bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide and Aggression
Authors: Chiavegatto Silvana , Demas Gregory E. , Nelson Randy J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on aggressive behavior. Topics discussed include NO and aggression in Down syndrome and affective disorders, interaction with serotonin, interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and environmental contributions to NO-mediated aggression.
Contexts and Ethology of Vertebrate Aggression: Implications for the Evolution of Hormone-Behavior Interactions
Authors: Wingfield John C. , Moore Ignacio T. , Goymann Wolfgang , Wacker Douglas W. , Sperry Todd
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins by discussing the types and contexts of vertebrate aggression and how it is controlled by the endocrine system. It then addresses hormone-aggression interactions and their possible evolution. The chapter shows that various types of aggression can be expressed in multiple contexts, both narrow and broad, throughout the life cycle of an individual. In most species the behavioral traits associated with aggression, both defensive and offensive, are similar regardless of stage in the life cycle. This suggests that neural circuits may indeed be conserved, but the mechanisms by which hormones regulate expression of aggression may vary.
Maternal Aggression
Authors: Gammie Stephen C. , Lonstein Joseph S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a discussion of maternal aggression in rodents and the hormones that affect it. It then discusses the sensory control and neural circuitry of maternal aggression, similarities and differences in the neural control of maternal and intermale aggression, and relationship of fear and anxiety during lactation with maternal aggression.
Conditioned Defeat
Authors: Huhman Kim L. , Jasnow Aaron M.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews some of the literature pertaining to stress/fear and defense to illustrate how both perspectives are useful in understanding the neurobiological correlates of social defeat or subordination. It shows that that conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters is elicited in most males following a single or multiple exposures to social defeat. Conditioned defeat is an ecologically relevant example of fear conditioning. Many brain areas (e.g., the amygdale and the BNST) and neurochemical signals (e.g., glutamate, GABA, CRF, and CREB) that have been shown to be important in fear conditioning in artificial, but highly controllable, situations are also involved in a similar fashion in the mediation or modulation of conditioned defeat.
Neurobiology of Aggression in Children
Authors: Blair R. James R. , Peschardt Karina S. , Budhani Salima , Pine Daniel S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews neurobiological risk factors for aggression in children. It begins by considering two general positions that have received considerable attention with respect to aggression in children: the frontal lobe and fear dysfunction positions. It then considers a fundamental difficulty with these types of general account of aggression in children—that they implicitly assume all aggression is mediated by the same neural architecture. It argues that a distinction must be made between reactive and instrumental aggression. The neurobiological risk factors for reactive and instrumental aggression are discussed.
Psychopharmacology of Human Aggression: Laboratory and Clinical Studies
Authors: Cherek Don R. , Tcheremissine Oleg V. , Lane Scott D.
Published: May 2009

This chapter discusses the association between drugs and human aggression, laboratory studies of human aggression, and effects of drugs on human aggression under laboratory conditions. It argues that methodological difficulties often prevent unequivocal interpretations of the outcomes of pharmacological treatments of aggression. Conducting well-designed placebo-controlled studies in an inpatient setting is difficult, as drug-free washout periods may be unsafe for both patients and staff. Thus, it is clinically difficult to assess whether a reduction in aggression is a specific effect of the pharmacological agent or of nonspecific effects of medications such as neuroleptics and benzodiazepines commonly used for the management of specific Axis I and Axis II disorders. Nonpharmacological factors, such as the therapeutic milieu, can affect treatment outcome and should be considered when evaluating the efficacy of a pharmacotherapeutic intervention for aggression.
The Psychophysiology of Human Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Scarpa Angela , Raine Adrian
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews the major psychophysiological findings and theories regarding antisocial behavior, with a specific focus on skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), electroencephalogram (EEG), and startle blink research. Psychophysiological findings in relation to antisocial behavior support the notion that chronic serious antisocial behavior is a disorder that partly arises from a biological dysfunction within the individual. The strongest evidence suggests that antisocial individuals are characterized by fearlessness or emotional detachment, reflected in reduced levels of tonic autonomic (i.e., HR and SC) arousal, increased heart rate variability (HRV), greater slow-wave EEG activity, and reduced startle blink potentiation to unpleasant stimuli. There is also growing evidence of other antisocial behavior characterized more by defensiveness, stress reactivity, and negative emotionality as reflected in decreased HRV, increased SC reactivity, normal or increased affective startle modulation, and left frontotemporal dysfunction.
Speech Production in Broca’s Agrammatic Aphasia: Syntactic Tree Pruning
Authors: Friedmann Naama
Published: May 2009

Agrammatic aphasia, a deficit that usually occurs following brain lesion in Broca's area and its vicinity in the left hemisphere, causes individuals to lose their ability to produce syntactically well-formed sentences. According to syntactic theories within the generative tradition, when we produce and understand sentences, they are represented as phrase markers or syntactic trees. In these syntactic trees, content and function words are represented in different nodes. Functional nodes include inflectional nodes: an agreement phrase (AgrP), which represents agreement between the subject and the verb in person, gender and number; and a tense phrase (TP), representing tense inflection of the verb. The highest phrasal node in the tree is the complementizer phrase (CP), which hosts complementizers, which are embedding elements like “that,” and Wh morphemes such as “where” and “what.” This chapter presents a set of experiments that systematically explored the status of syntactic structures that relate to these functional nodes in agrammatic production, proceeding from the bottom to the top nodes: AgrP and TP, and then various structures that relate to the CP. It is suggested that what underlies the syntactic deficit in agrammatic production is the inability to project syntactic trees up to their highest nodes.
A Blueprint for a Brain Map of Syntax
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a short review of two current methods for the study of brain language relations. It moves on to syntactic deficits in Broca's aphasia, which is argued to be restricted to syntactic movement (aka grammatical transformations). It then reviews the current experimental record in neuroimaging of the healthy brain in Broca's region and seeks convergence with the aphasia results. It considers two recent findings that have located certain intrasentential dependency relations in different portions of the right hemisphere. These results drive the conclusion that a rough brain map for syntax may be within reach. Finally, the chapter proposes dimensions along which the syntacto-topic conjecture (STC) may be explored by examining how visual maps are currently investigated.
Treating Language Deficits in Broca’s Aphasia
Authors: Shapiro Lewis P. , Thompson Cynthia K.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes a research program that investigated the treatment of sentence production and comprehension deficits found with individuals who have Broca's aphasia. The program sought to investigate the efficacy of a treatment approach that is based on evidence from a variety of sources, including linguistic, psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic investigations. The intent also is to use treatment and recovery data to reveal brain-language relations. The chapter describes the empirical origins of the program, the treatment approach, and its experimental products.
The Neural Basis of Sentence Processing: Inferior Frontal and Temporal Contributions
Authors: Friederici Angela D.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a model that proposes a temporofrontal network for sentence processing. The model suggests that temporal areas analyze and identify the elements at each processing phase with respect to their specific characteristics while the inferofrontal areas are responsible for aspects of sequencing and building of dependency relations. The semantic network, more specifically, is assumed to consist of the posterior portion of the superion temporal gyrus (STG) and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) together with the more ventral portion of the inferior frontal gyri (IFG) (BA 45/47). In contrast, the network subserving online syntactic processes seems to consist of the anterior portion of the STG and the Broca's area (BA 44/45), i.e., pars triangularis/pars opercularis and the frontal operculum. Processes of late integration and reanalyis may partly be supported by the posterior portion of the STG and the basal ganglia (BG), respectively.
Involvement of the Left and Right Frontal Operculum in Speech and Nonspeech Perception and Production
Authors: Meyer Martin E. , Jäncke Lutz
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews sublexical and prelexical modes of speech processing, all types of nonspeech and music processing and speech and nonspeech production. It focuses on clustered domains and attempt to illustrate the commonalities between them. It shows that a multitude of heterogeneous tasks and processes illuminate the role of the frontal operculum in both the left and the right hemisphere with the first primarily involved in phonological processing and the latter preferentially driven by paralinguistic and nonlinguistic domains, i.e., speech complexity, music perception and production, and sound perception. Results for left and right hemisphere are discussed.
A Role for Broca’s Area Beyond Language Processing: Evidence from Neuropsychology and fMRI
Authors: Fink Gereon R. , Manjaly Zina M. , Stephan Klaas E. , Gurd Jennifer M. , Zilles Karl , Amunts Katrin , Marshall John C.
Published: May 2009

Broca's area (or, more generally, the left inferior frontal region) is implicated in many language and language-related tasks. This chapter addresses the question of whether it is legitimate to move from this assertion (supported by very large numbers of lesion studies and functional neuroimaging experiments) to the theoretical claim that the exclusive (or even the core) specialization of Broca's area is the mediation of language functions. It shows that particular neuroanatomical regions, including Broca's area, change their functions consequent upon the simultaneous activation of other regions that are effectively connected to a given region.
Comments Regarding the Seat of the Faculty of Spoken Language, Followed by an Observation of Aphemia (Loss of Speech) (1861)
Authors: Broca Paul
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents some work by Paul Broca. Modern neuropsychology is believed to have begun when Paul Broca delivered a short presentation at the Anthropological Society of Paris in 1861. This famous paper presented in this chapter, and the more detailed ones that followed, are often seen as the beginning of modern research on the localization of language in the brain and of investigations into cognitive functioning in general.
On Affections of Speech from Disease of the Brain (1878–1879)
Authors: Hughlings-Jackson John
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a paper by John Hughlings–Jackson, the British neurologist best known for his description of epileptic convulsions. Hughlings–Jackson wrote a series of papers in which he argued that language is not localizable in any specific area of the cerebral cortex. His writings on aphasia, published from the mid-1870s on, represent the first attack on the localizationist school from an antimodular point of view—one that views cognitive deficits as a domain-general “asymbolia”.
The Phonological Development of Child Language and Aphasia as a Linguistic Problem (1956)
Authors: Jakobson Roman
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a paper published by Roman Jakobson in 1956. His 1941 seminal monograph Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (Child Language, Aphasia, and Phonological Universals) was an attempt to identify universal dimensions to phonological analysis and to show that these un- fold at a fixed order in language development and break down at a reverse order in aphasia (the regression hypothesis). Some of Jakobson's later ideas are presented in an excerpt from Fundamentals of Language (co-authored with Morris Halle).
Grammatical Complexity and Aphasic Speech (1958)
Authors: Goodglass Harold , Hunt J.
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents a paper published by Harold Goodglass in 1958. Goodglass was among the first psychologists to investigate aphasia, and he should most likely be credited with introducing controlled experimental methods into the field. In one of his first studies, he operationalized an idea conveyed to him by Massachusetts Institute of Technology linguist Morris Halle and, with the help of J. Hunt, incorporated the notion of grammatical transformation into an experiment of language production in aphasia.
Why Study Brain Dynamics?
Authors: anityam nityam , Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant
Published: May 2009

This chapter addresses a number of general questions regarding the dynamics of the nervous system. The first question is concerned with why we are interested in dynamics at all: in this context, the chapter examines active and passive views of the brain. The chapter also considers some basic questions regarding the quantification of nervous system dynamics, including the importance of shared metrics. Finally, it considers some basic questions relating to the arrow of time in physics and in biology.
Engineering Theories and Nervous System Function
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant
Published: May 2009

This chapter presents the major components of engineering theory in the context of the nervous system. The treatment of engineering theories is included because these are essential aids to thinking about brain function, yet it is difficult to find a suitably elementary account of these theories in a condensed form. The chapter attempts to clarify concepts such as information and computation that have become common currency in discussing the nervous system and have influenced the signal processing methods used to analyze neurobiological signals. These concepts are placed in context to help judge proper and improper usage of the associated techniques.
Methodological Considerations
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant
Published: May 2009

Practicing neuroscientists often view philosophical or conceptual considerations with suspicion. The importance of laboratory experiments should not be belittled; to date, neuroscience remains a primarily experimental discipline. However, no amount of empirical or experimental work will undo a conceptual confusion or error in reasoning. This chapter makes some comments about avoiding conceptual pitfalls and also gives some general methodological considerations. Specifically, it discusses conceptual clarity and valid reasoning and the nature of scientific method.
Mathematical Preliminaries
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews a broad range of mathematical topics relevant to the rest of the book. It begins with a brief discussion of real and complex numbers and elementary real and complex functions, followed by a summary of linear algebra, paying special attention to matrix decomposition techniques. Fourier analysis is discussed in some detail because this is a topic of central importance to time series analysis. After a brief review of probability theory, the core set of topics for the chapter is considered, dealing with stochastic process theory. This includes a discussion of point as well as continuous processes.
Electro- and Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant
Published: May 2009

Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) provide the most direct noninvasive methods for studying the dynamics of brain function. EEG is also the area of neuroscience that has traditionally had the closest contact with time series analysis techniques. This chapter begins with a brief discussion of early references in the application of time series analysis techniques to the analysis of EEG data. It then discusses the physics of EEG and MEG signals, the measurement techniques, and noise sources. Following this, the analysis of issues connected to denoising of these datasets is discussed. Finally, the discussion of time series analysis methods from Chapter 8 is extended using EEG and MEG data.
Entropy and Mutual Information
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant
Published: May 2009

In the neuroscience literature, significant use has been made of entropy as a measure of variability, and mutual information as a measure of association. Part of the attraction of these measures arises from their use in statistical physics and in communication theory. The idea is that they are free of distributional assumptions and have elevated theoretical status compared with second-moment measures that may be associated with Gaussian distributions. However, while these measures are theoretically elegant and have desirable invariance properties, apart from difficulties of estimation, they are by construction not informative about the shape of the distributions or the nature of the functional relationships between variables. This chapter presents a brief review of the relevant information theoretic approaches, including links to Gaussian processes and inhomogeneous Poisson processes.
The Developing Brain and Adolescent-Typical Behavior Patterns
Authors: Spear Linda
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews current knowledge about the adolescent period from the perspective of evolutionary biology and the study of mammals, including humans. It highlights the universal characteristics of adolescence that make it both an exciting as well as potentially trying period in development, and presents hypotheses about the role of specific areas of the brain that might influence adolescent development. It shows that during adolescence, the brain is sculpted to transform the brain of the child into a more energy efficient brain of the adult. Some of these alterations are regressive, with a loss of a notable proportion of excitatory (glutaminergic) synapses and binding sites for both glutamate (NMDA-R) and dopamine (DA) in certain sites within the mesocorticolimbic system. Other alterations may involve possible ontogenetic shifts in the balance of activity among various cortical vs. subcortical forebrain regions.
Competence, Resilience, and Development in Adolescence
Authors: Masten Ann S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter considers ways of preventing adolescent psychopathology deduced from research on risk, competence, and resilience in developmental psychopathology. The first section focuses on competence and the developmental tasks of adolescence. The second describes theory and evidence linking competence and symptoms of psychopathology in adolescence. The third draws on findings from studies of risk and resilience to identify clues about what matters for adolescents at risk and the implications of these clues for resilience-focused theory and intervention. The concluding section highlights the transitions into and out of adolescence as windows of opportunity for prevention and strategic intervention, with some hints at future directions integrating the study of brain and behavioral development.
Mapping Adolescent Brain Maturation Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Sowell Elizabeth R. , Thompson Paul M. , Toga Arthur W.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews new studies of normative brain development during childhood and adolescence that have been performed with sophisticated new brain mapping techniques, including cortical pattern matching (CPM). These studies have enabled the mapping of structural changes over the entire cortical surface, advancing the understanding of the timing and localization of the alterations that occur as part of the sculpting of the human brain at various ages. Changes in cortical thickness and brain volume from childhood to adulthood are described using these new methods. Variations in brain maturation are also related to language development and to the effects of fetal alcohol exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The Metamorphosis
Authors: Tucker Don M. , Moller Lyda
Published: May 2009

This chapter outlines a neuropsychological theory that views human adolescence as a fundamental reorganization of the self. It begins with a psychological analysis of the individuation of the self in adolescence, drawing on the modern psychoanalytic theory of object relations, emphasizing the importance of self-regulation in an interpersonal context. It then presents a theoretical model of the neural mechanisms of self-regulation, emphasizing the limbic influences on motivation, and memory and differences in hemispheric function that may influence these functions during adolescent development. It is argued that the motivational control of memory consolidation may be the central factor in the ongoing process of neuropsychological self-regulation. The chapter attempts a new theoretical integration of neural mechanisms of motivation with the psychoanalytic theory of self-regulation. In this approach, the motivations that awaken during the adolescent phase support not only autonomy and interpersonal individuation, but the capacity for critical thinking that underlies abstract thought. It is argued that the cognitive negotiation of interpersonal relations is achieved with the same mechanisms of neural and conceptual self-regulation that are required for intellectual differentiation and critical thought.
Transcriptional Regulation in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hemby Scott E. , O’Connor Joann A.
Published: May 2009

Psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders are generally considered to be neurodevelopmental in origin. Dysregulated gene and/or protein expression in the brain of adult schizophrenic patients must be understood in the context of a developmental model. This chapter discusses the basic mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and current knowledge of altered gene expression in schizophrenia focusing on glutamatergic and synaptic mechanisms. The relevance of these gene expression changes to neurodevelopment and other potential mechanisms of regulation in schizophrenia, and ideas about intervention to readjust dysregulated expression are considered.
Neuropeptides and the Development of Social Behaviors
Authors: Bales Karen L. , Carter C. Sue
Published: May 2009

This chapter provides an overview of the role of two mammalian neuropeptide hormones, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), in the development and expression of social behaviors, including selective behaviors that are indicative of social bonds. It begins by giving a general background on social behavior in monogamous species, as well as the previously studied physiological and behavioral effects of OT and vasopressin. This is followed by a description of animal studies describing the role of OT and AVP during development. It then discusses current knowledge of possible developmental actions of OT and AVP, especially as these may be related to psychopathologies in later life.
Social Stress, Affect, and Neural Function in Adolescence
Authors: McClure Erin B. , Pine Daniel S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews the literature on mechanisms that underlie the onset and evolution of adolescent anxiety disorders as they relate to the development of anxiety in youth. It begins by examining adolescents' increased risk for anxiety disorders and the roles that social and biological, particularly neural, changes may play in its onset. Particular attention is given to the Social Information Processing Network (SIPN) which has both early (emotional) and later maturing (cognitive control) components. It then considers alterations in patterns of cognition that are associated with adolescent anxiety disorders, as well as their putative underlying neural mechanisms. The chapter describes an approach to studying the intersections among adolescent psychopathology, emotion and cognition, and underlying neural substrates. Finally, possible prevention approaches that integrate neuroscience and clinical research are presented.
Stress-Induced Pathophysiology Within the Schizophrenia Patient Brain
Authors: Grace Anthony A.
Published: May 2009

This chapter proposes that the genetic predisposition may lead to deficits in the manner by which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is capable of modulating responses to stressors, causing the individual to be particularly vulnerable to the pathological changes that eventually culminate in psychosis in adulthood. It presents a potential means to circumvent the transition to psychosis in predisposed individuals by pharmacotherapy of an already-present abnormal response to stress.
The Adolescent Surge in Depression and Emergence of Gender Differences
Authors: Alloy Lauren B. , Abramson Lyn Y.
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes a model for the emergence of depression in adolescence. The application of the cognitive vulnerability-stress model to the adolescent surge in depression suggests that identifying youth with negative cognitive styles and teaching them more adaptive ways to interpret negative events may be an effective way to short-circuit the rise in depression during adolescence. Given adolescents' increased brain maturation and cognitive competence (e.g., selective attention), negative cognitive styles may become especially depressogenic during adolescence because they are likely to lead to ever-escalating rumination in the face of negative events. Thus, it also may be helpful to teach cognitively vulnerable youth how to exit from a ruminative cycle (e.g., better problem solving, distraction from the problem, decrease in the importance of the problem).
Early Identification and Prevention of Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Chang Kiki , Gallelli Kim , Howe Meghan
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews the work that has been undertaken to explore the brain mechanisms involved in the development of bipolar disorder. It focuses on the important role of kindling experiences and their effects on the amygdala that might play a role in the development of this disorder. Early identification of biological markers of the disorder may help to prevent the deleterious effects that kindling produces. The chapter presents an overview of the wide range of interventions that the new science of brain development presents for the eventual prevention of this and other disorders.
Brain Development as a Vulnerability Factor in the Etiology of Substance Abuse and Addiction
Authors: O’Brien Charles P.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews the deleterious effects of addictive drugs on brain development and what is known about ways to reverse these effects. It shows that adolescence is a vulnerable period for initiating substance abuse. Progression from use to abuse to addiction is influenced by multiple, simultaneous variables categorized in the medical model as agent, host, and environment. However, the majority of adolescents who experiment with drugs do not progress to addiction, although they could experience harm or fatalities from acute effects and accidents. Those beginning at a younger age have the highest risk of developing an addiction and the poorest results when they later seek treatment as adults.
Modifying Brain Networks Underlying Self-Regulation
Authors: Rueda M. Rosario , Rothbart Mary K. , Saccomanno Lisa , Posner Michael I.
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a review of the anatomy and function of attentional networks, with special emphasis on the executive network, the one most clearly related to self-regulation. It shows that deficits in the executive attention system are a critical part of a number of mental disorders in children and adults. A specific educational intervention is described that improves the executive attention of children. The data provide support for the idea that training of executive attention during its development can improve performance and generalize to cognitive challenges far removed from the training. Attention training moves the underlying network toward adult levels and that differences in genes related to dopamine function might help us choose which children are most likely to benefit from attention training.
The BrainWise Curriculum
Authors: Barry Patricia Gorman , Welsh Marilyn
Published: May 2009

This chapter describes a program for grades K-12 that teaches emotional and cognitive control of behavior and general problem solving skills. The program, called BrainWise, uses metaphors taken from neuroscience to help children understand how their brains work and how they can control stressful situations in which they might otherwise make hasty and maladaptive choices.
The Role of Preventive Interventions in Enhancing Neurocognitive Functioning and Promoting Competence in Adolescence
Authors: Greenberg Mark T. , Riggs Nathaniel R. , Blair Clancy
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins by considering aspects of the developing adolescent for understanding the development of competence, risk, and psychopathology. It then reviews research on the potential influence of neurocognitive abilities and changes in neurobiological systems on social and emotional competence. It reviews research indicating the potential mediating role of changes in neurocognitive function in the prevention of problem behaviors in childhood. Finally, it discusses the implications and future directions of research for the linkage of prevention science and developmental neuroscience during adolescence.
Evangelical Christianity and Democratic Pluralism in Asia: An Introduction
Authors: David H. Lumsdaine
Published: May 2009

This introductory chapter seeks to highlight both the importance of the individual case studies included in this volume and of their common themes and implications. It discusses the design of the studies, the distinctiveness of the Asian context, and definitions of the terms “evangelicanism” and “democracy”. An analysis of the six case studies is presented.
Emulating Azariah: Evangelicals and Social Change in the Dangs
Authors: Sushil J. Aaron
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the effects of evangelical Christianity on Indian politics, and democracy in particular. It focuses on one underdeveloped area of Gujarat state: the Dangs, a largely inaccessible forest area inhabited by adivasis, or tribal peoples, where a substantial fraction of the inhabitants have reportedly embraced evangelical Christianity to a greater or lesser degree since Christian teaching first came to the region about thirty years ago. The chapter traces the trajectory of a particular Christian organization's involvement with tribal communities since 1976.
Ethnicity, Civil Society, and the Church: The Politics of Evangelical Christianity in Northeast India
Authors: Sujatha Fernandes
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines the contemporary relationship between politics and evangelical activity. Focusing on the northeast Indian state of Manipur, it makes comparisons with Mizoram, Nagaland, and Meghalaya and draws out the implications of the historical data for the contemporary political climate. The first section explores the interaction among Christian missionaries, tribals, and the British state in the colonial context, showing how the attempt of missionaries to build an autonomous tribal leadership was hampered by the diversity of tribal groupings and the ties of the missionaries to the colonial state. The second section focuses on two themes: how evangelical practices of congregationalism have given expression to diversity, but also how, in a context of ethnic violence and rivalry, this decentralized organization leaves the church unable to overcome fragmentation. The final section explores a third theme, suggesting that the evangelicals' desire for stability in the region has impeded their ability to foster social movements for justice and equality, leaving the space open for insurgent and terrorist organizations.
Evangelicals and the Democratization of South Korea Since 1987
Authors: Rev. Dr. Joshua Young‐gi Hong
Published: May 2009

This chapter examines how evangelicals affected South Korean democratization. After two-and-a-half decades of military-dominated authoritarianism, Korea had a rapidly growing economy but no democracy, until mass protests led to electoral democracy and civil and political rights in 1987. Scholars have given scant attention to the role of the evangelicals in Korea's democratization and democratic consolidation. The chapter reviews the useful though sparse scholarly literature, but relies principally on observation, interviews, documents, and the writings of pastors, theologians, and civil society activists. It argues that Korean Christians have significantly boosted democratization.
Consolidating Democracy: Filipino Evangelicals between People Power Events, 1986–2001
Authors: David S. Lim
Published: May 2009

“People Power” events in the Philippines were a significant model in the “third wave” of democratization in that region the 1970s and 1980s. This chapter discusses evangelicals' role in People Power events from February 1986 to May 2001. The first section sketches the political landscape and the role of religion in recent Philippine history and defines Filipino evangelicalism. It then examines three kinds of evangelical involvement: participation in electoral processes, People Power uprisings, and civil society. It argues that Filipino evangelicals have grown in political maturity and have helped develop democracy.
CHAPTER 3 On the Automaticity of Nationalist Ideology: The Case of the USA
Authors: Ferguson Melissa J. , Carter Travis J. , Hassin Ran R.
Published: May 2009

How do people typically form opinions and make choices about national matters? What factors influence how people behave in the political realm? The majority of work on these questions in psychology and political science has emphasized the role of consciously accessible influences on political behavior, such as political party affiliation and an assortment of principles and values. Although there is no doubt that people consciously consult their nationalist ideologies in order to make decisions in the political arena, the focus of this chapter is on the possibility that nationalist ideological knowledge also operates automatically to guide and influence opinions and actions. Much work in social, cognitive, and political psychology would suggest that stored representations of nationalist-relevant knowledge, attitudes, goals, and behaviors can be activated by nationalist symbols and cues outside of people’s awareness and intention, and then shape and influence their behavior. This possibility is considered in detail, and recent empirical findings in support of it are also summarized.
CHAPTER 6 Disentangling Reasons and Rationalizations: Exploring Perceived Fairness in Hypothetical Societies
Authors: Mitchell Gregory , Tetlock Philip E.
Published: May 2009

Political psychologists often treat explicit explanations for political views as rationalizations rather than reasons, and favor unconscious motives and cognitive processes as the key determinants of political ideology. This chapter argues that "transparent motive" theories are often dismissed too quickly in favor of "subterranean motive" theories. The chapter is devoted to finding common methodological ground for clarifying, testing, and circumscribing the claims of both the transparent-motivational theorists and the subterranean-motivational theorists, by posing a series of empirical questions designed to explore predictions that might provide evidence that justifications are not mere by-products of the functional imperative to defend the status quo, but rather functionally autonomous constellations of ideas capable of independently influencing policy.
CHAPTER 7 A Contextual Analysis of the System Justification Motive and Its Societal Consequences
Authors: Kay Aaron C. , Zanna Mark P.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews recent theory and empirical evidence demonstrating the effects of the system justification motive on consequential social and psychological phenomena, as well as the conditions under which these effects are likely to be most pronounced. A review is presented of the theory and evidence demonstrating three conditions that increase the activation of the system justification motive: system threat, perceived system inevitability, and perceptions of personal and system control. A description is made of how, in these conditions, the system justification motive manifests itself in processes of explicit system defense, interpersonal and intergroup perception, and resistance to social change. Throughout, the emphasis is on the contextual nature of these effects, as well as their consequences for the maintenance of social inequality.
CHAPTER 11 Motivated Social Cognition and Ideology: Is Attention to Elite Discourse a Prerequisite for Epistemically Motivated Political Affinities?
Authors: Federico Christopher M. , Goren Paul
Published: May 2009

Political psychologists have long searched for links between citizens' personality characteristics and their political worldviews. In particular, much research has examined the relationship between epistemic motivation-the needs or motives that lead individuals to acquire and use information in order to construct a view of reality—and ideological self—placement. Most notably, this line of work suggests that the need for closure, or the need for "any firm belief on a given topic, as opposed to confusion and uncertainty" is associated with greater political conservatism. Extending and qualifying this argument, the chapter argues that the connection between epistemic motivation and ideology may depend on the extent to which citizens are familiar enough with key political ideas and debates, as propounded by political elites, to "correctly" select the orientation that satisfies their epistemic needs. Using data from a student and an adult sample, support is found for this hypothesis, demonstrating that the relationship between the need for closure and ideological orientation is stronger among those high in political expertise.
CHAPTER 12 A Dual Process Motivational Model of Ideological Attitudes and System Justification
Authors: Duckitt John , Sibley Chris G.
Published: May 2009

This chapter reviews recent theory and research on the dual-process cognitive-motivational model of ideology and prejudice. Consistent with a dual-process model perspective, the chapter argues that social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) assess dual ideological attitude dimensions that are made salient for the individual by competitive and dangerous worldviews respectively, which in turn result from the combination of socio-structural factors (resource scarcity, danger, and threat) and individual differences in personality (primarily low agreeableness and low openness to experience). Finally, the chapter extends the model by arguing that SDO and RWA elicit dual ideologies that stratify and position groups based on qualitatively different stereotypic characteristics. A competitively driven motivation (indexed by SDO) should cause the individual to endorse legitimizing myths or ideologies that are explicitly tailored toward maintaining hierarchical relations between groups. A threat-driven security-cohesion motivation (indexed by RWA) should, in contrast, cause the individual to endorse legitimizing myths that emphasize the maintenance of ingroup norms and values. Recent experimental and longitudinal research supporting the model is described.
CHAPTER 18 Ambivalent Sexism at Home and at Work: How Attitudes Toward Women in Relationships Foster Exclusion in the Public Sphere
Authors: Cikara Mina , Lee Tiane L. , Fiske Susan T. , Glick Peter
Published: May 2009

According to ambivalent sexism theory, sexism combines complementary gender ideologies, held by both men and women worldwide, which serve to justify social hierarchy. This chapter reviews how benevolent and hostile attitudes toward women operate in concert to ultimately maintain gender inequity. Research specifically targets the relationship between sexism and system justification as endorsed and enacted by men and women. Hostile and benevolent beliefs map onto widely held prescriptions and proscriptions for men and women; these beliefs shape men’s and women’s interactions in the private sphere (i.e., the home, close relationships). Finally, these system justifying beliefs extend to the workplace and impede women from progressing in the public sphere.
Creating a Context for Children's Memory
Authors: Sales Jessica McDermott
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores how parent-child conversations about past stressful events may facilitate children's meaning-making following stressful events. It presents findings demonstrating the importance of meaning-making for psychological well-being in the aftermath of stressors. It also explores two factors that contribute to differences in parents' ability to scaffold elaborative and emotionally integrated co-constructed narratives of past stressful events with their children: their attachment status and coping ability.
Development and Social Regulation of Stress Neurobiology in Human Development
Authors: Wiik Kristen L. , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: May 2009

This chapter explores the impact of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity and glucocorticoids on memory processes while emphasizing the importance of developmental processes and characteristics of HPA axis functioning in childhood. It begins with a brief overview of human HPA axis anatomy and physiology and a discussion of regulation of glucocorticoid production and glucocorticoid receptor activity. It then presents animal and human research regarding the impact of glucocorticoids on learning, memory consolidation, and memory retrieval as a foundation for understanding the effects of stress on memory processes. Developmental changes in HPA axis activity and the social regulation of children's developing HPA axis functioning by caregivers are discussed as central factors to consider in the study of stress neurobiology and memory in children. Finally, implications of the developmental timing and social context of stressors in childhood on memory processes are presented.
Physiological Stress Responses and Children's Event Memory
Authors: Wallin Allison R. , Quas Jodi A. , Yim Ilona S.
Published: May 2009

This chapter focuses on the role children's physiological stress responses play in memory. It begins with a brief discussion of the rationale underlying the need to consider physiological stress responses when studying children's memory for emotional, primarily stressful, experiences. It then provides an overview of existing research that has included general measures of physiological arousal (i.e., heart rate), followed by a review of the biological systems that respond to stressful events and how arousal as driven by each of these specific systems may affect children's memory. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the need to consider developmental factors concurrent with physiological stress responses when studying children's memory for stressful events.
Co-constructing Memories and Meaning over Time
Authors: Fivush Robyn
Published: May 2009

This chapter considers how time is conceptualized as a developmental process that occurs both within individuals and within socioemotional contexts that both shape and are shaped by what we remember. It begins with a discussion of aspects of individual development, focusing on the tension between change and continuity, and how developmental level and individual differences are complexly intertwined across time. It then turns to how individual development is modulated within socioemotional contexts that provide the framework for the development and expression of memory and emotion. It argues that the concept of “scaffolding,” how adults guide and structure social interaction, helps to integrate the ways in which attachment and reminiscing interact with individual development in shaping memories of emotional events. Finally, the chapter returns to the question of meaning-making. In the end, what may matter the most about our memories of highly emotional and stressful events is how we are able to create meaning in such a way that our memories do not overwhelm us, and this is a process that may only be possible within a social context in which meaning is co-constructed.
Emotion and Memory in Development
Authors: Salmon Karen , Conroy Rowena
Published: May 2009

This chapter begins with a commentary on how the chapters in this book, which provide different “windows” on the association between emotion and memory, have potentially far-reaching implications, translating into significant benefits for the most vulnerable of children. It considers the implications of the contributing chapters for understanding the association between emotion and memory in relation to psychopathology and its treatment.
Introduction
Authors: March Andrew F.
Published: May 2009

This chapter states the aims of the book: its core question of the compatibility between formal Islamic doctrine and liberal citizenship It emphasizes how this book differs from historical, anthropological, sociological, or genealogical approaches to Islam and how the book seeks to avoid the pitfalls of studies which inquire into the “compatibility” of Islam with democracy or human rights. It introduces the idea of an overlapping consensus within political liberalism as an answer to the theologico-political problem and the place of a normatively committed comparative ethics, or what John Rawls referred to as “conjecture.”
2 Methods: The Ethics of Comparative Ethics
Authors: March Andrew F.
Published: May 2009

This chapter elaborates a methodology for engaging in what Rawls referred to as “conjecture,” here called “justificatory comparative political theory” or “comparative ethics.” It moves beyond Rawls’s remarks to a conception of comparative ethics that takes the integrity of religious ethics seriously, and advances the following principles designed to guide the search for an overlapping consensus: plausibility, sincerity, “canon first,” transparency, sympathy, and restraint. This results in a less ambitious form of conjecture suggested by Rawls which is characterized as diagnostic, evaluative and synthetic. This chapter also addresses the problem of locating “Islam” as a comprehensive doctrine, justifying this book’s preference for arguments drawn from the Islamic legal tradition, particularly the “jurisprudence of Muslim minorities” (fiqh al-aqalliyyat al-muslima).