bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Noise Level on the Value of Uncertainty in a Measurement System Containing an Analog-to-Digital Converter
Authors: Pawłowski Eligiusz , Szlachta Anna , Otomański Przemysław
Published: January 2023

For newly developed measuring systems, it is easy to estimate type-B uncertainties based on technical data from the measuring modules applied. However, it is difficult to estimate A-type uncertainties due to the unknown type and level of interferences infiltrating the measuring system. This is a particularly important problem for measurements carried out in the presence of typical of power grid disturbances. The aim of the research was to develop a method and a measurement stand for experimental assessment of uncertainties in a measuring system that makes use of data acquisition modules containing analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The paper describes, in detail, the design of a completed test stand. It presents an original application in the LabVIEW environment, which enables testing the dependence of the uncertainties with the quantity of the measurements averaged in a series, for different kinds and levels of interferences infiltrating the measuring path. The results of tests for several popular measuring modules are presented. An analysis of the determined uncertainties was carried out in relation to the parameters of the tested measurement modules and for various levels of interferences. It is proved that an increase in the number of averaged measurements to approx. 100–200 always results in a decrease in uncertainty for each tested module and under all conditions. However, a further increase in the quantity of measurements, even up to 1000 averaged measurements, proved reasonable only for high-accuracy modules, in particular with a high level of interferences. An excessive increase in the quantity of averaged measurements proved a low effect for modules characterised by a low resolution and with a low level of interferences. The measurement results also proved that when estimated, uncertainties in the interference probability distribution are significant, especially if they deviate from normal distribution.
Experimental Measurement and Theoretical Prediction of Bubble Growth and Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient in Direct Contact Heat Transfer
Authors: Yang Jun , Li Biao , Sun Hui , Xu Jianxin , Wang Hua
Published: January 2023

The measurement of the two-phase contact area is very important to determine the heat transfer coefficient in the process of direct contact heat transfer, but the direct measurement of the two-phase contact area is a difficult problem. The experiments are carried out utilizing a cylindrical Perspex tube of 100 cm in total height and 15 cm inner diameter. The active column height throughout the experiments is taken to be equal to 50 cm. Liquid Therminol®66 with four different initial temperatures (50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C) is used as a continuous phase, while liquid R245fa at a constant temperature of 23 °C is used as a dispersed phase. In this paper, the empirical correlations between bubble growth and local convection heat transfer coefficient are obtained through modeling and measurement, and its correctness is verified by experiments. The results show that the bubble diameter is positively correlated with continuous phase temperature, flow rate ratio, and height, but the local convection heat transfer coefficient is negatively correlated with continuous phase temperature, flow rate ratio, and height. At the same time, it is found that the maximum error between the actual bubble diameter and the theoretical bubble diameter is 7%, and the error between the heat flux calculated by the local convection heat transfer coefficient and the actual heat flux is within 10%. This study provides theoretical guidance for an in-depth understanding of the direct contact heat transfer process and the development of high-efficiency waste heat recovery systems.
Current State, Development and Future Directions of Medical Waste Valorization
Authors: Chu Yin Ting , Zhou Jianzhao , Wang Yuan , Liu Yue , Ren Jingzheng
Published: January 2023

Elevated medical waste has urged the improvement of sustainable medical waste treatments. A bibliometric analysis is initially conducted to investigate scientific development of medical waste management to pinpoint the publication trends, influential articles, journals and countries and study hotspots. Publications on medical waste and its management sharply increased since 2020. The most influential article was written by Klemeš et al., and “Waste Management and Research” is the most productive journal. India, China, the United Kingdom, Iran and Italy have published the most works. The research spotlights have switched from “human” and “sustainable development” in 2019 to “COVID-19” and “circular economy” in 2021. Since government acts essentially in handling medical waste and controlling disease transmission, rule implementations among the abovementioned countries are summarized to seek gaps between scientific advancement and regulatory frameworks. For accomplishing a circular economy, waste-to-energy technologies (incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma-based treatments, carbonization, hydrogenation, liquefaction, biomethanation, fermentation and esterification) are comprehensively reviewed. Incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and carbonization are relatively feasible methods, their characteristics and limitations are further compared. By holistically reviewing current status of medical waste research, the focal points involved in management at the policy and technical level have been highlighted to find proper routes for medical waste valorization.
Study of Influence of Boundary Condition of Diffuser with Non-Uniform Velocity on the Jet Characteristics and Indoor Flow Field
Authors: Li Kaijun , Song Linye , Zhang Xinghui , Wang Qi , Hua Jing
Published: January 2023

In practice, the outflow from a diffuser is highly non-uniform due to many reasons. However, the air outflow velocity from a diffuser is uniform in most current studies. Little research has been conducted to determine under what conditions uniform velocity can be used. Therefore, based on the non-uniformity of velocity, airflow characteristics of grille and ceiling diffusers were investigated experimentally and numerically. Two generic CFD cases (non-uniform and uniform velocity) are presented. The velocity field near the diffuser is investigated with measurements in order to determine velocity-inlet boundary conditions. The study shows that the uniform velocity-inlet boundary condition can be considered accurate only under certain conditions. For the grille diffuser, the aspect ratio affects the distribution of the outflow velocity. Using uniform velocity as the velocity-inlet boundary condition for the grille diffuser would result in at least a 14.2% error in the jet region, except when the outflow aspect ratio is 1 and the average velocity is greater than 1.83 m/s. However, when the average velocity of the ceiling diffuser is 3.64 m/s, the error of using uniform velocity as the velocity-inlet boundary condition reaches 58.3%. This study provides the basis for determining the velocity-inlet boundary conditions during numerical simulations.
High-Precision Switched Capacitor Device with an Energy Estimation Circuit
Authors: Musioł Krzysztof , Dudzik Kordian , Kampik Marian
Published: January 2023

This article introduces a device for the precise testing of the non-linearities of inductive voltage dividers and digitizers used in digital impedance bridges. The device is based on switched capacitors composed of an NP0 dielectric, in addition to high-quality microwave relays. The article discusses issue concerning the symmetrization of the device as one of the main ways to achieve a high accuracy. Furthermore, a temperature-stabilization system for the device is presented. The system uses a battery management system to estimate the quantity of the energy available in the supply battery. The article further discusses problems encountered with the design of heating elements, which are situated on a laminate with an aluminum substrate.
Energy Conservation in a Livestock Building Combined with a Renewable Energy Heating System towards CO2 Emission Reduction: The Case Study of a Sheep Barn in North Greece
Authors: Lithourgidis Antonios A. , Firfiris Vasileios K. , Kalamaras Sotirios D. , Tzenos Christos A. , Brozos Christos N. , Kotsopoulos Thomas A.
Published: January 2023

Cold stress in sheep is usually overlooked, even though the animals’ welfare and productivity are affected by low temperatures. The aim of this research was to find out if and to what extent the temperature inside a sheep barn could be maintained within the range of the thermoneutral zone during winter, primarily to increase feed conversion and to reduce GHG emissions. For this reason, an automation system was installed at a sheep barn in northern Greece, and heat losses from the building were calculated. The biogas potential of the sheep barn waste was examined in the laboratory via the BMP method. The results showed that the installation of an automation system together with a hypothetical biogas heating system could maintain the barn’s temperature in the range of a sheep’s thermoneutral zone during winter for the 94% of the scenarios examined if the total energy of the biogas was utilized, while heating energy that was instantly and continuously used succeeded in 48% of the investigated cases. The surplus of energy produced by biogas could potentially raise the water temperature that animals drink up to 2.9 °C. The absence of cold stress decreases the dry matter intake and the CH4 produced by ruminal fermentation. Moreover, lower GHG emissions are achieved as waste is treated through anaerobic digestion, which would likely be released into the environment if left untreated.
Coupling of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides with Sulfides for Highly Efficient Urea Electrolysis and Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Liu Wenxian , Qin Zhengguang , Dai Xiaojing , Meng Shibo , Niu Xinxin , Shi Wenhui , Wu Fangfang , Cao Xiehong
Published: January 2023

Urea electrolysis is regarded as a prospective method for energy-saving hydrogen production. However, the practical application of this technology is limited by the lack of high-performance bifunctional catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR). Herein, a heterostructure catalyst composed of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) and sulfides (NiFe LDH-NiFeSx/NF) catalysts is prepared via a simple one-step hydrothermal approach. Remarkably, the prepared NiFe LDH-NiFeSx/NF required 138 mV and 1.34 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 for HER and UOR in 1 M KOH and 0.33 M urea, respectively. Furthermore, when NiFe LDH-NiFeSx/NF is used as a cathode for urea electrolysis, only 1.44 V is required at 10 mA cm−2, which is much lower than the 1.53 V needed for overall water splitting.
Design and Analysis of 15 MW SPM Vernier Generator for Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Applications
Authors: Rehman Abdur , Kim Byungtaek
Published: January 2023

This paper presents the design and an analysis of a surface PM vernier generator (SPMVG) for MW-scale direct-drive (DD) wind turbine application. An SPMVG has the advantage of higher torque density; however, especially at higher power ratings with increased electrical loadings, the power factor worsens and there are some serious concerns including magnetic saturation of cores and PM demagnetization. These issues are directly related to machine design parameters such as PM dimensions, applied electrical loading, slot geometry and the choice of slot–pole combination. It is determined that depending on the PM thickness and a few other design variables, each slot–pole combination has an optimal value of specific electrical loading. The use of the optimal value of specific electrical loading ensures that the machine is not saturated, the performance is optimum and the power factor is not unnecessarily degraded. Moreover, under certain design constraints, design criteria are developed that ensure the proper choice of various entailed design variables. By using the developed design criteria, the trends of various electromagnetic performances with variation in the slot–pole combination are discussed. The obtained trends clearly show that each slot–pole combination offers a certain torque density and power factor; thus, it serves as a guide for the selection of the slot–pole combination considering the required torque density and/or certain power factor limit. Finally, by using the developed design approach, an SPMVG for rated power of 15 MW is designed; the design objectives are to maximize torque per volume with a power factor limit of 0.4. Moreover, the various aspects of the performances of the designed SPMVG are comprehensively compared against a conventional PM DD 15 MW generator.
Magnetization Changes Induced by Stress Noncoaxial with the Magnetic Field in a Low-Carbon Steel
Authors: Yang Bin , Liu Zhifeng , Gao Yang , Wang Ruimin , Feng Yaru , Liu Xinyue
Published: January 2023

Ferromagnetic materials are widely used in the manufacturing of key parts of energy equipment, due to their good mechanical properties, such as in nuclear power and pipes. Mechanical stress exists inside of these key parts during operation. Stress can be estimated indirectly by nondestructive testing methods that measure the magnetic flux leakage signals on the surface of the structure, which is of great importance for ensuring the safety of the equipment. However, the physical mechanism of the stress and magnetic field in the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials is still unclear, leading to limited applications of the technique in practice. In this paper, magnetization tests were carried out to investigate magnetization changes under the coupling effect of stress and a noncoaxial magnetic field. Two identical Q195 low-carbon steel specimens were tested. Specimen 1 was subjected to magnetic field values successively increasing from 0 A/m to 6000 A/m under constant uniaxial tension at different angles θ between the field and stress axis. Specimen 2 was subjected to the same magnetic field under different levels of stress at an angle of 0°. The surface magnetic induction B of the specimens was measured and analyzed at each angle of stress–field orientation and at different levels of stress. It was found that there was a difference in the direction between the B and the magnetic field H at different angles θ. The magnetization curves correlated to the angle θ and the stress levels. The behavior of the derived maximum differential permeability and maximum magnetic induction could be used for the nondestructive evaluation of stress magnitude and direction in materials already in service.
Effect of Biomass Particle Size on the Torrefaction Characteristics in a Fixed-Bed Reactor
Authors: He Yajing , Zhang Shihong , Liu Dongjing , Xie Xing , Li Bin
Published: January 2023

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of biomass particle size on the torrefaction characteristics under different torrefaction temperatures and times. Paulownia wood with particle sizes ranging from 12 to <0.3 mm was selected. It was torrefied at 260 and 290 °C in a fixed-bed reactor for 30–90 min. The results showed that biomass particle size did affect the product’s evolution during biomass torrefaction. With the decrease in particle size from 12 to <0.3 mm, the yield of the solid product decreased by 5.41 and 3.54 wt.%, the yield of the liquid product increased by 5.87 and 3.25 wt.%, and the yield of the gas product changed insignificantly, at 260 and 290 °C, respectively. Comparatively, torrefaction temperature had a more significant effect on the composition of gas products than particle size and torrefaction time. At lower temperatures, decarboxylation reactions dominated in the torrefaction process with more CO2 produced. However, at higher temperatures, decarbonylation reactions were significantly strengthened with more CO generated. The contents of CO2 and CO could account for more than 98 vol% of the product gas. The influence of particle size on the chemical composition of the solid product was much smaller than that of torrefaction temperature and time, but the energy yield of the solid product decreased with the decrease in particle size. The increase in torrefaction temperature and time could significantly increase the C content in the solid product while reducing its O content. It is recommended to use a relatively higher temperature (e.g., 290 °C) for the torrefaction of large particle biomass, as it could significantly reduce the impact of particle size on the torrefaction process and reduce the torrefaction time.
Efficient Day-Ahead Dispatch of Photovoltaic Sources in Monopolar DC Networks via an Iterative Convex Approximation
Authors: Montoya Oscar Danilo , Grisales-Noreña Luis Fernando , Hernández Jesús C.
Published: January 2023

The objective of this research is to propose an efficient energy management system for photovoltaic (PV) generation units connected to monopolar DC distribution networks via convex optimization while considering a day-ahead dispatch operation scenario. A convex approximation is used which is based on linearization via Taylor’s series expansion to the hyperbolic relations between voltages and powers in the demand nodes. A recursive solution methodology is introduced via sequential convex programming to minimize the errors introduced by the linear approximation in the power balance constraints. Numerical results in the DC version of the IEEE 33-bus grid demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed convex model when compared to different combinatorial optimization methods, with the main advantage that the optimal global solution is found thanks to the convexity of the solution space and the reduction of the error via an iterative solution approach. Different objective functions are analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed iterative convex methodology (ICM), which corresponds to technical (energy losses reduction), economic (energy purchasing and maintenance costs), and environmental (equivalent emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere in conventional sources) factors. The proposed ICM finds reductions of about 43.9754% in daily energy losses, 26.9957% in energy purchasing and operating costs, and 27.3771% in CO2 emissions when compared to the benchmark case in the DC version of the IEEE 33-bus grid. All numerical validations were carried out in the MATLAB programming environment using the SEDUMI and SDPT3 tools for convex programming and our own scripts for metaheuristic methods.
Energy Theft Detection Model Based on VAE-GAN for Imbalanced Dataset
Authors: Sun Youngghyu , Lee Jiyoung , Kim Soohyun , Seon Joonho , Lee Seongwoo , Kyeong Chanuk , Kim Jinyoung
Published: January 2023

Energy theft causes a lot of economic losses every year. In the practical environment of energy theft detection, it is required to solve imbalanced data problem where normal user data are significantly larger than energy theft data. In this paper, a variational autoencoder-generative adversarial network (VAE-GAN)-based energy theft-detection model is proposed to overcome the imbalanced data problem. In the proposed model, the VAE-GAN generates synthetic energy theft data with the features of real energy theft data for augmenting the energy theft dataset. The obtained balanced dataset is applied to train a detector which is designed as one-dimensional convolutional neural network. The proposed model is simulated on the practical dataset for comparing with various generative models to evaluate their performance. From simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed model outperforms the other existing models. Additionally, it is shown that the proposed model is also very useful in the environments of extreme data imbalance for a wide variety of applications by analyzing the performance of detector according to the balance rate.
Mitigation of Insulator Lightning-Induced Voltages by Installing Parallel Low-Voltage Surge Arresters
Authors: de Morais André M. , de Oliveira Rodrigo M. S. , Nunes Marcus V. A.
Published: January 2023

In this paper, we propose a mitigation method for reducing lightning-induced insulator voltages based on the installation of low-voltage surge arresters aligned parallelly to the insulator. The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to numerically model a real surge arrester residual voltage evaluation system. The application of a transient current pulse, typical of lightning discharges, is considered in our numerical model. We considered cases with one or two surge arresters installed per phase, in three different geometric and parametric configurations for installing distribution surge arresters. In addition to the Kirchhoff current division, which reduces both the absorbed energy and the thermal stress, the results associated with the installation of two surge arresters parallelly aligned to the insulator show that the interaction of magnetic fields generated by the surge arresters’ currents can produce an additional strong reduction in lightning-induced voltage over the insulator, as presented in this paper. Conditions for maximum voltage reduction are also identified. A brief cost-effectiveness analysis is also provided.
Avant-Garde Solar Plants with Artificial Intelligence and Moonlighting Capabilities as Smart Inverters in a Smart Grid
Authors: Rangarajan Shriram S. , Shiva Chandan Kumar , Sudhakar AVV , Subramaniam Umashankar , Collins E. Randolph , Senjyu Tomonobu
Published: January 2023

Intelligent inverters have the capability to interact with the grid and supply supplemental services. Solar inverters designed for the future will have the ability to self-govern, self-adapt, self-secure, and self-heal themselves. Based on the available capacity, the ancillary service rendered by a solar inverter is referred to as moonlighting. Inverters that communicate with the grid but are autonomous can switch between the grid forming mode and the grid following control mode as well. Self-adaptive grid-interactive inverters can keep their dynamics stable with the assistance of adaptive controllers. Inverters that interact with the grid are also capable of self-adaptation Grid-interactive inverters may be vulnerable to hacking in situations in which they are forced to rely on their own self-security to determine whether malicious setpoints have been entered. To restate, an inverter can be referred to as a “smart inverter” when it is self-tolerant, self-healing, and provides ancillary services. The use of artificial intelligence in solar plants in addition to moon-lighting capabilities further paves the way for its flexibility in an environment containing a smart grid. This perspective paper presents the present as well as a more futuristic outlook of solar plants that utilize artificial intelligence while moonlighting advanced capabilities as smart inverters to form the core of a smart grid. For the first time, this perspective paper presents all the novel ancillary applications of a smart inverter while employing Artificial intelligence on smart inverters. The paper’s emphasis on the Artificial Intelligence associated with PV inverters further makes them smarter in addition to ancillary services.
Oxygen Reduction at PtNi Alloys in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells—Electrode Development and Characterization
Authors: Karaca Ali , Glüsen Andreas , Wippermann Klaus , Mauger Scott , Yang-Neyerlin Ami C. , Woderich Steffen , Gimmler Christoph , Müller Martin , Bender Guido , Weller Horst , Carmo Marcelo , Stolten Detlef
Published: January 2023

Catalyst layers made from novel catalysts must be fabricated in a way that the catalyst can function to its full potential. To characterize a PtNi alloy catalyst for use in the cathode of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs), the effects of the manufacturing technique, ink composition, layer composition, and catalyst loading were here studied in order to reach the maximum performance potential of the catalyst. For a more detailed understanding, beyond the DMFCs performance measurements, we look at the electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst and charge-transfer resistance, as well as the layer quality and ink properties, and relate them to the aspects stated above. As a result, we make catalyst layers with optimized parameters by ultrasonic spray coating that shows the high performance of the catalyst even when containing less Pt than commercial products. Using this approach, we can adjust the catalyst layers to the requirements of DMFCs, hydrogen fuel cells, or polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cells.
Optimization of Impedance-Accelerated Inverse-Time Over-Current Protection Based on Improved Quantum Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Xia , Wang Xiaohua , Li Zhedong , Huang Jingguang , Zhang Yupeng
Published: January 2023

This paper proposes an impedance-accelerated inverse-time over-current protection optimization scheme based on the improved quantum genetic algorithm. First, the speed of remote backup protection is improved by increasing the optimization level of backup protection. Second, to ensure the coordination of protection when the distributed generation is connected to the distribution network, a mathematical model for the optimization of inverse time protection parameters is established. The mathematical model takes the minimum total action time of the optimized main and backup protection as the objective function, and the selectivity and sensitivity requirements of the protection as the constraints. In addition, the genetic algorithm is improved from four aspects: coding method, population initialization, quantum revolving gate, and variational evolution. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the selectivity and operation speed of the protection.
Solvothermal Liquefaction of Blackcurrant Pomace in the Water-Monohydroxy Alcohol Solvent System
Authors: Wądrzyk Mariusz , Korzeniowski Łukasz , Plata Marek , Janus Rafał , Lewandowski Marek , Borówka Grzegorz , Maziarka Przemysław
Published: January 2023

Wet organic wastes are especially troublesome in valorization. Therefore, innovative solutions are still in demand to make valorization feasible. In this study, we tested a new transformation route of a blackcurrant pomace as a high-moisture industrial waste through a series of high-temperature and pressure solvothermal liquefaction experiments. The feedstock was directly converted under near-critical conditions of the binary solvent system (water/2-propanol). The goal was to examine the effect of conversion parameters (temperature, biomass-to-solvent ratio) on the change in the yield of resultant bioproducts, as well as the quality thereof. The experiments were conducted in a batch autoclave at a temperature between 250 and 300 °C. The main product of the transformation was liquid biocrude, which was obtained with the highest yield (ca. 52 wt.%) at 275 °C. The quality of biocrude was examined by ATR-FTIR, GC-MS, and elemental analysis. The ultimate biocrude was a viscous heterogeneous mixture containing various groups of components and exhibiting evident energy densification (ca. 145–153%) compared to the value of the feedstock. The proposed processing method is suitable for further development toward efficient valorization technology. More specifically, the co-solvent additive for liquefaction is beneficial not only for the enhancement of the yield of the desired product, i.e., biocrude, but also in terms of technological aspects (reduction of operational pressure and temperature).
Determination of Rheological Parameters of Non-Newtonian Fluids on an Example of Biogas Plant Substrates
Authors: Jankowska Honorata , Dzido Aleksandra , Krawczyk Piotr
Published: January 2023

Non-Newtonian fluids are commonly used in a wide range of industries; one example are in biogas power plants. Proper measurements and modeling of such fluids can be crucial from the design and operations point of view. Results presented in this study covered seven samples from three plants (a sewage sludge treatment plant, utilization biogas station and a biogas plant in a sugar factory), including mechanically thickened excessive activated sludge (MTEAS), sugar beet pulp (SBP), liquid fruit and vegetable waste (FVW), beet roots (BR) and corn waste (CW); their mixtures were prepared as in a real plant. The total solid content remained below 6.8% for all samples. The apparent viscosity (15 RPM) did not exceed 10 Pas in any sample. A correlation analysis for solvent type influence on the viscosity was carried out. The obtained results were analyzed, and the Herschel–Bulkley rheological model was selected for the fluid description. Then, the Moullinex method was applied to determine the H–B model parameters. The obtained results may contribute to the proper design and operation of various biogas power plants, in which viscosity seems to be one of the crucial flow parameters that influences the device types used, as well as energy consumption.
Unveiling Distribution Patterns and Community Characteristics of Rare and Endangered Plants in the Sanya River Basin, China
Authors: Zhu Hongjuan , He Dan , Cheng Xialan , Chen Liufeng , Zhang Zhenyuan , Tang Yi , Yu Jing , Yang Dongmei
Published: January 2023

Wetlands have an important ecological function and economic value. However, with economic development and urban expansion, wetland plants have suffered serious damage. Rare and endangered plants are “thermometers” that reflect the health processes of their ecosystems. To better protect the wetlands in Sanya, China, we systematically investigated and analyzed the species, quantities, distributions, and community characteristics of the rare and endangered plants in the Sanya River basin using the sample and sample strip methods. We established a total of 152 quadrats, of which 46 contained rare and endangered plants. We identified 27 rare and endangered plants that mainly appeared in the tree and shrub layers. The dominant families and genera of the community were evident. However, the proportion of families and genera with fewer or single species was high, indicating that the species composition of the community is complex, and the plant species diversity is rich. The dominant species in each layer of the community were evident, and the rare and endangered plants are occasional species of the community. The community similarity in the urban areas was high, indicating that the rare and endangered plants in these areas require highly homogenous habitats. The community similarity in the suburbs was low, indicating that the rare and endangered plants in these areas are highly adaptable to different habitats. Threat factors and vegetation coverage degree had a significant impact on the number of species and population size of rare and endangered plants. Finally, according to our study and IUCN classification criteria for the endangered levels, Sonneratia × gulngai meets the CR (Critical Endangered) assessment criteria, thus we recommend upgrading it to the endangered level from VU (Vulnerable).
α Diversity of Desert Shrub Communities and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors in Xinjiang
Authors: Luo Yan , Gong Yanming
Published: January 2023

In the past 30 years, Northwest China has experienced a warm and humid climate increase trend. How this climate change will affect the species diversity of plant communities is a hot issue in ecological research. In this study, four α diversity indexes were applied in 29 shrub communities at desert sites in Xinjiang, including the Margalef index, Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou index, to explore the relationship between the α diversity of the desert shrub communities and climate factors (mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP)). The species diversity indexes varied across these different desert shrub communities. Tamarix ramosissima communities had the highest Margalef index, while the Krascheninnikovia ewersmannia communities had the lowest Margalef index; T. ramosissima communities also showed the highest Simpson index and Shannon–Wiener index, but Alhagi sparsifolia communities showed the lowest Simpson index and Shannon–Wiener index. The Ephedra przewalskii communities and Karelinia caspica communities showed the highest and the lowest Pielou index, respectively. The α diversity indexes (except the Pielou index) of desert shrub communities had a significantly positive correlation with MAP (p < 0.05) but a non-significantly correlation with MAT (p > 0.05). These results indicate that, compared with temperature, water conditions are still a more vital climatic factor affecting the species diversity of desert shrub communities in Xinjiang, and thus, the recent “warm and humid” climate trend in Xinjiang affects the α diversity of desert shrub communities.
Key Characteristics of Forest Therapy Trails: A Guided, Integrative Approach
Authors: Gobster Paul H. , Kruger Linda E. , Schultz Courtney L. , Henderson John R.
Published: January 2023

Forest therapy is an emerging holistic health practice that uses multisensory immersive engagements in forest settings to achieve health and wellbeing outcomes. Many forest therapy engagements take place via slow walks along a trail to optimally experience the array of sensory phenomena afforded along the route, yet surprisingly few forest therapy studies to date have investigated the characteristics of forest sites and trails that give rise to healthful experiences. In this research, we employ a hybrid approach to understand the conditions and features that contribute to a good forest therapy trail, using interviews with forest therapy guides to identify and highlight concepts for further refinement and structuring via a broad, integrative review of the relevant research and planning literature. Through this iterative approach, we identify and describe three site-related criteria (landscape character and quality, tranquility, and accessibility) and two trail-related criteria (design and construction and key features and qualities), each with a number of sub-criteria detailing specific conditions and considerations. This effort helps build a conceptual foundation and evidence base for assessment procedures that can be used to identify existing trails and design new ones that meet the needs of forest planners, managers, guides, and participants for the growing international practice of forest therapy.
Relation between Topography and Gap Characteristics in a Mixed Sessile Oak–Beech Old-Growth Forest
Authors: Tudose Nicu Constantin , Petritan Ion Catalin , Toiu Florin Lucian , Petritan Any-Mary , Marin Mirabela
Published: January 2023

The interest to assess the relationship between forest gap characteristics and topography features has been growing in the last decades. However, such an approach has not been studied in undisturbed mixed sessile oak–beech old-growth forests. Therefore, the present study carried out in one of the best-preserved sessile oak–beech old-growth forests in Europe, aims to assess the influence of topographic features (slope, altitude and aspect) on (i) some characteristics of canopies and expanded gaps (surface, diameter and perimeter) and (ii) the proportion of beech and sessile oak as bordering trees, gap fillers and gap makers. Through a complete gap survey on an area of 32 ha, 321 gaps were identified and mapped. The largest gaps and also the highest gap frequency (140) was found in the slope class (15.1–20°), while the gap frequency increased with altitude, with 99 gaps being recorded at 601–650 m a.s.l. The size and perimeter of the canopy and expanded gaps, as well as the number of gap makers, were negatively related to the slope and altitude. The expanded gap to canopy gap size ratio decreased with the slope and was positively related to the altitude, while a significant negative decrease in gap filler density with altitude was encountered. The sessile oak participation ratio as bordering trees forming the gap increased not only with the altitude but also with the slope. The topography plays an important role in the formation of gaps as well as in the characteristics of the future stand. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between canopy gap characteristics and topography, which is useful information for forest owners that pursue the design of forest management toward nature-based solutions.
Effects of Boric Acid Pretreatment on the Properties of Four Selected Malaysian Bamboo Strips
Authors: Yusof Norwahyuni Mohd , Hua Lee Seng , Tahir Paridah Md , James Redzuan Mohammad Suffian , Al-Edrus Syeed Saifulazry Osman , Dahali Rasdianah , Roseley Adlin Sabrina Muhammad , Fatriasari Widya , Kristak Lubos , Lubis Muhammad Adly Rahandi , Reh Roman
Published: January 2023

Bamboo requires treatment to extend its service life. However, as bamboo strips could serve as a suitable candidate for lamination, the treatment may affect its bendability. The current study investigated the effects of boric acid treatment on the physical, mechanical, adhesion, and morphological properties of bamboo strips. Owing to their availability and popularity in local industries, four Malaysian bamboo species were used in this study, namely Gigantochloa scortechinii, Gigantochloa levis, Dendrocalamus asper, and Bambusa vulgaris. These four species’ bamboo strips were treated with 5% boric acid and their properties were evaluated. The findings revealed that the boric acid treatment had varying degrees of effect on the properties of the bamboo. Despite having lower treatability and stability, both G. scortechinii and G. levis have greatly superior mechanical properties that justify their use in the production of laminated products. The boric acid treatment was found to provide several benefits to bamboo strips intended for lamination, including increased wettability, dimensional stability, and mechanical strength.
Factors That Interfere in the Action of Sanitizers against Ochratoxigenic Fungi Deteriorating Dry-Cured Meat Products
Authors: Silva Sarah , Stefanello Andrieli , Santos Bibiana , Fracari Juliana , Leães Graziela , Copetti Marina
Published: January 2023

This study verified the factors affecting the antifungal efficacy of sanitizers against ochratoxin A-producing fungi. The fungi Penicillium nordicum, Penicillium verrucosum, and Aspergillus westerdijkiae were exposed to three sanitizers at three concentrations: peracetic acid (0.3, 0.6, 1%), benzalkonium chloride (0.3, 1.2, 2%), and sodium hypochlorite (0.5, 0.75, 1%) at three exposure times (10, 15, and 20 min), three temperatures (10, 25, and 40 °C), and with the presence of organic matter simulating clean (0.3%) and dirty (3%) environments. All the tested conditions influenced the antifungal action of the tested sanitizers. Peracetic acid and benzalkonium chloride were the most effective sanitizers, and sodium hypochlorite was ineffective according to the parameters evaluated. The amount of organic matter reduced the antifungal ability of all sanitizers. The longer exposure time was more effective for inactivating fungi. The temperature acted differently for benzalkonium chloride, which tended to be favored at low temperatures, than for sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid, which were more effective at higher temperatures. The knowledge of the parameters that influence the action of sanitizers on spoilage fungi is vital in decision-making related to sanitizing processes in the food industry.
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Future Internet in 2022
Authors:   Future Internet Editorial Office
Published: January 2023

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems for Building and Industrial Applications: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Farrell Kyle , Hassan Md Kamrul , Hossain Md Delwar , Ahmed Bulbul , Rahnamayiezekavat Payam , Douglas Grahame , Saha Swapan
Published: January 2023

Interest in water mist fire suppression has increased within the fire protection industry due to its ability to control the spread and development of fire without using environmentally damaging agents. Water mist fire suppression has been used for many years in various applications such as machinery spaces, combustion turbine enclosures, and onboard passenger sea vessels. Now there is a demand to use this firefighting method to protect other fire risks such as cooking areas, commercial buildings, residential buildings, electrical equipment, road tunnels, bushfire (wildland fire) protection, and nuclear power generation facilities. To support this industry demand, this review covers the fundamentals of water mist, its suppression mechanisms, areas of application, existing research and development, and the codes and standards related to design. This comprehensive review provides a clear history of water mist suppression. It is able to identify the issues and challenges related to the technology to help pave the way for future research and development that will improve these systems to a level so that they are suitable for these new applications and meet the industry demand for nontoxic fire suppression systems.
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) Bark Extract after In Vitro Digestion Simulation
Authors: Pagliari Stefania , Forcella Matilde , Lonati Elena , Sacco Grazia , Romaniello Francesco , Rovellini Pierangela , Fusi Paola , Palestini Paola , Campone Luca , Labra Massimo , Bulbarelli Alessandra , Bruni Ilaria
Published: January 2023

Cinnamon bark is widely used for its organoleptic features in the food context and growing evidence supports its beneficial effect on human health. The market offers an increasingly wide range of food products and supplements enriched with cinnamon extracts which are eliciting beneficial and health-promoting properties. Specifically, the extract of Cinnamomum spp. is rich in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer biomolecules. These include widely reported cinnamic acid and some phenolic compounds, such asproanthocyanidins A and B, and kaempferol. These molecules are sensitive to physical-chemical properties (such as pH and temperature) and biological agents that act during gastric digestion, which could impair molecules’ bioactivity. Therefore, in this study, the cinnamon’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivity after simulated digestion was evaluated by analyzing the chemical profile of the pure extract and digested one, as well as the cellular effect in vitro models, such as Caco2 and intestinal barrier. The results showed that the digestive process reduces the total content of polyphenols, especially tannins, while preserving other bioactive compounds such as cinnamic acid. At the functional level, the digested extract maintains an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect at the cellular level.
A Prospective Review on the Research Progress of Citric Acid Modified Starch
Authors: Zhang Ming , Jia Hongyu , Wang Bin , Ma Chao , He Fatao , Fan Qi , Liu Wei
Published: January 2023

Citric acid (CA) treatment is a convenient, mild and environmentally friendly strategy to modify the composition, structure and function of starch through hydrolysis and esterification, which expands the application of starch in industry. In this paper, the effects of CA modification on amylose content, amylopectin chain length distribution, microscopic morphology, solubility and swelling ability, thermodynamic properties, gelatinization properties, digestibility properties, texture properties and the film-forming properties of starch were summarized. The application status and development trend of CA modified starch were reviewed, which has important implications for the targeted utilization of CA modified starch in the future.
Effect of Catechin on Yolk Immunoglobulin Structure and Properties: A Polyphenol–Protein Interaction Approach
Authors: Liu Lili , Zhang Xiaodan , Zhang Mapinyi , Zhang Mengjun , Cheng Weiwei , Xu Baocheng
Published: January 2023

The preparation of the interaction between polyphenols and protein is of great significance for increasing added value and promoting the application of egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY). This study systematically investigated the effect of catechin on yolk immunoglobulin structural characteristics and functional properties. The binding conditions, force types, molecular conformation, and residual microenvironment of the interaction between catechin and IgY were analyzed by molecular docking technology, UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy studies. The results showed that the main binding forces in the complex were hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. After the interaction, fluorescence quenching occurred and the maximum emission wavelength was redshifted. The results showed that the microenvironment around IgY increased polarity, increased hydrophilicity and decreased hydrophobicity, and the structure of the peptide chain changed. The bacteriostatic thermal stability of the compound against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was lower than that of catechin IgY. The bacteriostatic acid and base stability were higher than that of catechin and IgY. The antioxidant activity was catechin, complex, and IgY, in descending order. The antioxidant activity of catechin and complex was significantly higher than that of IgY. At the same concentration, the apparent viscosity of the three samples was complex, IgY and catechin, in descending order. G’ was greater than G” indicating that elastic properties dominate in G”. The G’ and G” values of the complex were higher than those of the other groups. Rheological results indicated that the complex may have high physical stability. This study provides theoretical support for broadening the application field of IgY and suggest its properties change in the machining process. It also provides new ideas for the development of functional foods from poultry eggs.
A Review of Storage Temperature Recommendations for Apples and Pears
Authors: Prange Robert K. , Wright A. Harrison
Published: January 2023

An exploration of the range of expert opinions on the optimum storage temperature for apples and pears in RA (refrigerated air), CA (controlled atmosphere), and DCA (dynamic controlled atmosphere) is provided, based on the accumulated postharvest data from the last 20 years. Apple cultivars have been divided into two storage temperature groups (0 to 1 °C and >1 °C), based on chilling sensitivity. Increasingly, gradual cooling, rather than rapid cooling, is recommended for apple cultivars, especially for chilling-sensitive cultivars. European pear cultivars are held at storage temperatures close to or just below 0 °C since they are not chilling-sensitive, and most cultivars require a cold temperature to induce ethylene production and ripening, especially if picked early for long-term storage. Asian pears apparently have higher temperature requirements in CA, compared with European pears. The temperature recommendations for RA and CA storage differ in some apple and European pear cultivars. In such cases, the CA recommendation is, on average, approximately 0.9 °C higher for apple cultivars and approximately 0.5 °C higher for pear cultivars, compared with RA. Research evidence suggests that some apple and pear cultivars can be stored at higher temperatures in DCA than in CA, and if the ethylene inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), is applied in CA and/or DCA, leading to possible energy savings and quality benefits. A cool growing season may increase postharvest disorders, depending on cultivar and region. The store or packinghouse manager may choose to mitigate potential postharvest problems by maintaining the storage temperature at or above the temperature listed here and/or using stepwise (gradual) cooling. The storage temperature can affect the humidity and vapour pressure deficit (driving force) in the storage room. Altering the vapour pressure deficit controls the water loss in stored fruit, which can affect various quality parameters and the occurrence of several storage disorders.