bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T cell‐specific gene targeting reveals that α4 is required for early T cell development
Authors: Hua Ding Rong , Inui Seiji , Yamashita Takeshi , Maeda Kazuhiko , Takagi Katsumasa , Takeda Junji , Sakaguchi Nobuo
Published: June 2003

α4‐mediated signaling is involved in a variety of functions in mammalian cells. To determine whether this is true for immunocompetent cells, we generated mutant (Lck‐α4–) micein which the α4 gene was deleted in a T cell‐specific manner using the Cre/loxP system. These mice showed impaired early T cell development. Thymi at most ages were small and their architecturewas disorganized. This defect was not due to increased thymocyte apoptosis but to decreased cell proliferation. T cell development was found to be severely arrested at the CD4/CD8 double‐negative 3stage and the thymus contained very few double‐positive or single‐positive (SP) mature thymocytes. The mutant thymocytes showed impaired proliferative responses to anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) stimulation or to the cytokines IL‐2, IL‐1 or TNF. In the spleen, the numbers of mature SP T cells were decreased and their proliferative responses to anti‐CD3 plus IL‐2 or to anti‐CD28 mAb were impaired. A severe impairment of CD3‐induced expression of CD25 was also observed. These data suggest that α4 plays a critical role in the proliferation of thymocytes, which is necessary for early T cell development.
Activation of invariant NKT cells by αGalCer administration protects mice from MOG35–55‐induced EAE: critical roles for administration route and IFN‐γ
Authors: Furlan Roberto , Bergami Alessandra , Cantarella Daniela , Brambilla Elena , Taniguchi Masaro , Dellabona Paolo , Casorati Giulia , Martino Gianvito
Published: June 2003

Invariant NKT (inv. NKT) cells co‐express an invariant α β T cell receptor and the NK receptor NK1.1 and, upon CD1d‐restricted recognition of the glycosphingolipid antigen α‐galactosyl ceramide (αGalCer), secrete large amounts of regulatory cytokines. We investigated whether αGalCer‐dependent activation of inv. NKT cells protects from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an immune‐mediated disease of the central nervous system mimicking multiple sclerosis, induced in C57BL/6 mice by the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) encephalitogenic peptide aa 35–55. αGalCer was administered at the time of immunization s.c., mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant and MOG35‐55 peptide, or administered i.p., diluted in PBS. EAE onset was delayed and disease severity was decreased only when αGalCer was s.c. administered. The protective effect of s.c. administration of αGalCer was associated with a markedly enhanced IFN‐γ production by liver‐confined inv. NKT cells which, in turn, suppressed Th1‐cytokine production and fostered secretion of IL‐10 from MOG35–55‐specific T cells. In vivo neutralization of IFN‐γ, but notIL‐4, reversed the protective effect induced by s.c. administration of αGalCer, further confirming the critical regulatory role exerted by IFN‐γ‐producing inv. NKT cells. Our results indicate that αGalCer, properly administered, may elicit an inv. NKT‐cell‐mediated suppressive effect on the effector function of encephalitogenic T cells; this effect is able to ameliorate autoimmunedemyelination.
EBF‐regulating Pax5 transcription is enhanced by STAT5 in the early stage of B cells
Authors: Hirokawa Shigenari , Sato Hiromu , Kato Ibuki , Kudo Akira
Published: June 2003

Pax5 is an essential transcription factor for B cell development, and it is reported that Pax5 expression was reduced in the IL‐7 receptor (IL‐7R) knockout mouse. To investigate whether signals from the IL‐7R regulate Pax5 transcription, we searched the consensus sequence of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) in the Pax5 promoter region, since STAT is one of the components of cytokine signal transduction. A STAT‐binding motif, termed SBM, was identified at 1,118 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site, and SBM completely overlapped with the binding sitefor early B cell factor (EBF). STAT5 was phosphorylated in the presence of IL‐7 in the IL‐7‐dependent preB cell line, PreBR1, and phosphorylated‐STAT5 as well as EBF was found to bind to the SBM. Moreover, we also revealed STAT5 binding to SBM in PreBR1 cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Transient co‐transfection of reporter genes together with expression vectors of a constitutive active form of STAT5 and EBF into NIH3T3 cells demonstrated that STAT5 enhanced EBF‐regulating transcription. Our results suggest that STAT5 phosphorylated by IL‐7 can directly up‐regulate Pax5 transcription in early B cells.
Selective enhancement of B cell antigen receptor‐mediated antigen presentation by treatment with transforming growth factor‐β
Authors: Arai Chiaki , Ichijo Takamasa , Tanaka Yuriko , Okada Yayoi , Umeda Masanori , Uchida Tetsuya , Kiniwa Mamoru , Kakiuchi Terutaka
Published: June 2003

TGF‐β1 was examined for the ability to regulate Ag‐presentation by B cells, using A20‐HL B lymphoma cells bearing TNP‐specific IgM receptors. Treatment of A20‐HL cells with TGF‐β1 at 1 ng/ml, a concentration that inhibited proliferation, enhanced presentation of Ag internalized via surface IgM (sIgM), but not via fluid‐phase pinocytosis. TGF‐β1‐treatment slightly enhanced surface expression of sIgM, but not of MHC class II molecules. The treatment accelerated recovery of sIgM expression after its removal by ligation with TNP‐OVA, and induced prolonged intracellular residence of TNP‐OVA internalized via sIgM, which co‐localized with intracellular MHC class II molecules. TGF‐β1‐treatment increased accumulation of newly synthesized intracellular MHC class II molecules that were localized in compartments positive for lysosome‐associated membrane protein 1, although cellular protein synthesis was decreased by the treatment. The accumulated intracellular MHC class II molecules were triggered to the cell surface by ligation of sIgM. Finally, TGF‐β1‐treatment induced Igα‐phosphorylation in response to lower concentrations of TNP‐OVA. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that TGF‐β1‐treatment of A20‐HL cells selectively enhances the ability to present Ag internalized via sIgM, not via fluid‐phase pinocytosis, through accelerating sIgM recovery, increasing accumulation of intracellular MHC class II molecules and enhancing the ability of sIgM ligation to induce Igα‐phosphorylation.
Mini‐review Toll‐like receptors: networking for success
Authors: Underhill David M.
Published: June 2003

The innate immune system is essential for host defense and is responsible for early detection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Upon recognition of microbes by innate immune cells suchas macrophages and dendritic cells, diverse signaling pathways are activated that combine to define inflammatory responses that direct sterilization of the threat and/or orchestrate development of the adaptive immune response. Innate immune signaling must be carefully controlled, and regulation comes in part from interactions between activating and inhibiting signaling receptors. Toll‐like receptors (TLR) have recently emerged as key receptors responsible for recognizing specific conserved components of microbes including lipopolysaccharides from Gram‐negative bacteria, CpG DNA, and flagellin. Full activation of inflammatory responses by TLR may require the assembly of receptor signaling complexes including other transmembrane proteins that may influence signal transduction. In addition to TLR, many additional receptors participate in innate recognition of microbes, and recent studies demonstrate strong interactions between signaling through these receptors and signaling through TLR. Useful models for these interacting signaling pathways are now emerging and should pave the way for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive the rich diversity of inflammatory responses.
Metal Ligand Aromatic Cation−π Interactions
Authors: Zarić Snežana D.
Published: June 2003

Cation−π interactions are important noncovalent bonding forces. This review covers a special type of cation−π interactions, the metal ligand aromatic cation−π (MLACπ) interaction, where ligands that are coordinated to a metal ion interact with aromatic groups. These interactions have been observed in metalloproteins, metal complexes, biomimetic metal complexes, and when DNA and RNA interact with metal cations. The energy of MLACπ interactions in different systems has been calculated by quantum chemical methods and was found to vary from 1 to 30 kcal/mol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis and Characterization of Mononuclear Amidogold(III) Complexes − Crystal Structure of [Au(N2C10H7(CMe2C6H4)‐6](NHC6H3Me2‐2,6)][PF6] − Oxidation of 4‐Methylaniline to Azotoluene
Authors: Cinellu Maria Agostina , Minghetti Giovanni , Pinna Maria Vittoria , Stoccoro Sergio , Zucca Antonio , Manassero Mario
Published: June 2003

Mononuclear amidogold(III) complexes [Au(C,N,N)(NRR′)][PF6] [C,N,N = N2C10H7(CMe2C6H4)‐6, where N2C10H8 = 2,2′‐bipy; R = H, R′ = p‐tolyl (5), o‐xylyl (6), isobutyl (7), sec‐butyl (8), R = R′ = Et (9)], [Au(C,N)(AcO)(NHC6H4NO2‐4)] (10) [C,N = NC5H4(CH2C6H4)‐2, where NC5H5 = py] and [Au(N,N)(NHC6H4NO2‐4)2][PF6] (11) (N,N = 2,2′‐bipy), have been synthesized in fairly good yields by reaction of the hydroxo, methoxo, or acetato complexes 1−4 {[Au(C,N,N)(OR)][PF6] [R = H (1), Me (2)], [Au(C,N)(AcO)2] (3), [Au(N,N)(OH)2][PF6] (4)} with amines. The structure of [Au(C,N,N)(NHC6H3Me2‐2,6)][PF6] (6) has been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Reaction of the hydroxo complex 4 with NH2C6H4Me‐4 gives metallic gold, the protonated ligand [N,NH][PF6] and organic products, the main one being azotoluene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
One‐Step Preparation of [RuCp*(η6‐arene)]+ Sandwich Complexes
Authors: Schmid Alexander , Piotrowski Holger , Lindel Thomas
Published: June 2003

In a single step, several variously functionalized [RuCp*(η6‐arene)]+ sandwich complexes have been prepared starting from RuCl3·xH2O in yields ranging from 35 to 80%, referring to ruthenium. The protocol covers the preparation of valuable [RuCp*]+‐complexed amino acids. In comparative experiments starting from the oligomer [RuCp*Cl2]n and using methanol/methanolate as the reducing agent, the formation of undesired side products was observed, resulting from nucleophilic substitution at the o‐chloroanisole complex and from methoxylation of the Cp* ligand. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Molecular Materials Formed by Tetrathiafulvalene Radicals and Magnetic Trimeric Clusters of Dimetallic Oxalate‐Bridged Complexes: The Series (TTF)4{MII(H2O)2[MIII(ox)3]2}·nH2O (MII = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn; MIII = Cr and Fe; ox = C2O42−)
Authors: Coronado Eugenio , Galán‐Mascarós José Ramón , Giménez‐Saiz Carlos , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Ruiz‐Pérez Catalina
Published: June 2003

The first examples of trimeric, dimetallic, pure oxalate‐bridged complexes [ox = (C2O4)2−] have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically for the two new series of crystalline molecular assemblies formulated as (TTF)4{MII(H2O)2[MIII(ox)3]2}·nH2O [for MIII = Cr; MII = Mn (1), Fe (2), Co (3), Ni (4), Cu (5) and Zn (6); for MIII = Fe; MII = Mn (7), Fe (8), Co (9), Ni (10) and Zn (11)]. Both series (Cr2M and Fe2M) are isostructural. The crystal structure of (TTF)4{Mn(H2O)2[Cr(ox)3]2}⋅14H2O (1) [monoclinic, space group C2/c (no. 15), a = 13.240(5) Å, b = 19.450(5) Å, c = 27.690(5) Å, β = 97.63(5)°, V = 7068(3) Å3 and Z = 4] shows alternating layers of the organic radical TTF, arranged in an unprecedented one‐dimensional κ‐type phase formed by parallel chains of orthogonal dimers along the a axis, and layers of centrosymmetrical Cr−Mn−Cr trimers with oxalate bridges. The magnetic measurements show ferromagnetic coupling within the trimers for the Cr2M series and antiferromagnetic for the Fe2M series, giving rise to high‐spin molecules in both cases [S = 11/2, 10/2, 9/2, 8/2 and 7/2 in compounds (1−5), respectively, and S = 5/2, 6/2, 7/2 and 8/2 in compounds (7−10), respectively]. These high‐spin ground states are confirmed by magnetization measurements at 2 K. The ESR spectra of all compounds confirm the presence of the metals and a small amount of isolated TTF radical in all the samples, which is typical for these kinds of radical salts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Crystal Engineering with Structurally Flexible 1,1′‐Substituted Ferrocenes for Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Shin Dong Mok , Lee In Su , Chung Young Keun
Published: June 2003

Cocrystals derived from 1,1′‐bis(ethenyl‐4‐pyridyl)ferrocene (1) and resorcinol/phloroglucinol and a crystal of 1,1′‐bis(ethenyl‐4‐quinolinyl)ferrocene (5) have been studied with the aim of engineering crystalline NLO materials. X‐ray structure analyses revealed a NLO active syn‐type molecular conformation of 1 and 5 via hydrogen bonding with resorcinol/phloroglucinol and π‐π interaction between quinoline rings, respectively. For 5, all molecular dipoles are aligned in the same direction and the SHG efficiency is about 4 times that of urea. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Magnetic, 57Fe Mössbauer, and IR Monitoring of the Thermal Spin Transition in a New Family of Iron(II) Spin‐Transition Complexes
Authors: Stassen Arno F. , Grunert Matthias , Dova Eva , Müller Martin , Weinberger Peter , Wiesinger Günter , Schenk Henk , Linert Wolfgang , Haasnoot Jaap G. , Reedijk Jan
Published: June 2003

A new family of iron(II) tetrafluoroborate and perchlorate spin‐crossover compounds has been synthesised and is discussed. The iron(II) ion is surrounded by six 1‐ethyltetrazole ligands, which are halogen‐substituted on the C2 atom of the ethyl group. The spin‐crossover temperatures T1/2 are high compared to the unsubstituted (1‐alkyltetrazole)iron(II) complexes. The shape of the spin‐transition curve (i.e. γHS vs. T) varies largely over the different complexes and appears to be influenced neither by the crystal packing, nor by the electronic effects. The temperature‐dependent spin‐transition behaviour has been studied by magnetic susceptibility and by 57Fe‐Mössbauer spectroscopy. These data have been supported by temperature‐dependent mid‐range infrared spectroscopy: the thermally induced spin transition has been observed by direct monitoring of the aromatic C−H stretching frequency. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Iodoargentates and Cuprates Stabilized by Sulfonium Cations With Long Alkyl Chains
Authors: Paulsson Heléne , Berggrund Malin , Fischer Andreas , Kloo Lars
Published: June 2003

[DodMe2S]2AgI3 and [DodMe2S]Ag2I3 were obtained from mixtures of dodecyldimethylsulfonium iodide and silver iodide in acetonitrile solution. [DodMe2S]2AgI3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system, space group Pbca and contains trigonal planar anions AgI32−, while [DodMe2S]Ag2I3 crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system, space group P$\bar 1$
, and consists of polymeric anions 1∞(Ag2I3)−. In both structures, the sulfonium cations form a layer of parallel and interpenetrating dodecyl chains with the sulfoniumdimethyl groups on both sides of the layer. [DodMe2S]2CuI3 was obtained from dodecyldimethylsulfonium iodide and copper iodide mixtures and is isostructural with the corresponding silver compound. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
The Aminolysis of Beryllium Dichloride with Diisopropylamine and Reactions of Some Aminoberyllium Chlorides
Authors: Nöth Heinrich , Schlosser Dieter
Published: June 2003

BeCl2 is not aminolyzed by diisopropylamine. An excess of this amine reacts with BeCl2 or BeCl2·2OEt2 to give BeCl2·HNiPr2 (1). This compound, on deprotonation with LiBu at low temperature, gives rise predominantly to dimers of ClBe(NiPr2) (2), together with Be(NiPr2)2 (3). Compound 2 adds diisopropylamine to give the adduct ClBe(NiPr2)·HNiPr2 (4), which provides 3 on treatment with LiBu. Compound 2 reacts with LiBH4 to give dimeric iPr2NBeBH4 (17). The BH4 group is μ2‐bonded to the Be centers, as shown by NMR spectroscopic data and an X‐ray structure determination. Moreover, a number of dimeric organylberyllium diisopropylamides iPr2NBeR have been prepared by treatment of 2 with LiR. In analogy, tert‐butoxyberyllium diisopropylamide (20) has also been synthesized. Moreover, several 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinoberyllium and bis(trimethylsilyl)amino derivatives are reported. 9Be NMR spectroscopic data of the new compounds are consistent with tricoordinated Be centers and dimeric units (MS, cryoscopy). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Syntheses of Dimetallamacrocycles by Intramolecular Oxidative Couplings of Dinuclear Bis(1,3‐butadiynyl) Complexes: A New Approach to Steric Shielding in (sp‐Carbon chain)dirhenium Complexes [(η5‐C5Me5)Re(NO)(PR3)(C≡CC≡CC≡CC≡C)(R3P)(ON)Re(η5‐C5Me5)]
Authors: Horn Clemens R. , Gladysz John A.
Published: June 2003

Reactions of the chiral racemic carbonyl complex [(η5‐C5Me5)Re(NO)(NCCH3)(CO)]+·BF4− and diphosphanes Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2 [2.4:1.0 mol ratio; n = 10 (a), 14 (b)] give the (bridging phosphane)dirhenium complexes [(η5‐C5Me5)Re(NO)(CO){μ‐[PPh2(CH2)nPh2P]‐P,P}(OC)(ON)Re(η5C5Me5)]2+·2BF4− (73−80%), which are reduced (LiAlH4) to the dimethyl complexes [(η5‐C5Me5)Re(NO)(CH3){μ‐[PPh2(CH2)nPh2P]‐P,P}(ON)(H3C)Re(η5‐C5Me5)] (92−96%). Reactions with HBF4·OEt2/C6H5Cl, HC≡CC≡CSiMe3, and tBuOK give, via π‐HC≡C adducts (89−94%), the bis(trimethylsilylbutadiynyl) complexes [(η5‐C5Me5)Re(NO)(C≡CC≡ CSiMe3){μ‐[PPh2(CH2)nPh2P]‐P,P}(Me3SiC≡CC≡C)(ON)Re(η5‐C5Me5)] (9a,b; 95−66%). Desilylation (wet nBu4NF) yields labile bis(butadiynyl) complexes, which are coupled [Cu(OAc)2/pyridine] to the μ‐octatetraynediyl complexes [(η5‐C5Me5)Re(NO){μ‐[PPh2(CH2)nPh2P]‐P,P}{μ‐(C1≡CC≡CC≡CC≡C8)‐C1,C8}(ON)Re(η5‐C5Me5)] (3a,b; 10−23% from 9a,b). These represent some of the few cases of intramolecular oxidative homocouplings of terminal alkynes in metal coordination spheres. The electrochemical properties of 3a,b, which undergo two one‐electron oxidations, are compared to nonmacrocyclic analogs that lack the diphosphane bridge. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Nitrifying Treatment of Wastewater from Fertilizer Production in a Three‐Phase Flow Airlift Loop Bioreactor
Authors: Jianping W. , Lei P. , Xiaojing X. , Zhiyong Z.
Published: June 2003

A 12‐L gas‐liquid‐solid three‐phase flow airlift loop bioreactor, in which biological membranes replace the activated sludge, was used in the nitrifying treatment of a real effluent in a Nanjing chemical fertilizer plant. The influences of temperature, pH, air flow rate and HRT on ammonia nitrogen reduction were investigated and discussed. The optimum operating conditions, such as temperature of 30–35 °C, pH value of 7–8, air influx of 0.3 m3/h, and hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 8 hours, were found. Under optimum operating conditions, the average removal efficiencies of COD and NH4‐N are higher than 95 % and 99 %, corresponding to the effluent COD < 50 mg/L and NH4‐N < 5 mg/L, which is far below the primary discharge standard for the chemical fertilizer industry of P.R. China – COD < 150 mg/L and NH4‐N < 60 mg/L (GWPB4–1999). In addition, the radial and axial positions have little influence on the local profiles of COD and NH4‐N.
Production of Emulsions in High‐Pressure Homogenizers – Part II: Influence of Cavitation on Droplet Breakup
Authors: Freudig B. , Tesch S. , Schubert H.
Published: June 2003

As has been confirmed by several studies reported in the literature, cavitation phenomena considerably contribute to droplet breakup during emulsification in high‐pressure homogenizers. High‐pressure homogenizers can be equipped with different homogenizing valves. The question, whether cavitation is also of importance for droplet breakup in orifice valves which have been proved very efficient for some emulsion systems, has not been investigated yet and is the subject of this contribution.
Effects of psychosocial intervention on quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Petruson Karin M. , Silander Ewa M. , Hammerlid Eva B.
Published: June 2003

Background.

A longitudinal, prospective, case‐control study evaluated if a psychosocial support program improved health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in head and neck (H&N) cancer patients.

Methods.

One hundred forty‐four H&N cancer patients were included: 52 study patients and 92 controls. The study group met the support team repeatedly throughout the first year after diagnosis. HRQL was assessed three times during the first year and after 3 years using the EORTC QLQ‐C30, EORTC QLQ‐H&N35, and HADS.

Results.

A few statistically significant differences were found, all favoring the controls. Controls reported better global quality of life after 1 year and felt less ill after 3 years. Depression and treatment‐related side effects were prevalent in both groups.

Conclusions.

Our psychosocial support program did not improve HRQL in H&N cancer patients. Its effectiveness may be improved by evaluating and actively integrating HRQL assessments during the program, thereby enabling rapid and adequate symptomatic treatment and/or psychologic intervention. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 576–584, 2003
Comprehensive head and neck oncology health status assessment
Authors: Funk Gerry F. , Karnell Lucy Hynds , Christensen Alan J. , Moran Patricia J. , Ricks Joan
Published: June 2003

Background.

This article presents the validation of the Head and Neck Cancer Inventory (HNCI), a health status assessment instrument with a small number of multiple‐item domains that captures patients' ratings of functional status and attitude about that function.

Methods.

The HNCI was administered to patients with upper aerodigestive tract carcinoma. An initial, cross‐sectional study assessed feasibility and reliability. A subsequent, longitudinal study's factor analysis identified ineffective items and confirmed domain cohesiveness. Construct and criterion‐related validity and sensitivity to detect change across time were evaluated.

Results.

The HNCI was highly reliable. Criterion‐related validity was demonstrated through comparisons with other HNC‐specific instruments. Construct validity was demonstrated based on significant differences between patient groups (HNC/non‐HNC, employment status, clinical stage, and type of treatment). Domain scores were sensitive to change across time. The domains' functional and attitudinal scores were significantly different.

Conclusions.

The HNCI is a reliable, valid instrument that evaluates the functional and attitudinal components of health status in HNC patients. This survey is recommended for self‐reported health status evaluation in HNC clinical trials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 561–575, 2003
Radiation therapy for esthesioneuroblastoma: Rationale for elective neck irradiation
Authors: Monroe Alan T. , Hinerman Russell W. , Amdur Robert J. , Morris Christopher G. , Mendenhall William M.
Published: June 2003

Purpose.

Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignancy of neural crest origin arising in the upper nasal cavity. We describe the University of Florida experience using radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of this neoplasm, particularly the use of elective nodal irradiation.

Materials and Methods.

Between May 1972 and August 1998, 22 patients received RT for esthesioneuroblastoma. Two additional patients were treated with palliative intent and were excluded from analysis. Equal numbers of male and female patients were treated, with a median age of 54 years (range, 3–82). The modified Kadish stage was A in 1 patient, B in 4 patients, C in 15 patients, and D in 2 patients. Treatment modalities included primary RT in 6 patients, preoperative RT in 1 patient, postoperative RT after craniofacial resection in 12 patients, and salvage RT in 3 patients treated for recurrence after surgery. Elective neck RT was performed in 11 of 20 patients; 2 patients had cervical metastases at presentation for RT.

Results.

Rates of local control, cause‐specific survival, and absolute survival at 5 years were 59%, 54%, and 48%, respectively. The cause‐specific survival rate at 5 years was lower after primary RT (17%) than after craniofacial resection and postoperative RT (56%). Cervical metastases occurred in 6 of 22 patients (27%). No neck recurrences occurred in 11 patients treated with elective neck RT compared with 4 neck recurrences in 9 patients (44%) not receiving elective neck RT (p = .02).

Conclusions.

Combined modality therapy is preferred over RT alone in advanced‐stage esthesioneuroblastoma. Our data and review of the current literature suggest a higher cervical failure rate than previously recognized. Elective neck RT seems to correlate with improved nodal control and should be considered in the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 529–534, 2003
Parotid gland surgery: 4‐Year review of 118 cases in an Asian population
Authors: Lim Lynne Hsueh Yee , Chao Siew Shuen , Goh Christopher Hood Keng , Ng Chee Yung , Goh Yau Hong , Khin Lay Wai
Published: June 2003

Background.

To determine the presentation and management of parotid lesions requiring excision in a largely Chinese Asian population.

Methods.

Retrospective study of 118 consecutive parotidectomies.

Results.

Thirty‐seven percent were Warthin's tumor (WT), 33% pleomorphic adenoma (PA), 21% other benign disease (OBD), and 9% malignant tumor (MT). Mean age was significantly different between benign (51 years) and malignant (40 years) lesions. MT decreased above 50 years, but increased five times with pain and two times with a noninferior pole lesion. Sensitivity of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) for differentiating benign from MT = 78%, for WT =5 8%, for PA =82%, for OBD = 28%, and for MT = 38%. CT scans did not alter WT management. Facial nerve (FN) paresis was not associated with histology, tumor size, site, or parotidectomy type.

Conclusions.

This is the first report documenting that most benign parotid tumors are WT and not PA. MT risk is greater in those less than 50 with pain and a noninferior pole lesion. Cystic lesions such as WT require great care in the evaluation of FNA findings. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 543–548, 2003
Failure analysis of two Ti‐alloy total hip arthroplasty femoral stems fractured in vivo
Authors: Magnissalis E. A. , Zinelis S. , Karachalios Th. , Hartofilakidis G.
Published: June 2003

Failure of total hip arthroplasty femoral stems is a serious clinical complication. Even modern metal alloys and designs sometimes suffer such incidents. The reported study aimed at the investigation of the reasons leading the in vivo fracture of two Ti6Al4V femoral stems. Stems were retrieved during revision surgery approximately 2 years postoperatively. Examination and analysis included XRF spectrometry for identification of chemical composition, macroscopic examination and topographical measurements, SEM study of fracture surfaces, study of alloy microstructure by optical microscopy, and finally measurement of mechanical properties by means of tensile testing conducted on alloy samples machined from the stems themselves. Macroscopic examination and measurements showed close topographical similarity between the two fractures. XRF spectrometry, tensile testing, and microstructure analysis identified the alloy as a typical Ti6Al4V surgical titanium alloy. During SEM analysis the fracture surfaces exhibited characteristic fatigue striations tidally running on the cross sections, which were considered as the weakest ones regarding toward geometry and stress concentration. Fracture in both stems occurred due to fatigue along these cross sections. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 66B: 299–305, 2003
Glutaraldehyde‐fixed kangaroo aortic wall tissue: Histology, crosslink stability and calcification potential
Authors: Neethling W. M. L. , Hodge A. J. , Glancy R.
Published: June 2003

Stentless aortic heart valve substitutes, manufactured from biological tissues, are fixed with glutaraldehyde to cross‐link collagen, reduce antigenicity, and sterilize the tissue. Despite improved cross linking, reduced antigenicity, and various anticalcification measures, the aortic wall tissue present in these prostheses tends to calcify. The aim of this study was to assess the morphology, collagen cross‐link stability, and calcification potential of glutaraldehyde‐preserved kangaroo aortic wall tissue as opposed to porcine aortic wall tissue. Porcine and kangaroo aortic wall tissues were fixed in 0.625% buffered glutaraldehyde. Histology and cross‐link stability were examined. Calcification potential was determined in the subcutaneous rat model. Kangaroo aortic wall tissue was significantly (p < 0.01) less calcified than porcine aortic wall tissue (26.67 ± 6.53 versus 41.959 ± 2.75 μg/mg tissue) at 8 weeks. In conclusion, the histological differences between kangaroo and porcine aortic wall tissue correlate well with the reduced calcification potential of kangaroo aortic wall tissue. The reduced calcification potential could result in improved long‐term durability of stentless kangaroo heart valves as bioprostheses. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 66B: 356–363, 2003
Novel visible‐light‐induced photocurable tissue adhesive composed of multiply styrene‐derivatized gelatin and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
Authors: Li Cailong , Sajiki Toshinobu , Nakayama Yasuhide , Fukui Masashi , Matsuda Takehisa
Published: June 2003

A novel photocurable tissue adhesive glue, which is composed of styrene‐derivatized (styrenated) gelatin, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and carboxylated camphorquinone in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), was prepared. The prototype formulation suitable for arterial repair was determined based on the gel yield, degree of swelling, tissue adhesive strength, and breaking (or burst) strength in vitro. The formulated photocurable tissue adhesive glue with an appropriate viscosity was converted to a water‐swollen gel within 1 min of visible light irradiation. The tissue adhesive glue, which was coated on a rat abdominal aorta incised with a pair of scissors, was immediately converted to a swollen gel upon subsequent irradiation with visible light, and concomitantly hemostasis was completed. Histological examination showed that the produced gel was tightly adhered to the artery shortly after photoirradiation. The gel gradually degraded with time and was completely absorbed within 4 weeks after treatment. These results indicate that the photocurable glue developed here may serve as a tissue adhesive glue applicable to vascular surgery. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 66B: 439–446, 2003
Novel Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) for the treatment of brain aneurysms. In vitro study of hydroxyapatite coating on Pt plate as GDCs model
Authors: Matsusaki Michiya , Kamezawa Takashi , Shimozuru Tetsuro , Kuratsu Jun‐ichi , Kishida Akio , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: June 2003

With the use of an alternate soaking process a thin layer of hydroxyapatite (HAp) was formed on a platinum plate (Pt plate) which was used as a model for Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). The in vitro coagulant activity of the HAp‐coated Pt plate was evaluated for the purpose of brain aneurysm treatment. In order to fix and to form the apatite layer homogeneously, β‐mercaptopropionic acid was immobilized onto the Pt surface prior to use. The HAp layer was formed on the β‐mercaptopropionic acid‐fixed Pt plate surface, and quantitative control of apatite formation was achieved by controlling the number of alternate soaking process cycles. The HAp formed on the Pt plate surface was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. Blood interaction with the Pt plate was altered from nonthrombotic to highly thrombotic by forming a HAp layer on the surface. The alternate soaking process is an appropriate method to modify the GDCs. Complete treatment of brain aneurysms is expected with the use of HAp‐coated GDCs, which would allow formation of a stable blood clot. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 66B: 429–438, 2003
SEM and TEM analysis of water degradation of human dentinal collagen
Authors: Hashimoto Masanori , Tay Franklin R. , Ohno Hiroki , Sano Hidehiko , Kaga Masayuki , Yiu Cincia , Kumagai Hiroshi , Kudou Yoshiyuki , Kubota Minoru , Oguchi Haruhisa
Published: June 2003

Recently several long‐term studies have reported evidence of the hydrolytic degradation of collagen fibrils based on fractured surface observations after bond testing. Those studies suggested that one cause of the decline in the bond strength was the degradation of the collagen fibrils within the bonds. However, one concern has been raised that the dentinal collagen fibrils may be stable in water that does not contain oral bacteria or enzymes. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the micromorphological change in naked collagen fibrils after 500 days of water storage. To prepare exposed collagen fibrils, sectioned and polished human dentin surfaces were acid conditioned for 15 s with the use of two commercially available acid conditioners: All‐Etch (10% phosphoric acid) and Uni‐Etch (32% phosphoric acid) (Bisco, Inc.). Those specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 1 day (control) for 500 days. After the storage periods, the samples were examined with the use of SEM and TEM. Under SEM and TEM examination, micromorphological alterations (disarrangement of collagen web, widening the interfibrillar space, and the thinning diameter of collagen fibrils) were found in the specimens after 500 days in water. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 66B: 287–298, 2003
Support sizes of threefold resolvable triple systems
Authors: Chang Yanxun , Faro Giovanni Lo , Shen Hao
Published: June 2003

LetSSR(v, 3) denote the set of all integerb* such that there exists aRTS(v, 3) withb* distinct triples. In this paper, we determine the setSSR(v, 3) forv≡ 3 (mod 6) andv≥ 3 with only five undecided cases. We establish thatSSR(v, 3) =P(v, 3) forv≡ 3 (mod 6),v≥ 21 andv≠ 33, 39 whereP(v, 3) = {mv,mv+ 4,mv+ 6,mv+ 7, …, 3mv} andmv, =v(v− 1)/6. As a by‐product, we remove the last two undecided cases for the intersection numbers of Kirkman triple system of order 27, this improves the known result provided in [2]. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 11: 275–289, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10037
Some new matrix‐minus‐diagonal V(11,t) vectors
Authors: Abel R. Julian R.
Published: June 2003

In this paper we present the results of a long computer search, which reveal that no V(11, t) vector exists for t ∈ {2, 6, 8, 18}, but exist in all other cases when q = 11t + 1 is a prime less than 5,000. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 11: 304–306, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10042
Backtracking algorithm for finding t‐designs
Authors: M‐Noori M. , Tayfeh‐Rezaie B.
Published: June 2003

A detailed description of an improved version of backtracking algorithms for finding t‐designs proposed by G. B. Khosrovshahi and the authors of this paper [J Combin Designs 10 (2002), 180–194] is presented. The algorithm is then used to determine all 5‐(14,6,3) designs admitting an automorphism of order 13, 11, or 7. It is concluded that a 5‐(14,6,3) design with an automorphism of prime order p exists if and only if p=2,3,7,13. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 11: 240–248, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10045
Exponential number of inequivalent difference sets in ℤ
Authors: Davis James A. , Smeltzer Deirdre L.
Published: June 2003

Kantor [5] proved an exponential lower bound on the number of pairwise inequivalent difference sets in the elementary abelian group of order 22s+2. Dillon [3] generalized a technique of McFarland [6] to provide a framework for determining the number of inequivalent difference sets in 2‐groups with a large elementary abelian direct factor. In this paper, we consider the opposite end of the spectrum, the rank 2 group ℤ
, and compute an exponential lower bound on the number of pairwise inequivalent difference sets in this group. In the process, we demonstrate that Dillon difference sets in groups ℤ
can be constructed via the recursive construction from [2] and we show that there are exponentially many pairwise inequivalent difference sets that are inequivalent to any Dillon difference set. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 11: 249–259, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10046
The smallest minimal blocking sets of Q(6, q), q even
Authors: De Beule J. , Storme L.
Published: June 2003

We characterize the smallest minimal blocking sets of Q(6,q),qeven andq≥ 32. We obtain this result using projection arguments which translate the problem into problems concerning blocking sets of Q(4,q). Then using results on the size of the smallest minimal blocking sets of Q(4,q),qeven, of Eisfeld et al. (2001) Discrete Math 238(1–3): 35–51, and results concerning the number of internal nuclei of (q + 2)‐sets in PG(2,q),qeven, of Bichara and Korchmáros [1982; Note on], we obtain the characterization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 11: 290–303, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10048
The dose—effect relationship in psychotherapy: A defining achievement for Dr. Kenneth Howard
Authors: Kopta S. Mark
Published: June 2003

This article summarizes the Howard, Kopta, Krause, and Orlinsky (1986) study and notes its contributions to the field of psychotherapy. These contributions include (a) being the flagship study to estimate how psychotherapy is enough, (b) establishing number of sessions or dose as the common treatment unit of psychotherapy, (c) providing the first dosage standard for determining treatment groups, (d) inspiring the recent wave of effectiveness research, and (e) presenting the first methodology that assesses the efficiency of psychotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Equivalence to normal?
Authors: Newman Frederick L. , Saunders Stephen , Feaster Daniel J.
Published: June 2003

The two articles discussed are integral ingredients of a greater whole Ken Howard envisioned. The first (Saunders, Howard, & Newman, 1988) refined our understanding of clinical significance, challenging researchers to clearly define the character and range of behaviors identified as normal or nonclinical for a specific population. The second (Rogers, Howard, & Vessey, 1993) focused on tests of equivalency between two experimental groups. Both were part of a general theme: A study's outcome requires a careful delineation of the norms and “normality” for that population as well as to whether the differences or equivalencies of the outcomes from these norms are important to the client, to the client's family, or to the community/society in which the client is to function. Ken's second authorship, typical on his many publications, honored his dedication to mentoring those who would improve upon what is currently understood. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Efficacy, effectiveness, and expected treatment response in psychotherapy
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang
Published: June 2003

This article provides a summary of “The Evaluation of Psychotherapy: Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Patient Progress” (Howard, Moras, Brill, Martinovich, & Lutz, 1996) and an introduction to the “patient profiling” method. First, the difference between the two main approaches to treatment research in psychotherapy, efficacy research and effectiveness research, are discussed. Next, the idea is introduced that both types of treatment‐focused research strategies need to be supplemented by a patient‐focused research strategy. The concept of patient profiling is presented as an application of such a patient‐focused research strategy. The usefulness of patient profiling for monitoring and evaluating individual patients' progress in ongoing psychotherapy as well as for clinical decision making is described. An expression of the personal and professional impact of Ken Howard on the author is provided. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Couple alcohol treatment benefits patients' partners
Authors: Kuenzler Alfred , Beutler Larry E.
Published: June 2003

This study explored the effects of conjoint therapy on the partner of alcoholic patients. Seventy‐five alcohol abusers were randomly assigned to one of two manualized alcoholism treatments. Effects on partners were evaluated on three outcome measures. Results indicated that partner alcohol use was initially high, but was improved by treatment. An assessment of cross‐cutting dimensions of patient‐treatment matching, found to be effective in predicting patient response, was then applied to the prediction of partner response. These dimensions were unsuccessful in predicting changes in partner response to treatment. Results are discussed in respect to possible differences in matching partners versus clients to treatment. The statistical representation of patient‐treatment matching is discussed along with other topics for future Aptitude × Treatment interaction research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Maximal σ‐polynomials of connected 3‐chromatic graphs
Authors: Tomescu Ioan
Published: June 2003

In the set of graphs of order n and chromatic number k the following partial order relation is defined. One says that a graph G is less than a graph H if ci(G) ≤ ci(H) holds for every i, k ≤ i ≤ n and at least one inequality is strict, where ci(G) denotes the number of i‐color partitions of G. In this paper the first ⌈ n/2 ⌉ levels of the diagram of the partially ordered set of connected 3‐chromatic graphs of order n are described. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 210–222, 2003
The structure of saturated critical blocks
Authors: Nelson Donald A.
Published: June 2003

A 2‐connected graph G is a critical block if G − v is not 2‐connected for every vertex v ∈ V(G). A critical block G is a saturated critical block if G + e is not a critical block for any new edge e. The structure of all saturated critical blocks and a procedure for constructing every saturated critical block are determined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 223–237, 2003
Tourism in peripheral areas—the challenges for northeast Scotland
Authors: Nash Robert , Martin Andrew
Published: June 2003

All peripheral regions face significant challenges with tourism development. This research initially acknowledges the challenges facing peripheral regions, which can be either geographical, such as access and infrastructure, or perceptual in nature, such as image related. Subsequently the challenges for tourism provision and development in the northeast of Scotland are discussed. Primary data have been collected from tourism providers in the region in an attempt to identify the specific challenges that face northeast Scotland. This region of Scotland faces a unique challenge in that the region effectively has two micro‐economies; Aberdeen city and its surrounding area benefit from the influence of a relatively buoyant oil industry, whereas the more remote areas to the north and west exhibit many peripheral tendencies. This juxtaposition of two contrasting operating environments in a peripheral area highlights the unique challenges for tourism development in this part of the world. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A human ecological approach to tourism interactions
Authors: Fennell David A. , Butler R. W.
Published: June 2003

Building on the previous work of Budowski, Murphy and Butler, this paper develops a conceptual framework that examines tourism industry relationships from a human ecological perspective. In particular, predation, competition, neutrality and symbiosis are used to illustrate that tourism industry stakeholders (i.e., various types of tourism, operators, local people, and other land users) value and use resources differently and, in doing so, place varying levels of pressure on each other and the resource base. Human ecology is identified and discussed as a field of research that holds potential in strengthening our understanding of tourism's human ecological interactions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The RAE‐ification of tourism research in the UK
Authors: Tribe John
Published: June 2003

Whereas those working on the inside of tourism generally feel that tourism research is making good progress, the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) in the UK offered an outsiders' assessment of UK tourism research that was less benign. This paper examines the results and consequences of the RAE based on an examination of the submissions made by UK higher education institutions. It describes the position of tourism in the RAE and focuses on three key issues—structure, outcomes and visibility. It invokes Kuhnian and Foucauldian perspectives to foreground hidden consequences of the RAE (termed RAE‐ification by the author) that threaten the development of UK tourism research. The article concludes that tourism research, finding itself on the periphery of UK research, faces similar problems to those faced by peripheral tourism regions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of Adsorbed Star‐Branched Polymer Chains: A Computer Simulation Study
Authors: Sikorski Andrzej
Published: June 2003

The simple cubic‐lattice model of polymer chains was used to study the dynamic properties of adsorbed, branched polymers. The model star‐branched chains consisted of f = 3 arms of equal lengths. The chain was modeled with excluded volume, that is, in good solvent conditions. The only interaction assumed was a contact potential between polymer segments and an impenetrable surface. This potential was varied to cover both weak and strong adsorption regimes. The classical Metropolis sampling algorithm was used for models of star‐branched polymers in order to calculate the dynamic properties of adsorbed chains. It was shown that long‐time dynamics (diffusion constant) and short‐time dynamics (the longest relaxation time) were different for weak and strong adsorption. The diffusion of weakly adsorbed chains was found to be qualitatively the same as for free nonadsorbed chains, whereas strongly adsorbed chains behaved like two‐dimensional polymers. The time‐dependent properties of structural elements such as tails, loops, and trains were also determined.

The mean lifetimes of tails, loops, and trains versus the bead number for the chain with N = 799 beads for the case of the weak adsorption εa = −0.3.

image

The mean lifetimes of tails, loops, and trains versus the bead number for the chain with N = 799 beads for the case of the weak adsorption εa = −0.3.
1H and 13C chemical shifts for acridines: Part XVIII. 9‐Chloroacridine and 9‐(N‐allyl)‐ and 9‐(N‐propargyl)acridinamine derivatives
Authors: Roubaud G. , Faure R. , Galy J.‐P.
Published: June 2003

The1H and 13C NMR resonances for acridine derivatives 9‐substituted with chloro, allylamino and propargylamino groups were completely assigned using a concerted application of gs‐COSY, gs‐HMQC and gs‐HMBC experiments. 9‐(N‐Allyl)‐ and 9‐(N‐propargyl)acridinamine derivatives present amino–imino tautomerism including a large broadening of 1H and 13C NMR signals at room temperature. To obtain suitable resolution, therefore, these latter compounds were studied at 370 K in DMSO‐d6 solutions and showed a complete shift towards the imino tautomers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.