bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dentition of Bedouin in Israel. II. Morphology
Authors: Rosenzweig Kurt A. , Zilberman Yerucham
Published: February 2006

Plaster casts of the dentition of 137 Bedouin, mostly members of the Abu Rabiya tribe in the Negev desert, were subjected to odontometric and morphologic analysis. They show a marked sexual dimorphism, very strongly developed maxillary and mandibular first molars and much reduced second molars. They exhibit the characteristics of middle‐eastern populations with a rather weak expression of the shovel trait, upper premolars with relatively short BL diameters, a high prevalence of Carabelli's complex on the first maxillary molar and virtually complete absence of the protostylid. In general, the Bedouin have larger teeth than three other ethnic groups living in Israel whose dentitions have been recently investigated. Further similarities and differences are discussed.
Color blindness among Aymara in Chile
Authors: Cruz‐Coke R. , Barrera R.
Published: February 2006

Nine color blind subjects were discovered in a survey of 140 Aymaras of Arica, Chile, using as screening test a portable Anomaloscope, Ishihara tables and Hardy‐Rand‐Ritter plates. Pseudosisochromatic test failed on detecting four anomalous trichromates. Seven color blind subjects revealed foreign ancestors. Also a different prevalence of defectives among subsamples was observed. Thus color blindness variability within the sample could be explained by gene flow. It is proposed to use anomaloscopes as a screening device in order to survey with accuracy color vision genes in human populations.
Human paleopathology and some diseases in living primitive societies: A review of the recent literature
Authors: Goldstein Marcus S.
Published: February 2006

The paper reviews publications in human paleopathology since about 1960, especially with regard to the implications of disease in man's evolution. Recent publications pertaining to pathology and illness in present day “primitive” societies that might be analogous to conditions prevailing in the past, are also noted.
The use of multivariate techniques in the study of skeletal populations
Authors: Howells W. W.
Published: February 2006

A major problem in taxonomic or evolutionary studies (micro or macro) of populations through their skeletal remains is what to do about single specimens, or samples of half a dozen, or fragments of skeletons. Multivariate analysis makes possible finer distinctions of all sorts than does univariate analysis, including sex and population assignment, allowing such placement objectively when adequate samples of identified populations are available to form the multivariate context.

The history and essential nature of multivariate analysis is described briefly, and examples of its application to single specimens (the Fish Hoek and Keilor skulls) are given.
Colonial gravestones and demography
Authors: Dethlefsen Edwin S.
Published: February 2006

This paper discusses in a general way the range and use of demographic data that are, or may be, retrieved from colonial New England gravestones. In particular it examines some limitations of the usefulness of these data. The uses of gravestone data are also discussed in conjunction with those of published vital records and of early census figures. An optimistic view is expressed of the feasability of using such data in bridging the “credibility gap” between paleo and modern demography, with particular reference to possible studies of average age at death and of population composition and change.
Approaches to the study of developmental variability in human skeletal populations
Authors: Johnston Francis E.
Published: February 2006

The study of osteological remains of human populations has moved, in recent years, towards an orientation more in keeping with other developments in the field of human biology. However, many investigators continue to ignore the skeletons of the immature members of their samples, despite the wide range of information offered by the study of developmental patterns. These patterns include linear and proportional growth as well as those which permit studies of the rate of maturation, a parameter useful in many ways. The dynamics of the compact bone layers of long bones permit one to make certain nutritional and epidemiological inferences and afford an approach which extends beyond the traditional “growing years” into adulthood and eventual senescence. The analysis of growth patterns can add increased meaning to human biological variability in archaeological contexts if applied prudently and with a knowledge of developmental processes in the living.
Paleodemography and evolution
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence
Published: February 2006

Data on porotic hyperostosis (usually from thalassemia or sicklemia) and on morphology as related to differential survival and fertility in Early Neolithic Nea Nikomedeia (N over 90) and Middle Bronze Age Lerna (N = 234) show (a) the importance of disease, mainly falciparum malaria, in determining fertility, (b) the irregular fit between prediction from fertile family groups and observed prehistoric microevolutionary change in Greece, (c) the probable effects of nutrition and disease.
Nutritional stress and growth: Sex difference in adaptive response
Authors: Stini W. A.
Published: February 2006

Most of the residents of Heliconia, Colombia, live in a continual state of malnutrition characterized by a lack of protein and an excess of carbohydrate in the diet. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are frequently observed when such dietary imbalances occur. These conditions are seen in Heliconia, but even when the recognized symptoms of clinical malnutrition are absent, there are long‐term morphological changes associated with protein deficiency.

In the present study, interest is centered on the relative effects of protein deficiency on the skeletal maturation of apparently healthy boys and girls. Incidental comparisons of clinically‐diagnosed Kwashiorkor and Marasmus patients with each other and with non‐affected controls are also made. It is seen that skeletal maturation in early life is delayed in almost all Heliconia children when compared to U.S. standards. Female controls appear to experience a form of catch‐up growth beginning in the preadolescent period, while male controls appear more severely retarded throughout adolescence. The result is a reduction in stature most pronounced in boys and a concomitant reduction in sexual dimorphism for overall body size. The Kwashiorkor‐ and Marasmus‐affected children show a more severe retardation of skeletal growth with no significant sex difference in their response.
Digital ridge‐counts of Efe pygmies
Authors: Glanville Edward V.
Published: February 2006

The mean total digital ridge‐counts among a sample of Efe of the Ituri forest is 96.4 in males (n = 153) and 96.6 in females (n = 54). These are the lowest values yet recorded and probably represent the lower extreme in the spectrum of ridge‐counts of non‐pathological populations.
A note on the distribution of middle phalangeal hair among Tibetans
Authors: Tiwari S. C. , Bhasin M. K.
Published: February 2006

In the present paper the frequencies of individuals without middle phalangeal hair was found as 55.75% in the Tibetan males and 68.61% in females. Sex differences were noticed in the present sample. Populations of Mongoloid affinity seems to have a marked increase in the frequency of individuals without phalangeal hair and the present Tibetan sample reflects this tendency.
The Seminole Indians of Oklahoma: Morphology and serology
Authors: Pollttzer W. S. , Namboodiri K. K. , Elston R. C. , Brown W. H. , Leyshon W. C.
Published: February 2006

Two hundred and sixty‐three Indians aged six and above were studied in Oklahoma for blood types, hemoglobin types, and physical traits; 53% were Seminoles and the remainder were admixed with Creek or other populations. The results indicate that they resemble the Florida Seminoles in most of their serologic traits. In physical traits they are comparable to the group studied by Krogman two decades ago. Compared with the Florida Seminoles, the Oklahoma sample are slightly taller and heavier, significantly lighter in skin color, and have a lower incidence of sickle cell gene. By both serology and morphology the Oklahoma group are most similar to Florida Seminoles, slightly less similar to other Indian groups, and still less to White and Negro populations. The Oklahoma sample of women showed a non‐significantly greater fertility than those of Florida. Some indication of positive assortative mating for skin color was found in both groups.
Correlations between rates of epiphyseal and diaphyseal elongation in the short bones of the hand
Authors: Roche A. F. , Hermann R. F. , Davila G. H.
Published: February 2006

Serial annual radiographs of the hand have been used to analyze the rates of elongation of the epiphyses and diaphyses of the metacarpals and phalanges in children at ages from 3 to 13 years. The rates of elongation for many corresponding ephiphyses and diaphyses (i.e., of the same bone) are negatively correlated but to an extent that is not statistically significant for any particular bone. This tendency toward negative correlations is found for most of these bones although the correlation coefficients for most of the metacarpals are positive in each sex. Within rays, the correlation indices between the rates of elongation for corresponding epiphyses and diaphyses (i.e., of the same bone) have larger negative or smaller positive values than for those between either adjacent and non‐corresponding or non‐adjacent and non‐corresponding epiphyses and diaphyses (i.e., not of the same bone but of either adjacent or non‐adjacent bones). The communality indices for the ratio between the rates of epiphyseal and diaphyseal elongation in particular bones are more highly correlated in the girls than in the boys and within the rows than within the rays. Some implications of the tendency to negative correlations between the rates of elongation of corresponding epiphyses and diaphyses have been discussed.
Hrdlicka revisited (external auditory canal exostoses)
Authors: Gregg John B. , McGrew Robert N.
Published: February 2006

To determine possible matter of opinion as to the existence of exostoses in the outer ear canals of Indian skulls from Dakota as an explanation for the marked difference in incidence of these tumors found by Hrdlicka and by us in previous studies, we have examined skeletal specimens reportedly seen by Hrdlicka, independently, and compared his and our results. The Smithsonian‐Mobridge skulls both in Hrdlicka's and our opinion show definitely more exostoses than are found in other South Dakota Indian skeletal material we have examined. Our results here suggest a 5–6% difference attributable to opinion of the examiner. Reasons for the dissimilarity in frequency of exostoses between the Smithsonian‐Mobridge skulls and other Dakota Indian skeletal collections are advanced.
Hair patterns of the scalp of white and Negro males
Authors: Setty Laurel Raymond
Published: February 2006

Three basic hair patterns of the scalp are recognized. These are totopilose, indentato‐pilose, and indentato‐circulo‐pilose. The indentato‐pilose has the highest incidence in both white and Negro males, and the totopilose is over four times more common in the Negroes than in the whites. The indentato‐pilose has high correlation with the pecto‐sterno‐infraclavicular chest hair pattern in both groups.
Applications of radiodermatography to human and primate studies
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Gall John C.
Published: February 2006

Using 325‐mesh tantalum powder as a contrast medium, it is possible to take high‐resolution “radiodermatographs” of man and infra‐human primates that combine the advantages of postero‐anterior hand radiographs and conventional paper palm‐and‐finger prints. The radiodermatographs are particularly useful in relating creases, triradii and fingertip ridge patterns to differences in the proportions of the carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Iron age skulls from Southern Africa re‐assessed by multiple discriminant analysis
Authors: Rightmire G. P.
Published: February 2006

Multiple discriminant analysis of Bushman, Hottentot and Bantu Negro skulls allows construction of a multidimensional space or statistical framework within which various problematical Iron Age skeletal remains from southern Africa can then be located, and the question of their affinities with the extant groups examined. Comparison of subfossil crania from Zambia, Rhodesia, Botswana and South Africa with the modern population samples in a 27‐variable discriminant analysis reveals the following:

Six skulls from the Iron Age site K2 (Bambandyanalo) and nine tentatively associated with the Leopard's Kopje Iron Age complex of southwestern Rhodesia and Botswana are assigned as Negro, and many are in fact excluded at a 95% probability from being Bushman or Hottentot. Previous descriptions of these, and especially the K2, remains as “proto‐Hottentot,” Hottentot, “large Khoisan” or, most often, as “Bush‐Boskopoid” thus seem unjustified, at least on metrical grounds, and probably true Negroes had crossed the Limpopo into what is now South Africa by 1000 A.D.

Assignments for the Ingombe Ilede (Zambia) skulls and for individuals unearthed in Harare “pot burials” near Salisbury are inconsistent; some of these skulls are almost certainly Negro, whereas others, though not excluded statistically from all Bantu distributions, are better classified as Hottentot. The (more recent?) Kakamas specimens from burials along the Orange River appear to constitute a mixed sample rather than one representative of some homogeneous “true Hottentot” population.

Nearly all of the subfossil remains tested fall within the multivariate ranges of variation calculated for the several modern African groups. In view of this, attempts to discern in such material a variety of “types” or “strains” (e.g., “Bush‐Boskop,” “Kakamas,” “Gerontomorph,” “Europoid,” etc.) might better be discarded in favor of a classification based on Bushman, Hottentot and Negro categories only. Multiple discriminant analysis demonstrates the existence of no other separate groups among the crania examined.
Secular changes among the Western Apache
Authors: Miller Peter S.
Published: February 2006

Norman Gabel measured 355 Western Apache men in 1940. This provided an excellent set of data with which to initiate a study of secular change. One hundred forty‐three sons of the men measured in 1940 were included in a 1967 survey. Correlation analysis of those under age 27 confirmed the view that the onset of maturity was reached earlier in 1940 than in 1967. Correction for immaturity was done by regression analysis. Each son's measurements were corrected by subtracting the present age from the arbitrarily chosen but useful age of 27, multiplying the result by the regression coefficient, and adding the product to the original measurement. The univariate analysis compared each son to his father, with the 1940 sample being weighted according to the number of sons in the 1967 sample. The major changes between 1940 and 1967 are in longer heads (an increase of 3.5 mm), increased stature (plus 13.0 mm) and increased weight (plus 12.9 pounds). Variables associated with weight and stature have shown corresponding changes. The utility of this approach is discussed and evaluated.
Mulitivariate statistical analysis on the physical interrlationship of native tribes in Sarrawk, Malaysia
Authors: Kurisu Kojiro
Published: February 2006

An anthropometric survey was made on the seven tribes in Sarawak, Malaysia. In order to study their physical interrelationship, the data obtained were used for multivariate statistical analysis including Mahalanobis's distance and two‐dimensional representation of group configuration with canonical variates. The conclusions were as follows; the Land Dayak are different from other tribes; the Kayan and Kenyah resemble each other; the Iban, Malay and Kedayan are close enough to make a cluster; and the Land Dayak, Kedayan and Melanau, being different from one another, do not seem to be of the same origin.
Reliability testing of a facial contourometer
Authors: Steegmann A. T.
Published: February 2006

An anthropometric contact contourometer designed for the face is described, and its reliability (error) tested on a sample of ten men. Results suggest that for most measurements employed, moderate error is introduced with the present design and suggestions for improvement are included.
Behavioral responses of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys to food shortage
Authors: Loy James
Published: February 2006

During early July 1968, a severe food shortage occurred on Cayo Santiago, an island colony of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The food shortage produced striking changes in the behavior of the monkeys. Within the one social group intensively studied, the total frequencies of grooming, play and fights decreased significantly; the frequency of matings also dropped; body contact, displacements by other groups, and non‐displacement movements decreased, but not in statistically significant amounts. Changes in the percentage of total grooming attributable to related and unrelated monkeys reflected the stability of the rhesus matriline. Comparisons made between Cayo Santiago and other primate groups under analogous situations reveal similar responses to food shortage.
Childhood retardation resulting in reduction of adult body size due to lesser adolescent skeletal delay
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Garn Stanley M. , Ascoli Werner
Published: February 2006

The skeletal maturation of 7972 rural children from the six Central American nations, aged one month through 22 years, is evaluated. The results suggest that retardation in skeletal maturation during childhood is significantly greater than during adolescence, while growth in body size shows a progressive delay from infancy through adolescence. In other words, the apparent improvement in skeletal maturation during adolescence is not associated with an equivalent “catch‐up” in body size. Similarly, prolongation of the period of growth does not fully compensate for the slow rate of growth. It is postulated that the small stature in Central America is related to the marked childhood retardation and to the fact that during adolescence, the timing of skeletal maturation is less affected than growth in size.
Associations between the rates of maturation of the bones of the hand‐wrist
Authors: Roche A. F.
Published: February 2006

Skeletal maturation rates for the age interval 3 to 13 years were analyzed using bone‐specific assessments (Greulich‐Pyle) of serial radiographs of 40 children. The mean rates of skeletal maturation resembled those of the population from which the atlas standards had been derived. There was a linear trend of skeletal age against chronological age for most bones in each sex. Regression lines were fitted to these data and the b values of the regression lines were calculated. Communality indices were calculated from an intercorrelation matrix of these b values. There was a statistically significant rank order correlation between the sexes in the communality indices. They tended to be higher in the girls than in the boys and were relatively low for the radius, ulna and carpals. Communality indices within groups of bones were high in all rows, especially the metacarpals, but in each sex they were comparatively low in the first ray (metacarpal plus the phalanges of the corresponding digit) and in the fifth ray of the boys. Neighborhood effects on the levels of association of maturation rates were present, particularly in the carpus, but marginal effects were not noted.
The influence of artificial cranial deformation on discontinuous morphological traits
Authors: Ossenberg Nancy S.
Published: February 2006

Following the elucidation by geneticists of the nature of minor skeletal variants in the mouse, anthropologists have stressed the potential of these traits for tracing the affinities and movements of extinct human populations. Earlier Sullivan observed that discrete traits could be particularly valuable where artificial cranial deformation limits the use of craniometry.

Twenty‐eight minor variants were studied in bifronto‐occipitally deformed and undeformed skulls of a sample of 78 from a single Hopewell mound. The pattern of frequency differences between deformed and undeformed with respect to traits at the back of the vault and in the frontal region, interpreted in developmental terms, reveals a hypostotic effect in these regions in the deformed skull; while, in contrast, traits of the lateral vault, facial skeleton and cranial base point to a general hyperostotic effect in these regions. Each of three emissaria tends to be more constant in the deformed.

That minor cranial variants manifest a plastic response to this type of environmentally‐imposed stress is consistent with the nature of such variants as elucidated by genetics research in mice. The findings suggest that deformed crania should be excluded from population studies in which genetic divergence between groups is estimated in terms of cranial trait frequencies.
The AP‐BP blood groups of baboons
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Gordon E. B.
Published: February 2006

Four isoimmunized baboons each produced isoantibodies defining a number of blood factors of baboon blood of which two, Ap and Bp, have been most intensively studied. The two blood factors determine the AP‐BP blood group system which, judging from its serological behavior, may be the baboon analogue of the human M‐N system and the chimpanzee V‐A‐B system. Tests for AP‐BP types of 592 baboons showed striking differences in the distributions of the four types among the four sub‐species, Papio cynocephalus, Papio anubis, Papio ursinus (South Africa) and Papio papio (Senegal). The baboon AP‐BP types could also be demonstrated by tests on the red cells of geladas (Theropithecus gelada). If one assumes inheritance by multiple allelic genes, then the existence of only a single gene Op need be invoked for Papio ursinus, three alleles Op, Ap and Bp for Papio cynocephalus and Papio anubis, but four alleles for Papio papio including an allele, very frequent in that subspecies, which determines an agglutinogen having both blood factors Ap and Bp.
The population structure of south‐central Bougainville
Authors: Friedlaender Jonathan S.
Published: February 2006

The technique of population structure analysis is described and then applied to blood polymorphic, anthropometric, and demographic data collected from residents of south‐central Bougainville Island, Territory of New Guinea. The results from these various analyses are relatively consistent, and support the idea that this theoretical model can be applied successfully to real sets of biological data and that valid conclusions concerning the breeding structure of human populations can be reached. A comparison of breeding structures from various parts of the world reveals how sharply subdivided the breeding structure in Melanesia is, and how relatively rapidly the coefficient of kinship declines over distance in that area.
Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition. I. Shovel‐shape of incisors
Authors: Bang Gisle , Hasund Asbjörn
Published: February 2006

As part of a comprehensive dental study of coastal and inland Alaskan Eskimos, information regarding the frequency of the shovel‐shape trait in the maxillary incisors is presented. The findings are compared with the trait as found in other populations.

Some degree of shovel‐shape was demonstrated on all upper incisors and the semi‐shovel and shovel grades were found most frequently. Marked shovel‐shape was present in only about 5% of the material. These findings are in accordance with similar investigations on Eskimos.

No sex difference in the shovel‐shape trend was present. There was a general tendency toward a higher degree of shovel‐shape in the inland group; this difference may be due to more admixture with white people along the coast.

Comparing male Alaskan Eskimos with Aleuts a statistically significant lower degree of shovel‐shape appeared in the central incisor in the former group. The same tendency was revealed for the lateral incisor. No difference between female Aleuts and Alaskan Eskimos could be demonstrated.

Only one family studied showed a significant deviation from the others with a more marked shovel‐shape. The genetics of the shovel‐shape may be hard to reveal in a sample where the trait is so prevalent in the whole population as in the Alaskan Eskimos.
Growth and somatotype patterns of manus children, territory of Papua and New Guinea: Application of a modified somatotype method to the study of growth patterns
Authors: Heath Barbara Honeyman , Carter J. E. Lindsay
Published: February 2006

The growth and somatotype patterns of Manus children, Territory of Papua and New Guinea, reflected in anthropometric measurements and somatotype photographs, is reported for 438 children, ranging from 15 months of age to maturity. Somatotype distributions and individual somatotype photographs indicate little difference between boys and girls from age 1 to 4 years; between age 5 and 9 years boys shift toward higher second component ratings; between age 10 and 18 years boys shift toward higher second and third component ratings, while girls shift toward higher first and third component ratings. Four sample somatotype photographs are representative of the population at age 10 and 14 years, and show age and sex characters easily noted visually. Comparison of height, weight and subscapula skinfold values show that the Manus children resemble the Kaiapit and Bundi children of the New Guinea highlands populations reported by Malcolm in the form of their growth curves but not in growth rates. Manus children grow more slowly than the British, but faster than the Kaiapit and Bundi children. While low skinfold values and height/weight ratios derived from means for height and weight suggest somatotypic similarity of the Manus, Kaiapit and Bundi populations, somatotype photographs are needed for confirmation. Lacking historical information and genetic evidence, we can speculare that diet, nutrition, climate and perhaps physical activity are factors which influence the growth patterns of these populations. The protein intake derived from fish and other seafood may be an important factor in the relatively fast growth and earlier maturation of the Manus. Malcolm thinks that low protein intake plays an important role with the Kaiapit and Bundi, but does not rule out survival value of slow growth and short stature.
Relationship of skinfolds and muscle size to growth of children. I. Costa Rica
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Garn Stanley M. , McCreery Lawrence D.
Published: February 2006

The relationships between triceps skinfolds and stature and between upper arm muscle size and stature were studied on 874 pairs matched for age derived from a cross‐sectional sample of 2,445 Costa Rican rural subjects, aged 0 to 20 years. The results indicate that fatter children for their age, on the average, are not taller than their leaner counterparts. On the other hand, more muscular children, on the average, are taller than their less muscular counterparts of the same age.
A general measure of human population growth regulation
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M.
Published: February 2006

A general measure relating the relative effects of mortality and fertility in damping population growth has been derived from stable population theory. This measure, called the Index of Growth Regulation, can be calculated from a life table and a fertility schedule. It is a single number which integrates the fertility and mortality aspects of a population. It has intuitive meaning, and can be related to social aspects of the population. It can be used to compare any two populations, and for this purpose it has advantages over traditional comparative statistics such as life expectancy, which consider only mortality.

By selecting life tables representing general stages of human cultural evolution, it has been shown that hunting‐gathering populations were regulated more by mortality than by fertility factors. That is, more growth which could have occurred did not occur due to the incidence of mortality than to the incidence of infecundity. The two forces were of about equal weight before the industrial revolution, and fertility has had a predominant role in population regulation since the beginning of industrialization.
Posterior tooth size, body size, and diet in South African gracile australopithecines
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: February 2006

A model relating relative size of the posterior teeth to diet is suggested for forest and savanna primates andHomo.Relative tooth size is calculated for the South African gracile australopithecine sample using posterior maxillary area sums and size estimates based on four limb bones. A number of limbs were shown to be non‐hominid. Comparisons show the South African gracile sample apparently adapted to a very heavily masticated diet with relative tooth size significantly greater than any living hominoid. Periodic intensive utilization of grains and roots combined with scavenged animal protein are suggested as the most likely dietary reconstruction.
Gigantopithecus and its relationship to Australopithecus
Authors: Frayer David W.
Published: February 2006

Gigantopithecus blacki and G. bilaspurensis are compared to P. gorilla and Australopithecus. The total morphological pattern of Gigantopithecus mandibles is more similar to Australopithecus than to P. gorilla. Two major points are raised. (1) G. blacki might be considered an aberrant hominid rather than an aberrant pongid. (2) G. bilaspurensis can be considered an equally likely candidate, along with Ramapithecus, for possible hominid ancestry.
The influence of experimental deformation on neurocranial Wormian bones in rats
Authors: Pucciarelli Héctor Mario
Published: February 2006

Two hundred and twenty crania of Wistar rats were experimentally deformed. The growth of the anterior vault was restricted in one subgroup and the growth of the posterior vault was restricted in the second subgroup. Seventy‐seven deformed animals survived up to the thirtieth day of age and were sacrificed. Both subgroups were compared with each other as well as with 37 surviving sham‐operated animals and 51 controls, all samples being 30 days of age (group A). Additionally, 33 normal crania of animals sacrificed at 1, 10 and 20 days as well as 19 deformed crania of 10 and 20 days old were observed (group B). Chi‐square and Z tests were employed. Wormian bones found in the skulls of normal growing rats apparently represent an epigenetic polymorphism. Higher frequencies of wormian bones were found in deformed crania than in sham‐operated ones and controls. Experimental deformation may be an extra‐genetic factor that affects the normal genetic expression of wormian bones. This concept is relevant to studies of human population differences based on discontinuous cranial traits.
The inheritance of shovel shape in maxillary central incisors
Authors: Portin Petter , Alvesalo Lassi
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study is to investigate the inheritance of the shovel shape of maxillary permanent central incisors. The material collected on Hailuoto Island, off the western coast of Finland, consists of 319 dental casts. The genealogical data are from the parish register. The genetic method is based on the incidence of the trait in the sibships as compared to that in the whole population sample. The results suggest that the trait is hereditary, and transmitted by a single intermediate autosomal gene, although more complex models of inheritance are also acceptable.
The British dental arch
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B.
Published: February 2006

Thirty‐two dimensions of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches were measured on 320 adult skulls derived from Anglo‐saxon to modern times. Multivariate analysis showed varying patterns of contrast between the samples, depending upon which arch dimensions were considered. The results suggest that dental arch changes occur independently of jaw changes.
Electromyography of brachial muscles in Pan gorilla and hominoid evolution
Authors: Tuttle Russell , Basmajian John V.
Published: February 2006

Electromyographic studies on brachial muscles in a gorilla indicate that its elbow joint may be especially adapted for knuckle‐walking and suspensory behavior. A close‐packed positioning mechanism that minimizes muscular effort during full extension of the elbow joint is indicated by remarkably low levels of EMG in the brachial muscles, particularly during knuckle‐walking and suspensory behavior on a trapeze. Extension of the elbow joint is facilitated by reduction of the olecranon process of the ulna, a feature that is attributable initially to aspects of an arboreal heritage in protogorilla and secondarily to selection for efficient knuckle‐walking.

Although notable differences exist between gorilla and man in known activity of the brachial muscles, the two species are strikingly similar in many basic features. Available evidence suggests that they share a common heritage of arboreal adaptation, including vertical climbing, hauling, hoisting, and suspensory behavior, perhaps more recently than some authors would care to admit. Knuckle‐walking probably played an inconsequential role in the protohominid career. Selection for tool use, expecially involving powerful and rapid extension of the elbow joint, is the most reasonable explanation for the relatively more protuberant olecranon process in man by comparison with apes.
Anomalous color vision in three Mexican populations
Authors: Halberstein Robert A. , Crawford Michael H.
Published: February 2006

Color vision was tested as part of a study of micro‐evolution in three historically‐related populations in Mexico. The frequencies of color vision anomalies fall within the range observed for contemporary Latin American populations. The present findings do not support the previously proposed hypothesis concerning the relaxation of selective forces in agricultural and urban populations.
Human fluke infection in Glen Canyon at AD 1250
Authors: Moore J. G. , Grundmann A. W. , Hall H. J. , Fry G. F.
Published: February 2006

A fluke egg was identified in a probably human coprolite recovered from a Glen Canyon Utah site of prehistoric inhabitation. True parasitism with the fluke could have resulted from eating snails or fish. False parasitism could have resulted from eating a wide variety of mammals known to have lived in the region. This finding identifies another potential medical hazard in the life of man in prehistoric North America.
The locomotor and postural repertoires of Ateles geoffroyi and Colobus guereza, and a reevaluation of the locomotor category semibrachiation
Authors: Mittermeier Russell A. , Fleagle John G.
Published: February 2006

The locomotor repertoire of Ateles geoffroyi includes quadrupedal walking and running, climbing, brachiation and arm‐swinging, bipedalism, and leaping. Its postural repertoire is characterized by below branch suspensory activities. In contrast, the locomotor repertoire of Colobus guereza consists primarily of quadrupedal galloping and bounding, and leaping. It does not brachiate or walk bipedally and rarely performs arm‐swinging. The Colobus guereza postural repertoire is characterized by above branch sitting postures. Ateles geoffroyi is a highly mobile primate, whereas Colobus guereza is essentially sedentary. In the past, there has been a tendency to group Ateles and Colobus in a single locomotor category, semibrachiation. Comparison of the very different repertoires of these two species points out some of the shortcomings of the category semibrachiation. First, no locomotor pattern or group of patterns has been described as semibrachiation (i.e., no animals semibrachiate). Secondly, the locomotor diversity of animals included in the category is so much greater than the similarities that the category obscures more than it conveys. The usefulness of retaining this category is therefore questioned.
The anthropological value of minor variants of the dental crown
Authors: Berry A. Caroline
Published: February 2006

The incidences of 31 minor variants of the dental crown were scored from dental casts of samples taken from six European populations. Although several variants showed significant sex bias in one or other sample, only one (pits instead of furrow on premolar2) consistently favoured one sex. Associations between the variants were sought. Although few consistent associations were demonstrated, there was a possible tendency for extra cusps to occur together throughout the dentition. Distance statistics calculated between the samples were compatible with the expected genetical relationships of the samples, but only modern samples could be used since variants were destroyed by attrition in archeological samples.

Before such distances can be considered reliable, it is necessary to know:

the extent to which environmental factors such as diet influence variant expression.

whether or not variant bearing teeth are selectively destroyed by caries, which in civilised populations render a high proportion of most dentitions unscoreable.
Differential contribution of stature phenotypes to assortative mating in parents of Philadelphia Black and White school children
Authors: Mueller William H. , Malina Robert M.
Published: February 2006

Assortative mating for stature, weight, and the ponderal and Quetelet's indices is considered in a large sample of Philadelphia Blacks and Whites. The husband‐wife correlation for stature is positive and significant in Whites (r = 0.34, d.f. = 382), but negligible in Blacks (r = 0.06, d.f. = 420). Correlations for weight and the body indices are positive and significant in both samples, those for body indices showing some dependency on the husband‐wife correlations for stature and weight. When couples are grouped into statural mating combinations on the basis of short (S), medium (M) and tall (T), White spouses' statures show an approximately linear relationship to one another. The distribution of Black spouses' statures, however, is not completely independent, even though the husband‐wife correlation is close to zero. There are elements of both positive and negative assortative mating among Blacks, resulting in an excess of certain mating types over that expected on the basis of chance. These mating types are usually those in which the husband is shorter than the wife, except at the heterogeneous extremes of the bivariate array.
Adaptations of crop‐raiding baboons in Kenya
Authors: Maples William R. , Maples Margaret K. , Greenhood W. F. , Walek Mary L.
Published: February 2006

A field study of baboon behavior as it relates to crop‐raiding was conducted on the Kenya Coast. The results proved useful for quantifying the distribution, movement, and other factors of their behavior. Such variables as troop organization, crop season, and the behavior of the farmers influence raiding behavior. Apparently diversionary activities of crop‐raiding baboons result from troop distribution along habitat margins between farms and forest and from baboon vigilance behavior.
Tumors in the remains of Ancient Egyptians
Authors: Strouhal Eugen
Published: February 2006

A survey of the tumors found in the remains of the Ancient Egyptians shows the occurrence of all the kinds of tumors which would be expected to be preserved in the osteological evidence. On the other hand, findings of tumors in the soft tissues of mummies are only exceptional. The frequency of tumors seems to be lower than in recent years, probably because of the shorter mean duration of life. The pathological lesions preserved in bony structure reveal not only osseous tumors, but also the presence of some tumors of soft tissues eroding the bone. To the survey of cases described in the literature, original findings of a calcified myoma uteri and of a probable epipharyngeal carcinoma are added. Because our knowledge on the history of tumors is not yet comprehensive, much more attention should be devoted to the search for them, starting from the moment of excavation of any cemetery.
Physical variation and history in Melanesia and Australia
Authors: Howells W. W.
Published: February 2006

Local biological variation is marked in Melanesia. Some of it may result from gene flow from Micronesia, but the essential variation appears to result from isolation due to social fragmentation, and to genetic drift in place. In different regions, the variation may correspond well with language relationships, and probably constitutes differentiation which has been preserved over a considerable period, especially since the arrival of horticulture and development of village farming. However, none of this patterning suggests distinct waves of migration into Melanesia.

Variation among Australian aboriginal groups is smaller, though far from absent. It may reflect a hunting culture together with social customs allowing more intertribal marriage than is typical of Melanesia. While phenotypically Australians and Melanesians differ, cranially they are closely allied, as against other major human groups.

It is suggested that the genetic and phenotypic variety is old, that it existed in the previous home of the Australo‐Melanesians (Old Melanesia, comprising present Indonesia and the Phillipines) at least back to 40,000 years ago, and that much of the variation in Melanesia and Australia, including their differences, results from the sampling process involved when different groups out of the original populations made early crossings of the water barriers from Old Melanesia.
Ecology of dental disease
Authors: St. Hoyme L. E. , Koritzer R. T.
Published: February 2006

Trace elements in the dental enamel of 43 prehistoric Indians from Illinois, Maryland and Virginia show concentration differences by age, sex and geographical locality. Sample areas on an incisor or first molar were blocked off with paraffin, washed twice with distilled water and etched 7 times with 6N HCl. An optical emission spectrophotometer was used to analyze the 9 samples, representing surface contamination and sequential enamel layers. Al, B, Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Sr, and Ti were present in most samples in micro or trace quantities; other elements were detected with less regularity. Comparisons of the 2 water washes with the 3 superficial, 4 deep and 7 total acid etches, suggest that during burial the residual inorganic portion of the enamel exchanged little or nothing with the soil. Enamel from archeological teeth may therefore be utilized in host factor studies in dental paleopathology.

The Jy 50 Illinois Indians differ from the Potomac Creek, Virginia, Indians both in quantities of elements present and in internal sample variability. In each group, the sexes differ in 4 or more elements, both as to content and variability. Similarly, the older half of each sample differs from the younger. Patterns of sex and age difference are irregular, suggesting cultural differences, rather than physiological, in utilizing the environment during enamel‐forming years. Enamel composition, as affected by differential environment utilization, may partially explain sex, age and geographical differences in dental pathology rates.
An early Indian cranium from the Medicine Crow site, (39BF2), Buffalo County, South Dakota
Authors: Bass William M.
Published: February 2006

Artifacts of Paleoindians have been found in most if not all of the Plains states; however, documented human skeletal remains from this early period are rare. The Medicine Crow cranium dates by stratigraphy and by the amount of absorbed alpha and beta radiation at between 5,000 and 2,000 B.C. This places this young adult male in the Archaic period and represents the earliest documented human skeletal material from South Dakota. It compares favorably in age with other well documented human skeletons from the Plains area, such as Lansing Man (Kansas) (3579 B.C.). Metrically, (with a cranial index of 76.7) and morphologically the Medicine Crow cranium falls well within the range of other early or middle Archaic skeletons.
Walnut creek massacre: Identification and analysis
Authors: Finnegan Michael
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study is to add to our understanding of skeletal material from the American pioneer period. Eight White and two Negro skeletons were washed out of their graves during flood conditions of 1973, but the recovery and subsequent storage of this material permitted commingling, and identification of the individual skeletons had to be undertaken before the material could be analyzed. Variation in age, sex, race, metric, non‐metric traits and condition of the bone was considered prior to the analysis of the material. When these methods failed, ultra‐violet fluorescence of the material and the matching of individual bones with colour slides taken at the time of the excavation were employed. Identification of all bones for the ten skeletons was impossible. However, on the basis of non‐metric trait variation a father and son pairing is tentatively identified. Analysis of this material shows the early pioneer to have been a rather tall and robust individual displaying little bone pathology, but advanced pathology in the dental tissue and alveolar region. Historical records pertinent to this massacre validate the identification of sex, race, and age for these individuals.
The Cajuns of Southern Alabama: Morphology and serology
Authors: Pollitzer William S. , Namboodiri Kadambari K. , Coleman William H. , Finley Wayne H. , Leyshon Webster C. , Jennings Gary C. , Brown William H.
Published: February 2006

A survey was conducted of 324 members of the Cajun isolate of Southern Alabama. Tradition and appearance suggest that this population of about 3,000 are not entirely White, Black, or Indian but constitute a triracial community somewhat reproductively isolated and inbred. The earliest American settlement in the area, along the banks of the Mobile and Tombigbee Rivers, lay between Spaniards to the South and Indian tribes on the other sides: Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee.

Physical measurements are reported for 71 adults, plus color of skin, eyes, and hair. X‐rays were taken of wrist and ankle bones of some 253 children. Red blood samples were typed on adults and children, and haptoglobin, Gm, and Gc types were determined from serum. History and physical examinations were also made.

Physical measurements and observations suggest predominantly White ancestry, and D2 analysis confirms this, with least similarity to Indians. Analysis of serological traits implies almost 70% White, almost 30% Black, and very little Indians genes. Few defects of clear genetic etiology were discovered. Growth patterns judged from X‐rays appeared normal. All genetic loci testable were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium except Gc. While history and some common surnames suggest endogamy in the past, the medical and serological findings, plus some additional surnames, indicate that the isolate has already been largely diluted or dissolved.
Palmar creases in population studies
Authors: Chaube Ramesh
Published: February 2006

Three strictly endogamous groups of Indian, Brahmin, Bhangi, and Punjabi Khattri, were analyzed to test the authenticity of palmar flexion creases as a criterion of human classification, according to the method of Bali and Chaube ('71), which has certain advantages over the existing classification.

The significant frequency variation of palmar creases among different Indian populations and the bisexual and bimanual differences in the frequencies of different crease types indicate a regular distribution trend of the trait.