bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapist Well-Being (with Grace Homany, Jeffrey Barnett, and Jan Willer)
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces the topic of psychotherapist well-being. The ethical imperative to attend to one’s personal well-being is discussed, as well as the professional stresses of psychotherapists and challenges to wellness. These challenges include working with clients for the first time, as well as worries about one’s own competence and whether clients are making progress in therapy. Coping skills to enhance wellness are discussed, including attending to one’s physical self and mental health, having boundaries, and developing supportive professional relationships. Other coping skills discussed include obtaining social, cultural, and spiritual support as well as figuring out how to take breaks effectively on a daily, weekly, and yearly basis. It discusses the complexities experienced by graduate students who want to find a psychotherapist for themselves.
Informed Consent (with Jeffrey Barnett and Jan Willer)
Authors: Willer Jan
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides a definition of and an overview of informed consent, including the initial and ongoing aspects. How limits to confidentiality fit into the informed consent process is discussed, as is the importance of educating the client about the process of psychotherapy. The benefits of the informed consent process to the client are discussed, including establishing trust, reducing anxiety, and empowering the client. Informed consent for recordings of psychotherapy sessions is discussed, as well as educating the patient about the student’s trainee status. Informed consent for telehealth is discussed. A case example of how informed consent may change over time is provided. Example scripts are provided.
Discovering New Music as a Family
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

This chapter includes many ideas for discovering new music or encountering music together as a family. Each family member will have their own musical preferences, but they can also develop a family musical preference. Listening to global music carries many benefits for children, shared with connections to research. I urge readers to consider making connections to their community when seeking new music. Technology provides a way to make connections to music beyond their community. Music listening might be the gateway to learning to sing or play music that is new to them. Readers can help their families broaden their music listening preferences and palates.
Creating Music, Creating Memories
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

This chapter encourages families to think about musical creativity as something children naturally do. Sometimes children lose or hide this creative impulse, especially if they are told to keep silent or to only play what is on the music page. Engaging in musical creativity can have benefits including musical growth, self-expression, and self-actualization. It is important for adults to provide a creative musical model for their child by making up little songs for family routines, experimenting with music technology together, or creating with found sounds. When adults model musical creativity, either on their own or as part of a family activity, children learn both content and process.
Musicking Through the Day with Toddlers (Ages 12 to 36 Months)
Authors: Huisman Koops Lisa
Published: November 2024

Rapid growth and development are hallmarks of the toddler years. Toddlers often sing “little songs.” By becoming aware of these spontaneous songs, adults can reinforce toddlers’ growing musical expression. There are many ways to parent toddlers musically. Including music in daily routines is a way to help make the tasks easier and potentially more enjoyable. Connecting with one’s toddler through music can help the toddler form a secure attachment, which is essential to healthy growth and flourishing. Playing musically with one’s toddler can provide a fun experience for both child and parent or caregiver. Be aware of the ways one can use music to help one’s child develop and express themselves musically (musical parenting), as well as how to use music to accomplish non-musical tasks (parenting musically).
Introduction
Authors: Povich Mark
Published: November 2024

This chapter introduces themes that will recur throughout the book, including the ontic conception of scientific explanation, deflationary Carnapian metaontology, normativism, and the enhanced indispensability argument (EIA) for platonism. It shows how the first three positions are consistent with each other and how the normativist can respond to the EIA. In particular, it shows how the EIA is invalid and question-begging against the normativist, for it requires the premise that mathematical concepts refer to mathematical objects, where “refer” and “objects” are understood in metaphysically substantial senses, which the normativist denies. According to normativism, mathematical concepts do not and do not need to refer, in any substantial sense, when they appear in pure mathematical truths.
Introduction
Authors: Laurence Marion
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides an overview of how the impartiality norm has evolved over time in UN peace operations, and it introduces the concept of intrusive impartiality. It explains why new ways of practicing impartiality are puzzling, both theoretically and empirically, and it then presents the research question at the heart of the book: how did new ways of practicing impartiality emerge, spread, and become institutionalized in UN peace operations? The chapter goes on to outline the book’s central argument about how changes in peacekeeping practice occur, and to summarize its conceptual, theoretical, and empirical contributions to the literature on peace operations, global security governance, norm contestation, and international practice theory.
Permission from New York
Authors: Laurence Marion
Published: November 2024

This is the first of four empirical chapters, and it uses the literature on communities of practice to analyze the ways in which top-down pressures emanating from UN headquarters in New York both contribute to, and inhibit, changes in peacekeeping practice. It starts by conceptualizing UN peace operations as distinct communities of practice that are nested within an overarching, transnational community of peacekeeping practice. Taking top-down theories of change as a starting point, the chapter then examines material, normative, and bureaucratic dynamics within the UN system and it explores their impact on the process by which new practices emerge, spread, and become institutionalized. In doing so, the chapter shows how existing theories of change can be leveraged to develop a better understanding of the interplay between top-down factors and bottom-up drivers of change in UN peace operations.
Our New Social Life
Authors: Kerr Natalie , Kurtz Jaime
Published: November 2024

We are wired for meaningful social connection—and live happier and healthier lives with enough of it. But that doesn’t necessarily mean that connection comes easily to us, especially in the modern world where we’re increasingly busy, distracted, and divided. The truth is that connection can be downright hard. This helps explain why millions of people around the world are lonely—or simply want more from their social lives. This book explains exactly why social connection can be so hard. Several key barriers to social connection are introduced, and evidence-based strategies for overcoming them are presented. Some of these barriers are clearly a function of modern life—such as being distracted by our devices, feeling overworked, and living far away from loved ones. Other barriers are more timeless, such as simply not knowing how to connect, misunderstanding the thoughts and feelings of others, undervaluing moments of solitude, and avoiding the sort of vulnerability that creates deep bonds. The book offers actionable, research-based strategies for overcoming the barriers and living a happier, more connected life.
Connection on Demand
Authors: Kerr Natalie , Kurtz Jaime
Published: November 2024

We certainly need other people in our lives, but we’re not dependent on them to feel a sense of connection. We can create connection on demand by engaging in practices that boost our inner, subjective sense of connection. The chapter explores strategies that help us increase our sense of connection to ourselves. These include making the most of solitude and practicing self-compassion. This chapter also presents strategies that help us increase our sense of connection to others, even when we’re completely alone. These include practicing mindfulness, cultivating loving-kindness, feeling gratitude, experiencing nostalgia, and transcending the self through nature, awe, and spirituality.
Pioneers in Epidemiology and Public Health
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Epidemiology is the basic science of public health, with deep historical roots. Public health has its origin in the first aggregations of people into permanent communities. Supply and treatment of drinking water, removal of waste, and transmission of diseases were basic concerns that motivated epidemiologists to consider the causes of human disease and to implement control measures. This chapter presents vignettes of some notable pioneers in epidemiology and public health, from antiquity to modern times, highlighting their contributions. The importance of research showing the connection between tobacco and health is emphasized, as is the growing importance of social epidemiology.
Types of Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

There are two primary types of epidemiologic study: cohort and case-control. Most other study types are variants of these. Cohort studies identify groups of people who share a common characteristic, and they measure directly the risk or rate of disease in these groups. Randomized trials are cohort studies in which the exposure variable has been randomly assigned. Case-control studies may be thought of as cohort studies in which a control series, sampled from the cohort that gives rise to the cases included in the study, provides key information about exposure so that effect measures may be estimated. Both cohort and case-control studies are generally longitudinal, in that the exposure and disease information refer to different points in time. In contrast, a cross-sectional study uses exposure and disease information from the same point in time.
Dealing with Biases
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Two sources of error affect the results of epidemiologic studies: systematic error and random error. Systematic error, also known as bias, is usually considered to fall into three broad categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. Selection bias stems from selective enrollment or participation in a study, resulting in an association between exposure and disease in the study population that differs from the association in the source population. Information bias derives from incorrect information being used in a study. Confounding is a bias that results from an imbalance of a risk factor for disease between exposure categories. In addition to these broad categories of bias, studies are subject to cognitive biases, which are errors in handling and interpreting data. Cognitive biases include confirmation bias, publication bias, and various other phenomena that distort epidemiologic findings.
Random Error and the Role of Statistics
Authors: Rothman Kenneth J. , Huybrechts Krista F. , Murray Eleanor J.
Published: November 2024

Although traditional statistical teaching has elevated statistical significance testing to be a focal tool for data analysis and interpretation, a better approach is to concentrate on measurement, using point and interval estimates. The P-value function, also called a confidence interval function, corresponds to a graph of all possible confidence intervals for an estimated quantity. A confidence interval is best thought of as a compatibility interval, indicating the degree of compatibility between the study data and a range of possible parameter values. A P-value function can be constructed using the input from a single confidence interval, and the ideal way to interpret a confidence interval is to mentally conjure up the P-value function that fits through a given confidence interval. Doing so avoids the temptation to pigeonhole study results into categories such as “significant” or “not significant”; instead, it encourages quantitative interpretation that is based on the magnitude of the association.
Leadership and Effective Supervision
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 13, “Leadership and Effective Supervision,” explores one of the most challenging tasks for leaders and supervisors: building and maintaining positive working relationships with team members. Effective supervision is cumbersome because employees have their own needs, making general organizational policies and practices somewhat limited. The innovative leader should pay special attention to their employees’ behavior, motivation, and expectations in the workplace. Additionally, the chapter analyzes positive approaches to handling problematic human resource situations with a fair and balanced approach. This chapter also reviews supervisory models and skills applied in the field, explores the supervisor and supervisee roles, and shares coaching and training strategies to improve working relationships and performance in health and human service organizations.
Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Strategies
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 14, “Conflict Resolution and Negotiation Strategies,” explores how difficult it can be to deal with conflict. Most people are conflict-averse and prefer not to deal with disagreements because they can be emotionally charged. The innovative leader sees conflict as a natural part of life and develops negotiation skills and strategies to resolve conflict more effectively. If handled properly, conflict can trigger many positive results. Social architects do not shy away from conflictive situations; instead, they are comfortable tackling interpersonal or organizational issues as early as possible. This chapter also explores stages of the conflict resolution process and how influential leaders can apply several related models to improve working relationships in health and human service organizations.
Understanding, Monitoring, and Managing Financial Statements
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 16, “Understanding, Monitoring, and Managing Financial Statements,” addresses the key financial management areas leaders need to understand, monitor, and manage. The role of the leader is not to have all the answers but to know the right questions to ask so that the team understands the current financial state of the organization, what this means for the future, and what actions need to be decided and executed. This chapter explains multiple financial statements, including the statement of activities, the statement of financial position, and the statement of cash flows. A review of the connection between program outcomes and finance, a discussion of audits and accountability, a review of essential financial calculations, and a discussion of how to use and share financial information with various stakeholders are presented.
Assessing Interventions and Evaluating Programs
Authors: Araque Juan Carlos , Weiss Eugenia L.
Published: November 2024

Chapter 19, “Assessing Interventions and Evaluating Programs,” outlines the multiple methods to assess interventions with clients and evaluate health and human service programs. The goal of this chapter is not for readers to become formal program evaluators but to better understand and value assessment tools and evaluation methods as crucial elements of the innovation process. Additionally, client and patient monitoring is an essential tool to better understand the impact of our programs and delivery systems when working on improving people’s lives. We expect social architects to apply these evaluation methods as they visualize, formulate, and execute their innovations and foster a culture of evaluation as an integral part of organizational operations.
Breaking the Silence About Unhelpful Patterns and Mental Health
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

The chapter begins with a brief overview of the Asian American diaspora and describes culturally grounded Asian American values such as collectivism, filial piety, saving face, and interpersonal harmony. Next, the challenges shared by many Asian immigrants are presented in ways that contextualize how historical trauma, scarcity mindsets, and values such as hard work, obedience, and sacrifice among Asian American families and communities may have originated. The ways in which historical family stories, and the silence that often surrounds them, contribute to unhelpful cultural scripts and patterns are also discussed. Finally, the chapter validates the importance of addressing the mental health disparities that exist among Asian American communities.
Pattern-Breaking Strategies for Self-Nourishment
Authors: Arañez Litam Stacey Diane
Published: November 2024

This chapter begins with an overview of inner child work and how to get started with breaking these patterns. Next, readers will explore the importance of embodying abundance mentalities and learn how this perspective differs from scarcity mindsets. Specific strategies for cultivating these abundance mindsets are outlined. Additional ideas for moving toward secure attachments are provided and highlighted with excerpts from interviews. Readers will learn helpful skills to deepen secure attachments such as increasing self-awareness, practicing the stop, drop, and roll method, cultivating stronger communication skills, understanding the stories we create, and supporting partners as they deepen their attachment styles.
What Makes Prisons a Country?
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D.
Published: November 2024

This chapter discusses what makes prisons a country. The chapter reviews the elements that characterize a country: unified people, geography, history, language, and culture. Then it identifies ways that mass incarceration fits those elements. The authors discuss the ways offenders must assimilate to prison culture to survive. The culture of prison shows offenders ways to behave and interact with others and gives meaning to their lives behind the razor-wire fences. Inmates must adapt to a culture that includes values and beliefs that do not exist anywhere else in the world except in prison. Over time, prison inmates learn to live in their new world and, when released, return to a land they no longer understand.
Assimilating a Country Called Prison
Authors: Looman Mary D. , Carl John D.
Published: November 2024

This chapter summarizes the main reasons the United States will continue to have latent consequences from the mass incarceration epidemic for years to come. Through deliberate policy designs, the United States has disenfranchised millions of citizens who could work, pay taxes, support local schools, care for their children, and contribute to their communities. The authors leave the reader with one macro proposal that could bring down the mountain of mass incarceration—the enactment of the Marshall Plan 2024, based on Secretary of State George Marshall’s plan to help European nations recover from the devastation of World War II. The authors designed a new mountain, the 21st century social justice system, that identifies nine key strategies for creating a collaborative and humane justice system for all citizens. The chapter summarizes each proposal and provides a list of strategies and measurable outcomes.
The Musical Leader
Authors: Grymes James A. , Kusz Veronika
Published: November 2024

During the interwar period, Dohnányi was appointed to Hungary’s most influential musical positions. Documents from his tenure as president-conductor of the Budapest Philharmonic Society show the immense pride he took in leading the orchestra, as well as his thought process in selecting its repertoire. A trio of interviews from the weekly magazine Rádióélet [Radio life] convey his optimism that as music director of the Hungarian Radio he would be able to harness the new medium to further educate his audience and cultivate public taste. As director of the Franz Liszt Academy, Dohnányi advocated for the repatriation of Franz Liszt’s remains and nominated Béla Bartók for the prestigious Greguss Medal. These powerful positions were not without discord, as shown by a minor controversy involving the International Franz Liszt Competition and other conflicts.
Prince Miloš and the Founding of Modern Serbia, 1815–1839
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: November 2024

Prince Miloš Obrenović’s rule was insecure, wedged as he was between the Ottoman regime and domestic rivals who sought to share his power. He nevertheless built upon this shaky foundation as he sought more powers from the Ottomans while cementing his authority. Albeit tyrannical, his regime launched a dynamic that would transform Serbia over the next quarter-century, securing its statehood. In his 24-year rule, Miloš began the construction of a modern state and society. But transforming the obor-knezes, knezes and kmets into his officials and creating a new bureaucratic class, he paradoxically reduced the local freedoms that Serbs had enjoyed in Ottoman times while exploiting them as the Ottomans had. The emergence of a bureaucratic elite initiated a fissure in Serbian national life between this elite and the peasant populace that would increasingly dominate Serbian political and intellectual life. Eventually, the new class of high officials and the pre-existing Serbian notables sought to end Miloš’s autocracy and share power, and these he was unable to defeat, resulting in his abdication. The rule of law was consequently established in Serbia under a constitution and oligarchy that would determine the country’s destiny for the next two decades.
The Historical Antecedents
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Chapter 2 provides a brief history of how Africa’s borders came into being in the first place, and the dramatic negative impact that this had on the continent’s subsequent economic development. The chapter briefly retells the story of the Conference of Berlin in 1884/85, and the absurdity of the borders that were drawn up, separating communities with very strong kinship ties and shared socio-political systems that ultimately undermined the prospects for economic development on the continent. The chapter describes previous attempts by African countries since independence to address this toxic legacy and achieve greater unity, initially through the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963 and subsequently through the establishment of regional economic communities and the African Union. The chapter also stresses the vibrancy of intra-African trade in precolonial times, with networks stretching across the continent and as far afield as Brazil and China. Yet the colonial powers set up a system which deeply disincentivized economic relations between African countries. By the time of the first wave of independence in the late 1950s/early 1960s, intra-African trade stood at less than 5% of total trade.
The Flip Side of Commodity Dependence
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Economic growth performance in Africa improved in the early 2000s, after the “lost decades” of the 1980s and 1990s, but it soon became clear that the growth was not being accompanied by sufficiently pronounced structural change— the shifting out of employment from agriculture into higher value-added activities. This chapter reviews the evidence on the cost and scale of the “manufacturing deficit” for continental growth, and also discusses the feasibility of the continent “leapfrogging” into high-value added services. While some service sub-sectors are associated with economic dynamism and have growth-enhancing characteristics, there are limits to such growth without a sufficient degree of industrialization. The chapter reviews the evidence on the consequences of weak manufacturing growth, not that it has generally resulted in reduced productivity, economic growth and job creation. Although the AfCFTA will not automatically accelerate industrialization across Africa, it does lay the groundwork for the expansion of manufacturing.
The Importance of Catalysing Greater Cross-Border Investment
Authors: Mangeni Francis , Mold Andrew
Published: November 2024

Chapter 10 focusses on the importance of catalyzing greater intra-African foreign direct investment (FDI) if the AfCFTA is to achieve its goals. One of the drivers of greater volumes of intra-African trade is through higher levels of cross-border FDI. This is particularly so in sectors like retail, automobiles, chemical products, and food processing. The AfCFTA will increase the attractiveness of the African continent to foreign investment, with one recent study suggests that intra-African FDI will rise between 54-68% once it is fully implemented. This is highly desirable, as it is the way to promote intra-African knowledge transfer, efficiency, and greater intra-African trade. FDI is also crucial to promote greater cross-border services trade. Although global profitability of FDI appears to be falling, there is an abundance of opportunities for achieving high rates of return on the continent. While this is good from the point of view of investors, Africa sorely needs more competition in product markets, with one study revealing that African consumers pay around 25% more for their food bills than the global average. The AfCFTA thus has to help induce a more competitive market on the continent.
Family Ties
Authors: Venkatkrishnan Anand
Published: November 2024

This chapter understands the place of bhakti in Brahmin identity by reconstructing the scholarly lives of the Dēvas, a family of Maharashtrian Brahmins who lived in Banaras in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Dēvas attempted to reconcile their personal religious convictions with their public lives as scholars and teachers in a multilingual world. Although they wrote only in Sanskrit, they argued that the everyday practices of bhakti, especially in vernacular languages, should be respected and celebrated by Brahmins. The chapter contextualizes the impact of bhakti on their writings in Mīmāṁsā and Vēdānta within the social world of early modern Banaras. The Dēvas explored the tension between piety and pedagogy in the new intellectual economy of early modern India. They criticized the materialistic excess of the systems of patronage and networks that made them successful. These tensions refracted those of the Maharashtrian bhakti traditions to which the Dēvas traced their heritage.
A Child of the Raj
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter explores Ismay’s heritage, family background, and early life to the age of twenty-six. It describes his childhood in India, the influence on him of the ethos of the Indian Civil Service, his education in the British public school system, and his training at the Royal Military College Sandhurst. It follows his early military career in an Indian Army cavalry regiment stationed on the North-west Frontier, including active service in the Mohmand Expedition of 1908. It describes his love of life in his regiment, his success as a young officer, and gives insights into Ismay’s character and personality. The chapter concludes with his volunteering, on the eve of the First World War, for active service in the British Somaliland Protectorate.
The Fall of France, The Battle of Britain, The Blitz
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers Prime Minister Churchill’s appointment of Ismay as his chief staff officer and head of the Office of the Minister of Defence, Ismay’s role in those jobs, and as a newly-appointed member of the Chiefs of Staff Committee. It recounts his accompaniment of Churchill on all his visits to France in May and June 1940, his meetings with successive French Prime Ministers Daladier and Reynaud, his visits to RAF stations during the Battle of Britain, and to stricken city communities during the Blitz. It details Ismay’s initiatives in Home Defence, the defense of Whitehall and Chequers, and the establishment of the alternative command headquarters in London at Dollis Hill. Also described are Ismay’s organization of his staff and his close relations with his two key subordinates, Colonel Hollis and Major Jacob.
‘The Year of Destiny’
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter describes Ismay’s experiences and observations during what he called “the year of destiny.” It focuses on the planning, conduct and outcome of Operation Overlord—the Allied invasion of Europe—but also describes the relations between Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff (in particular, General Brooke) which hit a new low over strategy in the Far East and in which Ismay intervened with success to avoid a complete fracture in relations. The chapter recounts Ismay’s accompaniment of Churchill to visit the embarking troops on the eve of D-Day, the high emotions (Ismay’s included) which surrounded the postponement of the operation, and Ismay’s contribution to the deception plan. It also recounts the nadir in relations between Ismay and Churchill and Ismay’s letter of resignation which he submitted during the Quebec conference in September 1944.
Ismay’s War
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter analyses Ismay’s contribution to Churchill’s success as prime minister and to the Allied victory. It describes Ismay’s design and leadership of what Churchill called his “handling machine” (his executive staff), Ismay’s key role as mediator between Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff, his relations with the three longest serving Chiefs (Brooke, Pound, and Portal), with Churchill’s cronies (Bracken, Morton, Beaverbrook, Professor Lindemann, and Dr Wilson), and with the Churchill family members. It highlights as one of Ismay’s greatest contributions his work in helping to cement the Anglo-American partnership. It includes the views of Ismay’s critics, Ismay’s opinion of Churchill, both as wartime political leader and as a strategist, and analyses the extent of Ismay’s influence on him.
Sunset
Authors: Kiszely John
Published: November 2024

This chapter covers the final eight years of Ismay’s life. It describes his production of his memoirs, published in 1960, and provides a critique of them. It details his continued, close engagement with the Churchill family, his private correspondence with Eisenhower (including during his time as president) and with Mountbatten (including the commissioning of a semi-official account of Partition in India), and his active support for two charitable campaigns: one for a fund for senior retired Polish officers; and one for the award of a medal for Bomber Command. It details his involvement in two government reviews of the higher management of defense: one in 1957 and a further, more wide-ranging one in 1963 based on what became known as the Ismay-Jacob Report which was instrumental in the establishment of a Ministry of Defence incorporating the three Service departments of state.
Court-Packing and Constitutional Change
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: November 2024

The Supreme Court’s understanding of the Constitution changed dramatically in the late 1930s. The Court had once deemed much economic regulation unconstitutional, but now the Court overruled its prior decisions and upheld virtually all regulation. The most common explanation for the change frames it as the Court’s reaction to President Franklin Roosevelt’s 1937 Court-packing plan. But the revolution in the Court’s approach to the constitutionality of regulation began several years before 1937 and continued several years after. It was a lengthy process, not a sudden event. Nor was the change unidirectional. It was more of a zigzag than a straight line. And the events of 1937 were soon overwhelmed in importance by personnel changes on the Court. Between 1937 and 1943 Roosevelt appointed eight new justices, all of whom favored the new method of interpreting the Constitution.
Epilogue
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: November 2024

When the Court is in the news these days, it is usually for reaching decisions that are welcomed by the right and reviled by the left. One common critique of the conservative justices is that they are exceeding the proper bounds of their own authority by crossing the line that divides law from politics. As we have seen, however, similar allegations have been levelled at the Court almost since its creation. Southerners, who were bitterly opposed to the Court’s early nineteenth-century decisions affirming the federal government’s primacy over the states, also accused the justices of seizing power for political reasons. So did opponents of the Court’s twentieth-century decisions establishing new constitutional rights for black people, for Communists, and for criminal defendants. The Court’s critics have always accused the justices of grabbing power to implement their political beliefs.
Tomorrow, there will be war!
Authors: Behrends Andrea
Published: November 2024

The introduction starts with a conversation around a fire side during fieldwork in a village on the Chad-Sudan border in 2001. A war was announced for the next day, and no one was supposed to go to the market, the elders declared. This situation reveals how an immediate arrival of war is locally anticipated, and provides accounts of how people have known to practically react to the threat of sudden attacks by armed men on horseback. The text introduces the Chad-Sudan borderland’s crisis setting and the temporal and methodological framework of this research. It introduces the book’s content and its conceptual frame regarding the making and unmaking of difference through flexible categorizing and forms of belonging, and how people have, and continue to live with uncertainty.
This money belongs to the people of Chad
Authors: Behrends Andrea
Published: November 2024

The last chapter of part three foregrounds a more general perspective on development. On the one hand, the author examines the Chadian president’s focus on a project of architectural high modernity, envisioning the “new” city of N’Djamena financed by the petro-state’s oil billions. On the other hand, the author interrogates notions of peace and war, arguing that it is best to speak of a transitional phase that, in the future, might lean toward either side of the continuum. This is a time in which the changes brought about by war, displacement, emplacement and aid manifest themselves through the complex mosaic of perspectives from before the Darfur War until now.
Anthropological Culture
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: November 2024

This chapter begins by examining deculturation, which is a frequent phenomenon throughout history. The process today is more complex; it is not only the dominated who are losing their culture, but the dominant cultures are also in crisis. In this broad anthropological process, deculturation is of course more visible in dominated groups: immigrants, indigenous societies, and the working class. But what happens when the dominant class no longer embodies values and whole categories of the population lose their cultural bearings, even when they are not necessarily “dominated”? The crisis of culture is of course linked to the crisis in the social bond and the disconnect between shared imaginaries and social life. Desocialization, individualization, and deterritorialization are the three key elements. The sociological foundation required for a culture to exist is in crisis. It has not disappeared; there are still nations, societies, social classes, socio-occupational groups, ethnic groups, tribes, villages, neighborhoods and so on. However, these sociological affiliations are increasingly dissociated from forms of virtual sociability that have developed through the use of the internet. The chapter also looks at the concept of subcultures and the notion of a youth culture.
‘Alas Poor Danes!’
Authors: Simms Brendan
Published: November 2024

This chapter shows how in 1807, at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain inflicted preventive violence on a small and ostensibly neutral European state, Denmark, to pre-empt the possible seizure of the Danish fleet by Napoleon. The operation involved the destruction of parts of the city of Copenhagen and considerable loss of civilian life. After a short setting of the scene in its broader international context, the chapter locates the bombardment within contemporary discussions on international law (the “law of nations”), in respect to both ius ad bellum and ius in bello. The author shows how these discussions were embedded in the larger framework of the contest between Napoleonic hegemony and those who supported the “balance of power”.
British-Army Violence Against Civilians in the Peninsular War
Authors: Esdaile Charles
Published: November 2024

In war, excessive violence is not necessarily the work of political or military authority. In the Peninsular War of 1808-14, for example, the leading British commanders, Sir John Moore and the Duke of Wellington were at pains to burden the civilian populace as little as possible in respect of such matters as living off the country; to keep their troops under control in respect of  their treatment of the civilian population; and to avoid such tactics as the indiscriminate bombardment of enemy-held cities. In this, however, at least in so far as the first two objectives were concerned, they were in large part frustrated: the products of the poorer elements of a society in which violence and brutality were endemic, ever prone to drunkenness, often short of food, and periodically subjected to episodes of immense trauma, their soldiers habitually acted in ways that broke the norms expected of them. Hence, for example, the horrific scenes witnessed at Badajoz in 1812.
Hindutva versus “Islamist threats”
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: November 2024

The circumstances of Modi’s elevation to the apex position in Gujarat are not unimportant for understanding his strategy in the months that followed, including during and after the communal violence which engulfed the state in 2002. The passivity of the police not only allowed Hindu nationalist propaganda to circulate, but also enabled the Hindu nationalist militias to strike almost everywhere with impunity. While previous riots had usually been confined to a few places, the 2002 riot was pervasive throughout Gujarat, across dozens of districts. Modi derived electoral dividends from communal polarization. Indeed, the BJP won 42 out of 50 seats in the three districts most heavily affected by this violence, Panchmahals, Dahod and Vadodara (where it won all the 13 MLA seats).
Devolving, but never quite forgetting
Authors: Kenny Michael
Published: November 2024

The devolution reforms initiated by Labour after its 1997 victory reshaped territorial government across the UK, establishing new legislative bodies in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The new institutions of government in each were differently constituted. Scotland received its own parliament with fairly significant domestic policy responsibilities. Northern Ireland had a power-sharing assembly as part of a wider international agreement, involving the Republic of Ireland. And Wales was awarded a much more limited model at its inception. Fairly quickly these devolved institutions became integral to the UK's political landscape, although there were sharp disagreements at Westminster about their implications, and controversies in these different contexts about the status and performance of these institutions.
Brexit
Authors: Kenny Michael
Published: November 2024

The result of the historic poll on the UK’s membership in the European Union in June 2016 created deep strains within the UK's governing system. The attempt to secure an Agreement with the EU, and pass it through the UK parliament created divisive conflicts between the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Whitehall governments, raising questions about where sovereignty lay which had, previously, been easily avoided. The question of the Irish border became particularly salient, and the impact of different potential agreements upon Northern Ireland the subject of extensive partisan debate at Westminster. There were also continuing conflicts over the implications of the return of powers from Brussels in areas of devolved competence for the UK’s own internal market. The May government established new mechanisms for joint decision-making in response—“common frameworks”, but these were jettisoned by her successor, Johnson’s, insistence on the primacy of British governmental authority—as reflected in the Internal Market Act. The Brexit crisis placed severe strain upon the devolved Union, and set in motion different arguments for its reform.
Introduction
Authors: Sweijs Tim , Michaels Jeffrey H.
Published: November 2024

Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 sparked a pivotal moment of reflection on the character of future war. With the return of large-scale interstate war to Europe, a development believed to be virtually unthinkable, prevailing ideas about the future of war held by politicians, the military, scholars, and societies more generally, have had to be fundamentally rethought. In this introductory chapter, Sweijs and Michaels discuss the nature of this re-evaluation, particularly the extent to which the war in Ukraine can really be viewed as a harbinger of future wars – whether in Europe or elsewhere. In addition, they provide a general overview of the key themes discussed in the book.
The Futures of War
Authors: Osinga Frans
Published: November 2024

This chapter canvasses the range of visions on the shape of future war and warfare that have been developed by Western scholars and practitioners since the end of the Cold War. These visions often resulted from recent strategic shocks such as the terrorist attacks of 9/11, reflected problematic operational experiences following counterinsurgency missions, or explored the potential and risks of novel technologies such as AI and drones. Focusing on the novel, suffering from presentism and exaggeration, such visions served to highlight emerging societal and military developments, informing fruitful debate concerning future security and defense policy as well as force structure and doctrine. The War in Ukraine offers a mirror to assess to what extent these visions actually proved valid.
Urbicide and the Future of Civil War
Authors: Betz David
Published: November 2024

Civil war is the primary and imminent future threat to the security of the West. This is because of the explosive configuration of multiculturalism in Western society combined with economic decline. The tactics employed in future civil war will be a mix of the old techniques of insurgency and revolution combined with new methods. Of the latter, the most important will be the use of attacks on the critical infrastructure located in rural and suburban areas which sustains life in the major urban centers.
A Paradigm for Studying Extreme Belief and Behavior
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice
Published: November 2024

This introduction to the series sketches the five elements of a paradigm for studying extreme belief and behavior that this series seeks to develop. It also briefly shows how Beatrice de Graaf’s radical redemption model, which this book presents and defends, embodies these elements. These five elements are (i) the idea that extremists are often rational people who do not suffer from psychopathology (or at least, often not significantly more than on average); (ii) a first-person approach that comes with taking extremists seriously and listening to them; (iii) the idea that the study of extreme belief and behavior is inherently normative and requires reflection on the researcher, policymaker, and practitioner as well; (iv) the call for cross-domain study, so that extremism, fanaticism, fundamentalism, radical conspiracy theorizing, and terrorism are studied in relation to one another; and (v) true interdisciplinarity in the study of extreme belief and behavior, welcoming in particular two disciplines that would be largely new to the field: philosophy and theology. Finally, this introduction provides an overview of how the series is structured.
The Desire for Radical Redemption
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice
Published: November 2024

In this book, the triptych model of radical redemption is employed as an interpretive device. It is inspired by narrative psychologist Dan McAdams’s research, which is outlined and adapted to radicalization in chapter 2. In this psychological-narrative context, I see radical redemption as a phenomenon that comprises the following elements: it is a narrative upheld by an individual to interpret a stressful, problematic life situation (appraisal) and to deal with it (coping mechanism), motivating them to sacrifice themselves or others in a violent or violence-glorifying act in the expectation of a reward (redemption) for themselves or for their community. That reward is transcendent and can be secular (liberating the working classes) or divine (gaining paradise, the forgiveness of sins). Redemption is achieved when the sacrifice is made and some form of validation occurs. If such validation does not materialize, the narrative of redemption becomes one of contamination and disappointment.
Evolutionary Distance Analysis in Molecular Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: November 2024

This chapter provides a concise summary of evolutionary distance analysis. In the first part, the evolutionary distance of DNA sequences is introduced under various nucleotide substitution models, from the simplest one-parameter model to a very general time-reversible model. Those models have been further extended to the case when the rate varies among sites. In the second part, the evolutionary distance between protein-encoding sequences is discussed at both amino acid and codon levels.
Strength of Expression Conservation in Transcriptome Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun
Published: November 2024

Evolution of genes across species is usually subject to stabilizing selection to maintain the optimal expression level. While it is generally accepted that the resulting expression conservation may vary considerably among genes, statistically reliable estimation remains challenging, due to so few species being included in current comparative RNA-seq data with a large number of unknown parameters. In this chapter, we develop a gamma distribution model to describe how the strength of expression conservation (denoted by W) varies among genes. Given the high throughput RNA-seq datasets from multiple species, we then formulate an empirical Bayesian procedure to estimate W for each gene. Our case studies showed that those W-estimates are useful to study the evolutionary pattern of expression conservation.