bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Supplier Portal in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Gerst Martina
Published: May 2011

The use of Internet technologies and particularly portal technologies facilitate the creation of networks of relationships within the supply chain that provide organizations with access to key strategic resources that could not have been otherwise obtained (Venkatraman, 2000). As a result, portals appear to play a significant role in the business-to-business (B2B) arena. Even before the advent of the Internet, the use of information technology (IT) has been claimed to lead to a tighter coupling between buyer and supplier organizations (Malone, Yates, & Benjamin, 1987), allowing business partners to integrate their various business processes and enabling the formation of vast networks of intra- and inter-organisational relationships (Venkatraman, 1991). Nevertheless, such claimed integration effects require interoperability between IT systems, which can not be achieved in the absence of common IT standards or at least common IT infrastructure.
Wireless Local Communities in Mobile Commerce
Authors: Sun Jun
Published: May 2011

In mobile commerce (m-commerce), consumers engage a ubiquitous computing environment that allows them to access and exchange information anywhere and anytime through wireless handheld devices (Lyttinen & Yoo, 2002). While consumers generally sit before personal computers to browse e-commerce websites through the Internet, they are free to move around while connected in m-commerce and can truly be called mobile consumers. Compared with stationary consumers in e-commerce, mobile consumers have special information needs regarding their changing environment.
Ten Information Warfare Trends
Authors: Knapp Kenneth J. , Boulton William R.
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses the rapid entry of information conflicts into civilian and commercial arenas by highlighting 10 trends in information warfare. The growing societal reliance on cyber technologies has increased exposure to dangerous sources of information warfare threats. Corporate leaders must be aware of the diversity of potential attacks, including from high-tech espionage, organized crime, perception battles, and attacks from ordinary hackers or groups sponsored by nation-states or business competitors. Based on a literature review conducted by the authors, we offer an information warfare framework that contains the ten trends to promote a greater understanding of the growing cyber threat facing the commercial environment.
Deception in Cyber Attacks
Authors: Rowe Neil C. , Custy E. John
Published: May 2011

Cyberspace, computers, and networks are now potential terrain of warfare. We describe some effective forms of deception in cyberspace and discuss how these deceptions are used in attacks. After a general assessment of deception opportunities in cyberspace, we consider various forms of identity deceptions, denial-of-service attacks, Trojan horses, and several other forms of deception. We then speculate on the directions in which cyber attacks may evolve in the future.
Network-Based Passive Information Gathering
Authors: Thion Romuald
Published: May 2011

The information gathering process in cyber-warfare is as important as in real warfare. Once blackhats or cyber-terrorists aimed at an organization, they need to known as much as possible about its structure, its network organization, the people working in it, their addresses, hardware and software in use: the very first step of a cyber battleplan is to know as much as possible about the battleground and the enemy. Though social engineering is a widely spread effective technique used for this purpose, other network-based techniques can be used in order to gather as much information as possible: from DNS query to infer network topology, NSLookUp to retrieve names and e mails to intrusive techniques such as scanning tools. All this information correlated can produce very accurate results. Nowadays, the forthcoming Google Hacking is a new extremely powerful method to retrieve sensitive information anonymously. We present basic types of non-intrusive information retrieving tools, dedicated either to web server, software or hardware digging. We also describe interesting use of the Google Search engine involving advanced queries/techniques. A set of best individual and general practices are described in order to reduce the information disclosure risks.
Malware
Authors: Kiltz Stefan , Lang Andreas , Dittmann Jana
Published: May 2011

The Trojan horse can be used in cyber-warfare and cyber-terrorism, as recent attacks in the field of industrial espionage have shown. To coordinate methods of defence a categorisation of the threat posed by Trojan horses in the shape of a list of tuples is proposed. With it, a set (consisting of methods for the distribution, activation, storage, means of execution, communications, malicious functionality) can be defined, which describes the Trojan horse by its features. Each of these aspects can be accompanied by methods of self-defence (e.g., armouring or encryption) against detection and removal by protection software. The list of tuples and therefore the categorisation of the Trojan horse properties is a vital first step to develop and organise counter measures against this kind of threat. A new category of Trojan horses, the special and universal Trojan horse, is proposed. This type of malware is particularly well suited for cyber-warfare and cyber-terrorism, as it unlikely to be picked up by common protection software (e.g., virus scanner). To achieve this, a Trojan horse is tailor-made for one special attack of a particular computer system and can provide espionage or sabotage functionality. If it is not used on large-scale attacks, anti-malware software producers will have little or no chance to extract a signature for this code. Systems being spied upon without notice can deliver vital information for the attacker. In addition, the attacker can choose to permanently or temporarily disrupt IT-infrastructure (e.g., denial-of-service, destruction of hardware). The universal Trojan horse can be updated by the attacker to achieve an extended functionality which makes it universal. The above-proposed list of tuples can be a tool to describe such special and universal Trojan horses which will be introduced in the full item description.
SQL Code Poisoning
Authors: Tzouramanis Theodoros
Published: May 2011

Anomaly Detection; Cookie Poisoning; CRLF Injection Attack; Cross-Site Scripting (or CSS) Attack Database Administrator (DBA); Database Management System (DBMS); Database Structured Query Language (SQL); Directory Traversal Attack; Google Hacking Attack; Secrecy; Integrity; and Availability; SQL Code Poisoning (or SQL Injection) Attack
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks
Authors: Disterer Georg , Alles Ame , Hervatin Axel
Published: May 2011

Since denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are a major threat to e-commerce, waves of DoS attacks against prominent Web pages gained wide publicity. Typically DoS attacks target Web sites with bogus requests for data in order to slow or block legitimate users from accessing services. In recent years, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks have been used, which expand the vulnerability of Web sites. Attackers use hundreds or thousands of compromised systems in order to harm commercial Web sites. Attackers use different ways to harm their victims. They manipulate the target networks or target server servers directly by using lacks of protocols and standards to force failures and shut-downs. Or, they try to deplete resources like bandwidth, memory, or processing capacities. Attackers try to hinder or interfere with legitimate users with both strategies. Damages from DDoS attacks can range from inconvenience for legitimate users and customers to a lack of reliability for the site and—finally—to a shutdown of the server and some delay until web services are continued. This is a severe threat for all companies involved in e-commerce, and managing that risk is important to offer secure and reliable services. Therefore, management must take actions of prevention, detection and mitigation in order to protect their Web services.
Content-Based Policy Specification for Multimedia Authorization and Access Control Model
Authors: Al Bouna Bechara , Chbeir Richard
Published: May 2011

Cyber terrorism is one of the emergent issues to handle in the domain of security and access control models. Cyber Terrorist attacks on information systems are growing further and becoming significantly effective. Multimedia object retrieval systems are considered one of many targets tolerable for such attacks due to the fact that they are being increasingly used in governmental departments. For these reasons, the need for an access control system is considered an unavoidable matter to be taken at a high priority. Several textual-oriented authorization models have been provided in the literature. However, multimedia objects are more complex in structure and content than textual ones, and thus require models to provide full multimedia-oriented components specification. In this paper, we point out some of the related work addressing multimedia objects authorization and access control models where objects such as documents, images, videos, sounds, etc., are being protected from unauthorized access. We describe also our model defined to handle multimedia content access control and security breaches that might occur due to users’ relations.
The U.S. Military Response to Cyber W
Authors: Kilroy Jr. Richard J.
Published: May 2011

The United States military has taken a number of steps to confront the threat of cyber warfare. These include organizational, operational, and personnel changes by all the armed services, as well as the joint commands, which conduct operational warfare. Many of these changes began before the terrorist attacks of 9/11 as military planners recognized the vulnerabilities the nation faced to asymmetrical warfare conducted in cyberspace, as well as the military’s dependency on key critical infrastructures within the United States that were vulnerable to cyber warfare. Although many changes have taken place, to include training new classes of military officers and enlisted specialists in career fields and military doctrine related to cyber warfare (both offensive and defensive), the military continues to remain vulnerable to an adversary’s ability to control the informational battlefield. Thus, a key strategic goal of the U.S. military leadership is to achieve information superiority over its current and potential adversaries.
ECHELON and the NSA
Authors: Webb D. C.
Published: May 2011

Communication via electronic systems such as telephones, faxes, e-mail, computers, etc., has enormously increased the volume and ease with which people and institutions can exchange messages and information. However, the associated technologies have also enabled the introduction of new sophisticated concepts and methods in interception and analysis for intelligence gatherers. One such method has been dubbed ECHELON and is used by which the United States and its partners in a worldwide intelligence alliance to intercept and analyse messages transmitted electronically from anywhere on Earth. The National Security Agency (NSA), based at Fort Mead in Maryland, is the US organisation most intimately involved in the operation of this covert surveillance system. This is the story of the methods developed and the institutions that adopt them and the debates and arguments that have accompanied their use from domestic surveillance to international commercial and political espionage.
International Cybercrime Convention
Authors: Kierkegaard Sylvia Mercado
Published: May 2011

The Internet’s global character and the increasing pressure from industries have prompted legislators to sort-out cross border cybercrime issues with a legislative solution—the CoE Convention on Cybercrime. The Convention on Cybercrime is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. Its main objective, set out in the preamble, is to pursue a common criminal policy aimed at the protection of society against cybercrime, especially by adopting appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operation. The convention is cause for concern as it gives governments too much power without any system of check and balance, and without protecting the civil liberties of web users.
Collaborative Support for Graphical Based Design Tools Introduction
Authors: Seng Wong Kok , Palaniappan Sellappan , Yahaya Nor Adnan
Published: May 2011

In today’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) era, the need for real-time collaboration over the Internet is increasing. Due to ongoing corporate globalization and geographic dispersion of project operations, collaborative becomes a key for supporting these distributed corporate operations. Current Electronic Design Automation (EDA) and Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools typically do not support collaborative work. In geographically dispersed environment, designers from different companies or locations are having difficulties to communicate with each other. Several studies have been done on collaborative environment. However, all studies are still in the research level and not yet commercialize. In order to support collaborative work, few concerns must be taken into the consideration. Network architecture is the main concern when designing a network based collaborative environment. Client-Server Architecture and Peer-to-Peer Architecture were two possible architecture designs that can be used for collaborative graphical based design environment.
Internet Gambling
Authors: Griffiths Mark , Parke Adrian
Published: May 2011

Technology has always played a role in the development of gambling practices and continues to provide new market opportunities. One of the fastest growing areas is that of Internet gambling (also known as online gambling). Examples include online lotteries, online casinos, online bookmakers, online betting exchanges, online poker sites, etc. The impact of such technologies should not be accepted uncritically, particularly as there may be areas of potential concern based on what is known about problem gambling offline. This chapter therefore has three aims. Firstly, it highlights salient factors in the rise of Internet gambling (i.e., accessibility, affordability, anonymity, convenience, escape immersion/dissociation, disinhibition, event frequency, asociability, and simulation). Secondly, it examines whether Internet gambling is ‘doubly addictive’ given research that suggests that the internet can be addictive itself. Finally, it overviews some of the main social concerns about the rise of Internet gambling before examining a few future trends in relation to remote gambling more generally.
Quality of Service by Way of Path Selection Policy
Authors: Goodridge Wayne , Peter Hadrian , Robertson William
Published: May 2011

The pervasive use of the Internet, the world’s most extensive public communication system, for services ranging from academic research and e-mail to electronic commerce, necessitates that a policy should be put in place to ensure that such services are delivered in an efficient manner. Quality of service (QoS) is the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various technologies. In this paper we focus on a specific aspect of QoS–namely, the path selection policy.
Scalable Reservation-Based QoS Architecture (SRBQ)
Authors: Prior Rui , Sargento Susana
Published: May 2011

Having its roots in the military ARPANET, conceived as a data transport network with a focus on resilience, the Internet supports only a best-effort service model, where all packets are treated the same way, therefore providing a single level of service. Now that the Internet is becoming a ubiquitous global communication infrastructure, new applications are emerging with more demanding and diversified requirements than data transport. Internet telephony, for example, has much stricter delay requirements than remote terminal, the most demanding of the original applications. The deployment of other service models providing better quality of service (QoS) is of great importance for the transport of these new applications.
Semantic Web Languages and Ontologies
Authors: Predoiu Livia , Zhdanova Anna V.
Published: May 2011

On the current World Wide Web, most of the information is stored syntactically, i.e., only as data. The information that lies within the data can only be understood by humans and not automatically by computer programs. In order to overcome this issue, the idea of encoding the information not just syntactically but also with semantics has created a new notion of the Web called Semantic Web. This notion emerged together with developments of semi-structured languages like SGML and XML.
Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Authors: Siddiqui Farhan , Zeadally Sherali
Published: May 2011

The proliferation of wired and wireless technologies has given rise to the possibility of multi-access options for mobile, multi-homed hosts. Enabling multi-access techniques improves fault tolerance by adding redundancy to network connections. For example, if a host is enabled with two network interfaces connected to the Internet via two different Internet service providers (ISPs), the failure of one network will not stop data transmission. The host will be capable of continuing the data transfer by switching over to the other network. Furthermore, if both networks are active at the same time, but packets experience higher delay and congestion on one path, multihoming facilitates the possibility of switching over to the network path offering better performance. However, the key factor in attaining the benefits of multihoming is to ensure that the handoff or switch over from one network interface (or a network path) to the other active interface should take place with minimal interruption. Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) provides support for multihoming by allowing a single connection between two nodes to hold several IP addresses simultaneously.
Free Software Philosophy and Open Source
Authors: Vainio Niklas
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces and explains some of the most relevant features of the free software philosophy formulated by Richard M. Stallman in the 1980s. The free software philosophy and the free software movement built on it historically preceded the open source movement by a decade and provided some of the key technological, legal and ideological foundations of the open source movement. Thus, in order to study the ideology of open source and its differences with regard to other modes of software production, it is important to understand the reasoning and the presuppositions included in Stallman’s free software philosophy.
The Social and Economical Impact of OSS in Developing Countries
Authors: Dudley-Sponaugle Alfreda
Published: May 2011

Computing practices in developing countries can be complex. At the same time, open source software OSS) impacts developing countries in various ways. This chapter examines the social and economic impacts of OSS on three such nations: China, South Korea, and India. In so doing, the chapter discusses and analyzes benefi ts as well as downsides of the social, political, and fi nancial impacts on these developing countries. Topics covered in this chapter are piracy, software licensing, software initiatives, and political components involved in OSS implementation, and software compatibility issues.
A Model for the Successful Migration to Desktop OSS
Authors: Brink Daniel
Published: May 2011

Although open source software (OSS) has been widely implemented in the server environment, it is still not as widely adopted on the desktop. This chapter presents a migration model for moving from an existing proprietary desktop platform (such as MS Offi ce on an MS Windows environment) to an open source desktop such as OpenOffi ce on Linux using the Gnome graphical desktop. The model was inspired by an analysis of the critical success factors in three detailed case studies of South African OSS-on-thedesktop migrations. It provides a high-level plan for migration and is illustrated with an example. This chapter thus provides a practical guide to assist professionals or decision makers with the migration of all or some of their desktops from a proprietary platform to an OSS environment.
The Social Order of Open Source Software Production
Authors: Gläser Jochen
Published: May 2011

This chapter contributes to the sociological understanding of open source software (OSS) production by identifying the social mechanism that creates social order in OSS communities. OSS communities are identified as production communities whose mode of production employs autonomous decentralized decision making on contributions and autonomous production of contributions while maintaining the necessary order by adjustment to the common subject matter of work. Thus, OSS communities belong to the same type of collective production system as scientific communities. Both consist of members who not only work on a common product, but are also aware of this collective work and adjust their actions accordingly. Membership is based on the self-perception of working with the community’s subject matter (software or respectively scientific knowledge). The major differences between the two are due to the different subject matters of work. Production communities are compared to the previously known collective production systems, namely, markets, organizations, and networks. They have a competitive advantage in the production under complete uncertainty, that is, when neither the nature of a problem, nor the way in which it can be solved, nor the skills required for its solution are known in advance.
Open Source Software
Authors: Erlich Zippy
Published: May 2011

The philosophy underlying open source software (OSS) is enabling programmers to freely access the software source by distributing the software source code, thus allowing them to use the software for any purpose, to adapt and modify it, and redistribute the original or the modified source for further use, modification, and redistribution. The modifications, which include fixing bugs and improving the source, evolve the software. This evolutionary process can produce better software than the traditional proprietary software, in which the source is open only to a very few programmers and is closed to everybody else who blindly use it but cannot change or modify it. The idea of open source software arose about 20 years ago and in recent years is breaking out into the educational, commercial, and governmental world. It offers many opportunities when implemented appropriately. The chapter will present a detailed definition of open source software, its philosophy, its operating principles and rules, and its strengths and weaknesses in comparison to proprietary software. A better understanding of the philosophy underlying open source software will motivate programmers to utilize the opportunities it offers and implement it appropriately.
Curious Exceptions? Open Source Software and "Open" Technology
Authors: Nuvolari Alessandro , Rullani Francesco
Published: May 2011

The aim of this chapter is to explore the differences and commonalities between open source software and other cases of open technology. The concept of open technology is used here to indicate various models of innovation based on the participation of a wide range of different actors who freely share the innovations they have produced. The chapter begins with a review of the problems connected to the production of public goods and explains why open source software seems to be a “curious exception” for traditional economic reasoning. Then it describes the successful operation of similar models of innovation (open technology) in other technological fields. The third section investigates the literature in relation to three fundamental issues in the current open source research agenda, namely, developers’ motivations, performance, and sustainability of the model. Finally, the fourth section provides a final comparison between open source software and the other cases of open technology.
The Road of Computer Code Featuring the Political Economy of Copyleft and Legal Analysis of the General Public License
Authors: Cunningham Robert
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines the development of open source computer software with specific reference to the political economy of copyleft and the legalities associated with the General Public License (GPL). It will be seen that within the context of computer software development the notion of copyleft provides an important contrast to more traditional uses of copyright. This contrast symbolizes political, economic, and social struggles which are contextualized within this chapter. As the GPL is an important legal embodiment of copyleft, its legalities are preliminarily explored so as to determine its future potential. While there is some scope to further refine the legal strength of the GPL, it will be seen that it remains a strong and subversive legal instrument which will continue to underlie open source initiatives in the years to come.
The Labor Politics of Scratching an Itch
Authors: O’Donnell Casey
Published: May 2011

This chapter will focus on the economic and temporal/labor demands of creating free/libre and open source software (FLOSS). It begins by analyzing the economic and educational foundations of those countries most actively involved in FLOSS development, and how that affects the overall demographics of the FLOSS movement. Through examining the symbiotic relationship that the community has with commercial or closed software development, the educational and employment prerequisites, and overwhelming gendered makeup of the movement, we will come to see the movement in new ways. This is supplemented by an examination of how this economic structure could conceivably be exploited for increased economic gain at the expense of those individuals actually involved in the creation of the software. Finally, the chapter concludes by looking at possible ways in which FLOSS software could be opened up more broadly to non-technical software users.
Open Source for Accounting and Enterprise Systems
Authors: Tribunella Thomas , Baroody James
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces open source software (OSS) for accounting and enterprise information systems. It covers the background, functions, maturity models, adoption issues, strategic considerations, and future trends for small accounting systems as well as large-scale enterprise systems. The authors hope that understanding OSS for financial applications will not only inform readers of how to better analyze accounting and enterprise information systems but will also assist in the understanding of relationships among the various functions.
Context-Based Explanations for E-Collaboration
Authors: Brezillon Patrick
Published: May 2011

With new findings about context available now, a new insight is possible on past problems abandoned previously by lack of a relevant solution at that time, like incremental knowledge acquisition, practice learning and explanation generation. Previously, they were considered as distinct problems. Now their integration in the task at hand of the user offers new options, especially for e-collaboration. Hereafter, the article is organized in the following way. First, we comment briefly previous works on explanations in order to point out what is reusable. Second, we discuss explanation generation potentialities in a context-based formalism called contextual graphs. Finally, we show what explanations can bring in e-collaboration, maybe more than in face-to-face collaboration.
Design Patterns for Facilitation in E-Collaboration
Authors: Kolfschoten Gwendolyn L. , Briggs Robert O. , de Vreede Gert-Jan
Published: May 2011

This article will discuss the added value of capturing and sharing facilitation techniques. Facilitation technique libraries can offer a learning source for novice facilitators, but can also function as a language among facilitators. In order to use facilitation techniques predictably, we need to capture techniques that are frequently used and that have predictable outcomes. In this research we will show research results in which collaboration patterns are identified on different levels. Patterns in collaboration can be recreated through the documentation of design patterns, scripts to capture reusable solutions to recurring problems. We will first explain what design patterns are, and how they are used in facilitation. Next we will present results from an analysis of the transcripts of 93 group support systems (GSS) sessions that took place between 2000 and 2002. In these sessions we identified patterns of facilitation interventions. We will explain these interventions and how they can be documented and used to recreate specific patterns in e-collaboration, and thus create predictable facilitation techniques.
Task Constraints as Determinants of E-Collaboration Technology Usefulness
Authors: Kock Ned
Published: May 2011

This article provides a brief review of one e-collaboration technology-task fit theory, and argues that it focuses (like most technology-task fit theories) on what can be accomplished through tasks, as opposed to what cannot—that is, the tasks’ constraints. The article also argues that task constraints are important explanatory and predictive elements, illustrating that point through an example of a car racing team that employs text-based instant messaging for communication between pilots and support team during races.
Telework in the Context of E-Collaboration
Authors: Padilla-Meléndez Antonio , Del Aguila-Obra Ana Rosa
Published: May 2011

Today, everyone recognizes that we live in the so-called knowledge society. In this society, new possibilities based on and around IT and the Internet arise for human beings. IT technology has also made the organizations where they work change rapidly as well as the wider general business environment. The development of the Internet in the early 1990s was both the catalyst and an example of this phenomenon. This computer network allowed the development of social networks, or virtual communities of people who use these networks to communicate and to collaborate. We shall concentrate on the specific changes that have taken place in the workplace because of the introduction and increased usage of IT.
Use of E-Collaboration Technologies Among Students of Management
Authors: Padilla-Meléndez Antonio , Garrido-Moreno Aurora
Published: May 2011

Nowadays technology is seen as an important tool for improving the educational methods at all levels. This has implications for both general and specific education such as management training. Some of the advantages identified in general education include no time limits or geographical barriers and the ability to teach more people without additional cost. In particular, in Europe digital literacy is emerging as a new key competency required by workers and citizens for the Knowledge Society (European Commission, 2005). Therefore, the integration of IT-supported learning could help workers acquire the necessary skills and knowledge for their job (European Commission, 2005) and if the student learns the use of technology before starting his/her job, this could be an advantage for both the future professional and the employer. Besides, the use of IT can improve the effectiveness of the learning process.
Communicating Recommendations in a Service-Oriented Environment
Authors: Hussain O. , Chang E. , Hussain F. , Dillon T.
Published: May 2011

The Australian and New Zealand Standard on Risk Management, AS/NZS 4360:2004 (Cooper, 2004), states that risk identification is the heart of risk management. Hence risk should be identified according to the context of the transaction in order to analyze and manage it better. Risk analysis is the science of evaluating risks resulting from past, current, anticipated, or future activities. The use of these evaluations includes providing information for determining regulatory actions to limit risk, and for educating the public concerning particular risk issues. Risk analysis is an interdisciplinary science that relies on laboratory studies, collection, and exposure of data and computer modeling.
Enabling Mobile Chat Using Bluetooth
Authors: Guedes A. , Silva Rocha Jerônimo , Almeida Hyggo , Perkusich Angelo
Published: May 2011

In this article, we discuss design and implementation issues related to the application development using a Symbian-based cellular phone and the C++ programming language. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. We first present the technologies used to develop the application: Symbian OS, the Series 60 platform, the Bluetooth wireless technology, and the Cobain Framework. We then present the Let’s Talk software and the use of the technologies presented in the Background section. Possible improvements for the application and trends related to the theme are then offered, followed by final remarks in the Conclusion section.
Game-Based Methodology for Collaborative Mobile Applications
Authors: Massimi M. , Ganoe C. , Carroll J.
Published: May 2011

Mobile systems need fast, inexpensive ways of prototyping and gathering usability results. This entry describes previous work in rapid prototyping for mobile systems. We then contribute a novel rapid prototyping methodology for mobile systems, which we call “Scavenger Hunt.” It is anticipated that this methodology will be useful not only for those interested in rapid prototyping and design methodologies, but also for design teams with real deadlines to meet. Finally, we identify future trends in prototype evaluation of mobile systems
Mobile Gaming
Authors: Petrova K.
Published: May 2011

This short article investigates the relationship between mobile gaming customers and the mobile gaming value chain, and discusses the implications from mobile gaming supply and demand perspectives.
Mobile Knowledge Management
Authors: Zhang Z. , Jasimuddin S.
Published: May 2011

This article attempts to propose mKM strategies by studying how mobile knowledge assets can be leveraged and mKM processes can be incorporated into the main KM processes by looking at two aspects of knowledge mobility organizations. The knowledge retention processes will also be the focus to further analyze how to merge the knowledge retention processes into the main KM processes. Finally, the integration of mKM strategy into the main knowledge management processes within organizations will be explored.
Mobile Sports Video with Total Users Control
Authors: Tjondronegoro D.
Published: May 2011

Sports video is very popular thanks to its in-progress (live) information and entertainment values. Many users are motivated to access sports video using mobile devices, since they often cannot watch the game on their sofa due to a busy life and inability to cope with lengthy games. The current generation of mobile video services has only focused on supporting the when and where consumers can watch their favorite sports matches. Since total control over playback and content is neglected, users often have to settle with low-quality videos and static content, which have been pre-processed. This limitation slows down the progress towards an era in which users are comfortable using their mobile devices to enjoy sports broadcasts while gaining total control over what they can watch at their most convenient time and place. In this article, we will describe a mobile video system which offers users full support over the when, where and how they want to watch sports video. The main new features offered are: (1) non-linear navigation within single and/or multiple documents; (2) customizable and personalized summaries; (3) multimodal access and video representation.
Mobile Text Messaging Interface for Persons with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Yang C. , Chuang L. , Yang C. , Chang J.
Published: May 2011

Morse code has been shown to be a valuable tool in assistive technology, augmentative and alternative communication, and rehabilitation for some people with various conditions such as spinal cord injuries, non-vocal quadriplegics, and visual or hearing impairments. In this article, a mobile phone human-interface system using a Morse code input device is designed and implemented for the person with disabilities to send/receive SMS (simple message service) messages or make/respond to a phone call. The proposed system is divided into three parts: input module, control module, and display module. The data format of the signal transmission between the proposed system and the communication devices is the PDU (protocol description unit) mode. Experimental results revealed that three participants with disabilities were able to operate the mobile phone through this human-interface after four weeks’ practice.
Multimodality in Mobile Applications and Services
Authors: Caschera M.
Published: May 2011

This article introduces and discusses the problems and future scenarios and prospects of multimodality and mobile communication, analyzing the multimodal dialogue systems.
Protocol Replacement Proxy for 2.5 and 3G Mobile Internet
Authors: Khashchanskiy V. , Kustov A. , Lang J.
Published: May 2011

Providing mobile Internet access in GPRS and UMTS networks is not an easy task. The main problem is in rather challenging network conditions (Inamura, Montenegro, Ludwig, Gurtov, & Khafizov, 2003). Latency in these networks could be an order of magnitude higher than in wired networks, with round-trip time (RTT) reaching up to one second. Moreover, there occur delay spikes in the network, when latency can exceed average RTT several times (Gurtov, 2004). Furthermore, in wireless networks, the risk of experiencing packet losses is considerably higher in comparison to that in wired networks. This is because packets can easily be lost due to corruption, either during deep fading leading to burst losses, or cell reselections, resulting in a link black-out condition. Such characteristics of wireless cellular networks significantly affect performance of the principal Internet protocol—TCP—as it was designed to work in conditions of low-latency reliable networks.
Strategy Choice
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2011

When needs for change have been identified and proposals for filling gaps have been developed, alternative actions for improving the current situation can be developed. New IS/IT can be developed, acquired, and implemented in alternative ways. Several decisions have to be made when a new IS/IT is chosen. Such decisions are called systems development strategy, and they are illustrated later when we discuss IT governance as allocation of decision rights.
IT Governance as Allocation of Decision Rights
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2011

Most scholars seem to agree that a critical part of IT governance is allocation of decision rights. Allocation is concerned with identifying decision makers and decision categories.
An Algebraic Approach to Data Quality Metrics for Entity Resolution over Large Datasets
Authors: Talburt John , Wang Richard , Hess Kimberly , Kuo Emily
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces abstract algebra as a means of understanding and creating data quality metrics for entity resolution, the process in which records determined to represent the same real-world entity are successively located and merged. Entity resolution is a particular form of data mining that is foundational to a number of applications in both industry and government. Examples include commercial customer recognition systems and information sharing on “persons of interest” across federal intelligence agencies. Despite the importance of these applications, most of the data quality literature focuses on measuring the intrinsic quality of individual records than the quality of record grouping or integration. In this chapter, the authors describe current research into the creation and validation of quality metrics for entity resolution, primarily in the context of customer recognition systems. The approach is based on an algebraic view of the system as creating a partition of a set of entity records based on the indicative information for the entities in question. In this view, the relative quality of entity identification between two systems can be measured in terms of the similarity between the partitions they produce. The authors discuss the difficulty of applying statistical cluster analysis to this problem when the datasets are large and propose an alternative index suitable for these situations. They also report some preliminary experimental results, and outlines areas and approaches to further research in this area.
Mass Customization with Configurable Products and Configurators
Authors: Heiskala M.
Published: May 2011

Configurable products are an important way to achieve mass customization. A configurable product is designed once, and this design is used repetitively in the sales-delivery process to produce specifications of product individuals meeting customer requirements. Configurators are information systems that support the specification of product individuals and the creation and management of configuration knowledge, therefore being prime examples of information systems supporting mass customization. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review of literature on how mass customization with configurable products and use of configurators affect companies. In this chapter, we provide such a review. We focus on benefits that can be gained and challenges which companies may face. A supplier can move to mass customization and configuration from mass production or from full customization; we keep the concerns separate. We also review benefits and challenges from the customer perspective. Finally, we identify future research directions and open challenges and problems.
Knowledge-Based Recommender Technologies Supporting the Interactive Selling of Financial Services
Authors: Felfernig A.
Published: May 2011

Selling financial services requires deep knowledge about the product domain as well as about potential wishes and needs of customers. In this context, sales representatives can differ significantly in their expertise and level of sales knowledge. Therefore, financial service providers ask for tools supporting sales representatives in the dialog with the customer. In this chapter we present the knowledge-based recommender environment Koba4MS (Knowledge-based Advisors for Marketing and Sales) which allows a flexible mapping of product, marketing, and sales knowledge to the representation of a recommender knowledge base. In Koba4MS, we integrate diagnosis, personalization, and knowledge acquisition techniques, thus providing an infrastructure for the interactive selling of financial services.
Applications of Kernel Theory to Speech Recognition
Authors: Picone Joseph , Ganapathiraju Aravind , Hamaker Jon
Published: May 2011

Automated speech recognition is traditionally defined as the process of converting an audio signal into a sequence of words. Over the past 30 years, simplistic techniques based on the design of smart feature-extraction algorithms and physiological models have given way to powerful statistical methods based on generative models. Such approaches suffer from three basic problems: discrimination, generalization, and sparsity. In the last decade, the field of machine learning has grown tremendously, generating many promising new approaches to this problem based on principles of discrimination. These techniques, though powerful when given vast amounts of training data, often suffer from poor generalization. In this chapter, we present a unified framework in which both generative and discriminative models are motivated from an information theoretic perspective. We introduce the modern statistical approach to speech recognition and discuss how kernel-based methods are used to model knowledge at each level of the problem. Specific methods discussed include kernel PCA for feature extraction and support vector machines for discriminative modeling. We conclude with some emerging research on the use of kernels in language modeling.
Perceptual Image Representations for Support Vector Machine Image Coding
Authors: Gutiérrez Juan , Gómez-Perez Gabriel , Malo Jesús , Camps-Valls Gustavo
Published: May 2011

Support vector machine (SVM) image coding relies on the ability of SVMs for function approximation. The size and the profile of the e-insensitivity zone of the support vector regression (SVR) at some specific image representation determines (a) the amount of selected support vectors (the compression ratio), and (b) the nature of the introduced error (the compression distortion). However, the selection of an appropriate image representation is a key issue for a meaningful design of the e-insensitivity profile. For example, in image coding applications, taking human perception into account is of paramount relevance to obtain a good rate-distortion performance. However, depending on the accuracy of the considered perception model, certain image representations are not suitable for SVR training. In this chapter, we analyze the general procedure to take human vision models into account in SVR-based image coding. Specifically, we derive the condition for image representation selection and the associated e-insensitivity profiles.
The Evolution of Federal Information Technology Management Literature
Authors: Holden Stephen H.
Published: May 2011

Federal agencies rely extensively on information technology to perform basic missions. Arguably, public administration should be driving the theory, policy, and practice for managing these increasingly important resources. While there has been some maturation in the literature for managing IT in federal agencies in the last several years, academics from the field of information systems and practitioners have contributed more recently to the theory and practice of IT management at the federal level than public administration. This chapter analyzes federal IT-management literature over time and compares federal IT-management literature to a normative model of management maturity focusing on the strategic objectives for IT and related management approaches. Public administration’s minimal contribution to federal IT-management literature raises profound questions about whether federal agencies are performing commensurate with public expectations as the theory and practice of IT management may be moving into a new, post-information-age era.
Design Principles for Reference Modeling
Authors: vom Brocke Jan
Published: May 2011

With the design of reference models, an increase in the efficiency of information systems engineering is intended. This is expected to be achieved by reusing information models. Current research focuses mainly on configuration as one principle for reusing artefacts. According to this principle, all variants of a model are incorporated in the reference model facilitating adaptations by choices. In practice however, situations arise whereby various requirements to a model are unforeseen: Either results are inappropriate or costs of design are exploding. This paper introduces additional design principles that aim towards giving more flexibility to both the design and application of reference models.
Evaluation of Reference Models
Authors: Frank Ulrich
Published: May 2011

Evaluating a reference model is a demanding task. Not only that reference models inherit the problems well known from the evaluation of conceptual models in general. Furthermore, their claim for general (re-) usability implies to take into account the possible variety of requirements and specific constraints within the set of potential applications. This chapter presents a method that is aimed at fostering a differentiated and balanced judgement of reference models. For this purpose, it takes into account various perspectives - among others an economic, an engineering and an epistemological perspective. It also includes a process model that demonstrates how to organize a specific evaluation project.