bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mi siglo. Confesiones de un intelectual europeo de Aleksander Wat en España. Una traducción imposible
Authors: Ziarkowska Justyna
Published: March 2020

My Century: The Odyssey of a Polish Intellectual by Aleksander Wat in Spain. A witness of the twentieth century My Century: The Odyssey of a Polish Intellectual by Aleksander Wat has been prepared by the pair of translators J. Slawomirski and A. Rubió and edited in the editorial Acantilado in 2009. The translation had to be a great challenge since the book is a complicated and hybrid text. With regard to the generic form, it is a trans-discursive text, as far as the content is an unfinished speech and as far as the style is a poetic text. We have been analyzing these three aspects of the book to conclude that the style chosen by the translators determined the shape of Wat’s book, that is, a kind of historical document or personal testimony.
Da identidade dun investigador que quere falar de identidades
Authors: Dondelewski Bartosz
Published: March 2020

About the identity of a researcher who wants to talk about identitiesThis article is a series of auto-reflexive comments about the impact the identity of the researcher has on the linguistic data obtained. The author analyses the flow of some particular interviews made by him in the community of Fala de Xálima approx. 5,000 inhabitants which speaks a minority language coming from old Galaico-Portuguese, in Cáceres province Spain. Discussing such topics as the orthographic proposals, smuggling practices or supposed Galician identity of these people, we make some in-depth comments on how the perceived “outsider and foreigner” identity of the author makes people eager or reluctant to address such questions. For this, we use some methodological tools applied by fieldwork linguistics and anthropology Hazen, Bowern, Cooper & Vaux, as well as the theoretical principles of the study of identity by Bucholtz & Hall, Meyerhoff, and Eckert & McConnell-Ginet.
Czasowy całkowity zakaz reklamy otwartego funduszu emerytalnego
Authors: Jakubowski Sebastian
Published: March 2020

Temporary Total Prohibition of Open-end Pension Fund Advertising The paper discusses the effects of temporary total prohibition of Open-end Pension Fund advertising. This prohibitive regulation was in force in the years 2014–2015 and has raised many controversies, and ultimately became the subject of the Constitutional Court summons. The main thesis of the article is that temporary total prohibition of Open-end Pension Fund advertising has contributed to a decrease in the amount of contributions paid to Open-end Pension Funds and started the process of gradual and informal phasing-out of funded part of pension system in Poland. The scientific method used in this paper is economic analysis of law.
Income Equalization Does Not Confer Net Social Benefits
Authors: Block Walter E. , Lingenfelter Jonathan , Engelhardt Lucas M.
Published: March 2020

Income Equalization Does Not Confer Social Benefits In the modern era, there is much wailing and gnashing of teeth about income and wealth disparities. The premise upon which these complaints are based is that egalitarianism is an unambiguous good, and that any and all steps would be taken to reduce gaps between the wealthy and the poor. The present paper is an attempt to right this imbalance; it makes the case that income and wealth differences should be neutral with regard to public policy: they should not be artificially increased or reduced. This view is defended on both economic and ethical grounds. On the economic side, the impossibility of interpersonal utility comparisons, the existence of loss aversion, questions about productivity responses to redistribution, and the undeniable reality of bureaucratic costs all call into question the wisdom of income redistribution. On the ethical side, a rights-based approach calls into question the egalitarian basis for income redistribution policies. In the end, income equality or inequality falls outside the realm of valid policy concerns.
Ekonomiczne aspekty secesji. Uwagi na temat gospodarczych efektów secesji w koncepcji Hansa-Hermanna Hoppego
Authors: Hankus Przemysław Michał
Published: March 2020

Economic aspects of secession. Remarks on economic effects of secession in Hans-Hermann Hoppe's approach The paper examines Hans-Hermann Hoppe’s economic rationale for secession and arguments presented in the works of this thinker in favor of secession. After a brief introduction to his views on the issue in question main drawbacks in his argumentation are being pointed out, conclusions are being drawn and suggestions are being made as to what and where should be changed and fixed in order to make it no longer suffering from inconsistencies and methodological slips as well as presenting more coherent set of claims.]]>
Improving the quality of life through Balneotourism practices: the Bulgarian experience
Authors: Stankova Maria Zl. , Kirilov Stefan Y.
Published: March 2020

Improving the Quality of Life through Balneotourism Practices:The Bulgarian ExperienceBalneotourism is a traditional element of Bulgaria’s tourist destination image. The use of the healing powers of water, climate and mud deposits can be traced back to the old Thracian tribes that inhabitedBulgarian lands thousands of years ago. Bulgaria can successfully develop balneotourism and boost foreign visitors not only with its available natural resources, but also with great affordability of the health services offered. This is an opportunity to overcome the problem of season dependent tourism, as well as to increase revenues in the sector and the economy. At the same time, balneotourismand the establishment of the national health system allow for a real improvement in the quality of life of all the insured but particularly of people with disabilities.In that regard, the present paper analyses the origins, development and the current state of balneotourism in Bulgaria. Special attention is paid to defining the terms “balneology” and “balneotourism”.There are theoretical issues observed as well as significant aspects of the Bulgarian health system related to the utilization of the balneotourism product. Based on conducted research and analysis, recommendations are made aiming at further development of balneotourism and improvementof the quality of life of people with medical conditions and the disabled.
Application of modified Laffer Curve in the Marriage Market using Exit Costs
Authors: Bose Feler
Published: March 2020

Application of modified Laffer Curve in the Marriage Market using Exit CostsThe economics literature that deals with the exit costs of marriage has considered primarily the shift from mutual consent divorce to unilateral divorce and has not provided a larger, overall picture of the marriage market under various exit conditions. This paper proposes that a modified Laffer Curve macro model of marriage and divorce provides the best overall picture of the marriage market under various exit scenarios.
Ekonomiczne i prawne aspekty obrotu ziemią w Polsce na tle rynku europejskiego
Authors: Prokurat Sergiusz
Published: March 2020

Economic and legal aspects of land turnover in Poland compared to the European marketThis paper discusses the regulation of agricultural land market in Poland compared to the European market in view of the increasing prices of land in Europe. It presents the causes of the increasing prices of land in Europe, including Poland, and certain historical considerations which affect the current relevancy of land in Poland and the reluctance to sell it to foreigners. The author believes that the history of agricultural land market regulation in Poland after 1989 can be divided into three per­iods. The first period starts with the beginnings of the economic transition and liberal, unhampered land turnover. The second dates back to 2003, when new regulations introduced certain restrictions in land turnover and land ownership. The third period is dated from the entry into force the Law of 14 April 2016, which is characterised by strict state intervention on the agricultural land market. It follows the trend of retreating from liberalization, which has recently been more intensified in Cen­tral and Eastern Europe. The article lists economic and legal factors, which restrict the functioning of agricultural land markets in Poland, and compares these regulations to selected other European countries.
Uproszczony model wdrożenia rachunku kosztów działań sterowany czasem, bazujący na podejściu dwuetapowym
Authors: Raulinajtys-Grzybek Monika , Frydziński Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

A simplified model for the implementation of a Time-Driven Activity Based Cost Accounting TD ABC approach, consisting of two stagesThe article presents a  suggested approach to implementing the Time-Driven Activity Based Cost Accounting TD ABC, consisting of two stages. The first step — intermediate in relation to full implementation — is to determine the costs of activities and processes. This approach allows for process management in accordance with the horizontal axis of the CAM-I  model and, as proven by the conducted empirical research, it can be implemented within 4 man-days of the implementation team’s work. The most important benefit of dividing the implementation into two steps is that the company gets the information that is useful for management — on the costs of processes, the process assessment measures, and the costs of untapped potential. In view of the previous research linking the success of the ABC implementation with managerial support, it can be assumed that the adoption of a two-step implementation approach will have a  positive impact on the dissemination of the TD  ABC model.
Aplikacje m-health i ich zastosowanie
Authors: Dejnaka Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

M-health applications and their useD.L. Publications Hoff man and T.P. Novaka has already pointed to the impact of changes in Internet communications multi-to-many communication and changes in consumer behavior as a result of technology development. The development of the Internet and information technology, according to R.V. Kozinets has determined the emergence of virtual communities, including consumers, that are “e-consumer groups whose online interactions are based on information exchange, enthusiasm and knowledge about consumer experiences”. In today’s economy characterized by high levels of competition, the ability to generate content content and values that are relevant to the customer is of particular importance. For this purpose, the offered product/service, also in the form of a mobile application, should satisfy its information needs. Today’s mobile technology users expect solutions that provide immediate interaction and data availability. The aim of this article is to analyze selected mobile m-health applications and to present the results of direct research on the evaluation of sports applications by runners.
Ochrona kredytobiorców konsumentów kredytów walutowych we Francji
Authors: Góral Lesław
Published: March 2020

Protection of borrowers consumers of foreign currency loans in FranceThe problem of the repayment of housing loans in Swiss francs concerns not only Polish borrowers. It has also occurred on the French mortgage market. The article contains an analysis of the solutions adopted in France and may turn out to be inspirational for the Polish legislator in solving a similar problem that is occurring in Poland. The author presents the origin of problems related to Swiss franc housing loans and court as well as out-of-court attempts to solve them. Then he analyzes French legal solutions which introduce the protection of the Swiss franc housing loan borrowers and formulates de lege ferenda postulates addressed to the Polish legislator.
Starsi ludzie jako segment rynku reklamy w Polsce
Authors: Widerski Jerzy
Published: March 2020

Older people as a segment of the advertising market in PolandFor the purpose of this publication, current advertisements, in which there are protagonists symbolizing the older generation, were analyzed. In the publication the author presents the results of analyses of TV commercials broadcast from January 1 to May 15, 2018. The purpose of the observation was first of all to show the image of older people present in commercials and the visual and verbal means used for this purpose. The task of the analysis was also to present social roles assigned to the characters from commercials and the products categories and sub-categories, which are positioned in these spots. The aim of the article is to show the marketing aspect of old age, which is the buyer model created in current commercials.
Human shields, missiles, negative homesteading and libertarianism
Authors: Block Walter E.
Published: March 2020

Human shields, missiles, negative homesteading and libertarianismWhen a bad guy throws one innocent person against another, or uses one as a body shield so as to facilitate murdering the other, or is in the process of bashing in the heads of two such people, what are the rights and responsibilities of each of these latter two victimized parties vis a vis each other? The concept of negative homesteading is introduced in an attempt to shed light on these legal puzzles.
Lifestyle segmentation of Czech food shoppers
Authors: Hrubá Renata
Published: March 2020

Market segmentation is useful in developing the profiles of consumer segments in order to better understand their behavior. The most commonly-used approaches are applied — a food-related lifestyle FRL and the theory of planned behavior. Data from a 2015 nationwide Czech food con­sumer survey n = 331 of young students were used in a factor analysis to identify sustainability-oriented variables, health-oriented variables as well as social and ethics-oriented variables. These factor scores were used to identify student segments; this was done by means of multilevel latent class cluster analyses. Developing students segments and finding the differences was based on the FRL concept. It can be pointed out that segmentation based on FRL gives good results when dividing consumers into groups, but this has only been verified among young people.
„Ku Tatrom się wrócę”, czyli zakopiańsko-tatrzańskie transgresje w twórczości literackiej Mariana Maurizia
Authors: Wójcik Wiesław A.
Published: March 2020

"KU TATROM SIĘ WRÓCĘ" I WILL RETURN TO THE TATRAS" OR ZAKOPANE AND TATRA TRANSGRESSIONS IN MARIAN MAURIZIO'S LITERARY OEUVREMarian Antoni Maurizio-Abramowicz 1905–1996, agronomist engineer by training, skier and mountaineer by avocation, left Poland in 1939 and in 1942 settled in Spain, where he lived until his death. He spent his childhood and youth in Zakopane, where he moved in the local intellectual and artistic circles and among Podhale highlanders. Fascinated with the beauty of the Tatra landscape, highland folklore and the unique mental aura that emerged from this foundation — of the world of the mountains and people of the mountains — he cherished vivid memories of this throughout his stay abroad, memories strengthen by frequent visits to his homeland. He expressed this in his writings — poetry and prose. His oeuvre can be an excellent example of temporal transgression referred to the constant crossing of the boundary between the present and the past.]]>
Na kołpaku gór — rzecz o łemkowskiej tożsamości
Authors: Misiak Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

ON THE CALPACK OF THE MOUNTAINS - OR LEMKO IDENTITYThe paper refers to the bilingual, Polish-Lemko, collection of poems by Władysław Graban,Na kołpaku gór On the Calpack on the Mountains, published in 1991. The mountains, the Beskids, the Lemkos’ homeland, are presented as the exotic calpack, a type of cap made of several pieces of fabric sewn together. The analysis is based on the assumption that the Lemkos’ identity has been shaped like a calpack, sewn together from various cultural, religious and linguistic elements as a result of cultural transgressions — complex in their course and stretched over time. In the successive parts of the article the author discusses the various components of the ethnic identity of this minority, little known to the public at large.
Góry w ujęciu transcendentnym
Authors: Rosiński Franciszek M.
Published: March 2020

A TRANSCENDENTAL APPROACH TO THE MOUTAINSIn the history of culture and religion the mountains, owing to their verticality that makes them stand out in landscape, their massiveness and imperturbability, generated, from time immemorial, a lot of interest associated with their origin; they played an important role in beliefs, mythology, cult and symbolism. On their summit, sometimes also inside them, were located dwellings of supranatural creatures of varied provenance, character, activity and attitude to people. The mountains were also hierophantic, objects of pilgrimages and experiencing the sacred. In addition, they constituted a boundary between the ecumene and anecumene as well as the place where the spirit world was to be found. Sometimes the mountains were also regarded as a home of evil creatures and forces.
Wykonywanie kary pozbawienia wolności w trzech systemach — uwagi krytyczne
Authors: Stańdo-Kawecka Barbara
Published: March 2020

Enforcement of prison sentences under three systems — critical remarksAccording to the 1997 Code of Execution of Sentences, prison sentences are enforced in prisons of different kinds and types, and moreover under different systems. In the doctrine of the penal executive law, critical assessment of certain criteria applied while directing prisoners to prisons of appropriate kind and type can be found. However, the need for the operation of prisons differentiated into various kinds and types has not been questioned. The concept of the enforcement of prison sentences under three different systems so far has not been examined in detail, despite the fact that it has been over a dozen years after it was introduced into the penitentiary practice. In this article the origins of differentiated systems of the enforcement of prison sentences will be presented as well as certain controversial aspects of this solution, including: the possibility to implement the therapeutic system outside the therapeutic unit, the unclear differences between the enforcement of prison sentences under the ordinary and programmed treatment system and a high proportion of recidivists serving their sentences under ordinary system without any sentence plan although it is a group of prisoners who have a number of criminogenic needs increasing the risk of re-offending.
Konsekwencje uchylania się od odbywania kary ograniczenia wolności
Authors: Piekut Gabriela
Published: March 2020

The consequences of evasion of serving a penalty of restriction of libertyThe aim of this article is to describe the corollary of evasion of serving a penalty of restriction of liberty, which is converting the penalty of restriction of liberty to replacement penalty of imprisonment. First of all, the author describes all the premises of ordering the execution of a replacement penalty of imprisonment and elaborates on the term of “evasion” of serving a penalty of restriction of liberty. Further the principles of the replacing a penalty of restriction of liberty with replacement penalty of imprisonment are indicated. The author also analysed the procedure of ordering the execution of replacement penalty of imprisonment. Afterwards there is description of the rules and regulations regarding the execution of replacement penalty of imprisonment. Finally the author focuses on suspension of execution of replacement penalty of imprisonment and the consequences of further evasion of execution of the penalty of restriction of liberty.
Czy idea tak zwanej wtórnej legalności się broni?
Authors: Majewski Jarosław
Published: March 2020

Is the idea of so-called “secondary legality” defensible?The aim of the study is critical analysis of the idea of so-called “secondary legality” of an act used by some jurists to explain types of behaviour falling into the category of circumstances excluding lawlessness of an act justification, namely to define the relation between such types of behaviour and the legal system as a whole, and the various sanctioned norms that are part of the system. First, the author examines the relation between the assumption that a type of behaviour which falls within the category of circumstances excluding lawlessness of an act constitutes a legal transgression of the sanctioned norm, and the basic assumptions made in the Polish legal culture concerning the process of creation and application of the law as well as its systematic analysis. He demonstrates that consistent use of the secondary legality category would require a considerable remodelling of these assumptions, above all, rejection of the assumption that legal norms are introduced to be met as well as all consequences stemming from this assumption as well as abandonment of the approach to the law as a set of legal norms that is internally cohesive. Next, the author analyses the internal aspects of the idea of secondary legality of an act. He demonstrates that it encompasses contradictory statements: on the one hand that justifi able behaviour constitutes socially harmful, negative and thus a typical attack on legal interest, and on the other hand that the social benefits ultimately outweigh losses in the case of justifiable behaviour. All the above justifies the author’s final conclusion that the category of secondary legality of an act is not useful.
O zmianach w zakresie leczniczych środków zabezpieczających na tle nowelizacji kodeksu karnego z 2015 roku
Authors: Muszyńska Anna
Published: March 2020

On changes in the scope of therapeutic precautionary measures against amendment to the Penal Code of 2015The author presents questions related to the change in the legal regulations concerning selected precautionary measures. She emphasizes the inconsistencies relating to changes in the scope of precautionary measures, especially addiction treatment. The author basically welcomes the changes resulting from the amendment of 20 February 2015, but considering the need to change specific normative solutions concerning addiction therapy.
Cele wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności — kilka refleksji
Authors: Szczygieł Grażyna B.
Published: March 2020

Objectives of enforcement of the penalty of imprisonment — a few reflectionsNumerous dysfunctions of penitentiary isolation, identified in the course of more than 200 years of application of the penalty of imprisonment, demonstrate that prisons do not improve people and do not make them more pro-social than they had been before they started serving their sentences. The crisis of penal policy based on extensive use of the penalty of imprisonment makes it necessary to expand the catalog of penal measures that do not involve any restriction of liberty and to limit the extent of application of the penalty of imprisonment to only the most serious crimes that constitute a grave threat to society. The authors of the Polish Penal Code of 1997, following the ultima ratio principle in the case of the penalty of imprisonment in the case of petty crimes and crimes of medium gravity, provided an extensive range of possibilities in the selection of the penal-law responses to such crimes. As a result, the penalty of imprisonment should be restricted mostly to perpetrators of acts that are very harmful to society. Given the fact that their sentences are several or even over ten years long, the question about the objectives of enforcement of the penalty of imprisonment is still to be answered.
Assisted vs. Guided Handwriting: a current approach to an old problem
Authors: Kalantzis Nikolaos , Gidogiannos Leonidas Dimitrios
Published: March 2020

A study carried through to determine which writer’s features are apparent in the end result of a guided signature. The examination included 14 participants in total, one of which was left handed. To fulfill its scope, 9 writing features of 20 supported and 20 guided signatures for each participant were examined and the results were related to previous research on the matter of guided signatures and handwriting. This study demon­strated that guided signatures yield a significant volume of writing features belonging to the guider, providing robust evidence on the subject of guided signatures. Several limita­tions were highlighted and proposals for future studies were also made.
Possibilities to compare graffiti with handwriting
Authors: Brandner Walter
Published: March 2020

From the forensic point of view it is not easy to identify a person as an author of writing in graffiti mode, but at least in some cases it seems to be possible.
Wstrzymanie wykonania zastępczej kary pozbawienia wolności w trybie art. 65a k.k.w.
Authors: Mrozek Kamila
Published: March 2020

Suspension of the execution of the alternative custodial sanction pursuant to Art. 65a of the Executive Penal CodeThe suspension of the execution of the custodial sanction under alternative sanction presents a high educational value as well as it reduces the incarcerated population and budgetary expenditures in this regard. It is therefore a perfect alternative to the alternative custodial sanction. An essential precondition for the commencement of proceedings for suspension of the execution of the alternative sentencing is a written declaration by the offender about his subjection to the execution of the community sentence and to rigours related to it. Considerations undertaken are based on the solution provided for in Art. 65A of the Executive Penal Code, besides include a dogmatic analysis, focused on the assessment of the character of the institution which is subject of this article. The author notes the absence of legislative consistency — in the context of the ratio legis of the analysed solution — considering the fact, that the title construction is based exclusively on the Court’s discretion.
Shadow banking a prawo karne gospodarcze
Authors: Ochman Piotr
Published: March 2020

Shadow banking and criminal economic lawThe article attempts to answer the question whether in the current legal state theactivity of shadow banking in Poland is subject to criminalization. The limits and scope of criminalization of entities of this element of the fi nancial market is also presented. The reflections are supplemented by a review of the defi nition of parallel banking, and also discussed the economic crimes that can be traced back to parallel banking activities.
The quality of contemporary records made by handwriting. Comparative analysis over the period of nineteen years
Authors: Zieniewicz Iwona
Published: March 2020

Handwriting is a method to express and preserve thoughts by means of graphic signs. In the investigative and judicial practice, it is treated as an individual creation used for identification purposes in case of doubts over the authenticity of a written record. Nowadays, however, writing by hand is not the only way of conveying information, which results in moving away from this traditional method in favour of modern solutions. In the future, this tendency may limit the possibility to identify the author of a record on the basis of a handwritten record. Therefore, the purpose of this publication is to check whether contemporary handwritings show any signs of deterioration in the quality of handwritten records.
Handwriting examinations of historical documents
Authors: Herasimenkienė Gintarė
Published: March 2020

In this article, some cases of historical document examinations by handwriting experts are presented: examination of an entry in Old Prussian from the 14th century, examination of a collection of proverbs from the 18th century, written in Lithuanian and German and the examination of the constitution of a monastery from the beginning of the 20th century. The author of the article shares her observations on when such examinations are possible, what challenges experts are facing and provides recommendations for the conduct of examination of historical documents.
Uwagi o istocie przestępstwa o charakterze terrorystycznym i jego karaniu. Część II
Authors: Kokot Rajnhardt
Published: March 2020

Remarks on the essence of a terrorist crime and penalty for it. Part IIThe paper is an attempt to draw attention to some of the most important aspects of the problem of terrorist crimes, a problem that is complex both in criminological sense and in terms of the legal dogma. The starting point for the reflections in Part I of the article is a historical analysis of the origins and evolution of the dogmatic and normative perception of and approach to the concept of terrorist crime — beginning with the legislation of the interwar period, through post-war provisions and ending with the regulations of the 1969 Criminal Code. The Central question of this part is an analysis of the normative form of the terrorist crime construct under Article 115 § 20 of the Criminal Code, its legal nature as well as consequences of the application of the analysed norms. The reflection of Part II of the paper encompasses issues concerning the consequences of a terrorist crime in terms of statutory and judicial penalties as well as other penal measures. In this part the author analyses, in particular, the question of extraordinary enhancement of punishment for terrorist crimes, including doubts that can be aroused in practice by the regulations concerning punishment progression applied to terrorists as well as the possibility and rules of applying other measures having an impact on the legal situation of the perpetrators of terrorist crimes.
Wychowawcze oddziaływanie obcowania z kulturą w kontekście pomocy postpenitencjarnej
Authors: Nowak Barbara
Published: March 2020

The educational impact of contact with culturein the context of post-penitentiary assistanceThe paper deals with the impact of culture on convicted offenders. Culture is an important element of post-penitentiary assistance, indicating to inmates the possibility of focusing their efforts on spiritual values, with which many of them have not identified themselves before. Culture as part of the everyday life of society encompasses, among others, customs, ways of satisfying basic needs, superstitions, beliefs, broadly defined ideology, everyday life including family relations, questions of upbringing and, finally, fashion. An extremely important element of culture is the need to promote it, i.e. a planned process of its dissemination the objective of which is to make cultural goods accessible to as many people as possible.
Mental health issues experienced by jail inmates in Texas: An overview of diagnostic problems
Authors: Gerber Jurg , Cho Ahram
Published: March 2020

Mental health issues experienced by jail inmates in Texas: An overview of diagnostic problemsThe main purpose of the article is to show selected aspects of prisoners’ mental health in the United States using the example of the state of Texas. The article indicates the nature and scope of needs in the area of inmates’ mental health in various correctional units and shows some aspects of the diagnosis problems. The authors analyze the reasons for the transfer of responsibility for mental health of prisoners sentenced to the administration of correctional facilities, especially jails. The article also shows the needs of the Prison Administration regarding convicts’ mental health training and classification systems for prisoners in Texas.
Wybrane problemy klasyfikacji penitencjarnej w percepcji personelu specjalistycznego
Authors: Kwieciński Adam
Published: March 2020

Selected problems of penitentiary classification in the perception of specialist staffThis paper focuses on the problems of penitentiary classification of particular groups of convicts, which include convicts with mental disorders, addicts, and those suffering from physical health dysfunctions. The conclusions presented in the paper are based on the answers given by specialists doctors, psychologists, therapists, educators employed in prisons. They conclusions can be an incentive for discussion on the reform of the system of putting convicts in prison units appropriate for their needs, which in turn determines the results in terms of therapeutic and penitentiary influence and thus achieving the goals of penalty by convicts.
Latvian Writers’ Strategies of Resistance during De-Stalinisation: The Case of Gunārs Priede
Authors: Kalnačs Benedikts
Published: March 2020

This paper traces developments in the Soviet Latvian literary scene between the late 1950s and early 1970s. The first part examines aspects of social organisation as demonstrated by the daily routines of so-called creative unions characteristic for the overall pattern of the way in which social mechanisms worked under Soviet rule, even if there were constant attempts to overcome the limits set to expression by the communist system. The second part provides a case study of the biography and creative work of Latvian playwright Gunārs Priede 1928–2000, a leading representative of the young generation of authors of that period. The paper not only points towards the parallels in social and aesthetic developments at the Soviet periphery, but also discusses the clearly observable illogicality and unpredictability of the decisions made by Soviet officials which mirror the absurdity of the social foundations of communist rule.
Dramat i teatr białoruski w poszukiwaniu tożsamości kulturowej
Authors: Siwek Beata
Published: March 2020

Belarusian drama and theatre in search of a cultural identity.In the present article an attempt to present the most important issues concerning identity discourse within Belarusian cultural and literary space has been made. The author of the article is particularly interested in Belarusian dramaturgic texts, which undoubtedly played an important role in forming cultural peculiarity of the Belarusian nation and, simultaneously, which account for an important voice in the discussion on Belarusians’ national autonomy. Belarusian drama, so varied in its forms and language material, realising so many different themes and ideas and tackling such a wide range of problems, is not only helpful in searching for answers to a question where the roots of the Belarusian nation are, but it allows us to observe numerous conditionings not only cultural, but political and religious as well of the process of Belarusians’ identity formation. Белорусские драматургия и театр в поисках культурной идентичности. Современные белорусские драматургия и театр формируются под влиянием исключительно непростой культурной ситуации. Гетерогенность белорусской культуры, слабая позиция белорусского языка, сложные принципы финансирования и управления культурой, а также тяжелая политическая реальность не создают благоприятных условий для формирования национальных ценностей, усложняя тем самым процесс национальной самоидентификации белорусов. Значительные изменения, произошедшие в пространстве белорусского театра и драматической литературы после 1991 года возникновение театров-студий, создание Республиканского театра белорусской драматургии «Свободная сцена», обращение к западноевропейской и белорусской экспериментальной драматургии, продвижение белорусской драматической литературы предыдущих эпох, к сожалению, оказались краткосрочными. Новая, постимперская действительность Белоруссии оказалась слишком сложной, полной идентичностных дилемм и не способствующей развитию оригинальных белорусских ценностей. В настоящее время тексты белорусскоязычных драматургов Алесь Петрашкевич, Сергей Ковалев, Алексей Дударев, Лявон Вашко, Игорь Сидарук все реже ставятся на белорусской сцене, на которой доминирует молодое поколение русскоязычных литераторов Павел Пряжко, Николай Халезин, Андрей Курейчик, Сергей Гиргель, Анатолий Шурпин, Константин Стешик, Андрей Карелин, Николай Рудковский, которые добиваются успехов также за пределами Белоруссии, прежде всего в России и Польше.
Ciało i trauma w ukraińskiej sztuce współczesnej
Authors: Zambrzycka Marta
Published: March 2020

Body and trauma in contemporary Ukrainian artIn the text I want to show how images of the body in Ukrainian contemporary art refer to the traumatic events of the past. The experience of trauma has repercussions both on mental and bodily level and is reflected in many areas of culture. In art, trauma is manifested through deformed or diseased body. In this article I discuss the selected projects of Arsen Sawadov and Kharkiv, photographers, and of the representatives of the so called Kharkov’s School of Social Photog­raphy: Serhiy Bratkov and Boris Mychajłov.Тело и травма в современном украинском искусствеСтатья раскрывает инструмент трансформации травмы в образ и то, как с помощью образов тела современное украинское искусство относится к травматическим событиям прошлого. Опыт травмы имеет последствия, как на психическом, так и на телесном уровне и находит свое отражение во многих областях культуры. Искусство относится к травматическим событиям, представляя деформированное или больное тело. В этой статье автор рассматривает избранные проекты Арсена Савадова и харьковских фотографов, представителей т.н. «харьковской школы» социальной фотографии: Сергея Браткова и Бориса Михайлова.
„Wspomnienia” Nadieżdy Mandelsztam jako forma reprezentacji pamięci
Authors: Kotkiewicz Aurelia
Published: March 2020

Nadezhda Mandelstam’s Hope against Hope: A Memoir as a form of representation of memoryNadezhda Mandelstam’s Hope Against Hope: a Memoir must be regarded as one of the most important accounts of the gradual subjugation of Russian literature in Stalin’s Soviet Union. The purpose of my article is to examine the literary devices employed by the author in her attempt to describe her traumatic experiences, as well as the strategies she uses in order to ‘tame the past’ at a more personal, generational, and historical plan concerning such experiences as loneliness, entrapment, solitude, homelessness, suffering, fear, and death. Her memoir enables her to relieve the trauma caused by the tragic fate of her husband, the poet Osip Mandelstam, as well as to recreate the final years of his life and work. In a broader context, the book offers thoughts and insights into the moral state of humanity. Together with such novels as Vasily Grossman’s Everything Flows…, Lydia Chukovskaya’s Sofia Petrovna, and Anna Akhmatova’s Requiem, Nadezhda Mandelstam’s writings are a shattering account of life in a totalitarian regime, marked by an ideologically driven process of distorting and erasing memory. She identified creative process not only with the struggle to keep her husband’s name alive but also with a moral obligation to bear witness to the inhumanity of her time.Воспоминания Надежды Мандельштам как форма репрезентации памятиВоспоминания Надежды Мандель­штам — это одно из самых выдающихся свидетельств процесса порабощения русской литера­туры в период сталинского террора. Целью статьи является анализ механизмов репрезентации личного травматического опыта Надежды Мандельштам, а также применяемых стратегий ос­ваивания прошлого в личном, общественном и историческом контекстах одиночество, от­чужденность, бездомность, страдание, страх, смерть. Рядом с такими произведениями как Все течет... Василия Гроссмана, Софья Петровна Лидии Чуковской, Реквием Анны Ахматовой, Воспоминания Надежды Мандельштам являются потрясающей записью гибели русской интел­лигенции, а также идеологически управляемого процесса искажения и стирания памяти о про­шлом. Творческий процесс Надежда Мандельштам отождествляет с борьбой за память о поэте Осипе Мандельштаме, его поэтическом наследии, но также с моральной ответсвенностью дать свидетельство времени.
Trauma niewidzialności albo dlaczego literatura ukraińska nie ma Nobla?
Authors: Skowron Jadwiga
Published: March 2020

The trauma of invisibility, or why Ukrainian literature has not won the Nobel prize yetThe allegation that the absence of a Nobel Prize laureate among Ukrainian writers means that Ukrainian literature is underdeveloped is unfair and ignorant. This paper points to the reasons for the invisibility of Ukrainian literature in the world. Academic works in postcolonial studies and polysystem theory prove that literature is never isolated from politic, economic and social environments. Ukrainian literature used to develop in in­imical environment; as Russian tsarist and totalitarian authorities oppressed Ukrainian writers, there was no infrastructure that would support Ukrainian literature and promote it abroad. Another issue is Western-centrism of the Swedish Academy. Statistics show that most of the laureates came from the countries of West Europe and the USA. Many times writers from the outlying areas of Europe Russia, Poland, Greece, Switzerland were awarded, but the rest of the world is almost invisible for the Nobel Committee. In conclusion, there is a short list of initiatives that are aimed at raising the profile of Ukraine and its culture in the world.Травма невидимости или почему украинская литература не имеет Нобелевской премииИногда украинской литературе закидают отсталость, чего доказательством служит отсутствие Нобелевской премии по литературе для украинского писателя. В этой статье изъявим причины невидимости украинской литературы в мире. Пользуясь постколониализмом и теорией полисистемы доказываем, что национальная литература никогда не изольована от политической, экономической и социальной среды. Украинская литература развивалась в неблагоприятной обстановке: русская царская и советская страна преследовала представителей украинской культуры. Известно, не было инфраструктуры, какая поддержала бы украинску литературу и выдвинула бы ее в мире. Другим вопросом становится европоцентризм Шведской академии. Статистики доказывают, что найболее лавреатов со стран Западной Европы и США. Иногда награждались писатели с близкой периферии как Россия, Польша, Греция или Швейцария, однако остальные районы мира почти невидимые для Шведской академии. В заключении статьи названы инициативы намерены исправить имидж Украины в мире и выдвинуть ее культуру.
Polityka społeczna wobec ludzi starych w Polsce — uwarunkowania, rozwój i kierunki zmian
Authors: Wojtczak Sylwia
Published: March 2020

Social policy toward old people in Poland — conditions, development and directions of changesSocial policy shapes people’s living conditions. In the era of dynamic demographic changes, especially the aging of the population observed in Poland and across the world, the activity of the state focused on improving the quality of life of the elderly is particularly important. Population aging is a demographic process of increasing the proportion of older people while reducing the proportion of children in the society of a given country. Elderly people will continue to be a part of society, mainly due to the progress of civilization, advances in modern medicine and the popularization of so-called healthy living.Social policy toward the elderly should not be limited to managing the social security system and social welfare. Eff ective use of human and social capital of the elderly will be a growing challenge for this policy, and for senior citizens — spending satisfactorily the last years of one’s life. However, for some senior citizens, old age means or will mean poverty and living on the margins of civil society. The Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Polic y is responsible for the social policy of people in Poland, off ering for example in the years 2014–2020 to senior citizens such programs as “Senior +”, the Government Program for Social Activity of the Elderly ASOS or “Care 75+.” Each of the above programs have appropriate criteria that must be met to be able to use them. Are older people eager to use them, or are the eff ects of these programs already visible? This study will attempt to answer the above questions. The main purpose of the article is to diagnose and analyze selected government programs targeted at older people. In addition, perspectives for changes in social policy toward older people in Poland will be determined.
Speelgoed van de slager: slachtdieren en kinderspel in de vroegmoderne Nederlandse literatuur
Authors: Kozikowska Joanna
Published: March 2020

Toys of the Butcher: Slaughter Animals and Children’s Play in Early Mod-ern Dutch LiteratureThis article discusses cultural representations of slaughter animals from the early modern period, setting them against the post-modern approach to animals. The point of departure constitutes a con­temporary story about a girl eating the heart of a deer, which she has shot. Then the author moves on to a discussion of the poem ‘Kinder-spel’ 1618/1625 by the seventeenth-century Dutch poet Jacob Cats and focuses on the socio-cultural notions of humans and animals which these two texts present. When discussing the poem, the author elaborates on the symbolic meaning of two situations where children play with animal body parts — a game of knucklebones and playing with an inflated bladder. The interpretation of Cats’ text shows that the stereotypical social perceptions of slaughter animals which can be found in the early modern Dutch literature are in fact meant to offer a certain view on humans, by which their domination over the natural world and exploitation of animals is justified. The methodologies applied in this study involve the so-called ‘activist ecocriticism’ and the New Historicism, both being the reading methods, which emphasize the topicality of historical research. By placing Cats’ texts in a broad context, it is shown that the motif of children playing with animal body parts refers to early modern polemics about such issues as the relationship between the human and animal, the tension between culture and nature, as well as children and upbringing models.
De rol van de Processability Theory van Pienemann in de verwerving van het Nederlands als tweede taal bij Poolse studenten
Authors: Kucfir Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

De rol van de Processability Theory van Pienemann in de verwerving van het Nederlands als tweede taal bij Poolse studenten Pienemann’s Processability Theory PT hypothesizes that the grammatical structures of a second language are acquired in an order that is universal for all languages. The main aim of this article is to investigate the validity and reliability of this theory for the acquisition process of Dutch as L2 by Polish students. PT was tested on a group of 15 first-year Dutch philology students at the Uni­versity of Wrocław, after 300 hours of intensive Dutch language course. The oral production test checked the acquisition level of three Dutch grammatical structures, representing consecutive stages of L2-development: agreement between adjective and noun stage III, agreement between verb and subject stage IV and word order in subordinate clauses stage V. Pienemann’s hypothesis seems to be valid for the acquisition of Dutch language as L2 only if the criterion of one correct use of a grammatical structure is taken into consideration. When it comes to the two other criteria 50% and 90% of correct use the structure representing stage III seems to be acquired after the structures representing stages IV and V, which forms a counter-evidence for the Processability Theory.