bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Penicillitone, a Potent in vitro Antiinflammatory and Cytotoxic Rearranged Sterol with an Unusual Tetracycle Core Produced by Penicillium purpurogenum.
Authors: Xue Jinghua , Wu Ping , Xu Liangxiong , Wei Xiaoyi
Published: July 2014

Additionally the new compound penicillisterol (II) is found.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Calyciphylline N.
Authors: Shvartsbart Artem , Smith Amos B. III
Published: July 2014

The first total synthesis of a member of the calyciphylline alkaloids is presented with a longest linear sequence of 37 steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure Elucidation and Total Synthesis of Kulkenon.
Authors: Symkenberg Gerrit , Kalesse Markus
Published: July 2014

A combination of molecular modeling and NOE experiments is used to establish the revised configuration of (I) which is confirmed by its synthesis having a syn‐selective vinylogous Kobayashi aldol reaction and an intramolecular Heck reaction as pivotal transformations.
ChemInform Abstract: Collective Synthesis of Cladiellins Based on the Gold‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of 1,7‐Diynes.
Authors: Yue Guozong , Zhang Yun , Fang Lichao , Li Chuang‐chuang , Luo Tuoping , Yang Zhen
Published: July 2014

The Cladiellin family comprises (‐)‐Scelerophytin A (Ia), (‐)‐Scelerophytin B (Ib), (+)‐Deacetylpolyanthellin A (IIa), (+)‐Polyanthellin A (IIb), (+)‐Cladiella‐6Z,11(17)‐dien‐3‐ol (III), (+)‐Vigulariol (IV), (‐)‐Cladiellisin (Va), (‐)‐Pachycladin C (Vb) and (‐)‐Pachycladin D (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Energy Transfer from Bi3+ to Ho3+ Triggers Brilliant Single Green Light Emission in LaNbTiO6:Ho3+, Bi3+ Phosphors.
Authors: Zhang Xingshuang , Zhou Guangjun , Zhou Juan , Zhou Haifeng , Kong Peng , Yu Zhichao , Zhan Jie
Published: July 2014

Pure and Ho3+, Bi3+ co‐doped LaNbTiO6 phosphors are synthesized by a sol—gel and combustion method using La2O3, Ho2O3, Bi(NO3)3, Nb2O5, Ti(O‐Bu)4, HNO3, HF, NH4NO3, and citric acid as starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Significant Enhancement in Photocatalytic Reduction of Water to Hydrogen by Au/Cu2ZnSnS4Nanostructure.
Authors: Ha Enna , Lee Lawrence Yoon Suk , Wang Jingchuan , Li Fenghua , Wong Kwok‐Yin , Tsang Shik Chi Edman
Published: July 2014

Au/Cu2ZnSnS4 core/shell nanoparticles are prepared by injection of mixtures of Cu(OAc)2, Zn(OAc)2, and Sn(OAc)2 in oleylamine into a solution of HAuCl4 in oleylamine followed by injection of a 1‐dodecanethiol/tert‐dodecanethiol mixture (280 °C, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Antimitotic Marine Macrolide (‐)‐Leiodermatolide.
Authors: Paterson Ian , Ng Kenneth K.‐H. , Williams Simon , Millican David C. , Dalby Stephen M.
Published: July 2014

A highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of (‐)‐leiodermatolide (I) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Intra‐Molecular Interligand Interactions Affecting Base‐Specific Metal Bonding to Purine Nucleobases in the Solid State
Authors: Aoki Katsuyuki , Fujisawa Ikuhide , Murayama Kazutaka , Hu Ning‐Hai
Published: July 2014

Review: 236 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions: Advanced Tools for Sustainable Organic Synthesis
Authors: Cioc Razvan C. , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: July 2014

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Quinolinedione: Synthesis, Reactions, and Applications
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , Hassanien Alaa El‐Din E. , Zoorob Hanafi H.
Published: July 2014

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review of Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Patel Kinjal D. , Prajapati Shraddha M. , Panchal Shyamali N. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: July 2014

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Heterocyclic Compounds by Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Nandi Raj K. , Ray Krishanu
Published: July 2014

Review: 185 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Physical Methods
Authors: Slinn Robert N.
Published: July 2014

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Defect Science and Engineering of Liquid Crystals under Geometrical Frustration
Authors: Araki Takeaki , Serra Francesca , Tanaka Hajime
Published: July 2014

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Molecular Receptors Based on trans‐Cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine
Authors: Alfonso Ignacio
Published: July 2014

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Streamlining Organic Free Radical Synthesis Through Modern Molecular Technology. From Polymer Supported Synthesis to Microreactors and Molecular Reactors
Authors: Perchyonok V. Tamara
Published: July 2014

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Catalytic Conversions of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Maeda Chihiro , Miyazaki Yuki , Ema Tadashi
Published: July 2014

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Organoalanes for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Knochel Paul , Bluemke Tobias , Groll Klaus , Chen Yi‐Hung
Published: July 2014

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine Chalcogenides
Authors: Keglevich G.
Published: July 2014

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Methods in Phosphorus‐Containing Polymers Synthesis
Authors: Iliescu Smaranda , Ilia Gheorghe
Published: July 2014

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Calyciphylline A‐Type Daphniphyllum Alkaloids
Authors: Kang Baldip , Jakubec Pavol , Dixon Darren J.
Published: July 2014

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Muscopyridines: Alkaloids That Complete the Animalistic Character of Musk
Authors: Zviely Michael
Published: July 2014

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Cluster Excitations
Authors: Furrer Albert , Waldmann Oliver
Published: July 2014

Review: 354 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diamond Defects Enable Nanoscale Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: July 2014

Review: 3 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zero‐Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Ledbetter Micah P. , Budker Dmitry
Published: July 2014

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Molecule Host Materials for Solution Processed Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Yook Kyoung Soo , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: July 2014

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioleaching of Spent Refinery Catalysts: A Review
Authors: Asghari I. , Mousavi S. M. , Amiri F. , Tavassoli S.
Published: July 2014

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromaticity from the Viewpoint of Molecular Geometry: Application to Planar Systems
Authors: Krygowski Tadeusz M. , Szatylowicz Halina , Stasyuk Olga A. , Dominikowska Justyna , Palusiak Marcin
Published: July 2014

Review: 433 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Probing Active Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electrolysers by Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS)
Authors: Kilner John , Ishihara Tatsumi , Druce John , Tellez Helena
Published: July 2014

Review: 16 refs.
MYC‐associated and double‐hit lymphomas: A review of pathobiology, prognosis, and therapeutic approaches
Authors: Petrich Adam M. , Nabhan Chadi , Smith Sonali M.
Published: July 2014

Aberrant expression of the v‐myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) proto‐oncogene has known transformative potential in healthy human cells. Chromosomal MYC rearrangements and consequent MYC overexpression is the defining lesion in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), conferring a highly proliferative state. However, abnormalities of MYC are increasingly appreciated in non‐BL histologies, including diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and B‐cell lymphomas intermediate between BL and DLBCL, with a particularly aggressive clinical phenotype. Although there are conflicting data regarding prognostic implications of isolated MYC aberrancy in these non‐BLs, the co‐occurrence of MYC rearrangements and either the antiapoptotic gene B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) or the transcriptional repressor BCL6 leads to an entity termed double‐hit B‐cell lymphoma (DHL) (or triple‐hit if all 3 abnormalities are observed) with a particularly poor prognosis and no established treatment paradigms. Notably, a distinct pattern of gene expression profiling has been noted when MYC is overexpressed in BL compared with other lymphomas, supporting the notion that, although MYC promotes target gene transcription, the target genes vary by disease subtype. The frequency of MYC activity depends on the method of detection and ranges from 5% to 10% using fluorescence in situ hybridization but up to 30% of DLBCL using immunohistochemistry. Standard therapies developed for DLBCL are less effective when the disease is driven by MYC, leading to lower response rates and response durations. An important clinical challenge is to pre‐emptively identify MYC‐associated lymphomas and to subsequently develop trials specifically for this group of patients. However, the design of such studies is complicated by variable definitions of MYC‐associated lymphoid malignancies and the lack of effective therapies to date. The objective if the current review was to evaluate the implications of MYC aberrancy with respect to the B‐cell lymphoma double‐hit and triple‐hit phenotypes and to consider the available data for clinical and practical management. Cancer 2014;120:3884–3895. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A model and nomogram to predict tumor site origin for squamous cell cancer confined to cervical lymph nodes
Authors: Ali Arif N. , Switchenko Jeffrey M. , Kim Sungjin , Kowalski Jeanne , El‐Deiry Mark W. , Beitler Jonathan J.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

The current study was conducted to develop a multifactorial statistical model to predict the specific head and neck (H&N) tumor site origin in cases of squamous cell carcinoma confined to the cervical lymph nodes (“unknown primaries”).

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was analyzed for patients with an H&N tumor site who were diagnosed between 2004 and 2011. The SEER patients were identified according to their H&N primary tumor site and clinically positive cervical lymph node levels at the time of presentation. The SEER patient data set was randomly divided into 2 data sets for the purposes of internal split‐sample validation. The effects of cervical lymph node levels, age, race, and sex on H&N primary tumor site were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Multivariate logistic regression models and an associated set of nomograms were developed based on relevant factors to provide probabilities of tumor site origin.

RESULTS

Analysis of the SEER database identified 20,011 patients with H&N disease with both site‐level and lymph node‐level data. Sex, race, age, and lymph node levels were associated with primary H&N tumor site (nasopharynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx, and larynx) in the multivariate models. Internal validation techniques affirmed the accuracy of these models on separate data.

CONCLUSIONS

The incorporation of epidemiologic and lymph node data into a predictive model has the potential to provide valuable guidance to clinicians in the treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma confined to the cervical lymph nodes. Cancer 2014;120:3469–3476. © 2014 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
The role of cytopathology and cyst fluid analysis in the preoperative diagnosis and management of pancreatic cysts >3 cm
Authors: Chebib Ivan , Yaeger Kurt , Mino‐Kenudson Mari , Pitman Martha B.
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cyst size >3 cm is a worrisome rather than high‐risk feature for malignancy based on the 2012 International Guidelines for the management of mucinous cysts. The value of cytology in preoperative evaluation and surgical triage is unclear.

METHODS

All pancreatic cysts >3 cm resected over a 7‐year period were evaluated for clinical, radiologic, and pathologic information. Performance of cytology for the detection of malignancy and surgical triage compared with imaging was assessed.

RESULTS

There were 93 histologically confirmed cysts, 52 of which were mucinous and 41 of which were nonmucinous. Of these, 37% were malignant, including 16 nonmucinous malignancies and 18 mucinous cysts (12 with invasive carcinoma, 6 with high‐grade dysplasia). Thirty‐nine cysts (41% malignant, 59% benign) were not subject to endoscopic ultrasound‐fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) prior to resection (average size, 6.0 cm). Fifty‐four were evaluated by EUS‐FNA, with 35 available for review (average size, 5.4 cm). Cytology/cyst fluid analysis had the highest specificity (88.9%) compared with imaging, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the highest sensitivity (100%). MRI had the highest predictive value for mucinous (100%) versus nonmucinous cysts (100%). MRI and EUS were able to predict malignancy from the presence of high‐risk imaging features in all cases. Some benign cases also showed high‐risk imaging features on MRI (28.6%), computed tomography (32.3%), and EUS (45.8%). Cytology correctly classified 5 of 6 benign cysts with high‐risk imaging as benign.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cysts >3 cm is warranted, as many are nonmucinous cysts and not high‐grade. Cytology is more specific than imaging for the detection of malignancy in cysts >3 cm. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:804–809. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Blue Luminescence of Dendrimer‐Encapsulated Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Kim Jun Myung , Sohn So Hyeong , Han Noh Soo , Park Seung Min , Kim Joohoon , Song Jae Kyu
Published: July 2014

Direct evidence for the blue luminescence of gold nanoclusters encapsulated inside hydroxyl‐terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers was provided by spectroscopic studies as well as by theoretical calculations. Steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic studies showed that the luminescence of the gold nanoclusters consisted largely of two electronic transitions. Theoretical calculations indicate that the two transitions are attributed to the different sizes of the gold nanoclusters (Au8 and Au13). The luminescence of the gold nanoclusters was clearly distinguished from that of the dendrimers.
Effectiveness of Day Hospital Mentalization‐Based Treatment for Patients with Severe Borderline Personality Disorder: A Matched Control Study
Authors: Bales Dawn L. , Timman Reinier , Andrea Helene , Busschbach Jan J. V. , Verheul Roel , Kamphuis Jan H.
Published: July 2014

The present study extends the body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of day hospital Mentalization‐Based Treatment (MBT) by documenting the treatment outcome of a highly inclusive group of severe borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients, benchmarked by a carefully matched group who received other specialized psychotherapeutic treatments (OPT). Structured diagnostic interviews were conducted to assess diagnostic status at baseline. Baseline, 18‐month treatment outcome and 36‐month treatment outcome (after the maintenance phase) on psychiatric symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory) and personality functioning (118‐item Severity Indices of Personality Problems) were available for 29 BPD patients assigned to MBT, and an initial set of 175 BPD patients assigned to OPT. Propensity scores were used to determine the best matches for the MBT patients within the larger OPT group, yielding 29 MBT and 29 OPT patients for direct comparison. Treatment outcome was analysed using multilevel modelling. Pre to post effect sizes were consistently (very) large for MBT, with a Cohen's d of −1.06 and −1.42 for 18 and 36 months, respectively, for the reduction in psychiatric symptoms, and ds ranging from 0.81 to 2.08 for improvement in domains of personality functioning. OPT also yielded improvement across domains but generally of moderate magnitude. In conclusion, the present matched control study, executed by an independent research institute outside the UK, demonstrated the effectiveness of day hospital MBT in a highly inclusive and severe group of BPD patients, beyond the benchmark provided by a mix of specialized psychotherapy programmes. Interpretation of the (large) between condition effects warrants cautionary caveats given the non‐randomized design, as well as variation in treatment dosages. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization rate control for alkali halide crystal growth by the VGF technique with a skull layer
Authors: Taranyuk V. I. , Gektin A. V. , Kolesnikov A. V.
Published: July 2014

This study describes the ability to use the melt‐level control for stabilization of the crystallization rate during NaI crystal growth by the VGF technique with a skull layer. It is shown that a conventional linear decrease of the heater temperature leads to a nonuniform crystallization rate and deterioration of crystal quality. A method and algorithm of temperature control for the stabilization of the crystallization rate during crystal growth is proposed. The series of growth experiments with NaI(Tl) crystals proved the efficiency of this approach and ability to obtain scintillators with high registration efficiency, about 6.3% energy resolution for a 137Cs (662 keV) source.
Tungsten Carbide–Nitride on Graphene Nanoplatelets as a Durable Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalyst
Authors: Chen Wei‐Fu , Schneider Jonathan M. , Sasaki Kotaro , Wang Chiu‐Hui , Schneider Jacob , Iyer Shilpa , Iyer Shweta , Zhu Yimei , Muckerman James T. , Fujita Etsuko
Published: July 2014

Alternatives to platinum‐based catalysts are required to sustainably produce hydrogen from water at low overpotentials. Progress has been made in utilizing tungsten carbide‐based catalysts, however, their performance is currently limited by the density and reactivity of active sites, and insufficient stability in acidic electrolytes. We report highly active graphene nanoplatelet‐supported tungsten carbide–nitride nanocomposites prepared via an in situ solid‐state approach. This nanocomposite catalyzes the hydrogen evolution reaction with very low overpotential and is stable operating for at least 300 h in harsh acidic conditions. The synthetic approach offers a great advantage in terms of structural control and kinetics improvement.
Rebalancing Climate Change Debate and Policy: An Analysis of Online Discussions
Authors: Martin Nigel , Rice John
Published: July 2014

Public participation in environmental policy development offers governments and private organizations opportunities to gather community views and test policy instruments and solutions. In this study, a concept mapping analysis of 1702 online comments from 344 individuals has been undertaken to determine the balance between climate change debate and policy development, and some of the major issues surrounding policy implementation. The results show that counterproductive and intolerant climate science debate, opposing political party policy alignments, and disagreement on policy implementation serve as impediments in developing workable climate change policy. The research also exposes how individuals can ‘hijack’ the online discussion forums in attempts to further their own agendas. This suggests that online forums might be better designed to integrate with the larger policy development system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Rationale and design of the SOluble guanylate Cyclase stimulatoR in heArT failurE Studies (SOCRATES)
Authors: Pieske Burkert , Butler Javed , Filippatos Gerasimos , Lam Carolyn , Maggioni Aldo Pietro , Ponikowski Piotr , Shah Sanjiv , Solomon Scott , Kraigher‐Krainer Elisabeth , Samano Eliana Tibana , Scalise Andrea Viviana , Müller Katharina , Roessig Lothar , Gheorghiade Mihai ,   on behalf of the SOCRATES Investigators and Coordinators
Published: July 2014

Aims

The clinical outcomes for patients with worsening chronic heart failure (WCHF) remain exceedingly poor despite contemporary evidence‐based therapies, and effective therapies are urgently needed. Accumulating evidence supports augmentation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling as a potential therapeutic strategy for HF with reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively). Direct soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators target reduced cGMP generation due to insufficient sGC stimulation and represent a promising method for cGMP enhancement.

Methods

The phase II SOluble guanylate Cyclase stimulatoR in heArT failurE Study (SOCRATES) programme consists of two randomized, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multicentre studies, SOCRATES‐REDUCED (in patients with LVEF <45%) and SOCRATES‐PRESERVED (in those with LVEF ≥45%), that will explore the pharmacodynamic effects, safety and tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of four dose regimens of the once‐daily oral sGC stimulator vericiguat (BAY 1021189) over 12 weeks compared with placebo. These studies will enrol patients stabilized during hospitalization for HF at the time of discharge or within 4 weeks thereafter. The primary endpoint in SOCRATES‐REDUCED is change in NT‐proBNP at 12 weeks. The primary endpoints in SOCRATES‐PRESERVED are change in NT‐proBNP and left atrial volume at 12 weeks.

Perspectives

SOCRATES will be the first programme to enrol specifically both inpatients and outpatients with WCHF and patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Results will inform the benefits of pursuing subsequent event‐driven clinical outcome trials with sGC stimulators in this patient population.

Trial registration

NCT01951625 (SOCRATES‐REDUCED) and NCT01951638 (SOCRATES‐PRESERVED)
Randall Selitto pressure algometry for assessment of bone‐related pain in rats
Authors: Falk S. , Ipsen D.H. , Appel C.K. , Ugarak A. , Durup D. , Dickenson A.H. , Heegaard A.M.
Published: July 2014

Background

Deep pain is neglected compared with cutaneous sources. Pressure algometry has been validated in the clinic for assessment of bone‐related pain in humans. In animal models of bone‐related pain, we have validated the Randall Selitto behavioural test for assessment of acute and pathological bone pain and compared the outcome with more traditional pain‐related behaviour measures.

Methods

Randall Selitto pressure algometry was performed over the anteromedial part of the tibia in naïve rats, sham‐operated rats, and rats inoculated with MRMT‐1 carcinoma cells in the left tibia, and the effect of morphine was investigated. Randall Selitto measures of cancer‐induced bone pain were supplemented by von Frey testing, weight‐bearing and limb use test. Contribution of cutaneous nociception to Randall Selitto measures were examined by local anaesthesia.

Results

Randall Selitto pressure algometry over the tibia resulted in reproducible withdrawal thresholds, which were dose‐dependently increased by morphine. Cutaneous nociception did not contribute to Randall Selitto measures. In cancer‐bearing animals, compared with sham, significant differences in pain‐related behaviours were demonstrated by the Randall Selitto test on day 17 and 21 post‐surgery. A difference was also demonstrated by von Frey testing, weight‐bearing and limb use tests.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that pressure applied by the Randall Selitto algometer on a region, where the bone is close to the skin, may offer a way to measure bone‐related pain in animal models and could provide a supplement to the traditional behavioural tests and a means to study deep pain.
Care‐related pain in hospitalized patients: Severity and patient perception of management
Authors: Ambrogi V. , Tezenas du Montcel S. , Collin E. , Coutaux A. , Bourgeois P. , Bourdillon F.
Published: July 2014

Background

Hospitalized patients commonly undergo painful procedures, but little is known about care‐related pain (CRP) in the overall population of inpatients. We conducted a cross‐sectional 1‐day survey to assess the prevalence and characteristics of CRP and its management in all units of a university hospital in Paris and determined the factors linked to severe CRP.

Methods

All patients who were able to communicate and were hospitalized for at least 24 h but not in a day‐care or neonatal unit were included.

Results

From 938 patients who completed the questionnaire, 554 patients reported pain within the previous 24 h, for a 59% prevalence of pain, and 540 (58%) had experienced CRP in the previous 15 days (51% males; mean [SD] age 54 [18] years). Of 907 procedures, 330 (37%) resulted in severe pain. The most‐often reported painful procedures were vascular punctures and patient mobilization. Severe CRP was associated with long hospitalization; non‐vascular invasive punctures, catheterization, mobilization or radiological examination; or pain during the previous 24 h due to surgery or treatment. Only half of the patients declared that they had received information regarding the painful procedure. Treatment for pain was proposed and delivered in less than one quarter of cases.

Conclusions

Our results of a survey of pain management in hospitalized patients relate to a wide variety of medical conditions and procedures. Health‐care workers should be more systematic in managing CRP, and attention should be paid to patients at greatest risk of severe CRP.
Sleep as a predictive factor for the onset and resolution of multi‐site pain: A 5‐year prospective study
Authors: Aili K. , Nyman T. , Svartengren M. , Hillert L.
Published: July 2014

Background

Disturbed sleep and pain often co‐exist and the relationship between the two conditions is complex and likely reciprocal. This 5‐year prospective study examines whether disturbed sleep can predict the onset of multi‐site pain, and whether non‐disturbed sleep can predict the resolution of multi‐site pain.

Methods

The cohort (n = 1599) was stratified by the number of self‐reported pain sites: no pain, pain from 1–2 sites and multi‐site pain (≥3 pain sites). Sleep was categorized by self‐reported sleep disturbance: sleep A (best sleep), sleep B and sleep C (worst sleep). In the no‐pain and pain‐from‐1–2 sites strata, the association between sleep (A, B and C) and multi‐site pain 5 years later was analysed. Further, the prognostic value of sleep for the resolution of multi‐site pain at follow‐up was calculated for the stratum with multi‐site pain at baseline. In the analyses, gender, age, body mass index, smoking, physical activity and work‐related exposures were treated as potential confounders.

Results

For individuals with no pain at baseline, a significantly higher odds ratio for multi‐site pain 5 years later was seen for the tertile reporting worst sleep [odds ratio (OR) 4.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–16.12]. Non‐disturbed (or less disturbed) sleep had a significant effect when predicting the resolution of multi‐site pain (to no pain) (OR 3.96; 95% CI 1.69–9.31).

Conclusion

In conclusion, sleep could be relevant for predicting both the onset and the resolution of multi‐site pain. It seems to be a significant factor to include in research on multi‐site pain and when conducting or evaluating intervention programmes for pain.
The effect of pain on involuntary and voluntary capture of attention
Authors: Troche S.J. , Houlihan M.E. , Connolly J.F. , Dick B.D. , McGrath P.J. , Finley G.A. , Stroink G.
Published: July 2014

Background

There is converging evidence for the notion that pain affects a broad range of attentional domains. This study investigated the influence of pain on the involuntary capture of attention as indexed by the P3a component in the event‐related potential derived from the electroencephalogram.

Methods

Participants performed in an auditory oddball task in a pain‐free and a pain condition during which they submerged a hand in cold water. Novel, infrequent and unexpected auditory stimuli were presented randomly in a series of frequent standard and infrequent target tones. P3a and P3b amplitudes were observed to novel, unexpected and target‐related stimuli, respectively.

Results

Both electrophysiological components were characterized by reduced amplitudes in the pain compared with the pain‐free condition. Hit rate and reaction time to target stimuli did not differ between the two conditions presumably because the experimental task was not difficult enough to exceed attentional capacities under pain conditions.

Conclusions

These results indicate that voluntary attention serving the maintenance and control of ongoing information processing (reflected by the P3b amplitude) is impaired by pain. In addition, the involuntary capture of attention and orientation to novel, unexpected information (measured by the P3a) is also impaired by pain. Thus, neurophysiological measures examined in this study support the theoretical positions proposing that pain can reduce attentional processing capacity. These findings have potentially important implications at the theoretical level for our understanding of the interplay of pain and cognition, and at the therapeutic level for the clinical treatment of individuals experiencing ongoing pain.
The effect of the type of pain on the accuracy of memory of pain and affect
Authors: Bąbel P. , Pieniążek L. , Zarotyński D.
Published: July 2014

Background

Memory of chronic, acute and experimental pain may be inaccurate, but the research findings are inconsistent. The main aim of the study was to compare the memory of three types of pain and their associated affect.

Methods

A total of 140 women, who gave birth by vaginal delivery or Caesarean section, or underwent gynaecological surgery, participated in the study. Before childbirth or surgery, the women rated their anxiety about the pain they would experience. Between 24 and 48 h after childbirth or surgery, they rated the intensity and unpleasantness of the pain, and their positive and negative affect. Either 3 or 6 months later, the participants recalled the pain and affect they had felt.

Results

The study found that the type of pain had an effect on memory of pain and affect. Surgery led to an overestimation of all but one of the recalled variables. Participants who gave birth by Caesarean section were the most accurate at recalling pain and affect. Memories of pain and affect were most variable in participants who gave birth by vaginal delivery. The three groups of participants differed in terms of the predictors of recalled pain intensity and unpleasantness, and the proportion of variance predicted by the same independent variables.

Conclusions

The results of the current study suggest that memory of pain and affect is influenced by the meaning and affective value of the pain experience. This may help us to understand why the previous research on the memory of pain were so diverse.
Fabrication of Sensitive Potentiometric Cholesterol Biosensor Based on Co3O4 Interconnected Nanowires
Authors: Ibupoto Zafar Hussain , Elhag Sami , Nur Omer , Willander Magnus
Published: July 2014

Highly sensitive, selective, reliable and inexpensive cholesterol biosensors are highly demanded for the routine monitoring of cholesterol molecules in order to prevent heart failure incidents. In this study, Co3O4 nanostructures are synthesized using polyvinyl pyrrolidone surfactant as growth template by a low temperature aqueous chemical growth method. The morphology of nanostructures was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The nanostructures exhibit interconnected nanowires like morphology with interconnected network of nanowires. The nanostructures of Co3O4 are polycrystalline. The cholesterol oxidase was physically adsorbed on the interconnected nanowires of Co3O4 for the chemical sensing of cholesterol molecules. The sensor device detected a wide range of cholesterol from 1×10−7 M to 1×10−3 M concentrations with sensitivity of −94.031 mV/decade. A detection limit of 0.035×10−7 M cholesterol concentration was observed and a fast response time of 10 s was also noticed. The fabricated device is highly stable, selective, sensitive, reproducible and repeatable. All the collected information about presented cholesterol biosensor indicates its potential application for the monitoring of cholesterol concentrations from human blood serum and real‐life samples.
Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Theophylline and Guaifenesin Using a Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube‐Ionic Liquid Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Khodadadian Mehdi
Published: July 2014

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL), was used for the simultaneous voltammetric determination of theophylline (TP) and guaifenesin (GF). The results showed that the oxidations of TP and GF were facilitated at modified electrode and peak‐to‐peak separation at MWCNTIL/GCE (252 mV) was larger than that observed at unmodified GCE (165 mV). Voltammetric signals for TP and GF exhibited linear ranges of 0.5 to 98.0 µM (R2>0.99) and 1.5 to 480.0 µM (R2>0.99), respectively. The method was used to estimate TP and GF contents in some real samples.
Electrochemical Identification and Categorization of the Protective Quality of Intact and Damaged Coatings
Authors: Hosbein Kathryn N. , Swartz Natasja A. , Clare Tami Lasseter
Published: July 2014

Defective polymeric coatings that are particularly relevant in the conservation of outdoor metalwork, are analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), validated by KramersKronig transformations, and modeled using electrical equivalent circuit models (EECs). Using twenty different coated panels of five different coating types, ten mathematical methods for categorizing the protective qualities of coatings are explored as simpler and faster alternatives to circuit modeling; three methods gave a perfect correlation with the category determined by circuit modeling. Our findings highlight the need for fitting data to EECs before relying upon purely mathematical parameters for evaluating protective coating quality.
Scenarios for future wildfire risk in California: links between changing demography, land use, climate, and wildfire
Authors: Bryant Benjamin P. , Westerling Anthony L.
Published: July 2014

Over 21,000 future California residential wildfire risk scenarios were developed on a monthly 1/8° grid, using statistical wildfire models. We explore interactions between two global emissions scenarios, three climate models, six spatially explicit population growth scenarios derived from two growth models, and a range of parameters defining properties' vulnerability to loss. Scenarios are evaluated over two future time periods relative to historic baselines. We also explore effects of spatial resolutions for calculating household exposure to wildfire on changes in estimated future property losses. Our goal was not to produce one authoritative set of future risk scenarios but rather to understand what parameters are important for robustly characterizing effects of climate and growth on future residential property risks. By end of century, variation across development scenarios accounts for far more variability in statewide residential wildfire risks than does variation across climate scenarios. However, the most extreme increases in residential fire risks result from combining high‐growth/high‐sprawl scenarios with the most extreme climates considered here. Case studies for the Bay Area and the Sierra foothills demonstrate that, while land use decisions profoundly influence future residential wildfire risks, effects of diverse growth and land use strategies vary greatly around the state. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling level selection for seismic analysis of concrete‐filled steel tube/moment‐resisting frames by using fragility curves
Authors: Skalomenos Konstantinos A. , Hatzigeorgiou George D. , Beskos Dimitri E.
Published: July 2014

The seismic behavior of plane moment‐resisting frames (MRFs) consisting of I steel beams and concrete‐filled steel tube (CFT) columns is investigated in this study. More specifically, the effect of modeling details of each individual component of CFT‐MRFs, such as the composite CFT columns, the beam‐column connections, the panel zones, and the steel I beams on their seismic behavior, is studied through comparisons against available experimental results. Then, fragility curves are constructed for three typical CFT‐MRFs, designed according to European codes, for various levels of modeling sophistication through nonlinear time‐history analyses. On the basis of these fragility curves, one can select the appropriate modeling level of sophistication that can lead to the desired seismic behavior for a given seismic intensity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Butanol and ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock: biomass pretreatment and bioconversion
Authors: Nanda Sonil , Dalai Ajay K. , Kozinski Janusz A.
Published: July 2014

Lignocellulosic feedstock has tremendous potential to sustain the renewable production of biofuels such as ethanol and butanol. Although lignocellulosic biomass is a storehouse of energy in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose, yet lignin acts as a barrier against their hydrolysis. A dilute acid pretreatment disintegrates the biomass complex and allows cellulolytic enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose and hemicelluloses in releasing fermentable sugars. The current study investigates the effect of different H2SO4 doses (0–2.5%) on the three lignocellulosic feedstock material, especially pinewood, timothy grass, and wheat straw at 121°C for 1 h. Furthermore, the pretreated feedstock was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase, β‐glucosidase, and xylanase at 45°C for 72 h. The biomass hydrolysates containing monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose) were fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Clostridium beijerinckii for ethanol and butanol production, respectively. A comparative evaluation for the concentrations of ethanol and butanol, residual sugars as well as byproducts such as acetone, acetate, and butyrate from biomass hydrolysates was performed. Pinewood hydrolysate revealed high ethanol (24.1 g/L) and butanol (11.6 g/L) concentrations due to greater sugar content. In contrast to ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae, butanol fermentation by C. beijerinckii demonstrated low butanol levels in the hydrolysates due to butanol toxicity toward clostridia.
Statistical Methods for Assessments in Simulations and Serious Games
Authors: Fu Jianbin , Zapata Diego , Mavronikolas Elia
Published: July 2014

Simulation or game‐based assessments produce outcome data and process data. In this article, some statistical models that can potentially be used to analyze data from simulation or game‐based assessments are introduced. Specifically, cognitive diagnostic models that can be used to estimate latent skills from outcome data so as to scale these assessments are presented under the framework of Bayesian networks; 5 prospective data mining methods that can be employed to discover problem‐solving strategies from process data are described. Some studies in the literature that apply some of these methods to analyze simulation or game‐based assessments are presented as application examples. Recommendations are provided for selecting appropriate scaling and data mining methods for these assessments; future directions of research are proposed.
THE EFFECT OF MENTAL HEALTH ON EMPLOYMENT: EVIDENCE FROM AUSTRALIAN PANEL DATA
Authors: Frijters Paul , Johnston David W. , Shields Michael A.
Published: July 2014

To what extent does poor mental health affect employment outcomes? Answering this question involves multiple technical difficulties: two‐way causality between health and work, unobservable confounding factors and measurement error in survey measures of mental health. We attempt to overcome these difficulties by combining 10 waves of high‐quality panel data with an instrumental variable model that allows for individual‐level fixed effects. We focus on the extensive margin of employment, and we find evidence that a one‐standard‐deviation decline in mental health reduces employment by 30 percentage points. Further investigations suggest that this effect is predominantly a supply rather than a demand‐side response and is larger for older than young workers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis and its association with outcomes in patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma. An international collaborative study
Authors: Amit Moran , Binenbaum Yoav , Sharma Kanika , Ramer Naomi , Ramer Ilana , Agbetoba Abib , Glick Joelle , Yang Xinjie , Lei Delin , Bjørndal Kristine , Godballe Christian , Mücke Thomas , Wolff Klaus‐Dietrich , Fliss Dan , Eckardt André M. , Copelli Chiara , Sesenna Enrico , Palmer Frank , Ganly Ian , Patel Snehal , Gil Ziv
Published: July 2014

Background

The patterns of regional metastasis in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the head and neck and its association with outcome is not established.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective multicentered multivariate analysis of 270 patients who underwent neck dissection.

Results

The incidence rate of neck metastases was 29%. The rate observed in the oral cavity is 37%, and in the major salivary glands is 19% (p = .001). The rate of occult nodal metastases was 17%. Overall 5‐year survival rates were 44% in patients undergoing therapeutic neck dissections, and 65% and 73% among those undergoing elective neck dissections, with and without nodal metastases, respectively (p = .017). Multivariate analysis revealed that the primary site, nodal classification, and margin status were independent predictors of survival.

Conclusion

Our findings support the consideration of elective neck treatment in patients with ACC of the oral cavity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1032–1037, 2015
Hippocampal‐parietal dysconnectivity and glutamate abnormalities in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Kraguljac Nina Vanessa , White David Matthew , Hadley Jennifer , Reid Meredith Amanda , Lahti Adrienne Carol
Published: July 2014

Abnormalities in resting state connectivity in schizophrenia (SZ) are now well established, but the biological substrates of these functional alterations remain to be elucidated. We performed a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy study in 22 unmedicated patients with SZ and 22 matched healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate resting state functional connectivity of the hippocampus and Glx/Cr (a combined glutamate + glutamine peak normalized to creatine) in the hippocampus and investigate functional and neurometabolic abnormalities and examine the relationship between these. Functional connectivity between the left hippocampus and bilateral precuneus was significantly decreased in unmedicated patients with SZ when compared to HCs [t(4.22), cluster extent (kE) = 751, PFDRcorr = 0.001, Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates: x = −4, y = −56, z = 44]. Glx/Cr in the hippocampus was significantly elevated in SZ (HC: mean = 0.60+/−0.10 SZ: 0.67+/−0.10; F = 5.742; P = 0.02), but was not correlated with functional connectivity deficits (P > 0.05). In this study, we found hippocampal resting state functional connectivity deficits to the precuneus in unmedicated patients with SZ and an increase of Glx/Cr in the hippocampus, but did not observe a direct relationship between these abnormalities. However, our findings do not exclude the possibility of a shared underlying pathology, which warrants further investigation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A review on schizophrenia and relapse—a quest for user‐friendly psychopharmacotherapy
Authors: Suzuki Takefumi , Uchida Hiroyuki , Takeuchi Hiroyoshi , Tsuboi Takashi , Hirano Jinichi , Mimura Masaru
Published: July 2014

Objective

Schizophrenia in general is notoriously associated with relapses rendering the illness progressive to worse outcomes, a concept of which is compatible with neurotoxicity. Therefore, relapse prevention is of utmost clinical relevance.

Methods

In this review, we aim to put relapse into clinical context in the realm of natural history of, or heterogeneity in, schizophrenia and summarize risk factors of relapse. We discuss how to effectively ‘define’ relapse in schizophrenia and recent meta‐analytic studies on this topic to highlight the importance of continuous antipsychotic treatment.

Results

The following issues emerged: ‘How low maintenance antipsychotic dosage could be?’, ‘How extended dosing could be?’, ‘Who could be successfully withdrawn from antipsychotics?’ and ‘How relapse could be defined in the first place?’ The question in particular is how better to deliver antipsychotics at the lowest possible, whereby dose and dosing interval are relevant. While ongoing antipsychotic treatment is the rule, recent works are pointing to a possibility of lower dosage in the maintenance phase of the illness.

Conclusions

Bearing in mind that suboptimal adherence and withdrawal from antipsychotics are an established and unequivocal risk factor for relapse, further investigations are certainly needed to explore user‐friendly manner of psychopharmacotherapy to prevent relapse in schizophrenia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CAST: A new program package for the accurate characterization of large and flexible molecular systems
Authors: Grebner Christoph , Becker Johannes , Weber Daniel , Bellinger Daniel , Tafipolski Maxim , Brückner Charlotte , Engels Bernd
Published: July 2014

The presented program package, Conformational Analysis and Search Tool (CAST) allows the accurate treatment of large and flexible (macro) molecular systems. For the determination of thermally accessible minima CAST offers the newly developed TabuSearch algorithm, but algorithms such as Monte Carlo (MC), MC with minimization, and molecular dynamics are implemented as well. For the determination of reaction paths, CAST provides the PathOpt, the Nudge Elastic band, and the umbrella sampling approach. Access to free energies is possible through the free energy perturbation approach. Along with a number of standard force fields, a newly developed symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory‐based force field is included. Semiempirical computations are possible through DFTB+ and MOPAC interfaces. For calculations based on density functional theory, a Message Passing Interface (MPI) interface to the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)‐accelerated TeraChem program is available. The program is available on request. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.