bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semi‐idealized urban heat advection simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model
Authors: Bassett Richard , Cai Xiaoming , Chapman Lee , Heaviside Clare , Thornes John E.
Published: October 2018

Urban heat advection (UHA) can extend the climatic impact of a city into the surrounding countryside. This may lead to an intensification of already well‐documented urban heat island (UHI) impacts on health and infrastructure, and challenge the representativeness of long‐term reference temperature records taken near urban areas. However, previous UHA studies have been unable to accurately quantify surface‐level UHA due to challenges arising from complex urban land‐use patterns. To address this, the numerical Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model coupled with the Building Energy Parameterization urban canopy scheme is used to simulate meteorological fields for idealized land‐use cases. Hypothetical square cities (up to 32 km in size) are simulated for a year's period. A time‐mean 2‐m temperature field (representing the canopy UHI) shows that the mean UHI intensity (up to 4.3 °C [SD 1.7 °C]), wind speed <3.9 m/s) is linearly related to the logarithm of city size. This finding, entirely derived from numerical modelling, is consistent with the log‐linear relationships previously found in the observational data of many cities in the world. A UHA methodology was then applied to the temperature fields to separate UHA from the UHI, with up to 2.9 °C (SD 1.7 °C) of UHA found downwind of the largest city size. For this hypothetical city size, an UHA intensity of 0.5 °C is found up to 24‐km downwind from the urban boundary. In addition, the UHA‐distance profiles along the central horizontal transect for various urban sizes are found to follow a scaling rule as a good approximation. As a result, the findings of this paper can be used as a starting point for climate impact assessments for areas surrounding urban areas without the need for complex, computation‐intensive simulations.
Diversity of oil yield, fatty acids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and sterols in the seeds of 19 interspecific grapes crosses
Authors: Górnaś Paweł , Rudzińska Magdalena , Grygier Anna , Lācis Gunārs
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

The seeds of Vitis vinifera grapes have been studied extensively but knowledge about the interspecific crosses of other Vitis species (e.g. V. vinifera, V. amurensis, V. rupestris, V. riparia, and V. labruska) is very limited.

RESULTS

The oil yields recovered from the grape seeds ranged between 7 and 160 g kg−1 dw. The main fatty acids were linoleic (72.5–83.1%), oleic (6.2–15.5%), and palmitic (5.4–13.2%), which together constituted 92.8–97.1% of the total detected fatty acids. The total concentration of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) homologues was between 0.785 and 9.033 g kg−1 oil. The concentration of sterols varied significantly and ranged between 2.912 and 105.962 g kg−1 oil. The β‐sitosterol constituted 68.2–86.3% of the total content of sterols. The oil yield in grape seeds significantly correlated with the oleic acid, α‐linolenic acid, α‐T, α‐T3, γ‐T3, campesterol, Δ5‐stigmasterol, β‐sitosterol, and total Ts + T3 s and sterols.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that seed oil recovered from different interspecific Vitis crosses is a rich source of minor lipophilic bioactive compounds, especially genotypes with low oil content. They can be used to enrich plant oils that are poor in tocotrienols and/or phytosterols without changing the fatty acid composition of main oil, due to low enrichment quantities (micro‐blends). © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensory evaluation of low‐fat yoghurt produced with microbial transglutaminase and comparison with physicochemical evaluation
Authors: García‐Gómez Belén , Romero‐Rodríguez Ángeles , Vázquez‐Odériz Lourdes , Muñoz‐Ferreiro Nieves , Vázquez Manuel
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Low‐fat or non‐fat yoghurts are popular nowadays. However, their texture is not good and they show considerable syneresis with time. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the application of transglutaminase (TG) to low‐fat yoghurt to determine if similar sensory properties to those of full‐fat yoghurt can be obtained. Methods of adding TG (prior or simultaneous with fermentation), dose, and TG origin were evaluated. Correlations between sensory and physicochemical parameters were assessed.

RESULTS

The results showed no significant differences between TG addition methods in terms of the quantitative and qualitative sensory attributes studied. Simultaneous addition of TG was preferred to speed up the process. A dose of 1 U g−1 was selected as optimal. Few differences were detected due to the origin of the TG. They were not significant although some differences were observed in terms of density, bitterness, and syneresis compared with low and full‐fat yoghurts.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that sensory parameters cannot be associated with only one physicochemical parameter in yoghurt evaluation. Transglutaminase can be used as a substitute for stabilizers in the production of low‐fat yoghurt, maintaining good sensory properties and avoiding initial syneresis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of maternal or post‐weaning methyl donor supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of pig offspring
Authors: Zhao Yang , Jin Chao , Xuan Yuedong , Zhou Pan , Fang Zhengfeng , Che Lianqiang , Xu Shengyu , Feng Bin , Li Jian , Jiang Xuemei , Lin Yan , Wu De
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Limited studies have examined links between maternal methyl donor (MET) supplementation and the growth‐development characteristics of offspring, and possible underlying mechanisms for such links. This study investigated the effect of maternal or post‐weaning MET‐supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of the finishing (d 180) offspring. Twenty‐four sows were placed on a control (C) or MET‐supplemented diet during pregnancy and lactation. Forty‐eight female offspring were fed the control or MET‐supplemented diet from weaning to 6 months of age, resulting in four study groups (six litters per group): C/C, C/MET, MET/C, and MET/MET.

RESULTS

Maternal MET‐supplementation increased average daily gain (ADG), body weight (BW), lean percentage and longissimus dorsi (LD) of the offspring at day 180 (P < 0.05), and upregulated the myosin heavy chain IIx, myogenic differentiation and muscle regulatory factor 4 mRNA levels in the LD muscle (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, offspring from maternal MET‐supplementation exhibited a higher pH24h post mortem and superoxide dismutase activity, a lower L*45min, glycolytic potential, malonaldehyde content in the LD muscle, and plasma homocysteine concentration (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Maternal MET‐supplementation has a remarkable effect on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of the offspring, which is associated with increased expression levels of myogenic genes and anti‐oxidant capacity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Insights on Light Dispersion in Semi‐Alicyclic Polyimide Alignment Layers to Reduce Optical Losses in Display Devices
Authors: Barzic Andreea Irina , Hulubei Camelia , Stoica Iuliana , Albu Raluca Marinica
Published: October 2018

Two polyimide structures are prepared from an alicyclic dianhydride and aromatic diamines, containing or lacking fluorine. The polymer films are characterized for display technology purposes. Light dispersion data of the studied samples are compared with those of some nematics to evaluate optical losses in the liquid crystal cell. It is shown for the first time that matching refractive indices of polyimide and nematic at several wavelengths is essential for reduction of Fresnel reflections, thus improving the device performance. Resistivity measurements indicate that rubbing generates a few surface charges on the surface of the fluorine‐derived polymer, which contribute to a more uniform orientation of liquid crystals, as supported by polarized microscopy analysis. Both pristine polyimide films exhibit a smooth surface with isotropic features, which are changed into anisotropic ones after rubbing, as a consequence of microgrooves’ appearance. Their thickness uniformity is affected by the structure of the diamine moieties. The adhesion of all nematics to the polyimide films is enhanced by the rubbing procedure.
Transition probabilities of Lévy‐type processes: Parametrix construction
Authors: Kühn Franziska
Published: October 2018

We present an existence result for Lévy‐type processes which requires only weak regularity assumptions on the symbol with respect to the space variable x. Applications range from existence and uniqueness results for Lévy‐driven SDEs with Hölder continuous coefficients to existence results for stable‐like processes and Lévy‐type processes with symbols of variable order. Moreover, we obtain heat kernel estimates for a class of Lévy and Lévy‐type processes. The paper includes an extensive list of Lévy(‐type) processes satisfying the assumptions of our results.
The long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 promotes ovarian cancer progression by regulating RBFOX2‐mediated alternative splicing
Authors: Gordon Michael A. , Babbs Beatrice , Cochrane Dawn R. , Bitler Benjamin G. , Richer Jennifer K.
Published: October 2018

Ovarian cancer metastasizes via direct seeding, whereby cancer cells shed from the primary site, resist cell death in the peritoneal cavity, then metastasize to peritoneal organs. We sought to identify molecular mechanisms that facilitate ovarian cancer cell anchorage independent survival. Gene expression profiling was performed on ovarian cancer cells grown in attached or forced suspension culture and confirmed by RT‐qPCR. Anoikis was measured by Caspase 3/7 assay. Since the long non‐coding RNA Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) was among the transcripts most highly increased in forced suspension culture, modified anti‐sense oligonucleotides (ASO) were used to inhibit its expression. Knockdown of RBFOX2 and KIF1B was performed using shRNAs. Publically available datasets were analyzed for association of MALAT1 gene expression with clinicopathological variables. In multiple anoikis‐resistant ovarian cancer cell lines MALAT1 expression increased after 24 and 48 h in forced suspension culture compared to attached culture. High MALAT1 is associated with increased stage, recurrence, and reduced survival in ovarian cancer, and in a small percentage of ovarian cancers MALAT1 is amplified. MALAT1 knockdown resulted in decreased proliferation, invasion, anchorage‐independent growth, and increased anoikis. Suppression of MALAT1 also resulted in decreased expression of RBFOX2, and alternative processing of the pro‐apoptotic tumor suppressor gene KIF1B. RBFOX2 suppression resulted in preferential splicing of the pro‐apoptotic isoform of KIF1B (KIFB1B‐beta) and increased anoikis. The lncRNA MALAT1 facilitates a pro‐metastatic phenotype in ovarian cancer by promoting alternative RNA processing and differential expression of anti‐apoptosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related genes.
CBCF moving agenda forward on MH in black community
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2018

A panel discussion on mental health issues in the African‐American community hosted by the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation (CBCF) last month during its 48th annual legislative conference noted that solutions are needed to address the challenges in this population, as well as more national awareness.
Imaginary‐distance beam‐propagation method based on Yee's mesh in cylindrical coordinates
Authors: Ito Masato , Shibayama Jun , Yamauchi Junji , Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: October 2018

An imaginary‐distance beam‐propagation method based on Yee's mesh (ID‐YM‐BPM) is developed in cylindrical coordinates, in which the mode number of the eigenmode field is strictly considered. The ID‐YM‐BPM is second‐order accurate with respect to the spatial mesh size. A segmented cladding fiber is analyzed, showing good agreement with other methods.
Granulosa cells of prepubertal cattle respond to gonadotropin signaling and upregulate genes that promote follicular growth and prevent cell apoptosis
Authors: Michalovic Laura , Currin Luke , Gutierrez Karina , Bellefleur Anne‐Marie , Glanzner Werner G. , Schuermann Yasmin , de Macedo Mariana P. , Bohrer Rodrigo C. , Dicks Naomi , Lopez Rosalba , Taibi Milena , Madogwe Ejimedo , St‐Yves Audrey , Mondadori Rafael G. , Gourdon Jim , Vigneault Christian , Baldassarre Hernan , Bordignon Vilceu
Published: October 2018

Oocytes collected from prepubertal animals are known to be less developmentally competent than those from adult animals. There is evidence suggesting that acquisition of developmental competence in bovine oocytes may be linked to the expression profile of genes in the granulosa cells (GCs). Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) and GCs were collected from 12 Holstein heifers between 2 and 6 months of age (nine follicle‐stimulating hormone [FSH] treated and three untreated) and eight FSH‐treated cows. The COCs from prepubertal animals were matured, fertilized, and cultured in vitro to assess development to the blastocyst stage. The relative messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of FSHR, StAR, CYP19A1, HSD3B1, CX43, FOXO1, and
XIAP in GCs were quantified by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results from this study revealed that GCs of prepubertal animals respond to FSH treatment by increasing mRNA levels of genes promoting estradiol synthesis and follicular growth (
FSHR and
CYP19A1), and preventing cell apoptosis (
XIAP), and by decreasing mRNA levels of genes promoting progesterone production (
StAR and
HSD3B1). This study also revealed that the relative mRNA abundance of
FOXO1 in GCs is associated with oocyte competence to support embryo development to the blastocyst stage in prepubertal Holstein heifers.
Background field removal for susceptibility mapping of human brain with large susceptibility variations
Authors: Fang Jinsheng , Bao Lijun , Li Xu , van Zijl Peter C.M. , Chen Zhong
Published: October 2018

Purpose

In quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of human brain, the background field induced by air‐tissue interface varies significantly with respect to the rotation angle between the head and the static field, which may result in substantial error in the estimated magnetic susceptibility values. The goal of this study was to develop a strategy to better remove such orientation dependent background field.

Methods

An improved background field removal method is proposed based on the sophisticated harmonic artifact reduction for phase data using a region adaptive kernel (R‐SHARP), named iRSHARP. It uses a spatially weighted spherical Gaussian kernel exploiting the amplitude, gradient, and wrap count of the phase map. The method was validated using both numerical simulations and in vivo human brain data at multiple head orientations. Performance was compared with the variable kernel (V‐SHARP) and R‐SHARP methods.

Results

The proposed iRSHARP method showed improved background removal over R‐SHARP while cutting the computational time in half. As compared to V‐SHARP and R‐SHARP, the iRSHARP generated local field and susceptibility maps showed fewer artifacts in regions of large susceptibility variations, and for the in vivo human brain, the susceptibilities of the deep gray matter nuclei were consistent with the in vivo gold‐standard “Calculation of Susceptibility through Multiple Orientation Sampling” (COSMOS) values.

Conclusion

iRSHARP can remove the orientation dependent background field effectively. Using iRSHARP, the paranasal sinus regions can be preserved in the brain mask and the brain integrity was conserved, which may facilitate further data analysis and clinical application.
Simultaneous perfusion and permeability assessments using multiband multi‐echo EPI (M2‐EPI) in brain tumors
Authors: Wu Junjie , Saindane Amit M. , Zhong Xiaodong , Qiu Deqiang
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To study a multiband multi‐echo EPI (M2‐EPI) sequence for dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion imaging with leakage correction and vascular permeability measurements, and to evaluate the benefits of increased temporal resolution provided by this acquisition strategy on the accuracy of perfusion and permeability estimations.

Methods

A novel M2‐EPI sequence was developed, and a pharmacokinetic model accounting for contrast agent extravasation was used to produce perfusion maps and additional vascular permeability maps. The advantage of M2‐EPI for DSC perfusion imaging was demonstrated in vivo in 5 patients with brain tumors, and numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the advantage of improved temporal resolution afforded by the technique.

Results

In contrast to underestimations of cerebral blood volume (CBV) in tumors using the single‐echo acquisition strategy, M2‐EPI provided more plausible estimates of CBV. A quantitative evaluation showed higher estimated values of CBV and mean transit time in tumor tissues using M2‐EPI (CBV: 3.08 ± 0.78 mL/100 g versus 1.56 ± 1.38 mL/100 g [P = .006]; mean transit time: 4.94 ± 1.17 seconds versus 1.83 ± 2.06 seconds [P = 0.033]). Numerical simulations showed that higher temporal resolution provided by M2‐EPI was associated with more accurate estimates of cerebral blood flow, CBV, and permeability parameters.

Conclusion

The novel M2‐EPI acquisition strategy for DSC imaging facilitates leakage‐corrected perfusion measurements with additional permeability assessments and more accurate estimates of perfusion/permeability parameters, and may be used as a quantitative tool for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of brain tumors.
Front Cover: Cover Image, Volume 67, Issue 11
Authors: Chen Keping , Cao Fen , Liang Shuen , Wang Jianhua , Tian Chunrong
Published: October 2018

The front cover image is based on the Research Article Preparation of poly(ethylene oxide) brush‐grafted multiwall carbon nanotubes and their effect on morphology and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam by Keping Chen et al., DOI: 10.1002/pi.5676. Illustration Credit: Jie Yang.

image
Brush‐First ROMP of poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomers of varied length: impact of polymer architecture on thermal behavior and Li+ conductivity
Authors: Shibuya Yoshiki , Tatara Ryoichi , Jiang Yivan , Shao‐Horn Yang , Johnson Jeremiah A.
Published: October 2018

The properties of polymeric materials are dictated not only by their composition but also by their molecular architecture. Here, by employing brush‐first ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), norbornene‐terminated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers (MM‐n, linear architecture), bottlebrush polymers (Brush‐n, comb architecture), and brush‐arm star polymers (BASP‐n, star architecture), where n indicates the average degree of polymerization (DP) of PEO, are synthesized. The impact of architecture on the thermal properties and Li+ conductivities for this series of PEO architectures is investigated. Notably, in polymers bearing PEO with the highest degree of polymerization, irrespective of differences in architecture and molecular weight (~100‐fold differences), electrolytes with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as an Li+ source exhibit normalized ionic conductivities (σn) within only 4.9 times difference (σn = 29.8 × 10−5 S cm−1 for MM‐45 and σn = 6.07 × 10−5 S cm−1 for BASP‐45) at a concentration of Li+ r = [Li+]/[EO] = 1/12 at 50 °C. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 448–455
RNA‐based markers in biopsy cores with atypical small acinar proliferation: Predictive effect of T2E fusion positivity and MMP‐2 upregulation for a subsequent prostate cancer diagnosis
Authors: Eryilmaz I. Ezgi , Aytac Vuruskan Berna , Kaygısız Onur , Egeli Unal , Tunca Berrin , Kordan Yakup , Cecener Gulsah
Published: October 2018

Background

Atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) is a precursor lesion of prostate cancer (PC), and PC develops from this suspicious focus or an unsampled malignant gland nearby. However, PC‐related molecular alterations that could guide the timing of repeat biopsies and help monitor PC risk in ASAP‐diagnosed patients have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to first investigate the expression of seven different PC‐related RNAs that included serine 2 (TMPRSS2): erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) gene (TMPRSS2‐ERG, T2E) fusion, alpha‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase (AMACR), kallikrein related peptidase 3 (KLK3), androgen receptor (AR), prostate cancer specific antigen 3 (PCA3), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐2 and 9.

Methods

PC‐related RNAs were evaluated using a real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) system in pathologically ASAP‐diagnosed prostate biopsy cores from 55 patients presenting with a normal digital rectal examination and a PSA level of 4‐10 ng/mL.

Results

We detected that positive T2E fusion status (P = 0.013) and the expression of AMACR (P = 0.016), AR (P = 0.016) and MMP‐2 (P = 0.013) were independently and significantly associated with PC risk in ASAP patients. There were also several statistically significant correlations between expression levels. Additionally, we demonstrated that T2E fusion positive ASAP patients with higher MMP‐2 expression were more likely to be diagnosed with PC at a subsequent biopsy during the follow‐up period (P = 0.003).

Conclusions

Although, more clinical validations are needed for the stratification of PC risk in ASAP‐diagnosed biopsy cores, our current results indicate that the coexistence of T2E fusion positivity with MMP‐2 upregulation may help clinicians adjust their biopsy timetable and/or assessment of PC risk in ASAP‐diagnosed patients with a PSA level of 4‐10 ng/mL.
On the Structure Factors of Aqueous Mixtures of 1‐Propanol and 2‐Propanol: X‐Ray Diffraction Experiments and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Méndez‐Bermúdez José G. , Dominguez Hector , Temleitner László , Pusztai László
Published: October 2018

The structure factor of pure 1‐propanol, 2‐propanol, and mixtures of 1‐propanol/water and 2‐propanol/water, as a function of composition, has been determined experimentally and by molecular dynamics simulations. The primary aim is to find interatomic potentials that reproduce measured structural data at the highest possible level. For this reason, various alcohol potential models have been employed, including united atom (UA) and all atom (AA) types, in combination with a TIP4P‐based model for water. In order to improve agreement with experimental values of the dielectric constant and mass density, a new UA force field for the alcohols has also been constructed. In terms of structural properties, the AA model reproduces experimental results better than any of the UA models for all compositions.
Energetics and Electronic Properties of Interstitial Chlorine in CdTe
Authors: Orellana Walter , Menéndez‐Proupin Eduardo , Flores Mauricio A.
Published: October 2018

The role of interstitial chlorine in the electronic properties of CdTe is addressed by density functional theory calculations including hybrid functionals and large unit cells. The stability and diffusion energy barriers of the impurity are analyzed as a function of the Fermi level position in the band gap. Chlorine is found to be stable in at least five interstitial sites with rather close formation energies, suggesting that they are all probable to be found. In p‐type CdTe, the most stable sites are at the center of a CdTe bond and at a split‐interstitial configuration, both acting as shallow donors. Whereas in n‐type CdTe, it is found at the tetrahedral site surrounded by Cd hosts, acting as a shallow acceptor. We also find that chlorine can induce a deep acceptor level in the bandgap after binding with three Cd host atoms, which can explain the experimentally observed high resistivity in Cl‐doped CdTe. The energy barriers for chlorine diffusion in both p‐type and n‐type CdTe are also discussed.
Characterization of in‐plane load bearing of a honeycomb paperboard
Authors: Mou Xinni , Lu Lixin , Zhang Wen , Yang Haiyan
Published: October 2018

The in‐plane bearing capacity of the face layer and core layer of a honeycomb paperboard is limited and unstable. However, a combination of the face layer and core layer of the honeycomb paperboard protects cardboard from small‐load buckling instability and provides sufficient stiffness and bearing strength. In the study, the platform theory models of the machine direction and cross direction are established based on plastic deformation, plastic energy dissipation, and the energy conservation theory. Additionally, the marginal pressure strength in the machine direction and cross direction are deduced by combining the practical application of the honeycomb paperboard. A comparison of theoretical and experimental data indicates that the two are in good agreement. Therefore, the theoretical results of the study provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and reasonable selection of important parameters of honeycomb paperboards with different strength requirements.
Venlafaxine and antihypertensive drugs
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: October 2018

Drug interactions with psychotropic agents can occur in patients with cardiovascular disease who are receiving treatment for depressive symptoms. Although the serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine has a favorable safety profile in general, its effect on the noradrenergic system could worsen hypertension. In addition, venlafaxine metabolism is dependent on multiple CYP enzymes, and its pharmacokinetic profile could be changed by concurrently administered antihypertensive agents.
SSRIs in the medical subspecialty clinic: Part two
Authors: Price Lawrence H.
Published: October 2018

Back in the March 2018 issue, I wrote a commentary titled “Why Don't SSRIs Work in the Medical Subspecialty Clinic?” The stimulus for this was our coverage that month of the results of the Chronic Kidney Disease Antidepressant Sertraline Trial, which found that sertraline was no better than placebo for depressive symptoms in patients with chronic kidney disease and major depression. I described the findings as “disappointing,” and although I intended to convey that disappointment in the title of the commentary, perhaps I erred a bit on the nihilistic side. Happily, a paper we are covering this month allows me to offer a corrective.
Bond selective dissociation of the BrHBr transition state complex using linear chirp laser pulses
Authors: Garzón‐Ramírez Antonio J. , López José G. , Arango Carlos A.
Published: October 2018

The control of chemical reaction pathways has been of great interest in chemistry. One way of controlling the course of a chemical reaction is through manipulation of its transition state. In this work, we suggest the possibility of bond selective dissociation of the collinear BrHBr transition state complex by the use of an infrared linear chirped laser pulse to drive vibrational states of the BrHBr. The initial vibrational state of the BrHBr is prepared as a linear combination of two quasi‐bound vibrational states of the BrBr degree of freedom. We employ state of the art potential energy and dipole moment surfaces for the BrHBr to simulate the interaction of the initially prepared BrHBr with an optimized linear chirp laser pulse. The results of these quantum simulations show (i) that the bond selective dissociation depends on the initial preparation of the vibrational state of the BrHBr, (ii) the feasibility of manipulating the quasi‐bound vibrational states of a XHX type complex (X halogen atom) to enhance its rate of dissociation, and (iii) the possibility of controlling the branching ratio of the product channels (Br + HBr and BrH + Br) with a relatively broad range of values to choose.
Copula selection models for non‐Gaussian outcomes that are missing not at random
Authors: Gomes Manuel , Radice Rosalba , Camarena Brenes Jose , Marra Giampiero
Published: October 2018

Missing not at random (MNAR) data pose key challenges for statistical inference because the substantive model of interest is typically not identifiable without imposing further (eg, distributional) assumptions. Selection models have been routinely used for handling MNAR by jointly modeling the outcome and selection variables and typically assuming that these follow a bivariate normal distribution. Recent studies have advocated parametric selection approaches, for example, estimated by multiple imputation and maximum likelihood, that are more robust to departures from the normality assumption compared with those assuming that nonresponse and outcome are jointly normally distributed. However, the proposed methods have been mostly restricted to a specific joint distribution (eg, bivariate t‐distribution). This paper discusses a flexible copula‐based selection approach (which accommodates a wide range of non‐Gaussian outcome distributions and offers great flexibility in the choice of functional form specifications for both the outcome and selection equations) and proposes a flexible imputation procedure that generates plausible imputed values from the copula selection model. A simulation study characterizes the relative performance of the copula model compared with the most commonly used selection models for estimating average treatment effects with MNAR data. We illustrate the methods in the REFLUX study, which evaluates the effect of laparoscopic surgery on long‐term quality of life in patients with reflux disease. We provide software code for implementing the proposed copula framework using the R package GJRM.
An Efficient Synthesis of Oxazolidines by Tandem Ring‐Opening / Closing Reaction of Ts‐Aziridine Using Formic Acid
Authors: Chakraborty Ghosal Nirnita , De Aramita , Mahato Sachinta , Santra Sougata , V. Zyryanov Grigory , Majee Adinath
Published: October 2018

Synthesis of oxazolidines has been reported from aziridines by the reaction with formic acid and formaldehyde in neat conditions. We have also observed a regio‐selective nucleophilic ring opening of aziridines by HCOOH under same conditions in absence of formaldehyde where the HCOO− ion acts as a nucleophile. In this present method formic acid is not acting as reducing agent as classical organic reactions. The formic acid initially activates the aziridines whereas the formate group generated from formic acid acts as a nucleophile itself instead of the source of hydride ion affording the nucleophilic ring opening products. The synthesized formate ester was successfully hydrolyzed to the corresponding hydroxyl compound which is the key building block for the synthesis of heterocycles. Operational simplicity, mild and neat reaction conditions, broad substrates scope, good yields and uses of less expensive reagents are the notable advantages of the present procedures.
Direct Measurement of Electronic Band Structure in Single Quantum Dots of Metal Chalcogenide Composites
Authors: Benetti Daniele , Cui Daling , Zhao Haiguang , Rosei Federico , Vomiero Alberto
Published: October 2018

Metal chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) are among the most promising materials as light harvesters in all‐inorganic systems for applications in solar cells and production of solar fuels. The electronic band structure of composite QDs formed by lead and cadmium chalcogenides directly grafted on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surfaces through successive ionic layer absorption and reaction is investigated. Atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) are applied to investigate PbS, CdS, and PbS/CdS QD systems. The variation of the surface potential of individual QDs is measured, investigating the evolution of the electronic band structure as a function of QD size and composition. A shift of the Fermi level toward more negative values occurs when QD size is increased. The shift is more pronounced in CdS than in PbS, while the composite PbS/CdS exhibits an intermediate behavior. The calculated shift is in good agreement with the experiments. These results highlight the ability of KPFM to directly measure the electronic band structure in individual QDs of metal chalcogenide composites. This feature regulates charge dynamics in composite systems, thereby affecting device performance. This work provides valuable insights for applications in several fields, in which charge injection plays a major role.
Toward Highly Efficient Inkjet‐Printed Perovskite Solar Cells Fully Processed Under Ambient Conditions and at Low Temperature
Authors: Gheno Alexandre , Huang Yong , Bouclé Johann , Ratier Bernard , Rolland Alain , Even Jacky , Vedraine Sylvain
Published: October 2018

Considering the recent advances in the fundamental understanding of perovskite devices as well as in the demonstration of larger stability under working conditions, specific attention has still to be paid for their processing for low‐cost applications. Here, the successful demonstration of 10.7% efficient chlorine‐doped methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3‐xClx) solar cells based on a fully inkjet‐printed processed under ambient conditions and at low temperature (<90 °C) is reported. A huge hysteresis is observed and the efficiency drops down to 6.4% for the forward scan. The Owens–Wendt–Rabel and Kaelble model is applied to investigate the impact of chloride, bromide, or diiodooctane on the perovskite ink wetting properties. A low surface energy of the substrate provokes dewetting during the perovskite printing. The use of chlorine or bromide tends to increase the wettability of the perovskite ink, improving the impregnation of the ink in porous materials. This work shows the critical importance of properly storing these substrates prior to active layer deposition, in order to produce homogenous layers by inkjet‐printing. The successful printing of all inner layers, excluding bottom and top electrodes, in ambient atmosphere is an additional step toward their expected development at a larger scale by the printed electronic industry.
Manipulation in Board Game Interactions: Being a Sporting Player
Authors: Hofstetter Emily , Robles Jessica
Published: October 2018

Deception and manipulation are expected in strategic gameplay, but how do players negotiate what counts as acceptable kinds of manipulation? We compare three examples from a corpus of 30 hours of competitive board game play, using conversation analysis to examine how players orient to the reasonableness of manipulations. We show that contingencies of timing of the attribution and receipt of the manipulation are as morally concerned as manipulation itself. Players organize their negotiations of acceptability around the concept of a “sporting” player or move. The “sporting” resource shows one situated members' method for collaboratively managing fairness and morality in play. A video abstract is available at https://youtu.be/IlaE‐w6FUxw.
Solvate Ionic Liquids for Li, Na, K, and Mg Batteries
Authors: Mandai Toshihiko , Dokko Kaoru , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: October 2018

From the viewpoint of element strategy, non‐Li batteries with promising negative and positive electrodes have been widely studied to support a sustainable society. To develop non‐Li batteries having high energy density, research on electrolyte materials is pivotal. Solvate ionic liquids (SILs) are an emerging class of electrolytes possessing somewhat superior properties for battery applications compared to conventional ionic liquid electrolytes. In this account, we describe our recent efforts regarding SIL‐based electrolytes for Li, Na, K, and Mg batteries with respect to structural, physicochemical, and electrochemical characteristics. Systematic studies based on crystallography and Raman spectroscopy combined with thermal/electrochemical stability analysis showed that the balance of competitive cation−anion and cation−solvent interactions predominates the stability of the solvate cations. We also demonstrated battery applications of SILs as electrolytes for non‐Li batteries, particularly for Na batteries.
What Is Justice? Gifted Students’ Meaning Making
Authors: Barone Diane , Barone Rebecca
Published: October 2018

In this exploratory study, the authors investigated students’ perceptions of justice. A stanza from a poem was used to stimulate student writing, drawing, and conversation. Students were engaged with the exploration and considered issues surrounding being good or bad, race, and power. They also represented justice abstractly in their drawings and included popular culture.
In this issue of Weather
Authors: Galvin Jim
Published: October 2018

This month, we focus on two papers that follow on from excellent presentations made at the 2017 Student Conference. The first of these, by James Warner, discusses the teleconnection between Arctic sea ice and the North Atlantic Oscillation. In ‘Arctic sea ice – a driver of the winter NAO’, beginning on p. 307, the effects of ice on the pressure systems of the Atlantic region are explored, showing that there is a link between the two and that further exploration of this might allow us to improve seasonal forecasts for winter.

The second of these papers is a refinement of our knowledge of fog. In ‘Numerical modelling of the evolution of the boundary layer during a radiation fog event’ on p. 310, D K E Smith, I A Renfrew, J D Price and S R Dorling look at how well we are able to model the development of fog that forms under predominantly clear skies, the difficulties imposed by our lack of knowledge of some aspects of the process and how we might better predict its formation.

On p. 322, Dani V and B K Pal explore ‘Climate variability and changes in local climate’ focussing on Angul (India). Here they identify trends in climatic variables consistent with a warming globe.

The second in our series of short introductory papers on climate change appears on p. 332.

The persistence or absence of snow on British mountains is also a well‐established marker of the weather and climate here. In the 8th of the series on p. 333: ‘Snow patches in England and Wales during spring and summer 2018’, Iain Cameron reveals that snow‐melt dates in 2018 were broadly in line with the mean, even though there was considerable snowfall across much of Britain in early spring.

On p. 335, Prof. Stephen Belcher and Prof. Sir Brian Hoskins write about climate change and the summer just gone in ‘Summer temperatures 2018 – the “new normal”?’

I encourage members to vote for those whose work with and for the Royal Meteorological Society deserves recognition through one of the Society's awards. And finally, please complete the Weather journal survey supplied with this issue (also available at https://www.rmets.org/news/weather‐journal‐survey). We want to know your views on the journal, so that the Editorial Board and I can guide its development in 2019 and beyond.
Assessment of energy‐efficient appliances: A review of the technologies and policies in India's residential sector
Authors: Singh Vivek Kumar , Henriques Carla Oliveira , Martins António Gomes
Published: October 2018

The promotion of energy efficiency has been at the forefront of the energy policy agenda. New technological inventions and increasing environmental concerns related to contemporary energy policy are the main drivers of the adoption of more energy‐efficient appliances in the domestic sector. Additionally, the mandatory star labeling program and incentive design mechanisms are also raising awareness and motivation for their use, thus contributing to the reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable energy policies generally pursue programs aiming for energy efficiency among domestic appliances. In India there are currently nine domestic electrical appliances/end‐uses certified with star labeling programs, in particular lighting sources, refrigerators, air conditioners, water heaters, televisions, computers, washing machines, ceiling fans, and water pumps. This study reviews main issues affecting selection of energy‐efficient technologies in India's domestic sector highlighting the main challenges impacting design of energy efficiency policies and programs in the country.

This article is categorized under:

Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy

Energy Efficiency > Economics and Policy

Energy and Development > Systems and Infrastructure
Two‐dimensional Cobalt‐Carboxylate Framework with Hourglass Trinuclear Co3(COO)6(DMA)3 Secondary Building Unit
Authors: Goldman Anna , Nardin Katharina , Höfert Simon‐Patrick , Millan Simon , Janiak Christoph
Published: October 2018

The two‐dimensional (2D) cobalt‐carboxylate framework of the hxl type with the formula [Co3(bdc)3(DMA)3]·DMA was synthesized in a mixture of the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIm][BF4], HBF4 and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA) via solvothermal reaction. The structure of [Co3(bdc)3(DMA)3]·DMA (bdc2– = benzene‐1,4‐dicarboxylate) consists of an hourglass trinuclear secondary building unit (SBU) with the first octahedral (oct)‐octahedral and square‐pyramidal (sq‐pyr) coordinated cobalt atoms in the sequence Cooct–Cooct–Cosq‐pyr with terminally coordinated DMA molecules. These SBUs are bridged by six bdc2– ligands into a two‐dimensional layered structure.
Pollen Class
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

pollen class: artificial grouping of pollen grains that share one or more distinctive characters
Shape and Polarity
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

outline: describes the contour of pollen grains in polar and/or equatorial view
Logarithmic terms in the soft expansion in four dimensions
Authors: Laddha Alok , Sen Ashoke
Published: October 2018

Abstract

It has been shown that in larger than four space-time dimensions, soft factors that relate the amplitudes with a soft photon or graviton to amplitudes without the soft particle also determine the low frequency radiative part of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields during classical scattering. In four dimensions the S-matrix becomes infrared divergent making the usual definition of the soft factor ambiguous beyond the leading order. However the radiative parts of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields provide an unambiguous definition of soft factor in the classical limit up to the usual gauge ambiguity. We show that the soft factor defined this way develops terms involving logarithm of the energy of the soft particle at the subleading order in the soft expansion.
$$ J\overline{T} $$ deformed CFT2 and string theory
Authors: Chakraborty Soumangsu , Giveon Amit , Kutasov David
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We study two dimensional conformal field theory with a left-moving conserved current J, perturbed by an irrelevant, Lorentz symmetry breaking operator with the quantum numbers of

$$ J\overline{T} $$

J

T
¯

, using a combination of field and string theoretic techniques. Weshow that the spectrum of the theory has some interesting features, which may shed light on systems of interest for holography and black hole physics.
Analysis of tauopathy research funding between 2006 and 2016 reveals critical gaps in research priorities
Authors: Altimus Cara M. , Keller Kirstie , Brannelly Patrick , Ross Erin , Lin Chang‐Ting , Riley Ekemini A. U. , Briggs LaTese , Smith Jeremy , Stevens Melissa
Published: October 2018

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a range of diagnoses, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Despite decades of advancements in understanding the neurobiology of individual diseases, this class has few disease‐modifying therapeutics and a paucity of biomarkers for diagnosis or progression. However, tau protein aggregation has emerged as a potential unifying factor across several neurodegenerative diseases, which has prompted a rapid growth in tau‐related funding. In spite of this growth, research funding in this area is not in line with the immense magnitude of disease burden, and drug discovery and clinical research remain underfunded. Coordinated, collaborative efforts are key to making an impact, which can and should be led by the major funding bodies within the tau space. Here we describe the development and analysis of a tau‐focused neurodegeneration funding database, which captures data from 2040 grants from 2006 to 2016. This database was developed as a public resource to allow funders, researchers, and policy makers to better understand tau funding patterns and to identify key funders and potential collaborations. This database can be used in conjunction with other neurodegenerative disease databases, such as the International Alzheimer's Disease Research Portfolio to gain specific insight into tau‐research funding. Over the study period, overall tau funding rose dramatically; however, changes in capital distribution also changed. Specifically, the field experienced a strong bias toward funding tau in the context of Alzheimer's disease, while at the same time generally decreasing the overall proportion of funding for basic research, treatment development, and evaluation. As funding organizations look forward, this resource can both inform future funding strategies and priority areas and identify potential collaborative efforts with complementary funding organizations.
Emergency Medical Services and Remote Medical Oversight in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, 2011–2013
Authors: Young Megann , Kim Thomas , Lessard Eli , Campagne Danielle , Spano Susanne , Farshidpour Leyla , Stroh Geoff
Published: October 2018

Introduction

The University of California San Francisco Fresno Department of Emergency Medicine provides base hospital support for the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) emergency medical services (EMS) system. This descriptive epidemiologic study reports reasons the park EMS system is used and interventions provided, detailing the nature of patient encounters, type and frequency of injuries and interventions, reasons for base hospital contact, and patient dispositions.

Methods

Patient charts for all EMS encounters in SEKI from 2011 to 2013 were included, and relevant data were extracted by a single reviewer.

Results

Of the 704 charts reviewed, 570 (81%) were frontcountry patient encounters (within 1.6 km [1 mi] of a paved road); 100 (14%) were backcountry; and 34 (5%) occurred in undefined locations. Regarding sex and age, 58% of patients were men; 22% were younger than 18 y, and 15% were 65 y or older. More than 80% of calls occurred during the months of June through August. The most common complaints were extremity trauma (24%), torso trauma (13%), and lacerations (9%). Almost 50% of patients were transferred to a higher level of care. Medications were administered to 37% of patients, with oxygen being the most common. Procedures were performed 49% of the time, primarily intravenous access and splinting. Base hospital contact was made 38% of the time, most commonly (54%) for advice regarding disposition.

Conclusions

SEKI EMS providers encounter a wide variety of patients in various settings, including the backcountry. Resource allocation, training, and protocol development should be tailored to meet their needs.