bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Consensus Statement: Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Authors: Georgalas Christos , Oostra Amanda , Ahmed Shahzada , Castelnuovo Paolo , Dallan Iacopo , van Furth Wouter , Harvey Richard J. , Herman Philippe , Kombogiorgas Dimitrios , Locatelli Davide , Meco Cem , Palmer Jim N. , Piltcher Otavio , Sama Anshul M. , Saleh Hesham , Sindwani Raj , Van Zele Thibaut , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: October 2020

Background

The association between spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak/rhinorrhea and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been increasingly recognized over the last years. However, considerable variability of opinion regarding the assessment, investigations, and management of patients with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea remains.

Methods

A consensus group was formed from experts from Europe, Asia, Australia, South and North America. Following literature review and open discussions with members of the panel, a set of 61 statements was produced. A modified Delphi method was used to refine expert opinion with 3 rounds of questionnaires and a consensus group meeting in Santo‐Rhino meeting in September 2019.

Results

Fifty statements (82% of total) on spontaneous CSF leak and IIH reached consensus. In 38 of 50 statements, the median response was 7 (strongly agree) and in the 12 remaining statements the median response was 6 (agree). Eleven statements were excluded because they did not reach consensus and one new statement was added during SantoRhino meeting. The final statements refer to patient history and clinical examination ("History taking should include presence of headache, tinnitus and visual defects"), investigations (role of Thin Slice Computed Tomography and CISS/FLAIR sequences in Magnetic Resonance Imaging), principles of management (watchful waiting or measures to reduce ICP are supplementary but cannot subsitute surgical closure), surgical technique, intraoperative, early postoperative and long term management.

Conclusion

We present fifty consensus statements on the diagnosis, investigation, and management of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea based on the currently available evidence and expert opinion. Although by no means comprehensive and final, we believe they can contribute to the standardization of clinical practice. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical closure of the defect, assesment for and treatment of potentially co‐existing idiopathic intracranial hypertension in a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach are essential in order to successfully manage spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea, reduce associated morbidity and prevent recurrence.
Size‐dependent dendritic maladaptations of hypoglossal motor neurons in SOD1G93A mice
Authors: Fogarty Matthew J. , Mu Erica W. H. , Lavidis Nickolas A. , Noakes Peter G. , Bellingham Mark C.
Published: October 2020

The total motor neuron (MN) somato‐dendritic surface area is correlated with motor unit type. MNs with smaller surface areas innervate slow (S) and fast fatigue‐resistant (FR) motor units, while MNs with larger surface areas innervate fast fatigue‐intermediate (FInt) and fast fatigable (FF) motor units. Differences in MN surface area (equivalent to membrane capacitance) underpin the intrinsic excitability of MNs and are consistent with the orderly recruitment of motor units (S > FR > FInt > FF) via the Size Principle. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), large MNs controlling FInt and FF motor units exhibit earlier denervation and death, compared to smaller and more resilient MNs of type S and FR motor units that are spared until late in ALS. Abnormal dendritic morphologies in MNs precede neuronal death in human ALS and in rodent models. We employed Golgi‐Cox methods to investigate somal size‐dependent changes in the dendritic morphology of hypoglossal MNs in wildtype and SOD1G93A mice (a model of ALS), at postnatal (P) day ~30 (pre‐symptomatic), ~P60 (onset), and ~P120 (mid‐disease) stages. In wildtype hypoglossal MNs, increased MN somal size correlated with increased dendritic length and spines in a linear fashion. By contrast, in SOD1G93A mice, significant deviations from this linear correlation were restricted to the larger vulnerable MNs at pre‐symptomatic (maladaptive) and mid‐disease (degenerative) stages. These findings are consistent with excitability changes observed in ALS patients and in rodent models. Our results suggest that intrinsic or synaptic increases in MN excitability are likely to contribute to ALS pathogenesis, not compensate for it.
Ecomorphological variation in artiodactyl calcanei using 3D geometric morphometrics
Authors: Dunn Rachel H. , Avery Jori E.
Published: October 2020

Artiodactyl postcrania are commonly used as paleoecological indicators but these studies are usually limited to artiodactyls within a single family. Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics to analyze the morphology of calcanei from five artiodactyl families (Antilocapridae, Bovidae, Cervidae, Giraffidae, and Tragulidae) and identify common ecological trends among these families using principal component analysis. Our results indicate that antilocaprid and some bovid calcanei show convergent evolution of cursorial morphology and that other bovids have independently evolved less cursorial morphology that is more similar to cervids. This study shows that parallel ecomorphological trends can be identified in multiple families of artiodactyls, as well as within artiodactyl groups. This further suggests that the calcaneus may be a good indicator of ecology and function in fossil groups that are taxonomically ambiguous or not closely related to living taxa.
Appendicular skeletal morphology of North AmericanMartesreflect independent modes of evolution in conjunction with Pleistocene glacial cycles
Authors: Lynch Leigha M. , Felice Ryan , O'Brien Haley D.
Published: October 2020

Pleistocene glacial cycles are thought to have driven ecological niche shifts, including novel niche formation. North American pine martens,Martes americanaandM. caurina, are exemplar taxa thought to have diverged molecularly and morphologically during Pleistocene glaciation. Previous research found correlations betweenMarteslimb morphology with biome and climate, suggesting that appendicular evolution may have occurred via adaptation to selective pressures imposed by novel and shifting habitats. Such variation can also be achieved through non‐adaptive means such as genetic drift. Here, we evaluate whether regional genetic differences reflect limb morphology differences among populations ofM. americanaandM. caurinaby analyzing evolutionary tempo and mode of six limb elements. Our comparative phylogenetic models indicate that genetic structure predicts limb shape better than size. Marten limb size has low phylogenetic signal, and the best supported model of evolution is punctuational (kappa), with morphological and genetic divergence occurring simultaneously. Disparity through time analysis suggests that the tempo of limb evolution inMartestracks Pleistocene glacial cycles, such that limb size may be responding to shifting climates rather than population genetic structure. Contrarily, we find that limb shape is strongly tied to genetic relationships, with high phylogenetic signal and a lambda mode of evolution. Overall, this pattern of limb size and shape variation may be the result of geographic isolation during Pleistocene glacial advance, while declines in disparity suggest hybridization during interglacial periods. Future inclusion of extinct populations ofMartes, which were more morphologically and ecologically diverse, may further clarifyMartesphenotypic evolution.
Ultrastructure of eggshell and embryological development ofSalvator merianae(Squamata: Teiidae)
Authors: Arrieta María Belén , Olea Gabriela Beatriz , Rodríguez Florencia Evelyn , Lombardo Daniel Marcelo
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study was to characterize the external morphology ofSalvator merianeembryos in different stages of embryonic development and establish a relationship with the ultrastructure of the shell from oviductal transit to hatching. A total of 120 embryos were analyzed to describe their external morphology, and 78 eggs were used for the analysis of the shell. For embryonic development, the series was established according to the total length of the body. We established 40 embryonic stages from the primitive streak. In the early stages, the external morphological features are the C‐shaped body, the maxillary, and mandibular fusion processes with the frontal process and the fusion of the forelimb with the digital plate. In the middle stages, the eyelid appears, and there are claws on the toes, cornification of fingers, and the onset of pigmentation. The last stage of embryonic development is characterized by the beginning of the formation of the scales, appear the toenails, and finalize the entire pigmentation. Regarding the relationship that exists with the ultrastructure of the egg during development, it was possible to observe a marked change in the composition of the shell and well‐marked compaction during embryonic development, which may be related to the transport of calcium during embryonic ossification. Our results allowed us to show the complete sequence of embryonic development, determining the laying stage for this species. It was possible to establish a relationship with the ultrastructure of the eggshell from the oviductal transit to the moment of hatching.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the development of a cleft lip and/or cleft palate; insights from zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Atukorala Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini , Ratnayake Ravindra Kumar
Published: October 2020

Human cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) are immediately recognizable congenital abnormalities of the face. Lip and palate develop from facial primordia through the coordinated activities of ectodermal epithelium and neural crest cells (NCCs) derived from ectomesenchyme tissue. Subtle changes in the regulatory mechanisms of NCC or ectodermal epithelial cells can result in CLP. Genetic and environmental contributions or a combination of both play a significant role in the progression of CLP. Model organisms provide us with a wealth of information in understanding the pathophysiology and genetic etiology of this complex disease. Small teleost, zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the popular model in craniofacial developmental biology. The short generation time and large number of optically transparent, easily manipulated embryos increase the value of zebrafish to identify novel candidate genes and gene regulatory networks underlying craniofacial development. In addition, it is widely used to identify the mechanisms of environmental teratogens and in therapeutic drug screening. Here, we discuss the value of zebrafish as a model to understand epithelial and NCC induced ectomesenchymal cell activities during early palate morphogenesis and robustness of the zebrafish in modern research on identifying the genetic and environmental etiological factors of CLP.
Localization of alpha‐actinin‐4 during infections by actin remodeling bacteria
Authors: Dhanda Aaron S. , Yang Diana , Guttman Julian A.
Published: October 2020

Bacterial pathogens cause disease by subverting the structure and function of their target host cells. Several foodborne agents such asListeria monocytogenes(L. monocytogenes),Shigella flexneri(S. flexneri),Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium) and enteropathogenicEscherichia coli(EPEC) manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton to cause diarrheal (and systemic) infections. During infections, these invasive and adherent pathogens hijack the actin filaments of their host cells and rearrange them into discrete actin‐rich structures that promote bacterial adhesion (via pedestals), invasion (via membrane ruffles and endocytic cups), intracellular motility (via comet/rocket tails) and/or intercellular dissemination (via membrane protrusions and invaginations). We have previously shown that actin‐rich structures generated byL. monocytogenescontain the host actin cross‐linker α‐actinin‐4. Here we set out to examine α‐actinin‐4 during other key steps of theL. monocytogenesinfectious cycle as well as characterize the subcellular distribution of α‐actinin‐4 during infections with other model actin‐hijacking bacterial pathogens (S. flexneri,S.Typhimurium and EPEC). Although α‐actinin‐4 is absent at sites of initialL. monocytogenesinvasion, we show that it is a new component of the membrane invaginations formed during secondary infections of neighboring host cells. Importantly, we reveal that α‐actinin‐4 also localizes to the major actin‐rich structures generated during cell culture infections withS. flexneri(comet/rocket tails and membrane protrusions),S.Typhimurium (membrane ruffles) and EPEC (pedestals). Taken together, these findings suggest that α‐actinin‐4 is a host factor that is exploited by an assortment of actin‐hijacking bacterial pathogens.
Foot fat pad: Characterization by mesenchymal stromal cells in rats
Authors: Zhang Zijun , Paudel Sharada , Feltham Tyler , Lobao Mario H. , Schon Lew
Published: October 2020

Foot fat pad (FFP) is a highly functionalized fat depot of great significance for weight bearing in the foot. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in subcutaneous adipose tissues are widely studied for regenerative potentials. MSCs in FFP, which may contribute to the physiological and pathological conditions of the foot, have not been characterized. In this study, MSCs were isolated from FFP (designated as MSCs‐ffp) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (designated as MSCs‐sub) from rats. The cell surface markers, proliferation, and efficiency of colony formation were compared between MSCs‐ffp and MSCs‐sub. In addition, MSCs‐ffp were induced for osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. The tri‐lineage differentiation potentials were compared between MSCs‐ffp and MSCs‐sub by the expression of Runx2, Sox9, and proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR‐γ), respectively, using quantitative polymerized chain reaction. The expression of elastin and associated genes by MSCs‐ffp were also evaluated. MSCs‐ffp, like MSCs‐sub, expressed CD44, CD73, and CD90. MSCs‐ffp and MSCs‐sub proliferated at similar rates but MSCs‐ffp formed more colonies than MSCs‐sub. MSCs‐ffp were capable of differentiating into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Under the conditions of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, MSCs‐sub expressed more Runx2 and PPAR‐γ, respectively, than MSCs‐ffp. The undifferentiated MSCs‐ffp upregulated the expression of fibulin‐5. In conclusion, MSCs‐ffp shared common biology with MSCs‐sub but were more efficient in colony formation, less adipogenic and osteogenic, and participated in elastogenesis. The unique features of MSCs‐ffp may relate to their roles in the physiological functions of FFP.
A 3D ontogenetic atlas of Alligator mississippiensis cranial nerves and their significance for comparative neurology of reptiles
Authors: Lessner Emily J. , Holliday Casey M.
Published: October 2020

Cranial nerves are key features of the nervous system and vertebrate body plan. However, little is known about the anatomical relationships and ontogeny of cranial nerves in crocodylians and other reptiles, hampering understanding of adaptations, evolution, and development of special senses, somatosensation, and motor control of cranial organs. Here we share three dimensional (3D) models an of the cranial nerves and cranial nerve targets of embryonic, juvenile, and adult American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) derived from iodine‐contrast CT imaging, for the first time, exploring anatomical patterns of cranial nerves across ontogeny. These data reveal the tradeoffs of using contrast‐enhanced CT data as well as patterns in growth and development of the alligator cranial nervous system. Though contrast‐enhanced CT scanning allows for reconstruction of numerous tissue types in a nondestructive manner, it is still limited by size and resolution. The position of alligator cranial nerves varies little with respect to other cranial structures yet grow at different rates as the skull elongates. These data constrain timing of trigeminal and sympathetic ganglion fusion and reveal morphometric differences in nerve size and path during growth. As demonstrated by these data, alligator cranial nerve morphology is useful in understanding patterns of neurological diversity and distribution, evolution of sensory and muscular innervation, and developmental homology of cranial regions, which in turn, lead to inferences of physiology and behavior.
The bovine kidney as an experimental model: Simulated partial nephrectomy of the cranial pole and proportional analysis of the arterial segments
Authors: Zidde Daniel H. , Sampaio Francisco J. , De Souza Diogo B. , Pereira‐Sampaio Marco A.
Published: October 2020

Previous studies have shown that the pig kidney is not a good model for some procedures. This study aimed to describe the relationship between the collecting system and the intrarenal arteries, the arterial segments, and to evaluate the bovine kidney as an experimental model for partial nephrectomy of the cranial pole. Polyester resin endocasts of the kidney collecting system together with the intrarenal arteries were prepared. Thirty‐two kidneys were used to evaluate the relationship between the collecting system and the intrarenal arteries, while 25 kidneys were transversally sectioned at different points to simulate partial nephrectomy of the cranial pole. Polyester resin of different colors was injected into each segmental artery of the 24 kidneys to evaluate the arterial segments proportionally. The renal artery was divided into cranial and caudal primary branches in 75% of the cases. The cranioventral branch curved on the cranial pole and ran toward the ventral mid‐zone in 56.3% of the cases, resembling the retropelvic artery of the human kidney. The kidney was divided into two (25%) or three (75%) arterial segments. The caudal arterial segment had the highest proportional volume (62%). The cranioventral branch was damaged in 28.6% of the kidneys sectioned 1 cm inside the hilum. The arterial branching pattern, the arterial segmentation, and the impairment of the arterial supply after the simulated partial nephrectomy of the cranial pole are quite different from those found in humans. Thus, all differences should be taken into account when using the bovine kidney as a model.
Detection of miR‐155 Using Two Types of Electrochemical Approaches
Authors: Park Hyeoun Ji , Lee Soo Suk
Published: October 2020

We present electrochemical biosensors for the analysis of a target miR‐155 that work through the formation of miRNA‐DNA hybrid duplexes by hybridization of miR‐155 with its complementary DNA and through the subsequent intercalation of appropriate intercalating agents on gold electrodes. In the first method, the electrochemical behavior of methylene blue intercalated to the miRNA‐DNA hybrid duplex, formed between miR‐155 and its complementary DNA, on the gold electrode was measured. In the second method, the miRNA‐DNA hybrid duplex formed between ferrocene‐labeled DNA and miR‐155 in solution is intercalated to the pyrenes immobilized on the electrode surface. This lead to an electrochemical signal being generated from the oxidized ferrocene accumulated on the electrode surface. For each method, the limit of detections for the detection of miR‐155 were determined to be 0.96 and 2.22 pM, respectively. In addition, the developed electrochemical biosensors were effective in the quantitation of miR‐155 in serum sample.
nal‐IRI+5‐FU/LV versus 5‐FU/LV in post‐gemcitabine metastatic pancreatic cancer: Randomized phase 2 trial in Japanese patients
Authors: Ueno Makoto , Nakamori Shoji , Sugimori Kazuya , Kanai Masashi , Ikeda Masafumi , Ozaka Masato , Furukawa Masayuki , Okusaka Takuji , Kawabe Ken , Furuse Junji , Komatsu Yoshito , Ishii Hiroshi , Sato Atsushi , Shimizu Satoshi , Chugh Priti , Tang Rui , Ioka Tatsuya
Published: October 2020

Background

In the NAPOLI‐1 phase 3 trial, liposomal irinotecan (nal‐IRI) +5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin (5‐FU/LV) significantly increased mPFS versus 5‐FU/LV (3.1 vs. 1.5 months [unstratified HR = 0.56, p = 0.0001]) in patients with mPAC that progressed on prior gemcitabine‐based therapy. This randomized phase 2 trial evaluated nal‐IRI+5‐FU/LV tolerability (Part 1), safety, and efficacy (Part 2; outcomes reported here) in Japanese patients with mPAC that progressed on gemcitabine‐based therapy.

Methods

Patients were randomized 1:1 and stratified by KPS (70 and 80 vs. ≥90) and baseline albumin (≥4.0 g/dl vs. <4.0 g/dl). Primary endpoint was PFS; secondary endpoints were ORR, DCR, OS, TTF, CA19‐9 response, and QoL. The ITT population comprised all randomized patients.

Results

Patient characteristics differed between nal‐IRI+5‐FU/LV (n = 40) and 5‐FU/LV (n = 39) arms, including baseline hepatic lesions (63% vs. 51%), stage IV disease at diagnosis (78% vs. 51%), and post‐study anticancer therapy (55% vs. 72%). Investigator‐assessed mPFS increase with nal‐IRI+5‐FU/LV was clinically meaningful and statistically significant versus 5‐FU/LV (2.7 vs. 1.5 months, HR = 0.60). Independently assessed mPFS showed similar trends (1.7 vs. 1.6 months, HR = 0.79). mOS was 6.3 months with nal‐IRI+5‐FU/LV and not reached with 5‐FU/LV. ORR increased significantly with nal‐IRI+5‐FU/LV versus 5‐FU/LV (18% vs. 0, rate difference 17.5). Commonly reported grade ≥3 treatment‐emergent AEs were decreased neutrophil count (37% vs. 3%), decreased white blood cell count (20% vs. 0), and diarrhea (17% vs. 3%).

Conclusions

In conclusion, clinically meaningful and statistically significant gains in investigator‐assessed PFS and ORR were observed with nal‐IRI+5‐FU/LV versus 5‐FU/LV in Japanese patients, with no new or unexpected safety signals. (Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02697058).
Maternal survival of patients with pregnancy‐associated cancers in Taiwan – A national population‐based study
Authors: Li Sin‐Syue , Hsu Ya‐Ting , Yen Chih‐Chieh , Chen Ying‐Wen , Wu Pei‐Ying , Chang Kung‐Chao , Li Chung‐Yi , Chen Tsai‐Yun
Published: October 2020

Pregnancy‐associated cancer (PAC), defined as cancers diagnosed during pregnancy or the first year after delivery, affects one to two in every 1000 pregnancies. Although PAC is expected to be a growing issue, information about PAC in the Asian population is still scarce. Women with cancer diagnosed at the age of 16–49 years between 2001 and 2015 were selected from the Taiwan Cancer Registry and linked with the National Birth Reporting Database to identify PAC patients. We compared the overall survival of patients with PAC to patients without pregnancy. Among 126,646 female cancer patients of childbearing age, 512 were diagnosed during pregnancy, and 2151 during the first postpartum year. Breast cancer was the most common PAC (N = 755, 28%). Compared with patients without pregnancy in the control group, patients with cancers diagnosed during pregnancy and the first postpartum year generally had more advanced stages (odds ratio 1.35 and 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.77 and 1.18–1.57, respectively). For all cancer types combined and controlled for the stage, age, and year of diagnosis, patients with PAC had similar overall survival with those in the control group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.07 (95% CI 0.80–1.41) for the pregnancy group and HR 1.02 (95% CI 0.88–1.18) for the postpartum group. The diagnosis of breast cancer during the first postpartum year was linked with shorter survival (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.05–1.72). In contrast, patients with postpartum lymphoma (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.79) and cervical cancer (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20–0.82) had better prognosis. In general, the diagnosis of cancer during pregnancy or the first postpartum year does not affect the survival of patients with most cancer types. Exceptions include the worse prognosis of postpartum breast cancer and the better outcome of postpartum lymphoma and cervical cancer.
Rapid assessment of starch pasting using a rapid force analyzer
Authors: Garzon Raquel , Rosell Cristina M.
Published: October 2020

Background and objectives

The falling number is a rapid method developed for assessing amylase level on flours, based on viscosity changes. This measurement records the time required for a stirring rod to travel through a flour paste. The Chopin Amylab FN, developed for assessing the FN, allows working as a rapid force analyzer (RFA), recording the force changes of a starch/flour slurry under controlled mixing/heating conditions. The objective of this research was to underline the starch changes occurring along 90 s under continuous mixing and heating.

Findings

Four different starches (corn, rice, wheat, and potato) were analyzed using the RFA, evaluating step‐by‐step the structural and textural modifications. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the progressive gelatinization process, that was specific for each type of starch. Nevertheless, the 90‐s procedure was sufficient to ensure complete gelatinization of all starches. Parameters recorded from the RFA showed strong significant correlations with onset and peak gelatinization temperature, besides gelatinization enthalpy.

Conclusions

Rapid force analyzer could be used as a rapid method for starch pasting assessment, being valid for discriminating among different types of starches.

Significance and novelty

Study shows the potential of Amylab as RFA that records starches pasting performance in 90 s. A test of 90 s allows determining starch paste performance using a rapid force analyzer.
Ceramics in the wine industry
Authors: Shackelford James F. , Shackelford Penelope L.
Published: October 2020

While wood (primarily oak) and stainless steel are the primary materials for winemaking, clayware ceramics and concrete are significant alternatives for both the increasingly popular natural wine movement in which traditional, even ancient, winemaking techniques are practiced, as well as contemporary winemaking technology in general.
Effect of Anode Porosity and Temperature on the Performance and Lithium Plating During Fast‐Charging of Lithium‐Ion Cells
Authors: Robertson David C. , Flores LeRoy , Dunlop Alison R. , Trask Stephen E. , Usseglio-Viretta Francois L. E. , Colclasure Andrew M. , Yang Zhenzhen , Bloom Ira
Published: October 2020

Twenty‐four single‐layer ≈32 mAh pouch cells are tested to determine the effect of electrode porosity on lithium plating. Twelve cells contain a graphite electrode that is 26% porous, and 47% for the other twelve. The cells are cycled using a 6‐C charge and a C/2 discharge protocol at temperatures in the range of 20‐50 °C. A macro‐homogeneous electrochemical model and microstructure analysis tool set are used to help interpret experimental observations for the effect of anode porosity and ambient temperature on fast‐charging performance. Comparison between the two also highlights gaps in current theoretical understanding that need to be addressed. In post‐test examination, lithium plating is seen in all cells, regardless of porosity. Elevated temperature is shown to reduce the amount of lithium plating and improve initial fast‐charge capacity, but also changes the rate of other, less well‐understood degradation mechanisms. Apparent kinetic rate laws, At + Bt1/2, where A and B are constants, can be fit to most of the capacity loss and resistance increase data. The relative magnitudes of A and B change with temperature and porosity. The capacity loss data at 50 °C from the high‐porosity cells are fit by a logistics rate law.
Optimized Printed Cathode Electrodes for High Performance Batteries
Authors: Gonçalves Renato , Dias Pedro , Hilliou Loic , Costa Pedro , Silva Maria M. , Costa Carlos M. , Corona-Galván Sergio , Lanceros-Méndez Senentxu
Published: October 2020

Increasing mobility, sensing, and interconnection needs is driving the need for low cost and environmental friendly energy storage systems, and therefore, printed batteries represent one of the most appealing solutions. To identify materials‐processing conditions–performance relationships to design improved screen‐printed batteries, the effects of the ink preparation method and the chemical structure of the polymer binder on batteries performance are studied. Screen‐printed cathodes with “green” solvent cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) are produced using different styrene‐block‐copolymers (SBC) with different ethylene/butylene ratios and using three dispersion methods of the cathode components. It is shown that a limited amount of ethylene in the copolymer binder enhances the discharge capacity for 5C and C/5 rates (105 and 142 mAh g−1, respectively). The ink preparation methods affect cathode performance in a larger extent than the chemical structure of the binder. The sequential addition of active and conductive materials to the styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene solution results in a higher cathode charge/discharge capacity compared with the other explored dispersion methods (150/147 mAh g−1 for charge/discharge capacity). The optimized cathode performance is related with the improved degree of dispersion of the cathode components, as assessed by rheological properties of inks and by the morphological characterization of the printed cathodes.
Energy, environment and enviroeconomic analyses and assessments of the turbofan engine used in aviation industry
Authors: Tuzcu Halil , Sohret Yasin , Caliskan Hakan
Published: October 2020

In this study, energy, environment and enviroeconomic analyses are applied to the turbofan engine used in aviation industry. The CO2 emissions of the turbofan engine are calculated and cost of the CO2 emissions for a daily period are evaluated. The energy efficiencies of the overall turbofan engine system, high pressure turbine, low pressure turbine and the combustion chamber are found as 19.7%, 26.2%, 29.2% and 90%, respectively. The CO2 emissions releasing in a day are calculated as 358.9 tonCO2/day, while the CO2 emissions price in a day are calculated as 5742.52 US$/day for the turbofan engine. Also, 3.35 kg carbon dioxide is released into the air as a result of 1 kg of kerosene burning. Environmental and the enviroeconomic results of this study can be useful for developing environmentally sustainable turbofan engines as well as for researches and designers in aviation industry.
Cadmium cation uptake through amine and acid post‐functionalized Santa Barbara Amorphous materials; comprehensive adsorption studies
Authors: Binaeian Ehsan , Esfandyari Alaleh , Valipour Peiman , Hoseinpour Kasgary Alireza , Afrashteh Siavash
Published: October 2020

In this research, a novel adsorbent, nitrilotriacetic acid anhydride (NTAA) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified Santa Barbara Amorphous materials (SBA‐15) as a mesoporous silica was synthesized and applied for the adsorption of cadmium solution. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and Fourier transform infrared analysis were used. The adsorption experiments were performed during batch system containing different concentrations of cadmium solution (60–120 mg/L) in pH range of 2–10, adsorbent dosage of 100–600 mg/L with contact time interval of 15–120 min. The maximum cadmium removal was achieved at pH 6 with 250 mg/L of adsorbent after 60 min. The proposed mechanisms for the removal and capture of Cd+2 ions by adsorbent are electrostatic interactions and chelation. The equilibrium studies prove that the experimental data are compatible with the Langmuir isotherm model well with the maximum adsorption capacity of 500 mg/g. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies also indicate that pseudo‐second order kinetic model is the predominant model and the adsorption process is exothermic. This study reveals a high capability of novel nano‐adsorbent for the efficient removal of hazardous heavy metal cations and anions from wastewater.
The effect of Macro and Nano‐emulsions of cinnamon essential oil on the properties of edible active films
Authors: Fattahi Reza , Ghanbarzadeh Babak , Dehghannya Jalal , Hosseini Mohammadyar , Falcone Pasquale M.
Published: October 2020

The effect of Nano‐emulsion (NE) and Macro‐emulsion (ME) of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) on the properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)‐based films was investigated. MEs (diameters of 242–362 nm) and NEs (diameters of 59–80 nm) of CEO were produced through Ultra‐Turrax and Ultrasonication, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed different morphologies in the films containing ME and NE, also a denser and more uniform microstructure was observed in the NE films in comparison with the ME ones. The higher stability of NE in the CMC matrix, increased the thickness of the resulted films. The water vapor permeability (WVP) was increased from 2.59 × 10–9 g/ms Pa in the control film to 4.43 × 10–9 g/m s Pa in the ME film, and decreased to 1.80 × 10–9 g/ms Pa in the NE film. Adding CEO led to more flexible films with enhanced strain at break (SAB) from 53.56% in the control film to 80% and 94.77% in the ME and NE films, respectively. The antifungal indices against A. niger and M. racemous were 14.16% and 20.82% in the ME films, and were improved to 18.81% and 25% in the NE ones.
An antidiabetic nutraceutical combination of red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), and chromium alleviates dedifferentiation of pancreatic β cells in db/db mice
Authors: Lu Ke‐Ying , Chen Szu‐Han , Lin Yu‐Shun , Wu Hai‐Ping , Chao Pei‐Min
Published: October 2020

Antidiabetic properties of red yeast rice, bitter gourd, and chromium have gained scientific support. This study aimed to test whether a nutraceutical combination of these 3 materials prevented dedifferentiation of pancreatic β cells. Male db/db mice (8 weeks of age) were allocated into four groups (DB, DB/L, DB/M, and DB/H; n = 8–10) and fed a high‐fat diet containing 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, or 1% nutraceutical, respectively, whereas wild‐type mice receiving a standard diet served as a healthy control (C; n = 10). The nutraceutical contained 10 mg/g monacolin K, 165 µg/g chromium, and 300 mg/g bitter gourd. After 8‐weeks dietary treatment, diabetic syndromes (including hyperglycemia, hyperphagia, excessive drinking, polyuria, glucosuria, albuminuria, and glucose intolerance), were improved by the nutraceutical in a dose‐dependent fashion. Decreased insulin and increased glucagon in serum and pancreatic islets in db/db mice were abolished in the DB/H group. Furthermore, supplementation curtailed dedifferentiation of β cells, as evidenced by decreasing the dedifferentiation marker (Aldh1a3) and increasing β‐cell‐enriched genes and transcription factors (Ins1, Ins2, FOXO1, and NKX6.1), as well as nuclear localization of NKX6.1 in pancreatic islets when compared to the DB group. We concluded that this nutraceutical, a combination of Monascus purpureus, Momordica charantia, and chromium, could be used as an adjunct for type 2 diabetes treatment and delay disease progression by sustaining β‐cell function.
Molecular prognostication of uterine smooth muscle neoplasms: FromCGHarray toCINSARCsignature and beyond
Authors: Croce Sabrina , Chibon Frédéric
Published: October 2020

Uterine leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma are located at the ends of the spectrum of smooth muscle lesions. Leiomyosarcoma belongs to the complex genomic sarcomas characterized by complex karyotypes. In contrast, leiomyoma, has a low level of chromosomal complexity. The analysis of genomic profiles of uterine smooth muscle tumors shows that genomic complexity, which is an expression of chromosomal instability, correlates with the metastatic potential and malignity of tumors: the more genetically complex a smooth muscle tumor is, the more malignant is its progression. In uterine tumors with uncertain malignant potential, the assessment of genomic index by CGH array, that is, counting the genomic complexity of a tumor, allows tumors with a risk of recurrence such as leiomyosarcomas to be distinguished from benign tumors like leiomyomas. The prognosis of leiomyosarcoma is poor and the most powerful prognostic factor so far is stage, as the histologic grade is not informative. In the quest to find efficient molecular prognostic factors, the transcriptomic signature CINSARC Nanocind, a mirror of chromosomic complexity and instability, outperforms stage, in both overall and recurrence‐free survival. Genomic index and the CINSARC signature will contribute to improving diagnoses, therapeutic strategies, and randomization in future clinical trials. The biological understanding of the links between the CINSARC signature and metastatic mechanisms may lead to the development of new drugs. Furthermore, ctDNA is a promising new technique to detect residual disease and early recurrence.
Molecular pathogenesis and prognostication of "low‐grade'' and "high‐grade" endometrial stromal sarcoma
Authors: Micci Francesca , Heim Sverre , Panagopoulos Ioannis
Published: October 2020

Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) are a heterogeneous group of rare mesenchymal cancers. Considerable knowledge has been gained in recent years about the molecular characteristics of these cancers, which helps to classify them in a more meaningful manner leading to improved diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment. According to this classification, ESS is now grouped as low‐ or high‐grade. ESS may have overlapping clinical presentation, morphology, and immunohistochemical profile. Their genetic characteristics allow subdivision of many of them depending on which pathogenetically important fusion genes they carry, but clearly much more needs to be unraveled in this regard. We here provide an overview of the molecular pathogenetic knowledge gained so far on low‐ and high‐grade ESS.
An update of molecular findings in uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor and GREB1‐rearranged uterine sarcoma with variable sex‐cord differentiation
Authors: Kao Yu‐Chien , Lee Jen‐Chieh
Published: October 2020

Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor (UTROSCT) is a uterine mesenchymal tumor defined histologically by showing sex cord‐like growth patterns, such as sheets, nests, trabeculae, cords, or tubules, with/without Sertoli‐like or Leydig‐like components, and immunohistochemically by exhibiting variable sex cord markers in addition to epithelial, myogenic, and sex hormone markers. Recent years have seen the emergence in UTROSCT of novel fusion genes that involve key genes in sex hormone pathways, including ESR1 and GREB1 as the 5′ partner, and (co)activator oncogenes, particularly NCOA1‐3, as the 3′ partner. While the identification of similar fusions in the majority of cases serves as a strong argument for UTROSCT to be a distinct entity, there is no denying significant clinicopathologic heterogeneity within the disease spectrum, which might to some extent correlate with the different fusion types. The current review gives a summary of the recently identified fusions in UTROSCT, along with their possible clinicopathologic relevance. Also discussed are unsolved issues including the relationship between UTROSCT and so‐called GREB1‐rearranged uterine sarcoma as well as other uterine mesenchymal tumors harboring similar fusions.
NTRK and other recently described kinase fusion positive uterine sarcomas: A review of a group of rare neoplasms
Authors: Croce Sabrina , Hostein Isabelle , McCluggage W Glenn
Published: October 2020

The landscape of uterine sarcomas has greatly expanded in recent years to include neoplasms with recurrent gene fusions, such as BCOR and YWHAE translocated high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcomas. Sophisticated molecular techniques have also resulted in the description of “new” entities associated with recurrent kinase fusions involving NTRK and RET as well as COL1A1‐PDGFB rearranged uterine sarcomas. These rare neoplasms will be discussed in this review, highlighting that some of the underlying molecular events are clinically actionable and potentially susceptible to targeted therapy. While relatively few of these neoplasms have been described to date, likely being previously lumped under the spectrum of undifferentiated uterine sarcoma, the number of cases will expand in the future given their recognition and the increasing availability of molecular testing. These neoplasms have overlapping morphology (often with a “fibrosarcoma‐like” appearance) and immunohistochemical features, and are characterized by variable clinical outcomes. Although immunohistochemistry may assist in some cases, a definitive subclassification requires confirmatory molecular studies. As these molecular assays may not be routinely available in most laboratories, referral to reference centers may be needed. In order to assist the pathologist, we suggest a diagnostic algorithm for routine practice when dealing with a malignant or potentially malignant uterine spindle cell neoplasm.
Inheritance tax, shareholder protection, and the market value of family firms: A cross‐country analysis
Authors: Ortiz Marcelo , Carney Michael , Duran Patricio , Braun Matias , Riutort Julio
Published: October 2020

Research Summary

We examine the relationship among inheritance taxes, shareholder protection, and the family firms' market value. Drawing on the family firm, corporate governance, and institutional complementarities literature, we argue that inheritance taxes act as external corporate governance mechanisms for decoupling business families' socioemotional goals. However, this depends upon minority investor protections. In strong protection countries, the incentives for family self‐governance created by high inheritance taxes are offset by the loss of business family autonomy inherent in strong shareholder protection. Using a sample of 284 firms across 31 countries, we provide support for these arguments. Results suggest that inheritance and shareholder protection laws are substitutive external corporate governance mechanisms to align business family and nonfamily shareholders' interests.

Managerial Summary

We investigate how inheritance taxes and shareholder protection laws interact to generate several outcomes that can benefit or harm family firms' market value. We argue that high rates of inheritance taxes in a country push business families to focus more on firm value maximization and less on pursuing family‐centric goals, thus increasing firm value. However, we further argue that the positive role of inheritance taxes on family firms' market value weakens when the country also exhibits strong shareholder protection laws. Therefore, inheritance and shareholder protection laws substitute for one another when they intersect in business families. We find evidence consistent with these ideas when examining a sample of publicly traded firms across 31 countries. Our results corroborate that policymakers' concerns regarding the protection of minority shareholders must not consider only investor protection laws, but also how investor protection interact with other institutions such as inheritance law.
Diagnostic strategy for trigger identification in severe reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A diagnostic accuracy study
Authors: Tudesq Jean‐Jacques , Valade Sandrine , Galicier Lionel , Zafrani Lara , Boutboul David , de Bazelaire Cédric , Munoz‐Bongrand Nicolas , Canet Emmanuel , Ardisson Fanny , Lemiale Virginie , Darmon Michael , Azoulay Elie , Mariotte Eric
Published: October 2020

Reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (rHLH) management requires early recognition, trigger identification, and adequate treatment in order to reduce mortality. We assessed the diagnostic yield of tissue biopsies to identify trigger in severe rHLH. We included all consecutive patients presenting an rHLH diagnosis (HLH‐2004 criteria) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital. This retrospective diagnostic accuracy study was conducted according to the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Statement. Among the 134 included patients (median age 47 years [IQR 47–56]), an underlying immunodeficiency was previously known in 61.2%. rHLH trigger was identified in 127 patients (94.8%) (hematological disorder 75%, infection 16%, systemic disease 4%). Diagnostic yield of tissue biopsies was as follows: lymph node 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61–85), skin 50% (95% CI, 27–73), bone marrow 44% (95% CI, 34–55), liver 30% (95% CI, 15–49). Splenectomy (yield 77%; 95% CI, 46–95) was reserved to cases of diagnostic deadlock. Procedural severe adverse events included two cases of reversible hemorrhagic shock. Seventy‐eight percent of patients received etoposide regarding to the rHLH severity, and 68% could receive trigger‐specific treatment in the ICU. A comprehensive diagnostic workup led to an rHLH trigger identification in 95% of patients, allowing prompt initiation of appropriate therapy. Prospective studies to validate a standardized diagnostic approach are warranted.
Breast cancer among Asian Indian and Pakistani Americans: A surveillance, epidemiology and end results‐based study
Authors: Satagopan Jaya M. , Stroup Antoinette , Kinney Anita Y. , Dharamdasani Tina , Ganesan Shridar , Bandera Elisa V.
Published: October 2020

Breast cancer incidence is increasing among Asian Indian and Pakistani women living in the United States. We examined the characteristics of breast cancer in Asian Indian and Pakistani American (AIPA) and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) women using data from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) program. Breast cancer incidence rates were estimated via segmented Poisson regression using data between 1990 and 2014 from SEER 9 registries, including New Jersey and California. Disease characteristics, treatment and survival information between 2000 and 2016 for 4900 AIPA and 482 250 NHW cases diagnosed after age 18 were obtained from SEER 18 registries and compared using descriptive analyses and multivariable competing risk proportional hazards regression. Breast cancer incidence was lower in AIPA than NHW women, increased with age and the rate of increase declined after age of 46 years. AIPA women were diagnosed at significantly younger age (mean (SD) = 54.5 (13.3) years) than NHW women (mean (SD) = 62 (14) years, P < .0001) and were more likely than NHW cases (P < .0001) to have regional or distant stage, higher grade, estrogen receptor‐negative, progesterone receptor‐negative, triple‐negative or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐enriched tumors, subcutaneous or total mastectomy, and lower cumulative incidence of death due to breast cancer (hazard ratio = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72‐0.86, P < .0001). AIPA had shorter median follow‐up (52 months) than NHW cases (77 months). Breast cancer in AIPA women has unique characteristics that need to be further studied along with a comprehensive evaluation of their follow‐up patterns.