bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
James Brown's ‘Superbad’ and the double-voiced utterance
Authors: Brackett David
Published: November 2008

JB was proof that black people were different. Rhythmically and tonally blacks had to be from somewhere else. Proof that Africa was really over there for those of us who had never seen it – it was in that voice. (Thulani Davis, quoted Guralnick 1986, pp. 242–3)

If there is any black man who symbolizes the vast differences between black and white cultural and aesthetic values, Soul Brother No. 1 (along with Ray Charles) is that man. (David Levering Lewis, quoted Guralnick 1986, p. 240)

Brown has never been a critics' favorite principally because of the apparent monotony of so many of his post-1965 recordings. But attacking him for being repetitive is like attacking Africans for being overly fond of drumming. Where the European listener may hear monotonous beating, the African distinguishes subtle polyrhythmic interplay, tonal distinctions among the various drums, the virtuosity of the master drummer, and so on. Similarly, Brown sounds to some European ears like so much harsh shrieking. (Robert Palmer 1980, p. 141)

During the 1960s James Brown single handedly demonstrated the possibilities for artistic and economic freedom that black music could provide if one constantly struggled against its limitations … He was driven by an enormous ambition and unrelenting ego, making him a living symbol of black self-determination … Motown may have been the sound of young America, but Brown was clearly the king of black America. (Nelson George 1988, pp. 98–9)
Resisting songs: negative dialectics in pop
Authors: Bloomfield Terry
Published: November 2008

But thereisn'tAl. If Alwerethere he would be giving a private performance to Chris Roberts as patron: an odd conception in the present-day world. In fact Al Green sings in a domain that is public although the musical commodity of the disc or tape turns it into a potentially solitary experience. In his comment Roberts has been captured by the Romantic understanding of the song: that its essence is (artistic) interiority made exterior. He is not alone in his fantasy of access to the pop singer. It constitutes the prevailing, if unformulated, view – a considerable irony in the postmodern world of late capitalism. The past few decades have witnessed the development of a global light-entertainment industry whose cultural objects partake in an increasingly closed circle of signification through pop videos, television advertising, soap operas and the tabloids. This (hyper)reality coexists today with the pursuit of the ever more soulful vocal, as if in a doomed attempt to crack open the reified commodity, by dint of the singer's passion to force something human across the gulf between exchange value and use value.
‘Teach you to rock’? Popular music in the university music department
Authors: Björnberg Alf
Published: November 2008

During the last decades in most Western countries music education on all levels has undergone significant changes. In response to changes in the musical field in society at large, various popular music styles, previously almost totally neglected in institutional forms of music teaching based on Western art music, have been given increasing significance in the curricula of music education. This development has not, however, taken place without controversies. In most popular music genres the theoretical framework, learning principles and aims of musical practices differ in significant respects from those of the regulated activities of traditional institutions of music education, and the successful integration of popular genres into such institutions requires that these differences be acknowledged and resolved rather than ignored.
The aftermath of a crisis: Quebec music industries in the 1980s
Authors: Grenier Line
Published: November 2008

Increased market concentration of multinational record companies, greater integration of major labels with international multi-media and entertainment conglomerates, as well as long economic recession were among the most striking developments of the 1980s to impact upon music-related industries. In the French-speaking province of Quebec (Canada), these developments, combined with local socio-political turmoil, left popular music in the throes of crisis and further jeopardised an indigenous music industry still in the making. The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which a local industry, by coming to terms with the aforementioned international developments, overcame what could well have spelled its doom.
Political facets of salsa
Authors: Perez Brittmarie Janson
Published: November 2008

Late at night, in a discotheque in a Latin American country whose political system is dominated by the military and is not particularly known for its respect for human rights, a crowd is dancing salsa, a generic term covering Caribbean dance music. The song is Willie Colón's ‘El general’. It starts with a roll of drum beats and a sarcastic description of the general getting up in the morning to put on his uniform and dictate orders to the president. A thrill of fifes follows and a stentorean shout: ‘To the right!’ The verse describes citizens as delighted not to have a free press and a dangerous democratic system with its tricky politicians. The military gazette is very enjoyable and it is reassuring to have a regime which puts men with strange ideas behind bars. In the discotheque, the crowd continues dancing. The next stanza says the general is rumoured to be about to retire: What will happen to the country and the people without him? ‘For a long time I've wanted to thank you,’ is the refrain, ‘goodbye and thank you, my general.’
Into the mystic: the aural poetry of Van Morrison
Authors: Mills Peter
Published: November 2008

In 1974 Time magazine placed Van Morrison fifth in a curious little league table of ‘Greatest Living Songwriters’ behind Bob Dylan, John Lennon, Paul McCartney and Leonard Cohen. This in itself has little value and probably less meaning but serves to illustrate a point; one could in all probability fill this room with books and critical articles which have been written about Bob Dylan, and while the scholars have not spent so much energy upon Lennon and McCartney, popular approval of their work is perhaps greater than that for Dylan – we all ‘know the story’ of The Beatles. Leonard Cohen, the most ‘cultish’ among Time magazine's Gang of Four is perhaps closest to Morrison in terms of reputation, but is known also as a literary figure with some record albums and volumes of poetry issued under the same title. Some might argue that this is just a glorification of a lyric sheet; this observation may be made flippantly but does actually lead to a problematical but fascinating relation between what is written and what is sung – to which we shall turn later. My point is that in comparison to this quartet and on these terms, Van Morrison is almost invisible. There have been only two published studies of Morrison, both long out of print. The first was a piece of well-intentioned but now rather dated hagiography, Into the Music by Ritchie Yorke (1975). However, this book has the great advantage of being written with the co-operation of its subject. The second was produced by Johnny Rogan, a professional biographer of rock musicians.
Scrutiny to subcultures: notes on literary criticism and popular music
Authors: Laing Dave
Published: November 2008

In 1993 several of the British national newspapers published obituaries of a Liverpool schoolteacher, Alan Durband. He had been a key figure in the establishment of the Everyman Theatre in the city and he was the former head of English teaching at the Liverpool Institute, the school which is shortly to be reopened as the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. Among Durband's students in the 1950s were Paul McCartney and George Harrison. ‘His love of the English language was infectious’, wrote one of Durband's obituarists and it is tempting to imagine a link between this enthusiasm and the lyricist who produced ‘Eleanor Rigby’ and ‘For No One’.
The moan within the tone: African retentions in rhythm and blues saxophone style in Afro-American popular music
Authors: Miller Doug
Published: November 2008

The tenor is a rhythm instrument and the best statements negroes have made of what their soul is have been on tenor saxophone. Now you think about it and you'll see I'm right. The tenor's got that thing, that honk, you can get to people with it. Sometimes you can be playing that tenor and I'm telling you the people want to jump across the rail. (Ornette Coleman)
Not-so-big in Japan: Western pop music in the Japanese market
Authors: De Launey Guy
Published: November 2008

The phrase ‘big in Japan’ has become a popular cliché, used to describe acts which are meant to be enjoying Japanese success: anyone from Kylie Minogue to Primal Scream; from Dead or Alive to Blur. It seems that even the most unregarded artists can make it in Japan. Even Spinal Tap – the fictional, washed-up heavy metal band from Rob Reiner's film of the same name – were finally able to find success in Japan. The implication seems to be that the Japanese hunger for Western culture is so strong that even bands who have failed in their own countries can succeed in the Japanese market. Indeed, an expressed belief that Japanese listeners could not get enough of Western music was the usual reaction when I told acquaintances that I was studying the Japanese pop music market. This belief is perpetuated by music magazines, which regularly print stories detailing bizarre acts of devotion by Japanese fans.
Cycles in symbol production? A new model to explain concentration, diversity and innovation in the music industry
Authors: Christianen Michael
Published: November 2008

With the publication of the article ‘Cycles in symbol production’ (Peterson and Berger 1975) a discussion started concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the production of cultural goods under market conditions. The analysis by Peterson and Berger showed a negative correlation between concentration in the recording industry, on the one hand, and the diversity and innovativeness of the music, on the other. Repetition of the analysis using data from the 1980s (Burnett 1990; Lopes 1992) has shown that for this period Peterson and Berger's hypotheses should be rejected. Is there a connection between concentration and diversity and innovation? Are there cycles in symbol production? There seems to be no conclusive answer. In this article, I will attempt to clear up this matter. First, I will repeat the analysis of the relation between concentration and diversity/innovation, using the same model as Peterson and Berger, but with different definitions for the variables concentration, diversity and innovation. Then I will suggest a new model, which can be helpful in uncovering other factors influencing diversity and innovation in the music industry. I will come to that later. Let me first give the reader a brief overview of previous research.
Questions of style: notes on Italian hip hop
Authors: Mitchell Tony
Published: November 2008

In his article ‘Rock music and politics in Italy’, Umberto Fiori deploys the example of an open-air concert by Genesis in Tirrenia in the province of Pisa, promoted in the summer of 1982 by the Italian Communist Party (PCI) as part of its annual Feste dell'Unita, as a summary example of de-politicisation of the consumption and production of rock music in Italy, and the institutionalisation of the oppositional, dissenting aspects of rock music that had previously been so potent there throughout the 1970s. To Fiori, the Genesis concert represented

an unmistakeable step forward in the slow process of the ‘normalisation’ of the relationship between rock and politics in Italy. Explosive material until a few years before, rock music in the 1980s seems to have returned to being a commodity like any other, even in Italy. The songs are once again simply songs, the public is the public. The musicians are only interested in their work, and the organisers make their expected profits. If they happen to be a political party, so much the better: they can also profit in terms of public image and perhaps even votes. … Italy now learnt how to institutionalise deviation and transgression. An ‘acceptable’ gap was re-established between fiction and reality, desire and action, and music and political practice. (Fiori 1984, pp. 261–2)
Hip hop: from live performance to mediated narrative
Authors: Dimitriadis Greg
Published: November 2008

Hip hop culture originated during the mid-1970s as an integrated series of live community-based practices. It remained a function of live practice and congregation for a number of years, exclusive to those who gathered together along NYC blocks, in parks, and in select clubs such as the now famous Harlem World or T-Connection. Early MCs (or ‘rappers’) and DJs, graffiti artists and breakdancers, forged a ‘scene’ entirely dependent upon face-to-face social contact and interaction. Indeed, the event itself, as an amalgam of dance, dress, art and music, was intrinsic to hip hop culture during these years. As one might expect, the art's earliest years went largely unrecorded and undocumented. However, in 1979, Sugarhill Records, a small label in New Jersey, released a single entitled ‘Rapper's Delight’. It was an unexpected event for many of hip hop's original proponents, those pioneers immersed in the art's early live scene. Grandmaster Flash comments:

I was approached in '77. A gentleman walked up to me and said, ‘We can put what you're doing on record.’ I would have to admit that I was blind. I didn't think that somebody else would want to hear a record re-recorded onto another record with talking on it. I didn't think it would reach the masses like that. I didn't see it. I knew of all the crews that had any sort of juice and power, or that was drawing crowds. So here it is two years later, and I hear ‘To the hip-hop, to the bang to the boogie’, and it's not Bam, Herc, Breakout, AJ. Who is this? (quoted in George 1993, p. 49)
His name was Prince: a study of Diamonds and Pearls
Authors: Danielsen Anne
Published: November 2008

The album Diamonds and Pearls had recently been released when I started working on this study of Prince's music. It had not, therefore, obtained the many layers of personal history which enveloped the earlier albums by Prince in my collection. In addition, it seemed to me an absolutely contemporary record: an exemplary sign of the times which would be able to say something in general about our time. But my initial question was simply: what characterises Prince's music?
'Was ist aus uns geworden? – Ein Häufchen Sand am Meer: emotions of post-war Germany as extracted from examples of popular music
Authors: Ritzel Fred
Published: November 2008

Kurt Tucholsky wrote in 1923 in reference to an old ‘Fasching’ tune of that era that this song comprised the ‘most complete expression of the German “Volksseele” (“soul of people”) that one could imagine’ and that it ‘truly reveals the day and age we live in, how this age has evolved and how we ourselves come to terms with this age’ (Tucholsky 1975, p. 187). His argument can be compared to Kracauer's thesis on the effects of film (Kracauer 1979, p. 11). He suggested that the commercial character of mass cultural production was constantly affected by what was provided in a stream of feedback: only commodities which convincingly meet public expectations on either a latent or manifest level are successful with the public. If the masses are moved by a national rhythmic feeling, then the hits articulating that feeling can be seen as a kind of national expression. From this perspective, national and political identities are bound up in the daily emotional turbulence of the music industry.
The articulation of soul: gypsy musicians and the Serbian Other
Authors: van de Port Mattijs
Published: November 2008

In his Moeurs et Coutumes des Tziganes (1936), the French ethnologist Martin Block notices that

when a Hungarian or Romanian feels sad, or when, on the contrary, he wants to celebrate, he needs Gypsy music to exteriorize the state of his soul. (Block 1936, p. 136)

Block's conclusion that Gypsy musicians are in the business of articulating other people's ‘soul’ confronts us with an intriguing conundrum. Given the fact that in eastern Europe, group boundaries between Gypsies and non-Gypsies are strictly defined and zealously kept up, one wonders how Gypsies would be able to articulate musically an intimate knowledge about their non-Gypsy customers. And why would Hungarians, Romanians – and, as I will argue in this paper, Serbs as well – need Gypsy musicians to ‘exteriorize their state of soul’?
Representations of femininity in popular music
Authors: Dibben Nicola
Published: November 2008

Every text and every reading has a social and therefore political dimension, which is to be found partly in the structure of the text itself and partly in the social relations of the reader and the way they are brought to bear upon the text. (Fiske 1989b, pp. 97–8)

The position outlined in the quotation above suggests that meanings are the result of convergence between material properties of a text, and the particular social allegiances of the reader. Two approaches to music and meaning are embodied in this stance: the first theorises music as the material realisation of social forces which are structured into the text and into the reading subject, while the second promotes a view in which the text is rewritten in the act of recontextualisation within the practices of everyday life. Both approaches, the former represented by the critique of mass culture offered by the Frankfurt School, the latter by theories of popular culture, have their roots in the Marxist tradition which theorises the fundamental conflict in society as one between the dominant economic class and all those subordinated by it. Within this context, music is subject to a critique which reveals its stance as either affirming or opposing the ideology of the dominant economic order. The central question is therefore not whether music is ideological, but how ideology is made material and the extent to which listeners are free to produce meanings. In this paper these issues are examined in relation to ideologies of femininity in popular music.
Rules of rebellion: slamdancing, moshing, and the American alternative scene
Authors: Tsitsos William
Published: November 2008

Since 1993, popular music magazines in the USA such as Rolling Stone have reported the outbreak of an alternative music ‘revolution’, as bands such as Green Day (who trace their musical roots to late-1970s punk groups such as the Sex Pistols) achieve large-scale popular success. In September 1994 the Boston Globe newspaper devoted significant coverage to the free Green Day concert in Boston that was cancelled midway through as the crowd of 70,000 (comprised mostly of teenagers) threatened to overwhelm the security guards. The news media have focused their attention on the dancing known as ‘slamdancing’, or ‘moshing’, which is associated with this newly popular music. Slamdancing and moshing are two different, albeit similar, styles of dance in which participants (mostly men) violently hurl their bodies at one another in a dance area called a ‘pit’. The media attention paid to this music and its associated violent audience-behaviour paint them as emerging threats to public safety. On 10 September 1994, the Globe reported that ‘there have been severe injuries in mosh pits, where fans act out the hostile lyrics of groups such as Green Day’.
Irritability and Sensibility: Key Concepts in Assessing the Medical Doctrines of Haller and Bordeu
Authors: Boury Dominique
Published: November 2008

Argument

This article addresses the doctrinal controversy over the various characterizations of irritability and sensibility. In the middle of the eighteenth century, this scientific debate involved some encyclopaedist physicians, Albrecht von Haller (1709–1777), Jean-Jacques Ménuret de Chambaud (1733–1815), and Théophile de Bordeu (1722–1776). The doctor from Bern described irritability as an experimental property of the muscle fibers and made it the basis of a neo-mechanism in which organic reactions are related to the degree of irritation of the fibers. The practitioners from Montpellier considered sensibility, a property of living matter, to be a spontaneous activity of the organ and developed around this notion an original conception of the organism as the sum of the specific lives of each part. Beyond conceptual divergences, two ways of thinking whose philosophical presuppositions (conception of living matter, mechanism, and organicism), were in opposition, while their epistemological principles (experience versus observation) and their medical practices (active medicine and expectant medicine) went on to evolve in different directions. The privileged place granted to experimentation and assessment enabled physiology to be articulated as an autonomous scientific discipline; the pre-eminence of observation and attention to the radical specificity of the living being constituted the bases of clinical medicine.
The Animal Economy as Object and Program in Montpellier Vitalism
Authors: Wolfe Charles T. , Terada Motoichi
Published: November 2008

Argument

Our aim in this paper is to show the importance of the notion oféconomie animalein Montpellier vitalism as a hybrid concept which brings together the structural and functional dimensions of the living body – dimensions which hitherto had primarily been studied according to a mechanistic model, or were discussed within the framework of Stahlian animism. The celebrated image of the bee-swarm expresses this structural-functional understanding of living bodies quite well: “One sees them press against each other, mutually supporting each other, forming a kind of whole, in which each living part, in its own way, by means of the correspondence and directions of its motions, enables this kind of life to be sustained in the body” (Ménuret 1765c,Enc.XI, 319a). What is important here is that every component part is always a living part, i.e., every structural unit is always functional. Interestingly, while the twin notions of “animal economy” andorganisationare presented as improvements over a mechanistic perspective, they are nonetheless compatible with an expanded sense of mechanism, and by extension, with materialism as reflected notably in the writings of Ménuret and Bordeu. We thus propose both a revision and reconstruction of the historical status of the “animal economy,” and a reflection on its conceptual status.

In judging of the beauty of animal bodies, we always carry in our eye the oeconomy of a certain species.

(David Hume [1739] 2000, 3.2.2, 311)
The Politics of Pronunciation
Authors: Gottlieb Isaac B.
Published: November 2008

World Jewry is divisible into two major groups of tradition based on geographic and historical considerations: Eastern or Sephardi and Western or Ashkenazi. They differ in their rites of prayer, customs, and also in many points of Jewish law. Moreover, their pronunciation of Hebrew in the synagogue differs as well. This situation leads to a practical question: May one elect to change his pronunciation of Hebrew from one tradition to the other? More to the point, as we shall see, may one change from the Ashkenazi (Western) to the Sephardi (Eastern)? On the face of it, this is strictly a matter of halakhah (Jewish law). But we will argue that the number of responsa written in the last seventy years that address this question and the highly charged attitudes expressed or implied in them reveal much more than law alone. Responsa in general, we will claim, should be examined through the lenses of the social sciences because they stand at the convergence of sociology and halakhic decision making. In the particular question before us, accent has become a nodal point between religion, legal writing, and sociolinguistics.
The Downfall of Haman: Postwar Yiddish Theater between Secular and Sacred
Authors: Aronowicz Annette
Published: November 2008

In 1940, just before the Germans entered Paris, Haim Sloves, an Eastern European Jewish intellectual, finished writing a play in Yiddish,Homens mapole, orThe Downfall of Haman.It was an act of resistance, as Haman, the great enemy of the Jews, was a transparent reference to Hitler, but within and beyond that, it continued a project that had absorbed many Eastern European Jews since the second half of the nineteenth century. Rabbinic tradition, they felt, was dying. It was urgent to discover a new source of inspiration for the Jewish people. In 1944–45, when Sloves and other Jewish survivors returned to Paris, where they had immigrated years before the war, the task of rebuilding seemed more urgent still. To continue to search for a new, secular mode of expression was intimately tied to the very revival of the Jewish people. Between 1945 and 1949,Homens mapole, considerably shortened and somewhat modified, played to resounding acclaim not only in Paris but also in several cities across three continents.
Ecotourism and economic growth in the Galapagos: an island economy-wide analysis
Authors: TAYLOR J. EDWARD , HARDNER JARED , STEWART MICKI
Published: November 2008

This study revisits and updates a 1999 economy-wide analysis predicting that increases in tourism would result in rapid economic as well as demographic growth on the Galapagos Islands. The following six years witnessed sharp growth in tourism; a restructuring of tourism around larger cruise ships and new, larger hotels; and rapid population growth. Our findings indicate that total income (that is, the gross domestic product) of the Galapagos increased by an estimated 78 per cent between 1999 and 2005, making the Galapagos economy among the fastest growing in the world. Tourism continued to be far and away the major driver of economic growth. Nevertheless, population growth via new migration to the islands nearly erased the effect of economic growth on per-capita household income. These findings raise questions about the compatibility of ecotourism and conservation in this unique ecological setting.
Studies on enhancement of biofilm formation and adherence due to mechanical treatment of titanium surfaces in cooling-water systems
Authors: George R. P. , Gopal J. , Muraleedharan P. , Anandkumar B. , Baskaran R. , Maruthamuthu S. , Dayal R. K.
Published: November 2008

Titanium has proven to be the heat exchanger material of choice for sea-water-cooled power plants owing to its outstanding resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in a wide range of aggressive media. However, the inertness of the titanium surface makes it highly susceptible to biofilm formation and subsequent biofouling. This can hinder the heat transfer properties and flow of water. Fouling control strategies in condensers include a combination of mechanical, chemical and thermal treatments. However, reports from various industrial situations suggest that mechanical treatment may not have long-term effects. This study aimed to find out whether mechanical cleaning eventually enhances biofilm formation and increases the adherence of biofilm. In our studies epifluorescence micrographs of biofilms on control and mechanically treated titanium surfaces clearly showed accelerated biofilm formation as well as increased adherence on the mechanically cleaned surface. Total counts of viable bacteria acquired by culturing technique, and biofilm thickness measurements made using microscopic techniques, confirmed this observation. Surface profilometry showed increased roughness of the titanium surface, facilitating adherence of biofilm. The number of microbial species was higher on mechanically cleaned and re-exposed surfaces than on fresh titanium. Thus we concluded that mechanical cleaning can increase biofilm formation and adherence of biofilm, thereby increasing the potential of biofouling in the long term.
Fire risk in Amazonia due to climate change in the HadCM3 climate model: Potential interactions with deforestation
Authors: Golding Nicola , Betts Richard
Published: November 2008

Deforestation in Amazonia seems likely to continue in the 21st century, and fire risk could increase as a result of global climate change. With deforestation activities providing a source of ignition, the combination of this with increased fire risk could lead to widespread impacts on Amazonian ecosystems. This would also contribute further to climate change through feedbacks on the global carbon cycle. This study uses the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index and an ensemble of variants of the HadCM3 climate model to simulate potential changes to fire risk in Amazonia over the 21st century. Significant increases in central and eastern Amazonia are simulated by 2020, and high fire danger for over 50% of the forest is simulated in all model runs by 2080. By 2080, as much as 25% of Amazonia shows high levels of agreement in projections of combined fire risk and deforestation. The areas simulated with high fire danger are also those projected to be impacted most significantly by deforestation. If the regional climate changes simulated for Amazonia by HadCM3 are realistic, the risk of significant forest damage could become high, and deforestation activities could, therefore, have a greater potential for impacting on wider areas of forest.
A numerical study of the Southwestern Atlantic Shelf circulation: Stratified ocean response to local and offshore forcing
Authors: Palma Elbio D. , Matano Ricardo P. , Piola Alberto R.
Published: November 2008

This article discusses the results of a suite of numerical simulations of the oceanic circulation in the Southwestern Atlantic Shelf region that are aimed to characterize its mean circulation and seasonal variability and to determine the dynamical mechanisms controlling them. Our experiments indicate that south of 40°S the mean circulation is dominated by a general northeastward flow in the southern portion of the shelf, which is controlled by the discharges from the Magellan Straits, tidal mixing, wind forcing, and the offshore influence of the Malvinas Current farther north. The region from 40°S to 33°S presents the highest seasonal variability, with intrusions of cold sub‐Antarctic waters and the northward expansion of mixtures of the Río de la Plata waters in late fall and a slower retraction of the plume during spring‐summer. Wind stress variability seems to be the primarily forcing mechanism for the plume dynamics. These model results are in reasonable agreement with observations and previous model results. The present solutions also reveal important additional features of the shelf response. The along‐shelf circulation, for example, is largely driven by the western boundary currents in the middle and outer shelf, with induced transports that are 3 times larger than in experiments forced by winds and tides. The analysis also indicates that the upstream influence of the Malvinas Current is felt well beyond its retroflection point in the form of a northward middle‐shelf current and that the interaction of the Brazil Current with the Brazilian shelf topography is primarily responsible for inducing steady shelf break upwelling.
Three‐dimensional observations from MODIS and CALIPSO for ocean responses to cyclone Nargis in the Gulf of Martaban
Authors: Shi Wei , Wang Menghua
Published: November 2008

Satellites measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Aqua and the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) are used to study physical, optical, and biological changes in the Gulf of Martaban following the passage of cyclone Nargis during early May of 2008. The shortwave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric correction algorithm has been used to derive ocean optical and biological properties from MODIS. Following the passage of cyclone Nargis, a significant increase of surface sediment concentration is observed with considerably enhanced normalized water‐leaving radiance at the red and near‐infrared (NIR) wavelengths in the Gulf of Martaban and along the mouths of the Ayeyarwady River. It is estimated that, before and after cyclone Nargis, the average total suspended matter (TSM) in the Gulf of Martaban increased from 24 mg/l to 31 mg/l, while the TSM value nearly tripled from 12 mg/l to 34 mg/l along the mouths of the Ayeyarwady River. The CALIPSO measurements also show that, before cyclone Nargis, the sediment concentration in the region increases with depth in the water column, while after cyclone Nargis the sediment vertical profile becomes relatively uniform in the upper 50 m depth due to wind‐driven vertical mixing and entrainment.
Elasticity of hydrous wadsleyite to 12 GPa: Implications for Earth's transition zone
Authors: Mao Z. , Jacobsen S. D. , Jiang F. , Smyth J. R. , Holl C. M. , Duffy T. S.
Published: November 2008

Knowledge of the pressure effect on elasticity of hydrous olivine polymorphs is necessary to model seismic wave speeds for potential hydrous regions of the mantle. Here we report single‐crystal elastic properties of wadsleyite, β‐Mg2SiO4, with 0.84 wt.% H2O measured to 12 GPa by Brillouin scattering. Pressure derivatives of the aggregate bulk modulus, K′S0, and shear modulus, G′0, of hydrous wadsleyite are 4.1(1) and 1.4(1) respectively. These values are indistinguishable within uncertainty from those of anhydrous wadsleyite. We estimate that ∼1 wt.% H2O in wadsleyite at 410‐km depth can reconcile seismic bulk sound velocities with a pyrolite‐composition mantle by using our measured high‐pressure elastic constants. If the H2O content of the mantle is much less than 1 wt.%, then other factors need to be considered to explain the velocity contrast of the 410‐km discontinuity. Variations in water content with depth may also contribute to the anomalously steep seismic velocity gradient in the mantle transition zone.
Cloud radiative effect on tropical troposphere to stratosphere transport represented in a large‐scale model
Authors: Huang Xianglei , Su Hui
Published: November 2008

GFDL AM2 model simulations are analyzed to assess the simulated radiative effect of tropical tropopause layer (TTL) cirrus on tropical troposphere‐to‐stratosphere transport (TST). The strongest upward motion in the model's TTL is generally driven by dynamics instead of radiation, occurring in those TTL cloudy regions that overlap with optically thick clouds in the upper troposphere (UT). However, the occurrence frequency of such strong ascent is about one order of magnitude smaller than that of moderate ascent related to the radiative effect of TTL cirrus. The mean upward velocity of moderate ascent in the cloudy regions (∼−2.5— −3.5 hPa/day) is one order of magnitude larger than that induced by TTL clear‐sky radiative heating (∼−0.18 hPa/day). This supports the hypothesis that cirrus radiative heating contributes substantially to the average tropical TST rates. The implication for future model‐satellite comparisons is discussed.
Amplitude‐frequency dependencies of wave attenuation in single‐crystal quartz: Experimental study
Authors: Mashinskii E. I.
Published: November 2008

The experiments have been conducted to investigate the effect of strain amplitude and frequency on the compressional and shear wave attenuation in quartz samples of three types: the intact quartz, fractured quartz, and smoky quartz. The measurements were performed using the reflection method on a pulse frequency of 1 MHz with changing strain in the range 0.3 ≤ ɛ ≤ 2.0 μstrain under a confining pressure of 10 MPa and at ambient temperature. The essential difference in amplitude‐frequency characteristics of wave attenuation in three quartz types has been detected. The intact quartz shows the more “simple” behavior in comparison with the fractured and smoky quartz. The attenuation (the inverse quality factor Q) depends on strain amplitude as Q−1(ɛ) ∼ ɛ−n, where n ≅ 0.005–0.085, with the greatest decrease in the smoky and fractured quartz reaching of about 15%. Relaxation spectra of attenuation are presented in the frequency range from 0.4 to 1.4 MHz. The dependence Qp−1(f) ∼ f−1.2 characterizes the intact and fractured quartz, whereas the smoky quartz has the relaxation peak. The dependence Qs−1(f) ∼ f−0.84 presents S wave relaxation spectrum in the intact quartz; in the fractured and smoky quartz, the attenuation peaks take place. The strain amplitude variation exerts influence on the relaxation strength, the peak frequency, and the width of the relaxation peak. Such behavior of attenuation can be explained by a joint action of viscoelastic and microplastic mechanisms. These results can be considered as a contribution for providing the experimental background to the theory of attenuation in rocks. They can also be used in solving applied problems in material science, seismic prospecting, etc.
Comparison of interaction potentials of liquid water with respect to their consistency with neutron diffraction data of pure heavy water
Authors: Pusztai László , Pizio Orest , Sokolowski Stefan
Published: November 2008

A number of interaction potential models for liquid water are scrutinized from the point of view of their compatibility with results of neutron diffraction experiments on pure heavy water. For the quantitative assessment a protocol developed recently [L. Pusztai et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 457, 96 (2008)] using the reverse Monte Carlo method has been applied. The approach combines the experimental total scattering structure factor (tssf) and partial radial distribution functions (prdfs) from molecular dynamics simulations in a single structural model (particle configuration). Goodness-of-fit values to the three (O–O, O–H, and H–H) simulated prdfs and to the experimental tssf provided an unbiased measure characterizing the level of consistency between various interaction potentials and diffraction experiments. Out of the sets of prdfs investigated here, corresponding to SPCE, BJH, ST2, POL3, TIP4P, TIP4P-2005, TTMF3, and ENCS interaction potentials, the ones from the TIP4P-2005 potential proved to be the most consistent with the experimental neutron-weighted tssf of heavy water. More importantly, it is shown that none of the above interaction potentials are seriously inconsistent with the measured structure factor at ambient conditions.
The thermal signature of a low Reynolds number submerged turbulent jet impacting a free surface
Authors: Judd K. Peter , Smith Geoffrey B. , Handler Robert A. , Sisodia Ankur
Published: November 2008

The thermal signature of a low Reynolds number turbulent jet impacting a free surface was investigated experimentally. Three Reynolds numbers (1000, 3000, and 4800) were investigated for a configuration in which the jet nozzle diameter and the depth of the jet beneath the free surface were fixed. A high resolution infrared detector was used to collect thermal imagery of the surface temperature field. These data were then used to examine the detailed statistical nature of the resulting coupled thermal-hydrodynamic field. The analysis included an examination of the instantaneous, mean, and fluctuating surface thermal fields. Examination of the instantaneous fields strongly suggested the existence of a turbulent core region and a weaker outer region. The existence of this inner-outer structure associated with the surface flow was confirmed by a detailed examination of the mean surface temperature fields. In addition, the outer structure of the mean surface temperature appeared to correspond well with the existence of a surface current first observed by Anthony and Willmarth [“Turbulence measurements in a round jet beneath a free surface,” J. Fluid Mech. 243, 699 (1992)]. A self-similar region of the temperature field associated with the turbulent core was also clearly identified. Finally, the statistics of the surface thermal fluctuation fields were examined. These statistics revealed high thermal fluctuations near the edge of the flow field associated with flow intermittency there, as well as evidence of surface capillary waves which were generated as a result of the jet-surface interaction. In addition, the thermal fluctuation field was further examined using a Karhunen–Loeve analysis.
Ion trajectories in plasma ion implantation of slender cylindrical bores using a small inner end source
Authors: Tian Xiubo , Gong Chunzhi , Huang Yongxian , Jiang Haifu , Yang Shiqin , Fu Ricky K. Y. , Chu Paul K.
Published: November 2008

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) into slender cylindrical bores with higher efficiency is described in this letter. The use of an inner end plasma source excited by a radio-frequency hollow cathode is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The end source that is covered by a small grounded shielding electrode to ensure steady discharge enables continuous delivery of the required plasmas, and the potential difference in the tube increases the ion impact energy. Particle-in-cell simulation demonstrates that the ion trajectories are complex due to the special electric field configuration that is composed of three regions characterized by ion acceleration, no electric field, and ion deceleration. The end source structure with the open shielding electrode is insufficient to achieve high ion energy, although it is effective in maintaining a steady discharge in the source. Hence, a shielding electrode with a protruding electrode structure is required to conduct high energy PIII; a cylindrical bore with an inner diameter of 20 mm is successfully implanted.
Polymer induced condensation of DNA supercoils
Authors: Ramos José Ésio Bessa , Neto João Ruggiero , de Vries Renko
Published: November 2008

Macromolecular crowding is thought to be a significant factor driving DNA condensation in prokaryotic cells. Whereas DNA in prokaryotes is supercoiled, studies on crowding-induced DNA condensation have so far focused on linear DNA. Here we compare DNA condensation by poly(ethylene oxide) for supercoiled and linearized pUC18 plasmid DNA. It is found that supercoiling has only a limited influence on the critical amount of PEO needed to condense plasmid DNA. In order to pack DNA supercoils in condensates, it seems inevitable that they must be deformed in one way or another, to facilitate dense packing of DNA. Analytical estimates and Monte Carlo simulations indicate that packing of DNA supercoils in condensates is most likely facilitated by a decrease of the superhelical diameter rather than by unwinding of the supercoils.
Structural relaxation and nanoindentation response in Zr–Cu–Ti amorphous thin films
Authors: Chou H. S. , Huang J. C. , Chang L. W. , Nieh T. G.
Published: November 2008

Ternary Zr–Cu–Ti system, especial with a high Ti content, is normally difficult to be fully vitrified. In this paper, we demonstrate that cosputtering can produce amorphous Zr–Cu–Ti thin films with an excessive Ti content even as high as 19%. Sub-Tg annealing of the film induces the formation of medium-range-ordered clusters and to raise the nanohardness by 35% to 6.6GPa. The promising mechanical properties of the sub-Tg annealed Zr52Cu29Ti19 films offer great potential for microelectromechanical system applications.
Application of the thermal step method to space charge measurements in inhomogeneous solid insulating structures: A theoretical approach
Authors: Cernomorcenco Andrei , Notingher Petru
Published: November 2008

The thermal step method is a nondestructive technique for determining electric charge distribution across solid insulating structures. It consists in measuring and analyzing a transient capacitive current due to the redistribution of influence charges when the sample is crossed by a thermal wave. This work concerns the application of the technique to inhomogeneous insulating structures. A general equation of the thermal step current appearing in such a sample is established. It is shown that this expression is close to the one corresponding to a homogeneous sample and allows using similar techniques for calculating electric field and charge distribution.
Influence of the implantation profiles of Si+ on the dielectric function and optical transitions in silicon nanocrystals
Authors: En Naciri A. , Mansour M. , Johann L. , Grob J. J. , Rinnert H.
Published: November 2008

We report optical characterization of silicon nanocrystals embedded in silica thin films by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si) are produced by single energy ion implantation and multienergy Si+ ion implantation into 250nm of thermal oxide (SiO2) layers on silicon substrate. After thermal annealing, the obtained nc-Si have a Gaussian and uniform profiles for single and multienergy implantation, respectively. SE measurements are performed at room temperature at spectral range from 0.6to6.5eV using the photoelastic modulated spectroscopic ellipsometer. Physical models based on the Maxwell–Garnet approximation combined with Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion formulas and wavelength by wavelength inversion are developed to extract the optical parameters of the layers. The complex dielectric function ε(E)=εr(E)−iεi(E) of nc-Si is determined and analyzed. The obtained ε(E) spectra of both uniform and Gaussian profiles are given and compared with those of bulk Si. The nc-Si exhibit a significant reduction of the dielectric function in comparison with bulk Si. We have determined the optical transitions E1 and E2 corresponding to Van Hove singularities in the joint density of states. A reduction of the amplitude of E1 peak with a very weak shift of its energy position is observed. The transition E2 is characterized by a rather broad peak; the amplitude of this peak is more important than that of E1. The extended Forouhi–Bloomer model to semiconductor is also used to determine the dielectric functions of nc-Si and optical transitions. In εi(E) spectra of nc-Si we have observed that not only the optical transition E1 peak reduced but it tends to disappear and to form with E2 only a single broad peak centered at around 4.3eV. The influence of the distribution profile on the sample’s structural and optical characteristics is also investigated. Defects caused by implantation are identified by analyzing the dielectric function behavior. For more reliability, photoluminescence analysis are used to obtain direct optical responses of nc-Si.
Room-temperature ferromagnetism in MgO nanocrystalline powders
Authors: Hu Jifan , Zhang Zhongli , Zhao Ming , Qin Hongwei , Jiang Minhua
Published: November 2008

MgO nanocrystalline powders prepared by sol-gel method present room-temperature ferromagnetism, whereas MgO bulk exhibits diamagnetism. The vacuum annealing of MgO nanocrystalline powders reduces ferromagnetism. The observed room-temperature ferromagnetism in MgO nanocrystalline powders possibly originates from Mg vacancies at/near the surfaces of nanograins. Mg vacancies can induce local magnetic moments. Large concentrations of Mg vacancies at the surfaces of nanograins possibly establish magnetic percolation.
Single shot Hugoniot of cyclohexane using a spatially resolved laser driven shock wave
Authors: Bolme C. A. , McGrane S. D. , Moore D. S. , Whitley V. H. , Funk D. J.
Published: November 2008

To develop a more efficient method of determining pressure dependent material response to shock loading, we used the spatial energy distribution of a shock generating laser beam to create a range of nearly one-dimensional stresses in a single laser shot. Ultrafast dynamic ellipsometry was used to measure the Hugoniot and shocked refractive index of cyclohexane subject to this shock loading.