bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Polymorphisms and Expression Levels of the BCL2, BAX and c-MYC Genes in Patients with Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Olbromski Piotr Józef , Bogacz Anna , Bukowska Marta , Kamiński Adam , Moszyński Rafał , Pawlik Piotr , Szeliga Anna , Kotrych Katarzyna , Czerny Bogusław
Published: November 2023

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the biggest problems in gynecological oncology and is one of the most lethal cancers in women worldwide. Most patients with OC are diagnosed at an advanced stage; therefore, there is an urgent need to find new biomarkers for this disease. Gene expression profiling is proving to be a very effective tool for exploring new molecular markers for OC patients, although the relationship between such markers and patient survival and clinical outcomes is still elusive. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes encoding both apoptosis-associated proteins and oncoproteins may serve as key markers of cancer susceptibility. The aim of our study was to analyze the polymorphisms and expressions of the BCL2, BAX and c-MYC genes in a group of 198 women, including 98 with OC. The polymorphisms and mRNA expressions of the BCL2, BAX and c-MYC genes were analyzed using real-time PCR. The analysis of the BAX (rs4645878; G>A) and c-MYC (rs4645943; C>T) polymorphisms showed no association with ovarian cancer risk. The BCL2 polymorphism (rs2279115; C>A) showed a significant difference in the frequency of genotypes between the studied groups (CC: 23.47% vs. 16.00%, AA: 25.51% vs. 37.00%; p = 0.046; OR = 1.61). Furthermore, the expression levels of the BCL2 and c-MYC genes showed a decrease at the transcript level for OC patients compared to the control group (BCL2: 17.46% ± 3.26 vs. 100% ± 8.32; p < 0.05; c-MYC: 37.56% ± 8.16 vs. 100% ± 9.12; p < 0.05). No significant changes in the mRNA level were observed for the BAX gene (104.36% ± 9.26 vs. 100% ± 9.44; p > 0.05). A similar relationship was demonstrated in the case of the protein expressions of the studied genes. These findings suggest that the CC genotype and C allele of the BCL2 polymorphism could be genetic risk factors for OC development. A gene expression analysis indicated that BCL2 and c-MYC are associated with OC risk.
Knockout of ovary serine protease Leads to Ovary Deformation and Female Sterility in the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis
Authors: Zhang Porui , Jialaliding Zuerdong , Gu Junwen , Merchant Austin , Zhang Qi , Zhou Xuguo
Published: November 2023

Oogenesis in insects is a carefully orchestrated process, facilitating the formation of female gametes, which is regulated by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including ovary serine protease (Osp). As a member of the serine protease family, Osp is a homolog of Nudel, a maternally required protease defining embryonic dorsoventral polarity in Drosophila. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis to functionally characterize Osp in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, a devastating maize pest throughout Asia and Australia. Building on previous knowledge, we hypothesized that knockout of Osp would disrupt embryonic development in O. furnacalis females. To examine this overarching hypothesis, we (1) cloned and characterized Osp from O. furnacalis, (2) designed target sites on exons 1 and 4 to construct a CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis system, and (3) documented phenotypic impacts among O. furnacalis Osp mutants. As a result, we (1) examined the temporal-spatial expression profiles of OfOsp, which has an open reading frame of 5648 bp in length and encodes a protein of 1873 amino acids; (2) established O. furnacalis Osp mutants; and (3) documented recessive, female-specific sterility among OfOspF mutants, including absent or deformed oviducts and reduced fertility in female but not male mutants. Overall, the combined results support our initial hypothesis that Osp is required for embryonic development, specifically ovarian maturation, in O. furnacalis females. Given its substantial impacts on female sterility, Osp provides a potential target for the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to manage Lepidoptera pests in general and the species complex Ostrinia in particular.
The Current Gap between Design Optimization and Experiments for Transonic Compressor Blades
Authors: Munoz Lopez Edwin Joseph , Hergt Alexander , Ockenfels Till , Grund Sebastian , Gümmer Volker
Published: November 2023

The successful design of compressor blades through numerical optimization relies on accurate CFD-RANS solvers that are able to capture the general performance of a given design candidate. However, this is a difficult task to achieve in transonic flow conditions, where the flow is dominated by inherently unsteady shock effects. In order to assess the current gap between numerics and experiments, the DLR has tested the recently optimized Transonic Cascade TEAMAero at the transonic cascade wind tunnel. The tests were performed at a Mach number of 1.2 and with inflow angles between 145 and 147°. The results indicate satisfactory agreement across the expected working range, over which the cascade losses were consistently predicted within a 3–6% error. However, some key differences are observed in the details of the wake and in the performance near the endpoints of the working range. This comparison helps validate the design process but also informs its constraints based on the limitations of CFD-RANS solvers.
Determination of a Numerical Surge Limit by Means of an Enhanced Greitzer Compressor Model
Authors: Haeckel Tobias , Paul Dominik , Leichtfuß Sebastian , Schiffer Heinz-Peter , Eißler Werner
Published: November 2023

The surge limit of centrifugal compressors is a key parameter in the design process of modern turbochargers. Numerical methods like steady-state simulations are state-of-the-art methods for predicting the performance of the centrifugal compressor. In contrast to that, the determination of the surge limit with any numerical method is still an unsolved challenge. Since the extensive work of Greitzer and many other researchers in this field, it is well-known that surge is a system-dependent phenomenon. In the case of steady-state simulations, the simulation domain is chosen to be as small as possible due to the numerical cost. This simply implies that there is no system information included in the numerical model. Therefore, it is not possible to determine any system-dependent surge limit with today’s applied numerical methods. To overcome this issue, an enhanced Greitzer surge model, which has been developed at Tu Darmstadt, should act as a link between the simulation and the system in which the compressor will be operated. The focus of this paper will rather be on the methodology of determining the surge limit by means of numerical data than on the surge model itself. The methodology will be validated by experimental data of different systems.
Experimental Investigation of a Micro Turbojet Engine Chevrons Nozzle by Means of the Schlieren Technique
Authors: Cican Grigore , Gall Mihnea , Bogoi Alina , Deaconu Marius , Crunțeanu Daniel Eugeniu
Published: November 2023

In connection with subsonic jet noise production, especially regarding the hot jet from a micro turbojet engine, we encountered a lack of recent high-resolution data in the literature describing the flow field using experimental validation through optical diagnoses. The objective of this paper is to examine and compare the influence on shear layers of the exhaust plug nozzle of a micro turbojet engine with and without chevrons mounted, using a high-speed camera used in Schlieren-type optical system diagnosis. Three different operating regimes are examined for both the baseline configuration and the configuration with 16 triangular-shaped chevrons. In conjunction with the image captures, the sound pressure level was recorded with the help of a microphone placed perpendicular to the flow, 0.4 m from the exhaust of the nozzle which was further processed. In quantitative terms, we found that the OASPL decreases by more than 1% when the engine is operating at higher regimes. Moreover, we found that the average exhaust jet angle, which is a measure of the quality of the fluid mixing layer is increased by 5% with respect to the baseline nozzle. By using the “darkest pixel” technique in Schlieren imaging, we can verify experimentally, for all working regimes, the theory that asserts that subsonic jet noise is a consequence of fine-scale homogeneous turbulence. Additionally, the potential novelty lies in the specific observations related to consistent dispersion of fine-scale eddies and how the presence of chevrons amplifies this uniformity within the turbulent field.
Implementation of an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Pathway for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals Undergoing Chest Reconstruction Surgery: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Aquino Nelson J. , Goobie Susan M. , Staffa Steven J. , Eastburn Elizabeth , Ganor Oren , Jones Cathie T.
Published: November 2023

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols are associated with improved clinical outcomes in cisgender breast surgery patients. However, a paucity of research exists regarding transgender and gender-diverse individuals (TGD) in the ERAS framework. The primary objective of this observational cohort study is to describe the implementation of a gender-affirming ERAS protocol and its relationship to hospital length of stay (LOS) in TGD patients following chest reconstruction surgery. The secondary aim is to identify intraoperative predictors of LOS and define variables associated with adverse outcomes. We identified 362 patients in three epochs: a traditional group (n = 144), a partial ERAS implementation group (n = 92), and an ERAS group (n = 126). Exploratory multivariable median regression modeling was performed to identify independent predictors of LOS. We report that the traditional group’s median hospital LOS was 1.1 days compared to 0.3 days in the ERAS group. Intraoperative tranexamic acid administration was associated with significantly shorter LOS (p < 0.001), reduced postoperative drainage (p < 0.001), and fewer returns to the operating room within 24 h (p = 0.047). Our data suggest that implementing a multimodal ERAS gender-affirming pathway was associated with improved patient-centered surgical outcomes such as decreased return to the operating room for hematoma evacuation, higher rates of discharge home, and reduced postoperative drainage output.
A Study to Investigate the Influence of Machining Parameters on Delamination in the Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Jute-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: An Integrated Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Optimization to Minimize Delamination
Authors: Murthy B. R. N. , Rao U Sathish , Naik Nithesh , Potti Srinivasa Rao , Nambiar S Sandeep
Published: November 2023

In recent years, abrasive waterjet machining has emerged as a promising machining technique for the machining of composites because of its non-thermal nature. In the present study, the effect of machining parameters on the quality of machining has been studied and the process parameters have been optimized to machine jute-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The design of the experiment was used to predict the combination of the input parameters for L27 experiments. Taguchi and response surface methodology (RSM) techniques were employed to analyze the experimental data and identify the optimum combination of process parameters to achieve as little delamination as possible. The results indicate that an increase in the values of the parameters traverse speed and abrasive mass flow rate leads to an increase in the damage obtained. However, an increase in the value of the parameter stand-off distance minimizes the damage produced. To achieve minimum delamination, the optimum combination of input parameters is obtained through Taguchi and RSM. For the present experimental condition, to achieve minimum delamination, the parameter traverse speed should be set at 20 mm/min, the stand-off distance should be 4 mm, and the abrasive flow rate should be set at 0.25 kg/min. The results confirm that the optimum combination of parameters obtained through both approaches is similar. This investigation results indicated a significant improvement in the cutting quality with reduced damage, achieved through the optimized process parameters. For the considered range of parameters, graphs are plotted such that any intermediate values can be anticipated within the considered range without performing any further experiments. The present work signifies the effect of fiber orientation on delamination.
Empirical Shape-Based Estimation of Settling Microplastic Particles Drag Coefficient
Authors: Holjević Toni , Družeta Siniša , Grbčić Luka , Alvir Marta
Published: November 2023

Microplastics (MP) are found in nature in various forms. The transport and settling process of MP particles in water streams is highly influenced by particle size and shape. In order to investigate the impact of particle shape, an experimental analysis of settling behavior of flat square particles and 3D cubic particles in flowing water was conducted. The analysis is based on tracking the settling trajectories of particles of various size and using this information for calculating the drag coefficient cd in relation to the Reynolds number Re in the range of 80 to 280 for cubes and 50 to 110 for flat particles. The results were correlated with two shape parameters, sphericity ϕ and a newly proposed shape descriptor dimensionality δ. The final output is a model for particle shape-based cd estimation, mainly serving as an illustration of the potential of the proposed methodology.
A Numerical Study on Modeling Ship Maneuvering Performance Using Twin Azimuth Thrusters
Authors: Wu Tunbiao , Li Ronghui , Chen Qinglong , Pi Guiyuan , Wan Shijie , Liu Qiao
Published: November 2023

A methodology of mathematical testing is proposed for a ship with twin azimuth thrusters based on numerical calculations. An unmanned surface vessel (USV) powered by two azimuth thrusters is considered, which is a model-scale configuration. The Ship Maneuvering Mathematical Model Group (MMG) model is introduced to describe forces on the hull and propellers. A set of captive tests (planar motion mechanism (PMM) and open-water tests) were simulated using STAR-CCM+ (16.06.008-R8) software to obtain hull hydrodynamic derivatives and azimuth thruster hydrodynamic coefficients. A maneuvering test of the model-scale ship with two azimuth thrusters is built based on numerical results, and numerical results are compared with the model-scale experimental data to validate the feasibility of numerical methods. The findings show that the usability of the developed mathematical test in predicting the maneuvering ability of ships with two azimuth thrusters is confirmed through numerical calculations.
The Effect of COVID-19 on Consumer Goods Sector Performance: The Role of Firm Characteristics
Authors: Irwansyah  , Rinaldi Muhammad , Yusuf Abdurrahman Maulana , Ramadhani Muhammad Harits Zidni Khatib , Sudirman Sitti Rahma , Yudaruddin Rizky
Published: November 2023

This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on company performance in the consumer goods industry. Additionally, it explores how company characteristics influence the relationship between the pandemic and company performance based on industry type and region. Analyzing data from 1491 companies across 79 countries between 2018 and 2022, we utilized ordinary least squares (OLS) with robust standard errors. Our findings confirm the pandemic’s overall adverse effect on the performance of consumer goods companies. However, variations emerged when examining diverse industries and regions. Notably, larger companies, particularly in the Americas, Europe, and Asia–Pacific, demonstrated greater resilience and performance during the pandemic. Furthermore, effective leveraging, especially in the Americas and Asia–Pacific, contributed to supporting performance amid the pandemic. These results hold crucial policy implications for companies aiming to enhance their performance in the face of health crises.
Cash Holdings and Marginal Value of Cash across Different Age Groups of U.S. Firms
Authors: Ki YoungHa , Adhikari Ramesh
Published: November 2023

Using a sample of 11,365 unique US firms over the period 1966 to 2021, this study examines the relationship between the age of a firm and its cash holdings. We categorize firms as young, mature, or old based on their age or years of operation. Our results show that firm age is one of the important determinants of cash holdings and that managers adjust cash holdings in response to changing financial needs and risks as firms age. We find that young firms tend to hold higher levels of cash than more established firms and that the marginal value of cash holdings is higher for younger firms. This is consistent with the notion that young firms are more focused on growth and investment and may have limited access to external financial resources. In contrast, mature and old firms tend to hold lower cash levels, possibly due to greater financial stability, increased creditworthiness, and a lower need to manage financial risks. Controlling for significant variables, we confirm our findings with the robustness tests. Taking care of the endogeneity issue, we still can confirm that firm age is negatively significant to the level and the marginal value of cash holdings.
Traditional Meat Products—A Mycotoxicological Review
Authors: Mastanjević Krešimir , Kovačević Dragan , Nešić Ksenija , Krstanović Vinko , Habschied Kristina
Published: November 2023

Traditional meat products are commonly produced in small family businesses. However, big industries are also involved in the production of this kind of product, especially since a growing number of consumers crave the traditional taste and aromas. The popularization of original and organic products has resulted in a return to traditional production methods. Traditional meat products are produced worldwide. However, in such (domesticated) conditions there is a potential danger for mycotoxin contamination. This review aims to present the sources of mycotoxins in traditional meat products, the most common mycotoxins related to such meat products, and future prospects regarding the suppression of their occurrence. Special attention should be paid to reducing the transfer of mycotoxins via the food chain from animal feed to animals to humans (stable-to-table principle), which is also described in this review. Other sources of mycotoxins (spices, environment, etc.) should also be monitored for mycotoxins in traditional production. The importance of monitoring and regulating mycotoxins in meat products, especially in traditional meat products, is slowly being recognized by the institutions and hopefully, in the future, can deliver legally regulated limits for such products. This is especially important since meat products are available to the general population and can seriously affect human health.
Biomimetic Coupling Structure Increases the Noise Friction and Sound Absorption Effect
Authors: Ma Yunhai , Ye Wei
Published: November 2023

Environmental noise pollution is a growing challenge worldwide, necessitating effective sound absorption strategies to improve acoustic environments. Materials that draw inspiration from nature’s structural design principles can provide enhanced functionalities. Wood exhibits an intricate multi-scale porous architecture that can dissipate acoustic energy. This study investigates a biomimetic sound-absorbing structure composed of hierarchical pores inspired by the vascular networks within wood cells. The perforated resonators induce complementary frequency responses and porous propagation effects for broadband attenuation. Samples were fabricated using 3D printing for systematic testing. The pore size, porosity, number of layers, and order of the layers were controlled as experimental variables. Acoustic impedance tube characterization demonstrated that optimizing these architectural parameters enables absorption coefficients approaching unity across a broad frequency range. The tuned multi-layer porous architectures outperformed single pore baselines, achieving up to a 25–35% increase in the average absorption. The bio-inspired coupled pore designs also exhibited a 95% broader working bandwidth. These enhancements result from the increased viscous losses and tailored impedance matching generated by the hierarchical porosity. This work elucidates structure–property guidelines for designing biomimetic acoustic metamaterials derived from the porous morphology of wood. The results show significant promise for leveraging such multi-scale cellular geometries in future materials and devices for noise control and dissipative engineering applications across diverse sectors.
Dynamics of Functionally Graded Laminated (FGL) Media—Theoretical Tolerance Modelling
Authors: Jędrysiak Jarosław
Published: November 2023

Dynamic problems of elastic non-periodically laminated solids are considered in this paper. It is assumed that these laminates have a functionally graded structure on the macrolevel along the x1-axis and non-periodic structure on the microlevel. However, along the other two directions, i.e., x2 and x3, their properties are constant. The effects of the size of a microstructure (the microstructure effect) on the behaviour of the composites can play a significant role. This effect can be described using the tolerance modelling method. This method allows us to derive model equations with slowly varying coefficients. Some of these terms can depend on the size of the microstructure. These governing equations of the tolerance model make it possible to determine formulas describing not only fundamental lower-order vibrations related to the macrostructure of these composite solids, but also higher-order vibrations related to the microstructure. Here, the application of the tolerance modelling procedure is shown to lead to equations of the tolerance model that can be used for non-periodically laminated solids. Then, these model equations are mainly used to analyse a simple example of vibrations for functionally graded composites with non-periodically laminated microstructure (FGL). Similar problems were investigated in the framework of the homogenised (macrostructural) model (Jędrysiak et al. 2006); the resulting equations neglect the microstructure effect.
Deep Learning Network Based on Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm Optimization for Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Ma Guoyuan , Yue Xiaofeng , Zhu Juan , Liu Zeyuan , Lu Shibo
Published: November 2023

In recent years, deep learning has been increasingly used in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. However, the actual acquisition of rolling bearing fault signals often contains ambient noise, making it difficult to determine the optimal values of the parameters. In this paper, a sparrow search algorithm (LSSA) based on backward learning of lens imaging and Gaussian Cauchy variation is proposed. The lens imaging reverse learning strategy enhances the traversal capability of the algorithm and allows for a better balance of algorithm exploration and development. Then, the performance of the proposed LSSA was tested on the benchmark function. Finally, LSSA is used to find the optimal modal component K and the optimal penalty factor α in VMD-GRU, which in turn realizes the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. The experimental results show that the model can achieve a 96.61% accuracy in rolling bearing fault diagnosis, which proves the effectiveness of the method.
Mathematical Modeling of Collisional Heat Generation and Convective Heat Transfer Problem for Single Spherical Body in Oscillating Boundaries
Authors: Son Kwon Joong
Published: November 2023

The application of high-energy ball milling in the field of advanced materials processing, such as mechanochemical alloying and ammonia synthesis, has been gaining increasing attention beyond its traditional use in material crushing. It is important to recognize the role of thermodynamics in high-energy processes, including heat generation from collisions, as well as ongoing investigations into grinding ball behavior. This study aims to develop a mathematical model for the numerical analysis of a spherical ball in a shaker mill, taking into account its dynamics, contact mechanics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer. The complexity of the problem for mathematical modeling is reduced by limiting the motion to one-dimensional translation and representing the vibration of the vial wall in a shaker mill as rigid boundaries that move in a linear fashion. A nonlinear viscoelastic contact model is employed to construct a heat generation model. An equation of internal energy evolution is derived that incorporates a velocity-dependent heat convection model. In coupled field modeling, equations of motion for high-energy impact phenomena are derived from energy-based Hamiltonian mechanics rather than vector-based Newtonian mechanics. The numerical integration of the governing equations is performed at the system level to analyze the general heating characteristics during collisions and the effect of various operational parameters, such as the oscillation frequency and amplitude of the vial. The results of the numerical analysis provide essential performance metrics, including steady-state temperature and time constant for the characteristics of temperature evolution for a high-energy shaker milling process with a computation accuracy of 0.1%. The novelty of this modeling study is that it is the first to obtain such a high accuracy numerical solution for the temperature evolution associated with a shaker mill process.
Sparse Diffusion Least Mean-Square Algorithm with Hard Thresholding over Networks
Authors: Lee Han-Sol , Jin Changgyun , Shin Chanwoo , Kim Seong-Eun
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes a distributed estimation technique utilizing the diffusion least mean-square (LMS) algorithm, specifically designed for sparse systems in which many coefficients of the system are zeros. To efficiently utilize the sparse representation of the system and achieve a promising performance, we have incorporated L0-norm regularization into the diffusion LMS algorithm. This integration is accomplished by employing hard thresholding through a variable splitting method into the update equation. The efficacy of our approach is validated by comprehensive theoretical analysis, rigorously examining the mean stability as well as the transient and steady-state behaviors of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm preserves the behavior of large coefficients and strongly enforces smaller coefficients toward zero through the relaxation of L0-norm regularization. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves superior convergence performance compared with conventional sparse algorithms.
Adaptive Hard Parameter Sharing Method Based on Multi-Task Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Jin Xiao , Du Yukun , Zhang Nan , Hao Hongxia
Published: November 2023

Multi-task learning (MTL) improves the performance achieved on each task by exploiting the relevant information between tasks. At present, most of the mainstream deep MTL models are based on hard parameter sharing mechanisms, which can reduce the risk of model overfitting. However, negative knowledge transfer may occur, which hinders the performance improvement achieved for each task. In this paper, for situations when multiple tasks are jointly trained, we propose the adaptive hard parameter sharing method. On the basis of the adaptive hard parameter sharing method, the number of nodes in the network is dynamically updated by setting a continuous gradient difference-based sign threshold and a warm-up training iteration threshold through the relationships between the parameters and the loss function. After each task fully utilizes the shared information, adaptive nodes are used to further optimize each task, reducing the impact of negative migration. By using simulation studies and instance analyses, we demonstrate theoretical proof that the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the competing method.
Stationary Pattern and Global Bifurcation for a Predator–Prey Model with Prey-Taxis and General Class of Functional Responses
Authors: Maimaiti Yimamu , Zhang Wang , Muhammadhaji Ahmadjan
Published: November 2023

This paper will explore a predator–prey model that incorporates prey-taxis and a general functional response in a bounded domain. Firstly, we will examine the stability and pattern formation of both local and nonlocal models. Our main finding is that the inclusion of nonlocal terms enhances linear stability, and the system can generate patterns due to the effects of prey-taxis. Secondly, we consider the nonlinear prey-taxis as the bifurcation parameter in order to analyze the global bifurcation of this model. Specifically, we identify a branch of nonconstant solutions that emerges from the positive constant solution when the prey-tactic sensitivity is repulsive. Finally, we will validate the effectiveness of the theoretical conclusions using numerical simulation methods.
High-Speed Wavelet Image Processing Using the Winograd Method with Downsampling
Authors: Lyakhov Pavel , Semyonova Nataliya , Nagornov Nikolay , Bergerman Maxim , Abdulsalyamova Albina
Published: November 2023

Wavelets are actively used to solve a wide range of image processing problems in various fields of science and technology. Modern image processing systems cannot keep up with the rapid growth in digital visual information. Various approaches are used to reduce the computational complexity and increase computational speeds. The Winograd method (WM) is one of the most promising. However, this method is used to obtain sequential values. Its use for wavelet image processing requires expanding the calculation methodology to cases of downsampling. This paper proposes a new approach to reduce the computational complexity of wavelet image processing based on the WM with decimation. Calculations have been carried out and formulas have been derived that implement digital filtering using the WM with downsampling. The derived formulas can be used for 1D filtering with an arbitrary downsampling stride. Hardware modeling of wavelet image filtering on an FPGA showed that the WM reduces the computational time by up to 66%, with increases in the hardware costs and power consumption of 95% and 344%, respectively, compared to the direct method. A promising direction for further research is the implementation of the developed approach on ASIC and the use of modular computing for more efficient parallelization of calculations and an even greater increase in the device speed.
Oxidative Stability of Side-Streams from Cod Filleting—Effect of Antioxidant Dipping and Low-Temperature Storage
Authors: Sørensen Ann-Dorit Moltke , Wu Haizhou , Hyldig Grethe , Bøknæs Niels , Mejlholm Ole , Undeland Ingrid , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: November 2023

Currently, side-streams (e.g., head, backbone, tail, and intestines) generated in the fish processing industry often end up as low-value products for feed applications or even as waste. In order to upcycle such side-streams, they need to be preserved to avoid oxidative degradation of the lipids between the generation point and the valorization plant. In the cod filleting industry, three main solid side-streams: viscera, heads, and backbones, are obtained. Hence, this study aimed to identify the most efficient antioxidant for preserving the cod side-streams using a dipping-based strategy prior to pre-valorization storage at low temperatures (ice and frozen storage). The dipping solutions evaluated contained: (i) a lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05% and 0.2% in 0.9% NaCl), (ii) Duralox MANC (a mixture of rosemary extract, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and citric acid; 2% in 0.9% NaCl), and (iii) NaCl (0.9%) w/w solution. One group was not dipped. No dipping and dipping in NaCl were included as controls. The results showed a positive effect of dipping with solutions containing antioxidants as measured by peroxide value (PV), TBA-reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory profiling, e.g., rancid odor. Moreover, the oxidative stability increased with decreased storage temperature. The cod side-streams were in general most efficiently preserved by Duralox MANC, followed by the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.2%), compared to no dipping and dipping in NaCl solution and the lower concentration of the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05%). The efficiency of the antioxidant treatments was independent of the side-stream fraction and storage temperature. Thus, using antioxidant dipping combined with low temperature storage is an efficient preservation method for maintaining the quality of the lipids in cod solid side-streams during their pre-valorization storage.
Flat Magnetic Stimulation for Urge Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Barba Marta , Cola Alice , Rezzan Giorgia , Costa Clarissa , Re Ilaria , Volontè Silvia , Terzoni Stefano , Frigerio Matteo , Maruccia Serena
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives: Strategies for overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) management involve, among others, strengthening the bladder outlet to suppress urgency and neuromodulating the sacral roots. Magnetic stimulation (MS) is a technology that involves an extracorporeal device that is able to provide an electromagnetic field specifically designed to interact with pelvic floor neuromuscular tissue. The resulting tissue electrical activity induces contraction of the pelvic muscle and neuromodulation of the S2–S4 sacral roots. Flat Magnetic Stimulation (FMS) is a relevant advancement involving homogeneous electromagnetic fields, which are able to optimize the effect on the entire pelvic area. However, the benefits of this new technology for OAB syndrome are poorly known. Consequently, the aim of our study is to analyze the outcomes and quality of life (QoL) impact of FMS with Dr. Arnold (DEKA, Calenzano, Italy) in women suffering from OAB syndrome associated with urinary incontinence. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included patients with OAB, urge urinary incontinence, and no ongoing OAB treatments. At baseline (T0), the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-19), and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire–Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) were collected. Patients underwent 8 FMS sessions of 25 min each in one month. At the termination of the therapy (T1), women repeated the ICIQ-UI SF, FSFI-19, and IIQ-7 tools. Moreover, the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) questionnaire was collected to evaluate the cure rate. Results: Our study enrolled a total of 57 consecutive patients. Most women had at least one second- or third-line treatment before FMS, while the remaining naive patients had contraindications to pharmacological treatments. No women reported adverse effects during the treatment. After the treatment, we observed a decrease in the IIQ-7 (p < 0.001) and ICIQ-UI SF scores (p < 0.001) and an improvement in sexual function (p < 0.001) evaluated with FSFI-19. According to PGI-I scores, 42 (73.7%) women referred to some kind of improvement, scoring ≤ 3 points. Specifically, 8.7% of patients considered themselves very much improved, 29.8% much improved, 35.1% minimally improved, and 26.3% found no changes. FMS was effective in treating OAB symptoms without any adverse effects. The mechanism is supposed to be related to suppressing the initiation of micturition. This makes FMS a promising device for treating naive and refractory urge urinary incontinence. Conclusions: The new FMS represents a promising non-pharmacological option for the treatment of naive and refractory OAB.
Maximising the Deposition Rate of 5356 Aluminium Alloy by CMT-Twin-Based WAAM While Reducing Segregation-Related Problems by Local IR Thermography
Authors: Vazquez Lexuri , Iturrioz Amaia , Lopez de Uralde Pablo , Alvarez Pedro
Published: November 2023

The CMT-Twin-based wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process for 5356 aluminium alloy has been investigated focusing on the optimisation of welding parameters to maximise the deposition rate while avoiding segregation-related problems during solidification. For that, different conditions have been studied regarding interpass dwell time and the use of forced cooling. The larger heat input produced by the double-wire CMT-Twin process, compared to the single-wire CMT, creates vast segregations for less intensive cooling conditions and short dwell times that can induce cracks and reduce ductility. Thermography has been applied to set a maximum local temperature between consecutive layers avoiding those segregations and pores, and to optimise the total manufacturing time by varying the interpass dwell time along the height of the wall. Only a constant interpass long dwell time of 240 s and the new optimised strategy were effective in avoiding merged segregations, reducing the latest total manufacturing time by 36%. Obtained tensile properties are comparable to other works using WAAM for this alloy, showing lower properties in the vertical orientation. The use of CMT-Twin-based welding technology together with variable interpass dwell time controlled by thermography is an interesting alternative to build up parts with wall thicknesses around of 10 mm in a reduced time.
Volumetric Temperature Mapping Using Light-Sheet Microscopy and Upconversion Fluorescence from Micro- and Nano-Rare Earth Composites
Authors: Barron-Ortiz Dannareli , Cadena-Nava Ruben D. , Pérez-Parets Enric , Licea-Rodriguez Jacob , Gualda Emilio J. , Hernandez-Cordero Juan , Loza-Alvarez Pablo , Rocha-Mendoza Israel
Published: November 2023

We present a combination of light-sheet excitation and two-dimensional fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) measurements as a simple and promising technique for three-dimensional temperature mapping. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated with samples fabricated with sodium yttrium fluoride nanoparticles co-doped with rare-earth ytterbium and erbium ions (NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+) incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a host material. In addition, we also evaluate the technique using lipid-coated NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles immersed in agar. The composite materials show upconverted (UC) fluorescence bands when excited by a 980 nm near-infrared laser light-sheet. Using a single CMOS camera and a pair of interferometric optical filters to specifically image the two thermally-coupled bands (at 525 and 550 nm), the two-dimensional FIR and, hence, the temperature map can be readily obtained. The proposed method can take optically sectioned (confocal-like) images with good optical resolution over relatively large samples (up to the millimetric scale) for further 3D temperature reconstruction.
Effect of Epichloë Endophyte on the Growth and Carbon Allocation of Its Host Plant Stipa purpurea under Hemiparasitic Root Stress
Authors: Zhang Peng , Meng Siyu , Bao Gensheng , Li Yuan , Feng Xiaoyun , Lu Hainian , Ma Jingjuan , Wei Xiaoxing , Liu Wenhui
Published: November 2023

Epichloë endophytes not only affect the growth and resistance of their host plants but also confer nutrient benefits to parasitized hosts. In this study, we used Pedicularis kansuensis to parasitize Stipa purpurea, both with and without endophytic fungi, and to establish a parasitic system. In this study, endophytic fungal infection was found to increase the dry weight of the leaf, stem, and leaf sheath, as well as the plant height, root length, tiller number, aboveground biomass, and underground biomass of S. purpurea under root hemiparasitic stress. Meanwhile, the 13C allocation of the leaf sheaths and roots of S. purpurea increased as the density of P. kansuensis increased, while the 13C allocation of the leaf sheaths and roots of E+ S. purpurea was lower than that of E− S. purpurea. The 13C allocation of the stem, leaf sheath, and root of E+ S. purpurea was higher than that of its E− counterpart. Furthermore, the content of photosynthetic 13C and the 13C partition rate of the stems, leaves, roots, and entire plant of S. purpurea and P. kansuensis transferred from S. purpurea increased as the density of P. kansuensis increased. These results will generate new insights into the potential role of symbiotic microorganisms in regulating the interaction between root hemiparasites and their hosts.
Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni Have COX and Proteolytic Activity and Induce Hemolysis
Authors: Sierra-López Francisco , Castelan-Ramírez Ismael , Hernández-Martínez Dolores , Salazar-Villatoro Lizbeth , Segura-Cobos David , Flores-Maldonado Catalina , Hernández-Ramírez Verónica Ivonne , Villamar-Duque Tomás Ernesto , Méndez-Cruz Adolfo René , Talamás-Rohana Patricia , Omaña-Molina Maritza
Published: November 2023

Several species of Acanthamoeba genus are potential pathogens and etiological agents of several diseases. The pathogenic mechanisms carried out by these amoebae in different target tissues have been documented, evidencing the relevant role of contact-dependent mechanisms. With the purpose of describing the pathogenic processes carried out by these protozoans more precisely, we considered it important to determine the emission of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as part of the contact-independent pathogenicity mechanisms of A. culbertsoni, a highly pathogenic strain. Through transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), EVs were characterized. EVs showed lipid membrane and a size between 60 and 855 nm. The secretion of large vesicles was corroborated by confocal and TEM microscopy. The SDS-PAGE of EVs showed proteins of 45 to 200 kDa. Antigenic recognition was determined by Western Blot, and the internalization of EVs by trophozoites was observed through Dil-labeled EVs. In addition, some EVs biological characteristics were determined, such as proteolytic, hemolytic and COX activity. Furthermore, we highlighted the presence of leishmanolysin in trophozites and EVs. These results suggest that EVs are part of a contact-independent mechanism, which, together with contact-dependent ones, allow for a better understanding of the pathogenicity carried out by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni.
Impacts of Oak Mulch Amendments on Rhizosphere Microbiome of Citrus Trees Grown in Florida Flatwood Soils
Authors: Santiago John M. , Hallman Lukas M. , Fox John-Paul , Pitino Marco , Shatters Robert G. , Cano Liliana M. , Rossi Lorenzo
Published: November 2023

Rhizosphere interactions are an understudied component of citrus production. This is even more important in Florida flatwood soils, which pose significant challenges in achieving sustainable and effective fruit production due to low natural fertility and organic matter. Citrus growers apply soil amendments, including oak mulch, to ameliorate their soil conditions. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of oak mulch on citrus nutrient uptake, soil characteristics, and rhizosphere composition. The plant material consisted of ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) trees grafted on ‘US-812’ (C. reticulata × C. trifoliata) rootstock. The experiment consisted of two treatments, which included trees treated with oak mulch (300 kg of mulch per plot) and a control. The soil and leaf nutrient contents, soil pH, cation exchange capacity, moisture, temperature, and rhizosphere bacterial compositions were examined over the course of one year (spring and fall 2021). During the spring samplings, the citrus trees treated with oak mulch resulted in significantly greater soil Zn and Mn contents, greater soil moisture, and greater rhizosphere bacterial diversity compared to the control, while during the fall samplings, only a greater soil moisture content was observed in the treated trees. The soil Zn and Mn content detected during the spring samplings correlated with the significant increases in the diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community composition. Similarly, the reduced rates of leaching and evaporation (at the soil surface) of oak mulch applied to Florida sandy soils likely played a large role in the significant increase in moisture and nutrient retention.
Escherichia coli K-12 Transcriptomics for Assessing the Mechanism of Action of High-Power Ultrasound
Authors: Spiteri David , Griffin Sholeem , Karatzas Kimon Andreas , Scerri Christian , Valdramidis Vasilis P.
Published: November 2023

An investigation into the mechanisms of action on bacteria involving exposure to stress factors was conducted in this study. The effects of ultrasound on Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 and its isogenic mutant, ∆gadW, under high power ultrasound treatments (26 kHz) were screened and identified by analysing their transcriptome differences between primary and secondary sequential treatments using RNA-Seq. This also helped to assess any developed protection for cells between different generations. According to our results, 1825 genes of all tested conditions were expressed, playing different roles in the cell. The expression of these genes is associated with DNA damage, cell membrane integrity, and also metabolic effects. The studied strains also showed different differential expressed genes (DEGs), with some genes being directly responsible for defence mechanisms, while others play an indirect effect due to cell damage. A gradual decrease in the expression of the genes, as we moved from just one cycle of ultrasound treatment to sequential treatment, was evident from a heat map analysis of the results. Overall, E. coli K-12 builds a self-protection mechanism by increasing the expression of genes involved in the respiration for increased growth, and production of flagellum and pili. It can be concluded that high power ultrasound is a technology that triggers several different defence mechanisms which directly link to E. coli.
Diffusion-Controlled Reactions: An Overview
Authors: Grebenkov Denis S.
Published: November 2023

We review the milestones in the century-long development of the theory of diffusion-controlled reactions. Starting from the seminal work by von Smoluchowski, who recognized the importance of diffusion in chemical reactions, we discuss perfect and imperfect surface reactions, their microscopic origins, and the underlying mathematical framework. Single-molecule reaction schemes, anomalous bulk diffusions, reversible binding/unbinding kinetics, and many other extensions are presented. An alternative encounter-based approach to diffusion-controlled reactions is introduced, with emphasis on its advantages and potential applications. Some open problems and future perspectives are outlined.
Hydroxy- and Hydro-Perfluoroalkylation of Styrenes by Controlling the Quenching Cycle of Eosin Y
Authors: Shibata Haruko , Nakayama Moeko , Tagami Koto , Kanbara Tadashi , Yajima Tomoko
Published: November 2023

Fluoroalkyl compounds are widely used, underscoring a pressing need for the development of methods for their synthesis. However, reports on perfluoroalkylation to styrenes have been sparse. In this study, both hydroxy- and hydro-perfluoroalkylation of styrene were achieved using visible light reactions, catalyzed by eosin Y, by selecting appropriate additives and controlling the eosin Y quenching cycle. These reactions are heavy-metal free, use water as the hydroxyl or hydrogen source, and employ inexpensive and readily available reagents.
Therapies from Thiopeptides
Authors: Hwang Hee-Jong , Ciufolini Marco A.
Published: November 2023

The first part of this contribution describes solutions that were developed to achieve progressively more efficient syntheses of the thiopeptide natural products, micrococcins P1 and P2 (MP1–MP2), with an eye toward exploring their potential as a source of new antibiotics. Such efforts enabled investigations on the medicinal chemistry of those antibiotics, and inspired the development of the kinase inhibitor, Masitinib®, two candidate oncology drugs, and new antibacterial agents. The studies that produced such therapeutic resources are detailed in the second part. True to the theme of this issue, “Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry: Two Inseparable Partners”, an important message is that the above advances would have never materialized without the support of curiosity-driven, academic synthetic organic chemistry: a beleaguered science that nonetheless has been—and continues to be—instrumental to progress in the biomedical field.