bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An International Comparison of Employment in Recovery
Authors: Holland Dawn , Kirby Simon , Whitworth Rachel
Published: October 2010

While the global economic recovery remains fragile, output in most of the major advanced economies has been rising since mid-2009. Employment, however, tends to lag production, and unemployment continued to rise well into 2010 in many countries. The ILO estimates that the level of unemployment remains elevated by 30 million worldwide relative to 2007 (ILO-IMF, 2010). After taking into account global population developments, this points to a rise in the global unemployment rate of about ¾ percentage point. As the advanced economies have been faced with the brunt of the global downturn, unemployment rates have risen far more significantly within the OECD area. The unemployment rate in this region remains 2.9 percentage points higher than at the beginning of 2008.
Fiscal Policy and Government Spending
Authors: Barrell Ray , Kirby Simon
Published: October 2010

In June the Coalition Government produced a budget that aimed to reduce the government deficit quickly. The plan was based mainly on cuts in current expenditure and reductions in transfers to individuals. There are four possible reasons for reducing the deficit, and all have been used to justify the policy. The first reason might be that the cost of borrowing is currently too high, and the second could be that if deficits persist the markets could lose confidence and the cost of borrowing would rise. The third reason might be that we have to reduce the debt stock in order that we prepare for the next crisis, whilst the fourth, and perhaps most persuasive in the long run, is that it is unfair to borrow so much and therefore reduce the consumption of future generations. If either of the first two had merit there would be a case for swift consolidation, whilst if the third or fourth predominate, we should not be in any rush to act until output is nearer full capacity.
Money, Credit and Bank Behaviour: Need for a New Approach
Authors: Goodhart C.A.E.
Published: October 2010

The standard approach, in teaching and textbooks, to explaining the determination of both the supply of money, and the provision of bank credit to the private sector, has been the money multiplier approach, whereby the Central Bank sets the high-powered monetary base, and then the stock of money is a multiple of that. The greatest book on Monetary History ever written, Friedman and Schwartz (1963), Monetary History of the United States, was constructed around this same analytical framework of the money multiplier, whereby M, the money supply, would increase by a large multiple of the change in the high-powered monetary base, H.
M=H⋅(1+C/D)(R/D+C/D)
Yet when the authorities in the major developed countries attempted to use this relationship to expand the money stock (and bank lending) by force-feeding the banks with base money (H), in the process of Quantitative Easing (QE) in 2009, the prior relationships collapsed.
Rehabilitating Interactionism for a Feminist Sociology of Sexuality
Authors: Jackson Stevi , Scott Sue
Published: October 2010

In this article we seek to rehabilitate the radical insights of the pragmatist/interactionist tradition and to establish its continued relevance to a distinctively sociological and feminist analysis of sexuality. We argue for the importance of the contribution of Gagnon and Simon in arguing for a fully social understanding of sexuality. We offer an account of the process whereby interactionism has been rendered all but invisible and make a case for recovering its insights. We argue that interactionism accounts for the processes through which sexuality is constituted culturally, inter-personally and intrapsychically and addresses the actualities of everyday social practices and is therefore ideally suited to grappling with the complexities of contemporary sexual life.
Queer Temporalities and the Significance of ‘Music Scene’ Participation in the Social Identities of Middle-aged Queers
Authors: Taylor Jodie
Published: October 2010

During the last decade in particular, the scope of queer scholarship has expanded. Queer readings, theories and problematics now pervade multiple sites of cultural and sociological thinking, reaching beyond the specificities of gender and sexuality and their attendant politics. While there is still impor tant work to be done in these areas, thinking beyond the sexual act allows for an understanding of ‘queer’ through culture and as lifestyle. Here, I relate this specifically to music scene participation and middle age by exploring the significance of music and dance-based activities in the lives of queer people who do not perform their age in accordance with heteronormative conventions of social propriety and thus do not conform to desirable heteronormative temporalities. The concept of ‘queer temporality’ is not new, however this article demonstrates the relationship of musical time to this temporal scheme thus offering an additional perspective on queer time.
Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims
Authors: Meyer Doug
Published: October 2010

This article employs an intersectional approach to examine the ways in which lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people evaluate the severity of hate-motivated violence. Previous studies of LGBT hate crime victims have typically focused on the psychological effects of violence. In contrast, this article explores the sociological components of hate crime by comparing the perceptions of poor and working-class LGBT people of colour with the perceptions of white, middle-class LGBT people. Data were collected from semi-structured, in-depth interviews, conducted in New York City, with 44 people who experienced anti-LGBT violence. Results indicate that middle-class white respondents were more likely than low-income people of colour to perceive their violent experiences as severe, even though the latter experienced more physical violence than the former. This finding suggests that the social position of LGBT people plays an instrumental role in structuring how they evaluate the severity of hate-motivated violence.
Being Decent, Being Authentic: The Moral Self in Shifting Discourses of Sexuality across Three Generations of Chilean Women
Authors: Bernasconi Oriana
Published: October 2010

Scholars have interpreted changes in sexual discourses from behaviouralist and structuralist perspectives, in the context of social movements, as expressions of power relations, among other approaches. This ar ticle advocates the study of shifting discourses of sexualities from the viewpoint of transformations in individuals’ moral orientations over time. To this end, thematically, the article recovers Foucault’s view of sexuality as a field of moral self-formation; conceptually, it follows Taylor and examines selfhood through the person’s moral sources. The article uses this framework to observe reformulations in sexual narratives across three generations of Chilean women. From grandmothers’ stories to granddaughters’ accounts, this analysis identifies a deactivation of the equation between being a ‘good woman’ and sexual disengagement. This movement reveals a change in the moral principle regulating Chilean women’s sexualities (from a morality of decency to one of authenticity) and a displacement of moral authority from the community to the person.
Guest Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Slantcheva-Durst Snejana
Published: October 2010

This essay describes the purpose and origins of this special issue on short-cycle higher education in Europe and the impact that the Bologna process has had on short-cycle programs in selected countries. Similarities and differences between short-cycle programming in Europe and in the United States (largely through community colleges) are noted.
The Cosmos of the Paris Apartment: Working-Class Family Life in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Ferguson Eliza
Published: October 2010

Drawing on Bachelard’s notion of “cosmicity” this article investigates the living conditions of Parisian working-class families in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nineteenth-century social critics claimed that the lack of privacy in urban apartments made decent family life impossible. However, evidence from judicial dossiers concerning attentat à la pudeur (intimate assault against children) illuminates the lived experience of children and their families in Paris apartments. Rather than a sharp divide between public and private, children experienced their apartment homes as the core of a social and spatial world under the surveillance of parents, neighbors, and other children.
Metropolitan Reform in Allegheny County: The Local Failure of National Urban Reform Advocacy, 1920-1929
Authors: Glass Michael R.
Published: October 2010

During the 1920—1929 period, the Civic Club of Allegheny County supported political consolidation of the county’s municipalities and townships. Civic Club leaders sought boundary reform to tackle perceived social problems and political inefficiencies in the Pittsburgh region. This policy was aligned with a national network of Progressive urban reformers, some of whom guided the Civic Club’s plans. These reform efforts culminated in the 1929 Metropolitan Charter, which was rejected by Allegheny County voters. Traditional explanations of this failed vote emphasize the high threshold for success of the charter. However, such accounts ignore the apparent disjunction between the national perception of regional problems and the local reception of recommended solutions. Reform advocates were unable to adapt national Progressive theories to the local context of Allegheny County. This article first describes the national network of Progressive Era research that prescribed metropolitan solutions for urban problems in cities such as Pittsburgh. The article then examines attempts by the Civic Club of Allegheny County to introduce these theories to Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The failure of the 1929 Metropolitan Charter is reevaluated, and the implications of these events for current proponents of metropolitanism and political reform are discussed.
Immediate Feedback and Opportunity to Revise Answers
Authors: Attali Yigal
Published: October 2010

Recently, Attali and Powers investigated the usefulness of providing immediate feedback on the correctness of answers to constructed response questions and the opportunity to revise incorrect answers. This article introduces an item response theory (IRT) model for scoring revised responses to questions when several attempts are allowed. The model is based on Samejima’s graded response model, where the graded responses are defined as the number of attempts needed until a correct answer is given, and the response with the least credit is awarded for an incorrect answer after the maximum number of attempts has been reached. Advantages of this conceptualization are discussed and empirical results are presented.
Transformational Leadership Required to Design and Sustain Evidence-Based Practice: A System Exemplar
Authors: Everett Linda Q. , Sitterding Mary Cathryn
Published: October 2010

In a pay-for-performance environment, implementing and sustaining evidence-based practice (EBP) is no longer a luxury but a necessity. A critical driving force for EBP is that our communities—the people we serve—expect to receive care based on the best available evidence. Transformational nursing leadership is required to create an infrastructure that influences organizational factors, processes and expectations, thus enabling the sustainability of EBP. The American Nurses Credentialing Center and the American Organization of Nurse Executives provide a framework for nursing leaders to consider when designing EBP implementation structures. This exemplar illustrates nursing leadership competencies with regard to implementation and sustainability of EBP within a multihospital system.
Relationships Among Social Support, Professional Empowerment, and Nursing Career Development of Male Nurses
Authors: Chen Sheng-Hwang , Fu Chou-Mei , Li Ren-Hau , Lou Jiunn-Horng , Yu Hsing-Yi
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships among social support, professional empowerment, and nursing career development and to identify the significant factors that affect nursing career development among male nurses. A cross-sectional survey design was used with 314 male nurses in Taiwan. Social support and professional empowerment were significantly and positively correlated with nursing career development among male nurses. Social support, professional empowerment, salary, type of institution, type of clinical level, and nursing discipline were identified as factors that significantly influenced nursing career development. Together, they accounted for 55.9% of the total variation. Professional empowerment was the most critical predictor of nursing career development and accounted for 47.7% of the variation. Nursing managers should follow male nurses’ empowerment with interest and specifically address professional empowerment to promote male nurses’ career development.
The effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in obese women
Authors: Sarsan Ayşe , Ardiç Füsun , Özgen Merih , Topuz Oya , Sermez Yurdaer
Published: October 2010

Objective: To compare the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on weight, muscle strength, cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure and mood in obese women who were not on an energy-restricted diet.

Design: Randomized, prospective, controlled trial.

Setting: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital.

Subjects: Sixty obese women were assigned to one of three groups: aerobic exercise ( n=20), resistance exercise ( n=20) and control group ( n=20).

Interventions: The aerobic exercise group performed both walking and leg cycle exercise with increasing duration and frequency. The resistance exercise group performed progressive weight-resistance exercises for the upper and lower body.

Main outcome measures: Before and after a 12-week period, all subjects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement, rating of mood, cardiorespiratory capacity and maximum strength of trained muscles.

Results: After a 12-week training period, subjects in the resistance group showed significant improvement in one-repetition maximum test of hip abductors (7.95±3.58 kg), quadriceps (14±7.18 kg), biceps (3.37± 2.84 kg) and pectorals (8.75±5.09 kg) compared with those in the control group ( P<0.001). VO2 max increased (0.51±0.40) and Beck Depression Scale scores decreased (-5.40±4.27) in the aerobic exercise group compared with the control group, significantly ( P<0.001). Only in hip abductor muscle strength was there a significant increase in the resistance exercise group compared with the aerobic exercise group ( P <0.05).

Conclusion: Both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise resulted in improved performance and exercise capacity in obese women. While aerobic exercise appeared to be beneficial with regard to improving depressive symptoms and maximum oxygen consumption, resistance exercise was beneficial in increasing muscle strength.
A randomized controlled trial of a health promotion education programme for people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ennis M , Thain J , Boggild M , Baker G A , Young C A
Published: October 2010

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a health promotion education programme for people with multiple sclerosis (the OPTIMISE programme) in terms of increasing the level of health-promoting activity undertaken, improving self-efficacy and enhancing quality of life.

Design: A randomized controlled single blinded trial. Non-parametric analysis was undertaken to test for significant differences between treatment and control groups change scores.

Subjects and setting: Sixty-two adults (32 treatment and 30 control subjects) with multiple sclerosis of any type, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 1-7.

Intervention: An eight-week multidisciplinary outpatient health promotion education programme aimed at increasing knowledge, skills and confidence in undertaking health promotion activities.

Outcome measures: Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices Scale and the Short Form 36 Item Health Survey.

Results: Following completion of the programme, treatment subjects had significantly higher levels of health promotion activity undertaken ( P<0.01) and self-efficacy for health promotion activities ( P<0.01). These benefits were sustained for at least three months after the programme ceased. Certain domains of quality of life also improved in treatment subjects more than controls (physical P=0.03, mental health and general health P=0.01), although only mental health and general health showed further improvement at three months. Participants provided positive feedback regarding the usefulness of the intervention and demonstrated observable changes to their health promotion behaviours.

Conclusions: The OPTIMISE programme produced significant changes in health-promoting behaviours.
Measuring autonomy in disabled people: validation of a new scale in a UK population
Authors: Sibley A , Kersten P , Ward C D , White B , Mehta R , George S
Published: October 2010

Objective: To evaluate the validity and reliability of an English version of the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire (IPA). The original Dutch IPA has been shown to load onto five factors.

Design: A validation study.

Setting: Outpatients clinics and people’s homes.

Subjects: Two hundred and thirteen people with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, spinal cord injury, and general practice attendees, stratified by level of disability (median age 54, 42% male, 58% female). Inclusion criteria: English as first language, aged 18-75, Mental Status Questionnaire score >6.

Interventions: Self- and interviewer-administered outcome measures.

Main measures: IPA, including one new item (66 participants completed the IPA on a second occasion).

Other measures: Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), London Handicap Scale, three domains of the Functional Limitations Profile (FLP): household management, social integration, emotion.

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the IPA (Normal Fit Index=0.98, Comparative Fit Index=0.99), indicating a good fit to the model. Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed by the predicted associations, or lack of, with the exception of a poor association between the ‘social life/relationships’ IPA subscale and FLP-emotion. Internal reliability of the IPA was confirmed (Cronbach alphas >0.8; item-total correlations for all subscales >0.5). Test-retest reliability was confirmed for all items (weighted kappas >0.6) and subscales (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.90).

Conclusions: The English IPA is a valid, reliable and acceptable measure of participation and autonomy in people with a range of conditions and can make a unique and fundamental contribution to outcome assessment. Further research is required to examine the responsiveness of the IPA to change over time, its clinical utility and suitability for use with people from ethnic minorities and with older people.
Life goals of patients with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study on correlations with mood and cognitive functions
Authors: McNamara Patrick , Durso Raymon , Harris Erica
Published: October 2010

Objective: To identify the life goals of people with Parkinson’s disease, to assess whether patients felt that these goals were ‘on track’, and to assess the relation of these life goals to neuropsychologic and mood function.

Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study with an age-matched control group.

Setting: Outpatient Movement Disorders Clinics Veterans Hospital.

Subjects: Twenty-two patients with mid-stage Parkinson’s disease and 22 age-matched controls.

Measures: Rivermead Life Goals Inventory, neuropsychological and mood scales.

Results: People with Parkinson’s disease were less likely than age-matched controls to cite religion, social contacts, leisure activities and personal care as ‘extremely important life goals’. People with Parkinson’s disease assigned significantly lower ‘importance’ ratings to leisure activities and religion than did controls. In addition, people with Parkinson’s disease assigned significantly lower ‘on track’ ratings for leisure activities, work, social contacts, religion and financial affairs compared with controls’ rating on the same items. Although people with Parkinson’s disease showed significantly greater levels of cognitive and mood dysfunction than did controls, their mean importance ratings on life goals correlated only with mood function scores.

Conclusions: The leisure activities, work, social contacts, religion and financial affairs of people with Parkinson’s disease are less ‘on track’ than are their personal and family relationships. Subjective importance ratings of particular life goals of people with Parkinson’s disease were found to be significantly related to mood function and not to cognitive function. Goal derailment ratings on the other hand were significantly related to both mood and cognitive impairment.
Manifestations of mental slowness in the daily life of patients with stroke: a qualitative study
Authors: Winkens Ieke , Van Heugten Caroline M , Fasotti Luciano , Duits Annelien A , Wade Derick T
Published: October 2010

Objective: To explore the consequences of mental slowness in the daily life of patients with stroke.

Design: In a cross-sectional survey semi-structured interviews were completed. Interviews were transcribed and coded by two independent reviewers. Qualitative analysis was done by means of the ‘constant comparison method’.

Setting: Three rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands.

Participants: A convenience sample of 13 patients with stroke, suffering from mental slowness, was derived from December 2003 to May 2004.

Main outcome measures: Interview descriptions of the everyday consequences of mental slowness.

Results: Patients experienced many problems in daily life due to mental slowness. These could be divided into two main groups: (1) problems in cognitive functioning; (2) psychological and somatic complaints. In response to these problems, some patients mentioned the use of compensation strategies in order to reduce the demands on their information processing capacity.

Conclusions: Mental slowness in cognitive functioning affects a wide range of activities, causing emotional symptoms in many patients and stimulating the spontaneous use of compensation strategies in some patients.
5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Schürks Markus , Rist Pamela M , Kurth Tobias
Published: October 2010

Background and methods: Data on the association between the SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and migraine are conflicting. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis among studies published up to September 2009. For each study with genotype information, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) assuming additive, dominant, and recessive genetic models. We then calculated pooled ORs and 95% CIs.

Results: Among the ten studies identified there was no overall association between the polymorphism and any migraine for Europeans or Asians. However, European women carrying the S allele had an increased risk for any migraine (dominant model: pooled OR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.24–3.28). Results among Europeans further suggested an increased risk for migraine with aura among carriers of the S/S genotype (recessive model: pooled OR = 1.41; 95% CI 0.83–2.40).

Conclusions: While our results indicate no overall association between the SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and migraine among Europeans and Asians, gender and migraine aura status may have modifying roles among Europeans.
GLP-2 and leptin are associated with hyperinsulinemia in non-obese female migraineurs
Authors: Bernecker Claudia , Pailer Sabine , Kieslinger Petra , Horejsi Renate , Möller Reinhard , Lechner Anita , Wallner-Blazek Mirja , Weiss Sabine , Fazekas Franz , Truschnig-Wilders Martini , Gruber Hans-Jürgen
Published: October 2010

Objective: Impaired insulin metabolism has been implicated in migraine. However, to date only some putative effects, especially regarding the involvement of adipocytokines and glucagon-like peptides (GLPs), have been described. The aim of the present study was to investigate adipocytokines and GLPs in non-obese female migraineurs.

Methods: Various parameters of the insulin metabolism and body measurements were determined in 84 non-obese female subjects.

Results: We found highly significantly increased insulin levels with an odds ratio of 10.62 for migraine. Leptin and GLP-2 levels were also increased and correlated with insulin. Logistic regression analysis of leptin and GLP-2 revealed odds ratios of 3.79 and 4.26 for migraine, respectively, when comparing the lowest with the highest quartile of the test variable in the complete study cohort.

Discussion: We show that non-obese female migraineurs suffer from hyperinsulinemia, which is associated with elevated leptin and GLP-2 levels. Increased leptin and GLP-2 are risk factors for migraine. Our data suggest that migraine is associated with a higher risk for insulin resistance and its clinical consequences.
Familial hemicrania continua
Authors: Weatherall Mark W , Bahra Anish
Published: October 2010

There are now three known causative genes for familial hemiplegic migraine and increasing evidence to support a genetic predisposition to the more common types of migraine with and without aura, and for cluster headache. We present the first reported case of familial hemicrania continua. A mother and daughter developed hemicrania continua at the same time of life. Both showed an absolute response to indometacin and at similar doses. Both also suffered from migraine with aura. We discuss the increasing support for a genetic predisposition to dysfunction of the pain system within the brain manifesting as primary headache.
Countrywide Campaign to Prevent Soccer Injuries in Swiss Amateur Players
Authors: Junge Astrid , Lamprecht Markus , Stamm Hanspeter , Hasler Hansruedi , Bizzini Mario , Tschopp Markus , Reuter Harald , Wyss Heinz , Chilvers Chris , Dvorak Jiri
Published: October 2010

Background: In Switzerland, the national accident insurance company registered a total of 42 262 soccer injuries, resulting in costs of approximately 145 million Swiss francs (~US$130 million) in 2003. Research on injury prevention has shown that exercise-based programs can reduce the incidence of soccer injuries.

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the implementation and effects of a countrywide campaign to reduce the incidence of soccer injuries in Swiss amateur players.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: All coaches of the Schweizerischer Fussballverband (SFV) received information material and were instructed to implement the injury prevention program “The 11” in their training of amateur players. After the instruction, the coaches were asked to rate the quality and the feasibility of “The 11.” Before the start of the intervention and 4 years later, a representative sample of about 1000 Swiss soccer coaches were interviewed about the frequency and characteristics of injuries in their teams. Teams that did or did not practice “The 11” were compared with respect to the incidence of soccer injuries.

Results: A total of 5549 coaches for amateur players were instructed to perform “The 11” in the training with their teams. The ratings of the teaching session and the prevention program were overall very positive. In 2008, 80% of all SFV coaches knew the prevention campaign “The 11” and 57% performed the program or most parts of it. Teams performing “The 11” had an 11.5% lower incidence of match injuries and a 25.3% lower incidence of training injuries than other teams; noncontact injuries in particular were prevented by the program.

Conclusion: “The 11” was successfully implemented in a countrywide campaign and proved effective in reducing soccer injuries in amateur players. An effect of the prevention program was also observed in the population-based insurance data and health-care costs.
Knee Rotational Laxity in a Randomized Comparison of Single- Versus Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hemmerich Andrea , van der Merwe Willem , Batterham Marijka , Vaughan Christopher L.
Published: October 2010

Background: While single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction reduces anterior-posterior laxity, studies have demonstrated residual rotational instability. Improved pivot-shift results have been shown with the double-bundle graft; however, no study has compared rotational laxity outcome of these surgical techniques in vivo under quantified, isolated torsional loading.

Hypothesis: The anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee exhibits greater rotational laxity than the contralateral uninjured knee. The double-bundle reconstruction restores rotational joint stability to a greater extent than single-bundle surgery.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Rotational laxity of 32 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injury was assessed in both knees at full extension and 30° of flexion using a magnetic resonance imaging–compatible torsional loading device. Patients were randomly allocated either a single- or double-bundle reconstruction and reassessed 5 months after surgery.

Results: The anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knees demonstrated greater laxity to internal rotational torque in the extended position, but not in the 30° flexed position. No significant differences in rotational laxity were found between single- and double-bundle reconstructions. In extension, excessive internal rotational laxity of injured compared with contralateral knees was reduced by anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The single-bundle reconstruction did not affect internal rotation compared with contralateral or preoperative groups. In response to internal rotational torque in the flexed knee position, the double-bundle reconstruction reduced laxity to 10.8° from the pre-operative value of 15.3° ( P = .058); postoperative rotation was also significantly less than the contralateral laxity of 16.4° ( P = .022).

Conclusion: The ruptured anterior cruciate ligament resulted in increased internal rotational laxity only in the extended position. The single-bundle reconstruction did not affect rotational restraint compared with contralateral or preoperative groups. The double-bundle procedure significantly reduced internal laxity in the flexed position when compared with normal.

Clinical Relevance: As the anterior cruciate ligament is not the primary restraint to rotation, its contribution to joint stability is limited under isolated torsional load. While the double-bundle graft demonstrates superior rotational constraint, this may be excessive for isolated anterior cruciate ligament rupture.
Experimental Study of New Gas-Solid Composite Particles in Extinguishing Cooking Oil Fires
Authors: Xiaomin Ni  , Chow W.K. , Quanwei Li  , Changfa Tao
Published: October 2010

New gas—solid composite particles appropriate for extinguishing cooking oil fires will be reported in this article. This powder product is composed of zeolite 13X particles of diameter 1—2 μm and absorbed 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The preparation and physicochemical properties of the composite particles will be reported. Their performance and possible mechanism in extinguishing cooking oil fires are then investigated with full-scale burning tests. Experiments were carried out in a room of length 3 m, width 3 m, and height 3 m. A cooking oil pool fire of diameter 0.25 m was ignited by ethanol and burnt inside the room. Different dry powder products were also evaluated. Their suppression effect was compared with that of this new product. Results indicated that the new composite particles have better performance in extinguishing cooking oil fires in comparison with other dry powder tested. Relatively shorter extinguishing time was achieved with smaller amount of agents required without any re-ignition. The new composite particles give better performance in suppressing cooking oil fires because of highly efficient free flame radical scavengers, improved cooling capacity, hydrophobic and oleophobic surface. Chemical suppression effects are reported.
The Counselor’s Trauma as Counseling Motivation: Vulnerability or Stress Inoculation?
Authors: Jenkins Sharon Rae , Mitchell Jessica L. , Baird Stephanie , Whitfield Sarah Roby , Meyer Heather Lynn
Published: October 2010

Should counselors with interpersonal trauma histories work with similarly traumatized clients? How does the work affect them? Current research is inconsistent. This study examines 101 sexual assault and domestic violence counselors’ recalled motivations for trauma work, their reported subjective personal changes, and their secondary and vicarious trauma symptoms and burnout. Counselors motivated by interpersonal trauma report both more symptoms and positive changes (including dealing with their own trauma). Those seeking personal meaning report becoming more hypervigilant and self-isolating. Those saying they learned from clients rate symptoms lower, suggesting stress inoculation. Supervisors of trauma counselors should facilitate learning from clients separately from processing the counselor’s trauma.
Routine Activities and Victimization at School: The Significance of Gender
Authors: Popp Ann Marie , Peguero Anthony A.
Published: October 2010

Routine activities theory has not fully considered the role of gender in shaping victimization and yet, the research literature clearly demonstrates that gender is associated with an individual’s risk of victimization. In addition to the pervasive effect of gender on victimization, gender shapes an individual’s daily routines and thus may create a gender-specific relationship with victimization. This article explores the importance of gender in understanding the relationship between student’s participation in extracurricular routine activities (e.g., student government, clubs, sports, and etc.) and the risk of victimization. From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a sample of 10th-grade students was drawn for analyses. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling was employed to explore the role of gender in the relationship between extracurricular routine activities and victimization at school. The results reveal that students’ gender indeed interacts with several of the extracurricular routine activities creating gender-specific risks of victimization. This article highlights the importance of gender in explaining victimization and suggests researchers should consider how gender may interact with other routine activities and victimization.
African American Adolescents Living and Coping With Community Violence on Chicago’s Southside
Authors: Voisin Dexter R. , Bird Jason D. P. , Hardestry Melissa , Cheng Shi Shiu
Published: October 2010

This study explores community violence exposures among African American adolescents and whether coping strategies were gendered. In-depth interviews are conducted with a sample of 32 African American high school students. Data are analyzed using a thematic analysis. The primary forms of violence exposures are physical attacks, fighting, and incidents involving police, gun violence, and murders. Boys report more exposure to violence as victims and witnesses, whereas girls are more likely to hear about violent acts. Coping styles range from “getting through,” which included both an acceptance of community conditions; “getting along,” which included self-defense techniques; “getting away,” which included avoidance coping strategies; and “getting back,” which consisted of confrontational coping strategies. Boys report more confrontational coping styles than are girls, who utilized more avoidance approaches. Widespread school-based interventions are warranted, given the high prevalence of community violence exposure among these youth and may provide important supports for coping against such trauma.
Sexual Assault of Older Women by Strangers
Authors: Lea Susan J. , Hunt Laura , Shaw Steve
Published: October 2010

This study examines victim, offender, and offence characteristics associated with sexual assaults by strangers of older women compared to those against younger women. Cases are obtained from the Serious Crime Analysis Section of the United Kingdom National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA; formerly Centrex). All possible cases of rape, attempted rape, and lesser sexual assault involving a single female victim aged 60 or older are selected ( n = 53). These are matched with a sample of sexual assaults against women aged between 20 to 45 years ( n = 53). Research findings reveal significant differences in relation to a number of variables, including ethnicity of the offender, number of previous convictions of the offender, and characteristics associated with the assault itself. The results of this research reveal new information about violent sexual assaults on older women by strangers and have implications for practitioners dealing with such cases.
What We Know and Need to Know About Teacher Education and Special Education
Authors: Spooner Fred , Algozzine Bob , Wood Charles L. , Hicks S. Christy
Published: October 2010

Researchers have conducted two prior longitudinal retrospective syntheses of the journal Teacher Education and Special Education. The present authors’ approach is different; they analyze only the content published during their tenure as editors. They define big ideas that they believe are representative of what they published. They found that federal initiatives and personnel preparation (32%) and teacher beliefs and practices (24%) accounted for 56% of the articles published, followed by the other category (11%) and program descriptions and evaluations; recruitment, retention and attrition; collaboration; and technology applications (each less than 10%). They also find that quantitative research approaches (55%), qualitative designs (14%), and mixed-method (11%) designs are represented in the published articles. The authors reflect on these outcomes and offer a perspective on teacher education and special education.
A HOUSSE Built on Quicksand? Exploring the Teacher Quality Conundrum for Secondary Special Education Teachers
Authors: Drame Elizabeth R. , Pugach Marleen C.
Published: October 2010

In this study, the authors focus on one highly contested provision of the No Child Left Behind Act, which allows states flexibility in how the quality of teachers is defined and evaluated: the high, objective, uniform state standard of evaluation (HOUSSE) option. They conducted a national survey of representatives from each state to explore how HOUSSE is being interpreted for secondary special education teachers. Findings indicate that significant variability in the interpretation and implementation of the HOUSSE provision exists across states and that numerous challenges with the implementation of federal teacher quality requirements persist, including funding for support teachers, a lack of clear federal guidance, and difficulties with holding districts accountable for teacher quality provisions. In addition, the results reveal a decided preference for course-based evidence of teachers’ content knowledge over other types of evidence. In closing, the authors discuss implications of federal policy for states, districts, and special education teacher preparation in light of the findings.
Providing Immediate Feedback to Co-Teachers Through Bug-in-Ear Technology: An Effective Method of Peer Coaching in Inclusion Classrooms
Authors: Scheeler Mary Catherine , Congdon Marissa , Stansbery Sam
Published: October 2010

More children with special needs are educated in general education classrooms than ever before. Ideally, special education and general education teachers work together in these settings as instructional teams, but a “one teaching, one assisting” model is often in place with the special education teacher assuming a subordinate role. As such, the authors conducted research to determine whether changes can be made in teacher instruction so that both teachers in a collaborative team are highly engaged in the instructional process during the lesson. The authors used a multiple-baseline, across-participants design to assess the effects of peer coaches’ giving immediate corrective feedback via bug-in-ear technology on a specific teaching behavior during instruction. Three dyads of co-teachers participated (five women, one man). Each teacher met criterion (three consecutive sessions at 90% or higher) in just three sessions, maintained the behavior at high levels postintervention, and generalized the behavior to a different setting without the peer coach present. Teachers rated the treatment as a beneficial technique that they would recommend to others. Implications for classroom use are discussed.
Preparing Special Education Teacher Candidates: Extending Case Method to Practice
Authors: Lengyel Linda , Vernon-Dotson Lisa
Published: October 2010

Case methodology is receiving more recognition in the field of education as a viable pedagogy for use in the preparation of future educators. In this article, the coauthors explore two examples of case method instruction that extend beyond university classrooms to field sites: case report and case study. Both examples were used in special education teacher preparation graduate courses. A case report example is provided to illustrate the methodology used to prepare teacher candidates to teach students with severe and multiple disabilities; the second example illustrates the use of a case study to prepare candidates to teach students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Each example describes the process and content of the case requirement, along with descriptions of candidate outcomes and assessment of the case method learning. The coauthors provide concluding remarks on the successful use of the two variations of case methodology.
Who’s Teaching Math to Our Most Needy Students? A Descriptive Study
Authors: Rosas Clarissa , Campbell Lisa
Published: October 2010

The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) mandates that every classroom be staffed with a “highly qualified teacher.” Research supports that teachers’ content knowledge affects student achievement. However, the special education population continues to be taught by teachers who do not have the content area background they teach. In addition, accountability reports indicate that the special education population did not meet the adequate yearly progress in reading and mathematics as required under NCLB. The purpose of this study is to determine the mathematical background, beliefs, and perceptions of future intervention specialists. Results of this study indicate a disconnect between the participants’ beliefs and perceptions of their ability to provide math instruction and their limited mathematical background as measured by mathematical courses completed at the undergraduate level and by the Ohio Achievement Test—Practice Eighth Grade Mathematics.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Preparing Early Intervention Professionals: A University and Community Collaborative Initiative
Authors: Smith JaneDiane
Published: October 2010

A university—community collaborative initiative to provide an interdisciplinary approach to personnel preparation is described. Twelve students (i.e., undergraduate, graduate) from various academic disciplines participated in early intervention coursework and practical experiences. Specifically, students were prepared to provide early intervention to infants/toddlers who were premature/medically fragile and their families. Courses were developed and co-taught by parents, early intervention providers, and medical professionals recruited from the community. The interdisciplinary steering committee developed intensive practical experiences to facilitate the translation of knowledge into sustained daily practice. Outcome measures indicated increased knowledge and acquisition of skills related to early intervention, and intervention specific to the high-risk population. Employment outcomes and increased opportunities for professional collaboration are also described. Implications are discussed.
Special Education Teacher Education Research: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Sindelar Paul T. , Brownell Mary T. , Billingsley Bonnie
Published: October 2010

In this article, the authors propose an agenda for special education teacher education researchers, with particular attention to policy work and studies of innovations in pre-service preparation, induction and mentoring, and professional development. Because previous research is limited and unfocused, the foundation for future research is weak, but opportunities to study questions of importance and interest are seemingly limitless. The authors discuss strategies to bolster the research foundation, namely, by oversampling special education teachers in the Schools and Staffing Survey and the Teacher Follow-Up Survey and by fostering the development of models of teacher development and related measures of teacher quality.
Perceptions of Special Education Professors and Culturally Linguistically Diverse Doctoral Students on Cohorts
Authors: Unzueta Caridad H. , Moores-Abdool Whitney , Vazquez Donet Dolores
Published: October 2010

The authors explore the perceptions related to cohort education models (CEMs) of special education professors and doctoral students at a Carnegie-designated research extensive university in a multicultural, urban area in the southeastern United States. Three themes emerged: (a) Organizational efficiency of CEMs and benefits to student learning outweigh concerns, (b) structure of CEMs impacts students who are not in the CEM, and (c) CEM structure impacts professors. Benefits of a CEM included interstudent support, a flexible learning model, support for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners, opportunities for building trusting relationships, ease in class scheduling, and opportunity for maturation. Presence of the CEM affected the non-CEM students and professors negatively in several ways. Although CEMs are strong mechanisms for supporting students, the faculty must be aware of group cohesion within cohorts to effectively engage the students in the academic process to address the retention problem of doctoral students, decrease the disparity between CEM and non-CEM students, and improve graduate studies programs.
Efficacy Beliefs of Special Educators: The Relationships Among Collective Efficacy, Teacher Self-Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Viel-Ruma Kim , Houchins David , Jolivette Kristine , Benson Gwen
Published: October 2010

In order to examine the relationship between reported levels of teacher self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and job satisfaction in special educators, teachers in one school district completed three surveys measuring these constructs. The results indicated that teacher self-efficacy had a direct effect on job satisfaction. It was further found that collective efficacy directly affected teacher self-efficacy but that it did not have a direct effect on job satisfaction. No significant differences were found in reported levels of these areas across subgroups of teachers categorized by teaching level (elementary, middle, and high), teaching setting (self-contained, resource, or inclusion), and certification type (highly qualified, not highly qualified, or emergency).