bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Titania Solid Thin Films Deposited by pp‐MOCVD Exhibiting Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Krumdieck Susan , Gorthy Rukmini , Land Johann G. , Gardecka Aleksandra J. , Polson Matthew I. J. , Boichot Raphael , Bishop Catherine M. , Kennedy John V.
Published: December 2017

The crisis of hospital‐acquired infections is driving intense interest in surface coatings that can inhibit colonization and reduce spread of pathogens to vulnerable patients. Widespread use of antibiotics and antimicrobial silver and copper has been demonstrated to trigger evolution of resistant strains of bacteria. The self‐cleaning properties of TiO2 could be a breakthrough for fighting HAI outbreaks if the photocatalytic activity (PCA) can be shifted to the spectrum of indoor light, and if a robust coating could be manufactured on hospital touch surfaces. MOCVD using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) is currently the standard method for applying self‐cleaning TiO2 to industrial glass. In this study, pulsed‐pressure MOCVD (pp‐MOCVD) was used to produce a solid coating composed of columnar microstructure anatase phase TiO2 with 200 nm diameter. This microstructure has enhanced active surface area and co‐deposited amorphous carbon on the crystal surfaces. The microstructure and carbon content were studied as a function of deposition temperature, and the new TiO2 coating was demonstrated to exhibit significant PCA under standard indoor lighting.
Anisotropic Fracture Toughness of Bulk GaN
Authors: Cheng Yutian , Cai Duanjun , Wang Hui , Wu Jiejun , Liu Xiangshun , Zhang Guoyi , Yu Tongjun
Published: December 2017

The wurtzite structure of GaN determines its anisotropic mechanical properties, which is significant in the processes of material preparation and application. By using nanoindentation method, the fracture toughnesses along the c‐, a‐, and m‐planes of GaN were measured. Experimental results reveal that the fracture toughnesses along nonpolar m‐ and a‐planes are similar, 1.55 ± 0.13 MPa · m1/2 and 1.59 ± 0.12 MPa · m1/2, respectively, but obviously smaller than the value of c‐plane, about 2.12 ± 0.21 MPa · m1/2. This could be understood by the differences of GaN bond densities and energies among the corresponding planes. Using first‐principles calculations, the fracture toughness of GaN under different stress states was investigated within the framework of density functional theory. The anisotropic property that the fracture toughness for c‐plane GaN is higher than that of a‐ or m‐plane GaN for all cases of stress states, should be the fundamental reason for the great difficulty in complete separation of thick GaN films, which is the key process in manufacturing GaN substrates.
One‐step electrochemical deposition to achieve superhydrophobic cobalt incorporated amorphous carbon‐based film with self‐cleaning and anti‐corrosion
Authors: Zhou Shengguo , Zhu Xiaobo , Yan Qingqing
Published: December 2017

Exploiting a superhydrophobic surface is very significant due to its excellent water repellency which has many practical applications in various fields. In this work, the cobalt incorporated amorphous carbon‐based (Co/a‐C:H) film was prepared successfully on Si substrate via a simple 1‐step electrochemical deposition where electrochemical deposition technology was using cobalt (II) acetylacetonate methanol solution as electrolyte under high voltage, atmospheric pressure, and low temperature. Surprisingly, the as‐prepared film showed a superior superhydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 153 ± 1° and a sliding angle of 7.6° without any further modification of low surface energy materials. Especially, the tape adhesive, corrosion resistance, and self‐cleaning tests demonstrated that the as‐prepared carbon‐based film could possess fairly well adhesion, superior anti‐corrosion resistance, and self‐cleaning ability, respectively. It indicated that the superhydrophobic Co/a‐C:H film might have potential promising applications in the field of anti‐fouling, anti‐corrosion, and drag resistance, such as the above‐deck structures on icebreaker vessels, ship hulls, and offshore wind turbine blades.
Denitrification of fuel oil by hydrogen‐sulfate pyrazolium‐based ionic liquids
Authors: Li Jie , Zeng Kai , Xu Haoxing , Jiang Feng , Zhang Jianfeng
Published: December 2017

Three ionic liquids (ILs) of pyrazolium cations associated with hydrogen sulfate (HSO4−) anions were synthesized and quinoline denitrification from simulated oil was investigated. 1‐Hexyl‐2,3,5‐trimethylpyzolium ([HexPZM]HSO4) showed the highest extraction efficiency (98%) for denitrification of quinoline from simulated oil, and could be reused more than five times without obvious decrease of extraction efficiency. The denitrification of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline and diesel with [HexPZM]HSO4 were determined with extraction efficiencies of 42.1% and 13.7%, respectively.
Hexagonal Mg(OH)2 Nanosheets as Antibacterial Agent for Treating Contaminated Water Sources
Authors: Azzam Ahmed M. , Shenashen Mohamed A. , Selim Mahmoud M. , Alamoudi Ahmad S. , El‐Safty Sherif A.
Published: December 2017

Many water sources are contaminated by Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria. In this work, low‐cost antibacterial mesoporous nano‐hexagonal Mg(OH)2 sheets (MNMSs) with uniform sizes of 250–450 nm were fabricated. Their structural features enabled the sheets to be a powerful antibacterial agent with high surface reactivity owing to well‐scattered pore windows that provide the sheets with a large surface area. Results revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria were 0.45 and 0.50 mg ml−1, respectively. MNMSs inhibited >97% of very high viable bacterial count 90×104 cfu ml−1 in a one‐step process through 12 hours. Complete inhibition of bacterial growth occurred while maintaining the MNMSs layer composition, indicating reusability. The MNMSs antibacterial agent surface areas were 21.83 and 20.09 m2 g−1 for before and after usage, respectively, while the pore volume has no significant differences for MNMSs before and after usage represented by 0.043 and 0.044 cm3 g−1, respectively. The treated bacterial cells were completely inactivated through the interaction of nanosheets with bacteria, leading to extensively damaged cell membranes and decomposition of internal cellular components. Therefore, the MNMSs can be used to treat biological pollution in water.
Light‐Regenerative Gray ZnO as a Fast and Selective Adsorbent for Dye Removal
Authors: Zuo‐Jiang Sizhi , Ma Ji , Wang Yunguo , Chen Kezheng
Published: December 2017

Gray ZnO adsorbent was synthesized via a facile urea‐assisted solvothermal procedure. Its positive surface charge is conducive to the electrostatic attraction with anionic dyes in aqueous solution. Based on equilibrium and thermodynamic studies, the dye adsorption mechanism on this adsorbent is mainly taken as physisorption. After adsorption, it could be effectively regenerated via sunlight and ultraviolet‐light irradiation. Its remarkable dye adsorption capacity, high selectivity and excellent regeneration efficiency are highly desirable in water treatment.
Enhancing the Stability and Immunomodulatory Activity of Liposomal Spherical Nucleic Acids through Lipid‐Tail DNA Modifications
Authors: Meckes Brian , Banga Resham J. , Nguyen SonBinh T. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: December 2017

Liposomal spherical nucleic acids (LSNAs) are an attractive therapeutic platform for gene regulation and immunomodulation due to their biocompatibility, chemically tunable structures, and ability to enter cells rapidly without the need for ancillary transfection agents. Such structures consist of small (<100 nm) liposomal cores functionalized with a dense, highly oriented nucleic acid shell, both of which are key components in facilitating their biological activity. Here, the properties of LSNAs synthesized using conventional methods, anchoring cholesterol terminated oligonucleotides into a liposomal core, are compared to LSNAs made by directly modifying the surface of a liposomal core containing azide‐functionalized lipids with dibenzocyclooctyl‐terminated oligonucleotides. The surface densities of the oligonucleotides are measured for both types of LSNAs, with the lipid‐modified structures having approximately twice the oligonucleotide surface coverage. The stabilities and cellular uptake properties of these structures are also evaluated. The higher density, lipid‐functionalized structures are markedly more stable than conventional cholesterol‐based structures in the presence of other unmodified liposomes and serum proteins as evidenced by fluorescence assays. Significantly, this new form of LSNA exhibits more rapid cellular uptake and increased sequence‐specific toll‐like receptor activation in immune reporter cell lines, making it a promising candidate for immunotherapy.
Possible Candidates for Impurities in mc‐Si Wafers Responsible for Light‐Induced Lifetime Degradation and Regeneration
Authors: Bredemeier Dennis , Walter Dominic C. , Schmidt Jan
Published: December 2017

We examine the light‐induced carrier lifetime degradation and regeneration at elevated temperature in multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) wafers of different thicknesses. The experimental results show that the thinner the wafer the less pronounced the degradation is and the faster the regeneration takes place. We interpret this result in the framework of a recently proposed defect model, where the lifetime regeneration is attributed to the diffusion of the recombination‐active impurity to the wafer surfaces, where it is permanently trapped. Modeling the measured thickness‐dependent lifetime evolutions enables us to determine the diffusion coefficient of the impurity to be in the range (5 ± 2) × 10−11 cm2  s−1at a temperature of 75 °C. Comparing the diffusion coefficient extracted from our measurements with data published in the literature allows us to exclude most impurities. Despite the large uncertainties in the diffusion coefficient data reported in the literature, reasonable agreement is only obtained for nickel, cobalt, and hydrogen. One important practical implication of our study is that mc‐Si wafers thinner than 120 μm do not suffer from pronounced light‐induced lifetime degradation.
Differences in the Activity of Endogenous Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Impact on the Ability of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Differentiate to Corneal Epithelial-Like Cells
Authors: Kamarudin Taty Anna , Bojic Sanja , Collin Joseph , Yu Min , Alharthi Sameer , Buck Harley , Shortt Alex , Armstrong Lyle , Figueiredo Francisco C. , Lako Majlinda
Published: December 2017

Cornea is a clear outermost layer of the eye which enables transmission of light onto the retina. The transparent corneal epithelium is regenerated by limbal stem cells (LSCs), whose loss/dysfunction results in LSCs deficiency (LSCD). Ex vivo expansion of autologous LSCs obtained from patient's healthy eye followed by transplantation onto the LSCs damaged/deficient eye, has provided a successful treatment for unilateral LSCD. However, this is not applicable to patient with total bilateral LSCD, where LSCs are lost/damaged from both eyes. We investigated the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) to differentiate into corneal epithelial-like cells as a source of autologous stem cell treatment for patients with total bilateral LSCD. Our study showed that combined addition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), all trans-retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor for the first 9 days of differentiation followed by cell-replating on collagen-IV-coated surfaces with a corneal-specific-epithelial cell media for an additional 11 days, resulted in step wise differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to corneal epithelial progenitors and mature corneal epithelial-like cells. We observed differences in the ability of hiPSC lines to undergo differentiation to corneal epithelial-like cells which were dependent on the level of endogenous BMP signaling and could be restored via the activation of this signaling pathway by a specific transforming growth factor β inhibitor (SB431542). Together our data reveal a differential ability of hiPSC lines to generate corneal epithelial cells which is underlined by the activity of endogenous BMP signaling pathway.
Growth Estimation of Western Population Segment Gulf Sturgeon Using Length‐at‐Age and Mark–Recapture Data
Authors: Andres Michael J. , Slack William T. , Peterson Mark S. , Kimmel Kayla D. , Lewis Bradley R. , Grammer Paul O.
Published: December 2017

Multimodel inference of length‐at‐age and tag–recapture data was used to estimate growth for western population segment (WPS; populations natal to the Pearl River, Louisiana, and the Pascagoula River, Mississippi) Gulf Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi. Four candidate growth models were fitted to the length‐at‐age data (n = 174): a three‐parameter von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF), a two‐parameter VBGF, a power model, and a Gompertz model. Model support for each data set was estimated using Akaike's information criterion. The Gompertz model provided the best fit to our length‐at‐age data and had the lowest mean asymptotic maximum length (L∞). Mean estimated growth parameters for WPS Gulf Sturgeon were similar to those estimated for eastern population segment Gulf Sturgeon, but some of the mean parameter estimates fell outside of our 95% confidence intervals. Three growth curves were also fitted to tag–recapture data (n = 116): a reformulated two‐parameter VBGF, the Francis () GROTAG model, and a reparametrized Gompertz model. The GROTAG model provided the best fit to our data; all three models had lower mean estimates for L∞ compared with parameter estimates based on length at age but had similar mean growth coefficients. We also compared the observed growth of 47 individuals with their predicted growth based on parameter estimates of the Gompertz length‐at‐age model and their age at tagging. We found that observed growth was generally less than what was predicted for juveniles and adults. For adults, we attribute this to the inaccuracies associated with age estimation for older individuals, which suggests that a tag–recapture approach might be the most appropriate method of modeling Gulf Sturgeon growth. Our study (1) demonstrates the importance of fitting multiple models to estimate growth, (2) will enable more accurate growth comparisons for Gulf Sturgeon across their range, and (3) represents the most robust length‐at‐age and tag–recapture data set for WPS Gulf Sturgeon.
Movement and Survival of Wild Chinook Salmon Smolts from Butte Creek During Their Out‐Migration to the Ocean: Comparison of a Dry Year versus a Wet Year
Authors: Cordoleani Flora , Notch Jeremy , McHuron Alex S. , Ammann Arnold J. , Michel Cyril J.
Published: December 2017

California's Central Valley (CCV) Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha stocks have declined substantially since the mid‐1800s, with most listed as threatened or endangered or heavily supplemented by hatcheries. As the largest population of CCV wild spring‐run Chinook Salmon, Butte Creek fish are an important source for promoting life history diversity in the CCV Chinook Salmon community. However, little information exists on Butte Creek juvenile mortality during out‐migration to the ocean, which is considered a critical phase in the overall population dynamics. We used the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System to track the movement of individual fish, and we used a mark–recapture modeling framework to estimate survival of migrating wild Chinook Salmon smolts from lower Butte Creek to ocean entry at the Golden Gate Bridge. Survival and migration varied significantly among years; in 2015, which was a dry year, Chinook Salmon smolts migrated more slowly throughout their migratory corridor and exhibited lower survival than in a wetter year (2016); among locations, fish migrated faster and experienced higher survival in the lower Sacramento River than in the Sutter Bypass and the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. Our data suggest that higher flow at release and larger fish lengths both resulted in increased survival. Our findings shed light on a critical phase of wild spring‐run juvenile Chinook Salmon dynamics and could help to inform future restoration and management projects that would improve the survival and abundance of the CCV spring‐run Chinook Salmon populations.
Age and Growth of the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, an Endangered, Short‐Lived Cyprinid of the North American Southwest
Authors: Horwitz Richard J. , Keller David H. , Overbeck Paul F. , Platania Steven P. , Dudley Robert K. , Carson Evan W.
Published: December 2017

This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of age and age–length relationships from an extant population of the federally endangered Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Hybognathus amarus. The surveyed population was from three fragmented reaches within about 290 km of the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico, the last protected population in the historical range of the species. A total of 158 Rio Grande Silvery Minnows were collected in autumn 2009 (n = 83) and spring 2010 (n = 75), with sampling designed to fill six 10‐mm size‐class bins that represent the size range characteristic of the juvenile and adult population. Age was then determined directly for each specimen independently by two investigators, each using otoliths and scales; growth rates were estimated via back‐calculation of length at age from otoliths. The results confirm that individuals in the contemporary population are short‐lived, with very few surviving to their second or third summers. For historical comparison, the ages of a small collection of Rio Grande Silvery Minnows taken in August 1874 were evaluated using scales. The specimens in this historical collection ranged from age 0 to age 2, similar to the age range for the autumn 2009 collection and incongruent with a previously published report of five age‐classes (ages 1–5) for 13 of these specimens. Our results corroborate the age‐structure derived from temporal tracking of length frequency histograms generated under the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Population Monitoring Project and validate current management of the species as short‐lived. Our age range and age–length relationships are also similar to those of other well‐studied Hybognathus spp., and the results from our study may aid management of these closely related, short‐lived pelagophil minnows. While additional research is needed to clarify the areas of age–length overlap, the crucial findings of this study should facilitate implementation of an appropriate management policy for this short‐lived, federally endangered cyprinid.
Evaluation of Effective Number of Breeders and Coancestry among Progeny Produced Using Common Hatchery Mating Strategies
Authors: Bartron Meredith L. , Sard Nicholas M. , Scribner Kim T.
Published: December 2017

Hatcheries are used as a conservation strategy to supplement native fish populations. Mating strategies used by hatcheries can employ different numbers of males and females, varying sex ratios, and different strategies to mix gametes. Due to sex ratio skew and variation in reproductive success, the effective number of breeders (Nb) contributing gametes to subsequent generations is often significantly less than the total number spawned. Accordingly, mating strategies can affect levels of genetic diversity, coancestry, and, concomitantly, long‐term fitness of hatchery stocks or natural populations into which hatchery fish are placed. Using steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss, we mimicked six commonly employed hatchery mating regimes. We genotyped both parents and offspring at microsatellite loci and used likelihood‐based estimators implemented in the program COLONY to determine parentage. We calculated the mean and variance in reproductive success for each sex in each mating regime. In addition, we calculated coancestry and the inbreeding effective number of breeding adults for each mating regime to provide guidelines more consistent with the conservation goal of maintaining genetic diversity. Finally, we used the Ryman and Laikre equation to evaluate how estimates of Nb for each mating regime can influence the total effective population size. For all treatments, when gametes from multiple females and/or males were pooled, we found that the mean number of offspring was less for males than females, and there was a significantly higher reproductive variance for males than for females. In addition, when male gametes were pooled, a comparatively lower Nb was estimated. Single‐pair mating regimes and those that limited repeated use of males were most efficient at reducing levels of coancestry and maintaining genetic diversity in a hatchery or other closed populations.
Longitudinal Patterns of Juvenile Coho Salmon Distribution and Densities in Headwater Streams of the Little Susitna River, Alaska
Authors: Foley Kevin M. , Rosenberger Amanda , Mueter Franz J.
Published: December 2017

Headwater streams contribute to overall production and life history diversity in river systems. These relatively small streams represent an alternative rearing habitat for juvenile fish, including Coho SalmonOncorhynchus kisutch. To determine the extent that juvenile Coho Salmon use headwater habitats, we used a spatially continuous sampling approach to investigate the distribution and density patterns of juvenile Coho Salmon in three headwater streams of the Little Susitna River, Alaska. We related the distribution patterns to environmental and biological variables, which are important for informed management of this species. Juvenile Coho Salmon were continuously distributed along the length of headwater streams, with upstream limits of 4–5 km from the main stem, at about 250 m elevation, with slopes between 4% and 5%. For all juvenile Coho Salmon, elevation and dominant substrate type (e.g., boulders) were negatively related to fish density; both variables may be related to adult spawning habitat and the proximity of juveniles to their point of emergence. Age‐1 Coho Salmon, which overwinter in the Little Susitna River basin before smolting, represented only 2% of all juvenile fish captured; no environmental variables related to age‐1 fish density. Yet, their presence in the headwater streams represented an opportunity to determine what factors relating to conservation and fisheries management (i.e., culverts) may limit their distribution. Headwater stream habitats may increase the variability in life history and juvenile traits, and given ongoing climate change and human development this type of variability is likely to be increasingly important for the persistence and continued productivity of this population of Pacific salmon.
Feeding Interactions between Fishes in a Coastal Ecosystem in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic Canada
Authors: Hanson John Mark
Published: December 2017

Diet composition, diet similarity, and major predator–prey interactions between the 15 most abundant demersal and pelagic fishes (N = 12,163 stomachs) during the period 1999–2003 were described for Northumberland Strait, a semi‐enclosed, marine coastal ecosystem. Of the five pelagic species, Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax ate benthic prey (shrimps and polychaetes); Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus and American Shad Alosa sapidissima consumed small copepods and crab zoeae; and Atlantic Mackerel Scomber scombrus and Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus ate small copepods and moderate amounts of benthic prey and small fishes. Three demersal species were strongly piscivorous but with minimal diet overlap: Sea Ravens Hemitripterus americanus consumed small benthic fishes (especially flounders); Winter Skate Leucoraja ocellata consumed sand lances Ammodytes sp. and Rainbow Smelt; and White Hake Urophycis tenuis consumed Atlantic Herring and Atlantic Mackerel. Cluster analysis revealed seven feeding guilds, of which four contained a single species; consequently, the potential for compensation of predatory function was nonexistent for these guilds. The three multispecies guilds comprised consumers of (1) small copepods and crab zoeae; (2) small benthic invertebrates and polychaetes; and (3) shrimps and crabs. Based on diets, the principal route of energy transfer seemed to be the benthic–detrital pathway; however, confirmation requires representative abundance estimates for the various fishes. Moreover, abundances of many fish species have changed (i.e., most have decreased) since this study was completed, with unknown consequences for food web structure and functioning.
Thermal Tolerance and Survival of Nile Tilapia and Blue Tilapia under Rapid and Natural Temperature Declination Rates
Authors: Henson Mary Nell , Aday D. Derek , Rice James A.
Published: December 2017

Blue Tilapia Oreochromis aureus and Nile Tilapia O. niloticus are indigenous to Africa and the Middle East but now are globally popular in aquaculture and for private and public stocking as forage fish for sport species and biological control for nuisance vegetation. The invasive nature of these species at a global scale and the lack of recent and applicably tested thermal tolerance methodology require research to assess the current potential for invasion risk in North Carolina and elsewhere. In this thermal tolerance experiment we focused on a moderate declination rate (1°C per 3 d) and a slow declination rate (1°C per week) in water temperature to assess the thermal minima of Blue Tilapia, common Nile Tilapia, and a “white” strain of Nile Tilapia. The moderate rate was used to compare results to previous literature, and the slow rate was used to mimic natural seasonal water temperature decline in North Carolina. As lineage and breeding history may vary by supplier, fish from multiple suppliers within each species group were tested. Our results indicate that in general, these tilapias cannot survive below 8°C. We did not observe differences in temperature at death or survival curves between species in the moderate rate treatment. Under the slow declination rate, we found significant differences in the mean temperatures at death of Blue Tilapia (9.5°C) and white Nile Tilapia (9.3°C) relative to the less‐cold‐tolerant common Nile Tilapia (10.8°C); this result was reflected in statistically different survival curves. In addition, although there was some variation in temperature at death among different supplier groups (0.0–0.6°C) within a species, all fish died at 8°C or above. Our results suggest that selective breeding of white Nile Tilapia may have resulted in increased thermal tolerance during the process of developing this color variant. Furthermore, the minimum lethal temperature of 8°C may explain why these tilapia species have been restricted to reservoirs with heated effluent in North Carolina.
Ear tag and PIT tag retention by white‐tailed deer
Authors: Belser Emily H. , Hewitt David G. , Reitz Ryan L. , Gann Kory R. , Lewis John S. , Hellickson Mickey W.
Published: December 2017

White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been marked with various tags for a wide variety of applications, such as longitudinal, movement, disease, and mark–recapture studies. Tag persistence is critical to all these applications. We used nest survival models in Program MARK to estimate tag retention from 1) 832 free‐range white‐tailed deer marked with large plastic ear tags in both ears and Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags in the leg and at the base of the ear, and 2) 412 free‐range deer marked with metal ear tags in both ears, captured in Texas, USA, 1997–2007. We calculated tag retention from 401 captive deer marked with 2 types of Electronic Identification (EID) ear tags (button or combi) in one ear and 36 captive deer marked with small plastic ear tags in one ear. Annual retention rates were greatest for button EID tags (0.992; 0.983–0.998), combi EID tags (0.979; 0.953–0.996), small plastic ear tags (0.978; 0.965–0.995), and large plastic ear tags (0.958; 0.950–0.965). Passive integrated transponder tags at the base of the ear (0.923; 0.910–0.935) and metal tags (0.909; 0.891–0.924) had fair retention rates. Passive integrated transponder tags placed in the leg (0.779; 0.758–0.800) had the lowest retention rate. Although many factors influence tag selection, EID tags and both small and large plastic tags demonstrate the greatest annual retention rates of both captive and free‐range, marked deer. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Correction to: Evaluation of the weathering intensity of wood-based panels under outdoor exposure
Authors: Kojima Yoichi , Shimoda Tomoya , Suzuki Shigehiko
Published: December 2017

The article Evaluation of the weathering intensity of wood-based panels under outdoor exposure, written by Yoichi Kojima, Tomoya Shimoda and Shigehiko Suzuki, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on July 16, 2011 without open access.
Viral Promotional Advergames: How Intrinsic Playfulness and the Extrinsic Value of Prizes Elicit Behavioral Responses
Authors: Zhao Zhenzhen , Renard Damien
Published: December 2017

When designing a viral promotional advergame (VPA) (which combines a promotional game and an advergame in a viral marketing campaign), marketers focus on game schemes and prizes to trigger players’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and elicit certain behavioral responses, such as sharing personal data and forwarding the game. A field study examines factors that lead to behavioral responses in VPAs. The results show that players who perceive more playfulness tend to increase their game forwarding and personal data sharing behaviors. The perceived value of prizes also relates positively to game forwarding but not to personal data sharing. Finally, the results show that prior brand attitudes moderate the effect of the perceived value of prizes on game forwarding behavior.
Labour Law and (In)justice in Workers’ Letters in Vietnam
Authors: NGUYEN Tu Phuong
Published: December 2017

This article explores whether and how labour law matters in factory workers’ grievances and demands in their letters sent to the unions and state authorities in Đồng Nai Province, an industrial hub in the south of Vietnam. An examination of the letters demonstrates that the legalistic language of rights and other provisions in the Labour Code plays little role in shaping workers’ accounts. A majority of letter writers instead referred to moral aspects of subsistence, reciprocity, and their subjective views of fairness to make their claims. Yet the moral constructions of workers’ claims may overlap and derive from values imbricated within the Labour Code. These observations raise the need to consider the subtle way in which law generates workers’ resistance against management and/or the state, as well as the fluid boundary between law and morality in workers’ narratives of (in)justice.
‘Shear thickening’ in non-shear flows: the effect of microstructure
Authors: Wilson Helen J.
Published: December 2017

The bizarre behaviour of a cornstarch suspension (sometimes called oobleck) is well known to all of us who have led public engagement events. At the right solids fraction, it flows smoothly at slow speeds, but can be shattered with a quick spoon movement; if you prepare a large enough sample, you can run across the surface (but if you stand still, you will sink). In rheology circles this phenomenon is known as shear thickening, though the flows described above are not necessarily shear-dominated. In recent years there has been a proliferation of research on the mechanism behind true shear thickening, using both experiments and numerical simulations of shear flows. The understanding of the underlying mechanism is improving markedly. But the paper ‘Microstructure and thickening of dense suspensions under extensional and shear flows’ (Seto, Giusteri & Martinello,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 825, 2017, R3) is the first to consider more general flows. We have, for the first time, simulations of thickening in extensional flows, which are a far better description of oobleck with a runner on top – and can begin to quantify the difference between the idealised shear thickening and the extension thickening that happens in practice.
Vortex force map method for viscous flows of general airfoils
Authors: Li Juan , Wu Zi-Niu
Published: December 2017

In a previous paper, an inviscid vortex force map approach was developed for the normal force of a flat plate at arbitrarily high angle of attack and leading/trailing edge force-producing critical regions were identified. In this paper, this vortex force map approach is extended to viscous flows and general airfoils, for both lift and drag forces due to vortices. The vortex force factors for the vortex force map are obtained here by using Howe’s integral force formula. A decomposed form of the force formula, ensuring vortices far away from the body have negligible effect on the force, is also derived. Using Joukowsky and NACA0012 airfoils for illustration, it is found that the vortex force map for general airfoils is similar to that of a flat plate, meaning that force-producing critical regions similar to those of a flat plate also exist for more general airfoils and for viscous flow. The vortex force approach is validated against NACA0012 at several angles of attack and Reynolds numbers, by using computational fluid dynamics.
How surface roughness reduces heat transport for small roughness heights in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Zhang Yi-Zhao , Sun Chao , Bao Yun , Zhou Quan
Published: December 2017

Rough surfaces have been widely used as an efficient way to enhance the heat-transfer efficiency in turbulent thermal convection. In this paper, however, we show that roughness does not always mean a heat-transfer enhancement, but in some cases it can also reduce the overall heat transport through the system. To reveal this, we carry out numerical investigations of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection over rough conducting plates. Our study includes two-dimensional (2D) simulations over the Rayleigh number range $10^{7}\leqslant Ra\leqslant 10^{11}$ and three-dimensional (3D) simulations at $Ra=10^{8}$. The Prandtl number is fixed to $Pr=0.7$ for both the 2D and the 3D cases. At a fixed Rayleigh number $Ra$, reduction of the Nusselt number $Nu$ is observed for small roughness height $h$, whereas heat-transport enhancement occurs for large $h$. The crossover between the two regimes yields a critical roughness height $h_{c}$, which is found to decrease with increasing $Ra$ as $h_{c}\sim Ra^{-0.6}$. Through dimensional analysis, we provide a physical explanation for this dependence. The physical reason for the $Nu$ reduction is that the hot/cold fluid is trapped and accumulated inside the cavity regions between the rough elements, leading to a much thicker thermal boundary layer and thus impeding the overall heat flux through the system.
Equilibrium structure and diffusion in concentrated hydrodynamically interacting suspensions confined by a spherical cavity
Authors: Aponte-Rivera Christian , Su Yu , Zia Roseanna N.
Published: December 2017

The short- and long-time equilibrium transport properties of a hydrodynamically interacting suspension confined by a spherical cavity are studied via Stokesian dynamics simulations for a wide range of particle-to-cavity size ratios and particle concentrations. Many-body hydrodynamic and lubrication interactions between particles and with the cavity are accounted for utilizing recently developed mobility and resistance tensors for spherically confined suspensions (Aponte-Rivera & Zia, Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 1(2), 2016, 023301). Study of particle volume fractions in the range $0.05\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\leqslant 0.40$ reveals that confinement exerts a qualitative influence on particle diffusion. First, the mean-square displacement over all time scales depends on the position in the cavity. Additionally, at short times, the diffusivity is anisotropic, with diffusion along the cavity radius slower than diffusion tangential to the cavity wall, due to the anisotropy of hydrodynamic coupling and to confinement-induced spatial heterogeneity in particle concentration. The mean-square displacement is anisotropic at intermediate times as well and, surprisingly, exhibits superdiffusive and subdiffusive behaviours for motion along and perpendicular to the cavity radius respectively, depending on the suspension volume fraction and the particle-to-cavity size ratio. No long-time self-diffusive regime exists; instead, the mean-square displacement reaches a long-time plateau, a result of entropic restriction to a finite volume. In this long-time limit, the higher the volume fraction is, the longer the particles take to reach the long-time plateau, as cooperative rearrangements are required as the cavity becomes crowded. The ordered dynamical heterogeneity seen here promotes self-organization of particles based on their size and self-mobility, which may be of particular relevance in biophysical systems.
Implication of Taylor’s hypothesis on measuring flow modulation
Authors: Yang X. I. A. , Howland M. F.
Published: December 2017

A convective velocity must be specified when using Taylor’s frozen eddy hypothesis to relate temporal and spatial fluctuations. Depending on the quantity of interest, using different convective velocities (i.e. time-mean velocity, global convective velocity, etc.) may lead to different conclusions. Often, using Taylor’s hypothesis, the relation between temporal and spatial fluctuations is simplified by assuming a temporally averaged velocity as the convection velocity. In flows where turbulence fluctuations are much smaller than the mean flow velocity, the above treatment does not bring in much error (at least for short periods of time). However, when turbulence fluctuations are comparable to the mean velocity, using a constant convective velocity for fluid motions of all scales can sometimes be problematic. In the context of wall-bounded flows, turbulence fluctuations are comparable to the mean flow in the near-wall region, and as a result, using a constant global convective velocity for converting temporal signals to spatial ones distorts the spatial eddies. Although such distortion will not significantly affect measurements of flow quantities including central moments and power spectra, the significance of amplitude modulation is largely overestimated. Here, we show that if temporal hot-wire data are to be used for studying spatial amplitude modulation, the local fluid velocity must be used as the local convective velocity. The impact of amplitude modulation on power spectra and skewness are reconsidered using the proposed correction.
Viscous flow in a soft valve
Authors: Park K. , Tixier A. , Christensen A. H. , Arnbjerg-Nielsen S. F. , Zwieniecki M. A. , Jensen K. H.
Published: December 2017

Fluid–structure interactions are ubiquitous in nature and technology. However, the systems are often so complex that numerical simulations or ad hoc assumptions must be used to gain insight into the details of the complex interactions between the fluid and solid mechanics. In this paper, we present experiments and theory on viscous flow in a simple bioinspired soft valve which illustrate essential features of interactions between hydrodynamic and elastic forces at low Reynolds numbers. The set-up comprises a sphere connected to a spring located inside a tapering cylindrical channel. The spring is aligned with the central axis of the channel and a pressure drop is applied across the sphere, thus forcing the liquid through the narrow gap between the sphere and the channel walls. The sphere’s equilibrium position is determined by a balance between spring and hydrodynamic forces. Since the gap thickness changes with the sphere’s position, the system has a pressure-dependent hydraulic resistance. This leads to a nonlinear relation between applied pressure and flow rate: flow initially increases with pressure, but decreases when the pressure exceeds a certain critical value as the gap closes. To rationalize these observations, we propose a mathematical model that reduced the complexity of the flow to a two-dimensional lubrication approximation. A closed-form expression for the pressure drop/flow rate is obtained which reveals that the flow rate $Q$ depends on the pressure drop $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}p$, sphere radius $a$, gap thickness $h_{0}$, and viscosity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ as $Q\sim \unicode[STIX]{x1D702}^{-1}a^{1/2}h_{0}^{5/2}(1-\unicode[STIX]{x0394}p/\unicode[STIX]{x0394}p_{c})^{5/2}\unicode[STIX]{x0394}p$, where the critical pressure $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}p_{c}$ scales with the spring constant $k$ as $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}p_{c}\sim kh_{0}a^{-2}$. These predictions compared favourably to the results of our experiments with no free parameters.
Sound signals of tsunamis from a slender fault
Authors: Mei Chiang C. , Kadri Usama
Published: December 2017

Since the speed of sound in water is much greater than that of the surface gravity waves, acoustic signals can be used for early warning of tsunamis. We simplify existing works by treating the sound wave alone without the much slower gravity wave, and derive a two-dimensional theory for signals emanating from a fault of finite length. Under the assumptions of a slender fault and constant sea depth, the asymptotic technique of multiple scales is applied to obtain analytical results. The modal envelopes of the two-dimensional sound waves are found to be governed by the Schrödinger equation and are solved explicitly. An approximate method is described for the inverse estimation of fault properties from the pressure record at a distant hydrophone.
Turbulent bubble fountains
Authors: Lippert Martin C. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: December 2017

We explore the dynamics of turbulent bubble fountains produced when a descending stream of fresh water and air bubbles issues from a nozzle submerged in a tank of water. The bubbles have diameters of 2 to 5 mm and the fountains have source Froude numbers ranging from 10 to 240. The Reynolds numbers of the bubbly fountains range from 4000 to 24 000. The bubbles, carried into the tank by the downward jet of water, lead to a buoyancy force which reduces the downward momentum of the jet, thus producing a fountain. We find that $H_{F}$, the downward penetration distance of the bubbles into the water reservoir, may be characterised by two parameters: $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$, the ratio of the bubble rise speed to the characteristic fountain velocity, $u_{F}=f_{0}^{1/2}/m_{0}^{1/4}$, and $Fr_{0}$, the source Froude number, given by $m_{0}^{5/4}/(q_{W_{0}}f_{0}^{1/2})$, where $q_{W_{0}}$, $m_{0}$ and $f_{0}$ are the source volume, momentum and buoyancy fluxes. As $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ increases, $H_{F}$ decreases, a result which is directly analogous to the height of rise of particles in a particle-laden fountain (Mingotti & Woods, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 793, 2016, R1). Also, we find that $H_{F}$ increases as $Fr_{0}$ increases, a result directly analogous to single-phase fountains (Turner, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 26, 1966, pp. 779–792). We present a model for the conservation of volume, momentum and buoyancy fluxes and use this to predict the penetration distance of the bubbles corresponding to that point at which the fountain liquid velocity equals the bubble rise speed. Using the best-fit value for the entrainment coefficient, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0.04\pm 0.004$, we find that our experimental measurements of the bubble penetration distance are in good accord with the model predictions for $10<Fr_{0}<240$ and $2<\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}<15$. In our experiments the bubble rise speed, $u_{slip}$, is large compared to the entrainment velocity of the descending fountain. Thus, only a small fraction of the rising bubbles are re-entrained, and so the buoyancy flux of the fountain is approximately independent of depth. Flow-visualisation experiments also show that the liquid momentum flux is not exhausted at the point of bubble separation and so the liquid in the fountain continues to travel downward, separated from the bubbles. We use the new theoretical model to estimate the flux of air entrained into plunging water jets.
Motion of a helical vortex
Authors: Velasco Fuentes Oscar
Published: December 2017

This paper deals with the motion of a single helical vortex in an unbounded inviscid incompressible fluid. The vortex is an infinite tube whose centreline is a helix and whose cross-section is a small circle where the vorticity is uniform and parallel to the centreline. Ever since Joukowsky (Trudy Otd. Fiz. Nauk Mosk. Obshch. Lyub. Estest., vol. 16, 1912, pp. 1–31) deduced that this vortex translates and rotates steadily without change of form, numerous attempts have been made to compute the velocities. Here, Hardin’s (Phys. Fluids, vol. 25, 1982, pp. 1949–1952) solution for the velocity field is used to find new expressions for the linear and angular velocities of the vortex. The theoretical results are verified by numerically computing the velocity at a single point using the Helmholtz integral and the Rosenhead–Moore approximation to the Biot–Savart law, and by numerically simulating the vortex evolution, under the Euler equations, in a triple-periodic cube. The new formulae are also shown to be more accurate than previous results over the whole range of values of the vortex pitch and cross-section.
Dietary phosphatidylcholine impacts on growth performance and lipid metabolism in adult Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) strain of Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticus
Authors: Tian Juan , Wen Hua , Lu Xing , Liu Wei , Wu Fan , Yang Chang-Geng , Jiang Ming , Yu Li-Juan
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to determine the effects of supplementing the diet of adult Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticuswith phosphatidylcholine (PC) on growth performance, body composition, fatty acid composition and gene expression. Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia fish with an initial body weight of 83·1 (sd2·9) g were divided into six groups. Each group was hand-fed a semi-purified diet containing 1·7 (control diet), 4·0, 6·5, 11·5, 21·3 or 41·0 g PC/kg diet for 68 d. Supplemental PC improved the feed efficiency rate, which was highest in the 11·5 g PC/kg diet. Weight gain and specific growth rate were unaffected. Dietary PC increased PC content in the liver and decreased crude fat content in the liver, viscera and body. SFA and MUFA increased and PUFA decreased in muscle with increasing dietary PC.Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2andsecreted phospholipase A2mRNA expression were up-regulated in the brain and heart in PC-supplemented fish. PC reducedfatty acid synthasemRNA expression in the liver and visceral tissue but increased expression in muscle. Hormone-sensitive lipase and lipoprotein lipase expression increased in the liver with increasing dietary PC.Growth hormonemRNA expression was reduced in the brain andinsulin-like growth factor-1mRNA expression in liver reduced with PC above 6·5 g/kg. Our results demonstrate that dietary supplementation with PC improves feed efficiency and reduces liver fat in adult Nile tilapia, without increasing weight gain, representing a novel dietary approach to reduce feed requirements and improve the health of Nile tilapia.
New Findings on the Indonesian Killings of 1965–66
Authors: Chandra Siddharth
Published: December 2017

The anti-communist killings of 1965–66 comprised the single most traumatic political event in independent Indonesia, with a consensus estimate of approximately 500,000 deaths. However, these estimates, along with a geographic and political characterization of the killings, have been informed exclusively by anecdotal accounts. In this article, available census data are used in conjunction with demographic analysis to provide a comprehensive and systematic picture of the killings. Using East Java, one of the four hardest-hit Indonesian provinces, as an example, this article estimates and illustrates their impact and provides a geographic characterization of the killings with evidence about the relationship between their locations and local political milieux. While this study is not able to apportion degrees of agency or responsibility for the killings across the various perpetrators, including the Indonesian army and political opponents of the Communist Party of Indonesia, the patterns presented in this article parallel and build on prior research by anthropologists and historians.