bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences for diversity when prioritizing animals for conservation with pedigree or genomic information
Authors: Engelsma K.A. , Veerkamp R.F. , Calus M.P.L. , Windig J.J.
Published: May 2011

Up to now, prioritization of animals for conservation has been mainly based on pedigree information; however, genomic information may improve prioritization. In this study, we used two Holstein populations to investigate the consequences for genetic diversity when animals are prioritized with optimal contributions based on pedigree or genomic data and whether consequences are different at the chromosomal level. Selection with genomic kinships resulted in a higher conserved diversity, but differences were small. Largest differences were found when few animals were prioritized and when pedigree errors were present. We found more differences at the chromosomal level, where selection based on genomic kinships resulted in a higher conserved diversity for most chromosomes, but for some chromosomes, pedigree‐based selection resulted in a higher conserved diversity. To optimize conservation strategies, genomic information can help to improve the selection of animals for conservation in those situations where pedigree information is unreliable or absent or when we want to conserve diversity at specific genome regions.
Real‐time PCR Assay with SNP‐specific Primers for the Detection of a G143A Mutation Level in Venturia inaequalis Field Populations
Authors: Michalecka Monika , Malinowski Tadeusz , Broniarek‐Niemiec Agata , Bielenin Anna
Published: May 2011

Fourteen primers were designed specific to SNP (G→C mutation) in the cytochrome b gene of Venturia inaequalis, corresponding to G143A substitution related to strobilurin resistance. Specificity of the primers and amplification efficiency were preliminarily tested in conventional PCR at different annealing temperatures. The performance of several preselected primer sets was verified in real‐time PCR with SYBR Green I dye. Finally, two primer sets (‘2Wt’ and ‘5Mt’) were successfully applied for discrimination between wild‐type and mutated allele. Different sensitivity of the detection of homologous and non‐homologous DNA corresponded to the difference in Ct values equalled 10.5 for ‘2Wt’ and 12.0 for ‘5Mt’ primer set. Primers specific to Mycosphaerella fijensis cytochrome b sequence (Wille et al. 2002) were applied for additional control of PCR inhibitors. The reliability of the new method was evaluated and verified using two series of reference DNA dilutions and artificial mixtures of both types of DNA. Developed real‐time PCR assay was applied to measure the ratio of mutated to non‐mutated allele in field samples, collected in Poland in 2009, using two series of reference DNA in every run. The measured mutation level for the samples derived from orchards with conventional chemical control was very high (50–100%). For two populations originating from one organic orchard, the measured level of mutation was 1% and 46%. The combination of molecular and traditional tests for the evaluation of mutation level and monitoring of resistance levels in orchards is recommended.
Synchronous intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma within meningioma
Authors: Muftah Salmin , Xu Zhaodong , El Gaddafi Walid , Moulton Richard , Burns Bruce , Woulfe John
Published: May 2011

Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma is a rare and aggressive lymphoma with a dismal prognosis. Synchronous intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma within meningioma has not previously been documented. We report a case of a 73‐year‐old woman of Asian descent who presented with fever of unknown origin with generalized weakness. CT scan and MRI of the head revealed a dural‐based mass lesion consistent with meningioma in the left frontal cerebral convexity. Surgery was performed to remove the tumor and histopathology showed a meningioma within which was a synchronous intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma. The hematology and oncology services were consulted and palliative treatment was initiated due to the patient's poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status. The patient died within 30 days post‐surgery. To the best of our knowledge, this case represents the first report of synchronous intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma within a meningioma.
Cough predicts prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: RYERSON CHRISTOPHER J. , ABBRITTI MARTA , LEY BRETT , ELICKER BRETT M. , JONES KIRK D. , COLLARD HAROLD R.
Published: May 2011

Background and objective:  The clinical associations and prognostic value of cough in IPF have not been adequately described. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and prognostic value of cough in IPF.

Methods:  Subjects with IPF were identified from an ongoing longitudinal database. Cough and other clinical variables were recorded prospectively. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of cough and predictors of disease progression, defined as 10% decline in FVC, 15% decline in DLCO, lung transplantation or death within 6 months of clinic visit. The relationship of cough with time to death or lung transplantation was analysed using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results:  Two hundred and forty‐two subjects were included. Cough was reported in 84% of subjects. On multivariate analysis, cough was less likely in previous smokers (OR 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01–0.55, P = 0.01), and more likely in subjects with exertional desaturation (OR 2.56, 95% CI: 1.15–5.72, P = 0.02) and lower FVC (OR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60–0.96, P = 0.02). Cough predicted disease progression (OR 4.97, 95% CI: 1.25–19.80, P = 0.02) independent of disease severity, and may predict time to death or lung transplantation (HR 1.78, 95% CI: 0.94–3.35, P = 0.08).

Conclusions:  Cough in IPF is more prevalent in never‐smokers and patients with more advanced disease. Cough is an independent predictor of disease progression and may predict time to death or lung transplantation.
Aphallia in an adult male with 46,XY karyotype
Authors: Wang Hongliang , Guo Kaimin , Wang Jiping , Liu Lingyun , Li Fubiao
Published: May 2011

Aphallia is a rare urogenital anomaly with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10–30 million. We report a case of aphallia in a male, who had two well‐developed testicles, but lacked a penis. Digital rectal examination revealed the urethral meatus was opening to the anterior wall of the rectum posterior to the sphincter. Magnetic resonance imaging showed complete absence of penile development with normal testis and scrotum, as well as the urethra running posterior to the prostatic apex and corpus spongiosum in sagittal and coronal T2‐weighted images. Chromosome karyotype confirmed 46,XY, and the polymerase chain reaction method tested no azoospermic factor (AZF) or sex‐determining region Y (SRY) gene deletion. Taking into account the physical and psychosocial conditions, seeking a female without sexual desire as his wife was recommended.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans regulate astrocyte‐dependent synaptogenesis and modulate synaptic activity in primary embryonic hippocampal neurons
Authors: Pyka Martin , Wetzel Christian , Aguado Ainhara , Geissler Maren , Hatt Hanns , Faissner Andreas
Published: May 2011

It has been shown that astrocyte‐derived extracellular matrix (ECM) is important for formation and maintenance of CNS synapses. In order to study the effects of glial‐derived ECM on synaptogenesis, E18 rat hippocampal neurons and primary astrocytes were co‐cultivated using a cell‐insert system. Under these conditions, neurons differentiated under low density conditions (3500 cells/cm2) in defined, serum‐free medium and in the absence of direct, membrane‐mediated neuron–astrocyte interactions. Astrocytes promoted the formation of structurally intact synapses, as documented by the co‐localisation of bassoon‐ and ProSAP1/Shank2‐positive puncta, markers of the pre‐ and postsynapse, respectively. The development of synapses was paralleled by the emergence of perineuronal net (PNN)‐like structures that contained various ECM components such as hyaluronic acid, brevican and neurocan. In order to assess potential functions for synaptogenesis, the ECM was removed by treatment with hyaluronidase or chondroitinase ABC. Both enzymes significantly enhanced the number of synaptic puncta. Whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recordings of control and enzyme‐treated hippocampal neurons revealed that chondroitinase ABC treatment led to a significant decrease in amplitude and a reduced charge of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, whereas inhibitory postsynaptic currents were not affected. When the response to the application of glutamate was measured, a reduced sensitivity could be detected and resulted in decreased currents in response to the excitatory neurotransmitter. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that the ECM partakes in the regulation of the density of glutamate receptors in subsynaptic sites.
Induction and expression of abnormal involuntary movements is related to the duration of dopaminergic stimulation in 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats
Authors: Papathanou Maria , Rose Sarah , McCreary Andrew , Jenner Peter
Published: May 2011

Dyskinesia induction in Parkinson’s disease (PD) appears less marked with long‐acting dopamine agonists than with short‐acting L‐Dopa, but the relationship to duration of drug action is unknown. It is also unclear whether the duration of drug action affects the expression of established dyskinesia. This study compared the ability of L‐Dopa and four dopamine agonists of different duration of action to induce abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rats, and their ability to express established AIMs following prior exposure to L‐Dopa. 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats were treated with saline, L‐Dopa/benserazide, apomorphine, ropinirole, pramipexole or pergolide once daily for 15 days. Repeated administration of the short‐acting dopamine agonists, apomorphine (duration 80 min) and ropinirole (duration 90 min) induced marked axial, limb and orolingual AIMs at peak effect. L‐Dopa (duration 100 min) produced moderate AIMs at peak effect, while administration of the long‐acting dopamine agonists, pramipexole (duration 150 min) and pergolide (duration 240 min) resulted in mild AIMs. In rats primed to exhibit severe AIMs following repeated L‐Dopa administration, acute administration of apomorphine, ropinirole and L‐Dopa induced severe AIMs. By contrast, pramipexole and pergolide evoked only mild–moderate AIMs. Again, there was a negative correlation between duration of effect and the severity of AIMs expressed. These studies show that both the induction and expression of AIMs in 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rats are related to the duration of action of dopaminergic drugs. These findings suggest that continuous dopaminergic stimulation could be used both to avoid dyskinesia induction and to improve motor function in late‐stage PD when troublesome dyskinesia is evident.
Management of urolithiasis in patients after urinary diversions
Authors: Okhunov Zhamshid , Duty Brian , Smith Arthur D. , Okeke Zeph
Published: May 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Patients undergoing urinary diversion are at increased risk of stone formation in the upper urinary tract and within the pouch. Several studies have reported wide ranging outcomes of the various surgical and non‐surgical management options.

In this article we reviewed risk factors, etiology, and outcomes of surgical and medical management of diversion‐associated urolithiasis. A surgical management algorithm was developed based on the known literature to serve as a guide to treatment stones in these patients. The relative effectiveness of various preventive management strategies are reviewed and summarized.

After urinary diversion patients are at increased risk of long‐term complications, including stones of the upper urinary tract and reservoir or conduit. Advances in instrumentation and techniques have expanded treatment options, while minimizing morbidity. Minimally invasive treatment methods include shockwave lithotripsy, antegrade and retrograde ureteroscopic lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Percutaneous and laparoscopic techniques are applicable to stones within urinary diversions. Medical management is crucial for avoiding recurrent stones in these patients.
The Cutting Edge of Accumulation: Neoliberal Risk Mitigation, the Baku‐Tbilisi‐Ceyhan Pipeline and its Impact
Authors: Carroll Toby
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Adopting a historical materialist position, this article looks at new methods deployed to expand processes of accumulation and the impact that this has at different scales. Focusing upon the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline (traversing Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey), the article pays particular attention to the technocratic tools of “social neoliberalism” and corporate social responsibility, which variously incorporate environmental and social impact assessments, community investment programmes and voluntary codes of conduct. While such approaches seek to relegitimise the efforts of capital and its assistants and mitigate their risks, the assessment below details how these approaches actually assist in facilitating an increase in risk for many people. The article begins by looking at the accumulation drive pushing BTC and then provides an account of how new approaches to pipeline governance have both emerged and been incorporated into the project. The article then details what it is that these approaches have actually facilitated at four scales—the local, the national, the regional and the supra‐regional.
Thinking‐Aloud as Talking‐in‐Interaction: Reinterpreting How L2 Lexical Inferencing Gets Done
Authors: Deschambault Ryan
Published: May 2011

There is a general consensus among second‐language (L2) researchers today that lexical inferencing (LIF) is among the most common techniques that L2 learners use to generate meaning for unknown words they encounter in context. Indeed, claims about the salience and pervasiveness of LIF for L2 learners rely heavily upon data obtained via concurrent think‐aloud (TA) research methods. However, despite the consensus that L2 LIF involves a combination of cues, knowledge, and contextual awareness, a crucial aspect of that “context”— namely, the in situ context of TA data collection procedures themselves—is rarely, if ever, included in analyses presented in L2 LIF research studies. I argue in this article that acknowledging this reality and incorporating aspects of this in situ context into analysis is both important and desirable, as it would contribute vital elements of research transparency and legitimacy as well as a much needed reflexivity about claims regarding L2 LIF that are made based on TA data.
Rapamycin and other longevity‐promoting compounds enhance the generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Chen Taotao , Shen Li , Yu Jie , Wan Hongjiang , Guo Ao , Chen Jiekai , Long Yuan , Zhao Jian , Pei Gang
Published: May 2011

Reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state was first accomplished using retroviral vectors for transient expression of pluripotency‐associated transcription factors. This seminal work was followed by numerous studies reporting alternative (noninsertional) reprogramming methods and various conditions to improve the efficiency of reprogramming. These studies have contributed little to an understanding of global mechanisms underlying reprogramming efficiency. Here we report that inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by rapamycin or PP242 enhances the efficiency of reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Inhibition of the insulin/IGF‐1 signaling pathway, which like mTOR is involved in control of longevity, also enhances reprogramming efficiency. In addition, the small molecules used to inhibit these pathways also significantly improved longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. We further tested the potential effects of six other longevity‐promoting compounds on iPSC induction, including two sirtuin activators (resveratrol and fisetin), an autophagy inducer (spermidine), a PI3K (phosphoinositide 3‐kinase) inhibitor (LY294002), an antioxidant (curcumin), and an activating adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase activator (metformin). With the exception of metformin, all of these chemicals promoted somatic cell reprogramming, though to different extents. Our results show that the controllers of somatic cell reprogramming and organismal lifespan share some common regulatory pathways, which suggests a new approach for studying aging and longevity based on the regulation of cellular reprogramming.
Reduced preload elicits increased LV twist in healthy humans
Authors: Hodt Anders , Hisdal Jonny , Stugaard Marie , Stranden Einar , Atar Dan , Steine Kjetil
Published: May 2011

Background:  In normal left ventricles (LV), counterclockwise rotation (CCR) and net twist angle (NTA) have shown important roles during ejection. We investigated the effect of reduced preload by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) on CCR and NTA.

Methods and Results:  Twelve healthy men were examined at rest, LBNP −20 and −40 mmHg. By two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking imaging, we measured rotation at four short‐axis levels: basal, papillary, sub‐papillary and apical. LV NTA was calculated as apex‐to‐base difference in rotation. Additionally, regional end‐diastolic (EDA) and end‐systolic area (ESA) were measured and regional area fraction (RAF) calculated [(EDA‐ESA)/EDA] × 100). From rest to LBNP −40 mmHg, rotation at basal and papillary levels was unchanged. At sub‐papillary level, rotation increased from 3·2 ± 3·6 to 5·8 ± 4·7° (P<0·05), while apical rotation increased from 9·3 ± 3·4 to 12·8 ± 4·7° (P<0·05). Correspondingly, LV NTA increased for each load reduction by 1·6 ± 1·8° (P<0·05) and 4·2 ± 2·3° (P<0·05). RAF increased at sub‐papillary and apical levels from 57·6 ± 3·7 to 64·7 ± 8·8% and from 63·4 ± 8·8 to 74·8 ± 10·1%, respectively (P<0·05). From rest to LBNP −40 mmHg, changes in rotation and RAF correlated significantly at sub‐papillary and apical levels (r = 0·94, P<0·01, and r = 0·63, P<0·05, respectively).

Conclusions:  Preload reduction in normal LV elicits increased systolic CCR and regional area fraction at sub‐papillary and apical levels as well as net twist angle. These findings might be of physiological importance to minimize reduction in stroke volume and maintain arterial blood pressure.
MEASURING POVERTY ACCOUNTING FOR TIME
Authors: GRADÍN CARLOS , DEL RÍO CORAL , CANTÓ OLGA
Published: May 2011

In this paper we make a methodological proposal to measure poverty accounting for time by proposing a new family of intertemporal poverty indexes that aims at reconciling the way poverty is measured in a static and a dynamic framework. Our index is able to consider the duration of the poverty spell and the social preference for equality in well‐being given that, in contrast with others that have been previously proposed, it is sensitive to the level of inequality between individual complete poverty experiences over time. Moreover, other indices in the literature can be interpreted as special cases of our more general measure. An empirical illustration shows the relevance of considering the distribution of poverty experiences among the population in an international analysis.
20th century tree‐line advance and vegetation changes along an altitudinal transect in the Putorana Mountains, northern Siberia
Authors: KIRDYANOV ALEXANDER V. , HAGEDORN FRANK , KNORRE ANASTASIA A. , FEDOTOVA ELENA V. , VAGANOV EUGENE A. , NAURZBAEV MUHTAR M. , MOISEEV PAVEL A. , RIGLING ANDREAS
Published: May 2011

Kirdyanov, A. V., Hagedorn, F., Knorre, A. A., Fedotova, E. V., Vaganov, E. A., Naurzbaev, M. M., Moiseev, P. A. & Rigling, A. 2012 (January): 20th century tree‐line advance and vegetation changes along an altitudinal transect in the Putorana Mountains, northern Siberia. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 56–67. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00214.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.

Ongoing climatic changes potentially affect tree‐line ecosystems, but in many regions the observed changes are superimposed by human activities. We assessed how the forest‐tundra ecotone has changed during the last century in the Putorana Mountains, northern Siberia, an extremely remote and untouched area in Eurasia. A space‐for‐time approach was used to determine the spatio‐temporal dynamics of forest structure and biomass along an altitudinal transect. From the closed larch forest to the upper tree line, the mean age of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) decreased considerably from 220 to 50 years ago. At the current upper species line, there is a strong and successful germination of larch, with 1500 saplings per hectare, indicating an ongoing filling‐in, a densification of a formerly open forest and an upslope shift of the tree‐line position (approximately 30 to 50 m in altitude during the last century). The forest expansion coincided with large increases in winter precipitation during the 20th century. In contrast, tree growth rates were significantly positively related to summer temperatures, neither of which increased markedly. The total aboveground biomass decreased from approximately 40 t ha−1 in the closed larch forest to 5 t ha−1 at the tree line. Our study demonstrates that ongoing climatic changes lead to an upslope expansion of forests in the remote Putorana Mountains, which alters the stand structure and productivity of the forest‐tundra ecotone. These vegetation changes are very probably of minor importance for aboveground carbon sequestration, but soil carbon data are needed to estimate the impact of the forest expansion on the total ecosystem carbon storage.
Benefits, Barriers, Sources of Influence, and Prostate Cancer Screening Among Rural Men
Authors: Oliver JoAnn S. , Grindel Cecelia G. , DeCoster Jamie , Ford Cassandra D. , Martin Michelle Y.
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to explore 3 research questions: (1) What are the perceived benefits of screening for prostate cancer (PC)? (2) What are the perceived barriers to screening for PC? and (3) Is there an association with perceived benefits or perceived barriers and participants' reported source of influence related to prostate cancer screening (PCS) decisions?

Design and Sample: A nonexperimental exploratory design was used for the study. Sample included 94 rural‐dwelling male participants aged 40 and older.

Measures: The instruments used included an adapted version of Champion's (1999) revised Health Belief Model scale and a researcher‐developed demographic and PCS patterns form.

Results: Both benefits and barriers were significantly associated with PCS and sources of influence. Health care providers and family were highly reported, at 81.8% and 59.5%, respectively, as sources of influence regarding PCS decisions.

Conclusions: In this primarily African American sample, significant barriers to PCS among rural men were indentifed. PC health education may need to include family, whom study participants highly reported as a source of influence regarding their PCS decisions.
Cultural Contingency in the Cognitive Model of Entrepreneurial Intention
Authors: Siu Wai–sum , Lo Eric Siu–chung
Published: May 2011

This study examines the impact of individualism–collectivism orientation on the cognitive model of entrepreneurial intention in a collectivist environment (i.e., China). Using a sample of 204 MBA students from China and Hong Kong, we investigate the moderating effect of self–construal on the relationship between perceptual factors and entrepreneurial intention. The results show that the strength of perceived social norms in predicting entrepreneurial intention depends on interdependent self–construal. The resulting nonsignificance of personal attitude contradicts findings reported in individualist contexts. This study develops a sound theory to explain the cultural contingency in the cognitive model of entrepreneurial intention.
Phase Transition, Electrical Properties, and Temperature‐Insensitive Large Strain in BiAlO3‐Modified Bi0.5(Na0.75K0.25)0.5TiO3 Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramics
Authors: Ullah Aman , Ahn Chang Won , Hussain Ali , Lee Sun Young , Kim Ill Won
Published: May 2011

Lead‐free piezoelectric (1–x)(Bi0.5(Na0.75K0.25)0.5TiO3)‐xBiAlO3 (BNKT25‐xBA, x = 0–0.100) ceramics were synthesized using a conventional solid‐state reaction method. The effect of BA addition into the BNKT25 ceramics was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, dielectric and ferroelectric characterizations, and electric field‐induced strain. X‐ray diffraction revealed a phase transition from a tetragonal to a pseudocubic phase at x = 0.050. As the BA content increased, the maximum dielectric constant as well as the depolarization temperature (Td) decreased. The polarization and strain hysteresis loops indicate that the addition of BA significantly disrupts the ferroelectric order of the BNKT25 ceramics leading to a degradation of the remanent polarization and coercive field. However, the destabilization of the ferroelectric order is accompanied by a significant enhancement in the unipolar strain which peaks at x = 0.025 with a value of ~0.29%, which corresponds to a normalized strain, d*33 (=Smax/Emax) of 484 pm/V. It was observed that the unipolar strain of 0.025xBA is fairly temperature‐insensitive up to 150°C, even at 130°C the d*33 is as large as ~415 pm/V.
Preparation and Characterization of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3−δ (LSM) Thin Films and LSM/LSCF Interface for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Choi Jong‐Jin , Qin Wantao , Liu Mingfei , Liu Meilin
Published: May 2011

Uniform, dense, and conformal coatings of (La,Sr)MnO3−δ (LSM) have been successfully deposited on a silicon wafer and a dense (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3−δ (LSCF) substrate using a stable LSM sol consisting of metal acetate and nitrate precursors dissolved in a mixed organic solvent of 2‐methoxyethanol and acetic acid with enhanced wettability. The processing conditions are optimized for precise control of composition, morphology, microstructure, and thickness of the LSM films to examine the microstructure and chemical stability of an LSM film as a catalytic coating for an LSCF cathode. The thicknesses of the LSM films are controlled within the range of 5–60 nm by spin‐coating of LSM sol with different concentrations. The LSM films grow epitaxially on the LSCF substrate grains after annealing at 800°C for 1 h due to their structural similarity. The LSM coatings show good stability on LSCF substrates and may suppress strontium oxide segregation on LSCF surface during annealing at 850°C for 900 h, implying that LSM‐coated LSCF surfaces have better structural and chemical stability under typical fuel cell operating conditions.
Kinetics of Oxygen Diffusion into Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors During the Re‐oxidation Process and its Implications on Dielectric Properties
Authors: Kaneda Kazumi , Lee Soonil , Donnelly Niall J. , Qu Weiguo , Randall Clive A. , Mizuno Youichi
Published: May 2011

The re‐oxidation process is an important thermal processing step to minimize oxygen vacancies and to produce a high resistivity and more reliable multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) upon co‐firing with Ni internal electrodes. A model X7R capacitor based on Ho2O3 amphoteric doping is investigated in prototyped multilayer devices. The dielectrics are co‐fired in a standard low pO2 sintering process. The re‐oxidation thermal process of these multilayer devices is then investigated with a series of “in‐situ” impedance measurements. These measurements are performed in a temperature range from 400° to 500°C in air. The relative impedance change is used to determine effective chemical diffusion coefficients and associated activation energy. The electrical conductivity is analyzed to determine properties, such as Schottky barrier height and degradation lifetime, under different re‐oxidation conditions. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are applied to consider the microstructure, microchemistry, and oxygen stoichiometry changes.
Structure and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Solid Solution in SrLaAlO4‐Sr2TiO4 System
Authors: Mao Min Min , Chen Xiang Ming , Liu Xiao Qiang
Published: May 2011

Ceramics in (1−x)SrLaAlO4‐xSr2TiO4 system were synthesized in the entire range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 by a standard solid‐state reaction method. X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed a single solid solution phase Sr1+xLa1−xAl1−xTixO4 with K2NiF4‐type structure. The cell refinement showed the linear variation of lattice parameters a, c, and cell volume. With increasing x, εr increased from 17.6 to 31.0, whereas τf was tuned from −32 to 122 ppm/oC. The Qf value first increased and then decreased with increasing x due to the result of competition balance between the effect of layer mismatch and interlayer polarization. The degradation of Qf value in the vicinity of x = 0.2 could be attributed to the compositional fluctuation and inhomogeneity originated from the positive mixing enthalpy ΔHmix, which could be confirmed by TEM observation. The best combination of microwave dielectric characteristics was achieved at x = 0.4: εr = 18.5, Qf = 95 000 GHz, τf = −8.9 ppm/oC.
Should we recommend hysterectomy more often to premenopausal and climacteric women?
Authors: QVIGSTAD ERIK , LANGEBREKKE ANTON
Published: May 2011

In developed countries, women live on average over 30 years as postmenopausal. In the premenopausal and climacteric period, abnormal uterine bleeding and other symptoms may occur. In addition, endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy, and possible hormone replacement therapy is much more beneficial among women with prior hysterectomy. With this background and the recommended use of minimally invasive surgical techniques, we argue in favor of more liberal hysterectomy practice before and around the menopause. Many will disagree, because for many years we have argued to save the uterus, but considering pros and cons with the patient in focus, we discuss the topic and advertise for studies to support our view.
Activation of p38 MAPK pathway contributes to the melanogenic property of apigenin in B16 cells
Authors: Ye Yan , Wang Hui , Chu Jian‐Hong , Chou Gui‐Xin , Yu Zhi‐Ling
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  We investigated the involvement of MAPK pathways in the melanogenic effect of apigenin in B16 cells. Apigenin treatment for 48 h dose (5–20 μm)‐dependently up‐regulated protein expression levels of microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanogenic enzymes including tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (TRP‐1) and TRP‐2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, without affecting the phosphorylation of JNK or ERK MAPK. Treatment with 10 μm apigenin time (6‐48 h)‐dependently elevated the protein expressions of p‐p38, MITF and melanogenic enzymes. Moreover, PD169316, a selective inhibitor of p38 kinase, suppressed the stimulatory effects of apigenin on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis, which were accompanied by decreased MITF protein expression. In conclusion, apigenin increased melanogenesis in B16 cells, at least in part, by activating the p38 MAPK pathway. The novel findings of this study shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the melanogenic activity of apigenin and suggest that apigenin/its derivatives may be potentially used for treating hypopigmentation disorders.
Murine tyrosinase Inhibitors from Cynanchum bungei and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo depigmenting activity
Authors: Ding Hsiou‐Yu , Chang Te‐Sheng , Shen Hung‐Chang , Tai Sorgan Shou‐Ku
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Two natural acetophenone derivatives, 2,5‐dihydroxyacetophenone (2,5‐DHAP) and 2,6‐DHAP, were purified from Cynanchum bungei and identified as murine tyrosinase inhibitors. Investigation into 2,5‐DHAP showed it to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of murine tyrosinase (KI 0.28 mm). 2,5‐DHAP strongly inhibited both melanogenesis and cellular tyrosinase activity in vitro in 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthin‐stimulated B16 mouse melanoma cells or in vivo in zebrafish and mouse models, but showed no cytotoxicity at the concentrations used. In B16 cells, 2,5‐DHAP inhibition was dose‐dependent and was fourfold greater than that of arbutin. 2,5‐DHAP had no effect on the expression of tyrosinase protein or mRNA, as confirmed by Western blotting and quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. A 2% gel preparation of 2,5‐DHAP applied to the skin of mice significantly increased the average skin‐whitening index (L value), indicating its potential use as a treatment for skin hyperpigmentation in humans.
Implants with an Oxidized Surface Placed Predominately in Soft Bone Quality and Subjected to Immediate Occlusal Loading: Results from a 7‐Year Clinical Follow‐Up
Authors: Glauser Roland
Published: May 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this clinical follow‐up was to document the 7‐year outcome of immediately loaded implants exhibiting an oxidized surface.

Material and Methods: Thirty‐eight patients received a total of 51 implant‐supported fixed prostheses. The restorations were supported by 102 implants, the majority of which were placed in posterior regions (88%) and primarily in soft bone quality (76%). Radiographic examinations were performed at prosthesis insertion, at 1‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups, and annually at the 1‐ through 5‐year follow‐up visits. Marginal peri‐implant soft tissue evaluations were conducted at all these follow‐ups. This report presents the results after at least 7 years of loading.

Results: After 7 years of prosthetic loading, the cumulative implant survival rate was 97.1% and the mean marginal bone remodeling was −1.51 mm (SD 1.00, n = 73) with significantly more initial remodeling at sites having received marginal guided bone regeneration procedures. A low rate of biological and technical complications was detected after 7 years of function. The quantification of intrasulcular plaque sampling showed no significant difference between teeth and implants.

Conclusion: The 7‐year follow‐up data indicate that the introduced immediate loading protocol is a successful treatment alternative also including regions exhibiting soft bone conditions.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—METASTATIC ADRENAL PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN A DOG
Authors: SPALL BENJAMIN , CHEN ANNIE V. , TUCKER RUSSELL L. , LAHMERS KEVIN K. , RIGHTER DANIEL J. , HAYLES JONATHAN
Published: May 2011

A 10‐year‐old Akita mix became acutely paraplegic. Upon magnetic resonance imaging, multiple, slightly T2‐hyperintense, T1‐isointense extradural masses, relative to spinal cord were found in the vertebral canal. The retroperitoneal masses had mixed T2‐signal intensity. The contrast enhancement pattern for the spinal masses was both homogenous and heterogenous. The diagnosis was metastatic pheochromocytoma. Signal intensity of the tumors in this dog was similar to reports of pheochromocytoma in human beings.
Tonsillolithiasis and orofacial pain
Authors: Siber Stjepan , Hat Josip , Brakus Ivan , Biočić Josip , Brajdić Davor , Zajc Ivan , Bošan‐Kilibarda Ingrid , Macan Darko
Published: May 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00456.x
 
Tonsillolithiasis and orofacial pain

Tonsilloliths are rare calcified structures that usually result from chronic inflammation of the tonsils. Concretions show differences in size, shape and colour. They are usually asymptomatic but can be associated with halitosis, foreign body sensation, dysphagia and odynophagia, otalgia, and neck pain. A patient was referred because panoramic radiography performed by a general dentist revealed radiopaque shadows over the ascending rami of the mandible, located bilaterally: a solitary structure on the higher portion of the right side and two small structures on the left side. Paroxysmal attacks of orofacial pain and symptoms such as dysphagia and swallowing pain on the left side distributed within the tonsillar fossa and pharynx and the angle of the lower jaw were present. The computed tomography images revealed bilateral tonsilloliths. Clinically, there was no sign of inflammation, and the patient’s past history revealed an approximately 2‐year history of dysphagia, swallowing pain and left‐sided neck pain. At the request of the patient, no surgical intervention was carried out. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a rare entity, and the aim of this report was to indicate the importance of tonsilloliths as a cause of orofacial pain.
Fabrication of Dense Hydroxyapatite Nanobioceramics with Enhanced Mechanical Properties via Two‐Step Sintering Process
Authors: Lin Kaili , Chen Lei , Chang Jiang
Published: May 2011

Fully dense hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanobioceramics with enhanced mechanical properties were fabricated via two‐step sintering (TSS) process. The effects of sintering parameters on the microstructures and mechanical properties of HAp bioceramics were investigated. The results showed that the grain growth could be effectively suppressed via TSS and the grain size was 193 nm for the samples with 99.02% relative density. Comparing with conventional sintering process, the hardness (4.86 GPa) and fracture toughness (1.18 MPa m1/2) of the dense samples fabricated by TSS were increased about 12% and 57%, respectively. Therefore, TSS provided a facile method to fabricate fully dense HAp nanobioceramics with enhanced mechanical properties.
Ultrasonic Consolidation and Ignition Characteristics of Thermite Composites
Authors: Pillai Suresh Kumar , Hadjiafxenti Anastasia , Doumanidis Charalabos C. , Ando Teiichi , Rebholz Claus
Published: May 2011

The fabrication and characterization of metal‐based energetic composite materials are currently being examined for a range of new applications. A newly developed ultrasonic consolidation process is used for the synthesis of Al/Fe2O3 and Al/Cu2O compacts over a wide range of powder ratios at room temperature. Powder consolidation was achieved by a multistep procedure involving simultaneous application of pressure and ultrasonic vibrations. The observed reaction characteristics of the composites are similar to those of previously reported thermite compacts prepared by a traditional powder metallurgy method.
Germination of Epiphytic Bromeliads in Forests and Coffee Plantations: Microclimate and Substrate Effects
Authors: Hietz Peter , Winkler Manuela , Scheffknecht Susanne , Hülber Karl
Published: May 2011

This study explores whether differences in germination ability shape habitat distributions among closely related epiphytic species, particularly in the context of the ability to colonize disturbed habitats. We compared the germination of three epiphytic bromeliad species differing in their ability to colonize secondary arboreal vegetation in natural forests, and in old and young coffee plantations. We asked if germination is related to their distribution within the canopy and between habitats, and the extent to which the substrate (branch) or microclimate affects germination success. Tillandsia viridiflora, a species that is largely restricted to closed forests, had highest germination success in natural forests, Tillandsia juncea, a pioneer species, germinated best in young coffee plantations, and Tillandsia heterophylla, an intermediate species, equally in forests and young plantations. Surprisingly germination rates of all three species were lowest in old plantations. Bryophyte cover on branches had a positive effect on germination of T. viridiflora and T. heterophylla, but T. juncea germination rates were largely independent of climate and substrate. These results show that germination can limit the ability of species to colonize disturbed habitats and also contributes to within‐canopy distribution.

Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
Role of Plasmapheresis Performed in Hemodialysis Units for the Treatment of Anti‐Neutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody‐Associated Systemic Vasculitides
Authors: Aydin Zeki , Gursu Meltem , Karadag Serhat , Uzun Sami , Tatli Emel , Sumnu Abdullah , Ozturk Savas , Kazancioglu Rumeyza
Published: May 2011

Anti‐neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity is seen in some systemic necrotizing vasculitides. Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis are among the ANCA‐associated systemic vasculitides (AASV) and mortality is very high when renal failure occurs together with alveolar hemorrhage. The role of plasmapheresis in the treatment of these diseases has been studied retrospectively. Twelve patients with AASV who had plasmapheresis together with immunosuppressive medications have been involved. Primary diseases, immunosuppressive protocols, the number of plasmapheresis sessions, the amount of plasma that has been exchanged, urea and creatinine levels before and after treatment, pulmonary findings, the need for hemodialysis, and the outcome of patients were recorded. The mean age of patients was 52.9 ± 18.2 years. Wegener's granulomatosis was diagnosed in seven (58.3%) and microscopic polyangiitis in five (41.7%) patients. All patients had pulse cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone followed by maintenance doses and plasmapheresis. Seven patients had hemodialysis at the beginning, and hemodialysis needed to be continued in three patients. Partial and complete remission was seen in 6 (50%) and 3 (25%) patients, respectively, and pulmonary findings regressed in all patients. End‐stage renal disease develops generally in AASV due to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis causing severe irreversible glomerular damage. The mortality rate rises to 50% in cases of renal failure with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage; therefore, pulse immunosuppressive treatment with plasmapheresis may be life‐saving, as shown in our study.
Pyrone‐Based Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase Types 2 and 3 May Work as Conformation‐Selective Inhibitors
Authors: Durrant Jacob D. , de Oliveira César A. F. , McCammon J. Andrew
Published: May 2011

Matrix metalloproteinases are zinc‐containing enzymes capable of degrading all components of the extracellular matrix. Owing to their role in human disease, matrix metalloproteinase have been the subject of extensive study. A bioinorganic approach was recently used to identify novel inhibitors based on a maltol zinc‐binding group, but accompanying molecular‐docking studies failed to explain why one of these inhibitors, AM‐6, had approximately 2500‐fold selectivity for MMP‐3 over MMP‐2. A number of studies have suggested that the matrix‐metalloproteinase active site is highly flexible, leading some to speculate that differences in active‐site flexibility may explain inhibitor selectivity. To extend the bioinorganic approach in a way that accounts for MMP‐2 and MMP‐3 dynamics, we here investigate the predicted binding modes and energies of AM‐6 docked into multiple structures extracted from matrix‐metalloproteinase molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings suggest that accounting for protein dynamics is essential for the accurate prediction of binding affinity and selectivity. Additionally, AM‐6 and other similar inhibitors likely select for and stabilize only a subpopulation of all matrix‐metalloproteinase conformations sampled by the apo protein. Consequently, when attempting to predict ligand affinity and selectivity using an ensemble of protein structures, it may be wise to disregard protein conformations that cannot accommodate the ligand.
Admission Factors Predicting Family Medicine Specialty Choice: A Literature Review and Exploratory Study Among Students in the Rural Medical Scholars Program
Authors: Avery, Jr Daniel M. , Wheat John R. , Leeper James D. , McKnight Jerry T. , Ballard Brent G. , Chen Jia
Published: May 2011

Purpose: The Rural Medical Scholars Program (RMSP) was created to increase production of rural family physicians in Alabama. Literature review reveals reasons medical students choose careers in family medicine, and these reasons can be categorized into domains that medical schools can address through admission, curriculum, and structural interventions. We examine whether admission factors can predict family medicine specialty choice among students recruited from rural Alabama.

Methods: We developed a questionnaire to study the ability of admission factors to predict family medicine specialty choice among Rural Medical Scholars (RMS). Eighty RMS graduates were surveyed by mail and 64 (80%) responded.

Findings: Student characteristics of humanitarian outlook with commitment to rural or underserved populations, family medicine decision or intention made before or at medical school admission, and community influence were positive associations with RMS choosing family medicine residencies; shadowing in an urban hospital was a negative association.

Conclusions: Statements of interest, intentions, plans, and decisions regarding family medicine should be elicited at the time of RMSP admission interview. Strong attachment to home community and commitment to serving and living in a rural area are also important. Students whose introduction to medicine was informed through shadowing or observing in urban hospitals should be considered less likely to become family physicians. Larger sample size studies are needed to assess the role of gender, race, marital status, size of rural town, and MCAT score of candidates in affecting residency choices of students selected for this rural medical education track.
Group II activators of G‐protein signalling and proteins containing a G‐protein regulatory motif
Authors: Blumer J. B. , Oner S. S. , Lanier S. M.
Published: May 2011

Beyond the core triad of receptor, Gαβγ and effector, there are multiple accessory proteins that provide alternative modes of signal input and regulatory adaptability to G‐protein signalling systems. Such accessory proteins may segregate a signalling complex to microdomains of the cell, regulate the basal activity, efficiency and specificity of signal propagation and/or serve as alternative binding partners for Gα or Gβγ independent of the classical heterotrimeric Gαβγ complex. The latter concept led to the postulate that Gα and Gβγ regulate intracellular events distinct from their role as transducers for cell surface seven‐transmembrane span receptors. One general class of such accessory proteins is defined by AGS proteins or activators of G‐protein signalling that refer to mammalian cDNAs identified in a specific yeast‐based functional screen. The discovery of AGS proteins and related entities revealed a number of unexpected mechanisms for regulation of G‐protein signalling systems and expanded functional roles for this important signalling system.
Aberrant Upregulation of Astroglial Ceramide Potentiates Oligodendrocyte Injury
Authors: Kim SunJa , Steelman Andrew J. , Zhang Yumin , Kinney Hannah C. , Li Jianrong
Published: May 2011

Oligodendroglial injury is a pathological hallmark of many human white matter diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Critical regulatory mechanisms of oligodendroglia destruction, however, remain incompletely understood. Ceramide, a bioactive sphingolipid pivotal to sphingolipid metabolism pathways, regulates cell death in response to diverse stimuli and has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We report here that ceramide accumulates in reactive astrocytes in active lesions of MS and PVL, as well as in animal models of demyelination. Serine palmitoyltransferase, the rate‐limiting enzyme for ceramide de novo biosynthesis, was consistently upregulated in reactive astrocytes in the cuprizone mouse model of demyelination. Mass spectrometry confirmed the upregulation of specific ceramides during demyelination, and revealed a concomitant increase of sphingosine and a suppression of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate, a potent signaling molecule with key roles in cell survival and mitogenesis. Importantly, this altered sphingolipid metabolism during demyelination was restored upon active remyelination. In culture, ceramide acted synergistically with tumor necrosis factor, leading to apoptotic death of oligodendroglia in an astrocyte‐dependent manner. Taken together, our findings implicate that disturbed sphingolipid pathways in reactive astrocytes may indirectly contribute to oligodendroglial injury in cerebral white matter disorders.