bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ekstraksi kulit petai sebagai sumber antioksidan alami dengan metode domestic microwave maceration
Authors: Agnes A , Widjaja Lois Olivia , Ayucitra Aning , Indraswati Nani
Published: March 2020

Extraction of petai peels as natural antioxidants source by domestic microwave macerationPetai (Parkia speciosa) contains antioxidants that can prevent free radicals. Research also proves that petai is able to prevent and even overcome diseases because its seeds contain polyphenols and flavonoids which are known as antioxidant compounds. Flavonoids may serve as a catcher of superoxide anion and lipid superoxide radicals, and also may reduce the activity of superoxide free radicals. The objective of this research was to study the effects of solid to solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and radiation time on the yield and Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) of extracts. Petai peels was firstly crushed without the addition of water. Petai peels was then used for extraction process in a domestic microwave. Solid to solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and radiation time were varied. Following extraction, solvent was separated from the solid and then evaporated. The resulting extract powders were analyzed for yield and TPC. Antioxidant activity of extract was also studied as IC50. As result, petai peels extracted at solid to solvent ratio of 1:5, ethanol concentration of 96%, and extraction time of 150 second gave the highest TPC value of 41,43 g GAE /100 g petai peel extracts with IC50 of 364 µg/mL.Keywords: petai peels, domestic microwave, antioxidants, phenolics AbstrakPenelitian membuktikan bahwa petai (Parkia speciosa) mengandung antioksidan berupa polifenol dan flavonoid yang bisa menangkal radikal bebas dan mampu mencegah bahkan mengatasi beberapa macam penyakit serta dapat berfungsi sebagai penangkap anion superoksida dan lipid superoksida radikal, serta mengurangi aktivitas radikal bebas superoksida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh perbandingan padatan dan pelarut, konsentrasi etanol, dan waktu radiasi terhadap perolehan dan kadar senyawa fenolik atau Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) ekstrak kulit petai yang diperoleh dengan metode ekstraksi domestic microwave maceration. Mula-mula kulit petai diblender tanpa penambahan air. Proses ekstraksi kulit petai dengan pelarut etanol dilakukan dengan bantuan microwave pada variasi perbandingan padatan dan pelarut, konsentrasi etanol dan waktu radiasi. Setelah itu, padatan dipisahkan dengan pelarutnya. Pelarut diuapkan untuk mendapatkan ekstrak serbuk kulit petai. Ekstrak serbuk kulit petai dianalisis untuk mengetahui perolehan dan TPC. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak juga dianalisis dan dinyatakan dalam nilai Inhibisi 50% (IC50). Proses ekstraksi kulit petai yang menghasilkan TPC tertinggi adalah pada perbandingan padatan dan pelarut 1:5, konsentrasi etanol 96%, dan waktu radiasi 150 detik dengan nilai TPC yang diperoleh sebesar 41,43 g GAE (ekivalen asam galat) /100 g ekstrak kulit petai dan IC50 sebesar 364 µg/mL.Kata kunci: kulit petai, domestic microwave, antioksidan, fenolik
Market Orientation of News Startups
Authors: Sommer Christoph
Published: March 2020

The media industry is undergoing major disruptions, which foster innovation but make starting a new business particularly difficult. In this instable environment, theory suggests market orientation being important for success. Based on four case studies of early stage news startups, I investigate processes and practices of market orientation in the media. The results show that startups generate market intelligence in various ways and, in doing so, prioritize markets. Most attention is dedicated to learning about users, while they put less effort into examining businesses and competitors. Overall, market orientation seems to have a positive influence on a news startup's survival and support innovation.
Revisiting Federal Tax Treatment of States, Political Subdivisions, and Their Affiliates
Authors: Aprill Ellen P.
Published: March 2020

Several provisions of the 2017 tax legislation, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), focused attention on federal taxation of states, their political subdivisions, and their affiliates. Most prominently, the TCJA limited the federal income tax deduction for state and local taxes to $10,000. States have sued and attempted workarounds. Another pro­vision, which imposes an excise tax of 21% on “excessive compensa­tion” paid by certain entities not subject to income tax, inadvertently failed to subject to tax entities that are integral parts of states or polit­ical subdivisions or are themselves political subdivisions. Calls for a technical correction have so far gone unheeded.More than 20 years ago, I wrote two articles about federal tax­ation of state governments, political subdivisions, and their affiliates. The Teacher’s Manual to a leading casebook on nonprofit organiza­tions describes these two articles as “as much as anyone knows about this confusing patchwork and its ramifications.” The passage of time, changes in my own thinking, and new developments call for my return­ing to this topic. I do so here. Moreover, far more than in my earlier work, I examine the applicable rules regarding charitable contribution deductions to these entities as well as discuss the special rules applicable to governmental charities and the category of charities that lessen the burdens of government.In light of the 2017 tax legislation, I not only renew recommen­dations made long ago, but also extend them to the criteria for exempt­ing entities that lessen the burdens of government, a category that has received little scholarly attention. I also call for establishing a system by which states, political subdivisions, and their affiliates could receive determination letters, like those issued to section 501(c) organizations and thus familiar to potential donors. Such an approach would avoid the distortion of the rules applicable to section 501(c)(3) that arises from the current special treatment of governmental charities. Treating gov­ernmental entities as a distinct category under the Internal Revenue Code, with their own criteria and their own determination letter, would also acknowledge and honor their role in our federalist system.
Stabilizing “Pillar One”: Corporate Profit Reallocation in an Uncertain Environment
Authors: Grinberg Itai
Published: March 2020

This Article is about how the world reestablishes international tax order.The Article focuses on the OECD’s work on profit reallocation and asks whether this multilateral effort can be successful in stabiliz­ing the international tax system. The analysis centers on the current leading concepts for reallocating profit among jurisdictions under what is known as “Pillar One” of the OECD work programme. To analyze whether any Pillar One concept can be turned into a stable multilateral regime, it is necessary to specify certain elements of what a proposal to reallocate profits might entail. Accordingly, this Article sets out two strawman proposals. One strawman uses a “market intangibles” con­cept that explicitly separates routine and residual returns. The other strawman may reach a similar result, but does not explicitly attempt to separate routine and residual returns. Instead, in current OECD par­lance, it might be described as a “distribution-based” approach. The Article asks whether either of the two strawmen could be agreed upon and stabilized multilaterally given the tools of modern international tax diplomacy. I conclude that the current procedural and institutional architecture for cementing international tax rela­tions among states is inadequate to stabilize either of the strawmen.Nevertheless, with certain changes, reestablishing order may be possi­ble. Moreover, I conclude that there are six key structural decisions that impact the ability to stabilize the international tax architecture of any Pillar One approach and that these decisions are likely to be implicitly made in the course of choosing a political direction for Pillar One work in 2019. The choices made with regard to these decisions determine whether or not it will be possible to stabilize Pillar One. Even if good resolutions are reached along these six dimensions, there are only a couple of paths to stabilize the system. One path would involve using every tool in the current OECD arsenal in new and more expansive ways, and then substantially depoliticizing international tax matters and removing G20 involvement, such that logics of appropri­ateness developed among tax administrators isolated from political pressures and acting through transnational networks could lend stabil­ity to a new set of rules and principles. Even then, only a few Pillar One compromises could be stabilized this way. The alternative path, which could stabilize a broader range of proposals, requires formaliz­ing the new regime in international law through a true multilateral treaty.
Saving the Planet by Cutting Corporate Taxes: A Comparative Case Study Analysis
Authors: Mann Roberta , Martin Fiona , Butcher Bill
Published: March 2020

This Article examines corporate tax trends in the context of the press­ing global issue of climate change. Multinational corporations play a huge role in the global economy. We argue that the role of for-profit corporations should not be limited to making short-term profits for their shareholders. If corporations benefit from corporate tax reduc­tions, some of that benefit should be shared with society. This Article explores the connection between climate change and corporate activity through a new lens: corporate tax policy. It expands the current inquiry about the impact of taxes on corporations by connecting that discussion to the impact of multinational corporate activity on the global environment. To date, while research has been done on the interaction between corporate tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility, no research has examined the connection between the global trend of corporate tax rate cuts and the increasingly important influence of corporate environmental social responsibility. This Article begins to fill that gap by making a qualitative inquiry into the interac­tion between effective corporate tax rates, corporate tax cuts, and cor­porate social responsibility.
Složené rodiny a perspektiva dětských aktérů: Nové tematické a metodologické přístupy ve výzkumu rodin po rozvodu
Authors: Bartošová Michaela , Slepičková Lenka
Published: March 2020

Tento článek nabízí shrnutí toho, jak se náhled sociálních věd na rozvod a porozvodová uspořádání v posledních několika desetiletích proměňoval. Zároveň bychom rády upozornily na význam dítěte, nejen v procesu re-konstrukce rodin, ale i v obecnějším diskurzu nové sociologie dětství. Text lze rozdělit na dvě části: První část čtenáře seznamuje s demografickými daty indikujícími rozvodovost a existenci složených rodin v České republice. Věnuje se také způsobům, jakými tuto situaci reflektují čeští sociologové a jejich zahraniční kolegové. S cílem upozornit na roli dítěte v procesu utváření nových rodin se druhá část věnuje širším konceptuálním a metodologickým aspektům nového pojetí dětství v sociálních vědách. Aplikaci nového metodologického a tematického přístupu pak představujeme na několika výzkumech týkajících se tématu rozvodu.
Memoria jako kategorie záchrany
Authors: Horyna Břetislav
Published: March 2020

Studie tematizuje paměť (memoria), rozpomínání, vzpomínku a sebevědomí jako soubor psychických výkonů, jemuž se moderním slovem říká identita. Vzpomínku jako obsah paměti pociťuje a vybavuje si subjekt ve svém vědomí. Znamená to ale, že vzpomínka skutečně náleží subjektu? Určujícím vztahem k individuálně subjektivním vzpomínkám je cynismus makrologické kolektivní či ještě lépe národní paměti. Protože se dosud žádná vědní disciplína nedokázala zmocnit monopolu nad pamětí a vzpomínkou, není pro práci na vytváření obsahu tzv. kolektivní či národní paměti potřebná žádná speciální vědecká kvalifikace. Paměť se působením externích vlivů (politických, náboženských, vědeckých atd.) stává úložným prostorem epizodických vzpomínek, jež procházejí procesem generalizace a stávají se sémantickými modely pro výklad a zdůvodnění toho, co je většinou z mocenských důvodů chápáno jako nezbytné v současnosti. Konceptualizace vzpomínky jako sociálního zprostředkování minulosti není nutná pro minulost, avšak neobejde se bez ní současnost. Vzpomínka je to, co zapadá do konceptu. Je-li paměť sociální konstrukt, který dosáhne toho, že je účelově akceptován, anebo se naopak stává formou odporu proti deformacím minulosti a zejména současnosti, je vzpomínka snadno jazykově analyzovatelný diskursivní výkon.
V odrazu našich vzpomínek. Rodinná amatérská fotografie jako nástroj paměti
Authors: Tichá Jindra
Published: March 2020

Sepětí fotografického obrazu se zobrazovanou skutečností se s nástupem digitalizace stalo hojně diskutovaným tématem. Rodinná amatérská fotografie jako sociální entita je především ovlivňována rolí, kterou zaujímá v rámci rodinného života. Jako nástroj kolektivní paměti rodiny slouží obvykle k upevňování této sociální skupiny. Za účelem prozkoumání fotografické manipulace s realitou je nutné zohlednit povahu fotografického média jako reprodukční techniky. Prostřednictvím dokumentování rodinných rituálů se praktika fotografování podílí na vytváření historie rodiny jejíma vlastníma očima.
Willing Evil
Authors: Lagerlund Henrik ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

In this article, I present two virtually unknown sixteenth-century views of human freedom, that is, the views of Bartolomaeus de Usingen (1465–1532) and Jodocus Trutfetter (1460–1519) on the one hand and John Mair (1470–1550) on the other. Their views serve as a natural context and partial background to the more famous debate on human freedom between Martin Luther (1483–1556) and Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466–1536) from 1524–1526. Usingen and Trutfetter were Luther’s philosophy teachers in Erfurt. In a passage from Book III of John Mair’s commentary on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics from 1530, he seems to defend a view of human freedom by which we can will evil for the sake of evil. Very few thinkers in the history of philosophy have defended such a view. The most famous medieval thinker to do so is William Ockham (1288–1347). To illustrate how radical this view is, I place him in the historical context of such thinkers as Plato, Augustine, Buridan, and Descartes.
Is there a Punishment for Violating the Natural Law?
Authors: Roniger Scott J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2020

Is there a punishment for violating the natural law? This important question has been neglected in the scholarship on Thomistic natural law theory. I show that there is a three-fold punishment proper to the natural law; the remorse of conscience, the inability to be a friend to oneself, and the inability to be a friend to another work in concert to provide a natural penalty for moral wrongdoing. In order to establish these points, I first analyze sources of St. Thomas Aquinas’s natural law theory by discussing St. Augustine’s notion of law and fundamental ideas in Aristotle’s political philosophy. Next, I show how Aquinas unites aspects of Augustinian and Aristotelian thought in his treatment of natural law and thereby provides a framework for answering our question. Finally, I turn to Plato’s Gorgias and to Aristotle’s discussion of self-love in order to integrate these ideas with Aquinas’s natural law theory.
3D Technologies as the Future of Spatial Planning: the Example of Krakow
Authors: Bieda Agnieszka , Bydłosz Jarosław , Parzych Piotr , Pukanská Katarína , Wójciak Ewelina
Published: March 2020

The main goal of the paper is to make a general assessment of the application of 3D technologies in spatial planning. It was performed with the city of Krakow as the case study. The paper describes the outline of the spatial planning system in Poland and the planning conditions of Krakow. The data obtained from laser scanning for Krakow are also briefly characterized. The possibility of using these data for locating high-rise buildings in terms of the protection of Krakow’s panorama and within two programs “IT system of the Country’s Protection Against Extreme Hazards” (ISOK) and “Integrated spatial data monitoring system for air quality improvement in Krakow” (MONIT-AIR) were analyzed in the paper. The main result of the research is the assessment of what studies or measurements may be used to meet particular spatial planning needs or requirements.
Restoration of Boundary Markers and the Determination of Boundary Points – Proposed Amendments to the Laws of Poland
Authors: Maślanka Józef
Published: March 2020

The article presents proposed amendments to the provisions of the Polish Geodetic and Cartographic Law regarding the restoration of boundary markers and the determination of boundary points of cadastral parcels. The current legal regulations are both insufficient and ambiguous, which results in significant and harmful discrepancies both in the interpretation of the legislation and its application. As a result, the database of the register of land and buildings (EGiB), which keeps the records on the boundaries of cadastral parcels and the attributes of boundary points describing these boundaries, frequently does not correspond to the actual status and is therefore unreliable. Due to the importance of this data, and of the entire EGiB database, to the socio-economic system of the country, this should no longer be tolerated. In this research paper, the author highlights the problems both relating to the legal regulations on the procedure as well as to the content of the database of the register of land and buildings. In both cases, the defects carry consequences that are adverse for the quality of the EGiB data and contribute to the loss of their reliability The specific amendments to the legislation proposed in this article are to prevent the further misinterpretation and misapplication of the current legal provisions and should allow to meet the reasonable expectations and needs of the users of the data contained in the register of land and buildings, especially property owners.
Effect of helical kink in antimicrobial peptides on membrane pore formation
Authors: Tuerkova Alzbeta , Kabelka Ivo , Králová Tereza , Sukeník Lukáš , Pokorná Šárka , Hof Martin , Vácha Robert
Published: March 2020

Every cell is protected by a semipermeable membrane. Peptides with the right properties, for example Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), can disrupt this protective barrier by formation of leaky pores. Unfortunately, matching peptide properties with their ability to selectively form pores in bacterial membranes remains elusive. In particular, the proline/glycine kink in helical peptides was reported to both increase and decrease antimicrobial activity. We used computer simulations and fluorescence experiments to show that a kink in helices affects the formation of membrane pores by stabilizing toroidal pores but disrupting barrel-stave pores. The position of the proline/glycine kink in the sequence further controls the specific structure of toroidal pore. Moreover, we demonstrate that two helical peptides can form a kink-like connection with similar behavior as one long helical peptide with a kink. The provided molecular-level insight can be utilized for design and modification of pore-forming antibacterial peptides or toxins.
Hippocampal theta coordinates memory processing during visual exploration
Authors: Kragel James E , VanHaerents Stephen , Templer Jessica W , Schuele Stephan , Rosenow Joshua M , Nilakantan Aneesha S , Bridge Donna J
Published: March 2020

The hippocampus supports memory encoding and retrieval, which may occur at distinct phases of the theta cycle. These processes dynamically interact over rapid timescales, especially when sensory information conflicts with memory. The ability to link hippocampal dynamics to memory-guided behaviors has been limited by experiments that lack the temporal resolution to segregate encoding and retrieval. Here, we simultaneously tracked eye movements and hippocampal field potentials while neurosurgical patients performed a spatial memory task. Phase-locking at the peak of theta preceded fixations to retrieved locations, indicating that the hippocampus coordinates memory-guided eye movements. In contrast, phase-locking at the trough of theta followed fixations to novel object-locations and predicted intact memory of the original location. Theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling increased during fixations to conflicting visual content, but predicted memory updating. Hippocampal theta thus supports learning through two interleaved processes: strengthening encoding of novel information and guiding exploration based on prior experience.
Global phenotypic profiling identifies a conserved actinobacterial cofactor for a bifunctional PBP-type cell wall synthase
Authors: Sher Joel W , Lim Hoong Chuin , Bernhardt Thomas G
Published: March 2020

Members of the Corynebacterineae suborder of Actinobacteria have a unique cell surface architecture and, unlike most well-studied bacteria, grow by tip-extension. To investigate the distinct morphogenic mechanisms shared by these organisms, we performed a genome-wide phenotypic profiling analysis using Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model. A high-density transposon mutagenized library was challenged with a panel of antibiotics and other stresses. The fitness of mutants in each gene under each condition was then assessed by transposon-sequencing. Clustering of the resulting phenotypic fingerprints revealed a role for several genes of previously unknown function in surface biogenesis. Further analysis identified CofA (Cgp_0016) as an interaction partner of the peptidoglycan synthase PBP1a that promotes its stable accumulation at sites of polar growth. The related Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins were also found to interact, highlighting the utility of our dataset for uncovering conserved principles of morphogenesis for this clinically relevant bacterial suborder.
A loop structure allows TAPBPR to exert its dual function as MHC I chaperone and peptide editor
Authors: Sagert Lina , Hennig Felix , Thomas Christoph , Tampé Robert
Published: March 2020

Adaptive immunity vitally depends on major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules loaded with peptides. Selective loading of peptides onto MHC I, referred to as peptide editing, is catalyzed by tapasin and the tapasin-related TAPBPR. An important catalytic role has been ascribed to a structural feature in TAPBPR called the scoop loop, but the exact function of the scoop loop remains elusive. Here, using a reconstituted system of defined peptide-exchange components including human TAPBPR variants, we uncover a substantial contribution of the scoop loop to the stability of the MHC I-chaperone complex and to peptide editing. We reveal that the scoop loop of TAPBPR functions as an internal peptide surrogate in peptide-depleted environments stabilizing empty MHC I and impeding peptide rebinding. The scoop loop thereby acts as an additional selectivity filter in shaping the repertoire of presented peptide epitopes and the formation of a hierarchical immune response.
Development of core-collections for Guizhou tea genetic resources and GWAS of leaf size using SNP developed by genotyping-by-sequencing
Authors: Niu Suzhen , Koiwa Hisashi , Song Qinfei , Qiao Dahe , Chen Juan , Zhao Degang , Chen Zhengwu , Wang Ying , Zhang Tianyuan
Published: March 2020

An accurate depiction of the genetic relationship, the development of core collection, and genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) are key for the effective exploitation and utilization of genetic resources. Here, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used to characterize 415 tea accessions mostly collected from the Guizhou region in China. A total of 30,282 high-quality SNPs was used to estimate the genetic relationships, develop core collections, and perform GWAS. We suggest 198 and 148 accessions to represent the core set and mini-core set, which consist of 47% and 37% of the whole collection, respectively, and contain 93–95% of the total SNPs. Furthermore, the frequencies of all alleles and genotypes in the whole set were very well retained in the core set and mini-core set. The 415 accessions were clustered into 14 groups and the core and the mini-core collections contain accessions from each group, species, cultivation status and growth habit. By analyzing the significant SNP markers associated with multiple traits, nine SNPs were found to be significantly associated with four leaf size traits, namely MLL, MLW, MLA and MLSI (P < 1.655E−06). This study characterized the genetic distance and relationship of tea collections, suggested the core collections, and established an efficient GWAS analysis of GBS result.
Seed type, habitat and time of day influence post-dispersal seed removal in temperate ecosystems
Authors: Wehner Katja , Schäfer Lea , Blüthgen Nico , Mody Karsten
Published: March 2020

Seed survival is of great importance for the performance of plant species and it is strongly affected by post-dispersal seed removal by either different animals such as granivorous species and secondary dispersers or abiotic conditions such as wind or water. The success of post-dispersal seed removal depends on seed specific traits including seed size, the presence of coats or elaiosomes, the mode of seed dispersion, and on the habitat in which seeds happen to arrive. In the present study we asked how seed traits (dehulled vs. intact; size; dispersal mode), habitat (forest vs. grassland), and time of day (night vs. day) influence post-dispersal seed removal of the four plant species Chelidonium majus, Lotus corniculatus, Tragopogon pratensis and Helianthus annuus. Seed removal experiments were performed in three regions in Hesse, Germany. The results showed different, inconsistent influences of time of day, depending on habitat and region, but consistent variation across seed types. C. majus and dehulled H. annuus seeds had the fastest removal rates. The impact of the habitat on post-dispersal seed removal was very low, only intact H. annuus seeds were removed at significantly higher rates in grasslands than in forests. Our study demonstrates consistent differences across seed types across different habitats and time: smaller seeds and those dispersed by animals had a faster removal rate. It further highlights that experimental studies need to consider seeds in their natural form to be most realistic.
Physiological parameters and differential expression analysis of N-phenyl-N′-[6-(2-chlorobenzothiazol)-yl] urea-induced callus of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis
Authors: Ouyang Lejun , Wang Zechen , Li Limei , Chen Baoling
Published: March 2020

In this study, we analyzed differences in the enzyme activities and transcriptomes of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli to gain insights for improving the success of tissue culture-based breeding. A total of 2,856 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 1,632 up-regulated and 1,224 down-regulated) were identified based on RNA sequencing and verified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that many of the up-regulated DEGs in embryogenic callus were enriched in the photosynthesis processes. Furthermore, the enzyme activity, hormone content, and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) gene expression analyses were found to be consistent with the transcriptome results. Cytokinin biosynthesis in N-phenyl-N′-[6-(2-chlorobenzothiazol)-yl] urea (PBU)-induced embryogenic callus increased owing to CKX repression. Measurement of endogenous hormones by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that, compared with non-embryogenic callus, in embryogenic callus, the indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and trans-zeatin riboside content had significantly higher values of 129.7, 127.8 and 78.9 ng/g, respectively. Collectively, the findings of this study will provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying embryogenic callus differentiation and can potentially contribute to developing procedures aimed at enhancing the success of callus-based plant regeneration.
СТРАДАНИЯ ПО СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЮ: ДВА ОПРОСА РОССИЙСКИХ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ СОЦСЕТЕЙ, "Средние века"
Authors: Сидорова Василина Викторовна
Published: March 2020

В статье опубликованы результаты социологических опросов пользователей соцсетей, проведенных в мае 2012 г. и августе 2019 г. с целью узнать, из каких источников люди черпают информацию о Cредневековье, в каких явлениях современности видят параллели к истории Средних веков и как изменился образ эпохи в массовом сознании. В опросе 2012 г. приняли участие 664 человека, в 2019 г. - 1627 человек. Заметно выросла доля женщин и лиц в возрасте от 37 до 46 лет. 87% интересует история Средних веков, при этом 22% считают свои знания нечеткими и отрывочными или отсутствующими. Сравнение опросов показало, что высказанная в 2012 г. готовность читать, смотреть или посещать что-либо, связанное со Средневековьем, далеко не всегда означала реализацию этих намерений. К 2019 г научно-популярную литературу и материалы в Интернете читали чаще, чем были готовы в 2012 г. Наименее популярными оказались публичные лекции. 73% респондентов не способны назвать по фамилии ни одного медиевиста и 83% - не в курсе существования журнала «Средние века». Однако многие участники опроса были рады о нем узнать.
«STATUS» И «ORDO» В СВЯЩЕННОЙ РИМСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ ПЕРВОЙ ТРЕТИ XV В, "Средние века"
Authors: НАУМОВ Николай Николаевич
Published: March 2020

На основании трактатов о светской и церковной реформе, а также королевских грамот римских и чешских королей в статье рассматриваются особенности локального употребления латинских терминов «status» и «ordo», взятых в социально-политическом смысле. Исследуется вопрос, какого рода субъекты в немецких и чешских землях первой трети XV в. обозначались данными терминами и в какой мере этим терминам семантически соответствует русское понятие «сословие».
МАХОМЕТРИКА: ЛАТИНСКИЕ ПОЭТИЧЕСКИЕ СОЧИНЕНИЯ XII ВЕКА О МАГОМЕТЕ / изд. Ф. Гонсалес Муньос. Мадрид: Высший совет научных исследований, 2015 (Сер. «Новый Рим»; Т. 42). 289 с, "Средние века"
Authors: Лучицкая Светлана Игоревна
Published: March 2020

Рецензируется книга испанского медиевиста Ф. Гонсалеса Муньоса, в которой дан критический анализ и перевод на испанский язык четырех значимых латинских текстов XII в., посвященных жизнеописанию Мухаммада.
The chloride intracellular channel protein CLIC4 inhibits filopodium formation induced by constitutively active mutants of formin mDia2
Authors: Argenzio Elisabetta , Innocenti Metello
Published: March 2020

Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) functions in diverse actin‐dependent processes. Upon Rho activation, CLIC4 reversibly translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane to regulate cell adhesion and migration. At the plasma membrane, CLIC4 counters the formation of filopodia, which requires actin assembly by the formin mammalian Diaphanous (mDia)2. To this end, mDia2 must be activated through conversion from the closed to the open conformation. Thus, CLIC4 could harness the activation or the open conformation of mDia2 to inhibit filopodium formation. Here, we find that CLIC4 silencing enhances the filopodia induced by two constitutively active mDia2 mutants. Furthermore, we report that CLIC4 binds the actin‐regulatory region of mDia2 in vitro. These results suggest that CLIC4 modulates the activity of the open conformation of mDia2, shedding new light into how cells may control filopodia.
PIM protein kinases regulate the level of the long noncoding RNA H19 to control stem cell gene transcription and modulate tumor growth
Authors: Singh Neha , Padi Sathish K. R. , Bearss Jeremiah J. , Pandey Ritu , Okumura Koichi , Beltran Himisha , Song Jin H. , Kraft Andrew S. , Olive Virginie
Published: March 2020

The proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) serine/threonine kinases have an oncogenic and prosurvival role in hematological and solid cancers. However, the mechanism by which these kinases drive tumor growth has not been completely elucidated. To determine the genes controlled by these protein kinases, we carried out a microarray analysis in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) comparing early progenitor (ETP‐ALL) cell lines whose growth is driven by PIM kinases to more mature T‐ALL cells that have low PIM levels. This analysis demonstrated that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 was associated with increased PIM levels in ETP‐ALL. Overexpression or knockdown of PIM in these T‐ALL cell lines controlled the level of H19 and regulated the methylation of the H19 promoter, suggesting a mechanism by which PIM controls H19 transcription. In these T‐ALL cells, the expression of PIM1 induced stem cell gene expression (SOX2, OCT‐4, and NANOG) through H19. Identical results were found in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines where PIM kinases drive cancer growth, and both H19 and stem cell gene levels. Small molecule pan‐PIM inhibitors (PIM‐i) currently in clinical trials reduced H19 expression in both of these tumor types. Importantly, the knockdown of H19 blocked the ability of PIM to induce stem cell genes in T‐ALL cells, suggesting a novel signal transduction cascade. In PCa, increases in SOX2 levels have been shown to cause both resistance to the androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and the induction of neuroendocrine PCa, a highly metastatic form of this disease. Treatment of PCa cells with a small molecule pan‐PIM‐i reduced stem cell gene transcription and enhanced ADT, while overexpression of H19 suppressed the ability of pan‐PIM‐i to regulate hormone blockade. Together, these results demonstrate that the PIM kinases control the level of lncRNA H19, which in turn modifies stem cell gene transcription regulating tumor growth.
Self‐Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments
Authors: Camacho Ryan M. , Fish Davin , Simmons Matthew , Awerkamp Parker , Anderson Rebecca , Carlson Stephanie , Laney Joshua , Viglione Matthew , Nordin Gregory P.
Published: March 2020

Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light‐water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D‐printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well‐known wetting principles and capillary effects, self‐sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub‐micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries.
High‐yield characteristics and root support of rain‐fed maize under film mulching
Authors: Zhang Liang , Meng Yuan , Li Shiqing , Yue Shanchao
Published: March 2020

Full ridge‐furrow plastic film‐mulching (FM) is an important drought‐resistant and high‐yield agricultural method employed in the Loess Plateau. The characteristics of FM, which are closely related to high‐efficiency resource utilization and root–shoot coordination of crops, may serve as references for yield increases in a broad range of farmland types. However, few studies have investigated this topic. A 2‐yr field study was conducted in the rain‐fed arid farmland of the Loess Plateau experimental station to investigate the canopy development and root support of FM maize (Zea mays L.). Our results showed that FM not only accelerated canopy growth in the vegetative phase and prolonged the reproductive phase but also promoted N and biomass accumulation in leaves after flowering. The leaf N concentration and biomass in FM maize increased by 6.2–24.7% and 16.9–29.3%, respectively, during R1 (silking)–R3 (milk) stage compared with the control. However, although the total root biomass decreased, and less RL (root length) and root surface area were distributed in deep soil, FM reduced the decline rate of RL and surface area during the R1–R3 period by 20.5 and 15.2% in topsoil, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, FM significantly increased the root efficiency of leaf nitrogen (REN) absorption by 66.7–84.6% at the R1 stage and increased the water use efficiency (WUE) of grain yield by 20.3–69.4%. In conclusion, maize plants under FM had strengthened photosynthetic organs with high efficiency and long‐lasting root support in a prolonged reproductive phase.
Quantification of Mixtures of C2 and C3 Hydroxy Acids and Products of Glycerol Oxidation by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography and Quantitative 13C NMR
Authors: Nguyen Rémi , Amouroux Mathilde , Duda Alexis , Mouloungui Zéphirin
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to develop an improved general method for detecting and quantifying mixtures of hydroxy acids and other products of glycerol oxidation in aqueous media, to prevent the confusions that can occur due to similarities and interactions between these compounds depending on media conditions. Standard potential products of glycerol oxidation—glycerol, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, glyceric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, oxalic acid, tartronic acid, and mesoxalic acid—were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in mixtures of known composition. The results obtained were concordant with the known compositions tested. HPLC was more accurate than quantitative 13C NMR for simple mixtures, but 13C NMR was required for complex mixtures containing dihydroxyacetone and glycerol, oxalic acid and mesoxalic acid, or glyoxylic acid and tartronic acid, pairs of compounds not well separated or detected by HPLC. As proof‐of‐concept, an unknown mixture generated by glycerol oxidation was analyzed by HPLC and quantitative 13C NMR. The results obtained were concordant and allowed accurate determination of the composition of the sample, which contained mesoxalic acid as the major product, with oxalic acid, tartronic acid, and glyceric acid as by‐products.
Fabrication of polycaprolactone nanofibrous membrane‐embedded microfluidic device for water filtration
Authors: Qasim Muhammad , Duong Duong Duy , Lee Ji Yi , Lee Nae Yoon
Published: March 2020

In this study, we fabricated a plastic microfluidic device embedded with polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous membrane for use as a filter for the removal of bacteria from contaminated water. A microfluidic device was fabricated by sandwiching an electrospun PCL nanofibrous membrane between two layers of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates. On the top PMMA layer, a serpentine microchannel was engraved, and 165 through holes were drilled along the microchannel. The bottom PMMA layer contained four rectangular pillars in the center to prevent the collapse of the PCL membrane. To reduce the hydrophobic nature of the PCL membrane and to allow it attain antimicrobial functionality, the surfaces of the nanofibers were coated with dopamine. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements confirmed the successful fabrication of the hydrophilic PCL membrane. Contaminated water was introduced at a flow rate of 2 mL/hr, screening 10 mL of fluid within 5 hr. Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry and colony forming unit counting confirmed the removal of bacteria from contaminated water as compared with control (up to 80%), while dopamine‐coated nanofibrous membranes also exhibited antimicrobial activities. This justified the potential of utilization of the microfluidic device in water treatment systems.
Characteristics of the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene and telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in gliomas in Chinese patients
Authors: Qu Chong‐Xiao , Ji Hong‐Ming , Shi Xiang‐Cheng , Bi Hong , Zhai Li‐Qin , Han De‐Wu
Published: March 2020

Objectives

To explore the characteristics of IDH and TERT promoter mutations in gliomas in Chinese patients.

Methods

A total of 124 Chinese patients with gliomas were enrolled to study the frequencies of mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERTp). Among the 124 patients, 59 patients were enrolled to study the classification of gliomas based on mutations in IDH and TERTp.

Results

Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations are positively correlated with a good prognosis but mutations in TERTp cannot predict prognoses independently. The combined analysis of the mutations of IDH and TERTp can predict the prognosis more accurately. Patients with IDH and TERTp glioma mutations have the best prognosis, followed by only IDH mutation patients and only TERTp mutation patients, which have the worst prognosis. IDH and TERTp mutations occur frequently in males, younger patients or lower‐grade patients. In contrast, only TERTp mutations occur frequently in females, older patients or higher‐grade patients.

Conclusions

Patients with IDH and TERTp glioma mutations have the best prognosis, and only IDH mutation patients and only TERTp mutation patients have the worst prognosis. Moreover, the molecular classification of gliomas by mutations of IDH and TERTp is not suitable for pediatric patients.
Numerical estimation on the threshold of nerve excitation phenomena by the application of current with multiple frequencies based on Frankenhaeuser‐Huxley model
Authors: Makino Kei , Suzuki Yukihisa , Taki Masao
Published: March 2020

International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines describes addition equation for electrical stimulation, relevant for frequencies up to 10 MHz, with respect to simultaneous exposure to magnetic fields with multiple frequencies. However, there is no literature which estimated the threshold of electromagnetic field exposure of multiple frequencies. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to estimate the threshold of nerve excitation caused by the application of current with multiple frequencies. In this article, combinations of two kinds of frequencies f1 and f2 were investigated for the applying current. The Frankenhaeuser‐Huxley model was employed to analyze nerve excitation effects. The ratios of the applied current value to the threshold current value were kept at the same value for each frequency f1 and f2, respectively. Consequently, the threshold did not exceed if the philosophy of the addition equation of International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) was satisfied, with any combination of f1 and f2 analyzed in this article. Especially when f1 = 2 f2 and f2 = 2 f1, the threshold became a high value. By analyzing the amount of the accumulated electric charge, which is a factor causing the action potential, it was demonstrated that it is difficult to accumulate the electric charge when f1 = 2 f2 and f2 = 2 f1.
Formation of Alkylbenzenes and Tocochromanols Degradation in Sunflower Oil and in Fried Potatoes during Deep‐Frying and Pan‐Frying
Authors: Padovan Andrea , Moret Sabrina , Bortolomeazzi Renzo , Moret Erica , Conchione Chiara , Conte Lanfranco S. , Brühl Ludger
Published: March 2020

Formation of toxic alkylbenzenes, total polar compounds (%TPC) and degradation of tocochromanol are monitored. Analyses of the oil extracted from fried potatoes confirm the trend observed in the frying oil. The fresh oil has a TPC content of 3%, which increases with the frying time, exceeding the acceptable value (25%) after about 25 h for deep‐frying and 1.5 h for pan‐frying. During deep‐frying, total tocochromanol decreases to about half (25 mg per 100 g) of the initial value, pan‐frying shows faster, degradation (complete after 1.5 h). Toluene concentration increases with the frying time reaching a maximum, and afterwards gradually decreases. Except for butylbenzene during pan‐frying, pentylbenzene and butylbenzene concentration, increase with the frying time, but remain much lower than toluene.

Practical Applications: This is the first systematic work comparing alkylbenzenes evolution under different frying conditions. Different from previous works, frying experiments are carried out following the indication of many European countries that recommend using temperature lower than 180 °C. The amount of alkylbenzenes assumed through a standard portion of fried potatoes (200 g) is assessed, which is relevant for evaluating dietary exposure to these contaminants.
Appellate decision in bankruptcy case creates financial risks for higher ed institutions
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: March 2020

In November 2019, the U.S. First Circuit Court of Appeals decided in In re Palladino, No. 17‐1334 (11/12/19, U.S. 1st Circuit Court of Appeals), that a bankruptcy trustee may claw back from a college or university tuition payments by the parents of an adult child if the payments were made within two years of the filing of a bankruptcy petition and the parents were insolvent at that time. The court specifically refused to address whether it would reach the same outcome if the child was a minor at the time the payments were made.
Understand the role of a search firm for recruiting a chief enrollment management officer
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: March 2020

DALLAS — If your institution is hiring for a chief enrollment management officer, what are the advantages of using a search firm? A panel of search firm representatives explained how they can help at a session at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers Strategic Enrollment Management Conference.
Effect of rock brittleness on propagation of hydraulic fractures in shale reservoirs with bedding‐planes
Authors: Chong Zhaohui , Yao Qiangling , Li Xuehua , Zhu Liu , Tang Chuanjin
Published: March 2020

Hydraulic fracturing forms complex hydraulic fracture networks (HFNs) in shale reservoirs and significantly improves the permeability of shale reservoirs. Although rock brittleness is a major factor in determining whether a shale reservoir can be fractured, the relationship between HFNs and rock brittleness remains unclear. To investigate this relationship in a shale reservoir with bedding planes, this paper presents a series of hydraulic fracturing simulations based on a hydromechanically coupled discrete element model. In addition, we analyzed the sensitivity of the difference in rock brittleness to bedding‐plane angle and density. The parameters used in the model were verified by comparing the simulated results with experimental results and a theoretical equation. The results showed that breakdown pressure and injection pressure increased with increasing rock brittleness. The tensile hydraulic fracture of a shale reservoir (THFSR) was always the most abundant type of hydraulic fracture (HF)—almost 2.5 times the sum of the other three types of HFs. The distribution of areas with higher fluid pressure deviated from the direction of the maximum principal stress when the angle between the bedding plane and maximum principal stress directions was large. Upon increasing this bedding‐plane angle, the breakdown pressure and rock brittleness index first decreased and then increased. However, regardless of bedding angle, the relative proportions of the various types of HFs remained essentially constant, and the seepage area expanded in the direction of the maximum principal stress. Increased bedding‐plane density resulted in a gradual increase in the total number of HFs, with significantly fewer of the THFSR type, and the large seepage areas connected with each other. This study thus provides useful information for preparing strategies for hydraulic fracturing.