bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interlocking Interests and Collaboration with the Enemy: Corporate Behaviour in the Second World War
Authors: Teulings Ad
Published: March 2007

The author presents a study of the functioning of Dutch industry, exemplified by the case of Philips, under German occupation during the Second World War. It is shown that economic collaboration with German economic institutions had its forerunners in peacetime arrangements, especially in patent pools with German enterprises and in cartels. The importance of patent pools as a vehicle for internationalization and their relative immunity from conflicts between nation-states is underlined. When German authors argue that up to 1943 the international economy was functioning'as if there was no war', then this is another way of saying that the international economy was an autonomous supersystem, for which no rules were effective other than the normal rules of economic behaviour under capitalism. But at the national level the exigencies of a totalitarian state do not allow much functional autonomy. Thus, one may conclude that whenever a state is labelled totalitarian, normal economic behaviour is, by definition, 'collaboration'. Therefore, multinational corporations during wartime encounter a special dilemma, in which the preservation of functional autonomy at the international level gives rise to specific forms of collaboration and collaborationism, but the pursuit of a more nationally oriented economic policy may lead to another set of collaborative actions. This case study reveals how a multinational company may try (in this case not very successfully) to resolve this dilemma by internal reorganization.
Effective In-House Personnel Research Units: Findings from Six U.K. Case Studies
Authors: Williams Allan P. O. , Silverstone Rosalie
Published: March 2007

More needs to be known about the conditions under which in-house personnel research units make an impact on organizational problem-solving processes. This article attempts to identify the key variables by using a common framework to study six diverse units. A model is presented to highlight the main findings, and suggestions are made as to how a more quantitative study could operationalize the variables in the model.
Research Note: The Incompatibility of Comparisons: Comparative Studies of Organizations and the Cumulation of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Kostecki Marian J. , Mreła Krzysztof
Published: March 2007

If comparability is a prerequisite to statements about similarities/dissimilarities between objects, then the compatibility of comparative analyses is a prerequisite for a cumulative picture of the findings of many studies which are treated jointly. This issue is important because, although no single study solves all of the problems of organizational sociology, the results of several such studies together could significantly contribute to the development of theory. However, due to mutual incompatibility, the cumulation of scientific knowledge of organizations does not occur to the extent that the growing number of empirical studies would imply. This article presents some preliminary exemplifications of a technique for detecting incompatibilities. It is suggested that a satisfactory solution to the problem of incompatibility may be found not in the standardization of research methods but in the translatability of research concepts at a theoretical level.
The Impact of Organizational Culture on Approaches to Organizational Problem-Solving
Authors: Bate Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper shows how organizational culture can act as an obstacle to change and problem resolution. The introduction describes how the author's interest in 'problem cultures' arose, and the next two sections attempt to define and refine the definition and methodology of organizational culture. The main section summarizes the problematical characteristics of those cultures studied: six cultural orientations are identified and their effects examined. A number of issues are then discussed: by what process does culture shape behaviour? What evidence is there for the wider existence of the cultural orientations described? A 'universal-variable' thesis or organizational culture is put forward, and the concluding remarks seek to establish a relationship between organizational culture and orientations to change.
A Critical Framework for Organizational Analysis
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: March 2007

Some elements of a critical organization theory are outlined, and some basic features of theory in the Frankfurt tradition, in particular Marcuse's view on technological rationality, are discussed. This concept is central to the effort made in the paper to formulate a framework for critical analysis of industrial and other business organizations in late capitalist society. In this framework, an emancipatory rather than a technical-instrumental interest of knowledge is of fundamental importance. Six basic theses are elaborated concerning the relation between man, work, organization and ideology in advanced industrial society.
Ceremony as an Integration of Work and Play
Authors: Dandridge Thomas C.
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes that it is functionally valuable for work organizations to diminish the dichotomy we experience between work and play. In doing so the work participants can better integrate the experience of work into life satisfaction. The quality of work life, a factor which has received much attention recently, can benefit from the experience of 'flow' associated with play activities. This article looks at differences in the characteristics of work and play as activities, and proposes that formal ceremonies in work are an integration of the two. Functional benefits are discussed, as are potential concerns in ceremony introduction or design.
Technoeconomic and Structural Correlates of Organizational Culture: An Integrative Framework
Authors: Pennings Johannes M. , Gresov Christopher G.
Published: March 2007

An analytic framework which relates cultural variables to structural and technoecono mic factors, both inside and outside the organization, is derived from the methods employed by cultural anthropologists to generate a functional theory. The framework divides variables into two classes — social and organization, and along three different subsystems — technoeconomic, structural, and cultural. Useful in reconciling previously inconsistent or incompatible theories of organization, the framework is offered as a coordination device to integrate the results of divergent approaches to organizational culture studies.
Control Processes in Declining Organizations: The Polish Economy, 1971-1981
Authors: Czarniawska-Joerges Barbara
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis of changes in control processes in a declining economic organization. The main analytical tool is a model of control cycles which hypothesizes that, in the face of decline, management tends to move from looser to tighter modes of control. Four modes of control are differentiated: persona-, action-, ideological- and ecological control.

The subject of the analysis is the Polish economy from 1971-1981; a period during which the national economy was centrally steered and could therefore be treated as one organization.

The analysis suggests that tightening internal control is a defensive reaction of a management which feels threatened by a degenerating situation. It is suggested that the phenomenon is common in economic organizations. One could speculate whether a reverse move, i.e. towards looser control, might be more functional.
The Management Sciences and Managerial Skills
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: March 2007

The management sciences are similar to other vocationally oriented research fields, such as the engineering and bio-medical sciences, in their combination of collegiately controlled research and claims to improve practical skills. Their dependence upon labour market valuations of these skills and openness to non-scientific audiences reduce the degree of theoretical integration of research results and the power of particular intellectual elites to control research goals and priorities. Their influence on the definition and certification of managerial skills has, however, been less than in engineering and medicine for three main reasons. First, managers' tasks and jobs are largely determined by employers and practitioners do not control the selection and definition of problems. Second, the phenomena and systems they study are variable and include current managerial practices. Third, managerial skills are highly interdependent and vary according to organizational structures and policies. Their standardization around discrete areas of knowledge which help to resolve discrete sets of problems is therefore improbable. These points are briefly illustrated by a comparison of operations research with accounting research.
Participative Management in Centrally Planned Economies: Algeria and Yugoslavia
Authors: Zeffane Rachid
Published: March 2007

Experiments in industrial democracy and participative forms of management constitute central issues in the ongoing search for viable models of organizing. In countries that have espoused the socialist strategy for socio-economic development, such forms constitute prime instruments in the integration of individual and national objectives. In principle, institutionalized models of participative management should blend with both underlying socialist 'intentions' and socio-economic endeavours. However, examina tion and comparisons of the systems adopted in Algeria and Yugoslavia suggests that these basic national pursuits and their associated effects set limits to the implementation of the intended democratic management systems. These limits are most apparent in the constraints generated by central planning as a fundamental instrument of the socialist strategy, and in technological imperatives.

This paper compares the formalized mechanics of the Algerian participative system with the underlying principles of the Yugoslav model, drawing on data from fifteen Algerian State-enterprises and on published evidence on Yugoslav 'self management'.
Patterns in the Use of Formal Analysis in Strategic Decisions
Authors: Langley Ann
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an empirical study that examines how formal analysis was used in strategic decision-making in three organizations of different structural types. It was found that the nature of the formal analysis carried out, the people involved in it and the purposes behind it varied from organization to organization. An attempt is made to characterize the dominant patterns in each organization and to explain these patterns in terms of the nature of the organizational structure. Some alternative explanations of the differences observed are also suggested.
Culture Gap in Greek Management
Authors: Bourantas Dimitris , Anagnostelis John , Mantes Yiorgos , Kefalas Asterios G.
Published: March 2007

Since the publication of In Search of Excellence academicians have rushed to empirically verify the existence or absence of corporate cultures in organizations. This paper reports on a survey of Greek organizational cultures. The study utilizes Handy's conceptual framework published in his Gods of Management. Data for the study were gathered via a questionnaire which was a translation of Handy's instrument into Greek.

The data from 585 questionnaires administered to Greek managers, confirmed the main hypothesis that while most of their organizations are seen to be Zeus/Apollo (power/role) centred, most managers themselves tend to be Athena/Dionysus (task/people) oriented.
Industrial Decision-making under China's Reform, 1985-1988
Authors: Child John , Yuan Lu
Published: March 2007

The intention of China's economic reform programme has been to shift the governance of economic relations from bureaucratic towards market co-ordina tion. The decentralization of decision-making from administrative bodies to enterprises and, by extension, the delegation within enterprises of specific deci sions to a trained body of managers, have been key elements in this programme. This paper examines the changes in levels of decision-making experienced by six State enterprises between 1985 and 1988, a period during which the reform was being introduced nationwide. It concludes that the managers of these enterprises did secure additional autonomy to make decisions of strategic significance, but that this autonomy is uncertain and bounded. It is liable to be rescinded as the result of sudden changes in government policy and it is bounded by local rela tional obligations. These constraints upon management expose the dynamics of negotiated dependency relations in a context characterized by underdevelopment in both bureaucratic and market modes of economic co-ordination.
The Child is 'Father' to the Manager: Images of Organizations in U.S. Children's Literature
Authors: Ingersoll Virginia Hill , Adams Guy B.
Published: March 2007

A person's approach to organizational life is grounded in an elaborate and largely unarticulated meaning map, which provides tools for analysing situations, beliefs about how things ought to be done and rationales for those beliefs. This meaning map is socially constructed. We argue in this article that children's literature is a part of this process of social construction, and that these stories in the United States are reflective of one of the dominant strands of the U.S. national culture, namely, technical rationality. We analyse thematically a set of twenty-nine chil dren's stories, and discuss the repeating themes which emerged from that analysis. The implications for the study of organizations are discussed.
Culture, Productivity and Structure: A Singapore Study
Authors: Check-Teck Foo
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the differences in the perceived approaches to productivity improvement between domestic-owned and Western-owned companies in Singapore. Although the differences found in the scores are small, which may imply support for the culture-free thesis, analysis of the pattern of significant correlations between the two samples suggests otherwise. There is a sharp con trast in the pattern of significant interrelationships.
The Problem of Experience in the Study of Organizations
Authors: Sandelands Lloyd E. , Srivatsan V.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the fact that we cannot experience large organizations directly, in the same way as we can experience individuals or small groups, and that this non-experientiability has certain implications for our scientific theories of organizations. Whereas a science is animated by a constructive interplay of theory concepts and experience concepts, the study of organizations has been confined to theory concepts alone. Implications of this analysis for developing a science of organizations are considered.
The Politics of Organizational Analysis
Authors: Marsden Richard
Published: March 2007

This paper introduces the realist concept of science to defend and advance the critique of positivist organization theory in the face of Donaldson's counter- critique, and to rescue Foucault from the obscurity of postmodernist interpret ations, thereby establishing his significance as a guide to organizational ethno graphy.
'Goodness' Concepts in the Study of Organizations: A Longitudinal Survey of Four Leading Journals
Authors: Shenhav Yehouda , Alon Sigal , Shrum Wesley
Published: March 2007

The study of organizational 'goodness' is examined in four leading organiza tional journals (American and European) spanning a period of 35 years. The survey of 349 articles shows that 'performance' and 'effectiveness' have been studied most frequently, while 'efficiency' and 'productivity' are rarely addressed. Since 1978, performance has become the single most dominant concept in the literature. Organization Studies was more likely to publish stud ies of effectiveness, whereas The Academy of Management Journal and The Administrative Science Quarterly were more likely to study performance. Only one fifth of the studies provide a theoretical definition of the concepts used, and the number of articles without a nominal definition has increased since 1975. The provision of definitions was more prominent in The Academy of Management Review and Organization Studies than in the other two journals. The results suggest that the literature does not offer a consistent approach to the study of organizational goodness and that measurement is largely erratic.
The Road to Desert Storm
Authors: Lipshitz Raanan
Published: March 2007

Analysis of escalation of commitment is used to highlight the differences between two paradigms in the study of decision making. The rational paradigm proposes that escalation is a dysfunctional response to failure (Staw and Ross 1987). A single-option paradigm, developed in this paper, proposes that it is a necessary response to uncertainty which may, but not necessarily, result in failure. Analysis of the decision-making process of President Bush prior to Operation Desert Storm highlights the differences between the two paradigms and demonstrates how they provide different interpretations and evaluations of a given decision process.
The Role of Professional Associations in Technology Diffusion
Authors: Swan Jacky A. , Newell Sue
Published: March 2007

It is important for firms to be able to adopt technologies that offer them com petitive advantage. Before adoption can occur, knowledge about new technolo gies needs to be diffused so that firms can decide what is relevant to their needs. Professional associations see themselves as key agents in this diffusion of knowledge. Members of professional associations working in industry may act as boundary spanners who, through their involvement in these inter organizational networks, are able to learn about new technological develop ments. This paper examines the relevance of a professional association for this diffusion process, using the example of a specific technological domain — production and inventory control (PIC). The research investigated a profes sional PIC association in Canada. A survey of members revealed that this association was perceived to be an important network for learning about new developments in PIC. Predictors of technological innovation in PIC included involvement in the professional development activities of this professional association, as well as firm size and members' communication within their firm. The findings support the idea that professional associations impart knowl edge that is important for the diffusion of technology. However, the influence of this professional association was limited by its rather small size and its lack of penetration into small firms. The results from the Canadian association are compared with earlier work conducted with similar associations in Britain and the United States and suggest that there are national differences in the roles of these associations in the knowledge diffusion process.
The New National Health Service: A Case of Postmodernism?
Authors: Dent Mike
Published: March 2007

The National Health Service in Britain has recently undergone a major re organization. It has moved away from being a planned system of health care delivery to a demand driven system organized on the principles of (quasi-) market competition and quality assurance. These changes are intended by gov ernment to 'empower' the consumer (patient) with real choice and to incorpor ate the health professionals within a more effective and efficient system of hospital management. It is in this context that the paper examines the use fulness of 'postmodernity' as an explanation for the emergence of new 'flex ible' organizational forms within the hospital service. The paper will concen trate on the ideological and organizational contradictions between state policy and local practice, especially in relation to issues of managerial vs professional autonomy and control.
Post-acquisition Managerial Learning in Central East Europe
Authors: Villinger Roland
Published: March 2007

Managing a western acquisition in a central east European country requires substantial learning on both sides, on the part of the western acquirer and the central east European acquiree. While the research work underlying this paper deals with a variety of issues concerning post-acquisition management and learning in central east European organizations, the present paper focuses on aspects of individual, managerial learning following acquisitions in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland.

It is shown that the importance of appropriate cross-border management skills appears to be underestimated as compared to general business skills in the context of post-acquisition management efforts in central east Europe. The knowledge of the partner's language and a sensitivity towards cultural issues seem to be crucial, though undervalued factors for successful learning pro cesses on both sides.
How Managerial Learning Can Assist Economic Transformation in Russia
Authors: Vlachoutsicos Charalambos A. , Lawrence Paul R.
Published: March 2007

Russian economic reform is still not effective at the institutional and individual levels, levels at which managerial learning is essential for success. In particu lar, Russian state enterprises, privatized or not, need to learn how to proceed with radical restructuring if they are to become effective. In doing this, they need to be dealt with as collectives in the Russian tradition rather than as corporations in the Western tradition. Russia also needs the managerial learn ing required to support a massive wave of entrepreneurship — especially in the creation of distribution and credit organizations. Finally, Russian managers need to be familiarized with a selected set of management skills and techniques relevant to dealing with the challenges of a competitive market, even though their skills in a number of other important management areas are fully recog nized.
New Directions for Organizational Learning in Eastern Europe
Authors: Czeglédy André P.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a speculative conclusion to the Special Issue on 'Manager ial Learning in the Transformation of Eastern Europe'. Including reference to the preceding set of articles, it seeks to critically examine some of the funda mental issues of organizational learning in the regional context. By drawing upon the author's own research and epistemological interests in this area, it also advocates specific directions for future research and business practice. Four inter-related themes are addressed: agency, communication, typification and contextuality. These themes emphasize the importance of seeking to separ ate the often generalized and ethnocentric discourse on organizational learning from the reality of its empirical and interpretive complexity.
Research Note: Organizational Theory: Blind and Deaf to Gender?
Authors: Wilson Fiona
Published: March 2007

This Research Note argues that Organizational Theory (OT) has been resol utely blind and deaf to gender and suggests how a gendered approach may be developed. Despite the fact that authors such as Richard Brown (1976) and Janet Wolff (1977) argued long ago that gender should figure more largely in organizational analysis, little progress had been made. OT has accepted, and continues to accept, male ideology as the status quo. Male ideology and values must be uprooted and be seen. We must recognize the ideologies of difference which define us as men and women and the inequality that this often produces.
Organizational Response to Decline in the Israeli Electronics Industry
Authors: Rosenblatt Zehava , Mannheim Bilha
Published: March 2007

This study explores rigidity in responses to decline in the Israeli electronics industry. A comparison is made between the public and the private sectors of this industry. The public sector was found to be more rigid in its level of politicization and in its use of employee-termination strategies, whereas the private sector was more rigid in downward communication and in the use of alternative cutback strategies. Only a weak tendency was found in both sectors towards greater administrative intensity in decline. The findings suggest that rigidity and flexibility are not polar terms, and call for a re-evaluation of the meaning of organizational rigidity.
Self-reports and CEO Locus of Control Research: A Note
Authors: Boone Christophe , de Brabander Bert
Published: March 2007

The body of knowledge in organizational and management research is based, to a large extent, on same-source self-report data. Although several scholars seriously doubt the validity of such findings, this methodology has also been used, without exception, in a specific research area focusing on the relationship between the locus of control of Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and firm-level entrepreneur ship. In the present study, we try to evaluate the validity of these findings by using multiple sources (i.e., respondents) to obtain data on the independent and criterion variables. We present empirical evidence that the published correlations between the CEO locus of control and firm-level entrepreneurship cannot be interpreted unambiguously due to two, not necessarily mutually exclusive, methodological problems, that is: (1) a fallacy of the wrong level and (2) common method variance.
Ideological Change and Neoliberalism
Authors: Mongardini C.
Published: March 2007

The characteristic of the ideological crisis of our time is not the indication of the twilight of ideologies as much as the emphasizing of the profound need for a new ideological reference for social action. The situation is particularly interesting: (1) for the emphasis on some important aspects of ideological change, such as the weakening of the old ideologies; (2) for the attempts of new groups to present themselves as interpreters of new needs and to reconstruct new forms of consensus; (3) for the complex forms of what is called the "crisis of the modernity," as a crisis of the model of rationality of our epoch, which is no longer active, but can indefinitely produce the paralysis of social and political presentation. Faced with this situation, neoliberalism seems to represent the great new possibility for social cohesion, particularly by reviving the revolutionary and liberating spirit of the first liberalism.
Military Intervention and Withdrawal in South America
Authors: Barros Alexandre de S.C. , Coelho Edmundo C.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the politics of military intervention and withdrawal in South America. The main argument is that a situation of "military structural unemployment" is at the root of both the military interventions in South American politics and the problems involved in the recent "liberalization" tendencies which are appearing among authori tarian military governments in that part of the continent. It is our contention that the doctrine of internal national security has given the military the ideological justification for taking over and retaining power for more than a decade, but also that it has failed to give them the instruments for institutionalizing a new social and political order in which they could find a clear identity. The military in several South American countries communicate more and more with each other, establishing, better than any other elite group, linkages across borders in political terms.
Political Information Processing in an Electoral Context
Authors: Madsen Douglas
Published: March 2007

Choice-reaction-time and psychophysical measures are used in a laboratory study of change and stability in the semantic content of three presidential images during the 1980 American election campaign. The closeness with which 26 descriptive terms are associated with each of the three is assessed. Illustrative descriptive findings are presented, showing, among other things, relatively little change in the image of "the ideal president," consider able though selective change in the image of President Carter, and an intermediate level of change for "the typical Democratic president." The impact of President Carter's image on that of the typical Democratic president is plain. In addition, the reaction time data show that respondents are much clearer about what they want in a president than they are about what they have in one. However, they are not more sure about what they have in the case of President Carter than they are about what they would have in the hypothetical case of "the typical Democratic president." This outcome underscores and measures the respondents' uncertainty with respect to many elements of the Carter image.
Stimulating Voter Turnout in a Primary
Authors: Miller Roy E. , Bositis David A. , Baer Denise L.
Published: March 2007

This study reports on a field experiment of a precinct committeeman's efforts to stimulate voter turnout in the 1980 primary election. The experimentally manipulated variables included both the number and timing of the turnout appeals as well as the channel of communication used to deliver the appeal (i.e., telephone versus mail versus face to face). In general, it was found that whether or not the turnout appeals had any effect whatsoever, whether or not multiple contacts were better than just a single contact, whether earlier or later contacts were the more effective, and whether or not appeals were most effective when presented over a particular channel, all effects clearly depended upon the age of the recipients of the appeal messages.
Hierarchy of Political Values and their Communication
Authors: Pross Harry
Published: March 2007

Because there is no worldwide value system, there is no shared interpretation or any other similar agreement on the symbols of humanity, as for example the Human Rights Charter. Human orders exist side by side, all values are oriented vertically, from highest values to lowest unvalues. This essay deals therefore with the idiosyncracies of verticalism, the hierarchies of interpreters, and the horizon of orders in a world of "endlessly eased communications." There is a need for corresponding symbols, not for still "higher" values.
From Professional Revolutionaries To Party Functionaries
Authors: Sebastiani Chiara
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the new generation of full-time party functionaries of the Italian Communist party (PCI) in the 1970s. It is based mostly on the results of a large survey (16,000 questionnaires given out to party delegates at the latest provincial congresses). Main findings reflect the major turnover in the party apparatus and peripheral leadership which, together with increased membership and electoral consensus, characterized the PCI in the early 1970s. A new type of party cadre has come forth, with quite a different social, cultural, and political background compared to that seen in preceding generations. Nevertheless, the party organization still reproduces traditional attitudes and behavior patterns. Thus tension between continuity and change seems to characterize the youngest generation of party cadres—those in search of identities somewhere between professional revolutionaries and party bureaucrats.
The Inapplicability of the Corporatist Model in Britain and France
Authors: Cox Andrew , Hayward Jack
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the meaning of corporatism and asks whether this state form is likely to be successfully implemented in Britain and France. Concentrating on the period after 1970, the authors argue that the role of the trade unions, along with the financial and business sectors, can act as a constraint on the successful implementation of this solution to the problems facing advanced capitalist economies. It is contended that both weak and fragmented trade unions (as in France), as well as defensively strong but undisciplined and fragmented trade unions (as in Britain), can undermine the search for corporatist solu tions. The logic of this argument is then clear: There are severe intra-class obstacles to the successful implementation of corporatism. Neither Britain nor France possesses the disciplined or hierarchically structured trade unions that are necessary for the successful institutionalization of corporatism.
Political Clientelism in Political Studies
Authors: Landé Carl H.
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the state of research on political clientelism by examining two collections of recent articles on that subject. It finds that the collections include many descriptions of change in the nature of patron-client relationships as well as some models of political systems containing clientelist components and some two-case comparisons. But the collections contain no reports on attempts to test hypotheses concerning clientelism in a systematic fashion. This is explained in large part by the nature of patron-client relationships and other dyadic structures: They are amorphous, latent, elusive, and ubiquitous, and have certain problems of conception and explanation. The systematic testing of hypotheses will require ways to measure dyadic structures. Such measurement should first be carried out at the middle or institutional level of political systems. It is suggested that dyads may be identified and measured most easily if they are conceived as addenda attached to institutionalized relationships or structures.
The Red and the Black
Authors: Drake Richard
Published: March 2007

Since 1969 Italy has suffered through the worst epidemic of terrorist violence in the Western world. The extreme left and the extreme right have been involved in this violence, which remains a fundamentally mysterious phenomenon. Economic, political, and psychological theories, as well as theories of conspiracy, all fail to provide an adequate account of Italian terrorism. The author contends that Italy's culture of violence-that is, the long-standing intellectual tradition that seeks to make violence "photogenic"- has played a critical and generally ignored role in the Italian terrorism of our time.
On the Study of New Parties
Authors: Harmel Robert
Published: March 2007

The large number of new parties appearing in western democracies and their actual and potential impacts offer important avenues of research on parties in general. This paper reviews work on the definition and enumeration of new parties, their variability, classification and distinctiveness, and the development and testing of theory concern ing new parties. It suggests areas of research that, in the author's view, will provide evidence of the need to integrate an understanding of new-party phenomena in the broader spectrum of political studies.
Moses as a Visionary Realist
Authors: Keren Michael
Published: March 2007

The biblical figure of Moses is discussed as the "ideal type" of the "visionary realist" defined as a leader who combines the setting of transformational goals with a good sense of reality. Three questions are addressed: (1) Who is the visionary realist? (2) What is the nature of his vision? and (3) What are the strategies of its implementation in transformational processes? The answers to these questions are offered as the building blocks of a prescriptive model of political leadership.
Wladyslaw Gomulka and the Dilemma of Polish Communism
Authors: Werblan Andrzej
Published: March 2007

Wladyslaw Gomulka, a worker, trade unionist and Communist activist during the interwar period, became the foremost figure of the Polish Workers' Party and the left-wing resistance movement during the war, and subsequently the outstanding political figure in the People's Republic of Poland. He was the author of an original conception for the gradual and evolutionary introduction of the socialist system, known as "the Polish road to socialism." In 1948, because of the Cold War and Stalin's policy of "uniformization" of the people's democracies, Gomulka's conception fell, the Party was dominated by a dogmatic line, and Gomulka was accused of a rightist-nationalist deviation and imprisoned. He regained freedom and power with the tide of de-Stalinization in October 1956, and introduced in Poland a number of significant reforms whose consequences proved to be stable: he abandoned collectivization, limited industrialization, improved relations with the Church, pursued a pragmatic cultural policy, and eliminated glaring cases of lawlessness. In the domain of foreign policy, he successfully realized his model of a partnership with the Soviet Union, and won full international recognition of the Polish western frontier. Breakdown of Gomulka's policy at the end of the 1960s was due to exhaustion of the creative elements of his conception and his helplessness in the face of new economic and social problems emerging in Poland.
Patterned Chaos in Global Life: Structure and Process in the Two Worlds of World Politics 1
Authors: Rosenau James N.
Published: March 2007

The changing world scene is marked by innumerable developments for which extant paradigms have, at best, strained and insufficient explanations. Here the analysis undertakes a fresh approach to the emergent patterns of global life by tracing a bifurcation in which the state-centric world coexists and interacts with a diffuse multi-centric world consisting of diverse "sovereignty-free" actors who endlessly confront an "autonomy" dilemma that differs significantly from the "security" dilemma of states. An outline of the basic structures and processes of this two-world universe of world politics suggests that its equilibrium may derive from cyclical patterns in which orientations at the micro-level toward authority and legitimacy vary systematically to redress the balance of systems and subsystems at the macro level.
Family Experience and Political Leadership: An Examination of the Absent Father Hypothesis
Authors: Guiton Micheline V. , Marvick Elizabeth W.
Published: March 2007

Lasswell's efforts in the 1930s to use the findings of psychoanalytic case studies for understanding personality patterns in political leadership have been followed only by slow progress. Some obstacles to such application are identified. Case material from the psychoanalytic treatment of a small number of patients whose fathers were absent in wartime is used to exemplify certain promising strategies for overcoming such obstacles. The discussion suggests the need for the psychopolitical investigator to examine closely the details of various intrapsychic responses to early family experience. For this, the study of clinical literature is the best resource.
Global Models: Some Uses and Possible Developments
Authors: Deutsch Karl W.
Published: March 2007

Qualitative models may help us to recognize similarities among patterns in society and politics. Quantitative models, usually in mathemati cal form, help us to recognize general trends and directions of change. The conditions for this construction of large-scale world models developed between 1960 and 1975. Thus far, about three dozen world models have been built. By way of illustration, one of the most recently finished models, GLOBUS, developed at the Science Center in Berlin, is discussed to show how it could be further developed in order to enhance our understanding of the complexity of global processes and their dynamics.
Disarmament and Development: An Analysis Using GLOBUS
Authors: Hughes Barry B. , Bremer Stuart A.
Published: March 2007

The East-West and North-South divisions of the globe have structured a large percentage of global political and economic conflict throughout the post-World War II period and appear likely to do so for the foreseeable future. Many propositions for disarmament and development, often proposed as approaches to bridging the two gaps, fall generally into an Idealist/Internationalist model of international political economy. In a project using the GLOBUS world computer simulation, we have examined six propositions from that model. At the aggregate level, some results support and some generally contradict the Idealist/Internationalist propositions. More detailed examination often reveals complex patterns hidden by the aggregate results. This article summarizes project results and sketches a revised international political economy model.
Global Environmental Degradation and International Organizations
Authors: Untawale Mukund G.
Published: March 2007

International organizations are critical for global environmental policymaking as catalytic agents of desirable change, and in the case of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as the coordinative mechanism as well. Only in the face of severe degradation or impending catastrophies has the world community responded to challenges. However, for the policy to be effective, the necessary financial support needs to be generated, assured, and vastly increased; and the locus of policy making shifted to a main organ of the United Nations—conceivably as an Environmental Council, supplanting the Trusteeship Council and being co-equal in status with the Economic and Social Council, with the UNEP as its coordinative arm.
Juridicalization of Politics in the United States
Authors: Shapiro Martin
Published: March 2007

The United States is the home of judicialization or, perhaps more accurately in this case, the juridicalization of politics. American politics has been Constitution-centered from the very beginning, and lawyers play a disproportionate role in political life. This article analyzes the causes, development, and effects of these features. One main theme is, of course, traditional judicial review, but we will also examine the role of the courts as implementers in public affairs. Further administrative judicial review is described and evaluated.
Approaches to the Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: The Strategy of Non-territorial Autonomy
Authors: Coakley John
Published: March 2007

Given the essentially territorial nature of the state, it has sometimes been assumed that attempts to resolve ethnic conflict by devolving power to ethnic groups must follow territorial lines. The present article assesses an alternative, "non-territorial," approach that has had some limited success as a device for the resolution of ethnic conflict. The origins of this approach may be traced back to the traditions of certain pre-modern states. A more systematic scheme of non-territorial autonomy appropriate to the modern state was elaborated in Austria-Hungary during its last years, and some instances of its attempted application may be seen immediately before and after the First World War. In the contemporary world, elements of this approach have been present in efforts to resolve the problems of indigenous minorities and in systems of consociational government.
Population Imbalance and Political Destabilization
Authors: Merritt Richard L.
Published: March 2007

Vast population growth is one of the chief dangers of our times—but perhaps not because of growth size itself. First, scientists and policy makers differ about how many more people the global system can accommodate. Early dreams of endless growth, nationalistic emphases on population quality, and neo-Malthusian claims to the limits of growth remain intellectual challenges. Actual policy is left to nation-states. Second, nation-states rarely have population policies and, when they do, the policies are quite diverse and self-centered. Third, population imbal ance and uncontrolled migration enhance a perception of a population danger that in turn fuels political destabilization. Getting through the shoals occasioned if not caused by vast population growth requires improved steering by nation-states and a more serious international effort to deal with global policy.
Sport Law: A Social Perspective
Authors: Merriman John , Conn James H.
Published: March 2007

The growth of litigation involving sport related injuries and the spread of such litigation from public schools up through college and university settings is reviewed. Several court cases are cited for illustrative purposes and the legal duties of both individuals and institutions involved in any aspect of sport production are defined. It is argued that providing a safe environment is the greatest step that one can take to avoid sport injury litigation. While some risk will always be present in sport activities, steps can be taken to eliminate risks that are not an inherent part of the activity. Appropriate steps to eliminate that type of risk are listed and discussed. The article is especially aimed at those in responsible positions who may be unaware of or are ignoring their legal duties in sport settings.
Basketball, Civil Society and the Post Colonial State in the Commonwealth Caribbean
Authors: Mandle Jay R. , Mandle Joan D.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the autonomous voluntary organizations of basketball leagues in ten countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean are examined. An index reflecting the strength of basketball organization, play and popular support in each country was constructed and and a framework to account for these differences was employed. The authors suggest that the significance of basketball organization lies in the fact that voluntary associations are poorly developed in the region. West Indian scholars have tied the stunted development of a civil society in the region to the historically rooted overly centralized political structures characteristic of Caribbean states. The weakness of civil society has restricted the democratic content of West Indian societies, despite the presence of formal democratic institutions. Finally, the implications of the existence and differential strength of basketball associations for the development of civil society and participatory democracy in the Anglophone Caribbean are explored.
Effects of Evaluation Information On Decisions
Authors: Locatis Craig N. , Smith Jeffery K. , Blake Virgil L.
Published: March 2007

Effects of information on decisions were investigated. Questions addressed were: Does different evaluation information affect decisions? Does familiarity with the object evaluated moderate information effects? Does inputing information prior or subsequent to familiar ization also moderate information effects? An educational film was shown to 204 graduate students who were assigned randomly to no review or positive, negative, neutral, or mixed review conditions. Some were given reviews only, while others were given reviews either prior or subsequent to seeing the film. Information affected ratings and familiarity moderated these affects. Timing alone had no effects.
Nonmonetary Variables in Benefit-Cost Evaluation
Authors: Nagel Stuart S.
Published: March 2007

Nonmonetary benefits in benefit-cost evaluation can be dealt with by converting the choices into questions regarding whether a given nonmonetary return is worth more or less than a given dollar cost. Answering such questions enables one to pick the alternative that is best on benefits minus costs, even though the benefits and costs cannot be measured in the same units.
Regulatory Strategies for Workplace Injury Reduction
Authors: Moran Garrett E.
Published: March 2007

Methods for the effective regulation of workplace safety have been the subject of continuing controversy. One possible method is the targeting of high injury rate establishments, labeled THIRE. This article evaluates the PAR program of the Mine Safety and Health Administration, which employs a THIREstrategy to regulate safety in stone, sand, and gravel mines. The results suggest that the program may have been effective in reducing the number of injuries in this sector of the mining industry.
The Anatomy of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Peterson R.D.
Published: March 2007

Ten steps are identified and explained to assist the performance of a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) study. The article is presentedfrom the standpoint of an important social problem that can be elucidated by the CEA procedure. The ten steps outlined generally follow the scientific method, beginning with stating the problem and defining objectives, continuing through identifying alternatives, establishing measures of effectiveness, and formulating and testing a model program. A discussion of selecting alternatives based on different approaches used to conduct the CEA evaluation itself concludes the article.