bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elemental composition and bacterial occurrence in sediment samples on two sides of Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard
Authors: Singh Shiv Mohan , Naik Simantini , Mulik Ravindra Uttam , Sharma Jagdev , Upadhyay Ajay Kumar
Published: February 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the elemental concentration and bacterial presence in the ocean on the two sides of Brøggerhalvøya, a peninsula in Svalbard. Sediments from 25 different locations were collected and subjected to elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). In total, 21 elements were analysed. The elements in their decreasing order of concentrations on the Kongsfjorden side of Brøggerhalvøya were Fe> Mn> Ba > V > Zn > Sr > Rb > Cr > Li > Ni > As > Pb > Cu > Co > Cs >Ag > Be > U> Bi >Tl > Cd while that for Forlandsendet side of Brøggerhalvøya they were Fe > Ba >Mn > V> Sr > Zn > Rb > Cr > Li > Ni > Pb > Cu > As > Co > Cs > Be > U> Tl > Bi > Cd. On the other hand, at a coastal outcrop, elements in their decreasing order of concentration were Fe > Mn > Cr > Sr > Ba > Rb > Cr > Zn > V > Rb > Ni > Li > Co > Cu > As > Pb > Cs > Be > Cd > Tl > U > Bi. AMS dates confirmed the age of outcrop sediment to be 12,496 to 42,500 BP. The crustal enrichment factor calculated for all the elements with reference to Fe values, demonstrates that the elements have derived from a crustal source. Total bacterial counts ranged from 3.30 × 105to 3.02 × 106per gm soil sediment. Culturable bacterial counts in these sediments were between 2.00 × 102to 2.09 × 105CFU's per gm. Overall comparison showed high Fe and Mn concentrations around Brøggerhalvøya, due to the presence of specific bacteria which play key roles in metal cycling and carry out biogeochemical transformations.
‘A medicine for my state of mind’: The Role of Wordsworth in John Stuart Mill's Moral and Psychological Development
Authors: MCKINNELL LIZ
Published: February 2015

According to Jeremy Bentham's account of happiness, pleasure is understood as homogeneous, without qualitative differences between pleasures, and the relation between pleasure and its objects is understood as morally and psychologically arbitrary. John Stuart Mill's ‘mental crisis’ emerged as he realized the psychological impossibility of living according to this view. His recovery was aided by engagement with the poetry of Wordsworth, through which he developed the notion that the cultivation of character and sentiments is an essential element of a good life. I aim to explore Mill's engagement with Wordsworth, and shed light on how Mill felt able to reconcile hedonic utilitarianism with his new view of the ‘inner life’ of the individual.
Harm and Causation
Authors: NORTHCOTT ROBERT
Published: February 2015

I propose an analysis of harm in terms of causation: harm is when a subject is caused to be worse off. The pay-off from this lies in the details. In particular, importing influential recent work from the causation literature yields a contrastive-counterfactual account. This enables us to incorporate harm's multiple senses into a unified scheme, and to provide that scheme with theoretical ballast. It also enables us to respond effectively to previous criticisms of counterfactual accounts, as well as to sharpen criticisms of rival views.
Age Differences in Emotion Regulation During a Distressing Film Scene
Authors: Hofer Matthias , Burkhard Laetitia , Allemand Mathias
Published: February 2015

Recent research has emphasized age differences in emotion regulation strategies. However, not much is known about age differences in the use of different regulation strategies during a highly distressing film scene that evokes strong negative emotions of anger and sadness. Therefore, we examined age differences in four situation-specific emotion regulation strategies – namely, rumination, distraction, suppression, and mediality (a form of media-specific reappraisal). A sample of 99 older and 108 younger participants reported their current emotional state, then watched a highly distressing film scene, and finally reported their emotional reactions to the scene and the emotion regulation strategies they used. The manipulation check indicated that the film was successful in eliciting strong negative emotions of sadness and anger. Furthermore, after securing measurement invariance, we found that older adults reported higher scores in mediality and suppression than younger adults. No differences were found concerning distraction and rumination. Results are discussed in the light of theoretical considerations.
Online Disinhibition
Authors: Casale Silvia , Fiovaranti Guilia , Caplan Scott
Published: February 2015

Abstract. This study investigated how individuals’ perceptions of features of online social interaction may foster communicative disinhibition that predicts problematic Internet use (PIU). The value that study participants placed on the unique features of computer-mediated communication (CMC; i.e., reduced nonverbal cues and enhanced message control) was associated with greater feelings of disinhibition, which in turn predicted higher levels of preference for online social interactions (POSI). POSI was found to be associated with negative outcomes due to Internet use. Variables accounted for 28% of the variance in participants’ online disinhibition, 27% of the variance in POSI, and 30% of the variance in the negative outcomes. The study represents a step toward a better understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying the link between CMC characteristics and PIU.
Social Categorization, Moral Disengagement, and Credibility of	Ideological Group Websites
Authors: Connelly Shane , Dunbar Norah E. , Jensen Matthew L. , Griffith Jennifer , Taylor William D. , Johnson Genevieve , Hughes Michael , Mumford Michael D.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The online presence of ideological groups has enabled the dissemination of group beliefs and ideas through a variety of new media outlets. Websites have offered a way for these groups to share aspects of their ideology and to create a sense of shared identity. While ideological groups have been of interest for decades, little empirical research has examined their online presence. The aims of this study were to compare nonviolent and violent ideological group websites with each other and with nonideological websites with respect to social categorization, moral disengagement, and website credibility, and to examine the relationships of psychological processes to website credibility. A content analysis approach was used to rate 105 websites (violent = 32, nonviolent = 36; nonideological = 37) for aspects of social categorization, outgrouping, moral disengagement, content features of credibility, and structural features of credibility. Violent ideological group websites manifest a greater degree of social categorization, outgrouping, and moral disengagement than nonviolent ideological and nonideological websites. Regression analysis shows that these three variables negatively predict content and structural website credibility for nonviolent ideological groups but do not significantly predict website credibility for violent groups or nonideological groups. Potential limitations include small sample, use of raters (vs. normative website visitors) to evaluate websites, inclusion of only English-language websites, limited number of psychological processes examined and the potential need for more specific website categories. Social identity processes on websites vary for different types of groups and impact perceived credibility of such groups in online environments.
Strong effect of climate on ectomycorrhizal fungal composition: evidence from range overlap between two mountains
Authors: Miyamoto Yumiko , Sakai Atsushi , Hattori Masahira , Nara Kazuhide
Published: February 2015

Separating the effects of environmental factors and spatial distance on microbial composition is difficult when these factors covary. We examined the composition of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi along elevation gradients on geographically distant mountains to clarify the effect of climate at the regional scale. Soil cores were collected from various forest types along an elevation gradient in southwestern Japan. Fungal species were identified by the internal transcribed spacer regions of the rDNA using direct sequencing. The occurrence of fungal species in this study was compared with a previous study conducted on a mountain separated by ∼550 km. In total, we recorded 454 EM fungi from 330 of 350 soil cores. Forty-seven fungal species (∼20% of the total excluding singletons) were shared between two mountains, mostly between similar forest types on both mountains. Variation partitioning in redundancy analysis revealed that climate explained the largest variance in EM fungal composition. The similarity of forest tree composition, which is usually determined by climatic conditions, was positively correlated with the similarity of the EM fungal composition. However, the lack of large host effects implied that communities of forest trees and EM fungi may be determined independently by climate. Our data provide important insights that host plants and mutualistic fungi may respond to climate change idiosyncratically, potentially altering carbon and nutrient cycles in relation to the plant–fungus associations.
Emergence of terpene cyclization in Artemisia annua
Authors: Salmon Melissa , Laurendon Caroline , Vardakou Maria , Cheema Jitender , Defernez Marianne , Green Sol , Faraldos Juan A. , O’Maille Paul E.
Published: February 2015

The emergence of terpene cyclization was critical to the evolutionary expansion of chemical diversity yet remains unexplored. Here we report the first discovery of an epistatic network of residues that controls the onset of terpene cyclization inArtemisia annua. We begin with amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) and (E)-β-farnesene synthase (BFS), a pair of terpene synthases that produce cyclic or linear terpenes, respectively. A library of ~27,000 enzymes is generated by breeding combinations of natural amino-acid substitutions from the cyclic into the linear producer. We discover one dominant mutation is sufficient to activate cyclization, and together with two additional residues comprise a network of strongly epistatic interactions that activate, suppress or reactivate cyclization. Remarkably, this epistatic network of equivalent residues also controls cyclization in a BFS homologue fromCitrus junos.Fitness landscape analysis of mutational trajectories provides quantitative insights into a major epoch in specialized metabolism.
The sperm of aging male bustards retards their offspring’s development
Authors: Preston Brian T. , Saint Jalme Michel , Hingrat Yves , Lacroix Frederic , Sorci Gabriele
Published: February 2015

Understanding whether the sperm of older males has a diminished capacity to produce successful offspring is a key challenge in evolutionary biology. We investigate this issue using 10 years of reproductive data on captive long-lived houbara bustards (Chlamydotis undulata), where the use of artificial insemination techniques means parents can only influence offspring quality via their gametes. Here we show that paternal aging reduces both the likelihood that eggs hatch and the rate at which chicks grow, with older males producing the lightest offspring after the first month. Surprisingly, this cost of paternal aging on offspring development is of a similar scale to that associated with maternal aging. Fitting with predictions on germline aging, the sperm of immature males produce the fastest growing offspring. Our findings thus indicate that any good genes benefit that might be offered by older ‘proven’ males will be eroded by aging of their germline DNA.
Toll-like receptor ligands sensitize B-cell receptor signalling by reducing actin-dependent spatial confinement of the receptor
Authors: Freeman Spencer A. , Jaumouillé Valentin , Choi Kate , Hsu Brian E. , Wong Harikesh S. , Abraham Libin , Graves Marcia L. , Coombs Daniel , Roskelley Calvin D. , Das Raibatak , Grinstein Sergio , Gold Michael R.
Published: February 2015

Integrating signals from multiple receptors allows cells to interpret the physiological context in which a signal is received. Here we describe a mechanism for receptor crosstalk in which receptor-induced increases in actin dynamics lower the threshold for signalling by another receptor. We show that the Toll-like receptor ligands lipopolysaccharide and CpG DNA, which are conserved microbial molecules, enhance signalling by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) by activating the actin-severing protein cofilin. Single-particle tracking reveals that increased severing of actin filaments reduces the spatial confinement of the BCR within the plasma membrane and increases BCR mobility. This allows more frequent collisions between BCRs and greater signalling in response to low densities of membrane-bound antigen. These findings implicate actin dynamics as a means of tuning receptor signalling and as a mechanism by which B cells distinguish inert antigens from those that are accompanied by indicators of microbial infection.
Quantum Hooke's Law to Classify Pulse Laser Induced Ultrafast Melting
Authors: Hu Hao , Ding Hepeng , Liu Feng
Published: February 2015

Ultrafast crystal-to-liquid phase transition induced by femtosecond pulse laser excitation is an interesting material's behavior manifesting the complexity of light-matter interaction. There exist two types of such phase transitions: one occurs at a time scale shorter than a picosecond via a nonthermal process mediated by electron-hole plasma formation; the other at a longer time scale via a thermal melting process mediated by electron-phonon interaction. However, it remains unclear what material would undergo which process and why? Here, by exploiting the property of quantum electronic stress (QES) governed by quantum Hooke's law, we classify the transitions by two distinct classes of materials: the faster nonthermal process can only occur in materials like ice having an anomalous phase diagram characterized with dTm/dP < 0, where Tm is the melting temperature and P is pressure, above a high threshold laser fluence; while the slower thermal process may occur in all materials. Especially, the nonthermal transition is shown to be induced by the QES, acting like a negative internal pressure, which drives the crystal into a “super pressing” state to spontaneously transform into a higher-density liquid phase. Our findings significantly advance fundamental understanding of ultrafast crystal-to-liquid phase transitions, enabling quantitative a priori predictions.
Hydrostatic pressure: A very effective approach to significantly enhance critical current density in granular iron pnictide superconductors
Authors: Shabbir Babar , Wang Xiaolin , Ghorbani S. R. , Shekhar Chandra , Dou Shixue , Srivastava O. N.
Published: February 2015

Pressure is well known to significantly raise the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, in both iron pnictides and cuprate based superconductors. Little work has been done, however, on how pressure can affect the flux pinning and critical current density in the Fe-based superconductors. Here, we propose to use hydrostatic pressure to significantly enhance flux pinning and Tc in polycrystalline pnictide bulks. We have chosen Sr4V2O6Fe2As2 polycrystalline samples as a case study. We demonstrate that the hydrostatic pressure up to 1.2 GPa can not only significantly increase Tc from 15 K (underdoped) to 22 K, but also significantly enhance the irreversibility field, Hirr, by a factor of 4 at 7 K, as well as the critical current density, Jc, by up to 30 times at both low and high fields. It was found that pressure can induce more point defects, which are mainly responsible for the Jc enhancement. Our findings provide an effective method to significantly enhance Tc, Jc, Hirr and the upper critical field, Hc2, for other families of Fe-based superconductors in the forms of wires/tapes, films and single crystal and polycrystalline bulks.
Spectrally Shaped DP-16QAM Super-Channel Transmission with Multi-Channel Digital Back-Propagation
Authors: Maher Robert , Xu Tianhua , Galdino Lidia , Sato Masaki , Alvarado Alex , Shi Kai , Savory Seb J. , Thomsen Benn C. , Killey Robert I. , Bayvel Polina
Published: February 2015

The achievable transmission capacity of conventional optical fibre communication systems is limited by nonlinear distortions due to the Kerr effect and the difficulty in modulating the optical field to effectively use the available fibre bandwidth. In order to achieve a high information spectral density (ISD), while simultaneously maintaining transmission reach, multi-channel fibre nonlinearity compensation and spectrally efficient data encoding must be utilised. In this work, we use a single coherent super-receiver to simultaneously receive a DP-16QAM super-channel, consisting of seven spectrally shaped 10GBd sub-carriers spaced at the Nyquist frequency. Effective nonlinearity mitigation is achieved using multi-channel digital back-propagation (MC-DBP) and this technique is combined with an optimised forward error correction implementation to demonstrate a record gain in transmission reach of 85%; increasing the maximum transmission distance from 3190 km to 5890 km, with an ISD of 6.60 b/s/Hz. In addition, this report outlines for the first time, the sensitivity of MC-DBP gain to linear transmission line impairments and defines a trade-off between performance and complexity.
A quantitative metabolomics peek into planarian regeneration
Authors: Natarajan Nivedita , Ramakrishnan Padma , Lakshmanan Vairavan , Palakodeti Dasaradhi , Rangiah Kannan
Published: February 2015

Methods were developed for the absolute quantification of metabolites from intact, regenerating planaria and from the day 3 blastema.
Raman spectroscopy and the material study of nanocomposite membranes from poly(ε-caprolactone) with biocompatibility testing in osteoblast-like cells
Authors: Wesełucha-Birczyńska A. , Świętek M. , Sołtysiak E. , Galiński P. , Płachta Ł. , Piekara K. , Błażewicz M.
Published: February 2015

Modern medical treatment can be improved by nanotechnology methods for preparing nanocomposites with novel physical, chemical and biological properties.
Reversibility of asymmetric catalyzed C–C bond formation by benzoylformate decarboxylase
Authors: Berheide Marco , Kara Selin , Liese Andreas
Published: February 2015

Benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) fromPseudomonas putidacatalyzed the formation of 2-hydroxy-1-phenylpropanone (2-HPP), a 2-hydroxy ketone, from the kinetic resolution ofrac-benzoin in the presence of acetaldehyde.
Nucleophilic substitution in ionizable Fischer thiocarbene complexes: steric effect of the alkyl substituent on the heteroatom
Authors: Andrada Diego M. , Zoloff Michoff Martin E. , de Rossi Rita H. , Granados Alejandro M.
Published: February 2015

A kinetic study of the aminolysis reaction of Fischer thiocarbene complexes unravels the main factors ruling the reactivity and establishes the consequences of changing the π-donor strength.
Recent progress in solar cells based on one-dimensional nanomaterials
Authors: Sun Hao , Deng Jue , Qiu Longbin , Fang Xin , Peng Huisheng
Published: February 2015

This review highlights the recent progress in one-dimensional nanomaterials for efficient solar cells.
Superhydrophobic nanocoatings: from materials to fabrications and to applications
Authors: Si Yifan , Guo Zhiguang
Published: February 2015

Recent progress of superhydrophobic nanocoatings in terms of materials, fabrications and applications is reviewed, and some challenges and potential promising breakthroughs in this field are also succinctly highlighted.
Regiodivergent Lewis base-promoted O- to C-carboxyl transfer of furanyl carbonates
Authors: Campbell Craig D. , Joannesse Caroline , Morrill Louis C. , Philp Douglas , Smith Andrew D.
Published: February 2015

Triazolinylidenes promote γ-selective C-carboxylation (up to 99 : 1 regioselectivity) in the O- to C-carboxyl transfer of furanyl carbonates in contrast to DMAP that promotes preferential α-C-carboxylation with moderate regiocontrol (typically 60 : 40 regioselectivity).
CO-enabled rhenium hydride catalyst for directed C(sp2)–H bond alkylation with olefins
Authors: Jin Hongming , Zhu Zhengbo , Jin Ning , Xie Jin , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian
Published: February 2015

We report the first example of CO-enabled rhenium hydride complex-catalyzed inter- and intra-molecular hydroarylation of activated alkenes, with a broad reaction scope.
Osteoblastic cell responses and antibacterial efficacy of Cu/Zn co-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings on pure titanium using electrodeposition method
Authors: Huang Yong , Zhang Xuejiao , Mao Huanhuan , Li Tingting , Zhao Ranlin , Yan Yajing , Pang Xiaofeng
Published: February 2015

Effective physiological bone integration and absence of bacterial infection are essential for a successful orthopaedic or dental implant.
Preparation and characteristics of molecularly homogeneous Ag/AgCl nano-heterostructures via a two-step synthesis
Authors: Yang Ping , Jia Changchao , He Haiyan , Chen Ling , Matras-Postolek Katarzyna
Published: February 2015

Ag/AgCl nano heterostructures with different degrees of molecular homogeneity created through a two-step synthesis revealed high photocatalytic activity.
Growth mechanism of curved Mg–Al–CO3 layered double hydroxide nanostructures in a one-pot assembly procedure under ambient pressure
Authors: Zhao Xinxin , Zhou Chenggang , Han Bo , Ji Zhuan , Wang Liang , Wu Jinping
Published: February 2015

The participation of peroxide in Mg–Al-LDH assembly causes hydroxyl point defects and carbonate compensation, leading to curved morphologies.
Highly bent crystals formed by restrained π-stacked columns connected via alkylene linkers with variable conformations
Authors: Chou Chih-Ming , Nobusue Shunpei , Saito Shohei , Inoue Daishi , Hashizume Daisuke , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: February 2015

Highly bent organic crystals are reproducibly prepared using a structurally restrained macrocyclic π-conjugated system with two flexible linkers. The appropriate length of the linkers to produce a void within the macrocycle is key to the observed bending of the crystals.
Anti-Arrhenian behaviour of conductivity in octanoic acid–bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine systems: a physico-chemical study
Authors: Calandra Pietro , Turco Liveri Vincenzo , Ruggirello Angela Monia , Licciardi Mariano , Lombardo Domenico , Mandanici Andrea
Published: February 2015

A transition from Arrhenian to anti-Arrhenian behavior of DC conductivity has been found in octanoic acid–bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine liquid mixtures.
Fabrication of silsesquioxane-based nano-wrinkled structures by coupling the polymeric surface onto rigid templates assembled from unique deca-silsesquioxane
Authors: Peng Jun , Xing Yuxiu , Xu Kai , Lin Weihong , Wu Jiancheng , Yu Zhiwei , Zhang Youxiong , Chen Mingcai
Published: February 2015

Well-ordered nanoisland structures form through reaction-induced assembly of CMSQ-T10 and OAPS in the bulk layer. A nano-wrinkled surface (reflectance 3.51 ± 0.03%) is achieved as a result of template and compressive stress.
One-pot synthesis of sub-3 nm gold nanoparticle networks connected by thio-based multidentate fullerene adducts
Authors: Rousseau Guillaume , Lavenn Christophe , Cardenas Luis , Loridant Stéphane , Wang Yanhui , Hahn Uwe , Nierengarten Jean-François , Demessence Aude
Published: February 2015

Self-assembly of homogeneous ultra-small gold nanoparticles thanks to the design of a new hexaadduct fullerene bearing 12 thiocyanate functions.
A multiple gadolinium complex decorated fullerene as a highly sensitive T1 contrast agent
Authors: Wang Lirong , Zhu Xianglong , Tang Xingyan , Wu Changqiang , Zhou Zijian , Sun Chengjie , Deng Shun-Liu , Ai Hua , Gao Jinhao
Published: February 2015

A multiple gadolinium complex decorated fullerene (CGDn) as an enhanced T1 contrast agent was presented.
Heterobimetallic rhenium nitrido complexes containing the Kläui tripodal ligand [Co(η5-C5H5){P(O)(OEt)2}3]−
Authors: So Yat-Ming , Chiu Wai-Hang , Cheung Wai-Man , Ng Ho-Yuen , Lee Hung Kay , Sung Herman H.-Y. , Williams Ian D. , Leung Wa-Hung
Published: February 2015

Heterometallic rhenium/iridium and rhenium/rhodium complexes containing the Kläui tripodal ligand have been synthesized and characterized.
Bioconcentration and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in aquatic animals from an e-waste dismantling area in East China
Authors: Zhu Chaofei , Wang Pu , Li Yingming , Chen Zhaojing , Li Wenjuan , Ssebugere Patrick , Zhang Qinghua , Jiang Guibin
Published: February 2015

The relationship between log BCF of PCBs and their log Kow in all aquatic species.
One-step protecting-group-free synthesis of azepinomycin in water
Authors: Coggins Adam J. , Tocher Derek A. , Powner Matthew W.
Published: February 2015

pH-dependent one-step multi-gram synthesis of azepinomycin in water.
Microphase separation in thin films of lamellar forming polydisperse di-block copolymers
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Lokitz Bradley S. , Sides Scott W. , Chen Jihua , Heller William T. , Ankner John F. , Browning James F. , Kilbey II S. Michael , Sumpter Bobby G.
Published: February 2015

Effects of polydispersity in chain lengths on microphase separation in thin films of di-block copolymers are studied using self-consistent field theory (SCFT) and neutron reflectivity experiments.
Fabrication of the (Y2O3:Yb–Er)/Bi2S3 composite film for near-infrared photoresponse
Authors: Jia Hong , Ping Chen , Xu Cheng , Zhou Jiajia , Sang Xiangwen , Wang Juechen , Liu Chang , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong
Published: February 2015

Y2O3:Yb-Er/Bi2S3 composite films with photoactive current generation under NIR light excitation were fabricated by electro-deposition and a simple successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method.
Composite vascular repair grafts via micro-imprinting and electrospinning
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Xiang Ke , Chen Haiping , Li Yu , Hu Qingxi
Published: February 2015

Composite vascular grafts formed by micro-imprinting and electrospinning exhibited improved mechanical properties relative to those formed by electrospinning alone. The three-layered composite grafts mimic the three-layered structure of natural blood vessels. The middle layer is made by micro-imprinting poly-p-dioxanone (PPDO), while the inner and outer layers are electrospun mixtures of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol. The graft morphology is characterized with scanning electron microscopy. For constant graft thicknesses, the PPDO increases the mechanical strength. Cells cultivated on the vascular grafts adhere and proliferate better because of the natural, biological chitosan in the inner and outer layers. Overall, the composite scaffolds could be good candidates for blood vessel repair.
Multi-rate optimal controller design for electromagnetic suspension systems via linear matrix inequality optimization
Authors: Kim C. H. , Park H. J. , Lee J. , Lee H. W. , Lee K. D.
Published: February 2015

This paper develops a discrete optimal control based on the multi-rate observer method for electromagnetic suspension systems in order to levitate the vehicle, maintaining the desired gap. The proposed multi-rate compensator consists of two parts which are the discrete Kalman filter and the optimal control law. The Kalman filter estimates all states with fast sampling rate time, using a slowly measured output from the gap sensor. The optimal control law is determined by linear matrix inequality optimization for the discrete time multiple input system obtained by the lifting operator. The proposed multi-rate controller has the advantages to guarantee the stability of the slow-rate optimal control and maintain the performance of fast-rate control. The simulation and experiment show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Locality and nonlocality of classical restrictions of quantum spin systems with applications to quantum large deviations and entanglement
Authors: De Roeck W. , Maes C. , Netočný K. , Schütz M.
Published: February 2015

We study the projection on classical spins starting from quantum equilibria. We show Gibbsianness or quasi-locality of the resulting classical spin system for a class of gapped quantum systems at low temperatures including quantum ground states. A consequence of Gibbsianness is the validity of a large deviation principle in the quantum system which is known and here recovered in regimes of high temperature or for thermal states in one dimension. On the other hand, we give an example of a quantum ground state with strong nonlocality in the classical restriction, giving rise to what we call measurement induced entanglement and still satisfying a large deviation principle.
Comparison of large- and very-large-scale motions in turbulent pipe and channel flows
Authors: Lee Jin , Ahn Junsun , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: February 2015

Statistical measures of turbulence intensities in turbulent pipe and channel flows at a friction Reynolds number of Reτ ≈ 930 were explored by a population of large-scale motions (LSMs) and very-large-scale motions (VLSMs). Although the statistical measures characterizing these internal turbulent flows were similar in the near-wall region, the extents of the mean streamwise velocities and cross-stream components of the turbulence intensities differed in the core region. The population density of VLSMs/LSMs decreased/increased significantly in the core region of the pipe flow. The survival time of VLSMs of the pipe flow was shorter than that of the channel flow. The area fractions of the VLSMs displayed similar trends to the population density. The wall-normal and spanwise turbulence intensities in the pipe flow increased in the core regions due to the high-speed large-scale structures and associated motions above the structures. The large-scale structures increased the streamwise intensity and the Reynolds shear stress in the pipe and channel flows, whereas the effective streamwise intensities and the Reynolds shear stress were equivalent in both flows.
Quantitative study of the trapped particle bunching instability in Langmuir waves
Authors: Hara Kentaro , Chapman Thomas , Banks Jeffrey W. , Brunner Stephan , Joseph Ilon , Berger Richard L. , Boyd Iain D.
Published: February 2015

The bunching instability of particles trapped in Langmuir waves is studied using Vlasov simulations. A measure of particle bunching is defined and used to extract the growth rate from numerical simulations, which are compared with theory [Dodin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 215006 (2013)]. In addition, the general theory of trapped particle instability in 1D is revisited and a more accurate description of the dispersion relation is obtained. Excellent agreement between numerical and theoretical predictions of growth rates of the bunching instability is shown over a range of parameters.
Response to “Comment on ‘Generalized dispersion relation for electron Bernstein waves in a non-Maxwellian magnetized anisotropic plasma’” [Phys. Plasmas 22, 024701 (2015)]
Authors: Deeba F. , Ahmad Zahoor , Murtaza G.
Published: February 2015

Sharifi and Parvazian have presented comments on our paper by questioning the validity of the results. The plots of different curves of kappa and (r, q) distributions produced by them are incorrect. They pretended as if we have made claim that our results are valid for large arguments of product of Bessel Function, whereas Neumann's series expansion is valid only for small arguments. In our paper, no claim is made that the results are valid for all values of b. Our results are valid only for b ≪ 1. The results plotted by the commenters are incorrect and in this response we are presenting correct plots of dispersion curves.
A soliton hierarchy associated with a new spectral problem and its Hamiltonian structure
Authors: Manukure Solomon , Ma Wen-Xiu
Published: February 2015

A hierarchy of soliton equations together with its Hamiltonian structure is constructed from a new spectral problem associated with the three-dimensional special orthogonal real Lie algebra, so(3,ℝ). The Liouville integrability of the presented soliton hierarchy is proved, based on the Hamiltonian structure.
Investigation on cone jetting regimes of liquid droplets subjected to pyroelectric fields induced by laser blasts
Authors: Gennari Oriella , Battista Luigi , Silva Benjamin , Grilli Simonetta , Miccio Lisa , Vespini Veronica , Coppola Sara , Orlando Pierangelo , Aprin Laurent , Slangen Pierre , Ferraro Pietro
Published: February 2015

Electrical conductivity and viscosity play a major role in the tip jetting behaviour of liquids subjected to electrohydrodynamic (EHD) forces, thus influencing significantly the printing performance. Recently, we developed a nozzle- and electrode-free pyro-EHD system as a versatile alternative to conventional EHD configurations and we demonstrated different applications, including inkjet printing and three-dimensional lithography. However, only dielectric fluids have been used in all of those applications. Here, we present an experimental characterization of the pyro-EHD jetting regimes, induced by laser blasts, of sessile drops in case of dielectric and conductive liquids in order to extend the applicability of the system to a wider variety of fields including biochemistry and biotechnology where conductive aqueous solutions are typically used.
A novel theoretical model for broadband blue InGaN/GaN superluminescent light emitting diodes
Authors: Moslehi Milani N. , Mohadesi V. , Asgari A.
Published: February 2015

A broadband superluminescent light emitting diode with In0.2Ga0.8N/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) active region is investigated. The investigation is based on a theoretical model which includes the calculation of electronic states of the structure, rate equations, and the spectral radiation power. Two rate equations corresponding to MQW active region and separate confinement heterostructures layer are solved self-consistently with no-k selection wavelength dependent gain and quasi-Fermi level functions. Our results show that the superluminescence started in a current of ∼120 mA (∼7.5 kA/Cm2) at 300 K. The range of peak emission wavelengths for different currents is 423–426 nm and the emission bandwidth is ∼5 nm in the superluminescence regime. A maximum light output power of 7.59 mW is obtained at 600 mA and the peak modal gain as a function of current indicates logarithmic behavior. Also, the comparison of our calculated results with published experimental data is shown to be in good agreement.
Effective thermal conductivity of metal and non-metal particulate composites with interfacial thermal resistance at high volume fraction of nano to macro-sized spheres
Authors: Faroughi Salah Aldin , Huber Christian
Published: February 2015

In this study, we propose a theoretical model to compute the effective thermal conductivity of metal and dielectric spherical particle reinforced composites with interfacial thermal resistance. We consider a wide range of filler volume fraction with sizes ranging from nano- to macro-scale. The model, based on the differential effective medium theory, accounts for particle interactions through two sets of volume fraction corrections. The first correction accounts for a finite volume of composite and the second correction introduces a self-crowding factor that allows us to develop an accurate model for particle interaction even for high volume fraction of fillers. The model is examined to other published models, experiments, and numerical simulations for different types of composites. We observe an excellent agreement between the model and published datasets over a wide range of particle volume fractions and material properties of the composite constituents.
Correlation between amplitude of spin accumulation signals investigated by Hanle effect measurement and effective junction barrier height in CoFe/MgO/n+-Si junctions
Authors: Saito Y. , Ishikawa M. , Sugiyama H. , Inokuchi T. , Hamaya K. , Tezuka N.
Published: February 2015

Correlation between the amplitude of the spin accumulation signals and the effective barrier height estimated from the slope of the log (RA) - tMgO plot (RA: resistance area product, tMgO: thickness of MgO tunnel barrier) in CoFe/MgO/n+-Si junctions was investigated. The amplitude of spin accumulation signals increases with increasing effective barrier heights. This increase of the amplitude of spin accumulation is originated from the increase of the spin polarization (PSi) in Si. The estimated absolute values of PSi using three-terminal Hanle signals are consistent with those estimated by four-terminal nonlocal-magnetoresistance (MR) and two-terminal local-MR. To demonstrate large spin accumulation in Si bulk band and enhance the local-MR through Si channel, these results indicate that the increase of the effective barrier height at ferromagnet/(tunnel barrier)/n+-Si junction electrode is important.
Tunnel magnetoresistance and linear conductance of double quantum dots strongly coupled to ferromagnetic leads
Authors: Weymann Ireneusz
Published: February 2015

We analyze the spin-dependent linear-response transport properties of double quantum dots strongly coupled to external ferromagnetic leads. By using the numerical renormalization group method, we determine the dependence of the linear conductance and tunnel magnetoresistance on the degree of spin polarization of the leads and the position of the double dot levels. We focus on the transport regime where the system exhibits the SU(4) Kondo effect. It is shown that the presence of ferromagnets generally leads the suppression of the linear conductance due to the presence of an exchange field. Moreover, the exchange field gives rise to a transition from the SU(4) to the orbital SU(2) Kondo effect. We also analyze the dependence of the tunnel magnetoresistance on the double dot levels' positions and show that it exhibits a very nontrivial behavior.
Open-circuit and doping transients of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with varying Ga content
Authors: Obereigner F. , Barreau N. , Witte W. , Scheer R.
Published: February 2015

Solar cells based on Cu(In1−x, Gax)Se2 typically show time transient behavior of the open-circuit voltage Voc under illumination. In this work, we study both the red-light Voc(t) transient and the red-light capacitance transient at different temperatures of samples with different x. From the capacitance transient, we calculate a transient behavior of the Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 doping density NA,a(t). Then, using established models on the NA,a dependence of the dominant recombination mechanisms, we derive from Voc(t) that Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 samples with x = 0, 0.3 are dominated by bulk recombination and a sample with x = 1 is dominated by interface recombination—in agreement with the expectation. Further, the transients of NA,a(t) can be used to recalculate Voc(t) transients which are then compared with the measured Voc(t) transients. From the excellent agreement, we conclude that under red-light illumination Voc(t) indeed is dominated by NA,a(t) and other transient effects are of secondary importance. We further conclude that the sample with x = 1 can be described by an absorber/buffer/window energy band diagram with fully depleted buffer layer which here is CdS.
Temperature dependence of self-consistent full matrix material constants of lead zirconate titanate ceramics
Authors: Tang Liguo , Cao Wenwu
Published: February 2015

Up to date, there are no self-consistent data in the literature on the temperature dependence of full matrix material properties for piezoelectric materials because they are extremely difficult to determine. Using only one sample, we have measured the temperature dependence of full matrix constants of lead zirconate titanate (PZT-4) from room temperature to 120 °C by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Self-consistency is guaranteed here because all data at different temperatures come from one sample. Such temperature dependence data would make it a reality to accurately predict device performance at high temperatures using computer simulations.
Cathode fall thickness of abnormal glow discharges between parallel-plane electrodes in different radii at low pressure
Authors: Fu Yangyang , Luo Haiyun , Zou Xiaobing , Wang Xinxin
Published: February 2015

In order to investigate the influence of electrode radius on the characteristics of cathode fall thickness, experiments of low-pressure (20 Pa ≤ p ≤ 30 Pa) abnormal glow discharge were carried out between parallel-plane electrodes in different radii keeping gap distance unchanged. Axial distributions of light intensity were obtained from the discharge images captured using a Charge Coupled Device camera. The assumption that the position of the negative glow peak coincides with the edge of cathode fall layer was verified based on a two-dimensional model, and the cathode fall thicknesses, dc, were calculated from the axial distributions of light intensity. It was observed that the position of peak emission shifts closer to the cathode as current or pressure grows. The dependence of cathode fall thickness on the gas pressure and normalized current J/p2 was presented, and it was found that for discharges between electrodes in large radius the curves of pdc against J/p2 were superimposed on each other, however, this phenomenon will not hold for discharges between the smaller electrodes. The reason for this phenomenon is that the transverse diffusions of charged particles are not the same in two gaps between electrodes with different radii.
An analysis of “non-lattice” oxygen concentration effect on electrical endurance characteristic in resistive switching MnOx thin film
Authors: Yang Min Kyu , Kim Gun Hwan , Ju Hyunsu , Lee Jeon-Kook , Ryu Han-Cheol
Published: February 2015

Electrical endurance characteristic of resistive switching MnOx thin film was investigated associated with various oxygen concentrations. From experimental results of various top electrode changing on the examined devices and oxygen concentration during the post-deposition annealing process, it was revealed that electrical endurance characteristic can be significantly improved by possessing high “non-lattice oxygen” concentration in resistive switching thin film and minimizing out-diffusion of oxygen during resistive switching. Finally, a 250 nm-diameter via-hole structure device, composed of TiN/MnOx/Pt, was fabricated and the promising electrical endurance and retention characteristics and the impressively narrow distribution of resistive switching operation parameters were confirmed in the MnOx thin film.
EXAFS and EPR Studies of the Alkene Oxidation Catalyst Species trans-[CrIII(bpb)(L)2]n+ and CrV Oxidation Products (bpb=N,N'-Bis(2-pyridinecarboxamido)-1,2-benzene)
Authors: Weeks Colin L. , Levina Aviva , Fenton Ronald R. , Lay Peter A.
Published: February 2015

The structures of trans-[CrIII(bpb)(OH2)2]+ and trans-[CrIII(bpb)(OH2)Cl] (bpb = N,N′-bis(2-pyridinecarboxamido)-1,2-benzene) have been determined by multiple-scattering analysis of their extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra. This is the first reported structural characterizations of these complexes, which have been used as catalysts in the oxidation of alkenes and the industrially important coupling reaction of epoxides with CO2. The formation of CrV species, which are likely catalytic intermediates, was observed when trans-[CrIII(bpb)(OH2)Cl] was treated with oxidants: PbO2, iodosylbenzene, or tert-butylhydroperoxide. The intermediates in these reactions were studied using X-band and Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to probe the ability of the bpb ligand to stabilize CrV–oxido complexes. Several CrV species were generated in such oxidation reactions that may be the reason for the lack of selectivity when the CrIII species are used as oxidation catalysts in the presence of oxidants.
Utah juniper and two-needle piñon reduction alters fuel loads
Authors: Young Kert R. , Roundy Bruce A. , Bunting Stephen C. , Eggett Dennis L.
Published: February 2015

Juniper (Juniperus spp.) and piñon (Pinus spp.) trees have encroached millions of hectares of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)–bunchgrass communities. Juniper–piñon trees are treated to reduce canopy fuel loads and crown fire potential. We measured the effects of juniper–piñon infilling and fuel-reduction treatments on fuel load characteristics at four locations in Utah. At each location, treatment areas were burned, left untreated, or trees were cut or masticated in a randomised complete-block design. We measured standing and downed fuels by size and type along 30-m transects on 15 subplots (30 × 33 m) per location before and 1–3 years after treatment. Increased tree cover was associated with decreased shrub and herbaceous fuel loads (P < 0.01). By 2 years post-treatment, herbaceous fuel loads were greater than pretreatment in all treated areas (P < 0.01). Cut and mastication treatments increased surface woody 10- and 100-h fuel loads and wood/bark cover (P < 0.01). Masticated-tree depth was a good estimator of fuel loads (R2 = 92). The conversion of canopy fuels to surface fuels reduced fuels that enable crown fire and extreme fire intensity. Cool-season prescribed fire may need to follow mechanical treatments to reduce surface fuel and the potential for wildfire damage to perennial understorey vegetation.
Aged insulin granules display reduced microtubule-dependent mobility and are disposed within actin-positive multigranular bodies
Authors: Hoboth Peter , Müller Andreas , Ivanova Anna , Mziaut Hassan , Dehghany Jaber , Sönmez Anke , Lachnit Martina , Meyer-Hermann Michael , Kalaidzidis Yannis , Solimena Michele
Published: February 2015

Significance

Insulin is key for control of glucose homeostasis in vertebrates. Insufficient insulin secretion relative to metabolic needs causes diabetes. Pancreatic beta cells store insulin into secretory granules (SGs), which release insulin extracellularly upon fusion with the plasma membrane. SGs exist in different functional pools, with newly generated SGs being preferentially secreted. Here we show that aged SGs display reduced competence for glucose-stimulated microtubule-mediated transport and are disposed within actin-positive multigranular bodies. These data highlight the link between SG age and mobility and thus are relevant for better understanding insulin secretion in health and diabetes.
Matching times of leading and following suggest cooperation through direct reciprocity during V-formation flight in ibis
Authors: Voelkl Bernhard , Portugal Steven J. , Unsöld Markus , Usherwood James R. , Wilson Alan M. , Fritz Johannes
Published: February 2015

Significance

Cooperation in animals is an enigma because it contravenes the basic notion that evolution favors selfish genes that promote only their own well-being. Bird migration in organized V-shaped or echelon formations constitutes such a cooperation dilemma. We show that juvenile Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita) cooperate by taking turns and precisely matching times they spend in the advantageous trailing position and in the disadvantageous front position. This time matching is done on a pairwise level. Furthermore, we found evidence that the animals' propensity to reciprocate in leading has a substantial influence on the size and cohesion of the flight formations. This study shows that direct reciprocation can enable cooperation between animals in a natural context.
Inhibition of the β-barrel assembly machine by a peptide that binds BamD
Authors: Hagan Christine L. , Wzorek Joseph S. , Kahne Daniel
Published: February 2015

Significance

New antibiotics are urgently needed to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria possess an outer membrane, which is impermeable to most currently available antibiotics. We have studied how a protein that is essential for maintaining the integrity of the outer membrane of
Escherichia coli
interacts with its substrates. In so doing, we have identified a peptide that inhibits this protein’s function in vitro and accordingly has deleterious effects on growth and membrane permeability in vivo. This study thus provides a starting point for the development of new antibiotics that directly target outer membrane biogenesis.