bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan
Authors: Coates Michael I. , Finarelli John A. , Sansom Ivan J. , Andreev Plamen S. , Criswell Katharine E. , Tietjen Kristen , Rivers Mark L. , La Riviere Patrick J.
Published: January 2018

Although relationships among the major groups of living gnathostomes are well established, the relatedness of early jawed vertebrates to modern clades is intensely debated. Here, we provide a new description ofGladbachus, a Middle Devonian (Givetian approx. 385-million-year-old) stem chondrichthyan from Germany, and one of the very few early chondrichthyans in which substantial portions of the endoskeleton are preserved. Tomographic and histological techniques reveal new details of the gill skeleton, hyoid arch and jaws, neurocranium, cartilage, scales and teeth. Despite many features resembling placoderm or osteichthyan conditions, phylogenetic analysis confirmsGladbachusas a stem chondrichthyan and corroborates hypotheses that all acanthodians are stem chondrichthyans. The unfamiliar character combination displayed byGladbachus, alongside conditions observed in acanthodians, implies that pre-Devonian stem chondrichthyans are severely under-sampled and strongly supports indications from isolated scales that the gnathostome crown group originated at the latest by the early Silurian (approx. 440 Ma). Moreover, phylogenetic results highlight the likely convergent evolution of conventional chondrichthyan conditions among earliest members of this primary gnathostome division, while skeletal morphology points towards the likely suspension feeding habits ofGladbachus, suggesting a functional origin of the gill slit condition characteristic of the vast majority of living and fossil chondrichthyans.
Identification of acutely sick people and facial cues of sickness
Authors: Axelsson John , Sundelin Tina , Olsson Mats J. , Sorjonen Kimmo , Axelsson Charlotte , Lasselin Julie , Lekander Mats
Published: January 2018

Detection and avoidance of sick individuals have been proposed as essential components in a behavioural defence against disease, limiting the risk of contamination. However, almost no knowledge exists on whether humans can detect sick individuals, and if so by what cues. Here, we demonstrate that untrained people can identify sick individuals above chance level by looking at facial photos taken 2 h after injection with a bacterial stimulus inducing an immune response (2.0 ng kg
−1
lipopolysaccharide) or placebo, the global sensitivity index being
d′
= 0.405. Signal detection analysis (receiver operating characteristic curve area) showed an area of 0.62 (95% confidence intervals 0.60–0.63). Acutely sick people were rated by naive observers as having paler lips and skin, a more swollen face, droopier corners of the mouth, more hanging eyelids, redder eyes, and less glossy and patchy skin, as well as appearing more tired. Our findings suggest that facial cues associated with the skin, mouth and eyes can aid in the detection of acutely sick and potentially contagious people.
Biochemical analyses reveal amino acid residues critical for cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of human Cdc14A phosphatase by cyclin-dependent kinase 1
Authors: Ovejero Sara , Ayala Patricia , Malumbres Marcos , Pimentel-Muiños Felipe X. , Bueno Avelino , Sacristán María P.
Published: January 2018

Cdc14 enzymes compose a family of highly conserved phosphatases that are present in a wide range of organisms, including yeast and humans, and that preferentially reverse the phosphorylation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk) substrates. The budding yeast Cdc14 orthologue has essential functions in the control of late mitosis and cytokinesis. In mammals, however, the two Cdc14 homologues, Cdc14A and Cdc14B, do not play a prominent role in controlling late mitotic events, suggesting that some Cdc14 functions are not conserved across species. Moreover, in yeast, Cdc14 is regulated by changes in its subcellular location and by phosphorylation events. In contrast, little is known about the regulation of human Cdc14 phosphatases. Here, we have studied how the human Cdc14A orthologue is regulated during the cell cycle. We found that Cdc14A is phosphorylated on Ser411, Ser453 and Ser549 by Cdk1 early in mitosis and becomes dephosphorylated during late mitotic stages. Interestingly,in vivoandin vitroexperiments revealed that, unlike in yeast, Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of human Cdc14A did not control its catalytic activity but likely modulated its interaction with other proteins in early mitosis. These findings point to differences in Cdk1-mediated mechanisms of regulation between human and yeast Cdc14 orthologues.
Autism spectrum disorder and hate crime
Authors: Chaplin Eddie , Mukhopadhyay Samyukta
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer an overview of hate crime relating to people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Design/methodology/approach

This is a discussion outlining some of the key evidence relating to ASD and hate crime.

Findings

For too long the issue of hate crime and autism has been neglected in spite of significant numbers of people with ASDs experiencing hate crime and/or harassment on a regular basis.

Originality/value

Although people with ASD are thought to be subject to high rates of hate crimes the literature is sparse when compared to other strands of hate crime such as race or religion.
Assessing the complexity of adult ASD cases across three areas in Southern England: a service evaluation
Authors: Mukherjee Raja A.S. , Nawaz Minahil , Joseph Terry
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Over the last few years increasing numbers of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) services have been established across the country. The different services use varying models and the level of complexity seen in each is unclear. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to facilitate the development of the next phase of service provision the three geographical areas covered by SABP ASD services were compared. Modified Global Assessment of Functioning (mGAF) scores were calculated for 75 patients from each area before being compared across various domains to identify the complexities in each area covered.

Findings

Overall high levels of complexity were seen, with 85 per cent presenting with a serious or major functional difficulty based on, mGAF scores.

Originality/value

This has planning implications both for commissioners and future service development as previously not identified at a time when services are continuing to expand.
Board independence, state ownership and stock return volatility during Chinese state enterprise reform
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Cheong Kee Cheok , Rasiah Rajah
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This study aimed at investigating the influence of corporate governance on firm risk during the Chinese state enterprise reform. The purposes of this study are to examine the effects of board independence, state ownership and other governance variables on firm risk and to check the influence of controlling shareholder types on firm risk.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses the dynamic and static panel model to estimate the effects of board independence, state ownership and other governance factors on return volatility. To examine the influence of controlling shareholder types on corporate risk-taking, this study further used the treatment effect model (or sample selection model) to analyze the effect of private, state-owned enterprise (SOE) entity, central government and local government controls on corporate risk-taking.

Findings

It was found that the enforcement of board independence significantly increases firm risk. The strategy of decentralizing state enterprises (from central government to local government) is a good way to achieve stable stock returns.

Originality value

This study contributes to existing knowledge in several ways. First, it focused on independent directors rather than on the size of the corporate board. Second, it highlighted the impacts of state ownership and control on corporate risk. Instead of treating all types of state ownership as homogenous, SOEs are further classified into directly controlled and indirectly controlled, in line with prior studies.
Supply chain strategies of manufacturers in Ethiopia
Authors: Birhanu Dagne , Krishnanand L. , Rao A. Neelakanteswara
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test the supply chain (SC) strategies and the linking of SCs to SC strategies in line with Lee’s (2002) model.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper used an empirical survey of 134 large industries to test the hypothesis suggested and strengthens the existing theories.

Findings

Companies and SC measures are matched distinctively to their respective SC strategies.

Research limitations/implications

Even though the research is only one of the few on case considered, it is not without limitations. The benefits from matching SC measures to the SC strategies are not quantified. Besides, continental wise survey is needed to come with further improved theory.

Practical implications

Different SC types require typical SC measures in order to increase competitiveness. Linking SC performance to the respective SC strategy is compulsory.

Originality/value

The research can be considered the only one of the few in the continent in general and a case country in particular. It is also the first of the type in the world in testing Lee’s model as far as the authors’ knowledge concerns.
Agency theory perspective on public-private-partnerships: international development project
Authors: Parker David W. , Dressel Uwe , Chevers Delroy , Zeppetella Luca
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Agency theory suggests that divergences will occur when a principal, e.g. client, and agent e.g. a project manager, interests are different in the execution of a project. The purpose of this paper is to explore if the agency theory can explain the subtleties integral to the behaviours and relationships between players delivering a public-private-partnership (PPP) in the context of an international development (ID) project. The intra-/interpersonal dynamics include governments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and private commercial service providers. The authors develop a conceptual framework and provide evidence from a case study of the testing of a Road Safety Toolkit in Kenya to explore several propositions.

Design/methodology/approach

Extant literature identified application of the agency theory, and the development of a conceptual framework. A case study describing an ID project was used to validate the propositions prior to the expansion of a research instrument for data collection in the field.

Findings

Through the lens of the agency theory and the limitations imposed by exploring a series of propositions, several insightful conclusions have been derived from the case. ID projects have particular nuisances that make them unique when compared to the majority of commercial applications. An added dimension and level of complexity is a consequence of the PPP incorporating government, NGOs and private corporations. The case exemplified the need for PPP ID projects to build on partner networks to influence and disseminate outcomes. Some agency problems were far less prominent than would normally be seen in a commercial project.

Research limitations/implications

The methodologies presented in this paper need to be adapted and practiced in different kinds of ID projects in order to get confirmatory analytical results. The limitations imposed by the use of the single case, whilst drawing insightful conclusions, would necessitate greater testing in the field.

Practical implications

Although the problems of the agency theory are well researched in the operations management literature, there is limited application to ID projects and no previous research within the context of a PPP. Therefore, this work is important for greater understanding of the specific issues associated with project delivery of an ID.

Social implications

Conflicting goals between principals and agents are common for organisations, which in turn affect inter-relationships on an international footing. The agency theory has had little attention in the project management field, yet is fundamental to relationships and communication.

Originality/value

There has been little research that explores the agency theory in the context of a PPP involving governments, NGOs and private commercial service providers, executed as an ID project. This work, therefore, exhibits new and novel findings.
Hospital capacity management based on the queueing theory
Authors: Bittencourt Otavio , Verter Vedat , Yalovsky Morty
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the contributions of queueing theory to hospital capacity management to improve organizational performance and deal with increased demand in the healthcare sector.

Design/methodology/approach

Models were applied to six months of inpatient records from a university hospital to determine operation measures such as utilization rate, waiting probability, estimated bed capacity, capacity simulations and demand behavior assessment.

Findings

Irrespective of the findings of the queueing model, the results showed that there is room for improvement in capacity management. Balancing admissions and the type of patient over the week represent a possible solution to optimize bed and nurse utilization. Patient mixing results in a highly sensitive delay rate due to length of stay (LOS) variability, with variations in both the utilization rate and the number of beds.

Practical implications

The outcomes suggest that operational managers should improve patient admission management, as well as reducing variability in LOS and in admissions during the week.

Originality/value

The queueing theory revealed a quantitative portrait of the day-by-day reality in a fast and flexible manner which is very convenient to the task of management.
Managing the visual environment of a fashion store
Authors: Jang Ju Yeun , Baek Eunsoo , Choo Ho Jung
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of a fashion store’s visual complexity on consumers’ behaviour. Considering environmental order and individuals’ sensation-seeking tendencies, the authors examine the effect of visually complex fashion stores on consumers in a more conclusive way to address the inconsistent effect found in the previous literature.

Design/methodology/approach

This study features a 3 (visual complexity level: low, medium, high) × 2 (environmental order condition: low, high) between subjects design, with individual sensation-seeking tendency included as a moderator. Using this design, an online survey was administered to 188 participants in South Korea.

Findings

The results indicate that there is a three-way interaction, where the interaction effect of visual complexity and environmental order is moderated by individuals’ sensation-seeking tendency. The effect of visual complexity on approach behaviours had an inverted U-shape in the low-order condition, while had a positive linear shape in the high-order condition, and the interaction effect was significant only for high-sensation seekers.

Practical implications

The findings assist practitioners in establishing strategies for visual merchandising and store design within fashion stores. It is suggested that retailers consider environmental order when organising a large amount of varied merchandise in a complex environment. Store managers must adjust the complexity and environmental order to meet the optimal stimulation level of their target consumers.

Originality/value

This study strengthens the literature on visual complexity by applying the concept to the retail environment. The results provide a significant contribution to the literature because they show how individual-level and store-level variables interact to influence consumer behaviour.
Is European Entrepreneurship on Life Support? NEJE interview with Micael Becker
Authors: Becker Michael
Published: January 2018

NEJE interviews Michael Becker, Attorney at Law, Ph.D., Entrepreneur, and Sports Agent in Luxembourg
Playing in the Giant's Field: Strategies for Effectively Competing in the Global Marketplace
Authors: McLarney Carolan
Published: January 2018

This article inversitgates how a smaller, less resource-rich competitor can successfully out-maneuver a stronger opponent.
Entrepreneurial Marketing by Networking
Authors: Gilmore Audrey , Carson David
Published: January 2018

This article advocates that networking is an inherent tool of marketing that is wholly compatible with entrepreneurial decision-making characteristics in relation to marketing activities in SMEs.
Work-Family Conflicts of Indian Women Entrepreneurs: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Das Mallika
Published: January 2018

This article examines the work-family conflicts faced by women entrepreneurs in South India. The results indicate that female entrepreneurs in India may not be encountering the same levels of work-family conflict as their Western counterparts.
Succession and Governance Across Generations: A Comparative Study of the United States and Italy
Authors: Zanzi Alberto , Dumas Colette
Published: January 2018

This comparative study of American and Italian family-owned firms focuses on two key aspects of family business management: succession and governance. This study also explored the impact of generation on these variables.
Motivations for Self-Employment: The Case of Maori in New Zealand
Authors: Fox Mark
Published: January 2018

This article adds to the knowledge of ethnic entrepreneurship by examining differences between Maori and non-Maori in New Zealand.
New Product Development
Authors: Kaye Steve
Published: January 2018

NEJE Editors interview Steve Kaye, CEO of Steve Kaye New Products, Inc.
Transforming the Entrepreneurial Landscape: Emergent Innovative Behaviors in Internet Firms
Authors: Kickul Jill , Gundry Lisa K.
Published: January 2018

Implications for opportunity identification, alliance formation, and strategic orientation of Internet entrepreneurs are presented as preliminary steps toward a new "netpreneurship" model of business formation.
Bed and Breakfast Homes: A Life of Leisure or a Stressful Encounter
Authors: Miles Angela K. , Domke-Damonte Darla J.
Published: January 2018

This qualitative study examines stressors and coping mechanisms in bed and breakfast (B&B) homes.
Why entrepreneurs establish firms: Competition, protection costs, and rise of the firm
Authors: Kotorov Radoslav P.
Published: January 2018

This article presents an alternative perspective on the nature and function of the firm.
Examining the role of social network size and structural holes
Authors: P. Singh Robert , Hybel Ralph C. , Hill Gerald E.
Published: January 2018

This study examines the importance of social network size and structural holes within the network to the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition process.
Out on a limb - and thriving
Authors: Seliger Robert
Published: January 2018

NEJE interviews Robert Seliger, CEO of Sentillion
Revisiting Shapero: A taxonomy of entrepreneurial typologies
Authors: Erikson Truls
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurs' cognitive and behavioral ability to align their behavior with entrepreneurial opportunities is the fundamental mechanism to entrepreneurial supply.
Export planning and performance: An organizational culture perspective on small firms
Authors: Olson> Philip D. , Gough Newell
Published: January 2018

Sample results indicate that significant relationships exist between export planning values and practices, and between the planning practice of using advisors and export performance.
Human Resource Management Issues as a Small Business Grows
Authors: Howard Jack L.
Published: January 2018

This article attempts to behin to assess the issues facing small businesses, and how human resource management can be integrated as a small business grows.
Entrepreneurs at sea
Authors: Foley Tom , Foley Anne
Published: January 2018

NEJE interviews Tom and Anne Foley, owners of a small, private, upscale charter operation
The financing of small firms: Different continents, the same problems?
Authors: Boocock Grahame , Wahab Ismail A
Published: January 2018

This article compares the experiences of small firms in the U.K. and Malaysia and assesses whether public and private sector financial initiatives in the two countries have reduced the existence of the "finance gap" thought to prevail in both.
Economic Value Added (EVA) and the Valuation of Small Businesses
Authors: Spivey Michel F. , McMillan Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2018

This article presents an overview of the standard asset, market, and income valuation methods generally used to estimate the value of small businesses.
Marketing and economic aspects of entrepreneurship: Raising cane in the low desert—a case study
Authors: Ann Dorn Carol , Scannell Nancy
Published: January 2018

This article chronicles a collaborative effort between entrepreneurial farmers in Southern California's Imperial Valley and University of California researchers to introduce cane sugar into the Valley.
An exploratory examination of propensity and performance in new venture internationalization
Authors: Rhee Jay Hyuk
Published: January 2018

This exploratory study investigates causes and consequences of internationalization launched by new ventures.
Using Social Cognitive Career Theory to Predict Self-Employment Goals
Authors: Segal Gerry , Borgia Dan , Schoenfeld Jerry
Published: January 2018

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, and Hackett 1994, 1996) proposes that career interests, goals, and choices are related to self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations. It suggests that peopleʼs self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations with regard to self-employment would predict their goals to become selfemployed. This study explores the ability of SCCT to predict goals for self-employment in a sample of 115 undergraduate business students. Results indicated that students with higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy and higher self-employment outcome expectations had higher intentions to become self-employed. These findings imply that educators and policy-makers may boost student entrepreneurial intentions by (1) enhancing studentsʼ confidence to succeed in an entrepreneurial career and (2) enhancing studentsʼ expectations of strong positive outcomes resulting from an entrepreneurial career
Marketing orientation in SMEs: Effects of the internal environment
Authors: Becherer Richard C. , Halstead Diane , Haynes Paula
Published: January 2018

Marketing orientation refers to a culture in which organizations strive to create superior value for their customers (and superior performance for the business) by focusing on customer needs and long-term profitability. Some studies have found that firms with a high degree of marketing orientation experience improved performance; others have found mixed or nonsignificant results. The marketing orientation of small businesses has not been thoroughly investigated, however. This study of more than 200 small business CEOs examines the marketing orientation levels of small to medium-sized firms (SMEs) as well as the impact of various internal variables (sales/profit performance, company characteristics, and CEO characteristics) on marketing orientation levels. The results confirm some earlier research on marketing orientation and provide new insights into this important strategic dimension.
Supplier selection and development: The relationship between small manufacturing enterprises and mass merchandisers
Authors: Jones Stephen C. , Knotts Tami L. , Udell Gerald G.
Published: January 2018

This study examines the results of a program intended to act as a selection tool for mass merchandisers and a development tool for small manufacturers. The evaluation program assessed the management practices and products of potential suppliers. Based on past experience, buyers for mass merchandisers consider small manufacturing enterprises a poor risk as potential suppliers of retail goods. As part of the evaluation process, firms were asked 34 closed-end questions regarding their management practices, and each product was evaluated on 41 specific qualities necessary for the mass merchandising market. Of the 1,690 firms that participated in this project, about 5 percent had their products accepted by a national mass merchandiser. A review of the evaluation data reveals that firms needed high performance in both areas of evaluation to be successful in the marketplace, not just a strong firm or a marketable product. However, each of these areas separately had a statistically significant effect on the success of the product in gaining a retail buyer’s attention.
Applying entrepreneurship to health care organizations
Authors: Guo Kristina L.
Published: January 2018

This study examines entrepreneurship and assesses its relevance to health care organizations through a detailed description of the optimal environment, organizational factors, and managerial roles in the entrepreneurship process. The article finds entrepreneurship processes to be especially useful to health care organizations as they struggle to survive in the competitive managed care environment.
International Franchising in Emerging Markets
Authors: Ballard Nadia
Published: January 2018

Book review by Nadia Ballard. Ilan Alon and Diane H. B. Welsh, editors, International Franchising in Emerging Markets: Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America. Chicago: CCH Inc., 2001.

Ilan Alon and Diane H. B. Welsh, editors, International Franchising in Emerging Markets: China, India and Other Asian Countries. Chicago: CCH Inc., 2001.
The bay house café: Against all odds
Authors: Thomson Dudley-Anne
Published: January 2018

Dudley-Anne Thomson is the current manager of the Bay House Café, located10 kilometers from Westport, South Island, New Zealand. She rents the space from Brian Finlayson and Michael Varekam, who both started the Bay House Café eight years ago and then moved on to open restaurants in Sydney, Australia.
Seeking God (in the details)
Authors: Levangie Joseph E.
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurs tend to be self-styled “idea” people. They often believe they have the next “Big Concept”‐one which could change the world, reaffirm their self-worth, and, of course, make them and their venture team a fortune. In contrast, as they build a company to implement their business dream, entrepreneurs also tend to eschew or trivialize administrative details. Why should they waste their creative juices on minutia? As a result of this insensitivity to detail, these captains of capitalism often trip in their entrepreneurial journey. For example, they might:

•

Forget to remit payroll taxes on schedule.

•

Fail to document the justification underpinning the dismissal of a key employee.

•

Allow the company℉s liability insurance to lapse.

•

Neglect to report sales usage tax.

•

Verbally grant employee incentive stock options during an informal luncheon meeting, at a yet-to-be-determined exercise price and without the board of directors℉ approval.
Doing well and happy about it? Explaining variance in entrepreneurs’ stated satisfaction with performance
Authors: Murphy Gregory B. , Callaway Stephen K.
Published: January 2018

The importance of performance measurement is largely undisputed. There is debate, however, regarding the equivalency of objective and subjective performance measures.This debate has not considered a frequently used subjective measure, satisfaction with performance, to be an important measure independent of its equivalency with objective measures. Using a sample of 368 manufacturing firms, this study found that objective measures explained only a modest amount of variance in satisfaction with performance and that other variables added significantly to the explained variance.These factors included perceived environmental hostility, vulnerability, perceived competitive advantage, and commitment.
Goatboy soaps: From itch to concept to execution
Authors: Agee Lisa , Agee Rick
Published: January 2018

Lisa and Rick Agee of New Milford, Connecticut, are in their second full year of trying to turn their lifelong dream of being financially independent from corporate life into a reality.They are placing their bets on their product line of goat's milk based soap products (www.Goatboy.us). Goat's milk is said to have important skin benefits for the user over commercially made bar soap products such as Dove, Ivory, Dial, Olay, Zest and Irish Spring.
A system dynamics approach to assessing public policy impact on the sustainable growth rate of new ventures
Authors: Trailer Jeff , Garsson Kuau
Published: January 2018

The growth of firms is fundamentally based on selfreinforcing feedback loops, one of the most important of which involves cash flow.When profit margin is positive, sales generate cash, which may then be reinvested to finance the operating cash cycle.We analyze simulations of a sustainable growth model of a generic new venture to assess the importance of taxes, and regulatory costs in determining growth.The results suggest that new ventures are particularly vulnerable to public policy effects, since their working capital resource levels are minimal, and they have few options to raise external funds necessary to fuel their initial operating cash cycles.Clearly, this has potential consequences in terms of gaining competitive advantage from experience effects, word of mouth, scale economies, etc. The results of this work suggest that system dynamics models may provide public policy-makers a cost-effective means to meet the spirit of the U.S. Regulatory Flexibility Act
Entrepreneurship as expectations management
Authors: Phelan Steven E.
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurial profits flow from differences in expectations between buyers and sellers regarding the future value of resources. This article investigates whether differences in expectations can be influenced by an entrepreneur to produce greater profits. It is argued that there are several points in the entrepreneurial process where such interventions can occur and that the use of these techniques should be associated with superior wealth creation. The article also explores the ethical implications of influencing stakeholders in this way.
Founding time and the growth of firms
Authors: Chandrashekhar G. R. , Srinivasan R.
Published: January 2018

This research recognizes the importance of the founding conditions of a firm. A new construct, Founding Time (FT) has been conceptualized, measured, and validated to represent one of the founding conditions of a firm. FT is then used to understand the phenomena of growth of firms.

The impact of FT on the growth of a firm has been examined. This examination reveals that there is a certain zone of FT, which seems to result in high firm growth rates. This research also establishes that there is an optimum for the FT of a firm.

A multimethod approach has been used which includes econometric modeling and case studies. This approach has allowed us to triangulate the results of FT in this research.
Growth intentions of owner-managers of young microfirms
Authors: LeBrasseur Rolland , Blanco Huguette , Dodge John
Published: January 2018

A survey of young microfirms was conducted to investigate their growth intentions. The findings confirm the distinct profiles of four types of firms categorized on the basis of current and future employment: Lifestyler, Entrepreneur, Manager, and Mover. They differ in terms of the owner's perceptions of the desirability and practicality of growing their firm, and with respect to the moderating variables of industry affiliation, business location, and investment level. Research issues and service implications for business support agencies are identified.
Parting is such sweet sorrow: DHR patio homes, LLC and family firm management
Authors: Sherman Herbert , Rowley Daniel J.
Published: January 2018

“I quit.” Those two little words were dropped like an atomic bomb and seemed to explode across the dinner table at the Davis residence. The meal had not yet been served though everyone was at the table engaged in a lively discussion, which of course included their business, DHR Patio Homes, LLC. Immediately, a hush descended upon the Davis family and their guest, close friend, and business associate, Stephen Hodgetts, as an imaginary mushroom cloud filled the room. No one could move or say a word although numerous glances of varying nature were being exchanged in rapid succession. The somberness of the situation was quickly broken, however, by another barrage of discontent. “I've had it, I quit. Find someone else to act as the contractor for the company.” With those words, RJ Davis quickly vacated the dining room and zoomed upstairs into the Davisesʼ spare garage apartment.
The embedded entrepreneur: Recognizing the strength of ethnic social ties
Authors: Chung Ed , Whalen Kim
Published: January 2018

This article is premised on the idea that social networks represent an important, but often overlooked, unit of analysis in management and entrepreneurship studies. The concept of embeddedness, emphasizing the significance of social relationships, is of particular relevance as more and more frequently minorities and immigrants engage in small businessownership. This article borrows from the ethnicity and social network traditions, and offers that an analysis of the ethnic homogeneity of an entrepreneur's strong and weak social ties would be fruitful in gauging entrepreneurial success.
Harry F. Byrd, Jr. school of business, institute for entrepreneurship: A concept paper that became a reality
Authors: Davis Miles K.
Published: January 2018

The Harry F. Byrd, Jr. School of Business at Shenandoah University engaged in an intense planning process in the fall of 2004. In addition to clarifying its mission and strategic directions, the Byrd School clearly articulated its vision: to become recognized as a provider of individualized business education driven by entrepreneurial thinking, global understanding, and ethical practice. The development of the Institute for Entrepreneurship described in this article is a critical step in actualizing this vision.
Principles before profits: An interview with S. Truett Cathy
Authors: Davis Miles , M. Lucas Leyland
Published: January 2018

Recent attention has been given to organizations that claim to run on faith-based principles. Activities such as at work bible study groups, charitable giving, and the individual practices of the owners are often the focus of such discussions. In such discussions little attention has been paid to those who not only hold strong religious views, but have chosen to put those views into practice‐even when it may not appear to make good business sense.

Since 1946, S. Truett Cathy, founder and chairman of Chick-fil-A Inc., has run his enterprises based on his understanding of Christian principles. Starting with his first restaurant, the “Dwarf Grill,” which he opened with his brother Ben in 1946, continuing when he opened the first “Chick-fil-A” in 1967, and even as he finished the remodeling of the companies headquarters in 1997, S. Truett says he tries “to glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us and to have a positive influence on other people. . . .” In fact, this purpose is engraved in a bronze plaque that rests at the entrance to Chick-fil-A’s corporate headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.

In practice, this purpose has lead S.Truett to never have his businesses open on Sunday, a time in the quick service industry that normally generates 20 percent of revenue. It has caused him to shut down another restaurant venture, Markos in Florida, rather than serve alcohol, which most patrons wanted. Despite his staunch adherent to principles that seem to run counter to “good business sense,” S.Truett Cathy has built a successful, privately held organization that operates in 38 states, has more than 1,300 franchisees, and generates over $2 billion a year in revenue.

In the following interview, S.Truett offers his perspective on why focusing on principles is more important than focusing on profits and what he thinks it takes to succeed in business and in life.
Annotated bibliography on women business owners: A diversity lens
Authors: Betters-Reed Bonita L. , Moore Lynda L.
Published: January 2018

When we take the lens of race, ethnicity, gender, and class to the collected academic work on women business owners, what does it reveal? What do we really know? Are there differing definitions of success across segments of the women businessowner demographics? Do the challenges faced by African American women entrepreneurs differ from those confronting white female entrepreneurs? Do immigrant female women businessowners face more significant institutional barriers than their counterparts who have been U.S. citizens for at least two generations? Are there similar reasons for starting their businesses?
Keystones of Entrepreneurship Knowledge
Authors: Bronson James W.
Published: January 2018

Book review by James W. Bronson. Rob van der Horst, Sandra King-Kauanui, and Susan Duffy, ed., Keystones of Entrepreneurship Knowledge, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. ISBN 9781405139212
Fostering entrepreneurship: Developing a risk-taking culture in singapore
Authors: Bhasin Balbir B.
Published: January 2018

About 10 years ago the Singapore Government realized that entrepreneurial spirit was lacking in its general population. These conclusions were confirmed by an empirical survey, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), an annual assessment of the national level of entrepreneurial activity. The paternalistic and authoritative approach of the government contributed to the general population’s averseness to participating in riskoriented ventures.

Removing impediments to entrepreneurship is a key challenge for the government and the business sector if the island republic is to maintain its national competitiveness. This article explores the various initiatives taken by the government to stimulate risk-taking and attempts to ascertain if the various measures can be used as key factors to strengthen the inherent cultural values that stimulate the entrepreneurial spirit.The observations can serve as a useful tool for academics and managers in recognizing the cultural traits that influence and help foster entrepreneurial tendencies.
The entrepreneurial director
Authors: Sherony Bruce C.
Published: January 2018

The argument that the board of directors can be a helpful tool for entrepreneurships and small businesses derives from the rationale for using boards from both a macro and a micro perspective.Society depends on boards to provide overall checks and balances in the running of businesses.This could not be more evident from the role of the board in Enron’s collapse (U.S. Senate 2002).

The boardʼs value to the entrepreneur is found in the application of the micro perspective.Two sets of recommendations are developed to formulate an improved model of directorship actions and behaviors. First, duties and responsibilities of the board of directors are expanded to help guide entrepreneurs.Second, five unique behavior patterns are then proposed that can be particularly helpful in carrying out the duties and activities of the board for guiding entrepreneurial success.
Integrity and values
Authors: Sinegal Dr. Jim
Published: January 2018

In describing his success, Sinegal attributes it to “just good business practices.” And while he was born into a Catholic family and supports Catholic causes, he does not necessarily tie his faith to the way he approaches business. That approach, he says, is based in learning how to do business with integrity and high values from an early mentor. The following interview outlines how Sinegal approaches business and how he works to establish integrity and high values throughout Costco Wholesale Corporation.
The influence of family business size on management activities, styles and characteristics
Authors: Sonfield Matthew C. , Lussier Robert N.
Published: January 2018

This is an empirical study of family firm size, as measured by the number of employees, and the relationship of a firmʼs size to a variety of management activities, styles, and characteristics. A statistical analysis of data drawn from 159 American family businesses indicates significant differences by size with regard to the number of nonfamily members in top management, use of outside advisors, time spent engaged in strategic management, use of sophisticated methods of financial management, proportion of women family members involved in firm management, and level of conflict between family members. Implications are offered for family firm owner-managers, for those who assist such businesses, and for researchers in the field of family business.
The oxford handbook of entrepreneurship
Authors: Johnson William H.A.
Published: January 2018

Book review by William H. A. Johnson. Casson, Mark et al., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 9780199288984
The entrepreneurial motivations of nonemployer entrepreneurs
Authors: Barbato Robert , De Martino Richard , Jacques Paul H.
Published: January 2018

A nonemployer business is one that has no paid employees.The number and revenues of nonemployer businesses are increasing at a faster rate than other businesses, and they are an increasingly important alternative to other forms of entrepreneurship.Yet very little is known about these businesses. This study uses a survey of 1,600 MBA alumni to compare the entrepreneurial motivations of nonemployer entrepreneurs to conventional entrepreneurs and no entrepreneurs. The findings indicate that nonemployer entrepreneurs differ in important ways, and future research is needed to understand more fully this large and important group of entrepreneurs.
The aging population and mature entrepreneurs: Market trends and implications for entrepreneurship
Authors: Singh Robert P.
Published: January 2018

This article discusses the statistics and trends surrounding the rapidly aging U.S. population. Older workers will make up an increasing portion of the workforce and these individuals represent an important growing demographic target market. While much has been written about the aging population and the potential for entrepreneurs to target this growing market, little research has been conducted on older entrepreneurs. They are a unique group and this article provides empirical results and discussion about the differences and importance of older entrepreneurs to the economy and as contributors to American society. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Revisiting Doing Business in the Middle East
Authors: Desplaces David , McIntyre Nancy K.
Published: January 2018

This case engages students on a number of issues common to doing business in other countries, specifically in the Middle East. It is intended to be a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of the situation. The case seeks to integrate issues of international management and cross-cultural conflict and negotiation. Students are challenged to diagnose a cross-culturally sensitive situation and develop solutions in a team environment under limiting time restraints. This case is also designed to help students understand the cultural aspects of a situation and how different solutions could have major consequences on the bottom line of a company.
Entrepreneurship, Competitiveness and Local Development
Authors: Bronson James
Published: January 2018

Book review by James W. Bronson. Luca Iandoli, Hans Landstrom, and Mario Raffa, eds. Entrepreneurship, Competitiveness and Local Development. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc., 2007. ISBN 9781847203274
Ethical compliance behavior in small and young firms: The role of employee identification with the firm
Authors: Houghton Susan , Simon Mark
Published: January 2018

We explored whether employees in smaller, younger firms would be more ethically compromised, and whether employee identification moderates this relationship.We collected survey data from 154 working professionals enrolled in an MBA program in the southeastern United States. We found that employees of smaller, younger firms selected more compromised ethical choices than employees of larger, older firms. Contrary to our expectations, employee identification had no effect in smaller, younger, firms, yet in larger, older firms, identification actually reduced ethical compliance, suggesting that there is not a simple relationship between identification and ethical compliance.
Mentoring and perpetuating the entrepreneurial spirit within family business by telling contingent stories
Authors: Smith Rob
Published: January 2018

Family businesses do not perpetuate themselves. Entrepreneurs must nurture and propagate the values that led to the creation of the very thing most precious to them‐their business.This of course depends on stability. Nor do these cherished values propagate themselves. To be made meaningful for others, and for future generations, family experiences, values, and achievements must be communicated to others via language, narrative and storytelling, or other forms embedded in the narrative such as symbols. Often a variety of different socially constructed stories may be necessary contingent upon situation, purpose, or need.
Faith-Based Entrepreneurship
Authors: Yaqub Mirza M.
Published: January 2018

Interview of M. Yaqub Mirza by Miles K. Davis. Dr. Mirza attributes both his personal and business success to following Islamic principles.This interview outlines the Islamic principles he uses to guide his investment in new ventures and how those same principles shape his management style and attitude toward corporate social responsibility.
College interns: An entrepreneurial response to a cost-conscious economy
Authors: Scerbinski Jacqueline
Published: January 2018

College interns often possess information-age skills that are not familiar to workers who have been on the job for several years. Interns may be future sources for new employees. There is also the added benefit of observing and evaluating an intern for future consideration, as a full-time employee, after graduation. Giving junior employees the opportunity to supervise interns is also a way of evaluating the junior employees℉ potential as a supervisor. The employment of college interns should be a mutually beneficial endeavor. As with all successful endeavors, the employment of interns requires planning and supervision.
The impact of entrepreneurial personality traits on perception of new venture opportunity
Authors: Yan Jun
Published: January 2018

This empirical study examined links between entrepreneurial personality traits and perception of new venture opportunity in a sample of 207 respondents. Four entrepreneurial personality traits were included to predict respondents℉ perception of new venture opportunity. They are (1) achievement motivation, (2) locus of control, (3) risk propensity, and (4) proactivity.The results of multiple regression analysis show that three of the four entrepreneurial personality traits‐locus of control, risk propensity, and proactivity‐related significantly to perception of new venture opportunity in expected directions. Among the three personality traits, proactivity was found to have the strongest influence over entrepreneurial perception. No significant relationship was found between achievement motivation and perception of new venture opportunity. Among six control variables, only work experience was found to influence perception of new venture opportunity. This study explored links between entrepreneurial personalities and cognition and its results suggest that a combination of trait and cognition approaches contributes to a better understanding of entrepreneurial decision-making process. Both theoretical and practical implications were discussed.