bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Effect of Bank of Agriculture Loan on Female Farmers’ Agricultural Production in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Owoeye Rufus , Toluwase S. O. W.
Published: January 2020

The study assessed the effect of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) loan on female farmers’ production in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from respondents in the study area through interview schedule. A multi-staged sampling procedure was used to select respondents for the study.  Purposive sampling technique was used to select two (2) out of the three (3) Local Government Areas (LGAs) which BOA branches are established in Ekiti State i.e. Ado Ekiti and Ijero Ekiti. Then, 45 respondents were selected and interviewed, using convenience sampling in each of the LGA selected. In total, sample size of 90 respondents were interviewed for this study. Data collected were subjected to descriptive analysis, i.e. mean, percentage, frequency, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values were used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. The result showed that the average age of the respondents was approximately 40 years and majority of the respondents (48.9 percent) had 7-12years of education. Also, 88.9 percent of the respondents had heard about BOA and 32.2 percent had received ₦50,000 or less. Results further showed that 77.8 percent of the respondents experienced increase in production capacity while 58.9 percent of the total respondents experienced better standard of living. Result from Probit regression model showed that ownership of land, awareness of BOA, and past and current credit use had statistically significant effect on loan accessibility. It further showed that marital status, ownership of land, awareness, past and current credit use and collateral had positive effect on loan accessibility. Contrarily, age, educational level, income, membership of association were inversely correlated with loan accessibility. About 69 percent of the respondents were faced with the challenges of need for guarantor, 61.1 percent of the respondents faced with the problem of bureaucracy i.e. unnecessary delay in provision of the loan, while 46.7 percent had challenges due to the location of BOA branches. It is therefore recommended that government should include access to credit in any agricultural development programs in Nigeria, and provide funds to BOA so as to reduce bureaucracy in loan disbursement. Also, Women farmers should be encouraged and educated by extension workers to belong to cooperative associations so as to enjoy benefits emanating from being members of agricultural association
استخدام برمجة الأهداف للمساعدة في اتخاذ القرار الأستثماري في السوق المالي
Authors: Al-Salami Qusay H.
Published: January 2020

لايخفى أن للعراق بيئة أقتصادية جاذبة للأستثمار لما يمتاز بهِ الأقتصاد العراقي من تنوع في مصادرهِ البشرية، الطبيعية والمكانية، ونرى ذلك من خلال المؤشرات الإيجابية في القطاع النفطي الذي لهُ دور فعال في التنمية الأقتصادية، وفي القطاع الصناعي خاصة في مجال تصنيع الكبريت والأسمدة النتروجينية والفوسفات.يقابل ذلك الأثار السلبية للتقلبات الأقتصادية بسبب عوامل داخلية تتعلق بسوء إتخاذ القرارات الأستثمارية غير المدروسة بالأسلوب العلمي، وبسبب عوامل خارجية أثرت على الحالة الأمنية والسياسية للعراق. عليه فإن من الضروري تقديم أساليب وطرق كفوءه تساعد المستثمرين للوصول إلى الأستثمار الأمثل للمحفظة المالية في سوق الأوراق المالية العراقية، ولتقليل نسبة المخاطرة. يسعى البحث إلى التعرف على مفهوم الأستثمار والمخاطرة المرافقة لهُ، ومفهوم برمجة الأهداف بأعتبارها أحدأساليب بحوث العمليات التي من الممكن أستخدامها لإتخاذ القرارات الاستثمارية، وتوصل البحث إلى قدرة وكفاءة هذا النموذج للتعامل مع أهداف متعددة متضاربة أو متعارضة ذات متغيرات وقيود معقدة لتقييم البدائل الاستثمارية للشركة قيد الدراسة.
دور القانون الدولي الخاص في حل منازعات تلوث الانهار
Authors: Nihad Sanarya M.
Published: January 2020

يدور هذا البحث حول امكانية حماية الانهار الدولية (وهي الانهار التي تمر في اراضي اكثر من دولة واحدة ) من التلوث الذي يهدد البشرية بعدما اولت التشريعات اهمية بالغة بالبيئة وسبل حمايتها من التلوث. نحاول في هذا البحث اعمال قواعد الاسناد الخاص بحالات تنازع القوانين في مسائل الاعمال غير المشروعة على التلوث البيئي لمياه الانهار الدولية مع الاشارة الى نهري دجلة والفرات في العراق  بعدما فشلت الاتفاقيات الدولية من حل هذه الاشكالية الخطرة نتيجة عدم التزام الدول بهذه الاتفاقيات
المسؤولية التقصيرية للترجمة الإعلامية الخاطئة
Authors: Abulkassem Layla I. , Jabar Abeer M.
Published: January 2020

تناول البحث موضوع المسؤولية التقصيرية للمترجم عن أخطاء الترجمة الإعلامية، وذلك لما لهذا الموضوع من أهمية، وخصوصا أهميته تكمن في بيان مفهوم الترجمة الإعلامية وقواعدها وآلياتها والمعايير التي تتحكم فيها، كما انها تكمن في بيان الحق للمتضررين من الأخطاء الشائعة والتي باتت واضحة ومتكررة وقد تكون متعمدة. وأيضا حتى نرى مدى ملائمة القواعد العامة للمسؤولية التقصيرية لمعالجة أخطاء المترجم أثناء قيامه بعملية الترجمة الإعلامية. وماينتج عنها من آثار. وخاتمة البحث  تضمنت جملة من الإستنتاجات والتوصيات
الجرائم الدولية الرئيسية والاختصاص القانوني والقضائي لها
Authors: Abdul Qadir Pshtiwan A. , Shekho Rebwar J.
Published: January 2020

أن الجرائم الدولية والاختصاص القانوني والقضائي لها تشكل مسألة مهمة جداً في القانون الدولي العام. فالجرائم الدولية هي جرائم متعددة ومختلفة واختصاصاتها القانونية والقضائية قد تكون على الصعيد الوطني والاقليمي والدولي وفقاً للدساتير والقوانين الدولية والمواثيق المتعلقة بها. ويتطلب تحديد وتعريف هذه الجرائم وتحليل أركانها ومضامينها. وكذلك تحديد الجهات القضائية المختصة المزيد من الدراسات والأبحاث. أن إنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ودخول نظامها الأساس حيز التنفيذ في سنة 2004 كانت خطوة تاريخية مهمة لتحديد الجرائم الدولية الرئيسية وتعريفها ووضعها في إطار اختصاصاتها. فقد عرف النظام الأساس لهذه المحكمة جرائم الإبادة الجماعية/جرائم ضد الإنسانية، جرائم الحرب وجريمة العدوان كجرائم دولية رئيسية مما أصبح إنشاء هذه المحكمة عاملاً مهماً لاستقرار العالم وردع المجرمين الدوليين والجريمة الدولية بشكل عام.
Мультипараметрическая аппаратура контроля эксперимента для вакуумного микроспектроэлектрофореза и термоэлектрофореза как источник данных для спектрохимической биоинформатики
Authors: Адамович Е , Орехов Ф
Published: January 2020

Термин «вакуумный электрофорез» имеет несколько трактовок, зависящих от области применения. Во-первых, речь идёт о капиллярном электрофорезе на базе мультиплексных вакуумных техник VAMCE (vacuum-assisted multiplexed capillary electrophoresis) и совместимых с капиллярным электрофорезом методов масс- спектрометрии с использованием вакуумированной поверхности раздела сред. Во-вторых, речь идёт о классическом вакуумном блоттинге, используемом как средство более эффективного по сравнению со стандартным блоттингом переноса при анализе нуклеиновых кислот. В-третьих, в медицине под этим понимается метод физиотерапевтического и, реже, интраоперационного и постоперационного воздействия с использованием электрокинетических принципов. Основное распространение в биохимии и молекулярной биологии получил на данный момент вакуумный блоттинг, хотя степень откачки не позволяет говорить о вакуумном характере данного метода в полной мере. Основным приложением вакуумного блоттинга на начальном этапе развития и

основным преимуществом, позволяющим говорить о вакуум-трансфер-техниках в

молекулярной генетике, являлся саузерн-блоттинг, то есть метод переноса ДНК с

агарозного геля на мембранный фильтр для гибридизации. Надо сказать, что

одними из первых, кто использовал данный подход, были советские специалисты, причем, в отличие от поздних зарубежных аналогов ими использовались

не синтетические полиамидные (нейлоновые), а нитроцеллюлозные мембраны. В

настоящее время технологии полностью автономного вакуумного блоттинга в РФ

и СНГ утрачены, то есть не могут быть проведены без импортируемых реагентов

и комплектующих. Ко времени распада СССР, к концу 1980-х – началу 1990-х гг.,

за рубежом сложилась комплексная практика вакуумного блоттинга, совместимая

с гель-электрофорезом. Был накоплен опыт применения вакуумной техники

в нозерн-блоттинге (РНК), в том числе с UV-фиксацией. Сообщалось также о

совместимости вакуум-блоттинга с геномным секвенированием и футпринтингом

in vivo. На рубеже 1980-х – начала 1990-х годов за рубежом начался промышленный

выпуск вакуумных блоттеров. Классическим вакуумным блоттером стал BOEKEL Appligene c встроенным вакуумметром от 0 до 100 мбар,

показанный на илл. 3. Этот аппарат считается «рабочей лошадкой» (английский

жаргонизм, «workhose») и доселе используется на многих практических работах в

англосаксонских и европейских университетах. На его примере можно достаточно

наглядно продемонстрировать принцип метода, отображаемый в виде своего рода

сендвич-структуры: агарозный гель, нейлоновая мембрана, ватман, пористый мат

(все в резиновой рамке). Наличие ватерпаса на панели короба позволяет обеспечивать нормальный градиент распределения. Множество

других компактно-планарных моделей представляет собой упрощенные рамочные

конструкции такого же типа, но без встроенного манометра / вакуумметра.
Citizenship as a Political Category
Authors:   Administration of the Head and Government of the Republic of Dagestan, Ezhova Marina Yuryevna
Published: January 2020

The paper rationalizes the statement that there is a transformation of the concept of “citizenship”, its saturation with political meanings at the present stage. Since one of the main political objectives that the Russian state is facing is to ensure civil unity, including the unity based on the concept of a uni-fied Russian civil nation, the characteristics of a particular citizen become relevant. In this situation, the question of what constitutes the polit-ical community of Russian citizens and what citi-zenship in a political sense is becomes very im-portant. Despite the existence of basic legal research, the Institute of Citizenship has not been comprehensively studied in the aspect of political functionalism in the context of the state strategy to achieve sustainable development, international peace, and harmony. The sence of citizenship is becoming especially relevant in the new geopolitical conditions, risks, and challenges, the main of which are international terrorism, mass migration, genesis of ethno-confessional conflicts. The author propos-es a typology of citizenship based on the value and sense content of this category and implementation of political rights.
Political and Legal Factors of Ethnopolitical Stability
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, Mikhaylova Elena Aleksandrovna
Published: January 2020

The multiethnic composition of the Russian Federa-tion population creates a variety of cultural, religious and ideological differences that can cause inter-ethnic tension and threaten ethnopolitical stability. An important factor in ethnopolitical stability is the national policy as one of the spheres of state regula-tion. Russian national policy is based on the State National Policy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025. The state of the legal framework govern-ing national relations can be considered controver-sial. There is no key normative act and a scientific-based conceptual framework has not been devel-oped. The powers between the federal center, regions and local authorities are not clearly divided. The relations between the federal center and the regions in the field of preservation, teaching and popularization of national languages and culture cause more problems and conflicts.
Strategies for Professional Self-Development of Future Entrepreneurs
Authors:   Orenburg Business School, Belov Igor Petrovich , Nevolina Viktoria Vasilyevna ,   Orenburg State Pedagogical University
Published: January 2020

ссWorld trends in social development have necessitat-ed the active professional development of the mod-ern human for continuous acquisition of new competencies. To fulfill the potential of the modern human in the face of uncertainty, it is necessary to develop and implement strategies for profes-sional development. In Orenburg Business School, programs and projects aimed at supporting profes-sional self-development strategies of future entre-preneurs are developed and implemented. The Busi-ness Junior program has a personality-oriented, socially responsible, and entrepreneurial focus. The result of the implementation of the Business Junior program is the identification of the entrepreneuri-al potential of schoolchildren and further support of their projects (development of motivation for entre-preneurial activity, studying basics of this activity, development of leadership qualities and skills of generating ideas, teamwork skills, acquisition of technologies for working on business projects, mas-tering the skills of presenting your own projects). As a result of the work, the authors identified organiza-tional conditions, means, and instruments of pro-fessional self-development of a future entrepreneur and designed a model of support of this process.
Dynamics of Corruption Crime in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Some Issues of Punishment of Military Personnel for Committing Corruption-related Crimes in 2002–2018 (Based on Materials From the Russian Far East)
Authors:   Vladivostok Garrison Military Court, Volkov Artem Aleksandrovich
Published: January 2020

The paper presents statistical data on the prevalence of corruption and the punishment of military per-sonnel for committing corruption-related crimes using the example of the Far East for the period from 2002 to 2018. Based on a comparison of judicial statistics and the results of the author’s study, an assumption was made of high latency of corruption among military personnel. It was found that since 2008 there has been a decrease in the number of military personnel convicted of corruption crimes in the Far East, which is associated with military reform measures. Correlation of statistics with court mate-rials allowed us to conclude that a significant factor that can reduce the level of corruption in the military environment is the punishability of such a crime. The author identified some trends in the sentencing of military personnel who committed crimes of cor-ruption, for the study period. An analysis of the ac-tually imposed punishment for corruption offenses among military personnel in the Far East of Russia suggests the need to tighten the practice of sen-tencing for corruption crimes committed by military personnel.
REVISITING INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY: DISCOURSES FROM AFRICA
Authors: AFRICA Sandy , GRAHAM Suzanne
Published: January 2020

African voices and experiences have been erased from the canon of mainstream IR theory, and even in well-intentioned accounts that take the power dynamics between the developed and underdeveloped world into account. This is a product of a worldview that sees the European experience of modernity as a template for what the world should look like. Denying the experiences of slavery, colonialism and imperialism as pivotal in understanding international relations, as well as refusing to acknowledge the philosophical and intellectual contributions of African thinkers, and the agency of African actors, is detrimental to our understanding of the international, and to IR. There is a new generation of young intellectuals, including women from the Global South, who are rewiring the African experience and offering new theoretical insights.
ON THE DIALECTICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EUROPE AND AFRICA
Authors: PANTEA Ana
Published: January 2020

The paper explores the dialectical relationship between EU and Africa as it is driven by the relative asymmetric capacities and divergent priorities of the involved parties. Both the European Union and the African Union have enlarged their capabilities and increased their foreign policy ambitions over recent decades. However, the asymmetric relationship persisted. The increased visibility of the EU in the global arena and its normative ambitions meant a change in EU–Africa relations. However, in the last decades, Africa remained mostly undeveloped, and we have witnessed increase in violent conflicts and state fragility, despite decades of stick and carrot institutional measures. This suggested that the existing EU-Africa cooperation formula should be improved. The regional power of the EU (structural power) determines how the EU relates to other actors, including the AU. As such, revisiting the policy cooperation errors of the past, building trust, and investing in academic cooperation are thus essential, through redefining the basis for cooperation between Europe and Africa.
THE UNITED NATIONS’ APPROACH ON SECURITY SECTOR REFORM. THE CASE OF LIBYA
Authors: KRAFT-BIRIȘ Paul
Published: January 2020

This article reviews the concept of Security Sector Reform and its application in conflict-afflicted countries – the case which is discussed being Libya. In the first section of the text, the emergence of the concept in the field of Security Studies is illustrated; additionally, the paper highlights the actors that actively engage in Security Sector Reform programs with a central focus on the United Nations. Challenges that the United Nations model face are later presented – with emphasis on the short-term mandates and the unrenewed as well as the universally applied Security Sector Reform guidelines. The last part of the article represents an analysis of the United Nations-led Security Sector Reform programme in Libya and the goal here is to illustrate how the challenges presented at the beginning of the article can be traced in the case of the northern-African country.
THEORETICAL APPROACHES ON ‟FRANÇAFRIQUE” THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL REGIMES
Authors: LUPULESCU Grigoreta-Iulia
Published: January 2020

The French-African relations have always been considered a special and yet genuine case of international relations due to their history, intensity and particular way of cooperation even after decolonization. This is why this subject remains of keen interest for the scholars in the International Relations Theories. In this context, the article aims to apply the framework of IR theory on Françafrique relations so as to identify the fundaments as well as the functioning system of this unique form of cooperation. Having as a starting point the conceptualization of the notions that are going to be dealt with in the article, the paper will then look upon defining the main premises of regime theory and their relevance in the study of French-Ivorian relations. Thus, the main purpose of the paper is that of bringing new theoretical perspectives and insights derived from IR Theory’s lens to the African studies.
LES RESSOURCES NATURELLES EN CASAMANCE : OBSTACLES OU VECTEURS DE PAIX?
Authors: AERTS Arne
Published: January 2020

Natural Resources in Casamance: Obstacles or Vectors for Peace? Recent insights in the field of peacebuilding and conflict transformation studies underline the importance of involving natural resources in conflict resolution. This research shows that, even in a pro-independence conflict that has been going on for over 37 years in southern Senegal, natural resource management can play a key role in conflict resolution. The local civil society confirms the involvement of natural resources in the conflict, but too often forgets them in its own activities as well as when making a list of key elements to achieve peace in the region.
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIPLOMATIC PROTOCOL
Authors: GHERASIM Gabriel C.
Published: January 2020

Every so often indistinctly designated as both ceremonial and etiquette, diplomatic protocol has come to encapsulate all the formal ingredients bearing on practices of diplomacy and which are not their substantive or factual constituents. Albeit rather decorative, pretentious and ostentatious, protocol in diplomacy has had the commanding role of facilitating diplomatic encounters, communications and negotiations. However, beyond its undeniable merit as the very environment of common sense pertaining to good manners, appropriate behavior and deferent courtesy, diplomatic protocol could be analytically comprehended distinguishing between the variety of nuances and connotations so frequently amalgamated within the conventional nomen of protocol. The present study attempts at clarifying and discerning the plethora of its significances and appropriations. Accordingly, a cautious understanding of protocol references should carefully delineate between protocol and etiquette, protocol and ceremonial, and protocol as precedence, in addition to looking for the proper functions and applications of diplomatic protocol.
Mujeres trabajadoras en Japón: perspectivas institucionales, demográficas y jurídicas de la desigualdad laboral
Authors: Villaseñor Rodríguez Fernando
Published: January 2020

Este artículo se propone revisar la situación laboral de la mujer en Japón a partir de cuatro componentes: los antecedentes —a partir de la construcción de la familia tradicional y el papel de la mujer en ésta—, el diseño institucional —conforme con el Estado de bienestar residual denominado “familismo”—, la coyuntura demográfica —implicando una baja tasa de natalidad y segregación laboral— y el marco jurídico —compuesto por normas ineficaces e incoercibles—. Después de la revisión propuesta, se argumentará que los cambios en legislación y políticas públicas para alcanzar la igualdad laboral en Japón son y seguirán siendo insuficientes si no toman en cuenta los cuatro componentes en su conjunto. Finalmente, se esbozarán algunas perspectivas de solución y posibles escenarios para el futuro próximo.
Computed tomographic evaluation of pancreatic perfusion in healthy dogs
Authors: Kloer Timothy B. , Rao Sangeeta , Twedt David C. , Marolf Angela J.
Published: January 2020

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of contrast-enhanced CT for assessment of pancreatic perfusion in healthy dogs.

ANIMALS

6 healthy purpose-bred female Treeing Walker Coonhounds.

PROCEDURES

Contrast-enhanced CT of the cranial part of the abdomen was performed with 3-mm slice thickness. Postprocessing computer software designed for evaluation of human patients was used to calculate perfusion data for the pancreas and liver by use of 3-mm and reformatted 6-mm slices. Differences in perfusion variables between the pancreas and liver and differences in liver-specific data of interest were evaluated with the Friedman test.

RESULTS

Multiple pancreatic perfusion variables were determined, including perfusion, peak enhancement index, time to peak enhancement, and blood volume. The same variables as well as arterial, portal, and total perfusion and hepatic perfusion index were determined for the liver. Values for 6-mm slices appeared similar to those for 3-mm slices. The liver had significantly greater median perfusion and peak enhancement index, compared with the pancreas.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Measurement of pancreatic perfusion with contrast-enhanced CT was feasible in this group of dogs. Hepatic arterial and pancreatic perfusion values were similar to previously published findings for dogs, but hepatic portal and hepatic total perfusion measurements were not. These discrepancies might have been attributable to physiologic differences between dogs and people and related limitations of the CT software intended for evaluation of human patients. Further research is warranted to assess reliability of perfusion variables and applicability of the method for assessment of canine patients with pancreatic abnormalities.
Jalur-Jalur Interaksi di Kawasan Pesisir dan Pedalaman Daerah Sumatra Bagian Utara Pada Masa Pengaruh Kebudayaan India (Hindu-Buddha)
Authors: Soedewo Ery
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe existence of archaeological data in the coastline and hinterland of north sumatra was a trace of an ancient intrerraction track that continued to a later period. The track became a feeding line of the hinterland as trade commodity provider and the coastline as an exit gate of hinterland exported goods and an entrance of imported goods. The evidence of the traffic of commodity in north sumatra was recorded thorugh artefacts or written data.AbstrakEksistensi data arkeologis di kawasan pedalaman dan pesisir Sumatra bagian utara merupakan jejak suatu jalur interaksi kuno yang terus eksis hingga ke masa yang jauh lebih muda. Keberadaannya menjadi penghubung antara kawasan pedalaman sebagai penyedia komoditas perdagangan dengan kawasan pesisir yang menjadi gerbang keluarnya komoditas dari pedalaman dan pintu masuk barang-barang import. Bukti keluar-masuk beragam mata dagangan di Sumatra bagian utara terekam lewat data artefaktual maupun data tertulis.
The Concept of Ontological Security in International Political Discourse
Authors: Khudaykulova A. V. , Neklyudov N. Y.
Published: January 2020

The article studies “ontological” security concept. In a general sense the term depicts expectations of a state about its stable and predictable relations with counterparts. With the term gaining theoretical sway in constructivism since the 21st century, we argue, that it still lacks instrumental definition with fixed assumptions and variables. The analysis of ontological security is conducted in twofold manner. First, we overview the broad range of interpretations, demonstrate the absence of an instrumental definition of the concept and suggest some parameters of such a definition. Secondly, we study the ways how a state can gain ontological security. Three options of achieving ontological security are being presented: adaptation (assuming the role of ‘another’ from the external environment); change of rules (imposing its own role on the subject with whom the interaction occurs); and the breach of relations. At all these stages, the state tries either to adopt the norms and practices by which it interacts with the environment, or to redefine its position in ongoing relations with counterparties. We conclude by presenting a sought definition of the term and by arguing that the concept enhances the constructivist contribution to the IR theory since it allows to define the logic of states’ behavior in international arena. Thus, states seek to be socialized into an intersubjective reality and to define norms, practices and status through forging common and communicative knowledge with ‘other’. Otherwise, the state’s behavior could be irrational. Theory emphasizes the need to avoid situations of the ontological security dilemma: the state projects its own, mostly protective reality, which, however, does not provide it with ontological security from the counterparty and could potentially push for further escalation of crisis interactions.

Authors declare the absence of conflict of interests.
The Fate of General Radko Dimitriev and His Memory in Context of Russian-Bulgarian Relations of the Late 19th – Early 20th centuries
Authors: Gusev N. S.
Published: January 2020

This article examines the biography of the Bulgarian-born General Radko Dimitriev (1859–1918), who was convinced that the good of his homeland was inextricably linked with Russia and depended on good relations with it. For this good, he went to the overthrow of the monarch, but a decade later due to changes in the vector of Bulgarian policy was able to return home and become a hero. In 1913–1914, R. Dimitriev served as Bulgaria's envoy to Russia and tried to change the negative image of his country. With the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Russian army, and a year later in Bulgaria he was declared a deserter and a traitor. In 1918 he was executed by the Bolsheviks in Pyatigorsk, and in a few decades he became practically a symbol of friendship between the Bulgarian and Russian peoples, which led to retouching the circumstances of his death. The article traces the actions of the General and his motivation. Despite his Bulgarian origin, in 1914 he became nearly the main hero of the war in the Russian public space. The reasons for its popularity were not only in the im-portance of his victories, but also in the fact that R. Dimitriev was called the incarnation of A. V. Suvorov and M. D. Skobelev. The article shows what values, embodiments of which were these popular warlords, were characteristic this Bulgarian general. This is a personal part in the fighting, the care of soldiers, democracy in communication. Modern Russian military also has moved to a new paradigm of command, which, however, worked against their popularity among the soldiers. And at the same time, values of the commander of Suvorov's or Skobelev's types were insolvent in the conditions of revolutionary commotion, and R. Dimitriev lost control of the parts entrusted to it. Because of their gener-osity and love for Russia, he refused to take part in the Civil war that decided his death.

The author declares absence of conflict of interest.
Evaluating The Effect of Some Medicinal Plants (Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis) on Whitening of the Permanent Teeth
Authors: Yeşil Meryem , Öztürk Işıl , Yeşil Duymuş Zeynep , Özcan Mehmet Muharrem
Published: January 2020

Nowadays, whitening of stained teeth has become the most popular topic in aesthetic and cosmetic dentistry. Because of the side effects of materials that were used for bleaching, in this study the effects of some plants which were used in Anatolian folk medicine on the treatment of tooth staining were examined. In this study, upper central incisors which were extracted for periodontal reasons were used. The colour values of numbered teeth were obtained and the teeth were immersed into three different essential oils of medicinal plants (Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis) for different time periods (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). At the end of the immersion periods, colour measurements of all samples were made and the colour changes were analysed. Obtained data were statistically analysed by using ANOVA and Duncan test. As a result of the variance analysis, plant species and the duration of immersion was found to be statistically significant. Within the limits of this study, we can indicate that tested medicinal plants has a whitening effect by resulting significant change in tooth colour.
Sığır Karkaslarının Kalite Sınıflandırılmasında Kullanılan S-Europ Sistemi ve Karkas Derecelendirmesinde Kullanılan Görüntüleme Yöntemleri
Authors: İnaç Servet , Gücükoğlu Ali
Published: January 2020

Kalite ve verim açısından karkas sınıflandırmasını sağlayacak olan bilgilerin net olarak elde edilebilmesi ancak hayvanların kesimi ve kesim sonrası ölçümlerin yapılması ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Kesim öncesinde yapılan öznel değerlendirmeler kesim sonrası için sadece birer öngörü ve tahmin niteliği taşımaktadır. Ancak kesim sonrasında nesnel yöntemler ile yapılan ölçüm ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda net bilgiler elde edilebilmektedir. Doğal olarak bu durum bir sınıflandırma sisteminin varlığını, görüntüleme sistemlerini, ölçüm sistemlerini, nitelikli ve bilimsel işgücü varlığını beraberinde getirmektedir. Karkas sınıflandırma sistemindeki eksiklikler hayvancılık ve gıda sektörü açısından önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmakla beraber tüketiciler açısından da lezzet, hedefe uygun beslenememe ve fiyatlandırma gibi birçok sorunu beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu derlemede; Türkiye‘de sığır karkaslarının sınıflandırılmaları ve derecelendirmeleri ile ilgili mevcut durum, Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde sığır karkas sınıflandırma ve derecelendirilmesi amacıyla kullanılan “S-EUROP” sistemi hakkında bilgilendirme ve karkas konformasyonu, yağlanma durumu ve karkas kompozisyonlarının belirlenmesi için kullanılan görüntüleme yöntemlerinden Ultrason, Bilgisayarlı Tomografi (BT), Manyetik Rezonans (MR), X-Ray Absorptiyometri, Optik Problar ve Video Görüntüleme Analizi (VIA) konuları hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Kaz Yetiştiriciliğinde Her Yönü ile Biyogüvenlik Prosedürleri
Authors: Sarı Mehmet , Saatcı Mustafa
Published: January 2020

Kaz yetiştiriciliğinde verimli ve karlı bir üretimin yapılabilmesi ancak sağlıklı sürülerin olması ile mümkündür. Her ne kadar kanatlı hayvanlar içerisinde hastalıklardan en az etkilenen tür kazlar olmasına rağmen, kazlarda ciddi kayıplara neden olan birçok bakteriyel, viral, paraziter ve mantar hastalıkları bulunmaktadır. Diğer kanatlılarda olduğu gibi kaz yetiştiriciliğinde de hastalığın tedavisi, korunmadan daha pahalıdır. Bu nedenle hastalıkların çıkmasını ve yayılmasını en aza indirmek, hastalıkların tedavisinde tasarruf sağlamak, sürü sağlığını iyileştirip-geliştirmek, hayvan ölümlerini en aza indirmek ve işletme karlılığını artırmak için biyogüvenlik prosedürlerinin uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bu biyogüvenlik prosedürleri ise rutin ve yüksek riskli olmak üzere iki şekilde yapılabilir. Rutin biyogüvenlik prosedürleri hastalık etkenlerinin işletmeye girişinin engel olunması, etkili hijyen ve sanitasyon programının uygulanması, yeterli bağışıklığın oluşturulması için etkili aşı programlarının olması, kalifiye personel ile çalışılması, sürü yönetim programının düzgün olması ile denetim ve kontrolün iyi bir şekilde yapılması ile mümkündür. Yüksek riskli biyogüvenlik prosedürleri ise şüpheli ve salgın bir hayvan hastalığı durumunda planlı ve programlı bir şekilde yapılması gereken uygulamalardır. Sonuç olarak kaz yetiştiriciliğinde biyogüvenlik prosedürleri etkili ve disiplinli bir şekilde yerine getirilirse, sağlıklı sürüler ve daha fazla kârlılık elde edileceği unutulmamalıdır.
Effects of Progesterone on in Vitro Developmental Competence of Bovine Embryos
Authors: Örnek Orhan , Güzey Yusuf Ziya
Published: January 2020

Progesterone plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammalian. Increasing levels of circulating progesterone in the post-conception period are associated with conceptus elongation and high pregnancy rates in cattle. Contradictory results are available on the direct role of progesterone in early embryo development. The objective of this study was to evaluate direct effects of progesterone on in vitro development of cattle embryos. Immature oocytes collected from slaughtered animals and cultured in the presence of different concentrations of progesterone (25, 50, 100 ng/mL) following in vitro fertilization. Cleavage rates in 25 and 50 ng/mL concentrations of progesterone were significantly higher than those in controls and 100 ng/mL. Rate of embryos that reached to the morula stage was similar in all groups. Supplementation of 25 and 50 ng/mL progesterone to the culture media significantly increased blastocyst yield while 100 ng/mL progesterone resulted in a decrease. As a conclusion, we can suggest that progesterone supplementation in in vitro culture may support embryo development at low levels.
Alternative characterizations of some linear combinations of an idempotent matrix and a tripotent matrix that commute
Authors: PETİK Tuğba , GÖKMEN Burak Tufan
Published: January 2020

In this work, first, Theorem 2 in [1] [Yao, H., Sun, Y., Xu, C., and Bu, C., A note on linear combinations of an idempotent matrix and a tripotent matrix, J. Appl. Math. Informatics, 27 (5-6), 1493-1499, 2009] and Theorem 2.2 in [2][Özdemir H., Sarduvan M., Özban A.Y., Güler N., On idempotency and tripotency of linear combinations of two commuting tripotent matrices, Appl. Math. Comput., 207 (1), 197-201, 2009] are reconsidered in different ways under the condition that the matrices involved in the linear combination are commutative. Thus, it is seen that there are some missing results in Theorem 2 in [1]. Then, by considering the obtained results and doing some detailed investigations, it is given a new characterization, without any restriction on the involved matrices except for commutativity, of a linear combination of an idempotent and a tripotent matrix that commute.
RANCANG BANGUN GAME TREASURE OF LABYRINTH DENGAN ALGORITMA BACKTRACKING BERBASIS ANDROID
Authors: Krisdiawan Rio Andriyat , Ramdoni Ramdoni , Permana Aji
Published: January 2020

Games are one of the entertainment media which is the choice of almost everyone to get rid of boredom or just fill in spare time, there are also games used as hobbies and moreover games are now used as electronic sports (e-sports). Currently the game has many types of games, one of which is a type of puzzle game (puzzle). One puzzle game is a maze game. The labyrinth is a puzzle that has a complex branching form and has many dead ends. At the moment there are many labyrinth type games, but rarely are labyrinth games equipped with characters, enemies and a dynamic maze that can change if the game is repeated. To create a labyrinth game that has a dynamic labyrinth arena requires a labyrinth generator or can be called a labyrinth generator by utilizing the backtracking algorithm. This algorithm is powerful enough to be used in some problem solving and also to provide artificial intelligence in the game. The software methodology used in making games is the GDLC (Game Development Life Cycle). GDLC is a game development model that adopts an iterative approach consisting of 6 development phases, starting from the innitiation, pre-production, production, testing, beta and realese phases. for the generation of the labyrinth arena using the Backtracking algorithm while for testing this game uses the UAT (User Acceptment Test). The results of this study in the form of an adventure game based on a maze puzzle that is applied to mobile android. This game is played to train players in problem solving and entertainment facilities.Keywords: Puzzle Game, GDLC (Game Development Life Cycle), Backtracking Algorithm, Android
Peranan Letnan I Nawawi Manaf Di Bengkulu Pada Masa Revolusi Fisik Tahun 1945-1949
Authors: Fauziyah Amatullah , Yusuf Syafrudin , Alian Alian
Published: January 2020

Revolusi fisik terjadi dari tahun 1945-1950, berawal dari ketidak inginan bangsa asing untuk melepaskan Indonesia. Meskipun Indonesia telah merdeka, tetapi bangsa asing tetap ingin menguasai kembali. Salah satunya Bengkulu, yang memiliki sumber daya alam yang melimpah seperti tambang emas dan lainnya. Bengkulu juga mempunyai tokoh pemuda yang sangat membela kemerdekaan Indonesia di tanah Bengkulu. Nawawi Manaf merupakan tokoh pejuang kemerdekaan. Semangat dalam mempertahankan kemerdekaan dan anti penjajah membuatnya terus melawan penjajah. Hingga Nawawi Manaf diberi amanah untuk memimpin berbagai organisasi kemerdekaan. Permasalahan yang dibahas adalah bagaimana peran letnan I Nawawi Nanaf pada masa awal kemerdekaan Indonesia, dan masa agresi militer Belanda I dan II di Bengkulu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap peran Letnan I Nawawi Nanaf dalam mempertahankan Kemerdekaan Indonesia di Bengkulu. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah metode Historis, dengan menggunakan lengkah-langkah heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara menyeluruh perjuangan Nawawi Manaf di awal kemerdekaan dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, untuk meyakinkan bahwa Indonesia telah merdeka di tanah Bengkulu. Letnan I Nawawi Nanaf berperan dalam perjuangan melawan perang Agresi Militer Belanda I & II di Bengkulu dan memimpin berbagai petempuran sebagai komandan Batalyon XXVI.
Memandang Wajah Negara Islam Di Indonesia: Usaha Pembelajaran Sejarah Melalui Materi Konflik
Authors: Tabroni Roni , Zakaria Mumuh Muhsin , Dienaputra Reiza D. , Mulyadi R. M.
Published: January 2020

Wajah negara Islam di Indonesia telah mengalami perubahan sejak pertama berdengung di masa Darul Islam hingga sekarang yang dibawa oleh Hizbut Tahrir. Perubahan terletak dalam bentuk gerakan, visi-misi, ide, undang-undang yang berlaku dan sistem pemerintahan yang dianut serta di adopsi. Konflik yang menyertai perubahan tersebut pun berwajah tak sama. Mulai dari konflik intern umat beragama, antar umat beragama hingga yang menggerogoti kesatuan dan persatuan bangsa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan tentang variasi pembelajaran sejarah melalui materi konflik dan menumbuhkan kesadaran sejarah peserta didik. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif. Sumber data berasal dari informan, aktivitas pembelajaran, dan dokumen perangkat pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran sejarah melalui materi konflik Â yang berkenaan dengan usaha pendirian Negara Islam Indonesia berkontribusi dalam hal kesadaran sejarah. Sebuah kesadaran sejarah tentang pentingnya persatuan dan kesatuan, pengorbanan dan cinta tanah air. Dengan belajar dari konflik tersebut peserta didik juga dapat membuat langkah antisipatif supaya kejadian serupa tidak terulang lagi di masa mendatang. Selain itu, hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan apresiasi yang muncul dari peserta didik terhadap materi yang lingkupnya dekat dengan mereka, terutama tema-tema agama terkategori sangat baik.
Sejarah Surulangun Sebagai Ibukota Onder Afdeling Rawas Tahun 1901-1942
Authors: Susilo Agus , Sarkowi Sarkowi
Published: January 2020

Sejarah Surulangun sebagai ibukota Onder Afdeling Rawas Tahun 1901-1942 merupakan bagian dari sejarah lokal Kabupaten Musi Rawas Utara Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Mengingat sekarang ini sejarah lokal Surulangun kurang mendapat perhatian bagi generasi muda. Padahal perihal tersebut harus pahami dan dipelajari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Sejarah Surulangun sebagai ibukota Onder Afdeling Rawas Tahun 1901-1942. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode sejarah dengan teknik pengambilan sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Penelitian sejarah terdiri dari heuristik, verifikasi sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada masa penjajahan Belanda, Onder Afdeling Rawas yang ibukota berada di Surulangun, secara toponimi berdekatan dengan wilayah Bengkulu dan Jambi.Â  Selain daerah yang strategis untuk memerintah, Onder Afdeling Rawas juga mempunyai berbagai kekayaan alam yang menjadi penopang kepemimpinan kolonial Belanda. Ketika terjadi perang kemerdekaan oleh para pejuang Indonesia di Palembang dan sekitarnya melawan Belanda, Onder Afdeling Rawas menjadi wilayah tujuan pelarian pejuang Indonesia. Wilayah Pulau Kidak, menjadi pelarian pejuang Indonesia dari Curup, begitu pun Lubuklinggau, Lahat dan lainnya. Pulau Kidak dipilih sebagai pelarian pejuang bangsa, oleh sebab daerahnya lebih dekat dengan daerah sebelumnya. Selain itu, terdapat pula pejuang Nasional yang berasal dari daerah ini. Berbagai strategi perjuangan dilakukan untuk merebut kemerdekaan Indonesia yang sejati. Pada akhirnya perjuangan bangsa Indonesia memperoleh kemerdekaan pada 17 Agustus 1945 dapat diraih.
THE EFFECT OF STUDENT WORKSHEET BASED ON PREDICT OBSERVE EXPLAIN STRATEGY AGAINST THE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Authors: Pitriyanti Oci , Nyeneng I Dewa Putu , Maharta Nengah
Published: January 2020

The study was aimed to determine the influence of the use of student worksheet (LKPD) based on Predict Observe Explain (POE) strategy on student learning outcomes in the light material. This research was an experimental study with the design of experimental quasi using the form of a one-group pretest-posttest. The population of this study was the eighth-grade students of junior high school (SMP). Data analysis techniques were tested with the learning result grouping techniques, N-Gain analysis, hypothesis testing, linear regression tests, t-test paired test and effect size tests. The result of the N-Gain was a value of 0.60 with a moderate N-Gain interpretation.  Linear regression test result was obtained a coefficient value of 0.7, with the sig regression value of 0,0. The result of the paired t-test achieved a significance value of 0.0, which indicated that there was a raise prior and following treatment. The result of the effect size test was 0.31 with a medium interpretation. The learning outcomes for psychomotor learners had an average value of 3.52 with excellent interpretation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the POE strategy-based LKPD was considerably effective to be applied in schools resulting in an increasing effect of the students learning outcomes before and after the treatment of POE-based LKPD.
Cross-border territories development as an indicator of the integration processes effectiveness
Authors: Mishchenko I. V. , Shustova E. G. , Milkina I. V.
Published: January 2020

The development of cross-border territories and the impact of integration processes on them has been considered in the article. The creation of the Eurasian Economic Union becomes an impetus for the development of both the member states of the organization and their individual territories. This integration formation is relatively young, but today it creates a common market for the movement of goods, services, labor and capital. That is the cross-border territories, as bridges between countries, which feel the effect of the processes taking place in the common economic space: the trade turnover between the countries increases, as well as the inflow of investment and labor.

The study is aimed at identifying the effect of integration processes on the development of two cross – border areas-Altai territory (Russian Federation) and East Kazakhstan region (Republic of Kazakhstan). The analysis showed, that the mutual trade turnover has increased between the countries and these territories; there is a good foundation for the development of cooperation in production. However, other indicators of socio-economic development have a negative trend. The outflow of population from these territories continues. The territories do not attract a significant amount of investment.

The measures to increase the attractiveness of the Altai territory and East Kazakhstan region within the Eurasian Economic Union have been offered: strengthening production ties through the creation of industrial clusters; the inclusion of territories in the implementation of the project “economic belt of the silk road”; the use of the natural potential of the territories for the creation and development of joint tourist destinations. The measures proposed in the article will strengthen cooperation between cross-border territories, create favorable conditions for increasing the integration effect in these territories, developing infrastructure and cooperating in the main sectors of the border countries, strengthening financial ties and attracting investment.