bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human parechovirus 1 infections in young children—no association with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Tauriainen Sisko , Martiskainen Mika , Oikarinen Sami , Lönnrot Maria , Viskari Hanna , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Hyöty Heikki
Published: February 2007

The epidemiology, transmission and clinical symptoms of human parechoviruses [HPeV, classified earlier as enteroviruses; echovirus 22 (HPeV1) and echovirus 23 (HPeV2)] remain poorly characterized. Enteroviruses and one parechovirus species, the Ljungan virus, have been associated with type 1 diabetes in humans and rodents. The occurrence of human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1) infections in young children and their possible association with type 1 diabetes was evaluated. The prospective birth cohort study comprised 221 Finnish children carrying genetic type 1 diabetes susceptibility and who were observed from birth. Thirty‐four children developed multiple diabetes‐associated autoantibodies, and 18 children progressed to clinical type 1 diabetes during the follow‐up. HPeV1 infections were diagnosed by measuring neutralizing antibodies from the follow‐up sera taken every 3–12 months. In addition, viral RNA was analysed by RT‐PCR from stool samples taken every month from six of the participants. HPeV1 infections were found to occur early in childhood. The median age of infection was 18 months and 20% of the children had had an infection by the age of 1 year. The number of infections started to increase from the age of 6 months and most children had their first infection by 36 months. Nearly all (99%) mothers were HPeV1 antibody positive. No difference was found in infection frequency between boys and girls, nor between prediabetic, diabetic and control subjects. Most infections (87%) occurred during autumn, winter and spring. J. Med. Virol. 79:457–462, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Granular cell myoblastomas in successive generations
Authors: Murray Donald E. , Seaman Ed , Utzinger William
Published: February 2007

Two cases of benign granular cell myoblastoma in a mother and daughter are reported. The mother had multiple lesions in sites including stomach, larynx, and breast. Review of the literature for familial patterns of granular cell myoblastoma is given.
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in carcinoma of the bladder: A clinical study
Authors: Boctor Z. N. , El‐Hilali M. M.
Published: February 2007

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme changes were studied in tissue specimens from patients with transitional cell cancer of the bladder. The ratio of LDH‐V/I was determined in each specimen and compared to the histological grade of malignancy. The LDH‐V/I ratio was found to be less than 1 in grades I and II and higher than 1 in grades III and IV, with an apparent higher value the higher the grade of malignancy. The significance of these elevated values and the possibility of future clinical applications are discussed.
Sequential liver scanning
Authors: Johnston Gerald S. , Jones Alfred E.
Published: February 2007

The liver scan is a significant aid to clinical diagnosis. The value of liver scanning is greatly enhanced when abnormal findings are rechecked with additional scanning at intervals determined by the individual situation. Sequential liver scans have been particularly useful in evaluating the response to therapy of neoplastic disease metastatic to the liver and of liver abscess.
Cytoxan as an adjuvant to surgery for lung cancer
Authors: Higgins George A. , Humphrey Edward W. , Hughes Felix A. , Keehn Robert J.
Published: February 2007

A cooperative clinical trial by 25 Veterans Administration Hospitals to study the possible benefits of administering cytoxan in conjunction with surgical resection for bronchogenic carcinoma is reported. A total of 1008 patients in whom the diagnosis was established only at the time of operation by frozen section and who had surgical excision of the tumor were randomized into the study. Those patients randomized into the treatment group received 6 mg/kg body weight of cytoxan administered into the pleural cavity at the close of operation and the same dosage intravenously on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 4. A second course of drug was given in the fifth postoperative week and consisted of 8 mg/kg body weight of cytoxan given intravenously on five successive days. Reported complications and evidence of toxicity, although slightly higher in the treated group of patients, resulted in no significant increase in mortality at either the 30‐day or 90‐day postoperative period. Long‐term survival studies showed no improvement in patients receiving the drug. Even in those patients who received the two full courses of drug as prescribed by the protocol no treatment benefit was apparent. Extensive analysis of the data to detect any possible factors such as cell type or lymph node involvement which may have been influenced by the administration of drug remains to be done. The use of cytoxan in conjunction with surgical excision for lung cancer produces no improvement in long‐term survival when employed in the dosage regimen employed in this study.
The effect of PCO (yeast respiratory stimulator) on treated and untreated dog renal allografts
Authors: Murphy G. P. , Mirand E. A. , Williams P. D. , Gaeta J. F. , Groenewald J. H. , Kenny G. M. , Grace J. T.
Published: February 2007

Procytoxide (PCO), a yeast respiratory stimulating extract, improves, on a dose‐related basis, the survival rate in azathioprine (Imuran) treated mongrel dog renal allografts. This effect is associated with a significant and sustained decrease in total lymphocyte counts and increased lymphoid depletion apparent in bone marrow aspirates. PCO treatment alone, while decreasing total lymphocyte levels post‐operatively in renal allografted dogs, fails to increase survival rates or apparently modify the rejection process in the renal allograft. PCO treatment does not reduce serum folate levels, and it is not an antifolate agent. PCO fails to improve to a significant degree renal allograft survival in pretreated animals or animals sensitized by prior skin grafting before renal transplantation. Thus, PCO in part protects the bone marrow and kidney from unmonitored but toxic effects of azathioprine (Imuran).
Immunologic considerations of fetal survival in mice
Authors: Butsch David W. , Meeker William R. , Grace James T.
Published: February 2007

Studies were done on the effects on pregnancy in DBA/2 mice of sensitization prior to pregnancy with certain tissue antigens. Tissues used were paternal testes, spleen and kidney, weanling offspring spleen and kidney, placenta, and embryo. With the exception of the mice receiving placental inoculations, the DBA/2 females did not demonstrate any altered rate of pregnancy, size of litter, or viability of offspring. Female mice receiving placental inoculations showed a slightly decreased rate of pregnancy, although this was not statistically significant. Histological examination of placentas and implantation sites from sensitized mice sacrificed during the second trimester of pregnancy revealed no evidence of immune rejection phenomena. Examination of lung tissue from term pregnant DBA/2 females failed to reveal the presence of trophoblastic emboli and suggests that a strict anatomical separation of mother and fetus occurs in the mouse. Full‐thickness allografts to pregnant DBA/2 female mice showed a very slightly accelerated rate of rejection in those animals bearing fetuses with a genetic background similar to the donor of the graft. This slightly accelerated rate of skin graft rejection suggests that paternal antigens present in the conceptus can elicit a detectable immune response in the mother under certain conditions.
Chromosomes of adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri with a ring and a minute marker chromosome
Authors: Salimi Rahmatullah , Jones Howard W.
Published: February 2007

The chromosomes of an adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri were studied by a direct squash method. A modal number of about 40 chromosomes was obtained from the differentiated portion of the tumor. A ring chromosome and a minute chromosome were seen in 58% of the hypodiploid cells. The undifferentiated portion of the tumor produced no satisfactory chromosomes for analysis.
Erythropoietin release in hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized man
Authors: Mirand E. A. , Kenny G. M. , Schoonees R. , Reynoso G. R. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

Erythropoietin (ESF) levels were assayed in 19 female and male patients with intact kidneys with pituitary tumors or following open hypophysectomy or combined hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy for disseminated tumor states. Saline‐injected control mice had 0.38 ± 0.04% Fe59 uptake (ESF). Hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized, castrated females had 2.96 ± 1.24% Fe59 uptake (ESF) with an average peripheral hematocrit of 29.2 vol %. Hypophysectomized, castrated males had 1.59 ± 0.30% Fe59 uptake (ESF) with an average peripheral hematocrit of 30.1 vol %. Thus, absence of the adrenals or functioning anterior pituitary gland does not prevent increased ESF activity. The presence of a pituitary tumor is also not consistently associated with increased ESF activity or release. The role of these endocrine organs in the regulation of ESF release in these states is therefore not essential but more likely represents a normal synergistic mechanism. Elevation of peripheral ESF levels is associated with improvement of anemia after hypophysectomy and may be an additional objective criterion and prognostic indicator of beneficial patient response to hypophysectomy in certain tumor states.
The value of routine proctosigmoidoscopy in hospitalized patients
Authors: Arana Victor , Larson George E. , Mota Carlos R.
Published: February 2007

Evaluation of 1000 consecutive proctosigmoidoscopy examinations performed for the first time in patients admitted to the surgical service of the Veterans Administration Hospital of Lincoln, Nebraska, is presented. Of 143 lesions, 21 were considered malignant. Eight symptomatic patients were found with cancerous lesions. Barium enema studies did not result in significant additional findings. Comparison with results of other investigators and with programs to detect carcinoma of the cervix is made to emphasize the value of proctosigmoidoscopy in the detection of cancer of the rectosigmoid area.
The effect of prolactin on organ weights and zinc‐65 uptake in male baboons
Authors: Schoonees R. , de Klerk J. N. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

Prolactin in the dosage schedule employed affects the metabolism of zinc‐65 as indicated by a reduced uptake of this isotope by most tissues examined following the intravenous administration of Zn65Cl2. In this study, however, no evidence was found of a direct effect of prolactin on the prostate in the intact adult male Chacma baboon.
The rising incidence of carcinoma of the pancreas—real or apparent?
Authors: Krain Lawrence Stirling
Published: February 2007

An analysis of mortality statistics for the United States and selected countries was undertaken to determine whether there was a real or apparent rise in pancreatic cancer for the period 1910 through 1968. The rise was found to be real and threefold in magnitude when adjustments were made for the aging of the population. Rising percentage of histologic confirmation through time, increasing diagnostic accuracy, and classification change practices were all factors discussed, but discarded, as reasons for the rise. A literature review of real causes or associations for pancreatic cancer was performed and indicated that only the data on industrial carcinogen exposure and cigarette smoking show both the trend and the statistical magnitude of association to consider them as real causes or associations. A broader epidemiological approach is advisable both in considering other experimental associations and in tracing specific chemicals in cigarette smoke and industrial exposure.
Effect of glucagon in hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Vanderwall D. A. , Stowe N. T. , Spangenberg R. , Hook J. B.
Published: February 2007

Glucagon has been shown to selectively increase renal blood flow in anesthetized dogs. This observation coupled with the known ability of the hormone to increase cardiac output suggested that this agent might be beneficial in the acute treatment of shock. The purpose of this study was to correlate changes in cardiac output and renal blood flow in response to intravenous infusions of glucagon during hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Cardiac output and renal blood flow were monitored simultaneously on a square‐wave electromagnetic flowmeter with probes placed around the ascending aorta and left renal artery. Shock was produced by bleeding to a constant systolic pressure of 70 mm Hg. After a 60‐min stabilization period, glucagon was infused, intravenously for 30 min at 0.5 or 1 μg/kg/min. The drug produced a rapid increase in heart rate, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and renal blood flow. Most responses dissipated within 30 min after discounting the infusion. Following reinfusion of the shed blood, glucagon increased heart rate but did not increase cardiac output. Renal blood flow was either increased or unchanged. In the normovolemic animals the effect of glucagon on the kidney was reflected as a marked fall in renal vascular resistance. Total peripheral resistance did not fall. It is concluded that glucagon has potential usefulness in clinical situations in which cardiac output and renal blood flow are compromised.
The lymph node barrier to viable tumor cells before and after irradiation
Authors: Ujiki G. T. , O'Brien P. H. , Moss W. T. , Putong P. , Towne W.
Published: February 2007

The effect of ionizing irradiation on the barrier function of the rabbit popliteal lymph node was studied using the V2 rabbit carcinoma. The popliteal lymph node acted as an effective barrier to viable V2 tumor cells for 2–3 weeks. Three weeks after tumor infusion, distant tumor growth was significantly increased in rabbits receiving 1000 rad and 3000 rad to the popliteal node. Six weeks after tumor infusion, all three groups had similar incidences of distant tumor growth. The number of tumor takes was similar in all groups. However, the tumor mass in the irradiated popliteal node was markedly smaller than the tumor mass in the control node at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. The earlier presence of tumor in the pelvic nodes of the irradiated rabbit may be dependent on the following factors: (a) irradiation decreased the barrier function of the lymph node, or (b) the irradiated lymph node was unable to retain growing cancer cells for the same length of time as the normal node. This effect of irradiation on the lymph node may be only a transient influence.
Effect of anemia and polycythemia on growth of A mel 4 in hamsters
Authors: Bartos Henry R. , Rogers Lloyd S.
Published: February 2007

Previous studies indicated that hyperbaric oxygenation (HPO) decreased growth of transplanted A Mel 4 in hamsters. The present study was designed to determine if the effect of HPO might be on the level of a growth‐promoting hormone whose release is sensitive to tissue oxygen concentration. No difference in tumor growth was observed when polycythemic and anemic hamsters were compared. This observation makes it unlikely that a hormonal factor is operative in the HPO effect, and lends further credence to the hypothesis that HPO is directly toxic to tumor tissue.
The valsalva maneuver as a clinical test for circulatory congestion in chronic uremia
Authors: Mostert J. W. , Evers J. L. , Hobika G. H. , Moore R. H. , Kenny G. M. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

Forty‐four hemodynamic studies were carried out in 19 patients with chronic renal failure in the azotemic state, as well as 16 studies in 16 surgical patients who did not have renal disease but who exhibited some degree of pulmonary insufficiency. The results show that the hyperdynamic circulatory state associated with both diseases can be differentiated only by the anemia of chronic uremia and the frequent radiological evidence of interstitial pulmonary edema associated with hypervolemia. It is clear from these data that a physician is readily able to ascertain hypervolemia and interstitial pulmonary edema with the ordinary sphygmomanometer at the bedside of a chronically uremic patient. Possible mechanisms of the hemodynamic response to chronic renal failure as ascertained in this study are discussed.
Growth retardant properties of liver extract
Authors: Henderson I. W. D.
Published: February 2007

In an attempt to relate the tissue growth retardant properties of crude cell sap preparations or chalones, to an effect by a compound of known chemical structure, an extract of normal rat liver known to contain a small five‐ or six‐carbon molecule with at least one carbonyl group has been tested against normal and neoplastic liver. The measured parameters, DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses, using radioactive precursors were those closely concerned with replication and growth. Inhibition of all three syntheses were shown. In normal tissue the inhibition after a single dose lasted for 3 hr, after which the tissue returned to control values. In the case of the Novikoff hepatoma, the values returned to control levels after 1 hr. Analysis of data related to varying concentrations and times demonstrates maximal inhibition at a low concentration range. At high concentrations there is less inhibition. The kinetic plot suggests simple tissue degradation. At −20 C the extract is stable for 3 weeks. In aqueous solution at 0 C, activity is lost after a few days.
Hemodynamic determinants of cardiogenic shock
Authors: Misra S. N. , Stanley E. L. , Kezdi P.
Published: February 2007

Eighteen healthy mongrel dogs were continuously monitored after induction of myocardial infarction and shock by selective injection of 0.2 ml of metallic mercury into the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Seven of the dogs expired within 48 h. Among the rest, the longest survival was 11 days, with an average of 5 days. Left ventricular d P/dt max. was the best parameter in differentiating the severity of shock in these two groups of dogs. The decrease of d P/dt was significantly greater over the period of monitoring in the expired dogs, indicating a marked depression of myocardial contractility as the cause of their death. These dogs also had a larger infarct weight at postmortem. By the fourth hour of monitoring, 40% decrease in d P/dt max., along with similar changes in cardiac output and stroke volume, helped in early diagnosis of pump failure in the expired animals. In contrast, the surviving animals showed in all the hemodynamic parameters a distinct trend of improvement by the fifth hour. Therefore, measurement of left ventricular pressure is important in early diagnosis and prognosis in cardiogenic shock. Based on these observations, we have proposed a plan for institution of therapy in cardiogenic shock. The significance of these observations is discussed.
The effect of lymphocyte depletion by continuous flow centrifugation in canine renal allotransplants
Authors: Murphy G. P. , Williams P. D. , Brede H. D. , Mirand E. A. , Groenewald J. H. , Weber H. W. , Grace J. T.
Published: February 2007

The NCI‐IBM continuous flow separator was adapted for use in untreated dog renal allotransplants. Studies in 39 dogs demonstrated that a 2‐hr period at 1000 rpm with regional heparinization and temporary femoral vessel cannulation would be tolerated. Follow‐up hematological studies demonstrated that during the 2‐hr treatment an average of 19.4 ± 109 white cells were collected. These contained an average of 7.4 × 109 lymphocytes. Red cells and platelet levels were not markedly affected in treated dogs. This leukopheresis treatment was then employed once in 14 untreated dog renal allotransplants either pretransplant, or at days 1–4 or 5–7 post‐transplant. Eight other renal allotransplants were splenectomized 2 weeks previously and similarly leukopheresed at one of the three treatment periods. Twelve untreated dog renal allografts survived 9.2 ± 0.2 days (± 1 se). Pretransplant leukopheresis dogs survived 7.8 ± 1.5 days. Dogs leukopheresed during 5–7 days post‐transplant survived 16.0 ± 2.7 days (p < 0.01). All splenectomized dogs leukopheresed pre‐ or post‐transplant had survival rates less than 12.8 ± 3.1 days. Fifteen azathioprine‐treated (5 mg/kg/IM) dog renal transplants lived 14.6 ± 0.67 days. Mechanical leukopheresis thus prolongs renal allograft survival, probably by suppressing lymphocyte levels. The effect is limited. Humoral factors are not affected. The leukopheresis effect is most beneficial at the fifth to seventh day after renal transplant, and it is not improved by prior splenectomy.
Facilitated metastatic distribution of the Walker 256 tumor in sprague‐dawley rats with hydrocortisone and/or cyclophosphamide
Authors: Sugarbaker Everett V. , Cohen Alfred M. , Ketcham Alfred S.
Published: February 2007

The strain of Walker 256 tumor studied metastasized readily and preferentially to the lungs. Cyclophosphamide or hydrocortisone significantly increases extrapulmonary metastasis formation when 'cytostatic' therapy is begun when the primary tumor has reached 2.0‐2.5 cm in size. Drug mortality excluded, survival in animals treated with cyclophosphamide decreases despite a temporary retardation of the primary tumor growth rate. This decreased survival correlates with an increase in the number of pulmonary metastases and more widespread organ distribution of metastases. It is hypothesized that suppression of the host immune response by an alkylating agent and/or hydrocortisone was the likely mechanism involved, although localization of tumor cells at sites of chemical inflammation and other mechanisms have not been excluded. These data provide ancillary evidence for the hypothesis that the immune mechanism controls, at least in part, the formation of metastasis from circulating and/ or dormant tumor cells, particularly in organs which are not sites of preferential metastasis.
Response of localized melanoma to intra‐arterial dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide: A case report
Authors: Savlov Edwin D. , Hall Thomas C.
Published: February 2007

A case is presented of long‐term survival with metastatic melanoma since 1954. Metastatic disease in the lower extremity has been controlled for 7 years following isolation perfusions with alkylating agents. A further metastasis in the left buttock was eradicated by internal iliac artery infusion with dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide, the first reported use of this agent intra‐arterially.
‘Hot’ hepatic hemangioma: A unique radiocolloid‐concentrating liver scan lesion
Authors: Volpe Joseph A. , Johnston Gerald S.
Published: February 2007

The unique case is reported of a liver hemangioma which appeared on scintiscan as an area of increased concentration of radiogold—‐a ‘hot’ lesion. The scintiscan appearance described is explained by the presence of increased amounts of reticuloendothelial tissue in the tumor over that in the surrounding normal tissue. The usual scan picture of liver hemangioma is that of a ‘cold’ lesion.
Relationship between rejection and organ blood flow in sensitized and nonsensitized cardiac and renal grafts
Authors: Osteen Robert T. , Ebert Paul A. , Rowlands David T.
Published: February 2007

Arterial flow to cervical renal and cardiac allografts was measured by use of a magnetic flowmeter. No immunosuppression therapy was administered, and flow was monitored until organ function ceased. Flow through kidney grafts remained relatively constant for 2 days with a 10% increase on days 3 and 4 and then a progressive decrease in flow until rejection. Cervical cardiac grafts showed a similar increase in flow on days 3, 4, and 5 with a less marked decrease until rejection. In presumably sensitized animals, this increase in flow was not observed, and a more constant organ flow was observed without reduction until rejection. These data show that there is an increase in flow through heart and kidney grafts at days 3 and 4 which suggests a decrease in vascular resistance or opening of collateral vessels. The later decrease in flow or increase in vascular resistance correlates with the stage of cellular infiltration and may represent an actual obstructive characteristic to flow in the small arterioles. Rejection in sensitized grafts occurs without significant alteration in organ blood flow.
Respiratory failure in acute pancreatitis. I. The biophysical characteristics of lungs in experimental pancreatitis
Authors: Bolooki Hooshang , Minkowitz Stanley , Giammona Samuel T. , Jude James R.
Published: February 2007

Four percent of patients with acute pancreatitis develop an acute form of respiratory overwork and die within 24 hr. To elucidate the basic physiology of this respiratory failure in a group of dogs after production of acute pancreatitis, the respiratory functions and mechanics were studied and were compared with dogs undergoing sham operation. The results showed diminished pulmonary tissue recoil accompanied by deficiency in gas exchange after acute pancreatitis. The minute respiratory volume and oxygen uptake were increased in the presence of a large pulmonary venoarterial shunt. This was associated with hypoxemia and carbon dioxide retention which could be corrected with respiratory assistance by using a volume‐controlled respirator. In clinical states any evidence of respiratory overwork and decreased Po2 should be considered as a warning sign of this malignant complication of acute pancreatitis.
Transoral and transverse incision for excision of the maxillary sinus
Authors: Rush Benjamin F. , Knightly John J. , Jewell William
Published: February 2007

For many years, the Weber‐Fergusson incision has been the standard approach for removing part or all of the maxillary sinus. Exposure is excellent and cosmetic results are generally gratifying. As our experience with these procedures has increased, we have found that the lower half or two thirds of the maxilla can be just as easily resected transorally, avoiding any facial incision. The initial incision is made in the gingivo‐buccal sulcus and is extended beyond the midline to include some of the sulcus on the contralateral side. The nasal cartilages are cut and the soft tissues of the middle one third of the face can be lifted up like a curtain to expose the maxilla. For lesions of the entire maxilla involving the orbital plate and requiring orbital exenteration, the only facial incision required is a 6–8 cm transverse extension from the lateral angle of the palpebral fissure. The bridge of soft tissue bounded by the mouth below and the palpebral fissure plus the lateral extension above can be retracted up and down to expose the underlying maxilla during its excision. Any risk of poor reapproximation of the lip with notching is avoided. These approaches are especially valuable if heavy radiation predisposing to incisional breakdown has preceded operation.
Erythropoietin activity in anephric humans given prolonged androgen treatment
Authors: Mirand Edwin A. , Murphy Gerald P.
Published: February 2007

Anephric male and female patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis programs have significant levels of extrarenal erythropoietin (ESF) activity. This extrarenal ESF activity is responsive to sustained high‐dose androgen treatment. However, the response cannot be maintained, and this is also reflected in the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. A rebound or ESF overshoot was observed after androgen therapy in renoprival patients as well as in a uremic patient with intact and diseased kidneys. Extrarenal ESF is not only detectable in plasma but also in thoracic lymph fluid from anephric patients subjected to androgen therapy.
The effect of L‐fucose on rat mammary tumor growth. II. In vitro studies
Authors: Roseman James M. , Miller Elizabeth , Seltzer Murray H. , Wolfe Daniel , Rosato Francis E.
Published: February 2007

Different concentrations of L‐fucose uniformly produced a suppression in the growth rate and a change in the morphology of cells grown in tissue culture. The inhibition of growth of these malignant cells was found to he concentration dependent with 100% inhibition of growth at a concentration of 50 mg fucose per milliliter of medium and 60% inhibition at a concentration of 12.5 mg fucose per milliliter medium. Using other sugars that are components of the glycoproteins, it was shown that mannose and galactose could also depress the rate of growth of these tumor cells in culture. When 0.05 ml of packed tumor cells used in these experiments was resuspended in 1 ml of medium and injected into a rat, a tumor grew at the site of injection. This new tumor exhibited similar growth characteristics and showed the same histological appearance as the tumor from which the cell line was derived.
Experience with lung reimplantation in the dog
Authors: Takita H.
Published: February 2007

Experience with autotransplantation of the lung in 30 dogs is presented. The dog can be used for experimental lung transplantation, but it has been extremely difficult to establish a suitable experimental model, Reimplanted lungs of the dog often fail to function normally because of complications involving the vascular and bronchial anastomoses. An angioplastic procedure is essential for the pulmonary arterial anastomosis to assure distensibility of the vessel to avoid high and fixed pulmonary arterial resistance. Special care is also required for the atrial anastomosis to prevent stenosis and thrombosis of the anastomotic site. Because of the preceding difficulties, the dog will not likely be an ideal animal for experimental lung transplantation.
Biological testing of antilymphocyte sera and globulin in the baboon
Authors: Murphy G. P. , Brede H. D. , Schoonees R. , Groenewald J. H. , Cohen E. , Amiraian K. , Moore G. E.
Published: February 2007

A variety of antilymphocyte sera (ALS) and globulins (ALG) as well as other adjuvant compounds (procytoxide, PCO) were evaluated in 40 adult chacma baboons housed at the Roswell Park Surgical Primate Center. Animals were characterized in terms of human erythrocyte and leukocyte compatibility and then entered into the test evaluation program. Paired animals exchanged first‐ and second‐set skin grafts and subsequently renal allografts with and without therapy. Appropriate interval periods elapsed between each allograft test period. Baboon–goat ALS and human thymus ALG were all significantly effective in prolongation of first‐ and second‐set skin grafts as well as renal allografts. PCO slightly prolonged survival of sensitized renal allograft recipients. Serological (immunochemical) studies, level of peripheral lymphocytes, and prior in vitro tests all failed to correlate with the observed effectiveness of the ALS and ALG preparations noted in the present series of baboons. The baboon thus appears to be a vital as well as valid in vivo model for testing and evaluation of ALS and ALG preparations.
Crystalloid support of blood volume
Authors: Moss Gerald
Published: February 2007

Full expansion of a contracted blood volume need not be achieved immediately. Moderate hypovolemia and increased sympathetic tone usually are well tolerated. A 3:1 replacement regimen of crystalloid for shed blood is reasonable for moderate losses by healthy individuals. Larger volumes of fluid are required to achieve full expansion, as would be desired prior to surgery. A minimum ratio of approximately 5:1 is expected on theoretical grounds, has been found experimentally, and is now reported for two patients with self‐limited hemorrhage of 1300 and 1400 ml. The ratio rises dramatically with progressive hypoalbuminemia, as in an older patient with perforated cecal carcinoma and peritonitis. Hemodynamic stability was maintained only after retention of 8000 ml of fluid to re‐expand a measured 840‐ml plasma deficit (9.5:1). Support of a contracted blood volume with massive volumes of fluid might be life‐saving under extraordinary conditions. It is deplored otherwise, because of detrimental physiological and metabolic effects of unconnected hypoalbuminemia and edema.
Geographic distribution of skin cancer
Authors: Urbach Frederick
Published: February 2007

The role of the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight is presented in relation to the etiology and incidence of skin cancers. While the exposure to the carcinogenic range of the ultraviolet component of the solar spectrum was found to be of primary significance, ethnic background is also an important factor in the epidemiology of skin cancers. The significance of ethnic factors is illustrated by the high death rate from skin cancer in Ireland, although the total erythema dose is considerably smaller than in other countries where the death rate from skin cancer is lower. Environmental factors, such as reflection, scatter, and shielding, are discussed in regard to determining the degree of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The distribution of skin cancer on the body surface indicates the importance of the anatomic contours in determining the development of epidermal malignant tumors. The majority of squamous cell carcinomas of the skin appear to be caused directly by chronic exposure to sunlight. The incidence of two‐thirds of basal cell carcinomas is also related to damage of the skin by ultraviolet radiation. The fact that one‐third of basal cell carcinomas occur in anatomical locations which receive relatively little ultraviolet radiation suggests that other factors are significant in the genesis of this tumor. The data presented indicate that appropriate prophylactic measures may be developed for these largely preventable types of cancer.
Curettage and electrodesiccation as a method of treatment for epitheliomas of the skin
Authors: Crissey John T.
Published: February 2007

The technique of curettage and electrodesiccation in the treatment of carcinomas of the skin is described. The 5‐year cure rate for this technique compares favorably with the 5‐year cure rate for other methods of treatment. Curettage and electrodesiccation subjects the patient to a minimum of pain and inconvenience. Situations in which other methods of treatment are preferable are presented.
Cost effectiveness in the post‐treatment follow‐up of cancer patients
Authors: Spratt John S.
Published: February 2007

The provision of a beneficial follow‐up system at a realistic cost within a fixed budget became a subject of investigation at the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH) when, in 1961, the number of patients to be seen exceeded the capacity of the staff and facilities to accommodate them. The interval recurrence rate for different categories of cancer not cured by primary therapy was determined and used to evaluate the frequency and methods of post‐treatment follow‐up examination. Disparities were found between the interval recurrence rates and the follow‐up schedule used prior to 1961. A series of clinical management studies was conducted to review the prognostic indicators that increased the likelihood for control with primary treatment and for the development of recurrence, the value of clinical laboratory and roentgen evaluations in diagnosing recurrences, the efficacy of retreatment, the development of additional neoplasms in the same host, and the number of years of productive life added to a population as a result of follow‐up. A site‐specific follow‐up schedule was developed by integrating the periods of risk to develop treatable recurrences with staff, budget, and facilities available. Because of age, low probability of recrudescence of the original neoplasm, and the fact that most persons who have had one cancer treated are at no greater risk to develop additional cancers than the general population of the same age, many EFSCH patients are now returned to community follow‐up after 10 years. The sites having multiple cancers with a frequency greater than could be predicted on the basis of known incidence rates have been identified.
The stimulation and inhibition of the growth capacities of spontaneous tumors of mammary gland origin in mice (adenocarcinomata)
Authors: Strong Leonell C. , Matsunaga Henry
Published: February 2007

Following incubation at 40 C for 10 days, a liver emulsion was divided into two moieties. One (REF) was aged in the refrigerator; the other (ART) was aged at room temperature. With each moiety there were obtained three reactions in regard to the growth capacity of spontaneous tumors. These observations were in sequence (1) a stimulation of growth rate of tumors, (2) no effect on growth capacity of tumors, and finally (3) a pronounced inhibition of tumor growth. Since three of the entities contained in the liver emulsion have been determined by Dr. Arnold Mittleman of Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York, a brief discussion of these facts is included. These observations emphasize very significantly the role of temperature control and aging of the tumor inhibitor in the development of cancer suppression in spontaneous neoplasms in mice.
Suppression of in vivo immune responses in the guinea pig by phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Pilch Ben Z. , Gertner Harold R. , Chretien Paul B.
Published: February 2007

The effect of phytohemagglutinin‐P (PHA) on in vivo immune responses was assessed in guinea pigs. PHA was administered daily, commencing 2 days prior to antigen. This regimen depressed the humoral antibody response to bovine gamma globulin (BGG) (p < 0.005) and abolished the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response to tuberculin (BCG) (p < 0.005) after primary immunization with BGG and BCG. In guinea pigs immunized to BCG, PHA inhibited the DCH response to secondary challenge with the antigen. It prolonged the survival of skin allografts exchanged between inbred guinea pigs (NIH strains 2 and 13) from a mean of 10.6 days to 13.1 days(p < 0.01).
The importance of tumor size in prognosis for resected bronchogenic carcinoma
Authors: Buell Philip E.
Published: February 2007

When case follow‐up continues for 10 years or more after resection for localized bronchogenic carcinoma, the declining curve of relative survival rates levels out on a zero slope, indicating a normal life expectancy for long‐term survivors. This is the cure index. Among patients with tumors under 6 cm diameter, the smaller the tumor the greater the cure index. For tumors no larger then 2 cm, the cure index is about 80 percent; for tumors 2.5–4 cm, the cure index is better than for tumors 4.5–6 cm. Diligence in use of current methods to find and resect smaller lung carcinomas can be worthwhile. If a technological breakthrough lowered the usual limit of radiographic resolution of a tumor from 1 cm to 0.5 cm, there would be a substantial increase in the proportion of patients truly free of disseminated malignancy after resection.
Technetium‐99m human serum albumin in the differentiation of cerebrovascular and neoplastic lesions
Authors: Jones A. E. , Dunson G. L. , Kyle R. W. , Shamloo M.
Published: February 2007

Technetium‐99m pertechnetate and technetium‐99m human serum albumin have been used within a 24‐hr interval to evaluate the vascularity of abnormalities detected on routine technetium‐99m pertechnetate brain scans. Human serum albumin tagged with technetium‐99m has provided superior resolution of vascular lesions on static images but offered no advantage over technetium‐99m pertechnetate for early static imaging of neoplastic lesions. The use of technetium‐99m human serum albumin in the resolution of suspicious areas observed on routine technetium‐99m pertechnetate static scans is advised because it (1) more accurately detects vascular lesions, (2) serves better to indicate their total vascularity, and (3) will differentiate vascular lesions from neoplastic lesions.
The liver scan in patients with cancer: Histologic correlation
Authors: Volpe Joseph A. , Lull Robert J. , Nusynowitz Martin L.
Published: February 2007

Liver scans, biopsies, and function studies were reviewed in 63 cancer patients and correlated with autopsy material to determine the value of the liver scan in such patients. The scan is abnormal in 96% of patients with autopsy‐confirmed hepatic disease, but the scan pattern is of little assistance in differentiating tumor from nontumor pathology. Liver function studies are equally nonspecific and even less sensitive than the scan. Percutaneous biopsy, while diagnostic when positive, is insensitive, showing false‐negative results in up to 40% of cases. The liver scan, as the most sensitive indicator of liver disease, may be most valuable when normal, reflecting a better prognosis and aiding in the determination of treatment. When the liver scan is abnormal, more specific tests must be employed. A method of approach is suggested.
Effect of syngeneic tumor cells bound to concanavalin a on tumor growth
Authors: Brugarolas A. , Takita H. , Moore G. E.
Published: February 2007

Transplanted MOPC 315 solid myelomas in BALB/cCR mice were treated with single injections of 1.6 × 106 syngeneic MOPC 315 cells combined either with human gamma globulin or with Concanavalin A (Con A). The group of mice which received injections of MOPC 315 cells coupled with human gamma globulin failed to show any significant response. The second group which received injections of MOPC 315 cells coated with Con A responded in variable fashion. Response was measured in terms of delay of tumor growth, differences in growth pattern, and prolongation of survival time. Slight response was observed in 8 of the 20 mice; moderate response was seen in 6 mice; 6 mice did not respond. The data obtained point to a possibly effective tumor vaccine which deserves further study.
Metastatic cystosarcoma phyllodes: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kessinger Anne , Foley John F. , Lemon Henry M. , Miller Daniel M.
Published: February 2007

The breast tumor cystosarcoma phyllodes probably does not Rpresent an entity, but rather a spectrum of disease including a benign form, a histologically malignant form, and a metastatic form. In an attempt to better understand the metastatic variant, all 66 cases which could be found in the english literature and an additional case from this institution were reviewed.

The tumor often arises from a fibroadenoma, but its etiology is uncertain. Factors that determine the benignity or malignancy of the tumor are unknown, but a lower fertility rate in patients with metastases warrants interest.

Incidence is low; cystosarcoma makes up about 0.5% of alI breast tumors and only 3‐12% of these are metastatic.

The tumor presents as a breast mass, often of large size, but there is no clinical feature peculiar to the metastatic variant.

Gross and microscopic pathologic findings cannot accurately forecast the metastatic potential of the tumor, but are of more predictive value than the clinical presentation. The clinical course is the only sure means of determining metastatic potential at present.

Metastases consist of stromal tissue only and can occur in any area of the body. Most commonly the lungs and skeleton are involved. Local recumnce occurs in 51% of metastatic cases.

The primary surgical treatment of choice has not yet been defined, but a simple mastectomy with lymph node biopsy seems adequate. Therapy of metastases has been unrewarding thus far.
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns of prostatic cancer and hyperplasia
Authors: Flocks Rubin H. , Schmidt Joseph D.
Published: February 2007

Electrophoresis using agarose and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) film plus scanning fluorometry provide a simple, fast method for precise and accurate measurement of serum and tissue LDH isoenzymes. Via this method prostate tissue LDH isoenzy mes were determined for over 200 patients with either hyperplasia or cancer. Increased LDH isoenzyme V activities generally selected out the cancer patterns, whereas peak isoenzyme I values did not distinguish between the two groups as well. The LDH index (I/V) only confirmed the LDH V values. That the metabolic changes of neoplasia precede histologic changes is suggested by two patients in whom repeat biopsies demonstrated cancer following elevated isoenzyme V levels in tissue originally considered benign.
The effect of androgen on canine prostatic secretion
Authors: Schoonees R. , Reynoso G. , Murphy G. P.
Published: February 2007

The volume and acid phosphatase concentration of and the zinc–65 output in stimulated prostatic fluid were significantly increased by testosterone treatment of intact dogs. The alkaline phosphatase, glucose, fructose, total protein, sodium, potassium, chloride and citric acid concentration were not statistically significantly changed. The cholesterol concentration in the fluid was significantly decreased by androgen therapy. The finding that bilateral vasectomy caused a significant decrease of the alkaline phosphatase concentration of prostatic fluid of intact control dogs suggests that the vasa deferentia contribute alkaline phosphatase to canine prostatic fluid. The results furthermore indicate that the dog prostate not only secretes small quantities of fructose and glucose but also increases the concentration of fructose in stimulated prostatic fluid on testosterone treatment.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma occurring in men under 50 years of age
Authors: Johnson Douglas E. , Lanieri John P. , Ayala Alberto G.
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐six cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate in men under 50 years of age were reviewed and compared with a larger group of 599 patients more than 50 years old who also had prostatic carcinoma. Although the disease was more frequently diagnosed in its later stages in the younger population, comparison of survival rates by stage of disease suggested that prognosis was worse in men less than 50 years old. Histologic grading was not useful as an aid in determining prognosis. A plea is made for performing a digital examination of the prostate as a part of all routine physical examinations, regardless of the age of the patient.
Trends and philosophical aspects of cancer with special reference to combined methods of treatment
Authors: Cole Warren H.
Published: February 2007

During the past four or five decades cancer has received more public attention than any other disease. There has been a 15% increase in deaths from cancer in males and a 9% decrease in the female population per 100,000 during the past 15–20 years. It appears more and more likely that viruses play a vital role in the development of human cancer, thus raising the possibility of development of an anti‐cancer vaccine, although many questions remain unanswered. A great deal of research has been done on tumor antigenicity and the use of anti‐tumor vaccines in animals since 1943 when Gross first reported regression of intradermal sarcoma following injection of autoantibodies. Since that time cancer antibodies have been found to be produced by the human being, and it has been shown conclusively that some people have a resistance to cancer whereas others may have little or none. Surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy remain the only three effective methods of treatment, although the latter cannot as yet be considered curative. Until a marked improvement is attained in anticancer drugs it is the author's opinion that the greatest possiblity of significant improvement in results of treatment for cancer lies in the development of effective combinations of methods.
Cancer education: An essential element in the conquest of cancer
Authors: Lee Clark R.
Published: February 2007

Cancer education is an essential element in the total national effort to control cancer. No expanded and intensified program, such as the one presently being planned in the United States, will succeed unless it provides the necessary skilled manpower to conduct research, training, and treatment programs. A team of specially trained medical personnel working in close cooperation is essential for adequate care of most cancer patients. There is, therefore, an urgent need to provide specialty training in oncology within each of the medical specialties.