bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT USING DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL METHODS
Authors: Basha S Shakir , Chowdary V Arun , A Kirthi
Published: May 2018

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the physicochemical properties and nutrient content of agricultural soils at various stations such as black soil from Kalroad Palli village (Chandragiri mandal), red soil from Ramapuram village (Ramachandrapuram Mandal), and clay from Yerpedu village (Yerpedu Mandal) of Chittoor district.Method: The physicochemical parameters such as pH was measured using pH meter (Thermo Scientific); electrical conductivity (EC) was measured by conductivity meter (CM180 Elico Technologies); organic carbon (OC) was determined by Fourier-transform infrared (Agilent technologies 630) and with ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer (Agilent technologies Cary UV 60); nitrogen (N2) was estimated by Kjeldahl method; potassium (K), sodium (Na), and calcium (Ca) were estimated using flame photometer (Elico Technologies CL/361); and magnesium (Mg) was estimated by titrimetric method.Results: Among these, pH (black soil - 7.41, red soil - 6.93, and clay - 7.29), EC (black soil - 1.76, red soil - 0.25, and clay - 0.14 microhoms), OC (black soil - 1.22%, red soil - 0.61%, and clay - 0.66%), N2 (black soil - 0.22%, red soil - 0.25%, and clay - 0.26%), K (black soil - 5.7 ppm, red soil - 9.1 ppm, and clay - 8.4 ppm), Na (black soil - 9.5 ppm, red soil - 4.5 ppm, and clay - 5.9 ppm), Ca (black soil - 6.2 ppm, red soil - 5.7 ppm, and clay - 7.8 ppm), Mg (black soil - 0.19%, red soil - 0.25%, and clay - 0.17%) ranges were recorded at all the stations.Conclusion: The present study is a preliminary attempt to study the nature of soils in different agricultural areas in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. This could help to understand the nutrient profile of the district and to prescribe the nutrients levels of the crops for their effective growth.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF EPALRESTAT AND PREGABALIN AND ITS VALIDATION AS PER INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HARMONIZATION GUIDELINES
Authors: Goday Swapna , Sk Abdul Rahaman , A Prameelarani
Published: May 2018

Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a novel, simple, rapid, accurate, stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method, and validate for the simultaneous estimation of epalrestat and pregabalin in bulk and dosage form. Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed on c18 column discovery (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ particle size) the optimized mobile phase consists of 0.01 m potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer: Methanol (25:75% v/v) with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and ultraviolet (UV) detection at 226 nm. Results: The chromatographic condition, retention time was 2.2 min (pregabalin), 2.8 min (epalrestat). Stress testing was performed in accordance with an International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1A R2 guidelines. The method was validated as per ICH Q2 R1 guidelines. Linearity range was 30–180 ppm (epalrestat), 15–90 ppm (pregabalin), accuracy was in the range of 98.14–100.43% for both the drugs. Precision was 0.2% and 0.3% for epalrestat and pregabalin. Limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.21 μg/ml and 0.65 μg/ml for epalrestat and 0.08 μg/ml and 0.25 μg/ml for pregabalin. Conclusion: The method developed is more sensitive, accurate, and precise than the methods reported earlier. Retention time and runtime were also less, and hence, the method is economical. When applied for tablet assay, drug content was within 100.06–100.22% of the labeled content. Forced degradation studies indicated the suitability of the method for stability studies. The proposed method can be used for routine determination of epalrestat and pregabalin.
INDUCTION OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE: A REVIEW
Authors: Romauld Sagayaraj Ivo , S Akilashree , Devi P Brindha
Published: May 2018

Objective: Obesity is the major problem which may lead to many other health ailments such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and depression. Both the cause as well as the treatment lies in the adipose tissue. The two main adipocytes, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are responsible for the accumulation of fat and transformation of fat into heat, respectively. This review discusses the induction of BAT and browning of WAT by different pathways and activators to decrease the rate of obesity. Methods: Understanding the regulators, activators and secreted proteins which induce browning of WAT to BAT, as the BAT engage in thermogenesis process and transform fat into heat rather than storing it (WAT). Some of the core regulators are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, PRDM16, PGC-1α. Results: A basic study explained about the origin of BAT and its functions, the function of hormones in BAT growth and its regulations. These studies provided the platform to understand about the mechanism of regulators, activators and secreted proteins which help in treating obesity and its related disorders by inducing the amount of BAT. Conclusion: The major health ailments caused by obesity can be reduced by increasing the activity of BAT and transforming WAT into BAT. A challenging way to treat these ailments is by regulating the activators and hormones responsible for the induction of BAT, so it transforms the excess fat into heat and avoiding the accumulation of fat. By understanding the role of regulators in the adipose tissue can provide various methods to reduce the chance of obesity and enhance efficient treatment in both children and adults.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PERIODONTAL FILMS CONTAINING AZITHROMYCIN AND SERRATIOPEPTIDASE
Authors: Rani Soniya , Singh Nardev
Published: May 2018

Objective: The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate periodontal film, which could be capable of delivering therapeutic concentration of azithromycin and serratiopeptidase for a prolonged period of time and could be easily placed into the periodontal pocket. Methods: The films were prepared by solvent casting method using combinations of ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 50 cps, eudragit L-100, and Chitosan in different ratios using dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer. The periodontal films were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, percentage moisture absorption, percentage moisture loss, folding endurance, percentage swelling index, percentage elongation, and in vitro percentage cumulative drug-enzyme release profile. Results: Formulation F12 was found to be a good periodontal film. Hence, it was considered as an optimized formulation. In vitro drug-enzyme release rate studies using keshary-chien diffusion cell showed maximum drug release in F12 formulation (95.92% for azithromycin and 94.20% for serratiopeptidase at the end of 24 h) compared to other formulations. Conclusion: The optimized formulation F12 showed the best drug-enzyme release profile among the others for the preparation of periodontal film. There is a scope for the further study and development of the azithromycin and serratiopeptidase periodontal films.
Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein as a Marker for Early Diagnosis of Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetic Children.
Authors: M Abushady Mones , A Fathy Gihan , R El-alameey Inas , Ma Abbas , M Galal Essam , N Atef Soha
Published: May 2018

Objectives: Renal failure and premature mortality are fatal prognosis of diabetic nephropathy. To improve patient outcome, early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy is necessary. The study was designed to evaluate urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), as an early biomarker of tubulointerstitial injury, and its association with the clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetic children.Methods: Fifty randomly selected patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) attending the diabetes outpatient clinic of Ain Shams University Children’s Hospital were included in the study. 50 age and sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. Urinary L-FABP, 24 h urine albumin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), serum creatinine, and lipid profile were measured.Results: Diabetic subjects had higher mean urinary L-FABP than controls (p<0.05). In microalbuminuric diabetic subjects, the mean urinary L-FABP was detected to be significantly higher than that in normoalbuminuric diabetic subjects, and significantly higher values of the mean urinary L-FABP were detected in the microalbuminuric and the normoalbuminuric subjects than the controls (p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that duration of DM and HbA1c was the main predictors of urinary L-FABP in diabetic subjects.Conclusion: In patients with childhood-onset T1D, urinary L-FABP may be used as an indicator of renal injury in early stages of nephropathy, even in the normoalbuminuric state.
Knowledge, attitude and practice on doping of Malaysian student athletes
Authors: Ming Chiang Lim , Shamsuddin Ahmad Fuad , Tuan Mahmood Tuan Mazlelaa
Published: May 2018

Objective: The aim of the study is to measure the knowledge, attitude, and practice of drugs use in sports among Malaysian student athletes.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, self-administered survey of student athletes studying in six universities and two sports schools in Malaysia. Athletes were approached at their schools or universities and were explained about the study. If they agreed to participate, they were asked to provide written informed consent and fill in the survey. Participation in the study was voluntary and no incentives were given.Results: Overall, 182 respondents were recruited for this study. Most of the respondents were male, age between 16 and 18 years old and had participated in international sports competition. The knowledge of the respondents on drugs in sports was found to be moderate with the median score of 11 per 18. The overall mean performance enhancement attitude scale scores, a measure of doping attitudes, for all respondents were 44.63 ± 13.03 indicating they are having a negative attitude toward doping. Meanwhile, 12% of the respondents had been offered doping agents by any parties with 13.7% of them are using it for medical purpose while 4.4% of them had used it for other purposes.Conclusion: Young athletes should be better equipped with knowledge on the dangers of doping and have a firm stance against doping. Thus, specific educational package and special courses should be provided to address the knowledge gap observed among the athletes in this study apart from enhancing their attitude toward the importance of anti-doping.
ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF OCIMUM SANCTUM ON ORAL MICROBES
Authors: Parida Amrita , Siddeeqh Salman , Jose Maji , V. Manju
Published: May 2018

Objective: Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) of the Lamiaceae family has been used since centuries for its medicinal properties. Tulsi powder has been utilized for cleaning tooth and is known to be effective in maintaining oral hygiene. Although the medical usefulness of tulsi is investigated extensively, its effectiveness in treating oral diseases is not yet established, and only a few studies are available in the literature regarding this aspect. Therefore, in the current study, the antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of tulsi on oral microbes was explored.Methods: Ethanolic extract was obtained from the leaves of O. sanctum (tulsi) using the Soxhlet apparatus. The concentration of 400 μg/ml was chosen to test the antimicrobial properties against common oral microbes such as Prevotella intermedia, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mitis, and Peptostreptococcus using agar well diffusion and broth dilution method. Chlorhexidine was a positive control. To compare and correlate the results, Mann–Whitney U-test was applied.Results: The ethanolic extract at a concentration of 400 μg/ml showed an inhibitory effect against Streptococcus and Streptococcus with an inhibitory zone of 7.33 mm each. The extract was found to be effective against P. intermedia and Peptostreptococcus. It was also effective against candida (zone of inhibition was 10.67 mm). However, no inhibitory effect was seen on Lactobacillus.Conclusion: O. sanctum extract was found to have inhibitory effects on oral microbes, and hence, pharmaceutical formulations prepared from tulsi extracts could have a potential to be used as a part of routine dental hygiene.
PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT MORICANDIA ARVENSIS L. FROM ALGERIAN SAHARA
Authors: Berreghioua Abdelaziz , Cheriti Abdelkrim
Published: May 2018

Objective: The aim of this research was to isolate and identify flavonoids extracted from the leaves of Moricandia arvensis.Methods: The phytochemical screening reaction and thin-layer chromatography have been used to characterize the chemical groups, before they were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance.Results: The leaves contain essentially flavonoids, tannins, cardenolides, saponins, and alkaloids. The phytochemical investigation of the water-acetone extract led to the isolation of five flavonoids derivatives, namely: 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4’-trimethoxyflavone (1); 5,7,4’-trihydroxy- 3,6,8,3’-tetramethoxyflavone (2); 3,3’,4’, 5,7- pentahydroxy flavanone (3); 3-glucosyl 3’,4’,5,7 tetrahydroxy flavonol (4); and kaempférol-3- digalactopyranoside (5). The structures of 1–5 were identified by comparison of their spectral data with those reported in the literature.Conclusion: In this work, it was possible to isolate and identify five flavonoids after fractionation of the hydroacetone extract from the leaves of the medicinal plant M. arvensis.
CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF USING PLATELET-RICH PLASMA AND PLATELET-RICH FIBRIN MATRIX IN TREATMENT OF INDUCED CHRONIC OPEN WOUNDS IN BUCKS
Authors: Khalaf Falah H , Salih Serwa Ibrahim
Published: May 2018

Objective: This study was designed to identify the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma gel (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRF) application on the induced open chronic full-thickness cutaneous wounds in goats.Methods: A total of 24 adult apparently healthy local breed bucks were used in this study. PRP gel and PRF matrix were prepared from whole blood at the time of treatment, four square full-thickness skin wounds (4 cm × 4 cm) on the dorsal sides of the back of each animal were created, by daily scratched to interrupt healing process continuation to prolong inflammatory reaction to form chronic wound, this surgical procedure was continued for 8 weeks to ensure the traditional chronicity wounds, after that they were treated by PRP gel in the first group (n=12), while PRF matrix was used in the second group (n=12). Each group was also subdivided into treatment (n=2 wounds) and control group (n=2 wounds) in each animal. The healing process was evaluated by clinical examination during experimental period and histologically in day 7, 14, 28, and 45 post operation.Conclusion: Both groups showed faster tissue repair and epithelialization in treatment groups compared to control groups. The results of this study confirmed PRP gel and PRF matrix application improved and accelerated cutaneous open chronic wound healing.
APPLICATION OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY IN THE IMPURITY PROFILING OF DRUG SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTS
Authors: H S Akshatha , Bm Gurupadayya
Published: May 2018

As the drug safety and efficacy is hampered in the presence of an impurity, the international regulatory agencies laid down stringent limits for the control of impurities in the active pharmaceutical ingredient and pharmaceutical formulations. The conventional approaches lack the characterization of impurities in trace levels, due to sensitivity issues, hyphenated techniques are preferred. Among the modern hyphenated techniques, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has high sensitivity and can analyze large number of organic compounds in a short period of time. In the present study, the impurity profiling of various drug substances and products using LC-MS about past 6 years were retrospect for its importance, instrumentations, and applications.
DETECTION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT IN FLOWERS OF VIOLA ODORATA BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Jasim Shaimaa Fakhri , Baqer Noor Nihad , Alraheem Esam Abd
Published: May 2018

Objective: Viola odorata has a characteristic as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, and antipyretic agents. The aim of this study was detected about bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of V. odorata. Methods: The methanolic extract was analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the identification of different compounds.Results: The current study investigated about phytochemicals in flowers of V. odorata. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of flowers showed 84 compounds. The highest concentration was for components which include ethanol, 2-(9,12-octadecadienyl oxy) -, (Z,Z)-; pentadecanoic acid; 1-pentacosanol; 1-pentacosanol; 2-furan carboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-; 1,2 benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester; and docosane, 11-butyl- and gamma-sitosterol. The peak area and retention time for each components, respectively, were (15.709, 25.51%), (14.015, 19.51%), (29.914, 4.69%), (27.292, 3.95%), (5.707, 4.05%), (20.357, 3.91%), (18.289, 2.48%), and (30.431, 2.37%). While the others components ranged the peak area from 2.03% to 0.05%.Conclusions: These results indicate that the flowers of V. odorata contain the numerous components which have medical importance and this study was one of the first studies to detect phytochemicals in V. odorata.
MORRIS WATER MAZE – A BENCH MARK TEST FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY DISORDERS IN ANIMAL MODELS: A REVIEW
Authors: Venkataramaiah Ch , Swathi G , Rajendra W
Published: May 2018

The morris water maze (MWM) was developed by morris as a device to investigate spatial learning and memory in laboratory rats. MWM has become one of the most frequently used laboratory tools in behavioral neuroscience. The MWM task has been often used in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders (e.g., Parkinson, Alzheimer, Epilepsy, and Schizophrenia), and the evaluation of possible neurocognitive treatments. It is also being used to assess the properties of established potential antipsychotics in animal models of Schizophrenia. The MWM task requires rats to find a hidden platform in a large, circular pool of water that is colored opaque with powdered non-fat milk (or) non-toxic tempera paint where they must swim to the hidden platform. Because they are in the opaque water, the animals cannot see the platform and cannot rely on scent to find the escape route. Instead, they must rely on extra-maze cues. The behavior of rat can be evaluated by analyzing the different parameters such as escape latency, swim speed, and path length, and probe trail. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe procedural aspects, interpretational difficulties of data and advantages of MWM. This paradigm has become a benchmark test for learning and memory difficulties in animal models and preclinical research in general.
TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY FOR EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
Authors: Abd El-bary Ahmed , Kamal Ibrahim Howida , Saeed Hazaa Balqees
Published: May 2018

Anterior parts of the eye are susceptible to infections caused by different bacterial species. The use of suitable therapeutic measures in case of ocular infections can be sight saving. The appropriate therapy depends on selecting the right antibacterial as well as an efficient drug delivery system. Despite their accessibility, topical delivery of the selected antibiotic into the anterior ocular parts is still a challenging issue due to the complex nature of the eye. Ocular therapy would be significantly improved by modifying the physicochemical properties of the drug and by prolonging its pre-corneal residence time. This review will help pharmaceutical formulators to identify different parts of the eye and the corresponding bacterial infections, ocular barriers to drug delivery, and general consideration when formulating ocular drug delivery systems for the treatment of eye infections.
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DETECTION METHODS FOR THE EXTENDED‑SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASES PRODUCING ENTEROBACTERIACEAE FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES
Authors: G Kaviyarasan , Kcp Rajamanikandan , M Sabarimuthu , S Ramya , Prasanth D Arvind
Published: May 2018

Objectives: Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is crucial for the infection control and antibiotic choice in healthcare settings. The aim of this study is to develop a standardized, inexpensive, and simple approach that is able to detect ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates.Methods: Isolates those were resistant to at least one of the three indicator cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, and ceftazidime) were tested for ESBL production using the double disc synergy test (DDST), combined disc synergy test (CDST) test and genotypic detection of the responsible gene for the ESBL.Result: From 64 isolates, 28 were resistant to cephalosporins. In 28 isolates, 23 were positive in CDST but in the DDST 18 were showing ESBL positive. 10 were positive in both CDST and DDST.Conclusion: Resistance to cephalosporins, which are the drug choice to treat mixed bacterial infections by the Enterobacteriaceae of which disseminate rapidly being plasmid mediated. Hence, it is necessary that rapid detection of ESBL should be done and immediate infection control measures should be implemented to prevent their dissemination.
MEAN CENTERING OF RATIO SPECTRA METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THEOPHYLLINE AND EPHEDRINE HCL MIXTURE IN TABLET
Authors: Muchlisyam Muchlisyam , Sudarmi Sudarmi , Caroline Cindy
Published: May 2018

Objective: Mean centering of ratio spectra method (MCR method) is one of the simplest methods for the determination of drug mixtures. The purpose of this research is to determine the content of theophylline (THEO) and ephedrine HCl (EPH) in tablets by MCR spectra method.Methods: This research was conducted with the MCR method. It was measured at 271 nm for THEO and 257 nm for EPH using 0.1 N HCL as a solution. The calculation was conducted with Matlab application. The analytical characteristics of the method are detection limit, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. Standard addition method was used to increase the concentration of EPH in the sample until it reached the range of calibration concentration.Result: The research has showed that validations for THEO were 100.57% for accuracy, 0.68% for relative standard deviation (RSD), 0.46 μg/mL for limit of detection (LOD), and 1.52 μg/mL for limit of quantification (LOQ). Meanwhile, the validations for EPH are 100.02% for accuracy, 0.07% for RSD, 43.12 μg/mL for LOD, and 143.72 μg/mL for LOQ. The level of THEO is 97.43 ± 0.17% and the level of EPH is 101.36 ± 0.25% for brand one’s tablet. Meanwhile, brand two’s tablet contains 98.72 ± 0.14% of THEO and 103.62 ± 0.23% of EPH.Conclusion: MCR ultraviolet spectrophotometric method can be used to determine the content of THEO and EPH in tablets and meets the detection limit, accuracy, precision, and selectivity.
METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE C677T GENE POLYMORPHISM AND PROSTATE CANCER RISK
Authors: Tellouche-bouhouhou Samah , Chellat-rezgoune Djalila , Abadi Noureddine , Satta Dalila , Dahdouh Abderrezak
Published: May 2018

Objective: The single nucleotide polymorphism C677T of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene encodes a thermolabile enzyme. This polymorphism was found to be implicated in cancer susceptibility. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in two cohorts; patients and controls native of East of Algeria to explore the possible association between this polymorphism and prostate cancer susceptibility.Methods: Our examination has been conducted in 98 cases and 98 healthy controls. Genotyping was realized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.Results: Compared with CC homozygous, the CT heterozygous was found to have a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (p=0.04; odds ratio [OR]=2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–3.95). However, no statistically significant difference was observed concerning the TT homozygous (p=0.74; OR=1.25, 95% CI: 0.51–3.04).Conclusion: Our results indicate that the genotype CT is a risk factor for prostate cancer in East of Algeria.
ANTIDIABETIC AND ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL FROM ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF LEAF AND FRUIT OF TRICHOSANTHES DIOICA AND LEAF OF CLITORIA TERNATEA ON DIABETIC RATS INDUCED BY STREPTOZOTOCIN
Authors: R Kavitha
Published: May 2018

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and enzymatic antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf and fruit of Trichosanthes dioica and leaf of Clitoria ternatea in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Male adult albino rats of Wistar strain equally divided into 11 groups of six rats each were assigned into non-diabetic and diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced in experimental animals by single dose intraperitoneal administration of STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Group I and II which served as non-diabetic and diabetic controls, respectively, received placebo treatment. The diabetic test Groups III to X were treated with either individual and combined ethanolic extracts of plant materials T. dioica and C. ternatea (200 and 400 mg/kg bw) and Group XI was treated with glibenclamide (600 μg/kg bw) for 28 days consecutively. After completion of experimental duration, the animals were sacrificed and collected serum, liver, and kidney were used for the evaluating therapeutic effects on the STZ-induced diabetic rats.Results: The ethanolic extracts of T. dioica (leaf and fruit) and C. ternatea (leaf) and glibenclamide significantly reduced the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and significantly increased the activities of enzymatic antioxidant markers superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in serum, liver, and kidney of diabetic rats.Conclusions: From the present study, it can be concluded that the combined extract of T. dioica fruit and C. ternatea leaf was found to be more effective in treating diabetes and increased activities of enzymatic antioxidants in diabetic-treated rats substantiate that the investigated drugs do extend a clear protective action against LPO in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
AN IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF EUPHORBIA HIRTA AND MURRAYA KOENIGII AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Gupta Divya , Kumar Mukesh , Gupta Vishal
Published: May 2018

Objective: To investigate the solvent-dependent antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of extracts of Euphorbia hirta (leaves and flowers) and Murraya koenigii (leaves), as well as to evaluate the synergistic activity of these medicinal extracts with suitable antibiotic discs and antibiotics susceptibility of selected pathogenic microorganisms.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the medicinal extracts was screened through agar well diffusion method and antibiotics susceptibility of selected microorganisms was investigated using disc diffusion method. A combined agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods were used for the determination of synergistic activities of the extracts with antibiotic discs.Results: Among the different solvents, ethanol had maximum zone of inhibition against the test pathogens. Ethanolic leaf extracts of E. hirta exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration value of 12.5 mg/mL and 25.0 mg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial assay revealed that E. hirta extracts were active against all tested Gram-negative bacteria. However, none of the plant extracts had inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. Phytochemical screening for both the extracts from E. hirta revealed the presence of steroid, tannin, terpenoids, carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoid, diterpene, and glycoside, whereas M. koenigii extract was rich in saponins, protein, steroid, tannin, carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoid, and glycoside.Conclusion: The present study proposes that E. hirta and M. koenigii extracts are excellent sources of natural bioactive compounds that could be used as potent antimicrobial drugs to counter the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms.
FORMULATION EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF ORODISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM BY THE USING OF DIFFERENT SUPERDISINTEGRANTS
Authors: Singh Chundawat Lokendra , Sharma Vishal
Published: May 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate and optimize an orodispersible formulation of pantoprazole sodium using a 32 factorial design for optimized the superdisintegrant concentration. Methods: Various concentrations (2%, 4%, and 6%) of superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycollate [SSG] and crospovidone [CP]) were added in the formulation, all processing steps are carried out at a temperature below 250c and relative humidity <35%. Procedure to manufacture orodispersible tablets by direct compression was established. Results: The results show that the presence of a superdisintegrants is desirable for orodispersion. The best-optimized batch found was the batch having amount of CP 4.37 mg and SSG 10.59 mg. All the formulations satisfied the limits of orodispersion with a dispersion time of <30 s best formulation showed a disintegration time (DT) of 30 s, % friability is 0.82%, drug content of 96– 99.4, and fast drug release rate of 80 % of drug release within 10 min. Conclusion: The optimized batch was evaluated for thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, DT dissolution, and accelerated stability study for a period of 3 months. The similarity factor was calculated for comparison of dissolution profile before and after stability studies. The f2 value was found more than 50 that indicate a good similarity between both the dissolution profiles. Hence, the results of stability studies reveal that the developed formulation has good stability.
INCORPORATION OF VITAMIN E ONTO CROSS-LINKED GALACTOMANNAN PHOSPHATE MATRIX AND IN VITRO STUDY
Authors: Tarigan Juliati Br , Purba Djendakita , Zuhra Cut Fatimah
Published: May 2018

Objective: This study demonstrated the incorporation of Vitamin E from palm fatty acid distillate onto crosslinked galactomannan phosphate (CGP) matrix.Methods: CGP was obtained from the crosslinking reaction of galactomannan from Arenga pinnata (GAP) with tri-sodium metaphosphate (TMF) ranging from 1:1 to 4:3 while incorporation of Vitamin E was conducted in two steps to form films. The reliability study of Vitamin E in CGPVE was conducted using a solution of pepsin and sodium chloride and also in solution of pancreatin and buffer phosphate.Results: The Fourier-transform infrared spectrum indicated the presence of phosphate in CGP while the scanning electron microscope images depicted the changes of surface morphology from smooth (GAP) to rough and hollow (CGP) which confirmed that crosslink had occurred. The swelling study of CGP showed that the swelling indexes were similar and decreased with the increase of TMF. The efficiency of CGP to absorb Vitamin E ranged from 89.66% to 91.09%. The in vitro releasing study of Vitamin E in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid showed that only a small amount of Vitamin E was released.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that CGP can be prepared and is potentially useful for drug delivery to the colon.
THE TOTAL POLYPHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS HONEY AND SUGARS
Authors: Chaiyasut Chaiyavat , Kesika Periyanaina , Peerajan Sartjin , Sivamaruthi Bhagavathi Sundaram
Published: May 2018

Objective: Honey and sugars are rich in polyphenols and known for several health benefits. The quality of the honey varied on the floral source and geographical region. The sugar quality depends on the processing and source. The study aimed to evaluate the total polyphenolic content and antioxidant properties of selected Thai honey and sugar samples.Methods: Total polyphenol content and antioxidant properties were determined by the colorimetric method, and 2, 2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and ferrous ion-chelating assays, respectively.Results: The honey from Eupatorium odoratum Linn (HEO) (0.75 mg gallic acid equivalent/ml of sample), and meal cane sugar (MCS) (4.13 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of sample) exhibited higher polyphenol content among the honey, and sugar samples, respectively. The refined sugar (RS) showed least phenolic content (0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of sample) when compared to all tested sugars and honey samples. HEO exhibited high Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC; 235.93 mg TEAC per ml sample) among the honey samples. Among the sugars, MCS showed high TEAC (3891.22 mg TEAC per g sample). The honey from Nephelium lappaceum Linn and HEO has superior FRAP value and chelating power, respectively. The RS was least in total antioxidant capacity, FRAP, and chelating power.Conclusion: The HEO, and MCS and palm sugars are harbored with phenolic content and antioxidants. The refining process drastically diminished the quality of the sugar. The information may help to choose best carbon source for the preparation of fermented beverages with improved functional properties.
17Α-METHYLTESTOSTERONE (ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS) ALTERS ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN IN FEMALE MICE, MUS MUSCULUS
Authors: B Patil Sachin , S Inamdar Laxmi
Published: May 2018

Aim: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. Androgens and anabolic steroids have been used for therapeutic purpose with few exceptions. However, the abuse of AAS is a remarkably prevalent problem, particularly among athletes and adolescents. Supraphysiological doses of AAS exert profound effects on mental state and behaviors such as depression, anxiety, aggressiveness, and cognitive deterioration.Objective: In the present investigation, we studied the impact of one of the AAS compounds, i.e., 17α-methyltestosterone on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity in different brain parts of mice, namely, forebrain, hippocampus, midbrain, and hindbrain.Methods: The adult female mice were assigned to four experimental groups to which different doses of 17α-MT (0.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/kg bwt, respectively) were administrated s.c. for 30 days. A significant increase in AChE activity in forebrain and midbrain (low and medium dose treatment) suggests a reduction of cholinergic neurotransmission efficiency due to decrease in acetylcholine levels in trans-synaptic cleft. Further, concurrent reduction in AChE activity was observed in whole brain, hippocampus, and hindbrain of 17α-MT-treated mice suggests the impairment in neuronal transmission. Since the regulation of cholinergic system through acetylcholine hydrolysis has been largely attributed to AChE activity, a significant reduction in its activity may lead to stress-related anxiety, memory loss with some cognitive and behavioral aspects in the mice.Conclusion: Based on the observed results, we propose that 17α-MT, an alkylated steroid compound, has a negative impact on AChE enzyme activity in different parts of mice brain, leading to impairment in neuronal transmission.
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC PROPERTIES OF A ZINC MIXED LIGAND COMPLEX IN HIGH-FAT DIET - LOW-DOSE STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Koothappan Muruganantham , Devi Vellai Roshana , Pillai Subramanian Iyyam , Sorimuthu Pillai Subramanian
Published: May 2018

Objective: Due to the multifactorial and multisystemic nature of diabetes mellitus (DM), it is often treated with a combination of therapeutic agents. Earlier, we have synthesized and characterized several organozinc complexes and evaluated their safety and antidiabetic properties in experimental DM. In the present study, a new zinc mixed ligand (metformin-3-hydroxyflavone) was synthesized and characterized by various spectral studies and its antidiabetic properties were evaluated in high-fat diet (HFD) fed – low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 2 D (T2D) in rats.Methods: The zinc mixed ligand complex was characterized by spectral studies. The toxicity and dosage fixation studies were carried out as per OECD guidelines 423. HFD fed low-dose STZ-induced T2DM in rats was used as the experimental model. The hypoglycemic efficacy of the complex was evaluated through oral glucose tolerance test, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR), QUICK I and by determining the status of important biochemical parameters. The activities of marker enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were assayed. Metformin was used as a standard drug.Results: The spectral data evidenced the synthesis of a new zinc mixed ligand complex. The biochemical studies evidenced that the oral administration of the complex at a concentration of 10 mg/kg b.w/rat/day for 30 days to diabetic rats significantly improved the glucose homeostasis which was comparable to metformin treatment (50 mg/kg b.w).Conclusion: The zinc mixed complex possesses significant antidiabetic properties in ameliorating IR and stimulatory properties.
ETHNOMEDICINAL POTENTIAL OF SARCOSTEMMA ACIDUM IN DIFFERENT REGIONS IN INDIA
Authors: Pandey Sandeep
Published: May 2018

Objective: The aim of this study is to collect and enumerate the uses of Sarcostemma acidum (Somlata) in the treatments of various diseases and to evaluate knowledgeable information on traditional practitioners among different communities in India. Methods: This was an extensive survey of literature on ethnopharmacological uses of S. acidum in Indian system of traditional medicine (TM), and the collected information documented in tabular form. Results: The collected literature reveals that the plant is used as TM by the indigenous community in states such as Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Telangana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttaranchal, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These communities are using the whole plant in 29%, stem 15%, latex 24%, roots 10%, leaves 17%, and flowers in 5% of cases for treating 40 different types of ailments important being ear ache, snake bite, rheumatism, dog bite, emetic, chronic ulcer, and bone fracture. Conclusions: Due to insufficient knowledge, lack of information and overexploitation has made the plant species under threat. The present survey provides proper documentation of ethnomedicinal uses of the plant and provides a valuable source of information for traditional practitioners and researchers with a special emphasis on developing policies for conservation and sustainable use of this species.
ASSESSMENT OF TREATMENT OUTCOME IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS APPROACHING A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Jaison Riya , Abraham Suja , Johny Mary Sruthy , Pk Vasant , R Lakshmi
Published: May 2018

Objectives: The main objectives of the study were to determine the treatment outcome of tuberculosis (TB) patients in a tertiary care hospital, factors associated with the success of treatment, the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with anti-tubercular drugs, and the causality and severity evaluation of ADRs.Methods: It was a prospective study conducted for 10 months to evaluate the treatment outcome in TB patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kerala, India. A total of 101 patients were studied as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Treatment outcome analyzed according to the WHO guidelines, causality and severity assessment was done by Naranjo and HARTWID-SIEGEL scale, respectively. A standardized data collection form was prepared, and necessary data were collected from patient’s medical records.Results: A total of 101 patients mostly in the age group of 30–50 years were male population dominates pulmonary TB (PTB) was seen in 57 (56.43%) extra PTB in 44 (43.57%) in which pleural effusion TB was common (34.09%) other types were lymph node TB (15.74%), spine TB, TB meningitis (9.09% each), bone TB (6.481%) treatment outcome found to be success in 85 (84%) 10 (10%)treatment completed 1 (1%) died 4 were defaulters, 1 not evaluated, 82 developed ADR. On causality assessment it was possible and severity of moderate level.Conclusion: By proper management and monitoring TB can be completely cured, and most of them have a favorable outcome with current treatment, and ADR can be managed by providing proper awareness of treatment modalities/disease.
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF LANTANA INDICA AND VITEX NEGUNDO ON CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS
Authors: K Rathnasagar , Anand Thiyagaraj
Published: May 2018

Objectives: The activity of two different leaf extracts of Lantana indica and Vitex negundo is tested against the 3rd and 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to evaluate the potency of the extracts as a larvicide and to find an ecologically sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides. A bioinformatics screening approach was performed to evaluate the in vivo results.Methods: The obtained larvae’s from nearby water sources were tested with N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) as the positive control which is the commercial chemical mosquito repellent and the solvents used for the respective plant extracts act as the negative control. Petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA) and an aqueous (AQ) extract were prepared for both L. indica and V. negundo extracts, and its larvicidal activity was tested. A docking based approach was used to study the inhibitory effect of known active compounds from L. indica and V. negundo against acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and sterol binding protein as targets.Results: On comparing the results between three plants extract for its larvicidal activity, the EA extract of V. negundo and L. indica is found to be potent with a low LC50 value. Further, the docking studies between active compounds of L. indica and V. negundo with AChE and Sterol binding protein as targets showed that the compound tangeritin-1 had a good docking score compared to DEET and could be a natural alternative for larvicidal activity in the mosquito.Conclusion: Individual activity of tangeritin-1 could be further studied with mosquito mortality studies and molecular simulations and develop tangeritin-1 as a potential larvicidal compound for commercial use.
ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL DRUG INTERACTIONS AMONG HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS AT THE CARDIAC AND PULMONARY DEPARTMENTS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS
Authors: Ramalingam Kameswaran , Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram , Kandasamy Krishnaveni , Krishnan Karthikeyan
Published: May 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential drug interactions among hospitalized patients in cardiac and pulmonary wards in three tertiary care hospitals.Methods: A prospective, observational study was carried out for 12 months. A sample of 1150 patients were assessed for potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) using Micromedex®- 2.7 and Drugs.com.Results: A total of 1150 patients were analyzed, and it was found that 685 were cardiac and 465 were pulmonary patients. The study identified 524 (76.49%) cardiac patients and 345 (74.19%) pulmonary patients, with pDDIs higher in male cardiac (298 [56.87%]) and male pulmonary (199 [57.68%]) patients, compared to females. Incidences of pDDIs were found to be higher in the age group of 60–70 years in cardiac (193 [36.83%]) and pulmonary (146 [42.31%]) patients and incidences of interactions based on duration of 4–6 days’ hospital stays in cardiac were 380 (72.53%) and 215 (62.31%) in pulmonary patients, respectively. Moreover, 51.90% of cardiac patients and 56.52% of pulmonary patients were found to be prescribed with more number of drugs (cardiac 7 drugs and pulmonary 5–6 drugs) causing higher incidences of pDDIs. Some of the most common drug interacting pair was aspirin and clopidogrel combination observed in 245 cardiac patients, whereas in the pulmonary department, it was ranitidine-theophylline combination with a frequency of 195 pDDIs. Drug-food interactions were found with atorvastatin–citrus fruits in cardiac and theophylline–caffeine in pulmonary patients. The most common drug-disease interaction was found to be isosorbide dinitrate–myocardial infarction in cardiac and diazepam–COPD in pulmonary, respectively.Conclusion: Pharmacists must take responsibility in the monitoring of drug interactions and notifying the physician and patient about potential problems. With their detailed knowledge of drugs, pharmacists have the ability to relate unexpected symptoms experienced by patients to possible adverse effects of their drug therapy.
THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF OMEGA-3 AGAINST GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF COBALT OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ACUTE TREATMENT IN MALE MICE
Authors: Hussien Nahed A , Mohamed Hanan R. H.
Published: May 2018

Objective: Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs), especially cobalt oxide NPs (Co3O4 NPs) are attracting unique shaped NPs that are used in different biomedical applications and medicine. Different in vitro studies report their toxic and carcinogenic effect but limited in vivo studies were present on its genotoxic potential. The present study was aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of Co3O4 NPs on bone marrow cells and sperms and the protective role of omega-3 in male albino mice.Methods: Animals were segregated into four groups that were orally treated for 3 consecutive days, Group 1: Negative control; Group 2: Omega-3 (250 mg/kg); Group 3: Co3O4 NPs (20 mg/kg); and Group 4: Combined group (250 mg/kg Omega-3 and Co3O4 NPs 20 mg/kg).Results: The present results show that Co3O4 NPs administration significantly increased number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs)/1000 PCEs, sperm abnormalities, and DNA damage, significantly decreased sperm motility and concentration in comparison to negative control group. However, Omega-3 administration in the combined group modulates the genotoxic potential of Co3O4 NPs in comparison to Co3O4 NPs group.Conclusion: The present study reports the genotoxic potential of Co3O4 NPs in vivo and assesses the protective role of Omega-3 administration due to its antioxidant effect.
EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCE (EPS) FROM KOCURIA SP. BRI 36: A KEY COMPONENT IN HEAVY METAL RESISTANCE
Authors: Mulik Anuradha , Bhadekar Rama
Published: May 2018

Objective: Evaluation of Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) induced heavy metal tolerance in Kocuria sp. BRI 36.Methods: Initially, the effect of different concentrations of glucose (1-10 %) on EPS production by BRI 36 was examined. At optimum glucose concentrations, EPS levels were measured by varying heavy metal concentrations (10-50 ppm) of Pb2+, Cd 2+and Cr3+. Maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) and survival percentage of BRI 36 were determined under conditions that support EPS synthesis. Comparative analysis of extracted crude EPS was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to establish functional groups involved in the metal interaction. Results: Kocuriasp. BRI 36 produced maximum EPS (1g/l) at 5% glucose. Increase in EPS production up to 89% (considering 1g/l as 100%) with an increase in concentrations of heavy metals up to 40 ppm. MTC levels of BRI 36 for heavy metals increased up to 700 ppm when it was cultivated in presence of 5% glucose indicating a major role of surface polymer in metal adsorption. The function of EPS as a protective cover was also evident from an increase in survival percentage of BRI 36 up to 39.4 at MTC. Comparative analysis of extracted crude EPS by FTIR revealed the involvement of O-H, C=O, and C-O-C groups in metal adsorptionConclusion: Antarctic oceanic isolate Kocuria sp. BRI 36 has an ability to produced EPS under stress conditions of heavy metals. Simultaneously, its MTC values increased due to increase in EPS levels. These observations suggest the possibility to develop gentle, environmentally safe and cost-effective method for heavy metal removal.