bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangements in Spiro‐λ4‐sulfane Chemistry
Authors: KAPOVITS I. , RABAI J. , SZABO D. , KUTI M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron: Producing More Than Rust in Our Environment
Authors: REIFE A. , WEBER E. , FREEMAN H. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Molecular Wires: Theoretical Analysis of the Electronic Coupling to Metal Electrodes and of the Influence of Derivatization
Authors: BREDAS J. L. , GESKIN V. M. , DOS SANTOS D. A. , BELJONNE D. , CORNIL J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Naturwirkstoffe aus Pflanzen. Biodiversitätsforschung
Authors: Pott Richard
Published: August 2010

Die transdisziplinäre Biodiversitätsforschung bietet mit ihrer sich immer weiter vertieftenden Naturstoffforschung neue Optionen für die therapeutischen Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Hierzu gehören neben seit Jahrhunderten bekannten Pflanzenstoffen auch erst seit kurzem bekannte, z.B. antiviral wirksame, hochpolymere Polyphenole von mediterranen Zistrosen oder neuartige, antiadipös wirksame Bitterstoffkomplexe. Natürliche Ressourcen sind ein unschätzbares Gut. Um diese zu sichern und zu erhalten, bedarf es genaueren Wissens um die Artenvielfalt auf der Erde und ihrer Einbettung in die natürlichen Biogeosysteme.
Kohlendioxid‐Entsorgung
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar
Published: August 2010

Seit CE‐OH‐ZWEI zum Sesam des Weltuntergangs geworden ist, versuchen viele, es nicht nur klein zu reden, sondern auch, es klein zu schreiben, seine atmosphärische Menge durch verschiedene Bindemittel zu vermindern, sei es durch Bindung in basische Substanzen, wie es die Natur macht, sei es durch überkritisches Einpumpen in die Tiefe. Aber immer, wenn es daraus wieder ins Freie gelangt, ist es nur rezyklisiert und der Schaden unverändert.
Supermikroskop ermöglicht Beobachtung der Nervenfunktion
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: August 2010

Die Weitergabe von Informationen von einer Nervenzelle an die nächste hängt von einem chemischen Kommunikationsschritt ab, nämlich der Ausschüttung eines Neurotransmitters aus der Endung (Synapse) der Sender‐Zelle, welcher dann durch den Zwischenraum hindurchdiffundiert und an einem Rezeptor der Empfängerzelle andockt. Die Ausschüttung des Transmitters erfolgt aus kleinen Membrankügelchen (Vesikeln), die mit der Zellmembran verschmelzen. Forscher in Göttingen haben nun erstmals den Lebenszyklus dieser Vesikeln in lebenden Zellen vollständig beobachten können.
Polyamidfasern
Authors: Vogler Herbert
Published: August 2010

Synthesefasern haben die Textilwelt revolutioniert und sind aus ihr nicht mehr wegzudenken. Die erste dieser Synthesefasern, die einen raschen und nachhaltigen Erfolg erzielen konnte, war Nylon, das Wallace Hume Carothers 1935 aus der Taufe gehoben hat. In diesem Jahr gelang es ihm und seinen Mitarbeitern erstmals, aus Hexamethylendiamin und Adipinsäure ein gut verspinnbares und hoch schmelzendes Polyamid zu polykondensieren.
Multilayer Substrate‐Mediated Tuning Resonance of Plasmon and SERS EF of Nanostructured Silver
Authors: Shoute Lian C. T.
Published: August 2010

A thin‐film of dielectric on a reflecting surface constituting a multilayer substrate modulates light intensity due to the interference effect. A nanostructure consisting of randomly oriented silver particles of different shapes, sizes, and interparticle spacings supports multiple plasmon resonances and is observed to have a broad extinction spectrum that spans the entire visible region. Combining the two systems by fabricating the nanostructure on the thin‐dielectric film of the multilayer substrate yields a new composite structure which is observed to modulate both the extinction spectrum and the SERS EF (surface enhanced Raman scattering enhancement factor) of the nanostructure as the thickness of the thin‐film dielectric is varied. The frequency and intensity of the visible extinction spectrum vary dramatically with the dielectric thickness and in the intermediate thickness range the spectrum has no visible band. The SERS EF determined for the composite structure as a function of the thin‐film dielectric thickness varies by several orders of magnitude. Strong correlation between the magnitude of the SERS EF and the extinction intensity is observed over the entire dielectric thickness range indicating that the extinction spectrum corresponds to the excitation of the plasmon resonances of the nanostructure. A significant finding which has potential applications is that the composite structure has synergic effect to boost SERS EF of the nanostructure by an order of magnitude or more compared to the same nanostructure on an unlayered substrate.
Surface and groundwater dynamics in the sedimentary plains of the Western Pampas (Argentina)
Authors: Aragón R. , Jobbágy E. G. , Viglizzo E. F.
Published: August 2010

Sedimentary plains with extremely flat topography, such as the Pampas in Argentina, often display flooding–drought cycles. Changes in water table depth and surface water coverage affect natural and cultivated vegetation, wildlife, and people. Here, we describe groundwater dynamics and water‐body expansion in a 10‐year flooding cycle in the valuable agricultural lands of Western Pampas. We analysed water‐table depth, surface water coverage, and rainfall from 1996 to 2005 covering ∼28 000 km2. We characterized the dynamics of water storage based on groundwater observations and remote sensing estimates of the coverage (LANDSAT) and elevation (ENVISAT) of water bodies as well as water storage anomalies captured by the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE). Surface water coverage fluctuated from 3 to 28% and groundwater levels displayed a ∼2·5 m change. Regional water storage raised by ∼800 mm with 63% of this water accretion accounted by groundwater. Ground and surface water dynamics were closely coupled but this link differed between lowlands and highlands and depending on whether the system was at the gaining or retraction stage. This asymmetrical behaviour was likely caused by shifts in regional connectivity. Regional surface + groundwater storage compared well with water storage anomalies obtained from GRACE, suggesting that this tool may represent a methodological shortcut to estimate water storage changes. The tight connection between ground and surface water, and the relatively slow process of cumulative water accretion and coalescence of water bodies that precedes flood events offer the opportunity of developing warning systems that could help land managers to adapt to climate changes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vegetation impact on the hydrology of an aeolian sandy soil in a continental climate
Authors: Lichner Lubomír , Hallett Paul D. , Orfánus Tomáš , Czachor Henryk , Rajkai Kálmán , Šír Miloslav , Tesař Miroslav
Published: August 2010

Plant cover and surface crusts can influence soil hydrology considerably after long periods of hot weather and drought when water repellency (WR) is greatest. This was studied on an aeolian sandy soil that frequently experiences long dry and hot weather, followed by intense precipitation. The different vegetation covers examined were (1) predominantly grass species (‘grassland soil’); (2) a 30‐year‐old Scots pine forest (‘forest soil’); (3) mainly moss species (‘glade soil’) and (4) subsoil at 50‐cm depth of treatment (3) to remove the influence of vegetation or soil crusts (‘pure sand’). Vegetation cover influenced hydrological and pedological properties of the sandy soil. Both the water drop penetration time WDPT and WR index R decreased in the order: forest soil > glade soil ≈ grassland soil > pure sand. This was reflected in water sorptivity Sw (−2 cm) and hydraulic conductivity k (−2 cm), which had the opposite trend: forest soil < glade soil ≈ grassland soil < pure sand. WDPT and R were up to 3 orders of magnitude greater, whereas Sw (−2 cm) and k (−2 cm) were up to 3 orders of magnitude less, in some vegetated soils compared to pure sand. Water repellency, however, had a smaller impact on saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks. It increased in the order: grassland soil < glade soil ≈ forest soil < pure sand. Under tension infiltration, the inverse proportionality between the capillary suction and hydrophobic coating of soil particles probably restricted transport. Preferential flow through macropores may have reduced this impact for Ks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ring‐Closing of 1,7‐ and 1,8‐Enynes of Propargylic O,O‐Acetals by Ruthenium‐Catalysed Intramolecular Metathesis
Authors: Lanfranchi Don Antoine , Bour Christophe , Boff Bastien , Hanquet Gilles
Published: August 2010

Acyclic 1,7‐ and 1,8‐enynes with the alkyne moiety directly connected to the asymmetric carbon of an ethyl acetal have been obtained in two steps from the corresponding aldehydes. Ring‐closing metathesis of these enynes delivered the corresponding six‐ and seven‐membered cyclic 1,3‐dienes in moderate‐to‐excellent yields. A competitive ethylene insertion into the alkyne moiety leading to trienes was observed for some substrates depending on their structure and relative configuration.
Team confidence, motivated information processing, and dynamic group decision making
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Beersma Bianca
Published: August 2010

According to the Motivated Information Processing in Groups (MIP‐G) model, groups should perform ambiguous (non‐ambiguous) tasks better when they have high (low) epistemic motivation and concomitant tendencies to engage in systematic (heuristic) information processing and exchange. The authors tested this prediction in an experiment with four‐person groups performing a complex and dynamic decision making task. Group confidence was measured after extensive training and prior to actual group decision‐making. Task ambiguity was manipulated. Results showed that when task ambiguity was low, group confidence indeed benefits decision quality and group performance. But when task ambiguity was high, group confidence hurt decision quality and group performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron(III)‐Complexes Engaged in the Biochemical Processes in Seawater. II. Voltammetry of Fe(III)‐Malate Complexes in Model Aqueous Solution
Authors: Vukosav Petra , Tomišić Vladislav , Mlakar Marina
Published: August 2010

Characteristics of iron(III) complexes with malic acid in 0.55 mol L−1 NaCl were investigated by voltammetric techniques. Three iron(III)‐malate redox processes were detected in the pH range from 4.5 to 11: first one at −0.11 V, second at −0.35 V and third at −0.60 V. First process was reversible, so stability constants of iron(III) and iron(II) complexes were calculated: log K1(FeIII(mal))=12.66±0.33, log β2(FeIII(mal)2)=15.21±0.25, log K1(FeII(mal))=2.25±0.36, and log β2(FeII(mal)2)=3.18±0.32. In the case of second and third reduction process, conditional cumulative stability constants of the involved complexes were determined using the competition method: log β(Fe(mal)2(OH)x)=15.28±0.10 and log β(Fe(mal)2(OH)y)=27.20±0.09.
Measurement of Stevioside by Square‐Wave Polarography
Authors: Komorsky‐Lovrić Šebojka , Novak Ivana , Novak Bruno
Published: August 2010

Steviol glycosides are electroactive compounds and can be detected by mercury electrode. The maxima of square‐wave polarograms of steviol and stevioside appear at −1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl in 1 M NaCl at approximately pH 11. The responses are quasireversible and probably caused by electroreduction of carboxyl, or ester groups, respectively. The net peak current is linearly proportional to steviol concentration between 1×10−6 mol/L and 3.5×10−5 mol/L. This calibration plot can be used for the determination of the concentration of stevioside in extracts of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves. The proposed method is applicable for routine analysis of stevioside in commercial products.
Label‐Free Electrochemical Biosensor of Mercury Ions Based on DNA Strand Displacement by Thymine–Hg(II)–Thymine Complex
Authors: Liu Xueping , Sun Chenhu , Wu Huiwang , Zhang Yifang , Jiang Jianhui , Shen Guoli , Yu Ruqin
Published: August 2010

A novel electrochemical biosensor for the determination of mercury ions in aqueous solution has been reported. The sensing substrate with a layer of gold nanoparticles on the gold electrode surface was formed through 1,6‐hexanedithiol connection, which could enhance the surface loading of the capture DNA probe and improve the electron transfer performance. Another DNA probe used as mercury ion specific binding (MSB) probe hybridized with the capture probe. In the presence of mercury ions, the easy formation of thymine–Hg2+–thymine structure destabilized the hybrid complex and caused MSB probe released from the interface. As a result, the amount of electroactive indicator Methylene blue (MB) adsorbed by the remained DNA on the electrode surface decreased, which weakened the current signal. Therefore, the change of the redox current could reflect the concentration of the analyte. A linear relationship between the current signal and the logarithm of the target concentration up to 500 nM was obtained, with a detection limit of 0.32 nM. The fabricated sensor is shown to exhibit high sensitivity, desirable selectivity and excellent application in real sample analysis.
Determination of Trace Tl(I) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on Novel Disposable Microfabricated Bismuth‐Film Sensors
Authors: Kokkinos Christos , Raptis Ioannis , Economou Anastasios , Speliotis Thanassis
Published: August 2010

This work reports the trace determination of Tl(I) by square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) on novel microsensors equipped with a bismuth‐film electrode (BiFE). The sensors were fabricated by a multistep microfabrication approach combining sputtering (to deposit the electrode materialm, bismuth‐ and the insulator SiO2, on the surface of a silicon wafer) and photolithography (to define the geometry of the sensor). The effect of the preconcentration time, the preconcentration potential and the SW stripping parameters were investigated. Using the selected conditions, the 3σ limit of detection was 0.6 µg L−1 of Tl(I) at a preconcentration time of 240 s and the percent relative standard deviation was 4.3 % at the 10 µg L−1 level (n=8). In order to eliminate the interference caused by Pb(II) and Cd(II), EDTA was added in the sample solution The method was successfully applied to the determination of Tl(I) in a certified lake water sample. These new sensors exhibit excellent mechanical stability and offer wide scope as mercury‐free disposable sensors for trace metal analysis.
A Voltammetric Sensor Based on Modified Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Cysteamine Determination in the Presence of Tryptophan Usingp‐Aminophenol as a Mediator
Authors: Ensafi Ali A. , Karimi‐Maleh Hassan
Published: August 2010

Determination of cysteamine and tryptophan is described by electrochemical methods usingp‐aminophenol‐multiwall carbon nanotubes paste electrode. Cysteamine and tryptophan in mixture can each be measured independently from each other with a potential difference of 600 mV. The results showed that the electrocatalytic currents increased linearly with cysteamine and tryptophan concentrations over the ranges 0.5–300 µmol L−1and 10.0–650 µmol L−1, respectively. The detection limits for cysteamine and tryptophan are found to be 0.14 and 5.9 µmol L−1, respectively. The proposed method is successfully employed for the determination of cysteamine in both capsule and urine samples.
Nucleation and Growth Mechanism of Electropolymerization of Methylene Blue: The Effect of Preparation Potential on Poly(methylene blue) Structure
Authors: Kaplan İbrahim Hakkı , Dağcı Kader , Alanyalıoğlu Murat
Published: August 2010

Nucleation and growth mechanism of electropolymerization of methylene blue (MB) in a basic medium and the effect of preparation potential on poly(MB) film structure were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic current‐time transient, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and UV‐vis. absorption spectroscopy techniques. Electropolymerization of MB has been achieved by potentiodynamic (cyclic voltammetry) and potentiostatic (constant potential) techniques. The potentiostatic current‐time transients fitted with a theoretical model and morphological studies indicate that nucleation and growth mechanism of poly(MB) starts with a progressive layer‐by‐layer nucleation and growth besides random adsorption. Nucleation and growth of poly(MB) follows a process between progressive layer‐by‐layer and 3‐D instantaneous mechanism resulting in highly‐oriented poly(MB) nanofibers with increasing poly(MB) film thickness. Cyclic voltammetry and morphological studies exhibit that poly(MB) film structure changes depending on the preparation potential. Poly(MB) films prepared at the potential values of 900 and 950 mV show a well‐ordered, smooth surface but at the potential values higher than 1000 mV, rough polymer surface arises as overoxidation takes place. UV‐vis. absorption spectra of poly(MB) film and MB monomer show three peaks. The peak at 410 nm for poly(MB) shows 100 nm blue shift when compared to the MB monomer and is attributed to poly(MB) formation on the electrode.
A contribution to the development of an erosivity index adapted to the prediction of erosion in Belgium
Authors: Sinzot A. , Bollinne A. , Laurant A. , Erpicum M. , Pissart A.
Published: August 2010

In the Universal Soil Loss Equation, only rains in excess of, or equal to, 12‐7 mm are taken into account and their intensity is represented by the maximum intensity reached over a 30 minute period. In Belgium, erosion recorded on experimental plots displays closest correlation to rainfall if a value superior or equal to 8 mm and a maximum intensity over 15 minutes are considered. Moreover the highest correlation is obtained by using the rainfall energy calculation formula put forward by Bollinne et al. (1984). The differences between the correlation coefficients are however not statistically significant and consequently the results point only to general trends. The suggested modification of the USLE is probably the result of the different nature of the precipitation in Belgium as compared with the U.S.A.
Pedogenic indicators of subsurface flow on Judean Desert Hillslopes
Authors: Lavee H. , Wieder M. , Pariente S.
Published: August 2010

Pedogenic features considered to be produced by subsurface flow were observed on the hillslopes of a zero‐order basin in the Judean desert where the mean annual rainfall is 230 mm. The basin, some 5000m2in area, is composed of soft chalk covered by soil material, with slope gradients ranging from 30‐60 per cent.

A comparison of carbonate, gypsum, and soluble salts distribution within the soil, and also their characteristics in this study area, to the same variables in other arid environments, allows one to determine and analyse pedogenic indicators of subsurface flow. In particular gypsic crusts, which exhibit specific characteristics not observed in other areas where pedogenic features are controlled by vertical limited leaching, highlight the existence of lateral subsurface flow.

The spatial distribution of these pedogenic indicators within the basin and in the soil was analysed in terms of soil water regime, soil thickness, and the permeability of the soil and bedrock.
Towards the regionalization of hydraulic and plant‐soil parameters for modelling soil moisture conditions of a catchment
Authors: Van Berg Jan A. Den
Published: August 2010

Computational simulation of the moisture regime of the soil is a useful help in studying land potential, ecology, and land degradation processes such as soil erosion and mass movement. The utility of modelling soil moisture depends on the validity of the model structure and of the model parameters. Moreover, except for differences in relief and for variation in rainfall and net radiation, such a model will show spatial variability only if the variability of the ecological properties of the soil and the vegetation canopy can be input.

Eight experimental sites on erodible loamy to silty soils in the Ardèche Basin, France, were investigated, to ascertain how the information required for modelling soil moisture can be obtained.

Three terms of the soil moisture budget were measured or determined for compiling the model structure: rainfall, soil moisture content (or capillary pressure head), and actual evapotranspiration. The latter was calculated with the Bowen ratio method from the energy balance measured at three sites. These data were also to calculate the canopy resistance in the evaporation formula based on transport resistances.

To study how to regionalize the hydraulic parameters, the characteristic of unsaturated conductivity and soil moisture diffusivity as a function of moisture content or capillary pressure head were determined by the hot air method for intermediate moisture contents and with the crust method on soil columns in situ for high moisture contents.

Estimation of the diffusivity from soil texture appeared to be less successful for fine‐textured soils. Macropores apparently crucially influenced the capacity of ponding infiltration and the frequency of overland flow.
The use of digital elevation models for flood hazard mapping
Authors: Leenaers H. , Okx J. P.
Published: August 2010

Geomorphological processes that are active in floodplain areas are related to terrain elevation. The rate of sedimentation, as well as the texture and the quality of the deposited sediments, depend on the frequency of flooding and the sedimentary conditions during flood events. In addition to geomorphological and soil maps, digital elevation models may provide a sound base for quantitative studies of these processes: flood hazard and, in the case that historical elevation data are available, sedimentation and erosion rates may be derived from the digital representation of relief over space.

This paper discusses the interpolation techniques and the test procedures that were used to compute a digital elevation model of a part of the floodplain area of the River Geul (the Netherlands). It was found that the fitting of mathematical splines outperforms local averaging and inverse distance weighting for estimating floodplain elevation.

By means of the Digital Elevation Model and a long profile of the river, a flood hazard map was constructed. Photographs of a flood event were used for validation. Analysis of variance revealed that 57‐65 per cent of the variance in a set of data on flood‐related topsoil metal content can be accounted for by the flood hazard map.
Freshwater community responses to mixtures of agricultural pesticides: Effects of atrazine and bifenthrin
Authors: Hoagland Kyle D. , Drenner Ray W. , Smith J. Durward , Cross David R.
Published: August 2010

The individual and combined effects of atrazine and bifenthrin on lake communities were investigated in a two-phased mesocosm study involving eighteen 5,500-L tanks containing natural plankton assemblages and bluegill. The factorial-designed experiment included three levels of bifenthrin (0, 39, and 287 ng L−1 in phase 1 and 0, 125 and 3,150 ng L−1 in phase two) cross-classified with three levels of atrazine (0, 15, and 153 μg L−1 in phase 1 and 0, 385, and 2, 167 μg L−1 in phase 2), with duplicate replication. In phase 1, atrazine significantly reduced chlorophyll concentrations and turbidity (day 7) but had no significant impact on primary productivity or algal cell densities. Bifenthrin significantly reduced Bosmina (days 7 and 14), cyclopoid copepodids (days 7 and 14), and copepod nauplii (day 14); however, bifenthrin increased rotifers at day 7. Bifenthrin also increased colonial green algae (day 7) and decreased turbidity (days 7 and 14). Only one fish mortality occurred during phase 1 of the study. In phase 2, atrazine resulted in significant reductions in primary productivity, chlorophyll, green algal colonies, Bosmina, and rotifers on day 7. Bifenthrin had a negative impact on Bosmina, copepod nauplii, rotifers, primary productivity, chlorophyll, and green algal colonies. A 33% bluegill mortality was observed in tanks with an average maximum concentration of 3,150 ng L−1 bifenthrin. The observed interaction effects indicated that when either compound was introduced at ecologically realistic levels, its effects were essentially masked if the other toxicant was present at high concentrations, and that the two pesticides did not act synergistically.
Submediterranean Weeds and Their Local Distribution Shown in a Sector of the Thuringian Trias‐Landscape
Authors: Ladwig E.
Published: August 2010

Der untersuchte Gebietsausschnitt vom Westrande des Thüringer Beckens und seiner Randplatten ist eine mit Löß überformte Triaslandschaft, vorwiegend mit Keupertonen und Muschelkalk. Niederschläge und Temperatur folgen i. W. den geographischen Höhenlagen (ca. 210 m—480 m NN), nur die Werrasteilhänge zeigen mesoklimatische, auch floristisch dokumentierte Besonderheiten. Der Löß (östlich des Hainichs) tendiert wegen der rel. hohen Niederschläge (um 600 mm) zur Oberflächenverdichtung und Entbasung. In den meisten Verbreitungskarten sind daher die beiden Lößrücken positiv oder negativ gut herausgehoben. Nach der Häufigkeit und Verteilung im UG lassen sich die submediterranen Segetalpflanzen in 8 Gruppen zusammenfassen. Die wesentlichsten sind:

Sehr häufige und fast gleichmäßig über das UG verbreitete Arten (z. B.: Sinapis arvensis, Euphorbia exigua)

Weniger häufige, doch etwa gleichmäßig verteilte Arten (z. B.: Ranunculus arvensis, Papaver argemone)

Arten, deutlich den Lößboden bevorzugend (schwach säureliebend bzw. Anzeiger für Oberflächenverdichtung: z. B.: Raphanus raphanistrum, Scleranthus annuus)

Kalkliebende Unkräuter (z. B.: Caucalis platycarpos, Scandix pecten‐veneris, Euphorbia platyphyllos)

Ähnlich kalkliebend, aber mit stark ruderaler Ausprägung (Reseda lutea).

In der kleinräumigen Verbreitung spielen die ökologischen Faktoren eine deutlich größere Rolle als die pflanzengeographischen Beziehungen.

Die Intensivierung des Ackerbaues und die neuen Methoden regelmäßiger und allgemeiner Unkrautbekämpfung haben die Lebensbedingungen grundlegend verändert, und darum wird sich das Spektrum der Unkräuter innerhalb relativ kurzer Zeit durch das Verschwinden vieler Arten nach den widerstandfähigsten hin verschieben.
Wirtschaftsgrünland, Röhrichte und Seggenriede der Ryckniederung (Nordost‐Mecklenburg)
Authors: Krisch Haubold
Published: August 2010

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine pflanzensoziologische Untersuchung des Grünlandes der im Flachland der DDR gelegenen Ryckniederung. Nach einer Einführung in das Untersuchungsgebiet werden auf der Grundlage von 357 soziologischen Aufnahmen 35 Pflanzengesellschaften (meist im Range von Assoziationen) geschildert, die im folgenden Inhaltsverzeichnis namentlich aufgeführt sind. Mit Ausnahme des Phragmitetum, des Equisetetum, der Caltha palustris‐Equisetum fluviatile‐Gesellschaft, der Menyanthes trifoliata‐Bestände und der Carex paniculata Gesellschaften sowie einigen der Glyceria maxima‐ und der Carex elata‐Gesellschaften handelt es sich immer um gemähtes oder beweidetes Grünland.

Eine Bearbeitung der Vegetation der an das Untersuchungsgebiet grenzenden Boddenküste einschließlich der Salzweiden wurde vom selben Autor in „Feddes Repertorium”︁ 85 (1–2) vorgelegt.
Die GattungenThevetiaL.,CerberaL. undCascabelaRafin. (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Lippold H.
Published: August 2010

Die GattungThevetiaL. (nom. cons.) wird als monotypische Gattung mit der ArtTh. ahouai(L.) DC. aufgefaßt. Die GattungCerberaL. wird beschränkt auf Arten aus dem asiatischen Raum. NebenC. manghasL. als Typus‐Art werdenC. batjanicaTEJSM. et BINN.,C. dilatataMARKG.,C. floribundaK. SCHUM.,C. fruticosaROXB.,C. micrantha(KANCHIRU) PICHON,C. obtusifloraHEURCK,C. oppositifoliaLAM. undC. parvifloraLAM., zugeordnet.CascabelaRAFIN. ist der älteste Name für die Gattung der Verwandten von “Cerbera thevetiaL.” aus dem amerikanischen Raum. Hierzu gehören:Cascabela thevetia(L.) LIPPOLD als Typus‐Art undC. alliadora(R. et S.) LIPPOLD,C. bicornuta(MUELL.‐ARG.) LIPPOLDC. gaumeri(HEMSL.) LIPPOLD,C. ovata(CAV.) LIPPOLD,C. plumeriaefoliaBENTH. LIPPOLD undC. thevetioides(HBK.) LIPPOLD.
Pattern separation in the dentate gyrus: A role for the CA3 backprojection
Authors: Myers Catherine E. , Scharfman Helen E.
Published: August 2010

Many theories of hippocampal function assume that area CA3 of hippocampus is capable of performing rapid pattern storage, as well as pattern completion when a partial version of a familiar pattern is presented, and that the dentate gyrus (DG) is a preprocessor that performs pattern separation, facilitating storage and recall in CA3. The latter assumption derives partly from the anatomical and physiological properties of DG. However, the major output of DG is from a large number of DG granule cells to a smaller number of CA3 pyramidal cells, which potentially negates the pattern separation performed in the DG. Here, we consider a simple CA3 network model, and consider how it might interact with a previously developed computational model of the DG. The resulting “standard” DG‐CA3 model performs pattern storage and completion well, given a small set of sparse, randomly derived patterns representing entorhinal input to the DG and CA3. However, under many circumstances, the pattern separation achieved in the DG is not as robust in CA3, resulting in a low storage capacity for CA3, compared to previous mathematical estimates of the storage capacity for an autoassociative network of this size. We also examine an often‐overlooked aspect of hippocampal anatomy that might increase functionality in the combined DG‐CA3 model. Specifically, axon collaterals of CA3 pyramidal cells project “back” to the DG (“backprojections”), exerting inhibitory effects on granule cells that could potentially ensure that different subpopulations of granule cells are recruited to respond to similar patterns. In the model, addition of such backprojections improves both pattern separation and storage capacity. We also show that the DG‐CA3 model with backprojections provides a better fit to empirical data than a model without backprojections. Therefore, we hypothesize that CA3 backprojections might play an important role in hippocampal function. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TREATMENTS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GROWING RICE AND WHEAT CROPS DURING RECLAMATION OF TILE DRAINED SALINE‐SODIC SOILS USING BRACKISH WATERS
Authors: Ghafoor A. , Murtaza G. , Maann A.A. , Qadir M. , Ahmad B.
Published: August 2010

We carried out three field experiments on salt‐affected soils having tile drainage in place, which differed in ambient levels of electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio. The 3‐year cropping sequence consisted of a rice–wheat rotation. These crops were irrigated with waters having different levels of salinity (EC 2.7–4.5 dS m−1), and sodicity (SAR 8.0–28.8 and residual sodium carbonate 1.3–14.9 mmolc L−1). The treatments on all the sites were the same and consisted of: (1) Irrigation with saline/sodic water without amendment (control); (2) Sesbania green manure each year (SGME); (3) Soil‐applied gypsum equivalent to gypsum requirement of water (GWR), and (4) Soil‐applied gypsum as in treatment 3 plus sesbania green manure each year (G + SGME). We found a decreasing trend in soil salinity and sodicity and favourable levels of infiltration rate and bulk density over pre‐experiment levels. In terms of overall treatment effectiveness in causing a decrease in soil salinity and sodicity, G + SGMEcaused the greatest decrease. Based on our multi‐location and long‐term study, we propose a combination of gypsum and sesbania green manuring each year. This is an important resource conservation intervention that helps to mitigate the ill effects of salts and improves crop yields on salt‐affected soils where low‐quality water is used for irrigation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoblasts are a major source of inflammatory cytokines in the tumor microenvironment of bone metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Bussard Karen M. , Venzon David J. , Mastro Andrea M.
Published: August 2010

Metastatic breast cancer cells co‐opt the cells of the bone to increase their production of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we sought to identify key cytokines expressed by osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo in the presence of MDA‐MB‐231 metastatic breast cancer cells, including a bone‐seeking variant. We hypothesized that osteoblast‐derived cytokines increase in the presence of metastatic breast cancer cell conditioned medium (CM), act as chemoattractants for cancer cells, and enhance osteoclast formation. We detected increases in the concentrations of osteoblast‐derived IL‐6, MCP‐1, VEGF, MIP‐2, and KC in vitro in culture supernatants from MC3T3‐E1 cells in the presence of metastatic breast cancer cell CM and from cancer‐bearing femurs ex vivo. A comparison of cancer cell‐ and osteoblast‐derived cytokines revealed that while breast cancer cells expressed the same or equivalent cytokines as the osteoblasts, the breast cancer cells only produced picogram quantities of MCP‐1; osteoblasts expressed nanogram amounts. Bone‐derived MCP‐1 increased in the proximal metaphysis, an area where breast cancer cells preferentially trafficked following intracardiac inoculation in athymic mice. An MDA‐MB‐231 bone‐seeking variant was not different from parental lines. Osteoblast CM was a potent chemoattractant for metastatic breast cancer cells. Furthermore, culture supernatants of osteoblasts treated with breast cancer cell CM enhanced osteoclast formation. These findings suggest that bone metastatic breast cancer cells utilize osteoblast‐derived cytokines to facilitate breast cancer cell colonization and survival upon arrival in the bone microenvironment. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1138–1148, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signal transduction, plasma membrane calcium movements, and pigment translocation in freshwater shrimp chromatophores
Authors: Milograna Sarah Ribeiro , Bell Fernanda Tinti , McNamara John Campbell
Published: August 2010

Crustacean color change results from the differential translocation of chromatophore pigments, regulated by neurosecretory peptides like red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH) that, in the red ovarian chromatophores of the freshwater shrimpMacrobrachium olfersi, triggers pigment aggregation via increased cytosolic cGMP and Ca2+of both smooth endoplasmatic reticulum (SER) and extracellular origin. However, Ca2+movements during RPCH signaling and the mechanisms that regulate intracellular [Ca2+] are enigmatic. We investigate Ca2+transporters in the chromatophore plasma membrane and Ca2+movements that occur during RPCH signal transduction. Inhibition of the plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase by La3+and indirect inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger by ouabain induce pigment aggregation, revealing a role for both in Ca2+extrusion. Ca2+channel blockade by La3+or Cd2+strongly inhibits slow‐phase RPCH‐triggered aggregation during which pigmentsdispersespontaneously. L‐type Ca2+channel blockade by gabapentin markedly reduces rapid‐phase translocation velocity; N‐ or P/Q‐type blockade by ω‐conotoxin MVIIC strongly inhibits RPCH‐triggered aggregation and reduces velocity, effects revealing RPCH‐signaled influx of extracellular Ca2+. Plasma membrane depolarization, induced by increasing external K+from 5 to 50 mM, produces Ca2+‐dependent pigment aggregation, whereas removal of K+from the perfusate causes pigment hyperdispersion, disclosing a clear correlation between membrane depolarization and pigment aggregation; K+channel blockade by Ba2+also partially inhibits RPCH action. We suggest that, during RPCH signal transduction, Ca2+released from the SER, together with K+channel closure, causes chromatophore membrane depolarization, leading to the opening of predominantly N‐ and/or P/Q‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+channels, and a Ca2+/cGMP cascade, resulting in pigment aggregation.J. Exp. Zool. 313A:605–617, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sarcoma botryoides: MRI findings in two patients
Authors: Kobi Mariya , Khatri Gaurav , Edelman Morris , Hines John
Published: August 2010

We report the magentic resonance (MR) findings of sarcoma botryoides in two young pediatric patients with this tumor. There has been very little literature regarding the MR appearance of this subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma. In both cases, the tumor was vaginal in origin, as would be expected in this age group. We found areas of bright T2 signal within these lesions, intermixed with areas of lower T2‐signal tissue, which showed considerable enhancement. These imaging findings are reflective of the histologic architecture of these lesions, which are composed of separate myxoid and subepithelial cellular zones. In both cases, the extent of the tumor and lack of local invasion or metastatic disease were confirmed surgically, and both patients have undergone multiple postoperative MR studies that have shown lack of residual, recurrent, or metastatic disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:708–712. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DTI‐based muscle fiber tracking of the quadriceps mechanism in lateral patellar dislocation
Authors: Kan J. Herman , Heemskerk Anneriet M. , Ding Zhaohua , Gregory Andrew , Mencio Gregory , Spindler Kurt , Damon Bruce M.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To determine the feasibility of using diffusion tensor MRI (DT‐MRI) ‐based muscle fiber tracking to create biomechanical models of the quadriceps mechanism in healthy subjects and those with chronic lateral patellar dislocation (LPD).

Materials and Methods

Four healthy (average 14.5 years old; BMI 21.8) and four chronic LPD (average 17.3 years old; BMI 22.4) females underwent DT and axial T1W MRI of the thighs. The anatomical and physiologic cross‐sectional areas (ACSA and PCSA, respectively) and pennation angle were calculated of the vastus lateralis oblique (VLO) and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscles. The predicted resultant force vector on the patella was calculated.

Results

The VLO pennation angles in healthy and LPD subjects were 18.7 and 14.5°, respectively (P = 0.141). The VMO pennation angles in healthy and LPD subjects were 11.4 and 14.8°, respectively (P = 0.02). The ACSA and PCSA VLO:VMO ratios in healthy and LPD subjects were 1.9:1.6 and 2.1:1.6, respectively (P = 0.025 and 0.202, respectively). Regardless of whether ACSA or PCSA was used to predict resultant lateral force vectors, the values differed between healthy and LPD subjects (∼2 and ∼5.3°, respectively; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Chronic LPD patients had more laterally directed predicted resultant force vectors than healthy subjects. Our preliminary results suggest that biomechanical models of the quadriceps mechanism in patients with chronic LPD and healthy subjects can be created in healthy subjects and patients with chronic LPD using DT‐MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:663–670. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase‐contrast magnetic resonance quantification of normal pulmonary venous return
Authors: Goo Hyun Woo , Al‐Otay Abdulmajeed , Grosse‐Wortmann Lars , Wu Shengping , Macgowan Christopher K. , Yoo Shi‐Joon
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of phase‐contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) in quantifying the pulmonary venous return in normal subjects.

Materials and Methods

PCMR was performed in 12 healthy adult volunteers (mean age 38 years, range 27–60 years; 9 men; body surface area 1.81 ± 0.15 m2) for the ascending and descending aorta, caval veins, main and branch pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary veins. Two readers independently quantified blood flow in all subjects.

Results

Intraobserver differences were −2.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −9.9% to 5.9%), −4.5% (95% CI: −15.6% to 6.5%), and −0.7% (95% CI: −4.5% to 3.0%) for all vessels, pulmonary veins, and other great vessels, respectively. Interobserver differences were −2.0% (95% CI: −10.6% to 6.6%), −3.1% (95% CI: −16.0% to 9.9%), and −1.4% (95% CI: −6.4% to 3.5%) for all vessels, pulmonary veins, and other great vessels, respectively. Pulmonary venous flow volume showed high correlations with the volumes of the pulmonary arterial flow, systemic arterial flow, and systemic venous flow (r = 0.76–0.92, P < 0.005).

Conclusion

Flow quantification of normal pulmonary venous return using PCMR is feasible with high reproducibility and accuracy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:588–594. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vibrational spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations of poly‐D‐mannuronate and heteropolymeric fractions from sodium alginate
Authors: Cardenas‐Jiron G. , Leal D. , Matsuhiro B. , Osorio‐Roman I. O.
Published: August 2010

The tetrasaccharide of 1 → 4β‐D‐mannopyranuronate (MM) and the alternating tetrasaccharide of 1 → 4 b‐D‐mannopyranuronate and 1 → 4α‐L‐gulopyranuronate (MG) were analyzed based on density functional theory (DFT) by employing the Gaussian 03 W package. The molecular geometries were fully optimized by using the Becke's three‐parameter hybrid exchange functional combined with Lee–Yang–Parr correlation functional (B3LYP) and using a 6‐31G(d,p) basis set. The calculated IR spectrum of MM presents a band at 1093 cm−1 for CC stretching vibration, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation (1096 cm−1) for the polymannuronate fraction obtained by partial hydrolysis of sodium alginate extracted from the hybrid brown seaweed Lessonia–Macrocystis. The calculated value at 826 cm−1for MM is in close agreement with the experimental value and confirms that this band is characteristic of polymannuronate blocks. Most of the bands in the IR spectrum are also present in the observed Raman spectrum of the polymannuronate fraction. The experimental IR spectrum of heteropolymeric fraction obtained by partial hydrolysis of sodium alginate shows absorbances similar to those calculated for the model tetrasaccharide (MG). Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) allows differentiation between the homopolymeric and heteropolymeric fractions of sodium alginate. The SERS spectrum of the heteropolymeric fraction shows an enhanced signal at 731 cm−1which is present in the calculated Raman spectrum of the tetrasaccharide MG at 729 cm−1. This band is assigned to the ring‐breathing deformation of the β‐D‐mannopyranuronate and α‐L‐gulopyranuronate residues. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychometric properties of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology in adolescents
Authors: Bernstein Ira H. , Rush A. John , Trivedi Madhukar H. , Hughes Carroll W. , Macleod Laurie , Witte Bradley P. , Jain Shailesh , Mayes Taryn L. , Emslie Graham J.
Published: August 2010

Objective: The clinician‐rated (QIDS‐C16) and self‐report (QIDS‐SR16) versions of the 16‐item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology have been extensively examined in adult populations. This study evaluated both versions of the QIDS and the 17‐item Children's Depressive Rating Scale – Revised (CDRS‐R) in an adolescent outpatient sample.

Method: Both the QIDS‐C16 and QIDS‐SR16 were completed for the adolescents. Three different methods were used to complete the QIDS‐C16: (a) adolescents' responses to clinician interviews; (b) parents' responses to clinician interview; and (c) a composite score using the most pathological response from the two interviews. Both classical and item response theory methods were used. Factor analyses evaluated the dimensionality of each scale.

Results: The sample included 140 adolescent outpatients. All versions of the QIDS, save the parent interview, and the CDRS‐R were very reliable (α ≥ 0.8). All four versions of the QIDS are reasonably effective and unidimensional. The CDRS‐R was clearly at least two‐dimensional. The CDRS‐R was the most discriminating among low and extremely high levels of depression. The QIDS‐SR16 was the most discriminating at moderate levels of depression. There was no relation between the QIDS scores and concurrent Axis III comorbidities.

Conclusion: The QIDS‐C16 and the QIDS‐SR16 are suitable for use in adolescents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting the overcontrolled–undercontrolled typology of violent offenders
Authors: D'Silva Karen , Duggan Conor
Published: August 2010

Background In 1966, Megargee separated individuals with violent behaviour into those who either overcontrolled or undercontrolled their hostility and suggested that this typology might be helpful when considering their treatment.

Method We compared the criminological and psychopathological features of those with a single violent offence (SV) and with those who were repeatedly violent (RV).

Results Fifty‐one violent personality disordered offenders detained in medium‐ or high‐ secure care were examined (19 in the SV group and 32 in the RV group). In comparison to the RV group, the SV group were less antisocial and psychopathic and showed greater anger and behavioural control. However, these differences appeared to be due to the undercontrolled nature of the RV group, rather than the overcontrolled nature of the SV group.

Conclusion There was little evidence to support an overcontrolled hostility pattern in the SV group in this sample. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of taspine on proliferation and apoptosis by regulating caspase‐3 expression and the ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2 in A431 cells
Authors: Zhang Yanmin , Jiang Qiao , Wang Nan , Dai Bingling , Chen Yinnan , He Langchong
Published: August 2010

Taspine is an active component isolated from Radix et Rhizoma Leonticis. It has been shown that taspine can inhibit tumour angiogenesis. However, how it inhibits the proliferation of, and induces apoptosis in, A431 cells is unknown. The study investigated the effects of taspine on the proliferation and apoptosis in the A431 cell line using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting (WB) and real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Changes in microstructure, cell cycle and protein expressions of caspase‐3, cleaved caspase‐3, cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), Bcl‐2 and Bax were observed after treatment of A431 cells with taspine. Taspine could inhibit the growth of, and induce apoptosis in, A431 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. The cell cycle was significantly stopped at S phase. Nuclear karyopyknosis, chromatin agglutination and typical apoptotic bodies were found in A431 cells. There was a decrease in the expression of Bcl‐2, whereas the expression of caspase‐3, cleaved caspase‐3, CDK2, CDK4 and Bax increased. These data demonstrated that taspine can inhibit the proliferation of, and induce apoptosis in, A431 cells by activating caspase‐3 expression and up‐regulating the ratio of Bax/Bcl‐2 in A431 cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.