bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empirical Relationships Among Five Types of Well-Being
Authors: Margolis Seth , Schwitzgebel Eric , Ozer Daniel J. , Lyubomirsky Sonja
Published: April 2021

Philosophers, psychologists, economists, and other social scientists continue to debate the nature of human well-being. The authors argue that this debate centers around five main conceptualizations of well-being: hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, desire fulfillment, eudaimonia, and non-eudaimonic objective list well-being. Although each type of well-being is conceptually different, this chapter addresses the question of whether they are empirically distinguishable. The authors first developed and validated a measure of desire fulfillment and then examined associations between this new measure and several other well-being measures. In addition, they explored associations among all five types of well-being and found high correlations among all measures of well-being. However, correlations generally did not approach unity even when correcting for unreliability. Furthermore, correlations between well-being and related constructs (e.g., demographics, personality) depended on the type of well-being measured. The authors conclude that empirical findings based on one type of well-being measure may not generalize to all types of well-being.
Inner Peace as a Contribution to Human Flourishing
Authors: Xi Juan , Lee Matthew T.
Published: April 2021

Although philosophers and theologians have emphasized the centrality of inner peace for the good life, this concept has not generally been included in research on human flourishing. The authors argue that inner peace contributes to a more complete form of flourishing for both religious and secular people. They then propose a new instrument, the Inner Peace Scale, to measure inner peace, and they provide an initial psychometric evaluation of the instrument based on five empirical studies. The authors distinguish their scale from related measures, such as contentment, serenity, or tranquility. Engagement with literature from the social sciences and the humanities, along with the authors’ research findings, suggest that inner peace is comprised of three dimensions: acceptance of loss, transcendence of hedonism and materialism, and inner balance and calmness. Greater attention to the dimension of transcending hedonism and materialism may prove especially helpful in advancing the field, particularly in consumeristic societies.
The UN Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: What Does It Mean in International Law?
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Wieland Raoul
Published: April 2021

Between 2016 and 2018 the international community, under the auspices of the United Nations, adopted two new instruments, both entitled Compacts: the Global Compact on Refugees and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. This chapter examines the consequences of the adoption of the migration compact in international law. The issue has been much disputed, not least by the US authorities which encouraged (unsuccessfully) states not to adopt the instrument because of Global Migration Compact capacity to contribute to the establishment of new international law norms. In our view, the Compact is capable of aiding the interpretation of existing international human rights conventions as regards their application to migrants.
Introduction
Authors: LiVecche Marc
Published: April 2021

The introduction provides an overview of the book’s content. Opening with an illustration attending the issue of killing in war, it gestures toward the important link between killing and psychic trauma. To interrogate this linkage, it introduces critical distinctions between different kinds of killing, divergent warfighter attitudes toward killing, various Christian responses to killing and war, and between moral injury and posttraumatic stress disorder. Because it endorses a definition of moral injury as a psychic trauma that occurs when one does something that transgresses a deeply held moral norm, it stresses a critical understanding of the difference between grief and guilt and posits an important distinction between “moral injury” and what it terms “moral bruising.” To elaborate on these distinctions, it introduces the just war tradition as a Christian realist perspective best able to help warfighters navigate the morally bruising battlefield without becoming irreparably injured morally.
The Lonely Flame
Authors: Strasburg James D.
Published: April 2021

This chapter surveys how the American Protestant ecumenical leader Stewart Winfield Herman, Jr., responded to the Nazi regime while serving as a pastor in Berlin from 1936 to 1941. Through an examination of Herman’s views of Hitler, the German Church Struggle, and Nazi persecution of the Jews, it weighs just how conflicted American Protestants, including leading Protestant ecumenists, proved on these matters. Based in the Nazi capital, Herman in particular captured the uncertain mind of American Protestants on German affairs. In Berlin, Herman expressed caution about Nazi totalitarianism, yet he still proved open to some of Hitler’s aims of national renewal and voiced his support of the German leader. He also hesitated to support the Confessing Church at first, fearing that the movement might cause enduring ecclesial schism. Finally, when Berlin’s Jews came to Herman seeking aid, anti-Judaism and Christian antisemitism led him and other Americans to be slow to offer their help. Overall, Herman’s interwar record illustrates how Protestant ecumenists were far from monolithic or fixed in their views of their era’s challenges. As their witness fractured, they struggled to meaningfully counteract Nazi fascism.
For Christ and Country
Authors: Strasburg James D.
Published: April 2021

The Second World War marked a landmark moment of transition for both ecumenical and evangelical Protestants in the United States. The arrival of war in December 1941 emboldened both groups of Protestants to make the case not only for armed intervention abroad but also for spiritual intercession. The pacifist isolationism of Protestant ecumenists faded as they embraced the Christian realism of Reinhold Niebuhr and called for a new “American Century” of Protestant and democratic values. Meanwhile, fueled by an apocalyptic militarism, American fundmenatlists sought to use the war to reclaim a more prominent role in American politics and foreign affairs. As both groups of American Protestants mobilized “for Christ and country,” they also began to outline competing missions to remake the world, and above all Germany, out of the ruins of war.
Silenced Registers of Ethnomusicological Academic Labor under Neoliberalism
Authors: Hofman Ana
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores ethnomusicology as knowledge-production labor in contexts of neoliberal institutions. By discussing some important (and often silenced) aspects of knowledge production, it aims to demonstrate how the transformation of material conditions of academic labor, commodification, and precarization radically reconfigure a praxis of collaborative research. The chapter strives to demonstrate how the claims for alternative knowledge production cannot be made without addressing the structural mechanisms behind neoliberalization of academia, by addressing the following questions: How do current transformations of labor and material conditions for scholars reshape the public-oriented scholarship and the praxis of “applied ethnomusicology”? How can we discuss a more diverse, critical, and impactful future for ethnomusicology in the sense of the “self-transformation” and “self-emancipation” of the discipline as institutional practice and academic labor?
Changing Praxis and Ethical Practice
Authors: Seeger Anthony
Published: April 2021

Performances of specific meaningful music and dance are often integral parts of emergent national and transnational social processes. Conflict within and between groups, nostalgia for lost homes and families, reactions to changing climate and damage to ecosystems, and adaptation to new circumstances all can find their expression and magnification in music and dance. Although such horrors are not new, ethnomusicologists have become increasingly aware of the conflicts surrounding the musical traditions they study and become increasingly involved in community engagement with the issues themselves. While ethnomusicological research and community intervention may seem laudable and obvious, practitioners need to be careful to evaluate what effect their activities have on local circumstances and on our research and understanding of music and of the social processes of which it is a part. The practical, ethical, and theoretical challenges of changing praxis in the study of music require careful ethnographic study and honest reporting. We are not the first field to face these challenges, however. Anthropologists and folklorists have been involved in many similar issues since the nineteenth century. This chapter focuses on the challenges, successes, and failures in the field of applied anthropology in the United States and Brazil over the past century in order to highlight the ethical challenges and practical implications of this history for activism and community engagement in music and dance. The implications of this history for success or failure of musical projects may be very important for understanding current applied music projects and forging recommendations for the future.
“How Is That Going to Help Anyone?”
Authors: Shao Oliver Y.
Published: April 2021

Scholarly knowledge about music has the potential to transform the ways individuals and groups think about and act towards pressing issues of concern. Writing primarily about the music and suffering of others, however, may not offer a wholly adequate form of reciprocity for people living in difficult situations. Is it possible to engage in ethnomusicological research that advances knowledge about music, produces theoretical innovation, addresses immediate social needs, and transforms oppressive conditions? In this chapter, I offer insights on possible ways to achieve these outcomes through discussing the workings of a collaborative ethnomusicological approach that merges critical analysis with activist research. I demonstrate how this approach works in practice through reflecting on and examining research activities from a social campaign aimed at reinstating meaningful religious activities carried out by members of Dinka Christian communities living in the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya. I also reflect on the wider role that a critically oriented activist ethnomusicology can offer in transforming the debilitating conditions of encampment. This chapter thus adds to the growing number of ethnomusicologists engaging in and writing about the benefits and challenges of activist research at a time when there is an urgent need to create a more just world.
On Not Knowing
Authors: Muller Carol Ann , Öhman Nina C.
Published: April 2021

The Department of Music of the University of Pennsylvania has an ongoing research partnership with several faith-based organizations in the Philadelphia area. At the core of this partnership, ethnomusicology professors are leading academically based community service (ABCS) classes in which students engage with local Christian and Islamic communities in order to produce ethnographic films that document the history and musical practices of these communities. The chapter discusses the authors’ experiences in ABCS work, with a focus on gospel music research projects and studies of the relationship between music, spirituality, and Islam. A second project explored the ways in which young members of an Islamic community partnership organization engaged with hip-hop culture. The process described can be best characterized by an idea of “creative uncertainty.” Drawing on growing literature in visual arts that takes the position of “not knowing” as a strategy of engagement, the authors suggest that the production of community research through principles and processes of academically based community service and engagement are best served if researchers know how little they know, and are humbly open to what they might learn, while willing to share expertise they may have to jointly create narratives of community history and belonging in dialogue with members of neighborhood faith-based organizations.
Light—as a Feather
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

On lists of optics “firsts,” sometimes Scottish scientist James Gregory was the first to use a diffraction grating, in 1673. Instead of making one himself, or having it constructed by others (as Thomas Young or David Rittenhouse later did) he simply used a bird feather, observing the splitting of white light into different colors when it passed through the nearly-indentical and equally-spaced barbs. But is this an accurate statement? How did he come to experiment with feathers, what was he hoping to find, and how well did he understand the phenomena he observed? How should we properly calassigy Gregory’s experiment?
Sacred Sun
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

Stylized drawings and carvings of the sun from long ago, from all around the world, often have apparently extraneous rays and circles associated with them. These make for esthetically pleasing graphics, but might they not also be that these added features represent actual optical phenomena associated with the sun? Arcs and circles associated with refraction through and reflection from ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere are well known and characterized, and may be the explanation behind the images. That these depictions are associated with religious imagery also implies that there is something special and out of the ordinary about the depiction.
Fiat Lux!
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

The Book of Genesis famously opens with God ordering “Let there be Light!” as the first step in the Creation. This stands in contrast to most of the creation myths of other cultures, which do not begin with the creation of light. What is the significance of this? Is it meant to be taken literally (so that God can see what He is doing and Creation is visible to all), or metaphorically (that is, is light meant to stand for Knowledge, Wisdom, or Understanding)? Do any other cultures also start things off with the creation of light?
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Light
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

The notion has made its way into the public consciousness that there is a mystery about how the ancient Egyptians could have provided light deep in their rock-cut tombs for artisans who carved and painted the rock to work by. There is no evidence, this theory says, of soot or other residue from torches on the ceilings. Did the ancient Egyptians use electric lights? Or did they use a series of cascaded mirrors to direct light into tombs? In a similar vein, did the classical Roman Baths of Caracalla have mirrors to direct light into them?
Fluorescent Paint before Day-Glo
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

The principles of fluorescence were discovered and worked out by the middle of the nineteenth century. Yet the discovery of fluorescent paint—at least according to internet sites and some books —did not occur until the 1930s. The Switzer brothers developed fluorescent paints while one of them had enforced inactivity while recuperating from an injury. This much is true, but surely, with all the facts of fluorescence available, someone must have made fluorescent paints before mthe SWitzers. This essay looks into those early efforts, and shows how what the Switzers did was different.
Introduction
Authors: Gorey Matthew M.
Published: April 2021

This introduction provides an overview of past scholarship on the subject of Lucretian allusions in Virgil’s Aeneid, identifying three broad camps of interpretation: (1) studies that focus on the stylistic implications of allusions to Lucretius, (2) attempts to claim the Aeneid as an Epicurean poem, and (3) investigations of adversarial allusions to Lucretian philosophy. Within this third category, previous studies have focused largely on polemical allusions to Lucretius in which Virgil inverts or displaces the original philosophical content, while in many cases neglecting allusions that engage with the philosophy of the source text. This book aims to fill these gaps by providing a global reading of allusions to Lucretian atomism and cosmology in the Aeneid, with a focus upon imagery that evokes Epicurean atomism.
Edward Snowden, Donald Trump, and the Paradox of National Security Whistleblowing
Authors: Stanger Allison
Published: April 2021

Whistleblowers keep elites honest and the rule of law sustainable. They take realities that the powerful view as natural or inescapable and show that they are intolerable. They help close the gap between American ideals and reality. Yet current law treats Intelligence Community whistleblowers differently from how it treats whistleblowers from other government agencies. The law either provides no protection against retaliation or excludes members of the Intelligence Community altogether. The current workaround is leaking to the press. To stem the tide of illicit leaks, Congress must address legal ambiguities that have made the use of the Intelligence Community inspector general system risky for whistleblowers. This essay examines the origins and trajectory of national security whistleblower protection in the United States to shed light on formidable obstacles that Intelligence Community whistleblowers face and argues that our laws need to be updated so we can insist on official channels and so whistleblowers can follow the law in reporting injustice.
The Ubiquitous Presidency: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces and critiques the existing mythology of the 20th-century presidency to illustrate the need for a new way of understanding the contemporary presidency, then provides an overview of the book’s argument about the ubiquitous presidency. It discusses assumptions of traditional understandings of presidential communication and outreach—using the “rhetorical presidency” as a key example—and shows how those assumptions fail in the contemporary environment. The chapter then explicates a new framework for understanding the contemporary presidency, which we call the ubiquitous presidency. This framework rests on three goals (visibility, adaptation, and control) and three contexts (accessibility, personalization, and pluralism). The chapter concludes by arguing for a broader array of methods and new objects of study in research on the presidency, and previews the book’s approach and structure.
Donald Trump
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyzes Donald Trump’s administration in relation to the components of the ubiquitous presidency, especially how Trump sought visibility and control amid the contexts of accessibility, personalization, and pluralism. It first tracks Trump’s use of MAGA rallies to narrowcast messages to partisans, and then how he commanded attention via Twitter. On Twitter, Trump’s own tweets—as opposed to traditional major addresses, which were more influential in the Obama presidency—were the primary drivers of attention. Paralleling the analysis in Chapter 4, the chapter then uses semantic network analysis to track the relationship between the president, press, and public on Twitter in the context of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). These relationships reveal that Trump’s limited communication about the ACA contributed to an inversion of the traditional cascading activation model. Finally, the chapter explores how Trump’s attacks on pluralism promoted anti-social forms of democratic participation and may have even incited violence.
Introduction
Authors: Pineda Erin R.
Published: April 2021

The introductory chapter situates the civil rights movement within the political theory literatures on civil disobedience—old and new—and traces the way that the debate has shifted since the mid-century (from a decidedly liberal framework to various democratic ones) as well as broadened (bringing attention to new movements and forms of action). Despite the important insights generated out of these shifts, the civil rights example remains at once central and marginal—operating as a key proving ground for the political purchase of liberal and deliberative theories but also attesting to their limits, without making the movement itself the subject of sustained analysis or theoretical interest. In contrast, drawing on—but also departing from—the insights of the critical historiography of the “long civil rights movement,” the introduction presents the case for returning to the civil rights movement as a site of (and source for) political theorizing about civil disobedience.
Colored and White Atoms
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin
Published: April 2021

As with its overall foreign policy, the United States framed its atomic energy offerings as part of the global struggle between the “free world” and the communists, a division that masked the firm US military alignment with colonial powers. The United States continued that framing even as nations such as India and Ghana tried to forge a different path that associated atomic energy with the struggle for national or even racial liberation. The specter haunting Eisenhower and his successors was the emergence of a bloc of countries whose concerns were primarily racial and anti-colonial. Given the reality of racial segregation at home and the government’s close alliance with colonial powers of Europe, such a framing would put the United States on the side of the old colonial masters. American politicians utilized the promise of atomic energy to dim such perceptions amid numerous racially charged challenges in the 1950s and ’60s.
The Third Shift
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie
Published: April 2021

Chapter 5 presents dual expectations women pastors face in relation to their pastoral responsibilities at work as well as how they go about being a wife and mother, commonly referred to as the “second shift.” Women pastors are often expected to take on the lion’s share of household responsibilities. Therefore, congregants assume that they are pulled more between home and work than men, thus resulting in congregants doubting their ability to do it all. Finally, Chapter 5 demonstrates the traditional role of pastor’s wife and how some congregants implicitly assume that the work of pastors will be complemented by the unpaid work of their spouses. Pastors’ wives typically face more congregational expectations than pastors’ husbands, often leaving women pastors in heteronormative relationships to pick up some of the traditional pastor’s wife responsibilities in addition to their own responsibilities both at home and work; I refer to this phenomenon as the “third shift.”
Introduction
Authors: Golia Julie
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the idea that early advice columns were essential but overlooked precursors to today’s virtual communities. It contextualizes the genesis of advice columns in the history of media and the press, changing notions of modernity, and the gendered transformations in American culture during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Advice columns helped turn American newspapers into a media form that prioritized the reading habits of women. They gave rise to the newspaper advice columnist, a new type of female reporter who played a central role in defining the archetype of the celebrity journalist. Newspaper advice columns redefined the meaning and use of advice, as readers increasingly turned to public, anonymous, and interactive sites for help on their most intimate problems, rather than to their family members or friends.
Advising the Race
Authors: Golia Julie
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines the advice column “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise,” which ran in the Chicago Defender, one of the most successful black newspapers in the United States. In the early twentieth century, black publishers recognized the many ways that mainstream newspapers reinforced the racial status quo in America and failed to address the needs of African American readers. They also sought to offer more feature content to women readers. “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise” was one of the country’s most widely read black advice columns. Columnist Princess Mysteria, a vaudeville mentalist, embraced the Defender’s mission of racial “uplift” and advocacy. But her counsel also reflected a unique sensitivity to the dual prejudices that her female readers faced as African Americans and as women. The columnist offered a worldview very different from that of white columnists, one that doled out assertive, even feminist advice.
The Pleistocene Social Contract
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: April 2021

This chapter has three aims (i) it introduces the reader to the evolutionary puzzle of cooperation: why it is relatively rare despite its potential profits; (ii) it offers an account of the transition from the dominance-structured social world of the great apes and earliest hominins to a much more egalitarian and cooperative social order of the small mobile forager band of early to mid-Pleistocene hominins. Their cooperation mostly took the form of immediate return mutualism, and the chapter explains why this form of cooperation is more easily stabilized that reciprocation-dependent cooperation. (iii) It then offers an account of the transition from immediate return mutualism to cooperation through reciprocation: more efficient, potentially more profitable. But less inherently stable. The chapter connects the expansion of cultural learning to the stability of cooperation based on reciprocation.
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: April 2021

This book on freedom of speech and expression starts (chapter 1) with an inter-cultural history of this valued right through the ages and then recalls (chapter 2) the benefits for which we rightly value it. But what about speech that frustrates these benefits? Supporters of the benefits of free speech have reason to exercise voluntary self-restraint on speech which frustrates the benefits. They should also cultivate a second remedy: the art, illustrated in chapter 1, and called by Gandhi the art of ‘opening ears’, by other kinds of speech and conduct. Such voluntary methods are to be preferred to legal constraints. But (chapter 3) legal constraint is sometimes necessary. In the twenty-first century, social media funding based on manipulation of personal speech data requires skilful legislation and enforcement in favour of social media that protect freedoms.
The Dalai Lama and the Nechung Oracle
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

This book is about two immortals whose friendship has spanned nearly five hundred years across the Tibetan plateau and beyond. The first immortal is the Dalai Lama, the emanation of a bodhisattva, an enlightened being who voluntarily takes rebirth in the world to benefit sentient beings. The second immortal is a wrathful god named Pehar, who has possessed the Nechung Oracle since the sixteenth century. This book is the first to examine the relationship between these two monolithic figures, which strengthened in the seventeenth century during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682). This study is also the first extensive examination of the famed Nechung Oracle and his institution. In the seventeenth century, the protector deity Pehar and his oracle at Nechung Monastery were state-sanctioned by the nascent Tibetan government, becoming the head of an expansive pantheon of worldly deities assigned to protect the newly unified country. While the Fifth Dalai Lama and his government endorsed Pehar as part of a larger unification project, the governments of later Dalai Lamas continued to expand the deity’s influence, and by extension their own, by ritually establishing Pehar at monasteries and temples around Lhasa and across Tibet. Pehar’s cult at Nechung Monastery came to embody the Dalai Lama’s administrative control in a mutually beneficial relationship of protection and prestige, the effects of which continue to reverberate within Tibet and among the Tibetan exile community today.
Pehar and the Five King Spirits
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

Chapter 1 concerns the iconography and mythic origins of the protector deity Pehar and the Five King Spirits overall. This chapter specifically cites diverse mythological accounts of Pehar’s past, and his relationship to other deities, to not only introduce the reader to this deity but to illustrate how conflicting representations can offer opportunities for promoting certain characterizations. The stories cited in this chapter draw on Nyingma and Sakya texts predominantly, while noting how the imagery and themes in Pehar’s mythos reverberate through different communities who choose to understand the deity in different ways. This convoluted cluster of narratives nevertheless evince familiar tropes found across Buddhist, Tantric, and Tibetan milieus.
The Central Rituals
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

Chapter 3 shifts from Nechung’s mythological foundations to explore the monastery’s central rites. The three ritual manuals examined in this chapter are at the root of Nechung’s practices and illustrate a vivid ritual accretion over several centuries involving major lineage masters. Specifically, the core rite of Nechung composed by the Fifth Dalai Lama was developed and built up over lifetimes before culminating in the text it is today. The chapter ends by taking a closer look at the deity Dorjé Drakden, a minor emanation of Pehar with humble beginnings, whose importance grows to challenge and overtake even the centrality of the Five King Spirits. The final discussion on ritual reverberation has implications for the wider liturgical activities practiced by Nechung and shared with other institutions.
Nechung Monastery
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

Chapter 5 focuses on Nechung Monastery itself, offering a structural and symbolic exploration of the site’s architecture before addressing its often problematic historical evolution. The monastery possesses a rich and multivalent structure, with the courtyard murals illustrating the Five King Spirit’s retinue, the assembly hall providing images of the deities themselves along with important tantric figures, and the central chapel displaying statues of Nechung’s main protectors. Oral accounts historically associate the site with vivid prophetic pronouncements, but several discrepancies make a complete history difficult to ascertain. Regardless, today Nechung has been reestablished in exile, and both the historic Nechung of Lhasa and the new Nechung in India speak to the split liturgical activities of Pehar’s institution.
The Nechung Oracle
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

The seventh and final chapter examines the history of the Nechung Oracle, whose vague beginnings give way to institutionalization and state advancement. This figure has been an important part of the Dalai Lama’s government since the seventeenth century and continues to act in the capacity of clairvoyant advisor today. Nevertheless, although the oracle’s origins are unclear, he had consistent involvement with the Dalai Lamas since the second incarnation. The Fifth Dalai Lama then gave the Nechung Oracle noticeably more attention in his writings, which herald the deity’s rapidly growing prestige. While now living in exile, the Nechung Oracle continues to engage with important religious and political figures, and is revered by Tibetans the world over.
Swiss Brethren and Dutch Mennonites
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther
Published: April 2021

Severe persecution and frequent migration threatened the survival of various Anabaptist groups and their leaders who lacked a salary or benefits, unlike magisterial Protestant reformers or Catholic clergy. Voluntary leaders like Menno Simons had to sacrifice a stable family life because of traveling visitations and forced migrations. Considered outlaws in most places, Anabaptists could not rely on any state support. The forms of poor relief among Swiss Brethren (including south German and Austrian Anabaptists) and Dutch Mennonites emerged out of a biblical rationale that the church of true believers practiced mutual aid out of love and obedience to Christ’s precepts and example. Anabaptist leaders relied a great deal on the networks of scattered Anabaptist communities, even though any aid to wanted Anabaptist fugitives could lead to criminal punishment. Mutual aid became a defining characteristic of the Anabaptists as a clear sign of faith and good works.
Enforced Transparency: A Solution to Autonomous Weapons as Potentially Uncontrollable Weapons Similar to Bioweapons
Authors: Krishnan Armin
Published: April 2021

This chapter argues that in many respects the regulation of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) presents a similar challenge to arms control as biological weapons do and that many lessons learned from the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) could be applied to the control of AWS. AWS that utilize “deep learning” are potentially unpredictable and uncontrollable weapons. International regulation efforts for AWS should focus on the development of safety and design standards for artificial intelligence (AI), should put in place confidence-building measures for enhancing transparency and trust in AI R&D and related applications, and should aim for a ban of offensive AWS. Enforced international transparency in the development of AI could make AI better and safer, including in a military context, which would improve strategic stability.
Introduction
Authors: Husain Faisal H.
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the themes and arguments of the book. In particular, it explains the benefits of adopting a holistic approach to the history of the river basin that acknowledges its cultural, physical, and biological unity. Treating the Tigris and Euphrates as a continuous whole brings to light the magnitude and significance of river flow that fostered contacts between upstream and downstream regions. Beyond facilitating communication, the twin rivers formed the backbone of the early modern Ottoman economy in the region by supporting complementary subsistence strategies, such as irrigation agriculture, animal husbandry, and wetland exploitation. In addition to the themes and arguments, this chapter offers a brief introduction to the history of the Ottoman Empire and the ecology of the Tigris-Euphrates basin.
Shipyards
Authors: Husain Faisal H.
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides a history of the Ottoman naval fleet in the Tigris-Euphrates basin, referred to as the Shatt River Fleet in Ottoman bureaucratic parlance. In the sixteenth century, the Ottomans established two shipyards at the two ends of the river basin—Birecik in the north and Basra in the south. Both shipyards became the administrative centers for the Ottoman navy operating on the Tigris and Euphrates. Boats of the Shatt River Fleet were fitted with light cannon pieces and played a combat and support role in Ottoman military operations. They cooperated with land forces based in the fortresses to strengthen the Ottoman presence along the eastern frontier. While the literature on naval warfare in the early modern Military Revolution has largely focused on developments taking place at sea, this chapter shows how the Ottoman Empire adapted the latest naval technologies to a fluvial landscape.
Havoc
Authors: Husain Faisal H.
Published: April 2021

This chapter recounts a dramatic turning point in the Ottoman Empire’s relationship to the Tigris and Euphrates. In the late seventeenth century, a prolonged drought event and a botched canal project triggered an abrupt shift in the Euphrates’ channel southwest of Baghdad. Beset by plague outbreaks and rural uprisings, the Ottoman provincial administration could not mount an effective response to deal with the chaos unleashed by the channel shift. The Ottoman imperial center, on the other hand, was preoccupied with a prolonged war on its western front. An engineering expedition dispatched from Istanbul in late 1701 came too late to restore the Euphrates to its original bed. The Ottoman Empire had to come to terms with the new fluvial landscape.
Narrative Dialogism in National Memory
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines how the meanings of national narratives are shaped by their context of use. The introduction and first section lay out the notion of “narrative dialogism.” This is followed by a section on “hidden dialogism” that examines how narratives can subtly, but powerfully respond to one another in ways that shape their meaning. A discussion between Vladimir Putin and a British journalist is used as an illustration. The next section concerns “authoritative and internally persuasive discourse,” which involve more condensed forms of narrative dialogism. The notion of authoritative discourse can be harnessed to address how individuals take over the official discourse and memory of the state. An example from a classroom in Soviet Estonia is used to clarify this form of dialogism. The next section on “bivocalism” examines a kind of double-voicedness that involves tentative, ambivalent ways of speaking about the past in which Georgians are both heroic defenders of national honor and self-condemning for being traitors. The final major section of the chapter is on national narrative projects (NNPs), which are unlike specific narratives, narrative templates, and other narrative forms because they do not conclude with a final event. Instead, they tell a story that is in progress such as “America’s Quest for a More Perfect Democratic Union,” “Russia’s Spiritual Mission” as reflected in the story of Moscow as the Third Rome, and “China’s Quest as the Central Kingdom.”
The Common Law
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses 18th- and 19th-century lawyers’ understanding of common law, the law found in court opinions. Today lawyers think of the common law as consisting of the opinions themselves, and they think of judges as making the law when they write the opinions. Before the late 19th century, by contrast, lawyers believed that the common law had an existence independent of court opinions, and that the opinions were merely evidence of the law rather than the law itself. Common law was understood in large part as natural law applied to specific situations. It was considered to be something found, not made, by judges.
The Adoption of Written Constitutions
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: April 2021

This chapter traces the effect of 19th-century constitutional thought on the decline of natural law. Written constitutions were an American innovation with no direct parallel in the English legal tradition. Natural law had long been understood as a constraint on legislation, but constitutions served the same function, which raised the question whether American judges had the authority to invalidate legislation that conflicted with natural principles rather than written constitutional text. In the course of this debate, American lawyers voiced their first sustained critiques of the use of natural law within the legal system. The adoption of written constitutions in the late 18th century thus lay the groundwork for the eventual disappearance of natural law from the legal system.
Community Resilience
Authors: Plough Alonzo L.
Published: April 2021

Community Resilience: Equitable Practices for an Uncertain Future presents rich research findings, enlivened by stories of lived experience, to reflect on the forces that nurture resilience and promote health equity. This volume lifts up the value of innovation and engagement to build the community power essential to making change. In this fifth volume of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Culture of Health series, chapters highlight the importance of resilience, or the capacity of a dynamic system, such as a community, to anticipate and adapt successfully to challenges. Whether stressors are acute (e.g. a storm, an environmental disaster, an abuse of police power) or chronic (e.g. those engendered by poverty and racism), local innovation and community engagement are key to nurturing resilience and promoting health equity. Community Resilience positions storytelling and narrative shifts as essential to influencing our perceptions of who deserves empathy or support, and who does not, by examining the systemic barriers to resilience and the opportunities to reshape the landscape to overcome those barriers. The central message of this volume—across immigration or imprisonment, opioids or trauma, housing or disaster preparedness—is that we must act intentionally to support a shift in power to communities.
The Black Queer/Trans Femme Representation of Beyoncé’s Media Ventriloquisms and the National Voice
Authors: Lerner Shannon Wong
Published: April 2021

This chapter historicizes the Black diva and the relationship forged between Beyoncé’s singing voice, audio technologies, and the nation. In particular, audiences might receive enhanced voice placed back upon the live performing body of a singer as a national offense until they consider the Black queer/trans femme tradition of gender (re)presentation. Fallout from Black, feminized divas across history who use audio technologies—Beyoncé’s 2013 “lip-synced” performance at President Barack Obama’s inauguration and Marian Anderson’s 1939 Lincoln Memorial outdoor concert—reveals the complexity of media ventriloquism alongside sexist, racist, transphobic, and femmephobic bias. Through debates commentators discussed the appropriateness of Beyoncé’s enhanced body as a gendered, femme icon—namely, why should the Black diva be limited to singing or appearing in a state of naturalness and not artifice? By tracing these debates, we may explore how national outrage persists surrounding the mediatized voice of Black women performers despite our current sensorium infused with media.
Ventriloquizing Obama, or, the Ethics of Archival Ventriloquism
Authors: Baron Jaimie
Published: April 2021

Contemporary practices of audiovisual appropriation allow the appropriationist to “speak through” a recorded subject’s voice and body in an act of “archival ventriloquism.” When recorded subjects become—to a degree—ventriloquist’s dummies, they lose control over their own voices as they are “spoken through.” In such cases, new “technovocalic bodies” are constituted: imaginary bodies that are nonetheless related to the real bodies of the recorded subjects. However, some technovocalic bodies reveal their own technovocality, while others do not. When media technologies are used to obscure the fact that the relation between voice and body has been altered, both the recorded subject and the audience are opened up to an abusive form of media ventriloquism. This chapter explores several video works based around the reuse of recordings of former US president Barack Obama in order to articulate the critical, comedic, and abusive potentials of this form of media ventriloquism.
Introduction
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

Sébastien Erard’s inventions—especially the double escapement for the piano and the double action for the harp—have had an enormous impact on instruments and musical life and are still at the foundation of piano and harp building today. Assisted by his brother Jean-Baptiste (1749–1826) and nephew Orphée, dit Pierre (1794–1855), he simultaneously operated workshops in Paris and London, a practice which was unique at the time. The story of the Erards’ lives and careers has been carefully preserved in an unusually rich documentary heritage, consisting of the archives of the Erard firm and those of the Erard family. Erard: A Passion for the Piano is the first publication ever to draw on the entirety of the extand Erard archives.
A modern business
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

In these early years, the Erard firm adopted a surprisingly modern approach to marketing their square pianos and piano organs. Numerous contemporary business concepts are already present, at least in nascent form. The Erards were keen to inspire brand loyalty among their customers, through the wooing of successful musicians, teachers, and dealers, and by offering substantial volume discounts. They also displayed a clear notion of customer service, providing their customers with a sort of mail-order catalogue and reassuring their clients on every detail, from the efficiency of the packing and transport to the quality of their products. The Erards even seemed to subscribe to today’s ‘the customer is always right’ attitude, complying with special requests from musicians. The amount of time and energy the Erards devoted to resolving such problems with their customers demonstrates that the notion of the instrument maker as a solitary artisan, toiling alone in his workshop oblivious to commercial concerns, is a romantic image born in the nineteenth century. The Erards were both artisans and merchants, a dual identity that was necessary in late eighteenth-century Paris, when a new consumer culture coalesced around the hundreds of boutiques of the capital.
Financial struggles
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

Establishing a piano manufacture in Paris required a substantial outlay of capital: for the vast properties on the rue du Mail, the machinery for making pianos and harps, the large quantities of raw materials, and the money to pay the 120 workers. The Erards relied heavily on credit to fund their commercial operations, confident that the quality of their instruments would bring in the income needed to pay their creditors. The French Revolution came at the worst possible time for their business. Foreign sales became impossible and domestic sales increasingly difficult; as a result, they had little income to offset their enormous investments. Faced with drastically reduced income, the firm still needed to pay their creditors and their workers, as well as maintain their properties. Moreover, the Erard empire was forcefully riven in two by the protracted state of war between the French Republic and Great Britain. The Treaty of Amiens gave the Erards a glimmer of hope. They quadrupled their stock of materials, rented new storerooms, enlarged their workshops and hired additional workers. The Erards’ enormous investments in their firm turned out to be a tragic miscalculation. Napoleon’s trade blockages exacerbated the Erards’ financial woes, and in February 1813 the Paris branch of the Erard firm officially declared bankruptcy.
Piano wars
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

To compete with other piano builders, the Erard firm had a potential advantage in having workshops in two different countries. The success of the double-escapement action convinced the Erards to begin making pianos at their London branch. To maintain their position of dominance, the Erards relied increasingly on virtuoso pianists who would promote their instruments in concert. These artistic sponsorships were facilitated through performances at the salons Erard (later the Salle Erard) on the rue du Mail, which became one of the most important concert venues in Paris.
Mendelssohn and the Erards
Authors: Adelson Robert
Published: April 2021

One of the musicians who benefited from the Erard pianos made in London was Felix Mendelssohn (1809–47). Mendelssohn became close friends with Pierre and Céleste Erard, and may have been one of the few people familiar with Pierre’s homosexuality. Mendelssohn was not an immediate convert to Erard pianos, but developed a more favourable opinion of them on his 1829 tour of the British Isles and especially during his trips to Paris and London in 1832. In 1832, Pierre gave a gift of a grand piano to Mendelssohn and this piano had an important influence on Mendelssohn’s compositions and concert activity. A precious trace of Mendelssohn’s genius was carefully preserved by the Erard family in the form of an autograph manuscript of Mendelssohn’s Andante in A major, published as the fourth piece in the first volume of Lieder ohne Worte, op. 19b [MWV U 73].