bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation on Design of Thickness for Flexible Pavement Subgrade Soils using CBR Approach
Authors: Raju Y. Kamala , Kumar C. Vivek
Published: August 2020

This paper aim’s to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are adequately reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub- grade. This present study deals with the design thickness of flexible pavements, where majority of the Indian roads are flexible pavements having bituminous layer. Earlier, due to the scarcity of cement and India went for flexible pavements with bituminous toppings. This flexible pavement is preferred over cement concrete roads as they have a great advantage that these can be strengthened and improved in stages with the growth of traffic. With a major advantage of this roads and their surfaces milled and recycled for rehabilitation. The flexible pavements are less expensive also about initial investment and maintenance. In this present study, the flexible pavement thickness is designed for both sub grade soils as per IRC:37-2001 code and its pavement thickness is calculated by California Bearing Ratio (CBR)method.
Mechanical Properties and Mix Design of Geopolymer concrete – A review
Authors: Ramesh Vemundla , Srikanth Dr.Koniki
Published: August 2020

Geo-polymer concrete (GPC) is a most viable solution to cement as the raw materials depleting down the years and, many countries have started imposing carbon taxes. After a review for the literature reveals that there is no proper mix design procedure developed yet. GPC has better mechanical properties when compared to normal concrete. Curing conditions, setting times, workability, alkaline solution to binder ratios, molarity of alkaline solution, Na2SiO3/NaOH and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios play an important role to develop GPC. This paper presents an overview of Geopolymarization process, mechanical properties and mix design of GPC. Proper mix design of geopolymer concrete can produce desired mechanical properties for ambient curing condition. And geopolymer concrete can consider as eco-friendly construction material. This paper deals with study of advancement in mix design and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete.
Strength Behaviour of Blended Self Cured Concrete made with Cement by partial replacement of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM’s)
Authors: Kumar C Vivek , Parvez MD Aiman , Srinivas T
Published: August 2020

At Present Water is the most essential material in the modern era. In general, Curing of concrete is retaining moisture in the concrete for the period of early ages precisely within 28 days of placing concrete, to improve anticipated properties. Appropriate curing of concrete is crucial to obtain extreme durability, especially if the concrete is exposed to serve conditions where the surface will be imperiled to excessive wear, assertive solutions, and severe environmental circumstances. Poor curing practices adversely affect the desirable properties of concrete which constitutes a major influence on the permeability of a given concrete.Unpredicted shrinkage and temperature cracks be able to diminish the strength, durability and serviceability properties of the concrete. The surface zone will be critically damaged by increased permeability expected to poor curing. The improvement of shrinkage in concrete is proportionate to the rate of moisture loss in concrete. When concrete is correctly cured, water preserved in concrete would facilitate continuous hydration and enhancement of enough compressive and tensile strength to withstand contraction stresses. The incessant development of strength reduces shrinkage and initial cracks or micro-cracks. As a part of this study, SCMs like Flyash (FA), Ground Granulated furnace Slag (GGBS), Silica Fume (SF). Concrete may be a mixture of cement, aggregates and water with / without suitable admixtures with self-curing agents and various proportions, which resulted in the early strength to reduce the autogenous shrinkage and increase in durability.
Forecasting of strength and durability properties of High Performance Composites by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
Authors: P Magudeaswaran. , C Vivek Kumar , M S Britto Jeyakumar
Published: August 2020

High Performance Concrete (HPC) is the high quality concrete that requires special conformity and performance requirements. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibilities of adapting neural expert system like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in the development of simulator and intelligent system and to predict durability and strength of HPC composites. This soft computing methods emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert benefits both the construction industry and the research community. These new methods, if properly utilized, have the potential to increase speed, service life, efficiency, consistency, minimizes errors, saves time and cost which would otherwise be squandered using the conventional approaches.
The Development of Students’ Independence in The Conditions of Distance Learning
Authors: Vahrusheva Svetlana Nikolaevna , Masharova Tatyana Viktorovna , Punchyk Veranika
Published: August 2020

This article presents the authors’ studies on the development of students’ independence in the conditions of distance learning. The purpose of the study is to compare the results of the development of students’ independence in the format of distance education for different categories of students. The main methods of work are questionnaires of teachers of secondary schools of the Kirov region and statistical analysis of the results obtained. The study found that distance learning differently affects learners based on age and subject. Thus, high school students show better results compared to primary school students and basic general education. In this regard, humanities are preferable to natural science subjects.
Controlling Research Activity of Students by Digital Tools
Authors: Likhachev Sergey , Likhacheva Tatyana , Silchenkova Lyudmila , Krivorotova Elvira , Plesnik Lukas
Published: August 2020

This article discusses the issue of control of creative research work of students under conditions of involuntary distant communication. The aim of this article is to establish interconnection between implementation of the most recent special content and software into learning process and willingness of students for distant research work. It is assumed that a necessary condition for solution to this problem is the optimal assisted and integrated usage of digital resources and programs. This assumption has been verified by the following methods: pedagogical experiment including conversation, consultation and remote graphical support of student activities, sociological questionnaire survey, and parametric analysis of results of student research work. The experimental procedure was comprised of four installed programs, four types of network service, and three content resources. The obtained results demonstrate that the willingness of students to complete research work in a competent manner significantly increased. Another result is that research works of students corresponded to most criteria, except for the requirement of statistic data processing.
Digitalization of School Biological Education: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Sumatokhin Sergey , Petrova Oksana , Serovayskaya Delina , Chistiakov Fedor
Published: August 2020

In the article the use of digital technologies for the educational process in biology has been studied. The study has aimed at developing and testing the methodology for developing a block of educational tasks in biology by using digital educational resources. Surveys, testing, and the pedagogical experiment have been used as research methods. It has been determined that biology teachers need the methodology that allows the competent use of digital educational resources in teaching activities. In the article the methodology for developing educational tasks in biology by using digital educational resources has been introduced. It is based on the taxonomy of B. Bloom’s educational objectives. The efficiency of the methodology has been confirmed by the results of testing students in the control and experimental groups: the level of development of students’ universal learning activities (ULA) has considerably increased, and the rate of students with project skills has grown.
Specifics of The Educational Process Organization at Universities When Training Students for Midterm Assessment in The Worldskills Format
Authors: Masharova Tatyana Viktorovna , Malova Tatyana Vasilievna , Varanetskaya Liudmila
Published: August 2020

The relevance of the problem is determined by the need to identify, select, and provide pedagogical and psychological support for talented youth, its successful career guidance, and efficient self-realization. The educational process organization in training for midterm assessment in the WorldSkills format helps students achieve a new quality of education associated not only with educational results, but also with a value attitude to themselves and others. The goal of the study is to identify the specifics of the educational process organization at universities when training students for midterm assessment in the WorldSkills format. The research methods include theoretical analysis of pedagogical theory, practice, and experience in vocational training; modeling, comparison, referencing, and generalization; expert assessment method; and methods of qualitative and quantitative processing of research results. The main results of the study are the following: the content of the process of organizing practical classes and independent work on the discipline “Literary education of preschool children” has been determined; the activity forms and methods for their implementation have been developed, the objective criteria for their assessment have been determined; the functional responsibilities have been distributed between students and the teacher in the educational process; and the point rating system for assessing students’ activities while mastering the discipline in the WorldSkills format has been created.
Differential Acmeological Approach to The Design of Psychological Support for Professional and Personal Development of Pedagogical University Students
Authors: Postavnev Vladimir M. , Alisov Evgenii A. , Postavneva Irina V. , Podymova Lyudmila S. , Ginting Henndy
Published: August 2020

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of psychological assistance models functioning in Russian universities. The study objective is to identify and substantiate the provisions of the differential acmeological approach as the basis for the design of psychological assistance for professional and personal development of pedagogical university students. The model of psychological assistance for professional and personal development of pedagogical university students is designed based on the results of comparative analysis, the descriptive method, and the method of functional and structural modeling. It is demonstrated that the creation of a unique psychological assistance system stimulating the maximum realization of the creative potential of the educational process subjects’ personalities as a part of the educational activity of a pedagogical university opens up additional opportunities for the individualization of professional training. The differential acmeological approach to the design of psychological assistance for professional and personal development of pedagogical university students presented in the article allows integrating the potential of general professional training courses in the system of psychological support and assistance in students’ self-knowledge and professional and personal development.
The Global World: New Educational Models Of Intercultural Communication
Authors: Orekhovskaya Natalia A. , Yalozina Elena A.
Published: August 2020

The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing importance of intercultural interaction in a globalizing world. These processes need new educational models and innovative methods for implementation in the educational process. The objective of the article is to analyze the theoretical and methodological experience and find innovative educational methods in the study of intercultural communication. The methods used by the authors are the analysis and synthesis of theoretical literature. Besides, the comparative and typological analyses of pedagogical experience in the field of building educational models of intercultural communication are carried out. The result of the work is the identification of specific innovative approaches to the study of the interdisciplinary nature of intercultural communication. The conclusion drawn by the authors is that the basis of any educational model should be tolerance and respect for the carriers of another culture.
MeONH2·HCl-Mediated α-Methylenation/Conjugate Addition of α-Sulfonyl o-Hydroxyacetophenones with Methyl Sulfoxides: Route to 3-Sulfonylchroman-4-ones
Authors: Chang Meng-Yang , Chen Kuan-Ting
Published: August 2020

A novel and efficient route for the synthesis of 3-sulfonylchroman-4-ones from α-sulfonyl o-hydroxyacetophenones with methyl sulfoxides via a MeONH2·HCl-mediated sequential methylenation/ conjugate­ addition is described. Plausible reaction mechanisms are proposed and discussed. Various reaction conditions for this novel, one-pot, environmentally friendly conversion were investigated.
Preliminary Results of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Assisted Tracheal Sleeve Pneumonectomy for Cancer
Authors: Spaggiari Lorenzo , Sedda Giulia , Petrella Francesco , Venturino Marco , Rossi Fabiana , Guarize Juliana , Galetta Domenico , Casiraghi Monica , Iacono Giorgio Lo , Bertolaccini Luca , Alamanni Francesco
Published: August 2020

Objective Tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy is a challenge in lung cancer management and in achieving long-term oncological results. In November 2018, we started a prospective study on the role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy. We aim to present our preliminary results.

Methods From November 2018 to November 2019, six patients (three men and three women; median age: 61 years) were eligible for tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy for lung cancer employing the veno-venous ECMO during tracheobronchial anastomosis.

Results Only in one patient, an intrapericardial pneumonectomy without ECMO support was performed, but cannulas were maintained during surgery. The median length of surgery was 201 minutes (range: 162–292 minutes), and the average duration of the apneic phase was 38 minutes (range: 31–45 minutes). No complications correlated to the positioning of the cannulas were recorded. There was only one major postoperative complication (hemothorax). At the time of follow-up, all patients were alive; one patient alive with bone metastasis was being treated with radiotherapy.

Conclusion ECMO-assisted oncological surgery was rarely described, and its advantages include hemodynamic stability with low bleeding complications and a clean operating field. As suggested by our preliminary data, ECMO-assisted could be a useful alternative strategy in select lung cancer patients.
Mirrors for petawatt lasers: Design principles, limitations, and solutions
Authors: Laurence T. A. , Alessi D. A. , Feigenbaum E. , Negres R. A. , Qiu S. R. , Siders C. W. , Spinka T. M. , Stolz C. J.
Published: August 2020

High intensity and high energy laser facilities place increasing demands on optical components, requiring large surface area optics with exacting specifications. Petawatt lasers are high energy, short-pulse laser systems generally based on chirped-pulse amplification, where an initial low energy short pulse is stretched, amplified, and then recompressed to produce fs to ps high-power laser pulses. In such petawatt lasers, the highest demands are placed on the final optics, including gratings which compress the pulses and mirrors which direct and focus the final high-power beams. The limiting factor in these optical components is generally laser-induced damage. Designing and fabricating these optical components to meet reflection, dispersion, and other requirements while meeting laser-induced damage requirements is the primary challenge discussed in this tutorial. We will introduce the reader to the technical challenges and tradeoffs required to produce mirrors for petawatt lasers and discuss current research directions.
Initial surface conditions affecting the formation of plasma on metal conductors driven by a mega-ampere current pulse
Authors: Yates K. C. , Awe T. J. , Bauer B. S. , Hutchinson T. M. , Yu E. P. , Fuelling S. , Lamppa D. C. , Weis M. R.
Published: August 2020

Significant variations in plasma formation have been observed for thick aluminum rods with varying initial surface conditions when pulsed by an intense current in a z-pinch configuration. Rods were fabricated on a lathe to a diameter of 1.0 mm followed by a 300 μm wide and 6 mm long strip milled on the surface to remove a portion of the azimuthally extended machining marks left by the lathe. A subset of these rods was then electropolished, reducing the azimuthally extended machining marks and reducing the mean surface roughness. The fabrication process provided two types of rods with several surface finishes: a smooth surface (both the milled flat face and curved region), a rough surface (milled flat faced region), and an azimuthally extended rough surface (curved region), to study the effect of surface finish on plasma formation. Rods with azimuthally extended surface defects left by the machining process form plasma early compared to rods that have had the azimuthally extended features removed and/or reduce by electropolishing the surface or milling away a section of the surface.
Immunomagnetic separation of circulating tumor cells with microfluidic chips and their clinical applications
Authors: Chen Hongmei , Li Yong , Zhang Zhifeng , Wang Shuangshou
Published: August 2020

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells detached from the original lesion and getting into the blood and lymphatic circulation systems. They potentially establish new tumors in remote areas, namely, metastasis. Isolation of CTCs and following biological molecular analysis facilitate investigating cancer and coming out treatment. Since CTCs carry important information on the primary tumor, they are vital in exploring the mechanism of cancer, metastasis, and diagnosis. However, CTCs are very difficult to separate due to their extreme heterogeneity and rarity in blood. Recently, advanced technologies, such as nanosurfaces, quantum dots, and Raman spectroscopy, have been integrated with microfluidic chips. These achievements enable the next generation isolation technologies and subsequent biological analysis of CTCs. In this review, we summarize CTCs’ separation with microfluidic chips based on the principle of immunomagnetic isolation of CTCs. Fundamental insights, clinical applications, and potential future directions are discussed.
Optimization of depth-graded multilayer structure for x-ray optics using machine learning
Authors: Dieb Sae , Song Zhilong , Yin Wan-Jian , Ishii Masashi
Published: August 2020

We present a general machine-learning-based approach to solve the inverse design problem of depth-graded multilayer structures (so-called supermirrors) for x-ray optics. Our model uses Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) with policy gradient in combination with a reflectivity simulation. MCTS is an iterative design method that showed competitive efficiency in materials design and discovery problems. A policy gradient algorithm with a neural network was added to optimize the tree expansion. The policy gradient is a reinforcement learning method that optimizes parametrized policies toward an expected return using gradient descent. This approach is applied to design a depth-graded multilayer structure that maximizes mean reflectivity in an angular range for Cu Kα radiation by selecting the optimal thickness and material for each layer in the structure. Mean reflectivity of 0.80 was achieved in an angular range of 0.45–0.55°. Alternating materials are selected from a predetermined set of materials. We confirmed that the policy gradient enhances the efficiency of MCTS. This approach can be applied autonomously on several x-ray applications without any parameter tuning or pre-available data.
Rotational force test method for determination of particle adhesion—from a simplified model to realistic dusts
Authors: Ilse Klemens , Khan Muhammad Zahid , Lange Katja , Gurumoorthy Harish Nagari , Naumann Volker , Hagendorf Christian , Bagdahn Jörg
Published: August 2020

The deposition of dust particles on surfaces can be problematic for many applications, both industrial (e.g., semi-conductor manufacturing) and outdoor (e.g., solar power generation). A new test procedure was developed to evaluate particle–surface interactions and particle removal by rotating planar surfaces that are homogenously covered by dust deposits. The spatial change of the particle removing centrifugal forces, combined with large-area optical microscopy and image analysis with respect to particle sizes, allows for a statistical determination of particle removal forces. Within this study, we investigate how results from the “rotational force test method” (RFT) can be interpreted for natural dust deposits. Based on a simplified static force- and moment-balance approach of spherical particles on flat surfaces, necessary model modifications are discussed to approach natural dusts. The theoretical considerations are validated by RFT results for different dust types, including PMMA spheres, quasi-mono-disperse calcite particles, and Middle East Test Dust, which are comparable to natural dust deposits. The experimentally obtained values for adhesion forces of natural dust particles agree well with theoretical considerations and with other studies from the literature using different techniques. The developed metrology is widely applicable since only a commercial spin coater and an optical microscope are required. It can be used to determine dust-type dependent adhesion forces for coated and uncoated surfaces and specified environmental conditions.
On the fluidic behavior of an over-expanded planar plug nozzle under lateral confinement
Authors: Chaudhary M. , Krishna T. V. , Nanda Soumya R. , Karthick S. K. , Khan A. , De A. , Sugarno Ibrahim M.
Published: August 2020

The present work aims to study the fluidic behavior on lateral confinement by placing sidewalls on the planar plug nozzle through experiments. This study involves two cases of nozzle pressure ratio (NPR = 3, 6), which correspond to over-expanded nozzle operating conditions. Steady-state pressure measurements, together with schlieren and surface oil flow visualization, reveal the presence of over-expansion shock and subsequent interaction and modification of the flow field on the plug surface. The flow remains attached to the plug surface for NPR = 3; whereas for NPR = 6, a separated flow field with a recirculation bubble is observed. Spectral analysis of the unsteady pressure signals illustrates a clear difference between the attached and the separated flow. Besides, other flow features with a distinct temporal mode associated with and without lateral confinement are observed. The absence of lateral confinement reduces the intensity of low-frequency unsteadiness; however, on the contrary, the interaction region is relatively reduced under lateral confinement.
Quasi-symmetry effects in the threshold photoelectron spectrum of methyl isocyanate
Authors: Harper Oliver J. , Coudert Laurent H. , Loison Jean-Christophe , Gans Bérenger , Douin Stéphane , Garcia Gustavo A. , Guillemin Jean-Claude , Boyé-Péronne Séverine
Published: August 2020

The vacuum-ultraviolet threshold photoelectron spectrum of methyl isocyanate CH3NCO has been recorded from 10.4 eV to 12 eV using synchrotron radiation and a coincidence technique allowing for a mass-discrimination of the photoelectron signal. A significant improvement is achieved over previous investigations as this experimental setup leads to a much more resolved spectrum. Ten sharp peaks and a broad feature spanning 1.2 eV were recorded. This spectrum consists of X̃+ 2A″←X̃ 1A′ and Ã+ 2A′←X̃ 1A′ ionizing transitions. For the former, the adiabatic ionization energy was determined experimentally to be 10.596(6) eV; for the latter, its value was estimated to be 10.759(50) eV. Seven sharp peaks could be assigned to vibrational modes of the cation X̃+ 2A″ and neutral X̃ 1A′ ground electronic states involving only the NCO group atoms. Theoretical modeling of the threshold photoelectron spectrum has proven difficult as methyl isocyanate is a non-rigid molecule displaying large amplitude internal rotation of the methyl group and ∠CNC bending mode, leading to the quasi-symmetry. With the help of ab initio calculations, a theoretical model in which these two large amplitude motions are included in addition to the five small amplitude vibrational modes involving NCO group atoms is proposed. Comparison with the experimental spectrum shows that the broad feature and the strongest peak line positions are well accounted for; their intensities are also fairly well reproduced after adjusting a few parameters.
Soils of the Brazilian Coastal Plains biome: prediction of chemical attributes via portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and robust prediction models
Authors: Faria Álvaro José Gomes de , Silva Sérgio Henrique Godinho , Melo Leônidas Carrijo Azevedo , Andrade Renata , Mancini Marcelo , Mesquita Luiz Felipe , Teixeira Anita Fernanda dos Santos , Guilherme Luiz Roberto Guimarães , Curi Nilton
Published: August 2020

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry has been successfully used for soil attribute prediction. However, recent studies have shown that accurate predictions may vary according to soil type and environmental conditions, motivating investigations in different biomes. Hence, this work attempted to accurately predict soil pH, sum of bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC) at pH 7.0 and base saturation (BS) using pXRF-obtained data with high variability and robust prediction models in the Brazilian Coastal Plains biome. A total of 285 soil samples were collected to generate prediction models for A (n = 123), B (n = 162) and A+B (n = 285) horizons through stepwise multiple linear regression, support vector machine with linear kernel (SVM) and random forest. Data were divided into calibration (75%) and validation (25%) sets. Accuracy of the predictions was assessed by coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and residual prediction deviation (RPD). The A+B horizons dataset had optimal performance, especially for SB predictions using SVM, achieving R2 = 0.82, RMSE = 1.02 cmolc dm–3, MAE = 1.17 cmolc dm–3 and RPD = 2.33. The most important predictor variable was Ca. Predictions using pXRF data were accurate especially for SB. Limitations of the predictions caused by soil classes and environmental conditions should be further investigated in other regions.
Multiple myeloma cells are exceptionally sensitive to heat shock, which overwhelms their proteostasis network and induces apoptosis
Authors: Sha Zhe , Goldberg Alfred L.
Published: August 2020

Significance

Proteasome inhibitors are a highly effective treatment for multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells. These studies were undertaken to understand why myeloma cells are exceptionally sensitive to proteasome inhibition. One proposed explanation is that myeloma proteasomes must continually degrade the large amounts of misfolded immunoglobins these cells produce. If so, myeloma cells should also be unusually sensitive to heat shock, which increases substrate load on 26S proteasomes. Unlike other cells studied, myeloma cell lines undergo extensive apoptosis at 43 °C, and, thus, are highly susceptible to proteotoxic stress. Also, shifting to only 39 °C markedly enhanced their sensitivity to proteasome inhibitors. Thus, mild hyperthermia (e.g. 39 °C) may enhance the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in the treatment of myeloma.
Synthetic conversion of leaf chloroplasts into carotenoid-rich plastids reveals mechanistic basis of natural chromoplast development
Authors: Llorente Briardo , Torres-Montilla Salvador , Morelli Luca , Florez-Sarasa Igor , Matus José Tomás , Ezquerro Miguel , D’Andrea Lucio , Houhou Fakhreddine , Majer Eszter , Picó Belén , Cebolla Jaime , Troncoso Adrian , Fernie Alisdair R. , Daròs José-Antonio , Rodriguez-Concepcion Manuel
Published: August 2020

Significance

Carotenoids are natural pigments whose properties as provitamin A and health-promoting phytonutrients make them ideal targets for biofortification. Here, we show that plastids specialized in carotenoid overaccumulation named chromoplasts can be synthetically produced in plant tissues that do not naturally develop them. We further demonstrate that differentiation of chromoplasts from leaf chloroplasts not just causes but requires both a reduction in photosynthetic activity and a stimulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in a process hardwired to a major reprogramming of global gene expression and cell metabolism. The synthetic system that we report here should allow to boost the nutritional quality of green vegetables and forage crops once their photosynthetic activity is dispensable (e.g., just before harvesting).
Molecular causes of an evolutionary shift along the parasitism–mutualism continuum in a bacterial symbiont
Authors: Herrera Paul , Schuster Lisa , Wentrup Cecilia , König Lena , Kempinger Thomas , Na Hyunsoo , Schwarz Jasmin , Köstlbacher Stephan , Wascher Florian , Zojer Markus , Rattei Thomas , Horn Matthias
Published: August 2020

Significance

Symbiotic relationships with microbes are ubiquitous among living beings and can be parasitic, such as in bacterial pathogens, or mutualistic, as in beneficial microbiomes. Among other factors, the outcome of microbe–host relationships is determined by the mode of symbiont transmission from host to host. Here we describe how bacterial symbionts increased in infectivity and virulence toward their amoeba host when transmission to a new host was essential for survival. The enhanced parasitism is a result of genomic changes and a pronounced switch of gene expression altering the symbionts’ mechanisms for host interaction. Our study provides both a molecular explanation as well as a blueprint for how changes in gene expression are sufficient to confer enhanced parasitism in microbes.
Bicontinuous phase separation of lithium-ion battery electrodes for ultrahigh areal loading
Authors: Lee Jung Tae , Jo Changshin , De Volder Michael
Published: August 2020

Significance

Increasing the thickness of battery electrodes is an attractive approach to reduce the fraction of battery parts that do not store energy, such as current collectors and separators. However, the fabrication of thick electrodes holds challenges of its own such as cracking or flaking during the electrode production and limitations in ion and electron transport. To address the latter, advanced electrode templating techniques have been suggested, but these techniques are not scalable. In this work, ultrathick electrodes are fabricated on a pilot-scale roll-to-roll tool using a thermally induced phase segregation process. This electrode structuring method creates a bicontinuous electrolyte and electrode network with excellent ion and electron transport reducing the charge-transport challenges in thick electrodes.
Ultraflexible organic light-emitting diodes for optogenetic nerve stimulation
Authors: Kim Dongmin , Yokota Tomoyuki , Suzuki Toshiki , Lee Sunghoon , Woo Taeseong , Yukita Wakako , Koizumi Mari , Tachibana Yutaro , Yawo Hiromu , Onodera Hiroshi , Sekino Masaki , Someya Takao
Published: August 2020

Significance

We have developed an ultraflexible and MRI-compatible optogenetic stimulator using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), which activate channelrhodopsin-2–expressing neurons in transgenic animals. The OLEDs can be conformably attached to soft neuronal tissues, such as peripheral nerves or brain, and the superior mechanical flexibility significantly reduces mechanical damages to the tissues. They are also compatible with neuroimaging techniques such as MRI, while allowing investigation of the evoked activities induced by optical stimulations without artifact effects. Finally, we have successfully demonstrated the optical stimulation of the peripheral nerves and the brains of rats and visualized the evoked neuronal activities induced by optical stimulations using the functional MRI.
Maize ANT1 modulates vascular development, chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and plant growth
Authors: Liu Wen-Yu , Lin Hsin-Hung , Yu Chun-Ping , Chang Chao-Kang , Chen Hsiang-June , Lin Jinn-Jy , Lu Mei-Yeh Jade , Tu Shih-Long , Shiu Shin-Han , Wu Shu-Hsing , Ku Maurice S. B. , Li Wen-Hsiung
Published: August 2020

Significance

Arabidopsis
ANT controls plant growth and floral organogenesis. We determined the binding motif of maize ANT1 (ZmANT1), showing that ZmANT1 binds promoters of millet
SCR1
,
GNC
, and
AN3
, key regulators of Kranz anatomy, chloroplast development, and plant growth, respectively. We generated mutants of the
ANT1
ortholog in the millet
Setaria viridis
. Two frameshift mutants displayed reduced photosynthesis efficiency and growth rate, smaller leaves, and lower yields than WT plants. Moreover, their leaves sporadically exhibited distorted vein structure. Transcriptomic comparison of WT and mutant leaves identified down-regulated genes enriched in photosynthesis and tetrapyrrole binding in
ant1
mutants. Thus, our study identified
ANT1
as a master switch functioning upstream of key regulators of signature developmental processes beyond plant growth and floral organogenesis.
From dawn to dusk
Authors: García Adolfo M.
Published: August 2020

This piece introduces a lifespan perspective on cognitive changes associated with sustained practice of simultaneous
interpreting. First, I briefly describe the elevated demands posed by this activity in training and work settings. Second, I argue that a
broad lifespan perspective on it requires tracking psychobiological reconfigurations in the preparation for, course of, and
withdrawal from sustained professional practice. Third, I summarize the core foci and findings of three articles
addressing each of those stages. To conclude, I propose that the field’s ongoing agenda should gravitate towards more age- and
experience-sensitive models and practices.
Social representations of COVID-19 (Representaciones sociales del COVID-19)
Authors: Páez Darío , Pérez Juan A.
Published: August 2020

This is a reflection on the communication modalities of dissemination, propagation and propaganda as they have manifested in the COVID-19 pandemic. It describes the anchoring of the representations of COVID-19 in past diseases, other nationalities, anti-hygienic practices and groups deviating from the ethos of individualistic self-control. It examines the objectification of the representation of COVID-19 in heroes (healthcare workers), elite villains (pharmaceutical company owners, ineffective governments), common villains (careless people, mindless masses) and victims (the elderly, the poor). It provides explanations and hypotheses on the sociopolitical correlate, the dynamic of common-sense beliefs and their relationship with social behaviour.
Adolescent Risk Substance use Behavior, Posttraumatic Stress, Depression, and Resilience: Innovative Considerations for Disaster Recovery
Authors: Fuchs Robert , Glaude Maurya , Hansel Tonya , Osofsky Joy , Osofsky Howard
Published: August 2020

Natural and technological disasters cause long-term psychological trauma and increase substance use in adults. It is unclear whether these problems also occur in children and whether trauma influences long-term psychological outcomes due to developmental stages at the time of trauma. One community of interest is located in southeastern Louisiana, where, as children, many locals were exposed to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in 2010. We hypothesized individuals exposed to these disasters in early childhood would exhibit higher rates of anxiety, depression, and alcohol use as adolescents than the general population. To test this, we developed a questionnaire with a focus on severity of disaster exposure, indicators of psychological resilience, and current levels of anxiety, depression, and alcohol use. This survey was administered to over 1000 adolescents in local high schools throughout southeastern Louisiana. Structural equation modeling was performed to test correlations and moderation effects. We found disaster exposure was positively associated with trauma-like symptoms and substance use and psychological resilience was negatively related to these outcomes. These findings demonstrate childhood disaster exposure has the potential to cause chronic psychological distress and predispose individuals to substance use later in life. They also suggest resilience may be protective for disaster survivors. Future studies should expand these concepts to other age groups and types of disasters. Whether resilience-focused psychotherapy may be beneficial in these populations is also a relevant topic for exploration.
Sexual Enhancement Expectancy, Non-Medical use of Prescription Drugs, and Sexual Risk Behaviors in College Students
Authors: Tam Cheuk Chi , Benotsch Eric G. , Li Xiaoming
Published: August 2020

Background

American young adults have a high risk of sexually transmitted infections. Sexual risk behaviors may be influenced by psycho-behavioral factors, including substance use and sexual enhancement expectancy. Existing research suggested that substance use may mediate the relationship between sexual enhancement expectancy and sexual risk behaviors. The substance use literature also suggested that non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) was highly prevalent in college students and was associated with sexual risk. However, limited studies have examined NMUPD-related sexual enhancement expectancy. The current study examined the relationship among sexual enhancement expectancy, NMUPD, and sexual risk behaviors in college students.

Methods

Online data were collected in 2016 from 453 US college students with lifetime NMUPD. All participants reported their (1) past-three-month NMUPD, (2) NMUPD sexual enhancement expectancy, and (3) sexual risk behaviors. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis.

Results

Findings suggested significant associations of NMUPD with sexual enhancement expectancy and sexual risk behaviors. Sexual enhancement expectancy was indirectly associated with sexual risk behaviors through NMUPD.

Conclusions

College students’ sexual risk behaviors appear to be indirectly influenced by sexual enhancement expectancy through NMUPD. Future sexual risk reduction interventions should attend to sexual enhancement expectancy and NMUPD.
Identified Gaps and Opportunities in Perinatal Healthcare Delivery for Women in Treatment for Opioid use Disorder
Authors: Alexander Karen , Short Vanessa , Gannon Megan , Goyal Neera , Naegle Madeline , Abatemarco Diane J.
Published: August 2020

Background

Pregnancy and the delivery of an infant mark a unique time of engagement in healthcare for women in treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology calls for a comprehensive approach to perinatal healthcare delivery for pregnant women with OUD in order to facilitate improved health outcomes and increase patient-provider collaboration. Yet, there is little knowledge regarding the perceptions of women with OUD regarding the current delivery of healthcare which could inform a personalized, tailored approach to perinatal healthcare delivery.

Methods

Four focus groups consisting of 22 women with OUD were conducted, transcribed, and analysed using qualitative thematic analysis methodology.

Results

Women reported an overall lack of preparation for the birth and neonatal healthcare experiences and identified opportunities for greater support by the healthcare team. Women emphasized the desire for evidence-based preparation from trusted sources about delivery, neonatal abstinence syndrome, breastfeeding, and how their medications affect their pregnancy and baby. Women reported receiving a varied amount of support from healthcare providers in their transition to motherhood, but women predominantly reported receiving emotional and informational support from their mothers and partners.

Conclusions

The knowledge obtained in this study points to gaps in perinatal healthcare delivery for women with OUD. Improving the delivery of perinatal healthcare may contribute to increased engagement by women with OUD, and ultimately improve outcomes for a vulnerable population.
Program Development and Implementation Outcomes of a Statewide Addiction Consultation Service: Maryland Addiction Consultation Service (MACS)
Authors: Sweeney Sarah , Coble Kelly , Connors Elizabeth , Rebbert-Franklin Kathleen , Welsh Christopher , Weintraub Eric
Published: August 2020

Background

As the opioid epidemic continues, there is a mounting sense of urgency to improve access to high-quality early identification and treatment services. However, the need is outpacing capacity in many states and effective solutions to support primary care and specialty prescribers to identify and treat more patients with opioid use disorders are still emerging. This paper describes one state's approach to increase access to medication for opioid use disorders (MOUD) through development and implementation of a statewide addiction consultation service: Maryland Addiction Consultation Service (MACS).

Methods

Program components include a warmline, outreach and training, and resource and referral linkages for prescribers based on related consultation service models and documented barriers to prescribing MOUDs.

Results

Initial implementation outcomes indicate service components are being adopted as intended and by the target audience; many prescribers who engaged with the service have their buprenorphine waiver (44%) but do not have any additional formal addiction training (57%). Also, statewide penetration is promising with prescriber engagement in 100% of counites, however only 33% of counties in engaged in all four types of MACS services. Most calls (61%) originated from urban counties.

Conclusions

The MACS program increases access to specialty addiction medicine consultation and training through use of technology. MACS can serve as a model for other states looking to bridge the gap in access to addiction treatment.
Sensitivity and Specificity of S2BI for Identifying Alcohol and Cannabis use Disorders among Adolescents Presenting for Primary Care
Authors: Levy Sharon , Weitzman Elissa R. , Marin Alexandra C. , Magane Kara M. , Wisk Lauren E. , Shrier Lydia A.
Published: August 2020

Background

The Screening to Brief Intervention (S2BI) tool was designed to identify substance use disorders in adolescents. We report the S2BI's sensitivity and specificity for identifying alcohol and cannabis use disorders (AUD and CUD) in adolescents presenting for primary care.

Methods

Participants aged 14–18 ( N = 517) completed an electronic survey, consisting of the S2BI, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), and anxiety and depression screens. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV) of the S2BI compared to the CIDI criterion standard, using past year “monthly” and “weekly or more” consumption of alcohol or marijuana as a threshold for AUD or CUD.

Results

Current AUD and CUD were present in 2.9% and 8.3% of the sample, respectively and severe AUD and CUD were present in 0.8% and 3.9%. The S2BI had 53.3% sensitivity and 94.2% specificity for identifying any AUD (PPV = 21.6%; NPV = 98.5%), and 81.4% sensitivity and 92.0% specificity for identifying any CUD (PPV = 47.9%; NPV = 98.2%). The same threshold had 100% sensitivity and 93.6% specificity for identifying moderate/severe AUD, and 90.0% sensitivity and 89.0% specificity for identifying moderate/severe CUD.

Conclusions

S2BI had excellent sensitivity and specificity for identifying moderate and severe AUD and CUD. Sensitivity decreased when mild AUD and CUD were included.
Exploring the Formation of Treatment Program Director Perceptions on Entry-Level Social Workers’ Substance use Treatment Capacities in New York
Authors: Minnick Dane , Park Daejun
Published: August 2020

Background

This article examines how program directors of substance use treatment providers in New York state form their perceptions on the overall substance use treatment service delivery capacities of newly graduated, entry-level social workers.

Methods

The study discussed consisted of a cross-sectional, quantitative survey of treatment program directors in New York state ( n = 245). Program directors were asked to rate entry-level social workers’ treatment skills, knowledge of treatment concepts, and overall preparedness to deliver treatment services in the field upon first entering the professional workforce. The collected data were then analyzed using multiple regression analyses to identify associations between the skill and knowledge items and perceptions of overall preparedness.

Results

The results of the study showed that five of the ten skill and knowledge competency items were significantly linked with program directors’ perceptions of entry-level social workers’ overall preparedness to deliver treatment services, with the model accounting for 62% of the variance in the dependent variable. Of the independent variables with significant associations, the assessment competency item accounted for 50% of the variance, while the other four variables explained 1.2–6.4% of the variance respectively.

Conclusions

The findings of the study suggest that training curriculums should strongly emphasize assessment competencies for new practitioners, and that implementing a standardized training curriculum is beneficial for the professional growth and preparedness of practitioners entering into the treatment field.
Opioid Knowledge and Perceptions among Hispanic/Latino Residents in Los Angeles
Authors: Unger Jennifer B. , Molina Gregory B. , Baron Melvin F.
Published: August 2020

Background

Most research and health education efforts to address the opioid crisis have focused on white populations. However, opioid use, opioid use disorder, and opioid overdose deaths also have increased among Hispanics.

Methods

This study conducted four focus groups in a Hispanic community in Southern California ( N = 45) to assess opioid-related knowledge, perceptions, and preventive behaviors among Hispanic residents. Focus group questions assessed medication storage, disposal, and sharing; opioid-related knowledge; how to recognize a drug problem; perceptions of the extent of the opioid use problem in the community; and sources of help for drug problems.

Results

Qualitative analysis revealed that most participants were aware of the potential dangers of opioids and the importance of keeping them out of the reach of children. However, participants reported stockpiling, sharing, and borrowing prescription medications for financial reasons. They perceived marijuana use as a larger problem in the community than opioids. They were familiar with the behavioral indicators of opioid addiction, but they were unaware of the availability of naloxone to reverse overdoses. They were ambivalent about searching for information about opioids and treatment options because they lacked self-efficacy to find accurate information on the internet.

Conclusions

Findings identify some knowledge gaps about opioids among Hispanics and suggest opportunities for culturally accessible health education to provide Hispanics with information about opioid use disorder, overdose reversal, and treatment options.