bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF9 Is an Antagonist of the DNA Sensor cGAS
Authors: Hertzog Jonny , Zhou Wen , Rigby Rachel E. , Fowler Gerissa , Cursi Chiara , Chauveau Lise , Davenne Tamara , Kranzusch Philip J. , Rehwinkel Jan
Published: February 2020

Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Although infection is associated with severe morbidity in some individuals, molecular mechanisms that determine innate immune responses remain poorly defined. We found that the cGAS/STING DNA sensing pathway was required for type I interferon (IFN) induction during VZV infection and that recognition of VZV by cGAS restricted its replication. Viral gene overexpression screening identified the essential VZV tegument protein ORF9 as a cGAS antagonist. Ectopically and virally expressed ORF9 bound to endogenous cGAS. Confocal microscopy revealed co-localisation of cGAS and ORF9, which reduced the type I IFN response to transfected DNA. ORF9 and cGAS also interacted directly in a cell-free system and phase-separated together with DNA. Furthermore, ORF9 inhibited cGAMP production by cGAS. Taken together, we uncovered the importance of the cGAS/STING DNA sensing pathway for VZV recognition and identified a VZV immune antagonist that directly interferes with DNA sensing via cGAS.
A semi-analytical approach for the characterization of ordered 3D nanostructures using grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence
Authors: Nikolaev K. V. , Soltwisch V. , Hönicke P. , Scholze F. , de la Rie J. , Yakunin S. N. , Makhotkin I. A. , van de Kruijs R. W. E. , Bijkerk F.
Published: February 2020

Following the recent demonstration of grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence (GIXRF)-based characterization of the 3D atomic distribution of different elements and dimensional parameters of periodic nanoscale structures, this work presents a new computational scheme for the simulation of the angular-dependent fluorescence intensities from such periodic 2D and 3D nanoscale structures. The computational scheme is based on the dynamical diffraction theory in many-beam approximation, which allows a semi-analytical solution to the Sherman equation to be derived in a linear-algebraic form. The computational scheme has been used to analyze recently published GIXRF data measured on 2D Si3N4 lamellar gratings, as well as on periodically structured 3D Cr nanopillars. Both the dimensional and structural parameters of these nanostructures have been reconstructed by fitting numerical simulations to the experimental GIXRF data. Obtained results show good agreement with nominal parameters used in the manufacturing of the structures, as well as with reconstructed parameters based on the previously published finite-element-method simulations, in the case of the Si3N4 grating.
Comparing the backfilling of mesoporous titania thin films with hole conductors of different sizes sharing the same mass density
Authors: Märkl Raphael S. , Hohn Nuri , Hupf Emanuel , Bießmann Lorenz , Körstgens Volker , Kreuzer Lucas P. , Mangiapia Gaetano , Pomm Matthias , Kriele Armin , Rivard Eric , Müller-Buschbaum Peter
Published: February 2020

Efficient infiltration of a mesoporous titania matrix with conducting organic polymers or small molecules is one key challenge to overcome for hybrid photovoltaic devices. A quantitative analysis of the backfilling efficiency with time-of-flight grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (ToF-GISANS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements is presented. Differences in the morphology due to the backfilling of mesoporous titania thin films are compared for the macromolecule poly[4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th) and the heavy-element containing small molecule 2-pinacolboronate-3-phenylphenanthro[9,10-b]tellurophene (PhenTe-BPinPh). Hence, a 1.7 times higher backfilling efficiency of almost 70% is achieved for the small molecule PhenTe-BPinPh compared with the polymer PTB7-Th despite sharing the same volumetric mass density. The precise characterization of structural changes due to backfilling reveals that the volumetric density of backfilled materials plays a minor role in obtaining good backfilling efficiencies and interfaces with large surface contact.
2-(Octadecylsulfanyl)-1,3-thiazole
Authors: Muller II Joseph E. , Osborn Laura R. , Traver Joseph R. , Hillesheim Patrick C. , Zeller Matthias , Mirjafari Arsalan
Published: February 2020

The title compound, C21H39NS2, crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit, both having a linear 18-carbon alkyl chain bound through a thioether group. No π–π stacking or hydrogen bonding is observed. The orientation of the alkyl chains facilitates intermolecular interactions between te chains. The structure is metrically orthorhombic but crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 and was found to be twinned by pseudomerohedry (emulating orthorhombic symmetry) and by inversion. The twin factions refined to 0.37 (4), 0.13 (4), 0.31 (5), and 0.19 (4).
Corporation blameworthiness and federal criminal fines
Authors: Homer Emily M. , Higgins George E.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess if federal judges have sentenced criminal corporations to fines that are consistent with the seriousness of the offense and the blameworthiness of the organization, which would be in line with the directives from the US Sentencing Guidelines. This paper will also use the focal concerns framework to measure organizational blameworthiness.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses secondary data from federal sentencing documents, collected by the US Sentencing Commission, for cases that were adjudicated between October 1, 2010 and September 30, 2017.

Findings

Results showed that the focal concerns framework can be used to define potential constructs for blameworthiness and that an organization’s culpability score was a significant predictor in whether the company received a higher fine.

Research limitations/implications

The data are unable to examine two of the three measures of focal concerns. Cross-sectional data limits the ability to draw conclusions regarding cause and effect between blameworthiness and monetary fines.

Practical implications

Results imply that judges are sentencing corporations that have higher culpability scores to more severe fines, in accordance with both the federal Sentencing Guidelines and focal concerns framework.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to apply the focal concerns framework, usually used to examine the sentencing of individuals, to the sentencing of corporations. It is also one of the first to attempt to empirically define blameworthiness.
Technology adoption news and corporate reputation: sentiment analysis about the introduction of Bitcoin
Authors: Caviggioli Federico , Lamberti Lucio , Landoni Paolo , Meola Paolo
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Evidence from previous literature indicates that adopting a new innovative technology has a positive impact on a company’s business performance. Much less work has been carried out into examining whether a technology adoption has impact on corporate reputation. This paper aims to examine the latter topic in a context where social media is the channel used to share news about the introduction of a new technology. The empirical setting of the study consists of five retail companies located in the USA that decided to include Bitcoin as a payment platform.

Design/methodology/approach

Twitter data were used to measure how sharing news about the adoption of new technology could affect the reputation of the companies selected, keeping a clear distinction between the volume of data relating to social media responses and the sentiment expressed in the tweets. A panel vector autoregression model was used to incorporate series of data relating to news items, volume and sentiment.

Findings

The results show that the news about the adoption of a new technology has a positive impact on both the volume of tech-related tweets and the sentiment expressed in the tweets themselves, although the patterns of these two effects are different. The resulting impact decreases after a few days, both in volume and in sentiment.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis has limitations that future research could address by extending and diversifying the examined companies and the social media used as data sources. The research suggests that managers in medium-sized companies can leverage on the introduction of new technologies that have a direct impact on their customers and gain reputational benefits in terms of immediate visibility.

Originality/value

The research introduces an additional dimension of analysis to the current stream of corporate reputation. Although the literature has already covered the dynamics of response to events on Twitter, by focusing on the adoption of the new Bitcoin technology, the paper provides novel insights.
Viewpoint: getting your qualitative service research published
Authors: Holmlund Maria , Witell Lars , Gustafsson Anders
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide authors with guidelines for carrying out excellent qualitative service research. It describes the features that editors and reviewers use to evaluate qualitative research and pinpoints what authors can do to improve their manuscripts for publication.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper identifies five features of excellent qualitative service research – relevance, rigor, integrity, narration and impact – and describes them with a focus on what they mean and what authors can do to meet these standards.

Findings

The paper suggests that manuscripts are often rejected because they fail to meet key standards of excellent qualitative research. It calls for more discussion on research methodology and research ethics, especially when service research strives to make a difference such as investigating critical service contexts or dealing with vulnerable participants.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to a better use and application of qualitative research methodology. It focuses on specific actions that researchers can take to improve the quality of their service research manuscripts.
Evidence based policing: a view on its development within the police service
Authors: Pepper Ian , Rogers Colin , Martin Helen
Published: February 2020

Purpose

As the education of new police constables moves to degree level, this paper explores the introduction of Evidence-Based Policing (EBP) as a pillar of the evolution of the police service as a profession.

Design/methodology/approach

Combining a review of key literature and explorations of practice, the current situation, challenges, and benefits of the adoption of EBP as philosophy are explored.

Findings

The benefits to the police service and individuals of wholeheartedly adopting EBP are huge; however, such adoption does not come without challenges.

Originality/value

This paper provides a contemporary snapshot in relation to the process of embedding EBP across the new educational routes to joining the police service. The opportunities provided by adopting EBP as philosophy across the service will assist in supporting and strengthening the sustainability of policing locally, nationally, and internationally.
Effective elastic moduli of metal honeycombs manufactured using selective laser melting
Authors: Hussein Rafid , Anandan Sudharshan , Spratt Myranda , Newkirk Joseph W. , Chandrashekhara K. , Heath Misak , Walker Michael
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Honeycomb cellular structures exhibit unique mechanical properties such as high specific strength, high specific stiffness, high energy absorption and good thermal and acoustic performance. This paper aims to use numerical modeling to investigate the effective elastic moduli, in-plane and out-of-plane, for thick-walled honeycombs manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM).

Design/methodology/approach

Theoretical predictions were performed using homogenization on a sample scale domain equivalent to the as-manufactured dimensions. A Renishaw AM 250 machine was used to manufacture hexagonal honeycomb samples with wall thicknesses of 0.2 to 0.5 mm and a cell size of 3.97 mm using 304 L steel powder. The SLM-manufactured honeycombs and cylindrical test coupons were tested using flatwise and edgewise compression. Three-dimensional finite element and strain energy homogenization were conducted to determine the effective elastic properties, which were validated by the current experimental outcomes and compared to analytical models from the literature.

Findings

Good agreement was found between the results of the effective Young’s moduli ratios numerical modeling and experimental observations. In-plane effective elastic moduli were found to be more sensitive to geometrical irregularity compared to out-of-plane effective moduli, which was confirmed by the analytical models. Also, it was concluded that thick-walled SLM manufactured honeycombs have bending-dominated in-plane compressive behavior and a stretch-dominated out-of-plane compressive behavior, which matched well with the simulation and numerical models predictions.

Originality/value

This work uses three-dimensional finite element and strain energy homogenization to evaluate the effective moduli of SLM manufactured honeycombs.
Rita McGrath: anticipating and exploiting strategic inflection points
Authors: Leavy Brian
Published: February 2020

Purpose

An interview with Rita McGrath a pioneer of “discovery-driven planning,” now widely recognized as one of the most effective approaches for strategy development in the face of uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach

Her research and experience interacting with executive teams positions her to offer corporate leaders practical perspectives and advice on how to approach strategically the great opportunities and dangers that lie ahead in this VUCA environment.

Findings

Major inflection points that create real change unfold gradually, then suddenly. Because they do take a while to unfold, an astute strategist who was paying attention to the signs could take advantage of the inflection. The future doesn’t happen all at once. It begins to unfold unevenly, and if you can “interview” where it is starting to take place now, you can begin to develop an early point of view about it.

Practical implications

There’s no substitute for watching how customers interact with your product or service and listening to their conversations about their experience.

Originality/value

McGrath’s thesis is when an inflection point does indeed reach a tipping point, it can feel as though it came out of nowhere. Her advice: if you are making a series of small options-style investments that are at the “edges” of your mainstream activities, you are likely to pick up on weak signals that allow you to, in an optimistic scenario, surf along an inflection point so that when the opportunity presents itself, you can move with speed to capture an advantage.
Novel suction tube uterine tamponade for treating intractable postpartum haemorrhage: description of technique and report of three cases
Authors: Hofmeyr GJ , Singata‐Madliki M
Published: February 2020

Uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) is widely used to treat postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Randomised trials of UBT are scarce: those of improvised condom UBT in low‐resource settings found more harm than good. Uterine suction tamponade (UST) is more aligned with the physiological mechanism of uterine haemostasis (contraction), but purpose‐designed devices may be unaffordable or unavailable when needed. We describe a technique of UST using an inexpensive Levin suction catheter. Use of the described technique as a last resort in three cases of life‐threatening PPH resulted in prompt cessation of bleeding. We emphasise the need for randomised trials to confirm effectiveness.
The role of IL‐6 in immunotherapy of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with immune‐related adverse events (irAEs)
Authors: Ke Wanhai , Zhang Li , Dai Yan
Published: February 2020

IL‐6 is a cytokine that plays an important role in response to injury or infection and is a promising biomarker for predicting poor prognosis and therapeutic targets in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This article reviews the biochemical mechanism, function and genotype of IL‐6, and summarizes the diagnostic and prognostic value of IL‐6 level. Anti‐IL‐6 therapy does not affect the effect of immunocheckpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but enhances its anticancer function, which may be the treatment option for immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) in the future. Therefore, IL‐6 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC.
Clinical diagnosis and treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitors‐related endocrine dysfunction
Authors: Duan Lian , Wang Linjie , Wang Hanping , Si Xiaoyan , Zhang Li , Liu Xiaowei , Li Yue , Guo Xiaoxiao , Zhou Jiaxin , Zhu Huijuan , Zhang Li
Published: February 2020

As a new class of antitumor drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable efficacy toward the treatment of various malignant tumors. By virtue of their targets and mechanisms of action, ICIs can cause autoimmune and inflammatory effects, termed as immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) and unlike the adverse reactions of traditional therapies, irAEs are occult and not fixed, with some serious adverse reactions forcing patients to stop treatment which might even affect their survival. Therefore, with the wide clinical application of ICIs, clinicians need to fully understand the possible adverse reactions of these drugs and devise reasonable treatment strategies to improve the survival rate and therapeutic effects of patients receiving ICIs. In this article, we review the incidence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of immune‐related endocrine events that may occur with the administration of ICIs.
Evaluating the causal impact of individual alcohol licensing decisions on local health and crime using natural experiments with synthetic controls
Authors: de Vocht Frank , McQuire Cheryl , Brennan Alan , Egan Matt , Angus Colin , Kaner Eileen , Beard Emma , Brown Jamie , De Angelis Daniela , Carter Nick , Murray Barbara , Dukes Rachel , Greenwood Elizabeth , Holden Susan , Jago Russell , Hickman Matthew
Published: February 2020

Background and Aims

Given the costs of alcohol to society, it is important to evaluate whether local alcohol licensing decisions can mitigate the effects of alcohol misuse. Robust natural experiment evaluations of the impact of individual licensing decisions could potentially inform and improve local decision‐making. We aimed to assess whether alcohol licensing decisions could be evaluated at small spatial scale by using a causal inference framework.

Design

Three natural experiments.

Setting and participants

Three English local areas of 1000–15 000 people each.

Intervention and comparator

The case study interventions were (i) the closure of a nightclub following reviews; (ii) closure of a restaurant/nightclub following reviews and (iii) implementation of new local licensing guidance (LLG). Trends in outcomes were compared with synthetic counterfactuals created using Bayesian structural time–series.

Measurements

Time–series data were obtained on emergency department admissions, ambulance call‐outs and alcohol‐related crime at the Lower or Middle Super Output geographical aggregation level.

Findings

Closure of the nightclub led to temporary 4‐month reductions in antisocial behaviour (−18%; 95% credible interval − 37%, −4%), with no change in other outcomes. Closure of the restaurant/nightclub did not lead to measurable changes in outcomes. The new licensing guidance led to small reductions in drunk and disorderly behaviour (nine of a predicted 21 events averted), and the unplanned end of the LLG coincided with an increase in domestic violence of two incidents per month.

Conclusions

The impact of local alcohol policy, even at the level of individual premises, can be evaluated using a causal inference framework. Local government actions such as closure or restriction of alcohol venues and alcohol licensing may have a positive impact on health and crime in the immediate surrounding area.
The natural history of congenital hypothyroidism with delayed TSH elevation in neonatal intensive care newborns
Authors: Zung Amnon , Radi Alin , Almashanu Shlomo
Published: February 2020

Objective

To assess the clinical and neurological outcomes in newborns with primary congenital hypothyroidism presented with delayed TSH elevation (dTSH), and to define parameters that may predict the evolution of transient vs. permanent hypothyroidism in these newborns.

Design and patients

An observational study was performed of a cohort of 113 children with a history of dTSH.

Measurements

Birth parameters, thyroid screening results, thyroid gland imaging, levothyroxine dose and neurological outcome were compared between newborns with spontaneous recovery and children with a final diagnosis of either transient or permanent hypothyroidism.

Results

Of the children with a history of dTSH, 93% demonstrated recovery, either spontaneously or following levothyroxine treatment (transient hypothyroidism). Newborns with spontaneous recovery demonstrated milder thyroid dysfunction at the newborn screening compared to those who started levothyroxine treatment. Levothyroxine dose was lower in children with transient vs. permanent hypothyroidism only during the first 6 months of life; otherwise, these groups were similar in birth parameters, thyroid screening results and gland images. Seventeen out of 61 children (28%) that underwent neurological assessment demonstrated a developmental delay. Duration of treatment was highly variable in children with transient hypothyroidism.

Conclusions

Thyroid dysfunction is transient in most cases of dTSH. No reliable parameters can predict a priori transient vs. permanent hypothyroidism.
More than therapy: The link between adverse childhood experiences, social support, and therapeutic services
Authors: Ronnenberg Megan , Conrad Aislinn , Wojciak Armeda Stevenson , Menninga Elizabeth
Published: February 2020

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a cumulative effect on physical, emotional, and social well‐being throughout the life course. ACEs also impact parenting practices, which may contribute to intergenerational cycles of trauma. Access to child mental health services and caregiver social support are two protective factors that may reduce the burden of ACEs. To advance understanding of the relationships between caregiver social support and child mental health services among caregivers with ACEs, we interviewed 13 caregivers of young children receiving outpatient mental health services. Thematic analysis revealed the integral role of therapeutic providers in the social support circles of caregivers with high ACE scores. Caregivers frequently named therapeutic providers as the first point of contact in a problem situation. Implications for social work research, clinical practice, and advocacy are discussed.
Five lessons to guide more effective biodiversity conservation message framing
Authors: Kusmanoff Alexander M. , Fidler Fiona , Gordon Ascelin , Garrard Georgia E. , Bekessy Sarah A.
Published: February 2020

Communication and advocacy approaches that influence attitudes and behaviors are key to addressing conservation problems, and the way an issue is framed can affect how people view, judge, and respond to an issue. Responses to conservation interventions can also be influenced by subtle wording changes in statements that may appeal to different values, activate social norms, influence a person's affect or mood, or trigger certain biases, each of which can differently influence the resulting engagement, attitudes, and behavior. We contend that by strategically considering how conservation communications are framed, they can be made more effective with little or no additional cost. Key framing considerations include, emphasizing things that matter to the audience, evoking helpful social norms, reducing psychological distance, leveraging useful biases, and, where practicable, testing messages. These lessons will help communicators think strategically about how to frame messages for greater effect.
Positioning human heritage at the center of conservation practice
Authors: Montgomery Robert A. , Borona Kendi , Kasozi Herbert , Mudumba Tutilo , Ogada Mordecai
Published: February 2020

Conservation projects subscribing to a community‐based paradigm have predominated in the 21st century. We examined the context in which the phrase was coined and traced its growth over time.Community‐based conservationfirst appeared in the literature in the early 1990s; but grew little until after the 5th World Parks Congress in 2003. Thereafter, publications describing community‐based conservation approaches increased exponentially. The conference theme was Benefits Beyond Boundaries, and its goal was to provide an economic model based on revenue accrued from conservation fundraising and ecotourism to support ecosystems, wildlife, and people, particularly in the Global South. Such models tended not to incorporate, as a core principle, the heritage of local human communities. Human heritage varies substantially over time and space making generalization of conservation principles across scales challenging. Pitfalls that have grown out of the community‐based conservation approaches in the Global South include fortress conservation, conservation militarism, consumptive and nonconsumptive ecotourism, and whiz‐bang solutions. We propose 10 tenets in a human heritage‐centered conservation framework (e.g., engage in conservation practices using local languages, thoughtfully propose and apply solutions consistent with human heritage, provide clear professional development pathways for individuals from local communities, and promote alternative revenue‐generating programs centered in local communities, among others). Progressive philosophies can derive from authentic and ethical integration of local communities in conservation practice.
Management strategies for patients with advanced rectal cancer and liver metastases using modified Delphi methodology: results from the PelvEx Collaborative
Authors:   PelvEx Collaborative
Published: February 2020

Aim

A total of 15–20% of patients with rectal cancer have liver metastases on presentation. The management of these patients is controversial. Heterogeneity in management strategies is considerable, with management often being dependent on local resources and available expertise.

Method

Members of the PelvEx Collaborative were invited to participate in the generation of a consensus statement on the optimal management of patients with advanced rectal cancer with liver involvement. Fifteen statements were created for topical discussion on diagnostic and management issues. Panellists were asked to vote on statements and anonymous feedback was given. A collaborative meeting was used to discuss any nuances and clarify any obscurity. Consensus was considered when > 85% agreement on a statement was achieved.

Results

A total of 135 participants were involved in the final round of the Delphi questionnaire. Nine of the 15 statements reached consensus regarding the management of patients with advanced rectal cancer and oligometastatic liver disease. Routine use of liver MRI was not recommended for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, unless there was concern for metastatic disease on initial computed tomography staging scan. Induction chemotherapy was advocated as first‐line treatment in those with synchronous liver metastases in locally advanced rectal cancer. In the presence of symptomatic primary disease, a diverting stoma may be required to facilitate induction chemotherapy. Overall, only one‐quarter of the panellists would consider simultaneous pelvic exenteration and liver resection.

Conclusion

This Delphi process highlights the diverse treatment of advanced rectal cancer with liver metastases and provides recommendations from an experienced international group regarding the multidisciplinary management approach.
The effectiveness, safety and compliance of Zheng’s supine rehabilitation exercise as a rehabilitation programme among elderly patients with AECOPD
Authors: Lu Haonan , Liu Ni , Hu Jie Ying , Wang Xinni , Li Youxia , Song Mali , Zhong Li Hong , He Wei , Chen RongChang , Zheng Zeguang
Published: February 2020

Purpose

We investigated the effectiveness, safety and compliance of Zheng’s Supine Rehabilitation Exercise (ZSRE) as a rehabilitation programme among elderly patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).

Patients and methods

About 82 elderly patients with AECOPD were divided into a rehabilitation group and control group on their admission day, and both groups received routine medical treatment. Patients in the rehabilitation group started ZSRE on the second day of admission and continued until 8 weeks after discharge.

Results

At the 9th week after discharge, the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), 6‐minute walking distance (6MWD) and Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) in the rehabilitation group were all significantly better than those in the control group (P < 0.01; P < 0.01; and P < 0.05, respectively). In the rehabilitation group, the CAT and 6MWD were significantly improved in the 9th week after discharge as compared with those at admission or discharge, and mMRC was significantly improved at the 9th week after discharge as compared with that at admission (all P < 0.01).

Conclusion

ZSRE can be performed by elderly patients with the acute exacerbation of severe or extremely severe COPD with high safety and compliance and was helpful for their recovery.
Omiganan Enhances Imiquimod‐Induced Inflammatory Responses in Skin of Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Niemeyer‐van der Kolk Tessa , Assil Salma , Buters Thomas P. , Rijsbergen Melanie , Klaassen Erica S. , Feiss Gary , Florencia Edwin , Prens Errol P. , Burggraaf Jacobus , van Doorn Martijn B.A. , Rissmann Robert , Moerland Matthijs
Published: February 2020

Omiganan (OMN; a synthetic cationic peptide) and imiquimod (IMQ; a TLR7 agonist) have synergistic effects on interferon responses in vitro. The objective of this study was to translate this to a human model for proof‐of‐concept, and to explore the potential of OMN add‐on treatment for viral skin diseases. Sixteen healthy volunteers received topical IMQ, OMN, or a combination of both for up to 4 days on tape‐stripped skin. Skin inflammation was quantified by laser speckle contrast imaging and 2D photography, and molecular and cellular responses were analyzed in biopsies. IMQ treatment induced an inflammatory response of the skin. Co‐treatment with OMN enhanced this inflammatory response to IMQ, with increases in perfusion (+17.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.6%–30%; P < 0.01) and erythema (+1.5; 95% CI 0.25%–2.83; P = 0.02). Interferon regulatory factor‐driven and NFκB‐driven responses following TLR7 stimulation were enhanced by OMN (increases in IL‐6, IL‐10, MXA, and IFNɣ), and more immune cell infiltration was observed (in particular CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ cells). These findings are in line with the earlier mechanistic in vitro data, and support evaluation of imiquimod/OMN combination therapy in human papillomavirus‐induced skin diseases.
Precision neuroimaging in cerebral palsy: are we there yet?
Authors: Mankad Kshitij
Published: February 2020

This commentary is on the original article by Crichton et al. on pages 615–624 of this issue.
Quantifying the coherence of development policy priorities
Authors: Guerrero Omar A. , Castañeda Gonzalo
Published: February 2020

Motivation

Over the last 30 years, the concept of policy coherence for development has attracted the attention of academics, practitioners and international organizations. However, its quantification and measurement remain elusive.

Research questions

To address this challenge, we develop a quantitative counterfactual‐based framework to measure the coherence of policy priorities for development.

Approach of methods

Our framework takes account of the country‐specific constraints facing governments in trying to reach development goals. We present a new definition of policy coherence that employs resource allocations as the baseline to construct a coherence index.

Results

We validate this coherence index by producing country‐specific estimates that are consistent with well‐known cases of development strategies, both successful and failed.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the limitations of assessing coherence in terms of benchmark comparisons using development‐indicator data. Our framework sheds new light in a promising direction to develop bespoke analytic tools to meet the 2030 Agenda.
Right coronary artery–right ventricular fistula complicated with infective endocarditis
Authors: Duan ShaSha , Shi YiLu , Zhang XiaoShan , Li ShuJuan , Sun ZhenTing
Published: February 2020

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a congenital disease in which a communication forms between one or more coronary arteries and a cardiac chamber or great vessel. We describe an infrequent case of right coronary artery (RCA) fistula into the right ventricle (RV) complicated by infective endocarditis in a child. The patient received echocardiography and contrast‐enhanced multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Surgical treatment was performed after management of the infection. Unfortunately, a residual fistula formed after surgery. However, interestingly, the residual fistula spontaneously resolved at one year after surgery. He is now in good condition and totally asymptomatic.
Exploring Heterogeneities with Geographically Weighted Quantile Regression: An Enhancement Based on the Bootstrap Approach
Authors: Chen Vivian Yi‐Ju , Yang Tse‐Chuan , Matthews Stephen A.
Published: February 2020

Geographically weighted quantile regression (GWQR) has been proposed as a spatial analytical technique to simultaneously explore two heterogeneities, one of spatial heterogeneity with respect to data relationships over space and one of response heterogeneity across different locations of the outcome distribution. However, one limitation of GWQR framework is that the existing inference procedures are established based on asymptotic approximation, which may suffer computation difficulties or yield incorrect estimates with finite samples. In this article, we suggest a bootstrap approach to address this limitation. Our bootstrap enhancement is first validated by a simulation experiment and then illustrated with an empirical U.S. mortality data. The results show that the bootstrap approach provides a practical alternative for inference in GWQR and enhances the utilization of GWQR.
Designing high‐performance colour cosmetics through optimization of powder flow characteristics
Authors: Liu X. , Drakontis C. , Amin S.
Published: February 2020

Objective

Explore the impact of powder flow properties such as flow energy and compressibility on the performance characteristics of foundation powders such as cake strength and pay‐off.

Methods

FT4 Powder Rheometer from Freeman Technology was utilized to explore various powder compositions. The three major tests performed were flowability test, compressibility test and shear cell test.

Results

The results highlight that the sample which has higher compressibility has the better cake strength, and the sample which requires lower total energy has better pay‐off. Particles or samples with lower total flow energy, should have easier flow, therefore, should have better pay‐off. Samples and components with higher compressibility, should hold the structure better, therefore, should have better cake strength. Talc has the highest compressibility and lowest flow energy. Foundation sample 5 has the highest concentration of talc and also has the best performance.

Conclusion

The lower the total flow energy, the easier it is for the powder to flow, and have better pay‐off. Powder compressibility correlates with cake strength which means that a sample with better compressibility consequently has the better cake strength. Samples 5 and 10 require less total flow energy, have lower shear stress, and higher compressibility, therefore, have better final performance. Both samples 5 and 10 have higher talc concentrations compared to other formulations.
Biological dermal templates with native collagen scaffolds provide guiding ridges for invading cells and may promote structured dermal wound healing
Authors: Dill Veronika , Mörgelin Matthias
Published: February 2020

Dermal substitutes are of major importance in treating full thickness skin defects. They come in a variety of materials manufactured into various forms, such as films, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, sponges, membranes, and electrospun micro‐ and nanofibers. Bioactive dermal substitutes act in wound healing either by delivery of bioactive compounds or by being constructed from materials having endogenous activity. The healing success rate is highly determined by cellular and physiological processes at the host‐biomaterial interface during crucial wound healing steps. Hence, it is important to design appropriate wound treatment strategies with the ability to work actively with tissues and cells to enhance healing. Therefore, in this study, we investigated biological dermal templates and their potential to stimulate natural cell adherence, guidance, and morphology. The most pronounced effect was observed in biomaterials with the highest content of native collagen networks. Cell attachment and proliferation were significantly enhanced on native collagen scaffolds. Cell morphology was more asymmetrical on such scaffolds, resembling native in vivo structures. Importantly, considerably lower expression of myofibroblast phenotype was observed on native collagen scaffolds. Our data suggest that this treatment strategy might be beneficial for the wound environment, with the potential to promote improved tissue regeneration and reduce abnormal scar formation.
Paternal mental health during the perinatal period: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Shorey Shefaly , Chan Valerie
Published: February 2020

Aims

To examine fathers’ experiences and needs associated with mental health during the perinatal period.

Design

Qualitative studies were meta‐synthesized using the steps outlined by Sandelowski and Barroso.

Data sources

Six databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus and ProQuest) were searched for qualitative studies from each database's inception to 24 June 2019.

Review methods

Studies were critically appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool. Qualitative data were extracted, meta‐summarized, then meta‐synthesized.

Results

Fourteen studies were included and four themes were identified: (a) negative feelings and psychological difficulties, (b) role strain and role conflict with multiple sources, (c) coping strategies that buffered negative feelings and psychological difficulties and (d) support needs to enhance mental health.

Conclusion

Fathers reported poor mental health and expressed needs to enhance their mental health across the perinatal period. Future studies can focus specifically on paternal mental health. The development of theory‐guided, family inclusive, technology‐based healthcare services are needed to manage mental health. Healthcare providers can promote positive mental health to prepare fathers, increasing their awareness to manage their mental health and to seek timely help.

Impact

Problem‐focused coping (i.e. support and problem‐solving with partners and childcare involvement) helped fathers to buffer their negative feelings and psychological difficulties. Future studies should focus on paternal mental health rather than on general fathering experiences. Healthcare providers should focus on promoting positive mental health and well‐being. Policymakers should create awareness on paternal mental health across the perinatal period.
Fate of Listeria on various food contact and noncontact surfaces when treated with bacteriophage
Authors: Reinhard Robert G. , Kalinowski Robin M. , Bodnaruk Peter W. , Eifert Joseph D. , Boyer Renee R. , Duncan Susan E. , Bailey R. Hartford
Published: February 2020

Study objective was to determine efficacy of a bacteriophage suspension against Listeria spp. when applied to three common types of materials used in food manufacturing facilities. Materials included two food contact materials (stainless steel and polyurethane thermoplastic belting) and one noncontact material (epoxy flooring). Coupons of each material were inoculated with a cocktail containing L. monocytogenes and L. innocua (4 to 5‐log10 CFU/cm2). Two phage concentrations and a control, 0, 2 × 107 and 1 × 108 PFU/cm2 were evaluated. Treated samples were held at 4 or 20°C for 1 and 3 hr to determine the effect of temperature and treatment time. Reductions in Listeria populations ranged from 1.27 to 3.33 log10 CFU/cm2 on stainless steel, from 1.17 to 2.76 log10 CFU/cm2 on polyurethane thermoplastic belting, and from 1.19 to 1.76 log10 CFU/cm2 on epoxy resin flooring. Higher phage concentration (1 × 108 PFU/cm2), longer treatment time (3 hr), and processing area temperature of 20°C showed a greater (p ≤ .05) reduction of Listeria on the stainless‐steel and polyurethane thermoplastic belting coupons. Overall, Listeria reduction by phage treatment occurred on all three materials tested, under all conditions.
Improving Glycemic Control in African Americans With Diabetes and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Rovner Barry W. , Casten Robin J. , Piersol Catherine Verrier , White Neva , Kelley Megan , Leiby Benjamin E.
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Improving glycemic control in older African Americans with diabetes and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is important as the population ages and becomes more racially diverse.

DESIGN

Randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Recruitment from primary care practices of an urban academic medical center. Community‐based treatment delivery.

PARTICIPANTS

Older African Americans with MCI, low medication adherence, and poor glycemic control (N = 101).

INTERVENTIONS

Occupational therapy (OT) behavioral intervention and diabetes self‐management education.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary outcome was a reduction in hemoglobin A1c level of at least 0.5% at 6 months, with maintenance effects assessed at 12 months.

RESULTS

At 6 months, 25 of 41 (61.0%) OT participants and 22 of 46 (48.2%) diabetes self‐management education participants had a reduction in hemoglobin A1c level of at least 0.5%. The model‐estimated rates were 58% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 45%‐75%) and 48% (95% CI = 36%‐64%), respectively (relative risk [RR] = 1.21; 95% CI = 0.84‐1.75; P = .31). At 12 months, the respective rates were 21 of 39 (53.8%) OT participants and 24 of 49 (49.0%) diabetes self‐management education participants. The model‐estimated rates were 50% (95% CI = 37%‐68%) and 48% (95% CI = 36%‐64%), respectively (RR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.70‐1.57; P = .81).

CONCLUSION

Both interventions improved glycemic control in older African Americans with MCI and poor glycemic control. This result reinforces the American Diabetes Associationʼs recommendation to assess cognition in older persons with diabetes and demonstrates the potential to improve glycemic control in this high‐risk population. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1015–1022, 2020
Chronic Disease Decision Making and “What Matters Most”
Authors: Fried Terri R. , Street Richard L. , Cohen Andrew B.
Published: February 2020

The increasing use of the question, “What matters most to you?” is a welcome development in the effort to provide patient‐centered care. However, it is difficult for clinicians to translate answers to this question into treatment plans for chronic conditions, including recognizing when to consider options other than clinical practice guideline (CPG)–directed therapy. Goal elicitation is most helpful when a patient has different treatment options with clearly identifiable trade‐offs. In the face of trade‐offs, goal elicitation helps patients to prioritize among potentially competing outcomes. While decision aids (DAs) focus on trade‐offs by delineating options and outcomes, the robust outcome data necessary to create DAs for older patients with multimorbidity are often lacking and even mild cognitive impairment makes the use of DAs difficult. The challenges for providing chronic disease care to older patients who are at risk for adverse events from CPG‐directed therapy because of multimorbidity and/or frailty are to organize the complexity of individual combinations of diseases, conditions, and syndromes into common sets of trade‐offs and to identify those goals or priorities that will directly inform a plan of care. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:474–477, 2020
Retrospective photographic review of nontattoo indications treated by picosecond laser
Authors: Mehrabi Joseph N. , Friedman Or , Al‐Niaimi Firas , Artzi Ofir
Published: February 2020

Background

Picosecond (PS) lasers were approved by the US FDA in 2012 after being shown to remove tattoos with more success and fewer treatments compared with traditional methods. PS lasers were shown to be versatile, indicated for the treatment of lentigines, café‐au‐lait macules (CALMs), and acne scars and skin rejuvenation.

Objective

We report our experience treating our patients for different indications using a PS laser.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart and photographic review of all patients seen between 2016 and 2018 that were treated in our centers with a PS laser for nontattoo indications. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using side‐by‐side comparisons of the clinical photographs by two blinded, independent physicians using a visual analog scale consisting of six levels of treatment response.

Results

A total of 233 patients were studied. Most sought treatment for solar lentigo (27%) and skin rejuvenation (14%). Epidermal nevi exhibited the greatest improvement with treatment, while acne scarring demonstrated the least. Only 24% of patients experienced noteworthy, transient adverse effects.

Conclusion

Picosecond lasers were efficacious and safe for a variety of indications. They were effective in treating epidermal nevi and pigmented lesions, such as Lentigines and CALMs.
Effect of monoterpenes on ex vivo transungual delivery of itraconazole for the management of onychomycosis
Authors: Abdollahi Diba , Jafariazar Zahra , Afshar Minoo
Published: February 2020

Background

Onychomycosis, a fungal nail infection, is an important problem as it may cause local pain, paresthesia, difficulties in performing activities of daily life, and impair social interactions. Systemic treatment of onychomycosis presents safety issues due to possible drug‐drug interactions and severe side effects. Although topical therapy of onychomycosis is advantageous due to its localized effect, the efficacy of such therapy depends on achieving effective concentrations of antifungal agents at the infection site. An approach to reach to this end would be driving benefit from synergic activity of antifungal agents for example itraconazole and monoterpenes. However, because of low transungual penetration of itraconazole, a molecule with high molecular weight and very low water‐solubility, the effect of the latter compounds on itraconazole nail delivery should be investigated, which was the aim of this study.

Methods

Ex vivo permeation experiments were carried out through soaking the nail clippings of ten healthy volunteers in control and working solutions containing itraconazole (1 mg mL−1) and itraconazole (1 mg mL−1) plus 6% of each monoterpene including camphor, eucalyptol, menthol, and thymol, respectively, for 36 hours. The amount of itraconazole in nail clippings was quantified hereafter using a validated HPLC method.

Results

Statistical analysis showed that itraconazole transungual permeation was not influenced by the studied monoterpenes (P value > .05).

Conclusion

These results provided a new perspective for designing topical dosage forms for the treatment of onychomycosis.