bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Projecting Semantic Features*
Authors: Zhang Niina Ning
Published: March 2012

Abstract.  This study argues that the availability of both a container and a containee reading of a container measure construction such as three bottles of water is the result of two possible routes of projection of semantic features: from the syntactic head and from the non‐head element. The paper proposes that such an optionality correlates with the parallelism of other formal properties of the two nominals of the construction. Theoretically, it demonstrates how this projection optionality challenges the current theories of feature projection, and how semantic feature projection is different from syntactic feature projection: they do not have to be projected from the same element.
Metropolitan Fragmentation and Health Disparities: Is There a Link?
Authors: ANDRÉ HUTSON MALO , KAPLAN GEORGE A. , RANJIT NALINI , MUJAHID MAHASIN S.
Published: March 2012

Context: This article explores the relationship between metropolitan fragmentation, as defined by the total number of governmental units within a metropolitan statistical area (local municipalities, special service districts, and school districts), and racial disparities in mortality among blacks and whites in the 1990s. The presence of numerous governmental jurisdictions in large metropolitan areas in the United States can shape the geography of opportunity, with adverse consequences for health.

Methods: We conducted a regression analysis using U.S. Census of Government data and Compressed Mortality File data for the country's largest 171 metropolitan statistical areas.

Findings: We found a link between increased metropolitan area fragmentation and greater racial differences in mortality between blacks and whites for both children and working‐age adults. Although increasing fragmentation is associated with a higher mortality rate for blacks, it is not associated with a higher mortality rate for whites. These findings suggest that research is needed to understand how governance can positively or negatively influence a population's health and create conditions that generate or exacerbate health disparities.

Conclusions: We need to understand the extent to which metropolitan fragmentation contributes to racial segregation, whether racism contributes to both, and the role of poverty and antipoverty policies in reducing or exacerbating the consequences of metropolitan fragmentation. The exact pathways by which metropolitan fragmentation contributes to differences between blacks’ and whites’ mortality rates are unknown. Uncovering how institutions influence the social, economic, and environmental conditions, which in turn contribute to the current racial and ethnic health disparities in the largest metropolitan areas, is key. Understanding these “upstream” determinants of a population's health and the disparities in health between subgroups in the overall population must be at the core of any attempt to reduce disparities in health. Building bridges between urban planning and public health can be critical to these efforts.
The role of credit officers in the performance of micro loans
Authors: Agier Isabelle
Published: March 2012

This paper proposes a structural model explicitly considering the role played by credit officers in loan performance. The credit officer's ability is decomposed into the screening and the audit stage. This model is estimated using a rich database from VivaCred – a Brazilian NGO. Results suggest that: (i) there is substantial heterogeneity among credit officers in the sample; (ii) their ability affects more the screening than the audit stage; and (iii) their estimated ability is correlated with their experience at VivaCred but not with their experience before joining the organization. Evidence suggests that a reduction in staff turnover would be beneficial to the institution.
Labour market institutions and labour market performance
Authors: Lehmann Hartmut , Muravyev Alexander
Published: March 2012

This paper studies the relationship between labour market institutions and policies and labour market performance using a new and unique dataset that covers the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which in the last two decades experienced radical economic and institutional transformations. We document a clear trend towards liberalization of labour markets, especially in the countries of the former Soviet Union, but also substantial differences across the countries studied. Our econometric analysis implies that institutions matter for labour market outcomes, and that deregulation of labour markets improves their performance. The analysis also suggests several significant interactions between different institutions, which are in line with the idea of beneficial effects of reform complementarity and broad reform packages.
ON A SUPPOSED TABOO: FLIGHT AND REFUGEES FROM THE EAST IN GDR FILM AND TELEVISION1
Authors: Niven Bill
Published: March 2012

This article takes issue with the view that the theme of the flight of Germans from central and eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War was a ‘taboo’ topic in the GDR. It does so by exploring portrayals of this theme in GDR cinema films, and television series. It argues that, because GDR culture developed and retained through the decades an interest in representing the early postwar period, it was almost inevitable that cultural portrayals would feature the theme of the flight and resettlement of Germans, and of the part they played in the construction of socialism. Far from depicting German refugees negatively, GDR films and television series adopted a largely sympathetic perspective. Nevertheless, at the same time they made clear that the flight of Germans needed to be understood as a consequence of the Nazi war of aggression. This inherent ambivalence is the hallmark of one TV series in particular, Wege übers Land.

Im folgenden Artikel wird zu der These, die Darstellung von Flucht und Vertreibung sei in der DDR ‘tabuisiert’ worden, kritisch Stellung genommen. Der Artikel untersucht eine Reihe von DEFA‐Filmen und DDR‐Fernsehserien, in denen Flucht als Thema vorkommt. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass das Kriegsende und die frühe Nachkriegszeit mehr oder weniger Dauerthema solcher Produktionen waren, war es nur logisch, dass Flucht angesprochen und dargestellt wurde. Die analysierten Filme and Fernsehproduktionen bieten eine ambivalente Perspektive auf Flucht: auf der einen Seite wird deutlich gemacht, dass Flucht letztendlich eine Konsequenz des deutschen Angriffskrieges war, auf der anderen aber werden die Leiden der Flüchtlinge ernst genommen. Anhand der Fernsehserie Wege übers Land wird auf diese Ambivalenz eingegangen.
ACTS OF FAITH, FAITH IN ACTION:WHAT ALONE IN BERLIN AND THE 2011 ‘UNGEKÜRZTE NEUAUSGABE’ OF JEDER STIRBT FÜR SICH ALLEIN TELL US ABOUT HANS FALLADA'S VIEW OF ANTI‐NAZI RESISTANCE
Authors: Plow Geoffrey
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT 

The publishing success of Alone in Berlin, Michael Hofmann's translation of Jeder stirbt für sich allein, has drawn the attention of English‐speaking readers to Hans Fallada's novel for the first time. Fallada focuses on the relatively unplanned nature of his characters’ anti‐Nazi resistance. However, previously unavailable and unpublished material now available in the 2011 ‘Ungekürzte Neuausgabe’ of the work reveals that Fallada did not wish to portray the resistance as naïve and simplistic (as had been suggested by the Aufbau Verlag's editing of the original 1947 edition). The final scene of the novel is identified as a precursor of GDR socialist realism as it evolved in the 1950s. It is set in relation to Anna Seghers's 1949 short story ‘Die Rückkehr’. Fallada's emphasis on the importance of instinct and acts of faith within the practice of anti‐Nazi resistance is contrasted with Seghers's more developed ideological vision. This state of affairs is seen as no reason to view Fallada's novel any more disparagingly: his relative lack of concentration on ideological detail is a function of a more abiding interest in the actions of human beings who find themselves in extremis and hence more reliant on faith and instinct.

Der Erfolg von Alone in Berlin, Michael Hofmanns Übersetzung von Jeder stirbt für sich allein, hat zum ersten Mal die Aufmerksamkeit von anglophonen Lesern auf Hans Falladas Roman gelenkt. Falladas Schilderung des antinazistischen Widerstands hebt das Ungeplante am Handeln der Charaktere im Roman besonders hervor. Die Handelnden sind aber keineswegs naïv, wie die 1947 veröffentlichte und im Aufbau Verlag edierte Fassung des Romans zu verstehen gegeben hat. Dieser Eindruck wird von neuem Material endgültig beseitigt, das in der 2011 veröffentlichten ‘Ungekürzten Neuausgabe’ vorgestellt wurde. Die Schlussszene des Romans wird als Vorläufer des in den fünfziger Jahren in der DDR weit verbreiteten sozialistischen Realismus identifiziert. Ein Vergleich mit Anna Seghers’ Kurzgeschichte ‘Die Rückkehr’ (1949) wird angestellt. Falladas Betonung der Rolle des Instinkts und des Vertrauens, was den antinazistischen Widerstand betrifft, wird mit Seghers’ ausführlicherer ideologischer Vision kontrastiert. Das bedeutet aber nicht, dass Falladas Roman geringgeschätzt werden sollte. Der relative Mangel an ideologischem Detail zeugt für ein entsprechend größeres Interesse am menschlichen Handeln und an denjenigen, die in extremen Zuständen eher auf Vertrauen und Instinkt angewiesen sind.

image

[ Map detailing events and locations in Jeder stirbt für sich allein– from the frontispiece of the ‘Ungekürzte Ausgabe’ (Berlin 2011). ]
Election in Bonhoeffer's Ethics: Discerning a Late Revision
Authors: PUFFER MATTHEW
Published: March 2012

Evidence that Bonhoeffer incorporates and responds to portions of Barth's Church Dogmatics II/2 in chapters thought to have been produced without access to Barth's fresh treatment of election mandate a revaluation of Bonhoeffer's controversial ethic and a reconsideration of the hermeneutic proper to his Ethics. Bonhoeffer's conception of election underwent a development from his public academic genesis in Sanctorum Communio to his posthumously published Ethics. His treatment of election in ‘God's Love and the Disintegration of the World’ demonstrates the doctrine's prominent role in his final attempts at reforming Christian ethics and his critique of all previous ethics. Attending to the influence of election illuminates developments in Bonhoeffer's thinking about two of the primary concepts associated with his Ethics–Stellvertretung and Schuldübernahme.
On the evolution of morphogenetic models: mechano‐chemical interactions and an integrated view of cell differentiation, growth, pattern formation and morphogenesis
Authors: Urdy Séverine
Published: March 2012

In the 1950s, embryology was conceptualized as four relatively independent problems: cell differentiation, growth, pattern formation and morphogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the first three traditionally have been viewed as being chemical in nature, whereas those underlying morphogenesis have usually been discussed in terms of mechanics. Often, morphogenesis and its mechanical processes have been regarded as subordinate to chemical ones.

However, a growing body of evidence indicates that the biomechanics of cells and tissues affect in striking ways those phenomena often thought of as mainly under the control of cell‐cell signalling. This accumulation of data has led to a revival of the mechano‐transduction concept in particular, and of complexity in general, causing us now to consider whether we should retain the traditional conceptualization of development.

The researchers' semantic preferences for the terms ‘patterning’, ‘pattern formation’ or ‘morphogenesis’ can be used to describe three main ‘schools of thought' which emerged in the late 1970s. In the ‘molecular school’, the term patterning is deeply tied to the positional information concept. In the ‘chemical school’, the term ‘pattern formation’ regularly implies reaction‐diffusion models. In the ‘mechanical school’, the term ‘morphogenesis’ is more frequently used in relation to mechanical instabilities. Major differences among these three schools pertain to the concept of self‐organization, and models can be classified as morphostatic or morphodynamic. Various examples illustrate the distorted picture that arises from the distinction among differentiation, growth, pattern formation and morphogenesis, based on the idea that the underlying mechanisms are respectively chemical or mechanical.

Emerging quantitative approaches integrate the concepts and methods of complex sciences and emphasize the interplay between hierarchical levels of organizationviamechano‐chemical interactions. They draw upon recent improvements in mathematical and numerical morphogenetic models and upon considerable progress in collecting new quantitative data. This review highlights a variety of such models, which exhibit important advances, such as hybrid, stochastic and multiscale simulations.
Resource‐constrained project scheduling through the goal programming model: integration of the manager's preferences
Authors: Gagnon Michel , d'Avignon Gilles , Aouni Belaid
Published: March 2012

The aim of this paper is to present a multi‐objective project scheduling approach to help project managers when deciding on a baseline schedule. The concepts of satisfaction functions and goal programming are incorporated to generate this baseline schedule that represents the best compromise among a set of conflicting project objectives. An efficient computerized procedure based on the tabu search algorithm is proposed and enables the handling of large planning and scheduling projects.
Aggregate planning through the imprecise goal programming model: integration of the manager's preferences
Authors: Mezghani Mouna , Loukil Taicir , Aouni Belaïd
Published: March 2012

Aggregate planning involves planning the best quantity to be produced during time periods in the medium‐range horizon at the lowest cost. Usually, the production manager seeks a plan that simultaneously optimizes several incommensurable and conflicting objectives, such as total cost, level of inventories, level of customer service, fluctuation in workforce, and utilization level of the physical facility and equipment. The goal programming (GP) model is one of the best known multi‐objective programming models that considers simultaneously several conflicting objectives to select the most satisfactory solution among a set of feasible solutions. In the production planning problem, the goals and the technological parameters are naturally imprecise. Moreover, the existing GP formulations developed in industrial engineering and aggregate production planning do not explicitly incorporate the manager's preferences. The aim of this paper is to develop a GP formulation within an imprecise environment where the concept of satisfaction function will be utilized to explicitly introduce the manager's preferences into the aggregate planning model.
Statin Therapy and Hemodialysis Vascular Access—Were We Bringing a Knife to a Gunfight and Were Hoping to Win?
Authors: Florescu Marius C. , Birch Nathan
Published: March 2012

Vascular access dysfunction is a major contributor to end stage renal disease patient morbidity, and the cost of maintaining it is staggering. Any intervention able to improve the vascular access maturation rate and/or patency would be significant progress. Based on the anti‐inflammatory and vascular beneficial effects demonstrated in non‐end stage renal disease patients, we were hoping that statin use might provide the much needed improvement in the hemodialysis vascular access outcome. The reality proved disappointing. The statins failed to improve every aspect of hemodialysis vascular access studied. The present editorial discusses the current data regarding the effect of statins on vascular access and attempts to explain their lack of success.
Response of Tufted Angiomas to Low‐Dose Aspirin
Authors: Javvaji Srimanasi , Frieden Ilona J.
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Tufted angioma (TA), also known as angioblastoma of Nakagawa, is an uncommon vascular tumor. Clinical presentation and evolution of TA can vary. There are many treatment modalities, but none are uniformly effective. We present two patients with TA without Kasabach‐Merritt phenomenon (KMP) treated with low dose aspirin, which resulted in improved appearance, decreased bulk, and resolution of symptoms. Low‐dose aspirin should be considered as a treatment option for large or symptomatic TA that are not associated with KMP.
TAXONOMIC REVISIONS OF MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR SPECIES FROM TWO EUGLENOID GENERA: EUGLENA (E. GRANULATA AND E. VELATA) AND EUGLENARIA (EU. ANABAENA, EU. CAUDATA, AND EU. CLAVATA)1
Authors: Karnkowska‐Ishikawa Anna , Milanowski Rafał , Triemer Richard E. , Zakryś Bożena
Published: March 2012

The establishment of epitypes (together with the emended diagnoses) for three species of Euglenaria Karnkowska, E. W. Linton et Kwiatowski [Eu. anabaena (Mainx) Karnkowska et E. W. Linton; Eu. caudata (Hübner) Karnkowska et E. W. Linton; and Eu. clavata (Skuja) Karnkowska et E. W. Linton] and two species of Euglena Ehrenberg [E. granulata (Klebs) Schmitz and E. velata Klebs] was achieved due to literature studies, verification of morphological diagnostic features (cell size, cell shape, number of chloroplasts, the presence of mucocysts), as well as molecular characters (SSU rDNA). Now all these species are easy to identify and distinguish, despite their high morphological similarity, that is, spindle‐shaped (or cylindrically spindle‐shaped) cells and parietal, lobed chloroplasts with a single pyrenoid, accompanied by bilateral paramylon caps located on both sides of the chloroplast. E. granulata is the only species in this group that has spherical mucocysts. E. velata is distinguished by the largest cells (90–150 μm) and has the highest number of chloroplasts (>30). Eu. anabaena has the fewest chloroplasts (usually 3–6), and its cells are always (whether the organism is swimming or not) spindle‐shaped or cylindrically spindle‐shaped, in contrast to the cells of Eu. clavata, which are club‐shaped (clavate) while swimming and only after stopping change to resemble the shape of a spindle or a cylindrical spindle; Eu. clavata has numerous chloroplasts (15–20). Eu. caudata is characterized by asymmetrical spindle‐shaped (fusiform) cells, that is, with an elongated rear section and a shorter front section; the number of chloroplasts normally ranges from 7 to 15.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW MONOECIOUS SPECIES OF VOLVOX SECT. VOLVOX (VOLVOCACEAE, CHLOROPHYCEAE), BASED ON COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF CULTURED MATERIAL1
Authors: Isaka Nanako , Kawai‐Toyooka Hiroko , Matsuzaki Ryo , Nakada Takashi , Nozaki Hisayoshi
Published: March 2012

Species of Volvox sect. Volvox (Volvocaceae, Chlorophyceae) are unique because they have thick cytoplasmic bridges between somatic cells and spiny‐walled zygotes. This section is taxonomically important because the genus Volvox is polyphyletic. However, taxonomic studies of species in Volvox sect. Volvox have not been carried out on cultured material. Here, we performed a taxonomic study of monoecious species of Volvox sect. Volvox based on the comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny of chloroplast genes and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear rDNA using various strains originating from Japan and two preserved strains from the USA. The strains were clearly divided into four species, V. globator L., V. barberi W. Shaw, V. kirkiorum sp. nov., and V. ferrisii sp. nov., on the basis of differences in numbers of zygotes (eggs) in the sexual spheroids, form of zygote wall, and somatic cell shape. Sequences for ITS of nuclear rDNA resolved that the two new species have phylogenetic positions separated from V. globator, V. barberi, V. capensis F. Rich et Pocock, and V. rousseletii G. S. West UTEX 1862 within Volvox sect. Volvox.
Wind Power as a Case Study
Authors: Price Lindsay , Kendall Alissa
Published: March 2012

Meta‐analyses of life cycle assessments (LCAs) have become increasingly important in the context of renewable energy technologies and the decisions and policies that influence their adoption. However, a lack of transparency in reporting modeling assumptions, data, and results precludes normalizing across incommensurate system boundaries or key assumptions. This normalization step is critical for conducting valid meta‐analyses.

Thus it is necessary to establish clear methods for assessing transparency and to develop conventions for LCA reporting that promote future comparisons. While concerns over transparency in LCA have long been discussed in the literature, the methods proposed to address these concerns have not focused on the transparency and reporting characteristics required for performing meta‐analyses. In this study we identify guidelines for assessing reporting transparency that anticipate the needs of meta‐analyses of LCA applied to renewable energy technologies.

These guidelines were developed after an attempt to perform a meta‐analysis on wind turbine LCAs of 1 megawatt and larger, with the goal of determining how life cycle performance, as measured by global warming intensity, might trend with turbine size. The objective was to normalize system boundaries and environmental conditions, and reinterpret global warming potential with new impact assessment methods. Previous wind LCAs were reviewed and assessed for reporting transparency. Only a small subset of studies proved to be sufficiently transparent for the normalization of system boundaries and modeling assumptions required for meta‐analyses.
Suicidal Ideation and Perceived Burdensomeness in Patients with Chronic Pain
Authors: Kanzler Kathryn E. , Bryan Craig J. , McGeary Donald D. , Morrow Chad E.
Published: March 2012

There is a clear relationship between suicide risk and chronic pain conditions. However, the exact nature of this link has been poorly understood, with risk attribution often limited to comorbid depression. Perceived burdensomeness has already been confirmed as a risk factor for suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempt in the general population. Self‐perceived burden, studied among medically and terminally ill medical populations, has begun to receive a great deal of attention as a suicide risk factor. However, this risk has not been considered in an outpatient chronic pain population, a group likely to experience perceived burdensomeness as a particular problem. Guidelines recommend routine suicide risk screening in medical settings, but many questionnaires are time‐consuming and do not allow for the assessment of the presence of newly identified risk constructs, such as perceived burdensomeness. This retrospective study examined the relationship between depression, perceived burdensomeness, and SI in a patient sample seeking behavioral treatment for chronic pain management. A logistic regression model was developed, with preliminary results indicating perceived burdensomeness was the sole predictor of SI, even in the presence of other well‐established risk factors such as age, gender, depressive symptoms, and pain severity. Findings highlight the potential utility of a single‐item screening question in routine clinical care as an incrementally superior predictor of SI in a chronic pain population.
The Culture of Privilege: Color‐blindness, Postfeminism, and Christonormativity
Authors: Ferber Abby L.
Published: March 2012

This article argues that the ideology of color‐blind racism is part of a broader, overarching ideology of “oppression blindness.” Using an intersectional framework for understanding white privilege, color‐blind racism is seen not as a distinct ideology, but one which overlaps with and reinforces other systems of inequality. This article specifically examines the interconnections and similarities among color‐blindness, postfeminism, and christonormativity. Examining their similarities, I argue that we should approach each discourse as one strand in a larger tapestry that intertwine and work together to reinforce and defend the culture of privilege.
Seeing Privilege Where It Isn’t: Marginalized Masculinities and the Intersectionality of Privilege
Authors: Coston Bethany M. , Kimmel Michael
Published: March 2012

When discussing privilege, we often consider it a zero‐sum quantity, one either has it or one does not. Since privilege is distributed along a range of axes, we consider three sites in which male privilege is compromised by marginalization by other statuses: disability status, sexuality, and class. Employing a Symbolic Interactionist approach, derived from Erving Goffman's Stigma (1963), we observe strategies employed by disabled men, gay men and working class men to reduce, neutralize, or resist the problematization of masculinity as a constitutive element of their marginalization by class, sexuality, or disability.
Under the Radar: The Role of Invisible Discourse in Understanding Class‐Based Privilege
Authors: Sanders Melissa R. , Mahalingam Ramaswami
Published: March 2012

Group‐based privileges are supported and reproduced in part by control of discourse about identity and structural inequality. In the case of social class, this discourse is largely absent. This article explores the ways in which the lack of explicit and sanctioned discourse on social class affirms and reproduces class privileges. Qualitative thematic content analysis was used to analyze the final papers of students (N= 82) who participated in a semester long class‐focused intergroup dialogue course. Content analysis found that students came into the dialogues with low levels of class salience. The dialogue course was an informative and fulfilling experience for most students, but the majority of students still had difficulty discussing class based privileges. This difficulty in engaging in an open and disruptive form of class discourse was in part due to the tendency to conflate discussions of class with race, taboos against discussing social class, and the presence of negative stereotypes about class groupings.
Transgender Inclusion in University Nondiscrimination Statements: Challenging Gender‐Conforming Privilege through Student Activism
Authors: Case Kim A. , Kanenberg Heather , “Arch” Erich Stephen , Tittsworth Josephine
Published: March 2012

This case study focuses on policy change efforts to challenge gender‐conforming privilege and gain protections for transgender individuals in higher education. This participatory action research centered on a faculty–student partnership in activism as the team worked to include the terms “gender identity and expression” in the university nondiscrimination policies to promote justice and equity for transgender students on campus. Using an approach we refer to as “critical liberatory feminist pedagogy,” this study examined the psychological, social, and institutional processes influencing student leadership for change and faculty pedagogical methods for encouraging student‐initiated activism beyond the classroom. Student and faculty change agents described obstacles to change, action strategies, and the influence of privilege and power dynamics on the institutional change process. The insights gained from the collaborative faculty–student partnership are presented to inform others seeking innovative pedagogical practices and to create avenues for challenging privilege and power imbalances.
Contesting Privilege with Critical Participatory Action Research
Authors: Stoudt Brett G. , Fox Madeline , Fine Michelle
Published: March 2012

The construct of privilege has been undertheorized in the field of psychology. The discipline more commonly examines those who have been disenfranchised, marginalized, and discriminated against. However, psychologists concerned with social issues must also attend to questions of power and privilege. This article uses a collaborative research project with New York City youth and adults called Polling for Justice to engage in a discussion about privilege as it runs through three areas of that work: by design, in results, and through action. First, the paper argues that privilege is an epistemological standpoint of empirical psychology that has been disguised as objectivity. Next, that privilege is a set of material and social psychological conditions that protect adolescents as they develop, take risks, and mature. Finally, that those who hold privilege can embrace and model a sense of collective responsibility and solidarity, not retreat or passively empathize.
Against Nature: How Arguments about the Naturalness of Marriage Privilege Heterosexuality
Authors: Cole Elizabeth R. , Avery Lanice R. , Dodson Catherine , Goodman Kevin D.
Published: March 2012

This article examines the public debate over marriage law to investigate how arguments based on claims about what is natural privilege some relationships while stigmatizing others and justifying discriminatory policies toward sexual minorities. Articles about same‐sex marriage appearing in major newspapers were content‐coded according to absence or presence of four dimensions of naturalness: change over time, norms, procreation, and welfare of children. Arguments invoking change over time were most frequent (39%), and procreation appeared least (10%). The use of arguments based on the moral status of marriage was associated with the use of each of the four dimensions based on naturalness. Mentions of race, including comparisons to racial struggles, appeared in 20% of the articles, making them just as common as child welfare. Results are discussed in terms of the power of the concept of naturalness to legitimize and maintain privilege, and the intersectionality of race and sexual orientation.
Privileged Allies in Lesbian and Gay Rights Activism: Gender, Generation, and Resistance to Heteronormativity
Authors: Montgomery Samantha A. , Stewart Abigail J.
Published: March 2012

In two studies, we examined the relationship between resistance to heteronormativity and political engagement among heterosexuals. In the first, we examined the relationship between awareness of heterosexual privilege, resistance to heteronormativity, and engagement in lesbian and gay rights activism among contemporary heterosexual college students. As expected, women scored higher than men on both heterosexual privilege awareness and resistance to heteronormativity. For women, both heterosexual privilege awareness and resistance to heteronormativity were related to engagement in lesbian and gay rights activism. In the second study, we examined heteronormative attitudes in three cohorts of women spanning 40 years (college graduates in 1951/2, 1972, and 1992), looking at both generational differences in endorsement of heteronormative attitudes and the relationship of these attitudes to engagement in lesbian and gay rights activism. As expected, the two younger cohorts of women were significantly less heteronormative than the oldest cohort. Implications of these results are discussed.
Efficiency and Innovativeness as Determinants of Design Architecture Choices
Authors: Abecassis‐Moedas Celine , Benghozi Pierre‐Jean
Published: March 2012

This study analyzes why firms use both internal and external design, and attempts to understand the determinants of design architecture choices. It is based on the design literature that analyzes the compared benefits of internal, external, and combined design, and it mobilizes the concept of vertical architecture that designates at the level of the firm the configurations of transactional choices along the firm's value chain. The research methodology follows an exploratory multiple case study of fashion triads (manufacturer, designer, and retailer) theoretically sampled according to the design position (internal, external, or combination) relative to the manufacturer and retailer. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews and archival documents. The 31 triad cases were clustered into five industry architectures (IAs). The IAs are characterized as follows. Designer‐led architecture, in which the three players are independent, offers an advantage in terms of branding and creativity. Manufacturer‐led architecture, in which design is internal to the manufacturer, is recognized in terms of cost‐effectiveness and speed of development process. Retailer‐led architecture, in which design is internal to retail, offers advantages in terms of speed of development process and fit with market needs. Finally, the two hybrid architectures—licensing designer and designer retailer cobranding—with a combination of internal and external design are recognized in terms of cobranding and innovation. Through this process, the authors identify three determinants of design architecture choices (efficiency, level of fashion innovativeness, and innovation type) that can be grouped into two main opposing determinants: efficiency and innovativeness. Internal design offers greater efficiency, whereas external design provides increased innovativeness. Efficiency and innovation act in tension, there is no IA that offers both high efficiency and high innovativeness, there is a trade‐off effect. But the tension between efficiency and innovativeness can be reconciled by combining internal and external design. Unlike prior literature, this research analyzes vertical choices with regard to choosing among a menu of IAs instead of transactions, and focuses on a distinctly creative activity. External design also offers an “ingredient brand” that end customers may recognize. The authors propose additional research for the generalization of these results.
Disparate Activation of the Coronary Sinus and Inferior Left Atrium During Atrial Tachycardia After Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Prevalence, Pitfalls, and Impact on Mapping
Authors: PASCALE PATRIZIO , SHAH ASHOK J. , ROTEN LAURENT , WHINNETT ZACHARY , WILTON STEPHEN B. , JADIDI AMIR S. , SCHERR DANIEL , MIYAZAKI SHINSUKE , PEDERSEN MICHALA , DERVAL NICOLAS , KNECHT SÉBASTIEN , SACHER FRÉDÉRIC , HOCINI MÉLÈZE , HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL , JAÏS PIERRE
Published: March 2012

Partial Coronary Sinus Disconnection During Atrial Tachycardia. Introduction: Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation may lead to partial disconnection of the coronary sinus (CS). As a result, disparate activation sequences of the local CS versus contiguous left atrium (LA) may be observed during atrial tachycardia (AT). We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of this phenomenon and its impact on activation mapping.

Methods: AT occurring after persistent AF ablation were investigated in 74 consecutive patients. Partial CS disconnection during AT was suspected when double potentials with disparate activation sequences were observed on the CS catheter. Endocardial mapping facing CS bipoles was performed to differentiate LA far‐field from local CS potentials.

Results: A total of 149 ATs were observed. Disparate LA–CS activations were apparent in 20 ATs after magnifying the recording scale (13%). The most common pattern (90%) was distal to proximal endocardial LA activation against proximal to distal CS activation, the latter involving the whole CS or its distal part. Perimitral macroreentry was more common when disparate LA–CS activations were observed (67% vs 29%; P = 0.002). Partial CS disconnection also resulted in “pseudo” mitral isthmus (MI) block during LA appendage pacing in 20% of patients as local CS activation was proximal to distal despite distal to proximal activation of the contiguous LA.

Conclusion: Careful analysis of CS recordings during AT following persistent AF ablation often reveals disparate patterns of activation. Recognizing when endocardial LA activation occurs in the opposite direction to the more obvious local CS signals is critical to avoid misleading interpretations during mapping of AT and evaluation of MI block. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 697‐707, July 2012)
“KWOMA RED”: Sharing Contemporary Experiences in a French Museum Context
Authors: Mélandri Magali
Published: March 2012

The exhibition Kwoma Red: Mythical Paintings from Papua New Guinea, shown at the Musée du quai Branly (Paris, France) in 2008–09, presented the paintings of three Kwoma contemporary artists from Papua New Guinea: Kowspi Marek, Chiphowka Kowspi, and Agatoak Kowspi. This exhibition was built around three principles: collaboration with the artists and the Kwoma communities, the affirmation of this culture's future, and the direct transmission of this culture to the public. Throughout the display, Kwoma myths, contemporary paintings, and artifacts from the museum's collection that were collected over the course of the 20th century were presented as complementary ways of making sense of the Kwoma world, from past to present. The development of this project revealed how deeply involved the contemporary artists were in transmitting ancient knowledge through new visual forms and toward new audiences, which has, for a long time, been the way Kwoma people conceive of arts and culture.
CHALLENGING THE DEAD HAND OF THE MUSEUM DISPLAY: The Case of Contemporary Guro (Côte d'Ivoire) Masquerades
Authors: Bouttiaux Anne‐Marie
Published: March 2012

This paper explores some of the methodological and theoretical challenges raised by the presentation of masks from the Guro region of the Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in Persona, a 2009 exhibition at the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, Belgium. Along the Ivory Coast, masquerades are popular, but they also take place during important rituals such as campaigns against witchcraft, funeral ceremonies, and propitiatory cult events. Masks are used in dance performances, and these can only be related in a museum context through texts, photographs, music, and videos. Yet in spite of such efforts to communicate the dynamism of living cultures, exhibitions often become a kind of cenotaph, as if these cultures were dead. Museums thus tend to have a “deadening effect” on living cultures, placing them in a timeless and false past. How can we deal with this aspect of the displays, especially when we know that today's masquerades are profoundly influenced by modernity and urban culture?
ANCIENT AND MODERN: The Alaska Collections at the Hearst Museum of Anthropology
Authors: Graburn Nelson
Published: March 2012

This article examines a problem common to many museums of art and ethnology: how to exhibit old collections of traditional material culture from peoples who are very much alive and active today. As a case study, it examines the role and participation of the Alaskan Native peoples whose 19th‐century materials are to be exhibited; the design of the exhibition, including the contemporary arts and material cultural traditions in the traveling exhibition; and the itinerary of the exhibit, including the problem of presentations in Native villages. It places this case study within the evolution of museums' functions and stakeholders' expectations, in comparison with other forms of contemporary museums and cultural centers, as aspects of control and interpretation revert more and more into the hands of the source communities.
On Happiness
Authors: Johnston Barbara Rose , Colson Elizabeth , Falk Dean , St John Graham , Bodley John H. , McCay Bonnie J. , Wali Alaka , Nordstrom Carolyn , Slyomovics Susan
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT What do anthropologists have to say about happiness? For some contributors in this Vital Topics Forum, happiness is a sensory force that colors and shapes human evolution and experience. Others consider happiness, or the lack thereof, to be a faceted reflection of the arrangements in society. All recognize the potential power of human happiness, where a distant memory, fleeting experience, or idealized vision can serve as a driving force in transformative change, prompting individual and collective desire and action to give new meaning, sustain life and livelihood, restore dignity, make peace … to dream again. [trouble, happiness, well‐being, engaged anthropology]
Instant Noodles as an Antifriction Device: Making the BOP with PPP in PNG
Authors: Errington Frederick , Fujikura Tatsuro , Gewertz Deborah
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT  Focusing primarily, but not exclusively, on urban and periurban Papua New Guinea (PNG), we discuss the significance of instant ramen noodles to those now known as the “bottom of the pyramid” (BOP). Although instant noodles are remarkable in that they are eaten by virtually everyone in the world, albeit in different amounts and for different reasons, they are marketed in PNG specifically as a “popularly positioned product” (PPP) for the BOP. Cheap, convenient, tasty, filling, and shelf stable, they are a modern addition to Sidney Mintz's classic “proletarian hunger killers” of sugar, tea, and coffee. But, we argue, instant noodles have a distinctive contemporary role: they do more than sustain the poor; they transform them into the aspiring consumers of the BOP. As such, instant noodles can be viewed as an antifriction device, greasing the skids of capitalism as it extends its reach. [instant noodles, bottom of the pyramid, Papua New Guinea]
When “Humanitarianism” Becomes “Development”: The Politics of International Aid in Syria's Palestinian Refugee Camps
Authors: Gabiam Nell
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT  In recent years, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has attempted to go beyond its role as a provider of relief and basic services in Palestinian refugee camps and emphasize its role as a development agency. In this article, I focus on the Neirab Rehabilitation Project, an UNRWA‐sponsored development project taking place in the Palestinian refugee camps of Ein el Tal and Neirab in northern Syria. I argue that UNRWA's role as a relief‐centered humanitarian organization highlights the everyday suffering of Palestinian refugees, suffering that has become embedded in refugees’ political claims. I show that UNRWA's emphasis on “development” in the refugee camps is forcing Palestinian refugees in Ein el Tal and Neirab to reassess the political narrative through which they have understood their relationship with UNRWA. [humanitarianism, development, UNRWA, Palestine, refugee camps]
Nestedness and niche‐based species loss in moorland plant communities
Authors: Sasaki Takehiro , Katabuchi Masatoshi , Kamiyama Chiho , Shimazaki Masaya , Nakashizuka Tohru , Hikosaka Kouki
Published: March 2012

Communities in isolated habitat patches surrounded by inhospitable matrices often form a nested subset pattern. However, the underlying causal mechanisms and conservation implications of nestedness in regional communities remain controversial. The nested ranks of species in a nested species‐by‐site matrix may reflect a gradient of species vulnerability to extinction or of colonization ability. However, nestedness analysis has rarely been used to explore determinants of species rank; consequently, little is known of underpinning mechanisms. In this study, we examined nestedness in moorland plant communities widely interspersed within the subalpine zone of northern Japan. Moorland sites differed in area (1000–160 000 m2) and were naturally isolated from one another to various extents within an inhospitable forest matrix. We also determined whether site characteristics (physical and morphometric measures) and species characteristics (niche position and breadth, based on species’ traits) are related to nestedness. Moorland plant communities in the study area were significantly nested. The pH and moorland kernel density (proxy for spatial clustering of moorlands around the focal site) were the most important predictors of moorland site nested rank in a nestedness matrix. Niche breadths of species (measured as variation in leaf mass area and height) predicted species’ nested ranks. Selective environmental tolerances imposed by environmental harshness and selective extinction caused by declines in site carrying capacities probably account for the nested subset pattern in moorland plant communities. The nested rank of species in the nestedness matrix can therefore be translated into the potential order of species loss explainable by species niche breadths (based on variation in functional traits). Complementary understanding of the determinants of site ranking and species ranking in the nestedness matrix provides powerful insight into ecological processes underlying nestedness and into the ways by which communities are assembled or disassembled by such processes.
Dynamic spatial partitioning and coexistence among tall grass grazers in an African savanna
Authors: Macandza Valério A. , Owen‐Smith Norman , Cain, III James W.
Published: March 2012

Competitive relationships among mobile animals may be expressed through dynamically changing spatial relationships over different time frames. Less common species that are apparently inferior competitors may be able to coexist with more abundant species by concentrating in regions of the landscape little utilized by the former at spatio‐temporal scales from annual or seasonal ranges to the specific foraging localities exploited at different stages of the annual cycle. Spatial relationships may be influenced further by dependencies on other resources, predation risks and facilitatory interactions under certain conditions. Our study aimed to determine whether competition with more abundant zebra and buffalo restricted the abundance of sable antelope in a region where these three tall‐grass grazers overlapped in their herd distributions. We tracked the simultaneous movements of animals representing herds of these species over two dry seasons and one wet season using GPS‐GSM collars, and estimated seasonal or monthly range extents and their overlap. We also compared daily separation distances between these animals against the null pattern expected if their movements had been independent, and assessed how prior grazing by buffalo influenced the subsequent use of these localities by sable. The range of the sable herd was mostly separated from the seasonal range of the buffalo herd during the late dry season of 2006 and throughout the dry season of 2007. Seasonal home ranges of zebra herds overlapped partially with the range of the sable herd during most of the year. Even during times when their ranges overlapped, sable were rarely recorded within <1 km of the buffalo herd. Prior grazing by buffalo beyond a threshold level inhibited later use of these localities by sable, but the sable were nevertheless able to exploit places that were little utilized by buffalo at that time. Sable were less able to evade overlap with the small, mobile zebra herds, and hence more vulnerable to competitive exclusion by zebra than by buffalo. Our findings demonstrate how less abundant species can restrict competition from more abundant competitors through dynamic spatial partitioning in regions where their home ranges overlap.
Production of melatonin by Saccharomyces strains under growth and fermentation conditions
Authors: Rodriguez‐Naranjo María Isabel , Torija María Jesús , Mas Albert , Cantos‐Villar Emma , Garcia‐Parrilla María del Carmen
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Melatonin is a bioactive compound that is present in wine because it is contained in vinification grapes and synthesized by yeast during alcoholic fermentation. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of various Saccharomyces strains to form melatonin during its growth and alcoholic fermentation. A selection of yeasts including six S. cerevisiae (Lalvin CLOS, Lalvin ICV‐D254, Enoferm QA23 Viniferm ARM, Viniferm RVA, and Viniferm TTA), one S. uvarum (Lalvin S6U) and one S. cerevisiae var. bayanus (Uvaferm BC) were tested to determine whether they produce melatonin in yeast extract peptose dextrose and synthetic must media in a variety of conditions. Two S. cerevisiae strains (ARM, and QA23), the S. uvarum and the S. cerevisiae var. bayanus, synthesized melatonin. The conditions in which they did so, however, were different: the QA23 strain produced melatonin best in a medium with a low concentration of reducing sugars and Lalvin S6U and Uvaferm BC required a synthetic must under fermentation conditions. Melatonin synthesis largely depended on the growth phase of the yeasts and the concentration of tryptophan, reducing sugars and the growth medium. These results indicate that melatonin may have a role as a yeast growth signal molecule.