bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Of Snips . . . and Puppy Dog Tails": Freud's Sublimation of Judentum
Authors: Geller Jay
Published: August 2009

Freud claimed that he conceived his idea of sublimation while reading about the youthful dog-tail-cutting adventures of the future surgeon J. F. Dieffenbach in Heinrich Heine's The Harz Journey . Although Heine does mention a prohibition against docking dog tails in the work, the Dieffenbach anecdote actually appears in Heine's memorial to Ludwig Börne. This article argues that Freud's parapraxis is entwined with an irony that, if recognized, might undermine the general approbation given to sublimation. By mapping the Jewish matrix of the two passages that converge upon Freud's errant account of the origin of his concept, the author uncovers a third canine caudal caesura in the work of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, an author Freud closely associated with Heine. This triangulation leads the author back to Freud's early formulations of sublimation, which betray its further imbrication with Judentum and suggest that what may be most sublimated by sublimation itself is the correlation between psychoanalytic discourse and Freud's Jewish identifications.
Health in Pre-Angkorian Cambodia: A Bioarchaeological Analysis of the Skeletal Remains from Phum Snay
Authors: Domett K. M. , O'Reilly D. J. W.
Published: August 2009

Excavations at a pre-Angkorian (c. 350 B.C.–A.D. 200) cemetery in the village of Phum Snay, Northwest Cambodia, have revealed 23 inhumations. This small sample of skeletal remains varies in completeness from a scatter of bone to complete articulated skeletons with an array of grave goods including bronze and iron artifacts. There is archaeological evidence for a possible militarized society, but the overall health of this small cemetery population does not provide further conclusive evidence. Demographically, the skeletal sample lacks many subadults and older adults and is skewed 2 : 1 toward females, but this is probably a result of poor preservation and sample size rather than any true bias in cemetery organization. Stature in both males and females is wide ranging and may indicate a heterogeneous sample either in terms of genetics or access to resources. Dental health shows evidence for sexual differentiation in diet, with females showing more caries and less advanced attrition than males, perhaps reflecting a sexual division of labor. There is also a very high proportion of adults, both male and female, with intentional ablation of the anterior dentition, most commonly involving the upper lateral incisors and upper canines. Apart from some cases of moderate joint degeneration and minor fracture (hand and clavicle), there is very little evidence for significant disease or trauma. Overall, evidence from this small sample is suggestive of a relatively healthy lifestyle but with some indicators of a non-egalitarian social structure.
Community Diversity at Ban Lum Khao, Thailand: Isotopic Evidence from the Skeletons
Authors: Bentley R. Alexander , Cox Katharine , Tayles Nancy , Higham Charles , Macpherson Colin , Nowell Geoff , Cooper Matthew , Hayes Tina E. F.
Published: August 2009

Isotopes of strontium, carbon, and oxygen were analyzed in human tooth enamel from the Bronze Age site of Ban Lum Khao (c. 1400 B.C. –500 B.C. ) in Thailand. The strontium and oxygen isotopes, which generally reflect place of origin, delimit discrete groups among the individuals. Among the females, different groups determined through isotopic signatures were buried with distinctive pottery types. This suggests that social identity, drawn from village of origin, was conveyed by material culture, at least in burial. Although Ban Lum Khao was probably an egalitarian community, this isotopic and archaeological evidence suggests that different social identities were associated with place of childhood origin in this Bronze Age community.
Shifting Ground: Translating Lives and Life Writing in Hawai'i
Authors: Franklin Cynthia G. , Fuchs Miriam
Published: August 2009

We open the Winter 2009 issue of Biography by calling attention to "Pacific People," an evening of oli, mele, hula, theatre, poetry, autobiography, and biography, to articulate the significance of Hawai'i as the location of the Sixth Biennial IABA Conference. For the contributors to this volume, translation is, in the broadest terms, a form of representation and action that mediates-inevitably by coming between-cultures and languages in genres that are continually emerging. These essays articulate with the concerns foregrounded in "Pacific People," including a focus on human rights; an insistence on questioning what can and cannot be translated and the difference this makes to people's lives; attention to translation as a practice that can bring to the surface "buried" lives; an emphasis on how linguistic translation is embedded in contexts unmistakably political and economic as well as cultural; and an exploration of how translation itself can be a form of political action. As evidenced by "Pacific People" performers, and as argued by contributors to this special issue, translation enables both the restitution of pre- and anticolonial histories and traditions, and also the ability to create awareness of other peoples and places, helping to create potentially transformative consciousness of the common and different grounds on which we stand in both metaphoric and literal terms.
Disclaimer Intraducible: My Life / Is Based / on a Real Story
Authors: Partnoy Alicia
Published: August 2009

This article showcases the tensions between the survivor's need to tell, and the constraints exercised by publishers, translators, scholars, and human rights professionals. After discussing Gail Wronsky's assertion that politics is what really gets lost in translation, it proposes two strategies to empower survivors: an affirmative action position, and a continuous engagement in co/labor/actions.
"Here the country is uncertain": Canadian Incarcerated Authors Trans-scribing Prison
Authors: Rymhs Deena
Published: August 2009

Drawing on recent life writing by incarcerated Canadian authors, this paper examines how imprisoned writers translate the largely unimaginable physical and social space of the prison to non-imprisoned readers. While some prison texts suggest that, as Michael Hardt puts it, "Prison is our society in its most realized form," others insist on the prison as an inalienable space, a place of radical difference.
Translating Values: Mercantilism and the Many "Biographies" of Pocahontas
Authors: Tratner Michael
Published: August 2009

Seventeenth century mercantilist economics is based on "translating": foreign wealth changes meaning or value in becoming domestic property. The Pocahontas story manipulates biographical evidence to mercantilist ends: she is "translated" by love and marriage into a British subject, "domesticating" her Indian lands into British/American property. Retelling this story keeps American mercantilism alive, reaffirming the mythic belief that the US is the inevitable end-product of all translation.
The Electric Self: Doing Virtual Research for Real in Second Life®
Authors: Rak Julie
Published: August 2009

If we think of virtual worlds as having additional "language" and customs which their participants adopt, it is possible to think of virtual worlds as spaces where identity can be translated from the physical world to the virtual, resulting in a self which occupies a rhetorical third space, where virtual identities have real effects, and real identities operate virtually. This combination of the real and the virtual, and its position as a space of translation, pose specific problems when researchers want to conduct research about virtual lives. Second Life®, a popular online world where people play the "game" of identity, provides a way to investigate how the act of translating one's self can be understood as part of the practice of life narrative, in a new medium.
Hiroshima: Whose Story Is It?
Authors: Yurita Makito , Dornan Reade W.
Published: August 2009

Because the story of the destruction of Hiroshima is sensitive, Canadian Eleanor Coerr chooses to tell it to a North American audience through the eyes of a dying child in a version that neither interrogates nor critiques how the A-bomb could have been avoided. The absence of moral questions leaves open the wound of history painful to Japanese writers whose versions of Hiroshima more urgently insist that a repeat of such massive destruction is unthinkable. And yet, they too aim their message at a home audience and, as such, fail to challenge the official, popular histories recognized in both countries today.
Feminine Bravery: The Girl’s Realm (1898–1915) and the Second Boer War
Authors: Moruzi Kristine
Published: August 2009

With the advent of the Second Boer War in 1899, The Girl’s Realm incorporated heroism within its production of English femininity by presenting images of wartime girlhood where girls understood their roles and responsibilities as supporters of the war effort. Nonetheless, the representations of feminine bravery in the magazine are complex and somewhat ambiguous. Although the magazine encourages heroism in a variety of forms, its contributors betray a tendency to fall back onto traditional domestic models of bravery. Thus the Boer War was pivotal in depictions of girls’ bravery, yet it also limited that bravery.
Ghosts, Gremlins, and “the War on Terror” in Children’s Blitz Fiction
Authors: Miller Kristine
Published: August 2009

This essay argues that war stories for adults and for children approach wartime violence from different angles but for the same purpose: to reestablish the place of embattled individuals within the unstable social and political circumstances of a nation at war. Employing heroes and fantasy to describe timeless, archetypal battles between Good and Evil, children’s literature offers a space within which to explore the present, specific battles of a child’s life in wartime. The essay examines children’s literature from the Second World War to the present, raising questions about the representation of 9/11 and its aftermath in contemporary children’s fiction.
Employment gains and wage declines: The erosion of black women’s relative wages since 1980
Authors: Pettit Becky , Ewert Stephanie
Published: August 2009

Public policy initiatives in the 1950s and 1960s, including Affirmative Action and Equal Employment Opportunity law, helped mitigate explicit discrimination in pay, and the expansion of higher education and training programs have advanced the employment fortunes of many American women. By the early 1980s, some scholars proclaimed near equity in pay between black and white women, particularly among young and highly skilled workers. More recent policy initiatives and labor market conditions have been arguably less progressive for black women’s employment and earnings: through the 1980s, 1990s, and the first half of the 2000s, the wage gap between black and white women widened considerably. Using data from the Current Population Survey Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG), this article documents the racial wage gap among women in the United States from 1979 to 2005. We investigate how demographic and labor market conditions influence employment and wage inequality among black and white women over the period. Although shifts in labor supply influence the magnitude of the black-white wage gap among women, structural disadvantages faced by black women help explain the growth in the racial wage gap.
Consequences of family disruption on children’s educational outcomes in Norway
Authors: Steele Fiona , Sigle-Rushton Wendy , Kravdal Øystein
Published: August 2009

Using high-quality data from Norwegian population registers, we examine the relationship between family disruption and children’s educational outcomes. We distinguish between disruptions caused by parental divorce and paternal death and, using a simultaneous equation model, pay particular attention to selection bias in the effect of divorce. We also allow for the possibility that disruption may have different effects at different stages of a child’s educational career. Our results suggest that selection on time-invariant maternal characteristics is important and works to overstate the effects of divorce on a child’s chances of continuing in education. Nevertheless, the experience of marital breakdown during childhood is associated with lower levels of education, and the effect weakens with the child’s age at disruption. The effects of divorce are most pronounced for the transitions during or just beyond the high school level. In models that do not allow for selection, children who experienced a father’s death appear less disadvantaged than children whose parents divorced. After we control for selection, however, differences in the educational qualifications of children from divorced and bereaved families narrow substantially and, at mean ages of divorce, are almost non-existent.
Do immigrants work in riskier jobs?
Authors: Orrenius Pia M. , Zavodny Madeline
Published: August 2009

Recent media and government reports suggest that immigrants are more likely to hold jobs with poor working conditions than U.S.-born workers, perhaps because immigrants work in jobs that “ natives don’t want.” Despite this widespread view, earlier studies have not found immigrants to be in riskier jobs than natives. This study combines individual-level data from the 2003-2005 American Community Survey with Bureau of Labor Statistics data on work-related injuries and fatalities to take a fresh look at whether foreign-born workers are employed in more dangerous jobs. The results indicate that immigrants are in fact more likely to work in risky jobs than U.S.-born workers, partly due to differences in average characteristics, such as immigrants’ lower English-language ability and educational attainment.
Investigating the mechanism of marital mortality reduction: The transition to widowhood and quality of health care
Authors: Jin Lei , Chrisatakis Nicholas A.
Published: August 2009

While it is well known that the widowed suffer increased mortality risks, the mechanism of this survival disadvantage is still under investigation. In this article, we examine the quality of health care as a possible link between widowhood and mortality using a unique data set of 475,313 elderly couples who were followed up for up to nine years. We address whether the transition to widowhood affects the quality of care that individuals receive and explore the extent to which these changes mediate the elevated mortality hazard for the widowed. We analyze six established measures of quality of health care in a fixed-effect framework to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Caregiving and acute bereavement during the transition to widowhood appear to distract individuals from taking care of their own health care needs in the short run. However, being widowed does not have long-term detrimental effects on individuals’ ability to sustain contact with the formal medical system. Moreover, the short-run disruption does not mediate the widowhood effect on mortality. Nevertheless, long after spousal death, men suffer from a decline in the quality of informal care, coordination between formal and informal care, and the ability to advocate and communicate in formal medical settings. These findings illustrate women’s centrality in the household production of health and identify important points of intervention in optimizing men’s adjustment to widowhood.
Change in disability-free life expectancy for Americans 70 years old and older
Authors: Crimmins Eileen M. , Hayward Mark D. , Hagedorn Aaron , Saito Yasuhiko , Brouard Nicolas
Published: August 2009

In this article, we examine changes in life expectancy free of disability using longitudinal data collected from 1984 through 2000 from two cohorts who composed the Longitudinal Studies of Aging I and II. Life expectancies with and without ADL and/or IADL disability are calculated using a Markov-based multistate life table approach. At age 70, disability-free life expectancy increased over a 10-year period by 0.6 of a year in the later cohort, which was the same as the increase in total life expectancy, both increases marginally statistically significant. The average length of expected life with IADL and ADL disability did not change. Changes in disability-free life expectancy resulted from decreases in disability incidence and increases in the incidence of recovery from disability across the two survey cohorts. Age-specific mortality among the ADL disabled declined significantly in the later cohort after age 80. Mortality for the IADL disabled and the nondisabled did not change significantly. Those with ADL disability at age 70 experienced substantial increases in both total life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy. These results indicate the importance of efforts both to prevent and delay disability and to promote recovery from disability for increasing life expectancy without disability. Results also indicate that while reductions in incidence and increases in recovery work to decrease population prevalence of disability, declining mortality among the disabled has been a force toward increasing disability prevalence.
Drug Control, Human Rights, and the Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health: By No Means Straightforward Issues
Authors: Takahashi Saul
Published: August 2009

There has been increasing attention to the importance of respecting the human rights of addicts with regard to illicit drug trafficking and abuse. The debate is multifaceted, encompassing issues involving drug control as it relates to criminal justice, the death penalty, mandated treatment, and, most prominently, the right to the highest attainable standard of health. This article addresses each of these issues, focusing on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, including the ongoing international debate surrounding controversial “harm reduction” measures. The applicability of this right to drug control is not as straightforward as is often presented, and some of the arguments put forward come dangerously close to stating that there is a “right to abuse drugs,” which the author disputes.
The UN Committee Against Torture: Human Rights Monitoring and the Legal Recognition of Cruelty
Authors: Kelly Tobias
Published: August 2009

Focusing on the Committee Against Torture, this article argues that human rights monitoring can hide as much as it reveals. In particular, monitoring should be understood as a “second order” process that displaces the discussion of the causes and consequences of violence in favor of a focus on the systems that are supposed to monitor cruelty. In this process, measurements, monitoring, and prevention are in danger of becoming merged. As such, the ways in which the Committee Against Torture produces and assesses information serves simultaneously to create a depoliticized conception of violence and to reproduce political inequalities between states.
Are International Criminal Tribunals a Disincentive to Peace?: Reconciling Judicial Romanticism with Political Realism
Authors: Akhavan Payam
Published: August 2009

A significant challenge to the efficacy of international criminal justice in global governance is the view that prosecution of political leaders still in power creates a disincentive to peace and thus prolongs atrocities. While “judicial romantics” are often oblivious to these complexities, the “political realists” have failed to demonstrate that tribunals are in fact an impediment to peace and stability. The impact of the International Criminal Court on three recent situations in Africa suggests that judicial intervention is more likely to help prevent atrocities rather than impede peace, even if arrest warrants cannot be executed.
Trauma and Vengeance: Assessing the Psychological and Emotional Effects of Post-Conflict Justice
Authors: Mendeloff David
Published: August 2009

Do war crimes tribunals or truth commissions satisfy victims of war and atrocity and provide psychological relief from war-induced trauma? Do they make victims less vengeful and less likely to engage in or support violent retribution? Or does the experience of post-conflict justice simply reinforce and exacerbate emotional and psychological suffering? Answers to these questions are central to the logic of truth-telling’s peace-promoting effects in post-authoritarian and post-war societies. Indeed, one of transitional justice’s core arguments is that victims of wartime abuse demand truth and justice. These arguments, however, assume that truth-telling processes, on average, provide psychological and emotional benefits to victims. Some critics have argued, however, that they actually cause more harm than good. Although victims’ preferences for truth and justice are well documented, we know considerably less about their actual impact. This article assesses that impact by surveying the extant empirical evidence from prominent cases of transitional justice, as well as research in forensic and clinical psychology. It finds a paltry empirical record that offers little support for claims of either salutary or harmful effects of post-conflict justice. Although there is little evidence that truth-telling in general dramatically harms individuals, the notion that formal truth-telling processes satisfy victims’ need for justice, ease their emotional and psychological suffering, and dampen their desire for vengeance, remains highly dubious.
X-Efficiency and Effective Schools: A New Look at Old Theories
Authors: Addonizio Michael F.
Published: August 2009

In response to demands for school accountability, states now devote much attention to distinguishing among effective and ineffective schools. These efforts, while varying considerably in rigor and sophistication, generally emphasize technical or allocative efficiency (e.g., the marginal productivity of measured inputs employed in various combinations) in schools and sometimes seek to estimate the "cost" of input bundles associated with successful schools. This approach, however, ignores the impact of "x-efficiency" (e.g., school policies, incentives, practices, etc.) on school performance. Drawing upon Leibenstein's seminal 1966 article on the theory of the firm and the "effective schools" research of the 1980s, this article uses a production function approach and basic econometric techniques to interrogate a rich panel of elementary school-level data in order to quantify the effects of x-efficiency on school performance. Findings reveal a substantial impact of school x-efficiency on academic outcomes, far in excess of the contributions of standard, observed school inputs. School influences are greater for mathematics achievement than for reading achievement in the elementary grades with effect sizes averaging 0.45 standard deviations for reading and 0.61 standard deviations for mathematics.
Reframing the "Dilemma" in Illinois: A Response to Verstegen and Driscoll
Authors: Mullin Christopher M. , Brown Kathleen Sullivan
Published: August 2009

The purpose of this study was to replicate the analysis made by D. Verstegen and L. Driscoll in The Illinois Dilemma (2008) utilizing the actual allocations to districts resulting from the funding formula in Illinois for the 2004-2005 school year to understand the influence of adjusted values on determinants of fiscal equity. The results of a study by the Illinois Education Research Council (IERC) showed that actual, unadjusted values revealed a more fiscally inequitable system than reported by Verstegen and Driscoll as determined by the calculations traditional to school finance. For example, where Verstegen and Driscoll reported a range per pupil of $16,620 for all districts, IERC found a range of $28,578 per pupil. Illinois' multiple district configurations influenced the analysis. Illinois has three basic types of school districts-elementary, high school, and unit (K-12) districts. Elementary districts, which represent 26.5% of the state's pupil count, contributed the greatest influence on the inequitable findings. Furthermore, IERC's study found ten elementary districts-representing just 0.29% of all pupils in Illinois-had considerable influence on fiscal equity, as evidenced by the range per pupil for all district types dropping to $9,468 from $28,579 when they were excluded from the analysis. The study concludes that researchers must acknowledge the efforts that states employ to address additional funding for populations of interest, that policymakers must insist on both adjusted and unadjusted figures, and that an Illinois-specific and comprehensive report is needed which includes analyses of both General State Aid (the funding formula) and categorical aid which is outside the formula.
"Good for one but not the other": The "Sandeman System" of Pacification as Applied to Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier, 1877-1947
Authors: Tripodi Christian
Published: August 2009

This article examines the long-running debate over the application of the "Sandeman System" of pacification to the North-West Frontier of British India in 1877-1947. Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman’s innovative doctrine of tribal administration had enabled the peaceful spread of British influence across Baluchistan during the late nineteenth century, yet the Government of India subsequently declared his methods inapplicable to the neighboring and perennially turbulent North-West Frontier. This essay seeks to provide a fuller understanding of the reasoning behind the policymakers’ opposition to Sandeman’s techniques and thus provide clarification of a debate that bedeviled British Frontier policy for over six decades.
Chemical Warfare and the Palestine Campaign, 1916-1918
Authors: Sheffy Yigal
Published: August 2009

World War I historiography focuses on the introduction of chemical weapons to European battlefields, mainly the Western Front, but ignores their use during the Palestine Campaign. In 1917 the (British) Egyptian Expeditionary Force fired chemical-filled artillery shells against Ottoman forces. During the Second Battle of Gaza (April 1917), the chemical bombardment was unsuccessful in supporting the infantry assault. In the Third Battle of Gaza (October–November 1917), it was much more effective in its diversionary role of drawing Ottoman attention away from the main thrust toward Beersheba. This article examines the chemical operations and the Ottoman response, analyses the outcome, and suggests explanations for the historiographical disregard of these events.
Information Warfare in World War I
Authors: Reed Winkler Jonathan
Published: August 2009

Traditional narratives of World War I generally overlook a misunderstood but important part of the conflict: information warfare. Both Great Britain and Germany understood the significance of information as a force multiplier and as a valuable financial and diplomatic tool in the larger geostrategic environment. Britain's systematic wartime destruction of Germany's prewar network occurred on a much larger level than historians have recognized. Germany's simultaneous but hidden campaign against Allied communications has escaped historical notice. Greater understanding of this missing element, both in World War I and beyond, will deepen our understanding of the larger economic, political, intelligence, and military dimensions of modern conflict.
Michael Howard and the Evolution of Modern War Studies
Authors: Reid Brian Holden
Published: August 2009

Sir Michael Howard has made an enormous contribution to writing about war since 1950. This essay offers a considered assessment of his work and devotes due attention to the context in which he wrote and the influences that shaped his outlook. Three essential themes have permeated his work: the German problem (and thus the British problem that complicated its resolution), the Soviet problem, and the relationship between war and society. The essay charts his efforts to impart a framework to the study of war and the degree to which it has been shaped by societal, but especially organizational and moral forces. The essay offers a slice of British historiography and intellectual life in the postwar years.
Spartan Naval Performance in the Decelean War, 413-404 BCE
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: August 2009

A truism of military history is the supremacy of the Athenian navy during the Classical Period of ancient Greek history. Yet during the final phase of the Peloponnesian War of 431 to 404 BCE, the Spartans surpassed the Athenians in naval performance. This paper argues that Spartan performance benefited from improvements in Sparta's cadre of naval officers.
Wheat and Chaff: Carl Roden, Abe Korman, and the Definitions of Intellectual Freedom in the Chicago Public Library
Authors: Latham Joyce M.
Published: August 2009

The root of current intellectual freedom policy extends deeper into the past than the Des Moines (Iowa) Public Library policy. The board of directors of the Chicago Public Library authorized the first intellectual freedom policy in April 1936 in response to challenges from Polish and Russian communities about the collection developed by the Chicago Public Library Foreign Language Department. Abram Korman, the chair of the department, was an activist librarian who challenged the more traditional positions of his chief administrator, Carl B. Roden. Their conflicting strategies became the seedbed for a transformation of the mission of public librarianship, and their personal relationship reflected the changes emerging within the practice itself.
Scratched-out Notes, Erased Pieces, and other Lacunae in the Chansonnier Nivelle de la Chaussée
Authors: Nagy Debra
Published: August 2009

While many scholars still express doubts about whether the owners of chansonniers were musically literate, the idea that chansonniers were read, understood/appreciated, and enjoyed by their owners has steadily been gaining ground. Though the books obviously function as a repository of songs, factors such as their diminutive size and persistent, uncorrected errors argue against chansonniers’ use as performing documents. The Chansonnier Nivelle de la Chaussée (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ms. Rés. Vmc MS 57), however, contains many small-scale corrections and crossed-out notes. By analyzing the nature of individual corrections we can learn about the copying process of Nivelle’s principal scribe, as well as how chansonniers may have been used and understood by their owners.

The Nivelle Chansonnier also contains several instances of large-scale erasures that appear to have taken place post-binding where entire voice parts were erased. Notably, two of the four erased pieces in Nivelle are attributed to Fedé (alias Jean Sohier). Though Fedé’s career is well documented, his extant works are limited to two Magnificat antiphons from the Ferrarese court choirbook (Biblioteca Estense, Ms. α.X.1.11), and three chansons unique to Nivelle (all of which are incomplete due to large-scale erasures and the loss of Nivelle’s penultimate gathering). This article surveys Nivelle’s small-scale corrections, as well as offers a hypothesis for Nivelle’s large-scale erasures. While David Fallows has suggested that the erasure of the songs by Fedé signaled some sort of disgrace for this composer in the eyes of the original owner of the manuscript, this article advances an alternate theory. In addition, it offers an evaluation of Fedé’s secular compositional style based on reconstructions of his incomplete and erased works.
Written vs. Sounding Pitch
Authors: Byrd Donald
Published: August 2009

It is generally believed that converting written pitch to sounding pitch in conventional Western music notation is simply a matter of transposition, and is always straightforward. In fact, there are many situations in which converting written pitch to sounding with confidence is difficult, and some in which it is virtually impossible. This article discusses a number of cases, with an eye toward both providing a practical guide for musicians and for raising awareness of the complexity of conventional notation, which is more often underestimated than not. The situations fall into three general categories: instrument-specific and related to clef; instrument-specific but regardless of clef; and more general. In most of the common situations, only the octave is ambiguous—a relatively minor problem—but many situations can involve other intervals. Many of the most problematic cases involve obsolete conventions, but they cannot yet be forgotten; editions from the nineteenth century will be with us for some time to come.
Cyborg Masochism, Homo-Fascism: Rereading Terminator 2
Authors: Greven David
Published: August 2009

As the most important and sustained cyborg narrative in Hollywood film, the Terminator films, particularly the first two, continue to demand a considerable amount of critical scrutiny. When the highly charged allegorical power of the figure of the cyborg is added to Arnold Schwarzenegger's star persona, now evolved into that of national political figure, this persona emerges as a welter of gendered, sexual, and racial anxieties that relate in multivalent ways. In his famous essay "Is the Rectum a Grave?" Leo Bersani argues that the "logic of homosexual desire includes the potential for a loving identification with the gay man's enemies." This essay argues that films like Terminator 2 enact the queer theory debates indexed in Bersani's essay, revealing the complicity with normative standards of gendered identity in queer desire, but also exposing the queer nature of these normative standards. The film forces us to acknowledge that while queer desire may be troublingly complicit in the structures of normative power that pathologize it, those very same structures proceed from an oddly analogous fascination with the homoerotics of power, especially in its most virulent, which is to say, its fascist, form. Terminator 2 cloaks its sadomasochistic fascist fantasies in the guise of the violent, melodramatic family film. The film is exemplary of the "Bush to Bush" era-from 1989 to 2008, the period presided over by Bush I, Clinton, and Bush II. Terminator 2 illuminates the split between narcissistic and masochistic modes of male sexuality that informs the period's representational practices.
Tolerating the Intolerable, Enduring the Unendurable: Representing the Accident in Driver's Education Films
Authors: Smith Jillian
Published: August 2009

Driver's Education, like all accident-prevention discourses, attempts to govern that which it cannot represent. Representing the accident reduces the multiple, complex force of its coming forth. The images of accidents shown to students in driver's education can never be the accident that awaits them, and the accident that awaits them can never be known in advance. Such conservative management produces a blindly reactive discourse (in the Nietzschean/Deleuzian sense) deeply preoccupied with self-preservation. Faced with active forces of potential disorganization, accident prevention aims to conserve, not spend, to turn forces back toward the conservation and enclosure of the integral self and to harness repetition toward the security of the same. In accident prevention, variation is the enemy.
Others' Organs: South Asian Domestic Labor and the Kidney Trade
Authors: Vora Kalindi
Published: August 2009

"Others' Organs" explores the particular limits on the mobility of rural agriculturalist South Indians, middle class Sri Lankan women, and young Indian and Pakistani men, whose needs for jobs become entwined with the commodification of "life." I argue that the material constraints on these workers, as well as the creation of excess body parts and lives through medical and transportation technologies, creates a system where Indian lives function to support other lives in the West, rather than their own. Using recent ethnographic material on these sites, I juxtapose these different forms of migrations and labor to see how certain bodies, body parts, and portions of life can be made surplus in the interests of the market. I argue that the selling of kidneys in South India and the exporting of feminized labor from Sri Lanka to the Gulf, can be explained in terms of supply and demand, and result from an interaction of changing economic structures in India, the gendering of labor, and India's postcolonial structural relationships to external centers of production. The excessiveness of certain parts, like the kidney, of particular family members, or even of certain arenas of existence, is produced in conversation with the production of need within the market, in this instance of the need for transplants and for hired labor within the home, creating the "need" to sell a kidney or to migrate. The second kidney and "spare" family members are actually necessities that are made surplus and then commodified.
Harlequin, the Whigs, and William Mountfort’s Doctor Faustus
Authors: Hayden Judy A.
Published: August 2009

The author argues that the slapstick comic routines for which commedia dell’arte was well-known were not innocuous. In his The Life and Death of Doctor Faustus (1697), produced in 1688, William Mountfort addresses circumspectly the heated controversy over religion and the crown in the months just prior to the Glorious Revolution. Building on contemporary broadsides, ballads, and pamphlet literature that satirized Titus Oates and linked him with the Whigs, the devil, and the Dutch, Mountfort demonstrates concern about the stability of the state.
Hamlet and Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto
Authors: Hamm Robert B.
Published: August 2009

During the long eighteenth century, discussions of theatrical performance increasingly focused on the actor’s body and its expressive potential to perform emotion. Hamlet —in particular, the prince’s initial meeting with his father’s Ghost—became synonymous with the passion of terror. Horace Walpole appropriates this encounter from Shakespeare’s play, this essay argues, and uses it as a template for terror in his Castle of Otranto . The novel employs the natural language that governs visible, theatrical bodies and familiar episodes from performance to heighten the private experience of the solitary reader.
After Design: Joseph Addison Discovers Beauties
Authors: Syba Michelle
Published: August 2009

This article analyzes Addison’s literary criticism in the context of early-eighteenth-century criticism, which is intentionalist. Building on scholarship that focuses on how Addison promotes the reader’s power, I examine Addison’s engagements with beauties and hints to argue that he empowers the reader while remaining desirous for authors’ intentions. Indeed, Addison’s empowerment of the reader, I contend, is fueled by his desire for authors’ intentions. Addison thus offers an unexpected prehistory of the reader’s empowerment. He also shows how intentionalist commitments and “anti-intentionalist” practices can coexist in a single critic’s work—a contrast to polarized twentieth-century discussions about authorial intention.
What Not to Avoid in Swift’s “The Lady’s Dressing Room”
Authors: Baudot Laura
Published: August 2009

This essay argues for the centrality of the void in making sense of Jonathan Swift’s notoriously filthy poem, “The Lady’s Dressing Room.” Looking at the overlooked void reveals the poem’s engagement with philosophical materialism, in particular Lucretius’s De Rerum Natura . Although critical of seeing the universe and all it contains as mere matter and void, Swift uses Lucretian materialism, this essay contends, to dethrone the classical muse and debunk aesthetic enthusiasm. In observing how the poem stages a clash between materialism and enthusiasm, science and aesthetics, this essay seeks to move beyond debates about the poem’s misogyny. It also proposes viewing the poem’s satirical project as part of Swift’s search for an alternative model of poetic creation to replace the worn-out muse.
Dean Mahomet’s Travels , Border Crossings, and the Narrative of Alterity
Authors: Narain Mona
Published: August 2009

The first Indian author in English, Dean Mahomet, in The Travels of Dean Mahomet, a Native of Patna in Bengal, through Several Parts of India, while in the Service of the Honourable the East India Company. Written by Himself, in a Series of Letters to a Friend. In Two Volumes (1794), performs the balancing act of the marginalized insider, both in India and in Britain, writing and working to familiarize alien identity and culture for the consumption of the British public. The epistolary genre of Travels implicitly argues the possibility that an unfamiliar cultural and geographical landscape can be rendered familiar if one reads about it and intellectually travels it. Unlike his contemporary European writers, Mahomet does not satirize Indian customs or exoticize the Indian landscape or Indian native for British consumption but appropriates the discourse of travel to make a place for himself as an immigrant in British culture.
On compact holomorphically pseudosymmetric Kählerian manifolds
Authors: Olszak Zbigniew
Published: August 2009

For compact Kählerian manifolds, the holomorphic pseudosymmetry reduces to the local symmetry if additionally the scalar curvature is constant and the structure function is non-negative. Similarly, the holomorphic Ricci-pseudosymmetry reduces to the Ricci-symmetry under these additional assumptions. We construct examples of non-compact essentially holomorphically pseudosymmetric Kählerian manifolds. These examples show that the compactness assumption cannot be omitted in the above stated theorem. Recently, the first examples of compact, simply connected essentially holomorphically pseudosymmetric Kählerian manifolds are discovered in [4]. In these examples, the structure functions change their signs on the manifold.
Statistical approximation to Bögel-type continuous and periodic functions
Authors: Dirik Fadime , Duman Oktay , Demirci Kamil
Published: August 2009

In this paper, considering A-statistical convergence instead of Pringsheim’s sense for double sequences, we prove a Korovkin-type approximation theorem for sequences of positive linear operators defined on the space of all real valued Bögel-type continuous and periodic functions on the whole real two-dimensional space. A strong application is also presented. Furthermore, we obtain some rates of A-statistical convergence in our approximation.
A lower bound for the error term in Weyl’s law for certain Heisenberg manifolds, II
Authors: Nowak Werner
Published: August 2009

This article is concerned with estimations from below for the remainder term in Weyl’s law for the spectral counting function of certain rational (2ℓ + 1)-dimensional Heisenberg manifolds. Concentrating on the case of odd ℓ, it continues the work done in part I [21] which dealt with even ℓ.
Content Validity of Written Examinations in Undergraduate Anatomy
Authors: Sultana Rubina , Shamim Khondker Manzare , Nahar Lutfun , Hasan Ferdous
Published: August 2009

Objective: In ‘Curriculum' 2002 short answer questions are newly introduced. The content of 1st professional written examination was given but the weightage of different subdivision of Anatomy is not mentioned. So, present study was done to see the content validity of different subdivisions of Anatomy in written examinations. Study design: Descriptive type of study Place and period of study: The study was carried out from January 2003 to July 2004 in the Department of Anatomy, Bangabandhu Skeikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. Methods: It was based on a quantitative method; the question paper analysis based study. Results: It is evident from the questions paper analysis that different subdivisions of Anatomy are usually not given proper weight in the Anatomy written examinations. There are some subdivisions of Anatomy which are usually covered less than required. These include Genetics, Histology, General Anatomy, General Developmental Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy, etc. Conclusion: for further improvement of assessment system of Anatomy, content validity is needed to be established. Key words: Content validity, Anatomy, undergraduate, written examinations   doi: 10.3329/bja.v7i1.3011 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy January 2009, Vol. 7 No. 1 pp. 14-18
Design and Implementation of a SecureWireless Mote-Based Medical Sensor Network
Authors: Malasri Kriangsiri , Wang Lan
Published: August 2009

A medical sensor network can wirelessly monitor vital signs of humans, making it useful for long-term health care without sacrificing patient comfort and mobility. For such a network to be viable, its design must protect data privacy and authenticity given that medical data are highly sensitive. We identify the unique security challenges of such a sensor network and propose a set of resource-efficient mechanisms to address these challenges. Our solution includes (1) a novel two-tier scheme for verifying the authenticity of patient data, (2) a secure key agreement protocol to set up shared keys between sensor nodes and base stations, and (3) symmetric encryption/decryption for protecting data confidentiality and integrity. We have implemented the proposed mechanisms on a wireless mote platform, and our results confirm their feasibility.
In Vivo Sensitized and In Vitro Activated B Cells Mediate Tumor Regression in Cancer Adoptive Immunotherapy
Authors: Li Qiao , Teitz-Tennenbaum Seagal , Donald Elizabeth J. , Li Mu , Chang Alfred E.
Published: August 2009

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy utilizing tumor-reactive T cells has proven to be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. However, we hypothesize that successful treatment strategies will have to appropriately stimulate not only cellular immunity, but also humoral immunity. We previously reported that B cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) may function as APCs. In this study, we identified TDLN B cells as effector cells in an adoptive immunotherapy model. In vivo primed and in vitro activated TDLN B cells alone mediated effective (p < 0.05) tumor regression after adoptive transfer into two histologically distinct murine pulmonary metastatic tumor models. Prior lymphodepletion of the host with either chemotherapy or whole-body irradiation augmented the therapeutic efficacy of the adoptively transferred TDLN B cells in the treatment of s.c. tumors as well as metastatic pulmonary tumors. Furthermore, B cell plus T cell transfers resulted in substantially more efficient antitumor responses than B cells or T cells alone (p < 0.05). Activated TDLN B cells conferred strong humoral responses to tumor. This was evident by the production of IgM, IgG, and IgG2b, which bound specifically to tumor cells and led to specific tumor cell lysis in the presence of complement. Collectively, these data indicate that in vivo primed and in vitro activated B cells can be employed as effector cells for cancer therapy. The synergistic antitumor efficacy of cotransferred activated B effector cells and T effector cells represents a novel approach for cancer adoptive immunotherapy.
Novel Reporter Mouse Reveals Constitutive and Inflammatory Expression of IFN-β In Vivo
Authors: Lienenklaus Stefan , Cornitescu Marius , Ziętara Natalia , Łyszkiewicz Marcin , Gekara Nelson , Jabłońska Jadwiga , Edenhofer Frank , Rajewsky Klaus , Bruder Dunja , Hafner Martin , Staeheli Peter , Weiss Siegfried
Published: August 2009

Type I IFN is a major player in innate and adaptive immune responses. Besides, it is involved in organogenesis and tumor development. Generally, IFN responses are amplified by an autocrine loop with IFN-β as the priming cytokine. However, due to the lack of sensitive detection systems, where and how type I IFN is produced in vivo is still poorly understood. In this study, we describe a luciferase reporter mouse, which allows tracking of IFN-β gene induction in vivo. Using this reporter mouse, we reveal strong tissue-specific induction of IFN-β following infection with influenza or La Crosse virus. Importantly, this reporter mouse also allowed us to visualize that IFN-β is expressed constitutively in several tissues. As suggested before, low amounts of constitutively produced IFN might maintain immune cells in an activated state ready for a timely response to pathogens. Interestingly, thymic epithelial cells were the major source of IFN-β under noninflammatory conditions. This relatively high constitutive expression was controlled by the NF Aire and might influence induction of tolerance or T cell development.