bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Youth tobacco use type and associations with substance use disorders
Authors: Cavazos‐Rehg Patricia A. , Krauss Melissa J. , Spitznagel Edward L. , Grucza Richard A. , Bierut Laura Jean
Published: April 2014

Aims

To examine the associations between youth poly‐tobacco use and substance use disorders.

Design

Analysis of data from the 2007–11USNational Survey on Drug Use and Health.

Setting

Randomly selected, household‐dwelling adolescents from the non‐institutionalized, civilian population of theUnited States.

Participants

A total of 91 152 adolescents (aged 12–17 years).

Methods

Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between type of tobacco user (non‐user, users of alternative tobacco products only, users of cigarettes only and users of cigarettes plus alternative tobacco products) with past year alcohol, marijuana or other illicit drug use disorders, adjusting for demographic and social variables.

Findings

Compared with non‐users of tobacco, the greatest risk for substance use disorders was among users of cigarettes plus alternative tobacco products [alcohol disorder adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 18.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 16.2–20.6; marijuana disorder aOR = 37.2, 95%CI = 32.5–42.7; other drug disorder aOR = 18.4, 95%CI = 15.4–21.8], followed by users of cigarettes only (alcohol disorder aOR = 9.6, 95%CI = 8.8–10.6; marijuana disorder aOR = 20.4, 95%CI = 18.1–23.0; other drug disorder aOR = 9.4, 95%CI = 7.8–11.4), then users of alternative tobacco products only (alcohol disorder aOR = 8.1, 95%CI = 6.7–9.6; marijuana disorder aOR = 9.2, 95%CI = 7.5–11.4; other drug disorder aOR = 3.2, 95%CI = 2.4–4.3).

Conclusions

Tobacco use in adolescence is associated with higher rates of substance use disorders across all tobacco users, especially among those who use cigarettes plus other tobacco products.
Circadian intraocular pressure patterns in healthy subjects, primary open angle and normal tension glaucoma patients with a contact lens sensor
Authors: Agnifili Luca , Mastropasqua Rodolfo , Frezzotti Paolo , Fasanella Vincenzo , Motolese Ilaria , Pedrotti Emilio , Iorio Angelo Di , Mattei Peter A. , Motolese Eduardo , Mastropasqua Leonardo
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To examine the circadian intraocular pressure (IOP) patterns in healthy subjects, in primary open angle and normal tension glaucoma (POAG; NTG) using a contact lens sensor (CLS; Sensimed Triggerfish, Lausanne, Switzerland).

Methods

This was an observational, nonrandomized study. Ten healthy subjects (Group 1, 10 eyes) and 20 glaucomatous patients [20 eyes, 10 with POAG (Group 2) and 10 with NTG (Group 3)] were enrolled. All patients were controlled with prostaglandin analogues. The 24‐hr IOP pattern was the main outcome. The morning (6AM–11AM), afternoon/evening (noon‐11PM) and night (midnight‐5AM) subperiod patterns, peaks and prolonged peaks (>1 hr) were secondary outcomes.

Results

Mean 24‐hr IOP pattern showed a nocturnal acrophase in all groups. Patterns were significantly different among groups (p = 0.02), with highest nocturnal IOP values in POAG. Prolonged peaks were more common in patients with glaucoma (70%) than in healthy subjects (33.3%) (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found for Groups 2 and 3 in the morning versus afternoon/evening (p = 0.019 and p = 0.035, Bonferroni correction), morning versus night (p = 0.005 and p < 0.0001) and afternoon/evening versus night periods comparisons (p < 0.0001 for both groups). In Group 1, patterns significantly differed in the morning versus night and afternoon/evening versus night period comparisons (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Continuous 24‐hr IOP monitoring with the CLS revealed a nocturnal acrophase in healthy subjects and, more markedly, in glaucoma. Because the diurnal IOP profile seems not to predict the nocturnal rhythm, the circadian IOP pattern should be evaluated in clinical practice. These findings may be worthwhile for the management of glaucoma.
Pertussis is still common in a highly vaccinated infant population
Authors: Berti Elettra , Chiappini Elena , Orlandini Elisa , Galli Luisa , de Martino Maurizio
Published: April 2014

Aim

To provide epidemiological data on pertussis in a highly vaccinated paediatric population, focusing on the age of the infected children.

Methods

We analysed data from the regional hospital discharge database on children hospitalised for pertussis in Tuscany, Italy, from January 2000 to December 2012.

Results

A total of 279 cases were recorded. The majority of hospitalised children were infants (75.6%), who had the highest rate of complications (24.2%) of any age group and a crude mortality rate of 9.47 per 1000. The overall hospitalisation rate decreased significantly during the study period, from 4.23 to 2.82 per 100 000, but when we analysed the data by age groups, we found notable differences. Hospitalisation rates in the 1‐ to 4‐year‐old age group decreased significantly from 2.82 in the year 2000 to zero per 100 000 in 2012 and decreased significantly in the 5‐ to 9‐year‐old age group over the same period, from 6.58 to 0.63 per 100 000. Overall hospitalisation rates in the infant group remained high at 53.14 per 100 000, with three peaks due to periodic pertussis outbreaks.

Conclusion

Pertussis is still a relevant health concern in infants who are unvaccinated or incompletely immunised, both in terms of morbidity and mortality.
Effects of genetic and environmental factors on muscle glycogen content in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Komatsu Tomohiko , Shoji Noriaki , Saito Kunihiko , Suzuki Keiichi
Published: April 2014

Monosaccharides such as glucose contribute to the development of meat flavor upon heating via the Maillard reaction; therefore, monosaccharide content is related to beef palatability. Here, we analyzed the effects of genetic and environmental factors on the content of glycogen, one of the precursors of monosaccharides, in the muscles of 958 fattened Japanese Black cattle from Yamagata Prefecture. Analysis of variance showed that muscle glycogen content was affected by the farm and postmortem periods, but not by sex, slaughter age, slaughter month or number of days detained at the slaughter yard. Additionally, consumption of digestible brown rice feed elevated muscle glycogen levels. Glycogen heritability was estimated to be 0.34, and genetic correlations between glycogen and carcass weight (CW) or beef marbling standard (BMS) were weak. The predicted breeding values varied among paternal lines. These results demonstrated that genetic factors might improve muscle glycogen content and therefore beef palatability, but do not influence CW or BMS.
Multivariate time‐dependent comparison of the impact of lenalidomide in lower‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes with chromosome 5q deletion
Authors: Sánchez‐García Joaquín , del Cañizo Consuelo , Lorenzo Ignacio , Nomdedeu Benet , Luño Elisa , de Paz Raquel , Xicoy Blanca , Valcárcel David , Brunet Salut , Marco‐Betes Victor , García‐Pintos Marta , Osorio Santiago , Tormo Mar , Bailén Alicia , Cerveró Carlos , Ramos Fernando , Diez‐Campelo María , Such Esperanza , Arrizabalaga Beatriz , Azaceta Gemma , Bargay Joan , Arilla María J. , Falantes José , Serrano‐López Josefina , Sanz Guillermo F. ,   the Spanish Group on Myelodysplastic Syndromes (GES MD)
Published: April 2014

The impact of lenalidomide treatment on long‐term outcomes of patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and chromosome 5q deletion (del(5q)) is unclear. This study used time‐dependent multivariate methodology to analyse the influence of lenalidomide therapy on overall survival (OS) and acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) progression in 215 patients with International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) low or intermediate‐1 risk and del(5q). There were significant differences in several relevant characteristics at presentation between patients receiving (n = 86) or not receiving lenalidomide (n = 129). The 5‐year time‐dependent probabilities of OS and progression to AML were 62% and 31% for patients receiving lenalidomide and 42% and 25% for patients not receiving lenalidomide; differences were not statistically significant in multivariate analysis that included all variables independently associated with those outcomes (OS, P = 0·45; risk of AML, P = 0·31, respectively). Achievement of RBC transfusion independency (P = 0·069) or cytogenetic response (P = 0·021) after lenalidomide was associated with longer OS in multivariate analysis. These data clearly show that response to lenalidomide results in a substantial clinical benefit in lower risk MDS patients with del(5q). Lenalidomide treatment does not appear to increase AML risk in this population of patients.
Phase II trial of nanoparticle albumin‐bound paclitaxel as second‐line chemotherapy for unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer
Authors: Sasaki Yasutsuna , Nishina Tomohiro , Yasui Hirofumi , Goto Masahiro , Muro Kei , Tsuji Akihito , Koizumi Wasaburo , Toh Yasushi , Hara Takuo , Miyata Yoshinori
Published: April 2014

This multicenter phase II study first investigated the efficacy and safety of nanoparticle albumin‐bound paclitaxel (nab‐paclitaxel) when given every 3 weeks to patients with unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer who had received a prior round of fluoropyrimidine‐containing chemotherapy. Patients with unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer who experienced progression despite fluoropyrimidine‐containing treatment were studied. Nab‐paclitaxel was given i.v. at 260 mg/m2 on day 1 of each 21‐day cycle without anti‐allergic premedication until disease progression or study discontinuation. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate. The secondary endpoints were the disease control rate, progression‐free survival, overall survival, and safety. From April 2008 to July 2010, 56 patients were enrolled, 55 patients received the study treatment, and 54 patients were evaluable for responses. According to an independent review committee, the overall response rate was 27.8% (15/54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.5–41.6) and the disease control rate was 59.3% (32/54; 95% CI, 45.0–72.4). One patient had a complete response. The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 2.9 months (95% CI, 2.4–3.6) and 9.2 months (95% CI, 6.9–11.4), respectively. The most common grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (49.1%), leucopenia (20.0%), lymphopenia (10.9%), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (23.6%). There were no treatment‐related deaths. Nab‐paclitaxel, given every 3 weeks, showed promising activity against previously treated unresectable or recurrent gastric cancers, with well‐tolerated toxicities. (Trial registration, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00661167).
Owners of the Map: Mobility and Mobilization among Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Bangkok
Authors: SOPRANZETTI CLAUDIO
Published: April 2014

In this article, I discuss the connection between spatial mobility and political mobilization among motorcycle taxi drivers during the 2010 protests in Bangkok. Through the study of their multiple roles, both as transport operators and as political mobilizers, I explore the nexus of mobility and mobilization and analyze motorcycle taxi drivers as central political actors in contemporary Thailand. In this sense, the article focuses on investigating the historical emergence of “technique of mobilization” based on modulation and control over mobility. I analyze acts of disruption of movement along major infrastructures as moments of time‐space modulation as well as transformative strategies that set in motion alternative messages and configure new modalities of political mobilization. Focusing on such techniques, both in the 2010 Red Shirts protest and in other Thai political mobilizations, I explore the solidification of spaces of mobility as major political arenas for political struggles in contemporary Thailand.
Small‐diameter titanium Grade IV and titanium–zirconium implants in edentulous mandibles: three‐year results from a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Quirynen Marc , Al‐Nawas Bilal , Meijer Henny J.A. , Razavi Amir , Reichert Torsten E. , Schimmel Martin , Storelli Stefano , Romeo Eugenio ,   the Roxolid Study Group
Published: April 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare crestal bone‐level changes, soft tissue parameters and implant success and survival between small‐diameter implants made of titanium/zirconium (TiZr) alloy or of Grade IV titanium (Ti) in edentulous mandibles restored with removable overdentures.

Materials and Methods

This was a randomized, controlled, double‐blind, split‐mouth multicenter clinical trial. Patients with edentulous mandibles received two Straumann bone‐level implants (diameter 3.3 mm), one of Ti Grade IV (control) and one of TiZr (test), in the interforaminal region. Implants were loaded after 6–8 weeks and removable Locator‐retained overdentures were placed within 2 weeks of loading. Modified plaque and sulcus bleeding indices, radiographic bone level, and implant survival and success were evaluated up to 36 months.

Results

Of 91 treated patients, 75 completed the three‐year follow‐up. Three implants were lost (two control and one test implant). The survival rates were 98.7% and 97.3%, and the mean marginal bone level change was −0.78 ± 0.75 and −0.60 ± 0.71 mm for TiZr and Ti Grade IV implants. Most patients had a plaque score of 0 or 1 (54% for test and 51.7% for control), and a sulcus bleeding score of 0 (46.1% for test and 44.9% for control). No significant differences were found between the two implant types for bone‐level change, soft tissue parameters, survival and success.

Conclusions

After 36 months, similar outcomes were found between Ti Grade IV and TiZr implants. The results confirm that the results seen at 12 months continue over time.
Role of endoscopy in the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis and immunoglobulin G4‐related sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Kamisawa Terumi , Ohara Hirotaka , Kim Myung Hwan , Kanno Atsushi , Okazaki Kazuichi , Fujita Naotaka
Published: April 2014

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) must be differentiated from pancreatic carcinoma, and immunoglobulin (Ig)G4‐related sclerosing cholangitis (SC) from cholangiocarcinoma and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Pancreatographic findings such as a long narrowing of the main pancreatic duct, lack of upstream dilatation, skipped narrowed lesions, and side branches arising from the narrowed portion suggest AIP rather than pancreatic carcinoma. Cholangiographic findings for PSC, including band‐like stricture, beaded or pruned‐tree appearance, or diverticulum‐like outpouching are rarely observed in IgG4‐SC patients, whereas dilatation after a long stricture of the bile duct is common in IgG4‐SC. Transpapillary biopsy for bile duct stricture is useful to rule out cholangiocarcinoma and to support the diagnosis of IgG4‐SC with IgG4‐immunostaining. IgG4‐immunostaining of biopsy specimens from the major papilla advances a diagnosis of AIP. Contrast‐enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS elastography have the potential to predict the histological nature of the lesions. Intraductal ultrasonographic finding of wall thickening in the non‐stenotic bile duct on cholangiography is useful for distinguishing IgG4‐SC from cholangiocarcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is widely used to exclude pancreatic carcinoma. To obtain adequate tissue samples for the histological diagnosis of AIP, EUS‐Tru‐cut biopsy or EUS‐FNA using a 19‐gauge needle is recommended, but EUS‐FNA with a 22‐gauge needle can also provide sufficient histological samples with careful sample processing after collection and rapid motion of the FNA needles within the pancreas. Validation of endoscopic imaging criteria and new techniques or devices to increase the diagnostic yield of endoscopic tissue sampling should be developed.
Movement quality: is beauty only in the eyes of the beholder?
Authors: Steenbergen Bert
Published: April 2014

This commentary is on the original article by Wright et al. on pages 770–778 of this issue.
Neural oscillations during non‐rapid eye movement sleep as biomarkers of circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia
Authors: Gardner Richard J. , Kersanté Flavie , Jones Matthew W. , Bartsch Ullrich
Published: April 2014

The neurophysiology of non‐rapid eye movement sleep is characterized by the occurrence of neural network oscillations with distinct origins and frequencies, which act in concert to support sleep‐dependent information processing. Thalamocortical circuits generate slow (0.25–4 Hz) oscillations reflecting synchronized temporal windows of cortical activity, whereas concurrent waxing and waning spindle oscillations (8–15 Hz) act to facilitate cortical plasticity. Meanwhile, fast (140–200 Hz) and brief (< 200 ms) hippocampal ripple oscillations are associated with the reactivation of neural assemblies recruited during prior wakefulness. The extent of the forebrain areas engaged by these oscillations, and the variety of cellular and synaptic mechanisms involved, make them sensitive assays of distributed network function. Each of these three oscillations makes crucial contributions to the offline memory consolidation processes supported by non‐rapid eye movement sleep. Slow, spindle and ripple oscillations are therefore potential surrogates of cognitive function and may be used as diagnostic measures in a range of brain diseases. We review the evidence for disrupted slow, spindle and ripple oscillations in schizophrenia, linking pathophysiological mechanisms to the functional impact of these neurophysiological changes and drawing links with the cognitive symptoms that accompany this condition. Finally, we discuss potential therapies that may normalize the coordinated activity of these three oscillations in order to restore healthy cognitive function.
Perceiving monetary loss as due to inequity reduces behavioral and cortical responses to pain
Authors: Mancini Alessandra , Betti Viviana , Panasiti Maria Serena , Pavone Enea Francesco , Aglioti Salvatore Maria
Published: April 2014

Studies indicate that physical and social pain may share some mechanisms and neural correlates. Nothing is known, however, on whether the neural activity in the nociceptive system, as indexed by laser‐evoked potentials (LEPs), is modified when suffering the consequences of a conspecific violating social norms. To explore this issue, we created an interaction scenario where participants could gain money by performing a time‐estimation task. On each win‐trial, another player connected online could arbitrarily decide to keep the participant's pay‐off for him‐ or herself. Thus, participants knew that monetary loss could occur because of their own failure in performing the task or because of the inequitable behavior of another individual. Moreover, participants were asked to play for themselves or on behalf of a third party. In reality, the win/loss events were entirely decided by anad hocprogrammed computer. At the end of the interaction, participants reported if they believed the game‐playing interaction was real. Results showed that the loss due to the opponent's inequitable behavior brought about a reduction both in pain intensity self‐reports and in the amplitude ofLEPs' components (i.e.N2,N2/P2,P2a,P2b). Importantly, both the behavioral and neurophysiological effects were found in the participants who believed their deserved payoff was stolen by their opponent. Furthermore, reduction of vertex components was present only when the inequitable behavior was directed toward the self. These results suggest that, far from being a private experience, pain perception might be modulated by the social saliency of interpersonal interactions.
In utero cannabinoid exposure alters breathing and the response to hypoxia in newborn mice
Authors: Tree Keda C. , Scotto di Perretolo Maud , Peyronnet Julie , Cayetanot Florence
Published: April 2014

Cannabis is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs at ages highly correlated with potential pregnancy. Endocannabinoid signalling regulates important stages of neuronal development. When cannabinoid receptors, which are widely distributed through the nervous system, are activated by exogenous cannabinoids, breathing in adult rats is depressed. Here, we show that, in newborn mice, endocannabinoids, through the activation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), participate in the modulation of respiration and its control. Blocking CB1Rs at birth suppressed the brake exerted by endocannabinoids on ventilation in basal and in hypoxic conditions. The number of apnoeas and their duration were also minimized by activation of CB1Rs in normoxic and in hypoxic conditions. However, prenatal cannabis intoxication, caused by a daily injection of WIN55,212‐2, in pregnant mice durably modified respiration of the offspring, as shown by hyperventilation in basal conditions, an altered chemoreflex in response to hypoxia, and longer apnoeas. When CB1Rs were blocked in WIN55,212‐2 treated newborns, persistent hyperventilation was still observed, which could partly be explained by a perturbation of the central respiratory network. In fact, in vitro medullary preparations from WIN55,212‐2 treated pups, free of peripheral or of supramedullary structures, showed an altered fictive breathing frequency. In conclusion, the endocannabinoid pathway at birth seems to modulate breathing and protect the newborn against apnoeas. However, when exposed prenatally to an excess of cannabinoid, the breathing neuronal network in development seems to be modified, probably rendering the newborn more vulnerable in the face of an unstable environment.
The effect of an essential‐oils mouthrinse as compared to a vehicle solution on plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Van Leeuwen MPC , Slot DE , Van der Weijden GA
Published: April 2014

Objective

The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate the effects of an alcohol vehicle solution (V‐Sol) compared with an essential‐oils mouthwash (EOMW) and if available with a water‐based control (WC) on plaque, gingival inflammation parameters and extrinsic tooth staining.

Materials and Methods

The PubMed‐MEDLINE, Cochrane‐CENTRAL and EMBASE databases were searched. Where appropriate, a meta‐analysis was performed, and difference of means (DIFFM) as calculated.

Results

In total, 971 unique papers were found of which five met the eligibility criteria. The DIFFM of the meta‐analysis of four 6‐month studies showed that the EOMW provided significantly better plaque control (DIFFM = 0.39, P < 0.00001) and gingival inflammation reduction as measured by the Löe and Silness Index (DIFFM = 0.36, P = 0.00001) as compared to the V‐Sol. Regarding extrinsic tooth staining, a small but significant difference (DIFFM = −0.08, P = 0.03) was observed.

Conclusion

Limited data, but with a low risk of bias, were available to assess the potential benefit of the alcohol‐containing V‐Sol. ‘High’‐ and ‘moderate’‐quality data were available for the analysis of plaque and gingivitis, respectively. Within these limitations, EOMW appears to provide a significant oral health benefit during the 6 months of use. The data retrieved for this review suggest that the essential oils produce an effect on plaque and gingivitis that extends beyond the V‐Sol. Furthermore, the V‐Sol proved to be no different from a WC.
The relationship between characteristics of nursing performance and years of experience in nurses with high emotional intelligence
Authors: Fujino Yuriko , Tanaka Michiko , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu , Kawamoto Rieko
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to elucidate characteristics of nursing performance among nurses with high emotional intelligence (EI) and examine the influence of years of experience on nursing performance and EI. A survey, including The Emotional Intelligence Scale and the Six‐Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance, was administered to 1395 nurses working at general hospitals in Japan from November 2010 to March 2011. We received 1045 responses (76% response rate). There was a significant positive correlation between EI and nursing performance. Nurses with high EI reported more professional development activities, suggesting that they continue learning, attain licenses and actively improve their nursing skills. High‐performing nurses had high situational abilities and showed improved nursing performance with experience. However, nurses with low situational abilities demonstrated no improvement in nursing performance related to experience. EI involves skills that can be acquired from training. Therefore, educational programmes to improve EI could improve nursing performance.
T‐cell selection and intestinal homeostasis
Authors: Ai Teresa L. , Solomon Benjamin D. , Hsieh Chyi‐Song
Published: April 2014

Although intestinal bacteria live deep within the body, they are topographically on the exterior surface and thus outside the host. According to the classic notion that the immune system targets non‐self rather than self, these intestinal bacteria should be considered foreign and therefore attacked and eliminated. While this appears to be true for some commensal bacterial species, recent data suggest that the immune system actively becomes tolerant to many bacterial organisms. The induction or activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells that inhibit, rather than promote, inflammatory responses to commensal bacteria appears to be a central component of mucosal tolerance. Loss of this mechanism can lead to inappropriate immune reactivity toward commensal organisms, perhaps contributing to mucosal inflammation characteristic of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Treg functional stability and its responsiveness to the microenvironment
Authors: Barbi Joseph , Pardoll Drew , Pan Fan
Published: April 2014

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity and tissue damage resulting from excessive or unnecessary immune activation through their suppressive function. While their importance for proper immune control is undeniable, the stability of the Treg lineage has recently become a controversial topic. Many reports have shown dramatic loss of the signature Treg transcription factor Forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and Treg function under various inflammatory conditions. Other recent studies demonstrate that most Tregs are extremely resilient in their expression of Foxp3 and the retention of suppressive function. While this debate is unlikely to be settled in the immediate future, improved understanding of the considerable heterogeneity within the Foxp3+ Treg population and how Treg subsets respond to ranging environmental cues may be keys to reconciliation. In this review, we discuss the diverse mechanisms responsible for the observed stability or instability of Foxp3+ Treg identity and function. These include transcriptional and epigenetic programs, transcript targeting, and posttranslational modifications that appear responsive to numerous elements of the microenvironment. These mechanisms for Treg functional modulation add to the discussion of Treg stability.
International Nurses Day and press coverage in South Africa
Authors: van Zyl G.S. , Christofides N.J.
Published: April 2014

Background

In some countries, nursing's appeal as a profession is diminishing, partly due to poor press coverage and the media's portrayal of an over‐loaded, poorly paid profession. The media is important for shaping public perceptions and raising policy issues. International Nurses Day gives nurses an opportunity to profile their critical contribution to quality health care.

Aim

To determine the influence of this commemorative day on press coverage about nursing by examining whether there was a difference in the proportion of South African press articles on nursing between January–April and May–June 2010.

Methods

A quantitative content analysis was conducted of all press articles mentioning ‘nursing’ or ‘nurse/s’ in the South African lay press from 1 January–31 June 2010. Articles were coded for theme, slant and prominence, and inter‐coder reliability was assessed. Descriptive statistics with chi square or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare the two time periods.

Results

We identified 242 articles in 95 publications. The month of May had almost double the press coverage of January. International Nurses Day articles were mainly positive, and appeared in May to June in weekly community publications rather than in daily national and regional newspapers. When they were excluded, most articles portrayed nursing negatively.

Limitations

The 6‐month period may not be representative of the entire year. Only the dominant topic was coded, which possibly influenced the analysis.

Conclusion

International Nurses Day positively influenced the extent and slant of press coverage. Efforts to sustain coverage beyond the event through strategic partnerships and media engagement should be strengthened.

Implications for nursing and health policy

The media's portrayal of nurses and nursing may influence the choice of nursing as a career. International Nurses Day is an opportunity to portray nursing positively. Media training may help nurses to advocate for their profession in the media.
Useful Ethnographies
Authors: deRoche Constance
Published: April 2014

Book reviewed in this issue.

Inventing America's “Worst” Family: Eugenics, Islam, and the Rise and Fall of the Tribe of Ishmael, Nathaniel Deutsch.
Maternal dietary carotenoids mitigate detrimental effects of maternal GnRH on offspring immune function in Japanese quail Coturnix japonica
Authors: Peluc Susana I. , Reed Wendy L. , Gibbs Penelope , McGraw Kevin J.
Published: April 2014

Maternal resources deposited in eggs can affect the development of several offspring phenotypic traits and result in trade‐offs among them. For example, maternal androgens in eggs may be beneficial to offspring growth and competitive ability, but detrimental to immunocompetence and oxidative stress. In contrast, maternal antioxidants in eggs may be beneficial if they mitigate oxidative stress and immunosuppressive effects of androgens. We investigated possible interactive effects of maternal steroids and carotenoids on aspects of offspring physiology and phenotype, by simultaneously manipulating levels of androgens (via gonadotropin‐releasing hormone, GnRH‐challenges) and carotenoids (via diet supplementation) in captive female Japanese quail Coturnix japonica during egg laying. Carotenoid supplementation of hens, which elevates yolk concentrations of carotenoid and vitamins A and E, enhanced egg hatching success, offspring survival to age 15 d, and size of the bursa of Fabricius in offspring. In contrast, repeated maternal GnRH challenges, which elevated yolk testosterone concentrations, enhanced offspring neonatal size, but negatively affected bursa size. However, interaction among the treatments suggests that the positive effect of maternal carotenoid supplementation on plasma bactericidal capacity was mediated by maternal GnRH challenges. Chicks originating from carotenoid‐supplemented hens were less immunosuppressed than those originating from carotenoid‐supplemented + GnRH‐challenged hens, which were less immunosuppressed than chicks from GnRH‐challenged females not supplemented with carotenoids. Females availability of carotenoid enriched diets allows them to enhance the development of offspring immune system via carotenoids and vitamins deposited in egg yolks and offset detrimental effects of androgens deposited by GnRH‐challenged females.
Association of Pulse Wave Velocity and Pulse Pressure With Decline in Kidney Function
Authors: Kim Chang Seong , Kim Ha Yeon , Kang Yong Un , Choi Joon Seok , Bae Eun Hui , Ma Seong Kwon , Kim Soo Wan
Published: April 2014

The association between arterial stiffness and decline in kidney function in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not well established. This study investigated whether pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse pressure (PP) are independently associated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and rapid decline in kidney function in early CKD. Carotid femoral PWV (cfPWV), brachial‐ankle PWV (baPWV), and PP were measured in a cohort of 913 patients (mean age, 63±10 years; baseline estimated GFR, 84±18 mL/min/1.73 m2). Estimated GFR was measured at baseline and at follow‐up. The renal outcome examined was rapid decline in kidney function (estimated GFR loss, >3 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year). The median follow‐up duration was 3.2 years. Multivariable adjusted linear regression model indicated that arterial PWV (both cfPWV and baPWV) and PP increased as estimated GFR declined, but neither was associated with kidney function after adjustment for various covariates. Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that cfPWV and baPWV were not associated with rapid decline in kidney function (odds ratio [OR], 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41–4.65; OR, 2.51, 95% CI, 0.66–9.46, respectively), but PP was (OR, 1.22, 95% CI, 1.01–1.48; P=.045). Arterial stiffness assessed using cfPWV and baPWV was not correlated with lower estimated GFR and rapid decline in kidney function after adjustment for various confounders. Thus, PP is an independent risk factor for rapid decline in kidney function in populations with relatively preserved kidney function (estimated GFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2).
From Business to Politics: Cross‐Border Inter‐Firm Networks and Policy Spillovers in the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood
Authors: Turkina Ekaterina , Postnikov Evgeny
Published: April 2014

The European Union (EU) encourages cross‐border inter‐firm networks as a part of its external governance approach. What is the effect of these networks? Do they lead to regulatory convergence aroundEUstandards in the eastern neighbourhood? Using original survey data, as well as data on regional enterprise‐related regulations, this article argues that the density of interaction among private actors and between private actors and regional governments in such networks create conditions for private actors to lobby for regulatory change, resulting in approximations toEUstandards. By testing the transnational mechanisms of policy change, the article points to the possibility of integration, even in the absence of membership prospects. However, the findings also indicate that the extent of regulatory change is conditioned by cross‐border network structure as well as the institutional distance between the partnering regions.
The Limits of Normalization: Taking Stock of theEU‐USComparative Literature
Authors: Tortola Pier Domenico
Published: April 2014

This article contributes to the research on the normalization ofEuropeanUnion (EU) studies by presenting an analysis and assessment of theEU‐UScomparative literature. Using an original and comprehensive data set of 104 publications, it shows not only that these comparisons have grown considerably since the early 1990s, but also and more interestingly thatEU‐USscholarship itself has increasingly conformed to mainstream political science by becoming more diverse, causal in nature and empirically inclusive. Unlike other accounts of normalization, however, it is argued here that these transformations are only partly desirable, and that a better direction for the future is to developEU‐USresearch as a distinct programme withinEUstudies, centred on a ‘dual mission’ – theoretical and empirical – that accepts political science's scope and explanatory objectives, but at the same time sees the two cases as worthy of being studied in isolation owing to their importance and the political value of their comparison.
EUTrade in Financial Services withASEAN, Policy Coherence for Development and Financial Crisis
Authors: Robles Alfredo C.
Published: April 2014

In the wake of the financial crisis, negotiating free trade agreements (FTAs) withSoutheastAsia has become a priority for theEuropeanUnion (EU). Paradoxically, all the indications are that theEUwill demand thatIndonesia,Malaysia, thePhilippines andThailand liberalize financial services trade with theEU. This article asks whether theEU's policy undermines coherence betweenEUtrade and development policies. It argues that theEUandAssociation ofSoutheastAsianNations (ASEAN) agree that financial services are crucial for development, but that they differ on the approach to liberalization: theEUadvocates broad‐ranging liberalization, whereasASEANcountries favour a cautious approach, conditioned by their experience of theAsian financial crisis. In view of this divergence, theEUwill have to rethink its approach to financial services trade liberalization in negotiations withASEANcountries.
OASIS regulates chondroitin 6‐O‐sulfotransferase 1 gene transcription in the injured adult mouse cerebral cortex
Authors: Okuda Hiroaki , Tatsumi Kouko , Horii‐Hayashi Noriko , Morita Shoko , Okuda‐Yamamoto Aya , Imaizumi Kazunori , Wanaka Akio
Published: April 2014

Old astrocyte specifically induced substance (OASIS), a basic leucine zipper transcription factor of the cAMP response element binding/Activating transcription factor family, is induced in reactive astrocytes in vivo and has important roles in quality control of protein synthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum. Reactive astrocytes produce a non‐permissive environment for regenerating axons by up‐regulating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). In this study, we focus on the potential role of OASIS in CSPG production in the adult mouse cerebral cortex. CS‐C immunoreactivity, which represents chondroitin sulfate moieties, was significantly attenuated in the stab‐injured cortices of OASIS knockout mice compared to those of wild‐type mice. We next examined expression of the CSPG‐synthesizing enzymes and core proteins of CSPGs in the stab‐injured cortices of OASIS knockout and wild‐type mice. The levels of chondroitin 6‐O‐sulfotransferase 1 (C6ST1, one of the major enzymes involved in sulfation of CSPGs) mRNA and protein increased after cortical stab injury of wild‐type, but not of OASIS knockout, mice. A C‐terminal deletion mutant OASIS over‐expressed in rat C6 glioma cells increased C6ST1 transcription by interacting with the first intron region. Neurite outgrowth of cultured hippocampal neurons was inhibited on culture dishes coated with membrane fractions of epidermal growth factor‐treated astrocytes derived from wild type but not from OASIS knockout mice. These results suggest that OASIS regulates the transcription of C6ST1 and thereby promotes CSPG sulfation in astrocytes. Through these mechanisms, OASIS may modulate axonal regeneration in the injured cerebral cortex.

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OASIS, an ER stress‐responsive CREB/ATF family member, is up‐regulated in the reactive astrocytes of the injured brain. We found that the up‐regulated OASIS is involved in the transcriptional regulation of C6ST1 gene, which promotes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) sulfation. We conclude that OASIS functions as an anti‐regenerative transcription factor by establishing a non‐permissive microenvironment to regenerating axons.
The voltage‐gated calcium channel blocker lomerizine is neuroprotective in motor neurons expressing mutant SOD1, but not TDP‐43
Authors: Tran Luan T. , Gentil Benoit J. , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Durham Heather D.
Published: April 2014

Excitotoxicity and disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis have been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and limiting Ca2+ entry is protective in models of ALS caused by mutation of SOD1. Lomerizine, an antagonist of L‐ and T‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels and transient receptor potential channel 5 transient receptor potential channels, is well tolerated clinically, making it a potential therapeutic candidate. Lomerizine reduced glutamate excitotoxicity in cultured motor neurons by reducing the accumulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and protected motor neurons against multiple measures of mutant SOD1 toxicity: Ca2+ overload, impaired mitochondrial trafficking, mitochondrial fragmentation, formation of mutant SOD1 inclusions, and loss of viability. To assess the utility of lomerizine in other forms of ALS, calcium homeostasis was evaluated in culture models of disease because of mutations in the RNA‐binding proteins transactive response DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) and Fused in Sarcoma (FUS). Calcium did not play the same role in the toxicity of these mutant proteins as with mutant SOD1 and lomerizine failed to prevent cytoplasmic accumulation of mutant TDP‐43, a hallmark of its pathology. These experiments point to differences in the pathogenic pathways between types of ALS and show the utility of primary culture models in comparing those mechanisms and effectiveness of therapeutic strategies.

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Calcium sensitivity is a factor in motor neuron vulnerability in ALS. The voltage‐gated calcium channel blocker lomerizine normalized [Ca2+] and reduced toxicity of mutant Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD1) causing familial ALS1. Calcium homeostasis was not disrupted in motor neurons expressing ALS‐associated mutants of TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) or FUS, nor was lomerizine protective, affirming differences in pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic efficacy in the forms of ALS.
Treatment of dentin hypersensitivity with a low‐level laser‐emitting toothbrush: double‐blind randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety
Authors: Ko Y. , Park J. , Kim C. , Park J. , Baek S.H. , Kook Y.A.
Published: April 2014

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is defined as pain derived from exposed dentin in response to chemical, thermal, tactile, or osmotic stimuli that cannot be explained as having arisen from any other dental defect or disease. The aim of this trial was to test the efficacy and the safety of a low‐level laser‐emitting toothbrush on management of DH. A prospective, double blind, randomised clinical trial was designed; 96 individuals with hypersensitive teeth without caries or fracture were selected as subjects. The subjects were randomly allocated to either the test group with the 635 nm per 6 mW laser‐emitting toothbrush, or the control group with the 635 nm per 12·9 μW light‐emitting diode (LED) toothbrush. An air blast was applied with a dental air syringe held 3 mm away from the selected tooth and a visual analogue scale (VAS: 0–10) was used to quantify subjective pain. Assessments were completed at a screening visit and after 2‐week and 4‐week of using a test/control toothbrush. Results demonstrated that the use of both control and test toothbrushes resulted in decreased discomfort after 4 weeks. In the test group, pain intensity scores decreased from 5·8 ± 1·2 to 2·3 ± 1·6, and in the control group, the scores decreased from 6·4 ± 1·3 to 5·5 ± 2·0 (P < 0·05). This decrease was significantly greater in the test group. There were no significant adverse events or side effects. It was concluded that the use of the low‐level laser emitting toothbrush is a safe and effective treatment option for the management of DH.
Iridescent flowers? Contribution of surface structures to optical signaling
Authors: van der Kooi Casper J. , Wilts Bodo D. , Leertouwer Hein L. , Staal Marten , Elzenga J. Theo M. , Stavenga Doekele G.
Published: April 2014

The color of natural objects depends on how they are structured and pigmented. In flowers, both the surface structure of the petals and the pigments they contain determine coloration. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of structural coloration, including iridescence, to overall floral coloration.

We studied the reflection characteristics of flower petals of various plant species with an imaging scatterometer, which allows direct visualization of the angle dependence of the reflected light in the hemisphere above the petal. To separate the light reflected by the flower surface from the light backscattered by the components inside (e.g. the vacuoles), we also investigated surface casts.

A survey among angiosperms revealed three different types of floral surface structure, each with distinct reflections. Petals with a smooth and very flat surface had mirror‐like reflections and petal surfaces with cones yielded diffuse reflections. Petals with striations yielded diffraction patterns when single cells were illuminated. The iridescent signal, however, vanished when illumination similar to that found in natural conditions was applied.

Pigmentary rather than structural coloration determines the optical appearance of flowers. Therefore, the hypothesized signaling by flowers with striated surfaces to attract potential pollinators presently seems untenable.
Impact of physical activity and fitness in class II and III obese individuals: a systematic review
Authors: Baillot A. , Audet M. , Baillargeon J. P. , Dionne I. J. , Valiquette L. , Rosa‐Fortin M. M. , Abou Chakra C. N. , Comeau É. , Langlois M. F.
Published: April 2014

The objective of this systematic review was to appraise current knowledge on the impact of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) on the health of class II and III obese subjects and bariatric surgery (BS) patients. All original studies were searched using four databases (Medline®, Scopus®, CINAHL and Sportdiscus). Two independent investigators selected studies assessing the impact of PA or PF on specific health outcomes (anthropometric parameters, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, PF, wellness) in adults with a body mass index ≥35 kg m−2 or in BS patients. Conclusions were drawn based on a rating system of evidence. From 3,170 papers identified, 40 papers met the inclusion criteria. The vast majority of studies were recently carried out with a predominance of women. Less than one‐third of these studies were experimental and only three of them were of high quality. Each study reported at least one beneficial effect of PA or PF. However, a lack of high‐quality studies and heterogeneity in designs prevented us from finding high levels of evidence. In conclusion, although results support the importance of PA and PF to improve the health of this population, higher‐quality trials are required to strengthen evidence‐based recommendations.
The effect of herbivores on genotypic diversity in a clonal aquatic plant
Authors: Hidding Bert , Meirmans Patrick G. , Klaassen Marcel , de Boer Thijs , Ouborg N. J. (Joop) , Wagemaker C. A. M. (Niels) , Nolet Bart A.
Published: April 2014

In clonal plants, vegetative parts may outcompete seeds in the absence of disturbance, limiting the build‐up of genotypic diversity through repeated seedling recruitment (RSR). Herbivory may provide disturbance and trigger establishment of strong colonizers (seeds) at the expense of strong competitors (clonal propagules). In the clonal aquatic fennel pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus, two distinct herbivore guilds may modify the dynamics of propagation. In winter, Bewick's swans may deplete patches of tubers, promoting seedling establishment in spring. In summer, seed consumption by waterfowl can reduce the density of viable seeds but grazing may also reduce tuber production and hence facilitate seedling establishment. This study is among the first to experimentally test herbivore impact on plant genotypic diversity. We assess the separate and combined effects of both herbivore guilds on genotypic diversity and structure of fennel pondweed beds. Using microsatellites, we genotyped P. pectinatus from an exclosure experiment and assessed the contribution of herbivory, dispersal and sexual reproduction to the population genetic structure. Despite the predominance of clonal propagation in P. pectinatus, we found considerable genotypic diversity. Within the experimental blocks, kinship among genets decreased with geographic distance, clearly identifying a role for RSR in the maintenance of genotypic diversity within the fennel pondweed beds. However, over a period of five years, none of the herbivory treatments affected genotypic diversity. Hence, sexual reproduction on a local scale is important in this putatively clonal plant and possibly sufficient to ensure a relatively high genotypic diversity even in the absence of herbivores. Although we cannot preclude a role of herbivory in shaping genotypic diversity of a clonal plant, after five years of exclusion of the two investigated herbivore guilds no measurable effect on genotypic diversity was detected.