bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive review on zircon (U–Pb) geochronology, geochemistry and geological significance of granite rocks, provenance, tectonic implications, exhumation history, current status, and perspectives
Authors: Nazir Nusrat , Ayyamperumal Ramamoorthy , Majeed Khawaja Umair , Zhang Chengjun
Published: June 2022

The mineralization in this area is more closely related to the shoshonitic Niuxinshan meddling complex (NIC), which helps to depict concurrent edge magmatism metallogeny. In the present investigation, new geochronological and geochemical data are combined with previously disseminated isotopic data from granitic rocks in the NIC to establish the situation of the region's structural setting change and determine its bearing on territorial metallogeny. The new geochronological data suggest that structural change could have occurred between 155 and 185 Ma. The granitic rocks of the NIC can be geochemically divided into two groups. The geochemical signature of one group displays high rare earth element (REE) designs with irrelevant Eu anomalies, lower Yb, higher Sr, and negative Nb–Ta–Ti (NTT) abnormalities, demonstrating a volcanic‐curve climate with a thickened outside layer in a focalized setting. The other group has level REE designs with obvious regrettable Eu anomalies, higher Yb, lower Sr, and moderate NTT anomalies, indicating an intra‐plate extensional climate with a decreasing outside. According to geochronologic and isotopic data, the mineralization is Late Jurassic (155 Ma). This has been deciphered to be hereditarily associated with the crystallization of the complex's shallow crustal‐sourced bits. In addition, a structural model is presented that provides a possible explanation for the abundant polymetallic mineralization that occurs in the northern margin of the NCC after 155 Ma.
Computational mechanistic studies on persulfate assisted p‐phenylenediamine polymerization
Authors: Abdullayev Yusif , Rzayev Ramil , Autschbach Jochen
Published: June 2022

p‐Phenylenediamine (p‐PDA) is a monomer of many important polymers such as kevlar, twaron, poly‐p‐PDA. Most of the noticed polymers formation is initiated by a free‐radical, but their polymerization mechanism is not elucidated computationally. The proposed study helps to fully understand the frequently utilized initiator/oxidant, potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) role in the aromatic diamines polymerization, which support experimental protocols, and a polymer scope. The formation of the poly‐p‐PDA is studied with the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP‐D3 functional using experimental polymerization parameters (0°C and aqueous media). K2S2O8 initiated free‐radical polymerization of p‐PDA is studied in detail, taking into account sulfate free‐radical (SO4−)·, SFR, persulfate anion (S2O8)2−, PA and K2S2O8 cluster, PP. The reaction mechanism is calculated as the conversion of p‐PDA to free‐radical, the p‐PDA free‐radical attack to the next p‐PDA (dimerization), ammonia extrusion from the dimer adduct, the dimer adduct conversion to the free‐radical (completion of p‐PDA polymerization cycle) for the polymer chain elongation. Calculations show that the dimerization step is the rate‐limiting step with a 29.2 kcal/mol energy barrier when SFR initiates polymerization. In contrast, the PA‐assisted dimerization energy barrier is only 12.7 kcal/mol. PP supported polymerization is calculated to have very shallow energy barriers completing the polymerization cycle, i.e., dimerization (TS2K, ∆G‡ = 11.6 kcal/mol) and ammonia extrusion (TS3K, ∆G‡ = 6.7 kcal/mol).
Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Predict Ki67 Discordance Between Core Needle Biopsy and Surgical Samples
Authors: Wei Wenjuan , Ji Yinan , Tang Zhi , Huang Xiangyang , Zhang Wei , Luo Ningbin
Published: June 2022

Background

Disagreement in assessments of Ki67 expression based on core‐needle biopsy and matched surgical samples complicates decisions in the treatment of breast cancer.

Purpose

To examine whether preoperative breast MRI could be useful in predicting Ki67 discordance between core‐needle biopsy and surgical samples.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Three hundred and sixty‐five breast cancer patients with MRI scans and having both core‐needle biopsy and surgical samples from 2017 to 2019.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T, T2‐weighted iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation sequence, diffusion‐weighted sequence using b‐values 0/1000, dynamic contrast enhanced image by volume imaged breast assessme NT.

Assessment

We collected clinicopathologic variables and preoperative MRI features (tumor size, lesion type, shape of mass, spiculated margin, internal enhancement, peri‐tumoral edema, intra‐tumoral necrosis, multifocal/multicentric, apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC] minimum, ADC mean, ADC maximum, ADC difference).

Statistical Tests

K‐means clustering, multivariable logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

Sixty‐one patients showed Ki67 discordance and 304 patients show Ki67 concordance according to our definition using K‐means clustering. Multivariable regression analysis showed that the following parameters were independently associated with Ki67 discordance: peri‐tumoral edema, odds ratio (OR) 2.662, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.432–4.948; ADCmin ≤ 0.829 × 10−3 mm2/sec, OR 2.180, 95% CI 1.075–4.418; and ADCdiff > 0.317 × 10−3 mm2/sec, OR 3.365, 95% CI 1.698–6.669. This multivariable model resulted in an AUC of 0.758 (95% CI 0.711–0.802) with sensitivity and specificity being 0.803 and 0.621, respectively.

Conclusion

Presence of peri‐tumoral edema, smaller ADCmin and greater ADCdiff in preoperative breast MRI may indicate high risk of Ki67 discordance between core‐needle biopsy and surgical samples. For patients with these MRI‐based risk factors, clinicians should not rely on Ki67 assessment only from core‐needle biopsy.
Magnetization Transfer BOOST Noncontrast Angiography Improves Pulmonary Vein Imaging in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Rashid Imran , Ginami Giulia , Nordio Giovanna , Fotaki Anastasia , Neji Radhouene , Alam Harith , Pushparajah Kuberan , Frigiola Alessandra , Valverde Israel , Botnar René M. , Prieto Claudia
Published: June 2022

Background

Cardiac MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Gadolinium‐based contrast agents are often needed to overcome flow‐related and off‐resonance artifacts that can impair the quality of conventional noncontrast 3D imaging. As serial imaging is often required in CHD, the development of robust noncontrast 3D MRI techniques is desirable.

Purpose

To assess the clinical utility of noncontrast enhanced magnetization transfer and inversion recovery prepared 3D free‐breathing sequence (MTC‐BOOST) compared to conventional 3D whole heart imaging in patients with CHD.

Study type

Prospective, image quality.

Population

A total of 27 adult patients (44% female, mean age 30.9 ± 14.8 years) with CHD.

Field Strength/Sequence

A 1.5 T; free‐breathing 3D MTC‐BOOST sequence.

Assessment

MTC‐BOOST was compared to diaphragmatic navigator‐gated, noncontrast T2 prepared 3D whole‐heart imaging sequence (T2prep‐3DWH) for comparison of vessel dimensions, lumen‐to‐myocardium contrast ratio (CR), and image quality (vessel wall sharpness and presence and type of artifacts) assessed by two experienced cardiologists on a 5‐point scale.

Statistical Tests

Mann–Whitney test, paired Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, Bland–Altman plots. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

MTC‐BOOST significantly improved image quality and CR of the right‐sided pulmonary veins (PV): (CR: right upper PV 1.06 ± 0.50 vs. 0.58 ± 0.74; right lower PV 1.32 ± 0.38 vs. 0.81 ± 0.73) compared to conventional T2prep‐3DWH imaging where the PVs were not visualized in some cases due to off‐resonance effects. MTC‐BOOST demonstrated resistance to degradation of luminal signal (assessed by CR) secondary to accelerated or turbulent flow conditions. T2prep‐3DWH had higher image quality scores than MTC‐BOOST for the aorta and coronary arteries; however, great vessel dimensions derived from MTC‐BOOST showed excellent agreement with standard T2prep‐3DWH imaging.

Data Conclusion

MTC‐BOOST allows for improved contrast‐free imaging of pulmonary veins and regions characterized by accelerated or turbulent blood flow compared to standard T2prep‐3DWH imaging, with excellent agreement of great vessel dimensions.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Outcomes in elderly Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease. A report from the Optimal Thromboprophylaxis in Elderly Chinese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ChiOTEAF) registry
Authors: Kotalczyk Agnieszka , Guo Yutao , Fawzy Ameenathul M. , Wang Yutang , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: June 2022

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are closely related; CAD may precede or complicate the clinical course of AF.

Objective

To evaluate the impact of CAD on clinical outcomes among elderly Chinese AF patients.

Methods

The ChiOTEAF registry is a prospective registry conducted in 44 sites from 20 provinces in China between October 2014 and December 2018. Primary outcome was the composite of all‐cause mortality/any thromboembolism (TE)/major bleeding/acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Results

The eligible cohort for this analysis included 6403 individuals (mean age 74.8 ± 10.7; 39.2% female); of these, 3058 (47.8%) had a history of CAD. On multivariate analysis, CAD was independently associated with a higher odds ratio for ACS (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.12–3.52) without a significant impact on other adverse outcomes. Independent variables associated with the composite outcome among CAD patients were: (i) the use of OAC (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.42–0.72), age (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.08–1.11), heart failure (OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.51–2.50), prior ischemic stroke (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.02–1.64), chronic kidney disease (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.32–2.22), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.06–1.89).

Conclusions

AF patients with CAD were at an increased risk of developing ACS but there was no significant difference in the composite outcome, all cause death, cardiovascular death, thromboembolic events or major bleeding compared to the non‐CAD group. OAC use was inversely associated with adverse events, yet their uptake was poor in the AF‐CAD population.
Cosmos white rot: First characterization, physiology, host range, disease resistance, and chemical control
Authors: Jahan Rebeka , Siddique Shaikh S. , Jannat Rayhanur , Hossain Md. Motaher
Published: June 2022

A new disease of Cosmos sulphureus Cav. causing external and internal stem discoloration, premature death, and wilting was observed in 27.8% of plants with an average disease severity rating of 4.4 in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Morphological, pathological, and molecular analyses identified the isolated fungus as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, the causative agent of white rot disease. The optimum growth and sclerotium formation of S. sclerotiorum occurred at 20°C and pH 5.0, while glucose, peptone, yeast extract, casein, and ascorbic acid were the appropriate nutrient sources. Furthermore, mycelial growth and sclerotial development were favored in media containing potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium. As many as 20 plant species of 10 families; Calendula officinalisi, Chrysanthemum indicum, Catharanthus roseus, Solanum tuberosum, S. lycopersicum, S. melongena, Capsicum annum, Lablab purpureus, Phaseolus vulgari, Lens culinaris, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, Daucus carota, Raphanus sativus, Brassica juncea, Punica granatum, Spinacia oleracea, Ipomoea batatas, Ipomoea aquatica, and Elaeocarpus serratus were identified as the new hosts of the pathogen in Bangladesh. None of the C. sulphureus and Cosmos bipinnatus germplasms screened were genetically resistant to the pathogen. Among the tested fungicides, Autostin 50 WDG (carbendazim) and Rovral (Dicarboxamide) were most inhibitory to the fungus, while Autostin 50 WDG provided an efficient control of the pathogen in vivo up to 15 days after spray. The acquired results on characterization, physiology, host range, resistance, and fungicidal control of the pathogen could be valuable for effectively managing cosmos white rot in the field.
Investigation of elasticity problem for the radially inhomogeneous transversely isotropic sphere
Authors: Аkhmedov Natiq K. , Yusubova Sevinj М.
Published: June 2022

The axisymmetric problem of the theory of elasticity for the radially heterogeneous transverse‐isotopic nonclosed spheres is studied, which does not contain any of the poles 0 and π. The elasticity modules are taken as the linear functions of the radius of the sphere. It is assumed that the lateral surface of the sphere is free from stresses, and in the conical sections, the arbitrary stresses are set that provide equilibrium for the sphere. After consideration of the homogeneous boundary conditions, set on the lateral surfaces of the sphere, the characteristic equation for the spectral parameter is obtained. On the basis of the asymptotic analysis, a classification of the roots of the characteristic equation is made relatively small parameter that characterizes the thickness of the sphere. Corresponding asymptotic solutions are constructed depending on the roots of the characteristic equation. The behavior of the constructed solutions is studied in the internal parts of the sphere, as well as in the neighborhood of the conical sections.
State of the art of nuclear transfer technologies for assisting mammalian reproduction
Authors: Gambini Andrés , Briski Olinda , Canel Natalia Gabriela
Published: June 2022

The transfer of nuclear genomic DNA from a cell to a previously enucleated oocyte or zygote constitutes one of the main tools for studying epigenetic reprogramming, nucleus–cytoplasm compatibility, pluripotency state, and for genetic preservation or edition in animals. More than 50 years ago, the first experiences in nuclear transfer began to reveal that factors stored in the cytoplasm of oocytes could reprogram the nucleus of another cell and support the development of an embryo with new genetic information. Furthermore, when the nuclear donor cell is an oocyte, egg, or a zygote, the implementation of these technologies acquires clinical relevance for patients with repeated failures in ART associated with poor oocyte quality or mitochondrial dysfunctions. This review describes the current state, scope, and future perspectives of nuclear transfer techniques currently available for assisting mammal reproduction.
Direct comparison of gradient Fidelity and acoustic noise of the same MRI system at 3 T and 0.75 T
Authors: Dillinger Hannes , Kozerke Sebastian , Guenthner Christian
Published: June 2022

Purpose

To analyze the difference between gradient fidelity and acoustic noise of the same MRI scanner operated at product field strength (3 T) and lower field strength (0.75 T).

Methods

Gradient modulation transfer functions (GMTFs) were measured using a four‐slice 2D phase‐encoded chirp‐based sequence on the same scanner operated at 3 T and, following ramp‐down, at 0.75 T with identical gradient specifications (40 mT/m, 200 T/m/s). Calibrated audio measurements were performed at both field strengths to correlate audio spectra with GMTFs.

Results

While eddy currents were independent of field strength, mechanical resonances were substantially decreased at lower field, resulting in a reduction of GMTF distortions by up to 95% (88% on average) at the mechanical resonances of the gradient system. Audio spectra amplitudes were reduced by up to 87% when comparing 0.75 T versus 3 T.

Conclusion

Lower static fields lead to reduced Lorentz forces on the gradient coil and, in turn, to reduced mechanical resonances, thereby improving gradient fidelity. Simultaneously, the reduction of acoustic noise may help to improve patient comfort.
Glutamate‐weighted CEST (gluCEST) imaging for mapping neurometabolism: An update on the state of the art and emerging findings from in vivo applications
Authors: Cember Abigail T. J. , Nanga Ravi Prakash Reddy , Reddy Ravinder
Published: June 2022

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. As such, its proper regulation is essential to the healthy function of the human brain, and dysregulation of glutamate metabolism and compartmentalization underlies numerous neurological and neuropsychiatric pathologies. Glutamate‐weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (gluCEST) MRI is one of the only ways to non‐invasively observe the relative concentration and spatial distribution of glutamate in the human brain. In the past 10 years, gluCEST has developed from a proof‐of‐concept experiment carried out in imaging phantoms and model systems to an increasingly sophisticated technique applied to reveal deviations from baseline neural metabolism in human beings, most notably in patients experiencing seizures of various origins or those on the psychosis spectrum. This article traces that progress, including in‐depth discussion of the technical specifics of gluCEST and potential challenges to performing these experiments rigorously. We discuss the neurobiological context of glutamate, including the widely accepted hypotheses and models in the literature regarding its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases and other pathology. We then review the state of the art of in vivo glutamate detection by magnetic resonance imaging and the limitations on this front of in vivo MR spectroscopy. The gluCEST experiment is introduced and its advantages, challenges and limitations are thoroughly explored, beginning with the phantom experiment results demonstrated in the initial publication, through the latest approaches to correcting human brain images for B1 inhomogeneity. We then give a comprehensive overview of preclinical applications demonstrated to date, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Traumatic brain injury and cancer, followed by a similar discussion of human studies. Finally, we highlight emerging applications, and discuss technical improvements on the horizon that hold promise for improving the robustness and versatility of gluCEST and its increasing presence in the arena of translational and precision medicine.
Effect of Doping on Rutile TiO2 Surface Stability and Crystal Shapes
Authors: Gomer Anna , Bredow Thomas
Published: June 2022

Transition‐metal‐(TM‐)doped TiO2 has been considered as promising electrode material for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). OER activity is expected to depend on the coordination of the surface atoms. In this study, we theoretically investigate the stability of low‐index surfaces of TM‐doped rutile, (110), (100), (101) and (001), with 50 % of the Ti atoms substituted by Sc, Y, V, Nb or Ta. For Sc and Y, we also consider models with O vacancies providing the most stable oxidation state of Sc and Y. Surface energies are calculated with DFT(+U). Based on the Gibbs‐Wulff theorem, the shape of the single crystals is predicted. It is observed that p‐doping leads to spontaneous oxygen loss and O vacancies cause surface reconstruction. The Wulff shapes of n‐doped TiO2 have smaller contributions of the (110) facet and, for Nb and Ta, larger contributions of other facets. Given the higher coordinative unsaturation of the TM atoms in the latter, a higher catalytic activity is expected.
Essential oils as natural root‐repellent herbicides for drip irrigation systems
Authors: Balboul Tal , Ophir Amos , Dotan Ana
Published: June 2022

The increasing use of synthetic herbicides in agriculture creates severe ecological and environmental threats. Several essential oils (EOs) (Thymol, Carvacrol, Cinnamaldehyde, and Eugenol) were investigated as natural herbicides, and their potential use as a substitute for synthetic and toxic chemicals for preventing roots intrusion in subsurface drip irrigation systems. To overcome their high volatility and to increase their thermal stability during processing, multiphase hybrid blends based on polymer/nanoclays (NCs) were prepared, enabling control of the EOs migration rate from the final active film. Germination experiments on mash bean seeds in open and closed systems have been conducted to evaluate the EOs efficacy as germination inhibitors. The amount of EO remaining in the films, after processing and for varying timepoints, was determined by UV–Vis spectroscopy through extraction. From these two experiment's results, we identified Thymol as the most effective herbicide. The effects of polymers/Thymol affinity and organoclay polarity were investigated to achieve a slow‐release effect. Linear low‐density polyethylene/polyamide 6 system showed better efficiency compared to the linear low‐density polyethylene in retaining Thymol during processing due to the thermodynamic affinity of the polyamide 6 phase with Thymol. NCs have been found to be nuclear foci during the first thermal process to obtain smaller highly surface voids allowing better absorption of the Thymol during the second thermal processing. NC Cloisite 15A showed better dispersion in the polymer matrix and improved chemical affinity between the nanocomposite and the Thymol. As a result, Thymol's desorption was delayed and a controlled release was obtained. Eventually, it was concluded that Thymol could be a natural and environmentally friendly alternative to the synthetic herbicides and use as root‐repellent agent.
Mesoporous Polydopamine Nanobowls Toward Combined Chemo‐ and Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Acter Shahinur , Jahan Nazneen , Vidallon Mark Louis P. , Teo Boon Mian , Tabor Rico F.
Published: June 2022

To enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects in cancer treatment, multimodal therapies are increasingly desired. In particular, combined chemo‐ and photothermal therapy has been developed as an approach with significantly higher therapeutic efficacy. However, long‐term cytotoxicity arising particularly from poor biodegradability of the nanoparticles typically used for such treatment remains a challenge. In the present in vitro study, a new approach targeted toward cancer treatment that combines chemo‐ and photothermal therapy using bio‐derived polydopamine (PDA) bowl‐shaped mesoporous nanoparticles with exceptional biocompatibility is indicated. The potential of PDA mesoporous nanobowls as a new chemo‐ and photothermal agent was explored by loading the anti‐cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) into nanobowls and investigating their photothermal performance upon near‐infrared (NIR) illumination. Strikingly, DOX loaded nanobowls show significantly higher pharmaceutical cytotoxicity to HeLa cells in vitro in comparison with free DOX due to their preferential uptake into cells. Following this with photothermal treatment resulted in nearly 100% cell death from the combined treatment of DOX loaded nanobowls and NIR illumination. This first step highlights the potential of PDA mesoporous nanobowls as a scaffold for combined chemo‐ and photothermal therapy for cancer treatment that offers new opportunities for combined physicochemical therapies to treat advanced disease states.
Oxidizability Enhancement of Hydroxyl Terminated Polyether Polyurethane Elastomers via Fluoroalcohols Grafting
Authors: Shen Chen , Yan Shi , Sun Xiaole , Tan Yanwei , Ou Yapeng , Jiao Qingjie
Published: June 2022

A series of fluoroalcohol grafted hydroxyl‐terminated polyether (HTPE) polyurethanes (PU) elastomers were synthesized by a two‐step method. The reaction progress was investigated by chemical titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The glass transition temperature (Tg), mechanical properties, morphology, and thermal decomposition behavior were determined for the preliminary analysis of PUs; the oxidizability property was tested by the decomposition of PU/Al composites. The results of mechanical and morphology properties demonstrated that the mechanical strength of modified PU elastomers was effectively improved for microphase separation of the hard segment. The PU film with the optimized fluoroalcohol content shows excellent performance of 17.7 MPa (tensile strength) and 547 % (elongation at break) at room temperature. Analysis of the thermal behaviors suggests that the oxidation ability of the modified PU is enhanced by the strong electronegativity of fluorine. The oxidizing gas HF, CFx, released during fluoroalcohol decomposition reacts with the alumina shell, releasing internal reactive Al, which improves the activity of the aluminum. This study might provide a new idea for utilizing high‐performance polymer binders in composite solid propellants and casting explosives.
The Crystal Transformation of α‐HNIW Coated with Different Coatings
Authors: Li Shengwei , Guo Xueyong , Pan Qi , Wu Chengcheng , Zhang Honglei
Published: June 2022

In this article, varying coatings including rubber binders, plasticizers, and dopamine derivatives have been well coated on the surface of α‐HNIW via the application of water suspension and in‐situ coating method, and the influence of different coatings on the crystal transformation of α‐HNIW has been studied. SEM, DSC, and XRD have been performed for the characterization of the coated α‐HNIW. The results demonstrate that rubber binders have inhibitory effects on the crystal transformation of α‐HNIW, and the inhibitory effect is ranked as NR>BR>EPDM. While the four plasticizers have promoted the crystal transformation of α‐HNIW, and the promoting effect is ranked as DOS>IDP>DOA>RH. Dopamine derivatives have been innovatively used to coat α‐HNIW, which have formed a stable polymer film on the surface of α‐HNIW and result in delayed crystal transformation temperature. In the meanwhile, the inhibitory effect of dopamine derivatives is greater than that of rubber binders with a ranking as PDA>PNE>PLD>POHDA.
Higher efficacy of resveratrol against advanced breast cancer organoids: A comparison with that of clinically relevant drugs
Authors: Ye Hai‐Shan , Gao Hong‐Fei , Li Hong , Nie Jun‐Hua , Li Ting‐Ting , Lu Meng‐Di , Wu Mo‐Li , Liu Jia , Wang Kun
Published: June 2022

The lack of reliable drugs is a therapeutic challenge of advanced breast cancers (ABCs). Resveratrol (Res) exerts inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell lines and animal models, while its efficacy against individual breast cancer cases remains unknown. This study aims to use ABC‐derived organoids (ABCOs) as the ex vivo therapeutic platform to clarify the effectiveness of resveratrol against different ABC subtypes. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that the ABCOs maintained their original tumors' ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 expression patterns. ABCO proliferation and viability tests showed >50% cell death rates in 79.2% (19/24) of Res‐treated, 28.6% (2/7) fulvestrant‐treated, 66.7% (4/6) paclitaxel‐treated, and 66.7% (6/9) gemcitabine‐treated ABCOs. pSTAT3 nuclear translocation was more frequent in Res‐sensitive (17/19; 89.47%) than that (1/5; 20%) of Res‐insensitive ABCOs, which were suppressed upon Res treatment. Statistical analysis revealed a close correlation of STAT3 activation with the efficacy of Res, but not related to tumor receptor expression patterns (ER, PR, HER2) and pathological classification. We demonstrate for the first time the higher efficacy and broader spectrum of Res against different subtypes of ABCOs in comparison with that of conventional antibreast cancer drugs, providing an alternative approach for better management of ABCs.
The cultural dimensions of sustainable development: A cross‐country configurational analysis
Authors: Sedita Silvia Rita , Blasi Silvia , Yang Jiawen
Published: June 2022

Our research emphasizes the need to explore the importance of cross‐country cultural differences in shaping sustainable development. We employ the fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to analyze cross‐national data, focusing on the relationship between Hofstede's six cultural dimensions and the sustainable development goals (SDGs) index of 82 countries worldwide. The empirical evidence sustains that the culture influences the modalities through which countries reach sustainable development. We identified four configurations of cultural dimensions associated with high levels of sustainability performance. The analysis informs that there are mainly two possible configurations: the first is characterized by low power distance (PDI) and high individualism, while the second is characterized by high PDI and low individualism. Given the existence of multiple modalities for reaching the same goal, we derive some policy implications to advise policymakers and governments on how to improve the sustainable development of their countries, taking into consideration their cultural characteristics.
Preparation of pH‐Sensitive Molecularly Imprinted Polymer via Dual‐Monomer for Selective Solid‐Phase Extraction of Ribavirin from Human Urine and Pharmaceutical Samples
Authors: Zafarghandi Setareh Samiei , Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Nezhati Mahshid Nikpour
Published: June 2022

The specific molecularly imprinted polymer for ribavirin was fabricated by using 3‐allyloxy‐1, 2‐propanediol and acrylic acid as the functional monomers, divinylbenzene and N, N’‐methylenebisacrylamide as the cross‐linkers, and azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with an energy dispersive X‐ray analyzer, and thermogravimetric analysis. Several factors affecting the extraction of ribavirin, such as pH, contact time, and temperature were also investigated. The molecularly imprinted polymer indicated high sorption capacity (3.1 mg g−1) for ribavirin, and the adsorption equilibrium was established after 15 min. The adsorption isotherm results could be well described with the Freundlich isotherm model. The linear range was 0.5–80 mg L−1, and recoveries ranging from 93 % to 102 % were achieved. The detection limit of ribavirin was identical at 0.82 μg L−1, and the relative standard deviation was 0.265 %. It was successfully used for ribavirin analysis in human urine and pharmaceutical samples.
Oxidation Behavior and Interfacial Bonding Properties of NiCrAl Alloys
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Song Zhengqi , Li Tinghua , Li Shoubo , You Junheng , Lei Ping , Zhu Donglai , Shang Shanzhai , Zou Jianpeng
Published: June 2022

The oxidation behavior and oxidation kinetics of NiCrAl alloy were studied by XRD, SEM and the thermogravimetric analysis method. The adhesion strength of the films was characterized by micron scratch tester. The results show that the oxide film has not formed at 600 °C and 700 °C, and an oxide layer of Al2O3 has formed at 800 °C. Moreover, an oxide layer composed of Cr2O3 and Al2O3 has formed at 900 °C. After oxidation at 800 °C for 100 h, partial θ‐Al2O3 has transformed to steady‐state α‐Al2O3 and a dense oxide film of Al2O3 with the thickness of about 620 nm has formed on the surface of the NiCrAl alloy. The oxidation kinetics curve of the alloy obeys the parabolic law and there are two oxidation rate constants in the oxidation process. The oxidation rate constant of 1.58×10−4 mg2⋅cm−4⋅h−1 in the early oxidation period (0∼12 h) and the oxidation rate constant of 1.04×10−4 mg2⋅cm−4⋅h−1 in the late oxidation period (12∼100 h) indicate that the oxidation resistance ability of the alloy increases with the extension of oxidation time. With the increase of the oxidation time, the interface bonding strength between the oxide film and the substrate can be improved and reaches 5.21 N at 800 °C for 100 h.
Rheological Characterization of Mixed Aqueous Solutions of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin and Ionic Liquid
Authors: Ma Yingchong , Zheng Huanda , Zheng Laijiu , Wei Ligang , Cai Tao , Zheng Fuer
Published: June 2022

Here we present a rheological study of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EH lignin) in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([C4min]Cl) aqueous solutions. The effects of ionic liquid mass fraction, shear rate and temperature on the viscosity and macromolecular chain configuration of EH lignin / C4min] Cl aqueous solution were studied. The results showed that the viscosity of the aqueous solutions increased with the increase of lignin content. The mass percentages of overlapping and winding, responding to divisions of lignin macromolecules existence state, were varied with changing in the temperature and mass percentages of ionic liquid. Increasing the mass of ionic liquid will significantly change the viscosity of lignin solution. Most of the lignin solutions had shear thinning behavior, suggesting that macromolecular chains of lignin moved with orientation to the fluid, and disentangled under the shear force. The viscosity of lignin solution decreased with the increase of temperature, and the viscosity activation energy increased with the increase of lignin or ionic liquid mass fraction.
Monosaccharide Linked Schiff Base Metal Complexes of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II): Exploring the Antiproliferative Activity and Cell Death Mechanism
Authors: Mondal Shyam Sundar , Jaiswal Namita , Tripathy Rajat Kumar , Bera Partha Sarathi , Chanda Nripen , Behera J. N. , Ghosal Subhas , Saha Tanmoy Kumar
Published: June 2022

Herein, a new type of Schiff base ligand, HSL2 (where HSL2=2,2,7,7‐tetramethyltetrahydro‐3aH‐bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5‐b:4′,5′‐d]pyran‐5‐yl) methyl‐4‐(3,5‐dichloro‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene amino)benzoate) anchored with a monosaccharide unit have been synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and ESI‐MS. The ligand are chelated to metal ions Zn(II) (1), Cu(II) (2), and Mn(II) (3) to from square planar/tetrahedral or octahedral complexes. The DFT studies are carried out to optimize the shapes of the compounds. Moreover, Cu(II) and Mn(II) complexes were also characterized by EPR spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of the complexes was screened towards three different cell lines A549 (lung cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and HT29 (colorectal cancer). These complexes exhibited significant cytotoxicity against three aforementioned cell lines and IC50 values are found in the range of 19.77–23 μM on HeLa cells, 9.42–12.25 μM on A549 cells and 8.84–16 μM on HT29 cells. The cell death mechanism was also studied by employing DNA fragmentation, Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining, and Acridine orange/ Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB) assay. In addition, ROS generation was also evaluated with these metal complexes.
Hydrogen Bonding in 1‐Propanol‐Ethanol Binary Mixture: Experimental and Modeling Approaches
Authors: Swathi P. V. , Abdulkareem U. , Kartha Thejus R , Madhurima V.
Published: June 2022

Hydrogen bonds between the constituent molecules determine the physical properties of binary liquids. In this work, we explore the nature of hydrogen bonding in ethanol‐propanol system through experimental and computational techniques. The refractive index, dielectric spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy along with molecular dynamic simulations of 1‐propanol‐ethanol binary system over the entire concentration range are reported here. The excess static permittivity and excess relaxation time shows the evidence of hydrogen bonded multimer structures. The deconvoluted OH peaks from IR spectra indicate the presence of trimers, tetramers and pentamers. The linear decrease in refractive index indicates the absence of caged structures. Molecular Dynamics simulations confirm the presence of the multimers and the absence of caged structures. Radial distribution function shows the binary mixtures exhibit no structural change throughout the concentration range. We also examine the H‐bonding networks present in these systems via graph theoretic analysis.
Highly Efficient Zn(L‐Pro)2 Catalyst for the Synthesis of 2‐Phenyl Benzimidazoles and 2‐Phenyl Benzothiazoles via Aerobic Oxygenation
Authors: Katla Rakhi , Katla Ramesh , Domingues Nelson Luis C.
Published: June 2022

The synthesis of biologically active 2‐substituted benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles was developed using Zn(L‐Pro)2 as catalyst in ethanol at room temperature in an aerobic oxidative cyclization reaction involving o‐phenylenediamine and 2‐aminothiophenol with various substituted aldehydes. This process offers a quick and eco‐friendly way to synthesize a variety of pharmacologically important benzothiazoles and benzimidazoles.
MnO2@MXene/Carbon Cloth as an Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Jiang Demin , Chen Huina , Xie Hao , Liu Haojia , Zeng Mengyuan , Xie Kun , Wang Yuqiao
Published: June 2022

Hydrophobicity of carbon‐based anodes hinders bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Herein, MnO2@MXene coated carbon cloth (CC) was designed as an anode for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The anode integrated the hydrophilicity and conductivity of MXene with the biocompatibility of MnO2. This unique structure promoted bacterial colonisation and biofilm formation on the anode surface. MnO2@MXene enhanced electricity generation performance and wastewater degradation efficiency owing to the synergistic effect of MXene and MnO2. The MFC achieved a short startup time and an effective extracellular electron transfer process. The MnO2@MXene/CC anode ensured a higher power density and efficient decolourisation in MFCs. The MFC device achieved a high maximum power density of 746.3 mW/m2 and a Congo red decolourisation efficiency of 87.6 % at 48 h. This work offers a potential strategy for the effective degradation of wastewater and recovery of electrical energy.
Modifying the Lithiophilicity of Cu2O/Cu Collector by LiCuO to Restrain Lithium Dendrite Growth
Authors: Zuo Zhongzheng , Huang Xianli , Zhuang Dongmei , Zhao Qiliang , Wang Tao , He Jianping
Published: June 2022

Lithium dendrite growth has long been considered an obstacle to the practical application of lithium metal battery, which could be efficiently suppressed by increasing the lithiophilicity of Cu collector. Therefore, herein we developed a facile way to prepare LiCuO/Cu composite current collector, which shows better wettability with EC/EDC electrolyte than pure Cu2O layer. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that there is a large amount of LiCuO on the surface of the anode. The nucleation overpotential of LiCuO/Cu composite current collector is only 26 mV in the electrodeposition curve. At a current density of 1 mA/cm2, the Li−Cu cell with the as‐prepared LiCuO/Cu anode, can keep more than 85 % Coulombic efficiency for more than 125 cycles. Impedance spectra of electrodes image show that the impedance of LiCuO/Cu composite current collector is only 60 Ω at the initial stage, which can promote the transfer of Li+ at the collector surface and thus inhibit the formation of lithium dendrites on the electrode surface.
Collaborative Strategy of Multifunctional Groups in Trifluoroacetamide Achieving Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Lidan , Li Yong , Zheng Can , Liu Zhike , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning , Wang Dapeng , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: June 2022

The additive strategy is considered to be an effective scheme to purposefully passivate defect sites in perovskite materials. Herein, a small molecule trifluoroacetamide (TFAA) with C═O, −NH2, and F groups is incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution to alleviate the defect densities of the perovskite material from the source, so as to obtain high‐quality FA0.85MA0.15PbI3 perovskite absorber and its assembled photovoltaic devices. Thanks to the interactions of Lewis acid of C═O and undercoordinated Pb2+, N—H and I− via hydrogen bond, and F and FA+ fragments, the nonradiative recombination sites are effectively inhibited, simultaneously promoting the nucleation and grain growth of perovskite. The analysis results demonstrate that the introduction of TFAA additive greatly enhances the crystal quality of bulk perovskite absorber, ameliorates the surface morphology of perovskite film, and improves the extraction and transfer abilities of photogenerated carriers from perovskite absorber. The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on TFAA agent yield a champion power conversion efficiency of 24.16%, 8.3% better than that of the control device (22.31%). More importantly, the modified perovskite film has good harsh humidity stability and the unpackaged PSCs maintain outstanding photovoltaic performance in atmospheric environment, thermal, and light conditions.
In Situ Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metallic Bi Self‐Deposited Bi2SiO5 with Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Performance
Authors: Guan Xiushuai , Zhang Xiaochao , Zhang Changming , Li Rui , Liu Jianxin , Wang Yunfang , Wang Yawen , Fan Caimei , Li Zhong
Published: June 2022

Metal‐modified nanomaterial has been regarded as an effective way to improve its photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Herein, metallic Bi self‐doped Bi2SiO5 composites are successfully in situ synthesized via a simple OH−‐assisted hydrothermal controllable route. The experimental results reveal that 2 mol L−1 NaOH plays two roles in the formation of Bi/Bi2SiO5 composites: 1) increasing the specific surface area through cracking the flower‐like microspheres of Bi2SiO5 with the increase of pH value, 57.92 m2 g−1 (pH = 13), 1.54 times as large as pure Bi2SiO5 (pH = 10); 2) dissolving out the different metallic Bi contents by adjusting the volume of 2 mol L−1 NaOH, achieving the optimum metallic Bi content of about 9.01%. Additionally, combined with experimental data and physicochemical characteristics, the novel mechanism of metallic Bi self‐doped bismuth silicate composites is investigated, and an interesting linear relationship between the metallic Bi with the volume of 2 mol L−1 NaOH is confirmed. The Bi/Bi2SiO5 (pH = 13) sample exhibits the highest CO2 photoreduction activity and stability to CO, more than 2.2 times that of pure Bi2SiO5 (pH = 10), which should be mainly attributed to the surface plasmonic resonance effect of metallic Bi, the strong light absorption ability, and the interfacial interaction between metallic Bi and Bi2SiO5.
Operando Study of Structure Degradation in Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with a TiO2 Photoanode Having Ordered Mesopore Arrays
Authors: Li Nian , Guo Renjun , Oechsle Anna Lena , Reus Manuel A. , Liang Suzhe , Song Lin , Wang Kun , Yang Dan , Allegretti Francesco , Kumar Ajeet , Nuber Matthias , Berger Jan , Bernstorff Sigrid , Iglev Hristo , Hauer Jürgen , Fischer Roland A. , Barth Johannes V. , Müller-Buschbaum Peter
Published: June 2022

Via operando grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering, the degradation mechanisms of solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) using two types of ordered mesoporous TiO2 scaffolds with different pore sizes, and an exemplary dye D205, are investigated. The temporal evolution of the inner morphology shows a strong impact on device performance. The photoinduced dye aggregation on the TiO2 surface leads to an increase in the domain radius but a decreased spatial order of the photoactive layer during the burn‐in stage. This dye aggregation on the TiO2 surface causes the short‐circuit current density loss, which plays a major role in the power conversion efficiency decay. Finally, it is found that a larger surface area in the small‐pore sample yields a faster short‐circuit current density decay as compared with the big‐pore sample. Therefore, a control of dye aggregation and the pore size of TiO2 photoelectrodes is crucial for the stability of TiO2‐based ssDSSCs.
Recent Advances of Carbon Materials in Anodes for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Xingyuan , Li Yuyan , Yin Wei , Lu Xihong
Published: June 2022

Carbon‐based materials have been successfully applied in the zinc ion batteries to improve the energy storage capability and durability of zinc anodes. In this review, four types of carbon materials (conventional carbons, fiber‐like carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene and other 2D carbon materials) are introduced based on the electrode preparation, physicochemical property and battery performance. Several modification strategies are also illustrated, such as heteroatom doping, hierarchical design and metal/carbon composites. Besides the discussion of existing issues of zinc anodes, the structure‐performance relationships are analyzed in depth. Finally, conclusive remarks of this review are summarized and prospects of the future improvement are proposed.
Theories of Motivation and Empowerment in Open, Distance, and Digital Education
Authors: Ng Clarence
Published: June 2022

Motivation instigates and guides learning in open, distance, and digital education (ODDE). It is indispensable to distance learners’ engagement, persistence, and achievement. A lack of motivation is associated with perennial issues such as early dropout and poor performance in ODDE. This chapter provides an introduction to key theoretical perspectives on motivation, including sociocognitive theories, sociocultural theories, and the concept of perezhivanie. Each perspective provides a unique way for understanding and researching motivation in open and distance learning (ODL). Motivation is discussed as personal attributes internal to the distance learner from a sociocognitive perspective. Drawing attention to social processes and contextual influences, sociocultural theories situate motivation in relevant contexts and highlight motivation as a social, interactive, mediated, and evolving construct. The concept of perezhivanie gives prominence to distance learners’ learning experiences and subjective meanings they derived from personally significant experiences in ODL. This perspective pinpoints motivation that is experiential, reflective, and affect-laden. To advance the goal of empowering distance learners to engage and persist in ODL, these theoretical perspectives are important as they underscore empowerment derived from enabling personal attributes (sociocognitive theories), motivating contexts (sociocultural theories), and personally significant experiences (perezhivanie).
Probing sub-GeV leptophilic dark matter at Belle II and NA64
Authors: Liang Jinhan , Liu Zuowei , Yang Lan
Published: June 2022

Abstract

An analysis is given of the Belle II sensitivities and NA64 constraints on the sub-GeV Dirac dark matter that interacts with charged leptons. We consider two different types of interactions between sub-GeV Dirac dark matter and the charged leptons: the EFT operators and the light vector mediators. We compute the Belle II mono-photon sensitivities on sub-GeV dark matter with 50 ab−1 data which are expected to be accumulated in the full Belle II runs. Although the Belle II mono-photon sensitivities on the EFT operators are of similar size as the LEP constraints, Belle II can probe new parameter space of the light vector mediator models that are unexplored by LEP. For both the EFT operators and the light vector mediator models, the Belle II mono-photon sensitivities can be several orders of magnitude stronger than the current dark matter direct detection limits, as well as the white dwarf limits. The light vector mediator can also be directly searched for by reconstructing the invariant mass of its di-lepton decay final states at Belle II, which is found to be complementary to the mono-photon channel. We compute the NA64 constraints on the sub-GeV Dirac dark matter and provide analytic expressions of the dark matter cross section in the Weizsäcker-Williams approximation, for the EFT operators, and for the light vector mediator models. We find that the current NA64 data (with 2.84 × 1011 electron-on-target events) provide strong constraints on sub-GeV dark matter. Although the NA64 constraints are found to be about one order of magnitude smaller than the Belle II sensitivities for the EFT operators, NA64 can probe some regions of the parameter space in the light vector mediator models that are beyond the reach of Belle II. We also find that Belle II and NA64 can probe the canonical dark matter annihilation cross section in thermal freeze-out in a significant portion of the parameter space of the models considered.