bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disabled clients ‐ being aware of their special needs
Authors: Hudd Alison
Published: October 2010

THE Disability Discrimination Act 1996 requires that disabled people are treated no less favourably than able‐bodied people. As Alison Hudd explains in this article, simply being aware of the many forms of disability, and being able to cope with them thoughtfully and sensitively, can make a visit to the vet much less of an ordeal for a disabled client.
Blood transfusions in the dog and cat Part 1. Blood collection techniques
Authors: Knottenbelt Clare , Mackin Andrew
Published: October 2010

THE use of blood transfusions in veterinary practice has increased dramatically in recent years. Practitioners therefore need to be able to collect and administer blood safely when a transfusion is indicated. One of the major obstacles to blood transfusion in veterinary practice is the absence of appropriate donor animals. Identification of possible donors in advance of blood requirements allows life‐saving transfusions to be administered quickly and safely. Here, in the first of a two‐part article, the selection of appropriate canine and feline donors and the safe collection of blood are discussed. Indications for blood transfusions, the administration of whole blood and blood products, and associated transfusion reactions that can occur in dogs and cats will be covered in the next issue.
Magnetic resonance imaging and its applications in small animals
Authors: Dennis Ruth
Published: October 2010

IN recent decades human health care has undergone major technical advances, especially in the area of diagnostic imaging. Many pet owners have now, either directly or indirectly through relatives and friends, had experience of human scanning and other advanced medical techniques and expect the same technology to be applied to their animals. Although there is currently only one dedicated clinical veterinary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner in the UK, a number of referral services have access to human scanners, and it is highly likely that MRI will become available at the veterinary schools over the next decade, as it is already in North America. This article outlines some of the current uses of veterinary MRI. The aim is to help the veterinary surgeon in general practice to identify which cases are most likely to benefit from a referral.
Acquired feline oral cavity disease
Authors: Johnston Norman
Published: October 2010

FIGURES quoted in the literature over the past 30 years indicate that oral cavity disease occurs very commonly in cats as well as in dogs. Unless severe, disease often goes unnoticed or may even be ignored by owner and veterinary surgeon alike. In addition, it is clear that few animals with oral cavity disease actually present with a history from the owners of this. Both facts clearly indicate a great undiagnosed reservoir of dental disease and an untapped field of work for the practitioner if the subject is approached correctly. This article discusses the diagnosis and treatment of two common oral cavity problems ‐ periodontal disease and the chronic lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis complex of diseases. A later article will consider neck lesions and trauma.
AI in pigs: the production of quality‐assured, healthy semen
Authors: Glossop Christianne
Published: October 2010

THE use of artificial insemination (Al) in pigs as a means of widespread dissemination of genetic superiority at a reduced risk to health, and as a valuable aid to service management, is now well established. Al may be incorporated at any level of pig production. With appropriate timing and sufficient attention to detail, fertility results achieved by more traditional systems can be maintained or even exceeded. Al is in use world‐wide and in the UK the level of usage is approximately 25 per cent ‐ this represents significant growth since the subject was last addressed in this journal (Glossop 1991). Its successful application is of importance to pig productivity and the veterinary surgeon has a key role to play in terms of stud health and quality assurance.
Record analysis in mastitis investigation
Authors: Edmondson Peter , Blowey Roger
Published: October 2010

RECORDS play an important part in monitoring the incidence and severity of disease ‐ and mastitis is no exception. In fact, mastitis is one of the diseases where detailed analysis of the data can be used to help in control. Such analysis can prove invaluable when investigating herd problems due to a high incidence of clinical mastitis or a high somatic cell count. This article describes how to make the most of information which, in many cases, will already be available on the farm. Some worked examples and self‐assessment questions are provided.
Computers in practice ‐ are you making the most of the technology?
Authors: Belgrave Jos
Published: October 2010

LOVE them or hate them, computers and the technology associated with them are becoming increasingly important in veterinary practice. In this article, Jos Belgrave gives an overview of how computers can be used as a business tool, assisting in many areas from accounting and business management through to information gathering and continuing education.
Coping with the death of a partner
Authors: Openshaw Nick
Published: October 2010

THE death of any team member can have a dramatic and lasting impact, especially if it is sudden or unexpected. Any death is disruptive and can cause confusion and, just as every family should anticipate and put in place plans to mitigate the inevitable consequences of the death of a breadwinner, so should a veterinary practice. This article will look at some of the issues which a practice and partnership will have to address in the event of the death of a partner and how some of the difficulties may be avoided by forward planning.
Diagnosis of palmar foot pain in the equine forelimb
Authors: Gough Martin
Published: October 2010

PALMAR foot pain is a term used to describe chronic unilateral or bilateral lameness associated with the palmar third of the forelimb foot which is relieved by palmar digital perineural analgesia. Foot problems are a common cause of forelimb lameness; approximately 50 per cent of forelimb lameness cases referred to the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies are confirmed as being foot lameness. In first opinion practice the proportion of forelimb lameness cases related to the foot is likely to be even higher. Palmar foot pain has multiple potential aetiologies. This article aims to outline the general approach to diagnosis in these cases. Although a full investigation will be described, in practice this may not always be necessary. A second article, concentrating on the treatment of such problems, will be published in the next issue.
Making the transition from student to veterinary surgeon
Authors: Tufnell Chris
Published: October 2010

FOR this year's crop of new graduates, on the brink of their veterinary careers, there is no doubt that the coming months will be both challenging and stressful. But what are the specific problems of the transition period from veterinary student to practising veterinary surgeon, and how might they be addressed? In the following pages, the subject is explored from various different perspectives. To begin with, Chris Tufnell, a student at Glasgow veterinary school, outlines some of the factors that he and his peers will be considering in the search for their all‐important ‘first job’.
Feline toxoplasmosis
Authors: Lappin Michael
Published: October 2010

TOXOPLASMA GONDII infection is extremely common throughout the world. The seroprevalence in cats and humans varies by region and country, but is often around 30 to 40 per cent. Once infected with T gondii, the organism probably remains in the tissues of cats and humans for life. It is generally recognised by the medical profession and by many lay people that cats are ultimately responsible for the maintenance of T gondii in the environment by passing oocysts in faeces. Clinical toxoplasmosis can be severe in transplacentally infected children and in other immunosuppressed people and, hence, veterinarians are commonly consulted to determine the fate of individual cats due to the potential zoonotic risk. It is possible that some cats are euthanased needlessly because of a misunderstanding of the biology of the organism. The clinical manifestations in cats infected with T gondii are diverse, with both fatal and sublethal syndromes being recognised. However, definitive diagnosis can be difficult, and it is possible that many cases of clinical feline toxoplasmosis are misdiagnosed. It is, therefore, extremely important that veterinarians understand T gondii infection in cats for both zoonotic and clinical reasons. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the current clinical and zoonotic issues associated with feline toxoplasmosis.
Treatment of septic arthritis in calves
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: October 2010

SEPTIC arthritis is an important cause of lameness in calves, especially during the first eight weeks of life. The condition is caused by bacterial infection of the joints and, unless early diagnosis and effective treatment are instituted, severe, self‐perpetuating and potentially irreversible damage can occur. It was previously considered dangerous to introduce a needle into a joint either to collect fluid or to administer treatment. However, with care, attention to asepsis and appropriate analgesia, this procedure is now known to be safe and is an important part of the diagnosis and, in some cases, treatment of septic arthritis.
Establishing a system of modern management accounts
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

KEEPING track of a practice's financial performance each month is like carrying out a regular health check on a patient. What has changed since the last check, is it important, and does anything need to be done about it? Monitoring the monthly management accounts provides an opportunity to spot changes in a practice's health, whether an improvement or a deterioration, and to take any action which might be appropriate. In this article, Dixon Gunn explains how even the most computer‐shy practitioner can establish a modern set of management accounts.
Strategies for the control of parasitic bronchitis in cattle
Authors: David Graham
Published: October 2010

PARASITIC bronchitis, otherwise known as lungworm, husk or hoose, occurs worldwide, predominantly in areas with a warm, wet climate for at least part of the year. In Great Britain, the disease is most common in the wetter western parts of the country. Parasitic bronchitis has traditionally been a disease of calves in their first season at pasture. However, since 1993 adult animals appear to have become the predominant age group affected, in a period which has seen a marked increase in the levels of disease generally. These recent changes in the epidemiology of the disease suggest that it is necessary to re‐evaluate the control measures adopted.
Desperately seeking management expertise. . .
Authors: Haverson Roger
Published: October 2010

YOU are overwhelmed by the latest waste control regulations. You have got a VAT inspection next week. The employee that you decided to part company with last week is threatening action at an industrial tribunal. Your outstanding debts have never been so high, and your partner has just returned from a pet food company's seminar on practice health to enquire why you don't have a written business plan for the next two, three and five years…
Job share ‐ two halves make a whole lot more
Authors: Davies Claire
Published: October 2010

AS the proportion of women in the veterinary profession increases, there is a need to provide flexible working conditions to try to ensure satisfaction for all parties concerned. Here, Claire Davies describes the job share arrangement that she and her practice have reached and considers both the advantages and disadvantages that a job share has brought.
Diagnosing cutaneous food allergies in dogs and cats ‐ some practical considerations
Authors: Hill Peter
Published: October 2010

PRURITUS is an extremely frequent presenting sign in dogs and cats and is most commonly caused by ectoparasites, infectious agents, such as bacteria and fungi, and allergies. The normal approach when investigating animals with pruritus is to rule out parasitic and infectious causes first. After this has been done, veterinary surgeons often make a tentative diagnosis of allergy. However, to establish a definitive diagnosis that allows successful long‐term management, it is often necessary to determine whether the animal is suffering from a food allergy, atopic dermatitis or a combination of the two. These conditions are clinically indistinguishable and atopic dermatitis can only be definitively diagnosed after food allergy has been ruled out. It is therefore important that a rigorous and logical diagnostic approach is applied when attempting to diagnose food allergy. This article discusses the many problems and pitfalls which need to be considered before a successful outcome can be expected.
Suture materials and patterns
Authors: Niles Jacqui , Williams John
Published: October 2010

SUTURES are used either for apposing tissues or for ligation, and a variety of different types of suture material is currently available. Suture selection should be based on knowledge of the physical and biological properties of suture materials, an assessment of the healing rate of a particular tissue and local conditions in the wound. The ideal properties of a suture material have yet to be fulfilled by any single product on the market. The purpose of this article is to outline the properties of the available suture materials and to give an indication of when and how to use them.
Vaccine administration in poultry
Authors: Cargill Peter
Published: October 2010

THE most common cause of vaccine failure in poultry is poor vaccine administration. Surveys in the USA have estimated that 75 to 85 per cent of vaccine is maladministered in some way. Planning and attention to detail will improve disease control and therefore the economic performance of poultry. This article presents an overview of the principles of poultry vaccination.
Feline anaemia 1. Clinical signs and investigation
Authors: Ramsey Ian , Gould Sara
Published: October 2010

ANAEMIA is a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, concentration of haemoglobin or haematocrit volume and, as such, should be regarded as a clinical sign rather than a disease. The haematocrit of normal adult cats is greater than 0‐25 litre/litre. Although normal kittens have lower numbers of erythrocytes and haemoglobin concentrations compared to adult cats their haematocrit is still rarely less than 0‐25 litre/litre. Anaemia is a common presentation in feline practice and is caused by many different underlying pathologica,l mechanisms. The aims of this article are to describe the clinical signs and discuss general principles in the investigation of feline anaemia. A second article, to be published in the next issue, will deal with the differential diagnoses of feline anaemia.
Differential diagnosis of non‐parasitic skin conditions in sheep
Authors: Baird Graham
Published: October 2010

RECENT years have seen a revival of sheep scab in Britain, the spread of caseous lymphadenitis and the appearance of a new form of footrot. Statistics from the Veterinary Investigation Disease Analysis (VIDA) database show that twice as many diagnoses of ovine skin disease are made today compared with 10 years ago. With shepherds now more aware of the risks of scab, general practitioners are frequently asked to examine sheep with skin problems. Although different skin conditions can appear similar clinically, most are easily differentiated with the use of laboratory tests. This article describes the more common non‐parasitic diseases and the techniques most likely to yield a diagnosis.
Anaesthesia in sheep
Authors: White Kate , Taylor Polly
Published: October 2010

DESPITE the economic considerations, sedation and general anaesthesia are occasionally required to facilitate diagnostic or surgical procedures in sheep, especially in breeding rams and valuable ewes, and sometimes also in pet animals. Sheep can usually be physically restrained relatively easily and, in conjunction with local or regional anaesthesia, many procedures can often be accomplished without a general anaesthetic. However, for ideal surgical conditions and more complex diagnostic procedures, inducing and maintaining general anaesthesia is preferable and ethically correct.
Clinical diagnosis and treatment of problems in the late pregnant mare
Authors: Ousey Jennifer , McGladdery Andrew
Published: October 2010

PROBLEMS which are encountered in the late pregnant mare may originate from before conception but, more commonly, they result from developmental abnormalities of the fetoplacental unit which occur during pregnancy. Many problems manifest themselves in late gestation because this is the period of greatest fetal growth when maximum metabolic demands are made upon the placenta. Problems arising on the maternal side may also have adverse consequences for the developing fetus.
Infection of equine joints and tendon sheaths
Authors: Tremaine Henry
Published: October 2010

SYNOVIAL infection of joints or tendon sheaths by bacteria and other organisms can result in a potentially catastrophic inflammatory reaction. This results in permanent degenerative changes to the synovium, joint capsule, articular cartilage, tendons and surrounding structures, and can lead to permanent loss of athletic function or a life‐threatening lameness. Synovial sepsis is commonly encountered in all types of equine practice and early diagnosis and aggressive therapy are essential for achieving a successful resolution.
Budget 2000 ‐ implications for veterinary practice
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

THIS year's budget, which was introduced by the Chancellor on March 21, appeared on first listening or, indeed, on first reading, to be very complicated, involving a mass of figures and some facts. A number of previously announced changes came into force on April 6; for example, lp off the standard rate of income tax, taking it from 23p to 22p, and a starting rate of 10 per cent for corporation tax. As Dixon Gunn explains in his annual budget update, there were a number of aspects hidden in the detail which impinge directly on practice management and practice planning.
Use of anthelmintics in cattle
Authors: Taylor Mike
Published: October 2010

THE parasites of cattle can be broadly categorised into endoparasites, which include helminths, protozoa and some larval stages of arthropods, and ectoparasites, which include ticks, mites, lice and flies. Anthelmintics are used primarily for the treatment of helminth (nematode, trematode and cestode) infections although some broad‐spectrum anthelmintics are also active against endoparasitic and ectoparasitic arthropod species. This article describes the range of activity of the major groups of anthelmintics available for use in cattle, and outlines how these drugs may be used in the strategic control of parasitic bronchitis and, in particular, parasitic gastroenteritis.
Ultrasonography of the urinary tract in male sheep with urethral obstruction
Authors: Scott Phil
Published: October 2010

PARTIAL or complete urethral obstruction is a common condition of intensively reared male lambs (entire and castrated) and mature rams. Early recognition of clinical signs by the farmer and prompt veterinary treatment are essential to ensure a satisfactory outcome because irreversible hydronephrosis quickly ensues from urinary back pressure. Early diagnosis is also important to allow rapid implementation of control measures to reduce the occurrence of future cases. As discussed in this article, ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract can provide much useful information during the initial on‐farm examination.
Intervertebral disc disease in the dog 2. Management options
Authors: McKee Malcolm
Published: October 2010

THE first part of this two‐part article on degenerative disc disease in the dog covered intervertebral disc and spinal cord pathophysiology, historical and clinical features, differential diagnosis and diagnostic aids (In Practice, July/August 2000, pp 355‐369). This article discusses the management options, both non‐surgical and surgical, for cervical, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral disc disease.
Differential diagnosis of ascites in cats
Authors: Tasker Séverine , Gunn‐Moore Danièlle
Published: October 2010

ASCITES is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and is not a diagnosis in itself, but a clinical sign of disease. It can result from accumulation of transudative or exudative fluid, chylous effusions, blood, urine or bile. When a case of feline ascites is presented to the veterinary surgeon, a logical and thorough diagnostic approach is required to determine the cause. This article aims to provide information which will aid in this investigation. The pathogenesis of ascites is reviewed, together with historical and clinical examination findings, diagnostic techniques, and the major differential diagnoses.
Acting as a material witness
Authors: Laurence Chris , Newman Rachel
Published: October 2010

IT is almost inevitable that, at some point in their careers, veterinary surgeons will be presented with a case of neglect or cruelty which could result in the owner of the animal being prosecuted. A successful prosecution will often depend on the quality of the factual evidence provided in court. As Chris Laurence and Rachel Newman explain in this article, in order for a prosecution to proceed, it is vital that the veterinary surgeon who initially examines the animal meticulously records his or her findings.
Small intestinal surgery 1. Principles
Authors: Baines Stephen
Published: October 2010

DISEASES affecting the small intestine are relatively common in the dog and cat and surgical management of these disorders is frequently indicated. This article deals with the principles relating to small intestinal surgery and the preoperative management of the patient. Knowledge of the regional anatomy of the small intestine guides appropriate exploration and assessment of these conditions. An understanding of the normal healing process and how it is altered in disease states allows the rational selection of the most appropriate surgical technique for the management of these conditions. An article in the next issue will describe the relevant surgical techniques.
The annual report: a framework for business development
Authors: Clarke Carole
Published: October 2010

THE annual report is useful for the planning process and for evaluating the past year's efforts, and also as a motivational tool for practice staff. In this article Carole Clarke sets out a framework for producing this valuable document.
Conditions of the carpus in the dog
Authors: Whitelock Richard
Published: October 2010

THIS article draws together the pertinent anatomy of the complex carpal joint, and outlines the investigation of carpal disease in the dog. The aetiology, presenting signs and treatment options for orthopaedic conditions of the canine carpus are discussed.
Keeping up with employment law
Authors: Cronin James
Published: October 2010

OVER the past few years employee rights and compensation payouts have increased dramatically, and more legislative changes are on the way. All too often, employers are unaware of the changes until they are faced with an employment tribunal. Running a business and keeping up to date with employment and other law can be a strain, but it is essential that veterinary employers do so. In this article, James Cronin outlines some of the most important employment legislation and offers advice about how to ensure compliance with the regulations.
Urinary incontinence in adult bitches 2. Differential diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Moore Alasdair Hotston
Published: October 2010

ON presentation of an adult bitch with urinary incontinence, the most common diagnosis, urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence, is often assumed and medical treatment initiated without further investigation. However, there are a number of other potential diagnoses and alternative treatments which must be eliminated before a final diagnosis is reached and a treatment option chosen. This article reviews the principal causes of urinary incontinence in the adult bitch and outlines an approach to treatment. An article in the previous issue discussed the investigation of the condition.
Undertaking research in practice 1. Why and what?
Authors: Forbes Neil
Published: October 2010

THERE are many reasons why a veterinary surgeon in practice may decide to undertake a research project ‐ personal satisfaction or career progression being just two of them. Whatever the motivation, the project must be thought through properly before any commitment is made. In this article, Neil Forbes describes the types of research which may be carried out in practice and the background planning involved. A second article, to be published in the next issue, will discuss how a research project might be designed and conducted.
A practice‐based equine intern programme: a system of symbiosis
Authors: Greet Tim
Published: October 2010

THE needs of an individual practice change as it grows and develops to adapt to the challenges of a modern era. As equine referral work became increasingly specialised, Beaufort Cottage Equine Hospital in Newmarket found itself in need of able clinicians to perform some of the less specialised tasks, and oversee postoperative intensive care. In return, it could offer hands‐on experience under the supervision of experienced staff. So began the practice's intern programme. Here, eight years down the line, Tim Greet describes how the programme has developed.
Dystocia and postpratum complications in the mare
Authors: McGladdery Andrew
Published: October 2010

DYSTOCIA is a potentially dangerous condition for both mare and foal and must be treated as one of the true emergencies faced by the equine veterinary surgeon. The aim should be to save the life of the two animals. However, the mare's life and her subsequent breeding potential often takes precedence. This article discusses the diagnosis and management of dystocia as well as various postpartum complications which may potentially arise.
Coping with market changes
Authors: Grundy Martin
Published: October 2010

THE veterinary profession has never faced so many different challenges as it does at present. The changing requirements of clients across the spectrum, together with political and regulatory developments, play a major role in forcing practitioners to identify opportunities for improving the quality of the service provided. In this article, Martin Grundy describes the philosophy for coping with changes in the marketplace which proved successful in the practice in which he worked for almost 30 years.
Budget 2001 ‐ implications for veterinary practice
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

A YEAR ago, in his summary of the Chancellor's Budget, Dixon Gunn commented that the facts and figures were complicated and included many alterations already forecast in previous statements. This year, he says, the same principle applies. However, there is still scope for the efficient veterinary practice to benefit.
Essential insurance for young graduates
Authors: Gunn Dixon , Ware Stephen
Published: October 2010

THERE is a plethora of insurance cover that the new graduate needs to consider. Of course, insurance does not apply only to the new graduate. All assistants or locums should also give some thought to the types of insurance discussed in this article.
Employers' obligations under the stakeholder pension legislation
Authors: Hodgetts David
Published: October 2010

STAKEHOLDER pensions were introduced by the Government in April this year. With effect from October, many employers will be legally obliged to offer their employees access to a stakeholder scheme. In this article, David Hodgetts explains some of the background behind the new pension option and outlines the employer's legal obligations.
Diagnosis and management of chylothorax in dogs and cats
Authors: Sturgess Kit
Published: October 2010

CHYLOTHORAX is relatively uncommon in cats and rare in dogs. It is caused by a variety of disease processes, resulting in a complicated condition that is poorly understood and can be frustrating to treat. Successful resolution usually involves determining and treating the underlying cause. This article outlines the causes of chylothorax and discusses the approach to diagnosis and management of the disease in small animal patients.
Differential diagnosis of dysuria in the adult horse
Authors: Chandler Keith
Published: October 2010

DYSURIA is painful or difficult urination and, generally, is an uncommon presenting sign in the adult horse. Normal horses may grunt on urination and hold the stance adopted for micturition for a minute or so afterwards; owners will often misinterpret this behaviour as a sign of urinary tract disease. In addition, normal horse urine can vary in colour and consistency from pale, clear and yellow to thick, cloudy and mucoid. Upper urinary tract disease is not common in the horse and rarely causes dysuria. Ascending urinary tract infections also do not occur very often because of the anatomical barrier between the bladder and the ureter in the horse. However, when the bladder is distended due to paralysis or some other obstruction it is possible that urine may reflux into the ureter. This article discusses the major differential diagnoses of dysuria in the horse and outlines an approach to management of the condition.
Broadening horizons, forging links: working as a volunteer overseas
Authors: Reece Jack
Published: October 2010

TAKING time out of day‐to‐day practice life and working overseas as a volunteer veterinary surgeon offers opportunities for broadening horizons, gaining experience with unfamiliar species, making new friends and, perhaps, reflecting on one's career to date. Here, Jack Reece explains how he became involved with the Help in Suffering animal welfare charity in India, and describes some of the ins and outs of life as a volunteer.
Choosing a financial adviser ‐ who would you trust with your money?
Authors: Dodds Julie
Published: October 2010

GETTING the best advice on your financial affairs can be difficult. Nowadays, everyone ‐ from banks, building societies, accountants and solicitors to the local supermarket ‐ is offering financial advice. It can be difficult to know where to turn and who to trust. In this article, Julie Dodds discusses what to bear in mind when choosing a financial adviser, whether for personal or practice needs.
Decision making in the management of pelvic fractures in small animals
Authors: Miller Andrew
Published: October 2010

THE pelvis is a rigid, box‐like structure that requires major extrinsic forces to fracture. Consequently, most pelvic fractures are associated with a significant traumatic insult, usually a road traffic accident. Frequently, there are concomitant potentially life‐threatening internal injuries. These are often occult and should always be considered before any treatment of the orthopaedic injury is initiated. Treatment of pelvic fractures involves either non‐surgical or surgical management, depending on the type of fracture. This article reviews these treatment options and discusses the indications for each. In particular, it describes the management of those fractures which are likely to benefit from surgical intervention.
Surgical management of cryptorchidism in the horse
Authors: Bladon Bruce
Published: October 2010

ANY horse with no palpable scrotal testicles is potentially a cryptorchid, while a horse with only one palpable testicle is almost invariably a cryptorchid. In most cases, a horse with no palpable scrotal testicles is a gelding, but up to 15 per cent of cryptorchid cases are bilateral. Left and right testicles are equally likely to be retained, but while retained there is an increased incidence of incomplete cryptorchidisim on the right side. Cryptorchids can be further classified as inguinal, incomplete abdominal or abdominal, depending on the ultimate location of the testicle. Cryptorchidism is an inherited disorder and, although the genetics of the condition are complex and not completely resolved in the horse, the use of cryptorchid stallions is not recommended. This article discusses a surgical approach to the management of cryptorchidism; namely, preinguinal exploration and castration, and suprapubic paramedian laparotomy.
Making the right moves
Authors: Baxter Colin
Published: October 2010

AS successful practices gain more clients, business and staff, there may well come a point when they no longer have the space to accommodate everyone. The practice is then faced with various possibilities – principally, alterations to, or expansion of, the existing premises, or a move to new premises. Colin Baxter has, over the course of 20 years or so, experienced each situation. Here, he discusses some of the dilemmas and decisions that he and his colleagues faced along the way. On pages 157–159, Jacqui Molyneux recounts her experiences of moving premises.
ECG interpretation in small animals
Authors: Martin Mike
Published: October 2010

THIS final article in the series outlines a step‐by‐step approach to interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs) and describes the significance of the various P‐QRS‐T morphologies which may be seen on a trace. It concludes by providing practical guidance on recording an ECG and outlines the measures that can be taken to reduce artefacts on ECG traces. The first two articles in this series reviewed the electrical activity of the heart (Martin 2002a) and described the abnormalities associated with the conduction system of the heart (Martin 2002b).
Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle
Authors: Sheldon Martin , Noakes David
Published: October 2010

DETECTION of the non‐pregnant cow or heifer, as soon as possible after an unsuccessful insemination, is important to ensure good reproductive performance in dairy and beef herds. Pregnancy diagnosis is still the most common procedure carried out during routine visits conducted as part of a fertility control programme. In herds that are not part of such a scheme, pregnancy diagnosis is often one of the few routine procedures performed by veterinary surgeons. This article describes the relative advantages, disadvantages and reliability of the various methods used to detect pregnancy in cattle.
Investigation of polyuria and polydipsia in the dog
Authors: Ramsey Ian , McGrotty Yvonne
Published: October 2010

POLYURIA and polydipsia are two common presenting signs in dogs seen in practice. There are a number of causes and these can be divided into two groups: primary polyuria/secondary polydipsia and primary polydipsia/secondary polyuria. Some causes may produce clinical signs by more than one mechanism. Compensatory mechanisms that regulate water homeostasis mean that polyuria and polydipsia always occur together. Careful history taking and hospital monitoring are required to demonstrate polyuria or polydipsia. This article describes the approach to the investigation of canine polyuria and polydipsia, and discusses some of the procedures which may aid diagnosis.
Locomotion scoring and lameness detection in dairy cattle
Authors: Whay Helen
Published: October 2010

THE problem of high levels of lameness in UK dairy cattle has persisted into the 21st century and still presents a specific welfare concern. The mean prevalence of lameness seems to have changed little over the past decade and, although the relative proportions of lameness‐causing lesions may have altered over time, the resulting number of lameness cases appears to have remained constant. The upsurge in farm assurance schemes has brought about the opportunity for structured veterinary involvement in the active monitoring and prevention of lameness at a herd level through the use of herd health plans which require careful record‐keeping of lameness levels on farm and biannual locomotion scoring of the herd. This article discusses the role of locomotion and lameness scoring and describes how such systems might be implemented.
Anorexia in rabbits
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown Frances
Published: October 2010

THE anorexic rabbit poses a huge diagnostic challenge to the veterinary clinician. An understanding of basic rabbit anatomy and physiology in conjunction with dedicated nursing, prompt diagnosis and treatment is essential for a successful outcome. Despite the multitude of problems associated with treating rabbits, they can be very rewarding patients and deserve a high standard of veterinary care. This article describes the approach to diagnosis and treatment of anorexia in rabbits. Part 1 (In Practice, July/August 2002, pp 358‐367) discussed the causes and effects of anorexia in this species.
Sporadic milk drop in dairy cows: a new causal agent to consider?
Authors: Gunning Roger
Published: October 2010

THE term ‘milk drop’ is now in common usage to describe an acute fall in the milk yield of an individual cow or group of cows, often in the absence of other conspicuous clinical signs. An epidemic of milk drop may follow the introduction of a specific infectious agent, most notably Leptospira hardjo or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, into an immunologically naive herd. These agents may also be responsible for sporadic cases in herds where some degree of immunity already exists. Epidemic or sporadic milk drop may also have a non‐infectious cause, such as acetonaemia or ruminal acidosis. The list of potential infectious and non‐infectious causes of milk drop is seemingly endless but, in most cases, the fall in milk yield will be accompanied by at least one other obvious clinical sign, such as diarrhoea or respiratory distress. Careful clinical examination, supported where necessary by ancillary laboratory tests, is therefore required to establish a clear‐cut diagnosis. This article discusses recent evidence that has pinpointed influenza A viruses as being possible causes of sporadic milk drop syndrome in dairy cows.
Triple synchronisation of suckler cows
Authors: Lowman Basil
Published: October 2010

TRADITIONALLY, suckler herds have depended almost entirely on natural service, with artificial insemination only being used on small numbers of cows in a few pedigree herds. However, over the past few years, as commercial suckled calf producers seek to achieve greater economies of scale, interest in artificial insemination has increased. One approach is to use ‘triple synchronistion’ which allows up to three oestrous cycles to be synchronised for artificial insemination and, if carried out correctly, can offer considerable improvements in herd margins when compared with natural service systems. This article discusses the benefits of artificial insemination and outlines how a triple synchronisation programme for beef cows might be set up and implemented.
Surgery of the lower urinary tract in dogs: 1. Bladder surgery
Authors: Lipscomb Victoria
Published: October 2010

SURGICAL management of bladder disorders is frequently indicated in practice, whereas surgery of the urethra is less commonly performed. A thorough evaluation of the patient, including diagnostic investigations, and appropriate stabilisation are essential before proceeding with surgery. This article reviews the principles and preoperative management relating to surgery of the lower urinary tract and describes the techniques used in bladder surgery. A second article, to be published in the next issue, will outline the techniques used in urethral surgery and discuss the postoperative management of the lower urinary tract surgery patient.
Wound dressings unravelled
Authors: Anderson Davina
Published: October 2010

THERE is a myriad of wound dressings available on the market, each with a different function, and the ultimate choice of dressing depends on many factors, including cost. Some of these products have been developed for veterinary use, while others have been produced and marketed for human patients. There is no perfect wound dressing but, by understanding the way in which the different classes of dressings work, the veterinary surgeon should be better equipped to use these dressings cost effectively and to the patient's advantage. This article describes the characteristics and functions of the various types of dressings and outlines advantages and disadvantages of each.
Radiography of the horse
Authors: Butler Jan
Published: October 2010

WHEN preparing for radiographic examination of a horse, the projections required, positioning of the animal and centring of the primary x‐ray beam are routinely considered, whereas other aspects of the procedure, such as choice of screens and films, and processing techniques, can easily be overlooked. The ideal would be to select the best of each of the many factors that affect the quality of a radiograph when establishing a radiographic technique. Ultimately, however, the final choice is a compromise, as selecting the best option for one factor often has a negative effect on another. In deciding how to obtain the best images possible, the whole procedure, from positioning of the horse to darkroom technique, needs to be considered. This article provides guidance on some key aspects and draws attention to the requirements of current radiation safety regulations. Future articles will discuss radiography of specific anatomical regions of the horse, commencing in the next issue with the foot and pastern.
The ABC of PCR
Authors: Willoughby Kim
Published: October 2010

POLYMERASE chain reaction (PCR) analysis has become one of the mainstays of the molecular biology laboratory. Its strength lies in its ability to provide rapid, accurate results, and its high sensitivity and specificity have led to many applications, both as a diagnostic tool and in clinical research. In veterinary medicine, PCR techniques are usually used to detect infectious diseases or to screen animals for specific genetic conditions. It should be emphasised, however, that as with any other laboratory method, PCR results should be interpreted in the light of the clinical findings. This article explains the basic principles of PCR and discusses its benefits and limitations. It also explores the current and potential future uses of this essentially simple, but very powerful, molecular test.
Branching out as a means of practice expansion
Authors: Matkin Clive
Published: October 2010

ONCE a veterinary practice has become established, setting up branch surgeries in the surrounding areas can be a valuable way of increasing the number of clients and the size of the business. Here, Clive Matkin draws on his experience of setting up a number of branch surgeries over the past 30 years to describe some of the benefits ‐ and pitfalls ‐ of this means of practice expansion.
Questions to ask when choosing a bank
Authors: Scott Graham
Published: October 2010

IT has often been said that people bank with people and not with banks. While this may have been true in the days of Captain Mainwaring of Dad's Army, there are now many more institutions to choose from and possibly fewer opportunities to develop ‘personal’ relationships with particular individuals. With this in mind, how might a veterinary surgeon go about choosing a bank? In this article, Graham Scott suggests 10 questions to ask of a prospective bank to identify whether it is the right bank for you.
Genetic evaluation and selection of purebred sheep in the UK
Authors: Pullar Duncan
Published: October 2010

WHILE genetic improvement is just one of a number of methods available to sheep producers to enhance the performance of their animals, it has the great advantage of being permanent, cumulative, sustainable and cost‐effective. This article outlines the different methods of genetic improvement that have been used in the UK over the past 30 years; some tried‐and‐tested strategies have changed little, such as the stratified system of crossbreeding which is employed to maximise heterosis (hybrid vigour) and breed complementarity, but other breed improvement techniques have changed a great deal, particularly with the advent of powerful computers and sophisticated software. The article goes on to discuss in more detail the processes involved in estimating an animal's breeding value, which form the basis of 'Sheepbreeder', a genetic evaluation scheme for the UK sheep industry.
Differential diagnosis of a swollen hock in the horse
Authors: Clegg Peter
Published: October 2010

THE tarsus is an extremely complex articulation that is a frequent site of pathology in the horse. Within the tarsus, there is an intricate relationship between the synovial structures, bones, ligaments and tendons, all of which are often involved in pathological processes. It is essential that the anatomical structure(s) and significance of any swelling of the tarsus are correctly identified during clinical examination of the lame horse. This article describes various conditions which might cause a swollen hock in the horse.
At ease? Moving into practice after a career in the army
Authors: Carruthers Harvey
Published: October 2010

AS a fresh graduate, a career in the Royal Army Veterinary Corps seemed ideal to Harvey Carruthers, offering a combination of job security, opportunities to travel, a varied clinical workload and plenty of CPD. A decade on, after successive promotions had moved him into increasingly administrative posts, he decided that it was time for a change. Here, he describes his time in the army and his contrasting experiences as a clinician both in private practice and within a large animal charity in central London.
Diagnosis and management of pyoderma in the dog
Authors: Craig Mark
Published: October 2010

PYODERMA ‐ bacterial skin infection ‐ is one of the most frequently seen conditions in small animal practice and yet also one of the most frustrating to treat. Around 90 per cent of pyoderma cases in dogs are associated with Staphylococcus species. These bacteria are not especially virulent and infection tends to develop secondarily to an underlying cutaneous, metabolic or immunological abnormality. Allergic, keratinisation and follicular disorders are the most common skin diseases to trigger infection. The principal metabolic causes are hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism. This article focuses on the diagnosis and management of superficial pyodermas, namely impetigo and superficial bacterial folliculitis.
A beginner's guide to incorporation
Authors: Pound Brian , Theo Phil
Published: October 2010

THE expression 'corporate ownership', when referring to the veterinary profession, has become synonymous with large group or company ownership of multiple practices. However, 'incorporation' is not the exclusive domain of big companies. Many small privately owned businesses, including veterinary practices, have become 'incorporated' in recent years. In this article, Brian Pound and Philip Theo outline the differences between private partnerships and corporate practices, and discuss whether the route to incorporation is likely to be an advantageous one.
Test‐driving the veterinary ambulance
Authors: Rogers Carole
Published: October 2010

OVER the past 20 years, Carole Rogers's practice has run a succession of ambulances, which, from relatively modest beginnings, have become considerably more sophisticated. As she explains, the investment has proved well worthwhile in terms of customer service and practice promotion.