bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reposición del Glucógeno Muscular en la Recuperación del Deportista
Authors: Mata-Ordoñez F. , Grimaldi-Puyana M. , Sánchez-Oliver A. J.
Published: April 2019

Las estrategias nutricionales durante la fase de recuperación del deportista son fundamentales. Uno de los principales objetivos de la recuperación es la reposición del glucógeno muscular. Este aspecto se hace más importante cuando los deportistas se enfrentan a entrenamientos intensos o eventos competitivos con cortos periodos de recuperación. Además, la manipulación deliberada de su disponibilidad puede mejorar las adaptaciones moleculares al entrenamiento. La presente revisión tiene por objetivo informar sobre los aspectos fisiológicos básicos de esta situación, así como conocer el momento del consumo, la cantidad, el tipo y la interacción de diferentes nutrientes con los hidratos de carbono, para poder maximizar o jugar con la reposición del mismo en función de las necesidades y/o las estrategias planteadas. El glucógeno ya no debe ser visto como un simple almacén de energía sino como una molécula que puede desencadenar numerosos procesos celulares importantes para el deportista.

Nutritional interventions play a fundamental role during the post-exercise recovery phase. One of the main goals of recovery is restoring muscle glycogen stores. This becomes more important when athletes are subjected to intense training or competition with short recovery periods be-tween bouts. Furthermore, manipulating muscle glycogen availability can improve molecular adaptations to training. The objective of this review is thus to present the basic physiological aspects of this phenomenon, and to discuss carbohydrate consumption, timing, type, and amount, as well as its interaction with different nutrients, in order to maximize or play with the restoration of muscle glycogen depending on the needs and/or the strategies proposed. Glyco-gen should no longer be seen as a simple form of energy storage, but as a molecule that can trigger numerous cellular processes important for athletic performance.
Análisis DAFO de la comercialización de la liga de primera división de bádminton de la República Islámica de Irán
Authors: Nasrollah Sajjadi S. , Rajabi H. , Hamidi M. , Hajizadeh A.
Published: April 2019

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo el análisis DAFO de la comercialización de la liga Premier de bádminton. Fue un estudio descriptivo-analítico. La población estadística incluyó 120 individuos que fueron expertos, reporteros, entrenadores y supervisores y vicepresidentes de las juntas provinciales, entre los cuales se seleccionaron 92 individuos como la muestra del estudio mediante un método de muestreo aleatorio estratificado. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo utilizando un cuestionario DAFO diseñado por un investigador que fue confirmado por 10 expertos universitarios y académicos. La confiabilidad del cuestionario se confirmó en base a un estudio primario en 30 individuos (alfa de Cronbach α = 0,88). Los resultados indicaron que la comercialización del bádminton de primera división tuvo 10 puntos fuertes, 10 puntos débiles y 10 amenazas, y se recomienda que se utilicen las oportunidades para convertir las amenazas en oportunidades y las debilidades en fortalezas para tener una liga más dinámica.

The present study was aimed at SWOT analysis of the marketing of badminton premier league. It was a descriptive-analytical study. The statistical population included 120 individuals who were experts, reporters, coaches and supervisors, and vice-presidents of the provincial boards among whom 92 individuals were selected as the study sample by a stratified random sampling method. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-designed SWOT questionnaire that was confirmed by 10 university and academic experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on a primary study on 30 individuals (Cronbach’s Alpha α=0.88). The results indicated that marketing of badminton premier league had 10 strengths, 10 weaknesses, and 10 threats, and it is recommended that opportunities should be utilized to turn threats to opportunity and weaknesses to strengths in order to have a more dynamic league.
El turismo activo en la comunidad. Relación entre impactos percibidos por los residentes y apoyo al desarrollo del sector
Authors: González-García R. J. , González-Serrano M. H. , Ayora-Pérez D.
Published: April 2019

La relación entre el sector turístico y el deporte ha crecido en importancia, tanto a nivel académico como profesional. Asimismo, los residentes tienen un importante papel a la hora de armonizar el desarrollo de la actividad en la comunidad, sobre todo en aquellas poblaciones donde la actividad turística es el sector predominante. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar qué impactos asociados al turismo activo son percibidos por los residentes y cuáles son los mejores predictores del apoyo al desarrollo de este tipo de actividad en la comunidad. Además, se ha realizado un análisis descriptivo de los ítems correspondientes a las percepciones de los residentes sobre los impactos asociados al turismo activo, así como su apoyo al desarrollo del mismo en la localidad. Resulta consecuente, la importancia en la evaluación de estos impactos por parte de los organismos encargados de la planificación, organización y gestión del sector.

The relationship between the tourism sector and sport has grown in importance, both academically and professionally. Residents also have an important role to play in harmonizing the development of the activity in the community, especially in those towns where tourism is the predominant sector. The objective of this study is to analyse which impacts associated with active tourism are perceived by residents and which are the best predictors of support for the development of this type of activity in the community. In addition, a descriptive analysis of the items corresponding to residents' perceptions of the impacts associated with active tourism has been carried out, as well as their support for its development in the area. Consequently, the importance of the assessment of these impacts by the bodies responsible for planning, organising and managing the sector is significant.
¿Qué caminos existen hacia la calidad de servicio en clubes deportivos de baloncesto? Análisis de orientación emprendedora y nivel de competición
Authors: Núñez-Pomar J. M. , Escamilla-Fajardo P.
Published: April 2019

La orientación emprendedora (compuesta por innovación, asunción de riesgos y proactividad), es entendida como la disposición para afrontar de forma ventajosa los desafíos del entorno y sus rivales, teniendo creciente interés en la investigación y relacionada generalmente con un mayor rendimiento en distintos ámbitos de la organización. El presente estudio, realizado con clubes de baloncesto españoles, analiza la relación existente entre la Orientación Emprendedora, el nivel de competición de los clubes y la calidad de servicio que prestan a sus deportistas y socios/abonados. En este trabajo, en el que se ha utilizado como metodología de análisis fsQCA se han analizado 103 clubes deportivos de baloncesto (61% de categoría nacional y 39% autonómica). Los resultados muestran diferentes caminos para lograr altos niveles de Calidad de Servicio, destacando Asunción de Riesgos y nivel de competición nacional como variables que mayor presencia tienen en las soluciones de altos niveles de Calidad de servicio. 

The entrepreneurial orientation (composed of innovation, risk taking and proactivity), is understood as the willingness to face the challenges of the environment and its rivals in an advantageous way, having a growing interest in research and generally related to greater performance in different areas of the organization. This study, carried out with Spanish basketball clubs, analyses the relationship between the Entrepreneurial Orientation, the level of competition of the clubs and the quality of service they provide to their athletes and members/subscribers. In this work, in which the fsQCA analysis methodology has been used, 103 basketball sports clubs have been analysed (61% national and 39% regional). The results show different ways to achieve high levels of Service Quality, with Risk Assumption and the level of national competition standing out as the variables that have the greatest presence in solutions with high levels of Service Quality.
Babel Syndrome and the New Security Doctrine of the United States
Authors: Luís Fiori José
Published: April 2019

This article explores the significance to the inter-state capitalist system of the new US national security strategy, as defined by the Donald Trump administration on 17 December 2017. By looking beyond the inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies of President Trump, we see that this strategy represents a break, not only with the strategies of recent US administrations but also with a longer tradition in US foreign policy. This article proposes that the supposed crisis of ‘liberal order’ is a direct and inevitable result of the expansion and success of the inter-state capitalist system. To explain the strategy of the US in this scenario, the article adopts an unorthodox approach, analysing the myth of the Tower of Babel.
Humanitarian Politics and the Spectre of Illegitimacy
Authors: Rieff David
Published: April 2019

The political landscape in which the humanitarian movement took current form has changed radically. If humanitarian certainties have been upended, it is not in Sri Lanka, or even Syria or Afghanistan, but in the NGO response to the migration crisis in Greece and in the Mediterranean. However overstated, the claim of neutrality has always played an important role in establishing the legitimacy humanitarian action has enjoyed in Europe. But it is no longer possible, if it ever was, for relief workers to separate their ethical commitment to helping people in need from their political convictions, including about what the EU should stand for.
Humanitarian Communication in a Post-Truth World
Authors: Bunce Mel
Published: April 2019

When people look online for information about humanitarian crises, they increasingly encounter media content that blurs the line between reality and fiction. This includes everything from rumour and exaggeration to partisan journalism and completely invented stories designed to look like real news (so-called ‘fake news’). This article shows that disinformation is causing real and serious harm to those affected by humanitarian emergencies; it can undermine the ability of humanitarian workers to provide relief; and it has exacerbated conflict and violence. Disinformation is also making it harder for journalists to report on the humanitarian sector, and hold the powerful to account, because it undermines audience trust in information more generally. The article concludes by considering interventions that could address the challenges of disinformation. It argues for more support of quality journalism about humanitarian crises, as well as media literacy training. Finally, it is crucial that aid agencies and news outlets commit to accuracy and fact checking in their reporting and campaigning.
Nintendo Da Vinci: Implementing a novel control system to improve performance in robotic assisted surgery – A pilot study
Authors: Al-Akash Ibrahim S
Published: April 2019

Complications of robotic-assisted surgery are on the rise, partly due to surgeons not receiving proper training. Using the current Da Vinci (DV) surgical system, 150-3,000 surgeries must be performed to achieve proficiency. To improve performance, a new system was developed using Nintendo Joycon (NJ) controls. The system was tested using NJ and the DV control systems, with two users (gamer and doctor), in a simulated skills assessment in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) modes. The simulation completion time and error count were used to calculate a Fundamentals of Robotic Surgery Skills Assessment (FRS) score. The results indicate the task time, error, FRS scores, and learning rates had improved significantly (p<0.05). The risk ratios indicate the Da Vinci control system increases the risk of error significantly (p<0.05). Based on the data collected in this study, implementing a Nintendo Joycon control system improves task time by 83% for the doctor and by 88% for the gamer, reduces error by 73% for the doctor and by 82% for the gamer, improves FRS score by 72% for the doctor and by 46% for the gamer, and accelerates the learning rate by 84% for the doctor and by 86% for the gamer. The data collected indicates that implementing a Nintendo Joycon control system will significantly improve surgical performance by accelerating the learning rate and reducing error.
Brasilia Parkinson Cohort: assessing clinical, neuropsychological and imaging predictors of cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease
Authors: de Paula Brandão Pedro Renato , Maluf Fernando Bisinoto , Grippe Talyta , Faber Ingrid , Assis Pereira Danilo , Allam Nasser , Cardoso Francisco E.C. , Tomaz Carlos , Tavares Maria Clotilde H
Published: April 2019

The following study protocol describes the rationale and methods of a cohort with a nested case-control study, which aims to identify risk factors and predictors of cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). It is a study that will follow PD every 18 months with a comprehensive neuropsychological, clinical (motor and non-motor symptoms) and imaging (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) data collection. The criteria for diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia will respect the parameters previously published by the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment, and compared with those recommended by the Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) and the International Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Society (MDS) criteria. We will also evaluate the neural substrate and underpinnings of PD non-motor symptoms, using advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and gray matter and white matter volumetric measurements.
Effects of an 8-week physical exercise program on spinal manipulation biomechanical parameters in a group of 1st-year chiropractic students*
Authors: Lardon Arnaud , Pasquier Mégane , Audo Yannick , Barbier-Cazorla Florian , Descarreaux Martin
Published: April 2019

Objective:

To determine the effects of a physical exercise program on spinal manipulation (SM) performance in 1st-year chiropractic students.

Methods:

One hundred and thirteen students from 2 chiropractic schools were assigned to 1 of 2 groups: exercise group (EG) for campus A students or control group (CG) (no training) for campus B students. All participated in 2 1-hour experimental training sessions that were added to the usual technique curriculum. At the beginning and at the end of each session, SM thrust duration and preload force release were recorded as dependent variables in 5 trials performed on a force-sensing table for a total of 10 recorded trials per session. The session consisted of several drills during which augmented feedback was provided to students to improve their skills. The EG performed physical exercises (push-ups, core stabilization, and speeder board exercises) 3 times per week for an 8-week period between the 2 training sessions.

Results:

The mean thrust duration increased between the 2 sessions [+0.8 ms (±15.6)]. No difference between groups was found using a t test for independent samples (p = .94). The mean preload force release decreased between the 2 sessions (−6.1 N [±17.1]). Differences between groups were found using a t test for independent samples (p = .03); the results showed a reduction of preload force release in the participants in the EG group compared to those in the CG group (−8.1 N [±16.9] vs −0.3 N [±16.5]).

Conclusion:

A physical exercise program seems to be beneficial in the SM learning process; chiropractic students should therefore be encouraged to do home physical exercises to develop their physical capabilities and improve SM delivery.
Chemical Assessment of Sachet Water in Ado-Ekiti Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Adefemi O. S. , Azeez M. A.
Published: April 2019

Twenty five different brands of sachet water produced in Ado-Ekiti metropolis have been analysed for drinking water quality using standard analytical method. The result obtained for all the water  samples indicated a pH range of 6.06 - 7.96, total solid (TS) 40.00 – 120.00 mg/l, total dissolved solids (TDS)  20.00 – 100.00 mg/l, turbidity ( 0.25 – 2.20 NTU) , conductivity ( 30.00 – 252.00 µ ohm/s), acidity 9 0.10 – 0.30 mg/l), chloride ( 28.40 – 50.11 mg/l) and nitrate (18.70 – 43.00 mg/l). Iron has the highest value (0.05 – 3.95 mg/l) in heavy metal analysis while concentrations of Pb, Cr and Ni were below detection in all samples. The total bacteria count (TBC) ranged between 1 and 8. The total coliform count (TCC) in almost all water samples was below detection. The physicochemical parameters of the analysed sachet water samples were within the WHO, NAFDAC and SON standards for drinking water. However it was observed that all the samples required chlorination prior to packaging.
Histological Changes of Spleen Autotransplanted in the Omentum of Rats
Authors: Reza Javadi Mohammad , Esfahani Ali Reza Monsef , Ghavifekr Nazila Hassanzadeh , Niayesh Amin
Published: April 2019

Introduction: The spleen is a lymphoid organ that plays an important role in the body's defense against organisms, participation in blood filtration process, phagocytosis and immunoglobulin production. When splenectomy due to severe splenic trauma or hematological disorder is inevitable, spleen autotransplantation may be the only option to preserve the spleen. It has not been determined the structural rearrangements after transplanting in comparison with the amount of transplanted spleen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological changes of spleen autotransplanted in the omentum of rats.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats underwent splenectomy and transplanting three pieces of splenic tissue consists of 10-15% of the greater omentum. The rats were divided to two equal groups; Eight caseswere randomly separated and followedfor 6 months (Group Au-6) and 8 other cases also were separated for 12 months' follow-up (group Au-12). At the end of follow-up period, after the re-operation of autotransplanted rats, the splenic tissues underwent the macroscopic and microscopic examination and two groups were compared together.

Results: After laparotomy, splenic tissues were detected in all cases (8/8, 100%) of Au-6 group and 7 cases (87.5%) of Au-12 group. It’s observed no significant difference between two groups in the capsule around splenic tissue, organized structure, fibrosis and revascularization (P>0.05). The hemosiderin pigmentation was significantly higher in Au-12 group (P=0.03).

Conclusions: The results of this study showed that autotransplanting about 15 percent of splenic tissue were associated with a high success rate in tissue structure rearrangement. Therefore, spleen autotransplantation even in small sizes was highly recommended in cases of unavoidable splenectomy.
Studies on Target-specificity and Biological Activity of Streptococcus Serum Antibody and Sulfate Amikacin Conjugates
Authors: Yi Lingxiao , Li Xiang , Dong Wei
Published: April 2019

To investigate the target-specificity and biological activity of Streptococcus serum antibody and sulfate amikacin conjugates. The recent used polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) as the coupling agent to produce Coupled complexes of Streptococcus serum antibody and sulfate amikacin. Then, analyzed the antibody being in conjugates specificity which against Streptococcus, and the antibody being in conjugates immunogenicity. Besides, we also detected the acute toxicity, antimicrobial activity and bioavailability of sulfate amikacin being in conjugates. As a result, the antibody specific binding to Streptococcus, instead of Escherichia coil, Pasteurella and Staphylococcus aureus. Biological activity results showed that coupling decreased Streptococcus serum antibody immunogenicity, increased Streptococcus serum antibody response sensitivity. Simultaneously, the results indicated that coupling reduced the acute toxicity of sulfate amikacin, improved sulfate amikacin bioavailability and antimicrobial activity of sulfate amikacin. The combination effect on the antibacterial activity of drug and the biological activity of serum antibody is helpful for the practical application of targeted drugs.
Soil Fertility Status in Relation to Farmers’ Practices Under Maize Based Systems in Western Region of Kenya: Yield Gap Analysis
Authors: Muya E. M. , Miriti J. M. , Radiro M. , Esilaba A. , Chek A. L. , Nyongesa D. , Thuranira A. , Githunguri C.
Published: April 2019

A study was carried out in Kenya Cereal Enhancement Project site in Western region of Kenya to examine the soil fertility status in relation to the current blanket fertilizer recommendations and farmers’ practices across the four wards, namely: Motosiet, Keiyo, Cherangani and Kwanza. The baseline fertility status in different soil mapping units was assessed in terms of soil productivity index with a view of analyzing the levels of nutrients and yield gaps. Using the standard soil survey procedures, six soil mapping units were identified as UUr1, UUr2, UUr3, RUd, RUrb, and BU1.. The results showed that the highest productivity index was in unit BU1, followed by UUr1, UUr2, UUr3, and RUrb with values of 40.5, 29.4, 25.0, 16.0 and 8.9% respectively.  Keiyo Ward had the highest level of nitrogen, being 125.82, followed by Motosiet, Cherangani and Kwanza with values of 99.92, 97.12, and 81.12 kg/ha respectively. Phosphorous level was highest in Kwanza (136.41 kg/ha), followed by Cherangani (106.82 kg/ha) and Keiyo Ward (76.08 kg/ha). The lowest level was recorded in Motosiet with the value of 72.56 kg/ha. Potassium was found to be adequate in all the four Wards with values ranging between 347.67 and 410.34 kg/ha. The maximum maize production recorded in the project sites was 9,000 kg/ha, with a yield gap of 1,000 kg/ha. This was achieved through application of 100 and 50 kg/ha of DAP and CAN respectively. This was followed by 6,750 kg/ha obtained through application of 50 kg/ha of DAP and CAN. The yields from the rest of the sites ranged between 1,800 and 4,500 kg/ha with yield gaps varying from 3,250 to 8,650 kg/ha. The lowest yields were obtained in Keiyo, followed by Kwanza Ward despite the relatively high macro- nutrient levels in the soils of the two Wards. This was attributed to soil-related constraints caused by the increased soil structural degradation and loss of soil tilth. Therefore, it is recommended that the envisaged climate smart technologies be geared towards enhancement of nutrient and water use efficiency through improved soil structure and tilth.
Effect of Computer Game-Based Instructional Strategy on Students’ Learning Outcome in Mathematics
Authors: Noah Oyarinde Oluremi
Published: April 2019

The major objective of the study was to elicit the effect of computer game-based instructional strategy on senior secondary school students’ learning outcomes in Mathematics. The researcher used a quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test, control group design to carry out the study. The treatment was computer game instructional Package and conventional teaching method. Two hundred and forty (240) second year senior secondary school students (SSSII) were randomly selected from six (6) public secondary schools in On do State Nigeria. The students’ pre-test and post-test scores were subjected to Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA),T-test and Chi-Square .The findings of the study showed that the performance of students exposed to computer game instructional package was better than their counterparts exposed to the conventional classroom instruction. Based on the research findings recommendations were made on the need to develop relevant computer game instructional packages for teaching Mathematics in Nigerian secondary schools.
Evaluation of Median Lethal Dose and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Assessment of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus amarus
Authors: Adolor O. E. , Onyesom I. , Opajobi A. O. , Mordi J. C.
Published: April 2019

Aims: To determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of crude ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus and evaluate its sub-chronic oral toxicity in experimental mice (BALB/C strain).

Study Design: One-factor, one-control, one-test group experimental design.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, between December, 2014 and November, 2015.

Methodology: Crude ethanolic leaf extract of P. amarus was prepared as previously described and twenty (20) Swiss albino mice (BALB/C strain) were randomly and equally divided into two (2) groups and administered 2000 mg/kg body weight (Group A) and 5000 mg/kg body weight (Group B) of the prepared extract as single oral dose in line with the limit dose method of determining LD50. For the sub-chronic oral toxicity study, ten (10) mice were assigned into control (n=5) and experimental (n=5). The control animals were given placebo-normal saline, but the experimental mice were administered with nocebo – 300 mg/kg body weight of P. amarus crude ethanolic extract for twenty one (21) days. Thereafter, the animals in each group were sacrificed and then, serum and liver homogenate were obtained for the assay of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidative damage (Malondialdehyde-MDA) Using documented methods. Liver tissue was also processed for histopathological examination using H&E stain.

Results: Data showed LD50 of the extract to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Assessment of the herb’s sub-chronic oral toxicity indicates that the leaf extract significantly (P=.03) enhanced total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in both serum (Control: TAC = 0.10±0.03 mM, Experimental: TAC = 0.33±0.05 mM) and liver (Control: TAC = 0.12±0.09 mM, Experimental: TAC = 0.34±0.06 mM) but reduced (P = .01) the biomarker for liver tissue damage (Control: MDA = 41.89±3.36 µM, Experimental: MDA = 4.67±4.04 µM). In addition, hepatic cells were invigorated by P. amarus treatment as suggested by the histopathological features.

Conclusion: Collectively, P. amarus crude ethanolic leaf extract possesses high degree of tolerance and hepatic tonic potential with no identifiable toxic or side effects.
Diversity and Antibiotics Susceptibility of Bacterial Species on Hand Surfaces in Public Buses Plying Kenyatta National Hospital Route 7c in Nairobi
Authors: Chebon Samson , Sonoiya Jackline Chelangat
Published: April 2019

Aims: To determine the pathogenic and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates on hand surfaces in public buses in Nairobi.

Study Design: A random sampling technique was utilized and targeted public buses plying Nairobi Central Business District (CBD) and Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) 7C route.

Place and Duration of Study: Bacterial isolates were obtained from hand surfaces in public buses in Nairobi during a three-month period, May-July 2015.

Methodology: A total of 30 swab samples were collected using sterile moist cotton swabs then cultured on three media including MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar and Eosin Methyl Blue agar (EMB). Characterization of isolates was by morphological and biochemical features. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile tests using eight antibiotics including tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamycin, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and streptomycin was also undertaken.

Results: A total of 45 isolates indicated the following prevalence: Staphylococcus aureus 33%, Escherichia coli 24%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 18%, Klebsiella species 11% and Pseudomonas species 13%. The antimicrobial resistance profiles indicated E. coli isolates had the highest resistance to five antibiotics, Klebsiella spp. to four, Staphylococcus aureus to three, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas spp. each to only one antibiotic. Isolates were predominantly resistant to ampicillin (100%) followed by co-trimoxazole and streptomycin but were instead sensitive to gentamycin followed by tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole and chloramphenicol.

Conclusion: These findings demonstrate serious health risks posed to the community by potentially pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacterial species on hand-touch sites in public buses. Therefore, this study creates awareness of the need for stringent sanitary measures in public buses and hygienic practices among commuters to forestall transmission of community acquired infections.
Effect of Agitation Speed and Incubation Time on Amylase Production by Bacillus Species Isolated from Malted and Fermented Maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Henshaw Effiom , M. Wakil Sherifat
Published: April 2019

Aims: The effect of agitation speed and incubation time on Bacillus species growth and amylase production isolated from malted and fermented maize were investigated.

Study Design: An experimental study.

Methodology: Bacillus species were screened for amylase production using starch hydrolysis method on starch agar. Bacillus sp.IBM21 was observed to exhibit highest hydrolytic activity with zone of clearance of diameter 41.6mm. Process parameters optimizations were evaluated using submerge fermentation techniques.

Results: The effect of agitation speed on growth and amylase production was varied from 100-250 rpm. It was observed that, the amylolytic Bacillus species were able to grow optimally at agitation speed of 100 rpm while their highest amylase activities were recorded at speed of 150 rpm for Bacillus sp.IBM22, 10.16Um-1 and 200 rpm for Bacillus sp.IBM21, 5.59Um-1. The effect of incubation time was varied from 12-72h, amylase activities as well as bacterial growth increases with increase in incubation time until peaks were attained at 36h (10.16Uml-1, OD540nm, 2.98) for Bacillus sp.IBM22 and 48h ( 5.5Uml-1, OD540nm 1.55) for Bacillus sp.IBM21.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Bacillus species isolated from malted/fermented maize produced amylase maximally at optimal agitation speed and incubation time ranges of 150-200rpm and 36-48h respectively.
PLANT POPULATION DENSITY DYNAMICS OF MAIZE UNDER FARMERS' MANAGEMENT IN THE WESTERN HILLS OF NEPAL
Authors: SUBEDI K. D. , DHITAL
Published: July 2002

An on-farm study was carried out at 17 different sites within the Western Hills of Nepal during the spring and summer seasons of 1993 and 1994 in order to monitor the plant population density dynamics of the maize (Zea mays L.) crop under farmers' management. Five farmers were selected randomly at each site and a 20-m2 plot was demarcated just after maize sowing. The maize stands within the 20-m2 plots were first recorded 20 d after sowing, and then at 10-d intervals until harvest. Farmers were allowed to perform all cultural practices on their own. On average, the initial plant stand across all locations and over two seasons was 69 100 ± 1800 plants ha−1, which resulted in 37 300 ± 1700 plants ha−1 at harvest, a 46% reduction from the initial stand. At most locations, the population declined by 30–40 × 103 plants ha−1 between emergence and harvesting and in no cases were the recommended plant populations achieved at harvest. Populations varied across sites and seasons. The rate of population decline was higher in the low and mid hills compared to high-altitude areas. Thinning which is carried out between 30 and 60 d after sowing at most sites was the major cause of population reduction, and delay in thinning was intended to increase fodder production from the thinned maize. In addition, the removal of barren plants at the silking stage and of smutted, lodged and damaged plants attributed to about 12% of total reduction in plant population. The larger the initial stand, the larger was the proportion of barren plants to be removed. No clear relationships were observed between soil fertility and final plant stand at harvest.
Molecular correlates of the murine Xce locus
Authors: AVNER PHILIP , PRISSETTE MARINE , ARNAUD DANIELLE , COURTIER BÉATRICE , CECCHI CHIARA , HEARD EDITH
Published: July 2002

The murine Xce locus, first identified by Bruce Cattanach,
infiuences the primary choice of the X
chromosome to be inactivated. Methylation of a GC-rich region (DXPas34)
that includes multiple
34 bp repeats and lies some 15 kb 3′ to Xist has been shown
to vary with Xce haplotype. The
degree of methylation on the active X chromosome at this locus represents
one of the few
molecular correlates of Xce action currently available. Data relating
to the specificity and other
characteristics of this association are presented.
NISSIM REJWAN, Israel's Place in the Middle East: A Pluralist Perspective (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998). Pp. 216. $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Waxman Chaim I.
Published: July 2002

Nissim Rejwan is an Israeli scholar who was born and raised in Baghdad. He does not fit the more common mold of Israeli post-nationalists, or post-Zionists, the majority of whom are of Ashkenazi background. He also has a much higher regard for Jewish tradition, including religion, than is typical of most post-Zionists. Indeed, it is that very regard for Jewish tradition and culture that underlies his post-Zionism.
IRADJ AMINI, Napoleon and Persia: Franco–Persian Relations under the First Empire, trans. Azizeh Azodi (Richmond, Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 1999). Pp. 245. $34.95 cloth.
Authors: Mahdavi Shireen
Published: July 2002

Napoleon, like many other great conquerors before him, not only dreamed of invading India; he also dreamed of striking a blow against England, France's eternal enemy. Persia was the key to that dream, as it lay en route. Napoleon needed a country nearby in which to build up his troops and a port from which his navy could operate. Therefore, the establishment of friendly relations with Persia was an essential part of Napoleon's strategy. This book is an account of Napoleon's efforts at creating diplomatic relations with Persia and a dream that ended in dust and ashes.
SANUSIYYA BROTHERHOOD Sufi and Scholar on the Desert Edge. By KNUT S.

VIKØR. London: Hurst, 1995. Pp. 310. £37.50

(ISBN 1-85065-218-X).
Authors: BENNISON KATHERINE
Published: July 2002

Knut S. Vikør's Sufi and Scholar on the Desert

Edge is first and foremost a study of the founder of the

Sanusiyya religious brotherhood, Muhammad b. ‘Ali al-Sanusi. It is a

welcome addition to the existing literature on the Sanusiyya.

Vikør's stated purpose is to locate al-Sanusi in his own

religious and intellectual environment in order to separate the

history of al-Sanusi and the order he founded from the

Sanusiyya's later reputation as a highly politicised and

anti-colonial institution. Like another recent work on the Sanusiyya,

Jean-Louis Triaud's La légende noire de la Sanusiya,

Sufi and Scholar seeks to explode certain myths about the early

Sanusiyya, in this case the common belief that al-Sanusi was highly

politicised and came into conflict with the political authorities in

Fes, Mecca, Cairo and eventually Libya. In the intellectual sphere,

Vikør also re-evaluates assumptions that al-Sanusi was

dedicated to the jihad, and can be described as a neo-sufi

and Islamic revivalist. The main source for the book is

al-Sanusi's own writings, a rather neglected source which

obviously provide crucial information on the book's main topic,

al-Sanusi's personal religious and political outlook, a few

surviving letters and then a wide range of contemporary and later

European and Arabic sources.
HUNGER IN NORTHERN CHAD Hunger und Herrschaft: Vorkoloniale und frühe koloniale

Hungerkrisen im Nordtschad. By ASTRID MEIER.

Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1995. Pp. 304. No price given

(ISBN 3-515-06729-9).
Authors: BUIJTENHUIJS ROBERT
Published: July 2002

This book, a doctoral thesis submitted to the University of

Zürich in 1994, takes as its starting point the modern idea that

hunger and famine are not fatalities determined by nature. Basing

herself on the example of Northern Chad during the final pre-colonial

decades and the first decades of French colonial rule, the author

argues rather that famines, although partly caused by natural factors,

reflect the political, economic and social conditions of the societies

in which they take place. Famines, she claims, reflect power relations

and the violence that sometimes flows from them.
BECOMING A CHILD OF THE HOUSE: INCORPORATION, AUTHORITY AND RESISTANCE

IN GIRYAMA SOCIETY
Authors: WILLIS JUSTIN , MIERS SUZANNE
Published: July 2002

The last twenty years have seen a series of studies dealing,

at least in part,

with the nineteenth-century history of slavery at the East African coast.

Each has, in its own way, focused on transformations associated with

changing patterns of accumulation in the nineteenth century. If there has

been a general theme it is of the increasing constraints placed upon slaves
and

the increasing demands made on them, as owners sought to reorganize labour

time and processes to take advantage of the new opportunities offered by
the

rapid expansion of commerce from the 1830s. While Morton has attacked

Cooper's ‘hegemonic’ perspective and accused him

of presenting slavery as

benign and static, both are agreed on a basic trend: the increasingly

commercial orientation of slave-based agriculture considerably diminished

slave autonomy between 1820 and 1890. Recently, Glassman has offered a

study which is decidedly non-hegemonic in perspective, and has revealed
the

ways in which marginal members of society appropriated and sought to

reinterpret the ideology through which they were subordinated. Yet he too

describes the increasing circumscription of slave autonomy in response
to the

demands of new kinds of production – in his case, the sugar plantations
of

the Pangani valley.
Evaluation of Hereford and first-cross cows on three
pasture systems. III. Milk yield and its influence on calf performance
Authors: ARTHUR P. F. , HEARNSHAW H. , BARLOW R. , WILLIAMSON P. J. , STEPHENSON P. D. , DIBLEY K.
Published: July 2002

Milk yield was determined by the weigh-suckle-weigh method over
2 years (1983 and 1984 calvings),
for a total of 305 purebred Hereford (H×H) and first-cross
Brahman×Hereford (B×H),
Simmental×Hereford (S×H) and Friesian×Hereford (F×H)
cows grazing three pasture systems at
Grafton, New South Wales, Australia. The age of the cows ranged from
6 to 11 years. The data were
used to evaluate different estimates of milk yield and to examine
the effects of milk yield on growth of calves up to weaning.

Of all the cow traits studied, average lactation milk yield (average of
early, mid and late-lactation
milk yields) had the highest correlation coefficient with calf 210-day
weight (r=0·73) and pre-weaning average daily gain
(ADGtotal, r=0·73), and explained >50% of the
variation in the calf
traits. However, milk yield was also moderately correlated with other cow traits
(liveweight and body
condition score). Thus, to predict calf performance, milk yield data may not
be required if detailed
data on other cow traits are available. This is supported by the finding that
differences in the coefficients of determination (R2)
between models for calf 210-day weight and ADGtotal which
included average lactation milk yield and other cow traits (highest
R2=69%) and models which
included other cow traits but no milk yield estimate (highest
R2=57%) were <13%.

Cow breed rankings for average lactation milk yield were similar
to those for calf 210-day weight
and ADGtotal. On high quality pasture, S×H and F×H cows produced
the most milk (S×H,
7·5 kg/day; F×H, 8·3 kg/day; B×H,
5·7 kg/day;
H×H, 5·5 kg/day) and weaned the heaviest calves
(S×H, 255 kg; F×H, 252 kg; B×H, 215 kg;
H×H, 217 kg), while on low quality pasture, B×H
and F×H cows produced the most milk (B×H,
4·2 kg/day; F×H, 3·7 kg/day; S×H,
2·9 kg/day;
H×H, 2·7 kg/day) but B×H cows weaned the heaviest
calves (B×H, 180 kg; F×H, 168 kg; S×H,
159 kg; H×H, 124 kg).
Patriot vs. Patriot: Social Conflict in Virginia and the Origins of the American Revolution
Authors: McDONNELL MICHAEL A. , HOLTON WOODY
Published: July 2002

Virginia, Britain's most populous and arguably most important North
American colony, once seemed the perfect fit for the “consensus”
interpretation of the War of Independence. Indeed, the percentage of
white colonists who became loyalists was probably lower in Virginia than
in any other rebelling colony. The widespread agreement on secession
from Britain should not, however, be mistaken for social consensus. The
reality was that revolutionary Virginia was frequently in turmoil. One of
the most intriguing of the local insurrections broke out in the northern
county of Loudoun just five months before the Declaration of
Independence. In February 1776, the county erupted into a heated
confrontation pitting gentlemen against their less wealthy neighbours.
Lund Washington, who was managing Mount Vernon, warned his
cousin, General George Washington, who was outside Boston training
his fledgeling patriot army, that the “first Battle we have in this part of
the Country will be in Loudon” – not against British soldiers, but against
fellow patriots. Within a week, the revolutionary government in
Williamsburg, the Committee of Safety, felt compelled to send troops to
quell the disturbances. Yet, for months afterwards, gentry Virginians
worried that their effort to suppress the rebellion had failed. In mid-May,
Andrew Leitch told Leven Powell of Loudoun, “I really lament the torn
and distracted condition of your County.” The “troublesome times,” as
another gentleman called them, were slow to abate.
Associations among individual proteins and fatty acids in bovine
milk as determined by correlations and factor analyses
Authors: BOBE GERD , BEITZ DONALD C. , FREEMAN ALBERT E. , LINDBERG GARY L.
Published: July 2002

Associations among quantities and concentrations of individual milk
proteins and fatty acids were determined in individual milk samples from 233
Holstein cows. Correlation coefficients among the six major proteins and the eleven
major fatty acids in bovine milk were grouped hierarchically. Factor analyses
grouped the milk components into seven families: fatty acids
4:0–6:0, 6:0–16:0,
16:0, 18:0, 16:1 plus 18:1 plus 18:2, all milk proteins
and β-lactoglobulin alone.
Correlation coefficients and groupings by factor analyses coincided with shared
pathways of synthesis or genetic origins of milk proteins and fatty acids because they
are the basis of the correlation coefficients. Hence, the results from correlations and
factor analyses could be used to develop hypotheses for the synthesis of milk
components and other coordinately regulated physiological processes.
The Ecumenical Movement in its Early Years
Authors: CARTER DAVID
Published: July 2002

The year 1998 sees the fiftieth anniversary of the formation of
the
World Council of Churches. Great, but subsequently largely
disappointed hopes, greeted it. The movement that led directly to
its formation had its genesis in the International Missionary Conference

of 1910, an event often cited in popular surveys as marking the beginning

of the Ecumenical Movement. This paper will, however, argue that
modern ecumenism has a complex series of roots. Some of them predate
that conference, significant though it was in leading to the ‘Faith
and
Order’ movement that was, in its turn, such an important contributor
to
the genesis of the World Council.

Archbishop William Temple, who played a key role in both the ‘Faith

and Order’ and ‘Life and Work’ movements, referred to
the Ecumenical
Movement as the ‘great fact of our times’. This was a gross
exaggeration.
It is true that the movement engaged, from about 1920 onwards, a very
considerable amount of the energy of the most talented and forward-looking

leaders and thinkers of the Churches in the Anglican and
Protestant traditions. It remained, however, marginal in the life of the

Roman Catholic Church until Vatican II, despite the pioneering
commitment of some extremely able people amidst official disapproval.
Some leaders of the Orthodox Church took a considerable interest in the

movement. However, both the official ecclesiology and the popular stance

of most Orthodox precluded any real rapprochement with other Churches
on terms that bore any resemblance to practicality. Even in the Anglican

and mainstream Protestant Churches, the movement remained largely
one of a section of the leadership. It attained little genuine popularity,
a
fact that was frequently admitted even by its most ardent partisans. One

could well say that the Ecumenical Movement had only one really solid
achievement to celebrate in 1948. This was the formation, in the previous

year, of the Church of South India, the first Church to represent a union

across the episcopal–non-episcopal divide. This type of union has
yet to be
emulated outside the Indian sub-continent.

One of the aims of this article will be to try to explain why success
in
India went unmatched elsewhere. The emphasis will be on the English
dimension of the problem, though many of the factors that affected the

English situation also obtained in other countries in the Anglo-Saxon
cultural tradition. This assessment must be balanced, however, by an
appreciation of the real progress made in terms of improved and even
amicable church relationships.
Vortex pairing in an unstable anticyclonic shear flow: discrete subharmonics of one pendulum day
Authors: FLAMENT PIERRE , LUMPKIN RICK , TOURNADRE JEAN , ARMI LAURENCE
Published: July 2002

Observations of the downstream evolution of an oceanic zonal horizontal shear flow at
a Reynolds number of about 1011, formed as the westward North Equatorial Current
passes the island of Hawai‘i, reveal finite-amplitude anticyclonic vortices resulting
from instability of the shear. The initial orbital period of the vortices is exactly one
pendulum day (3.1 days at this latitude), centrifugal instability presumably inhibiting
stronger vortices from forming. As they move downstream, they appear to pair and
merge into successively larger vortices, in a geometric sequence of longer orbital
periods; three subharmonic transitions are suggested with final orbital periods near
6, 12 and 24 days.
Pattern formation in weakly damped parametric

surface waves driven by two frequency components
Authors: ZHANG WENBIN , VIÑALS JORGE
Published: July 2002

A quasi-potential approximation to the Navier–Stokes equation

for low-viscosity

fluids is developed to study pattern formation in parametric surface waves
driven by

a force that has two frequency components. A bicritical line separating
regions of

instability to either of the driving frequencies is explicitly obtained,
and

compared with

experiments involving a frequency ratio of 1/2. The procedure for

deriving standing

wave amplitude equations valid near onset is outlined for an arbitrary

frequency ratio

following a multiscale asymptotic expansion of the quasi-potential

equations. Explicit

results are presented for subharmonic response to a driving force of frequency
ratio

1/2, and used to study pattern selection. Even though quadratic

terms are prohibited

in this case, hexagonal or triangular patterns are found to be stable in
a relatively

large parameter region, in qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Effects of stratification on quasi-geostrophic

inviscid equilibria
Authors: MERRYFIELD WILLIAM J.
Published: July 2002

Inviscid equilibrium mean flows over topography

are considered for continuously

stratified quasi-geostrophic models, in contrast to previous work

which has dealt with

two-layer models. From the constraint of maximum entropy, an

equation for the

equilibrium mean flow is derived. Analytical solutions are obtained

for uniform and

piecewise-constant stratifications. With increasing stratification,

the mean streamfunction becomes increasingly bottom intensified.

Bottom trapping becomes ever more

pronounced on smaller scales, but can remain significant even

on the largest scales.

When boundary temperature is uniform, transport is shown to be

independent of

stratification, other factors being equal. Although two-layer models

share this property, they represent poorly the energetics of the

continuous system when bottom trapping is significant.