4

)

. The report shows that there is no mechanism by which the vorticity waves can penetrate from the vorticity deformation layer into the classical boundary layer; therefore, a transitional layer is introduced between them in order to prevent a discontinuity in vorticity. The flow in the interaction region in the vicinity of the roughness element is then analysed using the triple-deck model for transonic flow. A novel asymptotic expansion is used to analyse the upper deck, which enables a viscous–inviscid interaction problem to be derived. In order to make analytical progress, the height of the roughness element is assumed to be small, and from this, we find an explicit formula for the receptivity coefficient of the Tollmien–Schlichting wave far downstream of the roughness.
Characterizations of preschool technology education: analyses of seven individual preschool teachers’ and childcare attendants’ descriptions of their teaching
Authors: Sundqvist Pernilla
Published: June 2021

In recent decades the preschool has leaned more towards a learning-oriented pedagogy, where the subject of technology has been given a more prominent place. Still, studies on how individual preschool staff members perceive and teach technology is scarce. This study shows how seven preschool staff in Sweden describe their work with the subject of technology and how technology education is characterized in these descriptions. The data was produced by means of semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire and analyzed with narrative analysis. The results show very diverse practices of technology education, implying the learning possibilities for children in different preschools are not equal. Some of the staff describe a clear and conscious teaching of technology, while others describe teaching what can be viewed as a limited and/or shallow technology education, where technology is sometimes used as means for learning other subjects or contents rather than being the learning objective. Six ways to characterize technology education was found, namely: technology education (1) concerns technological objects and systems in children’s environment, (2) concerns learning to handle technological objects, (3) is doing experiments, (4) involves developing abilities, (5) is naturally included in children’s play and (6) departs from digital technology.
Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid-to-brain extracellular fluid surrogacy is context-specific: insights from LeiCNS-PK3.0 simulations
Authors: Saleh Mohammed A. A. , Loo Chi Fong , Elassaiss-Schaap Jeroen , De Lange Elizabeth C. M.
Published: June 2021

Predicting brain pharmacokinetics is critical for central nervous system (CNS) drug development yet difficult due to ethical restrictions of human brain sampling. CNS pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles are often altered in CNS diseases due to disease-specific pathophysiology. We previously published a comprehensive CNS physiologically-based PK (PBPK) model that predicted the PK profiles of small drugs at brain and cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Here, we improved this model with brain non-specific binding and pH effect on drug ionization and passive transport. We refer to this improved model as Leiden CNS PBPK predictor V3.0 (LeiCNS-PK3.0). LeiCNS-PK3.0 predicted the unbound drug concentrations of brain ECF and CSF compartments in rats and humans with less than two-fold error. We then applied LeiCNS-PK3.0 to study the effect of altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, CSF volume and flow, on brain extracellular fluid (ECF) pharmacokinetics. The effect of altered CSF dynamics was simulated using LeiCNS-PK3.0 for six drugs and the resulting drug exposure at brain ECF and lumbar CSF were compared. Simulation results showed that altered CSF dynamics changed the CSF PK profiles, but not the brain ECF profiles, irrespective of the drug’s physicochemical properties. Our analysis supports the notion that lumbar CSF drug concentration is not an accurate surrogate of brain ECF, particularly in CNS diseases. Systems approaches account for multiple levels of CNS complexity and are better suited to predict brain PK.
ReliefE: feature ranking in high-dimensional spaces via manifold embeddings
Authors: Škrlj Blaž , Džeroski Sašo , Lavrač Nada , Petković Matej
Published: June 2021

Feature ranking has been widely adopted in machine learning applications such as high-throughput biology and social sciences. The approaches of the popular Relief family of algorithms assign importances to features by iteratively accounting for nearest relevant and irrelevant instances. Despite their high utility, these algorithms can be computationally expensive and not-well suited for high-dimensional sparse input spaces. In contrast, recent embedding-based methods learn compact, low-dimensional representations, potentially facilitating down-stream learning capabilities of conventional learners. This paper explores how the Relief branch of algorithms can be adapted to benefit from (Riemannian) manifold-based embeddings of instance and target spaces, where a given embedding’s dimensionality is intrinsic to the dimensionality of the considered data set. The developed ReliefE algorithm is faster and can result in better feature rankings, as shown by our evaluation on 20 real-life data sets for multi-class and multi-label classification tasks. The utility of ReliefE for high-dimensional data sets is ensured by its implementation that utilizes sparse matrix algebraic operations. Finally, the relation of ReliefE to other ranking algorithms is studied via the Fuzzy Jaccard Index.
Suitability of satellite remote sensing data for yield estimation in northeast Germany
Authors: Vallentin Claudia , Harfenmeister Katharina , Itzerott Sibylle , Kleinschmit Birgit , Conrad Christopher , Spengler Daniel
Published: June 2021

Information provided by satellite data is becoming increasingly important in the field of agriculture. Estimating biomass, nitrogen content or crop yield can improve farm management and optimize precision agriculture applications. A vast amount of data is made available both as map material and from space. However, it is up to the user to select the appropriate data for a particular problem. Without the appropriate knowledge, this may even entail an economic risk. This study therefore investigates the direct relationship between satellite data from six different optical sensors as well as different soil and relief parameters and yield data from cereal and canola recorded by the thresher in the field. A time series of 13 years is considered, with 947 yield data sets consisting of dense point data sets and 755 satellite images. To answer the question of how well the relationship between remote sensing data and yield is, the correlation coefficient r per field is calculated and interpreted in terms of crop type, phenology, and sensor characteristics. The correlation value r is particularly high when a field and its crop are spatially heterogeneous and when the correct phenological time of the crop is reached at the time of satellite imaging. Satellite images with higher resolution, such as RapidEye and Sentinel-2 performed better in comparison with lower resolution sensors of the Landsat series. The additional Red Edge spectral band also has advantage, especially for cereal yield estimation. The study concludes that there are high correlation values between yield data and satellite data, but several conditions must be met which are presented and discussed here.
The organizational architecture of entrepreneurial universities across the stages of entrepreneurship: a conceptual framework
Authors: Cunningham James A. , Lehmann Erik E. , Menter Matthias
Published: June 2021

Entrepreneurial universities contribute directly and indirectly to supporting all stages of entrepreneurship. The challenge for entrepreneurial universities is how they can best support academic entrepreneurs through these stages of entrepreneurship. This has led to the creation of different and often ad hoc organizational units within an entrepreneurial university. The organizational challenge for entrepreneurial universities is the selection of the appropriate formal organizational architecture to support the stages of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to examine the organizational architecture of entrepreneurial universities and how it supports the stages of entrepreneurship — latent, emergent, launch, and growth. Our conceptual organizational framework conflates the stages of entrepreneurship with the actual needs of university-based entrepreneurs and how these needs are supported through different formal organizational units within the organizational architecture of entrepreneurial universities. Therein, we categorize three types of formal organizational units — those that focus on exploration stages of entrepreneurship, those that straddle exploration and exploitation stages of entrepreneurship, and those that boundary span all stages of entrepreneurship. We conclude by discussing the resultant organizational tensions for entrepreneurial universities and highlight future avenues of research.
A Simple Mechanistic Model for Friction of Rough Partially Lubricated Surfaces
Authors: Costagliola Gianluca , Brink Tobias , Richard Julie , Leppin Christian , Despois Aude , Molinari Jean-François
Published: June 2021

We report experimental measurements of friction between an aluminum alloy sliding over steel with various lubricant densities. Using the topography scans of the surfaces as input, we calculate the real contact area using the boundary element method and the dynamic friction coefficient by means of a simple mechanistic model. Partial lubrication of the surfaces is accounted for by a random deposition model of oil droplets. Our approach reproduces the qualitative trends of a decrease of the macroscopic friction coefficient with applied pressure, due to a larger fraction of the micro-contacts being lubricated for larger loads. This approach relates direct measurements of surface topography to realistic distributions of lubricant, suggesting possible model extensions towards quantitative predictions.
Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana
Authors: Bibermair Julian , Ostrovsky Andrew N. , Wanninger Andreas , Schwaha Thomas
Published: June 2021

Bryozoa is a phylum of aquatic, colonial suspension-feeders within the Lophotrochozoa. In the Phylactolaemata embryonic development occurs in an internal brood sac on the body wall accompanied by extraembryonic nutrition. Owing to previous contradictive descriptions, many aspects of their sexual reproduction require restudy. Consequently, this study analyses embryogenesis of the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella casmiana by serial sections, 3D reconstruction and transmission electron microscopy. Early embryos cleave and soon develop into blastulae with a small central cavity. The mesoderm forms by delamination starting from the distal side towards the proximal end. In later embryos two polypides form on the posterior side that ultimately will be covered by a ciliated mantle in the larva. Embryos increase in size during development and form temporary cell contacts to the embryo sac. Mesodermal cells of the embryo sac show signs of transcellular transport indicating that embryos are nourished by transferring nutrients from the maternal coelom towards the brood cavity. This study clarifies several details such as mesoderm formation and the onset of bud development. Embryos are connected to their respective embryo sacs by a variety of temporary cytoplasmic processes formed by both tissues during embryogenesis, including a ‘placental’ ring zone. Although ultrastructural data of these cell contacts are not entirely conclusive about their function, we suggest that embryos absorb nutrients via the entire surface. The close opposition of embryos to the embryo sac implies placentation as matrotrophic mode in phylactolaemate bryozoans, with embryo sacs acting as placental analogues.
A case of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with amelioration of refractory cyst infections following prolonged hemodialysis time
Authors: Ieiri Norio , Hotta Osamu
Published: June 2021

Renal cyst infection is a frequent and serious problem in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Cyst infection is often a refractory complication of treatment that leads to sepsis and death in patients with ADPKD. It was previously reported that a higher dose of dialysis demonstrated clearly better survival than shorten-time dialysis. The relationship between the frequency of cyst infection episodes in hemodialysis (HD) patients with ADPKD and the dialysis dose has not yet been fully elucidated. In this report, we describe a case of an HD patient with ADPKD that was provided elongation of HD time from 4-h twice weekly HD to 8-h thrice weekly nocturnal HD. As a result, the frequency of cyst infection episodes decreased from 10.0 to 1.5 days a month. Our findings suggest that prolonged HD time might contribute to amelioration of refractory cyst infections in patients with ADPKD.
Some generalizations of ascent and descent for linear operators
Authors: Garbouj Zied
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this paper is to present in linear spaces some results for new notions called A-left (resp., A-right) ascent and A-left (resp., A-right) descent of linear operators (where A is a given operator) which generalize two important notions in operator theory: ascent and descent. Moreover, if A is a positive operator, we obtain several properties of ascent and descent of an operator in semi-Hilbertian spaces. Some basic properties and many results related to the ascent and descent for a linear operator on a linear space Kaashoek (Math Ann 172:105–115, 1967), Taylor (Math Ann 163:18–49, 1966) are extended to these notions. Some stability results under perturbations by compact operators and operators having some finite rank power are also given for these notions.
Measuring What Matters for Children: A Systematic Review of Frequently Used Pediatric Generic PRO Instruments
Authors: Arsiwala Tasneem , Afroz Nuzhat , Kordy Kattayoun , Naujoks Christel , Patalano Francesco
Published: June 2021

Objective

To provide an assessment of the quality of the most frequently used self-reported, generic patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children against the good research practices recommended by ISPOR task force for the pediatric population.

Method

Literature search was conducted on OvidSP database to identify the generic pediatric PROMs used in published clinical studies. The quality of PROMs used in more than ten clinical studies were descriptively evaluated against the ISPOR task force’s good research practices.

Results

Six PROMs were evaluated, namely Pediatric Quality-of-Life inventory 4.0 (PedsQL), Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), KIDSCREEN, KINDL, DISABKIDS and Child Health and Illness Profile (CHIP). All PROMs, except KIDSCREEN, had versions for different age ranges. Domains of physical, social, emotional health and school activities were common across all the instruments, while domains of family activities, parent relations, independence, and self-esteem were not present in all. Children’s input was sought during the development process of PROMs. Likert scales were used in all the instruments, supplemented with faces (smileys) in instruments for children under 8 years. KIDSCREEN and DISABKIDS were developed in a European collaboration project considering the cross-cultural impact during development.

Conclusion

The comparison of the instruments highlights differences in the versions for different pediatric age groups. None of the PROMs fulfill all the good research practices recommended by the ISPOR task force. Further research is needed to define which age-appropriate domains are important for older children and adolescents.
Remedies before the International Court of Justice
Authors: Stoica Victor
Published: June 2021

Understanding exactly how the International Court of Justice applies the remedies of international law is vital in order to determine its prioritisation of remedies and its rationales for resolving inter-state disputes. This analysis also shows whether the framework of remedies of international law, designed by the International Law Commission through the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, is strictly observed by the International Court of Justice. This is among the few systemic studies in the field of remedies, contrasting the theoretical controversies with a complete survey of the large set of requests that have been submitted before the ICJ. International lawyers, agents of states and diplomats will be able to identify the relevant case-law for each remedy in order to frame more effective requests to the Court. This study will also be of interest to researchers, practitioners, judges, policymakers, and graduate students.
Reading over and under the waves: A study of ocean picture books for children
Authors: Francis Prue F. , Venzo Paul , Bellgrove Alecia
Published: June 2021

Marine science picture books have the capacity to shape what young people know and how they think about ocean environments and marine biodiversity. Despite academic scholarship on marine science literacy broadly, relatively little has been done to study the role of picture books in teaching children about this topic. This paper is an attempt to fill that gap, by analysing 100 ocean-themed books against common marine science concepts and the Australian Science Understanding Curriculum streams. A majority of the 100 books analysed were found to link with marine science and the Australian Science Understanding Curriculum (81% and 91%, respectively) where biological concepts were dominant in both cases. Chemical and physical sciences were underrepresented in the 100 books analysed. The study provides examples of books that can be used for teaching marine education in primary schools in Australia and suggest further inquiry into marine science literature for children.
The Ahl-e-Hadith: From British India to Britain
Authors: AMIN HIRA , MAJOTHI AZHAR
Published: June 2021

Studies on Salafism tend to put the spotlight on the Middle East, rendering all other movements as secondary offshoots. In the British context, research typically focuses on British Salafi groups and their close relationship with Arab Salafis; it usually locates the origins of the British Salafi movement in the 1980s with the rise of cohorts among second-generation Muslims and converts to Islam, with fleeting remarks on the South Asian Ahl-e-Hadith who migrated to Britain from the 1960s onwards. This article recentres the South Asian Ahl-e-Hadith movement within the narrative of British Salafism. Tracing its trajectory from its origins in British India to Britain, this article argues that in the 1970s the Ahl-e-Hadith played a significant role in laying the foundations for British Salafism. Furthermore, far from being eclipsed by newer cohorts, it highlights the hitherto continuous presence of the Ahl-e-Hadith in the British Muslim landscape and emphasizes its overlapping, yet distinct, position in relation to the spectrum of Arab-inspired British Salafism.
Integrating habitat suitability modelling and assessment of the conservation gaps of nature reserves for the threatened Reeves’s Pheasant
Authors: TIAN SHAN , LU SHUAI , HUA JUNQIN , CHANG JIANG , LI JIANQIANG , ZHANG ZHENGWANG , WANG YONG , XU JILIANG , ZHANG MINGXIANG
Published: June 2021

As threats to biodiversity proliferate, establishment and expansion of protected areas have increasingly been advocated in recent decades. In establishing a network of protected areas, recurrent assessments of the biodiversity conservation actually afforded by these areas is required. Gap analysis has been useful to evaluate the sufficiency and performance of protected areas. We surveyed Reeves’s PheasantSyrmaticus reevesiipopulations in 2018–2019 across its distribution range in central China to quantify the distribution of habitat suitable for this species. Our goal was to ascertain the current distribution of Reeves’s Pheasant and then identify the gaps in protecting Reeves’s Pheasant of the existing national nature reserve (NNR) network to provide suggestions for improving the conservation of this important species. The existing NNR network encompassed only 17.0% of the habitat suitable for Reeves’s Pheasant. Based on the current distributions of both suitable habitat and NNRs for Reeves’s Pheasant, we suggest most currently unprotected areas comprised moderately suitable habitat for species and should be prioritized in the future. A multiple species approach using Reeves’s Pheasant as a flagship species should be considered to understand the extent of mismatch between the distributions of protected areas and suitable habitat to improve the management effectiveness of NNRs. This case study provides an example of how the development of a conservation reserve network may be based on species distribution and habitat assessments and is useful to conservation efforts in other regions and for other species.
A Decade of Terrorism in the United States and the Emergence of Counter-Terrorism Medicine
Authors: Tin Derrick , Hart Alexander , Ciottone Gregory R.
Published: June 2021

Background:

The United States (US) is ranked 22nd on the Global Terrorism Index (2019), a scoring system of terrorist activities. While the global number of deaths from terrorism over the past five years is down, the number of countries affected by terrorism is growing and the health care repercussions remain significant. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) is rapidly emerging as a necessary sub-specialty, and this study aims to provide the epidemiological context over the past decade supporting this need by detailing the unique injury types responders are likely to encounter and setting the stage for the development of training programs utilizing these data.

Methods:

The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all attacks in the US from 2008-2018. Attacks met inclusion criteria if they fulfilled the three terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD. Ambiguous events were excluded when there was uncertainty as to whether the incident met all of the criteria for inclusion in the GTD. The grey literature was reviewed, and each event was cross-matched with reputable international and national newspaper sources online to confirm or add details regarding weapon type used and, whenever available, details of victim and perpetrator fatalities and injuries.

Results:

In total, 304 events were recorded during the period of study. Of the 304 events, 117 (38.5%) used incendiary-only weapons, 80 (26.3%) used firearms as their sole weapon, 55 (18.1%) used explosives, bombs, or dynamite (E/B/D), 23 (7.6%) were melee-only, six (2.0%) used vehicles-only, four (1.3%) were chemicals-only, two (0.7%) used sabotage equipment, two (0.7%) were listed as “others,” and one (0.3%) used biological weapon. There was no recorded nuclear or radiological weapon use. In addition, 14 (4.6%) events used a mix of weapons.

Conclusions:

In the decade from 2008 through 2018, terrorist attacks on US soil used weapons with well-understood injury-causing modalities. A total of 217 fatal injuries (FI) and 660 non-fatal injuries (NFI) were sustained as a result of these events during that period.

Incendiary weapons were the most commonly chosen methodology, followed by firearms and E/B/D attacks. Firearm events contributed to a disproportionality high fatality count while E/B/D events contributed to a disproportionally high NFI count.
Ontogenesis Model of the L2 Lexical Representation
Authors: Bordag Denisa , Gor Kira , Opitz Andreas
Published: June 2021

We introduce the blueprint of the Ontogenesis Model of the L2 Lexical Representation (OM) that focuses on the development of lexical representations. The OM has three dimensions: linguistic domains (phonological, orthographic, and semantic), mappings between domains, and networks of lexical representations. The model assumes that fuzziness is a pervasive property of the L2 lexicon: most L2 lexical representations are low resolution and the ontogenetic curve of their development does not reach the optimum (i.e., the ultimate stage of their attainment with optimal encoding) in one or more dimensions. We review the findings on lexical processing and vocabulary training to show that the OM has a potential to provide an interpretation for the results that have been treated separately and to move us forward in building a comprehensive model of L2 lexical acquisition and processing.
United States – Certain Methodologies and Their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China: Re-Litigating through the Backdoor?
Authors: McDaniel Christine , Vermulst Edwin
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a legal-economic analysis of the World Trade Organization's Article 22.6 arbitration report on the dispute over certain United States’ antidumping methodologies. The Arbitrator sought to quantify the damages suffered by China due to US non-compliance with an earlier ruling. The case covered 25 antidumping duty determinations for which at least one of three methodologies (weighted average-to-transaction; single rate presumption; and zeroing) was incorrectly applied. Damage calculations rely heavily on how the counterfactual is defined – what would have been the duty had it not been for the inconsistent measures? The Arbitrator deemed a zero-duty counterfactual to be appropriate, but the justifications were in our view weak and illustrate the danger of an Arbitrator essentially performing re-litigation of violations that may or may not have occurred in the administrative investigations. We conclude that the Arbitrator may have gone above and beyond its mandate in this determination.
Partial disintegration of vegetable cell wall during cooking improves	vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) bioaccessibility in in vitro	digestion
Authors: Sriwichai Wichien , Collin Myriam , Avallone Sylvie
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Vegetables rich in vitamin K consumption could prevent bleeding and maintain bone status. The aims of the present work were to investigate i) the effect of household cooking (i.e., boiling for 5 min at 100 °C in distilled water and stir-frying for 3 min at 180 °C in hot canola oil) on phylloquinone bioaccessibility of five rich phylloquinone leafy vegetables, namely Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forssk), Amaranth (Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus L.), Chinese broccoli (Brassica alboglabra), Pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) and Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.), and ii) the structural changes of these leaves before and after in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion. All the experiments were realized in triplicate for each vegetable. The amounts of phylloquinone in leafy vegetables were noticeable in almost all species and ranged from 94 to 182 μg/100 g DM. Their cell wall polysaccharide contents greatly varied from 4.3 to 8.4 g for 100 g. The content in bioaccessible phylloquinone was low in raw leaves (<25 μg/100 g DM) as well as its bioaccessibility (<15%). Leaf pectin content impaired phylloquinone bioaccessibility using principal component analysis. Boiling and stir-frying significantly improved the bioaccessibility of phylloquinone in leaves by a factor of three to twelve and two to seven respectively (p<0.05). These variations were associated with changes in leaf structure. Palisade and spongy cells appeared ruptured and disorganized after stir-frying. Given the estimated bioaccessibility of phylloquinones, the consumption of 500 g of cooked wet leaves per day would cover phylloquinone needs of an individual adult average body weight.
Latitudinal Impacts of Joule Heating on the High‐Latitude Thermospheric Density Enhancement During Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Wang Xin , Miao Juan , Lu Xian , Aa Ercha , Liu Ji , Wang Yuxian , Liu Siqing
Published: June 2021

We investigate the thermosphere latitudinal response to Joule heating from 265 geomagnetic storms during the period of January 2002 to December 2008. The total mass density enhancements at 400 km are derived from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites with temporal and spatial coverage. We examine Joule heating and its influence on the thermospheric density using data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft and Weimer‐2001 electric potential model for storms. The results show that during geomagnetic storms, Joule heating can cause the thermospheric density to enhance in the higher‐latitude areas. In addition, during weak and moderate geomagnetic storms, the difference in the latitude corresponding to strong Joule heating with the latitude where high‐latitude thermospheric density enhances is only 0°–10° latitudes, while increases to 10°–15° for the intense storms. Besides, it is found that the peak density enhancement in LT is closer to peak Joule heating for more intense geomagnetic storms.
Organic Matter Compositions and Loadings in River Sediments From Humid Tropical Volcanic Luzon Island of the Philippines
Authors: Lin Baozhi , Liu Zhifei , Eglinton Timothy I. , Blattmann Thomas M. , Kandasamy Selvaraj , Haghipour Negar , Siringan Fernando P.
Published: June 2021

Tropical rivers deliver ∼60% of particulate organic carbon to the world ocean. However, compositions and loadings of sedimentary organic matter (OM) from tropical small mountainous rivers are largely unknown. Here, we provide an initial constrain on sources of sedimentary OM from 28 fluvial systems across Luzon in the Philippines by measuring total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon isotope (δ13C) and radiocarbon activity of TOC (expressed as fraction modern—Fm), as well as grain size and mineral surface area (SA) of sediments. Results indicate that sediments in Luzon rivers contain both contemporary and 14C‐depleted OM (Fm: 0.71–1.06, mean 0.97 ± 0.07) with a wide range of δ13C values (−28.3‰ to −17.7‰, −24.9 ± 2.2‰). This is attributed to the OM sources originated from modern surface soil and 14C‐depleted subsoil and deep soil vegetated by C3 and C4 plants, with mean fraction of C3 plant at 80% ± 11%. Minor input from bedrock may also contribute to the 14C‐depleted OM in sediments, accounting for 6% ± 6%. Sediments in most rivers are featured by low OC loadings (OC/SA ratio < 0.4 mg C m−2), owing either to a less OM input or intensive OM degradation. The estimated yields of particulate OC from Luzon vary between 3.2 and 3.7 t km−2 yr−1, which is higher than most tropical large rivers.
Conditions for Topside Ion Line Enhancements
Authors: Rexer Theresa , Leyser Thomas , Gustavsson Björn , Rietveld Michael
Published: June 2021

Enhanced ion line spectra as a response to magnetic field‐aligned high frequency (HF) pumping of the overdense polar ionosphere with left‐handed circular polarization, can be observed at the top and bottomside F‐region ionosphere under certain conditions. The European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar was directed in magnetic zenith on October 18th and 19th, 2017 while stepping the pump frequency of the EISCAT Heating facility both upward and downward across the double resonance frequency of the fourth harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency and the local upper hybrid frequency, in a 2‐min‐on, 5‐min‐30‐s‐off pump cycle. We present observations of two separate cases of topside HF‐enhanced ion lines (THFIL). THFIL simultaneous to bottomside HFIL (BHFIL), and conditioned by the relative proximity of the HF pump frequency to the bottomside double resonance frequency, consistent with previous observations (Rexer et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025822) were observed for HF pulses on 19th October. Recurring THFIL appearing after BHFIL have faded and conditioned by the relative proximity to the double resonance frequency on the topside ionosphere, were observed on 18th October. The THFIL are consistent with transionospheric propagation through artificial radio windows by L mode guiding of the pump wave, facilitated by large scale density ducts present in the plasma.
Leaf Trait Covariation and Its Controls: A Quantitative Data Analysis Along a Subtropical Elevation Gradient
Authors: Yang Yanzheng , Gou Ruikun , Li Wei , Kassout Jalal , Wu Jun , Wang Liming , Peng Changhui , Lin Guanghui
Published: June 2021

Elevation gradients are frequently treated as useful space‐for‐time substitutions for inferring trait variations in response to different environmental conditions. The independent variations in leaf traits in response to elevation are well understood, but far less is known about trait covariation and its controls. This limits our understanding of the principles and mechanisms of leaf trait covariation, especially along elevation gradients in subtropical forests. Here, we studied the covariation among seven functional traits, including leaf size (LS), leaf nitrogen per unit mass (Nmass), leaf nitrogen per unit area (Narea), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf thickness (LT) and the leaf internal‐to‐ambient CO2 ratio (Ci:Ca, termed χ). Sampling was conducted on 41 species in a subtropical forest on Mount Huangshan, China, and the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis and variance partitioning procedures. We found that (a) The first three principal components captured 79% of the total leaf trait covariation, which was caused mainly by within site differences; (b) Nmass and LDMC were positively correlated with soil water content (SW) and negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit (VPD), while χ showed negative relationships with elevation; and (c) 78% of the variation in the studied plant functional traits could be explained by climate, soil, and family controls in combination, while family distribution was the most important determining factor for trait covariation along the elevation gradient. Our findings provide relevant insights into plant adaptation to environmental gradients and present useful guidelines for ecosystem management and planning.
Extracellular vesicles from human iPSCs enhance reconstitution capacity of cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Karnas Elżbieta , Sekuła-Stryjewska Małgorzata , Kmiotek-Wasylewska Katarzyna , Bobis-Wozowicz Sylwia , Ryszawy Damian , Sarna Michał , Madeja Zbigniew , Zuba-Surma Ewa K.
Published: June 2021

Cord blood (CB) represents a source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (CB-HSPCs) for bone marrow (BM) reconstitution, but clinical CB application is limited in adult patients due to the insufficient number of CB-HSCPCs and the lack of effective ex vivo approaches to increase CB-HSPC functionality. Since human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been indicated as donor cells for bioactive extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulating properties of other cells, we are the first to employ hiPSC-derived EVs (hiPSC-EVs) to enhance the hematopoietic potential of CB-derived CD45dimLin-CD34+cell fraction enriched in CB-HSPCs. We demonstrated that hiPSC-EVs improved functional properties of CB-HSPCs critical for their hematopoietic capacity including metabolic, hematopoietic and clonogenic potential as well as survival, chemotactic response to stromal cell-derived factor 1 and adhesion to the model components of hematopoietic niche in vitro. Moreover, hiPSC-EVs enhanced homing and engraftment of CB-HSPCs in vivo. This phenomenon might be related to activation of signaling pathways in CB-HSPCs following hiPSC-EV treatment, as shown on both gene expression and the protein kinases activity levels. In conclusion, hiPSC-EVs might be used as ex vivo modulators of CB-HSPCs capacity to enhance their functional properties and augment future practical applications of CB-derived cells in BM reconstitution.
Dnmt1 has de novo activity targeted to transposable elements
Authors: Haggerty Chuck , Kretzmer Helene , Riemenschneider Christina , Kumar Abhishek Sampath , Mattei Alexandra L. , Bailly Nina , Gottfreund Judith , Giesselmann Pay , Weigert Raha , Brändl Björn , Giehr Pascal , Buschow René , Galonska Christina , von Meyenn Ferdinand , Pappalardi Melissa B. , McCabe Michael T. , Wittler Lars , Giesecke-Thiel Claudia , Mielke Thorsten , Meierhofer David , Timmermann Bernd , Müller Franz-Josef , Walter Jörn , Meissner Alexander
Published: June 2021

DNA methylation plays a critical role during development, particularly in repressing retrotransposons. The mammalian methylation landscape is dependent on the combined activities of the canonical maintenance enzyme Dnmt1 and the de novo Dnmts, 3a and 3b. Here, we demonstrate that Dnmt1 displays de novo methylation activity in vitro and in vivo with specific retrotransposon targeting. We used whole-genome bisulfite and long-read Nanopore sequencing in genetically engineered methylation-depleted mouse embryonic stem cells to provide an in-depth assessment and quantification of this activity. Utilizing additional knockout lines and molecular characterization, we show that the de novo methylation activity of Dnmt1 depends on Uhrf1, and its genomic recruitment overlaps with regions that enrich for Uhrf1, Trim28 and H3K9 trimethylation. Our data demonstrate that Dnmt1 can catalyze DNA methylation in both a de novo and maintenance context, especially at retrotransposons, where this mechanism may provide additional stability for long-term repression and epigenetic propagation throughout development.