bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pérégrination des fantômes en périnatalité
Authors: Darchis Élisabeth
Published: April 2012

Résumé La naissance d’une famille est une période de métamorphose intense provenant du réaménagement indispensable de l’organisation familiale. L’arrivée d’un bébé vient réveiller l’histoire familiale et fait resurgir l’héritage psychique qui doit être remanié et transformé pour construire la nouvelle famille en tant que nouveau maillon dans la chaîne générationnelle. Mais parfois, cette métamorphose groupale est entravée lors de retrouvailles traumatiques avec un matériel infantile non élaboré ou un matériel générationnel encrypté par les familles. Cette période de brusque ouverture de l’inconscient est un moment propice pour donner libre cours notamment au « travail du fantôme » qui menace ainsi d’aliéner les nouveaux liens familiaux dans la confusion des générations et la parentalité confuse. La TFP accompagne la régression et permet la transformation du matériel archaïque individuel et générationnel.
L'initiation amoureuse de Psyché : du subjugal au conjugal
Authors: Martineau Jean-Pierre , Morhain Yves
Published: April 2012

Résumé Entre désolation et idéalisation, la navigation à risque qui permet d’accéder à l’expérience de la réalité de l’amour implique de garder en vue les amers de la mère d’Éros mais aussi son amertume, son autorité et sa jalousie farouche. Le passage de l’amour infantile à l’amour mûr, du subjugal au conjugal impose une transformation mutuelle des membres du couple à la faveur d’une instance tierce. La récurrence des enquêtes et des témoignages médiatisés sur le couple, la sexualité et l’amour, la multiplication des prestataires de service (conseillers, médiateurs, thérapeutes...) et l’indéfinition de l’amour en tant que figure anasémique des sciences humaines cliniques nous conduisent à considérer l’évolution des usages et des valeurs du couple et de la famille. La relecture du mythe « Éros et Psyché » à la lumière d’un texte de Leclaire (1958) traitant de l’usage simultané de la fonction imaginaire et de la fonction symbolique dans l’expérience de la réalité permet de comprendre pourquoi l’amour n’est pas réductible à Éros, ni à Aphrodite. Désobéissant successivement à leurs injonctions, Psyché se libère de la dissolution érotique puis de l’instrumentalisation par Aphrodite, deux avatars de la déréliction. L’initiation – le travail amoureux – du couple Éros-Psyché et sa consécration transforment la relation pulsionnelle ( « id relationship » au sens de Winnicott) en sentiment d’intimité, orgasme du moi ( « ego relatedness » ibid. ). Mais la suprématie d’Aphrodite n’est pas démentie. L’ombilic du rêve amoureux réalisé par le couple reste la trace du cordon qui unissait à la mère. L’au-delà du couple est bien un au-delà de la mère. Au-delà au prix de l’ambivalence des conflits et des antinomies de l’Amour qui exige l’élaboration psychique : sublimation et recréation.
Ruptures dans la filiation
Authors: Popper Haydée
Published: April 2012

Résumé Les ruptures de la filiation, conséquence de la politique prolongée du gouvernement australien de séparation des enfants aborigènes de leurs familles et leur enfermement dans des institutions autoritaires, créèrent une dislocation de la communauté aborigène et des effets catastrophiques sur le plan social, familial et individuel. Ce travail essaye de montrer les effets, dans ce cas particulier, des traumas généalogiques et les voies que la communauté aborigène a suivies pour les réparer.
La transmission du nom de famille... lorsque s'impose un choix
Authors: Casper Marie-Claude , Pradelles-Monod Marie-Lorraine , Chevalérias Marie-Paule
Published: April 2012

Résumé Depuis janvier 2005, la réforme juridique du nom de famille offre aux parents la possibilité de choisir le nom de famille de leur(s) enfant(s) entre ceux de la mère, ceux du père ou une de leurs associations. Ce principe de choix dans la transmission du nom introduit dans le processus de nomination une forme de temporalité événementielle. D’un nom inconditionnellement acquis comme stricte conséquence de la filiation nous passons à un nom attribué par une volonté individuelle en prise directe avec la résonance psychologique de ce qui, pour les parents, fait contexte à la mise au monde de leur enfant. Légitimé et organisé, le choix institue une discontinuité généalogique en même temps qu’il expose le nom à la contingence des circonstances événementielles et psychologiques qui accompagnent le temps de la naissance de l’enfant. L’adoption d’une nouvelle donne juridique nous permet d’interroger l’élaboration subjective aussi bien consciente qu’inconsciente du lien par lequel tout sujet, se reliant à ses origines, fonde une « antériorité » et se fonde dans une « antériorité ».
La table messagère
Authors: Mevel Françoise , Mével Gérard
Published: April 2012

Résumé Comment deux enfants de deux thérapies familiales distinctes se sont servis d’un élément du cadre thérapeutique pour élaborer leur problématique intra psychique. Cet élément du cadre, devenu par surprise objet de médiation, conduit chacun à être sujet de son histoire. Mais cet objet prend-là une dimension particulière puisqu’il navigue d’une famille à l’autre, devenant ainsi une « navette psychique ». C’est l’ailleurs qui construit l’ici.
L'après-coup de la nomination à l'adolescence, un regard sur les adolescents antisociaux
Authors: de la Vaissière Hélène
Published: April 2012

Résumé L’absence de noms sur des représentations généalogiques de jeunes adultes antisociaux interroge sur la traduction dans l’après-coup adolescent de l’acte de nomination qui a eu lieu à la naissance du sujet. Ce défaut d’étayage du côté de la reconnaissance d’une inscription dans un groupe social attaque les fondements mêmes de l’identité. À partir de deux cas cliniques de jeunes incarcérés, l’auteur essaie d’en dégager les effets.
Le solliciteur et le pétitionnaire : infortunes et succès d'une figure sociale et littéraire française (première moitié du xixe siècle)
Authors: Agnès Benoît
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article entend examiner la teneur et la portée des représentations cristallisées autour d’une figure à la fois double et unique de la scène sociale française du premier xix e  siècle, figure souvent négligée parce que considérée comme secondaire ou parasitaire : le solliciteur comme pétitionnaire, le pétitionnaire comme solliciteur. Alors que le mouvement pétitionnaire tend à s’étoffer et à se transformer, l’auteur de pétitions comme figure sociale finit par subir le même sort que le « solliciteur » avec lequel il se trouve confondu : tous deux sont entraînés dans un processus de dénigrement mené par divers littérateurs et publicistes. Cette dénonciation du « mal social » pétitionnaire, confondu avec la sollicitation, est particulièrement bien ancrée en France, comme tend à le montrer un aperçu comparatif avec le Royaume-Uni. Toutefois, ce « succès de mésestime » du pétitionnaire-solliciteur français connaît de nombreuses limites, des nuances et des contre-balancements qui font du rapport culturel au pouvoir dans la France de la monarchie constitutionnelle un enjeu fort complexe.
La naissance du Centre des jeunes patrons (1938-1944)
Authors: Le Bot Florent
Published: April 2012

Résumé La création du Centre des jeunes patrons en 1938 s’inscrit dans un esprit de réaction, empruntant à un corpus réactionnaire, afin de combattre des évolutions politiques, économiques et sociales, craintes ou à l’œuvre. Elle manifeste la volonté d’un engagement patronal débordant le registre de la gestion courante de l’entreprise afin de frapper d’obsolescence la lutte des classes. Cette organisation s’inscrit dans la dynamique des relèves de l’entre-deux-guerres, associant renouvellement des idées et engagement à l’action, et faisant entre autres de la jeunesse l’un des vecteurs de la modernisation de l’entreprise, et de la société. Il s’agit d’aborder la sociologie précise de cette association patronale durant sa première période de fonctionnement (1938-1944), les expériences particulières menées par ses premiers adhérents dans le cadre de leurs entreprises, ainsi que les réflexions spécifiques qu’ils en ont tirées.
La réforme de l'entreprise
Authors: Chatriot Alain
Published: April 2012

Résumé Derrière l’expression de « réforme de l’entreprise », diverses questions ont été posées tout au long du 20 e  siècle ; elles concernent aussi bien la direction et la gestion des entreprises, l’association des salariés aux profits de celles-ci, que le pouvoir accordé aux syndicats dans l’entreprise. C’est surtout après la Seconde Guerre mondiale qu’à plusieurs reprises des débats ont eu lieu sur l’organisation du pouvoir dans l’entreprise. À chaque fois, le patronat français s’est montré réservé ou franchement hostile à ces initiatives portées par les « modernisateurs » des Trente Glorieuses françaises. Les réformes de 1945 concernant les comités d’entreprise ont reposé la question du fonctionnement des entreprises ; ce débat reprend durant les années 1950 puis au début des années 1960 autour du livre de François Bloch-Lainé. Le rapport de la commission présidée par Pierre Sudreau en 1974-1975 doit être relu comme une étape dans ce processus.
Pair programming: more than just working together in pairs.
Authors: Mentz Elsa
Published: April 2012

Pair programming originated in the industry where focus is placed on the development of a programme at the most costand time-effective manner, and within the parameters of quality. In this context, a specific programming code is not developed individually; rather, two people work together in order to ensure a higher quality programming code and to motivate each other to work at a faster pace. The problem with this approach was that novice programmers lacked the social skills to work in pairs as they had not been exposed to this sufficiently at tertiary level. The demand of the industry, especially in terms of programmers needing to be able to programme together, led to the incorporation of pair programming at tertiary level in the late nineties. The pedagogical principles on which any teaching-learning strategy should be built were, however, largely overlooked during this process. This article firstly looks into the semantic and ontological differences between co-operative and collaborative learning and secondly argues that pair programming, within the context of a social constructivist approach to teaching and learning, can be seen as a co-operative teaching-learning strategy. Pair programming is more than just allowing two students to work together on a programming task. The more structured way, in which pair programming needs to be implemented, concur with the principles of co-operative learning. The article concludes that the correct pedagogical application of pair programming as a co-operative teaching-learning strategy in tertiary education will result in improved learning capital.
Epidemiology of musculoskeletal tumors in Shiraz, south of Iran
Authors: Solooki Saeed , Vosoughi Amir Reza , Masoomi Vahid
Published: April 2012

Background: Musculoskeletal tumors are rare, but their descriptive data in any region are important to reduce mortality rate and improve their management. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively, 426 pathologic reports from 1997 to 2008 were reviewed in Shiraz University Orthopedic Hospitals which are the main referral centers for musculoskeletal tumors in south of Iran. We collected and analyzed data on age, gender, anatomical site, and histopathologic types of musculoskeletal tumors. Results: Of the 426 cases, 60.1% were men and 39.9% were women. The commonest malignant bone tumors were osteosarcoma (89; 50.6%), metastasis (30; 17.0%), Ewing′s sarcoma (28; 15.9%), and chondrosarcoma (14; 8.0%). The most frequent benign bone tumors were osteochondroma (136; 63.9%), enchondroma (23; 10.8%), giant cell tumor (21; 9.9%), and osteoid osteoma (14; 6.6%). The femur was the most commonly involved site in musculoskeletal tumors. It was followed by the tibia in benign tumors and the humerus in malignant ones. Metastasis (28; 32.6%), soft tissue tumors (18; 20.9%), osteochondroma (10; 11.6%), and osteosarcoma (9; 10.5%) were the most diagnosed bone lesions in patients older than 40. Conclusion: There are no significant changes in epidemiology of musculoskeletal tumors in Shiraz, south of Iran, in comparison with other parts of the world.
Neonatal Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon
Authors: Yadav Dinesh , Maheshwari Anu , Aneja Satinder , Seth Anju , Chandra Jagdish
Published: April 2012

Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a life-threatening consumptive coagulopathy in the presence of a rapidly enlarging vascular tumor. It usually presents in early infancy, but onset in early neonatal period, facial hemangioma, and vincristine use in neonates has rarely been reported. We, hereby, present a 6-day-old male child presenting with facial hemangioma and intracranial hemorrhage, and KMP responding well to steroids and vincristine. Pathophysiology of disease and various treatment options have been discussed.
Mining Gene Ontology Data with AGENDA
Authors: Ovezmyradov Guvanch , Lu Qianhao , Göpfert Martin C.
Published: April 2012

The Gene Ontology (GO) initiative is a collaborative effort that uses controlled vocabularies for annotating genetic information. We here present AGENDA (Application for mining Gene Ontology Data), a novel web-based tool for accessing the GO database. AGENDA allows the user to simultaneously retrieve and compare gene lists linked to different GO terms in diverse species using batch queries, facilitating comparative approaches to genetic information. The web-based application offers diverse search options and allows the user to bookmark, visualize, and download the results. AGENDA is an open source web-based application that is freely available for non-commercial use at the project homepage. URL: http://sourceforge.net/projects/bioagenda .
Unusual Presentation of Multiple Fibroadenomas in Bilateral Breasts and Axillary Accessory Breast
Authors: Zhang Rong-rong , Bevan Scott , Sun Ping , Lu Jim Z , Peng Yan
Published: April 2012

We report an extremely rare case with a total of 50 fibroadenomas simultaneously presented in bilateral breasts and left axillary accessory breast, up to 8 cm in size, in a 20 year-old Chinese woman. The histopathologic and immunophenotypic features of the fibroadenomas are described and possible underlying pathogenesis is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first case with such a large number of bilateral multiple breast fibroadenomas in a young female reported in the literature.
Functionalization and fragmentation during ambient organic aerosol aging: application of the 2-D volatility basis set to field studies
Authors: Murphy B. N. , Donahue N. M. , Fountoukis C. , Dall'Osto M. , O'Dowd C. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Pandis S. N.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Multigenerational oxidation chemistry of atmospheric organic compounds and its effects on aerosol loadings and chemical composition is investigated by implementing the Two-Dimensional Volatility Basis Set (2-D-VBS) in a Lagrangian host chemical transport model. Three model formulations were chosen to explore the complex interactions between functionalization and fragmentation processes during gas-phase oxidation of organic compounds by the hydroxyl radical. The base case model employs a conservative transformation by assuming a reduction of one order of magnitude in effective saturation concentration and an increase of oxygen content by one or two oxygen atoms per oxidation generation. A second scheme simulates functionalization in more detail using group contribution theory to estimate the effects of oxygen addition to the carbon backbone on the compound volatility. Finally, a fragmentation scheme is added to the detailed functionalization scheme to create a functionalization-fragmentation parameterization. Two condensed-phase chemistry pathways are also implemented as additional sensitivity tests to simulate (1) heterogeneous oxidation via OH uptake to the particle-phase and (2) aqueous-phase chemistry of glyoxal and methylglyoxal. The model is applied to summer and winter periods at three sites where observations of organic aerosol (OA) mass and O:C were obtained during the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) campaigns. The base case model reproduces observed mass concentrations and O:C well, with fractional errors (FE) lower than 55% and 25%, respectively. The detailed functionalization scheme tends to overpredict OA concentrations, especially in the summertime, and also underpredicts O:C by approximately a factor of 2. The detailed functionalization model with fragmentation agrees well with the observations for OA concentration, but still underpredicts O:C. Both heterogeneous oxidation and aqueous-phase processing have small effects on OA levels but heterogeneous oxidation, as implemented here, does enhance O:C by about 0.1. The different schemes result in very different fractional attribution for OA between anthropogenic and biogenic sources.
Modeling the formation and properties of traditional and non-traditional secondary organic aerosol: problem formulation and application to aircraft exhaust
Authors: Jathar S. H. , Miracolo M. A. , Presto A. A. , Adams P. J. , Robinson A. L.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. We present a methodology to model secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photo-oxidation of low-volatility organics (semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds). The model is parameterized and tested using SOA data collected during two field campaigns that characterized the atmospheric evolution of dilute gas-turbine engine emissions using a smog chamber. Photo-oxidation formed a significant amount of SOA, much of which cannot be explained based on the emissions of traditional, speciated precursors; we refer to this as non-traditional SOA (NT-SOA). The NT-SOA can be explained by emissions of low-volatility organic vapors measured using sorbents. Since these vapors could not be speciated, we employ a volatility-based approach to model NT-SOA formation. We show that the method proposed by Robinson et al. (2007) is unable to explain the timing of NT-SOA formation because it assumes a very modest reduction in volatility of the precursors with every oxidation reaction. In contrast, a Hybrid method, similar to models of traditional SOA formation, assumes a larger reduction in volatility with each oxidation step and results in a better reproduction of NT-SOA formation. The NT-SOA yields estimated for the low-volatility organic vapor emissions are similar to literature data for large n-alkanes and other low-volatility organics. The yields vary with fuel composition (JP8 versus Fischer-Tropsch) and engine load (idle versus non-idle). These differences are consistent with the expected contribution of high (aromatics and n-alkanes) and low (branched alkanes and oxygenated species) SOA forming species to the exhaust.
CO2 flux estimation errors associated with moist atmospheric processes
Authors: Parazoo N. C. , Denning A. S. , Kawa S. R. , Pawson S. , Lokupitiya R.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Vertical transport by moist sub-grid scale processes such as deep convection is a well-known source of uncertainty in CO2 source/sink inversion. However, a dynamical link between moist transport, satellite CO2 retrievals, and source/sink inversion has not yet been established. Here we examine the effect of moist processes on (1) synoptic CO2 transport by Version-4 and Version-5 NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (NASA-DAS) meteorological analyses, and (2) source/sink inversion. We find that synoptic transport processes, such as fronts and dry/moist conveyors, feed off background vertical CO2 gradients, which are modulated by sub-grid vertical transport. The implication for source/sink estimation is two-fold. First, CO2 variations contained in moist poleward moving air masses are systematically different from variations in dry equatorward moving air. Moist poleward transport is hidden from orbital sensors on satellites, causing a sampling bias, which leads directly to continental scale source/sink estimation errors of up to 0.25 PgC yr−1 in northern mid-latitudes. Second, moist processes are represented differently in GEOS-4 and GEOS-5, leading to differences in vertical CO2 gradients, moist poleward and dry equatorward CO2 transport, and therefore the fraction of CO2 variations hidden in moist air from satellites. As a result, sampling biases are amplified, causing source/sink estimation errors of up to 0.55 PgC yr−1 in northern mid-latitudes. These results, cast from the perspective of moist frontal transport processes, support previous arguments that the vertical gradient of CO2 is a major source of uncertainty in source/sink inversion.
Influence of LGM boundary conditions on the global water isotope distribution in an atmospheric general circulation model
Authors: Tharammal T. , Paul A. , Merkel U. , Noone D.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. A series of experiments was conducted using a water isotope tracers-enabled atmospheric general circulation model (Community Atmosphere Model version 3.0, CAM3.0-Iso), by changing the individual boundary conditions (greenhouse gases, ice sheet albedo and topography, sea-surface temperature) each at a time to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) values. In addition, a combined simulation with all the boundary conditions being set to LGM values was carried out. A pre-industrial (PI) simulation with boundary conditions taken according to the PMIP2 (Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project) protocol was performed as the control experiment. The experiments were designed in order to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation (δ18Oprecip) in response to individual climate factors. The change in topography (due to the change in land-ice cover) played a significant role in reducing the surface temperature and δ18Oprecip over North America. Exposed shelf areas and the ice sheet albedo reduced the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature and δ18Oprecip further. A global mean cooling of 4.1 °C was simulated with combined LGM boundary conditions compared to the control simulation, which was in agreement with previous experiments using the fully coupled Community Climate System Model (CCSM3). Large reductions in δ18Oprecip over the LGM ice sheets were highly correlated with the temperature decrease over them. The SST and ice sheet topography changes were found to be responsible for most of the changes in the climate and hence the δ18Oprecip distribution among the simulations.
A simple three-dimensional macroscopic root water uptake model based on the hydraulic architecture approach
Authors: Couvreur V. , Vanderborght J. , Javaux M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Many hydrological models including root water uptake (RWU) do not consider the dimension of root system hydraulic architecture (HA) because explicitly solving water flow in such a complex system is too much time consuming. However, they might lack process understanding when basing RWU and plant water stress predictions on functions of variables such as the root length density distribution. On the basis of analytical solutions of water flow in a simple HA, we developed an "implicit" model of the root system HA for simulation of RWU distribution (sink term of Richards' equation) and plant water stress in three-dimensional soil water flow models. The new model has three macroscopic parameters defined at the soil element scale or at the plant scale rather than for each segment of the root architecture: the standard sink distribution SSD, the root system equivalent conductance Krs and the compensatory conductance Kcomp. It clearly decouples the process of water stress from compensatory RWU and its structure is appropriate for hydraulic lift simulation. As compared to a model explicitly solving water flow in a realistic maize root system HA, the implicit model showed to be accurate for predicting RWU distribution and plant collar water potential, with one single set of parameters, in contrasted water dynamics scenarios. For these scenarios, the computing time of the implicit model was a factor 28 to 214 shorter than that of the explicit one. We also provide a new expression for the effective soil water potential sensed by plants in soils with a heterogeneous water potential distribution, which emerged from the implicit model equations. With the proposed implicit model of the root system HA, new concepts are brought which open avenues towards simple and process understanding RWU models and water stress functions operational for field scale water dynamics simulation.
Climate change effects on irrigation demands and minimum stream discharge: impact of bias-correction method
Authors: Rasmussen J. , Sonnenborg T. O. , Stisen S. , Seaby L. P. , Christensen B. S. B. , Hinsby K.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Climate changes are expected to result in a warmer global climate, with increased inter-annual variability. In this study, the possible impacts of these climate changes on irrigation and low stream flow are investigated using a distributed hydrological model of a sandy catchment in western Denmark. The IPCC climate scenario A1B was chosen as the basis for the study, and meteorological forcings (precipitation, reference evapotranspiration and temperature) derived from the ECHAM5-RACMO2 regional climate model for the period 2071–2100 was applied to the model. Two bias correction methods, Delta Change and Distribution-Based Scaling, were used to evaluate the importance of the bias correction method. Using the annual irrigation amounts, the minimum stream flow, the median minimum stream flow and the mean stream flow as indicators, the irrigation and the stream flow predicted using the two methods were compared. The study found that irrigation is significantly underestimated and low stream flow in overestimated when using the delta change method, due to the inability of this method to account for changes in inter-annual variability of precipitation and reference ET and the resulting effects on irrigation demands. Additionally, future increases in CO2 are found to have a significant effect on both irrigation and low flow, due to reduced transpiration from plants.
Solubility Enhancement of Etoricoxib by Cosolvency Approach
Authors: Nayak Amit Kumar , Panigrahi Prachi Prava
Published: April 2012

The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the cosolvency using three different cosolvents, namely PEG 400, PG, and glycerin on the aqueous solubility enhancement of a poorly aqueous soluble drug, etoricoxib, since solubilization of nonpolar drugs constitutes one of the important tasks in the formulation design of liquid dosage forms. The aqueous solubility of etoricoxib was  mg/mL, which was significantly improved by the addition of PEG 400, PG, and glycerin as cosolvents. It was scrutinized that the less-polar solvents were found to increase the aqueous solubility by greater extent, thus accentuating hydrophobic interaction mechanism. Among various solvent-cosolvent blends investigated, water-PEG 400 showed highest solubilization potential. Thus, the study generated an important array of data to compare the effect of these cosolvents on the aqueous solubility of etoricoxib.
A Preview of Regulations for 2012—and Beyond
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: April 2012

This article provides details about the five regulatory actions taken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2011 ‐ fluoride, hexavalent chromium, perchlorate, carcinogenic volatile organic compounds, and unregulated contaminant monitoring ‐ and how they will ultimately affect water systems.
Costly Signaling and Gendered Social Strategies among Slaves in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake: An Archaeological Perspective
Authors: Galle Jillian E.
Published: April 2012

Evolutionary approaches to agency offer some of the most promising frameworks for identifying individual agents and their archaeological correlates. Agency theory calls attention to the individual as the fundamental feature of human relations, and evolutionary theory provides historically situated models that allow archaeologists to precisely investigate the complex behavioral strategies that underlie artifact patterns. The following paper offers one such model. Using data from 41 slave-site occupations from eighteenth-century Virginia, I explore how and why enslaved African Americans actively participated in the burgeoning "consumer revolution" that swept across the early modern Atlantic World. Artifact patterning suggests that the acquisition and display of costly imported goods functioned as a form of communication for slaves in both public and private venues. The data show that enslaved women and men used several different consumption strategies to solidify social and economic relationships within precarious and rapidly changing environments. Signaling theory, derived from evolutionary theory, illuminates the contextual factors that structured slaves’ consumer choices and provides a model for understanding their choices as the result of dynamic and mutually beneficial behaviors.
Archaeological Indices of Resistance: Diversity in the Removal Period Potawatomi of the Western Great Lakes
Authors: Schurr Mark R.
Published: April 2012

Dichotomies or bipolar scales usually provide the conceptual framework for discussions of historic period Native American cultural change in the western Great Lakes. Archaeological and historical studies of Removal period (A.D. 1795-1840) Potawatomi of northern Indiana and southern Michigan provide challenges to common dichotomous frameworks used to define identity, political affiliation, geographic location, or other attributes of individual Potawatomi. Examples of these classifications include dichotomies such as Catholic vs. Non-Catholic, assimilationist vs. traditionalist, or accommodationist vs. non-accommodationist (among others). Case studies of four Potawatomi, two of whom successfully resisted removal (Pokagon and Benack) and two who did not (Menominee and Ashkum), illustrate the need for multiple lines of evidence that facilitate comparisons between diverse communities living in a rapidly changing world. Relations with the colonizer were the most significant element related to successful resistance. Site location provides a visible signal of these wider social ties extending beyond the local community.
Ethnographic and Modeled Costs of Long-Distance, Big-Game Hunting
Authors: Grimstead Deanna N.
Published: April 2012

Evolutionary ecology provides a rich pool of models from which archaeologists derive expectations about prehistoric human behavior. Signaling Theory (ST) has been applied successfully in ethnographic and certain archaeological contexts. Other applications have fallen prey to post-hoc explanation of aberrant archaeological patterns. This paper evaluates the claim that big-game hunting was a costly foraging behavior when traveling great distances, and therefore was undertaken as a form of costly signaling. The central place foraging model is used in conjunction with caloric expenditure formulae, derived from human energetics and locomotion research, to evaluate the cost of travel and transport versus the returns for large and small prey items. It is shown that big game continues to yield significant energetic returns even in situations where travel costs are comparatively high (i.e., 100-200 km round-trip). Small game hunting becomes energetically costly when a forager makes a procurement round-trip of more than ca.10 km. Large game animals are the highest return prey items even when procurement distances are comparatively great because humans are physiologically well-adapted for carrying objects over long distances. While the capture of big game animals may have bestowed prestige upon prehistoric hunters or served as some other signal of individual quality, these prey animals were not overly costly in terms of energetic efficiency—even under increased travel costs. These results emphasize the difficulty of separating social prestige from optimal foraging as the basis for big-game hunting in archaeological contexts.
The First Prehispanic Chile (Capsicum) from the U.S. Southwest/Northwest Mexico and its Changing Use
Authors: Minnis Paul E. , Whalen Michael E.
Published: April 2012

Here we report on the first cultivated chile (Capsicum annuum) from the prehispanic United States Southwest and far northwest Mexico. A carbonized seed was recovered from a site near Casas Grandes, northwestern Chihuahua dating to the Medio period, A.D. 1200–1450. We then discuss the role of chile among prehispanic indigenous communities in the region and its transformation to a seemingly high profile foodstuff after Spanish contact. We suggest that the context of prehispanic crop introductions was far different from postcontact introductions and that this is central for understanding the changing use of chile in the region.
Complexity and Sustainability: Perspectives from the Ancient Maya and the Modern Balinese
Authors: Scarborough Vernon L. , Burnside William R.
Published: April 2012

Complexity is both a buzzword and a paradigm in the biophysical sciences and, increasingly, the social sciences. We define “social complexity” as the nonlinear escalation of costs and emergent infrastructure with rising energy use and concentrated power as societies develop. Two paths to social complexity are technotasking, which relies on technological break-throughs and is often politically hierarchical, and labortasking, which relies on skilled labor pools and is often heterarchical. We suggest several pathways to greater degrees of complexity and present two case studies emphasizing the role of labor-tasking; an in-depth review of the ancient Maya and a shorter introduction to the recent Balinese. Both of these complex societies used labortasking to adapt to local ecological limitations in semitropical settings. These societies used heterarchical organizations to accretionally engineer and manage their environments, strategies that promoted long-term resilience. Case studies such as these provide a nuanced picture of different paths to social complexity and highlight their relative costs, benefits, and potential for long-term sustainability.
“Men, Women, and Children Starving”: Archaeology of the Donner Family Camp
Authors: Dixon Kelly J. , Novak Shannon A. , Robbins Gwen , Schablitsky Julie M. , Scott G. Richard , Tasa Guy L.
Published: April 2012

In spring of 1846, the George and Jacob Donner families and some 80 traveling companions began their overland trek to California. When the party ascended the Sierra Nevada in late October, a snowstorm forced the group to bivouac. At this point, the train became separated into two contingents; the larger party camped near Donner Lake and the smaller group—including the Donner families—settled at Alder Creek. Though written accounts from the Lake site imply many resorted to cannibalism, no such records exist for Alder Creek. Here we present archaeological findings that support identification of the Alder Creek camp. We triangulate between historical context, archaeological traces of the camp, and osteological remains to examine the human condition amid the backdrops of starvation and cannibalism. A stepped analytical approach was developed to examine the site’s fragmentary bone assemblage (n= 16,204). Macroscopic and histological analyses indicate that the emigrants consumed domestic cattle and horse and procured wild game, including deer, rabbit, and rodent. Bladed tools were used to extensively process animal tissue. Moreover, bone was being reduced to small fragments; pot polish indicates these fragments were boiled to extract grease. It remains inconclusive, however, whether such processing, or the assemblage, includes human tissue.
Land Use, Land Ideology: An Integrated Geographic Information Systems Analysis of Rock Art Within South-Central California
Authors: Robinson David W.
Published: April 2012

While rock art is global in distribution, it remains a media fix in placed within particular physical environments. Because of this, it can be examined using various spatial approaches and technologies. By integrating a variety of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications to examine the location and position of rock art in relation to both natural features and other archaeological deposits, a detailed understanding of the positioning of rock art can be advanced. In this case, I employ this methodology to address the presence that rock art exerted within the Emgidiano/HulkuhkuChumash landscape of South-Central California. In so doing, I demonstrate that specific research questions concerning rock art in public or private contexts can be addressed, and that in this example, the pictographs of theHulkuhkuwere visibly integrated within the intimate confines of the most important economic places in the landscape, showing that subsistence and symbolic practices were conjoined through ideological media.
Of Ethnohistory, Archaeology, and Playing with Fire: A Comment on Foster and Cohen 2007
Authors: Piker Joshua
Published: April 2012

This Comment interrogates claims made by Foster and Cohen (2007) regarding eighteenth-century Creek Indian hunting strategies. It argues that Foster and Cohen’s attempts to link the archaeological and ethnohistorical record are flawed because of their misreading of the latter. The "Comment" demonstrates that Creeks did not—contra Foster and Cohen (2007)—conduct large-scale hunts near their communities or frequently rely on fire-drives. Thus, pollen and charcoal samples gathered by Foster and Cohen (2007) from the neighborhood of those communities speak to activities other than hunting.
Mapping Clovis: Projectile Points, Behavior, and Bias
Authors: Prasciunas Mary M.
Published: April 2012

The distribution of Clovis projectile points across North America demonstrates distinct spatial patterning that has the potential to inform on many aspects of the colonization process. However, before accurate inferences regarding prehistoric behavior can be drawn from projectile point distributional databases, it is necessary to account for biases potentially affecting point visibility. Using county-level data for a sample of states from the western and southeastern U.S., this paper demonstrates that Clovis projectile point distribution is significantly related to modern population density, cultivated acreage, intensity of archaeological research, and measures of environmental productivity. Interpreting Clovis projectile point distribution is therefore more complex than frequently assumed.
Rendering Economies: Native American Labor and Secondary Animal Products in the Eighteenth-Century Pimería Alta
Authors: Pavao-Zuckerman Barnet
Published: April 2012

While the ostensible motivation for Spanish missionization in the Americas was religious conversion, missions were also critical to the expansion of European economic institutions in the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries. Native American labor in mission contexts was recruited in support of broader programs of colonialism, mercantilism, and resource extraction. Archaeological research throughout North America demonstrates the importance and extent of the integration of Native labor into regional colonial economies. Animals and animal products were often important commodities within colonialperiod regional exchange networks and thus, zooarchaeological data can be crucial to the reconstruction of local economic practices that linked Native labor to larger-scale economic processes. Zooarchaeological remains from two Spanish missions—one in southern Arizona and one in northern Sonora—demonstrate that Native labor supported broader colonial economic processes through the production of animal products such as tallow and hide. Tallow rendered at Mission San Agustín de Tucson and Mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar y Santiago de Cocóspera was vital for mining activities in the region, which served as an important wealth base for the continued development of Spanish colonialism in the Americas. This research also demonstrates continuity in rendering practices over millennia of human history, and across diverse geographical regions, permitting formalization of a set of expectations for identifying tallow-rendered assemblages, regardless of context.
New Perspectives on Meadowood Trade Items
Authors: Taché Karine
Published: April 2012

In Early Woodland times, the creation of vast interaction spheres resulted in the widespread circulation of various objects and raw materials across northeastern North America. In this article, I discuss the contexts and spatial distribution of Meadowood trade items from over 240 archaeological sites. Traditionally viewed by William A. Ritchie as cult-related items, Meadowood artifacts have subsequently been interpreted as participating in a risk-buffering strategy. Alternatively, I present arguments supporting the role of Meadowood artifacts as part of a strategy used by a few individuals or corporate groups to increase their status through privilege access to rare and highly valued goods. Socially valued goods can be used in multiple ways and documenting this complexity is a prerequisite to understanding the mechanisms underlying the circulation of goods within the Meadowood Interaction Sphere, the structure of the network, and the incentives of the participating groups. This article stresses the need to move beyond the dichotomy between utilitarian/subsistence-related goods and non-utilitarian/ritual artifacts.
Middle Paleolithic Skill Level and the Individual Knapper: An Experiment
Authors: Eren Metin I. , Bradley Bruce A. , Sampson C. Garth
Published: April 2012

It has been proposed that Paleolithic studies should abandon their focus on groups and turn instead to the individual. If individuals are to emerge from the lithics-dominated Middle Paleolithic record, the best chance of success is to identify the products of learner knappers from those of their mentors. To do so we need a framework of knapping standards by which to measure Middle Paleolithic skill level. Selected measurements on a sequence of 100 subcircular Levallois tortoise core reductions by a knapper of intermediate skill were compared with 25 reductions by his highly experienced instructor. Four measures emerge as potential markers of skill level: total stone consumption during initial core preparation, consumption from the upper and lower core surface, symmetry of the first detached Levallois flake, and failure rate of that detachment by overshooting the core's rim. These markers allow us to discriminate between the work of a modern learner and his mentor, but > 30 percent were misclassified. The learning trajectory is more complex than the mere honing of skills through practice and is punctuated by increasing numbers of mentor-like reductions. It follows that skill-level measures on their own are imperfect discriminators. Personal markers other than those of skill level must be found by which to seek individuals in the Middle Paleolithic record.
Remote Sensing Data from Etowah's Mound A: Architecture and the Re-Creation of Mississippian Tradition
Authors: King Adam , Walker Chester P. , Sharp Robert V. , Reilly F. Kent , McKinnon Duncan P.
Published: April 2012

This paper presents the results of a gradiometer survey conducted on the summit of Etowah's largest mound, Mound A, which stands some 19 m tall. Those results are compared to limited excavation data from the summit of Mound A as well as information from the wider region on mound summit architecture. The gradiometer results reveal the presence of as many as four buildings and an open-ended portico that are arranged around an open space and obscured from view below in the plaza. We argue that decisions about the kinds of buildings constructed and their arrangement reveal the interplay between agency and structure at a point of ambiguity in the history of Etowah. The buildings located on the summit of Mound A were built after the site had been abandoned and reoccupied. With that reoccupation, agents and their followers both connected to local traditions and attempted to reformulate them.
Obsidian Source Use in the Greater Yellowstone Area, Wyoming Basin, and Central Rocky Mountains
Authors: Scheiber Laura L. , Finley Judson Byrd
Published: April 2012

Using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis from nearly 2,300 sourced obsidian artifacts in western Wyoming, southwestern Montana, and eastern Idaho, we demonstrate regional diachronic changes in access to and preference for particular obsidian sources throughout the West. We focus on both (I) long-term patterns of obsidian use that may inform us about the timing of precontact migrations of Numic (Shoshone) speakers into the Rocky Mountains and (2) the extent to which later contact among Native inhabitants and European immigrants was a mechanism for reducing elements of precontact mobility and exchange in the postcontact era. We view indigenous responses to contact in the study area as an active, strategic process with measurable material consequences. Despite a well-documented increase in mobility among local Native groups as a result of the introduction of the horse, our study demonstrates a restriction and reduction in Historic period source use in western Wyoming. We propose that changes in obsidian source use are a reflection of ethnogenesis and development of ethnographic bands as a response to culture contact among indigenous inhabitants and with Europeans.
Prey Body Size and Ranking in Zooarchaeology: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Applications from the Northern Great Basin
Authors: Broughton Jack M. , Cannon Michael D. , Bayham Frank E. , Byers David A.
Published: April 2012

The use of body size as an index of prey rank in zooarchaeology has fostered a widely applied approach to understanding variability in foraging efficiency. This approach has, however, been critiqued—most recently by the suggestion that large prey have high probabilities of failed pursuits. Here, we clarify the logic and history of using body size as a measure of prey rank and summarize empirical data on the body size-return rate relationship. With few exceptions, these data document strong positive relationships between prey size and return rate. We then illustrate, with studies from the Great Basin, the utility of body size-based abundance indices (e.g., the Artiodactyl Index) when used as one component of multidimensional analyses of prehistoric diet breadth. We use foraging theory to derive predictions about Holocene variability in diet breadth and test those predictions using the Artiodactyl Index and over a dozen other archaeological indices. The results indicate close fits between the predictions and the data and thus support the use of body size-based abundance indices as measures of foraging efficiency. These conclusions have implications for reconstructions of Holocene trends in large game hunting in western North America and for zooarchaeological applications of foraging theory in general.
The Angus Mammoth: A Decades-Old Scientific Controversy Resolved
Authors: Holen Steven R. , May David W. , Mahan Shannon A.
Published: April 2012

The Angus Mammoth site in south-central Nebraska has been controversial since its discovery in 1931 when a fluted artifact was reported to be associated with the mammoth. For nearly 80 years it has not been known if Angus was a paleontological site predating the human occupation of North America as has been asserted by some geologists and paleontologists, or an archaeological site dating to the late Pleistocene as has been advocated by some archaeologists. Geomorphic study and luminescence dating have finally solved the problem after nearly eight decades. Although microwear and technological analyses have determined that the Angus biface is an authentic artifact, TL and IRSL dates have shown that the matrix above the mammoth is much too old for a mammoth/fluted point association to be valid.