bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Planning in Pakistan 1955-1977: A Review
Authors: Robinson Warren C.
Published: August 2018

There is a general feeling that the population planning
programme in Pakistan has reached a critical turning point. Despite
almost 20 years of vigorous effort and the expenditure of about one
billion rupees and some 70 million U.S. dollars, family planning has
achieved no tangible decrease in fertility rates. Pakistan has a
population of about 75 million today and this is expected to double by
the year 2000. To put the matter quite bluntly, the family planning
effort has not succeeded. Discouragement, disillusionment and
recrimination threaten to replace the earlier enthusiasm and optimism
among supporters of the programme. But while such emotional reactions
are under¬standable they are not helpful. What will be useful is a
careful review of these years of experience to learn whatever is there
to be learned, for population planning in Pakistan will go
on.
Economic Structure of Pakistan.—By Khawaja Amjad Saeed.
Accountancy and Taxation Service Institute, Lahore, 1977. pp.
396.
Authors: Moin-ud-din Moin-ud-din
Published: August 2018

A number of books on Pakistan's economy have recently been
published, but most of them do hot provide the latest statistical data
or keep pace with events and development during the 1970's. The book
under review, however, has admirably fulfilled the requirements. It
covers a vast range of subjects concerning economic development in the
country during the recent past The book is divided into nine parts and
covers such diverse areas as development, industry, the price situation
and the impact of inflation, Pakistan's planning and development effort,
trade priorities and balance of payments situation, .taxation* foreign
aid, and socio-economic reforms. The analysis is general, broadbased,
and historical in perspective and a large amount of data have been put
together. To bring out a clearer picture international comparisons are
made whereever possible, especially in the last part of the book where
the author reiterates on the need for a "New World Economic
Order".
Literacy and Educational Attainment Levels in Pakistan:
1951-1973
Authors: Mahmood Naushin
Published: August 2018

The role of education as a necessary means of meeting the
shortages of trained personnel and manpower requirements as well as a
factor in increasing productivity and economic growth rates, is of
fundamental importance to the developing countries [14, p. 13], and has
greatly reinforced the need for educational planning as an integral part
of development plans [17, p. 612]. Education is recognized as a factor
of prime importance in the Fifth Five-Year Development Plan of Pakistan.
While high priority has been assigned to primary education and
vocational and technical training, qualitative im¬provement has also
been emphasized for the secondary and higher levels of education [8, p.
147]. Although proportion of literates has increased sub¬stantially
during the past thirty years; Pakistan like other developing countries,
still has predominantly illiterate population. In the present study an
attempt has been made to assess the literacy status of the country
quantitatively. The qualitative aspects which are equally important for
educational development, shall be studied in a subsequent paper. With
the aim to review the educational progress on the basis of the number of
literate and illiterate persons, levels of education attained and the
extent of participation of children in schools, the broad objectives of
this study are as follows:
Factor Inputs Use and Farm Productivity on Different Farm
Categories in the Punjab
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

The question of relative farm efficiency, reflected by various
productivity indices, under different farming situations and
arrangements such as farm size and tenure, has been the focus of
attention of development economists for a long time. It is also a matter
of considerable interest and concern for the politicians and policy
makers, especially, in developing countries striving to in¬crease their
farm production. Empirical studies under traditional agricultural
con¬ditions [4, pp.815-34] indicated higher output per acre obtaining
on small farms as compared to large farms because of intensive
cultivation practised on the small farms. With the introduction of
"Green Revolution" technology the debate about the distribution of gains
of new technology and its impact under different farming situations has
assumed special significance. Under increasing popula¬tion pressure,
deteriorating land man ratio in most of the developing countries and
rapidly changing agricultural environments, it is important to know how
different farm categories compare with each other in terms of their
factor inputs use and farm productivity in order to chart out a course
of action for increasing farm output. This paper using micro level farm
data compares the use of various factor inputs and farm productivity
prevailing on different farm categories. These data relate to 1972-1973
cropping year and were collected through a field survey in which 192
farmers operating farm area of upto 50 acres and located in 16 villages
of Gujranwala and Sahiwal districts of the Punjab were interviewed.* It
is hoped that the analysis attempted here will be of some help in
providing guidelines for agricultural development in the
province.
A Note on Measurement of Poverty and Income Inequalities in
Pakistan: Some Observations on Methodology
Authors: Mujahid G.B.S.
Published: August 2018

Only a few attempts have been made at measuring the extent of
poverty and inequalities in the distribution of income in Pakistan [1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 7]. Most, in fact all but one [4], have been based on
information collected under the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys
[8, 9, 10]. The aim of this paper is to point out the methodological
shortcomings in the estimation procedure used in these studies and to
suggest an alternative improved methodology for measuring poverty using
data from the Household Surveys. It must be pointed out that it is not
intended to discuss here at any length the estimates presented to
illustrate the application of the suggested methodology.
A Note on Hedonic Price Estimation of Urban Residential Services:
A Case Study of Rawalpindi City
Authors: Manan Jahan Zeb
Published: August 2018

A prerequisite for planning in the housing sector, be it urban
renewal in slum areas or public provision of housing for the urban poor,
is the availability of some indices of consumer preferences regarding
the various housing services consumed by them. Such information
facilitates decision-making as regards the size, and quality of
dwellings which 'best' meet the needs of the urban poor. This study
estimates the market prices (marginal valuations) of the various housing
services consumed by urban households in Rawalpindi City. This is done
by regressing rent/imputed rent of the residential units on the
different characteristics embodied in the various units. The analysis
indicates that the quantitative variable (number of rooms) explains a
significant proportion of the variance in the dependent variable
(rent/imputed rent). The qualitative variables (electricity, drinking
water, garbage disposal and sanitary facilities, type of structure of
house); when included in the model contribute significantly to the
explained variance in the dependent variable. The analysis reveals (and
'quanti¬ties') consumer preference for housing services.
Comments on "Shadow Pricing and Macroeconomic Analysis: Some
Illustrations from Pakistan" by Squire et al.
Authors: Srinivasan T. N.
Published: August 2018

The paper is too long for conveying the message that shadow
pricing used as a method of analysis in micro-economic issues of project
selection is also useful for analysing macro-economic issues, such as
foreign and domestic borrowing by the government, emigration, etc. Much
of the methodological discussion in the paper is available in a readily
accessible form in several publications of each of the coauthors; In
contrast, the specific application of the methodology to Pakistani
problems is much too cavalier. While it is hard to disagree with the
authors' claim that shadow pricing "constitutes a relatively informal
attempt to capture general equilibrium effects" (p. 89, emphasis added),
their depiction of traditional analysis is a bit of a caricature:
essentially it sets up a strawman to knock down. After all in the
traditional partial equilibrium analysis, the caveat is always entered
that the results are possibly sensitive to violation of the ceteris
paribus assumptions of the analysis, though often the analysts will
claim that extreme sensitivity is unlikely. Analogously, the shadow
pricing method presumes "stationarity" of shadow prices in the sense
that they are “independent of policy changes under review" (p. 90). The
essential point to be noted is that the validity of this assertion or of
the "not too extreme sensitivity" assertion of partial equilibrium
analysts can be tested only with a full scale general equilibrium model!
At any rate this reviewer would not pose the issue as one of traditional
partial equilibrium macro-analysis versus shadow pricing as an
approximate general equilibrium analysis, but would prefer a description
of project analysis as an approach in which a macro-general equilibrium
model of a manageable size (implicit or explicit) is used to derive a
set of key shadow prices which are then used in a detailed
micro-analysis of projects.
Shadow Prices for Pakistan: An Assessment of Alternative
Estimates
Authors: Tsakok Isabelle
Published: August 2018

Recently, there have been four attempts to estimate shadow
prices for Pakistan. These are (i) Squire et al. (5J.(ii) Guisinger [Il.
(iii) Khan [2], and (iv) Weiss [7].1 The aim of this paper is to assess
these alternative estimates in terms of their usefulness for the
economic analysis of policies and projects in Pakistan. As the study
titles indicate, each study pursues a somewhat different aim, although
there is substantial overlapping in the parameters considered and the
data used in their computation. The Sill study is an attempt to apply
shadow pricing methodology to macro policy issues. To do so, it
estimates specific parameters, but its primary objective is not to
produce a detailed and comprehensive set of shadow prices. The SG study
is a lengthy commentary on the methodology and data used by Squire
-Little-Durdag [5], in terms of their adequacy for policy analysis in
Pakistan. Whereas both Squire -Little-Durdag and Guisinger (I] estimate
social prices, Khan 's analysis [2] is purely in terms of efficiency
prices. In this study, Khan estimates the shadow discount rate, also
known as the shadow price of capital and the shadow wage of unskilled
labour. He is primarily concerned with project evaluation, not policy
evaluation. Like Khan, Weiss [7] is concerned with project evaluation.
However, he approaches the task from a different angle: the derivation
and use of income weights in project appraisal.
Economic Integration in South Asia: An Exploratory Study. By
Ayubur Rahman Bhuyan. Dacca: The University of Dacca. 1979. Appendix;
Bibliography; Index. xi + 224 pp.US S 12.00 or Bangladesh Taka
125.00.
Authors: Iqbal Munawar
Published: August 2018

In the book under review, Dr. Ayubur Rahman Bhuyan has made a
commendable effort to analyse some of the economic effects of a
"possible" customs union among the South Asian countries: India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. While an attempt has been made to
quantify the static effects of integration, the rest of the analysis is
mostly qualitative. In spite of the limitations imposed by the paucity
of data, Dr. Bhuyan's scholarly discussion goes a long way to bring the
relevant issues to light. Before going into empirical estimation of the
gains and losses of a customs union among the South Asian countries, the
author provides a rationale for economic integration among developing
countries in terms of the theory of customs unions. He bases his case
for economic integration on the need for industrialization. In line with
the argument advanced by Johnson as well as by Cooper and Massell, he
considers industrial production to be a "public good" which yields to
the community satisfaction over and above that obtained through private
consumption of industrial products. Industrialization of an
underdeveloped country is believed to be virtually impossible in the
face of an open competition with developed countries. Hence the need for
protection. However, protection has a cost to the economy. Integration
is likely to reduce this cost by making available benefits of economies
of scale and external economies, thereby bringing about an improvement
in productive efficiency.
Development Modelling: The State of the Art
Authors: Tinbergen Jan
Published: August 2018

After a brief historical survey starting around 1930, the
article discusses some of the main new concepts used in development
models. Thus, the Domar- Harrod principle, planning in stages
input-output, and two-gap models are discussed. From national models we
have now attained a point of world models. The newest developments are
characterized by the introduction of income distribution variables, the
informal sector, appropriate technologies and environ. mental variable..
New uses made of mode1J recognize the existence of more than one policy
maker. or alternative groups in power as well as ''interactive multiple
goal planning".
Planning with Semi-input-output Method with Empirical Application
to Nigeria. By Arie Kuyvenhoven. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Social
Sciences Division. 1978. xi + 266 pp.
Authors: Kemal A. R.
Published: August 2018

Input -output analysis is being widely used in developing
countries for planning purposes. For a given level of final demand,
input-output analysis allows us to project the required level of gross
output to ensure consistency of plan. These projections are made on the
assumption that the existing production structure is optimal and it
implies that an increase in demand will be met through the expansion of
domestic output even when it can be satisfied through an increase in
imports. On the other hand, according to the semi-input-output method,
we do not have to increase the output of international sectors in order
to meet the increase in demand because the level and composition of
these activities should be determined by comparative- cost
considerations. These are the only national sectors in which output must
increase in order to avoid shortage. The semi-input -output method has
been such a useful and important contribution, yet, regrettably, its
influence on the planning models had been rather limited.
Acceptors of Population Programme in Pakistan
Authors: Syed Sabiha Hasan
Published: August 2018

Data from Pakistan's population planning programme, the
National Impact Survey (968) and the Pakistan Fertility Survey (1975)
are analysed to estimate the number of 'births averted' in Pakistan by
various contraceptives. Limitations of the population planning programme
statistics for determining the impact of the programme on fertility
rates arc pointed out.
Farm Size and Productivity Revisited
Authors: Mahmood Moazam , Haque Adeem-Ul-
Published: August 2018

The negative relationship between farm size and output per
acre has been tested for Pakistan and it is concluded that the observed
negative or positive correlations between land productivity and the farm
size in the case of Pakistan are the result of over-aggregation. Land
productivity curve is U-Shaped; the productivity is high on desperately
small farms due to intensive labour and irrigation use and on largest
farms due to capital-intensive inputs. The middle-level efficient
entrepreneur farmer has so far failed to emerge.
Raymond L. Horton. The General Linear Model, Data Analysis in the
Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill International Book
Company. 1978. pp.xi + 274.
Authors: Krotki Karol J.
Published: August 2018

It is a parsimonious book for the massive material it
contains. Written for advanced students of social and behavioural
sciences, it presents the analytic uses, limitations, and assumptions
underlying the application of five techniques: factorial analysis of
variance designs, latin square designs, repeated measures designs,
analysis of covariance, and general regression analysis. The slimness of
the book is made possible partly by the parsimony of style - a parsimony
which did not impair the clarity of exposition - but mainly by the
unifying factor of the general linear model (GLM)presented in the first
two chapters. In this respect, the work reviewed resembles a 1978 book
on demographic technique of analysis by Guillaume J. Wunsch and Marc G.
Termote (plenum Press). There, too, in introductory chapters the common
elements of cohort analysis and period analysis were first presented in
a general manner and then applied to the four fields of mortality,
nuptiality, natality, and migration. These examples of generalizability
are recommended to expositors of intricacies in our profession. Such
methodological generalizations are a condition of real interdisciplinary
exchanges, of which this journal is a notable example. There is
something genuine about that kind of generalizations in comparison with
the more desperate attempts to generalize about the society so beloved
of recent Ph.Ds.
Substitution Elasticities in the Large-Scale Manufacturing
Industries of Pakistan: A Comment
Authors: Ahmed Meekal
Published: August 2018

In the Spring 1981 edition of this Review, A.R. Kemal
presented evidence on 'substitution elasticities', estimated over the
period 1960-70, in sixteen two-digit manufacturing industries in
Pakistan [8]. After applying several variants of the basic 'production
function' approach, the author argued that the elasticities of
substitution in Pakistan were generally low and/or insignificant and
therefore a manifestation of Pakistan's 'technological dependence'; that
these results are 'consistent' with similar estimates for other
developing countries; and that because of the low value of the
elasticities, the removal of factor price distortions, while necessary
to the attainment of a more labour-intensive pattern of development,
needs to be supported by policies aimed al subsidizing the developing of
indigenous technologies.
Green Revolution and Redistribution of Rural Incomes: Pakistan's
Experience
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar
Published: August 2018

The paper investigates the legitimacy of the popular view that
the Green Revolution has led to a magnification of income inequality in
rural Pakistan. The empirical evidence produced in this paper is
sufficiently conclusive to show that the Green Revolution has actually
been responsible for reduction of income disparity between small and
large farms, between farm and non-farm rural classes and between
well-to-do and poorer agricultural regions in Pakistan. The paper
suggests that Green Revolution technologies should be encouraged in the
interest of economic development.
Dirk J. Wolfson. Public Finance and development Strategy.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1979. Pp.
xiv+264.
Authors: Mahmood Zafar
Published: August 2018

The world in its politico-economic aspects is run by
policy-makers who have an academic background in law or public
administration or other related social disciplines including economics.
Only rarely would a majority of the policy-makers be trained in
economics. In the making of economic policy, the basic choices before
the policy-makers are political and they transcend the narrow concerns
of economists regarding optimal use of resources. These considerations
in no way downgrade the relevance of economic analysis in economic
policy-making and for the training of policy-maker in economics.
Policy-makers need economic council to understand fully the implications
of alternative policy options. In this book, Wolfson attempts to educate
policy-makers in the areas of public finance and development strategy.
The analysis avoids technicalities and is kept to a simple level to make
it understandable to civil servants, law-makers and members of the
executive branch whom Wolfson refers to as policy-makers. Simplicity of
analysis is not the only distinguishing mark of this book. Most other
books on public finance are usually addressed to traditional public
finance issues relating to both the revenue and expenditure sides of the
budget and neglect an overall mix of issues dealing with the interaction
of fiscal policy with economic development. Wolfson in this book
explicitly deals with these issues.
UNIDO, Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. New York:
United Nations. 1981. viii + 78pp.US $ 5.00. [United Nations
Publication Sales No. E. 81. 11 . B.1]
Authors: Aziz Rashid
Published: August 2018

The book under review is a concise but fairly in-depth study
of the prospects for export diversification from the Less Developed
Countries (henceforth labeled as LDCs) particularly to Developed
Countries (henceforth labeled as OCs). Given the multiple problems faced
by the LOCs in exporting to the OCs - protectionist policies with
regards to manufactured exports, volatility of prices obtained for raw
material exports, etc. - the study analyses the potential for following
an intermediate route. The important issues in the export of semi
-processed and wholly processed raw materials are discussed. 111ese
issues range from the problems and potentials for the location of
processing facilities in the LOCs to the formulation of appropriate
policies to encourage an export of processed goods rather than raw
materials. Such policies will be useful both in solving the balance
of-payments problems of the LDCs and in attaining the goal of the Lima
Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and
Co-operation, that called for 2S percent of world industrial production
to be located in the LOCs by the year 2000.
Determinants of Corporate Saving in Pakistan: A Macro-econometric
Analysis
Authors: Qureshi Zia M.
Published: August 2018

Firms behaviour with respect to retention and distribution of
profits has received little attention in developing countries. Against
the background of previous research on the subject, mainly in advanced
industrial countries, the paper attempts a multivariate regression
analysis of retention of profits in Pakistan, using time-series data
relating to the country's non-financial corporate sector. The results
support the applicability to developing countries of many of the
hypotheses concerning this aspect of firms' behaviour which have found
support in empirical research in the more advanced economies.
Dual Sector Inflation in Pakistan
Authors: Afridi Usman , Qadir Asgiiar
Published: August 2018

In this note we point out the importance of using the standard
deviation, S, in economic analysis. not merely as an indicator of
confidence level for prediction, but also as a basic analytical tool. It
is shown that new insights into economic problems may be obtained by
giving closer attention to this statistical index, in addition to the
other more commonly used indices. If the standard deviation for an
economic index is too high. it may be more appropriate to dispense with
the one index for the entire sample and break the sample into two or
more parts, each of which has a reasonable standard
deviation.
Level of Real Wages and Labour Productivity in the Manufacturing
Sector of the Punjab
Authors: Aslam Naheed
Published: August 2018

The study analyses the determination of the level of real
wages and labour productivity across industries as well as over time in
a simultaneous-equation frame work. It has been postulated that an
increase in real wages leads to a greater intensity of effort on the
part of workers, resulting in higher productivity within a certain
range. Higher productivity denotes an improvement in the “ability to
pay” and results in payment of higher wages. The study finds that real
wages and productivity are significantly related with each
other.
An Empirical Evaluation of Consumption Behaviour in Oil
Societies: The Case of Kuwait
Authors: Al-Qudsi Sulayman S.
Published: August 2018

Theories of consumption function have been tested for many
developed and underdeveloped economies with grouped data sets. No
empirical work has been done to confirm or disconfirm these theories in
the oil-rich economies of the Middle East. This paper applies Kuwait's
rich micro data of the 1972-73 budget survey results to the principal
consumption models - the Keynesian Model, the Kaldor Hypothesis, the
Friedman Permanent-Income Model and the Life-Cycle Hypothesis. The
results of this empirical investigation disconfirm the validity of the
strict version of the Permanent-income Hypothesis in favour of the
Keynesian and the looser version of the Permanent-Income Hypotheses. The
Kaldor model is not strictly applicable and the saving behaviour of
Kuwaiti households seems to give support to the Life-Cycle
Hypothesis.
The Profitability of Public Enterprises in Pakistan
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja
Published: August 2018

The importance of the profitability of public enterprise for
capital expansion and development has been highlighted in various
studies, e.g. in (2], [4] and (5). In Pakistan the increasing role of
the public sector in resource mobilization points to the need for
analysing public enterprise profitability because of its immense
importance for capital financing and growth. This paper analyses the
profitability of public enterprises in Pakistan using a Ratio analysis
methodology which chooses performance indicators on the basis of their
sensitivity to the operational health of the enterprises. The
profitability ratios discussed here have been derived from the
public-enterprise balance-sheets [9] and constitute the choice-set from
which four ratios have been selected on the basis of their predictive
power. (See [I], [3], [8] and [10].) In this way, the arbitrariness
involved in the choice of the appropriate ratios for analysing
enterprise profitability is overcome, even though profitability
measurement may still be distorted to such an extent that effective
prices diverge from opportunity costs. This makes the task of
performance evaluation difficult as such an exercise has to take into
account the implications of market distortions. The usefulness of
profitability as an indicator of relative inter-firm performance is
therefore limited by the fact that prices are administered with
reference to products and are not tied to firm experience. But, owing to
the lack of data on the required variables, the effect of market
distortions on profitability is difficult to analyse.
Rural Credit and Rural Development: Some Issues
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz K. , Abbas Kalbe , Siddiqui Ahmed Naeem , Ghani Ejaz
Published: August 2018

Credit is an important instrument of acquiring command over
the use of working capital, fixed capital and consumption goods. In the
wake of Green Revolution, land and labour have receded into the
background as predominant factors of growth. Use of capital and adoption
of modern techniques of production which have become major sources of
growth of agricultural output necessitate access to credit markets for
financing their use. Institutional sources of credit have become quite
significant during the last few years. The rapid expansion of credit
from institutional sources can be seen from various indicators. The
total disbursement of agricultural loans has gone up from Rs. 306.75
million in 1972-73 to Rs. 5,102.14 million in 1981-82. On a per acre
basis, the loans increased from Rs. 7.33 in 1972-73 to Rs. 106.83 in
1981-82. In this perspective, the disparities in income and wealth in
rural areas would crucially depend on the distribution of capital among
farms of different sizes and occupational groups. Neglecting equitable
distribution of credit as a policy instrument for rural income
redistribution may be a serious omission by the policy makers interested
in an improvement of rural equity.
The Importance of Being Defunct (Presidential Address)
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

For development economists these arc the days of great
expectations. Development economics as a discipline, born only three
decades ago, has come to stay, notwithstanding the threats to its
existence issued openly by such friends as Schultz [63], Bauer [2],
Little [44], and Lal [39]. New theoretical constructs have been devised
and novel empirical studies done to comprehend better the forces of
change in developing countries. While of late there may not have been
great festivity in the realm of ideas, the force of circumstances has
widened the problem canvas of development economics and has opened up
new vistas for economists to explore- much beyond the expectations of
its founding fathers. Also notwithstanding the great diversity in the
experience of individual countries, development economists may
legitimately draw some comfort from the thought that their ideas have
changed the developing world for the better.
Social Structure of Pakistan: An Attempt at Developing Some
Concepts
Authors: Hafeez Sabeeha
Published: August 2018

In this paper I would like to introduce three interrelated
propositions about the Social structure of Pakistan: (i) that Pakistan
society is characterized by a social stratification process which is
compensatory in nature; (ii) that the compensatory process of social
stratification over the years has given rise to status-centric value
orientation; and (iii) that the most significant indicator of
status-centric orientation is emergence of artificial middle class which
can be distinguished from real middle class in terms of norms.
.........................................................................................................................................
Vernon W. Ruttan. Agricultural Research Policy. Minneapolis,
Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. 1982. xiv + 369 pp.Price: $
13 .95 paper back.
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

This book makes an important contribution to the literature on
the development and transfer of new technology for profitable farming
the world over. Professor Ruttan has had a distinguished career in
research and its administration in a number of institutions. He brings
that experience to bear on his analysis of a variety of issues in
agricultural research. While much of the material contained in the book
has already appeared in his earlier writings, it is well organized here
around three themes. The rust is the induced innovation model: that the
type of technology developed and adopted in a country reflects a
rational response to relative scarcity of resources. New agricultural
technology helps in substituting the relatively scarce factors by those
that are relatively abundant. The signals are created mainly in the
market-place. It is not, however, clear how the induced-innovation model
can help in making current decisions about allocating resources to
agricultural research.
Arie Kuyvenhoven and L. B. M. Mennes. Guidelines for Project
Appraisal. The Hague: Directorate-General for International
Co-operation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1985. x + 190 pp.Price: fl.
19.50.
Authors: Sahibzada Shamim A. , Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

There has lately been an increasing emphasis on methods of
evaluating development projects in the developing countries. The
traditional focus, which relies on only a financial appraisal of
projects, is no longer a favourite topic with project analysts,
especially in the public sector. In order to capture the full impact of
projects, several methodologies, focusing on the economic and social
aspects, have been introduced in the literature during the late Sixties
and early Seventies. Moreover, to enhance/facilitate the applicability
of these methods to actual projects, the need for Manuals, Guidelines,
and Guides of project appraisal has been felt from time to time. Some
well known attempts in this area have been made by OECD [2], UNIDO [1;
5], ODA [6] and ODM [7].
Book Notes
Authors: Sahibzada Shamim A. , Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

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Wealth Effects of the Green Revolution in Pakistan
Authors: Mohammad Faiz
Published: August 2018

It can hardly be denied that since the late Sixties, the
introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of a number of
commodities, along with tube well irrigation and chemical fertilizers,
has significantly improved the overall agricultural productivity in
Pakistan [12; 15]. However what is still being debated is the effect of
this phenomenon, generally termed "Green Revolution", on rural income
distribution in a country where ownership and control of productive
resources are far from evenly distributed. I Studies by Khan [13] and
Chaudhry (7] in particular have generated a great deal of interest in
this subject because of their conflicting conclusions. Khan, on the
basis of his study of the Punjab and Sind, concludes that the Green
Revolution, while generally being beneficial, did not benefit the small
farmer as much as it did the large farmer? As a result, it led to a
widening of inter-farm and inter-regional income inequalities. According
to him, new varieties, which were relatively more profitable, were
adopted more widely by large farmers than by the small ones. Similarly,
compared with small farmers, large farmers had greater access to, and
control of, modern inputs, institutional credit and tractorized farm
power; enabling them to gain still more from the new technologies.
Determinants of Aggregate Fertility in Pakistan
Authors: Soomro Ghulam Yasin
Published: August 2018

Experiencing high fertility and declining mortality levels,
the developing countries are today faced with the problem of relatively
high rates of natural increase in their populations. This pace of growth
in population, influenced by high fertility levels, impedes the overall
development planning. As pointed out in a document prepared by the
Planning Commission of Pakistan, 'A vicious circle is set in motion in
which high fertility and socio-economic stagnation breed upon each
other' [5]. In the developing countries, development programmes
including birth control programmes are in operation. The sustained high
fertility levels, therefore, call for more insights into the mechanisms
operating in the society and influencing fertility. Studies of fertility
behaviour are conducted at both micro and macro levels. The difference
between micro and macro is a matter of emphasis rather than one of kind,
and both approaches are concerned with each level of social aggregation.
Macrolevel studies describe the level and pattern of change resulting
from the ongoing socio-econornic development in the society as a whole
and do not explain variations in fertility at the household level [12].
However, development programmes, which are implemented at aggregate
levels defined by geographical boundaries, influence the population in
terms of socio-economic status and fertility behaviour. There are many
factors which affect human fertility individually or collectively.
Attempts have been made to identify these factors, and conceptual
frameworks have been developed to explain the causal hypotheses. In this
context mention may be made of the demographic transition theory, which
is often applied to study fertility behaviour.
Productive and Reproductive Choices: Report of a Pilot Survey of
Urban Working Women in Karachi
Authors: Kazi Shahnaz , Sathar Zeba A.
Published: August 2018

The primary objective of the survey was to collect information
on women's productive and reproductive choices within the broader
context of the conditions in their household. Since women bear the main
responsibility of domestic work and child care, their employment outside
the house is closely interrelated with household decisions pertaining to
fertility, division of domestic duties, etc. Hence, to clearly
understand the linkages between work status and domestic roles of women,
it is necessary to collect data on both demographic and socio-economic
aspects of the household.
Impact of Workers' Remittances from the Middle East on Pakistan's
Economy: Some Selected Issues
Authors: Amjad Rashid
Published: August 2018

Over the last decade, the phenomenon of overseas migration
from Pakistan to the countries of the Middle East and North Africa has
had a far reaching impact on the domestic economy. Indeed, no factor has
more dramatically affected the domestic employment situation and the
balance-of-payments position as the outflow of contract workers and
inflow of workers' remittances from those countries. According to the
Sixth Plan, as much as one-third of the increase in the labour force
during the years 1978-83, i.e. the Fifth Plan period, was absorbed by
migration to the Middle East [14, p. 499]. At its peak in 1982-83,
official flow of remittances from the Middle-East was equivalent to 70
percent of the country's total exports of goods and non-factor services
(Table 1). More recently, the slowing down in economic activity in the
major labour-receiving countries together with increased competition
from other labour-exporting countries has led to a decline in the
outflow of migrant workers, and, with the quickening pace of return
migration, there is a decline in the stock of Pakistani workers in these
countries
Relative Price Variability and Inflation
Authors: Mahmood Tallat , Butt Shaheen A.
Published: August 2018

Inflation in an economy reflects the phenomenon of an overall
rise in prices. This rise in prices is mainly determined by the excess
demand of many individual goods which prevails in the market [6]. But,
if the prices of one group of commodities are moving in one direction
and those of another group in a different direction (or even in the same
direction but at a markedly different pace), then the concept of overall
inflation in an economy becomes vague for any economic analysis.
A 'World' Distribution of Income and of Real Poverty and Affluence (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)
Authors: Pan A. Yotopoulos
Published: August 2018

Since the early 1970s, when income distribution became an operative objective of economic development (Chenery et al. 1974), knowledge on the subject has certainly improved. A number of analytical treatises have focused on the issue Pen (1971), Atkinson (1970), Cline (1975) and, more important, data on income distribution are routinely reported for about a score of developing countries (LDCs) and as many developed countries (Des) World Bank (1986), Jain (1975), Paukert (1973). These data deal with the within-country relative income distribution and report one or more of the common inequality measures. Moreover, for some countries measures of absolute poverty exist which report, e.g., the population that lives below a "poverty level", defmed in terms of consumption (calories) or income (for example, Dandekar and Rath (1971), Bardhan (1970), (1973), Fishlow (1972). Such measures of absolute poverty, if aggregated over a number of countries, give a measure of relative world poverty and an idea of how it is distributed between- countries. Cross-country comparisons have also been based on ranking various countries on the basis of their measures of relative income distribution.
Rural Poverty in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: Profiles and Policies (Invited Lecture)
Authors: Mahmood Hasan Khan
Published: August 2018

The Bangladesh - India - Pakistan subcontinent has about one billion people or one-fifth of the world's population. A majority of the subcontinent's people live in rural areas and depend directly or indirectly on agriculture and related pursuits. The highly differentiated rural population includes a large proportion of the poor in the three countries. Their differentiated structure is based on (a) control of land through right of ownership and usufruct, and (b) employment opportunities for the labour power and its wages .. Absolute poverty afflicts nearly 60 percent of the rural population in Bangladesh,40 percent in India and 35 percent in Pakistan. The major causes of rural poverty are (a) landlessness and (b) lack of adequate employment (including low real wages) in or outside agriculture. Both these factors are responsible for keeping the poor consigned to low "entitlements" to income and commodities. The growth of the economy in general, and of agriculture in particular, has not produced the "trickle-down" effects large enough to counter the basic causes of persistent and high levels of rural poverty.
Intra-sectoral and Intersectoral Parity Issues in Pricing of
Agricultural Crops: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz K.
Published: August 2018

Intersectoral terms of trade play a cruc1al role in
determining the sectoral distribution of income and resource allocation
in the developing countries. The significance of intra-sectoral terms of
trade for the allocation of resources within the agricultural sector is
also widely accepted by research scholars and policy-makers. In the
context of planned development, the government specifies production
targets for the agricultural sector and for different crops. The
intervention of government in the field of price determination has
important implications for the achievement of planned targets. In
Pakistan, there is a feeling among many groups including farmers and
politicians with a rural background that prices of agricultural crops
have not kept their parities intact over time and that prices generally
do not cover the costs of production. The feeling that production
incentives for agriculture have been eroded is especially strong for the
period since the early 1970s. It is argued that strong inflationary
pressures supported by a policy of withdrawal of government subsidies on
agricultural inputs have resulted in rapid increases in the prices paid
by agriculturists and that increases in the prices received by farmers
were not enough to compensate them for the rising prices of agricultural
inputs and consumption goods.
Instability of Federal Government Revenues and Expenditures in
Pakistan
Authors: Malik Muhammad Hussain , Yasmin Attiya
Published: August 2018

As in many other countries, in Pakistan too, the government
provides a number of social goods and services. For this purpose, the
government has to spend huge amounts of money every year. Federal
government expenditures in real terms have grown at an annual average
rate of 8.84 percent during the past fifteen years. Also, the share of
the federal government expenditures in GNP has increased from 20.93
percent in 1971-72 to 25.19 percent in 1985-86. The main component of
the federal government expenditures is of the recurrent type and is
devoted to defence, civil administration, debt servicing, health,
education, roads, and other such services. At present, the level of
social goods and services provided by the government is not considered
satisfactory. Moreover, public demand for them is on the increase due to
an increasing population growth rate and rising standards of living in
the country. The government needs resources to meet the public demands
for its goods and services and to fulfill the development requirements
of the country. For this purpose, the government generates revenue
through various taxes and tapping other revenue sources. It is important
that these taxes and other revenue sources yield a stable revenue over
time. If there are large year to year fluctuations in revenue, it
becomes very difficult for the government to meet its inflexible
obligations and to implement development plans. Stability of revenues,
therefore, becomes very important for fiscal management and development
planning.
Prospects for Expanding Trade between SAARC and ASEAN
Countries
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja , Mahmood Riaz
Published: August 2018

This paper analyses the determinants of trade flows between
the countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) and of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The
results show that while the high intensity of bilateral trade of these
countries is not explained by high complementarity, a policy of non
discriminatory import liberalization in ASEAN countries would
significantly benefit the SAARC countries in terms of export
expansion.
Substitutability of Pakistan's Monetary Assets under Alternative
Monetary Aggregates
Authors: Hasan M. Aynul , Kadir S. Ghulam , Mahmud S. Fakhre
Published: August 2018

This paper's main objective is to empirically investigate
whether or not the use of the simple• sum aggregate is justified in the
context of Pakistan's economy and also to determine the degree of
substitutability of monetary assets.
Indigenous Technological Capability in Developing Countries: A
Preliminary Approach to Identification
Authors: Huq M. M.
Published: August 2018

There are two important issues, though closely related, which
follow from technology transfers. One of these refers to the
appropriateness of imported technology to the recipient countries and
the other one refers to the development of indigenous technological
capability. The first issue has already attracted close attention from a
number of people including the present author.' So far as the issue of
indigenous technological capability in less developed countries (LDCs)
is concerned, a major discussion centering round the topic took place at
a conference held at the Centre of African Studies, University of
Edinburgh, in May-June 1982.2 Although a number of important areas were
debated in the above conference, no attempt was made to make any
measurement of ITC achievement in LDCs, the theme of the present paper.
In an earlier article, the author had an opportunity to make
observations on the use of indigenous and imported technologies in East
and West Africa. The present article while making general observations
on ITC achievement in developing countries will, however, make specific
references to three countries of the Indian sub-continent-
India,Pakistanand Banglades
Growth, Employment and Education: An Application of Multicriteria
Analysis to Pakistan
Authors: Kruijk Hans De , Tongeren Frank Van
Published: August 2018

Development planning is a multicriteria problem. Apart from
economic goals (like economic growth, income distribution, employment,
price stability, balance of payments, etc.) a set of basic human needs
(like food, health , housing, clothing, education, etc.) has to be
fulfilled within a limited time horizon. Of course, not all targets of
economic policy can reach desirable levels within a plan period given
scarce resources and trade-offs between goals and basic needs.
Priorities have to be formulated and goals and needs have to be weighted
against another. Multicriteria analysis can contribute to this weighing
process by circumscribing feasible areas and by quantifying above
mentioned trade-offs. The purpose of this paper is to present an
illustration of multicriteria analysis in which at least two goals of
economic policy (growth and employment) and one basic human need
(education) are incorporated. The model is applied to Pakistan due to
data access.