bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fishing for the missing: The application of recreational fish finders for underwater body detection in shallow waters
Authors: Martlin Britny A. , Bell Lynne S.
Published: December 2024

Early detection of submerged bodies is essential to increase the possibility of recovery. Different water bodies present different challenges, particularly rivers and the ocean, where chances of detection are vastly reduced. Modern recreational fish finders incorporate multiple sonar technologies, including Sidescan sonar, at high‐frequency resolutions, similar to commercial units. Recreational units are widely available and usually hull‐mounted, allowing them to be utilized on almost any vessel in shallow and difficult to navigate environments. Recreational fish finders are currently an untapped resource which may assist search teams with the early detection and recovery of human remains submerged in shallow water (<20 m). This research investigated the efficacy of a modern recreational fish finder attached to a kayak to detect human proxies and living human volunteers submerged at shallow depths in (1) two indoor freshwater environments and (2) two outdoor environments (a freshwater lake and a nearshore coastal environment). Results demonstrated that recreational fish finders can detect human bodies submerged in both fresh and saltwater contexts at shallow depths within the water column and on the water bottom. Recreational units equipped with Sidescan sonar (800 kHz) provided the necessary resolution for underwater body detection at shallow depths. These sophisticated sensors are currently used by recreational boaters and anglers, and offer the opportunity to increase the eyes in the water not just by search and recovery teams, but by the public itself.
Neural responses to stress and alcohol cues in individuals with pain with and without alcohol use disorder
Authors: Radoman Milena , McGowan Colleen , Heilner Emily , Lacadie Cheryl , Sinha Rajita
Published: December 2024

Pain and alcohol use disorder (AUD) frequently co‐occur, but the underlying neurobiology is not well‐understood. Although many studies have reported disruptions in stress and reward cue‐elicited neural reactivity and heightened alcohol craving in individuals with AUD, little is known about these constructs among patients who experience pain. Here, individuals with pain (Pain+, n = 31) and without pain (Pain−, n = 37) completed a well‐validated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm involving stress (S), alcohol (A) and neutral (N) cue exposure with repeated alcohol craving assessments. Using whole‐brain, voxel‐based analyses (p < 0.001, whole‐brain cluster correction at α < .05), the Pain+ versus Pain− group evidenced greater dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and left amygdala hyperactivation during N, but hypoactivation during the S‐N contrast. Additionally, Pain+ exhibited blunted right anterior insular cortex (AIC) during S‐N and blunted anteromedial thalamus and left AIC with hyperactive orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during A‐N. Exploratory analyses further revealed that individuals with pain and AUD (n = 17) relative to pain alone (n = 14) showed hyperactive bilateral AIC and hypoactive right dorsal caudate during A‐N. Alcohol cue‐induced craving, significantly higher in Pain+ (p = 0.03), correlated with blunted right AIC and OFC responses during A‐N. In sum, these results provide first evidence of heightened alcohol cue‐elicited craving and disrupted stress‐ and alcohol cue‐reactivity within corticostriatal‐limbic regions implicated in negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages of AUD in those with pain and with comorbid pain and AUD. Future investigations of pain‐AUD interaction are needed that include systematic pain assessment and longitudinal designs with larger sample sizes.
Therapeutic nipple‐sparing mastectomy: a scoping review of oncologic safety and predictive factors for in‐breast recurrence
Authors: Spillane Sebastian , Baker Caroline , Lippey Jocelyn
Published: December 2024

Breast cancer is a common disease, with mastectomy remaining necessary in a proportion of patients. Nipple‐sparing mastectomy with reconstruction improves cosmesis compared with traditional nipple‐sacrificing techniques. However, concerns regarding increased rates of local recurrence in the retained skinfold and nipple‐areolar complex exist. The aim of this scoping review is to assess the incidence of in‐breast recurrence after therapeutic nipple‐sparing mastectomy and analyze predictors of recurrence. A systematic search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL and Cochrane Library databases, with keywords related to ‘nipple‐sparing mastectomy’ and ‘local recurrence’. Studies that reported rates of in‐breast recurrence for patients who underwent therapeutic nipple‐sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction were included. 1465 search results were identified, with 17 studies meeting eligibility criteria. The included studies encompassed 7280 patients, with median follow‐up time ranging from 28 to 156 months. Nipple‐areolar complex, local, regional and locoregional recurrence ranged from 0% to 4.8%, 0% to 10.0%, 0.4% to 3.9% and 1.7% to 24.1%, respectively. A positive linear correlation between recurrence rates and follow‐up duration of the included studies was observed. Predictive factors included tumour to nipple distance less than 2 cm, disease stage, molecular subtype and lymphovascular invasion. Nipple‐sparing mastectomy is oncologically safe with careful patient selection. Long‐term follow‐up of patients who undergo nipple‐sparing mastectomy may be necessary due to the high rate of late recurrence observed in the included studies.
Autoimmune Hepatitis and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Nationwide Perspective
Authors: Kilani Yassine , Alsakarneh Saqr , Madi Mahmoud Y. , Mosquera Daniel Alejandro Gonzalez , Ferreira Mariana Nunes , Jaber Fouad , Helzberg John , Duong Nikki , Syn Wing‐Kin
Published: December 2024

Background

Vitamin D deficiency is linked to worse outcomes in patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD). However, data in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) remain limited.

Aims

We aimed to assess the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the outcomes of individuals with AIH.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used the TriNetX research network to identify patients with AIH. Patients were matched using propensity score matching and stratified to sufficient vitamin D levels (e.g., 25 (OH) D3 ≥ 30 ng/mL), vitamin D insufficiency (25 (OH) D3: 20–29.9 ng/mL) and vitamin D deficiency (e.g., 25 (OH) D3 < 20 ng/mL). The primary outcome was the all‐cause mortality among adult patients with AIH. Secondary outcomes included decompensated liver cirrhosis, acute hepatic failure, liver transplantation (LT), all‐cause hospitalizations and all‐cause critical care admissions.

Results

A total of 1288 AIH patients with vitamin D deficiency were identified and propensity matched with 1288 patients with normal vitamin D levels. Patients with vitamin D deficiency had significantly increased odds for all‐cause mortality compared to those with normal levels (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.2, 95%CI: 2.3–4.48). Patients with vitamin D deficiency were at increased odds of all‐cause hospitalizations (aOR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.97–2.84), critical care unit admissions (aOR = 2.8, 95%CI: 2.21–3.71), decompensated liver cirrhosis (aOR = 2.74, 95%CI: 2.13–3.54), acute hepatic failure (aOR = 3.11, 95%CI: 2.09–4.62) and LT (aOR = 3.47, 95%CI: 1.71–7.04), as compared to those with normal vitamin D levels.

Conclusion

This cohort study showed significantly increased odds for all‐cause mortality in AIH patients with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency in patients with AIH was associated with increased likelihood of hospitalisation, decompensated liver cirrhosis, acute liver failure and LT.
Male and female genital structures of Bangasternus planifrons (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhinocyllini) from Turkey: A scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Yücel Cenk , Bal Neslihan , Coral Didem , Suludere Zekiye
Published: December 2024

Bangasternus planifrons (Brullé, 1832) specimens collected from Ankara‐Bala were studied. The paper presents a scanning electron microscopic examination of ultrastructural features of aedeagus and spermatheca of Bangasternus planifrons (Brullé, 1832) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhinocyllini) from Türkiye for the first time. The fact that Bangasternus is a genus with three species in Türkiye makes the study more important. Accordingly, detailed investigation of aedeagus and spermatheca is very important to obtain new diagnostic characteristics in Bangasternus. The parts which include systematic characters such as spermatheca, genital spicule, sternite eight and coxite figures were drawn in detail and these characters were discussed on species, genera and tribus levels. While significant differences were observed among the species in genital spicula, coxite, stylus and spermateca, a difference that would reveal a genus discrimination character by evaluating these structures could not be obtained according to the available findings. Photos in stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope are also given in the text.
β‐Blockers and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Eddin Lujain Ez , Preyra Rebecca , Ahmadi Fatemeh , Jafari Atefeh , Omrani Mohammad Ali , Muanda Flory T.
Published: December 2024

Aims

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the association between β‐blocker use and neuropsychiatric adverse events, specifically focusing on short‐term outcomes.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search identified studies reporting neuropsychiatric outcomes in patients using β‐blockers, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for outcomes such as dizziness, insomnia, nightmares, drowsiness and delirium.

Results

Our analysis revealed that β‐blocker use was significantly associated with an increased risk of dizziness (RR 1.72, 95% CI [1.39–2.14]; I2 = 1%, 14 studies) compared to placebo. Lipophilic β‐blockers, especially propranolol, showed an even greater risk of dizziness (RR 3.13, 95% CI [1.44–6.84]; I2 = 0%, three studies). Propranolol was also associated with increased insomnia risk compared to placebo (RR 1.13, 95% CI [1.00–1.28]; I2 = 0%, five studies). Our data did not show statistically significant increases in the reports of nightmares and somnolence. Other adverse effects, including drowsiness, sleep disturbances, hallucinations and delirium, were noted.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a significant association between β‐blocker use and an increased risk of neuropsychiatric adverse events, particularly insomnia and dizziness with higher risks associated with lipophilic β‐blocker use. Given the ambiguity surrounding dizziness and its classification as a neuropsychiatric effect, our findings are exploratory, and we cannot exclude a potential cardiovascular origin for dizziness. Most studies (75%) were published before the CONSORT statement in 1996, indicating potential reporting limitations and a lack of recent research. Additionally, 60% of studies had a high risk of bias, underscoring the need for more rigorous and contemporary investigations into the neuropsychiatric implications of β‐blocker use.
Development and validation of a deep learning model for morphological assessment of myeloproliferative neoplasms using clinical data and digital pathology
Authors: Wang Rong , Shi Zhongxun , Zhang Yuan , Wei Liangmin , Duan Minghui , Xiao Min , Wang Jin , Chen Suning , Wang Qian , Huang Jianyao , Hu Xiaomei , Mei Jinhong , He Jieyu , Chen Feng , Fan Lei , Yang Guanyu , Shen Wenyi , Wei Yongyue , Li Jianyong
Published: December 2024

The subjectivity of morphological assessment and the overlapping pathological features of different subtypes of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) make accurate diagnosis challenging. To improve the pathological assessment of MPNs, we developed a diagnosis model (fusion model) based on the combination of bone marrow whole‐slide images (deep learning [DL] model) and clinical parameters (clinical model). Thousand and fifty‐one MPN and non‐MPN patients were divided into the training, internal testing and one internal and two external validation cohorts (the combined validation cohort). In the combined validation cohort, fusion model achieved higher areas under curve (AUCs) than clinical or DL model or both for MPNs and subtype identification. Compared with haematopathologists with different experience, clinical model achieved AUC which was comparable to seniors and higher than juniors (p = 0.0208) for polycythaemia vera. The AUCs of fusion model were comparable to seniors and higher than juniors for essential thrombocytosis (p = 0.0141), prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis (p = 0.0085) and overt primary myelofibrosis (p = 0.0330) identification. In conclusion, the performances of our proposed models are equivalent to senior haematopathologists and better than juniors, providing a new perspective on the utilization of DL algorithms in MPN morphological assessment.
Imaging flow cytometry as a novel approach for the diagnosis of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Carré Julie , Demont Yohann , Mouton Christine , Vayne Caroline , Guéry Eve‐Anne , Voyer Annelise , Garçon Loïc , Le Guyader Maïlys , Demagny Julien
Published: December 2024

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an adverse reaction characterized by anti‐PF4‐heparin antibody generation and hypercoagulability. Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) provides a detailed morphological analysis of platelets, which change upon activation. We evaluated IFC‐derived morphometric features to detect platelet activation and developed a functional assay for HIT diagnosis. We analysed blood samples from 42 patients with suspected HIT and extracted platelet size, shape and texture features using IFC. The morphological features were compared with CD62P expression, light transmission aggregometry (LTA) and a serotonin release assay (SRA) in terms of their ability to predict a HIT diagnosis. Five IFC‐derived morphological features (area, circularity, contrast, diameter and major axis) significantly distinguished resting from activated platelets. The major axis feature performed best for HIT diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 89.3% and a specificity of 92.9% versus functional assays (LTA/SRA); this diagnostic performance was similar to that of CD62P expression on the same platelet donors. The area and diameter had similar specificity (92.9%) and a slightly lower sensitivity (85.7%). The morphological features associated with platelet activation might be effective markers for the diagnosis of HIT, matching platelet CD62P expression assay performance. The high‐throughput IFC exploration of platelet activation offers new perspectives in label‐free analysis and time‐saving.
Attributes and influencing factors of hope levels in breast cancer patients: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Xiong Meidi , Yao Hongmei , Cheng Yuping , Zhang Qingyuan , Luo Ying , Guo Yalun , Shi Hongmei , Bai Jinbing , Zhang Chunhua
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study aims to identify specific sub‐types of hope levels in breast cancer (BC) patients and explore the influencing factors.

Methods

Between August and December 2023, 528 BC patients took part in this study. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was employed using the Herth Hope Index, Distress Thermometer, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Social Support Rating Scale, BC survivors' self‐efficacy scale and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Breast to identify clusters of hope levels.

Results

Three potential categories of hope levels were identified: Low Hope Level—Harmonious‐Calm Type (33.71%); Moderate Hope Level–Isolation Fear Type (37.12%); and High Hope Level—Optimistic Coping Type (29.17%). The study established that social support, quality of life, psychological distress, self‐efficacy, occupation, income, education and type of surgery are factors influencing hope levels.

Conclusion

Hope levels within BC patients exhibit identifiable heterogeneity. By discerning the features associated with hope levels, the focus extends beyond patients' occupations, income, education and surgical procedures. It also underscores the importance of enhancing social support, quality of life and self‐efficacy while mitigating psychological distress. This targeted approach aims to formulate interventions specifically designed to effectively elevate hope levels in BC patients.
State responsiveness, collective efficacy and threat perception: Catalyst and complacency effects in opposition to crime across eight countries
Authors: Moon Chanki , Travaglino Giovanni A. , Mirisola Alberto , Burgmer Pascal , D'Ottone Silvana , Giammusso Isabella , Imada Hirotaka , Nawata Kengo , Ozeki Miki
Published: December 2024

Collective action can be a crucial tool for enabling individuals to combat crime in their communities. In this research, we investigated individuals' intentions to mobilize against organized crime, a particularly impactful form of crime characterized by its exercises of power over territories and communities. We focused on individuals' views and perceptions of state authorities, examining how these views may be linked to intentions for collective mobilization. Using a large dataset with participants from eight countries (NTotal = 2088), we tested two distinct and opposing indirect paths through which perceived state responsiveness may be associated with collective mobilization intentions against organized crime, namely increased collective community efficacy (a Catalyst Indirect Effect) and diminished perceived threat from criminal groups (a Complacency Indirect Effects). Results showed that state responsiveness was associated with stronger collective action intentions through increased collective community efficacy. There was also some evidence of reduced collective action intentions through diminished perceived threat. These findings highlight the complex role of state responsiveness in predicting people's intentions to mobilize against collective problems in their communities. Implications of the findings, limitations and future directions are discussed.
New findings regarding predictors of Poor Corporal Integrity in Penile Implant Recipients: A Multicenter International Invesigation
Authors: Chang Chrystal , Barham David W. , Dalimov Zafardjan , Swerdloff Daniel , Sadeghi‐Nejad Hossein , Andrianne Robert , Sempels Maxime , Hsieh Tung‐Chin , Hatzichristodoulou Georgios , Hammad Muhammed , Miller Jake , Osmonov Daniar , Lentz Aaron , Perito Paul , Suarez‐Sarmiento Alfredo , Hotaling James , Gross Kelli , Jones James M , van Renterghem Koenraad , Park Sung Hun , Warner Jonathan N. , Ziegelmann Matthew , Modgil Vaibhav , Jones Adam , Pearce Ian , Burnett Arthur L. , Gross Martin S. , Yafi Faysal A. , Simhan Jay
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the pre‐ and intraoperative variables that impact the integrity of the corporal bodies over time after inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement, as predictors of intraoperative corporal perforation and delayed cylinder complications have not been well characterized.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed a 16‐centre multi‐institutional database of IPP surgeries performed by experienced implanters from 2016 to 2021. Poor corporal integrity (PCI) was defined as intraoperative (iPCI) corporal complications or postoperative (pPCI) corporal complications. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of PCI, iPCI, and pPCI. Primary outcomes included intra‐ and postoperative corporal complications.

Results

We identified 5153 patients for analysis from 5406 IPP cases, finding 152 (2.95%) cases of PCI. On multivariable analysis, predictors of PCI included revision IPP surgery (odds ratio [OR] 8.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.15–12.92; P < 0.001), sequential dilatation (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.32–3.39; P = 0.002), coronary artery disease (CAD)/peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.18–2.77; P = 0.006), older age (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.04; P = 0.013), and corporal scarring (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.0–2.5; P = 0.049). Predictors of iPCI included revision IPP surgery (OR 7.34, 95% CI 4.18–12.88; P < 0.001), corporal scarring (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.64–4.69; P < 0.001), radiation therapy (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.0–5.04; P = 0.049), and older age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.0–1.05; P = 0.025). Revision IPP surgery (OR 7.92, 95% CI 3.69–17.01; P < 0.001), sequential dilatation (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.61–7.19; P = 0.001), CAD/PVD (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.56–5.72; P = 0.001), and history of priapism (OR 3.59, 95% CI 1.08–11.99; P = 0.038) were predictive of pPCI.

Conclusion

Coronary artery disease/PVD, being of older age, having corporal scarring, undergoing IPP revision surgery and sequential dilatation were predictive risk factors for complications associated with PCI. Identifying patients who are at risk of having PCI may improve patient‐specific counselling, consideration of referral to more experienced implanters, and surgical planning to potentially promote longer‐term device viability.
Chronic stress induces behavioural changes through increased kynurenic acid by downregulation of kynurenine‐3‐monooxygenase with microglial decline
Authors: Hasegawa Masaya , Kunisawa Kazuo , Wulaer Bolati , Kubota Hisayoshi , Kurahashi Hitomi , Sakata Takatoshi , Ando Honomi , Fujigaki Suwako , Fujigaki Hidetsugu , Yamamoto Yasuko , Nagai Taku , Saito Kuniaki , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Mouri Akihiro
Published: December 2024

Background and Purpose

Alterations in tryptophan‐kynurenine (TRP‐KYN) pathway are implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). α7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nACh) receptor regulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. We have shown that deficiency of kynurenine 3‐monooxygenase (KMO) induces depression‐like behaviour via kynurenic acid (KYNA; α7nACh antagonist). In this study, we investigated the involvement of the TRP‐KYN pathway in stress‐induced behavioural changes and the regulation of the HPA axis.

Experimental Approach

Mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and subjected to behavioural tests. We measured TRP‐KYN metabolites and the expression of their enzymes in the hippocampus. KMO heterozygous mice were used to investigate stress vulnerability. We also evaluated the effect of nicotine (s.c.) on CUMS‐induced behavioural changes and an increase in serum corticosterone (CORT) concentration.

Key Results

CUMS decreased social interaction time but increased immobility time under tail suspension associated with increased serum corticosterone concentration. CUMS increased KYNA levels via KMO suppression with microglial decline in the hippocampus. Kmo+/− mice were vulnerable to stress: they exhibited social impairment and increased serum corticosterone concentration even after short‐term CUMS. Nicotine attenuated CUMS‐induced behavioural changes and increased serum corticosterone concentration by inhibiting the increase in corticotropin‐releasing hormone. Methyllycaconitine (α7nACh antagonist) inhibited the attenuating effect of nicotine.

Conclusions and Implications

CUMS‐induced behavioural changes and the HPA axis dysregulation could be induced by the increased levels of KYNA via KMO suppression. KYNA plays an important role in the pathophysiology of MDD as an α7nACh antagonist. Therefore, α7nACh receptor is an attractive therapeutic target for MDD.
Inhibition of the upregulated phosphodiesterase 4D isoforms improves SERCA2a function in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zhu Zhenduo , Guan Qiuyun , Xu Bing , Bahriz Sherif , Shen Ao , West Toni M. , Zhang Yu , Deng Bingqing , Wei Wei , Han Yongsheng , Wang Qingtong , Xiang Yang K.
Published: December 2024

Background and Purpose

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA2a) is impaired in heart failure. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are implicated in the modulation of local cAMP signals and protein kinase A (PKA) activity essential for cardiac function. We characterise PDE isoforms that underlie decreased activities of SERCA2a and reduced cardiac contractile function in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Experimental Approach

Wild type mice were fed with either normal chow or a high‐fat diet (HFD). Cardiomyocytes were isolated for excitation–contraction coupling (ECC), fluorescence resonant energy transfer PKA biosensor and proximity ligation assays.

Key Results

The upregulated PDE4D3 and PDE4D9 isoforms in HFD cardiomyocytes specifically bound to SERCA2a but not ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The increased association of PDE4D isoforms with SERCA2a in HFD cardiomyocytes led to reduced local PKA activities and phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) but minimally effected the PKA activities and phosphorylation of RyR2. These changes correlate with slower calcium decay tau in the SR and attenuation of ECC in HFD cardiomyocytes. Selective inhibition of PDE4D3 or PDE4D9 restored PKA activities and phosphorylation of PLB at the SERCA2a complex, recovered calcium decay tau, and increased ECC in HFD cardiomyocytes. Therapies with PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast, PDE4D inhibitor BPN14770 or genetical deletion of PDE4D restored PKA phosphorylation of PLB and cardiac contractile function.

Conclusion and Implications

The current study identifies upregulation of specific PDE4D isoforms that selectively inhibit SERCA2a function in HFD‐induced cardiomyopathy, indicating that this remodelling can be targeted to restore cardiac contractility in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Mismatch Repair Proficient Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in Two Patients With Lynch Syndrome
Authors: Khandakar Binny , Lacy Jill , Gibson Joanna A.
Published: December 2024

Screening for Lynch syndrome (LS) is essential in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) diagnosis. The hallmark of CRC in LS is mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, a vital biomarkers assessed by microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of the MMR proteins in the tumor, that also predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We report two LS patients who developed MMR proficient CRCs. Patient A, with a pathogenic MSH6 germline variant, presented with two MMR discordant CRCs: a rectal MMRd/MSI adenocarcinoma, and a sigmoid MMR proficient (MMRp) and microsatellite stable (MSS) adenocarcinoma, leading to metastasis. While the MMRd/MSI carcinoma was recognized early and showed complete pathologic response after pembrolizumab treatment, the MMRp/MSS adenocarcinoma was underrecognized and poorly responsive to treatment. A second patient, with a pathogenic PMS2 variant, also developed a MMRp CRC. These cases highlight the complex biological pathways in CRC development and the impact of molecular classification on treatment.
‘How Long Do I Have?’ – Examining survival outcomes in laryngeal cancer patients managed with non‐curative intent in Northern UK: Insights from the Northern Head & Neck Cancer Alliance Retrospective Study
Authors: Rajgor Amarkumar , Hurley Rhona , Douglas Catriona M. , Paterson Claire , Moor James , Lester Shane , Sionis Sara , Davies Katharine , O'Hara James , Inman Gareth , Jones Terry , Hamilton David Winston ,   Northern Head & Neck Alliance
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Historically, 15% of laryngeal cancer patients undergo non‐curative management, but pragmatic data on this group are limited. This information is crucial to help patients make informed decisions about their care. Supported by the Northern Head & Neck Alliance, this retrospective study is the first to present survival outcomes for non‐curative laryngeal cancer patients in Northern UK.

Methods

Retrospective data were compiled for patients with laryngeal squamous cell cancer from five large tertiary head and neck centres in Northern UK (Newcastle, Glasgow, Sheffield, Leeds, and Middlesbrough). The collected data encompassed demographic details, treatment and clinical outcomes.

Results

Among 373 patients, the mean age was 72, and 73% were male. The median follow‐up was 6 months. 17% had early‐stage (T1‐2), and 83% had late‐stage (T3‐4) disease. By data collection, 99% had died.

The mean survival time (MST) was 9.1 months. Patients with metastases had an MST of 6.9 months, while those without had 9.4 months. Early‐stage patients had an MST of 13.3 months, compared to 8.2 months for advanced disease. By subsite, MSTs were 8.2 months for supraglottic, 12.5 for glottic, 5.5 for subglottic, and 7.9 for transglottic cancers.

Conclusion

This study stands as the first to explore survival outcomes in laryngeal cancer patients undergoing non‐curative management. The findings can provide valuable insights for informing patients about survival in the absence of radical treatment, facilitating important decision‐making conversations.
A matter of survival—patients' and carers' perspectives on the decision to undergo pelvic exenteration surgery for locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: Brown Kilian G. M. , White Kate , Solomon Michael J. , Sutton Paul , Ng Kheng‐Seong , Koh Cherry E. , Steffens Daniel
Published: December 2024

Aim

Pelvic exenteration is the only potentially curative treatment for patients with locally advanced or recurrent rectal cancer. This study aimed to investigate how patients decide to undergo such radical surgery.

Method

This qualitative study employed an exploratory interpretive design informed by hermeneutic philosophy. During semi‐structured interviews, individuals who had undergone pelvic exenteration at a specialised centre and their carers were asked to reflect on the decision‐making process around surgery.

Results

Thirty‐eight interviews were conducted with 39 participants (34 patients and five carers). Four themes were identified. There really wasn't a choice—participants indicated that long‐term survival was their absolute priority, with many feeling that there was no alternative. Only one participant expressed decision regret due to the consequences of surgery. Grappling with the magnitude of surgery—despite extensive preoperative education and counselling, the enormity of the surgery and recovery experience was incomprehensible to participants until they were ‘in it’, with many surprised by a slow and protracted recovery. A spectrum of psychological states and support needs—participants reflected on their psychological state prior to surgery, identifying family or professional pre‐surgery counselling as sources of support. Understanding life after surgery—although most participants were willing to accept anything in order to survive, many identified the impact on bodily functions, body image and overall quality of life as important.

Conclusions

Long‐term survival was the principal factor influencing the decision to undergo pelvic exenteration. Individualised preoperative counselling may improve patient preparedness for the consequences of surgery.
Causal Association Between Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Lung Cancer: A Two‐Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Zhang Shaofeng , Jiang Jia , Wu Xiping , Liu Jiayi , Lei Wei , Chen Siqin , Zeng Yaling , Liu Xiang , Xiao Qiang
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aims to investigate the potential causal relationship between monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and lung cancer.

Methods

Genetic data on MUFAs and pathological subtypes of lung cancer were extracted from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). The primary analysis utilized inverse‐variance weighted analysis (IVW), with additional methods including the weighted median method, MR‐Egger regression method, and weighted model method. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the robustness of the findings.

Results

The inverse variance–weighted (IVW) analysis of monounsaturated fatty acids in relation to lung adenocarcinoma yielded an odds ratio (OR) of 1.059 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.960 to 1.168 and a p value of 0.252. Similarly, for lung squamous cell carcinoma, the IVW analysis produced odd ratios of 0.884, 95% confidence intervals of 0.747 to 1.045, and a p value of 0.148. In the case of small cell lung cancer, the odds ratio was 0.936, the 95% confidence interval was 0.751 to 1.166, and the p value was 0.554.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that there is no direct causal relationship between monounsaturated fatty acids and the development of lung cancer.
Impact of conflict on sustainable agricultural practices and transitions in Cambodia
Authors: Pekarcik Carter Gracie , Ader David , Gill Tom
Published: December 2024

Cambodian social and economic systems are in an era of transformation as the nation transitions from its history of war and tragedy into a future shaped by more democratic institutions and free market policies. During the 1970s, under the Khmer Rouge, the people of Cambodia were forced to live communally and survive through collective agriculture. Starvation, hard labor, knowledge destruction, and summary execution resulted in a nation facing high levels of poverty, intellectual loss, and food insecurity. Today, while strides have been made to increase economic and social outcomes, the predominantly rural country is still characterized by a weak educational system and economic dependence on agriculture. To better understand the role of the Khmer Rouge era on agriculture, a qualitative comparative case study analysis of Cambodian agriculture pre‐ and post‐Pol Pot regime was conducted. Results indicate that the Khmer Rouge reduced labor availability, stunted rice production output, collectivized and centralized farming systems, intensified production, and created an overall loss of crop diversity and knowledge. It is necessary to understand the influence that the conflict had on Cambodian agricultural systems to assure the nation is able to transition from an unsustainable, extensification‐based agriculture system to a diverse, sustainably intensified agricultural landscape.
Residual risk prediction in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation using machine learning: A report from the GLORIA‐AF registry phase II/III
Authors: Liu Yang , Chen Yang , Olier Ivan , Ortega‐Martorell Sandra , Huang Bi , Ishiguchi Hironori , Lam Ho Man , Hong Kui , Huisman Menno V. , Lip Gregory Y. H. ,   the GLORIA‐AF Investigators
Published: December 2024

Background

Although oral anticoagulation decreases the risk of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), a residual risk of thrombotic events still exists. This study aimed to construct machine learning (ML) models to predict the residual risk in these patients.

Methods

Patients with newly diagnosed non‐valvular AF were collected from the Global Registry on Long‐Term Oral Anti‐Thrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (GLORIA‐AF) registry. To predict the residual risk of the composite outcome of thrombotic events (defined as ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, transient ischemic attack and myocardial infarction), we constructed four prediction models using the logistic regression (LR), random forest, light gradient boosting machine and extreme gradient boosting machine ML algorithms. Performance was mainly evaluated by area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUC), g‐means and F1 scores. Feature importance was evaluated by SHapley Additive exPlanations.

Results

15,829 AF patients (70.33 ± 9.94 years old, 55% male) taking oral anticoagulation were included in our study, and 641 (4.0%) had residual risk, sustaining thrombotic events. In the test set, LR had the best performance with higher AUC trend of 0.712. RF has highest g‐means of 0.295 and F1 score of 0.249. This was superior when compared with the CHA2DS2‐VA score (AUC 0.698) and 2MACE score (AUC 0.696). Age, history of TE or MI, OAC discontinuation, eGFR and sex were identified as the top five factors associated with residual risk.

Conclusion

ML algorithms can improve the prediction of residual risk of anticoagulated AF patients compared to clinical risk factor‐based scores.
Contrasting Patterns of Larval Recruitment in River–Lake Systems in Migratory and Nonmigratory Galaxias Species
Authors: Toorchi Mahsa , Reid Malcolm R. , Closs Gerard P.
Published: December 2024

Many aspects of the ecology, life history and distribution of fishes differ between their larval and adult life‐history stages. Identifying the critical habitats and migration pathways required by each life cycle stage is crucial for effective conservation and ecological management. Using microchemical analysis of otoliths, we examined the influence of larval habitat and migration on the composition and population structure of migratory and nonmigratory Galaxias species collected from tributaries upstream of inland lakes and streams lacking downstream lake connections in the Waitaki River basin, New Zealand. Larval (core) and adult (edge) layers of each individual otolith were analysed to compare otolith trace signatures formed during larval and adult life‐history stages. The results revealed considerable variation between larval and adult otolith chemical signatures of migratory (Galaxias brevipinnis) species. Classification analysis indicated that populations of G. brevipinnis upstream of each lake shared a common larval habitat, most likely the lake, with 100% of individuals from each lake‐riverine system having larval signatures that were distinct from adult signatures. In contrast, relatively consistent patterns of elemental concentrations were detected across the otoliths of nonmigratory species suggesting both their larval and adult life‐history stages had occurred in the same stream from which the adults were collected. These findings provide a framework for understanding how larval‐rearing environments can influence the distribution of stream fish across the landscape. Furthermore, identifying the source of recruits can help to improve conservation efforts to protect naturally land‐locked populations of G. brevipinnis.
Impact of land use and soil group on the functional diversity of abundant and rare bacterial communities
Authors: Tang Yijia , Minasny Budiman , McBratney Alex , Xue Peipei , Jang Ho Jun
Published: December 2024

Despite the critical role of soil microbial communities in biomass production and ecosystem functioning, previous research primarily focussed on microbial structure without functional insights, especially for rare species. This study addresses this gap by exploring the functional potential of both abundant and rare bacterial communities across various land uses and soil groups in the Lower Namoi Valley, Australia. By integrating plant‐beneficial bacteria (PBB) and Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX) databases, we show that rare species exhibited higher alpha diversity and multifunctionality than abundant species. Cropping enhanced the biodiversity of abundant functional bacteria in fine‐textured soils, which promoted crop growth through increased PBB and carbon cycling. Conversely, rare functional bacteria exhibited consistently lower biodiversity in croplands. Random forest models and linear regression analyses identified land use as a significant factor influencing the biodiversity of rare functional bacterial communities, likely through plant–soil feedback systems. These findings underline the importance of land use in shaping bacterial community functionality and call for conservation strategies to protect soil biodiversity, especially rare species, to ensure sustainable soil ecosystems and support future food production.
Structural elucidation and characterization of GH29A α‐l‐fucosidases and the effect of pH on their transglycosylation
Authors: Yang Yaya , Holck Jesper , Thorhallsson Albert Thor , Hunt Cameron J. , Yang Huan , Morth Jens Preben , Meyer Anne S. , Zeuner Birgitte
Published: December 2024

GH29A α‐l‐fucosidases (EC 3.2.1.51) catalyze the release of α‐l‐fucosyl moieties from the nonreducing end of glycoconjugates by hydrolysis and some also catalyze transglycosylation. The latter is particularly interesting with regard to designing enzymatic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). We combined the bioinformatics tool conserved unique peptide patterns (CUPP) and phylogenetic clustering to discover new microbial GH29A α‐l‐fucosidases of the underexplored CUPP group GH29:13.1. Three uncharacterized bacterial enzymes (EaGH29, SeGH29, and PmGH29) and two previously identified GH29A α‐l‐fucosidases (BF3242 and TfFuc1) were selected for reaction optimization, biochemical, and structural characterization. Kinetics, pH‐temperature optima, and substrate preference for 2‐chloro‐4‐nitrophenyl‐α‐l‐fucopyranoside (CNP‐α‐l‐Fuc) and 2′‐fucosyllactose (2′FL) were determined. Transglycosylation was favored at high neutral to alkaline pH, especially for EaGH29, SeGH29, TfFuc1, and BF3242, mainly because hydrolysis was decreased. The α‐l‐fucosidases exhibited medium regioselectivity in transglycosylation, generally forming two out of five detected lacto‐N‐fucopentaose (LNFP) isomers from 2′FL and lacto‐N‐tetraose (LNT). Alkaline pH also affected the transglycosylation product regioselectivity of SeGH29, which was also affected by a Leu/Phe exchange in the acceptor binding site. New crystal structures of TfFuc1 and BF3242 showed congruence in active site topology between these two enzymes and contributed to understanding the function of GH29A α‐l‐fucosidases. Notably, the structural data provide new insight into the role of an Asn residue located between the two catalytic residues in the active site.
Dominant Edaphic Controls on Particulate Organic Carbon in Global Soils
Authors: Guo Ziyu , Liu Jianzhao , He Liyuan , Rodrigues Jorge L. Mazza , Chen Ning , Zuo Yunjiang , Wang Nannan , Zhu Xinhao , Sun Ying , Zhang Lihua , Song Yanyu , Zhang Dengjun , Yuan Fenghui , Song Changchun , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: December 2024

The current soil carbon paradigm puts particulate organic carbon (POC) as one of the major components of soil organic carbon worldwide, highlighting its pivotal role in carbon mitigation. In this study, we compiled a global dataset of 3418 data points of POC concentration in soils and applied empirical modeling and machine learning algorithms to investigate the spatial variation in POC concentration and its controls. The global POC concentration in topsoil (0–30 cm) is estimated as 3.02 g C/kg dry soil, exhibiting a declining trend from polar regions to the equator. Boreal forests contain the highest POC concentration, averaging at 4.58 g C/kg dry soil, whereas savannas exhibit the lowest at 1.41 g C/kg dry soil. We developed a global map of soil POC density in soil profiles of 0‐30 cm and 0–100 cm with an empirical model. The global stock of POC is 158.15 Pg C for 0–30 cm and 222.75 Pg C for 0–100 cm soil profiles with a substantial spatial variation. Analysis with a machine learning algorithm concluded the predominate controls of edaphic factors (i.e., bulk density and soil C content) on POC concentration across biomes. However, the secondary controls vary among biomes, with solid climate controls in grassland, pasture, and shrubland, while strong vegetation controls in forests. The biome‐level estimates and maps of POC density provide a benchmark for modeling C fractions in soils; the various controls on POC suggest incorporating biological and physiochemical mechanisms in soil C models to assess and forecast the soil POC dynamics in response to global change.
Effect of catalytic condition on the properties of carbon nanotubes/calcium aluminate cement and its synthesis mechanism
Authors: Zang Yunfei , Xiao Guoqing , Ding Donghai , Yu Renhong , Yang Minghui , Gao Han , Li Jingxin
Published: December 2024

Carbon nanotubes/calcium aluminate cement (CNTs/CAC) have endowed refractory castables with excellent performance. However, the properties of CNTs/CAC at varying catalytic conditions were significantly affected by the characteristics of carbon matters and the microstructure of cement, especially oxidation resistance and water dispersibility. The CNTs/CAC and the pyrolysis process of its precursors were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry‐Fourier transform. The optimum catalyst content of cement was determined to be 0.2 wt.% (Fe count), the optimal catalytic temperature was 700°C, and the optimal catalytic time was 3 h. The graphitization degree of carbon and the microstructure of cobweb‐like carbon/cement particles were optimized within the optimal catalytic conditions, thereby improving the oxidation resistance and water dispersion of CNTs/CAC. In addition, the research of the CNTs/CAC pyrolysis process has also shown that bamboo‐shaped carbon nanotubes were aggregated, interweaved, and embedded within the interstices of calcium aluminate particles to form a cobweb‐like microstructure during the CNTs/CAC formation process.
Reliability and Validity Study of the Turkish Version of the Motivation and Attitude to Change Health (MATCH) Scale
Authors: Başer Duygu Ayhan , Ağadayı Ezgi , Fidancı İzzet , Aksoy Hilal , Cankurtaran Mustafa
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aims to culturally adapt the ‘Motivation and Attitudes Towards Changing Health (MATCH)’ scale into Turkish and assess its reliability and validity within the Turkish population.

Methods

The Turkish version of the MATCH questionnaire, designed to gauge patient motivation for initiating or sustaining behaviour changes, was created through translation and adaptation. A total of 305 patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses completed the questionnaire and scale to evaluate its validity and reliability.

Results

The Turkish version of MATCH demonstrated strong internal consistency and reliability. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.737, with subdimensions ranging between 0.69 and 0.75. Notably, no item displayed a total correlation value below 0.40. Furthermore, test–retest analysis indicated high intraclass correlation coefficients. Consequently, no items were removed due to their consistently high reliability values among all nine items.

Conclusion

The Turkish‐adapted MATCH scale proves to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing motivational status within the Turkish population.
Do stock markets care about climate change: A public media perspective
Authors: Nguyen Minh Nhat , Liu Ruipeng
Published: December 2024

We study the pricing implication of the climate change news index proposed by Engle et al. (2020). Specifically, we find the significant risk premium associated with climate change news. The risk premium increases for firms in fossil‐fuel and carbon‐intensive industries, while decreasing for firms in low‐emission industries. Furthermore, we document that the impact of climate change news is more negative for “value” and “big” portfolios compared to “growth” and “small” portfolios, and the impact of climate change news varies for firms headquartered in Democratic states versus Republican states.