bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new view on the morphology and phylogeny of eugregarines suggested by the evidence from the gregarineAncora sagittata(Leuckart, 1860) Labbé, 1899 (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida)
Authors: Simdyanov Timur G. , Guillou Laure , Diakin Andrei Y. , Mikhailov Kirill V. , Schrével Joseph , Aleoshin Vladimir V.
Published: May 2017

Background

Gregarines are a group of early branching Apicomplexa parasitizing invertebrate animals. Despite their wide distribution and relevance to the understanding the phylogenesis of apicomplexans, gregarines remain understudied: light microscopy data are insufficient for classification, and electron microscopy and molecular data are fragmentary and overlap only partially.

Methods

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, PCR, DNA cloning and sequencing (Sanger and NGS), molecular phylogenetic analyses using ribosomal RNA genes (18S (SSU), 5.8S, and 28S (LSU) ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs)).

Results and Discussion

We present the results of an ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic study on the marine gregarineAncora sagittatafrom the polychaeteCapitella capitatafollowed by evolutionary and taxonomic synthesis of the morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence on eugregarines. The ultrastructure ofAncora sagittatagenerally corresponds to that of other eugregarines, but reveals some differences in epicytic folds (crests) and attachment apparatus to gregarines in the family Lecudinidae, whereAncora sagittatahas been classified. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on SSU (18S) rDNA reveal several robust clades (superfamilies) of eugregarines, including Ancoroidea superfam. nov., which comprises two families (Ancoridae fam. nov. and Polyplicariidae) and branches separately from the Lecudinidae; thus, all representatives of Ancoroidea are here officially removed from the Lecudinidae. Analysis of sequence data also points to possible cryptic species withinAncora sagittataand the inclusion of numerous environmental sequences from anoxic habitats within the Ancoroidea. LSU (28S) rDNA phylogenies, unlike the analysis of SSU rDNA alone, recover a well-supported monophyly of the gregarines involved (eugregarines), although this conclusion is currently limited by sparse taxon sampling and the presence of fast-evolving sequences in some species. Comparative morphological analyses of gregarine teguments and attachment organelles lead us to revise their terminology. The terms “longitudinal folds” and “mucron” are restricted to archigregarines, whereas the terms “epicystic crests” and “epimerite” are proposed to describe the candidate synapomorphies of eugregarines, which, consequently, are considered as a monophyletic group. Abolishing the suborders Aseptata and Septata, incorporating neogregarines into the Eugregarinida, and treating the major molecular phylogenetic lineages of eugregarines as superfamilies appear as the best way of reconciling recent morphological and molecular evidence. Accordingly, the diagnosis of the order Eugregarinida Léger, 1900 is updated.
Clinical impact of human papillomavirus in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study
Authors: Chen Wei-Chih , Chuang Hui-Ching , Lin Yu-Tsai , Huang Chao-Cheng , Chien Chih-Yen
Published: May 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and clinical impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) related laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).

Methods

A total of 106 LSCC patients who underwent primary surgical resection with or without adjuvant radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy were enrolled retrospectively. Tumors collected from paraffin-embedded samples were used for HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization technique. Clinicopathological parameters were recorded for analysis.

Results

The prevalence of HPV in patients with LSCC was 13.2% in our series and 12 out of 14 (85.7%) HPV-positive tumors were HPV-16. The patients with HPV-positive tumors were older (p = 0.042), less local/regional recurrence (p = 0.037) and non-smoker (p = 0.068). There was no significant difference in the 5-year overall survival (OS) (p = 0.8056) between HPV-positive and -negative tumors. The patients with HPV-positive tumors had a better 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) (100% vs. 84.8%, p = 0.1485), although the difference did not reach statistical significance. However, the local/regional control rate was significantly better in HPV-positive tumors than in HPV-negative tumors (100% vs. 75%, p = 0.0494).

Conclusions

A low prevalence of HPV infection in our series suggests that HPV is not a major cause of LSCC. However, a 100% local/regional control rate and DSS were observed in HPV-positive tumors. This finding suggests a different tumor behavior between HPV-positive and HPV-negative LSCC. Further research with a larger sample size is necessary to confirm our observations.
Contrasted hydrothermal activity along the South‐East Indian Ridge (130°E–140°E): From crustal to ultramafic circulation
Authors: Boulart Cédric , Briais Anne , Chavagnac Valérie , Révillon Sidonie , Ceuleneer Georges , Donval Jean‐Pierre , Guyader Vivien , Barrere Fabienne , Ferreira Nicolas , Hanan Barry , Hémond Christophe , Macleod Sarah , Maia Marcia , Maillard Agnès , Merkuryev Sergey , Park Sung‐Hyun , Ruellan Etienne , Schohn Alexandre , Watson Sally , Yang Yun‐Seok
Published: May 2017

Using a combined approach of seafloor mapping, MAPR and CTD survey, we report evidence for active hydrothermal venting along the 130°‐140°E section of the poorly‐known South‐East Indian Ridge (SEIR) from the Australia‐Antarctic Discordance (AAD) to the George V Fracture Zone (FZ). Along the latter, we report Eh and CH4 anomalies in the water column above a serpentinite massif, which unambiguously testify for ultramafic‐related fluid flow. This is the first time that such circulation is observed on an intermediate‐spreading ridge. The ridge axis itself is characterized by numerous off‐axis volcanoes, suggesting a high magma supply. The water column survey indicates the presence of at least ten distinct hydrothermal plumes along the axis. The CH4:Mn ratios of the plumes vary from 0.37 to 0.65 denoting different underlying processes, from typical basalt‐hosted to ultramafic‐hosted high‐temperature hydrothermal circulation. Our data suggest that the change of mantle temperature along the SEIR not only regulates the magma supply, but also the hydrothermal activity. The distribution of hydrothermal plumes from a ridge segment to another implies secondary controls such as the presence of fractures and faults along the axis or in the axial discontinuities. We conclude from these results that hydrothermal activity along the SEIR is controlled by magmatic processes at the regional scale and by the tectonics at the segment scale, which influences the type of hydrothermal circulation and leads to various chemical compositions. Such variety may impact global biogeochemical cycles, especially in the Southern Ocean where hydrothermal venting might be the only source of nutrients.
A calcite reference material for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb geochronology
Authors: Roberts Nick M. W. , Rasbury E. Troy , Parrish Randall R. , Smith Christopher J. , Horstwood Matthew S. A. , Condon Daniel J.
Published: May 2017

U‐Pb dating of calcite is an emerging but rapidly growing field of application in geochronology with great potential to inform problems in landscape, basin, and mountain belt evolution, through age determination of diagenetic cements, vein mineralization, and geological formations difficult to date otherwise. In this brief, we present isotope dilution U‐Pb isotope measurements on a sample of calcite (WC‐1) that has been and will continue to be used as a reference material for in situ U‐Pb Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) dating, and which is suitable to be distributed to the geochronological community. We present in situ measurements using LA‐ICP‐MS to demonstrate the suitability of WC‐1 for use as a U‐Pb dating reference material, in spite of it not being isotopically homogeneous. The WC‐1 calcite sample is 254.4 ± 6.4 Ma old and comprised 85–98% radiogenic lead. It presents a suitable reference material that can facilitate dating of calcite ranging in age from Precambrian to late Neogene age.
New insights into the magmatism in the northern margin of the South China Sea: Spatial features and volume of intraplate seamounts
Authors: Fan Chaoyan , Xia Shaohong , Zhao Fang , Sun Jinlong , Cao Jinghe , Xu Huilong , Wan Kuiyuan
Published: May 2017

The extensive intraplate seamounts are obvious features in the northern South China Sea (SCS). However, the distribution, volume, and origin of these seamounts are not well understood, which greatly hinders our understanding of magmatism in the SCS. Based on high‐resolution bathymetric data and 147 seismic profiles, and combining gravity and magnetic data, we first identify 45 seamounts in the northern margin of the SCS and simulate their shape with elliptical cones. Results show that the total volume of these 45 seamounts above seafloor is estimated at about 1885–3078 km3 and the total volume of intrusive magma above Moho is about 0.15 Mkm3, which is close to the estimates for classic large igneous provinces across the world. These seamounts are mostly located on the continental slope with thin crust (approximately 12–18 km), which reduces the overlying pressure and shortens the magmatic conduits. The dominant azimuth of elliptical major axis in seamounts is consistent with the synrift and synspreading fault strikes (NE‐NEE), indicating that these preexisting faults provide magmatic conduits for the subsequent postrift intraplate seamounts. Based on three existing clues, i.e., (1) the intraplate seamounts, high velocity layer and Hainan mantle plume are contiguous in 3‐D space, (2) the high‐velocity layer is thicker beneath the continental shelf but thinner beneath the slope, and (3) the basalts dredged from certain seamounts show OIB‐type geochemical features, we propose a magmatic upwelling pattern which contains Hainan mantle plume to explain the spatial and morphological characteristics of these intraplate seamounts.
Calculation of in situ acoustic sediment attenuation using off‐the‐shelf horizontal ADCPs in low concentration settings
Authors: Haught Dan , Venditti Jeremy G. , Wright Scott A.
Published: May 2017

The use of “off‐the‐shelf” acoustic Doppler velocity profilers (ADCPs) to estimate suspended sediment concentration and grain‐size in rivers requires robust methods to estimate sound attenuation by suspended sediment. Theoretical estimates of sediment attenuation require a priori knowledge of the concentration and grain‐size distribution (GSD), making the method impractical to apply in routine monitoring programs. In situ methods use acoustic backscatter profile slope to estimate sediment attenuation, and are a more attractive option. However, the performance of in situ sediment attenuation methods has not been extensively compared to theoretical methods. We used three collocated horizontally mounted ADCPs in the Fraser River at Mission, British Columbia and 298 observations of concentration and GSD along the acoustic beams to calculate theoretical and in situ sediment attenuation. Conversion of acoustic intensity from counts to decibels is influenced by the instrument noise floor, which affects the backscatter profile shape and therefore in situ attenuation. We develop a method that converts counts to decibels to maximize profile length, which is useful in rivers where cross‐channel acoustic profile penetration is a fraction of total channel width. Nevertheless, the agreement between theoretical and in situ attenuation is poor at low concentrations because cross‐stream gradients in concentration, sediment size or GSD can develop, which affect the backscatter profiles. We establish threshold concentrations below which in situ attenuation is unreliable in Fraser River. Our results call for careful examination of cross‐stream changes in suspended sediment characteristics and acoustic profiles across a range of flows before in situ attenuation methods are applied in river monitoring programs.
What happens to in‐soil Radon activity during a long‐lasting eruption? Insights from Etna by multidisciplinary data analysis
Authors: Falsaperla S. , Neri M. , Di Grazia G. , Langer H. , Spampinato S.
Published: May 2017

We analyze short‐ to long‐term changes (from days to months) in Radon (Rn) activity measured nearby (<2 km) the eruptive fractures that fed a lava effusion at Mt. Etna, Italy, between 13 May 2008 and 6 July 2009. The N120‐140°E eruptive fractures opened between 3050 and 2620 m above sea level before a dike‐forming intrusion fed the ∼14 month‐long lava emission. Our high‐rate data streams include: Rn, ambient parameters (barometric pressure and soil temperature), and seismic data (earthquakes and volcanic tremor) recorded from January 2008 to July 2009. The analysis highlights repeated episodes of rock‐fracturing related to seismic swarms, and vigorous gas pulses and peak values in Rn emissions (maximum ∼4.1×105 Bq/m3 on 16 November 2008), which we interpreted in a conceptual model as the response to inputs from the magmatic system during the eruption. This multidisciplinary study: (i) provides evidence of a close relationship between Rn emission at a fumarole near the summit active craters and local earthquakes, and (ii) enables exploring the important role of the volcanic source on the temporal development of the Rn flux, which may account for the much higher (≫94 m/d) ascent speed of the Rn carrier (vapor) than diffusion. The close location of Rn probes to the active conduits, along with the application of our multidisciplinary approach, may shed new light on the internal dynamics of other active volcanoes worldwide.
The Gondou hydrothermal field in the Ryukyu Arc: A huge hydrothermal system on the flank of a caldera volcano
Authors: Minami H. , Ohara Y.
Published: May 2017

High‐resolution geophysical mapping was conducted from an autonomous underwater vehicle on the flank of Daisan‐Kume Knoll in the Ryukyu Arc, southwest of Japan. 1 m resolution bathymetry identified 264 spires, 173 large mounds and 268 small mounds within a depression that is up to 1600 m wide and up to 60 m deep, at water depths between 1330 and 1470 m. Hydrothermal venting is strongly inferred from the observation of plumes in sidescan sonar imagery and positive temperature anomalies over the spires and mounds. This field, named the Gondou Field, has a giant mound G1 with a diameter of 280 m and a height of 80 m. Mound G1 has distinctive summit ridges composed of multiple spires where acoustic plumes with temperature anomalies up to 1.12°C are observed, indicative of high‐temperature venting. Other than mound G1, a number of active large mounds more than 30 m wide and spires over 10–22 m tall are common and they concentrate in the central and southern areas of the field, suggesting that these areas are the center of present hydrothermal activity. Acoustic plumes imaged by side‐scan sonar at the Gondou Field are different in character from bubble plumes imaged in other hydrothermal fields in the Ryukyu Arc. The plumes are diffused and deflected as they rise through the water column and have a shape consistent with black smokers.
Seismic structure and segmentation of the axial valley of the Mid‐Cayman Spreading Center
Authors: Van Avendonk Harm J. A. , Hayman Nicholas W. , Harding Jennifer L. , Grevemeyer Ingo , Peirce Christine , Dannowski Anke
Published: May 2017

We report the results of a two‐dimensional tomographic inversion of marine seismic refraction data from an array of ocean‐bottom seismographs (OBSs), which produced an image of the crustal structure along the axial valley of the ultraslow spreading Mid‐Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC). The seismic velocity model shows variations in the thickness and properties of the young oceanic crust that are consistent with the existence of two magmatic‐tectonic segments along the 110 km long spreading center. Seismic wave speeds are consistent with exhumed mantle at the boundary between these two segments, but changes in the vertical gradient of seismic velocity suggest that volcanic crust occupies most of the axial valley seafloor along the seismic transect. The two spreading segments both have a low‐velocity zone (LVZ) several kilometers beneath the seafloor, which may indicate the presence of shallow melt. However, the northern segment also has low seismic velocities (3 km/s) in a thick upper crustal layer (1.5–2.0 km), which we interpret as an extrusive volcanic section with high porosity and permeability. This segment hosts the Beebe vent field, the deepest known high‐temperature black smoker hydrothermal vent system. In contrast, the southern spreading segment has seismic velocities as high as 4.0 km/s near the seafloor. We suggest that the porosity and permeability of the volcanic crust in the southern segment are much lower, thus limiting deep seawater penetration and hydrothermal recharge. This may explain why no hydrothermal vent system has been found in the southern half of the MCSC.
B
acon,
A
nne (
C
ooke)
Authors: Gibson Jonathan
Published: May 2017

Anne Cooke Bacon (c.1528–1610), famous in her own day for her scholarship, was the translator of evangelical texts by Bernardino Ochino and John Jewel and a lively letter‐writer. She makes a fleeting appearance in many recent works on early modern women's writing, but has yet to be studied in detail by modern scholars. Anne was one of the five famously learned daughters of Anthony Cooke and his wife, Anne, sisters frequently praised by contemporaries for their expertise in Latin and Greek and their interest in reformed theology and the church fathers. Their father, a tutor to Edward VI, educated his children himself at the family home in Essex, Gidea Hall (McIntosh 1975).
B
acon,
F
rancis
Authors: Serjeantson R. W.
Published: May 2017

Francis Bacon (1561–1626) was acknowledged in his lifetime, and has been known ever since, as one of the foremost authors of his age. His publications encompassed the fields of the moral essay and political thought; the fable; history; and especially philosophy, above all natural philosophy. He also had a prominent career in law and politics, culminating in his appointment to the highest legal office in England, that of lord chancellor, in 1618. Although fascinated by practical ways of prolonging human life, Bacon was also determined that future ages should remember him for his books. The good number of these books printed in his lifetime are matched at least in quantity by writings that he never published, or indeed never finished. The unusually large amount of seventeenth‐century manuscript material relating to Bacon testifies to an unusual level of interest in his writings both during his lifetime and in the years following his death.
B
arnfield,
R
ichard
Authors: Aydelotte Laura
Published: May 2017

Richard Barnfield (1574–1620/26) wrote lyric and pastoral verse. His best‐known works are
The affectionate shepheard
and the poems ‘If musique and sweet poetry agree’ and ‘As it fell upon a day’, which were long misattributed to William Shakespeare. Barnfield is often regarded as one of the better of the minor Elizabethan poets, the most notable and controversial aspect of his poetry being his frank expression of homoerotic themes. In response to this candid homoeroticism, critics once either suppressed or qualified his claims to a substantial literary reputation; but his verse has excited the interest of many recent critics who find in him both an accomplished poetic talent and a fascinating figure for studies of homosexual literature and early modern sexuality.
B
asset,
M
ary
R
oper
C
larke
Authors: Hosington Brenda M.
Published: May 2017

Among the learned women of the mid‐Tudor period, Mary Roper Clarke Basset (1526/30–1572) stands out for the excellence of her two works, both models of accurate, eloquent, and fluent translation, one from Greek, the other from Latin. The first is a Latin rendering of book I of Eusebius's fourth‐century
Ecclesiastical history
, followed by an English rendering of the first five books. This was a particularly ambitious undertaking and her Latin version was abandoned, Mary says in her dedicatory epistle to Mary Tudor (now British Library, Harley MS 1860), only because ‘a greate learned man’ (John Christopherson, one of her former tutors) had just finished his version. Eusebius's Greek was particularly challenging; his text was a web of cultural, historical and theological references; and the only printed copy, dated 1544, contained many errors. Mary's second translation is an English rendering of her grandfather Thomas More's
De tristitia, tedio, pauore et oratione Christi ante captionem eius
, his last work, written in difficult circumstances in the Tower. Mary not only translates this text, entitling it
Of the sorowe, werinesse, feare, and prayer of Christ before hys taking
, but also edits it, supplying missing references and emending More's original when necessary.
B
axter,
R
ichard
Authors: Cooper Tim
Published: May 2017

Richard Baxter (1615–91) was a significant Puritan pastor and author. He was the only child of freehold, Puritan parents. His track into ministry was unusual in that he did not go to university. He remained a voracious reader, sharp thinker, and accomplished autodidact all his life. He is best known for his ministry at Kidderminster where he served for a cumulative total of 14 years, interrupted early on by the Civil War and two years of service as a chaplain in the New Model Army. The town experienced something of a reformation under his ministry, and he looked back on the 1650s as the most rewarding season of his life. During that time he developed a pastoral model he hoped other ministers might follow in order to bring about a comparable, national reformation. He turned to print to advance his various agendas, to engage in controversy, and to minister to his many readers; he wrote 141 books in the course of his life, 37 of them before 1660. His labours at Kidderminster ended with the Restoration. Baxter then became a leading nonconformist figure, and he continued to write and teach whenever possible until his death in 1691. In 1662 he married Margaret Charlton, a woman 21 years his junior who had been among his parishioners at Kidderminster. They had no children; Margaret predeceased him in 1683.
B
eaumont,
F
rancis
Authors: Lamb Edel
Published: May 2017

Francis Beaumont (1584/85–1616), playwright and poet, is most often remembered alongside his theatrical collaborator, John Fletcher. This pair continues to be known for their distinctive dramaturgy, which contributed significantly to the development of tragicomedy and courtly drama in the playhouses of Jacobean and Caroline London.
B
enlowes,
E
dward
Authors: Wilcher Robert
Published: May 2017

The literary culture to which Edward Benlowes (1602–76) contributed as patron and poet was already in decline when he set about composing
Theophila, or loves sacrifice
(1652), the long poem for which he is chiefly remembered, and his reputation has never recovered from the ridicule directed at him by the Restoration satirist Samuel Butler in ‘Character of a small poet’. Nevertheless, he is of interest to both social and literary historians as an articulate representative of his class (Hill 1953) and as one of the first poets to borrow phrases and images from John Milton's 1645
Poems
.
B
irch,
W
illiam
Authors: Wilson‐Lee Edward
Published: May 2017

William Birch (
fl
. 1562–71) is the author of five extant broadside ballads treating a variety of political and religious topics, ranging in date from 1562 to 1571. His writings notably include an early poetic representation of Elizabeth I as England's lover and a version of a ballad which was quoted by Shakespeare. No biographical details have been established: the scriptural learning and evangelical tone of many of his writings makes it possible that he is the same William Birch, MA, who was preferred to the wardenship of the college and parish church of Manchester on 30 July 1560 (
Calendar of patent rolls
), although his concern with the moral fibre of London in a number of his ballads might undermine any suggestion of residence outside of the capital.
Boece,Hector
Authors: Royan Nicola
Published: May 2017

Hector Boece (c.1465–1536) was the author ofScotorum historia a prima gentis origine(Paris, 1527; reprinted with two additional books, 1574 and 1575), a work that became hugely influential on the presentation and understanding of the Scottish past throughout the sixteenth century and into the seventeenth. Its style, its deployment of moral exemplars and its sure view of Scottish nationhood ensured its initial circulation in Scotland and beyond (a copy owned by William Cecil, Lord Burghley, is still extant). It underlies the polemical histories of the later sixteenth century, John Leslie'sDe origine, moribus et rebus gestis Scotorum(Rome, 1578) and George Buchanan'sHistoria rerum Scoticarum(Edinburgh, 1582). Its success was reinforced by John Bellenden's English translation, printed around 1540, a major source of Scottish history in Raphael Holinshed'sChronicle, and thus a key text for Shakespeare'sMacbeth.
B
olton,
E
dmund
Authors: Stewart Robin S.
Published: May 2017

Edmund Mary Bolton (1574/75–1634 or after) was a historian, antiquarian, and minor poet best known to contemporary scholars as the author of
Hypercritica
, a critical essay discussing the work of many contemporary writers and historians, and as an advocate for an English ‘academ roial’, an unrealized royal institution that would have been similar to the Académie française.
B
radstreet,
A
nne
Authors: Harris Johanna
Published: May 2017

Interest in Anne Bradstreet (1612/13–1672) has traditionally focused upon her status as a woman writer and early American Puritan poet, yet her literary legacy extends beyond both these categories. Her major poetry publications were
The tenth muse
(1650) and the posthumous
Several poems
(1678), but she also wrote in prose, leaving a collection of further writings known as the Andover manuscripts (‘Andover MSS’, Stevens Memorial Library, North Andover, Massachusetts; now deposited in the Houghton Library, Harvard University). As well as additional poems, these writings include aphorisms for her son, prose meditations on her daily and spiritual life, and an autobiographical legacy in epistolary form to her children. Interest in Bradstreet stretches across several discursive terrains, including her contributions to early modern English political thought and early American philosophy; her views on ecology, natural science, transatlantic travel and expansion, and education; and her discourses on suffering, mourning, and survival. Her writings are deeply influenced by her Calvinist providentialism and the intellectual outlook and literary expression of a transatlantic Puritan culture. In turn, Bradstreet's influence upon modern feminist literary criticism and upon the discourses of English and American Puritanism is well established. Her Prologue to
The tenth muse
is well known and self‐effacing, yet her apology for her poems on the grounds of modest skill and gender are at odds with the outspoken and agile defence of the woman's right to write in the poem's fifth verse:
B
rome,
R
ichard
Authors: Steggle Matthew
Published: May 2017

Richard Brome (c.1590–1652) was one of London's leading playwrights in the reign of Charles I. Brome wrote or co‐wrote 16 surviving plays, all comedies, of which perhaps the best known are
The Antipodes
(1636) and
A joviall crew
(1642). Brome is an early inheritor of Shakespeare, one of the most important and distinctive voices of the 1630s, and one of the most successful of all Renaissance playwrights on the post‐Restoration stage.
B
rowne,
T
homas
Authors: Murphy Kathryn
Published: May 2017

Sir Thomas Browne (1605–82), physician and polymath, wrote on a wide variety of topics in seventeenth‐century natural philosophy, natural history, antiquarianism, philology, and religion. His works are particularly notable for a combination of natural investigations with religious reflection, while his sonorous style has been much admired and imitated.
Browne,William
Authors: Guy‐Bray Stephen
Published: May 2017

William Browne (1590/91–?1645) is considered to be the most important of the Spenserian poets of the first half of the seventeenth century. His major works areBritannia's pastorals, a Christmas masque for the Inner Temple, and a book of eclogues calledThe shepheards pipe;he also wrote some shorter lyric poems as well as a number of elegies.
B
ryan,
F
rancis
Authors: Powell Jason
Published: May 2017

A frequent ambassador for and confidant to Henry VIII, the ‘Vicar of Hell’ Sir Francis Bryan (d.1550) is better known today for his nickname than his verse: his only known extant poem, ‘The proverbs of Salomon’, does little to uphold the reputation granted him by Elizabethans such as Francis Meres, Michael Drayton, and the printer Thomas Thynne (Powell 2009). However, his relationship with Thomas Wyatt, who dedicated his third satire and an epigram to Bryan, and his prose style in letters and in his translation of Antonio de Guevara's
Dispraise of the life of a courtier
(1548) earn him a place in the literary history of the mid‐Tudor court.
Cary,Mary
Authors: Cohen Jason E.
Published: May 2017

Mary Cary (b. 1620/21, active 1645–53) was a radical millenarian author who espoused the beliefs of the Fifth Monarchy movement. Cary is known exclusively through her printed works, particularly her mature tracts,The resurrection of the witnesses; and Englands fall from (the mystical Babylon) Rome(1648), andThe little horns doom & downfall, or a scripture‐prophesie of King James and King Charles, and of this present Parliament unfolded, published withA new and more exact mappe, or description of new Jerusalem's glory(1651). Her 1647 publication,A word in season to the kingdom of England, advocates the political liberty of lay preachers and was sold, as were her later works, in the shop of Giles Calvert, the radical sectarian bookseller. Cary's works after 1650 bear a change of name to Mary Rande, although no further details of her life have been uncovered to date. Cary's extant production ceases after her 1653 appeal to the Barebones Parliament titledTwelve humble proposals to the supreme governours of the three nations, which recommended taxation to alleviate poverty, decried tithing, proposed university funding reforms, and discussed simplified laws and court procedures.
C
haloner,
T
homas
Authors: Crowley Timothy D.
Published: May 2017

Sir Thomas Chaloner, the elder (1521–65), worked within a milieu of Englishmen who adapted to shifting structures for political and religious authority in the mid‐sixteenth century. He studied at Cambridge and by 1538 worked for Henry VIII's secretary Thomas Cromwell. In 1540, he accompanied Henry Knyvet at the imperial diet in Regens‐berg. From there, Chaloner joined the entourage of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for a military venture in 1541 to Algeria, where he experienced shipwreck and, apparently, saved himself by hanging onto a rescue cable with his teeth after he could swim no longer (Blazer 1978). In 1545 he undertook brief diplomatic service in Spain and then became a clerk for the Privy Council. In the first year of Edward VI's reign, Chaloner helped lead England's victory over Scottish forces at the battle of Pinkie on 10 September 1547 and was knighted for that service by Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset and lord protector of England (Miller 1965; Blazer 1978). Another veteran of that battle, William Cecil, who also remained in England under the Marian regime, became a lifelong friend. When Chaloner died on 14 October 1565, he entrusted Cecil with the execution of his will and with the education of his stepson (Miller 1965; Blazer 1978). In 1557/58, Chaloner fought for Mary and Philip in their war with France, and from 1558 until 1565, he served Queen Elizabeth first as special ambassador in Germany and Flanders, then as resident ambassador in Spain.
C
hurchyard,
T
homas
Authors: Oakley‐Brown Liz
Published: May 2017

The name of the Shrewsbury‐born soldier and prolific writer Thomas Churchyard (?1523–?1604) is relatively unknown in the twenty‐first century. Yet from the satire
Davy Dycars dreame
(c.1552) to
Sorrowfull verses made on [the] death of our most soveraigne lady Queen Elizabeth
(1604), his generically diverse range of texts – including a military biography, royal progresses, chorographies, tragedies, translations, epitaphs, and liminary verses – weave their way through Tudor literary culture. Churchyard is invoked in Gabriel Harvey's so‐called ‘Letter book’ (1573–80) and
Pierces supererogation
(1593), and William Webbe's
A discourse of English poetrie
(1586). Edmund Spenser figures the author as ‘old Palemon’ in
Colin Clouts come home againe
(1595), while in
Palladis tamia
(1598) Francis Meres includes Churchyard in his catalogue of writers ‘most passionate among us to bewaile the complexities of love’. The second part of the anonymous university play,
The returne from Pernassus
(c.1601), features a brief discussion of Churchyard and one of his most renowned works, ‘Shore's wife’. Initially published in the 1563 edition of William Baldwin's
A mirrour for magistrates
, the tragic verse focusing on Edward IV's mistress was joined in the 1587 edition by Churchyard's complaint of Thomas Wolsey (Richards 2009).
C
larkson,
L
awrence
Authors: Hessayon Ariel
Published: May 2017

A manual labourer and autodidact turned preacher, polemicist, and sectary, Lawrence (or Laurence) Clarkson (c.1615–67) was the author of nine different printed works issued at London between 1646 and 1660. Born by his account at Preston, Lancashire, he may have been apprenticed and was later described as a tailor. Though his parents conformed to the Church of England's teachings, Clarkson claimed to have dissented by refusing to receive communion kneeling at a railed altar. Instead he took it sitting, administered by sympathetic preachers in the countryside. His youth, moreover, was marked by puritanical devotions: long walks to hear godly ministers, keeping the Sabbath, fasting, private prayer, and memorizing the Authorized (or King James) Version of the Bible. He took the Protestation Oath at Preston in January 1642, but with the outbreak of Civil War went to London. Much of our knowledge of his life comes from his well‐known spiritual autobiography
The lost sheep found
(1660), a colourful, self‐serving and indeed problematic text that should not be taken at face value. Evoking the wanderings of the children of Israel during their journey from Egypt to the promised land of Canaan and written after he had become a Muggletonian, it uses the seven churches of Revelation 2–3 as a type, recounting Clarkson's progress through seven forms of church fellowship: Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Independent, Baptist, Seeker, Ranter, and Muggletonian.
C
olet,
J
ohn
Authors: Lochman Daniel T.
Published: May 2017

Renowned exegete and preacher as well as dean of St Paul's and founder of a restructured St Paul's School, John Colet (1467–1519) adapted Italian philosophy and humanist interests in the will and rhetoric to native English traditions of theology and education. He challenged the Tudor church and society by promoting an ideal Christianity rooted in the assumption that a reformed church should transform the lapsed individual and community and progressively realize a more perfect, more spiritual humanity that reciprocates God's love and action in the world.
C
ollins,
A
n
Authors: Carlson Brooke A.
Published: May 2017

Nothing is known about An Collins beyond her sole work,
Divine songs and meditacions composed by An Collins
, which was published in London by R. Bishop in 1653. Collins is a common surname in early modern England, and the name An was thought to be a variant on Anne, Ann, or Anna, or an article serving in lieu of a name. Critics today agree that the afore‐mentioned An is a woman who was childless and in middle age when the book was sent to the printer. From her childhood on, Collins was ill. Her chronic sickness plays a large part in her turning to God in hopes of overcoming her mental and physical suffering. This same sickness kept her from performing conventional forms of female labour, which led to her writing theological meditation in poetic form.
Commonplace Books
Authors: Hooks Adam G.
Published: May 2017

An indispensable tool for Renaissance readers and writers, the commonplace book was a collection of quotations culled from various authoritative sources and organized under a series of topical headings. The practice of commonplacing served as an aid to memory by building and preserving a storehouse of acquired knowledge and, more importantly, an organizational rubric that allowed that knowledge to be retrieved and reused by the compiler. This practice encouraged an opportunistic form of reading in which texts were mined for lines or passages that possessed some practical, intellectual, or stylistic value. Once the appropriate extracts had been gathered and arranged, they could then be redeployed to support a persuasive argument or to embellish a literary work. Widely available printed commonplace books supplied convenient and efficient access to pre‐selected and approved texts, offering an essential guide for readers attempting to manage the ever increasing quantity of printed material, while manuscript commonplace books kept by individuals reflected their idiosyncratic interests and intentions. A pervasive practice positioned at the intersection of script and print, composition and interpretation, commonplacing was fundamental to the ways in which people made sense of, interacted with, and actively created their textual world.
C
opland,
R
obert
Authors: Ahnert Ruth
Published: May 2017

Robert Copland (
fl
. 1505–47) was active in the printing trade for over 40 years, as translator, printer, editor, and poet. The prologues and envoys he added to his works carefully document Copland's professional life from his ‘fyrst werke’ of translation in 1505. The reliance on these paratexts for biographical details, however, has led to disagreement concerning Copland's birth and early career. Copland's statement prefacing
Kynge Appolyn
, that he was ‘folowynge the trace of my mayster Caxton’, has led some scholars to conclude that Copland was William Caxton's apprentice, meaning a birth date somewhere before 1473. But Copland's reference to ‘my mayster’ may simply signal his respect for this influential forebear. Similarly, Frank Charlton Francis's suggestion (1961) of a northern origin for the printer derives from a beggar's comment to Copland in
The hye way to the spyttell hous
that he is ‘lyke your maystershyp / of the north’.
Crooke,Helkiah
Authors: Lemon Rebecca
Published: May 2017

Helkiah Crooke (1576–1648), a physician, is most famous for hisMikrokosmographia: a description of the body of man(1615), an encyclopedic book of anatomy. The most comprehensive English study of the human body before William Cowper's 1698Anatomy of humane bodies, Mikrokosmographiacreated some controversy upon publication: it was written in English rather than Latin; it offered explicit depictions of human anatomy, including the sexual organs; and it wrestled with competing medical models, namely the ascendant model of clinical anatomy as opposed to the established model of Galenic theory.
D
eloney,
T
homas
Authors: Hentschell Roze
Published: May 2017

One of London's best‐known balladeers in the late sixteenth century, Thomas Deloney (d. c.1600) went on to write four works of prose fiction featuring the lives of English artisans. The date and place of Deloney's birth is not known, though he probably died in London in 1600. He was a yeoman in the Weavers' Company, the London guild that regulated silk textile production. Scholars have speculated that Deloney may have been born in the mid‐sixteenth century in Norwich, where Flemish and French Protestant refugees had settled; Deloney's surname appears to be of French origin, and many of the European immigrants in Norwich participated in the silk‐weaving trade, which would become Deloney's profession. His first known ballad (1586) was published in Norwich, indicating a possible connection to the city. Ultimately, however, there is no hard evidence that he was born there. By 1586, Deloney is known to have been living in London. Parish records from St Giles, Cripplegate, indicate the October birth of a son to ‘Thomas Delonie silkweaver’. While there is no record of grammar school attendance, Deloney's earliest publication demonstrates that he received some formal education.
A declaration made by the archbishop of Collen upon the deede of his mariage
(1583) is a translation from Latin of the archbishop of Cologne's defence of his plan to marry. Deloney's version, published as a pamphlet, includes Pope Gregory's reply and the archbishop's response. Dedicated to the bishop of London, Deloney's text indicates a strong Protestant leaning.
E
dwards,
R
ichard
Authors: Richards Jennifer
Published: May 2017

The Somerset‐born Richard Edwards (1524–66) matriculated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1540. Four years later, he graduated BA and was elected a probationer fellow at Corpus Christi. From 1546 he was a lecturer in logic at Christ Church. Edwards's career extended beyond the precincts of the university when he became a gentleman of the Chapel Royal in 1553 and was subsequently appointed master of the children of the chapel in 1561. He was now placed at the heart of university and court life. (He was also admitted as honorary fellow to Lincoln's Inn two years before his death in 1566.) Edwards probably devised many court masques and tournaments and was involved in the preparations for the queen's progress to Oxford University in 1566 (King 2001). But it is as a poet and playwright that he is best known. He is the compiler of
The paradyse of daynty devises
(1576), a miscellaneous collection of poems by different hands, to which he contributed 10 poems.
Paradyse
, Ros King (2001) claims, was ‘perhaps the most successful of all the Elizabethan printed anthologies’; it was reprinted with new poems in 1577, 1578, 1580, 1585, 1590, 1596, 1600, and 1606.
H
ales,
J
ohn
Authors: Richards Jennifer
Published: May 2017

John Hales (?1516–72), administrator and translator, was born in Kent and brought up in the household of his uncle, Christopher Hales. Believing that this situation offered few opportunities and little profit, he appealed to Henry VIII's principal minister Thomas Cromwell for a more rewarding office and by 1535 he had joined Cromwell's service (Schurink 2008). For the next four decades, Hales took on many different public roles, surviving Cromwell's dramatic fall in 1540. He became keeper of the writs, clerk of the new court of first fruits and tenths, and clerk of the hanaper (Lowe 2004). In 1547 he was appointed justice of the peace for Middlesex and Warwickshire and the following year he became member of parliament for Preston, Lancashire. At this time, he also joined the commission on enclosure and brought in three bills in parliament against this practice. He was sent to (and freed from) the Tower of London twice: first in 1549, after being wrongly accused of inciting rebellion; then again in 1565, after he unwisely wrote in support of the claim of the Suffolk branch to the throne (Lowe 2004).
H
all,
J
oseph
Authors: Houston Chloë
Published: May 2017

The earliest works of Joseph Hall (1574–1656), later bishop of Exeter and Norwich, would seem to point towards a literary career. As a scholar and fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, he published two volumes of verse satires (
Virgidemiarum six bookes
, 1597–98), wrote the Latin prose narrative
Mundus alter et idem
(1605), and was probably involved with the ‘Parnassus plays’ produced around 1598–1601.
Mundus alter
, or ‘Another world and yet the same’, claimed to be the work of ‘Mercurius Britannicus’ and to have been printed in Frankfurt. A satirical utopia, it charted Mercurius's travels through unknown southernlands: Crapulia, populated by gluttons; Viraginia, a gynaecocracy; Moronia, where only fools can survive; and Lavernia, a land of thieves. The text, probably written at a similar time to the publication of
Virgidemiarum
, was put through the press by William Knight who ironically suggested that the places encountered by Mercurius were ‘the true and living ideal of the world in which we dwell’ (Wands 1981). The text, which went through several European editions, was translated into English as
The discovery of a new world
by John Healey in 1609 and is considered an important contribution to seventeenth‐century utopian fiction.
Harley,Brilliana
Authors: Harris Johanna
Published: May 2017

Lady Brilliana Harley (1598–1643) is largely known as a prolific letter‐writer. She is the author of nearly 400 extant letters, dating between 1622 and 1643 – an astonishingly large surviving corpus compared to many well‐known sixteenth‐ and early seventeenth‐century women writers – as well as a commonplace book, begun in 1622, and a book of ‘devout Meditations’, dated to 1628. These surviving manuscripts display Harley's intellectual character, with her pen keenly on the pulse of the literary, political, theological, and cultural controversies of early Stuart England. They provide valuable access to her intelligent and dynamic character, to the spirited role she played in religious and political negotiation in Herefordshire, and testify to the remarkable bravery and leadership she displayed in defence of Brampton Bryan castle during two sieges, in the summer and autumn of 1643. She died on 29 October, ‘of a greate coold’.
H
arvey,
G
abriel
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: May 2017

Gabriel Harvey (1552/53–1631) was one of the most significant intellectual figures in late Elizabethan England, who helped transform the state of English public culture. Yet he is known to most readers not familiar with his work as a pompous and foolish pedant who was trounced in a pamphlet war by the more brilliant and exciting Thomas Nashe. Like Thomas Shadwell, who was successfully lampooned by John Dryden, and Lewis Theobald, who fell foul of Alexander Pope, Harvey seems doomed to languish as a figure remembered only as the butt of literary jokes. Yet his achievements are manifold. He was instrumental in transforming the role of the scholar, arguing that intellectuals should play a more vital and public role than was generally assumed; he wrote a series of important works on rhetoric and oratory demonstrating the need to frame an argument carefully and showing how an individual could make a case successfully; he was a charismatic teacher at Cambridge, where he assumed a variety of roles including university lecturer in Greek; he was a poet in English and Latin of some distinction; he was instrumental in facilitating the rise of Edmund Spenser, the most important non‐dramatic poet of the English Renaissance; he left behind a significant library, among the largest and most complete of its time, of annotated volumes, which tell us a great deal about how scholars lived and worked in Elizabethan England; and, he fought a bitter and protracted pamphlet war with Thomas Nashe, which ended his publishing career after the Bishops’ Ban of 1599.
H
arvey,
R
ichard
Authors: Swain David
Published: May 2017

Richard Harvey (1560–1630) was a polemical writer and astrologer best known for a controversial astrological work predicting apocalyptic upheaval in 1583 and for instigating a feud between his elder brother, Gabriel, and the satirist Thomas Nashe. Born in Saffron Walden in Essex and baptized on 15 April 1560, Harvey was the second son of John Harvey, a prosperous rope‐maker, and his wife, Alice. Like Gabriel and his younger brother, John, Richard was educated at the local grammar school and went to Cambridge, where he matriculated as a pensioner at Pembroke College in 1575, taking his BA in 1578 and MA in 1581. Harvey was elected a fellow and appointed to a university lectureship in philosophy, but left Cambridge in 1586 to become rector of Chislehurst in Kent, where he ministered until his death in 1630.