bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Human HAPRIN Potentially Involved in the Acrosome Reaction
Authors: Kitamura Kouichi , Nishimura Hiromi , Nishimune Yoshitake , Tanaka Hiromitsu
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT: The acrosome reaction in sperm is an exocytotic event required for fertilization. Previously, we isolated a novel haploid—germ‐cell—specific gene in the mouse; this gene, named haprin, encodes the RING‐finger, B‐box—type zinc finger and coiled‐coil domain (RBCC) motif protein and may be involved in the acrosome reaction. Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of a human haprin ortholog. The deduced amino acid sequence of human haprin had 91% identity with the mouse ortholog. Transcripts of human haprin were detected exclusively in the testes. Western blot and immunocytochemical analyses detected HAPRIN protein in the testes and sperm. The protein was localized in the acrosomal region of sperm and disappeared after the acrosome reaction. Our results indicate that the function of HAPRIN is highly conserved in humans and mice and that the protein could play an important role in the regulation of the acrosome reaction.
Receptor Isoform and Ligand‐Specific Modulation of Dihydrotestosterone‐Induced Prostate Specific Antigen Gene Expression and Prostate Tumor Cell Growth by Estrogens
Authors: Zhu Yuan‐Shan , Cai Li‐Qun , Huang Ying , Fish Jason , Wang Lu , Zhang Zhi‐Kai , Imperato‐McGinley Julianne L.
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT: Androgens via the androgen receptor (AR) play crucial roles in prostate physiology and pathophysiology. These androgen actions can be either inhibited or potentiated by estrogens. The mechanisms of these seemingly opposing estrogen effects are unclear. We studied the effects of estrogens on the modulation of androgen induction of prostate specific antigen (PSA) gene expression and prostate tumor cell growth. Cotransfection analyses in CV‐1, DU‐145, and PC‐3 cells showed that dihydrotestosterone (DHT)‐induced PSA transcription activity was inhibited by 17β‐estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, ICI182780, and 17α‐estradiol, but not by tamoxifen via estrogen receptor α (ERα). In the presence of ERβ, 17β‐estradiol and diethylstilbestrol had no significant effect, while 17α‐estradiol inhibited and ICI182780 and tamoxifen potentiated DHT action. When both ERα and ERβ were present, all ER‐ligands except tamoxifen inhibited DHT action. The inhibition of DHT action by 17β‐estradiol via ERα was mainly dependent on the DNA binding domain, while the 17α‐estradiol effect was mainly dependent on the ERα carboxyl terminus. Treatment with DHT in LAPC‐4 prostate tumor cells that express a wild‐type AR and both ERβ and ERα greatly increased the PSA gene expression and cell growth. These DHT effects were significantly attenuated by the addition of 17α‐estradiol, 17β‐estradiol, or cyproterone acetate in a dose‐dependent manner. These results indicate that estrogens produce an ER‐isoform– and ER‐ligand—specific modulation of DHT induction of PSA gene expression and prostate tumor cell growth, providing a molecular basis for designing favorable agents for the prevention and control of prostate cancer.
Hybrid GPCR/Cadherin (Celsr) Proteins in Rat Testis Are Expressed With Cell Type Specificity and Exhibit Differential Sertoli Cell—Germ Cell Adhesion Activity
Authors: Beall Stephanie A. , Boekelheide Kim , Johnson Kamin J.
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACT: Spermatogenesis requires Sertoli cell—germ cell adhesion for germ cell survival and maturation. Cadherins are a diverse superfamily of adhesion proteins; structurally unique members of this superfamily (celsr cadherins) are hybrid molecules containing extracellular cadherin repeats connected to a G protein—coupled receptor transmembrane motif. Here we demonstrate postnatal testicular mRNA expression of the 3 celsr paralogs (celsr1, celsr2, and celsr3), protein localization of celsr2 and celsr3, and functional analysis of celsr2 adhesion activity in primary Sertoli cell—germ cell co‐cultures. Evaluation of celsr mRNA levels during a postnatal time course indicated that celsr1 and celsr2 were Sertoli cell and/or early‐stage germ cell products, whereas celsr3 was expressed in later‐stage germ cells. Cell type—specific expression was verified using the Sertoli cell line 93RS2, where celsr1 and celsr2 mRNA, but not celsr3, were detected. Immunostaining of testicular cryosections resulted in celsr2 protein localization to a spokelike pattern in the basal seminiferous epithelium and punctate figures in the apical epithelium, consistent with both Sertoli cell and germ cell expression. Celsr3 localized to punctate structures in the adluminal epithelium from postnatal day 40, consistent with elongate spermatid expression. The subcellular localization of celsr2 was examined further to define its localization in Sertoli cells and germ cells. Celsr2 localized to the Golgi complex in Sertoli cells and germ cells. In addition, germ cell celsr2 localized to a rab7‐positive structure, which may be an endocytic compartment. Neither celsr2 nor celsr3 immunostaining was present at classic cadherin‐based adhesion junctions. Nonetheless, the addition of a recombinant celsr2 protein fragment consisting of extracellular cadherin domains 4 through 8 to Sertoli cell—germ cell co‐cultures resulted in germ cell detachment from Sertoli cells. Collectively, these data indicate that celsr cadherins have a cell type—specific expression pattern, and celsr2 may mediate Sertoli cell—germ cell adhesion outside of classic cadherin‐based adhesion junctions.
Models of the Measurement Process
Authors: Mari Luca P.
Published: June 2005

The epistemic requirement that measurement be an objective and intersubjective evaluation is empirically fulfilled by adopting measuring systems that include selective and repeatable sensors and traceable standards; any measurement is then performed as a (direct or indirect) comparison to a chosen standard.

From the instrument output, the measurement result has to be inferred by means of a process based on the information gathered from the instrument calibration and a measurement system model. Such a process is only plausible in its results, that must be expressed specifying both a measurand value and its estimated uncertainty.
Enterprise‐wide optimization: A new frontier in process systems engineering
Authors: Grossmann Ignacio
Published: June 2005

Enterprise‐wide optimization (EWO) is a new emerging area that lies at the interface of chemical engineering and operations research, and has become a major goal in the process industries due to the increasing pressures for remaining competitive in the global marketplace. EWO involves optimizing the operations of supply, manufacturing and distribution activities of a company to reduce costs and inventories. A major focus in EWO is the optimal operation of manufacturing facilities, which often requires the use of nonlinear process models. Major operational items include planning, scheduling, real‐time optimization and inventory control. One of the key features of EWO is integration of the information and the decision‐making among the various functions that comprise the supply chain of the company. This can be achieved with modern IT tools, which together with the internet, have promoted e‐commerce. However, as will be discussed, to fully realize the potential of transactional IT tools, the development of sophisticated deterministic and stochastic linear/nonlinear optimization models and algorithms (analytical IT tools) is needed to explore and analyze alternatives of the supply chain to yield overall optimum economic performance, as well as high levels of customer satisfaction. An additional challenge is the integrated and coordinated decision‐making across the various functions in a company (purchasing, manufacturing, distribution, sales), across various geographically distributed organizations (vendors, facilities and markets), and across various levels of decision‐making (strategic, tactical and operational). © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Maternal fumonisin exposure and risk for neural tube defects: Mechanisms in an in vivo mouse model
Authors: Gelineau‐van Waes Janee , Starr Lois , Maddox Joyce , Aleman Francisco , Voss Kenneth A. , Wilberding Justin , Riley Ronald T.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, a common contaminant of corn worldwide. FB1 disrupts sphingolipid biosynthesis by inhibiting the enzyme ceramide synthase, resulting in an elevation of free sphingoid bases and depletion of downstream glycosphingolipids. A relationship between maternal ingestion of FB1‐contaminated corn during early pregnancy and increased risk for neural tube defects (NTDs) has recently been proposed in human populations around the world where corn is a dietary staple. The current studies provide an in vivo mouse model of FB1 teratogenicity.

METHODS

Pregnant LM/Bc mice were injected with increasing doses of FB1 on GD 7.5 and 8.5, and exposed fetuses were examined for malformations. Sphingolipid profiles and 3H‐folate concentrations were measured in maternal and fetal tissues. Immunohistochemical expression of the GPI‐anchored folate receptor (Folbp1) and its association with the lipid raft component, ganglioside GM1, were characterized. Rescue experiments were performed with maternal folate supplementation or administration of gangliosides.

RESULTS

Maternal FB1 administration (20 mg/kg of body weight) during early gestation resulted in 79% NTDs in exposed fetuses. Sphingolipid profiles were significantly altered in maternal and embryonic tissues following exposure, and 3H‐folate levels and immunohistochemical expression of Folbp1 were reduced. Maternal folate supplementation partially rescued the NTD phenotype, whereas GM1 significantly restored folate concentrations and afforded almost complete protection against FB1‐induced NTDs.

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal FB1 exposure altered sphingolipid metabolism and folate concentrations in LM/Bc mice, resulting in a dose‐dependent increase in NTDs that could be prevented when adequate folate levels were maintained. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apo‐E Genotypes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Sensitivity Study Using Cross‐validatory Criteria
Authors: Glickman Mark E. , Kao Mei‐Fang
Published: June 2005

The Apolipoprotein‐E (Apo‐E) gene, a gene that produces proteins which help to regulate lipid levels in the bloodstream, is of interest in the study of cardiovascular diseases. An approach to making inferences about the genetic effects of the Apo‐E gene has been developed by Glickman and Gagnon (2002). The framework describes the role of genetic and risk factors on the onset ages of multiple diseases, and accounts for the possibility that an individual was censored for reasons related to the diseases of interest. The framework also allows for missing genetic information, so that subjects censored prior to genetic sampling, and therefore missing such information, may still be included in the analysis. We apply an extension to this framework to the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study for measuring the effects of different Apo‐E genotypes on the onset age of various cardiovascular disease events. In particular, we compare the fit of univariate versus multivariate onset age components to the model, whether to incorporate health covariates measured at baseline or at a point later in the study, and whether to assume a heritability model for Apo‐E genotype frequencies. The results of the best fitting model are presented. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Youden Index and the Optimal Cut‐Point Corrected for Measurement Error
Authors: Perkins Neil J. , Schisterman Enrique F.
Published: June 2005

Random measurement error can attenuate a biomarker's ability to discriminate between diseased and non‐diseased populations. A global measure of biomarker effectiveness is the Youden index, the maximum difference between sensitivity, the probability of correctly classifying diseased individuals, and 1‐specificity, the probability of incorrectly classifying health individuals. We present an approach for estimating the Youden index and associated optimal cut‐point for a normally distributed biomarker that corrects for normally distributed random measurement error. We also provide confidence intervals for these corrected estimates using the delta method and coverage probability through simulation over a variety of situations. Applying these techniques to the biomarker thiobarbituric acid reaction substance (TBARS), a measure of sub‐products of lipid peroxidation that has been proposed as a discriminating measurement for cardiovascular disease, yields a 50% increase in diagnostic effectiveness at the optimal cut‐point. This result may lead to biomarkers that were once naively considered ineffective becoming useful diagnostic devices. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The evolution of Critical Literacy at Montgomery College
Authors: Jamin Francine M. , Bronstein Marcia
Published: June 2005

Critical Literacy, a special approach to teaching critical thinking, has survived and thrived at Montgomery College in the face of a shifting political and pedagogical climate, thanks to programmatic adaptability and alertness to opportunities.
Critical thinking sources and information for community college educators
Authors: Calderone Shannon M.
Published: June 2005

This chapter contains relevant information and resources about critical thinking for community college faculty, staff, and administrators who endeavor to implement new or strengthen existing critical thinking capabilities on their campus
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Five‐ and Seven‐Membered Rings by [2+2+1], [3+2], [3+2+2], and [4+3] Carbocyclization Reactions of β‐Substituted (Alkenyl)(methoxy)carbene Complexes with Methyl Ketone Lithium Enolates
Authors: Barluenga José , Alonso Jorge , Fañanás Francisco J.
Published: June 2005

β‐Substituted alkenylcarbene complexes react with methyl ketone lithium enolates to give different carbocyclization products depending on the structure of the lithium enolate, on the metal of the carbene complex, and on the reaction media. Thus, the reactions of aryl and alkyl methyl ketone lithium enolates with β‐substituted alkenyl chromium and tungsten carbene complexes in diethyl ether afford 1,3‐cyclopentanediol derivatives derived from a formal [2+2+1] carbocyclization reaction. However, the lithium enolates of acetone and tungsten complexes furnish formal [3+2+2] carbocyclization products. In the case of alkynyl methyl ketone lithium enolates, competitive formal [2+2+1] and [3+2] carbocyclization reactions occur and 1,3‐cyclopentanediol and 3‐cyclopentenol derivatives are formed. Conversely, alkenyl methyl ketone lithium enolates react with alkenylcarbene complexes under the same reaction conditions to form 2‐cycloheptenone derivatives by a formal [4+3] carbocyclization reaction. Finally, when the reaction was performed in the presence of a coordinating medium, the [3+2] carbocyclization pattern was observed independently of the nature of the methyl ketone lithium enolate used.
Methylene‐Azaphosphirane as a Reactive Intermediate
Authors: Slootweg J. Chris , Vlaar Mark J. M. , Vugts Danielle J. , Eichelsheim Tanja , Merhai Winita , de Kanter Frans J. J. , Schakel Marius , Ehlers Andreas W. , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , Lammertsma Koop
Published: June 2005

Reaction of the transient phosphinidene complexes R‐PW(CO)5 with N‐substituted‐diphenylketenimines leads unexpectedly to the novel 2‐aminophosphindoles, as confirmed by an X‐ray crystal structure determined for one of the derivatives. Experimental evidence for a methylene‐azaphosphirane intermediate was found by using the iron‐complexed phosphinidene iPr2N‐PFe(CO)4, which affords the 2‐aminophosphindole together with the novel methylene‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[1,3]azaphosphole. Analysis of the reaction pathways with DFT indicates that the initially formed methylene‐azaphosphirane yields both phosphorus heterocycles by way of a [1,5]‐ or [1,3]‐sigmatropic shift, respectively, followed by a H‐shift. Strain underlies both rearrangements, which causes these remarkably selective conversions that can be tuned by changing the substituents.
Density Functional Method Studies of XH (XC, N, O, Si, P, S) Bond Dissociation Energies
Authors: Yao Fu , Xiao‐Yu Dong , Yi‐Min Wang , Lei Liu , Qing‐Xiang Guo
Published: June 2005

The performances of the density functional theory (DFT) methods in calculating XH bond dissociation energies (BDE, XC, N, O, Si, P, S) were evaluated. It was found that most DFT methods including B3LYP, B3PW91, G96LYP, PBE1PBE and BH&HLYP significantly underestimated the XH BDE by as much as 13–24 kJ/mol. The underestimation is not due to the use of finite basis set, because the DFT methods still significantly underestimate the XH BDE with the complete basis set. Therefore, these DFT methods can not be used to calculate the BDE directly. Nevertheless, the B3P86 method shows very small underestimation for the XH BDE. Further analysis suggests that there be no advantage for using the restricted open‐shell DFT methods. The unrestricted DFT methods actually perform slightly better than the restricted open‐shell DFT methods in most cases. Finally, it was found that the underestimation by the DFT methods was largely systematic. The use of the calibrated UDFT/6‐311++G(d, p) method was recommended to calculate the XH BDE.
Theoretical Study on the Coupling Mode of BrOH2O and HOBrH2O Complexes
Authors: Qiao Sun , Zhen Li , Xiao‐Qing Zeng , Mao‐Fa Ge , Dian‐Xu Wang
Published: June 2005

The structural properties of two BrOH2O (1 and 2) and three HOBrH2O complexes (3, 4 and 5) have been investigated using four methods at the 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set level. In the two BrOH2O complexes, the complex 2 with 2A′ state, in which the interaction exists between Br atom of BrO and O atom of water, has a binding energies of about 11.37–13.92 J/mol and it is global minimum. As to HOBrH2O complexes, the binding energies of 3 and 4 are about 16.30–21.32 J/mol and the stability order of the three HOBrH2O complexes is: complex 3≈︁complex 4>complex 5.
Standard Molar Enthalpy of Formation of RE(C5H8NS2)3(o‐phen)
Authors: Xiang‐Xin Meng , Sheng‐Li Gao , San‐Ping Chen , Xu‐Wu Yang , Gang Xie , Qi‐Zhen Shi
Published: June 2005

Five solid ternary complexes of RE(C5H8NS2)3(o‐phen) (RE=Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) have been synthesized in absolute ethanol by rare earth chloride low hydrate reacting with the mixed ligands of ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and 1,10‐phenanthroline·H2O (o‐phen·H2O) in the ordinary laboratory atmosphere without any cautions against moisture or air. IR spectra of the complexes showed that the RE3+ coordinated with six sulfur atoms of three PDC‐ and two nitrogen atoms of o‐phen·H2O. It was assumed that the coordination number of RE3+ was eight. The constant‐volume combustion energies of the complexes, ΔcU, were determined as (−16788.46±7.74), (−15434.53±8.28), (−15287.80±7.31), (−15200.50±7.22) and (−15254.34±6.61) kJ·mol‐1, respectively, by a precise rotating‐bomb calorimeter at 298.15 K. Its standard molar enthalpies of combustion, Δc$ H^{\Theta}_{m} $, and standard molar enthalpies of formation, Δf$ H^{\Theta}_{m} $, were calculated as (−16803.95±7.74), (−15450.02±8.28), (−15303.29±9.28), (−15215.99±7.22), (−15269.83±6.61) kJ·mol‐1 and (−1115.42±8.94), (−2477.80±9.15), (−2619.95±10.44), (−2670.17±8.22), (−2650.06±8.49) kJ·mol‐1, respectively.
Study on the Interaction between Antitumor Drug Daunomycin and DNA
Authors: Gui‐Fang Cheng , Jie Zhao , Yong‐Hua Tu , Pin‐Gang He , Yu‐Zhi Fang
Published: June 2005

A detection of anthracycline antitumor drug daunomycin (DNR) reacting with DNA in simulate metabolismin vitro has been made. It was found that DNR could react with DNA to form DNR‐DNA adducts. The adduct compositions of DNR with fish sperm DNA and thermally denaturated DNA were determined. The equilibrium association constant K of DNR with fish sperm DNA is 1.98×105 L/mol and that of DNR with denaturated DNA is 2.29×104 L/mol. Semiquinone free radicals, metabolic products of DNR, can destroy both fish sperm DNA and its thermally denaturated DNA. It is verified by hyperchromic effect increase observed in UV spectrum and AFM experiments. The mechanism of DNA degradation has also been investigated. Results obtained allow one to explain the reason of side effect of anthracycline drug and give the way to depress, which were of clinical significance.
An in vitro Study on Transition from NO‐Hemoglobin to Methemoglobin: Oxygen Effect
Authors: Jiong Ma , Yan Cen , Ji‐Yao Chen
Published: June 2005

The nitrosyl‐hemoglobin (HbNO) is the carrier of nitric oxide (NO) which is the important messenger molecule displaying multiple physiologic and pathophysiologic roles. However it is still not clear for the fate of HbNO molecules during the venous‐arterial transit. In this letter, the HbNO transition in vitro was studied by using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. It was found that HbNO molecules were stable when oxygen did not exist in the system but not stable in aerobic conditions. The absorption spectra further revealed that the methemoglobin (metHb) was the product of HbNO in aerobic environment, showing that the HbNO changed to metHb when there were enough oxygen molecules in the system.
An Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Oxazolidinones by Palladium‐ catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of β‐Aminoalcohols and 2‐Aminophenol under Mild Conditions
Authors: Fu‐Wei Li , Xin‐Gao Peng , Chun‐Gu Xia , Bin Hu
Published: June 2005

Oxidative carbonylation of β‐aminoalcohols and 2‐aminophenol in Pd(OAc)2/I2 catalytic system to produce the corresponding 2‐oxazolidinones was conducted with high yields and selectivities in short reaction time. Mild reaction conditions, high catalytic turnover frequency value, improved yields and selectivities are the remarkable features exhibited by this process.
Non‐isothermal Kinetics of the First‐stage Decomposition Reaction of the Complex of Terbium p‐Methylbenzoate with 1,10‐Phenanthroline
Authors: Jian‐Jun Zhang , Rui‐Fen Wang , Hong‐Mei Liu , Ji‐Biao Li , Ning Ren , Zhi‐Hua Gao
Published: June 2005

The thermal behavior of Tb2 (p‐MBA)6(phen)2 (p‐MBA=p‐methylbenzoate; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) in a static air atmosphere was investigated by TG‐DTG, SEM and IR techniques. The thermal decomposition of the Tb2(p‐MBA)6(phen)2 occurred in three consecutive stages at TP of 354, 457 and 595 °C. By Malek method, RO (n<1) was defined as kinetic model for the first‐step thermal decomposition. The activation energy (E) of this step is 170.21 kJ·mol‐1, the enthalpy of activation (ΔH≠) 164.98 kJ·mol‐1, the Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG≠) 145.04 kJ·mol‐1, the entropy of activation (ΔS≠) 31.77 J·mol‐1·K‐1, and the pre‐exponential factor (A) 1015.21 s‐1.
Clinical and genetic findings in an Ashkenazi Jewish population with colorectal neoplasms
Authors: Zauber N. Peter , Sabbath‐Solitare Marlene , Marotta Stephen , Zauber Ann G. , Foulkes William , Chan May , Turner Faye , Bishop D. Timothy
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

The authors evaluated the frequency of the carrier status of three ancestral colorectal neoplasm‐associated mutations (APC:I1307K, BLMAsh, and MSH2*1906G>C) found in the Jewish population among a case series with documented colorectal neoplasms. They further compared family and personal histories plus environmental exposures of the carriers and noncarriers of the I1307K mutation and examined clinical differences with regard to the colorectal neoplasms and the specific molecular genetic changes in these lesions.

METHODS

Analyses were performed on tissue from stored paraffin‐embedded blocks for the three germline mutations plus the KRAS mutation and APC loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and APC gene sequencing.

RESULTS

Fifty‐four of the 429 individuals (12.6%) were found to carry the APC:I1307K mutation, whereas 4 (0.9%) were found to be heterozygous for the BLMAsh mutation and 3 (0.7%) were carriers of the MSH21906G>C* mutation. Carriers of the I1307K mutation did not appear to differ from noncarriers with regard to the number of neoplasms, patient age at detection, or tumor location within the colon. There was no significant difference noted between I1307K carriers and noncarriers with regard to the percentage of patients with first‐degree relatives with colorectal carcinoma. A significant risk for APC LOH was found in lesions from carriers who smoked cigarettes compared with nonsmokers. The I1307K mutation was found to be clearly associated with a somatic additional adenine insertion in the region of codons 1306–1309, but other mutations in the region of codons 1277–1348 were found to be no more prevalent in carriers than in noncarriers.

CONCLUSIONS

In Jewish individuals previously diagnosed with a colorectal neoplasm, MSH2*1906G>C is uncommon but has been associated with carcinoma occurring at a young age. The BLMAsh mutation is uncommon and appears to be of little effect. The I1307K mutation is common among Jews who have had colorectal neoplasms, but overall it was found to have little effect clinically in the current study group. There may be a gene–environment interaction between the I1307K mutation and cigarette use. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Mediation windfalls: Value beyond settlement? The perspectives of Georgia magistrate court judges
Authors: Barton Ansley B.
Published: June 2005

This study of magistrate judges investigates the perception that if mediation reaches impasse, parties who are not represented by counsel go into court less afraid, better able to articulate their case, more cognizant of their own and the other side's positions, and with an enhanced appreciation for the perspective of the other party because of the mediation experience.
Family mediation: The development of the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom
Authors: Roberts Marian
Published: June 2005

Family mediation practice in the United Kingdom has been self‐regulated voluntarily from its early beginnings but more recently subject to government regulation with the advent of public funding for family mediation. The article traces the development of this regulatory framework, exploring some of the central tensions that have shaped the emergence of family mediation as a distinct and autonomous professional intervention.
Theory of Laser Induced Fusion in Compound Boron‐Hydrogen Microdroplets
Authors: Krainov V. P.
Published: June 2005

The yield of alpha‐particles in nuclear fusion reaction between 11B nuclei and protons in solid microdroplets induced by linearly polarized picosecond laser pulses with high laser contrast is derived analytically. The vacuum (Brunel) heating is the main mechanism for electron heating in overdense plasma. Induced inverse bremsstrahlung can be neglected in the electron heating. Nuclei acquire their kinetic energy due to ambipolar diffusion together with heated electrons at the plasma hydrodynamic expansion with the speed of the ionic sound. The yield of alpha‐particles per one microdroplet of 1¹m size is » 103 for Nd:glass laser with the peak laser intensity of 2 ¢ 1018 W/cm2 and the pulse duration of 1:5 ps. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport Processes in Dusty Plasma Fluid
Authors: Fortov V. E. , Vaulina O. S. , Petrov O. F. , Chernyshev A. V. , Antipov S. N. , Gavrikov A. V. , Shakhova I. A.
Published: June 2005

In this paper results are presented from the experimental studies of the dynamics of dust grains in the plasmas of an rf capacitive discharge and a dc glow discharge. The pair correlation function, temperature, and diffusion coefficient of dust grains are measured in a wide range of the dusty plasma parameters. Experimental observations of vortices in dc‐glow discharges and results of the experimental studies of the laminar dusty plasma flow are presented. Results are given of experimental investigation of three‐particle correlation for liquid plasma‐dust structures. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic Compression of Rare Gases and Deuterium at High Pressures
Authors: Nellis W. J.
Published: June 2005

Liquid He, Ar, Kr, Xe, and D2 are excellent electrical insulators near ambient pressure. However, at extreme conditions these initially transparent and insulating liquids become electrically conductive fluids with opacity to thermal radiation. Vladimir Fortov has made extensive measurements of equations of state, electrical conductivities, and optical opacities of these fluids at extreme conditions. Experimental results for these fluids at high dynamic pressures will be reviewed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermodynamics of Hydrogen and Hydrogen‐Helium Plasmas: Path Integral Monte Carlo Calculations and Chemical Picture
Authors: Filinov V. S. , Levashov P. R. , Bonitz M. , Fortov V. E.
Published: June 2005

In this paper we study thermodynamic properties of hydrogen and hydrogen‐helium mixtures with the help of the direct path integral Monte Carlo simulations. The results are compared with available theoretical and experimental methods based, in particular, on chemical picture. We investigate the effects of temperature ionization in low‐density hydrogen plasma. We also present a number of calculated isotherms for hydrogenhelium mixture with the mass concentration of heliumY= 0.234 in the range from 104K to 2 · 105K. In the density region where a sharp conductivity rise have been observed experimentally the simulations give indications for one or two plasma phase transitions, in accordance with earlier theoretical predictions. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A developmental comparison of trace and delay eyeblink conditioning in rats using matching interstimulus intervals
Authors: Claflin Dragana Ivkovich , Garrett Teresa , Buffington Michelle L.
Published: June 2005

The effects of conditioning paradigm and interstimulus interval (ISI) were evaluated in this study of the development of associative learning in rats. The acquisition of classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) was examined in two paradigms (trace vs. delay), with three different ISIs (short, medium, or long) at two ages (postnatal Days 21–23 or 29–31). These data provide the first parametric analysis of ISI in developing animals trained with trace EBC procedures. Further, by comparing trace and delay EBC, it was determined that when ISI is held constant, acquisition is similar for both conditioning paradigms regardless of developmental age. This suggests a similar ontogeny of associative processes for delay and trace EBC that relies on common neural substrates. However, conditioned response timing (onset and peak latencies) was affected by age and paradigm, suggesting that different neural mechanisms may play a role in timing delay versus trace conditioned responses. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 77–88, 2005.
What impairs subitizing in cerebral palsied children?
Authors: Arp Sandrine , Fagard Jacqueline
Published: June 2005

The goal of this study was to investigate the factors responsible for the low subitizing limit of cerebral palsied (CP) children. For this purpose, 44 CPs were tested on two tasks involving the rapid recognition of dot configurations. The answer was either a number (subitizing task) or the name of a pattern (pattern recognition task). The CPs were compared to controls of the same age. All children were evaluated for visual and visuospatial short‐term memory. The results showed that CPs with a low subitizing limit did not do better with a canonical arrangement than the random one, were impaired to the same extent on the pattern recognition task as on the subitizing task, and had a short visuospatial short‐term memory span. These results suggest that the low subitizing limit of CPs stems from a (non‐number‐dependent) lesser capacity to perceive a dot configuration as a gestalt. A low subitizing limit was almost always associated with a right‐hemisphere lesion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 89–102, 2005.
Effects of priming duration on retention over the first 1½ years of life
Authors: Hsu Vivian C. , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn , Hill Debra L. , Grodkiewicz Jill , Joh Amy S.
Published: June 2005

Exposing individuals to an isolated component (a prime) of a prior event alleviates its forgetting. Two experiments with 120 human infants between 3 and 18 months of age determined the minimum duration of a prime that can reactivate a forgotten memory and how long the reactivated memory persists. Infants learned an operant task, forgot it, were exposed to the prime, and later were tested for renewed retention. In Experiment 1, the minimum duration of an effective prime decreased logarithmically with age, but was always longer than the duration of a mere glance. In Experiment 2, the reactivated memory was forgotten twice as fast after a minimum‐duration prime as after a full‐length one, irrespective of priming delay and infant age. These data reveal that the minimum effective prime duration psychophysically equates the accessibility of forgotten memories. We conclude that priming is perceptually based with effects that are organized on a ratio (log) scale. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 43–54, 2005.
Orbital Splitting and Pairing Energy in Open‐Shell Organometallics: A Study of Two Families of 16‐Electron Complexes [Cp2M] (M = Cr, Mo, W) and [CpM(PH3)] (M = Co, Rh, Ir)
Authors: Poli Rinaldo , Cacelli Ivo
Published: June 2005

The singlet–triplet gap for two families of 16‐electron organometallic complexes has been examined in detail by DFT calculations at the B3LYP level with polarized basis sets on both metal and ligands. For the first family, the group 6 metallocenes (Cp2M with Cp = η5‐C5H5 and M = Cr, Mo, W), the singlet–triplet gap (ES – ET) is always positive and decreases continuously on going from Cr to Mo to W. For the family of group 9 CpM(PH3), on the other hand, there is a decrease on going from Co to Rh, followed by a slight increase on going further to Ir. These trends have been analyzed in qualitative monoelectronic terms as a function of the competition between the pairing energy and the orbital gap. While the pairing energy decreases as expected in the order 3d >> 4d > 5d, the orbital gap varies in a different way for the two families and, though quantitatively less important, is responsible for the different trends. It is argued that changes in orbital gap are system‐dependent for open‐shell organometallic systems, thus it is not possible to establish a universal trend of singlet–triplet gaps for a homologous series of complexes with a group of transition metals. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Influence of Tertiary Phosphanes on the Coordination Configurations and Electrochemical Properties of Iron Hydrogenase Model Complexes: Crystal Structures of [(μ‐S2C3H6)Fe2(CO)6–nLn] (L = PMe2Ph, n = 1, 2; PPh3, P(OEt)3, n = 1)
Authors: Li Ping , Wang Mei , He Chengjiang , Li Guanghua , Liu Xiaoyang , Chen Changneng , Åkermark Björn , Sun Licheng
Published: June 2005

A series of mono‐ and disubstituted diiron complexes [(μ‐pdt)Fe2(CO)5L] [pdt = 1,3‐propanedithiolato; L = PMe3 (2), PMe2Ph (3PPh3 (4), P(OEt)3 (5)] and [(μ‐pdt)Fe2(CO)4L2] [L = PMe2Ph (6), PPh3 (7), P(OEt)3 (8)] were prepared as Fe‐only hydrogenase‐active‐site models by controllable CO displacement of [(μ‐pdt)Fe2(CO)6] by tertiary phosphanes. The coordination configurations of 3–6 were characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Disubstituted diiron complex 6 features an apical/apical coordination mode, instead of the typical transoid basal/basal configuration. The electrochemistry of 2–6 and 8 was studied by cyclic voltammetry to evaluate the effects of different tertiary phosphane ligands on the redox properties of the iron atoms of model complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Exploring the Reactivity towards Acidic Protic Ligands of the Di‐μ‐hydroxo Complex [NBu4]2[Pd2{C4(COOMe)4}2(μ‐OH)2]: A Convenient Precursor in the Preparation of New Palladacyclopentadiene Complexes
Authors: Sánchez Gregorio , Vives Jorge , López Gregorio , Serrano José Luis , García Luis , Pérez José
Published: June 2005

The dinuclear hydroxo complex [NBu4]2[Pd2{C4(COOMe)4}2(μ‐OH)2] (I) reacts in a 1:2 molar ratio with a wide variety of protic electrophiles H(L) bearing different sets of donor atoms (L = OO, NS or ON) to give the mononuclear anionic palladium(II) derivatives with the general formula [Pd{C4(COOMe)4}(L)]– [OO = salycilaldehydate (sal) (1), acetohydroxamate (ahx) (2) and benzohydroxamate (bhx) (3); NS = 2‐pyridinthiolate (spy) (4), 2‐pyrimidinthiolate (spym) (5), 3‐methyl‐2‐imidazolin‐thiolate (meimt) (6) and 2‐aminothiophenolate (2‐atp) (7); ON = N‐phenylsalycilaldiminate (N‐phsal) (8), N‐p‐chlorophenylsalycilaldiminate (N‐clsal) (9), N‐p‐tolylsalycilaldiminate (N‐tolsal) (10), 2‐aminophenolate (2‐atp) (11), 2‐pyrrole‐carboxaldeydate (2‐pcal) (12), 8‐hydroxiquinolinate (oxin) (13), picolinate (2‐pic) (14)]. Structural characterisation by X‐ray diffraction of complexes 5, 8 and 13 confirmed the proposed formula. Dinuclear complexes [NBu4]2 [Pd{C4(COOMe)4}(μ‐az)]2 (az = pyrazolate (pz) (15), triazolate (tz) (16) and 3,5‐dimethylpyrazolate (3,5‐Me2pz) (17) were obtained when treating I with azoles in the same molar ratio, and also treating the hydroxo complex with chloranilic acid (chl) (18) and squarate (sq) (19) in 1:1 proportion to yield compounds [NBu4]2[Pd{C4(COOMe)4}2{(μ‐O–O)}] with the ligands acting as bis‐bidentate ones. A related process takes place when (I) reacts with ammonium O,O'‐dialkyldithiophosphates in acetone under mild conditions and complexes [NBu4][Pd{C4(COOMe)4}{S(S)P(OR)2}] (R = Me (20), Et (21), iPr (22)) are obtained. Deprotonation of secondary amines Et2NH, Pr2NH, piperidine or morpholine by (I) in the presence of carbon disulfide leads to the corresponding dithiocarbamate complexes [Pd{C4(COOMe)4}(S2CNR2)] 23–26. (I) also promotes the nucleophilic addition of water to pyridine‐2‐carbonitrile and a mononuclear complex 27 containing the pyridine‐2‐carboxamidate ligand is formed. Its structure has been determined by a single‐crystal diffraction study. The new complexes were fully characterised by analytical and spectroscopic techniques (FAB‐MS, IR; 1H, 13C and 31P‐NMR). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
μ‐η1:η1‐N,N'‐Imidazolidine‐Bridged Dicopper(II/III) Complexes of a New Dinucleating μ‐Bis(tetradentate) Schiff Base Ligand: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, 1H NMR Spectroscopy, and Magnetic Coupling
Authors: Bera Manindranath , Wong Wing Tak , Aromí Guillem , Ray Debashis
Published: June 2005

The copper coordination chemistry of a new imidazolidine‐based doubly bridging μ‐bis(tetradentate) ligand, H3mhbai is studied. A new family of pentacoordinate dinuclear complexes of formula [CuII2(‐mhbai)(‐X)]·2 H2O (1–4) [X = OAc, NO3, Cl, S2COMe], where H3mhbai stands for 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4‐methyl‐3‐aza‐but‐3‐enyl]‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐imidazolidine, were synthesized from the ligand, H3mhbai in air. The complex 1 was structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The μ‐η1:η1‐N,N'‐imidazolidine bridging mode between two copper(II) ions has been identified in this complex along with a nonhelical binding mode of the μ‐bis(tetradentate) ligand. Variable temperature (2–300 K) magnetic susceptibility data of 1 show the presence of a weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between the two triply bridged magnetically isolated copper(II) (S = 1/2) ions. The χmT values start to drop at temperature below 50 K, to reach a value of 0.55 cm3 K mol–1 at 2 K for a coupling constant value of J = –2.2 cm–1. The 1H NMR spectrum of the weakly coupled complex 1 shows a total of seventeen hyperfine shifted peaks, as expected from the idealized Cs symmetry of the compound, spread over a very large window of chemical shift, spanning about 130 ppm. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Amphiphile Structures in the Solid State: Complex Cations with Lipophilic Substituents
Authors: Harrowfield Jack M. , Koutsantonis George A. , Nealon Gareth L. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: June 2005

Structural characterisation of hexamine cage complexes, two containing diamagnetic CoIII and one containing paramagnetic CuII, to which both rather short (C4) and relatively long (C13) alkyl substituents have been attached, shows that while the longer “tail” introduces an anticipated bilayer form to the crystalline solid, even the shorter tail can be associated with a form of aggregation of lipophilic entities in the crystal. The short tail at least may also be involved in interactions with anions of a complex type. As surfactants, functionalised cage complexes contain a head group, which is a multi‐site hydrogen‐bonding entity, and which can thus provide a mechanism for further aggregation concomitant with that of any apolar functionality. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Nonanuclear NiII Cluster with a 1,2,4‐Triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine Derivative
Authors: Salameh Sawsan , Abul‐Haj Mohammad , Quirós Miguel , Salas Juan M.
Published: June 2005

This article describes the nickel cluster compound [Ni9L8(OH)6(NH3)4(H2O)8](NO3)4·8H2O, where L represents the anionic form of the ligand 7,8‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidin‐7‐one. The structure of the cation of this compound is rather complicated, involving nine metal atoms, eight bridging organic ligands, bridging hydroxyl groups, and terminal ammonia and water molecules. The central nickel atom lies on a crystallographic inversion centre, while the other eight define two disorted “cubane‐like” [Ni4(OH)3]5+ subclusters. Each subcluster is linked to the central atom by three triple bridging organic ligands. Additional L ligands bridge two external metal atoms in each subcluster. The variation with temperature of the magnetic susceptibility of the compound indicates the presence of both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions; the latter is predominant. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of a New Type of Glycosidic Linkage: Acetal‐Linked Disaccharides and Trisaccharides of Acyclic and Cyclic Sugars
Authors: Madhusudan Soni Kamlesh , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: June 2005

New types of di‐ and trisaccharides related to a unique trisaccharide present in the cell walls of Proteus have been synthesized by coupling of acyclic sugar dithioacetals and di‐ and monohydroxy cyclic sugars. In this class of compounds an acyclic sugar is linked to a cyclic sugar through an acetal linkage. The formation of these acetal‐linked pseudodi‐ and‐trisaccharides has been achieved by a generalized reaction procedure mediated by 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin under mild, metal‐free and neutral conditions. Sixteen protected and twelve deprotected di‐ and trisaccharides related to the trisaccharide found in the Proteus cell wall have been synthesized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Sugar Allyltin Compounds: Preparation and Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Jarosz Sławomir , Gaweł Anna
Published: June 2005

General methodology for the preparation of allyltin derivatives is reported, with special attention paid to sugar allyltins. Typical procedures affording such organometallics involve the conversion of partially protected hexoses or pentoses (Sug–CH2OH) into homologated allylic alcohols (Sug–CH=CH–CH2OH), which are further transformed into the primary or secondary sugar allyltin derivatives of the general formula Sug–CH=CH–CH2SnR3, (E)/(Z) ratio ≈ 5:1, or Sug–CH*(SnR3)–CH=CH2 (single isomer with the (S)‐configuration at the newly created chiral center*). Controlled Lewis acid‐induced fragmentation of these hexose‐derived organometallics provides highly oxygenated dienoaldehydes with the (E) geometry across the internal double bond: CH2=CH–CH=CH–[CH(OR)]3–CHO. The (Z)‐dienoaldehydes are also available by thermal fragmentation of the secondary sugar allyltins. Both these synthons ((E) and (Z)) can be further converted into highly functionalized derivatives of bicyclo[4.3.0]nonene and bicyclo[4.4.0]decene. Stereochemical aspects of reactions between sugar allyltins and sugar aldehydes (in the presence of Lewis acids or under high pressure) are also discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Biphenyls and Terphenyls by the Traceless Multifunctional Cleavage of Polymer‐Bound Arenesulfonates
Authors: Cho Chul‐Hee , Park Heon , Park Min‐Ah , Ryoo Tae‐Yong , Lee Yoon‐Sik , Park Kwangyong
Published: June 2005

Nickel‐catalyzed reactions between polymer‐bound arenesulfonates and aryl Grignard reagents produce unfunctionalized biphenyls and terphenyls in good yields through reductive cleavage/cross‐coupling of the C–S bond. This novel traceless multifunctional cleavage strategy appears to be a powerful tool for the preparation of large oligophenyl libraries, because it allows the introduction of diversity concomitantly with the release of the target compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Genotoxicity of acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide administered in drinking water to male and female Big Blue mice
Authors: Manjanatha Mugimane G. , Aidoo Anane , Shelton Sharon D. , Bishop Michelle E. , McDaniel Lea P. , Lyn‐Cook Lascelles E. , Doerge Daniel R.
Published: June 2005

The recent discovery of acrylamide (AA), a probable human carcinogen, in a variety of fried and baked starchy foods has drawn attention to its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Evidence suggests that glycidamide (GA), the epoxide metabolite of AA, is responsible for the genotoxic effects of AA. To investigate the in vivo genotoxicity of AA, groups of male and female Big Blue (BB) mice were administered 0, 100, or 500 mg/l of AA or equimolar doses of GA, in drinking water, for 3–4 weeks. Micronucleated reticulocytes (MN‐RETs) were assessed in peripheral blood within 24 hr of the last treatment, and lymphocyte Hprt and liver cII mutagenesis assays were conducted 21 days following the last treatment. Further, the types of cII mutations induced by AA and GA in the liver were determined by sequence analysis. The frequency of MN‐RETs was increased 1.7–3.3‐fold in males treated with the high doses of AA and GA (P ≤ 0.05; control frequency = 0.28%). Both doses of AA and GA produced increased lymphocyte Hprt mutant frequencies (MFs), with the high doses producing responses 16–25‐fold higher than that of the respective control (P ≤ 0.01; control MFs = 1.5 ± 0.3 × 10−6 and 2.2 ± 0.5 × 10−6 in females and males, respectively). Also, the high doses of AA and GA produced significant 2–2.5‐fold increases in liver cII MFs (P ≤ 0.05; control MFs = 26.5 ± 3.1 × 10−6 and 28.4 ± 4.5 × 10−6). Molecular analysis of the mutants indicated that AA and GA produced similar mutation spectra and that these spectra were significantly different from that of control mutants (P ≤ 0.001). The predominant types of mutations in the liver cII gene from AA‐ and GA‐treated mice were G:C→T:A transversions and −1/+1 frameshifts in a homopolymeric run of Gs. The results indicate that both AA and GA are genotoxic in mice. The MFs and types of mutations induced by AA and GA in the liver are consistent with AA exerting its genotoxicity in BB mice via metabolism to GA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementing flexible tenure clock policies
Authors: Thornton Saranna
Published: June 2005

A professor who uses a stop‐the‐clock policy cannot be certain that his or her total work output will be evaluated as if he or she had a normal probationary period.