bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las cecas catalanas y la organización territorial romano-republicana
Authors: Pérez Almoguera Arturo
Published: August 2014

La numismática puede proporcionar indicios importantes para la reconstrucción de las primeras organizaciones territoriales romanas en Hispania. En el nordeste, la uniformidad de sus emisiones republicanas frente a la heterogeneidad de las del mediodía, sugiere unos proyectos organizativos para un amplio territorio, uno a fines del s. II e inicios del I, certificado por la arqueología y ortodoxamente romano, y otro anterior, a inicios del s. II, que se basó en las realidades indígenas. Ante el silencio de las fuentes escritas, el análisis global de cada ceca y sus problemas de ubicación son elementos a considerar en el intento de reconstrucción de ambos.
Contextos cerámicos de los siglos V-VII en Cartagena
Authors: Ramallo Asensio Sebastián F. , Ruiz Valderas Elena , Berrocal Caparrós María del Carmen
Published: August 2014

Las excavaciones realizadas en el teatro romano de Cartagena han documentado una amplia secuencia estratigráfica que abarca desde niveles del siglo II a. de C. hasta nuestros días. Especialmente interesantes son los contextos materiales de los siglos V al VII, asociados a profundas remociones de carácter urbanístico. La construcción en la segunda mitad del siglo V de un complejo comercial, mercado/almacén, estructurado sobre una gran exedra porticada y una serie de 15 compartimentos alineados, representa la amortización total del edificio del teatro cuyas estructuras en parte fosiliza el nuevo conjunto. Encima de ambas construcciones se construyó un barrio de época bizantina caracterizado por habitaciones de forma cuadrangular que alternan con espacios comunes abiertos y calles de trazado irregular adaptadas a la topografía artificial y en pendiente impuesta por las construcciones precedentes.
Los torques de plata de Monasterio de Rodilla
Authors: Castillo Belén
Published: August 2014

Los torques de plata procedentes de Monasterio de Rodilla (Burgos) constituyen un conjunto excepcional de la orfebrería prerromana de la Meseta Norte. Estas piezas, elaboradas con alambres trenzados y enrollados, responden a un proceso evolucionado en el que las influencias ibéricas y mediterráneas, transformadas por el gusto local, dan lugar a modelos propios y característicos de la orfebrería celtibérica.
Nota sobre la inscripción latina del ara votiva a «Erudino» de la Cantabria romana
Authors: MacLennan Luis Jenaro
Published: August 2014

Se descarta la datación consular de la inscripción en cuanto no apropiada al contexto. Las serias dificultades que presenta la lectura tradicional del epígrafe la hacen inverosímil. Se subraya el interés de la fecha de la dedicatio, coincidente con Neptunalia.
Inscripciones honoríficas del teatro romano de Cartagena. Addendum a AEspA 1992
Authors: Ramallo Asensio Sebastián F.
Published: August 2014

No disponible
Primeras observaciones para una datación paleográfica de la escritura ibérica
Authors: Rodríguez Ramos Jesús
Published: August 2014

Ésta es la primera vez en que se estudia un método para la datación paleográfica de las inscripciones escritas en el semisilabario ibérico levantino. Se basa en los doce signos más relevantes y, a pesar de que eventuales análisis posteriores aportarán una mayor precisión, de hecho el sistema expuesto ya permite identificar seis fases cronológicas en la evolución de la escritura levantina. Asimismo se ejemplifica el método a través del estudio de diez de las inscripciones más largas y significativas y se indica su relación evolutiva con la escritura celtibérica.
La ocupación de época visigoda en Vega de Duero (Villabáñez, Valladolid)
Authors: Bellido Blanco Antonio
Published: August 2014

El yacimiento de época visigoda de Vega Duero ha venido a proporcionar una de las primeras evidencias de hábitat dentro del valle medio del Duero, que rompe con el tradicional desconocimiento de estos contextos. Sus evidencias materiales manifiestan un bagaje cultural bien distinto del que deparan las numerosas necrópolis excavadas en la zona y marcan una importante referencia para la identificación de nuevos poblados sincrónicos.
Evidencias del comercio tartésico junto a puertos y vados de la cuenca del Tajo
Authors: Martín Bravo Ana María
Published: August 2014

En este trabajo se dan a conocer unos vasos «à chardon» a torno depositados en uno de los escasísimos enterramientos conocidos de esa época en Extremadura, que contenía huesos femeninos, aparecido en el puerto de Santa Cruz, junto a un poblado indígena; materiales de un poblado orientalizante situado junto al vado de Talavera la Vieja, y una serie de objetos, también orientalizantes, procedentes de castros de la cuenca extremeña del Tajo. Todo ello permite esbozar un nuevo panorama sobre la extensión del comercio tartésico hacia el norte, a través de la Alta Extemadura, planteando la posibilidad de que existiera algún matrimonio mixto entre indígenas y mujeres tartésicas.
Explotación económica y fronteras políticas: diferencias entre el modelo ibérico y el romano en el límite entre la Alta Andalucía y el Sureste
Authors: Chapa Brunet Teresa , Mayoral Herrera Victorino
Published: August 2014

El trabajo aquí presentado pretende mostrar la importancia de la escala regional en el estudio de procesos de cambio de carácter general. El ejemplo se centra en el Valle del Guadiana Menor (Jaén), una zona de enlace entre la Alta Andalucía, las altiplanicies granadinas y el Sureste Peninsular. Mediante una visión diacrónica desde el Ibérico Pleno al cambio de Era se aprecia cómo las transformaciones en la estrategia política, social y económica, condicionan los sistemas de poblamiento, explotación y distribución de los productos.
Modelos romanos en la arquitectura monumental de Colonia Patricia Corduba
Authors: Márquez Carlos
Published: August 2014

Este trabajo analiza de forma detallada algunos elementos arquitectónicos romanos de Colonia Patricia para poder adscribirlos a edificios urbanos. De esta forma se pueden plantear nuevas hipótesis sobre cronología, función e inserción de los mismos en el marco urbanístico, concluyendo la absoluta dependencia de la capital de la provincia Baetica de modelos procedentes de Roma a los que copia en material y dimensiones.
Teodosio I sigue siendo Teodosio I
Authors: Arce Javier
Published: August 2014

El presente artículo trata de demostrar que la reciente propuesta de J. Meischner sobre el missorium de Teodosio de la Real Academia de la Historia de Madrid, en el sentido de que se trata de un objeto representando no a Teodosio I (identificación tradicional) sino a Teodosio II, y que por tanto es un producto de la Corte de Rávena del año 421, es insostenible e indemostrable. La propuesta de J. Meischner no resuelve los diversos problemas que plantean todos los elementos iconográficos, epigráficos, históricos y de contexto que presenta el missorium. Antes al contrario, no encuentra sólida explicación científica al hecho de que el missorium recordaba las decennalia del emperador lo que necesariamente sólo puede corresponder a las de Teodosio I celebradas el año 388. Si hubieran sido las de Teodosio II, se daría el caso de que se estarían celebrando 10 años después de que éstas se hubiesen celebrado efectivamente, como atestigua la Chronica de Marcelino. Una serie de observaciones de tipo iconográfico y de tipo histórico complementan y fundamentan la teoría de que el missorium de Teodosio I sigue siendo de Teodosio I.
Contramarcas y sellos de la legio X en Hispania y en Moesia o Renania
Authors: García-Bellido M.ª Paz , Petac Emanuel
Published: August 2014

Se publican piezas contramarcadas con.«X», posiblemente el sello de la legión X Gémina, halladas en España y en Rumania. Se hace un estudio general sobre los resellos y contramarcas de esta legión conocidos sobre lingotes de plomo o monedas, constatándose el comienzo del habito legionario de resellar con su nombre ya en el año 19 a.C, durante la estancia de Agripa en Hispania. Las contramarcas monetales indican la presencia de la legión en Pannonia, Moesia o limes renano, en la Bélica, en valle del Ebro y Petavonium (Zamora).
La pez y la impermeabilización de envases anfóricos romanos. Estudio analítico de una muestra e interpretaciones histórico-económicas
Authors: Martínez Maganto Julio , Petit Domínguez M.ª Dolores
Published: August 2014

A partir del análisis químico de una muestra de la pez que recubre las paredes internas de un ánfora de salazón altoimperial romana, se realiza un estudio sobre las características y funcionalidad de esta sustancia. El objetivo perseguido es clarificar el origen y exacta naturaleza de la misma, además de aportar algunos elementos de debate sobre su producción y posible comercialización, analizando su importancia en el contexto de la economía romana.
Datación de una viga de la iglesia de San Pedro de la Nave (Zamora)
Authors: Rodríguez Trobajo Eduardo , Alonso Matthias Fernán , Caballero Zoreda Luis
Published: August 2014

Las dudas sobre la adecuada adscripción cultural de las iglesias consideradas de época visigoda, obliga a conseguir dataciones lo más seguras posibles. Por ello se ha realizado este estudio interdisciplinar, que compagina la dendrodatación, la datación por carbono-14 y la arqueología y cuyo resultado data el árbol de pino albar o laricio con el que se talló la viga de la iglesia de S. Pedro de La Nave en una fecha post quem de 330-474 AD (ref. CSIC-1318). Sus caracteres anatómicos nos indican que la secuencia dendrocronológica obtenida de 282 años es completa, por lo que la viga tuvo que ser reutilizada, como debió ocurrir al menos con parte del material de construcción. Los análisis han servido para ensayar la aplicación de esta metodología a las iglesias altomedievales españolas y mejorarla para lograr resultados más fiables y precisos.
Os arredores das cidades romanas de Portugal
Authors: De Alarcão Jorge
Published: August 2014

[pt] O autor distinguiu, em anteriores trabalhos, três níveis de aglomerados populacionais —capitais de civitates, vici e castella/aldeias— e três níveis de estabelecimentos rurais— villae, granjas e casais. Neste artigo examina os arredores das cidades romanas de Portugal e distingue três tipos de paisagem: uma composta por granjas e casais, eventualmente algumas villae; outra, por aldeias, mais ou menos distantes umas das outras; e uma terceira, composta de villae num território centuriado.
Itinerario de monumentalización y cambio de imagen en Colonia Patricia (Córdoba)
Authors: León Alonso Pilar
Published: August 2014

La configuración de la imagen de una ciudad como la Córdoba romana es fruto de su propia evolución histórica y, en consecuencia, de circunstancias en buena parte imprevisibles. Pero también lo es de la planificación y de la elección hechas por los responsables de la actividad edilicia. La proyección de la imagen urbana depende de la conjunción de ambos planos y sólo la amplitud de miras pretende elevarla a categoría de monumental. La trayectoria de la Córdoba romana así lo manifiesta.
La Itálica de Adriano. Resultados de las prospecciones arqueológicas de 1991 y 1993
Authors: Rodríguez Hidalgo José Manuel , Keay Simon J. , Jordan David , Creighton J. , Rodá Isabel
Published: August 2014

La prospección geofísica y la recolección sistemática de materiales de superficie dentro de áreas no excavadas de Itálica han puesto al descubierto las plantas de edificios, ahora enterrados, en la Nova Urbs, así como datos sobre su cronología y decoración. Nos confirma que la Itálica de Adriano fue una ciudad excepcional, cuya inspiración debe buscarse en otros centros adrianeos en Oriente. La prospección reveló la existencia de un gran conjunto termal, varios edificios públicos insospechados, un conjunto de calles, mansiones y casas señoriales. Nos sugiere también que el proyecto urbanístico adrianeo nunca se terminó. En época tardoimperial la extensión urbana de Itálica se redujo a un núcleo densamente habitado localizado al Sur del Traianeum y bajo el solar del actual pueblo de Santiponce.
La minería aurífera romana en el Nordeste de Lusitania: Las Cavenes de El Cabaço (Salamanca)
Authors: Ruiz del Árbol M. , Sánchez-Palencia F. J.
Published: August 2014

El estudio de las minas de oro romanas de Las Cavenes proporciona nuevos datos para el conocimiento del desarrollo de la minería romana en este sector lusitano de Hispania tan poco estudiado hasta ahora. En el artículo consideramos el papel que pudo jugar esta minería en la nueva ordenación y ocupación del suelo que implicó la reorganización provincial de comienzos del imperio y, a una escala regional, en la reorganización que la documentación antigua apunta en torno a Salmantica, Bletisama y Mirobriga. Los trabajos desarrollados por nuestro equipo han proporcionado evidencias arqueológicas que permiten plantear tanto el estudio de las labores mineras como su incidencia en la puesta en marcha y revalorización de los recursos agropecuarios en la zona.
Las termas romanas del Noroeste y de la Meseta Norte de Hispania. Los modelos arquitectónicos
Authors: Fernández Ochoa Carmen , García Entero Virginia
Published: August 2014

El objeto de este trabajo es presentar una actualización de los conjuntos termales rurales y urbanos del cuadrante noroeste de Hispania. Se hace especial hincapié en la aplicación de los distintos modelos arquitectónicos, ofreciendo una renovada visión de los tipos predominantes y de los referentes a los que se adscriben dentro del conjunto del Imperio.
Pinturas murales del I estilo pompeyano en Cartagena
Authors: Fernández Díaz Alicia
Published: August 2014

Este estudio, presentado a modo de noticia, es el resultado del hallazgo de unos fragmentos de pintura mural romana en unas excavaciones de la ciudad de Cartagena que pueden encuadrarse en el I estilo pompeyano (finales del siglo II a.C.). Su esquema decorativo consiste en una imitación en estuco de hiladas de aparejo de mármol almohadillado o más comúnmente denominado como aparejo isódomo, cuya finalidad no es únicamente funcional o destinada a tapar los diferentes materiales empleados en la construcción, sino también ornamental y asociada a conceptos como gravitas y mos maiorum.
Dos nuevos centuriones de la legio VII Gemina en Augusta Emérita
Authors: Saquete Chamizo José Carlos , Velázquez Jiménez Agustí
Published: August 2014

Una inscripción funeraria romana hallada en Augusta Emerita (Mérida, España) menciona los nombres de dos centuriones de la legio VII Gemina. En este artículo se analizan diversas cuestiones, como el intento de identificación de ambos centuriones (bastante segura en uno de los casos), su procedencia geográfica y su presencia en la colonia como miembros del officium del gobernador de Lusitania. El epígrafe puede datarse en la segunda mitad del s. II d.C.
Contribución a la prosopografía senatorial hispánica: L. Fulvius Numisianus, adlectus tarraconense
Authors: López Vilar Jordi
Published: August 2014

El hallazgo de una inscripción en Tarragona nos ha permitido conocer el nombre de un nuevo senador hispano. Se analizan aquí algunas particularidades del texto, que se pone en relación con otros epígrafes estableciendo así una serie de vínculos familiares. Asimismo se hace hincapié en la modalidad de su ingreso en el Senado -la adlectio- y se incide especialmente en la damnatio memoriae que presenta el nombre del emperador Cómodo.
Apuntes epigráficos (Mirobriga, Ilici, Jumilla, Segobriga, Saldeana, Carpio de Tajo y Alovera)
Authors: Abascal Juan Manuel
Published: August 2014

Comentarios y correcciones sobre algunas inscripciones romanas ya publicadas y edición de textos inéditos de diversas localidades de Hispania.
Petroglifos podomorfos de Galicia e investiduras reales célticas: estudio comparativo
Authors: García Quintela Marco V. , Santos Estévez Manuel
Published: August 2014

Desde dos disciplinas distintas: la antropología histórica y la arqueología, se abordan algunos rituales de investidura real en el mundo indoeuropeo. Partimos de referencias literarias y etnográficas a costumbres y ritos propios de la toma de posesión de su cargo por los reyes en los que destaca el detalle de que debía poner su pie sobre cierta roca. Relacionamos estos testimonios con la presencia en Galicia de petroglifos con podomorfos de las Edades del Bronce y del Hierro, y se formula la hipótesis de que en ellos se celebrasen ceremonias del tipo referido en los textos.
Las murallas compartimentadas en los castros de Asturias: bases para un debate
Authors: Camino Mayor Jorge
Published: August 2014

Hace tiempo que en algunos castros de Asturias se reveló la existencia de murallas compartimentadas. Con un planteamiento localista se acuñó la denominación de murallas de módulos y se les asignó un origen autóctono. Más recientemente se ha mantenido su inicio en los siglos VI-V a.C, o incluso antes, basándose en las excavaciones de la Campa Torres y en la cronología pretendida para otros poblados. En este artículo, por contra, se defiende que este tipo de obras forma parte de las conocidas convencionalmente como murallas de cajones, cuya expansión en la Península se produce durante la segunda Edad del Hierro. Paralelamente, los trabajos en castros de la ría de Villaviciosa permiten cuestionar la datación de la muralla de la Campa, se propugna una reinterpretación de su estratigrafía fundacional, a la vez que se aquilatan las referencias de otros castros. Finalmente, se postula que estas murallas deben datarse en Asturias, por ahora, a partir de los siglos IV-III a.C.
La fase del Ibérico final en el asentamiento del Torrelló del Boverot (Almazora, Castellón): dos piezas cerámicas singulares
Authors: Clausell Gerardo , Izquierdo Isabel , Arasa Ferrán , Juan-Tresserras Jordi
Published: August 2014

Desde finales de 1988, cuando se retoman las campañas de excavación en el yacimiento del Torrelló del Boverot de Almazora (Castellón), se recuperaron abundantes materiales —fundamentalmente cerámicos— del periodo Ibérico final que cierra cronológicamente la vida del poblado. En este trabajo presentamos dos piezas cerámicas singulares correspondientes a esta fase tardía, documentada a través de la campaña de excavación llevada a cabo en 1995, en la que se trabajó en el área central del asentamiento. El registro obtenido en esta intervención coincide con el proporcionado por un lote de materiales donados al Museo de Almazora por parte de los aficionados que excavaron este poblado a mediados de la década de los setenta.
Las acuñaciones romanas de Sexto Pompeyo en Hispania
Authors: Amela Valverde Luis
Published: August 2014

En este artículo se describen las monedas emitidas por Sexto Pompeyo en Hispania durante los años 45-44 a.C. (una emisión de denarios y dos de ases, RRC 477-479), así como las causas que las originaron: pago de las tropas que luchaban contra César así como reivindicar la memoria de su familia. Se analizan los diferentes tipos iconográficos de anversos y reversos, leyendas y lugar de emisión.
Un nuevo fragmento de la Tabvla Hebana
Authors: González Julián
Published: August 2014

El autor presenta un pequeño fragmento de bronce que fue encontrado hace ya algunos años en el yacimiento de Carissa Aurelia, en la provincia de Cádiz, que contiene restos de cuatro líneas de texto, coincidentes con las 11. 19-22 de la Tabula Hebana o lex Valeria Aurelia.
Algunas precisiones epigráficas sobre la estela de Gualda (Cifuentes, Guadalajara)
Authors: Stylow Armin U.
Published: August 2014

Un estudio pormenorizado de la estela bisoma de Gualda permite explicar su forma singular y presentar una nueva lectura de sus inscripciones.
Prediction of Fuselage Surface Pressures in Rotor–Fuselage Interactions Using an Integral Solution of Poisson Equation
Authors: Jang Ji Sung , Park Se Hwan , Lee Duck Joo
Published: August 2014

The fuselage of a helicopter is strongly affected by the rotor and its wake under hovering and low-speed forward flight conditions. Unsteady loading is observed on the fuselage surface owing to the blade passing effect and periodic collision of the wake vortices. Panel and vortex methods
were combined for simulating rotor–fuselage aerodynamic interaction. Although the panel method involves the use of Bernoulli's equation to obtain the surface pressure, it is difficult to consider the increase in stagnation pressure in the vortical flow region under the rotor. In this
study, an integral solution of the Poisson equation was adopted to calculate the pressure at the surface of the fuselage. The flow around the Georgia Institute of Technology's rotor–fuselage model was simulated to demonstrate the increase in stagnation pressure along the topline of the
fuselage, during which unsteady loading caused by tip vortex impingement was observed. The ROBIN (rotor body interaction) model, which considers a generic helicopter fuselage, was also used to analyze the unsteady pressures at the top and the side of the fuselage. For the models, the Poisson
equation was found to accurately predict both unsteady pressure fluctuation and stagnation pressure increase on the fuselage in the presence of the rotor wake without any special treatment.
Uit die hemel en hel
Authors: Hambidge Joan
Published: August 2014

Not available.
A Coprodução dos Serviços Públicos: modelos e modos de gestão
Authors: Neto Luis Moretto , Salm Vanessa Marie , Souza Victor Burigo
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar as principais características que integram o modo de gestão de cada um dos modelos de coprodução dos serviços públicos. Com esse foco são discutidas as características dos modelos da administração pública para definir as categorias de análise utilizadas ao longo do ensaio. A partir das categorias de análise são levantadas e ordenadas as características dos modos de gestão das organizações públicas e da gestão social. Fundamentados nesses modos de gestão e no referencial teórico, que sustenta este artigo, são identificadas as características do modo de gestão de cada um dos modelos de coprodução de serviços públicos.
Um estudo da Relação entre Diversidade, Criatividade e Competitividade em Organizações Brasileiras
Authors: Nóbrega Bruno Andrade , Santos Jair Nascimento , Jesus Gláucia Alves de
Published: August 2014

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar de que forma a diversidade presente na força de trabalho pode contribuir para o aumento da competitividade da empresa por meio da criatividade. O problema central foi: de que forma a diversidade presente na força de trabalho contribui para a competitividade das empresas? O referencial teórico básico está calcado na diversidade, na criatividade e na competitividade. Utilizou-se a metodologia de abordagem qualitativa por permitir um maior aprofundamento a respeito do assunto, possibilitando uma maior percepção dos sentimentos dos entrevistados que participaram como fonte primária dos dados para esta pesquisa. Na coleta de dados optou-se pela realização de entrevistas em profundidade – orientadas por um roteiro semiestruturado. Os resultados evidenciaram que a diversidade no Brasil existe muito mais ao acaso e/ou à observância do Decreto n. 3.298, de 20 de dezembro de 1999, do que como uma política de inclusão social ou de compreensão do próprio empreendimento, embora contribua para a criatividade que pode gerar um incremento na competitividade das empresas
Gestão Social, Extensão e Teologia da Libertação: uma análise a partir de um projeto junto a comunidades
Authors: Tenório Fernando Guilherme , Kronemberger Thais Soares , Lavinas Laís Villela
Published: August 2014

A gestão social ao ser compreendida como um processo gerencial dialógico, cuja autoridade decisória é compartilhada entre os participantes da ação, adquire sentido como prática ao ser desenvolvida pela extensão universitária. É inserido nesta temática que o artigo tem como principal objetivo analisar um projeto de extensão dedicado à realização de cursos em gestão social junto a comunidades da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia adotada compreende a pedagogia emancipatória de Paulo Freire e a filosofia de trabalho em comunidades de Boff, além do método da pesquisa-ação de Thiollent. Dentre os resultados alcançados, destaca-se: a elaboração de projetos comunitários sobre diversas problemáticas; a mobilização e a inserção de representantes de comunidades em instâncias decisórias participativas, como conferências e conselhos municipais; a realização de ações de inclusão digital por meio da implementação de um laboratório de informática; a divulgação e a implementação de cursos em gestão social em uma rede de universidades.
Inovação de Empresas e Processos de Fusão: um estudo das empresas de serviços e industrias
Authors: Vidal Patricia Gonçalves , Martins Israel , Gonçalves Paula
Published: August 2014

O presente artigo apresenta uma análise do processo de inovação em empresas que adotaram como estratégia a criação de valor e a sinergia através da estratégia de fusão. A partir da fundamentação teórica pretende-se lançar luz ao tema ao apresentar embasamento para a pesquisa e consequente análise de resultados. Analisa-se, portanto, empresas de dois setores diversos da economia com o intuito de observar o “como” e o “porquê” de ocorrerem inovações diante do processo de fusão e quais os possíveis resultados dessas análises. Usando fontes secundárias, com o objetivo de apresentar resultados reais e imediatos ao anúncio de inovações das empresas estudadas, por meio de estudos de casos e de eventos, concluiu-se que inovações em produtos e parcerias geraram maior valor diante dos outros tipos de inovações em curto prazo no período pós-fusão.
Economia, Marketing e Indivíduos de Baixa Renda: o interesse após uma história de indiferença
Authors: Hemais Marcus Wilcox , Borelli Fernanda Chagas , Casotti Leticia Moreira , Dias Pedro Ivo Rogedo
Published: August 2014

Durante a construção da área de marketing, estudiosos utilizaram conceitos e teorias econômicas como base para o desenvolvimento de seus próprios conceitos e teorias. Essa similaridade é percebida no tratamento que marketing deu aos indivíduos de baixa renda e sua relação com o consumo em seus primeiros estudos. Assim como os economistas, os pesquisadores em marketing descreviam esses indivíduos como dependentes da sociedade e dos governos para melhorarem suas vidas. Essa visão muda quando Prahalad defende uma nova perspectiva, na qual indivíduos de baixa renda são vistos como consumidores, com desejos de consumir produtos de diversas naturezas. O objetivo do presente ensaio, portanto, é analisar os caminhos percorridos na economia e em dois momentos em marketing sobre o indivíduo de baixa renda. Discute, inicialmente, o pensamento econômico sobre esses indivíduos, para, em seguida, apresentar duas perspectivas de marketing sobre o segmento.
Spatio-temporal variations in PM10 concentrations over Seoul estimated using multiple empirical models together with AERONET and MODIS data collected during the DRAGON-Asia campaign
Authors: Seo S. , Kim J. , Lee H. , Jeong U. , Kim W. , Holben B.N. , Kim S. , Song C.H. , Lim J.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The performance of various empirical linear models to estimate the concentrations of surface-level particulate matter with a~diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) was evaluated using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sunphotometer and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data collected in Seoul during the Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Network (DRAGON)-Asia campaign from March to May 2012. An observed relationship between the PM10 concentration and the aerosol optical depth (AOD) was accounted for by several parameters in the empirical models, including boundary layer height (BLH), relative humidity (RH), and effective radius of the aerosol size distribution (Reff), which was used here for the first time in empirical modeling. Results show the strong influence of BLH and (Reff on the PM10 estimates, while the role of RH was negligible during the campaign period when, in general, RH was lower than in other seasons. A large spatial dependency of the empirical model performance was found by categorizing the locations of the collected data into three different site types, which varied in terms of the distances between instruments and source locations. When both AERONET and MODIS datasets were used in the PM10 estimation, the highest correlations between measured and estimated values ((R = 0.76 and 0.76 using AERONET and MODIS data, respectively) were found for the residential area (RA) site type, while the poorest correlations ((R = 0.61 and 0.68 using AERONET and MODIS data, respectively) were found for the near source (NS) site type. Significant seasonal variations of empirical model performances for PM10 estimation were found using the data collected at Yonsei University (one of the DRAGON campaign sites) over a~period of 17 months including the DRAGON campaign period. The best correlation between measured and estimated PM10 concentrations ((R = 0.81) was found in winter, due to the presence of a stagnant air mass and low \\text{BLH} conditions, which may have resulted in relatively homogeneous aerosol properties within the BLH. On the other hand, the poorest correlation between measured and estimated PM10 concentrations ((R = 0.54) was found in spring, due to the influence of the long-range transport of dust to both within and above the BLH.
Late Eocene to middle Miocene (33 to 13 million years ago) vegetation and climate development on the North American Atlantic Coastal Plain (IODP Expedition 313, Site M0027)
Authors: Kotthoff U. , Greenwood D. R. , McCarthy F. M. G. , Müller-Navarra K. , Prader S. , Hesselbo S. P.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. We investigated the palynology of sediment cores from Site M0027 of IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) Expedition 313 on the New Jersey shallow shelf to examine vegetation and climate dynamics on the east coast of North America between 33 and 13 million years ago and to assess the impact of over-regional climate events on the region. Palynological results are complemented with pollen-based quantitative climate reconstructions. Our results indicate that the hinterland vegetation of the New Jersey shelf was characterized by oak–hickory forests in the lowlands and conifer-dominated vegetation in the highlands from the early Oligocene to the middle Miocene. The Oligocene witnessed several expansions of conifer forest, probably related to cooling events. The pollen-based climate data imply an increase in annual temperatures from ∼11.5 °C to more than 16 °C during the Oligocene. The Mi-1 cooling event at the onset of the Miocene is reflected by an expansion of conifers and mean annual temperature decrease of ∼4 °C, from ∼16 °C to ∼12 °C around 23 million years before present. Relatively low annual temperatures are also recorded for several samples during an interval around ∼20 million years before present, which may reflect the Mi-1a and the Mi-1aa cooling events. Generally, the Miocene ecosystem and climate conditions were very similar to those of the Oligocene. Miocene grasslands, as known from other areas in the USA during that time period, are not evident for the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf, possibly reflecting moisture from the proto-Gulf Stream. The palaeovegetation data reveal stable conditions during the mid-Miocene climatic optimum at ∼15 million years before present, with only a minor increase in deciduous–evergreen mixed forest taxa and a decrease in swamp forest taxa. Pollen-based annual temperature reconstructions show average annual temperatures of ∼14 °C during the mid-Miocene climatic optimum, ∼2 °C higher than today, but ∼1.5 °C lower than preceding and following phases of the Miocene. We conclude that vegetation and regional climate in the hinterland of the New Jersey shelf did not react as sensitively to Oligocene and Miocene climate changes as other regions in North America or Europe due to the moderating effects of the North Atlantic. An additional explanation for the relatively low regional temperatures reconstructed for the mid-Miocene climatic optimum could be an uplift of the Appalachian Mountains during the Miocene, which would also have influenced the catchment area of our pollen record.
An orthogonal terrain-following coordinate and its preliminary tests using 2-D idealized advection experiments
Authors: Li Y. , Wang B. , Wang D. , Li J. , Dong L.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. We have designed an orthogonal curvilinear terrain-following coordinate (the orthogonal σ coordinate, or the OS coordinate) to reduce the advection errors in the classic σ coordinate. First, we rotate the basis vectors of the z coordinate in a specific way in order to obtain the orthogonal, terrain-following basis vectors of the OS coordinate, and then add a rotation parameter b to each rotation angle to create the smoother vertical levels of the OS coordinate with increasing height. Second, we solve the corresponding definition of each OS coordinate through its basis vectors; and then solve the 3-D coordinate surfaces of the OS coordinate numerically, therefore the computational grids created by the OS coordinate are not exactly orthogonal and its orthogonality is dependent on the accuracy of a numerical method. Third, through choosing a proper b, we can significantly smooth the vertical levels of the OS coordinate over a steep terrain, and, more importantly, we can create the orthogonal, terrain-following computational grids in the vertical through the orthogonal basis vectors of the OS coordinate, which can reduce the advection errors better than the corresponding hybrid σ coordinate. However, the convergence of the grid lines in the OS coordinate over orography restricts the time step and increases the numerical errors. We demonstrate the advantages and the drawbacks of the OS coordinate relative to the hybrid σ coordinate using two sets of 2-D linear advection experiments.
Assessing blue and green water utilisation in wheat production of China from the perspectives of water footprint and total water use
Authors: Cao X. C. , Wu P. T. , Wang Y. B. , Zhao X. N.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The aim of this study is to estimate the green and blue water footprint (WF) and the total water use (TWU) of wheat crop in China in both irrigated and rainfed productions. Crop evapotranspiration and water evaporation loss are both considered when calculating the water footprint in irrigated fields. We compared the water use for per-unit product between irrigated and rainfed crops and analyzed the relationship between promoting the yield and conserving water resources. The national total and per-unit-product WF of wheat production in 2010 were approximately 111.5 Gm3 (64.2% green and 35.8% blue) and 0.968 m3 kg−1, respectively. There is a large difference in the water footprint of the per-kilogram wheat product (WFP) among different provinces: the WFP is low in the provinces in and around the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain, while it is relatively high in the provinces south of the Yangtze River and in northwestern China. The major portion of WF (80.9%) comes from irrigated farmland, and the remaining 19.1% is rainfed. Green water dominates the area south of the Yangtze River, whereas low green water proportions are found in the provinces located in northern China, especially northwestern China. The national TWU and total water use of the per-kilogram wheat product (TWUP) are 142.5 Gm3 and 1.237 m3 kg−1, respectively, containing approximately 21.7% blue water percolation (BWp). The values of WFP for irrigated (WFPI) and rainfed (WFPR) crops are 0.911 and 1.202 m3 kg−1, respectively. Irrigation plays an important role in food production, promoting the wheat yield by 170% and reducing the WFP by 24% compared to those of rainfed wheat production. Due to the low irrigation efficiency, more water is needed per kilogram in irrigated farmland in many arid regions, such as the Xinjiang, Ningxia and Gansu Provinces. We divided the 30 provinces of China into three categories according to the relationship between the TWUPI (TWU for per-unit product in irrigated farmland) and TWUPR (TWU for per-unit product in rainfed farmland): (I) TWUPI < TWUPR, (II) TWUPI = TWUPR, and (III) TWUPI > TWUPR. Category II, which contains the major wheat-producing areas in the North China Plain, produces nearly 75% of the wheat of China. The double benefits of conserving water and promoting production can be achieved by irrigating wheat in Category I provinces. Nevertheless, the provinces in this category produce only 1.1% of the national wheat yield.
Application and prospect of a high-resolution remote sensing and geo-information system in estimating earthquake casualties
Authors: Feng T. , Hong Z. , Fu Q. , Ma S. , Jie X. , Wu H. , Jiang C. , Tong X.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. An accurate estimation of a casualty rate is critical in response to earthquake disasters, and could allow an increase in the survival rate. Building damage is considered to be a major cause of earthquake casualties in developing countries. High-resolution satellite imagery (HRSI) can be used to detect the building damage in a period of a short time. This makes it possible to use a model to estimate earthquake casualties immediately after the occurrence of an earthquake. With respect to the capability of HRSI, this study built a new model for estimating the casualty rate in an earthquake disaster based on remote sensing and a geographical information system. Three groups of earthquake data, the 2003 Bam earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, and the 2010 Yushu earthquake, were used to evaluate this model. The results indicated that our new model significantly improved the accuracy in predicting the casualty rate. The parameters used in the model vary between developed and developing countries. This study could provide valuable information for a more efficient rescue operation in response to earthquakes.
Land cover changes and forest landscape evolution (1985–2009) in a typical Mediterranean agroforestry system (High Agri Valley)
Authors: Simoniello T. , Coluzzi R. , Imbrenda V. , Lanfredi M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The present study focuses on the transformations of a typical Mediterranean agroforestry landscape of southern Italy (High Agri Valley – Basilicata region) occurred during 24 years. In this period, the valuable agricultural and natural areas that compose such a landscape were subjected to intensive industry-related activities linked to the exploitation of the largest European on-shore oil reservoir. Landsat imagery acquired in 1985 and 2009 were used to detect changes in forest areas and major land use trajectories. Landscape metrics indicators were adopted to characterize landscape structure and evolution of both the complex ecomosaic (14 land cover classes) and the Forest/Non Forest arrangement. Our results indicate a net increase of 11% of forest areas between 1985 and 2009. The major changes concern: increase of all forest covers at the expense of pastures and grasses, enlargement of riparian vegetation, expansion of artificial areas. The observed expansion of forests was accompanied by a decrease of the fragmentation levels likely due to the reduction of small glades that break forest homogeneity and to the recolonization of herbaceous areas. Overall, we observe an evolution towards a more stable configuration depicting a satisfactory picture of vegetation health.
Wave-equation based traveltime seismic tomography – Part 1: Method
Authors: Tong P. , Zhao D. , Yang D. , Yang X. , Chen J. , Liu Q.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we propose a wave-equation based traveltime seismic tomography method with a detailed description of its step-by-step process. First, a linear relationship between the traveltime residual Δt = Tobs – Tsyn and the relative velocity perturbation δc(x) / c(x) connected by a finite-frequency traveltime sensitivity kernel K(x) is theoretically derived using the adjoint method. To accurately calculate the traveltime residual Δt, two automatic arrival-time picking techniques including the envelop energy ratio method and the combined ray and cross-correlation method are then developed to compute the arrival times Tsyn for synthetic seismograms. The arrival times Tobs of observed seismograms are usually determined by manual hand picking in real applications. Traveltime sensitivity kernel K(x) is constructed by convolving a forward wavefield u(t,x) with an adjoint wavefield q(t,x). The calculations of synthetic seismograms and sensitivity kernels rely on forward modelling. To make it computationally feasible for tomographic problems involving a large number of seismic records, the forward problem is solved in the two-dimensional (2-D) vertical plane passing through the source and the receiver by a high-order central difference method. The final model is parameterized on 3-D regular grid (inversion) nodes with variable spacings, while model values on each 2-D forward modelling node are linearly interpolated by the values at its eight surrounding 3-D inversion grid nodes. Finally, the tomographic inverse problem is formulated as a regularized optimization problem, which can be iteratively solved by either the LSQR solver or a non-linear conjugate-gradient method. To provide some insights into future 3-D tomographic inversions, Fréchet kernels for different seismic phases are also demonstrated in this study.
"The Story of Bluegrass:" Carlton Haney, Bill Monroe, and Redemption Drama in the First Bluegrass Festivals
Authors: Roach Ron R.
Published: August 2014

Appalachia has been fertile ground for the development of distinctive American music, and two of the forms of music most closely associated with the region are country and bluegrass. Promoter Carlton Haney, a member of the Bluegrass Hall of Fame, was a significant figure in each of these musical genres, playing a major role in developing the careers of such performers as Loretta Lynn, Porter Wagoner, Merle Haggard, Conway Twitty, Reno and Smiley, and Bill Monroe. In 1965, Haney founded the world’s first multiday bluegrass festival in Fincastle, Virginia, and held important festivals into the 1970s, starting a movement that helped to define modern bluegrass and introduce it to a national audience. One of the most memorable features of Haney’s early bluegrass festivals was "The Story of Bluegrass," a musical narrative recounting the creation of bluegrass as a musical genre. This paper uses the rhetorical theories of Kenneth Burke to examine "The Story of Bluegrass" as a redemption drama that played an important role in shaping bluegrass music and the legacy of Bill Monroe.
Constitutionele antwoorden op toenemend pluralistische samenlevingen
Authors: Zoethout Carla
Published: August 2014

Constitutional answers to increasingly pluralistic societies. Religious diversity in France, Italy and Canada

In this article, the question is raised which constitutional answer to immigration is most sustainable with a view to future multicultural societies. I focus on the constitutional answers to immigration in France, Italy and Canada. In France, in 2010, legislation was adopted prohibiting the wearing of face-covering clothing in public. With this ban, the French intended to enhance the equal participation of citizens in society and to protect the equality of the sexes. In Italy, a heated debate took place about the display of crucifixes in (public) schools, which resulted in a restoration of the predominance of the Catholic religion. Across the ocean, in the Canadian province of Québec, the National Assembly of Québec has been discussing a ‘Charter’, whose prevailing idea is to enhance the neutrality of the state, among others by prohibiting religious clothing in public institutions. The question is which of these approaches is best defensible to regulate a society, which will undoubtedly become even more diverse in the near future.
Dossier imamopleiding: het Nederlandse ‘imamopleidingsdebat’ in historisch perspectief
Authors: Boender Welmoet
Published: August 2014

The Dutch debate on Imam training programs in a historical perspective

In 2005 and 2006 three state-funded Islam- and imam training programs started at Amsterdam Free University, Leiden University and Hogeschool Inholland, after more than two decades of political and public debate. These confessional programs were to educate a Dutch ‘polder imam’. Recently however, the closure of two programs was announced.

This article places the establishment as well as the closure of these programs in a historical perspective. It explores two striking parallels between the motivations in favor of an imam training and the ways the Dutch state has dealt with the institutionalization of religious plurality in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
De zaak Fernández Martínez tegen Spanje
Authors: van Bijsterveld Sophie
Published: August 2014

The Case Fernández Martínez vs Spain

In its ruling of June 12, 2014, the European Court on Human Rights (Grand Chamber) concluded that no violation of the right to private life and family life under the European Convention of Human Rights had taken place in the case of the non-renewal of an employment contract of a Roman Catholic teacher of religion and ethics. The reason for this non-renewal was the withdrawal of the required ecclesiastical approval of the teacher. According to the European Court, church autonomy prevailed in this case over the right to private life and family life of the teacher, a married priest with five children and an active member of an organization promoting voluntary celibacy. This contribution analyses and discusses the ruling of the ECHR, also in the light of the main dissenting opinion. It supports the Court’s conclusion, but criticizes some of its reasoning. It also states that regardless of the extent of church autonomy, a clear and correct procedural approach to employment issues also does honour ecclesiastical authorities.
The first record of Tulostoma melanocyclum in Poland
Authors: Łuszczyński Janusz
Published: August 2014

The paper presents information on Tulostoma melanocyclum Bres., a species new for Poland. The fungus was found in the xerothermic grassland Thalictro-Salvietum pratensis in the neighbourhood of Busko Zdrój, about 45 km S of Kielce.
Erysiphales and their hyperparasite, Ampelomyces quisqualis, of the Drawsko Landscape Park, Poland
Authors: Czerniawska Beata , Madej Tadeusz , Adamska Iwona , Błaszkowski Janusz , Tadych Mariusz
Published: August 2014

Results of 3-year investigations of the occurrence of fungi of the order Erysiphales and their hyperparasite, Ampelomyces quisqualis in the Drawsko Landscape Park (N-Poland) are presented. Among the fungi found, 26 species belonging to 7 genera were identified. Many of the causal agents of the powdery mildews revealed were previously rarely found in Poland. Microsphaera vanbruntiana var. sambuci-racemosae parasitizing Sombucus nigra is a fungus new to the Mycota of Poland. Ampelomyces quisqualis was found associated with Mirosphaera symphoricarpi colonizing Symphoricarpos albus and with Sphaerotheca mors-uvae parasitizing Ribes nigrum; these powdery mildew fungi are fungal hosts of A. qulsqualis not recorded in the literature to date.
New and rare species of parasitic fungi in Poland
Authors: Wółczyńska Agata , Oklejewicz Krzysztof
Published: August 2014

The paper presents characteristics of 14 species of microscopic phytopathogenic fungi collected in the Beskid Niski Mts. and Doły Jasielsko-Sanockie. One of them - Phyllosticta telekiae Cejp, Fassat et Zavrel is a New species for Poland, Five were collected on new host plants, and the others are known from a few localities.
Slime moulds occurring in the Bukowiec reserve (W Carpathians)
Authors: Miśkiewicz Anna
Published: August 2014

Two-year studies on the diversity and occurrence of slime moulds in the Bukowiec forest reserve (Pogórze Wiśnickie Region) were undertaken. 31 taxa of slime moulds found are listed. Two species, Hemitricha calyculata and Fuligo levderma, are recorded in Poland for the first time.