bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rise of PD‐L1 expression during metastasis of colorectal cancer: Implications for immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Huan Bin , Yao Han , Li Chu Shu , Liang Lun Xi , Zhang Yao , Chen Ying Xuan , Fang Jing‐Yuan , Xu Jie
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVE

Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) was implicated in predicting anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy efficacy. However, therapeutic response has also been found in patients without PD‐L1 expression in the primary tumor. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the prevalence of PD‐L1 in primary and metastatic CRC.

METHODS

The expression of PD‐L1 was determined by immunohistochemistry in matched primary and metastatic CRC.

RESULTS

PD‐L1 expression was significantly more prevalent in metastatic CRCs than in primary tumors, and the expression of PD‐L1 in primary CRC may not represent the tumors that spread to distant organs. Positive expression of PD‐L1 was found in 81.8% of metastatic CRC, being significantly more prevalent than in primary CRC (40.9%; P = 0.012, Fisher’s exact test). While comparing the primary and metastatic lesions of the same patients, we found that PD‐L1 expression frequently increased during the metastatic process. However, PD‐L1 expression was rarely decreased in metastatic lesions. Intratumoral heterogeneity expression of PD‐L1 was found in both metastatic CRC (22.2%) and primary CRCs (33.3%). PD‐L1 was prevalently expressed in metastatic CRC, and increased PD‐L1 expression was frequently found in metastatic CRC as compared to primary tumors.

CONCLUSION

PD‐L1 expression in metastatic CRC should be considered as an independent factor while evaluating the suitability of patients for immunotherapy.
Prevalence and risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Sun Chong , Qin Wen , Zhang Yu‐Hui , Wu Yan , Li Qian , Liu Mei , He Chun‐Di
Published: August 2017

Purpose

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis assessing the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the association between SLE and MetS.

Method

A database search of PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Weipu database and Wanfang database updated until March 2017 was conducted. The pooled prevalence, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Publication bias was assessed with Egger's test method.

Results

In the study of the prevalence of MetS in patients with SLE, 47 studies containing 8367 subjects were included. These studies were published from 2006 to 2016. The pooled prevalence of MetS in patients with SLE was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.23–0.29). In the study of the relationship between SLE and MetS, 24 studies involving 2744 cases and 3028 controls were included. Comparing to control, the SLE patients had high risk of MetS (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.54–2.30, P = 0.000).

Conclusion

The systematic review and meta‐analysis demonstrated the prevalence of MetS in patients with SLE was 26% and the patients with SLE were more prone to having MetS than the control population. The analysis was a basic summary of all relevant researches and provided valuable evidence for prevention and treatment.
Prosthodontic management of maxillofacial cases: a case series
Authors: Dudley J , Mughal F , Hotinski E , Mahmud M
Published: August 2017

Maxillofacial prosthetics is an important and recognized sub‐discipline of prosthodontics that forms a key component of postgraduate training programmes. General dentists have a role to play in the management of maxillofacial defect patients even though treatment usually requires a multidisciplinary approach in an institutional environment. Maxillofacial prosthetic cases frequently present with complex histories but simple patient goals. The conservatively managed implant‐retained auricular prosthesis, speech aid prosthesis and orbital prosthesis cases described in this report were completed in a postgraduate clinical residency program and highlight the intrinsic complexities, challenges and ultimately satisfaction related to cases of this nature.
Towards good dementia care: Awareness and uptake of an online Dementia Pathways tool for rural and regional primary health practitioners
Authors: Ollerenshaw Alison , Wong Shee Anna , Yates Mark
Published: August 2017

Objective

To explore the awareness and usage of an online dementia pathways tool (including decision tree and region‐specific dementia services) for primary health practitioners (GPs and nurses) in regional Victoria.

Design

Quantitative pilot study using surveys and Google Analytics.

Setting

A large regional area (48 000 square kilometres, population 220 000) in Victoria.

Participants

Two hundred and sixty‐three GPs and 160 practice nurses were invited to participate, with 42 respondents (GPs, n = 21; practice nurses, n = 21).

Main outcome measures

Primary care practitioners’ awareness and usage of the dementia pathways tool.

Results

Survey respondents that had used the tool (n = 14) reported accessing information about diagnosis, management and referral. Practitioners reported improvements in knowledge, skills and confidence about core dementia topics. There were 9683 page views between August 2013 and February 2015 (monthly average: 509 page views). The average time spent on page was 2.03 min, with many visitors (68%) spending more than 4 min at the site. This research demonstrates that the tool has been well received by practitioners and has been consistently used since its launch. Health practitioners’ valued the content and the availability of local resources.

Conclusion

Primary health practitioners reported that the dementia pathways tool provided access to region‐specific referral and management resources for all stages of dementia. Such tools have broad transferability in other health areas with further research needed to determine their contribution to learning in the practice setting and over time.
When doctors deny drugs: Sexism and contraception access in the medical field
Authors: Delston J. B.
Published: August 2017

Politicians, employers, courts, and health insurance companies are often discussed as problematically preventing access to birth control. However, doctors have more direct control over women's health and quietly have been much more effective at preventing patients' access to contraception. Obstetrician/Gynecologists routinely deny their patients access to contraception ostensibly in the name of health by withholding birth control until patients undergo yearly pap smears. I argue that those in the medical field are motivated by similarly sexist concerns as those in other major institutions in the United States, but that they are often overlooked in discussions of biomedical ethics. After providing background, I argue that using birth control as a bargaining chip to control patients is morally impermissible, is paternalistic, and is contrary to consent. I next argue that sexism explains, though does not justify, this practice. I discuss the medical harms of routine pap smears and withholding birth control. These claims make medical malpractice likely. Withholding birth control to coerce individuals seeking medical care is medical malpractice, paternalistic, violates autonomy, and is contrary to consent.
The approximate number system and domain‐general abilities as predictors of math ability in children with normal hearing and hearing loss
Authors: Bull Rebecca , Marschark Marc , Nordmann Emily , Sapere Patricia , Skene Wendy A.
Published: August 2017

Many children with hearing loss (CHL) show a delay in mathematical achievement compared to children with normal hearing (CNH). This study examined whether there are differences in acuity of the approximate number system (ANS) between CHL and CNH, and whether ANS acuity is related to math achievement. Working memory (WM), short‐term memory (STM), and inhibition were considered as mediators of any relationship between ANS acuity and math achievement. Seventy‐five CHL were compared with 75 age‐ and gender‐matched CNH. ANS acuity, mathematical reasoning, WM, and STM of CHL were significantly poorer compared to CNH. Group differences in math ability were no longer significant when ANS acuity, WM, or STM was controlled. For CNH, WM and STM fully mediated the relationship of ANS acuity to math ability; for CHL, WM and STM only partially mediated this relationship. ANS acuity, WM, and STM are significant contributors to hearing status differences in math achievement, and to individual differences within the group of CHL.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Children with hearing loss often perform poorly on measures of math achievement, although there have been few studies focusing on basic numerical cognition in these children.

In typically developing children, the approximate number system predicts math skills concurrently and longitudinally, although there have been some contradictory findings.

Recent studies suggest that domain‐general skills, such as inhibition, may account for the relationship found between the approximate number system and math achievement.

What does this study adds?

This is the first robust examination of the approximate number system in children with hearing loss, and the findings suggest poorer acuity of the approximate number system in these children compared to hearing children.

The study addresses recent issues regarding the contradictory findings of the relationship of the approximate number system to math ability by examining how this relationship varies across children with normal hearing and hearing loss, and by examining whether this relationship is mediated by domain‐general skills (working memory, short‐term memory, and inhibition).
BRITICE Glacial Map, version 2: a map and GIS database of glacial landforms of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet
Authors: Clark Chris D. , Ely Jeremy C. , Greenwood Sarah L. , Hughes Anna L. C. , Meehan Robert , Barr Iestyn D. , Bateman Mark D. , Bradwell Tom , Doole Jenny , Evans David J. A. , Jordan Colm J. , Monteys Xavier , Pellicer Xavier M. , Sheehy Michael
Published: August 2017

During the last glaciation, most of the British Isles and the surrounding continental shelf were covered by the British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). An earlier compilation from the existing literature (BRITICE version 1) assembled the relevant glacial geomorphological evidence into a freely available GIS geodatabase and map (Clark et al. 2004: Boreas 33, 359). New high‐resolution digital elevation models, of the land and seabed, have become available casting the glacial landform record of the British Isles in a new light and highlighting the shortcomings of the V.1 BRITICE compilation. Here we present a wholesale revision of the evidence, onshore and offshore, to produce BRITICE version 2, which now also includes Ireland. All published geomorphological evidence pertinent to the behaviour of the ice sheet is included, up to the census date of December 2015. The revised GIS database contains over 170 000 geospatially referenced and attributed elements – an eightfold increase in information from the previous version. The compiled data include: drumlins, ribbed moraine, crag‐and‐tails, mega‐scale glacial lineations, glacially streamlined bedrock (grooves, roches moutonnées, whalebacks), glacial erratics, eskers, meltwater channels (subglacial, lateral, proglacial and tunnel valleys), moraines, trimlines, cirques, trough‐mouth fans and evidence defining ice‐dammed lakes. The increased volume of features necessitates different map/database products with varying levels of data generalization, namely: (i) an unfiltered GIS database containing all mapping; (ii) a filtered GIS database, resolving data conflicts and with edits to improve geo‐locational accuracy (available as GIS data and PDF maps); and (iii) a cartographically generalized map to provide an overview of the distribution and types of features at the ice‐sheet scale that can be printed at A0 paper size at a 1:1 250 000 scale. All GIS data, the maps (as PDFs) and a bibliography of all published sources are available for download from: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/geography/staff/clark_chris/britice.
Opioid and hypocretin neuromodulation of ventral tegmental area neuronal subpopulations
Authors: Thomas Taylor S , Baimel Corey , Borgland Stephanie L
Published: August 2017

The current view of the midbrain dopaminergic system is evolving towards a complex system of subpopulations of neurons with distinct afferent and efferent connections and, importantly, functionally different intrinsic characteristics. Recent literature on the phenotypic diversity of dopaminergic neurons has outlined that in the ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons are not as anatomically or electrophysiologically homogeneous as they were once thought to be. Instead, the midbrain dopaminergic system is now understood to be composed of anatomically and functionally heterogeneous dopaminergic subpopulations receiving specific afferent inputs and with different axonal projections. An additional layer of complexity is the neuromodulation of each of these dopaminergic circuits. This review will examine the distinguishing electrophysiological and neuromodulatory characteristics of the afferent and efferent connections of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc
Psychosocial Factors in Children's Obesity: Examples From An Innovative Line of Inquiry
Authors: Harrist Amanda W. , Topham Glade L. , Hubbs‐Tait Laura , Shriver Lenka H. , Swindle Taren M.
Published: August 2017

In recent years, researchers and policymakers have recognized that obesity in childhood is not simply a medical problem, but is a complex social and psychological phenomenon. Our research team used an interpersonal and intrapersonal risk model to examine the psychosocial aspects of obesity among rural children. In this article, we describe how the global study of children's obesity has broadened over the last 10–15 years, and we present our model of interpersonal and intrapersonal risk factors, which includes complex pathways with many psychosocial variables. We then describe a large prospective longitudinal study of children in Grades 1 through 4, and highlight findings from five studies guided by this model. This work illustrates opportunities for developmental scientists and practitioners to join transdisciplinary teams to develop more effective prevention and intervention programs for children.
Anxious Solitude and Self‐Compassion and Self‐Criticism Trajectories in Early Adolescence: Attachment Security as a Moderator
Authors: Peter Divya , Gazelle Heidi
Published: August 2017

Youths’ attachment representations with their parents were tested as moderators of the relation between peer‐reported anxious solitude and self‐compassion and self‐criticism trajectories from fifth to seventh grades. Participants were 213 youth, 57% girls, M = 10.65 years of age. Growth curves revealed that attachment representations with both parents moderated the relation between AS and self‐processes such that AS youth with (a) dual secure attachments demonstrated the most adaptive self‐processes, (b) one secure attachment demonstrated intermediately adaptive self‐processes, and (c) dual insecure attachments demonstrated the least adaptive self‐processes over time. AS youth with dual insecure attachments are of most concern because they demonstrated elevated and increasing self‐criticism over time, given evidence for relations between self‐criticism and internalizing psychopathology.
Calmodulin inhibitor ameliorates cognitive dysfunction via inhibiting nitrosative stress and NLRP3 signaling in mice with bilateral carotid artery stenosis
Authors: Wang Rui , Yin Yi‐Xuan , Mahmood Qaisar , Wang Xiao‐Juan , Gao Yin‐Ping , Gou Guo‐Jing , Ahmed Muhammad Masood , Kohji Fukunag , Du Yong‐Zhong , Han Feng
Published: August 2017

Aims

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a heterogeneous brain disorder for which there are no effective approved pharmacological treatments available. We aimed to evaluate the effect of calmodulin inhibitor, DY‐9836, and its loaded nanodrug carrier system on cognitive impairment and gain a better understanding of the protective mechanisms in mice with bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS).

Results

DY‐9836 (0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or DY‐9836 (0.25 mg/kg)‐encapsulated polysialic acid‐octadecylamine (PSA‐ODA) micelles (PSA‐ODA/DY) were given to BCAS mice for 4 weeks. Administration of DY‐9836 or PSA‐ODA/DY reduced escape latency in space exploration and working memory test compared with vehicle group. Vehicle‐treated mice showed reduced phospho‐CaMKII (Thr286/287) levels in the hippocampus, whereas partially restored by DY‐9836 (1 mg/kg) or PSA‐ODA/DY (0.25 mg/kg) treatment. In accordance with the pharmacological profile of DY‐9836 observed during behavioral studies, experimental molecular and biochemical markers induced by BCAS, such as protein tyrosine nitration, Nod‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase‐1, and interleukin‐1β, were reduced by DY‐9836 and PSA‐ODA/DY treatment.

Conclusions

These data disclose novel findings about the therapeutic potential of DY‐9836, and its encapsulated nanodrug delivery system significantly enhanced the cognitive function via inhibitory effect on nitrosative stress and NLRP3 signaling in VaD mice.
A nationwide registry‐based cohort study of incidence of tonsillectomy in Denmark, 1991‐2012
Authors: Juul Marie Louise , Rasmussen Eva Rye , Rasmussen Stig Hebbelstrup Rye , Sørensen Christian Hjort , Howitz Michael Frantz
Published: August 2017

Objective

To update tonsillectomy incidence rates in Denmark and identify whether the incidence rates vary between geographical areas in the country during the period 1991‐2012.

Design

This was a retrospective nationwide cohort study using data from the comprehensive Danish patient registries. Data included surgical code, gender and date of birth, date and place of surgery.

Setting

Hospitals and private oto‐, rhino‐, laryngology (ORL) offices.

Participants

Danes who underwent tonsillectomy in the period 1991‐2012.

Main outcome measure

Tonsillectomy.

Results

In the 22‐year period, 177 211 tonsillectomies were conducted, and the overall incidence of tonsillectomy decreased significantly over time. The overall annual incidence of tonsillectomies decreased from 155.7 per 100 000 inhabitants in 1991 to 129.4 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2012. In 1991, 5.5% of tonsillectomies were performed in office settings, while in 2012, it had increased to 26.6% (P < .01). The highest incidence of tonsillectomy was found in children between 3 and 4 years of age (predominance of males, P < .01) and in 15‐ to 19‐year‐olds (predominance of females, P < .01). Each year, 0.44% of children underwent tonsillectomy, and by the age of 20, 7.7% of the Danish people has had a tonsillectomy. There were significant regional differences in the number of tonsillectomies.

Conclusion

The incidence rate of tonsillectomies in Denmark decreased significantly in the study period, but with great regional variance.
Brivaracetam does not modulate ionotropic channels activated by glutamate, γ‐aminobutyric acid, and glycine in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Niespodziany Isabelle , Rigo Jean‐Michel , Moonen Gustave , Matagne Alain , Klitgaard Henrik , Wolff Christian
Published: August 2017

Brivaracetam (BRV) is a selective, high‐affinity ligand for synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), recently approved as adjunctive treatment for drug‐refractory partial‐onset seizures in adults. BRV binds SV2A with higher affinity than levetiracetam (LEV), and was shown to have a differential interaction with SV2A. Because LEV was reported to interact with multiple excitatory and inhibitory ligand‐gated ion channels and that may impact its pharmacological profile, we were interested in determining whether BRV directly modulates inhibitory and excitatory ionotropic receptors in central neurons. Voltage‐clamp experiments were performed in primary cultures of mouse hippocampal neurons. At a supratherapeutic concentration of 100 μm, BRV was devoid of any direct effect on currents gated by γ‐aminobutyric acidergic type A, glycine, kainate, N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate, and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid. Similarly to LEV, BRV reveals a potent ability to oppose the action of negative modulators on the inhibitory receptors. In conclusion, these results show that BRV contrasts with LEV by not displaying any direct action on inhibitory or excitatory postsynaptic ligand‐gated receptors at therapeutic concentrations and thereby support BRV's role as a selective SV2A ligand. These findings add further evidence to the validity of SV2A as a relevant antiepileptic drug target and emphasize the potential for exploring further presynaptic mechanisms as a novel approach to antiepileptic drug discovery.
T‐SAF: Twitter sentiment analysis framework using a hybrid classification scheme
Authors: Asghar Muhammad Zubair , Kundi Fazal Masud , Ahmad Shakeel , Khan Aurangzeb , Khan Furqan
Published: August 2017

Of the many social media sites available, users prefer microblogging services such as Twitter to learn about product services, social events, and political trends. Twitter is considered an important source of information in sentiment analysis applications. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning‐based techniques for Twitter data analysis have been investigated in the last few years, often resulting in an incorrect classification of sentiments. In this paper, we focus on these issues and present a unified framework for classifying tweets using a hybrid classification scheme. The proposed method aims at improving the performance of Twitter‐based sentiment analysis systems by incorporating 4 classifiers: (a) a slang classifier, (b) an emoticon classifier, (c) the SentiWordNet classifier, and (d) an improved domain‐specific classifier. After applying the preprocessing steps, the input text is passed through the emoticon and slang classifiers. In the next stage, SentiWordNet‐based and domain‐specific classifiers are applied to classify the text more accurately. Finally, sentiment classification is performed at sentence and document levels. The findings revealed that the proposed method overcomes the limitations of previous methods by considering slang, emoticons, and domain‐specific terms.
Helping from home: Singaporean youth volunteers with migrant‐rights and human‐trafficking NGOs in Singapore
Authors: Yea Sallie
Published: August 2017

Social science literature on development volunteering has mainly focused on the interstices between overseas travel experiences and organised placements, with a particular focus on youth. To date, this literature has not engaged with development volunteering that takes place within one's “home country” where subjects of helping are nonetheless racially and developmentally inscribed “Others”, such as refugee groups and exploited or trafficked migrants. This paper explores the motivations for and meanings of youth volunteering in development “at home”. The site for this examination is volunteers with NGOs oriented to migrant rights and human trafficking in Singapore. The paper makes a case for recognition of a more complicated geography of volunteering in development which is inclusive of development issues and subjects at home. Following this, the paper argues that this expression of development volunteering complicates existing characterisations, principally as volunteers express opposition to socially and state sanctioned discourses of service learning through development. Therefore, it is important to consider the political and social context of development volunteering to understand the motivations and meanings attached to development volunteering.
Determinants of Interest Rates on Time Deposits and Savings Accounts: Macro Factors, Bank Risk, and Account Features
Authors: Bikker Jacob A. , Gerritsen Dirk F.
Published: August 2017

Using a novel dataset from the Netherlands' banking sector, we examine how macroeconomic, bank‐specific, and account‐specific characteristics affect the interest rates of banking products. Our results show that interest rates have become more sensitive to bank risk since the onset of the global financial crisis. More generally, we show that time deposits reflect more closely the economic environment than bank interest rates on savings accounts do. Interest rates on deposit products vary not only across, but also within banks (i.e., across account of individual banks). We find that maturity‐increasing conditions (i.e., withdrawal fees for savings accounts and product maturity for time deposits) positively influence a product's interest rate.
De Novo Bodies and EU Integration: What is the Story behind EU Agencies' Expansion?
Authors: Scipioni Marco
Published: August 2017

The contributions of EU agencies are significant components of the EU policy response to migration issues. The extent to which this has come to be in the context of migration, and the successive waves of policy and institutional reforms concerning these agencies in the last decade, pose several questions that the existing literature is only partially equipped to answer. This paper addresses this gap by charting the evolution of EU agencies through documentary analysis, reflecting on the meaning of this evolution for current trends in European integration as captured by the recent theorization on de novo bodies. Findings demonstrate that, far from being static entities, these bodies have constantly deepened their reach into the formation and application of migration policy, while posing no substantial erosion of the authority of the Commission. This incremental empowerment has created accountability issues from the beginning, many of which are still far from being resolved.
Prediabetes awareness among Southeastern European physicians
Authors: Kokic Visnja , Kokic Slaven , Krnic Mladen , Petric Marin , Liberati Ana Marija , Simac Petra , Milenkovic Tatjana , Capkun Vesna , Rahelic Dario , Blaslov Kristina
Published: August 2017

Aims/Introduction

Prediabetes (PD) represents a transitional state where the glucose levels are higher than normal, but not enough for diabetes mellitus diagnosis. As there is a growing number of the population with PD, its early detection and treatment could prevent the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. We aimed to assess the overall knowledge of PD among medical professionals of different varieties.

Materials and Methods

A questionnaire‐based study addressing PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus knowledge among Southeastern European general practitioners, postgraduates, physicians and superior specialists was carried out.

Results

A total of 397 physicians completed the questionnaire. The total rate of correct answers from diabetologists, non‐diabetologist internists, residents and general practitioners was 69, 56.1, 54 and 53%, respectively. Questions related to the PD definition achieved a total of 46.6% correct answers. Correct responses considering the numerical definition of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance were 46.3 and 46.8%, respectively. Younger physicians had better knowledge of numerical values regarding PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus criteria (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The present results show that overall knowledge of PD is poor among Southeastern European physicians, which necessitates adequate educational programs on PD in this region.
The O‐ring theory of the firm
Authors: Rauh Michael T.
Published: August 2017

We develop an O‐ring production function characterized by specialization and division of labor and where shirking or negative shocks can have major adverse consequences. We show that when the principal can monitor individual output, the firm tends be large (potentially larger than first best), with a high degree of specialization and division of labor, weak incentives, and low pay as in traditional nonunion manufacturing. Moral hazard can only limit the size of the firm relative to the first best when the principal can only monitor team output, in which case the firm has the opposite characteristics.
Factors Associated with Age of Diagnosis in Four Neurogenetic Syndromes
Authors: Reilly Colin , Murtagh Lelia , Senior Joyce
Published: August 2017

Background: Early identification of developmental disabilities is advocated, so that affected children and families can be adequately supported. There is a lack of data on factors associated with earlier diagnosis in four of the most common neurogenetic syndromes. Aims: The aim was to identify the mean ages of diagnosis in four of the most common neurogenetic syndromes and identify factors associated with early diagnosis. Method: The parents of school‐aged children (4–19 years) with one of the four genetic syndromes (Fragile X syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qdel)) in the UK and Ireland were surveyed and asked about age of diagnosis and the presence of a range of medical conditions. Findings: Mean age of diagnosis was lowest in Prader–Willi syndrome (0.47 years), and this was significantly lower than Fragile X syndrome (3.52 years), Williams syndrome (1.76 years), and 22qdel (3.21years) (all p < 0.001). Factors associated with diagnosis before 3 years in 22qdel included (1) the presence of a cardiac difficulty (OR 4.9 (95% CI 1.1–21.0)) (2) hearing difficulty (OR 2.5 (95% CI 2.01–70.8)), and (3) chronological age <12 years (OR 9.1 (95% CI 1.8–46.0)). The only factor significantly associated with diagnosis before 18 months in Williams syndrome was the presence of a cardiac difficulty (OR 2.9 (95% CI 1.1–8.3)). None of the assessed predictors was associated with a diagnosis of Fragile X syndrome before 3 years of age. Discussion: Mean age of diagnosis differed significantly in the four neurogenetic syndromes. While the presence of medical factors is likely to lead to earlier diagnosis in 22qdel and Williams syndrome, factors associated with earlier diagnosis in Fragile X syndrome were not identified. Delays in diagnosis could have significant implications with respect to understanding of children's needs and nature and level of support accessed by affected children and their families.
Sample Moments and Weak Convergence to Multivariate Stochastic Power Integrals
Authors: Sandberg Rickard
Published: August 2017

This work considers sample moments arising from least squares, least absolute deviation, and extremum estimators of linear and nonlinear multivariate systems with I(1) regressors. The sample moments are shown to converge weakly to multivariate stochastic power integrals, and these results can be considered as a multivariate generalization of the univariate results reported earlier.
Risk management with weighted VaR
Authors: Wei Pengyu
Published: August 2017

This article studies the optimal portfolio selection of expected utility‐maximizing investors who must also manage their market‐risk exposures. The risk is measured by a so‐called weighted value‐at‐risk (WVaR) risk measure, which is a generalization of both value‐at‐risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES). The feasibility, well‐posedness, and existence of the optimal solution are examined. We obtain the optimal solution (when it exists) and show how risk measures change asset allocation patterns. In particular, we characterize three classes of risk measures: the first class will lead to models that do not admit an optimal solution, the second class can give rise to endogenous portfolio insurance, and the third class, which includes VaR and ES, two popular regulatory risk measures, will allow economic agents to engage in “regulatory capital arbitrage,” incurring larger losses when losses occur.
Shock metamorphism of planetary silicate rocks and sediments: Proposal for an updated classification system
Authors: Stöffler Dieter , Hamann Christopher , Metzler Knut
Published: August 2017

We reevaluate the systematics and geologic setting of terrestrial, lunar, Martian, and asteroidal “impactites” resulting from single or multiple impacts. For impactites derived from silicate rocks and sediments, we propose a unified and updated system of progressive shock metamorphism. “Shock‐metamorphosed rocks” occur as lithic clasts or melt particles in proximal impactites at impact craters, and rarely in distal impactites. They represent a wide range of metamorphism, typically ranging from unshocked to shock melted. As the degree of shock metamorphism, at a given shock pressure, depends primarily on the mineralogical composition and the porosity of a rock or sediment sample, different shock classification systems are required for different types of planetary rocks and sediments. We define shock classification systems for eight rock and sediment classes which are assigned to three major groups of rocks and sediments (1) crystalline rocks with classes F, M, A, and U; (2) chondritic rocks (class C); and (3) sedimentary rocks and sediments with classes SR, SE, and RE. The abbreviations stand for felsic (F), mafic (M), anorthositic (A), ultramafic (U), sedimentary rocks (SR), unconsolidated sediments (SE), and regoliths (RE). In each class, the progressive stages of shock metamorphism are denominated S1 to Sx. These progressive shock stages are introduced as: S1–S7 for F, S1–S7 for M, S1–S6 for A, S1–S7 for U, S1–S7 for C, S1–S7 for SR, S1–S5 for SE, and S1–S6 for RE. S1 stands for “unshocked” and Sx (variable between S5 and S7) stands for “whole rock melting.” We propose a sequence of symbols characterizing the degree of shock metamorphism of a sample, i.e., F‐S1 to F‐S7 with the option to add the tabulated pressure ranges (in GPa) in parentheses.
Hydrothermally enhanced magnetization at the center of the Haughton impact structure?
Authors: Zylberman W. , Quesnel Y. , Rochette P. , Osinski G. R. , Marion C. , Gattacceca J.
Published: August 2017

Haughton is a ~24 Myr old midsize (apparent diameter 23 km) complex impact structure located on Devon Island in Nunavut, Canada. The center of the structure shows a negative gravity anomaly of −12 mGal coupled to a localized positive magnetic field anomaly of ~900 nT. A field expedition in 2013 led to the acquisition of new ground magnetic field mapping and electrical resistivity data sets, as well as the first subsurface drill cores down to 13 m depth at the top of the magnetic field anomaly. Petrography, rock magnetic, and petrophysical measurements were performed on the cores and revealed two different types of clast‐rich polymict impactites: (1) a white hydrothermally altered impact melt rock, not previously observed at Haughton, and (2) a gray impact melt rock with no macroscopic sign of alteration. In the altered core, gypsum is present in macroscopic veins and in the form of intergranular selenite associated with colored and zoned carbonate clasts. This altered core has a natural remanent magnetization (NRM) four to five times higher than materials from the other core but the same magnetic susceptibility. Their magnetization is still higher than the surrounding crater‐fill impact melt rocks. X‐ray fluorescence data indicate a similar proportion of iron‐rich phases in both cores and an enrichment in silicates within the altered core. In addition, alternating‐field demagnetization results show that one main process remagnetized the rocks. These results support the hypothesis that intense and possibly localized post‐impact hydrothermal alteration enhanced the magnetization of the clast‐rich impact melt rocks by crystallization of magnetite within the center of the Haughton impact structure. Subsequent erosion was followed by in situ concentration in the subsurface leading to large magnetic gradient on surface.
Porous, S‐bearing silica in metal‐sulfide nodules and in the interchondrule clastic matrix in two EH3 chondrites
Authors: Lehner S. W. , Németh P. , Petaev M. I. , Buseck P. R.
Published: August 2017

Two new occurrences of porous, S‐bearing, amorphous silica are described within metal‐sulfide nodules (MSN) and as interchondrule patches in EH3 chondrites SAH 97072 and ALH 84170. This porous amorphous material, which was first reported from sulfide‐bearing chondrules, consists of sinewy SiO2‐rich areas containing S with minor Na or Ca as well as Fe, Mg, and Al. Some pores contain minerals including pyrite, pyrrhotite, and anhydrite. Most pores appear vacant or contain unidentified material that is unstable under analytical conditions. Niningerite, olivine, enstatite, albite, and kumdykolite occur enclosed within porous silica patches. Porous silica is commonly interfingered with cristobalite suggesting its amorphous structure resulted from high‐temperature quenching. We interpret the S‐bearing porous silica to be a product of silicate sulfidation, and the Na, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Al detectable within this material are chemical residues of sulfidized silicates and metal. The occurrence of porous silica in the cores of MSN, which are considered to be pre‐accretionary objects, suggests the sulfidizing conditions occurred prior to final parent‐body solidification. Ubiquitous S‐bearing porous silica among sulfide‐bearing chondrules, MSN, and in the interchondrule clastic matrix, suggests that similar sulfidizing conditions affected all the constituents of these EH3 chondrites.
Young asteroid mixing revealed in ordinary chondrites: The case of NWA 5764, a polymict LL breccia with L clasts
Authors: Gattacceca Jérome , Krzesińska Agata M. , Marrocchi Yves , Meier Matthias M. M. , Bourot‐Denise Michèle , Lenssen Rob
Published: August 2017

Polymict chondritic breccias—rocks composed of fragments originating from different chondritic parent bodies—are of particular interest because they give insights into the mixing of asteroids in the main asteroid belt (occurrence, encounter velocity, transfer time). We describe Northwest Africa (NWA) 5764, a brecciated LL6 chondrite that contains a >16 cm3 L4 clast. The L clast was incorporated in the breccia through a nondestructive, low‐velocity impact. Identical cosmic‐ray exposure ages of the L clast and the LL host (36.6 ± 5.8 Myr), suggest a short transfer time of the L meteoroid to the LL parent body of 0.1 ± 8.1 Myr, if that meteoroid was no larger than a few meters. NWA 5764 (together with St. Mesmin, Dimmitt, and Glanerbrug) shows that effective mixing is possible between ordinary chondrite parent bodies. In NWA 5764 this mixing occurred after the peak of thermal metamorphism on the LL parent body, i.e., at least several tens of Myr after the formation of the solar system. The U,Th‐He ages of the L clast and LL host, identical at about 2.9 Ga, might date the final assembly of the breccia, indicating relatively young mixing in the main asteroid belt as previously evidenced in St. Mesmin.
The effects of a lipid‐based nutrient supplement and antiretroviral therapy in a randomized controlled trial on iron, copper, and zinc in milk from HIV‐infected Malawian mothers and associations with maternal and infant biomarkers
Authors: Hampel Daniela , Shahab‐Ferdows Setareh , Gertz Erik , Flax Valerie L. , Adair Linda S. , Bentley Margaret E. , Jamieson Denise J. , Tegha Gerald , Chasela Charles S. , Kamwendo Debbie , van der Horst Charles M. , Allen Lindsay H.
Published: August 2017

We evaluated effects of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNSs) on iron, copper, and zinc in milk of exclusively breastfeeding HIV‐infected Malawian mothers and their correlations with maternal and infant biomarkers. Human milk and blood at 2, 6, and 24 weeks post‐partum and blood during pregnancy (≤30 weeks gestation) were collected from 535 mothers/infant‐pairs in the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition study. The participants received ARV, LNS, ARV and LNS, or no intervention from 0 to 28 weeks post‐partum. ARVs negatively affected copper and zinc milk concentrations, but only at 2 weeks, whereas LNS had no effect. Among all treatment groups, approximately 80–90% of copper and zinc and <50% of iron concentrations met the current adequate intake for infants at 2 weeks and only 1–19% at 24 weeks. Pregnancy haemoglobin was negatively correlated with milk iron at 2 and 6 weeks (r = −.18, p < .02 for both). The associations of the milk minerals with each other were the strongest correlations observed (r = .11–.47, p < .05 for all); none were found with infant biomarkers. At 2 weeks, moderately anaemic women produced milk higher in iron when ferritin was higher or TfR lower. At 6 weeks, higher maternal α‐1‐acid glycoprotein and C‐reactive protein were associated with higher milk minerals in mildly anaemic women. Infant TfR was lower when milk mineral concentrations were higher at 6 weeks and when mothers were moderately anaemic during pregnancy. ARV affects copper and zinc milk concentrations in early lactation, and maternal haemoglobin during pregnancy and lactation could influence the association between milk minerals and maternal and infant iron status and biomarkers of inflammation.
A case of rectal neuroendocrine carcinoma in a patient with long‐standing ulcerative colitis involving alterations of the p16‐Rb pathway
Authors: Norose Tomoko , Ohike Nobuyuki , Imai Hideyuki , Shibata Hideki , Suzuki Reika , Isobe Tomohide , Asonuma Kunio , Kuroki Yuichiro , Nagahama Masatsugu , Tanaka Jun‐ichi , Takimoto Masafumi
Published: August 2017

The patient was a 54‐year‐old male who had been suffering from extensive ulcerative colitis (UC) for 17 years. Colonoscopy revealed an elevated lesion in the affected rectum, and its biopsy demonstrated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). The surgical specimen obtained on laparoscopic high anterior resection showed extensive active inflammatory and dysplastic lesions and three grossly visible multifocal malignant lesions: a polypoid fungating tumor of NEC (type 1, 20 mm in diameter, pT3) that had been preoperatively noticed, a polypoid fungating tumor of adenocarcinoma (type 1, 22 mm, pT2) and a protruded sessile polypoid tumor (0–Is, 5 mm, pTis) of adenocarcinoma. The NEC was adjacently accompanied by dysplasia‐carcinoma sequential lesions and showed a diffuse immunohistochemical overexpression of p53 and p16 proteins and the loss of Rb with no abnormal immunohistochemical staining of microsatellite instability markers and no KRAS mutations. Fifteen months later, the patient showed liver metastasis from the NEC component, followed by bone and spinal metastasis; he died 22 months after the initial diagnosis. A rare case of lethal NEC arising from long‐standing extensive UC was reported. The NEC appeared to be UC‐related, not incidental, and complicated by progression from dysplasia to carcinoma involving alterations of the p16‐Rb pathway.
Word onset phonetic properties and motor artifacts in speech production EEG recordings
Authors: Fargier Raphaël , Bürki Audrey , Pinet Svetlana , Alario F.‐Xavier , Laganaro Marina
Published: August 2017

Electrophysiological research using verbal response paradigms faces the problem of muscle artifacts that occur during speech production or in the period preceding articulation. In this context, this paper has two related aims. The first is to show how the nature of the first phoneme influences the alignment of the ERPs. The second is to further characterize the EEG signal around the onset of articulation, both in temporal and frequency domains. Participants were asked to name aloud pictures of common objects. We applied microstate analyses and time‐frequency transformations of ERPs locked to vocal onset to compare the EEG signal between voiced and unvoiced labial plosive word onset consonants. We found a delay of about 40 ms in the set of stable topographic patterns for /b/ relative to /p/ onset words. A similar shift was observed in the power increase of gamma oscillations (30–50 Hz), which had an earlier onset for /p/ trials (∼150 ms before vocal onset). This 40‐ms shift is consistent with the length of the voiced proportion of the acoustic signal prior to the release of the closure in the vocal responses. These results demonstrate that phonetic features are an important parameter affecting response‐locked ERPs, and hence that the onset of the acoustic energy may not be an optimal trigger for synchronizing the EEG activity to the response in vocal paradigms. The indexes explored in this study provide a step forward in the characterization of muscle‐related artifacts in electrophysiological studies of speech and language production.
Cyclicality of Fiscal Policy in Latin America over the period 1990 ‐ 2015
Authors: Martorano Bruno
Published: August 2017

Latin American countries experienced important changes in the 2000s. The implementation of fiscal reforms, public debt reduction and the high level of accumulated reserves gave them more policy space than in the past. As a result, Latin American countries were able to implement countercyclical policies to face the negative economic and social consequences associated with the recent macroeconomic shock. Some countries performed better than others. In particular, Social Democratic and Centrist governments enjoyed more fiscal space; they had realized larger budget surpluses over the good years and were able to cope with the crisis without impairing their fiscal conditions. Yet, Latin America has experienced a public finance deterioration in the most recent years. While governments are showing an increasing ability on taxation they are still facing some problems on the expenditure side. As a result, fiscal policy returned acyclical after the period of the crisis. The sustainability of public accounts may be strengthened increasing tax pressure on the richest, reducing tax evasion and improving current spending efficiency. However, the increasing political problems are putting many questions about future trends of public finance in the region.
Darlings and Orphans: Interactions across Donors in International Aid
Authors: Davies Ronald B. , Klasen Stephan
Published: August 2017

We examine how the bilateral aid flows from an individual donor to a recipient depend on the aid flows from all other bilateral and multilateral donors to that recipient. Thereby, we assess to what extent issues including donor coordination, free‐riding, selectivity, specialization, and common donor interests drive bilateral aid allocations. We find that others’ bilateral flows lead to a significant increase in aid flows from a particular donor, but primarily within a given year. The effects are particularly pronounced for large donors and so‐called “darling” recipients. Overall, the results suggest that herding is a dominant feature of aid inter‐relationships.
Adolescent Racial Discrimination and Parental Perceptions of Safety in American Neighborhoods and Schools
Authors: Sykes Bryan L. , Piquero Alex R. , Gioviano Jason P.
Published: August 2017

Recently, a number of violent interracial interactions—between community members and public safety officers—has ignited a national debate about race, inequality, environmental/situational context, and the use of force among police and school resource officers. We investigate how perceptions of neighborhood and school safety are associated with adolescent exposure to racial discrimination. Using data from the National Survey of Child Health (NSCH) 2011–2012, we find that nonwhite youth experience greater levels of racial discrimination than their white counterparts after accounting for difference in exposure to violence and perceptions of neighborhood and school safety. Estimates from propensity score matching models show that differences in ever experiencing discrimination between safe and unsafe schools decline as perceptions of neighborhood safety increase, except in residential areas that are usually safe. Yet, black and Hispanic adolescents attending safe schools in neighborhoods that are always safe experience similar rates of discrimination as other nonwhite youth living in residential areas that are never safe. The implications for social mobility are discussed.