bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cigarette Smoking on Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head (ONFH): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wen Zhenxing , Lin Zan , Yan Wenlong , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2017

Background

Current studies demonstrate controversy regarding the relationship between cigarette smoking and osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH).

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between smoking and ONFH. Relevant articles published before September 2016 were identified by a systematic search of EMBASE and MEDLINE via Ovid. Summary odds ratios (OR) were calculated using random effects models, and study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

Results

102 citations were screened and 7 case-control studies were identified and included in the review. When compared with nonsmokers, current smokers had a higher risk of developing ONFH (OR 2.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.68-3.79), as did former smokers (OR 1.82; 95% CI, 1.10-3.00). Within the group of current smokers, those classified as heavy smokers (with a daily number >20 cigarettes/day) demonstrated higher risks of ONFH (OR 2.03; 95% CI, 1.29-3.19), and light smokers classified as smoking <20 cigarettes/day, also demonstrated a higher risk of ONFH when compared with nonsmokers (OR 1.73; 95% CI, 1.06-2.83). When smoking was classified by pack-years, heavy smokers (>20 pack-years) were at a higher risk of ONFH (OR 2.26; 95% CI, 1.24-4.13), but no significant difference in risk was identified in light smokers (<20 pack-years) (OR 1.81; 95% CI, 0.88-3.71) when compared with nonsmokers.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis showed that current smokers were at a higher risk of ONFH, this high risk can also be found in former smokers. And heavy cigarette smoking showed a higher risk of ONFH than light smoking.
Management of Patients with Orthopaedic Implants Undergoing Dental Procedures
Authors: Quinn Robert H. , Murray Jayson N. , Pezold Ryan , Sevarino Kaitlyn S.
Published: June 2017

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, in collaboration with the American Dental Association, has developed Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) for the Management of Patients with Orthopaedic Implants Undergoing Dental Procedures. Evidence-based information, in conjunction with the clinical expertise of physicians, was used to develop the criteria to improve patient care and obtain best outcomes while considering the subtleties and distinctions necessary in making clinical decisions. The Management of Patients with Orthopaedic Implants Undergoing Dental Procedures AUC clinical patient scenarios were derived from indications of patients with orthopaedic implants presenting for dental procedures, as well as from current evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and supporting literature to identify the appropriateness of the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The 64 patient scenarios and 1 treatment were developed by the writing panel, a group of clinicians who are specialists in this AUC topic. Next, a separate, multidisciplinary, voting panel (made up of specialists and nonspecialists) rated the appropriateness of treatment of each patient scenario using a 9-point scale to designate a treatment as Appropriate (median rating, 7 to 9), May Be Appropriate (median rating, 4 to 6), or Rarely Appropriate (median rating, 1 to 3).
A Novel Functional Fruit/Vegetable Beverage for the Elderly: Development and Evaluation of Different Preservation Processes on Functional and Enriched Components and Microorganisms
Authors: De Dea Lindner Juliano , Paggi Daiane , Pinto Vinicius Duarte , Soares Douglas , Dolzan Maressa Danieli , Bevacqua Daniele , Micke Gustavo Amadeu , Oliveira Jose Vladimir
Published: June 2017

Despite lower energy intakes with age, elderly have higher requirements for several nutrients, making them vulnerable to deficiencies that further aggravate aging chronic conditions. To manage this problem, new food formulations are needed to address the nutritional needs of the worldwide growing aging population. In the present work, we develop an innovative functional fruit/vegetable beverage for the elderly using coconut water, orange juice and carrot juice. The beverage was enriched with vitamin A and C and supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids and inulin to provide important nutritional elements to the target consumers of this study. Osmolality classified the beverage as hypertonic. Heat (TT), supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) treatments were applied as preservation methods, and the responses of the functional and enriched components and enzymes were evaluated. Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris ATCC 49025 and a surrogate Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922, were inoculated in the beverage to induce spoilage and verify the effectiveness of inactivation processes on the cells. The DMDC process reduced E. coli to undetectable levels and exhibited a greater reduction of A. acidoterrestris vegetative cells, molds and yeasts. The conditions applied in the process with SC-CO2 did not show satisfactory results in reducing juice microbiota. Loss of vitamin C and A was mainly associated with the SC-CO2 treatment. The beverage received a positive acceptability evaluation among the tasters in the sensory analysis and may be introduced as a new vehicle for the consumption of functional compounds, especially by vegans and/or vegetarians and lactose-intolerant elderly.
Voor wie is herstelrecht?
Authors: Bolívar Daniela
Published: June 2017

For whom is restorative justice? A study on victims and (non)participation

The phenomenon of victim participation in restorative justice (RJ) has been studied from two main angles: describing victims’ motivations to take part in RJ and studying the benefits that different groups of victims may obtain when participating in RJ. However, methodological limitations of former studies have impeded to offer conclusive answers to the question ‘for whom is RJ’. This article offers insights into these issues, focusing on the descriptive findings of a mixed-method study carried out in the context of victim-offender mediation (in Spain and Belgium) and assessed before the encounter (if any) took place. Findings suggest that, before mediation, victims’ personal characteristics tend to differ. The factor ‘victim-offender relationship’ also appeared as an important variable. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Keuzevrijheid in herstelbemiddeling
Authors: Weistra Dana
Published: June 2017

Freedom of choice in restorative justice An explorative study of non-participating victims

In the field of restorative justice (RJ), relatively much is known about victims’ reasons for wanting to participate in either mediation (as part of the criminal process) or victim-offender contact (parallel to the criminal process). Much less is known, however, about why victims refuse to take part in RJ services. The current article sheds light on this issue and is based on a joint exploratory research initiative by Victim in Focus and Victim Support the Netherlands. The results indicate that participation in mediation and victim-offender contact is significantly associated with the type of offense. Victims of traffic accidents participate significantly less often in mediation than victims of other offenses. In case of victim-offender contact, victims of violent crimes participate significantly less often while victims of traffic accidents participate more often than victims of other crimes. In addition, the referrer of the case and the victim’s age are also significantly associated with participation in victim-offender contact. When a case was referred through the judicial stakeholders, victims more often did not participate, whereas when victims registered themselves, it more often led to a form of victim-offender contact. With regard to age, victims younger than 25 were significantly less often willing to participate than older victims. The specific reasons victims mention for not wanting to participate in RJ are twofold: both emotional and pragmatic reasons are mentioned. The latter were most common with regard to both mediation and victim-offender contact: victims primarily wonder ‘what’s in it for me?’ and seem to base their decision on whether to partake in RJ on its answer. Mentioning emotional reasons not to participate was in case of victim-offender contact significantly associated with judicial referrers of the case, while such reasons were less mentioned when a case was referred through victim support in The Netherlands. To further explore these associations, more research is needed.
Correlation between maximum isometric strength variables and specific performance of Brazilian military judokas
Authors: Gonçalves Michel Moraes , Borba-Pinheiro Claudio Joaquim , Marson Runer Augusto , Camposo Lucas Rodrigues , Saraiva Alam Dos Reis , Novaes Jefferson Da Silva
Published: June 2017

It was our objective to correlate specific performance in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) and the maximum isometric handgrip (HGSMax), scapular traction (STSMax) and lumbar traction (LTSMax) strength tests in military judo athletes. Twenty-two military athletes from the judo team of the Brazilian Navy Almirante Alexandrino Instruction Centre, with average age of 26.14 ± 3.31 years old, and average body mass of 83.23 ± 14.14 kg participated in the study. Electronic dynamometry tests for HGSMax, STSMax and LTSMax were conducted. Then, after approximately 1 hour-interval, the SJFT protocol was applied. All variables were adjusted to the body mass of the athletes. Pearson correlation coefficient for statistical analysis was used. The results showed moderate negative correlation between the SJFT index and STSMax (r= -0.550, p= 0.008), strong negative correlations between the SJFT index and HGSMax (r= -0.706, p< 0.001), SJFT index and LTSMax (r= -0.721; p= 0.001), besides the correlation between the sum of the three maximum isometric strength tests and the SJFT index (r= -0.786, p< 0.001). This study concludes that negative correlations occur between the SJFT index and maximum isometric handgrip, shoulder and lumbar traction strength and the sum of the three maximum isometric strength tests in military judokas.
Development and preliminary research on the measure properties of a perceptual and motor demands assessment protocol for virtual reality systems
Authors: Cairolli Fábio Fabregas , Bonuzzi Giordano Marcio Gatinho , Palma Gisele Carla dos Santos , Soares Marcos Antônio Arlindo , Pompeu José Eduardo , Faria Christina Danielli Coelho de Morais , Torriani-Pasin Camila
Published: June 2017

The virtual reality has been frequently required in rehabilitation settings. However, it still lacks specificity, making it necessary to establish specific criteria to classify the most relevant aspects of electronic games to allow interventions based on virtual reality. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a “Perceptual and motor demands assessment protocol for virtual reality systems” and to investigate its content validity and intra and inter observer agreement. The protocol was created through a literature review including classical studies as well as a review of recent articles about motor behavior, physical training, cognitive neuroscience and virtual reality. The previous versions were presented in study group meetings and congresses, and modified accordingly to suggestions of experts. Three examiners used the final version to analyze twice the total of 20 videos of individuals in a virtual environment and answered a questionnaire about its content validity. Most of the obtained values were classified as “good” (concordance from 80% to 89%) or “excellent” (concordance from 90% to 100%) by the three examiners and the protocol’s content validity was adequate. The protocol is valid, applicable and practical for analyzing different requirements of electronic games in a virtual environment.
Consecutive n desu Structures in Japanese: Communicative Effects Resulting from n ja nai n desu in Discourse
Authors: Nishi Hironori
Published: June 2017

The n desu structure is recognized as one of the most frequently used sentence final expressions in Japanese. Various linguistic studies have examined the structure’s communicative properties in interactional situations, however; most of these studies focus solely on sentence-final expressions that include a single case of the n desu structure, and consecutive occurrences of the n desu structure such as taberu n ja nai n desu ‘(it is that it is not that) I am going to eat’ have not been explored in depth. By using a linguistic corpus as a database, the present study has explored the usage of consecutive n desu structures, and examined in which kinds of contextual situations consecutive n desu is likely to be used. The findings of the present study suggest that there are two main types of usages of consecutive n desu. The two types are consecutive n desu used when the speaker denies a generally held idea that is expected to be true, and consecutive n desu used in assertive rhetorical questions formulated based on an idea that is generally expected to be true.
A Survey on the Levels of Questioning of ELT: A Case Study in an Indonesian Tertiary Education
Authors: Ashadi Rido Imam , Lubis Nazriani
Published: June 2017

This present study focused on examining the levels of questions in Indonesia tertiary education. A survey research was conducted in one of the private universities in North Sumatra. The English summative assessment in an undergraduate education was used as target of survey.  There were a collection of questions that had been administered by four English lecturers from Faculty of English Education in Universitas Muslim Nusantara (UMN) Al-Washliyah Medan, Indonesia. The sample of research included the sixty five questions of summative tests. The qualitative content analysis which is based on Gallagher/Aschner Bloom Classification System used to categorize the questions. It was found that the lower order thinking level still dominated the question types (69%). There was only 31% higher order questions used on the summative test.
Psyche, Nightmare and Religion: Precursors of Colonial Conquest in Ahmed Yerima’s Attahiru
Authors: Stanley Osanyemi Taiwo A. , Oladipupo A. A. , Michael A. O.
Published: June 2017

This paper is premised on the connection between history and drama in order to profile the historical characters or heroes and explicate the socio-political predicament in their society. Existing studies on historical plays have focused on the celebration and chronicling of the heroic deeds of the historical characters, sometimes ignoring the artistic techniques the playwright employed. This study, therefore, examines psyche, nightmare and religion as the stylistic techniques for establishing the sources of disintegration in an imperial environment. This is with a view to investigating the link between the conflicts of the protagonist and the predicaments of his society. The study is based on psychoanalysis that allows for the investigation of characters’ unconscious motives and collective archetypes. The text, Attahiru is subjected to critical textual analysis in both content and form to analyse the paradigmatic use of history, dream and religion to account for the colonial conquest of an African society. Various patterns of unconscious archetypes such as psyche, nightmare, daydream and religion were discovered to serve as techniques of foreshadowing and flashback to the physical and psychological conflicts in the play. They serve as signifiers of the protagonist’s traumas. These unconscious archetypes, therefore, have become the catalysts for disintegration and veritable strategy in Ahmed Yerima’s account of imperial history.
Neuroradiographic findings in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Bohm Lauren A. , Zhou Tom C. , Mingo Tyler J. , Dugan Sarah L. , Patterson Richard J. , Sidman James D. , Roby Brianne B.
Published: June 2017

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common genetic disorder with enormous phenotypic heterogeneity. Despite the established prevalence of developmental and neuropsychiatric issues in this syndrome, its neuroanatomical correlates are not as well understood. A retrospective chart review was performed on 111 patients diagnosed with 22q11.2DS. Of the 111 patients, 24 with genetically confirmed 22q11.2 deletion and brain MRI or MRA were included in this study. The most common indications for imaging were unexplained developmental delay (6/24), seizures of unknown etiology (5/24), and unilateral weakness (3/24). More than half (13/24) of the patients had significant radiographic findings, including persistent cavum septi pellucidi and/or cavum vergae (8/24), aberrant cortical veins (6/24), polymicrogyria or cortical dysplasia (4/24), inner ear deformities (3/24), hypoplastic internal carotid artery (2/24), and hypoplastic cerebellum (1/24). These findings reveal the types and frequencies of brain malformations in this case series, and suggest that the prevalence of neuroanatomical abnormalities in 22q11.2DS may be underestimated. Understanding indications for imaging and frequently encountered brain malformations will result in early diagnosis and intervention in an effort to optimize patient outcomes.
Emerging issues in disorders/differences of sex development (DSD)
Authors: Adam Margaret P. , Vilain Eric
Published: June 2017

Disorders/Differences of Sex Development (DSD), as defined by the 2006 Consensus Statement, are “congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex is atypical.” They represent a spectrum of chronic medical conditions collectively affecting about 1% of the population and are associated with increased risk of infertility, cancer, and psychosocial distress. Clinical management in DSD is subject to multiple controversies about gender assignment, the timing and appropriateness of genital surgery and the approach to disclosure. There is dissent within and between stakeholders (healthcare providers, advocacy groups, families) regarding what constitutes optimal care. This special issue investigates the progress made as well as the uncertainties remaining a decade after the consensus statement and the gaps to be filled by future research and improved clinical practice. It discusses the increasing intricacy of genetic variant interpretation in the era of next‐generation sequencing and the associated complexity of phenotypic variability. The issue tackles ethical dilemmas and the complicated decision‐making process of assignment of sex of rearing at birth in cases of 5‐alpha reductase type 2 deficiency, surveys delivery of clinical services in the United States, discusses challenges of interdisciplinary care and of educating patients and parents about DSD,and reviews the factors predisposing to gonadal tumor and their consequences on clinical management.
BF3⋅OEt2‐Mediated Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted‐Tetrahydrofuran via [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of 2‐Arylcyclopropyl Ketones with Aldehydes
Authors: Gupta Archana , Kholiya Rohit , Rawat Diwan S.
Published: June 2017

A one‐step [3+2] cycloaddition of vicinal‐substituted donor–acceptor cyclopropanes to aldehydes catalyzed by BF3⋅OEt2 leading to 2,3,5‐trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans has been developed. This methodology has advantages of broad substrate scope, good yields and high diastereoselectivity.
Wet and Functional Adhesives from One‐Step Aqueous Self‐Assembly of Natural Amino Acids and Polyoxometalates
Authors: Xu Jing , Li Xiaodong , Li Jingfang , Li Xiangyi , Li Bao , Wang Yang , Wu Lixin , Li Wen
Published: June 2017

Sessile organisms have undergone long‐term evolution to develop the unique ability by positioning themselves on wet solid surface through secreting adhesive proteins. The present study reveals that natural amino acid monomers can also exhibit similar adhesion capacity. This kind of biomimetic adhesives were created by the one‐step aqueous assembly of basic amino acids with assistance of anionic polyoxometalates. The polyoxometalates not only serve as multivalent scaffold to initiate the supramolecular cross‐linking of amino acid molecules, but also function as a redox component, bestowing the wet adhesives with electrochromic features.
Unified Asymmetric Total Syntheses of (−)‐Alotaketals A–D and (−)‐Phorbaketal A
Authors: Cheng Hang , Zhang Zhihong , Yao Hongliang , Zhang Wei , Yu Jingxun , Tong Rongbiao
Published: June 2017

The novel tricyclic spiroketal alotane‐type sesterterpenoids showed strikingly different biological activities and potency with subtle structural alterations. Asymmetric total syntheses of the tricyclic sesterterpenoids (−)‐alotaketals A–D and (−)‐phorbaketal A were accomplished [29–31 steps from (−)‐malic acid] in a collective way for the first time. The key features of the strategy included 1) a new cascade cyclization of vinyl epoxy δ‐keto‐alcohols to forge the common tricyclic spiroketal intermediate, 2) a late‐stage allylic C−H oxidation, and 3) olefin cross‐metathesis to install the different side chains.
Novel cyclodextrin‐modified h‐BN@Pd(II) nanomaterial: An efficient and recoverable catalyst for ligand‐free C‐C cross‐coupling reactions in water
Authors: Ma Xiaojun , Lv Guanghui , Cheng Xu , Li Weijian , Sang Rui , Zhang Yong , Wang Qiantao , Hai Li , Wu Yong
Published: June 2017

An environmentally friendly palladium(II) catalyst supported on cyclodextrin‐modified h‐BN was successfully prepared. The catalyst was characterized by FT‐IR, SEM, TG, XRD and XPS, and the loading level of Pd in h‐BN@β‐CD@Pd(II) was measured to be 0.088 mmol g−1 by ICP. It exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the Suzuki and Heck reactions in water, and can be easily separated and consecutively reused for at least nine times. In addition, a series of pharmacologically interesting products were successfully synthesized using this catalyst to demonstrate its potential applications in pharmaceutical industries. Above all, this work opens up an interesting and attractive avenue for the use of cyclodextrin‐functionalized h‐BN as an efficient support for hydrophilic heterogeneous catalysts.
Improvement of covalent immobilization procedure of β‐galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis for galactooligosaccharides production: Modeling and kinetic study
Authors: González‐Cataño Flor , Tovar‐Castro Luz , Castaño‐Tostado Eduardo , Regalado‐Gonzalez Carlos , García‐Almendarez Blanca , Cardador‐Martínez Anaberta , Amaya‐Llano Silvia
Published: June 2017

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics produced from lactose through an enzymatic reaction. Employing an immobilized enzyme may result in cost reductions; however, the changes in its kinetics due to immobilization has not been studied. This study experimentally determined the optimal reaction conditions for the production of GOS from lactose by β‐galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from Kluyveromyces lactis covalently immobilized to a polysiloxane‐polyvinyl alcohol (POS‐PVA) polymer activated with glutaraldehyde (GA), and to study the transgalactosylation kinetics. Yield immobilization was 99 ± 1.1% with 78.5 ± 2.4% enzyme activity recovery. An experimental design 24 with 1 center point and 2 replicates was used. Factors were lactose [L], enzyme concentration [E], pH and temperature (T). Response variables were glucose and galactose as monosaccharides [G1], residual lactose [Lac]r and GOS as disaccharides [G2] and trisaccharides [G3]. Best conditions were pH 7.1, 40 °C, 270 gL−1 initial lactose concentration and 6 U mL−1 enzyme concentration, obtaining 25.46 ± 0.01 gL−1 yield of trisaccharides. Although below the HPLC‐IR detection limit, tetrasaccharides were also identified after 115 min of reaction. The immobilization protocol was then optimized by diminishing total reactant volumes : support ratio, resulting in improved enzyme activity synthesizing 43.53 ± 0.02 gL−1 of trisaccharides and 13.79 ± 0.21 gL−1 of tetrasaccharides, and after four cycles remaining relative activity was 94%. A reaction mechanism was proposed through which a mathematical model was developed and rate constants were estimated, considering a pseudo steady‐state hypothesis for two concomitant reactions, and from this simplified analysis, the reaction yield could eventually be improved. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1568–1578, 2017
Pine‐Leaf‐Shaped α‐Fe2O3 Micro/Nanostructures with a Preferred Orientation along the (110) Plane for Efficient Reversible Lithium Storage
Authors: Lin Qian , Chen Yubo , Zhong Yijun , Li Li , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping
Published: June 2017

Pine‐leaf‐like α‐Fe2O3 micro/nanostructures with (110)‐facet orientations are prepared by a hydrothermal process using Mg2+ as an inducer and are investigated as conversion‐type anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The unique micro/nanostructured building blocks significantly shorten the diffusion distance for lithium ions and improve the kinetics of the lithium ion extraction/insertion process, and the unique hierarchical morphology provide buffer space for the volume change of the electrode during the charge–discharge processes. Thus, favorable performances for lithium storage are demonstrated for the micro/nanostructured α‐Fe2O3 electrodes. In addition, the facet orientation of the particles is also found to have a substantial impact on the electrode performance, and the growth of the micro/nanoparticles in a preferred orientation along the (110) plane facilitated the anisotropic diffusion of lithium ions along channels in the [1
00] direction. From the dual benefits of the stable hierarchical micro/nanostructure and the preferred growth of the particles along the (110) plane, excellent electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of up to 915 and 565 mA h g−1 at rates of 100 and 5000 mA g−1, respectively, and a capacity retention of 690 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 200 cycles is demonstrated for the α‐Fe2O3 micro/nanostructure prepared under optimized conditions.
Soluble Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organometallic Polymers by (Arene)Ruthenium‐Sulfur Chemistry
Authors: Coraux Johann , Hourani Wael , Müller Valentin L. , Lamare Simon , Kamaruddin Danial Aiman , Magaud Laurence , Bendiab Nedjma , Den Hertog Martien , Leynaud Olivier , Palmino Frank , Salut Roland , Chérioux Frédéric
Published: June 2017

A class of two‐dimensional (2D) covalent organometallic polymers, with nanometer‐scale crosslinking, was obtained by arene(ruthenium) sulfur chemistry. Their ambivalent nature, with positively charged crosslinks and lypophylic branches is the key to the often sought‐for and usually hard‐to‐achieve solubility of 2D polymers in various kinds of solvents. Solubility is here controlled by the planarity of the polymer, which in turn controls Coulomb interactions between the polymer layers. High planarity is achieved for high symmetry crosslinks and short, rigid branches. Owing to their solubility, the polymers are easily processable, and can be handled as powder, deposited on surfaces by mere spin‐coating, or suspended across membranes by drop‐casting. The novel 2D materials are potential candidates as flexible membranes for catalysis, cancer therapy, and electronics.
Dithiafulvenyl‐Extended N‐Heterotriangulenes and Their Interaction with C60: Cooperative Fluorescence
Authors: Gliemann Bettina D. , Strauss Volker , Hitzenberger Jakob F. , Dral Pavlo O. , Hampel Frank , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Drewello Thomas , Thiel Walter , Guldi Dirk M. , Kivala Milan
Published: June 2017

We describe the synthesis as well as the electronic and photophysical characterization of novel N‐heterotriangulene derivatives decorated with methoxycarbonyl‐ and methyl‐sulfanyl‐substituted dithiafulvenyl moieties. The association of these electron‐rich compounds with fullerene C60 as electron acceptor was investigated by means of photophysical, voltammetric, and mass spectrometric methods and rationalized by DFT calculations. Importantly, light‐induced interactions between the dithiafulvene‐substituted N‐heterotriangulene bearing methoxycarbonyl substituents with C60 leads to cooperative fluorescence. Quantitative Job plot analyses by means of fluorescence spectroscopy and voltammetry confirm a 1:1 association with binding constants in the order of 104 m−1. Supportive results for the supramolecular assembly of both N‐heterotriangulenes with C60 were obtained by ESI mass spectrometric investigations in the gas phase.
Merging Photoredox with Brønsted Acid Catalysis: The Cross‐Dehydrogenative C−O Coupling for sp3 C−H Bond Peroxidation
Authors: Xia Qing , Wang Qiang , Yan Changcun , Dong Jianyang , Song Hongjian , Li Ling , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin , Liu Xiangming , Song Haibin
Published: June 2017

A photoredox and Brønsted acid synergistically catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative C−O coupling reaction is developed in which isochroman peroxyacetals are formed through sp3 C−H bond peroxidation. The reported method is characterized by its extremely mild reaction conditions, excellent yields, and broad substrate scope. An oxocarbenium ion p‐chlorobenzenesulfonate was speculated to be the reactive intermediate. The role of hemiacetals and oxygenated dimers on the effective stabilization of the oxocarbenium ion was investigated; the presence of acid appeared to establish equilibrium between hemiacetals and oxygenated dimers with the oxocarbenium ion pairs. The broad applicability of the method highlights the potential of the protocol for molecule synthesis.
A green trust‐distortion resistant trust management scheme on mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Movahedi Zeinab , Hosseini Zahra
Published: June 2017

Trust management is an emerging security approach used to conduct nodes' relationships in mobile ad hoc networks. It relates to assigning a trust level to each network component based on its cooperative behavior with respect to system goals. Because of its infrastructure‐less nature, frequent network dynamics, and severe resource constraints, it is complex to establish trust in such a network. Mainly, trust systems are vulnerable to attacks that make use of inherent properties of the trust model to alter the accuracy of estimated trust levels, referred to as trust‐distortion attacks. Because of the contradictory nature of such attacks, their detection can be confusing, complex, and energy‐demanding, especially in multiattack environments. To handle such threats, we propose a Green Trust‐distortion Resistant Trust Management Scheme, called GTRTMS, which handles different trust‐distortion attacks in multiattack environments. The proposed solution self‐adapts its trust knowledge monitoring according to the network context to conserve the energy of mobile nodes and reduce the produced CO2 emissions. Simulation results prove that GTRTMS exhibits significantly better performance than the other counterpart in presence of simultaneous and contradictory different trust‐distortion attacks.
Persistence of acetochlor, atrazine, and S-metolachlor in surface and subsurface horizons of 2 typic argiudolls under no-tillage
Authors: Bedmar Francisco , Gimenez Daniel , Costa José Luis , Daniel Peter E.
Published: June 2017

Variations in soil properties with depth strongly influence the degradation and persistence of herbicides, underlining the importance of studying these processes in soil horizons with distinctively different properties. The persistence of the herbicides acetochlor, atrazine, and S-metolachlor was measured in samples of the A, B, and C horizons of 2 Typic Argiudolls from Argentina under no-till management. The soils studied differed in soil organic carbon (OC) content, pH, particle size distribution, and structure. Quantification of herbicides in soil was done through high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. There were interactions of herbicide × horizon (p < 0.01) that resulted in degradation rates (k) of all herbicides decreasing, and their corresponding dissipation half-life (DT50) values increasing, with soil depth. Herbicide persistence across all soils and horizons ranged from 15 to 73 d for acetochlor, 13 to 29 d for atrazine, and 82 to 141 d for S-metolachlor, which had significantly (p < 0.01) greater persistence than atrazine and acetochlor. The DT50 values of herbicides were negatively correlated with the contents of OC (correlation coefficients ranging from –0.496 to –0.773), phosphorus (–0.427 to –0.564), and nitrogen-nitrate (–0.507 to –0.662), and with microbial activity (–0.454 to –0.687) and the adsorption coefficient (–0.530 to –0.595); DT50s were positively correlated with pH (0.366 to 0.648). Adsorption was likely the most influential process in determining persistence of these herbicides in surface and subsurface horizons. The present study can potentially improve the prediction of the fate of acetochlor, atrazine, and S-metolachlor in soils because it includes much needed information on the degradation of the herbicides in subsurface horizons. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3065–3073. © 2017 SETAC
A systematic review of neuroimaging in delirium: predictors, correlates and consequences
Authors: Nitchingham Anita , Kumar Varun , Shenkin Susan , Ferguson Karen J. , Caplan Gideon A.
Published: June 2017

Objective

Neuroimaging advances our understanding of delirium pathophysiology and its consequences. A previous systematic review identified 12 studies (total participants N = 764, delirium cases N = 194; years 1989–2007) and found associations with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cerebral atrophy. Our objectives were to perform an updated systematic review of neuroimaging studies in delirium published since January 2006 and summarise the available literature on predictors, correlates or outcomes.

Methods

Studies were identified by keyword and MeSH‐based electronic searches of EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO combining terms for neuroimaging, brain structure and delirium. We included neuroimaging studies of delirium in adults using validated delirium assessment methods.

Results

Thirty‐two studies (total N = 3187, delirium N = 1086) met the inclusion criteria. Imaging included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; N = 9), computed tomography (N = 4), diffusion tensor imaging (N = 3), transcranial Doppler (N = 5), near infrared spectroscopy (N = 5), functional‐MRI (N = 2), single photon emission computed tomography (N = 1), proton MRI spectroscopy (N = 1), arterial spin‐labelling MRI (N = 1) and 2‐13fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (N = 1). Despite heterogeneity in study design, delirium was associated with WMH, lower brain volume, atrophy, dysconnectivity, impaired cerebral autoregulation, reduced blood flow and cerebral oxygenation and glucose hypometabolism. There was evidence of long‐term brain changes following intensive care unit delirium.

Conclusions

Neuroimaging is now used more widely in delirium research due to advances in technology. However, imaging delirious patients presents challenges leading to methodological limitations and restricted generalisability. The findings that atrophy and WMH burden predict delirium replicates findings from the original review, while advanced techniques have identified other substrates and mechanisms that warrant further investigation.
The role of oxidative stress in EBV lytic reactivation, radioresistance and the potential preventive and therapeutic implications
Authors: Hu Jianmin , Li Hongde , Luo Xiangjian , Li Yueshuo , Bode Ann , Cao Ya
Published: June 2017

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is an important cancer causing virus. Cancer associated with EBV account for approximately 1.5% of all cancers, and represent 1.8% of all cancer deaths worldwide. EBV reactivation plays an important role in the development of EBV‐related diseases and is closely related with patients' survival and clinical stages of EBV‐related cancers. The therapy regarding to EBV‐related cancers is very urgent, especially in endemic areas. Generating oxidative stress is a critical mechanism by which host cells defend against infection by virus. In addition, ROS‐mediated oxidative stress plays a significant but paradoxical role acting as a “double‐edged sword” to regulate cellular response to radiation, which is the main therapy strategy for EBV‐related cancers, especially nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Therefore, in this review we primarily discuss the possible interplay among the oxidative stress, EBV lytic reactivation and radioresistance. Understanding the role of oxidative stress in EBV lytic reactivation and radioresistance will assist in the development of effective strategies for prevention and treatment of EBV‐related cancers.
Elucidating the molecular basis of MSH2‐deficient tumors by combined germline and somatic analysis
Authors: Vargas‐Parra Gardenia M. , González‐Acosta Maribel , Thompson Bryony A. , Gómez Carolina , Fernández Anna , Dámaso Estela , Pons Tirso , Morak Monika , del Valle Jesús , Iglesias Silvia , Velasco Àngela , Solanes Ares , Sanjuan Xavier , Padilla Natàlia , de la Cruz Xavier , Valencia Alfonso , Holinski‐Feder Elke , Brunet Joan , Feliubadaló Lídia , Lázaro Conxi , Navarro Matilde , Pineda Marta , Capellá Gabriel
Published: June 2017

In a proportion of patients presenting mismatch repair (MMR)‐deficient tumors, no germline MMR mutations are identified, the so‐called Lynch‐like syndrome (LLS). Recently, MMR‐deficient tumors have been associated with germline mutations in POLE and MUTYH or double somatic MMR events. Our aim was to elucidate the molecular basis of MSH2‐deficient LS‐suspected cases using a comprehensive analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC)‐associated genes at germline and somatic level. Fifty‐eight probands harboring MSH2‐deficient tumors were included. Germline mutational analysis of MSH2 (including EPCAM deletions) and MSH6 was performed. Pathogenicity of MSH2 variants was assessed by RNA analysis and multifactorial likelihood calculations. MSH2 cDNA and methylation of MSH2 and MSH6 promoters were studied. Matched blood and tumor DNA were analyzed using a customized next generation sequencing panel. Thirty‐five individuals were carriers of pathogenic or probably pathogenic variants in MSH2 and EPCAM. Five patients harbored 4 different MSH2 variants of unknown significance (VUS) and one had 2 novel MSH6 promoter VUS. Pathogenicity assessment allowed the reclassification of the 4 MSH2 VUS and 6 probably pathogenic variants as pathogenic mutations, enabling a total of 40 LS diagnostics. Predicted pathogenic germline variants in BUB1, SETD2, FAN1 and MUTYH were identified in 5 cases. Three patients had double somatic hits in MSH2 or MSH6, and another 2 had somatic alterations in other MMR genes and/or proofreading polymerases. In conclusion, our comprehensive strategy combining germline and somatic mutational status of CRC‐associated genes by means of a subexome panel allows the elucidation of up to 86% of MSH2‐deficient suspected LS tumors.
Blurring the Boundaries Between School and Community: Implementing Connected Learning Principles in English Classrooms
Authors: Cartun Ashley , Penuel William R. , West‐Puckett Stephanie
Published: June 2017

In participatory cultures, the lines between producers and consumers of text are blurred, and communities emerge that are based on shared interest and peer support. Although literacy scholarship has mostly focused on youth engagement and literacy practices within online participatory cultures, scholars in the learning sciences investigate these ideas through connected learning. This article explores bringing connected learning principles into English classrooms and examines how one high school, partnering with the National Writing Project, redesigned their senior English course and senior capstone project around connected learning. The authors highlight its design and share students’ experiences with the project to illustrate the possibilities and tensions around designing for such a project in school settings.
Economic Relevance and Planning for Literacy Instruction: Reconciling Competing Ideologies
Authors: Boggs George L. , Stewart Trevor Thomas , Jansky Timothy A.
Published: June 2017

The language of economics and economic imperatives are driving standardized school reform in the United States without input from teachers. This teacher action research project responds to concerns about contemporary school reforms by considering how economics‐minded dialogue about literacy education can help teachers support students’ literacy practices. The study explores the use of an economic model for planning, implementing, and evaluating composition instruction based in sociocultural literacy research. The model classifies classroom activities according to economic principles of connectedness and production. This model supported collaborative dialogue about writing instruction problems. Three phases—cycles of planning, implementation, and evaluation of instruction—progressively demonstrated how thinking economically about literacy instruction supported a teacher's decision making toward student‐centered writing instruction. The study frames economic analysis as a positive support for students’ acquisition of new literacies. It also suggests how teachers may make sense of economics‐oriented educational reform goals for literacy instruction.
Human embryonic stem cell dispersion in electrospun PCL fiber scaffolds by coating with laminin‐521 and E‐cadherin‐Fc
Authors: Leino Mattias , Astrand Carolina , Hughes‐Brittain Nanayaa , Robb Brendan , McKean Robert , Chotteau Véronique
Published: June 2017

Advances in human pluripotent cell cultivation and differentiation protocols have led to production of stem cell‐derived progenitors as a promising cell source for replacement therapy. Three‐dimensional (3‐D) culture is a better mimic of the natural niche for stem cells and is widely used for disease modeling. Here, we describe a nonaggregate culture system of human embryonic stem cells inside electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber scaffolds combined with defined extracellular proteins naturally occurring in the stem cell niche. PCL fiber scaffolds coated with recombinant human laminin‐521 readily supported initial stem cell attachment and growth from a single‐cell suspension. The combination of recombinant E‐cadherin‐Fc and laminin‐521 further improved cell dispersion rendering a uniform cell population. Finally, we showed that the cells cultured in E‐cadherin‐Fc‐ and laminin‐521‐coated PCL scaffolds could differentiate into all three germ layers. Importantly, we provided a chemically defined 3‐D system in which pluripotent stem cells grown and differentiated avoiding the formation of cell aggregates. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1226–1236, 2018.
Roles of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Fujihara Yuko , Hikita Atsuhiko , Takato Tsuyoshi , Hoshi Kazuto
Published: June 2017

To obtain stable outcomes in regenerative medicine, understanding and controlling immunological responses in transplanted tissues are of great importance. In our previous study, auricular chondrocytes in tissue‐engineered cartilage transplanted in mice were shown to express immunological factors, including macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Since MIF exerts pleiotropic functions, in this study, we examined the roles of MIF in cartilage regenerative medicine. We made tissue‐engineered cartilage consisting of auricular chondrocytes of C57BL/6J mouse, atellocollagen gel and a PLLA scaffold, and transplanted the construct subcutaneously in a syngeneic manner. Localization of MIF was prominent in cartilage areas of tissue‐engineered cartilage at 2 weeks after transplantation, though it became less apparent by 8 weeks. Co‐culture with RAW264 significantly increased the expression of MIF in chondrocytes, suggesting that the transplanted chondrocytes in tissue‐engineered cartilage could enhance the expression of MIF by stimulation of surrounding macrophages. When MIF was added in the culture of chondrocytes, the expression of type II collagen was increased, indicating that MIF could promote the maturation of chondrocytes. Meanwhile, toluidine blue staining of constructs containing wild type (Mif+/+) chondrocytes showed increased metachromasia compared to MIF‐knockout (Mif−/−) constructs at 2 weeks. However, this tendency was reversed by 8 weeks, suggesting that the initial increase in cartilage maturation in Mif+/+ constructs deteriorated by 8 weeks. Since the Mif+/+ constructs included more iNOS‐positive inflammatory macrophages at 2 weeks, MIF might induce an M1 macrophage‐polarized environment, which may eventually worsen the maturation of tissue‐engineered cartilage in the long term.
The Fam50a positively regulates ameloblast differentiation via interacting with Runx2
Authors: Kim Yuri , Hur Sung‐Woong , Jeong Byung‐Chul , Oh Sin‐Hye , Hwang Yun‐Chan , Kim Sun‐Hun , Koh Jeong‐Tae
Published: June 2017

Differentiated ameloblasts secret enamel matrix proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin. Expression levels of these proteins are regulated by various factors. To find a new regulatory factor for ameloblast differentiation, we performed 2D‐PAGE analysis using mouse ameloblast lineage cell line (mALCs) cultured with mineralizing medium. Of identified proteins, family with sequence similarity 50 member A (Fam50a) was significantly increased during differentiation of mALCs. Fam50a protein was also highly expressed in secretory ameloblasts of mouse tooth germs. In mALCs cultures, forced expression of Fam50a up‐regulated the expression of enamel matrix protein genes such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin. In addition, up‐regulation of Fam50a also increased ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, knockdown of Fam50a decreased expression levels of enamel matrix protein genes, ALP activity, and mineralized nodule formation. By fluorescence microscopy, endogenous Fam50a protein was found to be localized to the nucleus of ameloblasts. In addition, Fam50a synergistically increased Ambn transactivation by Runx2. Moreover, Fam50a increased binding affinity of Runx2 to Ambn promoter by physically interacting with Runx2. Taken together, these results suggest Fam50a might be a new positive regulator of ameloblast differentiation.
MRI‐based assessment of acute effect of head‐down tilt position on intracranial hemodynamics and hydrodynamics
Authors: Ishida Shota , Miyati Tosiaki , Ohno Naoki , Hiratsuka Shinnosuke , Alperin Noam , Mase Mitsuhito , Gabata Toshifumi
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To quantify the acute effect of the head‐down tilt (HDT) posture on intracranial hemodynamics and hydrodynamics.

Materials and Methods

We evaluated the intracranial physiological parameters, blood flow‐related parameters, and brain morphology in the HDT (–6° and –12°) and the horizontal supine (HS) positions. Seven and 15 healthy subjects were scanned for each position using 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging system. The peak‐to‐peak intracranial volume change, the peak‐to‐peak cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure gradient (PGp‐p), and the intracranial compliance index were calculated from the blood and CSF flow determined using a cine phase‐contrast technique. The brain volumetry was conducted using SPM12. The measurements were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test or a paired t‐test.

Results

No measurements changed in the –6° HDT. The PGp‐p and venous outflow of the internal jugular veins (IJVs) in the –12° HDT were significantly increased compared to the HS (P < 0.001 and P = 0.025, respectively). The cross‐sectional areas of the IJVs were significantly larger (P < 0.001), and the maximum, minimum, and mean blood flow velocity of the IJVs were significantly decreased (P = 0.003, < 0.001, and = 0.001, respectively) in the –12° HDT. The mean blood flow velocities of the internal carotid arteries were decreased (P = 0.023). Neither position affected the brain volume.

Conclusion

Pressure gradient and venous outflow were increased in accordance with the elevation of the intracranial pressure as an acute effect of the HDT. However, the CSF was not constantly shifted from the spinal canal to the cranium.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:565–571.