bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emphasizing Nonword Decisions in Word-Decision Performance
Authors: Piercey C. Darren
Published: September 2010

A robust finding in the lexical decision literature is that decisions to words are made more quickly and accurately than decisions to nonwords. When instructions are presented to participants prior to an experiment, an emphasis is usually placed on identifying words. This study assessed whether instructing participants to emphasize nonword decisions would affect the performance of the speed and accuracy of identification. A total of 98 individuals took part, 49 in a Word Instruction condition and 49 in a Nonword Instruction condition. Analysis indicated changes in emphasis on words versus nonwords decreased the difference in mean reaction time between word and nonword decisions. An interesting finding is that the manipulation of instructions affected reaction times to words but not to nonwords. The analysis of accuracy yielded no significant comparisons. Further research is required to assess the importance of the finding that the manipulation of instructions affects only word decisions.
Evaluation of a Program for Reduction of Childhood Aggression
Authors: Williams Ellen , Johnson Judith L. , Bott Christine A.
Published: September 2010

The Peaceful Alternatives to Tough Situations (PATTS) was evaluated for reduction of childhood aggression. A quasi-experimental pre- and posttest comparison group design was used to evaluate 71 PATTS participants who were selected by school personnel or juvenile caseworkers due to prior aggression. The participants responded to the Conflict Tactics Scale–Revised and a modified version of the Mauger Forgiveness Scale on the first and last group meetings. Analyses ( n = 71 PATTS: n = 35 comparison group) indicated significant positive decreases in physical assault, psychological aggression, and vengefulness, and increased forgiveness of others in the PATTS group participants. There was also a reduction of school suspensions, principal referrals, or new criminal offenses for PATTS group participants.
A Meta-Analysis Examining the Relations among Pathological Gambling, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Traits
Authors: Durdle Heather , Gorey Kevin M. , Stewart Sherry H.
Published: September 2010

Pathological gambling has been proposed to belong to the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders. Disorders on this spectrum are thought to share similar clinical features, neurobiology, and responses to treatment as Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. A total of 18 studies were included in a meta-analysis to assess the strength of the association between these disorders. A strong relationship (effect size = 1. 01) was found between pathological gambling and obsessive-compulsive traits. A weak relationship was found between pathological gambling and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (.07) and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (effect size = .23). These results suggest pathological gambling and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder are distinct disorders. However, pathological gamblers do appear to show high rates of obsessive-compulsive traits relative to controls. These findings are only moderately supportive of the inclusion of pathological gambling within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of conditions.
On the Integrity of Reliability Estimation in Classical Test Theory: The Case for an Additive Coefficient of Stability
Authors: Becker Gilbert
Published: September 2010

This article addresses deficiencies in the most widely used estimators of reliability and draws attention to the reason that this issue is important. Accurate calibration of relationships between constructs is critical to theory development. Unless workers have accurate estimates of scale reliability, accurate estimates of those relationships will not be forthcoming because the classical disattenuation formula requires them. This article shows that classical test theory can easily accommodate the delineation of its error component E in test scores into two sources, inconsistency across content ( E1) and inconsistency across time ( E2). Viewed from this extended model, the alternate forms approach to reliability estimation is complete in that it gauges simultaneously both sources of error. Because that approach is rarely used today for that purpose, the integrity of estimation has been lost. In its place arose estimators of partial reliability—those for estimating generalizability over one medium or the other, but not both, thereby precluding the additivity of error components. Recent developments promise to restore the integrity of the alternate forms approach without the need for alternate forms and suggest an additive alternative to the current nonadditive coefficient of stability.
Diary Keeping and Well-Being
Authors: Duncan Elaine , Sheffield David
Published: September 2010

In a pilot study, 177 female students completed a diary-keeping survey and measures of well-being. Diary keepers reported lower well-being than non-diary keepers.
Predicting Driving Anger from Trait Aggression and Self-Control
Authors: Brookings Jeffrey B. , Deroo Hillary , Grimone Jessica
Published: September 2010

Undergraduates ( N=115) completed the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale, Driving Anger Scale, and measures of trait aggression and self-control. Aggression and self-control correlated significantly with scores on the two scales, and Aggression subscale scores explained significant unique variance in both, but the predicated interaction of aggression and self-control was not significant. The Propensity for Angry Driving Scale is recommended to measure self-reported aggressive driving, and the Driving Anger Scale for assessment of driving-related anger.
How do American Undergraduates View Suicide Bombers?
Authors: Lester David , Frank Michael
Published: September 2010

69 American undergraduates ( Mage =22.1 yr., SD = 5.9) viewed suicide bombers and guerilla fighters who kill civilians more negatively than they view protest suicide and guerilla fighters who kill soldiers.
A Further Study of Sex Differences in Suicide Notes: A Study of German Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2010

A text analysis of 40 suicide notes from Germany identified differences in the suicide notes by men and women. Notes by men were less concerned with causation and insight and more concerned with communication and other people.
Marital Satisfaction before and after Deployments Associated with the Global War on Terror
Authors: McLeland Kelly C. , Sutton Geoffrey W. , Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2010

Previously, McLeland and Sutton (2005) assessed marital satisfaction among 46 male civilians and Reserve Component personnel, some of the latter having been alerted for a future deployment. Subsequently, marital satisfaction was also assessed for 74 male Active Component Army personnel who had recently returned from duty in a combat zone. Marital satisfaction scores were compared across personnel status. Mixed results were obtained from an analysis of variance comparing the five subgroups of personnel; however, when the three types of deployment groups were contrasted with the civilian and never-deployed military groups, substantial (ES = 0.55) and significant ( p<.005) differences in marital satisfaction were observed. Although exploratory, these data indicate that predeployment and postdeployment situations are stressful for military members and may be associated with lower marital satisfaction for months before and months after a deployment, as well as during the deployment. Furthermore, changes in marital or relationship satisfaction may be more sensitive and timely as indicators of any stressful effects of deployments and separation on military families than changes in marital or relationship stability.
Career Orientation and Burnout in French General Practitioners
Authors: Truchot Didier
Published: September 2010

This study among 259 French general practitioners examined how Cherniss's four career orientations, Artisan, Social Activist, Careerist, and Self-investor, as recalled by these physicians, are related to their burnout scores. Data were collected using anonymous questionnaires. Initial and present career orientations were related to depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Those whose career orientation changed to Self-investor reported the highest despersonalization, while those who changed to the Artisan orientation reported the lowest depersonalization. Results are discussed regarding the fit between career orientation and the work setting of general practitioners, a professional group with high burnout.
Initial Reliability of a Turkish Version of the Dyadic Trust Scale
Authors: Hancer Murat , Larzelere Robert E. , Njite David
Published: September 2010

The Dyadic Trust Scale, previously adapted for a range of applications in organizational research, was translated into Turkish in this study and evaluated with a sample of 117 service employees (69 men and 48 women), whose mean age was 21.5 yr. ( SD=1.8). The internal consistency of the Turkish version was estimated with a Cronbach alpha of .90. Test-retest reliability was .88. Both principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported the prior unidimensional structure of the eight items. These findings indicate that the Turkish version provides a reliable assessment of interpersonal trust in a service environment.
Verbal Expressions of Confidence and Doubt
Authors: Wesson Caroline J. , Pulford Briony D.
Published: September 2010

The development of a taxonomy of expressions expressing the degree of confidence or certainty felt in the correctness of one's judgments, knowledge, or beliefs is reported. 30 phrases expressing confidence and doubt were rated by 96 British participants on a 7-point scale to indicate how much confidence or doubt they felt each phrase expressed. The expressions were rank ordered, based on their mean ratings, to produce a continuum of cues expressing confidence, ranging from high to low. 9 of the 30 expressions were rated as expressing lower confidence when phrased in the past tense than in the present tense. The expressions reported in this study form a useful tool for researchers who are investigating the communication of confidence and degrees of belief, especially in relation to giving advice, influence, and persuasion.
A Significant Association between Religiosity and Happiness in a Sample of Kuwaiti Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Lester David
Published: September 2010

In a sample of 162 Kuwaiti undergraduates (33 men, 129 women; M age = 20.1 yr., SD = 1.9), self-ratings of happiness were significantly and positively correlated with self-ratings of religiosity and strength of religious belief as well as scores on Hoge's Scale of Intrinsic Religious Motivation (1972). The present data provide evidence that, among a sample of Kuwaiti Muslim undergraduates, religious people are happier.
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Conspiracy Thinking in a Polish Sample
Authors: Grzesiak-Feldman Monika , Irzycka Monika
Published: September 2010

The relationships among scores for right-wing authoritarianism and conspiracy thinking toward Jews, Arabs, Germans, and Russians were examined. 354 volunteer high school students were assessed using the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Three-Dimensional (RWA3D) Scale and the Conspiracy Beliefs Scale. The scores for conspiracy thinking about all the nationalities were positively correlated with the total scores for RWA3D.
The Factorial Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Student Survey in China
Authors: Hu Qiao , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: September 2010

The dimensional structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI–SS) was investigated using data collected from three samples of Chinese students in two high schools, a university, and a nursing school, respectively (total N= 1,499; 36% males, 64% females; M age 19.0 yr., SD = 1.3). Single group Confirmatory Factor Analyses corroborated the hypothesized three-factor model for the composite sample as well as for the three independent samples. Subsequent multigroup analyses revealed that the three-dimensional structure of the MBI–SS is partially invariant across three samples. It is concluded that the MBI–SS can be used to assess burnout in Chinese students.
Learning Styles and Approaches to Learning Mathematics of Students Majoring in Elementary Education: A Three-Year Study
Authors: Alkhateeb Haitham M. , Mji Andile
Published: September 2010

The goal of this 3-yr. study was to explore the learning styles and approaches to learning mathematics of elementary education majors. Two questionnaires, the Learning Style Inventory and the Approaches to Learning Mathematics Questionnaire, were administered to 149 women and 32 men ( M = 20.1 yr., SD = 2.1; range = 18-31). All were in their first or second years of college and enrolled in Mathematics for Elementary School Teachers at a Midwestern U.S. university. Results on the Learning Style Inventory indicated that a majority scored as either Accommodators, i.e., they primarily followed learning modes involving Active Experimentation and Concrete Experience, or as Divergers, i.e., approaching learning by focusing on Concrete Experience and Reflective Observation. A weak but statistically significant association was observed on the Approaches questionnaire between the Surface Approach and Reflective Observation.
Suicide Risk and Personality Traits in Physically and/or Sexually Abused Acute Psychiatric Inpatients: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Pompili Maurizio , Iliceto Paolo , Innamorati Marco , Rihmer Zoltán , Lester David , Akiskal Hagop S. , Girardi Paolo , Ferracuti Stefano , Tatarelli Roberto
Published: September 2010

The aim of the present study was to analyze hopelessness and the affective temperament profile and MMPI characteristics among suicidal and nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients with or without childhood physical and sexual abuse. The participants were 62 acute psychiatric inpatients (14 men, 48 women) admitted to the Sant'Andrea Hospital's psychiatric ward in Rome. Participants were administered the Italian versions of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Italian Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego–Autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A–Rome), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2), and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The suicide risk was evaluated by 6 items of the MMPI–2 assessing suicidal intent. Patients with physical/sexual abuse reported high Hopelessness and differed from nonabused patients on several temperamental and personality traits. Patients who reported bruises or marks caused by physical abuse by family members were 9 times more likely to be at higher risk for suicide; those who reported having been punished with a belt or other hard objects were 20 times more likely to be at higher risk for suicide, and those who reported having been insulted by family members were 6 times more likely to be at higher risk for suicide than patients who denied such abuse experiences. Results suggest that clinicians who identify suicide attempts and suicidal tendencies among patients should routinely be assessed for sexual or physical abuse.
Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Community-Dwelling Older Korean Women
Authors: Kim Oksoo
Published: September 2010

Cognitive impairment and depression were investigated in older Korean women. 143 Korean women ( M age = 75.8) attending four senior service community centers in Seoul participated. 27% scored as possibly demented and 15% as demented on the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. 57% scored as depressed on the Korean Geriatric Depression Scale. Younger elderly women (ages 65–74 years) displayed less cognitive impairment than older women. Older elderly Korean women (> 75 yr.) who lived with their spouses scored as more cognitively stable than those who lived without spouses. Those with inadequate income scored higher on Depression, which was inversely correlated with cognitive function in the entire sample. Dementia and depression were found to be more frequent in this elderly sample than previously reported by the Korean government.
Exploration of the Benefits of an Activity-Specific Test of Temperament
Authors: Trofimova Irina N.
Published: September 2010

The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ) was proposed by Rusalov in 1989 and subsequently tested in five languages. The questionnaire assesses four temperamental traits (Ergonicity, Plasticity, Tempo, and Emotionality) in three separate areas of activity: physical, verbal-social, and intellectual. The scales are all activity-specific. In 775 Canadian subjects, two temperament tests were compared, both developed on the basis of Pavlovian studies of the nervous system: the activity-specific approach (STQ) and the nonspecific Pavlovian Temperamental Survey (PTS). More significant sex differences were found on activity-specific scales of the STQ than on the nonspecific PTS scales. The pattern of correlations between the STQ scales and the time taken on an experimental task requiring a prolonged and intense word-assessment activity showed stronger correlations with the specific scales of the STQ measuring the dynamic aspects of social-verbal activity, and not with the PTS Strength of Excitation scale, which is based on a “general arousal” concept. The results supported the separation of temperament traits related to three different types of activities and opposed to “general arousal” theories of temperament.
Cultural Differences in Cognition: Rosetta Phase I
Authors: Klein Helen Altman , Lin Mei-Hua , Radford Mark , Masuda Takahiko , Choi Incheol , Lien Yunnwen , Yeh Yeiyuh , Boff Kenneth R.
Published: September 2010

Cultural differences in cognition are important during multinational commercial, military, and humanitarian operations. The Rosetta Project addresses definition and measurement of key cognitive dimensions. Six potential diagnostic measures related to Analytic–Holistic reasoning were assessed: the Exclusion Task, the Attribution Complexity Scale, the Syllogism Task, Categorization, the Framed Line Test, and the Facial Expression Task. 379 participants' ages ranged from 17 to 24 years ( M = 19.8, SD = 1.4). 64.6% were women; Eastern Asian groups (Japan, Korea, and Taiwan) were assumed to have Holistic reasoning tendencies, and those from a Western group (USA) were assumed to have Analytic tendencies. Participants were recruited from subject pools in psychology using the procedures of each university. Results on the Exclusion and Categorization Tasks confirmed hypothesized differences in Analytic–Holistic reasoning. The Attribution Complexity Scale and the Facial Expression Task identified important differences among the four groups. Outcomes on the final two tasks were confounded by unrelated group differences, making comparisons difficult. Building on this exploratory study, Rosetta Phase II will include additional groups and cognitive tasks. Measures of complex cognition are also incorporated to link findings to the naturalistic contexts.
Assessment of the Role of Religious Tendency in Domestic Violence
Authors: Pournaghash-Tehrani Said , Ehsan Hadi Bahrami , Gholami Somaye
Published: September 2010

The present study assessed relationships between religiosity and the perpetration of violence by husbands and wives toward one another in an Iranian context. 180 Iranian couples living in Iran were administered the Islamic Religious Tendency and Domestic Violence questionnaires. Patterns of relationship between aspects of religious tendency and expressed violence were similar in men and women. There was a negative correlation between Religiosity, Religious Valuation, and self-reported Domestic Violence of husbands and wives. Religious Disorganization was positively correlated with expressed Domestic Violence of husbands and wives. Finally, the results of a regression analysis revealed that only Religiosity and Religious Disorganization predicted self-reported Domestic Violence of husbands and wives.
The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire as a Measure of Psychoanalytic Constructs Reported to be Measured
Authors: Desmet Mattias , Verhaeghe Paul , van Hoorde Hubert , Meganck Reitske , Vanheule Stijn , Murphy Clare
Published: September 2010

This study presents an empirical test of Coyne, Thompson, and Whiffen's statement that the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire does not measure the psychoanalytic constructs it is supposed to measure. Convergence was evaluated between the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire's Dependency and Self-criticism scales and clinicians' ratings on hysterical/anaclitic and obsessional/introjective personality styles in a sex-balanced sample of 56 Flemish outpatients. In line with expectations from Blatt's research paradigm, convergence was observed between the Dependency scale and ratings on hysterical/anaclitic style in the full sample as well as female and male samples separately; convergence between the Self-criticism scale and ratings on obsessional/introjective style was only observed for men. This study yielded no evidence for divergence of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire and Blatt's psychoanalytic theory. Research is needed to evaluate the sex-specific validity of these subscales.
Gambling and Delaying Rewards as a Function of Current Mood
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David , Spinella Marcello
Published: September 2010

In a sample of 92 undergraduates, current mood was not associated with choosing to accept a delayed but larger reward or with gambling for a larger reward.
Validation of the Swedish Version of the NEO-PI–R: Correlations between Self-Reports and College Peer Ratings
Authors: Westerlund Joakim , Hansen Niklas
Published: September 2010

The NEO-PI–R has been one of the standard tools for measuring the Five Factor Model. Validity tests of the Swedish version of the NEO-PI-R have previously been limited to factor analyses and to testing the inventory's congruent validity using Hogan's Personality Inventory and the Karolinska Scales of Personality. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the validity of the NEO-PI–R. 53 pairs of volunteer college students who were peers (77 women, 29 men; M age = 27.3 yr., SD = 7) from the Department of Psychology at Stockholm University rated themselves both on the NEO-PI–R and on single statements taken from the NEO-PI–R Summary feedback sheet as well as rating their respective peers on a short version of the NEO-PI–R and on single statements taken from the NEO-PI–R Summary feedback sheet. The pattern of correlations indicated some support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the Swedish version of the NEO-PI–R.
Relation of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Locus of Control
Authors: Turnipseed David L. , Bacon Calvin M.
Published: September 2010

The relation of organizational citizenship behavior and locus of control was assessed in a sample of 286 college students (52% men; M age = 24 yr.) who worked an average of 26 hr. per week. Measures were Spector's Work Locus of Control Scale and Podsakoff, et al.'s Organization Citizenship Behavior scale. Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated positive association of scores on work locus of control with scores on each of the four tested dimensions of organizational citizenship, as well as total organizational citizenship behavior.
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Adult Survivors Two Months after the Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Yuqing , Shi Zhanbiao , Wang Wenzhong
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and associated risk factors among adult survivors 2 mo. after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. 228 survivors completed the Chinese version of the Impact of Event Scale–Revised. The prevalence of probable PTSD was 43%. The significant predictive factors for the severity of PTSD symptoms included being female, having lower educational level, being bereaved, and witnessing death. Findings of this study suggest that PTSD is a common mental health problem among earthquake survivors in China. Given inadequate knowledge and practices concerning the mental health of disaster victims in China, the information provided by this study is useful for directing, strengthening, and evaluating disaster-related mental health needs and interventions after earthquakes.
Dismissive Attachment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Securely and Insecurely Attached Belgian Security Workers
Authors: Bogaerts Stefan , J. Kunst Maarten J. , Winkel Frans W.
Published: September 2010

This study examined Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in relation to secure and insecure attachment styles based on data collected in a sample of 81 Belgian security workers. All had experienced one traumatic event in the previous year. The sample was divided into a securely attached and an insecurely attached group. The three PTSD symptom scales, Re-experiencing, Avoidance, and Hyperarousal, differentiated significantly between the two attachment groups; the dismissive attachment style was negatively related to PTSD. Individuals with a positive view of themselves and a negative view of others have less risk of developing PTSD than those with a fearful or preoccupied attachment style. A relationship between the dismissive attachment style with grandiose narcissism seems possible. Interest has been expressed in medical approaches; therefore, the importance of medical research on PTSD is emphasized.
Orthographic Transparency and Morphology of Spanish–English Cognate Adjectives
Authors: Montelongo José A. , Hernández Anita C. , Herter Roberta J. , Hernández Carissa
Published: September 2010

The English and Spanish languages share over 20,000 cognates. Cognates are words that are orthographically, semantically, and syntactically similar in two languages. In 2009, Montelongo, Hernández, and Herter collected orthographic transparency ratings for over 2,000 Spanish–English cognate nouns and cognate adjectives drawn from the Juilland and Chang-Rodríguez’ Frequency Dictionary of Spanish Words. The present analysis of the cognate adjectives in the Montelongo, et al. norms identified orthographic and morphological characteristics which affected ratings of cognate transparency. The analysis identified an initial-letter effect: the earlier an English word deviates from its Spanish equivalent, the lower it is rated. Similarly, the more orthographically similar an English suffix is to its Spanish suffix equivalent, the higher its rating.
Evidence of the Properties of an Ambiguity Tolerance Measure: The Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale–II (MSTAT–II)
Authors: McLain David L.
Published: September 2010

Despite widespread interest in ambiguity tolerance and other information-related individual differences, existing measures of ambiguity tolerance are conceptually disparate and are often psychometrically weak. This paper presents evidence of reliability and validity for a 13-item measure of ambiguity tolerance (MSTAT–II) based on a definition of ambiguity tolerance as an orientation, ranging from aversion to attraction, toward stimuli that are complex, unfamiliar, and insoluble. The MSTAT–II addresses each basic type of ambiguous stimulus, contains fewer items than many other scales, and reduces references to specific contexts and objects not directly related to ambiguity. Data from three studies using diverse samples and measures, including other popular ambiguity tolerance scales, were examined, and the results suggest the MSTAT–II may improve upon other paper-and-pencil measures of ambiguity tolerance.
Building Youths' Resilience within a Psychiatric Outpatient Setting: Results from a Pilot Clinical Intervention Project
Authors: Waaktaar Trine , Christie Helen J. , Borge Anne Inger Helmen , Torgersen Svenn
Published: September 2010

The relevance of resilience research for clinical practice has not yet been established. In this intervention pilot study, the aim was to explore how group work based on enhancing the participants' creativity, self-efficacy, active coping, and sense of continuity could be utilized within a clinical context for adolescents with stressful background experiences. 31 participants and 24 parents completed pre-, post-, and 1-yr. follow-up assessments of the youths' behavior difficulties, as well as depression, positive life attitude, coping, and prosocial behavior. Apart from a drop in self-rated prosocial behavior, no significant treatment effects were found. Implications for clinical practice and research are indicated.
Development of an Ethanol Model Using Social Insects: IV. Influence of Ethanol on the Aggression of Africanized Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera L.)
Authors: Abramson Charles I. , Place Aaron J. , Aquino Italo S. , Fernandez Andrea
Published: September 2010

Experiments were designed to determine whether ethanol influenced aggression in honey bees. Two experiments are reported. In Exp. 1, harnessed honey bees were fed a 1%, 5%, 10%, or 20% ethanol solution. Two control groups received either a sucrose solution only or no pretreatment, respectively. The dependent variable was the number of sting extensions over 10 min. Analysis showed that aggression in harnessed bees was not influenced by prior ethanol consumption. Because there was some suspicion that the extension of the sting apparatus may be hindered by harnessing, and the authors wanted to use a design that increased ecological validity, Exp. 2 was conducted with free-flying bees. Sucrose or 20% ethanol solutions were placed in front of beehives, and the number of stings on a leather patch dangled in front of the hive served as the dependent variable. The experiment was terminated after 5 hr. because bees exposed to ethanol became dangerously aggressive. A unique aspect of the study was that Africanized honey bees were used.
Adolescents' Peer-Rated Mental Health, Peer-Acceptance, and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Lee Dong Y. , Sohn Nan H. , Park Sung H.
Published: September 2010

Based on the notion of positive psychology, the interrelationships among peer-rated mental health, social acceptance and irrational beliefs were examined using Korean youth. We predicted that adolescents who were rated by their peers to be relatively more mentally healthy, compared to those who were rated to be less mentally healthy, would (a) receive higher social acceptance from peers and (b) report fewer irrational beliefs. 476 adolescents (252 boys and 224 girls; M age =16.7 yr., SD = .46), all recruited from a single high school in an upper middle-class area in Seoul, Korea, rated each others' mental health in five areas of mental health, i.e., concern for others, contentment with life, creativity and industry, good interpersonal relationships and ability to cope with stressful situations and social acceptance and responded to a questionnaire measuring irrational beliefs. Analysis showed that those adolescents who were rated by their peers to be more mentally healthy received higher social acceptance from those peers than those rated as less mentally healthy; however, this effect size was small. Implications of the study are discussed.
Classical Conditioning of Proboscis Extension in Harnessed Africanized Honey Bee Queens (Apis Mellifera L.)
Authors: Aquino Italo S. , Abramson Charles I. , Soares Ademilson E. E. , Fernandes Andrea Cardoso , Benbassat Danny
Published: September 2010

Experiments are reported on learning in virgin Africanized honey bee queens ( Apis mellifera L.). Queens restrained in a “Pavlovian harness” received a pairing of hexanal odor with a 1.8-M feeding of sucrose solution. Compared to explicitly unpaired controls, acquisition was rapid in reaching about 90%. Acquisition was also rapid in queens receiving an unconditioned stimulus of “bee candy” or an unconditioned stimulus administered by worker bees. During extinction the conditioned response declines. The steepest decline was observed in queens receiving an unconditioned stimulus of bee candy. These findings extend previous work on learning of Africanized honey bee workers to a population of queen bees.
Sex Differences in Persuadability of Human and Computer-Synthesized Speech: Meta-Analysis of Seven Studies
Authors: Stern Steven E. , Mullennix John W.
Published: September 2010

To examine sex differences in persuasiveness, we conducted a meta-analysis of seven studies from our laboratory on reactions to human versus computer-synthesized speech. We tested three hypotheses: (1) people would be more persuaded by human speech than by computer-synthesized speech, (2) women would be slightly more persuaded than men, and (3) the sex difference would be more pronounced for human speech than for synthetic speech. While there was support for the first two hypotheses, there was none for the third. Also, no consistent support was found for a moderating effect of mode of presentation, audio versus video.
Mood States of Formerly Sedentary Younger and Older Women at Weeks 1 and 10 of a Moderate Exercise Program
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: September 2010

This study assessed and contrasted mood changes associated with a 10-wk. moderate exercise program in 64 formerly sedentary women of different ages. Analyses of covariance, with Week 1 mood scores as the covariates, indicated that the younger exercise group ( n = 32; M age = 33 yr.) and older exercise group ( n = 32; M age = 63 yr.) showed significantly ( p < .05) more residual improvement in scores on McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman's Profile of Mood States Tension, Depression, Vigor, and Fatigue scales than a no-exercise control group ( n = 32; M age = 48 yr.). There were no significant differences in amount of improvement between the younger and older exercise groups. Across both exercise groups, amount of mood score changes over 10 weeks were negatively correlated with initial mood scores ( rs = –.22 to –.75). Limitations and research implications were discussed.
New Frontiers for Psychology and Education: Robotics
Authors: Caci Barbara , D'Amico Antonella , Cardaci Maurizio
Published: September 2010

The paper reviews the first attempts to study the educational and psychological usefulness of robotics: (1) the social and cooperative dimensions involved in the robot-building activities; (2) the reasoning strategies implied in building and programming robots; (3) the influences of robotics on mathematical and scientific achievement; (4) the use of robotics in modification of social skills of autistic children.
Teachers' Instructional Efficacy and Teachers' Efficacy toward Integration of Information Technologies in the Classroom
Authors: Dussault Marc , Deaudelin Colette , Brodeur Monique
Published: September 2010

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between teachers' instructional efficacy and their efficacy toward integration of technologies in the classroom. A sample of 309 French Canadian elementary school teachers volunteered and were administered a French Canadian version of the Teacher Efficacy Scale and Teachers' efficacy scale toward integration of technologies in the classroom. Analysis yielded, as expected, a positive and significant partial correlation between the two types of self-efficacy beliefs (.27 and .36).
Wilcoxon Test after Levene's Transformation Can Have an Inflated Type I Error Rate
Authors: Neuhäuser Markus
Published: September 2010

It is shown that the procedure of applying the Wilcoxon test after Levene's transformation can have an inflated Type I error rate when distributions are skewed. Thus, when the data may come from an asymmetric distribution, the Wilcoxon test should not be applied as a test for homogeneity of variances after Levene's transformation.
Clearing the Supermarket Shopping Cart: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John W.
Published: September 2010

An informal enquiry of the behavior of 500 supermarket shoppers clearing carts of litter prior to entering the store showed that 69% dumped the rubbish into another cart, 26% dropped it on the sidewalk, and 5% deposited it in a trash container.
Effect of Behavioral Inhibition on Interactions in Mixed-Sex Dyads
Authors: Healy Brian , Serviss Heather , Argyle Andrea
Published: September 2010

The present studies assessed the effect of behavioral inhibition on interactions of college students in mixed-sex groups. In Study 1, 20 participants were arranged into two dyadic groups based on self-rated measures of approach/withdrawal behavior. These dyads (inhibited men/uninhibited women; inhibited women/uninhibited men) were videotaped during an unstructured 5-min. interaction in a laboratory. Time series analysis indicated greater behavioral covariation in the inhibited men/uninhibited women dyads and less behavioral covariation in the inhibited women/uninhibited men dyads. Additional analyses indicated a relationship between inhibition and comfort experienced during the interaction. Inhibited participants, particularly women, reported feeling uncomfortable while interacting with an uninhibited male partner. A second study corroborated the findings reported in Study 1 and also noted elevated heart rate in the inhibited women. This increased discomfort in women appeared to be related to heightened self-consciousness during the interaction.
Context and Test-Retest Reliability of Kolb's Learning Style Inventory
Authors: Coker Cheryl A. , Pedersen Scott J.
Published: September 2010

Two groups of students enrolled in a university physical activity course volunteered to complete Kolb's Learning Style Inventory at the beginning of and the end of a semester to estimate test-retest reliability. A control group ( n = 129) completed the inventory in its original form while the experimental group ( n = 124) completed the same test but with modified instructions providing a more specific focus. Test-retest reliability, assessed using a Pearson product-moment correlation, improved for the group given instructions which specified a contextual focus.
Caffeine Consumption among Adults on Benzodiazepine Therapy: United States 1988–1994
Authors: Cooper Michael , Safran Marc , Eberhardt Mark
Published: September 2010

The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and caffeine was studied to learn if caffeine consumption varied as a function of benzodiazepine use. Caffeine may antagonize the effects of benzodiazepine and even relatively small amounts can aggravate symptoms associated with anxiety disorders. In addition, caffeine can cause or aggravate insomnia, one of the main reasons cited for use by the subjects in this analysis. Given this, there would seem to be sufficient reason for at least some users of benzodiazepines to consider, with their physicians, avoiding or limiting caffeine consumption. Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to obtain a nationally representative sample of benzodiazepine users. Subjects included 253 individuals (64% women) whose median age was 54 yr. Approximately 88% of benzodiazepine users reported caffeine consumption in the 24-hr. Dietary Recall. 26% of benzodiazepine users and 23% of nonusers reported consuming greater than 250 mg of caffeine during the 24-hr. reference period. In regression analyses, no significant relationships were found between reported caffeine consumption and benzodiazepine use. This study suggests that users and nonusers of benzodiazepines ingest similar amounts of caffeine even though some users should probably avoid or limit caffeine use.
A Comparative Study of Values and Attitudes of Inner-City and Middle-Class Postpartum Women
Authors: Minton Judith , Shell Juanita , Solomon Linda Zener
Published: September 2010

This study compared postpartum women from the inner city ( n = 94) and postpartum women from the urban middle class ( n = 80) on values and goals for themselves and their newborn children. Terminal values of inner-city women for themselves related more to social and religious goals in contrast to the more intrapersonal and personal goals of middle-class women. Instrumental values of inner-city women for their newborn children demonstrated concern with conformity and control, whereas for the middle class there was more concern with competence. Goals for the near future of the inner-city mothers were based on a desire for jobs and education.
Attachment Representations in Adults with Congenital Blindness: Association with Maternal Interactive Behaviors during Childhood
Authors: Ardito Rita B. , Adenzato Mauro , Dell'Osbel Gianmario , Izard Elena , Veglia Fabio
Published: September 2010

This study explores how maternal interactive behaviors experienced during the childhood of adults with congenital blindness are associated with their subsequent development and personality. Many researchers have found a high frequency of maternal directiveness and overprotection in sighted mother-congenitally blind child relationships. One open question is whether these behaviors may have negative effects on congenitally blind children's subsequent development, or whether they may have a functionally adaptive-strategic role. The purpose of this study was to discriminate between the two hypotheses. This objective was pursued by adopting the theory of attachment and administering the Adult Attachment Interview to 15 participants with congenital blindness. Results suggested that directive and overprotective maternal behaviors are experienced by the persons with congenital blindness as encouraging and functional as long as they are accompanied by an affective, loving, and supportive attitude. Results did not support the hypothesis that directive and overprotective maternal interactive behaviors have a necessarily negative effect on the development of persons with congenital blindness.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Sport Organizational Effectiveness Scale
Authors: Karteroliotis Konstantinos , Papadimitriou Dimitra
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity of the 5-factor model of sport organizational effectiveness developed by Papadimitriou and Taylor. This questionnaire has 33 items which assess five composite effectiveness dimensions pertinent to the operation of sport organizations: calibre of the board and external liaisons, interest in athletes, internal procedures, long term planning, and sport science support. The multiple constituency approach was used as a theoretical framework for developing this scale. Data were obtained from respondents affiliated with 20 Greek national sport organizations with a questionnaire. Analysis indicated that the 5-factor model of effectiveness is workable in assessing the organizational performance of nonprofit sport organizations. The application of the multiple constituency approach in studying sport organizational effectiveness was also suggested.
Performance of Chronotypes on Memory Tests during the Morning and the Evening Shifts
Authors: Hidalgo Maria Paz Loayza , Zanette Camila Bressan , Pedrotti Michell , Souza Camila Morelatto , Nunes Paula Vianna , Chaves Marcia Lorena Fagundes
Published: September 2010

Memory consists of several phases or processes that can be influenced by many factors, including the individual's circadian rhythm and the time of day at which tests are performed. The present objective was to evaluate the performance on memory tests of different chronotypes during the morning and the evening shifts. Subjects (21 men and 26 women, between the ages of 20 and 35 yr.) were evaluated for memory and metamemory differences in the morning and in the afternoon, using a battery of neuropsychological tests composed of the Word List with Emotional Content, Visual Memory, Scale–Semantic Memory, Digit Span, Word-Pairs Associated, Verbal Fluency Test, and Metamemory questionnaire. In the evening shift, there was a statistical difference among chronotypes on the Word List with Neutral Content and on the Verbal Fluency Test. In the morning, there were no statistically significant differences; however, the morning-type subjects had higher scores on the metamemory tests ( p < .01), while the evening-type subjects had higher scores in the afternoon ( p < .01). In spite of their perception, on Word-Pairs Associated and Word List with Emotional Content, the subjects, independently of their chronotype, showed better performance by the evening than by the morning shift. These results highlight the importance of controlling the shift of day and chronotype in studies with the objective of exploration of human performance.
The Japanese Version of the Revised Life Orientation Test: Reliability and Construct Validity
Authors: Sumi Katsunori
Published: September 2010

The Japanese translation of the revised Life Orientation Test was completed by 223 Japanese college students. Factor analysis yielded two factors, namely, Optimism and Pessimism. These factor scales showed adequate reliability and construct validity.
Sex Differences on a Measure of Conformity in Automated Teller Machine Lines
Authors: Reysen Stephen , Reysen Matthew B.
Published: September 2010

Sex differences in conformity were examined as participants approached two ATMs, one of which was occupied by three confederates and the other immediately available. The number of men and women in the line in front of one of the ATMs was manipulated (3 men or 3 women), and an unobtrusive observer recorded the sex of each participant. The results indicated that women were more likely than men to wait in line to use the ATM regardless of the makeup of the line. Thus, the present study provides evidence in favor of the idea that sex differences in conformity are evident on a common task performed in a natural setting.
Reliability of the Bipolar Form of the Profile of Mood States Using an Alternative Test Protocol
Authors: O'Halloran Paul D. , Murphy Gregory C. , Webster Kate E.
Published: September 2010

The bipolar version of Profile of Mood States was completed by 124 participants (58 women and 66 men, M age 26.5, SD = 3.9 yr.) on two occasions—once when the measure was self-administered according to that test protocol and once when POMS–BI items were projected onto a screen with participants being asked to provide oral responses to items. Data from both modes of administration provided similar support for the internal consistency of the measure (alpha values ranged from .78 to .90).
Superstition and Self-Efficacy in Chinese Postgraduate Students
Authors: Sachs John
Published: September 2010

43 Chinese postgraduate education students (16 men and 27 women), whose mean age was 33.5 yr., completed a questionnaire measuring superstitious beliefs (Superstitious Beliefs Scale) and self-efficacy (General Perceived Self-efficacy Scale). Higher scores on belief in superstition were associated with lower rated self-efficacy. While not significant, the observed correlation of –.28 between superstitious belief and self-efficacy was of a similar magnitude and in the same direction as that previously reported for western students. Such cross-cultural validation is consistent with the generality of this relationship. Suggestions for further research are made.
Synesthesia, Creativity and Puns
Authors: Sitton Sarah C. , Pierce Edward R.
Published: September 2010

The relationship between self-reported synesthesia, or sensory mixing, and verbal creativity as measured by the Remote Associates Test and pun generation was assessed. 210 participants responded online. Analysis yielded a significant correlation between scores on Synesthesia and Verbal Creativity as measured. The possibility that Synesthesia and Verbal Creativity stem from dedifferentiated thinking processes or neural cross-activation is discussed.