bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EU Anti-trust Enforcement Powers and Procedural Rights and Guarantees: The Interplay between EU Law, National Law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and the European Convention On Human Righ
Authors: Wils Wouter P. J.
Published: April 2022

This paper deals with the powers of the European Commission and the competition authorities of the European Union (EU) Member States to enforce Articles 101 and 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and with the procedural rights and guarantees that circumscribe or limit these powers. It focuses in particular on the interplay between the different sources of law governing these matters: EU and national legislation, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the case law of the EU Courts and the European Court of Human Rights.
Fines and Damages under EU Competition Law: Implications of the Accumulation of Liability
Authors: Frese Michael J.
Published: April 2022

This paper identifies instances of negative interplay between public and private enforcement of European Union (EU) competition law. For this purpose, a detailed account of the premises underlying the EU's dual enforcement system is provided against the background of efficiency, effectiveness, fundamental rights and proportionality. These four interests, both internal and external to the EU's competition policy, are at stake if liability in parallel enforcement proceedings is either excessive or uncoordinated. While actors involved in the enforcement process are gradually recognizing these risks, so far the solutions offered remain incidental.
Diminishing Incentives to Reveal Efficiency-Related Evidence: An Empirical Analysis of EC Merger Cases
Authors: Ormosi Peter L.
Published: April 2022

An unbiased regulatory analysis of mergers should consider both their potential benefits (efficiencies) and the resulting harm (reduced competition). Information asymmetry between the merging parties and the competition authority makes the assessment of the former a challenging task. For this reason, competition authorities have an interest in encouraging merging parties to bring forward all available efficiency-related evidence. This paper looks at the European Commission's practice between 1999 and 2009 to find out whether firms are provided sufficient incentives to reveal information on efficiencies. Evidence is presented that efficiency claims jeopardize the success of mergers by significantly delaying regulatory approval. As the European Community Merger Regulation (ECMR) allows firms to decide how much information to reveal on efficiencies, this may mean that efficiency claims are only made in cases where delay matters less for the merging parties, for example, when the merger is not expected to generate large amounts of cost savings. Given this controversy, this article discusses the suitability of introducing further incentives to present efficiency-related evidence in EC merger cases.
Salvaging Law and Economics
Authors: Doomen Jasper
Published: April 2022

Some of Law and Economics' pivotal claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics' tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative's objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.
TEU Competition Law Aspects of Minority Shareholdings
Authors: Tóth András
Published: April 2022

The debate in Europe on the competition law aspects of minority shareholdings is not new but has become increasingly important since July 2011 when the Commission announced the tender for a study on the importance of minority shareholdings in the European Union. The aim of this article is to consider whether there is a gap under European competition law regarding the treatment of minority shareholding. The article concludes that only a limited number of transactions would raise competition concerns which could not be satisfactorily addressed under Articles 101 and 102. However, even these transactions are less likely to give rise to the incentive or ability for unilateral or coordinated effects. Accordingly, increasing jurisdiction in this area should be avoided especially with regards to increased resource implications for competition authorities and regulatory burdens on companies.
Diagnostics of Competition Law: Economic Theory and the Case of Alleged Discrimination against Small Market Companies in EU Merger Control
Authors: Oinonen Mika
Published: April 2022

Over the years, there has been talk about an unfair competition policy and a resulting 'small market problem' which treats mergers between small market companies and mergers between large market companies unequally. Yet, for a long time, a systematic analysis of the problem did not exist. It was not until very recently that an extensive study was published, which presented a diagnostic system enabling one meaningful way to analyse this complex and challenging issue. The present article discusses the argument concerning discrimination against small market companies in EU merger control in the light of economic theory. The article explains the economic-theoretic foundations lying behind the findings regarding the recently presented diagnostic system. This article shows that from an economic-theoretic point of view, a proper practical assessment of small market mergers is subject to many open questions, to which we still have no clear-cut answers.
Are Anti-competitive Effects Necessary for an Analysis under Article 102 TFEU?
Authors: Gormsen Liza Lovdahl
Published: April 2022

This article deals specifically with the different effects-based approaches that have been taken to Article 102 prior to and after the European Commission's change of policy in this area of law. Studying this topic now is particularly important for three main reasons. First, Article 102 has recently been subject to a major policy review which generated much debate as to whether the Commission is required to show effects. Secondly, there have recently been some highly significant examples of the Court of Justice both supporting and rejecting the new effects-based approach to Article 102. Finally, the outcome of recent case law has some widespread implications for enforcement policy.
Interaction between Leniency Programmes and Damages Actions in Antitrust Law: Perspectives for Collective Redress
Authors: Nascimbene Bruno
Published: April 2022

This article addresses the effectiveness of private antitrust enforcement and its relationship with public enforcement of competition law. In light of the recent initiatives taken by the European Commission, it is suggested that soft law instruments are incapable of guaranteeing a coherent approach, especially taking into consideration the need to balance the public and private interests involved in antitrust proceedings. This is particularly evident when appraising the links between actions for damages based on Article 101 TFEU and leniency programmes. The analysis of the case law of the EU courts and national tribunals reveals the tensions between the focus on cartels and the rights of competing undertakings and consumers to claim redress. The situation is hardly satisfactory given the differences in national regulations, on the one side, and the lack of binding EU measures, on the other. Hence, as advocated by the Commission in its Work Programme 2012, it appears preferable, and in line with the principle of subsidiarity, to harmonize domestic laws in this field via the adoption of a directive based on Article 103TFEU.
Back to First Principles of Market Definition: The New Zealand High Court Air Cargo Cartel Case
Authors: Niels Gunnar
Published: April 2022

In prosecuting a price-fixing agreement among airlines - one of several such cases around the world - the New Zealand Commerce Commission faced a jurisdictional challenge as to whether there is a market for inbound air cargo services 'in New Zealand'. At a time when competition authorities increasingly skip market definition and assess competitive effects directly (especially in merger inquiries), this case turned almost entirely on the delineation of the relevant market. It revisited some of the first principles of market definition - including the product and geographic dimensions of the market where transport services are concerned, supply-side substitution, and the role of derived demand - and highlighted shortcomings in existing guidelines in the USA and elsewhere. Five economic experts took part in a 'hot tub' process in the High Court of New Zealand. Setting some useful criteria for defining markets in the context of derived demand from downstream customers, the court ruled in favour of the Commission.
Restraints on Selective Distribution Agreements
Authors: Monti Giorgio
Published: April 2022

The application of competition law to selective distribution agreements has softened somewhat as a result of the new Block Exemption for Vertical Restraints; however the recent approach by the French Competition Authority to online sales, supported by the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ), reveals that there remain traces of the old regulatory approach, which rests on poorly worked out theories of harm that afford competition authorities the power to monitor closely the details of selective distribution contracts. While the episode discussed here may be driven by a policy of facilitating online sales, there is a risk that given the broad sweep of the ECJ's judgment, it risks widening the scope of application of Article 101, and the remedies available thereunder, to breaking point.
(Non-controlling) Minority Shareholdings as Self-Standing Transactions under EU Merger Control Analysis: Prospective Solutions
Authors: Rusu Catalin Stefan
Published: April 2022

The 2013 Staff Working Document and the 2014 White Paper - 'Towards More Effective EU Merger Control' point to the existence of a potential enforcement / regulatory gap in the functioning of the EU Merger Control Regulation: acquisitions of non-controlling minority shareholdings may create anti-competitive effects and the current EU law mechanisms are not fully equipped to tackle such concerns. This contribution investigates the models that may be used to reform the EU merger control system, while avoiding overregulation, enhancing legal certainty, reducing costs and maintaining a high quality appraisal process. The steps that have been recently taken in order to bring the review of non-controlling shareholdings under Regulation 139/2004 are dealt with. This contribution's conclusions aim to provide the optimal solution meant to ensure a more effective system of merger control in the EU.
A Law and Economics Analysis of the Incentives Driving Malaysian Banks Compliance with the Malaysian Competition Act
Authors: Munisamy Susila , Michael Bryane
Published: April 2022

Judging by only economic incentives, Malaysian financial institutions (particularly banks) should carefully consider the incentives driving the Competition Act. The data show that Malaysian banks remain vulnerable to incentives leading to anticompetitive behaviour. The Malaysian Competition Commission will likely lack the resources to investigate and sanction anticompetitive behaviour in Malaysia's banking industry. Maximum fines of MYR 10 million and revenue-tied penalties of only 10% of worldwide revenue mean that banks still have strong incentives to engage in anticompetitive behaviour and to pay any low fine that might be levied. By staying the course, Malaysian banks can continue to earn about MYR 15 billion (approximately USD 4.6 billion in anticompetitive rents).
Development of the European Commissions Decisional Practice on Failing Division Defences
Authors: Patel Ruchit
Published: April 2022

The Commission’s decisional practice in relation to the failing division defence has evolved. Earlier decisions did not permit the use of the defence where a division was failing but the parent able to continue to provide financial support, even if the parent was not incentivized to continue to support the division. This amounted, effectively, to a presumption that the financial reserves of a parent would be used to support a failing division even if that was not economically rational. Later decisions of the Commission distance themselves from the notion that such a presumption exists. They recognize that allowing failing divisions to exit can be an economically rational decision and where such exit is certain and can be demonstrated using robust and objectively justified financial data, the first limb of the failing division defence is satisfied. This article describes and synthesizes the evolution in the Commission’s decisional practice.
The Use of Leniency in EU Cartel Enforcement: An Assessment After Twenty Years
Authors: Wils Wouter P. J.
Published: April 2022

Since 1996, the European Commission has been operating a leniency programme, under which companies cooperating with its cartel investigations can obtain immunity from fines or a reduction of fines. Leniency plays a prominent role in European Union (EU) cartel enforcement today. This article assesses the positive effects and the possible negative effects of leniency, in the light of twenty years of experience.
Calculating the Cartel Fine: A Question of Jurisdiction or a Question of Economic Importance?
Authors: Henry David , Bentley Philip
Published: April 2022

The Court of Justice’s endorsement in InnoLux Corp v. Commission of the concept ‘direct European Economic Area (EEA) sales through transformed products’ for EU competition law fining purposes is not wholly uncontroversial. Infelicitous consequences arising from the application of this novel concept potentially include: (i) the imposition of excessive and disproportionate penalties, and (ii) the same sales being penalized by a competition authority in a country in which internal sales were made in addition to being penalized by the European Commission.

The authors therefore advocate that the EU rules determining which acts can be taken into account for the purposes of determining a fine should be strictly coterminous with the rules on jurisdiction and that third-country competition authorities be encouraged to adopt a similar approach. It is believed that greater legal certainty can be achieved by having symmetry between the rules on jurisdiction and the rules on the sales to be taken into account for the purposes of determining fines. This solution does not exclude an application of the ‘qualified effects’ doctrine to downstream sales by related parties, provided there is adequate evidence to establish the existence of the ‘qualified effects’ in the first place. The rigours of that doctrine are necessary to ensure that the objective of ensuring effective deterrence does not become an autonomous and unruly principle of policy.
The Rebus of Selectivity in Fiscal Aid: A Nonconformist View on and Beyond Case Law
Authors: Merola Massimo
Published: April 2022

The application of State aid rules to tax measures has become highly controversial, particularly in the last decade; a number of theoretical difficulties and a fierce criticism surround this topic today. The conceptual framework currently deployed by the State aid legal doctrine is insufficient to address the phenomenon of fiscal aid in its entirety. This has resulted in a case-by-case approach by the courts that has generated inconsistencies and legal uncertainty.

The author shares his views on how the current legal standards should be revised, also in terms of law policy, e.g. by taking the underlying objectives of the Treaty into full account. The goal being to foster the development of a new approach to assess fiscal aid, built on the distinction between truly macroeconomic measures and measures that (also or mainly) pursue more specific goals. To this end, some broad categories of fiscal measures are discussed.

Drafted in a deliberately concise manner, this opinion article does not provide an exhaustive account of the European Union (EU) case law or the decision-making practice of the Commission. Rather, also considering the number of appeals currently pending against Commission decisions and the General Court’s judgments on these issues, reference to specific cases is limited to what is necessary to provide examples of the broad categories of fiscal measures under discussion.
The Meaning of Restriction of Competition Under the Monopolistic Agreements Provisions of the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law
Authors: Cheng Thomas K.
Published: April 2022

International attention on the People's Republic of China PRC Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) has mostly focused on merger control and abuse of dominance. Enforcement against restrictive agreements and concerted practice seems to have been overlooked so far. This article examines how the Chinese courts and enforcement authorities have analysed restrictive agreements. Specifically, it focuses on how the courts and the authorities have applied the concept of restriction of competition in monopolistic agreement cases. With respect to horizontal cases, one largely unanswered question is whether anticompetitive effects need to be proved even in cartel cases or a proof of the mere existence of the agreement suffices. With respect to vertical cases, there remains much confusion as to the appropriate analytical framework for resale price maintenance (RPM), the per se rule or the Rule of Reason, and whether Article 14 of the AML applies to agreements beyond RPM. This article attempts to shed light on these important questions.
EU Competition Law Needs to Install a Plug-in
Authors: Díaz Pablo Solano
Published: April 2022

This article vindicates the definition of a new approach to Article 102 enforcement in digital economy based on the concept of multi-sided platform, which in turn revolves around the data flow among groups of users on the various sides of the platform in the form of indirect network effects. The cross-cutting nature of such novel approach, embedded into a broader paradigm of contestable markets and dynamic competition, calls for an analytical framework for market definition and market power appraisal to be devised accordingly. Once such framework is sketched, a section is devoted to exploring recent abuse cases involving e-platforms in light of the approach advocated by this article. In order to provide a full overview, other legal questions are explored as well, with a focus on the relaxation of the notion of ex ante objective justification and the place for an ex post efficiency defence within the proposed analytical framework.
Multiple Product Discounts: A Comparative EU/US Competition Law Perspective
Authors: Strader Jay Matthew
Published: April 2022

This article constitutes a direct challenge to applying cost tests as the sole liability test for multiproduct discounts. The article utilizes Neoclassical Price Theory to isolate the methods by which mixed bundling can harm consumers by viewing the practice as a form of predation, then alternatively as tying.1Under tying, the article considers market power and the conditions aside from the aggregate amount of price cuts that must exist for coercion to produce anticompetitive foreclosure. Such factors determine the contestability of demand in the linked market. The article lastly recommends an alternative test that aims to maximize welfare by focusing the analysis on overlapping demand, contestability, the EU cost test, and the benefit of the discount to package purchasers.
Whither Antitrust Regulation of Loyalty Rebates in China: The Tetra Pak Decision and Lessons from the EU
Authors: Yan Xingyu
Published: April 2022

On 16 November 2016, China issued the trailblazing Tetra Pak decision, which introduced the concept of loyalty rebates into the Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law. This article is aimed at critically assessing the loyalty rebates analysis in this decision and discussing how the law could develop thereon. It argues that, while breaking the ground for an effects-based approach to loyalty rebates in China, this decision failed to establish a solid theory of harm. This destined that the decision-maker would not be able to engage in a contextualized effects-analysis it had envisaged. By comparing this problem to a similar one in EU competition law, this article suggests that the exclusive dealing analogy should be employed for loyalty rebates analysis.
From Standard Oil to Google: How the Role of Antitrust Law Has Changed
Authors: Massarotto Giovanna
Published: April 2022

Google cases give us two lessons. First, despite the time that has passed since Standard Oil case, the big primary question remains the same, are markets better off with self-regulation? Second, antitrust law can be the appropriate relief to govern markets through the adoption of remedies enshrined in consent decrees. Tailored antitrust remedies can succeed where government’s regulation and self-regulation fail.
Legal Professional Privilege in EU Antitrust Enforcement: Law, Policy & Procedure
Authors: Wils Wouter P. J.
Published: April 2022

This article discusses the law, policy and procedure of legal professional privilege in EU antitrust enforcement. It focuses primarily on the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU [Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union] by the European Commission, but also touches briefly on the enforcement of EU antitrust law by the competition authorities of the EU Member States (addressing in particular the question whether those EU Member States that extend legal professional privilege to in-house lawyers are in breach of EU law), as well as on private enforcement.
Bringing Back Unity: Modernizing the Application of the Non Bis In Idem Principle
Authors: Veenbrink Marc
Published: April 2022

This article describes the approach which the Union Courts have taken in relation to the non bis in idem principle when it concerns dual proceedings by the Commission and National Competition Authorities (NCAs) or by different NCAs. The unity of the legal interest is used by the CJEU as a jurisdictional safeguard for the Commission. Conversely, the identity of the facts determined whether the accounting principle is applicable in dual proceedings. This principle is in dual proceedings by the Commission and an NCA the only applicable expression of the non bis in idem principle. This approach is different from that in other areas of law where Article 50 of the Charter or Article 54 CISA are applied. The application of the non bis in idem principle in the Union’s legal order can therefore be criticized on the basis of lack of unity. It will be argued that these diverging approaches can be aligned without losing the current outcome in competition law cases.
Brexit and Competition Law: The Future Place of the UK Competition Law Regime Internationally
Authors: Dabbah Maher M.
Published: April 2022

Arguably, the most famous line ever uttered on the decision by British voters of 23 June 2016 to exit from the European Union (EU), is, and always will remain, ‘Brexit means Brexit’. These were the words of the serving British Prime Minister at the time. The triggering of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) – marking the start of the two-year negotiations/ detachment process – eventually occurred on 29 March 2017. That process drew to its end on 29 March 2019. The UK however continues to be an EU Member State. At the time of writing, the UK’s exit from the EU was expected on 31 October 2019, though it is highly uncertain whether this indeed will happen.

This article addresses the competition law related challenges, opportunities and implications of the UK becoming a non-EU Member State from an international perspective. The article analyses in particular the future place and role of the UK competition law regime internationally. The article considers the future international agenda of the UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) and the international orientation and standing of the UK competition law regime as a fully independent regime, which is both completely UK and European in orientation.
Brexit and Competition Law: The Future Relationship Between the UK and EU Competition Law Regimes
Authors: Dabbah Maher M.
Published: April 2022

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union and its impending departure from the latter, place the UK and EU competition law regimes in a situation of great uncertainty. From a well-anchored position in which these two regimes have been intertwined and their key actors – the Competition and Markets Authority and the European Commission – enjoy a strong and close association (principally within the European Competition Network), the two regimes are now supposed to go separate ways. This transition could not be more powerful and its implications could not be more serious. Yet, hardly any proper attention has been given to assessing the future relationship between the two regimes especially from a policy perspective.

The present article engages in such assessment. In addressing a number of key issues – notably the relationship between UK and EU competition law and authorities – the article offers a vision and critical analysis of the kind of future relationship the two regimes should have.

Brexit, Competition and Markets Authority, European Commission, cooperation, European Competition Network, UK and EU competition law regimes
A Formalistic Approach to Competition Law and Its Risks: The Curious Case of Roche/Novartis
Authors: Perinetto Patrick Actis
Published: April 2022

The Roche/Novartis case raised an issue of European competition law so complex that it called upon the intervention of the most important and authoritative judicial body of the European Union, i.e. the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice. Some of the outcomes of this case are, however, particularly worth analysing because they show to the highest degree the potential logical shortcomings that can be created by combining a too rigid and sterile application of competition law principles with complex factual circumstances. More specifically, in this case the legal questions of the definition of the relevant product market, of the competitive relationship between the parties and of the implications of a licensing agreement between them needed to be adjudicated with reference to the unlawfulness of the creation and marketing of the relevant product, of the marketing of such product by third-parties (and not by one of the infringers) and of the weight of regulatory issues within the competition law assessment. Despite the arguably unique set of facts of the case, the problematic – even contradictory – nature of its findings cautions us against a formalistic application of competition law and shows instead the preference of adopting a substantive approach within the competition law assessment.

Hoffmann-La Roche, Novartis, Avastin, Lucentis, competition law, Article 101 Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU), off-label, pharmaceuticals, formalism, regulation.
Evolución de la cultura política democrática en España
Authors: Iglesias Óscar
Published: April 2022

El presente artículo analiza la evolución de la preferencia por la democracia en la sociedad española, si esta es homogénea, y si la insatisfacción con la democracia está provocando cambios en la cultura política y en su aceptación. Se plantea la hipótesis de que, siendo la preferencia por la democracia mayoritaria, no es homogénea, y existen diferencias relacionadas con la edad, los estudios, la clase social, a qué partido se vota, o la ubicación ideológica. Para su comprobación, se utiliza una metodología cuantitativa, con el uso de fuentes secundarias recopiladas en distintas encuestas del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, en las que aparece el indicador sobre la preferencia sobre distintos tipos de regímenes políticos. Tras realizar una serie de estudios, que someten a prueba empírica la mencionada hipótesis, esta se confirma.
Comunicación digital de los colegios de trabajo social en España en las redes sociales online ¿coalición, jerarquización o aislamiento?
Authors: Joaquín Castillo de Mesa  , López Peláez Antonio , Méndez-Domínguez Paula , Kirwan Gloria
Published: April 2022

En un contexto de transformación digital acelerado las redes sociales online modifican las estrategias organizacionales de comunicación. En este artículo analizamos mediante netnografía y análisis de redes sociales los procesos de conectividad, de interacción y de liderazgo de los Colegios de Trabajo Social en España en las redes sociales online, concretamente en Facebook y Twitter. A través de determinados algoritmos hemos detectado comunidades que conforman estructuras de comunicación que condicionan las dinámicas de cooperación y cohesión. Los resultados muestran una estructura de comunicación fuertemente jerarquizada, con comunidades que tienden al cierre. Basado en los resultados obtenidos, presentamos una serie de estrategias para mejorar la cooperación entre los Colegios de Trabajo Social en España en las redes sociales online.
Halal Forensics Issues Involving Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Technology of Cultured Meat
Authors: Baharuddin Ahmad Syukran , Wan Ismail Wan Abdul Fattah , Abdul Mutalib Lukman , Hashim Hasnizam , Jusof Norma , Mohd Ghazali Mohd Ifwat , Alauddin Mohd Syafiq , Wan Harun Mohammad Amir
Published: April 2022

Cultured meat has become a trending nowadays. The future of 3D food products  is gaining momentum in the coming years.  the industry is creating a new paradox where technology is rapidly developing to cope with such big changes. However, several key areas are lacking in particular in Halal forensics where the issues of 3DP meat are  are still not discussed thoroughly. This study is emphasizing on the review of halal forensics issues in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for halal cultured meat. The study uses content analysis methods on published scientific papers and authoritative sources in related fields. The issues presented should be addressed so that the latest technology in the field of nutrition can be utilized to the fullest, especially for the sake of Muslim consumers. Authorities in the fatwas and Islamic jurisprudence should infer specific fatwas in the topic of cultured meat. More research has to be conducted to determine the long-term and short-term effects of this cultured meat on the human body.  Matter such as a new analytical method should be proposed and developed to ensure the Halal status of the 3DP meat. Such a method will reduce the vulnerability of Halal food against Halal food fraud.  Furthermore, the studies done will be used as a regulatory framework and gold standard for 3DP Halal food products in particular ingredient that contains meat. This study will be a good indicator of the status of 3DP halal food and the potential research that can be conducted in this field.
The Cognitive Determinants Influencing Consumer Purchase-Intention Towards Subscription Video on Demand (SVoD): Case of Egypt
Authors: Elsafty Ashraf , Boghdady Abdulaziz
Published: April 2022

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant change, as smartphones and digital devices paved the way for developing new e-business models to articulate and cultivate further magnitudes such as “shared economy”. Video on demand has become one of the most vital shared-economy play-actors. This study aims to provide valuable information to SVoD industry players, marketers, and producers about the Egyptian consumers’ motivations, preferences, and willingness to subscribe to video-on-demand services. In this regard, the proposed research model has been developed based on its nature on an existing conceptual framework named UTAUT2 and only one independent variable called Content Piracy tackling the research’s problem definition. The present study aims to examine and comprehend such factors; thus, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model was applied to better test and explain the factors impacting the Purchase Intention (PI) to subscribe to video-on-demand services. Subsequently, the factors of Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI), Facilitating Conditions (FC), Hedonic Motivation (HM), Price Value (PV), Habit (HB), in addition to Content Piracy (CP) were tested by surveying 133 respondents using SurveyMonkey across multiple online channels. It is noteworthy that this study highlighted a comprehensive comparative analysis of industrial practices originating from multiple subscription video-on-demand platforms and the introduction of “Watchit” shortly after Netflix was promoted as the driving force service provider in the Middle East (Hall & Partners, 2018). According to the findings, All the UTAUT2 constructs mentioned above positively influenced consumers’ intention to subscribe to video-on-demand services in Egypt. However, the added variable of content piracy negatively influenced the intention to SVoD platforms in Egypt. As a result of the examination of the obtained data and revealed findings, the market needs and consumer base of video on demand industry could be dramatically increased if industry players consider the factors impacting users’ purchase intention, particularly with the most significant impact, namely; Habit, Hedonic Motivation, and Social Influence, which are discussed methodically in this study.
Atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis – the importance of imaging tests
Authors:   Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital,  Bucharest, Romania, Ionescu Oana P. , Stanciu Silviu M. ,   Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital,  Bucharest, Romania, Ciobica Mihai L. ,   Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital,  Bucharest, Romania
Published: April 2022

As reported by literature, rheumatoid arthritis is a rheumatic disease with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular complications. Early detection of atherosclerosis by non-invasive techniques represent a current challenge of patient management. Current EULAR guidelines recommend careful monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors by stratification of patients and strict control of rheumatic disease activity to reduce it. The classic evaluation of intimamedium thickness (IMT) was completed by quantifying the degree of inflammation of the carotid plate using positron emission tomography or the degree of coronary calcifications by calculating Agatston score using Coronary Computer Tomography. These modern investigation techniques allow identification of several subclinical stages of atherosclerosis, the interest in their early detection resulting from the fact that, in this stage, through specific measures, the cardiovascular complications can be prevented.
Taken en bevoegdheden van ministers zonder portefeuille
Authors: Gierveld H.A.J. (Henk)
Published: April 2022

Taken en bevoegdheden van ministers zonder portefeuille

Het redactioneel is gewijd aan het koninklijk besluit van 10 januari 2022 waarmee minister De Jonge belast werd met aangelegenheden betreffende Volkshuisvesting en Ruimtelijke Ordening. Uit informatie blijkend uit de website rijksoverheid.nl komt naar voren dat minister De Jonge onder andere de Omgevingswet in zijn takenpakket heeft.
Open normen in ruimtelijke regels
Authors: van der Velde J. (Jur)
Published: April 2022

Open normen in ruimtelijke regels. Is het omgevingsplan een nieuwe fase in een neverending story?

Auteur bespreekt in dit artikel twee recente uitspraken van de Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak over regels met open normen in een bestemmingsplan met verbrede reikwijdte. Het gaat om de uitspraken van 27 oktober 2021 (Maastricht-Belvédère) en van 24 november 2021 (Den Haag-Binckhorst). In het artikel wordt het belang van deze uitspraken voor de huidige bestemmingsplan- en de toekomstige omgevingsplanpraktijk toegelicht. Voor een goed begrip van de uitspraken gaat auteur allereerst kort in op wat open normen zijn. Hij sluit af met enkele aanbevelingen voor de gemeenteraad, indien de raad gebruik maakt van regels met open normen.
بناء أنموذج برمجة خطية ضبابية مع تطبيق عملي
Authors: أحمد رافد
Published: April 2022

يتناول هذا البحث بناء نموذج برمجة خطية ضبايبة, حيث ان تكاليف الانتاج للمنتوجات (الستة) كانت ضبابية, وكذلك كانت كميات الموارد المتاحة (الطرف الايمن من القيود) هي ضبابية, اضافة الى ان كميات الانتاج هي ايضا ضبابية, ويضم النموذج (ستة) متغيرات قرار و (ستة عشر) قيدا, وسيتم حل الانموذج بأستخدام البرنامج الجاهز (WIN QSB) لايجاد نتائج الحل الامثل.
A novel educational model based on “knowing how to do” paradigm implemented in an academic makerspace
Authors: Carulli Marina , Bordegoni Monica , Maffei Stefano , Bianchini Massimo , Bolzan Patrizia
Published: April 2022

The design discipline is faced with radical changes related to new technologies and to an increasingly globalized world with more and more competitive markets. These factors are profoundly influencing methods and processes of design, and the knowledge and skills related to the designer’s role. Consequently, the design educational models are radically changing. Today, one of the most impacting evolutions is related to rapid prototyping techniques, which are bringing design practice closer to the auto-production. This emerging trend cannot be anymore supported with traditional didactic approaches, but it is necessary to create spaces for allowing students to learn, design and experiment in a shared way. This paper presents the Polifactory Lab at Politecnico di Milano, an innovative makerspace established with the aim of creating a new research and teaching space. In this paper, the authors present the Polifactory Lab, its theoretical purposes, and some examples of didactic activities carried out in the lab.
Tangible 3D Printed Workshop for introducing Art and Creativity in Engineering Drawing Subject
Authors: Melian Dámari , Saorin Jose Luis , de La Torre-Cantero Jorge , Diaz Drago
Published: April 2022

In studies of engineering, creative competence is becoming more and more important. In order to develop this ability, a three-dimensional modelling workshop called STELLA 3D was designed in collaboration with teachers from fine arts studies, based on the pictorial work of Frank Stella. In this article, a tangible version of this workshop is presented, printed in 3D, which was tested during the 2016-2017 academic year by 31 students in the First Year of Engineering at the University of La Laguna. The data obtained from the experimental group show that the students have increased their creativity values in comparison with the Pre-test, going from a score of 93,8 to 132,0. The resource developed in this work includes QR codes, which enable digital files of the pieces for 3D printing to be downloaded, and makes it possible to replace them in case of loss or breakage.
The Overflow of Contained Emotions in Anita Rau Badami’s The Hero’s Walk
Authors: González-Rodríguez María Luz
Published: April 2022

In this article, Anita Rau Badami's second novel, The Hero’s Walk (2000), is analysed through the perspective of the field of affects. This analysis examines how the author, through the imagery of water, presents the non-physical reality of feelings and emotions. Water is the most receptive of the elements, a source of continuous, intimate and transitory metamorphoses.  In the form of storms, floods, and other types of natural phenomena related to this element, it is possible to observe how Badami makes use of a metaphorical conceptualisation of intense emotional states related to the psychological trauma that arises from the loss of a loved one. For the purpose of analysis, several important sources in the field of affect theory and water symbolism will be considered. Special emphasis will also be placed on the body (and the house as an integral extension of it) as a receptacle for contained emotions in the processing of pain.
Judima the Traditional Rice Wine and Dimasa Community: a Geographical Review of Dima Hasao
Authors: Jamal Shahid , Upadhyay Aakash , Bajaj Amrita
Published: April 2022

Judima is a traditional rice beer/wine prepared by the Dimasa tribe especially the women of the Dima Hasao district of Assam. The consumption of rice beer/wine brewed from different varieties of rice  is a routine practice among different tribal communities of Assam including Dimasa. The making of Judima wine has become an integral part of their cultural and social life for generations. Though the drink fulfills the criteria for the Geographical Indications (GI) tag, it is still waiting for its GI status. The main objective of the study is to identify and analyse the challenges faced in achieving GI for the Judima traditional rice wine of Dima Hasao and its cultural uniqueness. A household survey was conducted through snowball sampling in 2019 in the Dima Hasao district of Assam, India. After the analysis, it was concluded that if Judima can achieve  Geographical Indications status,  the Dimasa tribe will get a new identity.
The Effectiveness of Wet Cupping Therapy and Giving Noni Herbal Medicines Against Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Ramadani Rizki Tri , Wardani Lingga Kusuma , Sutrisno Sutrisno
Published: April 2022

Background: Cupping and noni herbal medicine can lower blood pressure. With wet cupping therapy and consuming noni herbal medicine regularly, capillary dilatation will occur, causing an improvement in the microcirculation of blood vessels. Method: This research is quasi-experimental using the type of research design Control Time Series Desgin. The sampling method used purposive sampling, the independent variables were wet cupping therapy and noni herbal medicine while the dependent variable was blood pressure. Due to the limitations of the researchers, only 18 respondents were divided into two groups, namely the intervention and control groups. The subjects of the study were patients with mild hypertension, aged 20-60 years, residents of the Work Area of the West Singkawang Health Center, Singkawang City. Respondents were observed by measuring blood pressure before and after therapy. Results: The results of the measurement of systolic blood pressure in the intervention group experienced a decrease in blood pressure by an average of 15 mmHg as many as 4 people (44%). Meanwhile, diastolic blood pressure in the intervention group also experienced a decrease in blood pressure by an average of 10 mmHg by 5 people (56%). The results of the measurement of systolic blood pressure in the control group also experienced a decrease in blood pressure by an average of 5 mmHg by 5 people (56%). While diastolic blood pressure in the control group experienced a decrease in blood pressure by an average of 5 mmHg as many as 4 people (44%). Conclusion: Cupping therapy and the administration of noni herbal medicine have no difference in effectiveness on blood pressure due to many factors that cannot be controlled, namely diet. But for the clinical results, cupping and this herbal medicine can lower blood pressure
The Effectiveness of Abdominal Stretching Exercises and Dysmenorrhea Gymnastics Against Dysmenorrhea Pain Intensity in Adolescent Girls: Literature Review
Authors: Prastiwi Septi , Hidajaturrokhmah Nur Yeny , Anggraeni Suci
Published: April 2022

Background: Abdominal pain during menstruation (dysmenorrhea) that is felt by every woman is different, some are slightly disturbed but some are so disturbed that they cannot carry out daily activities and make them have to rest and even have to be absent from school or work. This study aimed to explore the differences between abdominal stretching exercises and dysmenorrhea exercises to reduce dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. Method: the researcher used a literature review design. This literature study uses two databases (Proquest & Google Scholar) with the majority of the research design using quasi-experimental, randomized control, case-control, cross-sectional, qualitative studies, literature/systematic reviews. Picos is used to select studies which include, journals of the last ten years and in both English and Indonesian languages, titles, and abstracts. With a total of 11 journals identified. Results: Abdominal stretching exercises can be done anywhere and anytime so it is not difficult for teenagers who want to do the exercises. Conclusion: This exercise is also very suitable to be applied to teenagers who have a high desire for motion, where this exercise if done regularly can also burn calories which can help shape the body.
Diagnosis Accuracy of Fine Needles Aspiration Assessment in Bone Tumors in the Department of Anatomical Pathology FKUI/RSCM 2015-2019
Authors: Putri Vabiayu , Stephanie Marini
Published: April 2022

BackgroundFine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a safe and rapid technique and has an important role in making the preoperative diagnosisof bone tumors because it can help clinicians determine treatment for patients. This retrospective study aims to assess the accuracyof the FNAB cytological examination compared with the histopathological examination in preoperative diagnosis of bone tumors.MethodsThe data comes from the archives of the Department of Anatomic Pathology, FKUI/RSCM 2015-2019 in the form of a cytologicalexamination of FNAB lesions on bone. Then the histopathological examination data were searched for each cytology preparation.There were 133 pairs of cytology, and histopathology preparations. The preparations were reviewed by the investigator andsupervisor, assessed for the suitability of the cytologic diagnosis, and compared with the histopathological diagnosis.ResultsThere were 84 (63.2%) cases of malignant tumors, 44 (33.1%) cases of benign tumors, and 5 (3.7%) cases of non-tumors. Thediagnostic test results showed an accuracy rate of 86.5% with a sensitivity of 85.9%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictivevalue (PPV) of 100%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 21.7%.ConclusionFNAB cytology examination of bone tumors that have adequate sample quality, supported by complete clinical information andinformative radiological images can produce an accurate preoperative diagnosis
Students’ Perceptions toward Lecturer’s Strategies in Teaching Listening during Pandemic of Covid-19
Authors: Puluhulawa Yulan M. , Mariana Ana , Husain Dahlia
Published: April 2022

The aim of this research was to find out the students’ perceptions toward the lecturers’ strategies in teaching listening during pandemic of Covid-19. The research was conducted at English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Social Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo. There were 26 participants in this research who enrolled listening subject. This research used qualitative method and the data were collected by using questionnaire that was designed in Google Form which accomodates 2 aspects, materials and learning activities. The result of the research showed that most of students find difficulties in learning listening through online learning because they do not have high-speed internet to access the material. So, it affected the quality of listening audio-audiovisual because the materials were fully online accessed. But, the students also showed positive and well-motivated attitude during online learning in Listening Subject. Most of students revealed that the materials that the lecturer provided during the process of teaching and learning can significantly improve their understanding to the content of listening materials and also improve their listening skill.