bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distributions in CFT. Part II. Minkowski space
Authors: Kravchuk Petr , Qiao Jiaxin , Rychkov Slava
Published: August 2021

Abstract

CFTs in Euclidean signature satisfy well-accepted rules, such as the convergent Euclidean OPE. It is nowadays common to assume that CFT correlators exist and have various properties also in Lorentzian signature. Some of these properties may represent extra assumptions, and it is an open question if they hold for familiar statistical-physics CFTs such as the critical 3d Ising model. Here we consider Wightman 4-point functions of scalar primaries in Lorentzian signature. We derive a minimal set of their properties solely from the Euclidean unitary CFT axioms, without using extra assumptions. We establish all Wightman axioms (temperedness, spectral property, local commutativity, clustering), Lorentzian conformal invariance, and distributional convergence of the s-channel Lorentzian OPE. This is done constructively, by analytically continuing the 4-point functions using the s-channel OPE expansion in the radial cross-ratios ρ, $$ \overline{\rho} $$

ρ
¯

. We prove a key fact that |ρ|, $$ \left|\overline{\rho}\right| $$

ρ
¯

< 1 inside the forward tube, and set bounds on how fast |ρ|, $$ \left|\overline{\rho}\right| $$

ρ
¯

may tend to 1 when approaching the Minkowski space.

We also provide a guide to the axiomatic QFT literature for the modern CFT audience. We review the Wightman and Osterwalder-Schrader (OS) axioms for Lorentzian and Euclidean QFTs, and the celebrated OS theorem connecting them. We also review a classic result of Mack about the distributional OPE convergence. Some of the classic arguments turn out useful in our setup. Others fall short of our needs due to Lorentzian assumptions (Mack) or unverifiable Euclidean assumptions (OS theorem).
Parental, child and socio-contextual factors associated with parenting self-efficacy among parents of children aged 0–7 years old: the CIKEO study
Authors: Fang Yuan , van Grieken Amy , Fierloos Irene N. , Windhorst Dafna A. , Jonkman Harrie , Hosman Clemens M. H. , Crone Matty R. , Jansen Wilma , Raat Hein
Published: August 2021

Background

A high parenting self-efficacy (PSE) has been associated with positive parenting and positive child development. However, there is limited and inconsistent information on factors associated with PSE.

Objective

To investigate factors associated with PSE in parents of children aged 0–7 years old, and to explore whether the associations were different between mothers and fathers.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data from a prospective cohort study: the CIKEO study. A total of 1012 parents (mean age = 33.8, SD = 5.0) completed self-reported measure of PSE and 18 potential factors associated with PSE.

Results

Multivariable models revealed that lower parenting stress, fewer child behavior problems, better eating behavior, better parental and child general health, a smaller number of children living in the household, higher perceived level of social support and having a migration background were associated with higher levels of PSE (p < 0.05). The association between family functioning and PSE differed between mothers and fathers (p for interaction = 0.003): with beta and 95% confidence interval being: 1.29 (− 2.05, 0.87), and 0.23 (− 0.46, 3.29), respectively.

Conclusions

A range of parental, child and social-contextual factors in relation to PSE were identified. The patterns of associations for most of the factors were similar among mothers and fathers. However, the association between family functioning and PSE might differ for mothers and fathers. Our findings are relevant for tailoring and implementing successful interventions and effective policy making in child care.

Trial registration

Netherlands National Trial Register number NL7342. Date of registration: 05-November-2018, retrospectively registered.
Tropospheric and range biases in Satellite Laser Ranging
Authors: Drożdżewski Mateusz , Sośnica Krzysztof
Published: August 2021

The Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) technique provides very accurate distance measurements to artificial Earth satellites. SLR is employed for the realization of the origin and the scale of the terrestrial reference frame. Despite the high precision, SLR observations can be affected by various systematic errors. So far, range biases were used to account for systematic measurement errors and mismodeling effects in SLR. Range biases are constant for all elevation angles and independent of the measured distance to a satellite. Recently, intensity-dependent biases for single-photon SLR detectors and offsets of barometer readings and meteorological devices were reported for some SLR stations. In this paper, we study the possibility of the direct estimation of tropospheric biases from SLR observations to LAGEOS satellites. We discuss the correlations between the station heights, range biases, tropospheric biases, and their impact on the repeatability of station coordinates, geocenter motion, and the global scale of the reference frame. We found that the solution with the estimation of tropospheric biases provides more stable station coordinates than the solution with the estimation of range biases. From the common estimation of range and tropospheric biases, we found that most of the systematic effects at SLR stations are better absorbed by elevation-dependent tropospheric biases than range biases which overestimate the total bias effect. The estimation of tropospheric biases changes the SLR-derived global scale by 0.3 mm and the geocenter coordinates by 1 mm for the Z component, causing thus an offset in the realization of the reference frame origin. Estimation of range biases introduces an offset in some SLR-derived low-degree spherical harmonics of the Earth’s gravity field. Therefore, considering elevation-dependent tropospheric and intensity biases is essential for deriving high-accuracy geodetic parameters.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Gemella massiliensis sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from the human sputum
Authors: Mbogning Fonkou Maxime Descartes , Lo Cheikh Ibrahima , Mekhalif Zouina , Bilen Melhem , Tomei Enora , Kuete Yimagou Edmond , Dubourg Grégory , Raoult Didier , Fenollar Florence , Fournier Pierre-Edouard
Published: August 2021

Thanks to its ability to isolate previously uncultured bacterial species, culturomics has dynamized the study of the human microbiota. A new bacterial species, Gemella massiliensis Marseille-P3249T, was isolated from a sputum sample of a healthy French man. Strain Marseille-P3249T is a facultative anaerobe, catalase-negative, Gram positive, coccus, and unable to sporulate. The major fatty acids were C16:0 (34%), C18:1n9 (28%), C18:0 (15%) and C18:2n6 (13%). Its 16S rRNA sequence exhibits a 98.3% sequence similarity with Gemella bergeri strain 617-93T, its phylogenetically closest species with standing in nomenclature. Its digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) and OrthoANI values with G. bergeri of only 59.7 ± 5.6% and 94.8%, respectively. These values are lower than the thresholds for species delineation (> 70% and > 95%, respectively). This strain grows optimally at 37 °C and its genome is 1.80 Mbp long with a 30.5 mol% G + C content. Based on these results, we propose the creation of the new species Gemella massilienis sp. nov., strain Marseille-P3249T (= CSUR P3249 = DSMZ 103940).
“Lessons from Rare Forms of Osteoarthritis”
Authors: Shepherd Rebecca F. , Kerns Jemma G. , Ranganath Lakshminarayan R. , Gallagher James A. , Taylor Adam M.
Published: August 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent conditions in the world, particularly in the developed world with a significant increase in cases and their predicted impact as we move through the twenty-first century and this will be exacerbated by the covid pandemic. The degeneration of cartilage and bone as part of this condition is becoming better understood but there are still significant challenges in painting a complete picture to recognise all aspects of the condition and what treatment(s) are most appropriate in individual causes. OA encompasses many different types and this causes some of the challenges in fully understanding the condition.
There have been examples through history where much has been learnt about common disease(s) from the study of rare or extreme phenotypes, particularly where Mendelian disorders are involved. The often early onset of symptoms combined with the rapid and aggressive pathogenesis of these diseases and their predictable outcomes give an often-under-explored resource. It is these “rarer forms of disease” that William Harvey referred to that offer novel insights into more common conditions through their more extreme presentations. In the case of OA, GWAS analyses demonstrate the multiple genes that are implicated in OA in the general population. In some of these rarer forms, single defective genes are responsible.
The extreme phenotypes seen in conditions such as Camptodactyly Arthropathy-Coxa Vara-pericarditis Syndrome, Chondrodysplasias and Alkaptonuria all present potential opportunities for greater understanding of disease pathogenesis, novel therapeutic interventions and diagnostic imaging. This review examines some of the rarer presenting forms of OA and linked conditions, some of the novel discoveries made whilst studying them, and findings on imaging and treatment strategies.
Bone Union Assessment with Computed Tomography (CT) and Statistical Associations with Mechanical or Histological Testing: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies
Authors: Willems A. , Iҫli C. , Waarsing J. H. , Bierma-Zeinstra S. M. A. , Meuffels D. E.
Published: August 2021

Objective and accurate assessment of bone union after a fracture, arthrodesis, or osteotomy is relevant for scientific and clinical purposes. Bone union is most accurately imaged with computed tomography (CT), but no consensus exists about objective assessment of bone union from CT images. It is unclear which CT-generated parameters are most suitable for bone union assessment. The aim of this review of animal studies is to find which CT-generated parameters are associated most strongly with actual bone union. Scientific databases were systematically searched. Eligible studies were studies that (1) were animal studies, (2) created a fracture, (3) assessed bone union with CT, (4) performed mechanical or histological testing as measure of actual bone union, and (5) associated CT-generated outcomes to mechanical or histological testing results. Two authors selected eligible studies and performed risk of bias assessment with QUADAS-2 tool. From 2567 studies that were screened, thirteen studies were included. Most common CT parameters that were investigated were bone mineral density, bone volume, and total callus volume. Studies showed conflicting results concerning the associations of these parameters with actual bone union. CT-assessed torsional rigidity (assessed by three studies) and callus density (assessed by two studies) showed best results. The studies investigating these two parameters reported moderate to strong associations with actual bone union. CT-assessed torsional rigidity and callus density seem the most promising parameters to represent actual bone union after a fracture, arthrodesis, or osteotomy.

Prospero trial registration number: CRD42020164733
Outcomes of Renal Trauma in Indian Urban Tertiary Healthcare Centres: A Multicentre Cohort Study
Authors: Sarang Bhakti , Raykar Nakul , Gadgil Anita , Mishra Gunjan , Wärnberg Martin Gerdin , Rattan Amulya , Khajanchi Monty , Soni Kapil Dev , Mohan Monali , Sharma Naveen , Kumar Vineet , KV Deepa , Roy Nobhojit ,   the Towards Improved Trauma Care Outcomes TITCO‐India
Published: August 2021

Background

Renal trauma is present in 0.5–5% of patients admitted for trauma. Advancements in radiologic imaging and minimal‐invasive techniques have led to decreased need for surgical intervention. We used a large trauma cohort to characterise renal trauma patients, their management and outcomes.

Methods

We analysed “Towards Improved Trauma Care Outcomes in India” cohort from four urban tertiary public hospitals in India between 1st September 2013 and 31st December 2015. The data of patients with renal trauma were extracted using International Classification of Diseases 10 codes and analysed for demographic and clinical details.

Results

A total of 16,047 trauma patients were included in this cohort. Abdominal trauma comprised 1119 (7%) cases, of which 144 (13%) had renal trauma. Renal trauma was present in 1% of all the patients admitted for trauma. The mean age was 28 years (SD‐14.7). A total of 119 (83%) patients were male. Majority (93%) were due to blunt injuries. Road traffic injuries were the most common mechanism (53%) followed by falls (29%). Most renal injuries (89%) were associated with other organ injuries. Seven of the 144 (5%) patients required nephrectomy. Three patients had grade V trauma; all underwent nephrectomy. The 30‐day in‐hospital mortality, in patients with renal trauma, was 17% (24/144).

Conclusion

Most renal trauma patients were managed nonoperatively. 89% of patients with renal trauma had concomitant injuries. The renal trauma profile from this large cohort may be generalisable to urban contexts in India and other low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Assessment of sarcopenia in patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Kapuczinski Abeline , Soyfoo Muhammad S. , De Breucker Sandra , Margaux Joëlle
Published: August 2021

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by persistent widespread musculoskeletal pain. Patients with fibromyalgia have reduced physical activity and increased sedentary rate. The age-associated reduction of skeletal muscle mass and function is called sarcopenia. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. Loss of muscle function is common in fibromyalgia and in the elderly. The goal of this study is to determine whether the reduction of muscle function in fibromyalgia is related to sarcopenia according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria. Forty-five patients with fibromyalgia and thirty-nine healthy control female subjects were included. All the participants were assessed by Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and SARC-F questionnaire. Muscle mass was evaluated by bioimpedance analysis, muscle strength by handgrip strength test and physical performance with the Short Physical Performance Battery. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and SARC-F scores were statistically significantly higher in the fibromyalgia group than in the control group, showing severe disease and a higher risk of sarcopenia in the fibromyalgia group (p < 0.001). Muscle strength and physical performance were statistically significantly lower in the group with fibromyalgia than in the control group (p < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between fibromyalgia and control groups regarding skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.263). Our study demonstrated a significant reduction in muscle function in fibromyalgia patients without any loss of muscle mass. Loss of muscle function without decrease in muscle mass is called dynapenia.
Physiological Responses of Contrasting Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids to Repeated Drought
Authors: Kränzlein Markus , Geilfus Christoph-Martin , Franzisky Bastian L. , Zhang Xudong , Wimmer Monika A. , Zörb Christian
Published: August 2021

Maize is the most important crop worldwide in terms of production and yield, but every year a considerable amount of yield is lost due to drought. The foreseen increase in the number of drought spells due to climate change raises the question whether the ability to recover quickly after a water pulse may be a relevant trait for overall drought resistance. We here address the following hypotheses: (i) different maize hybrids exhibit distinct physiological adaptive responses to drought stress and (ii) these responses affect the ability to recover from the stress. (iii) The relative biomass production of maize hybrids, which show severe drought symptoms but are able to recover quickly after a water pulse, is comparable to those hybrids, which invest more energy into tolerance mechanisms. The physiological responses of eight maize hybrids to repeated drought were elucidated employing physiological parameters such as electrolyte leakage, osmolality, relative water content, growth rate and gas-exchange measurements. Only one hybrid was able to maintain biomass production under drought conditions. Amongst the others, two hybrids with similar growth inhibition but contrasting physiological responses were identified by a PCA analysis. Both strategies, i.e. stabilization of leaf water content via resistance mechanisms versus high recovery potential were equally effective in maintaining aboveground biomass production in the scenario of a long drought intermitted by a water-pulse. However, each strategy might be advantageous under different drought stress scenarios. Overall, the recovery potential is underestimated in drought resistance under natural conditions, which includes periodic cycles of drought and rewatering, and should be considered in screening trials.
Changes in mean and extreme temperature and precipitation events from different weighted multi-model ensembles over the northern half of Morocco
Authors: Balhane Saloua , Driouech Fatima , Chafki Omar , Manzanas Rodrigo , Chehbouni Abdelghani , Moufouma-Okia Willfran
Published: August 2021

Internal variability, multiple emission scenarios, and different model responses to anthropogenic forcing are ultimately behind a wide range of uncertainties that arise in climate change projections. Model weighting approaches are generally used to reduce the uncertainty related to the choice of the climate model. This study compares three multi-model combination approaches: a simple arithmetic mean and two recently developed weighting-based alternatives. One method takes into account models’ performance only and the other accounts for models’ performance and independence. The effect of these three multi-model approaches is assessed for projected changes of mean precipitation and temperature as well as four extreme indices over northern Morocco. We analyze different widely used high-resolution ensembles issued from statistical (NEXGDDP) and dynamical (Euro-CORDEX and bias-adjusted Euro-CORDEX) downscaling. For the latter, we also investigate the potential added value that bias adjustment may have over the raw dynamical simulations. Results show that model weighting can significantly reduce the spread of the future projections increasing their reliability. Nearly all model ensembles project a significant warming over the studied region (more intense inland than near the coasts), together with longer and more severe dry periods. In most cases, the different weighting methods lead to almost identical spatial patterns of climate change, indicating that the uncertainty due to the choice of multi-model combination strategy is nearly negligible.
PATZ1 fusions define a novel molecularly distinct neuroepithelial tumor entity with a broad histological spectrum
Authors: Alhalabi Karam T. , Stichel Damian , Sievers Philipp , Peterziel Heike , Sommerkamp Alexander C. , Sturm Dominik , Wittmann Andrea , Sill Martin , Jäger Natalie , Beck Pengbo , Pajtler Kristian W. , Snuderl Matija , Jour George , Delorenzo Michael , Martin Allison M. , Levy Adam , Dalvi Nagma , Hansford Jordan R. , Gottardo Nicholas G. , Uro-Coste Emmanuelle , Maurage Claude-Alain , Godfraind Catherine , Vandenbos Fanny , Pietsch Torsten , Kramm Christof , Filippidou Maria , Kattamis Antonis , Jones Chris , Øra Ingrid , Mikkelsen Torben Stamm , Zapotocky Michal , Sumerauer David , Scheie David , McCabe Martin , Wesseling Pieter , Tops Bastiaan B. J. , Kranendonk Mariëtte E. G. , Karajannis Matthias A. , Bouvier Nancy , Papaemmanuil Elli , Dohmen Hildegard , Acker Till , von Hoff Katja , Schmid Simone , Miele Evelina , Filipski Katharina , Kitanovski Lidija , Krskova Lenka , Gojo Johannes , Haberler Christine , Alvaro Frank , Ecker Jonas , Selt Florian , Milde Till , Witt Olaf , Oehme Ina , Kool Marcel , von Deimling Andreas , Korshunov Andrey , Pfister Stefan M. , Sahm Felix , Jones David T. W.
Published: August 2021

Large-scale molecular profiling studies in recent years have shown that central nervous system (CNS) tumors display a much greater heterogeneity in terms of molecularly distinct entities, cellular origins and genetic drivers than anticipated from histological assessment. DNA methylation profiling has emerged as a useful tool for robust tumor classification, providing new insights into these heterogeneous molecular classes. This is particularly true for rare CNS tumors with a broad morphological spectrum, which are not possible to assign as separate entities based on histological similarity alone. Here, we describe a molecularly distinct subset of predominantly pediatric CNS neoplasms (n = 60) that harbor PATZ1 fusions. The original histological diagnoses of these tumors covered a wide spectrum of tumor types and malignancy grades. While the single most common diagnosis was glioblastoma (GBM), clinical data of the PATZ1-fused tumors showed a better prognosis than typical GBM, despite frequent relapses. RNA sequencing revealed recurrent MN1:PATZ1 or EWSR1:PATZ1 fusions related to (often extensive) copy number variations on chromosome 22, where PATZ1 and the two fusion partners are located. These fusions have individually been reported in a number of glial/glioneuronal tumors, as well as extracranial sarcomas. We show here that they are more common than previously acknowledged, and together define a biologically distinct CNS tumor type with high expression of neural development markers such as PAX2, GATA2 and IGF2. Drug screening performed on the MN1:PATZ1 fusion-bearing KS-1 brain tumor cell line revealed preliminary candidates for further study. In summary, PATZ1 fusions define a molecular class of histologically polyphenotypic neuroepithelial tumors, which show an intermediate prognosis under current treatment regimens.
Mid-term implant survival, functional and radiological results and mechanical complications of mega-prosthetic reconstruction around the knee with the PENTA® system
Authors: Özger Harzem , Alpan Bugra , Salduz Ahmet , Gurkan Volkan , Sungur Mustafa , Valiyev Natig , Eralp Levent
Published: August 2021

Aim

Mega-prosthetic reconstruction is the most common treatment method for massive osteoarticular defects caused by tumor resection around the knee. The new implant is a highly modular rotational-hinged megaprosthesis system with a distinct pentagonal stem geometry and variable implantation options. The aim of this study is to present the mid-term implant survival characteristics, functional and radiological results and mechanical complication profile of the new megaprosthesis.

Methods

One hundred and one mega-prosthetic knee reconstruction procedures in 90 patients (M/F: 51/39) utilizing the new implant system were retrospectively analyzed. In 68 patients, the megaprosthesis was used for primary reconstruction following tumor resection while it was used for revision of other implants in 22. The mean age was 28.5 (7–66) years and the mean follow-up was 59.2 (24–124) months. The most common primary pathology was osteosarcoma with 63–70% patients, the most common anatomical site of involvement was the distal femur with 56–62% patients.

Results

Henderson Type 2 failure (aseptic loosening) was seen in only 2–2.2% patients while Type 3 (structural failure) was seen in 29–32.2% Although the 5-year anchorage survival rate was 94.3%, overall mechanical implant survival was 76.1% at 5 years due to a relatively high failure rate in the first-generation hinge mechanism of the implant. The 5-year hinge survival rate demonstrated a significant improvement rate from 61.7% to 87.2% between the first and second generations of the implant (p = 0.027). The mean MSTS score was 24 out of 30 (14–29). The mean cumulative ISOLS radiographic score for index megaprosthesis operations was 19.7 (12–24), which corresponded to excellent outcome.

Conclusion

The new megaprosthesis system is a reliable choice for the reconstruction of tumor-related massive osteoarticular defects around the knee. Although long-term follow-up is necessary for a definitive evaluation of the implant's survival characteristics, midterm follow-up yields exceptional anchorage properties related to pentagonal stem geometry with very good functional outcomes.
Tectono-magmatic controls on decratonic gold deposits
Authors: Chang Jia , Audétat Andreas , Li Jian-Wei
Published: August 2021

Magmatic-hydrothermal gold–copper deposits in post-subduction settings represent essential targets for mineral exploration, but controls on their formation remain controversial. The early Cretaceous lode Au districts that formed during lithosphere destruction of the North China Craton provide an ideal opportunity to better understand the key tectono-magmatic factors responsible for the genesis of Au-rich deposits in post-subduction settings. Here, we present a LA-ICP-MS study of silicate melt inclusions and sulfide inclusions from ore-related mafic to intermediate rocks in the central Taihangshan Au district in the interior of the North China Craton to constrain the content and evolution of magmatic ore metals ± volatiles. The results, combined with numerical modeling, suggest that the ore-related magmas contained only a few ng/g Au, which is similar to the Au content of non-mineralization-related mafic to intermediate magmas worldwide. The low Au content of the lode Au-related magmas suggest that large volumes of magmas had to accumulate in the middle to lower crust through trans-lithospheric fault systems to produce the lode Au deposits. It is further suggested that the lode Au-related magmas were alkali-rich, hydrous, oxidized and relatively rich in sulfur and chlorine (mafic melt inclusions contain 0.14‒0.24 wt% S and 0.1‒0.2 wt% Cl). These properties are considered critical for the generation of auriferous ore fluids. By comparing the tectono-magmatic setting of the giant Jiaodong Au province (~ 4000 t Au) with the central Taihangshan district (~ 150 t Au), we propose that the much larger total Au tonnage of the Jiaodong district results from the accumulation of a much larger volume of ore-forming magmas at deep crustal levels, induced by a stronger degree of lithosphere modification. In addition, given that the composition of lode Au-related magmas is similar to that of porphyry Cu–Au-related magmas, the lack of giant, early Cretaceous porphyry Cu–Au deposits in the North China Craton suggests that strong extensional settings favor the formation of lode Au deposits instead of porphyry Cu–Au deposits. The present study, therefore, has general implications for the genesis of Au-rich deposits in strongly extensional settings.
A multinational consensus on dysphagia in Parkinson's disease: screening, diagnosis and prognostic value
Authors: Cosentino Giuseppe , Avenali Micol , Schindler Antonio , Pizzorni Nicole , Montomoli Cristina , Abbruzzese Giovanni , Antonini Angelo , Barbiera Filippo , Benazzo Marco , Benarroch Eduardo Elias , Bertino Giulia , Cereda Emanuele , Clavè Pere , Cortelli Pietro , Eleopra Roberto , Ferrari Chiara , Hamdy Shaheen , Huckabee Maggie-Lee , Lopiano Leonardo , Marchese Ragona Rosario , Masiero Stefano , Michou Emilia , Occhini Antonio , Pacchetti Claudio , Pfeiffer Ronald F. , Restivo Domenico A. , Rondanelli Mariangela , Ruoppolo Giovanni , Sandrini Giorgio , Schapira Anthony H. V. , Stocchi Fabrizio , Tolosa Eduardo , Valentino Francesca , Zamboni Mauro , Zangaglia Roberta , Zappia Mario , Tassorelli Cristina , Alfonsi Enrico
Published: August 2021

Background

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor dysfunction. Dysphagia is a common symptom in PD, though it is still too frequently underdiagnosed. Consensus is lacking on screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of dysphagia in PD.

Objective

To systematically review the literature and to define consensus statements on the screening and the diagnosis of dysphagia in PD, as well as on the impact of dysphagia on the prognosis and quality of life (QoL) of PD patients.

Methods

A multinational group of experts in the field of neurogenic dysphagia and/or PD conducted a systematic revision of the literature published since January 1990 to February 2021 and reported the results according to PRISMA guidelines. The output of the research was then analyzed and discussed in a consensus conference convened in Pavia, Italy, where the consensus statements were drafted. The final version of statements was subsequently achieved by e-mail consensus.

Results

Eighty-five papers were used to inform the Panel’s statements even though most of them were of Class IV quality. The statements tackled four main areas: (1) screening of dysphagia: timing and tools; (2) diagnosis of dysphagia: clinical and instrumental detection, severity assessment; (3) dysphagia and QoL: impact and assessment; (4) prognostic value of dysphagia; impact on the outcome and role of associated conditions.

Conclusions

The statements elaborated by the Consensus Panel provide a framework to guide the neurologist in the timely detection and accurate diagnosis of dysphagia in PD.
Clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of CTNNB1 mutation in low-grade, early-stage endometrial endometrioid carcinoma
Authors: Ruz-Caracuel Ignacio , López-Janeiro Álvaro , Heredia-Soto Victoria , Ramón-Patino Jorge L. , Yébenes Laura , Berjón Alberto , Hernández Alicia , Gallego Alejandro , Ruiz Patricia , Redondo Andrés , Peláez-García Alberto , Mendiola Marta , Hardisson David
Published: August 2021

Low-grade and early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EECs) have an overall good prognosis but biomarkers identifying patients at risk of relapse are still lacking. Recently, CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation has been identified as a potential risk factor of recurrence in these patients. We evaluate the prognostic value of CTNNB1 mutation in a single-centre cohort of 218 low-grade, early-stage EECs, and the correlation with beta-catenin and LEF1 immunohistochemistry as candidate surrogate markers. CTNNB1 exon 3 hotspot mutations were evaluated by Sanger sequencing. Immunohistochemical staining of mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6), p53, beta-catenin, and LEF1 was performed in representative tissue microarrays. Tumours were also reviewed for mucinous and squamous differentiation, and MELF pattern. Nineteen (8.7%) tumours harboured a mutation in CTNNB1 exon 3. Nuclear beta-catenin and LEF1 were significantly associated with CTNNB1 mutation, showing nuclear beta-catenin a better specificity and positive predictive value for CTNNB1 mutation. Tumours with CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation were associated with reduced disease-free survival (p = 0.010), but no impact on overall survival was found (p = 0.807). The risk of relapse in tumours with CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation was independent of FIGO stage, tumour grade, mismatch repair protein expression, or the presence of lymphovascular space invasion. CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation has a negative impact on disease-free survival in low-grade, early-stage EECs. Nuclear beta-catenin shows a higher positive predictive value than LEF1 for CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation in these tumours.

Graphical abstract
A stochastic solver based on the residence time algorithm for crystal plasticity models
Authors: Yu Qianran , Martínez Enrique , Segurado Javier , Marian Jaime
Published: August 2021

The deformation of crystalline materials by dislocation motion takes place in discrete amounts determined by the Burgers vector. Dislocations may move individually or in bundles, potentially giving rise to intermittent slip. This confers plastic deformation with a certain degree of variability that can be interpreted as being caused by stochastic fluctuations in dislocation behavior. However, crystal plasticity (CP) models are almost always formulated in a continuum sense, assuming that fluctuations average out over large material volumes and/or cancel out due to multi-slip contributions. Nevertheless, plastic fluctuations are known to be important in confined volumes at or below the micron scale, at high temperatures, and under low strain rate/stress deformation conditions. Here, we develop a stochastic solver for CP models based on the residence-time algorithm that naturally captures plastic fluctuations by sampling among the set of active slip systems in the crystal. The method solves the evolution equations of explicit CP formulations, which are recast as stochastic ordinary differential equations and integrated discretely in time. The stochastic CP model is numerically stable by design and naturally breaks the symmetry of plastic slip by sampling among the active plastic shear rates with the correct probability. This can lead to phenomena such as intermittent slip or plastic localization without adding external symmetry-breaking operations to the model. The method is applied to body-centered cubic tungsten single crystals under a variety of temperatures, loading orientations, and imposed strain rates.
Experimental investigation to characterize simple versus multi scaling analysis of hydraulic conductivity at a mesoscale
Authors: Brunetti Guglielmo Federico Antonio , De Bartolo Samuele , Fallico Carmine , Frega Ferdinando , Rivera Velásquez Maria Fernanda , Severino Gerardo
Published: August 2021

The spatial variability of the aquifers' hydraulic properties can be satisfactorily described by means of scaling laws. The latter enable one to relate the small (typically laboratory) scale to the larger (typically formation/regional) ones, therefore leading de facto to an upscaling procedure. In the present study, we are concerned with the spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity K into a strongly heterogeneous porous formation. A strategy, allowing one to identify correctly the single/multiple scaling of K, is applied for the first time to a large caisson, where the medium was packed. In particular, we show how to identify the various scaling ranges with special emphasis on the determination of the related cut-off limits. Finally, we illustrate how the heterogeneity enhances with the increasing scale of observation, by identifying the proper law accounting for the transition from the laboratory to the field scale. Results of the present study are of paramount utility for the proper design of pumping tests in formations where the degree of spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity does not allow regarding them as “weakly heterogeneous”, as well as for the study of dispersion mechanisms.
Modelling of Rock Cutting with Asymmetrical Disc Tool Using Discrete-Element Method (DEM)
Authors: Stopka Grzegorz
Published: August 2021

The use of asymmetrical disc tools for the mining of hard and very hard rocks is a promising direction for developing mechanical mining methods. A significant obstacle in developing mining methods with the use of asymmetric disc tools is the lack of adequate computational methods. A deep understanding of rock–tool interaction can develop industrial applications of asymmetric disc tools significantly. The fundamental problem in designing work systems with asymmetric disc tools is the lack of adequate analytical models to identify tool loads during the mining process. One reasonable approach is to use computer simulation. The purpose of the research was to develop a simulation model of rock cutting using an asymmetrical disc tool and then evaluate the developed model. In the article, the Discrete-Element Method (DEM) in LS-Dyna was adopted to simulate rock cutting with asymmetrical disc tools. Numerical tests were conducted by pushing the disc into a rock sample at a given distance from the sample edge until the material was detached entirely. Two types of rock samples were used in the simulation tests: concrete and sandstone. The independent variables in the study were the disc diameter and the cut spacing. To validate the simulation model, analogous laboratory tests were carried out. The article presents a comparison of the results of simulation and laboratory tests. The given comparison showed good accordance LS-Dyna model with the experimental studies. The proposed test results can be input data for developing simulation models on a larger scale. Thus, it will be possible to consider the complex kinematics of the dynamics of the rock-mining process with disc tools using the DEM simulation.
Motor and functional outcome of selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic diplegia at 12 and 24 months of follow-up
Authors: Sargut Tarik Alp , Haberl Hannes , Wolter Simone , Tafelski Sascha , van Riesen Anne , Linhard Maijana , Kaindl Angela M. , Thomale Ulrich-Wilhelm , Schulz Matthias
Published: August 2021

Background

Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) in ambulatory children affected by cerebral palsy (CP) is a surgical treatment option to lower spasticity and thereby improve gait and ambulation. The aim of the current study is to investigate the outcome of children with respect to spasticity, muscle strength, and overall function after SDR.

Methods

All children who underwent SDR via a single-level laminotomy in the time period from January 2007 to April 2015 at our center were enrolled in this study. Within a standardized evaluation process, the following was assessed routinely pre-operatively and 12 and 24 months following surgery: extent of spasticity at hip adductors and hamstrings as characterized by the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), maximal muscle strength as characterized by the Medical Council Research Scale (MRC), overall function regarding ambulation as characterized by the Gross Motors Function Classification System (GFMCS), and overall function as characterized by the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88).

Results

Matching sets of pre- and post-operative assessments of the chosen outcome parameters were available for 109 of the 150 children who underwent SDR within the observation period. After 24 months, the MAS scores of hip adductors (n = 59) improved in 71% and 76% of children on the right and left side, respectively. In 20% and 19%, it remained unchanged and worsened in 9% and 5% of children on the right and left side, respectively (p < 0.00625). For hamstrings, the rates for the right and left sides were 81% and 79% improvement, 16% and 16% unchanged, and 4% and 5% worsened, respectively (p < 0.00625). Muscle strength of ankle dorsiflexion and knee extension significantly improved after 24 months. Overall function assessed by GMFM-88 improved significantly by 4% after 12 months (n = 77) and by 7% after 24 months (n = 56, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The presented data underlines the benefit of SDR in a pediatric patient collective with bilateral spastic CP. The procedure resulted in an effective and permanent reduction of spasticity and improved overall function without causing relevant weakness of the lower extremities.
Climate change, power, and vulnerabilities in the Peruvian Highlands
Authors: Heikkinen Anna Marjaana
Published: August 2021

The intensifying impacts of climate change pose a serious global threat, particularly for rural populations whose livelihoods are closely tied to natural resources. Yet there is a lack of critical understanding of how asymmetric power dynamics shape the vulnerabilities of such populations under climate change. This article examines the interrelations between smallholders’ climate-related vulnerability experiences and power relations across multiple scales of climate adaptation in the Peruvian Andes, a region susceptible to increasing climatic threats. The analysis draws on a case study conducted in the Mantaro River Valley in Central Peru using qualitative methods: open-ended interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Findings of the study show that in the context of climate change, the production of vulnerabilities has much to do with larger socio-political structures in which protection of the highland farmers is not prioritized. The impact of the uneven scalar power dynamics in climate adaptation and other overlapping fields of policy have created uneven terms of adaptation among smallholders. This has created marginalization, conflicts, and deepened smallholders’ vulnerabilities under climate change. I argue that to reach a better understanding of the multidimensionality of vulnerabilities, more detailed attention must be paid to place-based climate experiences within context-specific, socio-political processes, and to the ways these are shaped by unequal power relations across multiple scales.
Imaging methods for surgical revascularization in patients with moyamoya disease: an updated review
Authors: Du Lanxin , Jiang Hanyu , Li Jin , Duan Ting , Zhou Chenyun , Yan Feng
Published: August 2021

Neuroimaging is crucial in moyamoya disease (MMD) for neurosurgeons, during pre-surgical planning and intraoperative navigation not only to maximize the success rate of surgery, but also to minimize postsurgical neurological deficits in patients. This is a review of recent literatures which updates the clinical use of imaging methods in the morphological and hemodynamic assessment of surgical revascularization in patients with MMD. We aimed to assist surgeons in assessing the status of moyamoya vessels, selecting bypass arteries, and monitoring postoperative cerebral perfusion through the latest imaging technology.
Is prevention of suicide worth less? A comparison of the value per statistical life
Authors: Elin Vimefall , Mattias Persson , Sara Olofsson , Lars Hultkrantz
Published: August 2021

This paper compares the value per statistical life (VSL) in the context of suicide prevention to that of prevention of traffic fatalities. We conducted a contingent valuation survey with questions on willingness to pay (WTP) in both contexts by administering a web questionnaire to 1038 individuals aged 18 to 80. We conjectured that WTP for a given impact on the number of fatalities would be lower for suicide prevention because suicide, at least to some degree, is the result of individuals’ own decisions. However, this hypothesis was not supported by the within- or between-sample estimates of WTP or by responses to direct questions. Hence, no support is provided for the use of a lower valuation of the impact of suicide prevention than for risk-reducing programs in other fields, such as traffic safety. This implies that the same VSL should be used for evaluating suicide prevention interventions and for risk-reducing programs in other policy areas and funds for the prevention of fatalities should be directed to the area with the lowest cost per life saved.
Quality of Life Assessment in Trials of Revascularization for Chronic Stable Angina: Insights from ORBITA and the Implications of Blinding
Authors: Nowbar Alexandra N , Francis Darrel P , Al-Lamee Rasha K
Published: August 2021

The main aims of therapy in chronic stable angina are to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and death and improve symptoms and quality of life (QoL). Unblinded trials have shown that revascularization does not reduce the risk of myocardial infarction or death but does appear to improve symptoms. However, symptoms are susceptible to the placebo effect which can bias therapies to appear more effective than they are. To assess the true physical impact of a treatment on symptoms, placebo-controlled trials with patients and medical and research teams blinded to treatment allocation are necessary. Symptoms and QoL can be reported directly by the patient or indirectly by the physician. Patient-reported outcome measures in angina trials can include angina frequency, frequency of nitrate use, exercise capacity, and questionnaires such as the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) and the generic EuroQOL-5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L) QoL questionnaire. Physician-assessed outcome measures include Canadian Cardiovascular Society Class. The Objective Randomised Blinded Investigation with Optimal Medical Therapy of Angioplasty in Stable Angina (ORBITA) trial was the first blinded placebo-controlled study investigating the role of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in chronic stable angina. The trial showed a smaller than expected and not statistically significant effect of placebo-controlled PCI on the primary endpoint of change in exercise time at 6 weeks follow-up in single-vessel coronary artery disease. There was also no significant placebo-controlled treatment effect of PCI for the prespecified secondary endpoints of SAQ or EQ-5D-5L, although PCI did result in 20% more patients becoming free from angina than placebo in a non-prespecified secondary analysis. ORBITA has demonstrated the need for symptomatic and QoL effects of PCI to be studied using placebo control. Here, we describe ways of measuring QoL, the impact of the unblinded and blinded trials to date, what we have learned from ORBITA, and what is next for this common and complex condition.
A 26-Year Study of Restraint Fatalities Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Failure of Organizational Structures and Processes
Authors: Nunno Michael A. , McCabe Lisa A. , Izzo Charles V. , Smith Elliott G. , Sellers Deborah E. , Holden Martha J.
Published: August 2021

Background

Physical and mechanical restraints used in treatment, care, education, and corrections programs for children are high-risk interventions primarily due to their adverse physical, emotional, and fatal consequences.

Objective

This study explores the conditions and circumstances of restraint-related fatalities in the United States by asking (1) Who are the children that died due to physical restraint? and (2) How did they die?

Method

The study employs internet search systems to discover and compile information about restraint-related fatalities of children and youth up to 18 years of age from reputable journalism sources, advocacy groups, activists, and governmental and non-governmental agencies. The child cohort from a published study of restraint fatalities in the United States from 1993 to 2003 is combined with restraint fatalities from 2004 to 2018. This study’s scope has expanded to include restraint deaths in community schools, as well as undiscovered restraint deaths from 1993 to 2003 not in the 2006 study.

Results

Seventy-nine restraint-related fatalities occurred over the 26-year period from across a spectrum of children’s out-of-home child welfare, corrections, mental health and disability services. The research provides a data snapshot and examples of how fatalities unfold and their consequences for staff and agencies. Practice recommendations are offered to increase safety and transparency.

Conclusions

The study postulates that restraint fatalities result from a confluence of medical, psychological, and organizational causes; such as cultures prioritizing control, ignoring risk, using dangerous techniques, as well as agencies that lack structures, processes, procedures, and resources to promote learning and to ensure physical and psychological safety.