bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariate dynamics of one-mode and two-mode networks: Explaining similarity in sports participation among friends
Authors: FUJIMOTO KAYO , SNIJDERS TOM A. B. , VALENTE THOMAS W.
Published: June 2018

We examined social mechanisms that account for similarity in the social context of school-sponsored extracurricular sports activities among friends. We distinguish two social mechanisms: “shared sports activities that lead to friendship,” whereby friendship formation and maintenance are conditioned by joint sports participation, and “friendship that leads to shared sports activities,” a form of social influence whereby adolescents join or maintain certain sports activities based on their friends' choices. Using a longitudinal sample of 1,776 10th graders at five high schools in Southern California, we employed a stochastic actor-oriented multivariate dynamic model to model the dynamic interplay between the two-mode affiliation network of adolescents' participation in sports activities and the one-mode friendship network. As a corresponding descriptive method, we propose a quantitative measure for the relative strength of the two-mentioned mechanisms as explanations of the association between the one-mode and the two-mode network. Further, we introduce two specifications that represent homophily effects in the two-mode network and apply them to test gender homophily in sports participation. The results provide strong evidence for both mechanisms, with friendship leading to shared sport activities as stronger than shared sports activities leading to friendships in explaining adolescents' friendships with co-participants.
Distance-varying assortativity and clustering of the international trade network
Authors: ABBATE ANGELA , DE BENEDICTIS LUCA , FAGIOLO GIORGIO , TAJOLI LUCIA
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we study how the topology of the International Trade Network (ITN) changes in geographical space, and along time. We employ geographical distance between countries in the world to filter the links in the ITN, building a sequence of subnetworks, each one featuring trade links occurring at similar distance. We then test if the assortativity and clustering of ITN subnetworks changes as distance increases, and we find that this is indeed the case: distance strongly impacts, in a non-linear way, the topology of the ITN. We show that the ITN is disassortative at long distances, while it is assortative at short ones. Similarly, the main determinant of the overall high-ITN clustering level are triangular trade triples between geographically close countries. This means that trade partnership choices and trade patterns are highly differentiated over different distance ranges, even after controlling for the economic size and income per capita of trading partners, and it is persistent over time. This evidence has relevant implications for the non-linear evolution of globalization.
Weak-Type Boundedness of the Fourier Transform on Rearrangement Invariant Function Spaces
Authors: Boza Santiago , Soria Javier
Published: June 2018

We study several questions about the weak-type boundedness of the Fourier transform ℱ on rearrangement invariant spaces. In particular, we characterize the action of ℱ as a bounded operator from the minimal Lorentz space Λ(X) into the Marcinkiewicz maximal space M(X), both associated with a rearrangement invariant space X. Finally, we also prove some results establishing that the weak-type boundedness of ℱ, in certain weighted Lorentz spaces, is equivalent to the corresponding strong-type estimates.
On Universal Operators and Universal Pairs
Authors: Schroderus Riikka , Tylli Hans-Olav
Published: June 2018

We study some basic properties of the class of universal operators on Hilbert spaces, and provide new examples of universal operators and universal pairs.
Trouble with Knowledge
Authors: Bakhurst David
Published: June 2018

This paper is a critical notice of Andrea Kern's bookSources of Knowledge. In the first part, I outline some criteria of adequacy I believe any credible philosophical account of knowledge should meet. In the second, I consider how Kern's book measures up to those criteria. Finally, I offer a sympathetic and constructive discussion of a number of key elements of Kern's approach, including the relation of her position to the philosophy of John McDowell, from which Kern draws inspiration; her defence of disjunctivism; her concept of a rational capacity for knowledge and its acquisition; and her understanding of scepticism.
Anselmian apocatastasis: the fitting necessity of universal salvation in St Anselm'sCur Deus Homo
Authors: De La Noval Roberto J.
Published: June 2018

This article makes a case for universal salvation based on the soteriology of Anselm of Canterbury'sCur Deus Homo. It argues that without an affirmation of universal salvation, Anselm's argument fails on the grounds of its own soteriological logic, which unites the fitting and the necessary for God, assumes the primary importance of divine aseity for understanding salvation history, and affirms the ontological unity of the human race as the object of God's redemptive love. Also detailed is the development of the relationship between mercy and justice in Anselm's thought from theProslogiontoCur Deus Homo, and it is shown how Anselm's developed soteriology in the latter challenges major features of the Augustinianism he inherited. The article concludes that a robust theology of divine aseity like Anselm's will entail that creation be understood as a theatre for the manifestation of God's eternal love for his creatures.
Twelve Augusti
Authors: Goodman Penelope J.
Published: June 2018

A rash of new festivals, a fashion for calendars and a renamed month all attest to the strength of anniversary culture in the Augustan era, and to Augustus’ own facility for capitalising upon it. We can safely assume that he would have understood, and perhaps even anticipated, that the bimillennium of his death might be commemorated. Whether he would quite have expected the exhibitions, conferences and publications with which twenty-first-century academics chose to mark it is perhaps another matter. This review article examines some of the scholarly fruits of Augustus’ 2014 anniversary, encompassing twelve books which were published that year, took it as an explicit prompt or were developed out of bimillennial conferences. They are tackled in three broad groups, the better to bring out the characteristic interests and approaches of each.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in tropical rain forest are resilient to slash-and-burn agriculture
Authors: García de León David , Neuenkamp Lena , Moora Mari , Öpik Maarja , Davison John , Peña-Venegas Clara Patricia , Vasar Martti , Jairus Teele , Zobel Martin
Published: June 2018

Certain forestry and agricultural practices are known to affect arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities, but the effects of deforestation – including slash-and-burn management and other more severe disturbances – in tropical rain forests are poorly understood. We addressed the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on rain-forest AM fungal communities in French Guiana, by comparing mature tropical rain forest, slash-and-burn (5 y old) and clearcut areas (8 y old). A total of 36 soil samples were collected in six plots and sequenced using a high throughput 454-pyrosequencing platform. A total of 32649 sequences from 103 AM fungal virtual taxa (VT) were recorded. Whereas alpha diversity of AM fungi did not decrease due to land-use intensification, with average richness ranging from 17 to 21 taxa per plot, beta diversity (average distance to multivariate centroid) dropped by 28% from 0.46 in rain forest to 0.33 under clearcutting. AM fungal community composition was correlated with land use and soil chemical properties. Clearcut areas were characterized by the more frequent occurrence of specialist AM fungi, compared with mature forest or slash-and-burn areas. Specifically, clearcuts contained the highest proportions of VT that were geographic (21%), habitat (31%), abundance (97%) or host (97%) specialists based on VT metadata contained in the MaarjAM database. This suggests that certain AM fungi with narrow ecological niches have traits that allow them to exploit conditions of severe disturbance. In conclusion, slash-and-burn management appears to allow diverse AM fungal communities to persist, and may favour regeneration of tropical rain forest after abandonment. More severe disturbance in the form of clearcutting resulted in marked changes in AM fungal communities.
The Social Cost of International Investment Agreements: The Case of Cigarette Packaging
Authors: Tobin Jennifer L.
Published: June 2018

National governments have signed and ratified over three thousand International Investment Agreements (IIAs), which for the first time give multinational firms standing to sue host governments in international arbitration tribunals. IIAs have led to a host of high-profile and controversial legal disputes that have led to claims that investor state arbitration may be impeding governments in their ability to regulate and to protect their citizens’ well-being, a phenomenon known as “regulatory chill.” To understand the normative implications of regulatory chill, I analyze investor state arbitration over tobacco in Australia and Latin America. I examine legislative discussions over possible regulatory changes in Australia and Uruguay, the two cases that have faced disputes over tobacco laws, as well as in Latin American countries that provide access to the legislative debates and had legislative initiatives that sought to strengthen tobacco legislation. These cases demonstrate that tobacco packaging laws in a number of countries have been delayed or reduced as a result of fears of potential arbitration among the government and legislators. This regulatory chill is normatively problematic as it suggests that states may be giving up more of their regulatory authority than they initially believed they would have to under IIAs.
Species and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of coagulase-negative staphylococci in periprosthetic joint infections
Authors: Lourtet-Hascoët J. , Félicé M. P. , Bicart-See A. , Bouige A. , Giordano G. , Bonnet E.
Published: June 2018

The objective was to evaluate the distribution of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) involved in periprosthetic-joint infections (PJIs) and to describe their susceptibility profile to antibiotics. We conducted a multicentre retrospective study in France, including 215 CNS PJIs between 2011 and 2015. CNS PJIs involved knees in 54% of the cases, hips in 39%, other sites in 7%. The distribution of the 215 strains was:Staphylococcus epidermidis129 (60%),Staphylococcus capitis24 (11%),Staphylococcus lugdunensis21 (10%),Staphylococcus warneri8 (4%),Staphylococcus hominis7 (3%),Staphylococcus haemolyticus7 (3%). More than half of the strains (52.1%) were resistant to methicillin, 40.9% to ofloxacin, 20% to rifampicin. The species most resistant to antibiotics wereS.hominis,S. haemolyticus,S. epidermidis,with 69.7% of the strains resistant to methicillin and 30% simultaneously resistant to clindamycin, cotrimoxazole, ofloxacin and rifampicin. No strain was resistant to linezolid or daptomycin. In this study on CNS involved in PJIs, resistance to methicillin is greater than 50%.S. epidermidisis the most frequent and resistant species to antibiotics. Emerging species suchS. lugdunensis,S. capitisandStaphylococcus capraeexhibit profiles more sensitive to antibiotics. The antibiotics most often activein vitroare linezolid and daptomycin.
Sex and age differences inMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection in Brazil
Authors: Fernandes P. , Ma Y. , Gaeddert M. , Tsacogianis T. , Marques-Rodrigues P. , Fregona G. , Loomans A. , Jones-López E. C. , Dietze R. , Ellner J. J. , White L. F. , Hochberg N. S.
Published: June 2018

Globally, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease is higher in males. This study examined the effect of sex and age onMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) infection. Demographic and exposure data were collected on household contacts of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients in Brazil. Contacts with tuberculin skin test induration ⩾10 mm at baseline or 12 weeks were considered Mtb infected. The study enrolled 917 household contacts from 160 households; 508 (55.4%) were female, median age was 21.0 years (range 0.30–87.0) and 609 (66.4%) had Mtb infection. The proportion infected increased with age from 63.3% in girls <5 years to 75.4% in women ⩾40 years and from 44.9% in boys <5 years to 73.6% in men ⩾40 years. Multivariable modelling showed the odds of infection increased between age 5 and 14 years among female contacts (OR 1.5 per 5-year age increase; 95% CI 1.1–2.2;P= 0.02) and between ages 0–4 and 15–39 years among male contacts (OR 2.7, 95% CI 0.83–8.9 and 1.1, 95% CI 0.99–1.3 per 5-year age increase;P= 0.10, 0.07, respectively). The study suggests that the age at which Mtb infection increases most is different in females compared with males. Studies are needed to explore whether these findings are due to differences in host susceptibility, exposure outside the household or other factors.
Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi B variant L(+) tartrate(+) and Salmonella Weltevreden infections linked to imported frozen raw tuna: USA, March–July 2015
Authors: Hassan R. , Tecle S. , Adcock B. , Kellis M. , Weiss J. , Saupe A. , Sorenson A. , Klos R. , Blankenship J. , Blessington T. , Whitlock L. , Carleton H. A. , Concepción-Acevedo J. , Tolar B. , Wise M. , Neil K. P.
Published: June 2018

Foodborne non-typhoidal salmonellosis causes approximately 1 million illnesses annually in the USA. In April 2015, we investigated a multistate outbreak of 65 Salmonella Paratyphi B variant L(+) tartrate(+) infections associated with frozen raw tuna imported from Indonesia, which was consumed raw in sushi. Forty-six (92%) of 50 case-patients interviewed ate sushi during the week before illness onset, and 44 (98%) of 45 who specified ate sushi containing raw tuna. Two outbreak strains were isolated from the samples of frozen raw tuna. Traceback identified a single importer as a common source of tuna consumed by case-patients; this importer issued three voluntary recalls of tuna sourced from one Indonesian processor. Four Salmonella Weltevreden infections were also linked to this outbreak. Whole-genome sequencing was useful in establishing a link between Salmonella isolated from ill people and tuna. This outbreak highlights the continuing foodborne illness risk associated with raw seafood consumption, the importance of processing seafood in a manner that minimises contamination with pathogenic microorganisms and the continuing need to ensure imported foods are safe to eat. People at higher risk for foodborne illness should not consume undercooked animal products, such as raw seafood.
Prediction of Shigellosis outcomes in Israel using machine learning classifiers
Authors: Adamker G. , Holzer T. , Karakis I. , Amitay M. , Anis E. , Singer S. R. , Barnett-Itzhaki Z.
Published: June 2018

Shigellosis causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries, mostly among infants and young children. The World Health Organization estimates that more than one million people die from Shigellosis every year. In order to evaluate trends in Shigellosis in Israel in the years 2002–2015, we analysed national notifiable disease reporting data. Shigella sonnei was the most commonly identified Shigella species in Israel. Hospitalisation rates due to Shigella flexenri were higher in comparison with other Shigella species. Shigella morbidity was higher among infants and young children (age 0–5 years old). Incidence of Shigella species differed among various ethnic groups, with significantly high rates of S. flexenri among Muslims, in comparison with Jews, Druze and Christians. In order to improve the current Shigellosis clinical diagnosis, we developed machine learning algorithms to predict the Shigella species and whether a patient will be hospitalised or not, based on available demographic and clinical data. The algorithms’ performances yielded an accuracy of 93.2% (Shigella species) and 94.9% (hospitalisation) and may consequently improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Effect of maternal habitat, temperature and light on germination and salt tolerance ofSuaeda vermiculata, a habitat-indifferent halophyte of arid Arabian deserts
Authors: El-Keblawy Ali , Al-Shamsi Naeema , Mosa Kareem
Published: June 2018

Habitat-indifferent species that can grow well in both saline and non-saline soils offer a good opportunity for studying seed dormancy and salt tolerance during germination. Here, we assess interactive effects of maternal habitat and incubation conditions on salt tolerance during germination of the habitat-indifferent halophyteSuaeda vermiculata, a common perennial shrub of the arid Arabian deserts. Seeds collected from saline and non-saline habitats were germinated at six salinity levels (0–500 mM NaCl) and incubated at three temperatures and under two light regimes. Studied germination attributes were final germination, germination rate index (GRI) and germination recovery of non-germinated seeds when transferred to distilled water. The results showed insignificant difference in salt tolerance between seeds of the two habitat types at the lower salinities. At higher salinities (400 and 500 mM NaCl), germination of the saline habitat seeds was almost inhibited, but that of non-saline habitat seeds reached various levels depending on light and temperature. Both higher temperatures and darkness resulted in significant reductions of the final germination at the higher salinities. Seeds of the two habitats that did not germinate in the different treatments recovered their germination when transferred to distilled water, indicating that these seeds maintained their viability in saline solution and were able germinate upon the arrival of suitable conditions. Seeds of the two habitats germinated within 2 days at the lower salinities and GRI decreased with the increase in salinity level. Such reduction was obvious for seeds of the saline habitat. Recovery was faster for seeds of the saline habitats, especially for those incubated at higher salinities and in the dark. The difference in dormancy and germination attributes of seeds of the two habitat types reflects ecological adaptations for survival in salt marshes of arid deserts.
Barriers and facilitators to implementing the commission on cancer's distress screening program standard
Authors: Knies Andrea K. , Jutagir Devika R. , Ercolano Elizabeth , Pasacreta Nicholas , Lazenby Mark , McCorkle Ruth
Published: June 2018

Objective

Many cancer centers struggle to implement standardized distress screening despite the American College of Surgeons’ Commission on Cancer 2012 mandate for a distress screening program standard of care by 2015. This paper presents outcomes for the first cohort of participants (n= 36) of a Screening for Psychosocial Distress Program (SPDP), a 2-year training program designed to assist clinicians in implementing routine distress screening as mandated by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer. Specifically, participants’ success with distress screening implementation, institutional barriers and facilitators to implementation, and the role of the SPDP are described.

Method

This research followed a longitudinal pre- and posttest mixed methods design. An investigator-developed questionnaire collected qualitative (distress screening goals, institutional barriers and facilitators, facilitators associated with participation in the SPDP) and quantitative (level of goal achievement) data at 6, 12, and 24 months of participation in the SPDP. Conventional content analysis was applied to qualitative data. Mixed methods data analysis in Dedoose evaluated (1) types and number of distress screening goals, barriers, and facilitators, and (2) goal achievement at 6, 12, and 24 months of participation.

Result

Ninety-five percent of distress screening implementation goals were completed after 2 years of participation. Most common institutional barriers to distress screening implementation were “lack of staff,” “competing demands,” and “staff turn-over.” Most common institutional facilitators were “buy-in,” “institutional support,” and “recognition of participants’ expertise.” The number of reported facilitators associated with SPDP participation was higher than the number associated with any institutional factor, and increased over time of participation.

Significance of results

Participating in training programs to implement distress screening may facilitate successful achievement of the Commission on Cancer's distress screening standard, and benefits seem to increase with time of participation. Training programs are needed to promote facilitators and overcome barriers to distress screening.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE RULES OF GENTZEN’SNJANDLJ
Authors: BORISAVLJEVIĆ MIRJANA
Published: June 2018

The connection between the rules and derivations of Gentzen’s calculiNJandLJwill be explained by several steps (i.e., systems), and an analysis of the well-known problems of the connection between reduction steps of normalization and cut elimination, from Zucker (1974) and Urban (2014), will be given.
Die Praxis der psychiatrischen Intensivbetreuung bei Erwachsenen in der Deutschschweiz – eine deskriptive Querschnittstudie
Authors: Lienhardt Andrea , Rabenschlag Franziska , Panfil Eva-Maria
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Bei Selbstgefährdung oder zum Schutz anderer Personen wenden Pflegende im stationären Rahmen vermehrt die psychiatrische Intensivbetreuung (PI) an. Die Intervention bewegt sich in einem Spannungsfeld von Kontrolle und Therapie und ist ressourcenintensiv. Trotz ihrer verbreiteten Anwendung gibt es bislang keine Daten zur Praxis der PI in der Schweiz. Fragestellung: Wie sieht die aktuelle Praxis der PI bei Erwachsenen in psychiatrischen Kliniken in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz aus? Methoden: Quantitativ deskriptive Querschnittstudie. Im Rahmen einer Vollerhebung wurden Pflegende aus stationär psychiatrischen Abteilungen in der Deutschschweiz mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens befragt. Ergebnisse: 538 Fragebögen wurden analysiert. Die PI erfolgte häufiger in Form von periodischer Kontaktaufnahme als in Form von konstanter Einzelbetreuung. Grund für die Anordnung war in mehr als einem Viertel der Fälle Suizidalität. Zur Einschätzung der Selbst- und / oder Fremdgefährdung wurden in der Regel Assessmentinstrumente verwendet. Drei Viertel der PI dauerten acht Stunden oder länger. In jedem fünften Fall fand während des Dienstes keine Überprüfung der Notwendigkeit der PI statt. Pflegende haben eine neutrale Einstellung gegenüber der PI und erleben während der Durchführung keine negativen oder nur schwache negative Gefühle. Schlussfolgerungen: PI wird auch in der Schweiz uneinheitlich durchgeführt und zu wenig oft auf ihre Notwendigkeit überprüft. Um eine begründete Durchführung der PI zu ermöglichen, wird die Erstellung einer interprofessionellen Leitlinie empfohlen.
The Provenance of Terrigenous Components in Marine Sediments Along the East Coast of Southern Africa
Authors: Hahn Annette , Miller Charlotte , Andó Sergio , Bouimetarhan Ilham , Cawthra Hayley C. , Garzanti Eduardo , Green Andrew N. , Radeff Giuditta , Schefuß Enno , Zabel Matthias
Published: June 2018

Terrestrial signals in marine sediment archives are often used for paleoclimatic reconstructions. It is therefore important to know the origin of the different terrestrial sedimentary components. The proximity to a river mouth is often the key location to determine the source. Especially in regions with strong ocean currents, such an assumption might, however, lead to considerable misinterpretations. To investigate the source of various terrigenous sediment fractions in southeastern Africa, a region with strong sediment redistribution, we have performed an extensive comparison between terrestrial material (pollen, plant lipids, detrital modes, and heavy minerals as well as bulk inorganic geochemical composition) from potential source regions and the same components in the adjacent coastal and continental shelf sediments. Onshore the proxy‐indicators reflect small‐scale diversity in sampling locations and associated environments (riverbank sediments, flood deposits, suspension loads, and soils). Nevertheless, the overall trends reflect significant environmental gradients along a SW to NE transect. We note a general comparability of the studied parameters between the continental and marine sediments regardless of their specific differences in transport and depositional characteristics. We propose that the influence of the Agulhas Current affects sediment deposition and distribution only seaward of the midshelf and that pockets of sediment remain preserved in the lee of coastal protrusions where they are protected from erosion. This study provides the essential prerequisite to allow the attribution of temporal variations of compositional changes in marine sediment cores to environmental changes in southeastern Africa.
Climatically Driven Changes in the Supply of Terrigenous Sediment to the East China Sea
Authors: Anderson C. H. , Murray R. W. , Dunlea A. G. , Giosan L. , Kinsley C. W. , McGee D. , Tada R.
Published: June 2018

We examine the paleoceanographic record over the last ∼400 kyr derived from major, trace, and rare earth elements in bulk sediment from two sites in the East China Sea drilled during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 346. We use multivariate statistical partitioning techniques (Q‐mode factor analysis, multiple linear regression) to identify and quantify five crustal source components (Upper Continental Crust (UCC), Luochuan Loess, Xiashu Loess, Southern Japanese Islands, Kyushu Volcanics), and model their mass accumulation rates (MARs). UCC (35–79% of terrigenous contribution) and Luochuan Loess (16–55% contribution) are the most abundant end‐members through time, while Xiashu Loess, Southern Japanese Islands, and Kyushu Volcanics (1–22% contribution) are the lowest in abundance when present. Cycles in UCC and Luochuan Loess MARs may indicate continental and loess‐like material transported by major rivers into the Okinawa Trough. Increases in sea level and grain size proxy (e.g., SiO2/Al2O3) are coincident with increased flux of Southern Japanese Islands, indicating localized sediment supply from Japan. Increases in total terrigenous MAR precede minimum relative sea levels by several thousand years and may indicate remobilization of continental shelf material. Changes in the relative contribution of these end‐members are decoupled from total MAR, indicating compositional changes in the sediment are distinct from accumulation rate changes but may be linked to variations in sea level, riverine and eolian fluxes, and shelf‐bypass processes over glacial‐interglacials, complicating accurate monsoon reconstructions from fluvial dominated sediment.
Analysis of Hypoxia and Sensitivity to Nutrient Pollution in Salish Sea
Authors: Khangaonkar Tarang , Nugraha Adi , Xu Wenwei , Long Wen , Bianucci Laura , Ahmed Anise , Mohamedali Teizeen , Pelletier Greg
Published: June 2018

Increasing levels of nutrients, persistent hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and increased frequency of fish kills are degrading the ecological health of the Salish Sea. An improved version of a diagnostic hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model (nutrients, phytoplankton, carbon, dissolved oxygen, and pH) of the Salish Sea has been developed with the ability to simulate characteristic circulation and water quality features. Sensitivity tests were conducted to assess the responsiveness of the system to land‐based (rivers and wastewater sources) nutrient loading. The influence of Fraser River on the magnitude of estuarine exchange with the Pacific Ocean and nearshore habitat was examined given that it contributes nearly half of the total freshwater discharged to the Salish Sea. A large region of hypoxia in Hood Canal that extends over 30–40 km during its peak was reproduced and attributed primarily to the existence of a two‐layer classic fjord‐type circulation and a nearly stagnant deep bottom layer that occupies nearly 60% of the water column. Nitrate mass in the euphotic zone from land‐based and oceanic sources is depleted to near‐zero limiting levels during summer. Under such conditions, the Salish Sea is responsive to changes in nutrient loads entering the euphotic zone directly. A hypothetical scenario involving the elimination of land‐based nutrient sources results in notable water‐quality improvement, featuring a reduction in algal biomass (≈5.4%), reduction in sediment oxygen demand (≈17.1%), and significant reduction in hypoxic area (≈39%) and exposure in area‐days to bottom layer hypoxia (≈62%) within the Salish Sea.
Sensitivities of Simulated Satellite Views of Clouds to Subgrid‐Scale Overlap and Condensate Heterogeneity
Authors: Hillman B. R. , Marchand R. T. , Ackerman T. P.
Published: June 2018

Satellite simulators are often used to account for limitations in satellite retrievals of cloud properties in comparisons between models and satellite observations. The purpose of this framework is to enable more robust evaluation of model cloud properties, so that differences between models and observations can more confidently be attributed to model errors. A critical step in this process is accounting for the difference between the spatial scales at which cloud properties are retrieved with those at which clouds are simulated in global models. In this study, we create a series of sensitivity tests using 4‐km global model output from the multiscale modeling framework to evaluate the sensitivity of simulated satellite retrievals to common assumptions about cloud and precipitation overlap and condensate variability used in climate models whose grid spacing is many tens to hundreds of kilometers. We find the simulated retrievals are sensitive to these assumptions. Using maximum‐random overlap with homogeneous cloud and precipitation condensate leads to errors in Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project‐simulated cloud cover and in CloudSat‐simulated radar reflectivity that are significant compared to typical differences between the model simulations and observations. A more realistic treatment of unresolved clouds and precipitation is shown to substantially reduce these errors. The sensitivity to these assumptions underscores the need for the adoption of more realistic subcolumn treatments in models and the need for consistency among subcolumn assumptions between models and simulators to ensure that simulator‐diagnosed errors are consistent with the model formulation.
Evaluation of Remotely Sensed and Reanalysis Soil Moisture Against In Situ Observations on the Himalayan‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Fan Keke , Singh Vijay P. , Sun Peng , Shi Peijun
Published: June 2018

This study collected soil moisture (SM) observations from 100 in situ observations and compared them with widely used SM estimations, derived from the Essential Climate Variables, European Reanalysis (ERA)‐Interim, the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, and Noah at spatial resolutions of 0.25° × 0.25°, 0.5° × 0.5°, and 1° × 1° during unfreezing and freezing periods. Results indicate that all estimations except ERA can depict the SM changes on the Himalayan‐Tibetan Plateau (HTP) well to some extent and Noah performs the best as a whole. In the Ngari region, however, SM estimations substantially overestimate SM observations. In the Naqu region, except ERA, SM estimations overestimate the SM amount during freezing periods but underestimate the SM amount during unfreezing periods. In Maqu, except ERA, SM estimations can characterize SM variations with substantial underestimation of SM during unfreezing periods, however, slight underestimation of SM during freezing periods. In space, the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications and Noah can evaluate the spatial distribution of SM better. The SM changes across most parts of the HTP are heavily influenced by precipitation changes. In addition, these changes in the western flank of the HTP are the combined result of snow and glacial melting and precipitation. Except in the western and northern regions, SM during unfreezing periods is usually higher than during freezing periods. Besides, evaluations can better describe SM changes at medium and large spatial scales than at small spatial scales. This study provides important basis for the selection of proper remote sensing and reanalysis SM data sets for the analysis of SM on the HTP.
Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves From Moving Interfaces for Analyzing Shock Phenomenon in Solids
Authors: Rougier B. , Aubert H. , Lefrançois A. , Barbarin Y. , Luc J. , Osmont A.
Published: June 2018

A new closed‐form expression is derived in this paper for computing the electromagnetic field reflected by two moving parallel interfaces. Next, the interfaces velocities and refractive index between interfaces are derived from measurable frequencies and amplitudes embedded in the reflected electromagnetic field. As an application, the remote analysis of the shock wave phenomenon in solids is reported and shock wave descriptors are estimated. Based on the proposed approach, physical insights on measurement published results are reported. Moreover, new measurement data on shocked polymethyl methacrylate material are presented and discussed.
Roving Exhibit Highlights Ocean Plastics Problem
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2018

The Ocean Plastics Lab, currently on the National Mall in Washington, D. C., illustrates the pollution threat and points to solutions.
Constraining Instantaneous Fluxes and Integrated Compositions of Fluvially Discharged Organic Matter
Authors: Freymond Chantal V. , Lupker Maarten , Peterse Francien , Haghipour Negar , Wacker Lukas , Filip Florin , Giosan Liviu , Eglinton Timothy I.
Published: June 2018

Fluvial export of organic carbon (OC) and burial in ocean sediments comprises an important carbon sink, but fluxes remain poorly constrained, particularly for specific organic components. Here OC and lipid biomarker contents and isotopic characteristics of suspended matter determined in depth profiles across an active channel close to the terminus of the Danube River are used to constrain instantaneous OC and biomarker fluxes and integrated compositions during high to moderate discharges. During high (moderate) discharge, the total Danube exports 8 (7) kg/s OC, 7 (3) g/s higher plant‐derived long‐chain fatty acids (LCFA), 34 (21) g/s short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), and 0.5 (0.2) g/s soil bacterial membrane lipids (brGDGTs). Integrated stable carbon isotopic compositions were TOC: −28.0 (−27.6)‰, LCFA: −33.5 (−32.8)‰ and Δ14C TOC: −129 (−38)‰, LCFA: −134 (−143)‰, respectively. Such estimates will aid in establishing quantitative links between production, export, and burial of OC from the terrestrial biosphere.
New Magnetic Anomaly Map of the Antarctic
Authors: Golynsky A. V. , Ferraccioli F. , Hong J. K. , Golynsky D. A. , von Frese R. R. B. , Young D. A. , Blankenship D. D. , Holt J. W. , Ivanov S. V. , Kiselev A. V. , Masolov V. N. , Eagles G. , Gohl K. , Jokat W. , Damaske D. , Finn C. , Aitken A. , Bell R. E. , Armadillo E. , Jordan T. A. , Greenbaum J. S. , Bozzo E. , Caneva G. , Forsberg R. , Ghidella M. , Galindo‐Zaldivar J. , Bohoyo F. , Martos Y. M. , Nogi Y. , Quartini E. , Kim H. R. , Roberts J. L.
Published: June 2018

The second generation Antarctic magnetic anomaly compilation for the region south of 60°S includes some 3.5 million line‐km of aeromagnetic and marine magnetic data that more than doubles the initial map's near‐surface database. For the new compilation, the magnetic data sets were corrected for the International Geomagnetic Reference Field, diurnal effects, and high‐frequency errors and leveled, gridded, and stitched together. The new magnetic data further constrain the crustal architecture and geological evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula and the West Antarctic Rift System in West Antarctica, as well as Dronning Maud Land, the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, the Prince Charles Mountains, Princess Elizabeth Land, and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica and the circumjacent oceanic margins. Overall, the magnetic anomaly compilation helps unify disparate regional geologic and geophysical studies by providing new constraints on major tectonic and magmatic processes that affected the Antarctic from Precambrian to Cenozoic times.
Observations and Modeling of Long‐Period Ground‐Motion Amplification Across Northeast China
Authors: Chen Haichao , Tsai Victor C. , Niu Fenglin
Published: June 2018

Basin resonances can significantly amplify and prolong ground shaking, and accurate site‐amplification estimates are crucial for mitigating potential seismic hazards within metropolitan basins. In this work, we estimate the site amplification of long‐period (2–10 s) ground motions across northeast China for both surface waves and vertically incident shear waves. The spatial distribution of relatively large site amplifications correlates strongly with known sedimentary basins for both wave types. However, the site response of surface waves is typically twice as high as that of shear waves at most basin sites. We further show that these site‐amplification features can be well explained by predictions based on the local one‐dimensional structure at each site. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for surface‐wave contributions and demonstrate the usefulness of semi‐analytical theory for surface‐wave amplification, which may be broadly applicable in future seismic hazard analysis.
Site Diversity Prediction at a Tropical Location From Single‐Site Rain Measurements Using a Bayesian Technique
Authors: Das Saurabh , Jameson A. R.
Published: June 2018

Site diversity is one of the few fade mitigation techniques that are actively explored to overcome the serious fading condition encountered in high‐frequency satellite communication, particularly over tropical regions. However, the study of site diversity performance is limited over tropical regions due to unavailability of simultaneous fade measurements from multiple locations as well as the lack of data on spatial rain pattern from radar measurements. We propose here a copula‐based Bayesian approach to study the site diversity performance utilizing only a single location's drop size distribution measurement. Study of diversity performance has been done for Ahmedabad, India, utilizing 3 years of disdrometer data. Effects of frequency, elevation angle, and site separation on diversity gain are investigated using the proposed method. Results are compared with two ITU‐R models, site diversity results from Italy, a temperate region, and Singapore, another tropical location. The spatial correlation obtained through this technique is also compared with radar observations in Oklahoma, a totally different climatic regime. The simple ITU‐R model is found to be underpredicting the diversity gain significantly for the present location whereas the explicit ITU‐R model shows overprediction above 8 dB for single‐site rain attenuation values. Comparison with measurements at Italy shows similar diversity gains for low single‐site attenuation values. The results reported for Singapore matches well with the present method. The study indicates room for improvement in the present ITU‐R model considering the different nature of tropical rain and that the proposed method is suitable for such a purpose.
Quantification and modeling of mechanical degradation in lithium-ion batteries based on nanoscale imaging
Authors: Müller Simon , Pietsch Patrick , Brandt Ben-Elias , Baade Paul , De Andrade Vincent , De Carlo Francesco , Wood Vanessa
Published: June 2018

Capacity fade in lithium-ion battery electrodes can result from a degradation mechanism in which the carbon black-binder network detaches from the active material. Here we present two approaches to visualize and quantify this detachment and use the experimental results to develop and validate a model that considers how the active particle size, the viscoelastic parameters of the composite electrode, the adhesion between the active particle and the carbon black-binder domain, and the solid electrolyte interphase growth rate impact detachment and capacity fade. Using carbon-silicon composite electrodes as a model system, we demonstrate X-ray nano-tomography and backscatter scanning electron microscopy with sufficient resolution and contrast to segment the pore space, active particles, and carbon black-binder domain and quantify delamination as a function of cycle number. The validated model is further used to discuss how detachment and capacity fade in high-capacity materials can be minimized through materials engineering.
Amino acid-dependent cMyc expression is essential for NK cell metabolic and functional responses in mice
Authors: Loftus Róisín M. , Assmann Nadine , Kedia-Mehta Nidhi , O’Brien Katie L. , Garcia Arianne , Gillespie Conor , Hukelmann Jens L. , Oefner Peter J. , Lamond Angus I. , Gardiner Clair M. , Dettmer Katja , Cantrell Doreen A. , Sinclair Linda V. , Finlay David K.
Published: June 2018

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with important anti-tumour functions. Cytokine activation of NK cell glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are essential for robust NK cell responses. However, the mechanisms leading to this metabolic phenotype are unclear. Here we show that the transcription factor cMyc is essential for IL-2/IL-12-induced metabolic and functional responses in mice. cMyc protein levels are acutely regulated by amino acids; cMyc protein is lost rapidly when glutamine is withdrawn or when system l-amino acid transport is blocked. We identify SLC7A5 as the predominant system l-amino acid transporter in activated NK cells. Unlike other lymphocyte subsets, glutaminolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle do not sustain OXPHOS in activated NK cells. Glutamine withdrawal, but not the inhibition of glutaminolysis, results in the loss of cMyc protein, reduced cell growth and impaired NK cell responses. These data identify an essential role for amino acid-controlled cMyc for NK cell metabolism and function.
Large herbivores influence plant litter decomposition by altering soil properties and plant quality in a meadow steppe
Authors: Wang Zhongnan , Yuan Xia , Wang Deli , Zhang Yang , Zhong Zhiwei , Guo Qinfeng , Feng Chao
Published: June 2018

Large herbivores act as a major driver of plant litter decomposition in grasslands. The modifications of soil biotic and abiotic properties, as well as the changes in quality (C/N ratio) of plant litter, are two key pathways by which large herbivores can affect litter decomposition. Yet we know little about the relative role of these two mechanisms in mediating decomposition. Here, by combining a large-scale and a small-scale field manipulative experiment, we examined how livestock (cattle and sheep) grazing affects standing litter decomposition of a dominant grass,Leymus chinensisin grasslands in northeast China. We found that livestock grazing affected litter decay rate both by its influences on soil property (soil moisture, nutrient content, and microbial communities) and on plant litter quality (C/N ratio). Due to their distinct body size and diet preference, cattle and sheep affected soil property and litter quality, thus litter decay rate, differently by causing varying disturbance regimes and by feeding on different dominant species. Our study provides evidence that herbivore grazing can influence litter decomposition by modifying soil conditions and litter quality independently. Therefore, choosing the proper large herbivore(s) in grazing regimes may be important in maintaining nutrient cycling in grassland ecosystems.
Metabolic conversion of CI-1040 turns a cellular MEK-inhibitor into an antibacterial compound
Authors: Bruchhagen Christin , Jarick Marcel , Mewis Carolin , Hertlein Tobias , Niemann Silke , Ohlsen Knut , Peters Georg , Planz Oliver , Ludwig Stephan , Ehrhardt Christina
Published: June 2018

Influenza virus (IV) infections cause severe respiratory illnesses that can be complicated by bacterial super-infections. Previously, we identified the cellular Raf-MEK-ERK cascade as a promising antiviral target. Inhibitors of MEK, such as CI-1040, showed potent antiviral activity. However, it remained unclear if this inhibitor and its active form, ATR-002, might sensitize host cells to either IV or secondary bacterial infections. To address these questions, we studied the anti-pathogen activity of ATR-002 in comparison to CI-1040, particularly, its impact on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is a major cause of IV super-infections. We analysed IV and S. aureus titres in vitro during super-infection in the presence and absence of the drugs and characterized the direct impact of ATR-002 on bacterial growth and phenotypic changes. Importantly, neither CI-1040 nor ATR-002 treatment led to increased bacterial titres during super-infection, indicating that the drug does not sensitize cells for bacterial infection. In contrast, we rather observed reduced bacterial titres in presence of ATR-002. Surprisingly, ATR-002 also led to reduced bacterial growth in suspension cultures, reduced stress- and antibiotic tolerance without resistance induction. Our data identified for the first time that a particular MEK-inhibitor metabolite exhibits direct antibacterial activity, which is likely due to interference with the bacterial PknB kinase/Stp phosphatase signalling system.
The evolution of phase constitution and microstructure in iron-rich 2:17-type Sm-Co magnets with high magnetic performance
Authors: Zhang Chaoyue , Liu Zhuang , Li Ming , Liu Lei , Li Tianyi , Chen Renjie , Lee Don , Yan Aru
Published: June 2018

Iron-rich 2:17-type Sm-Co magnets are important for their potential to achieve high coercivity and maximum magnetic energy product. But the evolution of phase structure, which determines magnetic properties, remains an unsolved issue. In this study, the phase constitution and microstructure of solution-treated 2:17-type Sm-Co alloys are studied. The increase of Fe content promotes the ordering transformation from the 1:7H phase to partially ordered 2:17R and lamellar Zr-rich 1:3R phase. This ordering transformation is mainly due to the competitive atoms occupation of Zr, Fe and Sm in the 1:7H phase. To ease this competition, we modify Sm content in iron-rich 2:17-type Sm-Co magnets. Different solution precursors and corresponding cellular structures are observed. Solution precursor with 1:7H, partially ordered 2:17R, 2:17H and 1:3R phase evolves into uneven and incomplete cellular structures, while solution precursor with partially ordered 2:17R phase forms larger cell size with less lamellar phase, thus poor coercivity and magnetic energy product. However, solution precursors with single 1:7H phase evolve into uniform cellular structures and perform high coercivity and magnetic energy product. Our results indicate if a single 1:7H phase could be obtained in solution-treated 2:17-type Sm-Co magnets with higher iron content, much higher magnetic properties could be achieved.
Layered transition metal dichalcogenide electrochemistry: journey across the periodic table
Authors: Chia Xinyi , Pumera Martin
Published: June 2018

Here, we explore the electrochemical and catalytic trends across the extensive library of layered transition metal dichalcogenides beyond MoS2.
Miniature diamond-anvil cells for FTIR-microspectroscopy of small quantities of biosamples
Authors: Grube Mara , Shvirksts Karlis , Krafft Christoph , Kokorevicha Silvija , Zandberga Elina , Abols Arturs , Line Aija , Kalnenieks Uldis
Published: June 2018

A small amount of biosample is mounted on a diamond anvil cell and spectra registered using simple 15× infrared objective instead of being grown on a diamond and measured by FTIR-ATR.
Dual-signal ratiometric electrochemiluminescence assay for detecting the activity of human methyltransferase
Authors: Guo Zhihui , Qiao Bin , Guo Qunqun , Zhang Hui , Cai Chenxin , Feng Jiu-Ju
Published: June 2018

A ratiometric electrochemiluminescence assay using CdS:Eu NCs and luminol as signal emitters was fabricated for detecting the human methyltransferase activity.