bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Potential Drivers—Predicting ITA Costs
Authors: Franck Susan D.
Published: April 2019

Many variables could, in theory, be linked to ITA costs. Chapter 8 explores various possibilities with an eye toward explaining ITA costs for potential prediction. While modeling ITA costs involves a trade-off, namely an under-specification of non-identifiable costs that are challenging to measure reliably, it focuses on direct, tangible fiscal elements to aid risk management for parties, counsel, and other stakeholders. As there has never before been any explanatory modeling of ITA costs, the chapter offers a novel perspective. It first sets the stage by identifying the tight (perhaps expected) link between costs of parties’ counsel and the tribunal. Second, it explores cost linkages to the starting and end points of ITA, namely amounts claimed and outcomes. It then focuses on core demographics from earlier chapters to identify non-significant and significant cost predictors. Finally, it offers a descriptive model that partially explains the variance of the distinct ITA costs.
The Way Forward
Authors: Franck Susan D.
Published: April 2019

To synthesize preceding chapters and point the way forward, Chapter 9 first identifies the need for enhanced transparency on costs and rationalization, particularly in early stages of disputes to manage expectations and create efficiencies. Second, it identifies relative costs and benefits of ITA, arguing an increased focus on non-adjudicative dispute resolution is warranted while acknowledging those mechanisms only work effectively when legitimate adjudication permits parties to negotiate “in the shadow of the law.” Third, the chapter explores ICSID’s proposals to foster a dialogue about costs. Fourth, it advocates changing cost-shifting norms toward a factor-dependent model. Recalling potential limitations, it concludes that for international investment dispute resolution to foster rule-of-law adjudication that is efficient, fair, reliable, and rationalized, stakeholders should implement structural safeguards to focus on appropriate dispute resolution to promote cost containment, predictability, and sustainable dispute resolution in an era of re-emerging nationalization and a backlash against international law.
The Conferralist Framework
Authors: Ásta
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, the author offers a framework for conferralism about any property and then argues that social properties of individuals are conferred properties. Institutional and communal properties are distinguished, where institutional properties are conferred by someone (or something) having (deontic) authority and communal properties by someone (or something) with non-deontic standing. Institutional acts of conferring are acts of classifying individuals and communal acts are acts of placing individuals. The author compares acts of conferral to Austinean and Searlean speech acts such as verdictives, exercitives, and declarations. The author argues that conferralism is a better account of social properties of individuals than a constitution account such as John Searle’s and a response-dependence account. The use of the conferralist framework to account for other social properties is discussed.
Social Construction as Social Significance
Authors: Ásta
Published: April 2019

Various ways in which a category of people can be said to be socially constructed is discussed before a conception of social construction that can underwrite the project of offering a metaphysics of social categories is offered. The author discusses several conceptions of causal social construction, including where the social is the cause and the effect, and where ideals or norms play a role in the construction. The type of social construction needed for the project of giving a metaphysics of social construction is constitutive social construction. The author offers her conception of constitutive social construction, the key component of which is an account of social meaning. Comparison with the accounts of social construction by Ian Hacking, Ron Mallon, and Sally Haslanger is made.
Identity as Social Location
Authors: Ásta
Published: April 2019

The author offers conception of social identity that accompanies the theory of social. This conception is to meet the following requirements: 1) do justice to how our identity is constrained by others; 2) do justice to our own contribution to our identity; 3) do justice to how highly contextual our identity is; 4) make sense of the phenomenon of passing; 5) make sense of the intersection of the various aspects of our identity; and 6) be compatible with a plausible account of agency in which identity can be a source of reason for action, including a moral reason for action. The conception of identity the author offers is this: our objective social identity is the location on a social map that we occupy stably in a context; our subjective identity is the location on that same map that we identify with.
Starting Over
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

The difficulties of starting over in a new country are discussed in chapter 8. Former pilots and their families describe their departure from Southeast Asia: filling out the paperwork required for departure, making the long journey to the United States, and settling in to their new homes. They were assisted by sponsors and provided with jobs in situations that were sometimes successful and sometimes not. Many faced language barriers and isolation. Some of the Hmong refugees have remained in the state where they were originally sponsored. Others have moved to new places, or from place to place, to rejoin family or find better jobs or live in more agreeable climates. The transition from having a financially comfortable life as a revered pilot to being a displaced person working in a blue-collar job was difficult for some. Most put their wartime experiences behind them and quietly settled throughout the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

People who experienced the war in Laos have differed in the ways they have attempted to make sense of the conflict and their postwar lives. The conclusion describes the contested and contradictory ways that Hmong individuals and groups formally remember those who made the ultimate sacrifice and those who survived; one important memorial to the legacy of the Hmong T-28 pilots was established at the Aviation Heritage Center in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. When the Hmong people went into exile, they thought they were seeking temporary refuge. What unfolded became permanent displacement from their homeland. The conclusion ends with a discussion of Hmong American cultural productions that continue to make reference to the transformative war years.
On Perceiving God
Authors: Baker Mark , Zimmerman Dean
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on a gap in existing cognitive scientific explanations of religion: although they may explain various religious beliefs, they are weak at explaining religious experiences—including the very perception-like experiences that believers often take as grounding their belief in God. The account argues that cognitive science of religion (CSR) to date provides neither the full-blown concept of a deity nor dedicated cognitive resources for arriving at the perception of one. The gap is not inevitable, however: it is shown how certain religious experiences could indeed qualify as direct perceptions of God, on a traditional model of perception. Moreover, one can explain how humans acquired the conceptual and computational resources to perceive supernatural beings by supposing that human beings have actually interacted with such beings in evolutionarily significant ways throughout history. The chapter closes with some epistemic implications of looking at CSR in this “reformed” way.
What the Study of Psychological Essentialism May Reveal about the Natural World
Authors: Gelman Susan A.
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that human conceptual biases can shed light on metaphysical matters. Experimental studies of psychological essentialism reveal persistent biases and distortions starting in childhood and continuing through to adulthood. These biases include underestimating variability within a kind, viewing category boundaries as objectively correct, and assuming a causal essence shared among members of a kind. These assumptions clash with scientific discoveries post-Darwin, thus constituting a deflationary account of essentialism as a theory of how the world is structured. Further, given the reach and persistence of essentialist biases in human reasoning, even the categories of scientists may fall prey to these same errors. Ironically, the realism embedded in essentialism may pose one of the biggest obstacles to achieving a direct perspective on the natural world.
Cognitive Science for the Revisionary Metaphysician
Authors: Rose David
Published: April 2019

Many philosophers insist that the revisionary metaphysician—i.e., the metaphysician who offers a metaphysical theory which conflicts with folk intuitions—bears a special burden to explain why certain folk intuitions are mistaken. This chapter shows how evidence from cognitive science can help the revisionist discharge this explanatory burden. Focusing on composition and persistence, it argues that empirical evidence indicates that the folk operate with a promiscuous teleomentalist view of composition and persistence. The folk view deserves to be debunked. This illustrates one key role cognitive science can play in metaphysics; namely by helping the revisionary metaphysician discharge the explanatory burden of providing a plausible explanation of how the folk have gone wrong.
Unbunking Arguments
Authors: Frugé Christopher
Published: April 2019

This chapter develops a style of argument that realists can use to defend the methodological propriety of appealing to a given range of intuitions. Unbunking arguments are an epistemically positive analogue of debunking arguments, and they revolve around the claim that the processes dominantly responsible for beliefs about a given domain are reliable. However, processes cannot always be assessed for accuracy with respect to the relevant domain, so this chapter also develops the cross-domain strategy, which involves arguing that processes known to be reliable in one domain are similarly reliable with respect to a different domain. The chapter ends by unbunking our metaphysical intuitions about mutual supervenience by way of a cross-domain strategy that draws on cognitive scientific research into our ability to track correlations.
Introduction
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

Even as the U.S. economy hums along, problems loom in the future. Government debt is growing along an unsustainable path, potentially mortgaging the country’s economic future. At the same time, after several decades of stagnating wages and living standards for much of the population, the nation faces increasing needs to invest in education and healthcare, and to bolster public infrastructure and research. How can the United States meet both today’s needs and tomorrow’s obligations? This book offers solutions resting on five guideposts. First, facts and evidence should play a key role in policy analysis and choices . Second, public policy should reflect our values as a people, including freedom, fairness, opportunity, and individual and social responsibility—toward one another, between rich and poor, and from generation to generation. Third, both the private sector and the government can—and must—be part of the solution to our problems. Fourth, taxes and spending are inextricably linked, and policymakers should consider them together. Fifth, we should focus on realistic solutions. The proposals offered here have three core themes: control entitlement spending; invest in the future; and raise and reform taxes. Taken together, the proposals would restore fiscal balance, boost economic growth, reduce economic inequality, improve economic mobility, and raise living standards for future generations.
Investing for Growth and Security
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

Besides its investment in people, the federal government makes critical investments in infrastructure and research and development. Because federal spending in these areas has fallen significantly in recent years and interest rates are low relative to historical levels, this chapter proposes sizable increases for both categories. The increases in infrastructure spending will provide the resources needed to restore and update aging roads, bridges, and public transit systems, while the increases in research and development will help the United States to explore cutting-edge technologies. Policymakers should also fund the military’s long-term plans through 2032, as outlined by President Obama, and let spending grow modestly afterward. That would allow for a continuing presence overseas. If a new war broke out, policymakers presumably would provide the additional temporary funds to ensure that America achieved its mission and emerged victorious.
Taxing Business
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

Businesses don’t bear the burden of taxes, people do. Nevertheless, taxing businesses sensibly can play a key role in creating a well-functioning economy, as discussed in Chapter 12. Ideally, a business tax would be neutral; it would allow firms to make choices based on economic criteria rather than tax considerations. On that basis, the current system fails dramatically. The major tax overhaul in 2017 helped in some ways but hurt in others. This chapter proposes business tax changes that would raise revenue, make business taxes more neutral, provide better investment incentives, and simplify tax choices.
Improving the Environmental Outlook
Authors: Gale William G.
Published: April 2019

A carbon tax would burden emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that arise from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas. When they are released in the atmosphere, these gases raise global temperatures and pollute in ways that threaten the environment and people’s livelihoods. Currently, businesses and people don’t need to consider how their decisions on what to make and what to buy will increase pollution and contribute to climate change because they don’t bear the full cost of their actions. A properly designed tax would make producers and consumers face those costs by raising energy prices, prompting them to use less, more efficient, and/or cleaner energy sources, which, in turn, would reduce emissions. For these reasons, the carbon tax is routinely considered an auspicious way to address global warming and would be an effective part of a package to resolve the long-term fiscal problem.
San Francisco de Asís, Golden
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: April 2019

A brief sketch of Golden’s boom and bust as a mining town serves as preface to the restoration of San Francisco De Asís by Fray Angélico Chávez in 1960. The chapter then analyzes the concept of la querencia (attachment to and identification with a place) as it pertains to historic churches and the people committed to their caretaking. The discussion pursues a case in point—an abnegate, querencia-driven, recent restorer of San Francisco—and how resumed use of the church led eventually to conflict between the restorer and the new pastor and mayordomos. The chapter concludes with brief exposition of several ghost-town churches, and with visiting information to these and to Golden.
Your Facts or Mine?
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Barker David C.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 5 commences Part II of the book, Causes. It reviews the well-demonstrated psychological mechanisms that lead citizens toward perceiving only a specific set of facts, all the while believing in their sophisticated and unbiased appraisal. A constellation of reinforcing mechanisms adds up to citizens projecting their priors onto their perceptions. The chapter provides a detailed review of the psychological foundations of fact perceptions. It begins by describing the power of personal knowledge (highlighting the notorious “dress controversy” of 2015) and continues to discuss the contributions of cognitive psychology, social psychology, the theory of motivated reasoning, and the perspective that “reasoning is for arguing.” It concludes that all of these literatures point to a powerful role for core values as shapers of reality perceptions, noting the lack of empirical studies that directly test that hypothesis.
The Young Woman on the Hill
Authors: Klimek Daniel Maria
Published: April 2019

Relating the first days of the Medjugorje apparitions, the chapter tells the story of the original encounter that transpired the week of June 24, 1981, between five Croatian teenagers and a child reporting to encounter the Virgin Mary. It analyzes some of the key messages the visionaries have reported to receive from the Virgin. Some of the biggest questions of life are considered, as answered by the Virgin of Medjugorje, such as: Is there an afterlife? Is the teaching of reincarnation real? What happens to people of other religions? A section dedicated to the study of near-death experiences compares and contrasts visions of the afterlife that the Medjugorje visionaries claim to have received with the experiences of the afterlife that near-death patients have claimed to encounter. A final section tackles the topic of “secrets of Medjugorje,” a set of secrets that each visionary claims to have received from the Virgin.
Conclusion
Authors: Otis Laura
Published: April 2019

Recent studies of emotion regulation show that reappraisal modulates emotion more effectively than suppression, which can impair memory, raise blood pressure, and inhibit social interactions. Lisa Feldman Barrett and her colleagues offer an alternate psychological construction model of emotion regulation in which emotions shift as ongoing sensations are compared to different patterns of past sensory activity. All of these scientific studies indicate that emotion and emotion regulation involve the same neural processes and that emotion is best understood as occurring within a human self, not in opposition to a self that is separate from the emotions. Metaphors of darkness, paralysis, filth, and foul smells will likely lead to suppression rather than reappraisal because they encourage self-censorship. Emotion metaphors need to catch up with science, since they can drive people to stifle emotions that reassure people of their human value.
Restoring the Great Conversation
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

Drawing on the work of Carl Jung and James Hillman, the author probes the possibilities of cross-species communication by describing his relationship with an eastern cottonwood tree. He explains that his “conversation” with the tree is largely non-verbal. It’s more a matter of listening to each other in silence, attending to what may come up from the unconscious. Their communication has become a way of falling in love with each other. The author goes on to ask how folklore, indigenous wisdom, and the history of spirituality can help us recover a “forgotten language,” a way of intimately connecting with the natural world. We still do this in our stories and dreams. Renewing the Great Conversation isn’t only what we do for ourselves. It assures the future of an earth where life in all its diversity continues.
Canyons
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: April 2019

The red-rock canyons of Utah have long beguiled geologists and depth psychologists alike. The way a river makes its serpentine cut through sandstone walls speaks to the value of carving out a void in the center of one’s life. Canyons carry the soul into unfinished grief—into the pain we’ve stifled, the secrets we’ve hid, the depression we’ve feared. Deep chasms know the grinding action of stone scraped away, grain by grain, over millions of years. They’re conversant with dark shadows. Canyons also carry the soul into the quiet acceptance of the Daoist master as seen in the Dao Te Ching. Learning to flow amid the harried pressures of midlife is a transformation we all seek. The Way of the Dao isn’t a doctrine; it’s a manner of life. It isn’t bound to any faith tradition. You might summarize it as a book about the wisdom of canyons, teaching the receptivity of a deep ravine. It asks: How do you empty yourself of chatter, unnecessary activity, the compulsive needs of the ego?
Introduction
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

The book’s introduction begins by describing the growing use and acceptance of pornography in the United States in order to frame the dilemma confronting conservative Protestants. Conservative Protestants’ connections to modern media and technology leave them vulnerable to the allure of pornography. Today, Christian leaders lament that many young Christian men (and increasingly women) are being ravaged by porn use, with devastating consequences for their spiritual lives, service to the church, and families. The introduction also explains how the book advances research on pornography’s effects by focusing on how culture links sexual practices like porn use with human identity and relationships. Conservative Protestantism provides a prime example of a subculture with a relatively coherent and salient approach to pornography use that can be contrasted with what is becoming a more coherent, secular approach. The introduction defines several subcultural distinctives of conservative Protestantism that shape their experiences of pornography in unique ways.
On What Matters/Not
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

Intertwining philosophical analysis with personal narrative on parenting a cognitively disabled child, this chapter provides an argument about the moral value of disabled individuals. Through an intimate case study of the author’s daughter Sesha, it argues that the flourishing of disabled persons should be assessed on the basis of those individuals’ own capacities and joys. It challenges the traditional philosophical emphasis on rationality as the defining faculty of human personhood, and indicates how concepts of justice, humanity, and dignity must be refashioned in light of what disability reveals about dependency, autonomy, and the desire for normalcy. Contra views that posit intrinsic rational capacities as central to personhood, this chapter defends a relational model of the self. From this it argues that cognitively disabled individuals require adequate care and resources to realize their capacities, which demands that communities recognize such individuals as worthy of moral parity.
The Limits of Choice
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

Inquiring into the relation between reproductive decision-making and the unexpected, this chapter claims that reproductive choices around disability bring out inherent paradoxes of choice in the face of uncertainty. Arguing that reproductive decisions around disability, like all reproductive decisions, must be left to the person carrying the child, this chapter also insists that reproductive choices attend to the role of chance and unexpected outcomes.
Afterword: My Daughter’s Body—A Meditation on Soul
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder
Published: April 2019

Sesha pushes my head to her neck. I find those sweet tender places at the crease of her neck, soft and warm. And she gurgles with pleasure. My daughter’s body. Its problems, its mystery, its soul. How very difficult it is to convey all that I experience when I am in her presence, the presence of that lovely, somewhat twisted, wheelchair-user body. It is through my daughter’s body that I come to know her....
When Moral Language Disguises Self-Interest
Authors: Brennan Jason , Magness Phillip
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers academics’ use of moral language to cover their self-interest. For instance, when a college professor receives tenure, she enjoys tremendous job security. She can then only be fired “for cause” or in case of severe financial emergency. She can hang on to her job for years beyond what should have marked her retirement. At most R1 universities, she can cease publishing without losing her job, even though her primary work responsibility is to publish. In public, professors have to explain why tenure should exist, but need not extol all the benefits tenure grants to them. Instead, they offer high-minded, public-spirited, morally charged arguments, such that tenure protects academic freedom or enhances research productivity.
An organization’s relationship to violence
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood
Published: April 2019

Two sets of assumptions—ones about communication and ones about agency—shape debates over the violence–organization relationship. When scholars and laypersons suggest that words are mere symbols that represent the world and correspond to things in it, communication remains a way to describe violence. Under this representationalist line of thinking, communication is split from the material world and cannot do harm. Similarly, when people assume that agency is a human’s intentional decision about how to act, the broader processes that inform action fade from view. An individual perpetrator becomes the sole violent actor. Both sets of assumptions make it difficult to conceptualize an organization’s role in violence. This chapter relies on feminist new materialism to problematize these assumptions. After providing an overview of the theory’s distinctive features, the chapter shows its resonances with existing scholarship on communication, agency, and organizations. These resonances provide a framework for understanding organizations to be more than mere sites for violence.
Recognition and Rapprochement
Authors: Murray Michelle
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores how the United States’ growing power and expansionist foreign policy came to be viewed as legitimate, thereby constructing its peaceful rise to world power status. It argues that the acts of recognition that emerged during the Venezuelan Crisis expressed a normative acceptance of American power and were routinized so as to structure Anglo-American relations at the turn of the twentieth century. Specifically, during the Spanish–American War British leaders—drawing from the recognitive speech acts that defined the Anglo-Saxon collective identity—restrained the European great powers from becoming involved in the war, enabling the United States to establish a sphere of influence in the Caribbean and an imperial presence in the Pacific. Likewise, the negotiations between Britain and the United States over the Isthmian Canal highlight the importance of mutual recognition in sustaining a peaceful power transition. The chapter shows how acts of recognition contributed to the social construction of the United States as a legitimate power, despite its aggressive and expansionist foreign policy.
Technological Innovations in the Use of 360 Feedback for Performance Management
Authors: Hunt Steven T. , Sherwood Joe , Pytel Lauren M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses how innovations in 360 Feedback are enabling significant improvements in performance management. This information resulted from asking the question: What are the most effective ways to use performance management technology to positively influence employee performance and development and improve talent decisions? Performance management methods used by hundreds of companies around the world were examined. One of the most important findings is that there is no single best way to conduct performance management. Methods that are effective in one company can fail in another. Common characteristics associated with successful performance management processes are identified. The chapter is divided into four sections: (a) a discussion of the work on which this chapter is based; (b) the definitions of 360 Feedback and performance management and key relationships between the two; (c) a discussion of how technology is transforming 360 Feedback used in performance management; (d) an exploration of the technological, process design, and environmental factors related to the use of 360 Feedback to support performance management.
From Insight to Successful Behavior Change
Authors: Nowack Kenneth M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides an integrated and theoretically derived individual change framework within strategic 360 Feedback interventions to facilitate successful behavioral change in the face of realistic issues and potential challenges. A brief description of a new individual change model is introduced and issues specific to each stage are discussed. The importance of this individual behavior change model is that it highlights the diverse roles of the practitioner, employee, and organization that appear throughout the 360 Feedback literature to facilitate accurate self-awareness, self-directed learning, goal setting processes, deliberate practice, and evaluation. Practitioners are provided with practical tips and suggestions to maximize understanding, acceptance, motivation, and successful goal accomplishment—the real impact of strategic 360 Feedback interventions that also has a development component.
Can We Improve Rater Performance?
Authors: Bracken David W. , Rotolo Christopher T.
Published: April 2019

When raters in a 360 Feedback process do not perform as desired, the result can be highly skewed distributions: The data lose their utility, especially when they are to be used for decision-making. We use the ALAMO performance model [Performance = Alignment × (Ability × Motivation × Opportunity)] to dissect the causes and possible solutions for suboptimal rater performance. Using a systems model of 360 Feedback, we analyze three major factors that can determine the quality of 360 data (i.e., Instrument/Content, Process Features, and Rater Characteristics). No two 360 Feedback systems are the same. It follows that no two diagnoses or prescriptions will be the same across the dozens of decisions that must be made in the design and implementation of a given process. Some of those decisions can be guided by science, some by the unique organization and its leaders, and most by a combination of both. We strongly recommend that both groups of stakeholders (scientist practitioners and process owners) study this chapter prior to making those decisions.
Rater Congruency
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the meaning of, and implications for, differences in 360 Feedback ratings among individual raters (e.g., self, peers, direct reports). This chapter looks at possible causes and consequences for high and low agreement and why it is important. A detailed discussion of the history of rating difference research is followed by an analysis of these differences. This chapter addresses a number of issues related to congruity in feedback ratings: What is rater congruence? Why does it matter? Is it mainly due to people overrating themselves? What are the business implications for high or low congruence? What are the recommendations to increase it? The importance of self-other rating agreement in 360 Feedback is discussed.
Reclaiming Land
Authors: Billiot Shanondora , Parfait Jessica
Published: April 2019

Environmental changes are projected to have adverse impacts on marginalized populations through additional pressures placed on already struggling social systems. Indigenous communities, given their attachment to and dependence on the land, are especially vulnerable. Though indigenous peoples throughout the world contribute the least to changes in the environment, they are disproportionally affected. To date, there has been limited research on health impacts resulting from environmental changes, especially among indigenous peoples in the United States. This chapter presents a case study on how environmental change exposure (e.g., observations, frequency, threats) and indigenous-specific sensitivities (e.g., historical trauma, ethnic identity, discrimination) affect the likelihood of participation in adaptation activities by indigenous peoples living in a physically vulnerable coastal area of the United States. It connects these findings with themes arising within other indigenous communities experiencing environmental changes.
Introduction
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P.
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces the problem of how human beings craft enduring social groups and long-lasting relationships. Given the myriad differences that divide one individual from another, it raises the questions, to be answered in subsequent chapters, of why we recognize anyone as somehow sharing a common fate with us and how we might live in harmony with groups that may not share that sense of common fate. Answers will point to how memory, mimesis, and metaphor create different forms of sameness (and so also of difference), and how they carry with them different possibilities for empathy, for crossing boundaries, and for negotiating the terms of sameness and difference between communities and individuals.
Sign, Ground, and Interpretant
Authors: Seligman Adam B. , Weller Robert P.
Published: April 2019

This chapter begins by elaborating on the relationships among what Peirce called sign, object, and interpretant. It goes on to explore how memory, mimesis, and metaphor form the ground for these relationships, and in the process transform people’s understandings of themselves in the world, sometimes with enormous consequences. The chapter achieves this by analyzing aspects of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, China’s cataclysmic Taiping Rebellion in the nineteenth century, reworked temples to a goddess in contemporary Taiwan and mainland China, and memorials to the Holocaust in Vienna and Jerusalem.
Introduction
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: April 2019

This introduction provides a general overview of the book’s main themes. A central argument is that there are basic commonalities about neighborhoods that span historical and global contexts. Following the decline of traditional neighborhood structure starting in the early 20th century, Western planners worked to plan the neighborhood back into existence, and that’s when debates about neighborhoods began: about social mix, serviceability, self-containment, centeredness, and connectivity within and without. The book offers a proposal to move past argumentation in hopes of better defining and operationalizing the “everyday neighborhood.” The proposal leverages what is known about neighborhoods, not only historically and globally, but also after a century of argument about their meaning and form in the modern American city.
Design Debates
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: April 2019

This chapter reviews the primary design debates involved in neighborhood formation: whether they can or should be planned all at once and as complete units; their boundedness and centeredness, and their street composition and its effect on internal and external connectivity. All of these debates involve the limits and practicalities of neighborhood identity-building and consciousness, which can be thought of as being on a continuum from most extreme (whole units on clean slates) to more subtle (increasing connectivity via interconnecting pathways). Moving forward, there is hope for design resolution because the choices are not so black and white. Neighborhood design can maintain the positive aspects of identity-building by emphasizing centers (which also minimizes the need for explicit boundaries) and streets that can be simultaneously well connected and pedestrian based.
TRIPOD: Answer to the Seeds of Discontent
Authors: Kirchner Carl J.
Published: April 2019

The 1980s and the following decades brought confusion regarding appropriate education programs for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students, especially related to inclusion. The movement for equal education using a visual approach came into existence, and research exploring the pros and cons of mainstreaming began. Sign language interpreting in the education setting emerged, along with individuals who did or did not believe it was needed. Many school districts/county offices were unprepared to adequately or appropriately serve the needs of DHH students. Even the parents of these students were lost in a maze of uncertainty. The seeds of discontent were being sown, and educational change was in the wind. It seemed that every aspect of the field, from educational choices, hiring practices, and financial concerns to administrative decisions, were up for review. TRIPOD, a program with a philosophy of co-enrollment, has provided a fruitful harvest from these seeds of discontent.
Conditions for Effective Co-Enrollment of Deaf and Hearing Students: What May Be Learned from Experiences in Belgium
Authors: Ghesquière Magaly , Meurant Laurence
Published: April 2019

In a school in Namur, in the French-speaking part of Belgium, deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) pupils are co-enrolled in a mainstream school and are taught bilingually in French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB) and in French. This program has existed since 2000. It was initiated by the parents of a deaf child who took advantage of a decree that allowed the schools to organize teaching by immersion in a language other than French. After a presentation of the context in which this setting emerged and the way it is organized in practice, this chapter develops issues related to the pedagogical implications of welcoming all profiles of DHH learners, the search for an appropriate bilingual pedagogy, the co-teaching approach, and the complementarity between teachers and interpreters. It shows that these issues are essential conditions for ensuring that DHH pupils can benefit efficiently from the expected advantages of a co-enrollment setting.
Learning the Lessons of Liberalism, 1921–1932
Authors: George Carol V. R.
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses Norman Vincent Peale’s early lessons on liberalism, focusing on the years 1921–1932. It first describes Peale’s life and career at the Boston University seminary before considering his tenure as student pastor of the Methodist Church in Berkeley, Rhode Island. It then examines Peale’s move to Brooklyn, New York, in 1924, and his tenure at the King’s Highway Methodist Church; his appointment as minister of University Avenue Methodist Church in Syracuse in April 1927, and how his preaching was redesigned in Syracuse; how he coped with the Crash of 1929 that occurred midway through his tenure at University Church; and his partnership with Ruth Stafford, who became his wife in 1930. The chapter also recounts Peale’s tenure as minister of Marble Collegiate Church in New York City.
Discourse Function
Authors: Fonteyn Lauren
Published: April 2019

Taking a slightly different perspective on reference compared to the previous chapter, this chapter considers nominal and verbal gerunds in light of their discourse-functional behavior. It is argued that nouns and verbs have a different status as referents in discourse. Nouns (or nominals) serve as discourse participants, while verbs serve as relators between participants in the clauses they head. As a result, nominals tend to be anaphorically tracked in their entirety, while clauses are anaphorically accessed for their internal participants (e.g. Helping refugees is important. [It is the right thing to do] vs. [They need your help]). Nominal gerunds seem to increasingly resemble prototypical nominals in this respect, while verbal gerunds retain a clause-like internal accessibility.
The US Wars in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: April 2019

Because overarching policy goals are distant and open to interpretation, policy makers yield to cognitive bias by constructing policies around visible elements (salient referents). US wartime policy makers thus defined US goals in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan first to serve proximate goals; then to serve disjoined tasks; eventually to serve available US (political, economic, and military) resources; and finally to serve a fixed-exit schedule, at which point leaving became the primary objective. In consequence, they exaggerated the benefits of preferred policies, ignored their accompanying costs and requirements, and underappreciated the benefits of available alternatives. These non-rational tendencies, though pervasive in decision-making, become disabling problems in the complex environment of asymmetric conflicts. With their many interdependent parts, these demanding environments confound planning and tax resources. The result was shortsighted, suboptimal policies that failed to live up to ever-diminishing expectations.
The Vietnam War, 1965–1973
Authors: Lebovic James H.
Published: April 2019

The Vietnam War followed a biased decisional pattern. The Johnson administration, with Robert McNamara as secretary of defense, committed early to a military solution. It extended the US mission to include a full-blown air war (Rolling Thunder) that was true to neither a political nor a military strategy, and the administration fought a full-blown ground war without concern for the war’s critical political dimension. Then, when reaching its limit, the administration sought mainly to manage the US mission’s costs, despite the apparent success of a pacification strategy. Finally, when victory proved elusive, Richard Nixon and his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, escalated the war by invading Cambodia, supporting the invasion of Laos, and initiating the Linebacker bombing campaigns over North Vietnam. They nonetheless prioritized an exit from the conflict, as registered in the terms of the 1973 Paris Peace Accord.
The West’s Belated Response
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: April 2019

Western leaders and institutions did not fully realize that they were under attack from Russia between 2007 and 2012. Yet when they slowly realized that Russia had launched an all-out hybrid war against Western institutions, a determined response emerged. The United States and EU imposed several rounds of economic sanctions on Russia, punishing key individuals and sectors of the economy. The EU also sought to prevent Russia from using energy blackmail against its member states. It took measures to reduce Gazprom’s influence by ending discriminatory contract provisions and building interconnectors between countries. NATO shored up its defenses in Eastern Europe to prevent another Russian invasion. All the while, the EU and NATO continued the project of creating a “Europe whole and free,” including the lands in between, setting the stage for a deepening geopolitical confrontation with Russia.
The Contest for Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A.
Published: April 2019

While many thought that the eleven Central and Eastern European countries that exited communism and joined the European Union in the 2000s had made an irrevocable “civilizational choice,” Russia has sought to extend its influence into this unexpected new battleground. Though Russia has fewer tools of influence than in the lands in between, it has used energy politics, disinformation, support for extremist parties, business relations, and a variety of covert methods to cause Central and Eastern European governments and politicians to re-evaluate their allegiances. Central and Eastern European countries have experienced growing extremism, increasing polarization, and the rise of cynical power brokers who wish to accommodate Moscow, while also benefiting from EU ties and funds. Political leaders such as Viktor Orbán of Hungary have blazed this path, making gas and energy deals with Russia while undermining democratic politics at home and challenging the European Union from within.
The History of the Concept of Religious Awakening in German Protestantism
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: April 2019

The concept of religious “awakening” was central to the identity of certain German Protestants in the early nineteenth century. However, those Protestants whose activities constituted the Awakening movement did not create this concept. Quite to the contrary, their notions of religious awakening came from how the words Erweckung, erwecken, and erweckt had been used in a wide range of Protestant texts during the preceding three hundred years. This chapter analyzes how the concept of religious awakening developed within German Protestantism. It establishes the origins of this concept in the early writings of Martin Luther. Next, it tracks how the meaning of awakening developed further through subsequent sixteenth-, seventeenth-, and early eighteenth-century texts. It then considers how the concept of awakening changed through what many contemporary commentators described as a period of momentous religious turmoil and transition in the second half of the eighteenth century.
The Awakening and New Religious Societies for Evangelism
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how the Awakening became a modern, popular religious movement through the foundation of hundreds of new religious voluntary societies to support evangelistic initiatives. Awakened Protestants throughout Germany envisioned these new organizations as the means to join with like-minded Christians in working for shared evangelistic goals. They were motivated by concern over theological rationalism within their churches, indifference toward religion in their society, and the spiritual condition of non-Christian peoples. Awakened Protestants founded four main types of extra-ecclesial organizations: voluntary societies for the distribution of Bibles and religious literature in Germany and voluntary societies for sending missionaries to non-Christian regions and Jewish communities in Europe. Their presence established a new sphere of religious activity between the individual Christian and the institutional churches. In establishing these new religious societies, awakened Protestants rationalized the task of evangelism through their creation of administrative bureaucracies to operate their religious societies.
Leibniz's Naturalized Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

A systematic reappraisal of Leibniz’s philosophy of mind. The main argument of this book is easy to state:Leibniz offers a fully natural theory of mind. In today’s philosophical climate in which much effort has been put into discovering a naturalized theory of mind Leibniz’s efforts to reach a similar goal three hundred years earlier will provide a critical stance from which we can assess our own theories. But while thegoals might be similar thecontent of Leibniz’s theory significantly diverges from the majority of today’s theories. Leibniz’s philosophy of mind meets the standards of whathe would regard as a fully natural theory. Perhaps surprisingly Leibniz’s theological commitments yield a thoroughgoing naturalizing methodology: the properties of an object are explicable in term of the object’snature. This book argues that Leibniz pursued his philosophy of mind with this methodology in hand. If we keep this commitment to a naturalizing project in mind then we will find in Leibniz a rich and interesting philosophy of mind. This book provides an account of Leibniz’s naturalizing constraints and traces them through Leibniz’s philosophy of mind. It covers issues relating to mental representation perception sensation consciousness memory and moral identity.
Moral Identity and the Appearance of the Self
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers Leibniz’s theory of moral identity, focusing on the aspects of moral identity that connect with Leibniz’s theory of consciousness and reflection. Rather than focusing on the conditions of identity over time, I intend to focus on what Leibniz calls the appearance of the self. What, exactly, is the content of the appearance and how does it occur? This chapter argues that the internal appearance of moral identity consists in the action of a substance on itself. The first section of this chapter distinguishes moral identity from other sorts of identity one will find in Leibniz’s writings. Then this chapter argues for the necessity of the appearance of moral identity to moral identity itself. Finally, this chapter provides an analysis of the content of the appearance that Leibniz describes as an appearance of moral identity.