bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Positioning Problem of a Microscopic Particle Trapped in Optical Tweezers
Authors: Aguilar-Ibañez Carlos , Rosas-Soriano Luis I.
Published: March 2010

We solve the positioning problem of a spherical microparticle trapped by Optical Tweezers, under the assumption that the drag viscous force is presented. To do it, we develop two control strategies for the manipulation of this kind of optical trap. The first control strategy is developed assuming that the damping coefficient is known, while in the second strategy this parameter value is only partially known, which in practice it is more realistic due to the difficulty to estimate it. Both strategies are based on the traditional Lyapunov method in conjunction with the use of a saturation function. The stability analysis of both strategies was carried out by using the standard Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of both control approaches in reducing the random position fluctuations produced by the inherent thermal noise.
Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands: Important Players in Angiogenesis and Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Mosch Birgit , Reissenweber Bettina , Neuber Christin , Pietzsch Jens
Published: March 2010

Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands were identified in the late 1980's. Subsequently, they were linked to different physiological and pathophysiological processes like embryonic development, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. In this regard, recent work focused on the distribution and effects of Eph receptors and ephrins on tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this review is to outline the role of these molecules in physiological angiogenesis and pathophysiological tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, novel therapeutical approaches are discussed as Eph receptors and ephrins represent attractive targets for antiangiogenic therapy.
Pretreatment with Cry1Ac Protoxin Modulates the Immune Response, and Increases the Survival ofPlasmodium-Infected CBA/Ca Mice
Authors: Legorreta-Herrera Martha , Oviedo Meza Rodrigo , Moreno-Fierros Leticia
Published: March 2010

Malaria is a major global health problem that kills 1-2 million people each year. Despite exhaustive research, naturally acquired immunity is poorly understood. Cry1A proteins are potent immunogens with adjuvant properties and are able to induce strong cellular and humoral responses. In fact, it has been shown that administration of Cry1Ac protoxin alone or with amoebic lysates induces protection against the lethal infection caused by the protozoaNaegleria fowleri. In this work, we studied whether Cry1Ac is able to activate the innate immune response to induce protection againstPlasmodium bergheiANKA (lethal) andP. chabaudiAS (nonlethal) parasites in CBA/Ca mice. Treatment with Cry1Ac induced protection against bothPlasmodiumspecies in terms of reduced parasitaemia, longer survival time, modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increased levels of specific antibodies againstPlasmodium. Understanding how to boost innate immunity toPlasmodiuminfection should lead to immunologically based intervention strategies.
FPGA Implementation of an Amplitude-Modulated Continuous-Wave Ultrasonic Ranger Using Restructured Phase-Locking Scheme
Authors: Sumathi P. , Janakiraman P. A.
Published: March 2010

An accurate ultrasonic range finder employing Sliding Discrete Fourier Transform (SDFT) based restructured phase-locked loop (RPLL), which is an improved version of the recently proposed integrated phase-locking scheme (IPLL), has been expounded. This range finder principally utilizes amplitude-modulated ultrasonic waves assisted by an infrared (IR) pilot signal. The phase shift between the envelope of the reference IR pilot signal and that of the received ultrasonic signal is proportional to the range. The extracted envelopes are filtered by SDFT without introducing any additional phase shift. A new RPLL is described in which the phase error is driven to zero using the quadrature signal derived from the SDFT. Further, the quadrature signal is reinforced by another cosine signal derived from a lookup table (LUT). The pulse frequency of the numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is extremely accurate, enabling fine tuning of the SDFT and RPLL also improves the lock time for the 50 Hz input signal to 0.04 s. The percentage phase error for the range 0.6 m to 6 m is about 0.2%. The VHDL codes generated for the various signal processing steps were downloaded into a Cyclone FPGA chip around which the ultrasonic ranger had been built.
Music Composition from the Brain Signal: Representing the Mental State by Music
Authors: Wu Dan , Li Chaoyi , Yin Yu , Zhou Changzheng , Yao Dezhong
Published: March 2010

This paper proposes a method to translate human EEG into music, so as to represent mental state by music. The arousal levels of the brain mental state and music emotion are implicitly used as the bridge between the mind world and the music. The arousal level of the brain is based on the EEG features extracted mainly by wavelet analysis, and the music arousal level is related to the musical parameters such as pitch, tempo, rhythm, and tonality. While composing, some music principles (harmonics and structure) were taken into consideration. With EEGs during various sleep stages as an example, the music generated from them had different patterns of pitch, rhythm, and tonality. 35 volunteers listened to the music pieces, and significant difference in music arousal levels was found. It implied that different mental states may be identified by the corresponding music, and so the music from EEG may be a potential tool for EEG monitoring, biofeedback therapy, and so forth.
Differential Expression of MicroRNAs between Eutopic and Ectopic Endometrium in Ovarian Endometriosis
Authors: Filigheddu Nicoletta , Gregnanin Ilaria , Porporato Paolo E. , Surico Daniela , Perego Beatrice , Galli Licia , Patrignani Claudia , Graziani Andrea , Surico Nicola
Published: March 2010

Endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, is a common gynecological disease with poorly understood pathogenesis. MicroRNAs are members of a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that have a critical role in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by repression of target mRNAs translation. We assessed differentially expressed microRNAs in ectopic endometrium compared with eutopic endometrium in 3 patients through microarray analysis. We identified 50 microRNAs differentially expressed and the differential expression of five microRNAs was validated by real-time RT-PCR in other 13 patients. We identifiedin silicotheir predicted targets, several of which match the genes that have been identified to be differentially expressed in ectopicversuseutopic endometrium in studies of gene expression. A functional analysis of the predicted targets indicates that several of these are involved in molecular pathways implicated in endometriosis, thus strengthening the hypothesis of the role of microRNAs in this pathology.
On the Fixed-Point Set of a Family of Relatively Nonexpansive and Generalized Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Nilsrakoo Weerayuth , Saejung Satit
Published: March 2010

We prove that the set of common fixed points of a given countable family of relatively nonexpansive mappings is identical to the fixed-point set of a single strongly relatively nonexpansive mapping. This answers Kohsaka and Takahashi's question in positive. We also introduce the concept of strongly generalized nonexpansive mappings and prove the analogue version of the result above for Ibaraki-Takahashi's generalized nonexpansive mappings. The duality theorem for two classes of strongly relatively nonexpansive mappings and of strongly generalized nonexpansive mappings is proved.
The Role of Earthworms in Tropics with Emphasis on Indian Ecosystems
Authors: Kale Radha D. , Karmegam Natchimuthu
Published: March 2010

The paper highlights the research carried out by different scientists in India on aspects of earthworm population dynamics and species diversity, associated with other soil fauna and microflora. It also deals with the importance of earthworm activity on physicochemical properties of soil with reference to India and other tropical countries. Stress is laid on the earthworm plant association and importance of the secretions of earthworms as plant growth stimulators. Moreover, the earthworm species reported and being utilized for vermicomposting in India are discussed, since vermicomposting is the ultimate technology which renders for the improvement of soil fertility status and plant growth. Earthworms serve as indicators of soil status such as the level of contamination of pollutants: agrochemicals, heavy metals, toxic substances, and industrial effluents; human-induced activities: land-management practices and forest degradation. In all these fields there is lacuna with respect to contributions from India when compared to the available information from other tropical countries. There is lot of scope in the field of research on earthworms to unravel the importance of these major soil macrofauna from holistic ecological studies to the molecular level.
Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in the Setting of B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Opyrchal Mateusz , Figanbaum Travis , Ghosh Amit , Rajkumar Vincent , Caples Sean
Published: March 2010

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) presenting in absence of chemotherapy is a rare occurrence. One of the true oncological emergencies, it can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. TLS is a phenomena usually associated with tumor cell death after treatment. The etiology of the spontaneous TLS is not well understood, which complicates the diagnosis. TLS is well known to oncologists but physicians outside of this specialty have little or no experience with this condition. Early recognition and treatment are the keys to limiting the sequela of the condition. Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome is rare but presents added risks to the patient because of the potential for delayed diagnosis and no benefit of pretreatment. Diagnosis may be further delayed because this may be the first symptom of underlying malignancy. Therefore, it is imperative that all clinicians are familiar with the syndrome to assure timely recognition.
Designing a Reverse Logistics Network for End‐of‐Life Vehicles Recovery
Authors: Zarei Masoud , Mansour Saeed , Husseinzadeh Kashan Ali , Karimi Behrooz
Published: March 2010

The environmental factors are receiving increasing attention in different life cycle stages of products. When a product reaches its End‐Of‐Life (EOL) stage, the management of its recovery process is affected by the environmental and also economical factors. Selecting efficient methods for the collection and recovery of EOL products has become an important issue. The European Union Directive 2000/53/EC extends the responsibility of the vehicle manufacturers to the postconsumer stage of the vehicle. In order to fulfill the requirements of this Directive and also efficient management of the whole recovery process, the conceptual framework of a reverse logistics network is presented. The distribution of new vehicles in an area and also collecting the End‐of‐Life Vehicles (ELVs) and their recovery are considered jointly. It is assumed that the new vehicles distributors are also responsible for collecting the ELVs. Then a mathematical model is developed which minimizes the costs of setting up the network and also the relevant transportation costs. Because of the complexity of the model, a solution methodology based on the genetic algorithm is designed which enables achieving good quality solutions in a reasonable algorithm run time.
Initial Experience with Sildenafil, Bosentan, and Nitric Oxide for Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Patients with Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Resistance before and after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
Authors: Daftari Babak , Alejos Juan Carlos , Perens Gregory
Published: March 2010

Background. Although pulmonary hypertension complicating dilated cardiomyopathy has been shown to be a significant risk factor for graft failure after heart transplantation, the upper limits of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) that would contraindicate pediatric heart transplantation are not known.Methods. A retrospective review of all pediatric orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) performed at our institution from 2002 to 2007 was performed. Seven patients with PVR Wood's units (WU) prior to transplant were compared pre- and postoperatively with 20 matched controls with PVR WU. All pulmonary vasodilator therapies used are described as well as outcomes during the first year posttransplant.Results. The mean PVR prior to transplantation in the 7 study cases was (range 6–22) WU, compared to mean PVR of WU (0.56–4.5) in the controls (). All patients with elevated PVR were treated pre-OHT with either Sildenafil or Bosentan. Post-OHT, case patients received a combination of sildenafil, iloprost, and inhaled nitric oxide. All 7 case patients survived one year post-OHT, and there was no statistical difference between cases and controls for hospital stay, rejection/readmissions, or graft right ventricular failure. Mean PVR in the cases at one and three months post-OHT was not significantly different between the two groups. Only one of the cases required prolonged treatment with iloprost after OHT.Conclusions. A PVR above 6 WU should not be an absolute contraindication to heart transplantation in children.
Myonecrosis in Sickle Cell Anemia—Overlooked and Underdiagnosed
Authors: Tageja Nishant , Racovan Marius , Valent Jason , Zonder Jeffrey
Published: March 2010

Medical literature detailing muscular complications of sickle cell anemia is sparse and limited to a few case-reports. Features consistent with myositis and myonecrosis are often overlooked and patients are inadequately treated, leading to unforeseen complications. We report an interesting case of sickle cell myonecrosis and review the existing literature on this subject.
Phase-Shift Cyclic-Delay Diversity for MIMO OFDM Systems
Authors: Nam Young-Han , Liu Lingjia , Zhang Jianzhong (Charlie)
Published: March 2010

Phase-shift cyclic-delay diversity (PS CDD) scheme and space-frequency-block-code (SFBC) PS CDD are developed for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed PS CDD scheme preserves the diversity advantage of traditional CDD in uncorrelated multiantenna channels, and furthermore removes frequency-selective nulling problem of the traditional CDD in correlated multiantenna channels.
Induction/Engineering, Detection, Selection, and Expansion of Clinical-Grade Human Antigen-SpecificCD8+Cytotoxic T Cell Clones for Adoptive Immunotherapy
Authors: Jeras Matjaž , Bricl Irena , Zorec Robert , Švajger Urban
Published: March 2010

Adoptive transfer of effector antigen-specific immune cells is becoming a promising treatment option in allogeneic transplantation, infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Within this context, the important role ofCD8+cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is objective of intensive studies directed to their in vivo and ex vivo induction, detection, selection, expansion, and therapeutic effectiveness. Additional questions that are being addressed by the scientific community are related to the establishment and maintenance of their longevity and memory state as well as to defining critical conditions underlying their transitions between discrete, but functionally different subtypes. In this article we review and comment latest approaches and techniques used for preparing large amounts of antigen-specific CTLs, suitable for clinical use.
Linearity Analysis on a Series-Split Capacitor Array for High-Speed SAR ADCs
Authors: Zhu Yan , Chio U-Fat , Wei He-Gong , Sin Sai-Weng , U Seng-Pan , Martins R. P.
Published: March 2010

A novel Capacitor array structure for Successive Approximation Register (SAR) ADC is proposed. This circuit efficiently utilizes charge recycling to achieve high-speed of operation and it can be applied to high-speed and low-to-medium-resolution SAR ADC. The parasitic effects and the static linearity performance, namely, the INL and DNL, of the proposed structure are theoretically analyzed and behavioral simulations are performed to demonstrate its effectiveness under those nonidealities. Simulation results show that to achieve the same conversion performance the proposed capacitor array structure can reduce the average power consumed from the reference ladder by 90% when compared to the binary-weighted splitting capacitor array structure.
Statistical Skimming of Feature Films
Authors: Benini Sergio , Migliorati Pierangelo , Leonardi Riccardo
Published: March 2010

We present a statistical framework based on Hidden Markov Models(HMMs)for skimming feature films. A chain ofHMMsis used to model subsequent story units:HMMstates represent different visual-concepts, transitions model the temporal dependencies in each story unit, and stochastic observations are given by single shots. The skim is generated as an observation sequence, where, in order to privilege more informative segments for entering the skim, shots are assigned higher probability of observation if endowed with salient features related to specific film genres. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by skimming the first thirty minutes of a wide set of action and dramatic movies, in order to create previews for users useful for assessing whether they would like to see that movie or not, but without revealing the movie central part and plot details. Results are evaluated and compared through extensive user tests in terms of metrics that estimate the content representational value of the obtained video skims and their utility for assessing the user's interest in the observed movie.
Benjamin‐Ono Equation on a Half‐Line
Authors: Hayashi Nakao , Kaikina Elena I.
Published: March 2010

We consider the initial‐boundary value problem for Benjamin‐Ono
equation on a half‐line. We study traditionally important problems of the theory
of nonlinear partial differential equations, such as global in time existence
of solutions to the initial‐boundary value problem and the asymptotic behavior
of solutions for large time.
Some Results on Warped Product Submanifolds of a Sasakian Manifold
Authors: Uddin Siraj , Khan V. A. , Khan Huzoor H.
Published: March 2010

We study warped product Pseudo‐slant submanifolds of Sasakian manifolds. We prove a theorem for the existence of warped product submanifolds of a Sasakian manifold in terms of the canonical structure F.
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter as a Screening Tool in Clinical Research: Cutoffs for Cardiometabolic Risk
Authors: Risérus U. , de Faire U. , Berglund L. , Hellénius M.-L.
Published: March 2010

Background. Waist girth and BMI are commonly used as markers of cardiometabolic risk. Accumulating data however suggest that sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) or “abdominal height” may be a better marker of intra-abdominal adiposity and cardiometabolic risk. We aimed to identify cutoffs for SAD using a cardiometabolic risk score.Design. A population-based cross-sectional study.Methods. In 4032 subjects (1936 men and 2096 women) at age 60, different anthropometric variables (SAD, BMI, waist girth, and waist-to-hip ratio) were measured and cardiometabolic risk score calculated. ROC curves were used to assess cutoffs.Results. Among men SAD showed the strongest correlations to the majority of the individual risk factors; whereas in women SAD was equal to that of waist girth. In the whole sample, the area under the ROC curve was highest for SAD. The optimal SAD cutoff for an elevated cardiometabolic risk score in men was∼22 cm (95%CI; 21.6 to 22.8) and in women∼20 cm (95%CI; 19.4 to 20.8). These cutoffs were similar if the Framingham risk score was used.Conclusions. These cutoffs may be used in research and screening to identify “metabolically obese” men who would benefit from lifestyle and pharmacological interventions. These results need to be verified in younger age groups.
Photometry and Low Dispersion Spectroscopy with ESA Gaia
Authors: Hudec René , Šimon Vojtěch , Hudec Lukáš
Published: March 2010

The ESA satellite to be launched in 2012 will focus on highly precise astrometry of stars and all objects down to limiting magnitude 20. Albeit focusing on astrometry related matters, the satellite will also provide photometric and spectral information and hence important inputs for various branches of astrophysics. Within the Gaia Variability Unit CU7 and related work package Specific Object Studies there are subwork packages accepted for optical counterparts of celestial high‐energy sources and cataclysmic variables. Although the sampling of the photometric data will not be optimal for this type of work, the strength of Gaia in such analyses is the fine spectral resolution (spectrophotometry and ultra‐low dispersion spectroscopy) which will allow the correct classication of related triggers. We will review the available low dispersion spectral surveys and discuss their use for a simulation and tests of the Gaia algorithms and Gaia data.
Successful Treatment of Cisplatin Overdose with Plasma Exchange
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , Ikuta Yoshiaki , Nosaka Kisato , Miyanari Nobutomo , Hayashi Naoko , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Baba Hideo
Published: March 2010

Accidental cisplatin overdose has been occurring with an increasing frequency due to expanding usage of the agent. However, the optimal strategy to treat such patients remains to be established. Here, we report a case of large cisplatin overdose, successfully managed by plasma exchange, intravenous hydration, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration, and other supportive care. A 67-year-old man with esophageal carcinoma received a large cisplatin overdose of 240 , when he received adjuvant therapy following subtotal esophagectomy. On day 4, he experienced frank cisplatin toxicities and emergency plasma exchange was initiated. With 7 cycles of plasma exchange, the cisplatin concentration decreased from 2,350 to 110 ng/mL. Severe bone marrow suppression with high fever ensued on day 10, which was successfully treated with G-CSF and antibiotics. Despite moderate hearing sense reduction, he recovered without significant complications. Immediate plasma exchange with hydration and other care was efficacious in quickly lowering cisplatin concentrations.
Size ofAT(n)Insertions in Promoter Region ModulatesGmhsp17.6-LmRNA Transcript Levels
Authors: Fuganti Renata , Machado Maria de Fátima Pires da Silva , Lopes Valéria Stefania , Silva João Flávio Veloso , Arias Carlos Alberto Arrabal , Marin Silvana Regina Rockenbach , Binneck Eliseu , Abdelnoor Ricardo Vilela , Marcelino Francismar Côrrea , Nepomuceno Alexandre Lima
Published: March 2010

During earlier experiments, an SSR molecular marker (176 Soy HSP) showing high correlation (70%) with resistance/susceptibility to javanese root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne javanicawas identified in soybean. After being sequenced, results indicated that the SSR 176 Soy HSP marker was inserted in the promoter region ofGmhsp17.6-Lgene. It was also detected in this region that resistant genotypes presented insertions betweenAT(31)andAT(33)in size and susceptible genotypes,AT(9).Gmhsp17.6-Lgene coding region presented a perfect match in amino acid sequence in all soybean genotypes. A ribonuclease protection assay showed thatGmhsp17.6-Lgene mRNA transcripts were present in all genotypes. A real-time relative quantification (qPCR) indicated in the resistant individuals higher mRNA transcripts levels, which presented in the sequencing moreAT(n)insertions. These results suggest that the number ofAT(n)insertions inside this promoter region could modulate up or down gene levels. Those findings can lead to the possibility of manipulating, between some limits, the mRNA transcripts levels using different sizes ofAT(n)insertions.
Stroop Interference and Facilitation Effects in Kinesthetic and Haptic Tasks
Authors: Hecht David , Reiner Miriam
Published: March 2010

Stroop interference and facilitation effects were documented in the visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory modalities. This study extends the Stroop phenomena also for kinesthetic and haptic tasks. In a touch-enabled computer interface, participants touched and manipulated virtual objects (cylinders, cubes, and tiles), through a pen-like stylus, and identified their haptic qualities (weight, firmness, vibrations). Similarly, participants were stimulated with a mechanical force pushing their hands lightly towards a specific direction which they had to identify. While performing these identification tasks, participants were simultaneously presented with words or symbols that were congruent, neutral, or incongruent with the experienced kinesthetic/haptic sensations. Error rates and response times were affected in the following order: congruent < neutral < incongruent. As technologies advance into multisensory systems, engineers and designers can improve human-computer interactions by ensuring optimal congruence between all the inter- and intra-sensory elements in the display.
Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: Is There a Risk forListeria monocytogenesInfection?
Authors: Ehehalt Urs , Schmiedel Stefan , Lohse Ansgar W.
Published: March 2010

Immunosuppression of any kind is a known risk factor for infection withListeria monocytogenes(L. monocytogenes). Particularly, patients with impaired liver function are at increased risk of developing an aggravated course of infection with this bacterial pathogen (see Nolla-Salas et al.; 2002 and Cabellos et al.; 2008). It is a well-known pathogen in immunocompromised patients, but has only seldom been reported following orthotopic liver transplantation. Invasion of the central nervous system presenting as meningitis or meningoencephalitis and bacteremia are the principal clinical manifestations of listerial infections (see Brouwer et al.; 2006). We present an account of a case of a patient who developedL. monocytogenesmeningitis during the early period after liver transplantation.
Nonlinear and Dynamic Aerodynamic Models for Commercial Transport Aircraft with Adverse Weather Effects
Authors: Chang Ray C. , Ye Cun-En , Lan C. Edward , Lee Yannian
Published: March 2010

The flight dynamic equations in mathematics for aircraft response to the adverse weathers, such as wind shear, atmospheric turbulence, and in‐flight icing, are nonlinear and unsteady. To effectively analyze the performance degradation and variations in stability of commercial aircraft that encountered these weather hazards, the nonlinear and dynamic (i.e., time dependent) aerodynamic models based on flight data would be needed. In the present paper, a numerical modeling method based on a fuzzy‐logic algorithm will be presented to estimate the aerodynamic models for a twin‐jet transport by using the flight data from the flight data recorder (FDR). The aerodynamic models having the capability to generate continuous stability derivatives, especially for sensitivity study of unknown factors in adverse weather conditions, will be demonstrated in this paper.
Cytokines and Other Mediators in Alopecia Areata
Authors: Gregoriou Stamatis , Papafragkaki Dafni , Kontochristopoulos George , Rallis Eustathios , Kalogeromitros Dimitrios , Rigopoulos Dimitris
Published: March 2010

Alopecia areata, a disease of the hair follicles with multifactorial etiology and a strong component of autoimmune origin, has been extensively studied as far as the role of several cytokines is concerned. So far, IFN-, interleukins, TNF-, are cytokines that are well known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease, while several studies have shown that many more pathways exist. Among them, MIG, IP-10, BAFF, HLA antigens, MIG, as well as stress hormones are implicated in disease onset and activity. Within the scope of this paper, the authors attempt to shed light upon the complexity of alopecia areata underlying mechanisms and indicate pathways that may suggest future treatments.
Predictors of Dropping Out in a Weight Loss Intervention Trial
Authors: Gunnarsdóttir I. , Sigurgeirsdóttir G.K. , Thórsdóttir I.
Published: March 2010

Background/Aim: Dropouts in intervention trials can affect the statistical power of the study. The aim was to assess predictors of dropping out in a weight loss trial. Methods: Each subject (n = 114) was instructed to follow a diet, energy-restricted by 30% from estimated energy expenditure (approximately 600 kcal/day), for 8 consecutive weeks. A detailed meal plan as well as recipe booklets and instructions were provided by a nutritionist. Results: Antidepressants were used by 19.2% of the dropouts, compared with 1.8% of the completers (p < 0.001). Additionally, those dropping out consumed 35% more soft drinks in total and 44% more diet (artificially sweetened) soft drinks at baseline (habitual intake) than those completing the trial (p = 0.012). Dropouts (18.6%) were on average 1.9 years younger than those completing the study, but the difference was of borderline significance (p = 0.085). Conclusions: The use of antidepressants and heavy habitual soft drink consumption might be considered as exclusion criteria when preparing weight loss intervention trials including dietary restrictions.
Mutations in the OTOF Gene in Taiwanese Patients with Auditory Neuropathy
Authors: Chiu Yu-Hsun , Wu Chen-Chi , Lu Ying-Chang , Chen Pei-Jer , Lee Wen-Yuan , Liu Alyssa Yan-Zhen , Hsu Chuan-Jen
Published: March 2010

Mutations in the OTOF gene have been found to be common causes of auditory neuropathy (AN) in Caucasians. However, the prevalence and spectrum of OTOF mutations in other populations have been inadequately documented. To explore the genetic characteristics of East Asian patients with AN, we screened for mutations in the OTOF gene by direct sequencing in 22 unrelated Taiwanese AN families (including 2 multiplex and 20 simplex families) and looked for genotype-phenotype correlations. Among the probands of the 22 AN families, a novel OTOF variant, p.E1700Q (c.5098G→C), was identified in 5 probands (23%), including 4 homozygotes and 1 heterozygote. By using restriction fragment length polymorphism to screen another 500 unrelated patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing impairment, we further identified 1 p.E1700Q homozygote who also had clinical features compatible with AN. Furthermore, p.E1700Q was not identified in a panel of 100 normal controls, it cosegregated with the AN phenotype in the pedigrees, and the p.E1700 residue is evolutionarily conserved, consistent with its pathogenicity for AN. The associated audiologic features included progressive, prelingual, bilateral moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with a flat-type audiogram configuration. After genotyping single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the vicinity of p.E1700Q, we found that OTOF alleles with p.E1700Q shared a common haplotype, suggesting a founder effect for p.E1700Q. The predominance of the p.E1700Q mutation and the evidence of its founder effect indicate a distinct OTOF mutation spectrum in Taiwanese patients with AN.
Assessment of Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Cells Apoptosis Caused by Purine Analogues in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Correlation with Parameters of Disease Progression
Authors: Podhorecka Monika , Klimek Piotr , Kowal Malgorzata , Chocholska Sylwia , Bojarska-Junak Agnieszka , Dmoszynska Anna
Published: March 2010

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous disease with variable clinical course and prognosis. Therefore, the role of prognostic factors is very important, especially for identifying the group of patients who require intensive treatment. The aim of this study was to assess whether the rate of apoptosis caused by purine analogues differs between patients with better or worse prognostic factors. The experiments were preformed in cultures of blood and bone marrow obtained from CLL patients. The cultures were supplemented with cladribine and fludarabine. We determined the percentage of caspase-3-positive cells and the BCL-2/BAX ratio, and subsequently these apoptosis markers were correlated with the expression of ZAP-70 and CD38, lymphocyte counts, lactate dehydrogenase and β2-microglobulin levels and clinical stage according to the Rai classification. The results showed that bone marrow cells are more sensitive to apoptosis caused by purine analogues than cells derived from blood, supporting the idea that these two compartments have different proliferative statuses. The cells from ZAP-70-positive patients seem to enter apoptosis more readily than those from ZAP-70-negative patients; thus, ZAP-70-positive patients are more likely to benefit from treatment with purine analogues.
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 Gene Polymorphisms in Japanese Children with Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Yoshiyama Megumi , Kounami Shinji , Nakayama Keiko , Okutani Takahiro , Aoyagi Noriyuki , Yoshikawa Norishige
Published: March 2010

Objective: This study examined whether genetic polymorphisms in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a negative regulator of T cells, are associated with infection-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (IHLH) in Japanese children. Methods: We investigated the alleles of four polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 gene [–318CT, +49AG, CT60 and a dinucleotide repeat length polymorphism (AT)n] in 43 Japanese children with IHLH and 100 healthy Japanese controls. The hyper-polymorphic (AT)n alleles were divided into two types; the shortest allele (designated as AT7) and the longer alleles (designated as AT>7). Results: A significant difference in the distribution of the (AT)n genotype was found between patients and controls (p = 0.028). Also, the frequency of the AT>7 allele was significantly higher in the patients with IHLH than in the controls (p = 0.007). No significant linkage disequilibrium was found between each polymorphism. With regard to laboratory data, patients homozygous for the CTLA-4 AT>7 allele showed significantly higher serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and soluble interleukin-2 receptor than patients with the other alleles. Conclusion: These results suggest that CTLA-4 polymorphisms might play a role in the development of IHLH in Japanese children.
Lipid-Lowering Treatment Is Related to Decreased Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based Study (FINRISK)
Authors: Solomon A. , Sippola R. , Soininen H. , Wolozin B. , Tuomilehto J. , Laatikainen T. , Kivipelto M.
Published: March 2010

Background: Several lines of evidence have linked cholesterol to dementia. Objective: To investigate lipid-lowering drug use and dementia development in a Finnish population. Methods: FINRISK is a large population-based survey of cardiovascular risk factors carried out since 1972 every 5 years using independent, random and representative population samples from different parts of Finland. Several cohorts were part of the WHO-MONICA study. Data from cohorts 1972–2002 were linked to the Hospital Discharge Registry and Drug Reimbursement Registry (1995–2007) to ascertain dementia diagnoses and lipid-lowering treatment. Selection criteria for the study were: (1) alive and without dementia in 1995; (2) age ≧60 years (in 1995 for earlier cohorts and in 1997 or 2002 for later cohorts; (3) treatment prescribed at least 1 year before dementia diagnosis. Results: 17,597 persons were included in the study. Lipid-lowering treatment was related to decreased dementia risk. In Cox proportional hazards model, hazard ratio (95% CI) was 0.42 (0.37–0.49; controlled for age, sex, education, survey region, survey year, baseline cholesterol, body mass index and systolic blood pressure). Conclusion: Preliminary results from the FINRISK study indicate that lipid-lowering drugs may have a beneficial effect in dementia prevention. Further data linkage is ongoing in order to investigate the roles of different types of lipid-lowering drugs.
Cholesterol and Cognitive Performance in Normal Controls and the Influence of Elective Statin Use after Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results in a Clinical Trial Cohort
Authors: Sparks D. Larry , Kryscio Richard J. , Connor Donald J. , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Sparks Lisa M. , Lin Yushun , Liebsack Carolyn
Published: March 2010

Background: We reported a significant 67% reduction in the hazard risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with elective statin use in the AD Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT), without a reduction in risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective: To assess if cholesterol levels are associated with cognitive performance and determine if statin use alters cognitive performance after onset of MCI. Design: Fractionated cholesterol levels, neurological and cognitive status were evaluated annually. Comparisons of non-LLA (lipid-lowering agent) users or statin-LLA users were performed blind to the ADAPT medication randomization. Pearson’s correlations were validated using a time-dependent linear mixed model. Results: The MMSE performance significantly declined over time in non-LLA users, and, after adjusting for this, a significant positive correlation between MMSE and HDL was identified (p = 0.0002). A negative correlation between total and LDL cholesterol, and immediate and delayed recall of the Rivermead paragraph was significant (total cholesterol, p < 0.003; LDL, p < 0.02). Pilot data suggest a positive signal on delayed recall of both the Hopkins word list and Rivermead paragraph with deterioration in the non-LLA users and improvement in the statin users after conversion to MCI. Conclusion: Cholesterol levels may be associated with differential performance on the MMSE and measures of learning or memory. The trend for improved delayed recall in statin users with MCI compared to non-LLA users with MCI may have contributed to the reduced hazards risk of incident AD without reducing the risk of MCI.
Filamentous Phages Reduce α-Synuclein Oligomerization in the Membrane Fraction of SH-SY5Y Cells
Authors: Dimant Hemi , Solomon Beka
Published: March 2010

Background: α-Synuclein (AS) is an abundant neuronal protein predominantly localized in presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. AS aggregation is a molecular hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, and is thought to play a significant role in the etiology of the disease. Recent experimental evidence indicates that AS exists in two forms, a membrane-bound form and a disordered cytosolic form. Much effort is dedicated to prevent and dissolve AS aggregates, specifically AS oligomers and protofibrils, which are thought to be the more toxic form of aggregates. Methods: The effect of filamentous phages on AS aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing wild-type AS was quantified in ELISA designed to detect and quantify AS oligomers. Results: We found reduced levels of AS oligomers in the membrane fraction in cells treated with filamentous phages compared to nontreated cells. Conclusion: The reduction in AS oligomers from the plasma membrane in treated cells may suggest further therapeutic application.
Future Strategies for Neuroprotection in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Schapira Anthony H.V.
Published: March 2010

The development of a drug or combination of drugs to slow or stop the progression of Parkinson’s disease is the most important goal in this disease area. An understanding of the complex etiology and pathogenesis of the disorder is essential in this process. However, the current pathways to disease pathogenesis identified from the genetic causes of Parkinson’s disease offer optimism in the sense that they appear to converge and interconnect rather than diverge. Problems include the limited applicability of current models and the ability to test drugs at the right dose in clinical trials with suitable end points. Trials conducted so far have provided some indication of a positive effect, although the mechanism underlying this is not yet known.
The Concept of Continuous Dopaminergic Stimulation: What We Should Consider when Starting Parkinson’s Disease Treatment
Authors: Stocchi Fabrizio
Published: March 2010

Treatment of early Parkinson’s disease (PD) should pursue objectives like possible disease-modifying effect, more physiological dopaminergic stimulation, and avoidance of motor fluctuations. The recent published ADAGIO trial showed that rasagiline (1 mg/day), used in early PD, has a disease-modifying effect. Dopaminergic drugs administered to provide more continuous dopaminergic stimulation prevent or minimize motor fluctuations in experimental animals. Dopamine (DA) agonists delay motor fluctuations in humans providing a more continuous dopaminergic stimulation. New formulations of DA agonists, such as once a day preparations and patch technology, have been developed to provide a more continuous delivery of drug and consequently a more physiological stimulation. According to patient characteristics, treatment of PD should be started with rasagiline and/or with long-acting DA agonists.
Reduction of Serum Retinol-Binding Protein-4 Levels in Nondiabetic Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients under Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment
Authors: Nena Evangelia , Steiropoulos Paschalis , Tzouvelekis Argyris , Tsara Venetia , Hatzizisi Olga , Kyriazis Georgios , Froudarakis Marios , Trakada Georgia , Papanas Nikolaos , Bouros Demosthenes
Published: March 2010

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) is an adipokine, hypothesized to induce insulin resistance. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the association between serum RBP-4 levels and OSAS severity in nondiabetic, adherent to therapy OSAS patients and to investigate the role of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the alteration of RBP-4 levels. Methods: OSAS patients (n = 62) without comorbidities or medication use were included. Fasting RBP-4, glucose and insulin levels, HbA1c, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index and lipid profile were measured at baseline and after 6 months of CPAP use. Patients were divided into group A (with fasting glucose levels <110 mg/dl, n = 47), and group B (with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), i.e. fasting glucose levels ≧110 mg/dl, n = 15). Results: RBP-4 levels were not associated with apnea-related indices, anthropometric characteristics or markers of glycemic control, insulin resistance or lipid profile. In group A (but not in group B), a significant reduction was observed in RBP-4 (p = 0.046), HbA1c (p = 0.005), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.034), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP, p = 0.033) levels after 6 months of CPAP use. Conclusions: RBP-4 levels were not correlated with sleep, anthropometric characteristics, markers of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. OSAS patients without IFG respond well to CPAP use as evidenced by the significant reduction in RBP-4, HbA1c and, additionally, hs-CRP and LDL- cholesterol levels. This treatment effect is not observed in patients with IFG.
Evaluation of a System for Transcutaneous Long-Term Capnometry
Authors: Randerath Winfried J. , Stieglitz Sven , Galetke Wolfgang , Anduleit Norbert , Treml Marcel , Schäfer Thorsten
Published: March 2010

Background: The measurement of CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) is of great importance. Former systems of transcutaneous capnometry combining the measurement of oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and PCO2 had their limitations due to skin irritations caused by the heating-up of the sensor and a short application time of 4 h. Objectives: To evaluate for the first time combined monitoring of transcutaneous PCO2 (tcPCO2) and oxygen saturation applying a lower temperature (sensor temperature 42°C) and a new sensor technology in healthy individuals during sleep. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy individuals [12 males, age 35.2 ± 17.0 years, body height: 170.2 ± 12.0 cm (mean ± SD), weight: 76.3 ± 15.8 kg, body mass index 26.5 ± 5.4] were monitored for more than 6 h at night with the TOSCA 500 instrument (Radiometer, Basel, Switzerland). tcPCO2 was continuously monitored and its correlation with selective measured capillary PCO2 values (PcapCO2) was monitored at 0.00 and 4.00 h. Results: At 0.00 h, PcapCO2 was 37.1 ± 5.1 mm Hg and tcPCO2 was 43.4 ± 6.6 mm Hg (p < 0.001). At 4.00 h, PcapCO2 was 37.0 ± 5.6 mm Hg and tcPCO2 was 43.5 ± 5.4 mm Hg (p < 0.001). PcapCO2 and tcPCO2 were positively and significantly correlated (0.00 h: r = 0.5, p < 0.02 and 4.00 h: r = 0.72 and p < 0.001) at both time points. In the course of the night, there was no significant drift in the tcPCO2 values. Conclusion: The investigated system enables stable measurement of tcPCO2 without relevant drift in healthy individuals and does not require recalibration. tcPCO2 is highly suitable as a measure of PcapCO2 because the two parameters are highly correlated and there is no inconvenience to the patient.
Finger Force Coordination Underlying Object Manipulation in the Elderly – A Mini-Review
Authors: Diermayr Gudrun , McIsaac Tara L. , Gordon Andrew M.
Published: March 2010

Background: A decline in manual dexterity is a common phenomenon in elderly individuals. Often, simple daily activities such as handling coins and preparing meals become challenging. A substantial decline in manual dexterity may impact one’s ability to live independently. Thus, understanding the underlying causes of these impairments is essential. Considerable attention has been given to the regulation of fingertip forces during object grasp, lift and transport in the elderly. Objective: Here we review studies on fingertip force coordination in the elderly, with an emphasis on the relationship between the degree of change in elderly grip force control and the nature of the tasks performed. Methods: A literature search was performed using Medline, Pubmed, and Web of Science electronic databases covering studies from 1985 to 2009, inputting combinations of the following key words: grip force, grasp force, fingertip forces, precision grip, aging, elderly, and hand motor control. Results: Studies show a consistent elevation in grip force magnitudes that may easily lead to fatigue. These force increases may represent a compensation for increased skin slipperiness or a reduction in tactile information. In contrast, anticipatory grip force control (planning) remains relatively intact. Age-related changes in anticipatory control seem to emerge only during more complex tasks. Conclusion: The relationship between task complexity and degree of age-related changes suggests that results from simple, laboratory-based tasks may only partially explain impairments observed during the performance of activities of daily living, since the latter ones are typically more complex. A better understanding of impaired manual dexterity experienced by elderly individuals could be achieved by expanding experimental paradigms so that they more closely resemble the complexities encountered in functional daily tasks. Subsequently, these findings could be used in clinical settings to develop treatment approaches that consider grasp control in the context of behaviorally meaningful tasks.
Homesickness in University Students: The Role of Multiple Place Attachment
Authors: Scopelliti Massimiliano , Tiberio Lorenza
Published: March 2010

The transition to college or university can lead to the challenge of adapting to a new setting. Homesickness has been frequently investigated as a potential negative consequence of relocation. This study analyzed the role of multiple place attachment in the development of homesickness among university students. The study used a multicausal framework. Situational, personality, and environmental psychological variables were considered. Different factors of a person’s personality were associated with vulnerability to homesickness. In addition, multiple place attachment and vulnerability to homesickness impacted the homesickness felt by students.