bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro study of baseline sensitivity of important fungi against different fungicides
Authors: Goswami Sanjay , Kaur R. , Nagrale Dipak T.
Published: April 2018

Baseline sensitivity values of important phytopathogenic fungi were studied against fungicides. ED50, ED90 and MIC value of propiconazole for, Colletotrichum capsici, and Gloeosporium ampelophagum was in the range of 0.020-0.04 ?g/ml. ED50 values of tebuconazole for Alternaria alternata was 30.0 ?g/ml. Azoxystrobin was also tested for its ED50, ED90 and MIC values against Alternaria alternata, C. capsici, G. ampelophagum and Botrytis cinerea where the values were in the range of 0.019-50.0, 0.03-60.0 and 0.2-100.0 ?g/ml respectively. Baseline sensitivity values are important for the management of plant diseases and resistance development.
Ferti-irrigational impact of distillery effluent and Di-ammonium phosphate on the soil and growth characteristics of Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.)
Authors: Srivastava Sachin , Chopra A. K. , Pathak Chakresh
Published: April 2018

A comparative study was conducted to assess the ferti-irrigational effect of Distillery effluent (DE) concentrations such as 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% along with control (Bore well water-BWW) and Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) separately for the pot culture cultivation of Solanum melongena. The results revealed that DE concentrations had significant (P<0.001) effect on EC, Cl¯, Mg2+, OC, HCO3–, exchangeable Na+, available K+, Ca2+, TKN, available P and SO42-, whereas non-significant (P>0.05) effects were observed for water holding capacity(WHC) and bulk density (BD) of the soil. Irrigation with 100% concentration of DE, increased EC (+63.46%), Cl¯ (+292.37%), Mg2+ (+1162.72%), OC (+3763.63%), exchangeable Na+(+264.29%), available K+ (+48.39%), Ca2+ (+815.74%), TKN (+1449.18%), available P (+338.83%), SO42- (+80.07%), while decreased pH (-17.85%) total bacteria (-47.02 %), fungi (-52.17%) and actinomycetes (-82.89 %) in effluent irrigated soil. Application of diluted doses of DE significantly increased plant height, root length, chlorophyll content, leaf area, number of leaves, number of branches, number of flowers, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of fruit and crop yield of S. melongena, with the better results being obtained at a dilution of 50% of DE concentration in comparison to DAP and BWW.
Efficiency of turbidity and BOD removal from secondarily treated sewage by electrochemical treatment
Authors: Chopra A. K. , Sharma Arun Kumar
Published: April 2018

The present investigation observed the effect of operating time, current density, pH and supporting electrolyte on the removal efficiency of Turbidity (TD) and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of secondarily treated sewage (STS) using electrochemical process. A glass chamber of 2 litre volume was used for the experiment with two electrode plates of aluminum, each having an area of 125 cm2 and 2 cm distance apart from each other. The treatment showed that the removal efficiency of TD and BOD increased to 87.41 and 81.38 % respectively with theincrease of current density (1.82 -7.52 mA/cm2), time (5 - 40 mins.) and different pH (4-8) of the STS. The most effective removal efficiency was observed around the pH 7. Further, 0.5 g/l NaCl as a supporting electrolyte for electrochemical treatment of STS was found to be more efficient for an increase to 95.56 % and 86.99 % for the removal of TD and BOD at 7.52 mA/cm2 current density in 40 mins. respectively. The electrode and energy consumption was found to vary from 2.52 x10-2 to 10.51 x10-2 kg Al/m3 and 2.76 kwh/m3 to 45.12 kWh/m3 depending on the operating conditions.The kinetic study results revealed that reaction rate (k) increased from 0.0174 to 0.03 min-1 for TD and 0.0169 to 0.024 min-1 for BOD with increase in current density from 1.82 to 7.52 mA/cm2.
Longitudinal distribution of the fish fauna in the river Ganga from Gangotri to Kanpur
Authors: Nautiyal Prakash , Mishra Asheesh Shivam , Singh K.R. , Singh Upendra
Published: April 2018

Fish fauna of the river Ganga from Gangotri to Kanpur consisted of 140 fish species from 9 orders and 25 families; 63 fish species from 6 orders and 12 families in the mountain section (MS), while 122 species from 9 orders and 25 families in the Plains section (PS) of Upper Ganga. Cypriniformes and Cyprinidae were most species rich order and family in both sections. Forty six fish species primarily Cypriniformes and Siluriformes are common to both sections, only 17 in MS and 76 in PS. Orders Tetradontiformes, Osteoglossiformes and Clupeiformes were present in PS only. The taxonomic richness in the MS was low compared to PS. Probably motility and physiological requirements in respect of tolerance for temperature restrict faunal elements.
Genome fingerprinting of two populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse (Asian Tiger) using random primers (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Kaura Taruna , Kumar Ravinder , Chaudhry Sudarshan
Published: April 2018

The present paper deals with RAPD-PCR based genomic characterization of two allopatric populations of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse which is a major vector of dengue fever and a source of many other pathogenic infections in man. For the present purpose one population was collected from village Dhunater, Distt. Hamirpur in Himachal Pradesh (pop.A) while the other was procured from Panjab University campus (pop.B). The genomic DNA from the legs of individual specimens was amplified by using three random primers viz: Primer I-5’TTTGCCCGGA-3’, Primer II- 5’-GTCCCGACGA-3’ and Primer III- 5’-CAGGCCCTTC-3’. The amplification of the DNA of pop.A with primer I, produced a total of 7 bands ranging from 230-880 bp while 3 bands ranging from 450-820 bp were produced from pop. B. Similarly, with primer II a total of 8 bands were produced from pop. A, which ranged from 220-800 bp while 9 were produced from the DNA of the individuals of pop. B, which ranged from 200-900 bp. With primer III, a total of 15 bands were produced from pop. A, with a base pair composition varying from 210-1031 bp while 5 were produced from pop. B with a range of 210-370 bp. From the hierarichial cluster sharing analysis of bands, primers I and II were found to ideal for the differentiation of the individuals at the population level studies of this species of considerable epidemiological significance.
Modified Ninhydrin reagent for the detection of amino acids on TLC plates
Authors: Sinhababu Amalendu
Published: April 2018

Ninhydrin is the most well known spray reagent for identification of amino acids due to its high sensitivity. But, it produces same purple/violet color with all amino acids, except proline and hydroxy proline. A new spray reagent, para bromobenzoic acid has been introduced here which produces distinguishable colors with the amino acids with moderately high sensitivity (0.01-1.0) ?g. A probable mechanism for such color formation has also been proposed.
Evaluation of relationship between microbial load and drug efficacy of Andrographis paniculata during storage
Authors: Khandelwal G. , Gupta Aparajita , Dwivedi Deepak , Prasad G. , Maheshwari D.K.
Published: April 2018

Three different extracts of Andrographis paniculata obtained by using three different solvents i.e. acetone, ethanol and water, were used to find out correlation of antimicrobial potency of the drug among them and with storage period of six months. Antibacterial activities were assessed by well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella typhi and antifungal activity by food poisoning technique against Candida albicans. No definite pattern of antimicrobial nature in acetone, ethanol and aqueous extract could be observed. Acetone extract showed maximum inhibitory (18.3mm) effect among all extract in general. Ethanol extract could attain second position and aqueous extract failed to inhibit growth of any organism even at 100% concentration. A declined trend of inhibitory effect of extract with increased number of storage days has been found showing a negative relation between inhibitory effect of the drug and storage duration. But positive correlation between inhibitory effect and concentration has been recorded. No inhibition was recorded against E. coli by any of the extract Bacterial load in term of CFU/g was found tremendously enhanced with increase of storage period. Negative correlation between microbial load and drug efficacy had been established while positive correlation between microbial load and storage period had been recorded.
Scape anatomical studies in populations of Urginea indica Kunth. Liliaceae
Authors: Rao P. Prathima , Kameshwari M. N. Shiva , Tharasaraswathi K. J.
Published: April 2018

The current study presents investigations on the scape anatomical characteristics of Urginea indica population, a geophyte growing in India, Africa and Mediterranean regions. For scape anatomical studies transverse sections of inflorescence axis were taken and studied for the first time. The twelve different population studied revealed that outer most epidermis of inflorescence is covered by thick cuticle. Cortex is differentiated into 3 regions outer chlorenchyma, middle collenchyma and inner parenchyma. But the shape and number of rows of cells vary in different populations collected from various localities of Karnataka. Vascular bundles are arranged in 3 rows, 2 rows in few populations and number. of vascular bundles vary. Larger bundles varies from 5-8, medium 8-12 and smaller bundles 5 to 21 in number. Xylem elements are uniseriate and biseriate in few. Some populations show Myelin structures and cell inclusions, based on their ecological habitat. The distinctions among cross sections of scapes are evident and our findings offer a comprehensive study using anatomical traits for delimitation and diagnosing populations of U.indica providing a platform for further taxonomic investigations.
Correlation of water’s physico-chemical characteristics and trematode parasites of Channa punctata (Bloch) in Awangsoi lake, Manipur, India
Authors: Puinyabati Huidrom , Shomorendra Maibam , Kar Devashish
Published: April 2018

Infection with trematode parasites can lead to severe change in nutrient content and may result in host mortalities and character of a water body may influence the parasitic fauna. Hence a study was carried out from 2010 to 2011 to find out a correlation of water’s physic-chemical characteristics and trematode parasites of Channa punctata (Bloch) in Awangsoi Lake, Manipur, India. During the present investigation three species of trematodes were recorded. In the present study there were concurrent infections by two or more parasite species. The percentage of infection was positively correlated with temperature, pH, DO and conductivity in Awangsoi Lake. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.652; p<0.05) with FCO2 and a negative correlation with alkalinity. Seasonal variation in the occurrence of these parasites may be attributed to ecological conditions, particularly distribution of intermediate hosts and also the age of the host and the life cycle of the parasite species.
Assessment of Diara land under Bhagalpur district using remote sensing and GIS tools
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Kumar R. , Kumar R. , Vimal B. K. , Kumar M.
Published: April 2018

The Diara land is found in between the natural levees of the river and formed due to its meandering and course changing behavior. The topography of Diara land is mostly undulating and intersected with numerous dead and disconnected channels, Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) is a reliable technique to prepare a comprehensive inventory of land use pattern of an area. The present study was carried out to prepare a complete digital map of diara land of Bhagalpur district using spatial software (TNT Mips). On the basis of visual interpretation of the satellite image and physiographic pattern of the land escape, polygons were digitized for area delineation and mapping for diara land. Out of sixteen blocks of Bhagalpur district, only six blocks were identified as an old Diara land (203.26 km2) and thirteen blocks were identified as a new diara land (869.78 km2). Occupied areas viz. Narayanpur, Bihpur, Kharik, Naugachhiya, Ismailpur, Rangra Chowk and Gopalpur blocks were identified under complete diara land. No any one Diara land characteristics ware marked in Shahkund, Goradih and Sanhaula blocks.
Effect of Imidacloprid and Triadimefon on microbial phosphatase, protease and urease enzyme activities in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum sp.) cultivated soil
Authors: Deborah B. Vineela , Madhuri R. Jaya
Published: April 2018

The laboratory studies were conducted to resolute the effects of Imidacloprid (insecticide) and Triadimefon (fungicide) singly and in combination on enzymatic activities of soil microorganisms in tomato cultivated soils at different concentrations of 0.2, 0.5 and 0.7 kg per hectare. It was observed that phosphatase, protease and urease activities were elevated noteworthy at 0.5kg per hectare after 10 days of incubation. At lower concentration the activities of these enzymes showed no significant difference from that of control. The combination of the two pesticides led to a pronounced decline of phosphatase and protease enzyme activities at higher concentration. Triadimefon had no effect on urease activity at low concentrations whereas at 0.5 and 0.7 concentrations there was a significant increase when compared to control.
Micro-histological analysis of faeces of Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar gray in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Kukreti Manish , Arya Surman , Singh Suneel Kumar
Published: April 2018

In vivo studies on the feeding of Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar Gray) in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand and micro-histological analysis of 104 samples of its faeces were investigated during January 2011 to December 2012, to get information on vegetative and non-vegetative diet and feeding behaviour. Plant matter constituted a major portion of the faecal content (87.73±4.31?g) and represented by 14 families. Non- vegetative matter could be recorded as 9.36±1.46?g of dry weight which represented by 8 orders of the arthropods. Fine organic matter + grits constitute was found to be 2.84%±1.17?g in faecal content. Saxifragaceae, Graminaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae were found the best plant families for Chukar diet while arthropod insects order like Diptera, Dissotera, Hymenoptera and Araneae remained favorite feeds. Flowers and fruits of Rhus parviflora, leaves of Rumax, roots/ tuber of Vigna and fruits of Rubus were found important diet of Chukar partridge along with Triticum in Rabi crop and Oryza in Kharif. Flies, grasshoppers, spiders were observed the main insects diet of Chukar partridge.
Antibacterial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots against certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains
Authors: Gupta Aparajita , Maheshwari D. K. , Khandelwal G.
Published: April 2018

The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potency of grinded crude material (root of Glycyrrhiza glabra) against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Two solvents (methanol and acetone) were used to extract the phytochemicals from the test material. Four different concentrations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) of methanolic and acetonic extract were used to investigate the inhibiting properties against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia.coli, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis strains. Among methanol and acetone extracts, later exhibited low antibacterial activity. The 100% (w/v) concentration of both extracts showed maximum inhibition against B. subtilis followed by E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, S. typhi and V. Cholerae. Maximum activity in acetonic extract was obtained against B. cereus followed by S. typhi, E. coli, V. cholerae and S .aureus and minimum in B. subtilis. A reverse pattern of inhibition activity was found in both extacts (methanolic and acetonic) against B. subtilis. Maximum activity was found in methanolic extract against B. subtilis (18.6 mm) but it was only 14.3 mm against this strain in acetonic extract. The antibacterial activity of the crude samples corresponded to that of concentration. Hence there was positive correlation of antibacterial activity with the test material.
Preliminary studies on pharmaceutical microencapsulation for synbiotic application
Authors: Evivie S.E.
Published: April 2018

The solvent evaporation technique was used in this study to evaluate probiotics microencapsulation in AQOAT/ dichloromethane matrix and cell viability was also measured to assess its potentials in industrial food formulation processes. Cumulative release experiments using water blue dye as a model molecule was also used to evaluate the prebiotic applications. Well-defined spherical AQOAT microcapsules [50.0 ìm ± (24.14)] were formed from 5% AQOAT solution. Cells of Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus plantarum were successfully encapsulated with this technique. However, a 7 log and a 5 log reduction were recorded for B. breve and L. plantarum respectively after 60 min in buffer (P<0.05). Results of this study showed that 1% AQOAT solution lowered viability by 1 log and cell exposure to 10 ml dichloromethane resulted in a 3 log reduction, thus confirming bactericidal properties of both polymer and organic solvent. DCM was however shown to have more bactericidal effects on the cells (P<0.001). Cumulative release trials using 0.2% water blue dye solution showed a 40% loss and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 73.8% (±14.76). It was recommended that viability counts using this technique be further evaluated using other organic solvents (such as ethyl acetate and chloroform) or other synthetic polymers so as to increase its applicability in the food industry.
Determination of soil pH by using digital image processing technique
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Vimal Binod Kumar , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Mukesh
Published: April 2018

Soil is recognized as one of the most valuable natural resource whose soil pH property used to describe the degree of acidity or basicity which affect nutrient availability and ultimately plant growth. Fifty soil samples were collected and their pH was determined by using digital image processing technique. Soil colour is visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories i.e red, green, blue and others. Soil colours are the parts of visual perceptual property where digital values of red, green and blue (RGB) provide a clue for spectral signature capture of different pH in soil. For the capturing images, digital camera was used. Transformation of the multispectral image was carried out through TNT Mips spatial software. On the basis of RGB grey values, pixels properties and their digital correlations, results showed that there was a clear cut gap in grey values of colours in the images 1, 2, 3, 4,10,11,14 and 16. Ranges of soil pH and pH index values were 7.30-7.50 and 0.0070-0.0261, respectively in deep brown colour. Similarly, soil pH range varies from 6.80-7.04 and 5.58-6.58 in light yellowish and greenish colour respectively while their corresponding pH index values were 0.0071-0.0451 and 0.0084-0.0239. Thus soil pH range varies from 7.30-7.50, 6.80-7.04 and 5.58-6.58 in deep brown colour, light yellowish colour and greenish colour respectively.
Removal of Zn2+ and Pb2+ using new isolates of Bacillus spp. PPS03 and Bacillus subtilis PPS04 from Paper mill effluents using indigenously designed Bench-top Bioreactor
Authors: Singh Pushpendra Pal , Chopra A. K.
Published: April 2018

Biosorption processes have the potential to decrease environmental hazards through their factors such as initial metal ion concentration, temperature, pH and biomass concentration in the solution. In the present study biosorption process was performed using the strains of Bacillus spp. PPS 03 (KF710041) and Bacillus subtilis PPS 04 (KF710042) isolated from sediment core of Paper mill effluent (PME) for the removal of Zn2+and Pb2+ in an indigenously designed Bench-top Bioreactor. The temperature, initial pH, biomass and incubation period of PME for Zn2+ and Pb2+ reduction was standardized. The strains exhibited significant reduction in Zn2+ and Pb2+ of PME to the extent of 73.29% and 85.64% with PPS 03 and 78.15% and 87.57% respectively with PPS 04 after 120 hrs of aerobic treatment. The reduction in the metals occurred from first day of the treatment, but the maximum reduction in these metals was observed after 120 hrs. at pH (7.0±0.2), temperature (35±1.0°C) and biomass (5% v/ v) of the bacterial strains. The removal of metals with strain PPS 04 was more in comparison to the strain PPS 03. The Freundlich isotherms on the data showed that it was linearly fitted for Zn2+and Pb2+. The values of correlation coefficient (R2) of Freundlich isotherms were greater than 0.812 for Pb2+ and Zn2+. The kinetic study for the rate of removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ by both species was found to best fit a Pseudo first order reaction. The rate constant was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of parameters. Thus, the microbial strains were found efficient for the biosorption/removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+.
Built in refuge for the management of Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Gelichidae: Lepidoptera) in Bt cotton
Authors: Chowdary L. Rajesh , Bheemanna M. , Hosamani A.C. , Prabhuraj A. , Naik M. K. , Nidagundi J. M.
Published: April 2018

Field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2012-13 to identify and evaluate the suitable refuge strategy systems for pink bollworm resistance management in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivation. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine refuge systems : 0 % N-Bt (BIR), 5 % N-Bt (BIR), 10 % N-Bt (BIR), 15 % N-Bt (BIR), 20% N-Bt perimeter refuge, 100% Non Bt, 50% Non Bt, 10% structured refuge and 20% structured refuge as treatments with three replications in replacement series. Significantly lowest incidence (3.55 larvae/plant) and number of bolls with exit holes (11.22) due to pink bollworm was recorded in 0% BIR (41.25 q/ha) followed by 5 % N-Bt (BIR) with yield of 38.74 q/ha and this was on par with 10 % N-Bt (BIR) with yield of 37.79 is next best refuge systems with Bt cotton for higher production and greater economic benefits.
Effect of fungal and bacterial bioagent application on total phenolic content in rice leaves pre-inoculated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Uyeda and Ishiyama) Dowson
Authors: Gangwar Gokil Prasad , Sinha A. P.
Published: April 2018

Present study was carried out to observe the effect of fungal and bacterial bioagents on total phenolic content in rice leaves pre-inoculated with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and on disease severity of bacterial leaf blight of rice. Two commercial formulations of Trichoderma harzianum (PBA-1) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PBA-2) and four formulations of fluorescent pseudomonads and Trichoderma spp. viz, P. fluorescens (Pf 83, rice leaf isolate), fluorescent pseudomonad (FLP 88, rice leaf isolate), T. harzianum (rice leaf isolate), Trichoderma spp. (isolate 40, isolated from rice field soil) were evaluated. Significantly higher mean value of total phenolic content of rice leaves was observed with the application of bioagent formulations as compared to check (pre-inoculated with X. oryzae pv. oryzae), chemical treatment and healthy plant. Maximum mean total phenolic content (342.22 ?l/g) in rice leaves was observed with Pf 83, which was followed by PBA-2 (334.44 ?l/g) and T. harzianum (330.00 ?l/g). Decrease in disease severity of bacterial leaf blight was observed with the increase of total phenolic content in rice leaves which resulted in increased grain yield and 1000 grain weight.
Effect of foliar application of GA3, ethrel and copper sulphate on flowering behaviour and sex ratio of Jatropha curcas L.
Authors: Gayakvad Paresh , Jadeja D.B. , Bhalawe S.
Published: April 2018

Effect of various plant growth substances viz., GA3 (25, 50,100 ppm), ethrel (1500, 2000, 2500 ppm), copper sulphate (0.1, 0.2, 0.5%) as foliar spray treatment applied during January to October was studied at 15 days intervals. The flowering behaviour and sex-expression of Jatropha curcas was investigated during in randomized block design (RBD) at the College Farm, Navsari. Looking to the results, it was noticed that GA3 50 ppm resulted in increased number of inflorescence per plant (31.25), number of flower per inflorescence (76.87), number of (male 94.75/female 4.01) flowers, flower sex ratio (24.22) in J. curcas. The Male: Female flower ratio was the lowest at 14th spray stage under majority of treatments indicating increased number of female flowers which is ultimately reflected by increased fruit and seed yield of J. curcas.
An approach to mathematical models as a tool for water and air quality management
Authors: Khanna D.R. , Bhutiani R. , Saxena Neetu
Published: April 2018

Interactions between mathematical and biological sciences have been increasing rapidly in recent years. The use of system analysis and mathematical model for formulation and solving the environmental pollution is of relatively recent vintage and has been used widely since last three decades. These models can be used to conduct numerical experiments, test hypothesis and help to understand the response of environmental pollution. A mathematical model acts as a bridge between study of mathematics and application of mathematics in environmentand other fields. Modeling is an abstraction of reality and its ultimate objective is to explore the complexity of functions and structure of the system under study. Today, a wide variety of models belonging to different nature and category are available to understand the processes of the environment around us. Various models such as WASP, CE-QUAL-ICM, QUAL W2, AQUATOX, QUAL2K, IITAQ, PEARL, GRAM, UGEM, and IITLT etc. related to water and air quality are developed so far along with their principles, intended use and applications. These models generally simulate the basic physical, chemical and biological processes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the concept and utilization of mathematical models in air and water quality management.
Effect of Cassava mill effluent on some soil chemical properties and the growth of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.)
Authors: Orhue Ehi Robert , Imasuen Enogiomwan Esther , Okunima Daniel Enuenweyoi
Published: April 2018

In the trials, Cassava mill Effluent was used for fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) cultivation in order to verify the influence of the effluent on the growth and some soil chemical properties. In this regard, a completely randomized and randomized complete block designs were used in the greenhouse and field trials respectively with 6 treatments replicated 3 times. In the greenhouse, the following rates of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ml per 5 kg topsoil were used while in the field trial, 0, 40000, 80000, 120000, 160000 and 200000 litres/ha were utilized. The rates used in the field were equivalent to those of greenhouse. In both trials, the cassava mill effluent was applied 2 weeks prior to transplanting the seedlings. Results indicated that the cassava mill effluent significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil pH, organic carbon, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu and Zn whereas the exchangeable acidity decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with corresponding increase in cassava mill effluent treatments. Except N and Na, which declined with corresponding increase in the cassava mill effluent treatments, an improved P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn components was achieved in cassava mill effluent polluted plants compared to control. The plant height, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with increased cassava mill effluent treatment in the greenhouse trial while in the field trial, 120000 litres/ha was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than other treatments. In the greenhouse trial, significantly (P < 0.05) higher number of leaves was attained in 100 ml treatment compared to other treatments whereas in the field trial, the 120000 and 200000 litres/ha were significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to other treatments
Stage specific upregulation of antioxidant defence system in leaves for regulating drought tolerance in chickpea
Authors: Oberoi H. K. , Gupta A. K. , Kaur S. , Singh I.
Published: April 2018

Leaf is one of the early sensors for the drought stress and is important to study drought tolerance mechanism. Activities of antioxidative enzymes and status of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline and total phenols were studied in leaves of drought tolerant (PDG 3 and PDG 4) and susceptible (PBG 1, GPF 2, PBG 5, L 550 and BG1053) chickpea cultivars under irrigated and rainfed conditions at different development stages. In general, with the age of plant, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased but the activities of glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) decreased in leaves. With some exceptions, in general, higher status of APX and POX in leaves at vegetative stage I (30 days after sowing) and II (60 days after sowing); GR at vegetative stage II and pre-flowering stage and SOD and CAT at seed filling stages in tolerant cultivars under drought stress reflected stage specific upregulation of antioxidant defence system in them. The relatively lower activities of APX and POX in old leaves during seed filling stage make them more prone to enhanced oxidative injury than the young leaves. Lower content of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in leaves of tolerant cultivars during seed filling reflects the impact of antioxidant defence system operative at that time. The higher accumulation of proline and total phenol in leaves of tolerant cultivars might be playing important role in drought stress tolerance. These results indicated the importance of upregulation of different antioxidant enzymes at variable stages of leaf development.
Performance of pearl millet genotypes under irrigated and rainfed conditions at Hisar, India
Authors: Yadav Arvind Kumar , Kumar Anil , Singh Jagdev , Jat R.D. , Jat H.S. , Datta Ashim , Singh Kuldeep , Chaudhary Rakesh
Published: April 2018

A field experiment was carried out at Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India to evaluate the performance of pearl millet genotypes (HHB 67 ‘Improved’, HHB 197, HHB 223 and HHB 234) under different environment (rainfed and irrigated). Results showed that irrigated condition recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, root dry weight, ear head girth, test weight and yield of pearl millet than rainfed condition. Root length was significantly (p < 0.05) higher under rainfedthan irrigated condition. Genotypes were found significant (p < 0.05) with respect to plant height at harvest and HHB 234 recorded higher plant height. Genotype HHB 223 recorded higher earhead girth (2.6 cm) and test weight (11.16 g) compared to other genotypes. Interaction effect was also found significant (p < 0.05) with respect to plant height, dry matter accumulation, root length and weight and yield. These were higher in genotype HHB 223 and HHB 234 under irrigated and rainfed condition respectively but at 20 days after sowing, longest root was observed in genotype HHB 67 ‘Improved’ under rainfed condition and genotype HHB 197 under irrigated condition. To examine the performance of pearl millet genotypes in terms of survivality and yield potential, evaluation trials are necessary under different environment. Therefore, release of those varieties under different situations are essential for the sustainability of the fragile arid and semi arid regions of country.
Effect of different sowing times and spacings on growth, yield and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) under terai region of West Bengal
Authors: Sarkar R. K. , Jana J. C. , Datta S.
Published: April 2018

An experiment was conducted to find out suitable sowing time and spacing as to increase the production of both green and seed yield and its quality of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) during the year 2007-08 and 2008-09. The experiment was comprised of three sowing times (1st week of May; 1st week of June and 1st week July) and three spacings (30 cm × 15 cm; 30 cm ×30 cm and 30 cm ×45 cm). It was found that early sowing on 1st week of May and closest spacing of 30 cm ×15 cm alone and their combination executed best results with respect to all parameters. The sowing on 1st week of May with closest spacing of 30 cm ×15 cm produced about 3.26 times higher green yield (18.83 t/ha). On the other hand, sowing on 1st week of June with 30 cm ×15 cm spacing contributed 52.95 percent higher seed yield (0.78 t/ha). All the seed quality testing parameters viz. shelling percentage (62.53), 1000 seed weight (40.56 g), germination percentage (82.40), seedling vigour index (5.38) and seedling growth rate (0.091 g/plant/day) were observed to be highest in 1st week of June with widest spacing of 30 cm ×45 cm. On economic point of view, the combination of 1st week of May along with 30 cm ×15 cm spacing was noticed to be superior amongst all other treatment combinations and that may be adopted for its commercial cultivation in medium to upland situation under terai region of West Bengal.
Effect of growth regulators on micropropagation of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth
Authors: Rani Archana , Kumar M. , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: April 2018

An efficient protocol for micropropagation through in vitro culture of Rauvolfia serpentina was standardized. Out of different combination of phytohormone tested, MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1Indole Acetic Acid + 0.5 mg L Nephthalene acetic acid was found to be finest for mean callus induction (62.66%) as well as callus mediated shoot regeneration with mean percentage response (56) and number of shoot per culture (5). In direct shoot regeneration, best growth of axillary shoots was obtained on MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 Indole Acetic Acid + 0.5 mg L-1 Benzyl Amino Purine with maximum mean percentage response(77.33) and number of shoots per culture (9.0) ,however the best shoot elongation of shoot was found on MS media supplemented with 3.0 mg L-1 IAA plus 3.0 mg L-1BAP with 6.50(mean) . Higher induction of root (88%) with mean number of root per culture (12) was observed in MS medium supplemented with Indole Butyric Acid (3.0 mg L-1). The rooted plantlets were successfully established in the field. The protocol was optimized by manipulations of different PGRs for enhanced multiplication. Protocol explained in this research paper provides a rapid plant regeneration system which could be used for production of large number of true to the type, uniform, disease free, elite, plantlets right through the year, which will make things easier for large scale cultivation of this endangered important medicinal plant.
A record of anopthalmia in Mystus tengara (Hamilton, 1822) from Assam
Authors: Barman Jyotish , Jaiswar A. K. , Chakraborty S. K. , Jahgeerdar Shrinivas , Lakra W. S.
Published: April 2018

An abnormal case of anopthalmia in a striped catfish Mystus tengara (66.8 mm in standard length) from Assam is reported in this communication. Thirty eight morphological characters of the abnormal specimen were also studied and compared with normal specimens to observe variation in the morpho-meristic traits, if any. In the abnormal specimen, the proportionate height of the dorsal fin (31.1 mm) and nasal barbel length (75.9 mm) was found to be higher compared to that of the normal specimens (21.6 – 26.5 mm and 47.9 – 72.5 mm, respectively). While the body depth of anus was higher in case of normal specimens (19.1 – 29.2 mm) compared to abnormal specimen (14.5 mm). However, no marked variation was observed in meristic characters. This anomaly does not seem to have affected morphological aspects. Factors like weed infestation, pesticide and herbicide application adversely affecting the habitat is believed to be the cause of such deformity. The abnormality does not seem to have affected the overall growth of the fish.
Evaluation of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for seed production
Authors: Das R. , Thapa U. , Debnath S. , Lyngdoh Y. A. , Mallick D.
Published: April 2018

An experimental study was conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 at Horticulture Research Station, Mondouri, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Monhanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India, to evaluate the performance of fourteen different bush type French bean genotypes for seed yield and to study varietal characterization based on plant morphology. The genotypes, studied under this experiment were namely, Abhay, Shillong Local-3, Arjun, Selection-9, Arka Anoop, Arka Komal, Badshah, Anupam, Arka Suvidha, Falguni, Sonali, Local, Victoria and Vaishnavi-264. From overall point of view of the outcome of the experiment, it has been revealed that genotype with relatively bolder seeds with more number of seeds per pod, and higher bearing capacity per plant generally gives higher seed yield. Among the genotypes under study, Arka Suvidha was the best one as it produced the highest seed yield (2180.92 kg/ha) and relatively good plant vigour and fairly high seed vigour index (2944.38). Falguni and Mohanpur Local also can be considered promising once for seed production point of view.
Heterosis, dominance estimate and genetic control of yield and post harvest quality traits of tomato
Authors: Sherpa Pemba , Seth Tania , Shende Varun Durwas , Pandiarana N. , Mukherjee Subhra , Chattopadhyay Arup
Published: April 2018

Paucity of research on the development of tomato hybrid having desirable post harvest/or processing quality in the tropics compel to undertake this study. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to identify potential donors and crosses, to study the extent of heterosis and dominance behaviour, and to ascertain the genetic control of fifteen yield components and post harvest quality traits through line x tester mating design in tomato. Non-additive gene action controlled all characters studied, suggesting heterosis breeding for their improvement. Among parental lines, CLN2777-G’ and ‘FEB-2’ were the best general combiners for yield and processing traits and could be utilized further in tomato breeding programme. Crosses (‘CLN2768-A x A.C.AFT’ and ‘CLN2777-G x FEB-2’) showing high specific combining ability and yield involved parents showing high general combining ability for fruit yield per plant and other horticultural traits. All 9 F1 hybrids had significantly higher number of fruits per cluster and number of fruits per cluster over both mid-and better-parental values, while for the other traits, hybrids expressed average heterosis in both directions. The maximum extent of heterobeltiosis (53.56%) was found in lycopene content of fruit followed by number of fruits per cluster (32.59%) and fruit yield per plant (31.77%). The performances of the hybrids illustrated the presence of various degrees of dominance effects i.e., partial to overdominance /or no dominance. We could able to improve processing quality in spite of yield in the cross (‘CLN2777-G x FEB-2’) which can substantially make a dent for processing industry in the tropics.
Biochemical attributes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and rapeseed (B. napus) as influenced by salicylic acid and benzothiadiazole
Authors: Thakur Meenakshi , Sohal B. S. , Sharma Sanjula
Published: April 2018

A field experiment was conducted during 2011-12 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India to assess the effect of foliar application of elicitors viz., salicylic acid (SA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH) on biochemical constituents of Brassica seeds. Seeds of Brassica juncea and B. napus were sown in the field during rabi season. Four different treatments of elicitors along with a fungicide and control were given to 10 week old plants up to four consecutive weeks. After harvesting, the seeds were analyzed for oil, total soluble protein and glucosinolate content. Results indicated that the elicitor treatments increased the oil, total soluble protein and glucosinolate content in seeds of both the Brassica species. In B. juncea, BTH (7 ppm) + SA (17 ppm) showed 12.5% higher oil content than control. In B. napus, the combinations of elicitors viz., BTH (3 ppm) + SA (33 ppm) and BTH (7 ppm) + SA (17 ppm) exhibited 15% increase in oil content compared to control. Treatment containing BTH (3 ppm) + SA (33 ppm) showed 18.72 and 15.86% higher total soluble protein content in B. juncea and B. napus seeds, respectively compared to control. In B. juncea, BTH (3 ppm) + SA (33 ppm) exhibited 7.13% higher glucosinolate content compared to control. In B. napus, BTH (7 ppm) + SA (17 ppm) showed 11.23% higher glucosinolate content than control. In conclusion, the application of elicitors, i.e., SA and BTH could be a useful tool for improving the nutritive value of B. juncea and B. napus seeds.
Enzyme changes during seed storage in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Begum M. Ameer Junaithal , Balamurugan P. , Vanagamudi K. , Prabakar K. , Ramakrishnan R.
Published: April 2018

A change in enzyme activity in seeds due to ageing is a topic of scientific importance. Vigour is essentially a physiological phenomenon influenced by the reserved metabolites, enzyme activities and growth regulators. The exact cause of loss of seed vigour and viability is still unknown as deterioration of seed is a complex process. In the presence of oxygen, ageing of seed can lead to peroxidative changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The free radical -induced non-enzymatic peroxidation, which has the potential to damage membrane, is likely to be a primary cause of deterioration of stored seeds. Certain anabolic enzymes help in maintaining viability while some catabolic enzymes decrease viability. The seed catalase and peroxidase activity seem to be decreased during storage. The results revealed that the peroxidase enzyme activity decreased from 0.236 to 0.444 OD 10 min-1 when storage period increased. A decrease in catalase activity from 0.454 to 0.444 ?g H2O2 mg-1 min-1 followed by a small increase from 0.434 to 0.452 ?g H2O2 mg-1 min-1 was observed during storage. But the activity of lipase enzyme increased from 0.236 to 0.231 meq min-1g-1 of sample when the storage period was increased. The study would help to know the deterioration pattern of stored groundnut seeds.
A study on treatment of resistant mastitis in dairy cows
Authors: Chandrasekaran D. , Nambi A. P. , Thirunavukkarasu P. S. , Vairamuthu S. , Venkatesan P. , Tirumurugaan K.G.
Published: April 2018

The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and treatment of antibiotic resistant mastitis in dairy cows. The predominant resistant causative pathogen was Escherichia coli (50.64 %) followed by S. aureus (44.25 %) and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcal aureus (5.11%).These isolates were found sensitive to gentamicin, enrofloxcain, amoxicillin+sulbactam, ceftriaxone and resistant to amoxicillin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G and oxacillin. In all the treatment groups of E. coli, S. aureus and MRSA mastitis, the post treatment pH, SCC was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased when compared to pre treatment pH, SCC values and the post treatment electrical conductivity was significantly (P < 0.01) increased when compared to pre treatment electrical conductivity value. In E. coli mastitis, treated with amoxicillin+sulbactam, ceftriaxone, enrofloxacin and gentamicin showed 74.1%, 67.75 %, 76.67 % and 64.52 % clinical recovery and in S. aureus mastitis, showed 65.25 %, 65.25 %, 72.43 % and 68.98 % clinical recovery. In MRSA mastitis, enrofloxacin was found to be highly effective in comparison to amoxicillin+sulbcactam.
Anemia ferropriva
Authors: Yamagishi Jessica Akemi , Alves Thais Piola , Geron Vera Lúcia Matias Gomes , Lima Regiane Rossi Oliveira
Published: April 2018

Anemia ferropriva é ocasionada pela privação de ferro dentro do organismo ocasionando uma redução na hemoglobina. O ferro é considerado um mineral importante, porque atua na síntese das hemácias do sangue e no transporte do oxigênio para todas as células. Dentre os sinais e sintomas observados é fraqueza, palidez, irritabilidade, intolerância ao exercício físico, geofagia (desejo de consumir terra ou barro), baixo crescimento e desenvolvimento entre outros. O objetivo do estudo foi executar uma revisão de literatura entre o ano de 2000 a 2016 e expandir os conhecimentos sobre a deficiência de ferro. Foi efetuado um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados Scielo, Google Acadêmico, revistas eletrônicas e livro. Portanto, esta patologia é considerada um grande problema de saúde pública e os grupos mais susceptíveis são gestantes, lactentes, adolescentes e pré-escolares. E também é de grande importância que faça o diagnóstico e o tratamento adequadamente para prevenir e reduzir os riscos à saúde, assim como para alcançar o sucesso do tratamento.

ABSTRACT: Iron deficiency anemia is caused by deprivation of iron within the body causing a reduction in hemoglobin. Iron is considered an important mineral because it acts on the synthesis of blood red blood cells and the transport of oxygen to all cells. Among the signs and symptoms observed is weakness, pallor, irritability, intolerance to physical exercise, geophagy (desire to consume earth or clay), low growth and development among others. The objective of the study was to perform a literature review between the year 2000 to 2016 and to expand knowledge about iron deficiency. A bibliographic survey was carried out in the databases Scielo, Google Scholar, electronic journals and book. Therefore, this pathology is considered a major public health problem and the most susceptible groups are pregnant women, infants, adolescents and preschool children. And it is also of great importance to make the diagnosis and treatment appropriately to prevent and reduce health risks as well as to achieve treatment success.