bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Control Theory Explain the Link Between Parental Physical Abuse and Delinquency? A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Rebellon Cesar J. , Van Gundy Karen
Published: June 2005

Although a growing literature suggests that physical abuse is associated with delinquency, little empirical research has attempted to probe the nature of the mechanism that underlies the apparent relationship. Moreover, because the theoretical literature tends to invoke learning and strain theories as explanations for the apparent relationship, even less research has attempted to determine whether control theory can account for the link between abuse and delinquency. It remains possible, however, that measures of abuse are highly correlated with self-control or that abuse itself promotes delinquency only insofar as it impedes conventional social bonds. The present study attempts to provide a preliminary test of these possibilities using three waves of panel data from a national probability sample. Longitudinal results suggest that abuse contributes to violent offending as well as property offending and that neither self-control theory nor social bonding theory appears capable of explaining the relationship.
Examining the Disparity between Juvenile and Adult Victims in Notifying the Police: A Study of Mediating Variables
Authors: Watkins Adam M.
Published: June 2005

Extant research has found that crimes against juveniles are substantially less likely than crimes against adults to come to the attention of the police. Few studies, however, have attempted to systematically examine variation in police reporting between juvenile and adult victims. With assault and robbery data from the 1994-2001 National Crime Victimization Survey, this research explores this issue by addressing whether victim, offender, and situational characteristics of crime are effective in mediating the disparity in police reporting between juvenile and adult victims. Current findings indicate that the relationship between juvenile victims and police reporting was only attenuated, in part, after controlling for school victimizations and crimes perpetrated by juvenile offenders. Current findings also reveal that distinguishing crimes reported to nonpolice officials had no effect, attenuating variation in police reporting between juvenile and adult victims.
Overeducation
Authors: Burris Val
Published: June 2005

Overeducation has become a topic of increasing interest among social scientists. The reissue of one of the seminal works on overeducation, Ivar Berg’s Education and Jobs, provides an occasion for some observations about the development of this literature. Advances have been made in our understanding of overeducation, but many of the broader sociological concerns raised in the early literature are poorly addressed in the recent research.
Elizabeth Blackwell’s Heirs
Authors: Campbell Karen E. , McCammon Holly J.
Published: June 2005

Sociologists and historians of medicine have documented the under representation of women as physicians in the United States during the critical period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have speculated on the barriers to women’s greater access to the profession. To date, however, there has been no quantitative analysis of factors that may have hindered or facilitated women’s efforts to become physicians. Using data on 48 U.S. states from 1880 to 1920, this article explores the relative effects on women’s share of physicians of conservative gender culture, male physicians’ opposition to women as colleagues, and nursing as an alternative occupation. These analyses demonstrate that women were less common in states with conservative gender cultures, male physicians’ actions in opposition to women had little impact (net of other factors), and nursing was not an alternative occupation that attracted women who might otherwise have considered medicine as a career.
Setting Occupational Sex Segregation in Motion
Authors: Kmec Julie A.
Published: June 2005

The employment of women in female-dominated occupations and men in male-dominated occupations (sex traditional employment) is a fundamental source of economic sex inequality. Despite this, we know little about how organizational practices and policies link workers to sex traditional jobs. The author tests theoretically hypothesized determinants of sex traditional employment using data on the sex of the last hire and the sex type of his or her occupation in nearly 3,000 establishments. The results are generally consistent with deskilling and organizational staffing accounts of sex traditional employment and confirm that a different system of sex segregation operates for women and men.
Bring Out Yer Dead
Authors: Lopez Steven H.
Published: June 2005

This article reviews three recent books about challenges facing contemporary labor movements. Clawson’s argument that U.S. labor unions ought to seek a fusion with 1960s social movements to build a broad challenge to neoliberal politics reflects the seriousness of labor’s crisis in the United States; his argument is an important one but does not adequately explore the obstacles and difficulties involved in such a fusion. The contributors to Michael Gold’s volume are much more optimistic aboutlabor’s future in Europe, but the contributionof neoliberal restructuringto widening cracks in Europe’s social pacts and a gradual weakening of labor’s position there are evident. Contributors to Cornfield and McCammon’s volume raise doubts about European labor movements’long-term ability to resist neoliberal pressures and demonstrate how in the global South neoliberalism has paralyzed some countries’ labor movements and sparked grassroots resistance in others.
The Labor Market Experience of Persons With Disabilities
Authors: Altman Barbara M.
Published: June 2005

In the context of legislation to promote employment of persons with disabilities (Americans With Disabilities Act), trend data analysis results are showing employment rates that are moving in a downward rather than an upward direction. This review of two recent books on the labor market involvement and experience of persons with disability demonstrates this puzzle and points out some of the problems that may be contributing to those findings. The definition and measurement of disability in the data sets in use seem to be a key factor in the confusion, and both books contribute interesting material to address this aspect. Although The Labor Market Experience of Workers With Disability is well written with impressive analyses, it is in the traditional economics perspective, and while it introduces useful state policy information, it does not provide an answer to the puzzle. The Decline in Employment of People With a Disability uses an edited format to good effect, providing the reader with many creative approaches to the issues even if the puzzle pieces are not ultimately forced to fit.
Work-Based Critical Incidents and Problem Drinking
Authors: Bamberger Peter A.
Published: June 2005

The association between exposure to workplace critical incidents and problem drinking is examined using a sample of males employed in a variety of blue-collar occupations. Incident exposure is found to have a significant association with problem drinking. Consistent with the “kindling” hypothesis, findings indicate a positive association between the number of such exposures reported during the past year and both intrusive reactions and distress, with both intrusive reactions and distress mediating the association between exposure and problem drinking. However, the mediating role of intrusive reactions declines with the number of exposures reported. Implications for labor, management, and policy are discussed.
Attitudes, women’s employment and the domestic division of labour
Authors: Crompton Rosemary , Brockmann Michaela , Lyonette Clare
Published: June 2005

This article draws on a repeat of a 1994 survey, carried out in 2002, in three contrasting countries: Britain, Norway and the Czech Republic.The 1994 survey demonstrated that there was a significant association between more ‘liberal’ gender role attitudes and a less traditional division of domestic labour in all three countries. In 2002, this association was no longer significant for Britain and Norway. Gender role attitudes had become less traditional in all three countries, although women’s attitudes had changed more than men’s.There had been little change in the gendered allocation of household tasks, suggesting a slowing down of the increase of men’s involvement in domestic work. It is suggested that work intensification may be making increased participation in domestic work by men more difficult. Although national governments are becoming more aware and supportive of the problems of work-life ‘balance’, an increase in competitiveness and intensification at workplaces may be working against more ‘positive’ policy supports.
Re-placing work
Authors: Stenning Alison
Published: June 2005

This article reports on an ongoing research project which explores the remaking of life and work in Nowa Huta, a steel town built as Poland’s first socialist city. It focuses on the changing relationship between work and community in Nowa Huta using both qualitative research material and secondary data sources. It locates the study in the context of both recent debates over the ‘end of work’ and previous accounts of work-community relationships in old industrial regions, but argues that the specific experiences of socialism shaped a particular relationship between work and community. In such contexts, the ‘end of work’ is coupled with the ‘end of socialism’ to figure a double ending for some communities. The article documents the changing place of work in Nowa Huta, recognizing the impacts of the loss and restructuring of employment but also drawing attention to the continuing importance of work in shaping lives in Nowa Huta.
‘India calling to the far away towns’
Authors: Taylor Phil , Bain Peter
Published: June 2005

In recent years prominent companies have migrated call centre services to India provoking much-publicized fears for the future of UK employment. This article challenges the widely-held assumption that offshoring voice services is a seamless undertaking, principally through an investigation of the Indian call centre labour process. This enquiry is informed initially by an analysis of the political-economic factors driving offshoring and shaping the forms of work organization to have emerged in India. A critical review of literature on call centre work organization provides a conceptual framework, through which Indian developments are analysed. Data comes from fieldwork conducted in India and a complete audit of the Scottish industry, through which UK trends can be evaluated. We conclude that the Indian industry reproduces in exaggerated and culturally-distinctive forms, a labour process that has proved problematical for employers and employees alike in the UK and elsewhere.
‘Learners of the workplace unite!’
Authors: Wallis Emma , Stuart Mark , Greenwood Ian
Published: June 2005

The statutory rights conferred on trade union learning representatives (ULRs) under the 2002 Employment Act represent a significant development for the British trade union movement.This article presents an initial empirical assessment of the ULR initiative, drawing from original quantitative and qualitative data on ULR activity. Our findings suggest that while ULRs have been successful in promoting and facilitating employee-centred learning opportunities, the development of their role is potentially constrained by their evolving relationships with employers and their insertion into broader trade structures. Nonetheless, there are signs that the initiative has the potential to contribute to the recruitment of new trade union members.
Skills and surveillance in casino gaming
Authors: Austrin Terry , West Jackie
Published: June 2005

With gambling now part of mainstream entertainment and popular leisure, casinos have become sites of legal work, combining the technical expertise and craft skills of the croupier (dealer) in table games with increasingly deskilled machine-minding in simulated video games.There are parallels with other service work, but the significance of casino gaming lies in the manipulation of things, such as cards and money, rather than in interpersonal relations and self-embodiment. Moreover, surveillance is more specifically related to the particular conditions governing legalization of a formerly ‘pariah’ industry than to management-worker control. Drawing on fieldwork, we compare standardization in table and machine gaming and show how different forms of surveillance are crucial to the legalization of gambling as mass consumption. In highlighting the significance of materiality and regulation in service sector employment, the case of casino gaming thus takes us beyond conventional labour process paradigms. It also epitomizes a newly globalized form of work, currently promoted by industry interests but at the centre of intense public debate in the UK and elsewhere.
Returning to work after maternity leave
Authors: Davey Barbara , Murrells Trevor , Robinson Sarah
Published: June 2005

In the UK, the implementation of flexible working is seen as a key strategy in retention of nurses in the National Health Service (NHS) once they have children. However, Preference Theory argues that the majority of women returners are driven by motivations other than career or work, and that part-time workers are not as committed as full-timers, a perception held by some managers in the NHS. This article examines the motivations of 112 nurse returners after their first child, the differences between nurses returning part time or full time and between nurses preferring to work full time, part time or not at all.The findings suggest that neither hours worked nor preferred hours are good indicators of whether nurses are committed to work or a career, except for respondents who prefer not to work. The main differences are between nurses who would prefer not to work and all others.The findings that nurses returning part time at their preferred hours are motivated by their work and career challenge the view that they are not committed.The policy implications point to the importance of NHS organizations providing both flexible working and flexible career and training opportunities to retain returners’ commitment to nursing.
Overseas nurses’ motivations for working in the UK
Authors: Larsen John Aggergaard , Allan Helen T. , Bryan Karen , Smith Pam
Published: June 2005

This article addresses the theoretical integration of macro and micro dimensions of global workforce migration, detailing overseas nurses’motivations for working in the UK. The discussion is based on focus group interviews with overseas nurses in three areas in the UK. Their motivations for migrating are contrasted with their experiences of frequently being stereotyped as economic migrants who come from poor countries to gain financial benefits. These conflicting perspectives on overseas nurses’ motivations are explored through a discussion of Bauman’s notion of global and local values, which conceptually combines issues of globalization with the migrants’ perspectives. Giddens’ concept ‘life politics’ is introduced to take further account of individuals’experiences and perspectives. Our data suggest that overseas nurses take a global, transnational perspective on life. Likewise, the simplistic understanding of overseas nurses as economic migrants appears to reflect a local perspective where the lives of individuals are seen to be confined within the borders of nation states. The analysis suggests how perspectives on migration are shaped by individuals’ values and life orientations interfacing with conditions of globalization.
Agency and bank nursing in the UK National Health Service
Authors: Tailby Stephanie
Published: June 2005

The article draws on published research, mainly survey-based, and original case study interview data to explore the forms of temporary employment in nursing, the reasons nurses give for taking temporary or agency work, as a main job or a second job, and their experiences in such employment.
Perceptions of Lung Cancer and Smoking Among College Students in Jordan
Authors: Kofahi Mariam M. , Haddad Linda G.
Published: June 2005

A descriptive, cross-sectional design was adopted to identify college students’ knowledge and perceptions of lung cancer and smoking. A random sample of 400 students at the Jordan University of Science and Technology in northern Jordan was subjected to the Lung Cancer and Smoking Survey, which is based on the Health Belief Model. The results show that the prevalence of current smoking is 16.5% and that the prevalence of former smoking is 10.0%. Most (75.3%) of the respondents were aware of the prevalence of lung cancer. Almost all (90.3%) were aware of the cancer risk from air pollution, but fewer (57.5%) were concerned about the risk caused by side-stream smoke. Most disagreed that lung cancer could be easily cured. Former smokers were more knowledgeable than current smokers about the health hazards of smoking, and those who never smoked were more knowledgeable than both. Engineering students were more likely to agree with the benefits of quitting smoking than were medical or science students. Addiction and friends were the reasons most frequently given for not quitting smoking.
Culturally Competent Scholarship in Nursing Research
Authors: Jacobson Sharol F. , Chu Nancy Lin-Lin , Pascucci Mary Ann , Gaskins Susan W.
Published: June 2005

Purpose: To determine the degree to which research reports published in major nursing research journals reflected Meleis’s eight criteria for culturally competent scholarship. Design: Analytic review of 167 studies dealing with race, ethnicity, or culture from four nursing research journals, 1992-2000. Method: Four reviewers selected, abstracted, and scored research articles independently, in pairs, and as a group. Findings: The mean and median Meleis scores were 2.92 and 3.00 on an 8-point scale. All scores were assigned at least once. Contextuality, relevance, and communication style were most frequently present; disclosure, empowerment, and time were least frequently present. Implications for further research: Assignment of Meleis scores is feasible and useful for evaluating cultural competence of research reports.
Caregiving to Patients Who Are Culturally Diverse by Swedish Last-Year Nursing Students
Authors: Lundberg Pranee C. , Bäckström Josefin , Widén Sarah
Published: June 2005

With Leininger’s theory of cultural care diversity and universality as a framework, the aim of this study was to describe Swedish last-year nursing students’ experiences of caregiving to patients who are culturally diverse. The students participated voluntarily, 107 by completing a questionnaire with open-ended questions and 15 by participating in in-depth semistructured interviews. Three categories of experience were identified by use of qualitative method, namely, cultural awareness, cultural insufficiency, and cultural curiosity. The students were found to be on the level of Leininger’s first phase of transcultural knowledge. It is concluded that cultural sensitivity should be promoted by integrating transcultural concepts into the curricula on all levels of nursing education and by offering special courses on transcultural nursing to nursing students and health care providers.
The Nutritional Patterns of Recently Immigrated Honduran Women
Authors: Edmonds Velma McInnis
Published: June 2005

This descriptive, exploratory study on nutritional patterns of newly immigrated Honduran women allows a better understanding of health-related nutrition issues in this Hispanic subgroup. Five focus group discussions were conducted in Spanish with 23 Honduran women, ages 25 to 60 years, living in New Orleans, who had immigrated to the United States within the past 10 years. Positive health-related changes included an increase in fruit and vegetable intake, food preparation using less grease, and baking rather than frying. Negative changes included skipping meals and eating high-fat fast foods. The Hondurans’ traditional diet and positive dietary changes should be supported.
Literature Review: Issues Surrounding Education of English-as-a-Second Language (ESL) Nursing Students
Authors: Choi Liza Lai Shan
Published: June 2005

Examined in this article are the challenges faced by English-as-a-Second Language (ESL) nursing students. Nursing faculties need to address these challenges to meet the increasing diversity of the health care system. A key concern is the ability of ESL nursing students to communicate effectively in English. The Cummins model for English language acquisition provides a template for ESL nursing students to bridge this communication barrier. The literature suggests some particular needs of ESL nursing students can be met through modification of nursing programs. Further research into factors affecting the quality of nursing education for ESL students is warranted. A quantitative analysis is required to see if there exists a positive correlation between improved English language acquisition and academic success by ESL nursing students.
Disclosing Concerns of Latinas Living With HIV/AIDS
Authors: Ortiz Christine E.
Published: June 2005

This study described the disclosing experiences of Latinas with HIV/AIDS in the San Francisco Bay Area. Limited information is available on the disclosing processes, situations and consequences. The design was a descriptive study with 19 Latinas. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Deciding to disclose was identified as the core category. Four major categories emerged from the data. Deciding to disclose has social, psychological and economical issues. Nurses need to be aware of the disclosing issues when caring for Latinas with HIV/AIDS.
Tenerlos En La Casa: The Material World and Craft of Family Caregiving for Relatives With Dementia
Authors: De La Cuesta Carmen , Sandelowski Margarete
Published: June 2005

The environment has been found to be critical to the well-being of patients with dementia. The purpose of this study was to describe strategies Colombian caregivers used in the home to manage the care of relatives with dementia. Grounded theory techniques were used. Interviews were conducted in Medellín, Colombia, with 18 primary caregivers and 2 health care professionals. Participant observations were conducted in caregivers’ support groups and homes. Family caregivers rebuilt the environment as the disease progressed to accommodate caregiving and preserve family life. Caring for a relative with dementia is a craft that transforms the material world in which patient and caregiver live. The findings show the value of place-sensitive approaches to the study and practice of caregiving.
Respecting Tribal Traditions in Research and Publications: Voices of Five Native American Nurse Scholars
Authors: Struthers Roxanne , Lauderdale Jana , Nichols Lee Anne , Tom-Orme Lillian , Strickland C. June
Published: June 2005

A dialogue with five Native American scholars provides insight into conducting research and publishing resulting manuscripts on Native American topics, specifically healing beliefs and practices. This information provides a means to develop sensitivity and create understanding about concerns held by Native Americans regarding sharing certain defined cultural information with those outside the culture. The article identifies salient tribal issues related to research, discusses perspectives important to tribal nations and Native individuals surrounding research, and supplies a base on which to formulate further discussions
An Ethnonursing Research Study: Adults Residing in a Midwestern Christian Philosophy Urban Homeless Shelter
Authors: Hubbert Ann O.
Published: June 2005

The ethnonursing study’s purpose was to explore the subculture of homeless adults residing in one shelter, with discovery of their meanings and experiences of care, or lack of care. Leininger’s theory of culture care was used to identify, analyze, and discuss the cultural care patterns. The findings included themes that were identified in two categories: two themes before shelter residence (no caring practices in their lives) and two themes during shelter residence (acceptance and hope). Ethnonursing discovery contributes to nurses’ knowledge about who the homeless people are and why they are homeless and develops culturally congruent care practices.
Extension, Torsion, Bending, Pressuring, and Shearing of Piezoelectric Circular Cylinders with Radial Inhomogeneity
Authors: Tarn Jiann-Quo , Chang Hsi-Hung
Published: June 2005

Thermoelectroelastic analysis of piezoelectric circular cylinders under extension, torsion, bending, pressuring, shearing, and temperature changes is presented. Referring to the cylindrical coordinates, the material is radially inhomogeneous and cylindrically anisotropic. Exact solutions are obtained for generalized plane problems of the piezoelastic cylinder with power-law radial inhomogeneity. For arbitrary radial inhomogeneity, two viable solution schemes are suggested. The analysis is useful for studying the responses of cylindrically anisotropic bodies of functionally graded materials subjected to thermoelectromechanical loading.
Electroelastic Fracture Mechanics of Piezoelectric Layered Composites
Authors: Shindo Y. , Narita F. , Mikami M.
Published: June 2005

This paper develops a theoretical electroelastic fracture mechanics for piezoelectric layered composites. A piezoelectric layer bonded between two elastic or piezoelectric materials containing a crack normal to the interfaces is considered. The ends of the crack are situated at equal distances away from the interfaces. Both analytical and simulation methods are formulated to determine the effects of applied electric field and polarization switching on the fracture mechanics parameters such as stress intensity factor, energy release rate, and energy density factor. The results for the exact (permeable) and approximate (impermeable) boundary conditions are presented in graphical form.
Exact Analysis of Simply Supported Functionally Graded Piezothermoelectric Plates
Authors: Zhong Z. , Shang E. T.
Published: June 2005

This paper presents an exact analysis of a functionally graded piezothermo-electric rectangular plate that is simply supported, electrically grounded and isothermal on its four lateral edges. The governing equations are established for an orthotropic functionally graded piezothermoelectric plate under an assumption that the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the material have the same exponential dependence on the thickness-coordinate. An exact three-dimensional general solution in the form of double Fourier series is derived for arbitrary distributions of combined mechanical, electrical, and thermal loadings at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. Numerical results are presented for three special cases of uniformly distributed loads at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate, and the effect of truncation of the series on the accuracy of the solution is discussed.
Nonlinear Constitutive Law for Ferroelectric-Ferroelastic Materials and its Finite Element Formulation
Authors: Li Yao-Chen
Published: June 2005

The hysteresis phenomena of ferroelectric-ferroelastic materials in polarization procedure are investigated. Some assumptions are presented based on published experimental data. The electrical yielding criterion, mechanical yielding criterion, and isotropic hardening model are established. The flow theory in incremental forms in polarization procedure is presented. The nonlinear constitutive law for electrical-mechanical coupling is proposed phenomenologically. Finally, the nonlinear constitutive law expressed in the form of matrices and vectors, which is immediately associated with finite element analysis, is formulated. The finite element calculation and computational results of example problems will be given later.
Electromechanical Interaction Behaviors of Piezoelectric Sensor and Actuator on Elastic Substrate
Authors: Zhang Benniu , Zhang Junqian
Published: June 2005

In this article, the model and the algorithm developed in our previous work are used to investigate the thickness effect and the length effect of the piezoelectric patch and the influence of the substrate material properties on the responses of the piezoelectric-elastic structure. For an actuator-substrate structure, a thicker piezoelectric patch may be preferable in decreasing the stress concentration. Longer the piezoelectric patch, lower the interfacial normal stress. The interfacial stresses will go up with the increase of the stiffness of the host materials. For a sensor system, the strain transfer from substrate to sensor will decrease with the increase of the thickness of the piezoelectric sensor patch. The output voltage of the piezoelectric sensor rises with the increase of both the thickness and the length. A harder host material can make higher output voltage under the same strain.
Thermal Effects on Fracture of Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Yu Shou-Wen , Du Ningning , Gu Bin , Feng Xi-Qiao
Published: June 2005

It is interesting to know how thermal effects influence the fracture behaviors of piezoelectric materials. Experimental observations have found that the fracture toughness of piezoelectric solids under electric loading may be significantly different from that under mechanical loading, and that a pronounced rise of temperature may be caused by either mechanical or electrical loading. There are many factors that change the temperature distribution and energy dissipation at a crack tip, for instance, concentration of electroelastic fields, coupling of mechanical and electrical fields, and nonlinear behaviors of materials. In the present paper, two kinds of thermal effects are investigated under electric saturation and electromechanical impact loading. The temperature fields are derived under the assumption of decoupling between thermal and electromechanical fields.
Amplification of Acoustic Waves in Piezoelectric Semiconductor Shells
Authors: Yang Jiashi , Yang Xiaomeng , Turner Joseph A.
Published: June 2005

Two-dimensional equations for multilayered shells of piezoelectric semiconductors are derived. The equations are used to analyze the propagation of torsional waves in a single-layered circular cylindrical shell of a piezoelectric semiconductor, and in a multilayered shell of nonconducting piezoelectrics and nonpiezoelectric semiconductors. Dispersion and dissipation due to semiconduction as well as wave amplification by a biasing DC electric field are discussed.
Effects of Lateral Stress on the Electromechanical Response of Ferroelectric Ceramics: Experiments versus Model
Authors: Li Fa-Xin , Fang Dai-Ning
Published: June 2005

Mechanical depolarization is an important cause of failure in piezoelectric actuators and sensors. In this paper, the effects of one-dimensional lateral pressure on the linear and nonlinear behavior of PZT ceramics were experimentally studied. The experimental results show that the lateral pressure can change the crystal symmetry of the ceramic from 1mm to mm2. A domain-switching model dividing each 180 switching to two successive 90 switching is proposed to explain the experimental results. Finally, based on the experimental results, a simple design is proposed to prevent piezoelectric sensors from mechanical depolarization. Meanwhile, the simple design is apt to increase the hydrostatic piezoelectric constant of the piezoelectric marine sensors, thus enhancing their sensitivity.
A Two-dimensional Theory for Surface Acoustic Wave Propagation in Finite Piezoelectric Solids
Authors: Wang Ji , Lin Jingbo
Published: June 2005

Surface acoustic waves (Rayleigh waves) are analyzed for semi-infinite anisotropic solids only for essential propagation characteristics like the velocity and decaying parameters, which are important in engineering applications. The limitations of these results are obvious because devices are usually built on a finite piezoelectric substrate with propagation properties different from the analytical model with which the parameters are derived. For an accurate analysis of the dominant mode of surface acoustic wave propagation in plate-like finite piezoelectric solids, a two-dimensional theory has been developed based on the exponential expansion of displacements and electrical potential in the thickness direction, effectively creating a theory similar to popular plate theories of Mindlin, Lee, and others.
On the Constitutive Equations of Magnetoelectroelastic Solids
Authors: Soh A. K. , Liu And J.X.
Published: June 2005

All the existing works on the mechanics and physics of magnetoelectroelastic solids are based on the only available set of constitutive equations in which the stress, electric displacement, and magnetic induction are expressed in terms of the strain, electric field, and magnetic field. In this paper, we provide other forms of the constitutive equations and the thermodynamic potential corresponding to each form. The mathematical properties of the thermodynamic potentials and the relations between the material constants are discussed.
Driving Forces for Interfacial Fatigue Crack Growth by Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Liu Ming , Hsia K. Jimmy , Shang Jian-Ku
Published: June 2005

A new experimental technique for accelerated fatigue testing has recently been developed (Du, T.B., Liu, M., Seghi, S., Hsia, K.J., Economy, J. and Shang, J.K. 2001. “Piezoelectric Actuation of Crack Growth along Polymer-Metal Interfaces in Adhesive Bonds,’’ Journal of Material Research, 16(10):2885-2892). Using a piezoelectric actuator, cyclic loading can be applied at frequencies up to 20 kHz, several orders of magnitude higher than that achieved by a conventional mechanical cyclic loading technique. Moreover, the new technique using piezoelectric actuators directly addresses the debonding problem in piezoelectric multilayered smart structures. However, the threshold energy release rate for interfacial crack propagation, evaluated based on plane strain and linear piezoelectricity assumptions in (Du, T.B. 2001. “Durability of Polymer/Metal Interfaces under Cyclic Loading,” PhD Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, May), seems to be almost an order of magnitude lower than that measured by the conventional mechanical cyclic loading. In this article, we investigate the origin of such discrepancies, and find that the driving force provided by piezoelectric actuator is intrinsically three-dimensional in nature. To account for this effect, we develop both a plane strain model and a modified plane strain analytical model that takes into account the effects in the third dimension to evaluate the energy release rate. The results show that the plane strain solution underestimates the driving force. We also study the effect of nonlinear piezoelectricity on crack driving forces by performing detailed finite element simulations. The results show that the nonlinear piezoelectric effect is another important factor that contributes to the discrepancy between the results from the piezoelectric loading and that from the conventional mechanical loading.
Multiscale Modeling Methodology for Layered Composites of Polymer-Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: He Y. , Fan J.
Published: June 2005

A multiscale modeling scheme of electromechanical coupling of ferroelectric ceramic composites is proposed, which is effective for quantitatively analyzing the relationships among variables of micro/meso/macroscopic and structural (sensor or actuator) scales. This is done by developing effective constitutive equations of material at an intermediate scale, which can be used to connect the mechanical and electric variables between the smaller and larger scales. The methodology is exemplified through investigating the behavior of ferroelectric ceramics of PLZT. The key for connection of variables at different scales is through the remnant polarization and strain at the mesocell. This study deals with the connection of macroscopic variables of ceramics with those of polymer layers for developing constitutive equations for the layered composites of sensors. The numerical results agree with the well-known nonlinear butterfly curve of strain versus electrical field. The influence of volume fraction of the ceramic layers and the relative Young’s modulus on the behavior of the composites are discussed here.
Simulation of the Chain-formation Process in Magnetic Fields
Authors: Li H. , Peng X. , Chen W.
Published: June 2005

The chain formation process of ferromagnetic particles under an applied magnetic field is simulated. Three main forces - magnetic force, viscous force, and repelling force, are considered. A model to simulate the motion of particles is proposed based on the analysis of the dynamics of the particles, and a corresponding numerical approach is developed. The formation of particle chains in magnetorheological (MR) fluids under an applied magnetic field is simulated, and the result agrees well with the experimental observation. The developed method is significant for the analysis of the overall behavior of MR fluids and their microscopic mechanisms as well as the effects of the influencing factors, which may be helpful for the design of new MR fluids.
Current Understanding on Fracture Behaviors of Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Chen Yi-Heng , Hasebe Norio
Published: June 2005

The current understanding on fracture behaviors of ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials are reviewed in this article. Two main obstacles in understanding such fracture behaviors are discussed: (i) the selection of electric boundary condition on crack faces and (ii) the near-tip domain switching or nonlinear zone. Some previous controversial results in theoretical studies and experimental observations are also discussed here; particularly, the inherent load-dependence of the variable tendencies of the crack tip energy release rate against the applied electric field, on the applied mechanical loading level found recently, which reveals that the applied mechanical loading does significantly influence the role played by the applied electric field in piezoelectric fracture.
Critical Junctures in Genetic Medicine
Authors: Turner Stephanie S.
Published: June 2005

Genetic medicine, which consists mostly of screening tests for certain heritable diseases but may soon include treatment for heritable diseases based on molecular genetics, is made possible by two critical junctures in the textual representation of medical subjects. The first is the transformation of organic human genetic material into computationally sophisticated data, and the second is the subsequent conversion of these vast quantities of genetic data into intellectual property through gene patenting and screening-test marketing. This article examines these representational changes in medical subjects through an intertextual and rhetorical analysis of the documentation surrounding the discovery, patenting, and marketing of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 by the biotechnology company Myriad Genetics. It identifies the impact of these changes on the analysis of the risks and benefits associated with screening for heritable diseases.
Forms as Boundary Genres in Medicine, Science, and Business
Authors: Popham Susan L.
Published: June 2005

This article examines medical treatment forms as boundary genres, drawing on genre and disciplinary studies theories to argue that medical forms represent a commingling of the business, science, and medical professions in ways that show evidence of tension and conflict between the disciplines.
Genre Theory, Health-Care Discourse, and Professional Identity Formation
Authors: Schryer Catherine F. , Spoel Philippa
Published: June 2005

This article explores the value of rhetorical genre theory for health care and professional communication researchers. The authors outline the conceptual resources emerging from genre theory, specifically ways to conceptualize social context, professional identity formation, and genres as functioning but hierarchical networks, and discuss the way they have used these resources in two separate but complementary health-care studies: a project that documents the ways regulated and regularized resources of the genre of case presentations shape the professional identity formation of medical students and a project that extends this theoretical work to observe that genres, especially policy genres, function to regularize or control other genres and shape the identity formation of midwives in Ontario, Canada. The authors also observe that the implications of rhetorical genre theory have impelled both of these studies to develop an interdisciplinary trajectory that includes members of health-care communities as participating researchers.
“You Just Don’t See Enough Normal”
Authors: Koerber Amy
Published: June 2005

Building on Herndl’s concept of critical practice, this article presents a case study of attempts to change the discourse practices surrounding breast-feeding in today’s medical environment. To complicate readers’ understanding of rhetorical agency, resistance, and discursive change, the author considers the rhetorical efforts of two high-profile physicians alongside those of the nonphysician breast-feeding advocates she interviewed. Ultimately, this dual perspective shows that discursive efforts to change medical practices can fail, even when supported by powerful figures within the medical establishment, if the new ideas communicated in such efforts conflict with long-established material conditions.
Struggling to Survive
Authors: Ryan Cynthia
Published: June 2005

This article examines editorial strategies revealed by employees at MAMM magazine, a publication covering breast cancer and other women’s reproductive cancers. Drawing on personal interviews and on-site observations, the author discusses specific patterns of editorial decision making in two areas of cancer discourse: the presentation of medical information and the portrayal of survivors’ identities. These patterns are tied to particular organizational, cultural, and ideological influences on editorial practices emphasized by participants in the study as well as to economic outcomes for the publication.
The Interactive Construction of Narrative Styles in Sensitive Interviews: The Case of Domestic Violence Research
Authors: Enosh Guy , Buchbinder Eli
Published: June 2005

Awareness of the possible power relations and conflicts between interviewer and interviewee in qualitative research has grown in recent years; however, scant attempts have been made to analyze this phenomenon empirically. The current work uses interviews conducted with battered women and batterers to understand the co-construction of the narrative of domestic violence. The emergent narrative style is shown to be the product of the interaction between interviewer and interviewee. Four different narrative styles are identified: the narrative style (a) as a struggle, (b) as deflection, (c) as negotiation, and (d) as a self-observation process. The divergent goals and agendas of interviewers and interviewees are discussed, as well as the replication of relational patterns of the interviewee in the interview process. Emphasized are the implications for the study of sensitive domains and power relations in qualitative research.
Joseph Santini: Divided I Stand
Authors: Lee Karen V.
Published: June 2005

This short story chronicles a professional jazz musician, Joseph Santini, in conflict about whether he should accept a full-time teaching position as a high school music educator. This story focuses, interprets, clarifies, and communicates Joseph’s conflict. It also demonstrates the use of stories for culturally relevant research. Joseph’s experience transcends impressions of musicians and teachers prevalent in the dominant cultural milieu. The story offers a deeper insight into Joseph’s life as he explores teacher education and is guided by his artistic and performative experience. The coda at the end briefly discusses the use of creative nonfiction in research and how it can be a powerful tool to help musicians resolve their conflicts.
Ranch style: A history told in carpets
Authors: Halley Jean
Published: June 2005

This article is part of a series by the author exploring childhood trauma and its subject. In this piece, the author examines her childhood experience and family history in their gendered and class context. Influenced by the work of Patricia Ticineto Clough, the author uses a nonlinear way of knowing and speaking remembered experience that both complements and challenges more traditional sociology.
The Reconstruction of a Political Icon: Shi Lu’s Painting Fighting in Northern Shaanxi
Authors: Jia Jia
Published: June 2005

As an instance of semiotic interpretation of political art, this article rereads a painting created during the 1950s by Shi Lu that depicts the Chinese Communist leader, Mao Zedong. The author identifies the artist’s visual references to traditional Chinese landscape painting and the embodied traditional values, differentiates the work from the popular revolutionary art style of the same age, and argues that this act of referencing problematizes the dominant ideology in a politically highly charged historical context by reconstructing the commonly depicted political icon Mao through dislocated style and scale. The interpretation demonstrates how signifiers both in the forms of text and memory can interfere with current cultural drive and rename the signified through subtle variations.
Autotheory: An Autoethnographic Reading of Foucault
Authors: Kaufmann Jodi
Published: June 2005

In this article, the author plays with the dialectical relationship between theory and autobiography. Interrupting her theoretical interpretation of Foucault’s understanding of the body and subject with autoethnographic pieces that function as illustrations and/or counterpoints to her summary of his theories, the author suggests there is no “right” understanding and use of theory but only autotheoretical interpretations.
Narrative Inheritance: A Nuclear Family With Toxic Secrets
Authors: Goodall H. L.
Published: June 2005

A narrative inheritance refers to stories given to children by and about family members. Using the case of his own “nuclear family,” the author explores the power of these stories in our lives, particularly when they are later shown to have been constructed out of serious omissions, distortions, secrets, and lies. The implications of this personal ethnographic account speak to issues of family communication, narrative inquiry, and the relationship of work and home life in families whose everyday lives are defined by codes of secrecy.
“Catch 22” of Research Ethics: Ethical Dilemmas in Follow-Up Studies of Marginal Groups
Authors: Helgeland Ingeborg Marie
Published: June 2005

In a follow-up study of adolescents with serious problems, the author experienced dilemmas involving satisfying standards of research and ethical guidelines. The guidelines aim to protect marginal and vulnerable groups based on a hypothesis about the best interests of the weak group. Research experience shows, however, that these regulations also prevent coming in contact with informants. During the project, informants were systematically asked their opinions about being contacted. Ethical guidelines for research are discussed in light of ethical theories and findings of the research. The conclusions are that research guidelines are shaped from “above” and that one consequence is a protectionist attitude not always serving needs of respondents. It is suggested that the establishment of ethical standards in research may be improved if done in dialogue with respondents.