bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Clitocybin A, B and C and their Biological Evaluation for Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Lee Sangku , Kim Jae Nyoung , Hyun Jin Won , Yoo Ick‐Dong , Kim Bo Yeon
Published: July 2019

Clitocybin A, isolated from the culture broth of mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca, showed various biological activities such as cell death inhibition effects, anti‐wrinkle effects, aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition effects. In an effort to further develop this promising compound toward a potent antioxidant, we have modified the structure of clitocybin A by changing the number of free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety. In this paper, clitocybin A and its analogues, clitocybin B and C were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens in isoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues showed more potent radical scavenging activity than clitocybin B possessing one phenolic hydrogen. In inhibition of cellular DNA damage in H2O2treated cells, clitocybin C lacking free phenolic hydrogen in isoindolinone moiety showed more potent activity than clitocybin A possessing two phenolic hydrogens.Among the tested compounds, clitocybin A only showed dose‐dependently HNE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 78.8 uM. The presence of free phenolic hydrogens inisoindolinone moiety of clitocybin A analogues plays an important role in antioxidant activities.
Microstructural abnormalities in callosal fibers and their relationship with cognitive function in schizophrenia: A tract‐specific analysis study
Authors: Ohoshi Yuji , Takahashi Shun , Yamada Shinichi , Ishida Takuya , Tsuda Kumi , Tsuji Tomikimi , Terada Masaki , Shinosaki Kazuhiro , Ukai Satoshi
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The corpus callosum serves the essential role of relaying cognitive information between the homologous regions in the left and the right hemispheres of the brain. Cognitive impairment is a core dysfunction of schizophrenia, but much of its pathophysiology is unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between microstructural abnormalities of the corpus callosum and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Methods

We examined stepwise multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship of the fractional anisotropy (FA) of callosal fibers in each segment with z‐scores of each brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia subtest and cognitive composite score in all subjects (19 patients with schizophrenia [SZ group] and 19 healthy controls [HC group]). Callosal fibers were separated into seven segments based on their cortical projection using tract‐specific analysis of diffusion tensor imaging.

Results

The FA of callosal fibers in the temporal segment was significantly associated with z‐scores of token motor test, Tower of London test, and the composite score. In the SZ group, the FA of callosal fibers in the temporal segment was significantly associated with the z‐score of the Tower of London test. In addition, the FA of callosal fibers in temporal segment showed significant negative association with the positive and negative syndrome scale negative score in the SZ group. Compared to the HC group, the FA in temporal segment was significantly decreased in the SZ group.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that microstructural abnormalities in the callosal white matter fibers connecting bilateral temporal lobe cortices contribute to poor executive function and severe negative symptom in patients with schizophrenia.
Croatian Wines from Native Grape Varieties Have Higher Distinct Phenolic (Nutraceutic) Profiles than Wines from Non‐Native Varieties with the Same Geographic Origin
Authors: Žurga Paula , Vahčić Nada , Pasković Igor , Banović Mara , Staver Mladenka Malenica
Published: July 2019

Croatian wines made from native (Plavac mali and Teran) and non‐native grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot), all grown in Croatian coastal regions, were investigated. Analyses included measurements of antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents and concentrations of non‐colored phenolic compounds, chosen based on their known nutraceutical properties. Plavac mali wines were distinguished by higher antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and catechin concentrations but lower flavonol concentrations. Teran wines had higher hydroxytyrosol, myricetin and resveratrol concentrations. Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines had higher flavonol concentrations (except myricetin). Canonical analysis was successful in discriminating Plavac mali from Teran wines, and both varieties were separated from non‐native varieties. The results indicate distinct genetic potentials of studied varieties and enable wine authentication based on the investigated bioactive compounds.
Formation of g‐C3N4 Nanotubes towards Superior Photocatalysis Performance
Authors: Jiang Zhixiang , Zhang Xiao , Chen Hsueh‐Shih , Hu Xun , Yang Ping
Published: July 2019

Poor charge separation efficiency seriously limits the application of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) for water splitting. Herein, g‐C3N4 nanotubes were created to enhance charge carrier separation for superior H2 evolution via a thermal polymerizing reaction using melamine crystals prepared through a transitional metal derived re‐crystalline process. Melamine crystals were grown with help of transitional metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+). As prepared crystals have regular shape with an average size of ∼20 μm. The growth of (002) facet was limited and another facets corresponding to (011), (210) and (311) promised. The tubular shape is firstly ascribed to the traces amount of transition metal ions in the crystal promise formation of tubular structure. Another key is that regular crystals with low surface energy slow down polycondensation reaction. The tubular g‐C3N4 revealed superior photocatalysis performance. Sample Fe3+ R‐650 CN prepared using Fe3+ ions modified crystals exhibited enhanced absorbance at 500 nm and decreased band gap. Tubular morphology accelerated electron transfer along the axial direction. The sample revealed the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 7538 μ mol h−1 g−1, which is nearly 13.5 times high compared with g‐C3N4 nanosheets prepared using similar conditions without transitional metal ions.
Lithium–Bromide Exchange versus Nucleophilic Addition of Schiff's base: Unprecedented Tandem Cyclisation Pathways
Authors: Orr Samantha A. , Border Emily C. , Andrews Philip C. , Blair Victoria L.
Published: July 2019

By exploring lithium–bromide exchange reactivity of aromatic Schiff's bases with tert‐butyllithium (tBuLi), we have revealed unprecedented competitive intermolecular and intramolecular cascade annulation pathways, leading to valuable compounds, such as iso‐indolinones and N‐substituted anthracene derivatives. A series of reaction parameters were probed, including solvent, stoichiometry, sterics and organolithium reagent choice, in order to understand the influences that limit such ring‐closing pathways. With two viable reactivity options for the organolithium on the imine; namely, nucleophilic addition or lithium–bromide exchange, a surprising competitive nature was observed, where nucleophilic addition dominated, even under cryogenic conditions. Considering the most commonly used solvents for lithium–bromide exchange, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and diethyl ether (Et2O), contrasting reactivity outcomes were revealed with nucleophilic addition promoted in THF, while Et2O yielded almost double the conversion of cyclic products than in THF.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Heterosubstituted‐2‐amino‐1‐ols by Sequential Metal‐Free Diene Aziridination/Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Giménez‐Nueno Irene , Guasch Joan , Funes‐Ardoiz Ignacio , Maseras Feliu , Matheu M. Isabel , Castillón Sergio , Díaz Yolanda
Published: July 2019

A general protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of 3‐heterosubstituted‐2‐amino‐1‐ols was developed based on metal‐ free intramolecular regio‐ and stereoselective diene aziridination and regioselective opening. Kinetic resolution of the resulting (1′‐NR1R2 and 1′‐SR)‐4‐oxazolidinones was performed using ABCs organocatalysts, expanding the application of this methodology.
Anion–π Interactions in Light‐Induced Reactions: Role in the Amidation of (Hetero)aromatic Systems with Activated N‐Aryloxyamides
Authors: Buglioni Laura , Mastandrea Marco M. , Frontera Antonio , Pericàs Miquel A.
Published: July 2019

The importance of anion–π interactions as a driving force for chemical and biological processes is increasingly being recognized. In this communication, we describe for the first time its key participation in light‐induced reactions. We show, in particular, how transient complexes formed through noncovalent anion–π interactions between electron‐poor N‐aryloxyamides and multiply‐charged anions (such as carbonate or phosphate) can undergo facile light‐promoted N−O cleavage, affording amidyl radicals that can subsequently be trapped by (hetero)aromatics.
Synthesis of ZSM‐5 by hydrothermal method with pre‐mixing in a stirred‐tank reactor
Authors: Sun Baochang , Kang Yingying , Shi Qin , Arowo Moses , Luo Yong , Chu Guangwen , Zou Haikui
Published: July 2019

This work proposed a synthesis route of ZSM‐5 via the hydrothermal method with premixing in a stirred tank reactor (STR). Effects of various operating conditions, including pre‐mixing time, molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3, TPAOH (organic template agents) concentration, NaCl (alkali metal cations) concentration, crystallization temperature, and crystallization reaction time, on the average particle size (PS) and particle size distribution (PSD) were investigated. It was found that the pre‐mixing time in the STR significantly affect the formation of proto‐nuclei in premixing process and crystal growth in hydrothermal reaction process, and consequently influence the PS and PSD of the prepared ZSM‐5. ZSM‐5 with good thermal stability, a PS of 380 nm, PSD of 0.17–0.9 µm, pore diameter of 2.31 nm, pore volume of 0.19 cm3 · g−1 and specific surface area of 337.25 m2 ·  g−1 were obtained under the optimal conditions of a crystallization reaction time of 24 h, a crystallization temperature of 130 °C, a molar ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 of 200, a TPAOH concentration of 3.5 mol · L−1, NaCl concentration of 0.3 mol · L−1, and a pre‐mixing time of 5 h. This work indicated that the operating conditions including premixing time have a significant effect on its PS and PSD.
Update on triple‐negative breast cancer disparities for the United States: A population‐based study from the United States Cancer Statistics database, 2010 through 2014
Authors: Scott Lia C. , Mobley Lee R. , Kuo Tzy‐Mey , Il’yasova Dora
Published: July 2019

Background

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been associated with a more aggressive histology, poorer prognosis, and nonresponsiveness to hormone therapy. It is imperative that cancer research identify factors that drive disparities and focus on prevention.

Methods

Using the United States Cancer Statistics database, the authors examined differences between TNBCs compared with all other breast cancers with regard to age, race/ethnicity, and stage at diagnosis.

Results

A total of 1,151,724 cases of breast cancer were identified from 2010 through 2014, with the triple‐negative phenotype accounting for approximately 8.4% of all cases. In unadjusted analyses, non‐Hispanic black women (odds ratio [OR], 2.27; 95% CI, 2.23‐2.31) and Hispanic women (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.19‐1.25) had higher odds of diagnosis when compared with non‐Hispanic white women. Women aged <40 years had the highest odds of diagnosis compared with women aged 50 to 64 years (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.90‐2.01). Diagnosis at American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III and beyond conferred higher odds of the diagnosis of TNBC (OR for stage III, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.68‐1.72]; and OR for stage IV, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.43‐1.51]). Results varied slightly in adjusted analyses.

Conclusions

The results of the current study demonstrated that there is a significant burden of disease in TNBC diagnosed among women of color, specifically non‐Hispanic black women, and younger women. Additional studies are needed to determine drivers of disparities between race, age, and stage of disease at diagnosis.
Experimental evaluation of active power factor correction techniques in a single‐phase AC‐DC boost converter
Authors: Franco de Souza Alencar , Ribeiro Enio Roberto , Vicente Eduardo Moreira , Tofoli Fernando Lessa
Published: July 2019

The increasing need to improve power quality with the reduction of the harmonic content of current and voltage waveforms has been intensively analyzed in several studies, thus motivating the proposal of many high power factor rectifiers based on the classic converters such as boost and buck‐boost. Moreover, distinct control techniques have also been proposed due to the commercial availability of integrated circuits (ICs) dedicated to impose sinusoidal input currents in switch‐mode power supplies (SMPSs). The boost converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) is by far the most traditional choice for this purpose due to circuit simplicity and low electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels. Within this context, this work analyzes some of the most important control techniques used in power factor correction (PFC). The performance of a single‐phase boost converter using peak current mode control (PCMC), average current mode control (ACMC), and one cycle control (OCC) is evaluated experimentally in detail. A comprehensive analysis of key aspects such as the input current waveform and respective harmonic content, dc output voltage, and dynamic response of the converter is also presented.
Screening for reading disability in university students with phonological processing and working memory tasks
Authors: Broggi Michael , Ready Rebecca E. , Moore Dina L.
Published: July 2019

Many students in higher education have undiagnosed reading disabilities (RDs), but there are few measures to screen for RD in this population. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of tasks that are sensitive to RDs—such as measures of phonemic awareness and working memory—to differentiate university students previously diagnosed with RDs from controls. Participants were university students with an RD (n = 26), a clinical control group diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 24), and neurotypical controls (n = 44). Participants completed brief phonological processing and working memory tasks. The RD group scored significantly lower on all tasks than both control groups. The phonological processing tasks alone—without the working memory task—discriminated participants with RDs from controls with excellent sensitivity and specificity. A brief battery of phonemic tasks could be an effective screening instrument for persons with RDs on university campuses.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a literacy intervention programme on enhancing learning outcomes for secondary students with dyslexia in Hong Kong
Authors: Tam Irelan O.L. , Leung Cynthia
Published: July 2019

Objective

This quasi‐experimental study reported the results of a structured literacy intervention programme designed for secondary school students of Year 7 to Year 9 with dyslexia. Students of the intervention group (n = 116) participated in 40‐week sessions of small‐size, classroom‐based, and split‐group intervention setting with 45‐min daily lesson on both Chinese and English language compared with students in the control group who received normal classroom instructions (n = 98).

Results

Students in the intervention group outperformed the control groups in self‐regulated learning scales, which indicated that there was positive change in students' behavioural and cognitive outcomes in learning. Although students demonstrated gains in phonetic skills, posttest results in academic achievement did not exhibit significant improvement when compared with their control group peers.

Conclusion

The findings provided some encouraging evidence of the effectiveness of intervention programme. Students that demonstrated gains in phonetic skills and improvement in behavioural and cognitive aspects required continuous intervention lessons to become a self‐regulated learner, who would be self‐motivated to improve methods of learning and adopt strategies for attaining academic goals. The study contributed to the literature by presenting one of the very first school‐based, small‐size, classroom‐based, and split‐group intervention programme for secondary school dyslexic students, which included teachers and students training on English and Chinese intervention content (phonological and literacy content), teaching curriculum integrated with school curriculum, and coteaching with school teachers in the mainstream classrooms, whereas most of the existing intervention programmes used pull‐out approach involving the first language only.
The Good and Bad Faces of Oxidized Phospholipids: Friends or Foes of Vascular Endothelium?
Authors: Birukov Konstantin G. , Oskolkova Olga V.
Published: July 2019

A diverse group of bioactive lipids are generated from the oxidation of phospholipids during various pathological conditions such as lung injury, sepsis, and autoimmune diseases. An elevated level of circulating oxidized phospholipids with potent inflammatory activities has been recognized as a hallmark of various diseases including atherosclerosis. On the other hand, the oxidation of a principal membrane phospholipid 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (PAPC) results in the formation of a heterogeneous mixture of full length and fragmented oxidized species with both beneficial and detrimental effects on pulmonary endothelium. Among these, the extensive studies from this research group have established that full length oxidized species present in oxidized PAPC (OxPAPC) have pronounced endothelial barrier protective and anti‐inflammatory properties. This has been documented in various cellular and animal models of lung injury and inflammation using a wide range of chemical and mechanical stimuli. Moreover, OxPAPC stimulation of endothelial cells generates anti‐inflammatory molecules such as lipoxin that mediate the recovery of inflamed lungs. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on OxPAPC‐mediated positive regulation of endothelial barrier function and its potential as a promising therapeutic target for lung injury and inflammation.

Practical Applications: This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on OxPAPC‐mediated positive regulation of endothelial barrier function and its potential as a promising therapeutic target for lung injury and inflammation.

Products of phospholipid oxidation may exhibit disruptive or protective effects on vascular endothelium depending on the extent of oxidation. Full length oxidized phospholipids stimulated endothelial barrier recovery and resolution of acute lung injury or sepsis by triggering multiple mechanisms enhancing endothelial barrier properties and diminishing inflammation.
Radiosensitization approaches for HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative head and neck squamous carcinomas
Authors: Dok Rüveyda , Bamps Marieke , Glorieux Mary , Zhao Peihua , Sablina Anna , Nuyts Sandra
Published: July 2019

Radiotherapy is one of the most used treatment approaches for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Targeted inhibition of DNA repair machinery has the potential to improve treatment response by tailoring treatment to cancer cells lacking specific DNA repair pathways. Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐negative and HPV‐positive HNSCCs respond differently to radiotherapy treatment, suggesting that different approaches of DNA repair inhibition should be employed for these HNSCC groups. Here, we searched for optimal radiosensitization approaches for HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative HNSCCs by performing a targeted CRISPR‐Cas9 screen. We found that inhibition of base excision repair resulted in a better radiotherapy response in HPV‐positive HNSCC, which is correlated with upregulation of genes involved in base excision repair. In contrast, inhibition of nonhomologous end‐joining and mismatch repair showed strong effects in both HNSCC groups. We validated the screen results by combining radiotherapy with targeted inhibition of DNA repair in several preclinical models including primary and recurrent patient‐derived HNSCC xenografts. These findings underline the importance of stratifying HNSCC patients for combination treatments.
A translational evaluation of potential iatrogenic effects of single and combined contingencies during functional analysis
Authors: Retzlaff Billie J. , Fisher Wayne W. , Akers Jessica S. , Greer Brian D.
Published: July 2019

Recent research suggests that combining putative reinforcers for problem behavior into a single, synthesized contingency may increase efficiency in identifying behavioral function relative to traditional functional analysis (FA). Other research suggests potential shortcomings of synthesized contingency analysis (SCA), such as the potential for false‐positive outcomes. In prior comparisons of traditional FAs and SCAs, investigators could not ascertain with certainty the true function(s) of the participants' problem behavior for use as the criterion variable. We conducted a translational study to circumvent this limitation by training a specific function for a surrogate destructive behavior prior to conducting a traditional FA and SCA. The traditional FA correctly identified the previously established function of the target response in all six cases and produced no iatrogenic effects. The SCA produced differentiated results in all cases and iatrogenic effects (i.e., an additional function) in three of six cases. We discuss these findings in terms of the mechanisms that may promote iatrogenic effects.
Data‐driven auditing: A predictive modeling approach to fraud detection and classification
Authors: Singh Nitin , Lai Kee‐hung , Vejvar Markus , Cheng T. C. Edwin
Published: July 2019

This article develops and empirically tests a predictive model for audit of fraud detection with practical applications for audit operations. By analyzing real‐life accounting data, the proposed model can identify anomalous transactions and directly focus on exceptions for further investigation in real time, thus offering a significant reduction in manual intervention and processing time in audit operations. Our approach is a highly desirable supplement to the existing rule‐based models, given the growing use of information technology for analytics in auditing. The proposed approach is based on classification. Following the tenets of the principal agency theory, we discuss how our approach can help to reduce monitoring and contracting costs, disincentivize fraud, improve auditor efficiency and independence, and increase audit quality. We contribute to the current literature by discussing the implications of data‐driven audit on the moderating role of auditors in principal‐agent relationships and providing practical insights into the operational aspects of financial reporting and auditing, modeling of fraud‐detection classification models, and benefits, barriers, and enablers of implementing data driven audit in companies.
autoDIAS: a python tool for an automated distortion/interaction activation strain analysis
Authors: Svatunek Dennis , Houk Kendall N.
Published: July 2019

The distortion/interaction activation strain (DIAS) analysis is a powerful tool for the investigation of energy barriers. However, setup and data analysis of such a calculation can be cumbersome and requires lengthy intervention of the user. We present autoDIAS, a python tool for the automated setup, performance, and data extraction of the DIAS analysis, including automated detection of fragments and relevant geometric parameters. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of TAF1, SAT1, and ARHGEF9 as DNA methylation biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cai Chudong , Xie Xiaojun , Zhou Junyi , Fang Xi , Wang Fang , Wang Meng
Published: July 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. More than 90% of primary HCC is HCC. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcohol consumption have been widely accepted as two major risk factors for developing HCC. Herein, we aimed to identify DNA methylation genes related to both HCV infection and alcohol consumption. In this study, we identified methylation genes that were associated with the risk of HCV infection and alcohol consumption, respectively, by a large‐scale bioinformatic analysis. Through PPI network analysis, we revealed the associations between the two types of genes and found six hub genes—TAF1, SAT1, Phospholipase C‐beta 2, FGD1, ARHGAP4, and ARHGEF9—that may be associated with both HCV infection and alcohol consumption. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was used to analyze the function which these genes in the network enriched. Among them, TAF1, SAT1, and ARHGEF9 were methylated genes that have been found to be related to tumor progression in HCC patients. Through independent data sets, we verified the methylation pattern of these six genes in HCC samples that had both HCV infection and alcohol consumption risks. Furthermore, we found that three of the six methylated genes were also associated with the prognosis of HCC patients. To summarize, we identified six hub genes that were associated with both HCV infection and alcohol consumption in the progress of HCC. The six methylation genes that might play an important role in both HCV infection and alcohol consumption would be potential therapy targets for HCC.
Proinflammation effect of Mst1 promotes BV‐2 cell death via augmenting Drp1‐mediated mitochondrial fragmentation and activating the JNK pathway
Authors: Tian Hong , Wang Kang , Jin Miao , Li Jingtao , Yu Yanbing
Published: July 2019

Inﬂammation has been increasingly studied as part of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Mammalian Ste20‐like kinase 1 (Mst1), a key factor of the Hippo pathway, is connected to cell death. Unfortunately, little study has been performed to detect the impact of Mst1 in neuroninflammation. The results indicated that Mst1 expression was upregulated because of LPS treatment. However, the loss of Mst1 sustained BV‐2 cell viability and promoted cell survival in the presence of LPS treatment. Molecular investigation assay demonstrated that Mst1 deletion was followed by a drop in the levels of mitochondrial fission via repressing Drp1 expression. However, Drp1 adenovirus transfection reduced the protective impacts of Mst1 knockdown on mitochondrial stress and neuronal dysfunction. Finally, our results illuminated that Mst1 affected Drp1 content and mitochondrial fission in a JNK‐dependent mechanism. Reactivation of the JNK axis inhibited Mst1 knockdown‐mediated neuronal protection and mitochondrial homeostasis. Altogether, our results indicated that Mst1 upregulation and the activation of JNK‐Drp1‐mitochondrial fission pathway could be considered as the novel mechanism regulating the progression of neuroninflammation. This finding would pave a new road for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases via modulating the Mst1‐JNK‐Drp1‐mitochondrial fission axis.
Hepatocyte growth factor enhances the clearance of a multidrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain by high doses of conventional chemotherapy, preserving liver function
Authors: Bello‐Monroy Oscar , Mata‐Espinosa Dulce , Enríquez‐Cortina Cristina , Souza Verónica , Miranda Roxana U. , Bucio Leticia , Barrios‐Payán Jorge , Marquina‐Castillo Brenda , Rodríguez‐Ochoa Ignacio , Rosales Patricia , Gutiérrez‐Ruiz María Concepción , Hernández‐Pando Rogelio , Gomez‐Quiroz Luis Enrique
Published: July 2019

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases in humankind history. Although, drug sensible TB is slowly decreasing, at present the rise of TB cases produced by multidrug‐resistant (MDR) and extensively drug‐resistant strains is a big challenge. Thus, looking for new therapeutic options against these MDR strains is mandatory. In the present work, we studied, in BALB/c mice infected with MDR strain, the therapeutic effect of supra‐pharmacological doses of the conventional primary antibiotics rifampicin and isoniazid (administrated by gavage or intratracheal routes), in combination with recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This high dose of antibiotics administered for 3 months, overcome the resistant threshold of the MDR strain producing a significant reduction of pulmonary bacillary loads but induced liver damage, which was totally prevented by the administration of HGF. To address the long‐term efficiency of this combined treatment, groups of animals after 1 month of treatment termination were immunosuppressed by glucocorticoid administration and, after 1 month, mice were euthanized, and the bacillary load was determined in lungs. In comparison with animals treated only with a high dose of antibiotics, animals that received the combined treatment showed significantly lower bacterial burdens. Thus, treatment of MDR‐TB with very high doses of primary antibiotics particularly administrated by aerial route can produce a very good therapeutic effect, and its hepatic toxicity can be prevented by the administration of HGF, becoming in a new treatment modality for MDR‐TB.
Two‐photon microscopy assessment of the overall energy metabolism alteration of amoeba in hypertonic environment
Authors: Loukanov Alexandre
Published: July 2019

In this study, a two‐photon fluorescence microscopic imaging technique is reported for assessment the effect of dynamic hypertonic environment on the overall energy metabolism alteration and adaptation of soil‐living amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. For that purpose the fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was monitored and quantified in order to evaluate the corresponded metabolic state of monolayer cultured cells. The two‐photon excitation of NADH with 720 nm near infrared irradiation produced blue fluorescence emission with maximum wavelength centered at 460 nm. The benefits of reported noninvasive microscopic technique are the significantly less cellular damage and avoiding the excitation of other biomolecules except of NADH. It enabled to acquire data for NADH levels of the observed cells on agar plate specimen and hypertonic nutrition media in a Petri dish. The method demonstrated also good sensitivity, reproducibility and the obtained results revealed that D. discoideum species form aggregation in hypertonic environment within several minutes with aim to survive. The formed aggregate had amorphous shape and it consisted from dozen amoeba cells, which kept their NADH amount in constant level for few hours. The reported imaging method might be applicable in various studies for characterization of metabolic events and assessment of the cell energy balance in hypertonic environment.
Validity of administrative database detection of previously resolved hepatitis B virus in Japan
Authors: Imai Shinobu , Yamana Hayato , Inoue Norihiko , Akazawa Manabu , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Fushimi Kiyohide , Migita Kiyoshi , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi , Sugiyama Masaya , Mizokami Masashi
Published: July 2019

The risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation has increased owing to advances in the immunosuppressive therapy field. However, the HBV reactivation incidence among patients with previously resolved HBV (prHBV) infection during immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear. The objective of this work is to describe the validity of detecting prHBV infection from administrative data through comparisons with chart abstraction and determine the incidence of HBV reactivation during immunosuppressive therapy for RA in Japan. In this retrospective cohort study, data on selected patients were extracted from administrative claims data. To identify patients with prHBV infection and de novo hepatitis, and HBsAg carriers, we conducted chart abstraction. The incidence rate of de novo hepatitis was 1.23 of 100 person‐years. The positive predictive value (PPV) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) of administrative data for the identification of suspected prHBV infections was 85.8% (95% CI: 81.7%‐89.3%). This study evaluated the PPV of the algorithm of HBV‐DNA testing with immunosuppressive therapy performed four times or more per year for the detection of prHBV infection from administrative data. Additionally, we determined the incidence rate of HBV reactivation among preHBV infections during immunosuppressive therapy for RA to be 1.23 of 100 person‐years.
Effects of the tropospheric large‐scale circulation on European winter temperatures during the period of amplified Arctic warming
Authors: Vihma Timo , Graversen Rune , Chen Linling , Handorf Dörthe , Skific Natasa , Francis Jennifer A. , Tyrrell Nicholas , Hall Richard , Hanna Edward , Uotila Petteri , Dethloff Klaus , Karpechko Alexey Y. , Björnsson Halldor , Overland James E.
Published: July 2019

We investigate factors influencing European winter (DJFM) air temperatures for the period 1979–2015 with the focus on changes during the recent period of rapid Arctic warming (1998–2015). We employ meteorological reanalyses analysed with a combination of correlation analysis, two pattern clustering techniques, and back‐trajectory airmass identification. In all five selected European regions, severe cold winter events lasting at least 4 days are significantly correlated with warm Arctic episodes. Relationships during opposite conditions of warm Europe/cold Arctic are also significant. Correlations have become consistently stronger since 1998. Large‐scale pattern analysis reveals that cold spells are associated with the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO‐) and the positive phase of the Scandinavian (SCA+) pattern, which in turn are correlated with the divergence of dry‐static energy transport. Warm European extremes are associated with opposite phases of these patterns and the convergence of latent heat transport. Airmass trajectory analysis is consistent with these findings, as airmasses associated with extreme cold events typically originate over continents, while warm events tend to occur with prevailing maritime airmasses. Despite Arctic‐wide warming, significant cooling has occurred in northeastern Europe owing to a decrease in adiabatic subsidence heating in airmasses arriving from the southeast, along with increased occurrence of circulation patterns favouring low temperature advection. These dynamic effects dominated over the increased mean temperature of most circulation patterns. Lagged correlation analysis reveals that SCA‐ and NAO+ are typically preceded by cold Arctic anomalies during the previous 2–3 months, which may aid seasonal forecasting.
Long‐Term Pathology of Ovine Lumbar Spine Degeneration Following Injury Via Percutaneous Minimally Invasive Partial Nucleotomy
Authors: Schwan Stefan , Ludtka Christopher , Friedmann Andrea , Heilmann Andreas , Baerthel Andre , Brehm Walther , Wiesner Ingo , Meisel Hans J. , Goehre Felix
Published: July 2019

The focus of this work is to assess the long‐term progression of degeneration in the ovine lumbar spine following a minimally invasive model injury comparable to the damage of an intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation. A partial nucleotomy was performed on 18 sheep via the percutaneous dorsolateral approach. The animals were culled at 6 and 12 months to evaluate the damaged and neighboring functional spine units (FSUs) for degenerative characteristics via μ‐CT and histology. Both quantitative μ‐CT and histology investigations demonstrated statistically significant differences between the native and damaged FSUs investigated. Qualitative analysis of μ‐CT revealed numerous pathological markers consistent with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), with differences in frequency and severity between the native and damaged FSUs. The annulus fibrosus reforms a pressure seal within 6 weeks, but the extent of the trauma is significant enough to initiate IVD degeneration, which is already clearly visible at 6 months and especially so 12 months post‐op. IDD pathology consistent with signs of a herniation was seen in both the 6‐ and 12‐month groups. This technique provides a useful model injury for the preclinical evaluation of IDD in large animal models, especially in regards to simulating disc herniation as well as for testing the efficacy of associated therapies in the future. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2376–2388, 2019
Inhibitory potential of prickly pears and their isolated bioactives against digestive enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and inflammatory response
Authors: Gómez‐Maqueo Andrea , García‐Cayuela Tomás , Fernández‐López Rebeca , Welti‐Chanes Jorge , Cano M Pilar
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Prickly pears are potential candidates for the development of low‐cost functional foods because they grow with low water requirements in arid regions of the world. They are sources of betalains and phenolic compounds, which have been reported to contribute to human health. The study of the biological activity of different varieties and of their isolated bioactive constitutes is fundamental in the design of functional foods. In this context, our objective is the assessment of the ability of Spanish and Mexican prickly‐pear cultivars to inhibit enzymes related to type 2 diabetes and the inflammatory response, and the contribution of their bioactive compounds to their nutra‐pharmaceutical potential.

RESULTS

Prickly pear peels presented the highest antioxidant activity due to their high isorhamnetin glycoside content. Isorhamnetin glycosides showed significantly higher antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity than aglycone, particularly isorhamnetin glucosyl‐rhamnosyl‐pentoside (IG2), which also reported antihyperglycemic activity. Morada, Vigor, and Sanguinos whole fruits exhibited moderate α‐amylase inhibition and higher α‐glucosidase inhibition, which is ideal for lowering glucose absorption in hyperglycemia management. Sanguinos peels presented the highest anti‐inflammatory activity because of their high indicaxanthin content and isorhamnetin glycoside profile.

CONCLUSIONS

In the design of prickly pear functional foods, technological processing should prioritize the retention or concentration of these bioactive compounds to preserve (or increase) their natural antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and anti‐inflammatory activity. Peels of red and orange varieties should be further evaluated for antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory purposes while whole fruits of red and purple varieties could be considered possible candidates for hyperglycemia management. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Complications after vascularized jejunal mesenteric lymph node transfer: A 3‐year experience
Authors: Kraft Casey T. , Eiferman Daniel , Jordan Sumanas , Skoracki Roman J.
Published: July 2019

Background

Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) is a well‐established method for the surgical management of refractory extremity lymphedema. Generally, donor lymph nodes are harvested from the axilla, groin, or supraclavicular area. However, these sites offer their own disadvantages and introduce risk for inducing lymphedema at the surgical donor site. In our experience, the jejunal mesentery can be an excellent source of lymph nodes without the risk of donor site lymphedema. Long term complications are unknown for this procedure; we report our experience, complication rates, and lessons learned.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed for all patients at our institution undergoing surgical treatment of lymphedema using jejunal mesenteric VLNT from February 2015 to February 2018. Demographic data, length of follow up, and surgical complications were reviewed.

Results

Twenty‐nine patients have undergone jejunal VLNT at our institution during the three‐year study period, with a total of 30 transfers. Five patients had a concurrent omental lymph node transfer. Average length of follow up was 17.6 months (range 1.0–36.8 months). There was one flap loss in this time frame (3.3%). Four patients developed hernias post‐operatively (13.8%), and three had nonoperative small bowel obstructions (10.3%). One patient had a postoperative wound infection at the abdominal incision (3.4%).

Conclusions

Jejunal VLNT can be an effective option for surgical treatment of lymphedema, without the risk of postoperative donor site lymphedema. Patients and surgeons should be aware of the risks of hernia and small bowel obstruction with this method compared to other lymph node sources.
Parental Perspectives on Blenderized Tube Feeds for Children Requiring Supplemental Nutrition
Authors: Trollip Antonia , Lindeback Rachel , Banerjee Katie
Published: July 2019

Background

Families choose pureed blenderized tube feeds (BTFs) over commercial formulas for several reasons, including the ability to provide foods with natural composition, improvements in physiological outcomes, intimate experiences for parental nurturing, and the benefits that come with family inclusion and mealtime engagement. Although dietetic associations cannot, as yet, recommend BTFs, many families still choose to commence them. We aimed to better understand the demographics of these families, their sources of information and support, and the perceived benefits in a community setting to tailor the support we provide these families.

Methods

Dietitians at a pediatric hospital in Sydney identified 21 children receiving BTFs. Questionnaires that focused on child/parent demographics, parental knowledge, dietetic support, and symptoms before and after commencing BTFs were distributed. Food diaries were also sent.

Results

Twelve respondents returned completed surveys. Thematic analysis indicated improvements in general health, emotional and social well‐being, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Respondents reported challenges with food preparation, nutrition adequacy, food storage, and prevention of tube blockages. Respondents primarily sought information online from social media and support groups. Likert scale analysis demonstrated positive outcomes for children receiving BTFs. Improvements were noted in general health, growth, nausea/vomiting, reflux, constipation, diarrhea, and social inclusion. Tube blockage was reported, however, and only changed from “never” to “rarely a problem.” Food diaries were not detailed enough for analysis.

Conclusion

Families continue to choose BTFs and report a range of benefits, accessing much of their information online. Health professionals should recognize this and openly provide support, guidance, and monitoring as appropriate.
Suvorexant for insomnia in patients with psychiatric disorder: A 1‐week, open‐label study
Authors: Kishi Taro , Sakuma Kenji , Okuya Makoto , Ninomiya Kohei , Oya Kazuto , Kubo Momoko , Matsui Yuki , Nomura Ikuo , Okuyama Yuji , Matsunaga Shinji , Iwata Nakao
Published: July 2019

Aim

There have been no previous reports on the efficacy and safety of suvorexant for insomnia in people with psychiatric disorders.

Methods

This one‐week, prospective, single‐arm, clinical trial of fixed dose of suvorexant (20 mg if ages 18–64 or 15 mg if age ≥ 65 years) for insomnia included 57 patients with psychiatric disorders who had experienced any of the following insomnia symptoms for four or more nights during the week prior to the start of the study: total sleep time (TST) <6 hours, time to sleep onset (TSO) ≥30 minutes, or two or more episodes of wake after sleep onset.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 49.4 ± 17.3 years; 54.4% were women, 49.1% had a major depressive disorder, and 77.2% completed the trial. Compared with the baseline scores (the mean scores for the two days before the start of the study), taking suvorexant was associated with significant improvements in TST, TSO, wake time after sleep onset, and the patients' sleep satisfaction level at week 1. Adverse events included at least one adverse event (43.9%), sleepiness (28.8%), fatigue (11.5%), nightmares (5.8%), headache (3.8%), dizziness (3.8%), and vomiting (1.9%).

Conclusion

Suvorexant was beneficial for the treatment of insomnia in people with psychiatric disorders. However, this study was of short duration and included only a relatively small number of patients. A larger, long‐term study is needed to investigate the efficacy and safety of suvorexant for insomnia in people with psychiatric disorders.
Moonlighting Proteins and Cardiopathy in the Spatial Response of MCF‐7 Breast Cancer Cells to Tamoxifen
Authors: Alkhanjaf Abdulrab Ahmed M. , Raggiaschi Roberto , Crawford Mark , Pinto Gabriella , Godovac‐Zimmermann Jasminka
Published: July 2019

Background

The purpose of this study is to apply quantitative high‐throughput proteomics methods to investigate dynamic aspects of protein changes in nucleocytoplasmic distribution of proteins and of total protein abundance for MCF‐7 cells exposed to tamoxifen (Tam) in order to reveal the agonistic and antagonistic roles of the drug.

Experimental design

The MS‐based global quantitative proteomics with the analysis of fractions enriched in target subcellular locations is applied to measure the changes in total abundance and in the compartmental abundance/distribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm for several thousand proteins differentially expressed in MCF‐7 cells in response to Tam stimulation.

Results

The response of MCF‐7 cells to the Tam treatment shows significant changes in subcellular abundance rather than in their total abundance. The bioinformatics study reveals the relevance of moonlighting proteins and numerous pathways involved in Tam response of MCF‐7 including some of which may explain the agonistic and antagonistic roles of the drug.

Conclusions

The results indicate possible protective role of Tam against cardiovascular diseases as well as its involvement in G‐protein coupled receptors pathways that enhance breast tissue proliferation.
L∞‐Algebras of Classical Field Theories and the Batalin–Vilkovisky Formalism
Authors: Jurčo Branislav , Raspollini Lorenzo , Sämann Christian , Wolf Martin
Published: July 2019

We review in detail the Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism for Lagrangian field theories and its mathematical foundations with an emphasis on higher algebraic structures and classical field theories. In particular, we show how a field theory gives rise to an ‐algebra and how quasi‐isomorphisms between ‐algebras correspond to classical equivalences of field theories. A few experts may be familiar with parts of our discussion, however, the material is presented from the perspective of a very general notion of a gauge theory. We also make a number of new observations and present some new results. Most importantly, we discuss in great detail higher (categorified) Chern–Simons theories and give some useful shortcuts in usually rather involved computations.
Biocontrol potential ofMicrobacterium maritypicumSneb159 againstHeterodera glycines
Authors: Zhao Jing , Liu Dan , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhu Xiaofeng , Xuan Yuanhu , Liu Xiaoyu , Fan Haiyan , Chen Lijie , Duan Yuxi
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

The soybean cyst nematodeHeterodera glycines(Ichinohe) is the most devastating pathogen affecting soybean production worldwide. Biocontrol agents have become eco‐friendly candidates to control pathogens. The aim of this study was to discover novel biocontrol agents againstH. glycines.

RESULTS

Microbacterium maritypicumSneb159, screened from 804 strains, effectively reduced the number of females in field experiments conducted in 2014 and 2015. The stability and efficiency ofH. glycinescontrol by Sneb159 was further assessed in growth chamber and field experiments. Sneb159 decreasedH. glycinespopulation densities, especially the number of females by 43.9%–67.7%. To confirm Sneb159 induced plant resistance, a split‐root assay was conducted. Sneb159 induced local and systemic resistance to suppress the penetration and development ofH. glycines, and enhanced the gene expression ofPR2,PR3b, andJAZ1, involved in the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report ofM. maritypicumSneb159 suppressingH. glycinesinfection. This effect may be the result of Sneb159‐induced resistance. Our study indicates thatM. maritypicumSneb159 is a promising biocontrol agent againstH. glycines. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry