bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of plant polyphenols in the health preservation: Effects on human cardiometabolic function
Authors: Gostimirović Miloš , Rajković Jovana , Đokić Vladimir , Terzić Duško , Putnik Svetozar , Gojković-Bukarica Ljiljana
Published: May 2021

Regardless of the continuous improvement of diagnostic possibilities and the organizational structure of the healthcare system that contribute to the reduction of the complicated courses of diseases, modern socio-economic and environmental stressors, life habits and increased fluctuation in the psychological functioning of an individual still have a great influence on the overall burden of human diseases. At present, etiological factors and pathogenic mechanisms of numerous diseases are known, thus enabling their continuous and timely pharmacotherapy. However, for progressive diseases or those associated with numeorus complications, pharmacological treatment can lead to the side effects, and preventive measures are highlighted as the main strategy in the management of such diseases, especially in chronic non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). One of the preventive measures is timely and qualitative supplementation of the diet with beneficial micronutrients and oligoelements. Their main sources are represented in plant fibers that synthesize biologically active substances with a polyphenolic ring in their structure, called natural polyphenolic compounds (NPC). Decades of NPC research have brought new insights into the potential modification of existing pharmacotherapy of numeorus diseases. Currently, it is known that many polyphenols have an optimal pharmacological profile with cardioprotection and at the center of their overall effects. Research into the mechanisms of polyphenolic action is exhaustive, their interactions with numerous subcellular structures have been described, and they are refered as promising molecules, with the potential to modify key pathogenetic elements that lead to the progression of various diseases. So far, their numerous effects on endothelium, smooth muscle cells and lipid cells involved in the process of atherogenesis are known, their antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties have been proven, and the synergy with the intestinal microbial populations has recently been known to contribute to their beneficial effects. This paper has the aim to point out the most important mechanisms that NPC use to improve general functionality of the organism by stimulating its defense capacity, prolonging cell life and delaying its overall aging. As the most important cardioprotective nutrients, a special focus is given to their beneficial effects on cardiovascular and metabolic function.
The importance of polymorphisms of regulatory and catalytic antioxidant proteins in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Jerotić Đurđa , Matić Marija , McClements Lana
Published: May 2021

Both excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant function are found in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, individual susceptibility towards CKD can be induced by functional variations of genes encoding antioxidant regulatory (nuclear factor erythroid 2 - related factor 2 (Nrf2)) and catalytic (superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1)) proteins. Several types of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found within the genes encoding these proteins, with Nrf2 (-617C/A), SOD2 (Ala16Val) and GPX1 (Pro198Leu) conferring impaired catalytic activity. The most unexplored gene polymorphism in CKD susceptibility, progression and survival, with only two original studies published, is the Nrf2 (-617C/A) polymorphism. The results of these studies showed that there was no individual impact of this polymorphism on the susceptibility towards end stage renal disease (ESRD) development, oxidative phenotype and mortality. However, Nrf2 had a significant role in ESRD risk and survival, when combined with other antioxidant genes. The results regarding the impact of SOD2 (Ala16Val) and GPX1 (Pro198Leu) polymorphisms on either CKD or ESRD are still inconclusive. Namely, some studies showed that patients having variant SOD2 (Val) or GPX1 (Leu) allele were at increased risk of CKD development and progression, while other studies reported only weak or no association between these polymorphisms and CKD. Surprisingly, the only study that reported an association of GPX1 polymorphism with overall/cardiovascular survival in ESRD patients showed a significant impact of low activity GPX1 (Leu/Leu) genotype on better survival. In this review, we comprehensively and critically appraise the literature on these polymorphisms related to oxidative stress in CKD patients, in order to identify gaps and provide recommendations for further clinical research and translation. New developments in the field of antioxidant polymorphisms in CKD patients could lead to better stratification of CKD patients, based on a prognostic antioxidant gene panel, and provide a more personalised medicine approach for the need of antioxidant therapy in these patients.
Cell models for studying muscle insulin resistance
Authors: Pavlović Kasja , Lalić Nebojša
Published: May 2021

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the world today. Insulin resistance - a reduced responsiveness of tissues to insulin - is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes pathology. Skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis - it is responsible for the majority of insulin-mediated glucose disposal and thus is one of the tissues most affected by insulin resistance. To study the molecular mechanisms of a disease, researchers often turn to cell models - they are inexpensive, easy to use, and exist in a controlled environment with few unknown variables. Cell models for exploring muscle insulin resistance are constructed using primary cell cultures or immortalised cell lines and treating them with fatty acids, high insulin or high glucose concentrations. The choice of cell culture, concentration and duration of the treatment and the methods for measuring insulin sensitivity, in order to confirm the model, are rarely discussed. Choosing an appropriate and physiologically relevant model for a particular topic of interest is required in order for the results to be reproducible, relevant, comparable and translatable to more complex biological systems. Cell models enable research that would otherwise be inaccessible but, especially when studying human disease, they do not serve a purpose if they are not in line with the biological reality. This review aims to summarise and critically evaluate the most commonly used cell models of muscle insulin resistance: the rationale for choosing these exact treatments and conditions, the protocols for constructing the models and the measurable outcomes used for confirming insulin resistance in the cells.
Misdemeanor courts decisions in irregular migration facilitation cases in the Croatian law
Authors: Juras Damir , Marendić Slobodan , Vulas Antonio
Published: May 2021

Act of facilitating third-country national in an illegal entry or irregular transit/stay in the Republic of Croatia is qualified as a misdemeanor punishable by a prison sentence or a fine. Besides, a court order of expropriation of the vehicle with which the misdemeanor was committed has to be issued if the perpetrator is the owner of the vehicle. Expropriation of other items used for committing the misdemeanor can also be issued on facultative bases. Financial or any other material expedience on perpetrator's side is not a constitutive element of the misdemeanor. This article focuses on the overview and analysis of the legal norms, statistic data and the court practice regarding the penal policy connected with achieving of the penal aims through individualization, and decreasing the penal limit besides the policy regarding the issuing of the court expropriation orders.
Rate of the occurrence of adverse events in preschool children after vaccination at the Health Care Center in Inđija
Authors: Mitrović-Rožek Tanja , Petrović Vesna , Višnjevac Danilo
Published: May 2021

Introduction: An adverse event following immunization is any undesirable medical occurrence that follows immunization, and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccine. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of occurrence of adverse events in preschool children, after vaccination at the Primary Health Care Center in Inđija. Material and methods: Data were used from the medical and administrative documentation of the Pediatrics Department in Inđija. The study covered a period of 11 years and during this period 4,273 children were vaccinated, and 70,558 doses of vaccines were administered. Results: 13 cases of severe adverse reactions to a vaccine were registered, with a rate of 18.4:100,000 vaccine doses. There were 6 severe adverse reactions to the DTP vaccine per 8,180 administered doses of this vaccine, which was a rate of 73.3:100,000 doses of the DTP vaccine. There were 7 cases of severe adverse reactions to the MMR vaccine per 8,505 administered doses of the MMR vaccine, which was a rate of 82.3:100,000 doses of MMR vaccine. The overall rate of adverse reactions in the form of mumps was 47.0:100,000 doses of the MMR vaccine, in the form of rubella rash it was 11.7:100,000 doses of the MMR vaccine and the rate of adverse allergic reactions to the MMR vaccine was 23.5:100,000 doses of the MMR vaccine. According to our results, there were two cases of adverse reactions in the form of allergic reaction, to all vaccines administered, which was the rate of 3:100,000. Conclusion: This study confirms the very rare occurrence of severe adverse reactions to vaccination and speaks in favor of a far greater benefit from vaccination as compared to the risk of an adverse reaction to vaccination.
Seventy years of the Section for the history of medicine of the Serbian medical society
Authors: Vacić Zoran
Published: May 2021

This paper covers the forming of the Serbian Medical Society sections in the period until 1950, as well as the amendments made to the Rules of the Serbian Medical Society in 1919 and 1928. Prior to World War I, the Section for Tuberculosis was formed (1907). In the interwar period, seven specialist sections and one class section (Section of District Doctors for Belgrade, Zemun and Pančevo, 1931) were formed. After World War II, led by the all-pervasive enthusiasm in society of that time and the need for renewing and rebuilding all life segments in socialist Yugoslavia, new sections and regional branches of the Serbian Medical Society were established. The Section for the History of Medicine and Pharmacy was founded as the 16th section of the Serbian Medical Society, in 1950, and, in 1980, its name was changed to - Section for the History of Medicine. The first meeting of the Section was held on March 29, 1950. Professor Vladimir Stanojević, PhD, Medical Corps General, was elected the first President of the Section. The first lecture, delivered by Professor Aleksandar Đ. Kostić (Jedan stogodišnji srpski leksikon), is also described briefly in this paper. During its 70 years of work, the Section has experienced periods of rise and fall in its activity; while there has been formal continuity in its work, activity has been irregular (the regularity of the meetings, the number of communications, etc.), which is why its history can be divided into four periods. The Section achieved its best results in the first (1950-1978) and in its fourth (2009-2020) period. The second period (1978-1993) was characterized by a decrease in activity, while the third (1993-2009) was a period of complete inactivity. The Section had a fruitful publishing activity during the first and the fourth period. It was voted the best section of the Serbian Medical society twice - in 2016 and 2017.
The County Court of Ćuprija in 1840s: A contributions to history
Authors: Popović Miroslav
Published: May 2021

The aim of the paper before us is to present the basic features of the development of the County Court of Ćuprija in the 1840s, its organization and work, based on the report of the Ministry of Justice, which contain statistical data and conduit lists with information about employees. The paper is also based on published documents of the Court, schematism and the Census of Tax Heads, Municipalities and Conciliation Courts in the Principality of Serbia from 1839. The County Court of Ćuprija took its place in the network of county courts of the Principality of Serbia, which was the basis of the judicial system, which, after the Constitution of 1838, the first regulations, decrees and laws on organization and procedure, made its first serious steps. When it comes to staff, the members of the court were people with experience, most of the employees had completed normal schools, therefore, they had basic preconditions for performing the service. The Commission for the Improvement of Civil Procedure from 1845 found that the Ćuprija court also entered the group of overburdened, and increased its staff by one clerk. When looking at official data, the number of crimes and civil lawsuits at the Ćuprija County Court increased during the 1840s, especially in 1845 the court had problems with accumulated civil lawsuits. There was a drastic increase in adjudicated cases of crimes and lawsuits after 1845, and it seems that the interventions of state authorities have influenced the increase of efficiency, and, perhaps, the trend of adopting new, more differentiated, applicable, clearer and more efficient regulations, both in the field of judicial organization and various branches of civil and criminal law and court procedure.
Specifične morfeme i inovacije u strukturi vrsta riječi - na građi Njegoševog "Šćepana Malog"
Authors: Marojević Radmilo
Published: May 2021

U ovom radu razmatraju se prefiksoidi |po|, |pri|, |pre| i |naj| i njihovi prefiksalni homonimi (1), postfiksi |zi|, |kolik| i |god| (2), homonimija rječce ne i prefiksa |ne| (3), kao i inovacije u vrstama riječi (4). U radu se primjenjuje poredbena analiza primjerâ iz Šćepana Malog s kontekstima iz Gorskog vijenca, Luče mikrokozma i Njegoševe meditativne proze.
On Test Measurements in Full Scale Sailing Test Programs
Authors: Grant Howard P. , Stephens Olin J.
Published: May 2021

At Mystic Seaport Museum a project was begun in 1992 to determine sail coefficients for schooners for sailing technology research and historical vessel research. Since computational fluid dynamics techniques and wind tunnel techniques have not yet been developed to the point where sail coefficients can be developed accurately, the experimental approach was adopted. Full-scale sailing tests of schooner Brilliant were performed at Mystic, Connecticut. Tow-tank tests of a 1/9 model were completed at Davidson Laboratory, Hoboken, New Jersey. Three previous experimental programs for sloops were reviewed, notably Gimcrack (Davidson, 1936), Bay Bea (Kerwin, 1974), and Standfast (Gerritsma, 1975).

One goal of the Brilliant program was to reduce uncertainty in sail coefficient measurement. The uncertainty in previous programs illustrates the inherent difficulties. Despite the uncertainty the results were extremely useful and provided a benchmark for further improvements in sail coefficient programs.

Procedures used are described. Preliminary results indicate that the uncertainty is reduced to about 10%.

The topics covered are: (1) a description by Olin Stephens of previously unpublished details of the equipment and methods used to take data on the sloop Gimcrack, as applied by Davidson reported in his landmark 1936 paper, and some thoughts on the way the information gained from early studies was used; (2) extension of the Gimcrack sail coefficients to the heel plane; (3) a review by Howard Grant of the measurements in the schooner Brilliant program, including correction for ship/wind interference, use of cross checks including chase boat true wind solutions and internal consistency techniques (Ockam, 1992), and unique time-correlations to handle non-steadiness; (3) a hindsight view of program shortcomings, which included the omission of measurements at several heights above the deck of wind and sail shape that would have been helpful to CFD studies of sail aerodynamics.
Full Scale Measurement of Sail Force and the Validation of Numerical Calculation Method
Authors: Masuyama Yutaka , Fukasawa Toichi
Published: May 2021

Sail forces were measured in a full-scale sailing boat with the use of a sail force dynamometer. This apparatus consisted of an aluminum frame fixed to the hull by way of several load cells. The sailing boat was modified so that the dynamometer frame could be installed inside the hull. The mast, stays, winches, and other sailing rig were fixed on the frame so as to transmit all the forces acting on sail to the frame. By transforming the measured forces, the lift force, drag force, thrust, side force, or the center of effort of the sail force could be obtained. The sailing conditions of the boat, such as the boat speed, heel angle, wind speed, wind angle, and so on, were also measured.

Sail shapes of the boat in the up-wind condition were also measured with the use of CCD cameras installed in the boat. The sail shape images taken by the cameras were transformed to bit-map files, and then processed by an SSA-2D, a sail shape analyzing software. With the use of this software, sail shape parameters were obtained. The relationship between the measured sail forces and the sail shape parameters is discussed in this paper. Moreover, the measured sail shapes were used as the input data for the numerical calculations.

Numerical calculations were performed to estimate the sail forces of the boat. In the calculations, two sails, a mainsail and a jib , were modeled in the form of a vortex lattice. The vortex lattice method was adopted as the numerical calculation method. Step by step calculations were conducted up to attaining the steady state of the sail in steady wind. Calculated sail forces were compared with the measured forces, and the validity of the numerical method was studied.
An Investigation of Full Scale Forces Produced by a Sail
Authors: Bossett Nathan , Mutnick Ian
Published: May 2021

The problem of accurately predicting the performance of a sailing vessel has been researched since the turn of the century. Improvements in sail construction and materials have placed greater importance on optimizing sail aerodynamics. The goal of this research was to devise a testing method which would allow simple, inexpensive testing of sails to be conducted. This effort culminated in the design and construction of an outdoor sailing dynamometer which can measure all of the forces and moments produced by a sail. The apparatus is capable of testing full-size dinghy rigs or scaled-down offshore racers. It may be used both for rig selection and for the evaluation of different sail designs. High quality results may be achieved with a minimum expenditure of time and capital.
The Cogito Project: Design and Development of an International C-Class Catamaran and Her Successful Challenge to Regain the Little America's Cup
Authors: MacLane Duncan T.
Published: May 2021

In January 1996, Cogito, the U.S. challenger, defeated the Australian defender, Yellow Pages Edge, by the score of 4-0 in the twenty-second running of the International Catamaran Challenge Trophy. This brought the trophy better known as the Little America's Cup, back to the United States after an eleven year stay in Australia.

The Cogito project was three years in length and encompassed the design/construction phase, initial sailing and tuning at her home the Bristol Yacht Club in Bristol, Rhode Island, and the final training and competition at the race venue, McCrae Yacht Club on Port Philip Bay south of Melbourne, Australia. This paper will cover all phases of the project from the design through the racing.
Model Tests of the PACT Base America's Cup Hull in Following Seas
Authors: Falsone Jesse
Published: May 2021

Model tests were conducted at the Davidson Laboratory to investigate the effect of following seas on the added resistance of the PACT (Partnership for America's Cup Technology) base America's Cup hull. A 1 :8 scale model of an International America's Cup Class yacht was provided by Team Dennis Conner and was refinished with funding from US Sailing to its original lines as the PACT base hull. Using this hull (canoe body with no appendages), model tests were conducted in the following seas condition. Upright, resistance tests were carried out at constant speed in both smooth water and regular waves of varying length and slope. The model was free to heave and pitch while restraining all other degrees of freedom.

The data analysis revealed that at wavelengths approximately greater than two model lengths, the added resistance of the model is negative. A negative added resistance implies that the average drag force of the model in a particular following sea is less than the still-water drag of the model at the same speed. At wavelengths below this point, the added resistance of the model is greater than the still-water resistance. Furthermore, the form of the data suggests that at waves longer than were tested in this experiment (wavelengths greater than five model lengths), the added resistance of the model converges to the still­water resistance. The experiment also verifies that the added resistance is proportional to the square of the wave height.

The pitch and heave characteristics of the model as expressed in the form of response amplitude operators are independent of wave slope. This is to say that for a particular motion, the response amplitude operators for each wave slope overlap one another.

The results of these model tests were to be used as a database for the IMS Pitching Moment Project established in an attempt to quantify the sensitivity of radius of gyration on yacht performance. Also, these results were to be used to validate CFD estimates of added resistance.
Appendage Resistance of a Sailing Yacht Hull
Authors: Kenning J. A. , Binkhorst B. J.
Published: May 2021

Since the introduction of the resistance calculation for yachts based on the results of the original Delft Systematic Yacht Hull Series (DSYHS), as presented by Gerritsma et.al. in 1979, 1985 and 1992, considerable changes have taken place in the design of both the shape and size of the appendages, i.e. keel and rudder. For the sake of consistency the original DSYHS was tested with one and the same set of appendages for all models, necessary for the heeled and yawed tests, which in design reflected the standards of the mid seventies for a hull like the Parent Model #1.

The wide variety of shapes of appendages used now-a-days made it necessary to be able to differentiate in the calculation routine between all these different configurations. Therefore the Shiphydromechanics Laboratory of the Technical University Delft decided to test a large number of the models of the DSYHS again, but now without appendages.

The implicit difficulty by doing this was that the resistance of the keel and rudder had to be added on. Although a large part of the appendage resistance originates from the viscous resistance, the residuary resistance of the appendages was not well known, neither the absolute magnitude nor the dependency on hull and keel geometry.

This study tries to shed some light on the subject by reporting on a number of model experiments and calculations carried out to define the resistance of four different appendages under two different hulls.
Hull - Appendage Interaction of a Sailing Yacht, Investigated with Wave Cut Techniques
Authors: Binns Jonathan R. , Klaka Kim , Dovell Andrew
Published: May 2021

The research explained in this paper was carried out to investigate the effects of hull-appendage interaction on the resistance of a sailing yacht, and the effects these changes have on the velocity prediction for a sailing yacht. To accomplish this aim a series of wave-cut experiments was carried out and analysed using a modified procedure. The processed results have then been incorporated into an existing velocity prediction program. For the purposes of this research two variables were investigated for the Australian Maritime Engineering Cooperative Research Centre (AMECRC) parent model 004, a model derived from the Delft IMS series of yachts.

Wave-cut procedures inevitably raise questions about scaling procedures for full scale extrapolation as the inviscid wave-pattern resistance is calculated to be less than the residuary or wave resistance. These questions have been dealt with by an approximate method, briefly explained in this paper.
Ruling techniques of the Ottoman Empire in Western Caucasus on the early XIX century (based on the document from the Ottoman State Archive of the President of the Republic of Turkey Hattı Hümayün 1103/4569-R
Authors: Chediya Anri Robertovich
Published: May 2021

The subject of this article is the policy and ruling techniques of the Ottoman Empire in Western Caucasus as a whole, and Abkhazia in particular, implemented due to expansion of military and economic presence of the Russian Empire in Caucasus in the early XIX century. Such methods include bringing local population (mostly representative of aristocracy – princes and noblemen) to the side of the Ottoman Empire for returning their dominance in the countries and cities (fortresses), considered by the Sublime Porte as the territories of their authority, and unlawfully annexed by the Russian Empire (namely the Principality of Abkhazia). This resulted in clash of interest of both superpowers that unfolded in Abkhazia and neighboring Circassia in the early XIX century. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of previously unpublished sources from the Ottoman State Archive of the President of the Republic of Turkey, as well as the Russian State Military-Historical Archive, which shed light on the methods of Ottoman control over the territories of Western Caucasus (Principality of Abkhazia, Circassia), as well as on the complicated questions regarding the clash of interests of the Russian and Ottoman empires in the region. The relevance of this work is substantiated by usage of both, Russian and Ottoman unpublished archival materials for describing the Ottoman ruling techniques in the region.
Peculiarities of the legal status of a police officer during an armed conflict
Authors: Tsvetkov Aleksei Olegovich
Published: May 2021

The article considers the problem of the police involvement in an armed conflict with non-typical combat tasks. In the case of war, police officers can act for one of the operating forces. A party to a conflict, which uses police among its forces, must inform the opponent about it. During a military conflict, police personnel becomes a legal military target, therefore the actions, aimed at damaging the life and health of a police officer, are no longer considered as a crime. The author arrives at the conclusion that the activities of the police during an armed conflict are not only characterized by the contradiction between the international and Russian legislation, in which, correspondingly, police can’t be a party to a conflict, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs is among the structures used for the national defence during an armed conflict with external and internal enemies. A police officer, participating in an armed conflict on the territory of the Russian Federation, is a legal combatant; in case he is taken by the adversary, he is considered as a prisoner and not as a hostage. According to the international law, police can’t be a belligerent party, therefore weapon employment by a police officer can cause legal consequences, unless it comes within the provisions of article 23 chapter 5 of the Law on Police. In the context of the problem, the question about legislative initiative for treating police officers as members of armed forces becomes vexed, in terms of recognition of police officers as legal combatants during their participation in an armed conflict, with the corresponding guarantees and compensation for imprisoned police officers and their family members.   
The practice of self-nurturing in the concept of the Tyumen philosopher Y. M. Fyodorov
Authors: Maltsev Yaroslav Vladimirovich
Published: May 2021

The subject of this research is the philosophy of the Tyumen philosopher Yuri Mikhailovich Fyodorov – a representative of the Tyumen philosophical tradition, who focused on the problems of ethics, namely practical implementation of the ethical in the context of development of the North and establishment of a new society from fundamentally different individuals. Tyumen philosophers were concerned with the question of how to form a single moral essence out of the agonistic society. For solving this problem, Yuri Mikhailovich Fyodorov turned to Neo-Platonism, cosmism, and Russian religious philosophy, as well as paid particular attention to the question of elevation of human to a moral entity. The ways for such subjectification proposed by Fedorov are examined in this article. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the philosopher is not widely known, as well as in the emphasis on the process of subjectification, epimeleia heautou in interpretation of M. Foucault, or the self-nurturing practices. It is illustrated that creativity, freedom, kindness and love are the key practices of self-nurturing which Y. M. Fyodorov indicated as the procedures of subjectification. From his perspective, these four concepts are the goal and practice for an individual, who seeks to surpass his own foundations. The philosophy of Y. M. Fyodorov aims to substantiate the unity of man with man, man with being; as well as attach meaning, value and vector to human life; contra pose something genuine, profound and eternal to the concepts that deprive an individual of the right to power over himself and the right to the long-term existence.
Effect of inclination on nonlinear evolution and bifurcation of thermal convection in a square cavity
Authors: Yin Hui , Zhao Bing-Xin ,   School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China,   Ningxia Key Laboratory of Scientific/Engineering Computing and Data Analysis, Yinchuan 750021, China
Published: May 2021

Heat transfer of natural convection in inclined cavities is one of the hot research topics in nonlinear non-equilibrium systems. In this paper, direct numerical simulations of natural convection in an inclined square cavity are carried out by using a high-accuracy numerical method. The effects of the different trends of inclination angle in a range of 0°–180° on the nonlinear evolution of flow field, heat transfer efficiency, and bifurcation are investigated. The Rayleigh number varies in a range from 103 to 106. The results show that the heat transfer efficiency characterized by Nusselt number is highly dependent on the Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and the inclination angle. When the Rayleigh number is high, the Nusselt number will have a small jump near the inclination angle in a range of 80°–100°. The evolution of the flow field and temperature field are more complicated at high Rayleigh number. There are one to three vortices of different intensities in the cavity. At low Rayleigh number and inclination angle of the cavity being close to 90°, the flow state is composed mainly of heat conduction state. In addition, it is found that there exist two stable branches of solutions in a range of Rayleigh number (4949, 314721) when the inclination angle is in the interval of (70°, 110°).
Effects of intrachain disorder on photoexcitation in conjugated polymer chains
Authors: Fu Cong , Ye Meng-Hao , Zhao Hui , Chen Yu-Guang , Yan Yong-Hong ,   Key Laboratory for Advanced Microstructure Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China,   School of Mathematical Information, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
Published: May 2021

The luminescence efficiency of conjugated polymers has been a central topic in the study of light emitting. The effect of disorder plays an important role in generating excitons after the conjugated polymers have been excited by photons. In this paper, by using the Su-Schriffer-Heeger model, which has been modified to include intrachain disorder and electron correlation, we investigate the effects of disorder on the photoexcitation, especially on the yield of excitons in a conjugated polymer chain. We adopt the multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree–Fock method to solve the multi-electron time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the Newtonian equation of motion for the lattice vibration. The results show that after the photoexcitation relaxation process, the products of the disordered polymer chain are qualitatively distinct from those of the pure polymer chain. While the pairs of polarons can be generated directly after the photoexcitation in a pure polymer chain, the disorder favors excitons as the products of the photoexcitation, and the yield of excitons depends crucially on the kind and strength of the disorder. Furthermore, the influences of the electron correlation and the conjugation length on the yield of excitons are also discussed. Specifically, we find that in the case of diagonal disorder, when the conjugation length is short and the diagonal disorder is weak, the excitons are mainly generated by the recombination of two lattice defects with a high yield of excitons which will be reduced as the conjugation length increases. The excitons tend to be generated directly with a low yield of excitons which is enlarged as the disorder gets stronger when the conjugation length is long or the diagonal disorder is strong. The on-site Coulomb repulsion favors the generation of excitons as well. The case of off-diagonal disorder is similar to that of diagonal disorder except that the on-site Coulomb potential favors the generation of excitons in the weak disorder regime but depresses the generation of excitons in the strong disorder regime. When both diagonal and off-diagonal disorders are considered, the yield of excitons is dominated by the off-diagonal disorder. We hope that our investigations can provide useful guidance and help for designing organic photoelectric materials and devices.
Amphiphysin I cleavage by asparagine endopeptidase leads to tau hyperphosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction
Authors: Zhang Xingyu , Zou Li , Meng Lanxia , Xiong Min , Pan Lina , Chen Guiqin , Zheng Yongfa , Xiong Jing , Wang Zhihao , Duong Duc M , Zhang Zhaohui , Cao Xuebing , Wang Tao , Tang Li , Ye Keqiang , Zhang Zhentao
Published: May 2021

Neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau and synaptic dysfunction are characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identified Amphiphysin I mediates both tau phosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction in AD. Amphiphysin I is cleaved by a cysteine proteinase asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) at N278 in the brains of AD patients. The amount of AEP-generated N-terminal fragment of Amphiphysin I (1-278) is increased with aging. Amphiphysin I (1-278) inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis and induces synaptic dysfunction. Furthermore, Amphiphysin I (1-278) binds p35 and promotes its transition to p25, thus activates CDK5 and enhances tau hyperphosphorylation. Overexpression of Amphiphysin I (1-278) in the hippocampus of Tau P301S mice induces synaptic dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and cognitive deficits. However, overexpression of the N278A mutant Amphiphysin I, which resists the AEP-mediated cleavage, alleviates the pathological and behavioral defects. These findings suggest a mechanism of tau hyperphosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction in AD.
American Catholic
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: May 2021

This book places the rise of the United States' political conservatism in the context of ferment within the Roman Catholic Church. How did Roman Catholics shift from being perceived as un-American to emerging as the most vocal defenders of the United States as the standard bearer in world history for political liberty and economic prosperity? This book charts the development of the complex relationship between Roman Catholicism and American conservatism, and it shows how these two seemingly antagonistic ideological groups became intertwined in advancing a certain brand of domestic and international politics. Contrary to the standard narrative, Roman Catholics were some of the most assertive political conservatives directly after World War II, and their brand of politics became one of the most influential means by which Roman Catholicism came to terms with American secular society. It did so precisely as bishops determined the church needed to update its teaching about its place in the modern world. Catholics grappled with political conservatism long before the supposed rightward turn at the time of the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. The book follows the course of political conservatism from John F. Kennedy, the first and only Roman Catholic president of the United States, to George W. Bush, and describes the evolution of the church and its influence on American politics. By tracing the roots of Roman Catholic politicism in American culture, the book argues that Roman Catholicism's adaptation to the modern world, whether in the United States or worldwide, was as remarkable as its achievement remains uncertain.
The Greek Fire
Authors: Santelli Maureen Connors
Published: May 2021

This book examines the United States' early global influence as the fledgling nation that inserted itself in conflicts that were oceans away. It focuses on the American fascination with and involvement in the Greek Revolution in the 1820s and 1830s. That nationalist movement incited an American philhellenic movement that pushed the borders of US interests into the eastern Mediterranean and infused a global perspective into domestic conversations concerning freedom and reform. Perceiving strong cultural, intellectual, and racial ties with Greece, American men and women identified Greece as the seedbed of American democracy and a crucial source of American values. Grassroots organizations sent men, money, and supplies to aid the Greeks. Philhellenes, often led by women, joined efforts with benevolence and missionary groups and together they promoted humanitarianism, education reform, and evangelism. Public pressure on the US Congress, however, did not result in intervention on behalf of the Greeks. Commercial interests convinced US officials to remain out of the conflict. The book analyzes the role of Americans in the Greek Revolution and the aftermath of US involvement. In doing so, it revises understandings of US involvement in foreign affairs, and shows how diplomacy developed at the same time as Americans were learning what it meant to be a country, and what that country stood for.
World of Echo
Authors: Lears Adin E.
Published: May 2021

Between late antiquity and the fifteenth century, theologians, philosophers, and poets struggled to articulate the correct relationship between sound and sense, creating taxonomies of sounds based on their capacity to carry meaning. This book traces how medieval thinkers adopted the concept of noise as a mode of lay understanding grounded in the body and the senses. With a broadly interdisciplinary approach, the book examines a range of literary genres to highlight the poetic and social effects of this vibrant discourse, offering close readings of works by Geoffrey Chaucer and William Langland, as well as the mystics Richard Rolle and Margery Kempe. Each of these writers embraced an embodied experience of language resistant to clear articulation, even as their work reflects inherited anxieties about the appeal of such sensations. A preoccupation with the sound of language emerged in the form of poetic soundplay at the same time that mysticism and other forms of lay piety began to flower in England. As the book shows, the presence of such emphatic aural texture amplified the cognitive importance of feeling in conjunction with reason and was a means for the laity — including lay women — to cultivate embodied forms of knowledge on their own terms, in precarious relation to existing clerical models of instruction. The book offers a deep history of the cultural and social hierarchies that coalesce around aesthetic experience and gives voice to alternate ways of knowing.
Introduction
Authors: Lears Adin E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on texts pointing to a preoccupation with noise and unsignified vocalization, which shows how the denouncement of a corrupt and embodied form of expression associated with the laity. It looks at religious and literate authorities around Margery Kempe, wherein her crying and roaring was the confused expression of a woman who was too literal-minded in her focus on the bodily and the material. It also identifies a range of ways that the expression of laypeople was linked to noise and unsignified sound in late medieval England. The chapter discusses how medieval thinkers made use of a productive slippage between noise and literary making, even as they worried about its cognitive and social effects. It explains how the poem depends on medieval noise for its own existence and aural innovation despite the fact that the “Complaint” targets disruptive and nonsensical noise of a class of “brutish” laymen.
Epilogue
Authors: Lears Adin E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that an attunement to extrasemantic experiences of language that is understood in terms of noise lays epistemologies and literacies that effloresced in myriad forms in late medieval England. It reviews impulses to experience and express language as noise, which were a means of cultivating direct access to knowledge through affective and sensory experience. It also reviews the ideas of John Wyclif and his followers that overlapped with the avenues of thought, feeling, and sensation. The chapter investigates how Wyclif and his followers are known for their desire to limit clerical authority by encouraging a deep personal relationship to the biblical word in a way that scholars have suggested was a precursor to the Reformation. It examines the world of echo that emphasized the material qualities of the voice in opposition to the Wycliffite ideal of bodily transcendence.
Wives, Wages, and Regulating Breadwinners
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: May 2021

This chapter cites Yolanda Foldes's 1937 novel about a Hungarian family in interwar Paris, in which the character Klari Barabas stumbles into the middle of a lovers' quarrel involving Greek Christos and his French wife. It analyses the misfortunes of fictional Christos and his French wife, which suggest men's work, missing wages, and marital discord that were intertwined in the mixed and immigrant working-class households sprouting up throughout France after the Great War. It also discusses the twin middle-class ideals of the male breadwinner and the femme au foyer that governed early twentieth century economic and social life. The chapter recounts how marriage became the most reliable legal means of securing access to a male breadwinner and his wages by the early twentieth century, especially in the event of the union's demise. It talks about alimentary pensions that were paid regularly by estranged husbands and were enforced by officials at the behest of French and foreign wives themselves.
Neighborhood, Street Culture, and Melting-Pot Mixité
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the social histories of migrant communities in Paris that have been attentive to how urban dynamics of mixed residential life eased the assimilation of foreigners into local society. It explains how sex and gender contributed to the formation of cross-cultural solidarities that established urban mixité in working-class neighborhoods of Paris. It also draws on the rich literature that explores gendered urban dynamics among Parisians in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century capital. The chapter demonstrates how the gendered dynamics of working-class life furnished cross-cultural networks and solidarities that contributed to immigrants' lived experience as reproductive citizens. It describes the tumult of the neighborhoods of Sainte Marguerite and La Roquette, the contiguous Parisian quartiers where foreigners of all national and colonial stripes settled in the first decades of the twentieth century.
Justice Goes Global
Authors: Krcmaric Daniel
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts a long history of abusive rulers that found safe havens abroad once they were no longer welcome in their countries. It introduces Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, who had presided over the killing of several thousand people in 1979 and was then exiled in Saudi Arabia. It refers to Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos, who retired to Hawaii when the People Power Revolution toppled him following a fraudulent election. It also explains why recent leaders like Muammar al-Gaddafi, Laurent Gbagbo, and Bashar al-Assad desperately clung to power whereas past leaders such as Idi Amin, Ferdinand Marcos, and François Duvalier were willing to spend their days in exile. It discusses proponents of international justice that were frequently mocked as out-of-touch idealists.
The Positive Effect
Authors: Krcmaric Daniel
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the deterrent effect of international justice and estimates that the statistical models of mass-killing onset show how the same conditions that exacerbate conflict also create deterrence. It discusses a case study of Blaise Compaoré during Burkina Faso's 2014 revolution, which complements the quantitative results. It also elaborates the Compaoré case that highlights the connection between the decision to commit atrocities and the availability of a safe exile option. The chapter explains how Burkina Faso represents a case in 2014 where a number of factors suggested that mass violence was possible. It recounts Compaoré's retirement abroad once it became clear that he could no longer maintain political control in Burkina Faso.
Grasping the Dilemma
Authors: Krcmaric Daniel
Published: May 2021

This chapter summarizes the theory and the supporting empirical evidence on rulers who commit massive human rights abuses and are now held accountable in a way that was unthinkable just a few decades ago. It explains how the pursuit of international justice has reshaped the world politics and the trend toward holding leaders accountable for atrocity crimes complicates the exile option. It also discusses how the attractiveness of a foreign retirement is conditional on a leader's culpability for mass atrocities in the new era of accountability. The chapter refers to the justice cascade that shapes the behavior of leaders while they are still in power as they influence the viability of exile as a retirement option. It clarifies how the justice cascade deters atrocities as leaders know that committing abuses will decrease their exit options if they ever need to flee abroad.
Defamiliarizing the Familiar
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a conceptual discussion of Islam in Turko-Persia, providing a model for thinking about the ecologies of elite culture before the nation. The invention of tradition is a well-established concept, as is the notion that many national identities are of recent provenance. Much of what one might consider timeless or “traditional” was only recently objectified as such within the last century or two. Similarly, numerous studies have established the historical contingency of “secular” culture as separable and distinct from religion. Persian poetry understood as a “cultural” foil to “religious” Arabic texts is burdened by a dichotomy that would not have been appreciated by the original authors. The chapter then explains how Turkic culture related to the Persianate, and how Persian high culture, in turn, related to Islam. Islamic scholars of Bukhara were in different ways representative of a broader constituency of literati whose members were to be also found in western China, Iran, India, and even North Africa. However, because reconceptualizations of culture and religion in the preindustrial era are still in their infancy and often scattered across disparate literatures, the chapter builds on them, combines them, and in some cases critiques or repurposes them.