bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical repair of deep melting ulcers with porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) graft in dogs and cats
Authors: Vanore Maria , Chahory Sabine , Payen Guillaume , Clerc Bernard
Published: February 2007

Abstract Purpose   To evaluate the efficacy of using a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) graft for the surgical repair of deep melting ulcers in dogs and cats.

Methods   Two cats and five dogs presented with deep and large melting ulcers of the cornea. In each case, the necrotic and collagenolytic tissue of the cornea was removed by keratectomy. A SIS graft, 1 mm greater than the corneal defect, was rehydrated in sterile saline and sutured to the edges of the ulcer with a simple interrupted pattern of 9/0 polyglactin 910. A nictitating membrane flap was utilized in two cats and four dogs for 2 weeks. All cases were treated postoperatively with topical and systemic antibiotics, a systemic anti‐inflammatory drug and topical atropine. All animals were re‐evaluated 15 days, 4 weeks, 35–45 days, 2–3 months and 6 months postsurgery.

Results   At 15 days postsurgery, a superficial intense corneal neovascularization surrounded the SIS graft. No ocular discomfort was present and fluorescein staining was negative in all cases. At 4 weeks the SIS graft was thick and opaque in all cases, although in one cat the SIS graft had partially detached. Between 35 and 45 days, SIS graft integration was evident in all eyes, and corneal neovascularization had decreased progressively. All eyes healed without complications and retained corneal transparency. This occurred even in the presence of corneal perforation in two cases: one prior to and one during surgery.

Conclusion   Results of our study suggest the SIS graft may be an effective alternative surgical treatment to the traditional conjunctival grafts commonly used to repair melting ulcers in dogs and cats. The advantages of using a SIS graft include good corneal transparency, preservation of corneal integrity and maintenance of vision.
Parasympathetic control of the pupillary light response in the red‐eared slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Dearworth J. R. , Cooper L. J. , McGee C.
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective We investigated effects of both vecuronium bromide, a nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, and atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, on the pupil of the turtle to determine whether responses to light are controlled by parasympathetic innervations acting on the iris.

Animal studied Three red‐eared slider turtles,Pseudemys scripta elegans.

Procedure Turtles were secured to immobilize their head movements and then inserted into a light‐integrating sphere. Both pupils were monitored through small apertures by digital video cameras. Pupil diameters were measured manually with a digital caliper. During each trial, drugs (0.4%) were topically applied, four times at 15 min intervals, to the corneas of each eye. One eye was randomly selected for treatment of the drug while the other, treated with saline (0.9% NaCl), was used as control. Pupil sizes under adaptation to light were tracked after drug or saline applications.

Results Mean pupillary diameters of eyes treated with vercuronium bromide increased by 28%, reaching peak size in 90 min. Onset of response occurred 20 min after drug application and then increased at a rate having a time constant of 26 min. Recovery began at 120 min after initial application. Atropine had no effect on pupil size. No systemic side effects by drugs were observed in turtles.

Conclusions Although atropine does not cause mydriasis, vecuronium bromide does. These results suggest that the parasympathetic system in turtles acts through acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptors to stimulate pupillary light constriction.
The Effects of Nations and Organisations on Work Value Importance: A Cross‐Cultural Investigation
Authors: Hattrup Keith , Mueller Karsten , Joens Ingela
Published: February 2007

This research examined similarities and differences in the work values of employees of three German multinational organisations across nations and across organisations. Value importance was measured by the strength of the empirical relationship between satisfaction of a job facet or value and overall job satisfaction; satisfaction of more important values is more strongly related to overall satisfaction than is the satisfaction of less important values. Comparisons of value importance across nations and organisations indicated substantial similarity, in contrast to previous research that has measured value importance with direct ratings. Implications of the results for our understanding of work values and the meaning of work in multicultural contexts are discussed.

Cette recherche étudie les points communs et les différences dans les valeurs professionnelles des salariés de trois multinationales allemandes, cela sur plusieurs pays et organisations. L’importance d’une valeur a étéévaluée à partir de la force de la relation empirique entre la satisfaction procurée par un aspect du travail ou l’une de ses valeurs et la satisfaction professionnelle globale; la satisfaction due aux plus importantes des valeurs est davantage corrélée à la satisfaction générale que ne l’est la satisfaction apportée par les valeurs périphériques. La comparaison de l’importance des valeurs dans les divers pays et organisations a mis en évidence une grande proximité en contradiction avec les recherches antérieures qui avaient mesuré l’importance des valeurs avec des évaluations directes. On expose les retombées de ces résultats pour l’étude des valeurs professionnelles et de la signification du travail dans des contextes multiculturels.
Relationships among Organisational Justice Perceptions, Adjustment, and Turnover of United States‐Based Expatriates
Authors: Siers Brian
Published: February 2007

Expatriate turnover is a potentially expensive problem for organisations. This study examined the process of cognitive evaluation that can result in the formation of turnover intentions. Expatriates from two organisations participated. Results indicated that facets of justice and adjustment interacted to explain turnover intentions. Specifically, when procedural fairness perceptions were low, general adjustment was related to turnover perceptions. Also, assignment satisfaction partially mediated relationships between facets of justice and adjustment and turnover cognitions. Findings are integrated into existing models of expatriate adjustment and turnover cognitions.

La rotation du personnel expatrié revient potentiellement cher aux organisations. Cette étude examine comment le processus d’évaluation cognitive peut avoir comme résultat l’émergence d’intentions de turnover. Des expatriés de deux organisations ont participéà cette étude. Les résultats indiquaient que les aspects de la justice et de l’adaptation interagissaient pour expliquer les intentions de turnover. Plus particulièrement, lorsque les perceptions d’équité procédurale étaient basses, l’adaptation générale était liée aux perceptions de turnover. De plus, la satisfaction de la mission influençait partiellement les relations entre les aspects de la justice, l’adaptation et les cognitions à propos du turnover. Ces résultats ont été intégrés aux modèles existants à propos de l’adaptation des expatriés et des cognitions à propos du turnover.
Modelling exchange‐traded barrier options traded in the Australian options market
Authors: Easton Steve , Gerlach Richard
Published: February 2007

Barrier options traded in the Australian market vary considerably in terms of the extent to which the barrier is monitored and in terms of the location of the barrier level relative to the exercise price. This paper examines the impact of these differences on prices and also on deltas and gammas. We find that it is not possible to generalize results concerning hedge parameter values to all barrier options. We find that options examined by Easton et al. (2004) do not display discontinuity of deltas at the barrier levels and that their apparent overpricing cannot be attributed to hedging difficulties.
Evaluating a method of integrating generic skills with accounting content based on a functional theory of meaning
Authors: Sin Samantha , Jones Alan , Petocz Peter
Published: February 2007

This paper documents and evaluates an intervention designed to integrate the learning of selected generic skills, particularly analytical thinking and written communication skills, with the learning of accounting content. The method used was to scaffold practice in analytical thinking skills through specially designed writing activities. Content‐focused learning materials adapted from task‐types currently used to teach language skills were used to facilitate the analysis and interrelation of accounting concepts, principles and problems in interpersonal communicative contexts typical of actual accounting practice. The materials, in three assignments, were designed to incorporate: (i) selected generic skills, taken from those listed by the professional accounting bodies; (ii) writing, both as communication and as an instrument for analytical thinking and learning; (iii) knowledge of accounting concepts and principles; and (iv) awareness of the interpersonal dimensions of professional communication. Overall, students showed improved learning outcomes, with improvements of 19 percentage points for non‐Australian students over the three assignments. We were also able to show significant positive relationships between the assessments of assignments 2 and 3 and performance in the knowledge‐based final examination. Improvements in the quality of learning were shown in students’ improved ability to assess their own work.
WEIGHTED LOTTERIES IN LIFE AND DEATH CASES
Authors: Hirose Iwao
Published: February 2007

Faced with a choice between saving one stranger and saving a group of strangers, some people endorse weighted lotteries, which give a strictly greater chance of being saved to the group of strangers than the single stranger. In this paper I attempt to criticize this view. I first consider a particular version of the weighted lotteries, Frances Kamm's procedure of proportional chances, and point out two implausible implications of her proposal. Then, I consider weighted lotteries in general, and claim (1) that the correct thing to distribute is not the chance of being saved but the good of being saved, (2) that assigning some chance to the single stranger is not the only way to give a positive (and equal) respect to the people concerned, and (3) that the weighted lottery appears to be deceptive since it would show the respect to the single stranger in a negligible way.
Defamilisation and welfare state regimes: a cluster analysis
Authors: Bambra Clare
Published: February 2007

The role of gender as a source of social stratification within and between welfare states is increasingly being paid attention to in the welfare state regimes debate. Defamilisation has emerged as a potentially important concept in this context, as it enables the comparison and classification of welfare states in terms of how they facilitate female autonomy and economic independence from the family. However, the methodology used, or the understanding of the concept, limits existing defamilisation typologies. These typologies have therefore been unable to provide an accurate examination of welfare state variation using this concept and, indeed, have in some ways undermined and devalued the usefulness of defamilisation. This article uses cluster analysis to build upon previous research and resurrect the concept of defamilisation. In contrast to existing work in this area, the analysis produces a five‐fold typology of welfare state regimes. This typology differs in many ways from existing models of welfare state regimes, although some core countries emerge as regime ideal types. The article concludes by reflecting on the broader implications of cluster analysis, and defamilisation, for welfare state modelling and future research in this area.
Community capacity and micro‐economic development: a study from Peru
Authors: Díaz Héctor Luis
Published: February 2007

A secondary analysis of survey data collected in 1999 was conducted to explore the associations between community capacity and micro‐economic development in 20 communities of Peru's mountain region. Elements of community capacity are human capital, social capital and organisational resources. Indicators of micro‐economic development are annual household income in soles (Peruvian currency) and perceptions of changes in income and property. Findings revealed that human capital was the most significant predictor of income. Social capital was a significant predictor of the belief that amount of property had increased but not a significant predictor of the belief that incomes had increased. Participation in a development programme for a year or more was the only significant predictor of all three indicators of micro‐economic development.
Wettability alteration of caprock minerals by carbon dioxide
Authors: CHIQUET P. , BROSETA D. , THIBEAU S.
Published: February 2007

One of the critical factors that control the efficiency of CO2 geological storage process in aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs is the capillary‐sealing potential of the caprock. This potential can be expressed in terms of the maximum reservoir overpressure that the brine‐saturated caprock can sustain, i.e. of the CO2 capillary entry pressure. It is controlled by the brine/CO2 interfacial tension, the water‐wettability of caprock minerals, and the pore size distribution within the caprock.

By means of contact angle measurements, experimental evidence was obtained showing that the water‐wettability of mica and quartz is altered in the presence of CO2 under pressures typical of geological storage conditions. The alteration is more pronounced in the case of mica. Both minerals are representative of shaly caprocks and are strongly water‐wet in the presence of hydrocarbons.

A careful analysis of the available literature data on breakthrough pressure measurements in caprock samples confirms the existence of a wettability alteration by dense CO2, both in shaly and in evaporitic caprocks. The consequences of this effect on the maximum CO2 storage pressure and on CO2 storage capacity in the underground reservoir are discussed. For hydrocarbon reservoirs that were initially close to capillary leakage, the maximum allowable CO2 storage pressure is only a fraction of the initial reservoir pressure.
Contrasting paleofluid systems in the continental basement: a fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of hydrothermal vein mineralization, Schwarzwald district, Germany
Authors: BAATARTSOGT B. , SCHWINN G. , WAGNER T. , TAUBALD H. , BEITTER T. , MARKL G.
Published: February 2007

An integrated fluid inclusion and stable isotope study was carried out on hydrothermal veins (Sb‐bearing quartz veins, metal‐bearing fluorite–barite–quartz veins) from the Schwarzwald district, Germany. A total number of 106 Variscan (quartz veins related to Variscan orogenic processes) and post‐Variscan deposits were studied by microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy, and stable isotope analysis. The fluid inclusions in Variscan quartz veins are of the H2O–NaCl–(KCl) type, have low salinities (0–10 wt.% eqv. NaCl) and high Th values (150–350°C). Oxygen isotope data for quartz range from +2.8‰ to +12.2‰ and calculated δ18OH2O values of the fluid are between −12.5‰ and +4.4‰. The δD values of water extracted from fluid inclusions vary between −49‰ and +4‰. The geological framework, fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics of the Variscan veins suggest an origin from regional metamorphic devolatilization processes.

By contrast, the fluid inclusions in post‐Variscan fluorite, calcite, barite, quartz, and sphalerite belong to the H2O–NaCl–CaCl2 type, have high salinities (22–25 wt.% eqv. NaCl) and lower Th values of 90–200°C. A low‐salinity fluid (0–15 wt.% eqv. NaCl) was observed in late‐stage fluorite, calcite, and quartz, which was trapped at similar temperatures. The δ18O values of quartz range between +11.1‰ and +20.9‰, which translates into calculated δ18OH2O values between −11.0‰ and +4.4‰. This range is consistent with δ18OH2O values of fluid inclusion water extracted from fluorite (−11.6‰ to +1.1‰). The δD values of directly measured fluid inclusion water range between −29‰ and −1‰, −26‰ and −15‰, and −63‰ and +9‰ for fluorite, quartz, and calcite, respectively.

Calculations using the fluid inclusion and isotope data point to formation of the fluorite–barite–quartz veins under near‐hydrostatic conditions. The δ18OH2O and δD data, particularly the observed wide range in δD, indicate that the mineralization formed through large‐scale mixing of a basement‐derived saline NaCl–CaCl2 brine with meteoric water. Our comprehensive study provides evidence for two fundamentally different fluid systems in the crystalline basement. The Variscan fluid regime is dominated by fluids generated through metamorphic devolatilization and fluid expulsion driven by compressional nappe tectonics. The onset of post‐Variscan extensional tectonics resulted in replacement of the orogenic fluid regime by fluids which have distinct compositional characteristics and are related to a change in the principal fluid sources and the general fluid flow patterns. This younger system shows remarkably persistent geochemical and isotopic features over a prolonged period of more than 100 Ma.
Evidence for a role of Hsp70 in the neuroprotection induced by heat shock pre‐treatment against 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine toxicity in rat brain
Authors: Escobedo Isabel , Peraile Ines , Orio Laura , Colado M. Isabel , O’Shea Esther
Published: February 2007

3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’) produces acute hyperthermia which increases the severity of the selective serotoninergic neurotoxicity produced by the drug in rats. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a major inducible cellular protein expressed in stress conditions and which is thought to exert protective functions. MDMA (12.5 mg/kg, i.p.), given to rats housed at 22°C, produced an immediate hyperthermia and increased Hsp70 in frontal cortex between 3 h and 7 days after administration. MDMA, given to rats housed at low ambient temperature (4°C) produced transient hypothermia followed by mild hyperthermia but no increase in Hsp70 expression, while rats treated at elevated room temperature (30°C) showed enhanced hyperthermia and similar expression of Hsp70 to that seen in rats housed at 22°C. Fluoxetine‐induced inhibition of 5‐HT release and hydroxyl radical formation did not modify MDMA‐induced Hsp70 expression 3 h later. Four‐ or 8‐day heat shock (elevation of basal rectal temperature by 1.5°C for 1 h) or geldanamycin pre‐treatment induced Hsp70 expression and protected against MDMA‐induced serotoninergic neurotoxicity without affecting drug‐induced hyperthermia. Thus, MDMA‐induced Hsp70 expression depends on the drug‐induced hyperthermic response and not on 5‐HT release or hydroxyl radical formation and pre‐induction of Hsp70 protects against the long‐term serotoninergic damage produced by MDMA.
Operational implications of varying ambient light levels and time‐of‐day effects on saccadic velocity and pupillary light reflex
Authors: Yu Minzhong , Kautz Mary A. , Thomas Maria L. , Johnson Dagny , Hotchkiss Edwin R. , Russo Michael B.
Published: February 2007

Changes in maximal saccadic velocity (SV), initial pupil diameter (IPD), constriction latency (CL) and constriction amplitude (CA) determined by the pupillary light reflex have been found to be sensitive indicators of impairment as a result of drugs, sleepiness, and/or fatigue. Ambient illuminance and time of day are controlled when these indices are applied as repeated measures in fitness‐for‐duty determinations. The application of oculometrics in unrestricted operational environments, where ambient illuminance and time‐of‐day testing are not constant, requires understanding of, and potential compensation for, the effects of, and interactions among, these multiple uncontrolled variables. SV, IPD, CL, and CA were evaluated in the morning and evening on two consecutive days following adequate nightly sleep under one baseline ambient illuminance and seven test ambient illuminances. Sixteen healthy volunteers (21–38 years, eight females/eight males) participated. Within and across days, SV was unaffected by decreasing ambient light or time‐of‐day effects. With the increase of ambient light from 670 to 3300 lx, CL decreased by 1%, while IPD and CA decreased by 17% and 20%, respectively. IPD increased with time of day by 1–10% (IPD was smaller in the morning). The results show that SV and CL are essentially resistant to changes in ambient light and time‐of‐day effects, simplifying their application in uncontrolled operational environments.
Eye and head movement alterations in naïve progressive addition lens wearers
Authors: Hutchings Natalie , Irving Elizabeth L. , Jung Nadine , Dowling Lisa M. , Wells Kelly A.
Published: February 2007

Aims:  To examine adaptation to progressive addition lenses (PALs) by investigating eye and head movement strategies of individuals naïve to PAL wear; to determine whether adaptation is a short‐term change in strategy or is maintained with continued PAL wear; to determine if adaptation strategies are different between PAL designs.

Methods:  Ten presbyopic individuals participated in a double‐blind crossover study. Participants wore one PAL design for ≤4 weeks, had approximately 1 week without PAL wear and then wore the second PAL for ≤4 weeks. Eye and head movements were recorded at the beginning and end of each period of PAL wear in response to several visual tasks. Visual tasks were a flash discrimination task at 2 m and 40 cm, and reading text aloud. Quantitative analysis was undertaken for eye and head movement dynamics (latency, duration, peak velocity, etc.). Categorical analysis used eye and head movement metrics to classify participants as eye‐movers, head‐movers or mixed at each visit.

Results:  There was significant between‐participant variability. A number of eye/head movement parameters exhibited carry‐over effects. The number of vertical head movements for the distance task showed a significant increase between the first and second visit (F1,9 = 5.578; p = 0.042), irrespective of lens design. Categorical analysis showed that participants employed task dependent strategies for all tasks. Participants that altered their strategy tended to include more head movements. Seven of the 10 participants preferred the second PAL worn.

Conclusions:  Participants recruited more head movements for flash discrimination tasks and for reading text during adaptation to PAL wear. The many and various eye and head movement parameters analysed were unable to discriminate differences dependent on PAL design.
Regression analysis of ranked segment parameters for optic nerve head classification: a pilot study
Authors: Cubbidge Robert P. , Hosking Sarah L. , Hilton Emma J. , Gibson Jonathan M.
Published: February 2007

Purpose:  To determine whether curve‐fitting analysis of the ranked segment distributions of topographic optic nerve head (ONH) parameters, derived using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT), provide a more effective statistical descriptor to differentiate the normal from the glaucomatous ONH.

Methods:  The sample comprised of 22 normal control subjects (mean age 66.9 years; S.D. 7.8) and 22 glaucoma patients (mean age 72.1 years; S.D. 6.9) confirmed by reproducible visual field defects on the Humphrey Field Analyser. Three 10°‐images of the ONH were obtained using the HRT. The mean topography image was determined and the HRT software was used to calculate the rim volume, rim area to disc area ratio, normalised rim area to disc area ratio and retinal nerve fibre cross‐sectional area for each patient at 10°‐sectoral intervals. The values were ranked in descending order, and each ranked‐segment curve of ordered values was fitted using the least squares method.

Results:  There was no difference in disc area between the groups. The group mean cup–disc area ratio was significantly lower in the normal group (0.204 ± 0.16) compared with the glaucoma group (0.533 ± 0.083) (p < 0.001). The visual field indices, mean deviation and corrected pattern S.D., were significantly greater (p < 0.001) in the glaucoma group (−9.09 dB ± 3.3 and 7.91 ± 3.4, respectively) compared with the normal group (−0.15 dB ± 0.9 and 0.95 dB ± 0.8, respectively). Univariate linear regression provided the best overall fit to the ranked segment data. The equation parameters of the regression line manually applied to the normalised rim area–disc area and the rim area–disc area ratio data, correctly classified 100% of normal subjects and glaucoma patients. In this study sample, the regression analysis of ranked segment parameters method was more effective than conventional ranked segment analysis, in which glaucoma patients were misclassified in approximately 50% of cases. Further investigation in larger samples will enable the calculation of confidence intervals for normality. These reference standards will then need to be investigated for an independent sample to fully validate the technique.

Conclusions:  Using a curve‐fitting approach to fit ranked segment curves retains information relating to the topographic nature of neural loss. Such methodology appears to overcome some of the deficiencies of conventional ranked segment analysis, and subject to validation in larger scale studies, may potentially be of clinical utility for detecting and monitoring glaucomatous damage.
Global motorization, social ecology and China
Authors: Martin George
Published: February 2007

The global diffusion of motorization has become a significant driver of local and regional change around the world. In the South (the developing countries), especially in China, the scale of its impact in the twenty‐first century carries the potential to dwarf that of motorization in the North (the developed countries) in the twentieth century. While alarms have been sounded about the threat of greatly increased greenhouse emissions posed by China's telescoped development of motorization, this paper analyses its neglected social and ecological impacts. Through an analysis of car and land use data, China's loss of agricultural land and growing social polarization are highlighted.
Spatial patterns of ice storm disturbance on a forested landscape in the Appalachian Mountains, Virginia
Authors: Stueve Kirk M , Lafon Charles W , Isaacs Rachel E
Published: February 2007

Ice storms (major freezing rain events) periodically disturb forests in eastern North America. The damage may vary spatially, especially in complex terrain. This study uses satellite imagery to investigate spatial heterogeneity of forest damage caused by ice storms that affected the Appalachian Mountains, Virginia during 1994. The results display a region‐scale (southwest‐to‐northeast) gradient in damage that apparently corresponds to a gradient in the depth of ice that accumulated during the storms. Damage also varied topographically, particularly by aspect. Damage was most extensive on east‐, southeast‐ and south‐facing slopes; at middle elevations; and on slopes of moderate steepness.
Taking Cues on Europe? Voter competence and party endorsements in referendums on European integration
Authors: HOBOLT SARA BINZER
Published: February 2007

Abstract.  One of the criticisms often levelled against direct democracy is that citizens lack sufficient knowledge to vote directly on policy issues. The ‘No’ votes in the French and Dutch referendums on the Constitutional Treaty have highlighted the importance of examining voter competence in referendums. This article proposes a theoretical framework for evaluating competence in EU referendums. It suggests that competent voting in EU referendums is based on issue‐specific preferences and requires political information. Since most voters have little detailed knowledge of European integration, they rely on heuristics and cues when deciding how to vote. The important question is how much and which type of information voters require to make competent choices. This article examines whether and under what conditions the use of party endorsements as information cues can enhance competent voting in EU referendums. These theoretical questions are examined in an analysis of the 1994 Norwegian referendum on EU membership.
Rethinking the Effectiveness of Public Protected Areas in Southwestern China
Authors: XU JIANCHU , MELICK DAVID R.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  It is internationally recognized that conservation policies should respect indigenous cultures and consider the livelihoods of people affected by conservation restrictions. Countering this are concerns that human occupation and use of natural reserves is incompatible with conservation aims. But in China today the continued use and management of natural areas by local communities is likely to deliver better conservation outcomes than the current drive to establish public protected areas. The effectiveness of many protected areas in China is compromised by institutional conflicts, lack of ongoing financial and technical support, confusion between the objectives of generating revenue and conservation, dubious scientific definitions, lack of community trust in policies, and obscure user rights and land tenures. Southwestern China—one of the most biologically and ethnologically diverse areas on Earth—is a good illustration of a place where culture and biological diversity are closely linked. The indigenous people in this area have shown that local livelihood practices can be advantageous for the long‐term maintenance of conservation goals. Rather than creating new protected areas, we argue that China is better advised to support ongoing sustainable use of natural areas by the people who have lived and nurtured these environments for generations.
Distinguishing between Invasions and Habitat Changes as Drivers of Diversity Loss among California's Freshwater Fishes
Authors: LIGHT THEO , MARCHETTI MICHAEL P.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  Many of California's native populations of freshwater fish are in serious decline, as are freshwater faunas worldwide. Habitat loss and alteration, hydrologic modification, water pollution, and invasions have been identified as major drivers of these losses. Because these potential causes of decline are frequently correlated, it is difficult to separate direct from indirect effects of each factor and to appropriately rank their importance for conservation action. Recently a few authors have questioned the conservation significance of invasions, suggesting that they are “passengers” rather than “drivers” of ecological change. We compiled an extensive, watershed‐level data set of fish presence and conservation status, land uses, and hydrologic modifications in California and used an information theoretic approach (Akaike's information criterion, AIC) and path analysis to evaluate competing models of native fish declines. Hydrologic modification (impoundments and diversions), invasions, and proportion of developed land were all predictive of the number of extinct and at‐risk native fishes in California watersheds in the AIC analysis. Although nonindigenous fish richness was the best single predictor (after native richness) of fishes of conservation concern, the combined ranking of models containing hydrologic modification variables was slightly higher than that of models containing nonindigenous richness. Nevertheless, the path analysis indicated that the effects of both hydrologic modification and development on fishes of conservation concern were largely indirect, through their positive effects on nonindigenous fish richness. The best‐fitting path model was the driver model, which included no direct effects of abiotic disturbance on native fish declines. Our results suggest that, for California freshwater fishes, invasions are the primary direct driver of extinctions and population declines, whereas the most damaging effect of habitat alteration is the tendency of altered habitats to support nonindigenous fishes.
Introducing Birth Plans in Mexico: An Exploratory Study in a Hospital Serving Low‐Income Mexicans
Authors: Yam Eileen A , Grossman Amy A. , Goldman Lisa A. , García Sandra G.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:  Background:
Increased medicalization of childbirth in Mexico has not always translated into more satisfactory childbirth experiences for women. In developed countries, pregnant women often prepare written birth plans, outlining how they would like their childbirth experiences to proceed. The notion of expressing childbirth desires with a birth plan is novel in the developing world. We conducted an exploratory study to assess the feasibility and acceptability of introducing birth plans in a hospital serving low–socioeconomic status Mexicans and to document women’s and health practitioners’ perspectives on the advantages and barriers in implementing a birth plan program. Methods: We invited 9 pregnant women to prepare birth plans during their antenatal care visits. The women also participated in interviews before and after childbirth. We also conducted in‐depth interviews with 4 women who had given birth in the past year, and with 2 nurses, 2 social workers, and 1 physician to learn about their perspectives on the benefits and challenges of implementing a birth plan program. Results: All 9 women who completed a birth plan found the experience highly satisfying, despite the fact that in some cases, their childbirths did not proceed as they had specified in their plans. Interviewed practitioners believed that birth plans could improve the childbirth experience for women and health care practitioners, but facilities often lacked space and financial incentives for birth plan programs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that birth plans are acceptable and feasible in this study population. Facility administrators would need to commit to provide the physical space and financial incentives necessary to ensure successful implementation. (BIRTH 34:1 March 2007)
Development of a Humanized In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Model to Screen for Brain Penetration of Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Cucullo Luca , Hossain Mohammed , Rapp Ed , Manders Toby , Marchi Nicola , Janigro Damir
Published: February 2007

Summary: Purpose:A biotechnologic breakthrough for the study of drug permeability across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) would be the use of a reproducible in vitro model that recapitulates the functional, structural, and pathologic properties of the BBB in situ. We developed a humanized dynamic in vitro BBB model (DIV‐BBB) based on cocultures of human microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) from “normal” and drug‐resistant epileptic brain tissue with human brain astrocytes (HAs) from epilepsy patients or controls.

Methods:HBMECs and HAs were cocultured for 28 days in polypropylene capillaries. HBMECs were exposed to physiologic levels of shear stress generated by intraluminal flow. Permeability to [3H]sucrose, [14C]phenytoin, and [14C]diazepam was measured in control and drug‐resistant DIV‐BBB with and without pretreatment with the MDR1 inhibitor XR9576. BBB integrity was monitored by transendothelial electrical resistance measurements (TEERs). Cell growth and viability were assessed by measurement of glucose consumption and lactate production.

Results:PSucroseand TEER values did not depend on the origin of the endothelium used (epileptic or normal). PPhenytoinwas 10‐fold less (1.54 × 10−6cm/s) in drug‐resistant BBB models than in controls (1.74 × 10−5cm/s). MDR1 blockade with XR9576 was effective (3.5‐fold increase) only in drug‐resistant cultures. PDiazepamin control and drug‐resistant DIV‐BBB was not affected by XR9576 and did not depend on the epileptic or control origin of endothelia. The overall contribution of epileptic glia to pharmacoresistance was negligible.

Conclusions:These results show that, for the substances used, the humanized DIV‐BBB recapitulates the physiologic permeability properties of the BBB in vivo and is also capable of mimicking a drug‐resistant BBB phenotype.
Voltage‐dependent Calcium Channel Abnormalities in Hippocampal CA3 Neurons of Spontaneously Epileptic Rats
Authors: Yan Hai‐Dun , Ishihara Kumatoshi , Hanaya Ryosuke , Kurisu Kaoru , Serikawa Tadao , Sasa Masashi
Published: February 2007

Summary:  Purpose: Hippocampal CA3 neurons of spontaneously epileptic rats (SER; zi/zi, tm/tm), which show both absence‐like seizures and tonic convulsions, exhibit a long‐lasting depolarization shift with repetitive firing with a single stimulation of mossy fibers. Therefore a whole‐cell patch‐clamp study using temporarily dissociated hippocampal CA3 neurons from SER was performed to elucidate whether such abnormal excitability was due to abnormalities in voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs).

Methods: Hippocampal CA3 neurons were temporarily dissociated with enzymatic and mechanical treatments. In a voltage‐clamp mode with whole‐cell recording, depolarizing step pulses were applied to induce Ca2+ currents in the presence of tetrodotoxin and tetraethylammonium.

Results: The threshold level of the Ca2+ current induced by depolarizing pulses was found to be lower in hippocampal CA3 neurons of SER compared with those of control Wistar rats. In addition, the Ca2+ current peak amplitude was greater, and decay of the current was weaker in CA3 neurons of SER than in those of normal Wistar rats.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that enhancements of Ca2+ influx into hippocampal CA3 neurons due to the easier activation properties of VDCCs, as well as a decrease in decay, are involved in SER epileptic seizures.
Diagnostic Values of Surface‐Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Technology for Screening of Habitual Drinkers
Authors: Sogawa Kazuyuki , Itoga Sakae , Tomonaga Takeshi , Nomura Fumio
Published: February 2007

Background: The currently available biological markers are limited in sensitivity and specificity for screening of excessive alcohol drinkers. We recently purified and identified 3 potential markers for alcoholism (5.9 and 7.8 kDa peptides and 28 kDa protein) by using surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI‐TOF MS) technology. In the present study, we determined the diagnostic values of these novel markers in screening habitual drinkers with moderate alcohol consumption (hereafter habitual drinkers) in the general population as compared with 2 conventional markers: γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) and carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT).

Methods: Serum samples obtained from a total of 128 Japanese who sought regular medical checkup were analyzed by SELDI‐TOF MS.

Results: The relative intensities of the 5.9 and the 28 kDa peak of habitual drinkers were significantly different from those in nondrinkers even in GGT nonresponders. The sensitivity and specificity were the highest in 5.9 kDa. When 5.9, 28 kDa, and GGT were combined, 96.8% of the habitual drinkers were successfully screened with a specificity of 60.9%.

Conclusion: The results of this study clearly indicate that the 5.9 kDa peak is a promising novel biological marker for moderate alcohol consumption.
Role of the Genetic Polymorphisms in the 5′‐Flanking Region for Transcriptional Regulation of the Human CYP2E1 Gene
Authors: Uchimoto Takayuki , Itoga Sakae , Nezu Masahiko , Sunaga Masahiko , Tomonaga Takeshi , Nomura Fumio
Published: February 2007

Background: The human cytochrome P‐4502E1 (CYP2E1) has been known to be that are associated with alcohol‐related diseases and various cancers. Difference in susceptibility in enzyme induction of the CYP2E1 by environmental factors such as ethanol may be associated with the risk of these diseases. In the 5′‐flanking region of the human CYP2E1 gene, there were tandem repeat polymorphism (CYP2E1*1C*,1D) and RsaI polymorphism (CYP2E1*5A*,5B), which have been reported to be related to these diseases. Thus, we focused relationship between these polymorphisms and transcriptional regulation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of these polymorphisms for the transcriptional regulation of the human CYP2E1 gene in general transcription and during enzyme induction.

Methods: To determine the role of these polymorphisms, various constructs of the 5′‐flanking region of the human CYP2E1 gene were prepared and transfected into HeLa cells and HepG2 cells treated or not with pyrazine, a well‐known CYP2E1 inducer.

Results: The transcriptional activity of CYP2E1*1D was higher than that of CYP2E1*1C in HeLa cells. The −1,306 base pairs (bp) construct (−1,306 to +9) increased transcriptional activity compared with the 2.5 kb full‐length construct. The suppressive effect of transcriptional activity by deletion of the region including CYP2E1*1C was greater than that by CYP2E1*1D in HeLa cells. The −580 bp construct (−580 to +9) decreased transcriptional activity compared with the −1,306 bp construct. The −1,306 bp construct also showed a similar tendency during pyrazine treatment.

Conclusions: The region including the tandem repeat polymorphism was suggested to regulate transcription suppressively. Besides, it was speculated that the transcriptional activity of CYP2E1*1D was higher than that of CYP2E1*1C because transcriptional suppression of CYP2E1*1D was weaker than that of CYP2E1*1C. Also, it was confirmed that the region including RsaI polymorphism was associated with the promotion of transcription.
Mutation of Mitochondrial DNA in Livers From Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Kawahara Hiromu , Fukura Masayuki , Tsuchishima Mutsumi , Takase Shujiro
Published: February 2007

Background: In alcoholic hepatitis (Al‐Hep) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), triglycerides accumulate in hepatocytes. We examined the hypothesis that mutations in mitochondrial DNA may take place by mitochondrial overwork, resulting in dysfunction of mitochondria.

Subjects and Methods: Subjects of this research were 8 cases each of Al‐Hep, NASH, and fatty liver (FL). Total DNA was extracted from the biopsied liver samples. DNA fragments were amplified by PCR and DNA sequences determined in the control and coding regions of mitochondrion.

Results: When the numbers of mutations per 1,000 bases of mitochondrial DNA were compared between each group, no significant differences were found among D‐loop, HV1, and HV2 mitochondrial DNA regions. However, there were significantly more mutations in ND1 and COII of Al‐Hep and NASH than in FL, and mutations were comparatively at random. Neither a region in which mutations were focused nor differences among the groups were recognized. When details of the base mutation in a control region were investigated by group, the transition type of mutation between T:A≪–≫C:G occurred in at least 70%. Also, a transition‐type mutation was found mostly in a coding region, which was similar to the mutation pattern in the control region, except for the ND1 and COII regions where there were hardly any mutations.

Conclusions: As gene mutations of mitochondrial DNA appeared frequently in Al‐Hep, and also in NASH, mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA may be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
Concurrent and Predictive Validity of Drug Use and Psychiatric Diagnosis Among First‐Time DWI Offenders
Authors: Palmer Rebekka S. , Ball Samuel A. , Rounsaville Bruce J. , O'Malley Stephanie S.
Published: February 2007

Background: Previous studies have found that driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders report high rates of substance dependence and other psychiatric disorders.

Method: The current study evaluated the prevalence, clinical correlates at program admission, and prognostic significance over a 1‐year follow‐up of 2 diagnostic subgroup variables (drug abuse or dependence; mood or anxiety disorder) among 290 first‐time DWI offenders receiving group counseling interventions.

Results: A lifetime diagnosis of drug abuse or dependence (42% of sample) was associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption, lower coping confidence, greater readiness to change, increased alcohol, drug, and legal problems, and more alcohol‐related negative consequences at the initiation of DWI intervention. Significant decreases in drinking were noted at intervention termination for the drug diagnoses subgroup, but were not sustained at 1‐year follow‐up. The presence of a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety or mood disorder (30% of sample) was associated with lower coping confidence, greater readiness to change, and with greater and more enduring negative consequences of drinking during the DWI intervention and 1‐year follow‐up period.

Conclusions: Results suggest that a psychiatric diagnosis might guide the intervention and aftercare planning for DWI offenders to reduce recidivism and drinking.
Predictors of a Suicide Attempt One Year After Entry Into Substance Use Disorder Treatment
Authors: Ilgen Mark A. , Harris Alex H. S. , Moos Rudolf H. , Tiet Quyen Q.
Published: February 2007

Background:The present study examined the patient intake and treatment‐related risk factors associated with a suicide attempt in the 30 days before a 1‐year posttreatment assessment.

Methods:A national sample of 8,807 patients presenting for treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system were assessed at treatment intake and follow‐up. Using the MacArthur Model, the risk and protective factors for suicide attempt were identified at baseline and during treatment.

Results:At follow‐up, 4% (314/8,807) of the patients reported a suicide attempt within the past 30 days. Baseline predictors of a suicide attempt before follow‐up included elevated suicidal/psychiatric symptoms, more recent problematic alcohol use, and longer duration of cocaine use. Contact with the criminal justice system was a protective factor that reduced the likelihood of a future suicide attempt. Greater engagement in SUD treatment was also associated with a reduction in suicide risk.

Conclusions:More involvement in SUD treatment reduced the likelihood of a future suicide attempt in high‐risk patients. Substance use disorder treatment providers interested in reducing future suicidal behavior may want to concentrate their efforts on identifying at‐risk individuals and actively engaging these patients in longer treatment episodes.
Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Risk for Heavy Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorder Is Age Specific
Authors: Molina Brooke S.G. , Pelham William E. , Gnagy Elizabeth M. , Thompson Amanda L. , Marshal Michael P.
Published: February 2007

Background: This study was designed to assess age specificity in the risk for heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder (AUD) among adolescents and young adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood.

Method: Children diagnosed with ADHD (n=364 probands) were interviewed an average of 8 years later in the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study, either as adolescents (11–17 years old) or as young adults (18–28 years of age). Demographically similar age‐matched participants without ADHD were recruited as adolescents (n=120) or as adults (n=120) for comparison with the probands. Alcohol involvement was assessed comprehensively to include measures of heavy drinking that are standard in alcoholism research and prognostic of later alcohol‐related problems.

Results: Results revealed age specificity in the association such that episodic heavy drinking (measured as 5+ drinks per occasion), drunkenness, DSM‐IV AUD symptoms, and DSM‐IV AUD were elevated among 15‐ to 17‐year‐old probands, but not among younger adolescents. Among young adults, drinking quantity and AUD were elevated among probands with antisocial personality disorder. Childhood predictors indexing antisocial behavior were also examined.

Conclusions: The age‐ specificity of these findings helps to explain prior inconsistencies across previous studies regarding risk for alcohol‐related outcomes among children with ADHD.