bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remarks on the classification of the fungivorous Tineidae with special reference to the Tinissinae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Robinson Gaden.
Published: March 2011

Twenty specimens of Tinissa collected by the Danish Noona Dan Expedition (1961–62), the Royal Geographical Society Expedition to Gunung Mulu (1978) and by two individual collectors are recorded. Two new species are described: Tinissa yaloma from New Britain and T. classeyi from Borneo. A revised phylogenetic classification of Tinissa incorporating the new species is proposed. A critique is presented of Kuznetzov & Stekolnikov's classification of the Tineoidea and their alliance of the subfamilies Nemapogoninae and Scardiinae is questioned. The genital musculature of Tinissa is described. The affinities of the Tinissinae are debated and it is concluded that Tinissinae and Scardiinae form a monophyletic group, the Tinissinae being either the sister-group of the Scardiinae or forming a monophyletic group within the Scardiinae.
The European and North American species of Epicypta Winnertz (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)
Authors: Chandler Peter
Published: March 2011

Epicypta is treated in the sense employed by Edwards (1925) under the name Delopsis Skuse. The species of Epicypta in the Holarctic region are discussed and keyed. Type material of Mycetophila aterrima Zett., M. selecta Walker, M. vitrea Coquillett and Epicypta pulicaria Loew has been examined and found to be conspecific. Lectotypes are designated for aterrima, vitrea and pulicaria. Mycetophila anomala Johannsen (holotype examined) is a distinct species but a new name, limnophila nom.n. is proposed as it is a homonym. Both aterrima and limnophila are Holarctic. Four other European species, scatophora (Perris), fumigata (Dziedzicki), torquata Matile and nigrobasis (Dziedzicki) (last not examined) are recognised. These six species and the Japanese ornatipennis (Okada) (not examined) belong to one species group related to Oriental and Afrotropical species. Two new species, lepida n.sp. and helvopicta n.sp., described from north America, belong to different, otherwise Neotropical, species groups. Descriptions and figures are given for all species known from the Holarctic, except nigrobasis and ornatipennis.
Doncricotopus bicaudatus n.gen., n.sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae) from the Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Sæther Ole
Published: March 2011

A new genus and species of Orthocladiinae, Doncricotopus bicaudatus, is described in all stages. The imago has hairy eyes and well developed pulvilli. It can be separated from Nanocladius Kieff. by means of nonprotruding eyes and by having more than two acrostichals, from Rheocricotopus Thien. & Harn. by the bare anal point proper and by having the acrostichals in the centre of scutum only. The pupa has thoracic horn and anal macrosetae as in Rheocricotopus, but other details as in Nanocladius. The larvae has a cardinal beard as in Rheocricotopus and simple S I as in Nanocladius. The similarities between Rheocricotopus and Doncricotopus are shown to be based on symplesiomorphies, those between Nanocladius and Doncricotopus on synapomorphies, with Nanocladius forming the sister genus of Doncricotopus.
Some West Palaearctic and Australian species of Idrini (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea: Scelionidae)
Authors: Huggert Lars
Published: March 2011

The previously unknown males of Idris (I.) lamelliscutellaris Szabó and I. (I.) priesneri n.n. (fasciatus Preisner) are described. New names are also I. (C.) hickmani for flavipes Hickman and I. (C.) aterrimus for ater Hickman. New combinations are I. (C.) fasciatus (Dodd) from Ceratobaeus; I. (I.) flavipes (Dodd) from Acolus. I. (C.) lucifugax (Kieffer, 1910) n.comb., omitted by authors and also by Kieffer himself since description, is redescribed and the lectotype of I. (I.) flavicornis Förster was studied.
The larval stages of Ilybius angustior Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Nilsson Anders
Published: March 2011

The larval stages of Ilybius angustior Gyll. are described from material from northern Sweden. Information is given on the natural history of the species and characters are provided to separate these larvae from other described larvae of European Ilybius.
The Politics of Mnemonics: History in the Debate over Taiwan's Status
Authors: Phillips Steve
Published: March 2011

With the retreat of the Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) from mainland China to Taiwan in the late 1940s, the island seemed destined to be part of another nation divided by the Cold War—superficially similar to Germany and Korea. The Chinese Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland, while the Nationalist Party (Guomindang) moved its government, the Republic of China (ROC), to Taiwan. It followed, then, that reconciliation between the two would unite both sides of the Taiwan Strait under one nation-state. Much has changed since those early years of the Cold War, however. The Communists have embraced capitalism, most nations have established relations with the PRC while cutting ties to the ROC, and it is difficult to discern whether the Nationalists are devoted to a Chinese or to a Taiwanese nation.1 Despite
The Son Tay Raid: An Intelligence Paradox
Authors: Maneki Sharon A.
Published: March 2011

The Son Tay raid in November 1970 during the Vietnam War was one of the most daring and courageous rescue attempts in history. Although it occurred more than thirty-five years ago, it remains a subject of interest and controversy. U.S. Special Forces penetrated deep into enemy territory, only twenty-three miles northwest of Hanoi, to bring home approximately fifty-five of their countrymen who were being held prisoners of war (POWs).
Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Korean War: Cautionary Tale and Hopeful Precedent
Authors: Millett Allan R.
Published: March 2011

Like most real history, the Korean War left ambiguous, selective, and complex lessons for the policymakers of the Eisenhower administration. The president himself, to borrow Dean Acheson’s phrase, had been “present at the creation” of the war in 1950. He had then distanced himself from it as Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and as a presidential candidate. He inherited the conflict—a war to be ended—as president. Yet the war never became a defining experience for Dwight D. Eisenhower, nor did it play an inordinate role in his foreign and defense policies. His geo-strategic views had developed well before 1950, most obviously during World War II. The Korean conflict, a post-colonial civil war that became an internationalized regional conflict, was not even unique enough in its own time to dominate the national security conceptualization that became “the New Look” or “the Great Equation.” It might have encouraged a “Great Evasion,” an unwillingness to deal with instability in the Middle East and Asia, but instead the Eisenhower administration coped, more or less successfully, with comparable turmoil in the Philippines, Thailand, Iran, and Lebanon. It is true that the next land war in Asia—to be avoided at all costs according to the Korean “never again” strategic gurus—awaited a change of presidents, but President Eisenhower committed an Army-Marine Corps expeditionary force to Lebanon in 1958. So much for avoiding the use of American ground forces in local wars.
Rolling Thunder and Linebacker Campaigns: The North Vietnamese View
Authors: Pribbenow Merle L.
Published: March 2011

North Vietnam has the dubious distinction of having more combat experience against U.S. air power than any other nation in the world. Rolling Thunder, the first U.S. bombing campaign against North Vietnam (1965–68), lasted longer than U.S. air operations in Europe during World War II. When one adds the 1972 Linebacker air campaign against North Vietnam and the almost nine-year bombing campaign against the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos, only Iraq, with the air campaigns of Operations Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom book-ending a twelve-year (1991–2003), low-intensity confrontation against U.S. aircraft over the no fly zones, faced U.S. air attacks longer. The air battles over Iraq, however, cannot be compared with the battles fought in the skies over North Vietnam. During the course of the war, more than 1,100 U.S. fixed wing aircraft were lost in combat operations.
Treaty or Travesty?: Legal Issues Surrounding the U.S.- Philippines Military Base Agreement of 1947–1992
Authors: Ma L. Eve Armentrout
Published: March 2011

Since the end of World War II, the United States has been foremost in negotiating military bases on foreign soil, and it can be anticipated that it will do so again in the future. In general, these base agreements have had many common elements. Most have allowed the stationing of American troops on foreign soil for a very long period of time, and have involved a certain measure of extraterritoriality. Most have been concluded under conditions of stress for the host country. Often, for example, the host nation has been one that was devastated by war, and was either the recently defeated enemy or the near-prostrate victor. In many cases the host nation was relatively small, economically shaky, and newly independent, fearful of its chances of survival in an unpredictable and often hostile world; and more often than not, the former ruler or territorial administrator was the United States.
Editing Japanese Letters to the Asahi Shimbun
Authors: Gibney Frank B.
Published: March 2011

Every nation, every society has its share of historical memories. They include, most obviously, the experiences of people who lived through past events, as they recall them. Then there is the record, written down in textbooks or literary works transmitted to generations who came after these events, but relived them vicariously, trusting in the accuracy of their national historians. Often historical records are magnified—or smudged out—by popular myths. In some cases, whether because of wars, revolutions, or other political upheavals, the records for a period of history are defective or totally missing from the national memory.
Historical Memories and China”s Changing Views of East Asia
Authors: Xu Guoqi
Published: March 2011

The use (or misuse) of history for political purposes is not a Chinese specialty. Almost every country in the world does it.1 Even Americans, who are not known for their historical memories, will on occasions use historical arguments. Whenever they contemplate military intervention in a Third World country, an obsession leads them into debate whether it will become another Vietnam.2 The Japanese also use history for their political purposes, as discussed below. The list can go on. But nowhere is the use of history—both remembering and forgetting—more apparent than in current Chinese discussion about the Asia Pacific War with Japan and the status of Taiwan in the world today.
Voices from Beyond Time: Translating Japanese Soldiers”Letters and Diaries
Authors: Yamanouchi Midori
Published: March 2011

When I began my studies in the United Sates soon after the Pacific War, I was deeply moved to read Harukanaru sanga-ni (In the faraway mountains and rivers), a collection of writings by students at the University of Tokyo or Todai (then the Tokyo Imperial University) who had been killed in the war. It was published in December 1947 by the University of Tokyo Co-op Publishing Department. I was filled with sorrow that those fine, able men had to die in a war that they did not want and could not control. The book was followed, in October 1949, by a sequel, Kike wadatsumi no koe (Listen to the voices from the sea), a collection of letters, diary entries, and other writings by students from Todai and other colleges and universities.
Labor’s Cold Warriors: The American Federation of Labor and “Free Trade Unionism” in Cold War Japan
Authors: Gerteis Christopher
Published: March 2011

During the 1950s, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) led a global covert attempt to suppress left-led labor movements in Western Europe, the Mediterranean, West Africa, Central and South America, and East Asia. American union leaders argued that to survive the Cold War, they had to demonstrate to the United States government that organized labor was not part-and-parcel with Soviet communism. The AFL’s global mission was placed in care of Jay Lovestone, a founding member of the American Communist Party in 1921 and survivor of decades of splits and internecine battles over allegiance to one faction or another in Soviet politics before turning anti-Communist and developing a secret relation with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) after World War II. Lovestone’s idea was that the AFL could prove its loyalty by helping to root out Communists from what he perceived to be a global labor movement dominated by the Soviet Union. He was the CIA’s favorite Communist turned anti-Communist.
The Mad Chinese Man in America: Zhang Xiguo’s .Wife Killing
Authors: Qian Suoqiao
Published: March 2011

Asian immigrant literature has attracted far less attention than it deserves in Asian-American studies. Almost exclusive attention has been paid to English-language texts while Asian immigrant literature is multilingual. In deploring such monolingual prejudice, Werner Sollors has recently made an urgent and groundbreaking plea “for a multilingual turn in American Studies.”
The Book Review in an Age of e-Politics
Authors: Schneider Michael A.
Published: March 2011

By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans. By Greg Robinson. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001; 322 pp.
Study of the History of Christianity in U.S.-China Relations: A New Departure?
Authors: Bays Daniel H.
Published: March 2011

Forty years ago, in late December 1968, John K. Fairbank, the longtime dean of American China scholars, gave a memorable presidential address to the annual meeting of the American Historical Association (AHA) in New York City. In it, he urged his fellow historians to take up a task expressed in the title of his address, “Assignment for the 1970s: The Study of American–East Asian Relations.” Although he spoke amid academic upheaval over the Vietnam War, his address made it clear that he was mainly referring to China and Sino-American relations. He described China as .a uniquely large and compact section of mankind…too big and too different to be assimilated into our…culture.. He also argued that .China is too weak to conquer the world but too large to be digested by it.
Christianity, Academics, and National Salvation in China: Yenching University, 1924–1949
Authors: Rosenbaum Arthur Lewis
Published: March 2011

We have been for several months past experiencing violent anti-Christian-education attacks and scarcely less vigorous intellectual discrediting of religion. How could it be made clear that Christianity was not an agency of Imperialism, Capitalism, Conservatism, and that the students in Christian schools were not denationalized and dominated by foreign interests.—John Leighton Stuart, 1925
The Beida-Tsinghua Connection: Yenching in the World of Beijing’s Elite Universities
Authors: Israel John
Published: March 2011

Yenching University did not exist in isolation but was part of several overlapping educational networks, international, national, sectarian, and local. Internationally, it was a modern Christian liberal arts university, comparable to Christian higher educational institutions in the United States and elsewhere in the world. Nationally, it was one of the colleges under the aegis of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in China and, more broadly, part of a modern higher educational network, centered in the large cities of eastern China. Locally, it was a component of a super-elite North China complex of higher education located in Beijing and Tianjin. This complex, as Yeh Wen-hsin has pointed out in her taxonomy of Republican-era higher education, stood in contrast with Guomindang universities such as National Central and Sun Yat-sen, as well as with teachers colleges, provincial universities, diploma mills, and other less renowned institutions.
Yenching University and Sino-American Interactions, 1919–1952
Authors: Rosenbaum Arthur Lewis
Published: March 2011

Many people who leave Yenching are completely different from when they arrived. This is not only because their knowledge has increased but mostly because of the improvement in their character. And this type of improvement absolutely is not something that can be learned in the classroom.
How Many Asymmetries?: Continuities, Transformations, and Puzzles in the Study of Chinese Foreign Relations
Authors: Wills John E.
Published: March 2011

I began my graduate studies at Harvard in September 1958. In the summer and fall of 1959, I started groping for ways to think about China in the seventeenth century, discovered that there had been some very interesting European eyewitnesses of the Ming-Qing wars, and wrote my first seminar paper for John King Fairbank on the first Dutch embassy, 1655.1657. The rest, shall we say, is history.
The Colonized Colonizers: Korean Experiences of the Vietnam War
Authors: Park Jinim
Published: March 2011

On 15 February 1997, the South Korean newspaper Chosun Ilbo reported that the Seoul District Court had rejected an appeal by the Korean Vietnam War veterans who had asked for compensation relating to the health effects of having been exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam.
On the Thermodynamic Method for Estimating Maximum Tornado Windspeeds
Authors: Snow John T. , Pauley Randal L.
Published: March 2011

No abstract available.
Severe Thunderstorm Internal Structure from Dual-Doppler Radar Measurements
Authors: Eagleman Joe R. , Lin Wen C.
Published: March 2011

Dual-Doppler radar data were analyzed for three different times during the life cycle of a severe thunderstorm. The thunderstorm developed a double vortex inside as a tornado was generated beneath the cloud.The organized kinematic and precipitation internal structure of the thunderstorm support a theoreticaldouble-vortex thunderstorm model that was developed earlier. The horizontal perturbation and relativewinds, vertical winds, horizontal divergence and vorticity are compared for the three different times ofmeasurement. The measurements and theoretical model provide new explanations of the severe thunderstorm and the relationship of associated tornadoes.
Laser Absorption Techniques for the Measurementof Atmospheric Water Vapor Concentration
Authors: Brannen E. , Kucerovsky Z.
Published: March 2011

A sensitive laser method with fast response time has been developed which is suitable for measuringatmospheric water vapor concentration. The method utilizes the absorption of 33.02 and 27.972 pm radiationfrom a water vapor laser. Experiments were carried out in a 2 m controlled atmosphere absorption cell atconditions corresponding to ground-level to high-altitude atmospheric pressures. Typically, an absorptionof 1% was produced in a 1 m path length by a water vapor pressure of 1.1 Pa at ground level and 2.2 Paat 5 km using 33.02 pm laser radiation. With 27,972 pm laser radiation the absorption is about a factor 50less and can be used when higher concentrations of water vapor are encountered. The response time of thedetecting apparatus can be less than a second and still achieve these sensitivities. Possibilities of building anairborne instrument for measuring water vapor concentration are discussed.
Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Extended Clouds: Inferences from Winter MONEX
Authors: Webster Peter J. , Stephens Graeme L.
Published: March 2011

The most common cloud species observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment (WMONEX) wasthick (optically black) middle and upper tropospheric extended cloud. Data from the GeostationaryMeteorological Satellite (GMS) showed the extended cloud to occupy half the near-equatorial SouthChina Sea and Indonesia on some days with tops in the vicinity of the 200 mb level. Detailed observations from the WMONEX composite observing array indicated that the clouds extended up to 750 kmfrom the convective source regions, possessed bases in the vicinity of the freezing level and lay above agenerally suppressed and subsident lower troposphere. The observation of widespread precipitation fromthe extended cloud and the encountering of ice particles during the cloud penetrations suggest that theextended clouds are active in a diabatic heating sense.Calculations using a radiative transfer model and cloud and atmospheric states derived from WMONEXdata indicate substantial net heating at the base of the cloud (-20 K day1) and cooling at the top(-5 to -15 K day1), resulting in a heating rate differential between the base and top of the cloud of upto 35 K day". Net heating or cooling occurs depending upon the diurnal cycle. It is conjectured thatthe effect of the radiative heating is to destabilize the cloud layer. As the magnitude of the radiativeheating at the base of the cloud is at least within a factor of 2 of estimates of the cooling at the cloudbase due to melting for moderate disturbances and relatively greater for weak disturbances or in locationswell removed from the convective source in any disturbance, it is argued that radiative effects cannotbe ignored in the calculation of the total diabatic heating fields in tropical cloud systems.
WINDS AND CLOUDS
Authors: Brillouin
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Authors: STOCKMAN W. B.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
EARTHQUAKES ON THE PACIFIC COAST
Authors: MCADIE ALEXANDER G.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
NOTES ON THE JAMESTOWN TERCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION
Authors: SPENCER JAMES H.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
FORECASTS AND WARNINGS
Authors: HENRY ALFRED J.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
TYPHOON AND DEPRESSIONS OVER THE FAR EAST, SEPTEMBER 1936
Authors: DOUCETTE, S. J. B. E. R. N. A. RDF.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
POSITIONS, AREAS, AND COUNTS OF SUNSPOTS FOR MARCH 1946
Authors: DAY LUCY T.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
A WINTER STORM AT LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Authors: CARR J. A.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract Available.
A Multisensor Approach Toward a Better Understanding of Snowfall Microphysics: The TOSCA Project
Authors: Löhnert U. , Kneifel S. , Battaglia A. , Hagen M. , Hirsch L. , Crewell S.
Published: March 2011

The Towards an Optimal estimation based Snow Characterization Algorithm (TOSCA) project addresses possible novel measurement synergies for deriving snowfall microphysical parameters from the ground by combining the unique information obtained from a suite of ground-based sensors: microwave radiometers (22–150 GHz), 24- and 36-GHz radar, lidar, and in situ optical disdrometer methods. During the winter of 2008/09, such instruments were deployed at the Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (UFS; at 2650 m MSL) at the Zugspitze Mountain in Germany for deriving microphysical properties of snowfall. This contribution gives an overview of the measurements carried out and discusses the potential for the developments of synergetic retrieval algorithms for deriving snow water content within the vertical column. The identification of potentially valuable ground-based instrument synergy for the retrieval of snowfall parameters from the surface will also be of importance for the development of new space-borne observational techniques. Microwave radiometer measurements show that brightness temperature enhancements at 90 and 150 GHz are correlated with the radar-derived snow water path, which is supported by radiative transfer simulations. The synergy of these measurements toward an improved snow mass content, however, needs to be augmented by knowledge on water vapor, supercooled liquid water, particle size distribution, and shape, thus making clear the necessity of synergetic remote sensing and in situ measurements. The radiometric measurements also reveal the very frequent presence of supercooled water within snow clouds and its importance to microphysical diffusion and aggregation growth of snow crystals. Analysis of the disdrometer measurements shows a “secondary aggregation peak” around −12° to −15°C, a temperature range where the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process is most effective and typically dendrite snow crystals forms dominate.
Impact of the Ocean Mixed Layer Diurnal Variations on the Intraseasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean*
Authors: Guemas Virginie , Salas-Mélia David , Kageyama Masa , Giordani Hervé , Voldoire Aurore
Published: March 2011

This study investigates the nonlinear processes by which the ocean diurnal variations can affect the intraseasonal sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Atlantic Ocean. The Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques one-dimensional ocean model (CNRMOM1D) is forced with the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) surface fluxes with a 1-h frequency in solar heat flux in a first simulation and with a daily forcing frequency in a second simulation. This model has a vertical resolution of 1 m near the surface. The comparison between both experiments shows that the daily mean surface temperature is modified by about 0.3°–0.5°C if the ocean diurnal variations are represented, and this correction can persist for 15–40 days in the midlatitudes and more than 60 days in the tropics. The so-called rectification mechanism, by which the ocean diurnal warming enhances the intraseasonal SST variability by 20%–40%, is found to be robust in the tropics. In contrast, in the midlatitudes, diurnal variations in wind stress and nonsolar heat flux are shown to affect the daily mean SST. For example, an intense wind stress or nonsolar heat flux toward the atmosphere during the first half of the day followed by weak fluxes during the second half result in a shallow mixed layer. The following day, the preconditioning results in heat being trapped near the surface and the daily mean surface temperature being higher than if these diurnal variations in surface forcings were not resolved.
Simulation of Seasonal Variation of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds over the Eastern Pacific with a Regional Climate Model*
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Yuqing , Lauer Axel , Xie Shang-Ping
Published: March 2011

The seasonal cycle of marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds over the eastern Pacific Ocean is studied with the International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) Regional Atmospheric Model (iRAM). The results show that the model is capable of simulating not only the overall seasonal cycle but also the spatial distribution, cloud regime transition, and vertical structure of MBL clouds over the eastern Pacific. Although the modeled MBL cloud layer is generally too high in altitude over the open ocean when compared with available satellite observations, the model simulated well the westward deepening and decoupling of the MBL, the rise in cloud base and cloud top of the low cloud decks off the Peru and California coasts, and the cloud regime transition from stratocumulus near the coast to trade cumulus farther to the west in both the southeast and northeast Pacific. In particular, the model reproduced major features of the seasonal variations in stratocumulus decks off the Peru and California coasts, including cloud amount, surface latent heat flux, subcloud-layer mixing, and the degree of MBL decoupling. In both observations and the model simulation, in the season with small low-level cloudiness, surface latent heat flux is large and the cloud base is high. This coincides with weak subcloud-layer mixing and strong entrainment at cloud top, characterized by a high degree of MBL decoupling, while the opposite is true for the season with large low-level cloudiness. This seasonal cycle in low-cloud properties resembles the downstream stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition of marine low clouds and can be explained by the “deepening–decoupling” mechanism proposed in previous studies. It is found that the seasonal variations of low-level clouds off the Peru coast are mainly caused by a large seasonal variability in sea surface temperature, whereas those off the California coast are largely attributed to the seasonal cycle in lower-tropospheric temperature.
Celebrating Two Decades of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison
Authors: Potter Gerald L. , Bader David C. , Riches Michael , Bamzai Anjuli , Joseph Renu
Published: March 2011

No Abstract available.
The Apparent Water Vapor Sinks and Heat Sources Associated with the Intraseasonal Oscillation of the Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Wong Sun , Fetzer Eric J. , Tian Baijun , Lambrigtsen Bjorn , Ye Hengchun
Published: March 2011

The possibility of using remote sensing retrievals to estimate apparent water vapor sinks and heat sources is explored. The apparent water vapor sinks and heat sources are estimated from a combination of remote sensing, specific humidity, and temperature from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AIRS) and wind fields from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)’s Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). The intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) of the Indian summer monsoon is used as a test bed to evaluate the apparent water vapor sink and heat source. The ISO-related northward movement of the column-integrated apparent water vapor sink matches that of precipitation observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) minus the MERRA surface evaporation, although the amplitude of the variation is underestimated by 50%. The diagnosed water vapor and heat budgets associated with convective events during various phases of the ISO agree with the moisture–convection feedback mechanism. The apparent heat source moves northward coherently with the apparent water vapor sink associated with the deep convective activity, which is consistent with the northward migration of the precipitation anomaly. The horizontal advection of water vapor and dynamical warming are strong north of the convective area, causing the northward movement of the convection by the destabilization of the atmosphere. The spatial distribution of the apparent heat source anomalies associated with different phases of the ISO is consistent with that of the diabatic heating anomalies from the trained heating (TRAIN Q1) dataset. Further diagnostics of the TRAIN Q1 heating anomalies indicate that the ISO in the apparent heat source is dominated by a variation in latent heating associated with the precipitation.
Psychoanalytic Lexicography: Notes From Two “Harmless Drudges”
Authors: Samberg Eslee , Auchincloss Elizabeth L.
Published: March 2011

The co—Editors in Chief of the American Psychoanalytic Association’s new edition of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts (previously edited by Moore and Fine and last revised in 1990) recount their lexicographical adventures. Editing a dictionary at the turn of the twenty-first century is a daunting, some might say foolhardy, undertaking. The most obvious challenge faced by the editors was the growing pluralism within psychoanalysis. However, a more fundamental challenge was that the object of psychoanalytic study, the mind and its processes, can be known only by putting words to our observations, inferences, and interpretations. Psychoanalytic thinkers, starting with Freud, have wrestled with this challenge in ways that define the history of psychoanalysis itself. Long gone are the days when Freud could commend the “correctness” of Sterba’s lexicographical efforts. Today postmodern critics, at the opposite extreme, argue that terms and concepts are best understood as “verbal gestures” in the “language-game” of psychoanalysis. Some go so far as to assert that dictionary-writing is obsolete. The co—Editors in Chief of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts have not succumbed to such nihilistic views, but have instead struggled to establish a reasonable stance within contemporary debates over the nature of psychoanalytic language.
Visualizing Veins With Near-Infrared Light to Facilitate Blood Withdrawal in Children
Authors: Cuper Natascha J. , Verdaasdonk Rudolf M. , de Roode Rowland , de Vooght Karen M. K. , Viergever Max A. , Kalkman Cor J. , de Graaff Jurgen C.
Published: March 2011

Introduction. This study aims to evaluate for the first time the value of visualizing veins by a prototype of a near-infrared (NIR) vascular imaging system for venipuncture in children. Methods. An observational feasibility study of venipunctures in children (0-6 years) attending the clinical laboratory of a pediatric university hospital during a period of 2 months without (n = 80) and subsequently during a period of 1 month with a prototype of an NIR vascular imaging system (n = 45) was conducted. Failure rate (ie, more than 1 puncture) and time of needle manipulation were determined. Results. With the NIR vascular imaging system, failure rate decreased from 10/80 to 1/45 ( P = .05) and time decreased from 2 seconds (1-10) to 1 second (1-4, P = .07). Conclusion . This study showed promising results on the value of an NIR vascular imaging system in facilitating venipunctures.
Urban Parents’ Perceptions of Healthy Infant Growth
Authors: Sullivan Stephanie A. , Leite Kelly R. , Shaffer Michele L. , Birch Leann L. , Paul Ian M.
Published: March 2011

To examine how urban parents’ perceptions of healthy infant size and growth relate to objective weight-for-length percentiles of their children, parents of 222 (69% minority) 6- to 27-month-old infants were surveyed. In all, 41% of parents said growth charts had never been explained to them, and 31% were not confident they understood the meaning of chart percentiles. A total of 20% of parents preferred their child weigh ≥75th percentile, and these children had higher mean weight-for-length percentiles than their peers ( P = .05). Similarly, 37% of parents agreed that “a chubby baby is a healthy baby,” and these children had higher mean weight-for-length percentiles than others in the cohort ( P = .02). Additionally, 58% of parents ranked a growth curve with consistent growth at the 10th percentile as the “least healthy” of 6 infant growth curves. Growth charts are not consistently explained to or understood by urban parents, and many prefer early life growth patterns associated with later obesity.
Race, Ethnicity, and School-Based Adolescent Victimization
Authors: Peguero Anthony A. , Popp Ann Marie , Koo Dixie J.
Published: March 2011

Opportunity theory enhances one’s understanding of school-based adolescent victimization. Race and ethnicity plays a significant role in school-based victimization. What is uncertain is how opportunity is linked to the school-based victimization of racial and ethnic minority adolescents. This study explores how race and ethnicity interact with opportunity and victimization. Analyses, which are drawn from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 and employ hierarchal generalized logistic model analyses, suggest some important results. Most notably, the relationships between opportunity and victimization vary across racial and ethnic groups. For instance, athletic extracurricular activity involvement is an insulating factor for White Americans but a potential risk factor for Latino Americans and Asian Americans. Besides discussing the findings of this study, this article underscores the importance of understanding racial and ethnic minority school-based adolescent victimization.
Infant feeding practices: Perceptions of Native American mothers and health paraprofessionals
Authors: Horodynski Mildred A , Calcatera Mary , Carpenter Amanda
Published: March 2011

Objective: To ascertain infant feeding practices and to explore the feasibility of an in-home feeding intervention with Native American Indian (NAI) mothers in six Native American communities in the United States (US).

Design: Qualitative focus group study.

Setting: Six Native American communities in the Midwest region of the United States.

Method: Fourteen NAI health paraprofessionals and 42 NAI mothers took part in 12 focus groups that were conducted by a facilitator, according to a semi-structured topic guide. Focus group data were supplemented with demographic data.

Results: For the NAI health paraprofessionals, four major themes emerged: (1) maternal feeding practices for their infants; (2) special considerations when working with the NAI population; (3) sources of advice for NAI mothers; and (4) tailoring a feeding intervention to NAI mothers of infants. For the NAI mothers, four major themes emerged: (1) maternal feeding practices for their infants; (2) expectations about an in-home intervention and how to make it work; (3) useful information regarding infant feeding; and (4) importance of family.

Conclusion: Data provided examples of NAI mothers’ feeding practices, suggesting that development of an effective intervention to assist NAI mothers transition their infants to solid foods can help promote healthy infant growth during their first year of life. Health paraprofessionals need to incorporate nutrition messages that are culturally-congruent for NAI mothers. Inclusion of NAI family members may enhance successful changes in infant feeding practices.
NBCe1 in Mouse and Human Ameloblasts may be Indirectly Regulated by Fluoride
Authors: Zheng L. , Zhang Y. , He P. , Kim J. , Schneider R. , Bronckers A.L. , Lyaruu D.M. , DenBesten P.K.
Published: March 2011

Enamel biomineralization results in a release of protons into the enamel matrix, causing an acidification of the local microenvironment. This acidification, which may be enhanced by more rapid mineral deposition in the presence of fluoride, must be neutralized by the overlying ameloblasts. The electrogenic sodium bicarbonate co-transporter NBCe1 has been localized in mouse ameloblasts, and has been proposed to have a role in matrix pH regulation. In this study, transcript analysis by PCR showed NBCe1-A present in human ameloblasts, whereas mouse ameloblasts expressed NBCe1-B. In situ hybridization and qPCR in mouse and fetal human incisors showed that NBCe1 mRNA was up-regulated as ameloblasts differentiated. Ingestion of 50 ppm fluoride resulted in an up-regulation of NBCe1 mRNA in maturation-stage mouse ameloblasts in vivo, as compared with controls. NBCe1 expression was up-regulated by low pH, but not by fluoride, in human ameloblast-lineage cells in vitro. The up-regulation of NBCe1 in vivo as enamel maturation and mineralization progressed provides evidence that NBCe1 participates in pH modulation during enamel formation. Up-regulation of NBCe1 in fluorosed maturation ameloblasts in vivo, with no effect of fluoride in vitro, supports the hypothesis that fluoride-enhanced mineral deposition results in acidification of the mineralizing enamel matrix.
Classroom Learning Environments and the Mental Health of First Grade Children
Authors: Milkie Melissa A. , Warner Catharine H.
Published: March 2011

Sociological research focuses on how poverty, family, and neighborhood dynamics shape children’s problems, but knowledge about how school is related to children’s mental health is underdeveloped, despite its central presence in children’s lives. Using a social structure and personality-stress contagion perspective, the authors use a nationally representative sample of first graders ( N = 10,700) to assess how the classroom learning environment affects children’s emotional and behavior problems. Children in more negative environments—such as classrooms with fewer material resources and whose teachers receive less respect from colleagues—have more learning, externalizing, interpersonal, and internalizing problems. Moreover, children in classrooms with low academic standards, excessive administrative paperwork, rowdy behavior, and low skill level of peers have more problems across one or more outcomes. Some school effects vary across race and ethnicity.
Boundary-Spanning Work Demands and Their Consequences for Guilt and Psychological Distress
Authors: Glavin Paul , Schieman Scott , Reid Sarah
Published: March 2011

Using data from a national survey of working Americans (Work, Stress, and Health Survey; N = 1,042), the authors examine the associations between boundary-spanning work demands and self-reported feelings of guilt and distress. The authors document gender differences in the emotional and mental health consequences of boundary-spanning work demands, as indexed by the frequency of receiving work-related contact outside of normal work hours. Specifically, the authors observe that frequent work contact is associated with more feelings of guilt and distress among women only. Analyses also demonstrate that guilt accounts for the positive association between the frequency of work contact and distress among women. Statistical adjustments for levels of guilt reduce the positive association between frequent work contact and distress among women to nonsignificance. The findings underscore the importance of focusing on gender and emotions in work-family interface processes, as well as their implications for psychological health.
Social Support and Employee Well-Being
Authors: Nahum-Shani Inbal , Bamberger Peter A. , Bacharach Samuel B.
Published: March 2011

Seeking to explain divergent empirical findings regarding the direct effect of social support on well-being, the authors posit that the pattern of supportive exchange (i.e., reciprocal, under-, or over-reciprocating) determines the impact of receiving support on well-being. Findings generated on the basis of longitudinal data collected from a sample of older blue-collar workers support the authors’ predictions, indicating that receiving emotional support is associated with enhanced well-being when the pattern of supportive exchange is perceived by an individual as being reciprocal (support received equals support given), with this association being weaker when the exchange of support is perceived as being under-reciprocating (support given exceeds support received). Moreover, receiving support was found to adversely affect well-being when the pattern of exchange was perceived as being over-reciprocating (support received exceeds support given). Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Third Therapeutic System
Authors: Manglos Nicolette D. , Trinitapoli Jenny
Published: March 2011

Faith healing in sub-Saharan Africa has primarily been studied qualitatively among Pentecostal-Charismatic groups, and considered as its own phenomenon with little attention to its relationship to other modes of healing. Using data from Malawi, a religiously diverse African country with high HIV prevalence, we find that faith healing is pervasive across multiple religious traditions. For individuals, attending a faith healing congregation is associated with lower levels of generalized worry about AIDS, and this association is driven by those who switched churches before AIDS became widespread in rural areas. Use of condoms and traditional medicine are, on the other hand, positively associated with worry about AIDS. We argue that faith healing can be understood as a third therapeutic system that coexists with the well-documented biomedical and traditional systems. The success of faith healing approaches lies in their unique ability to combine individual-pragmatic and communal-ritualized aspects of healing to inform interpretations of the AIDS epidemic and its consequences.
The Impact of Generation and Country of Origin on the Mental Health of Children of Immigrants
Authors: Montazer Shirin , Wheaton Blair
Published: March 2011

The authors reexamine the study of generational differences in adjustment among the children of immigrants by arguing that the country of origin defines and shapes the adaptation process across generations. Using a sample of children in Toronto, the authors demonstrate that generational differences in the mental health of children occur only in families from countries of origin at the lowest levels of economic development. Among those at the lowest levels of economic development, a mental health advantage in the first generation evolves to a disadvantage in the 2.5 generation relative to third or later generational children. Children from backgrounds characterized by higher economic development show no initial or eventual differences from the native born. Using data from the Toronto Study of Intact Families, the authors are able to explain differences among children from low economic development backgrounds specifically in terms of increasing family conflict and decreasing school involvement across generations.
Exploring Theories of Victimization Using a Mathematical Model of Burglary
Authors: Pitcher Ashley B. , Johnson Shane D.
Published: March 2011

Research concerned with burglary indicates that it is clustered not only at places but also in time. Some homes are victimized repeatedly, and the risk to neighbors of victimized homes is temporarily elevated. The latter type of burglary is referred to as a near repeat. Two theories have been proposed to explain observed patterns. The boost hypothesis states that risk is elevated following an event reflecting offender foraging activity. The flag hypothesis, on the other hand, suggests that time-stable variation in risk provides an explanation where data for populations with different risks are analyzed in the aggregate. To examine this, the authors specify a series of discrete mathematical models of urban residential burglary and examine their outcomes using stochastic agent-based simulations. Results suggest that variation in risk alone cannot explain patterns of exact and near repeats, but that models which also include a boost component show good qualitative agreement with published findings.
Learning to Communicate in a Globalized World: To What Extent Do School Textbooks Facilitate the Development of Intercultural Pragmatic Competence?
Authors: Minh Thi Thuy Nguyen
Published: March 2011

Although a key component in English language teaching programs, English textbooks have been criticized for not offering classroom learners adequate opportunity for learning authentic language (Bardovi-Harlig, 2001; Grant and Starks, 2001; Wong, 2002; Vellenga, 2004). This is because instead of making use of language samples that native speakers actually produce, many textbooks have drawn on native speakers’ intuition about language use, which might not always be reliable (Wolfson, 1989a). This article reports on the finding of a study which aims to analyze and evaluate the pragmatic content of a recently developed series of textbooks intended for use in Vietnam’s upper-secondary schools. Specifically, the article examines how speech acts are linguistically presented in the textbooks and whether adequate contextual and meta-pragmatic information is provided to facilitate the learning of these speech acts. The article also draws implications regarding the writing of ESL/EFL materials for developing intercultural communicative competence in the context of English as a Global Language.
Tensions Between Conflicting Beliefs of an EFL Teacher in Teaching Practice
Authors: Mak Sabina Ho-yan
Published: March 2011

While it has been proposed that language teachers’ beliefs could filter the way they perceive their teaching and influence their practice, few studies have investigated how their beliefs interact with their teaching decisions and why some beliefs override others. When EFL teachers adapt the Western-based Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) model to Asian contexts, tensions between beliefs about different traditions of language teaching begin to surface and influence their perceptions and practice of new teaching methodologies. Therefore, exploring how EFL teachers’ beliefs interact with their teaching decisions could shed more light on EFL teacher development. This paper reports on the interactions between a pre-service EFL teacher’s beliefs about CLT and her teaching practice in a one-year postgraduate teacher education programme in Hong Kong. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, belief-inventory questionnaires, researcher’s field notes, classroom observations and stimulated recall interviews at different times in the programme. It gives an interpretive account of the participant’s reactions to conflicting beliefs and the impact on her learning process. This is followed by a discussion on several characteristics of belief development, which facilitated CLT adaptation and/or hindered teacher development.