bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing uncertainty and bias in land use, land use change, and forestry greenhouse gas inventories
Authors: McGlynn Emily , Li Serena , F. Berger Michael , Amend Meredith , L. Harper Kandice
Published: January 2022

National greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) will play an increasingly important role in tracking country progress against United Nations (UN) Paris Agreement commitments. Yet uncertainty in land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) NGHGHI estimates may undermine international confidence in emission reduction claims, particularly for countries that expect forests and agriculture to contribute large near-term GHG reductions. In this paper, we propose an analytical framework for implementing the uncertainty provisions of the UN Paris Agreement Enhanced Transparency Framework, with a view to identifying the largest sources of LULUCF NGHGI uncertainty and prioritizing methodological improvements. Using the USA as a case study, we identify and attribute uncertainty across all US NGHGI LULUCF “uncertainty elements” (inputs, parameters, models, and instances of plot-based sampling) and provide GHG flux estimates for omitted inventory categories. The largest sources of uncertainty are distributed across LULUCF inventory categories, underlining the importance of sector-wide analysis: forestry (tree biomass sampling error; tree volume and specific gravity allometric parameters; soil carbon model), cropland and grassland (DayCent model structure and inputs), and settlement (urban tree gross to net carbon sequestration ratio) elements contribute over 90% of uncertainty. Net emissions of 123 MMT CO2e could be omitted from the US NGHGI, including Alaskan grassland and wetland soil carbon stock change (90.4 MMT CO2), urban mineral soil carbon stock change (34.7 MMT CO2), and federal cropland and grassland N2O (21.8 MMT CO2e). We explain how these findings and other ongoing research can support improved LULUCF monitoring and transparency.
Localization of QTL for cold tolerance at the germination stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using recombinant inbred lines
Authors: Cao Liangzi , Jiang Shukun , Ding Guohua , Wang Tongtong , Bai Liangming , Zhou Jinsong , Luo Yu , Xia Tianshu , Jiang Hui , Liu Kai , Wang Xueyang , Yang Guang , Sun Shichen
Published: January 2022

The cold tolerance of germinating direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.) has an increased rate of emergence, which ensures vigorous seedling growth. Research on QTL localization for cold tolerance at the germination stage can assist in molecular marker-assisted selection and enhance breeding efficiency. In this study, 94 populations of recombinant self-incompatible lines from Heigu and Ha 9366 were selected to investigate germination rates at low temperatures. It was found that two QTL loci (qLTG-3 and qLTG-12) were located at different germination times on chromosomes 3 and 12, respectively. The two QTLs at three different germination times, located using QTL, accounted for 21.3–25.9% of the phenotypic variation. Moreover, a reciprocal effect was detected between the two QTLs. The double QTLs increased the germination rate by 22–27% in this population. Additionally, qLTG-12 improved cold tolerance at the seedling stage. The results of this study might provide the materials and molecular markers for future molecular marker-assisted breeding for cold tolerance at the germination stage.
Real-time grasping strategies using event camera
Authors: Huang Xiaoqian , Halwani Mohamad , Muthusamy Rajkumar , Ayyad Abdulla , Swart Dewald , Seneviratne Lakmal , Gan Dongming , Zweiri Yahya
Published: January 2022

Robotic vision plays a key role for perceiving the environment in grasping applications. However, the conventional framed-based robotic vision, suffering from motion blur and low sampling rate, may not meet the automation needs of evolving industrial requirements. This paper, for the first time, proposes an event-based robotic grasping framework for multiple known and unknown objects in a cluttered scene. With advantages of microsecond-level sampling rate and no motion blur of event camera, the model-based and model-free approaches are developed for known and unknown objects’ grasping respectively. The event-based multi-view approach is used to localize the objects in the scene in the model-based approach, and then point cloud processing is utilized to cluster and register the objects. The proposed model-free approach, on the other hand, utilizes the developed event-based object segmentation, visual servoing and grasp planning to localize, align to, and grasp the targeting object. Using a UR10 robot with an eye-in-hand neuromorphic camera and a Barrett hand gripper, the proposed approaches are experimentally validated with objects of different sizes. Furthermore, it demonstrates robustness and a significant advantage over grasping with a traditional frame-based camera in low-light conditions.
Identification of Cuticular and Web Lipids of the Spider Argiope bruennichi
Authors: Gerbaulet Moritz , Möllerke Anton , Weiss Katharina , Chinta Satya , Schneider Jutta M. , Schulz Stefan
Published: January 2022

Emerging evidence shows that the cuticular and silk lipids of spiders are structurally more diverse than those of insects, although only a relatively low number of species have been investigated so far. As in insects, such lipids might play a role as signals in various contexts. The wasp spiderArgiope bruennichihas probably the best investigated chemical communication system within spiders, including the known structure of the female sex pheromone. Recently we showed that kin-recognition inA. bruennichicould be mediated through the cuticular compounds consisting of hydrocarbons and, to a much larger proportion, of wax esters. By use of mass spectrometry and various derivatization methods, these were identified as esters of 2,4-dimethylalkanoic acids and 1-alkanols of varying chain lengths, such as tetradecyl 2,4-dimethylheptadecanoate. A representative enantioselective synthesis of this compound was performed which proved the identifications and allowed us to postulate that the natural enantiomer likely has the (2R,4R)-configuration. Chemical profiles of the silk and cuticular lipids of females were similar, while male cuticular profiles differed from those of females. Major components of the male cuticular lipids were tridecyl 2,4-dimethyl-C17-19alkanoates, whereas those of females were slightly longer, comprising tridecyl 2,4-dimethyl-C19-21alkanoates. In addition, minor female-specific 4-methylalkyl esters were detected.
Public Understanding of Coercive Control in Northern Ireland
Authors: Lagdon Susan , Jordan Julie-Ann , Devine Paula , Tully Mark A. , Armour Cherie , Shannon Ciaran
Published: January 2022

Coercive control is characterised by negative behaviours which intimidate, threaten, and humiliate a person or restrict a person’s liberty. In addition to being a known risk factor for experiencing other forms of violence, research has linked coercive control to symptoms of psychological distress and suicidality. In the UK, coercive and controlling behaviours within intimate and familial relationships have been legislated as offending behaviours. However, there still exists a lack of international evidence on wider public knowledge and understanding of coercive control. The Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (NILT) is an annual cross-sectional representative survey of social policy topics. Participants are adults aged 18 years or over. Concerning coercive control, respondents were presented with two relationship scenarios: obvious and less obvious coercive control. Following each scenario, respondents indicated their level of agreement to ten statements covering attitudes towards coercive control, victims of coercive control, talking about coercive control, and whether coercive control is a crime. Respondents indicated whether they had heard of the term ‘coercive control’. Predictors of coercive control awareness were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Mixed analysis of variance assessed if agreement levels to the ten statements varied by type of coercive control and victim gender. Most respondents said that they had heard of the term coercive control and knew what it meant. Those who had not heard of coercive control at all were more likely to be on a lower income, less qualified and younger, when compared to those who said they knew what the term meant. Significant interactions between coercive control type and victim gender were evident for all ten statements. While most respondents are aware of the term coercive control, a significant number have not and are therefore unlikely to recognise the signs of this type of abuse.
Fast Barycentric-Based Evaluation Over Spectral/hp Elements
Authors: Laughton Edward , Zala Vidhi , Narayan Akil , Kirby Robert M. , Moxey David
Published: January 2022

As the use of spectral/hp element methods, and high-order finite element methods in general, continues to spread, community efforts to create efficient, optimized algorithms associated with fundamental high-order operations have grown. Core tasks such as solution expansion evaluation at quadrature points, stiffness and mass matrix generation, and matrix assembly have received tremendous attention. With the expansion of the types of problems to which high-order methods are applied, and correspondingly the growth in types of numerical tasks accomplished through high-order methods, the number and types of these core operations broaden. This work focuses on solution expansion evaluation at arbitrary points within an element. This operation is core to many postprocessing applications such as evaluation of streamlines and pathlines, as well as to field projection techniques such as mortaring. We expand barycentric interpolation techniques developed on an interval to 2D (triangles and quadrilaterals) and 3D (tetrahedra, prisms, pyramids, and hexahedra) spectral/hp element methods. We provide efficient algorithms for their implementations, and demonstrate their effectiveness using the spectral/hp element library Nektar++ by running a series of baseline evaluations against the ‘standard’ Lagrangian method, where an interpolation matrix is generated and matrix-multiplication applied to evaluate a point at a given location. We present results from a rigorous series of benchmarking tests for a variety of element shapes, polynomial orders and dimensions. We show that when the point of interest is to be repeatedly evaluated, the barycentric method performs at worst $$50\%$$

50
%

slower, when compared to a cached matrix evaluation. However, when the point of interest changes repeatedly so that the interpolation matrix must be regenerated in the ‘standard’ approach, the barycentric method yields far greater performance, with a minimum speedup factor of $$7\times $$

7
×

. Furthermore, when derivatives of the solution evaluation are also required, the barycentric method in general slightly outperforms the cached interpolation matrix method across all elements and orders, with an up to $$30\%$$

30
%

speedup. Finally we investigate a real-world example of scalar transport using a non-conformal discontinuous Galerkin simulation, in which we observe around $$6\times $$

6
×

speedup in computational time for the barycentric method compared to the matrix-based approach. We also explore the complexity of both interpolation methods and show that the barycentric interpolation method requires $${\mathcal {O}}(k)$$

O
(
k
)

storage compared to a best case space complexity of $${\mathcal {O}}(k^2)$$

O
(

k
2

)

for the Lagrangian interpolation matrix method.
Analysis of human exposure to landslides with a GIS multiscale approach
Authors: Modugno S. , Johnson S. C. M. , Borrelli P. , Alam E. , Bezak N. , Balzter H.
Published: January 2022

Decision-making plays a key role in reducing landslide risk and preventing natural disasters. Land management, recovery of degraded lands, urban planning, and environmental protection in general are fundamental for mitigating landslide hazard and risk. Here, we present a GIS-based multi-scale approach to highlight where and when a country is affected by a high probability of landslide occurrence. In the first step, a landslide human exposure equation is developed considering the landslide susceptibility triggered by rain as hazard, and the population density as exposed factor. The output, from this overview analysis, is a global GIS layer expressing the number of potentially affected people by month, where the monthly rain is used to weight the landslide hazard. As following step, Logistic Regression (LR) analysis was implemented at a national and local level. The Receiver Operating Characteristic indicator is used to understand the goodness of a LR model. The LR models are defined by a dependent variable, presence–absence of landslide points, versus a set of independent environmental variables. The results demonstrate the relevance of a multi-scale approach, at national level the biophysical variables are able to detect landslide hotspot areas, while at sub-regional level geomorphological aspects, like land cover, topographic wetness, and local climatic condition have greater explanatory power.
Sharp Interface Limit of Stochastic Cahn-Hilliard Equation with Singular Noise
Authors: Baňas Ľubomír , Yang Huanyu , Zhu Rongchan
Published: January 2022

We study the sharp interface limit of the two dimensional stochastic Cahn-Hilliard equation driven by two types of singular noise: a space-time white noise and a space-time singular divergence-type noise. We show that with appropriate scaling of the noise the solutions of the stochastic problems converge to the solutions of the determinisitic Mullins-Sekerka/Hele-Shaw problem.
The Heart and Cannabis (THC) Cohort: Differences in Baseline Health and Behaviors by Cannabis Use
Authors: Keyhani Salomeh , Cohen Beth E. , Vali Marzieh , Hoggatt Katherine J. , Bravata Dawn M. , Austin Peter C. , Lum Emily , Hasin Deborah S. , Grunfeld Carl , Shlipak Michael G.
Published: January 2022

Background

Evidence on the cardiovascular health effects of cannabis use is limited. We designed a prospective cohort study of older Veterans (66 to 68 years) with coronary artery disease (CAD) to understand the cardiovascular consequences of cannabis use. We describe the cohort construction, baseline characteristics, and health behaviors that were associated with smoking cannabis.

Objective

To understand the cardiovascular consequences of cannabis use.

Design

We designed a prospective cohort study of older Veterans (66 to 68 years) with CAD.

Participants

A total of 1,015 current cannabis smokers and 3,270 non-cannabis smokers with CAD.

Main Measures

Using logistic regression, we examined the association of baseline variables with smoking cannabis in the past 30 days.

Results

The current cannabis smokers and non-current smokers were predominantly male (97.2% vs 97.1%, p=0.96). Characteristics associated with recent cannabis use in multivariable analyses included lack of a high school education (odds ratio [OR] 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10 to 4.19), financial difficulty (OR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.11), tobacco use (OR 3.02, 95% CI: 1.66 to 5.48), current drug use (OR 2.82, 95% CI: 1.06 to 7.46), and prior drug use (OR 2.84, 95% CI: 2.11 to 3.82). In contrast, compared to individuals with 0 to 1 comorbid conditions, those with 5 chronic conditions or more (OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.70) were less likely to smoke cannabis.

Conclusions

In this older high-risk cohort, smoking cannabis was associated with higher social and behavioral risk, but with fewer chronic health conditions.
Novel Evidence That Alternative Pathway of Complement Cascade Activation is Required for Optimal Homing and Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem/progenitor Cells
Authors: Adamiak Mateusz , Ciechanowicz Andrzej , Chumak Vira , Bujko Kamila , Ratajczak Janina , Brzezniakiewicz-Janus Katarzyna , Kucia Magdalena , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: January 2022

We reported in the past that activation of the third (C3) and fifth element (C5) of complement cascade (ComC) is required for a proper homing and engraftment of transplanted hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Since myeloablative conditioning for transplantation triggers in recipient bone marrow (BM) state of sterile inflammation, we have become interested in the role of complement in this process and the potential involvement of alternative pathway of ComC activation. We noticed that factor B deficient mice (FB-KO) that do not activate properly alternative pathway, engraft poorly with BM cells from normal wild type (WT) mice. We observed defects both in homing and engraftment of transplanted HSPCs. To shed more light on these phenomena, we found that myeloablative lethal irradiation conditioning for transplantation activates purinergic signaling, ComC, and Nlrp3 inflammasome in WT mice, which is significantly impaired in FB-KO animals. Our proteomics analysis revealed that conditioned for transplantation lethally irradiated FB-KO compared to normal control animals have lower expression of several proteins involved in positive regulation of cell migration, trans-endothelial migration, immune system, cellular signaling protein, and metabolic pathways. Overall, our recent study further supports the role of innate immunity in homing and engraftment of HSPCs.

Graphical Abstract
Simulation study on performance optimization factors of inflatable cushion based on rigidity theory
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Chen
Published: January 2022

In this study, we present the influencing factors and the specific degree of cushioning performance of the air column bag. We analyze and summarize the theory of air column bag rigidity and determine that the initial inflation pressure is the most important factor affecting the performance of the pad. Select an energy-saving lamp as the package, wrap it with an air column bag with different unique initial inflation pressure, and carry out drop simulation analysis and drop test on the package. It is found that the air pressure gradient defined in the test can effectively play a protective role; smaller initial inflation pressure can effectively prolong the buffer action time, and larger initial inflation pressure can effectively improve the cushion's absorption capacity of impact energy, but if the air pressure exceeds a certain range, it is counterproductive. A comprehensive comparison shows that taking 40 kPa as the initial inflation pressure may be the best cushioning effect. Finally, it provides reference suggestions for further accurate use and simulation research on air column bags.

Article highlights

Based on the rigidity theory, the initial inflation pressure is the largest factor affecting the performance of an inflatable cushion.

The gas–solid coupling of the pressure vessel is used to simulate the air column bag model.

The energy absorption capacity of air column bag liner with different initial inflation pressure was studied.

To achieve the best cushioning effect, the appropriate initial inflation pressure should be selected, and the larger the value, the better.
Asymptotics of quasi-stationary distributions of small noise stochastic dynamical systems in unbounded domains
Authors: Budhiraja Amarjit , Fraiman Nicolas , Waterbury Adam
Published: January 2022

We consider a collection of Markov chains that model the evolution of multitype biological populations. The state space of the chains is the positive orthant, and the boundary of the orthant is the absorbing state for the Markov chain and represents the extinction states of different population types. We are interested in the long-term behavior of the Markov chain away from extinction, under a small noise scaling. Under this scaling, the trajectory of the Markov process over any compact interval converges in distribution to the solution of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) evolving in the positive orthant. We study the asymptotic behavior of the quasi-stationary distributions (QSD) in this scaling regime. Our main result shows that, under conditions, the limit points of the QSD are supported on the union of interior attractors of the flow determined by the ODE. We also give lower bounds on expected extinction times which scale exponentially with the system size. Results of this type when the deterministic dynamical system obtained under the scaling limit is given by a discrete-time evolution equation and the dynamics are essentially in a compact space (namely, the one-step map is a bounded function) have been studied by Faure and Schreiber (2014). Our results extend these to a setting of an unbounded state space and continuous-time dynamics. The proofs rely on uniform large deviation results for small noise stochastic dynamical systems and methods from the theory of continuous-time dynamical systems.

In general, QSD for Markov chains with absorbing states and unbounded state spaces may not exist. We study one basic family of binomial-Poisson models in the positive orthant where one can use Lyapunov function methods to establish existence of QSD and also to argue the tightness of the QSD of the scaled sequence of Markov chains. The results from the first part are then used to characterize the support of limit points of this sequence of QSD.
Impact of a pilot multimodal intervention to decrease antibiotic use for respiratory infections in a geriatric clinic
Authors: Chauhan Lakshmi R. , Huang Misha , Abdo Mona , Church Skotti , Fixen Danielle , MaWhinney Samantha , Miller Matthew , Erlandson Kristine M.
Published: January 2022

Background:

More than 80% of antibiotics are prescribed in the outpatient setting, of which 30% are inappropriate. The National Action Plan for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance called for a 50% decrease in outpatient antibiotic use by 2020. Inappropriate antibiotics are associated with adverse reactions and Clostridioides difficile infection, especially among older adults.

Study design:

Before and after study.

Methods:

We performed a quality improvement initiative at the University of Colorado Seniors Clinic. Providers received education on antibiotic guidelines, electronic antibiotic order sets were introduced with standardized stop dates. Antibiotic use data were collected for 6 months before and 6 months after the intervention, from December to May to avoid seasonal variation. Descriptive statistics and linear mixed-effects regression models were used for this comparison.

Results:

Total antibiotic prescriptions for acute respiratory conditions decreased from 137 prescriptions before the intervention (December 1, 2017, to May 31, 2018) to 112 prescriptions after the intervention (December 1, 2018, to May 31, 2019), driven primarily by decreases in antibiotic prescriptions for pneumonia, sinusitis, and bronchitis. Prescriptions for broad-spectrum antibiotics declined following the intervention including decreases in levofloxacin from 12 (9%) to 3 (3%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate from 15 (12%) to 7 (7%). We detected significant reductions in prescribed antibiotic durations (days) after the intervention for sinusitis (estimate, −2.0; 95% CI, −3.1 to −1.0; P = .0003), pharyngitis (estimate, −2.5; 95% CI, −4.6 to −0.5; P = .018), and otitis (−3.2; 95% CI, −5.2 to −1.3; P = .008).

Conclusions:

Low-cost interventions were initially successful in changing patterns of antibiotic use and decreasing overall antibiotic prescribing among older patients in the outpatient setting. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the sustainability and clinical impact of these interventions.
Knowledge About Biosafety Measures in Clinical Setting During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study With Brazilian Dental Students
Authors: Fernandez Matheus dos Santos , Cascaes Andreia Morales , Muniz Francisco Wilker Mustafa Gomes , Silva Nathalia Ribeiro Jorge da , Bielavski Camilla Hubner , Silva Alexandre Emidio Ribeiro
Published: January 2022

Objective:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge of Brazilian dental students about biosafety measures that should be adopted in the clinical setting during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study with 1050 dental students was conducted. A semi-structured questionnaire was shared with students. Mean knowledge score on biosafety guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic was the outcome, with a maximum of 8 scores. Explanatory variables included sociodemographic and educational characteristics, aspects related to biosafety education, actions adopted by the dental schools during the pandemic, and sources of biosafety information. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed.

Results:

Mean knowledge score was 5.19 (1.28). Female students (β = 0.346; 95% CI: 0.154–0.539), those enrolled in the intermediate (β = 0.525; 95% CI: 0.167–0.883) or final (β = 0.569; 95% CI: 0.200–0.937) stage of course, and those who had already received theoretical-practical training in biosafety (β = 0.464; 95% CI: 0.063–0.866) presented higher mean knowledge scores. Students who did not receive guidance on aerosol control measures before the pandemic (β = −0.324; 95% CI: −0.519 to −0.130) had the lowest score.

Conclusion:

Students presented a medium level of knowledge about dental biosafety measures concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Sociodemographic characteristics and those related to the institutional profile of the participants, and access to orientation and training in biosafety, may influence their knowledge.
Spatiotemporal coupling investigations for Ti:sapphire-based multi-PW lasers
Authors: Zou Ji Ping , Coïc Hervé , Papadopoulos Dimitris
Published: January 2022

Emerging multi-PW-class lasers and their envisioned laser–plasma interaction applications in unprecedented intensity regimes set a very demanding frame for the precise understanding of the finest properties of these systems. In this work we present a synthesis of simulation studies on a series of less known or even completely disregarded spatiotemporal effects that could potentially impact greatly the performances of high-intensity lasers.
Reproductive Technologies and Free Speech
Authors: Suter Sonia M.
Published: January 2022

The Supreme Court and lower courts have not articulated a clear or consistent framework for First Amendment analysis of speech restrictions in health care and with respect to abortion. After offering a coherent doctrine for analysis of speech restrictions in the doctor-patient relationship, this piece demonstrates how potential legislation restricting patient access to information from reproductive testing intended to limit “undesirable” reproductive choices would violate the First Amendment.
Vaccines Mandates and Religion: Where are We Headed with the Current Supreme Court?
Authors: Reiss Dorit R.
Published: January 2022

This article argues that the Supreme Court should not require a religious exemption from vaccine mandates. For children, who cannot yet make autonomous religious decision, religious exemptions would allow parents to make a choice that puts the child at risk and makes the shared environment of the school unsafe — risking other people’s children. For adults, there are still good reasons not to require a religious exemption, since vaccines mandates are adopted for public health reasons, not to target religion, are an area where free riding is a real risk, no religion actually prohibits vaccinating under a mandate, and policing religious exemptions is very difficult.
The Dizziness of Freedom: Understanding and Responding to Vaccine Anxieties
Authors: Benbow David I.
Published: January 2022

The rise in vaccine hesitancy in high-income countries has led some to recommend that certain vaccinations be made compulsory in states where they are currently voluntary. In contrast, I contend that legal coercion is generally inappropriate to address the complex social and psychological phenomenon of vaccine anxieties.
Legal Interventions to Counter COVID-19 Denialism
Authors: Hodge James G. , Piatt Jennifer L. , Barraza Leila
Published: January 2022

A series of denialist state laws thwart efficacious public health emergency response efforts despite escalating impacts of the spread of the Delta variant during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Observers use gesture to disambiguate contrastive expressions of preference
Authors: Parrill Fey , Hinnell Jennifer , Moran Grace , Boylan Hannah , Gupta Ishita , Zamir Aisha
Published: January 2022

We present two studies exploring how participants respond when a speaker contrasts two ideas, then expresses an ambiguous preference towards one of them. Study 1 showed that, when reading a speaker’s preference as text, participants tended to choose whatever was said last as matching the speaker’s preference, reflecting the recent-mention bias of anaphora resolution. In Study 2, we asked whether this pattern changed for audio versions of our stimuli. We found that it did not. We then asked whether observers used gesture to disambiguate the speaker’s preference. Participants watched videos in which two statements were spoken. Co-speech gestures were produced during each statement, in two different locations. Next, an ambiguous preference for one option was spoken. In ‘gesture disambiguating’ trials, this statement was accompanied by a gesture in the same spatial location as the gesture accompanying the first statement. In ‘gesture non-disambiguating’ trials, no third gesture occurred. Participants chose the first statement as matching the speaker’s preference more often for gesture disambiguating compared to non-disambiguating trials. Our findings add to the literature on resolution of ambiguous anaphoric reference involving concrete entities and discourse deixis, and we extend this literature to show that gestures indexing abstract ideas are also used during discourse comprehension.
POINTS IN A FOLD
Authors: BUNDER MARTIN , TOGNETTI KEITH , BATES BRUCE
Published: January 2022

When a page, represented by the interval$[0,1],$is folded right over left$ n$times, the right-hand fold contains a sequence of points. We specify these points and the order in which they appear in each fold. We also determine exactly where in the folded structure any point in$[0,1]$appears and, given any point on the bottom line of the structure, which point lies at each level above it.
GROUPS WITH A GIVEN NUMBER OF NONPOWER SUBGROUPS
Authors: ANABANTI C. S. , HART S. B.
Published: January 2022

No group has exactly one or two nonpower subgroups. We classify groups containing exactly three nonpower subgroups and show that there is a unique finite group with exactly four nonpower subgroups. Finally, we show that given any integer k greater than
$4$
, there are infinitely many groups with exactly k nonpower subgroups.
Recommended dairy intake is associated with healthy dietary habits, better physical fitness, less obesity and a healthier lifestyle profile in school age children
Authors: Tambalis Konstantinos D. , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Psarra Glykeria , Sidossis Labros S.
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to identify the association of recommended dairy intake with several dietary habits, obesity, physical fitness (PF), physical activity (PA), screen time and sleep. Population data were derived from a health survey on a representative sample of 177 091 children aged 8–17 years. Dairy intake and dietary habits were evaluated using questionnaires (KIDMED index). Participants were characterised as ‘dairy products consumers’ based on whether they met current recommendations for milk or dairy consumption (e.g. if they consumed two yogurts and/or 40 g cheese and a cup of milk daily). Participants who did not consume the above-mentioned quantities were characterised as ‘non-consumers.’ Anthropometric and PF data were obtained by trained investigators. PA status, screen time and sleeping habits were assessed through self-completed questionnaires. Boys and girls consuming recommended dairy products were 25 % (95 % CI: 0·71, 0·79) and 43 % (95 % CI: 0·51, 0·64) less likely to have low performances in cardiorespiratory fitness tests, Participants from both sexes classified as dairy products consumers had lower odds of central obesity by 10 % (95 % CI: 0·86, 0·95), as compared with non-consumers. Moreover, recommended dairy products consumers had lower odds for insufficient sleep by 8 % (95 % CI: 0·89, 0·96) in boys and 14 % (95 % CI: 0·83–0·90) in girls, for inadequate PA levels by 15 % (95 % CI: 0·77, 0·93) in boys and 16 % (95 % CI: 0·76, 0·90) in girls and for increased screen time by 11 % (95 % CI: 0·83, 0·95) in boys and 9 % (95 % CI: 0·85, 0·97) in girls than no-consumers. In conclusion, recommended dairy intake is associated with less obesity, better PF and a healthier lifestyle profile.
Graded identities for algebras with elementary gradings over an infinite field
Authors: Diniz Diogo , Fidelis Claudemir , Koshlukov Plamen
Published: January 2022

Let $F$ be an infinite field of positive characteristic $p > 2$ and let $G$ be a group. In this paper, we study the graded identities satisfied by an associative algebra equipped with an elementary $G$-grading. Let $E$ be the infinite-dimensional Grassmann algebra. For every $a$, $b\in \mathbb {N}$, we provide a basis for the graded polynomial identities, up to graded monomial identities, for the verbally prime algebras $M_{a,b}(E)$, as well as their tensor products, with their elementary gradings. Moreover, we give an alternative proof of the fact that the tensor product $M_{a,b}(E)\otimes M_{r,s}(E)$ and $M_{ar+bs,as+br}(E)$ are $F$-algebras which are not PI equivalent. Actually, we prove that the $T_{G}$-ideal of the former algebra is contained in the $T$-ideal of the latter. Furthermore, the inclusion is proper. Recall that it is well known that these algebras satisfy the same multilinear identities and hence in characteristic 0 they are PI equivalent.
Sleepwalking, Class Mobility, and the Search for the Social Origins of Populism in Charles Brockden Brown's Edgar Huntly
Authors: REED WAYNE M.
Published: January 2022

This paper argues that Brown's sleepwalkers in Edgar Huntly offer us an early figuration for the problems inherent in the phenomenon we now refer to as “populism.” Both populism and sleepwalking function through paradoxical and incongruent forms of expression that appear incoherent. The most prominent explanations that account for this paradoxical form of expression rely on an analysis of the breakdown of discourse. However, this paper argues that the incongruous form of expression is rooted in the reconfiguration of the social arrangements that enable Clithero and Edgar to advance socially but also places them in proximity to social crises. The contradictions of this position of social mobility are the source of the contradictions of the expression of sleepwalking. In depicting a world that makes social identity precarious, Brown offers us an explanation for how such paradoxical modes of expression are rooted in unstable resolutions of post-revolutionary society.
Live-streaming otolaryngology surgical procedures for virtual medical student rotations
Authors: Shah H P , Narwani V , Lee Y H
Published: January 2022

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic created challenges in surgical education that expedited the development of virtual learning. Virtual rotations have been one such solution. However, they require co-ordination and technological equipment to create a meaningful, interactive experience for students.

Methods

Various otolaryngology surgical procedures were live-streamed during a two-week virtual rotation for medical students. A mobile audiovisual cart comprising a computer mounted with a webcam and microphone/speaker were utilised to live-stream from four sources: video-assisted telescope operating monitor (‘VITOM’) exoscope, microscope, endoscope and room camera. A dedicated faculty member, who was not the operating surgeon, was present to facilitate students’ understanding of the procedure.

Conclusion

A wide breadth of otolaryngology surgical procedures were live-streamed via a mobile audiovisual computer, including views of the room, endoscopic views, microscopic views and open views via an exoscope (video-assisted telescope operating monitor). This virtual rotation set-up, along with the dedicated faculty facilitator, reduced the burden on the operating surgeon and enhanced students’ learning experience.
Prevalence and evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the intensive care unit
Authors: Mallart R , Rossignol C , Poppe J B , Prum G , Tamion F , Veber B , Verin E
Published: January 2022

Objective

The main objective was to assess the prevalence of dysphagia in the intensive care unit in patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Methods. A cohort, observational, retrospective study was conducted of patients admitted to the intensive care unit for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pneumonia at the University Hospital of Rouen in France.

Results

Over 4 months, 58 patients were intubated and ventilated, 43 of whom were evaluated. Screening revealed post-extubation dysphagia in 62.7 per cent of patients. In univariate analysis, a significant association was found between the presence of dysphagia and: the severity of the initial pathology, the duration of intubation, the duration of curare use, the degree of muscle weakness and the severity indicated on the initial scan. At the end of intensive care unit treatment, 22 per cent of the dysphagic patients had a normal diet, 56 per cent had an adapted diet and 22 per cent still received exclusive tube feeding.

Conclusion

Post-extubation dysphagia is frequent and needs to be investigated.
The clinical course of vestibular neuritis from the point of view of the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential
Authors: Manzari L , Graziano D , Zambonini G , Faralli M , Morone G , Tramontano M
Published: January 2022

Background

Studying otolith functions after unilateral vestibular neuritis using ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and subjective visual vertical tests could give different results.

Method

A total of 39 patients underwent a vestibular assessment that included the Dizziness Handicap Inventory and horizontal and vertical semicircular canal function testing with video head impulse testing, ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing, cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and subjective visual vertical testing.

Results

All patients showed a significant alteration (asymmetry ratio more than 40 per cent) for ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials as well as for subjective visual vertical testing (more than −2° to more than +2°) during the acute phase, whereas after 72 hours from the acute vertigo attack normal values (asymmetry ratio less than 40 per cent) were found in 6 out of 39 patients for ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and 36 out of 39 for the subjective visual vertical (less than −2° to less than +2°).

Conclusion

Ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials are the most suitable test to evaluate otolith functions in patients with unilateral vestibular neuritis in the acute and sub-acute phase.
The syntax of inner aspect in Hungarian
Authors: KARDOS ÉVA , FARKAS IMOLA-ÁGNES
Published: January 2022

This paper is concerned with the syntactic representation of inner aspect in Hungarian. We contribute to the extant research on inner aspectual markers by providing an analysis of entailed versus implied telicity as well as the (non)maximality effects with which telic predicates are associated. Although we focus on the grammar of Hungarian, we also draw parallels between typologically different languages like Finno-Ugric (e.g. Hungarian and Finnish) and Germanic (e.g. English) regarding their inner aspectual marking strategies, and the interaction of inner aspect and case assignment.
Captain Scott rewrote his story: January–June 1911
Authors: Alp Bill
Published: January 2022

This article reveals that Captain Robert Falcon Scott rewrote his Terra Nova journals for the period 24 January to 18 June 1911, making extensive changes, in places. He made carbon copies of his journal from then until 31 October 1911. The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) holds the combined manuscript as Carbon copy of diary as leader of British Antarctic Expedition, Jan. to Oct. 1911 with reference number RFS/1. This little-known version of Scott’s journals has apparently been overlooked by many researchers and scholars. The main research question addressed by the article is: “What was the significance of Captain Scott rewriting his story?” The article reviews two versions of Scott’s story – the published narrative Scott’s Last Expedition, and RFS/1. It investigates the provenance of each version and then reviews differences between the two texts. Three key differences stand out, suggesting the underlying pressures that drove Scott to rewrite his story in mid-1911. The article touches upon editorial changes made by Leonard Huxley in compiling Scott’s Last Expedition and contrasts those changes with changes made by Scott when rewriting the same passages. It also investigates the provenance of a typescript version of RFS/1 held by Canterbury Museum.
Second or foreign language learning through watching audio-visual input and the role of on-screen text
Authors: Montero Perez Maribel
Published: January 2022

This article discusses research into the role of audio-visual input for second language (L2) or foreign language learning. It also addresses questions related to the effectiveness of audio-visual input with different types of on-screen text such as subtitles (i.e., in learners’ first language) and captions (i.e., subtitles in the same language as the L2 audio) for L2 learning. The review discusses the following themes: (a) the characteristics of audio-visual input such as the multimodal nature of the input and vocabulary demands of video; (b) L2 learners’ comprehension of audio-visual input and the role of different types of on-screen text; (c) the effectiveness of audio-visual input and on-screen text for aspects of L2 learning including vocabulary, grammar, and listening; and (d) research into L2 learners’ use and perceptions of audio-visual input and on-screen text. The review ends with a consideration of implications for teaching practice and a conclusion that discusses the generalizability of current research in relation to suggestions for future research.
ABO blood group and risk of malaria during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ai Ling , Li Jingyuan , Wang Wenjun , Li Yuying
Published: January 2022

The association between the ABO blood group and the risk of malaria during pregnancy has not been clearly established. The present study summarised relevant knowledge and reassessed the association through meta-analysis. Articles in MEDICINE and PubMed published before 30 November 2021 were searched. Five studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the meta-analysis. It was shown that primiparae with different ABO blood group, multiparae with blood group A and non-A, AB and non-AB had a comparable risk of malaria. However, multiparae with blood group B had a significantly higher risk than non-B group [odds ratio (OR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.01 to 1.50, P = 0.04], while multiparae with blood group O had a significantly lower risk than non-O group (OR = 0.78, 95% CI was 0.63 to 0.97, P = 0.03). Therefore, the ABO blood group may not result in a different risk of malaria in primiparae. Blood group B is potentially a risk factor while blood group O is a protective factor for multiparae.
A left atrial hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes
Authors: Rosen Kate , Bishara James A. , Hakar Melanie
Published: January 2022

We present a case of a hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes. This is an extremely rare tumour and the first reported paediatric case localised in the left atrium.
Clinical impact of subcutaneous treprostinil in trisomy 21 patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with CHD
Authors: Numata Ryusuke , Takigiku Kiyohiro , Takei Kouta
Published: January 2022

Subcutaneous treprostinil is commonly used to improve idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in children. However, its effectiveness has not been reported in trisomy 21. We report the case of 9-year-old boy in trisomy 21 with CHD-pulmonary artery hypertension after surgical correction of CHD. Haemodynamics and exercise capacity dramatically improved with a transition from oral selexipag to subcutaneous treprostinil.
Limited implementation of California’s Healthy Default Beverage law for children’s meals sold online
Authors: Thompson Hannah R , Martin Anna , Strochlic Ron , Singh Sonali , Woodward-Lopez Gail
Published: January 2022

Objective:

To reduce children’s sugar-sweetened beverage intake, California’s Healthy-By-Default Beverage law (SB1192) mandates only unflavoured dairy/non-dairy milk or water be the default drinks with restaurant children’s meals. The objective of this study is to examine consistency with this law for meals sold through online platforms from restaurants in low-income California neighbourhoods.

Design:

This observational, cross-sectional study examines beverage availability, upcharges (additional cost) and presentation of beverage options consistent with SB1192 (using four increasingly restrictive criteria) within a random sample of quick-service restaurants (QSR) in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education eligible census tracts selling children’s meals online from November 2020 to April 2021.

Setting:

Low-income California neighbourhoods (n 226 census tracts).

Participants:

QSR that sold children’s meals online via a restaurant-specific platform, DoorDash, GrubHub and/or UberEats (n 631 observations from 254 QSR).

Results:

Seventy percent of observations offered water; 63 % offered unflavoured milk. Among all beverages, water was most likely to have an upcharge; among observations offering water (n 445), 41 % had an upcharge (average $0·51). Among observations offering unflavoured milk (n 396), 11 % had an upcharge (average $0·38). No observations upcharged for soda (regular or diet). Implementation consistency with SB1192 ranged from 40·5 % (using the least restrictive criteria) to 5·6 % (most restrictive) of observations.

Conclusions:

Based on observations from restaurant websites and three of the most popular online ordering platforms, most California QSR located in low-income neighbourhoods are not offering children’s meal beverages consistent with the state’s Healthy-By-Default Beverage law. As the popularity of online ordering increases, further work to ensure restaurants offering healthy default beverages with children’s meals sold online is necessary.
Social arrangements. Kinship, descent and affinity in the mortuary architecture of Early Neolithic Britain and Ireland
Authors: Fowler Chris
Published: January 2022

This article reassesses the social significance of Early Neolithic chambered tombs. It critically evaluates inferences about social organization drawn from tomb architecture and interpretations of kinship based on aDNA analyses of human remains from tombs. Adopting the perspective that kinship is a multifaceted and ongoing field of practice, it argues that the arrangement of tomb chambers was related to the negotiation of Early Neolithic kinship. Drawing together inferences about biological relatedness from aDNA analyses with interpretations of chamber arrangements, it suggests that variation in the architectural arrangements and sequential modification of chambered tombs relates to different ways of negotiating aspects of kinship, particularly descent and affinity. It presents interpretations of how kinship was negotiated at Early Neolithic tombs in different regions of Britain and Ireland and concludes that it is increasingly possible to gauge pattern and diversity in Neolithic negotiations of kinship, descent and affinity by combining different strands of evidence, including architectural arrangement.