bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of sample misalignment on grazing incidence x-ray diffraction patterns and the resulting unit cell determination
Authors: Holzer Valentin , Schrode Benedikt , Simbrunner Josef , Hofer Sebastian , Barba Luisa , Resel Roland , Werzer Oliver
Published: June 2022

Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) is a frequently used tool for the crystallographic characterization of thin films in terms of polymorph identification and determination of the crystallographic lattice parameters. Even full structure solutions are possible. To obtain highly accurate diffraction patterns, the thin film sample has to be aligned carefully with the center of the goniometer, which allows a defined incidence of the primary x-ray beam relative to the sample surface. This work studies the effect of misalignment of a thin film sample on the acquired diffraction pattern. Three potential types of misalignments are considered: the deviation of the sample surface from the center of the goniometer, an error in the incidence angle of the primary beam, and an inclination of the goniometer rotation axis from the normal of the substrate surface. The consequence of these types of sample misalignments is the shift of diffraction peaks toward specific directions in reciprocal space. Mathematical equations are given that relate the error in positions of Bragg peaks for each type of sample misalignment. Experiments with intentionally misaligned samples confirm the given formulas. In a subsequent step, the errors in the peak positions are translated to systematic errors in the estimation of the unit cell parameters. Depending on the type of misalignment, some alignment errors can be reduced or even corrected; in particular, azimuthal sample rotations prove to be advantageous in these cases. The results in this work improve the quality of GIXD measurements, in general, enabling deeper analysis like the full structure solution from the GIXD pattern on everyday basis.
Analysis of influence of object–detector distance error on the reconstructed object and probe in ptychographic imaging
Authors: He Xiaoliang , Veetil Suhas P. , Jiang Zhilong , Kong Yan , Wang Shouyu , Liu Cheng , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: June 2022

Ptychography is a lensless imaging technique that is capable of reconstructing an object and illumination simultaneously by scanning the object at several positions with respect to a localized illumination beam. It has emerged as a powerful tool with applications ranging from high resolution imaging to optical metrology. A precise image reconstruction in ptychography is of utmost importance in several applications. An error in the measurement of the object–detector distance was found to affect the reliability of the reconstructed probe and the object. Several axial distance correction algorithms have been proposed to address the issue. However, the additional axial distance correction increases the complexity of the reconstruction algorithm. In this study, a detailed theoretical analysis of the relationship between the reconstructed images and the object–detector distance error is presented. It shows that high resolution object and probe images can still be reconstructed without an axial distance correction algorithm. The theoretical analysis is quantitatively studied by numerical simulations and experimental results.
Spectroscopy characteristics and decay properties of plasma-embedded atoms in external electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Chen Zhan-Bin
Published: June 2022

This paper describes a computational approach within the framework of relativity theory for explaining the spectral and decay properties of atoms and ions embedded in a plasma and also in the presence of applied external electric and magnetic fields. It uses the configuration interaction approximation and the analytical potential derived from general ion-sphere theory to represent the atomic interactions within the plasma. In the model, the Dirac–Coulomb–Hamiltonian is reconstructed and the effects of the weak electric and magnetic field are treated as small perturbations. The eigenvalues for the orbitals and (radial) wave functions are obtained through the Dirac equations. A diagonalization is performed to include these plasma, electric, and magnetic terms. As an example, an environment with a hot-dense plasma and weak electric and magnetic fields is considered, where the interaction is much weaker than the Coulomb interaction, yet much stronger than the spin–orbit interaction. The atomic structures and spectra of a selected hydrogen atom are presented for a wide range of electron densities, temperatures, and electric and magnetic fields. The behavior of the energy and radiative transitions with respect to these interactions is analyzed in detail. The results obtained from the proposed approach are critically compared with other available results. The present study not only advances our understanding of the electronic structures and radiation characteristics of atomic systems in external fields but may also be relevant for astrophysics and laboratory experiments, especially on the solar corona, laser-produced plasmas, and so on.
CHESS: The future direct geometry spectrometer at the second target station
Authors: Sala G. , Mourigal M. , Boone C. , Butch N. P. , Christianson A. D. , Delaire O. , DeSantis A. J. , Hart C. L. , Hermann R. P. , Huegle T. , Kent D. N. , Lin J. Y. Y. , Lumsden M. D. , Manley M. E. , Quirinale D. G. , Stone M. B. , Z Y.
Published: June 2022

CHESS, chopper spectrometer examining small samples, is a planned direct geometry neutron chopper spectrometer designed to detect and analyze weak signals intrinsic to small cross sections (e.g., small mass, small magnetic moments, or neutron absorbing materials) in powders, liquids, and crystals. CHESS is optimized to enable transformative investigations of quantum materials, spin liquids, thermoelectrics, battery materials, and liquids. The broad dynamic range of the instrument is also well suited to study relaxation processes and excitations in soft and biological matter. The 15 Hz repetition rate of the Second Target Station at the Spallation Neutron Source enables the use of multiple incident energies within a single source pulse, greatly expanding the information gained in a single measurement. Furthermore, the high flux grants an enhanced capability for polarization analysis. This enables the separation of nuclear from magnetic scattering or coherent from incoherent scattering in hydrogenous materials over a large range of energy and momentum transfer. This paper presents optimizations and technical solutions to address the key requirements envisioned in the science case and the anticipated uses of this instrument.
Reduced photothermal heating in diamonds enriched with H3 point defects
Authors: Pant Anupum , Gupta Chaman , Senkalla Katharina , Felsted Greg , Xia Xiaojing , Spohn Tobias , Dunham Scott T. , Jelezko Fedor , Pauzauskie Peter J.
Published: June 2022

Solid-state laser refrigeration of semiconductors remains an outstanding experimental challenge. In this work, we show that, following excitation with a laser wavelength of 532 nm, bulk diamond crystals doped with H3 centers both emit efficient up-conversion (anti-Stokes) photoluminescence and also show significantly reduced photothermal heating relative to crystals doped with nitrogen–vacancy (NV) centers. The H3 center in diamond is a highly photostable defect that avoids bleaching at high laser irradiances of 10–70 MW/cm2 and has been shown to exhibit laser action, tunable over the visible band of 500–600 nm. The observed reduction of photothermal heating arises due to a decrease in the concentration of absorbing point defects, including NV-centers. These results encourage future exploration of techniques for H3 enrichment in diamonds under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions for the simultaneous anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling and radiation balanced lasing in semiconductor materials. Reducing photothermal heating in diamond through the formation of H3 centers also opens up new possibilities in quantum sensing via optically detected magnetic resonance spectroscopy at ambient conditions.
On the possibility of ultrafast Kossel diffraction
Authors: Peyrusse Olivier
Published: June 2022

We discuss the possibility of realizing time-resolved Kossel diffraction experiments for providing indications on the crystalline order or the periodic structure of a material. We make use of the interaction of short, ultra-intense laser pulses with a solid target, which generates short bursts of hot electrons. Penetrating inside a layered sample (i.e., a crystal or an artificial multilayer material), these electrons ionize inner-shell electrons so that the subsequent radiative filling of K-shell vacancies results in a strong Kα emission that is enhanced in the Bragg directions corresponding to the period of the material. We present simulations of angle-resolved Kα emission, which displays so-called Kossel patterns around the Bragg angles. We then discuss possible experiments appropriate for laser facilities delivering short and intense pulses.
Precision improvement of patch potential measurement in a scanning probe equipped torsion pendulum
Authors: Li Ke , Yin Hang , Song Chi , Hu Ming , Wang Shun , Luo Pengshun , Zhou Zebing
Published: June 2022

Patch effect is important for ultra-sensitive experiments involving closely spaced conducting surfaces. A scanning probe equipped torsion pendulum is an experimental apparatus for measuring spatial resolved patch potential on conductive surfaces. An effective approach to improve its measurement precision is by the optimization on the amplitude and frequency of the injected signal in the probe. In this paper, a method based on single- and double-frequency signal injection modes is proposed. The analysis results demonstrate that the potential resolution could achieve the level of 2–4 μV/Hz1/2. In the same integration time, the surface potential precision in the double-frequency mode is twice better than that in the single-frequency mode. In addition, when achieving the same measurement precision, the double-frequency mode takes less time than the single-frequency mode, which improves the measuring efficiency.
Resonance and sensing characteristics of horn-shaped cavity-coupled MIM waveguide
Authors: Yang Fengying
Published: June 2022

The resonant coupling of optical microcavities to waveguides is important in photonic devices. In this paper, a horn-shaped cavity structure is designed on the side of the metal–dielectric–metal waveguide, and the coupling between the cavity and the waveguide is simulated by the finite-difference time-domain method and the coupled mode theory. It is found that the cavity and local modes appear in the horn-shaped cavity. Second, the geometric parameters of the cavity structure are changed, and the influence of the structural parameters on the transmission spectrum is obtained by theoretical analysis. Third, the maximum refractive index sensitivity of the structure is calculated to be 1750 nm/RIU, and the temperature sensitivity is 2.455 nm/°C. Ultrafine particles are placed between the tips of the horn-shaped cavity structure, and the sensitivity of the wavelength shift of the localized mode and the change in the transmittance of the trapezoidal cavity mode to the particle size and the refractive index of the particles are obtained; the nanoparticle sensor is designed by using this characteristic. The horn-shaped resonator structure proposed in this paper provides a high-performance cavity choice for the design and application of micro-nano sensor devices.
A classical model for three-body interactions in aqueous ionic systems
Authors: Herman Kristina M. , Stone Anthony J. , Xantheas Sotiris S.
Published: June 2022

We present a classical induction model to evaluate the three-body ion–water–water (I–W–W) and water–water–water (W–W–W) interactions in aqueous ionic systems. The classical description of the induction energy is based on electrostatic distributed multipoles up to hexadecapole and distributed polarizabilities up to quadrupole–quadrupole on the O and H atoms of water. The monatomic ions were described by a point charge and a dipole–dipole polarizability, while for the polyatomic ions, distributed multipoles up to hexadecapole and distributed polarizabilities up to quadrupole–quadrupole were used. The accuracy of the classical model is benchmarked against an accurate dataset of 936 (I–W–W) and 2184 (W–W–W) three-body terms for 13 different monatomic and polyatomic cation and anion systems. The classical model shows excellent agreement with the reference second order Moller–Plesset and coupled-cluster single double and perturbative triple [CCSD(T)] three-body energies. The Root-Mean-Square-Errors (RMSEs) for monatomic cations, monatomic anions, and polyatomic ions were 0.29, 0.25, and 0.12 kcal/mol, respectively. The corresponding RMSE for 1744 CCSD(T)/aVTZ three-body (W–W–W) energies, used to train MB-pol, was 0.12 kcal/mol. The accuracy of the proposed classical model demonstrates that the three-body term for aqueous ionic systems can be accurately modeled classically. This approach provides a fast, efficient, and as-accurate path toward modeling the three-body term in aqueous ionic systems that is fully transferable across systems with different ions without the need to fit to tens of thousands of ab initio calculations for each ion to extend existing many-body force fields to interactions between water and ions.
Effect of Zn7Sb2O12 pre-synthesis on microstructure and properties of ZnO varistor ceramics
Authors: Zhu Fei , Liu Chang , Li Jianlin , Zheng Deyi , Pang Chi , Fei Zihao
Published: June 2022

In this work, the Zn7Sb2O12 spinel phase is pre-synthesized at 980, 1000, 1020, 1040, and 1060 °C by mixing ZnO and Sb2O3 in a molar ratio of 7:1. ZnO varistors are prepared by replacing Sb2O3 with the Zn7Sb2O12 spinel phase. The effect of the Zn7Sb2O12 spinel on the electrical properties and microstructure of ZnO varistors is studied. The results show that Sb2O3 can produce free electrons and reduce the number of oxygen vacancies (VO⋅⋅) and grain size during the reaction process. The ZnO varistors prepared by replacing Sb2O3 with the Zn7Sb2O12 spinel phase have full grain growth and high density. In addition, ZnO varistors prepared by the Zn7Sb2O12 spinel phase replacing Sb2O3 can not only reduce the sintering temperature by 60 °C but also reduce the reverse voltage gradient rate of ZnO varistors from 7.85% to 1.2% on the basis of stable electrical properties and improve the impact stability of ZnO varistors. This method has the advantages of no change in formula composition and being a simple process and can provide ideas for the preparation of multilayer chip ZnO varistors.
Limits to scaling relations between adsorption energies?
Authors: Vijay Sudarshan , Kastlunger Georg , Chan Karen , Nørskov Jens K.
Published: June 2022

Linear scaling relations have led to an understanding of trends in catalytic activity and selectivity of many reactions in heterogeneous and electro-catalysis. However, linear scaling between the chemisorption energies of any two small molecule adsorbates is not guaranteed. A prominent example is the lack of scaling between the chemisorption energies of carbon and oxygen on transition metal surfaces. In this work, we show that this lack of scaling originates from different re-normalized adsorbate valence energies of lower-lying oxygen vs higher-lying carbon. We develop a model for chemisorption of small molecule adsorbates within the d-band model by combining a modified form of the Newns–Anderson hybridization energy with an effective orthogonalization term. We develop a general descriptor to a priori determine if two adsorbates are likely to scale with each other.
Fault diagnosis and predictive maintenance for hydraulic system based on digital twin model
Authors: Wang Lintao , Liu Yuchong , Yin Hang , Sun Wei
Published: June 2022

Hydraulic system has been the mainstream choice in large engineering equipment due to its smooth transmission, large bearing capacity, and small volume. However, because of the tightness and invisibility in hydraulic equipment, it is difficult to check and predict its faults. Common fault diagnosis and maintenance methods for the hydraulic system can be divided into two types: a signal analysis based on the mathematical model and a machine learning algorithm based on artificial intelligence. The first method can only diagnose specific faults based on the mathematical model, which is not universal, and the second one must rely on abundant history fault data, which is impossible to obtain in the early running stage. In order to address these questions, a digital twin framework is proposed which combines the virtual model with the real part to solve practical problems. As a concrete realization form of a five-dimension digital twin model, this framework provides a more feasible solution mode for fault diagnosis in the hydraulic system. Meanwhile, it expands the functions of faults prediction and digital model display. A case study of a hydraulic cylinder is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The experimental result shows that this method can improve diagnosis accuracy for a hydraulic cylinder greatly compared with the non-interactive simulation model. Meanwhile, with the supplement of actual fault data, the diagnosis accuracy can be further improved, which has a certain growth ability and good applicability.
A versatile cortical pattern-forming circuit based on Rho, F-actin, Ect2, and RGA-3/4
Authors: Michaud Ani , Leda Marcin , Swider Zachary T. , Kim Songeun , He Jiaye , Landino Jennifer , Valley Jenna R. , Huisken Jan , Goryachev Andrew B. , von Dassow George , Bement William M.
Published: June 2022

Many cells can generate complementary traveling waves of actin filaments (F-actin) and cytoskeletal regulators. This phenomenon, termed cortical excitability, results from coupled positive and negative feedback loops of cytoskeletal regulators. The nature of these feedback loops, however, remains poorly understood. We assessed the role of the Rho GAP RGA-3/4 in the cortical excitability that accompanies cytokinesis in both frog and starfish. RGA-3/4 localizes to the cytokinetic apparatus, “chases” Rho waves in an F-actin–dependent manner, and when coexpressed with the Rho GEF Ect2, is sufficient to convert the normally quiescent, immature Xenopus oocyte cortex into a dramatically excited state. Experiments and modeling show that changing the ratio of RGA-3/4 to Ect2 produces cortical behaviors ranging from pulses to complex waves of Rho activity. We conclude that RGA-3/4, Ect2, Rho, and F-actin form the core of a versatile circuit that drives a diverse range of cortical behaviors, and we demonstrate that the immature oocyte is a powerful model for characterizing these dynamics.
Comment on ‘Collision and radiative processes in emission of atmospheric carbon dioxide’
Authors: Lino da Silva M , Vargas J
Published: June 2022

The paper titled ‘Collision and radiative processes in emission of atmospheric carbon dioxide’ (Smirnov 2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
51 214004) dismisses the role of increasing concentrations of anthropogenic CO2 on global warming of planet Earth. We show that these conclusions are the consequence of two flaws in the paper theoretical model which neglect the effects of the increased concentrations of CO2 on the absorption of Earth’s blackbody radiation in the 12–15 µm region. The influence of doubling the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on the surface temperature is not

Δ
T
=
0.02

 K, or even

Δ
T
=
0.4

 K if only one of the two mistakes in the paper’s analysis is corrected. The correct value lies within

Δ
T
=
1.1
−
1.3

 K as outlined by Wilson and Gea-Banacloche (2012 Am. J. Phys.
80 306–15) using simplified, yet more theoretically consistent models. In addition, if feedback effects are factored in, a higher value of

Δ
T
=
3

 K is predicted, as assessed in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change working group report of 2021.
Magnetoelectric effects in Josephson junctions
Authors: Bobkova I V , Bobkov A M , Silaev M A
Published: June 2022

The review is devoted to the fundamental aspects and characteristic features of the magnetoelectric effects, reported in the literature on Josephson junctions (JJs). The main focus of the review is on the manifestations of the direct and inverse magnetoelectric effects in various types of Josephson systems. They provide a coupling of the magnetization in superconductor/ferromagnet/superconductor JJs to the Josephson current. The direct magnetoelectric effect is a driving force of spin torques acting on the ferromagnet inside the JJ. Therefore it is of key importance for the electrical control of the magnetization. The inverse magnetoelectric effect accounts for the back action of the magnetization dynamics on the Josephson subsystem, in particular, making the JJ to be in the resistive state in the presence of the magnetization dynamics of any origin. The perspectives of the coupling of the magnetization in JJs with ferromagnetic interlayers to the Josephson current via the magnetoelectric effects are discussed.
Novel wide spectrum light absorber heterostructures based on hBN/In(Ga)Te
Authors: Šolajić A , Pešić J
Published: June 2022

Two-dimensional group III monochalcogenides have recently attracted quite attention for their wide spectrum of optical and electric properties, being promising candidates for optoelectronic and novel electrical applications. However, in their pristine form they are extremely sensitive and vulnerable to oxygen in air and need good mechanical protection and passivization. In this work we modeled and studied two newly designed van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures based on layer of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and GaTe or InTe monolayer. Using density functional theory, we investigate electronic and optical properties of those structures. Their moderate band gap and excellent absorption coefficient makes them ideal candidate for broad spectrum absorbers, covering all from part of IR to far UV spectrum, with particularly good absorption of UV light. The hBN layer, which can be beneficial for protection of sensitive GaTe and InTe, does not only preserve their optical properties but also enhances it by changing the band gap width and enhancing absorption in low-energy part of spectrum. Calculated binding energies prove that all three stacking types are possible to obtain experimentally, with H-top as the preferable stacking position. Moreover, it is shown that type of stacking does not affect any relevant properties and bandstructure does not reveal any significant change for each stacking type.
Real-time first-principles calculations of ultrafast carrier dynamics of SnSe/TiO2 heterojunction under Li+ implantation
Authors: Deng Zun-Yi , Feng Hong-Jian
Published: June 2022

Ion implantation has been widely used in biomaterials, alloys, and semiconductors modification. Basing on the studying of trapping states in the equilibrium state, we investigate the ultrafast carrier dynamics of SnSe/TiO2 and SnSe/Li/TiO2 heterojunctions under Li+ implantation by the real-time time-dependent density functional theory. The special type II band alignment and Li+ interfacial states in SnSe/TiO2 heterojunction effectively facilitate the exciton dissociation in a benign process and suppresses the interfacial nonradiative recombination. By monitoring the instantaneous ion–solid interaction energy, electronic stropping power and the excitation electron evolution, we find that atomic reconstruction introduced by the Li inserting layer changes the charge density and crystal potential field in the injection channel, and thus weakens the violent oscillation force and electron excitation on the Ti and O atoms. There exists a weaker and shorter charge excitation at the interface for SnSe/Li/TiO2 implantation system, which suggests that the Li ion layer weakens the e–ph coupling between the interface electrons and the moving ion. Meanwhile, only the hot electrons are produced in the interface region, reducing the probability of carrier recombination. These results provide an understanding for the behavior of carriers in SnSe based heterojunctions and the electron–phonon coupling mechanism at the phase/grain boundary under ion implantation.
Design of a novel fiber grating acoustic emission sensor based on coupling cone structure
Authors: Liu Bo , Yu Yang , Xia Feng , Li Yuanxin
Published: June 2022

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) acoustic emission (AE) sensor based on coupling cone structure is proposed in this paper, which is flexible and reusable. The sensor is fabricated by additive manufacturing technology. The numerical modeling of the coupling cone structure was performed using finite element analysis. The influence of the coupling cone angle and material on the AE detection performance was studied. The main parameters of the coupling cone structure are determined. The AE detection of material tensile tests was studied by edge-filter-demodulation of spectrum technology. The experimental results demonstrated that the coupling cone FBG AE (Cone-FBG-AE) sensor has advantages of high sensitivity, flexibility and adjustable positioning, and can be reused. It realizes real-time monitoring of AE signals in the tensile process of the specimen, which is consistent with the effect of the resonant AE sensor. The Cone-FBG-AE sensor has great application value in the fields of health monitoring, such as aero-engines, microcracks of structural defects.
Uncertainty modeling and evaluation of profile measurement by structured light scanner
Authors: Zhao Yifan , Cheng Yinbao , Xu Quanyong , Luo Zai , Wang Xueying , Li Hongli
Published: June 2022

A structured light scanner is mainly used to collect three-dimensional (3D) data of an object; however, the uncertainty evaluation of a specific measurement task is not perfect. This study discusses the source of the uncertainty component of the measurement system of a structured blue-light scanner, including the instrument itself, data acquisition, data processing, and other factors. Using the surface profile as the evaluation object, PolyWorks software was used to perform the data processing of the point cloud denoising, splicing, and registration. An uncertainty evaluation is performed based on the black-box evaluation model. The experimental results show that the uncertainty components introduced by the point cloud stitching and point cloud registration are the main components of the entire measurement system. The bootstrap method does not need to consider the probability distribution type of the error sources, which improves computational efficiency. This method has several advantages when the distribution state is unknown. This work is conducive to improving the task-oriented uncertainty evaluation of 3D scanners.
Numerical simulations to study nonlinear wave-based interaction and turbulent magnetic field amplification in the laboratory and astrophysical plasmas
Authors: Dewan Himani , Singh Indraj , Uma R , Sharma R P
Published: June 2022

A theoretical model is proposed to study the interaction of high-frequency oblique whistler wave (OWW) and low-frequency kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs). In our previous investigation (Dewan et al 2020 Phys. Plasmas
27 032111), we established the existence of these two plasma modes (OWW and KAW) by virtue of parametric decay instability. For the present investigation, a numerical simulation technique is employed to solve the coupled system of equations. The ponderomotive force exerted by OWW excites the low-frequency KAW. This quasi-static force induces the genesis of density cavitation (regions of accumulation and depletion) in low-frequency KAW in the magnetized plasma. The simulation results give the localization of the OWW, which amplifies with time. At a later time, the structures become chaotic. The energy cascade is presented in terms of the ensemble-averaged power spectrum. We have also developed a semi-analytical model for this wave–wave interaction mechanism to understand the underlying physics of the field localization process.
Zonal shear layer collapse and the power scaling of the density limit: old L-H wine in new bottles
Authors: Singh Rameswar , Diamond P H
Published: June 2022

Edge shear layer collapse causes edge cooling and aggravates radiative effects. This paper details on the microscopic dynamics of the emergence of power (Q) scaling of density limit (DL) from the shear layer collapse transport bifurcation scenario. The analysis is based on a novel 4-field model, which evolves turbulence energy, zonal flow energy, temperature gradient and density, including the neoclassical screening of zonal flow response. Bifurcation analysis yields power scaling of critical density for shear layer collapse as

n

c
r
i
t

∼

Q

1

/

3

. The favorable Q scaling of the DL emerges from the fact that the shear layer strength increases with Q, thus preventing shear layer collapse. This in turn reduces particle transport and improves particle confinement. RMP induced ambient stochastic fields degrade the shear layer by inducing decoherence in the Reynolds stress. As a result the particle transport increases and particle confinement degrades. This leads to the emergence of unfavorable stochastic field intensity (

b

s
t

2

) scaling of the critical density as

n

c
r
i
t

∼
(
1
+

b

s
t

2

)

−
5

/

3

. All fields, including zonal flow shear, exhibit hysteresis when the power (Q) is ramped cyclically across the bifurcation point. The hysteresis is due to dynamical delay in bifurcation on account of critical slowing down. Thus, the dynamical hysteresis here is fundamentally different from the hysteresis associated with the existence of bi-stable states.
Reliable adder and multipliers in QCA technology
Authors: Raja Sekar K , R Marshal , Lakshminarayanan G
Published: June 2022

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology is an interesting circuit design technology which is based on coulombic repulsion and majority logic (ML). Reliability is a key issue in QCA circuits. In this work, an adder is proposed with better fault tolerance and reduced complexity by combining three-input ML and five-input ML gates. The proposed design is realized by using the clock zone approach. Hence, the proposed design deploys only normal cells for its realization. This makes the proposed design less vulnerable to fabrication faults. This is validated by performing extensive fabrication defect analysis. A novel expression to compute the circuit complexity is also proposed. The proposed adder is used to realize a reliable array and serial multiplier. The proposed multipliers consume almost 55% less energy compared to the existing designs. The proposed adder can be used in any circuit at the basic elements.
Early-age concrete strength development monitoring using piezoelectric self-emission and detection (SED) and coda wave energy (CWE)
Authors: Li Wenzhou , Luo Mingzhang , Chen Feng
Published: June 2022

The property of concrete is very significant to structural safety, and the early hydration process plays a critical role in the final concrete property. This paper develops a self-emission and detection (SED) principle with a single piezoelectric smart aggregate (SA) transducer, which is used as both an actuator and a sensor, to monitor the concrete early age strength development. The signal analysis is carried out by the coda wave energy (CWE). Experiments of concrete specimens with and without the SAs were conducted. Experimental results show a high correlation between the strength of early-age concrete and the CWE and non-linear fitting is used to establish the relationship between them. The proposed CWE features a simple analysis method, and the SED principle does not require consideration of the matching between the transmitting transducer and the receiving sensor, such as frequency range, sensitivity. Furthermore, the proposed method can be used as a reference for health monitoring of other structures and has good application prospects.
Mechanically cycling gelatin bilayers
Authors: Hanzly Laura E , Chauhan Natasha , Barone Justin R
Published: June 2022

There is a growing interest in making stimuli-responsive polymer systems, particularly ones that are bio-inspired/biomimetic and could perform mechanical work. Here, a biological device made from gelatin is described that can mechanically cycle back and forth in response to solution pH and ionic strength (IS) changes. The gelatin bilayer has one layer of Type A gelatin and the other of Type B gelatin, which have two different isoelectric points and therefore ionization states at a given solution pH. The bilayer mechanically cycles back and forth when one layer swells more than the other layer, which occurs because of solution pH or IS change. Maximum bilayer bending occurs at pH 10, when the Type B gelatin layer swells significantly more than the Type A layer. The results show the ability to use the unique properties of different sources of gelatin to design a simple purely biological machine.
Effect of Gelatin and Citric Acid Concentration on Chemical and Organoleptic Properties of Jelly Citrus
Authors: Lesmayati S , Qomariah R , Awanis  , Anggreany S
Published: June 2022

Jelly candy is one type of soft candy that is demand by all age groups, especially children. This study was aimed to determine the optimal combination of gelatin and citric acid concentration in producing jelly candy from Tangerine citrus (Citrus reticulata var. Siam Banjar) based on the organoleptic properties. The study used a factorial completely randomized design, using gelatin and citric acid concentration as a factor, each consisted of 3 levels treatments, those are: 6% w/v, 8% w/v, 10% w/v for gelatin concentration and 0.2% w/v, 0.4% w/v, 0.6% w/v for citric acid concentration and each combination treatment was repeated 3 times. Organoleptic tests on color, aroma, texture, taste, and overall acceptance from citrus jelly candy. The data were analyzed statistically with Kruskal Wallis and continued with the Mann Whitney test at a 5% level if there was a real difference. The result showed no significant difference in color and aroma of jelly candy, but it significantly affected the texture, taste, and overall acceptance. The citrus jelly candy using 10% of gelatin affected the texture and determined the panelist preference. For overall acceptance, panelists prefer jelly candy with a combination of 10% gelatin and 0.6% citric acid concentration.
Recent Methods in the Pretreatment of Corncob Wastes for Value-Added Bioproducts Carbon Sources
Authors: Adiandri R S , Purwadi R , Hoerudin  , Setiadi T
Published: June 2022

Corncobs are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose are monomeric sugars that can be utilized as carbon sources for microbial growth and bioproduct formation. However, corncobs present several challenges due to their complex and recalcitrant nature. Addressing these challenges for increased enzymatic and microbial accessibility requires pretreatment methods to break down resistant structures, thus enabling the recovery of fermentable sugars. Different pretreatment methods on corncob wastes have been studied extensively: chemical, physicochemical, and combined pretreatments. Among the developed pretreatment methods, combined pretreatments are the most widely used in the corncob pretreatment process to overcome various limitations in a single pretreatment method. Several combined pretreatment can increase sugar production, shorten processing time and repress inhibitor formation. This review article would assist in determining the best pretreatment method for corncobs according to the advantages, challenges, and effectiveness of various pretreatment methods
Physiological Changes of “Batu Ijo” Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum) Variety at Room Temperature Storage
Authors: Agriawati D P , Nurmalia  , Purba H F , Purba Tommy , Ramija K E
Published: June 2022

This research was aimed to study the physiological changes of “Batu ijo” shallot variety during storage. The “Batu ijo” shallot variety from Toba Samosir was used as a sample. The storage conditions of the shallots were room temperature (26-29 °C) with humidity (64-86%). The storage period was 90 days with three replications. There were weight loss, moisture content, calcium content, shallots deterioration as observed parameters. The results showed that weight loss has decreased on 90 days of storage (49.83%). The moisture content and calcium content have fluctuated during storage. The initial moisture content was 81.84% (wb) and decreased to 79.19% (wb) on 45 days of storage, then increased to 80.09 (% wb) on 90 days of storage. At the beginning of storage, the calcium content was 0.29 %. The calcium content declined to 0.06% on the 45th day of storage, then increased to 0.95% at the end of storage. Bulb deterioration like hollow and rotten began at 30 days of storage.
Effect of Dryer Type on the Characteristics of Egg Flour from Frozen Eggs
Authors: Hayuningtyas M , Nurjannah R , Ilham  , Winarti C
Published: June 2022

Drying process is one of the most important factors in the processing of dehydrated egg flour. Drying affect the characteristics of resulted egg flour and influence duration of the egg flour processing. Egg flour can be processed from fresh eggs or eggs that have been stored in the freezer/frozen eggs. Dehydrated egg flour has many advantages such as increase shelf life without reducing nutritional value, reduce the volume, and expands marketing reach. The aim of the study was to find out the characteristics of dehydrated egg flour with the addition of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) from frozen eggs using different type of dryers. The treatments tested consisted of types of dryers, namely oven blower, oven and Mollen dryer. Parameters observed included yield, color, rehydration level and proximate analysis. The results showed that frozen egg can be done as an alternative of egg preservation and result good characteristics of dried egg flour. The different type of dryer affects the chemical and physical characteristics of egg flour. The drying treatment affected the color of the egg flour, but did not affect the rehydration power. The best treatment was oven drying with a yield of 24.48%, brightness 81.49% and rehydration level of 35.38%
Good Handling Practice Study to Reduce The Level of Contamination in Cocoa Beans in East Luwu
Authors: Dewayani W , Syamsuri R , Septianti E , Suriany  , Halil W , Nurlaila  , Rahman A
Published: June 2022

Research on the content of heavy metals in cocoa beans from mining and non-mining areas in South Sulawesi has been done. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of handling cocoa according to SNI 2323-2008 in reducing heavy metal contamination of cocoa beans at mining and non-mining locations. The research method used was a completely randomized factorial design pattern with three replications. The first factor was two-region (mining and non-mining areas), the second factor was various quality handling (GHP and non-GHP). The results showed that the heavy metal analysis of cocoa beans that met the SNI requirements was found in the non-mining areas of Luwu district, both GHP (Pb 0.13 ppm, Cd 0.37 ppm, Cu 1.26 ppm, and Zn 41.72 ppm) and non-mining. GHP (Pb 0.13 ppm, Cd 0.31 ppm, Cu 0.51 ppm, and Zn 37.02 ppm). Meanwhile, cocoa beans in mining areas in East Luwu Regency have not met the SNI requirements because Pb, Cd, and Zn levels exceed the safe limits for the quality requirements of cocoa beans. The best cocoa beans from non-mining with GHP treatment (11.98% fat, total acid 313.25, pH 5.05, crude fiber 13.49%, polyphenols 0.37, and moisture content 7.84%)
Traceability and Quality Monitoring Improvement Throughout Carrot Supply Chain With The Implementation of Internet-Of-Things
Authors: Kailaku S I , Djatna T
Published: June 2022

Karo Highlands in North Sumatra, Indonesia, provides for a significant portion of horticultural products for domestic and overseas markets. Carrot suffers up to 50% postharvest loss throughout the supply chain. Poor supply chain management and lack of quality monitoring limits competitiveness and aggravates postharvest loss. Non-destructive techniques integrated with Internet-of-Things (IoT) is essential in the modern food supply chain. Implementing these technologies needs to be strategic to achieve benefits without increasing the supply chain’s burden. The study aims to identify the carrot supply chain's situation, design the IoT-based mechanism for traceability and quality monitoring based on the critical points where the postharvest loss occurs in the supply chain, and determine and calculate influential variables formulation of the proposed mechanism regarding resources limitations. The study designs a business process for the IoT architecture implementation and utilizes Goal Programming to evaluate and optimize the performance of the IoT architecture into the supply chain. The implementation design involves farmers, suppliers, and exporting firms to operate the measurement and monitoring devices and accessible information for stakeholders. A minimum set of IoT devices was determined for a particular minimum product flow and required minimum information flow to achieve the optimum postharvest loss reduction.
The Influence of My Plate Campaign to Increase Local Fruit And Vegetable Consumption
Authors: Khairunnisa M , Nurcahyani Y D , Samsudin M , Martiyana C
Published: June 2022

Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals whose functions are important and almost irreplaceable. Several meta-analyses have shown that adequate fruit and vegetable consumption reduces the risk of several non-communicable diseases. According to the recommendations, in 2014, only 2.9% of the Indonesian people consumed enough fruits and vegetables. This literature review aims are to discuss the My Plate (Isi Piringku) campaign to increase local fruit and vegetable consumption. This research method is a literature study obtained from Google Scholar and articles from the mass media using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The keywords used in this literature search included:"non-communicable diseases, consumption of vegetables and fruit, My Plate program, Guidelines for Balanced Nutrition". The low consumption of vegetables and fruit risks increasing the prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia, while sufficient consumption (400 grams/person/day) can prevent the risk of non-communicable diseases. The vegetables and fruit consumption in Indonesia is still under the recommended amount. My Plate campaign is expected to increase vegetables and fruits consumption in society. Strategies are needed to increase the consumption of vegetables and fruits, including using school-based intervention as entry points for changes in community knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding balanced nutrition.
Initially generated pure mode A in the three-dimensional wake transition of a circular cylinder
Authors: Lin L M
Published: June 2022

The initially generated pure mode A, as a transitional stage, is investigated in the three-dimensional wake transition of a circular cylinder. Direct numerical simulations are carried out over a range of Reynolds numbers from 100 to 210. According to the different dynamic behaviors of hydrodynamic parameters and similar features in the spatiotemporal evolution of vorticity in the near wake, two stages are identified. The first, investigated here, is the initial generation of pure mode A at Reynolds numbers less than 195, while the second, already reported, is the full development of pure mode A at Reynolds numbers greater than 195. The relationship between the volume-RMS (root-mean-square) vorticity and Reynolds number indicates two critical Reynolds numbers, 145 and 195 (at most). The first critical Reynolds number denotes the initial appearance of three-dimensional instability. The second critical Reynolds number indicates the transition of pure mode A from the initially generated state to the fully developed state in the near wake. After the first critical Reynolds number, the evolution of the vorticity in the near wake and on the rear surface of the cylinder clearly shows that the appearance of pure mode A is a gradual process, rather than a sudden process accompanied by a jump in vortex shedding frequency. In particular, as the Reynolds number increases, the streamwise vorticity first appears on and near the cylinder surface, then in the shear layers, and finally in the shedding primary vortices, instead of appearing instantaneously in the shedding vortices after the instability of primary vortex cores.
Global relative ecosystem service budget mapping using the Google Earth Engine and land cover datasets
Authors: Liu Tao , Li Zhigang , Yu Le , Chen Xin , Cao Bowen , Li Xiyu , Du Zhenrong , Peng Dailiang , Hou Langong
Published: June 2022

Ecosystem service mapping (ESM) studies are receiving increasing attention due to the imbalance between the supply of and demand for ecosystem services (ES). Global scale ESM is still scarce, but the high computing power of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform significantly increases the efficiency. Based on global-scale land cover datasets and the GEE, an ES matrix model based-expert is constructed in this paper to map the ES supply, demand, and relative budgets. The net primary productivity (NPP), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), nighttime light (NTL), and world population (Pop) were acquired, and the NPP and EVI and the NTL and Pop datasets were used to revise the supply of and demand for ESs, respectively. We discovered that the ES supply capacity exhibits a double-peaked distribution with latitude, and the peaks are located at the equator and 50° N. The global ESs have a high spatial heterogeneity and the global supply of ESs is 2.405 times higher than the demand; however, the demand exhibits an increasing trend of about 3.36% per decade, and only southern Asia has more ES demand than supply. The imbalance between the ES supply and demand produced a push-pull effect, that is, it forced humans to move closer to the ES surplus regions (ESSRs) and farther away from the ES deficit regions (ESDRs), and the destruction of the ecological environment promoted this phenomenon. The global terrestrial area is divided into eight ES sub-regions, and targeted land management, urban planning, and environmental remediation policies are proposed.
Ensemble effects on the reconstruction of attosecond pulses and photoemission time delays
Authors: Vismarra F , Borrego-Varillas R , Wu Y , Mocci D , Nisoli M , Lucchini M
Published: June 2022

A crucial prerequisite for a detailed interpretation of the experimental results obtained with the most common attosecond spectroscopic techniques is a careful characterization of the attosecond extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) and femtosecond infrared (IR) pulses used in the measurements. A commonly adopted approach is based on the measurement of the spectra of the photoelectrons produced by the interaction of the attosecond pulses with a noble gas in the presence of a delayed IR pulse. Feeding the resulting spectrogram to reconstruction algorithms, it is then possible to retrieve the temporal properties of the XUV and IR pulses. To date, all reconstruction techniques are based on the assumption that the spectrogram is produced by the interaction of a single atom with a two-color (XUV-IR) field. In this work, we numerically investigate the effect of the actual XUV and IR beam spatial distributions, and we analyze their impact on the retrieval of the temporal characteristics of the XUV and IR pulses and on the determination of the photoemission time delays. We show that the impact of the ensemble effects can be severe, leading to notable variation of the photoelectron spectrograms, depending on the ratio between the XUV and IR beam spot sizes and on the IR peak intensity. We demonstrate that the photoemission time delay can be retrieved with great accuracy even in the presence of large deformations of the photoelectron spectrograms by employing suitable reconstruction procedures.