bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The determinants of stock–bond return correlations
Authors: Sarwar Ghulam
Published: April 2023

I study the options‐implied market risks that affect US stock–bond correlations from 2007 to 2021. I discover that US stock and bond market uncertainty, stock market tail risk, and global credit‐default risk are dominant contributors to changing stock–bond correlations during the global financial crisis (GFC) period. However, these market risks collectively contribute much less to time‐varying correlations in the post‐GFC period. Furthermore, stock–bond correlations rise in times of rising US and global bond market risks. Rising stock market uncertainty raises stock–bond correlations in the GFC period but lowers them in the post‐GFC period. My results disentangle the risks of stock and bond markets and show that equity tail risk, bond market risk, and stock market uncertainty are dominant factors in changing stock–bond diversification benefits in periods of market turmoil.
Publication trends in the Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting: A retrospective review
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Kumar Satish , Goyal Kirti
Published: April 2023

This study uses bibliometric analysis to assess Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting (JIFMA's) evolution between 1989 and 2021. In this retrospective review, we investigate the journal's performance, authorship trends, and intellectual structure. The journal's international focus is primarily on cross‐country studies and the effects of country‐level factors on various accounting and finance outcomes. The collaborative network of JIFMA's authors has also grown substantially consistent with rise in research collaboration in general across the world. We identify nine major themes making up JIFMA's knowledge structure: (1) value relevance of accounting information relating to the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, (2) voluntary corporate disclosure, (3) corporate use of financial derivatives, (4) corporate governance, (5) equity valuation, (6) stock return seasonalities, foreign equity ownership, and cost of capital, (7) earnings announcements and pecking order behavior, (8) triple‐bottom‐line disclosures, and (9) managerial ownership and earnings management. Our findings will likely benefit JIFMA's editorial board and other journal stakeholders including future researchers.
Breastfeeding Aversion Response (BAR): A Descriptive Study
Authors: Morns Melissa A. , Steel Amie E. , McIntyre Erica , Burns Elaine
Published: April 2023

Introduction

For many women, breastfeeding their infant is an enjoyable experience. Some, however, have reported negative sensations such as an overwhelming need to unlatch while breastfeeding. This phenomenon is known as breastfeeding aversion response (BAR). The incidence of BAR is unknown and literature on this experience is limited. This study therefore aimed to expand the understanding of BAR using an online survey targeting those who have experienced feelings of aversion while breastfeeding.

Methods

An online survey was distributed within Australia using purposive sampling to those who self‐identified as experiencing BAR. This survey contained 5 sections: (1) demographics and health‐related characteristics, (2) breastfeeding difficulties and onset of BAR, (3) the experience of BAR, (4) birth and breastfeeding experience, and (5) coping with BAR and support. Questions were included to test the generalizability of previous qualitative findings on BAR.

Results

Participants (N = 210) predominantly were aged between 25 and 35 years (69.2%), were in a relationship (96.2%), and had one child (80%). BAR was more commonly experienced when feeding the first‐born child (44.8%), breastfeeding while pregnant (31%), or tandem feeding (10%). The feelings of aversion were experienced by most respondents throughout the feed while the child was latched (76.7%). More than half (52.4%) of participants reported that BAR had caused them to end breastfeeding sessions before their child was ready to stop feeding. Almost half of the participants (48.6%) reported receiving no support from a health care provider for BAR.

Discussion

This study contributes new information about the experience of BAR, including when it commonly happens and who may be at greater risk. More support is needed for women who want to breastfeed while experiencing BAR. New public health policies which promote breastfeeding are needed to help women achieve satisfying breastfeeding experiences and meet their own breastfeeding goals.
Synergy of GHK‐Cu and hyaluronic acid on collagen IV upregulation via fibroblast and ex‐vivo skin tests
Authors: Jiang Fangru , Wu Yanan , Liu Zhe , Hong Minhua , Huang Yi
Published: April 2023

Introduction

GHK‐Cu and HA are two commonly used skin care ingredients, both of which were reported to enhance collagen synthesis. This work aims to investigate their co‐effect on collagen regulation.

Materials and Methods

In cell experiments, human dermal fibroblasts were treated by a series of GHK‐Cu and HA combinations, and the expressions of collagen I, IV, and VII were measured by qRT‐PCR. The best formula screened out from cell experiments were further studied by ex‐vivo skin model, and the content of collagen IV was quantified by immunofluorescence method.

Results

The combination GHK‐Cu and HA was found to promote the generation of collagen I, IV, and VII. Especially, they form a synergy on collagen IV. At the ratio of 1:9, GHK‐Cu and LMW HA deliver the strongest effect to elevate collagen IV synthesis by 25.4 times in cell test and 2.03 times in ex‐vivo skin test.

Conclusion

The co‐effect of GHK‐Cu and HA was revealed. Their synergy brings an insight to anti‐aging technology: choosing proper molecular weight of HA and managing its ratio with GHK‐Cu could enhance DEJ health via stimulating collagen IV synthesis.
Connections between populism and nationalism: Evidence from Jair Bolsonaro's speeches
Authors: Ricci Paolo , Venturelli Gustavo
Published: April 2023

Recent studies have warned about the close relationship between populism and nationalism. This article offers an empirical contribution to the examination of this relationship by analysing the presence of populist and nationalist elements in the official speeches of the outgoing Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro. We make two contributions to this expanding literature. First, we show that the supposed ambiguity between populism and nationalism can be resolved by an approach that clearly separates the two concepts. Second, we find that Bolsonaro is more populist than nationalist. His populism has elements in common with other European populist leaders (attacking political parties and the political class), but he distances himself from them by presenting authoritarian traits. Nativism is completely absent (unlike in Europe), but ‘sovereignism’ (‘us’ vs. ‘other nations or institutions’) and ‘civilisationism’ (‘us’ vs. ‘minorities’) sometimes overlap with populism. We conclude that a tension exists between populism and nationalism that can endanger the ‘good’ relationship between the populist leader and their supporters. This is something that future research on populism should consider.
Three‐dimensional anatomy of the Tully monster casts doubt on its presumed vertebrate affinities
Authors: Mikami Tomoyuki , Ikeda Takafumi , Muramiya Yusuke , Hirasawa Tatsuya , Iwasaki Wataru
Published: April 2023

Tullimonstrum gregarium, also known as the Tully monster, is a well‐known phylogenetic enigma, fossils of which have been found only in the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte. The affinities of Tullimonstrum have been debated since its discovery in 1966, because its peculiar morphology with stalked eyes and a proboscis cannot easily be compared with any known animal morphotypes. Recently, the possibility that Tullimonstrum was a vertebrate has attracted much attention, and it has been postulated that Tullimonstrum might fill a gap in the fossil record of early vertebrates, providing important insights into vertebrate evolutionary history. With the hope of resolving this debate, we collected 3D surface data from 153 specimens of Tullimonstrum using a high‐resolution laser 3D scanner and conducted x‐ray micro‐computed tomographic (μCT) analysis of stylets in the proboscis. Our investigation of the resulting comprehensive 3D morphological dataset revealed that structures previously regarded as myomeres, tri‐lobed brain, tectal cartilages and fin rays are not comparable with those of vertebrates. These results raise further doubts about its vertebrate affinities, and suggest that Tullimonstrum may have been either a non‐vertebrate chordate or a protostome.
Alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein and its potential impact on local anesthetic dose in neonates
Authors: Linnarsson Camilla , Bartocci Marco , Larsson Björn A. , Eksborg Staffan , von Horn Henrik , Olofsson Marie Anell
Published: April 2023

Background

Alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein is an acute‐phase protein with a high affinity for amide local anesthetics. Compared to adults, neonates have lower concentrations of this glycoprotein in plasma, and are therefore at higher risk of developing local anesthetic toxicity. Alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein concentrations rise in adults after surgery as a response to stress as well as in inflammatory conditions. Previous studies have shown that concentrations of alpha‐1‐acid‐glycoprotein in neonates vary postpartum, influenced by gestational age and mode of delivery.

Aim

This study aims to determine the concentrations of alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein pre‐ and postoperatively in neonates undergoing major surgery. This information is important for determining safe and effective dosage of local anesthetic in this vulnerable group of patients.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, 25 neonates (median 3 days of age) undergoing major surgery were included. Blood sampling was performed preoperatively and at four occasions postoperatively. Alpha‐1‐acid‐glycoprotein plasma concentrations were analyzed using an immunoturbidimetric assay. Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman ranking correlation test were used for the statistical analysis.

Results

Higher plasma concentrations of alpha‐1‐acid‐glycoprotein were found 48 h postoperatively compared to preoperatively [median (inter‐quartile range) 0.815 g L−1 (0.663–0.983 g L−1) vs. 0.300 g L−1 (0.205–0.480 g L−1 p < 0.001)], respectively. It was not possible to detect any influence of sex, postnatal age, gestational age, or delivery mode on alpha‐1‐acid‐glycoprotein concentrations in our data.

Conclusions

Alpha‐1‐acid‐glycoprotein concentrations increase in neonates as a response to surgery regardless of gestational age, sex, or mode of delivery.
Benzonidazole treatment has a beneficial effect on cells infected with the Colombian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Rafael Moreira Leyllane , dos Santos Oliveira Kamila Kássia , Torres Diego José Lira , da Silva Barros Michelle , de Arruda Tiago Ribeiro , Nascimento Amanda Vasconcelos , Soares Ana Karine Araújo , Higino Taciana Mirely Maciel , Diniz George Tadeu Nunes , Souza Valdênia Maria Oliveira , de Morais Clarice Neuenschwander Lins , de Lorena Virginia Maria Barros
Published: April 2023

Benznidazole (Bz) is the recommended drug for the treatment of Chagas disease; however, its efficacy may vary according to the sensitivity of Trypanosoma cruzi strains to the drug and host immune background. The study evaluated the immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were infected in vitro with the Colombian strain (Col) and treated with Bz. The co‐cultures were incubated for 24 h, 5 and 10 days, where cytokine dosage was performed in the supernatant and evaluation of the cells for CD28+ and CTLA‐4+ molecules in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and CD80+, CD86+ and HLA‐DR+ in CD14+ cells. The results showed that Col induced a strong inflammatory response, with an increase in IFN‐γ and TNF early in the infection (24 h), however, from 5 days of infection on, TNF production declined, and IL‐10 production increased, which may be associated with a control mechanism of the exacerbated inflammatory response. The Bz treatment did not significantly alter the frequencies of the phenotypes evaluated both T cell subsets and CD14+ cells. Therefore, this study reinforces the need for typing the patient's strain to guide therapy and promote individualized treatment protocols due to the heterogeneous genetic background among T. cruzi strains.
Risk factors for massive transfusion in obstetrical hemorrhage and consideration of a whole blood program
Authors: Myers John C. , Braverman Maxwell A. , Ciaraglia Angelo , Alkhateb Rahaf , Barry Lauran , Brooke Zachary , Chang Jeffrey , Wang Hanzhang , Elenes Rafael , Hepburn Byron , Ireland Kayla , Jonas Rachelle , Nelson Jeremy , Pedraza Santiago , Song Jun , Nicholson Susannah , Eastridge Brian , Stewart Ronald , Greebon Leslie , Xenakis Elly , Jenkins Donald
Published: April 2023

Background

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of obstetric complications. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors for obstetric (OB) massive transfusion (MT) and determine the feasibility of developing a low‐titer group O RhD‐positive whole blood (LTO + WB) protocol for OB hemorrhage.

Study Design and Methods

A retrospective study of OB patients who received transfusion within 24 h. MT patients were those who received >3 U of pRBC within 1 h or > 10 U in 24 h. Patient demographics, OB history, comorbidities, blood type, antibody status, and known risk factors for PPH and maternal‐fetal outcomes were compared. Logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Of the 610 transfused OB patients, 12.0% (n = 73) required MT. Groups were well matched for body mass index (BMI), maternal comorbidities, and history of spontaneous vaginal deliveries. The incidence of the previous cesarean section was higher in the MT group. Exactly 93.9% of patients were RhD‐positive and 3.77% of all patients possessed an antibody on pretransfusion testing. Patients with MT had a longer length of stay (LOS), higher rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, fetal death, and hysterectomy. Multivariate analysis found age >35, PPH, placenta percreta, accreta, and increta to be significant (p < .05) risk factors for MT.

Discussion

Patients over 35 years and those with abnormal placentation are at increased risk of requiring MT. With a time to delivery of 2 days, potential MT patients can be identified early, and with a 94% rate of RhD‐positive+, they are eligible to receive low‐titer O whole blood (LTOWB) providing hemostatic resuscitation with reduced donor exposure.
Capturing the Spirit of Bureaucratic Images: Photo IDs, Biometrics, and Passing in Border‐Free Europe
Authors: Lewkowicz Romm
Published: April 2023

This article looks at how the biometric surveillance of migrants in the European Union interweaves border‐passing with the embodied capacity to pass as, or against, one's bureaucratic image. Despite biometrics' promise to eliminate photographic mediation, photo IDs are embedded in biometric regulation, which further entangles bodies and photographs. Based on ethnographic research in the Turkish city of Izmir, the migrant hotspot of Chios in Greece, and Athens' counterfeit document market, this article examines the material, embodied, and performative experiments migrants employ to pass borders while negotiating their bureaucratic images (both authentic and fake). Photographs emerge as a regime of practice through which European citizenship is enacted and exercised.
Wing Radiator Development
Authors: Luburg G. A.
Published: April 2023

This general paper on the subject of wing radiators contains a summary of experimental data of the Curtiss company and information of much original work. It should be of interest and help to airplane designers. The author explains apparently contradictory results by stating the comparatively few installations of this type and the usual accompanying secrecy. The use of wing radiators for general service is questionable, as they are expensive to build and easily subject to damage.
Stresses in Rigid Airships: The Effect of Indeterminateness on Their True Value
Authors: Pagon W. Watters
Published: April 2023

Part I of the paper discusses statical determination as applied to a rigid airship and cites the difficulty of computing the actual stresses in a redundant structure of high degree. Part II treats the subject of statical stresses in an unbraced shell of varying longitudinal profile, advancing from a simple prismatic tube, through such a tube with a conical nose, to a symmetrical form of elliptical profile. Part III deals, in the way of a progress report, of the effect of introducing internal bracing, beginning with a single wire in a complete shell, prismatic or curved, and leading up to a more complex system in two prismatic bays.

The conclusions tentatively show that unless there is a considerable degree of rigidity in the bracing systems the shell stresses cannot be determined with even fair accuracy; that the change to loose wired ring frames requires careful attention to stresses induced in the shell by reason of the lowered rigidity of the ring frames as compared with tight wired frames; that there should be local reinforcement of members near concentrations of load; that keels and corridors have a marked influence on the stress distribution in the shell and that their effect on these stresses is as yet undetermined; that ships of curved profile differ so from those of prismatic form, heretofore studied, that the approach to St. Venant’s Principle is different and probably less certain; that there is some similarity to the stresses in a semi-rigid; that redundancy of the crossed diagonals in the facets of the shell is of rather localized effect; that even joint rigidity causes a secondary effect that is of importance; that some points are deserving of further study, such as the “keel effect” adjacent to loaded longitudinals; and the rigidity of the longitudinals between main frames; that there is evidence of a stress system underrunning the systems calculated by the common theories; that as the number of sides of the ship increases, from triangular to rectangular (square), hexagonal and octagonal, the stresses agree less and less well with the common theories, progressively, and since the trend is large, the effect should be studied further; that further study is needed to determine if, and how much, additional braced frames reduce the discrepancy just noted; finally, attention is called to the fact that the discrepancies discussed apply only to part of the stress in any one member, and that the discrepancy from the total stress will be a lesser percentage.
The Autogiro Rotor
Authors: Alfaro Heraclio
Published: April 2023

The rotor of the Autogiro is described, as some authorities have considered that this revolving feature has added much in the way of increased safety and utility to the heavier-than-air craft. In the latest designs the Pitcairn Aircraft blade spars have been made of chrome-molybdenum steel. The necessity of attaining rigidity in torsion has determined in some designs the size of the blade main tubular spar. Research during the year has been devoted to mastering this structural requirement. The chief features are flexibility in the plane of lift, rigidity in the plane of rotation, and rigidity in torsion.
Airplane Landing Gears
Authors: Knack Frederick
Published: April 2023

The landing gear is an important part of an airplane, for although failure may not be as dangerous to life as failure of another part, it is bound to be costly. Five things to look for in a landing gear are strength, satisfactory shock absorption, low drag, light weight, and stable taxying characteristics, and these are not necessarily antagonistic one to another nor difficult of attainment. Landing-gear failures are seemingly more frequent than other failures in spite of high load factors, possibly because taxying loads are neglected in specifying design loads. Small planes are often not able to make use of a retractable chassis, and the one-wheel chassis and tandem-wheel truck are suggested as possible methods of reducing chassis drag. Mention is made of the evolution of the Monocoupe landing gear toward decreased weight and resistance and greater dependability.
Racing Propellers for Light Airplanes
Authors: Weick Fred E.
Published: April 2023

To clear up the apparently puzzling situation in regard to propellers for light airplanes with high-speed engines the author has suggested a design for a racing propeller and then attempted to change its shape systematically in every possible way, noting the effect on the efficiency and the maximum speed. The effect of having the engine deliver its rated power at various revolution speeds is also investigated, as well as running a particular engine at revolution speeds above the rated.
The Design of Practical Light Airplanes
Authors: White Karl H.
Published: April 2023

Expense has instilled the thought of low-powered airplanes in the minds of airplane manufacturers during the slump, in order that a market can be maintained for their product and an outlet seed planted for later production. The important features in the design of light airplanes are (1) price, (2) safety, and (3) appearance and performance. The manufacturing cost depends upon materials employed and simplicity of design, and also varies with the quantity produced. Curves are plotted showing the cost of materials and direct labor for different quantities of production. Safety is dependent upon (1) visibility, (2) low take-off and landing speeds, (3) controllability at low speed, and (4) fire hazard. Photos show how visibility is obtained in the pusher type of light airplane. Appearance and performance rank equally in third place, and the author speaks of the necessity for “eye appeal.” Performance in light airplanes is not measured in terms of high speed and maneuverability, but should be measured in terms of take-off and landing characteristics, together with controllability at low speeds. Wing-cell design is discussed, and charts show comparison of wing weights of light airplanes and normal-powered airplanes.
Kinematography in Photoelasticity
Authors: Frocht Max M.
Published: April 2023

Photoelasticity is one of several methods for stress analysis. Kinematography in photoelasticity was made practicable by the introduction of the monochromatic method and should be found useful in the study of gear action, tool cutting, impact stresses, and in the phenomenon of failure.

Moving pictures of 15 models in 29 set-ups are presented which show a variety of stress-distribution patterns and their formations. Stress concentration can spring from various sources such as holes, grooves, notches, sharp curves, scratches, and the edges of flat steel dies.

A layer of rubber, lead, or wood has been found to eliminate stress concentration due to a die. Stress concentrations have been found to be mutually destructive when their sources are many and close. Application of this principle is made to the design of a thread and results from direct tests are shown which substantiate it.

Moving pictures are presented showing the stress fluctuation during impact, and from these the increase of stress in pure bending and the time of stress oscillation are determined, the latter being in good agreement with theory.
On the Lift Distribution for a Wing of Arbitrary Plan Form in a Circular Wind Tunnel
Authors: Millikan Clark B.
Published: April 2023

Previous theories dealing with the interference of wind-tunnel boundaries on airfoil characteristics have in general neglected the distortion of the lift distribution along the span caused by the presence of the boundaries. In the present paper this effect is considered and the general equations for a monoplane wing in a circular wind tunnel, with either closed or open working section, are developed. As an example, the case of an untwisted wing of elliptical plan form is considered in detail, and numerical results are obtained from which curves are plotted giving the more important interference effects. It is found that, at least for this case, the distortion of the lift distribution is rather surprisingly small and has an unimportant influence on the customary interference factors. It is concluded that the simple Prandtl type of correction is satisfactory for all practical cases in which the lack of uniformity of the airstream or the size of the airfoil chord does not become excessive.
Burning Oil-Refinery Waste Fuels in a Modern Steam Plant
Authors: Klotz H. J.
Published: April 2023

Unsalable by-products in the refining of crude petroleum present a disposal problem. Such undesirable by-products are the acid and alkaline sludges and acid tar, the residues from the purification of lubricating oils and gasoline by the use of sulphuric acid, and the fine coke, or breeze, screened from the salable lump petroleum coke. Refineries were forced to burn the sludges to effect their removal. The chief problem was to get them into condition to be pumped. Louisiana Steam Products, Inc., entered into contract with a large refinery to supply their steam and electric requirements from a plant that would burn non-merchantable refinery waste fuels up to 50 per cent of the total heat content of the fuel required. The equipment used in this installation is described.
Pulverization and Boiler Performance
Authors: Tenney E. H.
Published: April 2023

While much has been said about the effect of varying degrees of pulverization, this paper gives specific and practical information on the relationship of pulverization of coal to boiler performance. The paper contains a resume of theoretical studies and actual tests that have been made in the past by other investigators and a recapitulation of the factors and theory of effects of fineness of grind on the combustion of pulverized coal and design of furnaces, mills, and boiler arrangements. Results are given of efficiency tests made at Cahokia with various finenesses.
Decomposition of Sodium Carbonate in Steam Boilers
Authors: Larson Reinhold F.
Published: April 2023

This paper deals quantitatively with the extent of decomposition of sodium carbonate, which is present in many boiler waters and has an important bearing on the inhibition of caustic embrittlement and corrosion. Data are presented in the form of curves obtained from tests on a steaming laboratory boiler at various high pressures and with various feedwaters. The extent of decomposition occurring is found to be dependent upon several factors, the principal one being the amount of sodium carbonate in the feedwater. An attempt is made to correlate laboratory data with those obtained from operating plant boilers.
Piezometer Investigation
Authors: Allen Charles M. , Hooper Leslie J.
Published: April 2023

This investigation had for its object the determination of a standard piezometer for commercial use and the study of the hydraulic effect of various conditions of operation upon different forms of piezometers. Piezometers were compared in operation with suitable reference orifices, the differentials being measured with hook gages. A number of factors concerning the performance of piezometer orifices were analyzed. The paper gives results covering a variety of forms and conditions and should assist in establishing a standard form of piezometer.
Hydraulic Jump in Sloping and Horizontal Flumes: Investigation of a Rational Solution Offering Formulas for the Tail-Water Depth
Authors: Ellms Robert W.
Published: April 2023

The formulas presented in this paper were developed on a rational basis by the author in an attempt to solve for the tail-water depth of the hydraulic jump when it is produced in either sloping or horizontal flumes. A recent study of the mathematical analysis of this phenomenon has brought to light certain interesting relationships which are discussed in this paper. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is that Prof. W. C. Unwin’s momentum formula is really a special case of a more general formula which can be used to include jumps produced in both sloping as well as horizontal flumes. Data from a paper by the author entitled, “Computation of the Tail-Water Depth of the Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Flumes” are used to substantiate the theoretical conclusions reached herein.
Hydraulic Practice in Europe
Authors: Angus Robert W.
Published: April 2023

The title describes in general the nature of this paper, but the author has confined the discussion to such features of European practice as are different from those in America. Various types of reaction turbines and draft tubes are illustrated, and also some two-nozzle Pelton wheels and one vertical four-nozzle machine. Types of valves, gates, and weirs peculiar to the Continent are discussed, and also some features of pumped-storage plants, with the special design of pump that is peculiar to them.
Lignum-Vitae Bearings for Roll Necks of Medium-Sized Rolling Mills
Authors: Atwater K. W.
Published: April 2023

The performance of metal roll-neck bearings is frequently unsatisfactory, particularly with regard to rapidity of wear and excessive power loss in friction. Roller bearings, although free from these disadvantages, are comparatively expensive, and are limited in applicability because of their space requirements. These circumstances provide a definite field of usefulness for bearings made of very hard wood. Tests of various species of lignum-vitae and of different methods of cutting bearings from the log have indicated specifications under which satisfactory lignum-vitae bearings can be produced. Bearings produced according to these specifications are used successfully in a great many rolling mills and can be lubricated adequately by means of water sprays. With such lubrication, the rate of wear and the power loss in friction are considerably lower than those of metal bearings lubricated with oil or grease. In some rolling mills the use of this type of bearing has effected power saving as high as 23 per cent in comparison with metal bearings. Tests have also shown that their life in certain cases is 15 times as long as that of metal bearings. Experience has indicated that the best results with such bearings can be obtained by polishing the roll necks before installation in the mill.
Water-Lubricated Soft-Rubber Bearings
Authors: Busse W. F. , Denton W. H.
Published: April 2023

Rubber bearings lubricated with water are found to have remarkably low coefficients of friction and to give excellent service under many conditions. The softness of the rubber makes these bearings stand up in the presence of sand and grit, and it also makes the laws of lubrication governing these bearings differ from the classical laws worked out by Reynolds and others for cylindrical metal bearings.

This paper gives a comparison of the frictions of rubber and metal bearings lubricated with water at various loads and speeds. Metal bearings have the lower static coefficient of friction, but the coefficient of running friction is usually lower for rubber bearings. The difference in favor of rubber bearings increases as the load increases, provided the shaft is smooth and the load is applied after the shaft gets up to speed. Rubber bearings have been tested at loads up to 850 lb. per sq. in.

Rubber bearings are particularly suitable for use on shafts running at high speeds not only because the friction is very low but because the softness of the rubber allows the shaft to turn on its center of gyration even though this differs slightly from the geometrical center, thus reducing the dynamic load in the bearing and the vibration in the machine.
Straight Copper-Lead Alloys Versus Leaded Solid-Solution Bronzes for Heavy-Duty Bearings
Authors: Hensel F. R. , Tichvinsky L. M.
Published: April 2023

This paper describes the metallurgical investigation of various bronze bearing metals and deals with a comparative study of the bearing performance of those metals. The technological possibilities of producing heavy-duty bearings were investigated. Experimental installations of bearings with severe requirements are under trial.
Application of Impregnated Fabric Bearings to Roll Necks
Authors: Schmitt Arthur J.
Published: April 2023

The suitability of celoron for roll-neck bearings has led to widespread use of the product in that field. Its resilience allows bearings to absorb severe impact loads without permanent deformation. Celoron bearings are most commonly lubricated with water, in which case the rate of wear and the power consumed in friction are much less than those of metal bearings. The application of a superior lubricant such as oil or grease improves their performance appreciably. Celoron bearings serve most efficiently on highly polished roll necks, and they have produced substantial power savings in comparison with metal bearings, and their life in numerous installations has been found to be many times that of metal bearings.
Dividend Programs Related to Depreciation
Authors: Field E. G.
Published: April 2023

Figures are presented to show the working out of five selected dividend programs and to demonstrate that depreciation funds can be and often are misused as a result of the dividend program chosen. Several related subjects also are discussed, such as historical statements for interpretation of results, possibility of a current investment to current liability ratio, dividends that return parts of the original investment, and depreciation funds spent by management.
Improved Device for Recording Instantaneous Tool Pressures in Machinability Studies
Authors: Gechter O. F. , Laird H. R.
Published: April 2023

The device described permits the measurement of the three tool-pressure components during the machining of short test pieces. The advantages of the device as compared to similar devices used in the past are outlined. It is shown that the use of the piezo-electric pressure-measuring method makes possible a rigid tool mounting and the recording of relatively sudden pressure changes. The mechanical and electrical limitations are discussed, and improvements are suggested. A discussion of some of the test results illustrates the value of the device for machinability studies.
Machine-Design Management
Authors: Alden J. L.
Published: April 2023

Extended search reveals many papers on drawing-room detail, routines, printed forms used in drafting rooms, drafting-room “kinks,” etc., but almost nothing relating to the broader problems of management which the design supervisor and his superiors must face. The present paper is a discussion of design-management practices, and is an attempt to record such of these practices as concern the Hawthorne Machine-Design Division of the Western Electric Company, Inc. The author’s views are influenced largely by the past and present problems confronting him. Many of these, doubtless, are peculiar to the Western Electric Company.
Gear Drives for Motorships: As Affecting the Development of an Efficient American Merchant Marine
Authors: Barraja-Frauenfelder J.
Published: April 2023

This paper has been written with the object of clarifying a much-misunderstood situation. While the conclusions arrived at represent the author’s own deductions from current accomplishments, they are based on known facts and data, and other authorities are quoted extensively in order to present unbiased views from engineers who have no direct interest in the production of any particular type of engine and to avoid the impression of a one-man idea. Where opportunity has permitted it, reliable data have been quoted; where not so permissible, data have been omitted; but the author will gladly corroborate any statement or quotation which is thought by others to be doubtful or not sufficiently substantiated. It is suggested that the bibliography appended to the paper be carefully consulted in order that the scope of this effort may be fully digested. In substance, the paper should be considered a compendium of practically all that has been accomplished to date in this line which is, in the author’s opinion, worthy of note.
Comparative Performance of Diesel and Gasoline Engines in Motor Trucks
Authors: Langer P.
Published: April 2023

The results are given of tests of the comparative performance of Diesel and gasoline engines in motor trucks. The question is raised whether the carburetor is any longer justified, in view of the present high development of the fuel pump. It seems improbable that carburetor engines will ever do any better in running at low speed under load than they are now doing. The possibilities of development of the fuel pump are great. Among these is the application of the Diesel principle to light-oil engines, rendering possible a standard motor-truck engine perfect both from the thermodynamic and the automotive points of view.
Lubricant Testing
Authors: Boden E. G. , Maag O. L.
Published: April 2023

A simple machine is described which was developed for the purpose of testing the power of lubricants to withstand high unit pressures with high rubbing speeds. The results of these tests are shown in photos of test blocks indicating the effect of pressure and speed when using oils of varying viscosities and varying composition.
Design Considerations of a Natural-Gas Transmission System
Authors: Merriam Charles W.
Published: April 2023

Since design is one of the chief factors in the economic success of a transmission system, the engineering principles and the requisite empirical data are discussed herein as employed in the design of a pipe-line system now completed. The maximum day demand in successive years of development is analyzed by component parts, particular emphasis in the domestic element of the load being given to previous usage of manufactured gas in terms of B.t.u. per average meter for range and water-heating purposes and to the probable space-heating element based upon the degree-day deficiency method. A brief discussion is included of basic relationships of the factors in the pipe-line flow formula. Consideration is given to relative physical advantages to be derived from application of an understanding of compressor requirements at varying ratios of pipe-line pressure expansion. The unusual features inherent in the looping of lines are shown graphically. Reasons for using a 24-hour instead of a 1-hour period as the time interval of maximum load in design are explained. A diagrammatic presentation of a part of an actual system is made, and discussion thereof is included, to illustrate the manner in which the several engineering principles apply.
Once-Through Series Boiler for 1500 to 5000 Lb. Pressure
Authors: Kerr H. J.
Published: April 2023

The paper covers the development of series-type boilers from the early stages which resulted in the Calumet steaming economizer type now in extensive use to the once-through series boiler. It describes the operation of the latter units from 1500 to 5000 lb. per sq. in., and test data are given. The limiting factors of this type of unit, such as equalization of flow, control with variable capacity, and operation, are discussed. Heat-transfer data on high-pressure superheated steam are presented.
Characteristics of a High-Pressure Series Steam Generator
Authors: Potter A. A. , Solberg H. L. , Hawkins G. A.
Published: April 2023

The steam generator consists of two parallel circuits of seamless-steel tubing supplied with feedwater at one end, and delivering steam from the other end at any desired pressure up to 3500 lb. per sq. in. and at a maximum temperature of 830 deg. fahr. The changes which take place in the circuit are measured by means of thermocouples and manifolded pressure connections. The unit is controlled automatically by a system which uses the Thyratron vacuum-tube circuit. A set of charts is presented showing the operation of the automatic control on a swinging load. The tests reported in the paper indicate the effect of (a) varying the steaming capacity at constant pressure and temperature, (b) changing the pressure at constant capacity and temperature, and (c) increasing the steam temperature at constant capacity and two different pressures. The temperature and the pressure changes through the water and steam circuit are shown graphically. Data are also presented on the heat-transfer rates through the furnace-wall tubes. The results up to date indicate that this steam generator will operate successfully at any pressure between 1500 and 3500 lb. per sq. in. and at a maximum temperature which is limited by the materials used. Automatic control held the steam pressure and temperature nearly constant throughout the range of operation.
Determination of Carbonate, Hydroxide, and Phosphate in Boiler Waters: Progress Report of Subcommittee No. 8 of the Joint Research Committee on Boiler-Feedwater Studies
Authors: Schroeder W. C. , Fellows C. H.
Published: April 2023

Work of Subcommittee No. 8 of the Committee on Boiler-Feedwater Studies this year has involved critical examination of the methods generally used for examining boiler water, with a view of establishing methods for plant control and referee work that later might be recommended for adoption as standard in the industry. There has been much dissatisfaction with several methods for determining certain constituents in boiler water. This is because the methods used were developed for examining other types of water and consequently are not always applicable for accurate testing of water in steam boilers.

Those methods which, in the opinion of the subcommittee, required immediate consideration because they had to do with the determination of constituents important in control work in most plants, and because no generally accepted scheme of procedure had been found to yield satisfactory results, were: (1) Methods for the determination of alkalinity, especially that due to carbonate salts; (2) those for dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide; and (3) those for the determination of phosphates and silicates, inasmuch as these salts influence alkalinity and, in some cases, interfere with its determinations.

It was felt that the most logical way to clear up the questions arising in connection with these methods was to put the matter before a competent technician who would devote his entire time to the problem. The subcommittee was authorized to establish a fellowship in some university to carry out the work, and one was established at the University of Michigan. The first problem taken up was methods for determining alkalinities and some of those ions influencing alkalinity and its determination. The report tells of the progress made in carrying out this work.
Photogrammetric Measurement of Airplane Landing Speeds
Authors: Finch V. C.
Published: April 2023

The paper gives a method of airplane landing-speed measurements. Wing loadings have mounted steadily in the past few years, with consequent increase in landing speed. Within the past two years wing areas have been so ruthlessly clipped that some of the 1932 models of conventional commercial airplanes are carrying weight per unit of wing area far in excess of the fastest wartime pursuit airplanes. To fit the government requirement of 65 mph as the limit for passenger-airplane landing with full load in still air, several manufacturers of stock models are assisting in the development of a method of actual measurement of landing speeds. The photogrammetric method gives an accurate and permanent record.
The Mooring and Ground Handling of a Rigid Airship
Authors: Rosendahl C. E.
Published: April 2023

Problems in mooring and handling rigid airships are treated. Differences of opinion resulting from the relatively limited airship operating experience are discussed. Prediction is made that successful mooring and handling of rigid airships will center around the low mast. When the problems of airship terminals reach a satisfactory status, as it is asserted they soon will, it will be found that extremely important contributions will have been made by the airship personnel and engineering talent of the United States.
Heating and Ventilating of Cabin Airplanes
Authors: Beard M. Gould
Published: April 2023

Comfort for airplane passengers is being seriously considered, and aeronautical engineers are designing features for the airplane cabin that follow closely the comforts of railroad drawing-room cars and the facilities of the larger motor coaches. The adaptation is easily made, with alterations in weight and size. Heating and ventilating systems are replacing the rudimentary provisions of the past. The paper states the problems of heating and ventilating of cabin airplanes, gives available data, describes methods in use or attempted, and urges the mechanical and aeronautical branches of the profession to join in solving the problems.
Developments in Aluminum Alloys in Relation to Economies in Aircraft Construction
Authors: Nagel C. F. , Hoglund G. O.
Published: April 2023

This paper reviews the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of available aluminum-alloy structural materials, and as to the fabricating situation, discusses the status of technical information, equipment, and practices (forming, jointing, and corrosion prevention). A summary coordinates these matters to show what has been accomplished and the general direction of present developments, with the thought that the present lull in production provides an opportunity to plan for the future and conduct the indicated experimental work. The discussion is limited to the structural parts of aircraft, such as fuselage and wing and control surfaces, omitting power plant, landing gear, and accessories.
Relation of Quality to Economics of Manufacture of Aviation Gasoline
Authors: Oberfell G. G.
Published: April 2023

Quality of aviation gasoline is the problem of the fuel manufacturer and the designer of aircraft engines. Present aviation gasoline is the result of demands for an increase of power output per unit of weight and displacement of aircraft engines. The improved engines represent designs intended to take full advantage of the best grades of gasoline available in sufficient quantities. Any future improvement in gasoline quality should bring about commensurate improvements in gasoline engines. The quality of aviation gasoline is thus setting the pace for improvement in aircraft engines of the spark-ignition type in use at present.
Shaft Drives for Airship and Airplane Propellers
Authors: Goldthwaite J. L.
Published: April 2023

General recognition of the possibilities of gear and shaft transmissions would free the designer from the limitations imposed by the fixed-unit power plant and appreciably broaden the field of aircraft design. Against these advantages are the weight and many engineering problems. The author discusses the most important problems from the standpoint of transmission design and suggests methods of meeting them. Working stresses, torsional vibration, dynamic balancing of long shafts, flexible couplings, and splines receive attention.
Survey of Problems of Thin-Walled Structures: III—Analysis of Some Typical Thin-Walled Structures
Authors: von Kármán Th.
Published: April 2023

The structural skeleton of an airplane of the orthodox type can be considered as a truss, and the structural analysis uses, in general, the familiar methods. Also the structural analysis of the spar-rib type of wing system can be done by the theory of elastically supported continuous beams. The structural analysis of thin-walled structures is a much more complicated problem. There are different methods of attack. A survey of typical cases shows that there is a possibility of producing usable information. Experiments are being carried out on the stability and ultimate failure of cylinders in compression, bending, and torsion.