bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advance and stagnation in the treatment of patients with lymphoma and myeloma: Analysis using population‐based cancer registry data in Japan from 1993 to 2006
Authors: Chihara Dai , Ito Hidemi , Izutsu Koji , Hattori Masakazu , Nishino Yoshikazu , Ioka Akiko , Matsuda Tomohiro , Ito Yuri
Published: February 2015

There have been significant advances in the treatment of patients with lymphoma and myeloma. Although the improvements in survival outcome have been clearly addressed by clinical trials, these studies includes patients who are otherwise healthy and would be eligible for trials that the actual improvement in survival in the general patient population over time is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, we reviewed the cancer‐registry data of patients with lymphoma and myeloma in Japan from 1993 to 2006 and estimated relative survival (adjusted for competing causes of death in same‐age members of the general population) according to three periods of diagnosis (1993–1997, 1998–2002 and 2003–2006). We also estimated conditional 5‐year relative survival (5‐year survival rate of patients who have survived 5 years). A total of 26,141 patients were reviewed and analyzed. Relative survival improved in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL, N = 853, +20% improvement), diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL, N = 4,919, +14% improvement) and follicular lymphoma (FL, N = 1,333, +13% improvement). In contrast, we found no significant improvement in survival since 1993 in peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL, N = 667, +4% improvement), adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL, N = 2,166, −5% improvement) or multiple myeloma (MM, N = 4,914, −2% improvement). Conditional 5‐year survival of HL, DLBCL, FL, PTCL, ATLL and MM was 88, 87, 79, 63, 53 and 45%, respectively. Relative survival of patients with HL, DLBCL and FL significantly improved from 1993 to 2006 in Japan; in contrast, no improvement was seen in other diseases, suggesting unmet need of novel treatment strategies.
Establishing the Steric Bulk of Main Group Hydrides in Reduction Reactions
Authors: Lathem A. Paige , Treich Nicholas R. , Heiden Zachariah M.
Published: February 2015

The steric bulk of reducing agents has been widely employed in the generation of chiral centers and selective reductions of organic compounds, but reports addressing the quantification of the steric bulk surrounding the main group hydride have been virtually non‐existent. To address the limited amount of steric bulk information of main group reducing agents, the cone angles of 84 main group hydrides related to the chemistry of frustrated Lewis pairs are reported. Of the 84 main group hydrides, the steric bulk of two carbon‐based hydrides, four aluminum hydrides, 11 borane‐Lewis base adducts derived from borenium cations, nine organosilanes, two organostannanes, one organogermane, and 55 borohydrides are investigated. In addition to the main group hydride complexes reported, the cone angle of four highly active metal‐hydride complexes, used in the asymmetric reduction of ketones, are determined and compared with chiral main group hydrides. Steric bulk analysis suggests that chiral hydride complexes exhibiting cone angles >165° achieve highly enantioselective reductions (>90 % ee).
[6]‐Gingerol Affects Glucose Metabolism by Dual Regulation via the AMPKα2‐Mediated AS160–Rab5 Pathway and AMPK‐Mediated Insulin Sensitizing Effects
Authors: Lee Jung Ok , Kim Nami , Lee Hye Jeong , Moon Ji Wook , Lee Soo Kyung , Kim Su Jin , Kim Joong Kwan , Park Sun Hwa , Kim Hyeon Soo
Published: February 2015

[6]‐Gingerol has been used to control diabetes and dyslipidemia; however, its metabolic role is poorly understood. In this study, [6]‐gingerol increased adenosine monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in mouse skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. Stimulation of glucose uptake by [6]‐gingerol was dependent on AMPKα2. Moreover, both Inhibition and knockdown of AMPKα2 blocked [6]‐gingerol‐induced glucose uptake. [6]‐Gingerol significantly decreased the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Inhibition of PP2A activity with okadaic acid enhanced the phosphorylation of AMPKα2. Moreover, the interaction between AMPKα2 and PP2A was increased by [6]‐gingerol, suggesting that PP2A mediates the effect of [6]‐gingerol on AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, [6]‐gingerol increased the phosphorylation of Akt‐substrate 160 (AS160), which is a Rab GTPase‐activating protein. Inhibition of AMPKα2 blocked [6]‐gingerol‐induced AS160 phosphorylation. [6]‐gingerol increased the Rab5, and AMPKα2 knockdown blocked [6]‐gingerol‐induced expression of Rab5, indicating AMPK play as an upstream of Rab5. It also increased glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA and protein expression and stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Furthermore, insulin‐mediated glucose uptake and Akt phosphorylation were further potentiated by [6]‐gingerol treatment. This potentiation was not observed in the presence of AMPK inhibitor compound C. In summary, our results suggest that [6]‐gingerol plays an important role in glucose metabolism via the AMPKα2‐mediated AS160–Rab5 pathway and through potentiation of insulin‐mediated glucose regulation. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1401–1410, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classification of biliary tract cancers established by the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery: 3rd English edition
Authors: Miyazaki Masaru , Ohtsuka Masayuki , Miyakawa Shuichi , Nagino Masato , Yamamoto Masakazu , Kokudo Norihiro , Sano Keiji , Endo Itaru , Unno Michiaki , Chijiiwa Kazuo , Horiguchi Akihiko , Kinoshita Hisafumi , Oka Masaaki , Kubota Keiichi , Sugiyama Masanori , Uemoto Shinji , Shimada Mitsuo , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Inui Kazuo , Tazuma Susumu , Furuse Junji , Yanagisawa Akio , Nakanuma Yasuni , Kijima Hiroshi , Takada Tadahiro
Published: February 2015

The 3rd English edition of the Japanese classification of biliary tract cancers was released approximately 10 years after the 5th Japanese edition and the 2nd English edition. Since the first Japanese edition was published in 1981, the Japanese classification has been in extensive use, particularly among Japanese surgeons and pathologists, because the cancer status and clinical outcomes in surgically resected cases have been the main objects of interest. However, recent advances in the diagnosis, management and research of the disease prompted the revision of the classification that can be used by not only surgeons and pathologists but also by all clinicians and researchers, for the evaluation of current disease status, the determination of current appropriate treatment, and the future development of medical practice for biliary tract cancers. Furthermore, during the past 10 years, globalization has advanced rapidly, and therefore, internationalization of the classification was an important issue to revise the Japanese original staging system, which would facilitate to compare the disease information among institutions worldwide. In order to achieve these objectives, the new Japanese classification of the biliary tract cancers principally adopted the 7th edition of staging system developed by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). However, because there are some points pending in these systems, several distinctive points were also included for the purpose of collection of information for the future optimization of the staging system. Free mobile application of the new Japanese classification of the biliary tract cancers is available via http://www.jshbps.jp/en/classification/cbt15.html.
The arterial circle of the brain, its branches and connections in selected representatives of the Antilopinae
Authors: Frąckowiak Hieronim , Dębiński Dariusz , Komosa Marcin , Zdun Maciej
Published: February 2015

The arterial circle of the brain, that is, the circle of Willis, and its branches in ruminants have been chiefly described in farm animals and only in selected wild species. In view of the deficit of information about this vascular region in numerous other species of the Ruminantia, the arteries of the encephalic base were analyzed in five antelope species representing different genera of the Bovidae, Antilopinae. Specimens of the following species were examined: springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), dik‐dik (Madoqua kirkii), saiga (Saiga tatarica), and oribi (Ourebia ourebi). Post‐autopsy material received from domestic zoological gardens was used to inject the bilateral common carotid arteries with a stained acetone solution of vinyl superchloride. When the material was polymerized, the specimens were macerated enzymatically. The process resulted in casts of arteries of the head and encephalic base on a skeletal scaffold. The investigations revealed that the bilateral components of the arterial circle of the brain, that is, the rostral cerebral artery and caudal communicating artery, arose from the division of the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery, which emerges from the rostral epidural rete mirabile. The extracranial segment of the internal carotid artery was obliterated. In consequence of this process, the blood reaches the brain chiefly from the maxillary artery. The research proved that the arteries of the encephalic base in the Antilopinae are most similar to the vessels described in antelopes of Tragelaphus, Taurotragus, and Boselaphus genera and small domestic ruminants. However, they are different from the arterial pattern of the encephalic base in bovines and other species classified as the Bovini. J. Morphol. 276:766–771, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forensic and security applications of a long‐wavelength dispersive Raman system
Authors: Ali Esam M. A. , Edwards Howell G. M. , Cox Rick
Published: February 2015

A novel dispersive system operating at 1064‐nm excitation and coupled with transfer electron InGaAs photocathode and electron bombardment CCD technology has been evaluated for the analysis of drugs of abuse and explosives. By employing near‐IR excitation at 1064‐nm excitation wavelength has resulted in a significant damping of the fluorescence emission compared to 785‐nm wavelength excitation. Spectra of street samples of drugs of abuse and plastic explosives, which usually fluoresce with 785‐nm excitation, are readily obtained in situ within seconds through plastic packaging and glass containers using highly innovative detector architecture based upon a transfer electron (TE) photocathode and electron bombarded gain (EB) technology that allowed the detection of NIR radiation at 1064 nm without fluorescence interference. This dispersive near‐IR Raman system has the potential to be an integral part in the armoury of the forensic analyst as a non‐destructive tool for the in‐situ analysis of drugs of abuse and explosives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macrosteatotic and nonmacrosteatotic grafts respond differently to intermittent hepatic inflow occlusion: Comparison of recipient survival
Authors: Han Sangbin , Choi Gyu‐Seong , Kim Jong Man , Kwon Ji Hye , Park Hyo‐Won , Kim Gaabsoo , Kwon Choon Hyuck David , Gwak Mi Sook , Ko Justin Sangwook , Joh Jae‐Won
Published: February 2015

Intermittent hepatic inflow occlusion (IHIO) during liver graft procurement is known to confer protection against graft ischemia/reperfusion injury and thus may benefit the recipient's outcome. We evaluated whether the protective effect of IHIO differs with the presence of macrosteatosis (MaS) and with an increase or decrease in the cumulative occlusion time. The subgroup of 188 recipients who received grafts with MaS was divided into 3 groups according to the number of total IHIO rounds during graft procurement: no IHIO, n = 70; 1 to 2 rounds of IHIO, n = 50; and ≥3 rounds of IHIO, n = 68. Likewise, the subgroup of 200 recipients who received grafts without MaS was divided into 3 groups: no IHIO, n = 108; 1 to 2 rounds of IHIO, n = 40; and ≥3 rounds of IHIO, n = 52. The Cox model was applied to evaluate the association between the number of total IHIO rounds and recipient survival separately in the subgroup of MaS recipients and the subgroup of non‐MaS recipients. Analyzed covariables included the etiology, Milan criteria, transfusion, immunosuppression, and others. In the subgroup of MaS recipients, 1 to 2 rounds of IHIO were favorably associated with recipient survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10‐0.80; P = 0.03 after Bonferroni correction], whereas ≥3 rounds of IHIO were not associated with recipient survival (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.25‐1.23). In the subgroup of non‐MaS recipients, neither 1 to 2 rounds of IHIO (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.30‐1.61) nor ≥3 rounds of IHIO (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.42‐1.96) were associated with recipient survival. In conclusion, 1 to 2 rounds of IHIO may be used for the procurement of MaS grafts with potential benefit for recipient survival, whereas IHIO has a limited impact on recipient survival regardless of the cumulative occlusion time when it is used for non‐MaS grafts. Liver Transpl 21:644–651, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Investigations proofing the passive layer stability of stainless steels
Authors: Lehmann J. , Burkert A. , Mietz J.
Published: February 2015

The presented investigations have proved the principal suitability of the KorroPad method to assess the passive layer stability of stainless steels. The electrochemical mode of action could be described in detail and limitations of the applicability have been demonstrated. The influence of different surface finishes has been investigated and verified by known methods for describing corrosion resistances. As a result, the increased corrosion susceptibility of two ground surfaces has been detected, but also the corrosion resistance of further surface finishes could be confirmed.
Dietary phenolics against colorectal cancer—From promising preclinical results to poor translation into clinical trials: Pitfalls and future needs
Authors: Núñez‐Sánchez María A. , González‐Sarrías Antonio , Romo‐Vaquero María , García‐Villalba Rocío , Selma María V. , Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A. , García‐Conesa María‐Teresa , Espín Juan Carlos
Published: February 2015

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of cancer death worldwide. Over 70% of CRC cases are sporadic and related to lifestyle. Epidemiological studies inversely correlate CRC incidence with the intake of fruits and vegetables but not with their phenolic content. Preclinical studies using in vitro (cell lines) and animal models of CRC have reported anticancer effects for dietary phenolics through the regulation of different markers and signaling pathways. Herein, we review and contrast the evidence between preclinical studies and clinical trials (patients with CRC or at risk, familial adenopolyposis or aberrant crypt foci) investigating the protective effects of curcumin, resveratrol, isoflavones, green tea extracts (epigallocatechin gallate), black raspberry powder (anthocyanins and ellagitannins), bilberry extract (anthocyanins), ginger extracts (gingerol derivatives), and pomegranate extracts (ellagitannins and ellagic acid). To date, curcumin is the most promising polyphenol as possible future adjuvant in CRC management. Overall, the clinical evidence of dietary phenolics against CRC is still weak and the amounts needed to exert some effects largely exceed common dietary doses. We discuss here the possible reasons behind the gap between preclinical and clinical research (inconsistence of results, lack of clinical endpoints, etc.), and provide an outlook and a roadmap to approach this topic.
Expression of focal adhesion kinase in mouse cumulus‐oocyte complexes, and effect of phosphorylation at Tyr397 on cumulus expansion
Authors: Ohtake Jun , Sakurai Masahiro , Hoshino Yumi , Tanemura Kentaro , Sato Eimei
Published: February 2015

We investigated the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in mouse cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs), as well as the role of FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397 during oocyte maturation. The effect of inhibiting FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397 during in vitro maturation (IVM) on subsequent fertilization and preimplantation embryo development was also examined. Western blotting analyses revealed that total and Tyr397‐phosphorylated FAK were expressed in vivo in both cumulus cells and oocytes. Immunocytochemical studies localized this kinase throughout the cytoplasm of cumulus cells and oocytes; in particular, Tyr397‐phosphorylated FAK tended to accumulate in regions where cumulus cells contact each other. Interestingly, the in vivo level of Tyr397 phosphorylation in cumulus cells was significantly lower after compared to before cumulus expansion. Addition of FAK inhibitor 14, which specifically blocks phosphorylation at Tyr397, stimulated oocyte meiotic maturation and cumulus expansion during IVM in the absence of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). Reverse‐transcriptase PCR showed that the mRNA expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2), a marker of cumulus expansion, was significantly induced in cumulus cells. Subsequent in vitro fertilization and culture showed that more oocytes developed to the blastocyst stage when they were treated with FAK inhibitor 14 during IVM, although the blastocyst total cell number was lower than in oocytes stimulated with FSH. These results indicate that FAK is involved in the maturation of COCs; specifically, phosphorylation at Tyr397 may regulate cumulus expansion via the expression of Has2 mRNA in cumulus cells, which could affect the developmental competence of oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 218–231, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Waging War on Poverty: Poverty Trends Using a Historical Supplemental Poverty Measure
Authors: Fox Liana , Wimer Christopher , Garfinkel Irwin , Kaushal Neeraj , Waldfogel Jane
Published: February 2015

Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the March Current Population Survey, we provide poverty estimates for 1967 to 2012 based on a historical supplemental poverty measure (SPM). During this period, poverty, as officially measured, has stagnated. However, the official poverty measure (OPM) does not account for the effect of near‐cash transfers on the financial resources available to families, an important omission since such transfers have become an increasingly important part of government antipoverty policy. Applying the historical SPM, which does count such transfers, we find that trends in poverty have been more favorable than the OPM suggests and that government policies have played an important and growing role in reducing poverty—a role that is not evident when the OPM is used to assess poverty. We also find that government programs have played a particularly important role in alleviating child poverty and deep poverty, especially during economic downturns.
Multifocal endometriotic lesions associated with cancer are clonal and carry a high mutation burden
Authors: Anglesio Michael S , Bashashati Ali , Wang Yi Kan , Senz Janine , Ha Gavin , Yang Winnie , Aniba Mohamed R , Prentice Leah M , Farahani Hossein , Li Chang Hector , Karnezis Anthony N , Marra Marco A , Yong Paul J , Hirst Martin , Gilks Blake , Shah Sohrab P , Huntsman David G
Published: February 2015

Endometriosis is a significant risk factor for clear cell and endometrioid ovarian cancers and is often found contiguous with these cancers. Using whole‐genome shotgun sequencing of seven clear cell ovarian carcinomas (CCC) and targeted sequencing in synchronous endometriosis, we have investigated how this carcinoma may evolve from endometriosis. In every case we observed multiple tumour‐associated somatic mutations in at least one concurrent endometriotic lesion. ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations appeared consistently in concurrent endometriosis when present in the primary CCC. In several cases, one or more endometriotic lesions carried the near‐complete complement of somatic mutations present in the index CCC tumour. Ancestral mutations were detected in both tumour‐adjacent and ‐distant endometriotic lesions, regardless of any cytological atypia. These findings provide objective evidence that multifocal benign endometriotic lesions are clonally related and that CCCs arising in these patients progress from endometriotic lesions that may already carry sufficient cancer‐associated mutations to be considered neoplasms themselves, albeit with low malignant potential. We speculate that genomically distinct classes of endometriosis exist and that ovarian endometriosis with high mutational burden represents one class at high risk for malignant transformation. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Microcapsules for Enhanced Cargo Retention and Diversity
Authors: Zieringer Maximilian A. , Carroll Nick J. , Abbaspourrad Alireza , Koehler Stephan A. , Weitz David A.
Published: February 2015

Prevention of undesired leakage of encapsulated materials prior to triggered release presents a technological challenge for the practical application of microcapsule technologies in agriculture, drug delivery, and cosmetics. A microfluidic approach is reported to fabricate perfluoropolyether (PFPE)‐based microcapsules with a high core‐shell ratio that show enhanced retention of encapsulated actives. For the PFPE capsules, less than 2% leakage of encapsulated model compounds, including Allura Red and CaCl2, over a four week trial period is observed. In addition, PFPE capsules allow cargo diversity by the fabrication of capsules with either a water‐in‐oil emulsion or an organic solvent as core. Capsules with a toluene‐based core begin a sustained release of hydrophobic model encapsulants immediately upon immersion in an organic continuous phase. The major contribution on the release kinetics stems from the toluene in the core. Furthermore, degradable silica particles are incorporated to confer porosity and functionality to the otherwise chemically inert PFPE‐based polymer shell. These results demonstrate the capability of PFPE capsules with large core–shell ratios to retain diverse sets of cargo for extended periods and make them valuable for controlled release applications that require a low residual footprint of the shell material.
Phase Equilibria of Fluoride‐Free Boracic Mould Flux for Steel Continuous Casting
Authors: Cui Yaru , Wang Lin , Yang Jian , Zhang Jianqiang , Sasaki Yasushi , Ostrovski Oleg
Published: February 2015

Development of fluoride‐free mould flux is important for steel continuous casting. Properties of the mould flux depend on the flux crystallinity. This paper analyzes phase composition of fluxes containing B2O3, TiO2, Na2O, and MgO which can be feasible candidates to replace the fluorides. The phase equilibria of these fluoride‐free boracic mould fluxes were calculated using the thermochemical software FACTSage. In the process of crystallization of the CaOSiO2Al2O3B2O3Na2O flux with high CaO/SiO2, combeite (Na2,Ca)Na2CaSi3O9, Ca11B2Si4O22, and nepheline NaAlSiO4 were formed, which can substitute cuspidine in the fluoride‐containing fluxes. At high CaO/SiO2, adding MgO into CaOSiO2Al2O3B2O3Na2OTiO2 mould flux remarkably increased crystallization temperature by forming merwinite (Ca3MgSi2O8), decreasing the relative crystal phase contents of (Na2,Ca)Na2CaSi3O9 and Ca11B2Si4O22. The calculated data were in reasonable agreement with results of XRD and SEM/EDS analyses of selected boracic fluxes.
Investigation of a historic masonry structure by numerical and operational modal analyses
Authors: Nohutcu H. , Demir A. , Ercan E. , Hokelekli E. , Altintas G.
Published: February 2015

This paper presents the results of model calibration conducted on a historical mosque called Hafsa Sultan in Manisa, Turkey. The finite element model of the mosque was calibrated by the use of the results obtained from ambient vibration tests of the structure. In order to develop a solid model of the structure, the dimensions of the structure, defects such as cracks and material degradations in the structure, and the materials used in different parts were identified. For the evaluation of the material properties of the structure, nondestructive and destructive testing methods were used. The numerical and experimental modal parameters of the structure were obtained by finite element method (FEM) and Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), respectively. The natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were obtained from both FEM and OMA and compared with each other. While a good compatibility was achieved between mode shapes, some differences between natural frequencies occurred. It was thought that the differences resulted from variations in the Young's modulus of masonry, cracks in elements or boundary conditions. Therefore, the finite element model was calibrated by changing material parameters. Finally, a more realistic numerical model of the mosque was put forward and the results were discussed in detail. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MatrixDCN: a high performance network architecture for large‐scale cloud data centers
Authors: Sun Yantao , Chen Min , Peng Limei , Hassan Mohammad Mehedi , Alelaiwi Abdulhameed
Published: February 2015

With the widespread deployment of cloud services, data center networks are developing toward large‐scale, multi‐path networks. Conventional switching‐oriented data center network meets difficulties in terms of scalability and flexibility to support increasing bandwidth requirements for cloud services. To solve this problem, a simple and scalable architecture, MatrixDCN, is proposed in this paper. MatrixDCN is an approximate non‐blocking network, in which switches and servers are arranged in rows and columns that compose a matrix structure. A MatrixDCN network can accommodate up to hundreds of thousands of servers without bandwidth bottlenecks. Furthermore, the physical topology of a MatrixDCN network can be designed consistently with its logic topology, which helps to reduce the complexity of the management and maintenance of a data center. An efficient routing algorithm, named fault‐avoidance routing (FAR), is well designed for MatrixDCN to fully leverage the regularity in the topology. FAR builds two routing tables for a router. A BRT is built based on local topology, and a novel negative routing table (NRT) is increasingly built based on learned partial network failures, which really avoids the problem of network convergence and further shortens the calculating time of routing tables. FAR also greatly reduces the size of routing tables by introducing NRTs at routers. Theoretical analysis and simulations show that MatrixDCN has advantages on the scalability of topology, network throughput, and the performance of FAR. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The demographics of developmental hip dysplasia in the Midwestern United States (Indiana)
Authors: Loder Randall T. , Shafer Cody
Published: February 2015

Background

Today's society is much more mobile than in the past. This increased mobility has resulted in different marriage/parenting groups. We wished to study the demographics of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in our area and compare/contrast our findings with those in the literature and specifically look for new findings compared to previous studies.

Methods

A retrospective review of all children with DDH from 2003 through 2012 was performed. The age at first visit, gestational age, pregnancy number, gender, race, and family history of DDH was collected. Statistical significance was a p-value < 0.05.

Results

There were 424 children (363 girls, 61 boys). Ethnicity was White in 80.8 %, Hispanic in 13.8 %, Black in 4.0 %, and Indo-Malay and Indo-Mediterranean in 0.7 % each; 66.8 % were unilateral; 14.2 % had a positive family history. The average gestational age was 38.1 weeks; 94.4 % were full term. The child was vertex presentation in 67.6 % and breech in 32.4 %; 52.8 % were delivered vaginally and 47.2 % by Cesarean section. The child was the first-born in 48.3 %. When compared to the birth statistics of our state, there was a higher proportion of Whites and Hispanics with DDH, and a lower, but not inconsequential, proportion of Blacks ( p = 0.0018).

Conclusion

Mixing of gene pools and infant carrying methods (lack of swaddling or marked abduction) occurring with societal change likely explains the higher than expected proportion of DDH amongst those of Hispanic ethnicity and a lower than expected, but not rare, proportion in those of African ancestry.

Level of evidence

Level IV—retrospective case series.
Peripheral Intravenous Access Using Ultrasound Guidance: Defining the Learning Curve
Authors: Ault Mark J. , Tanabe Ryoko , Rosen Bradley T.
Published: February 2015

Background: The need for peripheral intravenous (IV) access in anatomically challenging patients is becoming a more commonly encountered clinical problem. The significant investment devoted to physician training for ultrasound-guided vascular access has not yet been matched by a similar commitment to nursing. Nurses, paramedics, and physicians are becoming more enthusiastic about peripheral IV access with ultrasound (PIVUS); however, institutional and clinician support has not yet been forthcoming. The learning curve for PIVUS has never been rigorously studied, and may be flatter than previously assumed.

Methods: Registered nurses were selected to participate as trainees. Training involved 1:1 sessions consisting of formal orientation to portable ultrasound, mentoring, and practice sessions with a nurse practitioner who has expertise in ultrasound-guided peripheral vascular access; hands-on, supervised practice cannulating vessels on a nonhuman tissue simulator; and supervised attempts on live patients.

Results: Seven of 8 trainees completed the training. The average number of patient encounters required to achieve 10 successful IV placements was 25 (range =18–32). The average time required for successful vessel cannulation was 19.57 minutes (range =5–62 minutes). An average of 25 attempts was required to achieve proficiency, and average of 50 cases was required to maintain consistency.

Conclusions: In today's practice environment, PIVUS skills are increasingly important. The results of our study demonstrate that, with appropriate hands-on training and supervision, these skills can be effectively taught to registered nurses.
Right Internal Jugular Vein Cross-Sectional Area: Is There an Optimal Level for Cannulation?
Authors: Aljure Oscar , Castillo-Pedraza Catalina M. , Mitzova-Vladinov Greta , Maratea Edward A.
Published: February 2015

Background: Perioperatively, the preferred site for central venous access by anesthesia providers is the right internal jugular vein (RIJV). Maneuvers such as Trendelenburg position and positive end-expiratory pressure are commonly performed to increase the size of the RIJV and increase the success rate of cannulation.

Methods: We evaluated the size of RIJV at various anatomic levels in the neck to assess the most advantageous level for cannulation with patients in a flat, supine position without use of Trendelenburg. In this study 18 healthy subjects were placed in a flat, supine position for measurements of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the RIJV using vascular ultrasound. Three measurements were obtained at each of the 5 anatomic levels of the neck. The first baseline measurement was taken at the level of cricoid cartilage (0 cm), followed by measurements at 4 other levels: cephalad to the cricoid cartilage at +1 and +2 cm, and caudad to the cricoid cartilage at −1 and −2 cm. The measurements of the CSA in centimeters2 were electronically calculated after manual anatomic outlining of the vein. Factors that may influence the RIJV size, including age, gender, and body surface area, were included in the data analysis.

Results: The average CSA of the RIJV at the 5 levels measured (from +2 to −2 cm) were 0.91, 0.97, 1.06, 1.10, and 1.14 cm2, respectively. The CSA of the RIJV was significantly larger at every 1-cm interval from the most cephalad level at +2 cm to the −2 cm most caudad level, except for the 0 to the −1 cm interval. Statistically significant difference in the CSA (P < .001 or 20%), was noted from the −2 to the +2 cm levels. No differences were found based on age, gender, or body surface area.

Conclusions: The anatomic level of the neck in relation to the cricoid cartilage at which jugular puncture is performed should be considered together with other maneuvers that may increase RIJV size. Success of RIJV cannulation may be increased by accessing the vein at a point with the largest CSA—1 to 2 cm caudad of the cricoid cartilage—especially in cases when the patient does not tolerate Trendelenburg position or ultrasound guidance is not available.
THE CONTRACT FOR THE NORTH AISLE AT THE CHURCH OF ST JAMES, BIDDENHAM
Authors: Byng Gabriel
Published: February 2015

The contract for the building of the north aisle at St James’s Church, Biddenham, Bedfordshire, in 1522 is an exceptional document that escaped the surveys of L F Salzman, John Harvey and most later scholars. Unlike other surviving medieval building contracts, it is the rough draft of an indenture, showing the alterations and changes that were made before it was copied into a neat final version and sealed. By surveying these changes it is possible to delineate, for the first time, the process of negotiation engaged in by its patron, Sir William Butler, and the mason, John Laverok. Unusual too are the details it provides of Butler’s collaboration with the parish in building the well-constructed aisle that would bear his arms. This went further than simply defraying the cost of the work, and is of significance for our wider understanding of the organisation and financing of parish church construction in the sixteenth century. Most importantly, it demonstrates the breadth and complexity of forms that co-operation could take between gentry and parish, and shows that projects with the arms of a single family could nevertheless be funded collaboratively.
Effect ofGlomus aggregatumon photosynthetic function of snap bean in response to elevated ozone
Authors: WANG S. G. , DIAO X. J. , LI Y. W. , MA L. M.
Published: February 2015

Snap bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) with different ozone (O3) sensitivities (line S156: O3-sensitive; line R123: O3-tolerant) were grown for 70 days with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi under ambient (CAMB = 20 nanolitres (nl)/l and elevated (CMID = '50 nl/l andCHIG = 80 nl/l) O3. Sequential determinations (leaf injury, pigment concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, etc) were carried out during plant growth to evaluate mycorrhizal influence on the photosynthetic function of the two genotypes under elevated O3. Inoculation with AM fungi alleviated leaf injury in both genotypes and delayed time of injury manifestation (TIM) in the R123 line at the blooming stage (growth stage (GS): 61-65 (Zadoks scale, Zadokset al. 1974), 30–35 days after the onset of O3fumigation), but mycorrhizal effect was slight at the initial growth stage (GS 11–13, 0–5 days after onset of O3fumigation). Relative to the non-mycorrhizal plant, AM fungi inoculation increased the concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoids in S156 plants, regardless of O3levels, while in R123 plants a similar effect was observed only in theCAMBtreatment. At the blooming (GS 61–65) and the pod filling (GS 71–77, 45–50 days after starting O3fumigation) stages, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for the two genotypes decreased with elevated O3in all treatments, although the effect was reduced inCAMBandCMIDtreatments in AM-inoculated plants; however, the mycorrhizal effect was slight in theCHIGtreatment. Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased with elevated O3regardless of AM fungi inoculation, but it was lower in the mycorrhizal plants than in the non-mycorrhizal plants, in most cases. Furthermore, AM fungi inoculation significantly increased the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate in both genotypes in theCHIGtreatment. The present study indicated that in some cases, AM fungi inoculation can enhance plant tolerance to elevated O3through improving plant photosynthetic function, but the effect was reduced by serious O3stress.
On the Grothendieck ring of varieties
Authors: KUBER AMIT
Published: February 2015

Let K0(Vark) denote the Grothendieck ring of k-varieties over an algebraically closed field k. Larsen and Lunts asked if two k-varieties having the same class in K0(Vark) are piecewise isomorphic. Gromov asked if a birational self-map of a k-variety can be extended to a piecewise automorphism. We show that these two questions are equivalent over any algebraically closed field. If these two questions admit a positive answer, then we prove that its underlying abelian group is a free abelian group and that the associated graded ring of the Grothendieck ring is the monoid ring $\mathbb{Z}$[$\mathfrak{B}$] where $\mathfrak{B}$ denotes the multiplicative monoid of birational equivalence classes of irreducible k-varieties.
On foreign aid, pollution and abatement
Authors: Oladi Reza , Beladi Hamid
Published: February 2015

This paper provides a Ricardian general equilibrium model to study the effect of foreign aid aimed at abating pollution in a small southern recipient economy. The government faces a dynamic problem as it chooses the emission level and abates pollution. The stock of pollution damages consumers and its law of motion is influenced by emission level and the stock of pollution as well as the level of abatement. We show that such type of aid increases emissions, but its effect on pollution stock is ambiguous in the absence of trade. With trade, aid reduces both pollution and emissions given that the recipient country has comparative advantage in the pollution-intensive good. Moreover, such type of aid can be immiserizing with or without trade.
Adherence with early infant feeding and complementary feeding guidelines in the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study
Authors: O’Donovan Sinéad M , Murray Deirdre M , Hourihane Jonathan O’B , Kenny Louise C , Irvine Alan D , Kiely Mairead
Published: February 2015

Objective

To describe adherence with infant feeding and complementary feeding guidelines.

Design

Prospective study of infant feeding and complementary feeding practices were collected as part of the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study.

Setting

Cork, Ireland.

Subjects

Data are described for the 823 infants for whom a diary was completed.

Results

Breast-feeding was initiated in 81 % of infants, and 34 %, 14 % and 1 % of infants were exclusively breast-fed at hospital discharge, 2 and 6 months, respectively. Stage one infant formula decreased from 71 % at 2 months to 13 % at 12 months. The majority of infants (79 %) were introduced to solids between 17 and 26 weeks and 18 % were given solid foods before 17 weeks. Mothers of infants who commenced complementary feeding prior to 17 weeks were younger (29·8v.31·5 years;P<0·001) and more likely to smoke (18v. 8 %;P=0·004). The first food was usually baby rice (69 %), infant breakfast cereals (14 %) or fruit/vegetables (14 %). Meals were generally home-made (49 %), cereal-based (35 %), manufactured (10 %), dairy (3 %) and dessert-based (3 %). The median gap between the first–second, second–third, third–fourth and fourth–fifth new foods was 4, 2, 2 and 2 d, respectively.

Conclusions

We present the largest prospective cohort study to date on early infant feeding in Ireland. The rate of breast-feeding is low by international norms. Most mothers introduce complementary foods between 4 and 6 months with lengthy gaps between each new food/food product. There is a high prevalence of exposure to infant breakfast cereals, which are composite foods, among the first foods introduced.
‘Enhanced Support for High Intensity Users of the Criminal Justice System’: An Evaluation of Mental Health Nurse Input into Integrated Offender Management Services in the North East of England
Authors: Dyer Wendy , Biddle Paul
Published: February 2015

The current UK Government's focus on the development of services to manage and support offenders with mental health problems has resulted in a number of innovative project developments. This research examines a service development in the North East of England which co-located mental health nurses with two Integrated Offender Management teams. While not solving all problems, the benefits of co-location were clear, although such innovations are now at risk from government changes which will make Integrated Offender Management the responsibility of new providers without compelling them to co-operate with health services.
Mimesis and rivalry: European empires and global regimes
Authors: Adelman Jeremy
Published: February 2015

This article places empires as interlocking parts of a broader global regime, a term invoked as an alternative to a world system. By focusing on connective processes and political contingencies, it presents a strategy that avoids rendering empires as radial hubs of a European-centred arrangement. Two features lie at the core of the approach: the way in which empires competed with each other, and the way in which they imitated, borrowed, and learned from each other. Instead of looking at the cyclical rise or fall of great powers, the accent here is on the tensions and intervisibilities between the parts that make up a whole. The regime was, therefore, inherently unstable and integrative at the same time. The article looks in particular at European empires embedded in the broader, unstable, yet increasingly integrated global context that shaped them. The period at stake covers the fifteenth century to the nineteenth and concludes by pointing at some longer-term legacies. It suggests an alternative political economy to the familiar models of ‘European world system’.
Maritime entrepreneurs and policy-makers: a historical approach to contemporary economic globalization
Authors: Ekberg Espen , Lange Even , Nybø Andreas
Published: February 2015

This article adopts a historical approach to examine the role played by maritime entrepreneurs and maritime policy-makers in the unprecedented growth of world trade during the second half of the twentieth century. The purpose is to show how globalization as a macroeconomic process was shaped and sustained by human agency operating within maritime business and maritime politics. For more than two decades, economic globalization has been a major field of study within the social sciences. While providing many valuable insights, this literature tends to approach globalization primarily from a macro-perspective and to treat the process largely in quantitative terms. Through a series of separate historical case studies, this article shows the possibilities of more micro- and meso-oriented analysis, focusing more on processes and transformations than stages and outcomes.
A world of copper: globalizing the Industrial Revolution, 1830–70
Authors: Evans Chris , Saunders Olivia
Published: February 2015

For most of human history the smelting of metallic ores has been performed immediately adjacent to the ore body. In the 1830s the copper industry that was centred on Swansea in the UK departed abruptly from that ancient pattern: Swansea smelters shipped in ores from very distant locations, including sites in Australasia, Latin America, and southern Africa. Swansea became the hub of a globally integrated heavy industry, one that deployed capital on a very large scale, implanted British industrial technologies in some very diverse settings, and mobilized a transnational workforce that included British-born ‘labour aristocrats’, Chinese indentured servants, and African slaves. This paper explores the World of Copper between its inception c.1830 and its demise in the aftermath of the American Civil War. It asks what the experience of this precociously globalized industry can contribute to some current concerns in global history.
Late nineteenth-century globalization: London and Lomagundi perspectives on mining speculation in southern Africa, 1894–1904
Authors: Phimister Ian
Published: February 2015

In southern Africa the portal of globalization opened by finance capital towards the end of the nineteenth century frequently turned on mining speculation. A particularly notorious case was that of the Ayrshire mine in Southern Rhodesia's Lomagundi district. Touted in its heyday as the richest gold prospect in the entire southern half of the continent, the Ayrshire's corporate existence was characterized by company-mongering and market manipulation in the City of London. Few of these concerns immediately impinged on indigenous interests. As interaction between the global and the local was sporadic and contingent, local politics of dynastic accommodation only gradually gave way to global dynamics of dispossession and accumulation.
‘Inhabitants of the universe’: global families, kinship networks, and the formation of the early modern colonial state in Asia
Authors: Veevers David
Published: February 2015

New research on the early modern colonial state in Asia has emphasized the agency of actors and their networks in a process of state formation, while the rise of global history has similarly highlighted the importance of global connections in forming sites of empire. This article seeks to contribute to this growing literature. It does so by revealing that the families of English East India Company servants, following their counterparts in other European East India companies in Asia, underwent a global transition in which they established Asian-wide networks of kinship, transcending the local and regional spaces in which they had previously operated. Through their increasing ability to operate across the social, cultural, economic, and political borders of Asia, Company kinship networks facilitated the formation of a politically amorphous colonial state. Furthermore, while previous scholarship has confined colonial state formation to the later eighteenth century, this article challenges the historiography by relocating this process to the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
Responding to the needs of survivors of sexual violence: Do we know what works?
Authors: Schopper Doris
Published: February 2015

During the past twelve months, the issue of sexual violence in conflict and emergencies has received an unprecedented amount of attention at the highest political and institutional levels. In 2013, the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID) launched a Call to Action to mobilize donors, UN agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders on protecting women and girls in humanitarian emergencies, culminating in the high-level event “Protecting Girls and Women in Emergencies” in November 2013. As of August 2014, over forty partners (including governments, United Nations (UN) agencies and NGOs) had made commitments to the Call to Action. Furthermore, in June 2014 the “Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict”, co-chaired by the UK Foreign Secretary and Angelina Jolie, Special Envoy for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), gathered 1,700 delegates and 129 country delegations. In his summary, the chair of the Global Summit states: “We must apply the lessons we have learned and move from condemnation to concrete action. We must all live up to the commitments we have made.”1In September 2014, the United States organized a Call to Action event in New York during the UN General Assembly with the purpose of sharing progress on commitments made in November 2013. It thus seems that efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence in conflict and emergencies and advocate for a much stronger commitment to action are well under way. But is this enough? Is there enough evidence from lessons learned to allow us to increase and improve our response?