bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic Functional Connectivity in the Adult Brain and Success in Second-Language Learning
Authors: Chai Xiaoqian J. , Berken Jonathan A. , Barbeau Elise B. , Soles Jennika , Callahan Megan , Chen Jen-Kai , Klein Denise
Published: January 2016

There is considerable variability in an individual's ability to acquire a second language (L2) during adulthood. Using resting-state fMRI data acquired before training in English speakers who underwent a 12 week intensive French immersion training course, we investigated whether individual differences in intrinsic resting-state functional connectivity relate to a person's ability to acquire an L2. We focused on two key aspects of language processing—lexical retrieval in spontaneous speech and reading speed—and computed whole-brain functional connectivity from two regions of interest in the language network, namely the left anterior insula/frontal operculum (AI/FO) and the visual word form area (VWFA). Connectivity between the left AI/FO and left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) and between the left AI/FO and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex correlated positively with improvement in L2 lexical retrieval in spontaneous speech. Connectivity between the VWFA and left mid-STG correlated positively with improvement in L2 reading speed. These findings are consistent with the different language functions subserved by subcomponents of the language network and suggest that the human capacity to learn an L2 can be predicted by an individual's intrinsic functional connectivity within the language network.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere is considerable variability in second-language learning abilities during adulthood. We investigated whether individual differences in intrinsic functional connectivity in the adult brain relate to success in second-language learning, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in English speakers who underwent a 12 week intensive French immersion training course. We found that pretraining functional connectivity within two different language subnetworks correlated strongly with learning outcome in two different language skills: lexical retrieval in spontaneous speech and reading speed. Our results suggest that the human capacity to learn a second language can be predicted by an individual's intrinsic functional connectivity within the language network.
The First Alcohol Drink Triggers mTORC1-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine D1 Receptor Neurons
Authors: Beckley Jacob T. , Laguesse Sophie , Phamluong Khanhky , Morisot Nadege , Wegner Scott A. , Ron Dorit
Published: January 2016

Early binge-like alcohol drinking may promote the development of hazardous intake. However, the enduring cellular alterations following the first experience with alcohol consumption are not fully understood. We found that the first binge-drinking alcohol session produced enduring enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission onto dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons (D1+ neurons) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell but not the core in mice, which required D1 receptors (D1Rs) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Furthermore, inhibition of mTORC1 activity during the first alcohol drinking session reduced alcohol consumption and preference of a subsequent drinking session. mTORC1 is critically involved in RNA-to-protein translation, and we found that the first alcohol session rapidly activated mTORC1 in NAc shell D1+ neurons and increased synaptic expression of the AMPAR subunit GluA1 and the scaffolding protein Homer. Finally, D1R stimulation alone was sufficient to activate mTORC1 in the NAc to promote mTORC1-dependent translation of the synaptic proteins GluA1 and Homer. Together, our results indicate that the first alcohol drinking session induces synaptic plasticity in NAc D1+ neurons via enhanced mTORC1-dependent translation of proteins involved in excitatory synaptic transmission that in turn drives the reinforcement learning associated with the first alcohol experience. Thus, the alcohol-dependent D1R/mTORC1-mediated increase in synaptic function in the NAc may reflect a neural imprint of alcohol's reinforcing properties, which could promote subsequent alcohol intake.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTConsuming alcohol for the first time is a learning event that drives further drinking. Here, we identified a mechanism that may underlie the reinforcing learning associated with the initial alcohol experience. We show that the first alcohol experience induces a persistent enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission on NAc shell D1+ neurons, which is dependent on D1R and mTORC1. We also find that mTORC1 is necessary for the sustained alcohol consumption and preference across the initial drinking sessions. The first alcohol binge activates mTORC1 in NAc D1+ neurons and increases levels of synaptic proteins involved in glutamatergic signaling. Thus, the D1R/mTORC1-dependent plasticity following the first alcohol exposure may be a critical cellular component of reinforcement learning.
Manipulating Decisiveness in Decision Making: Effects of Clonidine on Hippocampal Search Strategies
Authors: Amemiya Seiichiro , Redish A. David
Published: January 2016

Decisiveness is the ability to commit to a decision quickly and efficiently; in contrast, indecision entails the repeated consideration of multiple alternative possibilities. In humans, the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine increases decisiveness in tasks that require planning through unknown neural mechanisms. In rats, indecision is manifested as reorienting behaviors at choice points (vicarious trial and error [VTE]), during which hippocampal representations alternate between prospective options. To determine whether the increase in decisiveness driven by clonidine also entails changes in hippocampal search processes, we compared the effect of clonidine on spatial representations in hippocampal neural ensembles as rats passed through a T-shaped decision point. Consistent with previous experiments, hippocampal representations reflected both chosen and unchosen paths during VTE events under saline control conditions. Also, consistent with previous experiments, hippocampal representations reflected the chosen path more than the unchosen path when the animal did not show VTE at the choice point. Injection of clonidine suppressed the spatial representation of the unchosen path at the choice point on VTE laps and hastened the differentiation of spatial representations of the chosen path from the unchosen path on non-VTE laps to appear before reaching the choice point. These results suggest that the decisiveness seen under clonidine is due to limited exploration of potential options in hippocampus, and suggest novel roles for noradrenaline as a modulator of the hippocampal search processes.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTClonidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, which decreases the level of noradrenalinein vivo, has an interesting effect in humans and other animals: it makes them more decisive. However, the mechanisms by which clonidine makes them more decisive remain unknown. Researchers have speculated that clonidine limits the amount of mental search that subjects do when planning options. We test this hypothesis by measuring the mental search strategy in rats through hippocampal recordings. We find that clonidine limits the options searched by rats, suggesting that noradrenaline also plays a role in balancing exploration and exploitation in internally simulated behaviors, similar to its role in balancing exploration and exploitation in external behaviors.
Local Control of Extracellular Dopamine Levels in the Medial Nucleus Accumbens by a Glutamatergic Projection from the Infralimbic Cortex
Authors: Quiroz César , Orrú Marco , Rea William , Ciudad-Roberts Andrés , Yepes Gabriel , Britt Jonathan P. , Ferré Sergi
Published: January 2016

It is generally assumed that infralimbic cortex (ILC) and prelimbic cortex, two adjacent areas of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in rodents, provide selective excitatory glutamatergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core, respectively. It is also generally believed that mPFC influences the extracellular levels of dopamine in the NAc primarily by an excitatory collateral to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the present study, we first established the existence of a selective functional connection between ILC and the posteromedial portions of the VTA (pmVTA) and the mNAc shell (pmNAc shell), by measuring striatal neuronal activation (immunohistochemical analysis of ERK1/2 phosphorylation) and glutamate release (in vivomicrodialysis) upon ILC electrical stimulation. A novel optogenetic-microdialysis approach allowed the measurement of extracellular concentrations of glutamate and dopamine in the pmNAc shell upon local light-induced stimulation of glutamatergic terminals from ILC. Cortical electrical and local optogenetic stimulation produced significant increases in the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and dopamine in the pmNAc shell. Local blockade of glutamate release by perfusion of an adenosine A2Areceptor antagonist in the pmNAc shell blocked the dopamine release induced by local optogenetic stimulation but only partially antagonized dopamine release induced by cortical electrical stimulation. The results demonstrate that ILC excitatory afferents directly modulate the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the pmNAc shell, but also support the involvement of an indirect mechanism of dopamine control, through a concomitant ILC-mediated activation of the pmVTA.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe established the existence of a functional connection between the infralimbic cortex (ILC) and the posteromedial portions of the ventral tegmental area (pmVTA) and the medial nucleus acumbens shell (pmNAc shell). A novel optogenetic-microdialysis approach allowed us to demonstrate that local glutamate release from glutamatergic terminals from the ILC exert a significant modulation of extracellular concentration of dopamine in the pmNAc shell. This mechanism provides the frame for a selective cortical-mediated tonic dopaminergic modulation of specific striatal compartments.
Mechanostimulation Promotes Nuclear and Epigenetic Changes in Oligodendrocytes
Authors: Hernandez Marylens , Patzig Julia , Mayoral Sonia R. , Costa Kevin D. , Chan Jonah R. , Casaccia Patrizia
Published: January 2016

Oligodendrocyte progenitors respond to biophysical or mechanical signals, and it has been reported that mechanostimulation modulates cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Here we report the effect of three mechanical stimuli on mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and identify the molecular components of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex (i.e., SYNE1) as transducers of mechanical signals to the nucleus, where they modulate the deposition of repressive histone marks and heterochromatin formation. The expression levels of LINC components increased during progenitor differentiation and silencing theSyne1gene resulted in aberrant histone marks deposition, chromatin reorganization and impaired myelination. We conclude that spatial constraints, via the actin cytoskeleton and LINC complex, mediate nuclear changes in oligodendrocyte progenitors that favor a default pathway of differentiation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is recognized that oligodendrocyte progenitors are mechanosensitive cells. However, the molecular mechanisms translating mechanical stimuli into oligodendrocyte differentiation remain elusive. This study identifies components of the mechanotransduction pathway in the oligodendrocyte lineage.
Pathological Tau Promotes Neuronal Damage by Impairing Ribosomal Function and Decreasing Protein Synthesis
Authors: Meier Shelby , Bell Michelle , Lyons Danielle N. , Rodriguez-Rivera Jennifer , Ingram Alexandria , Fontaine Sarah N. , Mechas Elizabeth , Chen Jing , Wolozin Benjamin , LeVine Harry , Zhu Haining , Abisambra Jose F.
Published: January 2016

One of the most common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies is memory loss. The exact mechanisms leading to memory loss in tauopathies are not yet known; however, decreased translation due to ribosomal dysfunction has been implicated as a part of this process. Here we use a proteomics approach that incorporates subcellular fractionation and coimmunoprecipitation of tau from human AD and non-demented control brains to identify novel interactions between tau and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We show that ribosomes associate more closely with tau in AD than with tau in control brains, and that this abnormal association leads to a decrease in RNA translation. The aberrant tau–ribosome association also impaired synthesis of the synaptic protein PSD-95, suggesting that this phenomenon contributes to synaptic dysfunction. These findings provide novel information about tau-protein interactions in human brains, and they describe, for the first time, a dysfunctional consequence of tau–ribosome associations that directly alters protein synthesis.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDespite the identification of abnormal tau–ribosomal interactions in tauopathies >25 years ago, the consequences of this association remained elusive until now. Here, we show that pathological tau associates closely with ribosomes in AD brains, and that this interaction impairs protein synthesis. The overall result is a stark reduction of nascent proteins, including those that participate in synaptic plasticity, which is crucial for learning and memory. These data mechanistically link a common pathologic sign, such as the appearance of pathological tau inside brain cells, with cognitive impairments evident in virtually all tauopathies.
Estrogen Restores Multisynaptic Boutons in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex while Promoting Working Memory in Aged Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Hara Yuko , Yuk Frank , Puri Rishi , Janssen William G. M. , Rapp Peter R. , Morrison John H.
Published: January 2016

Humans and nonhuman primates are vulnerable to age- and menopause- related decline in working memory, a cognitive function reliant on area 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). We showed previously that presynaptic mitochondrial number and morphology in monkey dlPFC neurons correlate with working memory performance. The current study tested the hypothesis that the types of synaptic connections these boutons form are altered with aging and menopause in rhesus monkeys and that these metrics may be coupled with mitochondrial measures and working memory. Using serial section electron microscopy, we examined the frequencies and characteristics of nonsynaptic, single-synaptic, and multisynaptic boutons (MSBs) in the dlPFC. In contrast to our previous observations in the monkey hippocampal dentate gyrus, where MSBs comprised ∼40% of boutons, the vast majority of dlPFC boutons were single-synaptic, whereas MSBs constituted a mere 10%. The frequency of MSBs was not altered by normal aging, but decreased by over 50% with surgical menopause induced by ovariectomy in aged monkeys. Cyclic estradiol treatment in aged ovariectomized animals restored MSB frequencies to levels comparable to young and aged premenopausal monkeys. Notably, the frequency of MSBs positively correlated with working memory scores, as measured by the average accuracy on the delayed response (DR) test. Furthermore, MSB incidence positively correlated with the number of healthy straight mitochondria in dlPFC boutons and inversely correlated with the number of pathological donut-shaped mitochondria. Together, our data suggest that MSBs are coupled to cognitive function and mitochondrial health and are sensitive to estrogen.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany aged menopausal individuals experience deficits in working memory, an executive function reliant on recurrent firing of prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons. However, little is known about the organization of presynaptic inputs to these neurons and how they may be altered with aging and menopause. Multisynaptic boutons (MSBs) were of particular interest, because they form multiple synapses and can enhance coupling between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. We found that higher MSB frequency correlated with better working memory performance in rhesus monkeys. Additionally, aged surgically menopausal monkeys experienced a 50% loss of MSBs that was restored with cyclic estradiol treatment. Together, our findings suggest that hormone replacement therapy benefits cognitive aging, in part by retaining complex synaptic organizations in the PFC.
Rescue of Impaired mGluR5-Driven Endocannabinoid Signaling Restores Prefrontal Cortical Output to Inhibit Pain in Arthritic Rats
Authors: Kiritoshi Takaki , Ji Guangchen , Neugebauer Volker
Published: January 2016

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serves executive functions that are impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders and pain. Underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here we advance the novel concept that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) fails to engage endocannabinoid (2-AG) signaling to overcome abnormal synaptic inhibition in pain, but restoring endocannabinoid signaling allows mGluR5 to increase mPFC output hence inhibit pain behaviors and mitigate cognitive deficits. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from layer V pyramidal cells in the infralimbic mPFC in rat brain slices. Electrical and optogenetic stimulations were used to analyze amygdala-driven mPFC activity. A selective mGluR5 activator (VU0360172) increased pyramidal output through an endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism because intracellular inhibition of the major 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase or blockade of CB1 receptors abolished the facilitatory effect of VU0360172. In an arthritis pain model mGluR5 activation failed to overcome abnormal synaptic inhibition and increase pyramidal output. mGluR5 function was rescued by restoring 2-AG-CB1 signaling with a CB1 agonist (ACEA) or inhibitors of postsynaptic 2-AG hydrolyzing enzyme ABHD6 (intracellular WWL70) and monoacylglycerol lipase MGL (JZL184) or by blocking GABAergic inhibition with intracellular picrotoxin. CB1-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of synaptic inhibition (DSI) was also impaired in the pain model but could be restored by coapplication of VU0360172 and ACEA. Stereotaxic coadministration of VU0360172 and ACEA into the infralimbic, but not anterior cingulate, cortex mitigated decision-making deficits and pain behaviors of arthritic animals. The results suggest that rescue of impaired endocannabinoid-dependent mGluR5 function in the mPFC can restore mPFC output and cognitive functions and inhibit pain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDysfunctions in prefrontal cortical interactions with subcortical brain regions, such as the amygdala, are emerging as important players in neuropsychiatric disorders and pain. This study identifies a novel mechanism and rescue strategy for impaired medial prefrontal cortical function in an animal model of arthritis pain. Specifically, an integrative approach of optogenetics, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and behavior is used to advance the novel concept that a breakdown of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5 and endocannabinoid signaling in infralimbic pyramidal cells fails to control abnormal amygdala-driven synaptic inhibition in the arthritis pain model. Restoring endocannabinoid signaling allows mGluR5 activation to increase infralimbic output hence inhibit pain behaviors and mitigate pain-related cognitive deficits.
INDONESIA NEGARA HUKUM DEMOKRATIS BUKAN NEGARA KEKUASAAN OTORITER
Authors: Maggalatung A Salman
Published: January 2016

Istilah negara hukum selain dikenal dengan istilah rechtsstaat dan rule of law, juga dikenal istilah monocracy yang artinya sama dengan negara hukum. Intinya bahwa, hukum yang berlaku dalam suatu negara hukum haruslah yang terumus secara demokratis, yakni yang dikehendaki oleh rakyat. Sejalan dengan perkembangan kehidupan kebangsaan dan ketatanegaraan Indonesia, maka dengan melalui amandemen UUD 1945, istilah negra hukum (rechtsstaat) secara jelas dan tegas disebutkan dalam Batang Tubuh UUD NRI tahun 1945 yang sebelum amandemen hanya ditemukan dalam Penjelasan UUD 1945. Hal itu mempertegas komitmen bahwa Indonesia adalah negara hukum yang demokratis bukan negara kekuasaan yang otoriter. Indonesia sebagai negara hukum yang demokratis, maka kekuasaan manapun harus berlandaskan konstitusi. Konstitusi itu diadakan supaya para penyelenggara negara mempunyai arah serta tujuan yang jelas dalam menjalankan tugas dan kewenangannya, konstitusi itu merupakan hukum dasar tertinggi dan dinobatkan sebagai negara hukum yang demokratis. Dalam konteks itu, negara menempatkan hukum sebagai dasar kekuasaan negara dan penyelenggaraan kekuasaan tersebut dalam segala bentuknya dilakukan di bawah kekuasaan hukum. Hukum sebagai urat nadi dalam segala aspek kehidupan. Negara hukum, konstitusi, dan demokrasi merupakan satu kesatuan yang tak terpisahkan menuju sebuah bangunan  negara yang menjunjung tinggi supremasi konstitusi dan demokrasi yang berdasarakan kepada hukum.   Kata Kunci: Negara Hukum, Konstitusi, dan DemokrasiDOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2379
EQUILIBRIUM HAK ASASI MANUSIA vis-à-vis KOMPILASI HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Sadari Sadari
Published: January 2016

Artikel ini menawarkan studi h}udu>di dalam hukum keluarga Islam yang terdapat dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI). Sedangkan studi h}udu>di itu sendiri merupakan proses desakralisasi sebagai wujud agar produk KHI menjadi progresif seiring dengan modernitas dan keindonesiaan. Untuk mewujudkan quo vadis tersebut, maka artikel ini melakukan dua ijtihad pemikiran yakni, menolak pemikiran yang belum mengindahkan h}udu>di (limit, batas) dan menguatkan pemikiran para sarjana yang menawarkan ijtihad baru baik pada dataran konsep sampai pada tawaran metodologis. Pemikiran yang menguatkan itu datang dari tokoh Syiria, yakni Muh}ammad Shah}ru>r, lewat struktur kemasukakalan (plausibilitas structure). Studi h}udu>di-nya mendukung ide dari Nurcholish Madjid tentang desakralisasi, sehingga mampu melakukan koherensi antara KHI dengan bidang HAM, demokrasi, nation state, civil society, dan konstitusionalisme.  Jadi artikel ini mendukung semangat desakralisasi – di samping tidak menanggalkan sakralisasinya – yang dikumandangkan oleh Nurcholish Madjid melalui bukunya yang bertema : Islam, Kemodernan dan Keindonesiaan. Sumber kajian artikel ini adalah KHI, sedangkan cara membaca dengan memakai paradigma h}udu>di, yang berbekal pada adagium s\aba>t al-nas}s} wa harakah al-muh}tawa, artinya teksnya tetap (the text is permanent) dan kandungannya terus berubah (the content moves). Sehingga norma hukum selalu bersumber pada liminalitas berbasis pada teks, yang poros kajiannya berpusat dari teks menuju konteks bukan sebaliknya dari konteks menuju teks.   Kata Kunci : Equilibrium, HAM, KHI, dan Modernitas-KeindonesiaanDOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2382
Kepemimpinan Transgender dalam Perspektif Fiqih Siyasah dan Hukum Positif
Authors: Juwanti Resti Hedi
Published: January 2016

Islam memandang bahwa seorang pemimpin merupakan hal yang penting dalam sebuah masyarakat. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari kedudukan Rasulullah SAW sebagai seorang pemimpin kaum muslimin. Kedudukan tersebut merupakan salah satu dari tiga kedudukan suci yang dimiliki oleh Rasulullah SAW.Kedudukan suci Rasulullah SAW yang pertama ialah kenabian atau kerasulan, yakni kedudukan sebagai pembawa dan penyampai hukum-hukum Allah yang diwahyukan kepada-Nya. Dan Rasul berkewajiban menyampaikan hukum-hukum itu kepada umat manusia. Kedudukan suci kedua adalah sebagai penentu dan pemutus hukum. Dengan demikian, Rasul berkewajiban menegakkan kebenaran bila terjadi pertentangan dan perselisihan di antara manusia dengan berstandar pada satu hukum. Dalam hal ini kedudukan Rasul sebagai seorang hakim yang bisa memutuskan suatu masalah. Kedudukan suci ketiga adalah sebagai penguasa dan pemegang kendali pemerintahan. Rasul adalah pengelola masyarakat dan pemimpin yang menangani berbagai urusan masyarakat DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2383
PRAKTIK RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PADA LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN (LP) DI PERANCIS, NEW ZEALAND DAN ARAB SAUDI: SEBUAH PERBANDINGAN
Authors: Fitria Fitria
Published: January 2016

Paparan tulisan dibawah ini akan membahas praktik restorative justice pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan di tiga negara: Perancis, New Zealand dan Arab Saudi. Pemilihan tiga negara ini berdasarkan pada dua alasan, pertama: ketiga negara mewakili tiga sistem hukum yang berbeda: sistem hukum kontinental, sistem anglo saxon dan sistem hukum islam. Kedua, ketiga negara yang disebutkan diatas memilki kapasitas untuk mewakili gagasan yang dikembangkan masing-masing sistem hukum. Perancis merupakan negara tua yang memberikan kontribusi yang tidak sedikit dalam membangun gagasan restorative justice. Adapun New Zealand merupakan negara anglo saxon yang sukses menerapkan restorative justice pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatannya. Sedangkan Arab Saudi merupakan negara yang dianggap sebagai negara islam yang paling konsisten menerapkan hukum pidana islam yang juga memiliki konsepsi restorative justice. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2385
HAK IMUNITAS PIMPINAN KPK
Authors: Rahmatullah Indra , Akhdal Aisyah Yusriyyah
Published: January 2016

Berdasarkan UUD 1945 BAB XIII Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara Pasal 30 menyebutkan  Tiap-tiap warga negara berhak dan wajib ikut serta dalam usaha pertahanan dan keamanan negara.  Usaha pertahanan dan keamanan negara dilaksanakan melalui sistempertahanan dan keamanan rakyat semesta oleh Tentara Nasional Indonesia dan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, sebagai kekuatan utama, dan rakyat sebagai kekuatan pendukung. Pasal tersebut mengamanatkan bahwa rakyat sebagai kekuatan pendukung turut serta dalam melindungi dan memlihara keamanan nasional. Secara tersirat isi dalam pasal tersebut menyatakan adanya tekad yang dapat dilakukan semua warga negara dalam rangka pertahanan nasional. Sikap dan semangat yang demikian merupakan hal yang wajar dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i2.2388
LAS ACTITUDES ANTE LA MUERTE: TESTIMONIOS EN LA LITERATURA TESTIMONIAL DE LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL
Authors: Rodríguez López José Rodrigo
Published: January 2016

Este texto analiza las actitudes ante la muerte en la literatura testimonial de la Primera
Guerra Mundial. La finalidad de esto es mostrar de qué manera la muerte como paso a la
eternidad, significó dar la vida en aras de una buena causa, por lo que se consideraba una
voluntad nacional, con la cual se alcanzaba el recuerdo indeleble de sus compatriotas y el
bien morir.
LA CRISIS ECONÓMICA ESPAÑOLA EN LA PRENSA DE COSTA RICA. EFECTOS SOBRE LA IMAGEN DE ESPAÑA
Authors: Núñez Aberturas María de los Ángeles
Published: January 2016

España tiene una presencia constante en la prensa de Costa Rica con una mayoría de noticias
que trasmiten una buena imagen del país. Las informaciones sobre la crisis económica
no han sido lo suficientemente frecuentes ni tan bien elaboradas como para perjudicar los
efectos positivos de las noticias deportivas o culturales. Esta es la principal conclusión del
análisis comparativo de las informaciones publicadas en cuatro periódicos representativos
de los medios escritos de Costa Rica durante el segundo semestre de 2009 y tres años más
tarde, en el segundo semestre de 2012.
LA PRODUCCIÓN LITERARIA EN EL IMAGINARIO RELIGIOSO CUBANO
Authors: Saldívar Arellano Juan Manuel
Published: January 2016

La producción literaria cubana, antillana o afronegrista, ha marcado además de una época
“real maravillosa”, una perspectiva de análisis relevante para entender las singularidades
culturales del pasado que se gestan en el presente entre las diversas manifestaciones religiosas
cubanas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo las ideas religiosas de ancestro
africano han construido múltiples identidades culturales en los imaginarios del Gran
Caribe y las Antillas. En lo que refiere al caso cubano, se puede aseverar en la identificación
del “negro” como parte de una extensa discusión que conduce a entender las situaciones
culturales en sentidos amplios de significado. Finalmente, matizar las horizontalidades
simbólicas desde la literatura es relevante en sentido de extender, no solo la discusión sobre
la temática, sino futuros planteamientos entre lo imaginativo, lo representativo y lo existente.
Perfection of primary children’s selection for sport gymnastic training in Kurdistan
Authors: Abdulvahid Dlshad Nihad
Published: January 2016

Purpose: to find ways of perfection of primary children’s selection for sport gymnastic training in Kurdistan. Material: questioning of specialized physical culture HEEs’ students in Ukraine and Kurdistan (n=120, n=120). Physical condition and physical qualities of 7 years’ age boys of Ukraine and Kurdistan (n=56, n=52) were assessed. Results: only 10 Kurdistan students had opportunity to start specialized sport trainings by recommendations of professional coach. Ineffective influence of mass media in involvement of youth in sport trainings was noted. Physical condition level of children corresponds to standards. In most of motor tests Ukrainian children showed better results that their peers from Kurdistan. Conclusions: in Ukraine 42% of children join sports practicing owing to parents’ wish. In Kurdistan 25% of children join sports practicing by recommendations of physical culture teachers. The next by importance factor is example of peers (21% and 33%). In nine from twelve motor tests Kurdistan children yield to their Ukrainian peers. In 20 meters’ run and in shuttle run results of Kurdistan children are better. Confident distinctions were found in quantity of chin ups in lying position.
Physical functioning and life style of 50-65 years’ age hee teachers
Authors: Baskevich O.V.
Published: January 2016

Purpose: to study life style of 50-65 years’ age university teachers depending on their physical functioning and its connection with behavior habits. Material: questioning of 150 respondents was fulfilled by specially prepared questionnaire. Anthropometric testing was conducted. Results: it was found that most of the questioned spend time watching TV or reading and pay very little attention to physical functioning. We also found that most of respondents deal with household chores but want to do something outdoors (practice public activity). There is a trend to avoid smoking among them. Only 5.0% are cigarette smokers. The rest have never smoked or gave up smoking more than 10 years ago. Among the partners of the questioned there are a lot of smokers (16.2%). Most of the questioned have friends and relatives, who can help to achieve the highest level of physical functioning. 18.9% of partners of the questioned regularly practice sports. Some useful for health habits are observed in life situations of all respondents. Conclusions: the received data witness about purposefulness of seeking of effective ways of pre retirement age HEE teachers’ involvement in active recreational functioning. We have also found that there are time reserves for this purpose.
Criteria of assessment of short track runners’ prospects as mean of promising sportsmen losses’ prevention at selection stage
Authors: Kugayevskiy S.A.
Published: January 2016

Purpose: to offer main criteria for assessment of short track runners’ prospects. Material: 8 sportsmen of short track Ukrainian national team participated in the research. Influence of training means’ volume on result, shown on competition distance, was determined. Both organism’s functional and reserve potentials were assessed with the help of computer program D&K-test. Results: we have determined priority of functional indicators in selection of short track runners and for assessment of their prospects. Sportsman’s potentials shall be assessed on the base of functional fitness indicators, analysis of competition practice and training process data of pervious stage of sport perfection. Conclusions: individualization of training process, considering physiological characteristics of definite sportsman, will permit to completely open the embedded potential. Absence of sportsman’s progress with prominent functional system’s characteristics points at demand in correction of training program for his sportsman.
Mémoire et patrimoine: des récits et des affordances du patrimoine
Authors: Candau Joël , Ferreira Maria Leticia Mazzucchi
Published: January 2016

Résumé Dans cet article, notre ambition est d'éclairer la notion d'éligibilité d'un objet patrimonial. Pour cela, nous proposons le concept d'affordance patrimoniale, l'éligibilité devenant d'autant plus probable que l'objet candidat à la patrimonialisation a cette qualité d'affordance. À partir de la distinction de deux types de savoirs et savoir-faire olfactifs observés dans divers milieux professionnels, nous tentons d'identifier une des conditions de la patrimonialisation de ce registre d'expertise dit "immatériel". Après avoir justifié notre typologie, nous montrons que le premier type de savoirs et savoir-faire olfactifs (type 1: cuisiniers, œnologues, parfumeurs, sommeliers) peut être facilement revendiqué comme un patrimoine parce que, de la part des professionnels, il offre une affordance narrative (il permet un récit de soi racontable et, de ce fait, recevable) alors que cela est impossible avec le second type d'expertise olfactive (type 2: employés de la morgue, fossoyeurs, infirmières, médecins légistes, sapeurs-pompiers, thanatopracteurs) qui n'offre pas une telle affordance.
Impacto das mudanças climáticas sobre a leishmaniose no Brasil
Authors: Mendes Chrystian Soares , Coelho Alexandre Bragança , Féres José Gustavo , Souza Elvanio Costa de , Cunha Dênis Antônio da
Published: January 2016

Resumo Este estudo buscou verificar como as mudanças climáticas podem afetar a proliferação das leishmanioses no Brasil, em três períodos, 2010-2039, 2040-2079 e 2080-2100 e dois cenários de mudanças climáticas. Realizou-se uma estimação da relação entre temperatura, precipitação e números de internações por leishmaniose e, posteriormente, a equação estimada foi utilizada para prever o impacto da mudança climática na proliferação da doença no Brasil até o fim do século XXI. Os resultados encontrados indicam que a precipitação possui forte relação com a incidência de leishmaniose e as projeções indicam que haverá uma elevação, para o final do século, da quantidade anual de internações por essa doença, em cerca de 15%, em relação a 1992-2002 (cenário base). Em termos regionais, as projeções indicam crescimento em todas as regiões, com exceção do Centro-Oeste. No Sul do país haverá o maior crescimento relativo no número de internações anuais, ao passo que no Nordeste haverá o maior aumento absoluto. No geral, verifica-se que a leishmaniose aumentará sua incidência no país com a mudança climática.
Orientação familiar e comunitária na Atenção Primária à Saúde da criança
Authors: Reichert Altamira Pereira da Silva , Leônico Alane Barreto de Almeida , Toso Beatriz Rosana Gonçalves , Santos Nathanielly Cristina Carvalho de Brito , Vaz Elenice Maria Cecchetti , Collet Neusa
Published: January 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o princípio de orientação familiar e comunitária nas Unidades de Saúde da Família, referente ao cuidado à saúde de crianças menores de dez anos. Pesquisa avaliativa, quantitativa, realizada com 344 familiares e/ou cuidadores de crianças menores de 10 anos, atendidas nas 53 unidades de Saúde da Família do Distrito Sanitário III de João Pessoa. Os dados foram coletados a partir das variáveis orientação familiar e orientação comunitária, presentes no formulário Primary Care Assessment Tool- Brasil, versão criança. A análise ocorreu na forma de estatística simples de distribuição de frequências. Os escores médios para os componentes analisados obtiveram valores 3,7 e 5,7, inferiores ao determinado para que estes atributos estejam orientados à atenção primária, que é de 6,6. Existe uma fraca orientação dos atributos orientação familiar e comunitária na atenção primária nos serviços avaliados, indicando a necessidade de um olhar integral para a criança, com concepções macro e micropolíticas dos planejadores e gestores do cuidado em saúde, a fim de garantir efetividade da atenção à saúde da criança.
Atenção à criança no período neonatal: avaliação do pacto de redução da mortalidade neonatal no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
Authors: Pinheiro Josilene Maria Ferreira , Tinoco Lorena dos Santos , Rocha Adriana Souza da Silva , Rodrigues Maísa Paulino , Lyra Clélia de Oliveira , Ferreira Maria Ângela Fernandes
Published: January 2016

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar as ações de atenção à criança no período neonatal a partir das estratégias preconizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Estudo transversal realizado a partir do banco de dados da pesquisa nacional de base populacional intitulada “Chamada Neonatal: avaliação da atenção ao pré-natal e aos menores de um ano nas regiões Norte e Nordeste”, que aconteceu nos nove municípios prioritários para o Pacto de Redução da Mortalidade Infantil e Neonatal no Rio Grande do Norte, com 837 pares mãe/filho. As variáveis foram compostas pelas questões/ações referentes ao período neonatal, seguidas de uma análise descritiva e inferencial. Foi utilizada toda a amostra do banco de dados composta por 57,6% na capital e 42,4% no conjunto dos interiores. A frequência das ações de âmbito hospitalar variou de 35% a 96% e as realizadas na atenção básica de 57% a 91,2%. A maioria teve associação com os hospitais de natureza pública e com a capital do estado, e as ações de atenção à continuidade do cuidado com melhores condições econômicas (p < 0,05). Todas as ações não atenderam a totalidade do que é preconizado nos programas e políticas de atenção à criança, e revelam as iniquidades regionais em saúde.
Infancia y [re]habilitación: realidades político pragmáticas en el contexto colombiano
Authors: Pava-Ripoll Nora Aneth , Granada-Echeverry Patricia
Published: January 2016

Resumen En este artículo esbozamos algunas intersecciones entre los conceptos de infancia y [re]habilitación, los cuales han tenido desarrollos paralelos, especialmente desde el siglo XX. Esta compleja interacción está mediada y construida a partir de los discursos científicos consolidados en función de la infancia. Enfatizamos este análisis desde dos perspectivas: 1) posturas académicas que, desde profesiones como fisioterapia, fonoaudiología, y terapia ocupacional, abordan la [re] habilitación en la infancia y 2) las miradas desde las políticas públicas, que aportan a la constitución de lugares para el ejercicio profesional de la [re]habilitación. Una revisión documental orientada por la pregunta ¿qué significa [re]habilitar la infancia en Colombia?, emplazó cada apartado de este texto, históricamente delimitados por: 1) el surgimiento de estas profesiones [re]habilitadoras en Colombia, 2)la década del 90, marcada por grandes cambios desde las reformas políticas colombianas, 3)los desarrollos tecnológicos dados en el siglo XXI. Concluimos que la hegemonía médica sigue guiando los procesos de [re]habilitación desde un contexto que se ha transformado, que impone nuevos retos, que requiere nuevas comprensiones y grandes movilizaciones conceptuales y prácticas.
Abordagem grupal para avaliação de alterações de linguagem em crianças pequenas
Authors: Zerbeto Amanda Brait , Batista Cecilia Guarnieri
Published: January 2016

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever as contribuições de uma abordagem terapêutica grupal de enfoque sociointeracionista na avaliação de linguagem de crianças entre 1:9 e 3:0 anos. Participaram nove crianças, avaliadas em três grupos de três participantes (G1 e G2 – crianças com queixas de alterações de linguagem, G3 – crianças sem queixas de linguagem). Para cada grupo foram realizados quatro encontros videogravados, com duração entre 30 e 60 minutos cada. Os vídeos foram analisados juntamente com o diário de campo, com foco na participação das crianças e em sua produção oral e não oral. A análise detalhada de G2, apresentada no presente trabalho, indicou aumento de produção oral e ampliação das funções linguísticas ao longo das sessões. Os aspectos não verbais contribuíram para a identificação de elementos relevantes da linguagem, especialmente no nível pragmático. O contexto de brincadeira e interação no grupo, e mesmo de disputas por objetos, propiciou a detecção desses diferentes aspectos da linguagem. A proposta de avaliação descrita permitiu a observação da linguagem das crianças em seu exercício vivo e constituiu um modelo que abrange os diferentes aspectos da linguagem, em contextos significativos de interação.
Tabagismo e pobreza no Brasil: uma análise do perfil da população tabagista a partir da POF 2008-2009
Authors: Bazotti Angelita , Finokiet Manuela , Conti Irio Luiz , França Marco Tulio Aniceto , Waquil Paulo Dabdab
Published: January 2016

Resumo O artigo visa caracterizar a população brasileira que consome artigos relacionados ao tabagismo. Para isso utilizou-se os microdados da POF 2008-2009 do IBGE. Empregou-se definição semelhante à do IBGE que define a pessoa como tabagista quando há o dispêndio de renda com esse produto e derivados, e não o ato dela ser fumante ou não. As características empregadas foram idade, sexo, cor da pele, escolaridade, regiões geográficas e faixas de renda. A metodologia para estimar os resultados considerou o desenho amostral e se utilizou de estatística descritiva, além da aplicação de testes estatísticos. Os resultados mostram que em torno de 10% da população brasileira têm gastos financeiros com produtos derivados do tabaco, possuem renda e escolaridade menores e idade mais avançada que os não tabagistas. Da renda dos indivíduos, 1,5% é despendida com esses produtos e, além disso, verificou-se que a população tabagista é majoritariamente masculina. O valor dispendido com tabaco causa impactos expressivos no orçamento doméstico, dado que esses valores poderiam ser direcionados para atender outras necessidades mais prementes na unidade familiar. Embora existam diversas estratégias de monitoramento, prevenção e combate ao tabagismo, o conhecimento do perfil de sua população pode tornar a estratégia mais eficaz.
Políticas públicas de saúde para deficientes intelectuais no Brasil: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Tomaz Rodrigo Victor Viana , Rosa Thiago Lusivo , Van David Bui , Melo Débora Gusmão
Published: January 2016

Resumo Este estudo apresenta revisão integrativa da literatura científica e da legislação federal sobre políticas públicas de saúde para deficientes intelectuais no Brasil. Foram selecionados 9 artigos veiculados nas bases PubMed, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde e Web of Science entre 2002 e 2012. A partir das referências bibliográficas desses estudos, foram identificados outros 6 artigos, totalizando 15 na revisão. Foram identificadas 41 legislações federais produzidas entre 2002 e 2012. Os documentos foram analisados e categorizados em condições socioeconômicas, violência, saúde mental, ética, necessidades de saúde, promoção e prevenção da saúde. Do ponto de vista científico, observou-se discussões pouco específicas, sendo a deficiência intelectual examinada com os demais tipos ou em concomitância com outros países da América Latina. Do ponto de vista jurídico, embora tenham sido localizadas legislações relacionadas à área da saúde, faltam estudos que abordem a efetividade e o nível de implantação das políticas propostas. O incremento de pesquisas na área é demanda da própria população deficiente e permitirá conhecer suas necessidades de saúde específicas, além de oferecer embasamento em questões como prevenção, promoção, diagnóstico e tratamento.
Salud intercultural: propuestas, acciones y fracasos
Authors: Menéndez Eduardo Luiz
Published: January 2016

Resumen Durante las décadas de 1980, 1990 y primeros años del 2000 surgieron y se desarrollaron en la mayoría de los países de América Latina diversas propuestas y acciones de salud intercultural, que buscaron articular el sector salud y la biomedicina con la medicina tradicional a través de establecer relaciones paralelas, tratando de reducir o eliminar las relaciones de exclusión, de subordinación y de hegemonía/subalternidad dominantes entre las mismas. Dichas propuestas tuvieron dos objetivos básicos:1) contribuir a la rehabilitación cultural de los grupos étnicos demostrando la eficacia cultural y técnica de la medicina tradicional; y 2) mejorar la relación personal de salud biomédico/paciente indígena. En este texto se analizan las causas que condujeron al fracaso o escaso impacto de las propuestas y acciones de salud intercultural.
Itinerário terapêutico em situações de urgência e emergência pediátrica em uma comunidade quilombola
Authors: Siqueira Samylla Maira Costa , Jesus Viviane Silva de , Camargo Climene Laura de
Published: January 2016

Resumo O objetivo foi conhecer o itinerário terapêutico de crianças quilombolas em situação de urgência/emergência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa com suporte teórico no modelo de Sistema de Cuidados à Saúde de Arthur Kleinman. As participantes foram 12 mães de crianças que já vivenciaram alguma situação de urgência ou emergência. A coleta dos dados ocorreu de dezembro/2013 a junho/2014 por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, com análise temática dos dados. Os cuidados prestados à criança se iniciam no subsistema informal e o acesso ao subsistema formal foi caracterizado como uma peregrinação pelos serviços de saúde. É necessário o desenvolvimento de estratégias que garantam o acesso integral e facilitado aos serviços do subsistema profissional pelos quilombolas.
Family functioning and health issues associated with codependency in families of drug users
Authors: Bortolon Cassandra Borges , Signor Luciana , Moreira Taís de Campos , Figueiró Luciana Rizzieri , Benchaya Mariana Canellas , Machado Cássio Andrade , Ferigolo Maristela , Barros Helena Maria Tannhauser
Published: January 2016

Abstract Substance abuse affects both the user and the family system as a whole, yet substance abuse treatment is centered on the user, leaving the family in the background. Objective: To identify the symptoms of codependency and health issues in the codependent family members of drug users who called a toll-free telephone counseling service. In total, 505 family members participated in this cross-sectional study. Drug users’ mothers and wives who had less than 8 years of education and those who were unemployed had a greater chance of high codependency. It was also determined that a high level of codependency imposed a significant burden on the physical and emotional well-being of those affected, resulting in poor health, reactivity, self-neglect and additional responsibilities. It was concluded that codependency has a negative impact on the family system and on the health of the family members of drug users.
Sinos River Hydrographic Basin: urban occupation, industrialization and environmental memory
Authors: Nunes M. F. , Figueiredo J. A. S. , Rocha A. L. C.
Published: January 2016

This article presents an analysis of the process of industrialization and urbanization of the Sinos Valley in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, starting from the establishment of leather goods and footwear manufacturing in the region during the 19th century when tanneries and factories producing footwear and/or components for footwear began to appear, and with special attention to aspects related to the environmental impact on the Sinos river hydrographic basin. The article is based on both bibliographic and documentary research and also draws on biographical narratives of workers with links to the leather goods and footwear industry obtained using ethnographic method. It was found that contemporary environmental conflicts emerge from within a memory of work and an environmental memory in which the factories, the unplanned urbanization, and the utilization of water and other natural resources form a chain of significance. Significance that precludes any form of fragmented analysis that isolates any of these aspects from the others: the economic, socio-historic, cultural, political, or the environmental.