bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparing Mediators to Mediate Cases Reporting High IPV in a Randomized Controlled Trial: The Importance of a Mediation Manual, Training, and Consultation
Authors: Applegate Amy G. , Beck Connie J. , Adams Jeannie M. , Rossi Fernanda S. , Holtzworth‐Munroe Amy
Published: September 2021

This article addresses the training of mediators participating in a randomized controlled trial (“RCT”) that examined the outcomes of family law cases with children in which parents reported high or concerning levels of intimate partner violence (“cases reporting high IPV”). In the RCT, we studied two specialized forms of mediation designed to protect the safety of IPV survivors (shuttle or videoconferencing) compared to each other and to traditional litigation. In implementing the RCT, the researchers utilized a three‐part program to train the participating mediators with: (1) a manual; (2) in‐person training; and (3) ongoing peer consultation. Though this three‐part training regimen is utilized in RCT research scientifically testing interventions, to our knowledge this was the first such training program in the mediation context. Results supported a finding that the combined use of a manual, training, and peer consultation is helpful for mediators who lack prior training in mediating cases reporting high IPV by providing protocols to conduct mediation in these cases and helping ensure participant safety and satisfaction. The researchers were fortunate to collaborate with a mediation program that understood and appreciated the need for, and the importance of, this three‐part training program to test the two models of mediation. The researchers hope other mediation programs will consider the use of these tools to better train mediators, thus benefitting the parties involved in mediation, particularly those in cases reporting high IPV.
A review of probabilistic structural integrity assessment in the nuclear sector and possible future directions
Authors: Chavoshi Saeed Zare , Booker Julian , Bradford Rick , Martin Michael
Published: September 2021

There always exists uncertainty and variability in structural integrity assessments arising from lack of knowledge, modeling approximations, or differences between as‐manufactured components and as‐operated components. This may ultimately impact on reactor lives. Such uncertainties and variabilities can be understood and quantified using probabilistic techniques together with reliability‐based acceptance criteria, facilitating the quantification and management of risk. This review article provides a systematic appraisal of the latest worldwide literature and also unpublished reports from EDF UK nuclear plants, giving an overview of the existing knowledge of probabilistic/reliability structural integrity methodologies and tools from a multifaceted stance, including failure modes, problem types, material types, employed codes, correlations, and probability distributions. Structural reliability analysis at different levels is discussed, and pertinent issues on convergence testing, required number of trails, sensitivity analysis, verification of individual analyses, extremely small probabilities, reactor‐wide failure probabilities, and digital twin structural integrity monitoring are elaborated.
A minimally managed switchgrass ecosystem in a humid subtropical climate is a source of carbon to the atmosphere
Authors: Ahlswede Benjamin J. , O'Halloran Thomas L. , Forsythe Jeremy D. , Thomas R. Quinn
Published: September 2021

Bioenergy has been identified as a key component of climate change mitigation. Therefore, quantifying the net carbon balance of bioenergy feedstocks is crucial for accurate projections of climate mitigation benefits. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has many characteristics of an ideal bioenergy crop with high yields, low maintenance, and deep roots with potential for belowground carbon sequestration. However, the assessments of net annual carbon exchange between switchgrass fields and the atmosphere are rare. Here we present observations of net carbon fluxes in a minimally managed switchgrass field in Virginia (Ameriflux site US‐SB2) over 5 years (3–7 years since establishment). Average annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon was near zero (60 g C m−2 year−1) but the net ecosystem carbon balance that includes harvested carbon (HC) was a net source of carbon to the atmosphere (313 g C m−2 year−1). The field alternated between a large and small source of carbon annually, with the interannual variability most strongly correlated with the day of the last frost and the interaction of temperature and precipitation. Overall, the consistent source of carbon to the atmosphere at US‐SB2 differs substantially from other eddy covariance studies that report switchgrass fields to be either neutral or a sink of carbon when accounting for both NEE and HC. This study illustrates that predictions of net carbon climate benefits from bioenergy crops cannot assume that the ecosystem will be a net sink of carbon from the atmosphere. Background climate, management, and land‐use history may determine whether widespread deployment of switchgrass as a bioenergy feedstock results in realized climate change mitigation.
Mapping the discursive in labour geographies
Authors: Anant Rohini , Coe Neil M.
Published: September 2021

Geographical debates surrounding labour have hitherto tended to sideline its discursivity – that is its ongoing construction as a category of the economy – and the politics of the discourses of labour involved in this process. To address this lacuna, this paper engages with three bodies of scholarship in the social sciences which explicitly foreground the discursive construction of labour: work on subjectivity and power in the labour process; feminist investigations into gendered globalization processes; and studies on the discursive power of labour. These reveal labour discourses as multiscalar phenomena that operate at workplaces, as mechanisms of work organization and control within transnational capital circuits, as knowledge networks that underpin how labour is valued, and as resources for labour agency. The paper closes by proposing a distinctively geographical research agenda which involves mapping the discursive geographies of labour, examining how labour discourses are ‘placed’ and encountered, and exploring their role in building geographies of labour agency.
Effects of decontamination protocols on the aesthetic, morphological, and material composition of preformed paediatric crowns
Authors: Hogerheyde Thomas , Walsh Laurence J. , Zafar Sobia
Published: September 2021

Background

Preformed crowns (PCs) are exposed to potentially infectious bodily fluids during the trial fit; however, whether they can be safely re‐used remains uncertain. This study determined the effects of decontamination methods on various PCs. The key criteria examined were aesthetic, morphological, and elemental characteristics.

Design

This is a laboratory‐based experimental study. Stainless steel, pre‐veneered stainless steel, and zirconia PCs underwent either: (a) ultrasonic cleaning with EmPower®followed by steam sterilisation, (b) thermal disinfection in an instrument washer with Asepti®Neutraliser/Asepti®followed by steam sterilisation, or (c) immersion in an ortho‐phthalaldehyde (OPA) instrument‐level disinfectant. The methods were performed for 1, 5, or 10 cycles, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM); red, green, and blue (RGB) value; and luminosity value were tracked (using a histogram of individual colour reference chips in Adobe Photoshop®) to assess colour changes, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy to characterise the material composition.

Results

Pre‐veneered stainless steel crowns showed isolated zones of darkening with loss of luminosity and variations in green and blue values after ultrasonic or thermal washer disinfection combined with steam autoclaving at 5 and 10 cycles. No changes occurred with OPA. Both SEM imaging and EDX analysis identified no changes to crown materials from any of the three reprocessing methods.

Conclusions

Reprocessing protocols need to reflect the differing responses of various types of PCs. Repeated steam sterilisation causes slight aesthetic alterations by way of colour instability and loss of luminosity to pre‐veneered stainless steel crowns, but no issues with stainless steel or zirconia PCs.
Analysis of YouTube videos related to a child’s first dental visit
Authors: Alraqiq Hosam M. , Kim Joehyun , Edelstein Burton L.
Published: September 2021

Background

As parents increasingly turn to online videos for paediatric dental information, it is important to assess the content of those videos and determine whether parents are receiving accurate information.

Aim

To describe and assess the video characteristics, viewer engagement, and content of the most‐viewed YouTube videos about a child's first dental visit.

Design

The 100 most popular YouTube videos related to a child's first dental visit were assessed for consistency with current professional guidelines, which included a first visit by age 1, tooth cleaning or prophylaxis, fluoride application, caries risk assessment, dietary counseling, oral hygiene instruction, frequency of dental visits, and anticipatory guidance. Differences in video characteristics (length, age, and viewer engagement) were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the post hoc Mann–Whitney U test, and differences in content and characteristics by video upload source (healthcare professionals, parents/caregivers, and independent media outlets) were examined using the chi‐square test and the Fisher's exact test.

Results

The predominant upload source was parents/caregivers (40%) followed by independent media outlets (32%) and healthcare professionals (28%). Median video length was 2 min, 24 s (IQR = 2:05–3:49), and median video age was 4 years (IQR = 3–4 years). Most videos were filmed in a paediatric dental office (73%) and focused on motivational vs. educational content (77% vs. 23%, respectively). With regard to viewer engagement, videos uploaded by media outlets generated higher viewing rates than those uploaded by parents/caregivers (mean rank [MR] = 44.7 vs. 24.8, respectively) and healthcare professionals (MR = 34.8 vs. 31.5) and higher interaction rates than those uploaded by parents/caregivers (MR = 50.8 vs. 25.0) and healthcare professionals (MR = 39.1 vs. 20.6). Videos uploaded by healthcare professionals were more likely to provide educational content consistent with professional recommendations, particularly regarding caries risk assessment (32.1%), dietary counseling (21.4%), and frequency of dental visits (10.7%), than videos uploaded by parents/caregivers (5.0%, 5.0%, and 0%, respectively) and media outlets (0%, 3.1%, and 0%, respectively).

Conclusions

This study found that the most popular videos related to a child’ first dental visit, as measured by viewer engagement, were uploaded by parents or caregivers, were longer and newer, and featured motivational rather than educational content. The 100 most‐viewed videos rarely presented information that was consistent with professional recommendations for children's oral health, particularly regarding caries risk assessment and anticipatory guidance.
Dental caries and associated risk factors in 13‐ to 18‐month‐old infants receiving breast or formula milk feeding: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Suparattanapong Pattiya , Chankanka Oitip , Matangkasombut Oranart , Govitvattana Nattanan
Published: September 2021

Background

The association between breast milk feeding and dental caries risk in children remains controversial. Moreover, it is unclear whether risk factors for caries differ between breast milk‐fed and formula milk‐fed infants.

Aim

To investigate dental caries in 13‐ to 18‐month‐old infants receiving breast milk or formula milk feeding and associated risk factors.

Design

One hundred and sixty‐six 13‐ to 18‐month‐old infants were recruited from a tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Information on feeding practices, demographics, and potential risk factors was collected using a caregiver questionnaire. Carious lesions were identified by visual and tactile examination. The Chi‐squared test, Mann‐Whitney U test, and logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The prevalence of caries in breast milk‐ and formula milk‐fed infants was 31.8% and 36.0%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (p = .579). Among all children, having dental plaque deposition on more than one third of the crown (adjusted OR (aOR): 15.11%; 95% CI: 6.11–37.35) and sleeping while milk feeding (aOR: 2.20%; 95%CI: 1.01–4.77) were associated with dental caries. In subgroup analysis, however, sleeping while milk feeding increased caries risk in the formula milk‐fed group only (aOR: 2.95%; 95%CI: 1.07–8.12).

Conclusions

The type of milk feeding was not associated with dental caries, whereas dental plaque and sleeping while milk feeding increased the odds of having dental caries in this population.
Silica‐scaled heterotrophic protists Rotosphaerida, Thaumatomonadida, and Centroplasthelida in the large continuous ecosystem connecting Lake Baikal to the Kara Sea
Authors: Bessudova Anna Yu. , Firsova Alena D. , Likhoshway Yelena V.
Published: September 2021

Heterotrophic protists Rotosphaerida, Thaumatomonadida, and centrohelid heliozoans are among the less studied silicified protists in terms of their biogeography and ecology. These organisms inhabit fresh and brackish water, and leave behind siliceous structural elements after death that are species‐specific and amenable to electron microscopic analysis. This paper is the first to present data on species richness and taxonomic structure of silica‐scaled heterotrophic protists—rotosphaerids, colorless free‐living thaumatomonad flagellates and centrohelid heliozoans—in the large continuous water system of Siberia connecting Lake Baikal to the Kara Sea. In the study area, electron microscopy revealed 21 centrohelid heliozoan species from the generaRaphidiophrys(1),Acanthocystis(7),Choanocystis(3),Raineriophrys(2),Raphidocystis(6), andPterocystis(2), seven rotosphaerid species from the generaPinaciophora(3),Turriplaca(2),Rabdiophrys(1), andPompholyxophrys(1), and one thaumatomonad flagellate speciesThaumatomastix. Two species of rotosphaerids,Rabdiophryscf.anuliferaandPinaciophora tridentata, and two species of centrohelid heliozoans,Acanthocystiscf.tubata, andA. cf.cornuta, were found in the waters of Russia for the first time. The most widespread species in fresh water from Lake Baikal to the Lower Yenissei River werePinaciophora fluviatilisandRaineriophryscf.fortesca. These species disappeared from the protist assemblages of the Yenissei gulf of the Kara Sea due to higher salinity, with only three species,Acanthocystiscf.mylnikovi(at 3.12‰ salinity) andA. pectinataandRaphidocystissp. 2 (at 8‰ salinity), found in the area. The sensitivity of silica‐scaled heterotrophic protists to changes in habitat parameters suggests that these microeukaryotes could be new indicator organisms.
Tapas de sílice – a smörgåsbord of reactive mineralogies and textures
Authors: Herzog Bromerchenkel Lucas , Chernoloz Oleksiy , Zhao Pengfei , Ossetchkina Ekaterina , Peterson Karl
Published: September 2021

A source of sand is proposed as an educational tool to aid in the identification of silica mineralogies and textures susceptible to alkali–silica reaction. This particular silica sand originates in the southern portion of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, and exhibits a wide variety of lithologies, A thin section produced from a cross‐section through a mortar bar subjected to ATSM C1260 Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar–Bar Method) exhibits plentiful examples of reactive silica.
Culture and Health: Recent Developments and Future Directions1
Authors: Miyamoto Yuri , Ryff Carol D.
Published: September 2021

Evidence of cultural differences in relationships and emotions has accumulated over the past few decades. As findings on cultural differences in psychological processes have increased, there has been growing interest in investigating whether they have implications for other phenomena, such as health. Using scientific advances from the MIDUS and MIDJA studies, both publicly available, we examine links between culture and health. First, there is a brief review of the accumulated evidence on cultural influences on health correlates concerning psychosocial factors. We then feature two recent developments: a more micro‐level perspective regarding biological factors that may be involved in the culture and health linkage, and a more macro‐level view of socioeconomic inequality, which also concerns health. Both perspectives inform the pathways through which health effects become manifest. Finally, we conclude our review by highlighting the changing historical contexts within which these cross‐cultural investigations occur. Specifically, we draw attention to the widening of economic inequality across cultures and the world‐wide COVID‐19 pandemic. These instances bring notable implications for future research on health across cultural contexts.
Sequential changes in urinary biomarker levels in patients with cirrhosis and severe hepatorenal syndrome
Authors: Solé Cristina , Ma Ann T. , Solà Elsa , Carol Marta , Fabrellas Núria , Juanola Adrià , Napoleone Laura , Gratacós‐Ginès Jordi , Bassegoda Octavi , Cervera Marta , Pérez Martina , Rubio Ana Belén , Avitabile Emma , Morales‐Ruiz Manuel , Graupera Isabel , Pose Elisa , Kamath Patrick S. , Ginès Pere
Published: September 2021

Whether tubular injury develops in patients with acute kidney injury owing to hepatorenal syndrome (AKI‐HRS) is controversial. We performed repeated measurements of biomarkers of tubular injury during a 14‐day period in 60 patients with cirrhosis and AKI (34 with AKI‐HRS meeting the classical definition of type 1 HRS and 26 with AKI owing to acute tubular necrosis, AKI‐ATN). Nineteen of 34 patients had resolution of AKI‐HRS, while the remainder had persistent AKI‐HRS. The persistence of AKI‐HRS was associated with remarkably high short‐term mortality. There were no significant differences in urinary NGAL or IL‐18 between patients with resolution vs those with persistent AKI‐HRS throughout the 14‐day period. By contrast, biomarker levels were significantly lower in AKI‐HRS, even if persistent, compared to AKI‐ATN. These findings are highly suggestive of lack of significant tubular injury in AKI‐HRS and could be of value in the clinical decision between combined liver–kidney or liver transplantation alone in patients with cirrhosis and AKI candidates to transplantation.
Overexpression approaches to advance understanding of Candida albicans
Authors: Rai Laxmi Shanker , van Wijlick Lasse , Chauvel Murielle , d’Enfert Christophe , Legrand Mélanie , Bachellier‐Bassi Sophie
Published: September 2021

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for infections linked to high mortality. Loss‐of‐function approaches, taking advantage of gene knockouts or inducible down‐regulation, have been successfully used in this species in order to understand gene function. However, overexpression of a gene provides an alternative, powerful tool to elucidate gene function and identify novel phenotypes. Notably, overexpression can identify pathway components that might remain undetected using loss‐of‐function approaches. Several repressible or inducible promoters have been developed which allow to shut off or turn on the expression of a gene in C. albicans upon growth in the presence of a repressor or inducer. In this review, we summarize recent overexpression approaches used to study different aspects of C. albicans biology, including morphogenesis, biofilm formation, drug tolerance, and commensalism.
Experiences and perceptions of people living with schizophrenia in Japan: A qualitative study
Authors: Nagata Kyoko , Kitaoka Kazuyo , Kawamura Midori
Published: September 2021

This descriptive study used a qualitative inductive approach to investigate the subjective experiences and perceptions of people with schizophrenia living in the community during times of difficulty and how they coped. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with nine community‐dwelling people with schizophrenia and used the KJ method developed by Kawakita Jiro to structure the data obtained. We identified 10 symbols with his method: bewilderment at the onset; helplessness and longing for death; solitude linked to death; precarious daily life; relationships at risk; fear of being stigmatized; pillars of emotional support; will to overcome; hope to never give up; and living with the illness. The results suggest that community mental health nurses should provide support so their patients can continue to have pillars of emotional support and the will to overcome difficulties, as well as continue to use their coping methods, even when experiencing many difficulties. It is important that nurses understand and share in their patients' difficult experiences and hopes when providing support toward their recovery.
Problematic personalities in teams: Implications for performance trajectories and resilience to unexpected change
Authors: Dierdorff Erich C. , Fisher David M.
Published: September 2021

Despite the well‐established importance of team composition, there has been relatively little research that focuses on compositions regarding problematic personality traits. This study examines the impact of Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism—all operationalized as team composition variables—on team cooperation and performance over time. This was done in a sample of 43 graduate student teams (n = 269) engaged in an immersive business simulation that unfolded over a 6‐week duration. In addition, the parameters of the simulation task were altered midway through the simulation without forewarning, in turn creating a shock event that allowed for an examination of whether team composition for negative personality had similar effects under conditions of business‐as‐usual versus a disruptive change. Results indicated that both team average Machiavellianism and sadism had deleterious effects on team cooperation and performance over time, while controlling for two closely associated positive personality traits (honesty‐humility and agreeableness). These damaging effects were further revealed to especially detract from performance trajectories after teams experienced a disruptive event. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of including problematic personality traits in considerations pertaining to team composition.
Creating abstract objects
Authors: Friedell David
Published: September 2021

Beach's Gaelic Symphony is plausibly an abstract object that Beach created. The view that people create some abstract objects is called abstract creationism. There are abstract creationists about many kinds of objects, including musical works, fictional characters, arguments, words, internet memes, installation artworks, bitcoins, and restaurants. Alternative theories include materialism and Platonism. This paper discusses some of the most serious objections against abstract creationism. Arguably, these objections have ramifications for questions in metaphysics pertaining to the abstract/concrete distinction, time, causation, vague existence, vague identity, and inadvertent creation.
Effects of nitrogen supply rate on photosynthesis, nitrogen uptake and growth of seedlings in aEucalyptus/Dalbergia odoriferaintercropping system
Authors: Yao X. , Lan Y. , Liao L. , Huang Y. , Yu S. , Ye S. , Yang M.
Published: September 2021

The introduction of N2‐fixing species into aEucalyptusplantation resulted in a successful planting system. It is essential to understand the contribution of nitrogen (N) competition and photosynthetic efficiency to plant dry matter yield to shed more light on the growth mechanism of theEucalyptus/legume system.

We compared N competition, photosynthesis and dry matter yield ofEucalyptus urophylla × E.grandisand the N2‐fixing tree speciesDalbergia odoriferain intercropping and monoculture systems under different N levels.

The photosynthesis ofE. urophylla×E. grandiswas improved, while that ofD. odoriferawas inhibited in the intercropping system. IntercroppedE. urophylla×E. grandisincreased the N utilization and the dry matter yield by 6.57–48.46% and 7.59–97.26%, and decreased those ofD. odoriferaby 10.21–30.33% and 0.48–13.19%, respectively. Furthermore, N application enhanced the competitive ability ofE. urophylla×E. grandisrelative to D. odorifera and changed the N contents and chlorophyll synthesis to optimize the photosynthetic structure of both species.

Our results revealEucalyptusfor photosynthesis, N absorption and increasing the growth benefit from the introduction of N2‐fixing species, which hence can be considered to be an effective sustainable management option ofEucalyptusplantations.
Engineering the expansion of higher education: High skills, advanced manufacturing, and the knowledge economy
Authors: Durazzi Niccolo
Published: September 2021

The article develops a framework to explain an empirical observation that runs counter received wisdom in comparative political economy, namely the co‐existence of large higher education systems and thriving manufacturing sectors in advanced capitalist countries. Introducing the concept ofskill breadth, the article hypothesizes that: (i) advanced manufacturing firms have narrow skill needs concentrated around STEM skills; (ii) these skills are likely to be under‐supplied by the higher education system unless dedicated public policies are put in place; and (iii) governments intervene in higher education policy to ensure the availability of those skills that are crucial for firms located in key sectors of national knowledge economies. Cross‐country survey data of employer preferences for higher education graduates and case studies of recent higher education policy change in Germany and South Korea provide strong support for the argument. The article advances our overall understanding of skill formation systems in the knowledge economy and testifies to the persistent presence of policy levers that governments can employ to manage the economy and to support domestic firms.
Associations of fitness and physical activity with specific abdominal fat depots in children with overweight/obesity
Authors: Medrano María , Cadenas‐Sánchez Cristina , Oses Maddi , Villanueva Arantxa , Cabeza Rafael , Idoate Fernando , Sanz Aritz , Rodríguez‐Vigil Beatriz , Ortega Francisco B. , Ruiz Jonathan R. , Labayen Idoia
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To examine the relationship between physical fitness and physical activity (PA) with specific abdominal fat depots and their potential implications for cardiometabolic risk and insulin resistance (IR) in children with overweight/obesity.

Materials and Methods

A total of 116 children with overweight/obesity (10.7 ± 1.1 year, 54% girls) participated in the study. Abdominal visceral (VAT), subcutaneous (ASAT), and intermuscular abdominal adipose tissue (IMAAT) were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. The cardiometabolic risk (MetS) score and the insulin resistance homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR) were calculated. Health‐related physical fitness components (treadmill test, and 20 m shuttle run, handgrip, standing broad jump and 4 × 10 m tests) were evaluated, and PA was measured (accelerometry). Children were categorized as fit or unfit for each specific fitness test, and as active or inactive.

Results

Higher VAT, ASAT, and IMAAT were associated with higher MetS score and HOMA‐IR (allp < 0.02). A better performance in all fitness tests and total and vigorous PA were strongly associated with lower VAT (allp < 0.04), ASAT (allp < 0.005), and IMAAT (allp < 0.005). Fit or active children had lower VAT, ASAT, and IMAAT (allp < 0.03) than their unfit or inactive counterparts.

Conclusion

These results reinforce the importance of having adequate fitness and PA levels to reduce abdominal fat accumulation in children. Given that VAT, ASAT, and IMAAT are associated with higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, the improvement of physical fitness by the promotion of PA should be goals of lifestyle interventions for improving health in children with overweight/obesity.
Extension of Dasgupta’s Technique for Higher Degree Approximation
Authors: Powar P. L. , Tiwari Rishabh , Mishra Vishnu Narayan
Published: September 2021

In the present paper, rational wedge functions for degree two approximation have been computed over a pentagonal discretization of the domain, by using an analytic approach which is an extension of Dasgupta’s approach for linear approximation. This technique allows to avoid the computation of the exterior intersection points of the elements, which was a key component of the technique initiated by Wachspress. The necessary condition for the existence of the denominator function was established by Wachspress whereas our assertion, induced by the technique of Dasgupta, assures the sufficiency of the existence. Considering the adjoint (denominator) functions for linear approximation obtained by Dasgupta, invariance of the adjoint for degree two approximation is established. In other words, the method proposed by Dasgupta for the construction ofWachspress coordinates for linear approximation is extended to obtain the coordinates for quadratic approximation. The assertions have been supported by considering some illustrative examples.
Potential phenotypic plasticity within Simulium nigrimanum Macquart, 1838 (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae
Authors: Figueiró Ronaldo , Calvet Anderson , Gil-Azevedo Leonardo Henrique , Monteiro Ricardo Ferreira , Maia-Herzog Marilza
Published: September 2021

Black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) are suspension filter-feeders which strongly depend on water velocity for proper feeding. Black fly species feature different microhabitat preferences. Studies of Holarctic black fly larvae revealed their phenotypic plasticity in response to water current velocity variation, but such studies have been rarely undertaken with Neotropical black flies. The current work presents results on the phenotypic plasticity of the black fly species Simulium nigrimanum Macquart. Twelve last instar larvae, sampled from the Brazilian Cerrado, were photographed under a stereoscopic microscope and measured using the CMEIAS Image tool software. Linear regressions with water velocity as the independent variable were performed, indicating that while body size and anal disk diameter correlated positively with water velocity, labral fan length correlated negatively. The observed relationships between water velocity and labral fan length and anal disk diameter were consistent with the literature, while the pattern of body size variation partially corroborated previous studies. The present work results suggest that potential phenotypic plasticity can be observed in black fly larvae within one population distributed in different microhabitats of the same stream section, as opposed toprevious reports implying that such variation is only found among population from different streams.
Influencia del estilo docente en la motivación y estilo de vida de adolescentes en educación física
Authors: Valero-Valenzuela Alfonso , Merino-Barrero Juan Andrés , Manzano-Sánchez David , Belando-Pedreño Noelia , Fernández-Merlos José David , Moreno-Murcia Juan Antonio
Published: September 2021

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los perfiles motivacionales en estudiantes de Educación Secundaria y relacionarlos con el estilo docente y su estilo de vida. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 388 estudiantes (M = 13.2; DE = 1.04). Las variables analizadas fueron el estilo interpersonal del docente, la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la motivación hacia la práctica deportiva y el estilo de vida. Los resultados revelaron la existencia de dos perfiles motivacionales en los estudiantes: “autodeterminado” (n = 261) con puntuaciones mayores en motivación intrínseca y regulación identificada y un perfil “no autodeterminado” (n = 127) con mayores niveles de desmotivación, regulación introyectada y regulación externa. Como conclusión, se destaca la importancia de la actuación del docente en el aula a través del apoyo de la autonomía, con el fin de contribuir a lograr mayores niveles de motivación y un estilo de vida más activo.
Auditory closure with visual cues: Relationship with working memory and semantic memory
Authors: Nagaraj Naveen K. , Yang Jing , Robinson Tanner L. , Magimairaj Beula M.
Published: September 2021

The role of working memory (WM) and long-term lexical-semantic memory (LTM) in the perception of interrupted speech with and without visual cues, was studied in 29 native English speakers. Perceptual stimuli were periodically interrupted sentences filled with speech noise. The memory measures included an LTM semantic fluency task, verbal WM, and visuo-spatial WM tasks. Whereas perceptual performance in the audio-only condition demonstrated a significant positive association with listeners' semantic fluency, perception in audio-video mode did not. These results imply that when listening to distorted speech without visual cues, listeners rely on lexical-semantic retrieval from LTM to restore missing speech information.
Test of Gross Motor Development–3 Validity and Reliability: A Screening Form
Authors: Valentini Nadia Cristina , Nobre Glauber Carvalho , Zanella Larissa Wagner , Pereira Keila G. , Albuquerque Maicon Rodrigues , Rudisill Mary Elizabeth
Published: September 2021

Background: The Test of Gross Motor Development–3 (TGMD-3) is used to assess locomotor (LOCS) and ball (BS) skills in children. This test provides relevant information for evaluating learning and determining teaching efficacy. However, conducting and coding the test is time consuming. A screening form may improve its usage in specific settings and populations.Purpose:This study aimed to develop a screening form for the TGMD-3-SF and examine its validity and reliability.Method:We assessed 1,192 3-to-10-year-old children; 772 children completed the TGMD-3 and 420 the TGMD-3-SF; 114 children were retested for temporal stability and 300 for criterion validity.Results:We found appropriate results for the two-factors model, LOCS (gallop, hop, and skip) and BS (one-hand strike, kick, and overhand throw), RMSEA = .025, comparative-fit index = .99, and Tukey–Lewis index = .99; internal consistency (LOCS, α = .60; BS, α = .71); item validity (LOCS,r = .43,p < .001; BS,r = .47,p < .001); interrater (ICC = .86–.99), intrarater (ICC = .61–.92), test–retest (LOCS, ICC = .87; BS, ICC = .78) reliability, and concurrent validity (LOCS,r = .89,p < .01; BS,r = .90,p < .001).Conclusions:The TGMD-3-SF is valid and reliable for assessing children’s gross motor development.
Improved Growth of Escherichia coli in Aminoglycoside Antibiotics by the
zor-orz
Toxin-Antitoxin System
Authors: Bogati Bikash , Wadsworth Nicholas , Barrera Francisco , Fozo Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2021

Bacterial species can harbor gene pairs known as type I toxin-antitoxin systems, in which one gene encodes a small protein that is toxic to the bacteria producing it and a second gene that encodes a small RNA antitoxin to prevent toxicity. While artificial overproduction of type I toxin proteins can lead to cell growth inhibition and cell lysis, the endogenous translation of type I toxins appears to be tightly regulated.
Supplemental Material: Linking sediment supply variations and tectonic evolution in deep time, source-to-sink systems—The Triassic Greater Barents Sea Basin
Authors: Gilmullina Albina , al. et
Published: September 2021

BQART Monte-Carlo Simulation and input parameters.
Polyserositis secondary to COVID-19: the diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Harris Emily , Shanghavi Shilen , Viner Tatyana
Published: September 2021

COVID-19 is a novel disease often presenting with a cough, fever or a change in smell or taste. Recently, it has been recognised that COVID-19 may result in multisystemic issues and thus cause atypical symptoms, which can cause diagnostic delay, uncertainty and inaccuracy. A 60-year-old woman presented to the hospital with a 2-day history of mid-thoracic discomfort, intermittent rigours, fevers and general malaise, a few weeks after likely COVID-19 infection. She was admitted and treated for community-acquired pneumonia. However, her symptoms recurred despite multiple courses of antibiotics, which prompted further workup. A combination of a pleural and pericardial effusion was identified, leading to a diagnosis of polyserositis, and a COVID-19 antibody test came back positive. Colchicine was effective at resolving her symptoms, leading to further conviction of a probable postviral polyserositis.
Cerebellar progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Patel Lajjaben , Elavarasi Arunmozhimaran , Garg Ajay , Nambirajan Aruna
Published: September 2021

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy can complicate the course of a patient with sarcoidosis. Here we present a rare case of a 35-year-old patient with pulmonary sarcoidosis whose course was complicated by progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy involving the cerebellum. Neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid PCR played a crucial role in the diagnosis.
Review of exclusive enteral therapy in adult Crohn’s disease
Authors: Mitrev Nikola , Huang Hin , Hannah Barbara , Kariyawasam Viraj Chandana
Published: September 2021

Background

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a potentially effective but underused therapy for Crohn’s disease (CD) in adults. It is first-line induction treatment for paediatric patients but remains a second-line or third-line therapy in adults.

Objective

To analyse the evidence for EEN in adult patients with CD, and summarise this in a narrative review.

Methods

In April/May 2020 and July 2021, a literature search was performed using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: ‘Crohn’s disease’, ‘CD’, ‘inflammatory bowel disease’, ‘IBD’, ‘exclusive enteral nutrition’, ‘enteral nutrition’, ‘EEN’, in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane. Additional studies were obtained from references of search result articles as well as general reading. Studies with adult patients with CD treated with EEN were selected. 79 articles of relevance were found. Where data in adults were lacking, data from paediatric studies as extrapolated with care.

Results

EEN in adult patients been shown to improve clinical, biomarker, endoscopic and radiologic measures of disease activity. EEN avoids the potential adverse effects of recurrent corticosteroids for induction such as metabolic derangements and opportunistic infections. EEN has also demonstrated benefits among adult patients with fistulising and stricturing CD. It may avoid surgery in such patients. Preoperative EEN has also been shown to reduce postoperative complications and recurrence. There appears to be benefits in combing EEN with antitumour necrosis factor agents, however, benefits of combination therapy with other biologics are less clear. A major drawback of EEN therapy in adults has been poor compliance. More palatable polymeric formulations improved patient education and dietitian support may overcome this. Evidence in adults is limited to small studies, often with suboptimal control arms and lack of blinding. Larger scale studies with improved study design are needed to confirm these beneficial effects.

Conclusion

Despite limitations in evidence EEN should be considered in treating adults with CD.
Incidence and risk factors for hospital-acquired infection among paediatric patients in a teaching hospital: a prospective study in southeast Ethiopia
Authors: Sahiledengle Biniyam , Seyoum Fekadu , Abebe Daniel , Geleta Eshetu Nigussie , Negash Getahun , Kalu Abdurhaman , Woldeyohannes Demelash , Tekalegn Yohannes , Zenbaba Demisu , Edward Quisido Bruce John
Published: September 2021

Objectives

In order to maximise the prevention of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance, data on the incidence of HAIs are crucial. In Ethiopia, data about the occurrence of HAIs among hospitalised paediatric patients are lacking. We aim to determine the incidence and risk factors of HAIs among paediatric patients in Ethiopia.

Design

A prospective cohort study.

Setting

A teaching hospital in southeast Ethiopia.

Participants

448 hospitalised paediatric patients admitted between 1 November 2018 and 30 June 2019.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Incidence and risk factors of hospital-acquired infections.

Results

A total of 448 paediatric patients were followed for 3227 patient days. The median age of the patients was 8 months (IQR: 2–26 months). The incidence rate of HAIs was 17.7 per 1000 paediatric days of follow-up; while the overall cumulative incidence was 12.7% (95% CI 9.8% to 15.8%) over 8 months. Children who stayed greater than 6 days in the hospital (median day) (adjusted risk ratio (RR): 2.58, 95% CI 1.52 to 4.38), and children with underlying disease conditions of severe acute malnutrition (adjusted RR: 2.83, 95% CI 1.61 to 4.97) had higher risks of developing HAIs.

Conclusions

The overall cumulative incidence of HAIs was about 13 per 100 admitted children. Length of stay in the hospital and underlying conditions of severe acute malnutrition were found to be important factors associated with increased risk of HAIs.
Patient-initiated second medical consultations—patient characteristics and motivating factors, impact on care and satisfaction: a systematic review
Authors: Greenfield Geva , Shmueli Liora , Harvey Amy , Quezada-Yamamoto Harumi , Davidovitch Nadav , Pliskin Joseph S , Rawaf Salman , Majeed Azeem , Hayhoe Benedict
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To review the characteristics and motivations of patients seeking second opinions, and the impact of such opinions on patient management, satisfaction and cost effectiveness.

Data sources

Embase, Medline, PsycINFO and Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC) databases.

Study design

A systematic literature search was performed for terms related to second opinion and patient characteristics. Study quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies.

Data collection/extraction methods

We included articles focused on patient-initiated second opinions, which provided quantitative data on their impact on diagnosis, treatment, prognosis or patient satisfaction, described the characteristics or motivating factors of patients who initiated a second opinion, or the cost-effectiveness of patient-initiated second opinions.

Principal findings

Thirty-three articles were included in the review. 29 studies considered patient characteristics, 19 patient motivating factors, 10 patient satisfaction and 17 clinical agreement between the first and second opinion. Seeking a second opinion was more common in women, middle-age patients, more educated patients; and in people having a chronic condition, with higher income or socioeconomic status or living in central urban areas. Patients seeking a second opinion sought to gain more information or reassurance about their diagnosis or treatment. While many second opinions confirm the original diagnosis or treatment, discrepancies in opinions had a potential major impact on patient outcomes in up to 58% of cases. No studies reported on the cost effectiveness of patient initiated second opinions.

Conclusions

This review identified several demographic factors associated with seeking a second opinion, including age, gender, health status, and socioeconomic status. Differences in opinion received, and in the impact of change in opinion, varies significantly between medical specialties. More research is needed to understand the cost effectiveness of second opinions and identify patient groups most likely to benefit from second opinions.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotics and their determinants in Eritrea: an urban population-based survey
Authors: Russom Mulugeta , Bahta Merhawi , Debesai Merhawi , Bahta Iyassu , Kessete Abrahalei , Afendi Aziza , Fitsum Yodit , Nambozi Josephine , Kidane Solyana N , Tesfamariam Eyasu H
Published: September 2021

Objective

To measure knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (ABR) and their determinants in the Eritrean urban population.

Design

A population-based, nation-wide, cross-sectional study.

Setting

Urban settings of Eritrea.

Participants

Members of the general public aged ≥18 years and living in 13 urban places of Eritrea. Three-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to select the study participants.

Data collection and analysis

Date were collected from July 2019 to September 2019 in a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were double entered and analysed using Census and Survey Processing system (V.7.0) and SPSS (V.23), respectively. Descriptive statistics, χ2test, t-tests, analysis of variance, factorial analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed. All analyses were weighted and p<0.05 was considered significant.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Main outcome variables were knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotics and ABR. Secondary outcome measure was the determinants of knowledge, attitude and practice.

Results

A total of 2477 adults were interviewed. The mean score of knowledge and attitude of antibiotics and ABR was 10.36/20 (SD=3.51, minimum=0 and maximum=20) and 22.34/30 (SD=3.59, minimum=6 and maximum=30), respectively. Of those who used antibiotics, the proportion of at least one inappropriate practice (use of antibiotics without prescription and/or discontinuation of prescribed antibiotics before completing the full course) was 23.8%. Young age <24 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.61, 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.41), male sex (AOR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.91), higher level of education (AOR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.88), and negative attitude towards appropriate use of antibiotics (AOR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.97) were found to be the significant determinants of inappropriate practice of antibiotics.

Conclusion

The gap in knowledge and inappropriate practice of antibiotics in the Eritrean urban population was widespread; requiring immediate attention from policy-makers and healthcare professionals.