bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuclear and plastid phylogenomic analyses provide insights into the reticulate evolution, species delimitation, and biogeography of the Sino‐Japanese disjunctive Diabelia (Caprifoliaceae)
Authors: Ke Xiu‐Rong , Morales‐Briones Diego F. , Wang Hong‐Xin , Sun Qing‐Hui , Landis Jacob B. , Wen Jun , Wang Hua‐Feng
Published: November 2021

Understanding biological diversity and the mechanisms of the Sino‐Japanese disjunctions are major challenges in eastern Asia biogeography. The Sino‐Japanese flora has been broadly studied as an ideal model for plant phylogeography. Diabelia Landrein (Caprifoliaceae) is an East Asian genus, with a disjunctive distribution across the Sino‐Japanese region. However, relationships within Diabelia remain elusive. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Diabelia and inferred historical biogeography and evolutionary patterns based on nuclear and plastid sequences from target enrichment and genome skimming approaches, respectively. We found that the main clades within Diabelia were discordant between nuclear and plastid trees. Both nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses supported five main clades: Diabelia serrata (Siebold & Zucc.) Landrein, Diabelia tetrasepala (Koidz.) Landrein, Diabelia sanguinea (Makino) Landrein, Diabelia stenophylla (Honda) Landrein, and Diabelia spathulata (Siebold & Zucc.) Landrein. Species network analyses revealed that Diabelia tetrasepala is likely the result of a hybridization event. Divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstructions showed that Diabelia originated in Japan during the early Miocene, with subsequent vicariance and dispersal events between Japan and Korea, and between Japan and China. Overall, our results support the division of Diabelia into five main clades and the recognition of five species in the genus. This research provides new insights into the species delimitation and speciation processes of taxonomically complex lineages such as Diabelia.
Validating marine Devonian biogeography: a study in bioregionalization
Authors: Dowding Elizabeth M. , Ebach Malte C. , Mavrodiev Evgeny V.
Published: November 2021

The Devonian record presents an opportunity to test and validate an existing marine bioregionalization. This study is the first to use comparative biogeography and phylogenetic data to test Devonian bioregionalization. Proposed in the 1960s, the Old World, Eastern Americas and Malvinokaffric realms have been the functional standard for marine Devonian biogeography. Data from 32 published phylogenies of Devonian marine taxa, and a database of c. 800 occurrences were analysed using phylogenetic software to test for area monophyly. The taxic occurrences in our database were then tested against total fauna Devonian occurrences in the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org) to identify differences in sampling. Results indicate that the current Devonian bioregionalization is not representative of natural areas and requires revision. The results highlight areas that are most robust from which the study makes recommendations to improve the process and diagnosis of Devonian biogeographical areas. We found that legacy issues within palaeontology are evident within the results and their interpretation. The validation of bioregionalization and process is critical to the advancement of biogeography and palaeontology. The sensitivity of bioregionalization shows biotic and geographical relationships, how life and earth evolved together, and how geographical bias is evident in scientific process.
Phantom boarder symptom in elderly Japanese
Authors: Fukatsu Takahide , Kanemoto Kosuke
Published: November 2021

Background

Phantom boarder symptom (PBS) is classified as a delusional misidentification syndrome, and is often encountered in elderly individuals who have mild or major neurocognitive disorders. With the ageing of society, patients presenting with PBS are increasing in Japan. This retrospective study was conducted to examine the aetiology and identify significant predictors of PBS.

Methods

The records of 511 consecutive patients who visited our hospital with suspicion of dementia between September 2013 and September 2019 were retrospectively examined. From those, 16 patients who presented with PBS (1 male, 15 females; mean age 79.9 ± 4 years) were selected and case features were investigated in detail. Clinical symptoms, background factors, and final diagnoses were noted. PBS was most common in patients affected by dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Predictive factors were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

The final diagnosis of the 16 subjects was DLB in 7, Alzheimer's disease in 3, delusional disorder in 3, unspecified dementia in 2, and vascular dementia in 1. Analysis limited to DLB cases showed that a low Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and living alone were related to higher risk for PBS.

Conclusion

Various types of dementia, especially DLB, as well as cognitive impairment and living alone were found to be strong predictors of PBS.
How should we monitor welfare in the ornamental fish trade?
Authors: Jones Megan , Alexander Mhairi E. , Snellgrove Donna , Smith Peter , Bramhall Sam , Carey Peter , Henriquez Fiona L. , McLellan Iain , Sloman Katherine A.
Published: November 2021

The global ornamental fish trade is a multibillion‐dollar industry, with legal trade estimated to be worth between $15 and 20 billion per annum. Although there is existing legislation concerning the improvement of fish welfare in aquaculture and research, there is little legislation surrounding the welfare of pet fish. The different phases of the ornamental fish trade, including curation, transportation, time spent at wholesalers/retailers and time spent in domestic/public aquaria, represent different welfare concerns. Within the animal welfare field there is increasing interest in improving welfare through the creation of operational welfare indicators (OWIs), where individual indicators are aggregated to assess animal welfare. OWIs can be morphological, behavioural, physiological, metabolic or abiotic in nature, with behaviour often considered as the foremost non‐invasive method of elucidating welfare in fish. Currently, while OWIs exist for food fish species, there are no OWIs for use within the ornamental fish trade. This review looks briefly at the stressors experienced by fish within the ornamental trade, and then used a systematic approach (keywords behavio* AND fish* AND welfare) to identify relevant publications investigating existing behavioural measures of welfare used for ornamental fish species. Finally, this review considers the potential development of OWIs for the ornamental trade.
High heat flow at the SW passive margin of the Gulf of California
Authors: Prol‐Ledesma Rosa Maria , Carrillo De La Cruz Juan Luis , Torres‐Vera Marco‐Antonio , Estradas‐Romero Alejandro
Published: November 2021

New high heat flow data confirm the presence of a heat source in the passive margin of the southern Baja California Peninsula that is not linked with volcanic activity. The high heat discharge is spatially associated with low seismic velocity, crustal thinning, intense seismic activity, documented local extension, shallow Curie Point Depth and silica geothermometer temperatures above 100°C. The highly oblique rifting regime in the centre of the Gulf of California generates a transtensional setting conducive to local extension in its southwest margin. Similar high heat flow in a rifted margin has been reported only in the Gulf of Aden that is also an obliquely spreading ridge. The intense heat discharge, with heat flow values as high as 613 mW/m2, indicates the presence of a heat source consistent with mantle upwelling. Heat transfer calculations indicate that the heat source emplacement would be at most 2 Ma old.
Probing the functions of friedelane‐type triterpene cyclases from four celastrol‐producing plants
Authors: Lu Yun , Luo Yunfeng , Zhou Jiawei , Hu Tianyuan , Tu Lichan , Tong Yuru , Su Ping , Liu Yuan , Wang Jiadian , Jiang Zhouqian , Wu Xiaoyi , Chen Xiaochao , Huang Luqi , Gao Wei
Published: November 2021

Triterpenes are among the most diverse plant natural products, and their diversity is closely related to various triterpene skeletons catalyzed by different 2,3‐oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Celastrol, a friedelane‐type triterpene with significant bioactivities, is specifically distributed in higher plants, such as Celastraceae species. Friedelin is an important precursor for the biosynthesis of celastrol, and it is synthesized through the cyclization of 2,3‐oxidosqualene, with the highest number of rearrangements being catalyzed by friedelane‐type triterpene cyclases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the catalysis of friedelin production by friedelane‐type triterpene cyclases have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, transcriptome data of four celastrol‐producing plants from Celastraceae were used to identify a total of 21 putative OSCs. Through functional characterization, the friedelane‐type triterpene cyclases were separately verified in the four plants. Analysis of the selection pressure showed that purifying selection acted on these OSCs, and the friedelane‐type triterpene cyclases may undergo weaker selective restriction during evolution. Molecular docking and site‐directed mutagenesis revealed that changes in some amino acids that are unique to friedelane‐type triterpene cyclases may lead to variations in catalytic specificity or efficiency, thereby affecting the synthesis of friedelin. Our research explored the functional diversity of triterpene synthases from a multispecies perspective. It also provides some references for further research on the relative mechanisms of friedelin biosynthesis.
Current research on the linguistic features of Chinese English
Authors: Albrecht Sven
Published: November 2021

This article argues that there are central features of Chinese English regardless of a speaker's Chinese first language (L1) or dialect. The current state of research on Chinese English is reviewed, outlining phonological, lexical, syntactical, prosodic, and discourse and pragmatic features of Chinese English. These features are categorized according to their pervasiveness based on different L1 backgrounds, to show that there are core features of Chinese English. The argument is limited by the low number of quantitative studies and the absence of large‐scale quantitative studies.
Evidence‐Based Practice Beliefs, Implementation, and Organizational Culture and Readiness for EBP Among Nurses, Midwives, Educators, and Students in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Cleary‐Holdforth Joanne , O’Mathúna Dónal , Fineout‐Overholt Ellen
Published: November 2021

Background

Evidence‐based practice (EBP) is an approach to health care that combines best available evidence, healthcare professionals’ expertise, and patient preferences, yielding benefits for patients, healthcare professionals, and organizations. However, globally, EBP implementation remains inconsistent among nurses. Exploring this in an Irish context will establish a national baseline from which progress can be made on system‐wide integration of EBP in nurse and midwife (i.e., clinician) practice, nursing/midwifery education, and the Irish healthcare system.

Aim

To establish clinician, educator, and student’s EBP beliefs, knowledge, and implementation, and the organizational culture of the clinical and educational settings within the Republic of Ireland.

Methods

Using a descriptive study design, a national survey with demographic questions, uniquely focused EBP scales, and an open‐ended question were administered to clinicians, nursing/midwifery educators, and students. Ethical review was obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data.

Results

Clinicians, educators, and students reported positive beliefs about EBP (M = 59.98, SD 8.68; M = 87.72, SD = 10.91; M = 55.18, SD = 10.29, respectively). Beliefs regarding their ability to implement EBP were lower overall. EBP implementation was low across all groups (clinicians: M = 12.85, SD = 14; educators: M = 31.09, SD = 16.54; students: M = 16.59, SD = 12.11). Clinicians, educators, and students reported varying perceptions of organizational support and readiness for EBP (M = 74.07, SD = 19.65; M = 86.43, SD = 15.01; M = 93.21, SD = 16.21, respectively). Across all measures, higher scores indicated higher beliefs, implementation, and organizational culture and readiness for EBP.

Linking Evidence to Action

Clinicians have a unique opportunity to facilitate system‐wide integration of EBP. Furthermore, given the variable EBP knowledge, beliefs, and implementation, opportunities to enhance these attributes abound, particularly when supported by their organizations. This study established a contemporary baseline in Ireland from which to engage the identified strengths, challenges, and opportunities required to craft an organizational culture and environment that supports and advances an EBP approach to nursing and midwifery practice and education.
La criptología de la enfermedad: cómo aprendimos a descifrar y corregir enfermedades heredadas
Authors: Barrera Avellaneda Luis Alejandro
Published: November 2021

Conocer la ciencia con la intimidad de quien la practica en el día a día y comprender su significado, no solo para la humanidad, sino para la vida privada de las personas comunes, es una capacidad tan rara como las enfermedades descritas en este libro. Saber extraer de estas rarezas lecciones para la medicina, para la ciencia y para la vida, y traducirlas de una manera deliciosa y agradable, es lo que el autor logra hacer con la simplicidad de la cual solo son capaces las personas sabias, que al experimentar la historia pudieron comprender el significado preciso de cada uno de los descubrimientos más notables de su campo de actuación, en este caso los errores innatos del metabolismo. El lector de este libro será atraído de manera creciente por una secuencia lógica de capítulos que muestran cómo los eventos en esta área del conocimiento, a lo largo del siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI, se han ido entrelazando y nos han conducido a la comprensión más precisa de los mecanismos bioquímicos relacionados con la vida. En los La criptología de la enfermedad. Cómo aprendimos a descifrar y corregir enfermedades heredadas, Luis Alejandro Barrera Avellaneda nos brinda un texto envolvente y cautivante, que deja clara la importancia de descifrar nuestra individualidad biológica y utilizar la comprensión que podemos obtener de las enfermedades raras como una ventana para entender de una manera más amplia los fenómenos biológicos que rodean la salud y la enfermedad.
In Memoriam: A Tribute to Our Colleague and Friend, Asen L. Dontchev
Authors: Krastanov Mikhail I. , Markov Svetoslav M. , Veliov Vladimir M.
Published: November 2021

In Memoriam: A Tribute to Our Colleague and Friend, Asen L. Dontchev.
Effect of Jet-to-Jet Distance and Pipe Position on Flow and Heat Transfer Features of Active Clearance Control Systems
Authors: Cocchi Lorenzo , Picchi Alessio , Facchini Bruno , Da Soghe Riccardo , Mazzei Lorenzo , Tarchi Lorenzo , Descamps Laurent , Rotenberg Maxime
Published: November 2021

The goal of this work is to investigate the effect of supply pipe position on the heat transfer features of various active clearance control (ACC) geometries, characterized by different jet-to-jet distances. All geometries present 0.8 mm circular impingement holes arranged in a single row. The jets generated by such holes cool a flat target surface, which is replicated by a metal plate in the experimental setup. Measurements are performed using the steady-state technique, obtained by heating up the target plate thanks to an electrically heated Inconel foil applied on the side of the target opposite to the jets. Temperature is also measured on this side by means of an IR camera. Heat transfer is then evaluated thanks to a custom-designed finite difference procedure, capable of solving the inverse conduction problem on the target plate. The effect of pipe positioning is studied in terms of pipe-to-target distance (from 3 to 11 jet diameters) and pipe orientation (i.e., rotation around its axis, from 0 deg to 40 deg with respect to target normal direction), while the investigated jet Reynolds numbers range from 6000 to 10,000. The obtained results reveal that heat transfer is maximized for a given pipe-to-target distance, dependent on both jet-to-jet distance and target surface extension. Pipe rotation also affects the cooling features in a nonmonotonic way, suggesting the existence of different flow regimes related to jet inclination.
Experimental Data of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO2) Compressor at Various Fluid States
Authors: Hacks Alexander J. , Abd El Hussein Ihab , Ren Haikun , Schuster Sebastian , Brillert Dieter
Published: November 2021

This paper presents experimental data on a centrifugal compressor operated with CO2. Temperature and pressure at the inlet of the compressor are varied to cover the supercritical region from the liquid-like to the gas-like region. In addition, inlet conditions in the two-phase region are also included. Thus, the experimental test campaign considers thermodynamic conditions relevant for the future energy conversion with sCO2-Joule cycles. Experimental results are presented as compressor pressure ratio versus inlet mass flow rate at different rotational speeds and throttle positions. Reliable conclusions can be drawn from the experimental results since the reproducibility of the measurements has been demonstrated by conducting experiments in two different test rigs, and measurement uncertainties are reported. The entire compressor geometry is disclosed in a data repository, including computer-aided design models, and input files suitable for mean-line and grid generation programs. Thus, the experimental results are exploitable by the scientific community and pave the road for validated analysis and design tools in the context of the sCO2-Joule cycle. The presented results open the possibility to estimate uncertainties of analysis and design tools with little effort since geometry information can be quickly integrated. The experimental data are already used in this paper to obtain the accuracy of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and a mean-line program for sCO2. In addition to quantifying uncertainties, the results presented can be used to identify shortcomings of existing tools. This can be an essential step in the exploration of the sCO2-Joule cycle.
Risk Management: A Test Pilot’s Perspective
Authors: Hall G. Warren
Published: November 2021

To achieve advances in technology and aeronautics, experimental aircraft with untested characteristics and unknown risks must be flown. The test pilot puts his life on the line and assumes the ultimate risk during the first flight.

To minimize the effects of unknown risks, the pilot’s primary risk mitigation rests in rigorous preparation for the first flight. This preparation requires input to the designers about the aircraft’s flightworthiness, extensive study, in addition to many hours in aircraft simulation where catastrophic events must be anticipated and emergency procedures actively rehearsed.

This paper discusses the unique role of the test pilot during the experimental aircraft’s development life cycle, and how his perspective and practical expertise complement quantitative and quantitative risk assessments. Flight-testing will never be risk free, but the risk to the pilot must be managed to an acceptable level and balanced against technological gains.
Engineering Assessment Approach for the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant In-Depth Safety Assessment
Authors: Coles Garill , McKay Sam , Young Jon , Skok Yuri
Published: November 2021

Engineering assessment that supports the safety basis for a reactor plant operating license is defined as:

“An assessment of a system to determine its adequacy to successfully perform its safety-related function(s) when required.”

The approach to engineering assessment of systems at the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (LNPP), as part of its in-depth safety assessment (ISA), is unique. The content and format of engineering assessments for western Safety Analysis Reports (SARs) have evolved over time and current requirements are somewhat scattered in the governing documents (USNRC, 1978). Many regulatory guides and requirements (western or eastern) have not kept up with changes in safety analysis technology. Performance of the ISA for LNPP affords the opportunity to rethink the approach to engineering assessments, and to incorporate current methods and latest technology in safety analysis. As an example, for many systems, information about system reliability obtained from a modem Probabilistic Safety Assessment is more comprehensive than that from a Single Failure Analysis as prescribed in SAR content and format guides.

Overall, the engineering assessment of LNPP systems looks at five major assessment elements: 1) assessment of regulatory compliance, 2) assessment of operability, 3) assessment of vulnerability, 4) assessment of environmental qualifications, and 5) assessment of reliability. By reorganizing the approach to meeting regulatory requirements, and by looking at engineering assessment in various ways, information can be obtained that goes beyond simply demonstrating regulatory compliance to more fully supporting the safety basis for a plant operating license.
Design for Disassembly due to Maintenance and Recycling
Authors: Kljajin Milan L.
Published: November 2021

It is a fact that the products of today are not designed for easy dismantling or disassembly. Integrated design, certain fastening and assembly principles and surface coatings, for example, can make it very difficult to disassemble the product and to separate materials into non contaminated groups. Hereafter environmental concerns are requiring that disassembly for maintenance and recycling be considered during product design — in fact, total life cycle costs for a product are becoming an essential part of simultaneous engineering. As conclusion this paper gives a short discussion of development course of design for disassembly (DFD).
Shape-Generation Method Using Curvature Entropy
Authors: Ujiie Yoshiki , Matsuoka Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2021

Curvature entropy can express “complexity” characteristics in a simple curve profile. A shape-generation method using curvature entropy and genetic algorithm is described. Application of this method to the design of an automobile side view showed that curvature entropy can express characteristics in a curve profile at the product level. A design-support system using curvature entropy is thus feasible.
Trimming: A Fast, Efficient Method for Improving Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Waldman Michael , Litvin Simon , Lyubomirskiy Alex
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the Trimming Technique™, an alternative to standard methods for improving manufacturing processes. The basic goal of this method is to reduce the number of necessary manufacturing operations by eliminating carefully selected operations. The functions of the eliminated operations are then redistributed among the remaining operations. The Trimming Technique™ includes function analysis of the manufacturing process and iterative procedures for eliminating operations according to sets of conditions that are specific to each type of operation. The Technique is implemented in TechOptimizer™, a computer-aided invention software package developed by Invention Machine Corporation. The application of the Trimming Technique is demonstrated by a specific example — a process for the manufacture of crystalline soap.
Micromechanical Behavior and Optical Characteristics of a Free-Standing Polymer Waveguide
Authors: Choi Moo-Jin , Seo Kyoung-Sun , Jin Young-Hyun , Cho Young-Ho
Published: November 2021

This paper presents an experimental characterization of the microoptomechanical behavior of a mechanically deflected free-standing polymer waveguide. We evaluate the total optical loss of the mechanically deflected waveguide, considering propagation loss, input/output coupling loss and mechanical bending loss. For the experimental evaluation of the total optical loss, we design and fabricate three different sets of waveguide structures: the straight waveguides for propagation and coupling loss measurement; the curved waveguides for curvature loss measurement; the suspended waveguides for mechanical bending loss measurement. From the straight waveguides, we have measured the propagation loss of 5.4±1.1dB/cm and the coupling loss of 5.3±2.4dB, respectively. We have measured the curvature loss of ±4dB/rad for the curved waveguides having the radius of curvature in the range of 200–2,000μm. From the waveguide bending test, we have measured the elastic limit and the failure strength of the polymer waveguide as 5±1MPa and 23±8MPa, respectively. We also find that the mechanical bending loss is rapidly increased to 12–25dB for the waveguide deflection beyond the elastic region. The rapid increase of the mechanical bending loss in the large deflection region is due to the abrupt change of propagation angles as well as the mechanical defect generated in the waveguides.
Air Damping Evaluation for Laterally Driven Electrostatic Repulsive-Force Microactuators
Authors: Lee Ki Bang , Cho Young-Ho
Published: November 2021

This paper presents theoretical and experimental study on the quality-factor of the laterally driven electrostatic repulsive-force microactuator, driven by a lateral repulsive-force generated by the asymmetry of planar electric field. The quality-factor of the repulsive-force microactuator using a creeping flow model of the ambient air is evaluated. By fitting the simulation results of damping force, we evaluate the dimensionless damping force, thereby obtaining an analytical damping force in the form of F = μαUL, where μ, α, U and L denote the air viscosity, the dimensionless damping force, the velocity and the characteristic length of the movable electrodes. The measured quality-factor increases from 12 to 13 for the bias voltage increased from 60V to 140V. The theoretical quality-factor estimated from the creeping flow model increases from 14.9 to 18.7. Characteristics of quality-factor of the repulsive-force microactuator have been discussed and compared with those of the conventional attractive-force microactuator.
Flow Monitoring in Microdialysis Systems for Continuous Sampling
Authors: Ernst Herbert , Jachimowicz Artur , Urban Gerald
Published: November 2021

Continuous in vivo sampling of medically relevant substances using the microdialysis method requires the most exact possible knowledge about the involved perfusate flow. As this flow is typically in the range of few microliters per hour a flow sensor with a resolution of less than 1 microliter per hour is required. This paper will present such a sensor based on a calorimetrical measurement. The described principle of operation allows not only the flow measurement itself but also an additional detection of the involved fluids thermal characteristics, allowing the compensation of important interferents in this and similar micro fluidic applications, e.g. gas enclosures.
MEMS Challenge: Can This Technology Catch the Internet Lightwave?
Authors: Gilleo Ken
Published: November 2021

The pundits of the money world tell us to be a “dotcom” or enable them for excitement and rewards. Traffic on the Internet Highway is certainly stepping up the pace as “slow” electrons make way for ultimate-speed photons creating major hardware opportunities. The “Copper Road” has become the “Glass Super Highway” as long-haul terrestrial and underwater communications links move up to Advanced Photonics.

Nothing can be faster than light, but more important, no other medium can offer wider bandwidth when wave-multiplexing strategies are used. Photonics, employing dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) can carry the equivalent of 12,000 encyclopedias or 5-million phone calls on a single fiber. Recent advances in photonics hardware, including higher-powered lasers, more efficient amplifiers and cleaner optical fiber are enabling incredible bandwidth for the Internet and general communications services. But how do we route a light beam?

The long-haul segments of the Internet, now mostly fiberoptics, have been converting modulated light to electronic signals, routing with conventional electronic hardware and then re-converting back to light. Yes, O-E-O (Opto-electro-opto) works, but with cost and time-delay penalties. The communications industry has decreed that the double conversion process must go, but what technology will be the replacement?

Enter optical MEMS, or MOEMS (micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems). The MOEMS switch/router approach was endorsed by the Internet carrier and hardware industry that paid billions of dollars in 2000 to acquire MEMS companies, some that had not even shipped a product. But what are the issues and are there competing technologies that could win?

Micro-mirror technology is at the top of the popularity chart right now. Can MOEMS mirror routers solve cost problems and can they even switch at the rates demanded. What is the ideal mirror switch strategy: binary “off/on” or point-to-light pipe arrays? What about other MEMS approaches such as micro-bubble fluid beam refraction that appears to offer a much simpler construction? Maybe the mechanical devices are only an interim destined to obsolescence by a future solid state optics switch. The optical switch, powered totally by photons, is already in the lab and could be the final answer.

This paper will survey MOEMS inside the Internet to seek answers to the billion dollar questions. The focus will be on micro-mirrors and their packaging issues both inside and out. We will deal with selecting the ideal optical MEMS package and choosing the right atmosphere control. Certain in-package contaminants are death to mirrors, but they can be controlled even if generated after the package is sealed. So tune in to find out if MEMS can catch the WAVE!
Magnetically Actuated Microplatform Scanners for Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Chang Carl W. , Lum Paul , Muller Richard S.
Published: November 2021

We have fabricated a magnetically actuated microplatform scanner for use in a catheter-based intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVU) system. The torsional microplatform is fabricated from low stress silicon nitride with electroplated-Ni stripes for the magnetic material. Experiments with the microplatform have shown it capable of positioning an attached ultrasonic source (350 by 350 by 400 μm3 with a mass of 150 μg) through a total scan angle of 90°. The devices were evaluated in both air and immersed in deionized water. An IVU system based on this microplatform promises lower cost and greater flexibility than are provided by present state-of-the-art mechanically driven IVU systems.
Paradigm Shift in Engineering Design Precipitated by the Advent of Miniaturized Systems
Authors: Nakayama Wataru
Published: November 2021

The issues involved in the design of miniaturized systems are reviewed. In several respects the design of miniaturized systems requires departure from traditional engineering design. The design has to cope with a host of uncertainties simultaneously. The sources of uncertainties are all associated with reduced physical size of components and systems. A methodology is proposed in that the knowledge base is developed well in advance of actual design work, and a fast-to-use design code is made ready by the time the design work starts. For the knowledge base development conventional numerical simulation tools are applied to ‘template models’.
From Supply Chain to Value Chain Management: Life Cycle Engineering Will Bring a Virtual Man Into Life
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses that supply chain management will evolve toward value chain management and these value chains are not fixed through their product life cycles, but will change because the future products will change their functions by adapting to the changing situations. Up until now, we have been discussing hardware product realization, based upon our traditional concept that their functions remain fixed all through their life cycles. But if we look at software products, they are constantly customized and kept up to date. In other words, their functions are growing even after they are delivered to the customer. If such concepts as CALS, Rapid Prototyping, etc can be integrated into this concept and merged into one, then we would be able to realize value chain management in this sense.
From Organization-Based Toward Individuals-Based Engineers: Current Reforms in Japan
Authors: Ohashi Hideo
Published: November 2021

Torrent of globalization forced us to reform our once renowned Japanese style management system that featured lifetime employment and seniority-based payment. The direction of the reform is definitely from organization-based toward individuals-based society.

The establishment of engineering profession is the key issue of this reform. Multilateral efforts, for example, foundation of accreditation body for engineering education, revision of Professional Engineers Law, introduction of integrated CPD system, are ongoing. Engineering societies are essential contributors for the design and implementation of such systems.
Development of an Intermediate Degree of Freedom Vehicle Dynamics Model for Optimal Design Studies
Authors: Lowndes Erik M. , David J. W.
Published: November 2021

Today’s race teams spend a significant amount of time and money performing on-track testing of their vehicles in order to determine the best possible suspension configuration for a particular racing venue. The use of computer simulation coupled with optimal design techniques presents the opportunity to significantly reduce the amount of on-track testing required. Many of the existing vehicle simulation codes are not suitable for application to the optimal design problem, either because they incorporate too much detail and run too slowly, or because they lack sufficient detail.

A new model that bridges the gap between these two existing classes of models and is suitable for performing optimal design has been developed. The vehicle model is fully three dimensional and nonlinear. A driver control algorithm was developed that is capable of driving the car near it’s handling limits. An attempt was made to optimize the suspension setup for the NCSU Legends race car.
An Integrated Approach to Evaluate the Cycle Time in Injection Molding
Authors: Gao D. M. , Bushko W. C.
Published: November 2021

The cycle time prediction is considered as a critical issue in injection molding. It relates directly to the production rate and the part quality. It is commonly defined as the time duration between the start of the injection and the ejection of the part. When the cycle time exceeds the desired range, the production rate will be compromised. In some cases, due to excessively increased friction force, the part may be subject to severe failure such as breakage during ejection. Another possible situation is that the ejector pins can be damaged because the friction force exceeds the maximum ejection force that the machine can provide through the ejectors. If the part is ejected too early, only a thin layer of polymer is solidified and the ejection may cause the part to be deformed permanently which generally leads to surface defects. For most injection molders, the cycle time is estimated through molding trials, which is very costly and time consuming. In the case of testing a new material, it is even more difficult to determine a proper cycle time ranger due to the lack of knowledge on the material behavior.
Optimal Design for Injection Molding Process Using Design of Experiments and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Park K. , Ahn J. H. , Choi S. R.
Published: November 2021

The present work concerns optimal design for the injection molding process of a deflection yoke (coil separator). The optimal design for the injection molding process is developed using design of experiments and finite element analysis. Two design of experiments approaches are applied such as: the design of experiment for mold design and the design of experiments for determination of process parameters. Finite element analyses have been carried out as a design of experiments for mold design: runner system and cooling channel. In order to determine optimal process parameters, experiments have been performed for various process conditions with the design of experiments scheduling.
Process Design for Optimal Mold Cooling
Authors: Ambady Prasanth , Fan Bingfeng , Hatch David , Kazmer David
Published: November 2021

Process control has been recognized as an important means of improving the performance and consistency of thermoplastic parts. However, no single control strategy or process design has been universally accepted, and molding systems continue to produce defective components during production. The capability of the injection molding process is limited by the thermal and flow dynamics of the heated polymer melt.

This paper develops a fundamental approach to process design for optimal mold cooling. Specifically, a viscoelastic constitutive model is utilized with process and quality models to develop theoretical and feasible limits for mold cooling. The analysis drives the development of a composite thermal structure consisting of 1) a thin layer with high density and specific heat, 2) a thin layer with low thermal conductivity, and 3) a conventional mold base with high thermal diffusivity. When pre-heated via gas convection, the resulting process enables isothermal mold-filling and improved polymer solidification. Numerical results indicate that the proposed system will reduce residual stress by 30% compared to conventional molding for equivalent cycle times.
Effect of Impact Velocity and Impactor Mass on the Low Velocity Impact Response of Liquid Molding Vinyl Ester-350 Resin and Fiber-Reinforced Plaques
Authors: Motuku M. , Vaidya U. K. , Janowski G. M. , Basappa G. , Jeelani S.
Published: November 2021

The influence of test conditions on the low velocity impact (LVI) response and damage evolution in neat resin plaques was investigated and documented. Specifically, the effect of impactor mass, velocity, and corresponding impact energy on the LVI response and damage evolution in unreinforced DERAKANE vinyl ester 411-350-resin system was studied. An instrumented drop weigh test machine was used to conduct the low velocity impact tests. The room temperature response of the material to impact loading and damage evolution was investigated using the impact load histories, impact plots and fractography analysis. This study is built upon previous work by the authors on LVI of neat resin systems, particularly those that have emerged as a new class of resins in liquid molding process. The study was motivated by the need for data and understanding of the failure characteristics of the individual constituents of a composite material such as in modeling of damage propagation and failure criteria analysis.

For constant impact velocity, the time-to-maximum load (tm), total impact duration (tt), and the energy-to-maximum load to total energy absorbed (Em/Et) ratio increased, and energy absorbed after peak load (Ep) decreased with the mass of the impactor. For constant impactor mass, the time-to-maximum load and total impact duration decreased, the Em/Et ratio remained fairly the same, and energy absorbed after peak load increased with velocity; i.e., the impact velocity and mass had opposing effects on the time-to-maximum load, the total impact duration, Em/Et and energy absorbed after peak load.

A single layer of plain-weave S2-glass fabric was incorporated in some of the unreinforced plaques in order to analyze the influence of reinforcement on the impact response and damage evolution. Insertion of a fabric layer aided in containment of the damage within the bounds of the specimen and to isolate the failure characteristics, which enabled further analysis of the impact response and damage evolution.
Design to Evaluation: Desktop CAE for Injection Molding
Authors: Hu Junqiao
Published: November 2021

CAE tools for injection molding have been dramatically improved in the past several years. Prior to this period, advanced simulations provided a wealth of information about a part and mold design. A common complaint was that too much time was required to perform an advanced simulation. This is the part of reason for the rise in popularity of desktop CAE tools, which provide fast, useful results for those who wish to improve quality, increase profitability and eliminate inefficiencies in critical product and mold design. This paper discusses recently developed desktop CAE technology which greatly reduces the time required to run advanced simulations and quickly evaluates material selection, mold filling, part design, and runner balancing issues, and also optimizes cycle time and generates engineering reports.
The Use of Advanced Aluminum Alloys for Enhanced Productivity in Plastic Injection Molding
Authors: Nerone Jim , Ramani Karthik
Published: November 2021

New aluminum alloys, QC-7® and QE-7®, have thermal conductivities four times greater than traditional tool steels, and have significantly increased strength and hardness compared to traditional aluminum materials. Molds were constructed of P-20 tool steel and QE-7® aluminum and were used to provide experimental data regarding thermal mold characteristic and confirm injection molding simulation predictions using C-Mold®. The relationships between cooling time reduction (using aluminum alloys) and polymer type, cooling channel depth, part wall thickness, and coolant temperature were explored both experimentally and using simulation software. It was shown that the potential reduction in cooling time varied from 5% to 25%. The most significant percentage improvements were observed in parts with part wall thickness of 0.05″ to 0.10″ and in molds with cooling channels at a depth ratio (D/d) of 2.0. The thermal pulses in the steel mold 0.10″ from the surface were approximately 63% larger than in aluminum mold.
Free-Free Vibration Extraction From Available Vibration Data
Authors: Yi Thomas T.
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a procedure for identifying the free-free vibration data of a structure from the available vibration data of the same structure with boundary conditions. For a structure in a mechanical system, depending upon the dynamic formulation used, we may need a set of free-free modal data or a set of constrained modal data. If a finite element model of the structure is available, its vibration data can be obtained analytically under any desired boundary conditions. However, if a finite element model is not available, the vibration data may be determined experimentally. Since experimentally measured vibration data are obtained for a structure supported by some form of boundary conditions, we may need to determine its free-free vibration data. The aim of this study is to extract, based on experimentally obtained vibration data, the necessary free-free frequencies and the associated modes for structures to be used in dynamic formulations. The available vibration data may be obtained for a structure supported either by springs or by fixed boundary conditions. Furthermore, the available modes may be either a complete set; i.e., as many modes as the number of degrees of freedom of the associated FE model is available, or it can be an incomplete set.
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer With Binary and Ternary Mixtures in Microfin Tubes
Authors: Inoue Norihiro , Goto Masao , Kandlikar Satish G.
Published: November 2021

An experimental setup was designed and fabricated to test the flow boiling heat transfer performance of microfin tubes. Five microfin tubes were tested with pure refrigerants. Two tubes were selected for further testing with binary and ternary refrigerant mixtures. This paper reports the data for these two microfin tubes employing R22, R410A (mixture of 50% by weight of R32 and 50% of R125) and R407C (ternary mixture of 23 wt. % R32, 25 wt. % R125, and 52 wt. % R134a). A correlation scheme is presented for the heat transfer coefficient of mixtures in microfin tubes. In general, it is observed that the heat transfer performance of binary mixture R410A in microfin tubes is similar to pure R22; however, the performance of the ternary mixture R407C is lower than that with pure R22.
Plate-Fin Surface Optimisation Using Direct-Sizing
Authors: Smith Eric M.
Published: November 2021

The direct-sizing of heat exchangers applies to that class of heat exchanger in which the local geometry of the core is the same everywhere. Many of our best performing exchangers possess this property. Previous papers discussing this topic were published by Smith (1994, 1997a). Optimisation of rectangular offset strip-fin (ROSF) surfaces involves varying plate spacing b, cell pitch c, and strip-length x in a logical manner. The Manglik and Bergles correlations for flow-friction and heat transfer of ROSF surfaces permits such optimisation.

The design procedure which follows applies to a two-stream contraflow exchanger assuming perfect gases.
Heat Integration of Absorption Heat Pump in a Milk Powder Dairy
Authors: Andersen Jens Møller
Published: November 2021

Heat integration with absorption heat pumps requires investigation of many types of plant designs. In this article, it is concluded that in many cases high temperature absorption systems for heat recovery are more economically feasible than absorption systems for cooling purposes. The conclusion is based on a project where the scope was to investigate technical and economical possibilities for heat integration of an absorption heat pump in a milk powder plant. The first idea behind the project was to use the waste heat from the rejected air to drive an absorption cooling system to reduce the electricity consumption for cooling proposes. The model of the plant was based on simulations as a background for a time averaged COP model. It was concluded that an absorption system for generating low temperature steam is more feasible.
Development of a Micro-Channel Evaporator Model for a CO2 Mobile Air-Conditioner
Authors: Kim M.-H. , Yin J. M. , Bullard C. W. , Hrnjak P. S.
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the development and verification of a heat exchanger model for evaluating thermal performance of an evaporator for a CO2 mobile air-conditioning system. The model has been developed, based on the finite volume method, with emphasis on the air-side heat and mass transfer process. The governing equations are derived from mass and energy balances using newly developed air-side heat transfer and friction loss correlations for micro-channel heat exchangers under dry and wet conditions. The calculated air-side heat transfer and pressure drop data are in good agreement with measured data. However, the refrigerant-side pressure drop estimation for micro-channel tubes usually underestimates the measured value. The simulation results and importance of selecting appropriate heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for the micro-channel heat exchanger are addressed.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal and Fluid-Dynamic Behaviour of Reciprocating Compressor
Authors: He Zhilong , Peng Xueyuan , Shu Pengcheng
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a numerical method for simulating the thermal and fluid-dynamic behavior of hermetic compressors in the whole compressor domain. The model of fluid flow is developed by integrating transient one-dimensional conservation equations of continuity, momentum and energy through all of the elements from suction line to discharge line. The model describing thermal behavior is based on heat balance in the components such as muffler, connecting tubes and orifices. The calculation of the thermodynamic and transport properties for different refrigerants at various conditions has been considered, and some numerical results for a hermetic compressor are presented. The present study has demonstrated that the numerical simulation is a fest and reliable tool for compressor design.