bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wplyw stopnia krzewienia się roślin na akumulacje biomasy organicznej u niektórych odmian zwyczajnej pszenicy ozimej [Influence of tillering degree on the accumulation of dry matter of some winter wheat varieties]
Authors: Drezner Witold
Published: June 2015

The correlation between the net assimilation rate and the degree of plant tillering are investigated for several varieties of simple winter wheat. The net assimilation rate (E, NAR, An) of the studied varieties for different degrees of tillering, individual shoots and individual plants is described according to the units mg/cm2 • 24 h. Index of efficiency of assimilation surface (F, LAR, IS) is determined in units cm2/mg. The tillering ability of vegetative shoots in plaints is a very important factor which increases the total assimilate stirfaice value and the assimilation effectivity of the plant's biomass.
Wpływ nawożenia mineralnego i nawadniania na aktyumość peroksydazy, katalazy i fosfatazy kwaśnej w dwóch fazach wzrostu kapusty i porów [The influence of mineral fertilization and irrigation on the activity of peroxidase, catalase and acid phosphatase of cabbage and leek in two stages of growth]
Authors: Gurgul E. , Kołota E.
Published: June 2015

During the growth of plant, the very distinct increase of enzymatic activity of peroxidase and catalase was observed, but in case of acid phosphatase in smaller degree. An irrigation caused the decreasing of activity of all tested enzymes in both stages of cabbage growth. However, in case of leeks leaves sprinkling irrigation stimulated activity of catalase and acid phosphatase in both stages and peroxidase in the second stage of growth. The effectiveness of the mineral nutritive was differentiated, and often correlated with a level of soil moisture, kind of plant and its stage of growth.
Chlorogonoplasty ID nasionach i bulwach ziemniaka – Solarium tuberosum L. jako wskaźnik odporności na streptomykozy [The chlorogonoplasts in the seeds and tubers of potato – Solatium tuberosum L. as indicator of resistance to the streptomycosis]
Authors: Wojciechowska Barbara , Zając Krystyna
Published: June 2015

Few varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. were investigated by histochemical methods. The dependence between the presence of the chlorogonoplasts and the resistance of the tested varieties to streptomycosis was found.
Activity of indolyl-3-acetic acid oxidase and peroxidase in roots of carrot infested with Meloidogyne hapla Chiuu.
Authors: Janas Krystyna M.
Published: June 2015

IAA-oxidase and peroxidase activity was measured in storage and side roots of healthy and M. hapla infested carrots of two sultivars. Cultivar 'Perfekcja' is sensitive whereas cv. 'Slendero' is tolerant to the northern root-knot ne-matode. 3-, 4-, and 5-month-old plants were subjected to analyses. In M. hapla infested plants of both cultivars IAA-oxidase inhibitors accumulated. Kinetics of IAA oxidation in vivo were the same in healthy and infested plants. IAA-oxidase activity in vitro was inhibited in crude extracts of the infested tissues, the inhibition being prevented by PVP. Peroxidase activity increased in secondary phloem and decreased in galled side roots of both cultivars when compared with healthy controls. In galled side roots of the youngest 3-month-old plants peroxidase activity was not decreased. IAA-oxidase inhibitors accumulated in the infested roots.It is concluded that M. hapla has no direct effect on IAA-oxidase. Degree of tolerance to nematodes is correlated with the ratio of IAA-oxidase inhibitors to IAA-oxidase rather than with the absolute activity of IAA-oxidase.
Współdziałanie niektórych herbicydów z kwasem indolilo-3-octowym i kwasem giberelowym we wzroście roślin testowanych [The interaction of some herbicides on indole-3-acetic acid and gibberelltc acid in growth of test plants]
Authors: Skrabka H.
Published: June 2015

There was investigated the effect of eight herbicides (Afalon, Alicep, CIPC, Gramoxon, Krezamon, Pielik, Simazin, Venzar) with various chemical structure and different physiological properties, used in several concentrations from 1 to 50 mg/1, on the growth of test plants, as well as their interaction with indole-3-acetic acids and gibberelic acids in growth of same plants.
Characteristic of the nutritive value of the protein from rye coryopses. II. Evaluation of rye grain protein quality by Dye-Binding Capacity method
Authors: Kubiczek K. , Chojnacki G.
Published: June 2015

The usefulness for breeding porposes of the azosulphonic dye-binding capacity (DBC method) by proteins for large scale screening nutritive value characteristic of rye grain protein was studied. It was established that binding capacity of dye by rye grain protein is positively, significantly correlated with protein nutritive value indicators, e.g. CS (Chemical Score). The amounts of the binded dye by 1 g of milled rye grains were positively, significantly correlated with "useful" protein content of grains. DBC plus Kjeldahl protein evaluations are together suitable for mass screening quantitative and qualitative characteristic of rye grain protein.
The use of ethephon and mixtures of ethephon luith inorganic defoliants to defoliate apple nursery trees
Authors: Basak A. , Jankiewicz L. S. , Czynczyk A.
Published: June 2015

Ethephon alone and in a mixture with inorganic defoliants was used to defoliate apple nursery trees of three cultivars: Yellow Transparent, McIntosh and Jonathan. The mixture of ethephon with copper sulphate or magnesium chlorate defoliated the trees better than ethophon or inorganic defoliants used seperately in twice as high concentrations as in a mixture. The tress defoliated with the mixtures of defoliants suffered less from frost injury than those treated with only the inorganic defoliants.
Antropogeniczne przeobrażenia roślinności Polski (Tekst objaśniający do mapy) [Anthropogenic changes of the vegetation of Poland (Map in 1:2 000 000 scale and a comment to map)]
Authors: Faliński Janusz B.
Published: June 2015

The concept of a map of the anthropogenic modification of the vegetation of Poland is based on the assumption that the nature of the process of synanthropization lies in substitution of the peculiar or endemic components by cosmopolitic ones, of autochtonic components by allochtonic ones and of stenotopic components by euritopic ones. The 7 degrees constituting the 7 fundamental cartographic units (symbols in the legend) describe the extent and trend of the progressing substitution of natural (autogenic) by anthropogenic vegetation and finally the changes in the latter. The degree of anthropogenic modification of the vegetation in each physico-geographical mesoregion of Poland expressed by one of the 7 degrees (I-VII).
Plant diseases caused by heavy metals and their phytiatry with cation exchangers
Authors: Van Assche C. , De Mey Ir. W.
Published: June 2015

The noxious influence of heavy metals as lead, zinc, copper and lead on higher plants and soil fungi was described. Addition to the soil of Levatit cation exchangers consisting of polystyrene porous resins, charged with calcium or manganese in granulated or powdered form, restored normal plant growth and inhibited the uptake of heavy metals ions.
Występowanie fuzariozy tulipanów (Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) S. et H. f. sp. tulipae Apt.) na plantacjach produkcyjnych w Polsce [Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) S. et H. f. sp. tulipae Apt. in tulip plantations in Poland]
Authors: Zamorski Cz.
Published: June 2015

The disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae has been observed on 'bud'b coming from different plantations. The number of diseased bulbs depended on the conditions of cultivation, the manner of storing, and the variety. Among the varieties most strongly affected were: Red Giant (up to 70%), Brilliant Star, Blizzard, Cellini, and Prominence.
Wpływ zapraw na kiełkowanie nasion roślin ozdobnych [The ejects of chemical treatment on germination of ornamental plants]
Authors: Zamorski Cz. , Milczarek K.
Published: June 2015

Among the four chemicals (fungicides) studied, the safest for the treatment of seeds of 10 different ornamental plants proved to be: Captan suspension 50 and Seed Treatment T.
Cytoembriologiczne badania nad rozwojem gametofitów, żenskiego i męskiego, u dihaploidalnych, triploidalnych oraz tetraploidalnych klonów Solanum tuberosum L. I. Megasporogeneza i megagametofitogeneza [Cytoembriological investigations on the development, of female and main gametophytes in dihaploid, triploid and tetraploid clones of Solanum tuberosum L. I.]
Authors: Chwiłkowska Bożena , Zenkteler Maciej
Published: June 2015

The development of female and male gametophytes in dihaploid, triploid and tetraploid clones of Solanum tuberosum was studied. Many disturbances in the course of megasporogenesis and megagaimetogenesis are described. In spite of there disturbances some clones were partially fertile.
Uptake and translocation of labelled iodide ion in privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.) as related to its defoliating activity
Authors: Marczyński S. , Jankiewicz L. S.
Published: June 2015

The 131J- ion applied as KJ solution to lanolin ring on the leaf moved quickly to other parts of the leaf, however, it was transported to the stem and axillary bud in small amount. The 131J- ion from potassium iodide was absorbed very fast by privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). By 45 min after treatment about half of the applied ion was absorbed. This result was also confirmed In field experiments with non labelled KJ with privet and with Spiraea x bumalda cv. Froebelii during 2 year experiments. In the conditions of high air humidity (95% r.h.) much more K131J was absorbed than at low air humidity (50% r.h.) at the same temperature (23°). Also at a relatively high temperature (23°) the uptake was more intensive than at a low temperature (4°), at the same air humidity (95% r.h.).
Produktywność i dynamika przyrostu biomasy netto zbiorowisk trawiastych łąk w Jaktorowie oraz zmiany w ich skiadzie florystycznym [Productivity and dynamics of biomass net increment and exchanges of plant species in the grass communities of permanent meadows in Jaktorów]
Authors: Tołokowska Maria
Published: June 2015

It was established that fertilizatian favours the development and yield of the underground and above ground plant parts both directly and indirectly, that is by changing the floristic composition of the plant community. The production of net biomass and exchanges of a plant species on permanent meadows is dependent not only on the kind of soil, moisture and fertilization but also on the atmospheric conditions.
The influence of electrical charge and indolebutyric acid on rooting of willow cuttings
Authors: Domański R. , Lesiewicz C. , Poliszko S. , Surma S.
Published: June 2015

Willow cuttings were treated by direct electrical current (DEC), with a negative or a positive electrode inserted inside them, and with the other being outside. Both directions of DEC flow between electrodes stimulated rooting as actively as growth stimulators. The mung bean or oat coleoptile straight growth test showed that the cuttings released some growth promoters into the surrounding water. However, the simultaneous release of some undetected rooting inhibitors was not excluded. The experiment, shows the possibility of changing the chemical regulatory mechanisms of tissues by the use of weak, direct electrical current which causes, the migration of particular substance{s) into or from a definite tissue or organ.
The effect of controlled temperature and humidity on the effectiveness of chemical defoliation of Ligustrum vulgare L. and Spiraea bumalda Burv. shrubs
Authors: Marczyński S. , Jankiewicz L. S.
Published: June 2015

The influence of 3 temperatures: 4°, 13°, and 22°C and of 3 humidities 50% r.h., 77% r.h. and 95% r.h. on the effectiveness of two defolians KJ and Mg(ClO3)2•6H2O was investigated in a phytotron. By changing day and night temperature and humidity the weather conditions encountered in nurseries in autumn were simulated. The influence of environment on defoliation depended markedly on the species of plant and on the defoliant. In several cases defoliation started earliest at 13° but over a longer period of time the temperature 4° stimulated markedly leaf shedding.
Wpływ linuronu (Afalonu) i nawożenia mineralnego na zawartość cukrów redukujqeych oraz niektórych skladników sciany komórkowej w peluszce (Pisum arvense L.) [The influence of linuron (Afalon) and mineral fertilization on the content of reducing sugars and some components of cell wall in field pea (Pisum arvense L.)]
Authors: Ciszewska R. , Szynal J.
Published: June 2015

The content of reducing sugars, soluble pectins, protopectins and free and bound calcium in above-ground parts of field pea (Pisum arvense L.) during budding and flowering in field conditions was determined. In this experiment different mineral fertilization and Afalon (linuron) were used. Afalon was applied to the soil in weed control dose (1 kg/ha A.S.). The significant influence of linuron and the level of fertilization on the content of determined components in investigated material was not corroborated. The content of pectic substances, first of all, was dependend on phase of vegetation. The differences in the content of calcium were related to distribution in above-ground parts of investigated plants. The tendency to reduction of the content of reducing sugars after application of linuron was observed only during budding of field pea. The received resultes show that linuron used in weed control doses has not evoked unprofitable changes in the content of investigated components of cell wall which they could the significance in the growth and development and in some immunity reactions of plants.
Współczesne przeobrażenia zbiorowisk segetalnych w środkowej Polsce [Contemporary changes of. segetal communities in Central Poland]
Authors: Warcholińska Urszula A.
Published: June 2015

The paper presents the preliminary results of investigations on the process of degeneration of some field phytocoenoses of winter cereals and flax in central Poland, occurring under the mechanical, chemical and biotic influence of anthropopression (Tables 1-6). It is endeavoured to present, on the basis of analysis of the relations between degeneration symptoms in phytocoenoses of some associations characteristic for this part of Poland and the effect of human activity on the agroecosystem, the mechanism and consequences of this degeneration and to establish the trends and extent of this process (Table 6). This might be useful in: - appropriate management and protection of the field environment, - rational organisation of agricultural production. At the same time it was undertaken to distinguish, define and separate the forms of degeneration within the phytosociologicol units analysed. This may be of importance for: – a correct evaluation of the interrelations between the field phytocoenosis and the habitat, – evaluation and cartographic presentation of the productive values of field habitats.
A New Modular, Autonomously Reconfigurable Manipulator Platform
Authors: Kereluk Jason A. , Emami M. Reza
Published: June 2015

This paper discusses the design and development of a new Modular, Autonomously Reconfigurable Serial manipulator platform for advanced manufacturing, termed as the MARS manipulator. The platform consists of i) an 18-Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) serial-link manipulator capable of locking any of its joints at any position in their continuous range, such that it can emulate fewer-DOF serial manipulators with different kinematic and dynamic parameters, and ii) an integrated simulation and design environment that provides control over the manipulator hardware as well as a toolset for the design, implementation and optimization of a desired manipulator configuration for a given task. The effectiveness of the MARS manipulator to adapt its configuration to various tasks is examined by assuming two well-known configurations, SCARA and articulated, and by performing a specific task with each of them. The variation in effectiveness of the two configurations in terms of the end-effector trajectory, end-effector accuracy and power consumption is discussed. Further, these configurations are optimized with respect to their performance accuracy, and compared to their pre-optimized versions. Finally, the accuracy model of the simulation is compared against the physical hardware system, running the same task.
Littérature et vocalité chez Xenakis ou comment traiter des abîmes
Authors: Darbon Nicolas
Published: June 2015

Le mythème du Chaos est étudié à travers les oeuvres vocales de Xenakis. Il est représentatif de l’histoire, des préoccupations et de la sensibilité « contemporaines » (de la fin du XXe siècle) : bien que s’inspirant de l’Antiquité grecque, le traitement du texte oscille entre les pôles de l’abstraction pure et de l’expression signifiante. Furieux, tempétueux, le chaos xenakien peut résulter du traumatisme, de la folie, de la guerre, désigner l’état de ce qui n’a pas de forme, la béance, le déluge, la genèse, la perdition, être transition, processus, représenter l’Origine ou la Fin du monde. Ainsi le compositeur a-t-il voulu « traiter des abîmes » par la vocalité soliste ou chorale, remonter à « toute la richesse cosmique, mais chaotiquement ». Cet article ouvre un diptyque dont le second volet s’intitule « La Grande Mère néolithique dans Serment-Orkos » (publié par le Centre Iannis Xenakis, Université de Rouen). Le postulat est le suivant : les sciences dites du « chaos » et de la « complexité » relèvent elles-mêmes d’une anthropologie de l’imaginaire. Par ailleurs, il s’inscrit dans un champ de recherche sur la transdiction (notion explicitée sur le site du CEREdI, Université de Rouen), c’est-à-dire sur le son et la corporéité des transferts musico-littéraires.
Getting Stuck, Becoming Unstuck: Agency, Identity and Transitions between Learning Contexts
Authors: Field John , Lynch Heather
Published: June 2015

Flexibility and change are typically viewed as endemic features of late modernity, leading to increased emphasis on the importance of transition during the adult life course. The paper examines experiences of transition for eight contributors to a research project that collected and analysed life histories as the basis for an understanding of learning in relation to identity, agency and change in adult life. Four of the interviewees report mired transitions, and four report on transitions that became mobile after a period of immobility. The paper identifies a number of factors which can restrict movement, structural and internal, real and imaginary, that are described in these stories. We then set out our socio-cultural understanding of the ‘betwixt and between’ status that Turner calls liminality, suggesting that many do not experience liminality as wholly emancipatory. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for lifelong learning strategies, which need to attend to the weight of what Alheit calls ‘biographicity’ in understanding learners' lives. While this requires acknowledgement of the role of informal learning, it does not however justify understating the importance of formal adult learning.
Effective Learning Systems through Blended Teaching Modules in Adult Secondary Education Systems in Developing Nations: Need for Partnership
Authors: Ike Eucharia , Okechukwu Ibeh Bartholomew
Published: June 2015

We investigated methodological lessons in randomly selected adult secondary schools to construct a case for international partnership while examining education development in Nigeria. Standard database and web-based searches were conducted for publications between 1985 and 2012 on learning systems. This paper presents its absence and finds a heavy (over 80%) reliance on traditional methods of learning in Nigeria with less than 3% partnership with developed nations/organisations accompanied by low standard of learning. The authors propose the introduction of a blended teaching model which can potentially improve learning while requiring partnership from other developed nations and non-governmental organisations to aid its sustenance.
Practitioner-Initiated Workplace-Based Conjoint Collaboration within an Adult Education Institution toward Democratic Schooling: A Distributed Leadership Perspective
Authors: Fang Ya-Hui , Huang Shen-Tzay
Published: June 2015

This paper examines an account of a practitioner-initiated transformation of workplace-based social relationship within a grassroots adult education institution. This tripartite relationship among adult students, staff and teachers, abbreviated as AST, is a major driving force for activities and missionary functioning of the XinZhuang Community University (XZ-CU) and thus constitutes an indication of conjoint collaboration. Grafted from historical context and the development stage of AST, the initiative and the intervention focused on redefining AST relationship from a distributed leadership perspective and represents a democratic core and alternative to school leadership that would render new opportunity to create ‘democratic structures and processes' that a Democratic School advocated. This work has led to the conception and practice of joint educational experiment with elementary schools. The objectives of this research (as a professional engagement) are two-fold: first, to outline the major observables of this engagement, including reviews of facilitating the evolution of AST relationship in past three years. Second, with the Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and its variant as the theoretical lens for framing and understanding the phenomena, we then identify the critical contradictions and concerted efforts of transformation, along with outcomes that emerged and artefacts employed, as well as further impacts of school reform on structures and processes.
Interplay of cell dynamics and epithelial tension during morphogenesis of the Drosophila pupal wing
Authors: Etournay Raphaël , Popović Marko , Merkel Matthias , Nandi Amitabha , Blasse Corinna , Aigouy Benoît , Brandl Holger , Myers Gene , Salbreux Guillaume , Jülicher Frank , Eaton Suzanne
Published: June 2015

How tissue shape emerges from the collective mechanical properties and behavior of individual cells is not understood. We combine experiment and theory to study this problem in the developing wing epithelium of Drosophila. At pupal stages, the wing-hinge contraction contributes to anisotropic tissue flows that reshape the wing blade. Here, we quantitatively account for this wing-blade shape change on the basis of cell divisions, cell rearrangements and cell shape changes. We show that cells both generate and respond to epithelial stresses during this process, and that the nature of this interplay specifies the pattern of junctional network remodeling that changes wing shape. We show that patterned constraints exerted on the tissue by the extracellular matrix are key to force the tissue into the right shape. We present a continuum mechanical model that quantitatively describes the relationship between epithelial stresses and cell dynamics, and how their interplay reshapes the wing.
A panel of induced pluripotent stem cells from chimpanzees: a resource for comparative functional genomics
Authors: Gallego Romero Irene , Pavlovic Bryan J , Hernando-Herraez Irene , Zhou Xiang , Ward Michelle C , Banovich Nicholas E , Kagan Courtney L , Burnett Jonathan E , Huang Constance H , Mitrano Amy , Chavarria Claudia I , Friedrich Ben-Nun Inbar , Li Yingchun , Sabatini Karen , Leonardo Trevor R , Parast Mana , Marques-Bonet Tomas , Laurent Louise C , Loring Jeanne F , Gilad Yoav
Published: June 2015

Comparative genomics studies in primates are restricted due to our limited access to samples. In order to gain better insight into the genetic processes that underlie variation in complex phenotypes in primates, we must have access to faithful model systems for a wide range of cell types. To facilitate this, we generated a panel of 7 fully characterized chimpanzee induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines derived from healthy donors. To demonstrate the utility of comparative iPSC panels, we collected RNA-sequencing and DNA methylation data from the chimpanzee iPSCs and the corresponding fibroblast lines, as well as from 7 human iPSCs and their source lines, which encompass multiple populations and cell types. We observe much less within-species variation in iPSCs than in somatic cells, indicating the reprogramming process erases many inter-individual differences. The low within-species regulatory variation in iPSCs allowed us to identify many novel inter-species regulatory differences of small magnitude.
Improved particle swarm optimization method directed by indirect surrogate modeling
Authors: Pehlivanoğlu Y. Volkan , Ay Serdar , Gül Faruk
Published: June 2015

An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed and tested for two different test cases: surface fitting of a wing shape and an inverse design of an airfoil in subsonic flow. The new algorithm emphasizes the use of an indirect design prediction based on a local surrogate modeling as a part of update equations in particle swarm optimization algorithm structure. For all the demonstration problems considered herein, remarkable reductions in the computational times have been accomplished.
Empreendedorismo Feminino: Um Estudo sobre sua Representatividade no Município de Toledo – Paraná
Authors: Sanches Fernanda Cristina , Schmidt Carla Maria , Cielo Ivanete Daga , Kühn Marta Karina Schmitz
Published: June 2015

A entrada e participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho, bem como seu crescimento profissional, tem tornado o empreendedorismo feminino uma temática do interesse de vários autores. Nesta dinâmica, o objetivo da pesquisa foi colaborar com um maior entendimento sobre a atuação das mulheres enquanto empreendedoras nos setores econômicos de indústria, comércio e serviços. Para tanto, possui como objeto de estudo as empreendedoras do município de Toledo, localizado na Região Oeste do Paraná. Como fonte de coleta de dados empíricos foi utilizado o cadastro de empresas credenciadas na Prefeitura Municipal de Toledo (2010). Os resultados indicaram que no município há uma participação ativa da mulher enquanto empreendedora, com um total de 58% de participação feminina, sendo que o setor com maior destaque é do comércio.DOI: 10.7769/gesec.v4i2.178
Efeito de herbicidas aplicados em jato dirigido no desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de pinhão-manso
Authors: Costa Neumárcio Vilanova , Neunfeld Tania Helena , Ohland Tatiane , Piano Jeferson Tiago , Rodrigues-Costa Andreia Cristina Peres
Published: June 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de glyphosate, paraquat e do amônio-glufosinato aplicados em jato dirigido no desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de pinhão-manso. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em: glyphosate (180, 360, 720 e 1.440 g ha-1), paraquat (100, 200, 400 e 800 g ha-1) e amônio-glufosinato (125, 250, 500 e 1.000 g ha-1) e uma testemunha (sem aplicação). A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada aos 145 dias após a semeadura, em jato dirigido no terço médio inferior das plantas. As doses de glyphosate proporcionaram médias de fitointoxicação de 2,4% e não houve redução da área foliar, contudo, constatou-se redução média da massa seca de 9,0% aos 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Para o paraquat, até a dose de 200 g ha-1 ocorreram fitointoxicações inferiores a 20% até os 35 DAA, entretanto, houve redução da área foliar e da massa seca das plantas de 47,0 e 18,2%, respectivamente. A dose de 125 g ha-1 de amônio-glufosinato foi a que proporcionou os menores valores de fitointoxicação (<20,0%), de redução da área foliar (2,7%) e da massa seca (10,5%) das plantas aos até 35 DAA. Concluiu-se que o contato do paraquat e do amônio-glufosinato com o caule e folhas do baixeiro pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas. Entretanto, a aplicação do glyphosate em jato dirigido não prejudicou o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de pinhão-manso, independentemente da dose utilizada.
Tolerância de duas variedades de algodoeiro a herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência
Authors: Arantes João Guilherme Zanetti de , Oliveira Jr. Rubem Silvério de , Constantin Jamil , Biffe Denis Fernando , Raimondi Michel Alex , Blainski Eder , Alonso Diego Gonçalves , Braz Guilherme Braga Pereira
Published: June 2015

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência, isolados ou em misturas, para as variedades Delta-Opal e FMT-701. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: alachlor, S-metolachlor, diuron (em duas doses), prometryn (em duas doses), oxyfluorfen, alachlor + diuron, alachlor + prometryn (em duas doses da mistura), S-metolachlor + diuron, S-metolachlor + prometryn (em duas doses da mistura), oxyfluorfen + diuron, oxyfluorfen + prometryn. Foram realizadas avaliações relacionadas à fitointoxicação visual, altura de plantas e produtividade da cultura. Quando houve incremento na dose de diuron e prometryn, os sintomas de fitointoxicação foram intensificados em relação às menores doses. O herbicida oxyfluorfen quando aplicado isolado e em mistura com diuron ou prometryn proporcionou sintomas intensos de fitointoxicação à cultura do algodoeiro. No entanto, o único tratamento que não foi seletivo para ambas variedades de algodoeiro foi a mistura oxyfluorfen + prometryn (0,192 + 0,900 kg ha-1).
Alterações fisiológicas na cultura do tomateiro devido à deriva simulada de herbicidas
Authors: Langaro Ana Claudia , Nohatto Marcos André , Perboni Lais Tessari , Tarouco Camila Peligrinotti , Agostinetto Dirceu
Published: June 2015

A deriva acidental pode ocorrer como consequência da aplicação de herbicidas. No entanto, pouco se sabe em relação às alterações fisiológicas nas culturas em função da deriva de herbicidas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da deriva simulada dos herbicidas glifosato e clomazona na cultura do tomateiro. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial, onde o fator A comparou os herbicidas (glifosato e clomazona) e o fator B as doses (0; 12,5; 25; 37,5 e 50% da dose comercial). Foram avaliados: conteúdo de fenóis totais, teores de clorofilas (a, b e total) e carotenoides, peroxidação lipídica e extravasamento de eletrólitos. O aumento da dose dos herbicidas resultou em aumento do conteúdo de fenóis totais e maior extravasamento de eletrólitos nas plantas. A deriva do herbicida glifosato resulta em redução dos pigmentos fotossintéticos e ocasiona maior peroxidação lipídica das membranas na cultura do tomate, comparado ao clomazona. Pode-se concluir que a deriva acidental altera o metabolismo das plantas de tomate, acarretando estresse oxidativo.
A novel framework for discharge uncertainty quantification applied to 500 UK gauging stations
Authors: Coxon G. , Freer J. , Westerberg I. K. , Wagener T. , Woods R. , Smith P. J.
Published: June 2015

Benchmarking the quality of river discharge data and understanding its information content for hydrological analyses is an important task for hydrologic science. There is a wide variety of techniques to assess discharge uncertainty. However, few studies have developed generalized approaches to quantify discharge uncertainty. This study presents a generalized framework for estimating discharge uncertainty at many gauging stations with different errors in the stage‐discharge relationship. The methodology utilizes a nonparametric LOWESS regression within a novel framework that accounts for uncertainty in the stage‐discharge measurements, scatter in the stage‐discharge data and multisection rating curves. The framework was applied to 500 gauging stations in England and Wales and we evaluated the magnitude of discharge uncertainty at low, mean and high flow points on the rating curve. The framework was shown to be robust, versatile and able to capture place‐specific uncertainties for a number of different examples. Our study revealed a wide range of discharge uncertainties (10–397% discharge uncertainty interval widths), but the majority of the gauging stations (over 80%) had mean and high flow uncertainty intervals of less than 40%. We identified some regional differences in the stage‐discharge relationships, however the results show that local conditions dominated in determining the magnitude of discharge uncertainty at a gauging station. This highlights the importance of estimating discharge uncertainty for each gauging station prior to using those data in hydrological analyses.
Determining the likelihood of pauses and surges in global warming
Authors: Schurer Andrew P. , Hegerl Gabriele C. , Obrochta Stephen P.
Published: June 2015

The recent warming “hiatus” is subject to intense interest, with proposed causes including natural forcing and internal variability. Here we derive samples of all natural and internal variability from observations and a recent proxy reconstruction to investigate the likelihood that these two sources of variability could produce a hiatus or rapid warming in surface temperature. The likelihood is found to be consistent with that calculated previously for models and exhibits a similar spatial pattern, with an Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation‐like structure, although with more signal in the Atlantic than in model patterns. The number and length of events increases if natural forcing is also considered, particularly in the models. From the reconstruction it can be seen that large eruptions, such as Mount Tambora in 1815, or clusters of eruptions, may result in a hiatus of over 20 years, a finding supported by model results.
Numerical stability analysis of two‐dimensional solute transport along a discrete fracture in a porous rock matrix
Authors: Watanabe Norihiro , Kolditz Olaf
Published: June 2015

This work reports numerical stability conditions in two‐dimensional solute transport simulations including discrete fractures surrounded by an impermeable rock matrix. We use an advective‐dispersive problem described in Tang et al. (1981) and examine the stability of the Crank‐Nicolson Galerkin finite element method (CN‐GFEM). The stability conditions are analyzed in terms of the spatial discretization length perpendicular to the fracture, the flow velocity, the diffusion coefficient, the matrix porosity, the fracture aperture, and the fracture longitudinal dispersivity. In addition, we verify applicability of the recently developed finite element method‐flux corrected transport (FEM‐FCT) method by Kuzmin () to suppress oscillations in the hybrid system, with a comparison to the commonly utilized Streamline Upwinding/Petrov‐Galerkin (SUPG) method. Major findings of this study are (1) the mesh von Neumann number (Fo) ≥ 0.373 must be satisfied to avoid undershooting in the matrix, (2) in addition to an upper bound, the Courant number also has a lower bound in the fracture in cases of low dispersivity, and (3) the FEM‐FCT method can effectively suppress the oscillations in both the fracture and the matrix. The results imply that, in cases of low dispersivity, prerefinement of a numerical mesh is not sufficient to avoid the instability in the hybrid system if a problem involves evolutionary flow fields and dynamic material parameters. Applying the FEM‐FCT method to such problems is recommended if negative concentrations cannot be tolerated and computing time is not a strong issue.
A Helical Metamaterial for Broadband Circular Polarization Conversion
Authors: Kaschke Johannes , Blume Leonard , Wu Lin , Thiel Michael , Bade Klaus , Yang Zhenyu , Wegener Martin
Published: June 2015

Metallic helical metamaterials give rise to broadband and scalable chiro‐optical effects orders of magnitude higher than found in nature. While arrays of gold helices have been suggested as compact circular polarizers, where a large difference of the diagonal elements of the Jones transmission matrix is desired, chiral metamaterials can also be designed to exhibit strong circular‐polarization conversions. Here, a novel helical metamaterial design, exhibiting asymmetric, broadband circular‐polarization conversion, is introduced. The metamaterial is composed of unit cells with a single helix that changes its handedness halfway along the helix axis. Based on numerical calculations, an intuitive model explaining the principle of operation is given. Furthermore, a novel fabrication approach employing STED‐inspired direct laser writing in combination with electrochemical deposition of gold is presented. The experimental data show circular‐polarization conversion of up to 75% for an unmatched bandwidth of one octave, in very good agreement with theory.
One‐Step Selective Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Ohkubo Kei
Published: June 2015

Recent developments in the one‐step thermal and photochemical catalytic hydroxylation of benzene to phenol using various oxidants are described, focusing on the catalytic mechanisms. Hydroxylation of benzene with hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by homogeneous metal complexes and heterogeneous metal oxides to produce phenol when high‐valent metal‐oxo complexes are reactive species The selective hydroxylation of benzene to phenol is achieved by using mesoporous silica‐alumina as the catalyst support, which prohibits further oxidation of phenol due to the strongly acidic sites. Photocatalytic oxidation of benzene with dioxygen and water is made possible by using organic photocatalysts via photoinduced electron transfer from benzene to the excited states of the photocatalysts, followed by the hydroxylation of the benzene radical cation with water to yield phenol selectively. The further oxidation of phenol is prohibited because of the fast back electron transfer from the one‐electron reduced species of the photocatalyst to the phenol radical cation, whereas back electron transfer from the one‐electron reduced species to the benzene radical cation is slowed down because of the large driving force of the back electron transfer, which is in the Marcus inverted region.
Using the electronic medical record to refer women taking category D or X medications for teratogen and contraceptive counseling
Authors: Mody Sheila K. , Wu Jennifer , Ornelas Marla , Kernahan Colleen , Salas Elizabeth , Kao Kelly , Felix Robert , Chambers Christina
Published: June 2015

Background

Women taking teratogens may not receive teratogen and contraceptive counseling. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of an electronic medical record (EMR) alert and referral system to improve teratogen and contraceptive counseling.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive study in an academic outpatient setting to evaluate the feasibility of an EMR alert and referral system. Reproductive age women taking category D or X medications seen in family medicine clinics were referred by means of an EMR alert for teratogen and contraceptive counseling. A subset of these women consented to follow‐up surveys assessing contraceptive usage before counseling, intended contraceptive method after counseling and satisfaction with the counseling. Participants were contacted at 1 and 3 months to assess contraceptive usage.

Results

A total of 354 women were prescribed category D or X medications by clinicians who received the EMR alert, 170 women were referred, 59 women received counseling, and 33 participants enrolled in the study. One participant did not use any contraception. Among the 32 participants using contraception, 12 (37.5%) used oral contraceptives, 11 (34.4%) used condoms, 3 (9.4%) used withdrawal, 3 (9.4%) used intrauterine devices, 2 (6.3%) used contraceptive rings, and 1 (3.1%) used the diaphragm. After counseling, one‐third of participants were considering more effective contraception. Almost all participants strongly agreed or agreed that the counseling was helpful.

Conclusion

Creating an EMR alert and referral system for women prescribed category X or D medications is feasible. Counseling on teratogen exposure and contraception may improve the acceptability of more effective contraception. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:644–647, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Industrial production of clotting factors: Challenges of expression, and choice of host cells
Authors: Kumar Sampath R.
Published: June 2015

The development of recombinant forms of blood coagulation factors as safer alternatives to plasma derived factors marked a major advance in the treatment of common coagulation disorders. These are complex proteins, mostly enzymes or co‐enzymes, involving multiple post‐translational modifications, and therefore are difficult to express. This article reviews the nature of the expression challenges for the industrial production of these factors, vis‐à‐vis the translational and post‐translational bottlenecks, as well as the choice of host cell lines for high‐fidelity production. For achieving high productivities of vitamin K dependent proteins, which include factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X, and protein C, host cell limitation of γ‐glutamyl carboxylation is a major bottleneck. Despite progress in addressing this, involvement of yet unidentified protein(s) impedes a complete cell engineering solution. Human factor VIII expresses at very low levels due to limitations at several steps in the protein secretion pathway. Protein and cell engineering, vector improvement and alternate host cells promise improvement in the productivity. Production of Von Willebrand factor is constrained by its large size, complex structure, and the need for extensive glycosylation and disulfide‐bonded oligomerization. All the licensed therapeutic factors are produced in CHO, BHK or HEK293 cells. While HEK293 is a recent adoption, BHK cells appear to be disfavored.
The Development of Stirring Technology from an Empirical Art to Science
Authors: Kraume Matthias
Published: June 2015

Until the beginning of the 20th century, stirring was mostly regarded only marginally in most production processes. A century later, many aspects of stirring technology have been largely understood scientifically. This paper presents ground‐breaking publications which have contributed significantly to the impressive gains in scientific knowledge. Here, the focus is on work to determine the power consumption as well as to characterize liquid mixing, suspension of solids and dispersion of liquids and gases.
Patent foramen ovale closure following cryptogenic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: Long‐term follow‐up of 301 cases
Authors: Mirzaali Mikaeil , Dooley Maureen , Wynne Dylan , Cooter Nina , Lee Lorraine , Haworth Peter , Saha Romi , Gainsborough Nicola , Hildick‐Smith David
Published: June 2015

Patent foramen ovale has been identified as a conduit for paradoxical embolism resulting in cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). We aimed to establish rates of death, recurrent stroke or TIA among patients undergoing PFO closure for stroke or TIA at our unit. A retrospective analysis of all PFO closure patients was performed between May 2004 and January 2013. Follow up was performed by mortality tracing using the Medical Research Information Service of the Office of National Statistics. With regard to stroke or TIA recurrence, written consent forms and questionnaires were mailed with follow up telephone calls. Medical notes and imaging records were consulted where adverse events were noted. 301 patients aged 48.6 ± 11.0 years, 54.4% male, with ≥1 thromboembolic neurovascular event had percutaneous PFO closure with one of eight devices, with successful implantation in 99% of cases. Follow‐up duration was 40.2 ± 26.2 months (range 1.3–105.3); complete in 301 patients for mortality (100%) and 283 patients (94.0%) for neurovascular events. Two patients died during follow‐up (respiratory failure n = 1; road traffic accident n = 1). Recurrent stroke (MRI or CT confirmed) was observed in five patients (0.5%; 0.55 per 100 person‐years) and TIA in 9 (1.1%; 0.98 per 100 person‐years). Atrial fibrillation requiring treatment was documented in 14 patients (1.7%). Percutaneous PFO closure in patients with cryptogenic stroke or TIA is a safe treatment with a low incidence of procedural complications and recurrent neurovascular events. Registry data like these may help to demonstrate the utility of PFO closure in stroke. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The expression of tubb2b undergoes a developmental transition in murine cortical neurons
Authors: Breuss Martin , Morandell Jasmin , Nimpf Simon , Gstrein Thomas , Lauwers Mattias , Hochstoeger Tobias , Braun Andreas , Chan Kelvin , Sánchez Guajardo Edmundo R. , Zhang Lijuan , Suplata Marek , Heinze Katrin G. , Elsayad Kareem , Keays David A.
Published: June 2015

The development of the mammalian brain requires the generation, migration, and differentiation of neurons, cellular processes that are dependent on a dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton. Mutations in tubulin genes, which encode for the structural subunits of microtubules, cause detrimental neurological disorders known as the tubulinopathies. The disease spectra associated with different tubulin genes are overlapping but distinct, an observation believed to reflect functional specification of this multigene family. Perturbation of the β‐tubulin TUBB2B is known to cause polymicrogyria, pachygyria, microcephaly, and axon guidance defects. Here we provide a detailed analysis of the expression pattern of its murine homolog Tubb2b. The generation and characterization of BAC‐transgenic eGFP reporter mouse lines has revealed that it is highly expressed in progenitors and postmitotic neurons during cortical development. This contrasts with the 8‐week‐old cortex, in which Tubb2b expression is restricted to macroglia, and expression is almost completely absent in mature neurons. This developmental transition in neurons is mirrored in the adult hippocampus and the cerebellum but is not a universal feature of Tubb2b; its expression persists in a population of postmitotic neurons in the 8‐week‐old retina. We propose that the dynamic spatial and temporal expression of Tubb2b reflects specific functional requirements of the microtubule cytoskeleton. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2161–2186, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of Significant Aprotic Solvent Effects on the Conformational Distribution of Methyl 4‐Nitrophenyl Sulfoxide: From Gas‐Phase Rotational to Liquid‐Crystal NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Celebre Giorgio , De Luca Giuseppina , Di Pietro Maria Enrica , Giuliano Barbara Michela , Melandri Sonia , Cinacchi Giorgio
Published: June 2015

The conformational equilibrium of methyl 4‐nitrophenyl sulfoxide (MNPSO) was experimentally investigated in the gas phase by using microwave spectroscopy and in isotropic and nematic liquid‐crystal solutions, in which the solvents are nonaqueous and aprotic, by using NMR spectroscopy; moreover, it was theoretically studied in vacuo and in solution at different levels of theory. The overall set of results indicates a significant dependence of the solute conformational distribution on the solvent dielectric permittivity constant: when dissolved in low‐polarity media, the most stable conformation of MNPSO proved to be strongly twisted with respect to that in more polar solvents, in which the conformational distribution maximum essentially coincides with that obtained in the gas phase. We discuss a possible explanation of this behavior, which rests on electrostatic solute–solvent interactions and is supported by calculations of the solute electric dipole moment as a function of the torsional angle. This function shows that the least polar conformation of MNPSO is located at a twist angle close to that of the conformational distribution maximum found in less‐polar solvents. This fact, associated with a relatively flat torsional potential, can justify the stabilization of the twisted conformation by the less‐polar solvents.