bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-evolution of conditional cooperation and social norm
Authors: Battu Balaraju
Published: October 2023

The co-evolution of conditional cooperation and social norms has garnered significant attention, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Social norms result from empirical expectations, individual expectations of group behavior, and normative expectations, the population's expectations of individual behavior. Aligning these expectations aids in norm formation, but diverse individual reactions to observed behavior and their sensitivity to norm conformity can be challenging. In our study, the agents are initially endowed with diverse conditional expectations, which mirror their anticipations regarding group behavior and their inherent inclination to conform to social norms, indicative of their sensitivity to psychic costs. These agents engage in a repeated public goods game, where their decisions to cooperate are shaped by their conditional expectations and the observed levels of cooperation within their group. Concurrently, free riders experience psychic costs determined by the overall level of cooperation, contribution costs, and the individual’s inclination to adhere to social norms. Remarkably, our simulations unveil that agents commencing with random conditional expectations and a propensity to conform to norms can adapt to lower conditional expectations and moderate their propensity to conform to norms when initial cooperation levels are high and the contribution cost is reduced. Interestingly, increasing contribution costs intensify the population’s response to norm enforcement, but this doesn’t always result in a corresponding increase in cooperation. By incorporating population diversity and accounting for empirical and normative expectations within our model, we gain valuable insights into the intricate relationship between conditional cooperation and the emergence of social norms.
Specific recognition and sensitive quantification of mRNA splice variants via one-pot ligation-dependent loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Zhang Mai , Wang Hui , Han Jun , Wang Honghong , Jia Yuting , Hong Weixiang , Tang Fu , Li Zhengping
Published: October 2023

In this work, by ingeniously designing the splicing junction-specific stem-loop DNA probe pair, we proposed a one-pot ligation-dependent loop-mediated isothermal amplification strategy (one-pot ligation-LAMP) for detecting splicing variants.
Visualization detection of mycotoxin patulin in fruit juices by a small-molecule fluorescent probe
Authors: Li Rong , She Zunpan , Zeng Fang , Wu Shuizhu
Published: October 2023

A small-molecule fluorescent probe has been developed for detecting mycotoxin patulin in fruit juices. It enables convenient visual detection of patulin in juices made from decayed fruits, thus ensuring food safety in fruit-based products.
Unlocking the potential of platinum drugs: organelle-targeted small-molecule platinum complexes for improved anticancer performance
Authors: Deng Zhiqin , Chen Shu , Liu Gongyuan , Zhu Guangyu
Published: October 2023

This review offers a concise overview of platinum-based anticancer complexes targeting various organelles, aiming to overcome the limitations of existing platinum drugs.
Enzymatic reversion of Pt(ii) nucleophilicity through charge dumping: the case of Pt(CN)42−
Authors: Burguera Sergi , Frontera Antonio , Bauzá Antonio
Published: October 2023

(GLN)O⋯[Pt(CN)4]2− interaction inside an enzyme's cavity is stabilized by vicinal Arg/Lys residues. Theoretical calculations confirmed the favorable nature of the interaction, where the anionic Pt center acts as an electrophile.
Molecular-scale insights into confined clindamycin in nanoscale pores of mesoporous silica
Authors: Wu Xiaojun , Mu Haizhang , Li Bihong
Published: October 2023

Molecular simulation of clindamycin diffusion behavior in mesoporous silica.
Pt/C electrocatalysts derived from recycled Pt/Re mixed solutions: synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical behaviour in fuel cells
Authors: Cui Jian , Yu Fengshan , Tian Maolin , Yan Chengcheng , Shen Tongjun , Wang Xueli , Prova Umme Hani , Wang Chunxia , Huang Guoyong , Xu Shengming
Published: October 2023

Utilizing critical metals such as platinum (Pt) and rhenium (Re) recycled from spent catalysts in energy conversion systems is a strategy to solve the problems of metal resource scarcity.
Determination of soil source using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with feature selection
Authors: Ding Yu , Shu Yan , Hu Ao , Zhao Meiling , Chen Jing , Yang Linyu , Chen Wenjie , Wang Yufeng
Published: October 2023

Determining the soil source is crucial for agricultural planning, forensic case analysis, and archaeological site research. LIBS combined with feature selection and machine learning algorithms can accurately predict soil sources.
A green, practical & scalable approach towards the synthesis of valuable α-keto amides using a metal-free catalyst under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Bankar Shubham R. , Ghadge Sambhaji S. , Jadhav Vrushali H.
Published: October 2023

Greener, cheaper & eco-friendly GCM catalyst as well as catalytic process for synthesis of α-Keto Amides.
Phosphorus–nitrogen compounds: part 71. Novel unsymmetrically-substituted dispiro-cyclotriphosphazenes: synthesis, characterization, antituberculosis activity, and phototunable charge storage studies
Authors: Cemaloğlu Reşit , Berberoğlu İpek , Yakut Mehtap , Binici Arzu , Asmafiliz Nuran , Kılıç Zeynel , Güzel Remziye , Erdal Gülbahar , Şimşek Hülya , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: October 2023

Unsymmetrical cis/trans dispirocyclotriphosphazenes were prepared. The electrochemical behaviors and phototunable charge storage properties of the compounds were determined. The antituberculosis activities were examined against M. tuberculosis H37Rv.
Peripheral substituent regulation of bias structured azulene-based hole transport materials for perovskite solar cells
Authors: Li Haoyu , Wang Zhangyan , Sun Yuanqing , Su Yangyang , Zhao Zhenxiao , Tian Yi , Li Hongping , Cheng Ming
Published: October 2023

Hole transport materials (HTMs) have an important impact on the improvement of perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance.
Recent progress on MRI probes for metal ion detection and biological applications
Authors: Deng Zhiming , Lu Dingyou , Liu Sulai , Tan Xianzheng , Song Guosheng
Published: October 2023

The disorder of metal ion levels can have a significant impact on the ecological environment and human health due to their crucial role in complex biological metabolism processes and the overall ecological balance. Multiple magnetic resonance probes are used for detecting these metal ions.
Carboxylic acids as double aryl group donors for biaryl synthesis
Authors: Zhang Wenzhi , Ma Jie , Zhou Fengyan , Szostak Michal , Liu Chengwei
Published: October 2023

The synthesis of biaryl compounds by employing carboxylic acids as double aryl group donors is reported.
Evaluation of awareness and knowledge of CT technologist regarding diagnostic reference levels in Iran
Authors: MirDerikvand A. , Bagherzadeh S. , MohammadSharifi A.
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and awareness regarding radiation protection and Dose Reference Levels (DRLs) among 102 Computed Tomography (CT) technologists working in various Iranian hospitals. A questionnaire including 20 multiple-choice and open-format questions was divided into demographic information, general radiation protection knowledge, and DRL knowledge.

Regarding radiation protection knowledge concerning CT, about 56.9% of participants exhibited awareness of the dose display on the CT machine’s console, and about 78.4% selected the correct dosimetric units expressed CT dose. Unexpectedly, 90.2% of participants failed to define the concept of dose optimization. A significant association (p < 0.05) was established between technologists’ radiation protection and DRL knowledge and a degree of education, type of hospital, and job experience. In addition, the findings reveal a correlation between radiographers’ DRL knowledge and their propensity to enroll in training courses. 26.5% of participants exhibited awareness of DRLs in CT practice, while 49% and 76.5% of participants were unable to correctly identify DRLs concept and function. To reduce patient dose in accordance with the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) radiation protection principle, CT technologists must improve their knowledge of radiation dose and local DRLs should be defined at least at the local level.
Clinical Grading Scales and Neuroprognostication in Acute Brain Injury
Authors: Reyes-Esteves Sahily , Kumar Monisha , Kasner Scott E. , Witsch Jens
Published: October 2023

Prediction of neurological clinical outcome after acute brain injury is critical because it helps guide discussions with patients and families and informs treatment plans and allocation of resources. Numerous clinical grading scales have been published that aim to support prognostication after acute brain injury. However, the development and validation of clinical scales lack a standardized approach. This in turn makes it difficult for clinicians to rely on prognostic grading scales and to integrate them into clinical practice. In this review, we discuss quality measures of score development and validation and summarize available scales to prognosticate outcomes after acute brain injury. These include scales developed for patients with coma, cardiac arrest, ischemic stroke, nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and traumatic brain injury; for each scale, we discuss available validation studies.
Unified fluid theory of the collisional thermal Farley–Buneman instability including magnetized multi-species ions
Authors: Dimant Y. S. , Oppenheim M. M. , Evans S. , Martinez-Sykora J.
Published: October 2023

This paper develops a unified linear theory of cross field plasma instabilities, including the Farley–Buneman, electron thermal, and ion thermal instabilities, in spatially uniform collisional plasmas with partially unmagnetized multi-species ions. Collisional plasma instabilities in weakly ionized, highly dissipative, weakly magnetized plasmas play an important role in the lower Earth's ionosphere and may be of importance in other planetary ionospheres, stellar atmospheres, cometary tails, molecular clouds, accretion disks, etc. In the Earth's ionosphere, these collisional plasma instabilities cause intense electron heating. In the solar chromosphere, they can do the same—an effect originally suggested from spectroscopic observations and modeling. Based on a simplified 5-moment multi-fluid model, the theoretical analysis presented in this paper produces the linear dispersion relation for the combined Thermal Farley–Buneman Instability with an important long-wavelength limit analyzed in detail. This limit provides an easy interpretation of different instability drivers and wave dissipation. This analysis of instability, combined with simulations, will enable us to better understand plasma waves and turbulence in these commonly occurring collisional space plasmas.
Microstructural characterization of AlxGa1−xN/GaN high electron mobility transistor layers on 200 mm Si(111) substrates
Authors: Aabdin Zainul , Mahfoud Zackaria , Razeen Ahmed S. , Hui Hui Kim , Patil Dharmraj K. , Yuan Gao , Ong Jesper , Tripathy Sudhiranjan
Published: October 2023

Realization of high crystal quality GaN layers on silicon substrates requires a great control over epitaxy as well as detailed characterization of the buried defects and propagating dislocations within the epilayers. In this Letter, we present the microstructural characterization of AlxGa1−xN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structures epitaxially grown on 200 mm Si (111) substrates with superlattice (SL) buffers. The HEMT stack is also composed of an intermediate thick AlxGa1−xN layer sandwiched between the short-period and long-period AlxGa1−xN/AlN SLs. Structural and morphological characteristics of the GaN-based epilayers are studied to assess the quality of the HEMT stack grown on such 200 mm diameter substrates. The detailed microstructural uniformity of the epilayers is addressed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. In depth scanning TEM with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) investigations have been carried out to probe the microstructural quality of the HEMT stack comprising of such short- and long-period AlxGa1−xN/AlN SLs. The EELS-plasmon maps are utilized to address the sharp interface characteristics of the SL layers as well as the top active p-GaN/AlxGa1−xN/GaN layers. This work highlights the capability of high-resolution TEM as a complementing characterization method to produce reliable AlxGa1−xN/GaN HEMTs on such a large diameter silicon substrate.
Dry abrasion mechanisms of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating surfaces
Authors: Wang Shengwu , Li Lee , Chen Junwu , Xie Yi , Yang Kai
Published: October 2023

To date, the theoretical studies on dry abrasion on surfaces with microscopic roughness are based on JKR or DMT contact theory. Superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings with low surface energy and microscopic surface roughness have extremely low real contact area and adhesion to the abrasive when subjected to contact and friction, making the above theories inapplicable. To date, there lack of theoretical studies on the dry abrasion characteristics of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating surfaces. In response to this problem, a numerical understanding of the frictional force on superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings is proposed based on Hertz contact theory, and the abrasion mechanisms of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings and its influencing factors are analyzed from the perspective of microscopic torque balance. The abrasion process is divided into three stages, and there exists a minimum value of bonding strength between the microstructure on the coating surface and the polymer matrix of the coating that determines whether abrasion will occur. This minimum bonding force is determined by Young's modulus of the polymer matrix, the radius of the microstructure, and the applied load. The conclusions can be a guide for the improvement of the anti-dry-abrasion property of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coatings from the perspective of coating preparation.
Enhanced detectivity of organic photodetectors with a non-conjugated polymer additive
Authors: Liu Zhe , Song Yu , An Kang , Hong Ling , Zhong Wenkai , Cao Yunhao , Zhang Kai , Li Ning , Huang Fei , Ma Yuguang , Cao Yong
Published: October 2023

Organic photodetectors have attracted increasing attention in the scenario of low-cost imaging, health monitoring, and near-infrared sensing. However, relatively high dark current and trap density block the sensitivity for organic photodetectors. In this manuscript, a simple yet effective strategy is proposed to enhance the detectivity of organic photodetectors by incorporating a non-conjugated polymer additive of polystyrene into the functional layers. Systematic morphological investigation reveals that this strategy can not only enable suppressed amorphous phase but also effectively tune the phase separation in the bulk heterojunction blends. Electrical results suggest the suppressed trap density in optimized organic photodetectors. Consequently, a dark current density of 5.06 × 10−10 A cm−2 is achieved for PM6:Y6-BO-based organic photodetectors, showing a peak detectivity of 6.38 × 1013 cm Hz1/2 W−1 at 850 nm. This strategy is also applicable in various representative organic-semiconductor systems, including PTB7-Th:PC71BM and P3HT:PC61BM blends, superior to other optimization techniques.
2D spectrum slicing for sequentially timed all-optical mapping photography with 25 frames
Authors: Li Zhongxing , Yuan Xiandan , Weng Yueyun , Wang Du , Wang Shaoyi , Liu Sheng , Zhao Zongqing , Lei Cheng
Published: October 2023

Sequentially timed all-optical mapping photography (STAMP) is a promising technology for observing ultrafast phenomena. Increasing the frame number during one shot is critical to enhance the capability of STAMP, but the rearrangement of the frames significantly intensifies the complexity of the system. In this work, we design a spectrum-slicing method, allowing for the separation and arrangement of the frames simultaneously in a two-dimensional manner. The experimental results show that our system can capture 25 images in one shot with a spatial resolution of 2.46 μm and a frame rate of 2.5 Tfps, indicating its potential for the observation of highly dynamic events.
Numerical simulations of underwater explosions using a compressible multi-fluid model
Authors: Yu Wanli , Song Seungho , Choi Jung-Il
Published: October 2023

We present a novel solver for simulating compressible multi-fluid multiphase flow in underwater explosions (UNDEXs). The developed solver uses a modified version of Saurel's six-equation model, which includes an additional total mixture energy equation to resolve discrepancies in the thermodynamic states predicted under shock conditions. Additionally, we integrate a more precise stiffened gas equation of state (SG-EOS) that is determined using a novel method to enhance the accuracy of predicting experimental data based on a shock Hugoniot curve. We also propose a solution procedure using the modified Saurel's six-equation model on a three-dimensional (3D) structured Cartesian grid system. This involves discretizing the equation system using a Godunov scheme with a two-fluid Harten-Lax-van Leer-Contact approximate Riemann solver and a MUSCL-Hancock primitive scheme with total-variation-diminishing limiters, achieving a second-order extension. Both the dimensional splitting and fractional-step methods are utilized to model one-dimensional (1D) operators, splitting them into sequential operators. The modified model is validated for 1D and 3D problems, including the water–air shock tube, cavitation, shock–bubble interaction, and UNDEX problems in a free field, near a free surface, and near a rigid dam. Our simulations accurately predict the shockwave propagation, shock and free-surface interactions, cavitation evolution, and water jetting impact characteristics, exhibiting satisfactory agreement with those of previous studies. The proposed solver provides insight into the effects of UNDEXs on rigid structures, with potential applications in engineering and defense. The proposed method for determining the SG-EOS parameters can be applied to other areas of research involving high-pressure multi-phase flows.
Ultra-high temperature Soret effect in a silicate melt: SiO2 migration to cold side
Authors: Nishida Yuma , Shimizu Masahiro , Okuno Tatsuya , Matsuoka Jun , Shimotsuma Yasuhiko , Miura Kiyotaka
Published: October 2023

The Soret effect, temperature gradient driven diffusion, in silicate melts has been investigated intensively in the earth sciences from the 1980s. The SiO2 component is generally concentrated in the hotter region of silicate melts under a temperature gradient. Here, we report that at ultra-high temperatures above ∼3000 K, SiO2 becomes concentrated in the colder region of the silicate melts under a temperature gradient. The interior of an aluminosilicate glass [63.3SiO2–16.3Al2O3–20.4CaO (mol. %)] was irradiated with a 250 kHz femtosecond laser pulse for local heating. SiO2 migrated to the colder region during irradiation with an 800 pulse (3.2 ms irradiation). The temperature analysis indicated that migration to the colder region occurred above 3060 K. In the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation, SiO2 migrated to the colder region under a temperature gradient, which had an average temperature of 4000 K; this result supports the experimental result. On the other hand, SiO2 exhibited a tendency to migrate to the hotter region at 2400 K in both the NEMD and experimental study. The molar volume calculated by molecular dynamics simulation without a temperature gradient indicates two bends at 1650 and 3250 K under 500 MPa. Therefore, the discontinuous (first order) transition with coexistence of two phases of different composition could be related to the migration of SiO2 to colder region. However, the detailed mechanism has not been elucidated.
Dynamics of an oscillating cavitation bubble within a narrow gap
Authors: Zhang Xiangqing , Yang Chenxin , Wang Congtao , Zhang Yuning , Zhang Yuning
Published: October 2023

The oscillation characteristics of a bubble in a confined space have important implications for various applications, including liquid pumping and mixing and particle conveyance in microfluidic devices. In this study, analytical solution with second-order accuracy and numerical solution are derived for the free oscillation of a single bubble in a narrow gap between parallel plates, and the applicability to dimensionless initial values of the analytical solutions is clarified. Moreover, the free-oscillation characteristics of the bubble within the gap are explored and described and are compared to those of a bubble in an infinite liquid. The primary conclusions are as follows: (1) The inherent nature of bubble oscillation in a gap is significantly influenced by the bubble equilibrium radius, and the oscillation amplitude of different orders of the analytical solution is significantly influenced by the dimensionless initial radius. (2) The difference between the natural frequency and acoustic damping constant during bubble oscillation in a gap and those in an infinite liquid decreases with increasing equilibrium radius, and the value of the difference is not less than 50%. (3) Within the gap, the bubble radius, wall velocity, and wall acceleration of a bubble in a narrow gap predicted by the bubble equation dramatically differ from those of a bubble in an infinite liquid, with the differences increasing with the dimensionless initial radius, where the values of the differences in the acceleration can be as high as the order of 104%.
Effect of film properties on droplet impact on suspended films
Authors: Li Dan , Ye Xuemin , Li Chunxi
Published: October 2023

Understanding the dynamics and underlying mechanisms of droplet impact on suspended films is crucial for controlling droplet motion. In this study, we conducted experiments to investigate droplet impact on suspended films and examined the typical phenomena and corresponding Weber number domains. We explored the effects of changing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration and glycerol content on the surface tension and dynamic viscosity of the films. Additionally, we elucidated the characteristics of film deformation and droplet trajectory. An energy analysis was performed, considering the droplet kinetic energy (Ek0), surface energy increment of the film (ΔEfs), and viscous dissipation (Evis). The results demonstrate that as the SDS concentration increases, the upper critical Weber number (Wecru) between bouncing and passing decreases, while the lower critical Weber number (Wecrl) between coalescence and bouncing first decreases and then increases. For droplet bouncing, increasing the SDS concentration makes the films more susceptible to deformation, whereas increasing the glycerol content enhances film rigidity. Moreover, increasing the SDS concentration and glycerol content leads to higher energy losses, resulting in a reduction in the maximum bouncing height (hbdmax). Regarding droplet passing, the passing velocity (Vpd) increases with increasing SDS concentration. For films without SDS, Vpd increases with increasing glycerol content, while for films with SDS, Vpd decreases. The different impact modes are categorized based on the dimensionless energy parameter E* = Ek0/(ΔEfs + Evis). We have successfully predicted the critical height thresholds (Hd0crl and Hd0cru) and established a relationship of We* = f (Re*, Bo*) that aligns well with experimental results.
A systematic improvement to UGA-SSMRCCSD equations and its implication for potential energy curves
Authors: Chakravarti Dibyajyoti , Sen Sangita , Mukherjee Debashis
Published: October 2023

The Unitary Group Adaptation (UGA) offers a very compact and efficient spin adaptation strategy for any spin-free Hamiltonian in a many body framework. Our use of UGA in the context of state-specific (SS) Jeziorski–Monkhorst Ansatz based multireference coupled cluster (MRCC) theory obviates the non-commutativity between the spin-free cluster operators via a normal ordered exponential parametrization in the wave operator. A previous formulation of UGA-SSMRCC by us [R. Maitra, D. Sinha, and D. Mukherjee, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 024105 (2012)], using the same ansatz, employed certain sufficiency conditions to reach the final working equations, which cannot be improved systematically. In this article, we will present a more rigorous formulation that follows from an exact factorization of the unlinked terms of the Bloch equation, resulting in equations on which a hierarchy of approximations can be systematically performed on the emergent additional terms. This derivation was shown in our recent article [D. Chakravarti, S. Sen, and D. Mukherjee, Mol. Phys. 119, e1979676 (2021)] in the context of a single open shell CC formalism and was applied to spectroscopic energy differences where the contribution of the new terms was found to be of the order of ∼0.001 eV for ionization potential, electron affinity, and excitation energy. In the current work, we will present a comparison between the earlier and current formulations via both a theoretical analysis and a numerical demonstration of the dramatic effect of the additional terms brought in by the factorization on potential energy curves. The contribution of such terms was found to gain importance with an increase in the number of singly occupied active orbitals in the model space functions.
Bubble detection in liquid metal by perturbation of eddy currents: Model and experiments
Authors: Afflard A. , Zamansky R. , Paumel K. , Bergez W. , Tordjeman P.
Published: October 2023

A model has been developed to predict the response of an eddy current flow meter (ECFM) to the passage of a non-conductive inclusion moving in a cylindrical tube filled with a liquid metal. The model can be solved analytically for small inclusion diameters and moderate AC frequencies of the excitation signal. This condition is expressed as vbSω≪1, where vb is the dimensionless inclusion volume and Sω is a function of the ratio between the characteristic length of the system and the penetration depth of the magnetic field. The magnetic induction equation for this problem has also been solved numerically. A very good agreement between the analytical model and numerical solutions has been found for vbSω≪1. Two experimental setups have been designed. First, the ECFM model has been validated by comparing the response due to the passage of traveling beads of known diameters in a low melting point alloy. In a second experiment, the diameters of ascending argon bubbles have been estimated with the ECFM model. The numerical model predicts the gas volume with very good accuracy in the range of bubble diameters studied, between 1.5 and 6 mm, while the analytical model only deviates significantly from the experimental data when vbSω≳0.1. Moreover, we establish that the ECFM can also measure the radial deviation of the bubble trajectory, and the results are consistent with the theoretical limit for isolated bubbles between the regimes of oscillating/zigzag motion of ellipsoidal bubbles and non-oscillating motion of spherical bubbles. Another observation is that the dependence of the ECFM response on the shape of the bubble is negligible; indeed, the ECFM response is well approximated by a linear relation with the bubble volume as is assumed in the analytical model. Finally, an estimation of the terminal rising velocity of bubbles was also carried out.
Snap-through dynamics of a buckled flexible filament with different edge conditions
Authors: Chen Zepeng , Mao Qian , Liu Yingzheng , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: October 2023

The flow-induced snap-through dynamics of a buckled flexible filament under different edge conditions were explored using the penalty immersed boundary method. Three filament edge conditions were simulated: a simply supported leading edge and a clamped trailing edge (SC), a clamped leading edge and a simply supported trailing edge, and both edges clamped. The effects of the bending rigidity and density ratio on the energy harvesting performance were systematically examined. Two different modes were observed: an equilibrium mode and a snap-through oscillation mode. The parameter range under which the modes were observed changed depending on the edge conditions. Mode transitions, induced by an increase in transverse fluid force, occurred when the bending rigidity was low. A clamped leading edge enhanced filament stability, whereas a simply supported leading edge reduced stability. Among the three configurations, the SC case showed the highest critical bending rigidity and oscillation frequency, resulting in superior energy harvesting performance. The greater energy harvesting ability of the SC case derives from the larger deflection and the higher strain energy in this system. The strain energy in the filament with SC edges tended to concentrate in two regions of the filament: the rear part and the section near the clamped end. The SC case, coupled with low density and high rigidity, offers favorable conditions for energy harvesting purposes.
Combustion modes of kerosene spray in a supersonic combustor
Authors: Li Fei , Li Fan , Liu Xu , Yang Xiaolong , Li Peibo , Zhao Guoyan , Wang Hongbo , Sun Mingbo , Wang Zhenguo
Published: October 2023

The mixing and combustion characteristics of liquid kerosene spray in a cavity-based supersonic combustor under a Mach 2.52 inflow are experimentally and numerically investigated. The combustion mode transition of kerosene spray includes two aspects: 1. As the injection pressure increases, the combustion mode shows a transition of weak-intensive-transitional(weak to intensive)-weak-blowoff; 2. in the transitional combustion mode, there is a transition from weak to intensive combustion over time. In the weak combustion mode, the combustion chamber pressure increases slightly, and the flame is inside the cavity. In the intensive combustion mode, the pressure rises sharply from the isolation section and the flame is a typical cavity stabilized combustion mode. The weak combustion at low/high injection pressure is due to rich/lean fuel inside the cavity. In the transitional combustion mode, the flame on the downstream wall of the cavity gradually expands and joins with the flame inside the cavity, evolving from weak combustion to intensive combustion. The transition is accomplished in a very short time, on the order of milliseconds. This study deepens the understanding of the combustion mode of scramjet engines and provides a reference for the design of fuel injection schemes for scramjet engines.
Electronic and vibrational spectroscopies of aromatic clusters with He in a supersonic jet: The case of neutral and cationic phenol–Hen (n = 1 and 2)
Authors: Miyazaki Mitsuhiko , Ono Megumi , Otsuka Remina , Dopfer Otto , Fujii Masaaki
Published: October 2023

Van der Waals clusters composed of He and aromatic molecules provide fundamental information about intermolecular interactions in weakly bound systems. In this study, phenol–helium clusters (PhOH–Hen with n ≤ 2) are characterized for the first time by UV and IR spectroscopies. The S1 ← S0 origin and ionization energy both show small but additive shifts, suggesting π-bound structures of these clusters, a conclusion supported by rotational contour analyses of the S1 origin bands. The OH stretching vibrations of the PhOH moiety in the clusters match with those of bare PhOH in both the S0 and D0 states, illustrating the negligible perturbation of the He atoms on the molecular vibration. Matrix shifts induced by He attachment are discussed based on the observed band positions with the help of complementary quantum chemical calculations. For comparison, the UV and ionization spectra of PhOH–Ne are reported as well.
Corrigendum to: Community-driven shark monitoring for informed decision making: a case study from Fiji
Authors: Ward-Paige C. A. , Sykes H. , Osgood G. J. , Brunnschweiler J.
Published: October 2023

 Context Globally, more than 121 million people enjoy nature-based marine tourism, making it one of the largest marine industries. Ocean degradation threatens this industry and management has not kept pace to ensure long-term sustainability. In response, some individuals within the industry are taking it upon themselves to monitor the ocean and provide the data needed to assist management decisions. Fiji is one such place.

 Aims Between 2012 and 2016, 39 Fijian dive operators, in collaboration with eOceans, conducted the Great Fiji Shark Count to document sharks on their dives.

 Methods Using 146 304 shark observations from 30668 dives, we document spatial and temporal patterns of 11 shark species at 592 sites.

 Key results Sharks were observed on 13 846 dives (45% of recorded dives) at 441 (74%) sites. Generally, our results matched those from other more limited surveys, including from baited remote underwater video systems. We found high variability in shark presence, species richness, and relative abundance through space and time. One trend was surprising: the most common species, Whitetip Reef Shark, decreased over the study period at eastern sites and increased at western sites; the cause is currently unknown.

 Conclusions Our results can guide management and conservation needs, future scientific questions, and provide a baseline for future assessments.

 Implications This study demonstrates the value of longitudinal observation data that includes absences for describing marine fauna, and confirms the capacity of stakeholders to document the ocean. It also points the direction for broadscale participatory science methodologies to track the ocean.
Leveraging AI for democratic discourse: Chat interventions can improve online political conversations at scale
Authors: Argyle Lisa P. , Bail Christopher A. , Busby Ethan C. , Gubler Joshua R. , Howe Thomas , Rytting Christopher , Sorensen Taylor , Wingate David
Published: October 2023

Political discourse is the soul of democracy, but misunderstanding and conflict can fester in divisive conversations. The widespread shift to online discourse exacerbates many of these problems and corrodes the capacity of diverse societies to cooperate in solving social problems. Scholars and civil society groups promote interventions that make conversations less divisive or more productive, but scaling these efforts to online discourse is challenging. We conduct a large-scale experiment that demonstrates how online conversations about divisive topics can be improved with AI tools. Specifically, we employ a large language model to make real-time, evidence-based recommendations intended to improve participants’ perception of feeling understood. These interventions improve reported conversation quality, promote democratic reciprocity, and improve the tone, without systematically changing the content of the conversation or moving people’s policy attitudes.
Erratum: Minimal warm inflation
Authors: Berghaus Kim V. , Graham Peter W. , Kaplan David E.
Published: October 2023

We correct several minor mistakes in equations in section 4.1 and update the viable parameter range of the model quoted in section 4.2 accordingly.
Algorithm development for automatic laser alignment assessment on an ACR CT phantom and its evaluation on sixteen CT scanners
Authors: Anam Choirul , Amilia Riska , Naufal Ariij , Dougherty Geoff
Published: October 2023

Purpose. The aim of this study is to develop software to automatically assess the laser alignment on the ACR CT phantom and evaluate its accuracy on sixteen CT scanners. Methods. Software for an automated method of laser alignment assessment on the ACR CT phantom was developed. Laser alignment assessment was based on the positions of the ball-bearing markers at the edge of the ACR CT phantom. The automatic assessment was performed using several steps, including segmentation to acquire the coordinates of the ball-bearing markers and determination of the distances between lines connecting them with lines through the center of the image. A comparison of the results from the automatic method with those from the manual method was performed. The manual measurements were carried out using MicroDicom Viewer. A Mann–Whitney U test was performed to determine the statistical difference between both methods. The evaluation was performed on images of the ACR CT phantom scanned with 16 CT scanners from 5 different CT manufacturers. Results. The results confirmed that our software successfully segments the ball-bearing markers and determines the laser alignment assessment on the ACR CT phantom. Evaluation of the algorithm with images from the 16 CT scanners revealed that the difference between the results from automatic and manual methods were about 0.2 mm with a p value of around 0.7 (no statistical difference). Misalignment in the y-axis was larger than the misalignment in the x-axisfor the majority of the scanners tested. It was found that the phantom tended to be placed 2 mm higher than the iso-center. Conclusions. Software to automatically assess CT laser alignment with the ACR CT phantom was successfully developed and evaluated. The automatic assessment was comparable to manual assessment. In addition, the automatic method was user independent and fast.
Special Vinberg cones, invariant admissible cubics and special real manifolds
Authors: Alekseevsky Dmitri , Marrani Alessio , Spiro Andrea
Published: October 2023

By Vinberg theory any homogeneous convex cone

V

\mathscr {V}

may be realised as the cone of positive Hermitian matrices in a

T
T

-algebra of generalised matrices. The level hypersurfaces

V

q

⊂

V

\mathscr {V}_{q} \subset \mathscr {V}

of homogeneous cubic polynomials

q
q

with positive definite Hessian (symmetric) form

g
(
q
)
≔
−
Hess
⁡
(
log
⁡
(
q
)
)

|

T

V

q

g(q) ≔- \operatorname {Hess}(\log (q))|_{T \mathscr {V}_q}

are the special real manifolds. Such manifolds occur as scalar manifolds of the vector multiplets in

N
=
2

N=2

,

D
=
5

D=5

supergravity and, through the

r
r

-map, correspond to Kähler scalar manifolds in

N
=
2

N = 2

D
=
4

D = 4

supergravity. We offer a simplified exposition of the Vinberg theory in terms of

Nil
\operatorname {Nil}

-algebras (= the subalgebras of upper triangular matrices in Vinberg

T
T

-algebras) and we use it to describe all rational functions on a special Vinberg cone that are

G
0

G_0

- or

G
′

G’

- invariant, where

G
0

G_0

is the unimodular subgroup of the solvable group

G
G

acting simply transitively on the cone, and

G
′

G’

is the unipotent radical of

G
0

G_0

. The results are used to determine

G
0

G_0

- and

G
′

G’

-invariant cubic polynomials

q
q

that are admissible (i.e. such that the hypersurface

V

q

=
{
q
=
1
}
∩

V

\mathscr {V}_q=\{ q=1\}\cap \mathscr {V}

has positive definite Hessian form

g
(
q
)

g(q)

) for rank

2
2

and rank

3
3

special Vinberg cones. We get in this way examples of continuous families of non-homogeneous special real manifolds of cohomogeneity less than or equal to two.
Lax representations via twisted extensions of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras: some new results
Authors: Morozov Oleg
Published: October 2023

We find new integrable partial differential equations with Lax representations generated by extensions of Lie algebras of the Kac–Moody type as well as the Lie algebra of Hamiltonian vector fields on

R

2

\mathbb {R}^2

.
Reverse stress testing in skew-elliptical models
Authors: von Schroeder Jonathan , Dickhaus Thorsten , Bodnar Taras
Published: October 2023

Stylized facts about financial data comprise skewed and heavy-tailed (log-)returns. Therefore, we revisit previous results on reverse stress testing under elliptical models, and we extend them to the broader class of skew-elliptical models. In the elliptical case, an explicit formula for the solution is provided. In the skew-elliptical case, we characterize the solution in terms of an easy-to-implement numerical optimization problem. As specific examples, we investigate the classes of skew-normal and skew-t models in detail. Since the solutions depend on population parameters, which are often unknown in practice, we also tackle the statistical task of estimating these parameters and provide confidence regions for the most likely scenarios.
Serologic Immunity to Tetanus in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015–2016
Authors: Bampoe Valerie D , Brown Nicole , Deng Li , Schiffer Jarad , Jia Lily Tao , Epperson Monica , Gorantla Yamini , Park So Hee , Ao Jingning , Acosta Anna M , Hariri Susan
Published: October 2023

Background

Tetanus, a life-threatening infection, has become rare in the United States since introduction of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines (TTCVs), recommended as a childhood series followed by decennial boosters beginning at age 11–12 years; vaccination uptake is high in children but suboptimal in adults. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of sero-immunity to tetanus among persons aged ≥6 years in the United States and to identify factors associated with tetanus sero-immunity. Understanding population protection against tetanus informs current and future vaccine recommendations.

Methods

Anti-tetanus toxoid antibody concentrations were measured for participants of the 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) aged ≥6 years for whom surplus serum samples were available using a microsphere-based multiplex antibody capture assay. Prevalence of sero-immunity, defined as ≥0.10 IU/mL, was estimated overall and by demographic characteristics. Factors associated with tetanus sero-immunity were examined using multivariable regression.

Results

Overall, 93.8% of the US population aged ≥6 years had sero-protection against tetanus. Prevalence of sero-immunity was above 90% across racial/ethnic categories, sex, and poverty levels. By age, ≥ 90% had protective sero-immunity through age 69 years, but prevalence of sero-immunity declined thereafter, with 75.8% of those aged ≥80 years having protective sero-immunity. Older age (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .85–.92) and being born outside the United States (aPR: 0.96, 95% CI: .93–.98) were significantly associated with lower prevalence of sero-immunity.

Conclusions

The majority of the US population has vaccine-induced sero-immunity to tetanus, demonstrating the success of the vaccination program.
A Brief History of Nuclear Medicine Imaging of Infection
Authors: Palestro Christopher J
Published: October 2023

For nearly 50 years, nuclear medicine has played an important role in the diagnosis of infection. Gallium citrate Ga 67 was one of the first, if not the first, radionuclide used for this purpose. Unfavorable imaging characteristics, a lack of specificity, and the long interval (2–3 days) between administration and imaging spurred the search for alternatives. At the present time, gallium 67 citrate is used primarily for differentiating acute tubular necrosis from interstitial nephritis and as an alternative for indications including sarcoid, spondylodiscitis, and fever of unknown origin, when 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is not available. The approval, in the mid-1980s, of techniques for in vitro labeling of leukocytes with indium-111 and technetium-99m that subsequently migrate to foci of infection was a significant advance in nuclear medicine imaging of infection and labeled leukocyte imaging still plays an important role in imaging of infection. There are significant disadvantages to in vitro labeled leukocyte imaging. Unfortunately, efforts devoted to developing in vivo leukocyte labeling methods have met with only limited success. Over the past 20 years 18F-FDG has established itself as a valuable imaging agent for musculoskeletal and cardiovascular infections, as well as sarcoidosis and fever of unknown origin. As useful as these agents are, their uptake is based on the host response to infection, not infection itself. Previous attempts at developing infection-specific agents, including radiolabeled antibiotics and vitamins, were limited by poor results and/or lack of availability, so investigators continue to focus on developing infection-specific nuclear medicine imaging agents.
Visualizing Bacterial Infections With Novel Targeted Molecular Imaging Approaches
Authors: Chen Xueyi , Gallagher Ferdia , Sellmyer Mark A , Ordonez Alvaro A , Kjaer Andreas , Ohliger Michael , Wilson David M , Jain Sanjay K
Published: October 2023

Although nearly a century has elapsed since the discovery of penicillin, bacterial infections remain a major global threat. Global antibiotic use resulted in an astounding 42 billion doses of antibiotics administered in 2015 with 128 billion annual doses expected by 2030. This overuse of antibiotics has led to the selection of multidrug-resistant “super-bugs,” resulting in increasing numbers of patients being susceptible to life-threatening infections with few available therapeutic options. New clinical tools are therefore urgently needed to identify bacterial infections and monitor response to antibiotics, thereby limiting overuse of antibiotics and improving overall health. Next-generation molecular imaging affords unique opportunities to target and identify bacterial infections, enabling spatial characterization as well as noninvasive, temporal monitoring of the natural course of the disease and response to therapy. These emerging noninvasive imaging approaches could overcome several limitations of current tools in infectious disease, such as the need for biological samples for testing with their associated sampling bias. Imaging of living bacteria can also reveal basic biological insights about their behavior in vivo.
Antimicrobial resistance and rational prescription practices: knowledge, perceptions and confidence of health profession interns in Uganda
Authors: Nabidda Shamim , Ssennyonjo Rogers , Atwaru Joseph , Kanyike Andrew Marvin , Baryayaka Shiellah , Pangholi Kennedy , Tusiimire Jonans
Published: October 2023

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is significantly driven by misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Graduate health profession interns often prescribe antimicrobials under minimum supervision.

Objectives

This study explored the knowledge, perceptions and confidence of health profession interns in Uganda regarding AMR and rational prescription practices.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional survey employing quantitative techniques carried out between October and November 2022 at six tertiary hospitals in Uganda. Health profession interns including doctors, nurses, midwives and pharmacists were recruited as study participants. Data were collected using online Kobo toolbox software. Data analysis was performed using STATA (StataCorp) version 16. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

We recruited 281 participants with a mean age of 27 ± 3.8 years, of which few (n = 53; 19%) had good knowledge about AMR and rational prescription. The use of professional organization guidelines as a source of information was significantly associated with good knowledge (adjusted OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0–3.5; P = 0.046). Nurses had the least knowledge compared with doctors and pharmacists. Continuous medical education (99%) and availability of clinical guidelines (98%) were identified as the most helpful intervention to improve knowledge. Most participants were confident about accurately diagnosing infections and sepsis and selecting appropriate antimicrobials.

Conclusions

Continuous medical education and availability of clinical and professional organization guidelines should be leveraged to improve the knowledge of AMR and rational prescription among health profession interns. Their high confidence in rational prescription practices should be pivotal to the fight against AMR.