bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular simulation of structure formation and rheological properties of mixtures of telechelic and monofunctional associating polymer
Authors: Furuya Tsutomu , Koga Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2018

We study the phase behavior, the characteristic times, and the rheological properties under the steady shear flow of the mixtures consisting of telechelic and monofunctional associating polymers by a coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulation. The mixtures form the transient networks, the closely packed spherical micelles, and the wormlike micelles. We confirm the molecular origins of the several characteristic times of the mixtures. The dependencies of the characteristic times on the composition ratio between telechelic and monofunctional associating polymers show good agreement with reported experimental results. Under the steady shear flow, the mixtures show the shear thinning induced by the change of the spatial configuration of the micelles. The telechelic associating polymers especially play an important role in connecting the micelles at the shear thinning regime and enhance the steady shear viscosity. Furthermore, at the wormlike micellar region, the mixtures show the second shear thinning initiated by the transformation of the association conformation of the telechelic associating polymers.
Preserving fertility in women with cancer (PreFer): Decision‐making and patient‐reported outcomes in women offered egg and embryo freezing prior to cancer treatment
Authors: Vogt Katharina S. , Hughes Jane , Wilkinson Anna , Mahmoodi Neda , Skull Jonathan , Wood Hilary , McDougall Sophia , Slade Pauline , Greenfield Diana M. , Pacey Allan , Ledger William , Jones Georgina L.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Women of childbearing age with new cancer diagnoses have to make rapid decisions about fertility preservation (FP) before starting cancer treatment (CT). The aim of the PreFer study was to explore this FP decision‐making process and its impact on patient‐reported outcomes (PROMs) and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods

A prospective, mixed‐methods design was used (questionnaires, in‐depth interviews). Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Fifty‐eight women with new cancer diagnoses were recruited. Comparisons were made between women who declined FP referral in oncology (Group1) and women who chose referral (Group2). Group 2 was further split into those who had some FP (2A) and those who did not (2B). Questionnaires and PROMs were administered prior to and after the fertility consultation, before the start of CT and 3 months post CT. Interviews were conducted with one participant from Group 2.

Results

HRQoL was negatively affected, particularly depression. Women's lack of understanding about the relationship between CT and fertility were evident. Five themes emerged from the interviews as barriers and facilitators to the FP decision‐making process.

Conclusion

The results indicate that better information and support resources aimed at women to support their decision making are needed, such as patient decision‐aids. Women from Group 1 were found to suffer significantly worse depression compared with the general UK population, highlighting the need for psychological support in the FP care‐pathway and for research exploring the contributions of depression and hopelessness to the decision‐making process.
Proteomic Analysis of Human Scleroderma Fibroblasts Response to Transforming Growth Factor‐ß
Authors: Chaigne Benjamin , Clary Guilhem , Le Gall Morgane , Dumoitier Nicolas , Fernandez Claire , Lofek Sebastien , Chafey Philippe , Moinzadeh Pia , Krieg Thomas , Denton Christopher P. , Mouthon Luc
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy and fibrosis. Fibrosis is due to an activation of fibroblasts by the transforming growth factor‐ß (TGF‐ß). This study investigates the proteomic response of SSc fibroblasts to TGF‐ß.

Experimental design

Skin fibroblasts from diffuse SSc patients and healthy controls (HC) are cultured with or without TGF‐ß. Two‐dimensional differential in‐gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (MS) combined with Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA) and Panther/David software analyze proteins differentially expressed between groups. Real‐time cell analyzer (RTCA) assesses fibroblast proliferation and viability.

Results

Two‐hundred‐and‐seventy‐nine proteins are differentially expressed between groups. Principal component analysis shows significant differences between groups. IPA shows specific process networks such as actin cytoskeleton and integrin signaling. Panther and David software show predominant biological processes such as cellular and metabolic processes. TGF‐ß enhances protein synthesis and protein pathways. IPA and RTCA suggest the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (Pi3K).

Conclusions and clinical relevance

That the proteome of fibroblasts differs between SSc patients and HC is confirmed, and it is demonstrated that fibroblasts exacerbate their proteomic phenotype upon stimulation with TGF‐ß. EGFR and Pi3K are highlighted as proteins of interest in SSc fibroblasts.
MALDI‐TOF MS‐Based Identification of Melanized Fungi is Faster and Reliable After the Expansion of In‐House Database
Authors: Paul Saikat , Singh Pankaj , Sharma Savitri , Prasad Gandham Satyanarayana , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash Mandya , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Ghosh Anup K.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Invasive fungal infections caused by melanized fungi are a growing concern. Rapid and reliable identification plays an important role in optimizing therapy. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS)‐based identification has emerged as a faster and more accurate diagnostic technique. However, lack of a protein extraction protocol and limited database restricts the identification of melanized fungi by MALDI‐TOF MS. The study is designed to standardize protein extraction protocol, to enrich the existing, and to create an in‐house database for the rapid identification of melanized fungi.

Experimental design

In this study, 59 sequence‐confirmed, melanized fungi were used to expand and to create an in‐house database using a modified protein extraction protocol. A total of 117 clinical isolates are further used to validate the created database.

Result

Using existing Bruker database, only 29(24.8%) out of 117 moulds could be identified. However, all the isolates are identified accurately by supplementing the Bruker database with the created in‐house database. MALDI‐TOF MS takes significantly lesser time for identification compared to DNA sequencing.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

An expanded database with modified protein extraction protocol can reduce significant time to identify melanized fungi by MALDI‐TOF MS.
A maximum entropy approach for the evaluation of surrogate endpoints based on causal inference
Authors: Alonso Ariel , Van der Elst Wim , Molenberghs Geert
Published: August 2018

The maximum entropy principle offers a constructive criterion for setting up probability distributions on the basis of partial knowledge. In the present work, the principle is applied to tackle an important problem in the surrogate marker field, namely, the evaluation of a binary outcome as a putative surrogate for a binary true endpoint within a causal inference framework. In the first step, the maximum entropy principle is used to determine the relative frequencies associated with the values of the vector of potential outcomes. Subsequently, in the second step, these relative frequencies are used in combination with two newly proposed metrics of surrogacy, the so‐called individual causal association and the surrogate predictive function, to assess the validity of the surrogate. The procedure is conceptually similar to the use of noninformative or reference priors in Bayesian statistics. Additionally, approximate, identifiable bounds are proposed for the estimands of interest, and their performance is studied via simulations. The methods are illustrated using data from a clinical trial involving schizophrenic patients, and a newly developed and user‐friendly R packageSurrogateis provided to carry out the validation exercise.
The Research Development of Quantum Dots in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Wu Ping , Xu Yuxia , Zhan Jingyi , Li Yan , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan
Published: August 2018

Quantum dots, which are made from semiconductor materials, possess tunable physical dimensions and outstanding optoelectronic characteristics, and they have aroused widespread interest in recent years. In addition to applications in biomolecular analysis, sensors, organic photovoltaic devices, fluorescence, solar cells, photochemical reagents, light‐emitting diodes, and catalysis, quantum dots have attracted mounting attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage owing to their size confinement and anisotropic geometry. In this review, a comprehensive summary is given and the research progress of the study of quantum dots for batteries and electrochemical capacitors in recent years, including their synthesis methods, micro/nanostructural features, and electrochemical performance, is appraised.
Neutrophil‐Based Delivery Systems for Nanotherapeutics
Authors: Han Yu , Zhao Ruibo , Xu Feng
Published: August 2018

Neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes (50–70% of the total leukocytes in circulation), are the major type of cells recruited to sites of inflammation during infection and tumorigenesis, suggesting that neutrophils could contribute to nanotherapeutics for inflammation and cancer therapy. Neutrophil‐based delivery has shown great potential in circumventing nanotherapeutics limitations, such as low biocompatibility, short circulation time, and immunogenicity of nanomaterials. In this review, the current development of neutrophil‐based nanotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancers is summarized. These successful neutrophil‐based nanotherapeutic systems indicate that introducing functional nanomaterials into neutrophils and neutrophil‐based vesicles may be a promising strategy for improving the nanotherapeutics in more complex conditions. The integration between neutrophils and nanomaterials will create more opportunities for future materials and medical studies.
Light‐Triggered Biomimetic Nanoerythrocyte for Tumor‐Targeted Lung Metastatic Combination Therapy of Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Liu Wen , Ruan Miaoliang , Wang Yanming , Song Rongguang , Ji Xin , Xu Jiake , Dai Jian , Xue Wei
Published: August 2018

Red blood cell (RBC) membrane‐cloaked nanoparticles, reserving the intact cell membrane structure and membrane protein, can gain excellent cell‐specific functions such as long blood circulation and immune escape, providing a promising therapy nanoplatform for drug delivery. Herein, a novel RBC membrane biomimetic combination therapeutic system with tumor targeting ability is constructed by embedding bovine serum albumin (BSA) encapsulated with 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane‐platinum (II) (DACHPt) and indocyanine green (ICG) in the targeting peptide‐modified erythrocyte membrane (R‐RBC@BPtI) for enhancing tumor internalization and synergetic chemophototherapy. R‐RBC@BPtI displays excellent stability and high encapsulation efficiency with multiple cores enveloped in the membrane. Benefited from the stealth functionality and targeting modification of erythrocyte membranes, R‐RBC@BPtI can significantly promote tumor targeting and cellular uptake. Under the near‐infrared laser stimuli, R‐RBC@BPtI presents remarkable instability by singlet oxygen and heat‐mediated cleavage so as to trigger effective drug release, thereby achieving deep penetration and accumulation of DACHPt and ROS in the tumor site. Consequently, R‐RBC@BPtI with tumor‐specific targeting ability accomplishes remarkable ablation of tumors and suppressed lung metastasis in vivo by photothermal and chemotherapy combined ablation under phototriggering. This research provides a novel strategy of targeted biomimetic nanoplatforms for combined cancer chemotherapy–phototherapy.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Nanoprobes with Embedded Standards for Quantitative Cholesterol Detection
Authors: Jiang Xin , Tan Ziyang , Lin Li , He Jing , He Chang , Thackray Benjamin D. , Zhang Yuqing , Ye Jian
Published: August 2018

Cholesterol is an essential molecule for many processes in the human body and many diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and lipid metabolism dysfunction can be detected in their early stages by monitoring intracellular cholesterol levels. Herein, metallic surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) core–shell nanoparticles with an embedded standard are designed for nondestructive detection of H2O2 and cholesterol. A classical least squares (CLS) spectral fitting method allows one to accurately extract the SERS signals of internal standards and target molecules from the multiplexed spectra. The embedded internal standard can be used to calibrate the SERS signals, removing fluctuations induced by differing measurement conditions and local states of the nanoparticles, such as aggregation. Thus, SERS signal reproducibility is improved and a better linear relationship in the working curve of detection is achieved. Using these SERS nanoprobes quantitative detection of H2O2 and cholesterol in solution and inside live cells at a single‐cell level is demonstrated.
Bimetallic MOF‐Derived FeCo‐P/C Nanocomposites as Efficient Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Hong Wei , Kitta Mitsunori , Xu Qiang
Published: August 2018

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) demands cost‐effective electrocatalysts with high catalytic performance. In this effort, metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived nanocomposites are presenting promising prospects to achieve this goal. Herein, FeCo bimetallic MOFs with different compositions are prepared through a sodium hydroxide assisted approach. By means of a successive carbonization and phosphating reaction, a series of MOF‐derived multicomponent products are synthesized. The resultant P‐doped products present enhance electrocatalytic performance for OER in alkaline electrolyte in comparison with a commercial RuO2 catalyst, which paves the way for their practical applications for water splitting. The developed method herein also offers an opportunity for the large‐scale preparation of MOF‐derived product toward energy conversion applications.
Enhancement of the Interfacial Connection via Carboxyl‐Substituted Perylene as Electron‐Transport Layer for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Hang , Xu Jia , Yang Yi , Li Zhenzhen , Zhang Bing , Liu Xiaolong , Dai Songyuan , Yao Jianxi
Published: August 2018

Carboxyl‐substituted perylene (PTCA) has been successfully applied as the electron‐transport layer in perovskite solar cells. The large rigid π–π conjugated plane structure in PTCA endows it excellent electronic transmission performance. By the carboxyl groups, PTCA can effectively connect the perovskite layer and FTO, thus reducing the interface barriers induced by weak contact, resulting in a high PCE of 16.09%. In addition, the PTCA‐based devices exhibit remarkable stability under illumination in ambient conditions without encapsulation.
Ecological Justice for Nature in Critical Systems Thinking
Authors: Stephens Anne , Taket Ann , Gagliano Monica
Published: August 2018

The authors of this paper provide a brief overview of the rights‐based literature that has been used to produce mechanisms to acknowledge non‐human agency in critical systems thinking (CST). With consideration of recent studies of plant cognition, we propose that by recasting CST's underlying commitments, we may produce new ontologies and new ways of working with the embedded stakeholders of socioecological systems. While the discursive shifts are simple, to recast ‘social awareness’ as ‘socioecological awareness’ and ‘human emancipation’ to ‘emancipation’, these changes open up the boundaries, scope and relevance of practice. We see this as a second turn and the next important movement in CST. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simpler proofs for functional sliced inverse regression
Authors: Cui Xia , Lian Heng
Published: August 2018

In this short communication, we demonstrate that functional sliced inverse regression obtains the same convergence rate as that presented in Hall, P & Horowitz, JL (2007), ‘Methodology and convergence rates for functional linear regression’, Annals of Statistics, 35(1), 70–91 for functional linear regression, both based on functional principal component analysis. This result is interesting because functional sliced inverse regression imposes far fewer structural constraints than functional linear regression, including an unknown link function. The two proofs provided emphasize the similarity between the two, and the proofs are thus much simpler than typically found in the literature. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute renal toxicity of sodium chlorate: Redox imbalance, enhanced DNA damage, metabolic alterations and inhibition of brush border membrane enzymes in rats
Authors: Ali Shaikh Nisar , Arif Hussain , Khan Aijaz Ahmed , Mahmood Riaz
Published: August 2018

Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) is widely used in paper and pulp industries and as a non‐selective herbicide. Humans can be exposed to NaClO3 through contaminated drinking water due to its improper and unchecked usage in industries and as herbicide. NaClO3 is also present as a major stable by‐product in drinking water that has been disinfected with chlorine dioxide. In this study, we have investigated the effect of a single acute oral dose of NaClO3 on rat kidney. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into one control and four NaClO3 treated groups that were orally given different doses of NaClO3 and euthanized 24 hr after the treatment. Oral administration of NaClO3 resulted in increased hydrogen peroxide levels, lipid, and protein oxidation while thiol and glutathione content and activities of brush border membrane enzymes were decreased in kidney in a NaClO3 dose‐dependent manner. Significant alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant defense were also observed. Administration of NaClO3 induced DNA fragmentation and increased DNA–protein cross‐linking. Histological studies showed marked damage in kidney from NaClO3 treated animals. These results strongly suggest that NaClO3 induces nephrotoxicity via redox imbalance that results in DNA and membrane damage, metabolic alterations and brush border membrane enzyme dysfunction.
Antisymmetric Wilson loops in $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ SYM: from exact results to non-planar corrections
Authors: Canazas Garay Anthonny F. , Faraggi Alberto , Mück Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

Abstract

We consider the vacuum expectation values of 1/2-BPS circular Wilson loops in

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

super Yang-Mills theory in the totally antisymmetric representation of the gauge group U(N) or SU(N). Localization and matrix model techniques provide exact, but rather formal, expressions for these expectation values. In this paper we show how to extract the leading and sub-leading behavior in a 1/N expansion with fixed ’t Hooft coupling starting from these exact results. This is done by exploiting the relation between the generating function of antisymmetric Wilson loops and a finite-dimensional quantum system known as the truncated harmonic oscillator. Sum and integral representations for the 1/N terms are provided.
Correction to: An Acoustic Tracking Approach for Medical Ultrasound Image Simulator
Authors: Chen Po-Heng , Hsieh Kai-Sheng , Huang Chih-Chung
Published: August 2018

The article “An Acoustic Tracking Approach for Medical Ultrasound Image Simulator” written by Po-Heng Chen, Kai-Sheng Hsieh, Chih-Chung Huang was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 21 June 2017 without open access.
Effects of perinatal undernutrition on social transmission of food preference in adult male Wistar rats
Authors: Rubio Lorena , Téllez Laura , Regalado Mirelta , Torrero Carmen , Salas Manuel
Published: August 2018

Nutrition plays a fundamental role in learning and memory, and early experimental undernutrition interferes with brain memory processes. Social transmission of food preference (STFP) is a natural olfactory paired‐associate learning test that has not been used to assess the effects of early undernutrition on memory consolidation. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and early undernourished. The underfed rats received different percentages of a balanced diet during gestation. After birth, pups were underfed by alternating every 12 h between two lactating dams, one with ligated nipples. Weaning occurred on PD 25 followed by an ad lib diet until PD 90. Demonstrator rats were given powdered food mixed with cinnamon, followed by a 30‐min interaction with an underfed observer. Thereafter, the observer had two choices of food: cinnamon or cocoa. During the food preference test, control and underfed OBS rats preferred the food containing cinnamon. Through social interaction, the UG OBS rats showed latency for head contacts and oral‐nasal investigation was higher in the underfed rats; only head contacts and oral‐nasal investigation frequency was lower; with the duration lower, but oral‐nasal investigation duration was higher (p < 0.05). In the preference phase, the OBS underfed rat latencies for both stimuli were prolonged, the frequency lower only for cocoa, and the duration lower for cinnamon but higher for cocoa (p < 0.05). Findings suggested that early undernutrition interfered with the attentive social transmission to take a decision during the preference phase, but not with the short‐term memory consolidation of social food preference.
P‐glycoprotein and chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Miyake Marcel M. , Nocera Angela , Miyake Michelle M.
Published: August 2018

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous definition that includes different disease states that usually are associated with abnormal inflammatory responses. Besides being prevalent, the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis are not clear and there are few therapeutic options with tolerable side effects. P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is an efflux pump responsible of extruding xenobiotics and cellular metabolites from multiple cell types. It has been widely studied in the cancer field, due to its ability to confer resistance to chemotherapy. It also promotes Type 2 helper T‐cell polarizing cytokine secretion in CRS and may represent a potential target to differentiate subtypes of CRS and personalize treatment. This state‐of‐the‐art review explores current knowledge on the participation of P‐gp in the pathogenesis of CRS, the P‐gp inhibition as a novel targeted therapeutic strategy and the exosomal P‐gp test, a non‐invasive biomarker that can represent an important advance in the field of rhinology.
Investor Protection and the Long-Run Performance of Activism
Authors: Foroughi Pouyan , Kang Namho , Ozik Gideon , Sadka Ronnie
Published: August 2018

Using a parsimonious measure of investor protection constructed from fund organizational characteristics, this paper documents that companies targeted by activists with better investor protection structures outperform those targeted by those with poor investor protection structures by roughly 10% per year. The outperformance is observed only for active targets for which Schedule 13Ds are filed, not for passive Schedule 13G investments, indicating that the effect is not explained by a superior target-selection ability. The evidence suggests that funds with better investor protection achieve increased profitability and valuation ratio of their targets by reducing agency costs, improving corporate governance, and collaborating with other large institutional investors.
Risk Shifting and Corporate Pension Plans: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Pedersen David J.
Published: August 2018

Using a natural experiment to identify the causal effect of an increase in default risk on firm actions, I find little evidence managers shift risk to corporate pension plans following an exogenous shock to the firm’s long-term liabilities. The finding is robust to focusing on firms where the incentive to engage in risk shifting is arguably the greatest, such as financially vulnerable firms and firms with fewer agency conflicts. This study casts doubt on the risk-shifting hypothesis and shows managers do not take risk-shifting actions that would increase shareholder value even when those actions pose little threat to managerial utility.
Best practice guidelines for studies of parasite community ecology
Authors: Poulin R.
Published: August 2018

In recent decades, parasite community ecology has produced hundreds of studies on an ever-growing number of host species, and developed into an active sub-discipline of parasitology. However, this growth has been characterized by a lack of standards in the practices used by researchers, with many common approaches being flawed, unjustified or misleading. Here, in the hope of promoting advances in the study of parasite community ecology, I identify some of the most common errors or weaknesses in past studies, and propose ten simple rules for best practice in the field. They cover issues including, among others, taxonomic resolution, proper and justifiable analytical methods, higher-level replication, controlling for sampling effort or species richness, accounting for spatial distances, using experimental approaches, and placing raw data in the public domain. While knowledge of parasite communities has expanded in breadth, with more and more host species being studied, true progress has been very limited with respect to our understanding of fundamental general processes shaping these communities. It is hoped that the guidelines presented here can direct researchers away from the entrenched use of certain approaches flawed in design, analysis or interpretation, by offering a more rigorous and standardized set of practices, and, hopefully, a way forward.
Kinematic analysis of the 3-RPS-3-SPR series–parallel manipulator
Authors: Nayak Abhilash , Caro Stéphane , Wenger Philippe
Published: August 2018

This paper deals with the kinematic analysis and enumeration of singularities of the six degree-of-freedom 3-RPS-3-SPR series–parallel manipulator (S–PM). The characteristic tetrahedron of the S–PM is established, whose degeneracy is bijectively mapped to the serial singularities of the S–PM. Study parametrization is used to determine six independent parameters that characterize the S–PM and the direct kinematics problem is solved by mapping the transformation matrix between the base and the end-effector to a point in ℙ7. The inverse kinematics problem of the 3-RPS-3-SPR S–PM amounts to find the location of three points on three lines. This problem leads to a minimal octic univariate polynomial with four quadratic factors.
Intervening in cultural development: The case of ethnic–racial identity
Authors: Umaña-Taylor Adriana J.
Published: August 2018

The literature on developmental psychopathology has been criticized for its limited integration of culture and, particularly, the lack of research addressing cultural development in relation to psychopathology. In this paper, I present how the study of ethnic–racial identity provides a heuristic model for how culture can be examined developmentally and in relation to psychopathology. In addition, I introduce the Identity Project intervention program and discuss how its findings provide empirical support for the notions that cultural development can be modified with intervention, and that such modifications can lead to psychosocial benefits for adolescents. Finally, I discuss existing challenges to advancing this work and important future directions for both basic and translational research in this area.
Editorial
Authors: Jeffrey Mike , Piiroinen Petri
Published: August 2018

This issue is dedicated to nonsmooth dynamics, particularly the widening applications where dynamics is modelled by nonsmooth differential equations. The modeling of electrical or mechanical switches as nonsmooth can be traced throughout the (at least) 90-year history in which nondifferentiable terms, such as sign or step functions, have been turning up in differential equations. In recent decades, nonsmooth models have found increasing use in areas like contact mechanics, climate modeling, and the life sciences, among others, with a wealth of new theory and novel dynamical phenomena discovered along the way. Our aim here is to give just a partial snapshot of the current landscape of research topics in the field. We open with Paul Glendinning's article extending a classic phenomenon of nonlinear dynamics — a form of chaos introduced by Leonid Pavlovich Shilnikov — to nonsmooth systems. The scenario introduces a fundamental notion of nonsmooth dyamics, that of trajectories (in this case the crucial homoclinic orbit) that can ‘slide’ along a discontinuity. Shilnikov's scenario is moreover shown to occur naturally as an equilibrium hits a discontinuity, helping with a fundamental yet complex problem, namely that of extending the notion of boundary equilibrium bifurcations beyond systems of two variables.
Gruppentherapie
Authors: Petermann Franz
Published: August 2018

Zusammenfassung. Gruppentherapie-Angebote bilden ein stark vernachlässigtes Thema im Rahmen der Versorgung psychisch erkrankter Kinder und Jugendlicher. Solche Angebote sollten nicht nur für die Förderung sozialer Kompetenzen, sondern bei Aufmerksamkeits- und Motivationsproblemen, einem auffälligen Arbeitsverhalten oder posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen verfügbar sein und genutzt werden. Von großer Bedeutung ist auch, das entsprechende Format der Gruppenbehandlung für die einzelnen Anforderungen zu spezifizieren. Aktuell reichen die Angebote von der gruppentherapeutischen Intensivtherapie, der Kombination von Einzel- und Gruppentherapie, Summer-Camp-Maßnahmen, Eltern-Kind-Gruppen oder das parallele Angebot von Gruppen für Kinder und Eltern. Generell sind Gruppentherapie-Angebote einer Einzeltherapie in ihrer Wirksamkeit nicht unterlegen und Vorgehensweisen mit einem noch nicht hinreichend genutztem Potenzial.
Gruppentherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit aggressivem Verhalten
Authors: Weber Hanna M. , Petermann Franz
Published: August 2018

Zusammenfassung. Gruppentherapeutische Maßnahmen stellen einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie von Kindern und Jugendlichen dar. Der Vorteil einer Gruppentherapie besteht darin, dass sie Probleme dort behandelt, wo sie entstehen – in den sozialen Beziehungen der Patienten. Kinder und Jugendliche mit aggressivem Verhalten weisen Defizite in ihren sozialen Kompetenzen auf, sodass zur Behandlung ein gruppentherapeutisches Vorgehen indiziert ist. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden unterschiedliche nationale und internationale Programme zur Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit aggressivem Verhalten vorgestellt. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit es diesen Programmen gelingt, die wesentlichen Therapieziele bei aggressivem Verhalten umzusetzen. Dabei werden Erkenntnisse über die Wirksamkeit der einzelnen Programme diskutiert. Schließlich werden Gelingensbedingungen aufgezeigt, die die Wirksamkeit einer Gruppentherapie zur Behandlung aggressiven Verhaltens noch einmal steigern können.
Zur Wirksamkeit des Marburger Konzentrationstrainings (MKT)
Authors: Domsch Holger , Kläpker Lena , Kärtner Joscha
Published: August 2018

Zusammenfassung. Unkonzentriertes Verhalten tritt besonders im schulischen Kontext sowie in der Hausaufgabensituation auf. Das Marburger Konzentrationstraining stellt als Gruppentraining eine etablierte kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Maßnahme zur Förderung eines konzentrierten Arbeitsstils bei Kindern dar. An einer Schulpsychologischen Beratungsstelle wurde das Training an 25 Kindern durchgeführt und die Veränderung mit einer Kontrollstichprobe verglichen. Das Training erstreckte sich über zehn Trainingssitzungen mit zwei begleitenden Elternabenden. Auf der Basis von Lehrereinschätzungen ließ sich eine Verbesserung der Unaufmerksamkeitssymptome belegen. Zudem zeigte sich im Elternurteil eine signifikante Verbesserung der Hausaufgabensituation und im Lehrerurteil eine Verbesserung im Arbeitsverhalten. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen eine Wirksamkeit des Trainings.
„Seefahrercamp“ – Effektivität eines kognitiv-behavioralen Behandlungsprogramms für Kinder mit Traumafolgestörungen von 5 bis 13 Jahren
Authors: Kröger Christoph , Ulbrich Laura , Ahrens-Eipper Sabine , Nelius Katrin
Published: August 2018

Zusammenfassung. Ein traumafokussiertes kognitiv-behaviorales Behandlungsprogramm mit spielerischen Therapiebausteinen wurde für Kinder mit Traumafolgestörungen und ihre Bezugspersonen entwickelt. Untersucht wurde, ob eine Verminderung der posttraumatischen und phobischen Symptomatik sowie weiterer Verhaltensauffälligkeiten erreicht werden konnte. Die Daten von 47 Kindern im Alter von 5 bis 13 Jahren (61.7 % männlich) wurden vor und nach der Therapie sowie sechs Monate im Anschluss erhoben. Nach der Behandlung waren die selbstbeurteilten posttraumatischen und fremdbeurteilten phobischen Symptome, sowie die fremdbeurteilten Auffälligkeiten signifikant verbessert. Die Effektstärken fielen erwartungsgemäß moderat bzw. hoch aus; die Responseraten für die posttraumatischen und phobischen Symptome betrugen 70.4 % bzw. 19.2 %. Alle Kinder wiesen am Behandlungsende eine Remission der posttraumatischen Symptome auf. Das Behandlungsprogramm sollte zukünftig in randomisiert-kontrollierten Studien untersucht werden.
The Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of Central and West Antarctica From Bayesian Inversion of Rayleigh Wave and Receiver Functions
Authors: Shen Weisen , Wiens Douglas A. , Anandakrishnan Sridhar , Aster Richard C. , Gerstoft Peter , Bromirski Peter D. , Hansen Samantha E. , Dalziel Ian W. D. , Heeszel David S. , Huerta Audrey D. , Nyblade Andrew A. , Stephen Ralph , Wilson Terry J. , Winberry J. Paul
Published: August 2018

We construct a new seismic model for central and West Antarctica by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave phase and group velocities along with P wave receiver functions. Ambient noise tomography exploiting data from more than 200 seismic stations deployed over the past 18 years is used to construct Rayleigh wave phase and group velocity dispersion maps. Comparison between the ambient noise phase velocity maps with those constructed using teleseismic earthquakes confirms the accuracy of both results. These maps, together with P receiver function waveforms, are used to construct a new 3‐D shear velocity (Vs) model for the crust and uppermost mantle using a Bayesian Monte Carlo algorithm. The new 3‐D seismic model shows the dichotomy of the tectonically active West Antarctica (WANT) and the stable and ancient East Antarctica (EANT). In WANT, the model exhibits a slow uppermost mantle along the Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs) front, interpreted as the thermal effect from Cenozoic rifting. Beneath the southern TAMs, the slow uppermost mantle extends horizontally beneath the traditionally recognized EANT, hypothesized to be associated with lithospheric delamination. Thin crust and lithosphere observed along the Amundsen Sea coast and extending into the interior suggest involvement of these areas in Cenozoic rifting. EANT, with its relatively thick and cold crust and lithosphere marked by high Vs, displays a slower Vs anomaly beneath the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains in the uppermost mantle, which we hypothesize may be the signature of a compositionally anomalous body, perhaps remnant from a continental collision.
Seismic Attenuation From Ambient Noise Across the North Sea Ekofisk Permanent Array
Authors: Allmark Claire , Curtis Andrew , Galetti Erica , de Ridder Sjoerd
Published: August 2018

Quality factor (Q) or equivalently attenuation
describes the amount of energy lost per cycle as a wave travels through a medium. This is important to correct seismic data amplitudes for near‐surface effects, to locate subsurface voids or porosity, to aid seismic interpretation, or for characterizing other rock and fluid properties. Seismic attenuation can be variable even when there are no discernible changes in seismic velocity or density (Yıldırım et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.11.010) and so provides independent information about subsurface heterogeneity. This study uses ambient noise recordings made on the Ekofisk Life of Field Seismic array to estimate Q structure in the near surface. We employ the method of X. Liu et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv357), which uses linear triplets of receivers to estimate Q—ours is the first known application of the method to estimate the Q structure tomographically. Estimating Q requires an estimate of phase velocity which we obtain using the method of Bloch and Hales (1968, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article‐abstract/58/3/1021/116607/) followed by traveltime tomography. The Q structure at Ekofisk has features which can be related to local geology, showing that surface ambient noise recordings may provide a new and robust method to image Q. Our results suggest that there is a nonlinear relationship between Q and compression. They also may explain why it has been found that in the period range of 1 to 2 s considered here, ambient noise cross correlations along paths that span the North Sea Basin are unreliable: Such Q values would attenuate almost all ambient seismic energy during such a traverse.
A Subsurface Indian Ocean Dipole Response to Tropical Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Izumo Takeshi , Khodri Myriam , Lengaigne Matthieu , Suresh Iyyappan
Published: August 2018

The impacts of explosive volcanism on the densely populated Indian Ocean (IO) region remain elusive. Dedicated sensitivity experiments indicate that tropical volcanic eruptions induce a stronger surface cooling over Africa than of ocean, promoting westerlies in the equatorial IO. These westerlies drive a subsurface response reminiscent to that of a negative IO Dipole (IOD) during autumn in the year of eruption. The eruption also drives an enhanced cooling over the northwestern IO as a direct response to climatological cloud cover distribution. The resulting anomalous zonal sea surface temperature gradient contributes to enhance equatorial westerly anomalies in summer. The response is sensitive to the IO preconditioning, being larger when the system is favorable to a positive IOD development. Volcanic eruptions also induce a subsurface IOD‐like response in the multimodel database from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 as well as a primary productivity decrease in the eastern IO.
Broadband Velocities and Displacements From Integrated GPS and Accelerometer Data for High‐Rate Seismogeodesy
Authors: Shu Yuanming , Fang Rongxin , Geng Jianghui , Zhao Qile , Liu Jingnan
Published: August 2018

We present a new method of integrating Global Positioning System (GPS) and accelerometer data for high‐rate seismogeodesy. This method is based on the GPS variometric approach which can obtain seismic waves in real time using only the readily available broadcast products and a single receiver. Collocated 1‐Hz GPS and 200‐Hz accelerometer data from the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake were analyzed to verify the effectiveness of this method. Results reveal that this method can provide broadband and more accurate velocities and displacements qualified to detect P wave arrivals. Moreover, this method can effectively avoid the aliasing problem present in the 1‐Hz GPS waveforms. We therefore conclude that this new method can be a powerful tool to capture seismic waves in real time, which is crucial for the purpose of tsunami early warning and earthquake rapid response.
Seasonal and Solar Wind Control of the Reconnection Line Location on the Earth's Dayside Magnetopause
Authors: Hoshi Y. , Hasegawa H. , Kitamura N. , Saito Y. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: August 2018

We investigate the average location of magnetic reconnection on the Earth's dayside magnetopause, based on spatial distributions of northward and southward reconnection jets observed by the THEMIS spacecraft at the near‐noon (10–14 magnetic local time) magnetopause. A total of 711 reconnection jets were identified by applying the Walén relation, the tangential stress balance relation to be satisfied for a reconnected (rotational discontinuity) magnetopause, to magnetopause crossings identified from 10 years of THEMIS observations. The directions and positions of jets indicate that during southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, the dayside X‐line location shifts from the subsolar point toward the winter hemisphere by about 6 Earth radii under the largest tilt of the geomagnetic dipole axis. The X‐line location also shifts northward (southward) by at most 2.5 Earth radii when the IMF is predominantly radial and its x component is positive (negative). The dipole tilt effect on the shift of the X‐line location becomes smaller for higher solar wind Alfvén Mach numbers. The dipole tilt effect being larger than the IMF Bx effect suggests that the X‐line location has a seasonal dependence. Since models and theory show that the reconnection rate away from the subsolar magnetopause is lower than that at the subsolar magnetopause, the dipole tilt dependence of the X‐line location suggests that the efficiency of solar wind energy transfer into the magnetosphere may decrease under larger dipole tilt; this may partially account for seasonal variations of geomagnetic activity, which is known to decrease under larger dipole tilts.
The Study of Inland Eyewall Reformation of Typhoon Fanapi (2010) Using Numerical Experiments and Vorticity Budget Analysis
Authors: Yang Ming‐Jen , Wu Yao‐Chu , Liou Yu‐Chieng
Published: August 2018

Numerical simulations of Typhoon Fanapi (2010) interacting with the terrain of Taiwan are conducted using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW, version 3.3.1) on a triply nested grid (with the finest grid size of 1 km and 55 vertical levels). Fanapi made landfall on eastern Taiwan at 0000 UTC 19 September and left Taiwan at 1200 UTC 19 September 2010, producing heavy rainfall and severe floods. After landfall, the Fanapi eyewall weakened and broke down over the Central Mountain Range. Vortical hot towers (VHTs) occurred along the Fanapi rainband, and the VHTs in land have weaker maximum updrafts (7.0–8.0 m/s), narrower diameter (7.0–11.5 km), and shallower depth (6.5–9.0 km), compared with oceanic VHTs over the Taiwan Strait. The VHTs over the Taiwan Strait remained organized along the rainband and propagated toward the southeast quadrant of the Fanapi circulation over land by the tangential flow. These organized VHTs in the southeast quadrant help transport cyclonic vorticity from lower into middle levels and then cooperate with the rich vorticity within the rainband by horizontal vorticity advection to rebuild the Fanapi eyewall upward from the bottom. The vorticity balance within the entire Fanapi circulation is largely dominated by its southeast quadrant with organized VHTs over Taiwan Island. In the simulation with no latent heat release, the VHTs quickly decay and radiate outward from the eyewall as gravity‐wave perturbations.
Modeling of Atmospheric Aerosol Properties in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area: Impact of Biomass Burning
Authors: Vara‐Vela Angel , de Fátima Andrade Maria , Zhang Yang , Kumar Prashant , Ynoue Rita Yuri , Souto‐Oliveira Carlos Eduardo , da Silva Lopes Fábio Juliano , Landulfo Eduardo
Published: August 2018

Smoke particles ejected into the atmosphere from biomass burning can modify the atmospheric composition around and even far from the sources. In late winter and early spring, biomass burning emissions from inland regions can be efficiently transported to urban areas in southeastern South America, thus affecting air quality in those areas. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model was applied in order to investigate the impact of biomass burning sources on aerosol loadings and properties over the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA), in southeastern Brazil, during the period from 19 August to 3 September 2014. The model performance was evaluated using available aerosol measurements from the Narrowing the Uncertainties on Aerosol and Climate Change in São Paulo State project. The combined application of aerosol data and Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry simulations made it possible to represent some of the most important aerosol properties, such as particle number concentration and cloud condensation nuclei activation, in addition to evaluation of the impact of biomass burning by analyzing a 5‐day transport event, from 22 to 26 August 2014. During this transport event, differences in the average predicted PM2.5 concentration reached 15 μg/m3 (peaking at 20 μg/m3 during the nighttime hours) over the SPMA, compared with 35 μg/m3 over inland areas northwest and north of the SPMA. Biomass burning accounted for up to 20% of the baseline particle number concentration‐ and cloud condensation nuclei‐weighted relative differences over the SPMA (2,300 and 1,400 cm−3, respectively).
Simulated Lightning in a Convection Permitting Global Model
Authors: Field P. R. , Roberts M. J. , Wilkinson J. M.
Published: August 2018

High‐resolution (grid spacing 10 km in midlatitudes) model simulations using explicitly resolved convection in the Met Office Unified Model, as part of the Horizon 2020 PRIMAVERA project, are used to provide a global lightning climatology. The results show for the first time that global simulations can capture the strong diurnal flash rate variation as well as the seasonal variation. The lightning parametrization uses information about the graupel and ice water path to estimate a total lightning flash rate. Comparisons are made with the World Lightning Location Network (that mainly detects cloud to ground lightning) and combined Lightning Imaging Sensor and Optical Transients Detector data set (that provides an estimate of total flash rate). The model results generally capture the temporal behavior and spatial distribution of the lightning over land. Over the ocean, the lightning in the Intertropical Convergence Zone appears excessive.
Effects of Phase Scintillation on the GNSS Positioning Error During the September 2017 Storm at Svalbard
Authors: Linty Nicola , Minetto Alex , Dovis Fabio , Spogli Luca
Published: August 2018

In early September 2017, several space weather events triggered disturbed conditions of the near‐Earth space. The combination of two coronal mass ejection arrivals, associated with an X‐class flare, caused a strong geomagnetic storm on 7 and 8 September, thus inducing diffuse ionospheric phase scintillations on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. This work analyzes the effects and the actual impact of such phase scintillations on transionospheric Global Positioning System (GPS) signals and on related positioning accuracy. The research focuses in particular on high‐latitude GPS L1 data, recorded during a test campaign in Svalbard, Norway. The joint effect of satellites at low elevation and the exposure of ionosphere to the geospace forcing make navigation a critical task for such a challenging environment. Data analysis shows that the performance of carrier smoothing algorithms was affected by the presence of moderate and strong phase scintillation. It is shown in this study that positioning errors double when GPS signals affected by scintillation are used. This work shows that scintillations induce a considerable clustering effect on the smoothed positioning solutions; therefore, a methodology to automatically and autonomously detect the boundaries of the scintillation event is suggested according to such an high‐level effect. The use of software‐defined radio receivers for automatically capturing and processing GNSS data affected by scintillation is an added value to the analysis, as it offers the possibility to implement advanced signal processing techniques and a deeper observation of the impact of scintillations on the signals.