bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not with a Ten-Foot Pole: Core Stigma, Stigma Transfer, and Improbable Persistence of Men's Bathhouses
Authors: Hudson Bryant Ashley , Okhuysen Gerardo A.
Published: August 2008

We examine how organizations that suffer core stigma—disapproval for their core attributes—survive. We explain how men's bathhouses avoid negative attention and minimize the transfer of stigma to their network partners, including customers, suppliers, and regulators, through careful management of their business activities. Using observational, archival, and interview data across different institutional environments, we find that, in response to suffering core stigma, men's bathhouses use a variety of strategies to shield their partners depending, in part, on the level of hostility that they face in their environment. Our work contributes to the emerging literature on organization-level stigma, especially by focusing on how core-stigmatized organizations are able to survive and by drawing attention to the special problem of stigma transfer. Our findings also focus attention on the use of legitimacy in organization studies and call for further examinations of core-stigmatized and other illegitimate organizations to expand our theoretical domain to the fullest range of organizational processes and outcomes.
Do Workgroup Faultlines Help or Hurt? A Moderated Model of Faultlines, Team Identification, and Group Performance
Authors: Bezrukova Katerina , Jehn Karen A. , Zanutto Elaine L. , Thatcher Sherry M. B.
Published: August 2008

In this study we examine a moderated model of group faultlines, team identification, and group performance outcomes. We extend research on faultlines by showing how different faultline bases (social category and information-based faultlines) may have differential effects on the performance of groups. In addition to faultline strength (the extent of demographic alignment across members within a group), we examine the distance between faultline-based subgroups (e.g., two members of age 20 are closer in age to two members of an opposing subgroup of age 25 than of two members of age 50). We test our model using an archival field methodology and multiple-source data (qualitative and quantitative) from 76 workgroups in a Fortune 500 information-processing company. Our results revealed that groups with social category faultlines had low team discretionary awards. Faultline distance further exacerbated the negative effects of strength in groups with social category faultlines and produced similarly negative effects in groups with information-based faultlines. Team identification served as a moderator enhancing performance of groups with information-based faultlines.
Engagement During Reading Instruction for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing in Public Schools
Authors: Donne Vicki , Zigmond Naomi
Published: August 2008

An observational study of reading instruction was conducted in general education, resource, and self-contained classrooms, grades 1–4, in public schools. Participants included students who were deaf or hard of hearing and their reading teachers. Results indicated that time engaged in reading and/or academically responding varied significantly by grade level enrolled, reading curriculum grade level, and instructional setting, but not level of hearing loss or presence or absence of concomitant conditions. Students working with reading curriculum one grade level below spent significantly less time in reading instruction and reading than students working on grade level or two levels below. Students in general education settings spent significantly more time in reading instruction and reading silently than students in self-contained settings. The probability that students would engage in reading was significantly increased by several teacher and ecological conditions more likely to be observed in general education settings.
Providing Online Course Opportunities for Learners Who are Deaf, Hard of Hearing, or Hearing
Authors: Slike Samuel B. , Berman Pamela D. , Kline Travis , Rebilas Kathryn , Bosch Erin
Published: August 2008

For more than 20 years, two courses, History, Education, and Guidance of the Deaf/Hard of Hearing and Introduction to Instructional Methods for the Deaf/Hard of Hearing, have been taught at Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania using a traditional lecture format. A state grant provided funding to explore the use of technology to teach online courses to college-age learners who are deaf, hard of hearing, or hearing. Saba Centra software was used as the online tool for the synchronous presentation of course content, which included PowerPoint lecture material, text chat opportunities, sign language–interpreted video, and other forms of class participation (e.g., signaling for questions raised, responding in a “yes/no” format). The present article covers recent successes and challenges in offering online courses in a “virtual classroom” format to deaf and hard of hearing learners, as well as hearing learners, from a qualitative research perspective.
Professionalism and Coordination: Allies or Enemies?
Authors: Kassini Irene
Published: August 2008

Professionalism arose concurrently with coordination policies among service providers and between parents and service providers in deaf education practices. The author examines the effects of professionalism on coordination among service providers from different disciplines (deaf education, speech-language pathology, elementary education, secondary education, audiology, otolaryngology, and pediatrics), as well as coordination between parents and these service providers in multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary teams in the light of her own experience as a teacher of children who are deaf and hard of hearing in Cyprus. The author concludes that professionalism and coordination can coexist, and that the key issue in this relationship is the personal attitudes of those involved.
College and University Requirements for Teachers of the Deaf at the Undergraduate Level: A Twenty-Year Comparison
Authors: Dolman David
Published: August 2008

College and university requirements for undergraduate deaf education teacher preparation programs from 1986 and 2006 were compared. Thirty percent fewer undergraduate programs were in existence in 2006 than in 1986. Compared to programs in the 1986–1987 academic year, programs in 2006–2007 placed less emphasis on course work related to speech and hearing and more emphasis on the development of sign language skills. These findings are discussed in relation to the increasing probability that future employment for program graduates will be in itinerant and resource placements within public schools with children whose hearing losses are less severe than those of children in the past.
Deaf Education and Bridging Social Capital: A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Wilkens Christian P. , Hehir Thomas P.
Published: August 2008

The authors use elements of social capital theory to explore the rapidly changing landscape of deaf education in America. They suggest that the formation of relationships, and networks of relationships, between deaf students and adults has a value that often goes undetected or un-derappreciated in deaf education. The authors point out that social capital theory, as applied to deaf education, generates a number of potentially productive areas for improving outcomes among deaf students, and for future research in the field. The article includes discussion of a number of positive steps to promote bridging social capital among deaf students.
Coenrollment for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Friendship Patterns and Social Interactions
Authors: Bowen Sandy K.
Published: August 2008

Third- and fourth-grade students in two separate classrooms—one a classroom with only hearing students and the other a coenrolled classroom with hearing, hard of hearing, and deaf students—were assessed to determine friendship patterns, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about sign language and deafness. Sociograms, interviews, and videotape analysis of the students’ responses were done. Results suggest that hearing students in the coenrolled classroom had better sign language skills, a more positive attitude toward deafness, and an improved awareness of certain aspects of hearing loss (such as speech and amplification). Deaf and hard of hearing students’ social acceptance was similar to that of their hearing peers.
Distribution of rational maps with a preperiodic critical point
Authors: Dujardin Romain , Favre Charles
Published: August 2008

Let $\{f_\lambda\}$ be a family of rational maps
of a fixed degree, with a marked critical point $c(\lambda)$. Under a natural
assumption, we
first prove that the hypersurfaces of parameters for which $c(\lambda)$ is
periodic converge as a sequence of positive closed $(1,1)$ currents
to the bifurcation current attached to $c$ and defined by
DeMarco. We then turn our attention to the parameter
space of polynomials of a fixed degree $d$. By intersecting the
$d-1$ currents attached to each critical point of a polynomial,
Bassaneli and Berteloot obtained a positive measure
$\mu_{\rm bif}$ of finite mass which is supported on the
connectedness locus. They showed that its support is included in the
closure of the set
of parameters admitting $d-1$ neutral cycles. We show that the support
of this measure is precisely the closure of the set of strictly
critically finite polynomials (i.e., of Misiurewicz points).
Fomin-Zelevinsky mutation and tilting modules over Calabi-Yau algebras
Authors: Iyama Osamu , Reiten Idun
Published: August 2008

We say that an algebra $\Lambda$ over a commutative noetherian ring $R$ is Calabi-Yau
of dimension $d$ ($d$-CY) if the shift functor $[d]$ gives a Serre functor on the
bounded derived category of the finite length $\Lambda$-modules. We show that when
$R$ is $d$-dimensional local Gorenstein the $d$-CY algebras are exactly the symmetric
$R$-orders of global dimension $d$. We give a complete description of all tilting
modules of projective dimension at most one for 2-CY algebras, and show that they are
in bijection with elements of affine Weyl groups, preserving various natural partial
orders. We show that there is a close connection between tilting theory for 3-CY
algebras and the Fomin-Zelevinsky mutation of quivers (or matrices). We prove a
conjecture of Van den Bergh on derived equivalence of noncommutative crepant
resolutions.
Blow up of the critical norm for some radial L 2 super critical nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Merle Frank , Raphäel Pierre
Published: August 2008

We consider the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation $iu_t=-\Delta u-|u|^{p-1}u$ in dimension
$N\geq 3$ in the $L^2$ super critical range $1+\frac{4}{N}< p<\frac{N+2}{N-2}$. The
corresponding scaling invariant space is $\dot{H}^{s_c}$ with $0< s_c<1$ and this covers
the physically relevant case $N=p=3$. The existence of finite time blow up solutions is
known. Let $p_c=\frac{N}{2}(p-1)$ so that $\dot{H}^{s_c}\subset L^{p_c}$. Let $u(t)\in
\dot{H}^{s_c}\cap \dot{H}^1$ be a radially symmetric blow up solution which blows up at
$0<T<+\infty$, we prove that the scaling invariant $L^{p_c}$ norm also blows up with a
lower bound:
$$
|u(t)|_{L^{p_c}}\geq |\log(T-t)|^{C_{N,p}} {\rm as} \ \ t\to T.
The Moser-Trudinger inequality on Kähler-Einstein manifolds
Authors: Phong D. H. , Song Jian , Sturm Jacob , Weinkove Ben
Published: August 2008

We prove the conjecture of Tian on the strong form of the
Moser-Trudinger inequality for K\"ahler-Einstein manifolds with positive
first Chern class, when there are no holomorphic vector fields, and, more
generally, when the setting is invariant under a maximal compact subgroup
of the automorphism group.
On Schrödinger maps
Authors: Bejenaru Ioan
Published: August 2008

We study the local well-posedness theory for the Schr\"odinger Maps
equation. We work in $n+1$ dimensions, for $n \geq 2$, and prove a local
well-posedness for small initial data in $H^{\frac{n}{2}+ \varepsilon}$.
Flicka and Friends: Stories of Horses and of Boys Who Loved Them
Authors: Doyle Christine
Published: August 2008

For Henry Larom, Rutherford Montgomery, and Mary O’Hara, in constructing stories about boys
coming-of-age with significant horse companions in the American West in the 1940s and 1950s
they turned to the Western as their structural model. To some degree, all three utilized Western
conventions, but as the writers move further from this model, most specifically eschewing gun
violence as an indicator of heroism, the cowboy’s “other” standard appurtenance, the horse,
becomes progressively more significant. The horse, ultimately, is a bridge between the Western
and the coming-of-age tale, helping to create a new form of children’s fiction from the two
genres in which the books participate.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Resistance and Complicity in Matilda
Authors: Guest Kristen
Published: August 2008

While Roald Dahl's Matilda offers a critique of oppressive, colonizing adult practices, it also
makes clear the difficulty posed by the tyranny of gendered social scripts. Focusing both on
historical and fictional parallels suggested by the text, this paper outlines the limited choices
Matilda is offered as role models, highlighting in particular the way she is positioned as a double
for Miss Trunchbull.
Rufinus's Eusebius: Translation, Continuation, and Edition in the Latin Ecclesiastical History
Authors: Humphries Mark
Published: August 2008

Rufinus's Latin translation of Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History is customarily regarded as an inferior creature to the Greek original. By examining Rufinus's complete translation and continuation together, however, a more sympathetic understanding of his Latin version can be reached. This shows that Rufinus's version was by no means a clumsy version of the Greek followed by a mediocre continuation, but was conceived of as a unified whole. Hence Rufinus revised Eusebius's text not only where he found it to be deficient, but also in order to make it fit with a new vision of Christian history that took account of events subsequent to the age of Constantine. Viewed in this light, Rufinus's version emerges as a more original contribution to ecclesiastical historiography than has been acknowledged hitherto.
Translated Saints: Wisdom and Her Daughters
Authors: Dionisotti A. C.
Published: August 2008

Mainly by discussion of a particular, largely unedited, example, the article seeks to highlight some of the basic problems that still confront anyone interested in how Greek saints' lives were diffused in the West through Latin translation: a very large body of evidence for all kinds of cultural history that crossed the boundary between East and West.
Saints in Syriac: A Little-Tapped Resource
Authors: Brock Sebastian P.
Published: August 2008

Syriac provides the third largest surviving literature of late antiquity, and consequently it offers materials that are potentially of considerable interest to the historian of that period. This is especially the case with hagiography, thanks to the facility with which these texts crossed and re-crossed linguistic boundaries. Besides numerous Lives written originally in Syriac, there is a large number of translations from Greek, often surviving in manuscripts many centuries older than the earliest Greek witnesses. After this essay draws attention to some examples of Syriac hagiographical texts which are of particular interest, the possible implications of the earliest Syriac translation for the prehistory of Palladius’s Lausiac History are considered.
"New Light from the East": Chronography and Ecclesiastical History through a Late Seventh-Century Armenian Source
Authors: Greenwood Tim
Published: August 2008

The Anonymous Chronicle is a little-studied Armenian text, compiled between September 686 and 689/690 c.e. It comprises two parts, both translated from unknown Greek texts. The first is an epitomized universal chronicle related to the missing Chronography of Annianus of Alexandria. Remarkably it appears to preserve the lost Roman imperial sequence from Eusebius's Chronographia . The second is a synoptic ecclesiastical history, written from a miaphysite perspective. It records all six Ecumenical Councils, often supplying new details. Conditions in mid-sixth-century Jerusalem and a new tradition associated with St Simeon Stylites also feature. Its conclusion supports the proposition that monotheletism proved to be of much greater significance among Armenians than previously recognized. The study is prefaced by an investigation of the Armenian version of Eusebius's Chronicle and a call for its diminished standing to be re-evaluated.
Darfur and the Limits of Legal Deterrence
Authors: Rodman Kenneth A.
Published: August 2008

The Darfur referral to the International Criminal Court demonstrates the limits of international criminal justice as an agent of wartime deterrence evident in the experience of the ICTY in Bosnia. First, international tribunals cannot deter criminal violence as long as states and international institutions are unwilling to take enforcement actions against perpetrators. Second, the key to ending impunity in an ongoing war lies less in legal deterrence than in political strategies of diplomacy, coercion, or force. Third, the contribution of criminal justice in aftermath of mass atrocity is dependent on which strategies are used to put it to an end.
What's Wrong with the European Convention on Human Rights?
Authors: Greer Steven
Published: August 2008

The European Court of Human Rights faces a potentially fatal case overload crisis. But this is not the only problem confronting the European Convention on Human Rights. The underlying difficulty is the reluctance of the Strasbourg institutions, and others, to acknowledge that the Convention's main function is not to provide remedies for each deserving applicant. It is, rather, to promote convergence in the operation of public institutions at all levels of governance in Europe by articulating an abstract constitutional model which member states should then apply in their own domestic constitutional systems. This article seeks to make the case for "constitutionalization" and to explore the policy implications.
Civil Society and International Human Rights: The Commission to Study the Organization of Peace and the Origins of the UN Human Rights Regime
Authors: Mitoma Glenn Tatsuya
Published: August 2008

This article examines the role of the Commission to Study the Organization of Peace (CSOP) as the essential intellectual and political force behind the identification of the Allied cause with the cause of human rights. Well before the Atlantic Charter and President Roosevelt's Four Freedoms, the CSOP called for a new international order rooted in universal respect for human rights. This vision was carried to both policymakers and the American public, resulting in Article 68 of the UN Charter. This Article required the international organization to create a human rights commission, whose first task would be the drafting of an international bill of rights.
Hunger Strikes in Turkey
Authors: Sevinç Murat
Published: August 2008

Hunger strikes and death fasts are forms of political action that have been undertaken in many countries around the world. Use of these tactics is a particularly important issue in Turkey where hunger strikes and death fasts are frequent. These political actions fall within the scope of disciplines such as deontology, law, and medical science. The multidimensional aspect of hunger strikes complicates consideration of the subject because different scenarios lead to different topics of debate. One of the issues discussed in this article is force feeding as a violation of fundamental rights. This article has been written with the goal of exploring hunger strikes from several different dimensions, and it thus reviews national and international literature about hunger strikes and death fasts, the history of the issue, national and international legislation, medical ethics, and particularly concerns about the right to life, freedom of thought, and freedom of expression.
How El Rescate, a Small Nongovernmental Organization, Contributed to the Transformation of the Human Rights Situation in El Salvador
Authors: Howland Todd
Published: August 2008

How the balance is struck between accountability for past human rights violations, structural changes that can contribute to a better human rights future, and achieving peace is examined in this article. The article describes the efforts of El Rescate, a small NGO, and how through the projects it developed and implemented facilitated measurable improvement in the human rights situation in El Salvador. By analyzing its efforts, this article hopes to contribute to an understanding of how change agents can develop unique and innovative tools during transitions toward peace that maximize the transformative potential to benefit the human rights situation.
Working to Eliminate Human Rights Abuses of Children: A Cross-National Comparative Study
Authors: Schechter Michael G. , Bochenek Michael
Published: August 2008

Through an analysis of three recent cases—child labor on sugar plantations in El Salvador, juvenile detention in a men's jail in Los Angeles, and internal displacement of children in Colombia—this article seeks to identify what facilitates and inhibits advocacy on behalf of the human rights of children. Theoretical explanations focus on norm construction, which affects the form and relative "hardness" of the norm and thus its "compliance pull," which in turn affects the relative success of child advocacy. Grounded explanations include the sorts of rights being secured; the degree of freedom and interest of the media; alternative strategies pursued by, and the perceived legitimacy of, NGOs and intergovernmental organizations; the political regime type of the country being targeted; and the salience of the issue to governments, multinational corporations, and civil society.
For the Abolition of the Death Penalty in America: The Advocacy of Robert Badinter
Authors: Rogoff Martin A.
Published: August 2008

This essay reviews two books by Robert Badinter, former President of France's Constitutional Council and former French Minister of Justice. Taken together, they describe his successful advocacy against the death penalty in France, both in the courtroom and in the political arena. The essay focuses on his current goal of advancing the cause of abolition in the United States, as expressed in Contre la peine de mort . After making the case that arguments against the death penalty are for the most part unoriginal and unconvincing to non-abolitionists, the essay maintains that successful opposition to capital punishment must be based primarily on the strategies and tactics of the advocate. It then goes on to explore and analyze the reasons for Badinter's success in France, and concludes by stressing Badinter's ability to exercise a highly nuanced judgment, grounded in his historical and literary sensibilities, that enables him to be flexible and adaptable as his advocacy takes different forms or as situations develop in unpredictable ways.
The Politics of Identity and Sexual Violence: A Review of Bosnia and Rwanda
Authors: Weitsman Patricia A.
Published: August 2008

This article argues that particular assumptions about biology, ethnicity, genetics, and gender create a permissive environment for policies of sexual violence during war. It further asserts that the children born as a consequence of these policies become a prism for identity politics. The arguments regarding identity and war and the consequences on policies of sexual violence during wartime are illustrated through analyses of the Serbian militia's rape campaigns in Bosnia in the early 1990s and the mass rape and killing of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994.
Conditions for Freedom?: European Human Rights Law and the Islamic Headscarf Debate
Authors: Marshall Jill
Published: August 2008

This article investigates women's choices and personal freedom by reference to the European Court of Human Rights' jurisprudence on national laws banning the wearing of the Islamic headscarf by adult women. The article focuses on how ECHR law is used and misused to shape women's autonomy rights, with specific emphasis on how women's rights to develop and express their own individual identities are impacted under this legal regime. The reasoning of the case law is criticized: no evidence was produced that the wearing of the headscarf was anything other than the women's choice; furthermore, preventing them from wearing it restricts their autonomy in a way inconsistent with other jurisprudence of the same court.
“Suspected on Both Sides”: Little Abraham, Iroquois Neutrality, and the American Revolution
Authors: Fitz Caitlin A.
Published: August 2008

“By examining the experiences of a Mohawk chief named Little Abraham, this article emphasizes the importance of Iroquois neutrality during the American Revolution. The author calls for greater attention to native definitions of neutrality and argues that self-identified neutrals were more widespread than scholars have realized. For such individuals, neutrality meant active but limited involvement in a war that directly threatened Iroquois interests. Indeed, even as some Iroquois were beginning to advocate a newly unilateral British alliance, Abraham sought to resuscitate the active neutrality of the early eighteenth century. In the process, he increasingly aided the Americans in their diplomatic negotiations and surveillance efforts even as he refused to fight. His approach drew substantial support and was similar to that of other native neutrals throughout revolutionary North America.

Still, Abraham failed. He died in a British prison and his community’s lands passed into American hands. Abraham had not entirely anticipated the differences between the British empire and the American republic with regard to native people; moreover, he encountered substantial opposition from other Iroquois like Joseph Brant and Aaron Hill, who advocated a strong British alliance in contrast to Abraham’s neutral factionalism. Nonetheless, following the war, Brant and Hill adopted the neutralist diplomacy of their former opponent. Abraham’s experiences thus illuminate a critical dialogue within the Six Nations, showing how different Iroquois were responding to imperial pressures, as well as how they responded to new challenges posed by the American republic.”
“A Lawless Rabble”: Henry Clay and the Cultural Politics of Squatters’ Rights, 1832–1841
Authors: Van Atta John R.
Published: August 2008

Nowadays, the land policy of Henry Clay is often noted for his advocating the distribution of federal land revenue among the states in the 1830s, but the actual filling of lands mattered as much to him as the raising of revenue because of the impact of settlement—by men of average means—on the social structure, economic stability, and moral character of the West. Though never tested as policy in Clay’s own time—categorized then, and later, as elitist and undemocratic—the Whig land program may well have held greater potential for a West of economic opportunity, individual advancement, and basic regard for law than any of the alternatives of the day. As Whigs and Democrats continued to debate the distribution of land revenue, an equally difficult part of the western lands question lingered throughout the so-called Jacksonian period: preemption, a legal recognition of squatters’ claims on the public domain. Clay ardently opposed preemption even after some of the most conservative Whig statesmen, including Daniel Webster, accepted it. Why? The answer has to do with who Clay was—both as a politician and an economic thinker. There is more to be said about the political economy of the American System, especially the place of Clay’s land policy views within that framework, and the larger vision of western development that he saw as key to the strengthening of the Union and the steady enrichment of its citizens.
“Whisper to him the word ‘India’”: Trans-Atlantic Critics and American Slavery, 1830–1860
Authors: Gray Elizabeth Kelly
Published: August 2008

The British Empire—especially India—featured prominently in antebellum American debates about filibustering, slavery, and abolition and suggests yet another international context in which to understand those debates. When Parliament ended most slavery in the British Empire in the 1830s, American abolitionists used reports of the peaceful transition in South Africa to denounce warnings that chaos always followed emancipation. Those in the U. S.’s antislavery movement also promoted Britons’ campaign to end indigenous slavery in India, with the hope that victory there would inspire similar change at home. Rather than addressing Indian slavery as it actually was—an institution that differed greatly from its American manifestation—Americans on both sides of the slavery debate tended to suggest that they were similar.

Meanwhile, supporters of filibustering and slavery used the empire to dismiss British criticisms. When Britons criticized American filibuster expeditions, defenders suggested that British aggrandizement in India had been the grandest filibuster of them all. And when Britons criticized slavery, advocates cited the oppression of India’s natives and again accused the British of having a double standard. Proslavery Americans thus deflected criticism and suggested that slavery was not, in a global sense, anomalous.

In 1857, Indians launched a massive rebellion against their British rulers that, to Americans, closely resembled a slave rebellion. While some abolitionists played down the apparent resemblance, proslavery Americans used the episode to warn their audiences that slavery must continue under strict control. Still, many Americans admired the achievements of the British East India Company, and some were inspired to create their own empire, in Latin America.
Quakerism, Ministry, Marriage, and Divorce: The Ordeal of Priscilla Hunt Cadwalader
Authors: Hamm Thomas D.
Published: August 2008

Quaker women have been the subjects of considerable scholarly interest because of the freedom that they had to preach and speak publicly, which in turn made them leaders in the early women’s rights movement. The life of Priscilla Hunt Cadwalader (1786–1859) shows the limits of this Quaker commitment to gender equality. Cadwalader was one of the best-known Quaker ministers in the United States between 1820 and 1850, a leader in the division of American Friends into Hicksites and Orthodox in 1827–1828. When the critical separation took place in the Ohio Valley, however, she was strangely mute, which weakened the Hicksite forces there. She had become a center of controversy because her second marriage to a fellow Quaker minister failed publicly and ended in an unprecedented divorce. This essay looks at Cadwalader’s life and analyzes the responses of fellow Quakers. Orthodox Friends used her marital difficulties to attack Hicksites; Hicksites responses ranged from denial to vindication to attempting to remove Cadwalader from public ministry. It concludes that had Cadwalader been more active in the Hicksite Separation that the Hicksites might have emerged stronger, that her case shows the inability of Quakers to deal with failed marriages, and that her experience may have been one of the cases of gender injustice on the minds of the Hicksite Quaker women who organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.
Knowledge of Leviathan: Charles W. Morgan Anatomizes His Whale
Authors: Bouk Dan , Burnett D. Graham
Published: August 2008

The authors put forward to the attention of readers an unusual and important historical document: the manuscript text of a speech on “The Natural History of the Whale” delivered by the whaling magnate Charles W. Morgan, who addressed the New Bedford Lyceum in 1830. Morgan's text affords unique insights into the popular understanding of these mammoth, valuable, and mysterious organisms, while also shedding light on the broader issue of natural history in the Early Republic. An introduction frames whales as “problems of knowledge” in the early nineteenth century, and sketches the intellectual, economic, and cultural context of Morgan's lecture; shorter section introductions and footnotes draw attention to important themes in the excerpts from the manuscript. (The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the Library of the New Bedford Whaling Museum, which owns the original document).
Crafting Legal Language: Four or Five in the Mishnah and the Tosefta
Authors: Novick Tzvi
Published: August 2008

Using the insights of neo-Gricean pragmatics, this paper analyzes the phrase four
or five, with the meaning “a few,” in the Mishnah and the Tosefta. The different usages of the
phrase in the two corpora support the view that the Mishnah is a more carefully crafted corpus,
and more self-consciously directed toward application, than the Tosefta.
On Popular Halakhic Literature and the Jewish Reading Audience in Fourteenth-Century Spain
Authors: Galinsky Judah D.
Published: August 2008

The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was not an auspicious period for the
Jews of Europe. In contrast, the Jewish communities of Christian Spain seem to have been the
exception as for the most part achieved a certain degree of normalcy. In the area of medieval
Rabbinic literature, we observe an unprecedented growth in literary creativity. At a time when
Rabbinic literary activity was on the wane elsewhere in Christian Europe, we witness in the
thirteenth century a flourishing in the writing of legal commentaries on the Talmud and during
the fourteenth the composition of codes and handbooks for the Rabbi, judge and educated
layman. In the paper I discuss the unique phenomenon of the fourteenth century, focusing on the works
aimed at improving religious observance among the laity. I will elucidate the various factors
leading, both from the “supply” side, i.e. the authors (for ex: the success of the Talmudic
academies) as well as from the “demand” side, i.e. the local religious leadership and possibly the
layman. The rationale for this approach is that the sustained production of a specific type of work
(handbooks to improve religiosity) could not have taken place, over so long a period, without the
reciprocal interest of the readership: rabbis, preachers, teachers and even the layman. The growth
in 14th century halakhic literature may suggest a rise in lay piety among the Spanish Jewish
communities of the time.
Homens mapole : Hope in the Immediate Postwar Period
Authors: Aronowicz Annette
Published: August 2008

"The Downfall of Haman: Hope in the Immediate Post War World" analyzes a
Yiddish play, written during the Second World War and then performed between 1945-49, on
three continents, to resounding acclaim. The play's author, Dr. Haim Sloves, was both a
Communist and a Yiddish author. The essay illustrates the way the play navigates between the
particularity of the Jewish people and the demand to erase this very particularity. It also
discusses the hope Communist Jews like Sloves placed in the Soviet Union , juxtaposed to a
different, much more open-ended kind of hope. The first part of the essay examines how the
Jewish people, in all its linguistic and bodily particularity is brought to life on stage,
symbolically reenacting its return to life off stage. The second part focuses on the universalist
ideologies that the play tries to satisfy, both Communism and French republicanism, thus
neutralizing its particularity. The third part analyzes "Haman's Downfall" as a theatrical genre, a
purim shpil, a parody with a long history in the Jewish tradition, bringing us back to the issue of
the particular destiny of the Jews. Our claim is that the play, in its tension between particular
and universal, communicates an affirmation of life's possibilities at a moment still tinged by
despair.
Differential Function Marking, Case, and Information Structure: Evidence from Korean
Authors: Kwon Song-Nim , Zribi-Hertz Anne
Published: August 2008

The central goal of this article is to propose a systematic description of differental function marking (DM) in Korean, a language in which both subject and object markers may fail to be spelled out. Taking Aissen’s theory of DM (Aissen 2003) as a starting point, we show that although its predictions seem mostly consistent with the statistical results of corpus-based research on Korean (and Japanese), this model does not accurately account for the Korean data. We argue that subject and object bareness (the lack of a functional particle) regularly correlates with interpretive effects that should be captured in terms of information structure (focus structure). Adapting Erteschik-Shir’s (1997, 2007) framework to represent f(ocus)-structure, we argue that bare subjects and objects in Korean fail to be visible at this level. Consequently, they may be construed neither as active topics nor as foci, and thus must either be left out of f-structure or incorporated within larger f-structure constituents in order to be interpreted. We show that bare objects are never construed as topics or foci and always exhibit a form of semantic incorporation, while leul -marked objects always stand as f-structure constituents construed as focused at some level. Bare subjects, unlike neun -marked topical subjects and ga -marked subjects, can be construed neither as active topics nor as foci, and always occur in tense-deficient clauses construed as thetic and anchored to speech time. We argue that our assumptions correctly predict the results of corpus studies, and we suggest that as regards nominal arguments, f - structure visibility might ultimately stand as the crucial interpretive correlate of functional positions in syntax.
From linguistic elicitation to eliciting the linguist: Lessons in community empowerment from Melanesia
Authors: Dobrin Lise M.
Published: August 2008

As an outsider, I would feel very uncomfortable if I were to advocate to a speech community that it ought to try to keep its language alive. It is entirely up to the community or to individuals within a community as to whether they want to put in the effort to develop new speakers for their language. Community members have the right to advocate within their community for the survival of their language; someone from outside the community does not. The right to language choice includes the right to choose against a language. This is the logical result of believing that maintaining an indigenous language is a matter of human rights, a belief virtually all language advocates must share. The outside expert’s role is to assist in providing the means for language survival or revival to motivated community members and perhaps to provide encouragement and a sense of hope that it can be done. (Leanne :151–52)
Development of an Innovative Pointe Shoe
Authors: Colucci Lina A. , Klein Devorah E.
Published: August 2008

In the range of specialized work equipment, pointe shoes occupy a special place. The design of these essential tools for dancers has remained essentially unchanged for 200 years. In an age of high-tech sneakers, pointe shoes are made of cardboard, newspaper, fabric, and glue and cause countless injuries and tremendous pain to ballerinas. In this project, we consider them in an ergonomic and usability context and explore design changes to improve their safety, comfort, usability, and durability.
Fundamentals of Shiftwork Scheduling
Authors: Miller James C.
Published: August 2008

In this article, I outline nine components and focus on nine principles that must be considered if one wishes to create a reasonable and useful schedule for rotating or fixed regular shiftwork to support a 24/7 work demand. The components generate the minimum number of decisions required to specify a shiftwork schedule. They include the number of crews, employment ratio calculation, shift type, shift length, shift system, shift plan (or rota), shift differentials, shift alignment, and shift change times. The principles constitute the essential qualities of shiftwork schedules and include circadian stability, the five principles of chronohygiene, equity, predictability, and good quality of time off.
Safe and Sound: Designing the Vocal Smoke Detector
Authors: Tannen Rob , Turpault Mathieu
Published: August 2008

The design of the vocal smoke detector incorporated psychoacoustic research to more effectively waken children. It also provided an opportunity to examine and improve the usability of an often-overlooked but critical household product. Human factors research into existing smoke detectors identified ergonomic and interaction opportunities in installation and use, which were addressed by an effective design and development process. The result of this effort was not just an appealing and usable product but a next-generation smoke detector that enhances safety by design.
Population Bottlenecks Increase Additive Genetic Variance But Do Not Break a Selection Limit in Rain Forest Drosophila
Authors: van Heerwaarden Belinda , Willi Yvonne , Kristensen Torsten N , Hoffmann Ary A
Published: August 2008

According to neutral quantitative genetic theory, population bottlenecks are expected to decrease standing levels of additive genetic variance of quantitative traits. However, some empirical and theoretical results suggest that, if nonadditive genetic effects influence the trait, bottlenecks may actually increase additive genetic variance. This has been an important issue in conservation genetics where it has been suggested that small population size might actually experience an increase rather than a decrease in the rate of adaptation. Here we test if bottlenecks can break a selection limit for desiccation resistance in the rain forest-restricted fly Drosophila bunnanda. After one generation of single-pair mating, additive genetic variance for desiccation resistance increased to a significant level, on average higher than for the control lines. Line crosses revealed that both dominance and epistatic effects were responsible for the divergence in desiccation resistance between the original control and a bottlenecked line exhibiting increased additive genetic variance for desiccation resistance. However, when bottlenecked lines were selected for increased desiccation resistance, there was only a small shift in resistance, much less than predicted by the released additive genetic variance. The small selection response in the bottlenecked lines was no greater than that observed in the control lines. Thus bottlenecks might produce a statistically detectable change in additive genetic variance but this change has no impact on the response to selection.
Segregation Models for Disomic, Tetrasomic and Intermediate Inheritance in Tetraploids: A General Procedure Applied to Rorippa (Yellow Cress) Microsatellite Data
Authors: Stift Marc , Berenos Camillo , Kuperus Peter , van Tienderen Peter H
Published: August 2008

Tetraploid inheritance has two extremes: disomic in allotetraploids and tetrasomic in autotetraploids. The possibility of mixed, or intermediate, inheritance models has generally been neglected. These could well apply to newly formed hybrids or to diploidizing (auto)tetraploids. We present a simple likelihood-based approach that is able to incorporate disomic, tetrasomic, and intermediate inheritance models and estimates the double-reduction rate. Our model shows that inheritance of microsatellite markers in natural tetraploids of Rorippa amphibia and R. sylvestris is tetrasomic, confirming their autotetraploid origin. However, in F1 hybrids inheritance was intermediate to disomic and tetrasomic inheritance. Apparently, in meiosis, chromosomes paired preferentially with the homolog from the same parental species, but not strictly so. Detected double-reduction rates were low. We tested the general applicability of our model, using published segregation data. In two cases, an intermediate inheritance model gave a better fit to the data than the tetrasomic model advocated by the authors. The existence of inheritance intermediate to disomic and tetrasomic has important implications for linkage mapping and population genetics and hence breeding programs of tetraploids. Methods that have been developed for either disomic or tetrasomic tetraploids may not be generally applicable, particularly in systems where hybridization is common.
Canine Polydactyl Mutations With Heterogeneous Origin in the Conserved Intronic Sequence of LMBR1
Authors: Park Kiyun , Kang Joohyun , Subedi Krishna Pd , Ha Ji-Hong , Park Chankyu
Published: August 2008

Canine preaxial polydactyly (PPD) in the hind limb is a developmental trait that restores the first digit lost during canine evolution. Using a linkage analysis, we previously demonstrated that the affected gene in a Korean breed is located on canine chromosome 16. The candidate locus was further limited to a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block of <213 kb composing the single gene, LMBR1, by LD mapping with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for affected individuals from both Korean and Western breeds. The ZPA regulatory sequence (ZRS) in intron 5 of LMBR1 was implicated in mammalian polydactyly. An analysis of the LD haplotypes around the ZRS for various dog breeds revealed that only a subset is assigned to Western breeds. Furthermore, two distinct affected haplotypes for Asian and Western breeds were found, each containing different single-base changes in the upstream sequence (pZRS) of the ZRS. Unlike the previously characterized cases of PPD identified in the mouse and human ZRS regions, the canine mutations in pZRS lacked the ectopic expression of sonic hedgehog in the anterior limb bud, distinguishing its role in limb development from that of the ZRS.
Developmental and Environmental Signals Induce Distinct Histone Acetylation Profiles on Distal and Proximal Promoter Elements of theC4-PepcGene in Maize
Authors: Offermann Sascha , Dreesen Björn , Horst Ina , Danker Tanja , Jaskiewicz Michal , Peterhansel Christoph
Published: August 2008

The maize C4-Pepc gene is expressed in an organ- and cell-type-specific manner, inducible by light and modulated by nutrient availability and the metabolic state of the cell. We studied the contribution of histone acetylation at five lysine residues to the integration of these signals into a graduated promoter response. In roots and coleoptiles, where the gene is constitutively inactive, three of the five lysines were acetylated and the modifications showed unique patterns with respect to their distribution on the gene. A similar pattern was observed in etiolated leaves, where the gene is poised for activation by light. Here, illumination selectively induced the acetylation of histone H4 lysine 5 and histone H3 lysine 9 in both the promoter and the transcribed region, again with unique distribution patterns. Induction was independent of transcription and fully reversible in the dark. Nitrate and hexose availability modulated acetylation of all five lysines restricted to a distal promoter region, whereas proximal promoter acetylation was highly resistant to these stimuli. Our data suggest that light induction of acetylation is controlled by regulating HDAC activity, whereas metabolic signals regulate HAT activity. Acetylation turnover rates were high in the distal promoter and the transcribed regions, but low on the proximal promoter. On the basis of these results, we propose a model with three levels of stimulus-induced histone modifications that collectively adjust promoter activity. The results support a charge neutralization model for the distal promoter and a stimulus-mediated, but transcription-independent, histone acetylation pattern on the core promoter, which might be part of a more complex histone code.