bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family and friends: Supporting oral care in care homes
Authors: Jones Rhiannon J. , Johnson Ilona G. , Morgan Maria Z.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To consider the role of family and friends in supporting oral care.

Background

People who live in care homes are susceptible to oral health problems, which can be detrimental to their health and personal and social well‐being. External support from family members and friends has been indicated as being important for maintaining oral health for this vulnerable group of care home residents.

Materials and methods

Qualitative one‐to‐one interviews were undertaken with care home residents, in Cardiff, UK. Further interviews were undertaken with care home personnel with responsibility for oral health care in order to contextualise residents’ interview data. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach.

Results

A total of 26 interviews were conducted with care home residents and four interviews with care home personnel, across five care homes. Three main themes emanated from the data relating to co‐supporting oral care: supplying oral care products; accessing dental care and enabling self‐management of oral care problems. There were no spouse caregivers; family and friends acted as co‐supporters of oral care providing a link to residents’ pre‐care home lives by informing the care home personnel of their relatives’ normal routines. An overarching theme “balancing roles – maintaining the equilibrium” emerged from the data reflecting the roles that both care home personnel and family and friends had in balancing the needs, care and well‐being of the resident.

Conclusion

This study suggests that there are opportunities to improve oral health by providing support for family and friends of those people who are living in care, especially in relation to supplying oral care products, enabling self‐management of oral care problems and accessing dental care.
Assessment of Kinect V2 for elbow range of motion estimation in people with haemophilia using an angle correction model
Authors: Mateo Fernando , Carrasco Juan J. , Aguilar‐Rodríguez Marta , Soria‐Olivas Emilio , Bonanad Santiago , Querol Felipe , Pérez‐Alenda Sofía
Published: April 2019

Introduction

The joint range of motion (ROM) is an important clinical parameter used to assess the loss of functionality resulting from joint bleedings in people with haemophilia. These episodes require a close follow‐up and, to decrease patients' hospital dependence, telemedicine tools are needed. Therefore, this study is aimed to analyse the validity of the Microsoft Kinect V2 sensor with corrected angle measurement to be used in the monitoring of elbow ROM in people with haemophilia.

Methods

A convenience sample of 10 healthy controls (CG) and 10 patients with haemophilia with elbow arthropathy (HG) participated in this study. Full ROM of elbow joints was measured in the frontal view with a 10‐degree sweep using: (a) a clinical goniometer; (b) the Kinect V2; (c) the Kinect V2 with angle correction; and (d) using a photograph. Bland‐Altman graphs (mean and 95% Limits of Agreement [LOA]) and Wilcoxon test were used to determine differences between measurements and groups.

Results

The angle‐corrected Kinect V2 measurement removed the skew in the original data, reducing the average errors from 7.9° (LoA = −10.3°; 26.0°; CG) and 9.5° (LoA = −7.9°; 26.9°; HG) to −0.1° (LoA = −8.1°; 7.9°; CG) and −0.7° (LoA = −10.7°; 9.3°; HG).

Conclusions

These error levels allow the use of Kinect V2 in the clinical practice. Kinect V2 with angle correction can complement the classical goniometry allowing an efficient and touchless measurement of ROM.
Regional variation and cost implications of prescribed extended half‐life factor concentrates among U.S. Haemophilia Treatment Centres for patients with moderate and severe haemophilia
Authors: Croteau Stacy E. , Cheng Dunlei , Cohen Alice J. , Holmes Chris E. , Malec Lynn M. , Silvey Michael , Thornburg Courtney D. , Wheeler Allison P. , Kouides Peter A. , Raffini Leslie J. , Neufeld Ellis J.
Published: April 2019

Background

Extended half‐life (EHL) factor VIII (FVIII) and IX (FIX) products are intended to decrease the burden of prophylaxis for patients with haemophilia A or B. Whether these newer concentrates have led to meaningful clinical practice change remains vague.

Aim

To characterize the longitudinal use of standard (SHL) and EHL factor concentrates at haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs), using the ATHNdataset, a US database of 138 ATHN‐affiliated HTCs.

Methods

Factor concentrate use among moderate and severe haemophilia A and B patients without inhibitors was analysed at three time points over 18 months.

Results

Use of EHL concentrates rose from 10% of patients to 22% during this study. EHL FVIII prophylaxis is prescribed to the minority of patients, 28%; EHL FIX now predominates for prophylaxis, 52%. Rates of prescribed EHL products varied significantly by age group and HTC region. Median prescribed prophylaxis for SHL compared to EHL products was FVIII 6240 and 5200 and FIX 6968 and FIX 3900 IU/kg/y, respectively. On‐demand EHL use has grown but has minimal contribution to overall usage (2%).

Conclusion

Haemophilia treatment centre region and patient age impact the rate of adoption of EHL products; however, EHL prescribing continues to rise nationally, particularly for EHL FIX. Careful attention to annual cost of prophylaxis is imperative as the decrease in median EHL prophylaxis consumption is not offset by the higher unit cost of these products. It is unclear how further growth in use of EHLs will be impacted by emerging non‐factor replacement and gene therapies.
Tracing Imprints of the Border in the Territorial, Justice and Welfare Domains: A Multi‐Site Ethnography
Authors: ALIVERTI ANA , MILIVOJEVIC SANJA , WEBER LEANNE
Published: April 2019

Starting from the border as an ‘epistemic viewpoint’ (Mezzadra and Neilson 2013), we seek to achieve conceptual depth about the nature of contemporary bordering practices by combining and re‐evaluating empirical data collected within different bordering domains. We build on Mezzadra and Neilson's concept of the ‘proliferation of borders’ by extending our focus to the impact of borders on individuals, arguing that border crossers experience an ‘accumulation of borders’ as borders are ‘imprinted’ on their bodies through multiple and diverse encounters with various state agencies. By tracing the imprint of the border and its impact on the lives of border crossers in a range of contexts (the territorial, justice, and welfare domain), we bring to light continuities in the governance of global mobility and the cumulative effects of borders that could not be captured by researching isolated, local sites within the nation‐state.
The labour market effects of applied service regimes and service sector reforms
Authors: SHINGAL Anirudh , SAUVÉ Pierre
Published: April 2019

This article offers novel insights into the modal and sectoral characteristics of trade in services that may exert an influence on the redistributive properties of liberalization in service trade and investment. It uses descriptive statistics, and econometric analysis to examine the labour market effects of unilateral service regimes, drawing on data from the OECD's Services Trade Restrictiveness Index for a sample of 44 OECD and non‐OECD countries and 22 sectors over the period 2014–16. Whereas the findings suggest that the unilateral liberalization of services is not associated with net labour displacement effects, the authors call for empirical evidence, based on improved data sources, for a fuller understanding of this issue.
Volatilidad en los ingresos y en el mercado de trabajo de los jóvenes en Europa
Authors: AYLLÓN Sara , RAMOS Xavier
Published: April 2019

Los autores ofrecen nuevos datos empíricos sobre la volatilidad en los ingresos y en el mercado de trabajo (incluyendo entradas y salidas del empleo) de los jóvenes en Europa durante la Gran Recesión. Los datos de EU‐SILC para el periodo 2004–2013 revelan grandes disparidades al respecto entre los países europeos. La Gran Recesión incrementó la volatilidad entre los jóvenes. Mediante un ejercicio de descomposición de la varianza se observa una mayor rotación laboral en el sur de Europa. Según un modelo de efectos fijos, un mayor nivel de prestaciones de desempleo y de protección del empleo se asocia con una reducción de la volatilidad.
The service triangle and power: the role of frontline home support workers and consumer‐directed care—an Australian context
Authors: Payne Graeme , Fisher Greg
Published: April 2019

Workplace relational dynamics change when the customer or client takes on greater power in the relationship. Adopting a typology of the service triangle, this qualitative study examines frontline home support workers' perceptions of their power, following recent legislative change from a traditional agency‐directed aged care model to consumer‐directed care.
Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real‐time PCR analysis of messenger RNAs and microRNAs in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under heat stress
Authors: Ma Fang , Liu Zhe , Huang Jinqiang , Kang Yujun , Wang Jianfu
Published: April 2019

We assessed the expression stability of several messenger (m)RNAs and micro (mi)RNAs from liver and head kidney of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss using high‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and miRNA‐seq data. Additionally, four commonly used reference genes and one small non‐coding RNA (u6) were also selected to identify ideal reference mRNAs and miRNAs for quantitative real‐time (qrt)‐PCR analysis of heat stress responses. GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative ΔCt were employed for analysis of qrt‐PCR data to systematically assess the expression stability of candidate mRNAs and miRNAs and stability was ranked using geometric means. β‐actin and ef1‐α were the most stably expressed reference mRNAs in liver and head kidney, respectively and ssa‐mir‐26a‐5p and ssa‐mir‐462b‐5p were the most stably expressed miRNAs in these tissues. This is the first identification of appropriate reference mRNAs and miRNAs for qrt‐PCR analysis of O. mykiss under heat stress.
Development of a novel 2D single coffee bean model and comparison with a 3D model under varying heating profiles
Authors: Abdul Ghani Nur Hamizah , Bingol Gokhan , Li Bing , Yu Wei , Young Brent
Published: April 2019

Coffee roasting produces several hundreds of aroma compounds that affect its quality. A good roasting model can not only help to control the required energy to reduce the process cost, but also ensure the product quality by cooperating with process analytical technologies and model predictive control strategies. However, current coffee roasting models are limited to constant heating temperature application due to high computational cost. Current research is developing a 2D roasting model of a single bean under varying heating profiles and is comparing it with the commonly used 3D model. The 2D model is designed to achieve minimum discrepancies with experimental data using estimated parameters of the bean's thermal conductivity and moisture diffusivity. The model performance showed that the 2D model was able to solve much faster than a 3D model, while the absolute difference in the bean temperature prediction between these two models was less than 5°C. The proposed 2D model shows potential in monitoring the roasted coffee bean quality, where it can provide a cost efficient and reliable bean temperature prediction.

Practical applications

The application of varying heating profiles can optimize the flavor of roasted coffee beans. This study had developed a 2D model that can efficiently simulate under varying heating conditions. The 2D model also provides comparable accuracy to the 3D model and therefore, proving of its potential to be used in the modeling of batch coffee roasting.
Habitat use and vestibular system's dimensions in lacertid lizards
Authors: Vasilopoulou‐Kampitsi Menelia , Goyens Jana , Baeckens Simon , Van Damme Raoul , Aerts Peter
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The vestibular system is crucial for movement control during locomotion. As the dimensions of the vestibular system determine the fluid dynamics of the endolymph and, as such, the system's function, we investigate the interaction between vestibular system size, head size and microhabitat use in lizards. We grouped 24 lacertid species in three microhabitat types, we acquired three‐dimensional models of the bony vestibular systems using micro‐computer tomography scanning, and we performed linear and surface measurements. All vestibular measurements scale with a negative allometry with head size, suggesting that smaller heads house disproportionally large ears. As the sensitivity of the vestibular system is positively related to size, a sufficiently large vestibular system in small‐headed animals may meet the sensitivity demands during challenged locomotion. We also found that the microhabitat affects the locomotor dynamics: lizards inhabiting open microhabitats run at higher dimensionless speeds. On the other hand, no statistical relationship exists between dimensionless speed and the vestibular system dimensions. Hence, if the vestibular size would differ between microhabitats, this would be a direct effect (i.e. imposed, for instance, by requirements for manoeuvring, balance control, etc.), rather than depending on the lizards’ intrinsic running speed. However, we found no effect of the microhabitat on the allometric relationship between head and vestibular system size. The finding that microhabitat is not reflected in the vestibular system size (hence sensitivity) of the lacertids in this study is possibly due to spatial constraints of the skull.
The sandwich structure of keratinous layers controls the form and growth orientation of chicken rhinotheca
Authors: Urano Yukine , Sugimoto Yasunobu , Tanoue Kyo , Matsumoto Ryoko , Kawabe Soichiro , Ohashi Tomoyuki , Fujiwara Shin‐ichi
Published: April 2019

The upper beak bone of birds is known to be overlain by the rhinotheca, which is composed of the horny sheath of keratinous layers. However, the details of the structure and growth pattern of the rhinotheca are yet to be understood. In this study, the microstructure of the rhinotheca from chicken specimens of different growth stages (ranging from 1 to ~ 80 days old) was analyzed using a combination of thin section and scanning electron microscopy observations, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis. We found that the rhinotheca comprises three different layers – outer, intermediate, and inner layers – throughout its growth. The outer layer arises from the proximal portion of the beak bone and covers the dorsal surface of the rhinotheca, whereas the intermediate and inner layers originate in the distal portion of the beak bone and underlie the outer layer. This tri‐layered structure of the rhinotheca was also observed in wild bird specimens (grey wagtail, king quail, and brown dipper). On the median plane, micro‐layers making up the outer and inner layers are bedded nearly parallel to the rostral bone at the base. However, more distally positioned micro‐layers of the outer layer are more anteverted distally. The micro‐layers of the intermediate layer are bedded nearly perpendicular to those of the outer and inner layers on the median plane. The growth of micro‐layers in the intermediate layer adds thickness to the rhinotheca, which causes the difference in profile between the beak bone and the rhinotheca in the distal portion of the beak. Moreover, the entire intermediate layer grows distally as new proximal micro‐layers form. The outer layer is dragged distally by the intermediate layer as a result of its distal growth, for the three layers are closely packed to each other at their boundaries. Furthermore, the occurrence of the intermediate and inner layers in the distal portion of the rostral bone may be because the distal end of the beak is frequently used and worn, and the rhinotheca therefore needs to be replaced more frequently at the distal end. The rhinotheca structure described here will be an important and useful factor in the reconstruction of the beaks of birds in extinct taxa.
Network reconfiguration: The implications of recognizing top performers in teams
Authors: Zheng Xiaoming , Zhao Helen H. , Liu Xin , Li Ning
Published: April 2019

Social recognition programme is a frequently used motivational tool in organizations. It serves two purposes: to recognize award recipients’ exceptional performance, and to motivate other employees to work hard for future social recognition. However, when work is interdependent, recognizing just one team member but not others constitutes a salient social comparison situation. In this study, we introduce a generalized concept of network reconfiguration. In a field experiment, we track dyadic interactions before and after social recognition of the top performers in teams, and document substantial changes in teams’ social network structures during this period of time. Using latent change score modelling to test for the presence of network reconfiguration at individual (i.e., centrality) and team (i.e., density) levels of analysis, we find that socially recognizing a top performer does, in fact, influence network reconfiguration processes. In our study context, the network reconfiguration process takes place around the top performer, with team members becoming significantly less connected with him or her. We also find a negative impact on team performance for teams that experience higher levels of network reconfiguration due to team procedural injustice.

Practitioner points

Social recognition programmes may have unintended effects on network reconfiguration.

Socially recognizing a top performer affects network reconfiguration processes.

Team performance can decline after network reconfiguration due to procedural injustice.
A novel in situ bone elevation method to achieve vertical periodontal augmentation in dogs: A pilot study
Authors: Li Lili , Su Wenqi , Xie Xiaoting , Lei Lang , Bao Jun , He Shasha , Chen Sheng , Yang Yan , Yan Fuhua , Li Houxuan
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a novel in situ interdental bone elevation method could achieve vertical bone augmentation around natural teeth.

Methods

Horizontal periodontal bone defects were created at nine quadrants of mandibles in five dogs. Six weeks later, one of the nine quadrants was randomly chosen as the model control. The remaining mandibles were allocated into two experimental groups: cortical bone removing (CBR) or interdental bone elevation (IBE). For the IBE group, four millimetres of interdental bone blocks were separated and elevated from the base of alveolar bone. Then bone xenografts were implanted beneath the elevated alveolar blocks. Animals were euthanised 12 weeks post‐operation. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination and histological analysis were performed to evaluate the surgical outcomes.

Results

Enhanced soft tissue profiles were observed in the two experimental groups as compared to the model control group. CBCT images showed that the height of alveolar bone was significantly higher in the IBE group with bone blocks seated near the cementoenamel junction. Significantly larger area of bone tissues with the highest coronal level of new bone was observed in the IBE group. New bone was observed around the elevated bone blocks with bone remodelling and neovascularisation inside the elevated blocks.

Conclusions

Vertical bone augmentation at interdental sites may be performed through in situ interdental bone elevation for patients with horizontal alveolar bone resorption.
Integrating spatial structure and interspecific and intraspecific plant–soil feedback effects and responses into community structure
Authors: Xiao Sa , Atwater Daniel Z. , Callaway Ragan M.
Published: April 2019

Plant–soil feedbacks have important effects on plant communities, but most theory has been derived from experiments on intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks. Much less is known about how interspecific plant–soil feedbacks affect coexistence and plant communities, due in part to experimental and analytical challenges. Here, we propose a framework for evaluating plant–soil feedbacks among multiple interacting species that incorporates 1) the average effect each species has on conspecific and heterospecific neighbors via how they modify soil biota, 2) the average response of each species to the soil modifications made by neighboring species, and 3) intraspecific feedback. We refer to this as the ‘effect–response–intraspecific’ (ERI) model. We used individual‐based models to evaluate the relative importance of intraspecific and interspecific soil feedback in determining species abundance ranks in simulated plant communities. To compare the heuristic value of the ERI model to that of an established model in which effects and responses to soil feedback are not explicitly recognized, we evaluated a ‘full‐factorial’ model in which soil feedbacks among five plant species were measured and then explicitly modeled. The ERI model indicated that the response to interspecific plant–soil feedbacks was the key factor for species’ abundance rank without spatial structure. In contrast, interspecific plant–soil feedback had no impact on species abundance with spatial structure, and intraspecific feedback became dominant. Thus, our models predict that the relative importance of intraspecific and interspecific feedbacks changes as a function of the degree of spatial structure in a system. Overall, the ERI model provides a novel and tractable framework for evaluating complex multi‐species plant–soil feedbacks.
Examining the role of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance in predicting anxiety and depression
Authors: Cookson Camilla , Luzon Olga , Newland John , Kingston Jessica
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) proposes that cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance are inter‐related processes underpinning distress. This study investigated whether worry, rumination, and stressful life events on the one hand and anxiety and depression on the other hand were mediated by cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance (bidirectional serial association).

Design

A questionnaire design was conducted cross‐sectionally in a clinical sample (study 1; N = 57) and cross‐sectionally and longitudinally in a non‐clinical student sample (study 2; N = 106 and N = 97 respectively).

Methods

Participants completed measures of worry, rumination, stressful life events (predictors), cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance (mediators), anxiety, and depression (outcomes) at T1. In study 2, anxiety and depression were measured again 6 weeks later.

Results

In the clinical sample, the bidirectional relationship between experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion accounted for a significant proportion of the association between rumination and depression, and stressful life events and anxiety and depression. The association between worry and anxiety was mediated by cognitive fusion → experiential avoidance only. In the non‐clinical sample, in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses, cognitive fusion independently mediated the association between predictors and outcomes, as well as the experiential avoidance → cognitive fusion pathway.

Conclusions

The bidirectional association between cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance was most predictive of distress in the clinical sample. In the non‐clinical sample, cognitive fusion and the experiential avoidance → cognitive fusion pathway demonstrated more explanatory value. Given the cross‐sectional nature of most of the data, the findings provide theoretical (as opposed to empirical) support for the models tested.

Practitioner points

Interventions designed to reduce cognitive fusion may be a useful early intervention for sub‐clinical anxiety and depression.

Interventions focused on reducing both cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance may be helpful for individuals presenting with clinical anxiety and depression.

Individuals presenting with particularly high levels of experiential avoidance may benefit from initial work defusing from difficult thoughts, as an inroad for reducing experiential avoidance, anxiety, and depression. Likewise, those with rigid cognitive fusion may benefit from initial work around acceptance skills to create a context that better supports defusion.
Novel molecular insights into the anti‐oxidative stress response and structure–function of a salt‐inducible cyanobacterial Mn‐catalase
Authors: Chakravarty Dhiman , Bihani Subhash C. , Banerjee Manisha , Ballal Anand
Published: April 2019

KatB, a salt‐inducible Mn‐catalase, protects the cyanobacterium Anabaena from salinity/oxidative stress. In this report, we provide distinctive insights into the biological–biochemical function of KatB at the molecular level. Anabaena overexpressing the wild‐type KatB protein (KatBWT) detoxified H2O2 efficiently, showing reduced burden of reactive oxygen species compared with the strain overproducing KatBF2V (wherein F‐2 is replaced by V). Correspondingly, the KatBWT protein also displayed several folds more activity than KatBF2V. Interestingly, the KatB variants with large hydrophobic amino acids (F/W/Y) were more compact, showed enhanced activity, and were resistant to thermal/chemical denaturation than variants with smaller residues (G/A/V) at the second position. X‐ray crystallography‐based analysis showed that F‐2 was required for appropriate interactions between two subunits. These contacts provided stability to the hexamer, making it more compact. F‐2, through its interaction with F‐66 and W‐43, formed the proper hydrophobic pocket that held the active site together. Consequently, only residues that supported activity (i.e., F/Y/W) were selected at the second position in Mn‐catalases during evolution. This study (a) demonstrates that modification of nonactive site residues can alter the response of catalases to environmental stress and (b) has expanded the scope of amino acids that can be targeted for rational protein engineering in plants.
The capacity to emit isoprene differentiates the photosynthetic temperature responses of tropical plant species
Authors: Taylor Tyeen C. , Smith Marielle N. , Slot Martijn , Feeley Kenneth J.
Published: April 2019

Experimental research shows that isoprene emission by plants can improve photosynthetic performance at high temperatures. But whether species that emit isoprene have higher thermal limits than non‐emitting species remains largely untested. Tropical plants are adapted to narrow temperature ranges and global warming could result in significant ecosystem restructuring due to small variations in species' thermal tolerances. We compared photosynthetic temperature responses of 26 co‐occurring tropical tree and liana species to test whether isoprene‐emitting species are more tolerant to high temperatures. We classified species as isoprene emitters versus non‐emitters based on published datasets. Maximum temperatures for net photosynthesis were ~1.8°C higher for isoprene‐emitting species than for non‐emitters, and thermal response curves were 24% wider; differences in optimum temperatures (Topt) or photosynthetic rates at Topt were not significant. Modelling the carbon cost of isoprene emission, we show that even strong emission rates cause little reduction in the net carbon assimilation advantage over non‐emitters at supraoptimal temperatures. Isoprene emissions may alleviate biochemical limitations, which together with stomatal conductance, co‐limit photosynthesis above Topt. Our findings provide evidence that isoprene emission may be an adaptation to warmer thermal niches, and that emitting species may fare better under global warming than co‐occurring non‐emitting species.
Does global value chain engagement improve firms' wages: Evidence from China
Authors: Lu Yue , Lu Yunlong , Xie Rui , Yu Xiao
Published: April 2019

Better understanding of the effect of the global value chain (GVC) on wages is a key issue for determining welfare gains from engagement in international integration. We study whether and how China's engagement in the GVC enhances firms' wage by using firm‐level and customs transaction‐level data covering the period 2000–06 with the methods of propensity score matching (PSM), difference in differences (DID) and generalised propensity score (GPS). The empirical results show that first, GVC engagement can improve firms' wage. Second, the improvement effect is more prominent in capital‐intensive and foreign‐invested enterprises. Third, the degree of embedment in the GVC shows a U‐shaped relationship with wages (the marginal improvement changes from decreasing to increasing). Finally, by analysing the mechanism, we find that participation in the GVC ultimately improves the overall wage level of enterprises through the productivity effect and the reallocation effect of labour demand.
Surgical site infection associated with equine orthopedic internal fixation: 155 cases (2008–2016)
Authors: Curtiss Alexandra L. , Stefanovski Darko , Richardson Dean W.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To determine the prevalence of surgical site infection (SSI) after internal fixation and to identify risk factors for SSI and nonsurvival.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Animals

One hundred fifty‐five horses with long bone fractures or arthrodesis treated by internal fixation at 1 hospital between 2008–2016.

Methods

Signalment, diagnosis, surgical repair, surgeon, surgical time, antimicrobial use, SSI onset, bacterial identification, and adjunct treatments were recorded. Perioperative variables were analyzed to identify risk factors associated with outcomes.

Results

Surgical‐site infection was reported in 22 of 155 (14.2%) horses, which is lower than what has been previously reported (P = .003). Horses with fetlock arthrodesis or ulnar fracture were more likely to develop SSI. Local prophylactic antimicrobial therapy was associated with an increased risk of SSI. Horses with SSI were 12 times (P < .0001) less likely to survive to discharge than horses without SSI. Horses with a fetlock or carpal arthrodesis or those with radial/humeral/femoral fractures were less likely to survive. No association was identified between open fractures, open reduction and internal fixation, or surgical times and SSI.

Conclusion

The prevalence of SSI in this population was lower than what has been previously reported. Horses with fetlock or carpal arthrodesis or radial/humeral/femoral fractures were at increased risk for SSI and/or nonsurvival to discharge. A protective role of local antimicrobial therapy for SSI could not be established.

Clinical relevance

The impact of SSI on outcomes of cases of equine internal fixation remains substantial. Identification of cases at higher risk of SSI should influence surgical technique, postoperative management, and early intervention when SSI is suspected. Additional investigation is warranted regarding local antimicrobial therapy.
A Comprehensive Aero-Hydro-Structural Analysis of a 5 MW Offshore Wind Turbine System
Authors: Smith Scott , Syed Abdul-Bari , Liu Kan , Yu Meilin , Zhu Weidong , Huang Guanxin , Chen Daming , Aggour Mohamed Sherif
Published: April 2019

A comprehensive aero-hydro-structural analysis is conducted for a 5 MW offshore wind turbine system in this study. Soil–structure interaction under complex aero-hydro loading is analyzed to provide a suitable foundation design with high safety. With consideration of the wind turbine size and water depth, the monopile foundation design by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is selected in the current study. Both aerodynamic loading for the 5 MW wind turbine rotor defined by NREL and hydrodynamic loading on the foundation are simulated under different flow conditions using high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics methods. Structural dynamic analysis is then carried out to estimate the stress field in the foundation and soil. Results from the comprehensive analysis indicate that the Morison equation is conservative when looking at the stress field in the monopile foundation and underestimates the stress field in soil. A similar analysis strategy can be applied to other types of foundations such as jacket foundations and lead to more economical and reliable designs of foundations.
Exploiting Ballou's rule for better tissue classification
Authors: Kvam Johannes , Holm Sverre , Angelsen Bjørn A. J.
Published: April 2019

Ultrasound tissue characterization based on the coefficient of nonlinearity, βn = 1 + B/2A, has been demonstrated to produce added diagnostic value due to its large variation and sensitivity to tissue structure. However, the parameter has been observed to be significantly correlated to the speed of sound and density. These relationships are analyzed empirically as well as theoretically by developing a pressure-density relation based on a thermodynamic model and the Mie intermolecular potential. The results indicate that for many soft tissues, the coefficient of nonlinearity is largely determined by the isentropic compressibility, κs. Consequently, for tissue characterization, estimating the nonlinear response of the medium, given by βp = βnκs, appears to be beneficial due to correlated quantities.
Secondary nucleation and elongation occur at different sites on Alzheimer’s amyloid-β aggregates
Authors: Scheidt Tom , Łapińska Urszula , Kumita Janet R. , Whiten Daniel R. , Klenerman David , Wilson Mark R. , Cohen Samuel I. A. , Linse Sara , Vendruscolo Michele , Dobson Christopher M. , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Arosio Paolo
Published: April 2019

Chaperone regulation of individual microscopic events in Aβ42 aggregation reveals the nature of active sites on amyloid fibrils.
Comparative analyses of plasma amyloid-β levels in heterogeneous and monomerized states by interdigitated microelectrode sensor system
Authors: Kim YoungSoo , Yoo Yong Kyoung , Kim Hye Yun , Roh Jee Hoon , Kim Jinsik , Baek Seungyeop , Lee Jinny Claire , Kim Hye Jin , Chae Myung-Sic , Jeong Dahye , Park Dongsung , Lee Sejin , Jang HoChung , Kim Kyeonghwan , Lee Jeong Hoon , Byun Byung Hyun , Park Su Yeon , Ha Jeong Ho , Lee Kyo Chul , Cho Won Woo , Kim Jae-Seung , Koh Jae-Young , Lim Sang Moo , Hwang Kyo Seon
Published: April 2019

We compared levels of Aβ by self-standard in plasma using an interdigitated microelectrode sensor to detect Alzheimer disease.
Imaging localized neuronal activity at fast time scales through biomechanics
Authors: Patz Samuel , Fovargue Daniel , Schregel Katharina , Nazari Navid , Palotai Miklos , Barbone Paul E. , Fabry Ben , Hammers Alexander , Holm Sverre , Kozerke Sebastian , Nordsletten David , Sinkus Ralph
Published: April 2019

Noninvasive measurement of fast neuronal activity, based on tissue stiffness maps from MRI elastography, is presented.
Resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer mediated by a reversible drug-tolerant state
Authors: Echeverria Gloria V. , Ge Zhongqi , Seth Sahil , Zhang Xiaomei , Jeter-Jones Sabrina , Zhou Xinhui , Cai Shirong , Tu Yizheng , McCoy Aaron , Peoples Michael , Sun Yuting , Qiu Huan , Chang Qing , Bristow Christopher , Carugo Alessandro , Shao Jiansu , Ma Xiaoyan , Harris Angela , Mundi Prabhjot , Lau Rosanna , Ramamoorthy Vandhana , Wu Yun , Alvarez Mariano J. , Califano Andrea , Moulder Stacy L. , Symmans William F. , Marszalek Joseph R. , Heffernan Timothy P. , Chang Jeffrey T. , Piwnica-Worms Helen
Published: April 2019

Resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer can be mediated by a reversible chemotherapy-tolerant state.
An aspirin a day keeps metastasis at bay
Authors: Kerr Bethany
Published: April 2019

Aspirin’s inhibition of COX-1/thromboxane A
2
prevents metastasis by blocking adhesion between platelets, circulating tumor cells, and the endothelium.
Bicarbonate Resensitization of Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
to β-Lactam Antibiotics
Authors: Ersoy Selvi C. , Abdelhady Wessam , Li Liang , Chambers Henry F. , Xiong Yan Q. , Bayer Arnold S.
Published: April 2019

Endovascular infections caused by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) are a major health care concern, especially infective endocarditis (IE). Standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) defines most MRSA strains as “resistant” to β-lactams, often leading to the use of costly and/or toxic treatment regimens. In this investigation, five prototype MRSA strains, representing the range of genotypes in current clinical circulation, were studied.
MnoSR Is a Bona Fide Two-Component System Involved in Methylotrophic Metabolism in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Dubey Abhishek Anil , Jain Vikas
Published: April 2019

Methylotrophic metabolism has gained huge attention considering its broad application in ecology, agriculture, industries, and human health. The genus
Mycobacterium
comprises both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. Several members of this genus are known to utilize methanol as the sole carbon source for growth. Although various pathways underlying methanol utilization have been established, the regulation of methylotrophic metabolism is not well studied. In the present work, we explore the regulation of methanol metabolism in
M. smegmatis
and discover a dedicated two-component system (TCS), MnoSR, that is involved in its regulation. We show that the loss of MnoSR renders the bacterium incapable of utilizing methanol and 1,3-propanediol as the sole carbon sources. Additionally, we establish that MnoS acts as the common sensor for the alcohols in
M. smegmatis
.
Seeking Closure: How Do Herpesviruses Recruit the Cellular ESCRT Apparatus?
Authors: Barnes Jenna , Wilson Duncan W.
Published: April 2019

The
Herpesviridae
are structurally complex DNA viruses whose capsids undergo primary envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane and secondary envelopment at organelles in the cytoplasm. In both locations, there is evidence that envelope formation and scission involve the participation of multiple viral proteins and also the cellular ESCRT apparatus.
Complete Genome Sequences of
Betanodavirus
from Australian Barramundi (
Lates calcarifer
)
Authors: Condon Kelly , Bochow Shaun , Ariel Ellen , Miller Terrence L.
Published: April 2019

The complete RNA-1 and RNA-2 genome sequences of
Betanodavirus
were obtained from Australian barramundi (
Lates calcarifer
). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences have closest homology to the red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) species and share between 91 and 98% homology with the other two published complete/near-complete sequences of isolates from Australian fish.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Bioactive Pseudomonas sp. Strain, DTU12.3, Isolated from Soil in Denmark
Authors: Sazinas Pavelas , Aune May Iren , Fischer Marie Højmark , Lauritsen Jonas Greve , Gram Lone , Jelsbak Lars
Published: April 2019

Here, we report the complete annotated genome sequence of a
Pseudomonas
sp. strain, DTU12.3. It was isolated from leaf-covered soil in Denmark and potentially has bioactivity against certain plant pathogens.
Near-Complete Genome Sequence of a Human Norovirus GII.P7-GII.6 Strain Detected in a Maryland Patient in 2018
Authors: Yang Zhihui , Mammel Mark
Published: April 2019

Genomic recombination is a crucial mechanism used to generate genetic variation in human noroviruses. Recombinant variants have been increasingly identified and have contributed to sporadic cases and epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis globally.
Novel Circo-Like Virus Detected in a Croatian Bat Population
Authors: Šimić Ivana , Zorec Tomaž Mark , Krešić Nina , Poljak Mario , Bedeković Tomislav , Lojkić Ivana
Published: April 2019

Viral metagenomics analysis of samples from bats has been carried out as part of bat rabies surveillance in Croatia. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a novel circo-like virus isolated from a sample of
Miniopterus schreibersii
bat guano determined by Illumina next-generation sequencing.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Psychrobacter
sp. Strain KH172YL61, Isolated from Deep-Sea Sediments in the Nankai Trough, Japan
Authors: Evans-Yamamoto Daniel , Takeuchi Nao , Masuda Takahiro , Murai Yumi , Onuma Yasuhide , Mori Hideto , Masuyama Nanami , Ishiguro Soh , Yachie Nozomu , Arakawa Kazuharu
Published: April 2019

Psychrobacter
sp. strain KH172YL61 is a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from deep-sea sediment in the Nankai Trough in Japan. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this strain, which has a genome size of 3.19 Mb, with a G+C content of 44.0%.
Acute airway obstruction due to benign multinodular goitre
Authors: Dias Teresa , Santos Arsénio , Mesquita Carlos , Santos Rui M
Published: April 2019

Benign multinodular goitre is a common illness. When accompanied by obstructive symptoms, such as dyspnoea, it carries an indication for surgery. Benign multinodular goitres rarely cause acute airway obstruction. We report the case of a 88-year-old woman who presented with acute shortness of breath and stridor. A chest CT revealed marked enlargement of the thyroid gland, with an extensive intrathoracic component. She was proposed for total thyroidectomy. Her intraoperative course was unremarkable, but the patient passed away in postoperative period from ventricular fibrillation. Recognition of these cases is important, as they constitute a preventable cause of mortality if timely diagnosed and treated.
The safety and effectiveness of the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) system for the treatment of wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms: final 12-month results of the pivotal WEB Intrasaccular Therapy (WEB-IT) Study
Authors: Arthur Adam S , Molyneux Andy , Coon Alexander L , Saatci Isil , Szikora Istvan , Baltacioglu Feyyaz , Sultan Ali , Hoit Daniel , Delgado Almandoz Josser E , Elijovich Lucas , Cekirge Saru , Byrne James V , Fiorella David
Published: April 2019

Introduction

The Woven EndoBridge Intrasaccular Therapy (WEB-IT) Study is a pivotal, prospective, single-arm, investigational device exemption study designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the WEB device for the treatment of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms.

Methods

One-hundred and fifty patients with wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms were enrolled at 21 US and six international centers. Angiograms from the index procedure, and 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits were all reviewed by a core laboratory. All adverse events were reviewed and adjudicated by a clinical events adjudicator. A data monitoring committee provided oversight during the trial to ensure subject safety.

Results

One-hundred and forty-eight patients received the WEB implant. One (0.7%) primary safety event occurred during the study—a delayed ipsilateral parenchymal hemorrhage—on postoperative day 22. No primary safety events occurred after 30 days through 1 year. At the 12-month angiographic follow-up, 77/143 patients (53.8%) had complete aneurysm occlusion. Adequate occlusion was achieved in 121/143 (84.6%) subjects.

Conclusions

The prespecified safety and effectiveness endpoints for the aneurysms studied in the WEB-IT trial were met. The results of this trial suggest that the WEB device provides an option for patients with wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms that is as effective as currently available therapies and markedly safer.

Trial registration number

NCT02191618
Cisco diversity in a historical drainage of glacial Lake Algonquin
Authors: Bell Allan H. , Piette-Lauzière Gabriel , Turgeon Julie , Ridgway Mark S.
Published: April 2019

Cisco (Coregonus artedi (sensu lato) Lesueur, 1818) forms matching in appearance to Blackfin Cisco from the Laurentian Great Lakes occur in four lakes in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, a historical drainage of glacial Lake Algonquin (precursor of lakes Michigan and Huron). Their occurrence may represent colonization from glacial Lake Algonquin drainage patterns 13 000 calibrated years BP or independent evolution within each lake. Gill-raker numbers, temperature at capture depth during lake stratification, and hurdle models of habitat distribution are summarized. Blackfin (nigripinnis-like) in the four lakes had higher gill-raker numbers than artedi-like cisco captured in nearby lakes or within the same lake. Two lakes have a bimodal gill-raker distribution that indicate co-occurrence of two forms. Blackfin occupied the hypolimnion with a peak depth distribution at 20–25 m. Maximum depth for blackfin was 35–40 m. The presence of the opossum shrimp (Mysis diluviana Audzijonyte and Väinölä, 2005) appears necessary for the occurrence of cisco diversity in lakes but not sufficient in all cases. The presence of two forms of cisco in at least two lakes points to the possibility of the colonization hypothesis or the ecological speciation hypothesis as accounting for this phenomenon. Genetic analysis is needed to determine which of these hypotheses best accounts for the occurrence of blackfin in Algonquin Park.
The Status and Impact of Clinical Tumor Genome Sequencing
Authors: Shaw Kenna R. Mills , Maitra Anirban
Published: April 2019

Since the discovery that DNA alterations initiate tumorigenesis, scientists and clinicians have been exploring ways to counter these changes with targeted therapeutics. The sequencing of tumor DNA was initially limited to highly actionable hot spots—areas of the genome that are frequently altered and have an approved matched therapy in a specific tumor type. Large-scale genome sequencing programs quickly developed technological improvements that enabled the deployment of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing technologies at scale for pristine sample materials in research environments. However, the turning point for precision medicine in oncology was the innovations in clinical laboratories that improved turnaround time, depth of coverage, and the ability to reliably sequence archived, clinically available samples. Today, tumor genome sequencing no longer suffers from significant technical or financial hurdles, and the next opportunity for improvement lies in the optimal utilization of the technologies and data for many different tumor types.
Changes in the power-duration relationship following prolonged exercise: estimation using conventional and all-out protocols and relationship with muscle glycogen
Authors: Clark Ida E. , Vanhatalo Anni , Thompson Christopher , Wylie Lee J. , Bailey Stephen J. , Kirby Brett S. , Wilkins Brad W. , Jones Andrew M.
Published: April 2019

It is not clear how the parameters of the power-duration relationship [critical power (CP) and W′] are influenced by the performance of prolonged endurance exercise. We used severe-intensity prediction trials (conventional protocol) and the 3-min all-out test (3MT) to measure CP and W′ following 2 h of heavy-intensity cycling exercise and took muscle biopsies to investigate possible relationships to changes in muscle glycogen concentration ([glycogen]). Fourteen participants completed a rested 3MT to establish end-test power (Control-EP) and work done above EP (Control-WEP). Subsequently, on separate days, immediately following 2 h of heavy-intensity exercise, participants completed a 3MT to establish Fatigued-EP and Fatigued-WEP and three severe-intensity prediction trials to the limit of tolerance (Tlim) to establish Fatigued-CP and Fatigued-W′. A muscle biopsy was collected immediately before and after one of the 2-h exercise bouts. Fatigued-CP (256 ± 41 W) and Fatigued-EP (256 ± 52 W), and Fatigued-Wʹ (15.3 ± 5.0 kJ) and Fatigued-WEP (14.6 ± 5.3 kJ), were not different ( P > 0.05) but were ~11% and ~20% lower than Control-EP (287 ± 46 W) and Control-WEP (18.7 ± 4.7 kJ), respectively ( P < 0.05). The change in muscle [glycogen] was not significantly correlated with the changes in either EP ( r = 0.19) or WEP ( r = 0.07). The power-duration relationship is adversely impacted by prolonged endurance exercise. The 3MT provides valid estimates of CP and W′ following 2 h of heavy-intensity exercise, but the changes in these parameters are not primarily determined by changes in muscle [glycogen].