bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATING PREY SWITCHING IN WOLF–UNGULATE SYSTEMS
Authors: Garrott Robert A. , Bruggeman Jason E. , Becker Matthew S. , Kalinowski Steven T. , White P. J.
Published: August 2007

Wolf restoration has become a widely accepted conservation and management practice throughout North America and Europe, though the ecosystem effects of returning top carnivores remain both scientific and societal controversies. Mathematical models predicting and describing wolf–ungulate interactions are typically limited to the wolves' primary prey, with the potential for prey switching in wolf–multiple‐ungulate systems only suggested or assumed by a number of investigators. We used insights gained from experiments on small taxa and field data from ongoing wolf–ungulate studies to construct a model of predator diet composition for a wolf–elk–bison system in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. The model explicitly incorporates differential vulnerability of the ungulate prey types to predation, predator preference, differences in prey biomass, and the possibility of prey switching. Our model demonstrates wolf diet shifts with changes in relative abundance of the two prey, with the dynamics of this shift dependent on the combined influences of preference, differential vulnerability, relative abundances of prey, and whether or not switching occurs. Differences in vulnerability between elk and bison, and strong wolf preference for elk, result in an abrupt dietary shift occurring only when elk are very rare relative to bison, whereas incorporating switching initiates the dietary shift more gradually and at higher bison–elk ratios. We demonstrate how researchers can apply these equations in newly restored wolf–two‐prey systems to empirically evaluate whether prey switching is occurring. Each coefficient in the model has a biological interpretation, and most can be directly estimated from empirical data collected from field studies. Given the potential for switching to dramatically influence predator–prey dynamics and the wide range of expected prey types and abundances in some systems where wolves are present and/or being restored, we suggest that this is an important and productive line of research that should be pursued by ecologists working in wolf–ungulate systems.
MANGROVE RECRUITMENT AFTER FOREST DISTURBANCE IS FACILITATED BY HERBACEOUS SPECIES IN THE CARIBBEAN
Authors: McKee Karen L. , Rooth Jill E. , Feller Ilka C.
Published: August 2007

Plant communities along tropical coastlines are often affected by natural and human disturbances, but little is known about factors influencing recovery. We focused on mangrove forests, which are among the most threatened ecosystems globally, to examine how facilitation by herbaceous vegetation might improve forest restoration after disturbance. We specifically investigated whether recovery of mangrove forests in harsh environments is accelerated by nurse plants and whether the beneficial effects are species‐specific. Quantification of standardized effects allowed comparisons across performance parameters and over time for: (1) net effect of each herbaceous species on mangrove survival and growth, (2) effects of pre‐ and post‐establishment factors associated with each herbaceous species, and (3) need for artificial planting to enhance growth or survival of mangrove seedlings. Mangrove recruitment in a clear‐cut forest in Belize was accelerated by the presence of Sesuvium portulacastrum (succulent forb) and Distichlis spicata (grass), two coastal species common throughout the Caribbean region. The net effect of herbaceous vegetation was positive, but the magnitude of effects on mangrove survival and growth differed by species. Because of differences in their vegetative structure and other features, species effects on mangroves also varied by mechanism: (1) trapping of dispersing propagules (both species), (2) structural support of the seedling (Distichlis), and/or (3) promotion of survival (Sesuvium) or growth (Distichlis) through amelioration of soil conditions (temperature, aeration). Artificial planting had a stronger positive effect on mangrove survival than did edaphic conditions, but planting enhanced mangrove growth more in Sesuvium than in Distichlis patches. Our study indicates that beneficial species might be selected based on features that provide multiple positive effects and that species comparisons may be improved using standardized effects. Our findings are not only relevant to the coastal environments found in the Caribbean region, but our assessment methods may be useful for developing site‐specific information to restore disturbed mangrove forests worldwide, especially given the large pool of mangrove associates (>45 genera) available for screening.
RAPID ASSESSMENT OF POSTFIRE PLANT INVASIONS IN CONIFEROUS FORESTS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Freeman Jonathan P. , Stohlgren Thomas J. , Hunter Molly E. , Omi Philip N. , Martinson Erik J. , Chong Geneva W. , Brown Cynthia S.
Published: August 2007

Fire is a natural part of most forest ecosystems in the western United States, but its effects on nonnative plant invasion have only recently been studied. Also, forest managers are engaging in fuel reduction projects to lessen fire severity, often without considering potential negative ecological consequences such as nonnative plant species introductions. Increased availability of light, nutrients, and bare ground have all been associated with high‐severity fires and fuel treatments and are known to aid in the establishment of nonnative plant species. We use vegetation and environmental data collected after wildfires at seven sites in coniferous forests in the western United States to study responses of nonnative plants to wildfire. We compared burned vs. unburned plots and plots treated with mechanical thinning and/or prescribed burning vs. untreated plots for nonnative plant species richness and cover and used correlation analyses to infer the effect of abiotic site conditions on invasibility. Wildfire was responsible for significant increases in nonnative species richness and cover, and a significant decrease in native cover. Mechanical thinning and prescribed fire fuel treatments were associated with significant changes in plant species composition at some sites. Treatment effects across sites were minimal and inconclusive due to significant site and site × treatment interaction effects caused by variation between sites including differences in treatment and fire severities and initial conditions (e.g., nonnative species sources). We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to determine what combinations of environmental variables best explained patterns of nonnative plant species richness and cover. Variables related to fire severity, soil nutrients, and elevation explained most of the variation in species composition. Nonnative species were generally associated with sites with higher fire severity, elevation, percentage of bare ground, and lower soil nutrient levels and lower canopy cover. Early assessments of postfire stand conditions can guide rapid responses to nonnative plant invasions.
GRASSLAND INVADER RESPONSES TO REALISTIC CHANGES IN NATIVE SPECIES RICHNESS
Authors: Rinella Matthew J. , Pokorny Monica L. , Rekaya Romdhane
Published: August 2007

The importance of species richness for repelling exotic plant invasions varies from ecosystem to ecosystem. Thus, in order to prioritize conservation objectives, it is critical to identify those ecosystems where decreasing richness will most greatly magnify invasion risks. Our goal was to determine if invasion risks greatly increase in response to common reductions in grassland species richness. We imposed treatments that mimic management‐induced reductions in grassland species richness (i.e., removal of shallow‐ and/or deep‐rooted forbs and/or grasses and/or cryptogam layers). Then we introduced and monitored the performance of a notorious invasive species (i.e., Centaurea maculosa). We found that, on a per‐gram‐of‐biomass basis, each resident plant group similarly suppressed invader growth. Hence, with respect to preventing C. maculosa invasions, maintaining overall productivity is probably more important than maintaining the productivity of particular plant groups or species. But at the sites we studied, all plant groups may be needed to maintain overall productivity because removing forbs decreased overall productivity in two of three years. Alternatively, removing forbs increased productivity in another year, and this led us to posit that removing forbs may inflate the temporal productivity variance as opposed to greatly affecting time‐averaged productivity. In either case, overall productivity responses to single plant group removals were inconsistent and fairly modest, and only when all plant groups were removed did C. maculosa growth increase substantially over a no‐removal treatment. As such, it seems that intense disturbances (e.g., prolonged drought, overgrazing) that deplete multiple plant groups may often be a prerequisite for C. maculosa invasion.
STREAM ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING UNDER REDUCED FLOW CONDITIONS
Authors: Dewson Zoë S. , James Alexander B. W. , Death Russell G.
Published: August 2007

Assessments of flow reduction in streams often focus on changes to biological communities and in‐stream physical characteristics, with little consideration for changes in ecosystem functioning. It is unclear whether functional indicators of ecosystem condition may be useful for assessing the impacts of reduced discharge on small streams. Using weirs and diversions to reduce stream discharge during summer baseflow conditions, we tested the response of leaf breakdown, coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) retention, and primary production to one month of water abstraction in before–after, control–impact (BACI) designed experiments. Discharge at impact (downstream) reaches decreased by over 85% in each of three small New Zealand streams compared to controls (upstream). There also were decreases in velocity, depth, and wetted width. Sediment cover increased at impact reaches, but there were only small changes to conductivity, pH, and surface water temperature. We installed mesh bags filled with willow leaves in‐stream for one month to measure leaf breakdown. Reduced discharge had little influence on leaf breakdown rate in these streams. Travel distances and retention structures for CPOM were evaluated using releases of paper strips and wooden dowelling over a range of discharges. The distance traveled by released CPOM increased with increasing discharge, and the importance of riffles as retention structures increased at lower discharges. We measured the accumulation of chlorophyll a after one month on artificial substrates as an estimate of the relative primary production of control and impact reaches. The differences in chlorophyll a concentrations between control and impact reaches were inconsistent among streams. These ecosystem functions have responded inconsistently to water removal in these streams. However, the strong response of CPOM retention to reduced discharge could complement measures of biological community structure when the influence of reduced discharge is assessed. We recommend further investigation in a wide range of streams to assess the utility of these processes as functional indicators of reduced discharge.
HYDROLOGIC REGIME AND HERBIVORY STABILIZE AN ALTERNATIVE STATE IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Wolf Evan C. , Cooper David J. , Hobbs N. Thompson
Published: August 2007

A decline in the stature and abundance of willows during the 20th century occurred throughout the northern range of Yellowstone National Park, where riparian woody‐plant communities are key components in multiple‐trophic‐level interactions. The potential causes of willow decline include climate change, increased elk browsing coincident with the loss of an apex predator, the gray wolf, and an absence of habitat engineering by beavers. The goal of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of willow establishment through the 20th century and to identify causal processes. Sampled willows established from 1917 to 1999 and contained far fewer young individuals than was predicted from a modeled stable willow population, indicating reduced establishment during recent decades. Two hydrologically distinct willow establishment environments were identified: fine‐grained beaver pond sediments and coarse‐grained alluvium. Willows established on beaver pond sediment earlier in time, higher on floodplain surfaces, and farther from the current stream channel than did willows on alluvial sediment. Significant linear declines from the 1940s to the 1990s in alluvial willow establishment elevation and lateral distance from the stream channel resulted in a much reduced area of alluvial willow establishment. Willow establishment was not well correlated with climate‐driven hydrologic variables, but the trends were consistent with the effects of stream channel incision initiated in ca. 1950, 20–30 years after beaver dam abandonment. Radiocarbon dates and floodplain stratigraphy indicate that stream incision of the present magnitude may be unprecedented in the past two millennia. We propose that hydrologic changes, stemming from competitive exclusion of beaver by elk overbrowsing, caused the landscape to transition from a historical beaver‐pond and willow‐mosaic state to its current alternative stable state where active beaver dams and many willow stands are absent. Because of hydrologic changes in streams, a rapid return to the historical state may not occur by reduction of elk browsing alone. Management intervention to restore the historical hydrologic regime may be necessary to recover willows and beavers across the landscape.
The Cost-Effectiveness of the Management of Acute Sinusitis
Authors: Anzai Yoshimi , Jarvik Jeffrey G. , Sullivan Sean D. , Hollingworth William
Published: August 2007

Background

Sinusitis is a common medical disease with a tremendous economic impact on health care. Our objective was to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the management of acute sinusitis from the societal and payers’ perspectives.

Methods

A Markov disease simulation model was used for comparing four treatment strategies: (1) no antibiotic (Abx), (2) empiric Abx, (3) CT-based Abx, and (4) clinical guideline-based Abx.

Results

Empiric Abx treatment was the most cost-effective from the societal perspective. Clinical guideline-based treatment was the most cost-effective strategy from the payers’ perspective ($38,515/quality-adjusted life year). Cost and effectiveness of Abx, time lost from work, and prevalence of acute bacterial sinusitis are influential variables.

Conclusion

Empiric Abx treatment is a cost-effective strategy from the short-term societal perspective. However, Abx resistance will lead to increased costs and reduced efficacy of this strategy in the long-term. Clinical guidelines provide a low-cost method of targeting therapy.
Stentgraft-Implantation for Treatment of Internal Carotid Artery Injury during Endonasal Sinus Surgery
Authors: Lippert Burkard M. , Ringel Kurt , Stoeter Peter , Hey Otto , Mann Wolf J.
Published: August 2007

Background

Damage of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is very rare but can be a dramatic complication of endonasal sinus surgery. In the literature only a few cases are reported, some of them with fatal results.

Methods

We present two cases with massive bleeding of the ICA caused by endonasal sinus surgery.

Results

In both cases bleeding could be stopped sufficiently by implanting a stentgraft.

Conclusion

The lumen of the artery could be preserved and no neurological deficits were observed.
Comparison of Antileukotrienes and Antihistamines in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Ho Ching-Yin , Tan Ching-Ting
Published: August 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of antileukotriene (anti-LT), antihistamine, and a combination of anti-LT and antihistamine on the symptoms and nasal resistance in allergic rhinitis patients.

Methods

We performed a placebo-controlled study, with 120 persistent, moderate to severe allergic rhinitis patients randomly selected to receive the different treatments for 4 weeks: no treatment, 10 mg of cetirizine once per day, 20 mg of zafirlukast once per day, 20 mg of zafirlukast twice per day, a combination of 20 mg of zafirlukast and 10 mg of cetirizine once per day, or a combination of 20 mg of zafirlukast twice per day and 10 mg cetirizine once per day. The nasal secretion nitric oxide (NO) concentration, nasal symptom score, and nasal resistance were measured before and after treatment.

Results

Total symptom scores improved in each treated group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Nasal obstruction significantly improved in the anti-LT-treated groups (p < 0.05). High-dose anti-LT or the combination of low-dose anti-LT and antihistamine significantly improved allergy symptoms compared with no treatment, low-dose anti-LT, or antihistamine alone (p < 0.05). Furthermore, anti-LT decreased NO concentration in nasal secretions (p < 0.05), regardless of the dose administered.

Conclusion

These results suggest that high-dose anti-LT alone or the combination of low-dose anti-LY and antihistamine can effectively treat allergic rhinitis.
Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide is Up-Regulated in the Eosinophilic Mucus Subgroup of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients
Authors: Ooi Eng Hooi , Wormald Peter-John , Carney A. Simon , James Craig Lloyd , Tan Lor Wai
Published: August 2007

Background

Eosinophilic mucus chronic rhinosinusitis (EMCRS) patients are a subgroup of CRS with a poorer prognosis due to frequent recurrences of disease. The cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) is an important innate defense peptide but its role in CRS is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate CAMP mRNA and protein expression from EMCRS, CRS, and normal control patients.

Methods

Biopsy specimens of nasal mucosa and nasal polyps were taken from 59 CRS patients and 9 controls. CAMP mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunoassay, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry.

Results

The expression of CAMP mRNA was significantly increased in EMCRS patients compared with CRS patients (p = 0.0004). By immunohistochemistry, expression of CAMP was localized to nasal epithelial, submucosal glands, and inflammatory subepithelial cells. Western blotting confirmed the presence of CAMP in EMCRS, CRS, and control patients. However, we did not detect statistically significant differences in the protein levels in tissue homogenates between EMCRS, CRS, and control patients.

Conclusion

This study shows expression of CAMP in nasal mucosa supporting its role in innate defenses against inhaled pathogens. Although CAMP mRNA was up-regulated in EMCRS patients, there were no statistically significant differences in protein levels in the nasal mucosa of EMCRS compared with CRS patients and controls.
Paradoxical Nasal Obstruction: Analysis of Characteristics using Acoustic Rhinometry
Authors: Kim Hyo Yeol , Dhong Hun-Jong , Hong Sang Duk , Lee Hyun Jong , Cho Hyun Jin , Chung Seung Kyu
Published: August 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of acoustic rhinometric parameters in patients with paradoxical nasal obstruction.

Methods

The medical records of 1844 patients who had nasal septal deviation between 1998 and 2004 at our institute were assessed retrospectively. The authors selected 31 subjects for the experimental group and 256 subjects for the control group. Minimal cross-sectional area (MCA), volume, and degree of mucosal change at baseline and decongested phase were analyzed.

Results

MCA of the convex side in the baseline state for the experimental (paradoxical) group is wider than that for the control group (p = 0.005). Degree of mucosal change of the experimental group is smaller than that of the control group in the convex side (p = 0.001). Other parameters are similar for the two groups.

Conclusion

Patients with paradoxical nasal obstruction might be explained by less degree of mucosal change in the concave side of the nasal cavity during nasal cycle than the control group.
Rhinosinusitis Task Force Symptoms versus the Sinonasal Outcomes Test in Patients Evaluated for Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ling Francis T. K. , Kountakis Stilianos E.
Published: August 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to compare Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RSTF) symptom scores with Sinonasal Outcome Test 20 (SNOT-20) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and controls.

Methods

An analysis was performed of prospectively collected data in patients with CRS (n = 201) and controls (n = 100). The severity of individual RSTF major and minor symptom scores graded on a visual analog scale and total symptom scores were compared between the two groups. Correlation of the RSTF symptoms with the SNOT-20 was performed using data collected from the CRS group at baseline and at 1 year postoperatively.

Results

CRS patients had higher RSTF symptom scores compared with control patients when asked to rate the severity of nasal obstruction, facial pain/pressure, facial congestion, alteration of smell, nasal discharge, postnasal drip, headache, halitosis, fatigue, cough, and ear pain (p < 0.005). No statistically significant difference was seen for the symptoms of dental pain and fever. Total RSTF scores were 54.5 ± 1.9 in CRS patients versus 23.4 ± 3.0 in controls. Total SNOT-20 scores were 28.7 ± 0.8 in CRS patients versus 15.2 ± 0.6 in controls. In CRS patients, total RSTF scores correlated with total SNOT-20 scores at baseline (r = 0.36; p < 0.0001) and 1-year postoperatively (r = 0.37; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Total RSTF symptom scores are significantly different in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis compared with those without this disease. The total RSTF symptom scores also correlate with a validated outcome measures instrument.
Investigation of Fungi in Massive Nasal Polyps: Microscopy, Culture, Polymerase-Chain Reaction, and Serology
Authors: Aydil Utku , Kalkancı Ayşe , Ceylan Alper , Berk Elife , Kuştimur Semra , Uslu Sabri
Published: August 2007

Background

Although some clues exist about the causative relationship of fungi and chronic rhinosinusitis, the relationship of nasal polyps and fungi has not been enlightened. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between fungi and massive nasal polyps and to evaluate current available diagnostic techniques for detection of fungi.

Methods

Thirty cases of massive nasal polyposis (NP) were evaluated prospectively for fungal evidence and were compared with 18 cases of concha bullosa based on direct microscopy, fungal culture, serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing.

Results

Fungal colonization was detected in 15 (50.0%) of the cases with massive NP, but only in 2 (11.1%) of the cases with concha bullosa. A significant difference was found between the study and the control groups in terms of fungal existence (p < 0.016). Direct microscopy was positive in 14 (46.7%) and 1 (5.6%) of the cases; fungal culture was positive in 8 (26.7%) and 4 (22.2%) of the cases; serology was positive in 9 (30.0%) and 2 (11.1%) of the cases; PCR was positive in 18 (60.0%) and 6 (33.3%) of the cases with massive NP and concha bullosa, respectively.

Conclusion

Fungal colonization was found to be more common in massive NP patients compared with the control group. According to our results, microscopy and PCR were most sensitive techniques for detection of fungi.
Risk Factors for Recurrent Sinus Surgery in Cystic Fibrosis: Review of a Decade of Experience
Authors: Becker Samuel S. , de Alarcon Alessandro , Bomeli Steven R. , Han Joseph K. , Gross Charles W.
Published: August 2007

Background

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery often require multiple revision procedures. Our objective was to identify risk factors for revision sinus surgery in patients with CF, to better identify this subset of patients who might be better suited for alternative interventions at their initial procedure.

Methods

Patients with CF who presented to our academic tertiary care sinus clinic between 1994 and 2003 were reviewed. Data were collected from CT scans using the Lund-Mackay scale. Data are collected on demographics, comorbidities, CF genotype, number and type of sinus surgeries, and pulmonary function tests.

Results

Eighty-one patients met inclusion criteria. Fifty patients were <18 years old at presentation. Forty-one patients were Δ508 homozygotes, 32 patients were Δ508 heterozygotes, and 5 patients were non-Δ508 heterozygotes. Respiratory comorbidities were asthma alone (28%) and aspirin triad (5%). Eighteen (22%) patients either smoked or lived with smokers. The mean Lund-Mackay score before the initial surgery was 16. Twenty patients were treated with medication only; 35 patients underwent 1 surgery; 14 patients underwent 2 surgeries; 8 patients underwent 3 surgeries; 2 patients underwent 4 surgeries; and 2 patients underwent 5 surgeries. Patients with higher Lund-Mackay scores at their initial CT were more likely to undergo repeat surgeries (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

CF patients with high Lund-Mackay scores at their initial surgery are more likely to undergo several revision surgeries. These patients should be considered for more alternative initial management of their sinuses.
Percutaneous Root Osteotomy for correction of the Deviated Nose
Authors: Jang Yong Ju , Wang Jong Hwan , Sinha Vikas , Lee Bong-Jae
Published: August 2007

Background

This study describes the use of percutaneous root osteotomy near the intercanthal level for correction of deviated noses. This procedure provides complete mobilization of the midline bony septum. The study analyzed outcomes in patients undergoing this procedure.

Methods

The study retrospectively reviewed 50 patients who underwent corrective rhinoplasty involving a percutaneous root osteotomy. Two independent rhinoplastic surgeons assessed treatment outcomes by comparing pre- and postoperative photographs. Complications associated with the procedure were assessed also.

Results

Postoperative photographs showed the outcome was excellent in 42 cases (84%), good in 2 cases (4%), fair in 4 cases (8%), and no change in the “central area” in 2 cases (4%). No cases showed a poor or worsening outcome, and there were no complications such as visible scarring or osteotomy site depressions.

Conclusions

Percutaneous root osteotomy appears to be a valuable adjunct procedure for correction of deviated noses.
The Role of Anti-IgE Immunoglobulin Therapy in Nasal Polyposis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Penn Renee , Mikula Suzette
Published: August 2007

Background

Although the etiology of nasal polyposis (NP) remains unknown, emerging evidence showing elevated local IgE levels and eosinophilic infiltration suggests an allergic etiology. Given this evidence, this pilot study examined whether anti-IgE therapy is efficacious in the treatment of NP.

Methods

Data were retrospectively collected on two groups of patients with atopic asthma and NP who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), including a control group (n = 4) and an anti-IgE treatment group (n = 4), who received the anti-IgE agent, omalizumab, postoperatively. Both groups were evaluated by sinus computed tomography (CT) and nasal endoscopic examination, and comparisons were made between the groups with respect to differences in the recurrence of NP after ESS.

Results

Collectively, the subjects showed a direct relationship between NP severity and pretreatment total serum IgE levels. Preoperatively, there were no differences between the groups with regard to their total serum IgE levels, sinus CT scores, and endoscopically determined NP scores. Relative to corresponding preoperative values, there was no significant improvement in the sinus CT scores in either treatment group postoperatively. In contrast, relative to preoperative values, the nasal polyp scores significantly improved in the anti-IgE group, whereas the control group showed no significant improvement.

Conclusion

This pilot study provides new evidence establishing that (1) endoscopic NP severity directly correlates to total serum IgE levels and (2) inclusion of anti-IgE therapy in the postpolypectomy management of atopic asthmatic individuals may reduce the severity of NP recurrence.
Game-based Exercises for Dynamic Short-Sitting Balance Rehabilitation of People With Chronic Spinal Cord and Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Betker Aimee L , Desai Ankur , Nett Cristabel , Kapadia Naaz , Szturm Tony
Published: August 2007

Background and Purpose

Goal-oriented, task-specific training has been shown to improve function; however, it can be difficult to maintain patient interest. This report describes a rehabilitation protocol for the maintenance of balance in a short-sitting position following spinal cord and head injuries by use of a center-of-pressure–controlled video game–based tool. The scientific justification for the selected treatment is discussed.

Case Descriptions

Three adults were treated: 1 young adult with spina bifida (T10 and L1–L2), 1 middle-aged adult with complete paraplegia (complete lesion at T11–L1), and 1 middle-aged adult with traumatic brain injury. All patients used wheelchairs full-time.

Outcomes

The patients showed increased motivation to perform the game-based exercises and increased dynamic short-sitting balance.

Discussion

The patients exhibited increases in practice volume and attention span during training with the game-based tool. In addition, they demonstrated substantial improvements in dynamic balance control. These observations indicate that a video game–based exercise approach can have a substantial positive effect by improving dynamic short-sitting balance.
Repeated-Slip Training: An Emerging Paradigm for Prevention of Slip-Related Falls Among Older Adults
Authors: Pai Yi-Chung , Bhatt Tanvi S
Published: August 2007

Falls frequently cause injury-related hospitalization or death among older adults. This article reviews a new conceptual framework on dynamic stability and weight support in reducing the risk for falls resulting from a forward slip, based on the principles of motor control and learning, in the context of adaptation and longer-term retention induced by repeated-slip training. Although an unexpected slip is severely destabilizing, a recovery step often is adequate for regaining stability, regardless of age. Consequently, poor weight support (quantified by reduction in hip height), rather than instability, is the major determinant of slip-related fall risk. Promisingly, a single session of repeated-slip training can enhance neuromechanical control of dynamic stability and weight support to prevent falls, which can be retained for several months or longer. These principles provide the theoretical basis for establishing task-specific adaptive training that facilitates the development of protective strategies to reduce falls among older adults.
Cognitive-Behavioural TreatmentFor Women Who Binge Eat
Authors: Shelley-Ummenhofer Jill , MacMillan Peter D.
Published: August 2007

Purpose: A dietitian-administered, shortened form of the Apple and Agras cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) method was evaluated in a group setting to determine its effect on improving obese women's self-esteem and reducing binge-eating behaviours, depression, and negative body image.

Methods: Participants were recruited through newspaper and radio advertisements. Respondents who met study selection criteria were randomly assigned to either a CBT group (n=13) or a delayed group (D-CBT) (n=9). The treatment was administered over six weekly sessions to the CBT group, and then twice weekly over three weeks to the D-CBT group. Two measures of bingeing behaviour (severity and frequency), three measures of mood (depression, body image, and self-esteem), and body weight were assessed.

Results: The intervention did not result in any changes in body weight. There were statistically significant and clinically important changes after treatment (p<0.05) for all five measures. Binge-eating severity and frequency decreased, depression decreased, body image improved, and self-esteem improved. All changes were greater in the six-week treatment group.

Conclusions: The dietitian-administered, group setting CBT program is effective for reducing binge eating and improving emotional state in obese women.
Mandatory Folic Acid Fortification: In Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: Roebothan Barbara V. , Carmichael Joy , Barter Valerie , Aucoin Jane , Murphy Madonna
Published: August 2007

Purpose: Dietary folic acid (FA) intakes were analyzed in random samples of 302 young women (aged 18 to 34) and 337 seniors (aged 65 to 74) residing in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). The analyses were an attempt to estimate the amount of FA they would consume solely because of mandatory fortification of foods.

Methods: Secondary analysis was performed on raw data collected through single 24-hour recalls as part of a larger study.

Results: The dietary FA contributed by fortified foods eaten in the specified amounts was estimated to be 136 to 148 mcg/day (226 to 247 DFE/day) for young women and 151 to 160 mcg/day (252 to 267 DFE/day) for seniors. Most of this FA was contributed to the diet by enriched white flour.

Conclusions: Mandatory fortification of foods appears to have improved the total mean intake of folate by young women and seniors residing in NL.
Rural Consumers’ Attitudes: Towards Nutrition Labelling
Authors: Lindhorst Kathleen , Corby Lynda , Roberts Susan , Zeiler Sharon
Published: August 2007

Purpose: Consumer workshops in rural and remote locations were evaluated for their efficacy in changing participants’ selfperceived attitudes and behaviours related to nutrition labelling.

Methods: Project-trained community health educators used pilot-tested workshop resources to facilitate 18 workshops across the country. Participants completed pre-workshop questionnaires to permit the identification of demographic characteristics and attitudes and behaviours related to nutrition labelling at pointof- purchase.

Results: The majority of the 259 consumers who submitted questionnaires were women (81%), and aged 35 to 54 (35%); 51% reported more than a high school education and 34% had less than $25,000 as a yearly family income. Self-perceived attitudes and behaviours related to nutrition labelling differed only slightly by family income before the workshop. Workshops were rated positively (mode=4 [range 2 to 5]). Thirty-five consumers were surveyed three months after the workshop; the majority were women (89%), were aged 35 to 54 (43%), and had completed high school (51%). Self-perceived attitudes and behaviours for all respondents (n=35) had improved. Use of acquired knowledge and skills at point-of-purchase was high for all respondents (mode=4 [range 2 to 5]; five-point Likert scale).

Conclusions: Providing in-person consumer workshops with pilot-tested materials in rural and remote locations had positive impacts on attitudes and behaviours related to the use of nutrition labelling.
New Insights into Body Composition and Health: Through Imaging Analysis: 2007 Ryley-Jeffs Memorial Lecture
Authors: McCargar Linda
Published: August 2007

From calipers to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we have come a long way in our ability to analyze body composition. Some historical milestones are a reminder that many concepts in muscle and fat metabolism, and their measurement, have stood the test of time. However, newer imaging technology has improved our understanding of population heterogeneity in body composition, and the potential health problems associated with certain body composition phenotypes. Imaging analyses, such as dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, computed tomography, and MRI, have provided detailed characterization of the type and amount of fat deposited centrally (abdominal adipose tissue), the trajectory of losses in muscle tissue (sarcopenia), and the combination of low muscle mass/high fat mass (sarcopenic obesity). The last is a new emerging health concern because the presence of these two disproportionate tissue depots may have an additive effect on increasing morbidity. Ongoing measurement of body composition is needed, and preliminary research suggests this may have important nutritional implications.
How’s Your Soul?
Authors: Vermette David
Published: March 2024

In this narrative essay, a physician reflects on the way in which his residency program director’s unique background as a Master of Divinity helped him to focus on his growth as a human being rather than concentrating solely on clinical evaluations.
Keiding, Niels
Authors: Andersen Per K. , Budtz‐Jørgensen Esben , Ekstrøm Claus T.
Published: March 2024

A review is given of the professional life of the Danish biostatistician Niels Keiding (1944–2022).
Genome and RNA sequencing boost neuromuscular diagnoses to 62% from 34% with exome sequencing alone
Authors: Marchant Rhett G. , Bryen Samantha J. , Bahlo Melanie , Cairns Anita , Chao Katherine R. , Corbett Alastair , Davis Mark R. , Ganesh Vijay S. , Ghaoui Roula , Jones Kristi J. , Kornberg Andrew J. , Lek Monkol , Liang Christina , MacArthur Daniel G. , Oates Emily C. , O'Donnell‐Luria Anne , O'Grady Gina L. , Osei‐Owusu Ikeoluwa A. , Rafehi Haloom , Reddel Stephen W. , Roxburgh Richard H. , Ryan Monique M. , Sandaradura Sarah A. , Scott Liam W. , Valkanas Elise , Weisburd Ben , Young Helen , Evesson Frances J. , Waddell Leigh B. , Cooper Sandra T.
Published: March 2024

Objective

Most families with heritable neuromuscular disorders do not receive a molecular diagnosis. Here we evaluate diagnostic utility of exome, genome, RNA sequencing, and protein studies and provide evidence‐based recommendations for their integration into practice.

Methods

In total, 247 families with suspected monogenic neuromuscular disorders who remained without a genetic diagnosis after standard diagnostic investigations underwent research‐led massively parallel sequencing: neuromuscular disorder gene panel, exome, genome, and/or RNA sequencing to identify causal variants. Protein and RNA studies were also deployed when required.

Results

Integration of exome sequencing and auxiliary genome, RNA and/or protein studies identified causal or likely causal variants in 62% (152 out of 247) of families. Exome sequencing alone informed 55% (83 out of 152) of diagnoses, with remaining diagnoses (45%; 69 out of 152) requiring genome sequencing, RNA and/or protein studies to identify variants and/or support pathogenicity. Arrestingly, novel disease genes accounted for <4% (6 out of 152) of diagnoses while 36.2% of solved families (55 out of 152) harbored at least one splice‐altering or structural variant in a known neuromuscular disorder gene. We posit that contemporary neuromuscular disorder gene‐panel sequencing could likely provide 66% (100 out of 152) of our diagnoses today.

Interpretation

Our results emphasize thorough clinical phenotyping to enable deep scrutiny of all rare genetic variation in phenotypically consistent genes. Post‐exome auxiliary investigations extended our diagnostic yield by 81% overall (34–62%). We present a diagnostic algorithm that details deployment of genomic and auxiliary investigations to obtain these diagnoses today most effectively. We hope this provides a practical guide for clinicians as they gain greater access to clinical genome and transcriptome sequencing.
Highly Conductive Doped Fluoride Solid Electrolytes with Solidified Ionic Liquid to Enable Reversible FeF3 Conversion Solid State Batteries
Authors: Hu Jiulin , Lei Meng , Zhu Chenxi , Zhang Bo , Li Chilin
Published: March 2024

Solid‐state lithium metal batteries based on fluorinated solid electrolytes have attracted attention due to their safety and stability advantages. However, the fluoride solid electrolytes face the problem of relatively low Li‐ion conductivity due to the lacking of suitable structural prototypes and their corresponding modulation modes. In this work, a chlorine‐doped fluoride solid electrolyte Li3AlF5.87Cl0.13 is developed with high ionic conductivity by thermal fluorination and weak chlorination of mixed ionic liquids. The Cl anion is doped into the cryolite‐like open framework structure, and the electrolyte particle boundaries are decorated by solidified thin‐layer (≈2 nm) ionic liquid. Both the bulk and interface modifications enable the improvement of Li‐ion conductivity to 2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, which is the highest level among fluoride solid electrolytes. The Li3AlF5.87Cl0.13 with residual solidified ionic liquid shows the excellent stability of interface contact with Li metal, and the corresponding Li symmetric cell exhibits a small overvoltage (≈100 mV) with outstanding cycle life (at least 500 h). For the first time, a conversion‐type solid‐state Li/FeF3 battery is developed based on this fluoride electrolyte, delivering a reversible capacity as high as 430 mAh g−1. The existence of natural F‐rich interface promotes the conversion reaction reversibility of FeF3 cathode.
Molecular Fe─N4 Moieties Coupled with Atomic Co─N4 Sites Toward Improved Oxygen Reduction Performance
Authors: Xie Peng‐Fei , Zhong Hong , Fang Lingzhe , Lyu Zhaoyuan , Yu Wan‐Jing , Li Tao , Lee Jiyoung , Shin Hamin , Beckman Scott P. , Lin Yuehe , Ding Shichao , Kim Il‐Doo , Li Jin‐Cheng
Published: March 2024

Research on high‐efficiency and cost‐efficient catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is still a vital but challenging issue for commercializing metal–air batteries. Herein, a single‐molecule/atom hybrid catalyst is developed to boost the ORR, in which iron phthalocyanine molecules containing molecular Fe─N4 moieties couple with atomic Co─N4 sites on the surface of polyhedral carbon. Density functional theory calculations reveal that face‐to‐face laminated construction of Fe─N4 and Co─N4 in the hybrid catalyst can effectively modulate the electronic structure of active iron atoms and reduce the energy barrier of the rate‐determining step for ORR. As a result, this hybrid catalyst demonstrates excellent ORR performance, featuring a half‐wave potential of 0.904 V, a peak power density of 238.3 mW cm−2 for zinc–air battery, and outstanding electrocatalytic stability. This work offers a distinctive and robust molecular/atomic engineering approach to creating efficient electrocatalysts, advancing the fields of metal–air batteries.
Boosting Ion Diffusion Kinetics of MXene Inks with Water‐in‐Salt Electrolyte for Screen‐Printed Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Yihan , Yuan Yuxun , Geng HuaYun , Yang Weiqing , Chen Xiangrong
Published: March 2024

Flexible wearable electronics are in urgent need of advanced micro‐energy storage devices. MXenes are widely used in supercapacitors because of their excellent conductivity and hydrophilicity. Nevertheless, MXene‐based supercapacitors typically exhibit low capacitance and unsatisfied rate performance, particularly in the solid compact MXene film electrode with limited porosity and/or ion diffusion paths. Here, the synthesis of MXene inks with enlarged interlayer spacing for facilitated ion diffusion kinetics by intercalating lithium ions is reported. The ion‐intercalated MXene inks are further screen‐printed for scalable production of MXene‐based micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs). Benefiting from such an electrode architecture design, as well as the wide voltage window of 21 m bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium (LiTFSI) water‐in‐salt electrolyte, the device exhibits impressive areal capacitance (252 mF cm−2), much‐improved rate performance (capacitance retention rate as high as 80%), excellent cyclic stability (retains 98.4% of initial capacitance after 10 000 cycles) and flexibility, showing great potential in the field of wearable intelligent electronics.
Multicolor Photochemical Printing Inside Polymer Matrices for Advanced Photonic Anticounterfeiting
Authors: Dong Yu , Wu Huacan , Liu Jie , Zheng Shiya , Liang Baoshuai , Zhang Chuang , Ling Yao , Wu Xiaosong , Chen Jiamao , Yu Xiaolan , Feng Shiyu , Huang Weiguo
Published: March 2024

Conventional security inks, generally directly printed on the data page surface, are vulnerable to counterfeiters, thereby raising the risk of chemical structural deciphering. In fact, polymer film‐based data pages with customized patterns embedded within polymer matrix, rather than printed on the surface, emerge as a promising solution. Therefore, the key lies in developing fluorophores offering light dose‐controlled fluorescent color inside polymer matrices. Though conventional fluorophores often suffer from photobleaching and uncontrolled photoreactions, disqualifying them for this purpose. Herein a diphenanthridinylfumaronitrile‐based phototransformers (trans‐D5) that undergoes photoisomerization and subsequent photocyclization during photopolymerization of the precursor, successively producing cis‐ and cyclo‐D5 with stepwise redshifted solid‐state emissions is developed. The resulting cyclo‐D5 exhibits up to 172 nm emission redshift in rigidifying polymer matrices, while trans‐D5 experiences a slightly blueshifted emission (≈28 nm), cis‐D5 undergoes a modest redshift (≈14 nm). The markedly different rigidochromic behaviors of three D5 molecules within polymer matrices enable multicolor photochemical printing with a broad hue ranging from 38 to 10 via an anticlockwise direction in Munsell color space, yielding indecipherable fluorescent patterns in polymer films. This work provides a new method for document protection and implements advanced security features that are unattainable with conventional inks.
One‐Pot Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Twofold C−H Activation/Oxidative Annulation of N‐Arylpyrroles with Alkynes to Fluorescent Ullazines
Authors: Otero‐Riesgo Sergio , Varela Jesús A. , Saá Carlos
Published: March 2024

A range of densely functionalized ullazines have been synthesized by a one‐pot Rh(III)‐catalyzed twofold C−H activation/oxidative annulation of N‐arylpyrroles with alkynes. Electrophilic bromination at 5‐ or 5,7‐ positions of the EWG‐substituted ullazine core offers an interesting single or double entry for further extended functionalization. Mechanistic considerations suggest two complementary paths, EWG‐assisted and SEAr, for the C−H activations. All ullazines exhibit strong fluorescence emissions. Ullazines bearing thiophene and triarylamine units at 5‐ and 5,7‐ positions show a significant bathochromic shift in their emission spectra, attributed to the more extended electronic circuits present.
Water vapor effects on attrition and elemental migration of iron‐based oxygen carrier in chemical looping combustion
Authors: Huang Neng , Omosebi Ayokunle , Gao Xin , Koumoulis Dimitrios , Liu Kunlei
Published: March 2024

Chemical looping combustion (CLC) offers a novel approach to simultaneous power generation and carbon capture. However, the commercial viability of CLC depends on durable and cost‐effective oxygen carriers (OCs). This study assesses the impact of water vapor (WV) on the attrition of red mud OC, crucial for industrial CLC deployment. Findings indicate a significant reduction in the average attrition rate, from 0.06%/h to 0.03%/h, attributed to the limitation of Fe2O3 reduction, resulting in reduced volumetric and temperature changes in the presence of WV. A developed volume‐based model reveals attrition contributions in the order of chemical > mechanical >> thermal stresses, influencing OC particle surface morphology. Remarkably, the formation of the iron‐oxide layer remains unaffected by WV, reducing agents (CO or H2), or superficial velocities, suggesting scalable iron recovery from attrition with enhanced flexibility in future applications.