bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accidental Injections of Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant (Ozurdex®) into the Crystalline Lens
Authors: Coca-Robinot Javier , Casco-Silva Bruno , Armadá-Maresca Felix , García-Martínez Jesús
Published: June 2014

Purpose

To describe the side effects and management after inadvertent injection of a dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) into the crystalline lens.

Methods

Two case reports.

Results

Two patients with macular edema due to unilateral retinal vein occlusion were scheduled for an intravitreal injection of Ozurdex®. During the procedure, the implant was accidentally injected into the crystalline lens. Both patients developed cataracts during the course of several weeks and in both there was an intraocular pressure (IOP) increase, which required treatment with topical hypotensives. Macular edema improved only slightly. Cataract surgery with uneventful removal of the implant was performed 3 (case 1) and 6 months (case 2) after the injection.

Conclusions

After inadvertent injection of Ozurdex® into the crystalline lens, cataract surgery with removal of the implant should be performed as soon as possible in order to avoid IOP increase and so that the underlying condition may be treated adequately.
PCNL: what's changed?
Authors: Bianchi Giampaolo , Rosa Marco
Published: June 2014

PCNL is a endourological technique for the treatment of kidney stones disease. It's aim is to achieve the complete clearance via a percutaneous access. This technique, as we know it today, was developed by Johanson and Fernstrom in 1976 who used the technological advances in percutaneous fluoroscopy to get the percutaneous access. Following the application of various sources of energy for the fragmentation of the calculi such as ultrasound energy, there was the worldwide diffusion of PCNL thanks to Alken and Marbergen in Europe, Segura and Clayman in the USA. Despite in the early ‘80s the PCNL lost the initial impulse in favor of the SWL, in the ‘90s, it revived a second golden age through the application of emerging technologies such as computed tomography, techniques of obtaining the percutaneous access, flexible instrumentation, laser energy and, more recently, robotic surgery, and virtual reality. All of these contributed to bring the PCNL on the road up of the mini-invasiveness to the latest development of Microperc. The Microperc allows the treatment of stones of 2 cm in diameter also, obtaining the access under ultrasound, fluoroscopic and direct vision guidance. A complete system including micor-optics, laser fiber and irrigation system is then inserted into the same needle with a diameter of 4.85, 8 or 10 Fr The CROES used logistic developments by creating a global network and a multi-center database. The PCNL study, concluded in 2009, has led to the publication of as many as 27 scientific papers on this subject.
Prevention of nephrolithiasis: a review
Authors: Ferraro Pietro Manuel , Lombardi Gianmarco , Gambaro Giovanni
Published: June 2014

Nephrolithiasis is a very common condition, with a prevalence of about 8% in the general population. Genetic as well as environmental factors are thought to contribute to its pathogenesis. Environmental and especially dietary factors are important in primary as well as in secondary prevention. We review the relevant literature of factors associated with an increased risk of stones that might be object of medical prevention for nephrolithiasis.
Letter from the editors
Authors: De Blas C.
Published: June 2014

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Effect on pig performance of feed restriction during the growth period
Authors: Daza A. , Rodriguez I. , Ovejero I. , López-Bote C. J.
Published: June 2014

Two experiments were conducted to determine the compensatory responses of pig to feed restriction during the growth period. Eighty Dalland pigs (40 boars and 40 gilts) and 60 Large White × (Large White × Landrace) barrows were used in two different experiments. They were slaughtered at 97 and 122 kg. During the restriction period, the animals were restricted by 46% and 25% of their ad libitum consumptions in experiment 1 and 2 respectively. The restriction periods lasted 28 and 35 days respectively. Considering the whole study period, in experiment 1 the average daily weight gain and food intake were lower for restricted pigs compared to those fed ad libitum: 762 vs 856 g (P < 0.03) and 2147 vs 2396 g (P < 0.08). However, the feed conversion ratio was no different: 2.83 vs 2.80 g g-1 (P < 0.81). In this experiment, the interaction treatment x sex was not significant in either test. When performance over the total period was examined in experiment 2 (moderate restriction), a stronger trend was seen towards a greater average daily weight gain in groups with restricted access to feed (853 vs 821 g in those fed ad libitum, P < 0.11). No significant differences were observed for average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and dorsal fat thickness (measured at the 14th rib by ultrasound) (2638 vs 2635 g, 3.09 vs 3.2 g g-1 and 16,9 vs 16.2 mm respectively).
Conservation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars by cryopreservation
Authors: Barandalla L. , Sánchez I. , Ritter E. , Ruiz de Galarreta J.I.
Published: June 2014

The shoot-tips of plants of 10 potato cultivars maintained by micropropagation were frozen (ultra rapid freezing) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for three months. The survival rate of the thawed specimens exceeded 50%, and even reached 100% in the case of the cultivar Fénix. The average regeneration rate was between 2.5% and 22.0%, depending on the cultivar and the presence of extra plant hormones in the regeneration medium. Cytogenetic stability was confirmed by flow cytometry: no polyploid plants were found. The regenerated plants showed vegetative development characteristics of their respective cultivars.
Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of the province of Mendoza, Argentina
Authors: Di Lorio O. R. , Riquelme A. H. , Esteban-Durán J. R.
Published: June 2014

Eighty five species of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) were recorded for the Province of Mendoza, Argentina, 72 already mentioned in the literature (5 Prioninae, 5 Anoplodermatinae, 52 Cerambycinae, and 10 Lamiinae) and 13 new species (1 Prioninae, 10 Cerambycinae, and 2 Lamiinae). The descriptions of some type-specimens cited for Mendoza are included. Six species (1 Anoplodermatinae, 4 Cerambycinae, 1 Lamiinae) should be excluded from the fauna of the districtthese appear to have been either mislabelled specimens or introduced species that failed to establish themselves because of the different climate. Most of the species discussed are grouped according to their host plants (or botanical families) as recorded for other areas of the country. This paper includes the first off icial citing of Phoracantha recurva (now correctly identified) in Argentina, though it has probably been in this country for more than 30 years.
Nutritional parameters for assessing pasture condition in the semiarid rangelands of Argentina
Authors: Cerqueira E. D. , Sáenz A. M. , Rabotnikof C.
Published: June 2014

Range condition is usually estimated from the palatability and ecological attributes of rangeland species. The aim of this research was to assess whether the inclusion of nutritional parameters improves the estimation of range condition in the semiarid Prosopis caldenia Burk rangeland of La Pampa, Argentina. Plots (24 ha) containing rangeland in different condition (fair and good) were grazed at low stocking rates during fall, winter and spring of two successive years. The aerial biomass (kg DM ha-1), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude protein content (% CP) of monthly samples of each species were determined. The percentage of total biomass (% TB) and % CP were estimated for each of six IVDMD ranks. In both years, and across nearly all IVDMD ranks, the % TB was different (p < 0.05) for the two range conditions, though % CP was similar (p > 0.05). The carrying capacity of good rangeland was 2.5 times greater than that of fair one when total aerial biomass and expected animal performance were similar. Taking nutritional parameters into account improves estimates of range condition in P. caldenia rangeland.
Chemical, spontaneous and mechanical dispersion of clays in arid-zone soils
Authors: Amezketa E. , Aragües R. , Carranza R. , Urgel B.
Published: June 2014

Surface sealing and crusting is a common feature in many irrigated soils that negatively affects their productivity and sustainability. Soil crusting is provoked by the mechanical breakdown of aggregates and/or by the physical and chemical dispersion of soil clays. Our objectives were to examine the clay-dispersive behavior in 36 illitic soils of the middle Ebro river basin (Spain) as affected by irrigation and rainwater quality, soil wetting and mechanical stress, and identify major soil properties affecting clay-dispersion behavior. The applicability to these soils of the Sumner et al. (1998) flocculation-dispersion nomogram was also analyzed. Three laboratory tests (i.e., flocculation, spontaneous dispersion and mechanical dispersion of clays) were applied to the air-dry, ground and sieved soil samples (0-20 cm depth). Based on their flocculation values, 10 and 32 soils will tend to chemically disperse, respectively, when equilibrated with the electrolyte concentrations of the irrigation (4 mmolc L-1) and rain (1 mmolc L-1) waters. None of the studied soils were susceptible to spontaneous clay dispersion when wetted in the absence of mechanical stress, whereas nearly 75% of them were mechanically dispersive and thus potentially sensitive to crusting by impacting raindrops or intensive cultivation. The Sumner et al. (1998) flocculation-dispersion nomogram classified adequately the clay-dispersive behavior in 92% of the studied soils, demonstrating its appropriate predictive capability for these illitic soils. Various conceptually-consistent relationships were found between some soil properties and the dispersive behavior of soil clays, but their statistical significances were insufficient for predicting purposes.
Influence of soil conditions, spore densities and nematode age of Pasteuria penetrans attachment to Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Talavera M. , Mizukubo T.
Published: June 2014

Several soil variables as soil texture, moisture and temperature, Pasteuria penetrans spore densities and nematode age were tested in the laboratory for their effects on spore attachment to Meloidogyne incognita juveniles. Percentage of juveniles with endospores attached and number of spores per juvenile increased with concentration of spores applied to soil. In a clay-loam soil, hundred-percent attachments were reached at densities of 5 × 105 spores per g of soil and above. Attachment was greater in loamy-sand than in sandy-loam and clay-loam soils, but lower when soil moisture was under 10% than when it was over 25%. Numbers of juveniles with spores attached were greater when soil temperatures were 25 deg C and 35 deg C than at 15 deg C and lower in 7-30 days old juveniles than in 0-6 days old juveniles. All factors that favored nematode mobility in soil increased Pasteuria spore attachment to M. incognita juveniles.
Iterative valuation process in the method of the two beta distributions
Authors: García Pérez J. , Cruz Rambaud S. , García García C. B.
Published: June 2014

In the literature on PERT methodology, four subfamilies of beta distributions have appeared: classical, of constant variance, mesokurtic and Caballer. To date, these four subfamilies have been used independently to resolve economic valuation problems. The only differences between using one or another lie in the means or variances obtained by each. For example, following a criterion of prudence the maximum variance is required, and for a riskier criterion the minimum variance is preferred. With respect to the mean, we are interested in the one closest to the centre of the interval, i.e. the model that provides a more centered expected value and hence more moderate estimations. This work focuses on the field of valuation, more specifically on the valuation method of the two distribution functions (recommended when there are limited data). The aim of this work was to develop an iterative process that uses the four families of beta distributions simultaneously with the objective of using all the information provided by each of them. The practical application of this process can conclude either with an interval of possible values or a precise valuation. Then the concepts of stability and convergence of the valuation process appear.
Company valuation methods: applying dynamic analogical-stock market valuation models to agrarian co-operatives
Authors: Vidal Gimenez F. , Sales Civera J.M. , Lopez Lluch D.B.
Published: June 2014

Agrarian co-operatives, in contrast to limited companies, cannot be listed on the Stock Market. Therefore, there is no mechanism such as the Stock Exchange rate to assign them a value. To correct this situation an analogical-stock market valuation model has emerged, which postulates that general markets behave as organized stock markets. The main consequence of this is the possibility of employing stock market information (generally more abundant and of higher quality that those from non stock-exchange companies) to valuate those which are not listed on the Stock Market, although by their nature they could be, or those which by their legal nature could never be quoted, such as the agrarian co-operatives. In the presen t work this methodology, specifically dynamic models, is applied to the valuation of wine co-operatives within the Appellation of Origin Alicante (Spain), calculating also the complementary merger value, trying to judge the convenience of an hypothetic association among them.
Effect of the administration of quebracho extract on rumen fermentation and diet digestibility in sheep
Authors: Hervás G. , Frutos P. , Mantecón A. R. , Giráldez F. J.
Published: June 2014

This work was carried out with the aim of studying the effect of the administration of commercial quebracho extract (76% condensed tannins, CT) to sheep, for 70 days. Ten ruminally cannulated ewes were distributed into two experimental groups (control and quebracho). Zero (placebo) or 0.75 g of quebracho tannins extract per kg of live weight and day were intra-ruminally administered to the animals. The nylon bag technique was used to examine alfalfa hay in situ dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) disappearances. In vivo digestibility, pH and ammonia-N and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were also measured. The daily ruminal administration of quebracho extract did not affect rumen fermentation parameters such as pH and ammonia-N and VFA concentrations, but reduced significantly the alfalfa hay DM potentially degradable fraction and the fractional rate of N degradation. Only on day 8 of the experiment were the DM and NDF disappearance values, after 24 h of in situ incubation, significantly lower in the animals treated with quebracho. No differences were observed on any other day of the experiment. Furthermore, the quebracho CT extract significantly decreased the in vivo digestibility of the following diet components: DM, crude protein and NDF.
Meat production on savannah-like grasslands (dehesas) in semi-arid zones of the province of Salamanca [Spain]
Authors: Martin Polo J.L. , García Bellido I. , Sánchez Rodríguez M.E.
Published: June 2014

Two savannah-like grassland systems (dehesas) in the province of Salamanca (Spain), developed on decomposing slate and granite soils and used for extensive meat production, were examined over a period of three years to determine the stocking rate they could support, their indices of pasture utilization, and the metabolisable energy necessary for meat production. The effective stocking rates were 0.36 and 0.30 cows ha-1 year-1 on the slate and granite systems respectively. The energy provided by supplementary feed was the 34% of the annual nutritional requirements of the herds, but reached more than 60% in the months of greatest need. Pasture utilization was 40% on the slate soil and 38% on the granite soil. The live weight obtained per reproductive cow was between 128 and 217 kg, equivalent to a weight per hectare of 57-90 kg year-1, of which 85% corresponded to calf production. The mean metabolisable energy required for producing one kilogram of meat (live weight) was 361 MJ on the slate soil and 369 MJ on the granite soil (range 215-499 MJ), depending on the year.
Short communication. Effect of Bemisia tabaci biotype in the transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Sardinia Virus (TYLCSV-ES) between tomato and common weeds
Authors: Jiang Y.X. , De Blas C. , Bedford I.D. , Nombela G. , Muñiz M.
Published: June 2014

The common five weed species Datura stramonium L., Solanum nigrum L., Brassica kaber (DC), Capsella bursapastoris L. and Malva parviflora L., were tested for their susceptibility to an isolate of TYLCSV from Murcia, Spain (TYLCSV-ES), using the B-, Q- and S-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Both, B- and Q-biotypes were shown to transmit TYLCSV-ES from infected tomato to S. nigrum and D. stramonium and vice versa. Transmission efficiency from tomato to these weeds varied from 58.3% to 83.3%. Transmission efficiency from the infected weeds back to tomato varied from 66.7% to 100%. No significant difference between the B- and Q-biotypes was found in transmission efficiency from infected tomato to weed plants and from D. stramonium back to tomato. However, a significant difference in transmission efficiency from infected S. nigrum plants to tomato was detected between the B- and Qbiotypes. No other tested weed species were found to be infected by or host TYLCSV-ES. The S-biotype was unable to survive on tomato long enough to acquire or transmit TYLCSV-ES and could only transmit the virus from S. nigrum to S. nigrum at a very low efficiency. The implications of these results for the epidemiology of TYLCV´s in the field are discussed.
The Epidemiological Situation of Tuberculosis in Poland: Part I. According to Notification Rates, the Incidence of Tuberculosis Varies in Different Regions of Poland: Is This True?
Authors: Rowińska-Zakrzewska Ewa , Korzeniewska-Koseła Maria , Roszkowski-Śliż Kazimierz
Published: June 2014

Introduction: In 2012 the incidence rate of tuberculosis in Poland was 19.6/100,000 but these was great variability between regions concerning notification rates (from 10.9/100,000 to 30.2/100,000). The aim of the study was to assess whether there are elements that might confirm that these differences are true. To answer this question, we compared the population of TB patients from regions with higher notification rates to the population of patients from regions with lower notifications rates. The data collected during three consecutive years were analysed. We selected for comparison the regions with the lowest and highest notification rates and those in which the notification rates for 3 years (2010–2012) were relatively stable. Material and Methods: Eight regions were chosen: three regions (Group I) with high notification rates (from 23.7 to 32.3/100,000—mean rates in the analysed period of time) and five (Group II) with low notification rates (mean rates from 12.2 to 18.6/100,000). Results: It was found that the proportion of sputum culture-positive patients was significantly higher in Group II. Thus, the difference in the notification rate of cases with culture-confirmed tuberculosis was smaller than the difference in the whole notification rate. Nevertheless, it was still significant. Tubercle bacilli in patients from Group I were significantly more often resistant to one drug. The incidence of chronic fibro-cavernous disease and of tuberculous pneumonia was significantly higher in Group I. The proportion of patients with symptoms was higher in Group I than in Group II. In addition, patients in Group I had the so-called primary tuberculosis (tuberculous pleuritis and tuberculous lymphadenopathy in the chest) significantly more often. It was also found that among patients from Group I there were significantly more children, more (though not significantly) youngsters and significantly fewer elderly patients. Conclusions: Based on these observations, it was concluded that there is a real difference in the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the selected regions of Poland with high and low rates of notification. Possible causes of this situation will be presented in a following publication.
Fatal Pulmonary Complications in an Immunodeficient Child with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Authors: Szczawińska-Popłonyk Aleksandra , Jończyk-Potoczna Katarzyna , Ossowska Lidia , Bręborowicz Anna
Published: June 2014

Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in children typically presents as infectious mononucleosis and in immunocompetent individuals severe pneumonitis proves to be a rare complication. Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV) is associated with multiple life-threatening conditions, including interstitial lung disease with fibrosis and lymphoid and lymphohistiocytic infiltrations. We report on a pediatric patient in whom CAEBV resulted in severe pneumopathy with a fatal outcome.
Pulmonary Pathology in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Mesalazine—A Challenging and Complex Diagnostic Problem. Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Kacprzak Aneta , Siemion-Szcześniak Izabela , Szturmowicz Monika , Bestry Iwona , Langfort Renata , Kuś Jan
Published: June 2014

Pulmonary involvement in the course of inflammatory bowel disease has been a subject of interest to clinicians for long time, but despite this, its epidemiology and potential pathomechanisms remain obscured. Equally unclear is the role of medications used for bowel disease treatment in lung disease development. We present three patients with ulcerative colitis, all treated with mesalazine, in whom unexplained lung disease developed. Due to different clinical and radiological presentation, different conditions were initially placed on the top of the differential list in each of them. The outcome was favourable in all patients despite differences in management. We compared our patients with similar cases from literature. We show the level of difficulty and complexity in the issue of lung disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Jakość życia zależna od stanu zdrowia u chorych na astmę oskrzelową
Authors: Uchmanowicz Bartosz , Manulik Stanisław , Uchmanowicz Izabella , Rosińczuk Joanna
Published: June 2014

A patient is not, or at least should not be, a passive subject, but the active participant of the process of asthma treatment. This naturally imposes covering patients with bronchial asthma with a holistic model of care. Assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is one component of this model. HRQoL of asthma patients can be determined with an array of generic instruments, e.g., Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36 (SF-36), EuroQoL questionnaire (EQ-5D) or World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL), as well as with the specific tools, among which Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRO) and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) belong to the most widely used. HRQoL is significantly associated with the degree of asthma control. However, literature data suggest that a determination of HRQoL alone, with either specific or generic instrument, can be insufficient, as the level of health-related quality of life turned out to be modulated by three groups of factors: (1) demographic characteristics of patients, (2) clinical parameters, and (3) personality traits of respondents. Due to particularly strong effect of psychological characteristics on the quality of life of patients with bronchial asthma, also the level of depressiveness should be examined along with the HRQoL determination. Furthermore, complex assessment of the quality of life and its determinants should be conducted longitudinally, either in individual patients or in epidemiological studies.
Evenly Suspended Distractive Attention
Authors: Friedman Lyat ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2014

This article reviews recent cognitive and neurological approaches to the study of attention. It argues that such research is based on the notion that attention has a positive cognitive function selecting, like a sieve or a filter, elements from the background and foreground, to then be processed by the brain and made conscious when required. These approaches fail to explain cognitive overload and recent findings demonstrating that recognition and understanding—sensory, visual and semantic—also occur prior to attention. Merleau-Ponty and Freud offer a different model: a negative distractive attention. Negative distractive attention serves as a threshold for stimuli excluded by neurological processes regulating overload and ensuring that consciousness can concentrate on the singularity of its objects. Such approach to attention explains how one can drive and talk. It is not a positive multi-tasking model but a negative distractive one.
Proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit; March 22–23, 2013; Dakar, Senegal: A Summary
Authors: Groups African Pathologists' Summit Working
Published: June 2014

Context

This report presents the proceedings of the African Pathologists Summit, held under the auspices of the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer.

Objectives

To deliberate on the challenges and constraints of the practice of pathology in Sub-Saharan Africa and the avenues for addressing them.

Participants

Collaborating organizations included the American Society for Clinical Pathology; Association of Pathologists of Nigeria; British Division of the International Academy of Pathology; College of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa; East African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; Friends of Africa–United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Initiative; International Academy of Pathology; International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research; National Cancer Institute; National Health and Laboratory Service of South Africa; Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College; Royal College of Pathologists; West African Division of the International Academy of Pathology; and Faculty of Laboratory Medicine of the West African College of Physicians.

Evidence

Information on the status of the practice of pathology was based on the experience of the participants, who are current or past practitioners of pathology or are involved in pathology education and research in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Consensus Process

The deliberations were carried out through presentations and working discussion groups.

Conclusions

The significant lack of professional and technical personnel, inadequate infrastructure, limited training opportunities, poor funding of pathology services in Sub-Saharan Africa, and their significant impact on patient care were noted. The urgency of addressing these issues was recognized, and the recommendations that were made are contained in this report.
Application of photoelectrochemical chemical oxygen demand to drinking water
Authors: Stoddart Amina K. , Gagnon Graham A.
Published: June 2014

This study investigated the use of a photoelectrochemical chemical oxygen demand (peCOD) analyzer for the detection of model organic compounds and natural organic matter (NOM) from four drinking water treatment plants in Nova Scotia, Canada. Most model organic compounds showed reasonable correlation between peCOD and theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), indicating that peCOD was a reasonable predictor of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Results also showed that peCOD/TOC (total organic carbon) ratios followed predicted values from stoichiometry, when peCOD was a good predictor of ThOD. peCOD determination for surface water showed that peCOD was measurable in the raw and treated drinking water range and trended with other organic matter surrogates. Finally, pooling of raw water, finished drinking water, and water sampled throughout the treatment process at these four utilities showed that peCOD was correlated with specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA).
« Le germe de la liberté » : les républicains du Bas-Canada et les révolutions européennes de 1848
Authors: Dzanic Dzavid , Bérubé Christian
Published: June 2014

Les rouges ont généralement été considérés comme un groupe libéral s’opposant à l’Acte d’Union. Plus récemment, certains spécialistes ont remis en question cette interprétation en suggérant qu’ils aient plutôt été républicains. En adoptant un point de vue transatlantique et en analysant l’interprétation que les rouges ont faite des révolutions européennes de 1848, cet article montre que ceux-ci adoptèrent bel et bien une idéologie républicaine modérée à la fin des années 1840, idéologie qu’ils exprimèrent d’abord à travers le contexte européen. Ils en vinrent ensuite à réclamer l’introduction d’institutions républicaines au Bas-Canada, incluant l’abolition du gouvernement responsable et l’adoption du principe de la souveraineté populaire.
Une réconciliation insaisissable : le mouvement de la bonne entente, 1916-1930
Authors: Talbot Robert , Bérubé Christian
Published: June 2014

Le mouvement de la « bonne entente » (1916 - années 1930), lancé par un petit groupe d’anglophones ontariens, avait pour objectif de favoriser le dialogue entre Canadiens français et Canadiens anglais, qui faisait cruellement défaut pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, par le rapprochement entre les élites des deux groupes linguistiques. Jusqu’ici, les historiens ont surtout vu dans ce mouvement une stratégie visant à faire accepter en douce la conscription aux Canadiens français. Dans cet article, nous soutenons toutefois que la conscription n’était pas nécessairement la seule priorité, ni même la plus importante, dans l’esprit de nombreux membres anglophones. L’objectif de la Ligue de la Bonne Entente (1916) était plutôt de retrouver l’esprit d’unité et de ferveur patriotique qui avait imprégné la société canadienne — française et anglaise — au moment du déclenchement des hostilités. Après la guerre, la Ligue et les organisations qui lui ont succédé ont exigé, en coulisse, l’abrogation du Règlement XVII par le gouvernement de l’Ontario. De la Première Guerre mondiale à la crise, le mouvement de la bonne entente a prêché modération et unité dans une société très divisée. Il a contribué à rétablir le processus de rapprochement des élites et a donné naissance à un nationalisme civique canadien.
Peinture et territoire en dialogue. Regard de Paul-Émile Borduas sur l’Amérique
Authors: Vigneault Louise
Published: June 2014

Cet article propose d’analyser la manière dont Paul-Émile Borduas a peu à peu intégré, au cours de ses exils aux États-Unis et en France, les fondements culturels et l’imaginaire spatial du continent nord-américain, comment ces modèles ont pris forme et se sont exprimés sur le plan esthétique et plastique. L’examen des œuvres de la période tardive (1953-1959), en fonction de la vision que l’artiste aurait entretenue de sa position et de sa condition dans l’espace géographique et social, a permis également de compléter les analyses formalistes et sémiotiques menées jusqu’à ce jour.
B cell activation involves nanoscale receptor reorganizations and inside-out signaling by Syk
Authors: Kläsener Kathrin , Maity Palash C , Hobeika Elias , Yang Jianying , Reth Michael
Published: June 2014

Binding of antigen to the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) initiates a multitude of events resulting in B cell activation. How the BCR becomes signaling-competent upon antigen binding is still a matter of controversy. Using a high-resolution proximity ligation assay (PLA) to monitor the conformation of the BCR and its interactions with co-receptors at a 10–20 nm resolution, we provide direct evidence for the opening of BCR dimers during B cell activation. We also show that upon binding Syk opens the receptor by an inside-out signaling mechanism that amplifies BCR signaling. Furthermore, we found that on resting B cells, the coreceptor CD19 is in close proximity with the IgD-BCR and on activated B cells with the IgM-BCR, indicating nanoscale reorganization of receptor clusters during B cell activation.
An atomic-resolution view of neofunctionalization in the evolution of apicomplexan lactate dehydrogenases
Authors: Boucher Jeffrey I , Jacobowitz Joseph R , Beckett Brian C , Classen Scott , Theobald Douglas L
Published: June 2014

Malate and lactate dehydrogenases (MDH and LDH) are homologous, core metabolic enzymes that share a fold and catalytic mechanism yet possess strict specificity for their substrates. In the Apicomplexa, convergent evolution of an unusual LDH from MDH produced a difference in specificity exceeding 12 orders of magnitude. The mechanisms responsible for this extraordinary functional shift are currently unknown. Using ancestral protein resurrection, we find that specificity evolved in apicomplexan LDHs by classic neofunctionalization characterized by long-range epistasis, a promiscuous intermediate, and few gain-of-function mutations of large effect. In canonical MDHs and LDHs, a single residue in the active-site loop governs substrate specificity: Arg102 in MDHs and Gln102 in LDHs. During the evolution of the apicomplexan LDH, however, specificity switched via an insertion that shifted the position and identity of this ‘specificity residue’ to Trp107f. Residues far from the active site also determine specificity, as shown by the crystal structures of three ancestral proteins bracketing the key duplication event. This work provides an unprecedented atomic-resolution view of evolutionary trajectories creating a nascent enzymatic function.
Genome rearrangements and pervasive meiotic drive cause hybrid infertility in fission yeast
Authors: Zanders Sarah E , Eickbush Michael T , Yu Jonathan S , Kang Ji-Won , Fowler Kyle R , Smith Gerald R , Malik Harmit Singh
Published: June 2014

Hybrid sterility is one of the earliest postzygotic isolating mechanisms to evolve between two recently diverged species. Here we identify causes underlying hybrid infertility of two recently diverged fission yeast species Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S. kambucha, which mate to form viable hybrid diploids that efficiently complete meiosis, but generate few viable gametes. We find that chromosomal rearrangements and related recombination defects are major but not sole causes of hybrid infertility. At least three distinct meiotic drive alleles, one on each S. kambucha chromosome, independently contribute to hybrid infertility by causing nonrandom spore death. Two of these driving loci are linked by a chromosomal translocation and thus constitute a novel type of paired meiotic drive complex. Our study reveals how quickly multiple barriers to fertility can arise. In addition, it provides further support for models in which genetic conflicts, such as those caused by meiotic drive alleles, can drive speciation.
Enhancement of fear memory by retrieval through reconsolidation
Authors: Fukushima Hotaka , Zhang Yue , Archbold Georgia , Ishikawa Rie , Nader Karim , Kida Satoshi
Published: June 2014

Memory retrieval is considered to have roles in memory enhancement. Recently, memory reconsolidation was suggested to reinforce or integrate new information into reactivated memory. Here, we show that reactivated inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory is enhanced through reconsolidation under conditions in which memory extinction is not induced. This memory enhancement is mediated by neurons in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) through the simultaneous activation of calcineurin-induced proteasome-dependent protein degradation and cAMP responsive element binding protein-mediated gene expression. Interestingly, the amygdala is required for memory reconsolidation and enhancement, whereas the hippocampus and mPFC are required for only memory enhancement. Furthermore, memory enhancement triggered by retrieval utilizes distinct mechanisms to strengthen IA memory by additional learning that depends only on the amygdala. Our findings indicate that reconsolidation functions to strengthen the original memory and show the dynamic nature of reactivated memory through protein degradation and gene expression in multiple brain regions.
A single vertebrate DNA virus protein disarms invertebrate immunity to RNA virus infection
Authors: Gammon Don B , Duraffour Sophie , Rozelle Daniel K , Hehnly Heidi , Sharma Rita , Sparks Michael E , West Cara C , Chen Ying , Moresco James J , Andrei Graciela , Connor John H , Conte Darryl , Gundersen-Rindal Dawn E , Marshall William L , Yates John R , Silverman Neal , Mello Craig C
Published: June 2014

Virus-host interactions drive a remarkable diversity of immune responses and countermeasures. We found that two RNA viruses with broad host ranges, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Sindbis virus (SINV), are completely restricted in their replication after entry into Lepidopteran cells. This restriction is overcome when cells are co-infected with vaccinia virus (VACV), a vertebrate DNA virus. Using RNAi screening, we show that Lepidopteran RNAi, Nuclear Factor-κB, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways restrict RNA virus infection. Surprisingly, a highly conserved, uncharacterized VACV protein, A51R, can partially overcome this virus restriction. We show that A51R is also critical for VACV replication in vertebrate cells and for pathogenesis in mice. Interestingly, A51R colocalizes with, and stabilizes, host microtubules and also associates with ubiquitin. We show that A51R promotes viral protein stability, possibly by preventing ubiquitin-dependent targeting of viral proteins for destruction. Importantly, our studies reveal exciting new opportunities to study virus-host interactions in experimentally-tractable Lepidopteran systems.
Cheaters divide and conquer
Authors: Bomblies Kirsten
Published: June 2014

Three ‘killer genes’ in one species of fission yeast act selfishly and keep it reproductively isolated from a closely related species.
Automatic imaging of earthquake rupture processes by iterative deconvolution and stacking of high‐rate GPS and strong motion seismograms
Authors: Zhang Yong , Wang Rongjiang , Zschau Jochen , Chen Yun‐tai , Parolai Stefano , Dahm Torsten
Published: June 2014

By combining the complementary advantages of conventional network inversion and backprojection methods, we have developed an iterative deconvolution and stacking (IDS) approach for imaging earthquake rupture processes with near‐field complete waveform data. This new approach does not need any manual adjustment of the physical (empirical) constraints, such as restricting the rupture time and duration, and smoothing the spatiotemporal slip distribution. Therefore, it has the ability to image complex multiple ruptures automatically. The advantages of the IDS method over traditional linear or nonlinear optimization algorithms are demonstrated by the case studies of the 2008 Wenchuan and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes. For such large earthquakes, the IDS method is considerably more stable and efficient than previous inversion methods. Additionally, the robustness of this method is demonstrated by comprehensive synthetic tests, indicating its potential contribution to tsunami and earthquake early warning and rapid response systems. It is also shown that the IDS method can be used for teleseismic waveform inversions. For the two major earthquakes discussed here, the IDS method can provide, without tuning any physical or empirical constraints, teleseismic rupture models consistent with those derived from the near‐field GPS and strong motion data.
Retrieval of nitrous oxide from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder: Characterization and validation
Authors: Xiong Xiaozhen , Maddy Eric S. , Barnet Chris , Gambacorta Antonia , Patra Prabir K. , Sun Fengying , Goldberg Mitchell
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the retrieval algorithm of nitrous oxide (N2O) using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on EOS/Aqua, its validation using aircraft measurements, and one possible application for monitoring the global N2O annual trend from 2003 to 2013. The results demonstrate that AIRS is sensitive to N2O in the middle to upper troposphere, with the peak vertical sensitivity between 200 and 750 hPa and the sensitivity in the tropics larger than in the high‐latitude regions. The degrees of freedom of the N2O retrieval are mostly between 1.0 and 1.5. Validation using the aircraft measurement profiles by the High‐Performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole‐to‐Pole Observations program over the Pacific Ocean indicated that the retrieval RMS error is mostly less than 8 ppb (or ~2.1%). One important feature is that the variability of N2O from AIRS is more than 2 times than that of the aircraft measurements in the lower troposphere. In agreement with surface measurements, a nearly linear trend of N2O can be obtained based on limited AIRS data of 1 day in 15 May in each year from 2003 to 2013, and the increase rate of N2O is about 0.72 ppb yr−1. This algorithm will be implemented in AIRS operational retrieval system, enabling the derivation of the N2O for over 20 years using the AIRS, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, and the Cross‐track Infrared Sounder. Such a unique product will be complementary to currently sparse ground‐based observations for monitoring the N2O trend associated with climate change.
The 2010–2014.3 global earthquake rate increase
Authors: Parsons Tom , Geist Eric L.
Published: June 2014

In light of a heightened global earthquake rate during the first quarter of 2014 and recent studies concluding that large earthquakes affect global seismicity for extended periods, we revisit the question whether the temporal distribution of global earthquakes shows clustering beyond that expected from a time‐independent Poisson process. We examine a broad window from 1979 to 2014.3 forM ≥ 7.0 shocks, and a narrow window forM ≥ 5.0 seismicity since 2010 that has higher than average rates. We test whether a Poisson process can be falsified at 95% confidence to assess the degree of dependent clustering in the catalogs. If aftershocks within at least one rupture length from main shocks/foreshocks are filtered, then we find no evidence of global scaleM ≥ 5.2–5.6 (depending on parameters) clustering since 2010 that demands a physical explanation. There is evidence for interdependence below this threshold that could be a consequence of catalog completeness or a physical process.
Pyroclast Tracking Velocimetry illuminates bomb ejection and explosion dynamics at Stromboli (Italy) and Yasur (Vanuatu) volcanoes
Authors: Gaudin Damien , Taddeucci Jacopo , Scarlato Piergiorgio , Moroni Monica , Freda Carmela , Gaeta Mario , Palladino Danilo Mauro
Published: June 2014

A new image processing technique—Pyroclast Tracking Velocimetry—was used to analyze a set of 30 high‐speed videos of Strombolian explosions from different vents at Stromboli (Italy) and Yasur (Vanuatu) volcanoes. The studied explosions invariably appear to result from the concatenation of up to a hundred individual pyroclast ejection pulses. All these pulses share a common evolution over time, including (1) a non‐linear decrease of the pyroclast ejection velocity, (2) an increasing spread of ejection angle, and (3) an increasing size of the ejected pyroclasts. These features reflect the dynamic burst of short‐lived gas pockets, in which the rupture area enlarges while pressure differential decreases. We estimated depth of pyroclast release to be approximately 1 and 8 m below the surface at Stromboli and Yasur, respectively. In addition, explosions featuring more frequent pulses also have higher average ejection velocities and larger total masses of pyroclasts. These explosions release a larger overall amount of energy stored in the pressurized gas by a combination of more frequent and stronger ejection pulses. In this context, the associated kinetic energy per explosion, ranging 103–109 J appears to be a good proxy for the explosion magnitude. Differences in the pulse‐defining parameters among the different vents suggest that this general process is modulated by geometrical factors in the shallow conduit, as well as magma‐specific rheology. Indeed, the more viscous melt of Yasur, compared to Stromboli, is associated with larger vents producing fewer pulses but larger pyroclasts.
Development and Preliminary Testing of a Computerized Animated Activity Questionnaire in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Peter W. F. , Loos M. , de Vet H. C. W. , Boers M. , Harlaar J. , Roorda L. D. , Poolman R. W. , Scholtes V. A. B. , Boogaard J. , Buitelaar H. , Steultjens M. , Roos E. M. , Guillemin F. , Rat A. C. , Benedetti M. G. , Escobar A. , Østerås N. , Terwee C. B.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To develop an Animated Activity Questionnaire (AAQ) based on video animations for assessing activity limitations in patients with hip/knee osteoarthritis (OA) that combines the advantages of self‐reported questionnaires and performance‐based tests without many of their limitations and to preliminarily assess its reliability and validity. We hypothesized that the AAQ would correlate highly with performance‐based tests and moderately with self‐reported questionnaires.

Methods

Item selection was based on the pilot AAQ, prespecified conditions, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health core set for OA, existing measurement instruments, and focus groups of patients. Test–retest reliability was assessed in 30 of 110 patients. In 110 patients, correlations were calculated between the AAQ and the self‐reported Hip Disability/Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score activities of daily living subscale (H/KOOS). In 45 of 110 patients, correlations with performance‐based tests (stair climbing test, timed up and go test, and 30‐second chair stand test) were calculated.

Results

In total, 17 basic daily activities were chosen for the AAQ. Video animations were made showing a person performing each activity with 3–5 different levels of difficulty. Patients were asked to select the level that best matched their own performance. Reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.97 [95% confidence interval 0.93–0.98]); the AAQ correlated highly with performance‐based tests (0.62), but higher with the H/KOOS (0.76) than expected.

Conclusion

A computerized AAQ for assessing activity limitations was developed. Content validity was considered good. Preliminary validation results showed high reliability, but construct validity needs further study with a larger sample size. Continuing research will focus on construct validity and crosscultural validity.
6‐Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes via Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkene Carboamination
Authors: Casavant Barbara J. , Hosseini Azade S. , Chemler Sherry R.
Published: June 2014

Bridged bicyclic rings containing nitrogen heterocycles are important motifs in bioactive small organic molecules. An enantioselective copper‐catalyzed alkene carboamination reaction that creates bridged heterocycles is reported herein. Two new rings are formed in this alkene carboamination reaction where N‐sulfonyl‐2‐aryl‐4‐pentenamines are converted to 6‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes using the complex [Ph‐Box‐Cu](OTf)2 or related catalysts in the presence of manganeses dioxide (MnO2) as stoichiometric oxidant in moderate to good yields and generally excellent enantioselectivities. Two new stereocenters are formed in the reaction, and the CC bond‐forming arene addition is a net CH functionalization.

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