bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Learner Electrician to Mechatronics Technician: Exploring the Possibilities
Authors: Gordon Mark L
Published: February 2025

This paper looks at the possibility of adapting the typical electrician or electrical technician training programme to that of a typical mechatronics technician. The study briefly looks at the necessary theory and some practical requirements for mechatronics technicians gleaned from the point of view of an electrician who has fulfilled the basic requirements of a diploma in electrical engineering. Mechatronics being a relatively new field of engineering may seem unattainable to new entrants into the field. Many learners who are on their way to become certificated (registered) electricians have passed the necessary theory subjects but are unable to easily obtain the required practical training. It may take many months for such learners to find an apprenticeship, internship or on-the-job training. When funding is available costs for training may be excessive and the quality of training may be questionable. Under conditions of high youth unemployment and few job opportunities, learner electricians may equip themselves with the necessary mechatronics skills to enter the job market of mechatronics technician. This paper wishes to answer the following questions: Can a learner electrician upgrade their skills to become a mechatronics technician? What skills are common between a learner electrician and a mechatronics technician? In an environment of scarce resources and underfunding for training is it possible to acquire the necessary mechatronics skills from self-learning and internet access? What mechatronics skills can be gleaned from exposure to typical machinery found in the household and local community? With the advancement of technology and exposure to remote laboratories what opportunities are available for the certification of mechatronics technicians? Within the mechatronics engineering landscape what are some of the innovation and entrepreneurial opportunities available in the context of the continent?
Imitation as an Organizational Competitive Strategy for Growth and Sustainability
Authors: Otuya Robert
Published: February 2025

Institutional theory suggests that firms imitate other firms with ideal traits, whereas the strategic scholarsâ€™ literature on imitation suggests firms imitate similar firms. Broadly, Imitation can be described as the drive of a competitor to replicate a companyâ€™s successful business model in terms of the introduction of new products and processes, in the adoption of managerial methods and organizational forms, and in market entry and the timing of investment. This paper reviews literature on theories that support imitation strategy, when imitation is the best strategy, how imitation help market leaders to stay ahead and how it affects new market entrants. Findings from literature review suggest that imitation as a strategy has continued to shape the competitiveness in modern corporations. Strategies that are largely based on imitation have seen the shakeout and emergence of new innovations and dominant technologies over time. Imitation of products, process, and technology has also led to improved industry standards. The paper recommends that firms opting for imitation business models should do it innovatively and ethically to attain healthy competition in the market place. It further argues that successful imitation rather than innovation may be a better way to sustain the business in an environment that is uncertain and pervaded with stiff competition. Even better, borrowing ideas from others and combining that with own creativity, can build strong competitive advantages for businesses that would otherwise be pushed out of the play field.
Enhancing Green Learning and Training in TVET Institutions through Digital Libraries in Nyeri County, Kenya
Authors: Mukundi Rose Muthoni , Njuki Wanjiru
Published: February 2025

TVET institutions all over the world and Kenya in particular have experienced low uptake of their courses for a very long time since the youth consider them secondary to university degrees. These institutions need to transform and revitalize themselves for acceptability by youth as a preference for post-secondary education. Green skills are an integral part of vocational competence and are key to sustainable development. Green learning and training in TVET through Competency Based Education and Training (CBET) would attract the attention of the majority youth towards adopting green skills geared to self-sustainability hence contributing towards sustainable development. However, sustainable development is not a fixed concept; rather it is a culturally-directed search for a dynamic balance in the relationships between social, economic and natural systems, a balance that seeks to promote equity between countries, races, social classes and genders. The objective of the study was to establish how the digital libraries were enhancing green learning and training in TVET institutions in contribution towards sustainable development. The study employed explorative and descriptive research methodologies and adopted purposive sampling. The target population included all TVET institutions in Nyeri County, Kenya. Data collection and data analysis tools were used for data process and presentation. The findings of the study were that digital libraries have contributed in enhancing green learning and training in TVET institutions through CBET for sustainable development. The conclusions were that digital libraries had a role to play towards enhancing green learning and training, there were several factors affecting implementation of digital libraries, and digital library implementation had positive effect on green learning and training in TVET institutions. In view of this, implementation of green CBET courses mainly targeting the youth by TVET institutions would go a long way in supporting green economy. The study recommended that TVET institutions should put in mechanism for implementing digital libraries for green learning and training.
The Strategies for Promoting Vocational Orientation and Skill Development among Street Kids of Northern Nigeria
Authors: Ademiluyi Lawrence Femi
Published: February 2025

The menace of the Almajiris, pan-handling street kids, should be of the greatest concern to development planners interested in social economic growth and poverty alleviation in Northern Nigeria. In almost all major Northern Nigerian cities, hundreds of teenagers roam the streets during school hours, pan in hand, idle, begging for alms, and making do with crumbs thrown at them. These hordes of unemployed and unengaged youth have helped to fill the ranks of the different insurgent groups, including Boko Haram, currently devastating parts of Northern Nigeria. These youths are known to seize on every political crisis to riot, loot and cause mayhem. This study seeks to identify strategies for promoting vocational orientation and skill development among this population. A mixture of quantitative and qualitative designs was used. Descriptive survey was the quantitative design employed. The study population comprised vocational teachers in TVET institutions in Northern Nigeria, vocational skill practitioners and street kids. 120 subjects were selected from the three groups using purposive sampling technique. Three research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. A 40-item questionnaire developed by the researcher was the major instrument used for the study. The researcher and his assistants also took time to observe three groups of Almanjiris to gain insight into their motivation and lifestyles. The instrument was validated by three experts; two in vocational education and one in sociology. The research questions were answered with descriptive statistical instruments of percentage and mean ratings while the hypothesis was tested using the one way analysis of variance. The reliability test yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.83 using the Kuder Richardson formula. The findings revealed that seeds of vocational and entrepreneurial orientation can be built in the street kids using film shows, Quranic talks, and meal incentives, among others. The paper posited that the poverty-bred insurgency currently infesting the region can be ameliorated if street kids are weaned away from the streets into vocational training and entrepreneurial engagements.
A Review of Value Creation in Craft Entrepreneurship Practices among Rural Small and Micro Enterprises in North Mugirango, Nyamira County, Kenya
Authors: Orwaru Maengwe James , Otuya Willies , Ngacho Christopher
Published: February 2025

Small and Micro Enterprise (SME), Sector is regarded worldwide as an engine for economic development, a source of income and employment creation, a major contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a linkage to large enterprises in the supply of goods and services, and a main promoter for entrepreneurship skills, creativity and major innovators for new products and processes. Despite all these, not much progress in value creation has been realized particularly from Rural Small and Micro Enterprises. Most studies done on SMEs indicate that there is a tendency of higher failure rate as compared to large firms although they are perceived as the main instruments for creativity, wealth and employment creation. This study presents a review of craft entrepreneurship practices in value creation among rural small and micro enterprises in North Mugirango Constituency, Nyamira County. Cross-sectional concurrent triangulation mixed research design was adopted targeting rural small and micro enterprises in the target area. Using Yamane sampling formula, snow ball sampling technique was used in arriving at a sample of 207 respondents. Questionnaire and interview schedules were major data collection instruments. Study findings indicated that: rural SMEs have a role to play in social economic development, there is more of creativity among rural craft entrepreneurs, and most businesses use appropriate technology but lack entrepreneurial competency. Both County and the national government stand to benefit in formulating new policies aimed at transforming Rural Small and Micro Enterprises into value creation engines. Craft small and micro enterprise owners would also benefit from new knowledge in creativity and use of appropriate technology in value creation.
Building Resilient Models for TVET Trainers Beyond COVID 19: A Trainers' Perspective
Authors: Andibo Ambetsa
Published: February 2025

Due to the on-set of COVID 19 in China in 2019 and later in Kenya in March 2020 online training was introduced in TVET institutions so that learning could take place when physical classes were suspended in order to contain the spread of the virus. Trainers in TVET were tasked with the responsibility of developing training material, planning methods to approach students, providing guidance to students as well as assessing the competencies of their students. The shift to online training resulted in trainers spending more time on planning and increased amount of written individual feedback. The net result was increased teachers workload. The current study reviewed the existing regulatory framework relating to TVET in Kenya and made proposals towards building resilient models of TVET beyond COVID 19. A descriptive survey method was used and 200 members drawn from Kabete National Polytechnic took part in this study. Random sampling was used to select trainers while purposive sampling was used to select administrative staff. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Through quantitative and qualitative analyses the need for emphasis on digital skills for trainers as well as a policy for distance and online training beyond the COVID 19 crisis was demonstrated. There is need for deliberate efforts towards the professional development of TVET trainers especially in regards to digital skills. Successful online training requires synergy from the government, managers of TVET institutions, trainers and even trainees
Fundamental information on educational planning: a comparative study across educational contexts
Authors: Baylon Gadra , Colon Ruth , Galigao Regina
Published: February 2025

This study analyzed the different approaches to educational planning across various countries. The study is conducted using a comparative qualitative approach based on the analysis of secondary data collected from different countries. The study investigated competency-based education, decentralization, stakeholder involvement, and cultural inclusivity. The findings highlight that successful educational planning incorporates adaptable policies, innovative curriculum designs, and inclusive governance. In stakeholder engagement, digital integration, and vocational training play crucial roles in addressing modern educational challenges. This study emphasizes the importance of continuous reforms to ensure holistic student development and economic alignment, fostering sustainable education systems in all countries.
EXPRESSION OF CD68 IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Jehanzeb Noor , Ziaullah Sara , Khitab Aysha , Ali Irfan , Malik Mehreen , Ali Imad
Published: February 2025

Background: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant cancer of oral cavity. Objective of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of CD68 in OSCC and to assess CD68 immunohistochemical expression in various grades of OSCC. Methods: Records of OSCC resections were retrieved from computerized laboratory data of Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Blocks of their tissue preserved in formalin and paraffin were also extracted. A 5-micron segment stained with haematoxylin and eosin was analysed using a light microscope. Patient’s age, sex, location of the lesion, and TNM staging were received from biopsy request forms, while the histological diagnosis, excision margin status, and lymph node involvement were retrieved from the biopsy reports. Results: As per intensity of CD68, 32 (32%) patients had weak CD68 expression of OSCC, 46 (46%) patients had moderate CD68 expression and 22 (22%) patients had strong CD68 expression. Conclusion: While there was no link between patient age or gender and CD68 expression in OSCC, there was a significant association with tumour site and histological grades. Due to its significant association with histological grades, CD68 may serve as a marker for OSCC aggressiveness and prognosis. Tumour location is important for predicting CD68 levels, and it may have a role in tumour behaviour.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(2):44-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i4.1540
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PERIANAL FISTULAE AND ABSCESSES
Authors: Zabit Fakiha , Fasih Sadaf , Arif Asad Bilal , Zahoor Omair Ahmed , Khan Rimsha , Naeem Aamna
Published: February 2025

Background: Perianal fistulae and abscesses are the different manifestations of the same clinical disease. They have been afflicting humans since ages. Although the disease is benign, it still adversely affects the patient’s quality of life. Up to 38% fistulae in ano arise from perianal abscesses. This study is aimed at determining the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative assessment of fistula in ano and perianal abscess, taking surgical confirmation as gold standard for the diagnosis. Methods: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted at Department of Radiology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, over a period of 6 months. In this study a total of 121 patients were enrolled using WHO software for sample size determination and by consecutive sampling (non-probability) technique. Results: The mean age of the patients was 43±12.77 years. Sixty-eight percent patients were male while 32% patients were female. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for perianal fistula assessment was 95.04%, Sensitivity 95.72%, Specificity 75%, Positive predictive value 99.11%, and Negative predictive value was 37.50%. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI of abscess on the basis of surgical findings turned out to be 90.08%, Sensitivity 91.45%, Specificity 50%, Positive predictive value 98.16%, and Negative predictive value 16.66%. Conclusion: MRI is quite an accurate, non-invasive imaging technique for determination of type and extent of peri-anal fistula and abscess.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(4):65-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i4.1552
GENDER DISPARITIES IN RISK OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AMONG OBESE YOUTH
Authors: Mahmood Rashad , Batool Misbah , Shoaib Muhammad , Majeed Najma , Qureshi Ahmad Munir , Nosheen Tahira
Published: February 2025

Background: Metabolic syndrome in obese youth is linked to an increased risk of early disease onset, particularly in males. This study examined the relationship between obesity and the components of metabolic syndrome in youth. Methods: The study included subjects aged 19–21 from various colleges screened for obesity (BMI, WC, and WHtR). Blood samples were analysed for fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, HDL-C and insulin levels. Results: Obese males showed an insignificant 8% higher blood glucose level (5.468±0.12 mmol/L) than their corresponding controls (5.060±0.17 mmol/L), and a striking 14.5% difference between obese males and females (4.773±0.081 mmol/L) (p<0.001). Overweight and obese groups collectively demonstrated higher HDL-C levels compared to their controls, reflecting a general upward trend in young adults, though it was not significant. Insulin levels were higher in obese males (1.07±0.36 ?IU/mL) compared to their controls (0.411±0.089 ?IU/mL, but the differences were not significant. In overweight males, triglyceride levels (102.7±7.2 mg/dL) were 26% higher than normal-weight males (81.5±6.1 mg/dL) (p<0.05), while obese males showed a 36.2% elevation (111.3±6.8 mg/dL) (p<0.005) and significantly higher levels compared to obese females (89.9±5.9 mg/dL) (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study highlights the early development of metabolic disturbances in obese youth, with males being at higher risk for metabolic syndrome and related diseases.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(4):37-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i4.1619
EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES AND INFANT ORAL HEALTH: AWARENESS AND PERSPECTIVES OF DENTISTS IN RAWALPINDI AND ISLAMABAD
Authors: Hasan Sana Jalil , Rashid Amber , Dil Ruba  , Zeeshan Siddique  , Zerish Niaz  , Zainab Riaz
Published: February 2025

Background: Early childhood caries is one of the most common dental issues affecting children worldwide. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of the dentists in the prevention and management of early childhood caries. Methods: This study was conducted at Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Rawalpindi, from Dec 2021 to Jun 2022. Three hundred dentists from the twin cities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad were contacted using a questionnaire in a cross-sectional study about their concepts towards early childhood caries and infant oral health. Their responses were analysed on SPSS-21. Results: Out of 300 participants, 86 (28.7%) participants had excellent scores (>80%), 204 (68.0%) had average scores (61-79%), while 10 (3.3%) had poor score of their knowledge of infant oral health and early childhood caries. Conclusion: Majority of the dentists had adequate knowledge about the various aspects included in maintaining good oral hygiene.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(4):52-55, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i4.1643
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF CURCUMIN AND ALOE VERA GEL ON CUTANEOUS WOUND HEALING IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS
Authors: Shah Maria , Farkhunda Nadeem  , Kalhoro Raima , Safiya Javed  , Bushra Sajid  , Kiran Irfan
Published: February 2025

Background: Healing is a survival process and essential for maintaining normal anatomical structure and function. Curcumin, the primary active compound in turmeric, and aloe vera, possess notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties which aid in healing. Objective of this study was to investigate the effects of curcumin and aloe vera on cutaneous wound healing. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Isra University, Hyderabad, from January to July 2023. Sixty-four healthy albino Wistar rats weighing 150–250 grams were procured from Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam. A full-thickness open excision-type wound was created and animals were divided into Group A (Control group, petroleum jelly applied to wound), Group B (Turmeric paste was applied on wound), Group C (aloe vera gel applied to wound), and Group D (Turmeric and aloe vera applied to wound). Four animals from each group were sacrificed on day 3, 5, 10, and 14 respectively. An excisional biopsy was taken and sections were examined for histological changes. Results: Markers of cutaneous wound healing such as congested blood vessels, inflammatory cells, number of fibroblasts, and amount of collagen deposition were best seen in Group D (p<0.05). Group D also showed the earliest signs of wound healing (p<0.05). Group A, B, and C showed some changes as congested blood vessels and inflammatory cells with signs of wound healing later. Conclusion: Combination therapy of curcumin and aloe vera exhibits better healing properties than individual therapy with either drug.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(4):13?6  DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i4.1652
EFFECT OF AGING AND OBESITY RELATED TESTOSTERONE DECLINE ON SERUM ADIPONECTIN LEVELS OF HEALTHY MALES
Authors: Hassan Hamid , Saeed Muniza , Khan Saadat Ali , Murtaza Muhammad Ayhan , Nadeem Muhammad Salman
Published: February 2025

Background: Men experience testosterone decline with both aging obesity which leads to enhanced adiponectin levels. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study that consisted of 80 healthy males who were equally divided into younger (20–40 years) and elder (41–60 years) categories, each was further divided equally into non-obese and obese groups. Serum testosterone and adiponectin levels were analyzed via Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: Testosterone levels of younger non-obese/obese males were significantly higher as compared to elder non-obese/obese males (p=0.00 and p=0.00) while testosterone levels of younger non obese participants were significantly higher than their obese counterparts (p=0.003). Adiponectin levels, however, of younger non obese participants were significantly lower than their elder non-obese and younger obese counterparts (p=0.001 and p=0.008 respectively). Moreover, elder non-obese and obese participants showed significant negative correlation between testosterone and adiponectin levels [(p=0.00) and (p=0.01)]. Also, younger and elder (regardless of obesity) and non-obese/obese participants (regardless of age) showed a significant negative correlation between serum testosterone and serum adiponectin levels [(p=0.00), (p=0.00), (p=0.00) and (p=0.00) respectively]. Conclusion: Testosterone levels decline with both aging and obesity, in otherwise healthy males, which makes adiponectin levels to rise. This in turn, though intricate physiological pathways, further deranges testosterone levels and thus puts aging and obese men at an increased risk of endo-metabolic disorders.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(4):3?7,  DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i4.1689
INTRAOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION OF CATARACT SURGERY IN DIABETES
Authors: Rizvi Syed Ali Afsar , Naz Saliha , Kamil Zeeshan , Rizvi Syed Fawad , Ghoghari Muhammad Kaunain Razzak , Tariq Fatima
Published: February 2025

Background: The incidence of diabetes worldwide is rising; cataract is a common ocular pathology and phacoemulsification with IOL implantation the preferred treatment. Objective of this study was to assess the visual acuity and rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications in eyes of diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery by phacoemulsification. Methods: In this quasi experimental study 200 eyes of 200 patients (100 diabetic, 100 non-diabetic) underwent phacoemulsification surgery. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraoperative, postoperative complications were measured and compared in both groups before and after surgery up to 4 months. Results: In 200 samples the ages were 56.6±6.3 years, 54% were male, 50% were diabetic. Among non-diabetics 76% had BCVA 6/6–6/12 postop, 24% had BCVA of 6/18 or >6/18 postop, 4% had uveitis, 42% had mild keratopathy, 8% had severe keratopathy and 10% had had (posterior capsular opacity) PCO. In diabetics 52% had BCVA 6/6–6/12 postop, 50% had BCVA of 6/18 or >6/18 postop, 28% had uveitis, 26% had mild keratopathy, 24% had severe keratopathy, 18% had worsening of retinopathy, and 30% PCO (p<0.05). Two percent non-diabetics had iris trauma; 4% diabetics had posterior capsular rupture (PCR), 2% had dropped nucleus and 6% had iris trauma. Intraoperative parameters were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: In cataract surgeries with phacoemulsification postoperative complication rate were found significantly higher in diabetics with non-diabetics achieving a better postoperative visual acuity. No significant differences in intraoperative complication rate were found among the cases.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(4):21?3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v20i4.1716
Family Laws and Domestic Violence in Pakistan: A Shariah Perspective
Authors: Khan Mujahid
Published: February 2025

Family laws in Pakistan intertwine with Islamic jurisprudence, state legislation, and cultural norms, shaping domestic relationships and societal values. This article critically evaluates Pakistani family laws, particularly their provisions on marriage, divorce, maintenance, custody, inheritance, and domestic violence, through a Shariah lens. It identifies points of congruence and divergence between Pakistani statutes and Islamic principles, highlighting the gaps that undermine women's rights and justice. Recommendations for legal reforms and enhanced implementation mechanisms are provided to harmonize these laws with both Shariah ideals and modern human rights frameworks.
Enhancing Inter-Institutional Collaboration for Successful E-Governance in Pakistan: An Analysis of Future Perspectives
Authors: Abbas Nadir
Published: February 2025

E-Governance is a way to approach the coming era of public administration in contemporary ways while keeping the public involved in policy development. The biggest barrier, however, is effective inter-institutional coordination. This paper examines the current status of e-governance in Pakistan and what it is doing, along with issues, opportunities, and success stories. It goes on to examine future pathways for boosting inter-institutional interaction and incorporating state-of-the-art innovations like big data analytics, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. The report suggests policy, legal, and technological amendments to ensure cooperation and improve e-governance. This study can be the key to realizing the full potential of e-governance in Pakistan for the betterment of stakeholders and policymakers.
A Win-Win Initiative or A Challenge to Regional & Global Balance: Comparison of Competing Narratives on BRI in China, Pakistan, India & USA
Authors: Jameel Maheen
Published: February 2025

It has been observed that all the states have visualized Belt and Road Initiative through the lens of national interest across the world. As the national interest plays significant role in framing of any national narrative, therefore it is only logical to contend that it has profound impact on framing of any state response towards BRI. China and Pakistan being the top beneficiaries of the project have expressed their optimism about BRI or its flagship project CPEC in Pakistan. For China the major narrative is that BRI is a ‘win-win initiative’ as their conviction is that it will bring benefits not only to China but to all the state whether in the region or located far away. Pakistan also professes similar narrative echoing in the words ‘game changer’, where ruling elites, intelligentsia and opinion makers believe that BRI/CPEC will prove miraculous for Pakistan internal economy and consequently regional position vis-a-vi India.

However, this is one side of the coin. On the obverse, regional and global powers like India and USA look at this project antagonistically. There is a convergence in their views and policies in perspective of BRI. For India, the project will disturb regional balance of power. U.S. ruling junta, media and intelligentsia go a step ahead and believe that BRI is not only a challenge to regional stability rather it is a threat to US global hegemony as well. They believe it to be part of China’s struggle to establish itself as a new global hegemon and change global order. National narratives are expressed through state officials’ statements, intelligentsia reports, media coverage and opinion leaders’ views, therefore the researcher relies on these sources to build argument by using post-positivist approach.
The Impact of CPEC Phase II on Pakistan’s Regional Development
Authors: Saleem Naila
Published: February 2025

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), part of China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), is a transformative venture with profound implications for Pakistan's regional development. After the successful execution of Phase I, which focused on infrastructure and energy, Phase II pivots towards industrial cooperation, socio-economic development, and agriculture, seeking to address Pakistan's regional disparities. This article examines the impact of CPEC Phase II on Pakistan’s regional development, exploring its contributions to economic growth, infrastructure enhancement, and socio-economic progress. It highlights the challenges and opportunities presented by this phase and offers policy recommendations to maximize its potential for fostering equitable regional development.
A study of the effectiveness of guarding to prevent falls through window openings
Authors:   Health and Safety Exeutive, Okunribido Olanrewaju , McGuire Steve , Cope Malcolm
Published: February 2025

Research project to gather and evaluate current information about guarding for the prevention of falls from heights through windows.
Ventajas de la localización de los nuevos miembros de la UE: una visión dinámica
Authors:   Viena Institute for International Economic Studies, Hunya Gábor
Published: February 2025

Los nuevos miembros de la Unión Europea han estado abiertos a la inversión extranjera directa (IED) durante los últimos quince años atrayendo importantes volúmenes de capital en términos per cápita. La mayoría de los flujos de entrada de inversión en el decenio de 1990 tuvieron como objetivo los mercados locales y sólo en algunos países e industrias se emplazaron filiales dirigidas a la exportación. Sin embargo, la IED más reciente en el sector manufacturero está orientada fundamentalmente a la exportación. Los crecientes salarios y la emergencia de más emplazamientos posibles en la Europa del este alentaron a los inversores a relocalizar algunas actividades desde los nuevos miembros. Cuanto mayor sea la integración de una filial en las redes internacionales y su competitividad, tanto mayores serán sus oportunidades de supervivencia y desarrollo. En consonancia, la política pública está fomentando la creación de redes y la mejora de los proyectos de inversión existentes, en vez de subvencionar toda clase de IED.
Las pymes manufactureras de la CAPV ante el reto de la internacionalización
Authors:   Universidad de Javeriana, Colombia, Arias Sandoval Alberto , Peña Legazkue Iñaki ,   Universidad de Deusto
Published: February 2025

Este estudio presenta una descripción del perfil de las pymes manufactureras vascas que están inmersas en un proceso de internacionalización en los albores del siglo XXI. En concreto, hemos pretendido dar respuesta a una doble cuestión, por un lado, cuáles son los factores que inciden en la productividad exportadora de las pymes manufactureras vascas, y por otro, averiguar el efecto que los recursos y decisiones estratégicas vinculadas al proceso de internacionalización de las pymes ejercen sobre la rentabilidad, el éxito y la competitividad externa. De nuestro análisis se concluye que las empresas que alcanzan una mayor productividad exportadora son las que disponen de una mayor dotación de activos estratégicos e intangibles y las que se benefician de la experiencia de socios capitalistas extranjeros. Una consecuencia interesante para la política pública es la referente al impulso de prácticas asociativas entre las pymes.
El patrón de distribución sectorial y geográfico de la inversión directa vasca en el exterior. Comparación con el caso español
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Gómez Vega Carmen
Published: February 2025

El objeto de este trabajo es comparar los patrones de distribución sectorial y geográfica de las inversiones directas vascas y españolas en el extranjero. A pesar del acelerado crecimiento de las inversiones directas vascas en los últimos años, estas inversiones muestran concentración en un número reducido de sectores, dominando las inversiones del sector financiero. De hecho, los datos de las inversiones sectoriales muestran, en el periodo estudiado, un menor grado de internacionalización productiva de las empresas vascas respecto de las españolas.
La estrategia del Gobierno estadounidense para impedir la regulación y el control de la deslocalización (offshore outsourcing)
Authors:   Universidad de Utah, Díaz Rúber F. , Toral Cuetos Pablo ,   Beloit College
Published: February 2025

Aunque el fenómeno de la deslocalización ha generado desde los años setenta importantes debates políticos en Estados Unidos, el gobierno no ha adoptado medidas para obstruirla o evitarla. El motivo es que la entrada de capital generada, por un lado, por la inversión directa extranjera (IED) de las empresas multinacionales estadounidenses en el extranjero y, por el otro, por la IED que realizan las EM extranjeras en Estados Unidos, arroja un saldo neto claramente positivo. Esta ventaja se basa en el alto grado de competitividad de las empresas estadounidenses frente a sus competidores, tanto en Estados Unidos como fuera.
De la ciencia a la competitividad: todos los elementos son necesarios
Authors:   Socintec, Fernández Tellechea Juan A. Fernández Tellechea , Ruiz Ruiz F. Javier Ruiz Ruiz ,   SOCINTEC
Published: February 2025

El artículo comienza mostrando el contexto general actual en el que se enmarcan los conceptos de innovación, competitividad y productividad. Una vez definidos los mismos, analiza la relación existente entre ellos tanto en el nivel macro como en el microeconómico. Más adelante, tras introducir el concepto de sistema de innovación, se exponen las diversas políticas de apoyo a la innovación. Asimismo, se comentan las principales características del sistema de innovación del Estado español y del País Vasco, y se lleva a cabo un breve análisis comparativo de ambos. Este apartado concluye con la explicación de las tres dimensiones identificadas de las políticas de innovación. Finalmente, se hace hincapié en dos aspectos fundamentales de la innovación en las empresas a través del análisis de los sectores de automoción, servicios y servicios a empresas.
Productividad, ciencia y tecnología
Authors:   Fundación Volkswagen, Krull Wilhelm , Sommer Simon ,   IWA AG, Schwerzenbach, Suiza
Published: February 2025

El artículo argumenta que, en los comienzos del siglo XXI, Europa está experimentando un cambio social, medioambiental y tecnológico a un ritmo sin precedentes, que plantea retos significativos a su sistema de investigación, ciencia y tecnología. Recientes informes comparativos y de evaluación indican que existe una urgente necesidad de emprender acciones más sustanciales para conseguir los objetivos establecidos en los Consejos Europeos: Lisboa y Barcelona. Los autores afirman que el camino a seguir es la coexistencia y coordinación de los sistemas nacionales y regionales de financiación de las investigaciones para obtener un sistema integrado mucho más eficiente y, por otra parte, más inversiones en investigación básica y estratégica. Por último, se sugiere la creación de una institución financiadora independiente europea, el Consejo Europeo de Investigación.
'La innovación y el crecimiento de la productividad en España
Authors:   Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Huergo Elena , Moreno Lourdes ,   Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Published: February 2025

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución de la productividad de las empresas manufactureras españolas y estudiar algunos determinantes de su crecimiento durante el periodo comprendido entre 1990 y 2002. Como factores explicativos se proponen los asociados con cuestiones organizativas y de entorno competitivo de las empresas, y se presta una especial atención al impacto que tienen las decisiones tecnológicas tomadas sobre los resultados. La desaceleración del crecimiento de la productividad de los últimos años del periodo analizado se correlaciona por una parte, con la reducción en la proporción de empresas con inversiones en actividades tecnológicas y, por otra, con el descenso en la habilidad de las empresas para traducir sus inversiones en innovaciones de producto y, especialmente, de proceso.
La Universidad en el sistema de ciencia y tecnología del País Vasco
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Pérez Iglesias Juan Ignacio
Published: February 2025

En el presente artículo se hace un recorrido por el mundo de la investigación y, sobre todo, de la investigación universitaria en el País Vasco analizando el esfuerzo que se le dedica y también los resultados que reporta. Finalmente se realiza un breve análisis sobre cómo la actividad investigadora y la formativa, que es la otra función universitaria por excelencia, están íntimamente relacionadas. Posteriormente se pasa a describir la influencia que la primera ejerce sobre la segunda.
Evaluación de los sistemas alternativos público-privados para la financiación de infraestructuras
Authors:   Universidad de Murcia, Benito López Bernardino , Montesinos Julvé Vicente ,   Universidad de Valencia
Published: February 2025

En este trabajo analizamos las diferentes propuestas de financiación privada de obras públicas que han surgido en los últimos años. Se concluye que casi todas ellas difícilmente pueden ser llamadas «privadas», ya que quien finalmente paga es la Administración a través de las correspondientes consignaciones presupuestarias. Lo único que se ha conseguido con la mal llamada financiación «privada» es diferir el reconocimiento contable y presupuestario de esa financiación y enmascarar el endeudamiento en que se incurre. Por tanto, una denominación más apropiada de las mismas sería la de sistemas de aplazamiento o fraccionamiento del pago de la obra en varios ejercicios.
Infraestructuras avanzadas de telecomunicación: soporte para el desarrollo de la sociedad del conocimiento
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Feijóo González Claudio , Gómez Barroso José Luis ,   UNED
Published: February 2025

La difusión generalizada de las infraestructuras avanzadas de telecomunicación es generalmente considerada como condición sine qua non para la incorporación de personas y territorios al nuevo paradigma socioeconómico que constituye la sociedad del conocimiento. Este artículo examina la solidez científica de este argumento para luego profundizar tanto en el estudio de las características y grado de desarrollo de dichas infraestructuras (redes de banda ancha en la actualidad, redes de «nueva generación» en un futuro próximo) como en el análisis crítico de la actuación pública que pretende impulsar su progreso.
Infraestructuras: fuentes de información en Internet
Authors:   Universidad del País Vasco, Esteban Galarza Marisol
Published: February 2025

El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer una recopilación de las principales fuentes de información disponibles en Internet sobre un ámbito tan complejo como son las infraestructuras, especialmente las llamadas tecnológicas. Se ha realizado una selección, para la cual se han elegido seis ámbitos específicos: energía; telecomunicaciones; transporte; medio ambiente; infraestructuras tecnológicas; y sector de la construcción y obra civil. En cada uno de estos campos se ha ordenado la información según la tipología de los organismos que intervienen en cada uno de ellos.
Ecclesiology in Africa
Authors: Cotelo Gomes Alberto , van Es Rowland , Kidula Florah , Chege Catherine W. , Davis Tamie , Falconer Robert , van Deventer Cornelia , Kipimo Jesse Fungwa , Tetteh Buertey Edwin , Kwakye Abraham Nana Opare , Ampong Isaac , Nuekpe Dieudonne Komla , Wang’ombe Judy Wanjiru , Samuelson Calum , Ogera E. Okelloh , Akano Benjamin Isola , Mwangi Paul N. , Onyemaechi Bartram Kelechi , Blok-Sijtsma Marike , Umaru Victor , Barron Joshua Robert
Published: February 2025

In this ninth volume from the annual conference of the Africa Society of Evangelical Theology, contributors explore the African Christian’s understanding of church through contextual ecclesiology. Presenting ecclesiology through the lenses of scriptural examinations, historical theology, systematic examinations, and practical theology, these essays work together to build a contemporary understanding of the burgeoning church in Africa through African voices.
ATUAÇÃO FISIOTERAPÊUTICA NO AMBIENTE DE EMERGÊNCIA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Authors: Prestes Ana Keite dos Santos , Chagas Laura Dalboni , Campos Samantha de Freitas
Published: February 2025

The increasing demand for emergency services represents a substantial challenge for health systems. In this context, a promising strategy to optimize patient flow in Emergency Departments is the integration of the physiotherapist as an active member of the multidisciplinary team. However, the role of the physiotherapist in emergency departments is a growing area of ​​research, still marked by significant gaps to be explored. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the evidence available in the literature on the role of the physiotherapist in the emergency setting. To this end, a survey of publications indexed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, BVS and PEDro databases and gray literature was carried out, using the descriptors “Emergency Service, Hospital” and “Physical Therapy Modalities”. Primary studies that addressed the role of the physiotherapist in the emergency department, published in the last 10 years in scientific journals, in Portuguese, English or Spanish, were included. Of the 78 articles found, only 9 met the established methodological criteria. It was concluded that the role of physiotherapists in emergency situations is consolidated as a fundamental element for the quality and efficiency of hospital care. However, challenges persist, such as the need for greater professional recognition, expansion of specialized training and development of standardized protocols.
Lifestyle-Based Solutions for Metabolic Disorders: A Focus on PCOS
Authors: Kulkarni Shraddha , Patil Shruti
Published: February 2025

Lifestyle disorders are those that are associated with a person's way of living their life. Changes in working patterns, bad eating habits, and alcohol usage are significantly related to the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as obesity, type II diabetes, and PCOD. The pathophysiology of metabolic disease is complex, including the interaction of genetic, environmental, and dietary variables. Examining several lifestyle risk variables rather than just one is crucial.
A prevalent multisystem endocrine condition called polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects around 3.5 - 13% of women. It manifests in the reproductive, as well as metabolic systems. The younger generation is getting affected more by it.
In Ayurveda, PCOS is not specifically discussed, but it can be linked to other disorders such as Vandhya Yonivyapada, Arajaska Yonivyapada, Artava Kshaya, Nastartava, Pushpaghni Jataharini, and so on.
Ayurveda is the science that promotes a healthy diet (Ahara), active lifestyle (Vihara), and use of medication (Aushadha) to enhance quality of life. The idea of Dinacharya has been used in Ayurveda to explain a variety of regimens for the maintenance of health.
Dinacharya is essential in PCOS treatment because it treats the underlying causes like Dosha imbalance, Agni Mandya, and Srotorodha and establishes a solid basis for restoring metabolic, reproductive, and mental health. When employed consistently, it promotes the efficiency of other Ayurvedic treatments.
Conclusion – Diseases are growing increasingly common in the modern period due to lifestyle changes and bad eating habits. The idea of Dinacharya in Ayurveda aids in addressing such lifestyle diseases by encouraging “Swasthasya Swasthya Rakshanam, Aaturasya Vikara Prashamanam.”
Keywords – Lifestyle, Metabolic disease, PCOS, Dinacharya
Análise da prevalência do aleitamento materno em menores de 6 meses no Brasil
Authors: Grossi Luiza Marques , Guo Mandy , Nogueira Paula Julia Leite , Andrade Ana Luiza Carvalho Fráguas , Bastos Izabela Penido Kern , Oliveira Luana Diniz de , Coelho Mariana Nascimento
Published: February 2025

Introdução: O aleitamento materno (AM) é um direito humano fundamental e é preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde a realização de forma exclusiva até o 6° mês de vida. Objetivo: Apresentar a prevalência e os tipos de AM em menores de 6 meses no Brasil. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo baseado na amamentação. Os dados foram obtidos no 4° relatório de aleitamento materno publicado em 2023 do ENANI (Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil). Resultados: Conforme os dados, observou-se que a prevalência do AM em menores de 6 meses é de 78,8% no Brasil. Dentre as maneiras de amamentação predomina-se o AME (aleitamento materno exclusivo), que é responsável por 45,8% dos tipos. Ao se analisar as regiões brasileiras observa-se disparidades entre as formas de amamentação. Vê-se que o AME apresentou maior prevalência na região Sul (54,3%) e a região com menor índice foi representada pelo Nordeste (39,0%). Ao estudar o aleitamento materno predominante, a região com maior prevalência foi o Nordeste com 17,4% enquanto o Sul foi a menor, indicando 3,5%. Já o AMM (aleitamento materno misto) teve maior prevalência no Nordeste (26,8%) e menor prevalência no Sudeste (14,7%). Observa-se disparidades entre as moradias, evidenciando uma adesão mais significativa em cidades. Conclusão: Faz-se necessário a ampliação de investimentos e ações em saúde visando a proteção e apoio do AM, de forma a garantir a amamentação e assegurar as metas propostas para 2030.