bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequent Utilization of the Emergency Department for Acute Heart Failure Syndrome
Authors: Hasegawa Kohei , Tsugawa Yusuke , Camargo Carlos A. , Brown David F.M.
Published: August 2014

Background—

Although most research on patients with acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) has focused on readmissions, this may provide an incomplete picture of health-care utilization. We examined the proportion and characteristics of patients with frequent emergency department (ED) visits for AHFS and associated health-care utilization.

Methods and Results—

A retrospective cohort study of adults with at least 1 ED visit for AHFS between 2010 and 2011 was performed, derived from population-based multipayer data of state ED and inpatient databases for 2 large and diverse states, California and Florida. The analytic sample comprised 113 033 patients with 175 491 ED visits for AHFS. During the 1-year follow-up period, 30.8% of patients had ≥2 (frequent) visits, accounting for 55.4% (95% confidence interval, 55.2–55.5%) of all ED visits for AHFS. In the multivariable model, significant predictors of frequent ED visits were non-Hispanic black race, Hispanic ethnicity, Medicaid insurance, and lower median household income (all
P
<0.001). At the visit level, patients with frequent ED visits accounted for 55.0% (95% confidence interval, 54.8–5.3%) of all AHFS hospitalizations via ED. Total charges for AHFS were $3.08 billion (95% confidence interval, $3.03–3.14 billion) in Florida alone; patients with frequent ED visits accounted for 53.3% of total charges (95% confidence interval, 53.2–53.3%).

Conclusions—

In this large cohort study, we found that one third (31%) of ED patients with AHFS had frequent ED visits for this condition and that minority race/ethnicity and lower socioeconomic status were associated with frequent ED visits. Individuals with frequent ED visits accounted for the majority of ED visits, hospitalizations, and hospital charges.
Association of Interleukin-6 With the Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis
Authors: Okazaki Shuhei , Sakaguchi Manabu , Miwa Kaori , Furukado Shigetaka , Yamagami Hiroshi , Yagita Yoshiki , Mochizuki Hideki , Kitagawa Kazuo
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose—

Limited information is available on the long-term effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on systemic atherosclerosis. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the relationship between chronic elevation of IL-6 and the long-term progression of carotid atherosclerosis.

Methods—

We prospectively evaluated 210 patients with ≥1 vascular risk factors for 9.0±1.0 years. Carotid mean-maximal intima-media thickness (mmIMT), the serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, and the serum IL-6 level were measured at baseline and every 3 years. The associations between the progression of mmIMT and the long-term average levels of hs-CRP and IL-6 were analyzed.

Results—

Carotid mmIMT increased throughout the study period (0.031±0.026 mm/y). Baseline mmIMT was significantly associated with baseline hs-CRP (
P
=0.002) and baseline IL-6 (
P
<0.001) levels. Progression of mmIMT was positively correlated with average hs-CRP (
P
=0.001) and average IL-6 (
P
<0.001) levels. When adjusted for age, sex, traditional risk factors, and baseline mmIMT, mmIMT progression remained significantly associated only with the average IL-6 level (standardized β=0.17;
P
=0.02), but not with the average hs-CRP level (standardized β=0.10;
P
=0.18).

Conclusions—

Chronic elevation of serum IL-6 was associated with the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with vascular risk factors. IL-6 could be used as a quantitative marker and a potential therapeutic target for accelerated atherosclerosis.
Follistatin-Like 1 Attenuates Apoptosis via Disco-Interacting Protein 2 Homolog A/Akt Pathway After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats
Authors: Liang Xiping , Hu Qin , Li Bo , McBride Devin , Bian Hetao , Spagnoli Pierre , Chen Di , Tang Jiping , Zhang John H.
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose—

Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1), an extracellular glycoprotein, has been reported to decrease apoptosis in ischemic cardiac diseases, but its effect in ischemic stroke has not been examined. We hypothesized that recombinant FSTL1 attenuates neuronal apoptosis through its receptor disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A (DIP2A) and the Akt pathway after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats.

Methods—

One hundred forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 hours of MCAO followed by reperfusion. In a subset of animals, the time course and location of FSTL1 and DIP2A were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence double staining. Another set of animals were intracerebroventricularly given either recombinant FSTL1 1 hour after reperfusion or FSTL1-small interfering RNA (siRNA) 48 hours before reperfusion. Additionally, DIP2A was knockdown by siRNA in some animals. Infarction volume and neurological deficits were measured, and the expression of FSTL1, DIP2A, phosphorylated Akt, cleaved caspase-3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling were quantified using Western blot.

Results—

The expression of FSTL1 and DIP2A was increased in neurons and peaked 24 hours after MCAO. Recombinant FSTL1 reduced brain infarction and improved neurological deficits 24 and 72 hours after MCAO via activation of its receptor DIP2A and downstream phosphorylation of Akt. These effects were reversed by DIP2A-siRNA and FSTL1-siRNA.

Conclusions—

Recombinant FSTL1 decreases neuronal apoptosis and improves neurological deficits through phosphorylation of Akt by activation of its receptor DIP2A after MCAO in rats. Thus, FSTL1 may have potentials as a treatment for patients with ischemic stroke.
Models for Codifying International Rules for Jurisdiction, Liability, Safety and Accident Investigation for Commercial Passenger Spaceflight
Authors: Lee Ricky J. , Steele Sarah L.
Published: August 2014

The prospect of commercial passenger spaceflight presents an unique opportunity to the space community, comprised not only of the scientists, engineers, enthusiasts and entrepreneurs, but also diplomats, governments, policy makers and legislators, to formulate an internationally acceptable set of requirements, standards and procedures that would give international consistency to operators of commercial passenger spaceflight, both for space tourism and for terrestrial transportation. It is important that the international community avail itself of this opportunity before various countries decide to become “flags of convenience” or to impose more stringent standards than overseas operators can comply with so as to protect a budding industry of their own. This article will explore, from parallels in maritime law and civil aviation law, and drawing from existing domestic examples of regulation, what lessons may be learnt from such existing bodies of law and regulation that may provide some guidance for the future formulation of regulations for on range safety, flight safety or accident investigation relating to commercial passenger spaceflight.
The Nexus of Asylum Seeker Migrations and Asylum Policy: Longitudinal Analysis of Migration Trends in Norway
Authors: Valenta Marko
Published: August 2014

There has been much focus on the increased influx of asylum seekers in Norway and in Europe in general. This article investigates links between the influx of asylum seekers and developments in asylum policies in Norway. In focus are the immigration trends of the four largest groups of asylum seekers in Norway in the period 2006–2012. It is assumed that developments in the arrival of asylum seekers are to a large extent influenced by the ways in which the four groups were treated by migration authorities in Norway. This analysis is based on policy survey and available statistics. The longitudinal analysis indicates that changes in rejection, approval and deportation rates correspond to a large extent with subsequent fluctuations in annual arrivals of asylum seekers. It is also maintained that the restrictions in social rights result in deteriorating living conditions, but as a tool of migration control such restrictions do not work in accordance with the intention. The findings are of clear relevance for on-going discussions on asylum seeker mobility and discussions on minimum standards for reception of asylum seekers.
Promoting and Protecting Minority Languages in Zimbabwe: Use of the 1992 UN Minorities Declaration
Authors: Dziva Cowen , Dube Brian
Published: August 2014

Zimbabwe in 2012 joined the rest of the world to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the unanimously adopted United Nations Declaration for Minorities in 1992, as the main document granting non-dominant groups protection by states in all spheres of life. For most African states, Zimbabwe included, the Declaration came amidst ubiquitous marginalisation and disavowal of minority languages in favour of foreign and dominant tongues. Unsurprisingly, Article 4(3(4) of the Declaration sought to obviate this status quo through calling on states to ensure that minorities learn and use their mother languages for development. Ever since the Declaration, the use of minority languages in public spheres has become a hotly debated subject in democratic societies, with many linguists deciphering minority languages to be one of the missing links to Africa’s development. The aim of this article is, therefore, to encapsulates the good practices by Zimbabwean stakeholders and prospects in implementing minority languages. After scrutinising national policies and efforts to advance minority languages, it can be seen that though discernible it is still a long way for Zimbabwe to close the gap on the ideals of the 1992 Declaration. As such, Zimbabwe is propelled to move beyond mere ratification and take concrete steps towards implementation through translating national documents into minority tongues, revamping the education curriculum, public awareness campaigns on the Declaration, training lexicographers, minority sensitive budgeting and constitutionalism if they are to fulfil their obligations under the Declaration.
The Use of Snow-Level Observations Derived from Vertically Profiling Radars to Assess Hydrometeorological Characteristics and Forecasts over Washington’s Green River Basin
Authors: Neiman Paul J. , Gottas Daniel J. , White Allen B. , Schick Lawrence J. , Ralph F. Martin
Published: August 2014

Two vertically pointing S-band radars (coastal and inland) were operated in western Washington during two winters to monitor brightband snow-level altitudes. Similar snow-level characteristics existed at both sites, although the inland site exhibited lower snow levels by ~70 m because of proximity to cold continental air, and snow-level altitude changes were delayed there by several hours owing to onshore translation of weather systems. The largest precipitation accumulations and rates occurred when the snow level was largely higher than the adjacent terrain. A comparison of these observations with long-term operational radiosonde data reveals that the radar snow levels mirrored climatological conditions. The inland radar data were used to assess the performance of nearby operational freezing-level forecasts. The forecasts possessed a lower-than-observed bias of 100–250 m because of a combination of forecast error and imperfect representativeness between the forecast and observing points. These forecast discrepancies increased in magnitude with higher observed freezing levels, thus representing the hydrologically impactful situations where a greater fraction of mountain basins receive rain rather than snow and generate more runoff than anticipated. Vertical directional wind shear calculations derived from wind-profiler data, and concurrent surface temperature data, reveal that most snow-level forecast discrepancies occurred with warm advection aloft and low-level cold advection through the Stampede Gap. With warm advection, forecasts were too high (low) for observed snow levels below (above) 1.25 km MSL. An analysis of sea level pressure differences across the Cascades indicated that mean forecasts were too high (low) for observed snow levels below (above) 1.25 km MSL when higher pressure was west (east) of the range.
A New Quasi-Horizontal Glider to Measure Biophysical Microstructure
Authors: Foloni-Neto Herminio , Lueck Rolf , Mabuchi Yoshiro , Nakamura Hisato , Arima Masakazu , Yamazaki Hidekatsu
Published: August 2014

This study describes the development of a new tethered quasi-horizontal microstructure profiler: the Turbulence Ocean Microstructure Acquisition Profiler–Glider [TurboMAP-Glider (TMG)]. It is a unique instrument, capable of measuring ocean microstructure (temperature and turbulent velocity shear), chlorophyll, and turbidity simultaneously through a quasi-horizontal perspective. Three field experiments were carried out near Joga-shima, Japan, to test the TMG flight performance, and those results as well as comparisons with a laser-based vertical profiler, TurboMAP-L (TM), are described here. The TMG was capable of flying with an angle of attack of less than 25° and was reasonably stable for up to 300 m horizontally over 100-m depth. Some new and relevant empirical results about quasi-horizontal application of high-resolution chlorophyll-a fluorescence sensors are presented. The ratio between the Thorpe length scale and the Ozmidov length scale was used as a tracer to demonstrate that most of the TMG density inversions are due to horizontal variability and not to vertical overturning. These waveform structures are probably due to the horizontal inhomogeneity of the density field and are likely caused by internal waves.
Numerical Simulations of the Genesis of Typhoon Nuri (2008): Sensitivity to Initial Conditions and Implications for the Roles of Intense Convection and Moisture Conditions
Authors: Li Zhan , Pu Zhaoxia
Published: August 2014

The sensitivity of numerical simulations of the genesis of Typhoon Nuri (2008) to initial conditions is examined using the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The initial and boundary conditions are derived from two different global analyses at different lead times. One simulation successfully captures the processes of Nuri’s genesis and early intensification, whereas other simulations fail to predict the genesis of Nuri. Discrepancies between simulations with and without Nuri’s development are diagnosed. Significant differences are found in the development and organization of the intense convection during Nuri’s pregenesis phase. In the developing case, convection evolves and organizes into a “pouch” center of a westward-propagating wavelike disturbance. In the nondeveloping case, the convection fails to develop and organize. Favorable conditions for the development of deep convection include strong closed circulation patterns with high humidity, especially at the middle levels. An additional set of sensitivity experiments is performed to examine the impact of the moisture field on numerical simulations of Nuri’s genesis. Results confirm that the enhancement of mid- to upper-level moisture is favorable for Nuri’s genesis, mainly because moist conditions benefit deep convection, which produces diabatic heating from latent heat release when vertical airmass flux maxima occur in the mid- to upper-level atmosphere. The substantial warming at upper levels induced by latent heat release from persistent deep convection contributes to the drop in Nuri’s minimum central sea level pressure. Overall, results from this study demonstrate that it is essential to accurately represent the initial conditions in numerical predictions of tropical cyclone genesis.
The Effect of Status on Role-Taking Accuracy
Authors: Love Tony P. , Davis Jenny L.
Published: August 2014

We conducted two experiments to test the effects of status on the relationship between gender and role-taking accuracy. Role-taking accuracy denotes the accuracy with which one can predict another’s behavior. In Study 1, we examine self-evaluative measures of role-taking accuracy and find they do not correlate with actual role-taking accuracy. In addition, women were more accurate role-takers than men, regardless of interaction history. In Study 2, we disentangle gender differences from status differences, hypothesizing that role-taking accuracy is structurally situated. To test this hypothesis, we examine variations in role-taking accuracy when interaction partners are assigned differential status. Results indicate that status differentials account for variations in role-taking accuracy, whereas gender and gender composition of the dyad do not.
Biomaterials for Craniofacial Bone Engineering
Authors: Tevlin R. , McArdle A. , Atashroo D. , Walmsley G.G. , Senarath-Yapa K. , Zielins E.R. , Paik K.J. , Longaker M.T. , Wan D.C.
Published: August 2014

Conditions such as congenital anomalies, cancers, and trauma can all result in devastating deficits of bone in the craniofacial skeleton. This can lead to significant alteration in function and appearance that may have significant implications for patients. In addition, large bone defects in this area can pose serious clinical dilemmas, which prove difficult to remedy, even with current gold standard surgical treatments. The craniofacial skeleton is complex and serves important functional demands. The necessity to develop new approaches for craniofacial reconstruction arises from the fact that traditional therapeutic modalities, such as autologous bone grafting, present myriad limitations and carry with them the potential for significant complications. While the optimal bone construct for tissue regeneration remains to be elucidated, much progress has been made in the past decade. Advances in tissue engineering have led to innovative scaffold design, complemented by progress in the understanding of stem cell–based therapy and growth factor enhancement of the healing cascade. This review focuses on the role of biomaterials for craniofacial bone engineering, highlighting key advances in scaffold design and development.
Middle Managers’ Upward Roles in the Public Sector
Authors: Chen Chung-An , Berman Evan M. , Wang Chun-Yuan
Published: August 2014

Whereas previous public administration studies have focused on middle managers’ roles in implementation, this study contributes to the literature by emphasizing middle managers’ other roles, specifically, upward roles that concern (a) championing alternatives and (b) synthesizing information. We examine whether middle managers are more involved in synthesizing information than championing alternatives and test multiple levers that increase these roles at the individual, organization, and interorganizational levels. This study finds that job security, connections with stakeholders, and autonomous motivation are among the most important predictors. This study calls for taking a broader perspective on middle managers’ contributions to public organizations.
Leveraging Administrative Data for Program Evaluations
Authors: Lorden Andrea L. , Radcliff Tiffany A. , Jiang Luohua , Horel Scott A. , Smith Matthew L. , Lorig Kate , Howell Benjamin L. , Whitelaw Nancy , Ory Marcia
Published: August 2014

In community-based wellness programs, Social Security Numbers (SSNs) are rarely collected to encourage participation and protect participant privacy. One measure of program effectiveness includes changes in health care utilization. For the 65 and over population, health care utilization is captured in Medicare administrative claims data. Therefore, methods as described in this article for linking participant information to administrative data are useful for program evaluations where unique identifiers such as SSN are not available. Following fuzzy matching methodologies, participant information from the National Study of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program was linked to Medicare administrative data. Linking variables included participant name, date of birth, gender, address, and ZIP code. Seventy-eight percent of participants were linked to their Medicare claims data. Linking program participant information to Medicare administrative data where unique identifiers are not available provides researchers with the ability to leverage claims data to better understand program effects.
Framing the Change: Switching and Blending Frames and their Role in Instigating Institutional Change
Authors: Werner Mirjam D. , Cornelissen Joep P.
Published: August 2014

Taken-for-granted cognitive schemas form a core aspect of institutions. Whilst much is known about their effects, past research has not yet detailed and formalized how individual actors are able to initiate changes to such institutionalized schemas, reframe their circumstances and how, in turn, such a provisional reframing may itself evolve into a taken-for-granted schema. In this article, we argue that changes to existing institutions come about when actors engage in discursive processes of frame shifting or frame blending by which they articulate alternative or combined schematizations and succeed in building up common ground around the novel cognitive template. We elaborate a set of propositional arguments for when and how actors are more likely to initiate and realize institutional change by either discursively marking the contrast with prior cognitive schemas or by scaling these up into a broader understanding.
Postfeminism, Femininities and Organization Studies: Exploring a New Agenda
Authors: Lewis Patricia
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this article is to mobilize postfeminism as a critical concept for exploring women’s contemporary organizational experience. Specifically, it is argued that rather than interpreting women’s position in organizations solely in terms of exclusion connected to a dominant masculine norm, critically deploying the concept of postfeminism facilitates a critique of how women and a reconfigured femininity are now being included in the contemporary workplace. As the focus of the paper is the connection between postfeminism as a cultural phenomenon and the emergence of feminine organizational subjectivities, the construction of feminine subjectivities in the entrepreneurial arena (referred to as entrepreneurial femininities) is presented through a reading of the gender and entrepreneurship literature. Four entrepreneurial femininities are depicted—individualized, maternal, relational, excessive—with one key characteristic being the way in which they are all constituted through the doing of both masculinity and femininity via the integration and embodiment of conventional feminine and masculine aspirations and behaviours.
Epidemiological Survey of Head and Neck Injuries and Trauma in the United States
Authors: Sethi Rosh K. V. , Kozin Elliott D. , Fagenholz Peter J. , Lee Daniel J. , Shrime Mark G. , Gray Stacey T.
Published: August 2014

Objective

Head and neck trauma results in a range of injuries, spanning minor lacerations to life‐threatening airway compromise. Few studies provide in‐depth analysis of injuries to the head and neck (HN). We aim to (1) describe HN injury prevalence in the US and (2) investigate patient disposition and the outcome of mortality.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Nationwide emergency department (ED) sample.

Methods

The 2011 database was queried for encounters with a primary diagnosis of HN injury, as categorized by the Barell Injury Matrix. Weighted estimates for demographics, injury category, and mechanism were extracted. Predictors of mortality and admission were determined by multivariable regression.

Results

We identified 131 million ED encounters. A weighted total of 5,418,539 visits were related to primary HN injuries. Average age was 30 (SE = 0.4), and 56.8% were male. Sixty‐four percent of injuries were attributed to fall or blunt trauma. Open wounds comprised 41.8% of injuries. The most common procedure was laceration repair (70%). The majority of patients (97%) were discharged home. Mortality rate was less than 1%. Predictors of admission and mortality (P <. 05) included multiple trauma, vessel trauma, and burns. Other risk factors included foreign‐body, older age, and male gender.

Conclusions

Primary HN injuries commonly present to emergency rooms in the US. The majority of HN injuries are non–life threatening and do not require admission to the hospital or result in death. These data have implications for HN injury surveillance and may be used to risk‐stratify patients who present with injuries in the acute care setting.
Singing in La Voce Della Luna Italian women’s choir in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Southcott Jane , Joseph Dawn
Published: August 2014

Australia is a country of ongoing migration that embraces diversity, creative expression and cultural activity. Membership of community music groups by older people can enhance life quality, and may provide a space through which cultural and linguistic identity may be shared and celebrated. This qualitative phenomenological case study explores engagement by older members of La Voce Della Luna, an Italian women’s community choir based in Melbourne, Victoria. This article presents one case study from a larger ongoing research project, Well-being and ageing: community, diversity and the arts in Victoria. In this study, data were gathered from documentary sources and by individual and focus group semi-structured interviews in 2013. Employing interpretative phenomenological analysis two significant themes emerged: Social connection and combatting isolation; and New horizons: music-making and social justice. This article describes how active music for older women provides opportunities to learn new skills, new ideas, and create for themselves a resilient community.
Book Review: Amar Farooqui, Zafar and the Raj—Anglo-Mughal Delhi c. 1800–1850
Authors: Chenoy Shama Mitra
Published: August 2014

Amar Farooqui, Zafar and the Raj—Anglo-Mughal Delhi c. 1800–1850, Primus Books, Delhi, 2013, xiv + pp. 220, ₹ 850, Hb ISBN 978-93-80607-73-3.
Post-16 transition experience of visually impaired young people in England and Wales: Early findings from a longitudinal study
Authors: Hewett Rachel , Douglas Graeme , Keil Sue
Published: August 2014

There is little research into what happens to blind and partially sighted young people as they make the transition from compulsory education into further and higher education, and employment. This article describes a longitudinal study which is tracking the progress of 78 young people with visual impairments in England and Wales as they make this transition. Early findings are presented in relation to the experience of 47 of these participants who had recently completed their General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) (age 16 years) and made the transition to life beyond compulsory education. All of them remained in some form of education. The majority reported having enjoyed their studies, achieved well in their GCSE examinations, and had experienced positive transitions. There are some areas of concern: many did not appear to have engaged with the more formal pre-transitional preparation processes of ‘transition review’; there was evidence of the young people being restricted in participating in part-time work; and some were reserved about applying to university in the future due to tuition fees.
New Enteral Connectors
Authors: Guenter Peggi
Published: August 2014

Small‐bore connectors, in the past, have enabled misconnections between therapeutic systems that should not connect. Many enteral misconnections have been reported with subsequent frequent fatal outcomes. New enteral connectors have been designed via an International Organization of Standardization (ISO) standards development process. The new patient access connectors will be in the marketplace soon for the purpose of improving patient safety. Becoming aware of the changes and planning for them within your facility or agency will ease the transition to these new devices while continuing enteral nutrition support. Clinicians should look for education and information from appropriate resources and work with their suppliers to see when these changes will come to their institution or agency.
Separated Parents Reproducing and Undoing Gender Through Defining Legitimate Uses of Child Support
Authors: Natalier Kristin , Hewitt Belinda
Published: August 2014

The use of child support is a politically and personally contested issue and a policy challenge across developed countries. This offers an opportunity to identify family practices and relationships through which hegemonic masculinity and socially valued femininities are reproduced and challenged. We present data from interviews with 28 fathers and 30 mothers to argue that when people discuss how child support is or should be spent, they are managing gendered parenting identities. Most fathers defined child support as “special money.” This position buttresses the hegemonic masculine characteristics of authority and breadwinning, discursively de-genders the care of children, and challenges mothers’ conformity to feminine and good mothering ideals. A minority of fathers presented an alternative definition of child support and fathering that underplayed the relevance of money and values mothers’ and fathers’ care and financial contributions. Mothers’ accounts of using child support emphasized their financial authority and child-centered consumption in ways that both challenge and reproduce socially valued femininity. We conclude that definitions of how child support should be used reproduce relationships of dominance and subordination that constitute the gender order.
The Strong, the Weak, and the Unbalanced
Authors: Wegge Denis , Vandebosch Heidi , Eggermont Steven , Walrave Michel
Published: August 2014

The subject of this research is hurtful behavior on social network sites. Specifically, the study examines how young people’s connections on such sites are related to their risk of being involved in cyberharassment and cyberbullying. For this purpose, eighth-grade students from 11 secondary schools were surveyed ( n = 1,458). The students indicated who their friends were at school and with whom they were connected on Facebook. The results demonstrate that victimization and perpetration are linked to the composition of one’s network of online connections. The presence of many connections with fellow students who are not friends elevates the risk of cyberharassment and cyberbullying. In addition, perpetrators and victims have a disproportionally high number of connections based on unbalanced, weak friendships. This lack of balance may indicate that perpetrators are higher in the hierarchy of social status and that victims are lower. The findings imply that adolescents may be able to avert online victimization by carefully selecting their online ties. Further implications for the prevention of harassment and bullying on social network sites as well as avenues for future research are discussed.
The emotional connotations of major versus minor tonality: One or more origins?
Authors: Parncutt Richard
Published: August 2014

The association between major/minor tonality and positive/negative emotional valence is psychologically robust, but without a single accepted explanation. I compare six partially related theories. Dissonance: On average, passages in minor keys are more dissonant because, on average, the minor triad is more dissonant (rougher, less harmonic) or because tonal structure is more complex. Alterity and markedness: Major triads and scales are more common than minor, and positive valence is more common than negative. Major and positive valence are the norm; minor and negative are marked Others. Uncertainty: The minor triad has a more ambiguous (less salient) root than the major, and the minor scale has more variable form and a more ambiguous (less stable) tonic; uncertainty is associated with anger, sadness, distress, and grief. Speech: By comparison to major triads and scales, minor contain pitch(es) that are lower than expected – just as sad speech is lower than expected. Salience: In diatonic chord progressions, flattened diatonic scale degrees are more salient than sharpened because their harmonics better match the prevailing scale. Scale degrees 3 and 6 are more likely to destabilize tonality in minor than major tonalities. Familiarity: Arbitrary emotional differences between major and minor were reinforced in a historical process of cultural differentiation. For each theory, there are credible arguments and evidence for and against. All theories are broadly consistent with Terhardt’s pattern-recognition model of pitch perception (non-musical perceptual familiarity with the harmonic series), Schenker’s concept of prolongation (specifically, tonal voice leading as a prolongation of the tonic triad), evolutionary explanations of the emotional connotations of alterity, and a psychohistory of tonality in which melody, polyphony, leading tones, and the major–minor system emerged at different times, explicable by different psychological principles.
The challenge for Mondragon: Searching for the cooperative values in times of internationalization
Authors: Flecha Ramon , Ngai Pun
Published: August 2014

Competitiveness today requires being able to operate at a global scale. The financial crisis invigorated this requirement, posing new challenges to the economic viability of conventional companies and demanding alternative organizational forms of production. Although a wealth of research has focused on capitalist companies, little attention has been paid to the way these challenges affected worker cooperatives. Drawing from a qualitative case study of the Mondragon Cooperative Group, this article discusses the obstacles to internationalization faced by worker cooperatives, as well as the specific conditions and implications involved. In particular, the article analyzes Mondragon’s contradiction between being forced to expand and trying to keep cooperative values during this expansion. Two main actions aimed at responding to this contradiction are analyzed: the creation of mixed cooperatives and the extension of the corporate management model. The analysis of this process will shed light on actions for the global expansion of worker cooperatives.
Managing the unmanageable: Emotional labour and creative hierarchy in the Japanese animation industry
Authors: Morisawa Tomohiro
Published: August 2014

Over the last decade, ethnographic studies of the creative industries have emerged as a thriving area of interdisciplinary research. Yet studies dealing with the micro-processes of relations between management and creativity are still relatively rare. Based on 12 months of fieldwork in the Japanese animation industry, this article offers a detailed analysis of workplace relations between entry-level manager, or ‘production operators’, and two classes of key creative workers, animators and directors, at the shop-floor level. Elaborating analytical concepts of emotional labour and creative hierarchy, it shows how directors’ and animators’ capacity to create and manipulate animation drawings routinely subordinate the production operators in the workplace hierarchy. It argues that the structure of domination in commercial cultural production between management and creativity is more multi-dimensional and contingent than a one-sided subordination of artists by managers.
ASHA SLPs in China Teach Teachers About Their Students With Disabilities
Authors: Cheng Li-Rong Lilly , Wallach Geraldine P. , Reed Vicki A.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this article is to share a multicultural experience that took place in Guangzhou, China. The authors of this article joined a group of speech-language pathologists and audiologists to provide a training program for teachers and special education teachers in Guangzhou. It is our hope that this life changing experience will spark interest in our fellow professionals to act and to get involved internationally.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Individuals With Problematic Emotional Eating
Authors: Hill Mary L. , Masuda Akihiko , Moore Makeda , Twohig Michael P.
Published: August 2014

Emotional eating is characterized by eating in response to intense inner emotions, not hunger. This case-series study presents the outcomes from two adults with problematic emotional eating who voluntarily participated in 10 weekly sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Emotional eating was self-monitored daily prior to and throughout the course of treatment. The average number of emotional eating episodes reported weekly across participants at pre-treatment was nine, which decreased to one per week at post-treatment, and was two per week at follow-up. Both participants also showed improvements in body image flexibility, a theoretically consistent process of change, and these improvements were maintained at 3-month follow-up. The results are discussed as well as implications for clinical practice and future research.
A production scheduling problem considering random failure and imperfect preventive maintenance
Authors: Chen Xiaohui , Xiao Lei , Zhang Xinghui
Published: August 2014

Many manufacturing companies are suffering from increasing machine wear with usage and age as degradation process. For a company to be successful, machines need to work continuously and make more profit in a certain period. However, machines can be unavailable due to the scheduled maintenance and unexpected failures. Hence, this study connects production scheduling with maintenance planning for a repairable system. Three types of maintenance are performed to restore the machines: (1) minimal repair is undertaken upon failure and the machine restored “as bad as old”; (2) replacement as a kind of perfect maintenance is implemented based on a cost–time rate function, which is defined to evaluate the economy of preventive maintenance action; and (3) preventive maintenance just makes the machine less deteriorated but not “as good as new.” Age reduction factor and failure rate increase factor are introduced to illustrate the imperfect character. The objective of this study is to maximize the total profit that is composed of production value, production cost, maintenance cost (including the preventive maintenance cost, replacement cost, and minimal repair cost for random failure), and lateness cost (which is contributed by the job sequence and maintenance activities). Finally, the proposed model is validated by a numerical example.
The nation-state factor in global news reporting: A study of the BBC World News and Al Jazeera English coverage
Authors: Kasmani Mohd Faizal
Published: August 2014

This article aims to understand to what extent the nation-state context explained the coverage of the BBC World News and Al Jazeera English during the 2009 Iranian election. It mainly examines how the leaders of the Iranian political factions, namely, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Mir Hossein Mousavi were represented by the BBC World News and Al Jazeera English. This study triangulates textual analysis of the BBC World News and Al Jazeera English news, with the results of interviews with BBC World News reporters and editors who were involved in the coverage of the election. The analysis found that there were differences in the portrayal of the BBC World News and Al Jazeera English. It concludes that Al Jazeera English’s all-Iranian correspondents have a closer dependence on their country of origin than their host nation-state, while the national affiliation appeared to significantly explain the reporting of the BBC World News.
SCC behaviours of austenitic stainless steel Z3CN20-09M in high temperature water
Authors: Lu Y. H. , Chen Z. R. , Zhu X. F. , Shoji T.
Published: August 2014

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviours of Z3CN20-09M stainless steel in high temperature water containing Cl− were studied. The results indicated that SCC sensitivity was inconsistent with test temperature. The minimum and maximum of SCC sensitivity occurred at 320 and 290°C respectively, and SCC sensitivity at 250°C fell between them. SCC crack initiated preferentially at bottom of corrosion pit or along phase boundary between austenite and ferrite, and its propagation depended on relative orientation to the phase boundary. SCC crack parallel to the phase boundary propagated along the phase boundary, while that perpendicular to the phase boundary was hindered to propagate.
Donor CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are necessary for posttransplantation cyclophosphamide-mediated protection against GVHD in mice
Authors: Ganguly Sudipto , Ross Duncan B. , Panoskaltsis-Mortari Angela , Kanakry Christopher G. , Blazar Bruce R. , Levy Robert B. , Luznik Leo
Published: August 2014

Key Points

The prophylactic efficacy of posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) against GVHD is dependent on donor CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs. PTCy treatment was associated with recovery of epigenetically stable and suppressive donor thymus–derived Tregs in secondary lymphoid organs.
The DPY30 subunit in SET1/MLL complexes regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells
Authors: Yang Zhenhua , Augustin Jonathan , Chang Chenbei , Hu Jing , Shah Kushani , Chang Chia-Wei , Townes Tim , Jiang Hao
Published: August 2014

Key Points

DPY30 is important for the proliferation and proper differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. dpy30 and efficient H3K4 methylation are essential for the normal hematopoiesis of zebrafish.
X chromosome inactivation analysis reveals a difference in the biology of ET patients with JAK2 and CALR mutations
Authors: Allen Christopher , Lambert Jonathan R. , Linch David C. , Gale Rosemary E.
Published: August 2014

Key Points

In ET, a CALR mutation correlates with a monoclonal X chromosome inactivation pattern, which differs from JAK2V617F mutant disease. The presence of a CALR mutant is associated with suppression of wild-type myelopoiesis.
The risk for depression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Meesters Jorit JL , Bremander Ann , Bergman Stefan , Petersson Ingemar F , Turkiewicz Aleksandra , Englund Martin
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Depression is frequent in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. However, epidemiological data about the potential increase in risk are lacking. This study compares the rate of doctor-diagnosed depression in a well defined cohort of AS patients to the general population seeking care.

Methods

The Skåne Healthcare Register comprises healthcare data of each resident in Region Skåne, Sweden (population 1.2 million), including ICD-10 diagnoses. Using physician coded consultation data from years 1999 to 2011, we calculated depression consultation rates for all AS patients. We obtained standardized depression-rate ratios by dividing the observed depression rate in AS patients by the expected rate based on the corresponding age- and sex-specific rates of depression in the general population seeking care. A ratio >1 equals a higher rate of depression among AS patients.

Results

The AS cohort consisted of 1738 subjects (65% men) with a mean age of 54 years. The reference population consisted of 967,012 subjects. During the 13-year observation period 10% (n = 172) of the AS cohort had a doctor-diagnosed depression compared to 6% (n = 105) to be expected. The standardized estimate of depression-rate ratio was 1.81 (95% confidence interval 1.44 to 2.24) in women men and 1.49 (1.20 to 1.89) in men.

Conclusions

The rate of doctor-diagnosed depression is increased about 80% in female and 50% in male AS patients. Future challenges are to timely identify and treat the AS patients who suffer from depression.
Heterologous expression of Gaeumannomyces graminis lipoxygenase in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Heshof Ruud , van Schayck J Paul , Tamayo-Ramos Juan Antonio , de Graaff Leo H
Published: August 2014

Aspergillus sp. contain ppo genes coding for Ppo enzymes that produce oxylipins from polyunsaturated fatty acids. These oxylipins function as signal molecules in sporulation and influence the asexual to sexual ratio of Aspergillus sp. Fungi like Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger contain just ppo genes where the human pathogenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus contain ppo genes as well as lipoxygenases. Lipoxygenases catalyze the synthesis of oxylipins and are hypothesized to be involved in quorum-sensing abilities and invading plant tissue. In this study we used A. nidulans WG505 as an expression host to heterologously express Gaeumannomyces graminis lipoxygenase. The presence of the recombinant LOX induced phenotypic changes in A. nidulans transformants. Also, a proteomic analysis of an A. nidulans LOX producing strain indicated that the heterologous protein was degraded before its glycosylation in the secretory pathway. We observed that the presence of LOX induced the specific production of aminopeptidase Y that possibly degrades the G. graminis lipoxygenase intercellularly. Also the presence of the protein thioredoxin reductase suggests that the G. graminis lipoxygenase is actively repressed in A. nidulans.
Spelling improvement through letter-sound and whole-word training in two multilingual Greek- and English- speaking children
Authors: Niolaki Georgia Z , Masterson Jackie , Terzopoulos Aris R
Published: August 2014

Case studies of two children with spelling difficulty are reported. LK was multilingual and ED bilingual. A training programme that targeted phonic decoding (or sublexical) spelling processes was conducted with both children. Immediate and delayed post-training assessments showed improvement in spelling nonwords for LK but not for ED. Training that targeted whole word (or lexical) spelling processes was then conducted with ED. Improvement in spelling of irregular words (a marker for lexical spelling processes) was observed. Research into literacy difficulties with multilingual children is sparse, although multilingualism is increasingly widespread. Up to now theoretically based training studies have focused on monolingual children and results were promising. The present findings indicate that theoretically based training programmes for literacy difficulties can also be effective for multilingual children.
The mucosal expression pattern of interferon-ɛ in rhesus macaques
Authors: Demers Andrew , Kang Guobin , Ma Fungrui , Lu Wuxun , Yuan Zhe , Li Yue , Lewis Mark , Kraiselburd Edmundo N , Montaner Luis , Li Qingsheng
Published: August 2014

Type I IFNs play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral infections. A novel type I IFN, namely IFN-ɛ, which can protect against vaginal transmission of HSV2 and Chlamydia muridarum bacterial infection, has been described in mice and humans. Nevertheless, the principle cell type and the expression pattern of IFN-ɛ in tissues remain uncertain. In addition, the expression of IFN-ɛ in Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has not been reported. Here, we analyzed IFN-ɛ expression in multiple mucosal sites of uninfected or SIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques using IHCS. We report for the first time the detection of IFN-ɛ expression in situ in the lung, foreskin, vaginal, cervical, and small and large intestinal mucosae of rhesus macaques. We found that the expression of IFN-ɛ was exclusive to the epithelial cells in all of the aforementioned mucosal tissues. Furthermore, the macaque IFN-ɛ sequence in this study revealed that macaque IFN-ɛ is highly conserved among human and other nonhuman primates. Lastly, SIV rectal infection did not significantly alter the expression of IFN-ɛ in rectal mucosae. Together, these findings indicate that IFN-ɛ may function as the first line of defense against the invasion of mucosal pathogens. Further studies should be conducted to examine IFN-ɛ protection against gastrointestinal as well as respiratory infections.