bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Bacteriophage Neutralizing Activity of Serums
Authors: Toussaint Andre J. , Muschel Louis H.
Published: January 2023

The assays for phage neutralizing activity (PNA) of normal serum presently in use measure total serum activity. These methods do not measure the activity of the individual serum components, normal Ab and C′, which are required for PNA. Therefore, an assay was developed to measure these two serum components separately. The technique involves three steps: a) the sensitization of phage with normal Ab; b) the dilution of inhibitory substances in the normal Ab source; and c) the action of C′ to complete neutralization. In the development of this assay, it was found that normal Ab is capable of combining with phage in the absence of C′, but phage particles thus sensitized are not neutralized until they are subjected to the action of C′.

Other results indicated that Ab activity in normal serums was unaffected by heating for 1 hr at 56°C so that the loss of PNA by heating is related primarily to the thermal instability of C′. The inhibition of serum PNA by endotoxin was also studied. In the presence of endotoxin, normal Ab sensitizes phage, but C′ was nonspecifically inhibited. Finally, studies of normal Ab and C′ from different animal species demonstrated varying degrees of compatibility.
Specificity of Encephalitogen-Induced Inhibition of Experimental “Allergic” Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei , Alvord Ellsworth C. , Fahlberg Willson J. , Kies Marian W.
Published: January 2023

Inhibition of EAE by neural extracts is specifically related to the encephalitogenic potential of these extracts. Encephalitogen-induced inhibition is most potent when intracutaneous injections of a water-in-oil emulsion are given before the challenge. The specificity and time relationships suggest an immunologic mechanism, but all attempts to identify antibodies to the encephalitogen have so far been negative. The resistance to the effects of whole body x-irradiation suggests that inhibition of EAE, like EAE itself, is due to the mechanisms underlying delayed-type hypersensitivity.
Gel Double Diffusion Studies with Group B and Group A, Type 9 Coxsackie Viruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

Precipitates in agar were demonstrated with hyperimmune animal sera and human sera and group B and A9 Coxsackie antigens derived from infected HeLa cells and concentrated by high speed centrifugation.

Although the animal sera reacted specifically with homotypic antigens, human sera formed lines of precipitate (“group” or G precipitate) with antigen types for which no neutralizing antibodies were demonstrable. However, sera from individuals infected with types B1, B3, B4, B5, B6 and A9 formed a second line of precipitate (“specific” or S precipitate) demonstrable only with the infecting antigen type, or occasionally with antigen types for which the patient had a high level of neutralizing antibody.

Sera from B2 patients could not be shown to produce a second “specific” precipitate line with homologous antigens.

Preliminary evidence (the coalescing, spurring or crossing of precipitate lines) indicates that the antigen-antibody reactions of the “group” antigen and antibody are identical or partially identical, whereas the “specific” antigen-antibody reactions are nonidentical.
The Radiosensitive Nature of Homograft-Rejecting and Agglutinin-Forming Capacities of Isolated Spleen Cells
Authors: Celada Franco , Carter Rachel R.
Published: January 2023

The killing effect of P1 on P2 cells was studied in irradiated, immunologically inert (P1 × P2)F1 recipient mice by determining the decrease of antirat agglutinins synthesized by P2 cells. This technique was used to assess quantitatively the homograft-rejecting capacity of known numbers of isolated spleen cells and to study the radioinactivation of immune responses. The data show that the homograft-rejecting capacity is more radioresistant than the agglutinin-forming capacity. This fact shows that a difference exists at the active cell level between the two capacities, and suggests that either two somatic cell lines or two maturation and/or differentiation stages are responsible.
Conditions for the Production of an Interferon Appearing in Chick Cell Cultures Infected with Sindbis Virus
Authors: Ho Monto , Breinig Mary Kay
Published: January 2023

A viral inhibitor with the properties of interferon appeared in the fluids of chick cell cultures inoculated with a rapidly cytocidal agent-Sindbis virus. It was found that an important condition for the optimal production of this inhibitor was preincubation of the culture from which it was derived with heat inactivated virus. The inhibitor itself did not potentiate its production. Inactivated virus alone produced no inhibitor although it imparted minimal cell resistance. Interferon production was followed along with infective virus production under conditions close to synchronous infection. Apparently, synthesis of both products took place in the same cells but inhibitory activity was detectable slightly later than infectivity.
Organ Weight Changes and Protein Synthesis in Mice after Immunization to the Enzyme Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Wust Carl J. , Novelli G. David
Published: January 2023

Mice immunized to the rabbit muscle enzyme, triose phosphate dehydrogenase, produced precipitating and neutralizing serum antibodies on and after the 9th day during the primary response.

Administration of the antigen in adjuvant brought about approximately a 4-fold increase in the wet and dry weight of the spleen on the 7th and 8th days after the injection. After a decrease on the 9th day, spleen weight on the 11th day again reached a 4-fold enlargement. Most of this increase was caused by the mycobacterium component of the adjuvant.

The relative rate of protein synthesis increased significantly in both the livers and spleens of animals that received antigen in adjuvant. C14-glycine incorporation into spleen protein for 90 min anticipated the succeeding 24-hr incremental increase in spleen weight. The possible contribution to spleen weight by migrating mononuclear cells from the granulomas is discussed.
Current Knowledge of Type-Specific M Antigens of Group A Streptococci
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: January 2023

It is established that M protein is the cellular component of group A streptococci responsible for the production of type-specific antibodies, which are the basis of type-specific immunity in man. Strains freshly isolated from acute infections, so far as is known at present, always contain M antigen.

Although many cultures containing M protein are avirulent for mice, all highly mouse-virulent group A strains contain M antigen. The amount of M protein in some cultures can be increased by serial mouse passage, and the virulence of such strains is usually increased at the same time. It is possible that the hyaluronic acid capsule in addition to M protein may be a factor in virulence, but its importance has not been clearly defined. M protein probably enhances virulence by impeding phagocytosis, and the capsule may contribute to virulence by a mechanism not yet fully elucidated.

So far no completely purified preparations of M protein have been obtained, but progress in this direction is being made. Once this is achieved, it may be possible to define the properties of this important antigen more accurately.
Observations on the Complement-Fixing Antibody Response in Human Poliomyelitis. Influence of Age and Vaccination Status
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Magoffin Robert L. , Schmidt Nathalie J.
Published: January 2023

The CF antibody responses of 335 patients with poliomyelitis, confirmed by isolation of the virus, were examined with respect to the patient's age and immunization status. The CF test was a macroscopic tube method which employed unheated, infectious antigens prepared from HeLa cell cultures of poliovirus. A 4-fold or greater rise in the homotypic antibody titer was less often elicited in patients with type 3 infections (21%) than in those with type 1 infections (58%). The frequency and magnitude of homotypic antibody titer rises tended to decline with increasing age but this was offset by an increase in heterotypic responses with age. Among patients who had received one or more doses of inactivated poliovirus (Salk) vaccine prior to illness, both initial and convalescent-phase antibody titers tended to be higher, but significant rises in titer between early and late sera were less often demonstrated than in nonvaccinated patients of comparable age. Vaccination also obscured the age differences in homotypic antibody response noted in the nonvaccinated patients.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Bednekoff A. G. , Datta S. P. , Stone W. H.
Published: January 2023

A heat-stable fraction from cattle serum containing J substance produced strong and specific antisera for J in 9 of 17 rabbits. Preparations from urine, abomasal mucosa and untreated serum showing high J activity were at best weakly antigenic. The difference in antigenicity of these preparations is not explained. The titers and avidities of the immune anti-J sera were as high as, but not generally higher than, those of normal anti-J sera.
Homograft Reaction in Mouse Radiation Chimeras
Authors: Doria Gino
Published: January 2023

A graft-against-host homograft immune reaction could be detected when spleen cells from homologous chimeras were tested. This reaction was elicited only by spleen cells from 30-day-old chimeras in which F1 hybrid mice were the irradiated hosts and parental strain mice the bone marrow donors. The significance of this finding was discussed in a tentative analysis of the problem of the immune status of radiation chimeras.
The Mechanism of the Hemagglutination Reaction
Authors: Gyenes L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: January 2023

The hemagglutinating and the precipitating abilities of rabbit antibodies to BSA and to WSR were destroyed by digestion with papain, and by digestion with pepsin followed by reduction with mercaptoethylamine. The univalent antibody preparations were shown to inhibit the precipitin and hemagglutination reactions of the original undigested antisera. However, after pepsin digestion alone, the antibody preparations retained their precipitating and hemagglutinating abilities. From these results it was concluded that the participation of divalent antibodies was required for both precipitin and hemagglutination reactions.
Enzymatic Inactivation of Immunologically Competent Lymph Node Cells in the “Transfer Reaction”
Authors: Janković Branislav D. , Dvorak Harold F.
Published: January 2023

Skin from New Zealand rabbits was implanted subcutaneously into Dutch rabbits in pairs. The lymph node cells from sensitized Dutch rabbit were incubated with and without inactivated ribonuclease for varying time periods and the intradermal injections of these cells into the specific New Zealand skin donor produced intense transfer reactions. Incubation of sensitized cells with 4 mg or 0.4 mg of ribonuclease inhibited the transfer reaction to differing degrees, depending on length of incubation, number of cells and concentrations of ribonuclease used. The effect of enzyme on sensitized lymph node cells could be partially blocked by addition of ribonucleic acid to the incubation mixture, or by pretreatment of ribonuclease with rabbit antiribonuclease serum. The viability of sensitized cells, as measured by trypan blue method and by survival in Millipore diffusion chambers, was unaffected by the concentrations of ribonuclease used in the experiment. Moreover, cells treated with active enzyme regained their ability to produce transfer reaction after cultured in diffusion chamber. It was concluded that an intact protein synthesis of sensitized lymph node cells is essential for the expression of the transfer reaction.
Immunodiffusion Studies with Pasteurella Tularensis Antigen-Rabbit Antibody Systems
Authors: Carlisle Harold N. , Hinchliffe Velma , Saslaw Samuel
Published: January 2023

Sonic-vibrated antigens prepared from five strains of Pasteurella tularensis were not significantly different from the standpoint of antigenic makeup when studied by immunodiffusion techniques. Each contained at least six antigenic components, all of which were common to all strains. P. tularensis polysaccharide exhibited four components, all of which were present in all of the sonic-vibrated antigens. Serum samples from rabbits inoculated intravenously with formalin-killed suspensions of the five strains of P. tularensis showed either two or three precipitin lines 1 week after injection. After reinoculation at 7 and 11 weeks, the number of lines increased to two, three or four and three, four or five, respectively. There was no correlation between the number of precipitin lines and the strain used for immunization. There also was no correlation between the number of lines and either bacterial agglutination or polysaccharide hemagglutination titer at any specific time after immunization, although the over-all pattern of the response was similar as measured by the three tests. Polysaccharide hemagglutination titer and the number of precipitin lines were affected to a greater degree by the booster inoculations than was bacterial agglutination titer. Serum samples from different rabbits inoculated with the same strain exhibited decidedly different precipitin line patterns in immunodiffusion tests. There was no correlation between precipitin line pattern and the strain used for immunization. Problems of interpretation associated with immunodiffusion studies of complex antigen-antibody systems are presented and discussed.
Comparative Study of the Interaction of Polyoma and Other Hemagglutinating Viruses with an Isolated Bovine Mucoprotein
Authors: Borecky L. , Halperen S. , Ackermann W. W.
Published: January 2023

A number of hemagglutinating viruses were compared with polyoma virus for their ability to react with mucoprotein isolated from bovine serum. Hemagglutination by polyoma and mumps viruses and the PR8, A/57, swine, and Tokyo B strains of influenza virus was inhibited by the mucoprotein, whereas that of Sendai, Newcastle disease, ECHO (3, 9, 10, 11) viruses, and the A/53, C, and Lee strains of influenza virus were not. The characteristics of the various viral hemagglutination reactions were compared with the corresponding reactions between virus and mucoprotein. The temperature sensitive, reversible hemagglutination reaction of polyoma virus, could be accounted for in terms of the nature of the complex it forms with mucoprotein.
Studies of Hemagglutination as a Means for Assay of Malignant and Normal Human Tissue Antigens
Authors: Björklund Bertil , Paulsson Jan-Eric
Published: January 2023

Tannic acid-treated sheep red cells were labeled with malignant and normal human tissue antigens. The sensitivity and specificity of their agglutinability was studied under various conditions. Critical factors were pH during tannic acid treatment and labeling, interval between tannic acid treatment and labeling, extraction and concentration of antigen, concentrations of antigen vs. tannic acid, and red cell concentration.
Mechanism of the Immunohematologic Effect of Papain and Related Enzymes
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Fletcher Mary Ann , Efron Klara
Published: January 2023

The mechanism has been studied by which papain, bromelin, and ficin produce their effect on red blood cells to render them specifically agglutinable by nonsaline agglutinating Rh antisera. The serologically active enzymes are proteolytic and have common specificity in that each catalyzes hydrolysis of derivatives of the basic amino acids arginine and lysine. However, thrombin and plasmin, which share this specificity, are serologically inactive. Investigation by paper chromatography of supernatants from red cells incubated with papain failed to reveal peptides that might result from proteolytic action of enzyme on the cells. Contacting nonsaline agglutinating antibodies with enzymetreated cells does not affect the serologic properties of the antibodies and further indicates that only the cells are affected by the enzyme. Studies with papain-I131 indicate that a significant portion of the enzyme remains firmly bound to the cells after only 2-min incubation. The amount bound was not increased by extending incubation time to 30 min. Nonactivated and p-(chloromercuri)-benzoic acid (PCMB)-inhibited papain are also bound to the cells but without producing the serologic reaction. When papain bound in this way is treated with cysteine and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), activation occurs with consequent production of the serologic effect. Hypotheses concerning the mechanism by which the serologic effect is produced are offered.
Time and Dose Relationships in the Development of Immunity to Skin Homografts in Mice
Authors: Henry L. , Dammin G. J.
Published: January 2023

First-set grafts measuring 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 cm sq were taken from A/HeJ mice and placed on C57BL/6J recipients. They were excised at intervals up to 7 days and second-set grafts from the same donor strain, placed at times varying from 4 days to 4 months thereafter, were examined histologically for evidence of accelerated rejection.

As the exposure to the sensitizing graft increases, the immunity is stronger and persists for a greater period of time. As the size of the graft is increased, the immunity develops more rapidly and its duration is more prolonged.

These findings suggest that when the graft is in contact with the host tissues, transplantation antigen is quantitatively transferred to the host. The onset and decay of the resulting immunity can be correlated with the amount of antigen thus transferred.
Immune Cytolysis of Three Mouse Ascites Tumors
Authors: Reif Arnold E.
Published: January 2023

Immune cytolysis of L4946 leukemia, Sa IA and EA Ca cells has been investigated further in an assay that uses microscopic observation to determine its end point of 50% cell deformation. The effects of adding low concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ ions to the assay system were relatively slight. The relationship between cytolytic titer and cell concentration at constant complement concentration approached linearity at the lower cell concentrations assayed. Complement was titered against all three cell types and slopes of the von Krogh plots of the titers were evaluated. Criteria are given for choosing optimal assay conditions for titration of complement. The effect of complement concentration on the assay of cytolytic antibody was investigated, and criteria are given for choosing optimal assay conditions. Supernatants separated following cytolytic titer experiments were analyzed. For Sa IA and EA Ca cells, appreciable free cytolysin appeared only at antiserum levels causing close to complete lysis of the cells; for L4946, free antibody appeared at lower initial levels of antiserum. For all three cell types, complement fixation increased sharply with increase in percentage of deformed cells, and was close to maximal at the lowest concentrations of antiserum causing complete lysis.
Activity of Mouse Complement
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Tachibana Dora K.
Published: January 2023

A test has been devised to measure hemolytic complement activity of mouse serum. The chief requirement for detecting mouse hemolytic complement is the use of extremely large amounts of sensitizing antibody. The hemolytic factor measured in mouse serum is indeed complement. This is indicated by the thermolability, sensitivity to EDTA, and failure to lyse unsensitized cells of the hemolytic factor. Among several strains of inbred mice tested, two were found to be lacking hemolytic complement. One of these strains, B10·D2 is supposedly co-isogenic, except for the histocompatibility locus H-2, with the strain C57BL/10SnHz which contains complement. The data suggest that the two strains must differ by at least one additional gene, and this one is a determinent of complement activity.
Studies on Anti-Meningococcus Serum
Authors: Mørch I. R.
Published: January 2023

The following data derived from the above described investigations are of interest as far as the production of antimeningococcus serum is concerned. A high concentration of one of the antibodies yields no guarantee that the other antibodies are present in corresponding quantities.The days proposed for bleeding in the previously applied methods of immunization are not the most adequate ones for obtaining a high concentration of the antibodies here studied, as these are frequently found to reach their maximum concentration two days (bacteriotropin) and five to seven days (agglutinin and complement-fixing antibodies) respectively after the last antigen injection.In choosing the day for bleeding it must be decided whether one desires a serum rich in bacteriotropins (opsonins) or rather in agglutinins or complement-fixing antibodies.Daily injections of chloride of manganese seem to have a stimulating effect on the formation of the antibodies produced by injection with meningococci, in analogy with the effect demonstrated by Walbum and Mørch in the case of horses immunized against diphtheria toxin.
Hemagglutination in Horses
Authors: Walsh L. S. N.
Published: January 2023

In a preceding communication dealing with the blood relationship of horses, asses, and mules, the occurrence of iso-hemagglutination in these animals was discussed, but separation of the bloods into groups was not found possible because of the irregularity of the iso-hemagglutinations which occurred. In these experiments agglutination was measured at the end of fifteen minutes. Mixtures of horse erythrocytes and horse serum when observed at the expiration of fifteen minutes manifested varying degrees of agglutination. However strong agglutination comparable to that which takes place when ass serum is mixed with some horse erythrocytes was never observed. It seemed, therefore, advantageous to defer detailed study of iso-hemagglutination in horses until special attention could be given it.

In the experiments which follow a more detailed study of iso-hemagglutination in horses has been undertaken, and at the same time experiments have been carried out to determine the relation of auto- to iso-hemagglutination.
A Simplified Hydrogen Electrode Vessel
Authors: Nye Robert N.
Published: January 2023

An attempt has been made to construct a hydrogen electrode vessel so as to permit rapid and accurate determinations of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions of such character that the presence or absence of dissolved C02 is of minor importance.

The main chamber, A, of the vessel1 is made from a piece of glass tubing 40 to 50 mm. in diameter. The total capacity of the vessel is about 50 cc. At one end the vessel is drawn down as indicated in the diagram and fused to a three way stopcock, B, whose stopper has a bore at least 3 mm. in diameter. The two other tubes, C and D, of the stopcock serve as waste and connecting tubes respectively. The hydrogen electrode, E, is essentially of the same design as that used by Bunker (1). The inner tube of the electrode is held equidistant from the wall of the outer tube by two sets of three tiny glass beads, F, fused to the outer wall of the inner tube at different levels.
Serological Examination of a Specieshybrid
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , van der Scheer James
Published: January 2023

The present paper is concerned with the heredity of the speciesspecific properties in animals as shown by serum reactions.

The problem has been set forth before by von Dungern and Hirschfeld (1) and J. Loeb (2), but no experiments have been carried out by these authors with the exception of an attempt to examine the hemoglobin crystals of the mule.2

The material used in our work was the blood of the most accessible animal species-hybrid—the mule—and comparison has been made with the blood of the horse and the donkey. For this purpose it was necessary to have at our disposal a method which would allow of sharp distinction between the species-specific substances of so closely related animals. The differentiation of the serum proteins of these animals by means of the precipitin and complement-fixation tests is possible, according to our experience, with even greater facility when partially absorbed immune sera are employed. But the differences so determined are not very considerable. For this reason we tried first to differentiate the specific substances contained in the red blood cells with immune agglutinins. In this way satisfactory results were easily obtained.
Serological Examination of a Species-Hybrid
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , van der Scheer James
Published: January 2023

In the course of the investigation reported in the previous paper we examined for the presence of agglutinins when the normal sera of horse, donkey, and mule are tested with the blood of these same animals. The same question is dealt with in a recent communication by Walsh (1). His results and conclusions differ from ours in some important points.

In our opinion the subject is not largely connected with the problem of the inheritance of species-specific properties, since most of the reactions observed have the character of isoagglutinin reactions and have therefore nothing to do with species-differences. For the same reason these studies are related to the very interesting work of von Dungern and Hirschfeld (2), Epstein and Ottenberg (3, 4), and others on the heredity, in human beings, of isoagglutinable substances which were found to follow the Mendelian laws.
Human Sensitization After Large Amounts Of Horse Serum
Authors: Mackenzie George M..
Published: January 2023

That an individual injected with horse serum develop skin hypersensitiveness has been shown by the observations of Hamburger and Pollak (1), Michiels (2), Cowie (3) and especially by the studies of Longcope and Rackemann (4). The latter observed the occurence of skin reactions of the wheal and erythma type in serum treated patients during the first few weeks following serum administration. In their 15 tabualted cases the patients received from 7.5 to 360 cc. of horse serum. All developed positive reactions between the seventh and fiftieth day after the serum injection. Recently Hooker (5) has reported that 27 per cent of 96 individuals a previously negative reaction became positive after administration of toxin-antitoxin mixtures containing a total of about 0.01 cc. of horse serum.
Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Spain W. C. , Cooke Robert A.
Published: January 2023

In their work upon human sensitization, in 1916, Cooke and Vander Veer (1) included a study of inheritance in a group of 504 cases of atopy2 This group comprised cases of hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria, angioneurotic edema and acute gastroenteritis following the ingestion of fish and strawberries. These authors stated that their study indicated a definite hereditary factor in hypersensitiveness as shown particularly by the influence of heredity on the age of onset of clinical symptoms. The present study was undertaken to determine whether or not their results would be verified on an entirely new series. Five hundred sixty-eight cases of hay fever and asthma are now presented, in all of which the hypersensitive condition was demonstrated by a positive intradermal test which was in complete accord with the clinical history.
The Neutralization of Animal Viruses
Authors: de St. Groth S. Fazekas , Webster R. G.
Published: January 2023

The equilibrium between three strains of influenza virus and their homologous antibodies is determined by two independent methods, with an accuracy of better than ±10%.

Counts of virus particles, of hemagglutinating and infective units are presented for the same preparations, and two techniques are developed for estimating the number of antibody molecules within sera (accuracy about ±30%).

From these data the number of antigenic sites per virus particle is calculated, and shown to be of the order of 2000 for each of the viruses tested. The equilibrium constants of the antigen antibody reaction fell within the range of 9 by 1010 and 5 by 1011 (in centimeter-gram-second (CGS) units), and were significantly different for each pair of reactants. These estimates carry over-all errors between ±25 and ±50%.

The parameters of virus-antibody interaction are also estimated by two special in vivo techniques. The number of antigenic sites per virus particle is the same as obtained by in vitro measurements, but the equilibrium constants are consistently lower. This both indicates some heterogeneity within the antibody population and points to the preferential involvement of the more firmly binding antibody molecules in the process of neutralization.
Stress and Susceptibility to Viral Infection
Authors: Jensen Marcus M. , Rasmussen A. F.
Published: January 2023

Daily 3-hr exposures to high intensity sound induced adrenal hypertrophy in mice. Peripheral leukocyte counts responded biphasically to this stressor, exhibiting a leukopenia during and a leukocytosis following the stress period on each day. Leukopenia was not seen in stressed-adrenalectomized animals.
The Serologic Specificity of Radiation Altered Human Serum γ-Globulin
Authors: Luzzio Anthony J.
Published: January 2023

Human serum γ-globulin after intense in vitro x-irradiation was used as an antigen (XI-HSGG) to obtain antisera in goats. It was found to be distinct immunologically from nonirradiated or heated human serum γ-globulin by quantitative precipitin tests and possessed a slow moving component as determined by paper strip electrophoresis. Similar antigens were produced by irradiating human serum in vitro with low doses. Preliminary evidence points to the possibility of detecting irradiation-altered proteins in the irradiated patient by quantitative immunologic methods.
Immunoelectrophoretic Study of Rat Serum and Urinary Esterases
Authors: Hermann G. , Talal N. , de Vaux St. Cyr C. , Escribano J.
Published: January 2023

Normal rat serum is separated electrophoretically into six protein bands and four esterase zones designated fast and slow ρ, anodal and cathodal A-α1. These zones correspond on immunoelectrophoretic analysis with four esterase active precipitin lines identified as the ρ- and slow lipoprotein and two α-1-globulins. The anodal A-α1-zone corresponds with the rapid α1-esterase precipitin line and has the properties of serum cholinesterase.

Normal rat urine contains a potent γ-esterase that is absent in rat serum and is probably of renal origin.

Rat, mouse and human serum esterases are compared with regard to esterase lipoprotein association, cholinesterase and ρ-esterase substrate specificity and inhibition, and presence or absence of albumin esterase.
Phenotypic Expression of Isoantigens of the H-2 System in Embryonic and Newborn Mice
Authors: Möller Göran
Published: January 2023

Previous studies indicated that red blood cells and spleen cells of newborn A, C3H and CBA mice were resistant to humoral H-2 antibodies during the first 3 days after birth. It was demonstrated in the present work that this difference in timing with regard to the phenotypic expression of the various H-2 components was preserved when they were brought together on the same F1 hybrid erythrocytes or spleen cells.

It was demonstrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique that H-2 antigens were present on all spleen cells of newborn mice, but the frequency of positively stained cells diminished rapidly with decreasing age in embryos and no antigenic cells could be detected in 15-day-old embryos.

X-irradiated cells of 13- to 14-day-old embryos were found to be antigenic, as judged by their capacity to induce transplantation immunity against skin grafts and by their ability to stimulate the formation of humoral antibodies.

It is suggested that the difference with regard to the time of phenotypic expression of H-2 isoantigens as shown by the various techniques is due to differences in the relative sensitivity of the methods used rather than to differences in the kind of isoantigens detected by the different techniques.
Preparation and Immunologic Comparison of Antibodies to Closely Related Antigens Produced in Individual Rabbits
Authors: Mage Michael , Bassett Emmett W. , Tanenbaum Stuart W. , Beiser Sam M.
Published: January 2023

A procedure for the isolation of two antibodies specific for very similar antigens, glucosyl-phenylazo bovine serum albumin and galactosyl-phenylazo bovine serum albumin, from doubly-immunized individual rabbits is described. Immunoelectrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analyses of these purified antibodies failed to reveal differences between them, indicating only one 7 S component for each; while total amino acid analyses and total sugar analyses also failed to reveal differences in composition. Factors which may be responsible for their difference in specificity are discussed.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Cashman Thomas
Published: January 2023

It has been demonstrated that although the response in guinea pigs is variable, the polymers GLA5, GLT, GLPhe, GLA30, GLAT and GAT are antigenic. Both early (immediate) and late (delayed) skin reactions were noted. GLA30 and GLAT produced the most extensive reactions.

From cross PCA reactions, it was determined that most of the specificity in GLA5, GLPhe and GLT is the same as in GL but that GLT also has a GT specificity. In GLA30 and GLAT, in addition to the above specificity, there is also a GA specificity.
The Immunologic Specificity of Antibodies to Liver Ribosomes and Nuclei
Authors: Bigley Nancy J. , Dodd Matthew C. , Geyer Virginia B.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits were injected with rat liver nuclei, rat liver ribosomes, the protein from rat liver ribosomes and with soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA) from yeast, incorporated in Freund's adjuvant. Antibodies measured as hemagglutinins were detected in antisera to ribosomes and sRNA which were specific for nucleotides, nucleosides and bases associated with ribonucleic acid. Hemagglutinins with similar specificities for nucleotides, nucleosides and bases of deoxyribonucleic were found in antisera to nuclei. Antisera to ribosomes, nuclei and ribosomal protein also contained hemagglutinins for ribosomal protein indicating the possible antigenic similarity of the proteins associated with ribo- and deoxyribonucleic acids.
Separation of an Antigenic Fraction from Rat Liver Responsible for the Formation of Liver Localizing Antibodies
Authors: Sulitzeanu Dov , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Past investigations have shown differences in the vascular beds of various organs such as liver, kidney and lung (1). This was shown by the fact that antibodies could be prepared in rabbits which, when injected into rats or mice, showed preferential localization in the organ against which the antibody had been prepared. Fixation in vivo of tissue-localizing antibodies has been shown to take place on the vascular bed of the organ (2).

By various purification processes, it has been possible to separate antibodies which show an increased preferential localization in a particular organ. However, even the purified preparations contained very appreciable amounts of cross-localizing antibodies, i.e., antibodies localizing in various organs other than the one against which the antiserum had been made. For example, liver-localizing activity from anti-liver preparations could be very effectively purified by in vivo and in vitro means, but an appreciable amount of kidney-localizing activity always remained (3).
Reaction of Poliovirus and Formaldehyde in Magnesium Chloride Solution to Enhance Potency of Killed-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Inactivation of type 1 and type 3 polioviruses with formalin in the presence of 1 M MgCl2 at 37°, 45° and 50°C was studied. There was marked slowing in the rate of inactivation by formalin at the higher temperatures in the presence of MgCl2, and the reaction tended to proceed as a first order reaction. This suggests that the Mg ions, which stabilize the virus to thermal inactivation, allow the virus to be inactivated by the formalin alone. Preparations whose infectivity was destroyed by formalin in the presence of 1 M MgCl2 gave much higher antigenic potency than controls inactivated in the absence of Mg ions.
Pseudomon as Pseudomallei and Pseudomon as Aeruginosa as Adjuvants in the Production of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Steigman Alex J.
Published: January 2023

Pseudomonas pseudomallei and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, killed and dried, can replace the killed mycobacteria of complete Freund's adjuvants in the production of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the guinea pig. Homologous guinea pig spinal cord is the source of the encephalitogenic “antigen” or “hapten.” The disease produced is milder than that produced when mycobacteria are used. P. pseudomallei organisms are also effective mycobacterial substitutes when used with whole bovine spinal cord or lipid extract thereof. Heterologous spinal cord, in this case bovine spinal cord, can cause mild central nervous system lesions of EAE even with incomplete Freund's adjuvants.
Further Observations on the Serologic Specificity of Sialic Acid for Rho(D) Antibody
Authors: Dodd Matthew C. , Bigley Nancy J. , Geyer Virginia B.
Published: January 2023

The previous work showing that certain crude preparations of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), a brain ganglioside containing NANA, and degradation products such as N-acetylglucosamine and mannosamine specifically inhibited Rho(D) antibody has been found to be dependent on factors such as the time of incubation of inhibitor and antiserum, the amount of antibody used and the nature of the preparation. Absorption of anti-D serum with D-negative cells to which these substances had been coupled demonstrated that NANA from human plasma which did not inhibit, and poor inhibitors such as N-acetylglucosamine, bound anti-D and removed it from serum as efficiently as good inhibitors.
Studies of γ- and β2A-Globulins
Authors: Fahey John L.
Published: January 2023

The immunochemical properties of proteins formed in plasma cells of inbred mice were studied by comparison of intact molecules and S and F (papain-produced) fragments of γ- and β2A-myeloma proteins from BALB/c and C3H/He mice.

Mouse β2A-myeloma proteins were reduced to two antigenically different classes of fragments (S and F). Each molecule appeared to contain two S and one F piece. The F fragments of the β2A-myeloma proteins could be crystallized.

Antigenic determinants specific for β2A-globulins were found on the F fragments. The antigenic determinants common to both the γ and β2A-globulins were found on the S fragments of both globulin types.

Two γ-myeloma proteins from BALB/c plasma cell tumors were found to have distinctive as well as common antigenic determinants. The antigenic differences were located in both the S and F fragments.
Hemagglutination Studies with Formalinized Erythrocytes
Authors: Butler William T.
Published: January 2023

Formalinized erythrocytes sensitized with diphtheria toxoid using bisdiazotized benzidine (BDB) as a coupling agent, will detect 0.00015 units/ml of standard diphtheria antitoxin. Therefore, such erythrocytes are at least as sensitive as fresh or formalinized erythrocytes sensitized by the tannic acid method. They can be stored frozen, and thawed at any time for use.

The concentration of BDB in the reaction mixture is crucial. In contrast, optimal sensitization occurs over a wide range of diphtheria toxoid concentration, and 100-fold less antigen is necessary than had previously been needed to sensitize nonformalinized erythrocytes by the BDB method. The coupling procedure is complete within 5 to 10 min at 37°C.

Other factors related to the preparation of formalinized erythrocytes, tannic acid treatment of such erythrocytes, preparation of the BDB-antigen-erythrocyte reaction mixture, and performance of the hemagglutination test are discussed.
The Detection of Humoral Antibodies Directed against Salicylates in Hypersensitive States
Authors: Weiner Lawrence M. , Rosenblatt Melvyn , Howes Homer A.
Published: January 2023

Conjugates of aspirin have been prepared which are able to stimulate antibody production in rabbits and sensitize guinea pigs to fatal anaphylactic shock. In addition, the indirect hemagglutination technique has been modified so that tanned sheep red blood cells treated with aspiryl-conjugates are able to combine with antibodies in the serum of individuals clinically sensitive to aspirin and para-aminosalicylic acid.
In Vitro Production of Antibody by Chicken Spleen Cells
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M.
Published: January 2023

Immunofluorescent studies of chicken cells producing antibody provides a useful system for microscopic observation of the in vitro production of antibody, particularly when carried out with determinations of antibody in tissue culture media.
Effect of Thymectomy and Bursectomy on the Survival of Skin Homografts in Chickens
Authors: Aspinall Richard L. , Meyer Roland K. , Graetzer Mary A. , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

Two strains of chickens were thymectomized and/or bursectomized at 1 to 3 days after hatching and skin homografts made at 4 or 6 days of age. Thymectomy delayed skin homograft rejection, but neither steroidal or surgical bursectomy had any effect.
The Roles of Cellular Division and Maturation in the Formation of Precipitating Antibody
Authors: Urso Paul , Makinodan T.
Published: January 2023

The role of somatic division in secondary anti-BSA responses by isolated rabbit cells was investigated with the use of tritiated thymidine as a marker in combination with Coon's immuno-fluorescent technique and colchicine, a mitotic inhibitor. The cells were cultured in 0.1-µ porosity diffusion chambers implanted into x-irradiated rabbits and mice. The results showed that not only were antibody-containing cells dividing but that they were dividing at a rate significantly higher than that of the incompetent cells during the log phase of activity. The mean generation time was 12 hr during the log phase and 24 hr in the stationary phase. A direct correspondence was found between the rise in percentage of antibody-containing cells and rise in antibody titer of culture chamber fluid. We also observed that all the competent cells of the stationary phase were derived from precursor cells through somatic division. Cytomorphologic examinations of antibody-containing cells at intervals after antigenic stimulation suggest a gradual transition in the number and distribution of sites of antibody synthesis.
Induction of Unresponsiveness and Immunity in Newborn and Adult Mice with Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. , Paterson Philip Y. , Thomas Lewis
Published: January 2023

Newborn mice can be immunized or rendered unresponsive (paralyzed) to type II pneumococcal polysaccharide as determined by their response to subsequent pneumococcal challenge. When challenged at a given age, relatively high doses of S II at birth lead to unresponsiveness, somewhat lower doses lead to immunity, and very low doses have no apparent effect. Unresponsiveness induced by the neonatal injection of S II disappears slowly with time and is followed, without further injection of antigen, by immunity. Immunity induced by neonatal injection of small doses of S II diminishes slowly with time. There is no apparent difference between newborn and young adult mice with respect to ease of induction of unresponsiveness to S II. The data suggest that newborn mice can be immunized with S II more effectively than can older mice. It is suggested that dose and persistence of antigen, rather than neonatal presentation, are more important factors in the induction and maintenance of immunologic unresponsiveness. When the amount of antigen present in the animal decreases below a critical level the animal ceases to be unresponsive and is, in fact, immunized by the residual antigen present.
The Formation of Soluble Complexes in the Region of Antibody Excess with Protein Antigens and Their Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Forster Othmar , Weigle William O.
Published: January 2023

Using the technique of Nisonoff and Winkler of slow addition of antigen to antibody under vigorous mixing, the formation of soluble complexes in antibody excess have been studied with egg albumin, bovine serum albumin and bovine γ-globulin. With all three systems the formation of soluble antibody excess complexes was possible, although the antibody concentrations required increased with the molecular weights of the antigens.

Thorough mixing seemed to be of primary importance in order to maintain a high antibody excess at the site of reaction. The time of addition may be relatively short without impairing the result, whereas stirring over a prolonged period leads to denaturation of the antibody and to increased precipitation.

The formation of the complexes can be inhibited, and preformed complexes can be precipitated by a heat labile factor present in the euglobulin fraction of fresh guinea pig serum and rabbit serum. This factor is probably complement-nitrogen. The composition of the complexes was determined using fresh guinea pig serum for precipitation of complexes formed with I131 labeled EA and I125 labeled anti-EA. The antibody: antigen ratio found was higher than the initial combining ratio.
Preparation of Primary Human Amnion Cells by Pancreatin Procedure and Their Susceptibility to Enteroviruses
Authors: Hayashi Hajime , LoGrippo Gerald A.
Published: January 2023

A new method for the preparation of primary human amnion cells is reported in which pancreatin solution is used instead of trypsin for the digestion of amnion membranes. The chief advantage of the pancreatin digest is in its mucolytic action and cell dispersion, both being accomplished during a one-step procedure. Cells obtained by this means can be grown and can support the growth of viruses equally as well as the cells obtained by the trypsinization procedure. Such cells are also satisfactory for primary virus isolation from clinical material.
The Relationship of Agglutinogen to Other Antigens of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Schuchardt L. F. , Munoz J. , Verwey W. F. , Sagin J. F.
Published: January 2023

Purified Bordetella pertussis agglutinogen has been prepared from supernatants of sonically disrupted cells by precipitation with sodium sulfate. The agglutinogen produced a single band of precipitation in the agar diffusion test and was found to give rise to the production of agglutinins in mice as well as rabbits. This antigen was shown to be different from the heat stable and heat labile toxins, the histamine sensitizing substance, the hemagglutinin, and the protective antigen of B. pertussis.
The Immunologic Response of Dogs to Soluble Protein Antigens
Authors: Patterson Roy , Chang Walter W. Y. , Pruzansky Jacob J. , Portney Gerald L.
Published: January 2023

The tanned red blood cell hemagglutination technique was the most useful test for detection and estimation of quantity of antibodies in dogs immunized with heterologous proteins. Immunization with antigens in Freund's adjuvant resulted in the highest antibody levels by the TRBC hemagglutination technique. In general, the dog appears to be a poor producer of precipitating antibodies against the antigens used. The use of I131-labeled antigens in quantitative precipitin reactions is a useful method for study of canine antisera containing sufficient antibody to precipitate. Canine antibody against bovine serum albumin showed a precipitin reaction with soluble complexes in both the antigen and antibody excess zones.