bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF MUSTARD GAS ON THE RAT
Authors: Young Leslie
Published: April 2011

Certain aspects of the local and systemic action of mustard gas in the rat were studied. A quantitative investigation was made of the local oedema that developed following the application of 5 mgm. of mustard gas to the skin of the rat. Evidence was obtained that a change in the permeability of the blood vessels situated directly under the dosed surface occurred in less than five minutes after the application of the mustard gas. For 12 to 18 hr. after dosing, fluid accumulated in the vicinity of the site of dosing. The oedema then slowly subsided and 72 hr. after dosing the water content of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the contaminated region was close to the normal value. When mustard gas was applied to the skin of the mid-lumbar region of the rat, the LD50 was found to be between 9 and 12 mgm. per kgm. body weight. The LD50 of mustard gas injected subcutaneously in the form of a 0.2% (wt./vol.) solution in sesame oil was between 1.5 and 1.8 mgm. per kgm. body weight. The toxicity of mustard gas to male rats did not appear to differ from its toxicity to female rats. Whereas rats died in a few hours after the cutaneous application of very large doses of mustard gas (600 mgm. per kgm. body weight), the great majority of the animals that died following the application of mustard gas in doses up to 60 mgm. per kgm. body weight did not die until 72 to 120 hr. after being dosed. In these animals, anorexia, progressive loss of body weight, distension of the stomach with fluid, congestion of the intestine, and severe diarrhoea were observed. Effects similar to those just described were observed after lethal amounts of mustard gas up to 6 mgm. per kgm. body weight had been given to rats by subcutaneous injection, and most of these animals died in the period 72 to 120 hr. after being dosed. The administration of sublethal doses of mustard gas rarely gave rise to diarrhoea, and any fall in food and water intake and loss of body weight that occurred were slight and of short duration.
PRESERVATION OF EGGS: V. METHODS FOR DETERMINING YOLK INDEX
Authors: Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Breaking out the egg on a glass plate and measuring the height and width of the yolk in position in the white is a rapid and easy method of determining yolk index. The correlation coefficient between this method and one of the more laborious methods, in which the white is removed, is.97. The prediction equation is y = −0.001 + 0.9172x.
FLAVOUR REVERSION IN HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL: IV. FURTHER PROCESSING STUDIES
Authors: Lips H. J. , Lemon H. W. , Grant G. A.
Published: April 2011

Flavour reversion could not be detected in samples of hydrogenated linseed oil stored under vacuum in the dark. In samples exposed to the air, reversion occurred without appreciable increase in peroxide oxygen or Kreis values, particularly in products of low iodine number, while accompanying changes in fluorescence were slight and erratic. An observed 'bad area' for susceptibility in the lower iodine number range suggests that iso-linoleic acid (4) is not the only cause of reversion. No improvement in flavour stability was obtained by: low to high temperature hydrogenation (110° to 240 °C. (230° to 464° F.)), removal of impurities from the oil, or the use of a linseed oil fraction from a commercial polymerization process.
STUDIES COMPARING THE SANITIZING EFFICIENCIES OF HYPOCHLORITES AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: Johns C. K.
Published: April 2011

The germicidal speed of four quaternary ammonium compounds has been compared with that of two hypochlorites against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus panis (vegetative cells and spores), Micrococcus candidus, cheese starter organisms, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, using the glass slide technique originally devised for comparing chlorine sterilizing agents. Against the Gram-positive species, the quaternary compounds were generally more effective than the hypochlorites; against the Gram-negative species, the reverse held true. Cheese starter organisms were an exception, being killed faster by the hypochlorites. Three of the four quaternary compounds were closely comparable in efficiency, while the fourth was definitely slower. The hypochlorites responded much more readily to favourable adjustments in pH and temperature than did the quaternary compounds. Some bacteriostatic effect was observed with higher concentrations of all four quaternary compounds, but it is not believed that the results were significantly affected thereby. The glass slide technique appears to offer many advantages in the evaluation of the germicidal efficiency of products designed for sanitizing metal or glass surfaces in food processing plants.
FLASH DRYING IN RELATION TO HULLING OF SUNFLOWERS EED AND OATS
Authors: Sinclair G. D. , Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

A laboratory flash drying unit with continuous feed is described. In tests on sunflowerseed and oats it was possible to lower the moisture content of the hulls several units per cent without appreciably changing the moisture content of the meats. The effect of this change in the moisture distribution between meats and hulls on hulling efficiencies was studied. It was found that flash drying gave a slightly lower percentage of seed hulled with a definite decrease in the percentage of meats broken. Furthermore, the damaged meats were not broken into as small pieces and hence separation of meats and hulls was facilitated.
ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE – ETHANOL PRECIPITATION FOR THE FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF RIBOFLAVIN IN PORK
Authors: Lewis Jessie R. , Gorham Paul R.
Published: April 2011

A fluorometric method suitable for routine analyses is presented in which interfering substances in papain–takadiastase extracts of pork are precipitated in the presence of 0.02% antimony trichloride and 47.5% ethanol. Antimony trichloride prevents the adsorption of riboflavin upon the precipitate. Recoveries of 95 to 100% are obtained. Determinations by this method correlate well with those obtained microbiologically: for eight samples of fresh pork, four cooked, and four uncooked, r =.94; for 20 samples of cured pork, four cooked, and 16 uncooked, r =.98.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXV. FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ADDED SUBSTANCES
Authors: Hay R. L. , Reid Margaret , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

A number of substances added to liquid egg before drying had no effect on changes in palatability, fluorescence value, and total carotinoid pigment content of the subsequent powders when stored for 16 weeks at 80° F., for eight weeks at 100° F., or for four weeks at 120° F. Added soya lecithin did not increase the initial fluorescence, but egg lecithin did; added lecithin from either source did not accelerate fluorescence changes during storage. Measurement of vitamin A content in treated or untreated powder showed that loss of this component during four weeks' storage at 120° F. was less marked than during 16 weeks' storage at 80° and 100° F., but, at these lower temperatures, heated whole egg powder, heated dried white, heated dried yolk, and heated or unheated cystine or methionine had a preservative action. Sucrose or sodium bicarbonate retarded vitamin A loss in stored dried yolk. Foaming volume measurements on freshly dried powders containing Nacconol S.N.F., Duponol, Roccal, and Aerosol showed that, in general, the addition of these wetting agents to liquid egg before drying adversely affected the aerating power of the powder. The addition of sucrose improved the baking quality of freshly prepared powders, the addition of lactose had a negligible effect and the addition of whey solids reduced the baking quality. When the powders were stored at 80 and 100° F. these three added substances had a preservative effect; sucrose being most effective and whey solids least effective.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XXVI. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE QUALITY OF POWDER PREPARED FROM FROZEN, LIQUID EGG
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Thistle M. W. , Tessier H. , Layers C. G.
Published: April 2011

Liquid from eggs of various qualities was frozen at −40° F. and stored at 10°, 0°, and −10° F. for 12 months. Powder produced from the defrosted samples was assessed by fluorescence and potassium chloride solution solubility measurements, which showed that liquid from musty or incubator reject eggs gave a less desirable powder than liquid from Grade A, Grade C, or cracked eggs; increase in time of frozen storage decreased the quality of the resulting powder; if frozen storage extended beyond six months, the lowest storage temperature was most desirable; and method of packaging (in Reynold's Metal A-10, or in wax paper with or without added ice) had no effect on the quality of the powder produced. If drying conditions were held constant, increased dilution of the defrosted egg before drying resulted in a poorer powder. It was shown that freezing or defrosting operations should be completed within about one hour.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XX. INFLUENCE OF THE INOCULUM ON THE AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA FERMENTATION
Authors: Blackwood A. C. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

Whole wheat fermentations were started with known numbers of Aerobacillus polymyxa in the range from 50 thousand to 4000 million per ml. of mash. Increasing the initial numbers of the bacteria decreased the lag phase and increased the maximum numbers obtained. Although the initial rate of fermentation was increased, all the fermentations were finished at the same time and gave similar yields of 2,3-butanediol.The effects of added nutrients, incubation temperature, aeration, and reduced pressure on bacterial growth in the inoculum media were investigated but none of the treatments used had an appreciable effect on the subsequent fermentation. The use of a backstocking technique appears to be a practical method of inoculation.
PRODUCTION OF NITROGUANIDINE WITH HIGH BULK-DENSITY
Authors: Pritchard E. J. , Wright George F.
Published: April 2011

Commercial nitroguanidine will not form pourable slurries in greater than 5 to 10% concentration because of unfavourable crystal shape. Controlled crystallization from water–methanol improves this crystal shape so that slurries containing equal parts of solid and vehicle can be poured.
THE STABILITY OF CYANOGEN CHLORIDE
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Eager R. L.
Published: April 2011

The stability of cyanogen chloride in contact with Pyrex glass, aluminium, bakelite, brass, and steel at 20 °C. has been investigated. The tests indicate that crude or purified cyanogen chloride can be satisfactorily and safely stored in contact with any of these materials except brass, provided that precautions are taken to ensure that only relatively small amounts of water or hydrochloric acid are present. Brass has been shown to be entirely unsatisfactory as a container material for either crude or pure cyanogen chloride as it appears to catalyse a decomposition reaction that is not shown by any of the other materials tested.
THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SALMONELLA TYPES IN FOWL: II. STUDIES OF ARTIFICIAL S. BAREILLY AND S. ORANIENBURG INFECTIONS IN HENS
Authors: Chase F. E.
Published: April 2011

Experimental studies carried out on a limited number of hens infected orally with S. bareilly indicated that occasionally such hens may lay contaminated eggs. Using the estimated numbers of S. bareilly in the feces as the criterion of infection, considerable variation in susceptibility was evident, the carrier period ranging from 5 to 40 days. The organisms were recovered from the intestinal tract and in one instance from the spleen. The apparent development of resistance to repeated oral inoculation was demonstrated. Experiments of a similar nature were made with hens infected orally with S. oranienburg. No contaminated eggs were found, though in this case low egg production resulting from some of the hens moulting reduces the significance of this finding. Fecal counts were lower than those obtained from the S. bareilly infected hens. S. bonariensis was isolated from the feces of two hens during this experiment.
APPROXIMATE MEASUREMENT OF COLOR TEMPERATURE WITH A BARRIER-LAYER PHOTOCELL
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles , Ramsey A. R.
Published: April 2011

An objective method of measuring color temperature is described, using apparatus found in nearly every photometric laboratory.
CHOOSING AN EMULSION AND PROCESSING TECHNIQUE FOR DAYLIGHT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Howlett L. E.
Published: April 2011

Experiments are reported that show the relations existing between gamma, useful exposure range for aerial photography, maximum resolving power, and emulsion speed as determined by the resolving power criterion. Aero Super XX and Panatomic X, processed in various ways, were used for the experiments. The results are used to deduce the proper choice of emulsion and processing technique for ordinary daylight aerial photography where the main requirement is the acquisition of information.
THE INITIAL IONIZATION PRODUCED BY FISSION FRAGMENTS
Authors: West D.
Published: April 2011

The ionization produced by individual fission fragments over various lengths of track starting from the origin was measured in a pulse ionization chamber provided with a grid. The distribution of electron pulse sizes for the complete track showed the well known two peaks. As the length of track was diminished, the peaks corresponding to the high and low energy groups of fragments approached each other and merged together at a track length of about 6 mm. in nitrogen. In smaller distances measured from the beginning of the track the difference in ionization by the two groups of fragments was found to be small, and the two groups could not be resolved. From the progressive change in shape of the pulse spectrum it is tentatively concluded that the low energy group produces the greater initial ionization. The average energy spent in ionization by the fragments in the first. 1.1, 2.3, and 5.3 mm. of their tracks was measured in nitrogen and found to be 7.6, 15. 0, and 34.6 Mev. respectively. In the course of this work an effect due to the formation of negative ions by electron attachment was observed in the chamber filled with argon. Examination of this effect suggests that, at high collecting fields, formation of negative ions, perhaps in impurities such as oxygen and water vapor, is more pronounced in argon than in nitrogen.
A COMPARISON OF THE X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND NITROGEN ADSORPTION SURFACE AREAS OF CARBON BLACKS AND CHARCOALS
Authors: Arnell J. C. , Barss W. M.
Published: April 2011

The surface areas, as determined from X-ray diffraction and low temperature nitrogen adsorption data, were compared for a number of carbon blacks and activated charcoals. Comparative data were also obtained on samples of charcoal at various stages of activation and after calcination. The X-ray diffraction data indicated that all the samples examined were composed of small graphitelike crystallites of the same order of magnitude, which had specific surfaces of about 2500 to 3000 sq. m. per cc. The nitrogen adsorption surface of a highly activated charcoal was found to be about equal to the X-ray surface. It is suggested that the crystallite surface represents the potential adsorption surface of a carbonaceous material and, providing that crystal growth does not occur during activation, the activation process makes these surfaces available to external adsorbate.
MEASUREMENT OF THE HALF-PERIOD OF POLONIUM 213
Authors: Jelley J. V.
Published: April 2011

In the recently discovered (4n + 1) radioactive series, bismuth 213 transforms to polonium 213 by β-emission. The latter rapidly transforms by α-emission to lead 209. The present paper describes a measurement of the half-period of polonium 213. A preparation of radium 225 was placed between two Geiger–Müller counters. One detected β-particles while the other detected α and β-particles. Coincidences were counted with a modified Rossi circuit. The pulse-width on the grid of one of the tubes of the coincidence unit was made variable, while the pulse-width on the other remained fixed. The pulse-width associated with the counter that responded only to β-particles was chosen to be variable. Coincidences were counted as a function of the pulse-width. Corrections were made for accidental coincidences and exact coincidences arising from other causes. The final value for the half-period T of polonium 213 is T = 4.2 ± 0.8 μsec. A subsidiary experiment to determine the half-period of thorium C′ gave the value T = 0.34 ± 0.06 μsec. in reasonable agreement with measurements by other workers.
CATALYZED NITRATION OF AMINES: IV. THE ROLE OF ELECTROPOSITIVE CHLORINE IN THE NITRATION OF LYSIDINE
Authors: MacKenzie J. C. , Wright George F , Myers G. S. , Smart G. N. R.
Published: April 2011

The nitration of lysidine with acetic anhydride, nitric acid, and a chloride catalyst does not yield the expected nitrolysidine. The product, instead, is 1,3-dinitroimidazolidone-2 when little or no chloride is used. A new compound is produced when a full equivalent of hydrogen chloride is included. This new compound is thought to be 1,3-dinitro-2-chloromethyl-2-acetoxylimidazolidine. Its decomposition products are ethylenedinitramine and chloroacetic acid. It is believed to be cyclic because the linear isomer, N-acetyl-N′-chloroacetylethylenedinitramine has been prepared and found not to be identical. The formation of dinitrochloromethylacetoxylimidazolidine in the nitration mixture suggests that it is formed by addition of chlorine acetate. This compound has been prepared, characterized, and found to add to allylbenzene. Since it will convert dicyclohexylamine to the chloramine it is postulated as a temporal ingredient of the catalyzed nitration mixture.
UNE SYNTHESE DE LA dl-METHIONINE
Authors: Gaudry Roger , Nadeau Guy
Published: April 2011

not available
THE SULPHONATION OF CHLOROBENZENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Chin-Yee H. R.
Published: April 2011

The rate of heterogeneous sulphonation of chlorobenzene in sulphuric acid solutions of different concentrations has been found to increase with amount and concentration of acid used, and with increase of temperature. No appreciable amount of sulphone was formed under the conditions used.
A Note on the Preparation of Benzoxazolone and of 2,8-Dihydroxynaphth[l,2]oxazole
Authors: MacDonald S. F. , Chechak A. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL TOXICITIES OF SOME DDT HOMOLOGUES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Boyer R. , Barry G. T.
Published: April 2011

The compounds 1-(methoxy)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane, 1-(ethoxy)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane, 1-(trichloroacetoxy)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethyl methyl succinate have been prepared for the first time as outlined below. The toxicity of these compounds and several others against Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) as compared to DDT is also reported. None of the compounds submitted was found to be superior to DDT as a contact insecticide.
THE PYROLYSIS OF CAROTENE
Authors: Jones R. Norman , Sharpe R. W.
Published: April 2011

Kuhn and Winterstein reported the isolation of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene from the products of pyrolysis of carotenoid pigments. The production of alkyl derivatives of phenanthrene and chrysene by the same type of cyclization can readily be formulated. The production of such hydrocarbons by the action of heat on naturally occurring substances, which include common constituents of foodstuffs would be of significance since such compounds might exhibit carcinogenic activity. Fractionation of the products of carotene pyrolysis confirmed the formation of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, but no more complex polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were isolated. The methods of analysis employed should have permitted the detection of such compounds in amounts considerably below 1%.
A NOTE ON THE POLAROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: Giguère Paul A. , Jaillet J. B.
Published: April 2011

The determination of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations higher than those normally covered in polarography was studied with various electrodes. The diffusion current was found to increase linearly with the peroxide concentration up to 0.15% with the dropping mercury electrode and up to nearly 1% with a fixed platinum microelectrode. Under these conditions the limiting current was about 10 times greater than that usually observed. Although the solutions were supersaturated with oxygen, traces of strychnine sulphate were sufficient to suppress all maxima.
DETERMINING SEED SIZE BY A VOLUMETRIC MEASURE
Authors: Murray Beatrice E.
Published: April 2011

A method for determining seed size of flax by a volumetric measurement was devised as an alternative to weighing the seed. The volumetric or 'displacement' measurement can be expressed by means of a factor, in terms of 1000 kernel weight in grams. The 'displacement' method is more rapid than weighing the seed.
ACTINOMYCIN FROM A NEW STREPTOMYCES
Authors: Trussell Paul C. , Richardson Edwin M.
Published: April 2011

A heretofore undescribed isolate of Streptomyces, capable of producing actinomycin in submerged culture, has been studied. The antibiotic substance has been identified chemically and biologically as actinomycin.
AUTOGENOUS NECROSIS IN TOMATOES IMMUNE FROM CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM COOKE
Authors: Langford Arthur N.
Published: April 2011

The complication of a tomato breeding project by the occurrence, in lines carrying immunity from Cladosporium fulvum Cooke physiologic races 1 to 4, of a spontaneous and destructive necrosis, chiefly of the foliage, has been described.The autogenous nature of this necrosis has been established thoroughly and the simple Mendelian nature of its inheritance determined. Immune plants, possessing the factor [Formula: see text], are potentially necrotic if they are homozygous with respect to the factor ne, found in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., but remain non-necrotic if homozygous or heterozygous with respect to its dominant allele, Ne, found in L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. Plants susceptible to C. fulvum are invariably non-necrotic.The visible expression of the gene combination [Formula: see text], ne has been shown to vary widely according to the environmental conditions, seasonal variations in the severity of necrosis being particularly striking.The factor ne has been located on Chromosome I by three-point experiments.Necrosis appeared in derivatives of crosses between L. pimpinellifolium and all the varieties of L. esculentum tested.The data indicate the presence, in L. pimpinellifolium, of modifying factors that reduce the severity of necrosis occurring in the presence of the gene combination [Formula: see text], ne. Evidence has also been presented that one or more factors on Chromosome VII, closely associated with the factor H (smooth stem), which occurs in L. pimpinellifolium, may prevent the development of necrosis in immune plants of genotype ne/ne, but the analysis of this phase of the problem is incomplete.Necrosis is considered to be the visible expression of an incompatibility between [Formula: see text] and a chromosome complex derived very largely from L. esculentum. Speculations concerning the possible evolution, in L. pimpinellifolium, of immunity from C. fulvum physiologic races 1 to 4 and of freedom from necrosis are outlined.The bearing of the results of these studies upon projects for the breeding of tomatoes resistant to C. fulvum is discussed, particularly in the light of the discovery of races of this fungus that are capable of infecting such varieties as Vetomold, which is immune from races 1 to 4.
USE OF THE INFRARED TOTAL ABSORPTION METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE TIME COURSE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND TRANSPIRATION
Authors: Scarth G. W. , Loewy A. , Shaw M.
Published: April 2011

The type of apparatus designed by Dingle and Pryce for determining the concentration of carbon dioxide in air by non-spectroscopic measurement of its absorption of infrared has been modified so as to increase its accuracy greatly. Less than one part by volume of carbon dioxide in a million of air can now be measured at speeds ranging from 10-min.-interval to continuous readings. Water vapor can also be measured accurately and continuously.Examples are given of the use of the technique in following the time course of photosynthesis and transpiration, including a correlation of the courses of these processes with leaf temperature and stomatal movement during rapid wilting of a detached leaf of Pelargonium.
A STUDY OF THE MYCELIUM AND HAUSTORIA OF THE RUSTS OF ABIES
Authors: Hunter Lillian M.
Published: April 2011

A study of the mycelium and haustoria of certain rusts of Abies has been made. It was found that the mycelium of three rusts have distinguishing characteristics. The haustoria of Melampsorella Cerastii, Hyalopsora Polypodii and Milesia polypodophila are so distinctly characteristic as to serve as diagnostic criteria for the species. The haustoria of six Uredinopsis species are similar in type; those of two species of Pucciniastrum are of the same type. The haustoria of Calyptospora Goeppertiana are hyphal and very slender. The relation of the haustoria of the rusts, up to near maturity, is one of high symbiotic nature in Abies balsamea. The haustoria of Milesia polypodophila and certain other rusts in their aecial hosts show a contrast in type to the haustoria in their telial hosts. The haustoria of Milesia Scolopendrii and M. vogesiaca are hyphal or of loose spiral form. The haustoria of M. Kriegeriana resemble those of M. intermedia. The haustoria of M. Polypodii are usually characteristically branched, serving as an aid in identification. Haustoria were found to occur in the leaves of 19 species of the Pucciniastreae on Abies. Eighteen of these are described in the aecial host for the first time.
LETHAL EFFECT OF ABSORBED RADIOISOTOPES ON PLANTS
Authors: Spinks J. W. T. , Cumming E. , Irwin R. L. B. , Arnason T. J.
Published: April 2011

The lethal dose of P32 and Sr90 for wheat, barley, and sunflower seeds is approximately 1.4 microcuries per seed (0.05 rd.). Radioautographs indicate that at five weeks' growth the distribution of phosphorus in a wheat plant is fairly uniform whereas that of strontium is very uneven, practically all the strontium being concentrated in the first two leaves.
NOTES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGI: V. CHAETOMIUM SPECIES WITH DICHOTOMOUSLY BRANCHED HAIRS
Authors: Skolko A. J. , Groves J. W.
Published: April 2011

The large number of isolates of Chaetomium species obtained from agricultural seeds has made possible the critical study of some sections of the genus. In this paper the species with dichotomously branched hairs are considered. Of the six species previously recognized in this group, four have been isolated from seeds, C. elatum Kze. ex Fries, C. dolichotrichum Ames, C. funicolum Cooke, and C. indicum Corda. Two new species are described, C. erectum and C. reflexum, making a total of eight recognized species in this group.
ASCORBIC ACID IN POTATOES GROWN IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Baird Elizabeth A. , Howatt J. Lorne
Published: April 2011

Values for the ascorbic acid content in the tubers of nine potato varieties have been compared. The effects of different fertilizers have been studied. Location of plots throughout the province was considered. Changes in ascorbic acid content due to tuber maturity and storage time have been measured at regular intervals. The relative amounts of ascorbic acid in the stem and eye ends of tubers have been found. Effects of top-killers on the ascorbic acid content of tubers were noted. No relationship was observed between the ascorbic acid content and either variety or fertilizer. The highest values for ascorbic acid were obtained in August. Losses during maturity and storage were continuous and fairly regular. Top-killers produced no apparent effect on the ascorbic acid content of tubers. The eye end of the potato tuber contained approximately 20% more ascorbic acid than the stem end.
NOTES ON SEED-BORNE FUNGI: VI. SORDARIA
Authors: Cain R. F. , Groves J. W.
Published: April 2011

In the examination of agricultural seeds for the presence of seed-borne fungi, five species of Sordaria have been isolated. Three species, S. fimicola (Rob.) Ces. & De Not. isolated from a wide variety of seeds, S. humana (Fuckel) Winter isolated from corn, and S. setosa Winter isolated from beets, are common coprophilous fungi. Two species, S. inaequalis Cain isolated from a variety of seeds, and S. curvispora Cain from carrot and celery seed are described for the first time. The fungi do not appear to be of any pathological significance.
A DIAGRAMMATIC SCALE FOR ESTIMATING RUST INTENSITY ON LEAVES AND STEMS OF CEREALS
Authors: Peterson R. F. , Campbell A. B. , Hannah A. E.
Published: April 2011

The Cobb scale and the modified Cobb (U.S.D.A.) scale were devised for estimating, by means of diagrams, the proportion of the area of a leaf or stem occupied by rust pustules. Existing diagrams illustrating these scales are inadequate in being arranged in intervals that are too large and irregular, and in not depicting a sufficient range of pustule sizes. New diagrams are presented using smaller regular intervals of rust intensity and a greater range of pustule sizes, thus providing a basis for more objective and accurate determinations.
ACCESSORY TAILS IN FROG TADPOLES, THEIR EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE: I. FIVE CASES OF ACCESSORY TAILS IN TADPOLES OF RANA CLAMITANS AS A RESULT OF NATURAL INJURY
Authors: McCallion David J.
Published: April 2011

In a collection of several hundred Rana clamitans tadpoles, from a pond, five were found having accessory tails. These are described with a probable explanation of their occurrence.
OBSERVATIONS ON LEUCOCYTOZOON INFECTIONS IN BIRDS RECEIVING PALUDRINE, ATEBRIN, AND SULPHAMERAZINE
Authors: Fallis A. Murray
Published: April 2011

Paludrine, atebrin, and sulphamerazine neither prevented nor cured infections with Leucocytozoon simondi in ducklings, nor did they have any noticeable effect on the course of the infections. Paludrine failed to cure an established infection of Leucocytozoon sakharoffi in a crow. The extensive 'tissue stages' of these parasites probably explain the negative results.
ON THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF CAECAL COCCIDIOSIS (Eimeria tenella) OF CHICKENS: VI. A NOTE ON THE METABOLISM OF CAECAL EPITHELIUM, NORMAL AND PARASITIZED
Authors: Collier H. B. , Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

The respiration and anaerobic glycolysis of caecal tissue of chickens were measured; the values obtained were similar to the corresponding values for rat intestine.Infection of the caecal mucosa with coccidia (Eimeria tenella) produced no significant change in metabolic rate. Sulphamerazine, which is coccidiostatic in vivo, did not affect the metabolism of tissue strips.
ON A PHYSALOPTERA LARVA FROM AN INSECT
Authors: Basir M. A.
Published: April 2011

A Physaloptera larva is described from the body cavity of the earwig, Labidura reparia (Pallas).
ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS METABRONEMA YORKE AND MAPLESTONE, 1926, PARASITIC IN TROUT AND CHAR
Authors: Choquette L. P. E.
Published: April 2011

In this study of species of the genus Metabronema parasitic in trout and char the author is of the opinion that, on the basis of the characters of the postcloacal papillae and the spicules, the following species should be regarded as synonymous: Metabronema (= Spiroptera) salvelini Fujita, 1920, Metabronema harwoodi Chandler, 1931, Metabronema canadense Skinker, 1931, and Metabronema truttae Baylis, 1935. By virtue of the law of priority, Metabronema salvelini Fujita, 1920, must stand as the valid name of the species.
EXPERIENCES WITH THE 'VENUS' HEART METHOD FOR DETERMINING ACETYLCHOLINE
Authors: Tower Donald B. , McEachern Donald
Published: April 2011

Experiences with a little known method for determining acetylcholine in biological materials are reported. The test object is the isolated ventricle of the quahaug, Venus mercenaria, a preparation that is stable for many hours. Its minimal sensitivity for acetylcholine is between 0.005 and 0.01 µgm. %. The method is simple and highly specific, and the preparation may be used repeatedly, as often as every 5 to 10 min. Details of the method with illustrative results are given.
THE MICRODETERMINATION OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, AND CHLORIDE IN A SINGLE PLASMA SAMPLE
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: April 2011

A procedure involving a single protein-precipitation step for the determination of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride in a single 0.4 ml. sample of plasma is described. The chloride and sodium methods are titrimetric, the potassium and calcium methods are colorimetric and all are accurate within ± 3%.
A METHOD OF TYPING HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BY THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C.
Published: April 2011

A method of typing H. influenzae by the precipitin reaction is described. The procedure consists of dissolving the bacterial culture in 90% phenol to destroy the specificity of the somatic proteins followed by alcoholic precipitation of the denatured proteins and type specific polysaccharide. The carbohydrate is extracted from the precipitate with saline and portions of the saline extract added to samples of the six type specific antisera. A positive test is indicated only by a marked turbidity, which develops within five minutes after mixing and denotes the extraction of at least 0.01 mgm. of polysaccharide. A strong positive test is, of course, regularly obtained in the case of cultures shown to be encapsulated by the usual capsular swelling technique. However, the method was devised as an attempt to ascertain whether non-typable (by the capsular swelling technique) derivatives of strains of known type or non-typable, but suspected respiratory pathogens, isolated from clinical material, contained detectable quantities of any of the known type specific polysaccharides.
THE INHIBITION OF HYALURONIDASE BY SODIUM SALICYLATE AND ITS POSSIBLE METABOLITES
Authors: Lowenthal Julius , Gagnon Arthur
Published: April 2011

It has been shown that salicylic acid and gentisic acid, a substance formed in the organism from salicylic acid, have no influence on the activity of hyaluronidase in vitro. However carboxy-p-benzoquinone, the quinone corresponding to gentisic acid, was found to inhibit the enzyme in vitro.
THE DIET AND HORMONALLY INDUCED NEPHROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Hay E. C. , Prado J. L. , Selye H.
Published: April 2011

Kidney lesions resembling those of chronic nephritis and nephrosclerosis developed in rats treated with L.A.P. (lyophilized anterior pituitary) and fed 'Purina', but did not develop in similar rats similarly treated and fed Purina mixed with cornstarch in a 1: 1 ratio. When synthetic diets, differing only in their relative carbohydrate and protein content, were fed, only those L.A.P.-treated rats that consumed a regimen containing 30% casein and 54% cornstarch developed nephrosclerosis. No such lesions were seen in treated rats kept on a 15% casein and 69% cornstarch diet. This difference in response is due to the protein and not to the cornstarch content of these diets; the entire amount of cornstarch was substituted by wheat starch or 15% of it was replaced by an equicaloric amount of fat, without influencing the development of kidney lesions.Various protein preparations differed in their ability to cause kidney damage. Casein, egg albumen, and wheat gluten were more damaging than lactalbumin, gelatin, or zein.The severity of nephrosclerosis caused by L.A.P. roughly paralleled the kidney hypertrophy, adrenal enlargement, and increased appetite for water, but not necessarily the food intake or the growth rate. The appearance of these renal lesions was not associated with any gross change in urine pH, but was preceded by a marked albuminuria. By the fifth day, large amounts of albumin were present in the urine of the majority of treated rats consuming the 30% casein diet. Albumin rarely appeared in the urine of treated rats consuming the 15% casein diet.These findings were discussed in relation to the literature concerning the dietary production of chronic nephritis. The procedure described in this paper greatly accelerates the development of kidney lesions, apparently identical with those shown previously to ensue on the feeding of high protein diets.
THE EFFECT OF BARBITURATES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES ON MOTION SICKNESS IN DOGS
Authors: Noble R. L.
Published: April 2011

A large series of barbiturates and other substances have been tested for their ability to prevent motion sickness in dogs. Many compounds were found to possess this activity, which was not related to the anesthetic property of the compound. A number of barbiturates were found to be considerably more active than V-12, which was used as a standard. Pyridoxine, hyoscine, and streptomycin were inactive in the tests described. Bulbocapnine possessed half the potency of V-12 and showed an additive effect when the two substances were given together.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MACBETH ILLUMINOMETER
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles , Ramsey A. R.
Published: April 2011

The MacBeth illuminometer is a well known portable photometer of the visual type. Measurements of its errors show that the instrument gives reliable results if used with care. The most serious errors may occur when the color temperature of the light that is being measured differs greatly from that of the working standard lamp in the instrument. Under such conditions, different observers may obtain widely different results.
THE EFFECT OF BUILDERS IN HARD WATER DETERGENT SOLUTIONS
Authors: Foster Muriel W. , Roberts Jessie S. , Brodie Jessie B.
Published: April 2011

The water-softening ability of soda ash, trisodium phosphate, sodium meta-silicate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and sodium hexametaphosphate was investigated. Each builder possessed great water-softening power and in each case the reaction with hardness was immediate and the residual hardness from maximum softening was less than 1 grain per gallon of water. The effect in detergent solutions of builders at concentrations that had given maximum softening in the above tests was investigated by determining soil removal, degradation, and deposit of insoluble compounds after 10 launderings of standardly soiled flannelette. In these relatively high concentrations the alkaline builders gave inferior detergency to that of soap alone in hard water. The sequestering agent, sodium hexametaphosphate, gave results that were superior to soap alone in hard water and equal to that of soap alone in soft water. In every instance the addition of builder before soap produced the same effect as builder with soap.
AN APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING THE SENSITIVITY OF GAS DETECTOR PAPERS
Authors: Tulk A. S. , Cragg L. H. , Graham R. P.
Published: April 2011

There is described an apparatus for determining the sensitivity of detector papers toward gases from liquids of low volatility. The paper holder is constructed in such a way that the papers may be moistened, dried, removed, or replaced without disturbing the flow of gas through the rest of the apparatus. The holder also makes possible the comparative testing, under identical conditions, of a number of papers. With auxiliary apparatus, the paper holder permits the use of a carrier air stream of controllable relative humidity.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: III. THE CAUSE OF THE EFFECT OF METALLIC DOPE TO DELAY DETONATION
Authors: King R. O.
Published: April 2011

The antiknock effect of metallic dope is attributed to the catalytic action of the surface, maintained in an oxidizing atmosphere by continuous deposition thereon of the metal of the dope, to oxidize the fuel in part to steam and carbon dioxide, the consequent dilution of the end gas causing a reduction of inflammability sufficient to prevent completion of combustion in other than the normal manner. Experiments indicate that temperatures required for the necessary catalytic activity are attained during the period of flame travel; not prior to ignition. In support of the theory experimental evidence is given showing that, (a) steam is especially effective to reduce inflammability, (b) doped pentane or hexane oxidizes without ignition to steam and carbon dioxide only in reaction chamber No. 10, described in Part I, at any temperature of reaction, (c) the carbon dioxide–steam reaction is inhibited by a sulphur catalyst poison and the similar action in the engine destroys the antiknock effect of the dope. It is shown further by experiments with and without additions of a catalyst poison to undoped engine fuel that, in conditions leading to high surface temperatures in the combustion space, a carbon dioxide–steam reaction having a considerable antiknock effect is obtained. The engine experiments with catalyst poisons are completed by obtaining conditions in which tetraethyl lead becomes a pro-knock. It is recognized that the catalyst theory depends fundamentally on the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuel being a heterogeneous reaction as indicated by the experiments described in Part II, and some further evidence in support of the view, obtained by using catalyst poisons, is given in this Part.
THE PAPER MAKING PROPERTIES OF STRAW HOLOCELLULOSE
Authors: Adams G. A. , Castagne A. E.
Published: April 2011

Fibrous holocellulose pulps were prepared in approximately quantitative yield from flax shives and wheat, oat, and fiber flax straw that had been macerated in a buhrstone mill and delignified by sodium chlorite. Paper hand sheets that were formed from pulps subjected to prolonged beating were glassinelike in character. Strength of all straw holocelluloses developed slowly on beating. All papers had relatively low densities compared with the usual values for papers from wood pulps. Tear resistance was initially low for all straw holocelluloses, especially flax shives, and decreased with beating. Color reversion, due almost entirely to light, was rapid in all test sheets. Possible uses for straw holocellulose papers are suggested, although, at present, the process is too expensive to be commercially feasible.
POLARIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN CEREAL PRODUCTS: V. THE PARTICLE SIZE AND EXTRACTION TIME REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

Grinding wheat to pass a 40 mesh screen is adequate for polarimetric starch analyses. Finer grinding does not influence the precision, apparent starch content, or extraction time requirement appreciably. The pentosan content of calcium chloride extracts is increased by fine grinding and by prolonged extraction and is decreased by preliminary extraction with dilute alkali. The wheat products employed in this study were subjected to complete analysis by conventional methods (ash, fat, protein, sugar, pentosan, polyuronide, fiber). Starch contents calculated by difference were in close agreement with direct determinations on patent flour, and showed differences of 1.3 to 2.6% on whole wheat. Apparent fat contents, determined with ethyl ether or petroleum ether, were doubled by preliminary acid digestion. Wheat is shown to have an appreciable polyuronide content, which is located in the integuments.
PHOTOMETRY AND COLORIMETRY OF RAILROAD FUSEES
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles
Published: April 2011

In connection with the preparation of a standard specification, it became necessary to investigate the luminous intensity and color of a large number of railroad fusees. The rapid and wide fluctuations in intensity made it necessary to use special methods of colorimetry. The intensity was recorded by a highspeed electronic potentiometer and a barrier-layer photocell with correcting filter. To the pen carriage of the potentiometer was attached a special diaphragm which, with a lens and slit, acted as a 'light valve' to keep the flux into the colorimeter at a constant level over a range of about four to one. The very rapid flickering was, of course, not entirely eliminated. Visual colorimetry was used, the comparison field being produced in the lower half of a divided integrating sphere, the upper half of which received light from the fusee under test. The field, 2° in diameter, could be observed with both eyes. The accuracy of the colorimetry was made adequate by a careful choice of filters, advantage being taken of a fortunate circumstance regarding the color of the fusees. The results of testing more than 200 fusees are summarized.
Note on a Protective Grease for Threads Exposed Under Corrosive Conditions
Authors: Cohen M. , Halferdahl A. C. , Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
CANADIAN ERUCIC ACID OILS: I. REFINING AND BLEACHING
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Dark colored commercial erucic acid oils from rapeseed, and from mustard seed screenings (Brassica species), have been subjected to various refining and bleaching treatments. Superfiltrol bleaching clay was superior to Neutrol clay or an unactivated Manitoba bentonite. Lecithin-free, partially alkali refined, and alkali refined oils were bleached readily by heating for 20 min. at 100 °C., as little as 2% clay yielding oils similar in color to commercial table oils. Crude oils could be bleached without preliminary refining treatment if the temperature were raised to 200 °C., though some increase in free fatty acid occurred. With Stanolax as a color standard, relative transmissions at a wave length of 440 mμ were 4.5% for crude rapeseed oil, 5.0% for alkali refined rapeseed oil, and 58, 78, and 91%, respectively, for the alkali refined oil bleached with 1, 2, and 4% Superfiltrol. The behavior of mustard seed oils was closely similar though more bleaching clay was required. For both rape and mustard, spectrophotometric analyses indicated generally similar transmissions for crude, lecithin-free, and partially alkali refined oils in the range from 225 to 500 mμ, while fully alkali refined oils showed reduced transmissions in the triene region (260 to 280 mμ) with slightly increased transmission over the range from 320 to 500 mμ. Bleached oils were characterized by high transmissions in the range above 320 mμ.
A 600 KV. ION ACCELERATOR
Authors: Jelley J. V. , Paul E. B.
Published: April 2011

The 600 kv. ion acceleration equipment that has been developed at the Ottawa Laboratory of the National Research Council is described. Details of ion source power column, and control gear are given. Using hydrogen a total ion beam of 250 to 300 μa. was obtained, of which about 80% was atomic ions.
AN INK-WRITING CARDIOCHRONOGRAPH FOR THE STUDY OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Loucks W. W. , Kostashuk S. S. , Burton Alan C.
Published: April 2011

A study of the fluctuations of cardiac period from beat to beat gives information as to the activity of the vagus and sympathetic nerves which control heart rate. The instrument uses the electrocardiac voltages (Q.R.S. complex) between right arm and left leg, with the left arm grounded to the instrument. The out-of-phase voltages are amplified first by a differential amplifier, of high discrimination, then by a two stage pulse amplifier. The output is further amplified and distorted by a 'pulse-shaping' circuit to give a positive-going triggering impulse. This impulse, by 'striking' the thyratron of a 'sweep generator', causes the discharge of a condenser which has been slowly charging at a nearly constant rate. A recording milliammeter, of the ink-writing type, is connected to the condenser through a 'sweep amplifier' so that it draws a series of transverse lines on the record, the length of each being determined by the duration of the cardiac period before the next triggering impulse arrives. Over a long period of time, every successive cardiac period is recorded in a comparatively short record. Results have already shown the astonishing variability of the normal cardiac rhythm.