bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La reforma de la division provincial en la meseta meridional (1800-1850)
Authors: Burgueño Jesús
Published: August 2018

La reforma de la división provincial en la Meseta Meridional (1800-1850). La división provincial española actual tiene su origen en el cambio de régimen político que se produjo a lo largo de la primera mitad del siglo XIX. Como resultado de este complejo proceso, inspirado en principios racionalistas y homogeneizadores, los antiguos límites de las provincias de Castilla la Nueva sufrieron cambios muy importantes, al tiempo que se formó una nueva provincia a caballo de tierras anteriormente castellanas y murcianas, con capital en Albacete.

[fr] La réforme de la division provinciale au plateau méridional espagnole (1800-1850). L'actuelle division provinciale (ou départementale) espagnole a son origine au change de régime politique réalisé pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Des résultats de cette complexe opération, inspirée en idées de racionalité et homogénéité, furent l'important bouleversement des anciennes limites provinciales de la Nouvelle Castille et aussi la formation d'une nouvelle province avec territoires de Castille et même de Murcie, dont chief-lieu c'est Albacete.
Transformaciones de usos y estructuras agrarias en La Mancha occidental
Authors: Romero Calcerrada Raúl , Martínez Vega Javier
Published: August 2018

La transformación del paisaje rural en La Mancha Occidental. La intensificación de la agricultura en apenas 40 años ha motivado un cambio en el paisaje de un área tradicional de secano. Esto ha desembocado en el uso insostenible del recurso agua y en graves impactos medioambientales y socioeconómicos. Este artículo repasa algunos de los cambios estructurales y morfológicos que han ocurrido en este área.

[fr] La tranformation du paysage rural dans La Mancha Occidental. L'intensification de l'agriculture dans à peine 40 ans a motivé un changement dans le paysage d'une zone traditionnelle de terrain non irrigué. Ceci a abouti à l'usage insoutenable du resource de l'eau et à graves répercussions environnementales et sosioéconomiques. Cette article révise quelques des changements structurais et morphologiques qui sont arrivés dans cette zone.
Población y tamaño municipal: reflexiones a partir del censo de 1991
Authors: García Coll Arlinda , Sánchez Aguilera Dolores
Published: August 2018

Este trabajo presenta una actualización de los datos referentes a la población española agrupada en diversas categorías definidas a partir del tamaño demográfico municipal. Esta escala intermedia de análisis, que goza de una amplia tradición de trabajos, desaparece de la publicación de los resultados correspondientes al Censo de Población de 1991, donde se pasa de la escala provincial a la municipal sin ningún tipo de estadio intermedio. A pesar de las limitaciones de este tipo de clasificación, la revisión del comportamiento de los municipios agrupados según tamaños ha permitido establecer trayectorias comunes en su historia demográfica en cuanto a crecimiento de la población, naturaleza y su estructura demográfica.

[fr] Ce travail présente une actualisation des donees vis à vis à la population espagnole regroupée en différentes catégories définies à partir de la taille démographique communale. Cette échelle intermédiaire d'analyse, qui jouit d'une longue tradition de travaux, a disparu de la publication des résultats correspondants au recensement de la Population de 1991, qui passe de l'échelle provinciale à la municipale sans aucun genre d'échelon intermédiare. Malgré les limites de ce genre de classification, la révision de la tendance des communes regroupées selon la taille nous a permis d'établir les trajectoires communes dans leur histoire démographique, en relation à la croissance de la population, la nature et la structure démographique.
El envejecimiento del empresariado agrario en Extremadura. Una aproximación mediante el análisis de componentes principales
Authors: Leco Berrocal Felipe
Published: August 2018

El fuerte envejecimiento actual del empresariado agrario en Extremadura supone, entre otras cosas, una importante pérdida de fuerza laboral en el mundo rural; aspecto que muestra claras diferencias dentro de los paisajes agrarios extremeños. Ante esta situación y para atenuar esta grave situación, se han instrumentado diversas medidas para incentivar el abandono de la producción de aquellos empresarios más envejecidos y posibilitar la incorporación de los jóvenes al sector agrario.
La vivienda rural en Guadalajara en el siglo XVI según las «relaciones topográficas de Felipe ii»
Authors: López Gómez Antonio
Published: August 2018

No disponible
Analysis of mineral apposition rates during alveolar bone regeneration over three weeks following transfer of BMP-2/7 gene via in vivo electroporation
Authors: Kawai Mariko , Kataoka Yohei , Sonobe Junya , Yamamoto Hiromitsu , Maruyama Hiroki , Yamamoto Toshio , Bessho Kazuhisa , Ohura Kiyoshi
Published: August 2018

Alveolar bone is not spontaneously regenerated following trauma or periodontitis. We previously proposed an animal model for new alveolar bone regeneration therapy based on the non-viral BMP-2/7 gene expression vector and in vivo electroporation, which induced the formation of new alveolar bone over the course of a week. Here, we analysed alveolar bone during a period of three weeks following gene transfer to periodontal tissue. Non-viral plasmid vector pCAGGS-BMP-2/7 or pCAGGS control was injected into palatal periodontal tissue of the first molar of the rat maxilla and immediately electroporated with 32 pulses of 50 V for 50 msec. Over the following three weeks, rats were double bone-stained by calcein and tetracycline every three days and mineral apposition rates (MAR) were measured. Double bone-staining revealed that MAR of alveolar bone was as similar level three days before BMP-2/7 gene transfer as three days after gene transfer. However, from 3 to 6 days, 6 to 9 days, 9 to 12 days, 12 to 15 days, 15 to 18 days, and 18 to 20 days after, MARs were significantly higher than prior to gene transfer. Our proposed gene therapy for alveolar bone regeneration combining non-viral BMP-2/7 gene expression vector and in vivo electroporation could increase alveolar bone regeneration potential in the targeted area for up to three weeks.
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of San Marino
Authors: Rigato Fabrizio , Wetterer James K.
Published: August 2018

A recent catalog of the ants of Europe and surrounding areas listed no ants recorded from San Marino. One afternoon of collecting in urban sites of San Marino yielded 23 ant species: Aphaenogaster subterranea, Camponotus aethiops, Camponotus fallax, Camponotus lateralis, Camponotus piceus, Crematogaster scutellaris, Formica cunicularia, Formica gagates, Hypoponera eduardi, Lasius emarginatus, Lasius lasioides, Lasius paralienus, Messor structor, Pheidole pallidula, Plagiolepis pygmaea, Tapinoma nigerrimum s.l., Temnothorax angustulus, Temnothorax flavicornis, Temnothorax italicus, Temnothorax lichtensteini, Temnothorax tergestinus, Temnothorax unifasciatus, and Tetramorium caespitum. Surprisingly, despite collecting in heavily disturbed urban sites, none of the ants known so far from San Marino are exotic to Europe.
Towards a multi-method approach to addressing violent protest action in South Africa: A practical theology perspective
Authors: Dames Gordon E.
Published: August 2018

Pervasive violent strike action and protests over service delivery in South Africa call for new methodological approaches. To this end, a multi-method research approach consisting of a case study, communicative action, a multidimensional theoretical framework and its integration into African Christopraxis research is proposed. The ultimate aim is to offer a broad research framework and to encourage a multidisciplinary research approach to work in and beyond the Marikana-Wonderkop area.
Barriers to HIV service utilisation by people living with HIV in two provinces of Zimbabwe: Results from 2016 baseline assessment
Authors: Tafuma Taurayi A. , Mahachi Nyikadzino , Dziwa Chengetai , Moga Tafara , Baloyi Paul , Muyambo Gladys , Muchedzi Auxilia , Chimbidzikai Tinashe , Ncube Getrude , Murungu Joseph , Nyagura Tendai , Lew Katherine
Published: August 2018

Background: The emergence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed HIV from a terminal illness to a chronic disease. However, limited access to health services remains one of many barriers to HIV service utilisation by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in low-resource settings. The goal of this study was to describe the barriers to HIV service utilisation in two provinces of Zimbabwe.Methods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted with PLHIV and village health workers (VHW) in eight districts within the two provinces. Convenience sampling was used to select the participants. This sampling was limited to communities supported by health facilities with more than 500 PLHIV enrolled into HIV care and treatment. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcripts were subjected to thematic content analysis.Results: A total of 22 community focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. Barriers to using HIV services cited in PLHIV and VHW FGDs were similar. These were categorised as health system-related barriers, which include user fees, long waiting times, lack of confidentiality and negative attitudes by healthcare providers, and lack of consistent community-based HIV services. Community-related barriers cited were stigma and discrimination, food insecurity, distance to facilities and counterproductive messaging from religious sectors. Client-related factors reported were inadequate male involvement in HIV-related activities and defaulting after symptoms improved.Conclusion: Our assessment has indicated that there are several barriers to the utilisation of HIV services by PLHIV in the two provinces of Zimbabwe. As new strategies and programmes are being introduced in the current resource-constrained era, efforts should be made to understand the needs of the clients. If programmes are designed with an effort to address some of these challenges, there is a possibility that countries will quickly achieve the 90-90-90 targets set by The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
Evidence for Interventions to Improve and Maintain Occupational Performance and Participation for People With Serious Mental Illness: A Systematic Review
Authors: D’Amico Mariana L. , Jaffe Lynn E. , Gardner Jennifer A.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVE. This systematic review evaluates the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy to improve and maintain performance and participation for people with serious mental illness. Areas included in this review are activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, leisure, social participation, and rest and sleep.

METHOD. Databases searched included MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, OTseeker, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Reviewers read and assessed citations, abstracts, and full-text articles for inclusion and analysis.

RESULTS. Sixty-one articles were selected for inclusion. The review yielded strong evidence for psychoeducation and occupation- and cognitive-based interventions, moderate evidence for skills-based interventions, and limited evidence for technology-supported interventions.

CONCLUSION. Results of this review support use of evidence-based practice within the scope of occupational therapy, inclusion of occupational therapy practitioners as mental health service providers, and continued research.
Menswear Trends
Authors: Choklat Aki
Published: August 2018

Menswear Trends will help you understand the relationship of menswear to society, enabling you to become both a forecaster and trend thinker – and bring new ideas, innovation and strategies to men's fashion. With designer and educator Aki Choklat you'll learn how menswear trends fit within the larger context of retail, how brands can use trends to be more competitive, and how to create an inspiring trend forecast.

Later chapters show how to analyse catwalks, gather information from street-style coverage, compare short-term and long-term analysis and how to analyse and forecast colour trends. In the final chapter you'll explore the various job roles within the trend industry, learn to differentiate between trend services and how to navigate the contemporary job market and illustrate your skills in a portfolio.
Pattern Cutting
Authors: Parish Pat
Published: August 2018

The pattern cutter's aesthetic judgement of proportion, balance, line and form has always underpinned success in fashion design. In Pattern Cutting: The Architecture of Fashion, Pat Parish approaches the subject from this perspective, identifying key shapes and structures from the catwalk and translating them into 3D through a number of cutting, draping and construction processes. These methods are explored here through a series of practical scenarios, richly illustrated and annotated with step-by-step instructions.

This exciting new approach provides you with the inspiration, tools and confidence to interpret and adapt basic patterns and take your designs even further.
Visual Merchandising and Display
Authors: Pegler Martin M. , Kong Anne
Published: August 2018

As long as there are shoppers, there will be a need for visual merchandising. Zeroing in on all aspects of the craft-from classic techniques to the most avant-garde developments, Visual Merchandising and Display, 6th Edition, teaches readers to present products at their best: color-coordinated, accessorized, and self-explanatory. Hundreds of examples from around the world demonstrate how retailers can reach their target markets by adding interest to window and interior displays. This new edition of the best-selling text also includes sections on sustainability, offering tips for “green” presentation. This book serves as a “how to” for creating a visual look and feel for a brand and optimizing images.
A Practical Guide to Fashion Law and Compliance
Authors: Clark-Esposito Deanna
Published: August 2018

“This book provides a fresh approach to building a fashion business. I believe that both academics and startup businesses would find this book useful.” Karen Edwards, University of South Carolina, USA

“I think that this text will be very useful to anyone working in fashion. I would certainly recommend it as reference reading to MBA students and to undergraduates who are taking entrepreneurship courses.” Thomai Serdari, New York University, USA

Learn how to protect your business through prevention with a fashion compliance program. The book takes a merchandise-centric “how-to” approach. It explains the laws related to fashion compliance including, labeling, marketing, testing, importing and exporting, record keeping, and more. Written by a fashion-law expert, the book includes interviews with professionals and discusses the European Union apparel label law, as well as relevant United States’ laws, to help you run your fashion business.
Portfolio Presentation for Fashion Designers
Authors: Tain Linda
Published: August 2018

Designer's portfolios are their calling card in an increasingly competitive fashion industry--displaying their unique design perspective, skill sets, and creativity. This comprehensive reference prepares students as they begin their fashion design careers. Those already working in the industry or wishing to reenter the job market will also appreciate these new approaches for revising or recreating their portfolios. Each chapter highlights essential skills and techniques to help designers become competitive within their chosen markets. By focusing on both logical and creative solutions, the designer becomes aware of the process of developing the portfolio–from concept through presentation of the finished product.
International Retailing
Authors: Sternquist Brenda , Goldsmith Elizabeth B.
Published: August 2018

“I absolutely love International Retailing. It is one of the best texts for students.” Alyssa Adomaitis, CUNY New York City College of Technology, USA

“This is a wonderful book! The book is very comprehensive and seems to be the only one of its kind that provides full chapters on retailing in specified geographic regions and countries.” Rayecarol Cavender, University of Kentucky, USA

Understand the retail environment in the Americas, Europe, and Asia.

You'll learn how legal, social, and economic measures have affected the distribution of consumer goods globally. The book discusses the SIRE (Strategic International Retail Expansion) theory helping you understand success factors. Illustrated with 85 black and white images.
Swatch Reference Guide for Fashion Fabrics
Authors: Young Deborah E.
Published: August 2018

Featuring the most current and high-quality fashion fabrics, Swatch Reference Guide for Fashion Fabrics, Fourth Edition, is an all-in-one text and swatch book focused on the needs of fashion students. The swatch book presents fabric samples with all pertinent information regarding fabric identification on the same page, including fabric name, fiber content, yarn construction, count, coloration, weight, uses, characteristics and similarities/differences between fabrics.

The kit includes 210 unique fabric samples not found in any other swatch kit, a 100+ page textbook with activities, Quick Reference Guide tables, pre-printed mounting boards for all swatches and a 6x metal pick glass--all held in a sturdy 3-ring binder. Through the text and assembly of the swatch kit, readers will learn the inherent performance properties and construction of fibers, yarns and fabrics, and most importantly, their end use in fashion. This invaluable reference brings together a wide variety of information into one volume, enabling users to spend less time trying to connect the dots and more time applying the concepts.
Technical note: Comparison and interconversion of pH based on different standard states for aerosol acidity characterization
Authors: Jia Shiguo , Wang Xuemei , Zhang Qi , Sarkar Sayantan , Wu Luolin , Huang Minjuan , Zhang Jinpu , Yang Liming
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Aerosol pH is often calculated based on different standard states
thus making it inappropriate to compare aerosol acidity parameters derived
thereby. However, such comparisons are routinely performed in the atmospheric
science community. This study attempts to address this issue by comparing
PM2.5 aerosol pH based on different scales (molarity, molality and mole
fraction) on the basis of theoretical considerations followed with a set of
field data from Guangzhou, China as an example. The three most widely used
thermodynamic models (E-AIM-IV, ISORROPIA-II, and AIOMFAC) are employed for
the comparison. Established theory dictates that the difference between
pHx (mole fraction based) and pHm (molality based) is always a
constant (1.74, when the solvent is water) within a thermodynamic model
regardless of aerosol property. In contrast, pHm and pHc
(molarity based) are almost identical with a minor effect from temperature
and pressure. However, when the activity coefficient is simplified as unity
by thermodynamic models, the difference between pHm and pHc ranges
from 0.11 to 0.25 pH units, depending on the chemical composition and the
density of hygroscopic aerosol. Therefore, while evaluating aerosol acidity
(especially, trend analysis) when the activity coefficient is simplified as
1, considering the pH scale is important. The application of this pH
standardization protocol might influence some conclusions on aerosol acidity
reported by past studies, and thus a clear definition of pH and a precise
statement of thermodynamic model parameters are recommended to avoid bias
when pH comparisons are made across studies.
Carbon in global waste and wastewater flows – its potential as energy source under alternative future waste management regimes
Authors: Gómez-Sanabria Adriana , Höglund-Isaksson Lena , Rafaj Peter , Schöpp Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

Abstract. This study provides a quantification of the maximum energy that
can be generated from global waste and wastewater sectors in the timeframe
to 2050, as well as of the potential limitations introduced by different
future waste and wastewater management regimes. Results show that
considerable amounts of carbon are currently stored in waste materials
without being recovered for recycling or made available for energy
generation. Future levels of energy recovery when maintaining current states
of waste and wastewater management systems are contrasted with those that
can be attained under a circular system identified here as a system with
successful implementation of food and plastic waste reduction policies,
maximum recycling rates of all different types of waste streams, and once
the recycling capacity is exhausted, incineration of remaining materials to
produce energy. Moreover, biogas is assumed to be produced from anaerobic
co-digestion of food and garden wastes, animal manure, and anaerobically
treated wastewater. Finally, we explore the limits for energy generation
from waste and wastewater sources should the efficiency of energy recovery
be pushed further through development of existing technology. We find that
global implementation of such an ideal system could increase the relative
contribution of waste and wastewater sources to global energy demand from 2 %
to 9 % by 2040, corresponding to a maximum energy potential of 64 EJ
per year. This would however require widespread adoption of policies and
infrastructure that stimulate and allow for large-scale waste prevention and
separation, as well as highly advanced treatment processes. Giving priority
to such efforts would enable circularity of the waste-energy system.
Description and applications of a mobile system performing on-road aerosol remote sensing and in situ measurements
Authors: Popovici Ioana Elisabeta , Goloub Philippe , Podvin Thierry , Blarel Luc , Loisil Rodrigue , Unga Florin , Mortier Augustin , Deroo Christine , Victori Stéphane , Ducos Fabrice , Torres Benjamin , Delegove Cyril , Choël Marie , Pujol-Söhne Nathalie , Pietras Christophe
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The majority of ground-based aerosols observations are limited to fixed
locations, narrowing the knowledge on their spatial variability. In order to
overcome this issue, a compact Mobile Aerosol Monitoring System (MAMS) was
developed to explore the aerosol vertical and spatial variability. This
mobile laboratory is equipped with a micropulse lidar, a sun photometer and
an aerosol spectrometer. It is distinguished from other transportable platforms
through its ability to perform on-road measurements and its unique feature
lies in the sun photometer's capacity for tracking the sun during motion. The system
presents a great flexibility, being able to respond quickly in case of sudden
aerosol events such as pollution episodes, dust, fire or volcano outbreaks.
On-road mapping of aerosol physical parameters such as attenuated aerosol
backscatter, aerosol optical depth, particle number and mass concentration
and size distribution is achieved through the MAMS. The performance of remote
sensing instruments on-board has been evaluated through intercomparison with
instruments in reference networks (i.e. AERONET and EARLINET), showing that
the system is capable of providing high quality data. This also illustrates
the application of such a system for instrument intercomparison field
campaigns. Applications of the mobile system have been exemplified through
two case studies in northern France. MODIS AOD data was compared to
ground-based mobile sun photometer data. A good correlation was observed with
R2 of 0.76, showing the usefulness of the mobile system for validation
of satellite-derived products. The performance of BSC-DREAM8b dust model has
been tested by comparison of results from simulations for the
lidar–sun-photometer derived extinction coefficient and mass concentration
profiles. The comparison indicated that observations and the model are in good
agreement in describing the vertical variability of dust layers. Moreover,
on-road measurements of PM10 were compared with modelled PM10
concentrations and with ATMO Hauts-de-France and AIRPARIF air quality in situ
measurements, presenting an excellent agreement in horizontal spatial
representativity of PM10. This proves a possible application of mobile
platforms for evaluating the chemistry-models performances.
Technical note: A refinement of coccolith separation methods: measuring the sinking characteristics of coccoliths
Authors: Zhang Hongrui , Stoll Heather , Bolton Clara , Jin Xiaobo , Liu Chuanlian
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Quantification sinking velocities of individual coccoliths
will contribute to optimizing laboratory methods for separating coccoliths of
different sizes and species for geochemical analysis. The repeated
settling–decanting method was the earliest method proposed to separate
coccoliths from sediments and is still widely used. However, in the absence
of estimates of settling velocity for nonspherical coccoliths, previous
implementations have depended mainly on time-consuming empirical method
development by trial and error. In this study, the sinking velocities of
coccoliths belonging to different species were carefully measured in a series
of settling experiments for the first time. Settling velocities of modern
coccoliths range from 0.154 to 10.67 cm h−1. We found that a quadratic
relationship between coccolith length and sinking velocity fits well, and
coccolith sinking velocity can be estimated by measuring the coccolith length
and using the length–velocity factor, kv. We found a negligible
difference in sinking velocities measured in different vessels. However, an
appropriate choice of vessel must be made to avoid “hindered settling” in
coccolith separations. The experimental data and theoretical calculations
presented here support and improve the repeated settling–decanting method.
Controls on zooplankton methane production in the central Baltic Sea
Authors: Stawiarski Beate , Otto Stefan , Thiel Volker , Gräwe Ulf , Loick-Wilde Natalie , Wittenborn Anna K. , Schloemer Stefan , Wäge Janine , Rehder Gregor , Labrenz Matthias , Wasmund Norbert , Schmale Oliver
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Several methanogenic pathways in oxic surface waters were recently discovered, but their relevance in the natural environment is still unknown. Our study examines distinct methane enrichments that repeatedly occur below the thermocline during the summer months in the central Baltic Sea. In agreement with previous studies in this region, we discovered differences in the methane distributions between the Western and Eastern Gotland Basin, pointing to in situ methane production below the thermocline in the latter (conc. CH4 14.1 ± 6.1 nM, δ13C CH4 −62.9 ‰). Through the use of a high resolution hydrographic model of the Baltic Sea, we showed that methane below the thermocline can be transported by upwelling events towards the sea surface thus contributing to the methane flux at the sea/air interface. To quantify zooplankton-associated methane production rates, we developed a sea-going methane stripping-oxidation line to determine methane release rates from copepods grazing on 14C-labelled phytoplankton. We found that: (1) methane production increased with the number of copepods, (2) higher methane production rates were measured in incubations with Temora longicornis (125 ± 49 fmol methane copepod−1 d−1) than incubations with Acartia spp. (84 ± 19 fmol CH4 copepod−1 d−1) dominated zooplankton communities, and (3) methane was only produced on a Rhodomonas sp. diet, but not on a cyanobacteria diet. Furthermore, copepod-specific methane production rates increased with incubation time. The latter finding suggests that methanogenic substrates for water-dwelling microbes are released by cell disruption during feeding, defecation, or diffusion from fecal pellets. In the field, particularly high methane concentrations coincided with stations showing a high abundance of DMSP-rich Dinophyceae. Lipid biomarkers extracted from phytoplankton- and copepod-rich samples revealed that Dinophyceae are a major food source of the T. longicornis dominated zooplankton community, supporting the proposed link between copepod grazing, DMSP release, and the buildup of subthermocline methane enrichments in the central Baltic Sea.
Testing the consistency between changes in simulated climate and Alpine glacier length over the past millennium
Authors: Goosse Hugues , Barriat Pierre-Yves , Dalaiden Quentin , Klein François , Marzeion Ben , Maussion Fabien , Pelucchi Paolo , Vlug Anouk
Published: August 2018

Abstract. It is standard to compare climate model results covering
the past millennium and reconstructions based on various archives in order
to test the ability of models to reproduce the observed climate variability.
Up to now, glacier length fluctuations have not been used systematically in
this framework even though they offer information on multi-decadal to
centennial variations complementary to other records. One reason is that
glacier length depends on several complex factors and so cannot be directly
linked to the simulated climate. However, climate model skill can be
measured by comparing the glacier length computed by a glacier model driven
by simulated temperature and precipitation to observed glacier length
variations. This is done here using the version 1.0 of the Open Global Glacier
Model (OGGM) forced by fields derived from a range of simulations performed
with global climate models over the past millennium. The glacier model is
applied to a set of Alpine glaciers for which observations cover at least
the 20th century. The observed glacier length fluctuations are
generally well within the range of the simulations driven by the various
climate model results, showing a general consistency with this ensemble of
simulations. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the results are much more
sensitive to the simulated climate than to OGGM parameters. This confirms
that the simulations of glacier length can be used to evaluate the climate
model performance, in particular the simulated summer temperatures that
largely control the glacier changes in our region of interest. Simulated
glacier length is strongly influenced by the internal variability in the
system, putting limitations on the model–data comparison for some variables
like the trends over the 20th century in the Alps. Nevertheless,
comparison of glacier length fluctuations on longer timescales, for instance
between the 18th century and the late 20th century, appear less
influenced by the natural variability and indicate clear differences in the
behaviour of the various climate models.
Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years
Authors: Zheng Jingyun , Yu Yingzhuo , Zhang Xuezhen , Hao Zhixin
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique
historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme
droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than
10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering
both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial
coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme
droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes
and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were
29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000.
For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased
(increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially
for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation
only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other
three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons
at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794,
1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or
more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s,
among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s.
More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s,
1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in
the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were
more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and
the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability
of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or
the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the
occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of
extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.
A Late Quaternary climate record based on long chain diol proxies from the Chilean margin
Authors: de Bar Marijke W. , Stolwijk Dave J. , McManus Jerry F. , Sinninghe Damste Jaap S. , Schouten Stefan
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The primary focus of this study is to test the applicability of different paleoenvironmental proxies based on long chain diols, i.e., the LDI as proxy for past SST, the Diol Index as indicator of past upwelling conditions and the NDI as quantitative proxy for nitrate and phosphate concentrations in seawater. The proxies were analyzed in marine sediments recovered at ODP Site 1234, located within the Peru-Chile upwelling system, with a ~ 2 kyr resolution, covering the last 150 kyrs, i.e., encompassing several glacial and interglacial periods. We also generated TEXH86 and UK´37 temperature and planktonic δ18O records, as well as TOC and accumulation rates (ARs) of TOC and lipid biomarkers (i.e., C37 alkenones, GDGTs, dinosterol and loliolide) to reconstruct past phytoplankton production. The LDI-derived SST record co-varies with TEXH86- and UK´37-derived SST records as well as with the planktonic δ18O record, implying that the LDI reflects past SST variations at this site. TOC and phytoplankton AR records indicate increased export production during the Last Interglacial (MIS 5), simultaneous with a peak in the abundance of preserved Chaetoceros diatoms, suggesting intensified upwelling during this period. The Diol Index is relatively low during the upwelling period, but peaks before and after this period, suggesting that Proboscia diatoms were more dominant before and after the period of upwelling. The NDI reveals the same variations as the Diol Index suggesting that the input of nitrate and phosphate was minimal during upwelling, which is unrealistic. We suggest that the Diol Index should perhaps be considered as an indicator for Proboscia (multiple species) productivity instead of upwelling per se, whereas the NDI likely reflects Proboscia alata productivity, and might therefore not be suitable as a more general paleonutrient proxy.
PRIMAP-crf: UNFCCC CRF data in IPCC 2006 categories
Authors: Jeffery M. Louise , Gütschow Johannes , Gieseke Robert , Gebel Ronja
Published: August 2018

Abstract. All Annex I Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) are required to report domestic emissions on an annual basis
in a “Common Reporting Format” (CRF). In 2015, the CRF data reporting was
updated to follow the more recent 2006 guidelines from the IPCC and the
structure of the reporting tables was modified accordingly. However, the
hierarchical categorisation of data in the IPCC 2006 guidelines is not
readily extracted from the reporting tables. In this paper, we present the
PRIMAP-crf data as a re-constructed hierarchical dataset according to the
IPCC 2006 guidelines. Furthermore, the data are organised in a series of tables containing all available
countries and years for each individual gas and category reported. It is
therefore readily usable for climate policy assessment, such as the
quantification of emissions reduction targets. In addition to single gases, the Kyoto basket of greenhouse gases
(CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and
NF3) is provided according to multiple global warming potentials. The
dataset was produced using the PRIMAP emissions module. Key processing steps
include extracting data from submitted CRF Excel spreadsheets, mapping CRF
categories to IPCC 2006 categories, constructing missing categories from
available data, and aggregating single gases to gas baskets. Finally, we
describe key aspects of the data with relevance for climate policy: the
contribution of NF3 to national totals, changes in data reported over
subsequent years, and issues or difficulties encountered when processing
currently available data. The processed data are available under an Open Data
CC BY 4.0 license, and are available at
https://doi.org/10.5880/pik.2018.001.
Modeling the effects of litter stoichiometry and soil mineral N
availability on soil organic matter formation
Authors: Zhang Haicheng , Goll Daniel S. , Manzoni Stefano , Ciais Philippe , Guenet Bertrand , Huang Yuanyuan
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Microbial decomposition of plant litter is a crucial process for the land carbon (C) cycle, as it directly controls the partitioning of litter-C between CO2 released to the atmosphere versus the formation of new soil organic matter (SOM). Land surface models used to study the C cycle rarely considered flexibility in the decomposer C use efficiency (CUEd) defined by the fraction of decomposed litter-C that is retained as SOM (as opposed to be respired). In this study, we adapted a conceptual formulation of CUEd based on assumption that litter decomposers optimally adjust their CUEd as a function of litter substrate C to nitrogen (N) stoichiometry to maximize their growth rates. This formulation was incorporated into the widely used CENTURY soil biogeochemical model and evaluated based on data from laboratory litter incubation experiments. Results indicated that the CENTURY model with new CUEd formulation was able to reproduce differences in respiration rate of litter with contrasting C:N ratios and under different levels of mineral N availability, whereas the default model with fixed CUEd could not. Using the model with adapted CUEd formulation, we also illustrated that litter quality affected the long-term SOM formation crucially. Litter with a small C:N ratio tended to form a larger SOM pool than litter with larger C:N ratios, as it could be more efficiently incorporated into SOM by microorganisms. This study provided a simple but effective formulation to quantify the effect of varying litter quality (N content) on SOM formation across temporal scales. Optimality theory appears to be suitable to predict complex processes of litter decomposition into soil C, and to quantify how plant residues and manure can be harnessed to improve soil C sequestration for climate mitigation.
Modelling of shallow water table dynamics using conceptual and physically based integrated surface water-groundwater hydrologic models
Authors: Bizhanimanzar Mohammad , Leconte Robert , Nuth Mathieu
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We present a new conceptual scheme of the interaction between unsaturated and saturated zones of the MOBIDIC (Modello Bilancio Idrologico DIstributo e Continuo) hydrological model which is applicable to shallow water table conditions. First, a hydrostatic equilibrium moisture profile was assumed for simulating changes in water table levels. This resulted in a water table based expression of specific yield, which was included in the coupled MOBIDIC-MODFLOW modelling framework for capturing shallow water tables fluctuations. Second, the groundwater recharge was defined using a power type equation based on infiltration rate, soil moisture deficit and a calibration parameter linked to initial water table level, soil type and rainfall intensity. Using the Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) method, the water table rise for a homogeneous soil column under a pulse of rain with different intensities (up to 30 mm/day) the parameter of the proposed groundwater recharge equation was determined for four soil types i.e., sand, loamy sand, sandy loam and loam. The simulated water table levels were compared against those simulated by MIKE-SHE, a physically based integrated hydrological modelling system simulating surface and groundwater flow. Two numerical experiments were carried out: a two-dimensional case of a hypothetical watershed in a vertical plane (constant slope) under a 1 cm/day uniform rainfall rate, and a quasi-real three dimensional watershed under one month of measured daily rainfall hyetograph. The comparative analysis confirmed that the simplified approach can mimic simple and complex groundwater systems with an acceptable level of accuracy. In addition, the computational efficiency of the proposed approach (MIKE-SHE took 180 times longer to solve the 3D case than the MOBIDIC-MODFLOW framework) demonstrates its applicability to real catchment case studies.
Acoustic Doppler current profiler observations of migration patternsof zooplankton in the Cretan Sea
Authors: Potiris Emmanuel , Frangoulis Constantin , Kalampokis Alkiviadis , Ntoumas Manolis , Pettas Manos , Petihakis George , Zervakis Vassilis
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The lack of knowledge of the mesopelagic layer
inhabitants, especially those performing strong vertical migration, is an
acknowledged challenge. This incomplete representation leads to the
exclusion of an active carbon and nutrient pathway from the surface to the
deeper layers and vice versa. The vertical migration of mesopelagic
inhabitants (macroplanktonic and micronektonic) was observed by acoustical
means for almost 2.5 years in the epipelagic and mesopelagic layers of the open oligotrophic Cretan Sea
(south Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean) at the site
of an operational fixed-point observatory located at 1500 m depth. The
observed organisms were categorized into four groups according to their
migration patterns. The variability of the migration patterns was inspected
in relation to the physical and biological environmental conditions of the
study area. The stratification of the water column does not act as a barrier
for the vertical motion of the strongest migrants that move up to 400 m every
day. Instead, changes in light intensity (lunar cycle, daylight duration,
cloudiness) and the presence of prey and predators seem to explain the
observed daily, monthly and seasonal variability. The continuous presence of
these organisms, which are capable of vertical motion despite the profound
circulation variability at the site of the observatory, implies their
presence in the broader study area. The fundamental implications of the
above regarding biogeochemical processing in oligotrophic seas due to the intimate
link between the carbon (C) and nutrient cycles, are discussed.
Syn-kinematic hydration reactions, grain size reduction, and dissolution–precipitation creep in experimentally deformed plagioclase–pyroxene mixtures
Authors: Marti Sina , Stünitz Holger , Heilbronner Renée , Plümper Oliver , Kilian Rüdiger
Published: August 2018

Abstract. It is widely observed that mafic rocks are able to accommodate high strains by viscous flow. Yet, a number of questions concerning the exact nature of the involved deformation mechanisms continue to be debated. In this contribution, rock deformation experiments on four different water-added plagioclase–pyroxene mixtures are presented: (i) plagioclase(An60–70)–clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene, (ii) plagioclase(An60)–diopside, (iii) plagioclase(An60)–enstatite, and (iv) plagioclase(An01)–enstatite. Samples were deformed in general shear at strain rates of 3×10−5 to 3×10−6 s−1, 800 °C, and confining pressure of 1.0 or 1.5 GPa. Results indicate that dissolution–precipitation creep (DPC) and grain boundary sliding (GBS) are the dominant deformation mechanisms and operate simultaneously. Coinciding with sample deformation, syn-kinematic mineral reactions yield abundant nucleation of new grains; the resulting intense grain size reduction is considered crucial for the activity of DPC and GBS. In high strain zones dominated by plagioclase, a weak, nonrandom, and geometrically consistent crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) is observed. Usually, a CPO is considered a consequence of dislocation creep, but the experiments presented here demonstrate that a CPO can develop during DPC and GBS. This study provides new evidence for the importance of DPC and GBS in mid-crustal shear zones within mafic rocks, which has important implications for understanding and modeling mid-crustal rheology and flow.
Retreat of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, over the next 100 years using various ice flow models, ice shelf melt scenarios and basal friction laws
Authors: Yu Hongju , Rignot Eric , Seroussi Helene , Morlighem Mathieu
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Thwaites Glacier (TG), West Antarctica, experiences rapid, potentially irreversible grounding line retreat and mass loss in response to enhanced ice shelf melting. Several numerical models of TG have been developed recently, showing a large spread in the evolution of the glacier in the coming decades to a century. It is, however, not clear how different parameterizations of basal friction and ice shelf melt or different approximations in ice stress balance affect projections.Here, we simulate the evolution of TG using different ice shelf melt, basal friction laws and ice sheet models of varying levels of complexity to quantify the effect of these model configurations on the results. We find that the grounding line retreat and its sensitivity to ocean forcing is enhanced when a full-Stokes model is used, ice shelf melt is applied on partially floating elements, and a Budd friction is used. Initial conditions also impact the model results. Yet, all simulations suggest a rapid, sustained retreat along the same preferred pathway. The highest retreat rate occurs on the eastern side of the glacier and the lowest rate on a subglacial ridge on the western side. All the simulations indicate that TG will undergo an accelerated retreat once it retreats past the western ridge. Combining the results, we find the uncertainty is small in the first 30 years, with a cumulative contribution to sea level rise of 5 mm, similar to the current rate. After 30 years, the mass loss depends on the model configurations, with a 300 % difference over the next 100 years, ranging from 14 to 42 mm.
Aux origines de la nation algérienne. Mohamed Sadoun, Débâcle (2017)
Authors: Bekkat Amina Azza
Published: August 2018

Selon l’expression de Kateb Yacine, à la fin du 19èmesiècle, l’Algérie n’était plus qu’un ensemble de tribus décimées. Les Français avaient dépossédé de leurs terres les habitants légitimes afin d’établir leurs villes et de faire prospérer leurs domaines. Le combat du jeune Emir Abdel Kader avait été âpre et courageux mais il avait dû se rendre et capituler devant les assauts ennemis. Tous ceux qui l’avaient suivi, se virent entraîner dans un maelstrom de souffrances et de privations jusqu’à la mort. Le livre de Mohamed Sadoun, Débâcle (2017) raconte à travers l’histoire d’une famille imaginaire un siècle soumis à de violents bouleversements qui devaient conduire à l’époque actuelle où la nation, après l’indépendance, est fondée sur la figure tutélaire de l’Emir.