bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly(ethylene glycol)‐based monolithic capillary columns for hydrophobic interaction chromatography of immunoglobulin G subclasses and variants
Authors: Desire Christopher T. , Arrua R. Dario , Talebi Mohammad , Lacher Nathan A. , Hilder Emily F.
Published: June 2013

Polymer monoliths were prepared in 150 μm id capillaries by thermally initiated polymerization of PEG diacrylate for rapid hydrophobic interaction chromatography of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and related variants. Using only one monomer in the polymerization mixture allowed ease of optimization and synthesis of the monolith. The performance of the monolith was demonstrated by baseline resolution of IgG subclasses and variants, including mixtures of the κ variants of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 as well as the κ and λ variants associated with IgG1 and IgG2. The effect of eluent concentration and pH on the separation efficiency of studied proteins was also explored, allowing almost baseline resolution to be achieved for mixtures of the κ variants of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 but also for the κ and λ variants of IgG1 and IgG2. The results showed significant improvement in the separations in terms of the tradeoff between analysis time and resolution, while maintaining a simple methodology, in comparison to previous reports. The synthesized monolith was also used for the separation of isoforms of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody.
Mental Disorders Associated With Subpopulations of Women Affected by Violence and Abuse
Authors: Cavanaugh Courtenay E. , Martins Silvia S. , Petras Hanno , Campbell Jacquelyn C.
Published: June 2013

Violence against women is a major public health problem associated with mental disorders. Few studies have examined the heterogeneity of interpersonal violence and abuse (IVA) among women and associated mental health problems. Latent class analysis was used to identify subpopulations of women with similar lifetime histories of IVA victimization and to examine 10 associated past‐year mental disorders. Participants were 19,816 adult women who participated in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The 3‐class model was best supported by the data. Class 1 (6.7%) had a high probability of witnessing domestic violence as a child. Class 2 (21.8%) had a low probability of all events except lifetime sexual assault. Class 3 (71.5%) had a low probability for all events. Mental disorders were more common among members of Classes 1 and 2 than Class 3. For example, members in Class 1 were approximately 8 and 9 times more likely than members in Class 3 to have had posttraumatic stress disorder or a drug use disorder, respectively, during the past year. Of the 10 mental disorders, 5 were more common among members of Class 1 than of Class 2. Findings suggest the mental health consequences of IVA among women are extensive and interventions should be tailored for distinct subpopulations affected by IVA.
Numerical analysis for the approximation of optimal control problems with pointwise observations
Authors: Chang Lili , Gong Wei , Yan Ningning
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we study the numerical methods for optimal control problems governed by elliptic PDEs with pointwise observations of the state. The first order optimality conditions as well as regularities of the solutions are derived. The optimal control and adjoint state have low regularities due to the pointwise observations. For the finite dimensional approximation, we use the standard conforming piecewise linear finite elements to approximate the state and adjoint state variables, whereas variational discretization is applied to the discretization of the control. A priori and a posteriori error estimates for the optimal control, the state and adjoint state are obtained. Numerical experiments are also provided to confirm our theoretical results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A blow‐up criterion for incompressible hydrodynamic flow of liquid crystals in dimension two
Authors: Huang Bingyuan , Huang Jinrui
Published: June 2013

In the paper, we establish a Serrin type criterion for strong solutions to a simplified density‐dependent Ericksen‐ Leslie system modeling incompressible, nematic liquid crystal materials in dimension two. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detailing magnetic field strength dependence and segmental artifact distribution of myocardial effective transverse relaxation rate at 1.5, 3.0, and 7.0 T
Authors: Meloni Antonella , Hezel Fabian , Positano Vincenzo , Keilberg Petra , Pepe Alessia , Lombardi Massimo , Niendorf Thoralf
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Realizing the challenges and opportunities of effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) mapping at high and ultrahigh fields, this work examines magnetic field strength (B0) dependence and segmental artifact distribution of myocardial R2* at 1.5, 3.0, and 7.0 T.

Methods

Healthy subjects were considered. Three short‐axis views of the left ventricle were examined. R2* was calculated for 16 standard myocardial segments. Global and mid‐septum R2* were determined. For each segment, an artifactual factor was estimated as the deviation of segmental from global R2* value.

Results

The global artifactual factor was significantly enlarged at 7.0 T versus 1.5 T (P = 0.010) but not versus 3.0 T. At 7.0 T, the most severe susceptibility artifacts were detected in the inferior lateral wall. The mid‐septum showed minor artifactual factors at 7.0 T, similar to those at 1.5 and 3.0 T. Mean R2* increased linearly with the field strength, with larger changes for global heart R2* values.

Conclusion

At 7.0 T, segmental heart R2* analysis is challenging due to macroscopic susceptibility artifacts induced by the heart–lung interface and the posterior vein. Myocardial R2* depends linearly on the magnetic field strength. The increased R2* sensitivity at 7.0 T might offer means for susceptibility‐weighted and oxygenation level‐dependent MR imaging of the myocardium. Magn Reson Med 71:2224–2230, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hunting, Herding, and Caravanning: Osteometric Identifications of Camelid Morphotypes at Khonkho Wankane, Bolivia
Authors: Gasco A. V. , Marsh E. J.
Published: June 2013

Khonkho Wankane is a ceremonial center located in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. During the Late Formative period (AD 1–500), its residents practiced agropastoral lifeways and participated in the rise of the state at Tiwanaku. Like at many Andean sites, bones from the family Camelidae are the most abundant large mammal in domestic contexts. Identifying camelid morphotypes represented by these bones carries far‐reaching implications for understanding past hunting, herding, and caravanning practices, and their roles in larger social and economic webs. Identifications were based on a locally focused reference collection, including llamas (Lama glama) from the immediate vicinity of the site, as well as Andean guanacos (Lama guanicoe), a much smaller morphotype than the Patagonian guanacos used in many osteometric studies. Multivariate statistical analyses and incisor morphology identified all four camelid. Different analyses suggest that the crux of osteometry lies in the reference collection, not the statistical test. An additional, very large morphotype likely corresponds to a castrated llama, the preferred cargo animal among modern drovers. The presence of these animals is interpreted as evidence that groups hunted vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)and guanaco, which are not currently present around the site, herded llamas and alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and perhaps organized caravans with castrated llamas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agulhas salt‐leakage oscillations during abrupt climate changes of the Late Pleistocene
Authors: Marino Gianluca , Zahn Rainer , Ziegler Martin , Purcell Conor , Knorr Gregor , Hall Ian R. , Ziveri Patrizia , Elderfield Henry
Published: June 2013

An ensemble of new, high‐resolution records of surface ocean hydrography from the Indian‐Atlantic oceanic gateway, south of Africa, demonstrates recurrent and high‐amplitude salinity oscillations in the Agulhas Leakage area during the penultimate glacial‐interglacial cycle. A series of millennial‐scale salinification events, indicating strengthened salt leakage into the South Atlantic, appear to correlate with abrupt changes in the North Atlantic climate and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This interhemispheric coupling, which plausibly involved changes in the Hadley Cell and midlatitude westerlies that impacted the interocean transport at the tip of Africa, suggests that the Agulhas Leakage acted as a source of negative buoyancy for the perturbed AMOC, possibly aiding its return to full strength. Our finding points to the Indian‐to‐Atlantic salt transport as a potentially important modulator of the AMOC during the abrupt climate changes of the Late Pleistocene.
A new type of cation‐exchange polymeric microspheres with pendant methylenethiol groups
Authors: Podkościelna Beata , Kołodyńska Dorota
Published: June 2013

Synthesis and characterization of the new styrene microspheres with pendant methylenethiol groups are presented. At the first stage, the polymeric matrices were obtained by the suspension–emulsion polymerization of monomers: styrene (St) with 2,3‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropoxy)naphthalene (NAF.DM) or (bis[4(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]sulfide (BES.DM) or divinylbenzene (DVB). At the second stage, the modification of the sythesized matrices was performed as follows: the matrices were reacted with paraformaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid forming chloromethyl derivatives. Next, by reaction with thiourea, a thiouronium salt was obtained, and then the hydrolysis with NaOH solution and acidification with HCl were carried out. Finally, microspheres with –CH2SH groups on their surface were obtained. The –SH group content (elemental analysis), thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis), Fourier transform infrared as well as the swelling characteristics of the functional microspheres were examined. The surface texture was also visualized by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) method. The obtained polymers were screened towards sorption of Cu(II) ions. It was found that a better correlation between the experimental Cu(II) uptake and the theoretical curves predicted by the Langmuir or Freundlich models is obtained in the case of the DVB–St–SH polymer. In the case of the BES.DM–St–SH and 2,3‐NAF–St–SH ones, the Freundlich model corresponded quite well to the experimental data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copoly(p‐phenylene) containing azacrown ether: Synthesis, optical properties, and application for chemical sensor
Authors: Wu Chia‐Shing , Chen Chiao‐Pei , Chen Yun
Published: June 2013

Copoly(p‐phenylene) (P1) containing pendent azacrown ether and ethylene glycol ether was prepared by the Suzuki coupling reaction and applied for chemical sensor. Poly(p‐phenylene) derivative P0 without the azacrown ether groups were also synthesized for comparative study. The photophysical and sensing properties were investigated by absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to elucidate the influence of the azacrown ether groups. The P1 exhibited specific selectivity and high sensitivity toward Zn2+, with the Stern‐Volmer coefficient (Ksv) being 3.66 × 106 M−1 at low concentration in mixture solvent of tetrahydrofuran and water (THF/H2O = 9/1, v/v). The P1 maintained high selectivity toward Zn2+ in the presence of fifteen interfering metal cations. This results indicate that copoly(p‐phenylene) (P1) is a promising functional material for chemical sensors. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3975–3984
Adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly women with breast cancer: patients' perspectives on information giving and decision making
Authors: Harder Helena , Ballinger Rachel , Langridge Carolyn , Ring Alistair , Fallowfield Lesley J.
Published: June 2013

Background

Decisions about adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with early stage breast cancer (EBC) are often challenging. Uncertainty about benefits due to limited data about treatment efficacy and outcomes complicates decision making. This qualitative study explored older patients' experiences and preferences towards information giving and ultimate decisions about adjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

Clinicians from 24 UK breast cancer teams reported on adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for women aged ≥70 years with EBC from April 2010 to December 2011. Women who were offered chemotherapy were invited to participate in structured interviews. Self‐reported quality of life (QoL) and functional ability were assessed. Qualitative methods were used to identify themes associated with information giving and decision making.

Results

A total of 58/95 eligible women (61%) participated. Median age was 73 years (range 70–83). Mean total scores for QoL and functional ability were average. The majority of women preferred to make their treatment decisions collaboratively with a clinician (59%) or on their own (19%). The main reasons influencing decisions to accept chemotherapy were categorised as prevention of recurrence and clinician recommendation. Side effects, length of treatment, impact on QoL, low survival benefits and clinician recommendation influenced decisions to decline chemotherapy. The majority (80%) were satisfied with information provision, the communication with their clinician and explanation of treatment.

Conclusions

Older women with EBC preferred to be involved in clinical decision making. Clinician recommendation plays a significant role in either accepting or declining chemotherapy. Well‐informed decision making and effective communication between clinicians, older women and their family members are therefore important. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between passive smoking exposure and urinary heavy metals and lung functions in preschool children
Authors: Leung Ting F. , Chan Iris H.S. , Liu Tak C. , Lam Christopher W.K. , Wong Gary W.K.
Published: June 2013

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a risk factor for asthma in school‐age children, but there is limited data of ETS exposure on respiratory health in preschool children. This study investigated the relationship between ETS, lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) exposures and asthma symptoms and spirometric indices in Chinese preschoolers. Preschool children from 30 nurseries and kindergartens performed spirometry with incentives of animation programs, and their urinary cotinine, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured by immunoassay and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, respectively. Two thousand seven hundred sixty‐three preschoolers participated, and 1,505 and 893 provided valid spirometric data and urine samples, respectively. Current domestic smoking was reported in 37.5% of children, but only 95 (10.6%) had high urinary cotinine‐to‐creatinine ratio (≥30 ng/mg). Pb was measurable in 3.9% of samples, whereas 406 (45.5%) children had high Cd. Reported ETS exposure was not associated with any spirometric index, whereas cotinine‐to‐creatinine ratio was inversely associated with forced expiratory volume in 0.5‐sec (β = −0.093, P = 0.003), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of expiration (β = −0.138, P = 0.002) and peak expiratory flow (β = −0.106, P = 0.002). Cd exposure was not associated with reported respiratory symptom or spirometric indices. This community study shows that ETS exposure defined by urinary cotinine is a strong risk factor for lung function impairment measured by spirometry in Chinese preschool children. Urinary cotinine is more reliable than questionnaire for assessing ETS exposure in young children. Although high urinary Cd is common in Hong Kong preschoolers, such biomarker is not associated with any clinical or spirometric outcome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1089–1097. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultra‐low acoustic‐phonon‐limited mobility and giant phonon‐drag thermopower in MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures
Authors: Tsaousidou Margarita
Published: June 2013

We present numerical simulations of the acoustic‐phonon‐limited mobility, $ \mu _{\rm ac}, $ and phonon‐drag thermopower, S^{\rm g},$ in two‐dimensional electron gases confined in MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures. The calculations are based on the Boltzmann equation and are made for temperatures in the range 0.3–20 K and sheet densities 0.5–30 × 1015 m–2. The theoretical estimations of \mu _{\rm ac} $ are in good agreement with the experiment without any adjustable parameters. We find that the magnitude of \mu _{\rm ac} $ is dramatically decreased in relation to GaAs‐based heterostructures. The phonon‐drag thermopower, S^{\rm g},$ which according to Herring's expression is inversely proportional to \mu _{\rm ac} is severely increased exceeding 200 mV/K at T = 5 K depending on sheet density. The giant values of S^{\rm g} $ lead to a strong improvement of the figure of merit ZT at low temperatures. Our findings suggest that MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures can be candidates for good thermoelectric materials at cryogenic temperatures. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Satellite constellation of MEO and IGSO network routing with dynamic grouping
Authors: Yi Xianqing , Sun Zhili , Yao Fang , Miao Ye
Published: June 2013

Because inter‐satellite links (ISLs) among the distributed satellite nodes can be used to support autonomous control in satellite system operation to reduce dependency on the ground stations, it becomes a popular communication paradigm for the future satellite systems. However, this introduces great technical challenges, particularly for routing protocol to support such space communication system. Facing the challenges, we present out study of routing technology in this paper tailored for satellite network of MEO (Table 1) and IGSO with ISLs in addition to satellite–ground links. The study aims to explore the routing strategies and algorithms of satellite network based on the evolution law of network topology to provide reference design for data exchange in autonomous satellite system. A comprehensive investigation, ranging from the analysis of relevant factors affecting data exchange in satellite networks to the primary application and resource constraints in designing satellite routing strategy, has been conducted. Our main contribution is to propose an on‐demand computing and caching centralized routing strategy and algorithm on the satellite network. The routing strategy and algorithm is designed for satellite network topology dynamic grouping. The route calculation for user data transmission is divided into three phases: direction estimation, direction enhancement, and congestion avoidance. The strategy and algorithm provide significant advantages of high efficiency, low complexity, and flexible configuration, by which the satellite networks can provide the features of flexible configure, efficient transferring, easy management, structural survivability, and great potential in scalability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eradication of Multi‐Drug Resistant Bacteria by a Novel Zn‐doped CuO Nanocomposite
Authors: Malka Eyal , Perelshtein Ilana , Lipovsky Anat , Shalom Yakov , Naparstek Livnat , Perkas Nina , Patick Tal , Lubart Rachel , Nitzan Yeshayahu , Banin Ehud , Gedanken Aharon
Published: June 2013

Zinc‐doped copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesized and simultaneously deposited on cotton fabric using ultrasound irradiation. The optimization of the processing conditions, the specific reagent ratio, and the precursor concentration results in the formation of uniform nanoparticles with an average size of ≈30 nm. The antibacterial activity of the Zn‐doped CuO Cu0.88Zn0.12O in a colloidal suspension or deposited on the fabric is tested against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) bacteria. A substantial enhancement of 10 000 times in the antimicrobial activity of the Zn–CuO nanocomposite compared to the pure CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) is observed after 10 min exposure to the bacteria. Similar activities are observed against multidrug‐resistant bacteria (MDR), (i.e., Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus and MDR E. coli) further emphasizing the efficacy of this composite. Finally, the mechanism for this enhanced antibacterial activity is presented.
Pregnant Bodies in Social Context: Natural, Disruptive, and Unrecognized Pregnancy
Authors: Neiterman Elena
Published: June 2013

This article examines the role of social context in the construction of meanings attached to the pregnant body. Analyzing interviews with 42 women who, during the time of the interview, were either pregnant or had given birth to a child within the last 12 months, I explore (1) the role of social context in assigning social value to the pregnant body; and (2) how the meaning attached to pregnancy changes as pregnant women move from one social context to another. I suggest that the role of social context is central to our understanding of how pregnant women are perceived and evaluated by others.
Surgical management of thoracolumbar kyphosis in mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 in a reference center
Authors: Abelin Genevois Kariman , Garin Christophe , Solla Federico , Guffon Nathalie , Kohler Rémi
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease. Thoracolumbar kyphosis is an early characteristic feature of the disease. Ossification failure in the anterosuperior quadrant of the vertebral body results in anterior dislocation. This study describes the surgical management of thoracolumbar kyphosis in MPS IH (Hurler syndrome) in a national reference center.

Methods

Among 72 MPS I patients followed in our institution, we treated surgically 14 MPS IH patients with severe thoracolumbar kyphosis. The decision was made after documented deformity progression. Mean age at surgery was 8 (3.5–15) years. Sagittal imbalance of the trunk was constant. One patient underwent extended fusion for associated scoliosis. We retrospectively reviewed 13 patients who underwent selective circumferential fusion at the thoracolumbar level.

Results

Average preoperative kyphosis was +57.5°(+30°; +90°). Surgical correction of the kyphosis was about 66 % and maintained at final follow‐up. Fusion was obtained in all patients. Two patients required revision surgery consecutively to a previous posterior‐only fusion, as a significant loss of correction occurred. One patient presented delayed neurologic deficit secondarily to cardiac embolism. One patient died postoperatively from cardiorespiratory failure.

Conclusion

Surgery is necessary when kyphosis is progressive despite orthopedic management, aggravating the multifactorial trunk imbalance. Regarding our experience, circumferential arthrodesis should be recommended to achieve stable correction. Surgical management requires a multidisciplinary approach due to multisystemic failure and neurological risks specific to metabolic disorders.
Environmental factors controlling seed germination and seedling recruitment of Stipa bungeana on the Loess Plateau of northwestern China
Authors: Hu Xiao Wen , Zhou Zhi Qin , Li Ting Shan , Wu Yan Pei , Wang Yan Rong
Published: June 2013

Germination studies are important for collecting information on field seedling recruitment, plant conservation and restoration. This study investigated the role of light, temperature, nitrogen, water stress and burial depth in controlling germination of Stipa bungeana seeds. S. bungeana seeds are photo‐inhibited; light significantly decreased seed germination regardless of temperature and water conditions. Seeds germinated at 10–30° C, and the highest germination was 72 % and 88 % at 20° C in light and dark, respectively. Thermal model analysis showed that presence of light significantly increased average thermal requirement [θT(50)] from 105°Cd to 186°Cd at sub‐optimal temperature, implying that light delays seed germination. Hydrotime model analysis showed that presence of light caused a shift in the median base water potential [Ψb(50)] from −0.68 to −0.26 MPa, which partly explains why light decreased both percentage and speed of germination, even at optimal conditions. As burial depth increased, seedling emergence initially increased and then decreased; the highest seedling emergence recruitment was 43 %, for seeds buried at a depth of 1 cm. Field observations showed that seedling emergence occurred primarily from July to September, and scarcely occurred from April to June. These results suggest that the light inhibitory effect is an adaptive mechanism that prevents S. bungeana seeds from germinating on the soil surface. To attain highest seedling establishment, seeds of S. bungeana should be sown at a soil depth of 1 cm prior to the rainy season, using seeds stored for 1 year.
Determination of Aroma Profiles of Olive Oils from Turkish Olive Cultivars
Authors: Bayrak Ali , Kıralan Mustafa , Kara Hasan Hüseyin
Published: June 2013

This study analyzed volatile aromatic compounds present in the oils of Turkish olive cultivars. The cultivars Gemlik, Ayvalık, Memecik, Domat, Uslu, Halhalı, Kilis yağlık, Nizip yağlık, Haşebi and Karamani were harvested from important Turkish olive‐growing locations, such as Balıkesir, Bursa, Manisa, Aydın, Muğla, İzmir, Kilis, Mersin, Hatay and Gaziantep during the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons. Olive samples were collected in two harvest years, at almost the same maturity stage, and processed under the same conditions. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) was used to analyze volatile aroma compounds in the olive oil samples. Forty‐seven compounds were characterized and quantified using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC–MS/FID). The most abundant identified compounds were trans‐2‐hexenal, hexanal and 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol. The trans‐2‐hexenal, hexanal and 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol contents of oil samples varied between 0.86–67.15, 3.93–61.82 and 0.48–84.74 %, respectively.
Flexed-knee gait in children with cerebral palsy: A 10-year follow-up study
Authors: Haumont Thierry , Church Chris , Hager Shaun , Cornes Maria Julia , Poljak Dijana , Lennon Nancy , Henley John , Taylor Daveda , Niiler Tim , Miller Freeman
Published: June 2013

Background

While several studies have evaluated the short-term effectiveness of conservative and surgical treatment of flexed-knee gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP), few have explored the long-term outcomes using gait analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine, through gait analysis, the 10-year outcomes of flexed-knee gait in children with CP.

Methods

Ninety-seven children with spastic CP who walked with a flexed-knee gait underwent two gait evaluations [age 6.1 ± 2.1 and 16.2 ± 2.3 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) I (12), II (45), III (37), IV (3)]. Limbs with knee flexion at initial contact >15° were considered walking with a flexed-knee gait and were included in the study ( n = 185). Kinematic data were collected using an eight-camera motion analysis system (Motion Analysis, Santa Rosa, CA). Surgical and therapeutic interventions were not controlled.

Results

A comparison between the two gait studies showed an overall improvement in gait at 10 years follow-up. Significant improvements were seen in knee flexion at initial contact, Gait Deviation Index (GDI), Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), and gait speed ( P < 0.01 for all). Outcome was also evaluated based on the severity of flexed-knee gait at the initial visit, with functional skills and overall gait (GDI) improving in all groups ( P < 0.01 for all). The group with a severe flexed-knee gait exhibited the most improvement, while subjects with a mild flexed-knee improved the least.

Conclusions

Children at a specialty hospital whose orthopedic care included gait analysis and multi-level surgery showed improvement of flexed-knee gait and gross motor function over a 10-year course, regardless of the initial severity.
Convergence and Diversity in Political Campaigning in Europe
Authors: Gagatek Wojciech
Published: June 2013

This review paper takes stock of the reasons for, and explanations of, convergence and diversity in political campaigning in Europe. Convergence is primarily related to growing homogenisation practices resulting from the Americanisation or globalisation of campaigning, in particular through the common use of new media. Diversity, in contrast, stems from differences in structural and contextual country-specific features, such as different electoral laws, media systems or political culture. The biggest gap that exists in this field of study, despite recent improvements, concerns insufficient attempts to quantify campaign practices that would allow better capture of the degree of either convergence or divergence.
Vital for Democracy, but Do They Realise It? Europe's Youth and the 2014 Elections
Authors: Prainsack Ines Elise , Vodanović Andrea
Published: June 2013

In this article, we first highlight the recent trends of voter turnout for European elections and analyse whether or not young people care about these elections. Then we discuss the role and potential influence of social media on elections and their results. Finally, we outline why an investment in youth will ‘pay off’, as one could compare it with the relationship between a bank and its customers (even though banks are not the most popular objects nowadays, but then neither are politicians). If I open an account at a bank when I am young, I get good offers and good service; the bank looks after my interest, and it is likely that I will stay at this bank for the rest of my life. The same could be true for political parties: they invest in young people, who might become the voters and leaders of the party in the future.
Wachstum, Innovation, Metropolregionen. Zur Rekonstruktion des jüngeren Leitbildwandels in der deutschen Raumentwicklungspolitik
Authors: Hesse Markus , Leick Annick
Published: June 2013

This paper explores the background and justification of the process of re-orienting spatial development policies in Germany that occurred at the latest since the 2000s. Two subjects of research are investigated in certain detail: first, it focusses on the “New Guidelines for Spatial Development”, which were released in 2006 by the Conference of State and Federal Ministers responsible for Spatial Development in Germany, particularly Guideline No. 1 “Growth and Innovation”. Second, the category of Metropolitan Regions, which was introduced since the mid-1990s, is being assessed here. Both subjects and the underlying processes are critically discussed from a discourse analysis perspective. This means that research takes into account the ideological contexts within which such issues emerge and are being framed. It is certainly clear that even scientific perspectives on space are by far not independent from individual interpretations. The paper considers both the new guidelines and also the politically designated metropolitan regions as theoretically contradictory, empirically vague and conceptually fragile. Thus, a related claim evolving from our research demands a more pluralistic debate. Moreover, these ideas can also be understood as a contribution to further developing future guidelines for spatial development and thus also the self-conception of spatial policy as such.
A Preliminary Assessment of a Novel Pneumatic Unloading Knee Brace on the Gait Mechanics of Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Della Croce Ugo , Crapanzano Fausto , Li Ling , Kasi Patrick K. , Patritti Benjamin L. , Mancinelli Chiara , Hunter David J. , Stamenović Dimitrije , Harvey William F. , Bonato Paolo
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To determine whether a knee brace incorporating inflatable air bladders can alter the net peak external knee adduction moment in persons with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Motion analysis laboratory.

Participants

Subjects (n = 18) diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis as defined by the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association.

Methods

Instrumented gait analysis was performed while subjects walked with and without the knee brace. When subjects wore the knee brace, the air bladders were either uninflated or inflated to 7 psi. The net external knee adduction moment was obtained by subtracting the abduction moment produced by the knee brace (estimated using a finite element analysis model) from the external knee adduction moment (estimated using a camera‐based motion analysis system).

Main Outcome Measurements

The net external knee adduction moment was compared across all testing conditions.

Results

A 7.6% decrease in net peak external knee adduction moment was observed when subjects wore the knee brace uninflated compared with when they did not wear the brace. Inflation of the bladders to 7 psi led to a 26.0% decrease in net peak external knee adduction moment.

Conclusions

The results of the study suggest that the effects of an unloading knee brace may be enhanced by incorporating inflatable air bladders into the design of the brace, thus leading to an improved correction of the excessive peak external knee adduction moment observed in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.
Symmetry-Defying Iron Pyrite (FeS2) Nanocrystals through Oriented Attachment
Authors: Gong Maogang , Kirkeminde Alec , Ren Shenqiang
Published: June 2013

Iron pyrite (fool's gold, FeS2) is a promising earth abundant and environmentally benign semiconductor material that shows promise as a strong and broad absorber for photovoltaics and high energy density cathode material for batteries. However, controlling FeS2 nanocrystal formation (composition, size, shape, stoichiometry, etc.) and defect mitigation still remains a challenge. These problems represent significant limitations in the ability to control electrical, optical and electrochemical properties to exploit pyrite's full potential for sustainable energy applications. Here, we report a symmetry-defying oriented attachment FeS2 nanocrystal growth by examining the nanostructure evolution and recrystallization to uncover how the shape, size and defects of FeS2 nanocrystals changes during growth. It is demonstrated that a well-controlled reaction temperature and annealing time results in polycrystal-to-monocrystal formation and defect annihilation, which correlates with the performance of photoresponse devices. This knowledge opens up a new tactic to address pyrite's known defect problems.
Non-Engineered Nanoparticles of C60
Authors: Deguchi Shigeru , Mukai Sada-atsu , Sakaguchi Hide , Nonomura Yoshimune
Published: June 2013

We discovered that rubbing bulk solids of C60between fingertips generates nanoparticles including the ones smaller than 20 nm. Considering the difficulties usually associated with nanoparticle production by pulverisation, formation of nanoparticles by such a mundane method is unprecedented and noteworthy. We also found that nanoparticles of C60could be generated from bulk solids incidentally without deliberate engineering of any sort. Our findings imply that there exist highly unusual human exposure routes to nanoparticles of C60and elucidating formation mechanisms of nanoparticles is crucial in assessing their environmental impacts.
Candy Wrapper for the Earth's Inner Core
Authors: Mattesini M. , Belonoshko A. B. , Tkalčić H. , Buforn E. , Udías A. , Ahuja R.
Published: June 2013

Recent global expansion of seismic data motivated a number of seismological studies of the Earth's inner core that proposed the existence of increasingly complex structure and anisotropy. In the meantime, new hypotheses of dynamic mechanisms have been put forward to interpret seismological results. Here, the nature of hemispherical dichotomy and anisotropy is re-investigated by bridging the observations of PKP(bc-df) differential travel-times with the ironbcc/hcpelastic properties computed fromfirst-principlesmethods.TheCandy Wrappervelocity model introduced here accounts for a dynamic picture of the inner core (i.e., the eastward drift of material), where different iron crystal shapes can be stabilized at the two hemispheres. We show that seismological data are best explained by a rather complicated, mosaic-like, structure of the inner core, where well-separated patches of different iron crystals compose the anisotropic western hemispherical region and a conglomerate of almost indistinguishable iron phases builds-up the weakly anisotropic eastern side.
The Degradation of Works of Art Materials
Authors: Dei L. , Giorgi R.
Published: June 2013

This chapter deals with the general physicochemical properties of works of art materials, strictly correlated to the degradation and alteration processes. The principal chemical and physico-structural properties of both organic and inorganic materials constituting wall paintings and easel paintings are discussed. The mechanisms leading to the degradation of these works of art are analysed, classifying them into three broad categories: natural weathering; pollution – indoor and outdoor; and general chemical, physical and mechanical stresses. The natural weathering of artworks materials is then discussed, focusing on the role of temperature, humidity and light, with particular attention to the phenomenon of salt crystallization. The environmental conditions for the best conservation of indoor and outdoor works of art are highlighted. The remaining chemical effects driving decay processes are analysed by referring to condensation of water, with consequent wetting and capillary suction. In this frame the effects of deliquescent and hygroscopic salts are taken into account, together with the topic of salt efflorescence. Finally, the physical alteration associated with the combined action of light and oxygen from air is treated in relationship to two classes of compounds particularly sensitive to these phenomena, i.e. drying oils and natural varnishes.
Cleaning IV: Applications and Case Studies
Authors: Carretti E. , Giorgi R.
Published: June 2013

This chapter presents the potential applications of some classes of innovative gels and highly viscous polymeric dispersions (HVPDs) as the most advanced tools for the surface cleaning of wood and canvas paintings. As in the case of traditional gels, the high viscosity and the consequent strong retention power of these systems limit the penetration of the embedded solvents into artistic porous matrices, minimizing the swelling of the paint layer and favouring good control of the cleaning action. The use of nanotechnology-based systems allows one to overcome the problems related to the complete removal of traditional gel residues left on the artistic substrate. The approaches highlighted in this chapter are based on the usage of nanostructured chemical gels, responsive systems and HVPDs. The formulation and application techniques of the systems described are exhaustively illustrated, in relation to real case studies.
Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Deacidification of Waterlogged Wood
Authors: Chelazzi D. , Giorgi R. , Baglioni P.
Published: June 2013

This chapter focuses on the main conservation issues of archaeological and waterlogged wood, providing both an overview and specific case studies that involve the usage of nanotechnology as an innovative approach to solve preservation problems. Essential information on wood's composition, structure, degradation and traditional conservation methods is provided as a background before discussing novel materials for the protection and consolidation of wood artworks and major objects. New tools such as nanolatexes, nanoparticulate silica sols, and dispersions of alkaline earth hydroxide nanoparticles are introduced and discussed in the context of evaluating real possibilities for protective coatings, consolidants and deacidifying agents for wood. Two case studies are presented, involving the conservation of historical waterlogged shipwrecks (the Vasa and the Mary Rose), and the neutralization of acidic volatile organic compounds emitted from wooden substrates. Both cases highlight the potential of inorganic nanomaterials for solving the problem of the acidity of wood, either developed within the fibres or emitted from the object's surface, which represents one of the main concerns when dealing with the preservation of wooden artefacts.
CRISPR interference: a structural perspective
Authors: Reeks Judith , Naismith James H. , White Malcolm F.
Published: June 2013

CRISPR (cluster of regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) is a prokaryotic adaptive defence system, providing immunity against mobile genetic elements such as viruses. Genomically encoded crRNA (CRISPR RNA) is used by Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins to target and subsequently degrade nucleic acids of invading entities in a sequence-dependent manner. The process is known as ‘interference’. In the present review we cover recent progress on the structural biology of the CRISPR/Cas system, focusing on the Cas proteins and complexes that catalyse crRNA biogenesis and interference. Structural studies have helped in the elucidation of key mechanisms, including the recognition and cleavage of crRNA by the Cas6 and Cas5 proteins, where remarkable diversity at the level of both substrate recognition and catalysis has become apparent. The RNA-binding RAMP (repeat-associated mysterious protein) domain is present in the Cas5, Cas6, Cas7 and Cmr3 protein families and RAMP-like domains are found in Cas2 and Cas10. Structural analysis has also revealed an evolutionary link between the small subunits of the type I and type III-B interference complexes. Future studies of the interference complexes and their constituent components will transform our understanding of the system.
Brown adipose tissue: development, metabolism and beyond
Authors: Schulz Tim J. , Tseng Yu-Hua
Published: June 2013

Obesity represents a major risk factor for the development of several of our most common medical conditions, including Type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver, cardiovascular disease and even some cancers. Although increased fat mass is the main feature of obesity, not all fat depots are created equal. Adipocytes found in white adipose tissue contain a single large lipid droplet and play well-known roles in energy storage. By contrast, brown adipose tissue is specialized for thermogenic energy expenditure. Owing to its significant capacity to dissipate energy and regulate triacylglycerol (triglyceride) and glucose metabolism, and its demonstrated presence in adult humans, brown fat could be a potential target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Undoubtedly, fundamental knowledge about the formation of brown fat and regulation of its activity is imperatively needed to make such therapeutics possible. In the present review, we integrate the recent advancements on the regulation of brown fat formation and activity by developmental and hormonal signals in relation to its metabolic function.
Supercontinuum light
Authors: Dudley John M. , Genty Goëry
Published: June 2013

When coupled into an optical waveguide, the familiar narrowband radiation from a laser can become spectrally broadened into the ultimate white light.
Overflowing with Issues: Following the Political Trajectories of Flooding
Authors: Donaldson Andrew , Lane Stuart , Ward Neil , Whatmore Sarah
Published: June 2013

The paper is based on a research project that engaged with and intervened in flood risk management in national policy and in two localities. Building on recent work in STS, we develop a framework for political analysis that complements existing understandings of environmental governance by focusing on the materiality of an issue and the ways in which it is articulated through various sites, shifting between different political modalities (its political trajectory). Each modality represents a different way in which an issue is framed such that it is opened to questioning and contestation, or subject to closure and containment. We conclude that differing understandings of what makes an environmental issue political mean that researchers need to pay close attention to how their own work is political and to different meanings and constitutions of ‘the public’, as well as looking for more ways of engaging with the politics of environmental issues in different modalities.
Understanding Differences in Voter Perceptions of Campaign Agendas: The Case of Local Elections in Denmark
Authors: Elmelund-Præstekær Christian , Hopmann David Nicolas
Published: June 2013

With this paper we contribute to the empirical scholarship on local diversity by studying the input side—specifically, local election campaign agendas—of local government. The goal is to answer two central questions: are issue agendas different across municipalities and, if so, which factors explain the differences? Ninety-eight local campaign agendas are compiled on the basis of a large-scale representative survey ( N = 3336) fielded in the aftermath of the 2009 Danish local elections asking respondents to point out the most central issue in their respective municipality. We identify a number of factors that systematically affect diversity in local campaign agendas—that is, geography, urbanisation, and the perceived competence of the incumbent mayor. The presented findings shed light on an often neglected aspect in the literature on local diversity and underline that the political system's environment does affect the content of the political discussion in a particular system.
The Future of Science Governance: Publics, Policies, Practices
Authors: Macnaghten Phil , Chilvers Jason
Published: June 2013

In this paper we develop new insights on science governance at a time when an emphasis on public engagement in responding to questions of trust in science is giving way to a more systemic and networked perspective. In a meta-analysis across seventeen UK public dialogue processes we identify five spheres of public concern about the governance of science and technology relating to: the purposes of science; trust; inclusion; speed and direction of innovation; and equity. Forty in-depth interviews with senior UK science-policy actors reveal highly partial institutional responses to these concerns and help explain the underlying processes that close down, and at times open up, reflection and response on public values. Finally, we consider the implications of this analysis for the future of science governance, prospects for more anticipatory, reflexive, and inclusive forms of governing, and the roles for critical social science inquiry.