bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early and adult social environments have independent effects on individual fitness in a social vertebrate
Authors: Berger Vérane , Lemaître Jean-François , Allainé Dominique , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Cohas Aurélie
Published: August 2015

Evidence that the social environment at critical stages of life-history shapes individual trajectories is accumulating. Previous studies have identified either current or delayed effects of social environments on fitness components, but no study has yet analysed fitness consequences of social environments at different life stages simultaneously. To fill the gap, we use an extensive dataset collected during a 24-year intensive monitoring of a population of Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota), a long-lived social rodent. We test whether the number of helpers in early life and over the dominance tenure length has an impact on litter size at weaning, juvenile survival, longevity and lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of dominant females. Dominant females, who were born into a group containing many helpers and experiencing a high number of accumulated helpers over dominance tenure length showed an increased LRS through an increased longevity. We provide evidence that in a wild vertebrate, both early and adult social environments influence individual fitness, acting additionally and independently. These findings demonstrate that helpers have both short- and long-term effects on dominant female Alpine marmots and that the social environment at the time of birth can play a key role in shaping individual fitness in social vertebrates.
A note on stability shifting for the Muskat problem
Authors: Córdoba Diego , Gómez-Serrano Javier , Zlatoš Andrej
Published: August 2015

In this note, we show that there exist solutions of the Muskat problem that shift stability regimes: they start unstable, then become stable and finally return to the unstable regime. We also exhibit numerical evidence of solutions with medium-sized

norm of the derivative of the initial condition that develop a turning singularity.
Euler equation existence, non-uniqueness and mesh converged statistics
Authors: Glimm James , Sharp David H. , Lim Hyunkyung , Kaufman Ryan , Hu Wenlin
Published: August 2015

We review existence and non-uniqueness results for the Euler equation of fluid flow. These results are placed in the context of physical models and their solutions. Non-uniqueness is in direct conflict with the purpose of practical simulations, so that a mitigating strategy, outlined here, is important. We illustrate these issues in an examination of mesh converged turbulent statistics, with comparison to laboratory experiments.
Free boundary problems in biology
Authors: Friedman Avner
Published: August 2015

In this paper, I review several free boundary problems that arise in the mathematical modelling of biological processes. The biological topics are quite diverse: cancer, wound healing, biofilms, granulomas and atherosclerosis. For each of these topics, I describe the biological background and the mathematical model, and then proceed to state mathematical results, including existence and uniqueness theorems, stability and asymptotic limits, and the behaviour of the free boundary. I also suggest, for each of the topics, open mathematical problems.
Distribution of gene tree histories under the coalescent model with gene flow
Authors: Tian Yuan , Kubatko Laura S.
Published: August 2015

We propose a coalescent model for three species that allows gene flow between both pairs of sister populations. The model is designed to analyze multilocus genomic sequence alignments, with one sequence sampled from each of the three species. The model is formulated using a Markov chain representation, which allows use of matrix exponentiation to compute analytical expressions for the probability density of gene tree genealogies. The gene tree history distribution as well as the gene tree topology distribution under this coalescent model with gene flow are then calculated via numerical integration. We analyze the model to compare the distributions of gene tree topologies and gene tree histories for species trees with differing effective population sizes and gene flow rates. Our results suggest conditions under which the species tree and associated parameters are not identifiable from the gene tree topology distribution when gene flow is present, but indicate that the gene tree history distribution may identify the species tree and associated parameters. Thus, the gene tree history distribution can be used to infer parameters such as the ancestral effective population sizes and the rates of gene flow in a maximum likelihood (ML) framework. We conduct computer simulations to evaluate the performance of our method in estimating these parameters, and we apply our method to an Afrotropical mosquito data set (Fontaine et al., 2015) to demonstrate the usefulness of our method for the analysis of empirical data.
A common framework for identifying linkage rules across different types of interactions
Authors: Bartomeus I. , Gravel D. , Tylianakis J.M. , Aizen M.A. , Dickie I. A. , Bernard-Verdier M.
Published: August 2015

Species interactions, ranging from antagonisms to mutualisms, form the architecture of biodiversity and determine ecosystem functioning. Understanding the rules responsible for who interacts with whom, as well as the functional consequences of these interspecific interactions, is central to predicting community dynamics and stability. Species traitssensu latomay affect different ecological processes determining species interactions through a two-step process. First, ecological and life-history traits govern species distributions and abundance, and hence determine species co-occurrence, which is a prerequisite for them to interact. Second, morphological traits between co-occurring potential interaction partners should match for the realization of an interaction. Moreover, inferring functioning from a network of interactions may require the incorporation of interaction efficiency. This efficiency may be also trait-mediated, and can depend on the extent of matching, or on morphological, physiological or behavioural traits. It has been shown that both neutral and trait-based models can predict the general structure of networks, but they rarely accurately predict individual interactions, suggesting that these models may be predicting the right structure for the wrong reason. We propose to move away from testing null models with a framework that explicitly models the probability of interaction among individuals given their traits. The proposed models integrate both neutral and trait-matching constraints while using only information about known interactions, thereby overcoming problems originating from under-sampling of rare interactions (i.e. missing links). They can easily accommodate qualitative or quantitative data, and can incorporate trait variation within species, such as values that vary along developmental stages or environmental gradients. We use three case studies to show that they can detect strong trait matching (e.g. predator-prey system), relaxed trait matching (e.g. herbivore-plant system) and barrier trait matching (e.g. plant-pollinator systems). Only by elucidating which species traits are important in each process, i.e. in determining interaction establishment, frequency, and efficiency, can we advance in explaining how species interact and the consequences for ecosystem functioning.
Reduced Glucose Sensation Can Increase the Fitness ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeLacking Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Akdoğan Emel , Tardu Mehmet , Garipler Görkem , Baytek Gülkız , Kavaklı İ. Halil , Dunn Cory D.
Published: August 2015

Damage to the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) can lead to diseases for which there are no clearly effective treatments. Since mitochondrial function and biogenesis are controlled by the nutrient environment of the cell, it is possible that perturbation of conserved, nutrient-sensing pathways may successfully treat mitochondrial disease. We found that restricting glucose or otherwise reducing the activity of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway can lead to improved proliferation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaecells lacking mtDNA and that the transcriptional response to mtDNA loss is reduced in cells with diminished PKA activity. We have excluded many pathways and proteins from being individually responsible for the benefits provided to cells lacking mtDNA by PKA inhibition, and we found that robust import of mitochondrial polytopic membrane proteins may be required in order for cells without mtDNA to receive the full benefits of PKA reduction. Finally, we have discovered that the transcription of genes involved in arginine biosynthesis and aromatic amino acid catabolism is altered after mtDNA damage. Our results highlight the potential importance of nutrient detection and availability on the outcome of mitochondrial dysfunction.
What is normal behaviour in persons with developmental disabilities?
Authors: Dosen Anton , De Groef Johan
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– Annoying and bothersome behaviours among persons with developmental disabilities (DD) is a relatively frequent phenomenon. However, not all behaviour that is difficult to accept in its surroundings should be seen as abnormal or problem behaviour (PB). Some of these behaviours may be an expression of a person’s psychosocial needs and may be considered as adaptive and normal. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– Authors attempt to discuss relevant issues in persons with DD which have an impact on their behaviour, intending in this way to define criteria for a reliable differentiation between normal and abnormal behaviour and psychiatric disorders.

Findings

– Differentiating between normal and abnormal may be a difficult task for a professional treating persons with DD because of the lack of adequate criteria for such differentiation. The problem becomes even more complex when one attempts to differentiate between PB and psychiatric disorder. By approaching the subject from a developmental perspective and by determining the level of the person’s emotional development, insight in subjective person’s experiences was achieved. On the ground of a “good practice” the authors made schemata outlining criteria for differentiation between these constructs.

Originality/value

– The application of these schemata in the practice made it easier to establish appropriate diagnoses and was favourable for the planning of adequate treatment and support of persons with DD and mental health problems.
Another kind of difference
Authors: O'Connor Jennifer
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– Argues that a new approach needs to be adopted if organizations are truly to be transformed into ones which could be characterized as diverse.

Design/methodology/approach

– Considers whether an authentic developmental approach could be undertaken as a means to ensure organizations are authentic, using case material from an authentic development program delivered in the context of a diverse higher-education institution.

Findings

– Shows that, in order to create and cultivate an authentic organization, the individual life stories of all employees in addition to the organization life story would need to.

Practical implications

– Considers that it is imperative, in order to demonstrate courage and commitment, that the program be commenced with the owners, board of directors (including non-executive members), the senior management team, human-resources team and new members to the organization as part of the induction or graduate training. Both direct and indirect resources would require long-term commitment (two-five years) alongside the recognition that employees of the organization may leave as they were either not suited to the corporate approach or there is a mismatch in values, which might necessitate additional cost. The program would be driven by external expertise as a safe environment needed to be created alongside a commitment to confidentiality. Finally, the results of the program would be aligned with the performance-management initiatives and other change initiatives adopted as a result of the outcomes identified.

Social implications

– Claims that today’s talent holds very different expectations of work and possesses a range of dissimilar values. In particular, the millennials – sometimes called generation Y, gen net, Google generation and technology generation – hold very different expectations about the concept of work. Furthermore, if successful organizations wish to remain attractive and retain their talent, they would need to cultivate an organizational-development approach that is best fit for today’s society. In order to achieve this aim, it is crucial that an authentic leadership approach is adopted.

Originality/value

– Presents case material primarily based on evidence from a study of millennials/generation Y/gen net/Google generation/tech generation who have explored their values and how these relate to the organization.
Design evaluation of the fractured main landing gear of a BAE Jetstream SX-SKY aircraft
Authors: Chondrou I. T. , Mavrantonakis G , Tsagarakis N , Vergis E , Pangalos D , Chondros T. G.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to study the main landing gear (MLG) mechanism configuration.

Design/methodology/approach

– Mechanism kinematics and dynamics, stress analysis and sizing of the MLG structural members, and fatigue issues related with the mechanism operation. Spreadsheet solutions were incorporated to this survey to analyze the most conceivable loading situations, and important factors of the mechanism design for an initial evaluation of safety implications.

Findings

– MLG design approach along with conservative fatigue design factors lies in the area of accepted limits in commercial aircraft industry.

Research limitations/implications

– MLG loading associated with landing as well as those associated with ground maneuvers (steering, braking and taxiing) contribute significantly to fatigue damage, along with the stresses induced by manufacturing processes and assembly. The application of FEA methods for the design of the landing gear does not always guarantee a successful approach to the problem solution, if precise analytical solutions are not available in advance.

Practical implications

– From the investigation of this incident of fractured struts of the MLG it is confirmed that the reduction in Pintle Housing diameter on the upper part has contributed to the avoidance of damaging the fuel tank above the MLG that would lead to a catastrophic event. On the other hand, the airframe of the SKY-Jet was proved efficient for a belly landing with minor damages to the passengers and heavier damages for the aircraft.

Social implications

– On-line vibration monitoring sensors hooked up to the landing gear strut and Pintle House would greatly enhance safety, without relying in optical surveys in hard to access and inspect areas of the landing gears mechanisms housings.

Originality/value

– Analytic methods were adopted and spreadsheet solutions were developed for the MLG main loading situations, along with design issues concerning mechanism kinematics and dynamics, stress analysis and sizing of the MLG structural members, as well as fatigue issues related with the mechanism operation. Spreadsheet solutions were incorporated to this survey to analyze the most conceivable loading situations, and important factors of the mechanism design for an initial evaluation of safety implications.
Chinese regional productivity and urbanization: a county-level study in 2007-2010
Authors: Jin Fei , Zhang Qi
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to analyze the total factor productivity (TFP) performance of Chinese counties and cities over the period from 2007 to 2010. Chinese regional and urban–rural TFP performance are investigated by using county-level data, and the impact of the urbanization policy on TFP is discussed.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data envelopment analysis (DEA)-Malmquist technique and Kumbhakar–Sun’s semi-parametric model are used for TFP change measurement and comparison. The county-level TFP performances are summarized and studied by statistical methods. Their spatial distribution is exhibited in a geographical thematic map.

Findings

– The county-level analysis proves that China underwent a large-scale TFP decline over the period from 2007 to 2010. Statistically speaking, cities’ TFP growth is more positive than counties’; however, different provinces also have their regional characteristics. In addition, the Chinese Hukou (household registration) institution divides Chinese urbanization into halves, which have the opposite correlation on TFP growth.

Research limitations/implications

– Because the collection of county-level data is enormous and costly, this study only focuses on a very short period (2007-2010) with estimated data. This TFP change analysis is limited to the short-term phenomenon around the 2008 international financial crisis.

Practical implications

– This study provides a visual spatial distribution for county-level TFP change in China over the period 2007-2010. Results of the analysis demonstrate that the Chinese Hukou system is among the policy factors that can influence productivity in the course of urbanization.

Originality/value

– The achievement of the first nationwide county-level TFP change study for economic growth in China is innovative. This study provides a unique perspective for understanding productivity performance at the regional level over the period investigated, which provides invaluable data for investigating the impact of urbanization and the rural–urban gap on TFP growth.
Physiological differences of five Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) ecotypes growing under common growth conditions were related to native local climate
Authors: Varone Laura , Vitale Marcello , Catoni Rosangela , Gratani Loretta
Published: August 2015

An increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic conditions is expected for the Mediterranean area as a response to climate change. As a consequence, the ability of Mediterranean plant species to adapt to complex and stressful environmental conditions plays an important role in driving their future distribution. The adaption of plant species may be expressed by ecotypes already adapted to local climate. Our goal was to analyse the seasonal physiological behaviour of five Quercus ilex ecotypes coming from different Italian geographical areas (from the north to the south) in order to test if ecotypes maintained their physiological traits when grown in the same environmental conditions. Measurements of gas exchange, biochemistry and chlorophyll fluorescence carried out during winter, spring and summer underlined that the response of the considered ecotypes reflected the climate of the original provenances, particularly under suboptimal conditions. The ecotypes from the northernmost and the southernmost limits were the most sensitive to high and low temperatures, respectively. Our results can be used to advance hypotheses about the respone of Q. ilex to climate change.
Association between in utero zidovudine exposure and nondefect adverse birth outcomes: analysis of prospectively collected data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry
Authors: Vannappagari V , Koram N , Albano J , Tilson H , Gee C
Published: August 2015

Objective

To examine the association between nondefect adverse birth outcomes and in utero exposure to zidovudine (ZDV)‐containing regimens versus non‐ZDV antiretroviral (ARV) regimens.

Design

Analysis of prospectively‐collected data.

Setting

Global.

Population

HIV‐infected pregnant women prenatally exposed to antiretrovirals.

Methods

Estimation of prevalence of and risk for nondefect adverse birth outcomes among HIV‐infected women.

Main outcome measures

Prevalence of and risk for nondefect adverse birth outcomes.

Results

Among 12 780 singleton birth outcomes with in utero ZDV exposure, 96.1% were live births; 3.9% were spontaneous abortions, induced abortions or stillbirths. Among live births, 16.4% were low birthweight (LBW); 12.3% were premature. Among 1904 outcomes with in utero exposure to non‐ZDV ARV regimens, 85.8% were live births; 14.2% were spontaneous abortions, induced abortions or stillbirths. Among live births, 14.1% were LBW; 12.4% were premature. Relative risk comparing exposure to ZDV‐containing ARV regimens to non‐ZDV ARV regimens for spontaneous abortions was 0.18 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.14–0.22); induced abortions 0.28 (95% CI 0.22–0.36); stillbirths 0.76 (95% CI 0.51–1.12); premature births 1.00 (95% CI 0.87–1.15) and LBW 1.17 (95% CI 1.02–1.33).

Conclusion

Prevalence of nondefect adverse birth outcomes is lower among outcomes with in utero ZDV exposure versus in utero non‐ZDV ARV exposure. The risks for spontaneous and induced abortions were no different for ZDV‐containing regimens versus non‐ZDV ARV regimens. For premature births and stillbirths, there was no significant difference in risk between the two regimens. The risk of LBW was statistically significantly higher among ZDV‐containing regimens versus non‐ZDV ARV regimens.

Tweetable abstract

ZDV‐containing regimens do not increase the risk for nondefect adverse birth outcomes.
Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Among Three Skeletal Classes in Adult Pakistani Subjects
Authors: Jeelani Waqar , Fida Mubassar , Shaikh Attiya
Published: August 2015

Different facial reconstruction methods rely on the average facial soft tissue thickness values provided in previous studies. Facial soft tissue thickness is influenced by the age, sex, and ethnicity of the individual. The aim of the present study was to determine facial soft tissue thickness of adult Pakistani subjects with different facial morphology. A total of 166 subjects were categorized into three skeletal classes (based on convex, straight, or concave facial profile) employing the classification system used in orthodontics. Facial soft tissue thickness was determined at ten midline points on lateral cephalograms. Significant differences in facial soft tissue thickness were present at glabella, labrale superius, stomion, and labiomentale in males and at labrale superius, labrale inferius, labiomentale, and pogonion in females among different skeletal classes. The current study suggests that the skull morphology‐related variations in facial soft tissue thickness should be considered during facial reconstruction to achieve accurate results.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy Detection and Quantification of Herbal Medicines Adulterated with Sibutramine
Authors: da Silva Neirivaldo Cavalcante , Honorato Ricardo Saldanha , Pimentel Maria Fernanda , Garrigues Salvador , Cervera Maria Luisa , de la Guardia Miguel
Published: August 2015

There is an increasing demand for herbal medicines in weight loss treatment. Some synthetic chemicals, such as sibutramine (SB), have been detected as adulterants in herbal formulations. In this study, two strategies using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have been developed to evaluate potential adulteration of herbal medicines with SB: a qualitative screening approach and a quantitative methodology based on multivariate calibration. Samples were composed by products commercialized as herbal medicines, as well as by laboratory adulterated samples. Spectra were obtained in the range of 14,000–4000 per cm. Using PLS‐DA, a correct classification of 100% was achieved for the external validation set. In the quantitative approach, the root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP), for both PLS and MLR models, was 0.2%w/w. The results prove the potential of NIR spectroscopy and multivariate calibration in quantifying sibutramine in adulterated herbal medicines samples.
Valuing species on the cheap
Authors: Faye L. , Matthey‐Doret R. , Mooers A. O.
Published: August 2015

Read the Feature Paper: Setting evolutionary‐based conservation priorities for a phylogenetically data‐poor taxonomic group (Scleractinia); other Commentaries on this paper: Conservation prioritization in the context of uncertainty; Regional specific approach is a next step for setting evolutionary‐based conservation priorities in the scleractinian corals and the Response from the authors: Setting evolutionary based conservation priorities for a phylogenetically data‐poor taxonomic group (Scleractinia): response to the commentaries
Epidermal growth factor receptor signalling regulates granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor production by airway epithelial cells and established allergic airway disease
Authors: Acciani T. H. , Suzuki T. , Trapnell B. C. , Le Cras T. D.
Published: August 2015

Background

Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are increasingly recognized as a major signalling centre in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. A previous study demonstrated that epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling in AEC regulated key features of allergic airway disease. However, it is unclear what mediators are regulated by EGFR signalling in AEC, although the production of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is EGFR dependent in keratinocytes.

Objectives

To determine whether EGFR signalling regulates GM‐CSF production by human AEC downstream of the clinically relevant mediators house dust mite (HDM) and interleukin (IL)‐17A and in a mouse model of established allergic asthma.

Methods

EGFR inhibitors were used to determine whether EGFR signalling regulates GM‐CSF production by cultured human AEC in response to HDM and IL‐17A. The roles of EGFR ligands, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) converting enzyme (TACE) were also assessed. To determine whether EGFR regulates GM‐CSF as well as key asthma characteristics in vivo, mice were chronically exposed to HDM to establish allergic airway disease and then treated with the EGFR inhibitor Erlotinib.

Results

EGFR inhibition reduced HDM and IL‐17A induced GM‐CSF production in a dose‐dependent manner in cultured human AEC. GM‐CSF production also required amphiregulin, p38 MAPK signalling and protease/TACE activity. In mice with established allergic airway disease, EGFR inhibition reduced levels of GM‐CSF and TNF‐α, as well as airway hyperreactivity, cellular inflammation, smooth muscle thickening and goblet cell metaplasia without changes in IgE and Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results link HDM, IL‐17A, amphiregulin, EGFR and GM‐CSF in a mechanistic pathway in AEC and demonstrate that EGFR regulates GM‐CSF production and the severity of established disease in a clinically relevant asthma model. These results identify the EGFR→GM‐CSF axis as a target for therapeutic development.
The Dynamics of Pest Resistance Management: The Case of Refuge Fields for Bt Crops
Authors: Desquilbet Marion , Herrmann Markus
Published: August 2015

We examine the optimal time‐variant refuge policy to manage pest resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops in a finite, discrete‐time horizon model. We identify analytically the intertemporal effects of refuge fields on the pest population and its susceptibility. The shape of the optimal refuge policy and whether or not pest susceptibility should be exhausted completely at the end of the time horizon depend crucially on the values of a cost premium of Bt seeds and the fitness cost of resistance (over mortality of resistant pests) and are addressed via numerical simulations. We demonstrate the importance of modeling the dynamics of the biological system accurately, of defining a diploid (and not haploid) biological model, and of using a discrete‐time (rather than continuous‐time) framework.
FGFR1 and FGFR2 in fibrolamellar carcinoma
Authors: Graham Rondell P , Garcia Joaquin J , Greipp Patricia T , Barr Fritcher Emily G , Kipp Benjamin R , Torbenson Michael S
Published: August 2015

Aims

Fibrolamellar carcinoma is characterized by a recurrent DNAJB1–PRKACA chimeric transcript. The functional properties of the fusion are unknown, but are believed to include PRKACA up‐regulation. PRKCA is a subunit of protein kinase A. The downstream targets of protein kinase A are unknown, but may include interactions with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathways. In addition, inhibitors for FGFR proteins have been developed recently.

Methods and results

Nineteen histologically confirmed fibrolamellar carcinomas were studied. All showed the characteristic DNAJB1–PRKACA transcript by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Immunohistochemistry for FGFR1 was negative in 19 of 19 cases using a monoclonal antibody, while a polyclonal antibody showed no expression (n = 11) or weak and focal expression (n = 8). RNAin‐situ hybridization was 2+ in two cases, 1+ in four cases and negative in four cases. FGFR1 fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) revealed polysomy of chromosome 8 in 17 of 19 cases. Break‐apart FISH for FGFR2 was negative for rearrangements in 12 of 12 informative cases.

Conclusions

Fibrolamellar carcinomas show polysomy of chromosome 8 and the FGFR1 locus, and only modest mRNA expression and weak or absent expression at the protein level. FGFR2 rearrangement was not detected. These data reduce the likelihood that FGFR inhibitors will be effective in the treatment of most fibrolamellar carcinomas.
Emulsifying Properties of Sericin Obtained from Hot Water Degumming Process
Authors: Züge L.C.B. , Silva V.R. , Hamerski F. , Ribani M. , Gimenes M.L. , Scheer A.P.
Published: August 2015

Sericin is a protein present in the silkworm cocoon of Bombyx mori. Although usually discarded during the silk degumming process, which causes environmental impact and high costs of wastewater treatment, this protein possesses properties that are particularly useful to the food industry. This work was carried out to determine the amino acid profile and evaluate the antioxidant and emulsifier capacity of sericin. The main amino acids present in sericin are glycine, serine and aspartic acid. The high‐molecular‐weight fractions of this protein have antioxidant activity. Furthermore, due to the predominant hydrophilic character of its amino acids, it acts as an emulsifier. The emulsions prepared with 1.0% of sericin were stable for 24 h. All emulsions showed pseudoplastic behavior and great internal strength, according to the rheological analysis. Thus, sericin can be used as an additive in emulsified products providing antioxidant properties in these products.

Practical Applications

The present work provides an application as emulsifier to sericin, which is normally discarded during the silk process. This protein prevents phase separation in emulsions and provides antioxidant activity to the formed emulsion, besides being a natural product. The resulting emulsions prepared with high concentration of sericin have high viscosity, and therefore sericin can be used in the production of mayonnaise and creams. It can also be used, in lower concentrations, in salad dressing for example, resulting in a lower viscosity product.
Comparison of an Effervescent Nozzle and a Proposed Air‐Core‐Liquid‐Ring (ACLR) Nozzle for Atomization of Viscous Food Liquids at Low Air Consumption
Authors: Stähle Philipp , Gaukel Volker , Schuchmann Heike P.
Published: August 2015

Recent results regarding the effervescent atomization of viscous food‐based liquids reveal that an unfavorable slug flow is formed inside the nozzle for low gas to liquid ratios (GLRs). As a result, a very unsteady spray drop size is formed, which leads the nozzle to be unsuitable for an implementation in spray drying. In this study, we propose a modified nozzle design named ACLR (Air‐Core‐Liquid‐Ring) to establish the favorable annular flow inside the exit orifice. High‐speed imaging proved that the desired flow pattern was present in the investigated GLR range of 0.015–0.414 and for liquid viscosities of 0.001–0.308 Pa·s. Comparison with a conventional effervescent nozzle showed similar values of the time averaged Sauter mean diameter of the spray drops. Considering the temporal unsteadiness of the spray drop size, a considerable reduction can be achieved for viscous liquids and low GLRs by the proposed ACLR nozzle.

Practical Applications

For an economic spray drying process, the highest possible dry matter content prior to drying is aspired. However, as feed viscosity increases rapidly with an increase in dry matter content, atomization is considerably hindered. The effervescent nozzle, originally invented in the field of combustion science, is reported to atomize viscous liquids into small spray drops at low gas consumption. Recent results of our group reveal that an unsuitable slug flow is formed inside the nozzle when food‐based liquids with elevated viscosities are atomized at low gas to liquid ratios. Consequently, the effervescent nozzle is not suitable for an implementation in spray drying. In this study, we propose a modified nozzle design that overcomes the drawbacks of a conventional effervescent nozzle. The Air‐Core‐Liquid‐Ring nozzle offers the possibility to save large amounts of drying energy of existing spray dryers as higher concentrated feeds might be used.
The Effects of Stress Factors on the Growth of Spoilage Yeasts Isolated From Apple‐Related Environments in Apple Juice
Authors: Wang Huxuan , Hu Zhongqiu , Long Fangyu , Guo Chunfeng , Niu Chen , Yuan Yahong , Yue Tianli
Published: August 2015

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of temperature, pH, sugar content and antimicrobial components on the growth of 11 yeast isolates in apple juice (12 °Brix, pH 4.0). The results showed that reduction of the storage temperature to 4C could achieve a complete inhibition of test strains, and the temperature required to kill all the initial yeast inoculum (103 cfu/mL) within 20 min ranged from 46 to 55C, depending on the isolate. However, high sugar content enabled test strains to survive in what would have been a lethal treatment. A pH value below 2.0 had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of test strains. Increasing the sugar content of apple juice was not enough to completely avoid the spoilage caused by the test strains, especially Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Addition of antimicrobial components (4.0 mM sorbic acid, 1.5 mM cinnamic acid, 20 mM vanillin, 10 mM ferulic acid or 12 mM p‐coumaric acid) was an applicable strategy to prevent the spoilage in apple juice spawned by the test strains.

Practical Applications

With the rapid improvement of living standards, there has been a considerable increase in the demand for better quality apple juice. Quality deterioration is a frequently reported problem in apple juice industry, which mainly resulted from microbial contamination, especially osmotolerant yeasts, that alters the original flavor by the production of new odor‐active metabolites. Therefore, development of effective strategy to prevent the spoilage is an important issue. Stress factors including temperature, pH, sugar content and antimicrobial components are all used to inhibit yeast species and other microorganisms in food. Study of the effects of these factors on the growth of yeasts is advantageous to extend the microbial stability of apple juice during storage. The results show that addition of antimicrobial components, applicable to apple juice industry, is sufficient to extend the shelf life of apple juice for more than 50 days.
Target‐Enriched Multiplex PCR (Tem‐PCR) Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria Monocytogenes and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Food
Authors: Liu Zhong‐Mei , Xu Yi‐Gang , Luo Jia , Qu Min , Mo Chun‐Sheng , Li Su‐Long
Published: August 2015

A novel target‐enriched multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Tem‐PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was developed in the present study. The invA, hly and rfbE genes were selected as target genes for identifying Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Three pairs of target‐enriched long primers with a composition of pathogen‐specific PCR primer combined with a universal oligonucleotide sequence at 5′ segment of each pathogen‐specific PCR primer were designed. Following optimization of reaction conditions, the Tem‐PCR assay for detecting Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 was successfully developed, which was able to simultaneously detect the three foodborne pathogens from pure cultures with an analytical detection limit of ca. <110 cfu/mL for each target. The Tem‐PCR assay showed a high specificity to the target bacteria without specific priming observed in nontarget bacteria and also showed a potential diagnostic capability in practice. Compared with conventional multiplex PCR assay, the Tem‐PCR assay does need not to optimize the concentration of each pair of primers, suggesting an efficient detection method for foodborne pathogens in laboratory diagnosis.

Practical Applications

Applying the target‐enriched multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to 355 food samples, including poultry meat, raw pork, raw milk, egg, sausage, raw beef, milk powder and frozen meat, revealed that 21 food samples were positive in this assay, in accordance with the testing results of conventional culture‐based method, indicating a rapid and reliable tool for efficient screening of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from food.
Caught in suffering bodies: a qualitative study of immigrant women on long‐term sick leave in Norway
Authors: Nortvedt Line , Hansen Helle Ploug , Kumar Bernadette N , Lohne Vibeke
Published: August 2015

Aims and objectives

This article explores the issues faced by immigrant women on long‐term sick leave due to chronic pain, focusing on their personal perspectives on their daily lives, their bodies and their pain.

Background

An increasing number of immigrants in Norway present a challenge to the public health service, above all in relation to the health needs of immigrant women, many of whom risk having to take long‐term sick leave due to chronic pain.

Design

This study has a qualitative design, with participant observation and in‐depth interviews.

Methods

Participant observations were carried out from a sample of fourteen immigrant women in an outpatient clinic at a rehabilitation hospital. In addition, qualitative interviews were conducted after the rehabilitation period. A hermeneutic approach was used to understand the meaning of the narrated text.

Results

The analysis revealed one main theme, ‘Bodies marked by onerous experiences’, as well as two subthemes: ‘It is in my body’ and ‘Invisible pain’. The immigrant women struggled with invisible, chronic pain, which they blamed on physically tiring workdays and stressful life situations. Furthermore, they felt that their experiences of discriminative attitudes at the workplace worsened their suffering.

Conclusions

The chronic pain made the immigrant women suffer, because they experienced it as a threatening, incomprehensible and unreal force, without meaning or the ability to be controlled. Their own psychological distress exacerbated their pain.

Relevance to clinical practice

Immigrant women on long‐term sick leave are likely to need special approaches that are closely adapted to their different backgrounds and their unique personal experiences. We recommend culturally appropriate family counselling and collaboration with employers at the women's workplaces.
Quantitative variation for metabolic traits among brook trout populations inhabiting different environments
Authors: Dufresne F. , Barroux A. , DitleCadet D. , Blier P. U.
Published: August 2015

Ecologically relevant traits can change over short time scales if they vary among populations and if they are heritable. Comparisons of quantitative variation for phenotypic characters and molecular traits can be used to indicate whether phenotypic traits are under directional or stabilizing selection, or are changing as a result of drift. Many studies have shown that population differentiation in life history and morphological traits differ from null expectations, suggesting the action of diversifying selection. Very few studies have examined quantitative variation for metabolic traits. In this study, we examine variation for enzymatic activities in 181 brook trout inhabiting different environments (rivers, streams and lakes). Different environments may exert different selective pressures in fish locomotor performance and in underlying metabolic pathways. Our objectives were to determine (1) if metabolic traits of whole axial muscle exhibited variation among closely located populations of brook trout exploiting different habitats and (2) assess if these divergences could be associated with genetic structure. No significant differences were found in citrate synthase, cytochrome oxidase (CCO), pyruvate kinase (PK), amino acid transferase (AAT) activities among fish from different habitats but sampling location had a significant effect onCCO,PKandAATactivities. Measures of quantitative divergence for metabolic traits were higher than population genetic divergence values for both allozymes and microsatellites revealing significant plasticity of these metabolic traits upon which selection may act.
Paired and complex copulatory organs: do they really impede flexible use?
Authors: Kunz K. , Witthuhn M. , Uhl G.
Published: August 2015

Animals with internal fertilization possess complex male genitalia that are characterized by rapid and divergent evolution. Such complexity and divergence renders male genitalia highly species specific. Furthermore, in species with paired genitalia in males and females as is typically the case in spiders, the genital complexity is considered to restrict usage of each male intromittent organ (pedipalp) to a specific genital opening of the female genitalia. Here, we report cases of flexible pedipalp insertion (16%) in the dwarf spider Oedothorax retusus – a species with complex pedipalps. A flexible insertion mode allows males of this species to react to the mating history of the female by circumventing the highly effective mating plugs and mating into the unused side. Our findings disagree with the species isolating lock‐and‐key hypothesis for explaining divergence in genital morphology as the ‘key’ can be applied to the mirror‐inversed female ‘lock’ in the spider species O. retusus. Rather, our data suggest that sexual selection is an important underlying selective regime for the evolution of highly complex and diverse genitalia.
Impact of adherence to WHO infant feeding recommendations on later risk of obesity and non‐communicable diseases: systematic review
Authors: Martin Anne , Bland Ruth M. , Connelly Andrew , Reilly John J.
Published: August 2015

Adherence to WHO infant feeding recommendations has short‐term benefits and may also help in the prevention of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). This study reviewed the evidence on whether adherence to all elements of the WHO infant feeding recommendations (comparison group those exclusively breastfed to 6 months, introduced to appropriate complementary feeding from 6 months, with continued breastfeeding to at least 24 months; exposure group characterised by non‐adherence to any of the three recommendations) is associated with reduced risk of later obesity or cardiometabolic disease. The population of interest was children not classified as very low weight (weight‐for‐age z‐score >−3.0). MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, CINAHL plus, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis were systematically searched from 2001 to July 2014, manual reference searching of a birth cohort register (http://www.birthcohorts.net/) as well as papers identified in the search and selected journals was carried out. The database search yielded 9050 records, 275 English‐language full‐text articles were screened, but no studies were eligible, failing to meet the following criteria: comparison (213); exposure (14); population (3); relevant outcome (5); outcome before 24 months (9); insufficient information provided (30); plus one study was qualitative. Eight studies met the inclusion criterion of exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months, but did not meet the other inclusion criteria. The present study has revealed an important gap in the evidence on NCD prevention, and suggestions for addressing this evidence gap are provided.
Are campylobacters now capable of carbo‐loading?
Authors: Szymanski Christine M.
Published: August 2015

Campylobacters are a leading cause of gastrointestinal morbidity worldwide and the majority of human infections are triggered by eating foods contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. Campylobacters are equally notorious for their ability to mimic human glycoconjugate structures and for their capacity to synthesize both N‐ and O‐linked glycoproteins. These species were once considered to be asaccharolytic, but it was recently shown that several strains possess a pathway for fucose uptake and metabolism, providing those isolates with a competitive advantage in vivo. Vorwerk et al. have now demonstrated through isotopologue profiling that certain strains of C. coli and C. jejuni are capable of glucose catabolism through the Entner‐Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways. However, unlike the fate of fucose that has only been shown to be used for nutrition, glucose can be metabolized or incorporated into select amino acids and glycoconjugates. This discovery now provides researchers with the opportunity to introduce metabolically labeled sugars into campylobacters to study glycoconjugate biosynthesis within the cell. In addition, Vorwerk et al. add to the metabolic arsenal of campylobacters further highlighting the nutritional diversity among strains, even within the same species.
Clinical and genetic features of human metapneumovirus infection in children
Authors: Park Ji Young , Yun Ki Wook , Lim Jae Woo , Lee Mi Kyung , Lim In Seok , Choi Eung Sang
Published: August 2015

Background

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for respiratory tract infection in children.

Methods

From 2011 to 2013, nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from Korean children and tested for hMPV on reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The genotype of hMPV in each sample was identified on PCR‐restriction length polymorphism analysis of the fusion gene. We divided patients into three groups according to degree of fever. Patients with fever peaking at >39.5°C or lasting >7 days were classified as the high fever (HF) group; those with fevers peaking at <38.5°C and lasting <72 h were classified as the low fever (LF) group; and the other subjects were classified as the moderate fever group.

Results

Among 457 samples positive for hMPV, hMPV genotype was able to be identified in 399 (87.3%); of these, A2a was found in 97 (24.3%), B1 in 186 (46.6%), and B2 in 116 (29.1%). Clinical features of hMPV infection were compared between the HF and LF groups. We classified 80 subjects into the HF group and 84 subjects into the LF group. Mean absolute neutrophil count (5625 ± 4418 vs 4072 ± 3076/μL, P = 0.010) and C‐reactive protein (2.39 ± 3.39 vs 0.96 ± 1.77 mg/dL, P = 0.001) were higher in the HF group. Wheezing (5.0% vs 32.1%, P < 0.001) and dyspnea (2.5% vs 15.5%, P = 0.010) were more frequently seen in the LF group. Genotype distribution was similar in the two groups.

Conclusion

Two distinct clinical presentations of hMPV infection were identified in this study.