bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer’s disease and its nutritional regulation – a review
Authors: Shah Arpi
Published: August 2024

Purpose: There are very few reported findings on Alzheimer’s disease and treatment for the same. Hence this review article was undertaken. Some studies show that Alzheimer’s is a degenerative disease. It occurs over a course of time and leads to dementia. Various supplements of prebiotics, virgin coconut oil (VCO), micronutrient supplementations were identified to be helpful in etiology of this disease. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease and most common form of dementia. Methods: Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease is increasing all around the world, especially in India. With the view of this increased prevalence various medical and nutritional treatments were identified for its cure 1) Role of Virgin coconut oil in Alzheimer’s disease, 2) Role of prebiotics and probiotics supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease, other dietary supplements like Vitamin E, zinc etc.4) Role of aluminum intake on etiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Results: It can be concluded that there is beneficial role of VCO, prebiotics, probiotics and other micronutrient supplementation like Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Vitamin B12 in prevention as well as treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion: This review paper focuses on every aspect of Alzheimer’s disease, but still more nutrition-based research should be carried out to validate the data. As this disease is not considered as life threatening disease, moreover it is a silent killer.
Requirements for implementation of covid-19 vaccinethrough good management.
Authors: Shaikh Samin , Chakor Balasaheb , Sonkamble Sandhya , Kale Sanjay , Kakad Sharad , Nerkar Charushila , Ghoderao Sudesh
Published: August 2024

Several research institutes and companies are working hard to find a vaccine for COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine are available worldwide in early 2021. The quality of the vaccine on Covid-1 can be very important to rid the world of it. The main objective of this article is to implement the vaccine against COVID-19 infection through good management through social distance, hygiene.
Field observation of an Oenpelli Rock Python predating on a Rufous Owl
Authors: Jellinek Sacha , Peeters Paula , Henderson Alice , Carpenter Raymond J.
Published: August 2024

The threatened Oenpelli rock python (Nyctophilopython oenpelliensis) is the third largest predator in the Arnhem Land region, and is known to occur in Kakadu National Park and Djelk and Warddeken Indigenous Protected Areas, where it lives in sandstone escarpments. While it is a large apex predator, little is known about this python species, including its habitat or diet, other than it being semi-arboreal and including birds and mammals in its diet. Here we report on a remarkable chance sighting of the Oenpelli rock python eating an adult Rufous owl (Ninox rufa) in a tree at the base of a sandstone scarp. While this species is generally observed at night, other sightings such as this one occurred during the day, suggesting that this species may not be wholly nocturnal but also able to hunt and disperse during the day. Our observations provide some more evidence on the feeding behaviour of this little-known python and may suggest that future surveys need to occur during the day as well as at night.
Impact of Sewage on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Amaranthus: A Phytotoxicity Study
Authors: Jagasri S. , Kannan J. , Jayashree R. , Sheeba S. , Prabakaran K. , Jayabalakrishnan R. M.
Published: August 2024

Aims: To investigate the phytotoxic effects of sewage on the germination of red amaranthus as a preliminary step before field trials.
Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of soils and environment, Agricultural college and research institute, Madurai. During April – June, 2024.
Methodology: The experiment utilized six treatment levels - control, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% raw sewage - employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. The experimental data were collected and analyzed.
Results: The results showed that the physico-chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were relatively high in the sewage, causing toxicity to plant, severely affected seed germination and early seedling growth. The maximum toxicity (85-100%) was recorded at 100% sewage concentration, while the minimum relative toxicity percentage (1.5-3.1%) was observed at a 20% sewage. The highest phytotoxicity (100%) occurred at 7 days after sowing (DAS) in the 100% effluent.
Conclusion: The dilution with lower EC and TDS had the less adverse effect on the growth of roots and shoots as compared with the higher concentrations. This study indicates that raw sewage wastewater could be harmful, but diluting it may allow it to be safely used for irrigating amaranthus.
Managing Dual Malaria Infections in Sickle Cell Anemia in Nigeria: A Case Report of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Co-infection
Authors: Orolu Adebukola Khairat , Ogunlade Tolu
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) are the two primary species of parasites that significantly contribute to the global malaria burden. In Nigeria, P. falciparum is predominant, whereas P. vivax is rare due to the protection conferred by the Duffy-negative red blood cell trait. As a result, co-infection of P. falciparum with P. vivax is uncommon. The patterns of malaria prevalence are similar to those of sickle cell anaemia (SCA). And in these malaria-endemic areas, infection with the parasite is the most common trigger for sickle cell crises. Therefore, all suspected cases of malaria in SCA should be confirmed through parasite-based diagnostic testing to ensure accurate diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment.
Presentation of Case: An 18-year-old Nigerian male, with SCA presented with fever and mild generalized body pains. Nil history of travel. A positive microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for both P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria necessitated the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy. Oral primaquine was used for radical clearance of the remaining dormant forms of P. vivax in the liver, thus preventing recurrent infections. Treatment was tailored for both malaria and SCA-related complications. He responded to treatment with no significant adverse effects.
Discussion: The accurate and rapid identification of P. vivax in a P. falciparum-endemic region, facilitated the radical clearance of P. vivax. This is particularly important in SCA, as malaria significantly increases morbidity and mortality.
Conclusion: There is need for increased awareness among clinicians regarding the possible diagnosis of mixed Plasmodium spp. infections in SCA.
Comparative Effectiveness of Different Antiplatelet Regimens in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mesfin Kibrom Hailemariam , Obi Marian Onyinyechi , Odugunwa Mayowa Nene , Chilaka Maryfortune Ugoeze , Goswami Roshan , Iwuagwu Mary , Mendha Akash Ajaykumar , Mejia Isabella Vittorino , Ehimwenma Norense , Aguda Kayode , Gopal Shwetha , Ohwodo Oghenerukevwe Faith , Waithaka Fracia Wanjiku , Ezewudo Onyinye , Azipu Regina , Echere Jovita
Published: August 2024

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The accumulation of platelets is central to the development and pathogenesis of ACS, making antiplatelet therapy a cornerstone in its management. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of various antiplatelet therapies in patients with ACS. The methodology for this review adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 38 studies from the past decade were included, with articles sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed. The findings indicate that traditional antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin and clopidogrel, have been extensively utilized in the treatment of ACS. Despite their benefits, these agents are limited by a slow onset of action, variable efficacy, and relatively low antiplatelet potency. These limitations have been addressed by the development of newer antiplatelet agents, such as rivaroxaban, ticagrelor, and prasugrel, which offer more potent and predictable platelet inhibition. These novel agents have demonstrated a significant reduction in stent thrombosis, major adverse cardiac or cerebral events (MACCE), and mortality rates in patients with ACS. However, they are associated with an increased risk of severe bleeding in some cases. Another approach, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), which involves the combination of different antiplatelet agents, has shown enhanced safety and efficacy in the management of ACS patients. In conclusion, the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapies is influenced by individual patient characteristics and risk factors. Striking the right balance between reducing the risk of major cardiovascular events and minimizing the potential for severe bleeding remains a critical challenge. Further research is needed to refine our treatment strategies for patients with ACS.
Enhancing Juvenile Nile Tilapia Growth and Health through Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Braz Jaqueline Murbach , Marcondes Arypes Scuteri , Amaral Matheus Antonio do , Moraes Rayane Seibt , Vilhalba Weliton , Odakura Agnês Markiy , Honorato Claucia Aparecida , Seno Leonardo de Oliveira , Neu Dacley Hertes
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the synergistic effects of prebiotics and probiotics on the productivity and physiological parameters of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Conducted over 60 days at the Federal University of Grande Dourados, the experiment utilized a completely randomized design with 300 fish distributed across five treatments: Control, PROB (4 g.kg-1), PREB MOS (4 g.kg-1), SIMB I (2 g.kg-1 probiotic + 2 g.kg-1 prebiotic), and SIMB II (4 g.kg-1 probiotic + 4 g.kg-1 prebiotic). Key findings include improved feed conversion, protein efficiency rate, and protein retention in treatments with additives, with SIMB II showing the highest intestinal quotient and plasma glucose index. Histological evaluations of the midgut and enzymatic analysis of the liver and intestine showed no significant differences between treatments. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct physiological responses in fish receiving additives compared to the control group. The use of MOS additives and probiotics improved both the development and health status of Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus) throughout their growth. The use of the SIMB II dose (4 g.kg-1 of probiotic + 4 g.kg-1 MOS) is recommended it should be changed as Throughout their growth, the development and health status of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus tilapia. It is advised to use the SIMB II dosage (4 g.kg-1 of probiotic + 4 g.kg-1 MOS).
Influence of Financial Literacy on Financial Well-Being: A Case of Vietnam
Authors: Phuong Huyen Do , Nguyen Hoang Lan , Nguyen Thuc Khanh
Published: August 2024

Financial well-being has garnered significant attention in Vietnam in recent years. Analysts predict that in the current global economy, the ability to effectively handle one's financial resources will be a crucial factor in achieving success. Studies indicate that financial knowledge and financial independence are measurable patterns that will inevitably develop in the near future. Financial well-being entails the capacity to make choices that enable individuals to fully experience life, thus granting them freedom. This study examines the impact of financial literacy on financial well-being. The findings demonstrate the positive correlation between financial attitudes and financial behaviors, as well as financial planning. Additionally, they reveal the positive impact of financial behaviors on financial planning, and the positive effect of financial planning on financial well-being. To achieve these outcomes, the authors employed a quantitative research approach that involved conducting a primary survey of 320 Vietnamese individuals and analyzing relevant variables using SPSS 22 and AMOS 20 software. These findings add on to the existing literature, and also indicate practical consequences as policymakers should give priority to the implementation of measures that specifically aim to enhance financial literacy, thus leading to a better financial well-being in Vietnam.
Hydraulic Synchronization Control Research Status and Outlook
Authors: Wang Jiahui
Published: August 2024

With the hydraulic synchronization control system in the industrial field of application is gradually widespread, synchronization control research is also more and more attention.  Based on this background, this paper combines the current research status of hydraulic synchronization control system, from three aspects of the hydraulic synchronization system to discuss: 1) hydraulic synchronous drive system: analysis of the mechanical rigid synchronous drive system, hydraulic balance synchronous drive system, electro-hydraulic servo synchronous drive system three kinds of control, and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the different control methods;  2) electro-hydraulic servo synchronization control strategy: master-slave synchronous control, equivalent synchronous control, cross-coupling synchronous control;  3) electro-hydraulic servo synchronous controller: PID control, adaptive robust control, neural network control;  Finally, according to the analysis of the above three aspects of the research, the hydraulic synchronization control system outlook, the future of the hydraulic synchronization technology and electrical, Internet and other technologies integrated with each other, so that its control accuracy and response speed will be greatly improved and will gradually be applied to a number of applications.  The future hydraulic synchronization technology and electrical, Internet and other technologies are integrated with each other, so that its control accuracy and response speed will be greatly improved and will be gradually applied to some high-precision industries, in order to promote the hydraulic synchronization control technology in the industrial field of research and application of reference.
Genetic Validation of Promising Warangal Rice Cultures for Gall Midge Resistance Using Functional Markers
Authors: Jahnavi Ch. , Kumar R. Shravan , Hari Y. , Anusha Ch. , Anusha K.
Published: August 2024

The experiment was conducted during Rabi 2023-24 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal. The Asian gall midge Orseolia oryzae is one of the major pests of rice which is causing significant economic loss to the crop. Thirty nine rice cultures along with resistant checks (Aganni and RMSGM3) and susceptible check (TN-1) were screened for the presence of three gall midge resistance genes namely, gm3, Gm4 and Gm8 by using functional markers like gm3del3, LRR-del and PRP, respectively. Out of 37 rice cultures, seven rice cultures namely, WGL-1940, WGL-1942, WGL-1956, WGL-1963, WGL-1145, BM-71 and WGL-2039 were observed to be triple positives by possessing all the three gall midge resistant genes (i,e. gm3, Gm4 and Gm8), While three rice cultures namely, WGL-1778, WGL-1964 and WGL-1800 were observed to posses gm3 and Gm8 gall midge resistance genes and 9 rice cultures namely, WGL-1781, WGL-2000, WGL-1941, WGL-1960, WGL-2038, WGL-1127, INRC-3021 and WGL-1121 were observed to posses Gm4 and Gm8 genes. One rice culture i.e., RP2068-18-3-5 was observed to be double positive for gm3 and Gm4 genes. This research successfully identified gall midge resistance genes in 73% of the rice cultures tested using functional markers. These results will aid in the creation of new rice varieties resistant to gall midge, enhancing crop yields and food security in impacted areas. Some of the promising rice cultures may be utilized as donors in breeding programs for development of pyramided lines with durable gall midge resistance.
Origin and fluxes of nitrous oxide along a latitudinal transect in western North Pacific: Controls and regional significance
Authors: Breider Florian , Yoshikawa Chisato , Abe Hitomi , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro
Published: June 2015

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an atmospheric trace gas playing an important role in both radiative forcing and stratospheric ozone depletion. The oceans are the second most important natural source of N2O. The magnitude of the flux of this source is poorly constrained. Moreover, the relative importance of the microbial processes leading to the formation or the consumption of N2O in oceans remains unclear. We present here fluxes and isotope and isotopomer signatures of N2O measured at three stations located along a latitudinal transect in subtropical and subarctic western North Pacific. These results indicate that about 30% to 55% of the oceanic flux of N2O to the atmosphere originates from the deep euphotic and shallow aphotic zones. The sea‐to‐air fluxes of N2O calculated using an isotope mass balance model indicate that the emission rate of N2O in subarctic waters is about 2 times higher than in oligotrophic subtropical waters suggesting that nutrient‐rich water coming from the western subarctic gyre stimulates the N2O production. Moreover, isotopomer analysis has revealed that in shallow water N2O originates from nitrification and nitrifier denitrification processes, and its distribution in the water column is partly controlled by the incident solar radiation. The results of this study contribute to better constrain the global N2O budget and provide important information to better predict the future evolution of the oceanic emissions of N2O.
Why are biotic iron pools uniform across high‐ and low‐iron pelagic ecosystems?
Authors: Boyd P. W. , Strzepek R. F. , Ellwood M. J. , Hutchins D. A. , Nodder S. D. , Twining B. S. , Wilhelm S. W.
Published: June 2015

Dissolved iron supply is pivotal in setting global phytoplankton productivity and pelagic ecosystem structure. However, most studies of the role of iron have focussed on carbon biogeochemistry within pelagic ecosystems, with less effort to quantify the iron biogeochemical cycle. Here we compare mixed‐layer biotic iron inventories from a low‐iron (~0.06 nmol L−1) subantarctic (FeCycle study) and a seasonally high‐iron (~0.6 nmol L−1) subtropical (FeCycle II study) site. Both studies were quasi‐Lagrangian, and had multi‐day occupation, common sampling protocols, and indirect estimates of biotic iron (from a limited range of available published biovolume/carbon/iron quotas). Biotic iron pools were comparable (~100 ± 30 pmol L−1) for low‐ and high‐iron waters, despite a tenfold difference in dissolved iron concentrations. Consistency in biotic iron inventories (~80 ± 24 pmol L−1, largely estimated using a limited range of available quotas) was also conspicuous for three Southern Ocean polar sites. Insights into the extent to which uniformity in biotic iron inventories was driven by the need to apply common iron quotas obtained from laboratory cultures were provided from FeCycle II. The observed twofold to threefold range of iron quotas during the evolution of FeCycle II subtropical bloom was much less than reported from laboratory monocultures. Furthermore, the iron recycling efficiency varied by fourfold during FeCycle II, increasing as stocks of new iron were depleted, suggesting that quotas and iron recycling efficiencies together set biotic iron pools. Hence, site‐specific differences in iron recycling efficiencies (which provide 20–50% and 90% of total iron supply in high‐ and low‐iron waters, respectively) help offset the differences in new iron inputs between low‐ and high‐iron sites. Future parameterization of iron in biogeochemical models must focus on the drivers of biotic iron inventories, including the differing iron requirements of the resident biota, and the subsequent fate (retention/export/recycling) of the biotic iron.
Polar low climatology over the Nordic and Barents seas based on satellite passive microwave data
Authors: Smirnova Julia E. , Golubkin Pavel A. , Bobylev Leonid P. , Zabolotskikh Elizaveta V. , Chapron Bertrand
Published: June 2015

A new climatology of polar lows over the Nordic and Barents seas for 14 seasons (1995/1996–2008/2009) is presented. For the first time in climatological studies of polar lows an approach based on satellite passive microwave data was adopted for polar low identification. A total of 637 polar lows were found in 14 extended winter seasons by combining total atmospheric water vapor content and sea surface wind speed fields retrieved from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager data. As derived, the polar low activity in the Norwegian and Barents Seas is found to be almost equal, and the main polar low genesis area is located northeastward of the North Cape. For the Barents Sea, a significant correlation is found between the number of polar lows and mean sea ice extent. Individual indicative polar low characteristics (i.e., diameter, lifetime, distance traveled, translation speed, and maximum wind speed) are also presented.
Experimental constraints on coesite abundances in eclogite and implications for the X seismic discontinuity
Authors: Knapp Nadia , Woodland Alan B. , Klimm Kevin
Published: June 2015

We have experimentally tested the possibility that the coesite‐stishovite transition in eclogite bodies is responsible for the X discontinuity, a locally observed, low‐impedance jump in seismic wave velocities at 260–330 km depth. We determined phase relations and free SiO2 abundances in three natural‐analog eclogite compositions that simulate different subduction scenarios in terms of pressure‐temperature conditions and whether or not melt extraction occurred. Eclogitic compositions representing residues after either shallow or deep melting contain either no coesite or else too little (<4 wt %) to produce the observed impedance contrast for the X discontinuity. Only an unmodified mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) composition was found to contain just enough coesite (6–8 wt %) to be consistent with the expected impedance contrast when it transforms to stishovite. However, we assert that MORB cannot remain compositionally unmodified during subduction down to ~300 km. Fluid loss due to dehydration reactions during the transformation from basalt to eclogite lowers bulk SiO2 content. In addition, the MORB wet solidus intersects the coesite‐stishovite boundary at ~290 km, implying that at greater depths a melt phase should be present before stishovite stability is reached. Our data indicate that melt generation is an efficient means of lowering the free SiO2 content in the mineral assemblage. This study also confirms previous work indicating that exsolution of SiO2 from the Ca‐Eskola (Ca0.5AlSi2O6) component in clinopyroxene is not a feasible mechanism for producing significant stishovite upon reaching its stability field. We conclude that the coesite‐stishovite transition in eclogite bodies is not a viable petrological explanation for the X discontinuity.
Volume transports of the Wyrtki jets and their relationship to the Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: McPhaden Michael J. , Wang Yi , Ravichandran M.
Published: June 2015

The equatorial Indian Ocean is characterized by strong eastward flows in the upper 80–100 m during boreal spring and fall referred to as the Wyrtki jets. These jets are driven by westerly winds during the transition seasons between the southwest and northeast monsoons and represent a major conduit for mass and heat transfer between the eastern and western sides of the basin. Since their discovery over 40 years ago, there have been very few estimates from direct observations of the volume transports associated with these currents. In this paper we describe seasonal‐to‐interannual time scale variations in volume transports based on 5 years of unique measurements from an array of acoustic Doppler current profilers in the central equatorial Indian Ocean. The array was centered at 0°, 80.5°E and spanned latitudes between 2.5°N and 4°S from August 2008 to December 2013. Analysis of these data indicates that the spring jet peaks in May at 14.9±2.9 Sv and the fall jet peaks in November at 19.7±2.4 Sv, around which there are year‐to‐year transport variations of 5–10 Sv. The relationship of the interannual transport variations to zonal wind stress forcing, sea surface temperature, sea surface height, and surface current variations associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are further highlighted. We also illustrate the role of wind‐forced equatorial waves in affecting transport variations of the fall Wyrtki jet during the peak season of the IOD.
Spatial considerations of stream hydraulics in reach scale temperature modeling
Authors: Schmadel Noah M. , Neilson Bethany T. , Heavilin Justin E.
Published: June 2015

While a myriad of processes control water temperature, the most significant in streams without notable shading or groundwater inputs are surface heat fluxes at the air‐water interface. These fluxes are particularly sensitive to parameters representing the water surface area to volume ratio. Channel geometry dictates this ratio; however, it is currently unclear how spatial variability in stream hydraulics influences temperature predictions or how the contribution of the boundary condition influences interpretation of processes most sensitive to this variability. To investigate these influences over long reach scales, we used high‐resolution spatial observations collected over a 25 km reach within a Laplace‐domain solution to a two‐zone temperature transient storage model. We found that for the study reach and flow condition, changes in the surface area to volume ratio did not generally coincide with changes in stream temperature. Though, notable changes in cumulative mean residence time corresponded with changes in the temperature extremes throughout the study reach. The surface heat fluxes were clearly the most sensitive to spatially variable hydraulics that translated into high residence times once the contribution of the boundary condition decayed. Consistent with solute transport, reach segment lengths that reflect the spatial correlation in observations were necessary to capture the spatial influences of hydraulics on temperature predictions. This approach provides a fundamental step for determining whether spatial detail related to stream hydraulics is important to support accurate temperature predictions and how best to represent that detail.
Global hydrology 2015: State, trends, and directions
Authors: Bierkens Marc F. P.
Published: June 2015

Global hydrology has come a long way since the first introduction of the primitive land surface model of Manabe (1969) and the declaration of the “Emergence of Global Hydrology” by Eagleson (1986). Hydrological submodels of varying complexity are now part of global climate models, of models calculating global terrestrial carbon sequestration, of earth system models, and even of integrated assessment models. This paper reviews the current state of global hydrological modeling, discusses past and recent developments, and extrapolates these to future challenges and directions. First, established domains of global hydrological model applications are discussed, in terms of societal and science questions posed, the type of models developed, and recent advances therein. Next, a genealogy of global hydrological models is given. After reviewing recent efforts to connect model components from different domains, new domains are identified where global hydrology is now starting to become an integral part of the analyses. Finally, inspired by these new domains of application, persistent and emerging challenges are identified as well as the directions global hydrology is likely to take in the coming decade and beyond.
Journalistic Ethics
Authors: Meyers Christopher
Published: June 2015

The Preamble to the Society of Professional Journalists’ Code of Ethics states that “[p]ublic enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty.” This captures
some
of the key components of ethical journalism, but only some. And those components apply most distinctly to journalists from the West, who have long seen themselves as having a duty to further justice and democracy. Since many committed and responsible reporters worldwide do not share those sentiments, and since, even in the West, recent years have seen a sweeping transformation of news media, we need a more comprehensive analysis. This article strives to provide this by, first, reviewing that transformation, with its consequential challenge to the determination of just who
counts
as a journalist, and, second, by providing a list of philosophically derived but practically applicable essential principles of ethical journalism. One substantive conclusion will be that because journalism gets its meaning and purpose from its normative foundations, these are in fact the essential principles of journalism
as such
.
Privacy and the Internet
Authors: Bowie Norman E.
Published: June 2015

When thinking about privacy and the Internet, we face a paradox. There is both too much privacy and too little. Moreover, although some people are deeply concerned about loss of privacy on the Internet, many Internet users themselves do not seem to value privacy much. Any authoritative discussion on the topic therefore needs to consider these conflicting considerations. There has been much debate among philosophers on the proper definition of privacy, and there seems to be considerable consensus around the notion that we have privacy when we have at least some control over the information that others have about us. Thus privacy seems necessary for the development of autonomy, and especially for the autonomy to define our relationships. Just how much control we should have over information that others have about us, and over what information, is contested. In addition, most privacy advocates believe that privacy is a right, although the grounds and status of that right is controversial
Trolley Problem
Authors: Kamm F. M.
Published: June 2015

The Trolley Problem concerns a set of cases that raise the problem of whether, when, and by whom some innocent bystanders may be killed in order that a greater number of different people can survive. This essay describes the problem in more detail, considers some proposed solutions, and illustrates the method of hypothetical cases used in discussing the problem. The cases are often unrealistic because, as in scientific experiments, they are constructed to isolate and test the significance of some factors, while holding others constant.
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
Authors: Lovin Robin
Published: June 2015

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–45) was a German pastor and theologian whose scholarly works focused on Christian ethics. Beginning in 1933, Bonhoeffer had an important role in the Confessing Church, a movement among German Protestants that opposed the Nazi reorganization of religious life in Germany. During World War II, he worked to maintain a network of pastoral leadership for the Confessing Church, drafted a systematic treatise on ethics, and undertook secret contacts with European church leaders aimed at securing peace after the overthrow of Hitler. Arrested in 1943, Bonhoeffer continued to anticipate the renewal of European Christianity after the war, and while in prison he developed some of his most provocative ideas about religion in the modern world. His association with the plotters in a failed attempt on Hitler's life led to his execution on April 9, 1945.
Consumption, Ethics of
Authors: Grix Marco
Published: June 2015

This article begins with a discussion of the sources of value in which human needs and wants for commodities are grounded. Next, a brief initial overview of ethical consumption issues and a discussion about how consumers might be held responsible for them are provided. The essay then considers different kinds of normative ethical theories and the obligations they impose on consumers, and closes by taking stock of the social movements, practices, and campaigns that fall within the scope of the ethics of consumption.
Geulincx, Arnold
Authors: van Ruler Han
Published: June 2015

Arnold Geulincx studied philosophy and theology at the University of Louvain, where he then became professor of philosophy in 1646 and
professor primarius
(senior professor) in 1652. At Louvain, Geulincx would become known for his rhetorical skills, his Baconian views in natural philosophy, and his subsequent recommendations for educational reform. Having decided to abandon his bachelor status in 1658, Geulincx was dismissed at Louvain and moved to Leiden, in the Northern Netherlands. He never succeeded in re‐establishing himself as a full professor at Leiden University, and was forced to accept a long series of temporary and subordinate academic positions, before dying in poverty during the Leiden plague of 1669. Finding himself in new, Cartesian, surroundings, especially in the person of his mentor and benefactor, the theologian Abraham Heidanus, Geulincx was nevertheless to develop a vast range of original contributions to the fields of logic, metaphysics, and ethics during his Leiden years, and thereby to earn a place in the history of early modern philosophy as the representative of a middle position somewhere between Descartes and Spinoza.
Jankélévitch, Vladimir
Authors: Kelley Andrew
Published: June 2015

Vladimir Jankélévitch occupied the chair in moral philosophy at the Sorbonne from 1951 until 1978. During his tenure at the university his writings remained outside the fashionable trends in French thought. Only very recently have his books come to be recognized and celebrated on a wider basis, even though at present there are very few translations of his works into English. A prolific writer, Jankélévitch's style, both written and oral, made his texts and his lectures easily recognizable. Although he knew the philosophical canon extremely well, he had a knack for finding and using ideas and concepts from lesser‐known authors. The main focus of Jankélévitch's writings was ethics and, in particular, the virtues, and these, moreover, at a time when discussions of ethics and the virtues were seen as outmoded. He was influenced by Bergson, but his own ethical theory is not a rehashing of that of Bergson, even though Bergsonian themes are apparent in Jankélévitch's thought.
Recent Advances in Targeted, Self‐Assembling Nanoparticles to Address Vascular Damage Due to Atherosclerosis
Authors: Chung Eun Ji , Tirrell Matthew
Published: June 2015

Self‐assembling nanoparticles functionalized with targeting moieties have significant potential for atherosclerosis nanomedicine. While self‐assembly allows the easy construction (and degradation) of nanoparticles with therapeutic or diagnostic functionality, or both, the targeting agent can direct them to a specific molecular marker within a given stage of the disease. Therefore, supramolecular nanoparticles have been investigated in the last decade as molecular imaging agents or explored as nanocarriers that can decrease the systemic toxicity of drugs by producing accumulation predominantly in specific tissues of interest. In this Progress Report, the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the damage caused to vascular tissue are described, as well as the current diagnostic and treatment options. An overview of targeted strategies using self‐assembling nanoparticles is provided, including liposomes, high density lipoproteins, protein cages, micelles, proticles, and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. Finally, an overview is given of current challenges, limitations, and future applications for personalized medicine in the context of atherosclerosis of self‐assembling nanoparticles.
Silver‐Mediated Oxidative Fluorotrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Yu Wei , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling
Published: June 2015

An efficient regioselective fluorotrifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes has been developed. The reaction of alkenes with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (TMSCF3) and Selectfluor in the presence of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (AgOTf), cesium fluoride (CsF), and iodobenzene diacetate [PhI(OAc)2] in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at −20 °C gave the corresponding fluorotrifluoromethylated products in moderate to good yields. The silver salt turns out to be crucial for this transformation.

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Visible Light‐Mediated Metal‐Free Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfones from Aryl Sulfinates
Authors: Meyer Andreas Uwe , Jäger Stefanie , Prasad Hari Durga , König Burkhard
Published: June 2015

Visible light and eosin Y catalyze the synthesis of vinyl sulfones from aryl sulfinates and alkenes by a photoredox process. The reaction scope is broad in aryl sulfinates and alkenes and the general and simple procedure provides a metal‐free alternative for the synthesis of synthetically valuable vinyl sulfones.

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tert‐Butyl Sulfoxides: Key Precursors for Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Sulfenate Salts
Authors: Gelat Fabien , Lohier Jean‐François , Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Perrio Stéphane
Published: June 2015

The present report describes an efficient and clean generation of sulfenate salts (R1SO−) by pyrolysis of readily available tert‐butyl sulfoxides to give sulfenic acids (R1SOH) and traceless isobutene, followed by hydrogen abstraction with a weak inorganic base (K3PO4). The relevance of this process was exemplified through an in situ palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction with aryl halides/triflates leading to aryl sulfoxides. The operationally simple CS bond‐forming protocol developed uses Pd(dba)2 as catalyst and Xantphos as ligand in toluene or a toluene/H2O mixture. Further extensions include the use of di‐tert‐butyl sulfoxide as an equivalent for sulfur monoxide dianion (SO2−) and the development of diastereoselective versions in the [2.2]paracyclophane and biaryl series.

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Alumina‐Supported Copper Iodide: An Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via Three‐Component Reaction in Water
Authors: Agalave Sandip G. , Pharande Shrikant G. , Gade Swapna M. , Pore Vandana S.
Published: June 2015

A one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles by a three‐component reaction of allyl or benzyl halides, sodium azide, and terminal alkynes over a neutral alumina‐supported copper iodide catalyst has been developed. The products were isolated by simple filtration followed by washing of the catalyst with acetone. The products were obtained in almost pure form in up to 98 % yield (TON 495). The catalyst can be recycled for more than eight subsequent reactions. The halides are directly converted into triazoles via in situ formation of azides and thus handling of hazardous azides can be avoided. The broad scope of this protocol is shown by the synthesis of a variety of diversely substituted 1,2,3‐triazoles and also two‐component azide‐alkyne click reaction. The key features of this procedure are the use of water as a solvent, recyclability of the catalyst up to eight runs without appreciable loss of activity, and high yields of products. The catalyst has been fully characterized by FTIR, solid‐state NMR and EDX spectroscopy, ESEM, TGA, and XRD.
Small‐Molecule‐Mediated Degradation of the Androgen Receptor through Hydrophobic Tagging
Authors: Gustafson Jeffrey L. , Neklesa Taavi K. , Cox Carly S. , Roth Anke G. , Buckley Dennis L. , Tae Hyun Seop , Sundberg Thomas B. , Stagg D. Blake , Hines John , McDonnell Donald P. , Norris John D. , Crews Craig M.
Published: June 2015

Androgen receptor (AR)‐dependent transcription is a major driver of prostate tumor cell proliferation. Consequently, it is the target of several antitumor chemotherapeutic agents, including the AR antagonist MDV3100/enzalutamide. Recent studies have shown that a single AR mutation (F876L) converts MDV3100 action from an antagonist to an agonist. Here we describe the generation of a novel class of selective androgen receptor degraders (SARDs) to address this resistance mechanism. Molecules containing hydrophobic degrons linked to small‐molecule AR ligands induce AR degradation, reduce expression of AR target genes and inhibit proliferation in androgen‐dependent prostate cancer cell lines. These results suggest that selective AR degradation may be an effective therapeutic prostate tumor strategy in the context of AR mutations that confer resistance to second‐generation AR antagonists.
Photoredox‐Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Imines with Visible Light
Authors: Nakajima Masaki , Fava Eleonora , Loescher Sebastian , Jiang Zhen , Rueping Magnus
Published: June 2015

Ketyl radical and amino radical anions, valuable reactive intermediates for CC bond‐forming reactions, are accessible through a CO/CNR umpolung. However, their utilization in catalysis remains largely underdeveloped owing to the high reduction potential of carbonyl compounds and imines. In the context of photoredox catalysis, tertiary amines are commonly employed as sacrificial co‐reducing agents. Herein, an additional role of the amine is proposed, in which it is essential for the organocatalytic substrate activation. The combination of photoredox catalysis and carbonyl/imine activation enables the reductive coupling of aldehydes, ketones, and imines under mild reaction conditions.
PID for the stabilization of high‐order unstable delayed systems with possible complex conjugate poles
Authors: Hernández‐Pérez Miguel A. , del Muro‐Cuéllar Basilio , Velasco‐Villa Martin
Published: June 2015

This work considers the stabilization problem of n‐dimensional unstable linear systems with time delay, specifically with one unstable pole and n‐1 stable poles, which could be complex conjugate. Necessary and sufficient conditions are stated to guarantee the stability of the system in closed loop with a P, PI, PD, or PID controller. The performance of the control strategies are evaluated by considering the linear approximation of an unstable continuously stirred tank reactor and a high‐order academic system. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of ionic and non‐ionic natural gum‐based bigels: Prospects for drug delivery application
Authors: Sahoo Saikat , Singh Vinay K. , Uvanesh K. , Biswal Dibyajyoti , Anis Arfat , Rana Usman Ali , Al‐Zahrani Saeed M. , Pal Kunal
Published: June 2015

Recently, much attention has been focused on the development of gel based formulations for controlled drug delivery applications. Herein, we report the effect of the ionic (gum acacia) and the non‐ionic (guar gum) gums on the properties of the bigels prepared with fluid‐filled organogels. The microscopic study suggested the presence of flocculated structure in guar gum bigel, whereas, a de‐flocculated structure was observed in gum acacia bigel. Infrared spectroscopy suggested the presence of polysaccharides in the bigels. The mechanical properties of the guar gum bigel were better than gum acacia bigel. The conductivity and the release properties suggested superior properties of gum acacia bigel. This indicated that the ionic nature of acacia bigel played a major role in controlled drug delivery, making it a potential bigel for desired pharmaceutical applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42561.
Synthesis and Application of [3.3.0]Furofuranone in Total Synthesis
Authors: Peng Xiao‐Shui , Ylagan Ridge Michael P. , Siu Yuk Ming , Wong Henry N. C.
Published: June 2015

The synthesis and application of [3.3.0]furofuranone species has received considerable attention from the scientific community. During the last twenty years, there has been a remarkable increase in publications focusing on their relevant method development as well as applications to natural product synthesis. This tutorial review discusses instructive examples to give a special emphasis on the development of new synthetic approaches and important applications to the total synthesis of natural products.
Tandem Regioselective Substitution and Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring Fusion Reaction for Core‐Expanded Boron Dipyrromethenes with Red‐Shifted Absorption and Intense Fluorescence
Authors: Zhou Xin , Wu Qinghua , Feng Yuanmei , Yu Yang , Yu Changjiang , Hao Erhong , Wei Yun , Mu Xiaolong , Jiao Lijuan
Published: June 2015

A selective method for the core‐extension of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) with two annulated indole rings with exclusive syn‐connectivity is reported. The method is based on a regioselective nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2,3,5,6‐tetrabromoBODIPY with aryl amines, followed by palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C−C coupling ring fusion. The unsymmetrical core‐expanded BODIPY with annulated indole and benzofuran rings was also synthesized by stepwise and regioselective nucleophilic substitution and palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C−C coupling reaction. The diindole‐annulated BODIPY was unambiguously characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The optical properties of the present core‐expanded BODIPYs were studied, revealing clearly red‐shifted absorption and emission bands and enhanced absorption coefficients upon annulation.
Dried blood spot analysis of (+) and (−) darunavir enantiomers on immobilized amylose tris‐(3, 5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) LC and its application to pharmacokinetics
Authors: Ramisetti Nageswara Rao , Arnipalli Manikanta Swamy , Nimmu Narendra Varma
Published: June 2015

Dried blood spot analysis is an innovative novel blood sampling technique gaining interest in drug discovery and development processes owing to its inherent advantages over the conventional whole blood, plasma or serum sample collection. The present manuscript describes the development and validation of a highly sensitive and precise method of evaluation of pharmacokinetics of (+) and (−) darunavir enantiomers on rat dried blood spots. The enantiomers on rat dried blood spots were extracted into methanol and separated by LC on a Chiralpak IA column using hexane and ethanol containing 0.1% DEA (75:25, v/v) as a mobile phase at 20°C; both the enantiomers were detected at 266 nm using a photodiode array detector. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and stability as per the US Food and Drug and Administration guidelines. The hematocrit effect on extraction recovery was evaluated and the mean recoveries of (−) and (+) enantiomers of darunavir from dried blood spots were found to be 85.76 and 88.91% respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy were 3.1–8.4 and 0.8–4.8% respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of (+) and (−) enantiomers of darunavir on rat dried blood spots. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Caledonia: A ‘Hot Spot’ for Valuable Chemodiversity. Part 1: Gymnosperms
Authors: Coulerie Paul , Poullain Cyril
Published: June 2015

The flora of New Caledonia encompasses more than 3,000 species and almost 80% of them are endemic. New Caledonia is considered as a ‘hot spot’ for biodiversity. With the current global loss of biodiversity, and the fact that several drugs and pesticides are becoming obsolete, there is an urgent need to increase sampling and research on new natural products. In this context, we review the chemical information available on New Caledonian native flora from economical perspectives. We expect that a better knowledge of the economic potential will encourage the plantation of native plants for the development of a sustainable economy which will participate in the conservation of biodiversity. In the first part of this review, we discuss the results reported in 18 scientific articles on the chemicals isolated from 23 endemic conifers of New Caledonia. Several bioactive and original products, such as neocallitropsene or libocedrins, have been isolated from these conifers. This review also highlights several groups, such as Podocarpus spp., that are unexplored in New Caledonia despite the fact that they have been described in other countries to contain a wide range of original bioactive compounds. Those plants are considered as priority for future chemical investigations.