bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of different fractions of weathered pumice in the formation of humic-like substances
Authors: Miura A. , Fukuchi S. , Okabe R. , Fukushima M. , Sasaki M. , Sato T.
Published: December 2011

Polycondensation reactions between amino acids and phenols are one of the pathways for the formation of humic substances, and clay minerals are able to catalyse these reactions. To investigate the catalytic power of allophane, an allophane fraction (ALF) was separated from weathered pumice (WP) that contained imogolite as an impurity by taking advantage of differences in sedimentation velocity. The iron content in the separated ALF was increased by up to 3.0% compared to that in the starting WP (1.3%), and the ALF was further treated with sodium dithionate and citric acid (ALF-DC) to remove the iron. The catalytic powers of WP, ALF and ALF-DC were evaluated, based on the degree of darkening of reaction mixtures from polycondensation reactions between catechol and tryptophan, model compounds for precursors of humic substances. The catalytic power for ALF was significantly higher than the corresponding values for WP and ALF-DC. This can be attributed to the high iron content of the ALF, which serves as a Lewis acid that can enhance nucleophilic reactions which occur during the polycondensation reactions.
The early-Eocene climate optimum (EECO) event in the Qaidam basin, northwest China: clay evidence
Authors: Wang C. W. , Hong H. L. , Song B. W. , Yin K. , Li Z. H. , Zhang K. X. , Ji J. L.
Published: December 2011

Clay mineralogy and its palaeoclimatic interpretation of the early-Eocene (∼53.3–49.70 Ma) sediments at Lulehe, Qaidam basin, northwest China, were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The interval of ∼53.3–49.70 Ma, including the early-Eocene climate optimum (EECO) with isotopic events, was the transition period of “greenhouse” to “icehouse”. Climate changes during the episode were documented in the sediments and were expressed by the proportion of clay species and clay indices, as well as by the proportion of non-clay minerals, gypsum, halite and calcite. Our results suggest that a warm and humid climate prevailed over the period ∼53.3–52.90 Ma, followed by a warm and seasonally dry and humid climate in the period ∼52.90–51.0 Ma and a subsequently warm and humid climate in the period ∼51.0–49.70 Ma. Three warmer and more humid intervals were observed at 52.7, 51.0 and 50.5 Ma based on clay indices. The climate evolution in the Qaidam Basin during the period derived from the clay mineralogical study is in good agreement with the early Eocene global climate change, and the warm and seasonally dry and humid episode in the early Eocene in Qaidam basin is a regional response to the global early-Eocene climate optimum.
Fassinaite, Pb22+(S2O3)(CO3), the first mineral with coexisting thiosulphate and carbonate groups:d escription and crystal structure
Authors: Bindi L. , Nestola F. , Kolitsch U. , Guastoni A. , Zorzi F.
Published: December 2011

Fassinaite, ideally Pb22+(S2O3)(CO3), is a new mineral from the Trentini mine, Mount Naro, Vicenza Province, Veneto, Italy (holotype locality). It is also reported from the Erasmus adit, Schwarzleo District, Leogang, Salzburg, Austria and the Friedrich-Christian mine, Schapbach, Black Forest, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany (cotype localities). At the Italian type locality it occurs as acicular [010]. colourless crystals up to 200 μn long, closely associated with galena, quartz and anglesite. At the Austrian cotype locality it is associated with cerussite, rare sulphur and very rare phosgenite. At the German cotype locality anglesite is the only associated phase. Fassinaite crystals commonly have flat chisel-shaped terminations. They are transparent with vitreous to adamantine lustre and a white streak. Fassinaite is brittle with an irregular fracture and no discernible cleavage; the estimated Mohs hardness is 11/2—2. The calculated density for the type material is 6.084 g cm–3 (on the basis of the empirical formula), whereas the X-ray density is 5.947 g cm–3. In common with other natural lead thiosulphates (i.e. sidpietersite and steverustite) fassinaite has intense internal reflections, which do not allow satisfactory optical data to be collected; the crystals are length-slow and have very high birefringence. The mineral is not fluorescent.

Fassinaite is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with unit-cell parameters (for the holotype material) a = 16.320(2), b = 8.7616(6), c = 4.5809(7) Å, V = 655.0(1) Å3, a:b:c = 1.863:1:0.523, Z = 4. Single-crystal structural studies were carried out on crystals from all three localities: R1(F) values range between 0.0353 and 0.0596. The structure consists of rod-like arrangements of Pb-centred polyhedra that extend along the [010] direction. These ‘rods’ are linked, alternately, by (CO3)2– and (S2O3)2– groups. The (S2O3)2– groups point alternately left and right (in a projection on [001] with [010] set vertical) if the apex occupied by the S2– in the thiosulphate group is defined to be the atom giving the direction. The lead atoms are nine-coordinated by seven oxygen atoms and two sulphur (S2–) atoms. The eight strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines [d in Å (I/I0) (hkl)] are: 4.410 (39) (101), 4.381 (59) (020), 4.080 (62) (400), 3.504 (75) (301), 3.108 (100) (121), 2.986 (82) (420), 2.952 (49) (221) and 2.736 (60) (321). Electron-microprobe analyses produce an empirical formula Pb2.01(1)(S1.82(2)O3)CO3 (on the basis of six oxygen atoms). The presence of both carbonate and thiosulphate groups was corroborated by Raman spectra, which are discussed in detail. Fassinaite is named after Bruno Fassina (b. 1943), an Italian mineral collector who discovered the mineral in 2009.
A contribution to understanding the complex nature of peisleyite
Authors: Mills S. J. , Ma C. , Birch W. D.
Published: December 2011

The type specimen of peisleyite has been reinvestigated by a combination of scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Morphological investigation showed that mats of peisleyite crystals, individually <3 μm across, are intergrown with wavellite veinlets to form the white cryptocrystalline material that is typical of ‘peisleyite’. New EPMA data (mean of 12 analyses) gave the empirical formula of peisleyite as (Na1.69Ca0.18)Σ1.87(Al9.04Fe0.03)Σ9.07[(P6.28S1.38Si0.25)O4]Σ7.91(OH)6.66·27.73H2O, or ideally Na2Al9[(P,S)O4]8(OH)6·28H2O. The associated wavellite was found to be F-rich. Synchrotron powder data were indexed and refined and gave the following unit cell: P1̄, a = 9.280(19), b = 11.976(19), c = 13.250(18) Å, α = 91.3(1), β = 75.6(1), γ = 67.67(1)°, V = 1308(5) Å3 and Z = 4. These data are significantly different to those reported in the original description of peisleyite.
Bêhounekite, U(SO4)2(H2O)4, from Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal), Czech Republic: the first natural U4+sulphate
Authors: Plášil J. , Fejfarová K. , Novák M. , Dušek M. , Škoda R. , Hloušek J. , Čejka J. , Majzlan J. , Sejkora J. , Machovic V. , Talla D.
Published: December 2011

Bêhounekite, orthorhombic U(SO4)2(H2O)4, is the first natural sulphate of U4+. It was found in the Geschieber vein, Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) ore district, Western Bohemia, Czech Republic, crystallized on the altered surface of arsenic and associated with kaatialaite, arsenolite, claudetite, unnamed phase UM1997-20-AsO:HU and gypsum. Bêhounekite most commonly forms short-prismatic to tabular green crystals, rarely up to 0.5 mm long. The crystals have a strong vitreous lustre and a grey to greenish grey streak. They are brittle with an uneven fracture and have very good cleavage along ﹛100﹜. The Mohs hardness is about 2. The mineral is not fluorescent either in short- or long-wavelength UV radiation. Bêhounekite is moderately pleochroic, α∼β is pale emerald green and γ is emerald green, and is optically biaxial (+) withα =1.590(2), β = 1.618(4), γ = 1.659(2) (590 nm), 2V (calc.) = 81°, birefringence 0.069. The empirical formula of bêhounekite (based on 12 O atoms, from an average of five point analyses) is (U0.99Y0.03)Σ1.02(SO4)1.97(H2O)4. The simplified formula is U(SO4)2(H2O)4, which requires UO253.77. SO331.88, H2O 14.35, total 100.00 wt.%. Bêhounekite is orthorhombic, space groupPnma, a =14.6464(3),b =11.0786(3), c = 5.6910(14) Å,V =923.43(4) Å3,Z =4, Dcalc= 3.62 g cm–3. The seven strongest diffraction peaks in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are[dobsin Å (I)(hid)]:7.330 (100) (200), 6.112 (54) (210), 5.538 (21) (020), 4.787 (42) (111), 3.663 (17) (400), 3.478 (20) (410), 3.080 (41) (321). The crystal structure of bêhounekite has been solved by the charge-flipping method from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined toR1=2.10 % with aGOF =1.51, based on 912 unique observed diffractions. The crystal structure consists of layers built up from [8]-coordinate uranium atoms and sulphate tetrahedra. The eight ligands include four oxygen atoms from the sulphate groups and four oxygen atoms from the H2O molecules. Each uranium coordination polyhedron is connected via sulphate tetrahedra with other uranium polyhedra and through hydrogen bonds to the apices of sulphate tetrahedra. The dominant features of the Raman and infrared spectra of bêhounekite are related to stretching vibrations of SO4tetrahedra (∼1200–950 cm–1), O-H stretching modes (∼3400–3000 cm–1) and H—O—H bending modes (∼1650 cm–1). The mineral is named in honour of František Bêhounek, a well known Czech nuclear physicist.
From structure topology to chemical composition. XII. Titanium silicates: the crystal chemistry of rinkite, Na2Ca4REETi(Si2O7)2OF3
Authors: Cámara F. , Sokolova E. , Hawthorne F. C.
Published: December 2011

Rinkite, ideallyNa2Ca4REETi(Si2O7)2OF3, is a common mineral in alkaline and peralkaline rocks. The crystal structures of five rinkite crystals from three alkaline massifs: Ilimaussaq, Greenland; Khibiny, Kola Peninsula, Russia and Mont Saint-Hilaire, Canada, have been refined as two components related by the TWIN matrix (–1 0 0, 0 –1 0, 1 0 1)(Mo-αaradiation). The crystals,a =7.4132-7.4414,b =5.6595-5.6816,c =18.8181-18.9431 Å, β = 101.353-101.424(2)°,V=776.1-786.7 Å3, space groupP21lc, Z =2,Dcalc= 3.376—3.502 g cm–3, were analysed using an electron microprobe subsequent to collection of the X-ray intensity data. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of pseudomerohedral twinning in rinkite crystals. The crystal structure of rinkite is a framework of TS (titanium silicate) blocks. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H-heteropolyhedral, O-octahedral). The TS block in rinkite exhibits linkage and stereochemistry typical for Group I (Ti = 1 a.p.f.u.) of Ti disilicate minerals: two H sheets connect to the O sheet such that two (Si2O7) groups link to thetransedges of a Na polyhedron of the O sheet. The crystal chemistry of rinkite and nacareniobsite-(Ce) is discussed.
Jarosite–butlerite intergrowths in non-stoichiometric jarosites: crystal chemistry of monoclinic natrojarosite–hydroniumjarosite phases
Authors: Grey I. E. , Scarlett N. V. Y. , Bordet P. , Brand H. E. A.
Published: December 2011

Monoclinic, non-stoichiometric natrojarosite—hydroniumjarosite solid solution phases have been synthesized hydrothermally over a range of temperatures, starting compositions and reaction times, and have been characterized using Rietveld refinement of synchrotron X-ray diffraction data, and chemical and thermal analyses. The H atom locations have been obtained from refinement of neutron diffraction data on a deuterated sample. The results confirm a direct relationship between the monoclinic distortion and the ordering of iron site vacancies in one of two independent iron sites. Ordering of iron vacancies gives rise to domains containing butlerite-like 7 Å chains of corner-connected octahedra and tetrahedra. The formation of these chains within (100) planes results in an expansion of the monoclinic a lattice parameter and a contraction of the c parameter relative to stoichiometric jarosites. The results support a recent model for iron deficiency, whereby an iron vacancy is compensated by the replacement of four coordinated OH– ions by H2O molecules, with one of the H2O molecules coming from deprotonation of H3O+. The general formula, based on intergrowth of stoichiometric jarosite and non-stoichiometric, butlerite-like regions, is [(Na,H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6]1–y[(H2O)Fe2(SO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4]y.
The crystal structure of gatehouseite
Authors: Elliott P. , Pring A.
Published: December 2011

The crystal structure of the manganese phosphate mineral gatehouseite, ideally Mn52+(PO4)2(OH)4, space groupP212121,a =17.9733(18),b =5.6916(11),c =9.130(4) Å,V=933.9(4) Å3,Z =4, has been solved by direct methods and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data(T =293 K) to anRindex of 3.76%. Gatehouseite is isostructural with arsenoclasite and with synthetic Mn52+(PO4)2(OH)4. The structure contains five octahedrally coordinated Mn sites, occupied by Mn plus very minor Mg with observed  distances from 2.163 to 2.239 Å. Two tetrahedrally coordinated P sites, occupied by P, Si and As, have  distances of 1.559 and 1.558 Å. The structure comprises two types of building unit. A strip of edge-sharing Mn(O,OH)6octahedra, alternately one and two octahedra wide, extends along [010]. Chains of edge- and corner-shared Mn(O,OH)6octahedra coupled by PO4tetrahedra extend along [010]. By sharing octahedron and tetrahedron corners, these two units form a dense three-dimensional framework, which is further strengthened by weak hydrogen bonding. Chemical analyses by electron microprobe gave a unit formula of (Mn4.99Mg0.02)Σ5.01(P1.76Si0.07(As0.07)Σ2.03O8(OH)3.97.
Cossaite, (Mg0.5,☐)Al6(SO4)6(HSO4)F6·36H2O, a new mineral from La Fossa crater, Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy
Authors: Demartin F. , Gramaccioli C. M. , Campostrini I. , Castellano C.
Published: December 2011

Cossaite, ideally (Mg0.5,☐)Al6(SO4)6(HSO4)F6·36H20, was found in the altered pyroclastic breccia of an active fumarole (T about 350°C) located at the rim of the La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, Aeolian archipelago, Sicily, Italy. Cossaite is trigonal, space group R3̄, with a = 22.010(2), c = 9.238(1) Å, V = 3875.6(6) Å3, Z = 3. It forms stout prismatic hexagonal crystals up to 100 μm in size, terminated by rhombohedral faces, and is associated with thermessaite, vlodavetsite, sassolite and salammoniac. Cossaite is colourless to white, the streak is white and the lustre vitreous. It is not fluorescent in either long-wave or short-wave ultraviolet radiation. The calculated density is 2.075 g cm–3. The mean refractive index nobs is 1.49(1) (589 nm). Chemical analysis gave MgO 1.4, A12O3 19.5, SO3 34.7, F 5.7, (H2O 40.85, from structure refinement), O=F –2.4, total 99.75 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula Mg0.56Al6.19S7.01H73.37F4.85O65.15 calculated on the basis of 70 oxygen plus fluorine atoms. The strongest six lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern [dobs(Å) (I) (hkl)] are: 4.15 (100) (140), 3.87 (70) (32̄2), 11.00 (50) (110), 4.58 (25) (131), 2.770 (20) (3̄33), 2.166 (20) (1̄8̄1). The crystal structure was refined to a final R index of 0.0349. It contains octahedral [A1(H2O)5F]2+ cations and sulphate anions interacting via hydrogen bonds to form channels running along [001], where disordered [Mg(H2O)6]2+ cations and hydrogensulphate anions are hosted.
Anorpiment, As2S3, the triclinic dimorph of orpiment
Authors: Kampf A. R. , Downs R. T. , Housley R. M. , Jenkins R. A. , Hyršl J.
Published: December 2011

The new mineral anorpiment, As2S3, the triclinic dimorph of orpiment, has space group PI and cell parameters a = 5.7577(2), b = 8.7169(3), c = 10.2682(7) Å, α = 78.152(7), β = 75.817(7), γ = 89.861(6)°, V = 488.38(4) Å3 and Z = 4. It occurs at the Palomo mine, Castrovirreyna Province. Huancavelica Department, Peru. It is a low-temperature hydrothermal mineral associated with dufrenoysite, muscovite, orpiment, pyrite and realgar. It occurs in drusy crusts of wedge-shaped, transparent, greenish yellow crystals. The streak is yellow. The lustre is resinous on crystal faces, but pearly on cleavage surfaces. The Mohs hardness is about VA. The mineral is sectile with an irregular fracture and one perfect and easy cleavage on ﹛001﹜. The measured and calculated densities are 3.33 and 3.321 g cm–3, respectively. All indices of refraction are greater than 2. The mineral is optically biaxial (—) with 2V = 35—40° and no observed dispersion. The acute bisectrix (X) is approximately perpendicular to the ﹛001﹜ cleavage. Electron microprobe analyses yielded the averages and ranges in wt.%: As 58.21 (57.74–59.03), S 38.72 (38.33–39.00), total 96.94 (96.07–97.75), providing the empirical formula (based on 5 atoms) As1.96S3.04. The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [d (hkl) I] 4.867(002) 97, 4.519 (110,11̄1) 77, 3.702 (1̄1̄1) 46, 3.609 (022,11̄2) 82, 2.880(201,02̄2,1̄2̄1,023) 75, 2.552 (1̄13,1̄31,132) 100, 2.469 (114,130,13̄1) 96. The structure of anorpiment [R1 = 0.021 for 1484 reflections with F0 > 4σ(F)] consists of layers of covalently bonded As and S atoms. Each S atom bonds to two As atoms at As—S—As angles between 100.45 and 104.15°. Each As atom is strongly bonded to three S atoms at S—As—S angles between 91.28 and 103.59°, forming an AsS3 pyramid with As at its apex. The As—S linkages within the layers form rings of six AsS3 pyramids. Interlayer bonding forces are interpreted as van der Waals. The structure of anorpiment is similar to that of orpiment in that it is composed of layers of As2S3 macromolecules, but arranged in a different stacking sequence.
Occurrence, composition and paragenesis of the zeolites and associated minerals in the alkaline basalt of a maar-type volcano at Haláp Hill, Balaton Highland, Hungary
Authors: Kónya P. , Szakáll S.
Published: December 2011

Haláp Hill is an eroded remnant of young (∼3 Ma) alkaline basalt in the western part of the Bakony–Balaton Highland Volcanic Field, Tapolca, Hungary. Cavities in the basalt contain miarolitic minerals (augite, apatite, magnetite, plagioclase and sanidine), zeolites (analcime, chabazite-Ca, chabazite-Na, garronite, gismondine, gmelinite-Ca, gmelinite-Na, gobbinsite, gonnardite-Na, natrolite, mesolite, phillipsite-Ca, phillipsite-K, phillipsite-Na and scolecite) and other secondary minerals (calcite, smectite-group minerals, goethite and Mn-oxides). Chabazite-Na, gmelinite-Ca, gonnardite-Na, phillipsite-Na and phillipsite-K are reported from Haláp Hill for the first time. The Ca-rich and Na-rich zeolites and abundant calcite were produced by hydrothermal alteration. Mineral assemblages were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, energy-dispersive spectrometry and wavelength-dispersive spectrometry. The secondary mineral assemblages were probably formed as a result of low-temperature hydrothermal activity at 50—100°C. Miarolitic minerals crystallized first in cavities in the basalt; they were followed by zeolite-group minerals and calcite. Analcime and phillipsite with or without chabazite/gmelinite/garronite or gobbinsite were the first zeolite-group minerals to crystallize; gonnardite-Na and natrolite crystallized later from Na-rich fluids. Calcite and smectite-group minerals crystallized continually. This paragenetic sequence is similar to others which have been reported in basalt from other localities in the Balaton Highland, Iceland and Northern Ireland.
CO2 sequestration in basalt: Carbonate mineralization and fluid substitution
Authors: Otheim Thomas L. , Adam Ludmila , van Wijk Kasper , Batzle Michael L. , McLing Travis , Podgorney Robert
Published: December 2011

Geological sequestration of carbon dioxide in deep reservoirs may provide a large-scale option for reducing the emissions of this gas into the atmosphere. The effectiveness of sequestration depends on the storage capacity and stability of the reservoir and risk of leakage into the overburden. Reservoir rocks can react with a [Formula: see text]-water mixture, potentially resulting in the precipitation of minerals in the available matrix pore space and within pre-existing fractures. This induced mineralization may form internal seals that could help mitigate the leakage of [Formula: see text] into the overburden. For basaltic host rocks, carbonic acid partially dissolves minerals in the host rock, such as the calcium plagioclase mineral, freeing various cations (e.g., [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) for later precipitation as carbonate cements (Gislason et al., 2010).
Integrated numerical and laboratory rock physics applied to seismic characterization of reservoir rocks
Authors: Quintal Beatriz , Frehner Marcel , Madonna Claudio , Tisato Nicola , Kuteynikova Maria , Saenger Erik H.
Published: December 2011

A good understanding of the effect of rock and pore-fluid properties on seismic waves is necessary for the characterization of a subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir from a seismic data set. Information about the rock and fluids in the reservoir can be obtained, for example, through well logging and laboratory tests with samples cored from the wellbore. Together with seismic data, this information can be extrapolated for the entire dimension of the reservoir to provide valuable quantitative estimates for production. Additionally, this information can be extrapolated in time for monitoring the spatial redistribution of fluids during production. Making such space and time extrapolations more accurate using seismic data is the main goal of rock physics. For that, identifying and understanding the physical processes taking place in a reservoir rock at different scales is an important step and the subject of our article.
Simulation of elastic properties in carbonates
Authors: Jouini Mohamed Soufiane , Vega Sandra
Published: December 2011

Predicting the elastic properties of carbonate rocks is crucial for the oil industry. However, the standard models that estimate effective elastic properties in porous media have many limitations in carbonate rocks. One main reason is highly complex pore-space structures, produced in carbonates by diagenesis and other geological processes, which create heterogeneities at several scales. Recently developed image acquisition systems, based on X-ray computed tomography, allow description of the spatial distribution of grains and pores in scanned samples at high resolution. Numerical simulations can then predict the elastic properties using the geometry of each phase (grains matrix and pore space). In this paper, we apply a new efficient automatic segmentation technique based on bi-level thresholding to separate grains and pores phases in 3D X-ray CT scans. Then we assess the ability of a finite-element simulation technique commonly used on sandstones to estimate the elastic properties of carbonate rocks under different fluid-saturation conditions.
Integrated reservoir characterization of a fractured basement reservoir
Authors: Angerer Erika , Neff Pascale , Abbasi Iftikhar , Ghiglione Giancarlo
Published: December 2011

It is a considerable challenge to effectively develop hetero-geneous fractured reservoirs in complex structural settings. Here we present a case study of a fractured basement reservoir hosted in structural highs formed by fault-controlled blocks in a rift setting. A wide range of data were available to study the current reservoir. The seismic database includes a wide-azimuth data set, as well as an extensive set of derived attributes and structural interpretation. Azimuthal anisotropy, automatic fault detection, and rms amplitude proved to be most useful in the description of the fracture network, the fracture corridors, and a thin, permeable sandstone layer above the basement, respectively. An additional advantage of the wide-azimuth survey was that it provided an optimum illumination in complex structural settings such as the current case. To complete this large-scale data set, conventional log suites and image logs were acquired in most of the wells. Borehole image-log studies were conducted to interpret and recognize fracture features. Regarding dynamic information, flowmeter logs were acquired in addition to the production history. The main objectives of this integrated study were the creation of a conceptual model for well planning and to constrain the static and dynamic properties of the reservoir model.
Utilizing seismic-derived rock properties for horizontal drilling in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Rahati Sean , Al-Otaibi Hussein , Al-Shobail Yousef
Published: December 2011

The offshore stringer sands that are north of Saudi Arabia contain significant oil and gas, but imaging these sands has been challenging. The sands and shales do not have a sufficient acoustic impedance contrast to appear in normal-incident seismic data, and the sand distribution is too erratic and complex to be predicted with subsurface stratigraphic techniques. Simultaneous offset inversion was used to separate sands from shales in the prestack domain based on elastic rock properties. The results have allowed us, for the first time, to target the sands via geosteering horizontal wells to maximize reservoir contact. Furthermore, the underlying massive main sand interval is better delineated and shows structural and stratigraphic events that were encountered during drilling, but never predicted. These results will have a significant impact on the overall drilling and production efficiency.
GEOPHYSICS BRIGHT SPOTS
Authors: Sun Yonghe
Published: December 2011

The following are snippets from the current issue of GEOPHYSICS. I picked them from the papers with a picture or two that are self-explanatory and self-contained for making a point of interest. I would like to invite you to browse through the entire issue to get a full update on the latest developments in exploration geophysics.
Pavlov’s Podcast: The Acousmatic Voice in the Age of Mp3s
Authors: Pettman Dominic
Published: December 2011

The “acousmatic voice”—as famously defined and deployed by Michel Chion and Kaja Silverman—has in recent years unanchored itself from its cinematic context and become a free-floating aspect of the information age. We thus find ourselves adrift in a sea of solicitous voices without a visual origin or point of reference. The inherent uncanniness of the voice—whether it be the dog’s absent master, man’s distant lover, or woman’s internalized other—is normalized by digital technologies such as MP3 compression. Depending on the conditions of production, distribution, and reception, this serves to either further or obscure, or violently reveal, what I call (in the wake of Roland Barthes) “the aural punctum.” This article explores the importance of such detached voices for simulating, or even summoning, intimacy and presence in a time of long-distance relationships and time-shifted exchanges. As such, it asks what role the voice plays in the ongoing game of fort-da that underlies everyday human experience, and whether the ontological stakes change in different technological situations and environments. Paying particular attention to the gendered voice, this piece attempts to steer a middle course between the Lacanian “object voice” of Mladen Dolar and the intense focus on human singularity of Adriana Cavarero. Through discussions of the libidinal economy circulating within certain mythological tropes (Sirens, Swan Maidens, Narcissus/Echo, etc.) as well as an aesthetic genealogy of contemporary pop music, this article encourages a more sensitive ear for the sonic dynamics of the gendered acousmatic voice.
Speaking of Noise: From Murderous Loudness to the Crackle of Silk
Authors: Steintrager James A.
Published: December 2011

In 1997, Jacques Attali made great claims on behalf of noise in his book Noise. Noise would be a revolutionary force within music and, indeed, society—the name of resistance to symbolic violence and “channelization.” This essay examines what has happened to the discourse and the practice of noise since this moment. In the first part, the focus is on Michel Chion’s writings that deal with noise—both conceptually and linguistically—across a variety of media (including theater, film, and music). Chion’s work is exemplary of a movement away from noise as paradigm-shifting to heterogeneity and attenuation. The second part of the article examines how noise has been practiced as a musical—or perhaps antimusical—form in Japan and considers the possibility of extending Chion’s arguments about language, sound, and culture to the Japanese context. The article considers the noise artist Merzbow as a representative of the model of noise associated with Attali and the emergence a movement known as onkyou (sound) as a countermodel.
Cardiovascular disease: the new epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ikem Ifechukwude , Sumpio Bauer E
Published: December 2011

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is now facing a double burden of disease where patients are suffering from non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, along with the burden of the current human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Due to this double burden, cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and treatment has been overlooked, allowing the rates to continue to rise unchecked. A series of searches were conducted using PubMed as the primary database. From these searches, journal articles were compiled that related to diabetes, obesity and smoking rates in SSA. Also, the prevalence of CVD in the USA was reviewed. Although the USA has higher rates of CVD now, the rates were on the decline compared with SSA. Due to ‘Westernization’ of SSA, the rates of CVD risk factors, such as diabetes, are expected to increase by 50%. Because of this, 80% of CVD deaths worldwide took place in developing countries like those in SSA. Although HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the current epidemic in SSA, CVD disease poses a threat as the new epidemic because of the increasing rates of these CVD risk factors. Without combating this disease now, SSA is facing an epidemiological shift from AIDS to CVD being the leading cause of death.
From food, work and organization to the study of hospitality and organization: reconsidering the special issue of Human Relations, 61: 7 (2008)
Authors: Lugosi Peter
Published: December 2011

FROM FOOD, WORK AND ORGANIZATION TO THE STUDY OF HOSPITALITY AND ORGANIZATION: RECONSIDERING THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF HUMAN RELATIONS, 61: 7 (2008)
The origins of hospitality and tourism, kevin o’gorman (2010)
Authors: Durie Alastair , Tolia-Kelly Divya P. , Robinson Richard N.S.
Published: December 2011

THE ORIGINS OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM, KEVIN O’GORMAN (2010) Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers, xiii + 223 pp., ISBN 978–1–906884–08–6 (pbk), £29.95 EXTENDING HOSPITALITY: GIVING SPACE, TAKING TIME, MUSTAFA DIKEÇ, NIGEL CLARK AND CLIVE BARNETT
(EDS) (2009) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 128 pp., ISBN 978–0–7486–3890–1 (pbk), £16.99 KITCHENS: THE CULTURE OF RESTAURANT WORK (UPDATED WITH NEW PREFACE), GARY ALAN FINE (2008) Berkeley: University of California Press, 328 pp., ISBN 9780520257924 (pbk),
£15.95
Postcolonial transformations: From Emitaï (Sembène 1971) to Moolaadé (Sembène 2004)
Authors: Petty Sheila
Published: December 2011

This article explores the shifting geopolitical postcolonial landscape in African cinema and, in particular, focuses on Emitaï and Moolaadé, two works by Senegalese filmmaker, Ousmane Sembène. Emitaï dates from early in Sembène’s career and focuses
on the struggle of a Diola village in the 1940s as it attempts to prevent the French from drafting its young men and ommandeering its rice supply. Moolaadé is representative of Sembène’s later work and focuses on the resistance of Collé Ardo, as she struggles to
protect her daughter and three young girls from undergoing excision. Like Emitaï, Moolaadé frames its conflict within the endered space of the village and depicts women as crucial in initiating social change. From this respect, it is tempting to regard Moolaadé as a continuation
of the tradition of African ‘return to the source’ films that recoup traditional culture as the solution to Africa’s ongoing struggles. However, despite the similarities, Moolaadé evidences significant differences to Emitaï, especially in terms of its ideological
slant and its depiction of traditional culture. Thus, these two films offer the opportunity to consider how the early legacy of frican cinema is being reconstituted and transformed to serve new postcolonial African realities
The filmmaker-narrator as a reflection of/on postcolonial African cinema: Henri Lopes’s Le lys et le flamboyant (1997) and Assia Djebar’s La femme sans sépulture (2002)
Authors: Onyeoziri Gloria
Published: December 2011

This study examines the way that the postcolonial African filmmaker is represented in the fiction of two major African writers and cultural figures: the Algerian author, historian and filmmaker, Assia Djebar and the Congolese author, Henri Lopes. The partly autobiographical and partly
imagined filmmaker of authors such as Djebar and Lopes, is a complex figure of cultural and ethnic ambivalence, selfquestioning, and tentative self-awareness that reflects a continuing dialogue of cultural meaning and reinvention. This dialogue fuels these authors’ witness to the importance
of African cinema to the exploration of new forms of community.
Fatigue Crack Closure at Near-Threshold Growth Rates in Steels, Effects of Microstructure, Load Sequence and Environment
Authors: Schaper Michael K.
Published: December 2011

This paper summarizes long-term research on fatigue crack closure in several labs of the author. Various experimental techniques were used in different combinations. Primarily, a sophisticated dynamic compliance technique based on highly sensitive resonance vibration measurements and crack tip diffracted ultrasonic wave analysis is applied. Whereas the first method reflects the global through thickness behavior, the second method enables spatial resolution, which is achieved with a reduction of sensitivity yet has the advantage that the signal generation is independent on the stress state ahead of the crack tip. The results allow a coherent view into the effects of the stress state, material plasticity, fracture surface roughness, and oxidation tendency on the closure behavior and, therefore, on both the threshold stress intensity and near-threshold crack propagation. Specifically, the different load ratio, load sequence, and the environmental effects on the threshold values of ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic steels are addressed.
Wear of Mobile Bearing Knees: Is It Necessarily Less?
Authors: Haider Hani , Kaddick Christian
Published: December 2011

Some well-known mobile bearing designs have had truly excellent long-term clinical results. Their lower constraint and ability for some self-alignment might have helped reduce the shear forces and torques transmitted to the prosthesis–bone interface, thereby lowering the risk of loosening. However, the most commonly assumed benefit of mobile bearings is the reduction in wear due to less contact stress and reduced cross shear. In a rotating platform, wear can be reduced because the rolling/sliding motion is separated from the transverse rotational motion, which reduces cross-shear. Although it has not been categorically proven clinically, such lower wear expectations with mobile bearings might have influenced the thinking of some total knee replacement (TKR) designers and test engineers. This paper amalgamates invitro TKR wear results from two separate laboratories (in Nebraska and Germany) to present the largest data set ever published on wear, across the widest variety of fixed and mobile bearing TKR designs. Many hundreds of TKR samples were tested with largely similar methodologies using the ISO 14243-1 force-control method. These tests covered 133 different fixed and mobile bearing designs and materials, in total (bicondylar) and unicompartmental forms, and of a wide range of sizes. Clear differences in wear resulted with known superior bearing materials. This illustrates how sensitive and capable of discriminating between low and high wearing implants the force-control wear testing methodology is. However, between both labs, and across all tests, no statistically significant differences were found in wear overall between fixed and mobile bearings. Therefore, the wear of mobile bearing knees is not necessarily less than that of fixed bearings. In both, it depends on the detailed design and materials of the TKR. Testing appears to be necessary with all implant designs, regardless of the history of clinically successful predicates of seemingly similar generic design.
Inconsistencies in Guidelines for Visual Health Surveillance of VDT Workers
Authors: SeguÍ María del Mar , Ronda Elena , Wimpenny Peter
Published: December 2011

Inconsistencies in Guidelines for Visual Health Surveillance of VDT Workers: María del Mar SEGUÍ, et al. Optic, Pharmacology and Anatomy Department, Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, Spain—

Objectives

In Europe, 25% of workers use video display terminals (VDTs). Occupational health surveillance has been considered a key element in the protection of these workers. Nevertheless, it is unclear if guidelines available for this purpose, based on EU standards and available evidence, meet currently Accepted quality criteria. The aim of this study was to appraise three sets of European VDT guidelines (UK, France, Spain) in which regulatory and evidence based approaches for visual health have been formulated and recommendations for practice made.

Methods

Three independent appraisers used an adapted AGREE instrument with seven domains to appraise the guidelines. A modified nominal group technique approach was used in two consecutive phases: first, individual evaluation of the three guidelines simultaneously, and second, a face‐to‐face meeting of appraisers to discuss scoring. Analysis of ratings obtained in each domain and variability among appraisers was undertaken (correlation and kappa coefficients).

Results

All guidelines had low domain scores. The domain evaluated most highly was Scope and purpose, while Applicability was scored minimally. The UK guidelines had the highest overall score, and the Spanish ones had the lowest. The analysis of reliability and differences between scores in each domain showed a high level of agreement.

Conclusions

These results suggest current guidelines used in these countries need an update. The formulation of evidence‐base European guidelines on VDT could help to reduce the significant variation of national guidelines, which may have an impact on practical application.
Concepções de gênero, masculinidade e cuidados em saúde: estudo com profissionais de saúde da atenção primária
Authors: Machin Rosana , Couto Márcia Thereza , Silva Geórgia Sibele Nogueira da , Schraiber Lilia Blima , Gomes Romeu , Santos Figueiredo Wagner dos , Valença Otávio Augusto , Pinheiro Thiago Félix
Published: December 2011

O trabalho analisa as concepções de gênero e masculinidades de profissionais de saúde da Atenção Primária à Saúde em quatro estados do país (PE, RJ, RN, SP) a partir de duas perspectivas: os significados associados a ser homem e a relação masculinidade e cuidados em saúde. O estudo de natureza qualitativa é parte de pesquisa multicêntrica tendo por referência a triangulação de métodos. Foram analisadas 69 entrevistas em profundidade de profissionais de saúde com formação de nível superior. Os relatos dos profissionais (re)produzem a noção de que os serviços são "espaços feminilizados", o que se traduz no seu cotidiano por um reforço à ideia do corpo masculino como lócus do não cuidado em oposição ao corpo feminino visto como lócus desse cuidado. Sobressai a representação dos profissionais sobre os homens centrados na forte presença de um padrão hegemônico de masculinidade, que influencia o pouco envolvimento destes com os cuidados em saúde. A existência de um modelo estereotipado de gênero acarreta a (re)produção de desigualdades entre homens e mulheres na assistência a saúde e compromete a visibilidade de outros significados e expressões de identidades de gênero.
Tools for Screening for Interpersonal Violence: State of the Science
Authors: Haggerty Lois A. , Hawkins Joellen W. , Fontenot Holly , Lewis-O’Connor Annie
Published: December 2011

In recent decades, the prevalence of abuse against women, older persons, and persons with disabilities has become a major public health problem. Health professionals, urged by their professional associations to universally screen these groups, have employed various tools in an effort to identify individuals in need of help. Yet many of the tools used widely in clinical settings have limitations in terms of empirical soundness. This article presents tools used to screen women, older persons, and persons with disabilities as well as data on the reliability and validity of these instruments. These properties and the resources needed to reduce harm are important factors to consider before implementing screening. The article concludes with a summary of the risk–benefit issues related to the use of these tools and universal screening in general.
The Influence of Running Away on the Risk of Female Sexual Assault in the Subsequent Year
Authors: Thrane Lisa E. , Yoder Kevin A. , Chen Xiaojin
Published: December 2011

This study explores the sexual risk trajectories of female youths and sheds light on the long-term effects of running away. It evaluates whether running away increases the risk of sexual assault in the following year, which is after runaways return home. The sample consists of 5,387 heterosexual females between the ages of 11 and 18 years from the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Nearly one quarter (23%) of runaways report a previous sexual assault in contrast to 5% of nonrunaways. In a logistic regression model, childhood neglect increases the risk of sexual assault between Waves 1 and 2 by nearly two times. Poor mental health is statistically significant. Alcohol use doubles the odds of sexual assault. The risk of sexual assault is approximately three-fold for girls with a history of sexual onset and sexual touching in a romantic relationship. Running away increases the risk by nearly two and a half times. There is evidence that alcohol use and sexual onset partially mediates the relationship between running away and sexual assault.
Supporting Older People Living With Alcohol-Related Brain Injury: The Wicking Project Outcomes
Authors: Rota-Bartelink Alice
Published: December 2011

The Wicking project developed and evaluated a specialized model of residential care to support a group of older people living with alcohol-related brain injury (ARBI) and challenging behavior. The aim of the project was to determine the effectiveness of this model at improving participant life quality and well-being.
Emergent Approaches to Care Coordination in England: Exploring the Evidence From Two National Organizations
Authors: Hughes Jane , Reilly Siobhan , Berzins Kathryn , Abell Jessica , Stewart Karen , Challis David
Published: December 2011

For many years, there has been an international concern about the fragmented nature of health and social care services for vulnerable older people and younger adults. This article examines the implementation of two major policies in England designed to ensure frail adults and older people receive services appropriate to their needs. First, care management, which was introduced in 1993 and provided by local government, and second, case management, which was introduced in 2005 and provided by primary care through the National Health Service. An analysis of the implementation of the two policies is presented, and data from two national surveys are used to describe similarities and differences between the two approaches in terms of goals, arrangements, service characteristics, and indicators of integration and differentiation within care coordination arrangements. Both were designed to promote the provision of care at home as an alternative to more costly alternatives. Discretion within the policy implementation process has militated against the development of a more differentiated approach to care management in local authorities as compared with case management in primary care trusts and more generally, integration between the two. Future developments within both service settings will be influenced by the introduction of personal budgets.
An Investigation Into Clinicians’ Experiences of Integrating EMDR Into Their Clinical Practice
Authors: Dunne Timothy , Farrell Derek
Published: December 2011

This study was conducted in the United Kingdom at two major conferences to examine how therapists (N = 83) integrated eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) into their clinical practice. Data from a mixed methodology suggests that up to 40% of the sample experienced difficulties post-EMDR training. Results indicated that analytically trained and humanistic therapists experienced significantly more difficulties in integrating EMDR into the current clinical practice than integrative or cognitive behavioral clinicians. This study also ascertained that EMDR clinicians experienced workplace difficulties and challenges. Consideration is given to how the study findings may have implications for both the teaching and learning of EMDR and workplace issues.
Advances of Polymer Flood in Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Gao Chang Hong
Published: December 2011

The heavy oil resources worldwide are estimated at 3396 billion barrels. With depletion of light oil, we have to face the technical and economical challenges of developing heavy oil fields. The recovery of heavy oil reservoirs is often less than 20%, or even below 10%. Even though thermal methods have been successfully applied to many heavy oil fields, thin pay zones are not suitable for thermal recovery.

Based on past experiences, polymer flood is not recommended for oil viscosity over 100 centipoises. In recent years, polymer flood becomes a promising technology for heavy oil recovery thanks to the widespread use of horizontal wells. This paper highlights the research advances in polymer enhanced heavy oil recovery since 1977. Based on laboratory tests, polymer can achieve tertiary recovery of more than 20% for heavy oil. A few field cases in China, Canada, Turkey, Suriname and Oman are reviewed and analysed. Some field pilots have shown positive results.
Field survey of pollutants discharged from different types of residential area in the Yamuna River Basin, India
Authors: Miyamoto A. , Sakurai K. , Hiraide R. , Minamiyama M. , Fujiki O.
Published: December 2011

The Ganges River, one of the most heavily populated and urbanized river basins in Asia, is polluted by increasing wastewater influent and water-borne diseases are caused in the metropolitan area. This study focused on the Yamuna River, a major tributary of the Ganges. We determined the pollutant load per unit of urban area classified by the income of the residents to help design an appropriate sewerage system. In addition, a simple method of estimating runoff pollutant load was examined using data on pollutant load per unit and runoff coefficient.
Influence of hydraulic retention time on UASB post-treatment with UF membranes
Authors: Salazar-Peláez M. L. , Morgan-Sagastume J. M. , Noyola A.
Published: December 2011

A pilot UASB reactor coupled with an external ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was operated under three different hydraulic retention times (HRT) for domestic wastewater treatment. The aim was to assess the HRT influence on system performance and fouling. The highest concentrations of COD, total solids, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) in UASB effluent and permeate were found when the UASB reactor was operated under the lowest HRT studied (4 hours); although the fulfillment of Mexican Standard for wastewater reclamation was not compromised. This fact could be attributed to the higher shear stress forces inside the UASB reactor when it was operated at low HRT, which promoted the release of biopolymeric substances in its effluent. Besides, the fouling propensity in the UASB effluent was worsened with HRT reduction, by increasing the fouling rate and the specific cake resistance. Based on these results, it is recommended to avoid operating the UASB reactor at low HRTs (less than 4 hours) in order to control SMP and EPS fouling potential. The results presented also suggest that HRT reduction has a detrimental effect on performance and fouling.