bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative fundamental groups and rational points
Authors: Lazda Christopher
Published: November 2015

In this paper we define a relative rigid fundamental group, which associates to a section

p

of a smooth and proper morphism

f:X\rightarrow S

in characteristic

p

, a Hopf algebra in the ind-category of overconvergent

F

-isocrystals on

S

. We prove a base change property, which says that the fibres of this object are the Hopf algebras of the rigid fundamental groups of the fibres of

f

. We explain how to use this theory to define period maps as Kim does for varieties over number fields, and show in certain cases that the targets of these maps can be interpreted as varieties.
Single particle characterization of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA): evidence for non-uniform mixing of high molecular weight organics and potassium
Authors: Lee A. K. Y. , Willis M. D. , Healy R. M. , Wang J. M. , Jeong C.-H. , Wenger J. C. , Evans G. J. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Biomass burning is a major source of black carbon (BC) and primary organic aerosol globally. In particular, biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) is strongly associated with atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) that absorbs near ultraviolet and visible light, resulting in significant impacts on regional visibility degradation and radiative forcing. The mixing state of BBOA can play a critical role in the prediction of aerosol optical properties. In this work, single particle measurements from a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer coupled with a light scattering module (LS-SP-AMS) were performed to examine the mixing state of BBOA, refractory black carbon (rBC) and potassium (K+, a tracer for biomass burning aerosol) in an air mass influenced by aged biomass burning. Cluster analysis of single particle measurements identified five BBOA-related particle types. rBC accounted for 3–14 w.t. % of these particle types on average. Only one particle type exhibited a strong ion signal for K+, with mass spectra characterized by low molecular weight organic species. The remaining four particle types were classified based on the apparent molecular weight of the BBOA constituents. Two particle types were associated with low potassium content and significant amounts of high molecular weight (HMW) organic compounds. Our observations indicate non-uniform mixing of particles within a biomass burning plume in terms of molecular weight and illustrate that HMW BBOA can be a key contributor to low-volatility BrC observed in BBOA particles.
Implementation of warm-cloud processes in a source-oriented WRF/Chem model to study the effect of aerosol mixing state on fog formation in the Central Valley of California
Authors: Lee H.-H. , Chen S.-H. , Kleeman M. J. , Zhang H. , DeNero S. P. , Joe D. K.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The source-oriented Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry model (SOWC) was modified to include warm cloud processes and applied to investigate how aerosol mixing states influence fog formation and optical properties in the atmosphere. SOWC tracks a 6-dimensional chemical variable (X, Z, Y, Size Bins, Source Types, Species) through an explicit simulation of atmospheric chemistry and physics. A source-oriented cloud condensation nuclei module was implemented into the SOWC model to simulate warm clouds using the modified two-moment Purdue Lin microphysics scheme. The Goddard shortwave and longwave radiation schemes were modified to interact with source-oriented aerosols and cloud droplets so that aerosol direct and indirect effects could be studied. The enhanced SOWC model was applied to study a fog event that occurred on 17 January 2011, in the Central Valley of California. Tule fog occurred because an atmospheric river effectively advected high moisture into the Central Valley and nighttime drainage flow brought cold air from mountains into the valley. The SOWC model produced reasonable liquid water path, spatial distribution and duration of fog events. The inclusion of aerosol–radiation interaction only slightly modified simulation results since cloud optical thickness dominated the radiation budget in fog events. The source-oriented mixture representation of particles reduced cloud droplet number relative to the internal mixture approach that artificially coats hydrophobic particles with hygroscopic components. The fraction of aerosols activating into CCN at a supersaturation of 0.5 % in the Central Valley decreased from 94 % in the internal mixture model to 80 % in the source-oriented model. This increased surface energy flux by 3–5 W m−2 and surface temperature by as much as 0.25 K in the daytime.
On the climatological probability of the vertical propagation of stationary planetary waves
Authors: Karami K. , Braesicke P. , Sinnhuber M. , Versick S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We introduce a diagnostic tool to assess in a climatological framework the optimal propagation conditions for stationary planetary waves. Analyzing 50 winters using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data we derive probability density functions (PDFs) of positive refractive indices as a function of zonal and meridional wave numbers. We contrast this quantity with classical climatological means of the refractive index. Introducing a Membership Value Function (MVF) based on fuzzy logic, we objectively generate a modified set of PDFs (mPDFs) and demonstrate their superior performance compared to the climatological mean of refractive indices and the original PDFs. We argue that mPDFs allow an even better understanding of how background conditions impact wave propagation in a climatological sense. As expected, probabilities are decreasing with increasing zonal wave numbers. In addition we discuss the meridional wave number dependency of the PDFs which is usually neglected, highlighting the contribution of meridional wave numbers 2 and 3 in the stratosphere. We also describe how mPDFs change in response to strong vortex regime (SVR) and weak vortex regime (WVR) conditions, with increased probabilities during WVR than SVR in the stratosphere. We conclude that the mPDFs are a convenient way to summarize climatological information about planetary wave propagation in reanalysis and climate model data.
A Macro-level Error Analysis of Iranian Undergraduate EFL Learners’ Performance on Writing Tasks
Authors: Davoudi Mohammad , Nafch Asghar Moulavi , Mallahi Omid
Published: November 2015

Writing in a foreign language is a highly complex activity and creating an accurate and fluent text demands the dedication of effort and acquisition of expertise in different aspects of writing. Many EFL students are not competent enough in this skill and it is natural to see some instances of errors and deficiencies in their written texts and it is expected that writing instructors be equipped with the essential knowledge and tools to respond to these problems. Accordingly, the present study incorporated insights from the practices of error analysis and the principles of feedback and effective written commentaries in examining a semester-long corpus of a group of Iranian undergraduate EFL learners’ written texts in a paragraph writing course. The study identified and analyzed the instances of errors in different aspects of writing (namely, content and organization, support and development, cohesion and coherence, structure, vocabulary and mechanics), and explored the instructor’s feedback and written commentary on these aspects. The study introduces a flexible, analytic, comprehensive and context-sensitive feedback providing rubric to EFL writing. 
How One Spends a Useful Visit: The Letters of Friederica Göttlich Braun in the Eastern West Indies
Authors: Yaswinski Lanie
Published: November 2015

Bibiana Friederica Göttlich Braun (1725–1807) served as a Moravian missionary in the Eastern West Indies from 1769 to 1791. This article contains translations of three letters she produced during her service. She composed the first letter to John Ettwein, a church administrator in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, soon after she arrived on the island of St. Croix in 1769. She wrote the other two letters to her friend in Bethlehem, Anna Johanna Seidel, from the islands of St. Thomas (1772) and Antigua (1775). These later letters are rare examples of eighteenth-century letters written by a woman to another woman about her activities as a female missionary in the Caribbean. The collection of letters as a whole helps to inform our modern understanding of female contributions to the Moravian mission fields.
Violencia comunitaria en adolescentes desfavorecidos: exposición, impacto percibido y consecuencias psicológicas
Authors: Mels Cindy , Fernández Lucía
Published: November 2015

La violencia comunitaria forma parte de la vida cotidiana de cada vez más niños y jóvenes, particularmente en las grandes ciudades. La exposición a este tipo de violencia ha sido asociada con el desarrollo de varios problemas conductuales y emocionales, tales como conductas agresivas y delincuentes, ansiedad y depresión. Este estudio pretende explorar la exposición de adolescentes uruguayos en situación de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica a la violencia comunitaria y su impacto percibido, e investigar su relación con problemas internalizantes y externalizantes reportados por ellos. Se consiguió una muestra de 101 adolescentes de 13 a 18 años en la ciudad de Montevideo, pertenecientes a tres centros socioeducativos seleccionados deliberadamente y por conglomerado. Se administró el Hopkins Symptom Checklist para adolescentes, la Escala de Violencia Comunitaria y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se encontró que el 84,2% de la muestra había sido expuesto a la violencia comunitaria. El impacto percibido de la violencia apareció como predictor de problemas internalizantes, junto a la variable edad. Los resultados sugieren que diferentes mecanismos explican los distintos tipos de problemas psicológicos investigados. Se discuten las implicaciones para la intervención y la prevención.
Descuento temporal y probabilístico de dinero y alcohol de usuarios en tratamiento
Authors: González Juan Carlos , Ávila Raúl , Morales-Chainé Silvia
Published: November 2015

Una estrategia para estudiar la conducta impulsiva de las personas es el procedimiento de descuento del valor relativo de las recompensas. Se ha reportado que las personas que abusan del consumo de alcohol descuentan más el valor de una recompensa en función de su demora o de las probabilidades de entrega, en comparación con las personas sin problemas de consumo. En el presente trabajo se probó si las tasas de descuento temporal y probabilístico contribuyen a diagnosticar el perfil del bebedor problema. Se expuso a 25 bebedores con indicadores de abuso, a una tarea de descuento temporal y a una tarea de descuento probabilístico de dinero o de una cantidad de la bebida preferida del usuario. En el descuento temporal se encontró que la tasa de descuento fue ligeramente mayor para el alcohol que para el dinero; las tasas de descuento probabilístico fueron muy similares para ambos tipos de recompensa. Los resultados del presente estudio, además de extender los hallazgos previos acerca de las diferencias en el valor asignado a las recompensas en función de su demora o su probabilidad de entrega, también contribuyen a aclarar la relación entre los diferentes procesos involucrados en el descuento del valor psicológico de una recompensa.
Perfil de los menores infractores extranjeros acompañados y no acompañados en Asturias
Authors: Fernández-Suárez Asunción , Pérez Sánchez Beatriz , Fernández-Alonso Laura , Herrero Olaizola Juan , Rodríguez-Díaz Francisco Javier
Published: November 2015

La alarma social generada por la delincuencia juvenil se ve incrementada cuando el infractor, además, es extranjero. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el perfil sociodemográfico, la problemática psicológica y delictiva de estos jóvenes, estableciendo una comparación entre los menores extranjeros no acompañados (MENAs) y los acompañados (procedentes de reagrupaciones familiares). La muestra se compone del total de menores infractores extranjeros en el Principado de Asturias (España) en 2012 (N = 90; n = 61 acompañados, n = 29 no acompañados). Se utiliza el estadístico X2/ la Prueba U de Mann-Withney para establecer dicha comparación, presentando el Odds Ratio/el estadístico d de Cohen como medida de la asociación/tamaño del efecto. Los resultados ofrecen similitudes entre ambos grupos en edad (15.5 años aproximadamente) y tipo de la primera infracción cometida (contra el patrimonio); sin embargo, ofrecen diferencias en base al género, la edad de llegada a España, el patrón de consumo de sustancias, la problemática psicológica, el nivel de reincidencia y las infracciones cometidas y medidas judiciales aplicadas a lo largo de sus carreras delictivas. Los resultados refieren que no se trata de un colectivo homogéneo, siendo discutidas sus implicaciones de cara a una orientación en la intervención desde el Sistema de Protección y Justicia Juvenil.
Avaliação de capacitação para utilização do Protocolo NICHD em duas cidades brasileiras
Authors: Hackbarth Chayene , Williams Lúcia Cavalcanti de Albuquerque , Lopes Nahara Rodrigues Laterza
Published: November 2015

Considerando recomendações de boas práticas forenses na escuta de crianças, pesquisadores do National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), nos E.U.A, desenvolveram o Protocolo de Entrevista estruturada NICHD. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar uma capacitação oferecida a 15 profissionais (psicólogas e assistentes sociais) de dois municípios brasileiros. A capacitação envolveu um curso teórico presencial sobre o protocolo em dois dias e uma parte prática que compreendia realizar, gravar e enviar em áudio para as pesquisadoras no mínimo uma entrevista realizada antes e outra entrevista após a capacitação. Tais entrevistas foram analisadas e comparadas, sendo fornecido feedback à distância sobre o desempenho aos participantes. Adicionalmente, as participantes completaram o Questionário de Aceitação Social sobre a capacitação. Após a capacitação com o protocolo, houve um aumento significativo no uso de perguntas abertas nas entrevistas realizadas, bem como aumento significativo da taxa de detalhes de relevância forense nas respostas às questões diretas. A avaliação dos participantes foi, em geral, positiva. Limitações do estudo referem-se ao número reduzido de participantes e de entrevistas realizadas, bem como problemas intrínsecos ao contexto forense brasileiro, com interferência de perguntas diretas e sugestivas por operadores de Direito durante o Depoimento Especial da criança.
Capacitação para o uso do Protocolo NICHD em profissionais sul-brasileiros
Authors: Aznar-Blefari Carlos , Padilha Maria da Graça Saldanha
Published: November 2015

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de um programa de capacitação para uso do Protocolo NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development). Trata-se de um instrumento desenvolvido com base em boas-práticas em entrevista investigativa e validado por estudos que demonstram sua eficácia em campo. O protocolo traz uma frequência maior de questões abertas diminuindo assim a sugestionabilidade. Participaram do estudo duas psicólogas e uma assistente social. Um programa de capacitação foi desenvolvido com quatro intervenções baseadas na literatura científica. O estudo teve como desenho experimental o delineamento de sujeito-único (A-B-C-D), no qual o comportamento de cada participante foi avaliado por meio de entrevistas investigativas realizadas entre cada intervenção do programa. Ao se analisar os dados de cada participante, observou-se melhora na qualidade das entrevistas realizadas, passando os participantes a utilizar mais perguntas abertas e menos questões fechadas. A média das questões utilizadas foram comparadas estatisticamente por meio da simulação de Monte Carlo e do teste ANOVAs de Friedman demonstrando significativamente a redução do uso de questões sugestivas. Ressalta-se a importância em se realizar um programa de capacitação que inclua aspectos teóricos e práticos e supervisões contínuas com a presença de feedback em cada entrevista realizada.
How Not to Defend Response Moralism
Authors: Smuts Aaron
Published: November 2015

Response moralism holds that audience reactions to works of fiction can be morally bad. This position might appear implausible: How could it be bad to enjoy fictional suffering? It is just fiction. My goal is to sketch the most compelling argument in support of the theory. I show both how and how not to defend response moralism. First. I argue that the best defenses in the literature fail. Then, I offer a suggestion for how to support the theory. Finally, and most important, I argue that the difficulties for the theory have not been fully appreciated. To this end, I present, but do not attempt to solve, four issues facing response moralism.
Antioxidant Capacity and Consumer Acceptability of Spiced Black Tea
Authors: Ochanda Simon Oduor , Wanyoko John Kanyiri , Ruto Henrik Kipngeno
Published: November 2015

Value addition of bulk curl tear cut (CTC) black tea is important to meet emerging customer needs and address challenges in a competitive beverage market. Spicing of the tea is one way of value addition but little or no research has been done on the biochemical effect of blending tea with spices and consumer acceptability. A study was conducted to determine the effect of spices on consumer acceptability; pricing and anti-oxidant capacities of black CTC tea consumed in the Kenyan market. Six spices and a spice mix including; ginger, lemon grass, nutmeg, cinnamon, rosemary and tea masala were used to develop aerated spice tea. The spice mix-tea masala comprised of ginger, cinnamon, cardamoms, cloves, black pepper and nutmeg. The threshold levels of spice-tea blends for commercial purposes were demonstrated using three highly rated spices i.e. cinnamon, lemon grass and ginger. Economic costing was done using the cinnamon spiced-tea. The results showed that black tea had the highest antioxidant activity of 92.66% against that of the highest spice cinnamon 89.89%. Antioxidant activity of spiced tea significantly (P<=0.05) decreased with the quantity of added spice. Spices significantly (P<=0.05) increased consumer preference of the black tea and the preferred spice-mix ratios also differed. Some spices were preferred more than others as shown by the three best rated spice-tea mixes including; cinnamon at 10% lemon grass at 5% and ginger at 15% which had mean scores of 6.74, 6.35 and 6.58 respectively on a hedonic scale.
Role of Keratinocyte Growth Factor in the Differentiation of Sweat Gland-Like Cells From Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Xu Yongan , Hong Yucai , Xu Mengyan , Ma Kui , Fu Xiaobing , Zhang Mao , Wang Guirong
Published: November 2015

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have higher proliferation potency and lower immune resistance than human bone marrow MSCs and can differentiate into various functional cells. Many regulatory factors, including keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), are involved in the development of skin and cutaneous appendages. Although KGF is important in wound healing, the role of KGF in hUC-MSC differentiation remains unknown. In our previous work, we found the mixing medium (nine parts of basic sweat-gland [SG] medium plus one part of conditioned heat-shock SG medium) could induce hUC-MSC differentiation to sweat gland-like cells (SGCs). In this study, we further improved the inducing medium and determined the effects of KGF in hUC-MSC differentiation. We found KGF expression in the SGCs and that recombinant human KGF could induce hUC-MSC differentiation into SGCs, suggesting KGF plays a pivotal role in promoting hUC-MSC differentiation to SGCs. Furthermore, the SGCs differentiated from hUC-MSCs were applied to severely burned skin of the paw of an in vivo severe combined immunodeficiency mouse burn model. Burned paws treated with SGCs could regenerate functional sparse SGs 21 days after treatment; the untreated control paws could not. Collectively, these results demonstrated that KGF is a critical growth factor for SGC differentiation from hUC-MSCs and the differentiated SGCs from hUC-MSCs may have a potential therapeutic application for regeneration of destroyed SGs and injured skin.

Significance

There is growing evidence demonstrating a potential therapeutic application of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in injured skin. In the current study, conditioned media and chemically defined media with recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) could induce hUC-MSC differentiation into sweat gland-like cells (SGCs). Moreover, the differentiated SGCs from hUC-MSCs could regenerate functional sparse sweat glands in a mouse burn model, which provides further insight into the mechanisms of the role of KGF and a potential therapeutic application of differentiated SGCs for regeneration of destroyed sweat glands and injured skin.
Formation des maîtres et de musiciens pédagogues : le musicien-enseignant
Authors: Terrien Pascal
Published: November 2015

La formation au certificat d’aptitude aux fonctions de professeur de musique (C. A.) du Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris (CNSMDP) est organisée depuis 2009 en différents modules. Parmi ceux-ci, le module B « Former des formateurs » donne lieu, en fin de cursus, à un exposé oral où l’étudiant doit « être capable de décrypter les savoirs (compétences, programmes, méthodes) et les moyens mis en oeuvre dans un cours observé » (Livret du Département de formation à l’enseignementdu CNSMDP 2010). Après avoir visionné un cours d’instrument, l’étudiant est invité à le décrire, à en analyser les éléments et à produire un commentaire qui permette au jury d’apprécier ses connaissances et ses compétences en pédagogie, ses qualités d’analyste, la pertinence des remarques et des remédiations qu’il proposerait au professeur. Sont étudiés dans cet article la corrélation entre les objectifs déclarés de ce module et les résultats obtenus par l’analyse des productions orales des étudiants lors de cette épreuve. Cette étude s’appuie sur l’analyse de la transcription des commentaires des étudiants, mise en perspective avec les objectifs affichés par cet examen et les attentes diverses du jury, et prenant comme référence le cadre théorique décrit par Hammerness, Darling-Hammond et Brandsford (2005).
Expérimentation d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour expliciter le processus de création d’une interprétation musicale
Authors: Héroux Isabelle , Fortier Marie-Soleil
Published: November 2015

Cette recherche, de type exploratoire, avait pour but de développer une méthodologie pour analyser l’ensemble du processus créatif dans le travail d’interprétation d’une pièce musicale et ce, grâce à une étude pilote avec un seul cas. Nous avons utilisé les moyens de collecte des données relatives au travail instrumental qui ont déjà été validés par différents auteurs, dont Chaffin et Imreh (2002) et Chaffin et al. (2003), soit l’enregistrement des répétitions comportant des verbalisations, leur description par un observateur et les questionnaires réflexifs. De plus, nous avons employé une technique d’entretien inspirée de l’autoconfrontation (Theureau 2010 ; Vermersch 1994). Nous avons procédé à l’analyse de contenu de chacune des répétitions, puis nous avons utilisé l’analyse par théorisation ancrée (Paillé 1994) pour analyser l’ensemble des données (répétitions, verbalisations, observations et entretiens). Bien que nos résultats recoupent ceux déjà mentionnés dans la littérature scientifique existante en ce qui concerne les étapes de travail du musicien (Chaffin et al. 2003), ils mettent cependant à jour de nouveaux phénomènes, relatifs notamment au travail de l’expressivité de l’oeuvre et qui font l’objet d’une nouvelle étape de travail que nous avons appelée appropriation artistique. Lors de cette étape, le sujet rattachait le sens musical abstrait de l’oeuvre à des éléments inspirés de son vécu, grâce à l’utilisation d’analogies et d’une trame narrative, dans le but de donner un sens plus personnel au texte musical et favorisant, selon lui, une interprétation plus convaincante. La nature du travail effectué durant cette phase repose sur la recherche d’un sentiment de justesse de l’expressivité du jeu (caractère, nuances, sonorité, phrasé, etc.) que le sujet utilise pour valider la qualité et l’authenticité de son interprétation musicale. La méthodologie développée permettra d’étudier, dans le cadre de futures recherches comportant plusieurs sujets, l’ensemble du processus créatif au coeur du travail d’interprétation d’une pièce musicale.
Clinical Studies of Biofield Therapies: Summary, Methodological Challenges, and Recommendations
Authors: Jain Shamini , Hammerschlag Richard , Mills Paul , Cohen Lorenzo , Krieger Richard , Vieten Cassandra , Lutgendorf Susan
Published: November 2015

Biofield therapies are noninvasive therapies in which the practitioner explicitly works with a client's biofield (interacting fields of energy and information that surround living systems) to stimulate healing responses in patients. While the practice of biofield therapies has existed in Eastern and Western cultures for thousands of years, empirical research on the effectiveness of biofield therapies is still relatively nascent. In this article, we provide a summary of the state of the evidence for biofield therapies for a number of different clinical conditions. We note specific methodological issues for research in biofield therapies that need to be addressed (including practitioner-based, outcomes-based, and research design considerations), as well as provide a list of suggested next steps for biofield researchers to consider.
Carryover de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência do algodoeiro sobre o milho cultivado em sucessão
Authors: Gheno Eliezer Antonio , Oliveira Jr. Rubem Silvério de , Constantin Jamil , Biffe Denis Fernando , Menezes Carlos César Evangelista de , Franchini Luiz Henrique Morais , Osipe Jethro Barros , Raimondi Ricardo Travasso
Published: November 2015

Herbicidas que apresentam longa persistência no solo podem causar problemas em culturas semeadas em sucessão, devido ao efeito residual no solo. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar os efeitos de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência do algodoeiro sobre a produtividade da cultura do milho semeada em sucessão. O experimento foi instalado no município de Santa Helena de Goiás – GO. As aplicações dos tratamentos herbicidas foram realizadas em pré-emergência do algodoeiro, utilizando-se clomazone isolado ou em misturas com fomesafen, fomesafen + trifluralin, fomesafen + s-metolachlor, fomesafen + diuron e fomesafen + prometryne. Na condição que foi conduzido o experimento, os resultados observados permitiram constatar que a aplicação dos herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência na cultura do algodoeiro não acarretaram em efeitos significativos na altura de inserção de espiga, altura de inserção do pendão, diâmetro do colmo e produtividade de milho, resultando em ausência de carryover sobre o híbrido de milho RR® AG 7098 PRO 2, sendo considerada segura a semeadura de milho realizada 264 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas.
Eficácia e fitotoxicidade de herbicidas aplicados para manejo de plantas daninhas infestantes do trigo
Authors: Galon Leandro , Castoldi Camile Thais , Forte César Tiago , Kujawiski Renato , David Felipe Adelio De , Perin Gismael Francisco , Radunz André Luiz , Agazzi Luciane Renata , Rossetti Joselaine , Radunz Lauri Lourenço
Published: November 2015

Objetivou-se com o trabalho identificar alternativas para o manejo químico de plantas daninhas infestante do trigo, bem como verificar a fitotoxicidade de herbicidas sobre a cultura. Instalou-se o experimento em blocos casualizados, arranjado em esquema fatorial 2 x 13, com quatro repetições. No fator A, alocou-se as cultivares de trigo (Quartzo e Pioneiro) e no B os herbicidas (iodosulfuron – 0,100 kg ha-1; imazapic + imazapyr – 0,140 kg ha-1; clomazone 0,800 L ha-1; imazethapyr + imazapic – 1,250 L ha-1; propanil – 6,000 kg ha-1; oxyfluorfen – 1,000 L ha-1; penoxsulam – 0,175 L ha-1; metsulfuron-methyl – 0,0033 kg ha-1; 2,4-D – 1,250 L ha-1; cyhalofop-p-buthyl – 1,380 L ha-1; pyroxsulam – 0,400 L ha-1), mais duas testemunhas uma capinada e outra infestada. O iodosulfuron, propanil, oxyfluorfen, metsulfuron-methyl, 2,4-D, cyhalofop-p-buthyl, penoxsulam e pyroxsulam ocasionaram valores inferiores a 5,5% de fitotoxicidade às cultivares de trigo e de modo geral não diferiram das testemunhas capinada e infestada. Os maiores efeitos fitotóxicos foram ocasionados pelo imazethapyr + imazapic, clomazone e imazapic + imazapyr sobre as cultivares de trigo. A aplicação de iodosulfuron, imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapic + imazapyr e o pyroxsulam apresentaram elevados percentuais de controle do azevém, com índices superiores a 95,5%. O imazethapyr + imazapic, clomazone e imazapic + imazapyr apresentaram as maiores fitotoxicidades sobre as cultivares de trigo. O iodosulfuron, imazethapyr + imazapic, clomazone e imazapic + imazapyr e o pyroxsulam demonstraram os melhores controles do azevém. O iodosulfuron apresentou a menor influência sobre os componentes do rendimento de grãos do trigo ao se comparar com os demais herbicidas.
Viabilidade de sementes de azevém em função do estádio fenológico de aplicação de herbicidas
Authors: Rizzardi Mauro Antonio , Galvan Jonatas , Martins Fernanda Brum , Schneider Theodoro
Published: November 2015

O azevém é uma importante planta daninha na cultura do milho e em cereais de inverno. O surgimento de biótipos resistentes ao glyphosate, principal herbicida utilizado no sistema agrícola brasileiro, e a capacidade de ressemeadura natural, tem-se suscitado a necessidade de buscar alternativas para minimizar o reabastecimento do banco de sementes dessa espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de herbicidas em diferentes estádios fenológicos de plantas de azevém sensível ao glyphosate, sobre a viabilidade das sementes originadas dessas plantas. Para tal, plantas de azevém foram submetidas à aplicação da associação dos herbicidas glyphosate e clethodim (750 g e.a. ha-1 + 120g i.a. ha-1, respectivamente) em 10 diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. As sementes produzidas foram avaliadas quanto a sua viabilidade em teste de tetrazólio; germinação em câmara de crescimento tipo B.O.D. com posterior teste de tetrazólio e emergência de plantas em substrato de turfa. Os resultados indicam que a época limite de dessecação do azevém para que não produza sementes viáveis é o estádio anterior à antese completa, sendo que neste estádio ocorreu a redução total da viabilidade, germinação e emergência das sementes de azevém expostas a aplicação da associação de glyphosate + clethodim.
A new technique for determining Substorm Onsets and Phases from Indices of the Electrojet (SOPHIE)
Authors: Forsyth C. , Rae I. J. , Coxon J. C. , Freeman M. P. , Jackman C. M. , Gjerloev J. , Fazakerley A. N.
Published: November 2015

We present a new quantitative technique that determines the times and durations of substorm expansion and recovery phases and possible growth phases based on percentiles of the rate of change of auroral electrojet indices. By being able to prescribe different percentile values, we can determine the onset and duration of substorm phases for smaller or larger variations of the auroral index or indeed any auroral zone ground‐based magnetometer data. We apply this technique to the SuperMAG AL (SML) index and compare our expansion phase onset times with previous lists of substorm onsets. We find that more than 50% of events in previous lists occur within 20 min of our identified onsets. We also present a comparison of superposed epoch analyses of SML based on our onsets identified by our technique and existing onset lists and find that the general characteristics of the substorm bay are comparable. By prescribing user‐defined thresholds, this automated, quantitative technique represents an improvement over any visual identification of substorm onsets or indeed any fixed threshold method.
Variability and origin of seismic anisotropy across eastern Canada: Evidence from shear wave splitting measurements
Authors: Darbyshire F. A. , Bastow I. D. , Forte A. M. , Hobbs T. E. , Calvel A. , Gonzalez‐Monteza A. , Schow B.
Published: November 2015

Measurements of seismic anisotropy in continental regions are frequently interpreted with respect to past tectonic processes, preserved in the lithosphere as “fossil” fabrics. Models of the present‐day sublithospheric flow (often using absolute plate motion as a proxy) are also used to explain the observations. Discriminating between these different sources of seismic anisotropy is particularly challenging beneath shields, whose thick (≥200 km) lithospheric roots may record a protracted history of deformation and strongly influence underlying mantle flow. Eastern Canada, where the geological record spans ∼3 Ga of Earth history, is an ideal region to address this issue. We use shear wave splitting measurements of core phases such as SKS to define upper mantle anisotropy using the orientation of the fast‐polarization direction ϕ and delay time δt between fast and slow shear wave arrivals. Comparison with structural trends in surface geology and aeromagnetic data helps to determine the contribution of fossil lithospheric fabrics to the anisotropy. We also assess the influence of sublithospheric mantle flow via flow directions derived from global geodynamic models. Fast‐polarization orientations are generally ENE‐WSW to ESE‐WNW across the region, but significant lateral variability in splitting parameters on a ≤100 km scale implies a lithospheric contribution to the results. Correlations with structural geologic and magnetic trends are not ubiquitous, however, nor are correlations with geodynamically predicted mantle flow directions. We therefore consider that the splitting parameters likely record a combination of the present‐day mantle flow and older lithospheric fabrics. Consideration of both sources of anisotropy is critical in shield regions when interpreting splitting observations.
Fracturing and earthquake activity within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm in the Western Volcanic Rift Zone of Iceland
Authors: Hjartardóttir Ásta Rut , Hjaltadóttir Sigurlaug , Einarsson Páll , Vogfjörd Kristín , Muñoz‐Cobo Belart Joaquín
Published: November 2015

The Prestahnúkur fissure swarm is located within the ultraslowly spreading Western Volcanic Zone in Iceland. The fissure swarm is characterized by normal faults, open fractures, and evidence of subglacial fissure eruptions (tindars). In this study, fractures and faults within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm were mapped in detail from aerial photographs to determine the extent and activity of the fissure swarm. Earthquakes during the last ~23 years were relocated to map the subsurface fault planes that they delineate. The Prestahnúkur fissure swarm is 40–80 km long and up to ~20 km wide. Most of the areas of the fissure swarm have been glacially eroded, although a part of it is covered by postglacial lava flows. The fissure swarm includes numerous faults with tens of meters vertical offset within the older glacially eroded part, whereas open fractures are found within postglacial lava flows. Comparison of relocated earthquakes and surface fractures indicates that some of the surface fractures have been activated at depth during the last ~23 years, although no dike intrusions have been ongoing. The existence of tindars nevertheless indicates that dike intrusions and rifting events do occur within the Prestahnúkur fissure swarm. The low‐fracture density within postglacial lava flows and low density of postglacial eruptive fissures indicate that rifting episodes occur less often than in the faster spreading Northern Volcanic Zone.
Mechanism of formation of wiggly compaction bands in porous sandstone: 1. Observations and conceptual model
Authors: Liu Chun , Pollard David D. , Deng Shang , Aydin Atilla
Published: November 2015

Field observations are combined with microscopic analyses to investigate the mechanism of formation of wiggly compaction bands (CBs) in the porous Jurassic aeolian Aztec Sandstone exposed at Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada. Among the three types of CBs (T1, T2, and T3), we focused on the wiggly CBs (T3), which show a chevron (T31) or wavy (T32) pattern with typical corner angles of approximately 90° or 130°, respectively. Where corner angles of wiggly CBs increase to 180°, they become straight CBs (T33). Image analyses of thin sections using an optical microscope show host rock porosity increases downslope in this dune, and the predominant type of wiggly CBs also varies from chevron to straight CBs. Specifically, band type varies continuously from chevron to wavy to straight where the porosity and grain sorting of the host rock increase systematically. Based on the crack and anticrack models, we infer that the change from chevron to straight CBs is due to increasing failure angle of the sandstone and this may correlate with increasing grain sorting. Wavy CBs with intermediate failure angle and host rock porosity are an intermediate stage between chevron and straight CBs. Previous sedimentological studies also have suggested that grain size and sorting degree increase downslope on the downwind side of sand dunes due to a sieving process of the wind‐blown grains. Therefore, the transition of wiggly CB types in this regard correlates with increasing sorting and perhaps with increasing porosity downslope.
The Text Matters: Eye Movements Reflect the Cognitive Processing of Interrogation Rights
Authors: Scherr Kyle C. , Agauas Stephen J. , Ashby Jane
Published: November 2015

Suspects' decisions to waive or invoke interrogation rights have considerable impact on whether subsequent interrogations ensue, self‐incriminating information is offered, and in the case of innocent suspects, wrongful convictions occur. Although interrogation warnings differ in their text characteristics, empirically examining the influence of these text differences on suspects' ability to process and comprehend their rights has largely been neglected, which is especially problematic for vulnerable populations. Using a novel approach, we monitored the eye movements of 60 juveniles as they silently read different versions of Miranda warnings in order to investigate the relationship among text characteristics, processing difficulty, and comprehension problems. Results indicated that text characteristics were associated with processing difficulties and these processing difficulties were strongly correlated with comprehension of the warnings. Along with advancing basic and applied research programs, this approach can inform policy decisions and benefit vulnerable populations whose comprehension of interrogation rights is encumbered by legalese.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glass‐Forming Ability and Crystallization Behavior of Al86Ni9La5 Metallic Glass with Si Addition
Authors: Yi Jiaojiao , Xu Wanqiang , Xiong Xianzhong , Kong Lingti , Ferry Micheal , Li Jinfu
Published: November 2015

The glass‐forming ability (GFA) of (Al86Ni9La5)100−xSix alloys, where x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0, were determined with the crystallization behavior of these alloys. As the Si content increases, the GFA reaches a maximum at x = 0.2 and then continuously decreases. The thermal stability of the metallic glass is also deteriorated owing to the Si addition, which is accompanied by a gradual disappearance of the glass transition in the DSC traces. It is demonstrated that the peak in GFA at x = 0.2 is due to the increase in atomic packing efficiency while the deterioration of GFA at larger x is related to the chemical action between Si and other elements, which leads to a heterogeneous amorphous structure and a significant increase in microhardness at x = 0.5.
Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Composites With Geometric Characteristics of Carbon Allotropes
Authors: Noh Ye Ji , Kim Hyun Su , Ku Bon‐Cheol , Khil Myung‐Seob , Kim Seong Yun
Published: November 2015

Effect of the sizes and shapes of the diverse carbon allotropes such as carbon black, carbon nanotube, graphene nanoplatelet, graphite, pitch‐based carbon fiber (PCF), and expanded graphite (EG) on the thermal conductivity of polymer composites is investigated. Effective improvement of the thermal conductivity of composites with microsized one‐dimensional (1D) PCF and EG including the intercalation spacing is observed due to efficient formation of thermal transfer networks and little phonon scattering at the interfaces by the reduction of the interfaces. The excellent bulk and in‐plane thermal conductivity of the composites with 20 wt% EG fillers of 1.9 and 6.7 Wm−1K−1 is observed.
Methods and Applications of Multilayer Silk Fibroin Laminates Based on Spatially Controlled Welding in Protein Films
Authors: Brenckle Mark A. , Partlow Benjamin , Tao Hu , Applegate Matthew B. , Reeves Andrew , Paquette Mark , Marelli Benedetto , Kaplan David L. , Omenetto Fiorenzo G.
Published: November 2015

Recent use of biopolymers as interface materials between planar, inorganic electronics and biological tissues has required the adaptation of micro‐ and nanofabrication techniques for use with these nontraditional materials. In this work, a method which builds on this principle for spatial control of adhesion in multilayer silk fibroin laminates is investigated. This is accomplished through the addition of a spatially patterned amorphous silk adhesive layer in between the films to be adhered, before thermally processing them with heat (120 °C) and pressure (80 Psi) according to established procedures. A one‐step method for rapid, high‐throughput fabrication is demonstrated, which establishes a strong (1100 kPa) bond between the layers independent of the initial processing conditions of the films. The adhesive layers can be patterned using existing silk fabrication techniques, allowing for the assembly of complex geometries including bilayers and microbubbles. Additionally, the utility of this method is demonstrated for potential applications in drug delivery and transient electronics. This approach provides a versatile method for construction of complex multilayer structures in silk, which with future work may ultimately improve the utility of this material as a bridge between high technology and the biomedical sciences.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aminoxylation of Different Types of Hydrocarbons with TEMPO: A Concise Route to N‐Alkoxyamine Derivatives
Authors: Li Linyi , Yu Zhengwei , Shen Zengming
Published: November 2015

An efficient copper(II)/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide catalyst system [(Bpy)Cu(II)/TBHP] for the aminoxylation of different types of hydrocarbons under mild and ambient air conditions has been developed to furnish N‐alkoxyamine derivatives in good to high yields. Ketones, esters, nitriles, toluene, ethylbenzene, heterocycles, cyclohexene, and cyclohexanes are well compatible in this system and the catalyst loading could be lowered to 0.5 mol%.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylthiolation of Di(hetero)aryl‐λ3‐iodanes: Mechanistic Insight and Application to Synthesis of (Hetero)Aryl Trifluoromethyl Sulfides
Authors: Saravanan Perumal , Anbarasan Pazhamalai
Published: November 2015

The direct and regioselective copper/S‐Phos‐catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical di(hetero)aryl‐λ3‐iodanes has been accomplished for the synthesis of various (hetero)aryl trifluoromethyl sulfides employing readily accessible silver trifluoromethylthiolate (AgSCF3) as nucleophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent. The developed transformation tolerates various functional groups like nitrile, enolizable ketone, ester, nitro and free carboxylic acid. Interestingly, the formal trifluoromethylthiolation of arenes was also achieved through integration of the synthesis of diaryl‐λ3‐iodanes from arenes with the trifluoromethylthiolation. Mechanistic investigations did not favor the radical formation and SET pathway. Based on the variable temperature 19F NMR spectroscopy, isolation of the most relevant catalytic intermediate, and stoichiometric studies supported the Cu(I)/Cu(III) catalytic cycle, wherein the oxidative addition of diaryl‐λ3‐iodanes was assisted by the silver salt.

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Clinicopathologic analysis of TAFRO syndrome demonstrates a distinct subtype of HHV‐8‐negative multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Iwaki Noriko , Fajgenbaum David C. , Nabel Christopher S. , Gion Yuka , Kondo Eisei , Kawano Mitsuhiro , Masunari Taro , Yoshida Isao , Moro Hiroshi , Nikkuni Koji , Takai Kazue , Matsue Kosei , Kurosawa Mitsutoshi , Hagihara Masao , Saito Akio , Okamoto Masataka , Yokota Kenji , Hiraiwa Shinichiro , Nakamura Naoya , Nakao Shinji , Yoshino Tadashi , Sato Yasuharu
Published: November 2015

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) describes a heterogeneous group of disorders involving systemic inflammation, characteristic lymph node histopathology, and multi‐organ dysfunction because of pathologic hypercytokinemia. Whereas Human Herpes Virus‐8 (HHV‐8) drives the hypercytokinemia in a cohort of immunocompromised patients, the etiology of HHV‐8‐negative MCD is idiopathic (iMCD). Recently, a limited series of iMCD cases in Japan sharing a constellation of clinical features, including thrombocytopenia (T), anasarca (A), fever (F), reticulin fibrosis (R), and organomegaly (O) has been described as TAFRO syndrome. Herein, we report clinicopathological findings on 25 patients (14 males and 11 females; 23 Japanese‐born and two US‐born), the largest TAFRO syndrome case series, including the first report of cases from the USA. The median age of onset was 50 years old (range: 23–72). The frequency of each feature was as follows: thrombocytopenia (21/25), anasarca (24/25), fever (21/25), organomegaly (25/25), and reticulin fibrosis (13/16). These patients frequently demonstrated abdominal pain, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels, and acute kidney failure. Surprisingly, none of the cases demonstrated marked hypergammoglobulinemia, which is frequently reported in iMCD. Lymph node biopsies revealed atrophic germinal centers with enlarged nuclei of endothelial cells and proliferation of endothelial venules in interfollicular zone. 23 of 25 cases were treated initially with corticosteroids; 12 patients responded poorly and required further therapy. Three patients died during the observation period (median: 9 months) because of disease progression or infections. TAFRO syndrome is a unique subtype of iMCD that demonstrates characteristic clinicopathological findings. Further study to clarify prognosis, pathophysiology, and appropriate treatment is needed. Am. J. Hematol. 91:220–226, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.