bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
101 Merging graduate student training and industry research needs
Authors: Johnson Roger C
Published: July 2019

The primary goal of an advanced degree program is to educate and train the next generation of professionals. The education process must include historical exposure to past challenges and resolutions to enhance the development of creative thinking and problem solving skills. If this is not done, the resolution of recurring and new challenges will be minimal. Blind acceptance of “gold standards,” or the development of research techniques that are not economically based, minimize the progress is gained in each new generation. The presentation will address methods of preparing students for industry research challenges.
110 Current and future feedlot research needs: An industry perspective
Authors: Holland Ben P
Published: July 2019

The development of cattle feeding has benefited from research and data-based decision making. To remain successful in an increasingly competitive global marketplace, scientists supporting the feeding industry must continue in this tradition. For research results to be useful to industry, experimental models should be relevant to the questions being asked, and production data should be reflective of commercial conditions. While much discussion has compared the advantages of commercial large-pen research and small-pen models more typical of university facilities, both are useful for contributing to new knowledge. In order to minimize both Type I and Type II errors, researchers should consider how to best control the random variation between experimental units treated alike in their own systems. Large-pen models have advantages in replicating “commercial conditions,” detecting smaller differences, understanding distributions and categorical outcomes, but these models may be limited in the number of treatments and the ability to take multiple measurements or samples from individual animals. A primary objective of university research is the training of the next generation of scientists and industry professionals. Cattle feeders must use data generated with biological methods and make economic decisions. Therefore, research results should be presented clearly so economic implications can be modeled and likely variation around means and differences between treatments understood. Predicting cattle growth, especially carcass growth, more accurately will continue to be important, as will ways to understand and manage individual animals within commercial facilities. New technologies, including sensors, genetic testing, and data management systems have potential, but value propositions need to be demonstrated and feasible implementation strategies developed. However, as animal types, feed ingredients, and market-driven endpoints have changed over time, old dogmas should continually be re-evaluated in contemporary conditions.
107 Traceability
Authors: Butler John
Published: July 2019

Animal disease traceability—or knowing where diseased and at-risk animals are, where they’ve been, and when—is important to ensuring a rapid response when animal disease events take place. Although animal disease traceability does not prevent disease, an efficient and accurate traceability system reduces the number of animals and response time involved in a disease investigation; which, in turn, reduces the economic impact on owners and affected communities. The current approach to traceability in the United States is the result of significant discussion and compromise. Federal policy regarding traceability has been amended several times over the past decade based on stakeholder feedback, particularly from the cattle industry. In early 2010, USDA announced a new approach for responding to and controlling animal diseases, referred to as the ADT framework. USDA published a proposed rule, “Traceability for Livestock Moving Interstate,” on August 11, 2011, and the final rule on January 9, 2013. Under the final rule, unless specifically exempted, livestock moved interstate must be officially identified and accompanied by an interstate certificate of veterinary inspection (ICVI) or other documentation. However, these requirements do not apply to all cattle. Beef cattle under 18 months of age, unless they are moved interstate for shows, exhibitions, rodeos, or recreational events, are exempt from the official identification requirement in this rule. We can do better. Our industry must recognize how vulnerable we really are, should we be subject to a disease such as foot and mouth. We must also understand what a competitive disadvantage the United States faces in the global marketplace without a recognized, industry-wide traceability system.
112 Beyond the gut: Systemic effects of the swine gut microbiome
Authors: Gomez Andres
Published: July 2019

The past 10 years have seen a surge of microbiome-related research in swine production systems. In particular, leveraging from advances in molecular biology, bioinformatics and big data analyses, we are now able to characterize the diversity and composition of the trillions of microbes that inhabit the swine intestinal tract—in health, disease, nutrition and animal development. However, determining the impact of the microbiome, beyond the gut, still remains an elusive task. Building from available data on next generation microbiome sequencing (16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics) and system-wide molecular markers, we present an overview of the current evidence pointing out to systemic effects of the swine gut microbiome. The data show associations between particular microbial taxa and genes, and changes in intestinal architecture, nutrient transport, immune and metabolic markers. Specifically, based on the existing data and our own, we show particular examples of how these associations occur under conditions of stress and nutritional or therapeutic interventions across different stages of animal development. Furthermore, in light of scarce mechanistic evidence on the effect of gut microbes on swine systemic physiology, we propose possible mechanistic insights on gut bacteria modulation of swine systemic responses. Finally, we discuss how strategies to elucidate host-microbe interactions, targeting single or whole microbial communities, can advance translational research in swine production systems based on microbiome science.
115 Negative impacts of early weaning on lifelong gut health in the pig
Authors: Moeser Adam James , Li Yihang , Rajput Mrigendra , Thelen Kyan
Published: July 2019

Of all the stressors a pig encounters in production, early weaning is the most stressful. Under current early weaning practices, the young pig is exposed to multiple concurrent stressors including maternal and littermate separation, transportation, changes in social hierarchy, and a change in environment and food source. Moreover, the stress of weaning causes significant intestinal barrier loss and inflammation during critical stages of postnatal gut development. The immediate, negative impacts of early weaning on gut health and performance are well-known, but the long-term consequences are poorly understand. However, recent evidence from field investigations and basic science research have demonstrated that early weaning has negative consequences on performance and health from wean-to-finish. A fundamental understanding of the biological mechanisms by which current early weaning practices alter gut develop and predispose pigs to performance inefficiencies and disease throughout the production lifespan is lacking. This represents a significant gap in knowledge for the U.S. swine industry, as biological targets for interventions and management are currently lacking. This presentation will provide an overview of postnatal gut development in the pig and how early life stressors, such as early weaning, alter the normal development of critical gut health parameters, including intestinal epithelial barrier function, nutrient transport and immune function, and the link to performance and disease resistance throughout the production lifespan.
118 Digestibility of amino acids in hydrolyzed feather meal, flash dried poultry protein, poultry meal, and meat and bone meal fed to broiler chickens and pigs
Authors: Park Chan Sol , Naranjo Victor , Helmbrecht Ariane , Htoo John K , Adeola Olayiwola
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), poultry meal (PM), and meat and bone meal (MBM) fed to broiler chickens and pigs. Four semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet were prepared. Exp. 1 was conducted with 416 male broiler chickens (initial body weight [BW] = 705 ± 100.0 g) at d 18 post-hatching in a randomized complete block design. Birds were fed diets for 5 d and then euthanized to collect ileal digesta. In Exp. 2, ten barrows (initial BW = 22.1 ± 1.59 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to duplicate 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 5 diets and 4 periods. There were 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods in each experimental period. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., broiler chickens and pigs) and four experimental diets. There were interactions (P < 0.05) in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, and Val between diets and species. In broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in MBM was greater (P < 0.05) than HFM and FDPP but was not different from PM. Pigs fed MBM had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Lys than HFM, FDPP, and PM. In broiler chickens, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was less (P < 0.05) than MBM. In pigs, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was not different from MBM. In conclusion, differences in the SID of AA among animal protein sources were affected by species of monogastric animals.
121 Dietary astragalus membranaceus and codonopsis pilosula extracts supplementation increases growth performance and FMD antibody titers in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Ahn Jemin , Cheng Lei , Kim In Ho
Published: July 2019

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of herbal extract mixture (HEM, Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and FMD antibody titers in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 120 FMD type O vaccinated growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average initial BW of 25.19 ± 1.80 kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatments with 8 replicate of 5 pigs per pen for a 16-week feeding study. All pigs were vaccinated against FMD. Treatments consisted of CON, Corn-soybean meal based diet; TRT1, CON + 0.05% HEM; TRT2, CON + 0.1% HEM. Vaccinated pigs fed 0.1% HEM showed higher (P < 0.05) BW and ADG at week 12, 16, and overall period. The supplementation of HEM had no effect on DM, N or GE throughout the experiment (P > 0.05). Feeding 0.1% HEM showed higher FMD type O antibody titers (P < 0.05) at week 14 compared with non-supplemented group. These results indicated that 0.1% HEM supplementation conferred anti-viral effect against FMD, thereby improving ADG in the growing-finishing pigs. Herbal extract mixture could potentially be used as an anti-viral agent against FMDV.
122 The effect of feeding Ambitine™ Feed Additive on late finishing pig performance
Authors: Crowder Stacie , Weeden Terry , Bass Benjamin , DeRodas Brenda , Karnezos Theodore
Published: July 2019

Four hundred and sixty-six late finishing pigs (initial BW = 106.49 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding Ambitine™ Feed Additive (Ambitine™ FA) on late finishing performance. Ambitine™ FA is a blend of plant extracts and acidifiers. Pigs were allotted in a randomized complete block design into mixed gender pens, with 11 replicates per treatment, 21 pigs per pen, and fed 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were Control (corn-soybean meal-20% DDGS with 6.75g of Paylean® formulated to 0.95% TID lysine) or Control plus Ambitine™ FA (0.10%) fed the last 34 days of the finishing period. Body weights were taken at day 0, 8, 20, and 34 with corresponding ADG, ADFI, and GF calculated for each period. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Period 1 (d 0–8) ADG tended to increase (P = 0.09; 1.32 vs 1.25, kg/d) and G:F increased (P = 0.02; 0.408 vs 0.375) with Ambitine™ FA treatment. Period 1, ADFI was not significantly different between treatments. Period 1 BW tended (P = 0.09) to increase for the Ambitine™ FA treatment (117.07 vs 116.46 kg). Period 2 (d 8–20) ADFI increased (P = 0.05; 2.99 vs 2.93 kg/d) with Ambitine™ FA treatment, and ADG and G:F were not significantly different between treatments. Period 3 (d 20–34) growth performance was not significantly different between treatments. Ambitine™ FA increased (P = 0.03) overall (d 0 to 34) ADG (1.27 vs 1.21, kg/d) and G:F ratio (0.402 vs 0.382). Plant Live weight tended (P = 0.09) to increase for the Ambitine™ FA treatment (131.96 vs 128.85, kg). Total gain was increased (P = 0.002) with the Ambitine™ FA treatment (26.57 vs 24.44 kg). The results of this study suggest that feeding Ambitine™ FA improves growth rate and feed efficiency in finishing pigs.
127 A novel find of a Feed NSPase Enzyme, Natugrain® TS, reducing finish pig hemorrhagic bowel syndrome mortality
Authors: Coelho Michael , Jones Robert , Parks Frank
Published: July 2019

This study presents a novel find of a Feed NSPase Enzyme, Natugrain TS, reducing finish pig hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) mortality. A total of 3,750 weaned pigs (28 kg), (PIC 337 x Camborough), were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (25 pigs/pen x 5 treatments x 30 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and were fed mash corn/soy/DDGs diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. Treatments were T1= 0 g/MT Natugrain TS, T2= 100 g/MT Natugrain TS, T3= 150 g/MT Natugrain TS, T4= 200 g/MT Natugrain TS and T5= 250 g/MT Natugrain TS. At the finishing phase, Natugrain TS significantly decreased intestinal E. coli log 10 (7.12, 4.95, 4.02, 3.21 and 3.25 log 10, P < 0.05, respectively), significantly decreased intestinal lesion score (0–5 score) (4.21, 4.02, 2.98, 2.25 and 2.26, P < 0.05, respectively). Microbiota was analyzed in fresh, manually collected, rectum fecal samples. Microbiota was separated into prevalent in Natugrain TS control (0) and 200 g/ton. In the control treatment, there was a prevalence of Desulfoyibrio, Oscillospira, Campylobacter, Anearoctruncus, Mogibacterium and Brachyspirae, etc., while in the 200 g/ton treatment there was a prevalence of Synergistales, Burkolderiales, Dehabacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Bacilli, etc. Natugrain TS significantly decreased mortality (4.8, 3.6, 2.7, 1.9 and 2.1 %, P < 0.05, respectively), significantly decreased specifically HBS mortality (3.50, 1.98, 0.68, 0.40 and 0.46%, P < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, Natugrain TS changed the microbiome by breaking down arabinoxylans, decreasing intestinal E. coli and intestinal lesion score, changing the microbiota to prevalent Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Bacilli, and Natugrain TS up to 200 g/ton specifically decreasing hemorrhagic bowel syndrome mortality from 3.5% to 0.5%.
140 Effects of Bacillus subtilis probiotics on growth performance, diarrhea, and fecal β-hemolytic coliforms of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: He Yijie , Kim Kwangwook , Jinno Cynthia , Kovanda Lauren , Yang Seijoo , Song Minho , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong
Published: July 2019

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, diarrhea and fecal β-hemolytic coliforms of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a strain of E. coli (F18, express genes of LT, STb, and SLT 2 toxins). Weaned pigs (n = 48, 6.17 ± 0.36 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments: negative control (NC, control diet without E. coli challenge), positive control (PC, control diet with E. coli challenge), and supplementation of 50 mg/kg of carbadox or 500 mg/kg of Bacillus subtilis probiotics. The experiment lasted 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after the first E. coli inoculation. The F18 E. coli were given to pigs at 1010 CFU/3 mL dose for three consecutive d. Diarrhea score was daily recorded for each pig to calculate frequency of diarrhea. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 PI to analyze β-hemolytic coliforms. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS. Pigs supplemented with carbadox had greater (P < 0.05) body weight on d 7, 14, and 21 PI than pigs in the PC and probiotics group. Supplementation of probiotics enhanced pig body weight on d 21 PI, compared with the PC. E. coli challenge reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and feed efficiency from d 0 to 21 PI, while supplementation of antibiotics or probiotics enhanced ADG and feed efficiency from d 0 to 21 PI. Pigs in carbadox and probiotics groups had reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea throughout the experiment and fecal β-hemolytic coliforms on d 7 PI than pigs in the PC. In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus subtilis could enhance disease resistance and promote growth performance of weaned pigs under disease challenge condition.
143 Supplemental effects of whey permeate on growth performance and gut health of nursery pigs
Authors: Jang Ki Beom , Purvis Jerry M , Kim Sung Woo
Published: July 2019

Lactose or milk oligosaccharides in milk products may enhance gut health and thus growth of nursery pigs. This study aimed to evaluate supplemental effects of increasing levels of whey permeate on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs during 7 to 11 kg BW. 1,200 pigs at 7.5 kg BW were allotted to 6 treatments based on a randomized complete block design using BW of pen as blocks. Treatment diets were formulated to meet NRC nutrient requirements with 6 levels of whey permeate (0, 3.75, 7.50, 11.25, 15.00, and 18.75%) and fed to pigs for 11 d. Feed intake and BW were measured during 11 d, and 1 pig per pen were euthanized to collect the jejunum to evaluate TNF-α, IL-8, morphology, digestive enzyme activity, crypt cell proliferation rate, and microbiota. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure and a broken-line analysis in NLIN procedure of SAS. Increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG (349 to 414 g/d) and G:F (0.783 to 0.851), tended to linearly increase (P = 0.062) ADFI (442 to 484 g/d), linearly increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (27.8 to 37.0%), linearly decreased (P < 0.05) lactase activity (15.84 to 6.60 U/mg), and tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.082) crypt depth (268 to 251 μm). Using a broken line analysis, the optimum supplementation level of whey permeate was 13.60% for G:F. Supplementation of whey permeate increased (P < 0.05) IL-8 (170 to 209 pg/mg) and decreased (P < 0.05) Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (6.24 to 3.24) in the jejunum. In conclusion, supplementation of whey permeate enhanced growth performance and also positively affected gut health by modulating inflammatory response and microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW.
149 A bioactive, mineral-based feed additive improved growth performance in commercial nursery pigs
Authors: Song Ran , Sinn Sue , Musser Rob , Friesen Kim
Published: July 2019

NutriQuest Protect™(NQP) is a bioactive mineral-based feed additive that helps control enteric bacteria in nursery pigs. Previous studies have shown feeding NQP improves growth performance and reduces diarrhea in weanling pigs experimentally challenged with E. coli F18 or K88. Six experiments were conducted following the same procedure to evaluate the effect of feeding NQP on growth performance of commercial nursery pigs. In each experiment, weanling pigs (weaning BW = 5.4 ± 0.05 kg) were housed in pens (27 pigs per pen) randomly assigned to either a control diet (CON) or a diet containing NQP at 2.0 g/kg, resulting in 106 replicated pens per treatment over six experiments. Pigs were fed their respective experimental diets for 22–26 d post-weaning in a two-phase feeding program. Five out of the 6 experiments did not utilize feed medications or pharmacological ZnO supplementation. Data from the six experiments were compiled for meta-analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Pigs fed NQP had greater ADG in each of the six experiments, ranging from a 2.3 to 18.1% improvement, with the meta-analysis showing an average of 7.6% improvement compared with CON (0.22 vs. 0.20 kg/d, P < 0.001). The higher growth rate resulted in 0.3 kg heavier pig BW at the end of the experiment for NQP-fed pigs compared with CON-fed pigs (10.8 vs. 10.5 kg, P = 0.001). Pig ADFI of the NQP treatment was also greater in each of the six experiments with the meta-analysis showing an average of 4.4% improvement compared with CON (0.33 vs. 0.31 kg/d, P < 0.001). Additionally, feed efficiency (G/F) was 3.0% higher in pigs fed NQP compared with CON (0.65 vs. 0.67, P = 0.001). Results from the six experiments indicate that including NQP in the diet of weanling pigs improves growth performance in a commercial production system.
146 Effects of feeding soluble fiber (dextrin) to pigs pre- and post-weaning on growth performance and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production
Authors: Chastain Clayton S , Richert Brian T , Schinckel Allan P , Johnson Tim A , Wickware Carmen L , Thayer Morgan T , Mills Kayla M , Feldpausch Julie A , Palencia Jorge Y P , Richert Jacob A , Radcliffe John S
Published: July 2019

Thirty-two barrows were used in a 35-d experiment with the objective of evaluating effects of supplemental soluble fiber (dextrin) pre- and post-weaning on growth performance and VFA production. Pigs were blocked by genetics and BW, and randomly allotted to treatments in a 2x2 factorial design with or without fiber pre-weaning and with or without fiber post-weaning. Fiber was suspended in chocolate milk and administered orally through a syringe from 14 d prior to weaning until 4 d post-weaning, after which it was included in the diet at 1%. At weaning, pigs were group housed by treatment and allowed ad libitum access to a common starter diet. On d 4 post-weaning, pigs were moved to individual pens and fed diets with or without 1% fiber. Weights and feed intake were recorded 14 and 3 d prior to weaning and on d 0, 4, 11, and 21 post-weaning. On d 21 post-weaning, pigs were euthanized, and large intestine contents were collected for VFA analysis. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Growth performance was not affected (P > 0.10) by treatment. A trend for an interaction of pre- and post-weaning fiber supplementation was observed for acetate (P = 0.052) and butyrate (P = 0.087) concentrations in large intestine contents. Pigs fed fiber only in the nursery had the highest acetate concentration, while pigs never receiving fiber had the lowest concentration. Pre-weaning fiber supplementation followed by no fiber in the nursery resulted in the highest butyrate concentrations with all other treatments being similar. Fiber supplementation pre-weaning tended (P = 0.053) to reduce isobutyrate concentrations. Pigs not receiving fiber post-weaning had increased valerate concentrations (P = 0.0245). There were no changes observed in propionate or isovalerate concentrations (P > 0.10). Fiber supplementation caused alterations in VFA concentrations when fed during pre- and post-weaning, indicating possible shifts in the microbiome, immune status and barrier function of the intestinal tract.
156 Effects of feeding increasing amounts of finishing diet blended with nursery diets on growth performance and economics of nursery pigs
Authors: Wu Fangzhou , Tokach Mike D , Jones Cassandra K , Hastad Chad W , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D
Published: July 2019

In wean-to-finish systems, nursery diets are commonly blended with leftover finishing feed from the previous group. A total of 1,260 pigs (initially 10.6 kg) were used in a 28-d study to determine the effects of feeding increasing amounts of finishing feed to nursery pig on growth performance and economics. At weaning, pigs were placed into pens (21 pigs/pen) and fed commercial nursery diets in a 5-phase program with phases 1 and 2 fed before the start of the experiment. Phase changes were based on feed budgets of 2.5, 3.7, 3.7, 9.5, and 9.5 kg/pig in phases 1 to 5, respectively. At the beginning of phase 3, pens of pigs were blocked by weight and room and allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (15 replications/treatment). Treatments consisted of a dose-titration of blending increasing amounts (0, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 kg/pig) of a late finisher feed (0.74% SID Lys) into phase 3 nursery diet. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of dietary treatment and random effects of weight block and room. Contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing finisher feed amount. Overall, increasing the amount of late finisher feed blended into the phase 3 nursery diet decreased ADG (linear, P = 0.050) and tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.07) ADFI and final BW, but did not affect G:F (Table 1). Feed cost, gain value, and feed cost/kg gain decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as finishing feed budget increased from 0 to 3.75 kg/pig. However, income-over-feed-cost was not different among treatments. In conclusion, feeding increasing amounts of late finisher feed to 11-kg nursery pigs decreased overall ADG and ADFI, but did not affect income-over-feed-cost.
155 Effects of soybean meal level and distillers dried grains with solubles inclusion on growth performance of late nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Gaines Aaron M , Ratliff Brent W , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: July 2019

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) level in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,064 and 1,011 pigs (PIC 280×1050; initially 10.5 ± 0.36 and 10.9 ± 0.22 kg) were used in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, with 21 to 27 pigs per pen. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicates per treatment per experiment. Treatments 1 to 3 were diets with 23% DDGS and 21, 27, or 35% SBM. Treatments 4 and 5 were corn-SBM diets with 27 or 35% SBM. Diets were balanced to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and 2,606 kcal of net energy/kg. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. There was no evidence for treatment × experiment interactions, thus data from both trials were combined. Feeding diets with 23% DDGS decreased (P = 0.033) ADFI and improved (P = 0.033) G:F compared to corn-SBM diets, which may indicate underestimation of DDGS net energy. When analyzed as a factorial with or without DDGS, pigs fed diets with 35% SBM had a tendency (P = 0.052) for increased ADG and improved (P = 0.001) G:F compared with diets with pigs fed 27% SBM. As SBM increased from 21 to 35% in diets with DDGS, ADG (linear, P = 0.001) and G:F (quadratic, P = 0.007) improved. In summary, feeding diets with increasing SBM improved growth performance in late nursery pigs.
153 Impacts of two energy sources (modified soy oil and medium chain triglycerides) on growth performance and health of nursery pigs
Authors: Ebarb Sara , Faris Richard , Zhao Junmei , Williams Sabrina , Price Kathryn
Published: July 2019

This study evaluated the effects of a modified soy oil (MSO) in diets with or without medium chain triglycerides from palm kernel oil (MCT). The study utilized 1,840 pigs (~19 d of age; 5.4 ± 0.2 kg), 10 pens/treatment, and ~22 pigs/pen. Two barns were blocked separately by pen location and randomly allocated to treatments. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 4 factorial utilizing diets containing one of four levels of MSO (0, 0.15, 0.25, or 0.40%) and two levels of MCT [without vs with (0.50% d 0 to 7; 0.25% d 7 to 41)]. Pen weights were obtained on d 0, 7, 23, and 41 post-weaning, mortalities and removals were tracked, and growth performance parameters were calculated. Constructed contrasts were: linear and quadratic main effects of MSO, main effect of MCT, and all possible interactions. Overall (d 0 to 41), there was a quadratic interaction (P < 0.01) between MSO and MCT for G:F (without MCT: 0.78, 0.78, 0.79, 0.76; with MCT: 0.78, 0.77, 0.78, 0.78 kg/kg). For growth performance parameters, no other interactions were significant (P > 0.10). Addition of MSO linearly increased (P < 0.01) d 41 BW (19.8, 20.3, 20.5, 20.8 kg), ADG (0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37 kg/d), and ADFI (0.43, 0.46, 0.45, 0.48 kg/d). Including MCT in diets reduced (P < 0.05) d 41 BW (20.6, 20.1 kg), ADG (0.36, 0.35 kg/d), and ADFI (0.46, 0.45 kg/d). Probability of resulting in mortality and removals was linearly reduced (P < 0.01; 13.0, 8.2, 9.5, 6.6%) as MSO increased in the diet. A tendency for a linear interaction (P < 0.10) for probability of receiving injectable antibiotics was observed. The addition of MSO improved growth performance and health parameters, while MCT reduced the growth performance and did not impact health parameters of nursery pigs.
160 Can growth performance, digesta characteristics, and oxidative status of swine fed diets high in insoluble fiber be improved? An investigation into the mode of action of xylanase
Authors: Petry Amy L , Huntley Nichole F , Bedford Mike R , Patience John F
Published: July 2019

Xylanase may improve the utilization of insoluble fiber by the pig, but its mode of action (MOA) is incompletely understood. The experimental objective was to investigate xylanase MOA in vivo in growing pigs fed a diet higher in insoluble fiber. Sixty gilts (n = 15 pigs/treatment; 25.43 ± 0.88 kg BW; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; NDF=8.45%), a 30% corn bran higher-fiber control (HF; NDF=24.5%), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3–7 degrees of polymerization). Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by a 10-d period of being limit fed (80% of average ad libitum intake) and housed in metabolism crates for use in a related study. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0 and 36. On d 46, pigs were necropsied and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta pH were measured; serum was collected for malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS; 9.4) as a randomized complete block design with pig as the experimental unit, block and replicate as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Insoluble fiber reduced ADG (858 vs. 698 g/d; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001) and GF (0.433 vs. 0.353; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001), but not ADFI (P > 0.05). Xylanase, but not arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, when compared to HF, improved ADG (762 vs. 698 g/d; P < 0.05), GF (0.382 vs. 0.353; P < 0.05), and final BW (P < 0.05). Cecal and colonic pH did not differ (P > 0.05), but LF and HF+XY reduced ileal pH (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation increased serum TAC (P < 0.05), and tended to reduce MDA (P = 0.098). In conclusion, xylanase supplementation improved insoluble fiber utilization. The MOA could include mitigation of reactive oxygen species.
163 Xylanase and fermentable xylo-oligosaccharides improve performance in grower-finisher pigs fed a corn-soybean meal based diet
Authors: Cordero Gustavo , Kim Jae Cheol , Whenham Natasha , Masey-O’Neill Helen , Srinongkote Saksit , González-Ortiz Gemma
Published: July 2019

Cecal inoculum collected from broilers fed a diet supplemented with xylanase showed increased gas production in an in vitro fermentation study with arabinoxylan-based substrates, indicating that intestinal microbiota can adapt to increase the capability to ferment arabinoxylans when pre-exposed to xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) produced by xylanase. As the most abundant non-starch polysaccharides in a corn-soybean meal-based diet is arabinoxylan, this study tested the hypothesis that a blend of a xylanase and XOS will improve growth performance of pigs compared with those fed a diet supplemented with xylanase alone. One hundred twenty male crossbred (Landrace x Large white x Duroc) pigs (77 days average age; 30 kg average body weight -BW) were allocated to one of three treatments: CTR (control diet), XYL (CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase [Econase XT, AB Vista]) and XYL+XOS [CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase and XOS (Signis, AB Vista)]. Each treatment had ten replicates, with 4 animals each. The control diet was formulated with corn, soybean meal, DDGS and cassava meal as major ingredients. Pelleted diets were fed over 3 phases: grower (30–60 kg), finisher 1 (60–80 kg) and finisher 2 (80–100 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and daily feed intake (ADFI) were measured from 30 to 100 kg and feed efficiency calculated (FCR). No treatment effects were observed on ADFI. Pigs offered the XYL+XOS had increased ADG (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL+XOS= 1.086 g/pig/d; P = 0.02) compared with those supplemented with xylanase alone (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL = 1.067 g/pig/d; P = 0.40). Feed efficiency was improved with XYL (2.65; P = 0.042) and XYL+XOS (2.60; P < 0.001) compared with CTR (2.71). These results suggest that xylanase in combination with XOS further improves daily gain and FCR compared with a xylanase alone. Interestingly the differences between XYL and XYL+XOS become more apparent in older animals, when the microbiome matures and possibly digests fiber more effectively.
158 Growth performance of weaned pigs fed multi-enzyme supplemented corn-soybean meal-based diets – two semi-commercial studies
Authors: Li Wenting , Feng Jie
Published: July 2019

Two studies were conducted with same set-up at a commercial facility to determine the effects of supplementing corn-SBM-based diets with or without a multi-enzyme on performance of nursery pigs. A total of 240 piglets (per trial) weaned at 25 d of age were randomly assigned to the 12 pens (10 barrows and 10 gilts per pen) pre-assigned with one of the experimental diets: a drug-free control diet containing 3000 ppm Zn and 1000 FTU phytase/kg with or without a multi-enzyme (4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of amylase, 150 U of β-glucanase and 3000 U of protease/kg feed, n = 6). The diets were fed for 6 wks in 2 growth phases (phase 1: 0–2 weeks; phase 2: 3–6 weeks). Feed intake (ADFI), body weight (BW), body weight gain (ADG) were recorded by phase. Data were analysed by MIXED procedure of SAS (9.4) and significance was declared at P < 0.05. In phase 1, fecal scores were visually assessed daily by pen, ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = hard; 2 = firm; 3 = soft; 4 = very soft; 5 = watery feces). The frequency of diarrhea by pen were calculated by counting pigs with a diarrhea score of 3 or greater. In both trials, ADG during the first phase was improved by 30 (trial 1) or 40 g (trial 2) vs. control (P < 0.05). Final BW in piglets fed enzyme treatment was 1.4 (P < 0.05) or 1.2 kg (P > 0.05) heavier in trial 1 and 2, respectively vs. those fed the control diet. The ADFI was not affected by enzyme inclusion (P > 0.05). In addition, during the 1st phase, improvement in fecal condition (average 1.96 vs. 2.27; P < 0.05) and reduction in diarrhea incident (average 3.0 vs. 5.05%; P < 0.05) were observed in both trials when multi-enzyme treatment was fed to the piglets. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme for weaned pigs improved growth performance and health condition.
164 Digestibility, fecal characteristics, and blood parameters of adult dogs fed high fat diets
Authors: Kilburn Logan R , Rossoni Serao Mariana C
Published: July 2019

Pet foods may be formulated with decreased starch to meet consumer demands for less processed diets. Fats and oils may be added to low starch diets to meet energy requirements, but little information is known about its effects on canine health. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding adult dogs increasing levels of fat in low carbohydrate diets on apparent digestibility, fecal characteristics, and overall health status. Eight adult beagles were used in a 4x4 replicated Latin square design. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 fat levels within a phase: 32.1% (TRT1), 37.1% (TRT2), 41.9% (TRT3), and 46.5% (TRT4). Fat levels were adjusted with the inclusion of canola oil to a commercial diet. Each dog was fed to exceed their energy requirement based on NRC recommendation for maintenance. Dogs were fed their respective diet twice daily for 15 d with ad libitum water. In each phase, total fecal collections were done d 11–15 and blood samples were taken on d 15. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with diet and room as fixed effects; period and dog were random. Covariates of baseline, initial body weight, and/or initial body condition score were dependent on trait. Digestibility improved linearly with fat level for dry matter (P = 0.021), organic matter (P = 0.019), and fat (P = 0.001). Fecal output decreased as levels of fat increased in the diet (P = 0.002). There was no effect of fat level on stool quality or short chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations in fecal samples (P > 0.1). Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts and chemistry profiles. All parameters remained within normal reference intervals. Blood urea nitrogen levels decreased with increased fat level (P = 0.03). Overall, the increase of dietary fat improved digestibility, did not disrupt fecal characteristics, and maintained the health status of each dog.
166 Fate of pentoses in the small intestine and hindgut of growing pigs
Authors: Abelilla Jerubella J , Stein Hans H
Published: July 2019

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that pentoses absorbed from the small intestine of pigs reduce energy utilization and that pentoses that reach the hindgut are fermented. In Exp. 1, 24 barrows (9.95 ± 0.51 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 diets that contained 15% glucose, 15% xylose, or 15% arabinose. Ileal digesta, feces, and urine were collected from all pigs. Data were analyzed via ANOVA using the Proc Mixed Procedure of SAS. No differences among diets were observed for apparent total tract digestibility of GE or for DE, but ME in xylose and arabinose diets was reduced (P < 0.01) compared with the glucose diet (Table 1) indicating that xylose and arabinose that are absorbed from the small intestine are excreted in the urine. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (18.02 ± 1.1 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 7 pigs per treatment. A diet based on corn starch, casein, and 15% glucose was fed for 11 d. On d 4 through 11, saline, xylose, or arabinose (3% of the daily feed) was infused into the cecum of pigs via an ileal cannula, and feces and urine were collected. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1. Infused xylose or arabinose was not detected in feces of the pigs infused with pentoses indicating that pentoses are fully fermented in the hindgut (Table 1). In conclusion, dietary free pentoses are absorbed prior to the end of the small intestine, but partially excreted in the urine, and therefore may reduce energy utilization. If pentoses are liberated in the hindgut, they may contribute to the energy status of the pig by being fermented with a subsequent absorption of short chained fatty acids.
167 Increasing weaning age: a tool to improve pig performance in a multisite production system
Authors: Faccin Jamil E G , Laskoski Fernanda , Hernig Luciana , Ulguim Rafael , Mellagi Ana Paula , Bortolozzo Fernando
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of weaning age on pig performance in a multisite production system. A total of 1,176 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 21 pigs per pen, 14 replications per age on nursery and 10 on finishing phase, in a randomized complete block design with two blocks of nursery and finishing sites. All pigs within each block were weaned in a common day from a 5000-sow farm. Treatments included weaning litters at 19, 22, 25, or 28 d of age. Pen was the experimental unit for data analysis. Increasing weaning age from 19 to 28 d increased ADG (linear, P < 0.001), and ADFI (linear, P < 0.001), decreased removal rate (linear, P = 0.001), tended to increase G:F (linear, P = 0.081), and showed no evidence for difference in mortality rate (P > 0.05) in the initial 42 d after weaning. Finishing ADG also was improved (linear, P = 0.001) by increasing weaning age; however, there was no evidence for difference (P > 0.05) in removal or mortality rate in the finisher. When analyzed the ADG at a common day of life (164 d of age), no evidence for difference (P > 0.05) were found between the four weaning ages tested. In conclusion, the present study suggests increasing weaning age up to 28 d can be an effective management strategy to improve nursery and finishing growth performance in multisite pig production. However, the growth rate on a lifetime basis is not affected by the weaning age.
173 Effects of dietary analyzed calcium to analyzed phosphorus ratio on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone mineralization in 26- to 127-kg pigs
Authors: Vier Carine M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Gonçalves Márcio A D , Orlando Uislei A D , Bergstrom Jon R , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M
Published: July 2019

Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg. A total of 1,134 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 26.3 ± 0.71 kg) were used in a 110-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0:75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, 1.75:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were formulated to contain adequate standardized total tract digestible P (approximately 122% of NRC 2012 estimates) for the weight range in all 4 dietary phases. Treatments were achieved by increasing calcium carbonate at the expense of corn while maintaining a constant level of monocalcium phosphate. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW. Feed efficiency (G:F) was relatively similar across analyzed Ca:P ratios of 0.75:1 to 1.75:1 but worsened (quadratic, P < 0.05) at the highest ratio of 2.00:1. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and carcass ADG increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) while carcass yield decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. Bone mineralization increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. For ADG, ADFI, G:F, and bone ash, the quadratic polynomial model demonstrated the best fit. The maximum responses in ADG, ADFI, G:F, HCW, and bone ash were estimated at 1.38:1, 1.49:1, 1.29:1, 1.25:1, and 1.93:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio, respectively. In conclusion, for growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets adequate in STTD P, the analyzed Ca:P ratio to maximize growth performance and HCW criteria ranged from 1.25:1 to 1.49:1. A higher analyzed Ca:P ratio, estimated at 1.93:1, was required to maximize bone mineralization.
182 Influence of β-mannanase in the lactation diet on sow and litter performance and subsequent wean-to-service interval
Authors: Bruder Emily K , Linneen Sara K , Gourley Gene G , Payne Robert L
Published: July 2019

β-mannans (β-galactomannans) are anti-nutritive fibers found in common feed ingredients, such as soybean meal and other vegetable proteins. If not controlled, these β-mannans cause unnecessary gut inflammation which diverts nutrients from production to maintenance. Hemicell® HT has been shown to breakdown β-mannans allowing energy and nutrients to be available for growth and performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-mannanase (Hemicell® HT 1.5X) on sow and litter performance in a commercial farm. A total of 261 sows averaging 268 kg (± 91 kg) and 3.5 (± 2.3) average parity were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 lactation diets. Dietary treatments included: 1. Corn/soybean meal feed (control) and 2. Control + Hemicell® HT 1.5X (0.25 kg/ton inclusion). Treatments were initiated on d of farrowing and terminated at weaning. All data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using Proc MIXED in SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Sow and litter served as the experimental unit, farrowing room as block, and lactation length as a covariate when significant (P ˂ 0.05). Results indicated no significant (P > 0.20) differences in sow BW or body condition score (BCS) prefarrowing, postfarrowing, or at weaning. Sows consuming Hemicell® HT 1.5 had significantly (1.43 vs. 1.55; P = 0.03) greater backfat thickness (BF) at weaning and tended (P = 0.10) to lose less weight (-18 vs. -15 kg) than those fed Control. Feed intake, BCS and BF change, and subsequent wean-to-service interval were similar (P > 0.41) for sows on both treatments. Litter ADG and wean weight were not different (P > 0.18). The results indicate that Hemicell® HT 1.5 improved body reserves at weaning when consumed through the lactation period, suggesting increased energy availability during this period, which could have positive implications on overall lifetime reproductive performance.
179 Supplementation of mint oil and yeast cell in lactation diets on the antioxidant status of the dam and performance of offspring during the suckling phase
Authors: Hernandez Lily P , Dunn James L , Wenninghoff Joel , Levesque Crystal L
Published: July 2019

Environmental or metabolic heat can increase oxidative stress in sows and may impact suckling pig growth; yeast cell- and oil-based products are used to alleviate oxidative stress. A study was conducted to assess yeast cell and mint oil supplementation in sow lactation diets on sow anti-oxidant status and offspring performance to weaning. A total of 45 sows and gilts (240.7 ± 38.5 kg BW) were assigned to one of 4 diets: Control diet (CON), control + yeast cell at 0.2% (YC), control + mint oil at 10 ppm (MO), and control + yeast cell and mint oil (YCMO). Diets were provided from d 110 of gestation through weaning (21 ± 4 d). Variables evaluated were: sow and piglet growth, litter characteristics at birth, colostrum and milk oxidative status, sow feed intake. Data analyzed as randomized complete block with sow as experimental unit and Tukey’s adjustment as means separation test. There was no effect of maternal diet on sow BW (204.52 ± 43.5 kg) at weaning, piglet birth weight (1.44 ± 0.96 kg), litter size (13.09 ± 6 pig/sow) or sow feed intake (6.32 ± 3.05 kg). Piglets from CON females had lesser gain (P < 0.05) compared with the other groups during the suckling phase (0.23, 0.24, 0.24, and 0.24 ± 0.005 kg in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO group, respectively). Superoxide dismutase activity in sow serum (d110 and weaning), colostrum, and milk was not different among diets and was 39, 59, 45, and 10% lower at weaning than d 110 in CON, YC, MO, and YCMO sows, respectively. Milk glutathione content tended to be lower (P < 0.10) in MO than YCMO sows with CON and YC intermediate (15.2, 32.0, 20.6, and 21.1 U/ml), respectively. Overall, inclusion of yeast cell or mint oil enhanced piglet growth, which may be related to lower sow antioxidant status.