bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direkte Ermittlung der erforderlichen Einspanntiefe von I‐förmigen Stahlquerschnitten in Betonkonstruktionen
Authors: Laumann Jörg , Mainz Stefan
Published: November 2012

Für die Ermittlung der erforderlichen Einspanntiefe von eingespannten Stahlquerschnitten in Betonkonstruktionen existieren verschiedene Bemessungsmodelle. Diese basieren vorwiegend auf Grundlage nationaler Normen wie z. B. DIN 18800 [1] und DIN 1045 [2], die durch die europäische Normung ersetzt wurden. Aus diesem Grund wird in diesem Aufsatz ein Berechnungsmodell für die erforderliche Einspanntiefe von eingespannten Stahlquerschnitten in Betonkonstruktionen auf Grundlage des Eurocodes vorgestellt. Das Grundgerüst für dieses Berechnungsmodell bildet das Verfahren nach Kindmann und Laumann, welches in [3] behandelt wurde. Gleichzeitig werden neue Formeln zur direkten Ermittlung der Mindesteinspanntiefe vorgestellt. Behandelt werden gewalzte I‐Profile für einachsige Biegung um die starke Achse (y‐y) mit Drucknormalkraft.

Direct calculation of the required length of restraint for steel columns in concrete constructions. For the calculation of the load carrying capacity of steel columns in concrete foundations several calculation models exist. Until now, these calculation models are based on national standards (e. g. DIN 18800 [1]; DIN 1045 [2]), whereas these standards will be replaced by European standards in 2012. This paper shows a calculation model based on the Eurocode refining the methods of Kindmann and Laumann [3]. The minimum length of restraint can be calculated directly for rolled I‐sections considering bending about the strong axis (y‐y) with compression normal force.
Technische und wirtschaftliche Alternativen zu den klassischen nichtrostenden, austenitischen Stählen unter atmosphärischen Einsatzbedingungen
Authors: Burkert Andreas , Lehmann Jens , Burkert Annette , Mietz Jürgen , Gümpel Paul
Published: November 2012

Durch systematische Labor‐ und Auslagerungsuntersuchungen ist es möglich, sieben unterschiedliche nichtrostende Stahllegierungen hinsichtlich verschiedenster Anwendungen untereinander und auch in Bezug auf zwei austenitische Standardwerkstoffe (1.4301, 1.4404) zu vergleichen. Die parallele Untersuchung von fünf verschiedenen Oberflächenausführungen der jeweiligen Werkstoffe ermöglicht zudem, branchenspezifische Besonderheiten der Oberflächenausführung beim Werkstoffvergleich zu berücksichtigen. Der Einfluss der Oberflächenausführung wird überwiegend bei den Ergebnissen der Auslagerungsversuche in kritischen Atmosphären sichtbar, weniger bei den elektrochemischen Untersuchungen.

Die drei Vertreter aus dem Bereich der Duplexstähle zeigten unter den meisten Untersuchungsbedingungen eine hervorragende Korrosionsbeständigkeit. Insbesondere für Anwendungen im Bauwesen können die Lean‐Duplexstähle deutliche Vorteile bieten. Der Manganaustenit 1.4376 sowie der Ferrit 1.4509 sind nur eingeschränkt als Alternativen geeignet, da die Werkstoffe bei einigen Versuchen signifikante Schwächen zeigten.

Technical and economical alternatives to the classical austenitic stainless steels under atmospheric conditions. The systematic laboratory and field exposure tests allow to compare seven different stainless steels among each other and also regarding two standard austenitic materials (1.4301, 1.4401) with respect to various applications. Parallel investigations with five different surface finishes of the respective materials enable to consider also industry‐specific features of the surface finish. The influence of the surface finish can mainly be seen in the results of the exposure tests in critical atmospheres and less in the electrochemical investigations.

The three duplex stainless steels showed under most of the test conditions excellent corrosion resistance. Especially for applications in civil engineering the lean duplex steels offer clear advantages. The manganese alloyed 1.4376 and the ferritic steel 1.4509 are only limited suitable as alternatives as these materials showed significant weaknesses in some of the tests.
PTEN/MAPK pathways play a key role in platelet‐activating factor‐induced experimental pulmonary tumor metastasis
Authors: Kim Han-A , Kim Kyoung-Jin , Seo Kook Heon , Lee Hern-Ku , Im Suhn-Young
Published: November 2012

In this study, we investigated the role of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) in a platelet‐activating factor (PAF)‐induced experimental pulmonary tumor metastasis model. An adenovirus carrying PTEN cDNA (Ad‐PTEN) reversed PAF‐induced increase in phosphorylation of AKT as well as pulmonary metastasis of B16F10. PAF‐induced pulmonary metastasis was inhibited by MAPK inhibitors, but not by PI3K inhibitor. Ad‐PTEN abrogated PAF‐induced phosphorylation of MAPKs. These data indicate PTEN/MAPK pathways play a key role in PAF‐induced tumor metastasis.
UNIX and Perl to the Rescue!
Authors: Bradnam Keith , Korf Ian
Published: November 2012

Your research has generated gigabytes of data and now you need to analyse it. You hate using spreadsheets but it is all you know, so what else can you do? This book will transform how you work with large and complex data sets, teaching you powerful programming tools for slicing and dicing data to suit your needs. Written in a fun and accessible style, this step-by-step guide will inspire and inform non-programmers about the essential aspects of Unix and Perl. It shows how, with just a little programming knowledge, you can write programs that could save you hours, or even days. No prior experience is required and new concepts are introduced using numerous code examples that you can try out for yourself. Going beyond the basics, the authors touch upon many broader topics that will help those new to programming, including debugging and how to write in a good programming style.
Methods in Molecular Biophysics
Authors: Serdyuk Igor N. , Zaccai Nathan R. , Zaccai Joseph
Published: November 2012

Our knowledge of biological macromolecules and their interactions is based on the application of physical methods, ranging from classical thermodynamics to recently developed techniques for the detection and manipulation of single molecules. These methods, which include mass spectrometry, hydrodynamics, microscopy, diffraction and crystallography, electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and nuclear magnetic resonance, are complementary; each has its specific advantages and limitations. Organised by method, this textbook provides descriptions and examples of applications for the key physical methods in modern biology. It is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students of molecular biophysics in science and medical schools, as well as research scientists looking for an introduction to techniques beyond their specialty. As appropriate for this interdisciplinary field, the book includes short asides to explain physics aspects to biologists and biology aspects to physicists.
The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Pasqualucci Jo M.
Published: November 2012

A thoroughly revised second edition that incorporates the major changes made in the procedures and practice of the Inter-American Court. Jo M. Pasqualucci analyzes all aspects of the Court's advisory jurisdiction, contentious jurisdiction and provisional measures orders through 2011. She also compares the practice and procedure of the Inter-American Court with that of the European Court of Human Rights, the Permanent Court of Justice and the United Nations Human Rights Committee. She evaluates changes in the Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Court that entered into force on January 1, 2010, and which substantially change the role of the Inter-American Commission in contentious cases before the Court. She also evaluates the challenges and means of State compliance with the Court's innovative reparations orders. Featuring revisions to every chapter to address the major changes, this book will provide an important and updated resource for scholars, practitioners and students of international human rights law.
Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: November 2012

Among traditionally educated scholars in the Islamic world there is much disagreement on the crises that afflict modern Muslim societies and how best to deal with them, and the debates have grown more urgent since 9/11. Through an analysis of the work of Muhammad Rashid Rida and Yusuf al-Qaradawi in the Arab Middle East and a number of scholars belonging to the Deobandi orientation in colonial and contemporary South Asia, this book examines some of the most important issues facing the Muslim world since the late nineteenth century. These include the challenges to the binding claims of a long-established scholarly consensus, evolving conceptions of the common good, and discourses on religious education, the legal rights of women, social and economic justice and violence and terrorism. This wide-ranging study by a leading scholar provides the depth and the comparative perspective necessary for an understanding of the ferment that characterizes contemporary Islam.
Introducing Psycholinguistics
Authors: Warren Paul
Published: November 2012

How humans produce and understand language is clearly introduced in this textbook for students with only a basic knowledge of linguistics. With a logical, flexible structure Introducing Psycholinguistics steps through the central topics of production and comprehension of language and the interaction between them. Students will gain an understanding of the processes and representations involved in language use, aided by a comprehensive glossary, concepts defined in the margins and online flashcards that allow students to check their understanding of all the key terms and concepts of the subject. Examples and exercises throughout each topic reinforce understanding and encourage students to consider what language users might carry around in their heads as part of their linguistic knowledge, and how this stored knowledge relates to the structures and rules proposed by theoretical linguistics. Students will gain hands-on experience of experimental methods, with online demonstrations of techniques. This supports the theory within the book, reinforces a student's grasp of the concepts and allows the student to apply their understanding to the analysis of data.
Neutralization
Authors: Silverman Daniel
Published: November 2012

The function of language is to transmit information from speakers to listeners. This book investigates an aspect of linguistic sound patterning that has traditionally been assumed to interfere with this function – neutralization, a conditioned limitation on the distribution of a language's contrastive values. The book provides in-depth, nuanced and critical analyses of many theoretical approaches to neutralization in phonology and argues for a strictly functional characterization of the term: neutralizing alternations are only function-negative to the extent that they derive homophones, and most surprisingly, neutralization is often function-positive, by serving as an aid to parsing. Daniel Silverman encourages the reader to challenge received notions by carefully considering these functional consequences of neutralization. The book includes a glossary, discussion points and lists of further reading to help advanced phonology students consolidate the main ideas and findings on neutralization.
Shakespeare, Time and the Victorians
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: November 2012

Time and the visual sense were two essential preoccupations of the Victorians, and both were central to their presentations of Shakespeare's plays. In this extensive new study, Stuart Sillars examines multiple facets of this complex relationship. The desire for authenticity in production, in the work of Charles Kean and his followers, leads to elaborate sets that define and direct the performances' movement through time. Visual artists of all kinds fracture and extend the plays' movements, the Pre-Raphaelites through new techniques and approaches, illustrators through new forms of engraving and printing, and photographers through the emerging forms of the medium. The book also considers the multiple forms in which performances were recorded and re-created visually, and absorbed into the memories of their viewers. With many previously unpublished images, it draws together multiple fields to offer a new perspective on one of the most productive and various periods of Shakespeare activity.
Physical Geography
Authors: Marsh William M. , Kaufman Martin M.
Published: November 2012

The physical geography of Earth is explained through the systems that shape the planet's lands, waters, and atmosphere. Written in an easy narrative style, each chapter combines text with more than 40 single-concept illustrations. The result is a distinctive design that weaves words and illustrations together into an integrated whole. The presentation is uncluttered to keep students focused on the main themes. An entire chapter is dedicated to climate change, its geographic origins, likely outcomes, and influence on other Earth systems. A distinctive illustration program includes summary diagrams at the end of chapters that recap concepts and reinforce the systems approach. Section summaries within chapters, along with end-of-chapter review points and questions, are provided to highlight key concepts and encourage thoughtful review of the material. The instructor's guidebook highlights the core concepts in each chapter and suggests strategies to advance a systems approach in teaching physical geography.
Analysing English Grammar
Authors: Fontaine Lise
Published: November 2012

A practical step-by-step introduction to the analysis of English grammar, this book leaves the reader confident to tackle the challenges analysing grammar may pose. The first textbook to take an integrated approach to function and structure in grammatical analysis, it allows students to build experience, skills and confidence in working with grammar. The innovative, hybrid approach combines an introduction to systemic functional theory with a solid grounding in grammatical structure. The book approaches grammar in an incremental way, enabling students to develop grammatical skill in stages. It is of particular value to those starting to work with functional grammar but it is also relevant for experienced readers who are interested in developing a more systematic approach to grammatical analysis.
Ethics and Science
Authors: Briggle Adam , Mitcham Carl
Published: November 2012

Who owns your genes? What does climate science imply for policy? Do corporations conduct honest research? Should we teach intelligent design? Humans are creating a new world through science. The kind of world we are creating will not simply be decided by expanding scientific knowledge, but will depend on views about good and bad, right and wrong. These visions, in turn, depend on critical thinking, cogent argument and informed judgement. In this book, Adam Briggle and Carl Mitcham help readers to cultivate these skills. They first introduce ethics and the normative structure of science and then consider the 'society of science' and its norms for the responsible conduct of research and the treatment of human and animal research subjects. Later chapters examine 'science in society' - exploring ethical issues at the interfaces of science, policy, religion, culture and technology. Each chapter features case studies and research questions to stimulate further reflection.
Introduction to Strings and Branes
Authors: West Peter
Published: November 2012

Supersymmetry, strings and branes are believed to be the essential ingredients in a single unified consistent theory of physics. This book gives a detailed, step-by-step introduction to the theoretical foundations required for research in strings and branes. After a study of the different formulations of the bosonic and supersymmetric point particles, the classical and quantum bosonic and supersymmetric string theories are presented. This book includes accounts of brane dynamics and D-branes and the T, S and U duality symmetries of string theory. The historical derivation of string theory is given as well as the sum over the world-sheet approach to the interacting string. More advanced topics include string field theory and Kac–Moody symmetries. The book contains pedagogical accounts of conformal quantum field theory, supergravity theories, Clifford algebras and spinors, and Lie algebras. It is essential reading for graduate students and researchers wanting to learn strings and branes.
Perspectives on Spin Glasses
Authors: Contucci Pierluigi , Giardinà Cristian
Published: November 2012

Presenting and developing the theory of spin glasses as a prototype for complex systems, this book is a rigorous and up-to-date introduction to their properties. The book combines a mathematical description with a physical insight of spin glass models. Topics covered include the physical origins of those models and their treatment with replica theory; mathematical properties like correlation inequalities and their use in the thermodynamic limit theory; main exact solutions of the mean field models and their probabilistic structures; and the theory of the structural properties of the spin glass phase such as stochastic stability and the overlap identities. Finally, a detailed account is given of the recent numerical simulation results and properties, including overlap equivalence, ultrametricity and decay of correlations. The book is ideal for mathematical physicists and probabilists working in disordered systems.
Alexander the Great
Authors: Martin Thomas R. , Blackwell Christopher W.
Published: November 2012

Everything we know about Alexander comes from ancient sources, which agree unanimously that he was extraordinary and greater than everyday mortals. From his birth into a hypercompetitive world of royal women through his training under the eyes and fists of stern soldiers and the piercing intellect of Aristotle; through friendships, rivalries, conquests and negotiations; through acts of generosity and acts of murder, this book explains who Alexander was, what motivated him, where he succeeded (in his own eyes) and where he failed, and how he believed that he earned a new 'mixed' nature combining the human and the divine. This book explains what made Alexander 'Great' according to the people and expectations of his time and place and rejects modern judgments asserted on the basis of an implicit moral superiority to antiquity.
The Nile Quest
Authors: Johnston Harry
Published: November 2012

Sir Harry Johnston (1858–1927), was a British artist, explorer and colonial administrator. He was a key figure in the so-called 'Scramble for Africa', the invasion and colonisation of Africa by major European powers in the late nineteenth century. This book, first published in 1903, is Johnston's wide-ranging history of Nile exploration, beginning with the Ancient Egyptians and the Greeks and continuing into the Victorian period. As well as charting the development of ancient civilisations in the Nile region, Johnston also discusses its wider role in world history and its appeal to powerful leaders from Alexander the Great to Napoleon. As a contemporary of many significant participants in nineteenth-century Nile exploration, Johnston was perfectly situated to provide detailed insights into the personalities and achievements of explorers such as Burton, Stanley and Speke. His absorbing and accessible account provides a fascinating late Victorian perspective on the subject.
Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia
Authors: Roy Kaushik
Published: November 2012

This book challenges the view, common among Western scholars, that precolonial India lacked a tradition of military philosophy. It traces the evolution of theories of warfare in India from the dawn of civilization, focusing on the debate between Dharmayuddha (Just War) and Kutayuddha (Unjust War) within Hindu philosophy. This debate centers around four questions: What is war? What justifies it? How should it be waged? And what are its potential repercussions? This body of literature provides evidence of the historical evolution of strategic thought in the Indian subcontinent that has heretofore been neglected by modern historians. Further, it provides a counterpoint to scholarship in political science that engages solely with Western theories in its analysis of independent India's philosophy of warfare. Ultimately, a better understanding of the legacy of ancient India's strategic theorizing will enable more accurate analysis of modern India's military and nuclear policies.
The Amusements of Old London
Authors: Boulton William Biggs
Published: November 2012

Little is known about the life of William B. Boulton, who was active as an author in the 1900s. This illustrated two-volume set, published first in 1901 is perhaps the most famous of his works, though he also wrote biographies of Sir Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. The work examines how popular entertainment in London changed dramatically between the restoration of Charles II and the accession of Queen Victoria. From cock-fights and bear-baiting, tastes turned to less bloodthirsty pursuits, and led to the rise of many leisure activities that are still popular today. Volume 2 looks at the growth in popularity of outdoor pursuits in parks and gardens, fairs, the growth of clubs and coffee-houses, and the refinement of boxing from a crude, bare-knuckle contest into something resembling its modern form.
An Account of the Arctic Regions
Authors: Scoresby William
Published: November 2012

Written by explorer, scientist and later clergyman William Scoresby (1789–1857), this two-volume guide to the Arctic regions was first published in 1820. Scoresby, himself the son of a whaler and Arctic explorer, first sailed to the polar regions at the age of eleven, and was later apprenticed to his father. He became a correspondent of Sir Joseph Banks, and his extensive research on the Arctic area included pioneering work in oceanography, magnetism, and the study of Arctic currents and waves. He surveyed 400 miles of the Greenland coast in 1822. This account was the first book published in Britain which was devoted solely to the whale fisheries. Volume 2 focuses on the fisheries and includes a history of whaling, the methods used to extract whale oil and prepare whalebone, and the impact of new developments. The book ends with a detailed account of a whaling expedition in 1816.
The Discovery and Settlement of Port Mackay, Queensland
Authors: Roth Henry Ling
Published: November 2012

Port Mackay is a district of Queensland, Australia, best known for its production of cane sugar. It was first settled in the 1860s, when John Mackay (1839–1914) successfully completed a mission to claim farmland and introduce agriculture there. First published in 1908, this study by the businessman and keen amateur anthropologist Henry Ling Roth (1855–1925) explores the district's history, tracing its development from an uncharted territory barely noticed by early European explorers to a burgeoning community that profited from its ideal conditions for cultivation. Drawing on extensive notes from his visits to the region over thirty years, as well as some fascinating anecdotal accounts from settlers, Roth explores the achievements of Port Mackay's early colonists in agriculture, industry and sea trading. The book contains maps and photographs, and includes a short account of the local Aboriginal population, and substantial notes on natural history and sporting pursuits.
Corporate Responsibility
Authors: Carroll Archie B. , Lipartito Kenneth J. , Post James E. , Werhane Patricia H.
Published: November 2012

This thought-provoking history of corporate responsibility in the USA is a landmark publication documenting the story of corporate power and business behavior from the mid-eighteenth century to the modern day. It shows how the idea of corporate responsibility has evolved over time, with the roles, responsibilities and performance of corporations coming increasingly under the spotlight as new norms of transparency and accountability emerge. Today, it is expected that a corporation will be transparent in its operations; that it will reflect ethical values that are broadly shared by others in society; and that companies will enable society to achieve environmental sustainability as well as a high standard of living. As we enter the second decade of the twenty-first century, the social, political and economic landscape is once again shifting: the need for an informed public conversation about what is expected of the modern corporation has never been greater.
Hawaiki: The Original Home of the Maori
Authors: Smith S. Percy
Published: November 2012

Stephenson Percy Smith (1840–1922) was a New Zealand ethnologist and surveyor. As a young man, he travelled six hundred miles exploring the volcanic interior of North Island, and had many interactions with the Maori population, whose language, history and traditions fascinated him throughout his career as a government surveyor. In 1892 he co-founded the Polynesian Society, in whose journal this study originally appeared. The first book edition was published in 1898, and this third, updated edition in 1910. Using indigenous sources gathered in Polynesia and New Zealand, Smith constructed an elaborate history of the Polynesians, and argued that they were ultimately descended from Aryan ancestors in India. His theory of Maori origins was accepted by several generations of scholars, but was eventually superseded by modern historical and archaeological research. However, his pioneering work, acclaimed in its day, still provides fascinating insights into both nineteenth-century Polynesian culture and colonial ethnography.
Bishops, Clerks, and Diocesan Governance in Thirteenth-Century England
Authors: Burger Michael
Published: November 2012

This book investigates how bishops deployed reward and punishment to control their administrative subordinates in thirteenth-century England. Bishops had few effective avenues available to them for disciplining their clerks and rarely pursued them, preferring to secure their service and loyalty through rewards. The chief reward was the benefice, often granted for life. Episcopal administrators' security of tenure in these benefices, however, made them free agents, allowing them to transfer from diocese to diocese or even leave administration altogether; they did not constitute a standing episcopal civil service. This tenuous bureaucratic relationship made the personal relationship between bishop and clerk more important. Ultimately, many bishops communicated in terms of friendship with their administrators, who responded with expressions of devotion. Michael Burger's study brings together ecclesiastical, social, legal and cultural history, producing the first synoptic study of thirteenth-century English diocesan administration in decades. His research provides an ecclesiastical counterpoint to numerous studies of bastard feudalism in secular contexts.
Essays on Truth and Reality
Authors: Bradley F. H.
Published: November 2012

F. H. Bradley (1846–1924) was the foremost philosopher of the British Idealist school, which came to prominence in the second half of the nineteenth century and remained influential into the first half of the twentieth. Bradley, who was educated at Oxford, and spent his life as a fellow of Merton College, was influenced by Hegel, and also reacted against utilitarianism. He was recognised during his lifetime as one of the greatest intellectuals of his generation and was the first philosopher to receive the Order of Merit, in 1924. This collection of some of Bradley's most important journal articles was first published in 1914. He examines coherence and identity theories of truth, and discusses pragmatism and radical empiricism. The book contains extensive discussion of the work of Bertrand Russell and William James, while other essays cover a range of different subjects such as faith, memory, error and God.
The Essence of Christianity
Authors: Feuerbach Ludwig
Published: November 2012

Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–72), the German philosopher and a founding member of the Young Hegelians, a group of radical thinkers influenced by G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831), was an outspoken critic of religion, and the 1841 publication of this work established his reputation. In the first part of the book he examines what he calls the 'anthropological essence' of religion, and in the second he looks at its 'false or theological essence', arguing that the idea of God is a manifestation of human consciousness. These ideas provoked strong reactions in Germany, and soon other European intellectuals wanted to read Feuerbach's book. The 1843 second edition was translated by Marian Evans (1819–80) - who would become better known by her pen name of George Eliot - and published in Britain in 1854. Evans was influenced by Feuerbach's work, and many of his humanist ideas about religion are reflected in her novels.
Natural Law
Authors: Simcox Edith Jemima
Published: November 2012

Edith Simcox (1844–1901) was a prominent British feminist, social critic and prolific writer. She published widely, advocating support for women's right to education, improved working conditions and suffrage. Her scholarly works in philosophy and economic history sought to demonstrate that contemporary capitalism was not the only route to a prosperous society. Her articles appeared in many periodicals and among her books are Episodes in the Lives of Men, Women, and Lovers (1882) and the two-volume Primitive Civilizations (1894), both also reissued in this series. First published in 1877, this book analyses the laws that govern human relations with society and with the natural world. Its chief concern is to establish whether human actions and feelings are subject to the same natural laws as inanimate objects, and whether such laws are 'of supernatural imposition'.
For more information on this author, see
http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=simced
Naturalism and Agnosticism
Authors: Ward James
Published: November 2012

James Ward (1843–1925) was Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic at the University of Cambridge. First published in 1899, this two-volume work consists of his Gifford Lectures, delivered between 1896 and 1898, in which he criticises Naturalism (the belief that all phenomena are governed by the laws of science, and that the supernatural cannot exist), and Agnosticism (the belief that the existence of spiritual phenomena cannot be proved or disproved), in favour of Idealism, in which spiritual and non-material phenomena are central to human experience. The lectures in Volume 2 oppose dualist defences of the Mechanical Theory, which claim that the mind is distinct from physical objects. Ward ultimately argues for a monistic Idealist view, in which consciousness and the physical world are inseparable. He also claims that because Naturalism is so easily refuted, it actually promotes Idealism, in an argument that continues to evoke philosophical debate.
My Diary North and South
Authors: Russell William Howard
Published: November 2012

William Howard Russell (1820–1907) was a nineteenth-century war correspondent for The Times. In 1861–2 he visited America to report on the secession crisis that had followed Abraham Lincoln's campaign to abolish slavery, in which eleven southern states had withdrawn from the United States to form their own confederacy, resulting in the American Civil War. First published in 1863, this two-volume work recounts Russell's experiences there. Based on his interviews with Lincoln, other pivotal figures, and ordinary citizens, together with his diaries and his letters to The Times, it documents his impressions of both the northern and the opposing southern states as he travelled through them. His book, thought to have been compiled in response to accusations that he was biased towards the South, provides a revealing eyewitness account of life during a landmark period in America's history. Volume 1 focuses mainly on southern society and slavery.
Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America
Authors: Simpson Thomas
Published: November 2012

In 1829, Thomas Simpson (1808–1840), born in Dingwall, Scotland, joined the fur-trading Hudson's Bay Company. Under its auspices, he was the junior officer of a successful survey expedition along the North-West Passage, beyond the limits of Franklin's disastrous 1819–22 attempt. The Royal Geographical Society awarded Simpson their Founder's Medal; however the Company refused his request immediately to lead an expedition further east along the coast. Simpson, ambitious and furious, set out for London, hoping to secure approval there, but before he reached the Atlantic, he was shot in the head. The men who had accompanied him alleged that he went mad, and killed two of them before committing suicide. Simpson's own account of his explorations was edited by his brother, Alexander, and published in 1843 in an attempt to restore his reputation. It sheds light on Simpson's difficult character and also on the contribution of trade interests to exploration.
Beyond Petsora Eastward
Authors: Pearson Henry J. , Feilden H. W.
Published: November 2012

In 1895, naturalists Henry J. Pearson (1859–1913) and Colonel H. W. Feilden (1838–1921) set out to Norway for the first time, aiming to study Arctic bird life, geology and botany. This book, first published in 1899, is a collection of their diary entries and papers. Full of humour and written almost novelistically, Pearson's diary describes his ornithological findings and the other noteworthy features of their voyages - he includes an anecdotal account of the process of catching a whale, and describes their own less than ideal ship, and the many difficulties of travelling in the often inhospitable and little-explored North. In the second half of the book, Feilden focuses on geology and botany in three technical papers accompanied by his own photographs. A remarkable account of an ambitious project, this book forms part of the nineteenth-century genre of scientific travel literature, and contains still-relevant information about the Arctic environment.
Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia
Authors: Layard Austen Henry
Published: November 2012

Sir Austen Henry Layard (1817–94) was one of the leading British archaeologists of the Victorian period. His excavations at Nimrud and Nineveh led to important discoveries about ancient Mesopotamia, particularly about the Assyrian civilisation, and his popular books such as Nineveh and its Remains (1849) brought archaeology to a wide audience. This book, first published in 1887, tells the story of an 'adventurous journey' Layard had made over forty years earlier, in 1840–2. He learnt Arabic and Persian and travelled widely, even among tribal peoples notorious for their lawlessness. Volume 2 opens with Layard's account of attacks by the Persian military against his hosts, the mountain-dwelling Bakhtiyari tribe. It describes Layard's return journey through Basra and Baghdad to Constantinople, against a backdrop of civil unrest, feuds, kidnapping, theft and robbery, alternating with generous assistance. The book ends with Layard, undeterred by his experiences, planning his next archaeological excavations.
A Universal Construction for Groups Acting Freely on Real Trees
Authors: Chiswell Ian , Müller Thomas
Published: November 2012

The theory of R-trees is a well-established and important area of geometric group theory and in this book the authors introduce a construction that provides a new perspective on group actions on R-trees. They construct a group RF(G), equipped with an action on an R-tree, whose elements are certain functions from a compact real interval to the group G. They also study the structure of RF(G), including a detailed description of centralizers of elements and an investigation of its subgroups and quotients. Any group acting freely on an R-tree embeds in RF(G) for some choice of G. Much remains to be done to understand RF(G), and the extensive list of open problems included in an appendix could potentially lead to new methods for investigating group actions on R-trees, particularly free actions. This book will interest all geometric group theorists and model theorists whose research involves R-trees.
Racial Subordination in Latin America
Authors: Hernández Tanya Katerí
Published: November 2012

There are approximately 150 million people of African descent in Latin America yet Afro-descendants have been consistently marginalized as undesirable elements of the society. Latin America has nevertheless long prided itself on its absence of US-styled state-mandated Jim Crow racial segregation laws. This book disrupts the traditional narrative of Latin America's legally benign racial past by comprehensively examining the existence of customary laws of racial regulation and the historic complicity of Latin American states in erecting and sustaining racial hierarchies. Tanya Katerí Hernández is the first author to consider the salience of the customary law of race regulation for the contemporary development of racial equality laws across the region. Therefore, the book has a particular relevance for the contemporary US racial context in which Jim Crow laws have long been abolished and a 'post-racial' rhetoric undermines the commitment to racial equality laws and policies amidst a backdrop of continued inequality.
Relative host body condition and food availability influence epidemic dynamics: aPoecilia reticulata-Gyrodactylus turnbullihost-parasite model
Authors: TADIRI CHRISTINA P. , DARGENT FELIPE , SCOTT MARILYN E.
Published: November 2012

Understanding disease transmission is important to species management and human health. Host body condition, nutrition and disease susceptibility interact in a complex manner, and while the individual effects of these variables are well known, our understanding of how they interact and translate to population dynamics is limited. Our objective was to determine whether host relative body condition influences epidemic dynamics, and how this relationship is affected by food availability.Poecilia reticulata(guppies) of roughly similar size were selected and assembled randomly into populations of 10 guppies assigned to 3 different food availability treatments, and the relative condition index (Kn) of each fish was calculated. We infected 1 individual per group (‘source’ fish) withGyrodactyus turnbulliand counted parasites on each fish every other day for 10 days. Epidemic parameters for each population were analysed using generalized linear models. High hostKn—particularly that of the ‘source’ fish—exerted a positive effect on incidence, peak parasite burden, and the degree of parasite aggregation. Low food availability increased the strength of the associations with peak burden and aggregation. Our findings suggest that hostKnand food availability interact to influence epidemic dynamics, and that the condition of the individual that brings the parasite into the host population has a profound impact on the spread of infection.
On Arnol’d’s and Kazhdan’s equidistribution problems
Authors: GORODNIK ALEXANDER , NEVO AMOS
Published: November 2012

We consider isometric actions of lattices in semisimple algebraic groups on (possibly non-compact) homogeneous spaces with (possibly infinite) invariant Radon measure. We assume that the action has a dense orbit, and demonstrate two novel and non-classical dynamical phenomena that arise in this context. The first is the existence of a mean ergodic theorem even when the invariant measure is infinite; this implies the existence of an associated limiting distribution, which can be different from the underlying invariant measure. The second is uniform quantitative equidistribution of all orbits in the space, which follows from a quantitative mean ergodic theorem for such actions. In turn, these results imply quantitative ratio ergodic theorems for isometric actions of lattices. This sheds some unexpected light on certain equidistribution problems posed by Arnol’d [Arnol’d’s Problems. Springer, Berlin, 2004] and also on the ratio equidistribution conjecture for dense subgroups of isometries formulated by Kazhdan [Uniform distribution on a plane. Tr. Mosk. Mat. Obs. 14 (1965), 299–305]. We briefly mention the general problem regarding ergodic theorems for actions of lattices on homogeneous spaces and its solution given by Gorodnik and Nevo [Duality principle and ergodic theorems, in preparation], and present a number of examples to demonstrate our results. Finally, we also prove results on quantitative equidistribution for absolutely continuous averages in transitive actions.
Novel observations of currents and drag generated by a tsunami
Authors: Bhattacharya Atreyee
Published: November 2012

Tsunamis cause damage even after they have traveled thousands of kilometers from their sources, and much of the damage is through the generation of local strong currents. Even though wave heights of tsunamis that have traveled long distances are no greater than those of local tides or waves, tsunamis modify currents, resulting in unusually strong pulses of mixing, transport, and seiching (standing waves in enclosed water bodies). Seiching is common and is the most destructive hazard, particularly along narrow bays and harbors. In a new description of currents and sediment transport associated with a tsunami, Lacy et al. studied water height, currents, and suspended sediment concentrations in Monterey Bay, California, where a tsunami set off by a magnitude 8.8 earthquake off the coast of Chile on 27 February 2010 arrived approximately 14 hours later, causing strong seiching. Studying vertical velocity profiles of the tsunami waves reaching the inner shelf at Monterey Bay, the authors show that the friction from the shelf bed vastly affected the tsunami currents, and the bed drag coefficient varied with time. The observation is contrary to assumptions behind the common practice of using depth‐averaged models to simulate tsunamis in the near‐shore region.
Impacts of land‐use changes on surface warming rates and rice yield in Shikoku, western Japan
Authors: Yoshida Ryuhei , Iizumi Toshichika , Nishimori Motoki , Yokozawa Masayuki
Published: November 2012

We evaluated the impacts of historical land‐use changes (LUCs) from 1987 to 2006 on surface warming rates and rice yields on the island of Shikoku, Japan. We performed two types of numerical simulations (with historical LUCs and with fixed land uses) using a regional atmospheric model (JMA‐NHM) and a large‐area rice‐growth model (PRYSBI). During our study period in Shikoku, the area of paddy fields decreased markedly and the area of building lots and roads increased. Our evaluation suggests that these LUCs caused warming rates in and around paddy fields that were five times those in and around other land uses. The simulated rice yield in 2006 was 0.27% lower (0.012 t ha−1) than in 1987 in response to the change in thermal and solar radiation conditions. These results suggest that decreases of crop yield due to environmental deterioration will be found in other regions where similar LUCs are occurring.
Lattice dynamics calculations for ferropericlase with internally consistent LDA+U method
Authors: Fukui Hiroshi , Tsuchiya Taku , Baron Alfred Q. R.
Published: November 2012

Vibrational densities of states and phonon dispersion relations for Mg0.875Fe0.125O ferropericlase in the high‐ and low‐spin (HS and LS) states were calculated from first principles lattice dynamics using the internally consistent LDA+Utechnique. Finite‐temperature thermodynamic properties were determined based on the quasi‐harmonic approximation including the HS and LS mixing entropy and the magnetic entropy effects, which gave pressure and temperature variations of the low‐spin fraction. Our results suggest that for thermodynamic modeling of the earth's interior, the effect of the mixed spin state cannot be ignored in the lower mantle, especially the lowermost part. The anomaly in the seismic wave velocity due to the spin crossover transition of ferropericlase, if it exists, is difficult to detect because of the wide pressure range of the transition, which is broadened by the temperature effect and the damping of the amplitude of the slow seismic wave.
Ventilation of the equatorial Atlantic by the equatorial deep jets
Authors: Brandt Peter , Greatbatch Richard J. , Claus Martin , Didwischus Sven‐Helge , Hormann Verena , Funk Andreas , Hahn Johannes , Krahmann Gerd , Fischer Jürgen , Körtzinger Arne
Published: November 2012

Equatorial deep jets (EDJs) are a prominent flow feature of the equatorial Atlantic below the Equatorial Undercurrent down to about 3000 m. Here we analyze long‐term moored velocity and oxygen observations, as well as shipboard hydrographic and current sections acquired along 23°W and covering the depth range of the oxygen minimum zones of the eastern tropical North and South Atlantic. The moored zonal velocity data show high‐baroclinic mode EDJ oscillations at a period of about 4.5 years. Equatorial oxygen observations which do not resolve or cover a full 4.5‐yr EDJ cycle nevertheless reveal large variability, with oxygen concentrations locally spanning a range of more than 60μmol kg−1. We study the effect of EDJs on the equatorial oxygen concentration by forcing an advection‐diffusion model with the velocity field of the gravest equatorial basin mode corresponding to the observed EDJ cycle. The advection‐diffusion model includes an oxygen source at the western boundary and oxygen consumption elsewhere. The model produces a 4.5‐yr cycle of the oxygen concentration and a temporal phase difference between oxygen concentration and eastward velocity that is less than quadrature, implying a net eastward oxygen flux. The comparison of available observations and basin‐mode simulations indicates that a substantial part of the observed oxygen variability at the equator can be explained by EDJ oscillations. The respective role of mean advection, EDJs, and other possible processes in shaping the mean oxygen distribution of the equatorial Atlantic at intermediate depth is discussed.
GNSS measurement of EUV photons flux rate during strong and mid solar flares
Authors: Hernández‐Pajares M. , García‐Rigo A. , Juan J. M. , Sanz J. , Monte E. , Aragón‐Àngel A.
Published: November 2012

A new GNSS Solar Flare Activity Indicator (GSFLAI) is presented, given by the gradient of the ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) rate, in terms of the solar‐zenithal angle, measured from a global network of dual‐frequency GPS receivers. It is highly correlated with the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) photons flux rate at the 26–34 nm spectral band, which is geo‐effective in the ionization of the mono‐atomic oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere. The results are supported by the comparison of GSFLAI with direct EUV observations provided by SEM instrument of SOHO spacecraft, for all the X‐class solar flares occurring between 2001 and 2011 (more than 1000 direct comparisons at the 15 s SEM EUV sampling rate). The GSFLAI sensitivity enables detection of not only extreme X‐class flares, but also of variations of one order of magnitude or even smaller (such as for M‐class flares). Moreover, an optimal detection algorithm (SISTED), sharing the same physical fundamentals as GSFLAI, is also presented, providing 100% successful detection for all the X‐class solar flares during 2000–2006 with registered location outside of the solar limb (i.e., detection of 94% of all of X‐class solar‐flares) and about 65% for M‐class ones. As a final conclusion, GSFLAI is proposed as a new potential proxy of solar EUV photons flux rate for strong and mid solar flares, presenting high sensitivity with high temporal resolution (1 Hz, greater than previous solar EUV irradiance instruments), using existing ground GNSS facilities, and with the potential use as a solar flare detection parameter.