bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Guanosine and Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphates in Canine Thyroid: Localization by Immunofluorescence
Authors: Fallon E. F. , Agrawal R. , Furth E. , Steiner A. L. , Cowden R.
Published: October 2006

When guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) are localized in canine thyroid by a fluorescence immunocytochemical procedure, distinct staining patterns for each nucleotide are seen: cyclic AMP is distributed throughout the follicular cell cytoplasm before and after administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone, while cyclic GMP is localized to the follicular cell membrane in the control state, and increased cytoplasmic fluorescence is visualized after acetylcholine. These data provide histological evidence that correlates with cyclic nucleotide tissue measurements, suggesting diverse roles of the two nucleotides in thyroid function.
Leprosy: Confirmation in the Armadillo
Authors: Convit J. , Pinardi M. E.
Published: October 2006

Bacteria isolated from lesions of lepromatoid leprosy in the armadillo were studied in comparison with
Mycobacterium leprae
isolated directly from human lepromatous leprosy lesions. Three methods were used to show that the bacteria from the lesions of the armadillo were identical to those of the human lesions: (i) extraction of the bacteria with pyridine and subsequent staining with various techniques, (ii) the competence in clearing bacilli (CCB) test, and (iii) the Mitsuda test.
Mobility and the Restriction of Mobility of Plasma Membrane Lectin-Binding Components
Authors: Nicolson Garth L. , Yanagimachi Ryuzo
Published: October 2006

Labeling by ferritin-conjugated agglutinins from Ricinus communis was used to demonstrate the relative mobilities of the agglutinin receptors located in specific regions on plasma membranes of rabbit spermatozoa. The relative mobility of lectin receptors was higher on postacrosomal regions of sperm than on acrosomal and tail regions. Lectin-induced clustering could not be demonstrated in the acrosomal and tail regions, an indication of the existence of localized restraints on the mobilities of lectin receptors. A system of transmembrane restraints may maintain the segregation of plasma membrane components into membrane domains on certain highly differentiated cells.
Surface Modification of T-Lymphocytes Observed during Rosetting
Authors: Lin Peck-Sun , Hoelzl Wallach Donald F.
Published: October 2006

Scanning electron microscopy has been used to characterize alterations of lymphocyte surface topology that occur on contact with erythrocytes during the rosetting reaction. Molt-4 cells, a line of leukemic human lymphocytes, defined as T-cells through their ability to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, were used for this. Unreacted Molt-4 cells exhibit surfaces that are virtually smooth and carry few microvilli. In contrast, Molt-4 cells in rosettes display a time-dependent modification of surface topology, characterized by the emergence of numerous, long microvilli, particularly in areas of red cell contact.
Marine Science and the 1974 Law of the Sea Conference
Authors: Knauss John A.
Published: October 2006

More intensive and varied use of the oceans and their resources requires a more comprehensive legal rgime than previously. Three years of preparatory work have been completed leading toward the Law of the Sea Conference that opened on 20 June in Caracas, Venezuela. Although the details of the new rgime are still to be negotiated, it appears certain that the coastal nations will gain some form of jurisdiction over the fisheries and mineral resources off their shores. It is probable that a new "economic zone" will be established between a relatively narrow (12-mile) territorial sea and the international ocean space beyond. If, as seems likely, this economic zone is 200 miles wide, it will encompass some 37 percent of the ocean as shown in Fig. 1.

Unless the scientific community can gather more support than it has to date, it seems probable that scientific research within this economic zone will only be possible with the consent of the coastal nation. The United States has proposed a compromise solution which attempts to balance the interests of the scientific community with those of the coastal state. Under the U.S. proposal, a research group abiding by certain specific obligations to the coastal state would be free to carry out its research activities without obtaining explicit consent from the coastal state. To date the U.S. proposal has received little official support from any nation, even from nations with major oceanographic interests.
Peptide Regulation of Bursting Pacemaker Activity in a Molluscan Neurosecretory Cell
Authors: Barker Jeffery L. , Gainer Harold
Published: October 2006

Vasopressin and related peptides (10
-9
to 10
-6
molar) induced bursting pacemaker potential activity and altered the current-voltage relations of the membrane in a specific molluscan neurosecretory cell. These effects long outlasted the period of application of the peptides. Sensitivity of the cell to these peptides was primarily localized on the axon hillock region. The observed effects do not resemble conductance changes evoked by conventional neurotransmitters, but rather suggest a membrane regulatory role for these peptides, and thus may be indicative of a new form of information transfer in the nervous system.
Inhalational Anesthetics Stereochemistry: Optical Resolution of Halothane, Enflurane, and Isoflurane
Authors: Meinwald J. , Thompson W. R. , Pearson D. L. , König W. A. , Runge T. , Francke W.
Published: October 2006

Halothane (I), enflurane (II), and isoflurane (III), which are among the most important inhalation anesthetics, are currently administered as racemic mixtures. The pure enantiomers have not been described, and no analytical method for resolving the commercially available racemic mixtures has been reported. Complete optical resolution of (±)-I and (±)-III on per-
n
-pentylated α-cyclodextrin (Lipodex A) and of (±)-II and (±)-III on octakis(6-
O
-methyl-2,3-di-
O
-pentyl)-γ-cyclodextrin capillary columns has been achieved, making rapid and convenient determination of enantiomeric ratios in samples of all three of these anesthetics possible.
Photochemical Activity of Single Chloroplasts Recorded by the Use of Nuclear Track Emulsion
Authors: Arnold William , Perdue Stella , Azzi Jim
Published: October 2006

The photochemistry done by single chloroplasts can be measured when the chloroplasts are embedded in nuclear track emulsion. It has been known for more than 50 years that certain chemicals will blacken photographic plates (chemical fogging). Although this effect has been little used to measure chemical reactions, it may be particularly useful in photochemistry and electrochemistry, since as little as 10
-18
mole can be measured.
Convergent Morphological Evolution Detected by Studying Proteins of Tree Frogs in the
Hyla eximia
Species Group
Authors: Maxson Linda R. , Wilson A. C.
Published: October 2006

Protein studies have uncovered an apparent case of convergent evolution among North American tree frogs. The species
Hyla eximia
and
Hyla regilla
are so similar in external morphology that the
"wrightorum"
subspecies is assigned by some authorities to
H. eximia
and by others to
H. regilla
. Yet microcomplement fixation experiments show that
"wrightorum"
albumin, though virtually indistinguishable from authentic
H. eximia
albumin, differs as much from
H. regilla
albumin as from albumins of species outside the genus
Hyla
, such as
Acris crepitans
. The morphological resemblance of
"wrightorum"
to
H. regilla
is thus probably due to convergence.
Chloride Spike: A Third Type of Action Potential in Tissue-Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells from the Chick
Authors: Fukuda Jun
Published: October 2006

In addition to sodium and calcium spikes, tissue-cultured skeletal muscle cells from the chick can initiate spikes lasting tens of seconds. The peak membrane potential of the spike correlates with the chloride ion concentration, but not with the calcium or sodium ion concentration. The chloride spike is blocked by manganese ion but not by cobalt ion.
Mariner 10 Mercury Encounter
Authors: Dunne James A.
Published: October 2006

Mariner 10's closest approach to Mercury on 29 March 1974 occurred on the dark side of the planet at a range of approximately 700 kilometers. The spacecraft trajectory passed through the shadows of both the sun and Earth. Experiments conducted included magnetic fields, plasma and charged particle studies of the solar wind interaction region, television photography, extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy of the atmosphere, the detection of infrared thermal radiation from the surface, and a dual-frequency radio occultation in search of an ionosphere.
Long-Lived Chemiluminescence in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Seliger H. H. , Biggley W. H. , Hamman J. P.
Published: October 2006

Cigarette smoke contains high concentrations of unstable molecules that react with oxygen to produce chemiluminescence. The chemiluminescent activity is concentrated in the aerosol phase that can be absorbed on glass-fiber filters and extracted into organic solvents. Cigarette smoke in
N
,
N
-dimethylformamide produces a long-lasting luminescence visible to the dark-adapted eye. We have demonstrated the oxygen dependence and have measured the kinetics, activation energies, emission spectra, and absolute photon intensities of this chemiluminescence. The total light emission from a single puff (35 cubic centimeters) of cigarette smoke is greater than 10
12
photons. There was a significant correlation between smoke chemiluminescence and tar content. It is suggested that the chemical production of electronically excited states of aromatic hydrocarbons is equivalent to photoexcitation in the promotion of the carcinogenicity of these agents.
Immediate Hypersensitivity Responses in Flatfish
Authors: Fletcher Thelma C. , Baldo Brian A.
Published: October 2006

Fungal extracts that precipitate with human C-reactive protein caused immediate erythema on subdermal injection into marine flatfish. Only species with calcium-dependent serum precipitins to these fungi showed skin reactions. Immediate hypersensitivity in a nonreactive species could be induced after injection with serum from reactive species. The transferable serum factor (or factors) was heat sensitive.
Reversal of Morphine Tolerance after Medial Thalamic Lesions in the Rat
Authors: Teitelbaum Herman , Catravas George N. , McFarland Willard L.
Published: October 2006

Tolerance, manifested by a diminished electroencephalographic response at cortical and subcortical recording sites, was found in rats subjected to repeated systemic injections of morphine sulfate. Reversal of tolerance to morphine resulted from destruction of the medial thalamus.
Mirex: An Unrecognized Contaminant of Fishes from Lake Ontario
Authors: Kaiser Klaus L. E.
Published: October 2006

A perchlorinated, cage-structured hydrocarbon, C
10
Cl
12
, also known as mirex or Dechlorane, has been identified in fish samples from the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, Canada. The compound coelutes with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in residue cleanup procedures and under standard gas chromatographic conditions. Mirex has never been registered for use as an insecticide in Canada, nor does it appear to be in use in any area of the United States discharging water into Lake Ontario or its tributaries. It seems likely, therefore, that this compound is another widespread environmental contaminant of extremely high geochemical stability and as yet only superficially investigated biological activities. Under standard gas chromatographic conditions its peak is superimposed on that of the PCB's, and, as a result, the presence of mirex may have been unrecognized and it may therefore have been misinterpreted as a PCB isomer.
Chloral Hydrate: A Solvent for Biological Membranes
Authors: Ballou Byron , Sundharadas G. , Bach Marilyn L.
Published: October 2006

A buffer system containing chloral hydrate, taurine, and bromopyridinium lactate was used to dissolve several biological membranes and separate their protein components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This solvent system was capable of separating molecules of similar size on the basis of their charge and allows easy recovery of the proteins. Thus, aqueous chloral hydrate is an effective solvent for biological membranes.
Competition: A Theory Based on Realistic, General Equations of Population Growth
Authors: Wiegert R. G.
Published: October 2006

Realistic equations of population growth, separately representing scarcity of renewed material resources and scarcity of fixed resources related to space, show the differential impact of these two factors on competitive coexistence. The equations suggest a general theory of competition covering any number or kind of resources, consumers, and intraspecific and interspecific interactions.
Eocene Angiosperm Flowers
Authors: Crepet William L. , Dilcher David L. , Potter Frank W.
Published: October 2006

Collections of well-preserved angiosperm flowers from the Middle Eocene of southeastern North America include a variety of morphological types. The first of these specimens to be studied extensively, a catkin, has yielded a great deal of structural information. Floral morphology, pollen morphology, and the nature of the peltate scales suggest that this catkin is allied with extant genera of the Juglandaceae. This confirms the antiquity of some of the diagnostic floral and pollen features found in extant genera of the Juglandaceae and the importance of structural information available from fossil angiosperm flowers.
MIF-Like Activity in Simian Virus 40-Transformed 3T3 Fibroblast Cultures
Authors: Hammond M. Elizabeth , Roblin Richard O. , Dvorak Ann M. , Selvaggio Salvatore S. , Black Paul H. , Dvorak Harold F.
Published: October 2006

Simian virus 40-transformed fibroblasts (SV3T3), as compared with their untransformed counterparts (3T3), elaborate a macromolecular product that inhibits macrophage migration and causes macrophages to aggregate and lose one type of cell coat material. The SV3T3 cells also lack this surface material relative to 3T3 cells. There may be a relation between migration inhibition factor (MIF), the cell coat, and cell migration.
Renal Lysosomes: Role in Biogenesis of Erythropoietin
Authors: Libbin Richard M. , Person Philip , Gordon Albert S.
Published: October 2006

The "light" mitochondrial pellet obtained from the kidneys of rats previously treated with Triton WR-1339 and rendered hypoxic was separated into subcellular component fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor. Selected fractions were pooled, disrupted by osmotic lysis and repeated freeze-thawing, and incubated in the presence and absence of normal rat serum. The incubation mixtures were assayed for erythropoiesis-stimulating activity (erythropoietin). High specific activity was identified only in fractions rich in lysosomes. Biochemical analysis of reference enzymes for the identification of lysosomes and mitochondria, supplemented by electron microscopic examination of the various separated fractions, supports the observed requirement for lysosomal constituents in the formation of erythropoietin by the kidney.
Specificity of Antibodies: Primary Structural Basis of Hapten Binding
Authors: Cebra John J. , Koo Peter H. , Ray Alex
Published: October 2006

The primary structure of the 83 residues of the NH
2
-terminus of the V
II
region was determined for each of three different antibodies to hapten which were produced in inbred guinea pigs. Each antibody had a different and distinctive primary structure within each of the two "hypervariable" regions (Hv1 and Hv2) included in the analyzed part of the variable region of the heavy chain. The sequences of Hv1 and Hv2 in the three antibodies were either unique or of restricted variability compared with those of "normal" immunoglobulin G2. Further implication of Hv1 and Hv2 in contributing to ligand-binding specificity of antibodies came from the placement of residues modified by affinity labeling reagents in these hypervariable regions.
Volcanic Dust and Meteor Rates
Authors: Kennewell J. A. , Ellyett C. D.
Published: October 2006

A worldwide increase in radar meteor echo rates in 1963 correlates with the injection of massive quantities of volcanic dust into the upper atmosphere by the explosion of Mount Agung in Bali in March 1963. The consequent change in atmospheric radiative heating most probably produced the increase by changing the air density gradient.
Deuterium Micromapping of Biological Samples by Using the D(T,
n
)
4
He Reaction and Plastic Track Detectors
Authors: Geisler F. H. , Jones K. W. , Fowler J. S. , Kraner H. W. , Wolf A. P. , Cronkite E. P. , Slatkin D. N.
Published: October 2006

A technique has been developed to micromap deuterium by using the D(T,n)
4
He reaction and plastic track detectors. Labeling of cells with subpicogram quantities of deuterium was demonstrated. The technique was used to localize human lymphocytes transformed in vitro.
Evidence for in vivo Reaction of Antibody and Complement to Surface Antigens of Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Irie Kenji , Irie Reiko F. , Morton Donald L.
Published: October 2006

The immune adherence test was used to determine whether antibody and complement in cancer patients are fixed in vivo to tumor cells. Human erythrocytes adhered in vitro to the surface of human cancer cells obtained from autopsy and biopsy. Adherence was enhanced by further addition of the C2 and C3 components of complement, and was diminished by preliminary treatment with antibody to C3 (that is, to β1C-globulin). The results suggest that tumor associated membrane antigens form complexes in vivo with antibodies and complement.
Neonatal Tolerance Induced by Antibody against Antigen-Specific Receptor
Authors: Strayer David S. , Cosenza Humberto , Lee William M. F. , Rowley Donald A. , Khler Heinz
Published: October 2006

Specific immunologic unresponsiveness is induced by injecting adult or neonatal mice with antibody against antigen-specific receptor (antireceptor antibody). Suppression in mice treated as adults lasts several weeks, and cells from these suppressed mice respond normally in culture. In contrast, unresponsiveness induced in neonatal mice is long-lasting; cells from these mice do not respond in culture and do not affect the response of normal cells. Evidently, antireceptor antibody reversibly blocks antigen receptors in adult animals, but induces unresponsiveness in neonatal mice by depleting the clone of receptor-bearing cells.
Intranuclear Localization of Mercury in vivo
Authors: Bryan Sara E. , Lambert Charles , Hardy Kenneth J. , Simons Sam
Published: October 2006

Purified nuclei isolated from mice challenged with nonlethal levels of mercury chloride (10
-3
M
) in drinking water for 4 to 7 weeks (experimental) and from animals given deionized water (control) were fractionated and the subsequent fractions were analyzed for mercury by flameless atomic absorption. Control (active) euchromatin contained 1.75 ± 0.53 micrograms of mercury per milligram of DNA. There was a 12- to 15-fold enrichment of mercury in the euchromatin fraction of challenged animals. Mercury was not detected in control (inactive) heterochromatin, and only trace levels (parts per billion) appeared in experimental heterochromatin. It seems likely that mercury can be incorporated into chromatin as a metal-protein complex, but the possibility of protein-mercury-DNA or mercury-DNA complexes within euchromatin cannot be excluded.
Aerosols in the Atmosphere: Calculation of the Critical Absorption/Backscatter Ratio
Authors: Reck Ruth A.
Published: October 2006

The ratio of the absorption coefficient to the backscatter coefficient for which heating and cooling effects due to aerosols exactly balance at the earth's surface has been calculated with the use of a radiative-convective atmospheric model. The results are compared with those obtained from several simpler mean radiative-transfer models.
Serological Detection of Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Identity between Cells That Differ by One HL-A Haplotype
Authors: Kovithavongs T. , Hyshka L. , McConnachie P. R. , Dossetor J. B.
Published: October 2006

Antibody mediated cell dependent immune lympholysis (ABCIL), an extremely sensitive serological technique for detecting tissue sensitization, was used in a family segregation study. Two serums capable of demonstrating ABCIL were used to identify members of the family who differed by one HL-A haplotype but whose cells did not stimulate in mixed lymphocyte culture. Absorption study of one serum indicated that the ABCIL reaction of that serum was directed against a factor, independent of HL-A, that might be responsible for lymphocyte stimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture. Thus the ABCIL technique may be used to detect lymphocyte-defined gene products.
Seasonal Change of Antarctic Sea Ice Cover
Authors: Gordon Arnold L. , Taylor Hoyt W.
Published: October 2006

The winter expansion of the sea ice surrounding Antarctica and the subsequent retreat of the ice in summer may be linked with the wind stress acting on the Southern Ocean in conjunction with the heat exchange in open water regions within the ice fields.
Report from the Retiring Chairman
Authors: Rieser Leonard M.
Published: October 2006

In concluding this report, which omits a great deal, the retiring Chairman is probably entitled to a valedictory. (Margaret Mead referred to it as a benediction.)

The Association faces two major challenges beyond those obvious ones of maintaining financial solvency and reversing a declining membership. First, there is the necessity to articulate goals for the future. This was started by a series of meetings under the heading of Arden House II, following the tradition of the meeting held in 1951 under the leadership of Warren Weaver. A proposed
Committee on Goals
can serve this purpose. Second, there is a need to maximize the coherence of all efforts supported by the Association to achieve the greatest effect with the funds available. The proposed
Committee on Program and Planning
can encourage this.

I complete this assignment with the sense of having been very privileged to hold the office of President and Chairman of the Board. I pass on the gavel to Roger Revelle, and to Margaret Mead and Bill McElroy in turn, with great confidence and that certain knowledge that nobody can succeed like a successor.
Atmosphere of Jupiter from the Pioneer 11 S-Band Occultation Experiment: Preliminary Results
Authors: Kliore Arvydas , Fjeldbo Gunnar , Seidel Boris L. , Sesplaukis Tadas T. , Sweetnam Donald W. , Woiceshyn Peter M.
Published: October 2006

Two additional radio occultation measurements of the atmosphere of Jupiter were obtained with Pioneer 11. The entry measurement leads to a temperature profile that is substantially in agreement with those obtained with Pioneer 10, showing temperatures much higher than those derived from other observations. The exit measurement is not usable because of the discontinuous drift of the spacecraft auxiliary oscillator, presumably due to the trapped radiation belts of Jupiter. The combination of two Pioneer 10 measurements and one Pioneer 11 measurement yields an oblateness of 0.06496 at 1 millibar and 0.06547 at 160 millibars. Measurements in the Jovian ionosphere indicate a number of layers distributed over about 3000 kilometers, with a topside temperature of about 750 K.
Photochemical Smog Systems: Effect of Dilution on Ozone Formation
Authors: Fox Donald L. , Kamens Richard , Jeffries Harvey E.
Published: October 2006

Dilution of a photochemical system containing hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen can lead to higher ozone concentrations than are observed in a static system. This effect was observed in an outdoor smog chamber with a hydrocarbon mix simulating urban systems.
Psi Particles and Dyons
Authors: Schwinger Julian
Published: October 2006

A hypothetical magnetic model of matter provides a natural setting for the newly discovered psi particles. This supplements a phenomenological description of such particles that had appeared prior to their experimental recognition.
Catagonus
, an "Extinct" Peccary, Alive in Paraguay
Authors: Wetzel Ralph M. , Dubos Robert E. , Martin Robert L. , Myers Philip
Published: October 2006

A third species of peccary, discovered in the Chaco of Paraguay, is added to the living members of family Tayassuidae. It is assigned to the genus
Catagonus
Ameghino, heretofore considered confined to the Pleistocene. The new peccary is conspecific with
Catagonus wagneri
(Rusconi), a species placed in the related extinct genus
Platygonus
LeConte when it was described from pre-Hispanic archeological deposits of Argentina.
Thermochemical Decomposition of Water Based on Reactions of Chromium and Barium Compounds
Authors: Bamberger Carlos E. , Richardson Donald M. , Bredig Max A. , Cheng Kent
Published: October 2006

A potentially useful thermochemical cycle developed for the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water consists of three chemical reactions that take place in the temperature range from 400° to 1200° K. The oxidation and reduction of chromium compounds by barium hydroxide and the hydrolytic disproportionation of barium chromate(IV) and barium chromate(V), the reactions which constitute the proposed cycle, have been demonstrated.
Spontaneous Fission—Neutron Fission Xenon: A New Technique for Dating Geological Events
Authors: Teitsma Albert , Clarke W. B. , Allègre C. J.
Published: October 2006

A method for dating geological samples which uses fission product xenon in a manner similar to the use of radiogenic argon in the
40
Ar-
39
Ar technique has been developed. The results of stepwise heating experiments for a zircon from the Ahaggar region in the Sahara are compared to the geochronology determined by the rubidium-strontium, uranium-thorium-lead, and potassium-argon dating methods
DNA Hybridization and Evolutionary Relationships in Three
Osmunda
Species
Authors: Stein D. B. , Thompson W. F.
Published: October 2006

Molecular hybridization techniques have been used to estimate the degree of DNA base sequence homology between some members of the fern genus
Osmunda
. Under conditions permitting extensive reassociation, measurements of the extent of interspecific reaction and the thermal stability of the hybrid molecules indicated that
O. claytoniana
L. (interrupted fern) shares more DNA homology with
O. cinnamomea
L. (cinnamon fern) than it does with
O. regalis
L. (royal fern). These findings are in conflict with predictions from a recent analysis of living and fossil specimens by numerical techniques. However, they are consistent with the earlier, more traditional, taxonomic assignments.
Skeletal Low-Magnesium Calcite in Living Scleractinian Corals
Authors: Houck James E. , Buddemeier Robert W. , Chave Keith E.
Published: October 2006

The skeletons of living specimens of the scleractinian coral
Porites lobata
have been found to contain up to 46 ± 5 percent low-magnesium calcite even though free of gross detrital inclusions and boring or encrusting organisms. The calcite crystals occur in the interior of skeletal structures, have dimensions of 20 micrometers or less, and are surrounded by typical aragonite needles. Biogenic deposition seems to be the most likely source of the calcite, although the evidence does not rule out diagenesis of metastable aragonite on a time scale of months.
Selective Display of Histamine Receptors on Lymphocytes
Authors: Roszkowski Waldemar , Plaut Marshall , Lichtenstein Lawrence M.
Published: October 2006

Histamine, acting on histamine type 2 receptors, increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and thus modulates the immunologic functions of lymphocytes. Lymphocyte cyclic AMP levels were used to follow the development of histamine receptors. The B lymphocytes have no functional histamine receptors. As T lymphocytes "mature" in immunologic function—from thymocytes to cortisone-resistant thymocytes to splenic T lymphocytes—their response to histamine increases. The response of these subpopulations of lymphocytes to isoproterenol is the inverse of the histamine response. It is suggested that the changing display of histamine receptors plays an important part in the control of immunologic responses.
Early Irradiation of Matter in the Solar System: Magnesium (Proton, Neutron) Scheme
Authors: Heymann Dieter , Dziczkaniec Marlene
Published: October 2006

The occurrence of positive and negative
26
Mg anomalies in inclusions of the Allende meteorite is explained in terms of proton bombardment of a gas of solar composition. A significant fraction of
26
Mg in the irradiated gas is stored temporarily in the form of radioactive
26
Al by the reaction
26
Mg(p,n)
26
Al. Proton fluxes of 10
17
to 10
19
protons per square centimeter per year at 1 million electron volts are inferred. Aluminum-rich materials condensing from the gas phase have positive
26
Mg anomalies, whereas magnesium-rich materials have negative
26
Mg anomalies. The proton flux required to account for the observed magnesium anomalies is used to investigate possible isotopic anomalies in the elements from oxygen to argon. Detectable isotopic anomalies are predicted only for neon. The anomalous neon is virtually pure
22
Ne from
22
Na decay. The predicted amount of anomalous
22
Ne is about 10
–8
cubic centimeter (at standard temperature and pressure) per milligram of sodium.
Brigham Young University: Challenging the Federal Patron
Authors: Walsh John
Published: October 2006

Brigham Young University is a coeducational institution of higher learning established to promote a closer union between the restored gospel and all branches of learning. In addition to high standards of scholarship, the University has always fostered the development of religious faith, high moral character, and responsible citizenship. Sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [Mormon], it offers the student a unique blend of spiritual and secular learning.—
From the BYU General Catalog, 1975-76
.

The purpose of this part is to effectuate Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 ... which is designed to eliminate ... discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal assistance.—
From the introduction to federal regulations implementing Title IX
.
Laboratory Plate Tectonics: A New Experiment
Authors: Gans Roger F.
Published: October 2006

A "continent" made of a layer of hexagonally packed black polyethylene spheres floating in clear silicon oil breaks into subcontinents when illuminated by an ordinary incandescent light bulb. This experiment may be a useful model of plate tectonics driven by horizontal temperature gradients. Measurements of the spreading rate are made to establish the feasibility of this model.
Anisotropic Origin of Transform Faults
Authors: Freund Raphael , Merzer Anthony M.
Published: October 2006

Transform faults appear in the process of stretching during freezing of the surface films on liquid wax. These films are composed of a warp yarn of wax fibers with optical anisotropy. This fabric is absent in materials that fail to produce transform faults. The mechanical anisotropy of these wax films (with high tensile strength and low shear strength in the direction of spreading) is responsible for the initiation of the transform faults. It is suggested that the anisotropy of the ocean upper mantle recorded seismically may likewise be responsible for the creation of the ridge-ridge transform faults in the oceans.
Fossil Peccary from the Pliocene of South Africa
Authors: Hendey Q. B.
Published: October 2006

?
Pecarichoerus africanus
new species, from Langebaanweg, Cape Province, is the first fossil peccary to be described from Africa and represents the youngest record of the peccary family in the Old World.
Trypanosomatid Flagellate in the Phloem of Diseased Coconut Palms
Authors: Parthasarathy M. V. , van Slobbe W. G. , Soudant Carole
Published: October 2006

Ultrastructural observations of the phloem of coconut palms affected by "hartrot" disease in Suriname have revealed the presence of the plant-infecting flagellate
Phytomonas
in mature sieve tubes. The occurrence of these flagellates during the earliest symptoms of the disease and the correlated increase and spread of the flagellates in the phloem as the disease progresses suggest that the organisms may be pathogenic to the palms.
Structure And Stability of X⋅G⋅C Mismatches in the Third Strand of Intramolecular Triplexes
Authors: Macaya Román F. , Gilbert Dara E. , Malek Shiva , Sinsheimer Janet S. , Feigon Juli
Published: October 2006

Intramolecular DNA triplexes that contain eight base triplets formed from the folding of a single DNA strand tolerate a single X⋅G⋅C mismatch in the third strand at acidic pH. The structure and relative stability of all four triplets that are possible involving a G⋅C Watson-Crick base pair were determined with one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Triplexes containing A⋅G⋅C, G⋅G⋅C, or T⋅G⋅C triplets were less stable than the corresponding parent molecule containing a C⋅G⋅C triplet. However, all mismatched bases formed specific hydrogen bonds in the major groove of the double helix. The relative effect of these mismatches on the stability of the triplex differs from the effect assayed (under different conditions) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and DNA cleavage with oligonucleotide EDTA⋅Fe(II).
Barium in Southern California Coastal Waters: A Potential Indicator of Marine Drilling Contamination
Authors: Chow Tsaihwa J.
Published: October 2006

The present barium content of Southern California coastal waters was determined to be 11 to 22 micrograms per kilogram of seawater. These values may be used as base-line concentrations to monitor marine contamination during future off-shore oil and gas explorations.
Biogeography of Free-Living Soil Nematodes from the Perspective of Plate Tectonics
Authors: Ferris V. R. , Goseco C. G. , Ferris J. M.
Published: October 2006

In this first biogeographical synthesis based on the morphology and known distribution of a group of free-living soil nematodes, data indicate a pre-Jurassic origin followed by West Gondwanaland radiation for some genera and Laurasian radiation for others.
Volcanic Dust in Deep-Sea Sediments: Relationship of Microfeatures to Explosivity Estimates
Authors: Huang T. C. , Watkins N. D.
Published: October 2006

Particle size variations in a series of volcanic ash layers, deposited in high latitudes of the South Pacific during the past 2.5 million years, were earlier analyzed by using a model in which source cloud height and minimum volcanic paleoexplosivity are derived from downwind ash distribution. Examination of submicrometer morphological features of the volcanic glass shards reveals a clear relationship between what appear to be impact features on the glass surfaces and the independently derived paleoexplosivities, which suggests that this may be a simple means to characterize ash horizons and estimate relative volcanic explosivities.
Uptake and Continued Metabolic Activity of
Azotobacter
Within Fungal Protoplasts
Authors: Giles Kenneth L. , Whitehead Heather
Published: October 2006

Uptake of vegetative cells of
Azotobacter vinelandii
into protoplasts of the mycorrhizal fungus
Rhizopogon
sp. can be induced by treatment with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 6000). An L-form of the bacteria has been selected for within the differentiated fungal mycelium which is capable of acetylene reduction and nitrogen fixation, as confirmed by nitrogen-15 assays; this allows the fungus to grow on media lacking any combined nitrogen. The fungus grows and reduces acetylene on concentrations of antibiotics that prevent the growth and activity of free-living
Azotobacter
. Electron microscopy has revealed modified mitochondrial forms or included bacterial L-forms surrounded by an extra fungal membrane within the hyphae of the modified strains. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, a storage product of
Azotobacter cysts
, has also been identified in the hyphae. This would appear to be the first report of the transgenosis for acetylene reduction activity and nitrogen fixation into a eukaryote cell.
Viking Magnetic Properties Investigation: Preliminary Results
Authors: Hargraves R. B. , Collinson D. W. , Spitzer C. R.
Published: October 2006

Three permanent magnet arrays are aboard the Viking lander. By sol 35, one array, fixed on a photometric reference test chart on top of the lander, has clearly attracted magnetic particles from airborne dust; two other magnet arrays, one strong and one weak, incorporated in the backhoe of the surface sampler, have both extracted considerable magnetic mineral from the surface as a result of nine insertions associated with sample acquisition. The loose martian surface material around the landing site is judged to contain 3 to 7 percent highly magnetic mineral which, pending spectrophotometric study, is thought to be mainly magnetite.
Electrochemical Growth of Highly Conducting Inorganic Complexes
Authors: Miller Joel S.
Published: October 2006

The formation of single crystals of highly conducting inorganic complexes, for example, K
2
Pt(CN)
4
X
0.3
⋅ 3H
2
O (X = Cl, Br), K
1.75
Pt(CN)
4
⋅ 1.5 H
2
O, or K
1.64
Pt(O
2
C
2
O
2
)
2
⋅ 2H
2
O, has been effected via electrochemical growth from concentrated aqueous solutions of potassium tetracyanoplatinate(II) and potassium bis(oxalato)platinate(II).
Spherules on Shatter Cone Surfaces from the Vredefort Structure, South Africa
Authors: Gay N. C.
Published: October 2006

Spherical particles of silicate composition occur on the surface of some shatter cones from the collar rocks around the Vredefort structure, South Africa. They are best developed on shatter cones from a shale horizon but are also found on more arenaceous rocks and banded ironstones. They have not been found on shatter cones from the purer quartzites.
Cultural Activity Associated with Prehistoric Mammoth Butchering and Processing
Authors: Frison G. C.
Published: October 2006

Stacked mammoth bones at the Colby site in northern Wyoming reflect human cultural activity that is believed to have been peripheral to the butchering and processing of the animals. A projectile point found beneath the first bones placed in the pile leaves no doubt of human involvement in the stacking of the bones, but the significance of this kind of cultural activity is open to several interpretations.
Carrying Behavior in Humans: Analysis of Sex Differences
Authors: Jenni Donald A. , Jenni Mary A.
Published: October 2006

Behavioral differences between the sexes include methods of carrying books. Females clasp books against their chests; males carry them at their sides. In kindergarten and the first grade, both sexes carry like mature males. Sex-typical carrying appears before adolescence. Behavioral differences seem to be primarily a consequence of morphological differences and social modeling.
Genetic Defect in Biosynthesis of the Precursor Form of the Fourth Component of Complement
Authors: Hall Robert E. , Colten Harvey R.
Published: October 2006

Under cell-free conditions, liver polysomes from guinea pigs genetically deficient in the fourth component of complement (C4) did not synthesize pro-C4 (the precursor of C4), but did synthesize nascent C4 polypeptides which remained polysome bound. The defect was specific for pro-C4 synthesis since the amounts of total protein and albumin synthesis and release from C4-deficient polysomes were similar to that in normal guinea pig liver polysomes.
Hemipenile Preference: Stimulus Control of Male Mounting Behavior in the Lizard
Anolis carolinensis
Authors: Crews David
Published: October 2006

The urogenital system of squamate reptiles is represented by separate, bilaterally symmetrical tracts. Males alternate in their use of the right and left hemipenes. Sensory feedback from the hemipenis and, to a lesser extent, from the ipsilateral testis is important in determining which hemipenis the male will use for mating.
Cretaceous Bivalve Larvae
Authors: Lutz Richard A. , Jablonski David
Published: October 2006

Exceptionally well preserved larval bivalve shells have been isolated from Late Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) sediments. Specimens were readily identified to familial level on the basis of gross morphology and hinge structures. Reconstruction of fossil larval ontogeny, linked with the distribution of adult stages, will provide an important interpretative tool in molluskan phylogenetic and paleoecologic studies.
Mid-Recent Human Occupation and Resource Exploitation in the Bismarck Archipelago
Authors: White J. Peter , Downie J. E. , Ambrose W. R.
Published: October 2006

Human settlement of the Bismarck Archipelago occurred by 6000 to 7500 years ago. Early inhabitants of New Ireland drew on widely dispersed stone sources, including obsidian from Talasea (New Britain), whereas those after about 3000 years ago used either stone from more local sources or obsidian from Lou Island (Admiralty Islands group) or Talasea. The dates and resource changes support a gradualist model of Melanesian settlement.
Manganese Nodules on the Sea Floor: Inverse Correlation Between Grade and Abundance
Authors: Menard H. W. , Frazer J. Z.
Published: October 2006

The grade of copper and nickel in manganese nodules is negatively correlated with their abundance on the sea floor, within small regions and in the Pacific Ocean as a whole. Although the correlation tells nothing about estimates of commercially mineable reserves at particular sites, it contradicts an assumption on which many predictions with respect to manganese nodule resources are based.
Chemical Ecology: Studies from East Africa
Authors: Meinwald Jerrold , Prestwich Glenn D. , Nakanishi Koji , Kubo Isao
Published: October 2006

The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), in Nairobi, provides a laboratory at which a multinational group of scientists pursues interdisciplinary research. In collaboration with their colleagues in biology, ICIPE chemists have characterized the sex pheromones of the tick which serves as a vector of East Coast fever and have identified a termite queen-cell-building pheromone. The structure of many anthropod defensive chemicals have been determined; most interesting of these are the trinervitenes, structurally novel diterpenoids from nasute termites. Several highly active insect antifeedants were discovered using a simple bioassay to screen selected East African plants. These antifeedants may provide leads for the development of new insect-control techniques.
Engineering Limitations of Fusion Power Plants
Authors: Parkins W. E.
Published: October 2006

If conditions for a net power-producing thermonuclear reaction are ever demonstrated, difficult engineering problems must still be overcome. Two such obstacles to any practical application of fusion power are the magnitude of the plant capital cost and the limited lifetime of the reactor vessel. Among the factors contributing to the high initial cost is the constraint heat removal places on reactor size. This results from a fundamental engineering disadvantage of the fusion concept. The problem of limited reactor vessel operating life is inherent in the use of thermonuclear reactions, such as deuterium-tritium, which release damaging energetic neutrons.
Superconductivity of Americium
Authors: Smith James L. , Haire Richard G.
Published: October 2006

The metal americium becomes superconducting at temperatures as high as 0.79 K for the room temperature, double-hexagonal-close-packed phase. We also have evidence of a slightly higher transition temperature for the face-centered-cubic phase. This discovery of superconductivity in the midst of nonsuperconducting manmade elements is somewhat surprising.
Flake Tools Stratified Below Paleo-Indian Artifacts
Authors: Reagan Michael J. , Rowlett Ralph M. , Farrison Ervan G. , Dort Wakefield , Bryant Vaughn M. , Johannsen Chris J.
Published: October 2006

In northwest Missouri, Lithic stage flake tools struck from prepared cores have been excavated underlying a Paleo-Indian fluted point assemblage. These assemblages were in two different loesses of the last glaciation. Thermoluminescent analysis of stone tools dates the Paleo-Indian occupations at 8690 ± 1000 B.C. and 12,855 ± 1500 B.C.; the Lithic stage occupations must be older than 13,000 B.C. on the basis of geologic correlation, lithic analysis, and cultural stratigraphy.
Agglutination of Plant Protoplasts by Fungal Cell Wall Glucans
Authors: Peters Brian M. , Cribbs David H. , Stelzig David A.
Published: October 2006

Glucans, called elicitors, isolated from cell walls of
Phytophthora infestans
, caused rapid agglutination and death of protoplasts isolated from potato leaf tissue. Cells incubated with high concentrations of elicitor were rapidly killed, but did not agglutinate. Agglutination and cell death did not occur with any of several commercial polysaccharides including laminarin, but laminarin did inhibit elicitor-mediated agglutination. The results are consistent with the existence of specific elicitor receptor sites on the outer surface of potato leaf plasma membranes.
Sorocarp Development by a Newly Discovered Ciliate
Authors: Olive Lindsay S.
Published: October 2006

A recently discovered predatory ciliate has an unusual developmental pattern in which the swimming cells cease feeding and aggregate on a substrate near the surface of a liquid medium. The aggregate then rises aerially, producing an acellular stalk and a sorus of encysted cells. Sorogenesis requires alternate light and dark periods.
Sieve Areas in Fossil Phloem
Authors: Smoot Edith L. , Taylor Thomas N.
Published: October 2006

Phloem tissue of the Pennsylvanian fern
Etapteris
is described from permineralized specimens. Sieve elements possess regularly aligned sieve areas containing pores on the radial walls. The presence of these structures provides a basis for comparison with the phloem of living ferns.
Carbon Flow in Four Lake Ecosystems: A Structural Approach
Authors: Richey Jeffrey E. , Wissmar Robert C. , Devol Allan H. , Likens Gene E. , Eaton John S. , Wetzel Robert G. , Odum William E. , Johnson Noye M. , Loucks Orie L. , Prentki Richard T. , Rich Peter H.
Published: October 2006

Direct and indirect carbon fluxes in lakes Marion (British Columbia), Findley (Washington), Wingra (Wisconsin), and Mirror (New Hampshire) are compared, using budgets and input-output analysis. Overall differences in carbon flow between the lakes are shown with cycling indices of .031, .108, .572, and .661, respectively. The results suggest that lake ecosystems may be considered unique aggregations of similar components.
Information: The Ultimate Frontier
Authors: Branscomb Lewis M.
Published: October 2006

Although long-term forecasting is best left to science fiction writers, scientists can illumine basic technological trends, as in the 100-year scenario presented here. Computers will continue the "small is beautiful" trend, but they are not likely to follow the semilog trail because extrapolation from the current base would lead to absurdities such as a computer cost of 3/100 of a cent. To achieve inexpensive high speed and Lilliputian size, new techniques are likely to replace silicon technology. The ultimate computer might be biological and patterned on DNA. Future computers will reacquire information when needed rather than store it, and we will see personalized products at mass production prices. Light wave communication will broaden communications exchange, but software that is more friendly to human users will be needed. By taking over knowledge distribution, electronic information systems will let universities concentrate on new knowledge. More importantly, they will expand everyone's right to information and free expression through the existing media system and to protection from misuse of information by others.