bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracerebroventricular Administration of N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) Peptidase Inhibitors is Analgesic in Inflammatory Pain
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuo , Kozikowski Alan , Zhou Jia , Neale Joseph H
Published: August 2008

Background:

The peptide neurotransmitter N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is the third most prevalent transmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Local, intrathecal and systemic administration of inhibitors of enzymes that inactivate NAAG decrease responses to inflammatory pain in rat models. Consistent with NAAG's activation of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, this analgesia is blocked by a group II antagonist.

Results:

This research aimed at determining if analgesia obtained following systemic administration of NAAG peptidase inhibitors is due to NAAG activation of group II mGluRs in brain circuits that mediate perception of inflammatory pain. NAAG and NAAG peptidase inhibitors, ZJ43 and 2-PMPA, were microinjected into a lateral ventricle prior to injection of formalin in the rat footpad. Each treatment reduced the early and late phases of the formalin-induced inflammatory pain response in a dose-dependent manner. The group II mGluR antagonist reversed these analgesic effects consistent with the conclusion that analgesia was mediated by increasing NAAG levels and the peptide's activation of group II receptors.

Conclusion:

These data contribute to proof of the concept that NAAG peptidase inhibition is a novel therapeutic approach to inflammatory pain and that these inhibitors achieve analgesia by elevating synaptic levels of NAAG within pain processing circuits in brain.
A highly conserved family of inactivated archaeal B family DNA polymerases
Authors: Rogozin Igor B , Makarova Kira S , Pavlov Youri I , Koonin Eugene V
Published: August 2008

A widespread and highly conserved family of apparently inactivated derivatives of archaeal B-family DNA polymerases is described. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the inactivated forms comprise a distinct clade among archaeal B-family polymerases and that, within this clade, Euryarchaea and Crenarchaea are clearly separated from each other and from a small group of bacterial homologs. These findings are compatible with an ancient duplication of the DNA polymerase gene followed by inactivation and parallel loss in some of the lineages although contribution of horizontal gene transfer cannot be ruled out. The inactivated derivative of the archaeal DNA polymerase could form a complex with the active paralog and play a structural role in DNA replication.

Reviewers

This article was reviewed by Purificacion Lopez-Garcia and Chris Ponting. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' Reports section.
Nuclear Receptor Interaction Protein (NRIP) expression assay using human tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry technology confirming nuclear localization
Authors: Han Chih-Ping , Lee Ming-Yung , Tzeng Shu-Ling , Yao Chung-Chin , Wang Po-Hui , Cheng Ya-Wen , Chen Show-Li , Wu Teresa S , Tyan Yeu-Sheng , Kok Lai-Fong
Published: August 2008

Background

A novel human nuclear receptor interaction protein (NRIP) has recently been discovered by Chen SL et al, which may play a role in enhancing the transcriptional activity of steroid nuclear receptors in prostate (LNCaP) and cervical (C33A) cancer cell lines. However, knowledge about the biological functions and clinical implications of NRIP, is still incomplete. Our aim was to determine the distribution of NRIP expression and to delineate the cell types that express NRIP in various malignant tumors and healthy non-pathological tissues. This information will significantly affect the exploration of its physiological roles in healthy and tumor cells.

Methods

By using tissue microarray (TMA) technology and an anti-NRIP monoclonal antibody immunohistochemical (IHC) survey, NRIP expression was examined in 48 types of tumors and in a control group of 48 matched or unmatched healthy non-neoplastic tissues.

Results

Our survey results showed that ten cases were revealed to express the NRIP in six malignancies (esophageal, colon, breast, ovarian, skin, and pancreatic cancers), but not all of these specific tumor types consistently showed positive NRIP expression. Moreover, malignant tumors of the stomach, prostate, liver, lung, kidney, uterine cervix, urinary bladder, lymph node, testis, and tongue revealed no NRIP expression. Among the control group of 48 matched and unmatched non-neoplastic tissues, all of them demonstrated IHC scores less than the cut-off threshold of 3. In addition, ten cores out of thirty-six carcinomatous tissues revealed positive NRIP expression, which indicated that NRIP expression increases significantly in carcinoma tissue cores, comparing to the matched controlled healthy tissues.

Conclusion

This is the first study to use a human TMA and IHC to validate the nuclear localization for this newly identified NRIP expression. In considering the use of NRIP as a potential diagnostic tool for human malignancies survey, it is important to note that NRIP expression carries a sensitivity of only 23%, but has a specificity of 100%. There is also a significant difference in positive NRIP expression between primary carcinomatous tissues and matched controlled healthy tissues. Although further large-scale studies will merit to be conducted to evaluate its role as a potential adjunct for cancer diagnosis, data from this study provides valuable references for the future investigation of the biological functions of NRIP in humans.
Recent thymic origin, differentiation, and turnover of regulatory T cells
Authors: Mabarrack Nicholas H E , Turner Nicole L , Mayrhofer Graham
Published: August 2008

Regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) are essential to maintain self-tolerance. Release of natural Treg from the thymus is believed to commence soon after birth, but it is unclear how many are produced by “conversion” in the periphery, whether numbers are maintained after puberty by general homeostatic mechanisms that regulate lymphocyte numbers, or whether significant numbers are produced by the involuted thymus. To address the origin of Treg in normal adult rats, we focused on recent thymus emigrants (RTE). Approximately 30% of CD4+CD25+forkhead box p3 (Foxp3)+ Treg expressed markers associated with RTE. Following thymectomy, numbers of cells expressing these markers fell by 80% within 30 days. Furthermore, although only ∼5% of CD4+ single-positive thymocytes expressed Foxp3 within 24 h after intrathymic injection of FITC, more than 30% of the labeled CD4+ RTE were Foxp3+, suggesting that some RTE may acquire Foxp3 in the periphery. Thus, some RTE may acquire Foxp3 rapidly after emigration from the thymus. Treg are dividing rapidly with apparent half-lives of ∼18 days and ∼7 days for the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ subsets, respectively. The apparently slower turnover of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells is a result of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ → CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ conversion, with no loss of regulatory function. Taken together, the data suggest that Treg in adults are relatively short-lived and that their numbers are maintained by rapid cell division and continuous replenishment from the thymus.
The Effect of Some Drugs on the Electrical Activity of the Brain, and on Behaviour
Authors: Elkes J. , Elkes C. , Bradley P. B.
Published: August 2008

Peripheral neuro-effector sites within and outside the autonomic nervous system form useful reference points for the study of the central effects of some agents. Nevertheless, ready analogies between peripheral neurohumoral mediation, and central synaptic transmission may be grossly misleading, and reliance must solely be placed on data derived from within the central nervous system itself.
A Study of Individual Differences and of Interaction in the Behaviour of Some Aspects of Language in Interviews
Authors: Goldman-Eisler F.
Published: August 2008

Since the interviewing process, or the process of two people talking to each other is an extremely complex phenomenon, it seemed advisable to begin its analysis at the elementary and quantitative level, by first of all measuring the duration both of periods of continuous speech, and of the pauses and then after investigating their various relations and rhythmic alternation, to work up through grammatical analysis to the more complex phenomena.
Leucotomy—A Recent Development
Authors: Jackson Harvey
Published: August 2008

In 1947 the Board of Control published its report on the results of 1,000 leucotomies, citing therein a mortality of 6 per cent. Five years later Dr. W. S. Maclay, in his Presidential Address to the Section of Psychiatry of the Royal Society of Medicine, referred to 180 deaths during the interval, a mortality of approximately 2 per cent. Although this is a striking improvement there is still cause for apprehension, for by far the greatest proportion of fatalities arise out of haemorrhage. The second causative factor in fatal issues is infection. Something must be done to put psycho-surgery on a yet safer basis.
Experiments on the Rationale of the Szondi Test
Authors: Short Philip L.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to investigate one of the basic assumptions of the Szondi test, namely, that in selecting pictures in the test subjects tend to assign consistent meanings to the pictures, although these meanings are not explicitly stated. In the following experiments, this assumption was tested by obtaining explicit reactions to the pictures in the form of identifications, using two different experimental methods. Similar studies have been made by Klopfer and Borstelmann (1950), Rabin (1950a), Fosberg (1951), Davis and Raimy (1952), and by Dudek and Patterson (1952). In all these investigations, American subjects with some experience of psychology or psychiatry were used. The most extensive work was done by Klopfer and Borstelmann, who used a sample of American psychology students, and suggested that their methods might be employed on “other segments of the population”. In the following experiments, their methods have been largely adopted for English subjects, of varying ages and occupations, including students.
Alcoholism and Attempted Suicide
Authors: Batchelor I. R. C.
Published: August 2008

In her sociological study of suicide Cavan (1928) commented that “up to date no adequate studies have been made of the relation of the habit of drinking to suicidal tendencies”. Ten years later, Merrill Moore (1939) makes a similar complaint: “What relation, if any, is there between alcoholism and suicide? This question has never been definitely answered and little has been written about it… In the entire literature of medicine hardly more than twenty acceptable articles on this subject are recorded.” Little has been written on the topic since then.
Prognosis in Involutional Depression
Authors: Cameron John L. , Freeman D.P.M. Thomas , Stewart Ronald A. Y.
Published: August 2008

Depressive states occurring in the involutional period are among the most common syndromes encountered in psychiatric practice. Since the introduction of electroshock therapy, this has been the treatment of choice for these conditions. Unfortunately not every patient who is treated remains in good health, and every mental hospital has a certain number of chronic involutional depressions who remain refractory to further electroshock therapy.
An Experiment in Socialization of Adult Criminal Mental Defectives
Authors: Robinson Jessie R.
Published: August 2008

During the Spring of 1952 in the course of my work with adult male defectives, I made a practice of taking groups of them for walks and short cycling trips outside the grounds of the Institution. I decided it might be worth while to undertake a prolonged tour. In June, Dr. Curran gave me permission to take seven high grade defective adult males on a two weeks' cycling tour.
Preliminary Observations on the Psychiatric Uses of Chlorpromazine (Largactil)
Authors: Anton-Stephens D.
Published: August 2008

The possible psychiatric applications of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Largactil) have been discussed by various authors in Continental journals; particularly by Delay et al (1952) and Sigwald and Bouttier (1953)—the latter including in their paper a summary of publications devoted to this aspect of the drug's activity.
The Symmetry of Constructed Patterns
Authors: Robertson J. P. S.
Published: August 2008

The opinion is sometimes expressed that patterns constructed by socially maladjusted individuals (e.g. in woodcarving, needlework, arrangement of flowers, etc.) are less symmetrical than those of the adequately adjusted. It is even held that the amount of asymmetry bears some relationship to the degree of maladjustment. Evidently, other factors besides maladjustment are involved in this question. The primary aim of the inquiry reported here was to investigate the effects of differences in sex, intelligence and level of social adjustment on the symmetrical construction of patterns. The technique employed for this purpose was akin to that of the mosaic test of Lowenfeld (1949) but of a more delimited character and with simplified material.
Report on the Longevity and the Causes of Death in Mongoloidism in the State of Victoria
Authors: Brothers C. R. D. , Jago G. C.
Published: August 2008

The prognosis as to life in cases of mongoloidism is universally recognized as being notoriously bad. It would appear that the majority die in infancy and that many of those surviving this period succumb during the second decade. A small proportion reach the third decade, and a still smaller one survive till middle age. Brousseau in 1928 stated that few mongols reach the age of maturity, and that no mongol had reached old age. She stated that the oldest case found in medical literature at that time was a mongoloid female aged 57 reported by Langdon Down. In 1937 Tredgold stated that Langdon Down had then in his training institution at Normansfield 16 mongols over 21 years of age. Three of these were between 40 and 50, two between 50 and 60 and one male aged 63.
“Controlled Projection” Responses of Delinquent Boys
Authors: Anderson J. W.
Published: August 2008

The “Controlled Projection” Test of Raven is a method of collecting and studying the projection responses of children to a standard series of situations (Raven, 1951). In reports so far published, the technique has provided information on differences in the organizations of thought and conduct characteristic of different national, social and clinical groups, and on individual differences within these groups.
The Prenatal Pathology of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Dodgson M. C. H.
Published: August 2008

In view of the importance of prenatal pathology at the present time, a useful purpose may be served by attempting to review the peculiar weaknesses and strengths of the developing nervous system. As a result of personal inclinations, this presentation of the various problems involved will have a structural bias; the subject would, no doubt, be approached very differently by a physiologist, for instance, or by a biochemist. Nevertheless we should all be describing different aspects of the same series of phenomena, aiming at an understanding of the events which must occur before the central nervous system can function.
Tuberose Sclerosis Treated by Deep Irradiation
Authors: Kirman Brian H.
Published: August 2008

Epiloia occupies an intermediate position between the neoplasms on the one hand and other diseases, such as Huntington's chorea and Tay-Sachs disease, which are system disturbances, presumably based on a metabolic disorder. The lesions in the disease-complex of epiloia might at first sight appear mainly neoplastic in form. Thus the brain nodules have the form of gliomata. Polycystic kidneys may be classed as neoplastic (Jeanbrau, 1928; Vines, 1949). In some cases a frank hypernephroma may develop (Kirpicznik, 1910; Berg, 1913; Ferraro and Doolittle, 1937). The rarely encountered heart lesions may take the form of rhabdomyomata, whereas the skin lesions of the face which are pathognomonic of the disease are described as sebaceous adenomata (Figs. 1 and 2), i.e. benign neoplasms of the sebaceous glands of the face in the area to either side of the nose. In fact the facial eruption is seldom simply adenomatous but is complicated by elements of an angiomatous or warty nature. The heart lesion may likewise involve a variety of elements.
A Comparative Study of Results in Neurotic Patients Treated by Two Different Methods
Authors: Harris Arthur
Published: August 2008

In the outpatient department of the Maudsley Hospital, patients are seen in the first instance by members of the medical staff of consultant status at the diagnostic clinics, to which they are referred from a variety of sources, by far the greater number coming from general practitioners. From the diagnostic clinics there are several possible disposals, one of which is referral for outpatient treatment of a more prolonged and elaborate type, as opposed to treatment at a purely supportive level with brief interviews concerned with environmental factors and immediate practical problems. The more prolonged and elaborate outpatient treatment is under the supervision of a physician of consultant status with a Freudian analytical training and strong interest in psychotherapeutic methods. It is carried out by registrars under his guidance and may consist either of individual or group sessions, or of a mixture of the two, as he directs. His general outlook is well known (Foulkes, 1948). It has been a constant source of difficulty that the number of patients referred for this type of outpatient treatment has been greater than the resources of the hospital could manage, with the consequent development of long waiting lists and of the necessity for making awkward decisions with regard to priorities.
Psychosis as a Cause of Mental Defect
Authors: O'Gorman Gerald
Published: August 2008

It is recognized that the differential diagnosis between psychosis and mental defect is apt to present difficulties; and the presence of aments in mental hospitals and of psychotics in homes for the mentally defective, though often due to lack of appropriate accommodation, suggests that the diagnostic problem is not always successfully solved. Hitherto, when a certified defective has been found to be psychotic, it has generally been assumed that psychosis has supervened on amentia, defectives being regarded as more prone to psychotic upset than are persons of normal intelligence. The alternative proposition—that mental defect may on occasions be due to psychosis in youth—has received comparatively little attention. This study is an attempt to find out whether psychotic illness beginning in childhood is an important cause of mental defect.
Group Therapy in H.M. Prison, Wormwood Scrubs—The Application of Analytical Psychology
Authors: Landers John J. , Macphail D. S. , Simpson R. Cedric
Published: August 2008

Group therapy is one of the more recent advances in psychiatry and is a logical development which fits in well with the spirit of our time. The modern trend in psychiatry is to see the patient not only as an individual but also against his social background. This paper is a factual account of group therapy as carried out in Wormwood Scrubs Prison. The pioneer work was done by Mackwood (1949) and described by him. We should like to acknowledge our indebtedness to him.
Investigation of Gerstmann's Syndrome Induced by Hypnotic Suggestion
Authors: Stanton John B.
Published: August 2008

Certain specific disabilities following lesions of the dominant hemisphere particularly those involving the parietal region, have been recognized for many years. The syndrome of dyscalculia, dysgraphia, right-left disorientation and finger agnosia is usually known as Gerstmann's syndrome, following that author's descriptions in 1924 and 1940. It has been suggested that of these four main components of the syndrome, finger agnosia might be the fundamental disturbance, bringing the others in its train. Thus, as a result of the postulated importance of the digits for numeration, acalculia would naturally follow. Dysgraphia would result from the loss of the “schema” for the fingers—a part of the body-image—and right-left disorientation might be a consequence of the same body-image disturbance—a “hand” agnosia.
Hypnography—A Technique in Hypnoanalysis
Authors: Meares Ainslie
Published: August 2008

Hypnoanalysis is becoming more and more a recognized psychotherapeutic procedure. It is an analytical type of therapy which utilizes the hypnotic state to reduce the great time and cost of formal psychoanalysis. As with any new form of treatment, there is great variation in the techniques used by different authors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). This variation ranges from such extremes as attempts to imitate formal psychoanalysis with a hypnotized patient, to mere question and answer interviews interspersed with hypnotic suggestion.
The Bender-Gestalt Test and Psychoneurotics
Authors: Lindsay John
Published: August 2008

Since the publication of Bender's (3) “Visual-Motor Gestalt Test and its Clinical Use” many attempts have been undertaken to validate the clinical findings which she outlined in her Monograph.

In his “Tentative Guide to the Administration of the Bender-Gestalt Test” Hutt (7) did more than anyone else to put into practice the clinical use of the Bender-Gestalt, but his finding on Psychoneurotics have not been confirmed by empirical studies. However, it is of interest and encouraging to find many of the subsequent empirical studies substantiating most of the original clinical uses outlined by Bender and Hutt.
The Results of the Experimental Administration of Amphetamine Sulphate in Oligophrenia
Authors: Morris J. V. , Macgillivray R. C. , Mathieson C. M.
Published: August 2008

A number of drugs have been employed in an attempt to increase the mental capacity of oligophrenics. The effect of thiamine on learning demonstrated by Harrell (1943, 1946) led Rudolf (1949, 1950) to use this vitamin in the treatment of oligophrenia. Similarly, the early studies of Zimmermann and Ross (1944) on glutamic acid resulted in a large number of papers on its debatable effect in feeblemindedness (Zimmermann, Burgomeister and Putnam, 1946, 1947, 1948; McCulloch, 1950; Ellson, Fuller and Urmston, 1950; Quinn and Durling, 1950; Lafon, Faure and Bascou, 1952; Oldfelt, 1952). The results of celastrus paniculata on mental defectives have been described by us elsewhere (Morris, MacGillivray and Mathieson, 1953, 1954).
Clinical Observations on Suxethonium in E.C.T.
Authors: Gillie A. , McNeill D. L. M.
Published: August 2008

Because of their rapidity of onset, brevity of action and relative safety, the choline succinic ester derivatives, in the last two years, have almost completely superseded tubocurarine, gallamine and decamethonium as muscle relaxants in electroplexy. The literature now contains a number of reports of prolonged respiratory arrest associated with the use of these new relaxants. In publishing the results of early experience at Long Grove with three of the new compounds, Monro et al. (1953), tended to favour Scoline with thiopentone in a body-weight dosage using a one-syringe technique. The infrequent occurrence of excessive apnoea proved to be no great problem and was easily dealt with. However, during subsequent work in the same hospital, we were impressed by the markedly more abrupt action of suxethonium (Brevidil “E”) and felt that further investigations into its clinical properties might yield some reward.
The Effects of Mephenesin in Neurotic Anxiety
Authors: Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

In 1946 Berger and Bradley showed that mephenesin caused muscular relaxation and, in the same year, Stephen and Chandy (1947) reported that the intravenous administration of mephenesin to human subjects was usually accompanied by a feeling of euphoria and relaxation. The clinical trial of mephenesin in neurotic states associated with tension and anxiety was a natural corollary of these findings. Reports of its efficacy have been conflicting, but this is hardly surprising when a new drug is introduced for the treatment of a common disorder whose natural course may be either chronic or self-limiting, which is subject in a marked degree to apparently spontaneous fluctuations in intensity and on which the effects of suggestion are notorious. The assessment of therapy is made more difficult by the fact that there is no satisfactory objective method of measuring changes in the degree of anxiety; the investigator must either use tests the relevance of which many people will dispute or he must rely on clinical assessment, a subjective judgment very dependent on the skill and experience of the clinician. As Bradford Hill (1951) has stressed, clinical assessment can only be given full weight in a therapeutic trial when the possibility of enthusiasm or scepticism on the part of the clinician is eliminated. Such elimination of bias is best achieved by treating one group of patients with the drug and another group with a placebo, the clinician, nursing staff and patients not knowing to which group any particular patient has been assigned.
Dark Adaptation in Neurotic Patients
Authors: Granger G. W.
Published: August 2008

Several studies have been undertaken in which the “dark vision” of normal and neurotic groups has been compared (see (5) for references). As a result of these researches it appears that neurotic patients tend to have inferior performances to normal subjects on tests of “dark vision”. The term “dark vision” is, however, a very general one, covering all aspects of visual functioning at brightness levels below about 0 · 01 candle per square foot (13). Clearly we need to know more preciselywhichaspects of dark vision are impaired in neurotics, theextentof the impairment, theconditionsunder which it occurs, etc., if we are to go beyond fairly crude descriptive statements about differences between normal and neurotic groups to an understanding of the processes involved.
On the Validity of the Rorschach Test in the Diagnosis of Intracranial Damage and Pathology
Authors: Walton D.
Published: August 2008

Introduction Since the publication of Rorschach's Form Interpretation Test in 1921, its applications have been extended to cover an increasing number of clinico-psychological problems. Of these, one of the most important and difficult is the diagnosis of organic brain damage and pathology.
Second Leucotomies
Authors: Pippard John
Published: August 2008

Bilateral blind rostral leucotomy has been shown to be an adequate operation for the relief of many tense psychoneurotic and depressive states (McKissock, 1951; Pippard, 1955); the operation gave worthwhile results in about two-thirds of such cases in a series which included many who were unsuitable. This paper is concerned with the results in 27 cases operated on more than once.

Four patients had already had standard leucotomies with inadequate relief of symptoms; an open rostral leucotomy in one of these, a young ruminative schizophrenic, made no obvious difference. Another schizophrenic had a rostral G leucotomy to divide fibres in the inferior medial quadrant which might have been missed by the earlier standard operation (Sargant, 1953). Afterwards she no longer needed maintenance E.C.T. to keep her at a good level; reduction in tension which followed this limited incision, and the greater ease with which she could be cared for in hospital certainly suggests that a limited operation on the medial side may well be considered in some cases in which standard leucotomy has failed, and certainly before undertaking anything as drastic as Freeman and Watts' (1950) radical operation.

Another patient similarly submitted to a rostral G leucotomy had slowly relapsed after an initially successful standard leucotomy for a chronic tension state. He had, however, been left with a marked intellectual deficit and troublesome urgency of micturition and, if anything, his deficits were increased after the second leucotomy, without any useful relief of symptoms.
Indicanuria and the Psychosis of a Pellagrin
Authors: Rodnight R. , Mcilwain H.
Published: August 2008

Pellagra with marked mental symptoms in a boy of 10, was cured by nicotinamide (Hersov, 1955). The boy's diet prior to development of the pellagra did not however appear to have been deficient in nicotinic acid derivatives. The following studies were initiated in search for a metabolic peculiarity which might explain this.
Hibicon
Authors: Hoenig J. , Crotty I. M. , Chisholm-Batten W. R.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the large increase in the number of anticonvulsant drugs in the three decades since the introduction of phenobarbitone, new remedies are constantly being sought. The present state of therapy of the epilepsies remains rather unsatisfactory. Drug therapy, which is still the most widely used form of treatment, is at best a maintenance treatment, i.e. the patient has to continue with it at least for many years to control the attacks. Even then a large number of sufferers continue to have seizures, often as frequently as once a month, which elude treatment. Surgery, which has found a wider application recently, is not radical either in many cases, and has to be followed up by medication over many years. The situation is further complicated by the fact that many anticonvulsant drugs, even when effective, produce unpleasant or dangerous side effects and have to be abandoned. One has also to consider the enormous psychological effects of the disease on the patient. The social stigma which epilepsy confers and the continual threat of an impending fit are often far more disabling than the actual seizures.

Lately three favourable clinical reports have appeared in American journals on a new anticonvulsant drug called “Hibicon” (Gotton et al., 1951; Kaplan et al., 1952; Hawkes, 1952). Lederle Laboratories Division, American Cyanamid Company have kindly put a quantity of Hibicon at our disposal for a therapeutic trial in this country. We are reporting our experiences with this drug on a group of forty patients suffering from various types of epilepsy.
Cerebellar Agenesis
Authors: Stewart R. M.
Published: August 2008

Developmental defects of the cerebellum may take various forms: agenesis of the entire cerebellum; aplasia of one or both hemispheres, or aplasia limited to the vermis. It is the purpose of this communication to review the first two groups and to place on record the clinical and pathological features of a case in which but for one small fragment the cerebellum was wholly absent.
A Review of the Psychotic Elderly Resident in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Tewfik G. I.
Published: August 2008

A geriatric unit containing 200 female and 110 male beds was fully opened at this hospital in March, 1953. There were then resident in hospital 226 females over 70, and 165 males over 65. The aim of this paper is to discuss the mental and physical health of the inmates and assess their medical and nursing requirements. It is hoped that this information will be of value to those intending to open similar units.

This hospital is unique in having a catchment area of over 1,000,000 and only 2,000 mental beds. Three hundred of these are taken by mental defectives, and 500 are over 65 years of age. There is a severe bed shortage with resulting delay in admission of elderly patients from the observation wards. The large initial death rate in the month following notification occurs mainly outside this hospital, and many patients are discharged from the observation wards without reaching the hospital. Admissions are restricted to those with severe conduct disorder. Thus the death rate and discharge rate will be lower than hospitals with a more fortunate bed-population ratio.
Research Prospects in the Psychology of Ageing
Authors: Bromley Dennis B.
Published: August 2008

Marquis (1948) has suggested that psychological research can be carried on at three fairly distinct levels: isolated experiments on particular topics, programmes of work on general topics, and long-term investigations of whole areas. This report is intended as a contribution to the third level, i.e. the level of policy design, and makes recommendations about the general nature and scope of psychological research on maturity and old age. The advantages of a generally accepted but informal research policy are clear: basic problems are located and adequate methods are developed for tackling them, theoretical systems become strongly linked with practical issues to the benefit of both, knowledge is more readily communicated because research workers have a common frame of reference, research findings become progressively more comprehensive, detailed, accurate and meaningful, and so on. Possible disadvantages are that originality may be curtailed and work may be duplicated, but it is doubtful whether the former is a real danger or the latter a real disadvantage. This report is not intended to specify particular research projects or programmes—this could be done only after discussion between members of research teams, their sponsors and advisers—the final choice of project depends very much on the interests and abilities of the team members and on the human ecology of the area in which they are working.
Spatial Disorientation in Senile Dementia the Psychological Mechanisms Disturbed and Some Suggested Methods of Compensation
Authors: Williams Moyra
Published: August 2008

Disorientation in a new place (e.g. a hospital ward) and inability to remember a route after having been shown and having walked it several times, is a well known feature of senile dementia. These disturbances are a frequent practical cause of difficulty, since such patients are not uncommonly physically fit and active and unless allowed to wander about during some of their waking hours become irritable and unhappy. Yet their supervision and care places a great strain on those responsible for their welfare. If left to themselves they have a tendency to fall downstairs or to wander on to roads which renders them a menace both to themselves and to others. Some insight into the causes of spatial disorientation in the elderly, and ways in which it might to some extent be compensated for, would therefore be of considerable practical assistance. It may not lead to a cure of the defects, any more than a study of the reasons for getting lost in a fog will help to relieve the meteorological conditions. What it may do, however, is to discover the equivalent to senile patients of “cats' eyes” to the motorist, and help to relieve labour and prevent accidents.
Friederich C. G. Scheidemantel: the First Systematic Text in Psychosomatic Medicine (1787)
Authors: Harms Ernest
Published: August 2008

A young Hessian physician, born in 1735, who had hoped for an academic career had to return home after his graduation in 1762 because of the death of his father, also a physician, and a fire which destroyed the major part of his home town including his paternal home and property. He put aside his original plans for research and became a general practitioner in his small town. His practice also encompassed the neighbouring Spa at Brückenau and the court of the neighbourhood prince. The medical biographies list him as an able and sage practitioner and credit him with several writings which were frequently used in his time for reference regarding the usefulness of Spas for various diseases. The least recognized of his works, however, is a book published in 1787, nine years before his early death. In the introduction, he designates this work as the “red thread” of his scientific occupation but one which he was only able to produce slowly because of the lack of physical and scientific means. This book, Die Leidenschaften als Heilmittel (The Passions as a Means of Cure), is the first systematic presentation of what we today call psychosomatic medicine.
The Psychoses of Adolescence
Authors: Sands The Late Dalton E.
Published: August 2008

The adolescent psychoses are amongst the most rewarding subjects for study in all psychiatry, not only on account of the considerable clinical interest of these patients, but because no other group affords the psychiatrist quite such an advantage by reason of age alone, an age that covers the peak phase in maturation. The juvenile is young enough for childhood environment to be vividly recalled, the responses to the stresses of puberty are already evident, and in a short space of time the writing of the future adult life pattern will be on the wall. Furthermore, owing to the more likely presence of parents or guardians, sometimes lost or dead by the time one deals with adult disorders, a more comprehensive view of the hereditary influences, and a relatively adequate account of the early formative years, is generally possible.
Cerebral Cysticercosis with Mental Symptoms
Authors: Sutherland J. M. , Rosie J. M.
Published: August 2008

Many current textbooks fail to place sufficient emphasis on the occurrence of psychological symptoms in cysticercosis. The case reported gives point to the contention of Bickerstaff (1955) that clinical manifestations other than epileptic convulsions are not widely recognized.
Experimental Studies of a Perceptual Anomaly
Authors: Yates Aubrey J.
Published: August 2008

The present paper is a continuation of work previously carried out and is an attempt to define more accurately the conditions under which the rotation effect can be induced in normal subjects.
A Research Method to Assess a New Tranquillizing Drug
Authors: Thorpe J. G. , Baker A. A.
Published: August 2008

A number of new tranquillizing drugs have recently become available. We report a method of assessment for one of these—“Pacatal”. In this experiment the new drug was compared with (i) no treatment at all, (ii) treatment using dummy tablets of the same size and appearance as the Pacatal tablets, and (iii) Largactil. A group of patients suffering from schizophrenia were selected, all being deteriorated. These patients can be found in considerable numbers with a reasonably similar clinical picture which is relatively stationary without treatment.
Senile Intellectual Deterioration and the Electroencephalogram: A Quantitative Correlation
Authors: McAdam W. , Robinson R. A.
Published: August 2008

The association of abnormal low frequency rhythms in the EEG with intellectual deterioration in old age has now often been described, but there has been no clear indication of a quantitative correlation between the degree of abnormality of the EEG and the severity of the deterioration. The present paper describes an attempt to explore the possibility of the existence of such a quantitative correlation.
Acetyl Choline as a Therapeutic Agent in Mild Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Pare C. M. B.
Published: August 2008

In 1950 López-Ibor adapted Fiamberti's use of acetyl choline in schizophrenia for the treatment of psychoneurotic disorders (Fiamberti 1940, 1950a, b; López-Ibor, 1950, 1952). Very few reports of the efficacy of this treatment have been published and they vary from the enthusiastic (Sargant, 1952; Phillips and Hutchinson, 1954) and the doubtful (Maclay, 1953), to the unequivocally rejecting (Hawkings and Tibbetts, 1956). The latter authors stressed the beneficial psychotherapeutic atmosphere of the clinic, and showed that injections of sterile water produced equally as good results as acetyl choline. This paper is a further attempt to evaluate the specific effect of acetyl choline in the treatment of mild psychiatric disorders.
Control of Petit Mal by Acetazolamide
Authors: Golla F. L. , Hodge R. Sessions
Published: August 2008

We preface this short communication by emphasizing that it originates as a by-product from some work that is still in progress at the Burden Institute on the balance of electrolytes in various normal psychological and neurotic conditions. This research is chiefly being conducted by McLeod, Morrison and Fosbrooke, in the Biochemical Department, and Grey Walter in the electrophysiological laboratory.
A Controlled Clinical Trial of Methylpentynol (“Oblivon”)
Authors: Bockner S.
Published: August 2008

There have been many new types of sedatives and hypnotics evolved in recent years. The term “tranquillizing drug” is a recent innovation which suggests a calming effect without a hypnotic effect. Methylpentynol (“Oblivon”) is one such drug which has little hypnotic action, but is said specifically to relieve anxiety. This action was noted by the relief of apprehension observed in patients prior to dental treatment (Trotter, 1953). Methylpentynol is a higher alcohol which in high dosage has a hypnotic effect in animals (Margolin et al., 1951). No toxic effects have been reported. It is made up in rather large, blue-green capsules containing 250 mg. of methylpentynol, and also as an elixir.
Serum Proteins in Mongolism
Authors: Stern J. , Lewis W. H. P.
Published: August 2008

In recent years electrophoretic methods for the analysis of the serum proteins have been extensively and fruitfully applied to studies of diseases of the nervous system (Volk, Saifer, Rabiner and Oreskes, 1955; Volk, Saifer, Rabiner and Hinterbuchner, 1956; Press, 1956).
Abilities and Behaviour of Epileptic Children
Authors: Halstead H.
Published: August 2008

A survey of the literature on handicapped children reveals comparatively little on the subject of epilepsy.

Most of the articles dealing with cognitive functions have been concerned wholly or mainly with verbal intelligence as measured by tests of the “Binet” type. Those relating to behavioural or personality traits have been mainly impressionistic.
Critique of Psychological Approaches to Brain Damage
Authors: Meyer Victor
Published: August 2008

This paper will make an attempt to examine critically the major psychological approaches to the problem of brain damage and to point out why such a vast number of psychological studies of neurological patients have on the whole proved to be disappointing. Up to the present time most of the findings are equivocal, inconsistent, and very often contradictory; no acceptable theory of brain functioning and organization has emerged from them and the diagnostic tests in this field show too high a degree of misclassification to be sensitive enough for clinical use. Finally, an attempt will be made to outline a more fruitful approach to brain damage.
The Thirty-First Maudsley Lecture: Psychiatry and Public Health
Authors: Rees J. R.
Published: August 2008

When the Council greatly honoured me by their invitation to be the Maudsley Lecturer for 1956, my first concern was as to what subject I could choose for my remarks.
Further Studies in the Therapeutic Value of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Mental Illness
Authors: Sandison R. A. , Whitelaw J. D. A.
Published: August 2008

This paper follows a preliminary communication to this Journal two years ago (Sandison, Spencer and Whitelaw, 1954) and gives an account of the fuller experience gained up to the present time with lysergic acid diethylamide in the treatment of mental illness.
Some Effects of Methyl-Phenidate (Ritalin) And Amphetamine on Normal and Leucotomized Monkeys
Authors: Cole J. , Glees P.
Published: August 2008

In a previous report (Cole and Glees, 1956) on methyl-phenidate (Ritalin) as an antagonist to reserpine (Serpasil) in monkeys we referred to a similar effect produced by amphetamine. Following up this work we have now studied and compared the effects of methyl-phenidate and amphetamine when given separately without reserpine to normal and leucotomized monkeys.
The Classification of Schizophrenia
Authors: Fish F. J.
Published: August 2008

This is a summary of the views and findings of Professor Karl Kleist and his co-workers. It is based on a series of papers published by members of the Frankfort-am-Main University Psychiatric Clinic from 1939 to 1951.

These papers are the result of follow-up studies carried out on patients who had been admitted to the Frankfort Clinic between 1920 and 1953. These patients had been diagnosed as suffering from one of Kleist's special forms of schizophrenia.
A Further Experimental Study of Using Perceptual Errors As an Aid to Diagnosis
Authors: Walton D.
Published: August 2008

Some neurotic patients exhibit such a complex symptomatology that it is often difficult to determine, by present methods, which problems or areas of difficulty are fundamental. Much time may therefore be lost through the treatment of superficial rather than basic sources of difficulty.
The Stabilizing Effect of Occupational Therapy on Chronic Psychotics with a Tendency to Aggressive Forms of Behaviour
Authors: Robin A. A.
Published: August 2008

Bickford has underlined the need for devoting more attention to the chronic psychotic patient and stressed the possibility of accelerating what he believes to be the inevitable remission of the psychosis. There may be a current tendency to think in terms of the physical or pharmacological treatments in handling psychotic patients and to overlook the value of more conservative measures. Myerson attempted to revive interest in the latter by coining the term “total push” and providing a theoretical basis for the activities organized. Galioni et al. presented the results of a similar programme which showed 18 · 5 per cent. of the experimental group “separated” from the hospital as compared with 5 per cent. of the controls. Kamman et al. show that while the initial improvement certainly takes place, unless careful placement is achieved relapse occurs.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Holland H. , Trouton D. S.
Published: August 2008

In the first paper of this series, it was pointed out that one of the reasons why McDougall's theory of drug action and personality was not accepted at all widely was connected with the fact that he failed to provide an objective, experimental test which could be used to diagnose extraversion-introversion, and to assess drug effects. This argument is not entirely correct; McDougall did in fact suggest one such test, namely the rate of fluctuation of so-called reversible perspective figures. Many varieties of these are known, and have been used experimentally; the Necker cube, the staircase, the vase-face, and the windmill patterns being probably the best known. In all of these, there is an ambiguity in the drawing which makes it possible to perceive two distinct patterns in the stimulus; on prolonged inspection these patterns alternate, and it is the rate of alternation, signalled verbally or by suitable mechanical arrangement, which constitutes the score on this test. It is known that different types of pattern give reasonably reliable scores, and also that rates of alternation on different patterns correlate quite highly together, thus demonstrating that one and the same tendency is being measured. That this tendency is of central rather than peripheral character is indicated by the fact that changes in the rate of reversal due to fatigue and other causes can be transferred from one eye to the other.
A Clinical Trial with Hydroxyzine (Atarax) On a Group of Maladjusted Educationally Subnormal Children
Authors: Segal Leslie J. , Tansley A. E.
Published: August 2008

Chemically hydroxyzine is one of a series of p-chlorobenzhydryl piperazine derivatives. It has a formula as follows:
Some Effects of Nalorphine on the Behaviour of Healthy Human Volunteers
Authors: Cahal D. A.
Published: August 2008

Some workers have claimed that nalorphine is as potent an analgesic as morphine and does not lead to addiction.
Neurosis and Experimental Psychology
Authors: Jones H. Gwynne
Published: August 2008

Genetic factors have been shown to play an important role in the development of neurosis. These factors, however, determine the vulnerability of an individual, the degree of his predisposition for neurotic breakdown, while the available evidence indicates that the actual behavioural disturbance results from the imposition of some form of environmental stress on the individual concerned. The probability that any particular individual will develop a neurosis is partly determined by his genetic constitution and partly by the degree of stress to which he is subjected.