bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mycoplasma pneumoniae MPN229 gene encodes a protein that selectively binds single-stranded DNA and stimulates Recombinase A-mediated DNA strand exchange
Authors: Sluijter Marcel , Hoogenboezem Theo , Hartwig Nico G , Vink Cornelis
Published: October 2008

Background

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has previously been characterized as a micro-organism that is genetically highly stable. In spite of this genetic stability, homologous DNA recombination has been hypothesized to lie at the basis of antigenic variation of the major surface protein, P1, of M. pneumoniae. In order to identify the proteins that may be involved in homologous DNA recombination in M. pneumoniae, we set out to characterize the MPN229 open reading frame (ORF), which bears sequence similarity to the gene encoding the single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB) protein of other micro-organisms.

Results

The MPN229 ORF has the capacity to encode a 166-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 18.4 kDa. The amino acid sequence of this protein (Mpn SSB) is most closely related to that of the protein predicted to be encoded by the MG091 gene from Mycoplasma genitalium (61% identity). The MPN229 ORF was cloned, and different versions of Mpn SSB were expressed in E. coli and purified to > 95% homogeneity. The purified protein was found to exist primarily as a homo-tetramer in solution, and to strongly and selectively bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a divalent cation- and DNA substrate sequence-independent manner. Mpn SSB was found to bind with a higher affinity to ssDNA substrates larger than 20 nucleotides than to smaller substrates. In addition, the protein strongly stimulated E. coli Recombinase A (RecA)-promoted DNA strand exchange, which indicated that Mpn SSB may play an important role in DNA recombination processes in M. pneumoniae.

Conclusion

The M. pneumoniae MPN229 gene encodes a protein, Mpn SSB, which selectively and efficiently binds ssDNA, and stimulates E. coli RecA-promoted homologous DNA recombination. Consequently, the Mpn SSB protein may play a crucial role in DNA recombinatorial pathways in M. pneumoniae. The results from this study will pave the way for unraveling these pathways and assess their role in antigenic variation of M. pneumoniae.
Rapid progression of traumatic bifrontal contusions to transtentorial herniation: A case report
Authors: Rehman Tausif , Ali Rushna , Tawil Isaac , Yonas Howard
Published: October 2008

We report a case of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury in which ICP monitoring or quantitative cerebral perfusion data may have allowed earlier recognition of impending herniation, avoidance of a secondary insult, and ultimately resulted in a better outcome, even though the patient did not meet the standard guidelines of the Brain Trauma Foundation. A thirty-five year old male who presented with traumatic bifrontal contusions and GCS of fourteen and twelve hours later progressed rapidly to having dilated pupils and transtentorial/central herniation over the course of fifteen minutes. The patient was taken emergently for a bifrontal craniectomy. Post operatively he had an acute infarct in the posterolateral left temporal lobe with expected evolution of parenchymal contusions as well as infarcts in the splenium of the corpus callosum, left thalamus and medial right occipital lobe. This case signifies an exception from the guidelines submitted by the Brain Trauma Foundation for intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with severe brain injury.

We also point out previous reports which state that in such a patient a more sensitive test for detection would perhaps be quantitative blood flow monitoring, and may have led to a better outcome. We recommend using intracranial pressure monitoring or blood flow measurements to trend patients with bifrontal intraparenchymal contusions and GCS greater than eight to prevent clinically undetected deterioration from transtentorial/central herniation.
Acute hepatic failure due to dengue: A case report
Authors: Giri Subhash , Agarwal Mukul P , Sharma Vishal , Singh Ankur
Published: October 2008

Dengue is an arboviral disease endemic in many parts of the world. Although it is known to cause hepatic involvement commonly, it only occasionally results in acute hepatic failure. We present the case of a young male who developed acute hepatic failure due to dengue. The differentials and the management is discussed.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Antagonizes Renal Interstitial Fibrosis by Promoting Catabolism of Type I Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptors
Authors: Yang Yu-Lin , Liu Yi-Shiuan , Chuang Lea-Yea , Guh Jinn-Yuh , Lee Tao-Chen , Liao Tung-Nan , Hung Min-Yuan , Chiang Tai-An
Published: October 2008

TGF-β is a therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. Scientists have long sought ways to antagonize TGF-β to ameliorate diabetic nephropathy. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and is highly regulated in the kidney. Thus, the role of BMP-2 was investigated in NRK-49F cells (rat fibroblasts). We showed that TGF-β1 induces an increase in fibronectin. Treatment with exogenous BMP-2 or pCMV-BMP-2 significantly reversed the TGF-β1-induced increase in fibronectin concomitant with a significant decrease in type I TGF-β receptors (TGF-β RI). Moreover, BMP-2 significantly shortened the half-life of TGF-β RI. These results are related to proteosomal activation because MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, abolished BMP-2-mediated degradation of TGF-β RI. This was confirmed because BMP-2 time course dependently enhanced the ubiquitination level of TGF-β RI. In addition, Smads would seem to be involved in the interaction of BMP-2 and TGF-β. We demonstrated that BMP-2 significantly reversed the TGF-β1-induced increase in pSmad2/3 and reversed the TGF-β1-induced decrease in inhibitory Smad7. Most importantly, Smad7 small interfering RNA abolished the BMP-2-induced decrease in TGF-β RI. We evaluated the clinical efficacy of BMP-2 using unilateral ureteral obstruction rats. BMP-2 was administered ip for 7 d. In the unilateral ureteral obstruction kidneys, interstitial fibrosis was prominent. However, treatment with BMP-2 dramatically reduced Masson’s trichrome staining (collagen) in the interstitial and tubular areas of the kidneys concomitantly with a reduction in TGF-β RI. These results suggest that BMP-2 acts as a novel fibrosis antagonizing cytokine partly by down-regulating TGF-β RI and Smads.

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 can antagonize TGF-β-inducing cellular fibrosis by intervening post-receptors signaling, thus disclosing an application of therapeutical potential against fibrosis disorders.
Expression of Scavenger Receptor-BI and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Differential Use of Lipoproteins to Support Early Steroidogenesis in Luteinizing Macaque Granulosa Cells
Authors: Cherian-Shaw Mary , Puttabyatappa Muraly , Greason Erin , Rodriguez Annabelle , VandeVoort Catherine A. , Chaffin Charles L.
Published: October 2008

An ovulatory hCG stimulus to rhesus macaques undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation protocols results in a rapid and sustained increase in progesterone synthesis. The use of lipoproteins as a substrate for progesterone synthesis remains unclear, and the expression of lipoprotein receptors [very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI)] soon after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (<12 h) has not been characterized. This study investigated lipoprotein receptor expression and lipoprotein (VLDL, LDL, and HDL) support of steroidogenesis during luteinization of macaque granulosa cells. Granulosa cells were aspirated from rhesus monkeys undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation before or up to 24 h after an ovulatory hCG stimulus. The expression of VLDLR decreased within 3 h of hCG, whereas LDLR and SR-BI increased at 3 and 12 h, respectively. Granulosa cells isolated before hCG were cultured for 24 h in the presence of FSH or FSH plus hCG with or without VLDL, LDL, or HDL. Progesterone levels increased in the presence of hCG regardless of lipoprotein addition, although LDL, but not HDL, further augmented hCG-induced progesterone. Other cells were cultured with FSH or FSH plus hCG without an exogenous source of lipoprotein for 24 h, followed by an additional 24 h culture with or without lipoproteins. Cells treated with hCG in the absence of any lipoprotein were unable to maintain progesterone levels through 48 h, whereas LDL (but not HDL) sustained progesterone synthesis. These data suggest that an ovulatory stimulus rapidly mobilizes stored cholesterol esters for use as a progesterone substrate and that as these are depleted, new cholesterol esters are obtained through an LDLR- and/or SR-BI-mediated mechanism.

An ovulatory stimulus to primate granulosa cells increases the expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and scavenger receptor class B, type I, while LDL serves as the primary substrate for progesterone synthesis.
Estrogen Receptor-α Mediates the Epidermal Growth Factor-Stimulated Prolactin Expression and Release in Lactotrophs
Authors: Ben-Jonathan Nira , Chen Shenglin , Dunckley Joseph A. , LaPensee Christopher , Kansra Sanjay
Published: October 2008

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent regulator of cell function in many cell types. EGF-receptor (EGFR/ErbB1)-activated Erk1/2 has been reported to activate estrogen receptor (ER) in an estrogen (E2)-independent manner. In the pituitary lactotrophs, both EGF and E2 stimulate prolactin (PRL) release, but the nature of interactions between ErbB and ERα signaling is unknown. Our objectives were to 1) characterize EGF-induced PRL release, 2) determine whether this effect requires ERα, and 3) determine the molecular basis for cross talk between ErbB and ERα signaling pathways. Using GH3 cells, a rat lactotroph cell line, we report that EGF stimulates PRL gene expression and release in a dose- and time-dependent manner. EGF caused a rapid and robust activation of Erk1/2 via ErbB1 and induced phosphorylation of S118 on ERα in an Erk1/2-dependent manner. The global antiestrogen ICI 182780 and the ERα-specific antagonist 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylet hoxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride (MPP), but not the ERβ-specific antagonist 4-[2-Phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl) pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP), blocked the EGF-induced PRL release, indicating an ERα requirement. This was further supported by using ERα knockdown by small interfering RNA. Because the antiestrogens did not block EGF-induced Mek-1 or Erk1/2 phosphorylation, ERα is placed downstream from the ErbB1-activated Erk1/2. These results provide the first evidence that ErbB1-induced PRL release is ERα dependent.

Epidermal growth factor-stimulated prolactin release in lactotrophs is dependent upon estrogen receptor α.
Inactivation of the Human Vitamin D Receptor by Caspase-3
Authors: Malloy Peter J. , Feldman David
Published: October 2008

Calcitriol actions are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear transcription factor of the steroid-retinoid-thyroid nuclear receptor gene superfamily. Calcitriol inhibits the growth of many cells including cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest. In some cancer cell lines, calcitriol also induces apoptosis. In the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line, induction of apoptosis and caspase-3/7 activities by staurosporine (STS) abolished [3H]1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 binding and VDR protein, suggesting that the VDR may be targeted for inactivation by caspases during apoptosis. A potential caspase-3 site (D195MMD198S) was identified in the human VDR ligand-binding domain. Mutations D195A, D198A, and S199A were generated in the putative capase-3 cleavage site. In transfected COS-7 cells, STS treatment resulted in the cleavage of the wild-type (WT) VDR and S199A mutant VDR but not the D195A or D198A mutants. In in vitro assays, the WT VDR and S199A mutant VDR were cleaved by caspase-3, although the D195A and D198A mutants were resistant to caspase-3. In vitro, the WT VDR was also cleaved by caspase-6 and caspase-7 and in extracts of STS-treated LNCaP cells. In STS-treated LNCaP cells and human skin fibroblasts, the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 protected the VDR caspase cleavage fragment from further degradation by the 26S proteasome. The rat VDR that does not contain the caspase-3 cleavage site was not cleaved in STS-treated COS-7 cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the human VDR is a target of caspase-3 and suggest that activation of caspase-3 may limit VDR activity.

The vitamin D receptor contains a caspase-3 cleavage site in the ligand-binding domain that can be cleaved by caspase-3 in vitro and in intact cells.
Decreased Oocyte-Granulosa Cell Gap Junction Communication and Connexin Expression in a Type 1 Diabetic Mouse Model
Authors: Ratchford Ann M. , Esguerra Cybill R. , Moley Kelle H.
Published: October 2008

In women, type 1 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of poor prenatal outcomes such as congenital anomalies and early miscarriage. In murine models of type 1 diabetes, impaired oocyte meiotic maturation, abnormal oocyte metabolism, and increased granulosa cell apoptosis have been noted. because gap junction communication is critical for the regulation of oocyte growth and meiotic maturation, we investigated the level of communication between the oocyte and surrounding cumulus cells in a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic B6SJL/F1 mouse model and the expression of gap junction proteins known as connexins. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analyses of cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes (CEOs) from diabetic mice showed a 60% decrease in communication as compared with CEOs from nondiabetic mice. Real-time RT-PCR analyses confirmed the presence of Cx26, Cx37, and Cx57 mRNA and revealed a significant decrease in Cx37 mRNA expression in oocytes from diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic mice. Western analyses detected Cx26 expression in CEO but not denuded oocyte (DO) samples, and Cx37 in DO samples. Cx26 protein levels were decreased by 78% in CEOs from diabetic mice, and Cx37 protein levels were decreased 36% in DOs from diabetic mice. This decrease in connexin expression and gap junction communication in CEOs from diabetic mice may be responsible for the impaired oocyte meiotic maturation and poor pregnancy outcomes.
Civilian Abdominal Gunshot Wounds in Durban, South Africa: A Prospective Study of 78 Cases
Authors: Chamisa Inchien
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION

Violence has become part and parcel of the daily routine of living in South Africa. This prospective study of 78 patients who sustained abdominal gunshot wounds was undertaken to evaluate the pattern of injuries, treatment outcome and the role of selective conservative management.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

All patients with abdominal gunshot wounds admitted into the accident and emergency department of Prince Mshyeni Memorial Hospital (PMMH) between January 2005 and June 2005 were included in this prospective study. Case notes were reviewed and data entered on a standard proforma by a single observer (IC).

RESULTS

A total of 78 patients who sustained abdominal gunshot wounds were included in the study. There were 68 males and 10 females with an age range of 16–60 years (median age, 25 years). Of these, 59 (76%) underwent emergency laparotomy and 19 (24%) were initially observed. Two patients in the observed group needed a delayed laparotomy, both with positive findings. Fifty-five (71%) patients had one entrance wound each and 23 (29%) had multiple entrance wounds. Forty-one (53%) patients had exit wounds and in 37 (47%) the bullet remained lodged in the body. The entrance wounds were in anterior abdominal wall in 50 patients, posterior trunk in 13, gluteal region in 11 and thorax in 4 patients, respectively. Twelve patients died, all from the emergency laparotomy group. There were two negative laparotomies from the laparotomy group.

CONCLUSIONS

Management of gunshot wounds is expensive and requires a variety of surgical skills. We recommend that a national database to which all gunshot wounds must be reported is required in order to assess the magnitude of the problem nationally as well as funding of research in injury control. This study along with many others shows that selective conservative management is feasible without the use of expensive investigations.
Management of Gingivobuccal Complex Cancer
Authors: Misra Sanjeev , Chaturvedi Arun , Misra NC
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity ranks as the 12th most common cancer in the world and the 8th most frequent in males. It accounts for up to one-third of all tobacco-related cancers in India. Cancer of the gingivobuccal complex is especially common in Indians due to their tobacco habits. This review focuses on the management of lower gingivobuccal complex cancers.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

References for this review were identified by search of Medline and other bibliographic information available in the PubMed database. The search terms carcinoma oral cavity, and cancer oral cavity, buccal mucosa, gingiva, gingivobuccal complex, and alveolus cancer/carcinoma were used. References from relevant articles and abstracts from international conferences were also included. Only articles published in the English language were used.

RESULTS

Treatment of gingivobuccal complex cancer is primarily surgical. Radical neck dissection, or its modification, is the standard treatment for the node-positive neck. Supraomohyoid neck dissection is the accepted treatment for the node-negative neck. Radiotherapy is usually not the preferred modality of treatment for early gingivobuccal complex cancer. It is used either as postoperative adjuvant treatment or as definitive treatment for advanced cancer with or witihout chemotherapy. Chemotherapy has been used as neo-adjuvant, adjuvant or palliative treatment. Advanced cancers are common and continue to pose a challenge to the multidisciplinary team.

CONCLUSIONS

Gingivobuccal complex cancer remains a major public health problem despite being highly preventable and easily detectable. Advanced cancers constitute a major proportion of patients presenting for treatment. These patients are difficult to treat and have a poor outcome.
Assessment of Magnification of Digital Pelvic Radiographs in Total Hip Arthroplasty Using Templating Software
Authors: White SP , Bainbridge J , Smith EJ
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION

Templating of pelvic radiographs traditionally involved using implant-company provided acetates which assumed a magnification of 115–120%. With the introduction of digital imaging, many departments are becoming filmless. Templating software has been designed to allow on-screen templating of digital images. Knowledge of the true magnification of the image is required for accurate measurement.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Fifty consecutive postoperative pelvic radiographs were analysed using templating software. The implanted component was measured using an assumed magnification factor of 115%. The template image was then reset to the known component size, and the magnification factor was adjusted until the template covered the true component.

RESULTS

An assumed magnification factor of 115% oversized the acetabular component by a mean of 6 mm (three component sizes) in all 50 components. The mean true magnification in our department was 127%.

CONCLUSIONS

Validation of the true magnification produced by a radiology department using templating software is a simple and reproducible technique. It is recommended to all departments using digital images and templating software. Assumption of a magnification factor of 115% risks oversizing components by 6mm.
From Small Acorns – Developing a Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgical Service
Authors: Smith JK , Acheson AG , Simpson JAD , Stewart J , Beckingham IJ , Gornall CB , Williams JP , Robinson MH , Maxwell-Armstrong CA
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION

Randomised controlled trials have shown that laparoscopic colorectal surgery is equal in terms of safety to open surgery. Benefits have been seen for length of stay, blood loss, immune suppression and analgesia requirements. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of introducing laparoscopic colorectal surgery to our unit.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Prospectively collected cases of all patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery between July 2003 and July 2007 were reviewed.

RESULTS

A total of 143 patients (75 males and 68 females) with amean age of 65.8 years (range, 21–95 years) underwent surgery. Laparoscopic resection for colorectal malignancy was performed in 93 patients (65%). The conversion rate for all cases was 14.7%. Mean operative time was 203 min (range, 100–400 min), with amean blood loss of 180 ml. The mean number of lymph nodes in malignant cases was 13.8 with clear resection margin in all but one case. The mean postoperative stay was 5.6 days (median, 4 days; range, 2–35 days). UKCCR standard for lymph node retrieval was achieved in 62.6% of cases. There were four postoperative deaths. The overall 30-day morbidity rate was 21.7%. The service is consultant-led with 9.8% of cases performed by senior trainees and 37% of procedures performed by two consultants.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery is technically feasible and safe in our hands. Although operative time is longer, this is counterbalanced by shorter hospital stay. The results from this series support the findings of others and continuing development of this service.
The Cost of Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Comparison with National Tariff
Authors: Hearnden Anthony , Tennent Duncan
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION

‘Payment by results’ was introduced with the aim of providing each trust with a transparent and fair remuneration for the work done. Hospitals are paid a tariff for each Healthcare Resource Group (HRG). The tariff is calculated at a national level, by means of a complex manipulation of historic financial data. However, the financial viability of a hospital relies on these payments and so accuracy is vital.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a cost analysis of shoulder arthroscopic procedures carried out at an elective orthopaedic unit. This unit is self contained and well audited, providing an unique opportunity to make a more accurate cost analysis. We calculated the cost of the facility, consumables/implants, anaesthetics and staff pay. This was then compared with the amount paid to the trust.

RESULTS

All arthroscopic operations performed at our institution attract a tariff of £1780. Our cost of a subacromial decompression was £1307, a profit of £473. A rotator cuff repair was £2672, a loss of £892.

CONCLUSIONS

The tariff is inaccurate. The arthroscopic HRG is too general and fails to address the extra time and expense of equipment some procedures utilise. We found cost was very sensitive to length of operation. Delays and even teaching can make a ‘profitable operation’ lose money for the trust.
Whose Appendicectomy? – Do Laparoscopic Appendicectomies Impair SHO Training?
Authors: Owais Anwar E , Wilson Timothy R , Sethi Neeraj , Aldoori Munther I
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION

Open appendicectomy is an ideal procedure for junior surgical trainees to develop operative skills. However, in recent years, we have noticed a decline in the number of appendicectomies performed by basic surgical trainees and a shift towards increasing use of laparoscopic appendicectomy. The aim of this study was to determine whether the growing popularity of laparoscopic appendicectomy is having a detrimental impact on the training experience of SHOs.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We undertook a retrospective review of all cases of appendicectomies performed in one district hospital over a 7-year period (August 1999 to August 2006.) A standard performa was used to extract data from the original case notes of these patients relating to the operating surgeon and technique.

RESULTS

Data were obtained for 857 appendicectomies. Between February 2002 and July 2003, there was asignificant decline in the proportion of appendicectomies performed by SHOs from 78.7% to 29.3% (P < 0.001). Either side of this decline there were no significant changes in the proportion of SHO appendicectomies. The number of appendicectomies performed laparoscopically only began to rise after February 2004, with ayear-on-year increase. The number of appendicectomies performed by SHOs remained stable during this time. No laparoscopic appendicectomy was performed by an SHO.

CONCLUSIONS

We found no evidence that the popularisation of laparoscopic appendicectomy has contributedtothe decline of appendicectomies performed by SHOs. Nevertheless, with the continual rise in popularity of this procedure, it is important to balance training opportunities for both junior and higher surgical trainees.
Treatment of Varicose Veins: The Present and the Future – A Questionnaire Survey
Authors: Winterborn RJ , Corbett CRR
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION

The treatment options for varicose veins have increased over the last few years. Despite alack of randomised trials comparing the various modalities, many surgeons are changing their practice. The aim of this study was to assess the current practice of surgeons in Great Britain and Ireland.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A postal questionnaire survey was sent to surgical members of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland and the Venous Forum of The Royal Society of Medicine. Of 561 questionnaires sent, 349 were returned completed (62%).

RESULTS

The types of varicose vein treatments offered by each surgeon varied widely in both NHS and private practice. The vast majority (96%) offered conventional surgery (CS) on the NHS. Foam sclerotherapy (FS) endovenous laser (EVL) and radiofrequency ablation (RF) were more likely to be offered in private practice than in NHS practice. Overall, 38% of respondents for NHS practice and 45% of respondents for private practice offered two or more modalities. Of the respondents who were not yet performing FS, EVL, or RF, 19% were considering or had undertaken training in FS, 26% in EVL and 9% in RF. When asked to consider future practice, 70% surgeons felt that surgery would remain the most commonly used treatment. This was followed by FS (17%), EVL (11%) and RF (2%).

CONCLUSIONS

Over one-third of respondents are now offering more than one treatment modality for the treatment of varicose veins. Whilst there is movement towards endovascular treatments, the problem of cost has yet to be solved. At present, surgery remains the most popular modality in both the NHS and private practice; however, improved outcomes and patient preference may lead to a change in practice.
Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein: A New Biomarker for Infectious Endocarditis?
Authors: Vollmer Tanja , Piper Cornelia , Kleesiek Knut , Dreier Jens
Published: October 2008

Background: Infectious endocarditis (IE) is a bacterial infection of the endocardium. Diagnosis is based on results obtained from echocardiography, blood cultures, and molecular genetic screening for bacteria and on data for inflammatory markers such as the leukocyte (WBC) count and the C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) as a supportive biomarker for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of IE.

Methods: We measured LBP and CRP concentrations and WBC counts in 57 IE patients at hospital admission, 40 patients with noninfectious heart valve diseases (HVDs), and 55 healthy blood donors. The progression of these 3 markers and the influence of cardiac surgery on them were evaluated in 29 IE patients and 21 control patients.

Results: Serum LBP concentrations were significantly higher in IE patients [mean (SD), 33.41 (32.10) mg/L] compared with HVD patients [6.67 (1.82) mg/L, P < 0.0001] and healthy control individuals [5.61 (1.20) mg/L]. The progression in the LBP concentration during therapy of IE patients correlated with the changes in the CRP concentration. The 2 markers were equally influenced by antibiotic treatment and surgical intervention.

Conclusions: Serial LBP measurement may provide an effective and useful tool for evaluating the response to therapy in IE patients. We found a strong correlation between LBP and CRP concentrations; LBP has a tendency to increase earlier in cases of reinfection.
Association of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Mass and Activity with Coronary and Aortic Atherosclerosis: Findings from the Dallas Heart Study
Authors: Brilakis Emmanouil S , Khera Amit , Saeed Bilal , Banerjee Subhash , McGuire Darren K , Murphy Sabina A , de Lemos James A
Published: October 2008

Background: Our aim was to characterize the association of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in a large population-based study.

Methods: Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were measured in 2171 subjects 30–65 years old participating in the Dallas Heart Study. We examined the association of Lp-PLA2 levels with 3 atherosclerosis phenotypes: coronary artery calcium (CAC) measured by electron-beam computed tomography and abdominal aortic plaque (AAP) and aortic wall thickness (AWT) measured by magnetic resonance imaging.

Results: CAC and AAP were detected in 21% and 40% of subjects, respectively, and mean AWT (SD) was 1.70 (0.32) mm. In univariable analyses, Lp-PLA2 mass (but not activity) was higher in both men (P = 0.04) and women (P = 0.02) with detectable CAC. Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were higher (P = 0.004 and P = 0.01, respectively) and AWT was greater (P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively) in women with aortic atheroma, but not in men. After adjustment for traditional atherosclerosis risk factors and C-reactive protein concentrations, Lp-PLA2 mass and activity were not associated with AAP or AWT in either sex, but Lp-PLA2 mass remained modestly associated with detectable CAC only in men (odds ratio 1.20 per 1 standard deviation increase, 95% CI 1.01–1.42, P = 0.04).

Conclusions: Although Lp-PLA2 mass was independently associated with CAC in men, it was not associated with AAP or AWT in men or with any of the atherosclerosis phenotypes in women. These findings suggest that if Lp-PLA2 independently influences clinical events, it does so by promoting atherosclerotic plaque instability rather than by stimulating atherogenesis.
New Spain and the 1808 Crisis of the Spanish Monarchy
Authors: Rodríguez O. Jaime E.
Published: October 2008

This article examines New Spain's reaction to the 1808 crisis of the Spanish Monarchy. It considers the proposal of the Ayuntamiento of Mexico to establish a congress of cities, the reaction of some peninsulares, the juntas generales, and the golpe de Estado of 1808. Although the Americans expressed loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy while insisting on their rights, many Europeans considered their actions as little better than treason. These peninsulares also feared that Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, whom they believed to be corrupt, sought to separate New Spain from the composite Spanish Monarchy and make himself king. The article demonstrates that the Americans desired home rule not independence. They viewed themselves as loyal citizens who were responding to an extraordinary threat to the Monarchy. The Americans and their European allies, including Viceroy Iturrigaray, based their arguments for a congress of cities on traditional Hispanic political principles. It also demonstrates that, despite the accusations made by his enemies, Viceroy Iturrigaray was neither a traitor nor corrupt.

Este artículo examina la reacción de la Nueva España frente a la crisis de la Monarquía española en 1808. Se considera la propuesta del Ayuntamiento de México de establecer un congreso de ciudades, la reacción de algunos peninsulares, las juntas generales, y el golpe de Estado de 1808. Aunque los americanos expresaran lealtad a la Monarquía española insistiendo en sus derechos, muchos europeos consideraron sus acciones como una traición. Estos peninsulares también temieron que el Virrey José de Iturrigaray, que ellos creyeron que era corrupto, procurara separar a la Nueva España de la Monarquía española y autonombrarse rey. El artículo demuestra que los americanos deseaban autonomía y no independencia. Ellos se veían a sí mismos como ciudadanos leales que respondían a una amenaza extraordinaria contra la Monarquía. Los americanos y sus aliados europeos, incluso el Virrey Iturrigaray, basaron sus argumentos para un congreso de ciudades en principios políticos hispanos tradicionales. También se demuestra que, a pesar de las acusaciones hechas por sus enemigos, el Virrey Iturrigaray no era ni traidor ni corrupto.
Decreased lipin 1β expression in visceral adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Mlinar Barbara , Pfeifer Marija , Vrtačnik-Bokal Eda , Jensterle Mojca , Marc Janja
Published: October 2008

Objective

In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), insulin resistance (IR) appears with high prevalence and represents the major cause of cardiometabolic complications. Lipin 1β regulates lipid metabolism and augments insulin sensitivity. The impact of lipin 1β expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue of PCOS patients on IR was studied for the first time.

Methods

Eighty-five PCOS patients and 44 controls were enrolled for subcutaneous tissue biopsy, of whom 25 patients and 30 controls also underwent visceral adipose tissue biopsy. Gene expression of lipin 1β was measured, together with that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, lipoprotein lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase, adiponectin and glucose transporter 4 in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Markers of obesity, IR and PCOS were also measured.

Results

In PCOS patients, lipin 1β expression in both adipose depots was lower than in controls: 0.76 (0.67–0.84) vs 1.16 (0.90–1.43) for visceral and 0.91 (0.73–1.10) vs 1.30 (1.03–1.57) for s.c. depot (both P<10−4). The difference remained significant after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and also when comparing only lean patients with lean controls. In PCOS patients, visceral adipose lipin 1β expression correlated negatively with homeostasis model assessment–IR (r=−0.474, P=0.017), BMI (r=−0.511, P=0.009) and waist circumference (r=−0.473, P=0.017), waist circumference remaining significant (P=0.027) in multiple regression. Subcutaneous lipin 1β expression in PCOS correlated negatively with BMI, waist circumference and plasma triglycerides, and positively with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Subcutaneous, but not visceral lipin 1β expression, correlated positively with the studied genes.

Conclusions

Lipin 1β appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of IR in PCOS.
Treatment of Wastewater of Navy Blue-3G by Electrocoagulation
Authors: Murthy Z.V.P. , Raina Anant
Published: October 2008

Electrocoagulation (EC) has been used to treat a wide variety of wastewaters, including textile, dye, electroplating, chemical mechanical polishing wastewaters, etc. Excessive coagulant material may be avoided by electrocoagulation. The contaminants present in wastewaters are maintained in solution by electrical charges. The metal ions of opposite electric charge, provided by an electrocoagulation system, may become unstable and precipitate in a form that is usually very stable. In the present work, the decolorization of navy blue-3G from synthetic wastewaters by an electrocoagulation method has been studied. In the EC of navy blue-3G, the effect of the initial concentration of dye, type of electrode, voltage, pH, turbidity and time on the efficiency of EC process are tested. The experimental results revealed that the color of navy blue-3G in an aqueous phase is effectively removed up to 95% and 93% with aluminum and iron electrodes, respectively.
Quashing the Financial Firestorm
Authors: Edlin Aaron S.
Published: October 2008

Aaron Edlin recommends starting the rescue with containment --- unlimited deposit insurance and continuous access to funds --- and then moving to a well thought out plan to quash the financial flames.
Vessel Shrinkage as a Sign of Atherosclerosis Progression in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jiménez-Quevedo Pilar , Suzuki Nobuaki , Corros Cecilia , Ferrer Cruz , Angiolillo Dominick J. , Alfonso Fernando , Hernández-Antolín Rosana , Bañuelos Camino , Escaned Javier , Fernández Cristina , Costa Marco , Macaya Carlos , Bass Theodore , Sabaté Manel
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to determine the natural history of vascular remodeling of atherosclerotic plaques in patients with type 2 diabetes and the predictors of vessel shrinkage.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this serial intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) study, 237 coronary segments from 45 patients enrolled in the DIABETES I, II, and III trials were included. Quantitative volumetric IVUS analyses (motorized pullbacks at 0.5 mm/s) were performed in the same coronary segment after the index procedure and at the 9-month follow-up. Nontreated mild lesions (angiographic stenosis <25%) with ≥0.5 mm plaque thickening and length of ≥5 mm assessed by IVUS were included. Vessel shrinkage was defined as a Δexternal elastic membrane area/Δplaque area < 0. Statistical adjustment by multiple segments and multiple lesions per patient was performed.

RESULTS—Vessel shrinkage was identified in 37.1% of segments and was associated with a significant decrease in lumen area at 9 months (vessel shrinkage, 10 ± 4 mm2 vs. non–vessel shrinkage, 11 ± 4 mm2; P = 0.04). Independent predictors of vessel shrinkage were insulin requirements (odds ratio 4.6 [95% CI 1.40–15.10]; P = 0.01), glycated hemoglobin (1.5 [1.05–2.10]; P = 0.02), apolipoprotein B (0.96 [0.94–0.98]; P < 0.001), hypertension (3.7 [1.40–10.30]; P = 0.009), number of diseased vessels (5.6 [2.50–12.50]; P < 0.001), and prior revascularization (17.5 [6.50–46.90]; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS—This serial IVUS study suggests that progression of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes may be mainly attributed to vessel shrinkage. Besides, vessel shrinkage is influenced by insulin requirements and metabolic control and is associated with more advanced coronary atherosclerosis.
Phenotypic Switching of Adipose Tissue Macrophages With Obesity Is Generated by Spatiotemporal Differences in Macrophage Subtypes
Authors: Lumeng Carey N. , DelProposto Jennifer B. , Westcott Daniel J. , Saltiel Alan R.
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—To establish the mechanism of the phenotypic switch of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) from an alternatively activated (M2a) to a classically activated (M1) phenotype with obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—ATMs from lean and obese (high-fat diet–fed) C57Bl/6 mice were analyzed by a combination of flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and expression analysis for M2a and M1 genes. Pulse labeling of ATMs with PKH26 assessed the recruitment rate of ATMs to spatially distinct regions.

RESULTS—Resident ATMs in lean mice express the M2a marker macrophage galactose N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 1 (MGL1) and localize to interstitial spaces between adipocytes independent of CCR2 and CCL2. With diet-induced obesity, MGL1+ ATMs remain in interstitial spaces, whereas a population of MGL1−CCR2+ ATMs with high M1 and low M2a gene expression is recruited to clusters surrounding necrotic adipocytes. Pulse labeling showed that the rate of recruitment of new macrophages to MGL1− ATM clusters is significantly faster than that of interstitial MGL1+ ATMs. This recruitment is attenuated in Ccr2−/− mice. M2a- and M1-polarized macrophages produced different effects on adipogenesis and adipocyte insulin sensitivity in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS—The shift in the M2a/M1 ATM balance is generated by spatial and temporal differences in the recruitment of distinct ATM subtypes. The obesity-induced switch in ATM activation state is coupled to the localized recruitment of an inflammatory ATM subtype to macrophage clusters from the circulation and not to the conversion of resident M2a macrophages to M1 ATMs in situ.
Lipidomics and Free Radical Modifications of Lipids
Authors: Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , Ferreri Carla , Hermetter Albin , Lacote Emmanuel , Mihaljević Branka , Nicolaides Athanassios , Siafaka-Kapadai Athanassia
Published: October 2008

The free-radical-induced modification of biologically relevant molecules is an active field of interdisciplinary research, spanning from chemistry to biochemistry, biology and medicine. Lipid modifications are also attracting attention for their relationship with structural and functional
roles in physiological and pathological conditions of living organisms. The discipline of lipidomics studies the lipid behavior in an innovative and multidisciplinary context. Combining lipidomics with free radical chemistry, the research field becomes an ideal setting for the chemical biology
approach, to study the basis of molecular mechanisms and chemical reactivity and connect them with free-radical-based processes occurring in the biological environment. This paper will give an overview of the approaches for studying free radical processes on lipids and some biological consequences,
which represent also subjects of interdisciplinary collaborations among European research groups and contribute to the general topic of the COST Action 'Free Radicals in Chemical Biology'.
Radicals by Design
Authors: Croft Anna K. , Lindsay Karl B. , Renaud Philippe , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: October 2008

Radical reactions offer many advantages over conventional chemical reactions, lending themselves to numerous bond forming processes and rearrangements that are, clean, rapid, and tolerant of a wide range of functional groups. This review provides a brief overview of the design concepts
behind new reactions illustrating, in particular, their relevance for the efficient synthesis of biomolecules. Two general reactions are highlighted: single electron transfer (SET) using SmI2 and hydrogen transfer using reagents such as those based on tin, thiols and phosphorous
reagents. Intermolecular influences that may direct radical reactions, such as partial protonation and radical complexation, are also discussed.
Manolos, Marriage, and Mantras
Authors: Butler Pamela , Desai Jigna
Published: October 2008

Critical readings of “chick lit” are typically limited to a framework that understands the popular fiction genre as a sign or symptom of “postfeminism” in the U.S. In its readings of chick lit in general, and of South Asian American chick lit as a particular women of color subgenre, this essay steps away from the framework of postfeminism that so dominates academic and popular discussions of chick lit, and instead uses critical race and transnational feminist critique to foreground questions of race, nation, empire, and political economy. Beginning with transnational and critical race feminisms in this way illuminates not only the operations of chick lit and the middle-class neoliberal subjects it produces, but also interrogates the ways in which hegemonic feminisms in the U.S. (as exemplified by chick-lit criticism) continue to disregard such questions. We analyze South Asian American chick-lit novels through sites—consumption, marriage, and realism—that are central to neoliberal subject-making, and that highlight the ways in which the novels work to produce a (trans)national, racialized, feminine subject embedded within neoliberalism, heteronormativity, and racism. At the same time, we explore contradictions in the production of such subjectivities, thus underscoring ways in which capital and neoliberalism are incomplete formations, and reimagining the possibilities and limitations for representations of subjectivity in the context of neoliberal capitalism and globalization.
“The Future of Our Worlds”
Authors: Hong Grace Kyungwon
Published: October 2008

Taking as its point of departure an essay published in 1994 by renowned Black feminist Barbara Christian, this paper examines the U.S. university as a crucial site for contemporary transnational capital's management of race. The university adapts to the new demands of a globalized economy in at least two distinct but related ways. One is certainly in relation to issues of demography and access; in the deindustrializing economy of the United States, the university is complicit in the maintenance of wealth and resource inequities in a variety of ways. Thus, the question of whom the university excludes and whom it exploits is a very important one. However, any complete attempt to address the university's changing role under globalization requires a consideration of the university as an institution of knowledge production, a function that remains surprisingly underexamined. This paper examines these two questions—the economic and the epistemic—in relation to each other, by examining the university's management of racialized bodies as a function of its management of racialized knowledge. Indeed, if we take the university as an exemplary institution of global capital, we find that knowledge production is a key mechanism through which economic or demographic processes are organized. Against such a mobilization of knowledge, this essay situates black feminism as a site of alternative futurity.
A Survey of Older Admissions to Psychiatric Hospitals in Sydney
Authors: Dobbie J. A.
Published: October 2008

This is a report of some of the results of a survey designed to provide some basic social and clinical information about the older people who are admitted to psychiatric hospitals. The results of the survey tend to emphasize the special problems of the age group and need little interpretation. Some changes in the outcome of the hospitalization of older people over the previous decade are also reported, and their significance discussed.
Some Research Problems with the Alcoholic and Drug Dependent Prisoner
Authors: Bartholomew Allen A.
Published: October 2008

The problem of the alcoholic and drug dependent prisoner is considered under two main headings: the “alcoholic offender” e.g. the “drunk and disorderly” and the offender who may, incidentally, be an alcoholic. Research in terms of both groups is badly needed and the major topics may be considered under three headings: (a) Epidemiology; (b) Natural history and aetiological factors; and (c) Treatment techniques and their evaluation.

It is suggested that further research may well demonstrate that there is no one clinical entity to be termed “alcoholism” but that there are “ the alcoholisms” and that some of these may have much in common with such as gambling and recidivism from a psycho-pathological point of view and thus from the standpoint of therapeutic requirements.

Another field for research is concerned with the “family” of the alcoholics and this field overlaps the problem of after-care which, as an aspect of treatment, is of very considerable importance.
Patterns of Behaviour Disorder Amongst the Children of an Aboriginal Population
Authors: Nurcombe B. , Cawte J. E.
Published: October 2008

In mid-1966 an ethnopsychiatric expedition from the School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, visited the Gulf of Carpentaria. The general aim of the expedition was to conduct a survey of mental morbidity amongst the Aboriginal people and to correlate this where possible with observed epidemiological factors. This paper gives an account of one aspect of the work done. After an introduction to the geography and social ecology of Mornington Island, the authors discuss some theoretical problems in the application of knowledge derived from Western-type child psychiatry to a cross-cultural Aboriginal setting. These problems are accentuated when the society in question is undergoing a major transition. A cross-cultural classification of psychiatric disorders in childhood is proposed. A summary account of traditional and current child-rearing practices is then essayed. It is followed by a description of the major focus of this study: the ascertainment and investigation of behaviour disorders amongst the children in the various social subgroups. Some interesting correlations are described and an attempt made to account for them in social and epidemiological terms.