bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Risks in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Ostfeld Barbara M. , Esposito Linda , Perl Harold , Hegyi Thomas
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND:

Despite improved education on safe sleep, infants are still exposed to multiple risks for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Variability among health care providers continues to exist regarding knowledge of risk factors and the provision of education to caregivers.

OBJECTIVE:

To enhance the content and delivery of SIDS risk-reduction initiatives by physicians and other health care providers and to provide them with a context for evaluating their discussions of risks and compensatory strategies, we sought to raise awareness of the frequency of risk factors in SIDS cases, patterns of co-occurrence, associations between modifiable and nonmodifiable risks, and the rarity of cases without risk.

DESIGN AND METHODS:

In a population-based retrospective review of 244 (97%) New Jersey SIDS cases (1996–2000), we assessed the frequencies and co-occurrences of modifiable (maternal and paternal smoking, nonsupine sleep or prone status at discovery, bed-sharing, or scene risks) and nonmodifiable (upper respiratory infection or <37 weeks' gestational age) risks.

RESULTS:

Nonsupine sleep occurred in 70.4% of cases with data on position (159 of 226). Thirteen cases were of infants who were discovered prone, with an increased positional risk to 76.1%, in which 87% contained additional risks. Maternal smoking occurred in 42.6% (92 of 216) of the cases with data on this risk, and 98% among those cases had additional risks. At least 1 risk was found in 96% of the cases, and 78% had 2 to 7 risks. Of the 9 of 244 risk-free cases (3.7%), 7 lacked data on 2 to 5 risks per case. On the basis of the complete data, only 2 (0.8%) of all 244 cases were risk free. When nonmodifiable risks were excluded, 5.3% of the cases met this definition.

CONCLUSIONS:

Risk-free and single-risk SIDS cases are rare, and most contain multiple risks. Parent education should be comprehensive and address compensatory strategies for nonmodifiable risks.
Cholecystitis miatt végzett laparoscopos cholecystectomia situs inversus totalisbanr
Authors: Pataki István , Soultan Thabet Ghayth , Chanis William
Published: February 2010

Absztrakt

A különböző fejlődési rendellenességek, a szervrendszerek transzpozíciója sebésztechnikai problémákat is okozhatnak. Alábbi esetismertetésünkben cholecystitis miatt végzett sikeres LC műtétünket mutatjuk be. A 68 éves, ismert situs inversus totalist hordozó nőbetegünk kapcsán beszámolunk a kivizsgálás menetéről, a mechanikus icterus megoldásáról, valamint az alkalmazott sebésztechnikai módszerről.
The Power of Mouse Genetics to Study Spermatogenesis
Authors: Yatsenko A. N. , Iwamori N. , Iwamori T. , Matzuk M. M.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: Approximately 80 million people worldwide are infertile, and nearly half of all infertility cases are attributed to a male factor. Therefore, progress in reproductive genetics becomes crucial for future diagnosis and treatment of infertility. In recent years, enormous progress has been made in this field. More than 400 mutant mouse models with specific reproductive abnormalities have been produced, and numerous human association studies have been discovered. However, the translation of basic science findings to clinical practice remains protracted, with only modest progress in the application of novel findings to clinical genetic testing and cures. To date, the most significant findings in male infertility remain numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities and Y‐chromosome microdeletions in infertile men. Thus, we anticipate that future genetic investigations will focus on infertile men with a normal somatic karyotype but with various spermatozoal defects, like insufficient production of spermatozoa (oligozoospermia), inadequate motility (asthenozoospermia), abnormal morphology (teratozoospermia), or combinations of these defects. Ultimately, basic advances in mammalian nonhuman reproduction will translate to clinical advances in human reproduction and testing for infertile humans, thereby helping to improve diagnostics and health care for infertile patients.
P Granule Assembly and Function in Caenorhabditis elegans Germ Cells
Authors: Updike Dustin , Strome Susan
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT: Germ granules are large, non—membrane‐bound, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) organelles found in the germ line cytoplasm of most, if not all, animals. The term germ granule is synonymous with the perinuclear nuage in mouse and human germ cells. These large RNPs are complexed with germ line—specific cytoplasmic structures such as the mitochondrial cloud, intermitochondrial cement, and chromatoid bodies. The widespread presence of germ granules across species and the associated germ line defects when germ granules are compromised suggest that germ granules are key determinants of the identity and special properties of germ cells. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been a very fruitful model system for the study of germ granules, wherein they are referred to as P granules. P granules contain a heterogeneous mixture of RNAs and proteins. To date, most of the known germ granule proteins across species, and all of the known P granule components in C elegans, are associated with RNA metabolism, which suggests that a main function of germ granules is posttranscriptional regulation. Here we review P granule structure and localization, P granule composition, the genetic pathway of P granule assembly, and the consequences in the germ line when P granule components are lost. The findings in C elegans have important implications for the germ granule function during postnatal germ cell differentiation in mammals.
New Skills for a New Century? Challenging the Orthodoxy: The Role of Citizenship and Enterprise Education in Promoting Effective Learning
Authors: Brant Jacek , Wales Jenny
Published: February 2010

Citizenship and enterprise education are now compulsory in the English school curriculum; both offer challenges and opportunities for the development of effective learning. There is a long-standing problem of definition with enterprise education. One sees enterprise as teaching entrepreneurship, another sees it as more generic project development, and a final conceptualisation is the development of personal ‘enterprising’ dispositions, such as creativity, problem solving, and flexibility. These definitions have drastically different implications for teaching and the organisation of the curriculum. If the purpose of enterprise education is to prepare students to start businesses then enterprise education ought to develop the knowledge, understanding and skills that are relevant for running a company. In that case the link between enterprise education and business studies is close. However, if the purpose of enterprise education is to develop students' capacity to take the initiative in any situation, this could arguably be created in any part of the curriculum. Citizenship has more in common with the third definition of enterprise. While offering a body of knowledge, it also aims to develop skills and attitudes which can influence not only the individual student but the culture of the schools thus enhancing student's experiences and possibly attainment.
The Challenge of Developing Civic Activity Instruction in Finnish Teacher Education: A Review of the Results of the Citizenship and Civic Activity Project for Teacher Training
Authors: Hansen Petteri , Rantala Jukka
Published: February 2010

The objective of the “Promoting Citizenship and Civic Activity in Teacher Education” project in the years 2004–2006 was to: (1) make social awareness a more prominent part of the teacher training programme, (2) evaluate and develop the culture of participation in teacher training units and (3) use training schools' procedures to develop alternative models for participation at school. Generally speaking, the project was successful. Although it did not reach the masses, it was considered a welcome recognition of the important educational work carried out in schools. The teacher trainers, students and stakeholder representatives who took part in the project found the topics and themes to be interesting and meaningful. The studies and events arranged within the scope of the project generated extensive and, at times, deep discussion about the teacher's role as a model and mentor for civic activity. However, if the project is assessed in light of the three objectives mentioned above instead of more general goals, it admittedly did not achieve all of its original objectives. Even now, after the project, the extent to which civic activity-related topics are discussed still depends on the interest shown by individual teachers and subject groups. Our subject-oriented school culture easily lumps civic activity in with the teaching of history or social studies. One future challenge is to make the notion of civic activity part of a broader interaction involving the individual, culture, environment and society. Civic activity should be an educational model for thought and action that reaches all teachers and teacher trainers irrespective of their educational level or discipline.
Education, Citizenship and New Public Diplomacy in the UK: What is Their Relationship?
Authors: Brown Eleanor J. , Morgan W. John , McGrath Simon
Published: February 2010

Global citizenship is a contested concept which is receiving attention in the United Kingdom as a means of contributing to students' understanding of global issues and the rights and responsibilities that they imply. Global citizenship education is criticised as indoctrination by some and considered the best route to global peace by others. This article provides a discussion of its relationship with the concept and practice of cultural relations and specifically the New Public Diplomacy. It is claimed that global citizenship education and the new public diplomacy have some shared objectives, and that a discussion of the one may benefit from a consideration of the other. Furthermore, the aims of the new public diplomacy cannot be met without a clear understanding of global citizenship education, and how it affects those aims. The article considers the relationship of both concepts and concludes that this relationship is important to the theory and practice of each.
Plasma Sheath Structure for Different Temperature of In-Streaming Particles
Authors: Bhattarai SK , Joshi R , Khanal R
Published: February 2010

The structure of plasma sheath formed in front of an absorbing material wall for different temperatures of the in-streaming particles has been studied. For given electron and ion distributions of the sheath entrance we use the Kinetic Trajectory Simulation model to obtain the solution to a non-neutral, collisionless plasma sheath. Starting from an initial guess, the potential profile is iterated and our numerical method provides the final time-independent, self-consistent state. It is observed that the sheath structure is highly influenced by varying the temperature. Key words: Plasma; Quasineutrality; Debyashielding; Sheath; Presheath; Bohm criterion DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2648 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 10-13
Breeding Performance and Nursery Practices of Labeo Bata (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)
Authors: Hossain Quazi Zahangir , Hossain M Altaf , Parween Selina
Published: February 2010

A study was conducted to observe the breeding performance and nursery practices of the threatened indigenous fish species Labeo bata in Jessore (Longitude: 89°122 003 East; Latitude: 23°102 453 North), Bangladesh during 1998 to 2002. Eight trial doses of PG (Pituitary Gland) used for induced breeding of L. bata were 1.0mgPG/kg in the first dose, and 1.0 to 8.0mgPG/kg in second dose for female. On the other hand, five trial doses were administered for the male to identify the suitable single dose (1.5mgPG/kg) only. The best performance was obtained with 5.0mg of PG/kg body weight in the second dose for female of wild and successive three generations. The highest growth (lt.: 19.37mm and wt.: 57.67mg) and survivability (63.33%) of the fish fry was observed by using rice bran and mustard oil cake after 10 days of nursing. Key words: Breeding performance; Nursery practices; Threatened species; Labeo bata. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2654 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 40-45
Elevated Serum Concentrations of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 in Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis: Association with Severity of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: TOMITA HAJIME , OGAWA FUMIHIDE , HARA TOSHIHIDE , YANABA KOICHI , IWATA YOHEI , MUROI EIJI , YOSHIZAKI AYUMI , KOMURA KAZUHIRO , TAKENAKA MOTOI , SHIMIZU KAZUHIRO , HASEGAWA MINORU , FUJIMOTO MANABU , SATO SHINICHI
Published: February 2010

Objective.

To determine serum concentrations and clinical association of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods.

Serum sTREM-1 levels from 17 patients with limited cutaneous SSc (lSSc), 24 patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (dSSc), and 29 healthy control individuals were examined by ELISA.

Results.

Total SSc patients exhibited significantly elevated serum sTREM-1 levels relative to controls (p < 0.01). Serum sTREM-1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with dSSc compared to controls (p < 0.005) and lSSc patients (p < 0.05). By contrast, sTREM-1 levels in lSSc were similar to those in controls. Serum sTREM-1 levels were significantly elevated in SSc patients with decreased percentage vital capacity (%VC). Consistent with this, serum sTREM-1 levels in SSc patients correlated negatively with %VC (r = −0.24, p < 0.005). Among SSc patients with pulmonary fibrosis, sTREM-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with decreased %VC or decreased percentage of diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide relative to those with normal values (p < 0.05).

Conclusion.

Serum sTREM-1 levels were elevated in dSSc patients and correlated with severity of pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that serum sTREM-1 is a novel serological marker for the disease severity of SSc.
Isotope separation by selective laser‐assisted repression of condensation in supersonic free jets
Authors: Eerkens Jeff W. , Kim Jaewoo
Published: February 2010

Separation of gaseous molecules in supersonic free jets by laser‐assisted selective condensation repression is reviewed. It is shown to have evolved from Becker's pre‐laser “Nozzle Separator” concept of 1956 by simple addition of a laser. Although useful to separate mixtures of dissimilar gases, the technique has mostly been applied to isotope separation. To enrich iSF6 for example, SF6 mixed with an inert carrier gas G is expanded through a nozzle into a low‐pressure chamber, where it forms a supersonic jet and creates van der Waals hetero‐ or homodimers SF6:G and SF6:SF6 if T < 150 K. By coaxial or cross irradiation of the free jet with a tunable laser, dimerization of selectively excited jSF6 is prevented. As radial out‐of‐the‐jet‐core diffusion depends on molecular mass, nondimerizable laser‐excited jSF6 monomers enrich the background “rim” gases, which are separated by a skimmer from much heavier nonexcited iSF6:G and iSF6:SF6 dimers in the jet's core. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Contextual factors for finding similar experts
Authors: Hofmann Katja , Balog Krisztian , Bogers Toine , de Rijke Maarten
Published: February 2010

Expertise‐seeking research studies how people search for expertise and choose whom to contact in the context of a specific task. An important outcome are models that identify factors that influence expert finding. Expertise retrieval addresses the same problem, expert finding, but from a system‐centered perspective. The main focus has been on developing content‐based algorithms similar to document search. These algorithms identify matching experts primarily on the basis of the textual content of documents with which experts are associated. Other factors, such as the ones identified by expertise‐seeking models, are rarely taken into account. In this article, we extend content‐based expert‐finding approaches with contextual factors that have been found to influence human expert finding. We focus on a task of science communicators in a knowledge‐intensive environment, the task offinding similar experts, given an example expert. Our approach combines expertise‐seeking and retrieval research. First, we conduct a user study to identify contextual factors that may play a role in the studied task and environment. Then, we design expert retrieval models to capture these factors. We combine these with content‐based retrieval models and evaluate them in a retrieval experiment. Our main finding is that while content‐based features are the most important, human participants also take contextual factors into account, such as media experience and organizational structure. We develop two principled ways of modeling the identified factors and integrate them with content‐based retrieval models. Our experiments show that models combining content‐based and contextual factors can significantly outperform existing content‐based models.
A de novo designed 11 kDa polypeptide: Model for amyloidogenic intrinsically disordered proteins
Authors: Topilina Natalya I. , Ermolenkov Vladimir V. , Sikirzhytski Vitali , Higashiya Seiichiro , Lednev Igor K. , Welch John T.
Published: February 2010

A de novo polypeptide GH6[(GA)3GY(GA)3GE]8GAH6 (YE8) has a significant number of identical weakly interacting β‐strands with the turns and termini functionalized by charged amino acids to control polypeptide folding and aggregation. YE8 exists in a soluble, disordered form at neutral pH but is responsive to changes in pH and ionic strength. The evolution of YE8 secondary structure has been successfully quantified during all stages of polypeptide fibrillation by deep UV resonance Raman (DUVRR) spectroscopy combined with other morphological, structural, spectral, and tinctorial characterization. The YE8 folding kinetics at pH 3.5 are strongly dependent on polypeptide concentration with a lag phase that can be eliminated by seeding with a solution of folded fibrillar YE8. The lag phase of polypeptide folding is concentration dependent leading to the conclusion that β‐sheet folding of the 11‐kDa amyloidogenic polypeptide is completely aggregation driven. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 607–618, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Two‐Photon Absorption Circular Dichroism: A New Twist in Nonlinear Spectroscopy
Authors: Toro Carlos , De Boni Leonardo , Lin Na , Santoro Fabrizio , Rizzo Antonio , Hernandez Florencio E.
Published: February 2010

Herein we report on the full experimental measurement of the two‐photon absorption circular dichroism spectra of (S)‐(−)‐1,1′‐bi(2‐naphthol) and (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐bi(2‐naphthol), their analysis, and theoretical support. The finding of new nonlinear optical fingerprints in chiral molecules offers new opportunities in the recognition and understanding of optically active systems in regions where CD could present strong limitations.
3‐Mercapto‐2,6‐Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid: A Small Lanthanide‐Binding Tag for Protein Studies by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Man Bradley , Su Xun‐Cheng , Liang Haobo , Simonsen Shane , Huber Thomas , Messerle Barbara A. , Otting Gottfried
Published: February 2010

Paramagnetic effects from lanthanide ions present powerful tools for protein studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provided that the lanthanide can be site‐specifically and rigidly attached to the protein. A new, particularly small and rigid lanthanide‐binding tag, 3‐mercapto‐2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (3MDPA), was synthesized and attached to two different proteins via a disulfide bond. The complexes of the N‐terminal domain of the E. coli arginine repressor (ArgN) with seven different paramagnetic lanthanide ions and Co2+ were analyzed in detail by NMR spectroscopy. The magnetic susceptibility anisotropy (Δχ) tensors and metal position were determined from pseudocontact shifts. The 3MDPA tag generated very different Δχ tensor orientations compared to the previously studied 4‐mercaptomethyl‐DPA tag, making it a highly complementary and useful tool for protein NMR studies.
Nebivolol Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Stage I‐II Hypertension
Authors: Greathouse Mark
Published: February 2010

Background

Nebivolol is a novel, β1‐adrenergic receptor blocker with vasodilatory properties mediated through activation of the L‐arginine/nitric oxide pathway.

Hypothesis

This multicenter, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study investigated the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of nebivolol in patients with stage I through stage II hypertension (sitting diastolic blood pressure [SiDBP] ≥ 95 mm Hg and ≤ 109 mm Hg).

Methods

A total of 811 patients were randomized to placebo or nebivolol 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg once daily for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the reduction in mean trough SiDBP from baseline.

Results

At study end, the least squares mean reductions in trough SiDBP from baseline with nebivolol 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg were − 7.8 mm Hg, − 8.5 mm Hg, and − 9.1 mm Hg, respectively, compared with − 4.6 mm Hg for placebo (P= .002 for nebivolol 5 mg,P<.001 for nebivolol 10 mg and 20 mg, vs placebo). Nebivolol treatment also produced reductions in trough sitting systolic blood pressure; however, only the 20 mg dose was statistically significant compared with placebo (−6.7 mm Hg vs − 0.4 mm Hg;P<.001). Response rates (defined as an average trough SiDBP < 90 mm Hg or a decrease by ≥ 10 mm Hg from baseline at the end of the study) ranged from 66.0% to 68.9% with nebivolol 5–20 mg, compared with 49.3% with placebo (P≤.009). Nebivolol 5 mg and 10 mg doses were well tolerated, with an overall adverse event incidence comparable to placebo.

Conclusions

Once‐daily nebivolol is an effective antihypertensive agent in patients with stage I‐II hypertension. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circadian variation in radiation‐induced intestinal mucositis in patients with cervical carcinoma
Authors: Shukla Pragya , Gupta Deepak , Bisht Shyam Singh , Pant Mohan Chand , Bhatt Madan Lal , Gupta Rajeev , Srivastava Kirti , Gupta Seema , Dhawan Ankur , Mishra Deepti , Negi Mahendra Pal Singh
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND:

Mucositis, a radiotherapy‐associated toxicity, is an important factor determining morbidity and treatment compliance. Gastrointestinal mucositis in patients undergoing radiotherapy may also depend on time of administration of radiation in addition to several other factors. The presence of any correlation between the severity of acute gastrointestinal mucositis in cervical carcinoma patients and the time of irradiation was prospectively evaluated.

METHODS:

A total of 229 patients with cervical carcinoma were randomized to morning (8:00‐10:00 AM) and evening (6:00‐8:00 PM) arms. The incidence of mucositis in the 2 arms was assessed and reported in terms of various grades of diarrhea.

RESULTS:

Overall (grade I‐IV) as well as higher grade (III and IV) diarrhea was found to be significantly increased in the morning arm as compared with the evening arm (overall: 87.39 % vs 68.18 %, P < .01; higher grade: 14.29% vs 5.45%, P < .05). Other radiation‐induced toxicity was also higher in the morning arm, but its occurrence in the 2 arms did not differ significantly (13.45% vs 12.73%, P > .05). After completion of treatment, patients' response to radiation in the 2 arms was similar (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

The significant difference in the incidence of higher grade diarrhea between the morning and evening arms is indirect evidence of the influence of circadian rhythm on the intestinal mucosa of the human intestine. This knowledge may facilitate treating patients with decreased toxicity to the intestinal mucosa. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Average shape standard atlas for the adult Drosophila ventral nerve cord
Authors: Boerner Jana , Duch Carsten
Published: February 2010

Neuroanatomy benefits from quantification of neural structures, i.e., neurons, circuits, and brain parts, within a common reference system. Recent improvements in imaging techniques and increased computational power have made the creation of Web‐based databases possible, which serve as common platforms for incorporating anatomical data. This study establishes a standard average shape atlas for the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of Drosophila melanogaster. This atlas allows for the registration of morphological, developmental, and genetic data into one quantitative 3D reference system. The standard is based on an average adult Drosophila VNC neuropil as labeled in 24 whole‐mount preparations with the commercially available antibody (nc82) recognizing the Drosophila Bruchpilot protein (Brp). For the standardization procedure no expert knowledge of brain anatomy is required and global thresholding as well as straightforward affine and elastic registration procedures minimize user interactions. Successful registration is demonstrated for tracts and commissures, gene expression patterns, and geometric reconstructions of individual neurons. Any structure that is counterstained with anti‐Brp can be registered into the standard, allowing for fast comparison of data from different experiments and different laboratories. In addition, standard transformations can be applied to gray scale image data, so that any confocal image stack that is colabeled with anti‐Brp can be analyzed within standardized 3D reference coordinates. This allows for the creation of putative neural connectivity maps and the comparison of expression patterns derived from different preparations. The standard and protocols for histological methods, segmentation, and registration procedures will be made available on the Web. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2437–2455, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive phase‐related variations in cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) in the olfactory system, forebrain, and pituitary of the female catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.)
Authors: Barsagade Vikas G. , Mazumdar Minakshi , Singru Praful S. , Thim Lars , Clausen Jes Thorn , Subhedar Nishikant
Published: February 2010

The annual sexual cycle of Clarias batrachus is divisible into resting (December–January), preparatory (February–April), prespawning (May–June), spawning (July– August), and postspawning (September–November) phases. The gonosomatic indices rose steadily through the preparatory and prespawning phases, peaked in the spawning phase, and were greatly reduced during the postspawning and resting phases. A clear pattern of change was also identified in the immunocytochemical profile of the luteinizing hormone (LH) cells in the pituitary. These changes were correlated with the cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART)‐immunoreactive system in the forebrain and pituitary. In the olfactory bulb, CART immunoreactivity in the terminal fields of the mitral cell layer, granule cells, and medial olfactory tracts gradually decreased during the resting through prespawning phases. However, it was considerably augmented during spawning (P < 0.001) and showed highest activity in the postspawning phase (P < 0.001). A different pattern was noticed in the fibers and/or neurons of the lateral part of ventral telencephalic area, the entopeduncular nucleus, and the dorsal part of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis. In these areas, intense immunoreactivity seen in preparatory phase, declined during prespawning (P < 0.01) then through spawning, and was partially augmented during the postspawning and resting phases (P < 0.05). A similar pattern was also seen in the nucleus preglomerulosus lateralis and medialis, nucleus dorsalis posterioris of thalamus, lobobulbar nucleus, and the nucleus of posterior recess. CART was transiently expressed in LH cells in the pituitary during the preparatory period. We suggest that the CART system may play a role in triggering the brain–pituitary–ovary axis at the onset of the preparatory phase. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2503–2524, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of large terminal inputs from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices to the dorsal thalamus in the rodent
Authors: Liao Chia‐Chi , Chen Ruei‐Feng , Lai Wen‐Sung , Lin Rick C.S. , Yen Chen‐Tung
Published: February 2010

The present study was undertaken to determine the precise projection pattern from the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortices to the posterior nuclear proper (POm) and ventroposterior thalamic nuclei (VP). The POm was previously shown to receive large boutons arising exclusively from layer V of the S1 barrel region. This descending input was proposed to play a key role, namely, as a driver, in shaping the receptive property of POm neurons. To determine whether other body parts and the S2 also contribute such unique inputs to the dorsal thalamus, anterograde neuroanatomical tracers were focally deposited in the S1 and S2 forepaw and whisker regions of rats and C57BL6‐Tg (GFPm)/Thy1 transgenic mice. Our major findings were that, 1) irrespective of body representations, both the S1 and the S2 provided corticothalamic large terminals to the POm with comparable morphological characteristics and 2) descending large terminals were also noted in particular subzones within the VP, including boundary and caudal areas. We concluded, based on these findings, that the rodent VP has three partitions: the rostral VP innervated by small corticothalamic terminals, the caudal VP with both corticothalamic small and large terminals, and a surrounding shell region, which also contained large terminals. Furthermore, assuming that the large terminal has a driver's role, we propose that particular subzones in the VP may play a role as a multiple‐order thalamic relay so that they can simultaneously coordinate with first‐ and higher‐order relays in the thalamocortical circuitry for processing somatosensory information. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2592–2611, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term recognition memory of individual conspecifics is associated with telencephalic expression of Egr‐1 in the electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus
Authors: Harvey‐Girard Erik , Tweedle Jessica , Ironstone Joel , Cuddy Martin , Ellis William , Maler Leonard
Published: February 2010

Primates and songbirds can learn to recognize individual conspecifics based on complex sensory cues; this requires a large, highly differentiated dorsal telencephalon. Here we show that the electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus can learn to recognize individual conspecifics based on a simple cue, the beat frequency of their summed sinusoidal electric organ discharges (EOD). Male fish produce transient communication signals (chirps) in response to mimic EODs. The chirp response habituates over repeated stimulus presentations within one experimental session, continues to habituate over successive daily sessions and is nearly extinguished after 5–7 days. Habituation of the chirp response was specific to the presented beat frequency. The conversion of short‐ to long‐term habituation could be disrupted by cooling the head 30 minutes after the daily habituation trials. Consolidation of long‐term memory in mammals is thought to involve induced expression of an immediate early gene, Egr‐1. We cloned the Apteronotid homolog of the Egr‐1 gene and found that chirp‐evoking stimuli induced strong expression of its mRNA within the dorsal (Dd), central (DC), and lateral (DL) subdivisions of the dorsal telencephalon. Interestingly, the dorsolateral region is hypothesized to be homologous to the amniote hippocampal formation. We conclude that A. leptorhynchus can learn to identify individual conspecifics based on their EOD frequency and can remember these frequencies for several days. We hypothesize that this form of learning, as in primates and songbirds, requires a subset of dorsal telencephalic areas and involves a consolidation‐like process that includes the expression of the transcription factor AptEgr‐1. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2666–2692, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular and subcellular localization of estrogen and progestin receptor immunoreactivities in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Mitterling Katherine L. , Spencer Joanna L. , Dziedzic Noelle , Shenoy Sushila , McCarthy Katharine , Waters Elizabeth M. , McEwen Bruce S. , Milner Teresa A.
Published: February 2010

Estrogen receptor‐α (ERα), estrogen receptor‐β (ERβ), and progestin receptor (PR) immunoreactivities are localized to extranuclear sites in the rat hippocampal formation. Because rats and mice respond differently to estradiol treatment at a cellular level, the present study examined the distribution of ovarian hormone receptors in the dorsal hippocampal formation of mice. For this, antibodies to ERα, ERβ, and PR were localized by light and electron immunomicroscopy in male and female mice across the estrous cycle. Light microscopic examination of the mouse hippocampal formation showed sparse nuclear ERα and PR immunoreactivity (‐ir) most prominently in the CA1 region and diffuse ERβ‐ir primarily in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer as well as in a few interneurons. Ultrastructural analysis additionally revealed discrete extranuclear ERα‐, ERβ‐, and PR‐ir in neuronal and glial profiles throughout the hippocampal formation. Although extranuclear profiles were detected in all animal groups examined, the amount and types of profiles varied with sex and estrous cycle phase. ERα‐ir was highest in diestrus females, particularly in dendritic spines, axons, and glia. Similarly, ERβ‐ir was highest in estrus and diestrus females, mainly in dendritic spines and glia. Conversely, PR‐ir was highest during proestrus, mostly in axons. Except for very low levels of extranuclear ERβ‐ir in mossy fiber terminals in mice, the labeling patterns in the mice for all three antibodies were similar to the ultrastructural labeling found previously in rats, suggesting that regulation of these receptors is well conserved across the two species. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2729–2743, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of cellular growth by the axon guidance regulators Netrin A and Semaphorin‐1a
Authors: Flannery Ellen , VanZomeren‐Dohm Adrienne , Beach Paul , Holland Wendy Simanton , Duman‐Scheel Molly
Published: February 2010

Although neurite outgrowth has been linked to axon guidance regulators, the effects of guidance molecules on cellular growth are not well understood. Use of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, an epithelial tissue and a well‐characterized system for analysis of cellular growth regulation, permits analysis of the impacts of guidance molecules on cellular growth in a setting in which axon guidance is not a confounding factor. In this investigation, the impacts of Netrin A (NetA) and Semaphorin‐1a (Sema1a) signaling on cellular growth are examined during wing development. Levels of these genes were modulated in somatic clones in the developing wing disc, and clone areas, as well as individual sizes of clonal cells were assessed. NetA and Sema1a signaling were found to induce cellular growth in these assays. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses indicated that NetA and Sema1a signaling induce expression of several growth regulators, including myc, cycD, cdk4, PCNA, and MapK in the wing disc. These data illustrate that NetA and Sema1a can specifically promote growth through induction of key cellular growth regulators. The abilities of NetA and Sema1a to regulate cellular growth are likely critical to their functions in both nervous system development and oncogenesis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70:473–484, 2010
Hydrologic effects of the expansion of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in a tropical catchment
Authors: Guardiola‐Claramonte Maite , Troch Peter A. , Ziegler Alan D. , Giambelluca Thomas W. , Durcik Matej , Vogler John B. , Nullet Michael A.
Published: February 2010

This study investigates basin‐scale hydrologic implications of the replacement of forest‐dominated land cover by rubber plantations in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia. The paper presents a new method for estimating the water demand of rubber and consequently water losses to the atmosphere through rubber evapotranspiration (ET). In this paper we argue that rubber ET is energy‐limited during the wet season, but during the dry season water consumption is mostly governed by environmental variables that directly affect rubber phenology, namely, vapour pressure deficit, temperature and photoperiodicity. The proposed ET model is introduced into a hillslope‐based hydrologic model to predict the basin‐scale hydrologic consequences of rubber replacing native vegetation. Simulations suggest greater annual catchment water losses through ET from rubber dominated landscapes compared to traditional vegetation cover. This additional water use reduces discharge from the basin, or its storage. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of HIV replication by a CD4‐reactive Fab of an IgM clone isolated from a healthy HIV‐seronegative individual
Authors: Hamatake Makiko , Komano Jun , Urano Emiko , Maeda Fumiko , Nagatsuka Yasuko , Takekoshi Masataka
Published: February 2010

HIV replication is restricted by some anti‐CD4 mouse mAb in vitro and in vivo. However, a human monoclonal anti‐CD4 Ab has not been isolated. We screened EBV‐transformed peripheral B cells from 12 adult donors for CD4‐reactive Ab production followed by functional reconstitution of Fab genes. Three independent IgM Fab clones reactive specifically to CD4 were isolated from a healthy HIV‐seronegative adult (∼0.0013% of the peripheral B cells). The germ line combinations for the VH and VL genes were VH3‐33/L6, VH3‐33/L12, and VH4‐4/L12, respectively, accompanied by somatic hypermutations. Genetic analysis revealed a preference for V‐gene usage to develop CD4‐reactive Ab. Notably, one of the CD4‐reactive clones, HO538‐213, with an 1×10−8 M dissociation constant (Kd) to recombinant human CD4, limited the replication of R5‐tropic and X4‐tropic HIV‐1 strains at 1–2.5 μg/mL in primary mononuclear cells. This is the first clonal genetic analysis of human monoclonal CD4‐reactive Ab. A mAb against CD4 isolated from a healthy individual could be useful in the intervention of HIV/AIDS.
A regulatory role for macrophage class A scavenger receptors in TLR4‐mediated LPS responses
Authors: Chen Yunying , Wermeling Fredrik , Sundqvist Johanna , Jonsson Ann‐Beth , Tryggvason Karl , Pikkarainen Timo , Karlsson Mikael C. I.
Published: February 2010

Recognition of microbial components by TLR, key sensors of infection, leads to induction of inflammatory responses. We found that, in vivo, TLR4 engagement by LPS induces up‐regulation of the class A scavenger receptors (SR) macrophage receptor with a collagenous structure (MARCO) and SR‐A, which occurs, at least in the case of MARCO, via both MyD88‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. When challenging mice with a low dose of LPS followed by a high dose, class A SR‐deficient mice showed a higher survival rate than WT mice. This was paired with increased production of IL‐10 and anti‐LPS Ab, as well as increased activation status of marginal zone B cells. However, the receptors were not crucial for survival when challenging mice i.p. with Neisseria meningitidis or Listeria monocytogenes, but they were found to contribute to microbial capture and clearance. This indicates physiological significance for the up‐regulation of class A SR during early stages of bacterial infection. Thus, we believe that we have revealed a mechanism where SR regulate the activation status of the immune system and are involved in balancing a proper immune response to infection. This regulation could also be important in maintaining tolerance since these receptors have been shown to be involved in regulation of self‐reactivity.
H2‐M3‐restricted CD8+ T cells augment CD4+ T‐cell responses by promoting DC maturation
Authors: Chow Michael T. , Teh Hung‐Sia
Published: February 2010

Infection with Listeria monocytogenes triggers the activation and expansion of nonconventional CD8+ T cells restricted by the MHC class Ib molecule, H2‐M3. H2‐M3‐restricted CD8+ T cells exhibit a memory phenotype, rapidly produce cytokines, and reach peak frequencies sooner than conventional MHC class Ia‐restricted CD8+ T cells. In this study, we found that simultaneous in vivo priming of H2‐M3‐restricted T cells and adoptively transferred OT‐II CD4+ T cells on the same DC enhances the survival of OT‐II cells. Stimulation of H2‐M3‐restricted T cells were found to induce DC maturation resulting in costimulatory molecule upregulation and production of TH1‐type cytokines, which was dependent on both cell‐to‐cell contact and soluble factors, particularly TNF‐α, produced by activated H2‐M3‐restricted T cells. Interestingly, H2‐M3‐restricted T cells were more efficient than activated NK cells in inducing DC maturation. Furthermore, we found that OVA323–339‐coated DC matured by coculturing with peptide‐stimulated H2‐M3‐restricted T cells were more efficient in stimulating the proliferation of Ag‐activated OT‐II cells. This study indicates that H2‐M3‐restricted T cells promote immune responses by CD4+ T cells by inducing DC maturation and suggests novel mechanisms for vaccine development.
Discovery of the Michael Reaction
Authors: Tokoroyama Takashi
Published: February 2010

This essay deals with the details of the discovery of the Michael addition reaction, focusing on Arthur Michael, an American chemist, after whom it is named. Michael envisaged the possibility of an addition reaction of sodiomalonate ester or sodioacetoacetate ester to α,β‐unsaturated acid esters and confirmed this by experimentation. Some instances of the Michael addition were observed prior to Michael's crucial finding, and the validity of his credit as the discoverer is discussed. At the same time, a general consideration is made on chemical creativity with reference to the individuality in the career and the personality of A. Michael.
Efficient Synthesis of New C‐Functionalized Macrocyclic Polyamines
Authors: Rousselin Yoann , Sok Nicolas , Boschetti Frédéric , Guilard Roger , Denat Franck
Published: February 2010

A powerful synthetic route for the preparation of new polyazamacrocycles, valuable precursors of bifunctional chelating agents with applications in nuclear medicine, is reported. The desired functional group was introduced onto the macrocycle backbone during the cyclization step, thus avoiding the tedious preparation of a C‐functionalized synthon. The regioselective reaction of macrocycles bearing an aminomethyl pendant arm with aldehydes is also described.
Microstructure of microemulsion in MEEKC
Authors: Cao Yuhua , Sheng Jianwei
Published: February 2010

The influences of the composition of microemulsion on the microstructure including dimensions and ζ potentials of microdroplets were measured in details. The average dynamic dimension of microdroplets was measured by dynamic laser light scattering, and ζ potential was determined to characterize average surface charge density of microdroplets. The experiment results showed that increase of the amount of surfactant resulted in decrease of microdroplet size but almost invariant ζ potential, which would enlarge migration time of the microdroplet in MEEKC. With increment of cosurfactant concentration, the microdroplet size had an increasing trend, whereas the ζ potential decreased. Thus, observed migration velocity of microdroplets increased, which made the separation window in MEEKC shortened. Neither dimension nor ζ potential of microdroplets changed by varying both the type and the amount of the oil phase. Adding organic solvent as modifier to microemulsion did not change the microdroplet size, but lowered ζ potential. The migration time of microdroplet still became larger, since EOF slowed down owing to organic solvent in capillary. So, besides increment of surfactant concentration, organic additive could also enlarge the separation window. Increase of cosurfactant concentration was beneficial for separation efficiency thanks to the looser structure of swollen microdroplet, and the peak sharpening might compensate for the resolution and peak capacity owing to a narrow separation window. Except the oil phase, tuning the composition of microemulsion would change the microstructure, eventually could be exploited to optimize the resolution and save analysis time in MEEKC.
Intellectual abilities and white matter microstructure in development: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Tamnes Christian K. , Østby Ylva , Walhovd Kristine B. , Westlye Lars T. , Due‐Tønnessen Paulina , Fjell Anders M.
Published: February 2010

Higher‐order cognitive functions are supported by distributed networks of multiple interconnected cortical and subcortical regions. Efficient cognitive processing depends on fast communication between these regions, so the integrity of the connections between them is of great importance. It is known that white matter (WM) development is a slow process, continuing into adulthood. While the significance of cortical maturation for intellectual development is described, less is known about the relationships between cognitive functions and maturation of WM connectivity. In this cross‐sectional study, we investigated the associations between intellectual abilities and development of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived measures of WM microstructure in 168 right‐handed participants aged 8–30 years. Independently of age and sex, both verbal and performance abilities were positively related to fractional anisotropy (FA) and negatively related to mean diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD), predominantly in the left hemisphere. Further, verbal, but not performance abilities, were associated with developmental differences in DTI indices in widespread regions in both hemispheres. Regional analyses showed relations with both FA and RD bilaterally in the anterior thalamic radiation and the cortico‐spinal tract and in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus. In these regions, our results suggest that participants with high verbal abilities may show accelerated WM development in late childhood and a subsequent earlier developmental plateau, in contrast to a steadier and prolonged development in participants with average verbal abilities. Longitudinal data are needed to validate these interpretations. The results provide insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of intellectual development. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interest in politics modulates neural activity in the amygdala and ventral striatum
Authors: Gozzi Marta , Zamboni Giovanna , Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan
Published: February 2010

Studies on political participation have found that a person's interest in politics contributes to the likelihood that he or she will be involved in the political process. Here, we looked at whether or not interest in politics affects patterns of brain activity when individuals think about political matters. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we scanned individuals (either interested or uninterested in politics based on a self‐report questionnaire) while they were expressing their agreement or disagreement with political opinions. After scanning, participants were asked to rate each political opinion presented in the scanner for emotional valence and emotional intensity. Behavioral results showed that those political opinions participants agreed with were perceived as more emotionally intense and more positive by individuals interested in politics relative to individuals uninterested in politics. In addition, individuals interested in politics showed greater activation in the amygdala and the ventral striatum (ventral putamen) relative to individuals uninterested in politics when reading political opinions in accordance with their own views. This study shows that having an interest in politics elicits activations in emotion‐ and reward‐related brain areas even when simply agreeing with written political opinions. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.