bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
History and evolution of audit in public oral health in Patos de Minas - MG
Authors: Martins Victor da Mota , Araújo Diogo Alves de , Góes Roberto Wagner Lopes
Published: June 2016

A Auditoria surgiu como instrumento de trabalho para auxiliar inúmeros profissionais, orientando-os sobre uma forma adequada de funcionamento, certificando-se de que decisões financeiras, administrativas, éticas e humanas pudessem ser tomadas da maneira mais correta possível. A auditoria manifestou-se há muitos anos e aos poucos vem atuando em um mercado muito dinâmico. Chegou ao Brasil através de contadores e entre meio a muitas outras áreas, vindo a fazer parte do dia a dia da Saúde Pública em 1956. Desde então, a odontologia utiliza os serviços de auditoria de diversas formas, e em parceria com o Sistema Único de Saúde, realizaram vários procedimentos, que neste trabalho falando o Histórico e a Evolução da Auditoria em Saúde Bucal em Patos de Minas –MG, podemos perceber que nesta cidade, há auditoria desde 2002 e ainda há um vasto campo de informações precisando ser descoberto dentro da Odontologia.
The cooperative and organizational learning of a cooperative
Authors: Royer Douglas , Silva Frederico Fonseca da , Jovtei Estanislau Gonçalves
Published: June 2016

O estudo se configura em uma pesquisa social, com enfoque qualitativo, apresentando caráter exploratório-descritivo de seu objeto de estudo “Aprendizagem Organizacional - AO”, tendo uma cooperativa agroindustrial como unidade de estudo. Após revisão sobre a aprendizagem organizacional e as características das organizações cooperativistas, foram implementadas entrevistas não diretivas para compreender o processo de aprendizagem organizacional na unidade de estudo. A pesquisa empírica e o referencial teórico possibilitaram a análise dos momentos da aprendizagem organizacional na cooperativa, sob a perspectiva da organização tendo o cooperado como indivíduo.
O Ethos Jornalístico Discursivo do Corinthians de 2015 no Texto Opinativo de Chico Lang
Authors: Prado Bruno Rafael do , Melo Ellen , Araújo Marcelo Marques
Published: June 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é o de analisar e compreender, com base em Maingueneau (2008), Brandão (2002) e Orlandi (2000), como foi construído o ethos jornalístico discursivo do time brasileiro Corinthians no decorrer do ano de 2015. O estudo almeja verificar a transformação do ethos, através da observação das estratégias argumentativas de dois textos opinativos de autoria de Chico Lang, publicados no blog: E Tenho Dito!, divulgado no Portal online da Gazeta Esportiva. O primeiro texto a ser analisado é do dia 14 de maio de 2015 e discorre sobre a eliminação do time paulista da copa Libertadores para o desconhecido time paraguaio Guarani. Já o segundo, pondera sobre a conquista do Campeonato Brasileiro de 2015, que foi consagrada após empate com o Vasco da Gama, publicado no dia 20 de novembro de 2015. Para entender essas estratégias e a formação do ethos, serão utilizadas as pesquisas que compõem os estudos da Análise de Discurso da linha francesa.
In Vitro Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Myrsine africana against laboratory Strains of Pathogenic Organisms
Authors: Obey Jackie K. , T* Anthoney Swamy , Timothy Lasiti , Rachel Makani
Published: June 2016

The determination of the antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) and minimum inhibitory concentration of medicinal plants a crucial step in drug development. In this study, the antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanol extract of Myrsine africana were determined for Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The zones of inhibition (mm±S.E) of 500mg/ml of M. africana ethanol extract were 22.00± 0.00 for E. coli,20.33 ±0.33 for B. cereus,25.00± 0.00 for S. epidermidis and 18. 17±0.17 for S. pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) is the minimum dose required to inhibit growth a microorganism. Upon further double dilution of the 500mg/ml of M. africana extract, MIC was obtained for each organism. The MIC for E. coli, B. cereus, S. epidermidis and S. pneumoniae were 7.81mg/ml, 7.81mg/ml, 15.63mg/ml and 15.63mg/ml respectively. Crude extracts are considered active when they inhibit microorganisms with zones of inhibition of 8mm and above. Therefore, this study has shown that the ethanol extract of M. africana can control the growth of the four organisms tested.
Patent - a brief scenario in India.
Authors: Parashar Abhishek
Published: June 2016

Intellectual Property Right (IPR) is a lawful right given by government to inventors for their intellectual work. IP rights are necessary to prevent copying and misuse of original work. IP includes Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Plant varieties, Trade secrets, Industrial designs and Geographical indicators. In India in the year 2013-14 maximum numbers of applications filed and granted were for Trademarks. More than 42000 applications were applied for patent while only 10% (4200) got the approval. IIT tops the list in patent filing while CSIR is leading organization in getting maximum number of patent grants. Indian government has taken various initiatives to make the patenting process easier. Patent can be filed in all four metro cities. For international patenting, patent cooperation treaty (PCT) and convention application filing is done to protect the invention at international level and India is one of the member countries of these group. IP rights provide monetary benefit to inventors, further it creates environment of competition which is good for the growth of the economy. As India is a growing economy and competing with many countries out of which some are involved in reverse engineering and copying many of the original work, hence the role of IPR becomes even more crucial. It is also believed that IPR creates monopoly and could increase the price of essential commodities thus affecting poor people. All in all IPR is needs for today’s world. A balance is required for its use to misuse which will only be made by making careful law and its effective implementation.
Antifungal activity of ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of some medicinal plants against the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii sacc.
Authors: Prabha Smrity , C.* Bapat U. , Kumar Jyoti
Published: June 2016

The anti-fungal activity of ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of eight medicinal plants, viz., Acorus calamus Linn, Justicia adhatoda L. Lawsonia Inermis L., Lantana camara Linn., Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Solanum nigrum Linn., Vitex negundo L. and Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. were tested in vitro against phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.was evaluated using poison food method. The results obtained showed that the Petroleum ether extracts of leaves and flowers of L.camara, leaves of Lawsonia inermis and S.nigrum did not inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii. However, it was observed that the ethanolic extracts of the rhizome of A. calamus and the leaves of L. Camara showed 61% and 50% inhibition of the growth of S. Rolfsii respectively. The most promising results were obtained with the petroleum ether extract of A. calamus, which exhibited 100% inhibition of S. Rolfsii with MIC of 10.4 mg/ ml.
Medicinal ferns of Kashmir, India.
Authors: M.H.* Wani , M.Y. Shah , A.R. Naqshi
Published: June 2016

A comprehensive account is presented of fern-allies and ferns known to occur in Kashmir Valley, Gurez (Kishenganga Valley) and Ladakh, which have recognized medicinal value. Out of the total number of 113 taxa (7 taxa of fern allies and 106 taxa of ferns) recorded from the area, a significant proportion (34%) is medicinally important. Amongst these, the genera Dryopteris (07) and Asplenium (06) have the highest number of medicinally important taxa. For each taxon included is provided the botanical name, family, common/vernacular name (wherever available), parts used, medicinal properties, chemical constituents etc.
PROPER DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED WINDOW LEVEL IN MR IMAGING IN ACUTE VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS AND HYPOXIC ISCHAEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: Madhok Rajneesh , Taneja Vichi , Pant Harish Chandra , Rastogi Swatantra Kumar , Prajapati Neeraj
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides image contrast that is different from that provided by conventional MR techniques. Improper Paper Submission DateDiffusion weighted (DW) window level obscures the diffuse cortical abnormality on DW image, hence proper windowed Diffusion weighted images are must for evaluation of cortical and deep grey matter nuclei abnormality. The increased sensitivity of DWI sequences with regard to viral encephalitis/hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) has been shown in several studies This study was performed to evaluate the role of proper DWI window level (250/150) in the diagnosis of viral encephalitis and HIE vs improperly windowed (500-850/250-Paper Publication Date 400) DW images for evaluation of cortical and deep grey matter nuclei.
Material and Methods: We performed conventional MRI including T1, T2-Weighted and DOI fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences and DWI in 16 patients with viral encephalitis and 02 patients of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy diagnosed on the basis of laboratory, clinical and radiologic findings. Gradient B value of diffusion was 0, 400 and 800. Properly windowed (250/150) DW image versus an improperly windowed (500-850/250-400) DW image were evaluated for evaluation of cortical and deep grey matter nuclei signal intensity.
Results: Axial DW images were reviewed at a consistent window level of 250/150. DW image with proper window level of 250/150 shows that the cortical/ deep gray matter nuclei abnormality is more evident. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map further illustrates the cortical restricted diffusion. Although with improperly windowed DWI (500-850/250-400), there is accentuated greywhite matter differentiation, but improper window level obscures the diffuse cortical abnormality on DW image. With proper window level of DW images, diffusion restriction was picked up in all the 16 cases of acute viral encephalitis and 02 patients of HIE.
Conclusion: Proper window level of DWI (250/150) is helpful in early diagnosis of acute viral encephalitis and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.
ROLE OF AUDIOLOGICAL SCREENING (PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY AND DISTORTION PRODUCT OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS) IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CONCURRENT CHEMORADIATION FOR HEAD AND NECK CANCERS
Authors: Kocchar Anisha , Sharma Rohit , Kumar Piyush , Sharma Vineet , Shubhanshu Kumar
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Chemoradiation is an important component in the management of Head and Neck Cancers, which has hearing loss as a major adverse effect. This is due to the inclusion of ear structures in the radiation field and Cisplatin, an anti-neoplastic drug which can cause ototoxicity. The role of audiological screening in the form of Pure Tone Audiometry and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions is hereby studied in these patients. Material and Methods: The present study was undertaken to highlight the effects of concurrent chemoradiation on the audiological profile of Head and Neck Cancer patients. The patients underwent pre-treatment and post treatment Pure Tone Audiometry and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission. The results were statistically analysed. Results: 36 patients who underwent concurrent chemoradiation for Head and Neck Cancers were enrolled. Post treatment PTA values were significantly different from Pre-treatment values especially at 500Hz. DPOAEs also indicated significant changes in cochleotoxicity grading after concurrent chemoradiation. Conclusion: Concurrent Chemoradiation exerts a significant effect on hearing status of the patients. Simple screening tests like DPOAE can detect cochlear damage prior to detection with Pure Tone Audiometry. Addition of these tests is recommended as routine screening during Concurrent Chemoradiation.
Cooling analysis of a light emitting diode automotive fog lamp
Authors: Zadravec Matej , Ramsak Matjaz , Ravnik Jure , Hribersek Matjaz , Slanovec Jernej
Published: June 2016

Efficiency of cooling fins inside of a light emitting diode fog lamp is studied using computational fluid dynamics. Diffusion in heat sink, natural convection and radiation are the main principles of the simulated heat transfer. The Navier-Stokes equations were solved by the computational fluid dynamics code, including Monte Carlo radiation model and no additional turbulence model was needed. The numerical simulation is tested using the existing lamp geometry and temperature measurements. The agreement is excellent inside of few degrees at all measured points. The main objective of the article is to determine the cooling effect of various heat sink parts. Based on performed simulations, some heat sink parts are found to be very ineffective. The geometry and heat sink modifications are proposed. While radiation influence is significant, compressible effects are found to be minor.
A numerically research on energy loss evaluation in a centrifugal pump system based on local entropy production method
Authors: Hou Hucan , Zhang Yongxue , Li Zhenlin
Published: June 2016

Inspired by wide application of the second law of thermodynamics to flow and heat transfer devices, local entropy production analysis method was creatively introduced into energy assessment system of centrifugal water pump. Based on Reynolds stress turbulent model and energy equation model, the steady numerical simulation of the whole flow passage of one IS centrifugal pump was carried out. The local entropy production terms were calculated by user defined functions, mainly including wall entropy production, turbulent entropy production, and viscous entropy production. The numerical results indicated that the irreversible energy loss calculated by the local entropy production method agreed well with that calculated by the traditional method but with some deviations which were probably caused by high rotatability and high curvature of impeller and volute. The wall entropy production and turbulent entropy production took up large part of the whole entropy production about 48.61% and 47.91%, respectively, which indicated that wall friction and turbulent fluctuation were the major factors in affecting irreversible energy loss. Meanwhile, the entropy production rate distribution was discussed and compared with turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate distribution, it showed that turbulent entropy production rate increased sharply at the near wall regions and both distributed more uniformly. The blade region in leading edge near suction side, trailing edge and volute tongue were the main regions to generate irreversible exergy loss. This research broadens a completely new view in evaluating energy loss and further optimizes pump using entropy production minimization.
Estimation of operational parameters for a direct injection turbocharged spark ignition engine by using regression analysis and artificial neural network
Authors: Tosun Erdi , Aydin Kadir , Merola Simona , Irimescu Adrian
Published: June 2016

This study was aimed at estimating the variation of several engine control parameters within the rotational speed-load map, using regression analysis and artificial neural network techniques. Duration of injection, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas at turbine inlet, and within the catalytic converter brick were chosen as the output parameters for the models, while engine speed and brake mean effective pressure were selected as independent variables for prediction. Measurements were performed on a turbocharged direct injection spark ignition engine fueled with gasoline. A three-layer feed-forward structure and back-propagation algorithm was used for training the artificial neural network. It was concluded that this technique is capable of predicting engine parameters with better accuracy than linear and non-linear regression techniques.
Increasing flexibility of coal power plant by control system modifications
Authors: Marusic Ante , Loncar Drazen , Batelic Jakov , Frankovic Valdi
Published: June 2016

Expanding implementation of intermittent renewable energy sources has already
started to change the role of thermal power plants in energy systems across
Europe. Traditionally base load plants are now forced to operate as peaking
plants. A familiar transition in upcoming years is expected in Croatia and
coal power plant operators are preparing accordingly. To evaluate cycling
capabilities and control system operation for flexible operation of selected
210 MW coal plant, series of tests with different load gradients were
performed and results were thoroughly analyzed. Two possible ?bottlenecks?
are identified, thermal stress in superheater header, and achievable ramping
rate considering operational limitations of coal feeders, firing system and
evaporator dynamics. Several unexpected readings were observed, usually
caused by malfunctioning sensors and equipment, resulting in unexpected
oscillations of superheated steam temperature. Based on superheater geometry
and experimental data, maximal steam temperature gradient during ramping was
evaluated. Since thermal stress was well inside the safety margins, the
simulation model of the whole boiler was used to evaluate achievable ramping
on electric side.
Certain investigation in a compression ignition engine using rice bran methyl ester fuel blends with ethanol additive
Authors: Krishnan Arumugam , Punnaivanam Maran , Koodalingam Satheeshkumar
Published: June 2016

In this study and analysis, the physical properties such as calorific value, viscosity, flash, and fire point temperatures of rice bran oil methyl ester were found. The rice bran oil biodiesel has been prepared by transesterification process from pure rice bran oil in the presence of methanol and NaOH. Moreover, property enhancement of rice bran oil methyl ester was also made by adding different additives such as ethanol in various proportions. Rice bran oil methyl ester with 1, 3, and 5% ethanol were analyzed for its fuel properties. The effects of diesel-B20ROME blends with ethanol additive of 1, 3, and 5% on a compression ignition engine were examined considering its emissions. It is found that the increase in biodiesel concentration in the fuel blend influences CO2 and NOx emissions. On the other hand CO and HC emissions are reduced. It is interesting to observe the emission as ethanol-B20ROME blends, reduces CO2 and NOx which are the major contributors to global warming. As the NOx and CO2 can be reduced drastically by the proposed blends, the global warming can be reduced considerably.
Prediction and comparison of size of the copper and aluminium bus duct system based on ampacity and temperature variations using MATLAB
Authors: Thirumurugaveerakumar S. , Sakthivel M. , Sharmila Deve
Published: June 2016

The main objective of this paper is to propose an algorithm to predict and compare the sizes of the bus bar with materials like copper and aluminum by considering the allowable ampacity and allowable temperature rise with natural and forced convection cooling arrangement. Theoretical analysis is carried out with modified size of the copper bus bar using MATLAB, to analyze the ampacity and temperature variation under the natural and forced convection mode. The algebraic equation developed from thermal model is solved using MATLAB for the determination of the allowable temperature rise and ampacity of rectangular-section bus bars of copper and aluminum and also for different sizes of bus bar. An algorithm has been developed for the analysis. Experimental observations of temperature variation in copper bus bar with standard size under natural and forced cooling mode are validated with the algebraic equation developed from thermal model is solved using MATLAB. It is concluded that bus bar dimensions are compared for the materials copper and aluminum to predict the suitable equivalent dimensions for the same ampacity level and within the allowable temperature rise to reduce the cost of panel.
Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy, Sexual Dysfunction, and Urinary Incontinence in Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hotaling James M. , Sarma Aruna V. , Patel Darshan P. , Braffett Barbara H. , Cleary Patricia A. , Feldman Eva , Herman William H. , Martin Catherine L. , Jacobson Alan M. , Wessells Hunter , Pop-Busui Rodica ,   for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated associations among cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), female sexual dysfunction (FSD), and urinary incontinence (UI) in women with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied 580 women with T1DM in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC). CAN was defined as: 1) R-R variation <15 with deep breathing or 2) R-R variation of 15–19.9 plus Valsalva ratio ≤1.5 or a supine-to-standing drop of 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure. A Sandvik Severity Index of 3–12 defined UI, and a Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-R) score ≥22.75 defined FSD. Multivariable models estimated associations among CAN, FSD, and UI.

RESULTS

At EDIC year 17, FSD was observed in 41% of women and UI in 30%. No statistically significant associations were observed between measures of CAN at DCCT closeout and subsequent report of FSD or UI. At EDIC year 16/17, there was a 53% increased odds of having UI with a Valsalva ratio ≤1.5. At both EDIC year 13/14 and EDIC year 16/17, a 5-unit increase in R-R variation was associated with a 1.11 greater odds of having FSD.

CONCLUSIONS

In women with T1DM in the DCCT/EDIC, we found significant increased odds of FSD and UI with specific measures of CAN. In long-standing T1DM, CAN may predict development of FSD and may be a useful surrogate for generalized diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Artificial Organelles: Reactions inside Protein–Polymer Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Garni Martina , Einfalt Tomaž , Lomora Mihai , Car Anja , Meier Wolfgang , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: June 2016

Reactions inside confined compartments at the nanoscale represent an essential step in the development of complex multifunctional systems to serve as molecular factories. In this respect, the biomimetic approach of combining biomolecules (proteins, enzymes, mimics) with synthetic membranes
is an elegant way to create functional nanoreactors, or even simple artificial organelles, that function inside cells after uptake. Functionality is provided by the specificity of the biomolecule(s), whilst the synthetic compartment provides mechanical stability and robustness. The availability
of a large variety of biomolecules and synthetic membranes allows the properties and functionality of these reaction spaces to be tailored and adjusted for building complex self-organized systems as the basis for molecular factories.
Compartmentalization – A Prerequisite for Maintaining and Changing an Identity
Authors: Rottmann Philipp , Ward Thomas , Panke Sven
Published: June 2016

The chemical manipulation of DNA is much more convenient than the manipulation of the bioproducts, such as enzymes, that it encodes. The optimization of bioproducts requires cycles of diversification of DNA followed by read-out of the information into the bioproduct. Maintaining the
link between the information – the genotype – and the properties of the bioproduct – the phenotype – through some form of compartmentalization is therefore an essential aspect in directed evolution. While the ideal compartment is a biological cell, many projects involving
more radical changes in the bioproduct, such as the introduction of novel cofactors, may not be suitable for expression of the information in cells, and alternative in vitro methods have to be applied. Consequently, the possibility to produce simple and advanced micro compartments at
high rates and to combine them with the ability to translate the information into proteins represents a unique opportunity to explore demanding enzyme engineering projects that require the evaluation of at least hundreds of thousands of enzyme variants over multiple generations.
Artificial Cell Research as a Field that Connects Chemical, Biological and Philosophical Questions
Authors: Deplazes-Zemp Anna
Published: June 2016

This review article discusses the interdisciplinary nature and implications of artificial cell research. It starts from two historical theories: Gánti's chemoton model and the autopoiesis theory by Maturana and Varela. They both explain the transition from chemical molecules
to biological cells. These models exemplify two different ways in which disciplines of chemistry, biology and philosophy can profit from each other. In the chemoton model, conclusions from one disciplinary approach are relevant for the other disciplines. In contrast, the autopoiesis model
itself (rather than its conclusions) is transferred from one discipline to the other. The article closes by underpinning the relevance of artificial cell research for philosophy with reference to the on-going philosophical debates on emergence, biological functions and biocentrism.
Ecological implications from spatial patterns in human‐caused brown bear mortality
Authors: Steyaert Sam M. J. G. , Zedrosser Andreas , Elfström Marcus , Ordiz Andrés , Leclerc Martin , Frank Shane C. , Kindberg Jonas , St⊘en Ole‐Gunnar , Brunberg Sven , Swenson Jon E.
Published: June 2016

Humans are important agents of wildlife mortality, and understanding such mortality is paramount for effective population management and conservation. However, the spatial mechanisms behind wildlife mortality are often assumed rather than tested, which can result in unsubstantiated caveats in ecological research (e.g. fear ecology assumptions) and wildlife conservation and/or management (e.g. ignoring ecological traps). We investigated spatial patterns in human‐caused mortality based on 30 years of brown bear Ursus arctos mortality data from a Swedish population. We contrasted mortality data with random locations and global positioning system relocations of live bears, as well as between sex, age and management classes (‘problem’ versus ‘no problem’ bear, before and after changing hunting regulations), and we used resource selection functions to identify potential ecological sinks (i.e. avoided habitat with high mortality risk) and traps (i.e. selected habitat with high mortality risk). We found that human‐caused mortality and mortality risk were positively associated with human presence and access. Bears removed as a management measure were killed in closer proximity to humans than hunter‐killed bears, and supplementary feeding of bears did not alter the spatial structure of human‐caused bear mortality. We identified areas close to human presence as potential sink habitat and agricultural fields (oat fields in particular) as potential ecological traps in our study area. We emphasize that human‐caused mortality in bears and maybe in wildlife generally can show a very local spatial structure, which may have far‐reaching population effects. We encourage researchers and managers to systematically collect and geo‐reference wildlife mortality data, in order to verify general ecological assumptions and to inform wildlife managers about critical habitat types. The latter is especially important for vulnerable or threatened populations.
Appropriately Targeting Group Interventions for Academic Success Adopting the Clinical Model and PAR Profiles
Authors: Johnson Craig W. , Johnson Ronald , Steigman Michael , Odo Chioma , Vijayan Suvendra , Tata Devadatta V.
Published: June 2016

Prevalence of academic risk (PAR) group profiles provide data enabling empirically based group-specialized prescriptions for targeted academic success interventions to increase student retention, completion, and graduation rates, while improving allocation of institutional resources. Postsecondary student attrition engenders student debt, shortages of highly trained professionals, and inadequate workforce diversity. Diagnostic PAR profiles, employing a proactive Diagnosis ⇒ Prescription ⇒ Intervention ⇒ Evaluation Model adapted from clinical medicine, enable empirically targeted, group-specialized, student-success interventions. Two-step cluster analysis of survey responses from 512 students entering first-semester urban health science community college differentiated three PAR-profile groups: (a) traditional, (b) language/education/financially challenged, and (c) older/supporting families/financially challenged. The latter two groups’ end-of-first-semester odds of adverse academic status events were, respectively, 1.73 ( p = .016) and 2.08 ( p = .002) times the traditional group’s. PAR profiles enable empirically based group-tailored interventions for increasing student retention, completion, and graduation rates, while improving allocation of institutional resources.
Power for Detecting Treatment by Moderator Effects in Two- and Three-Level Cluster Randomized Trials
Authors: Spybrook Jessaca , Kelcey Benjamin , Dong Nianbo
Published: June 2016

Recently, there has been an increase in the number of cluster randomized trials (CRTs) to evaluate the impact of educational programs and interventions. These studies are often powered for the main effect of treatment to address the “what works” question. However, program effects may vary by individual characteristics or by context, making it important to also consider power to detect moderator effects. This article presents a framework for calculating statistical power for moderator effects at all levels for two- and three-level CRTs. Annotated R code is included to make the calculations accessible to researchers and increase the regularity in which a priori power analyses for moderator effects in CRTs are conducted.
Is Risk a Drive for Change? Pollution and Risk Displacement in 1970s to 1980s Hong Kong
Authors: Man Lam Yee
Published: June 2016

Many people believe risk drives change. Environmental degradation, depletion
of the ozone layer, and global warming all help advance global environmental
development. However, why do some countries react promptly
while some are slower to react to environmental risk? Reasons vary, but this
article focuses on how the specific way risk was formulated and introduced
in Hong Kong impeded drastic and swift environmental development. Tracing
back to the time when the notion of pollution was first formulated in
Hong Kong, this article argues that pollution was not defined as what it was.
Instead, pollution was defined and introduced to the public as a problem
of sanitation, turning pollution into a problem of categorization—a risk that
could be easily resolved. This article contributes to the study of both pollution
and risk by studying pollution as a social construct in the unique case of
Hong Kong. A warning from Hong Kong—instead of addressing and resolving
it, risk could be discreetly displaced.
Violent Landscape: Global Explosions and Lao Life-Worlds
Authors: High Holly
Published: June 2016

Laos, a small country tucked into the heart of Southeast Asia, seems an unlikely target for the world’s most intensive bombing campaign. But from the 1950s to the 1970s, the U.S. intervened in Laos to combat the local communist forces and to attempt to stop the flow of North Vietnamese supplies through Lao territory, an intervention prompted by a particularly “global” outlook. The U.S. military intervention was characterised by tactics that pitted science and technology against the local terrain, weather, and vegetation. The Lao landscape was a violent landscape during this era, as it was entangled as both agent and object in the conflict. The U.S. war on nature in Laos remains a salient part of contemporary Laos, as the country grapples with perhaps the world’s most serious unexploded ordnance problem. Thus today, the Lao landscape is violent in yet another sense: past violence is incorporated into today’s land. This is reflected in local retellings of the violence and devastation of the era, stories that stress images of the loss of natural wilderness.
Energy Transition and CO
2
Emissions in Southern Europe: Italy and Spain (1861-2000)
Authors: Bartoletto Silvana , Rubio M.d.Mar
Published: June 2016

This article examines energy consumption, the transition from organic to fossil energy carriers, and the consequent emissions of CO
2
over a period of almost 150 years (1861-2000) in Italy and Spain. The author's reconstruction and analysis of CO
2
emissions are based on new series of energy consumption including both traditional and modern energy carriers. The article shows that traditional energy carriers should also be taken into account in long run series of pollution intensity of energy use, pollution intensity of the economy, decarbonisation, and other indicators in order to achieve a clearer interpretation of the processes involved. In this work, the authors first present time series of primary energy consumption, final energy consumption, and energy intensities of Italy and Spain for the period 1861-2000. Then several CO
2
indicators for both countries are introduced: total emissions, emissions per capita, pollution intensity of energy (decarbonisation) and pollution intensity. The aim is to investigate whether a decoupling of CO
2
emissions, economic growth, and per capita energy consumption can be observed historically: if so, what the factors underlying this development are. Last but not least, these findings could be used to draw some conclusions on further potential development paths, and notably as to whether it is possible to consume more energy per capita and produce more output per capita at lower levels of emissions.

Finally, the authors employ a Divisia index perfect decomposition analysis to scrutinize differences in totalemissions between the two countries. Decomposition analysis, particularly Divisia index based decomposition, has found application in a wide array of fields: aggregate energy indexes, total energy-related CO
2
, CO
2
per unit of GDP. To reach an in-depth understanding of the forces underlying different trends in CO
2
emissions, however, decomposition analysis will have to be at the per capita level.
An Environmental History of Nacre and Pearls: Fisheries, Cultivation and Commerce
Authors: Cariño Micheline , Monteforte Mario
Published: June 2016

Pearls are the most ancient gems known in history. Nacre became an important raw material used in various industries during the nineteenth century. Both products came from the world's tropical seas, in pearling regions whose resources and people were exploited by local and foreign businessmen. We distinguish eleven pearling regions. These were opened to fisheries at different times in three historical periods, each marked by phases of wealth and scarcity.

The world history of nacre and pearl fisheries, culture, and trade is the history of the efforts of divers and sailors, the tenacity of scientists striving to elucidate the phenomenon of pearl formation, the ambition and greed of empresarios seduced by the luster and commercial value of pearls, as well as the marketing and selling techniques specific to these commodities. It is the history of environmental modifications induced by humans as they strove to gain profit from the most valuable natural marine resource that ever existed. In this essay we highlight the role played by capitalism in the intensification of pearls and nacre harvesting that brought the resource to speedy exhaustion. We also illustrate the positive results of the application of scientific research based on sustainability principles to production. Our historical approach to pearling has led us to two fundamental conclusions: 1. It is possible to aim at sustainability in the profitable use of renewable natural resources, and 2. Environmental history can reveal the conditions under which this has been possible. Our intention here is also to show that environmental history is an approach allowing historical syntheses, the incorporation of vast comparative analyses, and the fleshing out of explanations of economic and social processes with an understanding of the natural resources that sustain these processes. Finally, this work looks to filling up the great gap in knowledge that afflicts the history of the sea.
Local People and the Global Tiger: An Environmental History of the Sundarbans
Authors: Chakrabarti Ranjan
Published: June 2016

The present article investigates the significance of the Sundarbans as a natural reserve or buffer area (a resource of yet unknown magnitude) in pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial South Asia. In pre-colonial India this region was, by and large, outside the purview of the state and occasionally served as a natural reserve in more ways than one. In British India the vast mangrove swamp of the Sundarbans became an important location where European “Selves” and Indian “Others” started interacting. The Sundarbans jungle became the object of European thoughts and actions. A new systematic endeavour to manage this unknown and unique natural frontier began under the forceful thrust of European enlightenment. This quest for knowledge went on throughout colonial rule and even after Indian independence in 1947. The British colonial government sought to manage an area they had little understanding of, and hence incurred in a series of unforeseen problems which posed new challenges to the colonial project in the Sundarbans. In this area, the tiger had always been at the centre of people's economic, social, cultural and religious life. This was the case in the past and still is today. During the Raj, the colonial drive to maximize revenue forced the inhabitants of the Sundarbans to come face to face with the tigers. In post-colonial India, the introduction of Project Tiger turned the Sundarbans into a local theatre of a larger campaign.

The present paper also seeks to explore the complex pattern of the production of knowledge and its short term and long-term implications. I argue that the human endeavour to manage unknown frontiers often produces new complications and brings to fresh engagements with new unforeseen challenges. This is all the more true of the last quarter of the twentieth century, when the impact of capitalism, politics and science was more distinctly felt at the global level. In the 1960’s and 70’s European wildlife biologists made a strong case of the fact that only in the forests of India and the mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans there were tigers in sufficient numbers for an effort to save this endangered species to have any likelihood of succeeding. The rhetoric of wildlife conservation fuelled a universal campaign which disregarded local knowledge systems. This campaign led to the launching, in 1973, of Project Tiger in nine reserve forests of India, including the Sundarbans. Project Tiger led to friction between the universal/global and the local, giving rise to new unexpected troubles which needed to be addressed.
Postponed Leap in Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Impact of Energy Efficiency, Fuel Choices and Industrial Structure on the Finnish Energy Economy, 1800-2005
Authors: Kunnas Jan , Myllyntaus Timo
Published: June 2016

The article examines the growth and composition of energy consumption in Finland in the 19th and 20th centuries, focusing on energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. It is based on the results of a research project that estimated the energy production and consumption of Finland since 1800 and calculated the country's energy balance, including both commercial and non-commercial energy sources. The article argues that, among European countries, Finland was “odd-man out” because it industrialized by means of renewable, indigenous energy sources. Only in the 1960s, in its mature phase of industrialization, did the country switch from indigenous energy sources – fuel wood, wood refuse and hydropower – to imported fossil fuels. The article analyses why Finland differed from the general model for such a long time and why it joined the ranks of other countries in a fairly short period.
History and Governance in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Tanzania: 1959-1966
Authors: Rogers Peter J.
Published: June 2016

This article investigates the early history of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania, during the late 1950s and early 1960s, a period which has been overlooked in almost all the literature on the NCA. The article develops a governance perspective to argue that the NCA was heavily influenced by international thinking about wildlife conservation and Maasai pastoralism, and thus what was intended to be a multiple land use area was instead managed primarily as a national park. Several key episodes in this early history are dealt with in detail – the creation of the NCA; its early management difficulties; the role of Henry Fosbrooke, the NCA’s first Conservator; the impact of the international 1961 Arusha Conference on wildlife conservation; and the Canadian-funded management planning process of the mid-1960s. This leads to an exploration of some of the links between this period and contemporary practices in the NCA, and how practices of governance established over forty years ago still play a significant role in the present day. The case of the NCA illustrates the importance of appreciating the complexity of protected area governance and histories.
Macroeconomic and Environmental History: The Impact of Currency Depreciation on forests in British India, 1873-1893
Authors: Sivramkrishna Sashi
Published: June 2016

The impact of the macroeconomic context, particularly monetary disturbances, on the environment has been hitherto ignored in the study of Indian environmental history. The links between macroeconomics and the environment, however, have been extensively studied and debated in recent times in connection with the structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) that many developing countries have been induced to adopt. A closer examination of India’s monetary history reveals that there exist many similarities between the effects of SAPs and those of monetary disturbances in the last quarter of the nineteenth century due to the depreciation of the rupee. This paper traces out how an exogenously induced change in the macroeconomic environment may have led to policies that prompted increased deforestation. Moreover, in the private sector too the depreciation of rupee may have led to higher levels of investment and exports of environmentally sensitive products, further accentuating the adverse impact on forests. Although not conclusive in quantitative terms, this study nonetheless attempts to show that colonial policies cannot be studied from a purely ideological, political, or real-economic point of view; the macroeconomy, particularly monetary variables that were sometimes beyond control of governments, may also have induced changes in deforestation rates.
Agroecosystem, Peasants, and Conflicts: Environmental History in Spain at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Ortega Santos Antonio
Published: June 2016

In Spain, environmental history has evolved from 1980s agrarian history. One of its principal aims is to create a framework for the interpretation of the metabolism between agro-ecosystems and rural communities. The present essay deals with the energy balance of agrarian systems, inequality of access to goods and environmental revenues, and competition over the natural resources of human communities since the middle of the nineteenth century. Another important field of interest that has been gaining increasing importance is the study of the impact of privatization on the access to common environmental goods, and social resistance to this privatization, a result of the mercantilization of rural economies and the assigning of monetary value to resources previously subject to customary ways of management. Spanish environmental history shares this social-environmental bent with other emergent historiographies worldwide.
“Bridging Divides for Water”: The 5th World Water forum (WWf) and the Alternative Water forum
Authors: Ferragina Eugenia
Published: June 2016

The article reports on the activities and debates of the 5th World Water Forum held at Istanbul in March 2009. The Forum saw the participation of various international and financial organizations, and marked a further stage in the debate on the actions the international community needs to take for the sustainable management of water resources. The Forum’s title, “Bridging Divides for Water”, is a testimony of the centrality of the issue of unequal access to water resources at global level. The other themes regarded other major issues such as social inequalities and water as a denied right, the effects of climate change, water security, and water management and policies.
Environmental Change and Chronic Famine in Manbhum, Bengal District, 1860-1910
Authors: Mahato Nirmal Kumar
Published: June 2016

The present paper examines the chronic occurrence of famine in Manbhum after the 1860s due to environmental degradation. Colonial intervention from the late 18th century onwards led to a process of transformation of the area. Ecological intervention was the prime factor behind this transformation. The agrarian conquest of Manbhum in the 19th century not only changed the local land use pattern, it transformed the agrarian structure and led to deforestation. The increase in commodity production and the expansion of monoculture badly shook the ecological balance of the area. Environmental change ultimately led to water and nutritional crises. The denudation of forests deprived people of alternative food sources during scarcity. Though the British idea of progress was based on agricultural advancement, this was carried out at the expense of the forest and was quite unsuited to the characteristics of the area. In general, monocultures of short-lived annual plants, a typical agricultural strategy in temperate zones, are inappropriate for tropical regions. The sustainable economy of the local
adivasis
(aboriginals) was permanently destabilised, and the district made vulnerable to famine. In the late 19th century the area faced several harsh famines. The
adivasis
tried to survive on the products of what was left of the jungle as their paddy crops failed. They not only collected starchy root tubers such as
pan alu
, a wild variety of
ole
(
Amophophallus campanulatus
[Araceae]), and others, and the flowers of the
mahua
(
Madhuca indica
, Gmelin [Combretaceae]) as a primary food source from forests, and tamarind leaves (
Tamarindus indica
L., Family Leguminosae) as spice, but also cultivated indigenous low-cost cereals such as
eri
,
gundlu
,
marua
,
sama
, and others for survival. These cereals, although their yields were low, could be cultivated even under drought conditions because of their low water requirements (
jowar
,
bazra
and
ragi
were also used for the same purpose).