bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformation by Tribbles homolog 2 (Trib2) requires both the Trib2 kinase domain and COP1 binding
Authors: Keeshan Karen , Bailis Will , Dedhia Priya H. , Vega Maria E. , Shestova Olga , Xu Lanwei , Toscano Kristin , Uljon Sacha N. , Blacklow Stephen C. , Pear Warren S.
Published: August 2010

Tribbles homolog 2 (Trib2) is a pseudokinase that induces acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in mice and is highly expressed in a subset of human AML. Trib2 has 3 distinct regions, a proline-rich N-terminus, a serine/threonine kinase homology domain, and a C-terminal constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1)–binding domain. We performed a structure-function analysis of Trib2 using in vitro and in vivo assays. The N-terminus was not required for Trib2-induced AML. Deletion or mutation of the COP1-binding site abrogated the ability of Trib2 to degrade CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), block granulocytic differentiation, and to induce AML in vivo. Furthermore, COP1 knockdown inhibited the ability of Trib2 to degrade C/EBP-α, showing that it is important for mediating Trib2 activity. We also show that the Trib2 kinase domain is essential for its function. Trib2 contains variant catalytic loop sequences, compared with conventional kinases, that we show are necessary for Trib2 activity. The kinase domain mutants bind, but cannot efficiently degrade, C/EBP-α. Together, our data demonstrate that Trib2 can bind both COP1 and C/EBP-α, leading to degradation of C/EBP-α. Identification of the functional regions of Trib2 that are essential to its oncogenic role provides the basis for developing inhibitors that will block Trib functions in cancer.
Automatic detection of anchor points for multiple sequence alignment
Authors: Pitschi Florian , Devauchelle Claudine , Corel Eduardo
Published: September 2010

Background

Determining beforehand specific positions to align (anchor points) has proved valuable for the accuracy of automated multiple sequence alignment (MSA) software. This feature can be used manually to include biological expertise, or automatically, usually by pairwise similarity searches. Multiple local similarities are be expected to be more adequate, as more biologically relevant. However, even good multiple local similarities can prove incompatible with the ordering of an alignment.

Results

We use a recently developed algorithm to detect multiple local similarities, which returns subsets of positions in the sequences sharing similar contexts of appearence. In this paper, we describe first how to get, with the help of this method, subsets of positions that could form partial columns in an alignment. We introduce next a graph-theoretic algorithm to detect (and remove) positions in the partial columns that are inconsistent with a multiple alignment. Partial columns can be used, for the time being, as guide only by a few MSA programs: ClustalW 2.0, DIALIGN 2 and T-Coffee. We perform tests on the effect of introducing these columns on the popular benchmark BAliBASE 3.

Conclusions

We show that the inclusion of our partial alignment columns, as anchor points, improve on the whole the accuracy of the aligner ClustalW on the benchmark BAliBASE 3.
Expression of immune-response genes in lepidopteran host is suppressed by venom from an endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum
Authors: Fang Qi , Wang Lei , Zhu Jiaying , Li Yanmin , Song Qisheng , Stanley David W , Akhtar Zunnu-raen , Ye Gongyin
Published: September 2010

Background

The relationships between parasitoids and their insect hosts have attracted attention at two levels. First, the basic biology of host-parasitoid interactions is of fundamental interest. Second, parasitoids are widely used as biological control agents in sustainable agricultural programs. Females of the gregarious endoparasitoid Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inject venom along with eggs into their hosts. P. puparum does not inject polydnaviruses during oviposition. For this reason, P. puparum and its pupal host, the small white butterfly Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), comprise an excellent model system for studying the influence of an endoparasitoid venom on the biology of the pupal host. P. puparum venom suppresses the immunity of its host, although the suppressive mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that P. puparum venom influences host gene expression in the two main immunity-conferring tissues, hemocytes and fat body.

Results

At 1 h post-venom injection, we recorded significant decreases in transcript levels of 217 EST clones (revealing 113 genes identified in silico, including 62 unknown contigs) derived from forward subtractive libraries of host hemocytes and in transcript levels of 288 EST clones (221 genes identified in silico, including 123 unknown contigs) from libraries of host fat body. These genes are related to insect immune response, cytoskeleton, cell cycle and apoptosis, metabolism, transport, stress response and transcriptional and translational regulation. We verified the reliability of the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) data with semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a set of randomly selected genes. This analysis showed that most of the selected genes were down-regulated after venom injection.

Conclusions

Our findings support our hypothesis that P. puparum venom influences gene expression in host hemocytes and fat body. Specifically, the venom treatments led to reductions in expression of a large number of genes. Many of the down-regulated genes act in immunity, although others act in non-immune areas of host biology. We conclude that the actions of venom on host gene expression influence immunity as well as other aspects of host biology in ways that benefit the development and emergence of the next generation of parasitoids.
The Swiss Iodized Salt Program Provides Adequate Iodine for School Children and Pregnant Women, but Weaning Infants Not Receiving Iodine-Containing Complementary Foods as well as Their Mothers Are Iodine Deficient
Authors: Andersson Maria , Aeberli Isabelle , Wüst Nadja , Piacenza Alberta M. , Bucher Tamara , Henschen Isabelle , Haldimann Max , Zimmermann Michael B.
Published: September 2010

Background: If children and pregnant women in the population are iodine sufficient, it is generally assumed infants are also sufficient. But weaning infants may be at risk of iodine deficiency because iodized salt contributes little dietary iodine during this period. To fill this gap, iodine fortification of infant formula milk (IFM) and complementary foods (CF) is likely important.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to first confirm that Swiss school children and pregnant women remain iodine sufficient and then to assess iodine status in infancy and the relative contribution of breast milk and IFM/CF to their iodine intakes.

Methods: We measured urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) in national cross-sectional samples of: 1) pregnant women (n = 648); 2) school children (n = 916); 3) infants at three time points: at 3–4 d after birth and at 6 and 12 months (n = 875); and 4) breast-feeding mothers (n = 507). We measured breast milk iodine concentrations in the mothers, assessed iodine sources in infant diets, and analyzed iodine content of commercial IFM/CFs (n = 22) and salt samples from the school children’s households (n = 266).

Results: Median (m) UICs in pregnant women (162 μg/liter) and school children (120 μg/liter) were sufficient, and 80% of the household salt was adequately iodized (≥15 ppm). However, mUICs in infants not receiving IFM/CF were not sufficient: 1) mUIC in breast-fed infants (82 μg/liter) was lower than in non-breast-fed infants (105 μg/liter) (P < 0.001) and 2) mUIC in breast-fed weaning infants not receiving IFM/CF (70 μg/liter) was lower than infants receiving IFM (109 μg/liter) (P < 0.01). mUIC was low in lactating mothers (67 μg/liter) and median breast milk iodine concentration was 49 μg/kg.

Conclusions: In countries in which iodized salt programs supply sufficient iodine to older children and pregnant women, weaning infants, particularly those not receiving iodine-containing IFM, may be at risk of inadequate iodine intakes.
Preparation and Spectroscopic Properties of Silver Nanodisks Covered with J-Aggregate of Cyanine Dye
Authors: Sato Tomoo , Omura Ayako , Kobayashi Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2010

We found a unique spectroscopic property of silver nanodisks covered with J-aggregate. The spectral hole around the position of the J-band was remarkably observed in the surface plasmon band. The origin of the peculiar phenomenon is presumed to be the suppressive interaction between the surface plasmon and Frenkel exciton.
Density Functional Theory Study of Gas Phase Hydrolysis of Titanium Tetrachloride
Authors: John Ani K , Savithri S , Vijayalakshmi Kunduchi P , Suresh Cherumuttathu H
Published: September 2010

Thermodynamic parameters of four elementary steps of hydrolysis of TiCl4, viz. formation of (i) TiCl3(OH), (ii) TiCl2(OH)2, (iii) TiCl(OH)3, and (iv) Ti(OH)4 as well as condensation of the hydroxides giving rise to titanoxanes (Cl4−x(OH)x−1Ti–O–TiCl4−x(OH)x−1 (x = 1–4)) have been studied using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of DFT. The first elementary step required the highest free energy of activation (ΔG# = 22.8 kcal mol−1) as well as the highest enthalpy of activation (ΔH# = 16.9 kcal mol−1), while subsequent steps showed a decrease in both ΔG# and ΔH#, reaching the lowest value of ΔG# = 20.4 kcal mol−1 and ΔH# = 11.9 kcal mol−1 for the fourth step. Condensation reactions were triggered by O–H···O–H hydrogen bonding in pre-reactant complexes. The ΔG# of the condensation of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrahydroxides are 23.0, 17.1, 20.8, and 14.5 kcal mol−1, respectively. Thus gas phase hydrolysis of TiCl4 and subsequent condensation of TiCl4−x(OH)x are feasible at low temperature and higher order condensation would lead to the formation of TiO2. TiCl4 showed higher Lewis acid character to a water dimer than a water molecule as their respetive interaction energies were −4.8 and −14.2 kcal mol−1. Coordination of the water dimer to titanium has significant effect on lowering the activation bariers of the hydrolysis reactions and therefore the amount of water vapor in the gas phase reaction is critical to the overall rate of the reaction.
Design of New Scaffolds for Increased Superbasicity of Bisguanidine Proton Sponges
Authors: Margetic Davor , Trošelj Pavle , Ishikawa Tsutomu , Kumamoto Takuya
Published: September 2010

New polycyclic molecular scaffolds for anchoring guanidines were designed and studied by computational methods (DFT). Amongst them, the attachment of guanidine fragments to the 7,12-dihydropleiadene-7,12-diamine framework effectively increases superbasicity of novel bisguanidine proton sponges to the estimated absolute proton affinity of 281 kcal mol–1 at the B3LYP/6-31G* level.
Highly Selective Markovnikov Addition of Hypervalent H-Spirophosphoranes to Alkynes Mediated by Palladium Acetate: Generality and Mechanism
Authors: Han Li-Biao , Ono Yutaka , Xu Qing , Shimada Shigeru
Published: September 2010

Palladium acetate efficiently catalyzes the addition of an H-spirophosphorane (pinacolato)2PH to alkynes to give Markovnikov addition products highly selectively. The addition products can be easily converted to the corresponding alkenylphosphonates and phosphonic acids via simple hydrolysis or thermal decomposition. This new reaction is a general method for the introduction of phosphorus functionality to the internal carbons of terminal alkynes, resolving the problem of the regioselectivity associated with hydrophosphorylation reactions so far reported. Mechanistic studies confirmed that (a) palladium acetate was reduced to metallic palladium by H-spirophosphorane, (b) the P–H bond of H-spirophosphorane could be activated by zero-valent platinum complexes to give the corresponding hydridoplatinum complexes, and (c) an alkenylpalladium species was identified from the reaction of palladium acetate with H-spirophosphorane and diphenylacetylene. These results support a reaction mechanism that palladium acetate was first reduced by H-spirophosphorane to give zero-valent palladium. This zero-valent palladium might insert into the P–H bond of the H-spirophosphorane to give a hydridopalladium species which then added to alkyne via the addition of H–Pd bond to form an alkenylpalladium species with the hydrogen atom added to the terminal carbon of alkynes. Reductive elimination of the alkenylpalladium affords the addition product.
Remarkable Improvement in Sensitizing Property of Tetraphenylporphyrincarboxylic Acids as Sensitizers for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells by the Introduction of Trimethylsilyl Groups as Substituents
Authors: Kakiage Kenji , Fujimura Emi , Mine Hiroyuki , Izumizawa Takenori , Katoh Takashi , Yoshimura Kimio , Kyushin Soichiro , Kyomen Toru , Hanaya Minoru
Published: August 2010

The effects of the introduction of alkylsilyl groups to porphyrin dyes on their sensitizing property in dye-sensitized solar cells were investigated by using a newly synthesized tetraphenylporphyrincarboxylic acid containing trimethylsilyl groups. The cell with the porphyrin showed higher photovoltaic performance than that with a tert-butyl-containing analog, and the zinc complex of the porphyrin exhibited remarkably high sensitizing performance comparable to N3 dye.
The Impact of Visual Phonics on the Phonological Awareness and Speech Production of a Student Who Is Deaf: A Case Study
Authors: Smith Andrea , Wang Ye
Published: August 2010

The researchers explored the effectiveness of Visual Phonics as a reading instructional tool when used in conjunction with a modified version of the Fountas and Pinnell Kindergarten Phonics Curriculum (Fountas & Pinnell, 2002) with a preschool student who was deaf. The study participant was a 4-year-old deaf child who had a cochlear implant. The goal of the study was to determine whether the student's phonological awareness and speech production improved over the course of a 6-week intervention. Identical pre- and postintervention tests were administered to measure the extent of any improvement. It was found that Visual Phonics used with a phonics-based curriculum significantly increased phonological awareness and speech production.
The Use of Graphic Representations of Sign Language in Leveled Texts to Support Deaf Readers
Authors: Hoffman Mary , Wang Ye
Published: August 2010

The study considered whether adding sign language graphics to the books being used for reading instruction in a first-grade classroom would promote the literacy development of students who are deaf or hard of hearing. The researchers also sought to discover whether materials existed to put the process of modifying leveled texts within the reach of the typical classroom teacher, in terms of cost and procedure. Students' reading behaviors seemed to indicate that the presence of sign graphics supported their development as readers. The materials needed to create sign support for the English print in the leveled books were commercially available.
What is Your Prediction? Teaching the Metacognitive Skill of Prediction to a Class of Sixth- and Seventh-Grade Students Who Are Deaf
Authors: Brigham Molly , Hartman Maria C.
Published: August 2010

The development of the metacognitive skill of prediction in deaf students in a middle school social studies classroom was explored in an action research study (Riel, 2006). After observation of this group of learners and assessment of current skills, a unit was developed that integrated the teaching of prediction into their study of the American Revolution. It was found that these students were already using some metacognitive skills in their social studies class, but through direct instruction they were able to make more and better predictions related to the content being studied. The study demonstrates how the social studies curriculum provided an opportunity for students to learn and implement metacognitive skills that helped them to understand the cause-and-effect relationships in history and eventually to become more active readers during a reading task.
Did the Preservice Teacher–Generated Studies Constitute Actual Instances of Teacher-Researcher Studies, and Were They Consistent With Notions of Dewey?
Authors: Kretschmer Robert E. , Wang Ye , Hartman Maria C.
Published: August 2010

It is suggested that articles in an American Annals of the Deaf special issue on teacher action research constitute a 2-tiered metastudy: The first article serves as a literature review of the teacher-as-researcher notion; 5 subsequent articles form the data set for a higher-order teacher-as-researcher inquiry. It is maintained that the preservice teachers' work met the definition of teacher-as-researcher in that they systematically investigated their own teaching/learning practices through a reflective lens, with the twin purposes of modifying their own practices and contributing to the theoretical in situ knowledge base of learning and teaching in general. It is also argued that this body of work is consistent with the stance on inquiry advocated by Columbia University's Teachers College and its Program in the Education of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, and that teacher research reflected Dewey's notions of pragmatism, functionalism, constructivism, communication , and social advocacy .
Teacher-as-Researcher: Theory-into-Practice
Authors: Wang Ye , Kretschmer Robert E. , Hartman Maria C.
Published: August 2010

This introductory article establishes the foundation for a special issue of the American Annals of the Deaf on teacher action research. The authors first introduce the definition of the teacher-as-researcher model, formally known as teacher action research . Four elements of teacher action research are discussed in detail: cyclical, systematic, reflective , and collaborative . Next, the history of teacher action research is discussed. Subsequently, the multi-paradigmatic and multi-methodological nature of teacher action research is proposed. Finally, as a means of guiding readers, the scope of the special issue is described. The introduction concludes with the suggestion that in-service and preservice teachers integrate theory into practice and engage in systematic inquiry into their own practice to develop the mindset necessary to cope with the pedagogical challenges they face on a daily basis.
Teaching Poetry: A Descriptive Case Study of a Poetry Unit in a Classroom of Urban Deaf Adolescents
Authors: Arenson Rebecca , Kretschmer Robert E.
Published: August 2010

A qualitative study was conducted that reflected an analysis of a 6-week poetry unit in a language arts classroom of 6th and 8th graders at a school for the deaf in a large city in the northeastern United States. The school served a large population of children of poverty who were of Latino and African American descent. The study was guided by 4 research questions: (a) Would students benefit from having American Sign Language (ASL) poetry as a part of the unit? (b) Would teachers' signing of poems increase students' understanding of the poems? (c) Could students analyze the meaning of poems independently? (d) Would students view writing poetry as a vehicle for expressing their feelings and ideas through themes that were important to them? The evidence provided support for affirmative answers to questions a, b, and d.
The Teaching and Learning of Multimeaning Words Within a Metacognitively Based Curriculum
Authors: Aceti Katherine Jane , Wang Ye
Published: August 2010

The study explored the effects of an 8-week intervention in which a teacher/researcher used direct instruction to show the multiple meanings of 7 words to 4 deaf students ages 11–13 years in a school for the deaf. Applying conclusions from emerging research that links knowledge and strategy with metacognitive skills, the teacher/researcher used specific metacognitive strategies to facilitate both the acquisition of the concept of multimeaning words and the ability to distinguish one meaning from another while reading, and thus improved the students' reading comprehension. The study participants were able to increase their vocabulary of multimeaning words as well as their reading comprehension in general, and, overall, experienced an improvement in their observable understanding and confidence when approaching the task of reading.
Visitation Patterns and Perceptions of National Park Users – Case Study of Dominica, West Indies
Authors: Christian Colmore S. , Lacher Thomas E. , Hammitt William E. , Potts Thomas D.
Published: August 2010

Cette étude, conduite dans deux parcs nationaux de l'île de Dominique, est divisée en deux phases. Notre objectif principal est d'explorer le rapport entre les caractéristiques des participants (par exemple genre, âge et nationalité) et leur perception concernant les conditions des ressources naturelles dans les parcs. Notre deuxième objectif est de contribuer à la base de données sur le tourisme vert et les ressources naturelles dans le contexte de cette petite île tropicale. Par le biais de questionnaires, nous avons examiné le patron d'utilisation de l'espace par les usagers; de même, pour avoir des données plus amples, nous avons recueilli des informations sur les ressources écologiques présentes sur des sentiers d'un mètre de large. Aussi, avons-nous constaté un rapport homogène entre les perceptions des usagers des parcs sur les conditions des ressources naturelles. Toutefois, ces perceptions divergeaint en ce qui concernait certains aspects: le test du khi carré ( Chi-square test ), par exemple, a révélé qu'il existe un rapport significatif entre l'evaluation faite par les usagers et leur genre. En outre, nous avons identifié des liens significatifs entre les perceptions des usagers par rapport à l'état des ressources, et leur âge et nationalité, mais uniquement après avoir regroupé toutes les données. D'après les resultats de notre étude, nous avons conclu que les responsables des ressources naturelles devraient privilégier un ensemble d'approches —au lieu d'une approche unique— pour évaluer et surveiller les changements écologiques de ces ressources et pour prendre des décisions informées.
1968 and the Social and Political Foundations and Impact of the "New Politics" in Guyana
Authors: Westmaas Nigel
Published: August 2010

La Guyana, comme bien d'autres pays dans les Caraïbes anglophones, n'a pas connu le plein impact que la révolte de 1968 eut dans le monde entier. La Guyana a traversé ses propres turbulences qui, à la fin des années 1960, avaient atteint un poids significatif. Alors que les événements internationaux eurent sans doute des conséquences, une révolte plus calme y a eu lieu. Les divisions politiques et sociales qui ont surgi pendant la période coloniale ont continué après l'indépendance de ce pays en 1966. Manifestes dans les partis politiques ancrés sur des alliances ethniques, ces divisions ont provoqué de considérables déceptions. Déjà en 1968-69, ces dernières avaient jeté les bases d'un éloignement progressif par rapport aux «anciennes politiques», caractérisé par la lutte contre la division ethnique, l'autoritarisme et l'organisation politique orthodoxe de la gauche ainsi que de la droite. Cet article examine le militantisme et l'action collective des groupes et des individus à Guyana entre 1968 et 1978 et affirme que l'émergence et la convergence de ces forces et politiques y ont changé la donne et donné naissance à la «nouvelle politique», évidente dans la conception et les activités de l'Alliance des Travailleurs (WPA).
Chinese Emigrants, Indentured Workers, and Christianity in the West Indies, British Guiana and Hawaii
Authors: Lutz Jessie G.
Published: August 2010

Aprés l'abolition de l'esclavage, le besoin de main d'oeuvre pour industrie du sucre dans les Caraïbes a donné naissance à un système de «contrats de servage». Ainsi, entre 1850 et 1855 des centaines de milliers d'indiens et de chinois ont été recrutés pour travailler sur les champs de canne à sucre aux Indes Occidentales et à Hawaii. Les abus dans le processus de recrutement étaient évidents: l'exploitation, les maladies graves, voire la mort étaient l'ordre du jour. Pour faciliter et réguler le recrutement de chinois, les anglais ont créé un organisme spécial à Hong Kong entre 1852 et 1853, par lequel des missionnaires chrétiens servaient de recruteurs. Parmi eux, le plus actif fut Wilhelm Lobscheid, qui a non seulement recruté des chinois par le biais du système de servage, mais aussi conseillé l'organisme britannique en matière de politique. Les missionnaires chrétiens ont aidé au processus d'emigration de chinois convertis vers la Guyana britannique et Hawaii. En effet, la mission Bassel, concentrée sur l'évangélisation parmi les Hakka, leur a aussi offert asile lors des rebellions Taiping et les luttes entre le peuple Hakka et le peuple cantonnais. De même, elle a aidé les familles chrétiennes à émigrer vers la Guyana et Hawaii, où elles ont bâti des églises qui ont servi de centres religieux, éducatifs et sociaux. Une fois les contrats terminés, la plupart des travailleurs engagés par contrat ont abandonné les champs de canne à sucre, mais peu d'entre eux avaient l'argent pour rentrer chez eux. En revanche, ils se sont installés dans les villes, ce qui a eu comme résultat l'établissement de sociétés multiculturelles et multiraciales, ainsi que la création de congrégations chrétiennes aux Indes Occidentales et à Hawaii.
El concepto del amor en adolescentes dominicanos
Authors: Estrella Ruth Nina
Published: August 2010

Il y a fort peu d'études consacrées au sujet des rapports amoureux pendant l'adolescence. Les Antilles ne sont pas l'exception: il y existe peu de recherches sur ce sujet. C'est pourquoi nous avons mené cette étude dont l'objectif est d'explorer la signification du terme «amour» chez des élèves dominicains. Les trente lycéens qui ont participé à l'étude ont été confrontés aux techniques des réseaux sémantiques proposées par Valdez (1998). Le stimulus était «l'amour». Les résultats indiquent que, pour les lycéens, le mot le plus proche de celui d' «amour» est celui de «respect». De même, il en ressort qu'il existe des différences selon le genre. Nous proposons de réaliser des études ultérieures afin d'analyser le concept d'amour par rapport à la sexualité des adolescents.
Portable Roots: Latin New Yorker Community Building and the Meanings of Women's Return Migration in San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1960-2000
Authors: Findlay Eileen J.
Published: August 2010

Cet article analyse les récits de vie de femmes migrantes qui retournent à Porto Rico de New York. Il se concentre sur les aspects culturels des mouvements migratoires de retour au pays, notamment sur la manière dont les narratrices ont différencié leur identité collective de celle des portoricains nés et élevés à Porto Rico. Ces narratrices ont reformulé leurs récits de vie en termes de fables caractérisées par une morale de mobilité de classe, des limitations basées sur le genre et le rejet social sur l'Île. Ces histories de vie ont mis l'accent sur les différences radicales entre les portoricains de classe moyenne et la diaspora ouvrière à New York. Les narratrices ont également créé un organisme qui a renforcé leur identité de «Latin New Yorker», inventée sur l'Île.
A Hidden Window into Cuban History: The Carl Withers Manuscript Collection at New York University
Authors: Brown Emilyn L. , Giovannetti Jorge L.
Published: August 2010

Cette note de recherche décrit la Collection des Manuscrits de Carl Withers, déposée aux archives universitaires de l'Université de New York. Cette collection unique et rarement utilisée contient des documents ethnographiques ainsi que la correspondance épistolaire entre l'ethnologue américain Carl Withers et son adjoint à Cuba Juan Manuel Picabea. Withers mena son travail sur le terrain au village de Mayajigua - dans la région centrale de Cuba - vers la fin des années 40 et le début des années 50, avec la collaboration de Picabea. Les auteurs de cette notte mettent en relief trois composantes importantes de la Collection qui concernent particulièrement Cuba, les Antilles et l'histoire intellectuelle de l'ethnologie de la région, à savoir : 1) les écrits ethnographiques de Withers ; 2) des photographies en noir et blanc prises par ce dernier ; et 3) des manuscrits de Picabea. En effet, les auteurs proposent un aperçu complet de chacune de ces trois composantes, tout en faissant remarquer la richesse potentielle de cette collection pour les études cubaines et antillaises.
Havana Hub: Cuban Anarchism, Radical Media and the Trans-Caribbean Anarchist Network, 1902-1915
Authors: Shaffer Kirwin R.
Published: August 2010

Enraciné dans les théories des médias radicaux et des mouvements sociaux, cet article explore le rôle de l'hebdomadaire anarchiste ¡Tierra! publié à la Havane, dans la construction d'un réseau anarchiste cubain, voire caraïbéen, de 1902 à 1915. Entre 1898 et 1915, les anarchistes cubains publièrent au moins 15 journaux, mais celui qui a été le plus publié et le plus longtemps distribué fut sans doute ¡Tierra! Ce journal assurait la difussion d'informations et de propagande aux travailleurs des villages, des villes et des collectivités minières à Cuba, permettant à ces travailleurs de devenir des correspondants clé pour le public habitant à la Havane. Le journal était alors un espace privilegié pour que les lecteurs cubains communiquent entre eux, partagent leurs témoignages sur la repression, comparent leurs conditions de travail et créent conscience des complexités inhérentes au processus de lutte à travers l'île. Au fait, une analyse des rapports financiers du journal révèle que le lectorat rural fournissait régulièrement entre 35 et 60% du revenue de cet hebdomadaire urbain. De même, le journal a joué un rôle très important en tant que plate-forme de correspondance journalistique pour les anarchistes tout au long de la Caraïbe, notamment les correspondants de la Floride, Porto Rico et le Canal de Panama. Ceux-ci ont contribué financièrement et fourni des analyses concernant le statut des mouvements dans ces terres, offrant ainsi aux lecteurs de toute la région des moyens de comparer leur situations et de développer une plus grande conscience internationale.
The Labor Market in the Great Recession
Authors: Elsby Michael W. L. , Hobijn Bart , Şahin Ayşegül
Published: August 2010

From the perspective of a wide range of labor market outcomes, the recession that began in 2007 represents the deepest downturn in the postwar era. Early on, the nature of labor market adjustment displayed a notable resemblance to that observed in past severe downturns. During the latter half of 2009, however, the path of adjustment exhibited important departures from that seen during and after prior deep recessions. Recent data point to two warning signs going forward. First, the record rise in long-term unemployment may yield a persistent residue of long-term unemployed workers with weak search effectiveness. Second, conventional estimates suggest that the extension of Emergency Unemployment Compensation may have led to a modest increase in unemployment. Despite these forces, we conclude that the problems facing the U.S. labor market are unlikely to be as severe as the European unemployment problem of the 1980s.
The Income- and Expenditure-Side Estimates of U.S. Output Growth
Authors: Nalewaik Jeremy J.
Published: August 2010

The two official measures of U.S. economic output, gross domestic product (GDP) and gross domestic income (GDI), have shown markedly different business cycle fluctuations over the past 25 years, with GDI showing a more pronounced cycle than GDP. This paper reports a broad range of results that indicate that GDI better reflects the business cycle fluctuations in true output growth. Results on revisions to the estimates, and correlations with numerous other cyclically sensitive variables, are particularly favorable to GDI. The most recent GDI data show the 2007-09 downturn to have been considerably worse than is reflected in GDP.
The Rug Rat Race
Authors: Ramey Garey , Ramey Valerie A.
Published: August 2010

After three decades of decline, the amount of time spent by parents on childcare in the United States began to rise dramatically in the mid-1990s. This increase was particularly pronounced among college-educated parents. Less educated mothers increased their childcare time by over 4 hours per week, and college-educated mothers increased theirs by over 9 hours per week. Fathers showed the same patterns, but with smaller magnitudes. Why would highly educated parents increase the time they allocate to childcare at the same time that their returns from paid employment have skyrocketed? Finding no empirical support for standard explanations, such as selection or income effects, we argue instead that increased competition for college admissions may be an important factor. We provide empirical support for our explanation with a comparison of trends between the United States and Canada, across ethnic groups in the United States, and across U.S. states.
The Crisis
Authors: Greenspan Alan
Published: August 2010

Geopolitical changes following the end of the Cold War induced a worldwide decline in real long-term interest rates that, in turn, produced home price bubbles across more than a dozen countries. However, it was the heavy securitization of the U.S. subprime mortgage market from 2003 to 2006 that spawned the toxic assets that triggered the disruptive collapse of the global bubble in 2007-08. Private counterparty risk management and official regulation failed to set levels of capital and liquidity that would have thwarted financial contagion and assuaged the impact of the crisis. This woeful record has energized regulatory reform but also suggests that regulations that require a forecast are likely to fail. Instead, the primary imperative has to be increased regulatory capital, liquidity, and collateral requirements for banks and shadow banks alike. Policies that presume that some institutions are "too big to fail" cannot be allowed to stand. Finally, a range of evidence suggests that monetary policy was not the source of the bubble.
The Initial Impact of the Crisis on Emerging Market Countries
Authors: Blanchard Olivier J. , Das Mitali , Faruqee Hamid
Published: August 2010

To understand the diverse impact of the crisis across emerging market countries, we explore the role of two shocks—the collapse in trade and the sharp decline in financial flows—in the transmission of the crisis from the advanced economies. We first develop a simple open economy model, which allows for imperfect capital mobility and potentially contractionary effects of currency depreciation due to foreign debt exposure. We then look at the cross-country evidence. The data suggest a strong role for both trade and financial shocks. Perhaps surprisingly, the data give little econometric support for a central role of either reserves or exchange rate regimes. We end by presenting case studies for Latvia, Russia, and Chile.
Geographic Variation in Health Care: The Role of Private Markets
Authors: Philipson Tomas J. , Seabury Seth A. , Lockwood Lee M. , Goldman Dana P. , Lakdawalla Darius N.
Published: August 2010

The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care has documented substantial regional variation in health care utilization and spending, beyond what would be expected from such observable factors as demographics and disease severity. However, since these data are specific to Medicare, it is unclear to what extent this finding generalizes to the private sector. Economic theory suggests that private insurers have stronger incentives to restrain utilization and costs, while public insurers have greater monopsony power to restrain prices. We argue that these two differences alone should lead to greater regional variation in utilization for the public sector, but either more or less variation in spending. We provide evidence that variation in utilization in the public sector is about 2.8 times as great for outpatient visits ( p < 0.01) and 3.9 times as great for hospital days ( p = 0.09) as in the private sector. Variation in spending appears to be greater in the private sector, consistent with the importance of public sector price restraints.
The Queer Spaces and Fluid Bodies of Nazario's Anarcoma
Authors: Harrison Michael
Published: August 2010

At a time when Spanish culture was attempting to emerge from the shadow of an oppressive dictatorship, a generation of queer artists used comics to comment on the time's significant cultural changes. This essay examines the original queer sensibility of the comic Anarcoma , by Nazario, as a symbol of the changes that were happening all over post-Franco Spain. Centering on the exploits of the titular transsexual detective, Anarcoma takes the cultural and sexual expectations inherited from franquismo and queers them, resulting in a new set of images which can be associated with democratic Spain. With its distinct visual representations, Anarcoma refigures gendered and sexual bodies while navigating real Barcelona spaces. This use of urban space rhetorically ties the boundary crossing of Anarcoma as a fictional individual with the developments and changes in the gay community of Barcelona and in Spain at large. An analysis of the specific spaces and how they are refigured and linked to the body of Anarcoma serves to reflect the development of gay identity in Spain. The fluid body of the detective, visually tied to masculinity and femininity, sometimes simultaneously, elucidates the way gender is presented in comics and shows how questions of gender and gender norms figure prominently in the nascent gay movement of Spain. A further analysis of the comic's secondary characters also highlights this queering of the norms through the further abstraction of coded images of gender.
Self-Portrait in a Context Mirror: Pain and Quotation in the Conceptual Writing of Craig Dworkin
Authors: Stephens Paul
Published: August 2010

This essay explores the role of quotation in the writing of the poet-critic Craig Dworkin. Dworkin's "Dure," an ekphrastic prose poem concerning a Dürer self-portrait, is a complex meditation on selfhood, the representation of pain, and the nature of linguistic appropriation. "Dure" demonstrates that an appropriative, heavily quotational poetics can enact a process of therapeutic self-critique. To the postauthorial (and posthistorical) malaise of Barthes's "the text is a tissue of quotations," Dworkin responds with a self-portrait in a tissue of quotations, enacting a writing cure, or a writing-through cure. Extensively quotational works are often associated with parody and satire—but such works, this essay suggests, can also be sincere in intent, and can mourn, as well as heal, by thematizing intersubjectivity. Although Dworkin elsewhere advocates a poetics "of intellect rather than emotion," this essay claims that "Dure" enacts something along the lines of a return to expressive autobiography, somewhat paradoxically by way of a poetics of citationality.
Anagram, Gestalt, Game in Maya Deren: Reconfiguring the Image in Post-war Cinema
Authors: Halpern Orit
Published: August 2010

This article examines the relationship between the film work of American Avant-garde filmmaker Maya Deren and Cold-war science, particularly the sciences of Gestalt psychology, cybernetics, game theory, and anthropology. The central concern is to link Deren's investment in time and in transforming the cinematic image with contemporaneous developments in science, technology, and politics. Using her engagement with the cybernetician and anthropologist Gregory Bateson as a frame, the essay demonstrates that Deren's attitude to temporality and representation is both similar to and radically different from that emerging in psychology, anthropology, communication science and game theory after the war. This cinema excavates the probabilistic and reflexive nature of time, as understood in both art and science during this period, to create new associations between subjects, screens, and life. However, Deren's work produces associations and potentials that the game theories and technologies with which she is concerned do not. Her work utilizes the discourse of temporality and representation taken from these sciences, while refusing to repeat without difference, and so blocking a return to older discourses of objectivity, authority, and knowledge.
Romance in the Age of Cybernetic Conviviality: Hsia Yü's Pink Noise and the Poetics of Postcolonial Translation
Authors: Hsieh Lili
Published: August 2010

In 2007, acclaimed Taiwanese postmodern poet Hsia Yü published a transparent book of bilingual poems generated mostly from weblogs (in English) and from a computer translation program (in Chinese). The book, Pink Noise (now available on Amazon), has ignited enthusiastic responses among Hsia Yü's "lay readers" in Taiwan, but like many other postmodernist works from a postcolonial context, has not yet received much critical attention. The essay begins with the question of locating or localizing Hsia Yü's postmodernism in postcolonial, post-Martial-Law Taiwan, reading the form of layered transparency and the play with (artificial) language and (machinic) translation not as a free play of signifiers or equivalent of concrete or conceptual art but as a realistic representation of digital (uneven) globalization. Reading Hsia Yü's bilingual poems closely through Lacan's theory of alienation and Wittgenstein's ideas on nonsense, the essay shows that the English/Weblish and the Chinese/Translationese can be read as different kinds of language games which are signposts to the questions concerning the status of English as a global language, the loss and love of translation in a postcolonial context, the return from narratology to a musicology of poetry, and the tremendously rich "nonsense" that happens when two heterogeneous and disparagingly hegemonic national languages meet. In conclusion, Pink Noise , unlike modernism with its implicit claim to whiteness, trans-lates negative dialogics into a convivial romance of poetry.
Following the Leaf through Part of Dryden's Fables
Authors: Gelineau David
Published: August 2010

Fables is a tightly unified collection of poems, but the poems also break down into smaller coherent units. For example, "The Flower and the Leaf" allegorically establishes the unfolding of the next four poems: in "Alexander's Feast," "The Twelfth Book of Ovid his Metamorphoses," and "The Speeches of Ajax and Ulysses" we see a world of the superficial values of the "Flower," identified with William's militaristic Court and those poets who sing its praise, run amuck; then, the whole section is resolved in "The Wife of Bath Her Tale," in which the eternal values of the "Leaf," a thinly veiled symbol for Dryden and Catholicism, prevail.
Recent Studies in the Restoration and Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kramnick Jonathan
Published: August 2010

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Titus Oates as "Monumental Brass" in Absalom and Achitophel
Authors: Walls Kathryn
Published: August 2010

John Dryden's characterization of Titus Oates as a "monumental brass" evokes the two-dimensional brass effigies that had been installed in English churches since the Middle Ages. Since extreme Puritans regarded effigies as akin to idols, this characterization turns Oates's own values against himself. To antiquarians, however, effigies were valuable testimonies to the history and achievements of the wellborn. Dryden's description thus pretends to flatter Oates, while insinuating that he was a social climber. Oates's literally shallow effigy projects the falsity of his carefully crafted public image, while remaining a true representation of him as an utter imposter.
James Boswell and the Uses of Criticism
Authors: Gavin Michael
Published: August 2010

"James Boswell and the Uses of Criticism" argues that Boswell's London Journal offers a unique perspective on the social dynamics of printed criticism. Though unconventional and at first glance self-defeating, publishing was crucial to Boswell's project of social self-advancement. Scurrilous and surreptitious, collaborative and confrontational, Boswell's brief (and mostly ignominious) career as a critic in London throws into sharp relief the way criticism could be used, not to regulate the taste of an impersonal public, but to mediate relationships between authors.
Eve's Nature, Eve's Nurture in Dryden's Edenic Opera
Authors: Airey Jennifer L.
Published: August 2010

Although Eve of John Dryden's The State of Innocence embodies many egregious womanly flaws of misogynist rhetoric, recalcitrant elements of the opera suggest a profound degree of uncertainty about the degree of Eve's culpability for the Fall. Eve's pride leads to mankind's destruction, but the opera creates a structural parallel between Adam and Lucifer, intimating that Eve's disobedience is partially learned. Not all husbands are alike; if Adam is an appropriate ruler over Eve, Lucifer, that other Adam in paradise, is not. Transgressive female behavior may therefore originate in illegitimate domestic rulership, masculine deceit, and intellectual neglect.
Slouching toward Augusta: Alexander Pope's 1736 "Windsor Forest"
Authors: Cleary Scott M.
Published: August 2010

A prevailing critical belief holds that Alexander Pope's "Windsor Forest" is an unequivocal celebration of English nationalism and the poet himself is a sympathetic imperialist. Yet such criticism fails to account for the 1736 version of the poem, which, while not significantly textually different from the 1713 version, is published with a number of footnotes detailing both original and alternative verses. The result is a version of "Windsor Forest" that manipulates the generic expectations of the georgic, which, as drawn from Joseph Addison's An Essay on the Georgics , transforms basic georgic tropes of husbandry and transition into structures of political reassessment.
Pope at Chiswick
Authors: Pritchard Jonathan
Published: August 2010

Alexander Pope celebrated the virtues of the domestic throughout his life and yet one of his homes, Chiswick, remains largely neglected by scholarship. This article considers why the poet was drawn to the village in 1716, describes the resort in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and discusses why he found residence there to be uncomfortable. I further argue that the discontents of this period were expressed in the texture of his epistolary prose. Attention to the locale finally affords a keener understanding of his more celebrated homes in Windsor Forest and Twickenham.
"The Sum of Humane Misery"?: Defoe's Ambiguity toward Exile
Authors: Novak Maximillian E.
Published: August 2010

Daniel Defoe's The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe is usually given a place in the literature of exile, but just as Crusoe is divided between a terrible loneliness and a pleasure in solitude, Defoe too equivocated on this subject. His career as a spy often turned his personal life into a form of exile. His fictions dramatized the experience: through the sufferings of his spy in A Continuation of Letters Written by a Turkish Spy at Paris and the resolve of his Russian Prince in Siberia told in The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: Being the Second and Last Part of His Life , Defoe expresses the exile's longing for his home and acceptance of his fate.
Catharine Trotter and the Humane Libertine
Authors: Linker Laura
Published: August 2010

Catharine Trotter's only comedy, Love at a Loss, or the Most Votes Carries It (1700), presents humane libertine heroines, ones that recall earlier Restoration characters but also anticipate the new era of sentimental comedy. Trotter suggests that women must conform to social norms to avoid public censure, particularly if they lose their chastity. Her play questions women's lack of agency, particularly after marriage, and reinforces the idea that women suffer for their sexual transgressions.