bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helicopters—people and places
Authors: Cheeseman I. C.
Published: March 2023

The need to provide members of a population with acceptable standards was clearly recognised by Juan de la Cierva. In a paper published in the Cambridge University Engineering and Aeronautical Society's Journal of 1934 under the title “Rotary Wing Aircraft”, he discusses the relative merits of autogyros, helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. It is interesting to note that his section headings include efficiency, utilisation, piloting, safety, simplicity and comfort, which show that he was well aware of the human and economic factors as well as the aerodynamic and structural developments for which he is rightly remembered. I have little doubt that if Cierva were to lecture today on choice, he would review not only the topics listed above for the occupants of the rotary winged aircraft but also he would examine the environmental advantages and possible difficulties which the use of such aircraft can confer today and in the immediate future. This lecture, which it is an honour to be invited to give, is an attempt to perform such an exercise.
Material constants of filamentary-composite laminates
Authors: Zaghloul S. A. , Kennedy J. B.
Published: March 2023

The basic building block of a filamentary-composite laminate is a ply or a lamina consisting of a larger number of stiff filaments (e.g. glass) embedded in a compatible material (e.g. epoxy). The laminate or multi-directional composite is considered to comprise a number of perfectly bonded laminas with different fibre orientations. The deformation response of a laminate to an applied force is calculated by means of its material constants. One of the common methods of determining these constants is by means of a micro-macro mechanical analysis in which the characteristics of the composite are found in terms of the constituent material properties, geometry, and volume percentage of fibre content. Numerous papers have been published to investigate the micro-macro mechanical approach. Some of these works are based on the mechanics of materials approach and on the variational principle of minimum potential energy, as well as on the classical theory of elasticity.
The tandem-wing concept applied to modern transports
Authors: Bottomley J. W.
Published: March 2023

The first tandem-wing aircraft I saw appeared in an early 1960s edition of the boys comic—Lion. I dismissed it as a figment of the artist's imagination, but later came across the self-same aircraft in War Planes of World War 2—Fighters—Volume 2 by W. Green. From then on I have been collecting information on tandem-wing aircraft. Some eight years later what started as an interest in aircraft took an academic turn when I did a design study of a tandem-wing aircraft as part of an MSc.
Aeronautics—a study in technological and economic growth and form
Authors: Flax A. H.
Published: March 2023

It is not only a great honour but also a great pleasure to have been asked to deliver this Sixty-Third Wright Brothers Lecture to the Royal Aeronautical Society. My own associations with the Society and its members have almost always been highly edifying, stimulating and productive in both the personal and professional spheres. I believe that the relationships between our two nations which I have had the opportunity to observe from the government, industrial and scientific standpoints have greatly enhanced the qualities of our institutions and the extent of our progress in aeronautics as in many other areas. We have often been competitive, sometimes fiercely so, but almost never in a destructive way. I still remember from my youth the vicarious thrills of the editorial battles of the 1930s between The Aeroplane and Aero Digest over the merits of British and American air transports and the genuine delight I experienced when I actually met C. G. Grey, Editor of The Aeroplane in that era, at a Society garden party years later. The challenge of worthy adversaries, the hard but fair rules of engagement, and the sportsman’s appreciation of the game well played, in victory or defeat, are as potent sources for excellence in science, technology, business and the professions as they are in contests of skill and daring.
The Turana drone system
Authors: Schaetzel S. S.
Published: March 2023

While the development of the Turana drone forms a short and well defined programme, such programme would not have been possible without the preceding Australian activity on drones and guided weapons.

It might be appropriate to outline briefly this activity, since the approach to various problems of Turana and the solution of certain difficulties depended on the experience gained with the Jindivik, Malkara and Ikara.
The changing shape of air transport in the 1970s
Authors: Thomson Adam
Published: March 2023

The title of this paper may suggest that it sets out to bring the report of the Edwards Committee up-to-date. That would be an interesting and challenging task; but although some aspects of the Committee's conclusions will be considered in the light of more recent experience, I have no intention of attempting to perform, in the course of an evening, something which a number of well-qualified men, ably served by an experienced secretariat, required 18 months to complete. Nevertheless, because air transport is a dynamic industry in which change is commonplace, even the work of the Edwards Committee has to some extent been overtaken by events. Its principal recommendations have been implemented, wholly or in part, and in turn, this has set the scene for further change so far as British civil aviation is concerned. Despite this apparent emphasis on change, the industry needs stability. Sometimes stability is confused with stagnation—so let me make it clear that what is required is stability accompanied by sufficient flexibility not only to reflect change but to influence change when this is necessary.

In many ways the scene for the 1970s was set by the events of the previous decade. If there were time it might be interesting to consider some of the more important factors which have influenced the past decade, but the Edwards Committee itself examined much of the evidence of the 1960s in reaching its conclusions.
Prediction of the lift and moment on a slender cylinder-segment wing-body combination
Authors: Crowell K. R. , Crowe C. T.
Published: March 2023

The design of a vehicle with cruise capability which can be packaged in a volume limited space, such as a cylindrical tube, centres around the problem of folding the lifting and control surfaces in such a manner that their deployment is simple and reliable. Several folding schemes are illustrated in Fig. 1. A wing fabricated of a flexible material and suspended by lines from the fuselage (parawing, Fig. 1a) can be folded to occupy only a small volume. These wings, however, are difficult to deploy at high forward speeds and have characteristically poor lift/ drag ratios unsuitable for high performance cruise capability. Another concept which allows storing the wing in a volume-limited space is the “scissor” wing (Fig. 1b) which, when deployed, swings out from a cavity in the fuselage.
Possibilities and problems of achieving community noise acceptance of VTOL
Authors: Stepniewski W. Z. , Schmitz F. H.
Published: March 2023

In view of the increasing awareness of the population to noise pollution, reduction of aircraft noise annoyance to an acceptable level becomes one of the necessary conditions for the acceptability of aircraft operations close to populated areas. In particular, reducing the subjective acoustical annoyance of VTOL aircraft to the surrounding community should become the common objective of aircraft manufacturers, airport planners, potential aircraft operators and the community itself if the latter is to benefit from all the possible advantages of VTOL service.
Setting up a downtown heliport
Authors: Landi Philip J.
Published: March 2023

The experience of the New York/New Jersey metropolitan area in the setting up of the “downtown” heliport will give some notion of the obstacles one encounters, and how the interested agency may surmount those obstacles—which it is possible to do when all goes well.

If someone were to introduce a certain gracious lady as ”… that well-known Queen of England, Elizabeth II …” he would expect to meet with a slightly incredulous stare. We agree that it is a bit superfluous to say that the lady is well-known. Some propositions are so inherently true that it is better to say less rather than more, to make a point. I hope I have not gone excessively round-about to express my diffidence in setting out to prove the obvious, that the helicopter has a place in the modern, urban transport system. Equally obvious should be the fact that the down-town heliport is a natural and essential link in such a system. The proposition may require demonstration. It hardly needs proof.
World Developments and Activities in Agricultural Aviation
Authors: Maan W. J.
Published: March 2023

When I accepted the invitation, to speak at this meeting on “Some Outstanding Developments and Activities” it was presumed that in preparing this paper, it would be possible for me to make a selective use of information presented at our IVth International Agricultural Aviation Congress held in August 1969 in Canada. Unfortunately this is not possible. Therefore, I am unable to pass on to you a comprehensive summary of the interesting technical details of various congress papers. So, I have to take the risk, when addressing you, of spoiling my reputation.

These reservations being made, I would like to give you some facts regarding the IVth International Agricultural Aviation Congress of August 1969. The registered participation was 259 (35% of this number from the host country). It was therefore sufficiently international, although the participation from Asia and Africa was very small indeed.
Engineering in the Royal Air Force
Authors: Pringle C. N. S.
Published: March 2023

I am deeply conscious of the privilege of giving this First Joint Lecture of the Royal Aeronautical Society and the Society of Licensed Aircraft Engineers and Technologists. I am delighted this has been initiated by our two bodies. Our close working together can only be to the benefit of aviation as a whole in this country. It is also another step in bringing closer together those concerned with research, development, and design with those of us concerned with maintenance. In these days of high costs of equipment and of labour, I am glad to say that maintenance is at last being recognised as requiring a much larger degree of attention at the initiation of projects than has been the case in the past. Moreover, it gives me particular pleasure that a Royal Air Force lecturer should be invited on this occasion because of the very close affiliation of the work of engineers in the Royal Air Force with that of the members of SLAET.
Ground-to-Air Launch Weapons
Authors: Dunn S. C.
Published: March 2023

Operational research is an attitude of mind and a collection of techniques. Although the people who make up the engineering strength of a guided weapons firm find that attitude of mind congenial and commonly approach their problems predisposed to use the techniques, it is uncommon to encounter an OR group in any great strength.

This is perhaps because the grouping of people by techniques in such firms is more natural when those techniques bear a direct relation to the firm's products. Despite the fact that a substantial body of practitioners is not to be found in close association, practices which are recognisable as OR are to be found throughout the course of a project.
The Manufacture of Glass Fibre Rotor Blades with Pressure Tappings
Authors: Gregory-Smith D. G. , Marsh H.
Published: March 2023

In university research on the flow through turbo-machines it is often necessary to produce blades which can be manufactured in a small workshop at relatively low cost. As part of a project to investigate the development of the annulus wall boundary layers in a compressor, a set of rotor blades were designed and manufactured for the large rotating cascade wind tunnel at Cambridge University. The apparatus is shown in outline in Fig. 1 and a detailed description of this wind tunnel has been given by Oxford. The air passes through the research rotor and then through the auxiliary fan and throttle. The combination of a variable speed research rotor with variable speed and pitch on the auxiliary fan and variable throttle leads to a highly versatile apparatus with a wide range of operation. An important feature of this apparatus is the sixteen channel pressure transfer device which allows pressures measured on the rotating blade to be transmitted out to a stationary multi-tub manometer.
The Noise of Rotorcraft and other VTOL Aircraft— A Review
Authors: Cheeseman I. C.
Published: March 2023

The need to understand the mechanism of generation and to be able to predict the noise of aircraft has increased enormously in the present decade. The questions which the aircraft designer now poses to the noise engineer are much more difficult to answer than was the case in 1964 when rotorcraft noise was discussed by this Section. For example in the case of conventional transport aircraft at the beginning of this decade it was only necessary to show that on take off the peak noise did not exceed 110 PNdB at a predetermined monitoring point at certain airfields. With the advent of noise certification it is now necessary to know the complete noise time history of the aircraft for points under the take off path, at the side and on the approach before the aircraft flies or the engine is made. The increased emphasis on noise research and the resulting developments in the theory and practice is not surprising.
Creep Buckling of Circular Cylindrical Shells in Pure Bending
Authors: Hoff N. J. , Wang L.
Published: March 2023

In a paper published in 1956 the senior author analysed the problem of the creep bending and buckling of a reinforced circular cylindrical shell subjected to the action of a bending moment constant in time and along the axis of the shell. With the aid of the principle of virtual displacements he found that the problem is governed by two simultaneous non-linear first-order differential equations. The equations were integrated step by step with the aid of a desk calculator and satisfactory agreement was found between theory and experiment when the results were compared with experimental data obtained in the laboratory of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. The experimental investigation and its results were described in ref. 1 as well as in a research memorandum of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the theory was presented in detail at the Symposium on Structural Problems of High-Speed Flight held at Cranfield, England, in August 1956 and published in the Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1957.
Correlation of Total Lift Data for Thin, Sharp-Edged, Low-Aspect-Ratio Delta Wings at Low Speeds
Authors: Alexander A. J.
Published: March 2023

The amount of research carried out in the field of highly swept wings has reached massive proportions. No attempt is made to review the literature on this subject but it seems that despite all efforts, no method yet exists for calculating the lift of delta wings in subsonic flow where the trailing-edge condition makes true conical flow impossible. A recent paper by Nangia and Hancock, has attempted this very difficult problem but the method proposed is not yet suitable for general application. Greater success has been obtained in supersonic flow,see for example ref.2.

Various formulae have been obtained for the lift coefficient of delta wings in conical flow and the lift can be divided into two parts; the linear part where the flow is fully attached in the region of zero incidence and the nonlinear part where extra lift is obtained from the leading edge vortices. One typical formula is derived from a relatively simple theory by Edwards.
The Future of Aeronautics—Dreams and Realities
Authors: Allen John E.
Published: March 2023

From balloons to supersonic flight; from elementary theory to man powered flight; from Jules Verne to a foreseeable landing on the moon, all this in a hundred years. It would take a bold and powerful imagination to make an accurate forecast of the developments and achievements of the next hundred years.

HRH THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH, KG, HonFRAeS

Foreword to the RAeS Centenary Journal

January 1966

The first part of this title is the name of the Royal Aeronautical Society's own book with which I was concerned, as an exercise in long term studies, stimulated by the Centenary Year. The second part was added especially for the lecture as it seemed a concise way of relating long term speculations with some practical restraints which have to be circumvented too, if aeronautics is to progress.
The Case for the Convertible Rotor
Authors: Hafner R.
Published: March 2023

The rotor performance is computed for the two modes of VTOL flight, hover and cruise. In the hover mode the rotor must provide sufficient thrust to support the whole aircraft weight, whereas in the cruise mode only a small fraction of the thrust is required. On the other hand, the flow through the rotor is relatively small in hover, but large in cruise. These different conditions in the two modes of operation demand variable blade geometry in terms of blade twist, as well as aerofoil camber. The high thrust in the hover mode must be obtained with a minimum of blade area to avoid excessive drag in the cruise mode. To achieve this a fairly high tip speed must be combined with high lift coefficients. In the cruise mode on the other hand, tip speed and lift coefficients must be reduced considerably. This leads to a high advance ratio.
Some Present Uses and Future Prospects of Titanium in Airframes
Authors: Coombe T. W. , Hurley J. H. R.
Published: March 2023

This paper first considers briefly the properties of titanium alloys in relation to other airframe materials, and describes some applications in the Concorde airframe. Finally there is some discussion of developments which indicate opportunities for extending their application.
The Boeing 747–the pilot's view
Authors: Wygle Brien S.
Published: March 2023

As in most things, progress in aviation has proceeded in distinct steps. A technical breakthrough resulting in a significant performance increment would be immediately adopted by all designers in the international competition for orders and recognition. One might recall the cantilever wing, the retractable landing gear, the jet engine, the swept wing, the delta wing and the supersonic wing. Performance and economics counted and if there were a few new handling or operational problems introduced— well, they would be attended to in good time. Reduced margins of stability were often accepted by test pilots; partly in their employer's interest, and partly because there is no easy answer to “what's good enough?” Handling qualities did have a substantial impact on economics, of course, but cause and effect were not yet clearly related.
Comparative effectiveness of evidence-based psychotherapies for PTSD delivered in VA residential PTSD treatment
Authors: Sippel Lauren M. , Gross Georgina M. , Spiller Tobias R. , Duek Or , Smith Noelle , Hoff Rani , Harpaz-Rotem Ilan
Published: March 2023

Background

Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Prolonged Exposure (PE) are first-line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There have been few direct comparisons of CPT and PE intended to determine their comparative effectiveness, none of which have examined outcomes among military veterans receiving these treatments in a residential setting such as the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) residential rehabilitation treatment programs (RRTPs). Such work is essential given that these veterans are among the most complex and severely symptomatic patients with PTSD treated in VA. In this study we compared changes in PTSD and depressive symptoms across admission, discharge, four months and 12 months following discharge among veterans who received CPT or PE within VA RRTPs.

Methods

Using linear mixed models conducted on program evaluation data derived from the electronic medical record and follow-up surveys, we compared self-reported PTSD and depressive symptom outcomes among 1130 veterans with PTSD who were treated with individual CPT (n = 832, 73.5%) or PE (n = 297, 26.5%) in VA PTSD RRTPs in fiscal years 2018–2020.

Results

PTSD and depressive symptom severity did not significantly differ at any time points. The CPT and PE groups both showed large-sized reductions in PTSD (CPT d = 1.41, PE d = 1.51) and depression (CPT d = 1.01, PE d = 1.09) from baseline to 12-month follow-up.

Conclusions

Outcomes for PE and CPT do not differ among a highly complex population of veterans with severe PTSD and several comorbid conditions that can make it difficult to engage in treatment.
Language proficiency modulates listeners’ selective attention to a talker’s mouth: A conceptual replication of Birulés et al. (2020)
Authors: Grüter Theres , Kim Jieun , Nishizawa Hitoshi , Wang Jue , Alzahrani Raed , Chang Yu-Tzu , Nguyen Hoan , Nuesser Michaela , Ohba Akari , Roos Sachiko , Yusa Mayuko
Published: March 2023

This study presents a conceptual replication of Birulés et al.’s (2020, Experiment 2) investigation of native and nonnative listeners’ selective attention to a talker’s mouth with the goal of better understanding the potentially modulating role of proficiency in listeners’ reliance on audiovisual speech cues. Listeners’ eye gaze was recorded while watching two short videos. Findings from one of the videos replicated results from the original study, showing greater attention to the talker’s mouth among L2 than L1 listeners. In both videos, L2 proficiency modulated attention, with more fixations on the mouth among lower proficiency listeners, an effect predicted but not observed in the original study. Collectively, these laboratory-based findings highlight the role of visual speech cues in L2 listening and present evidence that listeners with more limited proficiency may be especially reliant on such cues. These observations warrant future investigations of the benefits of visual speech cues in instructional and assessment contexts.
Qualitative assessment of nurse satisfaction in the paediatric cardiac ICU
Authors: Stark Julie E. , Steanson Kim , Cooperstein Emily R. , Harper Robert E. , Smith M. Lynne
Published: March 2023

The objective of this qualitative assessment, utilising the constant comparative method, was to identify satisfiers and dissatisfiers that influence paediatric cardiac ICU nurse retention and recognise areas for improvement. Interviews for this study were performed in a single, large academic children’s hospital from March of 2020 through July of 2020. Each bedside paediatric cardiac ICU nurse underwent a single semi-structured interview. Among 12 interviews, four satisfiers were identified: paediatric cardiac ICU patient population, paediatric cardiac ICU care team, personal accomplishment, and respect. Four dissatisfiers were identified: moral distress, fear, poor team dynamics, and disrespect. Through this process of inquiry, grounded theory was developed regarding strategies to improve paediatric cardiac ICU nurse retention. Tactics outlined here should be used to support retention in the unique environment of the paediatric cardiac ICU.
From Research-Based Learning to Research Output: Lessons from an Undergraduate Course in Germany
Authors: Farag Mahmoud
Published: March 2023

Research-based learning adopts a “learning-by-doing” approach toward teaching research. This article documents the experience of publishing a coauthored article with undergraduate students that grew out of a research-based–learning course at Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. In particular, I reflect on the opportunities and challenges of engaging undergraduate students in research. The article demonstrates that research-based–learning courses must maintain a balance between the research process and research output. Too much focus on output overlooks students’ need to gain substantive knowledge, and the exclusive emphasis on the research process might reduce their motivation. Generally, students appreciate the autonomy and horizontality of relationships in research-based learning. Furthermore, the article shows that the knowledge and skills gained by students through research-based–learning courses facilitate their engagement in follow-up research projects, thereby paving the way for publishing research.
Geschlechterkonstruktionen in der Kinderkrippe
Authors: Schaich Ute
Published: March 2023

Zusammenfassung. Die Relevanz von geschlechtsbezogenen Themen in der pädagogischen Arbeit mit Kindern in den ersten drei Lebensjahren wurde in Forschung und Praxis bisher wenig beachtet, trotz des Ausbaus der Betreuungsplätze. Auf der Grundlage von ethnographischen Beobachtungen aus einem Forschungsprojekt über (un)doing gender in Kinderkrippen geht der Beitrag deshalb der Frage nach, wie Kinder in diesem frühen Alter damit beginnen, Geschlechterdifferenzen interaktiv herzustellen. Hervorgehoben werden die Schwerpunkte: sich ähneln bzw. sich unterscheiden; Reflexion auf Geschlechterinszenierungen der Erwachsenen; Bezug zu Körpermerkmalen; Bezug zu symbolhaften Körperausstattungen und/oder geschlechtersymbolisch besetzten Gegenständen. Die Reifizierungsgefahr, also dass Forschende im Forschungsprozess eigene Stereotype reproduzieren anstatt das Relevanzsystem der Kinder zu fokussieren, wird problematisiert, insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der Tatsache, dass sich die Kinder in den Anfängen ihres Spracherwerbs befinden. Ebenso wird die Bedeutung einer intersektionalen Haltung mit den interdependenten Kategorien gender, body, class und race für ein reflexives Inklusionsverständnis thematisiert. Die Analyse von Mikrosituationen unter Berücksichtigung der Körperebene erweist sich als konstitutiv für die Untersuchung von Differenzierungsprozessen.
Short‐Term Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Morbidity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease With Comorbidities in Beijing
Authors: Li Zhiwei , Lu Feng , Liu Mengmeng , Guo Moning , Tao Lixin , Wang Tianqi , Liu Mengyang , Guo Xiuhua , Liu Xiangtong
Published: March 2023

The association between CO and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been widely reported; however, the association among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or hypertension has remained largely unknown in China. Over‐dispersed generalized additive model was adopted to quantity the associations between CO and COPD with T2DM or hypertension. Based on principal diagnosis, COPD cases were identified according to the International Classification of Diseases (J44), and a history of T2DM and hypertension was coded as E12 and I10‐15, O10‐15, P29, respectively. A total of 459,258 COPD cases were recorded from 2014 to 2019. Each interquartile range uptick in CO at lag 03 corresponded to 0.21% (95%CI: 0.08%–0.34%), 0.39% (95%CI: 0.13%–0.65%), 0.29% (95%CI: 0.13%–0.45%) and 0.27% (95%CI: 0.12%–0.43%) increment in admissions for COPD, COPD with T2DM, COPD with hypertension and COPD with both T2DM and hypertension, respectively. The effects of CO on COPD with T2DM (Z = 0.77, P = 0.444), COPD with hypertension (Z = 0.19, P = 0.234) and COPD with T2DM and hypertension (Z = 0.61, P = 0.543) were insignificantly higher than that on COPD. Stratification analysis showed that females were more vulnerable than males except for T2DM group (COPD: Z = 3.49, P < 0.001; COPD with T2DM: Z = 0.176, P = 0.079; COPD with hypertension: Z = 2.48, P = 0.013; COPD with both T2DM and hypertension: Z = 2.44, P = 0.014); No statistically significant difference could be found between age groups (COPD: Z = 1.63, P = 0.104; COPD with T2DM: Z = 0.23, P = 0.821; COPD with hypertension: Z = 0.53, P = 0.595; COPD with both T2DM and hypertension: Z = 0.71, P = 0.476); Higher effects appeared in cold seasons than warm seasons on COPD (Z = 0.320, P < 0.001). This study demonstrated an increased risk of COPD with comorbidities related to CO exposure in Beijing. We further provided important information on lag patterns, susceptible subgroups, and sensitive seasons, as well as the characteristics of the exposure‐response curves.
Assembly of the Variscan Orogenic Wedge in the Bohemian Massif: Monazite U‐Pb Geochronology of the Tectonic Events Recorded in Saxothuringian Metasediments
Authors: Jouvent Marine , Peřestý Vít , Jeřábek Petr , Lexa Ondrej , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C.
Published: March 2023

The geochronology of metasediments incorporated to orogenic wedges provides an important key in understanding the early evolution of collisional systems. This study reveals the timing of Variscan processes in the Saxothuringian orogenic wedge, reflecting transition from oceanic to continental subduction and collision. In situ monazite U‐Pb geochronology and Rare Earth Elements (REE) geochemistry were performed in the Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex on phyllites and micaschists surrounding the ultra‐high‐pressure (UHP) core of the Erzgebirge dome. The resulting ages and REE patterns were linked to the individual tectonometamorphic events and revealed that the hanging‐wall phyllites experienced prograde metamorphism around ∼350 Ma, followed by exhumation at ∼345–340 Ma. The oldest age (∼339 Ma) recorded in garnet cores in the foot‐wall micaschists is considered as an upper age limit for their prograde metamorphism, while matrix monazite ages of ∼330 Ma reflect a significant resetting of the monazite age system. Spatial distribution of metamorphic isograds and ages indicates a phase of accretion of continental material resulting in an inverted metamorphic field gradient in the wedge between ∼360 and ∼340 Ma. This phase was followed by exhumation of a significant portion of buoyant subducted continental material leading to massive ductile thinning of the wedge around ∼335 Ma. Finally, a late Variscan intracontinental deformation was responsible for heterogeneous reactivation and final exhumation of the wedge at ∼330 Ma. It is newly shown that the Saxothuringian wedge can be divided into a younger inner part, formed by micaschists and UHP rocks, and an older outer part, formed by phyllites.
Magnetosheath Jet Formation Influenced by Parameters in Solar Wind Structures
Authors: Koller Florian , Plaschke Ferdinand , Temmer Manuela , Preisser Luis , Roberts Owen W. , Vörös Zoltan
Published: March 2023

Magnetosheath jets are dynamic pressure enhancements observed in the terrestrial magnetosheath. Their generation mechanisms are currently debated but the majority of jets can be linked to foreshock processes. Recent results showed that jets are less numerous when coronal mass ejections (CMEs) cross the magnetosheath and more numerous when stream interaction regions (SIRs) cross it. Here, we show for the first time how the pronounced substructures of CMEs and SIRs are related to jet production. We distinguish between compression and magnetic ejecta (ME) regions for the CME as well as compression region associated with the stream interface and high‐speed streams (HSSs) for the SIR. Based on THEMIS and OMNI data covering 2008–2021, we show the 2D probability distribution of jet occurrence using the cone angle and Alfvén Mach number. We compare this distribution with the values within each solar wind (SW) structure. We find that both high cone angles and low Alfvén Mach numbers within CME‐MEs are unfavorable for jet production as they may inhibit a well‐defined foreshock region. 1D histograms of all parameters show, which SW parameters govern jet occurrence in each SW structure. In terms of the considered parameters the most favorable conditions for jet generation are found for HSSs due to their associated low cone angles, low densities, and low magnetic field strengths.
An Empirical Relationship Between Coronal Density and Solar Wind Velocity in the Middle Corona With Applications to Space Weather
Authors: Bunting Kaine A. , Morgan Huw
Published: March 2023

Accurate predictions of ambient solar wind conditions are a central component of space weather forecasting. A recent advancement is to use the distribution of electron density at a heliocentric distance of 8 R⊙, gained by applying coronal rotational tomography to coronagraph data, as an inner boundary condition for the time‐dependent Heliospheric Upwind eXtrapolation solar wind model. This approach requires conversion of densities into solar wind velocity at the inner boundary. Based on comparison of the distribution of in situ measurements of density and velocities, this work finds a scaled exponential equation relating the density and outflow velocity at 8 R⊙, with three key parameters found as a function of time between years 2007–2021. Based on this relationship, comparison of modeled and in situ measurements of velocities at Earth, STEREO A and STEREO B over the past solar cycle give a mean absolute error of 61.2, 69.0, and 66.1 km s−1 respectively. An analysis of thousands of events (defined as solar wind streams above 450 km s−1) gives an accuracy score of 76%. This agreement validates the density‐velocity relationship, and shows that an inner boundary based on coronagraph observations is a robust complement, or alternative, to commonly‐used magnetic model constraints for solar wind modeling and forecasting.
Iontophoresis-driven microneedle patch for the active transdermal delivery of vaccine macromolecules
Authors: Zheng Ying , Ye Rui , Gong Xia , Yang Jingbo , Liu Bin , Xu Yunsheng , Nie Gang , Xie Xi , Jiang Lelun
Published: March 2023

COVID-19 has seriously threatened public health, and transdermal vaccination is an effective way to prevent pathogen infection. Microneedles (MNs) can damage the stratum corneum to allow passive diffusion of vaccine macromolecules, but the delivery efficiency is low, while iontophoresis can actively promote transdermal delivery but fails to transport vaccine macromolecules due to the barrier of the stratum corneum. Herein, we developed a wearable iontophoresis-driven MN patch and its iontophoresis-driven device for active and efficient transdermal vaccine macromolecule delivery. Polyacrylamide/chitosan hydrogels with good biocompatibility, excellent conductivity, high elasticity, and a large loading capacity were prepared as the key component for vaccine storage and active iontophoresis. The transdermal vaccine delivery strategy of the iontophoresis-driven MN patch is “press and poke, iontophoresis-driven delivery, and immune response”. We demonstrated that the synergistic effect of MN puncture and iontophoresis significantly promoted transdermal vaccine delivery efficiency. In vitro experiments showed that the amount of ovalbumin delivered transdermally using the iontophoresis-driven MN patch could be controlled by the iontophoresis current. In vivo immunization studies in BALB/c mice demonstrated that transdermal inoculation of ovalbumin using an iontophoresis-driven MN patch induced an effective immune response that was even stronger than that of traditional intramuscular injection. Moreover, there was little concern about the biosafety of the iontophoresis-driven MN patch. This delivery system has a low cost, is user-friendly, and displays active delivery, showing great potential for vaccine self-administration at home.
Human development and reproduction in space—a European perspective
Authors: Jain Varsha , Chuva de Sousa Lopes Susana M. , Benotmane Mohammed A. , Verratti Vittore , Mitchell Rod T. , Stukenborg Jan-Bernd
Published: March 2023

This review summarises key aspects of the first reproductive and developmental systems Science Community White Paper, supported by the European Space Agency (ESA). Current knowledge regarding human development and reproduction in space is mapped to the roadmap. It acknowledges that sex and gender have implications on all physiological systems, however, gender identity falls outside the scope of the document included in the white paper collection supported by ESA. The ESA SciSpacE white papers on human developmental and reproductive functions in space aim to reflect on the implications of space travel on the male and female reproductive systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) reproductive hormone axis, and considerations for conception, gestation and birth. Finally, parallels are drawn as to how this may impact society as a whole on Earth.
Healthcare resources, organisational support and practice in asthma in six public health clinics in Malaysia
Authors: Hussein Norita , Ramli Rizawati , Liew Su May , Hanafi Nik Sherina , Lee Ping Yein , Cheong Ai Theng , Sazlina Shariff-Ghazali , Mohd Ahad Azainorsuzila , Patel Jaiyogesh , Schwarze Jürgen , Pinnock Hilary , Khoo Ee Ming
Published: March 2023

Asthma, a common chronic respiratory illness is mostly managed in primary care. We aimed to determine healthcare resources, organisational support, and doctors’ practice in managing asthma in a Malaysian primary care setting. A total of six public health clinics participated. We found four clinics had dedicated asthma services. There was only one clinic which had a tracing defaulter system. Long-term controller medications were available in all clinics, but not adequately provided. Resources, educational materials, and equipment for asthma management were present, though restricted in number and not placed in main locations of the clinic. To diagnose asthma, most doctors used clinical judgement and peak flow metre measurements with reversibility test. Although spirometry is recommended to diagnose asthma, it was less practiced, being inaccessible and unskilled in using as the main reasons. Most doctors reported providing asthma self-management; asthma action plan, but for only half of the patients that they encountered. In conclusion, there is still room for improvement in the provision of clinic resources and support for asthma care. Utilising peak flow metre measurement and reversibility test suggest practical alternative in low resource for spirometry. Reinforcing education on asthma action plan is vital to ensure optimal asthma care.
Long term nitrogen deficiency alters expression of miRNAs and alters nitrogen metabolism and root architecture in Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Perc.) genotypes
Authors: Das Samrat , Singh Dalveer , Meena Hari S. , Jha Shailendra K. , Kumari Jyoti , Chinnusamy Viswanathan , Sathee Lekshmy
Published: March 2023

The important roles of plant microRNAs (miRNAs) in adaptation to nitrogen (N) deficiency in different crop species especially cereals (rice, wheat, maize) have been under discussion since last decade with little focus on potential wild relatives and landraces. Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) is an important landrace native to the Indian subcontinent. Several unique features, especially high protein content and resistance to drought and yellow rust, make it a very potent landrace for breeding. Our aim in this study is to identify the contrasting Indian dwarf wheat genotypes based on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen deficiency tolerance (NDT) traits and the associated miRNAs differentially expressed under N deficiency in selected genotypes. Eleven Indian dwarf wheat genotypes and a high NUE bread wheat genotype (for comparison) were evaluated for NUE under control and N deficit field conditions. Based on NUE, selected genotypes were further evaluated under hydroponics and miRNome was compared by miRNAseq under control and N deficit conditions. Among the identified, differentially expressed miRNAs in control and N starved seedlings, the target gene functions were associated with N metabolism, root development, secondary metabolism and cell-cycle associated pathways. The key findings on miRNA expression, changes in root architecture, root auxin abundance and changes in N metabolism reveal new information on the N deficiency response of Indian dwarf wheat and targets for genetic improvement of NUE.
Supercapacitive performance of C-axis preferentially oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays decorated with MoO3 nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Liujie , Li Pengfa , Yang Jie , Ma Zhihua , Zhang Laiping
Published: March 2023

The highest specific capacitance of the MoO3-p-CTNTA electrode achieved is 194 F g−1 at a current density of f 1 A g−1.
Emerging investigator series: differential effects of carbon nanotubes and graphene on the tomato rhizosphere microbiome
Authors: You Yaqi , Kerner Patricia , Shanmugam Sudha , Khodakovskaya Mariya V.
Published: March 2023

Carbon nanotube induces stronger and unique microbiome alterations in the tomato rhizosphere compared to the bulk soil, whereas graphene has a limited impact on soil microbiomes.
A Cu-incorporated polymeric heterogeneous catalyst: exploring an expedient approach to construct amide bonds and extending its application to triazole hybrid amide synthesis
Authors: Gajurel Sushmita , Sarkar Fillip Kumar , Sarkar Rajib , Kyndiah Lenida , Pal Amarta Kumar
Published: March 2023

This work highlights the applications of polymeric copper complex in the synthesis of amides and triazole containing amides.
Rational design of a MOF@Au@COF catalyst with electron synergy for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol
Authors: Liu Shangjin , Mao Chunfeng , Yang Chenghan , Hong Pengda , Zhu Min , Zhou Yuming , Zhang Yiwei
Published: March 2023

4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) usually exists in soil and groundwater, which causes great harm to the environment and human health.
CRISPR/Cas12a-enhanced single-molecule counting for sensitive detection of flap endonuclease 1 activity at the single-cell level
Authors: Zhao Ning-ning , Tian Xiaorui , Ma Fei , Zhang Chun-yang
Published: March 2023

We develop a new fluorescent biosensor for flap endonuclease 1 assay based on CRISPR/Cas12-enhanced single-molecule counting.
Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids
Authors: Yu Yibo , Zhai Di , Zhou Zhengnan , Jiang Sheng , Qian Hui , Ma Shengming
Published: March 2023

Here, the first copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids with TEMPO and KHSO4 as the co-catalysts has been developed.
An efficient biomimetic nano-regulator inducing simultaneous calcium ion/nitric oxide/energy metabolism triple homeostasis disruption for synergetic cancer therapy
Authors: Hu Chenchen , Jiang Fan , Li Yixiao , Man Ruiyang , Yu Zhengze
Published: March 2023

A nano-regulator induces triple homeostasis disruption of calcium ion/nitric oxide/energy metabolism for synergetic cancer therapy.
Solubility enhancements through crystalline solid solutions, the non-linear Tammann diagram and the T–X phase diagram of salicylic acid–benzoic acid
Authors: Mohajerani Seyed Sepehr , Ricci Francesco , Nordstrom Fredrik L.
Published: March 2023

The T–X phase diagram of salicylic acid–benzoic acid discloses significant miscibility in the solid-state. The two crystalline solid solutions result in 87% and 19% solvent solubility increases, respectively, relative to the pure components.
Kinetics and dynamics study of the Cl(2P) + CH3OH reaction based on an analytical potential energy surface
Authors: Rangel Cipriano , Espinosa-Garcia Joaquin
Published: March 2023

The reaction of chlorine atoms with methanol plays a central role in atmospheric and combustion processes and is a prototype of multi-channel reaction with two paths, HCl(v,j) + CH2OH (R1) and HCl(v,j) + CH3O (R2).
Anapole-excited terahertz multifunctional spoof surface plasmon polariton directional Janus metastructures
Authors: Pan Hao , Li Bing-xiang , Zhang Hai Feng
Published: March 2023

A unidirectional MSR based on gradient AE SSPP can realize a Janus metadevice which is an absorber or a polarization rotator.
CO and CO2 adsorption mechanism in Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4] probed by neutron scattering and density-functional theory calculations
Authors: Fernández-Blanco Ángel , Piñeiro-López Lucía , Jiménez-Ruiz Mónica , Rols Stephane , Antonio Real José , Sanchez Costa Jose , Poloni Roberta , Rodríguez-Velamazán J. Alberto
Published: March 2023

We study the binding mechanism of CO and CO2 in the porous spin-crossover compound Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4] by combining neutron diffraction (ND), inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and density–functional theory (DFT) calculations.
DOM removal from surface water by activated carbonvs.a nanocomposite: an experimental and modeling approach to optimize treatment
Authors: Kummel Mario L. , Shabtai Itamar A. , Nir Shlomo , Mishael Yael G.
Published: March 2023

A hydraulic-adsorption model was applied to predict the removal of DOM from three surface waters by adsorption in columns packed with commercial granular activated carbon and a designed clay–polymer nanocomposite.
Optimization of phosphorus-loaded Ni–ZnO crosslinked carboxy methyl cellulose-based biodegradable nanocomposite hydrogel beads for the slow release of P, Ni and Zn: a kinetic approach
Authors: Baruah Madhusmita , Borgohain Arup , Gogoi Rimjim , Borah Nilotpal , Deka Diganta , Karak Tanmoy , Saikia Jiban
Published: March 2023

Phosphorus-loaded Ni–ZnO crosslinked carboxy methyl cellulose-based biodegradable nanocomposite hydrogel beads as multinutrient source of slow release fertilizer.
Effects of the mixer shape in a flow-type supercritical hydrothermal reactor as evaluated by neutron radiography and CeO2 nanoparticle synthesis
Authors: Sato Kosei , Sasaki Ryosuke , Xie Bo , Takami Seiichi , Kubo Masaki , Tsukada Takao , Sugimoto Katsumi , Odaira Naoya , Ito Daisuke , Saito Yasushi
Published: March 2023

A new shape of the mixer in supercritical hydrothermal flow-type reactors was proposed and evaluated by neutron radiography and nanoparticle synthesis.
Correction: Tuning aprotic solvent properties with long alkyl chain ionic liquid for lithium-based electrolytes
Authors: Lourenço Tuanan C. , Barros Letícia M. S. , Anchieta Chayene G. , Nepel Thayane C. M. , Júlio Júlia P. O. , Dias Luis Gustavo , Filho Rubens Maciel , Doubek Gustavo , Da Silva Juarez L. F.
Published: March 2023

Correction for ‘Tuning aprotic solvent properties with long alkyl chain ionic liquid for lithium-based electrolytes’ by Tuanan C. Lourenço et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2022, 10, 11684–11701, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA10592B.
Biomaterial-mediated strategies for accurate and convenient diagnosis, and effective treatment of diabetes: advantages, current progress and future perspectives
Authors: Xie Bingbing , Wang Kun , Li Bingyan , Huang Ruoyu , Xu Zhiwei , Li Xiaoming
Published: March 2023

Biomaterial-mediated strategies exhibit great potential for accurate and convenient diagnosis, and effective treatment of diabetes.
Study on thermodynamic system characteristics of thermoelectric units under variable operating conditions
Authors: Zhong Ziwei , Zhu Lingkai , Zheng Wei , Gong Zhiqiang , Shang Panfeng , Guo Junshan , Liu Jun , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: March 2023

The variable working condition of thermal system refers to that the working condition in the system changes, deviates from the design working condition or deviates from a certain reference working condition. There are various reasons for the change of thermal system’s off design condition, including the change of unit heat load, the change of thermal system and equipment, and the change of steam parameters and reheat parameters. The purpose of variable condition calculation of thermodynamic system is to determine the steam parameters of each extraction port and exhaust end of the turbine and the corresponding parameters of the regenerative system. Its essence is to determine the new expansion process line and system parameters of the turbine. This is the basis for the safety and reliability analysis of the system under off design conditions and the calculation and analysis of economic indicators. Through the research on the electrothermal coupling characteristics of thermoelectric units under variable operating conditions, it can provide data support for the power grid dispatching department to master the electrical output characteristics of thermoelectric units in heating seasons.