bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Therapeutic Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Poongodi Raju , Hsu Yung-Wei , Yang Tao-Hsiang , Huang Ya-Hsien , Yang Kuender D. , Lin Hsin-Chieh , Cheng Jen-Kun
Published: January 2025

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI). These nanosized vesicles possess unique properties such as low immunogenicity and the ability to cross biological barriers, making them ideal carriers for delivering bioactive molecules to injured tissues. MSC-EVs have been demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects in SCI, including reducing inflammation, promoting neuroprotection, and enhancing axonal regeneration. Recent studies have delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying MSC-EV-mediated therapeutic effects. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as key regulators of various cellular processes involved in SCI pathogenesis and repair. These miRNAs can influence inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by modulating gene expression. This review summarized the current state of MSC-EV-based therapies for SCI, highlighting the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications. We discussed the challenges and limitations of translating these therapies into clinical practice, such as inconsistent EV production, complex cargo composition, and the need for targeted delivery strategies. Future research should focus on optimizing EV production and characterization, identifying key therapeutic miRNAs, and developing innovative delivery systems to maximize the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs in SCI.
Circular RNA Formation and Degradation Are Not Directed by Universal Pathways
Authors: Srinivasan Arvind , Mroczko-Młotek Emilia , Wojciechowska Marzena
Published: January 2025

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of unique transcripts characterized by a covalently closed loop structure, which differentiates them from conventional linear RNAs. The formation of circRNAs occurs co-transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally through a distinct type of splicing known as back-splicing, which involves the formation of a head-to-tail splice junction between a 5′ splice donor and an upstream 3′ splice acceptor. This process, along with exon skipping, intron retention, cryptic splice site utilization, and lariat-driven intron processing, results in the generation of three main types of circRNAs (exonic, intronic, and exonic–intronic) and their isoforms. The intricate biogenesis of circRNAs is regulated by the interplay of cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors, with intronic Alu repeats and RNA-binding proteins playing pivotal roles, at least in the formation of exonic circRNAs. Various hypotheses regarding pathways of circRNA turnover are forwarded, including endonucleolytic cleavage and exonuclease-mediated degradation; however, similarly to the inconclusive nature of circRNA biogenesis, the process of their degradation and the factors involved remain largely unclear. There is a knowledge gap regarding whether these processes are guided by universal pathways or whether each category of circRNAs requires special tools and particular mechanisms for their life cycles. Understanding these factors is pivotal for fully comprehending the biological significance of circRNAs. This review provides an overview of the various pathways involved in the biogenesis and degradation of different types of circRNAs and explores key factors that have beneficial or adverse effects on the formation and stability of these unique transcripts in higher eukaryotes.
Identification and Candidate Gene Analysis of Brcl1, a Novel Gene Confers a Leaf Curled Phenotype in Brassica rapa L.
Authors: Wang Lihui , Liu Huishan , Sun Yunxia , Wang Wei , Li Chao , Liu Yuanwei , Liu Zhiyong , Ji Ruiqin , Huang Shengnan , Qu Gaoyang , Wang Yugang
Published: January 2025

Leaf shape is an important determinant of photosynthesis, yield and quality in plants. In this study, we obtained a curled leaf mutant, cl1, from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced mutagenesis population. It was designated the Brcl1YS locus. Bulk segregant RNA sequencing combined with recombinant screening identified the candidate interval responsible for Brcl1YS in a 97.5 kb region on chromosome A02. Twelve genes were identified within the candidate region. Sequence differences and co-separation verification confirmed that BraA02g017030.3C was the most promising candidate gene underlying the Brcl1YS locus. It is homologous to Arabidopsis AT1G66350 (RGL1), which has been shown to act as a negative regulator of the gibberellin pathway. Combined with cell morphology observation, it is speculated that the loss of function of Brcl1YS results in differences in cell development, ultimately leading to changes in leaf morphology. The results will contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf curling in B. rapa.
Genetic Structure of Hereditary Forms of Diabetes Mellitus in Russia
Authors: Minniakhmetov Ildar R. , Khusainova Rita I. , Laptev Dmitry N. , Yalaev Bulat I. , Karpova Yulia S. , Deev Roman V. , Salakhov Ramil R. , Panteleev Dmitry D. , Smirnov Kirill V. , Melnichenko Galina A. , Shestakova Marina V. , Mokrysheva Natalia G.
Published: January 2025

Analyzing the genetic architecture of hereditary forms of diabetes in different populations is a critical step toward optimizing diagnostic and preventive algorithms. This requires consideration of regional and population-specific characteristics, including the spectrum and frequency of pathogenic variants in targeted genes. As part of this study, we used a custom-designed NGS panel to screen for mutations in 28 genes associated with the pathogenesis of hereditary diabetes mellitus in 506 unrelated patients from Russia. The study identified 180 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants across 13 genes (GCK, HNF1A, HNF1B, HNF4A, ABCC8, INS, INSR, KCNJ11, PAX4, PDX1, ZFP57, BLK, WFS1), representing 46.44% of the analyzed cohort (235 individuals). The glucokinase gene (GCK) had the highest number of identified variants, with 111 variants detected in 161 patients, 20 of which were identified for the first time. In the tissue-specific transcription factor genes HNF1A, HNF4A, and HNF1B, 34 variants were found in 38 patients, including 13 that were previously unreported. Seventeen variants were identified in the ABCC8 gene, which encodes the ATP-binding cassette transporter 8 of subfamily C, each found in a different patient; four of these were novel discoveries. Nine pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in the insulin gene (INS) and its receptor gene (INSR), including four previously unreported variants. Additionally, we identified 10 previously unreported variants in six other genes among 11 patients. Variants in the genes GCK, HNF1A, HNF1B, HNF4A, ABCC8, INS, and INSR were the main contributors to the genetic pathogenesis of hereditary diabetes mellitus in the Russian cohort. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease and provide a solid basis for future studies aimed at improving diagnostic accuracy and advancing personalized therapeutic strategies. This knowledge provides a foundation for developing region-specific genetic testing algorithms and personalized therapeutic strategies, which are critical for future initiatives in precision medicine.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties and Bioactivity of Koroneiki and Athinolia Olive Varieties Using In Vitro Cell-Free and Cell-Based Assays
Authors: Gkasdrogka Maria , Tekos Fotios , Skaperda Zoi , Vardakas Periklis , Kouretas Demetrios
Published: January 2025

Olive oil and table olives are considered staples of the Mediterranean diet and have been associated with various health benefits. Literature reports that the final composition of the olive drupe is greatly affected by varietal and agronomic factors, each contributing to a different degree. To that end, the objective of the study was the evaluation of the contribution of different agronomic conditions applied to two Greek olive varieties (Koroneiki, Mastoidis) using a holistic approach of in vitro methods. The findings highlight the importance of the application of a combination of agronomic techniques for each variety, as marked by the differences found in the antioxidant radical-scavenging and reducing power assays. Furthermore, the results obtained from the measurement of redox biomarkers (GSH, ROS, TBARS) in cell lines (EA.hy926, HepG2, MKN45) treated with olive samples demonstrate the capacity of the samples to induce redox imbalance, either by protecting normal cells from damage, or by inducing oxidative damage in cancer cell lines, with the Athinolia samples exhibiting greater antioxidant potential at lower concentrations. This particular finding could have further applications in possible chemo-preventive approaches facilitated by antioxidant compounds of natural origins.
Ultra-Sensitive Aptamer-Based Diagnostic Systems for Rapid Detection of All SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Authors: Kim Sang Won , Han Min Jung , Rahman Md Shafiqur , Kim Heesun , Noh Jung Eun , Lee Myoung Kyu , Kim Meehyein , Lee Jie-Oh , Jang Sung Key
Published: January 2025

The emergence of numerous SARS-CoV-2 variants, characterized by mutations in the viral RNA genome and target proteins, has presented challenges for accurate COVID-19 diagnosis. To address this, we developed universal aptamer probes capable of binding to the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including highly mutated strains like Omicron. These aptamers were identified through protein-based SELEX using spike proteins from three key variants (D614G-substituted Wuhan-Hu-1, Delta, and Omicron) and virus-based SELEX, known as viro-SELEX. Leveraging these universal aptamers, we created a highly sensitive lateral flow assay (LFA) and an ultra-sensitive molecular diagnostic platform that integrates a novel rapid PCR technique, enabling fast and reliable detection across all SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Three-Dimensional Printing/Bioprinting and Cellular Therapies for Regenerative Medicine: Current Advances
Authors: Sousa Ana Catarina , Alvites Rui , Lopes Bruna , Sousa Patrícia , Moreira Alícia , Coelho André , Santos José Domingos , Atayde Luís , Alves Nuno , Maurício Ana Colette
Published: January 2025

The application of three-dimensional (3D) printing/bioprinting technologies and cell therapies has garnered significant attention due to their potential in the field of regenerative medicine. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of 3D printing/bioprinting technology and cell therapies, highlighting their results in diverse medical applications, while also discussing the capabilities and limitations of their combined use. The synergistic combination of 3D printing and cellular therapies has been recognised as a promising and innovative approach, and it is expected that these technologies will progressively assume a crucial role in the treatment of various diseases and conditions in the foreseeable future. This review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the future impact of these technologies, highlighting their potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine through enhanced tissue repair and organ replacement strategies.
Ultimate Strength Analysis of Aluminium Honeycomb Sandwich Panels Subjected to Uniaxial Compressive Loads and Lateral Pressure
Authors: Elsaka Mohamed , Garbatov Yordan
Published: January 2025

Ultimate strength is critical for hull structures because it determines the maximum load the structure can withstand before catastrophic failure. Aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels provide excellent energy absorption and a high strength-to-weight ratio. However, further investigation of honeycomb sandwich panel structural performance is needed in typical marine conditions. This study focuses on the numerical analysis of honeycomb sandwich panels employing the nonlinear finite element method through the commercial software ANSYS. It investigates their performance under uniaxial compression and varying lateral pressure conditions while considering different cell edge lengths and core height configurations. Several structural configurations are compared to the experimental work published in the literature. Enhanced by experimental accuracy, the present study is a further step in expanding the application of honeycomb sandwich panels for ship hull applications that may lead to light and energy-efficient structures.
Gender Inequality in Spain’s Official Music Charts: Neither Representation nor Success for Female Artists (2008–2020)
Authors: Sánchez-Olmos Cande
Published: January 2025

This study seeks to investigate gender inequality in the Spanish’s official music charts from 2008 to 2020, using a quantitative methodology. The dataset comprises 1300 entries sourced from Promusicae’s official charts, evenly divided between albums and singles. Firstly, this analysis evaluates the frequency of artist representation; secondly, it assesses the success achieved by gender; and finally, it examines disparities in featured collaborations. The findings indicate that male artists appear almost three times more frequently than their female counterparts on both charts, achieve a higher amount of points, and dominate the role of featuring collaborations. Notably, Spanish female artists are predominantly absent from the top positions in the singles chart. Moreover, there is an absence of female bands in the top 50. The observed outcomes align with previous research concerning gender inequality in the United States and the United Kingdom, highlighting a persistent structural gender inequality within Spain’s music industry throughout the reviewed period, which systematically undermines the creativity of female artists.
Advancing Asset Tokenization in the European Union and Latvia: A Regulatory and Policy Perspective
Authors: Jūrmalis Nauris , Berķe-Berga Anželika , Urbāne Marta
Published: January 2025

Our study examines the regulatory challenges and opportunities of asset tokenization within the context of the European Union (EU), emphasizing the balance between technological innovation and investor protection in the digital economy. Focusing on 2023 EU Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation and its application in Latvia, we utilize comparative legal and integrative literature review methodologies to explore how regulatory frameworks can enhance investor accessibility, liquidity, and transparency in digital transactions. Our findings emphasize the importance of strong legal frameworks in promoting economic growth and protecting investors, thereby contributing to a more inclusive financial ecosystem. By examining the regulatory landscape for distributed ledger technology, we provide insights into how regulations can balance innovation in asset management with the imperative of investor protection. We offer a broad analysis of the intersection between legal frameworks and technological advancements in Latvia, illustrating how diverse regulatory approaches can support both economic development and investor interests. Our research originality lies in its focus on the EU’s regulatory diversity, particularly in Latvia, and its implications for broader European and international regulatory environments. Our study contributes to ongoing discussions on optimizing regulatory strategies to facilitate secure and advantageous financial technologies, reflecting the diversity of legal and economic approaches across Europe.
Behavior of YSZ (High Y2O3 Content) Layer on Inconel to Electro-Chemical Corrosion
Authors: Adomniței Ionut , Cimpoeșu Ramona , Chicet Daniela Lucia , Coteață Margareta , Lupu Fabian Cezar , Bejinariu Costică , Andrușcă Liviu , Paraschiv Petronela , Axinte Mihai , Bădărău Gheorghe , Cimpoeșu Nicanor
Published: January 2025

The high yttria content of a stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (38 wt% Y2O3) coating was deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) from Metco 207 powders on an Inconel 718 (Ni-based superalloy) substrate. As a metal coating connection, a layer of cermet powder (Ni-20% Al—410NS) was used before the ceramic layer deposition. The electro-chemical corrosion resistance of these materials was tested using Inconel cylinders with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 1 mm, with and without the ceramic layer. Linear and cyclic measurements were obtained in H2SO4 electrolyte media at pH = 2. Electro-impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments were performed on the sample covered with the ceramic layer to evaluate the interface behavior. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), along with equipment to determine chemical composition, and an energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) detector were used to characterize the material surface before and after corrosion tests. It was observed that the corrosion resistance of Inconel was influenced by the bonding layer and the ceramic coating.
Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy 14 (HLD14)-Related UFC1 p.Arg23Gln Decreases Cell Morphogenesis: A Phenotype Reversable with Hesperetin
Authors: Ichihara Yuri , Okawa Maho , Minegishi Minori , Oizumi Hiroaki , Yamamoto Masahiro , Ohbuchi Katsuya , Miyamoto Yuki , Yamauchi Junji
Published: January 2025

Introduction: In the central nervous system (CNS), proper interaction between neuronal and glial cells is crucial for the development of mature nervous tissue. Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HLDs) are a group of genetic CNS disorders characterized by hypomyelination and/or demyelination. In these conditions, genetic mutations disrupt the biological functions of oligodendroglial cells, which are responsible for wrapping neuronal axons with myelin sheaths. Among these, an amino acid mutation of the ubiquitin-fold modifier conjugating enzyme 1 (UFC1) is associated with HLD14-related disease, characterized by hypomyelination and delayed myelination in the brain. UFC1 is a critical component of the UFMylation system, functioning similarly to E2-conjugating enzymes in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system. Methodology: We describe how a missense mutation in UFC1 (p.Arg23Gln) leads to the aggregation of UFC1 primarily in lysosomes in FBD-102b cells, which are undergoing oligodendroglial cell differentiation. Results: Cells with mutated UFC1 exhibit reduced Akt kinase phosphorylation and reduced expression of differentiation and myelination marker proteins. Consistently, these cells exhibit impaired morphological differentiation with a reduced ability to extend widespread membranes. Interestingly, hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid with known neuroprotective properties, was found to restore differentiation abilities in cells with the UFC1 mutation. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the HLD14-related mutation in UFC1 causes its lysosomal aggregation, impairing its morphological differentiation. Furthermore, the study highlights potential therapeutic insights into the pathological molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying HLD14 and suggests hesperetin as a promising candidate for treatment.
Comparative Study of Lipid Profile for Mice Treated with Cyclophosphamide by HPLC-HRMS and Bioinformatics
Authors: Demicheva Ekaterina , Polanco Espino Fernando Jonathan , Vedeneev Pavel , Shevyrin Vadim , Buhler Aleksey , Mukhlynina Elena , Berdiugina Olga , Mondragon Alicia del Carmen , Cepeda Sáez Alberto , Lopez-Santamarina Aroa , Cardelle-Cobas Alejandra , Solovyova Olga , Danilova Irina , Miranda Jose Manuel , Kovaleva Elena
Published: January 2025

Purpose: Immunodeficiency conditions, which are characterized by reduced immune activity that promotes the development of chronic diseases, are needed for efficient monitoring. A promising area of monitoring and early diagnosis of immunodeficiency diseases is the determination of metabolic biomarkers in the blood. Methods: In this work, we identified a set of lipid biomarkers of immunodeficiency states by performing high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) analysis of blood plasma samples from mice and processing them with bioinformatics approaches. Potential biomarkers were selected through statistical analysis and further validated by MS/MS. Conclusions: As a result, 15 lipids were confirmed and selected as potential biomarkers of immunodeficiency states. The selected biomarkers can be further studied and serve as promising targets for the early diagnosis of immunodeficiency diseases.
Interface Acoustic Waves in 128° YX-LiNbO3/SU-8/Overcoat Structures
Authors: Caliendo Cinzia , Benetti Massimiliano , Cannatà Domenico , Laidoudi Farouk , Petrone Gaetana
Published: January 2025

The propagation of interface acoustic waves (IAWs) in 128° YX-LiNbO3/SU-8/overcoat structures was theoretically studied and experimentally investigated for different types of overcoat materials and thicknesses of the SU-8 adhesive layer. Three-dimensional finite element method analysis was performed using Comsol Multiphysics software to design an optimized multilayer configuration able to achieve an efficient guiding effect of the IAW at the LiNbO3/overcoat interface. Numerical analysis results showed the following: (i) an overcoat faster than the piezoelectric half-space ensures that the wave propagation is confined mainly close to the surface of the LiNbO3, although with minimal scattering in the overcoat; (ii) the presence of the SU-8, in addition to performing the essential function of an adhesive layer, can also promote the trapping of the acoustic energy toward the surface of the piezoelectric substrate; and (iii) the electromechanical coupling efficiency of the IAW is very close to that of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) along the bare LiNbO3 half-space. The numerical predictions were experimentally assessed for some SU-8 layer thicknesses and overcoat material types. The propagation of the IAWs was experimentally measured in LiNbO3/SU-8/fused silica, LiNbO3/SU-8/(001)Si, and LiNbO3/SU-8/c-Al2O3 structures for an SU-8 layer about 15 µm thick; the velocities of the IAWs were found in good agreement with the theoretically calculated values. Although the interest in IAWs was born many years ago for packageless applications, it can currently be renewed if thought for applications in microfluidics. Indeed, the IAWs may represent a valid alternative to standing SAWs, which are strongly attenuated when travelling beneath the walls of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels for continuous flow particle manipulation, provided that the channel is excavated into the overcoating.
Nano-Perforated Silicon Membrane with Monolithically Integrated Buried Cavity
Authors: Kota Sanjeev Vishal , Thilsted Anil , Trimarco Daniel , Pan Jesper Yue , Hansen Ole , Hübner Jörg , Taboryski Rafael , Jansen Henri
Published: January 2025

A wafer-scale process for fabricating monolithically suspended nano-perforated membranes (NPMs) with integrated support structures into silicon is developed. Existing fabrication methods are suitable for many desired geometries, but face challenges related to mechanical robustness and fabrication complexity. We demonstrate a process that utilizes the cyclic deposit, remove, etch, and multi-step (DREM) process for directional etching of high-aspect-ratio (HAR) 300 nm in diameter nano-pores of 700 nm pitch. Subsequently, a buried cavity beneath the nano-pores is formed by switching to an isotropic etch, which effectively yields a thick NPM. Due to this architecture’s flexibility and process robustness, structural parameters such as membrane thickness, diameter, integrated support structures, and cavity height can be adjusted, allowing a wide range of NPM geometries. This work presents NPMs with final thicknesses of 4.5 µm, 6.5 µm, and 12 µm. Detailed steps of this new approach are discussed, including the etching of a through-silicon-via to establish the connection of the NPM to the macro-world. Our approach to fabricating NPMs within single-crystal silicon overcomes some of the limitations of previous methods. Owing to its monolithic design, this NPM architecture permits further enhancements through material deposition, pore size reduction, and surface functionalization, broadening its application potential for corrosive environments, purification and separation processes, and numerous other advanced applications.
Modeling Temperature and Moisture Dynamics in Corn Storage Silos: A Comparative 2D and 3D Approach
Authors: Molina-Herrera Fernando Iván , Quemada-Villagómez Luis Isai , Calderón-Ramírez Mario , Martínez-González Gloria María , Jiménez-Islas Hugo
Published: January 2025

Grain storage in silos plays a fundamental role in preserving the quality and safety of agricultural products. This study presents a comparative evaluation of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) mathematical models to predict the temperature and moisture distribution during unventilated corn storage in cylindrical silos with conical roofs. The models incorporate external temperature fluctuations, solar radiation, grain moisture equilibrium with air humidity via sorption isotherm (water activity), and grain respiration to simulate real-world storage conditions. The 2D model offers computational efficiency and is suitable for preliminary assessments but simplifies natural convection effects and underestimates axial temperature gradients. Conversely, the 3D model provides a detailed representation of heat and moisture transfer phenomena, capturing complex interactions such as buoyancy-driven flow and localized effects of solar radiation. The results reveal that temperature and moisture accumulation are more pronounced in the upper regions of the silo, driven by solar radiation and natural convection, with significant implications for large-scale silos where thermal inertia plays a key role. This dual modeling approach demonstrates that while the 2D model is valuable for quick evaluations, the 3D model is essential for comprehensive insights into thermal and moisture gradients. The findings support informed decision-making in silo design, optimization, and management, enhancing grain storage strategies globally.
Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
Authors: Guo Hongguang , He Jiaqin , Guo Yixi , Chang Yunxi , Ju Haidong , Li Yizhou
Published: January 2025

A covalent organic framework (COF) has emerged as a promising photocatalyst for the removal of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) contaminants; however, high-performance COF photocatalysts are still scarce. In this study, three COF photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by the condensation of benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b′:5,6-b′′]trithiophene-2,5,8-tricarbaldehyde (BTT) with 4,4′,4′′-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TAPT), 1,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB), and 4,4′,4′′-nitrilotris(benzenamine) (TAPA), namely, BTT-TAPA, BTT-TAPB, and BTT-TAPT, respectively. The surface areas of BTT-TAPA, BTT-TAPB, and BTT-TAPT were found to be 800.46, 1203.60, and 1413.58 cm2∙g−1, respectively, providing abundant active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Under visible-light irradiation, BTT-TAPT exhibited the highest removal rate of tetracycline (TC), reaching 82.7% after 240 min. The superior photocatalytic performance of BTT-TAPT was attributed to its large specific surface area and the strong electron-acceptor properties of the triazine group. Electron paramagnetic resonance capture experiments and liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer analysis confirmed that superoxide radicals played a pivotal role in the degradation of TC and ciprofloxacin. Moreover, BTT-TAPT exhibited high stability and reproducibility during the photocatalytic degradation process. This study confirms that BTT-based COFs are a class of promising photocatalysts for the degradation of PPCPs in water, and their performance can be further optimized by tuning the structure and composition of the frameworks.
The Role of Ionic Liquids in Textile Processes: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Anceschi Anastasia , Riccardi Claudia , Patrucco Alessia
Published: January 2025

Thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, ionic liquids (ILs) have moved from niche academic interest to critical components in various industrial applications. The textile industry, facing significant environmental and economic pressures, has begun to explore ILs as sustainable alternatives to traditional solvents and chemicals. This review summarizes research on the use of ILs in various textile processes, including dyeing, finishing, and fiber recycling, where their high thermal stability, tunable solubility, and low volatility are exploited to reduce resource consumption and environmental impact. The discussion also extends to the integration of ILs in textile waste recycling, highlighting innovative approaches to fiber dissolution and regeneration aimed at circular economy goals. Despite these advances, challenges such as high production costs and scalability remain barriers to the widespread adoption of ILs in the textile sector. Addressing these barriers through continued research and development is essential to fully realize the potential of ILs for sustainable transformation in textiles.
Significance of Tool Coating Properties and Compacted Graphite Iron Microstructure for Tool Selection in Extreme Machining
Authors: Esposito Anna Maria , He Qianxi , DePaiva Jose M. , Veldhuis Stephen C.
Published: January 2025

This study aims to determine the extent to which coating composition and workpiece properties impact machinability and tool selection when turning Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) under extreme roughing conditions. Two CGI workpieces, differing in pearlite content and graphite nodularity, were machined at a cutting speed of 180 m/min, feed rate of 0.18 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 3 mm. To assess the impact of tool properties across a wide range of commercially available tools, four diverse multilayered cemented carbide tools were evaluated: Tool A and Tool B with a thin AlTiSiN PVD coating, Tool C with a thick Al2O3-TiCN CVD coating, and Tool D with a thin Al2O3-TiC PVD coating. The machinability of CGI and wear mechanisms were analyzed using pre-cutting characterization, in-process optical microscopy, and post-test SEM analysis. The results revealed that CGI microstructural variations only affected tool life for Tool A, with a 110% increase in tool life between machining CGI Grade B and Grade A, but that the effects were negligible for all other tools. Tool C had a 250% and 70% longer tool life compared to the next best performance (Tool A) for CGI Grade A and CGI Grade B, respectively. With its thick CVD-coating, Tool C consistently outperformed the others due to its superior protection of the flank face and cutting edge under high-stress conditions. The cutting-induced stresses played a more significant role in the tool wear process than minor differences in workpiece microstructure or tool properties, and a thick CVD coating was most effective in addressing the tool wear effects for the extreme roughing conditions. However, differences in tool life for Tool A showed that tool behavior cannot be predicted based on a single system parameter, even for extreme conditions. Instead, tool properties, workpiece properties, cutting conditions, and their interactions should be considered collectively to evaluate the extent that an individual parameter impacts machinability. This research demonstrates that a comprehensive approach such as this can allow for more effective tool selection and thus lead to significant cost savings and more efficient manufacturing operations.
Ancistrohaptor forficata sp. n. (Monopisthocotyla, Dactylogyridae): A New Parasite of Triportheus signatus (Characiformes, Triportheidae) from the Salgado River, Brazil
Authors: Diniz Maria Fernanda Barros Gouveia , de Sousa Wallas Benevides Barbosa , Yamada Priscilla de Oliveira Fadel , Yamada Fábio Hideki
Published: January 2025

The genus Ancistrohaptor was proposed to accommodate monopisthocotylans flatworms parasitic on the gills of species of the genus Triportheus in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. Its main characteristics are (a) an accessory piece of the male copulatory organ composed of two distinct parts; (b) dextral or dextroventral vaginal openings; and (c) large ventral anchors with elongated shafts. A new species of Ancistrohaptor was found to parasitize the gills of Triportheus signatus collected from the Salgado River, Ceará State, Brazil. A new species of Monopisthocotyla was collected and described. Ancistrohaptor forficata sp. n. is primarily characterized by having a male copulatory organ with less than one turn, the presence of an articulated accessory piece with a concave rod-shaped termination, and a free accessory piece that is clamp shaped and bifurcated, as well as a dorsal bar with shading present in its medial part. This is the fourth species description of the genus Ancistrohaptor for fish of the genus Triportheus and the first record for T. signatus and the aquatic ecosystems of the Caatinga domain.
Parasites in Sewage: Legal Requirements and Diagnostic Tools
Authors: Obuch-Woszczatyńska Oliwia , Bylińska Klaudia , Krzyżowska Małgorzata , Korzekwa Karol , Bąska Piotr
Published: January 2025

Despite the vast amount of water on Earth, only a small percent is suitable for consumption, and these resources are diminishing. Moreover, water resources are unevenly distributed, leading to significant disparities in access to drinking water between countries and populations. Increasing consumption and the expanding human population necessitate the development of novel wastewater treatment technologies and the use of water treatment byproducts in other areas, such as fertilisers. However, water treatment sludge often cannot be used to enhance crop production due to the presence of parasite eggs, particularly from roundworms (Ascaridae family), which are resistant to environmental factors and can pose a threat for several years. Legislation prohibits the use of sludge containing parasite eggs as fertiliser. In some cases, water may not contain parasite eggs but larvae, which require different detection methods. Additionally, the presence of eggs does not necessarily indicate danger since they may lose infectivity due to prolonged storage or exposure to chemical compounds in the sewage. This paper reviews European Union regulations on wastewater treatment, the selected parasitic diseases related to the presence of parasites in wastewater, the spectrum of detection methods, and highlights differences in viability and invasiveness, which is intended to draw attention to the need to determine both biological properties of parasites.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Culture Systems: Respiratory In Vitro Tissue Models for Chemical Screening and Risk-Based Decision Making
Authors: Wallace Joanne , McElroy Mary C. , Klausner Mitchell , Corley Richard , Ayehunie Seyoum
Published: January 2025

Risk of lung damage from inhaled chemicals or substances has long been assessed using animal models. However, New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that replace, reduce, and/or refine the use of animals in safety testing such as 2D and 3D cultures are increasingly being used to understand human-relevant toxicity responses and for the assessment of hazard identification. Here we review 2D and 3D lung models in terms of their application for inhalation toxicity assessment. We highlight a key case study for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in which a 3D model was used to assess human toxicity and replace the requirement for a 90-day inhalation toxicity study in rats. Finally, we consider the regulatory guidelines for the application of NAMs and potential use of different lung models for aerosol toxicity studies depending on the regulatory requirement/context of use.
Water-Soluble Vitamins: Hypo- and Hypervitaminosis in Pediatric Population
Authors: Paparella Roberto , Panvino Fabiola , Leonardi Lucia , Pucarelli Ida , Menghi Michela , Micangeli Ginevra , Tarani Francesca , Niceta Marcello , Rasio Debora , Pancheva Rouzha , Fiore Marco , Tarani Luigi
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Water-soluble vitamins, comprising the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C, are essential for normal growth, cellular metabolism, and immune function in pediatric populations. Due to limited storage in the body, these vitamins require consistent intake to prevent deficiencies. Pediatric populations, particularly infants and young children, face a heightened risk of both deficiency and, in rare cases, toxicity due to varying dietary intake and increased developmental needs. This review explores the clinical importance of water-soluble vitamins, focusing on hypo- and hypervitaminosis in children. Methods: A narrative review of the recent literature on the sources, recommended intakes, deficiency symptoms, and potential toxicities associated with each water-soluble vitamin was conducted. Results: Deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins can lead to diverse clinical outcomes, such as neurological, hematological, and immune-related symptoms, depending on the specific vitamin involved. Pediatric populations with increased nutritional needs, such as those experiencing rapid growth or with malabsorption conditions, are particularly vulnerable to vitamin insufficiencies. Conversely, although uncommon, excessive intake of certain water-soluble vitamins may cause mild toxicity, primarily gastrointestinal or neurological. Conclusions: Monitoring water-soluble vitamin levels and providing tailored nutritional support are critical to prevent the adverse effects of hypo- and hypervitaminosis in children. Further research is needed to refine pediatric nutritional guidelines and address the specific needs of young patients, supporting optimal health outcomes.
Influence of Light Intensity and Temperature on the Development of Early Life Stages of Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Coutinho Ana , Chemello Sílvia , Borges Débora , Arenas Francisco , Sousa-Pinto Isabel , Costa Isabel
Published: January 2025

Ascophyllum nodosum is an ecologically and economically important species forming marine forests in temperate regions. In Europe, this brown seaweed reaches its southern distribution limit in the north of Portugal, where populations are under climatic pressure. Conservation and restoration actions are essential to preserve the important ecological roles of these populations, including biodiversity enhancement. In this study, we assessed the effect of temperature and light on the development of the early life stages of A. nodosum, from gamete germination and rhizoid development to germling growth, in order to support the establishment of nursery protocols for producing seedlings that can be used in reforestation actions. We found that for this population, temperature around 12 °C and low-light conditions (40 μmol m−2 s−1) favor gamete germination, rhizoid development, and initial germling growth during the first month, after which higher light supply (>80 μmol m−2 s−1) is needed to sustain further growth stages. The results obtained in this study are relevant for the establishment of nursery methods for A. nodosum and should be complemented by further studies to determine more precisely the light and nutrient requirements to optimize growth in the germlings’ later growth stages.
Satellite Observations Reveal Declining Diatom Concentrations in the Three Gorges Reservoir: The Impacts of Dam Construction and Local Climate
Authors: Gan Menglan , Feng Lei , Shao Jingan , Feng Li , Wang Yao , Liu Meiling , Wu Ling , Zhou Botian
Published: January 2025

An effective satellite observation system is developed to retrieve the diatom concentration in freshwater ecosystems that could be utilized for understanding aquatic biogeochemical cycles. Although the singular value decomposition-based retrieval model can reflect the complicated diatom dynamics, the spatial distribution and temporal trend in diatom concentration on a large scale, as well as its driving mechanism, remain prevalently elusive. Based on the Google Earth Engine platform, this study uses Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Instrument imagery to track the comprehensive diatom dynamics in a large reservoir, i.e., the Three Gorges Reservoir, in China during the years 2019–2023. The results indicate that a synchronous diatom distribution is found between the upstream and downstream artificial lakes along the primary tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir, and the causal relationships between the declining diatom trend and hydrological/meteorological drivers on the monthly and yearly scales are highlighted. Moreover, the Sentinel-derived diatom concentration can be used to ascertain whether the dominant algae are harmful during bloom periods and aid in distinguishing algal blooms from ship oil spills. This study is a significant step forward in tracking the diatom dynamics in a large-scale freshwater ecosystem involving complex coupling drivers.
Optimization of Video Heart Rate Detection Based on Improved SSA Algorithm
Authors: Duan Chengcheng , Liang Xiangyang , Dai Fei
Published: January 2025

A solution to address the issues of environmental light interference in Remote Photoplethysmography (rPPG) methods is proposed in this paper. First, signals from the face’s region of interest (ROI) and background noise signals are simultaneously collected, and the two signals are processed by a differential to obtain a more accurate rPPG signal. This method effectively suppresses background noise and enhances signal quality. Secondly, the singular spectrum analysis algorithm (SSA) is enhanced to further improve the accuracy of heart rate detection. The algorithm’s parameters are adaptively optimized by integrating the spectral and periodic characteristics of the heart rate signal. Experimental results demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper effectively mitigates the effects of lighting changes on heart rate detection, thereby enhancing detection accuracy. Overall, the experiments indicate that the proposed method significantly improves the effectiveness and accuracy of heart rate detection, achieving a high level of consistency with existing contact-based detection methods.
Minimizing Delay and Power Consumption at the Edge
Authors: Gelenbe Erol
Published: January 2025

Edge computing systems must offer low latency at low cost and low power consumption for sensors and other applications, including the IoT, smart vehicles, smart homes, and 6G. Thus, substantial research has been conducted to identify optimum task allocation schemes in this context using non-linear optimization, machine learning, and market-based algorithms. Prior work has mainly focused on two methodologies: (i) formulating non-linear optimizations that lead to NP-hard problems, which are processed via heuristics, and (ii) using AI-based formulations, such as reinforcement learning, that are then tested with simulations. These prior approaches have two shortcomings: (a) there is no guarantee that optimum solutions are achieved, and (b) they do not provide an explicit formula for the fraction of tasks that are allocated to the different servers to achieve a specified optimum. This paper offers a radically different and mathematically based principled method that explicitly computes the optimum fraction of jobs that should be allocated to the different servers to (1) minimize the average latency (delay) of the jobs that are allocated to the edge servers and (2) minimize the average energy consumption of these jobs at the set of edge servers. These results are obtained with a mathematical model of a multiple-server edge system that is managed by a task distribution platform, whose equations are derived and solved using methods from stochastic processes. This approach has low computational cost and provides simple linear complexity formulas to compute the fraction of tasks that should be assigned to the different servers to achieve minimum latency and minimum energy consumption.
Impact Assessment Frameworks for Nature-Based Climate Solutions: A Review of Contemporary Approaches
Authors: Orchard Shane , Fitzpatrick Ben M. , Shah Mohammad A. R. , Andrade Angela
Published: January 2025

This study provides a comparative analysis of ecological impact assessment (EcIA) guidance for the design and approval stages of carbon sequestration and emission reduction projects, which are rapidly proliferating in response to the global need for climate change mitigation. Previous reports of negative effects on biodiversity from such projects suggest a need for more robust project design and assessment processes to improve synergies with conservation. Using a content and thematic analysis methodology, we compared four published frameworks that guide the assessment of carbon projects in natural environments. The results showed considerable variation in environmental assessment components including the level of attention to ecosystem services and the identification of areas of high conservation value that may require specific protections. There was a general lack of guidance on the inclusion of indirect and supply chain effects despite their relevance to ecological impacts. Critically, guidance in common use in the climate mitigation sector shows differing applications of the baseline and counterfactual scenarios that are used to quantify impacts. We discuss the need to focus assessment and reporting on comparisons with recent baselines to identify the contributions of individual projects and enable adaptive management and show how aligning with the concepts of Nature-based Solutions and nature-positive could be used to reimagine the role of EcIA to achieve these objectives. If these current weaknesses can be improved, EcIA has the potential to become an important implementation pathway for the conservation–climate change nexus due to its pivotal role in project design and approval processes. Conversely, a failure to reliably address these aspects will undermine the utility of EcIA as a decision support tool for sustainable development. We encourage the further exploration of EcIA practices in this direction and highlight the pressing need for reliable comparisons to support more strategic and sustainable solutions for both the conservation and climate change agendas.
Pneumatically Actuated Rehabilitation Equipment for the Sagittal and Frontal Plane Movements of the Neck Joint
Authors: Mareş Sarah , Deaconescu Andrea , Deaconescu Tudor
Published: January 2025

The timely reintegration into their daily routine of patients suffering from work-related musculoskeletal disorders is a priority in medical rehabilitation. This can be accomplished by means of certain procedures and adequate medical rehabilitation equipment. Starting from these considerations this paper proposes an original constructive solution of a rehabilitation device designed for the passive mobilization of the neck joint in the sagittal and frontal plane. The constructive solution that is put forward uses a pneumatic muscle as the actuation element, ensuring the adaptability of the equipment to the particular pain tolerance of each patient. The construction and dimensioning calculations of the equipment are presented, followed by the determination of the torsional rigidity and compliance permitted by the system. Based on the results the paper concludes with recommendations for the optimum deployment of the rehabilitation equipment.