bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NIST IPv6 Profile
Authors: Montgomery Doug , Carson Mark , Winters Timothy , Newcombe Michayla , Carlin Timothy
Published: November 2020

This profile establishes a basic taxonomy of IPv6 capabilities, defined in terms of IETF specifications, resulting in specific capability labels for common network functions and usage scenarios. The profile maps each such labeled capability to one or more specific technical specifications, or parts of specifications. Each labeled capability adopts by reference the normative requirements of the cited specifications. In rare cases the profile may augment or modify the normative requirements of a base specification. The defined capability labels effectively form a vocabulary for expressing IPv6 requirements for, and documenting the IPv6 capabilities of, specific products. It is expected that, when combined with specific acquisition and product testing programs, this profile can facilitate the efficient adoption of IPv6 technologies in many industry sectors.
Disclosure of Documents in Private Antitrust Enforcement Litigation
Authors: Galič Aleš
Published: November 2020

Procedural tools aimed at access to information in general, and disclosure of documents in particular, are crucial for the effectiveness of private antitrust enforcement litigation and for facilitating more genuine equality of arms. Currently, profound differences exist among EU Member States’ civil procedure laws concerning disclosure of evidence held by the opponent. The transposition of the litigation disclosure mechanism contained in the Damages Directive will undermine the existing principles of Slovenian civil procedure. However, this is due to the fact that Slovenian law is outdated with regard to evidence disclosure. Not only that, it is also partially based on an erroneous premise, typical for the traditional civil law approach, whereby the principle against self-incrimination applies in civil cases in the same way as in criminal cases. As a result, the obligatory transposition of the Directive’s requirements should be perceived as a positive step for Slovenia. Yet this step will be successful only if followed by a general reassessment of evidence disclosure rules in Slovenian civil procedure law.
Access to Documents in Antitrust Litigation – EU and Croatian Perspective
Authors: Malnar Vlatka Butorac
Published: November 2020

The paper analyses access to documents in cartel-based damages cases from the EU and Croatian perspective. It considers all relevant EU and Croatian legislation and case-law primarily focusing on the expected impact of the newly enacted Damages Directive. It is argued that the new rules on access to documents provided by the Directive will not necessarily have a significant impact on damages proceedings following cartel decisions issued by the Commission. This is due to the introduction of an absolute ban on the disclosure of leniency statements and settlement submissions via a ‘maximum harmonization’ rule. This conclusion is drawn from statistic figures showing that EU cartel enforcement rests solely on the leniency and settlement procedures. With that in mind, it is concluded that the Directive’s general, permissive rules on access to documents (other than leniency and settlement procedures) will not be applicable in most damages cases following the cartel infringement decision issued by the Commission. However, it is also observed that the Damages Directive’s new rules on access to documents may have the opposite impact on private enforcement in cases following infringement decisions issued by National Competition Authorities (NCAs) which do not rely as much on leniency in their fight against cartels as the Commission. The Directive’s general rule on access to documents will apply in jurisdictions such as Croatia, where all of its cartel decisions so far have been reached within the regular procedure. It is argued that the general access rule, coupled with other rules strengthening the position of claimants in antitrust damages proceedings, might actually be beneficial for both public and private enforcement in such jurisdictions
Guidance on the Limits for the Use of Restrictive Clauses in Commercial Lease Agreements – Once Again on Restrictions “by Object”. Case Comment to the Preliminary Ruling of the Court of Justice of 26 November 2015 SIA ‘Maxima Latvija’ v Konkurences padome (Case C-345/14)
Authors: Stefanowicz Olga
Published: November 2020

The Court of Justice (hereinafter, CJ or Court) held in case C-345/14 SIA ‘Maxima Latvija’ v Konkurences padome that the inclusion of a clause that allows a tenant to indirectly select a neighbour of adjoining shopping centre spaces is not a restriction “by object”. On the example of Maxima Latvija (a supermarket chain active predominantly in the food sector), the CJ outlined under which conditions can competition law concerns arise from non-compete clauses in lease agreements concerning shop premises. The existence of a right to veto over potential tenants of adjourning shop premises may have the effect of restricting competition within the meaning of Article 101(1) TFEU, and should thus be assessed according to its market impact. Although the Court recognised that a unilateral decision on the lease of other commercial spaces is not by its nature anti-competitive, an effect-based assessment would require a multi-faceted analysis, which might still find a competition law infringement. Although the multi-criteria analysis proposed by the CJ is somewhat blurry, the judgment is a valuable contribution to the debate on the restrictive interpretation of “by object” restrictions.
Evaluation of Pre-accession State Aid in the Energy Sector. Case Comment to the Judgment of the Court of Justice of 1 October 2015 Electrabel SA, Dunamenti Erőmű Zrt. v European Commission (Case C-357/14 P)
Authors: Tóth Tihamér
Published: November 2020

The European Commission decided in 2008 that Hungary provided State aid through a set of Power Purchase Agreements1. Electrabel SA (hereinafter, Electrabel) and Dunamenti Erőmű Zrt. (hereinafter, Dunamenti Erőmű) brought an action for annulment against this decision that was dismissed by the General Court in 2014. One year later, the Court of Justice confirmed the first instance ruling, even though Advocate General Wathelet was of the opinion that the contested judgment should be set aside. According to the Advocate General (hereinafter, AG), the case raised three difficult issues: (i) is the relevant date for the assessment of the existence of the aid the date on which the measure was implemented (well before Hungary’s EU accession) or the date of the accession; (ii) should the date of accession be the relevant date, do facts prior to that date have to be included in the assessment of the existence of State aid, and (iii) which company should repay the aid granted.
Compensatory Collective Redress: Will It Be Part of Private Enforcement of Competition Law in CEE Countries?
Authors: Piszcz Anna
Published: November 2020

The article aims to compare and evaluate solutions with regard to compensatory collective redress existing in CEE countries. The author will attempt to illuminate obstacles and challenges to using collective redress as an avenue for antitrust enforcement in CEE countries, as well as possible advantages of the scrutinised legal frameworks. Besides focusing on national provisions, the article will draw on provisions of the Damages Directive and the Commission’s Recommendation on collective redress mechanisms. It will open up the field for de lege ferenda proposals also.
Consensual Dispute Resolution in the Damage Directive. Implementation in CEE Countries
Authors: Modzelewska de Raad Małgorzata
Published: November 2020

This paper discusses the use of consensual dispute resolution for the purpose of antitrust damage claims as introduced by the Directive. It presents these type of claims in a broader context of arbitration (or ADR), in comparison with traditional claim settling before a state court. Particular focus is on selected CEE countries and their implementation of the Directive, serving as an example of the transposition of the Directive’s rules (Article 18 and 19) into national systems in the area of consensual dispute resolution. Specific institutions intended to encourage consensual resolution included in the Directive (and transposed into national systems) are being commented on as well. Lastly, the paper briefs on the advantages of ADR in general, and concludes that even post-Directive, ADR remains attractive as a complimentary instrument to public enforcement and state judiciary enforcement
Quantification of Harm and the Damages Directive: Implementation in CEE Countries
Authors: Mikelėnas Valentinas , Zaščiurinskaitė Rasa
Published: November 2020

Quantification of harm is regarded as one of the most significant obstacles for the full compensation of harm and development of private enforcement within the European Union, including CEE Member States. Consequently, the Damages Directive establishes general rules and requirements for the quantification of harm, such as a rebuttable presumption of harm in case of cartels, the power of national courts to estimate harm as well as others, which closely interact with the principle of full compensation emphasized by the case-law of the European Union and directly established in the Damages Directive. The main focus of this paper is the effectiveness of the rules on the quantification of harm in general, and how these rules will contribute to the development of private antitrust enforcement in CEE Member States. Therefore, one of the issues to be discussed in the paper is the analysis of how, and to what extent specific rules and requirements for the quantification of harm have been transposed into the national legislation of CEE Member States. As certain CEE national jurisdictions have had certain rules for the quantification of harm already before the implementation of the Damages Directive, the paper analyses how effective these rules have been, and how much they have contributed to the development of private antitrust enforcement of those CEE national jurisdictions. Previous experience of those CEE Member States in applying specific rules for the quantification of harm is important, in order to assess the possible impact of the newly introduced rules on the quantification of harm and on private antitrust enforcement in general in other CEE Member States. The rules for the quantification of harm will not enhance private antitrust enforcement on their own, however, their effective application by national courts together with other rules under the Damages Directive should contribute to a quicker development of private enforcement in CEE Members States.
Provisions of the Damages Directive on Limitation Periods and their Implementation in CEE Countries
Authors: Vlahek Ana , Podobnik Klemen
Published: November 2020

The article analyses the provisions on limitation of antitrust damages actions set out in Directive 2014/104/EU on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union. It presents (draft) implementing legislation of CEE countries from the perspective of their general rules on limitation, and the problems the Member States have faced in the process of transposing the Directive into their national legal systems. Within that, focus is placed upon the analysis of the types of limitation periods, their length and their suspension or interruption. In addition, the authors present the effects of the new limitation regime on the balance between the interests of the claimants and of the defendants, as well as on the relation between public and private antitrust enforcement.
The Gazprom Case: Lessons of the Past For the Future
Authors: Višinskienė Dalia , Nasutavičienė Justina
Published: November 2020

Under the EU Merger Regulation, if the Commission has concerns that a merger may significantly affect competition in the European Union, the merging companies may propose modifications to the project that would guarantee continued competition on the market. The Commission may declare a concentration compatible with the common market following such a modification by the parties and attach to its decision conditions and obligations intended to ensure that the undertakings comply with the commitments. In other words, commitments have to be offered by the parties but the Commission may introduce conditions and obligations if they are required to ensure the enforceability of commitments. Meanwhile the scope to propose merger modifications and the level of discretion of the competition authority are quite different under the Law on Competition of the Republic of Lithuania, adopted almost two decades ago. The goal of this paper is to reveal those differences and, with the help of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania in the Gazprom case, to explain how this may impact future cases
Arbitration Agreements and Actions for Antitrust Damages After the CDC Hydrogen Peroxide Judgment
Authors: Sadrak Katarzyna
Published: November 2020

On May 21st 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union in CDC Hydrogen Peroxide decided whether the application of jurisdiction clauses in actions for damages impedes the effective enforcement of EU competition law. The CJ stayed silent, however, on how to treat arbitration clauses, which similarly to jurisdiction clauses, exclude a default court jurisdiction. The question of how to interpret arbitration agreements in the event of an antitrust violation and subsequent actions for damages remains thus unanswered. In light of the foreseen increase in private enforcement of EU competition law, this problem gains significance. This is because arbitration agreements may be frequently used to govern commercial relationships between antitrust infringers and their injured direct contractors. Against this background, the paper aims to analyse the consequences brought about by the existence of arbitration clauses in the event of actions for antitrust damages. It seeks to answer two questions: whether the claims for antitrust damages can be per se arbitrated, and whether the general arbitration clauses used by the parties to regulate their commercial relations cover the actions for antitrust damages. In order to address these problems, the papers draws attention to the CJ’s interpretation of jurisdiction clauses and the Polish experience of interpreting the scope of arbitration agreements in the field of unfair competition law. The paper reaches the conclusion that neither the arbitration nor EU law prevent arbitrating actions for antitrust damages. Whether a specific arbitration agreement covers actions for antitrust damages or not can be analyzed only with reference to the will of the parties interpreted under applicable national law. It is believed, however, that there are many reasons to adopt an arbitration-friendly interpretation of vague arbitration agreements.
The Role of Economic Efficiency in Competition Law
Authors: Jurczyk Zbigniew
Published: November 2020

The main focus of the paper is the function of economics in the current application of competition law. While advocating further economization of the law, it is seen as necessary to widen the extent to which aspects of economic efficiency encompassing static and dynamic efficiency are taken into consideration in an antitrust analysis. Much attention is devoted to these issues, while clarifying what is meant by them, how they are to be understood and implemented in the practice of antitrust authorities, as well as discussing their importance for the promotion of innovation. It is noted that accounting for the economic efficiency aspects differently in the light of competition law allows for the assessment of the market behavior of dominant companies, which traditionally has been seen as anticompetitive. This main issue of the paper is analyzed extensively and explained using the case of Microsoft, a company accused by the US and EU antitrust authorities of abusing its dominant position on the market of operating systems in that it integrated the sale of its base product Windows OS exclusively with other applications (Media Player and Internet Explorer). The differences presented in the research part of the paper as to the way Microsoft was treated by these authorities originated in their different methodology of analysis and assessment of the effects of the sales model launched by Microsoft for products offered to the PC manufacturers and their users, in spite of the US and EU antitrust authorities adopting the same evaluation standard – consumer welfare. Aspects of dynamic efficiency adequate in the assessment of the behavior of innovative firms holding a dominant position proved to be deciding. On the other side of the Atlantic, taking into account the aspects of dynamic efficiency was crucial in coming up with a lighter assessment of Microsoft’s tying compared to the European authorities’ assessment which was based largely on the structural analysis, where the benefits arising from dynamic efficiency are not visible. It is clear from the decisions made by the Commission that it favours regulation over effects generated by competition forces at a later time.
Protection of Consumers’ Rights in Railway in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Horvat Matej , Magurová Hana , Srebalová Mária
Published: November 2020

The paper focuses on railway services in the Slovak Republic and describes the organization of public administration in this area and its responsibility for protecting consumer rights. It analyses customers’ rights stipulated in the Slovak legislation and comes to a conclusion that they drive mainly from the EU law. The paper also presents a customer satisfaction survey regarding rail services in the Slovak Republic and several other EU states and proposes suggestions on how to improve customer satisfaction. The aim is to start a discussion on customers’ rights in the Slovak Republic because in the last couple of years the total number of rail customers is on the rise.
Liability for Anti-Competitive Conduct of a Third Party under EU Competition Law
Authors: Knapp Magdalena
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the framework of liability for anti-competitive conduct of a genuinely independent third party as set forth in relevant judgments. It refers to concepts of third party liability in the light of the principle of personal responsibility developed by doctrine and jurisprudence. The CJEU has set out important rules relating to liability of an undertaking for actions of its independent service provider. However, it still left some important issues unresolved. The paper focuses on the test for the attribution of anti-competitive conduct of a service provider and refers to its interpretation and application. It questions whether the introduced test provides sufficient legal certainty for undertakings. It briefs on the steps that must be taken by undertakings to distance themselves from an infringement and offers some suggestions how to limit or prevent exposure to liability.
Private Enforcement and Opt-out System Risks, Rewards and Legal Safeguards
Authors: Ramos Maria Elisabete
Published: November 2020

The EU Antitrust Damages Actions Directive does not include provisions for collective redress. Each EU member state is free to provide national regulation on this matter. The Portuguese legal system provided regulation on actio popularis since 1995. The ‘rational apathy’ of individual consumers may lead to non-reparation of damage and be of significant benefit for the company that is in breach of the law. The opt-out models solve the crucial economic problem caused by a large number of consumers or clients who have suffered a small loss because of competition law infringements. Under those circumstances, it is rational to be apathetic, because it can be foreseen that the cost of filing for compensatory damages will exceed the recovery obtained from the defendant. Such rational apathy of the parties injured by competition law infringements favours the wrongfully acting companies by not extracting their illegal gains from them. By not requiring the active consent of each of the claimants, the opt-out model is able to override rational apathy of consumers.
Barrières exogènes et difficultés à l’exportation de PME malgaches : l’influence du pays d’origine*
Authors: St-Pierre* Josée , Boutary Martine , Razafindrazaka Tinasoa , Monnoyer Marie-Christine
Published: November 2020

La présente étude vise à identifier les barrières exogènes que peuvent rencontrer les PME de pays en développement qui veulent s’engager sur des marchés étrangers. Alors que la littérature met l’accent sur les barrières exogènes du pays de destination pour comprendre les difficultés susceptibles d’affecter les exportations des PME, l’analyse d’entretiens réalisés auprès de cinq PME de Madagascar montre plutôt la présence de barrières propres à leur pays qui constituent des entraves majeures. Ces résultats permettent aux pouvoirs publics des pays en développement de porter une attention particulière à leur écosystème pour favoriser l’engagement international des PME.
Analyse comparative des principaux mécanismes de gouvernance dans les multinationales américaines, européennes et asiatiques appartenant à la liste Fortune Global 250
Authors: Zeghal Daniel , Moussa Manel
Published: November 2020

Cette recherche a pour objectif de comparer les mécanismes de gouvernance des entreprises multinationales (EMNs) cotées en bourse et provenant des principales régions géographiques à savoir les Etats-Unis, l’Europe et l’Asie afin de déterminer si ces EMNs convergent vers une uniformisation globale de leurs pratiques de gouvernance. Nos résultats basés sur un échantillon de 156 EMNs appartenant à la liste Fortune Global 250 et des tests ANOVA nous ont permis de constater l’absence d’une convergence vers un modèle international et d’affirmer que les choix des pratiques de gouvernance des EMNs semblent plutôt associés avec leur appartenance régionale.
Smallholder Forestry in the FSC System: A Review
Authors: Bulkan1 Janette
Published: November 2020

Since its inception in 1993, the Forest Stewardship Council certification scheme to assess the quality of responsible forest stewardship has aimed to certify both industrial-scale and smallholder forests. This article considers variations in FSC smallholder certification: single or group; Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF); and both company- and community-managed community forests in Global North and South countries. The classification of smallholders, as “subsistence surplus” or “sell-to-survive,” as proposed by the political ecologist Jason Moore, is also applied. Global North smallholders account for two-thirds of smallholder certified area and, in general, are able to meet the costs of FSC certification because of the demand for certified timber, their better socio-economic circumstances, a greater degree of group organization, and, in some cases, access to state subsidies. They are also more likely to be price-makers. Global South forests both house more of the planet’s remaining biodiversity and are more vulnerable to degradation. Economic and social realities dictate that global South smallholders are largely constrained by having to sell their timber to survive and fall in the price-takers category. In the absence of subsidies, price premiums, or a secure value chain, they are unable to afford renewal of FSC certification. The article concludes with an assessment of some realistic options for smallholder forestry certification.
La “Reconquista” islámica: El orientalismo de Miguel Asín Palacios y la participación de marroquíes en la guerra civil española
Authors: Bornstein Pablo
Published: November 2020

El artículo analiza el discurso franquista sobre la presencia de marroquíes musulmanes en el ejército nacional durante la guerra civil española, en relación con la justificación de esta participación hecha por parte del arabista Miguel Asín Palacios (1871-1944). Vincula dicha justificación, hecha durante la posguerra, con la obra académica de Asín Palacios anterior a la guerra, y sostiene que su argumentación respecto a las tropas marroquíes es inseparable de su interpretación histórica sobre los préstamos culturales entre el mundo islámico y el mundo cristiano en la Península Ibérica durante la edad media. La particular visión de Asín Palacios sobre la existencia de afinidades teológicas profundas entre el islam y el catolicismo permitió a la propaganda franquista presentar la participación de tropas musulmanes en la guerra como una cruzada compartida entre ambas religiones frente al materialismo ateo de las fuerzas republicanas.
THE MEASUREMENT OF EXCESS CARRIERS LIFE-TIME IN SEMICONDUCTORS BY PHOTOCONDUCTIVE PHASESHIFT OF SPREADING RESISTANCE UNDER A POINT CONTACT
Authors: HUNG GIAN
Published: November 2020

A new method of measuring excess carriers lifetime in semiconductors is described. This method is for measuring photoconductive phaseshift of spreading resistance under a point contact. The expressions of various results are derived at various spectral components of exciting light and under various surface conditions. The calculated results for numerical values are given for commonly used conditions of measurement i.e. ground surface and exciting light of long wavelength. At the same time, a more detailed analysis and discussion are presented for these results. This method possesses many advantages, for example, (l) it can be used for measurement on ingot crystal; (2) the surface treatment is very simple; (3) no fixed electrode has to be made on the specimen; (4) measuring apparatus used is simple and easy to operate; (5) enough accuracy is obtainable.This method can be applied to test inhomogeneous specimen. It is used for study in scientific research institutions and it is more suitable for examining single crystal materials in the works. The measurements are made by this method on Ge and Si specimens. Results are in agreement with those obtained by other methods.
THE YANG-MILLS FIELDS AND THE CONNECTIONS OF PRINCIPLE FIBRE BUNDLES
Authors: K. H. LOOK  ,   中国科学院数学研究所
Published: November 2020

The relation between the theory of Yang-Mills fields and that of connections of principle bundles is established. It is proved that the new definition of the Yang-Mills field suggested by Yang is equivalent to the parallelism along a curve. The field equations proposed by various authors are discussed. A solution without singularity is given to Yang's field equations.
COMPOSITE FIELD THEORY AND VECTOR MESON DOMINANCE (VMD), PARTIAL CONSERVATION OF AXIAL VECTOR CURRENT (PCAC), FIELD-CURRENT IDENTITY AND SOME PROBLEMS OF CURRENT ALGEBRA
Authors: HE ZUO-XIU  , HUANG TAO  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

We derive the theory of vector meson dominance, partial conservation of axial vector current, field-current identity and the combined algebra of field and current with the application of the composite field theory. It can be shown that an unified theoretical foundation can be given by the composite field theory for these various theories.
MULTIPLICITY OF PROMPT NEUTRONS FROM SPONTANEOUS FISSION OF URANIUM-238
Authors: HUANG SHENG-NIAN  , CHEN JIN-GUI  , HAN HONG-YIN
Published: November 2020

The distribution of prompt neutron numbers (Pv) in the spontaneous fission of uranium-238 was measured using a cadmium-loaded liquid scintillation detector. The experimental results show, that σv, the width of Pv distribution, is equal to 0.90± 0.09, wbich is smaller them the corresponding values of other even-even heavy nuclei (Pu, Cm, Cf and Fm). It was found also, that the average neutron number v= 1.96 ± 0.05, which is in agreement with previous results.
THEORY OF THIN PYROELECTRIC FILM DETECTORS
Authors: CHEN JI-SHU  ,   山东大学光学系
Published: November 2020

The pyroelectric response and NEP of pyroelectric detectors with and without a substrate are calculated as functions of detector thickness and working frequency, using the one-dimensional diffusion theory. It is found that in order for a thin pyroelectric film detector to have better low frequency performance, it is essential that the substrate should be effectively free-bearing and very thin, preferably less than 0.1μ thick. The pyroelectric layer should also be thin, preferably as thin as the substrate. As concerns the substrate material, the product of its specific heat and density should be as small as possible.
THE MASS-RELATIONS OF HADRONS AND THE PROPERTIES OF STRATON INTERACTIONS
Authors: LU TAN  , LUO LIAO-FU  , YANG GUO-SHEN  ,   内蒙古大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The dynamical origin of the mass relations and the interaction between stra-tons inside the hadrons are discussed. Assuming that the wave functions describing the internal structures of the hadrons obey SU(6) symmetry. We rederive the GMO relations and other well-known mass relations. Furthermore, three new relations among the masses of the baryons and the mesons are obtained, namely: (ρ-π)/(K*-K)=(△-N)/(Σ*-Σ), 4(∧-N)=3(K*-ρ)+(K-π), (ρ-π)/(△-N)=((φ-ρ)-2(K-π))/(2(Ω-△)-3/2(K-π)-9/4(φ-ρ)). The connection between these relations and the symmetry properties of the straton interaction is discussed.
N-BODY SCATTERING——(Ⅲ) LOCAL PROCESS AND GENERALIZED WATSON EXPANSION
Authors: BAO CHENG-GUANG  ,   中国科学院高能物理研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper we give different types of generalized Watson expansions, therefore the total scattering process occurring in a N-body system can be decomposed into local processes (process involving only a few particles).
AN IONIC GROUPING THEORY OF THE ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND NON-LINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS OF CRYSTALS (Ⅰ)——A THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND SECOND OPTICAL HARMONIC COEFFICIENTS OF BARIUM TITANATE CRYSTALS BASED ON A DEFORMED OXYGEN-OCTAHEDRA
Authors: CHEN CHUANG-TIAN  ,   中国科学院福建物质结构研究所
Published: November 2020

In order to elucidate the relationship between the structure and the electro-optical and nonlinear optical effects in crystals of the perovskite type, we have here proposed a deformed oxygen-octahedra model for these crystals. On the basis of quasi-molecular orbitals and ionic bond orbitals for the ionic grouping TiO6 formulated under the imposed crystal field, we have calculated the various electro-optical and second optical harmonic coefficients for the BaTiO3 crystal without introducing any adjustable parameters. It is gratifying to note that the calculated values of the electro-optical and second optical harmonic coefficients agree satisfactorily with the experimental values. As is to be expected, the quasi-molecular orbitals contribute very little to these optical effects. We have been led to the following conclusions:1) The electro-optical and second optical harmonic effects of the BaTiO3 crystal arise as a direct consequence of the deformation of the TiO6 oxygen-octahedra. The more these octahedra are deformed, the larger are these optical effects.2) When BaTiO3 is present as the ferroelectric phase, a strong odd ordered-term crystal field arises as a result of the spontaneous polarization within the crystal. This explains why BaTiO3 possesses such large electro-optical and second harmonic optical effects. The covalent bonds in the ionic group TiO6 tend to cancel each other in their contribution to these effects.3) The electro-optical and second harmonic optical coefficients are directly proportional to the degree of spontaneous polarization.
THE ASYMPOTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM-FACTORS OF THE NUCLEON AND CALLAN-SYMANZIK EQUATION
Authors: AN YING  , WU YONG-SHI  , DAI YUAN-BEN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

It is shown that for the model in which nucleons couple with pseudo-scalar mesons, the homogeneous Callan-Symanzik equation can be used to investigate the asym-pototic behavior of electromagnetic form-factors of the nucleons. In this way, the leading-logarithm terms in the perturbation theory of electromagnetic form-factors of the nucleon in this model are calculated, and some more general cases are discussed.
SPURIOUS STATES OF MOTION OF THE CENTER OF MASS IN THE DOUBLE WELL-CLUSTER SHELL MODEL
Authors: ZHANG JING-SHANG  , ZHUO YI-ZHONG  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper we use the microscopic "double well-cluster shell model" to discuss the existence of spurious states of motion of the center of mass during nuclear fission and heavy ion reactions. We outline the derivation of the general formulae with which the ,wave functions of the motion of the center of mass can be separated. Taking Be8 as an example, the existence of the spurious states is illustrated, and the components of these states and their corrections to the energy matrix elements are quantitatively evaluated.Through the analysis of the results of Be8 mentioned above, we conclude: although the propartion of the spurious states is only several per cent, their corrections to the fission barrier are significant, even larger then the corrections due to coulomb energy, and it is necessary to take them into account in accurate quantitative calculations. For a heavier nucleus, or higher excited states, the spurious states of the motion of the center of mass should be considered in more detail.
SOME DISCUSSIONS ON THE STRUCTURE WAVE FUNCTIONS OF MESONS FOR THE INSTANTANEOUS INTERACTION APPROXIMATION (Ⅰ)——GENERAL PROPERTIES OF WAVE FUNCTIONS OF MESONS IN THE INSTANTANEOUS INTERACTION CASE
Authors: ELEMENTARY PARTICLE THEORY GROUP  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

The present paper starts from the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the bound states of a fermion and anti-fermion pair. Assuming that the interaction between the straton and anti-straton can be represented approximately by an instantaneous interaction in the center of mass system, we obtain the following main conclusions: (1) the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation may be carried out in ordinary three dimensional space and the numbers of components of the wave functions for the pseudo-scalar and vector mesons reduce respectively from 4 and 8 to 2 and 4; (2) If the interaction is spherically symmetrical in space and its spinor structure is of the diagonal coupling type, then it is seen from the equation for the pseudo-scalar mesons that the meson mass appears as a quadratic eigen value in the equation, without leading to the negative energy excitation usually encountered in the fourdimensional equation; (3) The structure wave function obtained in the instantaneous interaction may be used to study both the mass spectra of the bound states, and the processes involving only the center of mass system.
SOME DISCUSSIONS OF THE STRUCTURE WAVE FUNCTIONS OF MESONS IN THE APPROXIMATION OF INSTANTANEOUS INTERACTION (Ⅱ)——THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR MODEL OF PSEUDO-SCALAR AND VECTOR MESONS
Authors: ELEMENTARY PARTICLE THEORY GROUP  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: November 2020

On the basis of our previous report this paper discusses the structure wave functions of mesons formed from a straton and anti-straton pair. We assume that the straton is very heavy and that the interaction is the potential of a harmonic oscillator. Provided the spinor type coupling satisfies certain conditions then the following general results are obtained: (1) The equal spacing relation of the squared mass levels are obtained antomatically, and at the same time the usual difficulty of too high energy values for the ground states is avoided; (2) If the intrinsic weak current of the straton is of the V-A type, and also if its intrinsic electro-magnetic current contains no anomalous magnetic moment, then the inconsistency in the Cabibbo angle for the two body lepton decay of the pseudo-scalar meson and the difficulty in explaining the branching ratios of e+e- decay of various vector mesons may be avoided; (3) A very small SU(3) violation term is sufficient to explain the observed SU(3) mass breaking of mesons. This gives a reasonable explanation why the mass of K is 3.5 times that of the pion while SU(3) symmetry is still manifested in many situations; (4) The expansion of the equation with respect to p2/M2 gives fairly good approximation; (5) The radius of distribution of the straton and anti-straton is compatible in order of magnitude with the observed electro-magnetic radius of the meson; (6) The spinor and momentum structures of the structure wave functions are completely determined by the theory.
SOME ASPECTS IN HIGH PRESSURE HIGH TEMPERATURE TECHNOLOGY
Authors: HE SHOU-AN  , LI JIA-LIN  , CHENG XIANG-RONG  , WANG WEN-JUN  , SHEN ZHU-TONG  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

A brief description of the methods and results of high pressure measurement with quasihydrostatic high pressure apparatus is given. The effects of the frictional layer of the sealing padding and the size of the pyrophillite tetrahedron on the pressure generation, also the pressure dependence of the thermal and mechanical properties of the pressure-transmitting medium under high pressure have been determined and the results discussed.
THE BEHAVIOURS OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF α-LiIO3 SINGLE CRYSTALS
Authors: ZHU YONG  , ZHANG DAO-FAN  , CHENG XI-MIN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: November 2020

The characteristic curves, measured with a 10 kHz signal of the apparent dielectric constants ε′c and ε′a were obtained for a bias electrostatic potential of various voltages applied on an α-LiIO3 single crystal z-cut plate, the potential being either in the homogeneous or in the heterogeneous direction relative to the crystal's electrical polarity. Results show that there do not exist Schottky barrier layers in the crystal. A relaxation phenomen on of ε′c as the result of application of the bias d-c field was observed similar to that which had been detected in the case of the enhancement of neutron diffraction. It was experimentally verified that the current carriers in this crystal are chiefly, if not entirely, lithium ions, and that the conductivity may be approximately described as one-dimensional along the c-axis. The characteristic curves of ρc against V+ (homogeneous direction) and V-(heterogeneous) were also obtained.
A FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ANALYZER FOR SINGLE TRANSIENT PROCESSES
Authors: XIN XIAN-JIE
Published: November 2020

The principles and experimental results of a frequency spectrum analyzer for all types of single transient processes are described in this paper. By the suitable combination of existing laboratory instruments and a few special circuits which are described here, the analyzer may be assembled fairly quickly. By using time expansion (or compression) techniques, the frequency spectrum of interest may be trans-fered to any frequency band. The single transient is reproduced as a repetitive waveform by means of a photoformer. In this way it is possible to use an ordinary low frequency spectrum analyzer to measure the frequency spectrum of single transient processes of any type or duration. Experimental results prove that the above method is applicable. For the principal compositions of the spectrum, measurements may attain an accuracy of 2-3%. The accuracy for minor compositions of the spectrum is somewhat less.
Lipocalin-2 is an anorexigenic signal in primates
Authors: Petropoulou Peristera-Ioanna , Mosialou Ioanna , Shikhel Steven , Hao Lihong , Panitsas Konstantinos , Bisikirska Brygida , Luo Na , Bahna Fabiana , Kim Jongho , Carberry Patrick , Zanderigo Francesca , Simpson Norman , Bakalian Mihran , Kassir Suham , Shapiro Lawrence , Underwood Mark D , May Christina M , Soligapuram Sai Kiran Kumar , Jorgensen Matthew J , Confavreux Cyrille B , Shapses Sue , Laferrère Blandine , Mintz Akiva , Mann J John , Rubin Mishaela , Kousteni Stavroula
Published: November 2020

In the mouse, the osteoblast-derived hormone Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) suppresses food intake and acts as a satiety signal. We show here that meal challenges increase serum LCN2 levels in persons with normal or overweight, but not in individuals with obesity. Postprandial LCN2 serum levels correlate inversely with hunger sensation in challenged subjects. We further show through brain PET scans of monkeys injected with radiolabeled recombinant human LCN2 (rh-LCN2) and autoradiography in baboon, macaque, and human brain sections, that LCN2 crosses the blood-brain barrier and localizes to the hypothalamus in primates. In addition, daily treatment of lean monkeys with rh-LCN2 decreases food intake by 21%, without overt side effects. These studies demonstrate the biology of LCN2 as a satiety factor and indicator and anorexigenic signal in primates. Failure to stimulate postprandial LCN2 in individuals with obesity may contribute to metabolic dysregulation, suggesting that LCN2 may be a novel target for obesity treatment.
High neural activity accelerates the decline of cognitive plasticity with age in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Li Qiaochu , Marcu Daniel-Cosmin , Palazzo Ottavia , Turner Frances , King Declan , Spires-Jones Tara L , Stefan Melanie I , Busch Karl Emanuel
Published: November 2020

The ability to learn progressively declines with age. Neural hyperactivity has been implicated in impairing cognitive plasticity with age, but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that chronic excitation of theCaenorhabditis elegansO2-sensing neurons during ageing causes a rapid decline of experience-dependent plasticity in response to environmental O2concentration, whereas sustaining lower activity of O2-sensing neurons retains plasticity with age. We demonstrate that neural activity alters the ageing trajectory in the transcriptome of O2-sensing neurons, and our data suggest that high-activity neurons redirect resources from maintaining plasticity to sustaining continuous firing. Sustaining plasticity with age requires the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+(NCKX) exchanger, whereas the decline of plasticity with age in high-activity neurons acts through calmodulin and the scaffold protein Kidins220. Our findings demonstrate directly that the activity of neurons alters neuronal homeostasis to govern the age-related decline of neural plasticity and throw light on the mechanisms involved.
The Italian record of the Cretaceous shark,Ptychodus latissimusAgassiz, 1835 (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii)
Authors: Amadori Manuel , Amalfitano Jacopo , Giusberti Luca , Fornaciari Eliana , Carnevale Giorgio , Kriwet Juergen
Published: November 2020

Associated and isolated teeth of the extinct elasmobranchPtychodus latissimusAgassiz, 1835 from the Upper Cretaceous Scaglia Rossa pelagic limestone of northern Italy are described and discussed here in detail for the first time. The dentition of this widely distributed species consists of low-crowned molariform teeth that exhibit marked and strong occlusal ornamentations suitable for crushing hard-shelled prey. The associated tooth sets and isolated teeth analyzed here are heterogeneous in size and crown outline, but unambiguously belong to a single species. Re-examination of this Italian material consisting of ca. 30 specimens mostly coming from historical collections allows for a rigorous assessment of the intraspecific variability ofP. latissimus, including the identification of three different tooth “morphotypes” based on their positions within the jaws. The relatively flat crowns and occlusal sharp and thick ridges indicate a high adaptation for crushing hard-shelled prey inP. latissimusindicating that the durophagous adaptations of this species were certainly more pronounced than in all other species ofPtychodus. We hypothesize thatP. latissimuswas a third-level predator occupying habitats with abundant thick-shelled prey, such as inoceramid bivalves and ammonites.
Hypertension in the Workplace: Study among Workers in an Oil Production Company in Pointe-Noire (Congo)
Authors: Ataboho Ebenguela Ebatetou , Galloye Patricia Atipo- , Moukassa Donatien
Published: November 2020

Hypertension is a real public health problem in the world. The almost rare data on hypertension in the Congolese oil sector led us to carry out this study.

Objective: Describe the epidemiological profile of the hypertensive worker in a Congolese oil production company in the city of Pointe-Noire.

Methodology: This is an observational study, descriptive cross in collection of retrospective data, which involved 815 workers. After informed consent, a questionnaire was administered to workers whose variables such as weight, height, and blood pressure were taken. Statistical analysis was carried out using the EPI-INFO 7 software.

Results: The prevalence of hypertension in workers was 16.3%, i.e. 18.0% in men and 8.0% in women with a significant difference (p <0.05). 25.8% of hypertensive workers were obese and 19.0% overweight. Obese workers were approximately 5 times more vulnerable than others to hypertension, and this was significantly (p <0.001). Risk factors such as age, gender and BMI and diabetes have been significantly associated with hypertension. The older the worker, the more there was an increased risk of developing hypertension (p <0.001). However, other factors such as sports activity and smoking were not significantly related to hypertension (p ˃ 0.05).

Conclusion: Hypertension is a worrying pathology among workers in an oil company in Congo. It would be imperative to strengthen communication with employees with the aim of raising awareness and changing behavior.
Development and Evaluation of Promising Popcorn Hybrids Developed from Local and Exotic Germplasm
Authors: Khalifa K. I. , Balba M. G. , Omar M. A. , Darwish H. A. , Ismail E. M. , Hasan N. A.
Published: November 2020

Popcorn is considered as one of the oldest forms of field corn and mainly used as a snack food. In the time being, no local popcorn registered hybrids are available in Egypt and all country needs are imported hybrids. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop local popcorn hybrids. Using local and exotic germplasm, eighty-six promising yellow F1- hybrids were developed at Nubaria research station (30°54' N, 29°30' E) maize program, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Egypt. These hybrids were split into two groups (A and B); each one along with two exotic hybrid checks were evaluated under irrigation in 2019 at two environmentally different locations, one in north of Egypt and the other one in south of Egypt. Purpose of this investigation was to evaluate these promising hybrids for grain yield, number of days to mid-silk, plant height, resistance to late wilt disease and two quality traits i.e. popping volume and percentage of unpopped kernels. Randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. All technical recommendations for maize production were applied. Highly significant differences were found among tested hybrids for all studied traits except number of wilted plants in trial A. Seven hybrids were selected, 5 from trial A and two from trial B. Hybrids # 11, 12, 17, 20 and 28 from trial A and 15, 33 from trial B. Results revealed that germplasm of Serbian origin was more beneficial to the national popcorn breeding program than other germplasm sources since most selected hybrids were of Serbian origin. Further evaluation of selected hybrids across multiple different locations is necessary before submission of selected hybrids to Variety Registration Committee.