bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tamizaje genético del cáncer de páncreas independiente de historia familiar.
Authors: Rugeles Jorge , Aurachán Sandra , González Manuel , Hernández Abraham
Published: June 2021

Introducción: se estima que cerca del 10% de los casos de cáncer de páncreas (CP) tienen un componentefamiliar. Algunos genes han sido identificados como responsables de la predisposición familiaral CP, como BRCA2, STK11, CDKN2A. Al realizar prueba genética en pacientes con historia familiar,podemos subestimar en gran medida la población en alto riesgo de CP. No se incluyeron accionesespecíficas para el tamizaje del CP en nuestro plan decenal para el control del cáncer 2012-2021.Materiales y métodos: presentamos una serie de seis pacientes con CP vistos en nuestra instituciónen quienes se hizo tamizaje genético con panel multigénico independientemente de la historia familiar,dentro del marco de un programa en desarrollo para el tamizaje del CP en individuos de alto riesgo.Resultados: un paciente de 60 años con CP estadio III sin antecedentes familiares presentó mutaciónpatogénica heterocigota en el gen MUTYH c.1187G>A (p. Gly396Asp) asociada a mayor riesgode cáncer de colon. En un paciente de 83 años con cáncer de ampolla de Vater, se encontró unamutación heterocigota de ATM c.2376+1G>A relacionada con mayor riesgo de cáncer de páncreas,mama y próstata. La misma mutación en ATM fue identificada en su hija, actualmente diagnosticadade cáncer de mama en tratamiento, y en su hermano portador sano. No se identificaron mutacionesen los otros cinco pacientes.Conclusiones: se necesita una muestra mayor para poder establecer el papel del tamizaje genéticoen pacientes con cáncer de páncreas sin tener en cuenta la historia familiar. Nuestro estudio estáen curso.
Trombocitosis en tumores sólidos: Resumen
Authors: López Zuluaga Jorge Iván , Ramírez Pérez Lisbeth Patricia , Caicedo Ramos Giovanny Mauricio , Peña Arévalo Zuleima Judith , Cárdenas Lozada Luis Felipe , Mercuri Posada Daniel , Ocampo Toro Eliana , Herrera Parga Juan Manuel
Published: June 2021

Introducción: las plaquetas juegan un papel en invasión y cáncer. La trombocitosis se ha utilizado comomarcador paraneoplásico, de inflamación y pronóstico en tumores sólidos.Objetivo: relacionar trombocitosis (>450 mil) con el estadio clínico, metástasis e histopatología en pacientescon tumores sólidos.Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico que incluyó 170 historias clínicas de pacientes noexpuestos a quimioterapia al diagnóstico con tumores sólidos, describiendo características clínicas y laasociación de trombocitosis con estadio clínico, tipo histológico, grado de diferenciación, perfil moleculary metástasis, con prueba Chi-cuadrado y test exacto de Fisher.Resultados: el 76% femenino, mediana de 63 años, mediana de PLT 249.000, cáncer de mama en el61,1%, próstata 12,3%, colon 15,8%, pulmón 5,88% y ovario 4,7%. Presencia de metástasis en el 37%:el 23,5% con metástasis visceral, el 13,5% con metástasis ósea y el 4% con metástasis tanto visceralescomo óseas. La trombocitosis se asoció con presencia de metástasis OR 6,66 (IC95% 1,29-34) p = 0,023;entre las metástasis se vinculó la trombocitosis con compromiso visceral OR 6 (IC95% 1,36-26,3) p =0,018. No se encontró relación entre la trombocitosis y el tipo histológico, perfil molecular en cáncer demama, escala de Gleason en cáncer de próstata, ni en metástasis óseas.Conclusiones: el valor alto de plaquetas se asoció en este estudio con la presencia de enfermedad metastásicavisceral. Se requiere ampliar la muestra con el fin de confirmar estos resultados, y, en el futuro,realizar estudios que se relacionen con eficacia terapéutica.
Análisis de supervivencia de cáncer de mama temprano.
Authors: Ramos Guette Pedro Luis , Ramos Escalante María Athenas , Silva Diana , González Mario , García Mauricio
Published: June 2021

Introducción: el cáncer de mama temprano se asocia con un buen pronóstico. El propósito del estudioes establecer la supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad en pacientes con cáncer de mama temprano.Materiales y métodos: es un estudio analítico con cohorte retrospectivo realizado durante el períododel 1º enero de 2003 hasta el 30 de mayo de 2016. Se incluyeron todas las pacientes mayores de 18años con cáncer de mama estadios I y II. Se construyeron curvas de supervivencia con el método deKaplan-Meier, se compararon con el método de rangos logarítmicos y se realizó un análisis de regresiónde rangos proporcionales por Cox.Resultados: se identificó un total de 272 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 56 años, el 61,7%tenían ganglios negativos y el 67% eran posmenopáusicas. Así mismo, el 79% tenían receptor de estrógenospositivos y el 24%, HER2 positivo. Se presentaron recaídas en un 12,87% y la mortalidad fuedel 11,03%. No se alcanza la mediana de supervivencia global, con una mediana de seguimiento de90 meses. La supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad no se asocia con el estado ganglionar, estadode los receptores hormonales, HER2, ni las respuestas patológicas completas.Conclusiones: los pacientes con cáncer de mama temprano tienen un muy buen pronóstico, con excelentesupervivencia global y libre de enfermedad.
Características clínicas y patológicas en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas estadios I-IIIA.
Authors: Ramos Guette Pedro Luis , Ramos Guette María Athenas , Silva Diana
Published: June 2021

Introducción: el cáncer de pulmón es la primera causa de incidencia y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Elpropósito de este estudio es describir las características clínicas, patológicas, y la supervivencia de pacientescon cáncer de pulmón no metastásico estadios I a IIIA.Materiales y métodos: se trata de un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo realizado duranteel período del 1º de mayo de 2003 al 30 de febrero de 2015. Se incluyeron 38 pacientes mayores de18 años con diagnóstico de cáncer de pulmón estadios I a IIIA. Se hicieron análisis descriptivos usandomedidas de tendencia central, ubicación y dispersión para las variables continuas, y frecuencias absolutasy relativas para las variables categóricas. Se estimó la supervivencia por el método de Kaplan-Meier.Resultados: se identificó un total de 38 pacientes en el estudio con edad promedio de 65,8 años. El65,7% son masculinos. El 55% de los pacientes se encontraban en estadios I y el estado funcional eraECOG 0-1 en un 89%. El 67% de los pacientes tenía adenocarcinoma y el 71% recibió quimioterapiaadyuvante. A la mayor parte de los pacientes se le administró platinos más vinorelbina o placlitaxel (55%).Se presentó una frecuencia del 26,3% de recaídas y un 31% de muertes. La mediana de seguimientofue de 68 meses.Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón presenta una histología de adenocarcinomay estadio I con buen estado funcional, con una frecuencia de recaída y muerte de acuerdo conla literatura.
EFFECTIVE APPROACHES OF REMOTE CONTROL AND ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Issabaeva D.N. , Issabaeva S.N. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Rakhimzhanova L.B. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty
Published: June 2021

The article presents methods of control and assessment of knowledge in the context of distance learning. The definition of the term "Quality control" is given. The forms of control and assessment of knowledge are given: input, current, intermediate, final, using in the conditions of distance learning in Abai KazNPU. To study each topic of the training module, it is necessary to establish didactic goals, expressed at a certain level of knowledge assimilation. In the case of distance learning, in addition to testing the student's ability to memorize and understand the material, it is necessary to analyze problem situations, synthesize solutions, and check the compatibility of theoretical material with one's own experience. In this regard, and based on the experience of methods of control and assessment of knowledge in distance learning in a number of other countries, the methods of Open-book Exam or Open paper Exam, Open paper Exam, Open book Exam, Thinking exam are classified and recommended.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CREATING COURSES BASED ON PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN IN THE CONTEXT OF DISTANCE LEARNING
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Issabaeva D.N. , Kurmangalieva N.A. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the importance of creating training courses based on pedagogical design in the context of distance learning. The goal of pedagogical design is defined as an integrated approach to creating an educational environment and developing an educational process with the aim of flexible change and adaptation of a unified system based on educational data, methods of communication with students, educational material that meets the needs of students. When developing distance learning courses, it is necessary to design the following stages of pedagogical design: Analysis of the target group; Description of educational goals as learning outcomes (Rubricator), Determination of the content, complexity and consistency of educational material, Development of educational content, Teaching students, preparing cases; Selection of diagnostic and evaluation systems (preparation of control and measuring materials), Choice of methods of interaction and participation of students (individual, group work, etc.), Resource planning (technical, digital). Based on a common online course design model, it is suggested to plan distance-learning courses based on pedagogical design.
RESEARCH AND SIMULATION OF THE PROCESS OF AUTOMATIC MOTION OF A ROBOTIC SYSTEM USING THE COPPELIASIM ENVIRONMENT
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kovtun А.А. , Kerimbayev N.N. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Metelev J.V. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty
Published: June 2021

The use of various robotic systems is a radical restructuring not only of the industrial sphere, it implies a different attitude to thinking processes, the development of new systems in different subject areas that require new knowledge. The most effective is learning with specific motivation and an exciting form of acquiring new knowledge. The article presents a study and modeling of the process of automatic movement of a robotic system using the CoppeliaSim environment. This system is most acceptable in the conditions of remote holding of competitions in robotics. The article analyzes the use of the CoppeliaSim modeling environment, reveals its positive aspects. The authors presented the development of a robot project in a simulation environment, which assumes knowledge in the fields of design, programming, understanding of the essence of physical processes and can be recommended for organizing competitions at various levels.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTION-ANSWER SYSTEMS FOR THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE
Authors:   Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Almaty, Rakhimova D.R. , Kenes U.Z. ,   Kazakh National University named after al-Farabi, Almaty
Published: June 2021

This study describes and evaluates the methods developed for the module for the analysis of problems of the closed subject system of answers to questions for the Kazakh language. Question analysis is one of the most important components of a quality control system to obtain the information needed to determine what is being asked and how to answer it. Therefore, we propose new methods of problem analysis in two main problems, namely rule-based and hidden Markov model based on the integration of systematic classification, focus extraction and question classifiers, both of which depend on the relationship between words in the problem. uses the ratio. It also compares these solutions with basic models. This study also manually presents the gold standard aggregated and annotated data for further research in this area.
DEVELOPING A CLIENT-SERVER APPLICATION FOR SELECTING AN EMPLOYEE ON THE ANDROID PLATFORM
Authors:   K. Zhubanov Aktobe regional state University, Aktobe, Uzakbayev N. , Yerekesheva М. ,   K. Zhubanov Aktobe regional state University, Aktobe
Published: June 2021

Android is a relatively new operating system that has become very popular in the mobile device market in a short time. Operating system developers must adhere to the following basic requirements: the new platform must be based on open standards, which will reduce development costs and provide mobile application developers with access to all system functions to create applications. One of the main advantages of the Android platform is its transparency. The Android operating system is open source and free. This allows users to access the source code and understand how application properties and functions are implemented. This article describes the software, structure, functionality, and scope of the client-server application for personnel selection created on the Android platform.
THESAURUS REQUIREMENTS GRAMMARS OF TURKIС LANGUAGES
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Sharipbay A . , Razakhova B. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Mukanova А. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Zhetkenbay L. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan
Published: June 2021

This paper describes the requirements for thesaurus grammar of Kazakh language. Elements such as descriptors are considered, as well as terms from the synonymic series that is included in the thesaurus, called ascriptors or nondescriptors, and are used as auxiliary elements (text inputs) to help find suitable descriptors. The requirements for descriptors are also given. If the descriptor is formed by a phrase and the reference word is a noun, then one of the following conditions must be met. And examples are given for them. There are cases when it is not possible to find an unambiguous and clear descriptor, then the term that is taken as a descriptor is provided with a relator or comment. The semantic relationship between descriptors is described in detail. The main goals of establishing associative relations between descriptors are described. Definitions are given for each type of relationship.
R. KALMAN `S PROBLEM ABOUT FIBONACCI `S NUMBERS
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Iskakova M.T. , Shuakayev М.К. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Tuiykov Е.А. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Nazarbekova К.Т. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty
Published: June 2021

In this paper authors are considered the R. Kalman`s problem about of Fibonacci numbers. An overview of research methods for control theory systems in two concepts “state space” and the “input-output” mapping is presented. In this paper, we consider the problem of R. Kalman on Fibonacci numbers, which consists in the following. R. Kalman's problem on Fibonacci numbers is considered, which is as follows. Fibonacci numbers form a minimal Realization. The authors of the article formulated a theorem, which was given the name of the outstanding American Scientist R. Kalman. The proof of the theorem is very cumbersome, therefore, authors proved it using an example when the Fibonacci numbers are obtained on the basis of the application of the B. Ho`s algorithm. B. Ho is a purple of R. Kalman. In this paper, the algorithm of B. Ho is given, which allows one to find the parameters of the initial linear deterministic system. Based on these parameters, we find the initial Fibonacci numbers. Thus, Fibonacci numbers are closely related to the problem of linear deterministic implementation and to B. Ho's algorithm.
AN ALGORITHM FOR OBTAINING THE OPTIMAL GUARANTEED RESULT FOR OBJECTS WITH EXTREME CONDITIONS
Authors:   Almaty technological University, Almaty, Ismayilov А.Е. , Kozhamkulova Zh. ,   Almaty University of Energy and Communications, Almaty, Serikuly M. ,   Almaty technological University, Almaty
Published: June 2021

In this paper, an algorithm for obtaining the optimal guaranteed result for objects with extreme states is developed, based on the establishment of the function and functionals of an analytical form. The methodology for choosing a control strategy for an object with the best guaranteed result is described. The essence of the technique is to find an optimal solution to a multicriteria problem that maximizes the values of all functions. At the same time, the existence of a solution that literally maximizes all objective functions is a rare exception. The problem of obtaining a guaranteed result and the study of the possibility of its improvement, as well as the problem of choosing a rational solution were considered. It has been established that a strategy that has an efficiency estimate in a given operation equal to the best (largest) guaranteed result is the optimal guaranteeing strategy. The objective function has been determined, and an optimally guaranteed strategy has been undertaken for the management of biotechnological industries using information technology.
PPROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL CONTENT, REDUCED TO A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH TWO VARIABLES
Authors:   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Nurmaganbetova Zh.А. , Аshirbayev N.К. ,   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Polatbek А.M. ,   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Bаidibekova А.О. ,   M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent
Published: June 2021

Functional and graphic lines are one of the foundations of mathematics teaching methods. The advantage of this line is that the study of other important lines of mathematics is carried out through the prism of the concept of function. Based on the experience of teaching mathematics, we know that the concept of function is abstract and very difficult for students to understand, so in order to enhance the visualization of the researching objects and concepts when implementing functional and graphic lines, students need to increase the system of physical content tasks for studying and understanding functions. In school course of algebra, the functional-graphical method is rarely used for solving a system of equations with two unknowns, as well as for solving equations with two unknowns. The article deals with the problems of solving problems of physical content when studying a system of linear equations with two variables in school course of algebra. The emphasis is on the fact that the considered problems with physical content are interconnected with functionalgraphic lines in algebra and allow deepening the topic, revealing the practical content. The problems with physical content presented in the article are intended for studying linear functions of algebra and their graphs, studying functions, constructing and solving equations and a system of linear equations associated with these functions.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL NONLOCAL NONLINEAR SCHRODINGER EQUATION BASED ON THE ABLOWITZ-MUSSLIMANI SYMMETRY CONDITION
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Syzdykova A.M. , Shaikhova G.N. ,   Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov, Nur-Sultan, Kutum B.B. ,   E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda
Published: June 2021

The nonlinear Schrodinger equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation and integrable equation that play an essential role in many branches of physics as nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, acoustics, and optics. In this work, motivated by the ideas of Ablowitz and Musslimani, we successfully obtain a two-dimensional nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation where the nonlocality consists of reverse time fields as factors in the nonlinear terms. The nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation admits a great number of good properties that the classical nonlinear Schrodinger equation possesses, e.g. PT-symmetric, admitting Lax-pair, and infinitely many conservation laws. We apply the Darboux transformation method to the two-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The idea of this method is having a Lax representation, one can obtain various kinds of solutions of the Nth order with a spectral parameter. The exact solutions and graphical representation of obtained solutions are derived.
UNAMBIGUOUS SOLVABILITY OF A PARTICULAR CASE OF SYSTEMS OF INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH A PULSED KAEV DISTANCE CONTAINING A PARAMETER
Authors:   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Usmanov Kh.I. , Zhappar A.S. ,   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan
Published: June 2021

We consider a special case of systems of integro-differential equations with a momentum boundary condition containing a parameter when the derivative of the desired function is contained in the right side of the equation. By integrating in parts, an integro-differential equation with a pulsed boundary condition is reduced to a loaded integrodifferential equation with a pulsed boundary condition. it is given in the system of integral-differential equations with impulse boundary conditions parametrically loaded. Then, by entering new parameters, as well as passing to new variables based on these parameters, the problem is reduced to an equivalent problem. Switching to new variables makes it possible to get the initial conditions for the equation. Based on this, the solution of the problem is reduced to solving a special Cauchy problem and a system of linear equations. Using the fundamental matrix of the main part of the differential equation, an integral equation of the Volterra type is obtained. The method of sequential approximation determines the unique solution of the integral equation. Based on this, we find a solution to the special Cauchy problem and put it in the boundary conditions. On the basis of the obtained system of linear equations, necessary and sufficient conditions for an unambiguous solution of the initial problem are established.
APPLICATION OF CONTENT-LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING IN POLYLINGUAL TEACHING OF PHYSICS
Authors:   Pavlodar Pedagogical University, Pavlodar, Anayeva E. , Baimolda D. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty
Published: June 2021

This article is devoted to the actual problem of multilingual education today in the context of the introduction of updated educational content. The main tasks of updating the content of physics in schools reflect the need to improve the professional and methodological training of future physics teachers in English in the context of modernizing educational programs in higher education. The content of physics in pedagogical universities should correspond to the school physics course, physics should be integrated with methodological disciplines and be taught in English. This, in turn, will improve the quality of professional and methodological training of future physics teachers. The use of subject-language integrated teaching methods in the educational process for the implementation of multilingual education is given. Two methods: Content Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and English аs a Medium of Instruction (EMI) are considered as a learning tool.
IMPROVEMENT OF DEMONSTRATION EXPERIMENTS OF THE PHYSICS COURSE BASED ON THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Karabassova G.B.
Published: June 2021

The most characteristic problem of the current stage of modernization of higher education is the training of future physics teachers who are ready to adapt to the conditions of a rapidly changing digital society and are able to independently set and solve professional problems. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the use of digital technologies in improving the demonstration experiments of the physics course. The leading method to study this problem is the modeling method, the study and analysis of psychological, pedagogical, scientific, technical and methodological literature. The use of computer models of various physical processes and phenomena contributes to the effectiveness of teaching students the physics course, allows them to understand the mechanisms of physical phenomena and processes. In this regard, at present, the Abai Kazakh National pedagogical University pays great attention to the development of a technical base for the use of digital technologies in the training of future physics teachers, and electronic resources are being developed for use in teaching physics. By using computer models of experiments and demonstrations, it is possible to compensate for the lack of equipment in the physical laboratory and thus teach students to independently acquire physical knowledge during a physical experiment on virtual models, that is, there is a real opportunity to form students ' creativity and increase cognitive activity in physics.
EINSTEIN'S WORK IN THE FIELD OF THERMODYNAMICS
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Mukhtar N.M. , Penkov F.M. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty
Published: June 2021

In this article, we review Einstein's work in the field of thermodynamics. Einstein is one of the most famous scientists who have their place in the field of physics. One of the most important innovations was the discovery of the theory of relativity. However, Einstein also conducted research in other areas of physics. One of them is thermodynamics. The main purpose of this article is to give a small description of Einstein's work in the field of thermodynamics. Comparing the work of scientists and Einstein, who did the same work in the field of thermodynamics, you can see the main differences or similarities between it and it. Einstein laid the groundwork for some new ideas in this area. Currently, the scope of Einstein's work in the field of thermodynamics is unknown. There are works of scientists who mistakenly call their theories in the field of thermodynamics. However, it is enough that Einstein's idea of Brownian motion could provide answers to some questions in the field of nanotechnology and serve as the initial basis for many new works.
METHODOLOGY FOR CREATING APPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS OBJECTS IN VISUAL STUDIO
Authors:   Narxoz University, Almaty, Mirkasimova T. Sh.
Published: June 2021

In today's competitive business market, any business objects need to be updated and developed over a certain period of time. Today, the main goal of all companies is to improve the quality of service and increase competition with companies. Therefore, it is important to improve the company's service sector using information technology. The article presents the methodology and ways to create an application "NDNokno" dedicated to the company's service sector. Using this system, the type of products ordered by customers is quickly determined and their amount is calculated immediately. And through this system, you can see data about the type of window and its quality. The capabilities of the Microsoft Visual Studio environment are defined and the paths for creating the" NDNokno " application are specified. The application database was compiled in the phpMyAdmin environment in MySql. The program is written in the C# programming language. The app can be of great help to the customer in providing the type of product.
THE ROLE OF THE SUBJECT OF ICT IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
Authors:   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Oshanova N.T. , Sarbassova K.K. ,   S. AmanzholovEastKazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2021

This article discusses the issues of improving computer literacy of children aged 8-10 years in the modern digital society. The purpose of the article is to analyze the conducted research on improving the effectiveness of teaching ict for primary school children. The main idea of the article is based on the formation of children's basic knowledge to improve computer literacy in primary school. The authors, based on the opinion of scientists, pay attention to the factors underlying the teaching of ict in primary schools. The article provides a summary of some of the studies. The authors pay special attention to the relations of various nature between the student and the teacher, substantiate the initial idea of specifying the main requirements for the conduct of ict discipline, the goals and objectives of the course. The relevance of the article is devoted to the proper organization of the quality of computer literacy training for primary school children.
APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Shyndaliyev N.T. , Kalkabayeva Z.K. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes virtual and augmented reality technologies, one of the most widely used modern technologies at present. Virtual and augmented reality technologies have recently been used in medicine, architecture, manufacturing, and education. In this article, we will focus on the application of these technologies in the field of education. It is known that the use of new technologies in the educational process increases students ' interest in classes. The use of digital technologies in education is the main achievement of the information society. However, creating a digital system for education using VR and AR technologies requires significant funds. At the beginning of the article, a brief overview of technologies is given, the main definitions are given, and the history is described. A review of the work of scientists conducting research in this area.
Aerosol Responses to Precipitation Along North American Air Trajectories Arriving at Bermuda
Authors: Dadashazar Hossein , Alipanah Majid , Hilario Miguel Ricardo A. , Crosbie Ewan , Kirschler Simon , Liu Hongyu , Moore Richard H. , Peters Andrew J. , Scarino Amy Jo , Shook Michael , Thornhill K. Lee , Voigt Christiane , Wang Hailong , Winstead Edward , Zhang Bo , Ziemba Luke , Sorooshian Armin
Published: June 2021

Abstract. North American pollution outflow is ubiquitous over the western North Atlantic Ocean, especially in winter, making this location an ideal natural laboratory for investigating the impact of precipitation on aerosol particles along air mass trajectories. We take advantage of observational data collected at Bermuda to seasonally assess the sensitivity of aerosol mass concentrations and volume size distributions to accumulated precipitation along trajectories (APT). The mass concentration of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm normalized by the enhancement of carbon monoxide above background (PM2.5/∆CO) at Bermuda was used to estimate the degree of aerosol loss during transport to Bermuda. Results for December–February (DJF) show most trajectories come from North America and have the highest APTs, resulting in significant reduction (by 53 %) in PM2.5/∆CO under high APT conditions (> 13.5 mm) relative to low APT conditions (< 0.9 mm). Moreover, PM2.5/∆CO was most sensitive to increases in APT up to 5 mm (−0.044 µg m−3 ppbv−1 mm−1) and less sensitive to increases in APT over 5 mm. While anthropogenic PM2.5 constituents (e.g., black carbon, sulfate, organic carbon) decrease with high APT, sea salt in contrast was comparable between high and low APT conditions owing to enhanced local wind and salt emissions in high APT conditions. The greater sensitivity of the fine mode volume concentrations (versus coarse mode) to wet scavenging is evident from AERONET volume size distribution data. A combination of GEOS-Chem model simulations of 210Pb submicron aerosol tracer and its gaseous precursor 222Rn reveal that (i) surface aerosol particles at Bermuda are most impacted by wet scavenging in winter/spring (due to large-scale precipitation) with a maximum in March, whereas convective scavenging plays a substantial role in summer; and (ii) North American 222Rn tracer emissions contribute most to surface 210Pb concentrations at Bermuda in winter (~75–80 %), indicating that air masses arriving at Bermuda experience large-scale precipitation scavenging while traveling from North America. A case study flight from the ACTIVATE field campaign on 22 February 2020 reveals a significant reduction in aerosol number and volume concentrations during air mass transport off the U.S. East Coast associated with increased cloud fraction and precipitation. These results highlight the sensitivity of remote marine boundary layer aerosol characteristics to precipitation along trajectories, especially when the air mass source is continental outflow from polluted regions like the U.S. East Coast.
Inter-annual variations of wet deposition in Beijing from 2014–2017: implications of below-cloud scavenging of inorganic aerosols
Authors: Ge Baozhu , Xu Danhui , Wild Oliver , Yao Xuefeng , Wang Junhua , Chen Xueshun , Tan Qixin , Pan Xiaole , Wang Zifa
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Wet scavenging is an efficient pathway for the removal of particulate matter
(PM) from the atmosphere. High levels of PM have been a major cause of air
pollution in Beijing but have decreased sharply under the Air Pollution
Prevention and Control Action Plan launched in 2013. In this study, 4
years of observations of wet deposition have been conducted using a
sequential sampling technique to investigate the detailed variation in
chemical components through each rainfall event. We find that the major
ions, SO42-, Ca2+, NO3-, and NH4+, show
significant decreases over the 2013–2017 period (decreasing by 39 %,
35 %, 12 %, and 25 %, respectively), revealing the impacts of the
Action Plan. An improved method of estimating the below-cloud scavenging
proportion based on sequential sampling is developed and implemented to
estimate the contribution of below-cloud and in-cloud wet deposition over
the four-year period. Overall, below-cloud scavenging plays a dominant
role to the wet deposition of four major ions at the beginning of the Action
Plan. The contribution of below-cloud scavenging for Ca2+,
SO42-, and NH4+ decreases from above 50 % in 2014 to
below 40 % in 2017. This suggests that the Action Plan has mitigated PM
pollution in the surface layer and hence decreased scavenging due to the
washout process. In contrast, we find little change in the annual volume
weighted average concentration for NO3- where the contribution
from below-cloud scavenging remains at ∼ 44 % over the
2015–2017 period. While highlighting the importance of different wet
scavenging processes, this paper presents a unique new perspective on the
effects of the Action Plan and clearly identifies oxidized nitrogen species
as a major target for future air pollution controls.
Biomass Burning Aerosol Heating Rates from the ORACLES 2016 and 2017 Experiments
Authors: Cochrane Sabrina P. , Schmidt K. Sebastian , Chen Hong , Pilewskie Peter , Kittleman Scott , Redemann Jens , LeBlanc Samuel , Pistone Kristina , Segal Rozenhaimer Michal , Kacenelenbogen Meloë , Shinozuka Yohei , Flynn Connor , Ferrare Rich , Burton Sharon , Hostetler Chris , Mallet Marc , Zuidema Paquita
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Aerosol heating due to shortwave absorption has implications for local atmospheric stability and regional dynamics. The derivation of heating rate profiles from space-based observations is challenging because it requires the vertical profile of relevant properties such as the aerosol extinction coefficient and single scattering albedo (SSA). In the southeast Atlantic, this challenge is amplified by the presence of stratocumulus clouds below the biomass burning plume advected from Africa, since the cloud properties affect the magnitude of the aerosol heating aloft, which may in turn lead to changes in the cloud properties and life cycle. The combination of spaceborne lidar data with passive imagers shows promise for future derivations of heating rate profiles and curtains, but new algorithms require careful testing with data from aircraft experiments where measurements of radiation, aerosol and cloud parameters are better collocated and readily available. In this study, we derive heating rate profiles and curtains from aircraft measurements during the NASA ObseRvations of CLouds above Aerosols and their intEractionS (ORACLES) project in the southeastern Atlantic. Spectrally resolved irradiance measurements and the derived column absorption allow for the separation of total heating rates into aerosol and gas (primarily water vapor) absorption. The nine cases we analyzed capture some of the co-variability of heating rate profiles and their primary drivers, leading to the development of a new concept: The Heating Rate Efficiency (HRE; the heating rate per unit aerosol extinction). The HRE, which accounts for the overall aerosol loading as well as vertical distribution of the aerosol layer, varies little with altitude as opposed to the standard heating rate. The large case-to-case variability for ORACLES is significantly reduced after converting from heating rate to HRE, allowing us to quantify its dependence on SSA, cloud albedo, and solar zenith angle.
Winter–spring warming in the North Atlantic during the last 2000 years: evidence from southwest Iceland
Authors: Richter Nora , Russell James M. , Garfinkel Johanna , Huang Yongsong
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Temperature reconstructions from the Northern Hemisphere (NH)
generally indicate cooling over the Holocene, which is often attributed to
decreasing summer insolation. However, climate model simulations predict
that rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the collapse of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet caused mean annual warming during this epoch. This
contrast could reflect a seasonal bias in temperature proxies, and
particularly a lack of proxies that record cold (late fall–early spring)
season temperatures, or inaccuracies in climate model predictions of NH
temperature. We reconstructed winter–spring temperatures during the Common
Era (i.e., the last 2000 years) using alkenones, lipids produced by
Isochrysidales haptophyte algae that bloom during spring ice-out, preserved
in sediments from Vestra Gíslholtsvatn (VGHV), southwest Iceland. Our
record indicates that winter–spring temperatures warmed during the last
2000 years, in contrast to most NH averages. Sensitivity tests with a lake
energy balance model suggest that warmer winter and spring air temperatures
result in earlier ice-out dates and warmer spring lake water temperatures and therefore warming in our proxy record. Regional air temperatures are
strongly influenced by sea surface temperatures during the winter and spring
season. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) respond to both changes in ocean circulation and gradual
changes in insolation. We also found distinct seasonal differences in
centennial-scale, cold-season temperature variations in VGHV compared to
existing records of summer and annual temperatures from Iceland.
Multi-decadal to centennial-scale changes in winter–spring temperatures were
strongly modulated by internal climate variability and changes in regional
ocean circulation, which can result in winter and spring warming in Iceland
even after a major negative radiative perturbation.
Spatio-temporal patterns and drivers of terrestrial Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) leaching to the European river network
Authors: Gommet Céline Annick Sylviane , Lauerwald Ronny , Ciais Philippe , Guenet Bertrand , Zhang Haicheng , Regnier Pierre
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils to the river network is an important component of the land carbon (C) budget. At regional to global scales, its significance has been estimated through simple mass budgets, often using multi-year averages of observed fluvial DOC fluxes as proxy of DOC leaching due to the limited availability of observations of the leaching flux itself. This procedure leads to a systematic underestimation of the leaching flux because of the reactivity of DOC during fluvial transport. Moreover, this procedure does not allow to reveal spatio-temporal variability in DOC leaching from soils, which is needed to better understand the drivers of DOC leaching and its impact on the local soil C budget. In this study, we use the land surface model ORCHILEAK to simulate the terrestrial C budget including leaching of DOC from the soil and its subsequent reactive transport through the river network of Europe. The model performance is not only evaluated against the sparse observations of DOC leaching, but also against the more abundant observations of fluxes and reactivity of DOC in rivers, providing further evidence that our simulated DOC leaching fluxes are realistic. The model is then used to simulate the spatio-temporal patterns of DOC leaching across Europe over the period 1972 to 2012, quantifying both the environmental drivers of these patterns as well as the impact of DOC leaching on the land C budget. Over the simulation period, we find that on average 14.3 TgC yr−1 of DOC is leached from land to European rivers, which is only about 0.6 % of the terrestrial net primary production, a fraction about one order of magnitude lower than reported for tropical river networks. Of the DOC leaching, on average 12.3 TgC yr−1 is exported to the coast via the river network, the rest being respired in transit. DOC leaching presents a large seasonal variability, with a maximum occurring in winter and a minimum in summer, except for the Northern most part of Europe where the maximum occurs in spring due to the snow melt. DOC leaching rate is generally lower in warm and dry regions, and higher in cold and wet regions of Europe. Furthermore, runoff, and the ratio between runoff from shallower flow paths vs. deep drainage and groundwater flow, is the main driver of the spatial variation of DOC leaching. Temperature, as a major control of DOC production and decomposition rates in the soils, plays only a secondary role.
Modifying emissions scenario projections to account for the effects of COVID-19: protocol for CovidMIP
Authors: Lamboll Robin D. , Jones Chris D. , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Fiedler Stephanie , Samset Bjørn H. , Gillett Nathan P. , Rogelj Joeri , Forster Piers M.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Lockdowns to avoid the spread of COVID-19 have created an unprecedented reduction in human emissions. While the country-level scale of emissions changes can be estimated in near real time, the more detailed, gridded emissions estimates that are required to run general circulation models (GCMs) of the climate will take longer to collect. In this paper we use recorded and projected country-and-sector activity levels to modify gridded predictions from the MESSAGE-GLOBIOM SSP2-4.5 scenario. We provide updated projections for concentrations of greenhouse gases, emissions fields for aerosols, and precursors and the ozone and optical properties that result from this. The code base to perform similar modifications to other scenarios is also provided. We outline the means by which these results may be used in a model intercomparison project (CovidMIP) to investigate the impact of national lockdown measures on climate, including regional temperature, precipitation, and circulation changes. This includes three strands: an assessment of short-term effects (5-year period) and of longer-term effects (30 years) and an investigation into the separate effects of changes in emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols. This last strand supports the possible attribution of observed changes in the climate system; hence these simulations will also form part of the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP).
Coupling framework (1.0) for the PISM (1.1.4) ice sheet model and the MOM5 (5.1.0) ocean model via the PICO ice shelf cavity model in an Antarctic domain
Authors: Kreuzer Moritz , Reese Ronja , Huiskamp Willem Nicholas , Petri Stefan , Albrecht Torsten , Feulner Georg , Winkelmann Ricarda
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The past and future evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is largely controlled by interactions between the ocean and floating ice shelves. To investigate these interactions, coupled ocean and ice sheet model configurations are required.
Previous modelling studies have mostly relied on high-resolution configurations, limiting these studies to individual glaciers or regions over short timescales of decades to a few centuries.
We present a framework to couple the dynamic ice sheet model PISM (Parallel Ice Sheet Model) with the global ocean general circulation model MOM5 (Modular Ocean Model) via the ice shelf cavity model PICO (Potsdam Ice-shelf Cavity mOdel). As ice shelf cavities are not resolved by MOM5 but are parameterized with the PICO box model, the framework allows the ice sheet and ocean components to be run at resolutions of 16 km and 3∘ respectively. This approach makes the coupled configuration a useful tool for the analysis of interactions between the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the global ocean over time spans of the order of centuries to millennia.
In this study, we describe the technical implementation of this coupling framework: sub-shelf melting in the ice sheet component is calculated by PICO from modelled ocean temperatures and salinities at the depth of the continental shelf, and, vice versa, the resulting
mass and energy fluxes from melting at the ice–ocean interface are transferred to the ocean component.
Mass and energy fluxes are shown to be conserved to machine precision across the considered component domains. The implementation is computationally efficient as it introduces only minimal overhead. Furthermore, the coupled model is evaluated in a 4000 year simulation under constant present-day climate forcing and is found to be stable with respect to the ocean and ice sheet spin-up states.
The framework deals with heterogeneous spatial grid geometries, varying grid resolutions, and timescales between the ice and ocean component in a generic way; thus, it can be adopted to a wide range of model set-ups.
Submarine Landslide Source Modeling using the 3D Slope Stability Analysis Method for the 2018 Palu-Sulawesi Tsunami
Authors: Somphong Chatuphorn , Suppasri Anawat , Pakoksung Kwanchai , Nagasawa Tsuyoshi , Narita Yuya , Tawatari Ryunosuke , Iwai Shohei , Mabuchi Yukio , Fujita Saneiki , Moriguchi Shuji , Terada Kenjiro , Athanasius Cipta , Imamura Fumihiko
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Studies have indicated that submarine landslides played an important role in the 2018 Sulawesi tsunami event, damaging the coast of Palu Bay in addition to the earthquake source. Most of these studies relied on visible landslides to reproduce tsunamis but could still not fully explain the observational data. Recently, several numerical models included hypothesized submarine landslides that were taken into account to obtain a better explanation of the event. In this study, for the first time, submarine landslides were simulated by applying a numerical model based on Hovland’s 3D slope stability analysis for cohesion-frictional soils. To specify landslide volume and location, the model assumed an elliptical slip surface on a vertical slope of 27 m of mesh-divided terrain and evaluated the minimum safety factor in each mesh area based on the surveyed soil property data extracted from the literature. The landslide output was then substituted into a two-layer numerical model based on a shallow-water equation to simulate tsunami propagation. The results were combined with the other tsunami sources, i.e., earthquakes and observed coastal collapses, and validated with various postevent field observational data, including tsunami runup heights and flow depths around the bay, the inundation area around Palu city, waveforms recorded by the Pantoloan tide gauge, and video-inferred waveforms. The model generated several submarine landslides, with lengths of 0.2–2.0 km throughout Palu Bay. The results confirmed the existence of submarine landslide sources in the southern part of the bay and showed agreement with the observed tsunami data, including runups and flow depths. Furthermore, the simulated landslides also reproduced the video-inferred waveforms in 3 out of 6 locations. Although these calculated submarine landslides still cannot fully explain some of the observed tsunami data, they emphasize the possible submarine landslide locations in southern Palu Bay that should be studied and surveyed in the future.