bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the deep peri-articular tissue of the stifle in a dog : case report
Authors: Booth M.J. , Bastianello S.S. , Jiminez M. , Van Heerden A.
Published: August 2012

A Belgian shepherd dog aged 4 years and 9 months was presented with acute onset of non-weight bearing lameness and stifle effusion of the left hind limb, caused by the deep form of a malignant fibrous histiocytoma originating in the deep musculature and fascia surrounding the stifle joint. The tumour progressed rapidly in the tissues along the femoral diaphysis with marked periosteal new bone formation. Cytology of a stifle joint aspirate revealed numerous large polygonal neoplastic cells with considerable anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. These cells were present in clusters, with cytoplasmic projections between the cells, but occasionally also occurred singly. Several cells contained multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles and occasional giant cells were also encountered. Adequate tumour-free margins were not possible with radical limb amputation and the dog was euthanased. Macroscopically the tumour appeared as an extensive pale tan, firm mass with scattered small haemorrhages and foci of yellow discolouration. Histologically the tumour consisted of dense neoplastic expanses or multiple nodules, composed of spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells, polygonal histiocytic cells or cell clusters and scattered giant cells with 2-3 nuclei. The polygonal neoplastic cells were frequently present around and invading lymphatics and blood vessels, causing neoplastic emboli. This is the 1st report of the clinical behaviour, radiography and cytology of the deep form of malignant fibrous histiocytoma in the dog.
The influence of dietary crude protein intake on bone and mineral metabolism in sheep
Authors: Brand T.S. , Johnson Q. , Franck F. , Veith W. , Conradie R. , Hough F.S.
Published: August 2012

Increased dietary protein consumption is thought to cause calciuresis, a negative calcium balance and increased bone loss that may result in skeletal deformities and fracture. To explore this hypothesis, 40 approximately 100-day-old meat-type Merino ram lambs were fed, for 6 months, diets with an increasing crude protein (CP) content (114, 142, 171 and 190 g/kg DM) but approximately on an iso-nutrient basis with regard to metabolisable energy, calcium and phosphorus. Increased protein consumption modestly (NS) enhanced calciuresis and resulted in significant (P 0.01) limb skewness. This could not, however, be ascribed to osteopaenic bones, and compared with animals consuming lower protein rations, the bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral trabecular bone volume of animals fed high protein diets were significantly increased: theBMDof thoracic vertebrae was positively related to the CP intake (r=0.62; P 0.001). In animals consuming higher protein diets, skeletal radiology and quantitative bone histology revealed no evidence of increased bone turnover as would be expected in animals that are in negative calcium balance. No relationship existed between limb skewness and the growth rate of lambs. However, the ratio of Ca:P in the forelimb (r = -0.98), vertebrae (r = -0.72) and rib (r = -0.42) was found to be inversely correlated with increased protein intake and resulted from an increase in the phosphorus content of bone, while the amount of bone calcium was unaffected. We conclude that qualitative micro-architectural abnormalities, and not mere bone loss, may underlie the skeletal deformities induced by increased protein consumption in sheep.
An experimental rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension; biochemical and morphological parameters and sympathetic nervous system
Authors: Somova L.I. , Channa M.L. , Khan M.S.
Published: August 2012

The objective of the study was to outline the characteristics of the development of hypertension and some neurohumoral, haematological and morphological factors contributing to development of high blood pressure in a genetic model of salt-sensitive rat. Characteristics of Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats, as compared to their Dahl salt-resistant (DR) controls were as follows: 1) DS rats display higher blood pressure and lower heart rate compared to DR rats as early as 1 month of age at weaning). They gradually develop hypertension at 2 months of age, irrespective of diet. Low-Na diet (0.5%NaCl) does not prevent hypertension but delays its development and ameliorates it. High Na-diet (8 % NaCl) exacerbates hypertension. 2) DS rats have retardation in body weight gain. They develop mild hypochromic anaemia. 3) After 2 months of Na loading (3 months of age), DS rats express significantly increased Na and water retention and increased plasma volume by 15 % compared to 2.8 % increase in DR rats on high-Na diet. 4) DS rats showed renal parenchymal lesions, more pronounced after Na-loading, focal atrophy of cortical tubules, mesangial matrix expansion and glomerulosclerosis. Consistent with high blood pressure were changes in renal arterioles, fibromuscular proliferation, deposition of fibrinoid material in intima. 5) Sodium loading produced increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and sodium restriction reduced SNS responsiveness.
A preliminary attempt to use climate data and satellite imagery to model the abundance and distribution of Culicoides imicola (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in southern Africa
Authors: Baylis M. , Meiswinkel R. , Venter G.J.
Published: August 2012

Abundances of Culicoides imicola, the insect vector of several livestock viruses, including bluetongue and African horse sickness, were recently published for 34 sites in southern Africa, together with associated climate data. Here, these data are analysed statistically in combinationwith certain satellite-derived variables, with the aim of developing predictive models of C. imicola abundance. Satellite-derived variables were the land surface temperature (LST, a measure of temperature at the earth's surface) and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI, a measure of photosynthetic activity). Two models were developed: (1) climatic variables only and (2) satellite-derived and climatic variables. For model the best model used a single predictor variable (the mean daily minimum temperature) only, and accounted for nearly 34 % of the variance in C. imicola abundance. Two variable climatic models did not performsignificantly better. For model II, the best 1-variable model used the annual minimum LST as a predictor of C. imicola abundance, and accounted for nearly 40%of the variance in C. imicola abundance. The best 2-variable model, which gave significantly better fit than the 1-variable model, combined the minimum LST and minimum NDVI as predictors of C. imicola abundance, and accounted for nearly 67 % of variance. A map of predicted C. imicola abundances is produced on the basis of this 2nd model which, despite some anomalies, agrees largely with what is currently known of the prevalence of C. imicola in the region.
Could treatment of pregnant mares prevent abortions due to equine piroplasmosis? : research communication
Authors: Lewis B.D. , Penzhorn B.L. , Volkmann D.H.
Published: August 2012

Treatment of pregnant mares to prevent abortions due to equine piroplasmosis is a novel idea practised empirically at some Thoroughbred studs in South Africa. This paper presents the results of an investigation to ascertain whether imidocarb dipropionate crosses the equine placenta. Three pregnant mares were injected intramuscularly with imidocarb and their foetuses were mechanically aborted at varying time intervals thereafter. Imidocarb was found in foetal blood at a level similar to that in the dam's blood, suggesting that imidocarb administered to the dam would be available for anti-parasitic activity in the foetal circulation. Uncertainty concerning the time of treatment to achieve the desired effect currently makes this a questionable exercise.
Streptococcus phocae infections associated with starvation in Cape fur seals : case report
Authors: Henton M.M. , Zapke O. , Basson P.A.
Published: August 2012

Mortalities and abortions associated with starvation occurred at Cape Cross, Namibia, in Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). Affected seals showed lethargy and emaciation, and the most common pathological signs were those of a respiratory infection, both in adults and offspring. Streptococcus phocae was isolated from adult seals, a cub and aborted foetuses.
Workshop discusses priorities in veterinary helminthology for South Africa : information
Authors: Krecek R.C. , Vatta A.F. , Du Plessis A.
Published: August 2012

A workshop was held at Onderstepoort to set priorities in veterinary helminthology for South Africa. Representatives from 19 organisations attended. The workshop achieved 2 of the 3 aims set, namely to identify the problems within the field and to develop strategies to address these challenges. The 7 strategies proposed are: motivation, education, therapeutic, worm resistance, animal tolerance, biological control and diagnostic strategies. A follow-up session is being planned to formulate action plans for each sphere.
The application of a selenium fertiliser for the correction of marginal deficiencies in grazing sheep
Authors: Cloete S.W.P. , Van Niekerk F.E. , Young M. , Van der Merwe G.D. , Clark J.
Published: August 2012

A commercial fertiliser, consisting of a poorly soluble barium selenate core with a coating of highly soluble sodium selenite, was evaluated in 2 trials for the provision of selenium (Se) to grazing sheep. The fertiliser was administered at a level of 1 kg per hectare to 3 of 6 kikuyu paddocks during 1995 and 1996 in Trial 1, while the other paddocks were left untreated. The Se status of SA mutton merino ram lambs, as reflected by whole blood, liver and kidney Se concentrations, was elevated (P0.01) for at least 5 months after application of the fertiliser. Whole blood and liver Se concentrations of animals grazing unfertilised control paddocks were indicative of a subclinical Se deficiency at times (100 ng Se/mℓ whole blood and 300 mg Se/kg liver dry matter). In Trial 2, 4 of 7 paddocks on which an oat fodder crop was established were treated with the Se fertiliser during 1995 and 1997. The remaining 3 paddocks were left unfertilised as controls. Groups of 10-15 pregnant SA mutton merino ewes were introduced to these paddocks within 2 weeks of parturition. These ewes and their progeny utilised these paddocks for a mean (+SD) period of 41+8 days after parturition. The whole blood Se concentrations of these ewes and their offspring were elevated (P 0.01) relative to their contemporaries utilising control paddocks. No suggestion of a subclinical Se deficiency was discernible in animals grazing control paddocks, although whole blood Se levels approached 100 ng Se/mℓ during 1997. The application of Se fertiliser did not result in improvements in ewe reproduction or lamb growth. There was a suggestion of an improvement (P = 0.21) in mean (+SE) lamb survival on paddocks receiving Se fertiliser compared to control paddocks (71.5 + 4.6 % vs 62.2 + 5.3 % respectively).
A survey on environmental contamination of suburban parks and playgrounds in Harare, Zimbabwe, with canine helminths of zoonotic significance
Authors: Mukaratirwa S. , Taruvinga M.
Published: August 2012

In an attempt to assess the possible risk to humans of soil-transmitted canine helminths of of zoonotic significance, 161 faecal samples and 81 soil samples were collected from 6 public parks and playgrounds in Harare between March and June 1998 and examined for nematode ova. Of the 161 faecal samples collected, 17.4 % were positive for Ancylostoma sp. ova and 5.6 % were positive for T. canis ova. No other nematode species ova were found. Over 50 % of the faecal samples positive for Ancylostoma sp. ova were 'moist', and this suggests that the moisture content of faeces contributes to the development and survival of this parasite in the environment. Only 3 of the 81 soil samples collected were positive for T. canis. The low levels of contamination of public playgrounds and parks with T. canis ova suggests that environmental contamination might not be important in the aetiology of human toxocarosis in Harare.
Observations on some cardiopulmonary effects of midazolam, xylazine and a midazolam / ketamine combination in the goat
Authors: Stegmann G.F.
Published: August 2012

Xylazine, midazolam and a midazolam / ketamine combination were administered to 6 goats in a randomised 3-way block design. All goats received all treatments with at least a 7-day interval between treatments. Statistically significant (P 0.05) changes were observed in some of the measured cardiopulmonary variables for xylazine and midazolam/ ketamine. Xylazine administration resulted in statistically significant decreases in minute volume, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, heart rate andmeanarterial blood pressure. The increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide was not statistically significant. For the midazolam / ketamine combination, the decrease in tidal volume was statistically significant, but not the decrease in minute volume and increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The decrease in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen was also statistically significant. The mean arterial blood pressure for the combination was statistically significantly higher compared to xylazine. The changes in cardiopulmonary variables after midazolam administration were not statistically significant, such as tidal and minute volume, arterial partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, clinically significant effects such as hypoventilation and hypoxia were observed after its administration. The change in mean arterial blood pressure was minimal.
Trans-vaginal oocyte retrieval and subsequent in vitro production of embryos from a cow involuntarily culled : case report
Authors: Shaw D.G. , Bowles C.M. , Raja K. , Lishman A.W.
Published: August 2012

A Holstein cow of high genetic merit, in late lactation (205 days) and diagnosed with salpingitis (after 4 infertile services and veterinary consultation), was subjected to 1 trans-vaginal oocyte collection attempt, prior to slaughter.Of an estimated 10 follicles punctured, a total of 4 cumulus-oocyte complexes were retrieved. These were matured in vitro in a maturation medium for 24 hours. After 24 hours maturation, the oocytes were fertilised in vitro with Percoll-processed frozen / thawed imported semen, of the owner's choice. Fertilisation was achieved in a modified Tyrode's medium. At 18 hours post-insemination, the presumptive zygotes were transferred into culture in vitro in Charles Rosenkran's aminoacid medium and supplemented on Day 4 post-insemination with 10 % foetal calf serum. All in vitro procedures were conducted in 50 mℓ medium droplets, under oil, in a humidified incubator at 38.5 oC in 5% CO2 in air. Three of the potential zygotes cleaved and, by Day 7 of culture, these had developed to the morula stage. The embryos were frozen in 1.5 M ethylene glycol and later transferred non-surgically to synchronised Holstein recipient heifers. One morula resulted in the only pregnancy and subsequent birth of a healthy heifer calf. An independent commercial company confirmed parentage through standard bloodtyping assays. The genetic salvage of oocytes, for in vitro production of embryos, has potential benefits to the producer.
Feline herpesvirus infection in a group of semi-captive cheetahs : case report
Authors: Van Vuuren M. , Goosen T. , Rogers P.
Published: August 2012

Clinical disease caused by feline herpesvirus type-1 in wild felid species is similar to that in domestic cats. Herpesviruses are endemic in free-ranging lions in South Africa but actual clinical disease due to them has not been reported in free-ranging felids. The first reports of feline herpesvirus infection associated with clinical disease in wild felids came fromAustralia and the USA in 1970. Subsequent reports of clinical disease in cheetahs and other wild felid species were limited to captive animals. This report deals with clinical disease in a group of semi-captive cheetahs in which 18 animals were affected, and included 12 adult males, 4 adult females and 2 subadults. No mortalities occurred in this group, the most common clinical signs being sneezing, nasal discharge and loss of appetite.
The effect of gestation and lactation on bone calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in dairy cows
Authors: Beighle D.E.
Published: August 2012

A study was conducted to monitor changes in cortical bone mineral in the dairy cow in response to demands of lactation and pregnancy using rib bone biopsies in serial sampling. Sixteen Friesian cows from the University dairy herd were used to collect 9 samples during the lactation period and 5 samples during the dry period. The data were analysed using a split-plot design analysis of variance. There were no significant (P 0.05) differences in cortical bone phosphorus concentrations in rib bone during the lactation period, but calcium concentrations in cortical bone were significantly (P 0.05) higher at parturition and during the first 30 days of lactation compared to the next 30 days and between 90 and 120 days. Results reported here indicate that the cow resorbs cortical bone during the middle of the lactation period and not during the periparturient period as previously thought. Magnesium concentrations were also significantly (P 0.05) higher at the beginning of lactation compared to some of the other sampling times, but cortical bone was significantly (P 0.05) thinner at the beginning of lactation compared to several of the other sampling times. There were no significant (P 0.05) differences in cortical bone Ca or Mg concentrations during the gestation period. Cortical bone P concentrations significantly (P 0.05) decreased during the first 180 days, but significantly (P 0.05) increased at 181-230 days and significantly (P 0.05) decreased again at 231 days to term. Cortical bone thickness decreased significantly (P 0.05) from the beginning of gestation to term. There were no significant (P 0.05) differences in cortical bone thickness or Ca or Mg concentrations in cortical bone during the dry period, but cortical bone P concentrations were significantly (P 0.05) greater at the end of the dry period compared to the first 30 days of the period. In general, cortical bone Ca and Mg values decreased as milk production increased up to 20 kg/day and cortical bone P values and bone thickness increased. In animals producing over 20 kg/day, however, cortical bone mineral values were greater and cortical bone thickness was lower compared to those animals producing less than 20 kg.
The effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on water and electrolyte balance in water-restricted sheep
Authors: Meintjies R.A. , Engelbrecht H.
Published: August 2012

The importance of angiotensin II in the regulation of water and electrolyte balance in sheep is questionable. In this trial the effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor were quantified in sheep on restricted water intake. Comparing the phase of water restriction only with that of water restriction plus ACE inhibition, significant increases were observed during the latter phase in urine volume, sodium and potassium excretion via the urine, sodium concentration in the plasma and osmolar clearance. Urine osmolarity decreased with inhibition of angiotensin II formation while variables such as water, sodium and potassium loss via the faeces were unaffected. Most of the renal effects of ACE inhibition, except the increase in urinary potassium excretion, were explicable in terms of the established functions of angiotensin II. Furthermore, results of this trial indicate that angiotensin II has no significant effect on the intestine in regulating water and electrolyte excretion via the faeces.
Prevalence of besnoitiosis in domestic ruminants in Kenya : a preliminary survey
Authors: Njenga M.J. , Munyua S.J.M. , Bwangamoi O. , Kang’ethe E.K. , Mugera G.M. , Mutiga E.R. , Wamukoya J.P.O.
Published: August 2012

A preliminary survey on the prevalence of besnoitiosis in domestic ruminants in Kenya based on field and farmvisits, clinical and post mortem examinations and histopathological examination of tissues and biopsies, showed that goats are the most affected, followed by cattle, while sheep were unaffected. Caprine besnoitiosis occurred in a continuous belt in of the 8 provinces in Kenya stretching from the Coast, Eastern, North Eastern, Nairobi and the Rift Valley Provinces. Mandera, in the North Eastern Province, had the highest prevalence rate of 36 %, followed by Kwale (35 %), Isiolo (35 %), Marsabit (33 %), Wajir (28 %), Nairobi (26 %), Meru (24 %), Garissa (21 %), Taita Taveta (18 %), Embu (17 %), Kitui (9 %), Machakos (7 %), Laikipia (3 %), Kajiado (2 %) and Turkana and Elgeyo-Marakwet (1 % each). In all flocks where the prevalence rates were over 6 %, kids were observed to be affected. There were no significant differences (P 0.05) between the prevalence rates in bucks and does (18 % and 18.4 %, respectively), but kids were less (4 %) affected. Bovine besnoitiosis was found only in the Tana River District, with an infection rate of 11 %.
Renal pathology in working dogs in the South African National Defence Force : research communication
Authors: Short R.P.
Published: August 2012

Urine analysis, serumbiochemical profile and a cortical wedge biopsy for histopathological examination was performed on 42 South African National Defence Force (SANDF) dogs from around the country. The only significant finding on urine analysis and serum biochemistry was a relatively large number (16/42) of dogs with elevated serum inorganic phosphate levels. Histopathology revealed that only 9 of the animals had normal kidneys reflected in the wedge biopsy material, with over 50%of them showing signs of glomerular pathology (primarily mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis). Other conditions detected histopathologically were haemosiderosis (47 % of animals), focal nephrosis (2.4 %), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (2.4 %), focal interstitial nephritis (4.7 %) and acute tubular nephrosis (4.7 %). The lesions observed were of limited distribution and extent; this histopathological finding may account for the absence of significant abnormalities on urine analysis or serum biochemistry profiles. It appears from these results that a large percentage of the SANDF population would be expected to have mild renal lesions, but that these lesions are not severe enough to lead to clinical signs. The findings of this study are similar to those of randomly selected populations of non-military dogs performed in other areas of the world, which also demonstrated an unexpectedly high incidence of histopathological renal pathology in dogs considered healthy. These lesions may well, however, play a role in later life, and it is recommended that military veterinarians maintain an index of suspicion for renal disease, particularly glomerular disease. The aetiology of the histopathological lesions is unknown.
Water intoxication in cattle : continuing education
Authors: Njoroge E.M. , Maribei J.M. , Mbugua P.N. , Njiru S.M.
Published: August 2012

Water intoxication is a condition that is common in cattle, and has also been reported in other domestic animals and man. A comprehensive description of the condition is lacking. For a better understanding of the condition, this paper reviews work that has been reported previously by various authors.
Workshops propose National Programme for Veterinary Helminthology for South Africa : information
Authors: Vatta A.F. , Krecek R.C. , Du Plessis A. , Havemann A.R. , Van der Merwe J.S.
Published: August 2012

A workshop was held at Onderstepoort on 2-3 July 1999 to set priorities in veterinary helminthology for South Africa. Representatives from 19 organisations attended. The workshop achieved 2 of its 3 aims, namely to identify the priority areas within the field and to set specific objectives to be achieved in addressing these needs. Seven strategies were proposed, namely, motivation, education, therapeutic, wormresistance, animal tolerance, biological control and diagnostic strategies. Afollow-up session took place on 8 September 1999 and at this workshop and in subsequent meetings, preliminary action plans were developed for these strategies. It was felt that the proposed activities delineated by this process should formthe basis for a National Programme for Veterinary Helminthology and a national forum is to be convened to encourage all stakeholders to consider, discuss and adopt these activities. The forum is scheduled to take place in April 2000.
Blood pressure changes in dogs with babesiosis
Authors: Jacobson L.S. , Lobetti R.G. , Vaughan-Scott T.
Published: August 2012

Systemic arterial blood pressures were measured in 30 dogs with acute babesiosis, 10 each with mild uncomplicated, severe uncomplicated and complicated disease. Ten healthy dogs were used as controls. Hypotension was defined as more than 3 standard deviations below the control mean. Normal mean pressures (Â±SD) were: systolic arterial pressure 151 (Â±11) mm Hg, diastolic arterial pressure 89 (Â±8) mm Hg and mean arterial pressure 107 (Â±10) mmHg. Hypotension was the most frequent abnormality, and increased strikingly in incidence as disease severity increased, with 5/10 dogs in the complicated group being hypotensive for systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures, compared with 2/10 in the severe uncomplicated group and 0/10 in the mild uncomplicated group. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures in the complicated group and severe uncomplicated group, and systolic pressure in the mild uncomplicated group, were significantly lower than in the controls. There were no significant relationships between arterial pressures and age, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, mucous membrane colour or haematocrit. There was a significant negative correlation between arterial pressures and white cell and immature neutrophil counts. Arterial pressures differed significantly between dogs that were clinically collapsed and those that were not, but not between survivors and non-survivors. Pulse pressure (systolic - diastolic) was low in 7/10 complicated, 1/10 mild uncomplicated, and 1/10 severe uncomplicated cases, and differed significantly between the complicated and control groups. The high incidence of hypotension in clinically severe babesiosis has important implications for therapy.
The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Kenya
Authors: Ndegwa E.N. , Mulei C.M. , Munyua S.J.M.
Published: August 2012

California mastitis test (CMT), direct leukocytes counts and bacteriological examination were performed on 630 milk samples from apparently healthy mammary glands of dairy goats comprising a mixed population of German Alpine, Toggenberg, Saanen and Galla crosses to find the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 9.8 %according to CMT, 9.7 %according to direct leukocyte counts and 28.7 %by bacterial isolation during a 3-month period. The proportion of the bacteriologically positive milk samples was significantly (P 0.01) higher than that positive for CMTand direct leukocyte counts. There was a significant (P 0.01) correlation between CMT and direct leukocyte counts. There was no significant direct relationship between bacterial isolation and CMT. Bacterial organisms were isolated in 22.5 % of the 568 CMT-negative milk samples. The results suggest that bacterial organisms isolated from the CMT-negative milk samples were either latent infections or did not stimulate any significant increase in somatic cell counts that could be detected by either the CMT or direct leukocyte counts. The observations of this study indicate that the mere presence of bacteria in goat's milk does not mean that the udder is infected and so does not warrant antibiotic therapy.
Hypoxaemia and suspected pulmonary oedema in a Dorper ewe after diazepam-ketamine induction of anaesthesia : short communication
Authors: Stegmann G.F.
Published: August 2012

Anaesthesia was required in an 18-month-old Dorper ewe scheduled for surgical repair of an abdominal hernia. Anaesthesia was induced with diazepam (0.15 mg/kg) and ketamine (6 mg/kg), and maintained with halothane in oxygen on a circle anaesthetic machine. Hypotension, hypoxaemia, cyanosis and pulmonary oedema were observed from the start of surgery, but the symptoms improved towards the completion of the procedure. The aetiology of this condition could not be established. It is suggested that propylene glycol, the organic solvent in the diazepam formulation, may have stimulated the release of vasoactive substances that resulted in pulmonary oedema.
The fourteen editors of the Journal of the South African Veterinary Association: 1927-2000 : information
Authors: Bigalke R.D.
Published: August 2012

The initial motivation for having an article on the editors of the journal published in the year 2000 was to commemorate the 70 years of the existence of the Journal of the South African Veterinary Association. However, in conducting the research required to write the article it was established that the journal dates from 1927. Consequently the journal was about 73 rather than 70 years old at the end of 1999. During this period it has been faithfully served by 14 editors. This article contains a relatively brief description of the life histories, in relation to their terms of office as editors, of these editors, of whom 4 are still alive and actively pursuing their respective careers
Canine ehrlichioses : an update : review article
Authors: Kelly P.J.
Published: August 2012

The development of molecular biology techniques and methods for the isolation and growth of ehrlichias in tissue culture have greatly facilitated the study of these organisms. The available knowledge on ehrlichias is thus rapidly increasing and in this review recent findings on the epidemiology, transmission, clinical and laboratory signs of infection, diagnosis and treatment of canine ehrlichioses are described.
Ultrastructural characteristics of ostrich eggshell: outer shell membrane and the calcified layers
Authors: Richards P.D.G. , Richards P.A. , Lee M.E.
Published: August 2012

The ultrastructure of the eggshell of the domestic hen has been well researched and structural studies of other avian species, such as the ostrich, often base their interpretation of egg shell structure on that of the chicken. In the ostrich, lowered hatchability and hatching trauma may be due to shell ultrastructural abnormalities. In the present study the ultrastructure of the calcified portion, and the outer shell membrane (OSM), of domesticated ostrich eggshells was investigated using standard electron microscopic techniques. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy studies demonstrated intimate contact between cup-shaped structures present on the OSMand the mammillary layer of the calcified portion of the shell. The initial calcium carbonate growth of the calcified shell was of a dendritic nature with nucleation sites on the surface of the cup's contents. The dendritic growth gave way to a more randomly-orientated, smaller crystallite growth structure, which changed in formas it neared the vertical crystal layer (VCL). The VCL is described as being both amorphous and 'crumbly' depending on the plane of fracture. These observations suggest that firstly, initial calcification is contained within the cups and is then directed outwards to formthe shell and that secondly, the VCL may contain an evolutionary, calcified cuticular layer. These observations serve as a baseline for studies investigating the effect of shell structure and strength on hatchling trauma and the influence of maternal diet.
Coccidian oocyst and nematode egg counts of free-ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa : research communication
Authors: Penzhorn B.L.
Published: August 2012

Faecal specimens collected in the Kruger National Park from 103 African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) up to 1 year old and 283 buffaloes older than 1 year were examined for the presence of coccidian oocysts and nematode eggs. Most specimens from animals older than 1 year had negative coccidian oocyst counts. Positive specimens from younger animals had significantly higher coccidian oocyst counts than those from older animals. No such difference was found for nematode egg counts.
Feline panleukopenia virus revisited : molecular characteristics and pathological lesions associated with three recent isolates
Authors: Van Vuuren M. , Steinel A. , Goosen T. , Lane E. , Van der Lugt J. , Pearson J. , Truyen U.
Published: August 2012

The low incidence of clinical signs or pathological lesions compatible with feline panleukopenia in cats has created the perception among practitioners that the disease has disappeared since the emergence of canine parvovirus type 2 in the late 1970s.Three parvoviruses that were recently isolated from a domestic cat and 2 cheetahs in cell culture or detected by means of the polymerase chain reaction were shown to be typical feline parvoviruses. Phylogenetic comparison with other FPV isolates did not reveal a particular African cluster.
Clinical, cardiopulmonary and haemocytological effects of xylazine in goats after acute exposure to different environmental temperature and humidity conditions
Authors: Mogoa E.G.M. , Stegmann G.F. , Guthrie A.J. , Swan G.E.
Published: August 2012

This study was carried out to assess the influence of xylazine administration on clinical, cardiopulmonary and haemocytological variables after acute exposure to different environmental conditions. Xylazine hydrochloride was administered intravenously at 0.1 mg/kg body mass to 6 clinically healthy, castrated male goats. All animals were exposed for 60 min to 3 sets of climatic conditions: 14 °C, 33% relative humidity; 24 °C, 55% RH, and 34 °C, 65% RH. The variables that were measured for a period of 60 min after xylazine administration were sedation, analgesia, salivation, urination, ventilation rate, heart-rate, mean arterial blood pressure, oesophageal temperature, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. Xylazine induced sedation, analgesia, salivation and urination independently of the 3 environmental conditions. Environment had no influence on the onset, duration and recovery from sedation. In the 14 °C environment, xylazine resulted in a significant decrease in ventilation and heart-rate from baseline values. Significant changes in mean arterial blood pressure, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, haematocrit and red cell count were observed in the 3 environments. Total plasma protein was significantly altered at 24 °C and 34 °C. Acute exposure of goats to different environmental conditions had no significant influence on the clinical, cardiopulmonary and haemocytological variables. Physiological changes induced by xylazine were therefore independent of the environment.
Characteristics and performance of village animal health workers and veterinary assistants in northern Malawi
Authors: Hüttner K. , Leidl K. , Jere F.B.D. , Pfeiffer D.U.
Published: August 2012

Fourty-two village animal health workers called keymen (KM) and 84 veterinary assistants (VA) involved in a Basic Animal Health Service (BAHS) Programme in northern Malawi were interviewed during 1998. The general characteristics and perceptions of both groups were analysed using uni- and multivariate techniques. Detailed sales and treatment patterns of six KMand 12 VAwere evaluated for the period September 1996 to August 1997. Results indicated an overall job-satisfaction for 82 % of KM and 83 % of VA. Estimated weekly involvement in livestock service delivery, particularly of KM, was 3.7 days on average. Total annual drug sales of KM and VA between 1996 and 1997 on average were equivalent to US$ 124 and US$ 218 respectively. Most livestock remedies were issued for treatment of calves, followed by adult cattle, chickens and small ruminants. The changes suggested by VA and KM in order to improve field performance focused on regular refresher training by the BAHS programme.
The spread of weeds into sensitive areas by seeds in horse faeces
Authors: Van Dyk E. , Neser S.
Published: August 2012

The possible spread by horse faeces of plants that may become weeds in sensitive areas was investigated. It was found that the period 24-48 hours after ingestion of seeds included in rations was the retention time for seeds passing through the digestive system of the horse. The ability of seeds to germinate was not influenced by exposure to digestive fluids or sea-water. A feeding regime of compound feeds is suggested.
Survey of canine babesiosis in South Africa
Authors: Collett M.G.
Published: August 2012

A questionnaire, designed to obtain qualitative information on a number of variables concerning canine babesiosis (biliary fever) in South Africa, was sent to 510 veterinary practices in late 1993. Of the 157 practices that responded, all were presented with cases of babesiosis and most were situated in Gauteng, the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Apart from the Western Cape, a winter-rainfall region, the prevalence of babesiosis cases in dogs was highest in summer. Most of the respondent practices treated between 1000 and 5000 sick dogs that included 100 to 500 babesiosis cases each year. Respondents identified cerebral babesiosis, enterorrhagia, 'red' or haemoconcentrated babesiosis, acute renal failure and pulmonary babesiosis or 'shock lung', amongst others, as the most prevalent forms of complicated ('atypical') babesiosis. Diminazene, imidocarb and trypan blue were the most popular antibabesials. Trypan blue was most often used in shocked patients, whereas diminazene and imidocarb were preferred when there was a high parasitaemia in the absence of shock. At least 19 antibabesial treatment regimens were used in practices. These comprised the use of single doses of antibabesial drugs; split doses with repeat injections, and combined drug variations, some of which are undesirable due to possible sterilisation of Babesia infection or potential toxicity. Side-effects were most commonly associated with imidocarb use. Ninety-six percent of respondents used supportive treatment (e.g. corticosteroids, vitamins and 'liver support') in all cases of babesiosis. The use of blood transfusion as supportive treatment varied according to practice and severity of the case. Most practices never cross-matched blood to be transfused, and transfusion reactions were rare. Diminazene was most frequently incriminated in cases where drug 'resistance' or relapses occurred. Cerebral and 'red' cases resulted in high mortality. Treatment of babesiosis costs the dog-owning public in South Africa more than R20 million each year. Information on the distribution and possible complicating role of Ehrlichia canis was obtained. Development of a vaccine was the first research priority identified.
Helicopter-based censusing of domestic dogs in Gauteng Province, South Africa
Authors: Reilly B.K. , Van der Vyver F.
Published: August 2012

Decision support in veterinary epidemiology often depends on density estimates of domestic animals. These estimates are usually based on ground surveys of various types. Ground surveys are difficult to undertake in the informal housing settlements that are frequently encountered in developing countries. In addition, they are time-consuming and expensive. In this study, field experience in enumerating wildlife from helicopters was used to count domestic animals in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Data for domestic dogs are analysed for precision and accuracy and the technique evaluated in terms of its value for decision support.
The measurement of glucocorticoid concentrations in the serum and faeces of captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) after ACTH stimulation : research communication
Authors: Stead S.K. , Meltzer D.G.A. , Palme R.
Published: August 2012

Conventionally, the assessment of adrenal responses to stress relies on blood sample collection. However, blood collection from animals is impossible without restraint or immobilisation that influences results. This study was undertaken to validate recently established enzyme immunoassays that measure faecal glucocorticoid metabolites in elephants, and to perform a preliminary investigation into the biological relevance of this non-invasive method for use in assessing the degree of stress in this species. Four juvenile African elephants were injected i.m. with 2.15 mg synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (Synacthén, Novartis, Switzerland). Blood and faecal samples were collected over 4 h and 7 d respectively. Concentrations of serum cortisol and faecal cortisol metabolites were determined using immunoassay. Variability of basal and peak values in blood and faeces was observed among the elephants. After ACTH injection, serum cortisol concentrations increased by 400-700 %. An 11-oxoaetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (EIA) proved best suited to measure cortisol metabolites (11,17-dioxoandrostanes) when compared to a cortisol and corticosterone EIA in faecal samples. Concentrations of faecal 11,17-dioxoandrostanes increased by 570-1070 %, reaching peak levels after 20.0-25.5 h. Greater levels of glucocorticoid metabolites were measured in faecal samples from elephants kept in small enclosures compared to levels in the faeces of animals ranging over a larger area. The results of this preliminary study suggest that non-invasive faecal monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolites is useful in investigating adrenal activity in African elephants.
A brief historical review of research achievements by the OVI during the 20th century against the background of socioeconomic and political developments in South Africa : information article
Authors: Verwoerd D.W.
Published: August 2012

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, Vol 71, Issue 4, Dec
A survey of feline babesiosis in South Africa
Authors: Jacobson L.S. , Schoeman T. , Lobetti R.G.
Published: August 2012

South Africa appears to be the only country where feline babesiosis is a significant clinical entity in domestic cats. Little is known about its epidemiology or the clinical challenges facing practitioners. A questionnaire posted to 1760 South African veterinarians was returned by 16 %, representing approximately 40 % of practices. Just over half reported seeing feline babesiosis, with most cases occurring in the coastal areas of the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces. Overall incidence is highest in summer, but seasonality is less pronounced in non-seasonal and winter rainfall areas. No age, breed or sex predisposition was identified. Weight loss, weakness, anaemia, fever and icterus are common clinical findings. Complications include hepatopathy, renal failure, pulmonary oedema, cerebral signs, immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and concurrent infections. The antibabesial drug of choice is primaquine phosphate. Response to therapy is generally good, but recurrence and chronic infections were identified as problems. The average mortality rate was 15 %. Approximately 3000 cases are seen annually by the respondents, at an estimated cost of R750 000 to the owners. Feline babesiosis is a significant problem in South Africa, and further investigations of taxonomic status, concurrent infections, chemotherapy, complications and management of refractory cases are warranted.
Effects of xylazine on acid-base balance and arterial blood-gas tensions in goats under different environmental temperature and humidity conditions
Authors: Mogoa E.G.M. , Stegmann G.F. , Guthrie A.J.
Published: August 2012

The effects of acute exposure to 3 different temperature and humidity conditions on arterial blood-gas and acid-base balance in goats were investigated after intravenous bolus administration of xylazine at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. Significant (P 0.05) changes in the variables occurred under all 3 environmental conditions. Decreases in pH, partial pressure of oxygen and oxyhaemoglobin saturation were observed, and the minimum values for oxygen tension and oxyhaemoglobin saturation were observed within 5 min of xylazine administration. The pH decreased to its minimum values between 5 and 15 min. Thereafter, the variables started to return towards baseline, but did not reach baseline values at the end of the 60 min observation period. Increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide content, bicarbonate ion concentration, and the actual base excess were observed. The maximum increase in the carbon dioxide tension occurred within 5 min of xylazine administration. The increase in the actual base excess only became significant after 30 min in all 3 environments, and maximal increases were observed at 60 min. There were no significant differences between the variables in the 3 different environments. It was concluded that intravenous xylazine administration in goats resulted in significant changes in arterial blood-gas and acid-base balance that were associated with hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis, followed by metabolic alkalosis that continued for the duration of the observation period. Acute exposure to different environmental temperature and humidity conditions after xylazine administration did not influence the changes in arterial blood-gas and acid-base balance.
Effect of dietary concentrate level on body immune response in calves fed a wheat straw-based diet : short communication
Authors: Santra A. , Pathak N.N.
Published: August 2012

Twenty 9-month-old crossbred calves were divided into 2 equal groups (A and B; n = 10). The feeding trial was conducted for 119 days to study the effect of concentrate supplementation on body immune response and blood metabolites in calves. The concentrate and roughage (wheat straw) ratio in the diet of Groups A and B was 60:40 and 30:70, respectively. Daily dry matter intake was significantly (P 0.01) higher in Group A than in Group B, which also resulted in significantly higher (P 0.01) total body weight gain in the former group. Protein, albumin, globulin, total and differential leukocyte count in blood were similar in the 2 groups but blood glucose level was higher (P 0.05) in the calves of Group A. There was no difference in body immune response between the groups, which indicated that body immune response of animals is not significantly influenced by restricted concentrate feeding.
Gastric Ollulanus tricuspis infection identified in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) with chronic vomiting : case report
Authors: Collett M.G. , Pomroy W.E. , Guilford W.G. , Johnstone A.C. , Blanchard B.J. , Mirams S.G.
Published: August 2012

Gastritis, vomition and weight loss are common in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Gastric spiral bacteria (Helicobacter spp.) and the very small, viviparous nematode Ollulanus tricuspis, a stomach worm of cats, are believed to be important causes. Three sibling cheetahs at Wellington Zoo, New Zealand, developed chronic vomiting, diarrhoea and debility. Their parents were both South African-born. Response to antibacterial treatment was poor. Endoscopic examinations revealed chronic lymphoplasmacytic gastritis and Ollulanus infection. Treatment with oxfendazole and pyrantel embonate resulted in clinical improvement; however, 1 cheetah, which died 7 months later as a result of a ruptured liver due to hepatic amyloidosis, still had Ollulanus worms present in her stomach. Ollulanus tricuspis is a significant cause of gastritis and vomiting in captive cheetahs, lions and tigers, as well as wild cougars and tigers. The parasite has not yet been found in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the unusual characteristics of this parasite, the literature on its life history and techniques for diagnosis is reviewed.