bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Performance Green Composites for Green Technologies
Authors: Schledjewski Ralf , Lloret Pertegas Silvia , Blößl Yannick , Anusic Andrea , Resch-Fauster Katharina , Mahendran Arunjunai Raj , Wuzella Günter
Published: July 2017

Composite materials do offer freedom to design a material fitting best to the requirements of a given application. In case of fiber reinforced polymers especially the low weight in combination with other favorable properties, e.g. high mechanical performance, are the driving force for their application. Materials from renewable resources are of high interest if sustainability is aimed. In this paper, in a holistic approach a green composite is aimed to be used in a rotor blade for wind energy production. The challenging topic for this approach is to identify a possibility to gain a thermoset resin being really green, i.e. based on renewable resources and being not critical, e.g. toxic, at any stage of the whole processing chain. For this purpose several different approaches are studied and compared with other solutions based on green resin systems from other resources and conventional petrochemical based resin systems. A hemp seed oil based epoxy resin has been tested successfully. But to be completely free of petrochemicals, bio-based hardener and catalysts are still an open topic. For manufacturing of a rotor blade an infusion process has been used and it was found, a through thickness impregnation of the natural fiber yarn based textile structure results in entrapped air. Only in-plane saturation delivered completely impregnated structures.
Development of Bio-Based Self-Reinforced PLA Composites
Authors: Köhler Thomas , Gries Thomas , Seide Gunnar
Published: July 2017

Self-reinforced polymer composites (SRPCs) are receiving increasing attention by the industry for lightweight applications. The polymers used for SRPCs today are derived from fossil resources. However, due to a limitation of resources, interest is growing regarding the use of new alternatives for petrol based polymers in form of bio-based ones. SRPCs combine high stiffness, high impact and high durability with impairing recyclability. In SRPCs the same polymer is used for the reinforcing and matrix phases. SRPCs can be manufactured by commingling reinforcing and matrix fibres with different melting temperatures. The use of commingled yarns allows the combination of a large variety of fibres and therefore a wide range of material properties.
Processing of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers towards High Performance Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Singer Gerald , Rennhofer Harald , Sinn Gerhard , Unterlass Miriam M. , Wendrinsky Josef , Windberger Ursula , Lichtenegger Helga C.
Published: July 2017

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are promising composite materials for high-performance and lightweight applications, gaining increasing interest in aerospace and automotive industries. Epoxy thermosets are frequently used as polymer matrices of CFRPs, which are usually responsible for failure of the composite. In this work different types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) are added to the epoxy resin to improve mechanical properties of the whole CFRP composite. The dispersion of the fillers on a three-roll mill (TRM) is shown comparing their dispersion behavior in the resin. Results of increased modulus and strength of the hierarchical composite in four-point bending tests are presented.
Non-Destructive Determination of Residual Stress Depth Profiles of Hybrid Components by Energy Dispersive Residual Stress Measurement
Authors: Breidenstein Bernd , Denkena Berend , Mörke Tobias , Prasanthan Vannila
Published: July 2017

Through the combination of two or more materials to one compound, for example high-strength steel and aluminum, hybrid massive components can be manufactured, whose properties are specially adapted to the respective application. One of the challenges is the joining zone which is influenced by machining induced residual stresses. In order to examine the residual stress modifications by the machining process and in addition to analyze the influence of these residual stress gradients on the lifespan of hybrid components a non-destructive method of measuring depth-resolved residual stress is necessary. Therefore, an innovative energy dispersive X-ray measurement technique is used in the collaborative research center 1153 (CRC 1153). In this study the suitability of the method is examined by comparing the results with the angle dispersive method both in machined front surface of mono materials and hybrid shafts. A parametrical study shows the possibility to get greater depth information by variation of the measuring parameters Bragg angle, tilting angle, collimator and current. In addition, the results of the energy dispersive method combined with electrolytic removal is shown. Based on these results the evaluation of the reliability and reproducibility of energy dispersive residual stress measurements is completed.
Eletrochemical Behavior of Hot Swaged and Aged Ti-12Mo-13Nb Alloy
Authors: Borborema Sinara Gabriel , Santos Gabriel Feliciano , Siqueira de Novais Artur da Silva , Lamarca Raphaela Paciello de Souza , Nunes Carlos Angelo , Mei Paulo Roberto , dos Santos Iranildes , Araújo Leonardo Sales , de Almeida Luiz Henrique
Published: July 2017

Recent studies have focused on the development of metastable beta-type Ti alloys with non-toxic elements such as Nb, Ta, Mo and Zr for biomedical applications. These alloys present low modulus, good mechanical compatibility and good corrosion resistance. Moreover, the processing variables can be controlled to produce microstructures with specific properties. In this regard, the objective of this work was to analyze the electrochemical behavior of Ti-13Nb-12Mo alloy hot forged and aged at 500 °C/24 h. The microstructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The corrosion tests were carried out under a NaCl solution at a temperature of 25 °C. The results showed that under the conditions studied Ti-12Mo-13Nb alloy exhibited passivation, which is desirable for corrosion resistance. Therefore the alloy is a potential alternative for the of Ti-6Al-4V used in orthopedic implants.
Influence of Composite Nano-Coating of Ni-Co-SiC Obtained by Electrodeposition on the Corrosion Resistance of API 5L X80 Steel
Authors: Pereira Roseana Florentino da Costa , de Oliveira Edkarlla Sousa Dantas , Alves e Silva Diogo Lins , Ribeiro Andrêssa Souza , de Araújo Filho Oscar Olimpio , de Andrade e Lima Maria Alice Gomes , Urtiga Filho Severino Leopoldino
Published: July 2017

Corrosion problems are frequent and occur in various sectors of industries, resulting consequences of economic order and serious accidents involving human lives and contaminating the environment. The electrodeposition is one of the most popular methods for preventing corrosion, where the Ni-Co metal matrix has been widely applied. The incorporation of SiC nano-particles in electrochemical baths produces nanocomposite coatings to synergistic properties with potential application in anti-corrosion protection. The objective of this work was to develop the Ni-Co-SiC nano-coating electrodeposited on API 5L X80 steel and evaluate the corrosion resistance. Open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) measurements were performed in 3.5% NaCl solution. To correlate with corrosion behavior, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDXS) and Vickers micro-hardness tests on the nano-coating were performed.
Optimizing Direct Membrane and Direct Skin Feeding Assays for Plasmodium falciparum Transmission-Blocking Vaccine Trials in Bancoumana, Mali
Authors: Coulibaly Mamadou B. , Gabriel Erin E. , Sinaba Youssouf , Sylla Daman , Sacko Adama , Sylla Lakamy , Coulibaly Boubacar , Hume Jen C. C. , Baber Ibrahima , Assadou Mahamadoun H. , Sagara Issaka , Wu Yimin , Healy Sara A. , Doumbo Ogobara , Traore Sekou F. , Duffy Patrick E.
Published: July 2017

Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV) have been evaluated in field trials in Mali since 2013. However, the assays currently used to measure serum antibody TB activity (TBA) after vaccination are highly variable, in part due to the lack of optimization and standardization for field assays in which mosquitoes feed on gametocytemic blood. Herein, we report a study conducted in Bancoumana village, Mali, where we identify and optimize the parameters that contribute to successful mosquito feeding outcomes in both direct skin feeds (DSFs) and direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA). These parameters include: 1) mosquito age, 2) duration of mosquito starvation prior to feeding, 3) membrane selection for DMFA, 4) anatomical location of DSF feeding (arm, calf, and ankle), and 5) time of day for DSF (dawn or dusk). We found that younger mosquitoes were significantly associated with higher feeding, survival, and infection rates. Longer starvation times were positively, but not significantly, associated with higher infection rates, but were negatively associated with feeding and survival. Membrane type and body location did not affect infection outcome significantly. Although dusk was found to be associated with higher infection rates, this may be confounded by the time from positive blood smear. Based on these findings, we make specific recommendations for optimal feeding parameters in the different assay types to maximize the chance of detecting parasite transmission in a standardized manner.
Fatal Leptospira spp./Zika Virus Coinfection—Puerto Rico, 2016
Authors: Neaterour Paige , Rivera Aidsa , Galloway Renee L. , Negrón Myriam Garcia , Rivera-Garcia Brenda , Sharp Tyler M.
Published: July 2017

Coinfection with pathogens that cause acute febrile illness (AFI) can complicate patient diagnosis and management. This report describes a fatal case of Leptospira spp./Zika virus (ZIKV) coinfection in Puerto Rico. The patient presented with a 5-day history of AFI; reported behavioral risk factors for leptospirosis; was diagnosed with possible leptospirosis, dengue, chikungunya, or ZIKV disease; and received appropriate treatment for leptospirosis and dengue. Following a 3-day hospitalization, the patient died due to acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and kidney and liver failure. Serologic diagnostic testing for leptospirosis and ZIKV disease was negative; however, molecular diagnostic testing performed postmortem was positive for detection of Leptospira spp. and ZIKV nucleic acid. This case demonstrates the need for continued clinical awareness of leptospirosis in areas experiencing outbreaks of pathogens that cause AFI and the need for evaluation of coinfection with AFI-causing pathogens as a risk factor for increased severity of disease.
Lessons from Zhu Xi’s Views on Inquiry and Learning for Contemporary Advanced Humanities Education and Research
Authors: THOMPSON Kirill Ole
Published: July 2017

We are bearing witness to the rapid rise of a brave new world of education as flashy websites and interactive software replace individual study and classroom lectures. The expansion of college lecture halls has been stretched thin with video lessons and distance learning, and the siren call of massive open online courses (MOOCs) by star Ivy League professors renders the traditional classroom barren in the eyes of savvy students who have the system pegged.Several questions arise in this context. Can the students of today receive a college education in the full sense? Does learning still have the same quality without close interactions with teachers and classmates in small to medium sized classrooms? Does research hold the same significance today when much of the work is done and so much information supplied by computers? What lessons do Zhu Xi’s teachings on inquiry and learning have for this educational world of e-texts and cyber-lessons? While not a Luddite tract, the present study raises questions and concerns about the goals and conduct of higher education today which, as Heisenberg avers, should not only aim at transmitting knowledge understood in set ways, but also at inculcating new ways of thinking and understanding.A college education, as Zhu Xi holds for “advanced learning”, is as much about cultivating a thoughtful, responsible person as producing a professional expert. Such education should include cultivating a student’s sensitivity, logic, and judgment, as well as knowledge about humanity, society, and the world. It is often forgotten that such sensitivity, logic, knowledge, and commitment not only make the student more thoughtful and responsible, in short more self-conscious, but also give her additional perspectives and enhance her professional expertise.
Early maladaptive schemas in individuals
with and without B cluster personality disorders
Authors: Khodarahimi Siamak
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this research was to examine the role of early maladaptive schemas in patients with and without B cluster personality disorders, based on gender, age and educational status. The sample consisted of 150 Iranian outpatients with borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders and controls, who were selected through the purposive sampling method. A demographic questionnaire and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) were used in this study. The results demonstrated that patients with B cluster personality disorders had significantly higher levels of early maladaptive schemas than the control group. A significant effect was found with regards to gender in relation to early maladaptive schemas. The findings did not support the influence of age or educational level in early maladaptive schemas.
Characteristics of Solar Wind Density Depletions During Solar Cycles 23 and
24
Authors: Park Keunchan , Lee Jeongwoo , Yi Yu , Lee Jaejin , Sohn Jongdae
Published: July 2017

Solar wind density depletions are phenomena that solar wind density is rapidly
decreased and keep the state. They are generally believed to be caused by the
interplanetary (IP) shocks. However, there are other cases that are hardly associated
with IP shocks. We set up a hypothesis for this phenomenon and analyze this study. We
have collected the solar wind parameters such as density, speed and interplanetary
magnetic field (IMF) data related to the solar wind density depletion events during the
period from 1996 to 2013 that are obtained with the advanced composition explorer (ACE)
and the Wind satellite. We also calculate two pressures (magnetic, dynamic) and analyze
the relation with density depletion. As a result, we found total 53 events and the most
these phenomena’s sources caused by IP shock are interplanetary coronal mass ejection
(ICME). We also found that solar wind density depletions are scarcely related with IP
shock’s parameters. The solar wind density is correlated with solar wind dynamic
pressure within density depletion. However, the solar wind density has an little
anti-correlation with IMF strength during all events of solar wind density depletion,
regardless of the presence of IP shocks. Additionally, In 47 events of IP shocks, we
find 6 events that show a feature of blast wave. The quantities of IP shocks are weaker
than blast wave from the Sun, they are declined in a short time after increasing
rapidly. We thus argue that IMF strength or dynamic pressure are an important factor in
understanding the nature of solar wind density depletion. Since IMF strength and solar
wind speed varies with solar cycle, we will also investigate the characteristics of
solar wind density depletion events in different phases of solar cycle as an additional
clue to their physical nature.
A Deep Space Orbit Determination Software: Overview and Event Prediction
Capability
Authors: Kim Youngkwang , Park Sang-Young , Lee Eunji , Kim Minsik
Published: July 2017

This paper presents an overview of deep space orbit determination software
(DSODS), as well as validation and verification results on its event prediction
capabilities. DSODS was developed in the MATLAB object-oriented programming environment
to support the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) mission. DSODS has three major
capabilities: celestial event prediction for spacecraft, orbit determination with deep
space network (DSN) tracking data, and DSN tracking data simulation. To achieve its
functionality requirements, DSODS consists of four modules: orbit propagation (OP),
event prediction (EP), data simulation (DS), and orbit determination (OD) modules. This
paper explains the highest-level data flows between modules in event prediction, orbit
determination, and tracking data simulation processes. Furthermore, to address the event
prediction capability of DSODS, this paper introduces OP and EP modules. The role of the
OP module is to handle time and coordinate system conversions, to propagate spacecraft
trajectories, and to handle the ephemerides of spacecraft and celestial bodies.
Currently, the OP module utilizes the General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT) as a
third-party software component for highfidelity deep space propagation, as well as time
and coordinate system conversions. The role of the EP module is to predict celestial
events, including eclipses, and ground station visibilities, and this paper presents the
functionality requirements of the EP module. The validation and verification results
show that, for most cases, event prediction errors were less than 10 millisec when
compared with flight proven mission analysis tools such as GMAT and Systems Tool Kit
(STK). Thus, we conclude that DSODS is capable of predicting events for the KPLO in real
mission applications.
Estimation of the Latitude, the Gnomon’s Length and Position About
Sinbeop-Jipyeong-Ilgu in the Late of Joseon Dynasty
Authors: Mihn Byeong-Hee , Lee Yong Sam , Kim Sang Hyuk , Choi Won-Ho , Ham Seon Young
Published: July 2017

In this study, the characteristics of a horizontal sundial from the Joseon
Dynasty were investigated. Korea’s Treasure No. 840 (T840) is a Western-style horizontal
sundial where hour-lines and solar-term-lines are engraved. The inscription of this
sundial indicates that the latitude (altitude of the north celestial pole) is 37° 39’,
but the gnomon is lost. In the present study, the latitude of the sundial and the length
of the gnomon were estimated based only on the hour-lines and solar-termlines of the
horizontal sundial. When statistically calculated from the convergent point obtained by
extending the hourlines, the latitude of this sundial was 37° 15’ ± 26’, which showed a
24’ difference from the record of the inscription. When it was also assumed that a
convergent point is changeable, the estimation of the sundial’s latitude was found to be
sensitive to the variation of this point. This study found that T840 used a vertical
gnomon, that is, perpendicular to the horizontal plane, rather than an inclined
triangular gnomon, and a horn-shaped mark like a vertical gnomon is cut on its surface.
The length of the gnomon engraved on the artifact was 43.1 mm, and in the present study
was statistically calculated as 43.7 ± 0.7 mm. In addition, the position of the gnomon
according to the original inscription and our calculation showed an error of 0.3 mm.
A Study on an Analysis and Design of the Internal Structure of
Heumgyeonggak-nu
Authors: Kim Sang Hyuk , Yun Yong-Hyun , Ham Seon Young , Mihn Byeong-Hee , Ki Ho-Chul , Yoon Myung-Kyoon
Published: July 2017

In this study, the internal structure of a Heumgyeonggak-nu (欽敬閣漏) was designed,
and the power transmission mechanism was analyzed. Heumgyeonggak-nu is an automated
water clock from the Joseon Dynasty that was installed within Heumgyeonggak (欽敬閣), and
it was manufactured in the 20th year of the reign of King Sejong (1438). As descriptions
of Heumgyeonggak-nu in ancient literature have mostly focused on its external shape, the
study of its internal mechanism has been difficult. A detailed analysis of the
literature record on Heumgyeonggak-nu (e.g., The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty) indicates
that Heumgyeonggaknu had a three-stage water clock, included a waterfall or tilting
vessel (欹器) using the overflowed water, and displayed the time using a ball. In this
study, the Cheonhyeong apparatus, water wheel, scoop, and various mechanism wheels were
designed so that 16 fixed-type scoops could operate at a constant speed for the water
wheel with a diameter of 100 cm. As the scoop can contain 1.25 l of water and the water
wheel rotates 61 times a day, a total of 1,220 l of water is required. Also, the power
gear wheel was designed as a 366-tooth gear, which supported the operation of the time
signal gear wheel. To implement the movement of stars on the celestial sphere, the
rotation ratio of the celestial gear wheel to the diurnal motion gear ring was set to
366:365. In addition, to operate the sun movement apparatus on the ecliptic, a gear
device was installed on the South Pole axis. It is expected that the results of this
study can be used for the manufacture and restoration of the operation model of
Heumgyeonggak-nu.
Spatial Configuration of Stars Around Three Metal-poor Globular Clusters in the
Galatic Bulge, NGC 6266, NGC 6273, and NGC 6681 : Surface Density Map and Radial Density
Profile
Authors: Han Mihwa , Chun Sang-Hyun , Choudhury Samyaday , Chiang Howoo , Lee Sowon , Sohn Young-Jong
Published: July 2017

We present extra-tidal features of spatial configuration of stars around three
metal-poor globular clusters (NGC 6266, NGC 6273, NGC 6681) located in the Galactic
bulge. The wide-field photometric data were obtained in BVI bands with the MOSAIC II
camera at CTIO 4 m Blanco telescope. The derived color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) contain
stars in a total 71’×71’area including a cluster and its surrounding field outside of
the tidal radius of the cluster. Applying statistical filtering technique, we minimized
the field star contaminations on the obtained cluster CMDs and extracted the cluster
members. On the spatial stellar density maps around the target clusters, we found
overdensity features beyond the tidal radii of the clusters. We also found that the
radial density profiles of the clusters show departures from the best-fit King model for
their outer regions which support the overdensity patterns.
Temperature dependent rate coefficients for the reactions of the hydroxyl radical with the atmospheric biogenics isoprene, α-pinene and Δ-3-carene
Authors: Dillon Terry J. , Dulitz Katrin , Gross Christoph M. B. , Crowley John N.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Abstract. Pulsed laser methods for OH generation and detection were used to study atmospheric degradation reactions for three important biogenic gases: OH + isoprene (R1); OH + α-pinene (R2); and OH + Δ-3-carene (R3). Gas-phase rate coefficients were characterised by non-Arrhenius kinetics for all three reactions. For (R1), k1 (241–356 K) = (1.93 ± 0.08) × 10−11 exp (466 ± 12)/T cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was determined, with a room temperature value of k1 (297 K) = (9.3 ± 0.4) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, independent of bath-gas pressure (5–200 Torr) and composition (M = N2 or air). Accuracy and precision were enhanced by online optical monitoring of isoprene, with absolute concentrations obtained via an absorption cross-section, σisoprene = (1.28 ± 0.06) × 10−17 cm2 molecule−1 at λ = 184.95 nm, determined in this work. These results indicate that significant discrepancies between previous absolute and relative rate determinations of k1 result in part from σ values used to derive the isoprene concentration. Similar methods were used to determine rate coefficients (in 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) for (R2–R3): k2 (238–357 K) = (1.83 ± 0.04) × exp (330 ± 6)/T; and k3 (235–357 K) = (2.48 ± 0.14) × exp (357 ± 17)/T. This is the first temperature-dependent dataset for (R3) and enables the calculation of reliable atmospheric lifetimes with respect to OH removal for e.g. boreal forest springtime conditions. Room temperature values of k2 (296 K) = (5.4 ± 0.2) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k3 (297 K) = (8.1 ± 0.3) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 were independent of bath-gas pressure (7–200 Torr, N2 or air), and in good agreement with previously reported values. In the course of this work, 184.95 nm absorption cross-sections were determined: σ = (1.54 ± 0.08) × 10−17cm 2 molecule−1 for α-pinene and (2.40 ± 0.12) × 10−17  cm2 molecule−1 for Δ-3-carene.
Evaluation and environmental correction of ambient CO2 measurements from a low-cost NDIR sensor
Authors: Martin Cory R. , Zeng Ning , Karion Anna , Dickerson Russell R. , Ren Xinrong , Turpie Bari N. , Weber Kristy J.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) sensors are a low-cost way to observe carbon dioxide concentrations in air, but their specified accuracy and precision are not sufficient for some scientific applications. An initial evaluation of six SenseAir K30 carbon dioxide NDIR sensors in a lab setting showed that without any calibration or correction, the sensors have an individual root mean square error (RMSE) between  ∼ 5 and 21 parts per million (ppm) compared to a research-grade greenhouse gas analyzer using cavity enhanced laser absorption spectroscopy. Through further evaluation, after correcting for environmental variables with coefficients determined through a multivariate linear regression analysis, the calculated difference between the each of six individual K30 NDIR sensors and the higher-precision instrument had an RMSE of between 1.7 and 4.3 ppm for 1 min data. The median RMSE improved from 9.6 for off-the-shelf sensors to 1.9 ppm after correction and calibration, demonstrating the potential to provide useful information for ambient air monitoring.
The tilt-effect in DOAS observations
Authors: Lampel Johannes , Wang Yang , Hilboll Andreas , Beirle Steffen , Sihler Holger , Puķīte Janis , Platt Ulrich , Wagner Thomas
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Experience of differential atmospheric absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) shows that a spectral shift between measurement and reference spectrum is frequently required in order to achieve optimal fit results, while the straight forward calculation of the optical density proves inferior. The shift is often attributed to temporal instabilities of the instrument, but implicitly solved the problem of the tilt-effect discussed/explained in this paper. Spectral positions of Fraunhofer and molecular absorption lines are systematically shifted for different measurement geometries due to an overall slope – or tilt – of the intensity spectrum. The phenomenon has become known as tilt effect for limb satellite observations, where it is corrected for in a first order approximation, whereas the remaining community is less aware of its cause and consequences. It is caused by the measurement process because atmospheric absorption and convolution in the spectrometer do not commute. Highly resolved spectral structures in the spectrum first will be modified by absorption and scattering processes in the atmosphere. before they are recorded with a spectrometer, which convolves it with a specific instrument function. In the DOAS spectral evaluation process, however, the polynomial (or other function used for this purpose) accounting for broadband absorption is applied after the convolution is performed. In this paper, we derive that changing the order of the two modifications of the spectra leads to different results. Assuming typical geometries for the observations of scattered sunlight and a spectral resolution of 0.6 nm, this effect can be interpreted as a spectral shift of up to 1.5 pm, which is confirmed in actual the analysis of the ground based measurements of scattered sunlight as well as in numerical radiative transfer simulations. If no spectral shift is allowed by the fitting routine, residual structures of up to 2.5 × 10−3 peak-to-peak are observed. Thus, this effect needs to be considered for DOAS application aiming at RMS of the residual of 10−3 and below.
Characterisation of the artificial neural network CiPS for cirrus
cloud remote sensing with MSG/SEVIRI
Authors: Strandgren Johan , Fricker Jennifer , Bugliaro Luca
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Cirrus clouds remain one of the key uncertainties in atmospheric research. To better understand the properties and physical processes of cirrus clouds, accurate large scale observations from satellites are required. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proved to be a useful tool for cirrus cloud remote sensing. Since physics is not implemented explicitly in ANNs, a thorough characterisation of the networks is necessary. In this paper the CiPS (Cirrus Properties from SEVIRI) algorithm is characterised using the space-borne lidar CALIOP. CiPS is composed of a set of ANNs for the cirrus cloud detection, opacity identification and the corresponding cloud top height, ice optical thickness and ice water path retrieval from the imager SEVIRI aboard the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation satellites. First, the retrieval accuracy is characterised with respect to different land surface types. The retrieval works best over water as well as vegetated surfaces, whereas a surface covered by permanent snow & ice or barren reduces the cirrus detection ability and increases the retrieval errors for the ice optical thickness and ice water path if the cirrus cloud is thin. Second, the retrieval accuracy is characterised with respect to the vertical arrangement of liquid, ice clouds and aerosol layers as derived from CALIOP lidar data. The CiPS retrievals show little interference from liquid water clouds and aerosol layers below an observed cirrus cloud. Only for thin cirrus clouds with an optical thickness below 0.3 or ice water path below 5.0 gm−2, a liquid water cloud vertically close or adjacent to the cirrus clearly increases the average retrieval errors for the ice optical thickness and ice water path respectively. For the cloud top height retrieval, only aerosol layers affect the retrieval error, with an increased positive bias when the cirrus is at low altitudes. Third, the CiPS retrieval error is characterised with respect to the properties of the investigated cirrus cloud (ice optical thickness and cloud top height). On average CiPS can retrieve the cirrus cloud top height with a relative error around 8 % and no bias and the ice optical thickness with a relative error around 50 % and bias around 10% for the most common combinations of cloud top height and ice optical thickness. Similarities with physically based retrieval methods are evident, which implies that even though the retrieval methods differ in the physical implementation, the retrievals behave similarly due to physical constraints. Finally, we also show that the ANN retrievals have a low sensitivity to radiometric noise in the SEVIRI observations. For optical thickness and ice water path the relative uncertainty due to noise is less than 10 % down to sub-visual cirrus. For the cloud top height retrieval the uncertainty due to noise is around 100 m for all cloud top heights.
Earth system model simulations show different carbon cycle
feedback strengths under glacial and interglacial conditions
Authors: Adloff Markus , Reick Christian H. , Claussen Martin
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In Earth system model simulations we find different carbon cycle sensitivities for recent and glacial climate. This result is obtained by comparing the transient response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to a fast and strong atmospheric CO2 concentration increase (roughly 1000ppm) in C4MIP type simulations starting from climate conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and from Pre-Industrial times (PI). The sensitivity β to CO2 fertilization is larger in the LGM experiment during most of the simulation time: The fertilization effect leads to a terrestrial carbon gain in the LGM experiment almost twice as large as in the PI experiment. The larger fertilization effect in the LGM experiment is caused by the stronger initial CO2 limitation of photosynthesis, implying a stronger potential for its release upon CO2 concentration increase. In contrast, the sensitivity γ to climate change induced by the radiation effect of rising CO2 is larger in the PI experiment for most of the simulation time. Yet, climate change is less pronounced in the PI experiment, resulting in only slightly higher terrestrial carbon losses than in the LGM experiment. The stronger climate sensitivity in the PI experiment results from the vastly more extratropical soil carbon under those interglacial conditions whose respiration is enhanced under climate change. Comparing the radiation and fertilization effect in a factor analysis, we find that they are almost additive, i.e. their synergy is small in the global sum of carbon changes. From this additivity, we find that the carbon cycle feedback strength is more negative in the LGM than in the PI simulations.
Sensitivity experiments on the response of Vb cyclones to sea surface temperature and soil moisture changes
Authors: Messmer Martina , Gómez-Navarro Juan José , Raible Christoph C.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Extratropical cyclones of type Vb, which develop over the western Mediterranean and move northeastward, are major natural hazards that are responsible for heavy precipitation over central Europe. To gain further understanding in the governing processes of these Vb cyclones, the study explores the role of soil moisture and sea surface temperature (SST) and their contribution to the atmospheric moisture content. Thereby, recent Vb events identified in the ERA-Interim reanalysis are dynamically downscaled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results indicate that a mean high-impact summer Vb event is mostly sensitive to an increase in the Mediterranean SSTs and rather insensitive to Atlantic SSTs and soil moisture changes. Hence, an increase of +5 K in Mediterranean SSTs leads to an average increase of 24 % in precipitation over central Europe. This increase in precipitation is mainly induced by larger mean upward moisture flux over the Mediterranean with increasing Mediterranean SSTs. This further invokes an increase in latent energy release, which leads to an increase in atmospheric instability, i.e. in convective available potential energy. Both the increased availability of atmospheric moisture and the increased instability of the atmosphere, which is able to remove extra moisture from the atmosphere due to convective processes, are responsible for the strong increase in precipitation over the entire region influenced by Vb events. Precipitation patterns further indicate that a strong increase in precipitation is found at the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea for increased Mediterranean SSTs. This premature loss in atmospheric moisture leads to a significant decrease in atmospheric moisture transport to central Europe and the northeastern flanks of the Alpine mountain chain. This leads to a reduction in precipitation in this high-impact region of the Vb event for an increase in Mediterranean SSTs of +5 K. Furthermore, the intensity of the Vb cyclones, measured as a gradient in the 850 hPa geopotential height field around the cyclone centre, indicates that an upper bound for intensity might be reached for the most intense Vb event.
A radiative transfer module for calculating photolysis rates and solar heating in climate models: Solar-J v7.5
Authors: Hsu Juno , Prather Michael J. , Cameron-Smith Philip , Veidenbaum Alex , Nicolau Alex
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Solar-J is a comprehensive radiative transfer model for the solar spectrum that addresses the needs of both solar heating and photochemistry in Earth system models. Solar-J is a spectral extension of Cloud-J, a standard in many chemical models that calculates photolysis rates in the 0.18–0.8 µm region. The Cloud-J core consists of an eight-stream scattering, plane-parallel radiative transfer solver with corrections for sphericity. Cloud-J uses cloud quadrature to accurately average over correlated cloud layers. It uses the scattering phase function of aerosols and clouds expanded to eighth order and thus avoids isotropic-equivalent approximations prevalent in most solar heating codes. The spectral extension from 0.8 to 12 µm enables calculation of both scattered and absorbed sunlight and thus aerosol direct radiative effects and heating rates throughout the Earth's atmosphere.The Solar-J extension adopts the correlated-k gas absorption bins, primarily water vapor, from the shortwave Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for general circulation model (GCM) applications (RRTMG-SW). Solar-J successfully matches RRTMG-SW's tropospheric heating profile in a clear-sky, aerosol-free, tropical atmosphere. We compare both codes in cloudy atmospheres with a liquid-water stratus cloud and an ice-crystal cirrus cloud. For the stratus cloud, both models use the same physical properties, and we find a systematic low bias of about 3 % in planetary albedo across all solar zenith angles caused by RRTMG-SW's two-stream scattering. Discrepancies with the cirrus cloud using any of RRTMG-SW's three different parameterizations are as large as about 20–40 % depending on the solar zenith angles and occur throughout the atmosphere.Effectively, Solar-J has combined the best components of RRTMG-SW and Cloud-J to build a high-fidelity module for the scattering and absorption of sunlight in the Earth's atmosphere, for which the three major components – wavelength integration, scattering, and averaging over cloud fields – all have comparably small errors. More accurate solutions with Solar-J come with increased computational costs, about 5 times that of RRTMG-SW for a single atmosphere. There are options for reduced costs or computational acceleration that would bring costs down while maintaining improved fidelity and balanced errors.
Tributaries affect the thermal response of lakes to climate change
Authors: Råman Vinnå Love , Wüest Alfred , Zappa Massimiliano , Fink Gabriel , Bouffard Damien
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Thermal responses of inland waters to climate change varies on global and regional scales. The extent of warming is determined by system-specific characteristics such as fluvial input. Here we examine the impact of ongoing climate change on two alpine tributaries, the Aare River and Rhône River, and their respective downstream, peri-alpine lakes: Lake Biel and Lake Geneva. We propagate regional atmospheric temperature effects into river discharge projections. These, together with anthropogenic heat sources, are in turn incorporated into simple and efficient deterministic models that predict future water temperatures, river-borne suspended sediment concentration (SSC), lake stratification and river intrusion depth/volume into the lakes. Climate-induced shifts in river discharge regimes, including seasonal flow variations, act as positive and negative feedbacks in influencing river water temperature and SSC. Discharge-dependent increase of river temperature in turn results in large seasonal shifts in warming of downstream lakes. Their hydraulic residence times control seasonal variations in climate-induced heating. Previous studies suggest that climate change will diminish deep-water oxygen renewal in lakes. We find that climate-related seasonal variations in river temperatures and SSC affect the rate of deep-penetrating river intrusions. Seasonal variations (with decreasing flows in summer and increasing flows in winter) determine water input reaching the deepest parts of lakes. The river-lake model results described here show an annual increase in deep-water renewal. This process may therefore counteract otherwise negative effects of climate change on deep-water oxygen supply in lakes. Our findings provide a template for evaluating the response of similar hydrologic systems to on-going climate change.
Simple and approximate estimations of future precipitation return values
Authors: Benestad Rasmus E. , Parding Kajsa M. , Mezghani Abdelkader , Dyrrdal Anita V.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We present estimates of future 20-year return values for 24 h precipitation based on multi-model ensembles of temperature projections and a crude method to quantify how warmer conditions may influence precipitation intensity. Our results suggest an increase by as much as 40–50 % projected for 2100 for a number of locations in Europe, assuming the high Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 emission scenario. The new strategy was based on combining physical understandings with the limited information available, and it utilised the covariance between the mean seasonal variations in precipitation intensity and the North Atlantic saturation vapour pressure. Rather than estimating the expected values and interannual variability, we tried to estimate an upper bound for the response in the precipitation intensity based on the assumption that the seasonal variations in the precipitation intensity are caused by the seasonal variations in temperature. Return values were subsequently derived from the estimated precipitation intensity through a simple and approximate scheme that combined the 1-year 24 h precipitation return values and downscaled annual wet-day mean precipitation for a 20-year event. The latter was based on the 95th percentile of a multi-model ensemble spread of downscaled climate model results. We found geographical variations in the shape of the seasonal cycle of the wet-day mean precipitation which suggest that different rain-producing mechanisms dominate in different regions. These differences indicate that the simple method used here to estimate the response of precipitation intensity to temperature was more appropriate for convective precipitation than for orographic rainfall.
Geomorphological evolution of landslides near an active normal fault in Northern Taiwan, as revealed by LiDAR and unmanned aircraft system data
Authors: Chang Kuo-Jen , Chan Yu-Chang , Chen Rou-Fei , Hsieh Yu-Chung
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Several remote sensing techniques, namely traditional aerial photographs, an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), and airborne LiDAR, were used in this study to decipher the morphological features of obscure landslides in volcanic regions. A morphological reconstruction method was proposed to assess landslide morphology based on the dome-shaped topography of the volcanic edifice and the nature of its morphological evolution. Two large-scale landslides in the Tatun volcano group in Northern Taiwan were targeted to more accurately characterize the landslide morphology through airborne LiDAR and UAS-derived digital terrain models and images. With the proposed reconstruction method, the depleted volume of the two landslides was estimated to be at least 820 ± 20 × 106 m3, approximately six times higher than the reported largest landslide volume in Taiwan. Normal faulting in the region likely played a role in triggering the two landslides, because there are extensive geological and historical records of an active normal fault in this region. The subsequent geomorphological evolution of the two landslides is inferred to account for the observed morphological and tectonic features, as characterized using the remote sensing techniques.
“And somehow it ends up on the Internet.” Agency, trust and risks in photo-sharing among friends and romantic partners
Authors: Venema Rebecca , Lobinger Katharina
Published: July 2017

Photographic practices and photo-sharing have become pervasive routine communicative acts in everyday life. Photo-sharing can be beneficial for maintaining and strengthening social relationships, but it also requires a careful reflections of trustful disclosure, intimacy, privacy and vulnerability. Several scholars have found that conflicts regarding photo-sharing arise when assumptions regarding the “shareability” of pictures and an “appropriate” amount of photo-sharing differ. This demands for further insights into which practices are considered appropriate or inappropriate and for which reasons. The present study explores norms and rules of taking and sharing pictures and examines how these norms are defined in close relationships, more precisely in romantic partnerships and friendships. It is based on 34 repertoire-oriented, semi-structured interviews that are combined with creative visual methods. The analysis shows that trust, confidentiality and consent are the fundamental conditions for photo-sharing in close relationships. However, when it comes to negative causes and consequences of photo-sharing, trust and confidentiality are at the same time considered as unreliable and fragile constructs. Usually, the image-makers are held responsible for unintended sharing and re-sharing. Further responsibility is ascribed to invisible agents and insecure technological structures, while other involved persons are not described as accountable agents. This implies that the fragility of trust in relationships needs to be anticipated in sharing processes. We argue that this necessitates further critical discussions of responsibilities, agency and trust in order to sustain the value and importance of close relationships in current digitally networked societies.
Performance of a UASB Effluent Treatment Plant Treating Malt Ingredient Manufacturing Wastewater
Authors: Cairns Ryland , Mead Paul
Published: July 2017

Anaerobic Digestion has gained popularity in recent years due to its significant contribution towards achieving waste management and renewable energy targets. One particular technology that has been widely used in the treatment of high strength organic wastewaters across a wide range of industries is upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASBs). A malt ingredients manufacturing factory has successfully applied this technology as a cost effective way to treat their high strength effluent, however unlike other industries there is a lack of research regarding the wastewater characterisation or UASB performance at either lab or full scale. This paper aims to address this gap in knowledge and provide information on both the wastewater composition and on the ability of a full-scale mesophilic UASB to treat it over a period of 638 days. Analysis of the wastewater revealed that the manufacture of malt ingredients produces a high strength effluent, which fits within the realms of previously documented wastewaters despite not sharing a similar characterisation profile. Mesophilic UASB has been show to be an effective and robust technology option for the treatment of this type of wastewater displaying steady operational performance even when conditions were in excess of the design limit. Due to the robust operational performance of the plant the main factor limiting total methane production was shown to be the organic loading rate.
La doble dimensión del derecho de autor: el acceso a la cultura y los derechos de autor
Authors: Álvarez Valenzuela Daniel , Correa Pérez Marco
Published: July 2017

El presente artículo tiene por objeto describir y analizar el derecho de autor como un derecho humano de doble dimensión que comprende tanto el derecho de acceso a la cultura como el derecho de autor propiamente tal. Para ello, primero se identifican y caracterizan los denominados derechos culturales, para luego describir el derecho de acceso a la cultura como derecho cultural. Enseguida, se propone la doble dimensión del derecho de autor como forma correcta de interpretar las obligaciones de los instrumentos internacionales sobre derechos humanos en esta materia, y se examinan los límites internos que moldean el alcance y efectos de estos derechos.
La comunicación y difusión de las políticas públicas de gobierno. Aspectos constitucionales, legales y presupuestarios
Authors: Osorio Vargas Cristóbal , Ramírez González Gerardo
Published: July 2017

El trabajo analiza el marco regulatorio de las comunicaciones oficiales de Gobierno, desde sus aspectos de legalidad del gasto, contenido y vías de difusión, y su relación con la libertad de expresión y el derecho a recibir información.