bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Et pour les Flamands, la même chose » : quelle politique de traduction pour quelles minorités linguistiques ?
Authors: Meylaerts Reine
Published: July 2012

Les recherches sur les politiquesde languepassent le rôle clé des politiques detraductionsous silence. Le présent article défend l’idée que toute politique de langue présuppose une politique de traduction. À l’aide de divers exemples de conflits et de réglementations relatifs à la langue et à la traduction en Belgique (surtout) et ailleurs, il cherche à illustrer comment, dans un contexte de mondialisation grandissante, accompagnée de confrontations entre cultures et ethnicités, certaines politiques de traduction conditionnent et règlent la présence des langues minoritaires dans la sphère publique. Elles codéterminent, par conséquent, les droits linguistiques, culturels, sociaux, politiques, économiques… des minorités. Des recherches à grande échelle sur les politiques de traduction dans les sociétés passées et présentes devraient augmenter la sensibilité sociétale à l’égard du rôle clé de la traduction dans ces questions fondamentales et favoriser l’émergence de solutions raisonnées. Il s’agit là d’un nouveau défi pour la traductologie.
Naturalness in the Spanish Dubbing Language: a Case of Not-so-close Friends1
Authors: Fresco Pablo Romero
Published: July 2012

The present article examines the Spanish dubbing language from the point of view of its naturalness. The premise is that dubbing language is best analyzed by comparing it to the register it imitates, as long as its peculiar features are taken into consideration. This study is divided into two parts: firstly, a description of the features that make dubbing dialogue different from real dialogue, focusing on those arising from the source text; secondly, a comparative analysis of dubbed and real dialogue. In the latter, a corpus of spontaneous conversations will be used as a yardstick for natural dialogue and the main strategies used in colloquial conversation will provide the linguistic units to be analyzed: intensifiers and discourse markers. The main unidiomatic features detected are the use of anglicisms, especially at the pragmatic level, and a certain shift in tone that may cause a variation in the relation among the participants in the dubbed text. Finally, the notion of suspension of linguistic disbelief is put forward as a possible explanation for the perpetuation of unnatural features in dubbing language.
The Unit of Translation: Statistics Speak
Authors: Huang Harry J. , Wu Canzhong
Published: July 2012

The authors have conducted a study aiming at determining the unit of translation (UT), a subject of debate for more than forty years. The article consists of a review of relevant literature, a redefinition of the UT, an examination of sampled translated texts, excerpts and sentences of over 23,000 pages, including theBibleandSoul Mountain, translated from the Nobel Prize-winning novel of the Chinese author, Gao Xingjian, and an international survey. The contrastive analysis of these ST and TT materials shows that translations are done sentence by sentence within context and thus identifies the sentence in context as the UT. This identification is further confirmed by an international survey of 66 professional translators and translation editors. By verifying the UT, this study indicates that for a UT-related theory to be testable, the translation theorist should no longer ignore or sideline the sentence from its context.
Constructing a Large-Scale English-Persian Parallel Corpus
Authors: Mosavi Miangah Tayebeh
Published: July 2012

In recent years the exploitation of large text corpora in solving various kinds of linguistic problems, including those of translation, is commonplace. Yet a large-scale English-Persian corpus is still unavailable, because of certain difficulties and the amount of work required to overcome them.

The project reported here is an attempt to constitute an English-Persian parallel corpus composed of digital texts and Web documents containing little or no noise. The Internet is useful because translations of existing texts are often published on the Web. The task is to find parallel pages in English and Persian, to judge their translation quality, and to download and align them. The corpus so created is of course open; that is, more material can be added as the need arises.

One of the main activities associated with building such a corpus is to develop software for parallel concordancing, in which a user can enter a search string in one language and see all the citations for that string in it and corresponding sentences in the target language. Our intention is to construct general translation memory software using the present English-Persian parallel corpus.
Intralingual Translation: An Attempt at Description
Authors: Zethsen Karen Korning
Published: July 2012

In theory, translation studies does not exclude intralingual translation, but de facto empirical studies or discussions on the subject of intralingual translation are few and far between. This article argues for the proper inclusion of intralingual translation on the grounds of its many similarities with interlingual translation. For the sake of comparison, a general description of intralingual translation and its characteristics on the basis of five different Danish versions of a section of the Bible and an analysis of the microstrategies employed in each version are proposed. Similarities as well as differences between rewording and translation proper are discussed, the conclusion being that the differences between intralingual and interlingual translation seem to be more a question of degree than of kind.
Permis d’émission négociables et commerce international dans des marchés de concurrence imparfaite
Authors: Bueb Julien , Schwartz Sonia
Published: July 2012

Dans cet article, nous considérons des entreprises en concurrence imparfaite sur un marché international de bien. Elles ne sont pas toutes soumises à un marché de permis et les pouvoirs publics fixent le plafond de pollution. Nous montrons qu’une entreprise dominante sur le marché des permis utilise ce dernier pour s’approprier un avantage sur le marché du bien. Ce résultat élargit ainsi les hypothèses de la manipulation par exclusion. Les pouvoirs publics se comportent également de façon stratégique, en utilisant deux instruments – la dotation initiale et le plafond de pollution – pour maximiser le bien-être collectif. Le plafond de pollution qui en résulte est alors plus élevé qu’à l’équilibre concurrentiel.
La dépendance démographique est-elle un obstacle à l’épargne et à la croissance en Côte d’Ivoire?
Authors: Esso Loesse Jacques
Published: July 2012

Cette étude analyse empiriquement l’influence de la dépendance démographique sur l’épargne et la croissance en Côte d’Ivoire. En utilisant des données de la Banque mondiale (2008) et de la Banque africaine de développement (2008) sur la Côte d’Ivoire entre 1960 et 2007, nous montrons à partir d’une modélisation à correction d’erreur que la dépendance démographique influence négativement le taux d’épargne et le PIB à long terme. À court terme, les variations du ratio de dépendance démographique influencent négativement les variations du taux d’épargne et le taux de croissance du PIB réel. Cependant, les tests de causalité montrent que la dépendance démographique ne cause ni l’épargne ni la croissance économique de la Côte d’Ivoire.
Identification of two inherited copy number variants in a male with autism supports two‐hit and compound heterozygosity models of autism
Authors: Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Liao Hsiao‐Mei , Hong Chao‐Chun , Chien Wei‐Hsien , Chen Chia‐Hsiang
Published: July 2012

Autism is a childhood‐onset neurodevelopmental disorder with complex genetic mechanism underlying its etiology. Recent studies revealed that a few single de novo copy number variants of genomic DNA (copy number variants [CNVs]) are pathogenic and causal in some sporadic cases, adding support to the hypothesis that some sporadic autism might be caused by single rare mutation with large clinical effect. In this study, we report the detection of two novel private CNVs simultaneously in a male patient with autism. These two CNVs include a microduplication of ∼4.5 Mb at chromosome 4q12‐13.1 that was transmitted from his mother and a microdeletion of ∼1.8 Mb at 5q32 that was transmitted from his father. Several genes such as LPHN3, POU4F3, SH3RF2, and TCERG1 mapped to these two regions have psychiatric implications. However, the parents had only mild degree of attention deficit symptoms but did not demonstrate any obvious autistic symptoms or psychopathology. Our findings indicate that each of these two CNVs alone may not be pathogenic enough to cause clinical symptoms in their respective carriers, and hence they can be transmitted within each individual family. However, concomitant presence of these two CNVs might result in the clinical phenotypes of the affected patient reported here. Thus, our report of this family may represent an example to show that two hits of CNV and the presence of compound heterozygosity might be important mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of autism. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KTP crystal growth from the starting materials reacted in solution
Authors: Lu Tianye , Hu Zhanggui , Li Xiaomao , Yue Yinchao , Yu Xuesong , Wu Zhenxiong
Published: July 2012

Using the solution‐reacted materials, potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO4, KTP) crystal was grown by the top‐seeded solution growth (TSSG) method. The solution‐reacted precursor was characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the solubility of KTP in K8P6O19 was measured. The crystals were investigated by synchrotron radiation X‐ray topography, scattering centers measurement, weak absorption test and damage threshold test. The results showed that dispersion was better and solubility was higher than those by solid‐reacted method. Compared with the conventional crystal, KTP crystal grown from the solution‐reacted precursor had fewer defects, fewer scattering centers, lower weak absorption and higher damage threshold.
The induction time, interfacial energy and growth mechanism of maltitol in batch cooling crystallization
Authors: Hou J. , Wu S. , Li R. , Dong W. , Gong J.
Published: July 2012

Maltitol is crystallized with seeds by cooling mode in industry, often with large amount of fine crystals and wide crystal size distribution. To eliminate the fine nucleation, it's necessary to understand the nucleation kinetics. In this work, the solubility of maltitol in water was measured by the gravimetric method, the nucleation kinetics of maltitol in batch cooling crystallization was investigated using focus beam reflectance measurement (FBRM), and a novel method was proposed to determine the induction time from the trend of the crystal median chord given by FBRM. Based on the relationship between the induction time and the supersaturation, the nucleation mechanism was obtained, including homogenous nucleation at high supersaturation and heterogenous nucleation at low supersaturation. Additionally, combining the classical nucleation theory (CNT) and Arrhenius’ principle, the crystal‐solution interfacial energy and the energy barrier of homogenous nucleation were calculated. From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, the growth mechanism of maltitol was identified as surface nucleation growth and the surface entropy factor calculated from the kinetic analyses of tind data corroborated this growth mechanism.
Predicting intergroup fairness and ingroup bias in the minimal group paradigm
Authors: Platow Michael J. , McClintock Charles G. , Liebrand Wim B. G.
Published: July 2012

Previous social psychological theory and research based on the Minimal Group Paradigm have stressed the dominance of ingroup bias in intergroup evaluations and allocation behaviour. However, fairness in intergroup allocations has also been observed. Tested here were hypotheses derived from three non‐mutually exclusive theories: (1) Social Identity Theory (e.g. Tajfel and Turner, 1986), which predicts ingroup evaluative and allocation biases, (2) Ng's (1981) Fate Control/Equity Paradigm, which predicts that ingroup bias in allocations occurs in relationships of mutual but not unilateral fate control, and (3) Social Value Theory (e.g. McClintock, 1972), which predicts that intergroup evaluations and allocation behaviours will vary as a function of the social value orientations of subjects. Evaluations were consistent with expectations from Social Identity Theory. Subjects, in general, evaluated ingroup members more favourably than the outgroup members. Allocations, however, were generally consistent with expectations from Social Value Theory, with prosocial subjects preferring fair to biased allocations, competitive subjects biased to fair ones. Neither allocation behaviour nor intergroup evaluations varied significantly as a function of the fate control relationship.
Group status, group size and attitude polarization
Authors: Van Knippenberg Daan , De Vries Nanne , Van Knippenberg Ad
Published: July 2012

The influence of group status and group size on intergroup attitude differentiation was investigated. Hypothesized was that members of high status groups would polarize their attitudes more than members of low status group, and that minorities would show greater sensitivity to status differences than majorities. The results show that status affected intergroup differentiation as predicted, while group size did not.
A longitudinal study of equity and satisfaction in intimate relationships
Authors: Van Yperen Nico W. , Buunk Bram P.
Published: July 2012

This longitudinal study was aimed at illuminating some fundamental problems with respect to the application of equity theory in intimate relationships. First the relationship between perceived equity and satisfaction was tested, and next it was ascertained whether inequity produces dissatisfaction or vice versa. A second issue addressed in the present study was whether global assessments of equity represent some type of calculation made by the subject of all the relevant inputs and outcomes. Finally, the elements subjects take into consideration when they respond to a global equity measure was assessed. These issues were examined in a sample of 736 primarily married subjects, including 259 couples who had been married for varying lengths of time. The results provide some evidence that equity has an effect upon satisfaction and not vice versa. The assumption that global assessments are based upon a weighted summing up of a representative set of inputs and outcomes was not supported. Instead, it was found that the global measure particularly reflects exchange elements such as ‘commitment to the relationship’, ‘sociability’ and ‘attentiveness’.
The social value of risk‐taking
Authors: Dahlbäck Olof
Published: July 2012

In this study, the following hypothesis concerning the social value of risk‐taking is advanced: young men who wish to assert themselves and to gain prestige tend to take greater risks in public when together with other young men than do young men who do not have these wishes, whereas there is no such difference in risk‐taking in private. This hypothesis is empirically tested and is supported.
Evaluation of iron loss influence on speed estimation in sensorless MRAC‐based field‐oriented induction machines
Authors: Levi E. , Wang M. , Williams D.
Published: July 2012

Rotor speed estimation in sensorless field‐oriented control of induction machines is usually performed on the basis of a mathematical model of an induction machine. An estimate of speed is obtained utilising one of the control techniques and its accuracy is affected by parameter variations. When the iron loss is neglected in the mathematical model, inaccuracy in speed estimation results due to iron loss existence in the machine. This paper evaluates the impact of iron loss on speed estimation for common model reference adaptive control (MRAC) schemes, based on rotor flux, back e.m.f and reactive power. It is shown that the existence of iron loss leads to a typical speed estimation error of 2 min−1 to 3 min−1, which is comparable with errors caused by other detuning effects. A modified sensorless MRAC‐based scheme, that is applicable to both rotor flux and back e.m.f. methods, is then proposed. It is verified that the novel scheme enables good compensation of iron loss, yielding a very small speed estimation error of less than 0.5 min−1.
New sequential AC‐DC load‐flow approach utilizing optimization techniques
Authors: Arifoglu U. , Tarkan N.
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a novel method for solving the sequential load‐flow problem of a general multiterminal DC network in an integrated AC‐DC system. The proposed method utilizes optimization technique both to prevent the violation of variables constraints and to minimize the real power losses and hourly fuel cost of AC‐DC systems. This paper is also the first study in literature using steepest descent algorithm (SDA) for AC‐DC optimal load flow. Instead of SDA, any optimization technique can be used with the proposed AC‐DC load‐flow algorithm.
Transient response of low‐voltage varistors
Authors: Tang H. , Scuka V.
Published: July 2012

Low‐voltage metal‐oxide varistors are used today in an increasing extent to protect sensitive electronic equipment, electrical apparatus and electric installations from overvoltages. This paper describes the behaviour of low‐voltage varistors exposed to different overvoltages. The observed overshoot voltage across a varistor is explained by the inductance of the connecting leads when a nanosecond rise time transient current is applied through the varistor. When a varistor conducts current, especially if the current has both a short rise time and a high amplitude, the dynamic process takes over the static non‐linear voltage‐current characteristics of the varistor and determines the voltage and current wave shapes. This dynamic process of metal‐oxide varistors is analysed. An example for detecting a deteriorated varistor by analysing the appearance time of the voltage peak and the current peak of the wave shapes is also given in this paper.
Method for detection and location of very high resistive earth faults
Authors: Hänninen S. , Lehtonen M.
Published: July 2012

A new method is presented for the detection and location of high resistive, permanent single‐phase earth faults in medium‐voltage (MV) distribution networks (20 kV). The systems considered are with unearthed or a compensated neutral and the fault resistances covered are in the range of 5 kΩ … 160 kΩ. The algorithms of the new method are based on the change of the neutral voltage and zero‐sequence currents, measured at the MV substation and also at the distribution line locations.
Load modelling in static voltage stability indices calculation
Authors: Prada R. B. , Dos Santos J. O. R.
Published: July 2012

This paper is concerned with load modelling for static voltage stability indices calculation. Static voltage stability is closely related to the maximum active and reactive power flow a network can transmit to load or from generator. A two‐bus system is used to show that the assessment index may or may not indicate the maximum depending on the load model. A real system is used to show that results may be different, even leading to opposite assessment conclusions. It is concluded that load model is to be excluded in the calculation of static indices for voltage stability. It is pointed out that static load models are to be included in the (static) power‐flow problem. In the same sense, dynamic load models are also to be included in (dynamic) voltage stability studies.
The axon guidance molecule Netrin‐4 is expressed by Müller cells and contributes to angiogenesis in the retina
Authors: Lange Johannes , Yafai Yousef , Noack André , Yang Xiu Mei , Munk Anne‐Britta , Krohn Sandra , Iandiev Ianors , Wiedemann Peter , Reichenbach Andreas , Eichler Wolfram
Published: July 2012

Retinal glial (Müller) cells are involved in a wide range of developmental mechanisms, including axon guidance and angiogenesis. This study was undertaken to explore whether Netrin‐4, an axonal guidance molecule, is expressed by Müller cells and promotes angiogenesis‐related activities. Netrin‐4 was found through all retinal layers, and its expression was demonstrated in Müller cells, retinal pigment epithelium cells and bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs). Co‐localization of Netrin‐4 with Müller cell‐specific molecules [cellular retinaldehyde‐binding protein (cRALBP), vimentin] was observed in the ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer, and at the outer limiting membrane. Under hypoxic conditions, the release of Netrin‐4 from Müller cells was increased, with mRNA levels upregulated in a hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1‐dependent manner and dependent on the concomitantly induced release of vascular endothelial growth factor. These findings were consistent with an intensified immunofluorescence of Netrin‐4 labeling in the postischemic retinas after ischemia‐reperfusion. Netrin‐4 stimulated BRECs to increase phosphorylation of the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐1/‐2, and p38, in a dose‐dependent manner. Synthetic inhibitors of the MAP kinases were able to suppress Netrin‐4‐induced migration and proliferation of BRECs suggesting that both MAP kinases are differentially involved in Netrin‐4‐induced angiogenesis. Two receptors for Netrins, i.e., deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and uncoordinated‐5‐homolog 1 (Unc5H1), were detected in BRECs. DCC is at least partially required for Netrin‐4‐induced activation of ERK‐1/‐2. These data suggest that Müller glial cells contribute to, and may modulate, retinal Netrin‐4 levels. This may be a novel pathway of Müller cell‐mediated control of retinal angiogenesis, particularly under hypoxic/ischemic conditions when the cells upregulate Netrin‐4 expression. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, paracetamol and risk of endometrial cancer: A case–control study, systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Neill Annette S. , Nagle Christina M. , Protani Melinda M. , Obermair Andreas , Spurdle Amanda B. , Webb Penelope M. ,   for the Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study Group
Published: July 2012

Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with reduced risk of a number of cancer types, however, previous studies of endometrial cancer have yielded inconclusive results. We analyzed data from the Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study (ANECS), a population‐based case–control study (1,398 cases, 740 controls). We systematically reviewed all the evidence linking aspirin/NSAIDs use with endometrial cancer and conducted a meta‐analysis. For ANECS, unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) adjusting for potential confounders. For the systematic review, we searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and conducted a review of citations from retrieved articles. The meta‐analysis risk estimates were pooled using a random‐effects model. In our case–control study, women who had ever used aspirin in the last 5 years had a significantly lower risk of endometrial cancer OR = 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63‐0.97]. There was a significant inverse dose–response (p‐trend <0.001) such that women who reported using ≥2 aspirin/week had almost half the risk OR = 0.54 (0.38–0.78). No significant associations were observed between use of half‐aspirin/day, non‐aspirin NSAIDs or paracetamol and endometrial cancer risk. The results were similar when examined by cancer subtype. Nine studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The overall pooled risk estimate for anyversusno use of aspirin was 0.87 (0.79–0.96) with no evidence of heterogeneity. The pooled risk estimate for obese women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was 0.72 (0.58–0.90) but there was no association for non‐obese women. Overall these results suggest that aspirin may reduce the risk of endometrial cancer, particularly among obese women.
In vivo antigenotoxic potential and possible mechanism of action of selected 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one derivatives
Authors: Matić Sanja , Stanić Snežana , Solujić Slavica , Mladenović Milan , Mihailović Vladimir
Published: July 2012

The in vivo sex‐linked recessive lethal test was carried out in Drosophila melanogaster to investigate whether or not five substituted 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones can modulate the genotoxicity of the well‐established mutagenic agent ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). For this purpose, 3 days old Canton S males were treated with the potent mutagen EMS alone in concentration of 0.75 ppm, as well as in combination with one of the five 4‐hydroxycoumarins, namely diethyl 2‐(1‐(4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)ethylidene)malonate (2b), 3‐(1‐(4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)ethylidene)pentane‐2,4‐dione (6b), 4‐(4‐(4‐hydroxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)thiazol‐2‐ylamino) benzenesulfonic acid (4c), 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(2‐(2‐nitropheny lamino)thiazol‐4‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (9c), and (E)‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐(1‐(m‐tolylimino)ethyl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (5d), in concentration of 70 ppm. The frequency of germinative mutations increased significantly after the treatment with EMS and decreased after treatments with coumarins. The maximum reduction was observed after treatments with 2b, 6b, 4c, and 5d. By the formation of hydrogen bonds or electrostatic interactions with O6 of DNA guanine, tested coumarins prevent EMS‐induced alkylation. The results indicate a protective role of five 4‐hydroxycoumarins under the action of a strong mutagen. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:322–330, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21426
Modulation of macrophage activation and programming in immunity
Authors: Liu Guangwei , Yang Hui
Published: July 2012

Macrophages are central mediators of the immune, contributing both to the initiation and the resolution of inflammation. The concept of macrophage activation and program has stimulated interest in its definition, and functional significance in homeostasis and diseases. It has been known that macrophages could be differently activated and programmed into different functional subtypes in response to different types of antigen stumuli or different kinds of cytokines present in the microenvironment and could thus profoundly influence immune responses, but little is known about the state and exact regulatory mechanism of macrophage activation and program from cell or molecular signaling level in immunity. In this review, we summarize the recent finding regarding the regulatory mechanism of macrophage activation and program toward M1 and M2, especially on M2 macrophages. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 502–512, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expressions of TGF‐β1 and MMP‐9 in a guinea pig model of tympanosclerosis: Possible role in the pathogenesis of this disorder
Authors: Guo Wentao , Bai Xiaohui , Han Yuechen , Xu Lei , Liu Wenwen , Zhang Guodong , Li Jianfeng , Fan Zhaomin , Wang Haibo
Published: July 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The present study was performed to investigate the expressions of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) in an experimental model of tympanosclerosis and their possible roles in the formation of this disorder.

Study Design:

A prospective experimental animal study.

Methods:

Seventy guinea pigs were used in this study, of which 10 were chosen to serve as controls, and the other 60 were used in the tympanosclerosis group by inoculation of type‐3 Streptococcus pneumoniae microorganisms. The experimental animals were further divided into six subgroups on the basis of six time points. Otomicroscopy was employed to observe the development of myringosclerosis. Hematoxylin‐eosin and von Kossa staining were performed to determine the morphological changes and calcium depositions. The expressions of TGF‐β1 and MMP‐9 were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.

Results:

Slight sclerotic changes in tympanic membrane were found at week 2, and extensive myringosclerosis was observed at week 6. Hyalinization and calcification in the tympanic membrane and middle ear mucous membrane were clearly visible at week 6. Expression of TGF‐β1 was significantly increased with the development of tympanosclerosis. Expression of MMP‐9 was increased from week 1 to week 4, and then declined at week 6. These two cytokines were both distributed in the cytoplasm of fibroblast cells and inflammatory cells, which were widely distributed in the tympanic membrane and middle ear mucosa at week 6.

Conclusions:

Our data indicate that, for the first time, the alteration in expressions of TGF‐β1 and MMP‐9 were involved in the formation of tympanosclerosis, which may represent an important mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of tympanosclerosis. Laryngoscope, 2012
Parabens inhibit the early phase of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovaries of neonatal rats
Authors: Ahn Hyo‐Jin , An Beum‐Soo , Jung Eui‐Man , Yang Hyun , Choi Kyung‐Chul , Jeung Eui‐Bae
Published: July 2012

Parabens are widely used as anti‐microbial agents in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, parabens have been shown to act as xenoestrogens, a class of endocrine disruptors. In the present study, 55 female pups were given daily subcutaneous injections of methyl‐, propyl‐, and butyl‐paraben or 17beta‐estradiol (E2) during neonatal Day 1–7. The ovaries were excised on postnatal Day 8, then fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. The follicles were counted and classified as being in the primordial, early primary, or primary stages. The number of primordial follicles increased while early primary follicles decreased at the high doses of propyl‐ and butyl‐paraben. The levels of anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) and Foxl2 mRNA increased by propyl‐ and butyl‐parabens whereas kit ligand/stem cell factor (KITL) expression was up regulated only by butyl‐paraben. The mRNA levels of StAR and Cyp11a1 were significantly decreased after treatment with methyl‐, propyl‐, and butyl‐parabens. Consistent with its use as a positive control, E2 regulated the expression of KITL, StAR, and Cyp11a1 genes, but surprisingly did not affect AMH and Foxl2 levels. Thus, E2 and parabens had different effects on the regulation of folliculogenic and steroidogenic genes, demonstrating the estrogenic and nonestrogenic properties of parabens in the ovary. Taken together, our data show that parabens stimulated AMH mRNA expression and consequently inhibited the early phase of folliculogenesis in the ovaries of neonatal female rat. The levels of steroidogenic enzymes, indicators of follicle differentiation, appeared to be regulated by parabens through inhibition of their transcriptional repressor, Foxl2. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 626–636, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Hoechst 33342 staining and ultraviolet irradiation on mitochondrial distribution and DNA copy number in porcine oocytes and preimplantation embryos
Authors: Gil Maria Antonia , Maside Carolina , Cuello Cristina , Parrilla Inmaculada , Vazquez Juan Maria , Roca Jordi , Martinez Emilio Arsenio
Published: July 2012

Hoechst 33342 (H342), in combination with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, is frequently used to aid or confirm the enucleation of porcine oocytes in somatic cell nuclear transfer programs. The exposure of oocytes to H342 and UV irradiation has a deleterious effect on the development of in vitro‐fertilized porcine oocytes, with increasing exposure to UV irradiation (up to 30 sec) having more drastic effects. It has been hypothesized that this decrease in embryonic development could be due to damage to the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). To investigate this hypothesis, we analyzed the mitochondrial distribution and DNA copy number of in vitro‐matured porcine oocytes exposed to H342/UV and the subsequent embryonic development compared with the mitochondrial distribution and DNA copy number of in vivo‐derived oocytes and embryos. Using quantitative, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocols to analyze mtDNA and confocal laser scanning microscopy with MitoTracker Deep Red to determine mitochondrial distribution, we demonstrated that the simultaneous exposure of in vitro‐matured porcine oocytes to H342 staining and UV irradiation is associated with reduced oocyte developmental competence and abnormal mitochondrial distribution in the resulting cleaved embryos. In addition, 2‐ to 4‐cell embryos derived from oocytes exposed to H342/UV showed a significant decrease in mtDNA copy number. These results should be considered when H342/UV procedure is used during nuclear transfer in recipient porcine oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 651–663, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A quantitative proteomic and transcriptomic comparison of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and umbilical cord vein
Authors: Miranda Helen Cristina , Herai Roberto Hirochi , Thomé Carolina Hassibe , Gomes Glauce Gaspar , Panepucci Rodrigo Alexandre , Orellana Maristela Delgado , Covas Dimas Tadeu , Muotri Alysson Renato , Greene Lewis Joel , Faça Vitor Marcel
Published: July 2012

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are adult multipotent cells that have high therapeutic potential due to their immunological properties. They can be isolated from several different tissues with bone marrow (BM) being the most common source. Because the isolation procedure is invasive, other tissues such as human umbilical cord vein (UCV) have been considered. However, their interchangeability remains unclear. In the present study, total protein extracts of BM‐hMSCs and UCV‐hMSCs were quantitatively compared using gel‐LC‐MS/MS. Previous SAGE analysis of the same cells was re‐annotated to enable comparison and combination of these two data sets. We observed a more than 63% correlation between proteomic and transcriptomic data. In silico analysis of highly expressed genes in cells of both origins suggests that they can be modulated by microRNA, which can change protein abundance. Our results showed that MSCs from both tissues shared high similarity in metabolic and functional processes relevant to their therapeutic potential, especially in the immune system process, response to stimuli, and processes related to the delivery of the hMSCs to a given tissue, such as migration and adhesion. Hence, our results support the idea that the more accessible UCV could be a potentially less invasive source of MSCs.
Diffusion of dextran within poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogels
Authors: AL‐Baradi Ateyyah M. , Mears Matthew , Jones Richard A. L. , Geoghegan Mark
Published: July 2012

We describe an investigation of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy into the diffusion of fluorescein‐tagged dextran (FDEX) in a poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) hydrogel. The temperature dependence of FDEX diffusion is shown to follow Zimm behavior in pure water, and the decrease in the diffusion coefficient when in the PMAA hydrogel has been modeled. The addition of acid and alkali (HCl and NaOH, respectively) not only control the swelling and collapse of the hydrogel but also reveal a strong pH dependence of the dextran diffusion coefficient, which shows a (nonmonatonic) increase with pH. The addition of NaCl and CaCl2 salts similarly showed evidence of network swelling, most notably at low salt concentration, but also that the diffusion coefficient within the gel at these low concentrations is larger than that in the equivalent solution without the hydrogel, indicating that the combination of hydrogel and salt works to increase the diffusion coefficient above that in pure water. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
A Contrast Stretching Bilateral Closing Top‐Hat Otsu Threshold Technique for Crack Detection in Images
Authors: Sim K. S. , Kho Y. Y. , Tso C. P. , Nia M. E. , Ting H. Y.
Published: July 2012

Detection of cracks from stainless steel pipe images is done using contrast stretching technique. The technique is based on an image filter technique through mathematical morphology that can expose the cracks. The cracks are highlighted and noise removal is done efficiently while still retaining the edges. An automated crack detection system with a camera platform has been successfully implemented. We compare crack extraction in terms of quality measures with those of Otsu's threshold technique and the another technique (Iyer and Sinha, 2005). The algorithm shown is able to achieve good results and perform better than these other techniques. SCANNING 35: 75‐87, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strong‐field ionization of C60 sputtered neutral molecules using 1015 W/cm2 of fs IR radiation
Authors: Kucher Andrew , Winograd Nicholas
Published: July 2012

Implementation of a new high energy, IR laser source for secondary neutral mass spectrometry, is presented. It consists of an 800 nm, 40 fs, 10 mJ, 1 kHz laser pumping an optical parametric amplifier generating 1.2–2.6 µm tunable pulses. The wavelength and intensity dependence of photoionized sputtered indium clusters and gas‐phase histamine are presented, exhibiting less nonadiabatic multielectron dynamics (decreased fragmentation) at longer wavelength. Future prospects for secondary neutral bioimaging experiments are explored with a model system consisting of a 400 mesh grid, vapor deposited with adenine, and fixed over indium foil. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Properties of Zeolites from Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Waste
Authors: Hartmann Andrea , Buhl Josef‐Christian , Lutz Wolfgang
Published: July 2012

Syntheses routes for the conversion of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) waste into aluminosilicate zeolites like LTA and related phases were developed. The procedures always started with leaching steps of the pure AAC waste by combinations of strong alkaline (NaOH) and mild acid (citric acid) treatments, before the real crystallization process was performed separately under addition of sodium aluminate. All products were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX‐analysis) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Zeolites LTA and related phases basic sodalite (SOD), hydrosodalite (SOD), cancrinite (CAN) and an intermediate phase between SOD and CAN were observed. Depending on the preparation route tailor made synthesis of pure phase zeolite LTA with crystal sizes up to 5 μm was worked out. In addition to syntheses procedures important properties of the zeolites were discussed with respect to the treatment procedure of AAC. It is shown, that the special synthesis pathway is not only responsible for the product composition and formation of a certain structure type but also exhibits a strong influence on the crystallinity, crystal size, and morphology. The water sorption capacity and the hydrothermal stability of the products were selected for those further investigations. Whereas adequate water sorption capacity up to 272 mg·g–1 were measured for zeolites LTA obtained from two different reaction routes, limited hydrothermal stabilities were revealed for other products. Under the conditions of strong hydrothermal treatment at a temperature of 473 K for 72 h, a more or less extended phase transformation into ANA‐Type zeolites occurred. This process was least extensive for pure phase zeolite LTA obtained from the alkaline solution of AAC leaching.
Two Novel 3D Copper Phthalate Coordination Complexes Incorporating Isomeric Flexible Bis(pyridylformyl)piperazine Ligands
Authors: Lin Hong‐Yan , Mu Bao , Wang Xiu‐Li , Liu Peng , Xu Chuang , Liu Guo‐Cheng
Published: July 2012

Two novel metal‐organic coordination complexes [Cu(3‐bpfp)(pht)(H2O)]·2H2O (1) and [Cu3(4‐bpfp)(pht)2(OH)2]·2H2O (2) were hydrothermally synthesized by self‐assembly of phthalic acid (H2pht), flexible bis(pyridylformyl)piperazine ligands [3‐bpfp = bis(3‐pyridylformyl)piperazine, 4‐bpfp = bis(4‐pyridylformyl)piperazine], and copper chloride. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the adjacent CuII ions are connected by pht showing different coordination modes [a bis(monodentate) coordination mode for 1 and a monodentate‐bidentate coordination mode for 2] to form 1D Cu‐pht‐Cu chains in 1 and 2D Cu‐pht layers in 2. In compound 1, a twofold interpenetrated CdSO4‐like topology is formed by connection of 3‐bpfp. Using the isomeric ligand 4‐bpfp instead of 3‐bpfp resulted in the formation of 2, which displays a novel 3, 4, 4, 4‐connected tetranodal 3D coordination polymeric framework. The ligand 3‐bpfp adopts a μ2‐bridging coordination mode in 1 (by ligation of the pyridyl nitrogen atoms), whereas the ligand 4‐bpfp adopts a μ4‐bridging coordination mode (by ligation of pyridyl nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen atoms) in 2. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of carbon paste electrodes bulk modified with the two copper complexes were studied.
Social Loafing During Preparation for Performance Situations
Authors: Ohlert Jeannine , Kleinert Jens
Published: July 2012

Social loafing describes the loss of motivation and effort within group situations. The study proposed to answer the question of whether social loafing also affects preparation for a group task. It was expected that participants preparing for an individual task would show a better quality of preparation than participants anticipating a group task. Furthermore, the correlation between social loafing during preparation (preloafing) and social loafing during the main task was examined. In a pilot study conducted first, preloafing was found in a sample of male students. The main study showed the same effect for females on a grip-strength endurance task. Contrary to expectations, the correlation between preloafing and social loafing was only moderate. Theoretical implications of the phenomenon are discussed.
Individuation Moderates Impressions of Conflicting Categories for Slower Processors
Authors: Hutter Russell R. C. , Wood Chantelle , Turner Rhiannon N.
Published: July 2012

We investigated individuation – attribute-based impressions associated with each unique individual rather than their categorical membership – as a moderator of impressions formed when slower versus faster processors encounter conflicting social category conjunctions. Descriptions of incongruent (e.g., female bricklayer), but not congruent category conjunctions (e.g., female nurse) were moderated by individuation in the application of emergent attributes (novel attributes associated exclusively with the category conjunction and not the constituents). However, this was only the case for slow processors. These findings suggest that the means by which slower processors relative to faster processors form impressions for poorly correlated category conjunctions vary systematically. Individuated impressions lead to emergent attribute application for perceivers with slower processing ability. We discuss the implications of these findings.
Peak emission altitude of Saturn's H3+ aurora
Authors: Stallard Tom S. , Melin Henrik , Miller Steve , Badman Sarah V. , Brown Robert H. , Baines Kevin H.
Published: July 2012

Here we present the first detailed measurement of the altitudinal profile of H3+ emission within Saturn's ionosphere, made using images taken by the VIMS instrument on Cassini on 11–12 October 2006, during a chance alignment between the visible limb of the planet and the position of the main auroral emission. Using this, we show that the emission profile of H3+ can be fitted to a reasonable accuracy with a Gaussian, producing a calculated peak emission altitude at 1155 (±25) km that differs significantly from previous observations of the UV emission profile, and also from the predictions of models that calculated the H3+ emission profile, which suggested that there would be extended emission above the peak emission altitude. This lack of extended emission is most simply explained by differences in the scale height of H and H2, suggesting that models overestimate H2 at high altitudes, with little H2 from 2000 km above the 1 bar level.
Quick-change negative-ion source for accelerators
Authors: Rothenberg Marian S.
Published: July 2012

A negative ion source that can provide high yields of nearly all known stable negative ions and enables the user to vary the ion species within minutes has been developed by Roy Middleton and Charles T. Adams of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. The negative ions are formed directly from a solid surface by the sputter action of 30-keV positive cesium ions resulting in a negative ion current of the order of 10 microamps. A unique feature here is that a simple, long-lived surface ionization source (similar to a type used in thrusters for space satellites) produces the cesium ion beam, rather than the duoplasmatron conventionally used in negative-ion sources, eliminating the problems caused by the presence of plasmas and gases. This new source, developed at the Penn Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, is particularly applicable to Tandem Van de Graaff accelerators, which must use negative ions and have, until now, been unable to live up to their full potential as universal accelerators of all varieties of ions. High-energy linear accelerators, as well as atomic-beam experiments, could also incorporate these sources.
Polarization conversion with elliptical patch nanoantennas
Authors: Wang Feng , Chakrabarty Ayan , Minkowski Fred , Sun Kai , Wei Qi-Huo
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we demonstrate arrays of optical patch nanoantennas can convert light polarization through reflection. By breaking the azimuthal symmetry, elliptical plasmonic patch nanoantennas exhibit both even and odd cavity modes, which can be expressed by Mathieu functions. It is shown that by properly orienting the incident polarization, a linearly polarized light in resonance with one cavity mode can be converted into an elliptical or circular polarization after reflection. Since the major cavity modes can be excited at all incident angles, the polarization conversion by these elliptical patch nanoantennas can be realized with wide range of incident angles.
Comment on “Dynamics of glass-forming liquids. XIII. Microwave heating in slow motion” [J. Chem. Phys. 130, 194509 (2009)]
Authors: Johari G. P.
Published: July 2012

Critical reading of the dielectric method and data in the paper [W. Huang and R. Richert, J. Chem. Phys. 130, 194509 (2009)]10.1063/1.3139519 showed that (i) the large inter-electrode area of the Teflon spacer used in the dielectric cell affected the spectral data and (ii) the measured Δɛ of propylene carbonate after making the spacer area correction is 1.8-times the known value, indicating errors from unknown sources. This puts into question their support for the dynamic heterogeneity view, and their inference on the magnitude of configurational heat capacity.
Negative spin polarization at the Fermi level in Fe4N epitaxial films by spin-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Ito Keita , Okamoto Kazuaki , Harada Kazunori , Sanai Tatsunori , Toko Kaoru , Ueda Shigenori , Imai Yoji , Okuda Taichi , Miyamoto Koji , Kimura Akio , Suemasu Takashi
Published: July 2012

We evaluated the valence band structures of 10-nm-thick ferromagnetic Fe4N epitaxial films on SrTiO3(001) substrates at room temperature using spin-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Negative spin polarization is confirmed at the Fermi level. The experimentally obtained photoelectron spectra are well explained by first-principles calculations based on the psuedopotential method.
Power factor enhancement in light valence band p-type skutterudites
Authors: Yang Jiong , Liu R. , Chen Z. , Xi L. , Yang Jihui , Zhang W. , Chen L.
Published: July 2012

The heavy band feature in 3d p-type skutterudites causes strong electron-phonon interactions and reduces the power factor. We present band structures of Ru- and Os-containing skutterudites, which show that valence band near the Fermi levels composed of 4d or 5d states is much lighter. In these skutterudites, high Seebeck coefficient can be achieved at low hole concentrations, while the corresponding density of states at the Fermi level as well as electron-phonon interactions are greatly reduced. We demonstrate that LaIr1Os3Sb12 could possess sufficiently high Seebeck coefficient, and its power factor at high temperatures is estimated to be over 50 μW cm−1K−2.