bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brand Bidding Restraints Revisited: What Is the Appropriate Economic and Legal Framework for the Antitrust Analysis of Vertical Online Search Advertising Restraints?
Authors: Deutscher Elias
Published: May 2022

This article explores the law and economics of brand bidding restraints which constitute the most novel type of vertical restraints imposed by brand owners on their distributors in digital markets. The article tests and critically reflects on the restrictive approach European competition watchdogs have recently adopted towards these brand bidding restraints. It contends that this harsh antitrust treatment of brand bidding restraints is not sufficiently grounded in the economic analysis of vertical restraints. In proposing a comprehensive framework for the legal and economic analysis of brand bidding restraints, the article makes three principal contributions. First, it asserts that brand bidding restraints can have a number of procompetitive effects by internalizing advertising-related externalities, addressing free-riding on display and traditional advertising and facilitating fixed cost recovery through price discrimination. Second, the paper considers different ways through which brand bidding restraints may harm competition and consumer welfare when they disproportionately affect infra-marginal consumers, prevent meaningful intra- and inter-brand comparisons or result in price discrimination on the basis of search costs rather than brand preferences. Moreover, brand bidding restraints are of particular concern when adopted in the context of dual distribution systems where vertically integrated brand owners have an incentive to raise their retailers’ costs to prevent them from cannibalizing on their own sales channel. Third, the article explore various filters that may inform an effects-based analysis of brand bidding restraints. In this respect, the article makes a number of policy recommendations for the future antitrust analysis of brand bidding restraints. These proposals could also inform the ongoing revision of the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) and Vertical Guidelines in the EU and in the UK.

brand bidding restraints, vertical online search advertising restraints, digital vertical restraints, e-commerce sector inquiry, B2-98/11 Asics, Case COMP/AT.40428 Guess, vertical restraints, Vertical Guidelines, Vertical Block Exemption Regulation
President Biden’s Antitrust Counterrevolution: Implications for Business
Authors: H. Akbar Yusaf
Published: May 2022

The proposed changes to the way the United States handle antitrust policy enshrined in the July 2021 Executive Order (EO) issued by President Biden implies significant financial and strategic implications for corporates and their executives not seen since the 1980s. Changes to merger control policy, actions against price agreements as well measures to raise wage growth are all part of the EO and will likely be a legacy of the Biden Presidency for years to come. Among the more than seventy policy changes initiated by the EO, this article evaluates the probability of policy implementation of these policy initiatives and provides a series of options as to how companies could respond.

Non-market strategy, public policy, Antitrust, corporate political activity, strategic posture
Two Steps Forward and One Step Back?: US, EU and China’s Bilateral Antitrust Cooperation and International Trade
Authors: Wang Xiaoye , Wu Qianlan
Published: May 2022

Greater antitrust enforcement is argued to have positive correlations with the promotion of international trade. By 2019, the US, the EU and China, as global trade powers, have formed and strengthened bilateral antitrust cooperation to seek greater enforcement. However, the impact of such development on international trade has remained underexamined. The article argues that irrespective of their different legal forces, the US-EU, US-China and EU-China antitrust cooperation share convergences at the optimum and minimum levels. Based on the case study of the US, the EU and China’s regulations of the international Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) panel cartel, the article illustrates that as the effects doctrine continues to serve as the main normative value underpinning antitrust cooperation, matured competition regimes lack the incentive to share information with new regimes, competition regimes converge to apply comity restrictively and the consultation mechanism plays a limited role in holding the sides accountable under bilateral cooperation. Consequently, international antitrust remains fragmented, positing restraints to trade. The article calls for reconsideration of the effects doctrine as part of the transnational normative repertoire shaping bilateral antitrust cooperation and for devising policy tools to guarantee minimum information exchange among agencies.

US, EU, China, International Antitrust, Bilateral Cooperation, Exchange of Information, Confidentiality, Comity, Consultation
Addressing Legitimacy Concerns in Antitrust Private Litigation Involving China’s State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Cahill Dermot , Wang Jing
Published: May 2022

China’s Anti-Monopoly Act (AML) incorporated key antitrust provisions inspired by EU antitrust concepts into China’s law in 2007. By analysing leading post-2007 antitrust cases heard before China’s courts taken by private parties challenging State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) anti-competitive activities, the authors argue in this significant and original contribution that, despite the AML's enactment, China’s Judiciary has not accepted antitrust Legitimacy. Leading antitrust cases challenging SOEs anti-competitive activities, taken by either consumers or enterprises are analysed, highlighting the contrast with how EU antitrust jurisprudence deals with similar matters. The analysis illustrates how China’s courts have applied key antitrust concepts (such as abuse of dominant position, prohibition of market-sharing; price-fixing; etc.) in a questionable manner. Given that the understanding of such concepts are accepted in over 125 jurisdictions, this raises major questions about the Legitimacy and Effectiveness of antitrust principles in the legal system of the world’s most dynamic economy.

That there is an antitrust Legitimacy and Effectiveness problem to be addressed has been recently partially recognized by the State in China, with the putting forward of reform proposals by its antitrust regulator (the State Administration of Markets Regulator (SAMR)) in 2020 in an effort to get major State agencies to recognize the primacy of antitrust. However, these reform proposals omitted reference to the Judiciary’s role in antitrust enforcement against SOEs, even though they play a large role in the economy. The article demonstrates how the reform proposals, which appeared in October 2021 in the AML Amendment Bill 2021, will not solve the private antitrust enforcement Legitimacy problems identified by the authors in cases involving SOEs. Several suggestions to overcome judicial deference to SOEs’ overly robust anti-competitive practices are proposed by the authors, including soft measures that in the long run may be more effective than legislative change. The article also discusses the need for the AML to incorporate a single economic entity test and a collective dominance test in order to give the courts dealing with allegations of SOE anti-competitive behaviour a more comprehensive conceptual toolbox to assist the courts make findings of dominance. Without movement also on the judicial side, the authors conclude that the Legitimacy of antitrust principles will continue to be in question inside China’s legal framework, and consequently the Effectiveness of private antitrust remedies will continue to be weak in one of the world’s largest economies. *

Anti-Monopoly Act 2007, Competition Law, China Antitrust, Abuse of Dominance, Price-Fixing, SAMR, SOEs, private antitrust enforcement, Court of Justice, Anti-Monopoly Amendment Bill
China’s Fair Competition Review System: A Single Case Study
Authors: Lyu Shuping , Buts Caroline , Jegers Marc
Published: May 2022

The case study methodology has proved to be a useful empirical tool for competition policy evaluation. However, as far as China’s Fair Competition Review System (FCRS) is concerned, empirical studies are scarce. This article aims to partly fill this gap by thoroughly studying the first litigation case in light of three questions: (1) does China’s FCRS contribute to a competitive market?; (2) does it face challenges regarding implementation, including judicial proceedings?; and (3) how to tackle these challenges? We find that China’s FCRS promotes a competitive market to some extent, but diverse issues need to be tackled in the coming years. Some policymakers still lack understanding of the system. Public antitrust enforcement also faces understanding and capability problems to fully implement the FCRS. The review standards are not specific enough. Regarding judicial scrutiny of the FCRS, we note that also judges lack knowledge of the FCRS, especially in primary courts. Court jurisdictions for filing administrative monopoly litigation are not of high enough rank. In addition, the nature of the FCRS brings up doubts when entering into litigation as the case has to be connected with the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML). Consequently, we formulate several suggestions for improvement: First, strengthening competition advocacy and FCRS training for policymakers, antitrust enforcement officials, and judges. Second, establishing disciplinary and incentive mechanisms. Third, increasing enforcement capacity. Fourth, specifying industry-specific review standards. In terms of judicial scrutiny, in addition to the training for judges, we also propose to reform the administrative proceeding system, adding corresponding clauses connected to Chapter V of the AML and the FCRS into the Administrative Procedure Law. Abstract administrative actions should also have the possibility to initiate litigation in the near future, and administrative monopoly cases should be filed at least to an intermediate court or intellectual property court, rather than to a primary court. The establishment of a dedicated competition court could also add value. Last, we recommend upgrading the FCRS to proper law.

China, Fair Competition Review System, Evaluation, Case study, Administrative monopoly
Printing Conflicts in the Middle East (Political Geographic Review)
Authors: Singh Manvender
Published: May 2022

MiddleEastis aregionwithgeographicalirony. With strong geographicelements and having both physical and non-physical diversepotentials, this region shouldbe politicallypowerful. In fact, Middle East seems like"a hostage held region," where its strategicand potential geographical conditions havetriggered the presenceof foreignforcesinthe region with various political and economical interests fromtimetotime. The presence ofPersian Empire, which later on followed byOttomanTurkeyto the era of France Political Forces of Napoleon, alltried to rulethe region.  Likewise, during the First and the Second World War, this area was significantly strategic because itplayed aroleinthe victory of allied countries, asa militarybaseandlogistic track. The region became more significant when oil fields were discovered in the 1940s. This had invited more foreign forces to come particularly the United Statesand the European countries. Conflict of interests of world power in the Middle East continues to put its hegemony until the present days. Variousforeign interestsinthe region,more or less, initiated conflicts in the politics of the region, particularly creating dilemma in the integration of all Arab countries.
Infection of a naïve sow herd with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Desrosiers Robert , Miclette Jacques , Broes Andre
Published: May 2022

A 2500-sow herd previously free of, and unvaccinated for, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae became infected. Both M hyopneumoniae and influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus were identified in sows showing clinical signs. Coughing lasting 2 to 4 days was observed in approximately 10% of sows and 26 sows died over the course of the outbreak. There was no apparent impact on performance indicators. Polymerase chain reaction and serological results showed that M hyopneumoniae progression within the herd was fast and that infection may have occurred within a few weeks. An elimination program was quickly implemented so that sale of negative animals could resume.
A Three-Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic System with Modified MPPT Method
Authors: Nagar Jyoti
Published: May 2022

In this study, a three-phase grid-connected Photovoltaic system is demonstrated. A photovoltaic (PV) system that is connected to the grid, provides several benefits, including a topology that is simple, high efficiency and so on. Considering control scheme difficulty greatly enhanced because of all the regulatory requirements, which are maximum power point tracking (MPPT), coordinated with the supply voltage, harmonic drop as a current output, must be addressed at the same time. The DC/DC converter, solar panels, DC-link, three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) on the grid, as well as output filters are all detailed representations of the essential components of the system in this model. Line current harmonic distortion should be reduced. A sophisticated control strategy with two PI controllers and MPPT is purposed in this paper to stabilize DC voltage. A robust phase- locked loop (PLL) synchronizes a grid-connected voltage source inverter with three phases. The simulation and practical findings reveal that the stability as well as efficiency of a three-phase grid connected PV system are high. Keywords- solar energy, grid-connected inverters, photovoltaic (PV), maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Extracorporeal Pulse Activation Therapy and Amniotic Extracellular Matrix Injection for post-traumatic subtalar joint osteoarthritis: A case study
Authors: Labbad Ziad , Love Ebony , Shulmister Jacob , Adduru Ron
Published: May 2022

This case study evaluates the use of Extracorporeal Pulse Activation Therapy (EPAT) and Amniotic Extracellular Matrix Injection (AEMI) in a patient suffering unilateral post-traumatic subtalar joint (STJ) osteoarthritis. Following an injury he was not able to work or exercise secondary to subtalar joint pain. He had failed treatment with bracing, physical therapy, and PRP injections and was not interested in surgery. Following serial EPAT and AEMI the patient had a decrease in pain score (from 5/10 at rest, to 2/10 with activity and 0/10 at rest) and was able to return to work and activities. In conclusion, EPAT and AEMI are effective treatments for STJ arthritis, present a viable alternative to surgery, and should be explored for use in other degenerative conditions of the foot and ankle.
Induced membrane technique for restoration of the first ray following a failed total joint implant: A case study
Authors: Liette Michael , Hamad Allison , Hall Bryan , Schaeffer Alex , Masadeh Suhail
Published: May 2022

The induced membrane technique, also known as the masquelet technique, is a treatment strategy for the management of post traumatic bone defects. Management of segmental bone defects remains a challenging problem for the reconstructive surgeon. Autogenous bone grafting is often utilized for small areas of bone loss. Patients with substantial defects pose a significant reconstructive challenge for limb preservation. The induced membrane technique only requires two procedures and the reported results have been consistently favorable. We present a case of a large first ray segmental bone defect after a failed septic implant treated with the induced membrane technique with successful outcome. At 26 months follow-up, we were able to preserve the length and function of the first ray and the patient was able to return to the previous level of activity.
Hidden Story of Diseased Milking Animals from Uruli Kanchan, Taluka Haveli, District Pune, Maharashtra State of India.
Authors: Phule Mangesh , Rajguru Saurabh , Singh Devendra , Jambhulkar Shivam , Mishra Abhishek , Murugan Kasi , Upadhye Vijay Jagdish , Muskan Shaikh Injila , Sirsat Premchand Bhimrao , Shinde Anant
Published: May 2022

A survey was conducted in the locality of Uruli Kanchan, Tehsil Haveli, Dist Pune, Maharashtra (Latitude: 18° 29′ 14.7336″. Longitude: 74° 8′ 0.1392) in order to know and document whether the milking bovines are suffering from diseases either currently or in previously in order to know their health status and suggest ways to improve them by the health department. The survey included all milking bovines like cows, buffaloes, and goats that are the majority of the selected locality. These types of bovines had an earlier history of suffering from various diseases like mastitis, ringworm, and anthrax, from which the majority have recovered and are healthy now. This survey includes a personal visit to the owners’ premises, collecting related information directly, and recording the response. The questions asked during the interaction are also attached.
Using direct anticoagulants (DOACs) in cancer and other high risk populations
Authors:   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vârlan Cristina , Topliceanu Florina ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bârsan Lavinia ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dănăilă Eduard ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Șotcan Mihai ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Published: May 2022

The major practical advantage of the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), comprising the thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the factor Xa inhibitors apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, over vitamin K antagonists is their fixed dosing without the need for laboratory monitoring. With the recent, rapid introduction of the DOACs for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), clinicians are now faced with various questions regarding the efficacy and safety of these compounds overall and in specific high-risk populations. The collective evidence from 6 large clinical trials involving 27,000 patients has demonstrated that DOACs are as effective as vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in preventing recurrent VTE while being associated with a significantly lower risk of major bleeding. These findings are consistent in subgroups of patients with pulmonary embolism, the elderly, and those patients with a high body weight or moderate renal insufficiency, making these agents suitable for a broad spectrum of patients with VTE. DOACs are also an attractive treatment option in patients with VTE and concomitant cancer, thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome, or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, but the currently available clinical data is insufficient to make evidence-based recommendations on the use of DOACs in these settings. Several studies evaluating the efficacy and the safety of DOACs in these high-risk populations are underway.
Modern medicine has a new technology: Therapeutic electroporation
Authors:   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ionescu Lucia , Popescu Diana ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dumitrescu Gabriela ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bicheru Simona ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Necșulescu Marius ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ordeanu Viorel ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Published: May 2022

Electroporation is considered a new start-up in the treatment of various tumors; currently, researches are being conducted in order to develop this technology with medical applications. The technique consists in the significant increase in the electrical conductivity and permeability of the plasma membrane of cells resulting from the application of an external electric field. It is routinely used in molecular biology to transform bacteria, yeast, protoplasts and is performed using the electroporators. Currently, the process seems to be a real solution that enables a targeted drug to act with maximum efficiency on cells and tissues requiring treatment, resulting in obtaining a good therapeutic effect without major side effects. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies are trying to demonstrate through preclinical studies the potential efficacy of this technology, succeeding in recent years to achieve important steps in this direction.
Management of infectious complications in diabetes mellitus patients
Authors:   Carol Davila” University  of Medicine and Pharmacy,  Bucharest, Hainaroșie Razvan ,   "Prof. Dr. D. Hociota" Institute of Phonoaudiology  and Functional ENT  Surgery, Bucharest, Zainea Viorel ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest,   "Prof. Dr. D. Hociota" Institute of Phonoaudiology and Functional ENT  Surgery, Bucharest, Rusescu Andreea ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Iana Ruxandra O ,   “Carol Davila” University  of Medicine and Pharmacy,  Bucharest, Ghindea Teodora ,   CMDTAMP, Bucharest, Romania, Suceveanu Adrian P ,   Ovidius University, Faculty  of Medicine, Constanta,  Romania, Ștefanescu Dragos C ,   “Carol Davila” University  of Medicine and Pharmacy,  Bucharest, Ionita Irina G ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy,  Bucharest, Pietroșanu Cătălina ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Pantea Stoian Anca ,   “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
Published: May 2022

Diabetes mellitus is a serious condition, causing multiple health problems due to the disease itself, but also to the complications that these patients are predisposed to. Being a current health problem, many patients tend to disregard the doctor's recommendations concerning the necessary measures to maintain adequate and continuous control of the glycaemia levels. This, in turn, may cause complications, which include neuropathy, microangiopathy and a predisposition to infections due to weak local defence mechanisms. In otorhinolaryngology, the infectious pathology is one of the most often causes for presentation to the physician. Ranging from common otitis, acute pharyngitis or laryngitis and sinusitis, these different entities will cause significant discomfort for the patient, prompting the need for medical care. In patients with diabetes, the natural course of the disease is altered, with more severe symptoms, a more extended period of recovery and the predisposition for aggravated cases with the tendency to complications. Such complications may be life-threatening if we take into account the complications associated with acute sinusitis for example, which include orbital or cerebral abscesses. Our paper aims to present the authors experience on the complete approach of patients with infectious pathology concerning the sinuses associating diabetes mellitus. Always, we must keep in mind that patients with diabetes represent a particular class of patients that require a personalized approach. They are predisposed to a vicious circle, in which the infection causes diabetes imbalance, which in turn decreases the defense mechanism and predisposes to complications. The correct management must always include a proper control of diabetes, a complete evaluation that will determine if complications are already present and aggressive management of the infection, with regular check-ups to determine the evolution of the patient.
Maintenance pharmacologic therapies for opioid use disorders: beyond opioid agonists
Authors:   Psychiatry Department, „Dr. Carol Davila” University  Emergency Central Military  Hospital, Bucharest, Vasiliu Octavian
Published: May 2022

Opioid use disorder is a worldwide challenge for an increasing number of patients, and still the therapeutic options presented in clinical guidelines for this condition are very few. The first line pharmacological therapies for opioid use disorder continue to be opioid agonists as substitution treatment, but the need to find new treatments without the effect of prolonging opioid dependence become more and more obvious. This systematic review presents the most supported by evidence pharmacological agents that can be used as monotherapy for opioid use disorder patients (i.e., naltrexone, extended release/implant and oral formulation), or as adjuvants to substitution therapy (e.g. olanzapine for aggressive behaviours, memantine or dextromethorphan for reducing inflammatory processes related to opioid use). More good quality data derived from larger, well designed trials are needed in order to find solid recommendations for non-opioid agonists in the treatment of opioid use disorder.
Pedagogical works of Akhmet Baitursynuly (Primary school. «Alphabet». Textbook)
Authors: Anes G.
Published: May 2022

The article analyzes the pedagogical works of Akhmet Baitursynuly. In the innovative works of the great teacher of the nation, who was born on the Kazakh land, each scientific concept was given a nominal value, and the integral terminological system of Kazakh linguistics and literary studies was formed.
Repeated compound adverbs
Authors: Tansykbayeva В. A.
Published: May 2022

The article discusses the types of analytical method, their word-forming abilities and functions. It is known that the analytical method of creating complex words performs a very productive function in linguistics. The article describes the features of the method of repetition in the formation of complex adverbs of the word-forming system. In the study of complex adverbs, the theory of repeated words in linguistics was taken as a basis. Despite the fact that repeated words were studied in science comprehensively, in word-forming systems of parts of speech, complex words were not fully studied. In the word-forming system of adverbs of the modern Kazakh language, complex repeated adverbs created by the method of repetition are defined, and their features are presented.

Complex adverbs created by repeating the same root word in different forms have also been defined. On the basis of compound adverbs conisting of two words, their types are indicated.
PENYULUHAN DAN PEMERIKSAAN KESEHATAN SEBAGAI “SCREENING TEST” PENYAKIT TIDAK MENULAR PADA MASYARAKAT DUSUN TOGIHORO, DESA KUSURI KECAMATAN TOBELO BARAT
Authors: Blandina Olivia Asih , Ohoiwutun Ludyana Veronika , Bungan Jeversan , Hohedu Ribka , Kundiman Marselino
Published: May 2022

Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan selama 1 hari pada masyarakat di Dusun Togihoro, Desa Kusuri, Kecamatan Tobelo Barat yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit tidak menular dan melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan sebagai bentuk “screening test” untuk mendeteksi dini kadar asam urat, gula darah dan koleterol. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan oleh dosen dan mahasiswa Program Studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan pemeriksaan kesehatan.  Tahapan pelaksanaan diawali dengan penyuluhan tentang penyakit tidak menular (PTM) yang disampaikan oleh dosen program studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo, yang dilanjutkan dengan diskusi dan tanya jawab. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksanaan kesehatan yang mencakup pemeriksaan kadar asam urat, gula darah dan kolesterol. Hasil evaluasi terhadap kegiatan pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa  masyarakat mengalami peningkatan pengetahuan tentang penyakit tidak menular (PTM)  dibandingkan sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan. Hasil pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa sejumlah warga Dusun Togihoro, Desa Kusuri, Kecamatan Tobelo Barat menderita penyakit tidak menular seperti Kolesterol, Asam Urat, dan Diabetes.
BUDIDAYA SAYURAN ORGANIK PADA PEKARANGAN RUMAH DI DESA WARI INO, KECAMATAN TOBELO
Authors: Kastanja Ariance , Patty Zeth , Kaboru Rian Ritno
Published: May 2022

Pelatihan budidaya sayuran organik dilaksanakan bagi  kelompok ibu rumah tangga di desa Wari Ino dengan memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan, dengan luaran yang dicapai  adalah konsep pemberdayaan dan model budidaya pekarangan  yang diadopsi oleh masyarakat khususnya ibu-ibu rumah tangga. Permasalahan yang dihadapi  anggota  adalah rendahnya pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan karena rendahnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan budidaya sayuran organik. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan, pelatihan budidaya sayuran pada lahan pekarangan.   Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini adalah bertambahnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan anggota  dalam pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan, serta  tiap anggota sudah memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan rumah dengan menanam berbagai jenis tanaman sayuran.
PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN HAND SANITIZER ALAMI BERBASIS MINYAK KAYU PUTIH DI DESA PASSO, KECAMATAN BAGUALA, KOTA AMBON
Authors: Grace Sipahelut Sophia , Novalin Lawalata Vita , Lumbang Tobing Marchel
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam membuat hand sanitizer berbasis minyak kayu putih di Desa Passo Kecamatan Teluk Ambon Baguala Kota Ambon.  Sasaran kegiatan ini adalah masyarakat Desa Passo, sedangkan metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan pelatihan.  Kegiatan ini berjalan dengan baik dan lancar serta memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat Desa Passo Kecamatan Baguala Kota Ambon.  Partisipasi peserta dalam kegiatan ini juga baik, terlihat dari antusiasme peserta dalam mengikuti kegiatan ini mulai dari kegiatan penyuluhan sampai pelatihan.  Melalui kegiatan penyuluhan, masyarakat memperoleh ilmu dan pengetahuan mengenai kandungan minyak kayu putih dan pemanfaatannya, keuntungan dan kerugian hand sanitizer, teknologi sederhana pembuatan hand sanitizer berbahan alam minyak kayu putih.  Masyarakat lebih mengerti pentingnya pembuatan hand sanitizer berbahan alam.  Pelaksanaan pelatihan dan praktek yang diberikan mampu meningkatkan keterampilan masyarakat dalam membuat hand sanitizer dengan penambahan minyak kayu putih sebagai pengganti alkohol.
PENYULUHAN BUDIDAYA TANAMAN SAYURAN BAGI TIM PKK DI DESA MAKETE KECAMATAN GALELA BARAT, KABUPATEN HALMAHERA UTARA
Authors: Patty Zeth , Yeane Kastanja Ariance
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan Pengabdian Msyarakat yang dilakukan di Desa Makete, Kecamatan Gaelala Barat ini bertujuan untuk memberi pengetahuan dan ketrampilan bagi tim PKK tentang  budidaya tanaman sayuran secara organik yang baik. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan tentang budidaya tanaman sayuran disertai pembuatan demplot sayuran.  Peserta kegiatan ini adalah tim PKK Desa Makete yang berjumlah 27 orang, yang telah mencoba menanam sayuran secara tradisional.  Hasil evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian menunjukkan bahwa telah meningkatnya pengetahuan dan ketrampilan Tim PKK Desa Makete yang membudidayakan sayuran,. Selain itu juga terjadi perubahan pemahaman dalam teknik budidaya seperti yang dilakukan selama ini
PENYULUHAN DAN DETEKSI DINI FAKTOR RISIKO PENYAKIT TIDAK MENULAR PADA MASYARAKAT DESA HERO INO KECAMATAN TOBELO BARAT
Authors: Asih Blandina Olivia , Nur Fitria Pipit , Tjingaisa Yurensi Felni , Yulianti Hohedu Ribka , Veronika Ohoiwutun Ludyana
Published: May 2022

Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan selama satu hari pada masyarakat Desa Hero Ino Kecamatan Tobelo Barat, yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat Desa Hero Ino  tentang pennyakit tidak menular (ptm) dan melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan untuk mendeteksi dini kadar asam urat, gula darah dan koleterol. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan oleh dosen Program Studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan pemeriksaan kesehatan.  Tahapan pelaksanaan diawali dengan penyuluhan tentang penyakit asam urat, kolesterol, dan gula darah  yang disampaikan oleh dosen program studi Keperawatan Universitas Hein Namotemo, yang dilanjutkan dengan diskusi dan tanya jawab.. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksanaan kesehatan yang mencakup pemeriksaan kadar asam urat, gula darah dan kolesterol. Hasil evaluasi terhadap kegiatan pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa  masyarakat Desa Hero Ino mengalami peningkatan tentang faktor resiko penyakit tidak menular dibandingkan sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan. Hasil pemeriksanaan kesehatan menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Desa Hero Ino, Kecamatan Tobelo Barat memiliki kadar kolesterol tinggi sebanyak 12 orang, asam urat tinggi 15 orang, dan gula darah tinggi 1 orang.
PENYULUHAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT MENINGKATKAN PENGETAHUAN SISWA SMA MERAH PUTIH DI DOKULAMO KECAMATAN GALELA BARAT
Authors: Cabu Roberto , Christin Fika Elfira
Published: May 2022

Kegiatan penyuluhan yang telah dilaksanakan di SMU Merah Putih Dokulamo Kecamatan Galela Barat  Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat melalui proses membangun kesadaran sehingga dapat membantu mencegah penyebaran covid-19 di lingkungan sekolah, khususnya pada pelajar dan guru. Metode  yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan tanya jawab. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa siswa dan guru di SMU Merah Putih Dokulamo telah memiliki pengetahuan yang terkait dengan perilaku hidup sehat yang meliputi  kebiasaan mencuci tangan, menggunakan jamban sekolah, memberantas jentik nyamuk secara rutin, membuang sampah secara teratur serta mengikuti kegiatan olahraga
NURSES’ PERCEPTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Asiri Nawal A. , Alqahtani Mona S. , Alqashanin Mesfer M. , Mozher Abdullah , Alqarni Aida S. , Benjamin Lizy S. , Mostafa Ossama A
Published: May 2022

Background: Nursing as a profession has been consistently challenging. As a result of the unstable conditions and continuous unpredictable changes in work environment due to the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses are experiencing twice the pressure than nurses who are recruited in normal circumstances. Organizational support is essential to assist nurses in reducing job-related stress. Objective: To evaluate nurses’ perceived organizational support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was followed in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia that included 288 nurses working in 13 governmental hospitals. A self-administered questionnaire was designed by the researchers (in both English and Arabic versions), which included sociodemographic characteristics and the COVID Organizational Support Scale. Results: Most participant were Saudi (79.5%), females (91.3%), and aged 23-35 years (93.1%). About two-thirds of nurses (61.8%) had 1-2 years of work experience in Saudi Arabia. Most nurses (87.2%) had a Bachelor degree. Most participants dealt with COVID-19 patients and had previous experience with previous outbreaks (77.8% for both). The majority of nurses agreed regarding having access to appropriate personal protective equipment (75.3%), and getting tested for COVID-19 when they need to (70.8%). However, 90.3% of participants agreed that they are exposed to the risk of getting COVID-19 at work and they may take the virus home to their families, while 22.2% agreed that they have access to childcare during increased work hours and school closure, and 46.5% lack access to up-to-date information and communication from the healthcare system. Almost half of nurses (47.2%) perceived a poor organization support level, while 44.1% perceived good support level and only 8.7% perceived an excellent support level. Poor organizational support was most perceived by those aged 23-35 years (49.3%, p=0.044), while it was least perceived by female nurses (47.9%), non-Saudi nurses (50.8%), single nurses (48.8%), having no children (49.5%), with 1-2 years’ experience in Saudi Arabia (50%), with Bachelor degree (48.6%), who deal with COVID-19 patients (50%) and with no previous experience with previous outbreaks. However, apart from nurses’ age groups, differences in perceived organizational support according to nurses’ personal characteristics were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Nurses’ perceived organizational support in Aseer Region during the COVID-19 pandemic is suboptimal. Therefore, training should be provided to nurses in order to handle and cope with the increased workload during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to mitigate any experienced exhaustion. Key Words: Organizational Support; Nursing; COVID-19; Saudi Arabia.
EFFECT OF REGULAR EXERCISE DURING PREGNANCY ON DURATION OF LABOR: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Baker Omar Ghazi , Al Otaibi Areej Ghalib , Al Khunaizi Anwar Nader , Al Ammar Kamila
Published: May 2022

Background: Many women decide to focus on and improve their lifestyle when they discover that they are pregnant and exercise is an effective tool for preventing pregnancy-linked illnesses. This systematic review set out to investigate whether taking regular exercise during pregnancy impacts on the length of a woman’s labor. Method: Literature searches were undertaken; the following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Cochrane, ProQuest Nursing, and MEDLINE. Also, the electronic database search was manual searching of reference lists in articles to locate any relevant related material that may not have been shown. The search was conducted from late 2018 through to 2022. The search was completed on 3rd of March 2022. Results: A total of three studies were included in the final synthesis of evidence. In this analysis, data from various other subjective studies were pooled together using the standardized mean difference statistic (SMD). The overall effect of regular exercise during pregnancy on duration of labor demonstrates a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control group (n=548, standardized mean difference (SMD) -1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.40 to -0.09, p = 0.04). Conclusion: This meta-analysis established that undertaking regular exercise throughout pregnancy has a positive effect on the duration of labor, and further clinical trials should be conducted to validate and replicate our findings. Keywords: Exercise, Labor duration, pregnancy
Harper and Its Aftermath
Authors: Rakowski Eric
Published: May 2022

In Davis v. Michigan Department of Treasury, the Supreme Court ruled that states may not tax the pensions of former federal workers without imposing a like tax on the retirement income of former state employees. Noting that Michigan had agreed to refund the state income taxes Paul Davis had paid on his federal pension over the years in controversy, the Court stated that he was entitled to a refund. It then remanded the case to allow the Michigan courts and state lawmakers to determine how state and federal retirees were to be treated equally in the future-both taxed according to the same schedule or exempted from tax-and to resolve the thousands of refund claims by federal pensioners that had been or might be filed.Davis provoked a whirlwind of activity in state courts and legislatures across the country, because two dozen states taxed state retirement income more lightly than federal pensions, contrary to the Supreme Court's understanding of the doctrine of intergovernmental tax immunity. Davis left no doubt that states must equalize the taxation of federal and state retirees following the issuance of the Court's opinion. But the Court's bare mention of Michigan's concession to refund Davis's taxes failed to answer clearly the question of whether states owed some form of retroactive relief to all similarly situated federal retirees who had paid higher taxes than had state pensioners. Not surprisingly, in view of the number of courts that issued rulings, the enormous sums at stake, and the confusion swirling around the Supreme Court's recent retroactivity rulings, state courts disagreed over whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause mandates a remedy for past wrongs. Many, including Virginia's Supreme Court, concluded that Davis established a requirement of equal treatment solely for the future. Accordingly, they refused to order refunds to federal retirees or to impose a retroactive tax on state pensions to secure equality after the fact.
Neutral International Tax Rules Allocating Costs: Successful Formula for U.S. Research and Development
Authors: Brown Karen B.
Published: May 2022

The decline of U.S. research and development efforts in recent years dominates political, scientific and academic discourse. It is attributed, in part, to military research cutbacks after the end of the cold war and, in part, to the U.S. economic recession. Many fear that the research and development slowdown portends the demise of the United States as a significant factor in the global market for goods and services. Others believe the decline is only one of many indicators of the diminished competitive position of the United States in the global economy. In a pre-elecion proposal to stimulate technological growth and to strengthen industry for anticipated "international trade wars of the 1990's and beyond," President Clinton advocated a shift of at least thirty billion dollars from military research activities to the private sector over a four year period. The Clinton proposal envisioned cost sharing technology joint ventures between the federal government and private industry.
U.S. Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Branches of Foreign Banks: Selected Issues and Perspectives
Authors: Reich Yaron Z.
Published: May 2022

An earlier version of this article was presented to the Tax Club in New York in December 1993.The title of this article notwithstanding, the United States does not in fact tax the U.S. branches of foreign banks; branches are not regarded as distinct entities for most federal income tax purposes. Rather, the United States taxes foreign corporations (including banks) that are engaged in a trade or business within the United States on taxable income that is effectively connected with the conduct of that U.S. trade or business.But the story is not so simple. Various provisions of the Code and Regulations-including especially Regulations section 1.882-5, providing for the determination of the deductible interest expense of a foreign bank attributable to its U.S. trade or business, the branch profits tax, and the branch level interest tax-treat U.S. branches of foreign banks as separate entities, to one degree or another. Also, most income tax treaties provide that there should be attributed to a U.S. branch (a permanent establishment) the business profits that it might be expected to earn if it were a distinct and separate entity.Moreover, in recent years, the nature of international banking has evolved considerably. Many banks now actively trade and deal in foreign currencies; in interest rate and foreign currency forward and futures contracts, options, and swaps; and in various equity- and commodity-derivative products, as well as in securities. These activities have resulted in a tremendous expansion of the volume and type of transactions involving multiple branches of these banks, both in providing financial products to customers and in hedging the risks assumed by the banks. The involvement of multiple branches in these transactions takes a variety of forms, including transactions between branches (such as swaps, sales of property, loans, and forward contracts) and joint efforts to provide products to customers. These developments have placed considerable pressure on the concepts that traditionally have been applied in determining the amount of a foreign bank's taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including the extent to which a branch should be disregarded as a separate entity.
The Taxation of Interest Swaps and the Financial Service Charge: Toward a Consistent Approach
Authors: Beer Yishai
Published: May 2022

The Supreme Court has defined interest as "compensation for the use or forbearance of money."' This definition, and its subsequent interpretation by the courts, requires a direct link between the payment of "compensation" and the "use of money." This link has created a distortion in the current U.S. tax treatment of the administrative cost component of interest and its "financial service charge" substitute, and ambiguity with regard to the taxation of interest swaps.Economically, interest consists, in part, of compensation given to a saver-lender for forgoing current consumption in favor of an ability to consume more in the future ("time preference") and compensation for forgoing a typical preference for liquidity. Interest also reflects compensation for the risks of default and inflation, and reimbursement of the lender's administrative costs. The U.S. tax system has adopted a consistent approach by treating all the interest components alike, and generally, by not bifurcating a fixed amount of interest into its different economic components. This approach can be demonstrated, for example, with regard to the taxation of the inflation component. An exception to this approach however, is the tax treatment of an "abnormal" risk of default under the "junk-bond" provision of the Code.
A Consumed Income World- The Low Income and Prospects for Simplification- Replies to Professors Fleming and Yin
Authors: Galvin Charles O.
Published: May 2022

As chair of the Committee on Tax Structure and Simplification of the Section of Taxation of the American Bar Association, I invited Professors Fleming and Yin to lead a discussion with members of the Committee on the effects of various proposed consumed income tax models. Splendid scholars as they are, each converted his informal remarks into a published article.Meanwhile, the airwaves have been surfeited with talk shows, interviews, and panel discussions dealing ad nauseam with flat, and flatter, taxes, a consumed income tax, a national sales tax, and various proposals for taxation of business income. The general obfuscation of important and critical issues often seems intentionally deliberate, and in any case, however presented, does little to inform the public. Of all the issues we have on our national platter-abortion, gun control, educational policy, crime in the streets-taxation is the most emotionally supercharged because it affects us all. We all pay taxes, direct and indirect; taxes pervade and permeate our lives. Why can we not have clear and direct demonstrations of what various proposals would accomplish? Some years ago, Louis Eisenstein wrote that the problem is not that the American people do not understand the tax system; rather, the problem is that they may come to understand it too well.
Assumption of Contingent Liabilities on Sale of a Business
Authors: Halperin Daniel
Published: May 2022

This article discusses the federal income tax consequences of a buyer's assumption of contingent liabilities in a taxable sale of the assets of a trade or business. Although judicial precedent remains scarce, several articles written over the past few years have considered this issue. Nevertheless, the matter remains unsettled both as to the theoretically correct result and, perhaps, more importantly, as to what is required to achieve a workable solution.Since the Treasury apparently considers the treatment of contingent liabilities to be ripe for a regulation project, my hope here is to clarify the issues and to present the options in a comprehensive and orderly manner so as to facilitate a decision. Although I do not describe current law in detail, I indicate where the possible approaches might differ from existing precedent and, therefore, to what extent it might be necessary to seek legislation. A solution is made more difficult, in some circumstances, by the reintroduction of a substantial difference between the rates applicable to ordinary income and capital gains.