bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETERMINING SHIP MANNING BY COMPUTER
Authors: NILSEN LLOYD
Published: March 2009

Ship manning requirements are a function of many parameters such as ship design, operating profile, maintenance policies, and fleet constraints. Up until 1962 there was no reliable method of calculating shipboard manning. Over the past several years, a method, better known as “The Ship Manning Document (SMD) Process”, has been established and accepted. However, this process, when performed manually, is time consuming and costly. Because of the time involved, calculating ship manning always lagged behind the ship design process. Utilizing the computer significantly decreased the manhours and time involved in the SMD process. It also made it possible to calculate manning concurrent with the design process, thereby increasing the potential of incorporating manpower saving features into the ship.

The computer program was developed to be sensitive and responsive to the ship design process. In addition, the program allows the manpower analyst the flexibility to exercise many parameters which previously were not available to him.
New Fuel for Naval Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: CARLTON G. A.
Published: March 2009

This paper discussed the introduction of a new fuel into the Navy, the impact of this new fuel on gas turbine engines and means being taken by the Navy to evaluate this impact. Test methods and techniques for synthesizing some of the fuel characteristics and a comparison of current U.S. Navy fuel oils are presented.

Over the past few years, there has been a rising interest in the U. S. Navy toward the use of a single distillate type fuel for use in boilers, diesel engines, and gas turbines. There are several reasons for such interest. The ones most commonly mentioned are the potential for decreased maintenance for boilers and the advantage at reducing the fuel storage and supply system by one fuel, thereby simplifying logistics. The supply system now supports two basic distillates JP‐5 and “Navy” diesel. The fuel used for boilers is Navy Special Fuel Oil (NSFO) which is approximately a 40–60 blend of distillate‐residual fuel. In going to a single distillate, there are many aspects to be carefully weighed in the cost, availability, and military areas. It is not our intent to go into these areas, but rather to discuss the change only in regard to its impact on the gas turbine engine. The one point with regard to economics we will mention is that the cheaper the distillate fuel we will be able to accomodate without increasing our maintenance in diesel and gas turbine engines, the more attractive it will be.
Requirement for Open Sea Oil Containment Barriers
Authors: BLOCKWICK THOMAS N.
Published: March 2009

Navy oil pollution control can be divided into open sea and protected water situations. The more rigorous open sea containment requirements are considered in this paper. Containment must be achieved before skimming, removal and other measures can be initiated. The aspects of oil containment considered are spills associated with such ship accidents such as collisions and groundings and the subsequent ship salvage operations in the open sea. The required barrier characteristics and the deployment and recovery thereof are treated.
Controlling the Effects of Radio Noise Pollution
Authors: ENGLES JAMES W.
Published: March 2009

The radio frequency spectrum is a limited resource; radio noise pollution, if not controlled, will restrict future progress. Procedures for controlling the electromagnetic environment require more information than is presently available. The major problem in measuring and controlling man‐made radio noise is lack of standardization of equipment and failure to measure the most useful parameters that describe the noise phenomena. Suggested approaches are discussed for improving naval communication systems operational effectiveness, protecting the Navy's investment in equipment and real estate and reducing operating costs. Pollution of the spectrum is a very complex problem that cannot be easily solved. A well‐coordinated national approach is required to minimize the undesirable effects of spectrum pollution.
Environmental Control at the Litton Advanced Marine Production Facility
Authors: RODY WALTER W.
Published: March 2009

“Factory chimneys belching black smoke once were hailed as signs of prosperity, of recovery from the Great Depression of the 1930's, of a future with two cars in every garage.

Today, with eighty million more cars, trucks, and busses than 40 years ago, we see smoking stacks and acrid exhaust fumes as poisoners of the air we breathe, as examples and symbols of man's befoulment of the only home he has. Full realization of this sober truth has come since Christmas‐time 1968, when—through the eyes of cameras of moon‐orbiting astronauts Frank Bormann, James Lovell, Jr., and William Anders—we first saw our earth as a planet, and saw ourselves, in the words of poet Archibald MacLeish, “As Riders on the Earth Together, Brothers on that Bright Loveliness in the Eternal Cold—Brothers Who Know Now They are Truly Brothers.” Though worldwide and enormous, the problems of pollution surely are solved by a human race capable of such a feat of science and technology as flight to another heavenly body—given the most precious ingredient of all: “Peace on Earth, Good‐Will Toward Men.”
Structural Materials in the Sea
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V.
Published: March 2009

The demand for oceanographic knowledge is increasing in direct proportion to the awareness of its vast political, economic, and military importance. However, to effectively utilize the oceans depths, the materials barrier must be overcome. The ocean can be considered a hostile environment to most of our engineering materials even at shallow depths. The effects of environmental changes in pressure, temperature, salinity, oxygen content, and animal life on materials as ocean depth increases still requires much study before it will be totally understood.
A New Approach To Safety For Shipboard Systems
Authors: COVICH PHILIP
Published: March 2009

The relatively new and broad area of system safety and the requirements for it in the development of shipboard systems is presented. Different analysis techniques such as Preliminary Hazards Analysis, Fault Hazard Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis are described and examples of their development are presented. The paper concludes with a brief summary of effort both current and future in which system safety techniques have been or are to be applied.
TITANIUM FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS
Authors: LITVIN DAVID A. , SMITH DAVID E.
Published: March 2009

Titanium, “the wonder metal of the future” is rapidly becoming the metal of the seventies. The high strength to weight ratio, the excellent corrosion resistance in many aggressive environments, and good elevated temperature properties have resulted in the widespread use of titanium and its alloys, particularly in the aerospace and chemical industries. Titanium has demonstrated its superiority in sea water environments, yet the marine industry has been slow to utilize titanium's benefits.

The intent of this paper is twofold—First to inform the marine industry on many advantages of titanium alloys for sea water use by describing properties and successful applications. Second, to show how susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of certain titanium alloys, which became evident several years ago, is now understood and controllable. Well documented research has substituted knowledge for doubt and fear.

Titanium and several titanium alloys are considered ready for use as engineering materials in the marine industry. Today, they are competitive with nickel base alloys in cost. Naval architects and design engineers may now use titanium in certain applications to provide superior performance over traditional marine materials.
THE OCEAN—AN ENGINEER'S CHALLENGE
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract

It has been said that the primary goal of the ocean engineer is to understand the nature of the ocean and to make use of this understanding through his engineering skill for the benefit of mankind. Perhaps these goals can be said to consist of the following pursuits:

The scientific study of the world ocean by gathering and analyzing data relating to the ocean, its lithospheric and atmospheric interfaces, and their interrelationships.

The development of basic technology for furthering man's extension into the ocean technologies, for example, relating to structures and materials, hydrodynamic shapes, life support systems and sensor phenomena.

Specific task accomplishments such as coring the ocean floor, recovering ocean minerals, extending man himself into the sea and countering corrosion.

Utilization of the ocean and its resources for purposes of desalinization, weather and climate forecasting, liquid storage, mineral extraction, recreational park development, aquaculture, advanced commercial fishery development, undersea warfare, and proper waste disposal.

In fact, there is very little that is done on the continents today, that we should not seek to do in the oceans in the future.
Determination Of Bottom Breakout For Deep Submergence Vehicle Safety
Authors: KRIEDT FRED
Published: March 2009

There has been only one known test to date which has produced accurate data on submersible craft overcoming bottom suction. This paper proposes a method for calculating breakout force, based on test data. A relative index is then presented as a means of comparing the breakout capability of various craft now in operation and as a guide to designers of submersible vehicles.
COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL
Authors: PIERSALL CDR. CHARLES H. , BORGSTROM ROBERT E.
Published: March 2009

The problem of sewage and waste disposal from U. S. Navy ships is recognized by the highest authorities in the Navy. Many activities and individuals are deeply involved in the total problem and its numerous subcategories. The problem of costs of disposal is one of these. This paper discusses four optional methods for the disposal of shipboard domestic wastes. The annualized investment and operating costs associated with the implementation of each of the options are presented. The model considers non‐nuclear, sea‐going surface ships with a manning level greater than 50 men. Estimates were developed on a per ship per class basis and aggregated for the total surface fleet. This approach permits the inevstigation of different combinations of the options by merely specifying the number and type of ships to be considered in any option. Changes in military effectiveness, which is at least an equally important problem as costing, were not addressed.
IN‐PLACE SYSTEMS FOR BETTER UTILIZATION OF PERSON POWER
Authors: GROSSON JOSEPH F.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses two in‐place techniques for more effective and efficient utilization of person power in Naval Material Command elements through the development of an organization keyed to traditional ILS (Integrated Logistics Support) Phases and the use of explicitly documented career developmental program based upon management reaction to individually prepared “professional aspirations” and “short range objectives.” One technique involves organization and the other involves management of the organizational resource.
EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRO‐HYDRAULIC RAPSON SLIDE STEERING GEAR
Authors: TAPLIN A.
Published: March 2009

Steering gear mechanical efficiency was measured in drydock for USS KNOX (DE 1052) and found to be 72%. The associated gage readings were later used in sea trials, with inconclusive results. Efficiency of 70% for electro‐hydraulic Rapson slide steering gear is now recommended, rather than the traditional values of 80% or 85%.
Test and Evaluation Statistical Planning, Execution, and Analysis
Authors: ORLEANS BEATRICE S. , HIGDON HILARY E.
Published: March 2009

The first part of the paper deals with the need for statistical planning of a test. The general approach to such planning, starting with the dialogue between the subject matter (Test Director) and the Statistician before any data are collected, is discussed. Various specific principles which are inherent in such test planning are defined and explained, and the type of analyses inherent in various plans are discussed.

The second half of the paper provides the details on specific test plans which have been used for actual technical evaluations. The application of statistical designs in three separate tests are described, explaining the reasons for the specific designs, including a discussion of the analysis, if a completed test, or the proposed analysis. These three evaluations are Underwater Communication Equipment; Swimmer Hand‐Held Sonar Equipment; and the Submarine Acoustic Warfare System (SAWS). The particular designs used in the foregoing tests which are discussed are Randomized Blocks and Sequential Testing.
New Ship Automation
Authors: DOR JAY J. , LIDIAK JOSEPH E.
Published: March 2009

This paper examines the principal monitoring and control requirements of machinery and other nonelectronic systems on new Navy ships. Measurable parameters and control functions are defined. An automated system design concept is developed. Principal hardware and software modules are identified. The advantages of centralized automatic control and monitoring of ship's engineering systems are demonstrated in terms of reduced manpower, ease of operation, ease of maintenance, greater equipment safety, and improved system efficiencies and performance.

The advantages of standardized and centralized ship's automation are profound. Computer facilities store and process all of the critical checks on ship's service and performance. Checks and balances are provided to insure that operating procedures are conducted rapidly, accurately, and without errors of omission or commission. Computer control counteracts the tendency for skill requirements to increase as a function of equipment complexity. It extends operating scope and efficiency of the skilled technician. It minimizes the need for meters and other manual instrumentation. It provides consistent performance independent of individual operator skills. It facilitates a maintenance schedule based on condition rather than time, hence, is more effective and reliable. It enables one system to support a whole class of tactical equipment with expandability to adapt to future needs.
A Systems Approach to Shipboard HF Communications
Authors: SELINGER ALAN B.
Published: March 2009

The subject of this paper deals with High Frequency Shipboard communications, past, present and future. An in‐depth analysis is provided which serves to isolate the performance limitations of electrical noise, inter‐modulation distortion, harmonic distortions and to break the corruption down to its component contributions. Solutions for resolutions of each of the contributing factors is offered in an intergrated fashion resulting in a preferred system which combines the best available attributes of existing equipment with that which is presently under development.

The system is examined as to flexibility and applicability to various ship sizes and missions. The examination delves into the sets of combinations of transmitters, receivers, multicouplers, antennas and antenna diplexing schemes which yield optimal results.

An in‐depth look at the total High Frequency communications effort aboard ship is analyzed from the standpoint of system implementation, hardware interpretation, and human utilization. Cost and technical “trade‐offs” are examined as to impact on the ship as a combat system, from the standpoint of surviveability and acquisition versus life‐cycle costing.

The Fleet needs of the future are analyzed with concentration on higher density and closer spaced communications channels commensurate with the larger more agile needs that are projected. The strike capability of tomorrow's Navy cannot be limited by communications but rather the communications system must be an integrated portion and as advanced and flexible as the rest of the weapons systems.

The objective is to finally achieve a communications system which is adequate for both long and short range. A desirable, however, not presently achieved goal is a higher radiated power, higher receive sensitivity system. This must all ***e accomplished with minimal frequency management for the larger, more complex systems and done at competitive cost and higher statistical reliability.
Marginal Cost—A Tool in Designing to Cost
Authors: SEJD JAMES J.
Published: March 2009

The concept of marginal cost, i.e., the cost of one additional unit at some specified level, can be applied to naval ship design with considerable benefit. Weight, space, electric power and manning are commodities by which most subsystems and equipments influence ship size and cost. By developing marginal cost factors about a base‐line design for these commodities, it is possible to estimate the shipboard cost influence of a wide variety of subsystems without the necessity of a specific design studies. Answers can be provided in minutes rather than days or weeks. Additionally, marginal cost factors provide the naval architect with a new insight into his design, a guide for trading between commodities, and a means of quickly assessing his capability to reach a target cost.

This paper shows the development of marginal cost factors for a Destroyer Escort of about 3,500 tons full load displacement. Potential problem areas are discussed and an example of marginal cost application is offered.
THE RATIONALE OF MODEL‐BASED SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR COMBATANT CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Authors: ECKHART MYRON
Published: March 2009

Ship design directions are towards closure of net design objectives in surface warships on direct measures of combatant capabilities. Simulation techniques are employed to model design conditions encompassing the dynamics of the ship system including its human action network; of the system environment; and of threat stresses. Capability objectives can then be evaluated in traceable relationships to working level design parameters of the mechanical system (“ship”), hardware, and software, as modified by system‐level variables. This paper describes the technical rationale which underlies the initial development of the prerequisite methodology in application to a surface warship taken from the waterline up. This application is dominated by the large class of system dynamics known as EM effects. Hence, the relationship of the general case to the particular area known as EM Effectiveness is considered.
COMBATANT CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT‐STATUS IN THE SHIP DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: PROUT FRANCES M. , BAKER ROBERT C. , DeMATTIA HENRY J.
Published: March 2009

A recent research and development application was undertaken by NAVSHIPS and NAVSEC to address ship combatant capability while keeping pace with a typical ship design schedule during contract design. The Combatant Capability Assessment Program consisted of executing a comprehensive systems engineering effort to arrive at ship capability measures while providing traceability to subsystems and equipment design level parameters. This initial effort, while limited specifically to the ship AAW capability, resulted in the development of capability diagrams which are portrayals of a warship's capability in terms of responsiveness, capacity, and accuracy traceable to critical ship design variables. The application of this engineering approach in ship design will lead to the orientation of the ship design process toward closing the design gap between shipbuilders specification and the performance oriented dialog for ship acquisition.
ESSENTIAL MANNING—ITS IMPACT ON DESTROYER DESIGN, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Authors: FULTON W. LAWRENCE
Published: March 2009

The “Essential Manning Concept” examines the potential for a dramatic reduction in manning aboard the 1980 generation of destroyers.

This concept considers the transfer of technology from a variety of fields and addresses innovations in design, operation, and maintenance of these future escorts. It investigates, within a broad framework, the feasibility of significant changes which can simultaneously reduce manning and improve military capability.
THE NAVAL SPECIAL WARFARE CRAFT PROGRAM
Authors: SCHARF STEVEN S.
Published: March 2009

The growing worldwide presence of military small craft has revitalized U.S. Navy interest in combatant craft development. The Naval Special Warfare Craft Program was conceived to establish a capability to design advanced small craft, confident that they will effectively perform military missions for the 1980 time frame. Four generic craft types have been defined; Coastal Patrol Interdiction Craft (CPIC), Coastal Patrol Craft (CPC), Shallow Water Attack, Medium (SWAM), and Shallow Water Attack, Light (SWAL). Developmental Craft will be designed and built and evaluated which address the mission requirements of the latter three generic craft, the first craft, CPIC, having already been built. Program philosophy and approach are discussed and program history reviewed.
LAND BASED TEST SITE: A TOOL FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND TEST
Authors: UNDERWOOD F. S. , AUERBACH P. B.
Published: March 2009

A Land Based Test Site has been constructed for the Guided Missile Frigate (FFG 7 Class—formerly Patrol Frigate (PF 109 Class)) Combat System consisting of physical mock‐ups of all the Combat System spaces as designed for the Lead Ship. Live equipment has been installed in these compartments so that the Combat System is fully operational in all of its major modes. The Lead Ship computer programs have been developed and proven in this replica. Since some Combat System equipments are too large or too costly to be installed at the Land Based Test Site (LBTS), they have been simulated to provide the correct inputs and responses. Special instrumentation to allow measurement of Combat System operational parameters and man‐machine interfaces has also been installed.

The LBTS has been used to refine the ship's design in the Combat System spaces. Many problems have been uncovered and resolved early in the ship design process. Correction of these problems during ship's construction would be very costly. The Combat System has been fully integrated so that all of the separate elements are working as an entity. The system has been subjected to a thorough Initial Test and Evaluation process.

The Land Based Test Site will be used for documentation proofing, so that technical manuals and data to be used by the Navy are verified and validated. The facility will also provide an interim training center until appropriate facilities can be constructed.

The most important future use of the LBTS will be for problem solving and support of mandatory design changes for the FFG 7 Class Program.
MACHINE‐AIDED MESSAGE PROCESSING
Authors: WILCOX ALFRED W.
Published: March 2009

This paper gives a very brief and simplified description of the Naval Telecommunications System pursuant to explaining the need for machine‐aided message processing. It sketches the history of machine‐aided message processing systems, and it describes the present state‐of‐the‐art in machine‐aided processing. It also gives some insight into the future of this technology, insofar as the Navy sees it, at least; and finally, it touches on a few problem areas.
INTRODUCTION OF ADVANCED CONCEPTS INTO EXISTING SHIPS—DE 1052 ESCORT DESTROYER ENGINEERING PLANT MODIFICATION
Authors: DACHOS JOHN , OGDEN EDWARD G. , WARD LUTHER B.
Published: March 2009

The present Department of Defense philosophy of “Fly before Buy” is an accepted and effective method of testing new aircraft and ship weapon systems before committing much larger funds for production models. The same method is also applicable for modernization of our present Fleet. Systems and equipment that are now available can increase our existing Fleet's readiness and operational effectiveness. Those that are cost effective should also be fully tested “at‐sea” in order that proper decisions and design changes may be made prior to committing extensive resources. This paper describes a program for modifying a DE 1052 machinery plant control configuration with the purpose of reducing the number of required watch‐standers and improving the overall command and control capabilities of the ship. The added equipment, controls and redesign of the control station is only one aspect of the modification. In order to insure better utilization of personnel, the Authors propose a method by which the engineering department may be reorganized to be more responsive to operational and maintenance demands, An economic analysis is presented together with both the tangible and intangible benefits to be expected from the implementation of the proposed DE‐1052 modification program.
INNOVATIONS FOR EXTERNAL SUPPORT FOR MAINTENANCE OF NAVAL COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
Authors: BRUNETTI DOMINIC G.
Published: March 2009

On a world‐wide basis, the Navy is in the process of developing and installing shore‐based command and control (C2) systems at twenty‐three (23) operational sites, extending from the Western Mediterranean to the Far East. The C2 systems are being developed and deployed on a functional basis under three (3) major programs representing Ocean Surveillance, Antisubmarine Warfare, and a Command Information Display system which will be installed at major sites.

Specifically, the programs are: 1) Antisubmarine Warfare Center Command and Control System, 2) Ocean Surveillance Information System, and 3) Fleet Command Support Center.

Following development it is planned that these functional systems will be brought together under a single integrated system characterized as the Integrated Command System.

The World‐Wide Military Command and Control System, under the auspices of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, will furnish large computer facilities at central sites which, with the proper communications links and interfaces, will provide access to large data bases.

Shore‐based command and control systems are comprised primarily of computer hardware and software, communication networks, information display equipment, and various supporting links and interfaces. A composite of each of the larger sites will represent a wide variety of hardware procured from many different manufacturers, and software developed by Navy “in‐house” agencies, as well as contractors.

Multiple sources of hardware and software, combined with a wide geographical disposition of C2 systems, imposes a requirement for centralized planning and control of support activities. This paper addresses the concept of total system support through the elements of Configuration Management, Data Management and Support encompassing hardware and software maintenance, plus the other aspects of Integrated Logistics Support (ILS). A methodology for accomplishment of total system support is the primary thrust of this presentation.
A “PLUSS” FOR DEEP OCEAN SEARCH
Authors: NICKELSBURG MICHAEL , BECKLEY STEPHEN A.
Published: March 2009

The design development of an unmanned, tethered search system to complement the search and recovery capabilities of the present USS POINT LOMA (AGDS‐2)/TRIESTE II combination is presented. A low cost, flexible system with minimal impact on the POINT LOMA was developed based on a mission scenario postulated from previous successful search missions and a subjective evaluation of the sensors required.
DESIGN WORK STUDY—A U.S. NAVY METHOD FOR RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION IN SHIP DESIGN
Authors: GAMBREL WILLIAM DAVID
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the professional discipline of Design Work Study (DWS) and its application to United States Naval Ship Design. Representative DWS applications and achievements in optimizing manpower and material resources will be enumerated.

Perhaps the most crucial problem that government has always had in the past, presently has, and probably always will have, is that of establishing a balance between national needs and national resources. Today, the situation is becoming exceedingly more severe due to continual reductions being made in government spending. Government managers, therefore, have a more salient responsibility than ever before to see that public funds entrusted to their care are utilized optimally, and not wasted.

Design Work Study (DWS) is an Industrial Engineering process which offers Ship Design Managers a unique discipline to optimize the use of their most important resources: men, money, and material.

Since the early 1960s, DWS has been utilized on many new ship construction projects. This paper assesses some typical applications and illustrates the results, achievements and benefits of each. In particular, it discusses how DWS is utilized during eight major phases of a ship's life cycle, from “Requirements Determination” to “Ship Disposal”. The major DWS products for the various phases of a ship's life‐cycle are identified.
Marine Pollution Control: Part I — The Ship Design Requirements
Authors: LEHR WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2009

With the advent of new pollution control laws, both national and international, the designer of commercial ships is faced with an ever increasing problem—how to meet these requirements at minimum cost to the customer. The ship designer must consider three sets of information to solve the problem properly. First, he must have a clear understanding of the various design standards and operating regulations. Next, he must understand the current state‐of‐the‐art and its potential to meet the various pollution prevention regulations. Finally, the designer must select the best combination of equipment and or structural design to provide the least cost solution for meeting the antipollution regulations.
ASBESTOS—A CASE STUDY OF THE U. S. NAVY'S RESPONSE TO UPGRADED SAFETY AND HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
Authors: WINER ALLEN , HOLTGREN WALLIN D.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Navy is becoming increasingly involved with more rigorous national safety and health requirements. The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established low tolerance limits for airborne asbestos particles. The Navy's response to this restriction is reflected by the decrease in exposure of personnel to this hazard. Control has been accomplished by various means, such as wet processes, ventilation, vacuuming, use of respirators and proper procedures, as well as through training, education, and modernization. Most recently, exposure is being further decreased by prohibiting the use of asbestos containing materials where suitable substitutes have been designated and by revising applicable documentation. Asbestos exposure conditions will, however, be present in the Navy for the next 20 to 30 years due to the need for periodic “rip‐out” of existing asbestos installations, for maintenance and repair purposes, and for those asbestos installations for which substitutes are not yet available. The Navy's near‐term objective will be to develop improved procedures during “rip‐out” operations, to provide even greater protection to personnel working with asbestos, and to identify remaining asbestos end items that must be replaced. TABLES 2 and 3 of this paper list the asbestos‐free end items now specified for thermal insulation systems.
PROTECTION OF OFFSHORE ENERGY ASSETS
Authors: DENTON ROBERT W.
Published: March 2009

The energy crisis has sparred demands for rapid development of continental United States offshore petroleum assets. These assets could account for over 20 percent of U.S. energy requirements by 1985. Offshore assets can be destroyed, as well as major industrial development and expansion programs halted, with simple and inexpensive sabotage techniques. Adequate detection, defense, and related damage control systems against such illegal assaults are not presently in use on offshore assets. A proposed solution is presented.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR AIRBORNE NOISE CONTROL IN SURFACE SHIPS
Authors: LEWIS DAVID P. , NELSON DANIEL L.
Published: March 2009

This paper familiarizes the reader with the basic concepts of airborne noise control and demonstrates their application during ship design and construction to produce airborne noise acceptable ships. The limitations of bulkhead treatments are demonstrated to emphasize the necessity of quieting shipboard machinery if the OSHA/BUMED deafness avoidance criteria are to be achieved in machinery spaces. Two current programs to backfit machinery noise treatments into modern combatant U.S. Navy ships are discussed. The expected results are presented to support the contention that shipboard machinery spaces can be quieted, at reasonable cost, to within the OSHA/BUMED limits.
AN APPROACH TO THE SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVE SHIP CONFIGURATIONS TO MEET ESTABLISHED NAVY MISSIONS
Authors: ALBEE THOMAS L.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a technique for selecting and implementing a mix of Research and Development (R&D) projects to develop surface ships with operational capabilities to meet the Navy's needs near the torn of the century.

This technique permits a unified approach by both the technical and operational communities. Technical and threat projections, operational capabilities, and costs are evaluated in relation to the projected ship mission requirements in a manner which provides logical and objective selection of subsystems to be developed with due regard to their military worth. The end product of the evaluation defines total ship system alternatives which meet the projected mission requirements. The use of this evaluation technique is illustrated by a simplified application to a hypothetical surface warfare requirement.

Successful completion of R&D projects is vital for achievement of needed operational capabilities. The approach monitors the progress of individual projects throughout the typical seven to eight year R&D cycle and highlights potential technology delays. Thus, the intent is that alternative total ship systems be available to provide the required operational capability at the time ship concept development is scheduled to begin.
THE SEA PHOENIX—A WARSHIP DESIGN STUDY
Authors: TARPGAARD PETER T.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes an exploratory design study for a modern general purpose combatant of destroyer size. The study was conducted in two principal segments by separate but interacting groups under the direction of the Author who was the Project Officer. One segment consisted of the ship system design study, and the other focused on the combat system configuration. Featured in the combat system is a long‐range, multiple target anti‐air capability developed from a modified version of the AWG‐9/Phoenix Weapon System (the weapon system used in the F‐14 aircraft).

The ship and combat system configurations resulting from the studies are described including the modifications to the AWG‐9 to adapt the system for a surface ship environment and to adapt it for surface launch. A modular, integrated ship and combat system control center concept is described which results in very low manning requirements. A concept for modular combat system integration by function (as opposed to total combat system integration) is discussed.
OILY WASTES HANDLING AND DISPOSAL—U. S. NAVY.
Authors: FERRARO JOHN M. , FRUH STEVEN M. , GARABRANT ARTHUR R. , NADEAU PAUL M. , THOMAS RICHARD V.
Published: March 2009

The Navy has initiated a pollution abatement and control program in response to a Presidential Executive Order under which federal agencies are to provide national leadership in protecting our environment. One area being addressed is the handling ashore of oily wastes from both ships and shore facilities.

This paper describes the development of abatement and control programs for seventeen Naval Facilities on U.S. and foreign soils. Those investigated included Naval Stations, Submarine Bases, Shipyards, Air Stations, Air Rework Facilities, Fuel Depots, and Public Works Centers.

The first step taken in developing a waste management program for a given facility was a plan to minimize, through procedural changes, the volumes of wastes actually generated. The means were determined for each Facility to reclaim, destroy, or otherwise dispose of wastes by effective, efficient, manageable and legal methods. This involved changes in operational procedures, construction of new facilities, modifications to existing facilities, or disposal by a contractor. All phases of waste management were considered including codection, transportation, treatment, and recycle or disposal. Cost‐effectiveness was an important criterion in the choice among alternatives. Recommendations were prepared consistent with the guidelines and spirit of the Environmental Protection Agency and state and municipal authorities. For overseas bases, the appropriate local groups were consulted, and special local economic and taxation factors were also considered.
PNEUMATICS — AN ANALYSIS FOR AUXILIARY POWER USE
Authors: ABBOTT J.W. , ATCHISON CM.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a description of a pneumatic system as an alternative to electric power for driving auxiliary pumps. An analysis is made which compares the supply and demand of such a system aboard a gas turbine propelled destroyer. Sources of air supply are evaluated and compared with pumping power demands. The suitability/payoff/penalty associated with separate (motor driven) compressor, engine driven compressor, and simple engine bleed are evaluated. A source of air is chosen and then used in a total ship “trade‐off” between pneumatic and electric sea water pumps.

A second analysis is presented along similar lines which compares pneumatics with 60Hz and 400Hz power alternatives on a Surface Effect Ship. Comparisons are made in weight reduction of alternative design options.

Finally, a discussion is presented regarding the suitability of the “pneumatic concept” as it pertains to Navy shipboard use. Conclusions are reached which indicate where the concept has its most attractive application.
STANDARD ELECTRONIC MODULE RADAR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: PAGE ARCHER G.
Published: March 2009

The Naval Electronics Laboratory Center, San Diego, California has developed a family of surface search radars that are constructed from the NAVY Standard Electronic Modules (SEM). The family consists of two basic radar sets, high power and low power, having various options that replace 29 different designs presently being used. The high power set has two transmitter options; a 130 kW X‐band and a 170 kW C‐band. The lower power set is a 10 kW X‐band radar that has two packaging options; one where minimum size is of prime concern, and the second in which a larger cabinet will allow additional signal processing and improved internal maintenance capability.

The prime objective was to achieve at least a 2 for 1 improvement in the life‐cycle costs while maintaining or improving existing operational performance. This objective has been demonstrated by the development of a group of eleven building blocks that utilize the NAVY Standard Electronic Modules. These can be selected individually to build up any of five or more different configurations. These radar sets exhibit approximately 85% commonality of components.

One of the unique features of these radars is the “built‐in‐test‐equipment” that automatically detects a failure and directs the repair personnel to the source of the failure.

This design was of sufficient interest to the U.S. AIR FORCE that two programs have been initiated to utilize the same standard electronic modules. One is an airborne weather‐beacon radar to replace the present APN/59 systems, and the other is a portable tactical weather radar for ground base temporary operations. These programs are of great interest as a step toward the start of a multi‐service program in achieving commonality of electronic systems.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MERCHANT MARINE ACT OF 1936 ON. DEFENSE SHIPPING CAPABILITY—THE LAST 25 YEARS
Authors: KISS RONALD K.
Published: March 2009

This paper first provides a brief overview of the history of the American Merchant Marine as an introduction to the Merchant Marine Act of 1936. Those sections of the Act which have been deemed to be major factors in the availability of shipping capability are discussed in summary form to provide the reader with a basic understanding of construction and operating differential subsidies, mortgage guarantees, and tax exempt capital construction funds. The implementation of these provisions is then discussed, beginning with the MARINER Building Program and followed by the Cargo Ship Replacement Program and the Bulk Carrier Construction Program. The recent history of the Act is then traced to present an indication of the numerical impact of certain programs.

The present status of the U.S. Merchant Fleet, with respect to its share of U.S. foreign trade, is finally discussed as one indicator of the level of defense shipping capacity now available.
WIREFREE COMMUNICA TIONS FOR SHIPBOARD DAMAGE CONTROL
Authors: BAKER F. EDWARD , RUBIS C. JOSEPH
Published: March 2009

In the December 1974 issue of the NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL, the concept was presented that a slotted coaxial cable could function as a continuous antenna when used with low power portable transceivers for interior shipboard wirefree communication. This paper reviews some of the system engineering design parameters and constraints together with the results of communications tests aboard a Navy Frigate.
USE OF SIMULATORS IN SHIP SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION
Authors: MACLEAN W.M. , HUTCHISON T.C. , CARVER LEON
Published: March 2009

Recent technical developments have permitted economical and practical simulation of ship systems. Operational bridge and power plant simulators are now being used for engineering research to design better, more reliable ship systems, to develop improved operating methods and procedures, and for crew training. Simulation of developing instrumentation, controls, personnel accommodations, and operational methods and procedures (and their optimization for intended uses) allows a designer to make adjustments before a construction commitment when the design development costs of a change are still reasonable. Simulation techniques are also useful in the consistent assessment of existing ship modification proposals where changing economic or operational circumstances require reliable evaluation of alternatives. Through such uses, a new generation of ships can reflect much earlier, the improvements which will make them more productive, efficient, and profitable. In addition, through the use of simulation techniques, crews can be trained to operate the advanced ships prior to actual ship availability, thereby minimizing casualty possibilities. This paper examines the ability of simulators to represent critical operational problems and how these capabilities can apply to the design and operation of new and existing ships; to the investigation of expected problems of the intended service; and to the training of ship's crews.
REMOTE VESSEL MONITORING
Authors: DEKNIGHT EDWARD W.
Published: March 2009

A magnetic detector is placed at the edge of a ship channel and connected to a shore based transmitting station with a waterproof cable. The detector senses the change created in the earth's magnetic field by the presence of a ship and triggers an RF transmitter, thereby sending a message to a nearby Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Center. The message is received, decoded, displayed, and recorded at the Center. Transmitting stations are located atop Navigation Aid Towers along the channel to be monitored. The message contains the number of the Aid the detector is adjacent to, and this number is printed out automatically along with the time of receipt. At the same time lights located on the plotting table are displayed for 20 seconds by each activation. By measuring distance between two detectors and utilizing the printed time of receipt, a vessel's speed can be easily calculated.
EXPERIMENTAL NA VAL ARCHITECTURE AT THE U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY
Authors: COMPTON ROGER H.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the background of the Naval Academy curriculum leading up to the educational program now provided; describe; the experimental naval architecture curriculum now available to the Midshipman; provides the goals established for experimental naval architecture; gives an account of the updating, reconfiguring, and recommissioning of the facilities in Rickover Hall that now support experimental naval architecture; and concludes with information regarding the future plans for new tests.
OVER—THE—HORIZON (OTH) TARGETING
Authors: RIMER JOHN PATTON
Published: March 2009

Targeting is a major branch of the art and science of naval warfare. Space, air, surface, submerged, and fixed sensors may be used. Each has various advantages and disadvantages. The environment Impacts all sensors. Rules of engagement vary widely, and those prescribed for a particular situation have a profound effect on what are technically acceptable ways of targeting. There is no single way to target, but a variety of ways. Targeting surface ships beyond the visible horizon from the firing ship is discussed. Environmental factors and characteristics of various assets are reviewed, with special attention to environmental impact on radar performance. Search, approach, and attack phases are discussed, and some suggestions and questions for Operator, Acquisition Manager, and Development Planner are given.
NUCLEAR BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL (NBC) WARFARE PROTECTION IN THE GERMAN NAVY
Authors: HAUPT EYLERT
Published: March 2009

A conceivable alternative for nuclear warfare at tea might be the use of biological and chemical agents. The paper discusses the increasing threat and a means developed in the Federal German Navy for possibly countering the threat known as the DSK Protection System which combines the decontaminated air system and the air—conditioning system into a single unit. The system is briefly and pictorially described and its cost effectiveness indicated.
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION ANAL YSIS FOR SHIPBOARD ANTENNA SYSTEMS
Authors: ROCKWAY J.W. , DU BRUL DOUGLAS W.
Published: March 2009

Discussion covers the use of brass scale ship modeling and numerical modeling as Instruments for predicting the performance potential of shipboard antennas operating in the 2 to 30 Megahertz Band. Present—day capabilities and limitations of each are reviewed, and the results of a recent comparison study are presented in which both methodologies were applied to the same ship design analysis problem.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF EXTREME—VALUE AND NON—PARAMETRIC STATISTICS TO NAVAL ENGINEERING
Authors: CAMPBELL LEWIS M.
Published: March 2009

Many opportunities exist for the application of Extreme—Value and Non—Parametric Statistics in Naval Engineering. A brief introduction to each is given, and examples of the applications of these methods to the measurement of ballistic dispersion and also to Industrial quality control are presented. The discovery that the probability distribution of the Extreme Spread in exterior ballistic dispersion is of the Gumbel Type II, or Logarithmic Extreme—Value Type, Is reported. A graph is presented to facilitate the determination of the sample size required for a desired measurement confidence at a single tolerance limit, and a TABLE is given for specific application to ballistic dispersion measurements. Some examples from practice are cited to support the use of the TABLE.
SHIP ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DEGRADATION
Authors: GARTLEY CLYDE E.
Published: March 2009

This paper emphasizes the necessity for the various technical disciplines within the Naval Shipbuilding Community to appreciate, or at least be aware of, how the non–Electronic Community's decisions influence the performance of electronic systems. Many times during the design process the superstructure requires changes to accommodate new mechanical or structural requirements. Sometimes a modest structural change can cause, directly or indirectly, degradation to an electronic system which, in turn, can interfere with other electronic systems.

This paper reviews some of the “who–would–of–thought–it” items that contribute to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and system degradation on Navy ships.