bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Determination by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis of Mental Foramen in North Indian Population
Authors: Singh Balwinder , Madan Alisha , Kaur Kirandeep , Saraya Prabhnoor Kaur , Bhatnagar Deepti , Aggarwal Amit
Published: January 2025

Background:

Gender determination is crucial in forensic odontology, particularly during mass disasters where unknown craniofacial fragments are the only source of information.

Aim:

To determine sexual dimorphism by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT; 3D) analysis of mental foramen among the North Indian population.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred and twenty CBCT scans were analyzed to assess the position of the mental foramen. The distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the lower border of the mandible (SLM) and the distance from the lower border of the mental foramen to the lower border of the mandible (ILM), along with the thickness of the lower border of the mandible, were recorded, tabulated, and subjected to statistical analysis.

Results:

The mean distance of the right SLM among male and female subjects was 16.03 ± 1.91 mm and 15.35 ± 1.39 mm, respectively. The measurements for the left SLM were 15.83 ± 1.66 mm in males and 14.49 ± 1.70 mm in females. Similarly, for the right ILM, the mean distance was measured as 13.04 ± 1.86 mm in males and 12.05 ± 1.20 mm in females, and for the left ILM, the mean distance was 12.74 ± 1.46 mm in males and 11.87 ± 1.53 mm in females. There was a statistically significant difference between the genders and the sides of SLM and ILM.

Conclusion:

The distances from the mental foramen to the lower border of the mandible exhibit sexual dimorphism and can be used to predict gender in the North Indian population.
Estimation of Salivary and Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Levels in Individuals with Oral Cancer, Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders, Tobacco Users, and Healthy Subjects – A Pilot Study
Authors: Subramanian Mohithan , Fenn Saramma Mathew , Reddy Gowda Venkatesha Ramachandra , Rajarammohan Karthik , Thangavelu Ravikumar Pethagounder
Published: January 2025

Background:

Oral cancer represents a major global health concern, accounting for approximately 11 million new cases and over 6 million deaths annually. Early detection and accurate prediction of metastasis are critical in improving outcomes.

Objectives:

To evaluate serum and salivary LDH levels and their correlation among oral cancer patients, potential malignant disorders, tobacco users, and healthy individuals.

Methods:

The study divided 120 participants into four groups: Group A (oral cancer), Group B (potentially malignant disorders), Group C (tobacco users), and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. Saliva and serum samples (2 ml each) were collected, stored at -20°C, and analyzed within 24 hours following centrifugation. Both serum and saliva were analyzed using an LDH kit (Liquizyme) on a semi-auto analyzer. Following the collection of values, statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation.

Results:

One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in salivary LDH levels among groups (Controls: 82.00 IU/L, Tobacco users: 106.97 IU/L, Potentially malignant group: 157.23 IU/L, Oral cancer group: 193.73 IU/L, P < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation indicated positive correlations in oral cancer (r = 0.1295), potential malignant disorder (r = 0.0961), and healthy individuals (r = 0.2402), while tobacco users showed a negative correlation (r = -0.0849).

Conclusion:

The study has shown that salivary LDH is preferable to serum LDH for early detection and monitoring, showing significant elevation in oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders, with the advantage of non-invasive method of collection.
Lectin Microarray Analysis of Salivary Gland Glycoproteins from the Arboviral Vector Aedes aegypti and the Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Ramasamy Ranjan , Chen Xi , Zhang Jian , Sivabalakrishnan Kokila , Arthiyan Sivasingham , Surendran Sinnathamby N
Published: January 2025

Background and objectives:

Salivary glands proteins but not glycoconjugates have been previously studied in mosquito vectors of human diseases. Glycoconjugates from salivary gland-derived proteins from human-feeding tick vectors can elicit hypersensitivity reactions which may also occur with mosquito bites. Protein glycoconjugate in salivary glands of the principal arboviral vector Aedes aegypti and the rapidly spreading malaria vector Anopheles stephensi were therefore investigated.

Methods:

Forty different lectins in a microarray were used to analyse glycoconjugates in salivary gland proteins from both mosquito species.

Results:

Salivary gland glycoproteins of both mosquitoes possessed similar lectin-binding specificities. Lectin-binding profiles in both mosquitoes showed the significant presence of oligomannose N-linked glycans, O-linked glycans, a limited presence of glycan structures capped with terminal GalNAc, GlcNAc, β linked Gal, α1-6 linked fucose, and no detectable sialic acids or terminal α-linked Gal in salivary gland glycoproteins.

Interpretation & conclusion:

Aedes aegypti and An. stephensi possess similar salivary gland protein glycoconjugates to mosquito larval tissues. They differ from arachnid ticks in lacking detectable α-gal epitopes that are responsible for red meat allergy caused by tick bites.
Anatomical Diversification of Left Coronary Artery and Its Branches in Western Maharashtra Population
Authors: Anandi S. , Ghosh Dibendu , Roy Siddhartha , Ahuja Manish Singh , Bandyopadhyay Debasis
Published: January 2025

Background:

The right and left coronary arteries are the branches arising from the ascending aorta. They lie within subendocardial fibrofatty tissue and supply blood to the heart. The left coronary artery (LCA) originates from the left coronary sinus and splits into two branches, the circumflex artery (CX) and the left anterior descending artery (LAD) also called the anterior interventricular artery (AIVA). Furthermore, among the two coronary arteries, the LCA exhibits noticeable variation concerning its origin, length, branching pattern, level of termination, and mode of termination of its branches. Our study aimed to determine the number and position of coronary orifices in the aortic sinuses, morphometry of LCA, AIVA, and CX arteries, the branching pattern of LCA, and the prevalence of coronary dominance.

Methodology:

Sixty-two well-embalmed formalin-fixed cadaveric hearts were included in the study and dissected over 20 months. After opening the thoracic cavity, the heart was removed from the cadaver, and the LCA was identified, its two main branches, the AIVA and the CX artery, were traced in the anterior interventricular grooves and the left part of the anterior atrioventricular groove, respectively. The location of coronary ostia of LCA was identified and the length and branching pattern of LCA along with its branches were noted. Subsequently, the diameters of LCA, AIVA, and CX were noted, and the posterior interventricular artery was identified and analyzed to determine coronary dominance.

Results:

Out of 62 cadaveric hearts, the outer luminal diameters of LCA, CX, and AIVA were found to range between 2 and 3.8 mm, 2 and 3.6 mm, and 1.8 and 3.4 mm, respectively. The length of the principal trunk of LCA was measured between 1.13 mm and 10.18 mm. The LCA was bifurcating in 36 hearts (58%), the LCA was trifurcating in 22 hearts (35.4%), and the LCA showed quadrifurcation in 04 hearts (6.4%). In addition, 02 hearts (3.2%) exhibited left dominance, and 60 hearts (96.8%) had right dominance.

Conclusions:

With the latest developments made in the field of cardiothoracic surgery to achieve myocardial reperfusion during an event of coronary artery occlusion, the need for a thorough understanding of coronary artery variability is mandatory. Diagonal arteries form important collateral circulation. If atherosclerosis occurs in diagonal arteries, adjacent parts of LAD and CX are also affected. In quadrifurcation and trifurcation, diagonal arteries are not in their usual anatomical position, and the procedure of stenting becomes difficult at times.
Anatomy: Then and Now
Authors: Sidhu Gulbahar Singh
Published: January 2025

The teaching of anatomy has changed significantly from the early 1990s to now. Conventional teaching consisted of cadaver dissection and attempting to understand the basic concepts with the help of the standard textbooks and the accompanying illustrations, which was time-consuming but highly rewarding. With the advent of digitalization, computer-based techniques, including artificial intelligence (AI), are being increasingly used for teaching anatomy. Has this helped the students? Is information overload an emerging problem? The traditional methods of cadaveric dissection continue to be a better way to understand the concepts of neuroanatomy. Further, a judicious mix of computer-assisted and AI-based teaching and learning methods on the one hand, and conventional methods on the other, may be the way forward.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of indirect pulp capping using biodentine and theracal LC in primary molars
Authors: Elghany Alaa Abd ElHameed Abd , ElHendawy Fatma A. , Metwally Nancy M.
Published: January 2025

Objectives

Dental caries is the most common chronic disease, with a high incidence rate that affects many children in different countries. Indirect pulp therapy (IPT) is a minimally invasive procedure that depends on the application of a bioactive material to the affected dentin, thus preserving the vitality of the pulp.

Aim

The present study was directed to conduct clinical and radiographic evaluation of indirect pulp capping with biodentine and theracal LC in primary molars.

Materials and Methods

A randomized clinical trial registered under the NCT06020911 identifier on ClinicalTrials.gov on August 23, 2023, had a sample size of 34 primary molars between the ages of 4 and 7 years, of which 17 teeth were considered, each for group I (theracal LC) and group II (biodentine). Measurements of dentin thickness and density were obtained using cone-beam computed tomography immediately after restoration and after a 9-month follow-up.

Results

Both the thickness and density of the dentin showed a statistically significant increase in the theracal LC and the biodentine groups after 9 months postoperatively compared to immediately after restoration (P < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). However, the density of dentin showed a statistically significant increase in the theracal LC group compared to the biodentine group 9 months postoperatively (P = 0.005).

Conclusion

Both biodentine and theracal LC are effective clinically and radiographically as IPT material in primary teeth, with considerable dentin production. IPT provides high success rates as well as the ideal pulp capping material for primary teeth with deep carious lesions.

Clinical relevance

For primary molars, IPT is a conservative treatment strategy that can help maintain pulp vitality. In IPT, calcium hydroxide is still widely used, although no alternative material has been developed as of yet. As IPT needs the preferred liner for primary teeth and can serve as a viable alternative to pulpotomy in primary molars, the use of capping materials like biodentine or theracal LC can improve the success rate of IPT.
Efficacy of novel root canal irrigating solutions on canal debridement
Authors: Al Khawaldeh Imad M. , Shaheen Neveen A. , Attia Dina A.
Published: January 2025

Aim

To evaluate efficacy of three root canal irrigation protocols (2.5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA, 0.5% BioAKT, and Dual Rinse HEDP) on canal debridement using scanning electron microscope.

Materials and methods

Forty-five single rooted human mandibular premolars with nearly straight single canals were selected, the crowns of all teeth were removed near the level of cementoenamel junction to obtain approximately 14±1 mm uniform root lengths. After instrumentation with ProTaper Universal rotary files up to F4 (40/06), roots were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 15) according to the final irrigation protocol. Group I: samples were finally rinsed with 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl for 2 min, followed by distilled water, then 5 ml of 17% EDTA for 1 min. Group II: samples were finally rinsed with 5 ml of 0.5% BioAKT for 3 min. Group III: 5 ml of dual rinse HEDP was used for 3 min. Canal cleanliness was evaluated using scanning electron microscope with magnification of ×1000.

Results

Group III and group II had the best cleanliness of the root canal while group I had the worst result. There were statistical significant differences between group I versus group II and group III (P ≤ 0.05) while there was no significant difference between group II versus group III. Regardless the final irrigation method, the coronal and middle thirds showed less amount of smear layer and remaining debris than the apical third.

Conclusion

None of the tested final irrigating protocols resulted in completely clean canal wall. BioAKT and Dual Rinse HEDP showed significant reduction in smear layer and remaining debris compared to NaOCl followed by EDTA irrigation protocol.
Effect of aging on mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate reinforced by nano zirconium or nano silver
Authors: Wanas Ahmed A. , Rashad Hoda A. , El-ebiary Manal A. , Abdelaal Zainab
Published: January 2025

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aging process on the acrylic denture base reinforced by 5 wt% nano-zirconium (ZrO2) or 5 wt% silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) regarding to flexural strength and surface hardness.

Materials and methods

A total of 45 heat-polymerized acrylic resin specimens were prepared with bar shape and were divided to three groups pure, modified with 5 wt% nano-ZrO2 and 5 wt% AgNPs each group were subdivided into three subgroups according to immersion periods in artificial saliva (n = 5). Flexural strength and surface hardness were measured after artificial saliva immersion at 37°C for 48 h, 3 and 6 months. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple-comparison tests were used for data analysis (P = 0.05).

Results

Flexural strength and surface hardness were improved by addition of 5 wt% nano-ZrO2 or 5 wt% AgNPs as both groups compared to control group. Aging process for all groups showed significant decrease in flexural strength and surface hardness (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Addition of 5 wt% nano-ZrO2 or 5 wt% AgNPs to polymethyl methacrylate showed an improvement in flexural strength and surface hardness and aging can significantly influence flexural strength and hardness of denture base resin even with nano-ZrO2 or AgNPs addition.
Exploring African Agrarianism
Authors: Ade Nde Paul
Published: January 2025

African Agrarian philosophy encompasses the peculiar worldview, beliefs, norms and values that characterize traditional agricultural practices in Africa. Deeply enshrined in a profound connection to the land and a deep respect for nature, African Agrarianism can be deemed as a holistic approach to farming that globes spiritual, environmental and cultural considerations with practical strategies. This paper portrays the profound interconnection among humans, plants, land, animals and nature, emphasizing the value of maintaining interconnected and friendly links with all other living beings. I argue that humans are not merely separated from land (nature) but are an integral part of a greater web of relations. I demonstrate that human interconnection shapes the agricultural practices of traditional African farmers, directing them to work harmoniously with nature rather than attempting to suppress, dominate, or exploit it. This method is reflected in spiritual rituals involving activities like planting and harvesting, deemed as avenues to show deep respect for land and its values. The communal approach involving collective effort and the entire community reflects mutual assistance, harmony, solidarity and propagates the idea according to which the wellbeing of both the land and the community are interwoven. I conclude that traditional farming techniques should be revisited since they are more environmentally preferable (friendly) and harmonious with the ecosystems. African farmers are expected to readopt traditional farming methods and to scrupulously respect natural seasons, practice crop rotation, soil preservation and other techniques in order to ensure a healthier land for present and subsequent generations.
Patient delay in seeking TB diagnostic services
Authors: Akinremi A.O. , Asuzu M.C.
Published: January 2025

Background: It has been documented that a major contributory factor to the high burden and transmission of tuberculosis (TB) is delayed presentation, which could be alarmingly prolonged from two months up to 12 months reportedly. This study explored the factors responsible for patient delay in seeking TB diagnostic services.
Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study undertaken at selected TB centres with large annual turnover, using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The participants were TB patients accessing treatments at major TB centres, which included primary health centres, general hospitals, tertiary, and private facilities. Ultimately, 787 patients interviewed with complete records had their data analysed.
Results: A little less than two-thirds (63.3%) of the respondents were married, with about 7.8% of them having no form of formal education. About 54.8% of respondents reported first visiting a pharmacy or drug store after the onset of TB symptoms. The mean cough duration before medical consultation was 5.85 weeks, and 38.3% of respondents had a prolonged delay before seeking care. The identified predictors of patient delay in seeking TB diagnosis were older age, HIV seropositivity, private facility, and long facility distance.
Conclusion: The prevalence of prolonged delay in accessing TB diagnostic services is still generally high. Efforts must be made towards early case detection as many complications arise with late presentation. The delay can be reduced via active wareness creation, patient education, and improved engagement of private facilities in TB services to increase access to care.
Quercetin 100 mg/kg fails to mitigate cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in adult Wistar rats
Authors: Edagha I.A. , Aquaisua A.N. , Akpan B.C. , Sunday-Jimmy P.B. , Ataben M.A. , Katumu A.U. , Okokon G.
Published: January 2025

OBJECTIVE: The survival rate of cancer patients has improved with cisplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy. However, neurological deficits are prevalent in cancer patients administered with cisplatin. Interestingly, quercetin is reported to possess neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that quercetin 100 mg/kg may offer ameliorative potential against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty (20) male adult Wistar rats (150 to 180 g) were allotted into four groups (n = 5), namely groups I (placebo distilled water 10 mL kg-1 body weight), II (cisplatin 5 mg kg-1 body weight), III (cisplatin/quercetin 5/100 mgkg-1 body weights,) and IV (quercetin 100 mg kg-1 body weight, respectively). Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally, once a week, and twice in 14 days, while quercetin was administered orally once daily for 14 days. Animals were deeply anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). Then transcardially perfused with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) followed by perfusion in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.4) for fixation. Each brain was harvested and postfixed overnight in the same fixation solution and prepared for tissue processing. Biochemical assays for brain antioxidant level were performed.
RESULTS: No significant change in the levels of antioxidant assays (SOD, CAT, GPx), but we did observe a significant increase in GSH and the levels of MDA (p < 0.005) in all administered groups compared to the control group. Neurodegenerations with pyknotic neurons and vacuolations were demonstrated in administered groups of the cerebellum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, with neuronal cell shrinkages and hyperchromatic cells
CONCLUSION: The results suggest that 100 mg/kg bw of quercetin cannot not ameliorate cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats thus more of quercetin may not always be better. It is necessary to determine the dose beneficial threshold of quercetin.
A multi-method comparison of body volume and body fat in healthy adults: source of caution for interchangeability of techniques
Authors: Njoku C.O. , Besong E.E. , Stewart A.D.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The interchangeability of different techniques for volume measurements makes it important to cross-calibrate volumes from different scanning systems against a gold standard Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP), and identify possible causes of the differences.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 121 adults (78 males and 43 females, aged 18 – 44 y underwent body volume measurement via ADP (Bodpod system, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and 3D scanning using portable scanner (Artec L, Artec Luxembourg) and fixed laser scanner (Hamamatsu BLS, Hamamatsu, Japan). Duplicate measurements were undertaken in 12 participants.
RESULTS: Measurements were highly correlated between techniques for volume (R=0.989; 0.977 and 0.979; P<0.0001) and inter-technique errors for volumes and girths were <1% technical error of measurement. Bland and Altman analysis revealed volume measurements differed between Hamamatsu and both Artec and Bodpod (P<0.05), but were similar between Artec and Bodpod (P>0.05) and these patterns remained when volumes were converted into %fat. There were no significant differences between anthropometric and 3DS-extracted waist and hip girths for either scanner type (P>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Despite their comparability for extracted waist and hip girth, the scanners are not interchangeable for volume and %fat estimation.
Ameliorative effects of watermelon seed oil (Citrulus lanatus) on cadmium chloride-induced hippocampal toxicity in adult male Wistar rats
Authors: Olanrewaju H.B. , Eze S.M. , Musa S.A. , Adamu S.A. , Omoniyi A.A. , Akpulu S.P.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Humans and other organism are exposed to a broad spectrum cytotoxic heavy metals in the atmosphere due to their interaction with the environment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of watermelon (citrullus lanatus) seed oil on cadmium chloride-induced hippocampal damages of male adult Wistar rats.
METHODOLOGY: Twenty-five (25) adult male Wistar rats weighing between (120 – 200g) were used for the study. The animals were divided into five groups of five animals per group (n=5). Group I was designated as the (Control and received Physiological Saline, Group II received 5 mg/kg body weight of Cadmium chloride, Group III received  5 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 500 mg/kg body weight of C. lanatus oil as high dose, Group IV received 5mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 250 mg/kg body weight of C. Lanatus oil as low dose  while Group V received  5 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride and 10 mg/kg body weight of Succimer for the period of  28 days through Orogastric canula.)
RESULTS: (No significance difference in the organ/body weights.) (The spatial learning and memory showed significant increase (p<0.033) in the mean-time to locate the shallow plate form in the Morris water maize test in the second and third week for the toxic groups when compared with the control and the treated groups.) (There was significant increase (p<0.091) in the mean MDA level of CdCl2 group when compared to the control). Histological observation of the hippocampus showed normal cyto-architecture in Group I while Groups II, (showed massive cellular degeneration,) Group III showed some degree of cellular regeneration (while Group V showed comparable evidence of cellular regeneration when compared to Group III and Group IV.)
CONCLUSION: The results shows that Water melon Citrullus lanatus oil ameliorated the effects of cadmium on the (morphology), neuro-behavioural activity, histology, and oxidative stress indices in (hippocampus) of adult male Wistar rats.
Reproductive impact of Mishenland Polyherbal Mixture on steroid hormone-induced gonadotoxic effects in male Wistar rats
Authors: Adesanya O.A. , Adenowo P.T. , Adefule A.K. , Alabi B.A. , Shittu L.A.J.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Testosterone and its analogs have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes for several decades. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders, these substances have become increasingly popular among recreational athletes. The Mishenland polyherbal mixture (MPM) is a herbal preparation used locally for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and is claimed to reverse infertility of unknown cause in men. The aim of study was to investigate ability of MPM to mitigate the gonadotoxic effects of prolonged steroid hormone exposures in the adult male Wistar rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used 25 adult male albino rats of age 9 weeks. The animals were divided into five groups of five rats each. After a two-week acclimatization period, all animals except the normal control group received combination doses of 4 mg/kg body weight (bw) testosterone (T) and 0.8 mg/kg bw estradiol (E2) subcutaneously on alternate days for 6 weeks. From the seventh week, experimental groups received 1 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg, and 4 ml/kg bw of MPM, while the control group received 2 ml/kg bw of distilled water. After 4 weeks of treatment, all animals were sacrificed, and their reproductive organs were removed for histological processing (H&E stain).
RESULTS: The testes showed evidence of spermatogenic arrest with partial recovery of the spermatogonia stem cells following MPM treatment. The medium dose-2ml/kg herbal treatment group exhibited greater recovery compared to the control. Priapism persisted in hormone-induced hypogonadal control animals. The induced hypogonadic group (IHPG) had the highest mean packed cell volume (PCV), followed by the normal dose MPM group.
CONCLUSION: MPM demonstrated a mild ability to restore impaired reproductive function in hormone induced gonadotoxic animals and prevented priapism development observed in untreated hormone-exposed animals.
The anthropometric indices of physical development in medical students at the University of Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Omotayo H.A. , Agbara J.O. , Nafiu T. , Omotayo M.T. , Ibeabuchi N.M.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Limited data is available about the anthropometric indices of physical development of medical students of the University of Lagos Nigeria. This study aims to generate anthropometric data on selected body circumference variables of physical development among medical students in Urban Lagos.
MATERIALS AND METHOD: Simple Random Sampling was deployed to select 157 undergraduate volunteers aged 16-26 years from Medical and Dental students of the College of Medicine the University of Lagos. Anthropometric measurements of weight (kg), height (cm), chest circumference (cm), mid-upper arm and arm flexed circumference (cm), waist circumference (cm) and hip circumference (cm) were taken in accordance with the recommendation of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Body composition indices such as body mass index (BMI) and height-weight ratio (HWR) were calculated. The data obtained was collated and analysed for Descriptive Statistics (Mean and Standard Deviation).
RESULTS: Results show that female medical students were taller and has accumulated more weight than their male counterpart. Both males and females had a slightly closer BMI. There is a slightly higher HWR for males than females. The Mid-Upper Arm circumference was higher in males than in females. The waist circumference revealed a higher girth in male medical students than female medical students.
CONCLUSION: This is consistent with the fact that the females have an earlier adolescent rapid growth spurt than males. This study has generated a database on some specific anthropometric indices of growth and physical development in male and female medical students in urban Lagos, and the results indicated that there were differences in the pattern of variation depending on the specific dimensions and indices being evaluated.
Anthropometric evaluation of percentage body fat using skinfold parameters among students of Ebonyi State University
Authors: Njoku C.O. , Nkanu I.I. , Anwara C.E. , Ngwuta M.C. , Egbudu O.E.
Published: January 2025

AIM: This study investigates the anthropometric evaluation of percentage body fat using skinfold thickness among students at Ebonyi State University.
MATHODOLOGY: A total of 498 participants (243 males and 255 females) aged between 18 to 32 years were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0, with descriptive statistics expressed as mean ± standard deviation and correlation coefficients determined for various age groups at two-tailed significance levels of <0.001 and <0.05. The percentage body fat was calculated using the Jackson and Pollock equations and the Siri method.
RESULTS: The results reveal significant differences in skinfold thickness and body composition between genders across various age groups. Males exhibited higher mean values in height (169.57 cm to 172.03 cm) and weight (59.06 kg to 62.59 kg) compared to females (165.19 cm to 167.16 cm and 55.15 kg to 56.97 kg). Notably, females showed higher skinfold measurements at most sites, with significant variations observed particularly in the triceps and anterior thigh skinfolds. The correlation analyses indicated that the relationships between various anthropometric parameters were generally weak, with all p-values exceeding 0.05, thus suggesting no significant correlation. The analysis of percentage body fat across different age groups highlighted a trend of decreasing body fat for both males and females after the age of 24, with males averaging between 21.29% to 24.31% and females ranging from 22.41% to 24.73%.
CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the need for targeted health interventions in university populations to promote healthy body composition, particularly among younger adults, and suggest that lifestyle factors may contribute significantly to the observed differences in body fat distribution between genders as they age.
Protective effects of ethanol seed extract of Plukenetia conophora on cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats
Authors: Blackie O.H. , Odiase D.E. , Blackie F.F.
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUNDAND AIM: Male infertility is a significant global health concern, with sperm quality deficiencies contributing significantly to its prevalence. Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples globally, with male factors contributing to around 50% of cases. Medicinal plants, including the African walnut (Plukenetia conophora), are gaining attention for their potential in addressing reproductive health challenges. The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of ethanol seed extract of Plukenetia conophora (African walnut) on cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats.
METHODS: Thirty-six adult male Wistar Rats were divided into six groups and subjected to different treatments, group A served as the control group, Group B and C received 250 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight of ethanol seed extract of Plukenetia conophora only respectively, group D and E received 250 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight of Plukenetia conophora in addition to 10mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride respectively, and group F received 10 mg/kg body weight of cadmium chloride only over a 56-day period, Cadmium and Plukenetia conophora were administered daily using orogastric tube.
RESULTS: Cadmium chloride negatively impacts body weight, testicular weight, and sperm quality. Plukenetia conophora extract exhibits protective effects, mitigating the detrimental impact of cadmium, particularly at lower doses. Histological analysis confirmed the protective role of the extract in maintaining normal testicular architecture.
CONCLUSION: Plukenetia conophora extract shows potential as a protective agent against cadmium-induced reproductive toxicity, highlighting its therapeutic potential for male infertility caused by environmental toxins. Further research is warranted to explore its clinical applications.
Characterization and antimicrobial properties of Prosopis africana, Pentaclethra macrophlla, and Erythrophleum suaveolen (Fabaceae) seed extracts and fractions on selected wood pathogens
Authors: Ekhuemelo D O. , Markdoh K.A. , Ekhuemelo C.
Published: January 2025

The study investigated antimicrobial properties of extracts and fractions characterized from seeds of three tropical trees species (Prosopis africana, Pentaclethra macrophlla, and Erythrophleum suaveolen). Methanol extracts of P. africana, P. macrophylla, and of E. suaveolens seeds were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), column chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Results obtained revealed that P. macrophylla fractions contained lupenone in PM35, while a combination of triterpenes and lupeol in PM57 and daucosterol present in PM72 from P. africana. In contrast, E. suaveolens seed fraction EM86 contain Sitosterol/stigmasterol, wax and fatty substances. The extracts were active against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, and Klebsiella spp test bacteria at zone of inhibition (ZoI) ranged from 18 mm to 20 mm. E. suaveolens methanol seed extract demonstrated notable activity against six fungi viz: Aspergillus nigre, Coniophora puteana, Fusarium sp, Rhizopus spp, and Sclerotium rolfsii, with ZoI values ranging from 16 mm to 20 mm. The results demonstrated varying degrees of antibacterial and fungicidal activities among the extracts against test bacterial and fungal strains. Only P. mycrophylla extract inhibited and killed Aspergillus nigre and Serpula lacrymans at MIC of 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, and MFC of 10 mg/Ml respectively.
Lithological characterization of the subsurface layers at ‘NASS’ field, Choba, Rivers State
Authors: Oghonyon R. , Njoku D.K.
Published: January 2025

The study on lithological characterization of subsurface layers at ‘NASS’ field, Choba, Rivers State has been evaluated. However, the study deployed the use of electrical resistivity survey (Schlumberger Array Configuration method) in investigating the subsurface lithological layers. This method is efficient for characterizing the layers in terms of understanding the variations in lithology, the resistivity properties and changes with depth, andthe depth to portable water Formation as depth increases. The acquired field data was used to produce a resistivity curve for subsurface interpretation. The study investigated five stratigraphic layers and four thicknesses. In this way, the first layer has resistivity values of 84.7Ωm (at a depth of 1.6m); layer two has 689.2Ωm (at 2.7m); layer three has 8,593Ωm (at 14.1m); layer four has 3273Ωm (at 46.8m) and layer five has 791.1Ωm (at a depth greater than 46.8m) respectively. The aquifer formation is at a depth of 46.8m for the extraction of potable water in the area. The results above were used to produce a geoelectric section based on the resistivity properties of the different layers. The section produced revealed lithological layers that are characterized by good geological properties for groundwater exploration.
Integrated modeling of coastal geology: Investigating interactions and impacts on landscape dynamics
Authors: Molua C.O. , Ighrakpata F.O.
Published: January 2025

Coastal areas seek to achieve dynamic results determined by the complex balance of geological transformations and topographical tufts. This research is designed to get an exact and clear picture of interactions between natural processes and their implications on coastal management. This study applied integrated methods such as breakwater analysis, grain size analysis, and salinity level of the groundwater, vegetation cover, and morphological features of several locations. Coastal erosion rates varied over the whole area of the study, with the maximum value recorded at Point D (7.890 mm/year) and the lowest at Point C (4.567 mm/year), making the need for site-oriented mitigation programs evident. The preponderance of sand coupled with the presence of slit and clay implied the sedimentary composition of environments of different energy contexts--high energy, intermediate energy, and low energy conditions, respectively. Atmospheric salinity levels were varying between 13.456 and 8.901 ppt due to the impact of freshwater inflow and evaporation rates. The spatial density of vegetation was between 25.89% and 33.123% per cent, indicating how vital vegetation covers are in supporting coastal stability by preventing or limiting erosion. Geological structures, such as sand dunes of 4.567 m to 6.901 m in height, cliff heights of 8.901 m to 11.234 m, and beach widths of 17.789 m to 23.456 m, varied significantly from nature processes. They helped to create coastal protection and habitat conservation. The outcomes will further advance coastal geology and geomorphology knowledge, guiding coastal management, erosion control, and habitat restoration decisions. The research asserts the importance of applying multidisciplinary approaches and assessments as a strategy for sustainability, ensuring that these environments are provided with tools to solve the problems faced.
Predicting graduation performance through transformed admission data and first year grades using multiple regression and ANOVA: A case study of Delta State University
Authors: Ezimadu S.O. , Odola P.A. , Okwa F.O. , Ezimadu P.E.
Published: January 2025

Studies on the relationship between students’ previous results, and graduations are usually based on only the undergraduate sessional results. This study conducts a statistical analysis of student graduation patterns, specifically focusing on the relationship between students' academic performance at the time of admission – measured by their West African Examination Council, WAEC –their first-year results, and their overall performance upon graduation. The study explores the use of coding transformation of WAEC grades to a 5-point scale Grade Point Average/Cumulative Grade Point Average, GPA/CGPA. The goal is to determine whether a student's potential at the time of admission and his/her first-year CGPA could predict academic success at graduation. The study followed a well-defined data collection method and employed data analysis techniques including multiple linear regression, analysis of variance, and coefficient of determination. The results of the statistical analysis reveals that a student's performance in WAEC does not significantly affect university graduation outcome; indicating that a student's ability to graduate with an excellent or a poor result is independent on their performance in the WAEC examination. However, the study did find that a student's first-year academic results significantly contributed to his/her university graduation outcome. As a result, the study offered various recommendations on how students can achieve higher graduating grades.
Numerical solution of partial differential equations using MATLAB: Applications to one-dimensional heat and wave equations
Authors: Shior M.M. , Agbata B.C. , Obeng-Denteh W , Kwabi P.A. , Ezugorie I.G. , Marcos S. , Asante-Mensa F , Abah E.
Published: January 2025

Partial differential equations (PDEs) are powerful mathematical tools used to describe various physical phenomena in fields such as physics, engineering, and economics. In this study, numerical solution of PDEs was employed, focusing on one-dimensional heat and wave equations, using MATLAB. By employing finite difference methods, we discretize the PDEs and utilize MATLAB's computational capabilities to obtain numerical solutions. Surface plots are generated to visualize the behavior of the solutions over time and space. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the numerical techniques employed for solving PDEs in MATLAB, offering insights into the underlying mathematical principles and computational implementation. The significance of numerical solutions in understanding the behavior of physical systems and their applications in real-life scenarios was discussed. Specifically, we highlight the importance of PDEs in modeling heat transfer processes, such as diffusion and conduction, and wave propagation phenomena, including vibrations and oscillations. Furthermore, practical applications of PDEs in various fields, including engineering design, environmental science, and medical imaging are presented. The numerical solutions obtained using MATLAB enable researchers and practitioners to analyze complex systems, predict their behavior, and optimize design parameters. Additionally, the study contributes to the advancement of computational methods for solving PDEs, enhancing our ability to model and simulate diverse phenomena accurately. The study underscores the significance of numerical techniques in solving PDEs and their role in addressing real-world challenges. By leveraging MATLAB's computational capabilities, researchers can efficiently obtain solutions to complex PDEs, facilitating advancements in science, engineering, and technology.
Impact of climatic factors on indoor mosquito species abundance in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Living-Jamala U. , Nzeako S.O. , Abajue M.C. , Ezenwaka C.O.
Published: January 2025

Mosquito abundance in sub-Sahara Africa is of great public health importance and has been linked to various infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of climatic factors on mosquito abundance in the study area. Indoor resident mosquitoes were caught using pyrethrum spray catch technique and identified based on morphological characteristics. Results revealed a total of 3321 mosquitoes from 16 species toinclude An. gambiaes.l., An. funestus, An. coustani, Ae. aegypti, Ae. vittatus, Ae. metallicus, Ae. stokesi, Ae. albopictus, Cx. tigripes, Cx. horridus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. andersoni, Cx. pipiens, Cx. univittatus, Cx. striatipes and Cx. Thalassius accounting for 469(14.16%), 210(6.32%), 85(2.56%), 478(14.39%), 183(5.51%), 116(3.49%), 86(2.59%), 390(11.74%), 159(4.79%), 46(1.39%), 391(11.77%), 160(4.82%), 315(9.49%), 112(3.37%), 78(2.35%) and 43(1.29%) respectively. Of the total catch, Port Harcourt recorded abundance of 1725(51.N94%) against Odual with 1596(48.06%). The impact of rainfall on the abundance of indoor resident mosquitoes revealed a positive linear relationship in Odual (y=0.2645x+128.87; R²=0.1959) and Port Harcourt (y=0.5068x+82.2; R²=0.387) likewise humidity in Odual (y=2.5533x-53.044; R²=0.0592) and Port Harcourt (y=5.8259x-342.62; R² = 0.1373).However, a skewed relationship was noted with temperature, hence a positive relationship in Odual (y = 19.595x - 366.89; R² = 0.1463) and a negative in Port Harcourt (y = -27.434x + 874.19; R² = 0.1454). People in the study areas, are at risk of mosquito-borne diseases based on the result analysis. Understanding the impact of climatic factors on mosquito abundance is prerequisite for predicting itsdisease outbreaks, developing effective control measures and improve surveillance.
Geophysical probe for delineating portable water depths along UDPS, Choba, Rivers State
Authors: Oghonyon R. , Edeh C.S.
Published: January 2025

The present study focused on the use of geophysical probe for portable water delineation in ‘UDPS’, Choba, Rivers State. The objective is to carry out a geophysical survey for resistivity evaluation as the depth of investigation increases, interpret the resistivity curve using geophysical parameters of the subsurface layers, delineate variations in subsurface lithologies and resistivity properties of the layers for geoelectric evaluation and interpret geoelectric section for delineating portable water depths at the subsurface layers. The resistivity data was acquired from the field, processed and interpreted. The result revealed a resistivity curve which shows an increasing resistivity property, AK type curve, five layers, four thicknesses and resistivity trend in the form of ℓ1˂ℓ2˂ℓ3 ˃ℓ4˂ℓ5, a geoelectric section containing five layers of topsoil, fine-medium sand, coarse-gravely sand, silty clay and coarse sand as the prospect zone. The data brought great insight from the rock layers across the area in terms of the resistivity parameters of the layers, the curve type, resistivity trend, the changes in lithologies, the geoelectric section, etc. This, in effect, can be a useful tool for other interested individuals guided by the geophysical investigation concept for groundwater prospecting in the study area.
Status of soils collected under some agroforestry trees
Authors: Ogazie C.A. , Ekeke C. , Odoemelam H.O.
Published: January 2025

Soil the bed rock for natural provision of macro and micro nutrients for plant growth and development. A soil is considered unhealthy when it can longer supply required nutrients for plant growth due to over use or degradation. To mitigate soil low fertility, agroforestry method of raising trees and crops together makes nutrients available continuously for crop production, through dropping of its parts as litter which decays to add organic matter and nutrients to soil. Soils sampled with soil auger from seven agroforestry trees farm lands namely Gmelina arborea Roxb., Treculia africana Decne., Tectona grandis Linn. f., Pentaclethera macrophylla Benth., Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill., Mangifera indica Linn., Annona muricata Linn. and Fallow farmland as control were evaluated for macro and micro elements using standard laboratory methods and results presented with the highest and smallest values from each parameters evaluated: pH: 5.6, 4.5(Fa and Pm);%N,OC:0.21,0.10(Pm, Fl and Ma),3.40,1.30(Pm and Ig);EC (µS/cm):151.0,88.0(Fl and Tg), P, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn (mg/Kg): 72.10, 19 .60 (Ta and Ma),111.02, 46.27 (Ta and Tg), 138.47,21.51(Pm and Am),1.53,0.80(Pm and Am), 8.08, 1.86(Ta and Mi); %Sand, Silt, Clay:88,70(Am, Ma and Tg), 16.50, 4.60(Ma and Tg, Am), 13.50,7.50 (Tg and Tg, Pm and Am); Ca, Mg, K, Na, Acidity, Al, ECEC(cmol/Kg)3.43, 0.59 (Ta and Tg),1.00, 0.24(Am and Mi), 0.15,0.07 (Pm, Ma, Ig and Am), 0.40,0.35(Tg, Ma, Ig and Am), 16.90,4.05(Tg and Am), 2.8,1.10(Tg and Am), 21.10,8.70(Tg and Am). We conclude by recommending agroforestry practice as way out of managing and sustaining soil health within the agroecosystems for continuous plant and food crop production as well sustaining the environment.