bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Detection and Structural Characterization of Oxo‐chromium(V)—Sugar Complexes by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Authors: Sala Luis F. , Gonzalez Juan C. , Garcia Silvia I. , Frascaroli Maria I. , Van Doorslaer Sabine
Published: March 2012

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Functionalized Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid Based Materials for CO2 Separations and Selective Blocking of Hazardous Chemical Vapors
Authors: Miller A. L. , Carlisle T. K. , LaFrate A. L. , Voss B. A. , Bara J. E. , Hudiono Y. C. , Wiesenauer B. R. , Gin D. L. , Noble R. D.
Published: March 2012

Review: 41 refs.
A new digital control method for a voltage source inverter to compensate for imbalance of output voltage
Authors: Wang Jian‐Min , Tseng Po‐Jung , Yen Shang‐Chin , Liu Pang‐Jung , Chiu Huang‐Jen
Published: March 2012

This paper provides a new signal compensation method for digital inverters, which is aimed at improving the voltage source inverter. Because of the non‐ideal characteristics of components of the inverter (e.g., metal oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor module), the output voltage is unequal at positive and negative half cycles. This will result in inductive load saturation, and the switches will be damaged. The method proposed in this paper utilizes a combination of pulse signal and reference signal for adjusting the height and the width of pulse signal, with small direct current offset compensated by the average voltage of the signal. This method can also be adopted in a built‐in, low‐resolution pulse width modulation digital controller, which has advantages such as automatic compensation of output voltage and low cost. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioanalytical method development, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity studies of paromomycin and paromomycin loaded in albumin microspheres
Authors: Khan Wahid , Sharma Shyam S. , Kumar Neeraj
Published: March 2012

Intracellular location of leishmania parasite in macrophages protects them from both hosts defence system as well as from antibiotics like paromomycin (PM) acting against them, thus there is a need of a formulation targeting intracellular parasites. Considering this, PM‐loaded albumin microspheres (PM‐MS) were prepared to target PM to macrophages where leishmania parasites resides and evaluated for their safety profile. A new bioanalytical method for quantitative determination of PM in rat plasma was developed by pre‐column derivatization with 9‐fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. The developed bioanalytical method was validated and applied for pharmacokinetic studies of PM administered by intramuscular and intravenous routes as well as for developed PM‐MS which were administered by intravenous route. Comparative acute and subacute toxicity studies were also carried out for these formulations. The developed method was found to be very sensitive with a quantification limit of 40 ng/ml. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated nearly 80% reduction in Cmax of PM when administered as PM‐MS, compared to other formulations at equivalent dose. Toxicity studies indicated increased level of blood urea and blood urea nitrogen in PM intramuscular injection at 90 mg/kg dose, whereas at the same dose level PM‐MS showed no symptoms of toxicity. Results obtained suggest that developed PM‐MS formulation is a promising alternative to the presently marketed PM intramuscular injection for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Imidazolidin‐4‐ones and Their Evaluation as Hydrolytically Cleavable Precursors for the Slow Release of Bioactive Volatile Carbonyl Derivatives
Authors: Trachsel Alain , Buchs Barbara , Godin Guillaume , Crochet Aurélien , Fromm Katharina M. , Herrmann Andreas
Published: March 2012

Imidazolidin‐4‐ones are suitable in practical applications as hydrolytically cleavable precursors for the controlled release of fragrant aldehydes and ketones. The corresponding profragrances were prepared by treating aliphatic carbonyl compounds with commercially available amino acid amines in the presence of a base to yield mixtures of diastereomers. The two diastereomers isolated from the reaction of glycinamide hydrochloride with (–)‐menthone were separated by column chromatography. The absolute stereochemistry of the isomers was determined by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by X‐ray single crystal structure analysis. Under acidic conditions and in protic solvents, the two diastereomers slowly isomerized without releasing the ketone. The hydrolysis of the precursors was investigated by solvent extraction from buffered aqueous solutions and a cationic surfactant emulsion, as well as by dynamic headspace analysis after deposition onto a cotton surface. Generally, ketones were shown to be more readily released than aldehydes. Increasing the size of the substituents at C‐5 decreased the rate of hydrolysis in solution and on the cotton surface. Glycinamide‐based imidazolidin‐4‐ones were more efficient than the corresponding oxazolidin‐4‐ones or oxazolidines. Neither the release rates in solution, nor the hydrophobicity of the precursor structure (which influences deposition), nor the combination of these two parameters allowed easily predicting the performance of the delivery systems in application.
Review of wetting and drying algorithms for numerical tidal flow models
Authors: Medeiros Stephen C. , Hagen Scott C.
Published: March 2012

A review of wetting and drying (WD) algorithms used by contemporary numerical models based on the shallow water equations is presented. The numerical models reviewed employ WD algorithms that fall into four general frameworks: (1) Specifying a thin film of fluid over the entire domain; (2) checking if an element or node is wet, dry or potentially one of the two, and subsequently adding or removing elements from the computational domain; (3) linearly extrapolating the fluid depth onto a dry element and its nodes from nearby wet elements and computing the velocities; and (4) allowing the water surface to extend below the topographic ground surface. This review presents the benefits and drawbacks in terms of accuracy, robustness, computational efficiency, and conservation properties. The WD algorithms also tend to be highly tailored to the numerical model they serve and therefore difficult to generalize. Furthermore, the lack of temporally and spatially defined validation data has hampered comparisons of the models in terms of their ability to simulate WD over real domains. A short discussion of this topic is included in the conclusion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DOES ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION REDUCE CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA IN RURAL INDIA?
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Vollmer Sebastian
Published: March 2012

Almost nine million children under 5 years of age die every year. Diarrhea is considered to be the second leading cause of under‐five mortality in developing countries. About one out of five deaths is caused by diarrhea. In this paper, we use the newly available data set District Level Household Survey 3 to quantify the impact of access to improved sanitation on diarrheal morbidity for children less than 5 years of age in India. Using propensity score matching, we find that access to improved sanitation reduces the risk of contracting diarrhea by 2.2 percentage points. There is considerable heterogeneity in the impacts of improved sanitation. We find statistically insignificant treatment effects for children in low or middle socioeconomic status households and for girls; however, boys and children in high socioeconomic status households experienced economically significant treatment effects. The magnitude of the treatment effect differs largely by hygiene behavior. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular characterization of Wilms' tumor from a resource‐constrained region of sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Murphy Andrew J. , Axt Jason R. , de Caestecker Christian , Pierce Janene , Correa Hernan , Seeley Erin H. , Caprioli Richard M. , Newton Mark W. , de Caestecker Mark P. , Lovvorn Harold N.
Published: March 2012

Sub‐Saharan African children have an increased incidence of Wilms' tumor (WT) and experience alarmingly poor outcomes. Although these outcomes are largely due to inadequate therapy, we hypothesized that WT from this region exhibits features of biological aggressiveness that may warrant broader implementation of high‐risk therapeutic protocols. We evaluated 15 Kenyan WT (KWT) for features of aggressive disease (blastemal predominance and Ki67/cellular proliferation) and treatment resistance (anaplasia and p53 immunopositivity). To explore the additional biological features of KWT, we determined the mutational status of the CTNNB1/β‐catenin and WT1 genes and performed immunostaining for markers of Wnt pathway activation (β‐catenin) and nephronic progenitor cell self‐renewal (WT1, CITED1 and SIX2). We characterized the proteome of KWT using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). The results were compared to histology‐ and age‐matched North American WT (NAWT) controls. For patients with KWT, blastemal predominance was noted in 53.3% and anaplasia in 13%. We detected increased loss to follow‐up (p = 0.028), disease relapse (p = 0.044), mortality (p = 0.001) and nuclear unrest (p = 0.001) in patients with KWT compared to controls. KWT and NAWT showed similar Ki67/cellular proliferation. We detected an increased proportion of epithelial nuclear β‐catenin in KWT (p = 0.013). All 15 KWT specimens were found to harbor wild‐type CTNNB1/β‐catenin, and one contained a WT1 nonsense mutation. WT1 was detected by immunostaining in 100% of KWT, CITED1 in 80% and SIX2 in 80%. IMS revealed a molecular signature unique to KWT that was distinct from NAWT. The African WT specimens appear to express markers of adverse clinical behavior and treatment resistance and may require alternative therapies or implementation of high‐risk treatment protocols.
Selective Excitation of Molecule‐Surface Vibrations in H2 and D2 Dissociatively Adsorbed on Ru(0001)
Authors: Füchsel Gernot , Tremblay Jean Christophe , Klamroth Tillmann , Saalfrank Peter
Published: March 2012

In this contribution we report about the selective vibrational excitation of H2 and D2 on Ru(0001) as an example for nonadiabatic coupling of an open quantum system to a dissipative environment. We investigate the possibility of achieving state‐selective vibrational excitations of H2 and D2 adsorbed on a Ru(0001) surface using picosecond infrared laser pulses. The systems’ behavior is explored using pulses that are rationally designed and others that are optimized using a time‐local variant of Optimal Control Theory. The effects of dissipation on the laser‐driven dynamics are studied using the reduced‐density matrix formalism. The non‐adiabatic couplings between adsorbate and surface are computed perturbatively, for which our recently introduced state‐resolved anharmonic rate model is used. It is shown that mode‐ and state‐selective excitation can be achieved in the absence of dissipation when using optimized laser pulses. The inclusion of dissipation in the model reduces the state selectivity and the population transfer yield to highly excited states. In this case, mode activation is most effectively realized by a rational pulse of carefully chosen duration rather than by a locally optimized pulse.
Modulation of gene expression using electrospun scaffolds with templated architecture
Authors: Karchin A. , Wang Y‐N. , Sanders J. E.
Published: March 2012

The fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds is a critical component to fulfill the promise of functional tissue‐engineered materials. We describe herein a simple technique, based on printed circuit board manufacturing, to produce novel templates for electrospinning scaffolds for tissue‐engineering applications. This technique facilitates fabrication of electrospun scaffolds with templated architecture, which we defined as a scaffold's bulk mechanical properties being driven by its fiber architecture. Electrospun scaffolds with templated architectures were characterized with regard to fiber alignment and mechanical properties. Fast Fourier transform analysis revealed a high degree of fiber alignment along the conducting traces of the templates. Mechanical testing showed that scaffolds demonstrated tunable mechanical properties as a function of templated architecture. Fibroblast‐seeded scaffolds were subjected to a peak strain of 3 or 10% at 0.5 Hz for 1 h. Exposing seeded scaffolds to the low strain magnitude (3%) significantly increased collagen I gene expression compared to the high strain magnitude (10%) in a scaffold architecture‐dependent manner. These experiments indicate that scaffolds with templated architectures can be produced, and modulation of gene expression is possible with templated architectures. This technology holds promise for the long‐term goal of creating tissue‐engineered replacements with the biomechanical and biochemical make‐up of native tissues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 2012.
Cellular attachment and osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on natural cuttlefish bone
Authors: Kim Beom‐Su , Kim Jin Seong , Sung Hark‐Mo , You Hyung‐Keun , Lee Jun
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to describe an approach that aims to provide fundamental information for the application of natural cuttlefish bone. Before applying cuttlefish bone as a bone defect filling material, we evaluated proliferation, adhesion, and cell viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured on cuttlefish bone. Cuttlefish bone was separated into two parts (dorsal shield and lamellar region) and each part was used. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed using the MTS assay and live/dead fluorescence staining method. The morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). hMSCs were stimulated with osteogenic medium and osteoblast differentiation was evaluated. The fluorescence images showed that the seeded cells grew well and that cell distribution was in accordance with the surface morphology of the cuttlefish bone. Compared with the dorsal shield, cells penetrated deeper into the three‐dimensional inner space of the lamellar part. Furthermore, under osteogenic differentiation conditions, alkaline phosphatase activity increased and the mRNA expression of ALP, runt‐related transcription factor 2, and collagen type I α1 was increased in hMSCs cultured on both the dorsal shield and lamellar block. These results indicate the potential of cuttlefish bone as an ideal scaffold for bone regenerative materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Novel protein pp3501 mediates the inhibitory effect of sodium butyrate on SH‐SY5Y cell proliferation
Authors: Wang Yajun , Ma Chao , Zhang Haitao , Wu Jun
Published: March 2012

Sodium butyrate, a new potential therapeutic drug, improves the efficacy of chemo‐ and immunotherapy of cancer under unknown mechanisms. A novel gene pp3501 is significantly induced in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells upon sodium butyrate treatment. Therefore, this study has cloned pp3501 cDNA by RT‐PCR and generated its recombinant fusion protein and anti‐serum subsequently. The pp3501 protein localized mainly in the nucleus, as detected by immunocytochemistry and the expression of pp3501‐EGFP fusion protein. pp3501 inhibited the proliferation of SH‐SY5Y cells, arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase, and sensitized the SH‐SY5Y cells to sodium butyrate treatment. These results provide a new mechanism of sodium butyrate inhibiting cancer cell proliferation as well as a new avenue for the future research on the functions of pp3501. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2696–2703, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The application of genomic and molecular data in the treatment of chronic cancer pain
Authors: Turabi Ali , Plunkett Anthony R.
Published: March 2012

Many cancer patients will develop complex pain syndromes requiring aggressive, innovative, and comprehensive multimodal pain management strategies. Recently, data from both animal studies and clinical trials have allowed clinical research to focus on creating applicable clinical treatment strategies. This article is a review of genomic and molecular data, which has contributed to creating novel modalities for use in clinical pain management of patients with cancer‐induced pain. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:494–501. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translational advances in pain and anesthesia for cancer patients
Authors: Maani Christopher V. , Shah Mohammad A. , Hansen Jacob J. , Fowler Marcie , Maani Elizabeth V. , McGhee Laura L.
Published: March 2012

Effective cancer pain management requires multidisciplinary approaches for multimodal analgesia. Although opioids have been the cornerstone, developments such as regional anesthesia and interventional pain techniques, complementary and alternative medicine, and new pharmaceuticals also have shown promise to relieve cancer pain. This overview of relevant clinical efforts and the modern day state of the science will afford a better understanding of pain mechanisms and multimodal approaches beneficial in optimizing analgesia for cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:488–493. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translational advances regarding hereditary breast cancer syndromes
Authors: Gage M. , Wattendorf D. , Henry L.R.
Published: March 2012

Approximately 5–10% of breast cancers may be inheritable, up to 90% of which are due to mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. A substantial minority are caused by non‐BRCA mutations, such as TP53, PTEN, STK11, CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, and PALB2 mutations. This review highlights translational research advances with regard to the development of probabilistic models for hereditary breast cancer syndromes, the identification of specific genetic mutations responsible for these syndromes, as well as their testing and interpretations. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:444–451. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extrapolation of discrete Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces
Authors: Bownik Marcin
Published: March 2012

We show an extrapolation formula for discrete Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces which extends a formula of Cwikel and Nilsson 14 to quasi‐Banach lattices. This is done in the general setting of anisotropic Triebel‐Lizorkin spaces associated with expansive dilations and doubling measures on \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\mathbb R^n}$\end{document} introduced by the author 4, 5. Our main result is new even in the standard dyadic setting.
Almost‐compact embeddings
Authors: Slavíková Lenka
Published: March 2012

We study almost‐compact embeddings between Banach function spaces. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition in terms of almost‐everywhere convergence. We also study the dependence of an almost‐compact embedding on the measure space. We introduce a certain product operator and show its intimate relation to an almost‐compact embedding. We also characterize general almost‐compact embeddings among Lorentz and Marcinkiewicz endpoint spaces.
Motor signs in the prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Maetzler Walter , Hausdorff Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2012

Relatively subtle deterioration of the motor system likely occurs well before the patient meets established motor criteria for a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease; ie, the occurrence of at least 2 of the cardinal motor deficits: bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and/or postural instability. Powerful compensatory mechanisms may mask these clinical symptoms and make them difficult to identify and evaluate in the earliest stages of the illness. This review summarizes our current knowledge of motor signs that are thought to occur in the prodromal phase of Parkinson's disease and suggests how motor assessment batteries could be designed to detect these subclinical motor deficits with a high degree of accuracy and sensitivity. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
The extended diep flap: Extending the possibilities for breast reconstruction with tissue from the lower abdomen
Authors: Shafighi Maziar , Constantinescu Mihai A. , Huemer Georg M. , Olariu Radu , Bonel Harald M. , Banic Andrej , Ramakrishnan Venkat
Published: March 2012

Background:

The classical DIEP‐flap is considered state‐of‐the‐art in microsurgical autologous breast reconstruction. Some patients may require additional volume to match the contralateral breast. This quality control study prospectively evaluates the feasibility and outcome of a surgical technique, which pursues the volumetric augmentation of the DIEP‐flap by harvesting of additional subscarpal fat tissue cranial to the classical flap border.

Patients and methods:

For radiologically based estimation of volumetric flap‐gain potential, abdominal CT‐scans of 10 Patients were randomly selected and used for computerized volumetric estimates. Surgical evaluation of the technique was prospectively performed between 09/2009 and 09/2010 in 10 patients undergoing breast reconstruction with extended DIEP‐flap at two institutions. The outcome regarding size, volume, and symmetry was evaluated.

Results:

Radiologically, the mean computed volume gain of an extended DIEP was 16.7%, when compared with the infraumbilical unilateral flap volume. Clinically, the intraoperatively measured mean volume gain was of 98.6 g (range: 75–121 g), representing 13.8% of the flap volume. All 10 flaps survived without revision surgery. In three flaps, minor fat necrosis occurred in zone III and was treated conservatively. No fat necrosis was observed in the extended flap area.

Conclusions:

In this first prospective series, the extended DIEP‐flap proved to be feasible, reliable and safe for its use in breast reconstruction. Both radiological estimation and intraoperative measurements demonstrated a statistically significant volume gain with no complications in the extended area. The technique is of benefit in selected patients requiring additional reconstructive volume than the one achieved with the classical DIEP‐flap.

Level of evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
Theoretical analysis of free carrier absorption in the cavity of a quantum cascade laser
Authors: Bogdanov Andrey , Suris Robert
Published: March 2012

In this work we analyze free carrier absorption (FCA) and polarization ratio (transversality degree) for eigenmodes of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) waveguide. We consider the dielectric function and conductivity of the waveguide core and cladding layers within the Drude–Lorentz approximation. We show that the entire spectrum of a QCL cavity consists of three kinds of eigenmodes: volume, surface, and Langmuir modes. We perform an analytical analysis and numerical calculations of FCA and polarization ratio for each type of the eigenmodes within a wide frequency range from the microwave up to the ultraviolet spectrum. We make a comparative analysis of FCA in the cladding layers and waveguide core. We specify frequency intervals where absorption in the core or in the cladding layers is dominant. Identification of the most favorable modes for lasing is carried out for each part of the spectrum. So, we identify that the main Langmuir mode is the most favorable mode for the lasing at the long‐wave edge of the terahertz (THz) region: (i) it has no frequency cutoff and can be excited at arbitrarily low frequency, (ii) it is nearly transversal that is very favorable for the QCL operation, and (iii) it is almost totally confined within the waveguide core. The model analyzed is directly related to one‐dimensional photonic crystals and metamaterials consisting of alternating anisotropic layers.
Optical investigations on single vertically coupled InP/GaInP quantum dot pairs
Authors: Kessler Christian A. , Reischle Matthias , Roßbach Robert , Koroknay Elisabeth , Jetter Michael , Schweizer Heinz , Michler Peter
Published: March 2012

Single vertically stacked pairs of InP quantum dots (QDs) with different interdot barrier width are investigated using microphotoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy and time‐resolved techniques. The results indicate unidirectional carrier tunneling to be the main coupling mechanism between the two layers containing QDs with intentionally different size. The coupling is changing from electron–hole tunneling to electron tunneling and finally vanishing tunneling with increasing barrier size.

magnified image

Two QDs of different size form an asymmetric QD molecule with different ground state energies of the composing single QDs. Carriers can tunnel from the small dot to the large dot depending on the interdot spacer thickness dsp.
Effects of Sinensetin on Lipid Metabolism in Mature 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Kang Seong‐Il , Shin Hye‐Sun , Ko Hee‐Chul , Kim Se‐Jae
Published: March 2012

Sinensetin is a rare polymethoxylated flavone found in certain citrus fruits. In this study, we investigated the effects of sinensetin on lipid metabolism in mature 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Sinensetin decreased the expression of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), suggesting its antiadipogeneic property via downreguation of SREBP1c. Also, sinensetin increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase A and hormone‐sensitive lipase, indicating its lipolytic property via a cAMP‐mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, sinensetin inhibited insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake by decreasing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate and Akt. Furthermore, sinensetin increased the phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase. It also upregulated mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1a, suggesting that sinensetin enhances fatty acid β‐oxidation through the AMPK pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that sinensetin may have potential as a natural agent for prevention/improvement of obesity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The forces of inertial oscillations
Authors: Early Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2012

By starting with a free particle and successively adding constraints, it is shown that the free motion of a particle constrained to the Earth's surface is inertial, despite statements in the literature to the contrary, and that an observer on this particle would not measure a force tangent to the Earth's surface. However, if the observer extended his measurements to include the direction normal to the Earth's surface then he would detect an oscillating force. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Interval Archetypes: A New Tool for Interval Data Analysis
Authors: D'Esposito Maria R. , Palumbo Francesco , Ragozini Giancarlo
Published: March 2012

Archetypal analysis aims at synthesizing single‐valued data sets through a few (not necessarily observed) points that are called archetypes, under the constraint that all points can be represented as a convex combination of the archetypes themselves and that the archetypes are a convex combination of the data. In this paper, we extend this methodology to the case of interval‐valued data, which represent a special case of set‐valued data, where the sets are compact and identified by ordered pairs of values. In addition, we propose to use interval archetypes as a tool in an analysis strategy to explore and mine complex data sets. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012
Armitage lecture 2010: Understanding treatment effects: the value of integrating longitudinal data and survival analysis
Authors: Aalen Odd O.
Published: March 2012

There is a single‐minded focus on events in survival analysis, and we often ignore longitudinal data that are collected together with the event data. This is due to a lack of methodology but also a result of the artificial distinction between survival and longitudinal data analyses. Understanding the dynamics of such processes is important but has been hampered by a lack of appreciation of the difference between confirmatory and exploratory causal inferences. The latter represents an attempt at elucidating mechanisms by applying mediation analysis to statistical data and will usually be of a more tentative character than a confirmatory analysis.

The concept of local independence and the associated graphs are useful. This is related to Granger causality, an important method from econometrics that is generally undervalued by statisticians. This causality concept is different from the counterfactual one since it lacks lacks the intervention aspect. The notion that one can intervene at will in naturally occurring processes, which seems to underly much of modern causal inference, is problematic when studying mediation and mechanisms.

It is natural to assume a stochastic process point of view when analyzing dynamic relationships. We present some examples to illustrate this.

It is not clear how survival analysis must be developed to handle the complex life‐history data that are increasingly being collected today. We give some suggestions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterning the primary root in Arabidopsis
Authors: Cederholm Heidi M. , Iyer‐Pascuzzi Anjali S. , Benfey Philip N.
Published: March 2012

The Arabidopsis root, with its ordered cell divisons and straightforward patterning, is a tractable model for understanding organ formation during plant development. Regular cell divisions in the root tip produce consistent cell type arrangements that can be followed through time. Root development occurs through the precise spatiotemporal control of transcription factors and phytohormone signaling networks. In this article, we provide a broad overview of the major events controlling embryonic and post‐embryonic development within each major tissue and cell type in the primary root of Arabidopsis. WIREs Dev Biol 2012 doi: 10.1002/wdev.49

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Community‐Based Prevention Support: Using the Interactive Systems Framework to Facilitate Grassroots Evidenced‐Based Substance Abuse Prevention
Authors: Firesheets E. Kelly , Francis Mary , Barnum Ann , Rolf Laura
Published: March 2012

The community plays an important role in the success of substance abuse prevention efforts. However, current funding structures and a focus on limited approaches to prevention delivery have created a large gap between what substance abuse prevention professionals practice and what the community at large knows about prevention. The concept of “community” has not always been well‐defined in the field of prevention, and there are few mechanisms to engage grassroots community members in evidence‐based substance abuse prevention. This article explains how Wandersman et al.'s (Am J Community Psychol 41:171–181, 2008) Interactive Systems Framework can be applied to grassroots prevention efforts. The authors describe a Community Prevention Support System that collaborates with the Professional Prevention Support System to promote the adoption of evidence‐based substance abuse prevention practices at the grassroots, community level.

Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
Spalthand-/Spaltfußfehlbildungen
Authors: Klopocki E.
Published: March 2012

Spalthand-/Spaltfußfehlbildungen (SHFM), auch Ektrodaktylie genannt, sind charakterisiert durch Fehlbildungen, die vor allem die medianen Strahlen der Hände/Füße betreffen und häufig mit einer Spaltbildung einhergehen. Basierend auf der Untersuchung von Mausmodellen wird derzeit ein Defekt der apikalen ektodermalen Randleiste als Pathomechanismus postuliert. Bisher wurden für SHFM sechs verschiedene Loci kartiert und sowohl Punktmutationen als auch genomische Rearrangements (Duplikationen, Translokationen, Deletionen) nachgewiesen. Die Ursache für SHFM bleibt in vielen Fällen dennoch ungeklärt. Mit Hilfe genomweiter Such-Methoden wie der Array-CGH konnten kürzlich Mikroduplikationen am Locus 17p13.3 als Ursache für Ektrodaktylie in Kombination mit Tibia-Reduktionsfehlbildungen identifiziert werden. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die genetischen Grundlagen, die Pathogenese sowie die Vererbung von SHFM und präsentiert ein Schema zum diagnostischen Vorgehen basierend auf der Häufigkeit der jeweiligen genetischen Ursache.
14‐3‐3 Interacts with LKB1 via recognizing phosphorylated threonine 336 residue and suppresses LKB1 kinase function
Authors: Bai Yu , Zhou Tao , Fu Haian , Sun Hanyan , Huang Bei
Published: March 2012

LKB1
and
14‐3‐3 zeta
colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction).
An autoregulatory feedback loop between Mdm2 and SHP that fine tunes Mdm2 and SHP stability
Authors: Yang Zhihong , Wang Li
Published: March 2012

p53
physically interacts with
SHP
by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Pore Formation in Solid
Authors: Wei P. S. , Hsiao S. Y. , Hsieh S. S.
Published: March 2012

The shapes of a growing or decaying bubble entrapped by a solidification front are predicted in this work. The bubble results from supersaturation of a dissolved gas in the liquid ahead of the solidification front. Pore formation and its shape in solid are one of the most critical factors affecting properties, microstructure, and stresses in materials. In this study, the bubble and pore shapes entrapped in solid can be described by a three-dimensional phase diagram, obtained from perturbation solutions of Young-Laplace equation governing the tiny bubble shape in the literature. The predicted growth and entrapment of a microbubble as a pore in solid are found to agree with experimental data. This work thus provides a realistic prediction of the general growth of the pore shape as a function of different working parameters.
Geometrical Stiffness of Thin-Walled I-Beam Element Based on Rigid-Beam Assemblage Concept
Authors: Yau J. D. , Kuo S.-R.
Published: March 2012

Using conventional virtual work method to derive geometric stiffness of a thin-walled beam element, researchers usually have to deal with nonlinear strains with high order terms and the induced moments caused by cross sectional stress results under rotations. To simplify the laborious procedure, this study decomposes an I-beam element into three narrow beam components in conjunction with geometrical hypothesis of rigid cross section. Then let us adopt Yanget al.'s simplified geometric stiffness matrix [kg]12×12of a rigid beam element as the basis of geometric stiffness of a narrow beam element. Finally, we can use rigid beam assemblage and stiffness transformation procedure to derivate the geometric stiffness matrix [kg]14×14of an I-beam element, in which two nodal warping deformations are included. From the derived [kg]14×14matrix, it can take into account the nature of various rotational moments, such as semi-tangential (ST) property for St. Venant torque and quasi-tangential (QT) property for both bending moment and warping torque. The applicability of the proposed [kg]14×14matrix to buckling problem and geometric nonlinear analysis of loaded I-shaped beam structures will be verified and compared with the results presented in existing literatures. Moreover, the post-buckling behavior of a centrally-load web-tapered I-beam with warping restraints will be investigated as well.
Application of Optimal Design on Twin Die Stacked Package by Reliability Indicator of Average SED Concept
Authors: Chen R.-S. , Huang C.-H. , Xie Y.-Z.
Published: March 2012

This paper deals with the optimal design for a twin die stacked package. Firstly, the numerical model is built up in terms of a three-dimensional slice model along the diagonal direction of the package. The material behavior of the solder balls is a consequence of the viscoplastic property which can be described by the Anand's model. Secondly, the Darveaux model is applied to predict the solder ball reliability of the stacked die package under a cyclic temperature loading. Since simulation analysis found an obvious relation is found between the fatigue life of the solder ball and the distribution of the accumulated strain energy density (SED) on the critical solder ball of the package through the simulation analysis, the average value of the strain energy density for all solder balls is adopted as the optimization indicator of reliability. With such a viewpoint, the critical solder ball position can be ignored, and accordingly an efficient analysis can be obtained. Finally, the Box-Behnken regression model is adopted to construct all the experiments. Each experiment analyzes the reliability of the package under varying parameters. Subsequently, the pattern search algorithm is applied to search for optimal factors.

Through optimal analysis with the fatigue reliability indicator of an average SED, the fatigue life is found to be 59% lower than that of the original design. The fatigue life had clearly improved and the lowest ball fatigue life is found to be 2.859 times longer than the original one.
Dynamic Analysis for Circular Inclusion Near Interfacial Crack Impacted by SH-Wave in Half Space
Authors: Qi H. , Yang J. , Shi Y. , Tian J. Y.
Published: March 2012

Complex method and Green's function method are used here to investigate the dynamic analysis for circular inclusion near interfacial crack impacted by SH-wave in bi-material half-space. Firstly, the displacement expression of the scattering wave was constructed which satisfied the free boundary conditions, then Green's function could be constructed, which was an essential solution to the displacement field for an elastic right-angle space with a circular inclusion impacted by out-plane harmonic line source loading at vertical surface. Secondly, crack was made out with “crack-division” technique. Meanwhile, the bi-material media was divided into two parts along the bi-material interface based on the idea of interface “conjunction”, and then the vertical surfaces of the two right-angle spaces were loaded with undetermined anti-plane forces in order to satisfy displacement continuity and stress continuity conditions at linking section. So a series of algebraic equations for determining the unknown forces could be set up through continuity conditions and the Green's function. Finally, some examples and results for dynamic stress concentration factor of the circular elastic inclusion were given. Numerical results show that they are influenced by interfacial crack, the incident wave number and the free boundary in some degree.
Application of Fast Multipole Method for Parallel Mufflers
Authors: Wu C.-H. , Wang C.-N.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the acoustic performance of parallel simple expansion mufflers by a new approach for an acceleration of computational time required. The fast multipole method separated the field points and source points into two terms by means of addition theorem. When the boundary is divided into uniform meshes, the integration of source element can be calculated fast. Therefore, the fast multipole method, when compared with the boundary element method, reduces CPU time from an order of N2 to NlogγN, where N is the number of unknowns and γ is a constant. The numerical results have been compared with experiments and analytical approaches based on pressure and velocity continuity, as well as the modal meshing approach; the results clearly show that the agreements are good.
Flow of a Second Grade Fluid over a Stretching Surface with Newtonian Heating
Authors: Hayat T. , Iqbal Z. , Mustafa M.
Published: March 2012

This article describes the boundary layer flow and heat transfer in a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet. Heat transfer analysis is carried out in the presence of a Newtonian heating. The partial differential systems have been transformed into the ordinary differential systems by appropriate relations. Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used for the solutions. Graphical and tabulated results are presented to see the significance of influential parameters on the velocity and temperature fields. It is seen that temperature profiles and heat transfer rate significantly increase by increasing the conjugate parameter (γ) for Newtonian heating.
A Series Solution for Wave Scattering by a Circular Island on a Shoal Based on the Mild-Slope Equation
Authors: Cheng Y.-M. , Chen C.-T. , Tu L.-F. , Lee J.-F.
Published: March 2012

A series solution based on the mild-slope equation is produced in this study of wave scattering produced by a circular cylindrical island mounted on an axi-symmetrical shoal. The solution is presumed to be a Fourier cosine expansion with variable coefficients in the radial direction on account of the symmetric scattering field, which translates the original 2-D boundary-value problem to a 1-D one in which an ordinary differential equation is in effect treated. Approximations to the coefficients of the governing equation with the Taylor expansions enable the use of the Frobenius method, and consequently the solution is obtained in a combined Fourier and power series. For verification, the present method is mainly compared with Zhu and Zhang's [1] analytical solution of the linearised shallow water equation for a conical shoal, and with a different analytical solution of the mild-slope equation developed by Liuet al.[2] for a paraboloidal shoal. Fine agreements are achieved. The present method is then used to investigate the variation pattern of the wave run-up when the shoal profile varies from conical to paraboloidal, and some interesting phenomena are observed.
An Experimental Study on the Effects of Nozzle and Surface Geometry in FC-72 Jet Cooling
Authors: Chien L.-H. , Wu T.-L.
Published: March 2012

In this study, a spray cooling device for electronic components was investigated. Dielectric fuid (FC-72) was sprayed at 50°C through five nozzles (4.243mm spacing). The nozzles are of diameters 0.17, 0.23 or 0.41mm. Volume flow rate varied from 24.5 to 99.1ml/min. Two grooved surfaces and a smooth surface were tested, and the heated area was 12 × 12mm2. The larger nozzles yielded greater heat transfer coefficients at high heat fluxes (300 ∼ 600kW/m2). However, smaller nozzles result in greater dry-out heat fluxes and greater heat transfer coefficients at heat flux < 300kW/m2. The C4 surface, having parallel grooves of 0.4mm depth, improved the spray cooling performance by up to 80% as compared with the smooth suface. Its thermal resistance is 0.11 ∼ 0.12K/W at 99.1ml/min flow rate, in the range of 85 ∼ 130W heat input. A new correlation of spray cooling, accounting for the contributions of nucleate boiling and spray convection, is proposed. For data of FC-72 in the range of Re = 856 ∼ 6188, Bo = 0.19 ∼ 5.70, We = 25.2 ∼ 3541.3, the predicted h-values agree with experimental data of the smooth surface within ±25%.
Entropy Generation Analysis for Microscale Forced Convection in Thermal Entrance Region
Authors: Vandadi V. , Vandadi A. , Niazmand H. , Aghanajafi C.
Published: March 2012

An analytical study on entropy generation considering viscous dissipation effect in the circular microchannel is reported. The fluid flow is steady, laminar, hydrodynamically fully developed and thermally developing. In the first law analysis, appropriate dimensionless variables are applied to solve the energy equation in the thermal entrance region of microchannel. Subsequently the obtained temperature field is used to derive an expression for entropy generation rate. The effect of Knudsen number and Brinkman number on the entropy generation rate and Bejan number in different axial location is presented.
The Duplicity of Paper: Counterfeit, Discretion, and Bureaucratic Authority in Early Colonial Madras
Authors: Raman Bhavani
Published: March 2012

Shifts in writing technology are usually taken to mark a shift from discretionary to rule-bound, impersonal forms of government. Equating writing technology with rules, however, obscures how counterfeiting, both alleged and real, and the exertion of official discretion can consolidate a government of writing. In his important study of Yemeni scribal culture,The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society, Brinkley Messick modifies Weberian models of domination by calling for the study of textual domination that intersects in diverse ways with other dimensions of authority. Messick relates the demise of the calligraphic state to the advent of legal codification and print technology. With the arrival of impersonal documents of government and a form of rational law, he argues, writing itself ceased to be the “non-arbitrary mark of the person” and the relationship between the sign and signified was no longer connected by an intermediary figure. Similarly, the notion that the innovations of disciplinary writing constituted a new assemblage of control exercised through the “unavoidable visibility of subjects” has been extremely productive in delineating the colonial career of modern infrastructural power. Following the work of Bernard Cohn, the colonial state's “investigative modalities” have been shown to be integral to colonial command and the production of an ever-accumulating corpus of reports. Statistical surveys, reports, and censuses in colonies did not create a uniform template of rule but did enable the operation of inherently selective, targeted, and differentially articulated projects of governance. These gains notwithstanding, the debates over colonial governance have remained limited to differing estimations of the state's successful mastery of information, and whether its taxonomies were collaboratively authored by intermediaries or imposed upon the colonized. We need to give more attention to the complex articulation of records and reports with the law under conditions of exogenous rule.
Imagining Boston: Haitian Immigrants and Place in Zadie Smith'sOn Beauty
Authors: JACKSON REGINE
Published: March 2012

This essay considers how place matters in Zadie Smith's most recent novel,On Beauty(2005). I focus on the ways the presence of Haitian immigrants in her fictional “Wellington” reflect an urge to make meaning out of social relations in the city that inspired the novel. I argue that even her most clichéd Haitian characters should not be read as casual insertions that merely introduce dramatic irony. More than any of the local details, Haitians authenticate Smith's imagined geography. They establish both the (historical) time and place (or context) of her novel and enableOn Beautyto illuminate important features of contemporary urban inequality, complex black diasporan relations, and the ironies of America's celebrated post-racial society. I conclude that – although many of her Haitian characters are stereotypical and her representation of Boston is partial – imaginative ethnographies such as Smith's challenge scholarly claims to privileged readings of the city.
Popular Sites of Prayer, Transoceanic Migration, and Cultural Diversity: Exploring the significance ofkeramatin Southeast Asia
Authors: MANDAL SUMIT K.
Published: March 2012

Keramatis the Malay word for the graves of notable figures which are popular sites of prayer and dot the social and physical landscapes of much of Muslim Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean region as a whole. The term refers to both people as well as their burial sites. Historically,keramatdrew people of different ethnic and religious backgrounds. While the venerated dead also came from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, histories, and faiths, they were usually Muslim and frequently Hadrami (from the Hadramaut region in Yemen). In this paper, I viewkeramatas a significant site of social and cultural diversity. The study ofkeramat, and the transoceanic movement of the people and faith to which it is linked, may shed further light on the cultural interaction that has historically characterized the region. At the same time, the permissibility of the veneration of graves constitutes a terrain that has long been contested by Muslim scholars. As a result, the fate of this popular practice may offer insights into the complex process of Islamization in the region which began around 700 years ago. I explore two questions in particular. First, in what ways dokeramatembody cultural diversity? Secondly, where dokeramatstand in relation to state- and organization-driven Islam?