bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Étude de certaines différences dans l'organisation collective des textes pragmatiques anglais et français
Authors: Quillard Geneviève
Published: November 2010

French and English pragmatic texts are not presented and organized in the same way. The aim of this paper is to study some of the differences presented by a wide variety of pragmatic texts translated from English into French or vice versa.
This study is based on the analysis of a corpus of more than six hundred thousand words. The corpus includes newspapers and magazines articles, brochures, leaflets, bulletins, communiqués, booklets, etc. Most of these texts were published in North America.
This paper will focus on specific semantic, lexical and syntactic points. It will show that French texts tend to be less explicit and to give only the informations which are textually relevant, that they use varied linguistic means (use of pronouns, deictics and synonyms, for example) to avoid redundancies and repetitions, that they show a strong preference for subordinate sentences, while English texts prefer juxtaposed or coordinated sentences, and that generally French texts use more complex phrases and sentences. This study will also present a general semantic and syntactic classification of such verbs as comporter, présenter, disposer de, s'agir, s'avérer, constituer, compter, etc. which are very often used by French speakers to replace two taboo verbs: to have and to be.
Medieval German literature in modern German translation
Authors: Fisher Rodney W.
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In the past 50 years a large number of medieval German texts have appeared in editions which provide translations, mostly in prose, and very often on the pages facing the medieval original. The article begins with a brief overview of this development, and distinguishes between poetic recreations and the more usual functional paraphrases. It then discusses the need for bi-lingual editions and the assumptions which seem to underlie the choice of lay-out. Some exceptions to the use of functional prose are noted. The article examines some of the comments made by the scholars responsible for bilingual texts, in particular comments for their German readers on the perceived difficulties associated with interference, and the rationale which seems to justify the almost universal choice of prose for translations of verse. It is argued that the form of medieval verse is just as much a part of the culture as the content, and that readers should perhaps not be given the impression that they are better able to appreciate the sense of the original through a prose paraphrase.
Sommaire
Durant les cinquante dernières années, un grand nombre de textes allemands médiévaux ont paru en traduction, essentiellement en prose, et très souvent sous la forme de textes bilingues. La présente étude commence par une présentation de ce phénomène, et met l'accent sur ce qui peut séparer une traduction poétique de la traduction paraphrasée qui est habituelle en ce domaine. Elle souligne ensuite l'intérêt de traductions bilingues et de ce qui sous-tend leur mise en page, notant le cas échéant les exceptions ä la règle commune de traduction en prose. L'étude considère ensuite certains des commentaires avancés par les chercheurs produisant des éditions bilingues pour leurs lecteurs allemands, en particulier en ce qui concerne les difficultés relevant des interférences et les arguments qui président au choix de la prose pour traduire des vers. L'argument fondamental de cette étude étant que la versification médiévale est partie intégrante du message de ces textes, et que les lecteurs contemporains ne doivent pas être induits en erreur quant ä la possibilité d'apprécier la portée de ces textes s'ils sont seulement lus dans le langage paraphrasé de la prose.
Frame Semantics And Lexical Translation The Risk Frame And Its Translation
Authors: Rojo Ana , Valenzuela Javier
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This study deals with the use of Frame Semantics for lexical translation, particularly for the elaboration of bilingual dictionaries. To this purpose, we took Fillmore and Atkins's analysis of the word "risk" as the starting point for our paper. We analyzed the entries of RISK offered by three major English-Spanish/Spanish-English bilingual dictionaries in order to locate possible points of confusion, and found three main obscure points: a) We firstly realised that the distinction between the lexical items provided as the Spanish equivalents of risk was not clear. b) Secondly, we discovered that the use of the reflexive or non-reflexive form of the equivalents provided was not clear either. c) And thirdly, there was also some confusion regarding the syntactic complementation of the lexical entries in Spanish.
We then set out to check whether Fillmore and Atkins' frame could help to translate risk in a more systematic and functional way. Our analysis showed that the three conceptual schemas distinguished by Fillmore and Atkins helped clarify these three problems. Thus, the greater explanatory capacity of Frame Semantics when compared to traditional lexicography methods is shown. Building the frame that underlies the meaning of a word can contribute to increase not only the functional capacity of dictionaries but also the translator's ability to account for those uses which do not appear in a dictionary.
Résumé
Cet étude porte sur l'emploi de Frame Semantics dans la traduction lexicale, surtout dans l'élaboration des dictionnaires bilingues. Dans ce but, on a utilisé l'analyse du mot "risk" faite par Fillmore et Atkins comme notre point de départ. Après avoir analysé des définitions de "risk" trouvées dans trois dictionnaires bilingues importants (ang-esp/esp-ang) pour chercher de points de confusion possibles, nous avons rencontré trois points obscurs principaux.
a) Nous avons constaté que la différence entre les termes lexicaux présentés comme équivalents de "risk" en espagnol n'était pas nette.
b) Nous avons découvert que l'emploi de la forme réflexive, ou non réflexive, des équivalents presentés manquait tout autant de netteté.
c) Il existait une certaine confusion quant à la complémentarité syntactique des définitions lexicales en espagnol.
Alors on s'est mis à vérifier si le schema de Fillmore et Atkins pouvait aider à traduire "risk" d'une façon plus systématique et fonctionnelle. Notre analyse montre que les trois schemas conceptuels distingués par Fillmore et Atkins aident à clarifier ces trois problèmes. Ce qui démontre que la valeur explicative de Frame Semantics est meilleure que celle du méthodes de la lexicographie traditionnelle.
La construction du schema sous-jacent au sens d'un mot peut contribuer à augmenter non seulement la capacité fonctionnelle des dictionnaires, mais aussi l'aptitude du traducteur à expliquer les emplois du mot qui n'apparaissent pas dans le dictionnaire.
American Idiom In Modern German Socio-linguistic Motives
Authors: Kurth Ernst-Norbert E.
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Due to post-war American cultural predominance and the aggressive expansion of English as a world language, countless English loan words have entered German through pop culture, advertising, technological transfer, and media language. In the course of this process, cultural and linguistic receptiveness reinforced each other. Increasingly, English terms are taken over that do not denote new realia, but compete with existing TL terms. Many of these predatory loan words get lexicalized. Today, there is a tendency to not translate English terms for new items and phenomena, and a general fashion to use anglicisms instead of TL terms. This linguistic behaviour differs from the mere instrumental use of loan words. It involves assimilation/ submission to a foreign culture instead of assimilation of foreign words to one's own language. Using examples from German newspapers and magazines, this paper sets out to analyse the perceptible and hidden influence of American English on modern German. It looks at the sociocultural motives governing the coinage of loan words, loan blends, and loan translations.
Résumé
La prédominance culturelle des Etats-Unis et l'expansion agressive de l'anglais en tant que langue mondiale ont eu pour effet d'introduire en allemand une multitude de termes anglais empruntés à la culture pop, à la publicité, aux transferts de technologie ainsi qu'au langage utilisé par les médias. La réceptivité culturelle et la réceptivité linguistique se sont renforcées mutuellement au cours de ce processus. De plus en plus, on utilise en allemand des termes anglais qui n'introduisent pas un nouveau concept mais qui sont tout simplement en concurrence avec ceux de la langue-cible. Plusieurs de ces termes 'prédateurs' empruntés font progressivement partie du lexique. Aujourd'hui, on observe une tendance à ne pas traduire des termes anglais qui désignent un nouveau concept ou de nouveaux phénomènes, ainsi qu'une mode, généralisée, qui consiste à utiliser des anglicismes plutôt qu'un terme équivalent dans la langue-cible. Le comportement linguistique implique davantage que le simple usage des termes empruntés en tant qu'outil communicationnel: il est une assimilation voire une soumission à la culture étrangère alors qu'il devrait se contenter d'assimiler les termes étrangers dans la propre langue. L'auteur du présent article analyse l'influence décelable et masquée de l'anglais américain sur l'allemand à l'aide d'exemples empruntés à la presse et aux magazines allemands. Il examine les motifs socioculturels qui sont à l'origine de la création des mots d'emprunt, des amalgames d'emprunt et des calques.
The Illocutionary Act in Translating Chinese Legislative Texts
Authors: Cao Deborah
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In this paper one of the prominent linguistic features of legal texts, the illocutionary force, is discussed through the examination of legal performatives found in Chinese legistation and their translation into English. This paper identifies some of the characteristics of illocutionary force in Chinese legislation. An analysis of Chinese legislation has identified five types of performative verbs: (a) verbs preceded by bixu/xu (must or shall); (b) verbs preceded by yingdang/yinggai/ying (should or ought to); (c) verbs in the present tense without any modal verbs: zero performative; (d) verbs preceded by keyi (may); and (e) verbs precede by bude (must not, or shall not). The article argues that illocutionary force is a paramount consideration for legal translators and that effective translation of legislative texts depends upon a high level of translational language competence including illocutionary competence.
Résumé
Dans cet article, l'un des éléments saillants des textes juridiques, la force illocutionaire, est discutée en examinant les verbes performatifs juridiques trouvés dans la législation chinoise et leur traduction en langue anglaise. L'article identifie quelques caractéristiques de la force illocutionaire dans la législation chinoise. L'analyse de la législation chinoise a permis de reconnaître cinq types de verbes performatifs:
(a) les verbes précédés de bixu/xu, ce qui équivaut à l'auxiliaire (must or shall), c'est-à-dire deux formes du verbe 'devoir';
(b) les verbes précédés de yingdang/yinggai/ying (should or ought to), c'est-à-dire forme conditionnelle ou impérative du verbe;
(c) les verbes à l'indicatif présent sans aucuns verbes de modalité; verbes performatifs (zéro);
(d) les verbes précédés de keyi (may, soit verbe auxiliaire modale); et
(e) les verbes précédés de bude (must not or shall not), c'est-à-dire auxiliaires impératifs négatifs.
L'article soutient que la force illocutionaire forme un élément majeur pour les traducteurs de textes juridiques et que la traduction même de textes juridiques repose sur une compétence très élevée du langage traductionnel et, en ce comprise la compétence illocutionaire.
Cultural Transfer in Advertisement Translation
Authors: Au Kenneth Kim-Lung
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Advertising is a fast growing industry in modern societies. Multinational companies promote their products to various countries by means of glamorous advertisements in different languages. When a product is marketed to another country, usually the original advertisement is translated with appropriate adaptation to cater to the needs of the new market. The process of advertisement translation often is not only a linguistic transfer, but also a cultural transfer. This paper attempts to discuss the relevance of the culturally-oriented approach to translation studies, and the skopos theory as advocated by Hans J. Vermeer in particular, to the cross-cultural communication of advertisement translation. The advertiser plays the key role of Translation Initiator (TI) in the translating process, by outlining the skopos for the translator to fulfill. The paper concludes that equivalent effect is not always the primary concern of translating of advertisement, and at times cultural transposition or adaptation is inevitable in this type of translating. This is not only legitimate, but also necessary, in the attainment of the skopos.
Résumé
La publicité est une industrie qui se développe rapidement dans nos sociétés modernes. Les sociétés multinationales font la promotion de leurs produits dans différents pays au moyen d'annonces séduisantes dans différentes langues. Lorsqu'un produit est mis sur le marché d'un autre pays, l'annonce d'origine est traduite en l'adaptant de façon appropriée afin de satisfaire aux besoins du nouveau marché.
Le processus de la traduction publicitair en'implique pas seulement un transfert linguistique, mais aussi un transfert culturel. Cet article tente de mettre en évidence le bien-fondé d'une approche orientée culturellement des études de traduction, et la théorie du "skopos" telle qu'elle est préconisée par Hans J. Vermeer pour la communication interculturelle de la traduction publicitaire.
L'annonceur joue le rôle-clé de Traducteur Initiateur (TI) dans le processus de traduction, en faisant ressortir le skopos à réaliser par le traducteur.
L'article a pour conclusion que l'effet d'équivalence n'est pas toujours le souci essentiel de la traduction publicitaire, et parfois, la transposition culturelle ou l'adaptation est inévitable dans ce type de traduction. Ceci n'est pas seulement légitime, mais aussi nécessaire pour atteindre le skopos.
Linguistic Acrobatics
Authors: Menacere Karim
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the debate about translation and culture. It is a discussion of culture-specific items in particular within the framework of film and TV-series titles. The argument put forward is that different cultural contexts represent different architectural constructions and distinctive 'lego' blocks. Although they appear as a 'pick'n'mix' the examples aim to offer insights into how culture embodies people's experiences and values and the ways and means by which their universe is conceptualised. It illustrates how understanding and translating of SL requires more than linguistic competence and that the translator is entering hostile territory. The translator's meticulously sculptured final product is a multi-staged process influenced by several factors to reach the desired effect in the target language. The paper explores several areas and assesses the nature of the translating outcome. The overall impression that can be inferred from translating culture specific items is that content and form of SL messages often undergo some surgical work. The purpose is ultimately TL compatibility and effect, often at the expense of SL deformity.
Résumé
Parmi les études de traduction, le transfert culturel suscite toujours des débats passionnants. Cet article tente de mettre en relief la traduction d'une série de titres de films pour démontrer que le processus traductionnel démarre avec une analyse de l'univers linguistique qui est un terrain moins sûr pour déboucher sur une interprétation de l'univers réel. Il y a nécessité pour le traducteur d'être familiarisé avec une gamme de références et d'antécédents des deux mondes. Le traducteur est souvent pris entre deux feux — au moment du transfert traductionnel vers l'autre langue-culture — l'authenticité, la saveur et l'exotisme de l'original, et sa loyauté et son respect des couleurs locales dont les valeurs connotatives sont compatibles avec le fond culturel de la langue d'arrivée. Il est évident que ce double 'déchirement' oblige le traducteur à une prise de décision qui a souvent été remise en question. A travers ce compte-rendu on a pu remarquer que des langues différentes appellent souvent des adaptations différentes pour atteindre l'effet communicatif.
Metonymy and Anaphora
Authors: Stirling Lesley
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The starting point for this paper is the observation that a substantial majority of 'indirect' examples of anaphora in a corpus of naturally occurring discourse involve relations which would independently be categorised as 'metonymica'. Data presented from this corpus indicate that such examples occur quite regularly and tend to be overwhelmingly of a few single types; as indicated also in the psycholinguistic literature, they apparently present no special problems of interpretation. Furthermore, not just definite NPs are involved in such relations, but also pronouns. Considerations of the implications of this observation involve constructing a model of possible types of metonymical anaphora and elaborating on a paradigm of constructed examples provided by Fauconnier to explore some of the constraints on such examples. In particular, it is found that considerations of animacy (or perhaps discourse status) affect the acceptability judgments of these examples.
Word-Internal Pronouns and Reflexives
Authors: Di Sciullo Anna Maria
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Complex reflexives such as himself and the like are D compounds, contrary to self-N compounds which are N compounds. The difference between pronouns and reflexives with respect to their distribution in compounds is expressed configurationally in terms of the difference between heads and adjuncts. The pronoun is the head, its F-features percolate in its projection chain. The reflexive is the adjunct entering in an identification relation with the head and licensing argument-linking within its domain as it projects an inalienable possession configuration. On the other hand, pronouns do not differ from reflexives with respect to their interpretability in X° expressions. In both cases only an attributive interpretation is available for these categories, as it is the case more generally for categories in morphological expressions.
Dutch Anaphoric Dat in Definitions
Authors: Temmerman Martina
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Dutch anaphoric dat has an important function in definitory exchanges. If dat is used in the recapitulation of a non-nominal definition, it increases the coherence of the defining utterance, by tying the recapitulation to the previous utterances and by permitting the switch of the focus from definiens to defmiendum. However, dat is not really coherence-building when used for left-dislocation in core-definitions. Indeed, a left-dislocated definition cannot be more coherent than a definition without interruptions and 'gaps'. The role of dat in left-dislocation is rather to permit extra focalisation and thematisation of the definiendum in non-nominal definitions, and of the definiens in nominal definitions.
On the Semantics of the Spanish Progressive Sequence ir + gerund
Authors: Espunya Anna
Published: November 2010

Abstract. This paper focuses on progressive aspect. Definitions of the progressive in various formal semantics frameworks, concerned essentially with the English be + V-ing form, provide a picture of the progressive as a single aspectual notion, a sort of universal primitive. Languages such as Spanish and others in the Romance family that have two progressive forms, one built with the verb of motion ir 'to go*, challenge the notion of a unique progressive perspective. We examine the semantics of the linear progressive form ir + gerund and contrast it with estar + gerund, not only with respect to truth conditions but also with respect to the lexical and contexual aspects that make ir + gerund better suited to describe certain situations. We introduce the notion of perspective in loose analogy with Asher (1992) and argue that the linear progressive describes more adequately those perspectives that select the asymmetries in an event. This observation is accounted for by the asymmetry inherent in the linear progressive relation, since the period of time for which the progressive is true is a sequence T = {tj < tj < ... <tn} rather than an interval lacking subdivisions.
Implosive Consonants
Authors: Lloret Maria-Rosa
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Oromo, a Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia and Kenya, shows certain phonologically irregular phenomena with respect to the coronal implosive consonant that have never been explained satisfactorily. First, in some dialects, roots ending in a short /d/ behave like final-/?/ roots while in some others they behave like fmal-/t/ roots. Secondly, unlike the geminates of all other consonants, which behave like heterogeneous abutting consonants, the long implosive behaves, in some cases, like a single segment. Finally, it is sometimes assumed that in Proto-East-Cushitic, there is evidence for reconstructing two different implosive phonemes in the denti-alveolar region, i.e. *d and *d1, although no one has yet established the relevant difference between them. The aim of this paper is to provide a unitary account of all these facts by proposing an adequate underlying representation of single and long implosives within the model of Feature Geometry as well as suggesting a different diachronic origin for both types of reconstructed implosives.
Johannes Duns Scotus' Rezeption des Anselmianischen Arguments
Authors: Grabst Hartmut
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In his Ordinatio, Scotus disregards the constitutive function of thinking inherent to Anselm's ratio. Scotus' representation of the argument in Ordinatio I d. 2 p. 1 q. 2, which lays no claim to coloratio, eliminates this constitutive function, proving instead by means of a syllogism containing the terms «being», «non-being» and «the highest» the existence of the highest. In the coloratio {Ord. I d. 2 p. 1 q. 1), then, Scotus replaces Anselm's expression «that than which nothing greater can be thought» with the concept «the highest thinkable», by which he means an infinite being. The introduction of an infinite being taken as the highest thinkable, however, destroys the structure of Anselm's argument with its innate coherence. In fact, Scotus proves the existence of the highest thinkable not by means of this argumentative structure, but instead on the basis of his own analysis of certain ontological structures. This proof has no real connection in content to Anselm's argument and does not foster its comprehension; instead, Scotus merely couches his argument in Anselm's terms, so that it is more appropriate to talk about a coloratio rationum Scoti.
Henry of Ghent on Divine Illumination
Authors: Führer Markus L.
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This essay examines Henry of Ghent's reaction to the Thomistic criticism of the Au-gustinian theory of divine illumination. By grounding epistemology in the psychology of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas made divine illumination appear to be an unwieldy theory incorrect in its basic assumptions. Even though Henry reworked the Augustinian theory, he did not completely reject the Aristotelian-Thomistic epistemology. Unlike so many of his predecessors, Henry did not attempt to avoid difficult questions raised by the fallibility of sense experience in developing his epistemology. Rather, he attempted to synthesize the intellectualist tendencies of the Augustinian theory with some of the empirical concerns of the Aristotelian-Thomistic account of human knowledge. Henry moved away from the strict metaphor of illumination, while at the same time exploring the relationship between the divine art and the human agent intellect. He was thus able to retain much of the Aristotelian terminology and still defend what he understood to be Augustine's intention for the doctrine of illumination.
Die Ironie des Sokrates, insbesondere im Blick auf Prozeß und Tod
Authors: Holz Harald
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Socrates was one of the great innovators of Greek philosophy inasmuch as he discovered the principal role of the general notion as such in finding truth. Without a doubt, his criterion in doing so was, besides an absolute confidence in reason, something like a response to an instance he believed to be somehow divine. This included a certain distance, rational and existential, from all the principles and values of the community in which he lived. A deeper analysis of Socrates' essential intentions reveals a special view of existential honor which made it impossible for Socrates to escape what he considered his destiny. This existential attitude took the form of irony, as his fellow-citizens were quite incapable of understanding what he meant.
Concept-Driven Change
Authors: Gustavsen Bjørn , Wikman Anders , Ekman Philips Marianne , Hofmaier Bernd
Published: November 2010

Sweden experienced a strong increase in productivity during the first part of the 1990s. Data from the Swedish Working Life Fund show that the productivity increase is linked to changes in work organization. These changes did not break with the Swedish tradition of expanding on work roles and the potential for learning and development among shop floor workers. The new element in the changed organization of work relates first and foremost to development processes as such, and new ways in which to broaden and accelerate such processes.
On the Practice of Action Research
Authors: van Beinum Hans
Published: November 2010

Some of the major aspects of engaging in action research are presented. The triadic relationships of action research as a basic and fundamental characteristic, ranging from the very abstract to the very concrete, are discussed. In action research one experiences, on and off, all the modalities of daily reality. The dialogical, linguistic, ethical and psychodynamic features of action research are emphasized, as well as its unfolding and often unpredictable nature. The role of the researcher unfolds in the context of joint action and becomes gradually articulated through (a) experience, (b) the content of one's 'toolkit', and (c) appropriate timing.
Organizational Transformation through Strategic Dialogue
Authors: Roobeek Annemieke J.M. , Mandersloot Erik U. , du Marchie Sarvaas Cristijn J.C.
Published: November 2010

A well-founded strategy is no longer sufficient for a business. Experience has taught us that it is usually not implemented, even though that is why it was formulated in the first place. We believe that the complex problems that confront business and government demand a different approach to strategy development: one that guarantees that the organization will actually change. We have developed the concept of Strategic Management from Below, and since 1990 we have been gaining experience with its use in business and government. Since that time, the concept has developed into a participative approach that enables an integral transformation to be realized within a very short period of time. The Strategic Dialogue in cross-sections of the organization forms the centerpiece of the concept. This article discusses the application of our approach to the creation of the long-term strategy for Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. How have the principles of the concept of Strategic Management from Below, and the Strategic Dialogue in particular, contributed to a successful, rapid transformation under extremely turbulent conditions?
How to Shape Creative Territorial Energy
Authors: Brulin Göran
Published: November 2010

The Swedish economy is dominated by a comparatively large number of big companies. The problem for Sweden and for these big companies is that there are few districts and regions where supportive small and medium sized enterprises flourish. The Gnosjo region is the exception. It is viewed as the only real ''industrial district" in Sweden. It is well known throughout Sweden and also internationally for its entrepreneurial spirit. It is discussed how to shape the creative territorial energy that supports continuous renewal of a such a region. Historically, the territorial energy has been created within the Gnosjo region, in the internal networks. Nowadays, it could be argued that external partners also have to be brought into the region. However, bringing external partners into such a region is not without problems. They must not take over the process of territorial development, thereby threatening to drain it of indigenously created energy.
Workplace Innovation as Regional Development
Authors: Totterdill Peter
Published: November 2010

Regeneration, whether of companies, sectors or regions, must increasingly be led by knowledge and innovation. The critical need is to reconstitute the public sphere as a forum for collective action. New organizational structures are central to this project and intelligent models of organization are hesitantly emerging — at the level of the workplace, the industrial sector and the region. Regions are particularly significant for their ability to act as focal points for the convergence of economic opportunities, technologies, human resources and culture, becoming centers of collective learning. Regional competitiveness depends on the ability to unlock such resources through the creation of new partnerships and dialogue.
Studying the process of information selection in manuals
Authors: Ummelen Nicole
Published: November 2010

Research instruments for studying information selection in manuals should meet several goals at the same time. First of all, they should accurately register relevant data, such as selected information, selection moments, and reading times. They should also enable the reader to use both the manual and the accompanying product in a natural way. And finally, both data collection and analysis should not be too time-consuming or expensive. In this paper, four research instruments that may be used for studying selection processes in manuals are described and evaluated with respect to these three requirements. Three of them are well-known from other research domains: recording sentence reading times by button presses, methods of eye movement registration and the thinking aloud technique. The fourth, called the click & read method, was recently developed for studying the use of procedural and declarative information in software manuals. This instrument presents the manual in a paper layout on a large screen. The text is presented in blocks of comparable length and is initially blurred. Non-blurred headings above the blocks enable readers to select a block and sharpen it by clicking on it. These clicks are recorded and thus provide selection and time data.
The evaluation shows that none of the four instruments is suitable for all research questions about manual use: instruments should be carefully chosen for specific research questions. Then again, all techniques have their advantages and disadvantages, some of which we are not yet certain about. Therefore, the paper concludes by arguing that a thorough analysis, comparison and further development of available and new research instruments is necessary to further facilitate and improve studies of information selection and processing
Clarity is still key Wim Pols Corporate communications specialist
Authors: Hunter Lawrie
Published: November 2010

Wim Pols (45) is Chief Editor of the Editorial Department of the Corporate Communications and Strategy Division of ING Group, a diversified financial services group headquartered in the Netherlands with more than 90,000 employees in over 60 countries. Wim and his team do the speechwritingforthe Executive Board and produce several publications such as regular bulletins for shareholders, brochures, financial reports and special project bulletins.
Wim Pols started his career as a translator with the shipyard Wilton-Fijenoord in 1973 and switched to corporate communications after a few years. In 1983, he joined the insurance company Nationale-Nederlanden as a writer for the international staff magazine. Later, he became editor of corporate publications of Nationale-Nederlanden. When the company merged with the NMB-Postbank Group to become ING Group, Wim Pols began to work for the holding, where he built up the Editorial Department.
On The Historical Origin of Basque Accentuation
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
From a diachronic point of view, the study of Basque accentuation presents the problem of accounting for the very different accentual systems that are found nowadays within the Basque-speaking territory. Whereas in a large central area there is no contrastive word accent, systems with phonologically distinctive accentuation are found both in eastern and western regions. The accentual systems of some western varieties are especially complex and are shown to rely on an opposition between accented or preaccenting and unaccented morphemes. In this paper, it is argued that all present-day accentual systems can be derived from an earlier common stage lacking contrastive accentuation and, in particular, that the western system arose as a result of a rule of compound accentuation; contrastive accent being reinforced by the adoption of large numbers of Latin and Romance loanwords with their original accentual pattern.
RÉSUMÉ
Du point de vue diachronique, l'étude de l'accent de la langue basque a pour objet de rendre compte de la diversité des systèmes actuels existant aujourd'hui au pays basque. Alors que dans la plus grande partie de ce dernier il n'y a pas d'accent contrastif, les parler occidentaux et orientaux offrent des systèmes où l'accent de mot est phonologiquement distinctif. Particulièrement complexes, les systèmes accentuels de certains parlers occidentaux se fondent sur une distinction entre morphèmes accentués ou préaccentuants et morphèmes inaccentués. On soutient que tous les systèmes accentuels du basque peuvent venir d'un état commun antérieur sans accent contrastif, et que le système occidental en particulier résulte de l'accentuation des composés, renforcée par l'adoption d'une grande quantité d'emprunts latins et romans avec leur accentuation originelle.
ZUSAMENFASSUNG
Aus diakronischer Sicht bringt das Studium des baskischen Akzents das Problem mit sich, die ziemlich verschiedenen Akzentuierungssysteme, die man heutzutage innerhalb des Baskisch-sprechenden Gebiets vorfindet, zu erklären. Während es nämlich im Zentalgebiet keinen kontrastiven Wortakzent gibt, trifft man sowohl in den östlichen als auch in den westlichen Gebieten Systeme an, die eine phonologisch distinktive Akzentuation kennen. Die Akzentsysteme ei-niger westlicher Varietäten sind besonders komplex und erweisen sich als sol-che, die auf einer Opposition zwischen akzentuierten oder vorakzentuierten und unbetonten Morphemen beruhen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird die Behaup-tung aufgestellt, daß alle gegenwärtigen Akzentsysteme von einem friiheren gemeinsamen Stadium abgeleitet werden konnen, die noch ohne kontrastiven Akzent war, und daß insbesondere die westlichen Systeme sich aus einer Regel der Akzentuierung zusammengesetzter Wörter herleiten und daß der kontrastive Akzent durch die Hineinnahme einer großen Anzahl lateinischer und roma-nischer Lehnwörter zusammen mit ihrem ursprunglichen Akzentmustern ver-starkt worden sei.
Why did Yiddish Change?
Authors: Fishman Joshua A.
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
Four instances of change in 19th-century Yiddish-in-print are considered: (1) the change from a separate type-face to the standard Hebrew type also used for bibles and prayer-books; (2) the abandonment of archaic written forms, following conventions that had been standardized in Central Europe in earlier centuries, in favor of forms more closely approximating Eastern European spoken Yiddish; (3) the sharp curtailment of new High Germanisms and other foreignisms, and (4) the development of a standard or literary spoken variety influenced by standard written Yiddish. In all four instances internal rather than external foci of change are posited. Via fostering and controlling the 'print function', elites of small language communities can also change their languages in accord with how they would like to and when they would like to, rather than merely being exposed either 'winds of change' or to influences from surrounding languages and cultures.
RÉSUMÉ
Dans cet article trois facteurs de changement du yiddish imprimé du XIXe et XXe siècle sont présentés et discutés: (1) l'adoption du type d'impression qu'on avait utilisé jusqu'à ce temps pour les bibles et les livres de prières; (2) l'abandon des formes archaïques de la langue écrite (qui ont été standardisées en Europe Central pendant les siècles précéndents) en faveur de formes plus proches du yiddish parlé en Europe de l'Est à l'époque, et (3) la réduction drastique de l'influence lexicale de l'allemand moderne et d'autres langues étrangères. L'auteur affirme que dans ces trois facteurs de changement il y avaient des raisons internes plutôt que externes à la base des modifications. Il maintient que, en alimentant et contrôlant la fonction de la presse d'imprimerie, il est possible pour des élites peu nombreuses d'une communauté linguistique d'introduire des changement de la façon voulue et à un moment choisi par elles au lieu d'avoir une évolution langagière inconsciente et sans planification.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Der Aufsatz zieht drei Gesichtspunkte der Veränderung der jiddi-schen Schriftsprache im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in Betracht: (1) Der Wechsel von einer besonderen Schreibtype zur hebraischen Drucktype, die bis dahin allein fiir Bibeln und Gebetsbiicher verwendet worden war; (2) die Aufgabe alter Schreibweisen, die in friiheren Jahrhunderten entwik-kelt worden waren, zugunsten von einem Stil, der sich dem in Osteuropa gesprochenen Jiddisch nahert, und (3) die drastische Reduzierung neuer hochdeutscher Ausdriicke und anderer Fremdwörter. In alien drei Fallen werden interne Griinde anstelle von externen Momenten fiir den Sprachwan-del angenommen. Durch Nahrung und Kontrolle des Druckwesens ist es mög-lich gewesen, daß selbst kleine Sprachgemeinschaften in der Lage sind, Sprachgebrauch zu andern, und zwar mithilfe einer Elite, die die Initiative ergreift und Sprachwandel nicht einfach unbewußten und nichtge-planten Veränderungen iiberläßt.
Lightfoot Noch Einmal
Authors: Allan W. Scott
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
Since the publication of Lightfoot's work on the historical development of the English modal verbs (Lightfoot 1974, 1979:81-120), there have been several replies to his analysis. This article is another contribution to that debate and concentrates on three areas. Firstly, the time scale of the changes is scrutinized to see if it is as uniform as Lightfoot appears to think, and whether or not it supports his claim that a major reanalysis of the base of the grammar occurred in the 16th century. Secondly, the autonomy thesis, i.e., the claim that syntactic change proceeds independently of semantic and phonetic factors, is examined, and lastly Lightfoot's fragment of Old English grammar is assessed for its accuracy.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Seit der Veröffentlichung von Lightfoots Schriften über die historische Entwicklung der englischen Modalverben (Lightfoot 1974, 1979:81-120) gab es verschiedene Reaktionen auf seine Analyse. Dieser Artikel ist ein weiterer Beitrag zu dieser Debatte und beschäftigt sich mit drei Bereichen. Erstens wird die Chronologie der Veranderungen genau untersucht, urn zu sehen, ob sie tatsachlich so einheitlich vonstatten gegangen ist wie Lightfoot anzunehmen scheint und ob diese seine Behauptung unterstiitzt, daft es im 16. Jahrhundert eine umwälzende syntaktische Neustrukturierung gab. Zweitens wird die Autonomie-These untersucht, d.h. der Anspruch, daft sich syntaktische Veranderungen vollziehen, unabhangig von semantischen und phonetischen Faktoren. Schlieftlich wird Lightfoots Fragment einer Altenglischen Grammatik auf seine Genauigkeit überpruft.
RÉSUMÉ
Depuis la publication des travaux de D. Lightfoot sur le developpment historique des verbes modaux de 1'anglais (Lightfoot 1974, 1979:81-120) il y avait plusieurs reactions a son analyse. Le present article est une autre contribution a ce debat; il traîte des trois sujets particuliers. D'abord on examine la chronologie des changements afin de verifier l'uniformité maintenue par Lightfoot et sa these d'une restructuration profonde du systéme syntaxique de 1'anglais au XVIe siécle. Ensuit on examine la these (maintenue par Lightfoot) selon laquelle les changements syntaxique procedent independamment des facteurs phonetiques et sémantiques. Finalement on fait une evaluation de l'exactitude de son fragment d'un grammaire du vieux anglais.
Notes on Diachronic Nasalization in Portuguese
Authors: Fagan David S.
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
Diachronic nasalization in Portuguese is realized as three sound changes; one of these is analyzed here, deletion of AN/ within the word (NP2). Most of the literature pertinent to this topic concerns phonetics and only one detailed theory of the sound change has been proposed (Nobiling 1903). Viana's phonetic analysis (1892) of syllable-final nasals has been regarded by many as doctrine but instrumental analyses reveal a more complex situation. In this paper a diachronic theory for European Portuguese is proposed which links /-N/ deletion to gliding; this theory is supported by certain changes in Gascon and Canadian French.
RÉSUMÉ
La nasalisation diachronique en portugais se manifeste en trois changements phonologiques; dans cet article, seulement le cas de la chute des consonnes nasales à l'intérieur du mot (NP2) est analysée. La plupart des études consacrées à ce sujet concerne la phonétique et seulement une théorie en détail du NP2 a été proposée par Nobiling (1903). Beaucoup ont regardé l'étude phonétique de Viana (1892) de ce cas comme doctrine mais la phonétique instrumentale révèle une situation plus complexe. On propose ici une théorie diachronique pour le portugais européen que lie la chute des nasales à l'insertion des semi-consonnes; cette interprétation s'est confirmée par certains changements des nasales du gascon et du français canadien.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Die historische Nasalierung im Portugiesischen zeigt sich in der Form von drei phonologischen Veränderungen; eine davon, nämlich der Schwund der nasalen Konsonanten im Wortinnern (NP2), wird hier behandelt. Die Mehrzahl der diesem Phänomen gewidmeten Studien widmen sich der rein phonetischen Seite; allein Nobiling (1903) schlug eine detaillierte Theorie von NP2 vor. Viele betrachteten Vianas phonetische Studie dJ. 1892 als verläB-liche Lehre hierzu, jedoch ergeben instrumental-phonetische Analysen ein viel komplexeres Bild. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird eine Hypothese ftir das euro-pâische Portugiesisch aufgestellt, die den Schwund von /-N/ mit den Halb-vokalen verknupft; eine solche Hypothese wird durch Shnliche Verânderungen im Gaskonischen und kanadischen Französisch gestützt.
Typology, Diachrony, and Explanatory Order
Authors: Joseph John E.
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
The paper examines Bybee's (1988) opinion that language universals cannot be used to explain language change. Placed in its historical context, Bybee's view appears to signal a further weakening in the bond between typology and diachrony that has been so fruitful in the 1970s and 1980s. However, when her methodological and argumentative procedures are submitted to close scrutiny, doubts emerge as to the validity of her skepticism, at least in the strong form in which she has expressed it. Data regarding the development of adpositions and affixation in Latin are brought to bear in determining the proper explanatory order of typology and diachrony.
RÉSUMÉ
Selon Bybee (1988), on n'a pas à recourier aux universaux pour expliquer l'évolution linguistique. Pris dans son contexte historique, l'avis de Bybee semble signaler un nouvel affaiblissement du lien entre la typologie et la dia-chronie, lien qui a été si productif pendant les années 70 et 80. Cependant, lorsqu'on examine soigneusement ses méthodes d'analyse et d'argumentation, on en arrive à douter de la validité de son scepticisme, en tout cas sous la forme particulièrement accusée de son expression récente. Le présent article se fonde sur des données concernant le développement des adpositions et de l'af-fixation en latin, qui permettraient de déterminer si la typologie doit précéder la diachronie ou le contraire, quand on cherche à expliquer les relations établies entre l'une et l'autre.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Einem Aufsatz von Bybee (1988) zufolge können Sprachuniversalien nicht dazu herangezogen werden, Sprachwandel zu erklären. Auf seinen histori-schen Hintergrund bezogen, scheint der Aufsatz eine zunehmende Schwä-chung der Verbindung zwischen Typologie und Sprachgeschichte zu signali-sieren, die wâhrend der siebziger und achtziger Jahre so fruchtbar gewesen ist. Wenn man jedoch die methodologischen und argumentativen Vorgehenswei-sen der Autorin unter die Lupe nimmt, tun sich Zweifel auf bezûglich der Gül-tigkeit ihrer Skepsis, zumindest in der hier vorgetragenen Form. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wir anhand der Entwicklung der Adpositionen und der Affixation im Lateinischen der Versuch unternommen, den angemessenen Ort der Typologie im Verhältnis zur Diachronie zu bestimmen.
Contact-Induced Sound Change
Authors: Boretzky Norbert
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
Sound interference can manifest itself either in the modification of sounds under foreign influence or in the transfer of new sounds together with loan-words, and even in the transfer not of sounds, but of sound change triggered by a foreign language; i.e., the sound change is carried out on inherited lexical material under the same conditions as in the model language. In this paper, two instances of the latter, rather rare, type are discussed: The initiation of diph-thongization and monophthongization processes in Czech under the influence of German, and the initiation of vowel centralizing in Romani (Gypsy) dialects under the influence of Roumanian. In the second case, the sound change went beyond its original (i.e., Roumanian) domain.
RÉSUMÉ
L'interference phonetique se manifeste, entre autres, et par la modification de phonemes selon le model etranger, et par Fintegration de phonémes nou-veaux par la voie des mots empruntes; en outre, ces proces d'interference ne se limitent pas a la seule intégration de phonemes étrangers, mais on peut également constater l fait qu'un changement phonetique se declenche sous l'influ-ence d'ne langue-modele. En ce cas, les changements phonetiques se de-roulent a egalite des conditions dans les deux langues. Cette etude se propose de presenter deux cas exemplaires du type mentionne en dernier lieu: premiere-ment, la diphtongaison et la monophtongaison tcheque sous l'influence de l'allemand; secondement, la centralisation des voyelles dans quelques dialectes tsiganes sous l'influence du roumain. Dans ce dernier cas, le changement phonetique a éendu son domaine en outrepassant les conditions plus restrictives du modele roumain.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Lautinterferenz kann sich außrn in der Modifikation von Lauten unter fremdem EinfluB, in der Ubernahme neuer Laute zusammen mit Lehnwortern, oder sogar in der Ubernahme nicht nur fremder Laute, sondern in der Auslosung von Lautwandel unter dem EinfluB einer Modellsprache. In solchen Fallen lauft der Lautwandel unter denselben Bedingungen wie in der Modellsprache ab. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Falle des letzteren, eher seltenen Typs behandelt: Die Auslosung von Diphthongisierungen und Monophthongi-sierungen im Tschechischen unter EinfluB des Deutschen und die Auslosung von Vokalzentralisierungen im Romani unter rumanischem EinfluB. Im zweiten Fall ist der Wandel sogar über die Bedingungen hinausgegangen, die im Ru-manischen vorlagen.