bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Serum Soluble CD154 Levels and Mortality in Patients with Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction
Authors: Lorente Leonardo , Martín María , González-Rivero Agustín , Ramos Luis , Argueso Mónica , Cáceres Juan , Solé-Violán Jordi , Jiménez Alejandro , Borreguero-León Juan
Published: May 2015

Background: CD154 and its soluble counterpart (sCD154) are proteins of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and exhibit proinflamatory and procoagulant properties. Higher circulating sCD154 levels have been found in ischemic stroke patients than in controls. However, the association between circulating sCD154 levels and mortality in ischemic stroke patients has not been reported, and was the focus of this study. Methods: This was a multicenter, observational and prospective study carried out in six Spanish Intensive Care Units. We measured serum sCD154 from 50 patients with severe malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMCAI), defined as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) lower than 9, at the moment of the severe MMCAI diagnosis and from 50 healthy controls. The end-point of the study was 30-day mortality. Results: We found higher serum sCD154 levels in patients with severe MMCAI than in healthy controls (p < 0.001). We found higher serum sCD154 levels (p < 0.001) in non-surviving (n = 26) than in surviving MMCAI patients (n = 24). Multiple binomial logistic regression analysis showed that serum sCD154 levels >1.41 ng/mmL were associated with 30-day mortality (OR = 10.25; 95% CI = 2.34–44.95; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The new more important finding of our study was that serum sCD154 levels in MMCAI patients were associated with mortality.
Citations and Convictions: One Community’s Coordinated Response to Intimate Partner Violence & Efforts toward Offender Accountability
Authors: Beldin Kerry , Lauritsen Allison , D'Souza Henry , Moyer Bob
Published: May 2015

In 1996, a coordinated community response (CCR) was formally established in a mid-sized Midwestern city to improve the criminal justice response to intimate partner violence (IPV). Data for this study included all IPV-related incidents to which the local police department responded since the establishment of the CCR for a fourteen year period. Effective CCRs provide for IPV offender accountability through citation and prosecution of IPV-related crimes. Concerns about demographic variables affecting citation and prosecution rates have been identified in the literature. Compared to national statistics, gender differences were consistent but higher citation and conviction rates were identified in this community. While differences related to race were found, they were small in size. Although lack of data available from the time prior to the implementation of the CCR model for comparison precludes a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of the CCR, our findings suggest there is benefit to having one.
Implementing Sustainability Criteria for Selecting a Roof Assembly Typology in Medium Span Buildings
Authors: Canto-Perello Julian , Martinez-Garcia Maria , Curiel-Esparza Jorge , Martin-Utrillas Manuel
Published: May 2015

Technological advances have allowed the development of new roof assembly typologies with higher efficiency and less waste. However, in the construction sector the focus is generally on reducing cost and not in sustainable development factors. Short-sighted building planning based only on economic criteria should be avoided improving decision support systems. In addition, the selection of an appropriate roof assembly in a building’s design stage is a complex problem due to the existence of different tangible and intangible factors and the multiple alternatives available. The roof typologies under study involve prefabricated concrete, steel and laminated wood structures. This research work applies a multi-criteria hybrid model combining the Analytical Hierarchy Process with the Delphi method and the VIKOR technique for implementing sustainability criteria in the selection of a roof assembly in medium span buildings. The proposed decision support system enables the use of the triple bottom line that considers economic, social and environmental criteria. Under the criteria analyzed, the compromise solution found is the self-supporting curved system.
Size‐exclusion chromatography‐based enrichment of extracellular vesicles from urine samples
Authors: Lozano‐Ramos Inés , Bancu Ioana , Oliveira‐Tercero Anna , Armengol María Pilar , Menezes‐Neto Armando , Portillo Hernando A. Del , Lauzurica‐Valdemoros Ricardo , Borràs Francesc E.
Published: May 2015

Renal biopsy is the gold‐standard procedure to diagnose most of renal pathologies. However, this invasive method is of limited repeatability and often describes an irreversible renal damage. Urine is an easily accessible fluid and urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be ideal to describe new biomarkers associated with renal pathologies. Several methods to enrich EVs have been described. Most of them contain a mixture of proteins, lipoproteins and cell debris that may be masking relevant biomarkers. Here, we evaluated size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) as a suitable method to isolate urinary EVs. Following a conventional centrifugation to eliminate cell debris and apoptotic bodies, urine samples were concentrated using ultrafiltration and loaded on a SEC column. Collected fractions were analysed by protein content and flow cytometry to determine the presence of tetraspanin markers (CD63 and CD9). The highest tetraspanin content was routinely detected in fractions well before the bulk of proteins eluted. These tetraspanin‐peak fractions were analysed by cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis revealing the presence of EVs.

When analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, tetraspanin‐peak fractions from urine concentrated samples contained multiple bands but the main urine proteins (such as Tamm–Horsfall protein) were absent. Furthermore, a preliminary proteomic study of these fractions revealed the presence of EV‐related proteins, suggesting their enrichment in concentrated samples. In addition, RNA profiling also showed the presence of vesicular small RNA species.

To summarize, our results demonstrated that concentrated urine followed by SEC is a suitable option to isolate EVs with low presence of soluble contaminants. This methodology could permit more accurate analyses of EV‐related biomarkers when further characterized by ‐omics technologies compared with other approaches.
Discours vrais ou inventés ? Le cas d’Appien
Authors: Carsana Chiara
Published: May 2015

Le sujet de l’article porte sur la fonction et la réélaboration des discours politiques dans l’historiographie antique. Dans une première partie, les enjeux de la problématique sont mis en évidence. Dans une seconde partie est présenté un cas ponctuel, à savoir celui de l’histoire des Guerres Civiles d’Appien d’Alexandrie. En conclusion : Appien part des données réelles de discours effectivement prononcés ; il les réélabore en suivant à chaque fois une démarche différente, mais qui est conditionnée par la vision d’ensemble qu’il se propose de faire partager au lecteur.
Apollon au Vieil-Évreux : de Lugus à Saint Taurin
Authors: Szewczyk Martin
Published: May 2015

Reprenant l’étude de l’Apollon du Vieil-Évreux, bronze gallo-romain découvert sur le sanctuaire en 1840, ce travail a pour objet d’en proposer une interprétation nouvelle, en examinant avec précision comment le processus d’ interpretatio romana a pu aboutir à la formation d’une iconographie hybride. Réfléchissant sur les données gallo-romaines à la lumière d’approches renouvelées des phases monumentales du sanctuaire, et des traditions hagiographiques locales médiévales, il amène à penser que des éléments religieux celtiques, procédant d’un fonds gaulois antérieur à la conquête, ont pu jouer un rôle central dans l’institutionnalisation et la monumentalisation du sanctuaire d’époque impériale.
Rituels démocratiques et mise en scène de la participation populaire dans les assemblées du budget participatif à Recife (Brésil)
Authors: Goirand Camille
Published: May 2015

Cet article rend compte d’une enquête sur les assemblées consacrées à l’élaboration participative du budget municipal à Recife. Une première partie présente un état de la recherche sur les dispositifs participatifs au Brésil et en discute les approches dominantes. Une seconde décrit le contexte politique dans lequel l’offre participative a été conçue par le Parti des Travailleurs, au pouvoir à Recife (2001-2012). Les deux dernières parties montrent que l’espace public qui émerge des assemblées est occupé par les corps et le bruit, construit dans une mise en scène du « populaire », hiérarchisé dans ses configurations spatiales, orienté et encadré par les pouvoirs publics. Enfin, l’article montre que les sens de la participation, multiples, convergent vers l’idée que participer, c’est « être là ».
U.S.A.B.I.L.I.T.Y. Framework for Older Adults
Authors: Caboral-Stevens Meriam , Whetsell Martha V. , Evangelista Lorraine S. , Cypress Brigitte , Nickitas Donna
Published: May 2015

The purpose of the current study was to present a framework to determine potential usability of health websites by older adults. Review of the literature showed paucity of nursing theory related to the use of technology and usability, particularly in older adults. The Roy Adaptation Model, a widely used nursing theory, was chosen to provide framework for the new model. Technology constructs from the Technology Acceptance Model and United Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and behavioral control construct from the Theory of Planned Behavior were integrated into the construction of the derived model. The Use of Technology for Adaptation by Older Adults and/or Those With Limited Literacy (U.S.A.B.I.L.I.T.Y.) Model
©
was constructed from the integration of diverse theoretical/conceptual perspectives. The four determinants of usability in the conceptual model include (a) efficiency, (b) learnability, (c) perceived user experience, and (d) perceived control. Because of the lack of well-validated survey questionnaires to measure these determinants, a U.S.A.B.I.L.I.T.Y. Survey
©
was developed. A panel of experts evaluated face and content validity of the new instrument. Internal consistency of the new instrument was 0.96. Usability is key to accepting technology. The derived U.S.A.B.I.L.I.T.Y. framework could serve as a guide for nurses in formative evaluation of technology.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2015; 8(6):300–306.]
Challenges in Recruiting Aging Women Holocaust Survivors to a Case Control Study of Breast Cancer
Authors: Vin-Raviv Neomi , Dekel Rachel , Barchana Micha , Linn Shai , Keinan-Boker Lital
Published: May 2015

Older adults are underrepresented in medical research for many reasons, including recruitment difficulties. Recruitment of older adults for research studies is often a time-consuming process and can be more challenging when the study involves older adults with unique exposures to traumatic events and from minority groups. The current article provides a brief overview of (a) challenges encountered while recruiting aging women Holocaust survivors for a case control study and (b) strategies used for meeting those challenges. The case group comprised women Holocaust survivors who were recently diagnosed with breast cancer and the control group comprised healthy women from a Holocaust-survivor community in Israel.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2015; 8(6):265–272.]
Recreating Tokelau
Authors: McIntosh Jacqueline , Campays Philippe , Chicca Dr. Fabricio
Published: May 2015

This chapter discusses a specific grassroots initiative of an economically disadvantaged Pacific Island community from Tokelau who has been displaced to New Zealand. To retain their island culture, community members sought to develop a centre as a source of their empowerment, one which would ‘capture the essence of a Tokelau village'. They invited the School of Architecture at the University of Wellington to assist with its development. The guiding principles of this empowerment project are grassroots participation, mutual decision-making and shared implementation. The application of these principles is particularly befitting to participatory design methods. Despite some challenges, a number of benefits from this community's project can be cited. These include the strengthening of their sense of community, preservation of aspects of culture and a collective shared vision for the future. The fundamental idea here is that communities need to be able to seek, and receive help that empowers them rather than being offered potentially subsuming interventions. This was achieved through the development of trust between the university research team and the members of the Tokelau community. The opportunity for the university students and the Tokelau youth to engage and learn from each other were part of unanticipated additional outcomes.
Empowerment Beyond the Ordinary
Authors: Mmolai Sana Koketso
Published: May 2015

There are some individuals in our communities whose potential cannot be fully fulfilled due to certain personal, social and financial factors. Consequently, such individuals inevitably lose social and personal identity, leading to their disempowerment. While total disempowerment is an elusive state, empowering those with low self-esteem is a convoluted process. This chapter reveals that among other things, it requires strategies for regaining the lost identity and a will power to fight all other negative barriers to empowerment. Above all others, as it will emerge from Peggy's experience; it takes determination and focus on the part of the disempowered individuals to make use of the availed and available opportunities for empowerment. This chapter reveals that such determination does not go without challenges. For instance, Peggy experienced both internal and external obstacles throughout her empowerment process.
Acoustic Luneburg Lens as a New Sonar System
Authors: Kim Sang Hoon
Published: May 2015

Luneburg lens is a gradient index lens that focuses the incoming wave to the opposite side of the lens without aberration. We developed a two-dimensional acoustic Luneburg lens by variable density method of space inside the lens. The lens is composed of hundreds of aluminum columns with various radii of less than 1cm. We tested the ability as sonar in the air. It focuses the incoming acoustic wave on the edge of the opposite side of the lens as well in the frequency range of 1,000Hz ~ 3,000Hz. It showed a dynamic response depending on the motion of the acoustic source. It could be a strong candidate of a next generation of sonar.
A Finite Element Approach to the Behavior of the ITZ
Authors: Han Aylie , Tudjono Sri
Published: May 2015

The Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) between two basic materials having differentiations in their mechanical properties has always been intriguing. The stiffness disparities between the two will result in a very distinctive area, the interface. Cement based components such as mortar and concrete consist of the cement paste and aggregates, with the ITZ at the perimeter. When compared to the cement paste, this ITZ has a higher porosity with a dissimilar crystal formation. The resulting area therefore becomes the weak link in concrete. A Finite Element Model (FEM) was developed to construct the load-displacement behavior of a single inclusion specimen and to study the crack propagation within the ITZ. The ITZ was modeled as a linkage element having a double spring, perpendicular and parallel to the ITZ surface. The individual stiffness behavior of these springs was obtained from laboratory-tested specimens. Non-linearity was generated by evaluating the principal stresses and strains at Gauss points, while the CEB-FIB 2010 code was used for the constitutive material behavior of the mortar. Iteration is conducted by the arc-length method developed by Riks-Wempners. The load-displacement curves resulting from the FEM were validated with laboratory tested specimens to compare its effectiveness and assess the correctness of the model.
Correlation of Carotid Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Stroke Using 1.5 T and 3 T Mri
Authors: Treiman Gerald S. , McNally J. Scott , Kim Seong-Eun , Parker Dennis L.
Published: May 2015

Carotid therosclerotic disease causes approximately 25% of the nearly 690,000 ischemic strokes each year in the United States. Current risk stratification based on percent stenosis does not provide specific information on the actual risk of stroke for most individuals. Prospective randomized studies have found only 10 to 12% of asymptomatic patients will have a symptomatic stroke within 5 years. Measurements of percent stenosis do not determine plaque stability or composition. Reports have concluded that cerebral ischemic events associated with carotid plaque are intimately associated with plaque instability. Analysis of retrospective studies has found that plaque composition is important in risk stratification. Only MRI has the ability to identify and measure the detailed components and morphology of carotid plaque and provides more detailed information than other currently available techniques. MRI can accurately detect carotid hemorrhage, and MRI identified carotid hemorrhage correlates with acute stroke.
Cloaking via anomalous localized resonance for doubly complementary media in the quasistatic regime
Authors: Nguyen Hoai-Minh
Published: May 2015

This paper is devoted to the study of cloaking via anomalous localized resonance (CALR) in the two- and three-dimensional quasistatic regimes. CALR associated with negative index materials was discovered by Milton and Nicorovici [21] for constant plasmonic structures in the two-dimensional quasistatic regime. Two key features of this phenomenon are the localized resonance, i.e., the fields blow up in some regions and remain bounded in some others, and the connection between the localized resonance and the blow up of the power of the fields as the loss of the material goes to 0. An important class of negative index materials for which the localized resonance might appear is the class of reflecting complementary media introduced in [24]. It was shown in [29] that the complementarity property is not enough to ensure a connection between the blow up of the power and the localized resonance. In this paper, we study CALR for a subclass of complementary media called doubly complementary media. This class is rich enough to allow us to cloak an arbitrary source concentrating on an arbitrary smooth bounded manifold of codimension 1 placed in an arbitrary medium via anomalous localized resonance; the cloak is independent of the source. The following three properties are established for doubly complementary media: P1. CALR appears if and only if the power blows up; P2. The power blows up if the source is located "near” the plasmonic structure; P3. The power remains bounded if the source is far away from the plasmonic structure. Property P2, the blow up of the power, is in fact established for reflecting complementary media. The proofs are based on several new observations and ideas. One of the difficulties is to handle the localized resonance. To this end, we extend the reflecting and removing localized singularity techniques introduced in [24–26], and implement the separation of variables for Cauchy problems for a general shell. The results in this paper are inspired by and imply recent ones of Ammari et al. [3] and Kohn et al. [16] in two dimensions and extend theirs to general non-radial core-shell structures in both two and three dimensions.
Краевые задачи для нелинейного гиперболического уравнения с переменными коэффициентами и лапласианом Леви. II
Authors: Feller M N
Published: May 2015

Для нелинейного гиперболического уравнения
с переменными коэффициентами и бесконечномерным
лапласианом Леви $\Delta_L$
\begin{align*}
&(\sqrt{2}\|x\|_H
\frac{\partial U(t,x)}{\partial t}
\ln\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\|x\|_H
(\partial U(t,x)/\partial t)})^{-1}
\frac{\partial^2U(t,x)}{\partial t^2}
-\alpha(U(t,x))
[\frac{\partial U(t,x)}{\partial t}]^2

&\qquad
=\Delta_LU(t,x)
\end{align*}
получены формулы решения краевой задачи
$$
U(0,x)=u_0,\qquad U(t,0)=u_1
$$
и краевой внешней задачи
$$
U(0,x)=v_0,\qquad
U(t,x)|_\Gamma=v_1,\qquad
\lim_{\|x\|_H \to\infty}U(t,x)=v_2.
$$
Библиография: 9 названий.
“Micro” Phraseology in Action: A Look at Fixed Binomials
Authors: Gabrovšek Dušan
Published: May 2015

Multiword items in English are a motley crew, as they are not only numerous but also structurally, semantically, and functionally diverse. The paper offers a fresh look at fixed binomials, an intriguing and unexpectedly heterogeneous phraseological type prototypically consisting of two lexical components with the coordinating conjunction and – less commonly but, or, (n)either/ (n)or – acting as the connecting element, as e.g. in body and soul, slowly but surely, sooner or later, neither fish nor fowl. In particular, their idiomaticity and lexicographical significance are highlighted, while the cross-linguistic perspective is only outlined.
The Effects of Ash and Black Carbon (Biochar) on Germination of Different Tree Species
Authors: Reyes Otilia , Kaal Joeri , Arán Diego , Gago Raquel , Bernal Javier , García-Duro Juan , Basanta Margarita
Published: May 2015

Forest fires generate large amounts of ash and biochar, or black carbon (BC), that cover the soil surface, interacting with the soil’s constituents and its seedbank. This study concerns reproductive ecology assessments supported by molecular characterisation to improve our understanding of the effects of fire and fire residues on the germination behaviour of 12 arboreal species with a wide geographic distribution. For this purpose, we analysed the effects of three ash and one BC concentration on the germination of Acacia dealbata Link, A. longifolia (Andrews) Willd., A. mearnsii De Wild., A. melanoxylon R. Br., Pinus nigra Arnold, P. pinaster Aiton, P. radiata D. Don, P. sylvestris L., Quercus ilex L., Q. pyrenaica Willd., Q. robur L., and Q. rubra L. Each tree species was exposed to ash and BC created from its foliage or twigs (except for Q. rubra, which was exposed to ash and BC of Ulex europaeus L.). We monitored germination percentage, the T50 parameter, and tracked the development of germination over time (up to 1 yr). The BC of A. dealbata, P. pinaster, and Q. robur was analysed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-GC-MS) to assess the molecular composition. In six species, ash inhibited the germination, while in another five species, germination was not affected by ash or by BC. In Q. rubra, ash and BC stimulated its germination. This stimulating effect of the BC on Q. rubra is likely to be related to the chemical composition of the ash and BC obtained from Ulex feedstock. The BC of U. europaeus has a very different molecular composition than the other BC samples analysed, which, together with other factors, probably allowed for its germination stimulating effects.
Do People with Type 2 Diabetes Think They are Unhealthy? A Cross-Sectional Study in Celaya, Mexico
Authors: Paz-Salinas Karla C. , Padilla-Raygoza Nicolas , Delgado-Sandoval Silvia C. , Olvera-Villanueva Georgina , Ruiz-Paloalto Ma Laura
Published: May 2015

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that presents a significant burden on health care systems in many countries. With the rise of obesity, the incidence of Type 2 diabetes has also been steadily increasing. A healthy lifestyle and understanding of diabetes management are important factors for delaying the onset of comorbidities associated with Type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the self-perception of health in individuals with Type 2 diabetes as it relates to BMI status, which has important implications for the implementation of preventive programs. Methods: A cross-sectional lifestyle survey was implemented in the region of Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico, targeting 100 participants diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Anthropometric measurements and participant characteristics were also obtained. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine if the proportions of lifestyles perceptions differed by BMI status. Results:  Participants had a mean age of 56.12 ± 10.26, a mean BMI of 29.13 ± 5.48 kg/m2, were mostly married (67.0%), and female (70.0%). None of the normal weight participants perceived themselves as unhealthy. 95% of overweight/obese participants perceived themselves to be healthy, despite a diagnosis of diabetes and being overweight/obese, while only 5% perceived themselves to be unhealthy. However, these differences in the perceptions of health classified by BMI status were not statistically significant (p = 0.42).Conclusion: Our findings indicate that overweight and obese persons with Type 2 diabetes in Celaya, Mexico may have misperceptions about their own health, even though these findings were not statistically significant. These preliminary data highlight the importance of implementing prevention and educational programs among those with diabetes, in order to combat health misperceptions and raise awareness about the dangers of diabetes and obesity. Furthermore, more research with larger sample sizes is needed  in order to fully understand the effects of perception of health on actual health.
Existence and multiplicity results for elliptic problems with Nonlinear Boundary Conditions and variable exponents
Authors: Zerouali Abdellah Ahmed , Karim Belhadj , Chakrone Omarne , Anane Aomar
Published: May 2015

By applaying the Ricceri's three critical points theorem, we show the existence of at least three solutions to the following elleptic problem:\begin{equation*}\begin{gathered}-div[a(x, \nabla u)]+|u|^{p(x)-2}u=\lambda f(x,u), \quad \text{in }\Omega, \\a(x, \nabla u).\nu=\mu g(x,u), \quad \text{on } \partial\Omega,\end{gathered}\end{equation*}where $\lambda$, $\mu \in \mathbb{R}^{+},$$\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^N(N \geq 2)$ is a bounded domain ofsmooth boundary $\partial\Omega$ and $\nu$ is the outward normalvector on $\partial\Omega$. $p: \overline{\Omega} \mapsto\mathbb{R}$, $a: \overline{\Omega}\times \mathbb{R}^{N} \mapsto\mathbb{R}^{N},$ $f: \Omega\times\mathbb{R} \mapsto \mathbb{R}$and $g:\partial\Omega\times\mathbb{R} \mapsto \mathbb{R}$ arefulfilling appropriate conditions.
The UK Geddes Axe of the 1920s in Perspective
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: May 2015

The UK ‘Geddes Axe’ initiated under the Lloyd George coalition government in the 1920s became a byword for spending cuts in a slump. It comprised the largest expenditure squeeze in the UK between 1900 and 2013 except for demobilisation periods after the two World Wars. This chapter shows that the immediate trigger for the fiscal squeeze was a tax revolt by middle-class voters which panicked the government into cutting public spending and income tax rates. The cuts were made all at once rather than being phased, and the biggest falls came in social security spending, defence and education rather than ‘equal misery’ across all policy areas. The chapter argues that the most obvious long-term effect of the Geddes Axe was economic (exacerbating the sluggish economic performance and unemployment it was intended to mitigate), but that it also contributed to electoral realignment as between the Liberal and Labour parties after 1922.
A Perfect Storm in Reverse:
Authors: Savoie Donald J.
Published: May 2015

Canada’s 1990s Program Review under Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin has been seen by many as the gold standard for how to conduct fiscal squeeze. The review had a profound impact on both government programmes and government organisation, with numerous agencies eliminated and some 45,000 positions cut in the federal public service. But the review took place in special political circumstances—a kind of perfect storm in reverse. Both the media and the opposition parties either supported spending cuts or had no interest in budget issues, and some of the most politically sensitive cuts were downloaded to provincial governments. Moreover, the effort was essentially ad hoc and once the fiscal objective was met, the machinery quickly reverted to its old ways. The exercise therefore tells us more about how to develop an ad hoc approach to programme review than about how to develop a more sustained approach to fiscal squeeze.
Ethnic Differences in Early School-leaving
Authors: Jonsson Jan O. , Kilpi-Jakonen Elina , Rudolphi Frida
Published: May 2015

In this chapter we study the differences between ethnic groups in early school-leaving in six of the countries: England and Wales, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the USA. We find sizeable gross differences in early school-leaving between the majority group and some, but far from all, ethnic minority groups, mainly to the disadvantage of minorities. Most differences disappear when we compare those with similar social origins, however, and once we also control for educational performance (grades, or test results) a substantially important disadvantage remains for only one minority group out of the 42 we study. In particular, except for those from the Middle East, Asian minority groups have very high continuation rates into upper secondary education. There is little evidence to suggest that there is any intrinsic or cultural ethnic disadvantage that discourages minority students from staying on in school, or that discrimination or unfair treatment pushes them out.
Introduction
Authors: Bickle Penny , Whittle Alasdair
Published: May 2015

The Neolithic period worldwide can readily be identified as one of the great transformations in human history—in Europe, there were no farmers at c.7000 cal BC, but very few hunter-gatherers after c.4000 cal BC—with long-term consequences still felt today. However, it remains difficult to capture both the detail of everyday lives during the Neolithic, and the flow of long-term transformations. This introduction asks how we are to combine all our expanding data, and at what scales we should interpret them. The challenges facing integrated and multi-scalar approaches are illustrated by a recent project on Linearbandkeramik (LBK) lifeways in central Europe, which united isotopic, osteological and archaeological analyses in an investigation of cultural diversity. The other chapters that follow are introduced. The chapter ends by looking to how we better integrate archaeological science, through a shared focus on debating what questions we should ask.
Some Possible Conditions Necessary for the Colonisation of Europe by Domesticates
Authors: Barrett John C.
Published: May 2015

The establishment of the Neolithic in Europe involved the successful colonisation of this region by domesticated crops and animals. These required, in turn, the available niche environments that could sustain the establishment and reproduction of such populations, environments that were constructed through the interplay between human practices of management and landscape development. It is suggested that the implications of this model allow for a nuanced understanding of the dynamic relationship between humans, plants, animals and landscape that hopefully escapes the ‘migration versus acculturation’ debate.
Ancient DNA Evidence for a Homogeneous Maternal Gene Pool in Sixth Millennium cal bc Hungary and the Central European LBK
Authors: Szécsényi-Nagy Anna , Keerl Victoria , Jakucs János , Brandt Guido , Bánffy Eszter , Alt Kurt W.
Published: May 2015

Two sixth millennium cal BC cultural formations from the Carpathian Basin are discussed: the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) in Transdanubia, and the Szakálhát culture from the Great Hungarian Plain. Our aim was to address genetic connections between these cultural units and how they were related to the populations of the central European Neolithic. Mitochondrial data from 33 specimens from the Szakálhát culture were compared with 39 samples from the LBK and analysed in the light of previously published ancient DNA studies. The maternal gene pool of the LBK in Transdanubia and the Szakálhát culture are highly similar to each other. Furthermore, both groups show a remarkable affinity to the LBK and the subsequent fifth–fourth millennia cal BC cultures in central Europe. On the other hand, these Neolithic cultural formations can be clearly distinguished from Mesolithic pan-European hunter-gatherer data as well as from published Iberian Neolithic and central European Late Neolithic cultures.
Settlement Burials at the Karsdorf LBK Site, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Authors: Brandt Guido , Knipper Corina , Nicklisch Nicole , Ganslmeier Robert , Klamm Mechthild , Alt Kurt W.
Published: May 2015

The Linearbandkeramik (LBK) settlement of Karsdorf (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) revealed twenty-four longhouses and thirty-four associated burials. They were investigated in an interdisciplinary study focusing primarily on biological relationships and mobility within the community. Males, females, and subadults were buried individually or in groups in pits accompanying longhouses suggesting family relationships. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, revealed only few biological relations among them. The rare potential relatives were found in different houses, indicating very low continuity of maternal lineages. Strontium isotope ratios of human tooth enamel point to differentiated land-use patterns or interaction of the Karsdorf community in the Unstrut river valley with people from settlements in typical loess locations. Representatives of both isotope ranges distinguished occur among all burial groups. The integrated interpretation of all data suggests exchange of people within consolidated networks of LBK neighbouring communities.
Herding Practices in the Ditched Villages of the Neolithic Tavoliere (Apulia, South-east Italy)
Authors: Tafuri Mary Anne , Robb John , Belcastro Maria Giovanna , Mariotti Valentina , Iacumin Paola , Di Matteo Antonietta , O’Connell Tamsin
Published: May 2015

In the Apulian Tavoliere (Italy), a large plain south of the Gargano promontory, early and middle Neolithic villages (c.6000–5000 BC) are characterised by circular ditches, which enclose dwellings associated with early farming communities. Through the integration of isotopic data the authors explore the food practices and the social landscapes of these communities, finding that this interconnected cultural system shows a great level of complexity, especially in the economic strategies of the groups investigated. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope study of human and animal samples reveals how some sites, which are only a short distance from one another, show different isotopic signatures within a largely homogenous environment (for example Passo di Corvo versus Masseria Candelaro and Grotta Scaloria). The authors speculate that such differences reflect multi-faceted herding/farming systems, which in the case of Passo di Corvo involved the use of animal manure.
Stewing on a Theme of Cuisine
Authors: Saul Hayley , Glykou Aikaterini , Craig Oliver E.
Published: May 2015

In the last two decades scientific techniques have opened up new avenues in archaeological studies of food. In particular, biomolecular approaches generate datasets with fundamentally different resolutions compared to traditional macro-remains. Equipped with these datasets, the authors probe the possibility for discussing new themes in food studies, through an investigation of cuisine. Following a critical review of theoretical approaches to subsistence and prestige food economies, they suggest that cuisine is a social expression of past food evaluation processes. By reconstructing pottery use at two sites that span the transition from foraging to farming in northern Europe (c.4,000 cal BC) using organic residue analysis, they suggest that understanding how food was valued is important in explaining the wider economic changes during this period. The foodstuffs that were carefully chosen to be processed in pottery fulfilled contingent social purposes beyond economic necessity.
Violence in Neolithic North-west Europe
Authors: Schulting Rick J. , Fibiger Linda
Published: May 2015

This chapter presents the (re-)analysis of Neolithic cranial remains from southern Scandinavia and Britain and Ireland, offering a large, population-based inter-regional study of violence and challenging the perception that this was a ‘peaceful’ period. The authors discuss the state and location of injuries, as well as the demography of those affected, taking into consideration the probability of the accidental or non-accidental injuries and addressing the confounding factors of differential preservation. Their results show some general similarities in the prevalence and types of injuries between the two study regions. The majority of injuries recorded are minor and healed, in contrast to the well known mass-fatality sites of the Early Neolithic. While numerous examples of unhealed injuries are observed in the study area, they generally lack the focal context that would indicate massacre sites. Both types of injury have important implications for our understanding of violent interaction and conflict in Neolithic society.
Revealing Our Vibrant Past
Authors: Harris Oliver J.T.
Published: May 2015

This chapter argues that, despite some valiant attempts, archaeologists are still struggling with fundamental tensions between science and theory, and in effect, between nature and culture. These oppositions have been a particular bone of contention in the transition to farming, and continue to frustrate attempts to move the debate forward. By drawing on wider discussions of a potential ‘ontological turn’ in archaeology, and in particular the potential for thinking through the past as assemblages of vibrant matter, the chapter outlines an alternative perspective. This is then applied to two sites in Britain, one Mesolithic and one Neolithic, to examine how turning to this approach might open up new understandings of the similarities and differences between the two periods, and set the stage for a reconsideration of the transition itself.
Pottery, Archaeology and Chemistry
Authors: Smyth Jessica , Evershed Richard P.
Published: May 2015

This chapter reflects on the collaboration on a recent interdisciplinary project, SCHERD (a Study of Cuisine and animal husbandry among Early farmers via Residue analysis and radiocarbon Dating), which involved undertaking systematic molecular and compound-specific stable isotope analyses, alongside radiocarbon dating, on lipid residues from c.450 Irish Neolithic pottery vessels. Somewhat unusually, analyses were carried out by an archaeologist, who was trained ‘on the job’. The project thus provided an ideal opportunity to combine different research perspectives and to engage in two-way communication between archaeology and science. The authors explore how this dialogue developed and its implications for the study of early farming societies, as well as for the role of pottery in future research.
Local Language Ideologies and Language Revitalization among the Sumu-Mayangna Indians of Nicaragua’s Caribbean Coast Region
Authors: Freeland Jane , Gómez Eloy Frank , Fenly Gloria , Cisneros Stringham Montero
Published: May 2015

Through contrastive case studies, this chapter shows how language ideologies can vary not only between but within ethnic groups. It discusses implications for current models of language shift and revitalization, especially as applied to multilingual linguistic ecologies found in Nicaragua’s Caribbean Coast region. The Mayangna language enjoys institutional support under Nicaragua’s progressive language policies: official status, intercultural-bilingual education programmes, and strong backing from the local university, URACCAN. Another more powerful indigenous language, Miskitu, also forms part of repertoires of the Mayangna communities. The authors trace the historical development in two sets of Mayangna communities of two very different social ecologies of language and their concomitant language ideologies as expressed through informal discourse about language and daily communicative practices. It is argued that language maintenance or revitalization efforts must entail prior establishment of the ideological position(s) of the community that claims the language as its own.
Meeting Point: Parameters for the Study of Revival Languages
Authors: Couzens Vicki , Eira Christina
Published: May 2015

As language revival and revitalization rapidly become primary modes of community-based work in Aboriginal Australia, the need for a theoretical foundation for the linguistic scenarios that emerge is becoming increasingly evident. Language revival presents a new situation for analysis, as languages are simultaneously researched, learned, and developed in a single overarching and ongoing process. This brings to the fore the need to account for and implement vernacular approaches to language as well as disciplinary ones, as the languages are simply not available for objective academic study outside of community-internal motivations, processes, and analyses. To this end, the authors aim to develop a research methodology and epistemology that can benefit from ways of knowing and learning privileged in Aboriginal communities, as well as those of academic linguistics. The meeting points of these can be explored through collaborative community-based ventures, and in direct response to current developments in language revival itself.
Conflicting Goals, Ideologies, and Beliefs in the Field
Authors: Grenoble Lenore A. , Whitecloud Simone S.
Published: May 2015

The last two decades have seen a remarkable surge in work in description and documentation of endangered languages, which has required researchers to rethink how they work with indigenous communities. A wealth of literature has sprung up to address the problems and issues of ethical research and how to create true collaborations between the parties involved. Despite this focused attention, and at times genuine efforts to engage community members in research, this chapter argues that there continue to be fundamental differences between many external researchers and community members in terms of the beliefs each holds about the kind of research that should be conducted, and core differences in ideologies about what constitutes valid research methods and findings. The documentation of traditional knowledge of plant use among Inuit communities in Greenland is explored as a case study.
UN Discourse on Linguistic Diversity and Multilingualism in the 2000s:
Authors: Minasyan Anahit
Published: May 2015

This chapter endeavours to respond to Fishman’s appeal for ideological clarification by focusing on the often-neglected role of supranational actors (including an analysis of their own constitutive actors and processes) in shaping, diffusing, and mediating policy ideas and discourse on linguistic diversity and multilingualism. It identifies the main types of actors at the level of global governance with regard the UN System. It outlines their respective contributions in terms of ideas, and their functions in terms of processes, focusing on the interactions of these actors. In so doing, it analyses UN discourse in the early twenty-first century (where discourse is understood as language as meaningful social action) concerning multilingualism and linguistic diversity, produced through various media and in various contexts. These include: normative texts (especially in the field of human rights), position papers, reports, policy recommendations, action plans, methodological guidelines, and internet materials.
De la mesure du temps à l’analyse des séquences d’action. Dynamique de l’attention dans les études du public des musées
Authors: Coavoux Samuel
Published: May 2015

Cet article analyse l’usage des données spatio-temporelles dans les enquêtes de public mobilisant le suivi chronométré de visiteurs d’exposition. Il met en lumière un paradoxe : ces études emploient des données séquentielles, des suites ordonnées de coordonnées spatio-temporelles, mais elles produisent des analyses ne tenant aucun compte de la temporalité de l’activité de visite. Nous avançons deux explications. D’une part, la perspective d’évaluation des expositions qui domine dans ces enquêtes incite les chercheurs à transformer l’échelle de leur analyse en passant de données centrées sur les individus à des analyses centrées sur les objets exposés. D’autre part, la standardisation des outils n’a pas favorisé l’adoption de techniques d’analyse séquentielle. Nous présentons enfin, à partir des résultats d’une enquête ethnographique sur les réceptions muséales d’une toile de maître, quelques pistes d’analyse rendant compte de la temporalité de la visite.
Revisiting viscoelastic effects on interseismic deformation and locking degree: A case study of the Peru‐North Chile subduction zone
Authors: Li Shaoyang , Moreno Marcos , Bedford Jonathan , Rosenau Matthias , Oncken Onno
Published: May 2015

Viscoelastic effects potentially play an important role during all phases of the earthquake cycle in subduction zones. However, most current models neglect such effects in the interseismic deformation pattern. Here we use finite element method (FEM) models to investigate the control of viscoelasticity on interseismic deformation and to highlight the pitfalls of interpreting the data with purely elastic models for both the forward and inverse problems. Our results confirm that elastic models are prone to overestimating the interseismic locking depth, a crucial parameter for estimating the maximum possible earthquake magnitude. The application of the viscoelastic model improves the fit to the interseismic deformation, especially in the inland area. Additionally, we construct 3‐D FEM models constrained by geophysical and GPS data and apply our methodology to the Peru‐North Chile subduction zone. Our results indicate that viscoelastic effects contribute significantly to the observed GPS data. The signals interpreted as back‐arc shortening in the elastic model can be alternatively explained by viscoelastic deformation, which, in turn, dramatically refines the interseismic locking pattern in both dip and strike directions. Our viscoelastic locking map exhibits excellent correlation with the slip distributions of previous earthquakes, especially the recent 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique earthquake. The incorrect elastic assumptions affect the analysis of interseismic deformation with respect to slip deficit calculations. Our results thus suggest that it is necessary to thoroughly reevaluate existing locking models that are based on purely elastic models, some of which attribute viscoelastic deformation to different sources such as microplate sliver motions.
A Chemical Display: Generating Animations by Controlled Diffusion from Porous Voxels
Authors: Kalinin Yevgeniy V. , Pandey Shivendra , Hong Jinpyo , Gracias David H.
Published: May 2015

The concept of utilizing precisely patterned and chemically loaded 3D porous containers akin to chemical voxels to enable dynamic visual patterns via spatial and temporal control of both local and global chemical release is described. Using numerical simulations and experiments, it is shown how variations in porosity, volume, shape, and relative positioning of the chemical voxels can be used to control the types of images that are formed with control in both space and time. Moving images are generated via controlled chemical release from an array of voxels to create an animation of a running man thereby illustrating proof‐of‐concept for a chemical display.