bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Debt, Child Allowances and Pension Benefits with Endogenous Fertility
Authors: Yasuoka Masaya , Miyake Atsushi
Published: March 2013

The public debt stock in some economically developed countries continues to increase because of a lack of tax revenues and the concomitant burdens of social security. Many of those countries suffer from lower birth rates and consequently, have fewer children. Child allowances might be an effective way to increase fertility, leading to higher future tax revenues through an increase in the number of younger people. In this paper, the authors examine whether or not child allowances reduce the public debt stock as a share of GDP in an economy with a pension system. As long as a non-negative debt policy is adopted in the long run, child allowances financed by bonds always increase the public debt stock as a share of GDP.
The role of the global cryosphere in the fate of organic contaminants
Authors: Grannas A. M. , Bogdal C. , Hageman K. J. , Halsall C. , Harner T. , Hung H. , Kallenborn R. , Klán P. , Klánová J. , Macdonald R. W. , Meyer T. , Wania F.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The cryosphere is an important component of global organic contaminant cycles. Snow is an efficient scavenger of atmospheric organic pollutants while a seasonal snowpack, sea ice, glaciers and ice caps are contaminant reservoirs on time scales ranging from days to millennia. Important physical and chemical processes occurring in the various cryospheric compartments impact contaminant cycling and fate. A variety of interactions and feedbacks also occur within the cryospheric system, most of which are susceptible to perturbations due to climate change. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the transport and processing of organic contaminants in the global cryosphere with an emphasis on the role of a changing climate. Given the complexity of contaminant interactions with the cryosphere and limitations on resources and research capacity, interdisciplinary research and extended collaborations are essential to close identified knowledge gaps and to improve our understanding of contaminant fate under a changing climate.
Do anthropogenic or coastal aerosol sources impact on a clean marine aerosol signature at Mace Head?
Authors: O'Dowd C. , Ceburnis D. , Ovadnevaite J. , Rinaldi M. , Facchini M. C.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols have been sampled and characterised at the Mace Head North East (N.E.) Atlantic atmospheric research station since 1958, with many interesting phenomena being discovered. However, with the range of new discoveries and scientific advances, there has been a range of concomitant criticisms challenging the representativeness of aerosol sampled at the station to that of aerosol over the open ocean. Two recurring criticisms relate to the lack of representativeness due to enhanced coastal sources, thereby leading to artificially high values to aerosol parameters, and to the influence of long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosol and its potential dominance over, or drowning-out of, a natural marine aerosol signal. Here we review the results of previous experimental studies into marine aerosols over the N.E. Atlantic and at Mace Head with the aim of evaluating their representativeness relative to that of an open ocean aerosol with negligible anthropogenic influence. Particular focus is given to organic matter (OM) aerosol. In summary, no correlation was found between OM and black carbon (BC) either at BC levels of 0–15 or 15–50 ng m−3, suggesting that OM concentrations up to peak values of 3.8 μg m−3 are predominantly natural in origin. Sophisticated carbon isotope analysis and aerosol mass spectral finger printing corroborate the natural source of OM with 80% biogenic source apportionment being observed for general clean air conditions, rising to 98% during specific primary marine organic plumes when peak concentrations >3 μg m−3 are observed. A range of other experiments are discussed which corroborate the dominance of a marine signal under Mace Head clean air criteria along. Further, analysis of a series of experiments conducted at Mace Head conclude that negligible coastal, surf zone, or tidal effects are discernible in the submicron size range for sampling heights of 7 m and above. The Mace Head clean air criteria ensures anthropogenic and coastal effects are sufficiently minimised so as to guarantee a dominant, if not at times, an overwhelming natural marine aerosol signal.
Ozone photochemistry in an oil and natural gas extraction region during winter: simulations of a snow-free season in the Uintah Basin, Utah
Authors: Edwards P. M. , Young C. J. , Aikin K. , deGouw J. A. , Dubé W. P. , Geiger F. , Gilman J. B. , Helmig D. , Holloway J. S. , Kercher J. , Lerner B. , Martin R. , McLaren R. , Parrish D. D. , Peischl J. , Roberts J. M. , Ryerson T. B. , Thornton J. , Warneke C. , Williams E. J. , Brown S. S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The Uintah Basin in northeastern Utah, a region of intense oil and gas extraction, experienced ozone (O3) concentrations above levels harmful to human health for multiple days during the winters of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011. These wintertime O3 pollution episodes occur during cold, stable periods when the ground is snowcovered, and have been linked to emissions from the oil and gas extraction process. The Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study (UBWOS) was a field intensive in early 2012, whose goal was to address current uncertainties in the chemical and physical processes that drive wintertime O3 production in regions of oil and gas development. Although elevated O3 concentrations were not observed during the winter of 2011–2012, the comprehensive set of observations tests of our understanding of O3 photochemistry in this unusual emissions environment. A box model, constrained to the observations and using the explicit Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) V3.2 chemistry scheme, has been used to investigate the sensitivities of O3 production during UBWOS 2012. Simulations identify the O3 production photochemistry to be highly radical limited. Production of OH from O3 photolysis (through reaction of O(1D) with water vapor) contributed only 170 pptv day−1, 8% of the total primary radical source on average. Other radical sources, including the photolysis of formaldehyde (HCHO, 52%), nitrous acid (HONO, 26%), and nitryl chloride (ClNO2, 13%) were larger. O3 production was also found to be highly sensitive to aromatic volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations, due to radical amplification reactions in the oxidation scheme of these species. Radical production was shown to be small in comparison to the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), such that NOx acted as the primary radical sink. Consequently, the system was highly VOC sensitive, despite the much larger mixing ratio of total non-methane hydrocarbons (230 ppbv (2080 ppbC), 6 week average) relative to NOx (5.6 ppbv average). However, the importance of radical sources which are themselves derived from NOx emissions and chemistry, such as ClNO2 and HONO, make the response of the system to changes in NOx emissions uncertain. These box model simulations provide useful insight into the chemistry controlling winter O3 production in regions of oil and gas extraction.
Relating particle hygroscopicity and CCN activity to chemical composition during the HCCT-2010 field campaign
Authors: Wu Z. J. , Poulain L. , Henning S. , Dieckmann K. , Birmili W. , Merkel M. , van Pinxteren D. , Spindler G. , Müller K. , Stratmann F. , Herrmann H. , Wiedensohler A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Particle hygroscopic growth at RH =90%, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity, and size-resolved chemical composition were concurrently measured in the Thüringer Wald mid-level mountain range in central Germany in fall season of 2010. The median hygroscopicity parameter values, κ, of 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 nm particles derived from hygroscopicity measurements are respectively 0.14, 0.14, 0.17, 0.21, 0.24, and 0.28 during the sampling period. The closure between HTDMA-measured (κHTDMA) and chemical composition-derived (κchem) hygroscopicity parameters was performed based on the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule. Using size-averaged chemical composition, the κ values are substantially overpredicted (30% and 40% for 150 and 100 nm particles). Introducing size-resolved chemical composition substantially improved closure, and the differences between κHTDMA and κchem are within 10%. We found that the evaporation of NH4NO3, which may happen in H-TDMA system, could lead to a discrepancy in predicted and measured particle hygroscopic growth. The hygroscopic parameter of the organic fraction, κorg is positively correlated with the O : C ratio (κorg =0.19 · (O : C)−0.03). Such correlation is helpful to define the κorg value in the closure study. κ derived from CCN measurement was around 30% (varied with particle diameters) higher than that determined from particle hygroscopic growth measurements (here, hydrophilic mode is considered only). This difference might be explained by the surface tension effects, solution non-ideality, and the partial solubility of constituents or non-dissolved particle matter. However, due to these effects being included in HTDMA-derived κ calculations, we could not distinguish the specific roles of these effects in creating this gap. Therefore, extrapolating from HTDMA data to properties at the point of activation should be done with great care. Finally, closure study between CCNc-measured (κCCN) and chemical composition (κCCN,chem) was performed using CCNc-derived κ values for individual components. The results show that the κCCN can be well predicted using particle size-resolved chemical composition and the ZSR mixing rule.
A statistical approach to quantify uncertainty in carbon monoxide measurements at the Izaña global GAW station: 2008–2011
Authors: Gomez-Pelaez A. J. , Ramos R. , Gomez-Trueba V. , Novelli P. C. , Campo-Hernandez R.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric CO in situ measurements are carried out at the Izaña (Tenerife) global GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch Programme of the World Meteorological Organization – WMO) mountain station using a Reduction Gas Analyser (RGA). In situ measurements at Izaña are representative of the subtropical Northeast Atlantic free troposphere, especially during nighttime. We present the measurement system configuration, the response function, the calibration scheme, the data processing, the Izaña 2008–2011 CO nocturnal time series, and the mean diurnal cycle by months. We have developed a rigorous uncertainty analysis for carbon monoxide measurements carried out at the Izaña station, which could be applied to other GAW stations. We determine the combined standard measurement uncertainty taking into consideration four contributing components: uncertainty of the WMO standard gases interpolated over the range of measurement, the uncertainty that takes into account the agreement between the standard gases and the response function used, the uncertainty due to the repeatability of the injections, and the propagated uncertainty related to the temporal consistency of the response function parameters (which also takes into account the covariance between the parameters). The mean value of the combined standard uncertainty decreased significantly after March 2009, from 2.37 nmol mol−1 to 1.66 nmol mol−1, due to improvements in the measurement system. A fifth type of uncertainty we call representation uncertainty is considered when some of the data necessary to compute the temporal mean are absent. Any computed mean has also a propagated uncertainty arising from the uncertainties of the data used to compute the mean. The law of propagation depends on the type of uncertainty component (random or systematic). In situ hourly means are compared with simultaneous and collocated NOAA flask samples. The uncertainty of the differences is computed and used to determine whether the differences are significant. For 2009–2011, only 24.5% of the differences are significant, and 68% of the differences are between −2.39 and 2.5 nmol mol−1. Total and annual mean differences are computed using conventional expressions but also expressions with weights based on the minimum variance method. The annual mean differences for 2009–2011 are well within the ±2 nmol mol−1 compatibility goal of GAW.
Remote sensing of volcanic ash plumes from thermal infrared: a case study analysis from SEVIRI, MODIS and IASI instruments
Authors: Dubuisson P. , Herbin H. , Minvielle F. , Compiègne M. , Thieuleux F. , Parol F. , Pelon J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The Eyjafjallajökull eruption during May 2010 is used as a case study to evaluate the consistency of retrievals from different thermal infrared instruments for the detection and characterization of volcanic ash plumes. In this study, the split window technique is used to estimate the optical thickness, the effective particle size and the mass concentration of volcanic particles from brightness temperatures measured in the infrared atmospheric window (8–12 μm). Retrievals are obtained for several mineral compositions whose optical properties are computed using Mie theory accounting for spectral variations of the refractive index. The method is applied similarly to data from MODIS, SEVIRI and IASI space-borne instruments, using two channels at 11 μm and 12 μm. Despite different instrumental characteristics, the results are in good agreement, which denotes the robustness of the retrieval method and the consistency of the observations. Nevertheless, the refractive index data and altitude used for the plume in the inversion may lead to large uncertainties in retrieved effective size and mass concentration in dense plumes and makes it difficult to estimate its composition. While it brings additional constrains, the use of a third channel (8.7 μm) does not allow determining the nature of the particles. As confirmed with high spectral resolution radiative transfer simulations, hyperspectral sensors, such as IASI, are well-suited to study the particle composition of volcanic plumes.
Copepod community growth rates in relation to body size, temperature, and food availability in the East China Sea: a test of metabolic theory of ecology
Authors: Lin K. Y. , Sastri A. R. , Gong G. C. , Hsieh C. H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Zooplankton play an essential role in marine food webs, and understanding how community-level growth rates of zooplankton vary in the field is critical for predicting how marine ecosystem function may vary in the face of environmental changes. Here, we used the artificial cohort method to examine the effects of temperature, body size, and chlorophyll concentration (a proxy for food) on weight-specific growth rates for copepod communities in the East China Sea. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that copepod community growth rates can be described by the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE), linking spatio-temporal variation of copepod growth rate with temperature and their body size. Our results generally agree with predictions made by the MTE and demonstrate that weight-specific growth rates of copepod communities in our study area are positively related with temperature and negatively related to body size. However, the regression coefficients of body size do not approach the theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we find that the deviation from the MTE predictions may be partly attributed to the effect of food availability (which is not explicitly accounted for by the MTE). In addition, significant difference in the coefficients of temperature and body size exists among taxonomic groups. Our results suggest that considering the effects of food limitation and taxonomy is necessary to better understand copepod growth rates under in situ conditions, and such effects on the MTE-based predictions need further investigation.
Determination of the molecular signature of fossil conifers by experimental palaeochemotaxonomy – Part 1: The Araucariaceae family
Authors: Lu Y. , Hautevelle Y. , Michels R.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Twelve species of the conifer family Araucariaceae, including Araucaria (6 species), Agathis (3 species) and Wollemia (1 species) genera, were submitted to artificial maturation by confined pyrolysis. The aim of these experiments is to transform the biomolecules synthesized by these species into their homologous geomolecules in laboratory conditions. Determination of the diagenetic molecular signatures of Araucariaceae through experimentation on extant representatives allows us to complete our knowledge in botanical palaeochemotaxonomy. Such knowledge is relevant to palaeoenvironmental, environmental and archaeology purposes. All artificially diagenetic species of Araucariaceae are firstly characterized by a predominance of saturated tetracyclic diterpenoids including ent-beyerane, phyllocladanes and ent-kauranes. Moreover, Araucaria genus shows a high relative abundance of bicyclic sesquiterpenoids, particularly the cadalane-type compounds accompanied by those of eudesmane and bisabolane types as well as chamazulene and pentamethyl-dihydroindenes. Diterpenoids are of labdane, isopimarane and abietane types (essentially derived from abietanoic acids) as well as isohexyl alkylaromatic hydrocarbons. Compared to the tetracyclic diterpenoids, these compounds show a relatively lower abundance, reaching trace levels in the case of saturated abietanes. Distributions of sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids of Agathis show some similarities to that of Araucaria, with the exception of one species, in which the tetracyclic compounds are absent and the abietane type (essentially derived from abietanoic acids) predominant. High similarities between the Wollemia and Araucaria genera are observed. Both are characterized by some high relative abundance of tetracyclic compounds with no predominance of other specific diterpenoids.
Deglacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic changes in the southern Central Mediterranean from a direct land–sea correlation
Authors: Desprat S. , Combourieu-Nebout N. , Essallami L. , Sicre M. A. , Dormoy I. , Peyron O. , Siani G. , Bout Roumazeilles V. , Turon J. L.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Despite a large number of studies, the long-term and millennial to centennial-scale climatic variability in the Mediterranean region during the last deglaciation and the Holocene is still debated, including in the southern Central Mediterranean. In this paper, we present a new marine pollen sequence (core MD04-2797CQ) from the Siculo-Tunisian Strait documenting the regional vegetation and climatic changes in the southern Central Mediterranean during the last deglaciation and the Holocene. The MD04-2797CQ marine pollen sequence shows that semi-desert plants dominated the vegetal cover in the southern Central Mediterranean between 18.2 and 12.3 ka cal BP, indicating prevailing dry conditions during the deglaciation, even during the Greenland Interstadial (GI)-1. Across the transition Greenland Stadial (GS)-1 – Holocene, Asteraceae-Poaceae steppe became dominant till 10.1 ka cal BP. This record underlines with no chronological ambiguity that even though temperatures increased, deficiency in moisture availability persisted into the early Holocene. Temperate trees and shrubs with heath underbrush or maquis expanded between 10.1 and 6.6 ka, corresponding to Sapropel 1 (S1) interval, while Mediterranean plants only developed from 6.6 ka onwards. These changes in vegetal cover show that the regional climate in southern Central Mediterranean was wetter during S1 and became drier during the mid- to late Holocene. Wetter conditions during S1 were likely due to increased winter precipitation while summers remained dry. We suggest, in agreement with published modeling experiments, that the early Holocene increased melting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in conjunction with weak winter insolation played a major role in the development of winter precipitation maxima in the Mediterranean region in controlling the strength and position of the North Atlantic storm track. Finally, our data provide evidence for centennial-scale vegetation and climatic changes in the southern Central Mediterranean. During the wet early Holocene, alkenone-derived cooling episodes are synchronous with herbaceous composition changes that indicate muted changes in precipitation. In contrast, enhanced aridity episodes, as detected by strong reduction in trees and shrubs, are recorded during the mid- to late Holocene. We show that the impact of the Holocene cooling events on the Mediterranean hydroclimate depend on baseline climate states, i.e. insolation and ice sheet extent, shaping the response of the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation.
Influence of Last Glacial Maximum boundary conditions on the global water isotope distribution in an atmospheric general circulation model
Authors: Tharammal T. , Paul A. , Merkel U. , Noone D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. To understand the validity of δ18O proxy records as indicators of past temperature change, a series of experiments was conducted using an atmospheric general circulation model fitted with water isotope tracers (Community Atmosphere Model version 3.0, IsoCAM). A pre-industrial simulation was performed as the control experiment, as well as a simulation with all the boundary conditions set to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) values. Results from the pre-industrial and LGM simulations were compared to experiments in which the influence of individual boundary conditions (greenhouse gases, ice sheet albedo and topography, sea surface temperature (SST), and orbital parameters) were changed each at a time to assess their individual impact. The experiments were designed in order to analyze the spatial variations of the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation (δ18Oprecip) in response to individual climate factors. The change in topography (due to the change in land ice cover) played a significant role in reducing the surface temperature and δ18Oprecip over North America. Exposed shelf areas and the ice sheet albedo reduced the Northern Hemisphere surface temperature and δ18Oprecip further. A global mean cooling of 4.1 °C was simulated with combined LGM boundary conditions compared to the control simulation, which was in agreement with previous experiments using the fully coupled Community Climate System Model (CCSM3). Large reductions in δ18Oprecip over the LGM ice sheets were strongly linked to the temperature decrease over them. The SST and ice sheet topography changes were responsible for most of the changes in the climate and hence the δ18Oprecip distribution among the simulations.
Snow accumulation/melting model (SAMM) for integrated use in regional scale landslide early warning systems
Authors: Martelloni G. , Segoni S. , Lagomarsino D. , Fanti R. , Catani F.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We propose a simple snow accumulation/melting model (SAMM) to be applied at regional scale in conjunction with landslide warning systems based on empirical rainfall thresholds. SAMM is based on two modules modelling the snow accumulation and the snowmelt processes. Each module is composed by two equations: a conservation of mass equation is solved to model snowpack thickness and an empirical equation for the snow density. The model depends on 13 empirical parameters, whose optimal values were defined with an optimisation algorithm (simplex flexible) using calibration measures of snowpack thickness. From an operational point of view, SAMM uses as input data only temperature and rainfall measurements, bringing about the additional benefit of a relatively easy implementation. After performing a cross validation and a comparison with two simpler temperature index models, we simulated an operational employment in a regional scale landslide early warning system (EWS) and we found that the EWS forecasting effectiveness was substantially improved when used in conjunction with SAMM.
Elevational dependence of climate change impacts on water resources in an Alpine catchment
Authors: Fatichi S. , Rimkus S. , Burlando P. , Bordoy R. , Molnar P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. An increasing interest is directed toward understanding impacts of climate change on water related sectors in a particularly vulnerable area such as the Alpine region. We present a distributed hydrological analysis at scale significant for water management for pristine, present-days, and projected future climate conditions. We used the upper Rhone basin (Switzerland) as a test case for understanding anthropogenic impacts on water resources and flood risk in the Alpine area. The upper Rhone basin includes reservoirs, river diversions and irrigated areas offering the opportunity to study the interaction between climate change effects and hydraulic infrastructures. We downscale climate model realizations using a methodology that partially account for the uncertainty in climate change projections explicitly simulating stochastic variability of precipitation and air temperature. We show how climate change effects on streamflow propagate from high elevation headwater catchments to the river in the major valley. Changes in the natural hydrological regime imposed by the existing hydraulic infrastructure are likely larger than climate change signals expected by the middle of the 21th century in most of the river network. Despite a strong uncertainty induced by stochastic climate variability, we identified an elevational dependence of climate change impacts on streamflow with a severe reduction due to the missing contribution of water from ice melt at high-elevation and a dampened effect downstream. The presence of reservoirs and river diversions tends to decrease the uncertainty in future streamflow predictions that are conversely very large for highly glacierized catchments. Despite uncertainty, reduced ice cover and ice melt are likely to have significant implication for aquatic biodiversity and hydropower production. The impacts can emerge without any additional climate warming. A decrease of August-September discharge and an increase of hourly-daily maximum flows appear as the most robust projected changes for the different parts of the catchment. However, it is unlikely that major changes in total runoff for the entire upper Rhone basin will occur in the next decades.
Estimation of insurance premiums for coverage against natural disaster risk: an application of Bayesian Inference
Authors: Paudel Y. , Botzen W. J. W. , Aerts J. C. J. H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. This study applies Bayesian Inference to estimate flood risk for 53 dyke ring areas in the Netherlands, and focuses particularly on the data scarcity and extreme behaviour of catastrophe risk. The probability density curves of flood damage are estimated through Monte Carlo simulations. Based on these results, flood insurance premiums are estimated using two different practical methods that each account in different ways for an insurer's risk aversion and the dispersion rate of loss data. This study is of practical relevance because insurers have been considering the introduction of flood insurance in the Netherlands, which is currently not generally available.
Study on the limitations of traveltime inversion in the presence of extreme velocity anomalies
Authors: Flecha I. , Carbonell R. , Hobbs R. W.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The difficulties of seismic imaging beneath high velocity structures are widely recognised. In this setting, theoretical analysis of synthetic wide-angle seismic reflection data indicates that velocity models are not well constrained. A two-dimensional velocity model was built to simulate a simplified structural geometry given by a basaltic wedge placed within a sedimentary sequence. This model reproduces the geological setting in areas of special interest for the oil industry as the Faroe-Shetland Basin. A wide-angle synthetic dataset was calculated on this model using an elastic finite difference scheme. This dataset provided travel times for tomographic inversions. Results show that the original model can not be completely resolved without considering additional information. The resolution of nonlinear inversions lacks a functional mathematical relationship, therefore, statistical approaches are required. Stochastical tests based on Metropolis techniques support the need of additional information to properly resolve subbasalt structures.
Research Note: Revenue and Labour Demand in the Hotel Industry: An Investigation of Endogeneity
Authors: Chen Chiang-Ming , Lin Yu-Chen , Liao Yu-Hsun
Published: March 2013

This paper investigates the effect of hotel room revenue on labour demand based on data for international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Past empirical research on the relationship between hotel room revenue and labour demand has failed to take into account the fact that the causality between these two variables can be a two-way rather than just a one-way relationship. In other words, room revenue can affect labour demand and vice versa. The authors address this issue by using an instrumental variables (IV) regression approach in which room revenue and hotel labour demand can be determined simultaneously. The empirical results indicate that a failure to account for the two-way causality will underestimate the effect of room revenue on labour demand. The findings are of particular importance to hotel managers as the authors provide more accurate estimates for the relationship between hotel room revenue and labour demand.
PERFIL EMPREENDEDOR: UM ESTUDO DE CASO DO FUNDADOR DA UNOESTE EM PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE
Authors: Nogueira Alex de Padua , Torres Guilherme Luis , Almeida Marcelo Yassuo de , Ambrosio Raphaela Akemi Hayashida , Nogueira Isabel Cristina Ravazzi Fernandes
Published: March 2013

Aiming to highlight the role of the entrepreneur as individuals who possess ability to innovate and take advantage of market opportunities and stand in the same, has produced this work. The development has been based on bibliographic searches, Web sites, and also in case study for the Unoeste (University of the Western Paulista). The entrepreneur's characteristics are displayed and which are used to support the case study. It is notable that substantial level which was reached, this University necessary entrepreneurial leadership since its founding. Through interview to one of the founders, it was possible to note the presence of the entrepreneur in all its actions against the various situations that arose today. The results of the survey show how enterprising can achieve professional and personal success.
A LÓGICA DEDUTIVA SOB A ÓTICA DA INTERPRETAÇÃO JURÍDICA E DA TEORIA DA DECISÃO
Authors: Ebaid Ana Augusta Rodrigues Westin
Published: March 2013

This paper discusses the application of deductive logical reasoning in the interpretation and legal decision, focusing on legal positivism and its base of constitution in a democratic state. The study aims to examine the contours of legal positivism from the perspective of one of its biggest critics: the philosopher Chaïm Perelman. The investigation begins with the study of deductive and inductive logic, examining its relationship with the law, to achieve a legal theory that reaches the philosophical and political ideals of a democratic state. The research indicates that despite the logical deductive method to develop as an important tool in the legal world, it is not enough to express adequately a complex system that involves, above all, values whose goal is to achieve the realization of justice.
The Role of Sitters in Delirium: an Update
Authors: Carr Frances M.
Published: March 2013

PurposeThe concept behind constant observation is not new. Whilst traditionally performed by nursing staff, it is now commonly performed by sitters. Details surrounding the usage, job description, training, clinical and cost effectiveness of sitters are not known; hence the reason for this review.MethodsA literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PubMed from the years 1960 to October 2011. The definition for sitter used in the articles was accepted for this review.ResultsFrom this review, it is evident that sitters are being employed in a variety of settings. The question of which type of person would provide the most benefit in the sitter role is still not clear; whilst sitters have typically included family and volunteers, it may be trained volunteers who may offer the most cost-effective solution. The paucity of information available regarding the training and assessments of sitters and the lack of formal guidelines regulating sitters’ use results in a lack of information available regarding these sitters, and current available evidence is conflicting regarding the benefits in terms of cost and clinical outcome. The only strong evidence relating to clinical benefit comes from the use of fully-trained sitters as part of a multi-interventional program (i.e., HELP)ConclusionsCurrent evidence supports a role for the sitter as part of the management of patients with delirium. The most cost-effective sitter role appears to be trained volunteers. Further research is needed to determine the specific type of training required for the sitter role. The creation of a national set of regulations or guidelines would provide safeguards in the industry to ensure safe and effective patient care.
Content and Quality of Information Provided on Canadian Dementia Websites
Authors: Dillon Whitney A. , Prorok Jeanette C. , Seitz Dallas P.
Published: March 2013

PurposeInformation about dementia is important for persons with dementia (PWD) and their caregivers and the Internet has become the key source of health information. We reviewed the content and quality of information provided on Canadian websites for Alzheimer’s disease (AD).MethodsWe used the terms “dementia” and “Alzheimer” in Google to identify Canadian dementia websites. The contents of websites were compared to 16 guideline recommendations provided in Canadian Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. The quality of information provided on websites was evaluated using the DISCERN instrument. The content and quality of information provided on selected websites were then described.ResultsSeven websites were identified, three of which provided relatively comprehensive and high-quality information on dementia. Websites frequently provided information about diagnosis of dementia, its natural course, and types of dementia, while other topics were less commonly addressed. The quality of information provided on the websites varied, and many websites had several areas where the quality of information provided was relatively low according to the DISCERN instrument.ConclusionsThere is variation in the content and quality of dementia websites, although some websites provide high-quality and relatively comprehensive information which would serve as a useful resource for PWD, caregivers, and healthcare providers. Improvements in the content and quality of information provided on AD websites would provide PWD and their caregivers with access to better information.
GLACIFLUVIÁLNÍ VÝPLAVOVÁ PLOŠINA U KOLNOVIC A JEJÍ SROVNÁNÍ S TERMINOGLACIÁLNÍMI KUŽELY MEZI SOKOLSKÝM HŘBETEM A ZLATOHORSKOU VRCHOVINOU U JESENÍKU
Authors: Hanáček Martin
Published: March 2013

Glaciofluvial sediments at Kolnovice originated on an outwash plain running along the ice sheet front. Its material is variable from petrographical and provenance point of view, as it was deposited from various parts of a wide ice sheet front. This contrasts with petrologically monotonous deposits of terminoglacial fans in this area (Písečná and Javorná sites), which originate from one marginal lobe of the ice sheet. In addition, the material in terminoglacial fans comes from the direct surroundings of the sites having been transported only a short distance.
NOVÉ POZNATKY O NEOVULKANITU V POHOŘI U ODER (OKRES NOVÝ JIČÍN)
Authors: Šešulka Vojtěch , Drápalová Radka , Přichystal Antonín , Všianský Dalibor
Published: March 2013

The dyke on the Pohoř hill represents the most southeastern occurrence of Cenozoic volcanic rock in the Bohemian Massif. It has been studied since the second half of the 19th century, when it was discovered during a construction of railroad. Since that time the dyke has been considered to be hidden and there was no actual data about the site. We have carried out a ground magnetic survey to revise the location and shape of the volcanic body. Several boulders of the volcanic rock have been sampled. According to new petrographical and geochemical analyses we have classifi ed the rock from Pohoř as an olivine melilitite.
PETROFYZIKÁLNÍ CHARAKTERISTIKA HRANIČNÍHO INTERVALU DEVONU A KARBONU V MORAVSKÉM KRASU
Authors: Kumpan Tomáš , Bábek Ondřej , Kalvoda Jiří
Published: March 2013

The first results of the petrophysical research (gamma-ray spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility, diffuse spectral reflectance) of the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary interval in the southern and middle part of the Moravian Karst demonstrate a good correlation potential of outcrop logging by gamma-ray spectrometry. This method allows us to correlate distinct petrophysical patterns through the different lithofacies developments (Horákov and Hostěnice facies), while magnetic susceptibility and diffuse spectral reflectance failed to show correlatable patterns. The most prominent petrophysical patterns at the sections can be correlated with the polyphase Hangenberg Event.
PŘIROZENÁ RADIOAKTIVITA KULMSKÝCH SEDIMENTŮ NA VÝCHODNÍM OKRAJI ČESKÉHO MASIVU
Authors: Zimák Jiří
Published: March 2013

Contents of potassium, uranium and thorium were measured using a laboratory gamma–ray spectrometer in more then two thousand samples of Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous siliciclastic flysch sediments outcropping on the easternmost margin of the Bohemian Massif (mainly in the Drahany Mts. and Nízký Jeseník Mts.). Studied rocks belong to eight formations: Protivanov Fm., Rozstání Fm., Myslejovice Fm., Mohelnice Fm., Andělská Hora Fm., Horní Benešov Fm., Moravice Fm. and Hradec–Kyjovice Fm. Conglomerates (incl. gravelites), various types of psammites (mainly graywackes), siltstones, silty shales and clay shales occur in all mentioned formations. Quartzites and phyllites dominated in the source zone of clastic sediments of Mohelnice Fm. and Andělská Hora Fm., therefore K, U and Th contents in siliciclastic sediments of the both formations are correspondingly low. Relatively high radioactivity of sediments belonging to remaining six formations suggests a significant contribution of acid or intermediate magmatic rocks in the source zone of clastic material.
DOKLAD AKTIVITY NÍZKOTEPLOTNÍCH Ca-Na-Cl SOLANEK VE FELDSPATITIZOVANÝCH GRANITECH ŽIVCOVÉHO LOŽISKA KRÁSNO (MASIV KRUDUM)
Authors: Dolníček Zdeněk , René Miloš
Published: March 2013

The quartz-fluorite NNW–SSE trending vein mineralization hosted by alkali-feldspar syenites and leucocratic topaz-albite granites of the Vysoký Kámen stock (Krudum granite body) formed from low-salinity (0–5 wt. % NaCl eq.) and low-temperature (Th =90–132 °C) aqueous fluids. Both quartz and fluorite host secondary fluid inclusions which contain high-salinity (16–26 wt. % NaCl eq.) low-temperature (Th = 89–138 °C) Ca-Na-Cl brines. Two compositional subtypes of brines can be identified (Na-rich hosted by FI in fluorite and Ca-rich hosted by FI in quartz). The microthermometric parameters of brine-bearing fluid inclusions are fully comparable to the high-salinity fluids that participated during formation of many types of vein mineralizations during the post-Variscan period in the Bohemian Massif. The brines probably migrated along the adjacent NNW–SSE trending Vysoký Kámen fault.
PŮVOD FLUID PRIMÁRNÍ ZLATONOSNÉ MINERALIZACE V HORÁCH U PŘEDÍNA (ZÁPADNÍ MORAVA)
Authors: Potočková Tereza , Dolníček Zdeněk , Houzar Stanislav
Published: March 2013

Isotopic analyses of oxygen and crush-leach analyses of fluid inclusions were applied to quartz gangue from auriferous mineralization at three localities in the vicinity of Hory near Předín („Zákopy“, „Štůlně“, and „Malý Štítek“). Oxygen isotope composition of the ore-forming fluids varies between -8.1 and +0.9 ‰ SMOW. Dominant anion in fluid inclusions is Cl, whereas Ca, K, and Na are predominant cations. The halogen molar ratios are rather variable (Br/Cl = 0.8–2.1 10-3; I/Cl = 34–341 10-6). The variability in composition of fluids is probably caused by mixing of several genetic types of water. It is supposed that the main source of oreforming fluids is meteoric water which has typically negative δ18O values. This type of water mixed with fluids which are related to evaporation of seawater, dissolution of evaporites, magmatogenic water and/or shield brines.
VÝJIMEČNÉ ZEMĚTŘESENÍ JV. OD POZNANĚ (POLSKO) ZAZNAMENANÉ 6. 1. 2012
Authors: Havíř Josef , Pazdírková Jana , Sýkorová Zdeňka
Published: March 2013

On January 6, 2012, a moderate earthquake was observed in a region SE of Poznań (local magnitude ML = 3.6 according to Institute of Physics of the Earth, IPE). In this region, there haven‘t been known any historical earthquakes so far, and no natural seismic activity has been observed up to present. Similar rare occurrences of weak and moderate earthquakes were observed in a region near Kaliningrad in 2004 (sequence of events, local magnitude of strongest event being 5.0) and in south Moravia region near Znojmo in 2000 (local magnitude ML = 2.5). These facts show that even in seismically quiet regions occurence of weak to moderate seismic events (with value of magnitude ranging from 3 to 5) could be expected.
Why Saying “I’m Sorry” Isn’t Good Enough: The Ethics of Corporate Apologies
Authors: Koehn Daryl
Published: March 2013

The number of corporate apologies has increased dramatically during the past decade. This article delves into the ethics of apologies offered by chief executive officers (CEOs). It examines ways in which public apologies on the part of a representative (CEO) of a corporate body (the firm) differ from both private, interpersonal apologies, on the one hand, and nation-state/collective apologies, on the other. The article then seeks to ground ethically desirable elements of a corporate apology in the nature or essence of the corporate apology itself. It explores the largely ignored roles played by the speaker’s ethos and audience pathos in genuine or ethical apologies and suggests that attention needs to be paid to the problems posed by “role contamination,” context, and other overlooked factors. The reception by the actual audience of a given apology is a highly contingent matter. Ethicists should concentrate, therefore, on what makes a proffered apology, in principle, trustworthy and not merely efficacious for a given audience.
« Les quatre mondes du lac Léman » ou explorer avec des non-voyants un paysage polysensoriel
Authors: Ernwein Marion , Sgard Anne
Published: March 2013

La recherche géographique sur la non-voyance et la malvoyance tend à se focaliser sur les difficultés et les peurs rencontrées par les non-voyants dans leurs pratiques de mobilité, les excluant a priori d’autres types de réflexions, notamment sur le paysage, objet oculocentré traditionnel de la géographie. Pourtant, l’observation des expériences quotidiennes des non-voyants montre qu’on ne saurait se limiter à ces craintes et difficultés. En certaines circonstances, leur perception de l’environnement intègre des dimensions esthétiques : peut-on parler alors d’un sentiment paysager ? Il s’agit dans cet article d’explorer avec des non-voyants la dimension paysagère de leur relation à l’environnement, afin de montrer la richesse de leurs perceptions et représentations, tout en articulant une réflexion sur la polysensorialité du paysage permettant de dépasser l’oculocentrisme.
La concentration des fonctions à haut contenu en savoir dans le secteur de la production des biens : quel avenir pour les régions non métropolitaines du Québec ?
Authors: Brunelle Cédric
Published: March 2013

Les fonctions à haut contenu en savoir jouent un rôle stratégique au sein du secteur de la production des biens. Les régions et les entreprises où se concentrent ces fonctions semblent mieux positionnées que les autres pour assurer leur croissance et leur développement économique. Toutefois, cette réalité suggère de nouvelles disparités économiques à l’échelle régionale. Cet article analyse les tendances de concentration des fonctions à haut contenu en savoir dans les agglomérations du Québec entre 1971 et 2006. L’analyse soulève une concentration métropolitaine qui tend à s’accélérer durant la période. Néanmoins, on constate que certaines régions non métropolitaines ont des niveaux de croissance parfois supérieurs. S’il y a présence de trajectoires distinctes, on ne peut cependant conclure à la présence d’un processus de convergence régionale. Les résultats de l’analyse laissent entendre que la décentralisation de la production des biens a pu en grande partie se limiter aux fonctions de routine et de production.
L’architecture de paysage moderne du campus de l’Université de Montréal
Authors: Valois Nicole
Published: March 2013

Le campus de l’Université de Montréal est composé de bâtiments et d’aménagements paysagers hautement significatifs, dont la présence contribue à faire comprendre son évolution spatiale. Parmi eux, les espaces libres des années 1960 méritent une attention particulière pour plusieurs raisons historiques : ils font l’objet d’une réflexion pour la toute première fois dans l’histoire du campus ; l’Université de Montréal vit une phase d’expansion sans précédent ; les disciplines de l’aménagement et la pratique de planification émergent au Québec. Cet article présente de manière contextuelle les principes de planification qui ont mené à leur réalisation par La Haye et associés, firme d’urbanisme de premier plan au Québec. Il expose les qualités et les défauts des espaces libres de cette période moderne, soit l’innovation sur le plan de la vision planificatrice et du design, d’un côté, et la trop grande importance accordée aux automobiles au détriment de la sécurité et de la convivialité, de l’autre côté.
Política y trabajo. Debates sobre las normas jurídicas y las relaciones laborales de servidumbre en el Bolívar Grande (Colombia) en el siglo XIX
Authors: Solano D. Sergio Paolo , Flórez Bolívar Roicer
Published: March 2013

This article analyzes socio-labor relations in Bolivar Grande in light of the legal and political discussions which took place in the nineteenth century with regard to the field of law in which unskilled labor should be included. We show that seeking to attach unskilled labor to the field of the domestic unit was an attempt to control labor, using forms of social semi-servile labor.
El Sindicato del Servicio Doméstico y la Obra de Nazareth: entre asistencialismo, paternalismo y conflictos de interés, Bogotá, 1938-1960
Authors: Plata Quezada William Elvis
Published: March 2013

Organizing housemaids to form a trade union has been quite a difficult task because of the characteristics of this occupation,the lack of school education of its members, and the traditional undervaluation and disdain such an important activity generates. Not many people are aware of a relatively long history of attempts for organizing these workers and that in the 1940s the foundation of the first domestic service union was set by a Catholic Church initiative through the so-called Catholic Action. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct part of this story, highlighting the paternalistic bias of the organization and, even though the movement had female leadership, activities and development of the union were determined by the support given by the clergy and the ecclesiastical institution. Also, although it was a lay organization in its beginnings, the union served as for the creation of two women religious orders.