bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Darolutamide, its Diastereomers and Active Metabolite in the Mouse: Response to Saini NK et al. (2020)
Authors: Nykänen Pirjo , Korjamo Timo , Gieschen Hille , Zurth Christian , Koskinen Mikko
Published: November 2020

Background:

Saini et al. recently investigated the pharmacokinetics of darolutamide
and its diastereomers in vitro and in vivo in Balb/c mice, reporting higher levels of (S,S)-darolutamide
than (S,R)-darolutamide following intravenous or oral dosing, and interconversion of
(S,R)-darolutamide to (S,S)-darolutamide.

Objective:

To present our in vitro and in vivo studies of darolutamide pharmacokinetics in mice,
which contrast with the findings of Saini et al.

Methods:

Nude male Balb/c mice were orally dosed for 7 days with 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg of darolutamide
twice daily. Pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and tissue samples were assessed by
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolism and interconversion of darolutamide
and its diastereomers were investigated in cryopreserved Balb/c mouse hepatocytes. Protein
binding was determined in plasma samples by equilibrium dialysis.

Results :

On day 7, Cmaxwas reached 30 min after the last dose. Rapid formation and greater exposure
of keto-darolutamide versus darolutamide were observed. Plasma exposure of (S,R)-darolutamide
was 3-5-fold higher than that of (S,S)-darolutamide. The fraction of unbound keto-darolutamide
was almost 6-fold lower than for darolutamide.

Conclusion:

The darolutamide diastereomer ratio changes upon administration in mice and other
species due to interconversion through keto-darolutamide. This is not considered clinically relevant
since both diastereomers and keto- darolutamide are pharmacologically similar in vitro. Based on
the high protein binding of keto-darolutamide, its contribution in vivo in humans is considered low.
Assessment of Herb-drug Interactions Based on the Pharmacokinetic Changes of Probe Drug, Midazolam
Authors: Sabarathinam Sarvesh , Vijayakumar Thangavel M.
Published: November 2020

Background:

In healthy volunteers, the probe drug method is widely practised to assess
the pharmacokinetic mediated herb-drug interactions (HDI). We analyzed the clinical evidence of
CYP3 A4 probe drug, Midazolam.

Methods:

Literatures, where Midazolam was used as a probe drug for prediction of herb-drug interaction,
were surveyed through an online database such as google scholar, Scopus, Cochrane,
PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov.

Results:

Midazolam was considered a sensitive probe for CYP3A4 substrates due to its bioavailability.
We observed that not all the herbs are causing drug interaction. However, significant
changes of the Midazolam pharmacokinetics were found after high-dose and long-term intake of
some herbs and food supplements, suggesting the induction and/or inhibition of CYP activities.

Conclusion:

Probe drug technique is one of the easiest ways for predicting CYP enzyme-mediated
herb-drug interactions. Midazolam shows a good response in clinical studies because of short halflife
and low harmfulness compared with other probe drugs.
Indonesian Strain of Lactobacillus reuteri Probiotic Reduces the Initial Biofilm Colonization
Authors: Widyarman Armelia Sari , Ramajayanti Triska , Theodorea Citra Fragrantia
Published: November 2020

Background:

The benefits of probiotics for human health have long been proven. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri, can produce a beneficial broad-spectrum antibacterial compound called reuterin by metabolizing glycerol.

Objective:

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the Indonesian strain of L. reuteri LC382415 on mono- and dual-species Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms in vitro.

Methods:

Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguinis were cultured in BHI broth. Lactobacillus reuteri LC382415 was inoculated on MRS agar. The different concentrations effect of L. reuteri (1×104, 1×106, and 1×108 CFU/mL) with and without glycerol supplementation on microbial biofilms were examined using a biofilm assay after incubation for 1,3,6, and 24-h. The biofilm mass optical density was measured with a microplate spectrophotometer at 490 nm. Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%) was used as a positive control, and wells without treatment were used as negative controls.

Results:

A significant reduction in mono- and dual-species S. mutans and S. sanguinis biofilm formation was observed after treatment with all concentrations of L.reuteri and after all incubation periods (p<0.05) with or without glycerol supplementation. The concentration of 1×104 CFU/mL after 3-h incubation was the most effective in inhibiting biofilm formation, with 87.8% S. mutans, 95.9% S. sanguinis, and 80.4% dual-species biofilm reduction compared to the negative control (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

The Indonesian strain of L. reuteri effectively reduces mono- and dual-species S.mutans and S. sanguinis biofilms. This suggests that it may be useful in preventing biofilm formation in oral cavities. Future studies on the mechanism of action of this active component are warranted.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Depression in Postpartum Women in a Low-income Country; Ethiopia, 2020
Authors: Necho Mogesie , Abadisharew Merid , Getachew Yemiyamirew
Published: November 2020

Background:

Maternal mental health in the postpartum period is essential for the optimal development of the newborn. Despite this, a shortage of concrete evidence exists regarding it.

Methods:

PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE were investigated with no time limitation. A manual search for a reference list of articles was also done. Relevant data were extracted using the Meta XL package and analysis was done using Stata-11 meta-prop package. Heterogeneity was checked with Cochran's Q-statistics and the Higgs I 2 test.

Results:

Sixteen studies were included. The average prevalence of postpartum depression was 21.9%. The pooled prevalence was found to be higher in studies assessed with SRQ-20, i.e 24.6% than studies assessed using PHQ-9, which was 18.9%. Moreover, the pooled prevalence was slightly higher in southern Ethiopia (22.6%) than Addis Ababa (21.2%). Poor marital relation (pooled aOR= 3.56) (95% CI: 2.50, 4.63), unplanned pregnancy (pooled aOR=3.48) (95% CI: 2.18, 4.79), previous history of depression (pooled aOR= 4.33) (95% CI: 2.26, 6.59), poor social support (pooled aOR= 4.5) (95% CI: 3.34, 5.56), and domestic violence were among the associated factors for postpartum depression.

Conclusion:

More than one in five women were found to have postpartum depression and factors such as poor marital relations, history of depression, poor social support, domestic violence, and unplanned pregnancy were observed to be associated with it. Therefore, maternal postnatal care services should integrate this essential health concern.
Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) From Aqueous Extract of Seeds of Eletteria Cardamomum and Its Antimicrobial Activity against Pathogens
Authors: Venkatramanan Akshaya , Ilangovan Akila , Thangarajan Pakutharivu , Saravanan Anitha , Mani Balachandar
Published: November 2020

Background:

The Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles are of great interest today because of their small size and large surface area, modular and easily tunable morphology and size. Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles are widely used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Research on the synthesis and properties of metallic nanomaterials is a growing field of nanotechnology due to the use of nanoparticles in the scientific, technical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields. Green synthesis is an emerging technology for the production of nanoparticles due to its many advantages over traditional physical processes and the method of chemical synthesis.

Methods:

In this study, we report the cost-effective, long-lasting, stable, and regenerative aqueous extract of Elettaria cardamom seeds to target the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). This method is completely green, free from toxic and harmful solvents. CuO NPs were synthesized from a cupric nitrate mixture and the aqueous extracts of Elettaria cardamom seeds were kept at room temperature for 24 h. CuO NPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier Transfer infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzes. UV - Vis spectroscopy revealed the presence of CuO NPs.

Results:

SEM images stated that the particles were spherical and ranged in size from 1–100nm. FTIR spectra of control (seed extract) and synthesized CuO NPs identify functional groups of active components. In addition, the synthesized CuO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity by standard disc diffusion method.

Conclusion:

Nanoparticles found that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus resistant areas were observed around each well with antimicrobial activity against disease-causing pathogenic strains.
Structure tracking of nuclear wave packet oscillations by femtosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Katayama Tetsuo
Published: November 2020

Progress in technology in recent decades has brought not only huge leaps in our knowledge across many fields, but has also led to the development of new tools that help and support the pursuit of such knowledge. Spectroscopy, the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic
radiation, is used in chemistry, physics, astronomy and other fields, and allows scientists to investigate the physical and electronic structure as well as composition of materials. A number of techniques, including X-ray spectroscopy, have been developed to detect and measure materials in
this way. Dr Tetsuo Katayama, from the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), is part of a team furthering research in this field.
Dynamic Pulse Reaction – Update 2020
Authors:   Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria, Litscher Gerhard
Published: November 2020

The Nogier reflex or reflex auriculo-cardiac (RAC) or the dynamic pulse reaction is a physiological phenomenon that is not generally accepted in conventional medicine. Therefore, evidence-based research in this sub-area is important for auricular medicine as it provides appropriate scientific evidence for better acceptance. In this editorial, a RAC measurement based on a modified smartphone registration and analysis is presented. The contribution is intended to stimulate researchers to continue working in this interesting area.
A Multipurpose Platform for Ambient Assisted Living (ActiveAdvice): Usability Study
Authors: Abrantes Diogo , Teles Soraia , Tavares de Sousa Rita , Freitas Alberto , Vieira-Marques Pedro , Ferreira Ana
Published: November 2020

Background

Aging of the global population is slowly paving the way for new markets for care products and services. The desire of older people to maintain their independence while remaining at home is boosting the development of ambient assisted living (AAL) solutions. Lack of user awareness of AAL solutions paired with an insufficient use of user-centered and participatory design approaches in the development of these products has hindered the uptake of these solutions by end users.

Objective

This study aims to describe the usability and users’ experiences within a novel platform, ActiveAdvice, aimed at offering advice and a holistic market overview of AAL products and services.

Methods

Usability tests were performed on the developed platform among identified prospective end users, with 32 older adults and informal carers from 4 European countries being part of the user tests. The usability and appeal of the web interface design, information flow, and information architecture were analyzed by collecting both objective and subjective measures. These would include pretest and posttest surveys, along with a series of think-aloud tasks to be performed within the platform.

Results

The outcomes suggest that the ActiveAdvice platform’s objectives and functionalities are mostly aligned with the needs and expectations of end users, who demonstrated interest in using it, stressing its purpose along with its simple and intuitive interaction. Task completion rates were high, and participants had good satisfaction rates when navigating the platform. However, the tests still advocate for an improved design at some points and better disclosure of information.

Conclusions

Our findings shed light on a few peculiarities of interface design, information architecture, user needs, and preferred functionalities, which should be applied to future developments of similar platforms with related services. The AAL field could benefit from tools supporting the dissemination of available AAL solutions and how they can improve one's quality of life. These tools may benefit not only older adults but also caregivers, business owners, and governmental employees.
Serious Gaming Technology in Upper Extremity Rehabilitation: Scoping Review
Authors: Koutsiana Elisavet , Ladakis Ioannis , Fotopoulos Dimitris , Chytas Achilleas , Kilintzis Vassilis , Chouvarda Ioanna
Published: November 2020

Background

Serious gaming has increasingly gained attention as a potential new component in clinical practice. Specifically, its use in the rehabilitation of motor dysfunctions has been intensively researched during the past three decades.

Objective

The aim of this scoping review was to evaluate the current role of serious games in upper extremity rehabilitation, and to identify common methods and practice as well as technology patterns. This objective was approached via the exploration of published research efforts over time.

Methods

The literature search, using the PubMed and Scopus databases, included articles published from 1999 to 2019. The eligibility criteria were (i) any form of game-based arm rehabilitation; (ii) published in a peer-reviewed journal or conference; (iii) introduce a game in an electronic format; (iv) published in English; and (v) not a review, meta-analysis, or conference abstract. The search strategy identified 169 relevant articles.

Results

The results indicated an increasing research trend in the domain of serious gaming deployment in upper extremity rehabilitation. Furthermore, differences regarding the number of publications and the game approach were noted between studies that used commercial devices in their rehabilitation systems and those that proposed a custom-made robotic arm, glove, or other devices for the connection and interaction with the game platform. A particularly relevant observation concerns the evaluation of the introduced systems. Although one-third of the studies evaluated their implementations with patients, in most cases, there is the need for a larger number of participants and better testing of the rehabilitation scheme efficiency over time. Most of the studies that included some form of assessment for the introduced rehabilitation game mentioned user experience as one of the factors considered for evaluation of the system. Besides user experience assessment, the most common evaluation method involving patients was the use of standard medical tests. Finally, a few studies attempted to extract game features to introduce quantitative measurements for the evaluation of patient improvement.

Conclusions

This paper presents an overview of a significant research topic and highlights the current state of the field. Despite extensive attempts for the development of gamified rehabilitation systems, there is no definite answer as to whether a serious game is a favorable means for upper extremity functionality improvement; however, this certainly constitutes a supplementary means for motivation. The development of a unified performance quantification framework and more extensive experiments could generate richer evidence and contribute toward this direction.
Relationship Between COVID-19 Infection and Risk Perception, Knowledge, Attitude, and Four Nonpharmaceutical Interventions During the Late Period of the COVID-19 Epidemic in China: Online Cross-Sectional Survey of 8158 Adults (Preprint)
Authors: Xu Hong , Gan Yong , Zheng Daikun , Wu Bo , Zhu Xian , Xu Chang , Liu Chenglu , Tao Zhou , Hu Yaoyue , Chen Min , Li Mingjing , Lu Zuxun , Chen Jack
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

So far, there have been no published population studies on the relationship between a COVID-19 infection and public risk perception, information source, knowledge, attitude, and behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak in China.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to understand the relationships between COVID-19 infection; four personal nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs; handwashing, proper coughing habits, social distancing, and mask wearing); and public risk perception, knowledge, attitude, and other social demographic variables.

METHODS

An online survey of 8158 Chinese adults between February 22 and March 5, 2020, was conducted. Bivariate associations between categorical variables were examined using Fisher exact test. We also explored the determinants of four NPIs as well as their association with COVID-19 infection using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of 8158 adults included, 57 (0.73%) were infected with COVID-19. The overwhelming majority of respondents showed a positive attitude (n=8094, 99.2%), positive risk perception (n=8146, 99.9%), and high knowledge levels that were among the strongest predictors of the four adopted NPIs (handwashing: n=7895, 96.8%; proper coughing: 5997/6444, 93.1%; social distancing: n=7104/8158, 87.1%; and mask wearing: 5011/5120, 97.9%). There was an increased risk of COVID-19 infection for those who did not wash their hands (2.28% vs 0.65%; risk ratio [RR] 3.53, 95% CI 1.53-8.15; P=.009), did not practice proper coughing (1.79% vs 0.73%; RR 2.44, 95% CI 1.15-5.15; P=.03), did not practice social distancing (1.52% vs 0.58%; RR 2.63, 95% CI 1.48-4.67; P=.002), and did not wear a mask (7.41% vs 0.6%; RR 12.38, 95% CI 5.81-26.36; P<.001). For those who did practice all other three NPIs, wearing a mask was associated with a significantly reduced risk of infection compared to those who did not wear a mask (0.6% vs 16.7%; P=.04). Similarly, for those who did not practice all or part of the other three NPIs, wearing a mask was also associated with a significantly reduced risk of infection. In a penalized logistic regression model including all four NPIs, wearing a mask was the only significant predictor of COVID-19 infection among the four NPIs (odds ratio 7.20, 95% CI 2.24-23.11; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

We found high levels of risk perception, positive attitude, desirable knowledge, as well as a high level of adopting the four NPIs. The relevant knowledge, risk perception, and attitude were strong predictors of adapting the four NPIs. Mask wearing, among the four personal NPIs, was the most effective protective measure against COVID-19 infection, with added preventive effect among those who practiced all or part of the other three NPIs.
Developing a RadLex-Based Named Entity Recognition Tool for Mining Textual Radiology Reports: Development and Performance Evaluation Study (Preprint)
Authors: Tsuji Shintaro , Wen Andrew , Takahashi Naoki , Zhang Hongjian , Ogasawara Katsuhiko , Jiang Gouqian
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Named entity recognition (NER) plays an important role in extracting the features of descriptions such as the name and location of a disease for mining free-text radiology reports. However, the performance of existing NER tools is limited because the number of entities that can be extracted depends on the dictionary lookup. In particular, the recognition of compound terms is very complicated because of the variety of patterns.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate an NER tool concerned with compound terms using RadLex for mining free-text radiology reports.

METHODS

We leveraged the clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (cTAKES) to develop customized pipelines using both RadLex and SentiWordNet (a general purpose dictionary). We manually annotated 400 radiology reports for compound terms in noun phrases and used them as the gold standard for performance evaluation (precision, recall, and F-measure). In addition, we created a compound terms–enhanced dictionary (CtED) by analyzing false negatives and false positives and applied it to another 100 radiology reports for validation. We also evaluated the stem terms of compound terms by defining two measures: occurrence ratio (OR) and matching ratio (MR).

RESULTS

The F-measure of cTAKES+RadLex+general purpose dictionary was 30.9% (precision 73.3% and recall 19.6%) and that of the combined CtED was 63.1% (precision 82.8% and recall 51%). The OR indicated that the stem terms of effusion, node, tube, and disease were used frequently, but it still lacks capturing compound terms. The MR showed that 71.85% (9411/13,098) of the stem terms matched with that of the ontologies, and RadLex improved approximately 22% of the MR from the cTAKES default dictionary. The OR and MR revealed that the characteristics of stem terms would have the potential to help generate synonymous phrases using the ontologies.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a RadLex-based customized pipeline for parsing radiology reports and demonstrated that CtED and stem term analysis has the potential to improve dictionary-based NER performance with regard to expanding vocabularies.
Diagnostic Model of in-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Algorithm Development and Validation (Preprint)
Authors: Li Yong
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Coronary heart disease, including ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), remains the main cause of death.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of our research was to develop and externally validate a diagnostic model of in-hospital mortality in acute STEMI patients.

METHODS

We performed multiple logistic regression analysis on a cohort of hospitalized acute STEMI patients. Participants: From January 2002 to December 2011, a total of 2,183 inpatients with acute STEMI were admitted for development.The external validation data set of this model comes from 7,485 hospitalized patients with acute STEMI from January 2012 to August 2019.We used logistic regression analysis to analyze the risk factors of in-hospital mortality in the development data set.We developed a diagnostic model of in-hospital mortality and constructed a nomogram. We evaluated the predictive performance of the diagnostic model in the validation data set by examining the measures of discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

RESULTS

In the development data set, 61 of the 2,183 participants (2.8%) experienced in-hospital mortality. The strongest predictors of in-hospital mortality were advanced age and high Killip classification. Logistic regression analysis showed the difference between the two groups with and without in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.058, 95% CI 1.029-1.088; P <.001), Killip III (OR 8.249, 95% CI 3.502-19.433; P <.001) and Killip IV (OR 39.234, 95% CI 18.178-84.679; P <.001). We had developed a diagnostic model of in-hospital mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.9126 (SD 0.0166, 95% CI 0.88015-0.94504). We constructed a nomogram based on age and Killip classification. In-hospital mortality occurred in 127 of 7,485 participants(1.7%) in the validation data set. The AUC was 0 .9305(SD 0.0113, 95% CI 0. 90827-0. 95264).

CONCLUSIONS

We had developed and externally validated a diagnostic model of in-hospital mortality in acute STEMI patients. It was found that the discrimination, calibration and DCA of this model were satisfactory.

CLINICALTRIAL

ChiCTR.org ChiCTR1900027129; http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=44888&htm=4.
Audience of Academic Otolaryngology on Twitter: Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)
Authors: Xie Deborah X , Boss Emily F , Stewart C Matthew
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Despite the ubiquity of social media, the utilization and audience reach of this communication method by otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) residency programs has not been investigated.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content posted to a popular social media platform (Twitter) by OHNS residency programs.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, we identified Twitter accounts for accredited academic OHNS residency programs. Tweets published over a 6-month period (March to August 2019) were extracted. Tweets were categorized and analyzed for source (original versus retweet) and target audience (medical versus layman). A random sample of 100 tweets was used to identify patterns of content, which were then used to categorize additional tweets. We quantified the total number of likes or retweets by health care professionals.

RESULTS

Of the 121 accredited programs, 35 (28.9%) had Twitter accounts. Of the 2526 tweets in the 6-month period, 1695 (67.10%) were original-content tweets. The majority of tweets (1283/1695, 75.69%) were targeted toward health care workers, most of which did not directly contain medical information (954/1283, 74.36%). These tweets contained information about the department’s trainees and education (349/954, 36.6%), participation at conferences (263/954, 27.6%), and research publications (112/954, 11.7%). Two-thirds of all tweets did not contain medical information. Medical professionals accounted for 1249/1362 (91.70%) of retweets and 5616/6372 (88.14%) of likes on original-content tweets.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of Twitter usage by OHNS residency programs is for intra and interprofessional communication, and only a minority of tweets contain information geared toward the public. Communication and information sharing with patients is not the focus of OHNS departments on Twitter.
Class A Orphans (version 2020.5) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database
Authors: Alexander Stephen P.H. , Battey Jim , Benson Helen E. , Benya Richard V. , Bonner Tom I. , Davenport Anthony P. , Dhanachandra Singh Khuraijam , Eguchi Satoru , Harmar Anthony , Holliday Nick , Jensen Robert T. , Karnik Sadashiva , Kostenis Evi , Liew Wen Chiy , Monaghan Amy E. , Mpamhanga Chido , Neubig Richard , Pawson Adam J. , Pin Jean-Philippe , Sharman Joanna L. , Spedding Michael , Spindel Eliot , Stoddart Leigh , Storjohann Laura , Thomas Walter G. , Tirupula Kalyan , Vanderheyden Patrick
Published: November 2020

Table 1 lists a number of putative GPCRs identified by NC-IUPHAR [194], for which preliminary evidence for an endogenous ligand has been published, or for which there exists a potential link to a disease, or disorder. These GPCRs have recently been reviewed in detail [150]. The GPCRs in Table 1 are all Class A, rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Class A orphan GPCRs not listed in Table 1 are putative GPCRs with as-yet unidentified endogenous ligands.Table 1: Class A orphan GPCRs with putative endogenous ligands

GPR3

GPR4

GPR6

GPR12

GPR15

GPR17

GPR20

GPR22

GPR26

GPR31

GPR34

GPR35

GPR37

GPR39

GPR50

GPR63

GRP65

GPR68

GPR75

GPR84

GPR87

GPR88

GPR132

GPR149

GPR161

GPR183

LGR4

LGR5

LGR6

MAS1

MRGPRD

MRGPRX1

MRGPRX2

P2RY10

TAAR2

In addition the orphan receptors GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 which are reported to respond to endogenous agents analogous to the endogenous cannabinoid ligands have been grouped together (GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119).
Influence of the Вimension of the Mathematical Model of Internal Ballistics and Back Pressure on the Calculated Parameters of the Shot
Authors: Rusyak I. G. , Tenenev V. A. , Dryakhlov R. R.
Published: November 2020

В работе дана постановка основной задачи внутренней баллистики в осредненных параметрах, отличительной особенностью которой является учет в рамках допущений термодинамического подхода распределения давления и скорости газа по заснарядному пространству для канала переменного сечения. При интегрировании уравнений по времени применяется двухшаговая схема Рунге – Кутта со вторым порядком точности. Представлена также постановка основной задачи внутренней баллистики в рамках одномерного газодинамического подхода. Для численного решения системы газодинамических уравнений применяется метод контрольного объема. Параметры газа на границах контрольных объемов определяются с использованием автомодельного решения задачи о распаде произвольного разрыва. Проведено сравнение решений, полученных в рамках термодинамического и газодинамического подходов при различных параметрах заряжания в рамках задачи Лагранжа. Изучено влияние уширения камеры на распределение внутрибаллистических параметров выстрела и противодавления на динамику движения снаряда. Представлено сравнение учета противодавления, как давления за отошедшей ударной волной, полученной из аналитического решения задачи о сверхзвуковом движении поршня в трубе с постоянной скоростью, и давления, действующего на снаряд, определяемого из решения нестационарных одномерных уравнений газовой динамики.
Structuroscopy of Heat-Treated Steel Bars by the Speed of Propagation of Rayleigh Waves
Authors: Murav’ev V. V. , Budrin A. Yu. , Sintsov M. A.
Published: November 2020

В статье обсуждаются вопросы возможности оценки структурного состояния после разных видов и режимов термической обработки прутков из стали 45 по результатам измерения скорости рэлеевской волны с использованием метода многократной тени. Для обеспечения разработанной методики использован дефектоскоп ДЭМА и специальный накладной электромагнитно-акустический (ЭМА) преобразователь с системой подмагничивания. Преобразователь обеспечивает возбуждение и прием рэлеевских волн, распространяющихся по окружности прутка. Исследованы образцы прутков в состояниях поставки, отжига, нормализации, закалки и отпуска. Для качественного измерения скоростей рэлеевских волн измерены диаметры прутков с точностью 0,01 мм. Представлены результаты изменения скорости рэлеевской волны в прутках при всех режимах термической обработки. В состоянии поставки скорость рэлеевской волны в прутке составила 3017 м/с. Скорость рэлеевской волны в прутке после закалки упала до 2995 м/с. После нормализации скорость рэлеевской волны увеличилась до 3049 м/с. Постепенное увеличение температуры отпуска приводит к увеличению скорости волны. Полученные экспериментальные данные показывают, что отпуск при температуре 600 °С и нормализация при 850 °С увеличивают скорость распространения рэлеевской волны в прутке на 55 м/с относительно закалки без отпуска, что свидетельствует о схожих структурных состояниях в поверхностных слоях образцов.
Shooting Simulator «Inhibitor»: Software for Aiming Point Recorder
Authors: Egorov S. F. , Kornilov I. G. , Shelkovnikov Yu. K. , Kiznertsev S. R. , Korobeynikova I. V. , Markov E. M.
Published: November 2020

Описывается программное обеспечение для определения точки прицеливания тактического тренажера оптико-электронного для стрелкового оружия «Ингибитор», разработанного в Институте механики УдмФИЦ УрО РАН и на кафедре «Вычислительная техника» ИжГТУ имени М. Т. Калашникова совместно с АО «Концерн «Калашников».Приводится тактико-техническое задание на функциональные возможности регистратора оптико-электронного координат точки прицеливания имитатора оружия с лазерным излучателем, указаны требования по погрешности и по углам фиксации. Предложенная и исследованная схема на базе трех блоков из двух ортогональных ПЗС-линеек и цилиндрических линз позволяет фиксировать середину лазерного пятна по двум направлениям с требуемой точностью и быстродействием. Управление линейками осуществляется по приведенному алгоритму работы. Разработана математическая модель перевода отсчетов ПЗС-линейки в координаты экрана и разработано программное обеспечение для ее тарировки по искусственным изображениям, приводятся результаты испытаний регистратора на погрешность определения координат. Разработан протокол для передачи координат в программное обеспечение тренажера с внутренней синхронизацией данных.Сделан вывод о перспективности дальнейших исследований и разработке электронных стрелковых тренажеров благодаря совершенствованию и удешевлению элементной базы и развитию программных библиотек с целью повышения точности тренажеров, расширения функциональных возможностей, снижения себестоимости и, значит, повышения конкурентоспособности.
management, mathematical model, construction industry, escrow account, financial indicators
Authors: Ketova K. V. , Vavilova D. D.
Published: November 2020

Представлена задача оптимального использования финансовых средств в производственной деятельности строительной организации при применении эскроу-счетов в РФ. Построена математическая модель организации процесса управления финансовыми средствами с целью повышения доходности производственной деятельности в строительной отрасли при реализации проекта строительства многоквартирного жилого дома. Математическая модель позволяет рассчитать стратегию продаж, которая бы обеспечивала минимальную ставку кредита для минимизации величины процентов, уплачиваемых строительной организацией. Исходя из графика финансирования проекта строительства, математическая модель организации процесса управления финансовыми средствами позволяет за счет вариации физического объема и цены продаж определить оптимальный остаток на эскроу-счете. Предложенный в работе математический инструментарий анализа факторов повышения доходности производственной деятельности позволяет строительной организации в оперативном режиме отслеживать текущие финансовые потоки и оптимизировать обобщающие финансовые показатели. Расчет повышения рентабельности финансовых ресурсов в строительной отрасли проведен на примере среднестатистического застройщика одного из регионов РФ, в котором активно развивается жилищное строительство, – на примере Удмуртской Республики. Показано, что управление финансовыми потоками позволяет существенно улучшить финансовые показатели.
The Mind Body Transformation Model (MBTM): An Integrative Clinical Approach to Trauma Treatment with Children
Authors:   University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Stark Cortny , Brammer Mary Kathryn , Crofts Gene
Published: November 2020

Children exposed to traumatic events often experience emotional, physical, and psychological disturbances as well as disruption of the normative course of development. Meeting the needs of child survivors requires flexibility and individualized care. The integrative trauma treatment approach presented here, the Mind Body Transformation Model (MBTM), provides practitioners with an innovative framework for organizing trauma treatment for minor clients. The primary aim of this approach is to mitigate the immediate impact of trauma and remediate long-term effects. This integrative trauma treatment model borrows from several evidence-based traditions, selecting those strategies that enhance attunement, attachment, and coregulation between child and caregiver. MBTM is currently in practice at the Trauma Treatment Center and Research Facility in Rio Rancho, NM, with youth at risk for negative health outcomes. This manuscript provides insight regarding the origins, theoretical foundation, and practical application of MBTM.
Consideraciones al momento de evaluar la migración del simulador ns-2 al ns-3
Authors: Almada María Luz , Talay Carlos Alberto
Published: November 2020

En el mundo tecnológico actual, donde las redes están creciendo rápidamente, se exige que los protocolos de red sean robustos, confiables y versátiles. Es por ello que antes de ser propuestos para su uso, deben ser estudiados a fondo, para lo que se requiere utilizar herramientas informáticas que permitan examinar su comportamiento en diferentes entornos. Es así que, con este fin, se utilizan simuladores de redes. Uno de estos simuladores es el ns-2, que ha sido utilizado de manera exhaustiva en ámbitos académicos y científicos por casi dos décadas. Sin embargo, con el lanzamiento de un nuevo simulador, el ns-3, que difiere en muchos aspectos de su antecesor y requiere la reformulación de los programas escritos para la versión anterior, surge el interrogante si la actualización a las nuevas versiones es realmente necesaria.
Es así que, nos preguntamos si el simulador de redes que utilizamos es suficiente para nuestro trabajo o si la nueva versión aportará considerables beneficios en las investigaciones actuales y futuras. Determinar si la inversión de tiempo en el aprendizaje de una nueva herramienta, producirá suficientes mejorías en las tareas que requiere la investigación de redes, es una decisión importante.
Este informe presenta de manera comparativa las dos versiones del simulador. Se describen las ventajas y desventajas, alcances, limitaciones y requisitos para la utilización de cada una de las versiones.
Comunicación y patrimonio cultural. Comunicación patrimonial en instituciones museísticas de Río Gallegos
Authors: Marcial Natalia , Bessone Cristian
Published: November 2020

Tanto la puesta en valor como la gestión del patrimonio se desprenden del entramado de sentidos que surgen del cruce que se haga a partir de su conceptualización. La sociedad contemporánea integra cada vez más distintas tecnologías para administrar, transmitir y almacenar información, cultura y, en gran medida, conocimiento. Por eso, el entorno social y cultural requiere que los museos adopten nuevos modelos de gestión. Estas nuevas formas de administración incluyen la necesidad de que los museos identifiquen y se comuniquen eficazmente con los diversos públicos que consideran importantes para el desarrollo de su actividad.
Siguiendo este enfoque, el presente trabajo expone los resultados de una investigación que analiza la situación de comunicación en las instituciones museísticas de la ciudad de Río Gallegos (Argentina). En el mismo, se indaga acerca de cómo se producen las diferentes funciones de comunicación, tanto en su estructura como en sus herramientas o medios más utilizados, al mismo tiempo que se evalúa su planificación y evaluación.
La aplicación en este caso de una metodología que combina encuesta con entrevista, permite pensar en la importancia de crear las condiciones para que los posibles usuarios entren en contacto con el bien o el servicio cultural deseado (Valdés, 1999).
Enfermera jubilada, adulto mayor y la actividad física: Una buena fórmula
Authors: Ojeda Edecia Muriel , Triviño Marcela , Oyarzo Valeria del Carmen , Ojeda Sara , Ivanissevich María Laura
Published: November 2020

Como fruto del relevamiento sobre la auto percepción del estado de salud de la población enfermera adulta mayor jubilada de la ciudad de Rio Gallegos, se ha obtenido un resultado llamativo y de interés en relación con la práctica de actividad física, gran parte de la muestra ha expresado realizar actividad física regular pese a las condiciones climatológicas adversas y a los escasos espacios de recreación para adultos mayores existentes en Río Gallegos; la reflexión ha derribado prejuicios tanto sobre la conducta pasiva de quienes ejercieron la profesión de enfermería como sobre el entorno que propicia o no el desarrollo de los factores determinantes en la percepción de la salud.
Stereotypes of representations about HIV, contributing to the epidemic growth
Authors: Antonova D. V. , Bocharov V. V. , Chrustaleva N. S.
Published: November 2020

The aim of the study was to explore the common misconceptions about HIV as a determinant of the HIV epidemic growth and as a factor affecting disease outcomes.

Materials and methods. The study involved 136 persons (50 persons with blood-borne infection route, 50 persons with heterosexual transmission, 36 persons without HIV). As research methods a special clinical map was used, as well as an author’s questionnaire, which allows to register the characteristics of risky behavior in relation to infection and the characteristics of the life situation of the disease. Statistical data processing included the deﬁnition of primary statistics, the Fisher criterion, ANOVA.

Study results. A frequent occurrence of distorted representations about HIV was noted in all groups. It has been established that people living with HIV and healthy respondents do not differ in the frequency of HIV testing. The features of the life situation of the disease related to the method of the disease transmission were revealed in the study. It has been established that people living with HIV with different infection route differ in the frequency of late HIV diagnosis, the presence of AIDS, refusal of treatment. The results determine the need to increase public awareness of the disease and correct distorted representations about it.
HIV antibody screening and ways to improve it to address the problem of containing the spread of HIV infection
Authors: Sisin Ye. I. , Golubkova A. A. , Alimov A. V. , Lelenkova Ye. V. , Mahorina T. V. , Piterskiy M. V.
Published: November 2020

The purpose of the study is to determine the current trends in the development of the HIV epidemic process for individual subjects of the Ural Federal district (UFD) and the possibility of corrective measures to update the practice based on the results of screening tests for HIV antibodies.

Materials and methods. The study used information from form 4 of the Federal statistical observation «Information on the results of blood tests for HIV antibodies» in the amount of 26,1 million studies for 2009–2018, information from 2,488 questionnaires from two biopsychological studies among commercial sex workers (CSR) and persons in prison. Research result. It was found that, despite the increase in the incidence of HIV infection in the period 2009–2018, the estimated Hurst indicator for the studied time period characterized the long-term dynamics of the incidence as antipersistent. Among MSM and patients with STIs, there is a marked tendency to increase the detection of HIV infection. Among commercial sex workers (CSR) and people in prison, the results of a sentinel bio-behavioral study found high detection of HIV antibodies against the background of risky sexual behavior.

According to the indicators of the frequency of detection of antibodies to HIV in screening studies, the territories of the greatest potential risk of HIV infection were determined. In dynamics, there was an increase in the number of studies and the detection of HIV infection among those examined for clinical and epidemic indications (codes 113, 120) and stabilization of the detection of HIV infection among injecting drug users (code 102).

Conclusion. In the period 2016–2018, the sexual route of infection became predominant among HIV-infected people. The greatest intensity of HIV infection was observed among such categories of the population covered by official statistics and who are representatives of groups with a predominant HIV infection, such as MSM and patients with STIs. At the same time, there was a decrease in HIV surveys among these populations with an increase in detection.

The results of behavioral studies among DCS and persons in prison demonstrate high detection of HIV antibodies among them, as well as the presence of risky sexual behavior. Screening for HIV infection requires additional optimization.
Restricciones de las Fuerzas Militares a causa de los cambios de gobierno y sus políticas públicas y de gobierno en el periodo 2010-2022 en Colombia
Authors: Sierra-Zamora Paola Alexandra , Sierra Aponte Sara Gabriela , Martínez Fernández Juan Antonio
Published: November 2020

Las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia juegan un papel importante que se enmarca en la seguridad y defensa nacional y en los intereses del Estado. También han adquirido un rol importante en la sociedad fungiendo labores y funciones que, dentro de muchos aspectos, no son las que les corresponden. Teniendo presentes las funciones propias en sus actividades y ejecuciones, el objetivo principal de este artículo fue mostrarlas y ver cómo se desprenden del ámbito operacional, por lo que se hizo necesario analizar las políticas públicas en el periodo 2010-2022: este periodo condensa dicho cambio y es en donde se ven las condiciones que propician factores de coyuntura y sus problemáticas tanto políticas como económicas. Así, se hizo una comparación para determinar la inflexión que existe dentro de las políticas públicas, estableciendo así los cambios y restricciones. La metodología que se empleó fue de carácter exploratorio al comienzo, y de carácter explicativo en el desarrollo y análisis, usando técnicas de recolección secundarias de datos. Por tratarse de un tema poco explorado en Colombia surgió la necesidad de exponerlo, para esto fue necesario buscar fuentes confiables que trataran de explicar el tema desde otras perspectivas; después, se continuó con la explicación de la hipótesis planteada respecto al fenómeno a tratar (Hernández, Fernández-Collado y Baptista, 1997, pp. 44-52), teniendo en cuenta que las fuentes se basaron en datos alternos y analizaron políticas públicas que trataron temas de seguridad y defensa nacional. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis y conclusiones de los resultados obtenidos con el objetivo de dar respuesta a la pregunta problema.
Colusión, contrariedades de su tipificación con relación al estándar de prueba y los fines del derecho de la competencia
Authors: Santibáñez Orellana José Manuel
Published: November 2020

El artículo pretende demostrar que, tras buscar una alternativa a la aparente feble sanción que el Tribunal de Defensa de la Libre Competencia impone a los responsables de colusión, el legislador incurrió en imprecisiones que pueden comprometer la institucionalidad que la regula y sanciona. Propone las contrariedades de identificarla como delito aplicando el estándar probatorio penal, la discutible eficiencia de sancionarla en dicha sede y sus efectos para los fines del derecho de la competencia. Como metodología utiliza la investigación teórica y la recopilación, revisión y análisis de los trabajos doctrinarios. Por la evolución jurídica de la colusión, acude al método histórico lógico para, finalmente, utilizar el método sistemático, lo que permite un estudio concreto de la conducta en una estructura compleja que, con la nueva regulación, hoy la vincula con un estándar probatorio específico. Los resultados evidencian fragilidades en la observancia del non bis in ídem, existencia de sentencias contradictorias en sedes administrativa sancionadora y penal e insatisfacción ciudadana, al no existir cárcel efectiva para sus responsables. La conclusión confirma inconsistencias dogmáticas en su tipificación y que, considerando atenuantes, calidad, entidad de las pruebas y, fundamentalmente, el elevado estándar de apreciación de estas, solo estamos en presencia de un establecimiento simbólico de su penalización. Con ello, los fines preventivos, correctivos y sancionatorios de la Ley no están suficientemente resguardados, se sugiere, entonces, fortalecer las atribuciones del Tribunal Administrativo Sancionador y un estándar probatorio que permita la adecuada y eficaz sanción de la colusión, en concordancia con los objetivos del derecho de la libre competencia.
El internet de las cosas en el Estatuto del Consumidor colombiano: un estudio a partir de las nuevas directivas europeas en el mercado único digital
Authors: Hernández Zuluaga José Carlos
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo tiene por objeto describir el concepto de bienes y servicios en las Directivas de consumo de la Unión Europea (UE) y en el Estatuto del Consumidor colombiano, para luego analizar en cada uno de estos ordenamientos cómo han de entenderse en un contexto de mercado digital. Esto permitirá, mediante una metodología descriptiva, considerar el tratamiento jurídico en Colombia de bienes que utilizan elementos digitales para su funcionamiento, conocido también como el Internet de las cosas. Al ponerse de presente los efectos jurídicos que de una relación de consumo de esta clase emergen, se sustenta que el Estatuto del Consumidor colombiano, en su estado actual, no es suficiente para afrontar la cuarta revolución industrial y el mercado digital, proponiendo una serie de medidas sustanciales y procesales necesarias que permitan el acoplamiento de Colombia al acelerado crecimiento del intercambio electrónico.