bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induced seismicity due to hydraulic fracturing near Blackpool, UK: source modeling and event detection
Authors: Karamzadeh Nasim , Lindner Mike , Edwards Benjamin , Gaucher Emmanuel , Rietbrock Andreas
Published: October 2021

Monitoring small magnitude induced seismicity requires a dense network of seismic stations and high-quality recordings in order to precisely determine events’ hypocentral parameters and mechanisms. However, microseismicity (e.g. swarm activity) can also occur in an area where a dense network is unavailable and recordings are limited to a few seismic stations at the surface. In this case, using advanced event detection techniques such as template matching can help to detect small magnitude shallow seismic events and give insights about the ongoing process at the subsurface giving rise to microseismicity. In this paper, we study shallow microseismic events caused by hydrofracking of the PNR-2 well near Blackpool, UK, in 2019 using recordings of a seismic network which was not designed to detect and locate such small events. By utilizing a sparse network of surface stations, small seismic events are detected using template matching technique. In addition, we apply a full-waveform moment tensor inversion to study the focal mechanisms of larger events (ML> 1) and used the double-difference location technique for events with high-quality and similar waveforms to obtain accurate relative locations. During the stimulation period, temporal changes in event detection rate were in agreement with injection times. Focal mechanisms of the events with high-quality recordings at multiple stations indicate a strike-slip mechanism, while a cross-section of 34 relocated events matches the dip angle of the active fault.
North and South: A Regional Model of the UK
Authors: Minford Patrick , Gai Yue , Meenagh David
Published: October 2021

We set up a two-region model to study the policy challenge of bringing the North’s income up to the level of the South in the UK. The model focuses on labour costs as the driver of output gains through the international competitiveness channel; and on tax/regulative costs to entrepreneurs as the driver of productivity growth. The empirical results show that the regional model behaviour fits the regional UK data behaviour over the period of 1986Q1 and 2019Q4, using the demanding Indirect Inference method. We also carry out a Monte Carlo power test, which shows the empirical results we obtain are trustworthy and can provide us a reliable guide for policy reform. The results suggest that in response to tax cuts and labour market reforms GDP in the North increases almost twice as much as GDP in the South. Given that a broad programme of tax cuts and regulatory reform would more than pay for itself in the long run, it must be considered as a highly attractive political agenda.
Mother Like Mothers and Work Like Fathers: U.S. Heterosexual College Students’ Assumptions About Who Should Meet Childcare and Housework Demands
Authors: McConnon Annie , Midgette Allegra J. , Conry-Murray Clare
Published: October 2021

Many U.S. women report balancing competing demands for labor within the family and the workplace. Prior research has found that young adult heterosexual U.S. women are still anticipating doing the majority of their future family’s childcare and housework, though they hold more progressive gender role attitudes than in the past. The aim of the present study was to investigate the assumptions of 176 heterosexual college students in the U.S. (M age = 20.57, 88.64% European American, 51.70% ciswomen, 48.30% cismen) about how childcare and housework should be balanced in the context of work responsibilities. Participants were asked to rate their level of agreement with two items about working mothers and childcare and working fathers and household care, and provided open-ended responses to explain their justifications for their rating. Open-ended responses were thematically coded. Results revealed that most participants wanted mothers to have the choice to work but considered childcare a limiting problem that (primarily) mothers should solve. Similarly, participants believed that working full-time did not excuse a husband from helping with chores, however they did not express concerns with the term “helping” which implies that the husband would not hold any primary responsibility. Overall, the findings suggest the importance for educational and policymaking interventions and future research to highlight practices that support and encourage the role of men in addressing childcare and household needs.
The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science
Authors: Claudepierre S. G. , Blake J. B. , Boyd A. J. , Clemmons J. H. , Fennell J. F. , Gabrielse C. , Looper M. D. , Mazur J. E. , O’Brien T. P. , Reeves G. D. , Roeder J. L. , Spence H. E. , Turner D. L.
Published: October 2021

Measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the dynamics of Earth’s geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen Probes were equipped with the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometers (MagEIS) that measured energetic and relativistic electrons, along with energetic ions, in the radiation belts. Accurate and routine measurement of these particles was of fundamental importance towards achieving the scientific goals of the mission. We provide a comprehensive review of the MagEIS suite’s on-orbit performance, operation, and data products, along with a summary of scientific results. The purpose of this review is to serve as a complement to the MagEIS instrument paper, which was largely completed before flight and thus focused on pre-flight design and performance characteristics. As is the case with all space-borne instrumentation, the anticipated sensor performance was found to be different once on orbit. Our intention is to provide sufficient detail on the MagEIS instruments so that future generations of researchers can understand the subtleties of the sensors, profit from these unique measurements, and continue to unlock the mysteries of the near-Earth space radiation environment.
Advancing salt marsh restoration for coastal resilience: a learning exchange
Authors: Maher Nicole , Salazar Camilo , Fournier Alexa
Published: October 2021

A multidisciplinary group of salt marsh professionals from Maine to Virginia participated in a collaborative learning exchange to improve restoration for the overall health and resilience of coastal wetlands. This was an unprecedented forum through which participants representing different geographies, backgrounds, and roles in salt marsh management were able to share and learn from one another to develop the best available restoration methods for on-the-ground projects that address multiple benefits. By including mosquito control agencies, restoration practitioners, regulatory agencies, academic researchers, and conservation organizations in the learning exchange, we developed an understanding and acceptance of different approaches. Regulators learned about project ideas and contributed to project designs in early development stages. Collaborating while engaged in on-the ground projects enabled participants to implement lessons learned in real time. Field trips to restoration sites at different stages of development allowed a greater and more fluid exchange of ideas and practical implementation advice. Practitioners leveraged resources and developed new collaborations. Lessons learned and shared through this faster and more flexible forum will inform the design, implementation, and monitoring of restoration projects across the region and improve overall marsh health and resilience in the face of climate change. Learning exchanges like this should be used more frequently to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of coastal restoration particularly when there is a windfall of cash and a short window of opportunity such as with post-disaster federal spending.
Psychische Verletzungen durch organisationale Veränderungen – ein Gestalt-Coaching-Ansatz
Authors: Bachmann Thomas
Published: October 2021

Kränkungserleben durch organisationale Veränderungen hat oft tiefe Auswirkungen auf das Selbstvertrauen. Eine mögliche Hypothese besteht darin, dass in Organisationen Entscheidungen für Individuen oft irrational und willkürlich erscheinen. Führungskräfte reagieren in dieser Situation oft mit Kontaktabbruch, was als extreme Form der Kontaktregulation angesehen werden kann. Coaching mit gekränkten und frustrierten Führungskräften stellt eine Herausforderung dar: Für den Klienten kann es ein sehr emotionaler und tiefgreifender und für den Coach ein anspruchsvoller und langwieriger Prozess werden, bis sich Erfolge einstellen. In diesem Artikel wird ein Gestalt-Ansatz für den Umgang mit gekränkten Klienten vorgeschlagen, der sich am Kontaktzyklus aus der Gestalttherapie orientiert.
In vitro propagation, lactucin quantification, and antibacterial activity of Indian lettuce (Lactuca indica L.)
Authors: Oliya Bal Kumari , Kim Moon Young , Lee Suk-Ha
Published: October 2021

Lactuca indica L. (Asteraceae), a wild lettuce, is used as a vegetable and in traditional medicine. This study aims to establish in vitro propagation protocol and evaluate lactucin and antibacterial property from in vitro and natural plant tissues. Leaf blades and petioles were cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.2 mg L–1 indoleacetic acid (IAA). Leaf petioles and a lower BAP concentration (0.5 mg L–1) were optimal for direct shoot induction, while the leaf blade and a higher BAP (4 mg L–1) concentration performed best for callus induction. When the callus was subcultured, 98.7% of samples regenerated plants on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L–1 BAP and 0.5 mg L–1 IAA. MS medium containing 1 mg L–1 IAA was best for in vitro rooting. A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the in vitro samples revealed a higher amount of lactucin (sesquiterpene lactones) in the root than the callus and the leaf, whereas in naturally grown plants, higher lactucin amounts were obtained from the juvenile root followed by the root of the flowering plant and juvenile leaf as the lowest concentration. All tissue extracts showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas fuscovaginae (a rice pathogen) and Escherichia coli, which was directly proportional to amount of lactucin produced. This in vitro regeneration and phytochemical investigation will facilitate the further exploitation of this useful wild plant.
The Interplay Between the Early Work and Family Trajectories of Young Adult Women Born in West Germany: Differences by Parental Origins
Authors: Samper Mejia Cristina
Published: October 2021

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), this paper employs sequence analysis to identify “typical” early (observation window limited to ages 15 to 30) employment and family formation trajectories among female second-generation migrants in Germany. For the employment domain of the life course, four types of employment trajectories were identified according to their modal states: “long education,” “full-time employment,” “part-time employment,” and “non-employment.” For the family domain of the life course, three types of family trajectories were identified: “postponement of family formation,” “early family formation,” and “early single motherhood.” For the analysis on cluster affiliation, a multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate how parental origin relates to jointly determined employment and family trajectories. As expected, the descriptive results showed that trajectories of low labor market participation are highly related to trajectories of early family formation. The categorization by parental origins shows that there were few differences in the trajectories of most native and G2 women groups. One pattern that stood out was that compared to other origin groups, G2 women of Turkish parental origin were more likely to be on an early family formation path, and they were more likely to be on a path with multiple non-employment spells. In the modeling strategy, the remaining differences in the women’s patterns were partially explained by the differences in their socioeconomic backgrounds (compulsory school track and the father’s professional degree) and their maternal employment role models (the mother’s employment when the woman was age 15).
Intelligent Analysis of Abnormal Vehicle Behavior Based on a Digital Twin
Authors: Li Lin , Hu Zeyu , Yang Xubo
Published: October 2021

Analyzing a vehicle’s abnormal behavior in surveillance videos is a challenging field, mainly due to the wide variety of anomaly cases and the complexity of surveillance videos. In this study, a novel intelligent vehicle behavior analysis framework based on a digital twin is proposed. First, detecting vehicles based on deep learning is implemented, and Kalman filtering and feature matching are used to track vehicles. Subsequently, the tracked vehicle is mapped to a digital-twin virtual scene developed in the Unity game engine, and each vehicle’s behavior is tested according to the customized detection conditions set up in the scene. The stored behavior data can be used to reconstruct the scene again in Unity for a secondary analysis. The experimental results using real videos from traffic cameras illustrate that the detection rate of the proposed framework is close to that of the state-of-the-art abnormal event detection systems. In addition, the implementation and analysis process show the usability, generalization, and effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Using Delay-Based Spacing Policy: A Robust Adaptive Non-Singular Terminal Sliding Mode Approach
Authors: Wang Weiyang , Cui Ke , Gu Lizhong , Lü Xinjun
Published: October 2021

This study proposes two speed controllers based on a robust adaptive non-singular terminal sliding mode control approach for the cooperative adaptive cruise control problem in a connected and automated vehicular platoon. The delay-based spacing policy is adopted to guarantee that all vehicles in the platoon track the same target velocity profile at the same position while maintaining a predefined time gap. Factors such as nonlinear vehicle longitudinal dynamics, engine dynamics with time delay, undulating road profiles, parameter uncertainties, and external disturbances are considered in the system modeling and controller design. Different control objectives are assigned to the leading and following vehicles. Then, controllers consisting of a sliding mode controller with parameter adaptive laws based on the ego vehicle’s state deviation and linear coupled state errors, and a Smith predictor for time delay compensation are designed. Both inner stability and strong string stability are guaranteed in the case of nonlinear sliding manifolds. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed controllers and the benefits of 44.73% shorter stabilization time, 11.20% less speed overshoot, and virtually zero steady-state inner vehicle distance deviation are illustrated in a simulation study of a seven-vehicle platoon cooperative adaptive cruise control and comparison experiments with a coupled sliding mode control approach.
The influence of a rocking-motion device built into classic cross-country roller-ski bindings on biomechanical, physiological and performance outcomes
Authors: Parry Henry , Buskqvist Alfred , Erlandsson Petter , Öhrman Christian , Lindblom Hampus , Ohlsson Marie , McGawley Kerry
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to determine whether the recently developed Flow Motion Technology®roller-ski prototype could improve indicators of performance during sub-maximal and maximal cross-country roller skiing. Thirteen national and international cross-country skiers completed 2 experimental trials: 1 with Flow Motion Technology®activated, allowing a rocking motion between the foot and ski binding, and 1 with the foot fixed in a traditional manner. Each trial included 2 sub-maximal bouts using the diagonal-stride and double-poling sub-techniques, as well as a double-poling maximal velocity test and a diagonal-stride 6-min time trial. There were no differences in performance between Flow Motion Technology®and traditional roller skiing during the maximal velocity test or the time trial. However, reductions in mean plantar force during sub-maximal diagonal stride (p = 0.011) and ankle range of motion during sub-maximal (p = 0.010) and maximal (p = 0.041) diagonal stride were observed with Flow Motion Technology®versus traditional roller skiing. This, together with a reduced minimum horizontal distance of the hips in front of the ankles during sub-maximal double poling (p = 0.001), indicated impaired technique with Flow Motion Technology®, which may have contributed to the trend for reduced gross efficiency during double poling with Flow Motion Technology®(pη2 = 0.214). Significant physiological differences included a reduced sub-maximal double poling respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.03) and a greater maximal heart rate during the time trial (p = 0.014) with Flow Motion Technology®. We conclude that the application of Flow Motion Technology®requires further examination before use in training and competition.
Shared traditions and shard conservatism: pottery making at the Chalcolithic site of Radovanu (Romania)
Authors: Koutouvaki E. , Amicone S. , Kristew A. , Ștefan C. E. , Berthold C.
Published: October 2021

This work investigates the technology of pottery production at the Chalcolithic site of Radovanu-La Muscalu (first half of the fifth millennium BCE), in southern Romania. The excavation of this settlement yielded a rich and well-contextualised archaeological assemblage that represents the last phases of development of Boian material culture, a Chalcolithic phenomenon that spread throughout the lower Danube area at the end of the sixth millennium BCE and the first half of fifth millennium BCE. To carry out this investigation, a total of forty-nine ceramic samples, representative of the different pottery types and chronological horizons attested at this site, together with geological samples collected around Radovanu, were selected. These were analysed using a multi-pronged scientific approach including ceramic petrography, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. This interdisciplinary study elucidates different aspects of the local pottery production and indicates that ceramics at Radovanu were manufactured according to a conservative tradition that consistently made use of grog tempering throughout all phases in which this settlement was inhabited. The results also show that at Radovanu, regional technological traits coexisted with elements that were widely applied in the Balkan region at that time, such as graphite-painted decoration. This investigation together with the identification of potential non-local productions well illustrates the complex interrelationships between the Boian phenomenon and the neighbouring material cultures in the Balkans.
Improving prediction of students’ performance in intelligent tutoring systems using attribute selection and ensembles of different multimodal data sources
Authors: Chango Wilson , Cerezo Rebeca , Sanchez-Santillan Miguel , Azevedo Roger , Romero Cristóbal
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to predict university students’ learning performance using different sources of performance and multimodal data from an Intelligent Tutoring System. We collected and preprocessed data from 40 students from different multimodal sources: learning strategies from system logs, emotions from videos of facial expressions, allocation and fixations of attention from eye tracking, and performance on posttests of domain knowledge. Our objective was to test whether the prediction could be improved by using attribute selection and classification ensembles. We carried out three experiments by applying six classification algorithms to numerical and discretized preprocessed multimodal data. The results show that the best predictions were produced using ensembles and selecting the best attributes approach with numerical data.
Numerical simulation of flooding induced uplift for abandoned coal mines: simulation schemes and parameter sensitivity
Authors: Zhao Jian , Konietzky Heinz , Herbst Martin , Morgenstern Roy
Published: October 2021

Numerical simulation approaches have been widely applied to study mining induced subsidence, and they are potential methods to study the flooding induced uplift for abandoned mines. This paper gives an overview about different numerical approaches to simulate uplift induced by flooding abandoned underground mines, including three different hydraulic conditions, considering both unconfined and confined water conditions. Four basic simulation schemes using 1-dimensional rock column models verified by analytical solutions demonstrate these procedures. The results reveal that flooding induced uplift is mainly related to the pore pressure in the mine goaf. The parameter study documents that height and stiffness of the mine goaf have the strongest influence on maximum surface uplift.
The Politics and Poetics of Cicero's Brutus
Authors: van den Berg Christopher S.
Published: October 2021

Cicero's Brutus (46 BCE), a tour-de-force of intellectual and political history, was written amidst political crisis: Caesar's defeat of the republican resistance at the battle of Thapsus. This magisterial example of the dialogue genre capaciously documents the intellectual vibrancy of the Roman Republic and its Greco-Roman traditions. This book is the first study of the work from several distinct yet interrelated perspectives: Cicero's account of oratorical history, the confrontation with Caesar, and the exploration of what it means to write a history of an artistic practice. Close readings of this dialogue-including its apparent contradictions and tendentious fabrications-reveal a crucial and crucially productive moment in Greco-Roman thought. Cicero, this book argues, created the first nuanced, sophisticated, and ultimately 'modern' literary history, crafting both a compelling justification of Rome's oratorical traditions and also laying a foundation for literary historiography that abides to this day.
Community Landscapes, Identity, and Practice: Ancestral Pueblos of the Lion Mountain Area, Central New Mexico, USA
Authors: Eckert Suzanne L. , Huntley Deborah L.
Published: October 2021

Landscape archaeology has been widely used as a framework for understanding the myriad ways in which people lived in their natural and built environments. In this study, we use systematic survey data in conjunction with ceramic chronology building to explore how residents of the Lion Mountain area in Central New Mexico created and sustained community landscapes over time as memories and stories became linked with specific places. We combine practice theory with the concept of social memory to show that these residents used their community landscape to both maintain and transform community identity over multiple generations. To strengthen our argument, we use a dual temporal approach, considering our data both by “looking back” and “looking forward” in time relative to the residents living on the landscape. Ultimately, we argue that residents of the Lion Mountain Community lived and died within a community landscape of their making. This community landscape, which was maintained and transformed through collective memory, included significant landmarks and entailed participation in specific networks, helping to reinforce community identity over time.
Multidisciplinary design optimisation of a fully electric regional aircraft wing with active flow control technology
Authors: Mosca V. , Karpuk S. , Sudhi A. , Badrya C. , Elham A.
Published: October 2021

The German research Cluster of Excellence SE2A (Sustainable and Energy Efficient Aviation) is investigating different technologies to be implemented in the following decades, to achieve more efficient air transportation. This paper studies the Hybrid Laminar Flow Control (HLFC) using boundary layer suction for drag reduction, combined with other technologies for load and structural weight reduction and a novel full-electric propulsion system. A multidisciplinary design optimisation framework is presented, enabling physics-based analysis and optimisation of a fully electric aircraft wing equipped with HLFC technologies and load alleviation, and new structures and materials. The main focus is on simulation and optimisation of the boundary layer suction and its influence on wing design and optimisation. A quasi three-dimensional aerodynamic analysis is used for drag estimation of the wing. The tool executes the aerofoil analysis using XFOILSUC, which provides accurate drag estimation through boundary layer suction. The optimisation is based on a genetic algorithm for maximum take-off weight (MTOW) minimisation. The optimisation results show that the active flow control applied on the optimised geometry results in more than 45% reduction in aircraft drag coefficient, compared to the same geometry without HLFC technology. The power absorbed for the HLFC suction system implies a battery mass variation lower than 2%, considering the designed range as top-level requirement (TLR).
Progress in interlaminar toughening of aerospace polymer composites using particles and non-woven veils
Authors: İnal O. , Katnam K.B. , Potluri P. , Soutis C.
Published: October 2021

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites generally have a layered architecture and are commonly manufactured with thermosetting resins—making them susceptible to interlaminar fracture (i.e. delamination), which is often a major concern in structurally critical applications. As a result, various approaches have been explored to enhance interlaminar fracture resistance. This review focuses on third-phase toughener inclusions, which offer opportunities to create damage resistant and damage tolerant structures without significantly adding weight or reducing in-plane mechanical properties. These toughener inclusions, typically introduced in the interlaminar regions, are divided into two categories herein: particle fillers and non-woven fibre veils. The advantages and limitations of both types are discussed, and the potential of the two approaches is evaluated using published data, aiming to provide an overview of the current understanding and challenges in designing and manufacturing safe and reliable composite structures.
Flight Characteristics with Different Supercooled Large Droplet Ice Configurations
Authors: Deiler C.
Published: October 2021

An evaluation of the effects of different ice configurations on the flight characteristics of a fixed-wing aircraft is presented. Within a joint research project of German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Brazilian aircraft manufacturer Embraer simulation models of three supercooled large droplet (SLD) ice configurations were developed for one Phenom 300 prototype. A specific flight test campaign with artificial SLD ice shapes on the aircraft was conducted to gather the relevant flight data. The simulation models for the different ice configuration were obtained by system identification, and specific results for the SLD-ice simulation models are provided. The analysis of aircraft characteristics was based on the results of these high-quality simulation models: the icing-induced changes of the flight performance characteristics evaluated by the interpretation of several parameters like thrust-to-weight ratio and specific excess power. The typical flight performance degradation was found for all ice configurations with different magnitude. The change of aircraft eigenmodes was investigated in detail by analysing the system matrix of the linearised models at a specific trim points. In addition, the diverse effects found for different ice configurations (App. C and SLD) are discussed and the change of root locus is analysed. Furthermore, ice-induced changes of the handling qualities are evaluated using numerical criteria of flying qualities standard “MIL-STD-1797 A”: no significant deterioration was found for the investigated ice configurations.
Presence and activities of clinical research coordinators at Italian Health Care Institutions: A national cross-sectional survey
Authors: Caminiti Caterina , Maglietta Giuseppe , Frau Ileana , Peruzzotti Giulia , Felisi Mariagrazia , van Dijk Antoinette
Published: October 2021

Background:

Clinical Research Coordinators (CRCs) are key members of research teams who ensure rigorous conduction of clinical studies and quality standard compliance. Yet, their roles and responsibilities are still not well defined, and formal recognition of their professional profile is lacking in Italy. This survey of Italian healthcare institutions collected data on centers’ research activities number of CRCs and tasks they performed and explored factors associated with CRC employment.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study using a brief questionnaire. Data were analyzed by means of graphical representations, histogram, scatter, and polar plots. Multivariable linear regression was specified to test the association between the number of CRCs and a subset of factors.

Results:

Data collection took place from February to December 2020. 62/143 institutions (43.4%) responded. Median number of ongoing studies reported by centers was 65 (IQR 29–205); of these, median of sponsored and interventional studies was 32 and 35, respectively. Median number of CRCs employed at each center was 6 (IQR 2–9). The frequency with which activities were reported to be performed by CRCs overlapped with those of Data Managers. Linear multivariable regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the number of employed CRCs and the number of sponsored studies (P= 0.01), but not with the total number of studies, geographical location, or institution type.

Conclusions:

The association between industry funding and the number of CRCs observed in this study should be further explored to understand the direction of this relationship and to verify whether this may influence compliance with quality standards.
Hospital outbreak of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) delta variant in partially and fully vaccinated patients and healthcare workers in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Susky Erica K. , Hota Susy , Armstrong Irene E. , Mazzulli Tony , Kestenberg Shaindel , Casaubon Leanne K. , Granton John , Rebelo Carly , Bartels Erika , Wrana Jeff , Vaisman Alon
Published: October 2021

The severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) delta variant is highly transmissible, and current vaccines may have reduced effectiveness in preventing symptomatic infection. Using epidemiological and genomic analyses, we investigated an outbreak of the variant in an acute-care setting among partially and fully vaccinated individuals. Effective outbreak control was achieved using standard measures.
Genetic connectivity of trypanosomes between tsetse-infested and tsetse-free areas of Kenya
Authors: Kimenyi Naomi N. , Kimenyi Kelvin M. , Amugune Nelson O. , Getahun Merid N.
Published: October 2021

The prevalence rates of trypanosomes, including those that require cyclical transmission by tsetse flies, are widely distributed in Africa. Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense are actively maintained in regions where there are no tsetse flies although at low frequencies. Whether this could be due to an independent evolutionary origin or multiple introduction of trypanosomes due to continuous movement of livestock between tsetse-free and -infested areas is not known. Thus, the aim of the study was to carry out microsatellite genotyping to explore intra-specific genetic diversity between T. (Trypanozoon), T. congolense and Trypanosoma vivax from the two regions: tsetse infested and tsetse free. Microsatellite genotyping showed geographical origin-based structuring among T. (Trypanozoon) isolates. There was a clear separation between isolates from the two regions signalling the potential of microsatellite markers as diagnostic markers for T. brucei and Trypanosoma evansi isolates. Trypanosoma vivax isolates also clustered largely based on the sampling location with a significant differentiation between the two locations. However, our results revealed that T. congolense isolates from Northern Kenya are not genetically separated from those from Coastal Kenya. Therefore, these isolates are likely introduced in the region through animal movement. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of both genetic connectivity as well as independent evolutionary origin, depending on the trypanosome species between the two ecologies.
Lurking in the water: testing eDNA metabarcoding as a tool for ecosystem-wide parasite detection
Authors: Thomas Leighton J. , Milotic Marin , Vaux Felix , Poulin Robert
Published: October 2021

In the light of global biodiversity change and emerging disease, there is an urgent need to establish efficient monitoring programmes of parasites in aquatic ecosystems. However, parasite identification is time-consuming, requires a high degree of taxonomic expertize and in general requires lethal sampling. The use of environmental DNA methodology to identify parasites has the potential to circumvent these limitations. This study evaluates the use of eDNA metabarcoding to detect the presence of all species of nematode and platyhelminth parasites in two New Zealand lakes. We developed two novel metabarcoding primer pairs targeting a region of cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) specific to platyhelminths and nematodes. We successfully detected parasite DNA in both lakes. Platyhelminth DNA yield was in general greater than nematode DNA yield. This most likely results from the larger biomass of the former quantified using traditional methods, or the presence of free-swimming life stages in the life cycle of many platyhelminths. By using eDNA, we did not detect all expected parasite families revealed through traditional methods, likely due to a lack of sequencing data available from public databases such as GenBank. As such, genetic resources need to include full reference sequences if parasitology is to truly harness eDNA to characterize and monitor parasite biodiversity in natural systems.
First report ofOvipleistophora ovariaeandO. diplostomuriin China provides new insights into the intraspecific genetic variation and extends their distribution
Authors: Weng Meiqi , Xie Derong , Zhang Qianqian , Li Aihua , Zhang Jinyong
Published: October 2021

Microsporidia of the genusOvipleistophoraare generally parasites of fishes and aquatic crustaceans. In the current study,Ovipleistophora diplostomuriandO. ovariaewere firstly reported fromCulter alburnusandXenocypris argenteaandParabramis pekinensis, respectively. Both of them exclusively infected fish ovary and were morphologically, ultrastructurally and genetically characterized. Sporogony occurred in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm and sporophorous vesicles were not observed for the new isolates of these twoOvipleistophoraspecies. Spores ofO. ovariaewere for the first time observed to be dimorphic. Genetic analysis indicated that the genetic variation in the ITS and LSU sequences was distinct among between-hostO. diplostomuriisolates. High sequence variation in ITS sequence suggests that it can be a reliable molecular marker to explore the population genetics ofO. diplostomuri. This is the first report of these twoOvipleistophoraspecies in China which extends their host and geographical range.
Diversity and dynamics in larval digenean assemblages parasitizingHeleobia parchappiiin a freshwater shallow lake from the Southeastern Pampa plain, Argentina
Authors: Campanini Florencia Paz , Merlo Matías Javier , Méndez Casariego María Agustina , Parietti Manuela
Published: October 2021

Digeneans have important roles within ecosystems; however, it is estimated that only 14% of the species have been described. Therefore, before being able to detail their role, digenean species’ identification and the diversity present in the ecosystems must be known. In this study, the diversity and the temporal-spatial dynamics of larval digeneans in the freshwater snailHeleobia parchappiiwere analysed in a shallow lake. Specimens ofH. parchappiiwere collected seasonally at three points during one year and a total of 2871 molluscs were analysed. A total of 23 species of digenea were registered and both the overall prevalence and the composition of the assemblages presented temporal and spatial variations, responding to the differential environmental conditions characteristics (anthropic effect, presence of native forests, and differential use of the habitat by the definitive hosts) of three sampled sites. The assemblages of larval digenean in their first intermediate host support the idea that this area is of great importance in biodiversity, and could be endemic areas of some species of digenean that use reptiles, amphibians and bats as hosts, groups that are at risk of conservation. Protection of these environments is a fundamental pillar in the policies for the conservation of wild flora and fauna.
Resistance to territorial and maritime delimitation judgments of the International Court of Justice and clashes with ‘territory clauses’ in the Constitutions of Latin American states
Authors: Arévalo Ramírez Walter
Published: October 2021

This article analyses the growing resistance to judgments of the International Court of Justice arising out of domestic law in Latin America, through a study of challenges to the authority of the Court’s judgments regarding territorial and maritime delimitation in the region. These challenges are based upon the ‘territory clauses’ found in many Latin American constitutions, which were used to set national boundaries following colonial independence. Territory clauses that once developed international law doctrines such as uti possidetis iuris are now being used against prevailing international law rules, in a process described in this article as ‘constitutional resistance’.

This article explains the nature of ‘territory clauses’ in Latin America, i.e., clauses that constitutionally define the national territory in reference to international law. It then describes the process of ‘constitutional resistance’, by which local authorities have used these clauses to oppose ICJ judgments, leading to various results, such as non-appearance in further proceedings, constitutionalizing exclusively favourable judgments, deferring the implementation of a judgment to the Constitutional Court or implementing only certain ICJ judgments, while creating legal barriers to the implementation of judgments that, in the State’s view, negatively affect their territory.

These challenges based on territory clauses are studied through prominent ICJ cases involving Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Colombia. The article also explores how the lack of a strong territory clause eased the implementation of the Peru v. Chile judgment, and how the recent non-appearance of Venezuela in its current ICJ proceedings with Guyana, is partly based on constitutional justifications.
Investigating Barotropic Zonal Flow in Jupiter's Deep Atmosphere Using Juno Gravitational Data
Authors: Kulowski Laura , Cao Hao , Yadav Rakesh K. , Bloxham Jeremy
Published: October 2021

The high‐precision Juno gravitational measurements allow us to infer the structure of Jupiter's deep atmospheric zonal flow. Since this inference is nonunique, it is important to explore the space of possible solutions. In this study, we consider a model in which Jupiter's deep atmospheric zonal flow is barotropic, or invariant along the direction of the rotation axis, until it is truncated at depth by some dynamical process (e.g., Reynolds stress, Lorentz or viscous force). We calculate the density perturbation produced by the z‐invariant part of the flow using the thermal wind equation and compare the associated odd zonal gravitational harmonics (J3, J5, J7, J9) to the Juno‐derived values. Most of the antisymmetric gravitational signal measured by Juno can be explained by extending observed winds between 20.9°S and 26.4°N to depths of km. Because the small‐scale features of the midlatitude/high‐latitude zonal flow may not persist to depth, we allow the zonal flow in this region to differ from the observed surface winds. We find that the Juno odd zonal gravitational harmonics can be fully explained by km deep barotropic zonal flows involving the observed winds between 20.9°S−26.4°N and a few broad midlatitude/high‐latitude jets.
P‐Wave Tomography for 3‐D Radial and Azimuthal Anisotropy Beneath Greenland and Surrounding Regions
Authors: Toyokuni Genti , Zhao Dapeng
Published: October 2021

We present the first 3‐D images of P‐wave radial anisotropy (RAN) and azimuthal anisotropy (AAN) down to 750‐km depth beneath Greenland and surrounding regions. Three P‐wave velocity models (isotropic, RAN, and AAN) are determined by applying a regional tomographic method to simultaneously invert P wave arrival times of 1,309 local events and P wave relative traveltime residuals of 7,202 teleseismic events, which were recorded mainly by the latest GLISN network. A high‐velocity body located beneath northeast Greenland (NEG) exhibits a strong negative RAN and a strong AAN with N‐S to NE‐SW oriented fast‐velocity directions (FVDs). The FVDs are generally consistent with the direction of the fold axis of the Caledonian fold belt, which outcrops in NEG. Beneath the Iceland, Jan Mayen, and Svalbard hotspots, a strong positive RAN and a negligible or weak AAN are revealed, which may reflect effects of upwelling mantle plumes. Among the three hotspots, a weak AAN with a constant FVD is only revealed beneath Iceland, which may reflect the existence of background mantle flow. The RAN and AAN features beneath the Labrador Sea, Davis Strait, and Baffin Bay suggest the following scenario on breakup between Greenland and Canada: the breakup was initiated at the Labrador Sea due to local mantle upwelling, but the northward propagation of the breakup was blocked by a strong high‐velocity anomaly beneath Davis Strait; the opening of Baffin Bay might be caused passively by far‐field plate forces.
An Eye in the Sky Tracks Air Pollution Inequality in U.S. Cities
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: October 2021

A new study uses its data to show that diesel traffic is the largest source of pollution inequality across racial and economic divides
Oceanic Harbingers of Pacific Decadal Oscillation Predictability in CESM2 Detected by Neural Networks
Authors: Gordon Emily M. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Hurrell James W.
Published: October 2021

Predicting Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) transitions and understanding the associated mechanisms has proven a critical but challenging task in climate science. As a form of decadal variability, the PDO is associated with both large‐scale climate shifts and regional climate predictability. We show that artificial neural networks (ANNs) predict PDO persistence and transitions with lead times of 12 months onward. Using layer‐wise relevance propagation to investigate the ANN predictions, we demonstrate that the ANNs utilize oceanic patterns that have been previously linked to predictable PDO behavior. For PDO transitions, ANNs recognize a build‐up of ocean heat content in the off‐equatorial western Pacific 12–27 months before a transition occurs. The results support the continued use of ANNs in climate studies where explainability tools can assist in mechanistic understanding of the climate system.
Diurnal Variation of Overshooting Tops in Typhoons Detected by Himawari‐8 Satellite
Authors: Sun Liangxiao , Tang Xiaodong , Zhuge Xiaoyong , Tan Zhe‐Min , Fang Juan
Published: October 2021

Overshooting top (OT), a proxy for deep convection with an intense updraft that can penetrate the tropopause, has an important influence on typhoon intensification. Using 9003 Himawari‐8 satellite images and a unique OT detection algorithm, the diurnal variation of OTs within 45 western North Pacific typhoons were analyzed. We examined the distribution of OTs in different types of typhoons in terms of both intensity and intensity change and the relationship between the OTs and typhoon intensification on a diurnal scale. Our results show that a greater OT density (OTD) occurs in strong typhoons and rapid intensification (RI) typhoons. Moreover, RI typhoons showed greater diurnal variation than non‐RI typhoons. The diurnal cycle of OTD in RI typhoons was in phase with the intensification of the typhoon, with the maximum in the early morning. Therefore, OTD can become a potentially effective indicator to estimate diurnal changes in typhoon intensity.
Jupiter's Temperate Belt/Zone Contrasts Revealed at Depth by Juno Microwave Observations
Authors: Fletcher L. N. , Oyafuso F. A. , Allison M. , Ingersoll A. , Li L. , Kaspi Y. , Galanti E. , Wong M. H. , Orton G. S. , Duer K. , Zhang Z. , Li C. , Guillot T. , Levin S. M. , Bolton S.
Published: October 2021

Juno microwave radiometer (MWR) observations of Jupiter's midlatitudes reveal a strong correlation between brightness temperature contrasts and zonal winds, confirming that the banded structure extends throughout the troposphere. However, the microwave brightness gradient is observed to change sign with depth: the belts are microwave‐bright in the bar range and microwave‐dark in the bar range. The transition level (which we call the “jovicline”) is evident in the MWR 11.5 cm channel, which samples the 5–14 bar range when using the limb‐darkening at all emission angles. The transition is located between 4 and 10 bars, and implies that belts change with depth from being ‐depleted to ‐enriched, or from physically warm to physically cool, or more likely a combination of both. The change in character occurs near the statically stable layer associated with water condensation. The implications of the transition are discussed in terms of ammonia redistribution via meridional circulation cells with opposing flows above and below the water condensation layer, and in terms of the “mushball” precipitation model, which predicts steeper vertical ammonia gradients in the belts versus the zones. We show via the moist thermal wind equation that both the temperature and ammonia interpretations can lead to vertical shear on the zonal winds, but the shear is weaker if only gradients are considered. Conversely, if MWR observations are associated with kinetic temperature gradients then it would produce zonal winds that increase in strength down to the “jovicline”, consistent with Galileo probe measurements; then decay slowly at higher pressures.