bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Performance of Zinc Oxide and Metal‐Doped Zinc Oxide for Various Organic Pollutants
Authors: Hasanah Andi Uswatun , Gareso Paulus Lobo , Rauf Nurlaela , Tahir Dahlang
Published: July 2023

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has a high photocatalytic potential to decompose volatile organic pollutants into CO2 and H2O which depend on their physical properties, such as particle shape and size, band gap, type of dopant, and optical and structural properties. Using 93 references listed in this review, the relationship between metal dopant and synthesis methods to the efficiency of ZnO and composite ZnO‐metal in degrading pollutants for photocatalyst applications is studied. The basic principles of the photocatalyst process is described when the electrons at the valence band of ZnO get the energy from solar spectrum, generate the charge (electron and hole), and then continue to react with superoxide and water, resulting in radical atoms which break the bonds of organic pollutants. Rare earth dopants have the highest efficiency up to 100 % at 15 min irradiation. Conclusions and future prospects of ZnO and metal‐doped ZnO are also discussed. Perspectives and challenges of the future development of ZnO‐based photocatalysts are evaluated.
Robust Biosensor Based on Carbon Nanotubes/Protein Hybrid Electrolyte Gated Transistors
Authors: Paradisi Alessandro , Berto Marcello , Di Giosia Matteo , Mazzali Sara , Borsari Marco , Marforio Tainah Dorina , Zerbetto Francesco , Calvaresi Matteo , Orieshyna Anna , Amdursky Nadav , Bortolotti Carlo Augusto , Biscarini Fabio
Published: July 2023

Semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising materials for biosensing applications with electrolyte‐gated transistors (EGT). However, to be employed in EGT devices, SWCNTs often require lengthy solution‐processing fabrication techniques. Here, we introduce a simple solution‐based method that allows fabricating EGT devices from stable dispersions of SWCNTs/bovine serum albumin (BSA) hybrids in water. The dispersion is then deposited on a substrate allowing the formation of a SWCNTs random network as the semiconducting channel. We demonstrate that this methodology allows the fabrication of EGT devices with electric performances that allow their use in biosensing applications. We demonstrate their application for the detection of cortisol in solution, upon gate electrode functionalization with anti‐cortisol antibodies. This is a robust and cost‐effective methodology that sets the ground for a SWCNT/BSA‐based biosensing platform that allows overcoming many limitations of standard SWCNTs biosensor fabrications.
Organocatalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of 1,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazolyl Glycoconjugates
Authors: Jaiswal Manoj K. , Gupta Abhishek , Yadav Mangal S. , Pandey Vinay K. , Tiwari Vinod K.
Published: July 2023

A novel organocatalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of nitroolefins with glycosyl azides as well as organic azides has been developed for successful construction of 1,5‐disubstituted triazolyl glycoconjugates. This metal‐free and acid‐free, regioselective synthetic protocol proceeds in the presence of only Schreiner thiourea organocatalysts, which enable the required activation of nitroolefins through double hydrogen bonding. The straightforward, operationally simple, and regioselectivity of this methodology, complementing to the classical RuAAC catalyzed synthesis of 1,5‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles. In the presence of catalytic amount of Schreiner thiourea organocatalyst, organic azides react with a broad array of nitroolefins producing a series of diverse 1,5‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐ triazoles in good yields with excellent regioselectivity.
Rereading entrepreneurial failure from the scientific literature: A bibliometric approach
Authors: Tessier Luc , Ramadan Maarouf , Renaud Alexandre
Published: July 2023

Academic literature analyzing the conditions of entrepreneurial failure has emerged in the last decade. Failure can be interpreted in several ways: failure as the disappearance of the firm, failure based on flawed strategies, organizational failure, and failure defined by the entrepreneur's perception. We mobilize a bibliometric technique and identify different scientific conversations initiated between 2016 and 2021. We conducted a bibliometric study using the bibliographic linkage method on 198 articles. This article is divided into three sections. First, we review the methodological choices made, then we describe the results before discussing their generic implications for understanding the phenomenon of failure.
Electron Transport through Hydrogen Bonded Single‐Molecule Junctions†
Authors: Fang Jiu‐Hong , Zhao Zhi‐Hao , Li Ang‐Xuan , Wang Lin
Published: July 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Hydrogen bonding is a vital driving force for organizing the hierarchy of molecular structure, especially in biologic field. Due to its directionality, selectivity and moderate strength, hydrogen bonding has been extensively introduced into the molecular recognition, sensing and electronic devices. Electric measurements at single‐molecule level facilitate the investigation of hydrogen bonds and provide a comprehensive understanding of the electron transport properties governed by the hydrogen bonding, which is essential for the development of self‐assembled electronic systems. This review provides a detailed overview of recent advancements in constructing single‐molecule junctions utilizing intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. We first introduce the methods utilized for characterizing the electric and dynamic properties of non‐covalent interactions. Next, we discuss the mechanisms of electron transport, relevant influencing factors, and typical applications utilizing electrical signals based on single‐molecule junctions. Finally, we propose our perspective on the existing challenges and prospective opportunities in utilizing hydrogen bonding for electronic device applications.
Predictive value of CHA2DS2‐VASc score for in‐hospital prognosis of patients with acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI
Authors: Sun Ying , Ren Jian , Wang Wei , Wang Chunsong , Li Li , Yao Hengchen
Published: July 2023

Background

This study aimed to explore the predictive value of CHA2DS2‐VASc score for in‐hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary artery intervention.

Methods

A total of 746 STEMI patients were divided into four groups according to CHA2DS2‐VASc score (1, 2–3, 4–5, >5). The predictive ability of the CHA2DS2‐VASc score for in‐hospital MACE was made. Subgroup analysis was made between gender differences.

Results

In a multivariate logistic regression analysis model including creatinine, total cholesterol, and left ventricular ejection fraction, CHA2DS2‐VASc score was an independent predictor of MACE as a continuous variable (adjusted odds ratio: 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27–1.62, p < .001). As a category variable, using the lowest CHA2DS2‐VASc score of 1 as a reference, CHA2DS2‐VASc score 2–3, 4–5, >5 groups for predicting MACE was 4.62 (95% CI: 1.94–11.00, p = .001), 7.74 (95% CI: 3.18–18.89, p < .001), and 11.71 (95% CI: 4.14–33.15, p < .001). The CHA2DS2‐VASc score was also an independent risk factor for MACE in the male group, either as a continuous variable or category variable. However, CHA2DS2‐VASc score was not a predictor of MACE in the female group. The area under the curve value of the CHA2DS2‐VASc score for predicting MACE was 0.661 in total patients (74.1% sensitivity and 50.4% specificity [p < .001]), 0.714 in the male group (69.4% sensitivity and 63.1% specificity [p < .001]), but there was no statistical significance in the female group.

Conclusions

CHA2DS2‐VASc score could be considered as a potential predictor of in‐hospital MACE with STEMI, especially in males.
Fractional modeling of drug diffusion from cylindrical tablets based on Fickian and relaxed approaches with in vivo validation
Authors: Khalaf M. , Elsaid A. , Hammad S. F. , Zahra W. K.
Published: July 2023

Mathematical simulation of drug diffusion is a significant tool for predicting the bio‐transport process. Moreover, the reported models in the literature are based on Fick's approach, which leads to an infinite propagation speed. Consequently, it is essential to construct a mathematical model to represent the diffusion processes for estimating drug concentrations at different sites and throughout the circulation. Thus, in this article, the diffusion process is employed to propose three models for estimating the drug release from multi‐layer cylindrical tablets. A fractional model is presented based on Fick's approach, while classical and fractional Cattaneo models are presented using the relaxed principle. Various numerical methods are used to solve the specified problem. The numerical scheme's stability and convergence are demonstrated. Drug concentration and mass profiles are presented for the tablet and the external medium and compared with the in vivo plasma profiles. The results show the efficiency and precision of the proposed fractional models based on the fourth‐order weighted‐shifted Grünwald–Letnikov difference operator approximation. These models are compatible with the in vivo data compared with the classical Fick's one.
Non‐Medical Switching from Tocilizumab to Sarilumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Low Disease Activity, an Observational Study
Authors: den Broeder Nathan , den Broeder Alfons A. , Verhoef Lise M. , van den Hoogen Frank H. J. , van der Maas Aatke , van den Bemt Bart J. F.
Published: July 2023

Tocilizumab and sarilumab are IL‐6‐receptor antagonists registered for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with equal effectiveness and safety. Switching from tocilizumab to sarilumab could be a strategy to reduce injection burden, in case of drug shortages, and to reduce costs. This study therefore aims to investigate the effectiveness and safety of switching patients with RA with well‐controlled disease under tocilizumab treatment to sarilumab. Patients with RA with low Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28;‐CRP < 2.9 or < 3.5 with clinical judgment), on stable dose tocilizumab (> 6 months) were offered to switch to sarilumab. Patients who switched and consented were followed for 6 months. Sarilumab was started at 200 mg and double the last tocilizumab interval. Co‐primary outcomes at 6 months were (i) the 90% confidence interval (CI) of DAS28‐CRP change from baseline compared with the non‐inferiority margin of 0.6 and (ii) the 90% CI of the proportion of patients persisting with sarilumab, compared with a prespecified minimum of 70%. Of 50 invited patients, 25 agreed to switch to sarilumab, and 23 patients switched and were included. One patient was lost to follow‐up immediately after inclusion, therefore 22 patients are included in the analyses. At 6 months, mean change in DAS28‐CRP was 0.48 (90% CI: 0.11–0.87), compared with the non‐inferiority margin of 0.6. Sarilumab persistence was 68% (90% CI: 51–82%, 15 out of 22 patients), compared with the prespecified minimum of 70%. Non‐medical switching from tocilizumab to sarilumab in patients doing well on tocilizumab failed to show non‐inferiority regarding disease activity and drug persistence.
Regulating Plant Growth in Cotton
Authors: Lee Joshua , Snider John L. , Parkash Ved , Virk Gurpreet , Hand Lavesta C.
Published: July 2023

Tall cotton plants do not necessarily produce maximum yields or quality. Growth‐promoting field conditions in the absence of chemical growth control can produce cotton plants that are extremely tall but exhibit excessive vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive growth. Cotton producers must often consider incorporating plant growth regulators (PGRs) as a part of their management decisions during the growing season. The focus of article is on the use of the PGR mepiquat chloride and the role of production environment, cultivar, and other management considerations. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Crop Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Exploring behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Authors: Chaudoin Tammy R. , Bonasera Stephen J , Dunaevsky Anna , Padmashri Ragunathan
Published: July 2023

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are one of the leading causes of developmental abnormalities worldwide. Maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy leads to a diverse range of cognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Although moderate‐to‐heavy levels of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) have been associated with adverse offspring outcomes, there is limited data on the consequences of chronic low‐level PAE. Here, we use a model of maternal voluntary alcohol consumption throughout gestation in a mouse model to investigate the effects of PAE on behavioral phenotypes during late adolescence and early adulthood in male and female offspring. Body composition was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Baseline behaviors, including feeding, drinking, and movement, were examined by performing home cage monitoring studies. The impact of PAE on motor function, motor skill learning, hyperactivity, acoustic reactivity, and sensorimotor gating was investigated by performing a battery of behavioral tests. PAE was found to be associated with altered body composition. No differences in overall movement, food, or water consumption were observed between control and PAE mice. Although PAE offspring of both sexes exhibited deficits in motor skill learning, no differences were observed in basic motor skills such as grip strength and motor coordination. PAE females exhibited a hyperactive phenotype in a novel environment. PAE mice exhibited increased reactivity to acoustic stimuli, and PAE females showed disrupted short‐term habituation. Sensorimotor gating was not altered in PAE mice. Collectively, our data show that chronic low‐level exposure to alcohol in utero results in behavioral impairments.
Citizen science data reveal regional heterogeneity in phenological response to climate in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus
Authors: Garretson Alexis , Cuddy Tedra , Duffy Alexandra G. ,   iNaturalist Citizen Scientists, Forkner Rebecca E.
Published: July 2023

Regional populations of geographically widespread species may respond to different environmental factors across the species' range, generating divergent effects of climate change on life‐history phenology. Using thousands of citizen science observations extracted from iNaturalist and associated with corresponding temperature, precipitation, elevation, and daylength information, we examined the drivers of adult mating and of nymphal phenology, development, and group size for populations of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, in different ecoregions. Research‐grade iNaturalist images were correctly identified 98.3% of the time and yielded more than 3000 observations of nymphal groups and 1000 observations of mating adults spanning 18 years. Mating phenology showed distinct regional patterns, ranging from year‐round mating in California to temporally restricted mating in the Great Lakes Northeastern Coast ecoregion. Relative temperature increases of 1°C for a given daylength expanded the mating season by more than a week in western ecoregions. While increases in relative temperature delayed mating phenology in all ecoregions, greater winter precipitation advanced mating in the California ecoregion. In the eastern ecoregions, nymphal phenology was delayed by increases in summer rainfall but was advanced by relative temperature increases, whereas in western regions, relative temperature increases delayed nymphal phenology. Furthermore, accumulated growing degree days (AGDD) was a poor predictor of developmental progression, as we found a positive but weak correlation between AGDD and age structure only for the Appalachian Southeast North America and the Great Lakes Northern Coast ecoregions. These complex phenological responses of O. fasciatus are just one example of how populations may be differentially susceptible to a diversity of climatic effects; using data across a species' whole distribution is critical for exposing regional variations, especially for species with large, continental‐scale ranges. This study demonstrates the potential of photodocumented biodiversity data to aid in the monitoring of life history, host plant–insect interactions, and climate responsiveness.
Surface and subsurface oceanographic features drive forage fish distributions and aggregations: Implications for prey availability to top predators in the US Northeast Shelf ecosystem
Authors: Goetsch Chandra , Gulka Julia , Friedland Kevin D. , Winship Arliss J. , Clerc Jeff , Gilbert Andrew , Goyert Holly F. , Stenhouse Iain J. , Williams Kathryn A. , Willmott Julia R. , Rekdahl Melinda L. , Rosenbaum Howard C. , Adams Evan M.
Published: July 2023

Forage fishes are a critical food web link in marine ecosystems, aggregating in a hierarchical patch structure over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Surface‐level forage fish aggregations (FFAs) represent a concentrated source of prey available to surface‐ and shallow‐foraging marine predators. Existing survey and analysis methods are often imperfect for studying forage fishes at scales appropriate to foraging predators, making it difficult to quantify predator–prey interactions. In many cases, general distributions of forage fish species are known; however, these may not represent surface‐level prey availability to predators. Likewise, we lack an understanding of the oceanographic drivers of spatial patterns of prey aggregation and availability or forage fish community patterns. Specifically, we applied Bayesian joint species distribution models to bottom trawl survey data to assess species‐ and community‐level forage fish distribution patterns across the US Northeast Continental Shelf (NES) ecosystem. Aerial digital surveys gathered data on surface FFAs at two project sites within the NES, which we used in a spatially explicit hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate the abundance and size of surface FFAs. We used these models to examine the oceanographic drivers of forage fish distributions and aggregations. Our results suggest that, in the NES, regions of high community species richness are spatially consistent with regions of high surface FFA abundance. Bathymetric depth drove both patterns, while subsurface features, such as mixed layer depth, primarily influenced aggregation behavior and surface features, such as sea surface temperature, sub‐mesoscale eddies, and fronts influenced forage fish diversity. In combination, these models help quantify the availability of forage fishes to marine predators and represent a novel application of spatial models to aerial digital survey data.
Pore and gas desorption characteristics of primary coal with different degrees of metamorphism
Authors: Chen Yong , Liu Ronghua , Wang Gang , Ma Jinkui , Wu Jiaokun , Wang Pengfei , Wu Kuan , Guo Xiaomin
Published: July 2023

Pore difference characteristics and adsorption/desorption experiments of primary coal with different degrees were explored to study the characteristics of pore structure and gas desorption. The results show that the pore volume increases with the increase in the degree of metamorphism. In primary coal with different degrees of metamorphism, the distribution of micropores, small pores, and medium‐sized pores (by volume) is WY < PM < CY. The distribution of large pore volume and visible pore volume was WY > PM > CY. According to the pore volume distribution law of different metamorphic primary coals, the average pore diameters of WY, PM, and CY were 68.40, 45.60, and 30.50 nm, respectively. The porosity and specific surface area of primary coal with different degrees of metamorphism show a distribution pattern such that WY > PM > CY. For large pore and visible pore, the pore volumes of WY, PM, and CY coal were 0.0785, 0.0587, and 0.0300 mL/g, respectively, and the proportions were 81.86%, 74.49%, and 55.25%, respectively. The porosity of WY, PM, and CY were 11.57%, 9.03%, and 6.57%, respectively, and the specific surface areas were 6.917, 5.826, and 5.611 cm3/g. According to the desorption characteristics of coal bodies with different metamorphic degrees at different time nodes found that the gas desorption at different time nodes shows similar changes under the same adsorption equilibrium pressure. The higher the degree of coal metamorphism, the greater the amount of gas desorption, and the faster the desorption amplitude. The desorption intensity of WY coal is significantly higher than that of PM and CY coal with the increase of desorption time which also verifies the measurement results of pore structure and adsorption constant.
Maternal Transfer and Effects of Selenium on Early Life Stage Development of Redside Shiner (Richardsonius balteatus)
Authors: de Bruyn Adrian M. H. , Lo Bonnie P. , Van Geest Jordana , Semeniuk David , Elphick James R. , Ings Jennifer , Good Cait , Arnold Mariah C. , Brix Kevin V.
Published: July 2023

Maternal transfer of selenium (Se) to developing fish eggs during vitellogenesis can cause larval deformity and mortality. Previous studies have shown wide variation among fish species in both the magnitude of maternal transfer (exposure) and the egg Se concentration causing effects (sensitivity). We studied maternal transfer and effects of Se on early life stage development, survival, and growth of redside shiner (Richardsonius balteatus), a small-bodied cyprinid that has been reported to have relatively high ovary:muscle Se concentration ratios. Gametes were collected from lentic areas in southeast British Columbia (Canada) with a range of dietary Se concentrations related to weathering of waste rock from coal mining. Eggs were fertilized and reared in the laboratory from hatch to the onset of exogenous feeding. Larvae were assessed for survival, length, weight, Se-characteristic deformities, and edema. Eggs from a total of 56 females were collected, with egg Se concentrations from 0.7 to 28 mg/kg dry weight. Maternal transfer varied among sites, with egg:muscle Se concentration ratios ranging from <1 to >4. We also found that sampling residual ovaries can overestimate Se concentrations in ripe eggs by up to a factor of 5.7. A correlation between larval weight and egg Se concentration was identified, although the relationship was weak (r2 < 0.1) and appeared to be a site effect. No other relationships were observed between larval endpoints and egg Se concentrations up to the highest concentration tested, indicating that the effects threshold for this species may be >28 mg/kg dry weight in eggs. These data indicate that redside shiner is less sensitive to maternally transferred Se than most other tested fish species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2350–2357. © 2023 SETAC
Profile, Tissue Distribution, and Time Trend of Bisphenol Plastic Additives in Freshwater Wildlife of the Pearl River Ecosystem, China
Authors: Peng Xianzhi , Zhou Jing , Chen Guangshi , Tan Jianhua , Zhu Zewen
Published: July 2023

Plastic-related contaminants in the environment have attracted increasing attention, with plastic pollution becoming a serious issue globally. The present study investigated the potential bioaccumulation and biotransfer of bisphenol (BP) compounds that are widely added in various products such as plastics and other products in a freshwater ecosystem, China. Among commonly applied 14 BP analogues, bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) were predominant, representing 64%–100% of the total concentrations of BPs (ΣBPs) in freshwater wildlife. Both the concentrations and analogue profiles in the fish showed seasonal differences and species dependence. Higher BP concentrations were observed in fish collected during the dry season than the wet season. Higher percentages of non-BPA analogues (e.g., BPS and BPF) were observed in fish collected during the wet season. Pelagic species accumulated notably higher levels of BPs than midwater and bottom species. The liver generally contained the highest ΣBPs, followed successively by the swim bladder, belly fat, and dorsal muscle. The analogue profile also showed some differences among tissues, varying by species and season. Lower ΣBPs but higher percentages of non-BPA analogues were observed in female than male common carp. Time trends of the BPA concentration in fish varied by species, probably related to habitats and diets of the fish. Habitats, feeding behaviors, and trophic transfer may have significant impacts on exposure of wildlife to BPs in natural ecosystems. The BPs did not demonstrate strong potential for bioaccumulation. More research is warranted about metabolism and transgenerational transfer of BPs in wildlife to fully reveal the bioaccumulation and consequently ecological risks of these chemicals in the environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2130–2142. © 2023 SETAC
The potential role of synovial cells in the progression and treatment of osteoarthritis
Authors: Zou Zaijun , Li Han , Yu Kai , Ma Ke , Wang Qiguang , Tang Junnan , Liu Guozhen , Lim Khoon , Hooper Gary , Woodfield Tim , Cui Xiaolin , Zhang Weiguo , Tian Kang
Published: July 2023

Osteoarthritis (OA), the commonest arthritis, is characterized by the progressive destruction of cartilage, leading to disability. The Current early clinical treatment strategy for OA often centers on anti‐inflammatory or analgesia medication, weight loss, improved muscular function and articular cartilage repair. Although these treatments can relieve symptoms, OA tends to be progressive, and most patients require arthroplasty at the terminal stages of OA. Recent studies have shown a close correlation between joint pain, inflammation, cartilage destruction and synovial cells. Consequently, understanding the potential mechanisms associated with the action of synovial cells in OA could be beneficial for the clinical management of OA. Therefore, this review comprehensively describes the biological functions of synovial cells, the synovium, together with the pathological changes of synovial cells in OA, and the interaction between the cartilage and synovium, which is lacking in the present literature. Additionally, therapeutic approaches based on synovial cells for OA treatment are further discussed from a clinical perspective, highlighting a new direction in the treatment of OA.
Bioactive peptides: Synthesis, applications, and associated challenges
Authors: Alzaydi Abrar , Barbhuiya Rahul Islam , Routray Winny , Elsayed Abdallah , Singh Ashutosh
Published: July 2023

Bioactive peptides (BPs) are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds and arranged in a specific way. These peptides are important to human health and can be used in preserving food. The interest in BPs and its benefits has led to increased production from different food sources and advanced technology to extract them in their pure form. This review explores the subject of BP sources, their synthesis, and their application in various fields, including food and pharmaceuticals. Each source has its unique characteristics, types of peptides, and sequences. The sequence of each peptide extracted from different sources differs in their arrangement and effect on disease treatment. Despite the interest in BPs, challenges remain in their fractionation and purification. Further research is needed to fully exploit the potential of this diverse group of compounds for successful future applications.
Assessing changes in potential yields and yield gaps of summer maize in the North China Plain
Authors: Zhang Zemin , Lu Changhe
Published: July 2023

In recent years, China's crop production growth rate has decreased. This has provoked questions on whether the grain yields have reached their potential. Taking the North China Plain (NCP) as the study area, this study first simulated the potential yield of an irrigated maize crop with the WOFOST model, using daily weather data for 1960–2017. The yield gap was quantified for 1998–2017, and finally, the total potential maize production was estimated. The results indicate that during 1960–2017, the average potential yield for the region varied annually from 9.5 to 13.5 t ha−1, showing an obvious downward trend at a rate of 37.6 kg ha−1 per year. The long‐term mean potential yield at all 327 counties ranged from 9.9 to 13.7 t ha−1, increasing from south to north. The annual maize yield gap was between an average of 2.7–6.0 t ha−1 (29.0%–51.3%) of the potential yield for the NCP during 1998–2017. At county‐level, the yield gap varied between 1.9 and 7.8 t ha−1 and exceeded 5.0 t ha−1 for 99 counties (30.3% of all counties). Attainable yields can be increased by 0.1–5.2 t ha−1 at county‐level, and by 2.2 t ha−1 for the whole NCP, implying that the maize production has the potential to increase with 20.8 Mt. To increase maize production, the focus areas should be the southcentral NCP, which have a larger yield gap during 2012–2017.
An erg landscape mystery: An exotic boulder in Jurassic aeolian‐fluvial deposits, Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA
Authors: Chan Marjorie A. , Parrish Judith Totman , Hasiotis Stephen T.
Published: July 2023

An unusually large exotic boulder occurs in strata close to the interfingering transition of the fluvial deposits of the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation and aeolian deposits of the Lamb Point Tongue of the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone in Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument, Utah. This boulder is composed of a weakly bedded, pink, thrombolitic burrowed mudstone and siltstone in a carbonate mudstone matrix. Comparison with similar carbonate units of the region—interpreted as lacustrine in origin and associated with interfingering deposits of Kayenta‐Navajo strata—indicates that the strata from which the boulder originated was likely a product of wind‐blown silt deposited in carbonate mud of a shallow lake. The exotic boulder is clearly embedded in and is eroding out of mostly massive to weakly bedded Jurassic, fine‐ to medium‐grained host sandstone. Nearby, the sandstone is disrupted by soft‐sediment deformation. The upper half of the enclosing sandstone shows low‐angle cross‐stratification that abuts against the edge of the boulder, indicating that Jurassic sedimentation lapped up against the sides of the boulder. Surprisingly, the exotic boulder does not co‐occur with any other clasts of similar lithology, nor is any obvious source lithology present within the immediate area. Lake beds of similar lithology in the same region are not physically traceable to the site where the exotic boulder occurs. The exotic boulder is evidence of the dynamic processes of the Jurassic landscape. The collective characteristics of the massive sandstone with typical polygonal weathering patterns and clusters of clastic pipes in the lower host rock suggest that the exotic boulder was emplaced in one of three ways: (A) fluid overpressurization, likely triggered by strong ground motion, produced the massive and deformed sandstone host and transported the boulder upward in the subsurface; (B) the block was an erosional remnant produced by Jurassic landscape degradation; or (C) the block was transported by a hyperconcentrated overland flow.
Considering pollinators' ecosystem services in the remediation and restoration of contaminated lands: Overview of research and its gaps
Authors: Meldrum James R. , Larson Diane L. , Hoelzle Timothy B. , Hinck Jo Ellen
Published: July 2023

The concept of ecosystem services provides a useful framework for understanding how people are affected by changes to the natural environment, such as when a contaminant is introduced (e.g., oil spills, hazardous substance releases) or, conversely, when contaminated lands are remediated and restored. Pollination is one example of an important ecosystem service; pollinators play a critical role in any functioning terrestrial ecosystem. Other studies have suggested that consideration of pollinators' ecosystem services could lead to better remediation and restoration outcomes. However, the associated relationships can be complex, and evaluation requires synthesis from numerous disciplines. In this article, we discuss the possibilities for considering pollinators and their ecosystem services when planning remediation and restoration of contaminated lands. To inform the discussion, we introduce a general conceptual model of how pollinators and the ecosystem services associated with them could be affected by contamination in the environment. We review the literature on the conceptual model components, including contaminant effects on pollinators and the direct and indirect ecosystem services provided by pollinators, and identify information gaps. Though increased public interest in pollinators likely reflects increasing recognition of their role in providing many important ecosystem services, our review indicates that many gaps in understanding—about relevant natural and social systems—currently impede the rigorous quantification and evaluation of pollinators' ecosystem services required for many applications, such as in the context of natural resource damage assessment. Notable gaps include information on non-honeybee pollinators and on ecosystem services beyond those benefitting the agricultural sector. We then discuss potential research priorities and implications for practitioners. Focused research attention on the areas highlighted in this review holds promise for increasing the possibilities for considering pollinators' ecosystem services in the remediation and restoration of contaminated lands. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:322–336. © 2023 SETAC
Feasibility of 5‐fluorouracil and imiquimod for the topical treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) 2/3
Authors: Desravines Nerlyne , Hsu Chiu‐Hsieh , Mohnot Sopan , Sahasrabuddhe Vikrant , House Margaret , Sauter Edward , O'Connor Siobhan , Bauman Julie E. , Chow H.‐H. Sherry , Rahangdale Lisa
Published: July 2023

Objectives

To determine the feasibility (as measured by tolerability and safety) and efficacy of topical 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and imiquimod for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3.

Methods

This pilot prospective study was conducted in women aged 18–45 years with p16+ CIN 2/3. Participants underwent an 8‐week alternating regimen of self‐applied 5% 5‐FU on weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7 and physician‐applied imiquimod on weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8. Adverse events (AEs) were collected by symptom diary and clinical exam. Feasibility was measured by tolerability and safety (AEs) of the study intervention. Tolerability was assessed as the number of participants able to apply 50% or more of the treatment doses. The safety outcome was calculated as the number of participants who experienced “specified AEs” defined as possibly, probably, or definitely related grade 2 or worse AE or grade 1 genital AEs (blisters, ulcerations, or pustules) lasting more than 5 days. The efficacy of the intervention was determined by histology and high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing was done after treatment.

Results

The median age of the 13 participants was 27 ± 2.9 years. Eleven (84.61%) participants applied 50% or more of the treatment. All participants reported grade 1 AEs; 6 (46.15%) reported grade 2 AEs; and 0 reported grade 3/4 AEs. Three (23.08%) participants had specified AEs. Histologic regression to normal or CIN 1 among those completing 50% or more of the treatment doses was observed in 10 (90.91%) participants, and 7 (63.63%) tested negative for hr‐HPV at the end of the study.

Conclusions

Topical treatment for CIN 2/3 with 5‐FU/imiquimod is feasible, with preliminary evidence of efficacy. Topical therapies need further investigation as adjuncts or alternatives to surgical therapy for CIN 2/3.
Role of artificial intelligence in pharmacy practice: A narrative review
Authors: Wong Adrian , Wentz Erin , Palisano Nicholas , Dirani Manar , Elsamadisi Pansy , Qashou Farah , Celi Leo , Badawi Omar , Nazer Lama
Published: July 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a potentially useful tool in transforming healthcare. Roles for AI include drug safety, operations, as well as precision medicine to improve patient outcomes. Within pharmacy practice, limited guidance is available describing the purpose of AI. This gap is important to address given the current growth of AI in medicine. The purpose of this narrative review was to review the literature evaluating the potential role of AI in three relevant areas of pharmacy practice. A review of Medline and Embase from January 2004 to June 2022 evaluating search terms involving AI and drug safety, pharmacy operations, or precision medicine. Articles had to be focused on human subjects, be either an observational cohort study or randomized control trial, and involve medication use to be included in this review. Data collection included the study design, AI methodology, and primary outcome and associated AI model performance measures. A total of 24 232 articles were identified from the search strategy, with 403 articles meeting inclusion criteria (1.7%). A total of 22 articles were included in this review. Articles focused on drug safety included safe use of opioids and the role of social media in identifying adverse drug reactions. In terms of pharmacy operations, articles included the identification of medications at risk for shortage and visual identification of medications. Finally, for precision medicine, articles included determining likelihood of beneficial effects of medications for new diagnoses and dosing of warfarin. The role of AI in improving patient outcomes is numerous. However, challenges that remain include transparency of generated AI models, generalizability, and lack of external validation. Future areas of focus include education of pharmacy clinicians on the role of AI and the increased use of open‐source models/data to allow for external validation of AI.
Multispectral optoacoustic tomography is more sensitive than micro‐computed tomography for tracking gold nanorod labelled mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Hernandez Pichardo Alejandra , Littlewood James , Taylor Arthur , Wilm Bettina , Lévy Raphaël , Murray Patricia
Published: July 2023

Tracking the fate of therapeutic cell types is important for assessing their safety and efficacy. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is an effective cell tracking technique, but poor spatial resolution means it has limited ability to precisely map cells in vivo in 3D. This can be overcome by using a bimodal imaging approach that combines BLI with a technique capable of generating high‐resolution images. Here we compared the effectiveness of combining either multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) or micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) with BLI for tracking the fate of luciferase+ human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) labelled with gold nanorods. Following subcutaneous administration in mice, the MSCs could be readily detected with MSOT but not with micro‐CT. We conclude that MSOT is more sensitive than micro‐CT for tracking gold nanorod‐labelled cells in vivo and depending on the route of administration, can be used effectively with BLI to track MSC fate in mice.
Smart ICV™ versus VOCAL™ in fetal brain volume assessment: Can we begin to trust artificial intelligence in clinical practice?
Authors: Grisolia Gianpaolo , Pinto Alessia
Published: July 2023

This paper is a commentary about an interesting research conducted with the aim of testing the agreement between manual versus automatic technique in measuring fetal brain volume. Given the high degree of reliability between the two techniques, we hope that the new automatic software can become useful tools in identifying fetuses with reduced brain volume at high risk of adverse neurological outcome.
A retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes between hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 who received famotidine or pantoprazole
Authors: Wagner Justin J. , St. Cyr Nikolas , Douen Aaron , Fogel Joshua , Trillo John
Published: July 2023

Background and Aim

There is limited research on the use of histamine‐H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors for treating COVID‐19. We compare clinical outcomes between patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 receiving famotidine or pantoprazole.

Methods

This retrospective study included 2184 patients (famotidine: n = 638, pantoprazole: n = 727, nonuse: n = 819) aged 18 years or older treated for COVID‐19 from March 2020 to March 2021. Patients who received both famotidine and pantoprazole treatments were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression was used for the primary outcome, namely all‐cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes, namely mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, acute kidney injury, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The main predictor variable was the use of famotidine or pantoprazole. Covariates were demographics, chronic diseases, and symptoms.

Results

As compared to nonuse, famotidine (OR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20–0.44, P < 0.001) and pantoprazole (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.33–0.66, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower odds for all‐cause mortality. Comparison of famotidine and pantoprazole showed that the former had lower odds for all‐cause mortality (OR: 0.65, 95% CI:0.45–0.95, P < 0.05), mechanical ventilation (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.25–0.58, P < 0.001), vasopressor use (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.22–0.48, P < 0.001), acute kidney injury (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.30–0.54, P < 0.001), and gastrointestinal bleeding (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.29, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Famotidine is associated with lower odds for all‐cause mortality, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, acute kidney injury, and gastrointestinal bleeding as compared to pantoprazole in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. We recommend that clinicians consider the use of famotidine over pantoprazole for hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Future research with a clinical trial would be beneficial to further support such use of famotidine.
Official controls for the determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins in mussels farmed along the Adriatic coast of Central Italy
Authors: Annunziata Loredana , Aloia Rosaria , Scortichini Giampiero , Visciano Pierina
Published: July 2023

In the present study, 334 samples of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) harvested along the coasts of the Central Adriatic Sea during the years 2020–2021 were analyzed for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins according to the European Harmonized Standard Operating Procedure. The results showed that 74 (22%) and 84 (25%) samples were positive to okadaic acid and yessotoxin groups, respectively. Among them, only 11 (3.3%) samples resulted as non‐compliant, as they exceeded the maximum limits (160 μg okadaic acid equivalent/kg) established by the Regulation (EC) 853/2004. The method applied in this study was able to detect and quantify lipophilic marine biotoxins concentrations, in order to monitor their presence in molluscs and avoid the risk of consumer exposure.
Deep convection, lightning activity and population impact over northwest Mexico: Coastal hotspots from 2009 to 2018
Authors: Farfán Luis M. , Brito‐Castillo Luis , López María Z. Flores , Cortés‐Ramos Jorge
Published: July 2023

Northwest Mexico (NWM) is an extensive region with a humid and unstable environment leading to atmospheric convection during the North American monsoon. Occasionally, extreme events are associated with severe weather, including deep convection, heavy rainfall and frequent lightning. Based on the period from July through September 2009–2018, the present study investigates general characteristics of convection. Geostationary satellites were used to document three‐dimensional cloud cover structures over the mainland, Gulf of California (GOC) and Baja California Peninsula (BCP). The convection developed over the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) mountains with a distinct cloud top structure over the southern GOC. In contrast, reduced cloud cover was observed over the peninsula and eastern Pacific Ocean. An active (2014) and inactive (2010) season are examined in more detail; the former had a more favourable environmental setting to support above‐normal convection and rainfall with respect to the 10‐year average. A regional‐scale analysis of lightning was computed with data from a ground‐based sensor network, including date, time and location of more than 16 million records. Major findings include: (1) lightning enhancement occurred in conjunction with deep convection, west of the SMO from the afternoon through the evening, while the gulf entrance became a well‐defined hotspot close to the mainland coastal plains overnight; (2) most lightning‐related deaths were in specific areas near the coastal plains or within isolated regions of the SMO foothills; (3) high exposure is expected in areas with considerable lightning and population located within 100 km from the gulf coastline. These findings are valuable for monitoring monsoon thunderstorms and for improving the ability to provide timely warnings of severe weather.
Impact of N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide and related inflammatory biomarkers on periodontal treatment outcomes in patients with periodontitis: An explorative human randomized‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Isola Gaetano , Tartaglia Gianluca Martino , Santonocito Simona , Polizzi Alessandro , Williams Ray C. , Iorio‐Siciliano Vincenzo
Published: July 2023

Background

N‐terminal portion of the B‐type natriuretic propeptide (NT‐proBNP) has potentially been shown to play an important role in the development of periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study evaluated the efficacy of periodontal treatment on NT‐proBNP and related CVD biomarkers and explored whether subjects harboring high NT‐proBNP at baseline showed increased clinical benefits with the non‐surgical periodontal treatment performed with full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FM‐SRP) at 6‐month follow‐up.

Methods

Forty‐eight patients with stage III periodontitis were randomized to receive minimal standard oral care (SOC) (n = 24) or FM‐SRP (n = 24) protocol. Clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing), serum NT‐proBNP, α1‐antitrypsin, C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), endothelial cell‐specific molecule‐1 (ECM‐1), and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations were assessed at baseline and at 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐ month follow‐up.

Results

At 6 months, FM‐SRP was more effective than SOC in reducing periodontal parameters and mean proportions of NT‐proBNP (p = 0.004), hs‐CRP (p = 0.003), α1‐antitrypsin (p = 0.012), ECM‐1 (p = 0.014), and NGAL (p = 0.045). At 6‐month follow‐up, the reduced NT‐proBNP, α1‐antitrypsin, hs‐CRP, ECM‐1, and NGAL levels were significantly correlated with the extent of periodontitis (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the analysis of variance analysis evidenced that, at 6‐month follow‐up, FM‐SRP significantly impacted the reduction of NT‐proBNP, hs‐CRP, ECM‐1, and NGAL. Moreover, high levels of NT‐proBNP, hs‐CRP, ECM‐1, and NGAL at baseline significantly influenced the efficacy of periodontal treatment positively.

Conclusion

In this study, FM‐SRP was more effective than SOC in reducing clinical variables and NT‐proBNP levels, although subjects who harbored high NT‐proBNP concentrations at baseline showed greater clinical benefits of periodontal treatment at 6‐month follow‐up.