bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extrusion of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Misiolek Wojciech Z. , Kelly Richard M.
Published: December 2018

Aluminum and aluminum alloys are very suitable for extrusion and many types of profiles can be produced from easily extrudable alloys. This article lists the basic characteristics of aluminum and its alloys. It tabulates the aluminum extrusion alloys by series and lists the typical applications for 6xxx series aluminum extrusions. The article discusses three broad categories of extrusion profiles: solid profile, hollow profile, and semi hollow profile. It provides information on weldability and machinability, which are often considered in profile design and product performance. The article discusses different aluminum extrusion processes, such as the direct extrusion process and the indirect extrusion process. It schematically illustrates the plotting of flow stress and extrudability for several types of aluminum alloys. The article concludes with information on the heat treatment and precipitation hardening for alloys, such as 2xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx.
Equal-Channel Angular Extrusion
Authors: Segal Vladimir
Published: December 2018

This article describes the mechanics and processing characteristics of equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Tool design considerations for the ECAE are discussed. During ECAE, severe plastic strains and simple shear deformation mode contribute to strong, sometimes unusual effects of processing on structure and properties. The article explains these effects and concludes with a discussion on the applications of the ECAE.
Workpiece Materials Database
Authors: Guillard Stéphane
Published: December 2018

The material data for forging can be divided into two categories, namely, mechanical properties and thermophysical properties. This article describes the flow characteristics of key engineering materials, such as steels, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, titanium alloys, and nickel-base superalloys. It discusses the thermophysical properties for designing or optimizing a metalworking process: specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity/diffusivity, and density.
Cold Upset Testing
Authors: Kuhn Howard A.
Published: December 2018

A cylindrical specimen compressed with friction at the die surfaces does not remain cylindrical in shape but becomes bulged or barreled. Tensile stresses associated with the bulging surface make the upset test a candidate for workability testing. This article discusses test-specimen geometry and friction conditions; strain measurements; crack detection; and material inhomogeneities, which are to be considered for performing cold upset testing. It describes test characteristics in terms of deformation, free-surface strains, and stress states for performing cylindrical compression tests. The article illustrates the fracture loci in cylindrical, tapered, and flanged upset-test specimens of aluminum alloy and type 1045 cold-finished steel.
Hot-Tension Testing
Authors: Nicolaou P.D. , Bailey R.E. , Semiatin S.L.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses two types of hot-tension tests, namely, the Gleeble test and conventional isothermal hot-tension test, as well as their equipment. It summarizes the data for hot ductility, strength, and hot-tension for commercial alloys. The article presents isothermal hot-tension test data, which helps to gain information on a number of material parameters and material coefficients. It details the effect of test conditions on flow behavior. The article briefly describes the detailed interpretation of data from the isothermal hot-tension test using numerical model. It also explains the cavitation mechanism and failure modes that occur during hot-tension testing.
Thermomechanical Testing
Authors: Guillard Stéphane , Ray Koushik
Published: December 2018

Thermomechanical are used to gain insight into the causes of problems that arise during a given thermomechanical process. This article provides examples to demonstrate how significant the parameters were selected for specific tests. It examines the types of problems that can occur during a thermomechanical process. The article provides information on the thermophysical properties, which include specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity/diffusivity, and density. It concludes with examples that illustrate how the various considerations in testing are successfully used to solve practical thermomechanical processing problems.
Forming of Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Doege E. , Behrens B.-A. , Kurz G. , Vogt O.
Published: December 2018

In terms of forming, magnesium alloys are much more workable at elevated temperatures due to their hexagonal crystal structures. This article describes the deformation mechanisms of magnesium and provides information on the hot and cold forming processes of magnesium alloys and the lubricants used in the processes. It discusses the various forming processes of magnesium alloys. These include press-brake forming, deep drawing, manual and power spinning, rubber-pad forming, stretch forming, drop hammer forming, and precision forging.
Superplastic Sheet Forming
Authors: Ghosh A.K. , Hamilton C.H.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses many of the processes and related considerations involved in the forming of superplastic sheet metal parts. It reviews the requirements for superplasticity and describes the characteristics of superplastic metals. The characterization of superplastic behavior includes the characterization of plastic flow, internal cavitation, and fracture behavior. Processing variables needed for the overall characterization of superplastic behavior are summarized. The article discusses the superplastic forming methods, namely, blow forming, vacuum forming, thermoforming, deep drawing, superplastic forming/diffusion bonding, forging, extrusion, and dieless drawing. It provides information on superelastic forming equipment and tooling. The article explains the thinning characteristics and quick plastic forming and its technological elements. It describes the manufacturing practice of the process. The article concludes with a discussion on the superplastic behavior in iron-base alloys.
Process and Feedback Control for Manufacturing
Authors: Demeri Mahmoud Y. , Cao Jian , Venugopal Ravi
Published: December 2018

The use of an effective control design, along with high-performance hardware and software for controller implementation, allows the use of feedback process control for manufacturing processes to improve part quality and consistency. This article provides an overview of control system design and its application to various manufacturing processes. It presents various examples of control system applications to show that appropriate control strategies increase the robustness of the processes by eliminating process sensitivity to system variations and external disturbances.
Forming of Advanced High-Strength Steels
Authors: Demeri Mahmoud Y.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on the classification of high-strength steels (HSS) and advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) and tabulates designation of HSS and AHSS as recommended by the American Iron and Steel Institute. It reviews the major grades of HSS and AHSS that are used or will potentially be used in industrial applications. The article discusses different stamping issues such as edge cracking and springback, encountered during forming of AHSS, and lists guidelines for reducing springback in stamped components. It concludes with a discussion on the major advantages and disadvantages of using HSS and AHSS in automotive applications.
Modeling and Simulation of the Forming of Aluminum Sheet Alloys
Authors: Yoon J.W. , Barlat F.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the numerical simulation of the forming of aluminum alloy sheet metals. The macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the plastic behavior of aluminum alloys are reviewed. The article presents constitutive equations suitable for the description of aluminum alloy sheets. It explains testing procedures and analysis methods that are used to measure the relevant data needed to identify the material coefficients. The article describes the various formulations of finite element methods used in sheet metal forming process simulations. Stress-integration procedures for both continuum and crystal-plasticity mechanics are also discussed. The article also provides various examples that illustrate the simulation of aluminum sheet forming.
Prediction and Direct Measurements of Die Wear in Stamping Processes
Authors: Liu Huimin
Published: December 2018

This article describes the laboratory techniques for direct measurement and quantification of die wear in verifying a proprietary die-wear predictor methodology. This method is based on a theoretical formula that can be used to predict the rate of die wear and the life of a die surface coating, applicable to both mild steel and high-strength steels stampings. The article discusses the behavior of the surface conditions through quantitative measurements and surface analyses conducted throughout the wear tests. The surface conditions include surface roughness, surface morphology, microstructure, interfacial friction, surface temperatures, and wear rate.
Cupola Furnaces
Authors: Powell William L. , Druschitz Alan P. , Frost Jim
Published: December 2018

In high-iron-tonnage operations, the cupola remains the most efficient source of continuous high volumes of iron needed to satisfy high production foundries or the multiple casting machines of centrifugal pipe producers. This article explores successful improvement technologies in cupola equipment, including preheated air blast, recuperative hot blast systems, and duplex electric holders. It discusses the shell, intermittent or continuous tapping, tuyere and blower systems, refractory lining, water-cooled cupolas, emission-control systems, and storage and handling of the charge materials. The article provides a discussion on control tests for cupola, including the chill test and mechanical test. It concludes with information on specialized cupolas such as cokeless cupola and plasma-fired cupola.
Nucleation Kinetics and Grain Refinement
Authors: Perepezko J.H.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses selected highlights of thermodynamic relationships during solidification and nucleation kinetics behavior in connection with the basis of nucleation treatments, such as grain refinement and inoculation, to provide a summary of nucleation phenomena during casting. Nucleation during solidification is a thermally activated process involving a fluctuational growth in the sizes of clusters of solids. The article describes nucleation phenomenon such as homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. It discusses various grain refinement models, such as carbide-boride model, free growth model, and constitutional undercooling model. The article concludes with a section on thermal analysis techniques for assessing grain-refining characteristics during master alloy processing.
Non-Plane Front Solidification
Authors: Trivedi Rohit , Sunseri Erin
Published: December 2018

Nonplanar microstructures form most frequently during the solidification of alloys, and they play a crucial role in governing the properties of the solidified material. This article emphasizes the basic ideas, characteristic lengths, and the processing conditions required to control the columnar and equiaxed microstructures. The formation of cellular and dendritic structures in one- and two-phase structures is presented with emphasis on the effect of processing conditions and composition on the selection of microstructure and microstructure scales.
Ductile Iron Castings
Authors: Goodrich George M.
Published: December 2018

This article begins with a description of the classes and grades of ductile iron. It discusses the factors affecting the mechanical properties of ductile iron. The article reviews the hardness properties, tensile properties, shear and torsional properties, compressive properties, fatigue properties, fracture toughness, and physical properties of ductile iron and compares them with other cast irons to aid the designer in materials selection. It concludes with information on austempered ductile iron.
Titanium and Titanium Alloy Castings
Authors: Guclu Mustafa
Published: December 2018

The combination of high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance makes titanium the best material choice for many critical applications. This article begins with a description of the historical perspective of titanium casting technology. It discusses the types of molding methods, such as rammed graphite molding and lost-wax investment molding. The article provides information on the casting design, melting, postcasting, and pouring practices. It describes the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6AI-4V alloy. The article examines the product applications of titanium alloy castings. The tensile properties, standard industry specifications, and chemical compositions of various titanium alloy castings are tabulated.
Tapping
Authors: Johnson Mark
Published: December 2018

Tapping is a machining process for producing internal threads. This article provides a discussion on machines and accessories of tapping. It reviews the seven categories of taps, namely, solid, shell, sectional, expansion, inserted-chaser, adjustable, and collapsible taps, as well as their design and functions. It explains the influences of various factors on the selection of tap design features and discusses the principal factors that influence the selection of equipment and procedure for tapping. The article reviews the factors that determine torque demand. It also provides an overview of tap materials and surface treatment and concludes with a discussion on tapping of taper pipe threads.
Machining of Powder Metallurgy Materials
Authors: Chandler Harry E.
Published: December 2018

Powder metallurgy is a near-net shape process capable of producing complex parts with little or no need for secondary operations such as machining, joining, or assembly. However, the inability to produce certain geometrical figures such as transverse holes, undercuts, and threads frequently necessitates some machining, particularly drilling. This article provides a discussion on the measures that can optimize the machining of P/M materials. It reviews the factors influencing machinability of P/M components, including workpiece and tool material properties, cutting conditions, machine and cutting tool parameters as well as some P/M material and production process parameters. These parameters discussed include the particle size, part geometry, porosity, compaction and sintering methods. In addition, the article presents guidelines for the various machining processes, namely, turning and boring, milling, drilling, grinding, reaming, burnishing, tapping, and honing and lapping.
Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Gears and Wind-Turbine Components
Authors: Errichello Robert
Published: December 2018

This article is concerned with gear tooth failures influenced by friction, lubrication, and wear, and especially those failure modes that occur in wind-turbine components. It provides a detailed discussion on wear (including adhesion, abrasion, polishing, fretting, and electrical discharge), scuffing, and Hertzian fatigue (including macropitting and micropitting). Details for obtaining high lubricant specific film thickness are presented. The article describes the selection criteria for lubricants, such as oil, grease, adhesive open gear lubricant, and solid lubricants. It discusses the applications of oil and gear lubricants and the types of standardized gear tests. The article presents some recommendations for selecting lubricants and lubricant viscosity for enclosed gear. It provides some examples of failure modes that commonly occur on gears and bearings in wind turbine gearboxes.
Vibroacoustic Monitoring Using Signal-Processing Techniques
Authors: Fouladi M. Hosseini , Namasivayam S. Narayana , Ghassem M. , Nor M.J. Mohd
Published: December 2018

Vibroacoustic analysis of mechanical systems has an important role in the engineering discipline. This can be used as a monitoring tool to obtain insights about the condition of a system, identify its probable defects, and determine the time window that the maintenance should happen. This article introduces the basics of signal processing in time, frequency, and time-frequency domains. It focuses on statistical analysis of the time-domain data. Various measures of data distribution and variability are pointed out. Important signal-processing functions in the frequency domain are presented and explained with examples. The article discusses and clarifies the benefits of time-frequency domain based on short-time Fourier transform with some practical applications. The article presents the most frequently used statistical functions. It concludes with information on some real-world applications of vibroacoustic analysis.
Friction and Wear of Polymers and Polymer Composites
Authors: Myshkin Nikolai K. , Kovalev Alekcander V.
Published: December 2018

Polymers and polymer composites have become attractive for tribological applications due to their specific material properties. This article begins by discussing the fundamentals of polymer friction and wear. It summarizes the main polymer materials used in tribological applications. The article explains the effects of load, sliding velocity, and temperature on the friction coefficient. It describes three types of wear modes, namely, abrasive, adhesion, and fatigue. The article discusses the frictional behavior of polymer composites and polymer coatings. It concludes by providing information on tribotesting of polymers and polymer composites.
Grease
Authors: Bosman Rob
Published: December 2018

This article describes the main advantages of using grease as a lubricant rather than oil. It discusses the formulation, lubricating mechanism, degradation, and characterization of grease. The article describes the parameters that determine lifetime of grease, including low-temperature limit, low-temperature performance limit, high-temperature performance limit, and high-temperature limit. The article concludes with information on the practical use of grease as a lubricant reservoir.
Multiaxial Fatigue Strength
Authors: McDowell David L.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on the typical experimental observations of formation and propagation of small fatigue cracks under various stress states and explores the relation to long crack fracture mixed-mode fracture mechanics. It discusses state I crystallographic and stage II normal stress-dominated growth, along with some observations regarding the influence of combined stress state on the propagation of small cracks. The article discusses the differences between low-cycle fatigue and high-cycle fatigue (HCF) behaviors. Several other features of multiaxial fatigue are also explained, including mean stress effects, sequences of stress/strain amplitude or stress state, nonproportional loading and cycle counting, and HCF fatigue limits. In addition, the article covers the formation and propagation of cracks on the order of several grain sizes in diameter in initially isotropic and ductile structural alloys.
Computer-Aided Design
Authors: MacKrell John
Published: December 2018

Modern, solids-based computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems provide a good share of what is needed for companies to develop products using modern methods. This article provides a brief history and an overview of CAD technology. Form features combined with constraint parameters have greatly simplified how designers work with solid modelers to design parts and assemblies. The article describes four types of constraints: numeric, geometric, algebraic, and attributes. It presents a discussion on data associativity and assembly design used in CAD system. The article provides information on the applications of CAD systems, including integrated product development, drafting and product documentation, product visualization, mechanical analysis, and numerical control programming.
Relationship between Materials Selection and Processing
Authors: Dieter George E.
Published: December 2018

The selection of the best material for a particular design is intimately associated with the decisions of how to process the material or manufacture a part. This article describes the basic characteristics of manufacturing processes such as material factors, shape factors, and process factors. The influence of materials on the manufacturing cost is described with a specific example. The article discusses the design for manufacturability to minimize the total number of parts, use readily processed materials, and eliminate machining and finishing operations. It reviews the factors influencing the selection of a material for production, including material composition, heat-treated condition, surface finish, and cost of material. The article describes the material characteristics, such as terms formability, workability, castability, machinability, and weldability, that aid or hinder the production of a part without defects.
Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Nonferrous Alloys
Authors: Caron Ronald N. , Staley James T.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the monolithic form of nonferrous alloys, including aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, titanium, zinc, magnesium, and beryllium alloys. Each metal and alloy offers unique combinations of useful physical, chemical, and structural properties that are made available by its particular composition and the proper choice of processing method. The article describes the composition, designation system, properties, and processing method of these metals and alloys. It discusses the effect of alloying elements in these alloys. The article explains microstructure/property relationships that are used to make specific properties available to the designers of structural applications. It provides examples of phase diagrams that illustrate eutectic and peritectic reactions.
Design with Brittle Materials
Authors: Duffy Stephen F. , Janosik Lesley A.
Published: December 2018

Brittle materials, such as ceramics, intermetallics, and graphites, are increasingly being used in the fabrication of lightweight components. This article focuses on the design methodologies and characterization of certain material properties. It describes the fundamental concepts and models associated with performing time-independent and time-dependent reliability analyses for brittle materials exhibiting scatter in ultimate strength. The article discusses the two-parameter and three-parameter Weibull distribution for representing the underlying probability density function for tensile strength. It reviews life prediction reliability models used for predicting the life of a component with complex geometry and loading. The article outlines reliability algorithms and presents several applications to illustrate the utilization of these reliability algorithms in structural applications.
Design for Casting
Authors: Piwonka Thomas S.
Published: December 2018

Casting offers the cost advantages over other manufacturing methods for most components. This article reviews the aspects of castings with which designers should be familiar, as well as the methods used by foundries to produce high-integrity castings. It discusses the design concepts that designers and foundries can use to obtain maximum performance from cast parts. The article describes the effects of casting discontinuities on properties, including porosity, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects. A discussion on hot isostatic pressing treatment of castings is also provided. The article concludes with information on solidification simulation and its use in designing castings.
Design for Joining
Authors: Sampath K.
Published: December 2018

This article explains how to design a joint or conduct a joining process so that components can be produced most efficiently and without defects. The joining processes include mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, welding, brazing, and soldering. The article discusses the selection and application of good design practices based on the understanding of process-related manufacturing aspects such as accessibility, quality, productivity, and overall manufacturing cost. It provides several examples of selected parts and joining processes to illustrate the advantages of a specific design practice in improving manufacturability.
Epoxy Resins
Authors: Boyle Maureen A. , Martin Cary J. , Neuner John D.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the three basic elements of an epoxy resin formulation that must be understood when selecting a thermoset system. These include base resins, epoxy resin curatives, and modifiers. The article provides examples of epoxy resin formulations that illustrate how raw materials are combined to tailor a formulation to a specific application. It concludes with a discussion on general guidelines for the safe handling of epoxy resins and their associated products.
Polyester Resins
Authors: Pepper Tim
Published: December 2018

This article provides an overview of the various types of unsaturated polyester resins and low-profile additives. The resins include general-purpose resins, isophthalic resins, bisphenol A fumarate resins, chlorendic resins, and vinyl ester resin. The article describes the mechanical and electrical properties, thermal and oxidative stability, and chemical and ultraviolet (UV) resistance of polyester resins. It concludes with a discussion on the flame-retardant polyester resins.
Introduction to Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design
Authors: Reeve Scott
Published: December 2018

Composite materials offer amazing opportunities for delivering structures that are optimized to meet design requirements. This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the section “Engineering Mechanics, Analysis, and Design” in ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites. The section introduces many of the engineering approaches used in composite industry.
Instability Considerations
Authors: Flanagan Gerald , Meyers Carol
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the unique characteristics of composites and laminated plates, including orthotropic, anisotropic, and unsymmetric plates. It discusses the stability issues associated with practical, structural laminates based on the finite stack effects and transverse shear stiffness effects. The article presents the study of instability associated with postbuckling behavior and hygrothermal buckling in composite sandwich panels and shell panels.
Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Rastogi Naveen
Published: December 2018

This article provides an overview of the finite-element-based analyses (FEA) of advanced composite structures and highlights key aspects such as the homogenization of materials properties and post-processing of numerical results. It discusses the analysis of composite structures based on micromechanics and macromechanics. The article describes the FEA of 3-D solid elements, 2-D cylindrical shell elements, and 1-D beam elements. It contains a table that lists the commercially available finite element codes related to the analysis of fibrous composite materials. The article presents classical examples of the mechanics of composite materials to illustrate the aspects of multilayered composite structures.
Design Allowables
Authors: Boshers Chris
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the need for design allowables, development of design allowables, and important factors that affect the selection of the allowable. It provides a comparison between lamina and laminate allowables. The article discusses laminate results and specific techniques used in the statistical development of allowable values.
Cost Analysis
Authors: Mitchell Stephen , Ufkes Rebecca
Published: December 2018

Affordability is the key issue facing design engineers and manufacturers of composite components for current and next-generation aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems, and other advanced applications. This article describes the software tools available for modeling and analyzing costs associated with design and manufacturing options for advanced composites programs. It presents an example of a composite exhaust nozzle shroud where the design and manufacture options were analyzed and adjusted, based on the use of cost analysis tools. The article also lists some of the attributes found in various cost modeling software and the potential cost benefits.
Environmental Protection and Sealing
Authors: Hoeckelman Leslie A.
Published: December 2018

Environmental effects of ground and flight environments, including temperature extremes, damage by chemical fluids, moisture, and so forth, affect the durability of polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on corrosion control methods in aircraft structures. It discusses the design considerations for sealants in joints. The article describes the common methods to seal aircraft structures: fay surface, fillet, butt joint, channel, brush, and form-in-place seals. It discusses the surface preparation and application method of primer and topcoat systems. Primer and paint application equipment as well as sealant application equipment are reviewed.
Quality Assurance of Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Harrigan William C.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the characterization techniques, mechanical tests, and nondestructive evaluation methods that are commonly used for metal-matrix composites. It also tabulates typical methods of particle size and size distribution measurement, as well as mechanical test specifications for aluminum-matrix composites.
Properties and Performance of Ceramic-Matrix and Carbon-Carbon Composites
Authors: Doğan Cynthia Powell
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the mechanisms for enhancing the reliability of three types of ceramic-matrix composites: discontinuously reinforced ceramic-matrix composites, continuous fiber ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. It also presents examples of their mechanical and physical properties. Examples that illustrate the properties of commercially available materials are also provided.
Aramid Fibers
Authors: Chang Karl K.
Published: December 2018

The chemical composition of Kevlar aramid fiber is poly para-phenyleneterephthalamide. Para-aramid fibers belong to a class of materials known as liquid crystalline polymers. This article discusses the manufacture of aramid fibers and the major fiber forms, such as continuous filament yarns, rovings, woven fabrics, discontinuous staple and spun yarns, fabrics, and pulp. Key representative properties of para-aramid fibers are listed in a table. The article reviews the properties of aramid fibers, including tensile modulus, tensile strength, creep and fatigue, compressive properties, toughness, thermal properties, as well as electrical and optical properties. It concludes with a discussion on the environmental behavior of para-aramid fibers.
Modeling and Simulation of Texture Evolution during the Thermomechanical Processing of Titanium Alloys
Authors: Semiatin S.L. , Glavicic M.G. , Shevchenko S.V. , Ivasishin O.M. , Chun Y.B. , Hwang S.K.
Published: December 2018

The modeling and simulation of texture evolution for titanium alloys is often tightly coupled to microstructure evolution. This article focuses on a number of problems for titanium alloys in which such coupling is critical in the development of quantitative models. It discusses the phase equilibria, crystallography, and deformation behavior of titanium and titanium alloys. The article describes the modeling and simulation of recrystallization and grain growth of single-phase beta and single-phase alpha titanium. The deformation- and transformation-texture evolution of two-phase (alpha/beta) titanium alloys are also discussed.
Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Thermal Modeling
Authors: MacKenzie D. Scott , Banka Andrew L.
Published: December 2018

This article provides information on the various stages of quenching, sources of distortion, and factors that affect the creation of thermal gradients. It reviews the various determinations of heat-transfer coefficients by the thermal conductivity and diffusivity method, analytical and empirical methods, application of cooling curves, computational fluid dynamics, and the inverse conduction calculation and measurement of parts. Suitable examples are also provided.
Modeling of Tensile Properties
Authors: Collins Peter C. , Fraser Hamish L.
Published: December 2018

A computational tool would require the contribution of the strengthening mechanisms of metallic material to be predicted and then summed in an appropriate way to derive an estimate of the tensile properties. This article focuses on the modeling of deformation mechanisms pertinent to structural materials, namely, solid-solution strengthening, age/precipitation hardening, dispersion strengthening, grain size reduction, strengthening from cold work, and strengthening from interfaces. It explains the application of predictive models in the atomistic modeling of dislocation structures and cast aluminum property prediction. The article concludes with information on the use of rules-based approaches and data-mining techniques for quantitative predictions of tensile properties.
Computational Analysis of the Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) and Electroslag Remelting (ESR) Processes
Authors: Kelkar Kanchan M. , Patankar Suhas V. , Mitchell Alec , Minisandram Ramesh S. , Patel Ashish D.
Published: December 2018

This article provides an overview of the studies on computational modeling of the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) and electroslag remelting (ESR) processes. These models involve the axisymmetric analysis of the electromagnetic, flow, heat-transfer, and phase-change phenomena to predict the pool shape and thermal history of an ingot using two-dimensional axisymmetric models for VAR and ESR. Analysis of segregation of alloying elements during solidification that gives rise to macrolevel compositional nonuniformity in titanium alloy ingots is also described. The article discusses the important features of the control-volume-based computational method to review the unique aspects of the processes. Measurement of the properties of alloys and slags is explained and an analysis of the process variants for improving the predictive accuracy of the models is presented.
CASE BASE REASONING UNTUK MENENTUKAN KEBUTUHAN BAHAN BANGUNAN RUMAH
Authors: Rozaq Abdul
Published: December 2018

Building materials is an important factor to built a house, to estimate funds the needs of build a house, consumers or developers can estimate the funds needed to build a house. To solve these problems use case base reasoning (CBR) approach, which method is capable of reasoning or solving the problem based on the cases that have been there as a solution to new problems. The system built in this study is a CBR system for determine the needs of house building materials. The consultation process is done by inserting new cases compared to the old case similarity value is then calculated using the nearest neighbor.

The first test by inserting test data then compared with each type of home then obtained an accuracy of 83.6%. The second test is done by K-fold Cross Validation with K = 25 with the number of data 200, the data will be divided into two parts, namely the training data and test data, training data as many as 192 data and test data as many as 8 data. K-Fold Cross Validation method. This CBR system can produce an accuracy of 85.71%
RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS PENGEPUL KOPI BERBASIS ANDROID
Authors: Kendrawan I Dewa Gede Shunu , Khrisne Duman Care , Sukadarmika Gede
Published: December 2018

The low income of coffe farmers in Indonesia is  caused several factor, large production cost, non standart prices and high transport costs. In this paper we try to overcome this problem by establishing a geographic information system for coffe collectors, that will help farmers find an appropriate buyer with minimal shipping costs to maximized their profits. This research has been successfully implemented using Google Maps API for mapping the location and built as an Android based mobile devices application. Application on the side of the collectors can input different types of coffe prices to be purchased. While the system is on the side of farmers can search for  coffe collectors location. The test results using the system usability scale (SUS), the respondents gave a score on the farmer’s average of 74.7 and the side of the collector of 71.1 which means it has value adjective rating = excellent, grade scale = c and acceptability ranges = acceptable.
Development of a multi-purpose module system using Mecanum wheel module
Authors: Uchida Yoshihisa , Saito Tamon , Hatakeyama Tasuku
Published: December 2018

A multi-purpose module system (MMS), a modular robot, comprises joint and function modules. This robot can be variously configured to form serially connected and quadruped robots. This study presents initial designs and tests for a new locomotion module that uses Mecanum wheels (WM11-01). The WM11-01 comprises two Mecanum wheels on a single rotating shaft. Using this locomotion module, MMS-V01-Wn is proposed. In addition, physical specifications for the robot and equations for its locomotion control scheme are developed. These equations deliver relative rotational speeds of the Mecanum wheels that should generate robot motion in any direction. The WM11-01, at a diameter of only 100 mm, can move through particularly narrow pipes and channel-shaped terrain. We tested the MMS-V01-W1 in a pipe and found that roughness in the pipe surface did not significantly affect the robot’s locomotion. The results below demonstrate the adaptability and effectiveness of a miniaturized omnidirectional locomotion module.
The effect of motion-induced eddy current on axial MFL inspection for a steel pipe
Authors: Wu Jianbo , Xia Hui , Feng Bo , Li Erlong , Huang Xiaoming , Kang Yihua
Published: December 2018

In high-speed scanning MFL inspection for a steel pipe, according to Lenz’s Law, motion-induced eddy current (MIEC) is induced by relative movement between axial magnetizer and the inspected pipe. On the one hand, magnetic field generated by MIEC will change the magnetization intensity of the pipe and thereafter change the signal amplitude; on the other hand, it will also cause signal baseline shift by altering background magnetic field. In this paper, the effect of MIEC on axial MFL inspection is investigated by theoretical analysis, finite element simulations, and high-speed experiments. It is found that at different locations MIEC causes different change trends for both the background magnetic field and magnetization intensity, leading to sensitivity difference, which should be taken into consideration in the high-speed MFL inspection for a steel pipe.
The influence of support plate on MFL testing for a heat exchanger tube
Authors: Wu Jianbo , Xia Hui , Huang Xiaoming , Wu Tingjun , Li Erlong , Kang Yihua
Published: December 2018

Defects are usually developed on the outside of heat exchanger tubes due to large friction between the support plate and the tube. In this paper, in order to improve the accuracy of the MFL (magnetic flux leakage) testing for heat exchanger tubes, the influence of support plate on MFL testing is investigated. Firstly, the influence of support plate on the magnetization status is theoretically analyzed by magnetic circuit analysis. Then, numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the magnetization intensity of the tube at different locations. Finally, MFL experiments for heat exchanger tubes are performed, in which a differential induction coil array is proposed to eliminate the background signal caused by support plate. The testing results show that the MFL signal amplitude is increasing with the defect moving from the center of the support plate to the edge, which should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of heat exchanger tubes.
Multi-physics noise optimization in fuel pump PM motor
Authors: Bailly Christophe , Guilly Gildas , Mavrudieva Diana , Lombard Patrick
Published: December 2018

This paper deals with a multi-physics shape optimization of a fuel pump permanent magnet motor implemented in an airplane wing. The goal is to reduce motor noise by working on both electromagnetic and vibration aspects. A challenge is to maintain the initial electromagnetic performances while reducing the noise. Coupling together EM simulations, vibro-acoustic analysis and optimization method, a noise average reduction of 1 dB and 15 dB for critical frequency has been obtained.
Magnetic flux simulation for the inspection of local thinning of ferromagnetic plates
Authors: Pávó József , Gyimóthy Szabolcs , Bálint Botond , Bilicz Sándor , Vértesy Gábor , Tomáš Ivan
Published: December 2018

Magnetic flux simulations were utilized in a novel magnetic measurement method performed for the detection of local thinning of ferromagnetic plates. It was shown by numerical simulation, how parameters affect detectability of the defects. Linear relationship was found between the evaluated parameters and size of the artificial slot. Good correlation was found between theoretical and experimental results.
КРЕАТИВНА ЕКОНОМІКА: СУТНІСТЬ ПОНЯТТЯ ТА ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ
Authors:   Херсонський державний університет, Ушкаренко Ю.В. , Чмут А.В. ,   Херсонський державний університет, Синякова К.М. ,   Херсонський державний університет
Published: December 2018

Стаття присвячена актуальним питанням пов’язаним з розумінням сутності поняття «креативна економіка». Зокрема, на підставі аналізу наукових джерел виявлені основні підходи до визначення поняття «креативна економіка», визначені основні фактори виробництва та його результати. Сформовано власне визначення поняття «креативна економіка». Досліджено співвідношення понять «нова економіка», «креативна економіка», «інноваційна економіка», «цифрова економіка», «економіка вражень», «економіка знань». Зроблені висновки щодо перспектив розвитку креативної економіки в Україні.
ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ БАКАЛАВРІВ ІЗ АГРОІНЖЕНЕРІЇ В УМОВАХ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОГО СІЛЬСЬКОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА
Authors: Domin Alexander
Published: December 2018

У статті порушується проблема, що в незалежній Україні довгий час залишалася майже без уваги педагогічного загалу. Вона полягає в необхідності адаптації формування професійних компетентностей бакалаврів з агроінженерії до кардинальних змін у вітчизняному сільському господарстві, що відбулися з часів здобуття Україною незалежності. За цей час унаслідок глибинних реформ у сільському господарстві змінилися форми власності – з колективних і державних на приватні. У результаті цього сучасні приватні агрокомпанії господарюють        і розвиваються за жорсткими законами ринкової економіки. Це означає, що головна мета такого господарювання – якомога більший прибуток – понад усе. Внаслідок такого, далеко не завжди прогресивного розвитку, сталися зміни у відлагодженій десятиліттями професійній підготовці інженерних кадрів для аграрної галузі, зокрема: порушення зв’язків, тепер уже приватних сільськогосподарських підприємств, із закладами вищої освіти аграрного профілю, порушення агрокомпаніями необхідних умов відтворення родючості ґрунту, економія на висококваліфікованих кадрах, що приводить до перекладки агрономічних, агрохімсервісних, захисторослинних та інших подібних завдань діяльності у компетентність бакалаврів з агроінженерії; переважний пріоритет  імпортної  сільськогосподарської  техніки,  що  тягне за собою повну залежність українського сільського господарства від іноземних виробників видаткових та паливно-мастильних матеріалів до цієї техніки. Наведених змін достатньо, щоб зрозуміти, що існує істотна проблема у формуванні професійних компетентностей майбутніх бакалаврів з агроінженерії. Здійснено спробу визначити сучасні завдання діяльності бакалаврів з агроінженерії вітчизняного сільського господарства, визначити вимоги до формування їхніх професійних компетентностей.
Podcasts in teaching ESL
Authors: Chaikovska Olha
Published: December 2018

The paper reports on research into the integration of podcasts in ESL teaching. This issue is currently of great interest. The article aims to highlight the potential of podcasts in teaching English. The study investigates this issue  by comparing and generalizing the existing theoretical material  on the topic and examining the effects of podcast application in language learning. The study is concerned with basic characteristics and types of podcasts. Much attention is given to general and professional podcasts, veterinarian and agricultural authentic listening material, in particular. The review of most popular English language podcasts for general and professional usage is given in the study. The author analyzes the strategies for podcast integration in ESL teaching process. It is found that both types of podcasts can be used with the first year university students: general podcasts can be used at preparatory cycle of curriculum, while profession podcasts can be integrated into profession- focused cycle of curriculum. The primary concern of this research is to examine the advantages of integration the podcasts in ESL classroom. The author argues that podcasts could serve as one of the up-to-date effective strategies for ESL learning. It can be concluded that authenticity, multilevelness, ability to promote intrinsic motivation and personal growth, effectiveness (the combination of visual and sound information) and convenience of podcasts make them attractive tool in language learning.
From sidewalk ballet to defending the city
Authors: Mota Utanda Maria del Carmen
Published: December 2018

The city is primarily a public space as it is both a condition and an expression of its citizens. It is the environment where citizens can and should feel as such: free, equal and different. It is where society is performed, where it represents itself and is shown as a community that cohabitates and shows its contradictions, disputes and differences. The city is where collective memory is created and where all the different identities emerge. For this reason, this is the ideal location for Humanae. The faces of thousands of citizens crowding halls and museums to conquer the squares. From the streets of a marginalized neighborhood in Málaga - Spain, or the Rotary Praça in São Paulo - Brazil, to a building at United Nations Habitat III and the entrance of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Humanae uses public space to involve citizens from all over the planet in a global dialogue.
Using drawing as a tool to explore public space
Authors: Briggs Richard
Published: December 2018

With my background in architecture, my approach to better understanding public space is to use a process of exploration, observation and drawing on location, or as it’s called in some forums as “urban sketching”. With observation I try to understand the elements of the built environment which contribute to the vitality of a city. My drawings become comments on either the political landscape or social context of a particular place. Before I start the drawing process, I explore, observe, and talk to local people, gathering information on the layers complexity that exist in order to better understand place. This observational approach forms a framework to work within and enables me to begin the process of making an interpretation, through drawing, of a place. A key aim of this approach is to distill what I see into a simple form. Whether it be a large expansive wall drawing, or a small scale drawing in a sketch book, my artwork has the aspirational aim to provoke a wider discussion about our cities, public spaces, and the built environment. It also tries to look at how people use these spaces, and document what’s important to a “soul” of a place and how this approach resonates with its characteristics. Using drawing as a tool to highlight a message has enabled me to express ideas on how public space can be improved and enhanced from a social, political and experiential point of view.