bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EMBRACING THE ROLE OF AMATEUR
Authors: DREW ROBERT S.
Published: March 2007

Robert Stebbins (1992) notes that amateurs occupy a marginal position in many cultural fields. Yet amateur pursuits offer more expressive and fulfilling alternatives to dominant, casual leisure forms. This article refines Stebbins's work on amateurs by considering how karaoke performers overcome role conflict and achieve role embracement. It recounts how karaoke bar patrons accomplish their decisions to perform and their actual performances. It concludes with some reflections on the future of karaoke as a modern amateur activity.
The Rise and Fall of Sun, Rust, and Frost Belts
Authors: Weinstein Bernard L. , Gross Harold T.
Published: March 2007

Despite a dramatic turnaround in regional fortunes that has witnessed a return to prosperity among many Frostbelt states and severe dislocations in most Sunbelt states, outdated and inaccurate perceptions of regional growth and decline in the United States persist. The authors document this role reversal and challenge the utility of conventional theory-based explanations of regional growth and decline. Offering an alternative explanation for patterns of regional change, they recast the process in the context of an evolving global economy, the international business cycle, and an altered federal environment. The authors conclude that federal, state, and local policymakers have been hampered by conventional perceptions of regional growth and decline, and they suggest some broad policy initiatives to encourage more balanced regional development.
Economists and Economic Development
Authors: Vaughan Roger J.
Published: March 2007

When economists offer advice to state and local policymakers about economic development, they rely on a view of the world that is shaped by oversimplified models which in turn have been designed around the type of economic data that are readily available. This distracts policymakers from understanding clearly how the economy works. Economics could be far more useful if economists focused on the factors that shape the millions of decisions that propel the institutional setting within which decisions are made and then ask: What information are decision makers using; and, what incentives do they face to act in different ways?
Uneven Development, Racial Composition, and Areal Income Inequality in the Deep South: 1970-1980
Authors: Colclough Glenna S.
Published: March 2007

The economic consequences of uneven development across counties in four Deep South states are examined along with the contributions of labor market characteristics such as racial composition to inequality. Findings show that while total inequality across counties declined from 1970 to 1980, differences in industrialization processes contributed to areal income inequality in the region. Also racial composition makes sizable contributions to a real income inequality, though it sometimes interacts with other labor market characteristics. It is concluded that uneven development has meant that not all areas or population subgroups share equally in the economic benefits of development.
Telecommunications and Economic Development Policy
Authors: Schwartz Gail Garfield
Published: March 2007

Technology has promised many benefits to consumers and businesses, and it is easy to be beguiled into believing that all of those benefits will be forthcoming if only, and only if, large investments in equipment are made immediately and everywhere. This reasoning is faulty because those benefits insofar as they are demanded by end-users, will be supplied, if not by regulated telcos, then by their competitors. This article suggests a "micro-macro" approach to policy. Its primary aim is to coordinate and integrate dispersed sources of demand. The strategy will achieve the benefits of an information-rich society in the most critical areas of social concern, distributing them over both urban and rural areas in a reasonable time frame. By establishing goals for health-related and education-related information systems, installing the necessary technological base to link suppliers to customers over a dispersed and diverse client group, and minimizing the noneconomic investment needed to create a market for such services, industry and regulators, working together, can rationalize infrastructure investment without sacrificing either too much efficiency or too much equity. This strategy will go far to resolve the fundamental tension between two goals: uniform availability, and competitive efficiency.
The Local Regime and Economic Development
Authors: Vogel Ronald K.
Published: March 2007

Community leaders are expected to take greater responsibility for their economies, though they are often ill-equipped for this task As they struggle to create jobs they find themselves competing with communities not just in the United States, but around the world. This study reports on the efforts of one community, Louisville, Kentucky, to shape a rational economic development approach. This effort ultimately leads to a redefinition of local regime that is likely to be imitated by other communities in the future.
Modern Times: Learning from State Initiatives in Industrial Extension and Technology Transfer
Authors: Shapira Philip
Published: March 2007

A growing number of states have initiated programs to disseminate manufacturing technologies through industrial extension services and related programs. These programs generally target small and midsize manufacturers who typically have limited resources to introduce improved manufacturing systems and upgrade their work force. This article examines five state industrial extension or technology transfer programs, looking at their approaches to technology transfer, services provided, targeting, staffing, field service, user fees, and training. Although the programs use varied delivery mechanisms, they all emphasize the value of one-on-one technology transfer relationships with firms and the importance of focusing on pragmatic, easily customizable technologies. The article discusses these and other findings from the state programs and draws some lessons for national policymakers seeking to expand the federal role in upgrading manufacturing technology in small and midsize firms.
Gauging the Rainmakers: Toward a Meteorology of State Legislative Climates
Authors: Hanson Russell L. , Berkman Michael B.
Published: March 2007

State policymakers strive to improve their business climates, and social scientists are interested in exploring both the causes and consequences of this action. However, the notion of a "business climate" is poorly conceptualized and crudely measured, and this has hindered progress in this area. We propose a multidimensional measure derived from a weakly confirmatory factor analysis, and show how this measure illuminates substantive differences among economic development policies—differences that are obscured by conventional measures of policy activity. We illustrate the validity of our measure by tracking its movement in relation to the evolution of development strategy in Indiana, a state known for its aggressive efforts to stimulate growth. We then demonstrate the utility of our measure in quantitative analyses of the determinants of development policies, and their impact on state economies.
Japanese Direct Investment and Economic Development Policy
Authors: Doeringer Peter B. , Terkla David G.
Published: March 2007

The increasing number of Japanese manufacturing plants locating in the United States presents new opportunities for state and local economic development policy. This article compares the location decisions of Japanese start-ups in manufacturing with counterpart domestic industry and concludes that there are substantial distinctions between Japanese and American firms. Except for a few industries, Japanese firms are not locating in those states that are most attractive to counterpart domestic industries, but are more often choosing average-to low-growth states. Interviews with a small sample of Japanese plants and industrial recruiters suggest that Japanese location decisions in many industries are based on a set of intangible considerations that differ from those that are important to domestic firms.
Local Economic Development: A Review of the British and U.S. Comparative Literature
Authors: Wiewel Wim , Hall Christopher
Published: March 2007

The comparative literature on local economic development in the United States and the United Kingdom has two distinct strands. Public sector reports aim at identifying replicable programs and have generally been positive about the experiences on the other side of the Atlantic, based largely on the ideological affinity between national governments. The academic literature, by contrast, tends to deplore the convergence of ideological and economic conditions, as well as the resulting similarities in programs and outcomes. All too often, however, analyses are theoretically and methodologically weak and more anecdotal and impressionistic. Nevertheless, if done right, internationally comparative work can contribute importantly to a better understanding of economic restructuring, the opportunities and constraints of local governments, and what makes some programs fail and others succeed
Collaborative Strategies for Reindustrialization: Sheffield and Pittsburgh
Authors: Beauregard Robert A. , Lawless Paul , Deitrick Sabina
Published: March 2007

Governmental actors in regions faced with stagnant or declining economies often involve various groups in the common pursuit of a reversal of fortunes. Such collaborations recognize that economic development is as much an organizational and political as an economic activity. This article reviews the economic development collaborations that formed in Sheffield (England) and Pittsburgh (United States) during the 1980s in order to turn those regional economies away from reliance on a rapidly disappearing dominant industry. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to develop lessons for policymakers who are contemplating or currently undertaking such approaches to regional economic development.
A National Study of Economic Development Organizations at the State Level: The Key Organizations, their Industrial Constituencies, and their Networks
Authors: Andre Rae
Published: March 2007

Who represents the business sector in economic development? This study analyzes the population of private-sector economic development organizations operating at the state level in order to understand the manner in which these organizations represent the business community. The study profiles the most prominent industries and the most active companies, and it describes the extent to which members of economic development organizations network among themselves. The author argues that for policy makers, businesspeople, and citizens, understanding these existing institutions and processes is prerequisite to making informed decisions about the desirability of centralized industrial policy.
Response to "'Ties that Bind' Reexamined"
Authors: Savitch Hank V. , Collins David
Published: March 2007

This response notes that the use of statewide measures of growth rates may be problematic in trying to account for suburban growth rates, given the fact that suburbs make up sizable portions of various states' populations. On the other hand, city and suburban growth can be separated by definition, yet are still found to be correlated. The thesis of interdependence between cities and suburbs is found to be valid, in part because consumers act within a regional market. At the same time, this response agrees with Blair and Zhang that more attention should be given to variables that reflect the role of states in metropolitan development.
Interindustry Covariance Patterns: Too Unstable for Portfolio Variance Analysis to be a Useful Tool?
Authors: Kurre James A. , Weller Barry R.
Published: March 2007

Instability in the local economy has long been a problem that local policy makers have sought to remedy, typically through diversification of the industrial base. Since the mid-1970s, portfolio variance analysis has held promise as a tool to assist regional policymakers in selecting target industries that would help stabilize the local cycle. However, this approach typically makes use of patterns in historical data to identify stabilizing industries, involving the implicit—and fundamental—assumption that past interindustry patterns will continue. This article investigates that basic assumption through examination of the interindustry patterns of one local economy, in the monthly employment data for 14 industries over a 34-year period
New Strategies for Inner-City Economic Development
Authors: Porter Michael E.
Published: March 2007

Revitalizing America's inner cities requires an economic strategy to build viable businesses that can provide sorely needed, nearby employment opportunities. Economic development in inner cities will come only from recognizing the potential advantages of an inner-city location and building on the base of existing companies, while dealing frontally with the present disadvantages of inner cities as business locations. The economic potential in inner cities has been largely unrecognized and untapped. The private sector, which must play a central role in inner-city economic development, is just beginning to recognize this potential and has already begun investing. By improving perceptions and tackling long-neglected problems in the inner-city business environment, this trend can be accelerated. Government and community-based organizations have continuing, vital roles, but their efforts must be refocused from direct intervention to preparing and training the inner-city workforce and creating a favorable environment for business.
An Assessment of Maximum-Training Business Visitation Programs
Authors: Allanach Christopher , Loveridge Scott
Published: March 2007

This article describes communities implementing Business Retention and Expansion Visitation (BREV) programs and evaluates strategic-planning components of the approach. BREV programs are applicable to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas but tend to be most often implemented in midsized communities. Compared to other communities, those that implemented BREV programs tended to have higher unemployment rates, higher per-capita incomes in the early 1980s, and a greater reliance on the manufacturing sector A survey of local program participants reveals that the most successful programs have access to a development professional and designate who will implement recommendations for community action. Moderate-sized programs are the most successful. More successful programs use a broadly representative taskforce to develop and implement recommendations. Program outcomes are related to the types of recommendations adopted.
Industrial Districts and Economic Development in Japan: The Case of Tokyo and Osaka
Authors: Fujita Kuniko , Hill Richard Child
Published: March 2007

Dynamics in the world economy since the 1970s have provoked a debate between proponents of industrial district and corporate dualism theories of economic change. This article investigates how well the two theories fit economic development trajectories in Tokyo and Osaka and draws lessons for North American economic revitalization efforts. District and dualism analysts both claim Japanese industrial organization fits their thesis. Findings by Japanese researchers and results from our own field work suggest that Japan's development pattern (a) combines elements emphasized in both theories, but (b) district theory fits contemporary Tokyo and Osaka much better than dualism. Place-based, small-firm networks, supported by local institutions and strategic government policies, have been a vital ingredient in Japan's manufacturing success. The range of internationally effective competitive strategies is thus wider and more fluid than what the new dualism theorists allow.
Entrepreneurial Neighborhood Initiatives: Political Capital in Community Development
Authors: Turner Robyne S.
Published: March 2007

Community-based organizations are struggling to find alternative strategies to successfully leverage assistance and resources to improve their neighborhoods. This article offers a three-pronged formula for sustainable community development based on an entrepreneurial approach to undertake neighborhood initiatives. Economic, social, and political capital are necessary ingredients to generate independent community-based strategies that residents and investors can manage over the long term to achieve financial and social successes. Two community organization cases are compared to determine whether different approaches to local government for community development programs and funding represent different strategies and, ultimately, different levels of success.
The “More Means More” Assumption: Congruence Versus Contingency in Local Economic Development Research
Authors: McGuire Michael
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the conceptual and methodological foundation of local development policy adoption studies. It reexamines the prevailing supposition of congruence between context and policy and revisits the accepted rationale for choosing particular policies by introducing a performance component into the model. From this perspective, policy adoption is not determined purely by external circumstances—the lesson of studies that find a congruent link between context and policy—but such adoption is also strategic. By using a data set used in similar research, a contingency model indicates that the economic development policy adoption patterns of cities can be explained in terms of the proper fit between the policy and the local economic context. Because the pursuit of effective economic development policies is a significant factor in policy adoption, the model presented here is an applicable alternative to the standard congruence research approach offered in the literature.
Has Discrimination Disappeared? A Response to William Julius Wilson
Authors: Meiklejohn Susan Turner
Published: March 2007

William Julius Wilson, in his book, When Work Disappears, notes that 80% of interviewed Black employers (and 74% of Whites) who provided comments on “job skills, basic skills, work ethic, dependability, attitudes and interpersonal skills” expressed negative views of inner-city Blacks. The author suggests that there are problems in Wilson’s research methodology that may too quickly lead to his notion that inner-city joblessness is far more apt to be the result of “unflattering behaviors” of poor Blacks rather than the persistently discriminatory assumptions and hiring practices of employers. Wilson’s findings are compared with those from the author’s own employer interview study. Only 4 of the 44 employers interviewed felt that Black workers had poorer work ethics and attitudes than Whites. Reasons are presented for the differences, and the article concludes with a brief discussion of the policy implications of these findings.
STIGMA AND EVERYDAY RESISTANCE PRACTICES
Authors: RIESSMAN CATHERINE KOHLER
Published: March 2007

Drawing on fieldwork and interviews from South India (Kerala), the author analyzes married women's experiences of stigma when they are childless and their everyday resistance practices. As stigma theory predicts, childless women deviate from the “ordinary and natural” life course and are deeply discredited, but contrary to Goffman's theory, South Indian women cannot “pass” or selectively disclose the “invisible” attribute, and they make serious attempts to destigmatize themselves. Social class and age mediate stigma and resistance processes: Poor village women of childbearing age are devalued in ways affluent and professional women avoid; differently situated women challenge dominant definitions and ideologies of family in distinctive ways. South Indian women are creating spaces for childless marriages within the gendered margins of families and culturally prevalent definitions of womanhood. The findings contribute to rethinking Western assumptions in Goffman's theory and suggest new directions for research on power and everyday resistance.
BADGERING OR BANTERING?
Authors: HAND JEANNE Z. , SANCHEZ LAURA
Published: March 2007

This study uses the American Association of University Women 1993 survey on sexual harassment in America's schools, a national sample of high school students, to examine gender differences in the behavioral, emotional, and educational consequences of sexual harassment. Previous research indicates that a high percentage of both boys and girls experience sexual harassment and that the negative consequences are greater for girls. The authors use a feminist theoretical framework to show that girls' and boys' qualitatively different experiences account for part of this gender gap. Girls are far more likely to perceive harassment as harmful than boys and to experience a far greater frequency and severity of harassment. This article documents that girls are more likely to be targets of physical sexual harassment than boys and that physical harassment rather than derogatory or verbal and/or visual forms of harassment exacerbate the gender gap in educational outcomes.
OF PUNISHMENT AND PARENTHOOD
Authors: FLAVIN JEANNE
Published: March 2007

This research addresses the questions: “How do ties to children and other family members influence Black drug offenders' likelihood of incarceration?” and “Is the influence similar for men and women?” Predictions were tested using 1991-1993 data for 2,785 men and 499 women convicted of cocaine offenses. Logistic regression models containing key legal and extralegal characteristics were estimated for men and women combined and separately. Measures of prior conviction and prior drug use were found to be powerful predictors of sentence for both men and women. Findings suggest that judges consider “Does the offender live with a child or a family member?” and, possibly, “Is there a family member readily available to assume child care responsibilities if we incarcerate a mother who lives with a child?” when sentencing women. Among men, legal characteristics such as offense seriousness were more salient.
Gender, Race, and Crime:
Authors: CHILTON ROLAND , DATESMAN SUSAN K.
Published: March 2007

Unpublished counts of larceny arrests and census data for five of the largest cities in the United States are used to examine the contribution of white and nonwhite men and women in specific age groups to increases in larceny arrests from 1960 to 1980. The results suggest that nonwhite women and white men now have similar larceny arrest rates and that 77 percent of the total increase in the arrest of women for larceny from 1960 to 1980 was the result of increased arrests of nonwhite women. Although 18 percent of this increase can be explained by increased numbers of nonwhite women in specific age groups in the population, the worsening economic situation of young black women in older U.S. central cities is suggested as the most plausible explanation for these trends. Implications of the findings for other theories of women's criminality are examined.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MARY BETH WHITEHEAD
Authors: HARRISON MICHELLE
Published: March 2007

Although the testimony of mental health experts in custody cases is supposed to be scientific and objective, the experts' testimony in the Mary Beth Whitehead case was imbued with prevailing middle-class biases about good mothers and good parenting. Close review of the experts' reports fails to substantiate many of their assessments and recommendations and demonstrates instead a consistent bias in favor of the Sterns and against Mary Beth Whitehead.
DIVORCE, GENDER, AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION
Authors: GERSTEL NAOMI
Published: March 2007

Based on interviews with 104 women and men, this article argues that marriage constrains while divorce liberates men and women to develop relationships, but they do so in different ways with different consequences for each. The separated and divorced women were better than the men or themselves while married at building and maintaining old, and intimate, relationships. In this sense, separation and divorce proved generous; marriage, greedy. However, because of the structure of their lives and the opportunities available to them, separated and divorced women were not so good at developing new and casual ties. It was the structure of the men's lives that provided access to “instant networks.” Developed to alleviate loneliness, these groups provided a place in the wider community that men did not seek while married.
MASCULINITIES AND ATHLETIC CAREERS
Authors: MESSNER MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Men's studies' scholars have begun to critically examine and deconstruct the meaning of masculinity, but thus far, most of their studies have focused exclusively on the lives of white, middle-class men, ignoring the implications of racial and social class differences and inequalities among men. Sport sociologists, on the other hand, have examined the causes and consequences of class and recial inequalities in the sports world, but they rarely integrate gender into their analysis—except when discussing women and sports. This study, based upon in-depth interviews with male former athletes from different race and class backgrounds, examines how these men construct and define meaning and make choices within a socially structured context. Through a comparison of the lives of white, black, and chicano former athletes in the United States, I argue that given the psychological imperatives of a developing sense of masculine identity within a structured socioeconomic context, the choice to pursue, or not to pursue, an athletic career is explicable as an individual's rational assessment of the available means to construct a public masculine identity. Organized sports is thus an institution that serves to construct gender, class, and race inequities.
Conflict, Complement, and Control:
Authors: SERED SUSAN STARR
Published: March 2007

This article presents a cross-cultural exploration of the interaction between religion and family in the lives of women. It focuses on elderly Middle Eastern Jewish women who, during the course of their life spans, moved from a conflicting to a complementary experience of family and religion. The author argues that opposition between religion and family seldom arises for women who control their own time or resources, or who control a domestic sphere they themselves see as sacred. Women who wish to conduct their religious lives in the public sphere, especially in the context of an extrafamilial hierarchy or as religious professionals, are likely to come into conflict with their families over issues of competition for their time or allegiance. Official religious doctrines are not likely to determine how particular women experience family and religion; even women who maneuver within the same theological framework may experience the relationship between family and religion in very different ways.
THE STRUCTURE OF MEN'S AND WOMEN'S FEMINIST ORIENTATIONS
Authors: RHODEBECK LAURIE A.
Published: March 2007

This study considers two problems: the extent to which feminist opinions are distinct from feminist identity and the generalizability of these separate constructs across gender and time. Using pooled cross-sectional data from the six National Election Study surveys conducted from 1972 through 1992, the author employs a series of measurement and structural equation models to evaluate the validity and reliability of various feminist orientations and to estimate the relationships among feminist identity, feminist opinion, and individual characteristics associated with feminism. The results indicate that identity and opinion are separate but related constructs. This configuration generalizes across women and men and two decades of American electoral history.
MISOGYNY ON AND OFF THE “PITCH”
Authors: SCHACHT STEVEN P.
Published: March 2007

From a feminist perspective and using an ethnographic methodology, this article explores the gendered world of male rugby players in terms of how they socially and relationally propagate gender roles. Rugby players' social reproduction of gender, ultimately grounded in misogyny, allows these men at the individual level to psychologically and sometimes physically dominate women. At the societal level, rugby, like many sporting practices, both reflects and supports a hierarchical ideology of masculinity and the subordination of women.
IMAGES OF CRIMINALS AND VICTIMS
Authors: MADRIZ ESTHER I.
Published: March 2007

Using two complementary qualitative methodologies—focus groups and in-depth interviews—this article explores women's fear of crime in a sample of 140 participants. The major argument is that women's fear is exacerbated by stereotypical images of criminals and victims. Although those images are not uniform, some common themes emerged from the participants' narratives: Dominant representations of criminals among all women are those of poor minority men: out-of-control evil strangers who randomly attack their victims. Among all women, images of victims are predominantly those of white middle-class women, who are innocent, submissive, and unable to protect themselves. The consequences of these images are explored in detail.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF EATING DISORDERS AMONG COLLEGE WOMEN
Authors: HESSE-BIBER SHARLENE , MARINO MARGARET , WATTS-ROY DIANE
Published: March 2007

This study provides insight into factors that determine whether women in the college population who exhibit eating-disordered behavior during their college years recover during their postcollege years. The study assessed changes in the eating patterns of 21 women across a six-year time period, from sophomore year in college to two years postcollege. Eleven of the women get better during their postcollege year, whereas 10 of the women continue to struggle with disordered eating. The major differences between the two groups revolve around the relationship between autonomy and relation. Women who get better negotiate the tension between autonomy and relatedness and are more likely to have higher selfesteem based on a more positive self-concept; this, in turn, leads to healthier relationships with food and body image. Two factors that appear to influence this negotiation include (I) one's history of chronic physical or sexual abuse and (2) the quality of familial messages about food, body image, relationship, and autonomy.
Depressive Syndromes and Functional Disability in Dementia
Authors: Hargrave Rita , Reed Bruce , Mungas Dan
Published: March 2007

The goals of this study were to assess (1) the prevalence of major and minor depression in Alzheimer's disease (AD), ischemic vascular dementia (IVD), and mixed dementia (AD/IVD); (2) demographic and clinical variables that may be associated with depression; and (3) the relationship between depression severity and the level of functional impairment and cognitive decline. Demographic variables, depression diagnoses, Mini-Mental State Examination scores, and Blessed Roth Dementia Rating Scale scores were compared in patients with AD (N = 582), IVD (N = 48), and mixed dementia (N = 61) using analysis of variance and linear regression models. Data were collected using standardized rating instruments at the time of the patients' initial evaluations at the University dementia clinics. The results were that (1) depression was related to lower education, (2) major depression was more prevalent in IVD compared to probable AD, and (3) functional impairment was greater in patients with minor or major depression compared to patients without depression. Our data suggest that the level of functional disability in dementia may be related to severity of depression. Additional studies are needed to validate our results and examine the contribution of additional neurobiologic factors to the pathophysiology of depression in dementia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:72-77).
Telemedicine and Geriatric Psychiatry: Directions for Future Research and Policy
Authors: Jones Beverly N. , Ruskin Paul E.
Published: March 2007

The use of telecommunications to provide mental health services at a distance has grown rapidly in the past 10 years. The overall experience has been positive, but evaluations and reliability studies have been preliminary A funda mental question of what constitutes adequate technology for telepsychiatry remains unanswered. As technology and equipment capability change rapidly, a more important question may be what clinical decisions and behavioral observations are required to produce high standards of distance mental health care. Geriatric patients may have sensory impairments and unique aspects to their psychiatric problems that can make telemental health assess ments more challenging. It is not clear what model of telepsychiatry constitutes the best practice for geriatric psychiatry. Future research and program evaluations should address these questions to guide the use of tele psychiatry in productive directions. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:59-62).
Barriers to Treatment: The Unique Challenges for Physicians Providing Dementia Care
Authors: Foster Norman L.
Published: March 2007

Evaluating and treating dementia is intellectually demanding and enormously satisfying. However, physicians pro viding dementia care also confront unique challenges that cause discomfort and overwhelming frustration unless they are recognized and overcome. Physicians must care for individuals who do not adopt the "sick role." They must establish and maintain rapport with patients while also approaching collateral sources to obtain a complete his tory. They must develop a complex alliance with the patient, caregivers, community agencies, and other health professionals to provide effective treatment. Physicians must relate "bad news" to several people at once who are unequally prepared for it, while dealing with their own diagnostic uncertainty. Furthermore, physicians must honor patient autonomy and balance it with the needs of caregivers. Since the demands of providing dementia care are not typical of most medical practice, the special attributes needed are often not taught to students or adequately reimbursed by health insurance. The quality of dementia care will improve when strategies that address these aspects of care for patients with dementia are widely adopted. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:188-198).
Use of Mental Health Services by the Rural Aged: Longitudinal Study
Authors: Maiden Robert J. , Peterson Steven A.
Published: March 2007

Recent longitudinal research investigating historic shifts in attitudes toward mental health services reveal a positive cohort shift. Most likely, this shift equates to greater use of mental health services. The purpose of this study was to examine historic shifts in the use of mental health services in a rural population. In 1987, we administered a survey to 358 randomly selected rural individuals investigating their willingness to use mental health services. In 1994, we resurveyed 110 individuals from our original sample. As predicted, we found that there was a shift in our participants' willingness to use mental health services, increasing from 5% to 18%. This increased use, although improved, still fell somewhat below the actual need for mental health services, which had remained constant (about 25%). Interestingly, there was no greater reliance on psychotropic medication in lieu of psychotherapy (about 10%). In 1987, we found that those rural elderly who had the greatest need for mental health services were the least likely to use them. This trend may be shifting as well, although it requires further investigation and confirmation. The salient implications for the design and implementation of rural mental health services for baby boomers are noted. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:1-6).
Cognitive Performance Test: A New Approach to Functional Assessment in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Burns Theressa , Mortimer James A. , Merchak Peggy
Published: March 2007

A new performance-based assessment instrument for evaluating function in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the Cognitive Performance Test (CPT), is described. This instrument, based on Allen Cognitive Disability Theory, uses six common activities of daily living (ADL) tasks, for which the information-processing requirements can be systematically varied to assess ordinal levels of functional capacity. Seventy-seven patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 15 neurologically normal elderly controls were administered the CPT. Subsets of the AD patients were assessed again at 4 weeks and 1, 2, and 3 years following the initial evaluation. Internal consistency of the CPT estimated by α was .84. Intraclass correlation for interrater reliability was .91 and for test-retest reliability at 4 weeks, .89. CPT scores were significantly correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores (r = .67) and two measures of caregiver-rated ADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, r = .64; Physical Self-Maintenance Scale, r = .49). Significant declines in CPT scores were seen on 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-ups. Initial CPT scores predicted risk of institutionalization over a 4-year follow-up period.
Recent Development in Thermoplastic Composites: A Review of Matrix Systems and Processing Methods
Authors: Chang I.Y. , Lees J.K.
Published: March 2007

Manufacturers of composite materials have been developing high strength fiber rein forced composites with thermoplastic matrix systems exhibiting enhanced performance in fracture toughness and damage tolerance with the potential of reduced manufacturing cost for both primary and secondary structure components. A review will be made of principal thermoplastic matrix systems and processing methods used to fabricate the fiber rein forced composites, which have been developed during recent years. Included is a com parison of the neat matrix resins' chemical structure, thermal/tensile properties, fracture toughness, melt viscosity, solvent resistance, morphology and melt processability. The matrix-dominated mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites are given, including flexural, short beam shear and compression strengths, interlaminar fracture toughness and/or compression-after-impact performance. Innovative process development in thermoplastic composites including thermoformable sheets, filament winding, 3D braid ing and impregnation will also be reviewed and discussed.
The 3D Stress Field at the Edge of a Circular Hole and the Interface of a Laminated Composite Plate
Authors: Folias E.S.
Published: March 2007

The author in this paper investigates the 3D stress field in the immediate vicinity of a bonded interface and the free edge of a hole in a laminated composite plate The laminates are assumed to be of homogeneous and isotropic materials, but of different elastic properties As to loading, a uniform tensile load is applied in the plane of the plate and at points far remote from the hole (see Figure 1)

In constructing the local asymptotic solution, the author assumes the 3D field in a cer tain form which then permits a straightforward Williams approach for the determination of the stress singularities. The displacement and stress fields are recovered explicitly and a stress singularity is shown to exist for certain shear moduli ratios of G2/ G1. In general, the stress singularity is shown to be a function of the respective ratios of the shear moduli and Poisson's Moreover, the presence of a second singularity is observed which has sig nificant implications to the problem of adhesion An extension of the results to anisotropic layers is also discussed.
Nonlinear Material Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Graphite/PPS and Glass/PPS Thermoplastic Matrix Composites
Authors: Sun W. , Khatri S.C. , Lau A.C.W. , Koczak M.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes results of a theoretical and experimental study on the nonlinear deformation behavior of thermoplastic matrix composites. The experimental work focuses on the processing and characterization of laminates of AS4 graphite/poly phenylene sulfide (PPS), E glass/PPS, and graphite/PPS-glass/PPS hybrids. The theoreti cal study develops a generic material constitutive model applicable for all thermoplastic matrix composites that exhibit nonlinear stress-strain response. On the lamina level, a stress-based nonlinear stress-strain model for a unidirectionally reinforced ply is transformed into a mixed stress/strain-based model. Then, a model for the nonlinear material response of a multi-directional laminate is developed. The laminate model pre dicts the nonlinear compliances based on the current effective laminate stresses and strains, and does so without need for iteration. In these models, the full three-dimensional stress and strain states have been retained so the models are applicable for both thin and thick section composites. While the three-dimensional nature of the models is discussed in detail elsewhere [1], the emphasis of the present paper is on the nonlinear deformation response. There is good agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results for laminates of graphite/PPS, glass/PPS, and their hybrids. The paper also pre sents scanning electron micrographs to portray microscopic failure modes that may cause additional, damage-induced, nonlinear response in these laminates.
Employee Uncertainty and Information-Seeking in Newly Formed Expansion Organizations
Authors: Sias Pahtricia M. , Wyers Tammie D.
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal data regarding uncertainty and information-seeking were obtained from employees in several newly formed expansion organizations (NFEOs). Results indicate that employees were most uncertain about task requirements and the viability of the new organization—a previously unidentified type of employee uncertainty. NFEO employees relied most frequently on their supervisors and their prior work experience for all types of information. Perceptions of the social costs of seeking information were low throughout the study but increased significantly over time. Results indicate that information-seeking from coworkers was influenced primarily by source credibility in the early period of employment and by social cost perceptions in the later period of employment.
Improving the Quality of Writing in the Workplace
Authors: Bogert Judith
Published: March 2007

Despite the increased emphasis on teaching writing skills in both preprofessional courses and in-house seminars, practicing professionals still have difficulty conveying their ideas clearly and concisely to others in writing. To identify ways in which managers can develop and reinforce sound writing practices in the workplace, the practices used by a school district's central office were analyzed. The findings suggest that managers can improve the quality of writing in the workplace by creating an open communication environment and by developing a corporate culture that establishes sound writing practices as the norm. Establishing such a norm requires skill development, leadership commitment, modeling behavior, feedback, and recognition and reward. Managers can also improve quality by reducing the quantity of the writing both they and their subordinates do. The findings suggest that a top-down process of training may be more effective than the bottom-up system currently used for training in writing.
Written Corporate Policy on Communicating
Authors: Gilsdorf J. W.
Published: March 2007

How an organization communicates influences its ultimate success. An organization's communicators, however, are guided by many kinds of rules, of which written corporate policy on communicating is only one kind. This study establishes from the literature a number of areas where written corporate policy on communicating might be expected, then presents results of a Delphi survey asking a panel of corporate communication executives whether such policy is appropriate in those areas. The panel said corporate policy should be formulated in six of the areas but not in seven others. In addition, these panelists generated the most likely costs and drawbacks of corporate policy on communicating and weighted them with respect to seriousness and to difficulty of control; and they generated the most likely benefits of corporate policy on communicating and weighted them with respect to desirability and to likelihood of obtaining them.
Polycultural Perspectives on Organizational Communication
Authors: Albert Rosita Daskal
Published: March 2007

The article proposes a new field I am calling polycultural organizational communication. This field is defined as encompassing theorizing and research involving organizations in both international and domestic settings in which cultural differences operate (multicultural settings). Polycultural organizational communication encompasses both cross-cultural (comparative) and intercultural theories and research. The article delineates (a) the need for the field brought about by increasing diversity; (b) the potential contributions of the new field to the study of communication, including the bringing together of organizational and intercultural communication; (c) the contribution of this area to practice in actual organizational settings; and (d) the theoretical and practical issues that need to be addressed to develop theory and research in this new area.
Treachery by any Other Name
Authors: Hobbs Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

The battle to protect a corporation's image is most fierce during a crisis situation. This article examines one such crisis situation—Toshiba's selling of advanced submarine propeller technology to the Soviet Union. Ware and Linkugel's concept of apologia is used to provide rhetorical insights into Toshiba's handling of the crisis. It is argued that public relations in an image crisis situation should be viewed as a battle for reidentification with the public.
On Science and Human Science: A Conversation with Marilyn M. Rawnsley
Authors: Fawcett Jacqueline
Published: March 2007

Jacqueline Fawcett and Marilyn M. Rawnsley discuss contemporary issues in nursing science and the discipline of nursing as a whole, including the connections between science, natural science, human science, and nursing science.
Instrument Development and the Measurement of Unitary Constructs
Authors: Carboni Judith T.
Published: March 2007

This article initiates needed dialogue on the development of instruments to measure unitary constructs. The concept of measurement is explored and current measurement in Rogerian research is considered in light of the issues raised in the discussion. The human field - environmental field relationship is presented as the clinical practice area serving as the basis for the development of a unitary instrument that purports to measure field pattern. The instrument entitled Mutual Exploration of the Healing Human Field - Environmental Field Relationship is offered as a beginning effort in constructing an instrument that measures a unitary phenomenon. Rogerian scholars are provided with the challenge to continue the debate regarding the whole field of measurement and the development of unitary tools.
Grief Responses, Coping Processes, and Social Support of Widows: Research With Roy's Model
Authors: Robinson Janet H.
Published: March 2007

This ex post facto descriptive correlational design study of widows during their second year of bereavement utilizes Roy's adaptation model as a guiding framework. Contextual stimuli (social support, social network, income/education, spiritual beliefs) were related to the cognator function (coping process), which was related to adaptation outcome (grief response). Significant moderate positive relationships were found between social support and coping process, and between social network and coping process. A significant relationship was also found between coping process and grief response. The path model accounted for 18% explained variance.