bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Compassion Scale
Authors: Wolgast Sima Nurali , Wolgast Martin , Hoff Eva
Published: February 2024

Objectives

An increased interest in the phenomenon and process of compassion, in both clinical and non-clinical psychological research, has been seen in recent decades. In these contexts, compassion is frequently understood as a felt response to the suffering of others that involves caring and seeing the universal nature of human suffering, as well as an authentic desire to ease the distress. Based on the above, the purpose of the study was to validate a Swedish translation of the Compassion Scale.

Method

The manuscript reports on the analyses of the factor structure, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of the developed scale using data from two samples (n = 1712 and n = 353) of Swedish adults, using confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analyses.

Results

The results show that the translated scale had the same factor structure as the original scale, with four distinct but related factors relating to the aspects of “Kindness”, “Common humanity”, “Mindfulness”, and “Indifference”. In addition, the results indicate that the developed measure provided reliable scores, both for the entire scale and for the different subscales. In addition, the performed analyses indicate that the Swedish version of the Compassion Scale generally showed the expected relationship to related measures of personality and individual differences in empathic responding. Finally, the results supported the predictions that women would generally score higher than men on the Compassion Scale, and that compassion would have negative correlations with both age and average monthly income.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the performed studies provide support for the adequacy of the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Compassion Scale, as well as for its congruent and discriminative validity.
Research progress of exosomes in the angiogenesis of digestive system tumour
Authors: Liu Yuan , Wu Hao , Sang Yaodong , Chong Wei , Shang Liang , Li Leping
Published: February 2024

Malignant tumours of the digestive system cover a wide range of diseases that affect the health of people to a large extent. Angiogenesis is indispensable in the development, and metastasis of tumours, mainly in two ways: occupation or formation. Vessels can provide nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors for tumours to encourage growth and metastasis, so cancer progression depends on simultaneous angiogenesis. Recently, exosomes have been proven to participate in the angiogenesis of tumours. They influence angiogenesis by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 with different affinities, regulating Yap-VEGF pathway, Akt pathway or other signaling pathway. Additionally, exosomes are potential therapeutic vectors that can deliver many types of cargoes to different cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of exosomes in the angiogenesis of digestive system tumours and highlight the clinical application prospects, directly used as targers or delivery vehicles, in antiangiogenic therapy.
Drivers of functional diversity in small-bodied mammals across a deforestation frontier in the Southern Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Santos-Filho Manoel , Ribeiro Thalita , da Silva Dionei José , Bogoni Juliano A. , Palmeirim Ana Filipa
Published: February 2024

Deforestation remains the most pervasive driver of biodiversity erosion across tropical forests. Understanding how species can cope with such habitat changes is particularly important along the rapidly expanding agricultural frontiers. To do so, we used a functional perspective examining small mammal responses to habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation across the ‘Arc of Deforestation’ in the Southern Brazilian Amazon. Small mammals were surveyed using a combination of conventional and pitfall traps across 20 forest fragments—ranging from 42 to 4743 ha—in addition to two relatively continuous forest sites (> 7000 ha). These fragments lie isolated by a cattle pasture matrix of varying grazing intensity. We then analysed taxonomic and functional diversity patterns—represented by Simpson Diversity and Rao Quadratic entropy indices—in Generalised Linear Models containing local- to landscape-scale predictors of variation. Further, we used a functional trait composition approach based on community-weighted mean trait values to depict and predict small mammal functional variations across this degradation gradient. From a total of 847 individuals recorded belonging to 24 taxa, functional responses tended to follow the taxonomic diversity, both increasing with fragment area. The functional dimension further was promoted by low fire-related disturbance. Functional trait composition was mainly driven by habitat quality, represented by tree density, arthropod biomass, and fire-related disturbance. Our results reinforce that small forest fragments sustain depauperate small mammal assemblages both taxonomically and functionally. Accounting for habitat quality further allows for boosting the persistence across functional groups. Our findings can be used to improve the efficiency of management practices thereby maximising the multiple dimensions of small mammal diversity and their associated ecosystem services across tropical deforestation frontiers.
Estimation of the performance of different pumps using non-Newtonian fluids in various operating conditions with artificial neural network
Authors: Yemenici Onur , Donmez Muhammed
Published: February 2024

The performance of three centrifugal pumps designed to operate at a rotational speed of 151.84 rad/s and flow rates of 1, 25, and 45 kg/s is being investigated for both water and non-Newtonian fluids at various rotational speeds and flow rates. The analyses are being conducted experimentally and numerically within the flow rate range of 0.25–55 kg/s and rotational speed values between 52.36 and 151.84 rad/s. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANN) trained using experimental pump performance data are being tested with experimental and numerical values obtained at a new rotational speed of 130.9 rad/s. The non-Newtonian fluids being tested include CMC 0.2% and CMC 0.4%, comprising carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) solution and water. The results indicate that the pump's performance when handling non-Newtonian fluids is significantly influenced by the pump's geometry, rotational speed, and flow rate. In design parameters, the head obtained with 0.2% CMC for pump 1 is 3.3% greater than that in water. For pump 2, the highest head is in water according to design parameters. Pump 3 exhibits the highest head at a CMC of 0.4 in design parameters, and this value is 0.81% higher than the value with water. Experimental and numerical results demonstrate good agreement, especially in design parameters. The head obtained from numerical analyses with the RNG k–ε turbulence model for pumps 1, 2, and 3 at design parameters is 3, 10, and 9.83 m, respectively. The corresponding experimental heads are 3, 10, and 9.84 m, respectively. However, discrepancies between these results increase with higher flow rates and the use of non-Newtonian fluids. The compatibility of ANN results with experimental results is better than with numerical results, particularly at higher flow rates than the design condition. Pump performance values estimated by ANNs are 2% lower than the experimental results. This study provides comprehensive experimental data on the use of non-Newtonian fluids in different centrifugal pumps, and it also offers important guidance for future research by comparing ANN and computational fluid dynamics.
Advanced assessment of nutrient deficiencies in greenhouse with electrophysiological signals
Authors: Tran Daniel , Najdenovska Elena , Dutoit Fabien , Plummer Carrol , Wallbridge Nigel , Mazza Marco , Camps Cédric , Raileanu Laura Elena
Published: February 2024

Nutrient deficiencies are one of the main causes of significant reductions in commercial crop production by affecting associated growth factors. Proper plant nutrition is crucial for crop quality and yield therefore, early and objective detection of nutrient deficiency is required. Recent literature has explored the real-time monitoring of plant electrical signal, called electrophysiology, applied on tomato crop cultivated in greenhouse. This sensor allows to identify the stressed state of a plant in the presence of different biotic and abiotic stressors by employing machine learning techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of electrophysiology signal recordings acquired from tomato plants growing in a production greenhouse environment, to detect the stress of a plant triggered by the deficiency of several main nutrients. Based on a previously proposed workflow consisting of continuous acquisition of electrical signal then application of machine learning techniques, the minimum signal features was evaluated. This study presents classification models that are able to distinguish the plant’s stressed state with good accuracy, namely 78.5% for manganese, 78.1% for iron, 89.6% for nitrogen, and 78.1% for calcium deficiency, and therefore suggests a novel path to detect nutrient deficiencies at an early stage. This could constitute a novel practical tool to help and assist farmers in nutrition management.
School-Based Interventions for Increasing Autistic Pupils’ Social Inclusion in Mainstream Schools: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tsou Yung-Ting , Kovács Lilla Veronika , Louloumari Angeliki , Stockmann Lex , Blijd-Hoogewys Els M. A. , Koutamanis Alexander , Rieffe Carolien
Published: February 2024

School-based interventions for socially including autistic pupils in mainstream schools were systematically reviewed. Included interventions targeted at least one level of the school environment: the autistic children, the peers, the staff, and/or the physical environment, and assessed autistic pupils’ quantity and/or quality of social participation as outcome measures. Findings from 56 studies showed increased accessibility of school activities to autistic pupils, but the reciprocity and friendship between the autistic pupils and the peers were not necessarily improved. Moreover, limited interventions were available for modifying the physical environment. A more holistic strategy that moves the focus from individual children’s social skills to the larger context surrounding children, should be considered for a better inclusion of autistic children in school routine.
The link between spirituality and longevity
Authors: Dominguez Ligia J. , Veronese Nicola , Barbagallo Mario
Published: February 2024

We are facing an inverted demographic pyramid with continuously growing aged populations around the world. However, the advances that prolong physical life not always contemplate its psychological and social dimensions. Longevity is a complex outcome influenced by a wide range of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, access to healthcare, socio-economic conditions, and other environmental factors. These factors have been generally considered in the compelling research that seeks the determinants of longevity, particularly those concerning personal lifestyle choices, socioeconomic conditions, and molecular mechanisms proposed to mediate these effects. Nonetheless, fundamental aspects that can affect health and well-being, such as spirituality and religiosity, have been somehow left aside despite numerous epidemiological studies showing that higher levels of spirituality/religiosity are associated with lower risk of mortality, even after adjusting for relevant confounders. Because spirituality/religiosity are dimensions of great value for patients, overlooking them can leave them with feelings of neglect and lack of connection with the health system and with the clinicians in charge of their care. Integrating spirituality and religiosity assessment and intervention programs into clinical care can help each person obtain better and complete well-being and also allowing clinicians to achieve the highest standards of health with holistic, person-centered care. The present narrative review aims to explore the available evidence of a relationship between spirituality/religiosity and longevity and discusses the possible mechanisms that can help explain such relationship.
An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of Teachers’ Lived Experiences of Working with Traumatised Children in the Classroom
Authors: Frearson Antoinette , Duncan Mandy
Published: February 2024

This study illuminates teachers’ lived experiences of working with traumatised children in school environments. Children who experience trauma display a range of behaviours in the classroom which impact on attainment and outcomes. Dealing with childhood trauma in the classroom is challenging and brings risks to teachers’ mental health including secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed to understand the lived experiences of teachers working with traumatised children in the classroom. Findings from in-depth semi-structured interviews with six teachers indicate that teachers increasingly support traumatised children in the classroom but there is a need for targeted trauma-informed training and effective support from senior management to support teachers’ mental health and wellbeing.
Indoor Air Pollution in Kenya
Authors: Rotich Ibrahim Kipngeno , Musyimi Peter K.
Published: February 2024

Indoor air pollution is an environmental health challenge in Kenya, particularly in rural households, and low-income urban areas. This review aims to provide an overview of the sources, health effects and mitigation strategies for indoor air pollutants in Kenya. The main goal of our study was to review existing literature on indoor air pollution in Kenya with the aim of identifying research gaps for future research. Our methodology involved a critical examination of the existing literature review. This is because traditional fuel burning for cooking and heating, and kerosene lamps are major sources of indoor air pollution. Exposure to air pollutants can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular disease among women and children who are more vulnerable. Despite efforts to improve indoor air quality, significant challenges remain including access to clean fuels and technologies, inadequate infrastructure, and low awareness of health impact of indoor air pollution. Mitigation strategies include the transition to cleaner cooking sources, solar lamps for lighting and education campaigns on health impacts. The review concludes that a multifaceted approach involving various stakeholders is necessary to effectively address indoor air pollution in Kenya and improve public health.
Organic Amendments to Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) Plantation Affect Species Richness and Metal Accumulation of Spontaneously Growing Herbaceous Plants
Authors: Asare Michael O. , Pellegrini Elisa , Száková Jiřina , Blöcher Johanna Ruth , Najmanová Jana , Tlustoš Pavel , Contin Marco
Published: February 2024

Excess potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in soils require ad hoc approaches to salvage. Hence, this study explored the shoot accumulation of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) by herbaceous plants growing under previously established Salix and Populus clones Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) with compost and sewage sludge applications in an abandoned metallurgical site, Podlesí, Czech Republic; PTM decontamination of soils. Soils within the SRC experimental site and outside considered as control were analyzed for their chemical properties by multi-analytical techniques. Shoots of spontaneously growing herbaceous plants under trees in the site and without trees in control were determined for pseudo-total Cd, Pb, and Zn contents. Moderately to slightly acid soils, high cation exchange capacity, and C/N ratio supported mineralization and relative mobility of total Cd (7.7–9.76), Pb (1541–1929), and Zn (245–320 mg kg−1) in soils. Although soil amendments improved chemical properties, compost application supported higher species richness than sewage sludge. Over 95% of plants accumulated Cd and Zn above the WHO threshold and green fodder in the Czech Republic, with 36% Pb above the regional limit (40 mg kg−1). Approximately 100, 50, and 6% of herbaceous species had Cd, Pb, and Zn accumulation, respectively, higher than published average upper limits in plants (0.2 Cd, 10 Pb, and 150 Zn mg kg−1). Dicots recorded higher Cd content, Tenacetum vulgare (L.), Hypericum maculatum (Crantz), and Cirsium arvense (L.); Stachys palustris (L.), Lamium perpereum (L.), and Campanula patula (L.) for Pb; Glechoma hederaceae (L.), C. patula, and C. arvense for Zn in all treatments. Appropriate soil amelioration of SRC-supported PTM mobility and excess herbaceous species shoot accumulation, growth, and richness.
Sentiment Analysis of Finnish Twitter Discussions on COVID-19 During the Pandemic
Authors: Claes Maëlick , Farooq Umar , Salman Iflaah , Teern Anna , Isomursu Minna , Halonen Raija
Published: February 2024

With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have studied how people reacted on social media during the pandemic. Sentiment analysis has been leveraged to gain insight. However, much of the research conducted on both sentiment analysis and social media analysis of COVID-19 often focuses on widespread languages, such as English and Chinese. This is partly due to the scarcity of resources for natural language processing and sentiment analysis for morphologically complex and less prevalent languages such as Finnish. This paper aims to analyze sentiments on Twitter in the Finnish language during the COVID-19 pandemic. We manually annotate with sentiments a random sample of 1943 tweets about COVID-19 in Finnish. We use it to build binomial and multinomial logistic regression models with Lasso penalty by exploiting ngrams and two existing sentiment lexicons. We also build two similar models using an existing (pre-COVID-19) Twitter dataset for comparison. The best-performing model for the Finnish language is then used to determine the trends of positive, negative, and neutral opinions on a collection of tweets in Finnish extracted between April 21 and June 18, 2020. The best sentiment polarity prediction model for the Finnish language attain 0.785 AUC, 0.710 balanced accuracy, and 0.723 macro-averaged F1 for predicting positive and negative polarity (binomial classification), and 0.667 AUC, 0.607 balanced accuracy, and 0.475 F1 when adding neutral tweets (multinomial classification). On the other hand, the pre-COVID-19 model trained on the same number of tweets exhibits higher accuracy for the multinomial model (0.687 balanced accuracy, and 0.588 F1). We hypothesize that this loss of performance is due to the COVID-19 context that makes sentiment analysis of neutral tweets more difficult for the machine learning algorithm to predict. Running the model on all the extracted Finnish tweets, we observe a decrease in negativity and an increase in positivity over the observed time as the Finnish government lifts restrictions. Our results show that applying an existing general-purpose sentiment analyzer on tweets that are domain-specific, such as COVID-19, provides lower accuracy. More effort in the future needs to be invested in using and developing sentiment analysis tools tailored to their application domain when conducting large-scale social media analysis of specific medical issues, such as a global pandemic.
Functional testing of entirely additively manufactured two-component hydraulic rod seals made of TPU and NBR
Authors: Ebel Thomas , Lankenau Tobias , Sundermann Lion , Ottink Kathrin , Graf Matthias , Klie Benjamin , Giese Ulrich
Published: February 2024

The delivery time of expendable items can be quite high despite today’s sophisticated logistics and production systems. In the case of dynamic rod seals for hydraulic applications, this can last weeks or even months. A possible solution to avoid shutdowns can be the fast production of seals using additive manufacturing (AM), at least to use these parts until conventionally produced spare parts arrive. The research question addressed in this study is whether it is possible to produce functional parts in this way to avoid leakage. The paper starts with an introduction to the topic and introduces the materials and equipment used to conduct the study. The main part of this paper includes the documentation of the results of two series of functional tests conducted with five different thermoplastic materials. These tests showed that the research question can be answered in an affirmative way for tested pressures up to 15 MPa and a sliding distance of 320 m. However, the results show different behaviors of conventionally produced seals and those made using AM.
INTRODUCING THE TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY *WU JI 五紀 MANUSCRIPT WITH A FOCUS ON ITS MATERIALITY AND ITS STATUS AS A SOURCE
Authors: Krijgsman Rens
Published: February 2024

The recently published Tsinghua University bamboo manuscript *Wu ji 五紀 presents a manuscript copy that is riddled with curious irregularities, omissions, and mistakes in its text, punctuation, and the preparation of the slips. Only some of these mistakes were corrected by a proofreader, others reveal errors of misunderstanding by the scribe and/or punctuator. Furthermore, paratext that was included in a previous instantiation of the text was only preserved in paratextual notes in the present copy. An analysis of these aspects of the manuscript helps shed light on its potential status as a source and raises questions about the relationship between unearthed and transmitted texts more generally.
Cultural evolution: A review of theoretical challenges
Authors: Nichols Ryan , Charbonneau Mathieu , Chellappoo Azita , Davis Taylor , Haidle Miriam , Kimbrough Erik O. , Moll Henrike , Moore Richard , Scott-Phillips Thom , Purzycki Benjamin Grant , Segovia-Martin Jose
Published: February 2024

The rapid growth of cultural evolutionary science, its expansion into numerous fields, its use of diverse methods, and several conceptual problems have outpaced corollary developments in theory and philosophy of science. This has led to concern, exemplified in results from a recent survey conducted with members of the Cultural Evolution Society, that the field lacks ‘knowledge synthesis’, is poorly supported by ‘theory’, has an ambiguous relation to biological evolution and uses key terms (e.g. ‘culture’, ‘social learning’, ‘cumulative culture’) in ways that hamper operationalization in models, experiments and field studies. Although numerous review papers in the field represent and categorize its empirical findings, the field's theoretical challenges receive less critical attention even though challenges of a theoretical or conceptual nature underlie most of the problems identified by Cultural Evolution Society members. Guided by the heterogeneous ‘grand challenges’ emergent in this survey, this paper restates those challenges and adopts an organizational style requisite to discussion of them. The paper's goal is to contribute to increasing conceptual clarity and theoretical discernment around the most pressing challenges facing the field of cultural evolutionary science. It will be of most interest to cultural evolutionary scientists, theoreticians, philosophers of science and interdisciplinary researchers.
Inertial enhancement of the polymer diffusive instability
Authors: Couchman Miles M.P. , Beneitez Miguel , Page Jacob , Kerswell Rich R.
Published: February 2024

Beneitezet al.(Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 8, 2023, L101901) have recently discovered a new linear ‘polymer diffusive instability’ (PDI) in inertialess rectilinear viscoelastic shear flow using the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic constitutive model of Peterlin (FENE-P) when polymer stress diffusion is present. Here, we examine the impact of inertia on the PDI for both plane Couette and plane Poiseuille flows under varying Weissenberg number${W}$, polymer stress diffusivity$\varepsilon$, solvent-to-total viscosity ratio$\beta$and Reynolds number${Re}$, considering the FENE-P and simpler Oldroyd-B constitutive relations. Both the prevalence of the instability in parameter space and the associated growth rates are found to significantly increase with${Re}$. For instance, as$Re$increases with$\beta$fixed, the instability emerges at progressively lower values of$W$and$\varepsilon$than in the inertialess limit, and the associated growth rates increase linearly with$Re$when all other parameters are fixed. For finite$Re$, it is also demonstrated that the Schmidt number$Sc=1/(\varepsilon Re)$collapses curves of neutral stability obtained across various$Re$and$\varepsilon$. The observed strengthening of PDI with inertia and the fact that stress diffusion is always present in time-stepping algorithms, either implicitly as part of the scheme or explicitly as a stabilizer, implies that the instability is likely operative in computational work using the popular Oldroyd-B and FENE-P constitutive models. The fundamental question now is whether PDI is physical and observable in experiments, or is instead an artifact of the constitutive models that must be suppressed.
Startups’ contribution to SDGs: A tailored framework for assessing social impact
Authors: Gionfriddo Gianluca , Piccaluga Andrea
Published: February 2024

Startups play a crucial role in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through their innovative solutions that increasingly focus on sustainability. However, they face significant challenges in effectively assessing their contribution to the SDGs. In our study, by adopting an action-research methodology, we develop and introduce Prosper, i.e., a tailored social impact assessment (SIA) framework for startups. First, we conducted a comprehensive review of existing methods and standards for assessing social impact to establish an initial foundation of Prosper. Second, we refined Prosper based on an empirical validation on five startups. By embracing action research, we aim to empower startups with a robust and user-friendly tool, which facilitates SIA and representation. We also contribute to the literature aimed at overcoming the existing sustainability barriers for startups and to respond to the call for assisting them in reporting about SDGs. We also discuss practical implications and future research avenues.
Normal Mode Copulas for Nonmonotonic Dependence
Authors: Fukumoto Kentaro
Published: February 2024

Copulas are helpful in studying joint distributions of two variables, in particular, when confounders are unobserved. However, most conventional copulas cannot model joint distributions where one variable does not increase or decrease in the other in a monotonic manner. For instance, suppose that two variables are linearly positively correlated for one type of unit and negatively for another type of unit. If the type is unobserved, we can observe only a mixture of both types. Seemingly, one variable tends to take either a high or low value (or a middle value) when the other variable is small (large), or vice versa. To address this issue, I consider an overlooked copula with trigonometric functions (Chesneau [2021, Applied Mathematics, 1(1), pp. 3–17]) that I name the “normal mode copula.” I apply the copula to a dataset about government formation and duration to demonstrate that the normal mode copula has better performance than other conventional copulas.
What’s next for the field of multigenerational mental health? The need for deep behavioral phenotyping via a prenatal mental health registry
Authors: Conradt Elisabeth , Carter Sierra , Crowell Sheila E.
Published: February 2024

From its inception, development and psychopathology theorists have sought to uncover the earliest forms of risk for mental health challenges in children, to prevent the development of more severe, intractable manifestations of psychopathology. Large familial risk registries have advanced our understanding of early, potentially modifiable factors that could prevent or mitigate the expression of challenging symptoms of neurodevelopmental conditions, and similar registries have been proposed to advance understanding of ADHD and related phenotypes. Data from single-site studies, largely focused on perinatal exposure to maternal mood disorders, reveal that a robust predictor of child psychopathology is parental psychopathology. However, early developmental trajectories of psychopathology risk may be better captured using transdiagnostic approaches in pregnancy, capturing the full range of mental health symptoms. We describe here the need for a parental mental health registry that begins prenatally that includes deep behavioral phenotyping across a range of transdiagnostic indicators of mental health risk to prevent psychopathology in children. This registry has the potential to uncover pathways to psychopathology risk in childhood and support the discovery of novel mechanisms to be targeted for prevention and intervention.
Massive-Star Feedback at Low Metallicity
Authors: Oey M. S. , Jecmen M. C. , Sawant A. N. , Jaskot A. E. , Danehkar A. , Smith L. J. , Melinder J.
Published: February 2024

Early cosmic epochs are characterized by low metallicity and high specific star-formation rates. These conditions are dominated by massive-star feedback that may be dramatically different than the traditional model dominated by hot, thermal superwinds driven by supernova explosions. Instead, metal-poor feedback from massive stars may be radiation-dominated, with weak mechanical feedback, possibly aiding the escape of Lyα and Lyman continuum radiation. I will describe our understanding that is emerging from observations of starburst galaxies in the local universe.
Role of ISM/IGM Energy Balance in Structure Formation and Evolution of Galaxies
Authors: Tabatabaei F. , Ghasemi-Nodehi M. , Sargent M. , Murphy E. J. , Schinnerer E. , Bonaldi A. ,   the SKA ISM/IGM Focus Group
Published: February 2024

Investigating the thermal and non-thermal processes in galaxies is vital to understand their evolution over cosmic time. This can best be studied by combining the radio and optical/near-infrared observations of galaxies. The JWST can resolve the evolution of the thermal processes by mapping ionized gas and dust in distant galaxies. This information combined with the upcoming surveys with the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will make a major breakthrough in mapping the non-thermal processes and understanding their role in the evolution of galaxies. Our simulations show that SKA surveys will be able to trace the evolution history of spiral galaxies such as M 51 and NGC 6946 back to a redshift of 3 already in its first phase of construction. This study indicates the important role of the non-thermal pressure inserted by cosmic rays and magnetic fields in deriving winds and outflows at cosmic noon as deduced by a flat synchrotron spectrum in star forming galaxies.
Adapting Hydropower to European Union Water Law: Flexible Governance versus Legal Effectiveness in Sweden and Finland
Authors: Puharinen Suvi-Tuuli , Belinskij Antti , Soininen Niko
Published: February 2024

In both Sweden and Finland, water law has traditionally provided strong protection for hydropower operations by issuing permanent environmental licences. This national protection has started to erode as a result of the requirement of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) for permit reviews to improve the ecological status of rivers. In the light of this dynamic between European and national frameworks, this article compares the Swedish and Finnish implementation of the WFD regarding existing hydropower operations. Whereas Sweden has adopted comprehensive legislative and policy reforms that embrace a systemic perspective on reconciling hydropower with the current societal and ecological circumstances, Finland has relied on bottom-up collaborative processes at the grassroots level. The article shows that both approaches are problematic in so far as they push the boundaries of proper implementation of the WFD and, by extension, the achievement of the ecological objectives of the WFD in waters affected by hydropower. Our comparison highlights tensions between EU law requirements for formal legal effectiveness in national implementation, and the WFD's aspirations for adaptive river basin-based governance.
Controlling Factors of the Seasonal Variation of the Latitudinal Location of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhang Donghe , Li Quanhan , Tian Yaoyu , Coster Anthea , Hao Yongqiang , Xiao Zuo
Published: February 2024

The latitudinal location of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crest has seasonal variation, and there are disagreements on the interpretation of such seasonal characteristic in previous studies. Some studies suggested that this seasonal characteristic is determined by the seasonal characteristic of the equatorial electric field. Others suggested that this seasonal characteristic is determined by the seasonal changes of the thermospheric wind. The current paper uses Total Electron Content (TEC) data and the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) to analyze the seasonal variation of the northern EIA crest in the eastern Asian sector under low solar activity. Our results show that the monthly averaged latitudinal location of the northern EIA crest has a good linear relationship (r = 0.74) with the monthly averaged Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) intensity, which is a commonly used proxy of the eastward electric field. However, TIEGCM simulations with and without F‐region wind indicate that such a relationship might be attributed to wind effects. Additionally, the linear relationship between the EEJ intensity and the northern‐southern EIA crest distance is not significant (r = 0.47) in the eastern Asian sector. Our results suggest that a good correspondence between the eastward electric field and the latitudinal location of the EIA crest is not assured annually, as the seasonally varying F‐region wind significantly influences EIA evolution.
Relativistic Electron Precipitation Driven by Mesoscale Transients, Inferred From Ground and Multi‐Spacecraft Platforms
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Zhang X.‐J. , Demekhov A. G. , Meng X. , Angelopoulos V. , Fedorenko Yu. V.
Published: February 2024

Precipitation of relativistic electrons into the Earth's atmosphere regulates the outer radiation belt fluxes and contributes to magnetosphere‐atmosphere coupling. One of the main drivers of such precipitation is electron scattering by whistler‐mode waves. Such waves typically originate at the equator, where they can resonate with and scatter sub‐relativistic (tens to a few hundred keV) electrons. However, they can occasionally propagate far away from the equator along field lines, reaching middle latitudes, where they can resonate with and scatter relativistic (>500 keV) electrons. Such a propagation is typical for the dayside, but statistically has not been found on the nightside where the waves are quickly damped along their propagation due to Landau damping. Here we explore two events of relativistic electron precipitation from low‐altitude observations on the nightside. Combining measurements of whistler‐mode waves from ground observatories, relativistic electron precipitation from low‐altitude satellites, total electron content maps from GPS receivers, and magnetic field and electron flux from equatorial satellites, we show wave ducting by plasma density gradients is the possible channel that allows the waves to reach middle latitudes and scatter relativistic electrons. We suggest that both whistler‐mode wave generation and ducting can be driven by equatorial mesoscale (with spatial scales of about one Earth radius) transient structures during nightside injections. We also compare these nightside events with observations of ducted waves and relativistic electron precipitation at the dayside, where wave generation and ducting are driven by ultra‐low‐frequency waves. This study demonstrates the potential importance of mesoscale transients in relativistic electron precipitation, but does not however unequivocally establish that ducted whistler‐mode waves are the primary cause of the observed electron precipitation.
Pharmacogenomic overlap between antidepressant treatment response in major depression & antidepressant associated treatment emergent mania in bipolar disorder
Authors: Nuñez Nicolas A. , Coombes Brandon J. , Beaupre Lindsay Melhuish , Ozerdem Aysegul , Resendez Manuel Gardea , Romo-Nava Francisco , Bond David J. , Veldic Marin , Singh Balwinder , Moore Katherine M. , Betcher Hannah K. , Kung Simon , Prieto Miguel L. , Fuentes Manuel , Ercis Mete , Miola Alessandro , Sanchez Ruiz Jorge A. , Jenkins Gregory , Batzler Anthony , Leung Jonathan G. , Cuellar-Barboza Alfredo , Tye Susannah J. , McElroy Susan L. , Biernacka Joanna M. , Frye Mark A.
Published: February 2024

There is increasing interest in individualizing treatment selection for more than 25 regulatory approved treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite an inconclusive efficacy evidence base, antidepressants (ADs) are prescribed for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder (BD) with oftentimes, an inadequate treatment response and or clinical concern for mood destabilization. This study explored the relationship between antidepressant response in MDD and antidepressant-associated treatment emergent mania (TEM) in BD. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and polygenic score analysis of TEM and tested its association in a subset of BD-type I patients treated with SSRIs or SNRIs. Our results did not identify any genome-wide significant variants although, we found that a higher polygenic score (PGS) for antidepressant response in MDD was associated with higher odds of TEM in BD. Future studies with larger transdiagnostic depressed cohorts treated with antidepressants are encouraged to identify a neurobiological mechanism associated with a spectrum of depression improvement from response to emergent mania.
Phosphorylation-dependent deubiquitinase OTUD3 regulates YY1 stability and promotes colorectal cancer progression
Authors: Wu Liang , Zhou Zili , Yu Yang , Cheng Can , Zhou Shuai , Yan Yuan , Yu Bofan , Zhang Yuwei , Liu Zhengyi
Published: February 2024

Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a key transcription factor that has been implicated in the development of several malignancies. The stability of YY1 is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The role of deubiquitinases (DUBs) and their impact on YY1 remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we screened for ubiquitin-specific proteases that interact with YY1, and identified OTUD3 as a DUB for YY1. Over-expressed OTUD3 inhibited YY1 degradation, thereby increasing YY1 protein levels, whereas OTUD3 knockdown or knockout promoted YY1 degradation, thereby decreasing the proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC). Furthermore, PLK1 mediates OTUD3 S326 phosphorylation, which further enhances OTUD3 binding and deubiquitination of YY1. In CRC tissues, elevated the expression level of OTUD3 and YY1 were significantly associated with poor prognostic outcomes. These findings suggest that the OTUD3-YY1 pathway has therapeutic potential in CRC, and OTUD3 plays a critical role in regulating YY1.
Dual-color emissive OLED with orthogonal polarization modes
Authors: Chen Ruixiang , Liang Ningning , Zhai Tianrui
Published: February 2024

Linearly polarized organic light-emitting diodes have become appealing functional expansions of polarization optics and optoelectronic applications. However, the current linearly polarized diodes exhibit low polarization performance, cost-prohibitive process, and monochromatic modulation limit. Herein, we develop a switchable dual-color orthogonal linear polarization mode in organic light-emitting diode, based on a dielectric/metal nanograting-waveguide hybrid-microcavity using cost-efficient laser interference lithography and vacuum thermal evaporation. This acquired diode presents a transverse-electric/transverse-magnetic polarization extinction ratio of 15.8 dB with a divergence angle of ±30°, an external quantum efficiency of 2.25%, and orthogonal polarized colors from green to sky-blue. This rasterization of dielectric/metal-cathode further satisfies momentum matching between waveguide and air mode, diffracting both the targeted sky-blue transverse-electric mode and the off-confined green transverse-magnetic mode. Therefore, a polarization-encrypted colorful optical image is proposed, representing a significant step toward the low-cost high-performance linearly polarized light-emitting diodes and electrically-inspired polarization encryption for color images.
Tough double network hydrogels with rapid self-reinforcement and low hysteresis based on highly entangled networks
Authors: Zhu Ruixin , Zhu Dandan , Zheng Zhen , Wang Xinling
Published: February 2024

Most tough hydrogels are reinforced by introducing energy dissipation mechanisms, but simultaneously realizing a high toughness and low hysteresis is challenging because the energy dissipation structure cannot recover rapidly. In this work, high mechanical performance highly entangled double network hydrogels without energy dissipation structure are fabricated, in which physical entanglements act as the primary effective crosslinking in the first network. This sliding entanglement structure allows the hydrogel network to form a highly uniform oriented structure during stretching, resulting in a high tensile strength of ~3 MPa, a fracture energy of 8340 J m−2 and a strain-stiffening capability of 47.5 in 90% water content. Moreover, almost 100% reversibility is obtained in this hydrogel via energy storage based on entropy loss. The highly entangled double network structure not only overcomes the typical trade-off between the high toughness and low hysteresis of hydrogels, but more importantly, it provides an insight into the application of entanglement structures in high-performance hydrogels.
Larval microbiota primes the Drosophila adult gustatory response
Authors: Montanari Martina , Manière Gérard , Berthelot-Grosjean Martine , Dusabyinema Yves , Gillet Benjamin , Grosjean Yaël , Kurz C. Léopold , Royet Julien
Published: February 2024

The survival of animals depends, among other things, on their ability to identify threats in their surrounding environment. Senses such as olfaction, vision and taste play an essential role in sampling their living environment, including microorganisms, some of which are potentially pathogenic. This study focuses on the mechanisms of detection of bacteria by the Drosophila gustatory system. We demonstrate that the peptidoglycan (PGN) that forms the cell wall of bacteria triggers an immediate feeding aversive response when detected by the gustatory system of adult flies. Although we identify ppk23+ and Gr66a+ gustatory neurons as necessary to transduce fly response to PGN, we demonstrate that they play very different roles in the process. Time-controlled functional inactivation and in vivo calcium imaging demonstrate that while ppk23+ neurons are required in the adult flies to directly transduce PGN signal, Gr66a+ neurons must be functional in larvae to allow future adults to become PGN sensitive. Furthermore, the ability of adult flies to respond to bacterial PGN is lost when they hatch from larvae reared under axenic conditions. Recolonization of germ-free larvae, but not adults, with a single bacterial species, Lactobacillus brevis, is sufficient to restore the ability of adults to respond to PGN. Our data demonstrate that the genetic and environmental characteristics of the larvae are essential to make the future adults competent to respond to certain sensory stimuli such as PGN.
Real-time tracking of coherent oscillations of electrons in a nanodevice by photo-assisted tunnelling
Authors: Luo Yang , Neubrech Frank , Martin-Jimenez Alberto , Liu Na , Kern Klaus , Garg Manish
Published: February 2024

Coherent collective oscillations of electrons excited in metallic nanostructures (localized surface plasmons) can confine incident light to atomic scales and enable strong light-matter interactions, which depend nonlinearly on the local field. Direct sampling of such collective electron oscillations in real-time is crucial to performing petahertz scale optical modulation, control, and readout in a quantum nanodevice. Here, we demonstrate real-time tracking of collective electron oscillations in an Au bowtie nanoantenna, by recording photo-assisted tunnelling currents generated by such oscillations in this quantum nanodevice. The collective electron oscillations show a noninstantaneous response to the driving laser fields with a T2 decay time of nearly 8 femtoseconds. The contributions of linear and nonlinear electron oscillations in the generated tunnelling currents were precisely determined. A phase control of electron oscillations in the nanodevice is illustrated. Functioning in ambient conditions, the excitation, phase control, and read-out of coherent electron oscillations pave the way toward on-chip light-wave electronics in quantum nanodevices.
Spin-EPR-pair separation by conveyor-mode single electron shuttling in Si/SiGe
Authors: Struck Tom , Volmer Mats , Visser Lino , Offermann Tobias , Xue Ran , Tu Jhih-Sian , Trellenkamp Stefan , Cywiński Łukasz , Bluhm Hendrik , Schreiber Lars R.
Published: February 2024

Long-ranged coherent qubit coupling is a missing function block for scaling up spin qubit based quantum computing solutions. Spin-coherent conveyor-mode electron-shuttling could enable spin quantum-chips with scalable and sparse qubit-architecture. Its key feature is the operation by only few easily tuneable input terminals and compatibility with industrial gate-fabrication. Single electron shuttling in conveyor-mode in a 420 nm long quantum bus has been demonstrated previously. Here we investigate the spin coherence during conveyor-mode shuttling by separation and rejoining an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) spin-pair. Compared to previous work we boost the shuttle velocity by a factor of 10000. We observe a rising spin-qubit dephasing time with the longer shuttle distances due to motional narrowing and estimate the spin-shuttle infidelity due to dephasing to be 0.7% for a total shuttle distance of nominal 560 nm. Shuttling several loops up to an accumulated distance of 3.36 μm, spin-entanglement of the EPR pair is still detectable, giving good perspective for our approach of a shuttle-based scalable quantum computing architecture in silicon.
In-situ formatting donor-acceptor polymer with giant dipole moment and ultrafast exciton separation
Authors: Cheng Chang , Yu Jiaguo , Xu Difa , Wang Lei , Liang Guijie , Zhang Liuyang , Jaroniec Mietek
Published: February 2024

Donor-acceptor semiconducting polymers present countless opportunities for application in photocatalysis. Previous studies have showcased their advantages through direct bottom-up methods. Unfortunately, these approaches often involve harsh reaction conditions, overlooking the impact of uncontrolled polymerization degrees on photocatalysis. Besides, the mechanism behind the separation of electron-hole pairs (excitons) in donor-acceptor polymers remains elusive. This study presents a post-synthetic method involving the light-induced transformation of the building blocks of hyper-cross-linked polymers from donor-carbon-donor to donor-carbon-acceptor states, resulting in a polymer with a substantial intramolecular dipole moment. Thus, excitons are efficiently separated in the transformed polymer. The utility of this strategy is exemplified by the enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Encouragingly, our observations reveal the formation of intramolecular charge transfer states using time-resolved techniques, confirming transient exciton behavior involving separation and relaxation. This light-induced method not only guides the development of highly efficient donor-acceptor polymer photocatalysts but also applies to various fields, including organic solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and sensors.