bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome profiling of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Birnbaum David J. , Adélaïde José , Mamessier Emilie , Finetti Pascal , Lagarde Arnaud , Monges Geneviève , Viret Frédéric , Gonçalvès Anthony , Turrini Olivier , Delpero Jean‐Robert , Iovanna Juan , Giovannini Marc , Birnbaum Daniel , Chaffanet Max
Published: March 2011

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers. It displays many different chromosomal abnormalities and mutations. By using 244 K high‐resolution array‐comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) we studied the genome alterations of 39 fine‐needle aspirations from pancreatic adenocarcinoma and eight human adenocarcinoma pancreatic cell lines. Using both visual inspection and GISTIC analysis, recurrent losses were observed on 1p, 3p, 4p, 6, 8p, 9, 10, 11q, 15q, 17, 18, 19p, 20p, 21, and 22 and comprised several known or suspected tumor suppressor genes such as ARHGEF10, ARID1A, CDKN2A/B, FHIT, PTEN, RB1, RUNX1‐3, SMAD4, STK11/LKB1, TP53, and TUSC3. Heterozygous deletion of the 1p35‐p36 chromosomal region was identified in one‐third of the tumors and three of the cell lines. This region, commonly deleted in human cancers, contains several tumor suppressor genes including ARID1A and RUNX3. We identified frequent genetic gains on chromosome arms 1q, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7q, 8q, 12q, 15q, 18q, 19q, and 20q. Amplifications were observed in 16 tumors. AKT2, CCND3, CDK4, FOXA2, GATA6, MDM2, MYC, and SMURF1 genes were gained or amplified. The most obvious amplification was located at 18q11.2 and targeted the GATA6 gene, which plays a predominant role in the initial specification of the pancreas and in pancreatic cell type differentiation. In conclusion, we have identified novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evolutionary Bayesian belief network methodology for participatory decision making under uncertainty: An application to groundwater management
Authors: Farmani Raziyeh , Henriksen Hans Jørgen , Savic Dragan , Butler David
Published: March 2011

An integrated participatory approach based on Bayesian belief network (BBN) and evolutionary multiobjective optimization is proposed as an efficient decision-making tool in complex management problems. The proposed methodology incorporates all the available evidence and conflicting objectives to evaluate implications of alternative actions in the decision-making process and suggests best decision pathways under uncertainty. A BBN provides a framework within which the contributions of stakeholders can be taken into account. It allows a range of different factors and their probabilistic relationship to be considered simultaneously. It takes into account uncertainty by assigning probability to those variables whose states are not certain. The integration of BBN with evolutionary multiobjective optimization allows the analysis of tradeoff between different objectives and incorporation and acknowledgement of a broader set of decision goals into the search and decision-making process. The proposed methodology can be used as a decision support tool to model decision-making processes for complex problems. It deals with uncertainties in decision making pertaining to human behavior and checks for consistency of the developed BBN structure and the parameters of the probabilistic relationship by uncovering discrepancies in the decision analysis process (e.g., bias in completeness or redundancy of the model based on a utility function). It generates a set of efficient management options (appropriate combinations of interventions) that balances conflicting objectives. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is discussed through application to a real case study. It is shown that it successfully identifies any inconsistencies in the developed BBN models and generates large numbers of management options that achieve an optimal tradeoff between different objectives. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 456–461. © SETAC
On strongly almost trivial embeddings of graphs
Authors: Hanaki Ryo
Published: March 2011

We present four new classes of graphs, two of which every member has a strongly almost trivial embedding, and the other two of which every member has no strongly almost trivial embeddings. We show that the property that a graph has a strongly almost trivial embedding and the property that a graph has no strongly almost trivial embeddings are not inherited by minors. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Automorphism group and diameter of a graph
Authors: Dankelmann P. , Erwin D. , Mukwembi S. , Rodrigues B. G. , Mwambene E. , Sabidussi G.
Published: March 2011

Given a connected graph Γ of order n and diameter d, we establish a tight upper bound for the order of the automorphism group of Γ as a function of n and d, and determine the graphs for which the bound is attained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory.
Projective‐Planar Graphs with No K3, 4‐Minor
Authors: Maharry John , Slilaty Daniel
Published: March 2011

An exact structure is described to classify the projective‐planar graphs that do not contain a K3, 4‐minor. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
The NH(C)Br functionality of heteroaromatic compounds as a synthon for fused dihydrooxazoles
Authors: Cegla Marek T. , Baran Marzena , Czarny Agnieszka , Zylewski Marek , Potaczek Joanna , Klenc Jeff , Strekowski Lucjan
Published: March 2011

Fused dihydrooxazoles are produced by the reaction of 8‐bromoteophylline (1), 6‐bromo‐2‐pyridone (7), or 2‐bromobenzimidazole (11) with an N‐substituted N‐(2,3‐epoxypropyl)amine. The product derived from 1 undergoes rearrangement to a fused dihydrooxazine while the fused dihydrooxazoles derived from 7 and 11 are stable. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Electrophilic substitution reaction of indole, part XXIV: Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of a novel heterocyclic compound
Authors: Nayak Anupam , Dutta Utpal , Prangé Thierry , Banerji Julie
Published: March 2011

The reaction of indole with cyclohexanone in the presence of the Lewis acid, boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, resulted in the synthesis of a novel and interesting product (1) in addition to the bis(indolyl)methane system (2). The structure of this novel compound has been determined by NMR (1H and 13C) and X‐ray crystal structure analysis. Compound 1 is a (1:2) addition reaction product of indole with cyclohexanone. The spiro six‐membered ring is in the classic chair conformation. An epoxide bridge at C‐4a/C‐10b and the two hydroxyl groups at C‐5a, C‐10a are all on the same side of the central five membered ring. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Recent development for enantioselective synthesis of aromatic compounds from alkynes via metallacyclopentadienes
Authors: Li Shi , Zhou Lishan , Kanno Ken‐Ichiro , Takahashi Tamotsu
Published: March 2011

Metallacyclopentadiene, which is recognized as a metallo‐heterocycle, is an important intermediate for the formation of aromatic derivatives. In this short review, we summarized the recent advance on construction of axial, central, planar, and helical chirality by transition‐metal‐catalyzed aromatic compounds formation via metallacyclopentadienes. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Asking about well‐being gets you half an answer: Intra‐individual processes of implicit and explicit job attitudes
Authors: Leavitt Keith , Fong Christina T. , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: March 2011

Job attitudes, as indicators of well‐being, vary within individuals across cognitive processes and not just time. Research on employee well‐being has relied primarily on self‐reported measures of explicit job and life attitudes. Our work takes a different perspective on this issue by examining the role of implicit attitudes regarding one's organization, coworkers, and supervisor as indicators of well‐being. Implicit attitudes are automatic, introspectively inaccessible, and predict behavior in socially sensitive contexts in which self‐report measures may be impaired by impression management. The results of a field study demonstrate that implicit and explicit job attitudes reflect relatively independent intra‐individual processes. Additionally, this study demonstrates that job performance and citizenship behaviors are best predicted by a combination of implicit and explicit job attitudes, and that a dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes impacts organizational identification. We conclude with a discussion of how capturing implicit cognition in the workplace can better describe and subsequently help improve employee well‐being. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrum of early-onset and late-onset bacteremias after liver transplantation: Implications for management
Authors: Lee Sang-Oh , Kang Seung H. , Abdel-Massih Rima C. , Brown Robert A. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: March 2011

Bacteremia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation. The characterization of the microbiological spectrum of bacteremia after liver transplantation may help physicians in choosing the initial empirical antimicrobial therapy for patients presenting with sepsis. The clinical and microbiology records of patients who received liver transplantation from January 1997 to March 2006 were reviewed. One hundred twenty-three of the 737 liver recipients (16.7%) developed bacteremia during the median follow-up period of 5.8 years (interquartile range = 2.5-8.8 years); 92 patients (12.5%) had gram-positive bacteremia (GPB), whereas 47 (6.4%) had gram-negative bacteremia (GNB). Nosocomial bacteremia was significantly more frequent among patients with early-onset GPB or GNB versus patients with late-onset GPB (66.7% versus 23.7%, P < 0.001) or GNB (70.6% versus 20.0%, P = 0.001). Peritonitis (33.3% versus 7.9%, P = 0.004) and wound infections (13.0% versus 0%, P = 0.04) as sources were more common in patients with early-onset GPB versus patients with late-onset GPB. Likewise, peritonitis was a more common source of early-onset GNB than late-onset GNB (41.2% versus 6.7%, P = 0.007). Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium were the most common pathogens in patients with early-onset GPB, whereas Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus species were most common in patients with late-onset GPB. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anaerobes were the most common pathogens in patients with early-onset GNB, whereas Escherichia coli was most common in patients with late-onset GNB. In conclusion, the microbiological spectra of early-onset and late-onset bacteremias differ, and this should be considered by those determining the initial empirical treatment of liver transplant recipients suspected to have bacteremias. Liver Transpl 17:733-741, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Kinetic Modeling as a Tool to Understand and Improve the Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Bentein Lien , D'hooge Dagmar R. , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: March 2011

Kinetic modeling is used to obtain insight in the complex interplay between reaction rates and obtained polymer properties in the SG1 and the TEMPO mediated bulk polymerization of styrene at 396 K. The increase of the viscosity during NMP is accounted for. At higher targeted chain lengths, chain transfer to dimer and transfer from nitroxide to dimer are shown to cause the experimentally observed reduced control over the average polymer properties and to result in a clear fronting of the polymer chain length distribution. The potential of kinetic modeling to design tailor‐made synthesis strategies is illustrated. Simulations indicate that careful control of the polymerization conditions allows to obtain an important improvement of the polymer properties. The approach is also applicable for NMP mediated by other alkoxyamines/nitroxides and allows to expand the application range of NMP for styrene polymerization in particular to synthesize complex polymer architectures by assembly of functionalized polymers.

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Assessing the SB‐V factor structure in a sample of preschool children
Authors: Ward Kimberly E. , Rothlisberg Barbara A. , McIntosh David E. , Bradley Madeline H.
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB‐V), based on the Cattell‐Horn‐Carroll (CHC) theory of intelligence using a sample of 200 preschool children. The CHC framework uses three different models: one similar to Spearman's g, one similar to the Gf‐Gc model, and one representing the hierarchical three‐stratum CHC model. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), utilizing these three models, was conducted to determine which theoretical model best described the ability structure measured by the SB‐V. Results of the CFA revealed that, although the two‐stratum model provided the best fit statistics, a large amount of overlap existed among the broad CHC factors in this model. Therefore, these results suggested that a simple, overall ability model may be the best representation of ability for preschool children when using the SB‐V because the factors appeared to be indistinct with this age group. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Profile analysis of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition, with African American and Caucasian preschool children
Authors: Dale Brittany A. , McIntosh David E. , Rothlisberg Barbara A. , Ward Kimberly E. , Bradley Madeline Hunt
Published: March 2011

This study used profile analysis to investigate the interpretability of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC‐II), in terms of the Cattell‐Horn‐Carroll (CHC) theory among ethnically diverse preschool children. Forty‐nine African American and 49 Caucasian preschool children from a Midwestern city were included in the study and were matched for age, sex, and level of parental education. The profile analysis examining CHC broad abilities showed that the African American and Caucasian preschool children had similar patterns of highs and lows and performed at the same level with no significant difference between the two groups in their overall mean IQ. Profile analysis of the KABC‐II subtests found that although the African American and Caucasian groups performed overall at a similar level, they did not show the same pattern of highs and lows in subtest performance. Specifically, Caucasian preschoolers scored significantly higher than their African American counterparts on the Expressive Vocabulary subtest. Overall, the two groups displayed remarkably similar performance on the KABC‐II. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response‐to‐intervention in high‐risk preschools: Critical issues for implementation
Authors: Ball Carrie R. , Trammell Beth A.
Published: March 2011

This article summarizes the current knowledge of response‐to‐intervention (RTI) models in preschool settings, with an emphasis on evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of our current research base. Particular attention is given to the unique challenges of high‐risk preschool settings. Presently, sufficient empirical support exists to begin establishing tiered intervention systems and building teacher capacity. Lacking, however, are valid and reliable assessment tools and insufficiently trained personnel to support a data‐based decision‐model within high‐risk preschools. We conclude that organizational development should focus on building teacher capacity, establishing high‐quality classroom instruction, and planning for sustainable programs, with adoption of a full RTI service delivery model serving as a long‐range aspirational goal. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative stress response in the opportunistic oral pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum
Authors: Steeves Craig H. , Potrykus Joanna , Barnett David A. , Bearne Stephen L.
Published: March 2011

The anaerobic, Gram‐negative bacillus Fusobacterium nucleatum plays a vital role in oral biofilm formation and the development of periodontal disease. The organism plays a central bridging role between early and late colonizers within dental plaque and plays a protective role against reactive oxygen species. Using a two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry approach, we have annotated 78 proteins within the proteome of F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum and identified those proteins whose apparent intracellular concentrations change in response to either O2‐ or H2O2‐induced oxidative stress. Three major protein systems were altered in response to oxidative stress: (i) proteins of the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase/thioredoxin reductase system were increased in intracellular concentration; (ii) glycolytic enzymes were modified by oxidation (i.e. D‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, and fructose 6‐phosphate aldolase) or increased in intracellular concentration, with an accompanying decrease in ATP production; and (iii) the intracellular concentrations of molecular chaperone proteins and related proteins (i.e. ClpB, DnaK, HtpG, and HrcA) were increased.
Understanding the kinetic solvent effects on the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile N‐oxide: a DFT study
Authors: Benchouk W. , Mekelleche S. M. , Silvi B. , Aurell M. J. , Domingo L. R.
Published: March 2011

The kinetic solvent effects on the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (13DC) of benzonitrile N‐oxide with cyclopentene [T. Rispens and J. B. F. N. Engberts, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 2005; 18, 908–917] have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level. Solvent effects were analyzed by means of the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The analysis of the potential energy surface shows that this reaction follows an asynchronous concerted mechanism. The topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) of the turning points along the reaction pathway explains the diradical nature of mechanism of this reaction. Inclusion of solvent effects does not substantially modify this behavior. The present study points out that, contrary to Diels–Alder reactions, the increase in the solvent polarity leads to a slow inhibition of the 13DC reaction, because of the low polarity of the transition state. Explicit solvation involving the coordination of one water molecule to the dipole puts in evidence the importance of hydrogen bonding in the modest acceleration of this 13DC reaction. These results are in good agreement with experimental outcomes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of soluble low‐bandgap oligothiophene‐[all]‐S,S‐dioxides‐based conjugated oligomers and polymers
Authors: Amir Elizabeth , Sivanandan Kulandaivelu , Cochran Justin E. , Cowart John J. , Ku Sung‐Yu , Seo Jung Hwa , Chabinyc Michael L. , Hawker Craig J.
Published: March 2011

The synthesis and characterization of a new family of soluble oligothiophene‐S,S‐dioxides and their use as building blocks to form polythiophene‐S,S‐dioxides via microwave‐assisted Stille coupling polymerization are described. Incorporation of the sulfone group into the polythiophene backbone leads to narrowing of the polymer bandgap, and while the energies of both Frontier orbitals in polythiophene‐S,S‐dioxide are lower with respect to polythiophenes, this tendency is considerably stronger for the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital than for the highest occupied molecular orbital, resulting in greater electron‐accepting ability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Comparison of distance information in [TOAC1, Glu(OMe)7, 18, 19] alamethicin F50/5 from paramagnetic relaxation enhancement measurements with data obtained from an X‐ray diffraction‐based model
Authors: Jose Rani Alphonsa , De Zotti Marta , Peggion Cristina , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio , De Borggraeve Wim M.
Published: March 2011

Peptaibol antibiotics are membrane‐active linear peptides of fungal origin that are characterized by a high population of the Cα‐tetrasubstituted, strongly helicogenic, α‐amino acid, α‐aminoisobutyric acid, an N‐terminal acetyl group, and a C‐terminal 1,2‐amino alcohol. Alamethicins (Alms), among the longest peptaibiotics, are a group of closely sequence‐related peptides composed of 19 amino acid residues. [TOAC1, Glu(OMe)7, 18, 19] Alm and [TOAC16, Glu(OMe)7, 18, 19] Alm are synthetic, nitroxide free‐radical labeled analogs of [Glu(OMe)7, 18, 19] Alm F50/5. In this work, nitroxide to peptide NH proton distance information obtained from paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) studies on [TOAC1, Glu(OMe)7, 18, 19] Alm is compared with distances derived from an X‐ray diffraction‐based model. The methodology for PRE determination, as well as the generation of the X‐ray diffraction‐based model three‐dimensional structures, is discussed. The distances obtained from PRE measurements are in close agreement with the information derived from the X‐ray diffraction‐based model. This finding suggests that this type of information could be implemented as long‐range distance restraints in NMR‐based structure determination. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of potent, cyclic calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor antagonists
Authors: Yan Liang Zeng , Johnson Kirk W. , Rothstein Emily , Flora David , Edwards Patrick , Li Baolin , Li Junqing , Lynch Renee , Vaughn Renee , Clemens‐Smith Amy , McCarty Deborah , Chow Charles , McKnight Kevin L. , Lu Jirong , Nisenbaum Eric S , Mayer John P.
Published: March 2011

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), a potent dilator of cerebral and dural vasculature, is known to be elevated in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid during migraine attacks. Selective blockade of the CGRP receptor offers the promise of controlling migraine headache more effectively and without the side‐effects associated with the use of triptans. Our efforts to develop a novel, peptide‐based CGRP antagonist focused on the C‐terminal portion of the peptide which is known to bind the receptor but lack agonist properties. Extensive SAR studies of the C‐terminal CGRP (27–37) region identified a novel cyclic structure: Bz‐Val‐Tyr‐cyclo[Cys‐Thr‐Asp‐Val‐Gly‐Pro‐Phe‐Cys]‐Phe‐NH2 (23) with a kb value of 0.126 nM against the cloned human CGRP receptor. Additional SAR studies directed at enhancement of potency and improvement of physicochemical properties yielded a series of analogs with kb values in the 0.05–0.10 nM range. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of nuchal translucency measurements obtained using Volume NTTM and two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Cho H. Y. , Kwon J.‐Y. , Kim Y. H. , Lee K. H. , Kim J. , Kim S. Y. , Park Y. W.
Published: March 2011

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of Volume NTTM, a new technique that automatically archives mid‐sagittal plane views and measures the maximum nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, by comparing its measurements with those made with conventional two‐ (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) techniques.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 130 singleton pregnancies undergoing NT screening at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Fetuses with enlarged NT or multiple anomalies and those in the prone position were excluded. Success rate of NT measurement was assessed using Volume NTTM, 2D and 3D techniques. In cases in which all three techniques were successful, intra‐ and interobserver bias and levels of agreement for NT measurements within and between techniques were evaluated using Bland–Altman plots.

Results

Of 130 cases enrolled into the study, 16 were excluded from analysis due to enlarged NT (n = 3), prone position (n = 2) or missing data (n = 11). Among the 114 cases analyzed, NT measurement was successful by the conventional 2D method in 95.6% (109/114) of cases and by 3D and Volume NTTM measurements in 103 and 93 cases, respectively. Success rate was not significantly different between methods. In 89 cases, NT values were available using all three methods. Among them, mean ± SD 2D‐NT was 1.3 ± 0.4 mm, 3D‐NT was 1.2 ± 0.4 mm and Volume NTTM was 1.3 ± 0.4 mm. The mean differences of the intra‐ and interobserver variability of each method were not significantly different from zero for each method.

Conclusions

Volume NTTM, a novel technique for automated NT measurement, is apparently reproducible and comparable with conventional 2D and 3D ultrasound techniques for NT measurement. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standardization of fetal ultrasound biometry measurements: improving the quality and consistency of measurements
Authors: Sarris I. , Ioannou C. , Dighe M. , Mitidieri A. , Oberto M. , Qingqing W. , Shah J. , Sohoni S. , Al Zidjali W. , Hoch L. , Altman D. G. , Papageorghiou A. T. ,   for the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21 Century (INTERGROWTH‐21st)
Published: March 2011

Objective

To assess whether a standardization exercise prior to commencing a fetal growth study involving multiple sonographers can reduce interobserver variation.

Methods

In preparation for an international study assessing fetal growth, nine experienced sonographers from eight countries participated in a standardization exercise consisting of theoretical and practical sessions. Each performed a set of seven standard fetal measurements on pregnant volunteers at 20–37 weeks' gestation, and these were repeated by the lead sonographer; all measurements were taken in a blinded fashion. After this the sonographers had hands‐on practice and feedback sessions on other volunteers. This process was repeated three times. Measurement differences between sonographers and the lead sonographer, expressed as a gestational‐age‐specific Z‐score, between the first and third scans were compared using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and variance was assessed using Pitman's test. Interobserver agreement was also assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and all images were scored for quality in a blinded fashion.

Results

At baseline the level of agreement and image scoring were high. A significant reduction in the differences between sonographers and the lead sonographer were seen for fetal biometry overall (head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length) between the first and third scans (median Z‐scores, 0.46 and 0.24; P = 0.005), and a reduction in the variance was also observed (P < 0.001). The ICCs for measurement pairs for every fetal measurement showed a clear trend of increasing ICC (better agreement) with consecutive training scan sessions, although no improvement in image scores was seen.

Conclusion

Even for experienced sonographers, a standardization exercise before starting a study of fetal biometry can improve consistency of measurements. This could be of relevance for studies assessing fetal growth in multicenter sites. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary fish oil and curcumin combine to modulate colonic cytokinetics and gene expression in dextran sodium sulphate-treated mice
Authors: Jia Qian , Ivanov Ivan , Zlatev Zlatomir Z. , Alaniz Robert C. , Weeks Brad R. , Callaway Evelyn S. , Goldsby Jennifer S. , Davidson Laurie A. , Fan Yang-Yi , Zhou Lan , Lupton Joanne R. , McMurray David N. , Chapkin Robert S.
Published: March 2011

Both fish oil (FO) and curcumin have potential as anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory agents. To further explore their combined effects on dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis, C57BL/6 mice were randomised to four diets (2 × 2 design) differing in fatty acid content with or without curcumin supplementation (FO, FO+2 % curcumin, maize oil (control, MO) or MO+2 % curcumin). Mice were exposed to one or two cycles of DSS in the drinking-water to induce either acute or chronic intestinal inflammation, respectively. FO-fed mice exposed to the single-cycle DSS treatment exhibited the highest mortality (40 %, seventeen of forty-three) compared with MO with the lowest mortality (3 %, one of twenty-nine) (P = 0·0008). Addition of curcumin to MO increased (P = 0·003) mortality to 37 % compared with the control. Consistent with animal survival data, following the one- or two-cycle DSS treatment, both dietary FO and curcumin promoted mucosal injury/ulceration compared with MO. In contrast, compared with other diets, combined FO and curcumin feeding enhanced the resolution of chronic inflammation and suppressed (P < 0·05) a key inflammatory mediator, NF-κB, in the colon mucosa. Mucosal microarray analysis revealed that dietary FO, curcumin and FO plus curcumin combination differentially modulated the expression of genes induced by DSS treatment. These results suggest that dietary lipids and curcumin interact to regulate mucosal homeostasis and the resolution of chronic inflammation in the colon.
Art. IV.—Chronology of the Reigns of Tiglath Pileser, Sargon, Shalmanezer, and Sennacherib, in connexion with the phenomenon seen on the Dial of Ahaz
Authors: Bosanquet J. W.
Published: March 2011

No one who takes interest in the discoveries daily made in Assyria and Babylonia can fail to have read the interesting and important communications from Colonel Rawlinson, which appeared in the Athenæum of the 18th March and 15th April last, conveying to the public a mass of new and most valuable material towards framing a continuous chronology of the Assyrian and Babylonian empires, even from their earliest origin: establishing the fact that Semiramis, queen of Babylon, was the wife of Pul, king of Assyria; and mentioning the discovery of Belsharezar son of Nabonidus, whom he supposes to be the Belshazzar of Scripture, and the last of the kings of Babylon.
Art. II.—Translation of some Assyrian Inscriptions: No. III.—The Inscription of Bellino
Authors: Talbot H. Fox
Published: March 2011

In the year 1856 I printed, not for publication but for private distribution, a few pages entitled “Assyrian Texts Translated,” of which I did myself the honour to present a copy to the Royal Asiatic Society. It commenced by a translation of Bellino's, Cylinder, as represented at plate 63 of the first volume of inscriptions published by the British Museum, in several parts of which, however, the cuneiform signs are very incorrectly and confusedly represented. Most of these imperfect parts I omitted, though of some I attempted a translation.
Art. III.—Ptolemy's Chronology of Babylonian Reigns conclusively vindicated; and the Date of the Fall of Nineveh ascertained; with Elucidations of connected points in Assyrian, Scythian, Median, Lydian and Israelite History
Authors: Tyrwhitt R. E.
Published: March 2011

The matter of the ensuing essay may be regarded as two-fold. First, we undertake to vindicate the chronology of Ptolemy's Canon for the first 212 years of that table of reigns at Babylon; that is to say, from the first of Nabonassar to the third year of the nine which the table gives to Cyrus. Next, we propose to show that Nineveh was taken, and, with that capital, the proper Assyrian empire was overthrown, by the Babylonians and Medes, iu the year B.C. 608. In connection with this latter subject are treated several important historical topics; the expeditions of Nekho, king of Egypt, first, in B.C. 609, against the falling Assyrian, and, secondly, in B.C. 605, against the growing Babylonian power; the complete establishment of the Babylonian supremacy by Nebukhadrezzar, in the years from B.C. 606 to B.C. 604; the true relationship, unconsciously attested by Herodotus, between the Medes and the Scythians for twenty-eight years; that is, as will be shown, for twenty-two years before and for six years after the fall of Nineveh; the true dimensions of the war which, according to Herodotus, Cyaxares, king of the Medes, waged with Alyattes, king of the Lydians; the entire trustworthiness of Herodotus's Median chronology; and, a criticism showing the probable Herodotean date of the conquest of Crcesus and his Lydians by the Medes under Cyrus the Persian.
Art. XV.—History of Tennasserim
Authors: Low James
Published: March 2011

The route to Martaban had not before this period been explored by Europeans, nor frequented by the natives since 1810, when an army marched by it on the way to attack Junk-Ceylon; and a dread of the Siamese had caused it to be almost abandoned by the subjects of his Burman Majesty. To ascertain the nature of the intervening country seemed desirable, as well in a geographical light, as on account of the interest which it would claim in the event of the new conquests being permanently retained by the British. Most of the baggage, and the sick, were sent off by sea. My escort consisted of a native officer, two non-commissioned officers, and eighteen sepoys, two interpreters, two guides, four servants, and about 100 followers) to carry baggage and provisions; which, however, were found inadequate afterwards, so that more were hired at Yea.
Art. XVI.—On the Ante-Brahmanical Worship of the Hindús
Authors: Stephenson John
Published: March 2011

A Singular coincidence exists between the history of the Greek word δαιμων, and the Sanskrit (bhúta). The Greek word is applied by Homer and early Grecian writers, as is well known, to the highest intelligences, and means one possessed of superior knowledge. The Sanskrit Bhúta is derived from the verb which signifies existence, and is applied to the elements of nature, and even to the great God Siva himself. But as δαιμων, with a change of religion, lost the sense of a deity, and came to be fused down to mean a demon or evil spirit, so now, in the Indian languages derived from the Sanskrit, Bhúta is entirely confined, in common speech, to a wandering ghost or malicious spirit. Again, as the term δαιμων was, among the Christian Greeks, frequently applied, in a bad sense, to the gods their fathers worshipped; so among the Brahmanized Hindús, the term Bhtita is applied contemptuously to the Ante-Brahmanical objects of worship. In all my intercourse, however, with those classes who worship these Bhútas, I never found them spontaneously apply this term to the objects of their adoration. They style them (deva) and (grámadeva), gods and village gods, but never (bhúta), devils. Yet again, they do not deny that the term Bhúta is applicable to these gods; but they make the acknowledgment in the spirit of those English South-American travellers, who, when robbed and stripped at a distance from their lodgings, and their horses taken from them, and most glad to employ the services of a despised animal to carry them home, would confess that they rode a donkey.
Art. XVIII.—Arabic Inscription from China
Authors: Shakespear John
Published: March 2011

An Inscription on fine Chinese paper was, some months since, presented to the Society by one of its Members, John Romer, Esq., to whom it had been given by the Captain of a vessel returning from the East, who did not remember how or where he had obtained it. It is four feet eight inches in length, by two feet four inches in width; and a reduced copy of it is herewith given. After it had been suspended a short time in the Society's Meeting Room, a letter was received by the Director from John Shakespear, Esq., with a transcript of this singular document in the ordinary character, and a translation. It is not easy to account for the origin of this inscription. It was certainly done in China, as appears from the stamps attached to it, which were made before the inscription was written, unless room was purposely left for placing them. The characters are drawn with freedom, as though executed by one accustomed to such writing. They are, however, so distorted, that some time elapsed before it was even suspected that they were Arabic.
Art. XXII.—Journal of a Route through the Western Parts of Makran
Authors: Grant N. P.
Published: March 2011

The following journal of a route through Makran was performed in the year 1809, by Captain Grant, a young Indian officer of great promise, who was assassinated by a rebel Persian chief in the following year. The geographical results of this tour have been published elsewhere; but the journal itself, which, together with some further information concerning the unfortunate writer, was presented to the society by his friend, Sir Henry Worsley, has not hitherto appeared. In the present conjuncture, when public attention is drawn to the countries lying between India and Persia, the details of this tour may be of some utility, and with this object a copy was taken to India by Sir James Carnac. It is a plain description of the country, evidently not intended for publication in its present form; but the untimely death of the writer prevented any correction.
Art. XXVI.—Note on the Cotton Soils of Georgia
Authors: Solly
Published: March 2011

The successful cultivation of cotton depends on a variety of circumstances, to each of which attention should be paid; amongst the foremost in importance are, attention to the climate, and to the soil. In endeavouring to introduce into one country the mode of cultivation, long known and practised with success in another, the local peculiarities of the country, as influenced by the form of the surface, the vicinity of hills, and nature of the surrounding countries, together with the consequent modifications of atmospheric phenomena produced by it, must be observed. These, in connexion with the capacity for heat, the radiating power, the rapidity of evaporation, and the structure and composition of the soil, both physical and chemical, require investigation. These points are all of vital importance, and must be studied both in detail and in connexion with each other, to obtain useful results.
Art. IV.—Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts in the Library of King's College, Cambridge
Authors: Palmer Edward Henry
Published: March 2011

Dear Mr. Palmer,—The manuscripts, of which you have been good enough to draw up the list, which I trust the Asiatic Society will print, came to us at the end of last century. The donor, Edward Ephraim Pote, was a son of Mr. Pote, of Eton, and was elected a scholar of this College in 1768. He took his degree in 1773, and seems to have entered the Civil Service of the East India Company very soon after that.
Art. VII.—The Source of Colebrooke's Essay “On the Duties of a Faithful Hindu Widow.”
Authors: Hall Fitzedward
Published: March 2011

In the second volume of his Chips from a German Workshop, p. 34, foot-note, the distinguished Professor Max Müller adverting to the above-mentioned dissertation, the earliest of the invaluable series which we owe to the most illustrious of English Sanskritists, makes the remark: “This Essay, I find, is a literal translation from Gagannâtha's ‘Vivâdabhangârnava,’ MS. Wilson, 224, vol. iii., p. 62.”
Art. X.—Account of an Embassy from Marocco to Spain in 1690 and 1691
Authors: Stanley H. E. J.
Published: March 2011

The following notes are taken from an account of his journey to Spain, written by an Ambassador of Muley Ismail, a copy of which is preserved in a library at Lisbon: the MS. ends abruptly, and does not contain the author's name. From the narrative it appears that the Ambassador came to treat of the exchange of prisoners, and to ask for some of the Arabic works preserved at the Escurial: he appears, however, to have imagined that these were remnants of the libraries of Cordoba, whereas they proceeded from the library of a former Emperor of Marocco, which was captured at sea whilst being transported from one port to another. The Ambassador was told that the books had been destroyed by the fire which took place about twenty years before in the Escurial, where, in fact, the greater part of the Sultan's library was burned; but about two thousand were saved, of which nothing was said to the Ambassador, and these form the actual collection of Arabic works preserved in the Escurial. M. Chenier, in his Histoire du Maroc (Paris, 1787), states that Muley Ismail took L'Arrash from the Spaniards in 1689, and that the Spanish garrison of that place was exchanged at the rate of ten Moors for each Christian: he also states that, in 1681, Hajy Themim, Governor of Tetuan, and Cassem Menino, brother of the Governor of Sallee, went to Paris in the end of December as Ambassadors, so that it is possible one of these was also employed in this Embassy ten years later.
Art. XII.—Materials for the History of India for the Six Hundred Years of Mohammadan Rule previous to the foundation of the British Indian Empire
Authors: Lees W. Nassau
Published: March 2011

Every inquiry which can elucidate the history, the laws, the institutions, or the characteristics of the people of India, ought to have a very practical interest for the people of England, and especially for that small section of them which is entrusted with her government, either more directly as connected with the India Office, or less so as members of the British Parliament. Nor can it be said that information acquired by personal inquiry from people living on the spot is the most satisfactory for the purpose, or can be considered sufficient. Such is not the case. Englishmen in India, as a rule, never mix in social intercourse with the natives. They may receive friendly visits from a few; but, in ordinary, the relations between Englishmen and the higher classes of the natives of India are either purely official or purely of a business nature, and with the lower orders those of master and servant. Again, the few natives of India who have received an English education have been effectually isolated from the great body of their fellow-countrymen, with whom they have as little real sympathy as with their English rulers. In the former case, sometimes from fear, but more often from a desire to coincide with and to please or flatter his superiors, as the Hindu historians did in the reigns of Akbar and his successors,—and in the latter, sometimes from ignorance, but sometimes also from interested motives,—the opinions of natives with which Europeans are likely to be favoured are not always a safe guide.
Art. XIII.—A few words concerning the Hill People inhabiting the Forests of the Cochin State
Authors: Fryer G. E.
Published: March 2011

The hill people, regarding whom I purpose saying a few words, inhabit the hill tracts of the States of Travancore and Cochin, and the base of the Annamully hills in the district of Coimbatore. They go by different names in different localities, such as Kardars, Mulliyars, Vaisharvars, Kannekarens, all of which signify “foresters,” and they are also called Mulchers or outcasts, which is probably a corruption of the Sanskrit word Mlechchha, meaning a barbarian or outcast.
ART. I.—Contributions towards a Glossary of the Assyrian Language
Authors: Talbot H. F.
Published: March 2011

Guza. a Throne.—Very frequent in the inscriptions. It always has the sign , the determinative of “wooden objects,” prefixed to it. I believe it to be a mere dialectic variation of the Hebrew solium regium (etiam Dei.— Jerem. iii. 17). In shurrat sarti-ya, sha as guza sarti rabish usibu; In the beginning of my reign, when I sat proudly on my royal throne.—Obel. line 22. Izpa u guza likim-su; Sceptre and throne may they take from him.—R42,73. Guza abi-su; his father's throne.—2R 38,32. Guza billuti; throne of power.—R39, 9. Guza nimidi; a palanquin.—R39, 36.
Art. III.—The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, of Arragon
Authors: Stanley H. E. J.
Published: March 2011

In the preceding number of the Journal, this poem had reached the birth of Abraham: the portion contained in the present issue consists of the life of Abraham, the history of the line of Isaac ending with Jesus Christ, and the line of Ishmael down to Heshim, great-grandfather of Muhammad. The description of the sacrifice of Ishmael brings to mind the mysteries or plays in which Abraham's sacrifice of his son is still represented in Spain at the Church festivals.
Art. V.—Contributions to the Knowledge of Parsee Literature.
Authors: Sachau Ed.
Published: March 2011

On comparing with one another the two most ancient periods of development of the Iranian mind, in language as well as in literature,—that primitive one, whose witness is the Avesta, with the period of renaissance under Sasanian rule,— we find at once this striking difference, that the former is purely national and Iranian, almost wholly free from any foreign influence, whilst the latter, as it appears in the Pahlavi translations and the inscriptions of the Sasanian kings, is overwhelmed by foreign, Semitic, or more accurately speaking, Aramæan elements. The difficulties in explaining the pure Persian substratum of the language of this latter period, for even here not every problem has yet been solved, are by no means to be compared with those offered by the Semitic forms and words, which appear to the Indo-german linguist utterly unknown, to the Semitic scholar more than strange. Though a great quantity of highly valuable material has already been collected and digested by European scholars, still I do not think it sufficient to enable us to decide in a satisfactory manner the following questions:—During what time did that close intercourse between the Iranian and Semitic races take place, the existence of which we are compelled to assume as the source of the Semitic portion of the Pahlavi language? Of what kind was this intercourse? And with which of the Aramæan nations in particular? The same questions demand an answer, in order to explain the numerous Iranian words which occur in the literature of the Babylonian Jews, in Syriac, in the Koran, and the most ancient Arabic poems.
Art. VII.—Khuddaka Páṭha, a Páli Text, with a Translation and Notes
Authors: Childers R. C.
Published: March 2011

Khuddaka Páṭha, or “Lesser Readings,” is one of the books of the Buddhist Scriptures. It is the first of the fifteen divisions of Khuddaka Nikáya, and immediately precedes Dhammapada, The text which I have adopted is that of a manuscript written and collated for me by a Singhalese priest of great learning. I have compared with it the Burmese manuscript belonging to the collection presented by Sir A. Phayre to the India Office Library. This, however, I found to contain numerous clerical and other errors, and it failed to supply me with a single corrected reading.
Art. XII.—The Mohammedan Law of Evidence, and its influence on the Administration of Justice in India
Authors: Baillie N. B. E.
Published: March 2011

This subject is of some importance to persons who are resident in Mussulman countries, or our dominions in India, and a brief exposition of it may not be out of place in the Society's Journal.

Evidence is based on testimony, and testimony may be either direct to the point at issue, or to collateral circumstances from which the point at issue may be reasonably inferred. It were, perhaps, more correct to say, that in the latter case testimony is the channel through which evidence is conveyed to the minds of those who have to decide upon it, while in the former case it is the evidence itself. Under the most common systems of jurisprudence testimony of both kinds is received, and the judge is left free to form his own opinion from all the circumstances as detailed by the witnesses. Under other systems, while testimony is equally free, the decision upon it is committed to a separate tribunal, such as a jury. Under both systems there is, perhaps, an inclination to treat testimony, even when direct, as a mere channel of communication, and to take the fact asserted by the witness, entirely stripped of his opinion.
Art. II.—A Brief Account of Four Arabic Works on the History and Geography of Arabia
Authors: Miles S. B.
Published: March 2011

I venture to lay before the Society a brief notice of four Arabic MS. works on the History and Geography of Arabia, which appear to me sufficiently interesting from their rarity and the nature of their contents to merit attention.
Art. III.—On the Methods of Disposing of the Dead at Llassa, Thibet, etc.
Authors: Horne Charles
Published: March 2011

In the year 1857 one of the travelling Llamas from Llassa came to Lahoul, in the Kûlû country on the Himalêh, and hearing of the mutiny was afraid to proceed. Major Hay, who was at that place in political employ, engaged this man to draw and describe for him many very interesting ceremonies in use in Llassa, amongst which was the method there employed in disposing of dead bodies. This so exactly confirms the accounts given by Straboand Cicero, and is, moreover, of itself so curious, that I have transcribed it, with as many passages relating to the subject as readily came to hand; and as the Llama was a very fair draughtsman, I have had facsimiles made of his drawings to illustrate this paper. I will first give the extracts, and then the account of the Llama.