bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Recovery of a Non-Negative Relaxation Spectrum Model from the Stress Relaxation Test Data
Authors: Stankiewicz Anna , Bojanowska Monika , Drozd Paweł
Published: August 2023

The relaxation spectra, from which other material functions used to describe mechanical properties of materials can be uniquely determined, are important for modeling the rheological properties of polymers used in chemistry, food technology, medicine, cosmetics, and many other industries. The spectrum, being not directly accessible by measurement, is recovered from relaxation stress or oscillatory shear data. Only a few models and identification methods take into account the non-negativity of the real spectra. In this paper, the problem of recovery of non-negative definite relaxation spectra from discrete-time noise-corrupted measurements of relaxation modulus obtained in the stress relaxation test is considered. A new hierarchical identification scheme is developed, being applicable both for relaxation time and frequency spectra. Finite-dimensional parametric classes of models are assumed for the relaxation spectra, described by a finite series of power-exponential and square-exponential basis functions. The related models of relaxation modulus are given by compact analytical formula, described by the products of power of time and the modified Bessel functions of the second kind for the time spectrum, and by recurrence formulas based on products of power of time and complementary error functions for frequency spectrum. The basis functions are non-negative. In result, the identification task was reduced to a finite-dimensional linear-quadratic problem with non-negative unknown model parameters. To stabilize the solution, an additional smoothing constraint is introduced. Dual approach was used to solve the stated optimal identification task resulting in the hierarchical two-stage identification scheme. In the first stage, dual problem is solved in two levels and the vector of non-negative model parameters is computed to provide the best fit of the relaxation modulus to experiment data. Next, in second stage, the optimal non-negative spectrum model is determined. A complete scheme of the hierarchical computations is outlined; it can be easily implemented in available computing environments. The model smoothness is analytically studied, and the applicability ranges are numerically examined. The numerical studies have proved that using developed models and algorithm, it is possible to determine non-negative definite unimodal and bimodal relaxation spectra for a wide class of polymers. However, the examples also demonstrated that if the basis functions are non-negative and the model is properly selected for a given type of the real spectrum (unimodal, multimodal), the optimal model determined without non-negativity constraint can be non-negative in the dominant range of its arguments, especially in the wide neighborhood of the spectrum peaks.
Paleo-Sedimentary Environments and Controlling Factors for Enrichment of Organic Matter in Alkaline Lake Sediments: A Case Study of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in Well F7 at the Western Slope of Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin
Authors: Chen Gangqiang , Tang Yuantao , Nan Yuhang , Yang Fan , Wang Dongyong
Published: August 2023

The Lower Permian Fengcheng formation is a significant source of rocks and a reservoir for the Mahu Sag in the Junggar Basin. Recently, the paleo-environment deposition factors of the P1f formation have become a popular research topic. This research was conducted using data from the F7 well of Mahu Sag, based on the geochemical analysis results of TOC (total organic carbon), REE (rare earth elements), and major and trace elements of 53 samples from P1f (Lower Permian Fengcheng formation), and some deposition factors are discussed. The P1f deposition process was classified into four stages based on paleo-environment elemental indicators. This research describes the deposition process of the evolution of alkaline lakes. The early and preliminary stages of alkali lake evolution are considered as late P1f1 to middle P1f2; the paleoclimate of this process was dry, the reduction conditions increased, and the paleo-productivity and lake salinity were enhanced. The terminal stage of alkali lake evolution is considered as late P1f2 to middle P1f3; in this period, the paleoclimate changed with seasonal cycles, resulting in a decrease in water salinity and an increase in oxidation; the paleo-productivity of the alkaline lake was at a medium level. Until the end of P1f3, the salinity of the lake decreased, and the water body became anoxic and weakly alkaline. Furthermore, the research on TOC and sedimentary parameters confirmed that the deposition of P1f organic matter is affected by multiple types of factors. A relatively warm climate, lack of oxygen, fresh water–brackish water, suitable debris flow, and high primary productivity conditions promoted organic matter deposition.
Buddhism, Wealth, and Privilege: Ambedkar and Habermas
Authors: San Pisith , Drechsler Wolfgang , Shakya Shobhit
Published: August 2023

This essay compares key essays on Buddhism by B.R. Ambedkar and Jürgen Habermas vis-à-vis the issue of Buddhism, wealth, and privilege, and the respective statements again to what the Buddha taught, from a Theravada perspective. In doing so, it can be seen that Buddhism does not indeed endorse privilege in this world—but what seems to be privilege and inherited wealth are actual merits from a former life. Since these come with their own dangers, viz. attachment and not putting wealth to good use, wealth may be nice but not more. That someone is better than someone else because of birth and inheritance rather than action is, however, established as completely non-Buddhist, again and again, even by the Buddha himself.
Recitation of the “Buddho” in the Thai Forest Tradition and Nian-Fo in the Chinese Pure Land School: A Comparative Study
Authors: Lei Xiaoli
Published: August 2023

The Thai forest tradition, or Thai northeastern forest tradition, which originated from King Lama IV’s religious revolution, is one of the most important meditation practice traditions in Thailand. This tradition aims to achieve final liberation through strict meditation practice. The unique meditation technique they promote is the recitation of the mantra “Buddho”. They practice the recitation of “Buddho” together with an awareness of breathing in and out. This meditation technique seems similar to the technique of Nian-fo (recitation of Buddha’s name) in the Chinese pure land school; however, this article points out that these two techniques are quite different in not only their scriptural bases but also their methods practice and the results they bring.
The Chinshō Yasha-hō 鎮將夜叉法 and the Adaptation of Tendai Esoteric Ritual
Authors: Lin Pei-ying
Published: August 2023

This study aims to investigate the ritual of a peculiar scripture entitled Chinshō yasha-hō 鎮將夜叉法 (Ch. Zhenjiang yecha fa. “Tantric Ritual of Chinshō Yakṣa”). The Japanese deity Chinshō Yakṣa is a Tendai variation of Vaiśravaṇa (Ch. Pishamen/Jp. Bishamon 毘沙門), a heavenly king who vowed to protect Buddhism. The ritual of Chinshō Yakṣa is a major ritual in Tendai Esotericism. It has been traditionally accepted that this scripture was transmitted from China. Modern scholarship, however, suspects that this ritual is Saichō’s 最澄 (767–822) invention. This study examines the contents and characters involved in this ritual manual by comparing other ritual manuals of Vaiśravaṇa. In analysing its liturgical aspect, as well as its textual relationship with other ritual manuals, this paper illustrates how the Chinshō yasha-hō deviates from the other ritual manuals and evaluates the possible sources or origins regarding the formation of this ritual. Similar mudrās and mantras that appear in both the Chinshō yasha-hō and other texts were identified, implying that the Chinshō yasha-hō might have drawn from multiple sources. Moreover, judging from its similarity with Chinese Tiantai ritual manuals and other texts that were forged in the Tang dynasty, it is possible that Tang China and Japan saw a period of active ritual invention.
A Framework for Optimal Navigation in Situations of Localization Uncertainty
Authors: Orou Mousse Charifou , Benrabah Mohamed , Marmoiton François , Wilhelm Alexis , Chapuis Roland
Published: August 2023

The basic functions of an autonomous vehicle typically involve navigating from one point to another in the world by following a reference path and analyzing the traversability along this path to avoid potential obstacles. What happens when the vehicle is subject to uncertainties in its localization? All its capabilities, whether path following or obstacle avoidance, are affected by this uncertainty, and stopping the vehicle becomes the safest solution. In this work, we propose a framework that optimally combines path following and obstacle avoidance while keeping these two objectives independent, ensuring that the limitations of one do not affect the other. Absolute localization uncertainty only has an impact on path following, and in no way affects obstacle avoidance, which is performed in the robot’s local reference frame. Therefore, it is possible to navigate with or without prior information, without being affected by position uncertainty during obstacle avoidance maneuvers. We conducted tests on an EZ10 shuttle in the PAVIN experimental platform to validate our approach. These experimental results show that our approach achieves satisfactory performance, making it a promising solution for collision-free navigation applications for mobile robots even when localization is not accurate.
Emotional Intelligence in Spanish Elite Athletes: Is There a Differential Factor between Sports?
Authors: Mon-López Daniel , Blanco-García Cecilia , Acebes-Sánchez Jorge , Rodríguez-Romo Gabriel , Marquina Moisés , Martín-Castellanos Adrián , de la Rubia Alfonso , Cordente Martínez Carlos , Oliván Mallén Jesús , Garrido-Muñoz María
Published: August 2023

Emotional intelligence is a determinant factor in sports performance. The present study analysed differences in total emotional intelligence and its four dimensions in 2166 Spanish athletes (25.20 ± 10.17 years) from eight sports (volleyball, track and field, shooting, football, basketball, handball, gymnastics, and judo). A total of 1200 men and 966 women answered anonymously using a Google Forms questionnaire sent via WhatsApp about demographics and psychological variables. A Pearson correlation was conducted to assess the age–emotional intelligence relationship. An independent T-test and One-Way ANOVA were carried out to check for age differences between biological sex and sport and a One-Way ANCOVA to determine differences between sports controlled by age. Age differences were observed by sex and sport (p < 0.001). An association was found between age and emotional intelligence dimensions (p < 0.001), except for other’s emotional appraisal (p > 0.05). Judo was the sport with the highest levels of regulation of emotions, other’s emotional appraisal, use of emotion, and total emotional intelligence (p < 0.05). Generally, emotional intelligence was found to be more developed in individual sports than in team sports, except football. Consequently, psychological skills like emotional intelligence could be critical to achieving high performance, depending on the sport.
Modelling and Dynamic Analysis of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System-Based Intelligent Control Suspension System for Passenger Rail Vehicles Using Magnetorheological Damper for Improving Ride Index
Authors: Sharma Sunil Kumar , Sharma Rakesh Chandmal , Choi Yeongil , Lee Jaesun
Published: August 2023

The ride comfort and safety of passenger rail vehicles depend on the performance of the suspension system in attenuating vibrations induced by track irregularities. This paper investigates the effectiveness of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based semi-active controlled suspension system using a magnetorheological fluid damper in reducing nonlinear lateral vibrations of a passenger rail vehicle. A complete rail vehicle model is developed, including the carbody, front and rear bogies, and the passive suspension system’s nonlinear stiffness and damping characteristics are considered from experimental data. The passive suspension model is validated through experiments, and an ANFIS-based controller is incorporated with the secondary vertical suspension system to improve ride behavior. Three semi-active suspension strategies are considered under varying speeds and track irregularities, and their effectiveness is compared to the nonlinear passive suspension system in terms of rms acceleration, rms displacement, ride quality, and comfort. The results shows that the ANFIS-based semi-active suspension system with a magnetorheological fluid damper outperforms the passive suspension system and semi-active strategies in all tested conditions. There is a reduction in rms acceleration by approximately 11.11% to 23.64% and rms displacement by about 5.36% to 32.06%. Moreover, it significantly improves ride quality (9.20% to 31.02%) and comfort (9.96% to 31.50%). The rms acceleration and displacement are reduced, and the Sperling ride index and Percentage Reduction Index values demonstrate that the ANFIS-based semi-active suspension effectively minimizes the impact of rail irregularities and vibrations, resulting in a significant gain in ride quality and passenger comfort.
The Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Road Dust and Their Potential Hazard
Authors: Hishamuddin Nurul Hidayah , Khan Md Firoz , Suradi Hamidah , Siraj B. M. Zuhair , Islam Md. Towhidul , Sairi Nor Asrina , Tajuddin Hairul Anuar , Jamil Arniza Khairani Mohd , Akanda Md. Jahurul Haque , Yusoff Sumiani
Published: August 2023

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) found in the environment, posing significant health concerns for the population. This research aimed to assess the PAH levels in road dust near bus stops, identify their sources, and evaluate potential health risks. The analysis involved the use of a gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to measure PAHs and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) for source apportionment of PAHs. The results indicated that the measured PAHs concentrations in road dust ranged from 137.8 to 5813 ng g−1, with Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene having the highest PAHs concentrations. The study identified three main sources of PAHs such as oil spills, fuel combustion, and coal burning, determined through APCS-MLR modeling. Further analysis revealed that the aggregate incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children and adults were 2.16 × 10−6 and 2.08 × 10−6, respectively. Additionally, the hazard index (HI) for children exceeded that of adults, suggesting greater vulnerability to the potential health effects of PAH exposure. The findings indicate that long-term exposure to PAHs may negatively impact lung function and increase the risk of cancer and skin diseases. As a result, it is crucial for the local government to implement effective measures aimed at improving fuel quality and promoting green public transportation within the city. These initiatives may help mitigate PAH emissions and safeguard public health.
Hybrid Feature Extraction for Multi-Label Emotion Classification in English Text Messages
Authors: Ahanin Zahra , Ismail Maizatul Akmar , Singh Narinderjit Singh Sawaran , AL-Ashmori Ammar
Published: August 2023

Emotions are vital for identifying an individual’s attitude and mental condition. Detecting and classifying emotions in Natural Language Processing applications can improve Human–Computer Interaction systems, leading to effective decision making in organizations. Several studies on emotion classification have employed word embedding as a feature extraction method, but they do not consider the sentiment polarity of words. Moreover, relying exclusively on deep learning models to extract linguistic features may result in misclassifications due to the small training dataset. In this paper, we present a hybrid feature extraction model using human-engineered features combined with deep learning based features for emotion classification in English text. The proposed model uses data augmentation, captures contextual information, integrates knowledge from lexical resources, and employs deep learning models, including Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) and Bidirectional Encoder Representation and Transformer (BERT), to address the issues mentioned above. The proposed model with hybrid features attained the highest Jaccard accuracy on two of the benchmark datasets, with 68.40% on SemEval-2018 and 53.45% on the GoEmotions dataset. The results show the significance of the proposed technique, and we can conclude that the incorporation of the hybrid features improves the performance of the baseline models.
Towards a Sustainable Future: Evaluating the Ability of STEM-Based Teaching in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Learning
Authors: AlAli Rommel , Alsoud Khalid , Athamneh Fayez
Published: August 2023

STEM education promotes innovation and creativity and provides learners with the opportunity to develop critical thinking, problem solving, and analytical skills, which are all essential for sustainable development. When these skills are applied to real-world situations, they can help to address social, economic, and environmental challenges. STEM education can foster new solutions and technologies that contribute to sustainable development. The objective of this research was to ascertain the degree to which STEM-based teaching can attain sustainable development goals in learning, according to Saudi Arabian educators who have undergone training or have experience in teaching using this approach. In order to achieve this objective, a questionnaire was constructed, and its psychometric properties were validated. The findings of this study indicate that pedagogy based on the STEM approach possesses the capacity to realize sustainable development goals in learning. The goals were ranked based on the degree of effectiveness of STEM-based teaching in achieving them, with the highest average score being obtained for the goal of ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and enhancing lifelong learning opportunities for all, while the lowest average was obtained for the goal of total elimination of hunger. Consequently, this study recommends the adoption of STEM-based teaching as a pedagogical approach that can facilitate the achievement of sustainable development goals in learning over the long term.
How to Evaluate Ecological Civilization Construction and Its Regional Differences: Evidence from China
Authors: Yan Xiaohan , Sun Qun
Published: August 2023

Ecological civilization construction (ECC) has positive significance for the sustainable development of China, and it has specific Chinese characteristics. This paper design an index system of ECC based on environmental, societal and economic dimensions. Panel data for the 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021 were collected from the statistical yearbook released by the Chinese government, and then we evaluated ecological civilization construction by using the entropy TOPSIS method and the coefficient of variation. This paper’s findings are as follows: firstly, the level of ECC in China presents a rising trend, with the level of ECC in China riing from 0.355 in 2012 to 0.553 in 2021. Secondly, China’s ECC has experienced three stages: a rapid rise period (2013–2016), a gradual decline period (2017–2019) and a steady rise period (2020–2021). Thirdly, the level of ECC in China is high in the central region and low in the eastern region and western region. Fourth, the dispersion degree of ECC in the 30 provinces of China first reduced and then expanded, and the dispersion degree of ECC ranges from high to low in the eastern region, western region and central region, respectively. Fifth, although there is a regional imbalance in the level of ecological civilization construction in different regions of China, their coefficients of variation from 2012 to 2021 are less than 0.2. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to improve ECC based on research findings.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Enterprise Social Media in Digital Economy: Research Hotspots and Trends
Authors: Zhang Wen , Yang Yuting , Liang Huigang
Published: August 2023

With the rise of the digital economy, new business models have expedited the progress of corporate digital transformation. The mobile internet era has made enterprise social media a popular tool for employee communication. Summarizing the development and trends of enterprise social media research is beneficial for identifying future research topics. This paper analyzes the literature from the Web of Science core collection database and employs CiteSpace software to develop a scientific knowledge map, providing a visual analysis of the literature on enterprise social media in the context of the digital economy. The paper presents the research hotspots and evolutionary paths of enterprise social media, thereby clarifying the future development trends in this field. The study reveals that there is a relatively limited amount of literature on this topic, and collaboration among authors is not strong. Most research is conducted by higher education institutions in China and the United States. The research hotspots revolve around the theme of enterprise social media, covering topics such as knowledge sharing, communication, and performance. The research themes have undergone a transition from singularity to diversity. Finally, this paper proposes future research prospects in three areas: the human–computer collaborative model against the backdrop of artificial intelligence, user privacy disclosure and protection, and the impact of enterprise social media usage on the mental and physical health of employees. These prospects aim to provide valuable insights for subsequent research endeavors.
Fertilizers Containing Balanced Proportions of NH4+-N and NO3−-N Enhance Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield Due to Improved Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency
Authors: Masood Sajid , Suleman Muhammad , Hussain Sajid , Jamil Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad , Siddiqui Manzer H. , Nazar Rizwan , Khan Naseerullah , Jehan Sarvet , Khan Khalid Saifullah , Tahir Muhammad
Published: August 2023

The current study aimed to improve the nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) of maize under the application of balanced proportions of ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) (1:1), as well as to determine economic impacts of such fertilizers on maize productivity. A 3-year field study was carried out in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan during the 2018–2020 growing seasons with autumn maize. In parallel, multi-location field experiments were conducted at farmer’s fields in Sahiwal during the same growing seasons with autumn maize. The trials compared the effects of different fertilizers like urea, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), Sarsabz nitrophos (NP), nitrphos plus (NP Plus), and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) on maize growth and yield, as well their economic efficiency. The results revealed that the application of Sarsabz NP and CAN increased the maize grain yield by 30%, 13%, 15%, 19%, 15%, and 9% as compared to the control, NP + urea, NP Plus + CAN, NP Plus + urea, DAP + urea, and DAP + CAN, respectively. In addition, the combined application of NP and CAN increased the total N and NO3−-N concentrations, whereas it decreased the NH4+-N concentrations in the soils. By contrast, NP + CAN increased the NH4+-N concentrations in maize leaves as compared to NO3−-N concentrations. Overall, the NRE of maize plants and the net return were higher under combined application of NP and CAN. In conclusion, CAN fertilizer increased the soil NO3−-N concentrations, which thus assimilated in the plants as NH4+ and improved the NRE of maize. Improved NRE thus enhanced maize yield and resulted in the maximum net return as compared to all other fertilizer combinations.
Attitudes and Behaviour towards More Sustainable Travel Options in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Emerging Social Change?
Authors: Alturif Ghada , Saleh Wafaa
Published: August 2023

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is known for its high car ownership and usage and its high GDP per capita. This, combined with a low provision of public transportation (PT) systems, has resulted in perceptual attitudes of high dependency on private car travel. The level of awareness of the benefits of reducing car use and increasing travel by more sustainable options has a great impact on social change and behaviour. The Kingdom is currently progressing towards a new phase of “national reform” through implementation of strategic sustainable programs. Riyadh city is constructing a massive metro-system, which is nearing completion and operation. The public is aware of the national agenda, the construction of transportation projects, and of the social changes needed to realize the new vision of the country. This paper aims to assess travel behaviours and attitudes of Saudi nationals towards public transportation. A discrete choice model of the intent to use public transportation is calibrated as a function of social and attitudinal factors, using online survey data. The analysis was carried out using an ordered logit model (OLR) which is derived from the theory of random utility. The results show that, overall, a higher support for public transportation modes was stated by young females, lower income groups, and university graduates. The level of awareness of the national agenda appears to be increasing the level of support for public transportation. The paper is the first investigation of willingness to use public transportation in Riyadh, at a crucial time of national reform; the choice of mode of travel appears to be determined by the travellers’ social and economic characteristics and the level of awareness of the country’s agenda.
Integrating Absolute Sustainability and Social Sustainability in the Digital Product Passport to Promote Industry 5.0
Authors: Panza Luigi , Bruno Giulia , Lombardi Franco
Published: August 2023

The establishment of the digital product passport is regarded to be a prominent tool to promote environmental and social sustainability, thus enabling the transition towards Industry 5.0. In this way, it represents a holistic tool for the decision-making process of several actors of a product’s value chain. However, its development is still ongoing and the absolute perspective of environmental sustainability and the social sustainability have been overlooked. The present work aims to fill these gaps and complement the literature currently available on the digital product passport with a threefold purpose. Firstly, by referring to social life cycle assessment methodologies, useful social indicators to include in the digital product passport are discussed and proposed. Secondly, the need for an absolute perspective of environmental sustainability that respects the natural limits of our planet is presented; based on the LCA methodology and the Planetary Boundaries framework, environmental attributes and environmental impact indicators with the corresponding threshold are proposed to be included in the passport and enable the so-called absolute environmental sustainability assessment of products. Finally, a framework based on a cyber-physical system for filling in the digital product passport throughout a product lifecycle is conceived. This work represents an example of how the hallmark technologies of Industry 4.0 can be used towards Industry 5.0.
Sustainability Implications of Current Approaches to End-of-Life of Wind Turbine Blades—A Review
Authors: Delaney Emma L. , Leahy Paul G. , McKinley Jennifer M. , Gentry T. Russell , Nagle Angela J. , Elberling Jeffrey , Bank Lawrence C.
Published: August 2023

In recent years, the sustainability of wind power has been called into question because there are currently no truly sustainable solutions to the problem of how to deal with the non-biodegradable fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite wind blades (sometimes referred to as “wings”) that capture the wind energy. The vast majority of wind blades that have reached their end-of-life (EOL) currently end up in landfills (either in full-sized pieces or pulverized into smaller pieces) or are incinerated. The problem has come to a head in recent years since many countries (especially in the EU) have outlawed, or expect to outlaw in the near future, one or both of these unsustainable and polluting disposal methods. An increasing number of studies have addressed the issue of EOL blade “waste”; however, these studies are generally of little use since they make predictions that do not account for the manner in which wind blades are decommissioned (from the time the decision is made to retire a turbine (or a wind farm) to the eventual disposal or recycling of all of its components). This review attempts to lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the decommissioning process by defining how the different EOL solutions to the problem of the blade “waste” do or do not lead to “sustainable decommissioning”. The hope is that by better defining the different EOL solutions and their decommissioning pathways, a more rigorous research base for future studies of the wind blade EOL problem will be possible. This paper reviews the prior studies on wind blade EOL and divides them into a number of categories depending on the focus that the original authors chose for their EOL assessment. This paper also reviews the different methods chosen by researchers to predict the quantities of future blade waste and shows that depending on the choice of method, predictions can be different by orders of magnitude, which is not good as this can be exploited by unscrupulous parties. The paper then reviews what different researchers define as the “recycling” of wind blades and shows that depending on the definition, the percentage of how much material is actually recycled is vastly different, which is also not good and can be exploited by unscrupulous parties. Finally, using very recent proprietary data (December 2022), the paper illustrates how the different definitions and methods affect predictions on global EOL quantities and recycling rates.
Challenges and Obstacles to Dairy Consumption in Iran from Stakeholders’ Perspectives Using a Food System Approach
Authors: Roustaee Roshanak , Rafiee Hamed , Ghodsi Delaram , Omidvar Nasrin , Hosseini Hedayat , Toorang Fatemeh , Eini-Zinab Hassan
Published: August 2023

Background: Despite the potential benefits of increased dairy consumption for a sustainable diet among Iranians, low levels of dairy consumption and its decreasing trend have raised serious concerns. This study used the food systems approach to identify macro-level factors contributing to low dairy consumption in Iran. Materials and methods: In-depth interviews with 39 key informants and stakeholders from various sub-systems of the dairy food system were conducted from December 2021 to November 2022. The data analysis was conducted simultaneously with data collection, using a deductive–inductive content analysis approach. Results: The main challenges identified in the production and processing subsystems included the unsustainable development of a milk and dairy production system, high production and distribution costs, and an inconsistent quality of products. In the consumption subsystem, challenges were a reduced purchasing power of consumers, doubts about the necessity of dairy consumption, and concerns about safety risks. These challenges were further compounded by some other challenges in the dairy food system and contextual challenges such as economic instability, government sectoral policies, and Iran’s hot and semi-arid climate. Conclusion: Policy makers must revise the dairy industry’s structure, policies, and activities, and consider utilizing local livestock and feed production systems. Pricing policies should be reformed, subsidies provided for low-income groups, and promotion programs developed to enhance the public awareness of dairy’s nutritional value and safety. Independent quality control agencies should be established, and a comprehensive approach to promote good governance and improve the policy-making process should be adopted.
Interaction of Filth Flies and Epigeal Arthropods with Soil Nitrogen and Gas Emissions in Grazing Systems under a Legacy of Low Fertilization
Authors: Espinoza Natalia , Franklin Dorcas H. , Cabrera Miguel , Hinkle Nancy C. , Stewart Lawton , Subedi Anish
Published: August 2023

During the summers of 2021 and 2022, we conducted a study in four Georgia Piedmont pastures to assess the effect of the presence of filth flies and epigeal arthropods on carbon and nitrogen emissions and soil nitrogen retention from lax rotational grazing systems under a legacy of low fertilization. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH3) emissions were measured from dung on days 0, 4, 8, and 15 following depositions. Soil and manure samples were collected on days 0 and 16 and analyzed for ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), plant-available nitrogen (PAN), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN). Manure samples were analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The numbers of filth flies ovipositing and emerging from manure, fire ants, and epigeal arthropods around the manure were determined. Our results indicated that more than 12 ovipositing filth flies per manure pat can reduce PMN by up to 14.7 kg of nitrogen per hectare, while an increase in the biodiversity and abundance of predators may help to increase PAN and PMN in grazing systems, as well as decrease the number of emerging filth flies.
Climate Assessment of Vegetable Oil and Biodiesel from Camelina Grown as an Intermediate Crop in Cereal-Based Crop Rotations in Cold Climate Regions
Authors: Karlsson Potter Hanna , Yacout Dalia M. M. , Henryson Kajsa
Published: August 2023

The oilseed crop winter camelina (Camelina sativa) is attracting increasing interest for biofuel production. This study assessed the climate impacts of growing camelina as an intermediate crop in northern Europe (Sweden) for the production of vegetable oil and biofuel. Climate impacts were analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA), while impacts on biodiversity and eutrophication were discussed. Three functional units were considered: 1 ha of land use, 1 kg of oil, and 1 MJ biofuel (hydrogenated vegetable oil, HVO). The results showed that dry matter yield over the whole crop rotation was higher in the camelina crop rotation, despite the lower yield of peas due to relay cropping with camelina. In the whole camelina crop rotation, fat production more than doubled, protein and fiber production marginally increased, and the production of carbohydrates decreased. Higher climate impacts related to field operations and fertilizer use in the camelina crop rotation, with associated N2O emissions, were compensated for by increased soil carbon accumulation due to the increased return of organic matter from the additional crop in the rotation. The total climate impact was around 0.5 kg CO2 eq/kg camelina oil when macronutrient allocation was used. The global warming potential was 15 g CO2 eq/MJ HVO, or 27 g CO2 eq/MJ HVO when soil organic carbon effects were not included, representing an 84% and 71% reduction, respectively, compared with fossil fuels.
Water Reuse, a Sustainable Alternative in the Context of Water Scarcity and Climate Change in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area
Authors: Cordeiro Sofia , Ferrario Francesco , Pereira Hugo Xambre , Ferreira Filipa , Matos José Saldanha
Published: August 2023

Water scarcity is a driver for society to rethink water management and change the paradigm of use to a fit-for-purpose approach—i.e., separating potable water for human consumption (drinking, cooking or personal hygiene) from all non-potable uses that do not require the same quality level. In this context, urban water reuse is a relevant tool for municipalities and metropolitan areas when dealing with pressure on water resources, among several alternative water sources that can be considered in a site-specific and integrated manner. Through the available literature and specific case studies in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, this paper explores the benefits and barriers of water reuse and intends to support local authorities in including water reuse in their water management strategies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper focusing on Portugal and the Lisbon Metropolitan Area that globally examines governance, economic, legislative and social aspects regarding water reuse and presents specific implementation examples covering potable and non-potable as well as direct and indirect reuse.
The Quantization of Gravity: The Quantization of the Full Einstein Equations
Authors: Gerhardt Claus
Published: August 2023

We quantized the full Einstein equations in a globally hyperbolic spacetime N=Nn+1, n≥3, and found solutions of the resulting hyperbolic equation in a fiber bundle E which can be expressed as a product of spatial eigenfunctions (eigendistributions) and temporal eigenfunctions. The spatial eigenfunctions form a basis in an appropriate Hilbert space while the temporal eigenfunctions are solutions to a second-order ordinary differential equation in R+. In case n≥17 and provided the cosmological constant Λ is negative, the temporal eigenfunctions are eigenfunctions of a self-adjoint operator H^0 such that the eigenvalues are countable and the eigenfunctions form an orthonormal basis of a Hilbert space.
The Role of Advanced MRI Sequences in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Adult Brainstem Gliomas: A Neuroradiological Review
Authors: Guarnera Alessia , Romano Andrea , Moltoni Giulia , Ius Tamara , Palizzi Serena , Romano Allegra , Bagatto Daniele , Minniti Giuseppe , Bozzao Alessandro
Published: August 2023

The 2021 WHO (World Health Organization) classification of brain tumors incorporated the rapid advances in the molecular, genetic, and pathogenesis understanding of brain tumor pathogenesis, behavior, and treatment response. It revolutionized brain tumor classification by placing great emphasis on molecular types and completely splitting adult-type and pediatric-type diffuse gliomas. Brainstem gliomas (BSGs) are the leading primary tumors of the brainstem, although they are quite uncommon in adults compared with the pediatric population, representing less than 2% of adult gliomas. Surgery is not always the treatment of choice since resection is rarely feasible and does not improve overall survival, and biopsies are not generally performed since the location is treacherous. Therefore, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) without and with gadolinium administration represents the optimal noninvasive radiological technique to suggest brainstem gliomas diagnosis, plan a multidisciplinary treatment and for follow-up evaluations. The MRI protocol encompasses morphological sequences as well as functional and advanced sequences, such as DWI/ADC (Diffusion-Weighted Imaging/Apparent Diffusion Coefficient), DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging), PWI (Perfusion-Weighted Imaging), and MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), which improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of BSGs by adding substantial information regarding the cellularity, the infiltrative behavior toward the v fiber tracts, the vascularity, and the molecular changes. Brainstem gliomas have been divided into four categories on the basis of their MRI radiological appearance, including diffuse intrinsic low-grade gliomas, enhancing malignant gliomas, localized tectal gliomas, and other forms. The aim of our review is to provide insight into the role of advanced MRI sequences in the diagnosis and follow-up of adult brainstem gliomas.
PFAS and Phthalate/DINCH Exposure in Association with Age at Menarche in Teenagers of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies
Authors: Cox Bianca , Wauters Natasha , Rodríguez-Carrillo Andrea , Portengen Lützen , Gerofke Antje , Kolossa-Gehring Marike , Lignell Sanna , Lindroos Anna Karin , Fabelova Lucia , Murinova Lubica Palkovicova , Desalegn Anteneh , Iszatt Nina , Schillemans Tessa , Åkesson Agneta , Colles Ann , Den Hond Elly , Koppen Gudrun , Van Larebeke Nicolas , Schoeters Greet , Govarts Eva , Remy Sylvie
Published: August 2023

Early puberty has been found to be associated with adverse health outcomes such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and hormone-dependent cancers. The decrease in age at menarche observed during the past decades has been linked to an increased exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Evidence for the association between PFAS and phthalate exposure and menarche onset, however, is inconsistent. We studied the association between PFAS and phthalate/DINCH exposure and age at menarche using data of 514 teenagers (12 to 18 years) from four aligned studies of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe initiative (HBM4EU): Riksmaten Adolescents 2016–2017 (Sweden), PCB cohort (follow-up; Slovakia), GerES V-sub (Germany), and FLEHS IV (Belgium). PFAS concentrations were measured in blood, and phthalate/DINCH concentrations in urine. We assessed the role of each individual pollutant within the context of the others, by using different multi-pollutant approaches, adjusting for age, age- and sex-standardized body mass index z-score and household educational level. Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), especially mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), was associated with an earlier age at menarche, with estimates per interquartile fold change in 5OH-MEHP ranging from −0.34 to −0.12 years in the different models. Findings from this study indicated associations between age at menarche and some specific EDCs at concentrations detected in the general European population, but due to the study design (menarche onset preceded the chemical measurements), caution is needed in the interpretation of causality.
A Multi-Layer-Controlled Strategy for Cloning and Expression of Toxin Genes in Escherichia coli
Authors: Vandierendonck Jessie , Girardin Yana , De Bruyn Pieter , De Greve Henri , Loris Remy
Published: August 2023

Molecular cloning and controlled expression remain challenging when the target gene encodes a protein that is toxic to the host. We developed a set of multi-layer control systems to enable cloning of genes encoding proteins known to be highly toxic in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. The different multi-layer control systems combine a promoter–operator system on a transcriptional level with a riboswitch for translational control. Additionally, replicational control is ensured by using a strain that reduces the plasmid copy number. The use of weaker promoters (such as PBAD or PfdeA) in combination with the effective theophylline riboswitch is essential for cloning genes that encode notoriously toxic proteins that directly target translation and transcription. Controlled overexpression is possible, allowing the system to be used for evaluating in vivo effects of the toxin. Systems with a stronger promoter can be used for successful overexpression and purification of the desired protein but are limited to toxins that are more moderate and do not interfere with their own production.
Solving the Mystery of Fast Radio Bursts: A Detective’s Approach
Authors: Zhang Bing
Published: August 2023

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are still a mystery in contemporary astrophysics. Unlike many other astronomical objects whose basic physical mechanism is already identified and the research on which focuses mainly on refining details, FRBs are still largely unknown regarding their source(s) and radiation mechanism(s). To make progress in the field, a “top-down” or “detective’s approach” is desirable. I will summarize how some key observational facts have narrowed down the options to interpret FRBs and show that at least some FRBs are produced from the magnetospheres of highly magnetized neutron stars (or magnetars). I will also argue that the current data seem to favor a type of coherent inverse Compton scattering process by relativistic particle bunches off a low-frequency wave propagating in the magnetosphere. This brief contribution is a shorter version of an extended review to be published in Reviews of Modern Physics, and it was written as a tribute to the 80th anniversary of Remo Ruffini.
Vaccines’ New Era-RNA Vaccine
Authors: Zhou Wenshuo , Jiang Linglei , Liao Shimiao , Wu Feifei , Yang Guohuan , Hou Li , Liu Lan , Pan Xinping , Jia William , Zhang Yuntao
Published: August 2023

RNA vaccines, including conventional messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines, have ushered in a promising future and revolutionized vaccine development. The success of mRNA vaccines in combating the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that emerged in 2019 has highlighted the potential of RNA vaccines. These vaccines possess several advantages, such as high efficacy, adaptability, simplicity in antigen design, and the ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. They also offer rapid and cost-effective manufacturing, flexibility to target emerging or mutant pathogens and a potential approach for clearing immunotolerant microbes by targeting bacterial or parasitic survival mechanisms. The self-adjuvant effect of mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations or circular RNA further enhances the potential of RNA vaccines. However, some challenges need to be addressed. These include the technology’s immaturity, high research expenses, limited duration of antibody response, mRNA instability, low efficiency of circRNA cyclization, and the production of double-stranded RNA as a side product. These factors hinder the widespread adoption and utilization of RNA vaccines, particularly in developing countries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mRNA, circRNA, and saRNA vaccines for infectious diseases while also discussing their development, current applications, and challenges.
Characterizing Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Clinical Characteristics in a Cohort of COVID-19 Patients Enrolled in the GENCOV Study
Authors: Morgan Gregory , Casalino Selina , Chowdhary Sunakshi , Frangione Erika , Fung Chun Yiu Jordan , Haller Simona , Lapadula Elisa , Scott Mackenzie , Wolday Dawit , Young Juliet , Arnoldo Saranya , Aujla Navneet , Bearss Erin , Binnie Alexandra , Bombard Yvonne , Borgundvaag Bjug , Briollais Laurent , Dagher Marc , Devine Luke , Faghfoury Hanna , Friedman Steven M. , Gingras Anne-Claude , Goneau Lee W. , Khan Zeeshan , Mazzulli Tony , McLeod Shelley L. , Nomigolzar Romina , Noor Abdul , Pugh Trevor J. , Richardson David , Satnam Singh Harpreet Kaur , Simpson Jared , Stern Seth , Strug Lisa , Taher Ahmed , Lerner-Ellis Jordan , Taher Jennifer
Published: August 2023

The GENCOV study aims to identify patient factors which affect COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Here, we aimed to evaluate patient characteristics, acute symptoms and their persistence, and associations with hospitalization. Participants were recruited at hospital sites across the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. Patient-reported demographics, medical history, and COVID-19 symptoms and complications were collected through an intake survey. Regression analyses were performed to identify associations with outcomes including hospitalization and COVID-19 symptoms. In total, 966 responses were obtained from 1106 eligible participants (87% response rate) between November 2020 and May 2022. Increasing continuous age (aOR: 1.05 [95%CI: 1.01–1.08]) and BMI (aOR: 1.17 [95%CI: 1.10–1.24]), non-White/European ethnicity (aOR: 2.72 [95%CI: 1.22–6.05]), hypertension (aOR: 2.78 [95%CI: 1.22–6.34]), and infection by viral variants (aOR: 5.43 [95%CI: 1.45–20.34]) were identified as risk factors for hospitalization. Several symptoms including shortness of breath and fever were found to be more common among inpatients and tended to persist for longer durations following acute illness. Sex, age, ethnicity, BMI, vaccination status, viral strain, and underlying health conditions were associated with developing and having persistent symptoms. By improving our understanding of risk factors for severe COVID-19, our findings may guide COVID-19 patient management strategies by enabling more efficient clinical decision making.