bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on Channel Sharing for Congestion Control in WSN MAC Protocols
Authors: Khan Anwar Ahmed , Ghani Sayeed , Siddiqui Shama
Published: January 2018

Congestion control in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has been an area of interest for researchers for ensuring timely delivery of data. A number of Multi-channel MAC protocols have been proposed which guarantee parallel and collision free transmissions. This article proposes to evaluate an existing congestion control scheme that was developed for multi-channel WSN MAC protocols dealing with traffic of different priorities. The existing scheme proposed prioritized channel sharing mechanism for nodes based on the Received Signal Strength (RSS) of each priority. The authors analyze the performance of the proposed scheme by comparing it with other channel sharing mechanisms. Four cases of hybrid channel sharing mechanisms, namely complete partitioning, complete sharing, partial sharing and prioritized sharing have been studied in this work for 2 traffic priorities. The authors have modeled the schemes for WSN applications where each node may have traffic of different priorities. Major objective of the article is to facilitate the high-priority traffic, while efficiently maintaining the network utilization through reducing the number of idle channels. The analytical model has been developed using 2-dimensional Continuous Time Markov Chains (CTMC), and MATLAB has been used for the implementation. Complete sharing and Prioritized sharing are found to be the most efficient channel sharing schemes based on the network utilization and total throughput.
Resource Allocation using Dynamic Fractional Frequency Reuse
Authors: Sastry Anitha S , Akhila S
Published: January 2018

This article describes how a multi user cellular system insists on having increase in the spectral efficiency for the number of users and base stations. As far as cellular structures are concerned, the users at the edges experience inter cellular interference (ICI) than the users at the cell center. This is due to lack of resource allocation at cell edges. To improve the throughput at the edges a technique called Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) is employed. This article explores the Dynamic FFR(DFFR) in OFDMA system to improve the overall throughput.
Taxonomy of the New World checkered beetle genusAkonesisOpitz (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Peloniinae)
Authors: Opitz Weston
Published: January 2018

The generaAkonesisOpitz,CrusbatusOpitz, andDiutiusOpitz, which comprise a monophyletic group within Peloniinae (Coleoptera: Cleridae), are discussed. The species ofAkonesisare reviewed. There are five recognised species ofAkonesis:A. pictipennis(Gorham),A.privoatusOpitznew species,A. ridens(Gorham),A. strictusOpitznew species, andA. vittatus(Spinola). According to the morphological analysis performed herein, the species treated in this work are thought to be predatory. Colour patterns of the elytra and field observations suggest that members ofAkonesisandDiutiusare involved in Batesian mimicry with Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera), and in particular with Galerucinae. Included in this treatise are: a brief discussion of the natural history and evolution ofAkonesisspecies, one Bootstrap consensus tree, a key toAkonesisspecies, a phylogenetic tree generated by WINCLADA in conjunction with NONA, 15 line drawings, 10 electron micrographs, one distribution map, four photographs of male terminalia, and five colour habitus photographs.
The hosts ofPhlebopenes(Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), with the first record ofPhlebopenes longicaudataattacking nests of oil-collecting bees of the genusTetrapedia(Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: da Rocha-Filho Léo Correia , Garófalo Carlos Alberto , Gibson Gary A.P.
Published: January 2018

Two rearing records from trap nests set in São Paulo State, Brazil and one oviposition observation show that the parasitoid waspPhlebopenes longicaudata(Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) parasitises the nests of oil-collecting bees of the genusTetrapediaKlug (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Based on this and one previously published host record, species ofPhlebopenesPerty are newly hypothesised to be parasitoids of solitary wasps and bees rather than wood-boring Coleoptera. Other Eupelmidae reported as parasitoids of aculeate wasps are summarised.
Preliminary field observations at the Klaza deposit and nearby Kelly and Cyprus porphyry centres, Dawson Range, Yukon
Authors: Lee W -S , Chapman J B , Richards J
P
Published: January 2018

The Klaza deposit is a structurally controlled, polymetallic gold-silver-base metal intermediate sulphidation epithermal system, located within the Dawson Range Gold Belt, central Yukon. The Klaza deposit has four zones with varying vein complexity, ore grade and
interaction with local porphyritic quartz-feldspar ('QFP') dykes. This study aims to develop a clear understanding of the genesis and fluid evolution of the Klaza deposit. Preliminary field observations include that the high gold-grade intervals of stockwork and sheeted quartz pyrite veins display
two dominant structural orientations and phyllic (quartz-pyrite-sericite) alteration. Massive quartz-pyrite ± chalcopyrite goldbearing veins cut the stockwork and sheeted veins. Silver-rich base metal sulfide veins at Central Klaza cut both vein types, indicating an early, high grade gold
mineralization event followed by a later Ag-rich event. The main mineralization stage is followed by late stage carbonate veins, which are largely unmineralized in the Central Klaza zone, but contain euhedral sphalerite and galena in the Western BRX zone. High resolution re-logging of drill core
revealed subtle textural and compositional differences between dykes previously logged as undifferentiated 'QFP' across the Central Klaza zone. Three types of dyke compositions are distinguishable in the field based on quartz phenocryst abundance and cross cutting relationships. A Type 1 mafic dyke
is cut by Stage 1 early quartz-pyrite veinlets. The Type 2 felsic dykes are cut by Stage 4 base metal veins, while the Type 3 intermediate dyke is in contact with Type 2 dykes and is uncut by mineralization.
Factors controlling intrusion-related mineralization in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia: a comparison of Silurian-Devonian plutons in Ganderia and Avalonia
Authors: Moning A , Barr S M , White C E , Sombini dos Santos G , van Rooyen D
Published: January 2018

The Devonian Gillis Mountain granitoid pluton in the Avalonian Mira terrane of southern Cape Breton Island hosts porphyry-style copper-molybdenum mineralization. In contrast, plutons of assumed similar age and containing similar rock types in the Leonard MacLeod
Brook area of the Ganderian Aspy terrane of northern Cape Breton Island are not known to be mineralized. Hence a comparison of features such as host rocks, depth of emplacement, mineralogy, and chemical composition between plutons in these two areas may provide insight about factors controlling
porphyry -style mineralization. During the summer of 2017, existing samples from the Gillis Mountain pluton were re-analyzed to obtain a modern set of trace element data, and previously unstudied drill core from the pluton was sampled for petrological study. Plutons in the Leonard MacLeod Brook area
were mapped and sampled for petrological studies and dating, now in progress.
Nature and significance of deformation zones on gold mineralization in the Detour Lake area: implications for exploration in Ontario and Quebec
Authors: Castonguay S , Dubé B , Mercier-Langevin P , McNicoll V
J , DeLazzer A , Malcolm K
Published: January 2018

The Detour Lake gold mine and Lower Detour zones (e.g. Zone 58N and Zone 75) are located in the northwestern part of the Abitibi greenstone belt and are hosted in a volcanic sequence of the 2.73 to 2.72 Ga Deloro assemblage or in altered feldspar porphyry
intrusive(s). Mineralization consists of low-grade disseminated quartz-sulphide zones and silicified high-grade zones, including laminated quartz-tourmaline-carbonate veins and stockworks. Ore zones are commonly oriented sub-parallel to a series of high-strain zones occurring co-planar and in the
hanging wall to the regional-scale Sunday Lake and Lower Detour deformation zones. The latter zone has a close spatial relationship with polymictic conglomerates and intermediate to felsic intrusive rocks, which is analogous to major fault systems of the Timmins-Porcupine area and associated
syn-orogenic Timiskaming conglomerates. The focus of this study is to examine the relationships between gold mineralization and deformation in the Detour Lake region and in Quebec and compare these with those of the southern Abitibi.
Preliminary geochemical results on mantle metal mobility
Authors: Lawley C J M , Kjarsgaard B A , Zagorevski A , Pearson G , Waterton P , Savard D , Jackson S
E , Yang Z , Zhang S , Tschirhart V
Published: January 2018

Processes operating within mantle source regions likely impact the fertility of ore-bearing melts, although the precise link between mantle conditioning and ore genesis remain poorly understood. New fieldwork and isotopic (Re-Os and Pb-Pb) results for ultramafic
samples from young (Mesozoic), ophiolitic mantle near Atlin British Columbia, document ancient (i.e. Paleoproterozoic and younger), refractory mantle domains hosted within variably depleted harzburgite. The metal endowment of these distinct mantle segments and the microscale distribution of gold,
platinum group elements and base metals are the focus of on-going study.
Field-based research at Atlin complements chemical analysis of kimberlite-hosted mantle olivine and clinopyroxene xenocrysts. These mantle fragments provide a snapshot of the ancient, sub-continental lithospheric mantle beneath the Neoarchean Abitibi sub-province (Kirkland Lake kimberlite field).
Geochemical depth profiles, based on preliminary in situ geochemical results of the least-altered xenocrysts, suggest that high temperature olivine is a significant silicate mineral host for some of the so-called chalcophile elements at depth (e.g. Cu and Zn). Other metals, including a rare subset
of xenocrysts that yield concentrations for gold and platinum at or above the analytical detection limit (1-5 ppb), occur as micro-inclusions. The distribution of metal-bearing mineral phases within the mantle and, the micro-scale setting of metals within those phases (e.g. mineral inclusions versus
lattice substitution), may control the variable metallic endowment of mantle-derived melts in ancient and modern settings.
Structural and lithologic controls on the nature and distribution of gold in the BIF-associated 1150 and 1250 lode series at Tiriganiaq, Meliadine district, Rankin Inlet greenstone belt, Nunavut
Authors: St. Pierre B , Mercier-Langevin P , Simard M , Côté-Mantha O , Malo M , Servelle G
Published: January 2018

The Meliadine gold project is located within the Rankin Inlet greenstone belt, Nunavut; one of Canada's largest emerging gold districts. A large part of the 1000 and 1100 ore zones or 'lodes' at the Tiriganiaq mine are closely associated with the moderately to
steeply north-dipping Lower fault and are characterized by decimetre to metre wide laminated, fault-fill veins and associated deformed extensional veins. Other ore zones such as the 1150 and 1250 lodes, north of the 1000 and 1100 lodes, appear to have a more complex geometry. Preliminary research
indicates that the main controls on gold distribution within the 1150 lode series are Lower fault parallel, narrow north-dipping reverse shears that overprint the slightly steeper, north-dipping main foliation and associated axial planar tight folds. Shallowly south-dipping extension veins
associated with the shear zones and related fault-fill veins are preferentially developed in tightly folded decimetre to metre thick BIF layers around the moderately north-dipping reverse shears.
A Coupled Model for Wave Run-up Simulation
Authors: Iryanto  , Pudjaprasetya S.R.
Published: January 2018

Simplified models like the shallow water equations (SWE) are commonly adopted for describing a wide range of free surface flow problems, like flows in rivers, lakes, estuaries, or coastal areas. In the literature, numerical methods for the SWE are mostly mesh-based. However, this macroscopic approach is unable to accurately represent the complexity of flows near coastlines, where waves nearly break. This fact prompted the idea of coupling the mesh-based SWE model with a meshless particle method for solving the Euler equations. In a previous paper, a method to couple the staggered scheme SWE and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Euler equations was developed and discussed. In this article, this coupled model is used for simulating solitary wave run-up on a sloping beach. The results show strong agreement with the experimental data of Synolakis. Simulations of wave overtopping over a seawall were also performed.
A Finite Difference Method for Boundary Value Problems of a Caputo Fractional Differential Equation
Authors: Lyu Pin , Vong Seakweng , Wang Zhibo
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we consider a two-point boundary value problem with Caputo fractional derivative, where the second order derivative of the exact solution is unbounded. Based on the equivalent form of the main equation, a finite difference scheme is derived. The L∞ convergence of the difference system is discussed rigorously. The convergence rate in general improves previous results. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the theoretical results.
A Convergence Analysis of the MINRES Method for Some Hermitian Indefinite Systems
Authors: Xie Ze-Jia , Jin Xiao-Qing , Zhao Zhi
Published: January 2018

Some convergence bounds of theminimalresidual (MINRES) method are studied when the method is applied for solving Hermitian indefinite linear systems. The matrices of these linear systems are supposed to have some properties so that their spectra are all clustered around ±1. New convergence bounds depending on the spectrum of the coefficient matrix are presented. Some numerical experiments are shown to demonstrate our theoretical results.
A Fifth-Order Combined Compact Difference Scheme for Stokes Flow on Polar Geometries
Authors: He Dongdong , Pan Kejia
Published: January 2018

Incompressible flows with zero Reynolds number can be modeled by the Stokes equations. When numerically solving the Stokes flow in stream-vorticity formulation with high-order accuracy, it will be important to solve both the stream function and velocity components with the high-order accuracy simultaneously. In this work, we will develop a fifth-order spectral/combined compact difference (CCD) method for the Stokes equation in stream-vorticity formulation on the polar geometries, including a unit disk and an annular domain. We first use the truncated Fourier series to derive a coupled system of singular ordinary differential equations for the Fourier coefficients, then use a shifted grid to handle the coordinate singularity without pole condition. More importantly, a three-point CCD scheme is developed to solve the obtained system of differential equations. Numerical results are presented to show that the proposed spectral/CCD method can obtain all physical quantities in the Stokes flow, including the stream function and vorticity function as well as all velocity components, with fifth-order accuracy, which is much more accurate and efficient than low-order methods in the literature.
Success in Adults With Probable Developmental Coordination Disorder Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Tal-Saban Miri , Ornoy Asher , Parush Shula
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to conduct a broad in-depth examination of the relationship between developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and use of executive strategies, daily life activities, emotional state, and internal factors attributed to success.

METHOD. We used a large randomized cohort of young adults. Structural equation modeling was performed to test both the direct effects and the mediated effects of the independent variable (probable DCD) on dependent variables (executive functions, academic and nonacademic activities, emotional state, and attribution to success).

RESULTS. Probable DCD had a direct and significant effect on all variables. Motor coordination impairments directly affected daily function in nonacademic and academic abilities and resulted in decreased use of executive strategies. Likewise, all the indirect effects hypothesized in the model were found to be significant.

CONCLUSION. The model revealed the direct and indirect influences of probable DCD on a range of functions, with far-reaching clinical implications.
MIPAS observations of volcanic sulfate aerosol and sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere
Authors: Günther Annika , Höpfner Michael , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin , Griessbach Sabine , Deshler Terry , von Clarmann Thomas , Stiller Gabriele
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions can increase the stratospheric sulfur loading by orders
of magnitude above the background level and are the most important source of
variability in stratospheric sulfur. We present a set of vertical profiles
of sulfate aerosol volume densities and derived liquid-phase H2SO4
(sulfuric acid) mole fractions for 2005–2012, retrieved from infrared limb
emission measurements performed with the Michelson Interferometer for
Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board of the Environmental Satellite
(Envisat). Relative to balloon-borne in situ measurements of aerosol at
Laramie, Wyoming, the MIPAS aerosol data have a positive bias that has been
corrected, based on the observed differences to the in situ data. We
investigate the production of stratospheric sulfate aerosol from
volcanically emitted SO2 for two case studies: the eruptions of
Kasatochi in 2008 and Sarychev in 2009, which both occurred in the Northern
Hemisphere midlatitudes during boreal summer. With the help of chemical
transport model (CTM) simulations for the two volcanic eruptions we show
that the MIPAS sulfate aerosol and SO2 data are qualitatively and
quantitatively consistent with each other. Further, we demonstrate that the
lifetime of SO2 is explained well by its oxidation by hydroxyl radicals
(OH). While the sedimentation of sulfate aerosol plays a role, we find that the
long-term decay of stratospheric sulfur after these volcanic eruptions in
midlatitudes is mainly controlled by transport via the Brewer–Dobson
circulation. Sulfur emitted by the two midlatitude volcanoes resides mostly
north of 30∘ N at altitudes of ∼ 10–16 km, while
at higher altitudes (∼ 18–22 km) part of the volcanic sulfur
is transported towards the Equator where it is lifted into the stratospheric
“overworld” and can further be transported into both hemispheres.
Seasonality of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic
Authors: Schmeisser Lauren , Backman John , Ogren John A. , Andrews Elisabeth , Asmi Eija , Starkweather Sandra , Uttal Taneil , Fiebig Markus , Sharma Sangeeta , Eleftheriadis Kostas , Vratolis Stergios , Bergin Michael , Tunved Peter , Jefferson Anne
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Given the sensitivity of the Arctic climate to short-lived climate forcers, long-term in-situ surface measurements of aerosol parameters are useful in gaining insight into the magnitude and variability of these climate forcings. Seasonality of aerosol optical properties, including aerosol light scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, single scattering albedo, scattering Ångström exponent, and asymmetry parameter are presented for six monitoring sites throughout the Arctic: Alert, Canada; Barrow, USA; Pallas, Finland; Summit, Greenland; Tiksi, Russia; and Zeppelin Mountain, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway. Results show annual variability in all parameters, though the seasonality of each aerosol optical property varies from site to site. There is a large diversity in magnitude and variability of scattering coefficient at all sites, reflecting differences in aerosol source, transport and removal at different locations throughout the Arctic. Of the Arctic sites, the highest annual mean scattering coefficient is measured at Tiksi (12.47 Mm−1) and the lowest annual mean scattering coefficient is measured at Summit (1.74 Mm−1). At most sites, aerosol absorption peaks in the winter and spring, and has a minimum throughout the Arctic in the summer, indicative of the Arctic haze phenomenon; however, nuanced variations in seasonalities suggest that this phenomenon is not identically observed in all regions of the Arctic. The highest annual mean absorption coefficient is measured at Pallas (0.48 Mm−1) and Summit has the lowest annual mean absorption coefficient (0.12 Mm−1). At the Arctic monitoring stations analyzed here, mean annual single scattering albedo ranges from 0.909–0.960 (at Pallas and Barrow, respectively), mean annual scattering Ångström exponent ranges from 1.04–1.80 (at Barrow and Summit, respectively), and mean asymmetry parameter ranges from 0.57–0.75 (at Alert and Summit, respectively). Systematic variability of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic supports the notion that the sites presented here measure a variety of aerosol populations, which also experience different removal mechanisms. A robust conclusion from the climatologies presented is that the Arctic cannot be treated as one common and uniform environment, but rather is a region with ample spatio-temporal variability in aerosols. This notion is important in considering the design or aerosol monitoring networks in the region, and is important for informing climate models to better represent short-lived aerosol climate forcers in order to yield more accurate climate predictions for the Arctic.
Ice crystal number concentration estimates from lidar-radar satellite retrievals. Part 2: Controls on the ice crystal number concentration
Authors: Gryspeerdt Edward , Sourdeval Odran , Quaas Johannes , Delanoë Julien , Kühne Philipp
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The ice crystal number concentration (Ni) is a key property of ice clouds, both radiatively and microphysically. However, due to sparse in-situ measurements of ice cloud properties, the controls on the Ni have remained difficult to determine. As more advanced treatments of ice clouds are included in global models, it is becoming increasingly necessary to develop strong observational constraints on the processes involved. This work uses the DARDAR-LIM Ni retrieval described in part one to investigate the controls of the Ni at a global scale. The retrieved clouds are separated by type. The effects of temperature, proxies for in-cloud updraught and aerosol concentrations are investigated. Variations in the cloud top Ni (Ni(top)) consistent with both homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation are observed and along with a possible role of aerosol both increasing and decreasing the Ni(top) depending on the prevailing meteorological situation. Away from the cloud top, the Ni displays a different sensitivity to these controlling factors, providing a possible explanation to the low Ni sensitivity to temperature and INP observed in previous in-situ studies. This satellite dataset provides a new way of investigating the response of cloud properties to meteorological and aerosol controls. The results presented in this work increase our confidence in the retrieved Ni and will form the basis for further study into the processes influencing ice and mixed phase clouds.
Reducing representativeness and sampling errors in radio occultation–radiosonde comparisons
Authors: Gilpin Shay , Rieckh Therese , Anthes Richard
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Radio occultation (RO) and radiosonde (RS) comparisons provide a means of analyzing errors associated with both observational systems. Since RO and RS observations are not taken at the exact same time or location, temporal and spatial sampling errors resulting from atmospheric variability can be significant and inhibit error analysis of the observational systems. In addition, the vertical resolutions of RO and RS profiles vary and vertical representativeness errors may also affect the comparison. Typically in RO–RS comparisons, RS observations are co-located with RO profiles within a fixed time window and distance, i.e. within 3–6 h and circles of radii ranging between 100–500 km. In this study, we first show that vertical filtering of RO and RS profiles to a common vertical resolution reduces representativeness errors. We then test two methods of reducing horizontal sampling errors during RO–RS comparisons: restricting co-location pairs to within ellipses oriented along the direction of wind flow rather than circles, and applying a spatial correction based on model data. We compare RO and RS differences at four GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) RS stations in different climatic locations in which co-location pairs were constrained to a large circle (∼ 666 km radius), small circle (∼ 300 km radius) and ellipse parallel to the wind direction (∼ 666 km semi-major axis, ∼ 133 km semi-minor axis). We also apply a spatial correction using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim) gridded data. Restricting co-locations to within the ellipse reduces root mean square (RMS) refractivity, temperature, and water vapor pressure differences relative to RMS differences within the large circle, and either reduce or are comparable to RMS differences within circles of similar area. Applying the spatial correction shows the most significant reduction in RMS differences, such that RMS differences are nearly identical with the spatial correction regardless of the geometric constraints. We conclude that implementing the spatial correction using a reliable model will most effectively reduce sampling errors during RO–RS comparisons, however if a reliable model is not available, restricting spatial comparisons to within an ellipse parallel to the wind flow will reduce sampling errors caused by horizontal atmospheric variability.
New gap-filling and partitioning technique for H2O eddy fluxes measured over forests
Authors: Kang Minseok , Kim Joon , Malla Thakuri Bindu , Chun Junghwa , Cho Chunho
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The continuous measurement of H2O fluxes using the
eddy covariance (EC) technique is still challenging for forests because of
large amounts of wet canopy evaporation (EWC), which occur during and
following rain events when the EC systems rarely work correctly. We propose
a new gap-filling and partitioning technique for the H2O fluxes: a
model–statistics hybrid (MSH) method. It enables the recovery of the missing
EWC in the traditional gap-filling method and the partitioning of the
evapotranspiration (ET) into transpiration and (wet canopy) evaporation. We
tested and validated the new method using the data sets from two flux towers,
which are located at forests in hilly and complex terrains. The MSH
reasonably recovered the missing EWC of 16–41 mm yr−1 and separated it from the ET (14–23 % of the
annual ET). Additionally, we illustrated certain advantages of the proposed
technique which enable us to understand better how ET responds to
environmental changes and how the water cycle is connected to the carbon
cycle in a forest ecosystem.
Asymmetric Responses of Primary Productivity to Altered Precipitation Simulated by Ecosystem Models across Three Longterm Grassland Sites
Authors: Wu Donghai , Ciais Philippe , Viovy Nicolas , Knapp Alan K. , Wilcox Kevin , Bahn Michael , Smith Melinda D. , Vicca Sara , Fatichi Simone , Zscheischler Jakob , He Yue , Li Xiangyi , Ito Akihiko , Arneth Almut , Harper Anna , Ukkola Anna , Paschalis Athanasios , Poulter Benjamin , Peng Changhui , Ricciuto Daniel , Reinthaler David , Chen Guangsheng , Tian Hanqin , Genet Hélène , Mao Jiafu , Ingrisch Johannes , Nabel Julia E. S. M. , Pongratz Julia , Boysen Lena R. , Kautz Markus , Schmitt Michael , Meir Patrick , Zhu Qiuan , Hasibeder Roland , Sippel Sebastian , Dangal Shree R. S. , Sitch Stephen , Shi Xiaoying , Wang Yingping , Luo Yiqi , Liu Yongwen , Piao Shilong
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Changes in precipitation variability are known to influence grassland growth. Field measurements of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in temperate grasslands suggest that both positive and negative asymmetric responses to changes in precipitation may occur. Under normally variable precipitation regimes, wet years typically result in ANPP gains being larger than ANPP declines in dry years (positive asymmetry), whereas increases in ANPP are lower in magnitude in extreme wet years compared to reductions during extreme drought (negative asymmetry). Whether ecosystem models that couple carbon-water system in grasslands are capable of simulating these non-symmetrical ANPP responses is an unresolved question. In this study, we evaluated the simulated responses of temperate grassland primary productivity to scenarios of altered precipitation with fourteen ecosystem models at three sites, Shortgrass Steppe (SGS), Konza Prairie (KNZ) and Stubai Valley meadow (STU), spanning a rainfall gradient from dry to moist. We found that: (1) Gross primary productivity (GPP), NPP, ANPP and belowground NPP (BNPP) showed concave-down nonlinear response curves to altered precipitation in all the models, but with different curvatures and mean values. (2) The slopes of spatial relationships (across sites) between modeled primary productivity and precipitation were steeper than the temporal slopes obtained from inter-annual variations, consistent with empirical data. (3) The asymmetry of the responses of modeled primary productivity under normal inter-annual precipitation variability differed among models, and the median of the model-ensemble suggested a negative asymmetry across the three sites, in contrast to empirical studies. (4) The median sensitivity of modeled productivity to rainfall consistently suggested greater negative impacts with reduced precipitation than positive effects with increased precipitation under extreme conditions. This study indicates that most models overestimate the extent of negative drought effects and/or underestimate the impacts of increased precipitation on primary productivity under normal climate conditions, highlighting the need for improving eco-hydrological processes in models.
Effects of climatic seasonality on the isotopic composition of evaporating soil waters
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Volkmann Till H. M. , von Freyberg Jana , Frentress Jay , Penna Daniele , Dawson Todd E. , Kirchner James W.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Stable water isotopes are widely used in ecohydrology as tracers of the transport, storage, and mixing of water on its journey through landscapes and ecosystems. Evaporation leaves a characteristic signature on the isotopic composition of the water that is left behind, such that in dual-isotope space, evaporated waters plot below the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) that characterizes precipitation. Soil and xylem water samples can often plot below the LMWL as well, suggesting that they have also been influenced by evaporation. These soil and xylem water samples frequently plot along linear trends in dual-isotope space. These trendlines are sometimes termed evaporation lines and their intersection with the LMWL is sometimes interpreted as the isotopic composition of the precipitation source water. Here we use numerical experiments based on established isotope fractionation theory to show that these trendlines are often by-products of the seasonality in evaporative fractionation and in the isotopic composition of precipitation. Thus, they are often not true evaporation lines, and, if interpreted as such, can yield highly biased estimates of the isotopic composition of the source water.
Stable isotope investigation of groundwater recharge in the Carpathian Mountains, East-Central Europe
Authors: Bădăluță Carmen-Andreea , Perșoiu Aurel , Ionita Monica , Nagavciuc Viorica , Bistricean Petruț-Ionel
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Rapid growth in water usage in NW Romania has led to an increased pressure on the available water resources; however, the relationships between precipitation, surface and groundwater in the region are poorly understood. Here, we have analyzed the stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in precipitation, river and groundwater to gain information on moisture sources feeding precipitation in the area and establish the main links between the large-scale atmospheric circulation, precipitation amount and discharge. Thus, in this study we have analyzed 157 groundwater samples, 64 precipitation samples from two collection sites (one in mountain area and another one in plateau area) and 54 rivers samples from two rivers. Furthermore, we have directly linked the changes in the isotopic composition of the d-excess parameter in the precipitation with the processes linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation. Isotopes in precipitation water resulted in two LMWLs (δ2H = 7.4*δ18O + 2.7 at 350 m asl and δ2H = 8.1*δ18O + 12.4 at 1530 m asl), with a clear seasonal signal, further enhanced by secondary evaporative processes in summer. Moisture in the lowlands was mostly delivered along easterly trajectories, while that in the mountain area from the westerlies. Surface water analyses show the same trend as precipitation, but with reduced amplitude between summer and winter values. Throughout the winter season, the δprec is strongly related with different climate teleconnection patterns like the East Atlantic (EA), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO), while during summer, the δprec shows a strong correlation with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the summer EA. Maps of δ18O and d-excess distribution in groundwaters show a depletive trend from NW to SE, generated in principal by topography. The waters in the aquifers show no clear patterns and altitude effect.
A correlation study regarding the AE index and ACE solar wind data for Alfvénic intervals using wavelet decomposition and reconstruction
Authors: Guarnieri Fernando L. , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Vieira Luis E. A. , Hajra Rajkumar , Echer Ezequiel , Mannucci Anthony J. , Gonzalez Walter D.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to present a wavelet interactive filtering and reconstruction technique and apply this to the solar wind magnetic field components detected at the L1 Lagrange point  ∼  0.01 AU upstream of the Earth. These filtered interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data are fed into a model to calculate a time series which we call AE∗. This model was adjusted assuming that magnetic reconnection associated with southward-directed IMF Bz is the main mechanism transferring energy into the magnetosphere. The calculated AE∗ was compared to the observed AE (auroral electrojet) index using cross-correlation analysis. The results show correlations as high as 0.90. Empirical removal of the high-frequency, short-wavelength Alfvénic component in the IMF by wavelet decomposition is shown to dramatically improve the correlation between AE∗ and the observed AE index. It is envisioned that this AE∗ can be used as the main input for a model to forecast relativistic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belts, which are delayed by  ∼  1 to 2 days from intense AE events.
The hidden ecological resource of andic soils in mountain ecosystems: evidence from Italy
Authors: Terribile Fabio , Iamarino Michela , Langella Giuliano , Manna Piero , Mileti Florindo Antonio , Vingiani Simona , Basile Angelo
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Andic soils have unique morphological, physical, and chemical properties that induce both considerable soil fertility and great vulnerability to land degradation. Moreover, they are the most striking mineral soils in terms of large organic C storage and long C residence time. This is especially related to the presence of poorly crystalline clay minerals and metal–humus complexes. Recognition of andic soils is then very important.Here we attempt to show, through a combined analysis of 35 sampling points chosen in accordance to specific physical and vegetation rules, that some andic soils have an utmost ecological importance.More specifically, in Italian non-volcanic mountain ecosystems ( > 600 m a.s.l.) combining low slope (< 21 %) and highly active green biomass (high NDVI values) and in agreement to recent findings, we found the widespread occurrence of andic soils having distinctive physical and hydrological properties including low bulk density and remarkably high water retention. Most importantly, we report a demonstration of the ability of these soils to affect ecosystem functions by analysing their influence on the timescale acceleration of photosynthesis estimated by NDVI measurements.Our results are hoped to be a starting point for better understanding of the ecological importance of andic soils and also possibly to better consider pedological information in C balance calculations.
Los informes de arraigo: un análisis desde la perspectiva de los Servicios Sociales
Authors: Nicolás Lizama Mercedes
Published: January 2018

La irregularidad administrativa constituye uno de los factores que mayor riesgo supone de exclusión y marginación social para las personas inmigrantes, no sólo por la situación en sí, sino por todas las consecuencias que comporta a nivel personal, cultural y social. La posibilidad de regularizar su situación a través de circunstancias excepcionales como el arraigo, permite iniciar procesos de integración social. Las ultimas modificaciones normativas transfieren mayor protagonismo a las Comunidades Autónomas y a los Ayuntamiento en los procesos de regularización administrativa. Es en este marco, donde los Servicios Sociales y los profesionales del Trabajo Social han visto incrementar sus funciones a la hora de tener que emitir informes de arraigo social. Estas nuevas competencias no están exentas de debate. Las transferencia de funciones de control social están más cercanas a planteamientos de un modelo de integración de asimilación. Este modelo, probadamente ineficaz en épocas anteriores, atribuye el esfuerzo de integración principalmente en la población inmigrante, y se muestra perjudicial para una convivencia intercultural.
Presentación del monográfico: Movilidad humana. Realidades y retos para el Trabajo Social
Authors: Leyra Fatou Begoña , Carballo de la Riva Marta
Published: January 2018

Presentación del monográfico: Movilidad humana. Realidades y retos para el Trabajo Social
Start Up of a UASB Treating Malted Ingredient Manufacturing Wastewater
Authors: Cairns Ryland , Mead Paul
Published: January 2018

With a greater push to achieve waste management and renewable energy targets technologies such as anaerobic digestion (AD) have increased in popularity. One such technology option is the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, these have been shown to be a particularly robust option for high strength organic wastewaters, such as those generated by the malted ingredient manufacturing industry. Despite their effectiveness they are reported to have lengthy and complex start ups due to the range of physiochemical and biological interactions influencing sludge blanket stability. This process can be sped up by seeding the plant from sludge from similar plants, however this is not always possible. This paper aims to investigate the start up of a full-scale mesophilic UASB treating malted ingredient wastewater that was initially seeded with a granular sludge treating dairy wastewater. Operational performance during the first 75 days of start up was comparable to that of a fully established plant with a COD removal efficiency in excess of 81.89% and a biogas methane concentration greater than 57.24%. During this period the plant remained operationally robust with the Organic Loading Rates (OLR) exuding the greatest influence on plant performance. Similar to operations during stable conditions key operational parameters such as HRT times, temperatures and pH did not exert a strong influence on the plant.
“The Distant, Rising Note of Requiem”: Liberal and Conservative Hopes and Fears during the Korean War
Authors: Cash Dane J.
Published: January 2018

This article examines the responses of some of America's leading political commentators to the Korean War, 1950–53. Many on both sides of the political spectrum were terrified that Korea would prove to be the opening salvo of World War III, potentially culminating in global nuclear annihilation. By war's end, conservatives in particular had largely concluded that the American “defeat” in Korea marked a turning point in history, namely, the beginning of the end of the American empire. These debates reveal much about the origins of modern conservatism and also shed light on the ways in which debates about a multilateral vs. unilateral foreign policy persist into our own time. The article concludes by examining whether viewing the hopes and fears of a given historical crisis through the long view of history can bring a useful perspective to analyzing our own hopes and fears as we begin a new era in American political history in 2017.
The Acquisition of English and Arabic Onset Cluster: A Case Study
Authors: Daana Hana A. , Khrais Sura M.
Published: January 2018

This study has investigated the development of English and Arabic cluster in the speech of a bilingual child. Data was related to several recording sessions of spontaneous and non-spontaneous speech between the author and the child. The gradual development of English and Arabic onset cluster was traced in the production of a bilingual child aged between 1 year 04 months and 4 years 06 months. A comparative description of the repair strategy types used by the child to break English and Arabic consonants clustering in word-initial position has been provided. English onset clusters started to appear before the Arabic clusters. Arabic core clusters appeared before the plateau and reversal clusters. Cluster reduction and epenthesis were used to get rid of the clusters in both languages and prosthesis was used to get rid of clusters in Arabic.
The Study of Monetary Policy Instruments and Implementation Challenge in Laos
Authors: Sourigna Maliny , Zhu Shuzhen , Chanthavieng Atsara
Published: January 2018

The monetary policies have been developed and implemented by the Bank of Lao PDR (BOL). This article presents the monetary policy framework in Laos which includes the policy instruments and implementation mechanism. The author applied the actual implementation and the existing theories to display the Lao monetary tools such as interest rate, open market operation, reserve ratio, exchange rate, credit control, cash flow management and relevant regulations. As well as the policy implementation mechanism has been presented in policy decision, operation department and operation mechanism.The author applies the descriptive analysis on the monetary policy implementation challenge and addressing. They based on monetary policy theories, literature studied, and practical experience from the operation authority. The analysis has found the challenges as The limited of market operation; the dollarization and multiples currencies consumer preference; the challenge in Kip prices, and Kip lending; the foreign capital outflow. Then, the analysis moved forward to the challenge addressing. All of these measures are taken to maintain the efficient management of the monetary system, ensure an effectiveness of the monetary policy implementation in the long-term.
Shear Resisting Mechanism and Shear Strength Equation for Sandwich Beams
Authors: Rahman Ataur , Ueda Tamon
Published: January 2018

The aim of this study is to eliminate the limitation of existing shear design equations and to establish a complete set of rational as well as computationally efficient shear design equations. On this goal, a macro physical model, based on 2D nonlinear FEM analysis, for both open and full sandwich beams are developed which can clearly demostrate the contributions of different parts of the sandwich beam in resisting shear force. The proposed model also shows a satisfactory correlation between the experimental and the analytical results. A series of analytical specimens in connection with experimental one are analyzed by engaging a 2D-FEM program and a complete set of shear strength equations are derived with the help of that proposed shear resisting model. The equations for full sandwich beam show a good agreement with experimental and analytical results, whereas equations for open sandwich beam require further investigation to increase their level of accuracy and are not presented here.
Propuesta metodológica para la generación de zonas de asignación escolar: fomento de una movilidad sostenible y activa
Authors: Jaraíz-Cabanillas Francisco Javier , Hernández-Carretero Ana María , Ruiz-Labrador Enrique Eugenio , Gutiérrez-Gallego José Antonio
Published: January 2018

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es identificar los modos de transporte utilizados en el acceso a los centros educativos por parte de la comunidad escolar (alumnos y profesores) y desarrollar una metodología con la que generar áreas de asignación escolar a cada centro en función del número de plazas ofertadas y la distancia de la residencia de los alumnos al mismo caminando. De este modo, se busca fomentar unos hábitos de movilidad más sostenibles y seguros. Las fuentes empleadas en este estudio son las encuestas realizadas a los alumnos, la información extraída del padrón municipal de habitantes y la proporcionada por el Centro de Profesores y Recursos. Las encuestas permiten conocer los hábitos de movilidad, mientras que el resto de información se emplea para la generación de las áreas de asignación haciendo uso de herramientas SIG. El ámbito de estudio es la ciudad de Mérida, Extremadura.
A 60-year-old woman with an asymptomatic left lacrimal gland mass found incidentally
Authors: Thakar Sudip D. , Sagiv Oded , Tetzlaff Michael , El-Naggar Adel , Debnam Matthew , Kandl Thomas J. , Esmaeli Bita
Published: January 2018

A 60-year-old woman with a history of recurrent, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the left maxillary sinus was referred to the Orbital Oncology Service of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center for evaluation and management of a slow growing, asymptomatic left lacrimal gland mass that was incidentally identified on routine surveillance magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient denied significant vision changes, diplopia, and pain associated with the lesion. Other past pertinent oncologic and ophthalmologic history included treatments for the maxillary sinus adenocarcinoma with multiple surgical resections, including a maxillectomy and high-dose radiation of 60 Gy to the nasal cavity and 50 Gy to the right and left neck lymph nodes, and repeated proton beam therapy to the sinonasal region for a local recurrence. The patient’s ocular history was significant for a bilateral dacryocystorhinostomy and left conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct blockage and canalicular stenosis secondary to treatments for her sinonasal cancer. Additionally, she was diagnosed with iritis of the right eye 5 months prior to presentation by her local ophthalmologist that had resolved with topical steroids and was felt to be idiopathic in nature.
Intentional Teaching with Technology
Authors: Mooney Eileen B.
Published: January 2018

For effective implementation in the classroom, this author uses technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge along with Pólya's four-step problem-solving approach.
Design Thinking Framework: Shaping Powerful Mathematics
Authors: Bush Sarah B. , Karp Karen S. , Cox Richard , Cook Kristin Leigh , Albanese Judith , Karp Matthew
Published: January 2018

How can you get students to want to engage in mathematical problem solving? How can you get students to persevere when trying to solve a problem? In this article, we answer these questions as we advocate for engaging students in a transdisciplinary teaching approach using a research-based framework. In doing so, it aims to hook students into learning important and memorable mathematics.
Productive Struggle for All: Differentiated Instruction
Authors: Lynch Sararose D. , Hunt Jessica H. , Lewis Katherine E.
Published: January 2018

Consider strategies that create access while maintaining the cognitive demand of a mathematics task.