bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segurança do trabalho no beneficiamento do RCC inerte
Authors: Fernandes Maria da Paz Medeiros , Silva Filho Luiz Carlos Pinto da
Published: June 2015

Grande quantidade de resíduos da construção civil (RCCs) é gerada nas atividades de construção. O desafio é reduzir esse volume na geração. Para induzir essa mudança na gestão desses resíduos, o Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Conama) publicou as Resoluções nº 307/2002, 348/2004, 431/2011 e 448/2012. Entretanto, aspectos relativos à Segurança e Saúde do Trabalho (SST) na manipulação e processamento dos RCCs ainda são olvidados. Com o objetivo de contribuir para enfatizar essa questão e ajudar a superar essa lacuna, esta pesquisa utilizou como método de investigação o estudo de caso através do uso de casos múltiplos, tendo como unidades de análise as três áreas de reciclagem (ARs) de Belo Horizonte, municipalidade que apresenta um dos melhores registros na gestão dos RCCs no Brasil. O levantamento de dados foi realizado de 2009 até 2014 através de documentação indireta, com coleta direta de dados em 2011. Após a análise das evidências coletadas, observa-se que elas corroboraram a proposição teórica inicial, de que as ARs estão sujeitas a condições de SST que necessitam ser estudadas, aprimoradas e mais bem controladas. Assim, os resultados podem orientar as propostas de melhorias no gerenciamento dos RCCs em outros municípios, principalmente no que se refere à SST.
Distribuição otimizada do reforço com fibras de carbono em lajes de concreto armado
Authors: Cunha Jesiel , Chaves Luciano Pereira , Santos Leila Maria Soares dos , Lopes Zigue Marley Furtado
Published: June 2015

Neste trabalho é determinada a região de aplicação do reforço com fibras de carbono em lajes de concreto utilizando-se um procedimento de otimização topológica. Embora o procedimento seja aplicado em lajes, a técnica pode ser usada em qualquer estrutura de concreto armado a ser reforçada. As simulações numéricas foram feitas através do Método dos Elementos Finitos, associadas ao procedimento automático de otimização topológica, para indicação da região ótima de posicionamento do reforço. A influência de alguns aspectos do comportamento estrutural da laje no resultado da otimização é apresentada: fissuração do concreto; condições de apoio e de carregamento; e taxa de reforço. Foram verificados os ganhos em termos de rigidez e de resistência das peças reforçadas. A comparação com técnicas convencionais de reforço mostrou que a otimização topológica pode ser uma ferramenta bastante útil para a definição da região do reforço, podendo levar a uma economia de material.
Vergamento da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis plasticizada por vaporização e cozimento
Authors: Peres Matheus Lemos , Delucis Rafael de Avila , Gatto Darci Alberto , Beltrame Rafael
Published: June 2015

O vergamento de madeira foi utilizado ao longo dos séculos para a produção de objetos grandes, como estruturas de embarcações ou pequenos utensílios. Mesmo com constantes estudos de vergamento, há carência de melhorias de processo e inclusão de madeiras de baixo valor comercial. Assim, o presente trabalho analisou a madeira vergada de Eucalyptus grandis tratada por diferentes tempos de exposição à vaporização e ao cozimento. Foram analisados o número de tipos de defeitos por peça vergada (Nºdef), a variação no teor de umidade perante os tratamentos (∆Tu), a pressão de extremidade (Pe) e a perda de forma circular (Pf). Verificou-se que as variáveis diferem significativamente entre os tipos de tratamento de vaporização e cozimento, exceto para o Nºdef. Os tempos de tratamento não apresentaram efeito significativo. Concluiu-se que a espécie é aceitável para vergamentos em raios inferiores ao utilizado no presente estudo. Adicionalmente, a vaporização mostrou ser o melhor tratamento, por apresentar melhores parâmetros de qualificação.
Giant prostatic hyperplasia: report of a previously asymptomatic man presenting with gross hematuria and hypovolemic shock
Authors: Wroclawski Marcelo Langer , Carneiro Ariê , Tristão Rodrigo Alves , Sakuramoto Paulo Kouiti , Youssef Jorg Daoud Merched , Lopes Neto Antonio Correa , Santiago Lucila Heloísa Simardi , Pompeo Antonio Carlos Lima
Published: June 2015

Giant prostatic hyperplasia is a rare condition characterized by very high volume benign prostatic enlargement (>500g). Few cases have been reported so far and most of them are associated with severe lower urinary symptoms. We report the first case of asymptomatic giant prostatic hyperplasia in an elderly man who had a 720g prostate adenoma, sudden gross hematuria and hypovolemic shock. The patient was successfully treated with open transvesical prostatectomy and had an uneventful postoperative recovery.
Strategies for appropriate antibiotic use in intensive care unit
Authors: Silva Camila Delfino Ribeiro da , Silva Júnior Moacyr
Published: June 2015

The comsumption of antibiotics is high, mainly in intensive care units. Unfortunately, most are inappropriately used leading to increased multi-resistant bacteria. It is well known that initial empirical therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics reduce mortality rates. However the prolonged and irrational use of antimicrobials may also increase the risk of toxicity, drug interactions and diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Some strategies to rational use of antimicrobial agents include avoiding colonization treatment, de-escalation, monitoring serum levels of the agents, appropriate duration of therapy and use of biological markers. This review discusses the effectiveness of these strategies, the importance of microbiology knowledge, considering there are agents resistant to Staphylococcus aureus andKlebsiella pneumoniae, and reducing antibiotic use and bacterial resistance, with no impact on mortality.
An overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to environmental stress research
Authors: Suhett Albert Luiz , Santangelo Jayme Magalhães , Bozelli Reinaldo Luiz , Steinberg Christian Eugen Wilhem , Farjalla Vinicius Fortes
Published: June 2015

Cladocerans are microcrustaceans component of the zooplankton in a wide array of aquatic ecosystems. These organisms, in particular the genus Daphnia, have been widely used model organisms in studies ranging from biomedical sciences to ecology. Here, we present an overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to understanding the consequences at different levels of biological organization of stress induced by environmental factors. We discuss how some characteristics of cladocerans (e.g., small body size, short life cycles, cyclic parthenogenesis) make them convenient models for such studies, with a particular comparison with other major zooplanktonic taxa. Then we illustrate the contribution of cladocerans to stress research with examples encompassing stress responses spanning from the molecular to the populational level. Most worth of note are recent studies that presented evidence of beneficial consequences of mild stress caused by natural stressors (cross-tolerance), which may be passed along across generations, favoring individual survival and species persistence in fluctuating environments. This would be particularly relevant for environments prone to frequent natural environmental fluctuations, such as coastal lagoons and other shallow aquatic ecosystems. Based on reviewed studies, a conceptual model is presented summarizing the potential effects of a first stressor on the organism's resistance to a second one. We finish by highlighting some gaps on environmental stress research that could benefit from further studies using cladocerans as model organisms.
Catalase activity in Smicridea McLachlan, 1871 (Insecta, Trichoptera) collected from natural and altered/impacted streams
Authors: Biasus Cristiane , Hepp Luiz Ubiratan , Cansian Rogério Luis , Restello Rozane Maria , Mielniczki-Pereira Albanin Aparecida
Published: June 2015

Aim: We compare catalase activity in SmicrideaMcLachlan, 1871 (Insecta, Trichoptera) collected in natural and agricultural streams and correlates the enzyme pattern with metal content in the water.MethodsOrganisms were collected in sites classified as natural (riparian vegetation in buffer zone) and altered/impacted (agricultural land use in drainage area) environments, located at Cravo River and Campo River sub-basins (RS, Brazil). Next the collected larvae were identified and used to proteins quantification and catalase activity measure. The concentration of Mg, Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd in the water was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.ResultsCatalase activity in Smicridea ranged from 1.5 to 6 U, with mean values about 2.63 ± 0.096 U (SEM). The presence of metals was higher in the streams located at agricultural drainage area, except for Mg at the Cravo sub-basin and Cu at the Campo sub-basin. Catalase was higher in Smicridea collected in natural streams as compared to that agriculture streams and was correlated with Pb and Cd levels.ConclusionsThe data showed the potential of this biomarker as a useful tool for complementation of water quality biomonitoring studies using Smicridea as bioindicator.
Genetic algorithm design of a soil–structure–damper system
Authors: Khoshnoudian Faramarz , Ayyobi Pedram , Paytam Farzane , Mirmo'azen S. Mohamad
Published: June 2015

This paper reports on an investigation into the optimum design for a passive tuned mass damper system which takes account of soil–structure interaction. A multi-objective optimisation approach for minimising the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the structure is adopted. Three-dimensional structural models of five-, ten- and 15-storey buildings resting on soils with different shear wave velocities are used. Damper parameters are calculated using three different approaches. In the first, the damper is tuned to the fundamental frequency of the fixed-base structure; the second approach employs modified design parameters based on ASCE 7-10, and in the third the damper is optimally designed using a multi-objective genetic algorithm optimiser. The results indicate that taking the effects of soil–structure interaction into account leads to performance improvements of the damper. On the other hand, the maximum value of the displacement of soil–structure–damper system founded on soft soil reduces by a considerable extent (about 30%) using the genetic algorithm approach. Therefore the simplicity and efficiency of using the real coded genetic algorithm method in the optimal design of tuned mass dampers compared to the other two approaches is demonstrated.
Seismic assessment of concrete frames by endurance time method
Authors: Amouzegar Hamed , Riahi Hossein Tajmir
Published: June 2015

The capability of endurance time analysis as an appropriate tool in performance-based earthquake engineering is assessed in this paper. Seismic performance of a comprehensive database of reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames is studied using endurance time and time history analysis. Ground motions used in this study are spectrally matched to the design spectrum which was used for the generation of the input motions of endurance time analysis. This matching facilitates the comparison of the results of two methods at different seismic hazard levels. Comparisons are done for different engineering demand parameters and the pros and cons of the endurance time method are discussed. The endurance time method is shown to provide an estimate of maximum inter-storey drift ratio, roof displacement and plastic hinge rotations that is very close to the results of time history analysis. This method can also correctly predict the distribution of displacement and lateral forces over all storeys. Results are compared with the results of pushover analysis, and the endurance time analysis results are found to be more compatible with the results of time history analysis. In addition, in most frames, the coefficient of variation of engineering demand parameters is less for endurance time analysis than for time history analysis. Results show that input motions of the endurance time method, generated based on a design response spectrum, can be used to assess frames at different seismic hazard levels correctly.
Disabled cyclists in England: imagery in policy and design
Authors: Hickman Kevin
Published: June 2015

UK policy has long sought to promote cycling as a healthy and sustainable form of transport. A desire to generate an ‘Olympic legacy’ following the 2012 games along with pressure from campaign groups for safer infrastructure has led to more inclusive policies, with an emphasis on promoting cycling for everyone, along with new design guidance to enable it. What does that mean for disabled people and a paralympic legacy? This paper discusses how disabled people can be represented in the cycling environment, the types of cycle they use (from bicycles to quadricycles, through handcycles and tricycles) and the requirements they have. A snapshot of cycling policy and design guidance in the period 2013–2014 is analysed to see how disabled cyclists are illustrated by comparing the frequency of bicycles to other types of cycle. It concludes by recommending ways to ensure disabled people are included in the cycling mainstream.
The effectiveness of advice and actions in reducing food waste
Authors: Langen Nina , Göbel Christine , Waskow Frank
Published: June 2015

There is broad consensus that the amount of food produced for human nutrition but not finally consumed is one of the great challenges societies have to meet in the pursuit of a more sustainable food system. Many recommendations have been published and disseminated to households recently in order to reduce household food waste. So far, there is no evidence that these suggestions are an effective toolbox consumers can apply to minimise their food waste. The purpose of this paper is to discover which kind of information or action is appropriate to minimise household food waste by presenting the results of a consumer survey with 351 respondents conducted in Germany in autumn 2011. Important findings are that the advice given so far does not address households' actual difficulties in minimising food waste but rather secondary issues and hence fails to reduce individual food waste. It becomes obvious that especially complex and irregular lifestyles as well as exceptional situations cause waste. Expired best before and use by dates are important to a lesser extent because the products wasted most frequently are not sold with such labels and consumers' comprehension of these labels is correct.
Empoderamiento en mujeres mexicanas: Experiencias de mujeres líderes de México
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Julita Elemí , García Falconi Renan
Published: June 2015

En artículo analiza el término de empoderamiento, y las experiencias en la vida de mujeres líderes políticas mexicanas, con el fin de determinar cuáles de estas experiencias influyeron  en el  proceso de empoderamiento. Se analiza como las mujeres mismas vivieron ese proceso y que sucesos fueron comunes a ellas, en especial desde los ejes de análisis de educación, crianza, ambiente familiar, religión, entre otras. De acuerdo a lo esperado, se encontró que las mujeres entrevistadas, a pesar de ser de diversos orígenes comparten experiencias que las ayudaron o bien dificultaron su proceso de empoderamiento.
Incidencia del trabajo infantil en el desarrollo de la violencia de género en Ecuador
Authors: Carpio Freire Carlos Raul
Published: June 2015

Actualmente la problemática del trabajo infantil y la violencia de género constituyen un tema de repercusión política y social para el Ecuador. El presente artículo busca determinar si el trabajo infantil es una variable que influye o resulta en maltrato de género; para lo cual se realizó un estudio de regresión lineal al total de niños y niñas y de mujeres ecuatorianas que habitan en las diferentes provincias del Ecuador y que presentan ambas características. De esta manera se busca determinar la relación que existe entre ambas; con el fin de poder plantear propuestas que conlleven a soluciones alternativas para la disminución de este flagelo.
La carne y la metáfora. Una reflexión sobre el cuerpo en la teoría queer
Authors: Álvarez Bernardo Gloria
Published: June 2015

El discurso teórico queer ha hecho del cuerpo una metáfora que lo aleja de su dimensión material. En el libro que aquí se reseña, el autor pretende analizar cuáles son las consecuencias que el discurso queer tiene sobre ciertas propuestas prácticas reivindicativas que tienen al cuerpo físico como su eje central para la acción.
El abandono de los medios tradicionales de representación: los nuevos códigos expresivos utilizados por las mujeres artistas utilizados por las mujeres artistas
Authors: Sosa Sánchez Roxana
Published: June 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo el arte hecho por mujeres puede ser explicado a través de la noción de fragmentación, especialmente las obras de las artistas referidas en el trabajo. Esto es, las españolas Esther Ferrer y Concha Jerez, y las norteamericanas Barbara Kruger y Jenny Holzer. Como describiremos a lo largo del trabajo, este concepto proporciona un elemento común a una diversidad heterogénea de propuestas artísticas realizadas por mujeres creadoras. Si bien dicha noción fue anticipada por distintos autores pertenecientes al ámbito de las ciencias sociales, a comienzos del siglo XX, su uso aparece de forma explícita con la posmodernidad. Considero que el conocimiento de las mujeres artistas constituye un elemento de reflexión sobre el papel de la estética contemporánea actual y el lenguaje utilizado por las mismas permite adentrarnos en el estudio de las obras generadas por las mujeres creadoras.
¿Qué presumo?
Authors: Sarabia Rios Cecilia
Published: June 2015

La importancia de dar voz a las mujeres en los diversos grupos y áreas en que se desarrollan da como resultado una polifonia de lexicos en donde se pueden palpar los avances de la equidad e igualdad en el día a día.  Los relatos de 30 mujeres que se dedican a la investigación y a la educación permiten conocer la actitud perosnal, los retos y las visicitudes en sus vidas.
Ciudadanía, género y poder: La paridad como principio constitucional
Authors: Salazar Benítez Octavio
Published: June 2015

La introducción por la Ley Orgánica 3/2007, de 22 de marzo de acciones positivas en la ley electoral no sólo provocó una intensa polémica en cuanto a su legitimidad constitucional sino que también, y paradójicamente, no ha contribuido al aumento del número de diputadas en el Congreso. Ello nos obliga a reflexionar sobre los argumentos jurídicos que se oponen a ellas y los políticos que explican su relativa virtualidad práctica. De esta manera, planteamos una reflexión sobre el concepto de “democracia paritaria”, desde su conexión con los dos ejes fundamentales de un sistema constitucional: el poder y la ciudadanía. Una reflexión urgente y necesaria ante la perspectiva de una reforma de nuestra Constitución.

 
¡Quiero ser madre! Las técnicas de reproducción asistida como vía de acceso a la maternidad en solitario
Authors: Avilés Hernández Manuela , Sánchez Manzanares Arancha
Published: June 2015

Este artículo se centra en las mujeres que sin tener pareja han decidido ser madres mediante las técnicas de reproducción asistida. El interés se pone en la experiencia personal e íntima que han vivido desde que se plantearon la posibilidad de recurrir a estas técnicas hasta que finalmente se convirtieron en madres. Para ello, se identifican tres focos de atención: el momento de la toma de decisión; el proceso en sí mismo de fecundación, embarazo y parto; y la valoración global de la experiencia con la llegada del hijo/a. Para abordar estas cuestiones se realizan 15 entrevistas a mujeres que optaron por esta vía para acceder a la maternidad.
Ciudadanías sexo-genéricas y corporalidades. Un análisis de las leyes de fertilización asistida y reparación mamaria en Argentina
Authors: Passerino Leila Martina , Trupa Noelia Soledad
Published: June 2015

El trabajo analiza dos leyes sancionadas recientemente en Argentina: la cobertura de los tratamientos de reproducción asistida a través de la Ley de Fertilización de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y la posterior Ley Nacional; y la Ley Nacional de Reconstrucción Mamaria a mujeres mastectomizadas. Desde una perspectiva biopolítica y a partir del concepto de ciudadanía sexual indagamos cómo estas legislaciones operan performativamente instituyendo cuerpos sexuados y genéricos. Se considera el rol paradójico del Estado que garantiza derechos y simultáneamente produce ciudadanías normadas respecto a ideales de familia, femineidad y de lo saludable.
La “pseudoneutralidad” legislativa, la falta de perspectiva de género para garantizar el acceso a la Justicia y la constitución de las mujeres víctimas de violencias como colectivo vulnerable
Authors: Cano Julieta Evangelina
Published: June 2015

El presente trabajo aborda la problemática del acceso a la Justicia para mujeres víctimas de violencias en Argentina. Recuperando posiciones de la teoría feminista, analiza si en el país se da o no, lo que se denomina una “pseudoneutralidad” legislativa que ignora las desigualdades entre varones y mujeres que sustentan el patriarcado y que además son consecuencia directa de éste. Describe y recorre la normativa específica del caso, tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional, para reflexionar sobre si las mujeres pueden pensarse como integrantes de un colectivo vulnerable aún en un país comprometido normativamente con la igualdad.
Madres de la novela histórica italiana
Authors: Reyes Ferrer Maria
Published: June 2015

En este artículo se analiza el papel que jugaron las escritoras italianas en la configuración de uno de los géneros literarios que mayor repercusión alcanzó en Italia: la novela histórica. Desde sus inicios, este género se ha relacionado casi de manera exclusiva con Alessandro Manzoni, más conocido como el padre de la novela histórica italiana. No obstante, las mujeres también participaron del género histórico y, según varios estudios, se desviaron ligeramente del canon tradicional para buscar nuevas formas y explorar una temática que enriquecerá el género y aportará una nueva visión de la historia y de la literatura.
La igualdad efectiva entre hombres y mujeres: desde una perspectiva normativa global y nacional.
Authors: Álvarez Robles Tamara
Published: June 2015

El presente estudio tiene por objeto el análisis del derecho fundamental a la igualdad efectiva entre hombres y mujeres. Desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar jurídico-sociológica pretendemos conocer aquellos aspectos normativos y sociales que intervienen no sólo a nivel local (domestic law) sino también internacional o globalmente en el disfrute del derecho a la igualdad. Así mismo el análisis del íter normativo de la igualdad nos acercará a la efectividad de tal derecho en la actualidad.
Análise temporal de combates de Muay-Thai de nível nacional: Efeitos da fase competitiva
Authors: Del Vecchio Fabrício Boscolo , Silva Jerônimo Jaspe Rodrigues , Farias Charles Bartel
Published: June 2015

Introdução: A análise temporal dos combates possibilita estudo dos padrões de luta nos esportes de combate, e se pode recriar os esforços em treinamentos específicos. Porém, não há informações disponíveis sobre análise temporal em diferentes níveis competitivos em lutas de Muay-Thai. Objetivo: Investigar as características temporais realizadas por atletas de Muay-Thai em competição oficial de nível nacional, segundo round, e comparar combates eliminatórios com disputas de medalhas. Materiais e métodos: Foram registradas 65 lutas masculinas de Campeonato Brasileiro. Empregou-se estratégia de filmagem in loco e, para análise de tempo movimento, foi utilizado Software Kinovea®. Consideraram-se períodos de observação, preparação e interação, bem como relação de alta intensidade e baixa intensidade (AI:BI). A duração média dos rounds entre fases foi comparada com teste t de Student. Aplicou-se modelo linear generalizado considerando a duração de esforço como variável dependente, e nível competitivo, round e tipo de esforço como independentes. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Em média, registraram-se de 7 a 8 s de observação, aproximadamente 3 s de preparação e 4 a 5,5 s de interação, com tempo de observação estatisticamente superior aos demais. Constatou-se diferença significante no tempo de interação entre lutas eliminatórias e finais (respectivamente 5,5 ± 0,3 s e 3,7 ± 0,5 s; p < 0,05). Ao se agruparem os tempos de observação e preparação como baixa intensidade (BI), e de interação como esforço de alta intensidade (AI), a relação AI:BI foi de 1:2 em lutas eliminatórias e de 1:3 nos combates finais. Conclusões: Conclui-se que o Muay-Thai se configura como uma modalidade de combate intermitente e que o tempo destinado à interação é inferior em confrontos finais quando comparados aos eliminatórios.
Exenatide Regulates Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Brain Areas Associated With Glucose Homeostasis and Reward System
Authors: Daniele Giuseppe , Iozzo Patricia , Molina-Carrion Marjorie , Lancaster Jack , Ciociaro Demetrio , Cersosimo Eugenio , Tripathy Devjit , Triplitt Curtis , Fox Peter , Musi Nicolas , DeFronzo Ralph , Gastaldelli Amalia
Published: June 2015

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) have been found in the brain, but whether GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RAs) influence brain glucose metabolism is currently unknown. The study aim was to evaluate the effects of a single injection of the GLP-1RA exenatide on cerebral and peripheral glucose metabolism in response to a glucose load. In 15 male subjects with HbA1c of 5.7 ± 0.1%, fasting glucose of 114 ± 3 mg/dL, and 2-h glucose of 177 ± 11 mg/dL, exenatide (5 μg) or placebo was injected in double-blind, randomized fashion subcutaneously 30 min before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The cerebral glucose metabolic rate (CMRglu) was measured by positron emission tomography after an injection of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose before the OGTT, and the rate of glucose absorption (RaO) and disposal was assessed using stable isotope tracers. Exenatide reduced RaO0–60 min (4.6 ± 1.4 vs. 13.1 ± 1.7 μmol/min ⋅ kg) and decreased the rise in mean glucose0–60 min (107 ± 6 vs. 138 ± 8 mg/dL) and insulin0–60 min (17.3 ± 3.1 vs. 24.7 ± 3.8 mU/L). Exenatide increased CMRglu in areas of the brain related to glucose homeostasis, appetite, and food reward, despite lower plasma insulin concentrations, but reduced glucose uptake in the hypothalamus. Decreased RaO0–60 min after exenatide was inversely correlated to CMRglu. In conclusion, these results demonstrate, for the first time in man, a major effect of a GLP-1RA on regulation of brain glucose metabolism in the absorptive state.
Comparison of Multichannel Wide Dynamic Range Compression and ChannelFree Processing Strategies on Consonant Recognition
Authors: Plyler Patrick , Hedrick Mark , Rinehart Brittany , Tripp Rebekah
Published: June 2015

Background:Both wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) and ChannelFree (CF) processing strategies in hearing aids were designed to improve listener comfort and consonant identification, yet few studies have actually compared them.Purpose:To determine whether CF processing
provides equal or better consonant identification and subjective preference than WDRC.Research Design:A repeated-measures randomized design was used in which each participant identified consonants from prerecorded nonsense vowel‐consonant‐vowel syllables in three conditions:
unaided, aided using CF processing, and aided using WDRC processing. For each of the three conditions, syllables were presented in quiet and in a speech-noise background. Participants were also asked to rate the two processing schemes according to overall preference, preference in quiet and
noise, and sound quality.Study Sample:Twenty adults (seven females; mean age 69.7 yr) with ≥1 yr of hearing aid use participated. Ten participants had previous experience wearing aids with WDRC, and 10 had previous experience with CF processing. Participants were tested with both
WDRC and CF processing.Data Collection and Analysis:Number of consonants correct were measured and used as the dependent variable in analyses of variance with subsequent post hoc testing. For subjective preference, a listener rating form was employed with subsequent χ2
analysis.Results:Overall results showed that signal-processing strategy did not significantly affect consonant identification or subjective preference, nor did previous hearing aid use influence results. Listeners with audiometric slopes exceeding 11 dB per octave, however, preferred
CF processing and performed better in noise with CF processing.Conclusion:CF processing is a viable alternative to WDRC for listeners with more severely sloping audiometric contours.
< TRY AND V >, structure de coordination
Authors: Desurmont Christopher
Published: June 2015

This paper attempts to show that the “try and V” construction (V1 and V2) is not simply an informal variant of “try to V”, at least not for those speakers for whom the two constructions are readily available. It is here claimed that the key to an understanding of this construction is the separating function of the coordinator “and”: the transitive verb “try” (V1) is syntactically separated from V2 by the coordinator, and so is being used intransitively, thus acquiring referential autonomy. The verb “try” deprived of a syntactic complement can be paraphrased as “try to do something” and is thus claimed to represent by itself (synthetically and implicitly) the complete set of actions required for the realisation of the coordinated V2 event.
The Grammaticalization of done in Non-Standard English
Authors: Larroque Patrice
Published: June 2015

Il semble que d’une manière générale l’emploi de done en anglais non-standard dans des schémas tels que DONE + V-ed/-en ou DONE + V passe par la grammaticalisation du participe passé du verbe do dans les constructions perfectives. Cette étude examine la fonction syntaxique et sémantique de done en position préverbale en se fondant sur l’hypothèse d’Antoine Meillet (1912 : 140) selon laquelle les mots les plus fréquemment utilisés s’affaiblissent et évoluent vers des formes plus intenses. On peut, en effet, se demander si, dans ce type de construction, done doit être considéré comme un adverbe dont le sens se rapprocherait de celui de already ou comme un modal renvoyant à une attitude prise à l’égard du contenu propositionnel. Entre ces deux valeurs on observe une ré-analyse du verbe en auxiliaire qui met en évidence l’engagement de l’énonciateur.
Des nombres à prendre ou à l’essai
Authors: Richet Bertrand
Published: June 2015

Discourse is a representation of reality to be shared with others but there are times when such a representation fails to provide an accurate evaluation of it. That is typically the case with quantitative numerical assignment, either because the speaker is (temporarily) unable to come up with an adequate evaluation or because he does not wish to do so. The result of the tension between fuzziness and precision in spontaneous spoken discourse is a grammar of numerical approximation forms which combine the scanning of quantity and of its representation. Whether it be with juxtaposition, coordination, adverb/suffix insertion or more elaborate forms, the surface of discourse displays a series of structures that bring us back to the cultural and cognitive basis for numerical representation, while unveiling the complexity of our relationship to numbers. All data come from the London Lund corpus of spoken English.
La figure du tout intégré et les noms discrets collectifs
Authors: Arigne Viviane
Published: June 2015

This article assesses the role of the model of the integrated whole in the linguistics of collective nouns and, more particularly, collective discrete nouns. The cognitive dimension of the integrated whole whose prototype is given by the discrete noun body is twofold and concerns both metalinguistic and linguistic referential constructions. A number of features are isolated in the prototypical integrated whole, such as meronomical features, tri-dimensional object-reference, token-reference as well as position in the hierarchy of integrated wholes. Collective discrete nouns are analysed along the same lines as less prototypical integrated wholes. Isomorphism between a discrete whole and similarly discrete homeomerous parts accounts for the fascination collective discrete nouns hold for scholars, be it in English or French linguistics. The features pertaining to prototypical or collective integrated wholes help explain how collective mass-nouns are very frequently excluded from the class of collective nouns and how a number of collective discrete nouns are hardly ever mentioned in linguistic or grammatical works. Lastly, the noun body is analysed as a semantically derived collective noun: the prototypical integrated whole is used as a collective, less prototypical, integrated whole to unite and interlock the most independent discrete entities, human animates.
« You little zit! » ou quand une sitcom américaine est génératrice d’insultes
Authors: Hugou Vincent
Published: June 2015

This study focuses on two productive constructions of insults in English: the vocative and the imperative. The corpus consists of the 261 episodes of an American sitcom, Married with Children (1987-1997), where innovative insults can be found in great quantity. Our main goal is to determine how readily the speaker comprehends an innovative insult. We assume that there are syntactic, semantic, morphological and phonological  « hints » in the newly-formed insult which better enable the retrieval of the construction on which the new form is modelled, and which thereby facilitate comprehension. We asked informants to evaluate the degree of prototypicality of these innovative insults, outside of their context of origin, in order to determine which hints are more relevant than others and if comprehension is still possible below a quantitative threshold. Results indicate that some hints are more relevant than others and that the number of hints is not a necessary condition to decode the new insult. They also often point to the insufficiency of the construction, which cannot alone convey meaning: full understanding requires recourse to context and suprasegmental factors.
A cognitive rhetoric approach to two political speeches
Authors: Bonnefille Stéphanie
Published: June 2015

Cet article se propose d’étudier les applications possibles du cadre théorique de la rhétorique cognitive, en comparant deux discours politiques, l’un prononcé par le Président Obama et l’autre par le Président Sarkozy, en septembre 2009 lors du « Sommet sur les changements climatiques » qui s’est déroulé au siège des Nations Unies, à New York. L’objectif premier de cette réunion internationale consistait à préparer les négociations qui auraient lieu lors de la conférence de Copenhague sur le climat, en décembre 2009.Cette étude fait suite à deux articles (Bonnefille 2008, 2009) inscrits dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique cognitive et consacrés à l’analyse des outils rhétoriques les plus fréquemment déployés pour parler du changement climatique sur la scène politique. Dans la même veine, le présent article met en lumière les moyens rhétoriques mis en oeuvre dans ces deux discours, afin de permettre aux deux présidents de façonner leurs réponses face à la crise environnementale.
Modality in debate
Authors: Rouveyrol Laurent
Published: June 2015

Cette étude poursuit deux objectifs. Le premier est de montrer comment l’analyse de discours peut remettre en question certaines visions traditionnelles concernant la modalité. Le second est d’explorer la façon dont l’auxiliaire modal CAN est utilisé par différents locuteurs dans un corpus de débats télévisés britanniques : le débat-panel Question Time. La fréquence d’emploi de l’auxililaire modal CAN dans le corpus est le double (0,46 %) de ce que l’on trouve dans un corpus non marqué (0,23-0,25 %). Comment donc expliquer cette fréquence surprenante dans le débat télévisé considéré ?Le genre du débat politique télévisé impose tout d’abord une approche intégrative et pluridimensionnelle de la modalité : si les personalités invitées sur le plateau doivent exprimer leur opinion sur l’actualité de la semaine, tout énoncé renvoie de près ou de loin à une forme de subjectivité quels que soient les marqueurs apparaissant. Il faut donc distinguer le niveau des modalités, concernant les choix de marqueurs tels que les déterminants, de celui des modalisations, correspondant aux marqueurs explicites de subjectivité : les adjectifs axiologiques, les complétives de type « I think that » et les auxiliaires modaux dont CAN fait partie. L’analyse statistique laisse apparaître que les énoncés contenant CAN concernent les ordres de discours politique, ainsi que celui de la vie quotidienne. Les gloses méta-énonciatives ayant pour fonction de demander la parole sont nombreuses. Par ailleurs, les notions d’argumentation, d’opposition et la valeur d’actualité  les caractérisent principalement.L’analyse qualitative montre que dans le cadre d’une argumentation, CAN permet de faire référence à un savoir implicite, présupposé, venant appuyer la thèse défendue. Ce type d’emploi correspond à l’étymologie de CAN : Cunnan signifiait Connaître en Vieil et Moyen Anglais. On défendra donc l’idée que l’auxiliaire modal CAN incarne l’activité cognitivo-discusive du débat argumenté, tout d’abord parce qu’il correspond au jeu interactionnel à l’œuvre et ensuite parce qu’il opère une médiation entre un savoir implicite possédé par un locuteur donné, et un discours médiatisé necessairement polémique, dans une situation de communication mettant des locuteurs/idéologies face à face. De la médiation du savoir à la médiatisation du discours, tel est le processus marqué par CAN dans le cadre du débat Question-Time.
Protection et valorisation du patrimoine géomorphologique en Île-de-France (Bassin de Paris, France)
Authors: Bétard François
Published: June 2015

Reconnu depuis une dizaine d’années seulement, le patrimoine géomorphologique fait l’objet d’une attention accrue de la part des scientifiques et des acteurs du territoire, en raison des menaces grandissantes qui pèsent sur la préservation des reliefs et des paysages, mais aussi compte tenu des potentialités qu’offre la valorisation culturelle et touristique des sites d’intérêt géomorphologique (ou géomorphosites) pour le développement local. En France métropolitaine, la région Île-de-France concentre des enjeux forts en matière de conservation et de valorisation du patrimoine géomorphologique, surtout face à l’urbanisation croissante qui le menace directement, alors que les habitants et les visiteurs représentent un public de plus en plus demandeur pour connaître et découvrir ce nouveau type de géopatrimoine sous un angle culturel ou touristique. Cet article propose de dresser un état des lieux de la protection et de la valorisation du patrimoine géomorphologique francilien, en examinant plus particulièrement (i) les outils qui ont été utilisés jusqu’à présent pour protéger les géomorphosites remarquables de la région et (ii) les acteurs engagés dans des démarches de valorisation didactique et touristique du patrimoine géomorphologique. Des exemples choisis viennent illustrer de façon concrète les moyens qui ont été mis en œuvre sur les géomorphosites en matière de protection, de gestion et de mise en valeur. Des perspectives sont dégagées à l’issue de cette analyse, compte tenu des inventaires en cours, des stratégies nationales de création d’aires protégées et des volontés politiques locales de mettre en valeur le patrimoine géomorphologique de leur territoire.
Politiques publiques et élevage en Uruguay : premiers effets des mesures environnementales et de développement territorial
Authors: Sabourin Éric , de Torres Álvarez Maria Fernanda , Arbeletche Pedro , Massardier Gilles , Courdin Virgina , Tourrand Jean François , Morales Grosskopf Hermes
Published: June 2015

Les récentes politiques publiques en faveur de l’agriculture familiale en Uruguay sont confrontées à une tension très forte avec la logique néolibérale dominant l’agriculture uruguayenne. L’article analyse les innovations des politiques publiques en matière de gestion des ressources naturelles, aménagement du territoire et décentralisation du développement rural et examine leurs effets, en particulier sur le secteur de l’élevage familial. La recherche a été conduite en croisant l’analyse d’archives et des entretiens avec les principaux décideurs, acteurs et bénéficiaires des politiques étudiées. L’Uruguay est en train d’intégrer rapidement les normes internationales de transversalité en matière de politiques environnementales (préservation de l’eau et des sols) territoriales et de développement durable. Mais l’implantation de nouveaux instruments de régulation (territoriale, environnementale, foncière, etc.) rencontre des difficultés, car ils entrent en tension ou opposition avec les intérêts du secteur entrepreneurial ou encore avec l’identité des éleveurs familiaux.
An Aesthetics of Digital Virtual Environments
Authors: Nash Adam
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines digital virtual environments as a site for art and proposes a formal aesthetics for art in digital virtual environments. The study arises from the author's decades-long practice producing art in virtual environments and the related theoretical considerations that have arisen from that practice. The technical, conceptual and ontological status of virtual environments is examined in order to establish a base of intrinsic qualities that identify virtual environments as a medium for art. The philosophy of Gilbert Simondon is used to achieve this. The elements and principles the artist must employ to work with this medium are identified as data, display and modulation. The specificities of virtual environments as a medium for art are examined in order to establish a formal aesthetics. In particular, digital colour, visual opacity, digital sound, code, artificial intelligence, emergence and agency are identified as the primary qualities that the artist manipulates to bring forth art in a virtual environment.
Painting Machinima in Second Life
Authors: Johnson Phylis
Published: June 2015

This chapter explores the technological and artistic revolution brought forth by machinima, particularly the rise among a community of filmmakers who would begin to express their stories and ideas through virtual worlds. Machinima has led to an emergence of scholarship on its aesthetics and cultural implications for digital society. The case of machinima as art is illustrated through a review of select works of virtual world filmmakers. This discussion also distinguishes the machinima concepts of game, virtual platform and more specifically virtual worlds to their varying degrees and relationships. It is here that one delineates the purpose of machinima within Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPG) to that of virtual worlds such as Second Life (SL). In doing so, the author follows the innovation of machinima through the evolution of gaming and its extension to stand-alone ready-to-wear software to potentialities called forth by British filmmaker Peter Greenaway regarding Second Life.
Appearance, Absence, Art
Authors: Benjamin Garfield
Published: June 2015

This chapter suggests a model for reconceiving avatar in terms of desire and loss to reassess their role within creative practices and the construction of digital subjectivity. This focuses on the avatar as appearance, as a negotiation of presence and absence, and as a tool for critical art practice in Second Life. By placing the avatar as Lacan's objet petit a, the lost object cause of desire, the structure of the visual and cognitive gaze applies Žižek's concept of parallax to digital embodiment, reformulating a subjective position between physical and digital modes of being. Taking into account the position of the observer amidst the fluidity of contemporary identity, the manipulation of the structures of desire and control can create new experiences that alter our relation to presence and absence in the critical and creative mediation of avatars and its implications for embodiment as a function of consciousness.
Moving Islands [Rafts]
Authors: Ayiter Elif , Ugajin Eupalinos
Published: June 2015

This chapter will discuss the artistic processes and the related theoretical premises of a collaborative art undertaking that was displayed in Second Life® from Fall 2013 to Summer 2014. Despite the idiosyncratic, highly individualized nature of its components, the project nevertheless achieved a remarkable state of cohesion. What may have contributed to this unity will be one of the subjects under investigation at the core of this text. The text will commence with a survey of the creative mechanisms and strategies of the metaverse, after which a description of the project, its curatorial premises, including the usage of metaverse geography and climate as an agent of visual harmony will also be delivered. The chapter will then conclude with an examination of the collective art process within the context of the ‘unfinished artifact' and John Dewey's deliberations on the experiential nature of artwork/art process as a potential framework for metaverse artistic collaborations.
The Thermodynamic Mechanism of Peptide–MHC Class II Complex Formation Is a Determinant of Susceptibility to HLA-DM
Authors: Ferrante Andrea , Templeton Megan , Hoffman Megan , Castellini Margaret J.
Published: June 2015

Peptides bind MHC class II molecules through a thermodynamically nonadditive process consequent to the flexibility of the reactants. Currently, how the specific outcome of this binding process affects the ensuing epitope selection needs resolution. Calorimetric assessment of binding thermodynamics for hemagglutinin 306–319 peptide variants to the human MHC class II HLA-DR1 (DR1) and a mutant DR1 reveals that peptide/DR1 complexes can be formed with different enthalpic and entropic contributions. Complexes formed with a smaller entropic penalty feature circular dichroism spectra consistent with a non–compact form, and molecular dynamics simulation shows a more flexible structure. The opposite binding mode, compact and less flexible, is associated with greater entropic penalty. These structural variations are associated with rearrangements of residues known to be involved in HLA-DR (DM) binding, affinity of DM for the complex, and complex susceptibility to DM-mediated peptide exchange. Thus, the thermodynamic mechanism of peptide binding to DR1 correlates with the structural rigidity of the complex, and DM mediates peptide exchange by “sensing” flexible complexes in which the aforementioned residues are rearranged at a higher frequency than in more rigid ones.
P2X7 Receptor Regulates Internalization of Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 by Human Macrophages That Promotes Intracellular Pathogen Clearance
Authors: Tang Xiao , Basavarajappa Devaraj , Haeggström Jesper Z. , Wan Min
Published: June 2015

Bioactive peptide LL-37/hCAP18, the only human member of the cathelicidin family, plays important roles in killing various pathogens, as well as in immune modulation. We demonstrate that LL-37 is internalized by human macrophages in a time-, dose-, temperature-, and peptide sequence–dependent endocytotic process. Both clathrin- and caveolae/lipid raft–mediated endocytosis pathways are involved in LL-37 internalization. We find that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in LL-37 internalization by human macrophages because significantly less internalized LL-37 was detected in macrophages pretreated with P2X7R antagonists or, more specifically, in differentiated THP-1 cells in which the P2X7R gene had been silenced. Furthermore, this P2X7R-mediated LL-37 internalization is primarily connected to the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. In addition, our results demonstrate that internalized LL-37 traffics to endosomes and lysosomes and contributes to intracellular clearance of bacteria by human macrophages, coinciding with increased reactive oxygen species and lysosome formation. Finally, we show that human macrophages have the potential to import LL-37 released from activated human neutrophils. In conclusion, our study unveils a novel mechanism by which human macrophages internalize antimicrobial peptides to improve their intracellular pathogen clearance.