bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Evolution of the Electrode−Electrolyte Interface of Ni-Rich Layered Oxides
Authors: Piper Louis F.J.
Published: February 2020

Commercial high capacity lithium ion batteries employ Ni-rich layered oxides (derived from LiCoO2) as cathodes with practical capacities of ~190 mA h g-1. However, the practical capacity is still far below the theoretical capacity of layered structures which can exceed 250 mA h g-1. Reactions at the cathode-electrolyte interfaces (CEI) are known to contribute to capacity fade and impedance growth particularly when cycling to high voltages (≥4.5 V) and at high temperatures. The capacity fade and impedance growth arise from a combination of electrolyte decomposition, surface oxygen loss, and transition metal dissolution resulting from reactions at the CEI.

I will summarize a range of spectroscopy, microscopy, transport studies of model systems under thermal and electrochemical stress that provide insight into what drives the evolution of the CEI layer and how it impacts the battery performance.[1-5] These studies reveal how the negative aspects of the CEI can be suppressed in order to reduce the gap between practical and theoretical capacities.

This work was supported as part of NECCES, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number DESC0012583

[1] Journal of The Electrochemical Society (Editor’s Choice), 164, A3727-A3741 (2017)

[2] Chemistry of Materials 29, 7345–7352 (2017)

[3] Langmuir 33, 9333–9353 (2017)

[4] Applied Physics Letters 108, 263902 (2016)

[5] Chemistry of Materials, 30 958–969 (2018)
Dendrite Prevention in Li metal Anodes with Polymer and Ceramic Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Srinivasan Venkat , Barai Pallab , Higa Kenneth
Published: February 2020

With the resurgence of interest in lithium metal anodes, the long-standing problem of dendrite prevention has once again gained popularity as a research focus. There is significant debate as to the actual cause of dendrite growth with different mechanisms observed in polymer and ceramic cells, and different morphologies observed when changing operating conditions.

Over the last year, we have been developing mathematical methods that combine electrochemical effects (kinetics, mass transfer and ohmic) with mechanical interactions (elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and fracture) to understanding the role of material properties and operating conditions on dendrite growth. We have used this model to examine dendrite formation in polymer electrolytes, both single-ion conducting and non-single-ion conducting. In addition, we have been examining the formation of dendrites in ceramic materials.

This talk will use this combined electrochemical/mechanical approach to provide insights into the cause of dendrite formation in polymer electrolytes, the effect of changing operating conditions like current density, the effect of pressure, and the effect of changing material mechanical and transport properties. We also examine the impact of grain boundaries on dendrite formation in ceramics and provide insights into the challenges that need to be solved to enable this system.
Online Temperature Estimation Based on a Coupled Diffusion-Electro-Thermal Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Shichun , Hua Yang , Cao Yaoguang , Chen Fei , Yan Xiaoyu , Wang Fang , Lian Yubo , Pan Yuwei
Published: February 2020

The performance of Lithium-ion batteries is strongly influenced by the temperature. Therefore, an accurate estimation of the cells’ temperature becomes a critical issue for a battery thermal management system to reduce its energy consumption and improve the overall performance of the whole battery system. In this paper, a coupled diffusion-electro-thermal model is established to acheive the real-time estimation of the temperature distribution of large prismatic lithium-ion batteries. The presented model consists of two parts: a diffusion-elctro model to calculate the heat generation rate of the cell and a multi-node thermal model to estimate and predict the battery’s internal temperature profile. The two sub-models are parameterized by pulse and constant discharge experiments under different ambient temperatures. Both simulation and experimental results reveal that while the irreversible heat of the cell is governed by its cycling current and overpotential, the reversible heat is dependent on the pseudo surface lithium-ion concentration, which indicates that the thermal behavior of the lithium-ion battery is directly coupled with the diffusion of lithium-ions in the solid phase. The performance of the full model is validated by dynamic driving cycles under liquid cooling conditions and the results show that the model can capture the cell’s temperature distribution during cycling with an acceptable computational cost.
Effect of Anion on the Quantum Capacitance of Graphene Cathode in Lithium Ion Capacitor: A DFT Study
Authors: Su Fangyuan , Chen Chengmeng
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion capacitor (LIC) is a kind of electrochemical energy storage device that can combine the power property of a supercapacitor and the energy property of a lithium ion battery simultaneously [1]. Graphene is widely employed as cathode because it can provide excellent capacitance, as well as constructing an effective conducting network [2, 3]. However, the detail understandings of electrode/electrolyte interface in graphene-based LIC is still limited.

Based on our previous results, graphene with single vacant defect or pyridinic and pyrrolic doped N atom show much higher quantum capacitance (QC) than the pristine one [4]. This difference can be attributed to the presence of reactive σ state near the Fermi level, which is from the C or N atoms around the defect region. However, when it comes to the real LIC system, reactions may occur between the electrolyte and those reactive atoms in graphene cathode. Therefore, the presence of electrolyte will disturb the density of states (DOS) of graphene-based cathode, and hence the QC and the energy storage ability will vary accordingly. In this work, the interaction between the anion in the electrolyte and graphene cathode with high QC is investigated using First Principle calculation. The results suggest that the defect states of graphene cathode can enhance the adsorption energy towards anion, and hence the QC and electrical double layer (EDL) structure is different with that of pristine graphene cathode. Furthermore, this interaction also decrease the stability of the anion in electrolyte. The results from this work would help to further develop high energy graphene-based LIC and shed some light on its capacity fading mechanisms.

Reference:

[1] Cericola, et al., Electrochim. Acta, 72(2012), 1.

[2] Chen, et al., Energ Environ Sci, 6(2013), 1623.

[3] Yu, et al., Nano Energy, 15(2015), 43.

[4] Su, et al., Catalysts 8(2018,) 444
A Novel Modeling Methodology Based on Dynamic Hysteresis Characters for Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: He Rong , Hua Yang , Jin Xinna , Yang Shichun , He Yongling
Published: February 2020

Battery manage systems (BMS) rely heavily on sets of models to describe the lithium-ion cells. However, the hysteresis voltage response of the batteries, which is caused by the polarization of the electrodes, will inevitably cause a great influence on the accuracy and real-time performance of the model's output. In this work, a dynamic Prandtl–Ishlinskii model of hysteresis is established to present a certain magnitude of hysteresis not only regarding the major open circuit voltage (OCV) boundaries but also the different minor loops of partial charge and discharge at the different lifetime stages. The relationship between state of charge (SOC), ambient temperature, cycling C-rate, aging state and hysteresis behavior of the cell's voltage is investigated through a self-designed pulsed-current test over a range of operating temperatures. Finally, the dynamic performance of the model is verified using the results obtained from the electric vehicle (EV) under dynamic driving cycle. The results show that better OCV prediction accuracy can be achieved when the hysteresis voltage is a function with various parameters rather than a hypothesis constant. The proposed model can significantly improve the accuracy of the model-based SOC estimator as well as the robustness in terms of initial voltage error and current error.
Nonlinear Aging Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Atalay Selcuk , Widanage Widanalage Dhammika
Published: February 2020

As the lithium-ion batteries become increasing prevalent in daily-life and industry, such as electric cars, aircrafts and portable devices, monitoring and predicting battery aging becomes critical. Typically, aging occurs due to multiple complex phenomena and reactions that are occurring simultaneously at different places in battery, and the degradation rate varies between different certain stages during a load cycle, depending on electric potential, local concentration, temperature, and also the direction of current. Battery aging is found to be linear in the early stage of cycling, however, highly non-linear at the end with rapid capacity drop. This nonlinear capacity drop phenomenon is called as “knee-point effect” and the cause leading to this is unexplored. In this work, we investigate this effect, by systematically account the mass and charge transport with interfacial reactions and parasitic solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) and lithium plating forming reactions at the anode electrode surface as a function of porosity, C-rate and depth-of-discharge. Our findings are expected to improve the understanding of battery aging and we expect this fundamental model formulation to be promising for future predictive battery studies and design optimization.
Systematical Study of the Stabilization and Electrochemical Behavior of Li and Mg Polysulfides
Authors: Bieker Georg , Diddens Diddo , Bieker Peter , Winter Martin , Kolek Martin
Published: February 2020

Magnesium-based chemistries are of high interest to the battery research community because of the high capacity and abundance of the Mg as anode material. Although providing a high anode capacity, the bivalency of the Mg cation is also the bottleneck of Mg-based batteries. The solid-state diffusion of the highly charged, small Mg2+-ion is accompanied by high activation energies limiting the choice of insertion cathode materials with reasonable cell voltages and capacities. In contrast, the conversion-type sulfur cathode has been demonstrated as a promising cathode material to be combined with the magnesium electrode. As intensively investigated in Li/S cells, also in Mg/S batteries one key issue is the emergence of bivalent Sx
2− and radical Sy
●− polysulfide intermediates during charge/discharge. The diffusion of these polysulfides into the electrolyte leads to capacity fading at the cathode and side reactions at the metal anode. These species thus have a great influence on the cycling performance of the respective cells.

In a systematical study, the fundamental electrochemical behavior as well as the solubility and stabilization of Li and Mg polysulfides was investigated in a broad variety of solvents. Thereby, we focused on the solvent-depending influence of Li+ and Mg2+ cations on the polysulfide species. Firstly, the disproportionation and dissociation equilibria of “Li2S8“ and “MgS8” in DMSO, DMF, ACN, THF, DME, TEGDME, and Pyr14TFSI solutions were investigated via UV/Vis spectroscopy.[1] The findings were combined with methodic quantum chemical calculations of the stability of the individual polysulfide species in these solutions. Thereby, also the influence of LiTFSI and MgTFSI2 was examined. Secondly, the influence of the solvent and cation-coordination on the electrochemical behavior was studied in cyclic voltammetry measurements.

It could be shown that the stabilization of different polysulfide species is not only determined by the solvents’ relative dielectric permittivity and donor number, but also depends on the coordination by either Li+ or Mg2+ cations in a mutual interplay with the solvent. This interplay will be presented to be essential for the reactions and occurring overpotentials and therefore gives insight in the role of the cation in determining the charge and discharge mechanism of the sulfur cathode.[1,2]

Acknowledgement: German Federal Ministry for Education and Research ‘MgMeAnS’ (03XP0140).

References:

[1] Bieker, G. et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19 (18), 11152-11162.

[2] Bieker, G. et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122 (38), 21770-21783.
Tin Oxides As a Negative Electrode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Koya Taro , Shimizu Masahiro , Arai Susumu
Published: February 2020

As a new rechargeable battery independent of lithium resource, potassium ion battery has received attractive attention. There is, however, little choice of negative electrode materials. Although Sn is a promising material because of its high theoretical capacity per weight as well as volume, the cycle stability is extremely poor due to a significant volume change during potassiation and depotassiation. In the present study, we focused on SnO and investigated its electrochemical behavior as a negative electrode material for K-ion battery. We demonstrated for the first time that metallic Sn formed in the first reduction process on SnO electrode reacts with K by an alloying to exhibit a reversible capacity of about 230 mA h g−1 and the electrode remain a 80% capacity retention even after the 30th cycle. Scanning transmission electron microscope image of the SnO electrode after the first cycle revealed that Sn nanoparticles were dispersed in amorphous-like K2O matrices. The reason for the improved cycle stability of SnO electrode is probably that K2O suppressed Sn aggregation and/or play a role as buffer to volumetric change in Sn. These results suggest that SnO is a promising candidate as the negative electrode material for K-ion batteries.

Figure 1
Tackling the Development of Rechargeable Calcium Batteries: The Carbat Project
Authors: Palacin M. Rosa , Black Ashley , Tchitchekova Deyana , Johansson Patrik , Araujo Rafael B. , Aren Fabian , Arroyo-de Dompablo M. Elena , Torres Arturo , Tortajada José , Luque Javier , Wuersig Andreas , Bremes Hans G
Published: February 2020

While the cost of the state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technology, the Li-ion battery (LIB), has been reduced by 8% at the pack level annually during the last decade,(1) it is now reaching its fundamental limits in terms of energy density. Furthermore, the risk of limited lithium supply and associated cost increases cannot be ignored. Therefore, new sustainable battery chemistries must be developed. Calcium based rechargeable batteries are proposed to help solving some of the Grand Challenges our modern society is facing: pollution, oil-dependency, and climate change.

Batteries based on Ca have promise of leap-frog increase in energy densities and are especially attractive as it is the 5th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and can indeed be used as a metallic anode with conventional wide potential window electrolytes (2,3). The CARBAT project builds on this breakthrough and its main objective is to achieve proof-of-concept for a Ca anode rechargeable battery. CARBAT combines scientific efforts of computational screening, solid-state and coordination chemistry, materials science, electrochemistry, and battery engineering, and apply these to: (i) develop cathode active materials operating at 4 V and with capacities of 200-300 mAh/g, (ii) optimize electrolyte formulations for fast Ca2+ transport (>1 mS/cm), and finally (iii) assemble a 100 mAh cell demonstrator. All developed materials and cells are validated and benchmarked vs. state-of-the-art LIB technology, both in terms of performance and sustainability indicators.

(1) Nykvist, B.; Nilsson, M. Nat. Clim. Change., 2015, 5, 329.

(2) Muldoon, J. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11683.

(3) Ponrouch, A.; Frontera, C.; Barde, F.; Palacin, M.R. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 169.
Li-Rich Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Na Batteries: Ion-Exchange Method
Authors: Bublil Shaul
Published: February 2020

The relatively low capacity and limited cycling retention of many known Na-ion battery prototypes are presumably due to the fact that most of the cathode materials undergo multiple phase transformations which lead to instability during cycling (due to stresses that challenge their crystal structure). Such structural transformations and the consequent instability of Na ions insertion cathodes could be one of the major problems that limit the practical development of Na-ion batteries.

To overcome this issue, we investigated new cathode compounds that are synthesized through Li–Na ion exchange. We start from O3-Li rich cathode materials and produced by electrochemical ion exchange the new cathode material Na1Li0.05Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.2O2-x.

Also, the stability of electrochemically prepared Na insertion cathode materials in cycling experiments was insufficient for practical consideration. In turn, cathodes prepared from the same Li precursors coated by a thin layer of alumina via atomic layer deposition, followed by electrochemical Na/Li ion exchange, demonstrated stable capacity (>170 mAh/g) during prolonged cycling. Their average discharge voltage was 300 mV higher compared to the counterpart uncoated Na intercalation cathodes. The structure and behavior of these electrodes were thoroughly explored by a variety of analytical and surface tools, in conjunction with electrochemical techniques
Formation-Induced Performance Improvement of Mg2sn Anode for Mg-Ion Batteries
Authors: Chung GyeongJun , Nguyen Giang Thi Huong , Song Seung-Wan
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable Mg battery is one of the most attractive candidates among the next-generation batteries because of the abundance, good safety and high volumetric capacity (3383 mAhcm-2) of magnesium. Despite its advantages, commercialization of Mg metal battery has been hindered by critical issues such as the formation of surface blocking layer on Mg metal anode and the limited selection of cathode material against Mg metal anode and electrolyte. Recently, we reported that Mg2Sn has a great potential as a Mg2+-insertion type anode for enabling an Mg-ion battery with high theoretical capacity (641 mAhg-1). The low working voltage (~0.2V versus Mg/Mg2+) of Mg2Sn anode gives a big advantage to obtain a high cell voltage in the full-cell with an Mg-free cathode. However, challenges to overcome low capacity in early cycles remain, even though Mg2Sn anode delivered a high reversible capacity in half-cell. Herein, we report the control of anode-electrolyte interfacial reaction during initial cycles of half-cell through the formation process and resultant improvement of cycling performance. Mechanistic studies of how the formation process influences structure, surface properties and particle morphology of Mg2Sn anode would be discussed. Preliminary cycling ability of full-cell with Mg2Sn anode combined with Mg-free cathode would be presented.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (2015062107) and Creative Human Resource Development Consortium for Fusion Technology of Functional Chemical/Bio Materials of BK Plus program by Ministry of Education of Korea.
(Invited) Green Materials for Sustainable Supercapacitors
Authors: Poli Federico , Spina Giovanni , Terella Antonio , Mashkour Mehrdad , Focarete Maria Letizia , Fabiani Davide , Santato Clara , Momodu Damilola , Manyala Ncholu , Soavi Francesca
Published: February 2020

The exponential increase of energy storage systems like batteries and supercapacitors is paralleled by the growing need of minimizing the environmental and economic impact of disassembly and recycling of waste devices.

Today, electrode and separator processing greatly contribute to device cost and environmental footprint.

The use of water-processable, biodegradable electrodes and separators is a viable approach to develop green and easy-to-dispose devices. Natural polymers processed by aqueous solutions are a very promising alternative to fluorinated polymers like polyvinylidene difluoride that also requires the use of the toxic N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent.

Electrospinning is an emerging technology for the preparation of free-standing fiber mats to be used as electrode materials and separators in supercapacitors.

Here, the strategies to develop green supercapacitors making use of natural binders and separators and bio-derived electrodes are presented. In particular, the performance of supercapacitors making use of cellulose and pullulan membranes prepared by electrospinning are reported and compared to those of devices featuring cellulose separators produced by bacteria.

Acknowledgments

The research has been carried out under the Italy-South Africa joint Research Programme 2018-2020 and the Executive Bilateral Program Italy-Quebec 2017-2019, Italian Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of the Environment.

References

[1] M. Yassine, D. Fabris, Energies, 10 (2017) 1340

[2] B. Dyatkin, V. Presser, M. Heon, M. R. Lukatskaya, M. Beidaghi, Y. Gogotsi, ChemSusChem, 6 (2013) 2269 -2280.

[3] D. Bresser, D. Buchholz, A. Moretti, A. Varzi, S. Passerini, Energy & Environmental Science, 11 (2018) 3096-3127

[4] P. Kumar, E. Di Mauro, S. Zhang, A. Pezzella, F. Soavi, C. Santato, F. Cicoira, J. Mater. Chem. C, 4 (2016) 9516.

[5] S. Chen, S. He, H. Hou, Current Organic Chemistry, 17 (2013) 1402-1410

[6] F. Poli, D. Momodu, A. Terella, M. L. Focarete, N. Manyala, F. Soavi, Energy Storage Materials, submitted.
Equilibrium Further Studied for Combined System of Cournot and Bertrand: A Differential Approach
Authors: Gao Bingyuan , Du Yueping
Published: February 2020

In general, quantity competition and price competition exist simultaneously in a dynamic economy system. Whether it is quantity competition or price competition, when there are more than three companies in one market, the equilibrium points will become chaotic and are very difficult to be derived. This paper considers generally dynamic equilibrium points of combination of the Bertrand model and Cournot model. We analyze general equilibrium points of the Bertrand model and Cournot model, respectively. A general equilibrium point of the combination of the Cournot model and Bertrand model is further investigated in two cases. The theory of spatial agglomeration and intermediate value theorem are introduced. In addition, the stability of equilibrium points is further illustrated on celestial bodies motion. The results show that at least a general equilibrium point exists in combination of Cournot and Bertrand. Numerical simulations are given to support the research results.
Investigation of Corrosion Rate of Mild Steel in Fruit Juice Environment Using Factorial Experimental Design
Authors: Hamzat Abdulhammed K. , Adediran Ibrahim A. , Alhems Luai M. , Riaz Muhammad
Published: February 2020

Although little attention is paid to corrosion study in food processing and production industry, it is highly important to take a critical look at what transpires at the production stages and how these can affect human health due to contamination of the final product. This research employs the design of experiment module of a Minitab software to analyze the corrosion effect of mild steel in fruit juice environment. Coupon method was adopted to calculate the rate of corrosion in orange, pineapple, and cashew fluid for a duration of 25 days with measurement taken at 5-day intervals. The highest corrosion rate of 0.71 mmpy was observed in cashew fluid followed by pineapple fluid, and the least rate of 0.08 mmpy was observed in orange fluid. The generalized model equation was obtained to predict corrosion rate of mild steel in a similar environment. In general, design of experiment offers a better way to analyze corrosion experiment result, and this innovative idea is shown in this work.
Past Continuous: The Yerushalmi’s Account of Honi’s Long Sleep and Its Roots in Second Temple Era Literature
Authors: Simon-Shoshan Moshe
Published: February 2020

The Palestinian version of the seventy-year sleep of Honi Hamʿagel in y. Taʿanit 3:9 (66d), is an example of a rabbinic narrative deeply rooted in the culture of pre-rabbinic Judaism. Its authors were familiar with three distinct literary-historical traditions found in earlier texts: the depiction of Simon the high priest in Ben Sira; the account of Nehemiah hiding and restoring the fire of the temple altar in 2 Maccabees; and the story of Abimelech’s decades-long nap preserved in 4 Baruch and The History of the Babylonian Captivity. These three traditions were already connected to each other as part of a wider network of texts, traditions, and collective memory about the Babylonian exile and the return to Zion. The creators of the Honi story built on and extended this body of cultural materials, creating an original work about the continuity of Jewish life and tradition from the biblical era to their own.
The Role of the Medical Officer in the Soldier’s Enhancement
Authors: Bouvet Renaud
Published: February 2020

Increasing a soldier’s perception, action and survival abilities responds to an operational need justified by the evolution of the battlefield. The available or conceivable means are multiple, including invasive techniques involving the soldier’s mind and body. This field of intervention places the medical officer at the centre of the debate, as a guarantor of the soldier’s aptitude for combat, and as a possible actor of the soldier’s enhancement. The conditions of consent and medical necessity seem overwhelmed by the challenges of using a technique of enhancement in this context. Consent indeed appears necessary, but insufficient to justify its implementation, and the requirement of medical necessity seems obsolete, as the normal/pathological dichotomy that structures the medical thought is outdated, the goal being to reach a “supranormality”. Moreover, the decision-making process creates a tension concerning the articulation of the aim of medical practice with the operational objectives.
Practitioners Corner: A Call to Action!
Authors: Oswick Cliff
Published: February 2020

This article briefly discusses the nature of the relationship between scholars, practitioners, and practitioner-scholars in terms of the generation of behavioral science knowledge and the development of theory. It also discusses the scope for, and process by which, practitioners and scholar-practitioners can become more directly and actively involved in contributing to The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science via a new section called “Practitioner Corner.”
Literature and lustration: Rebuilding social trust through literature
Authors: Morgan Peter
Published: February 2020

How do nations, communities and individuals seek to restore individual meaning, social justice and social trust in the wake of traumatic histories? While international legal models have underpinned the processes of lustration in ex-communist countries, other forms of coming to terms with the past have contributed to the rebuilding of social trust in these environments. Literature has taken a role both in preparing the ground for more formal politico-legal processes, and in problematizing single-answer, simplistic or categorical responses to the complex issues of guilt, responsibility, complicity, victimhood and suffering in these societies. The significant new role that European literature has taken since the Holocaust is to come to terms with the past as a record not merely as a history, but as a responsibility and thereby to participate in the processes of lustration and rebuilding of civil society that have formed contemporary Europe.
Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love
Authors: Acheson James
Published: February 2020

D. H. Lawrence began to read Schopenhauer and Nietzsche while a student at Nottingham University College. The influence of the two philosophers on his early short stories and his novels from The White Peacock (1911) through to The Rainbow (1915) has been considered at length in books and essays on Lawrence. There has been little discussion to date, though, of the presence of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche in Women in Love (1920). The unmistakably Nietzschean term Wille zur Macht (will to power) appears in the novel and has attracted some critical comment, but there is no equally obvious reference to Schopenhauer, and discussion of Schopenhauer’s influence has been accordingly slight. Lawrence believed, however, that every novel should have a ‘background metaphysic’, and careful examination of Women in Love reveals that its metaphysic, or ‘theory of being’, derives from a combination of Schopenhauer’s and Nietzsche’s philosophical theories.
Television’s role in Indian new screen ecology
Authors: Mehta Smith
Published: February 2020

In this article, I discuss the various issues that have prompted select creators such as writers, directors, actors, producers and casting agents to focus their creative energies on Internet-based content. The article’s main findings illustrate that because a growing segment of Indian content, new media practitioners are disillusioned by the programming and industrial practices of television, they increasingly embrace digital delivery platforms as the preferred outlets for their creative expressions. By drawing from critical media industry studies framework, the aim of this research is to examine the everyday practices of content creators and compare the formal and aesthetic qualities of their textual artefacts, as these professionals navigate the larger structural tensions between television and Internet in India. The article marshals evidence based on qualitative interviews, trade press, and news articles to suggest that the television industry’s production culture discourages creators from seeking meaningful work and instead look for opportunities on the Internet.
Cyber dating abuse: Assessment, prevalence, and relationship with offline violence in young Chileans
Authors: Lara Laura
Published: February 2020

The aims of the present study were to (1) adapt and validate the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ) for young Chileans and (2) provide data on the prevalence of cyber dating abuse in young Chileans. As a sample, 1,538 Chilean high school and university students (14–24 years old) participated in the study (59.8% females). Results showed that the CDAQ had an adequate fit with the original correlated four-factor model as well as with a second-order factor model that considered the four scales as primary factors of two secondary factors: victimization (control and aggression from the victimization perspective) and perpetration (control and aggression from the perpetrator’s perspective). Reliability analysis also showed that the questionnaire presented satisfactory values for internal consistency. Scores on the CDAQ were positively correlated with traditional forms of assessing dating violence, providing new evidences of validity. Prevalence data showed cyber dating behaviors are common practices among young Chileans, with around three quarters of that population reporting being victims or aggressors. Finally, prevalence of control (around 72% for both perspectives) was higher than direct aggression (34.4% for victimization and 27% for direct aggression).
Typhlitis Associated With Natural Trichuris sp. Infection in Cats
Authors: Wulcan Judit M. , Ketzis Jennifer K. , Dennis Michelle M.
Published: February 2020

Trichuris spp. infections can cause typhlitis or typhlocolitis in many species, but there are no published studies about its pathology in cats. Trichuris sp. infection in cats appears to be rare in most parts of the world but is frequent in some tropical and subtropical regions. The purpose of this study was to describe intestinal lesions associated with natural Trichuris sp. infections in cats of St. Kitts, West Indies. Comprehensive autopsies, histopathological assessment of small and large intestine, and total worm counts were performed in a cross-sectional study of 30 consecutive feline mortalities. Trichuris were found in 17 of 30 (57%; 95% confidence interval, 39%–74%) of the study cats with a median worm count of 11 (range, 1–170), indicating most cats had a low-intensity infection. Trichuris infection was associated with typhlitis but not consistency of feces or body condition score. In most cats examined, the typhlitis was categorized as mild (10/15, 67%) and, less frequently, moderate (2/15, 13%) or marked (3/15, 20%). The inflammatory infiltrate varied from predominantly eosinophilic (5/15, 33%) to neutrophilic (4/15, 27%), a mixture of eosinophilic and neutrophilic (2/15, 13%), a mixture of neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic (1/15, 7%), or a mixture of eosinophilic, neutrophilic, and lymphoplasmacytic (3/15, 20%). In some cats, surface erosions and catarrhal exudate were adjacent to adult worms. These findings are similar to those reported with low-intensity Trichuris infections in other species.
Which Contributes to Meniscal Repair, the Synovium or the Meniscus? An In Vivo Rabbit Model Study With the Freeze-Thaw Method
Authors: Kim WooYoung , Onodera Tomohiro , Kondo Eiji , Terkawi Mohamad Alaa , Homan Kentaro , Hishimura Ryosuke , Iwasaki Norimasa
Published: February 2020

Background:

During meniscal tissue repair, the origin of the reparative cells of damaged meniscal tissue remains unclear.

Hypothesis:

Comparison of the influence between meniscal and synovial tissues on meniscal repair by the in vivo freeze-thaw method would clarify the origin of meniscal reparative cells.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

A total of 48 mature Japanese white rabbits were divided into 4 groups according to the tissue (meniscal or synovial) that received freeze-thaw treatment. The meniscus of each group had a 2 mm–diameter cylindrical defect filled with alginate gel. Macroscopic and histologic evaluations of the reparative tissues were performed at 1, 3, and 6 weeks postoperatively. Additional postoperative measurements included cell density, which was the number of meniscal cells in the cut area per cut area (mm2) of meniscus; cell density ratio, which was the cell density of the sample from each group per the average cell density of the intact meniscus; and cell death rate, which was the number of cells stained by propidium iodide per the number of cells stained by Hoechst 33342 of the meniscal tissue adjacent to the defect.

Results:

The macroscopic and histologic evaluations of the non–synovium freeze-thaw groups were significantly superior to those of the synovium freeze-thaw groups at 3 and 6 weeks postoperatively. Additionally, the meniscal cell density ratio and cell death rate in the freeze-thaw groups were significantly lower than those in the non–meniscal freeze-thaw groups at 3 and 6 weeks postoperatively.

Conclusion:

The freeze-thawed meniscus recovered few cells in its tissue even after 6 weeks. However, the defect was filled with fibrochondrocytes and proteoglycan when the synovium was intact. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that synovial cells are the primary contributors to meniscal injury repair.

Clinical Relevance:

In meniscal tissue engineering, there is no consensus on the best cell source for meniscal repair. Based on this study, increasing the synovial activity and contribution should be the main objective of meniscal tissue engineering. This study can establish the foundation for future meniscal tissue engineering.
Consumer-Level Perceived Access to Health Services and Its Effects on Vulnerability and Health Outcomes
Authors: Tanner Emily C. , Vann Richard J. , Kizilova Elvira
Published: February 2020

Access to health services affects the well-being of millions of consumers. Although the topic of health-related access is regularly featured in popular and academic conversations, these conversations primarily concentrate on objective or situational access factors. This research focuses instead on consumers’ subjective perception of access to better appreciate how personally experienced service availability and ease of access jointly determine consumers’ access perceptions. The authors find that perceived access to health services (PAHS) offers insight into the relationships between access, perceived health vulnerability, and overall health. Through scale development and a series of three theory-testing studies, this work demonstrates the close link between PAHS and perceived vulnerability (Study 1), connects this relationship to overall health (Studies 1–3), and establishes behavioral changes associated with access-vulnerability concerns (Study 2). Moreover, Study 3 finds evidence for a “muting” effect of health system distrust on the relationship between PAHS and perceived vulnerability as well as an “amplifying” effect of health motivation on the relationship between perceived vulnerability and overall health. Together, these studies illustrate PAHS’s relevance for explaining consumer vulnerability and overall health.
Competency-Based Medical Education in Radiology: A Survey of Medical Student Perceptions
Authors: Yang Joseph , Jomaa Danny , Islam Omar , Mussari Benedetto , Laverty Corinne , Kwan Benjamin Yin Ming
Published: February 2020

Purpose:

Implementing competency-based medical education in diagnostic radiology residencies will change the paradigm of learning and assessment for residents. The objective of this study is to evaluate medical student perceptions of competency-based medical education in diagnostic radiology programs and how this may affect their decision to pursue a career in diagnostic radiology.

Methods:

First-, second-, and third-year medical students at a Canadian university were invited to complete a 14-question survey containing a mix of multiple choice, yes/no, Likert scale, and open-ended questions. This aimed to collect information on students’ understanding and perceptions of competency-based medical education and how the transition to competency-based medical education would factor into their decision to enter a career in diagnostic radiology.

Results:

The survey was distributed to 300 medical students and received 63 responses (21%). Thirty-seven percent of students had an interest in pursuing diagnostic radiology that ranged from interested to committed and 46% reported an understanding of competency-based medical education and its learning approach. The implementation of competency-based medical education in diagnostic radiology programs was reported to be a positive factor by 70% of students and almost all reported that breaking down residency into measurable milestones and required case exposure was beneficial.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that medical students perceive competency-based medical education to be a beneficial change to diagnostic radiology residency programs. The changes accompanying the transition to competency-based medical education were favored by students and factored into their residency decision-making.
Impact of 24/7/365 Attending Radiologist Coverage on the Turnaround Time in an Emergency and Trauma Radiology Department
Authors: Jalal Sabeena , Ouellette Hugue , Ante Zharmaine , Munk Peter , Khosa Faisal , Nicolaou Savvas
Published: February 2020

Objective:

To study the impact of 24/7/365 attending radiologist coverage on the turnaround time (TAT) of trauma and nontrauma cases in an emergency and trauma radiology department.

Patients and Methods:

This was a retrospective chart review in which TAT of patients coming to the emergency department between 2 periods: (1) December 1, 2012, to September 30, 2013, and (2) January 1, 2017, to January 30, 2018, and whose reports were read by an attending emergency and trauma radiologist was noted.

Results:

The 24/7/365 radiology coverage was associated with a significant reduction in TAT of computed tomography reports, and the time reduction was comparable between trauma and nontrauma cases. In adjusted models, the extension of radiology coverage was associated with an average of 7.83 hours reduction in overall TAT (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.44-8.22) for reports related to trauma, in which 2.73 hours were due to reduction in completion to transcription time (TC; 95% CI: 2.53-2.93), and 5.10 hours were due to reduction in transcription to finalization time (TF; 95% CI: 4.75-5.44). For reports related to nontrauma cases, 24/7/365 coverage was associated with an average of 6.07 hours reduction in overall TAT (95% CI: 3.54-8.59), 2.91 hours reduction in TC (95% CI: 1.55-4.26), and 3.16 hours reduction in TF (95% CI: 0.90-5.42).

Conclusion:

Our pilot study demonstrates that the implementation of on-site 24/7/365 attending emergency radiology coverage at a tertiary care center was associated with a reduced TAT for trauma and nontrauma patients imaging studies. Although the magnitude and precision of estimates were slightly higher for trauma cases as compared to nontrauma cases. Trauma examinations stand to benefit the most from 24/7/365 attending level radiology coverage.
Experimental study on drilling temperature and hole quality in drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic/titanium stacks
Authors: Jia Zhenyuan , Chen Chen , Wang Fuji , Zhang Chong , Wang Qi , Hao Jiaxuan
Published: February 2020

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic/titanium stacks are widely used in aviation field due to the superior properties such as high strength-to-weight and high yield strength. Drilling these stacks in single shot is still challenging because of the disparate properties of two stack constituents. Various hole defects occur during drilling stacks, especially for stacking sequence titanium alloy to carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Cutting parameters of titanium alloy, compared to those of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, have more significant influences on hole quality of stacks. The contribution of this work is to research the influence of cutting parameters of titanium alloy on hole qualities during drilling of stacks including drilling temperature, hole diameter deviation, titanium burrs, and interface damage. A novel assessment approach is developed to character the interface damage area based on the greyscale of digital image. Interface damage factor is proposed to evaluate interface damage quantitatively. Experimental results indicate that maximum drilling temperature reaches the peak value when drilling of the interface region. Hole diameter of titanium layer is always lager than that of the carbon fiber reinforced plastic layer. In the same layer, the deviation of hole diameter increases as spindle speed of drilling titanium layer increases. In addition, the damage areas obtained through damage assessment method show a good correlation with the experimental damage results in shape and distribution. Interface damage increases with the rise of the spindle speed of drilling titanium layer.
Putting Effort Into Infant Cognition
Authors: Kaldy Zsuzsa , Blaser Erik
Published: February 2020

Working memory allows people to manipulate information in support of ongoing tasks and provides a work space for cognitive processes such as learning, reasoning, and decision making. How well working memory works depends, in part, on effort. Someone who pays attention at the right time and place will have better memory and improved performance on memory tasks. In adult cognitive research, participants’ devotion of maximal task-focused effort is often taken for granted, but in infant studies, researchers cannot make that assumption. In this article, we showcase how pupillometry can provide an easy-to-obtain physiological measure of cognitive effort that allows us to better understand infants’ emerging abilities. In our work, we use pupillometry to measure trial-by-trial fluctuations of effort, establishing that, just as in adults, such fluctuations influence how well infants can encode information in visual working memory. We hope that by using physiological measures such as pupil dilation, there will be a renewed effort to investigate the interaction between infants’ attentive states and cognition.
Letting Kids Be Kids: A Quality Improvement Project to Deliver Supportive Care at Home After High-Dose Methotrexate in Pediatric Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Ranney Lori , Hooke Mary C. , Robbins Kathryn
Published: February 2020

The Children’s Oncology Group recommends children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receive high-dose methotrexate (HD MTX) throughout treatment. Historically, patients have been hospitalized for at least 54 hours for HD MTX. Literature supports the safety and efficacy of the transition of supportive care interventions of intravenous (IV) fluids and leucovorin to ambulatory care. The goal of this quality improvement (QI) project was to implement a system to support the safe delivery of supportive care in the home after inpatient HD MTX in children with high-risk ALL. An interdisciplinary team implemented system changes including an ambulatory supportive care protocol, standard computerized order sets, family education, and education of staff in the inpatient, outpatient, and home care setting. Measurements included laboratory results of renal function and medication clearance, length of hospitalization, and family-reported quality of life. During project implementation, 10 patients completed a total of 38 cycles. The system safely and effectively supported transition to the outpatient setting for all patients. Average length of stay was decreased by 37.8 hours per HD MTX cycle. Families reported that quality of life improved in most domains with family time and sleep having largest improvement, while level of stress remained the same. Ambulatory monitoring post-HD MTX requires a multidisciplinary approach to meet individualized patient needs. Future QI efforts should consider outpatient administration of HD MTX in addition to supportive care as a means to improved quality of life.
Distributed active vibration cooperative control for flexible structure with multiple autonomous substructure model
Authors: Liu Xiangdong , Liu Haikuo , Du Changkun , Lu Pingli , Jin Dongping , Liu Fushou
Published: February 2020

The objective of this work was to suppress the vibration of flexible structures by using a distributed cooperative control scheme with decentralized sensors and actuators. For the application of the distributed cooperative control strategy, we first propose the multiple autonomous substructure models for flexible structures. Each autonomous substructure is equipped with its own sensor, actuator, and controller, and they all have computation and communication capabilities. The primary focus of this investigation was to illustrate the use of a distributed cooperative protocol to enable vibration control. Based on the proposed models, we design two novel active vibration control strategies, both of which are implemented in a distributed manner under a communication network. The distributed controllers can effectively suppress the vibration of flexible structures, and a certain degree of interaction cooperation will improve the performance of the vibration suppression. The stability of flexible systems is analyzed by the Lyapunov theory. Finally, numerical examples of a cantilever beam structure demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.