bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subnational political opportunity structures and the success of the radical right: Evidence from the March 2004 regional elections in France
Authors: KESTILÄ ELINA , SÖDERLUND PETER
Published: July 2007

Abstract.  This article attempts to explain the impact of department‐level political opportunity structures on the electoral success of the French Front National (FN) in the 2004 regional elections. The concept of ‘political opportunity structure’ refers to the degree of openness of a particular political system and the external institutional or socio‐economic constraints and opportunities that it sets for political parties. Comparative analysis across subnational units is conducted where the 94 departments of mainland France are the units of analysis. The significance of electoral institutions (district magnitude), party competition (effective number of parties), electoral behaviour (turnout) and socioeconomic conditions (immigration and unemployment) on the ability of the FN to gather votes across the departments is assessed by means of multiple regression. The empirical results show that the subnational political opportunity structures have been of great importance for the FN. Some four out of the five independent variables are statistically significant and explain a great deal of the variance in the two dependent variables (electoral support for FN list and index of electoral success). Turnout and district magnitude are negatively correlated with the electoral fortunes of the FN, while unemployment and the effective number of party lists are positively correlated with the success of the FN in the regional elections. The variable that indicates the share of non‐European immigrants does not provide additional explanatory power in a statistically significant way.
Part 1: Treatment of Snial Bait Toxicity in Dogs: Literature Review
Authors: Firth Ava M.
Published: July 2007

Metaldehyde and methiocarb are two snail baits (molluscicides) which are commonly ingested by dogs and cause rapid onset of severe neurological symptoms. Rapid and appropriate treatment is essential for patient survival. This paper summarizes the literature on treatment of metaldehyde and methiocarb toxicity, based primarily on actual case reports from the past 35 years.

There are important differences between metaldehyde and methiocarb in their mechanisms and treatment. Metaldehyde's mechanism is unknown; methiocarb is a carbamate and parasympathomimetic. Pentobarbitone anesthesia and atropine have been the mainstays of treatment in metal‐dehyde and methiocarb toxicity, respectively; their limitations and disadvantages are discussed. Other drugs and aspects of treatment, such as acetylpromazine, diazepam, gastric lavage, and hypetihermia, are also discussed.

Clinical signs are similar in both types of toxicity, but treatment may be complicated by the development of hyperthermia and atropine poisoning which also have similar clinical signs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Dogs
Authors: Keyes Minta L. , Rush John E. , Knowles Kim E.
Published: July 2007

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is an infrequently diagnosed complication of many systemic diseases including heartworm disease, glomerulopathy leading to the nephrotic syndrome, immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia, hyperadrenocorticism, pancreatitis, neoplasia, and sepsis. Acute, unexplained dyspnea in a patient with minimal abnormalities on thoracic radiographs should prompt consideration of this diagnosis. Confirmation requires ventilation‐perfusion radionuclide scanning or selective pulmonary angiography. Treatment includes cage rest, anticoagulant therapy with heparin and warfarin, correction of the underlying disorder, and supportive care. Clinicians should be prepared to treat hemorrhage associated with anticoagulant therapy. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator may prove useful as a thrombolytic in the treatment of animals suffering massive PTE, but is, at present, expensive.
Coral Snake (Micrurus Fulvius Fulvius) Envenomation In Five Dogs: Present And Earlier Findings
Authors: Kremer Keith A. , Schaer Michael
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study is to report on five cases of coral snake envenomation in the dog to substantiate earlier findings in four dogs reported previously, and to describe any additional clinical features that have not yet been noted. The combined results from both studies allow for a more accurate projection of the frequency of certain clinical signs. Both groups showed signs of lethargy, lower motor neuron weakness (8 of 9 dogs) and varying hematologic changes with hemolysis and hemoglobinuria occurring most commonly (7 of 9 dogs). Cardiac dysrhythmias were recorded infrequently (2 of 9 dogs). Not reported previously was the presence of a subtle bite wound located on the upper or lower lip of three dogs in the present series. An unexpected finding in this second series was the occurrence of an anaphylactoid reaction in one dog presumably attributed to the antivenin. Close examination of the lip might reveal the site of envenomation (as found in 4 of 9 dogs from both studies). Treatment with coral snake antivenin should be given as early as possible and followed by close observation for signs of anaphylaxis. The results of this study substantiate earlier findings and provide for a larger data base for further reference.
Thyroid Hormone Concentrations In Critically III Canine Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Elliott Denise A. , King Lesley G. , Zerbe Carole A.
Published: July 2007

Alterations in thyroid indices in critically ill dogs were studied retrospectively to determine the incidence of the euthyroid sick syndrome and to assess its prognostic relevance to survival. Sixty‐seven dogs were classified as euthyroid bases on a TSH stimulation test. Forty‐one of 67 (61%) of the euthyroid dogs had low baseline serum T4concentrations (<1.5 ug/dl) and 38 of 67 (56%) of the euthyroid dogs had low baseline serum T3concentrations (<75 ng/dl). There was no significant difference between either the baseline or the post‐stimulation serum T4concentrations when values of dogs that survived were compared with those that died. There was, however, a significant difference (P<0.05) between both the baseline and the post‐stimulation values for T3 when survivors (100.3± 81 ng/dl, 143± 66 ng/dl) and non‐survivors (64.2 ± 17.1 ng/dl, 96.6 ± 38.3 ng/dl) were compared. The euthyroid sick syndrome occurs commonly in critically ill dogs. Further, the extent of depression of serum concentrations of T3may be correlated to mortality.
Nutritional Support In Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Freeman Lisa M. , Labato Mary A. , Rush John E. , Murtaugh Robert J.
Published: July 2007

The medical records of animals with pancreatitis that received nutritional support were evaluated. Over a five year period (1989–1994), 16 patients with pancreatitis (14 dogs and 2 cats) received nutritional support. Affected animals commonly exhibited vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss, as well as multiple clinicopathological abnormalities.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was used in 13 of the cases, while two animals received partial parenteral nutrition (PPN), and one was fed through a jejunostomy tube. The duration of nutritional support ranged from one to 13 days, with a mean of 6.6 days. Three of the animals receiving TPN had complications resulting from the nutritional support, including hyperglycemia, hyperammonemia, and hyperlipidemia. The survival rate for all 16 cases was 56% (9 of 16).

A variety of nutritional support techniques can be successfully used in animals with pancreatitis and are associated with few complications, most of which can be managed with adjustments in treatment regimen.
Prognostic Indicators Of Survival In High‐Risk Canine Surgery Patients
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Jayawickrama Judith , Duff Lisa C. , Becker Karen M.
Published: July 2007

Canine high‐risk surgical patients were identified, and the variables that distinguished between survivors and nonsurvivors were determined. Fifty‐two nonsurvivors and 176 survivors were randomly drawn from a population of 615 dogs undergoing general surgical procedures and entering the intensive care unit. Forty‐two variables were examined to determine which variables were significantly different between nonsurvivors and survivors. Properative variables that were significantly different were age, hospital days prior to surgery, the number of concurrent diseases, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, PCV, TP, platelet count, albumin concentration, alkaline phosphatase activity, bilirubin concentration, and surgery site (laparotomy = highest risk). Age, PCV, TP, platelet count, albumin concentration, alkaline phosphatase activity, and bilirubin concentration were then examined, using stepwise logistic regression for their ability to predict mortality in a separate population of 169 canine patients undergoing laparotomy. Age, TP, and platelet count were identified as predictive variables.
A Comparison of 2 Pluse Oximeters in Dogs
Authors: Matthews Nora S. , Sanders Eliazbeth A. , Hartsfield Sandee M. , Mercer Dana , Wooldridge Ann
Published: July 2007

Readings from 2 veterinary pulse oximeters (SDI Vet‐Ox #4402 and Nellcor N‐20V) were compared in 6 isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs. Simultaneous readings Of Sp02were recorded from 2 sites (toe and ear) over a range of inspired oxygen concentrations (15‐100%), and compared to directly measured SaO2readings. Greater variability of readings was obtained from the Vet‐Ox, which failed to give readings 25% of the time. The bias (mean SaO2‐Sp02) and precision (SD of bias) were calculated from the data for each oximeter. For the Vet‐Ox, bias (precision) from the toe was +4.O (5.2) and from the ear +1.7 (2.2). The bias (precision) for N‐20V readings from the toe was +1.6 (1.5) and from the ear +0.7 (1.5). Generally, both oximeters tended to underestimate SaO2; however, both overestimated at the lowest Pa02values. Pearscn cowelation coeefficients were 0.81 for the Vet‐Ox and 0.94 for the N‐20V for the combined data, including value from probes placed on the toe and ear at all inspired oxygen concentrations. In the two locatiom from which readings were obtained, the 2 units performed quite differently.
Retrospective Study of Streptokinase Administration in 46 Cats with Arterial Thromboembolism
Authors: E. Moore Kari , Morris Nancy , Dhupa Nishi , J. Murtaugh Robert , E. Rush John
Published: July 2007

A retrospective evaluation was performed on 46 cats with arterial thromboembolism (ATE) that were treated with streptokinase (SK). Significant heart disease was diagnosed in 45/46 cats, and 21/46 cats had congestive heart failure. Variable dosing schemes of streptokinase were administered within 1–20 hours following the onset of clinical signs (median = 5.5 hours). There was no difference between survivors (S) and non‐survivors (NS), based on time of administration of SK after onset of clinical signs. Twenty‐five (54%) of the cats had return of pulses within 2–24 hours of treatment. Fourteen (30%) of the cats had return of motor function between 9 hours and 6 days. Fifteen of the cats (33%) were discharged from the hospital, 18 (39%) died in the hospital, and 13 (28%) cats were euthanized due to complications or poor response to treatment. Four of 5 cats (80%) with single limb dysfunction survived to hospital discharge. Life threatening hyperkalemia was diagnosed in 16 cats (35%) after SK administration. Hyperkalemia was more likely to occur with the longer duration of SK infusion. Eleven cats (24%) developed clinical signs of bleeding following SK administration and 3 of these cats required a blood transfusion. Laboratory testing documented coagulopathy following SK administration in 11 out of 17 cats tested. Hypothermia and azotemia prior to SK administration and the development of hyperkalemia were negatively associated with survival.
Angiotensin‐(1‐7): Pharmacology and New Perspectives in Cardiovascular Treatments
Authors: Trask Aaron J. , Ferrario Carlos M.
Published: July 2007

Many advances have been made in the cardiovascular field in the last several decades. Among them is the progress completed to date on the heptapeptide member of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin‐(1‐7) [Ang‐(1‐7)]. The peptide's beneficial actions against pathophysiological processes, such as cardiac arrhythmia, heart failure, hypertension, renal disease, preeclampsia, and even cancer are continuously being uncovered. This review encompasses the pharmacology of Ang‐(1‐7) and expounds upon the peptide's potential as a therapeutic agent against pathological processes both within and outside the cardiovascular continuum.
Optimizing Platelet P2Y12 Inhibition for Patients Undergoing PCI
Authors: Steinhubl Steven , Roe Matthew T.
Published: July 2007

Guidelines recommend that dual antiplatelet therapy using aspirin and clopidogrel should be administered to the majority of patients with acute coronary syndromes, including those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the results of a large randomized, placebo‐controlled study suggest that a 300‐mg loading dose of clopidogrel must be administered at least 15 h prior to PCI in order to achieve a significant reduction in peri‐PCI thrombotic events. Other data suggest that 2 h of pretreatment may be sufficient if a 600‐mg loading dose is used. Since it is often difficult to achieve an adequate pretreatment goal with clopidogrel in clinical practice, more rapid achievement of platelet P2Y12 inhibition may improve patient outcomes. Prasugrel, [6‐[2‐(3,4‐diflurophenyl) cyclopropyl1‐1‐y1] amino‐2‐propylthio‐9?‐D‐ribofuranosyl‐9H‐purine (AZD6140), and cangrelor are platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonists currently in development that offer faster acting inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)—induced platelet aggregation. These agents act upon the same platelet receptor as clopidogrel, but are distinguished by their routes of administration, reversibility, and pharmacodynamic properties. Prasugrel is an orally administered agent that provides faster, higher, and more consistent inhibition of platelet aggregation than clopidogrel. The results of Phase II testing suggest that the risk of bleeding is similar in prasugrel‐ and clopidogrel‐treated patients. AZD6140 is another orally administered platelet inhibitor with rapid and reversible action. Again, Phase II testing suggests similar bleeding risk for clopidogrel. Preliminary evidence suggests that clinical outcomes may be better in prasugrel‐ and AZD6140‐treated patients than in clopidogrel‐treated patients. Cangrelor is an intravenously administered, reversible, short‐acting agent with a rapid onset of activity. Bleeding risk and clinical outcomes data are similar in cangrelor‐ and abciximab‐treated patients. The results of ongoing Phase III clinical trials involving more than 40,000 patients will demonstrate whether these agents fulfill their potential to improve outcomes in PCI‐treated patients by providing faster, higher, and more consistent inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Closed Fluoroscopic‐Assisted Spinal Arch External Skeletal Fixation for the Stabilization of Vertebral Column Injuries in Five Dogs
Authors: WHEELER JASON L. , LEWIS DANIEL D. , CROSS ALAN R. , SEREDA COLIN W.
Published: July 2007

Objective— To evaluate outcome after closed fluoroscopic‐assisted application of spinal arch external skeletal fixators in dogs with vertebral column injuries.

Study Design— Retrospective case series.

Animals— Dogs with traumatic vertebral column injuries (n=5).

Methods— Medical records of dogs with vertebral column fractures and/or luxations stabilized with spinal arch external skeletal fixator frames applied using a closed fluoroscopic‐assisted technique were reviewed. Owners were contacted to obtain long‐term clinical outcomes.

Results— Five dogs (age range, 6–72 months; weight, 10–54 kg) had traumatic vertebral column injuries stabilized with spinal arch external skeletal fixators applied in closed fashion. Injuries involved vertebral segments of the thoracolumbar junction, lumbar spine, and lumbosacral junction. Immediately postoperatively, 4 dogs had anatomic alignment of their vertebral fracture/luxation; 1 dog had 1 mm of vertebral canal height compromise. Time to fixator removal ranged from 65 to 282 days (141±87 days). All dogs had regained satisfactory neurologic function by 3 months. At long‐term follow‐up (range, 282–780 days; mean 445±190 days) all dogs were judged to have good to excellent return of function by their owners.

Conclusion— Successful closed fluoroscopic‐assisted application of external skeletal fixators using spinal arches provided satisfactory reduction with few complications in 5 dogs. Return to function was judged to be good to excellent in all dogs at long‐term evaluation.

Clinical Relevance— Closed fluoroscopic‐assisted application of ESF using spinal arches provided satisfactory reduction and effective stabilization of spinal fractures with few complications and should be considered as a treatment approach.
Evaluation of the Success of Medical Management for Presumptive Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation in Dogs
Authors: LEVINE JONATHAN M. , LEVINE GWENDOLYN J. , JOHNSON SCOTT I. , KERWIN SHARON C. , HETTLICH BIANCA F. , FOSGATE GEOFFREY T.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine the success of medical management of presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and the variables associated with treatment outcome.

Study Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—Dogs (n=223) with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation.

Methods—Medical records from 2 clinics were used to identify affected dogs, and owners were mailed a questionnaire about success of therapy, recurrence of clinical signs, and quality of life (QOL) as interpreted by the owner. Signalment, duration and degree of neurologic dysfunction, and medication administration were determined from medical records.

Results—Eighty‐three percent of dogs (185/223) were ambulatory at initial evaluation. Successful treatment was reported for 54.7% of dogs, with 30.9% having recurrence of clinical signs and 14.4% classified as therapeutic failures. From bivariable logistic regression, glucocorticoid administration was negatively associated with success (P=.008; odds ratio [OR]=.48) and QOL scores (P=.004; OR=.48). The duration of cage rest was not significantly associated with success or QOL. Nonambulatory dogs were more likely to have lower QOL scores (P=.01; OR=2.34).

Conclusions—Medical management can lead to an acceptable outcome in many dogs with presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation. Cage rest duration does not seem to affect outcome and glucocorticoids may negatively impact success and QOL. The conclusions in this report should be interpreted cautiously because of the retrospective data collection and the use of client self‐administered questionnaire follow‐up.

Clinical Relevance—These results provide an insight into the success of medical management for presumptive thoracolumbar disk herniation in dogs and may allow for refinement of treatment protocols.
Hydrogen‐Induced Semiconductor Transformation of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Huang H. Y. , Chu W. Y. , Su Y. J. , Gao K. W. , Li J. X. , Qiao L. J.
Published: July 2007

Semiconductor transformation of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)‐5H ferroelectric ceramics induced by hydrogen has been investigated. The results showed that hydrogen caused the PZT‐5H ferroelectric ceramics to transform from a yellow insulator into a black n‐type semiconductor, and the leakage current and carrier concentration increased but the resistivity decreased with increasing hydrogen concentration. During charging in H2 at a temperature higher than the Curie point, hydrogen would restrain the PZT‐5H ferroelectric ceramics to transform from cubic into tetragonal phase, resulting in the disappearance of ferroelectricity at room temperature. Charging at a temperature below the Curie point, however, did not change the crystal structure of the tetragonal ferroelectric ceramics. The properties and color of PZT‐5H ferroelectric ceramics were restored after outgassing at a high temperature.
Key Parameters in the Production of Medieval Luster Colors and Shines
Authors: Molera Judit , Bayés Cristina , Roura Pere , Crespo Daniel , Pradell Trinitat
Published: July 2007

Lusters of different color and reflectivity were obtained under controlled conditions in a laboratory using medieval recipes. In this study, we analyze the influence of paint recipes, glaze compositions, and thermal paths and atmospheres on the final aspect and characteristics of the Ag/Cu nanocomposite layer formed. The colors and reflectivity of the medieval lusters were successfully reproduced using the cinnabar‐containing recipes as basic luster paints. X‐ray diffraction, Optical UV‐Vis spectra, and microprobe chemical analysis were carried out to determine the composition and the nature and size of the nanoparticles and their relationship with their optical properties.
Systematics of Phase Transition and Mixing Energetics in Rare Earth, Yttrium, and Scandium Stabilized Zirconia and Hafnia
Authors: Simoncic Petra , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: July 2007

Energetics of rare earth, yttrium, and scandium stabilized zirconia and hafnia have been systematically investigated by oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation with respect to the oxide end members were simultaneously fit to a quadratic function to extract interaction parameters and enthalpies of transition of the oxide end members to the fluorite structure. ZrO2–SmO1.5 and HfO2–SmO1.5 show the most exothermic enthalpies of formation and interaction parameters, whereas ZrO2–ScO1.5 has the least exothermic enthalpy of formation and interaction parameter. This suggests that the ZrO2–ScO1.5 system shows the least short range order among all investigated systems, consistent with its high ionic conductivity. The extrapolated enthalpy of transition of the rare earth oxide end members to the cubic fluorite structure increase to more endothermic values with decreasing cation size. The γ‐cubic fluorite phase transition in ZrO2–ScO1.5 was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phase transition is reversible, occurs at 1000°–1200°C and shows hysteresis (∼100°C). The enthalpy of transition is endothermic on heating and increases from 1.7±0.1 kJ/mol (22 mol% ScO1.5) to 2.9±0.2 kJ/mol (30 mol% ScO1.5).
Crystallographic Domain Structure of an Epitaxial (Pr0.7Ca0.3)MnO3 Thin Film Grown on a SrTiO3 Single Crystal Substrate
Authors: Fujimoto Masayuki , Koyama Hiroshi , Nishi Yuji , Suzuki Toshimasa , Kobayashi Shinji , Tamai Yukio , Awaya Nobuyoshi
Published: July 2007

We characterized the structure of the crystallographic domain of a (Pr0.7Ca0.3)MnO3 (PCMO (x=0.3)) thin film epitaxially grown on a (001)SrTiO3 (STO) single‐crystal substrate. We found that the domain structure exhibited an atomically smooth coherent interface with the STO substrate with no misfit dislocations. The crystallographic relationships between the domains and the substrate in their planes were interpreted to be PCMO (x=0.3)[110][001]//STO[100][010] and PCMO (x=0.3)[001][1‐10]//STO[100][010]. The domain structure of PCMO (x=0.3)[110][1‐10]//STO[100][010] has less possibility of having the larger anisotropic strain energy found in a monoclinically distorted pseudo‐cubic perovskite unit cell of PCMO (x=0.3). This epitaxial growth structure is totally different from the previously reported PCMO (x=0.5) epitaxial thin‐film structure on STO substrate. Our observations suggested that an x value change strongly influences the structure of epitaxial PCMO thin films.
Reaction Between Titanium and Zirconia Powders During Sintering at 1500°C
Authors: Lin Kun‐Lin , Lin Chien‐Cheng
Published: July 2007

Zirconia–titanium (ZrO2–Ti) composites have been considered potential thermal barrier graded materials for applications in the aerospace industry. Powder mixtures of Ti and 3 mol% Y2O3 partially stabilized ZrO2 in various ratios were sintered at 1500°C for 1 h in argon. The microstructures of the as‐sintered composites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Ti reacted with and was mutually soluble in ZrO2, resulting in the formation of α‐Ti(O, Zr), Ti2ZrO, and/or TiO. These oxygen‐containing phases extracted oxygen ions from ZrO2, whereby oxygen‐deficient ZrO2 was generated. For relatively small Ti/ZrO2 ratios, specimens with ≤30 mol% Ti, TiO were formed as oxygen could be sufficiently supplied by excess ZrO2. For the specimens with ≥50 mol% Ti, lamellar Ti2ZrO was precipitated in α‐Ti(Zr, O), with no TiO being found. Both m‐ZrO2−x and t‐ZrO2−x were found in specimens with ≤50 mol% Ti; however, only c‐ZrO2−x was formed in the specimen with 70 mol% Ti. As ZrO2 was gradually dissolved into Ti, yttria was retained in ZrO2 because of the very limited solubility of yttria in α‐Ti(O, Zr) or TiO. The concentration of retained yttria and the degree of oxygen deficiency in ZrO2 increased with the Ti content. The complete dissolution of ZrO2 into Ti was followed by the precipitation of Y2Ti2O7 in the specimen with 90 mol% Ti.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ba‐Hexaferrite Nanoparticles
Authors: Drofenik Miha , Kristl Matjaž , Žnidaršič Andrej , Hanžel Darko , Lisjak Darja
Published: July 2007

Barium hexaferrite BaFe12O19 nanoparticles with a single‐domain size were synthesized using a controlled hydrothermal process involving the LaMer–Dinger principle and the Ostwald ripening mechanism. Nanocrystalline particles of BaFe12O19 were obtained when the molar ratio of the precursor composition Ba(OH)2·8H2O/γ‐Fe2O3 was 0.3 and the concentration of the suspension was about 1 wt%. The as‐synthesized crystalline BaFe12O19 platelets approximately 50 nm in length and 5 nm in thickness exhibited a saturation magnetization of 40 Am2/kg.
Concordance between caregiver and child reports of children’s oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Wilson‐Genderson Maureen , Broder Hillary L. , Phillips Ceib
Published: July 2007

Objective:  This study sought to assess child‐caregiver concordance regarding children’s oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) using the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP).

Methods:  The sample comprised treatment‐seeking children aged 8–15 with pediatric (n = 141), orthodontic (n = 135), and craniofacial (n = 100) needs and their caregivers. Children and their caregivers were queried concerning the child’s Oral health, Functional Well‐being, Social/Emotional Well‐being, School environment and Self‐image. These combined subscales yielded an overall OHRQoL rating. The dyads were distributed at recruitment locations as follows: Montreal (50 pediatric, 13 orthodontic, 15 craniofacial), UMDNJ (45 pediatric, 15 orthodontic, 0 craniofacial), and NYU (46 pediatric, 107 orthodontic, 85 craniofacial). Concordance was assessed with Spearman and intraclass correlations and Kruskal–Wallis testing of categories of agreement.

Results:  Low to modest rates of agreement between child and caregiver were found for the sample overall. Rates of concordance between child and caregiver varied between clinical groups–craniofacial patients were more likely to rate OHRQoL higher than they were to agree with their caregivers’ ratings. In contrast, pediatric and orthodontic patients were more likely either agree with or rate their OHRQoL lower than their caregivers’ ratings.

Conclusion:  These findings of child‐caregiver concordance using the COHIP supported previous work suggesting the usefulness of obtaining both child and caregiver reports of the child’s QoL.
Direct Hybrid Composite Inlay Technique*
Authors: Jordan Ronald E. , Suzuki Makoto
Published: July 2007

The techniques used in direct insertion of hybrid composite inlays are highlighted and its advantages over other methods are outlined.
Soft Tissue Master Cast for Esthetic Control in Crown and Bridge Procedures
Authors: Pameijer Jan H. N.
Published: July 2007

A technique for fabricating a soft‐tissue cast for situations when esthetics are very demanding is described in a step‐by‐step manner. Life‐like soft‐tissue replication is obtained by means of an impression with the metal castings in situ; the “gingivae” are reproduced using soft pink‐colored acrylic.
Resin Adhesive Systems: In Vitro Evaluation of Dentin Bond Strength and Marginal Microleakage
Authors: Barkmeier Wayne W. , Cooky Robert L.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate adhesive bonding and marginal microleakage of ten commercially available adhesive restorative systems. Shear bond strength to dentin ranged from 1.7 to 13.4 MPa. Restoration margins in enamel showed significantly less microleakage than dentin‐cementum margins.
Periodontal and Other Soft Tissue Considerations in Esthetic Dentistry
Authors: Serio Francis G. , Strassler Howard E.
Published: July 2007

Esthetic considerations are playing a greater role in the treatment planning of dental care, especially in the restoration of anterior teeth. Much attention has been paid to both operative and prosthodontic techniques that are available in esthetic restorative dentistry. Less attention has been given to soft tissue esthetics, the shape of the face and position of the lips, and the contours, color, and overall appearance of the gingiva and associated soft tissues. This article reviews a basic approach to soft tissue esthetics, the appearance of the gingiva, the interrelationship of the gingiva, teeth, and restorations, and outlines several common soft tissue problems and their management.
Evaluation of Microleakage in Tenure‐Based Restorations
Authors: Yu Xin Yi , Davis Elaine L. , Joynt Robert B. , Wieczkowski Gerard
Published: July 2007

This study evaluates the effects of six composite resins, which use three different curing systems, on the ability of Tenure to resist microleakage. The curing systems were a photoinitiated dual‐cure system, a dual‐cure system, and light‐cure systems. A total of 39 human molars were used. Following 2,000 cycles on a thermocycler, specimens were exposed to 0.2 percent basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours and then examined for microleakage. Results indicated that the composite resin plays an important role in the ability of a restorative system to resist microleakage. The photoinitiated dual‐cure system produced significantly less microleakage than light‐activated systems. No difference in microleakage was found between light‐activated systems and the dual‐cure system.
The Provision of “Comprehensive Dental Care” in Various Dental Schools
Authors: Slabbert J. C. G. , Lownie J. F. , Presfon C.B.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this survey was to solicit information about comprehensive dental care (CDC) programs in various dental schools. Seventy‐four schools responded to a questionnaire that sought information about a range of topics pertaining to CDC. The 19 questions used were categorized under the following headings: implementation and success, physical nature of clinics, staffing, and student involvement. The diverse nature of the responses is thought to be an expression of differing philosophies and of the presence of numerous constraints to the introduction of CDC. The various approaches to CDC make it very difficult to gauge the relative merits of the many systems reported. It appears from this study that departments will continue to play an important role in preparing students to participate in CDC programs and that it would be safer to introduce students to CDC during their final year of study.
Evaluation of a 4‐META Adhesive Cement
Authors: Cooley Robert L. , Burger Karen M. , Chain Marcelo C.
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the shear bond strength of a new 4‐META adhesive cement (C & B‐Metabond) to dentin and Ni‐Cr‐Be alloy (Rexillium III). Fifteen human molar teeth had dentin bonding sites prepared by grinding away the enamel on a water‐cooled abrasive wheel to a 600 grit. Fifteen metal alloy specimens were cast, ground to a 600 grit, and air abraded with 50 micron alumina. The 4‐META cement was applied to the dentin and metal in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 hours in water at 37° C, the shear bond strengths were recorded. The mean bond strength to dentin and the metal alloy was 20.1 megapascals.
Effect of Two Cavity Designs on Root Surface Marginal Microleakage
Authors: Litkowski Leonard J. , Swierczewskf Mark , Strassler Howard E.
Published: July 2007

Current methods for bonding composite resins rely upon the etching of enamel to attain a bond that is strong enough to resist polymerization shrinkage and decrease the amount of marginal microleakage. Previously, modification of cavity designs have been evaluated that have enhanced retention. However, all these cavity designs have utilized methods to increase the surface area of enamel to bond thus resulting in a stronger enamel bond. This in vifro study evaluated the effect of one cavity design modification when the restoration is placed entirely on cemental surfaces and relied on only cementum and dentin.
Management of Periodontal Tissues for Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Starr Clifford B.
Published: July 2007

Proper management of periodontal tissues is required to achieve predictable long‐term success with restorative dental procedures. Forced eruption as well as several surgical techniques may be used to achieve and maintain adequate biologic width during restorative and esthetic dental procedures. The technique that will yield optimal results depends on the relationship between the restoration's margins and the surrounding periodontium. A classification system that describes these interrelationships and provides treatment recommendations is included.
Conservative Esthetic Geriatric Restoration Using Anhydrous Glass lonomer
Authors: Balanko M. , Suzuki M. , Jordan Ronald E.
Published: July 2007

A conservative technique for treatment of incisal erosion lesions using a new light‐cured ionomer restorative cement is described.
Effect of Varnishes on Surface Microhardness of Basing Materials
Authors: Yang Yung Kang , Chan Kai Chiu
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the surface microhardness of five basing materials with four varnishes applied to them. Ten Plexiglass molds with 7‐mm diameter holes were prepared. Basing materials of Cavitec, Life, Ketac Bond, TimeLine, and Cavalite were placed in the molds to produce 20 samples each. Copalite, Universal, Contact, and Barrier varnishes were applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the base material samples at 1 hour and 24 hours. After air drying, the surface microhardness of the samples was tested with a Micromet II microhardness tester. The surface microhardness of all the basing materials tested was reduced when varnishes were applied to them. Contact and Barrier reduced surface microhardness value more than Copalite and Universal.
Universal Bond Resin — Class 5 Restoration
Authors: Balanko M. , Suzuki M. , Jordan R. E.
Published: July 2007

A step‐by‐step technique for the conservative restoration of a cervical lesion using the All‐Bond system is presented.
In Vitro Bond Strength of Repaired Amalgam with Adhesive Bonding Systems
Authors: Roeder Leslie B. , DeSchepper Edward J. , Powers John M.
Published: July 2007

The in vitro tensile bond strengths of Amalgambond and All‐Bond were evaluated as adhesive systems for the repair of amalgam (Valiant Ph.D.) by two repair amalgams (Valiant or Valiant Ph.D.). Other variables evaluated were two surface finishes (SiC finish and sandblasted) and two storage conditions (37°C, 24 h, and thermocycled). The Amalgambond bond was not reliable. All‐Bond bonded amalgam to amalgam with Liner‐FX. Bond strengths ranged from 3.4 to 8.8 MPa. The highest bond strengths were achieved with a sandblasted surface repaired with Valiant. Thermocycling did not affect bond strength.
Is Home Tooth Bleaching Gel Cytotoxic?
Authors: Tse Chin Shing , Lynch Edward , Blake David R. , Williams David M.
Published: July 2007

Tooth whitening systems are widely used clinically and for home usage. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two bleaching gels, each containing 10 percent and 15 percent carbamide peroxide, respectively, a ‘bleaching gel’ without carbamide peroxide, and carbamide peroxide alone on the viability of human endothelial cells in vitro in comparison with culture medium that acted as a negative control. The incubation period used was 30 minutes. A colorimetric viability assay (MTT assay) was employed. The results showed that the gel without carbamide peroxide is not cytotoxic compared to the negative control, while carbamide peroxide on its own and 10 percent and 15 percent carbamide peroxide bleaching gels were cytotoxic, but there were no significant differences (p< 0.05) among these latter three test groups. These data indicate that 10 percent and 15 percent carbamide peroxide bleaching gels are cytotoxic and that carbamide peroxide is the component responsible for this cytotoxic effect. This paper also discusses why this in vitro cytotoxic effect appears not to be significant in vivo.
Comparison of Enamel Microabrasion Techniques: Prema Compound versus a 12‐Fluted Finishing Bur
Authors: Coll James A. , Jackson Patricia , Strassler Howard E.
Published: July 2007

This clinical study was done to compare the effectiveness of microabrasion with Prema Compound versus a high speed 12‐fluted bur with water spray in removing incisor hypomineralized defects. Twenty‐one patients had two incisors with enamel surface defects. It was randomly decided to use Prema Compound on one of the incisors and a 12‐fluted bur on the contralateral incisor. One operator did all the procedures, but the tooth's color changes were rated by three observers who rated color photographs pre‐ and postoperatively, and one of the three rated each patient's teeth in person. The data revealed that there was no significant difference between Prema Compound and the 12‐fluted bur in removing incisor hypomineralized defects. Both microabrasion techniques significantly improved the tooth's color, but the Prema method took over 9 minutes longer. The 12‐fluted bur caused no clinically identifiable marks on the enamel surface. Both techniques were very reliable in removing brown hypomineralized enamel defects, but were far less reliable in removing the white mineralization defects. The 12‐fluted bur appeared to be an easier and equally effective alternative to Prema Compound for mineralization defects in incisors.
Fluoride‐Releasing Retainers
Authors: McCourt James W. , Cooley Robert L.
Published: July 2007

A method for fabrication of a fluoride‐releasing retainer is described. The insert releases low levels of fluoride, which should promote remineralization and reduce canes potential. Previous research on the amount of fluoride release is also discussed.
Conservative Treatment of Cervical Sensitivity
Authors: Balanko M. , Jordan R.E.
Published: July 2007

A highly effective, long‐lasting treatment of cervical sensitivity is presented.
Vital Bleaching Agents and Oral Antiseptic: Effect on Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Scherer Warren , Boylan Robert , Bhatt Sona
Published: July 2007

This in vitro study compared the antimicrobial effect of several at‐home bleaching agents and an oral antiseptic against anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the oral cavity. Zones of inhibition produced by Rembrandt Lighten Bleaching Gel, Opalescence, and Peroxyl were measured and compared. All the materials produced zones of inhibition with the five bacteria used in the study.
Vital Bleaching: A New Light‐Activated Hydrogen Peroxide System
Authors: Hanosh Fred N. , Hanosh G. Scott
Published: July 2007

With ever increasing interest in cosmetic enhancement of dentition by dentists and patients alike, this article introduces a new light‐activated bleaching system that adds up to total patient satisfaction and reduced chair time. The chairside application of hydrogen peroxide 30% was effective in lightening a moderate case of tetracycline staining. The uniqueness of this system allows the practitioner complete control within an office setting, and it provides the patient with an immediate result. The ease of application and strict supervision of a dentist has allowed this system to satisfy recent watchdogs of the Federal Drug Administration.
Repair of Porcelain/Metal Restoration with Resin Bonded Overcasting
Authors: Wood Morton , Litkowski Leonard J. , Thompson Van P. , Church Timothy
Published: July 2007

Porcelain occasionally fractures from ceramometal fixed partial dentures following final cementation. Repair of these porcelain fractures can be a challenging task. When the problem occurs on anterior teeth, it is especially difficult because the repair must not only be durable, but esthetically pleasing as well. Although composite resins can be used for some repairs, it is often difficult to match the color and texture to the surrounding intact porcelain. In addition, the bonding between the resin and porcelain is susceptible to margin leakage, which may ultimately cause an esthetic failure. Techniques involving a cemented porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal overcasting have often been successful in restoring the fixed partial denture to form and function. Although the esthetic result of a porcelain/metal overcasting can be quite successful, retention of the overcasting is sometimes poor. The compromised retention and resistance form is due to lack of interproximal walls on the underlying fractured unit. To improve the retention of the overcasting, the following technique of tin plating the overcasting and fractured unit prior to cementing with a composite resin cement is presented.
Marginal Leakage of a New Adhesive Restorative System: A Preliminary In Vivo Investigation
Authors: Ferrari Marco , Finger Werner J. , Gesi Andrea
Published: July 2007

The efficacy of newly developed adhesive restorative materials is commonly described by in vitro test results such as bond strength and microleakage data. Due to the inconsistency often found between in vitro testing and in vivo performance, the purpose of the present investigation was to restore teeth scheduled for extraction in vivo with an experimental restorative bonding system and to evaluate the microleakage of the restorations by common laboratory techniques following extraction after 3 months of clinical service. Two restorations were placed in each of seven anterior teeth, one in the middle of the labial enamel portion and the other labially extending over the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Six of the seven fillings completely surrounded by enamel showed no microleakage. However, two of the restorations crossing the CEJ revealed microleakage originating from the cervical margins. In spite of the small number of fillings assessed, the experimental enamel‐dentin adhesive compound tested is preliminarily considered a promising new system.
Practice Made Perfect
Authors: MESSER ALFRED A.
Published: July 2007

In this first of a two‐part Practice Made Perfect, the noted psychiatrist Alfred A. Messer, MD, describes the various motivations that lead patients to seek reconstruction. In Part II, he discusses behavior suggesting psychiatric illness and ways to handle unexpected reactions.
Esthetics and Anterior Tooth Position: An Orthodontic Perspective Part III: Mediolateral Relationships
Authors: KOKICH VINCENT
Published: July 2007

This article has discussed the medio‐lateral relationship of the maxillary anterior teeth relative to esthetics. In this dimension, common problems include asymmetric crown widths, inadequate pontic width, midline deviation, and improper angulation of the maxillary incisors. In all four of these situations, the proper solution depends on a coordinated, interdisciplinary approach involving well‐planned and well‐choreographed orthodontics and restorative dentistry.
Improving the Emergence Profile of a Cervical Anatomic Defect: Application of the “Modified Gingival Retractor”
Authors: LIEBENBERG WILLIAM H.
Published: July 2007

The access requirements of a conservative cervical enarneloplasty called for controlled and atraumatic vertical gingival retraction. Retraction cord was used in conjunction with a “modified gingival retractor.” The decision to use this combined method of retraction was based on the inviolable stature of the epithelial attachment and the need for perfect tissue recovery following gingival displacement.
Use of Prosthesis‐Generated Computed Tomographic Information for Diagnostic and Surgical Treatment Planning
Authors: ROSENFELD ALAN L. , MECALL RICHARD A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Diagnosis, treatment planning, and prediction of a final implant‐supported prosthetic outcome require precise noninvasive presurgical information. By combining the use of a clinically verified barium‐coated template and interactive computed tomography (SIM/Plant, Columbia Scientific, Inc., Columbia, Maryland), the implant team can determine and address the relevant issues affecting treatment outcomes. Those issues include: implant‐prosthesis incompatibility, recognition of anatomic limitations and anomalies, the need for presurgical bone augmentation, implant diameter and distribution, abutment type and angle, bone density, soft tissue augmentation requirements, accurate fee determination, and medicolegal protection. The data collection methodology and format for the Mecall and Rosenfeld prosthesis prediction analysis are discussed as part of case presentation.
Computer‐Generated Slides: Outdated Technology or State‐of‐the‐Art Presentation Style?
Authors: HINDS KENNETH F.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: With the explosion of computerization, it appears that the business community is switching to computer‐based presentations, projecting onto a screen directly from a computer, instead of the old standard of presenting with slides. However, the dental profession has been slow to follow. Although some speakers have switched to computer‐based presentations, slides are still the standard in 1998. With the advent of numerous new computer software programs, clinicians are now able to generate highly sophisticated slides, that can be an equally powerful medium to communicate with the audience. Unfortunately, many clinicians are not taking advantage of the benefits of this technology. This article explains the simplicity of generating professional, high quality slides, reviews the major programs and equipment available to accomplish this task, and previews the multitude of applications this technology offers to practitioners as well as educators.
Integrated Orthodontic and Restorative Procedures for Replacement of Lost Central Incisors
Authors: MONDELLI JOSÉ , DESTEFANI SEGALA ANGELA , PEREIRA JOSÉ CARLOS
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The use of adhesive material in association with many clinical procedures has contributed a great deal to solving functional and esthetic problems. Before adhesive techniques were known, dental procedures were more invasive and aggressive, especially in young patients. This article describes some integrated clinical procedures used to esthetically and functionally restore a mouth with traumatic loss of both central incisors. The treatment involved the orthodontic mesialization of the upper teeth toward the midline followed by anatomic and functional recovery through restorative dentistry.