bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Agricultural Efficiency and Biodiversity Conservation through Nano Pesticides; A Focus on Food Research
Authors: Belagalla Ningaraj , Kumar Ashutosh , Badekhan Almaszabeen , Chaturvedi Kushal , Kumar Akhilesh , Panigrahi Chandan Kumar , Sachan Kushal , Singh Bal Veer
Published: April 2024

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to addressing the challenges faced by modern agriculture, particularly in the field of crop protection. Nano-pesticides, which are pesticide formulations that incorporate nanomaterials or nanostructures, have garnered significant attention due to their potential to enhance the efficacy of active ingredients while minimizing adverse environmental and health impacts. This review provides a comprehensive overview of on the current state of research on nano-pesticides, focusing on their synthesis, characterization, mode of action, and efficacy in various agricultural applications. The unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, such as high surface area to volume ratio, enhanced solubility, and controlled release, are exploited in the development of nano-pesticide formulations. Different types of nano-pesticides, including nanoemulsions, nanoencapsulation, and nanocomposites, are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages over conventional pesticide formulations. The review also examines the interactions of nano-pesticides with target pests and the environment, as well as their potential toxicity and ecotoxicological effects. The role of nano-pesticides in integrated pest management strategies and their compatibility with sustainable agricultural practices are explored. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges associated with the commercialization and regulatory aspects of nano-pesticides, emphasizing the need for thorough risk assessment and standardized testing protocols. Future research directions and opportunities for the development of nano-pesticides are outlined, focusing on the optimization of formulations, targeted delivery, and precision agriculture. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the potential of nano-pesticides as a tool for enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability while minimizing the negative impacts on biodiversity and food safety.
Harnessing Nature's Pharmacy: Biotechnology Advances in Medicinal Plant Research
Authors: G P Mohankumar , R M Shalini , Desai Shwetha , Siddiqua Ayesha , Ngangbam Sinheiba , Takhellambam Satish , Khayum Arshad
Published: April 2024

The integration of biotechnology into medicinal plant research has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry, offering unprecedented opportunities for the development of novel therapeutics and healthcare solutions. By tapping into the vast biochemical diversity of plants, scientists have unlocked a treasure trove of potential drug candidates, many of which have been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Biotechnological tools such as genetic engineering, tissue culture, metabolomics, and bioinformatics have enabled the precise manipulation and optimization of plant-derived compounds, leading to the production of high-value pharmaceuticals with enhanced efficacy and safety profiles. Moreover, biotechnology facilitates sustainable practices by enabling the cultivation of medicinal plants under controlled conditions, reducing reliance on wild harvesting and alleviating pressure on endangered species. As our understanding of plant biology continues to deepen, the synergy between biotechnology and medicinal plant research holds tremendous promise for addressing global health challenges and improving patient outcomes.
Scalar mixing by granular particles
Authors: Derksen J. J.
Published: May 2008

We study by direct numerical simulation the role of spherical, solid, uniformly sized, moving particles immersed in a fluid in spreading a passive scalar with high Schmidt number dissolved in the fluid. The solid particles are one‐way coupled to the fluid: they agitate the fluid but they do not feel the presence of the fluid (they move as a granular gas). The two independent variables in the simulations are the solids volume fraction that we vary in the range of 10–45%, and the granular Reynolds number, based on the particle diameter and the granular temperature, which has been varied from 2.8 to 280. It is shown that the scalar spreading rate strongly decreases with increasing solids volume fraction; the spreading appears to scale quite well with the mean free path of the particles. At increasing granular Reynolds number the fluid flow develops more small scale structures that enhance scalar spreading. We propose a relation for an effective diffusion coefficient that describes the scalar spreading in terms of the independent variables. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Recurrent non‐immune hydrops fetalis with gracile bones and dysmorphic features in siblings
Authors: Abboy Sri , Weaver David D. , Padilla Lillie‐Mae , Faught Philip , Akin Kelly K
Published: May 2008

We report on two siblings with recurrent non‐immune hydrops fetalis of unknown etiology. The proposita was born at 32‐week gestation with hydrops fetalis. She died at less than 1 hr of age despite resuscitative efforts. Her brother was born $1{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}$ years later to the same parents. He was also born at 32‐week gestation and lived 40 min. At birth, both individuals were noted to have marked edema of the entire body, slightly low set ears, small nose, mild micrognathia, small chest, camptodactyly, single transverse palmar creases, rhizomelic shortening of the upper extremities, slight ankle varus deformity bilaterally and bilateral humeral fractures. Postnatal chromosomal analysis of the first patient was normal. In both cases, evaluation for lysosomal storage disorders utilizing skin fibroblasts was negative. The radiographs and autopsies were done on both patients and showed diffuse soft‐tissue edema, gracile bones, especially in the upper extremities and ribs, and bilateral humeral fractures in both children. Both patients had absence of germ cells. The skeletal system in both appeared otherwise normal. After testing for infectious, chromosomal, hematological, hepatic and metabolic causes, we were unable to identify the etiology of the condition in the above patients. Further, we have been unable to identify a reported genetic condition with the features present in these cases. As such, we believe that the disorder in the individuals reported here represent a new autosomal recessive condition. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced telomere length in older men with premutation alleles of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene
Authors: Jenkins Edmund C. , Tassone Flora , Ye Lingling , Gu Hong , Xi Man , Velinov Milen , Brown W. Ted , Hagerman Randi J. , Hagerman Paul J.
Published: May 2008

Reduced telomere length has recently been reported in T lymphocytes of individuals with trisomy 21 Down syndrome (DS) and dementia. Shorter telomeres also have been documented in dyskeratosis congenita, cell senescence, Alzheimer disease, and neoplastic transformation. These observations suggest that similar shortening may occur in people with fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), which frequently is accompanied by dementia. To test this hypothesis, telomere length has been quantified in T lymphocytes from older male carriers of premutation FMR1 alleles, with or without FXTAS, and FXTAS with dementia. Shorter telomeres (relative to age‐matched controls) were observed in 5/5 individuals with FXTAS and dementia, in 2/2 individuals with FXTAS without dementia, and in 3/3 individuals with the fragile X premutation only (P values ranged from <0.001 to <0.05; Student's t‐test), indicating that telomere shortening is associated with the premutation expansion of the FMR1 gene. The current study design allowed simultaneous comparisons among control, premutation, FXTAS, and FXTAS with dementia samples, and showed nearly equal degrees of shortening relative to controls among the three premutation sample groups. Thus, telomere shortening may serve as a biomarker for cellular dysregulation that may precede the development of the symptoms of FXTAS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The art of coping with a craniofacial difference: Helping others through “Positive Exposure”
Authors: Loewenstein Johanna , Sutton Erica , Guidotti Rick , Shapiro Kristin , Ball Karen , McLean Diane , Biesecker Barbara
Published: May 2008

Finding ways to cope with social stigmatization is an important aspect of achieving adaptation for people living with visible genetic differences. This study describes the way individuals with craniofacial differences use an innovative photography and video experience with Positive Exposure (PE), a non‐profit organization based in New York City, as a way to cope with their conditions. Thirty‐five individuals between 12 and 61 years of age participated in this study. We administered surveys comprised of open‐ended qualitative questions and quantitative measures designed to assess self‐esteem, perceived stigma, and hopefulness. Data for this analysis was generated from the written questionnaires and interview transcripts. Most participants reported high levels of self‐esteem and hopefulness, suggesting that they were relatively well adapted to their condition. Almost all participants described experiences of stigmatization throughout their lives. However, participants demonstrated their ability to implement a variety of coping strategies to manage stigma. “Helping others” emerged as a prominent strategy among participants, aiding in the often lifelong process of adapting to their genetic difference. PE was described as an avenue through which participants could reach out to individuals and society at large, helping them adapt further to their condition. “Helping others” may also benefit individuals with craniofacial differences who do not consider themselves to be well adapted to their condition. Health care providers can collaborate with PE, advocacy groups and other community or support groups to identify additional ways individuals with craniofacial differences can help themselves by reaching out to others. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shwachman–Diamond syndrome is associated with structural brain alterations on MRI
Authors: Toiviainen‐Salo Sanna , Mäkitie Outi , Mannerkoski Minna , Hämäläinen Janne , Valanne Leena , Autti Taina
Published: May 2008

Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an autosomal recessive condition that results from mutations in theSBDSgene, at chromosome 7q11. Main features include exocrine pancreatic failure, neutropenia and skeletal dysplasia. This study investigated brain structures by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with SDS. MRI of the brain was performed in nine patients (7 males, age range 7–37 years) with SDS and mutations in theSBDSgene and in 18 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. MRI images were assessed visually, and volumetric analyses of the brain matter and structural midsagittal measurements were performed. Eight out of nineSBDSmutation‐verified patients reported learning difficulties. Patients with SDS had smaller occipitofrontal head circumferences than the controls (Z‐score −1.3 vs. +0.3,P = 0.021), and decreased global brain volume (1.74 L vs. 1.94 L,P = 0.019); both gray matter (P = 0.042) and white matter (P = 0.007) volumes were reduced. Patients with SDS had no macroscopic brain malformations, but they had significantly smaller age‐ and head size‐adjusted areas of posterior fossa (P = 0.006), vermis (P = 0.002), corpus callosum (P = 0.020), and pons (P = 0.002), and significantly larger cerebrum‐vermis ratio (P < 0.0001) than the healthy controls. SDS patients had structurally smaller posterior fossa and cerebellar vermis, corpus callosum, and brainstem than the healthy controls. The MRI findings may be related to the neuropsychological features described in SDS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersal among male ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island
Authors: Parga J. A. , Lessnau R. G.
Published: May 2008

Male dispersal patterns were analyzed across a nine‐year period in a population of ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) on St. Catherines Island (SCI), USA, to evaluate two ultimate explanations for male dispersal: inbreeding avoidance and intrasexual mating competition. As part of this analysis, we also compared patterns of dispersal at this site with data from wild populations. Overall, we found that patterns of male intertroop movement on SCI are similar to the wild with respect to the frequency and seasonality of male transfer. In Madagascar, males move between groups every 3.1–3.5 years [Sussman, International Journal of Primatol 13:395–413, 1992; Koyama et al., Primates 43:291–314, 2002] as compared with every 3.2 years on SCI. The majority of transfers on SCI occurred during the birth season, as occurs at one site in Madagascar, Berenty [Budnitz & Dainis, Lemur biology. New York: Plenum Press, p 219–235, 1975; Jones, Folia Primatologica 40:145–160, 1983]. One difference is that males perform natal transfers 1–2 years earlier on SCI than in the wild, which may be related to food provisioning on SCI. Males never transferred back into their natal troops, which is remarkable given the small number of groups on SCI. Although this pattern of movement can indicate inbreeding avoidance by males, the fact that male troop tenure was in many cases long enough to overlap with the sexual maturation of potential daughters did not support the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis for male secondary dispersal. Instead, the intrasexual competition hypothesis was strongly supported, because males were significantly more likely to transfer into groups having fewer adult males and a more favorable sex ratio than their pretransfer groups. Males therefore appear to be bypassing groups in which they would experience a greater degree of intrasexual mating competition during the breeding season. Am. J. Primatol. 70:650–660, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data processing issues in large‐area GPR surveys: correcting trace misalignments, edge discontinuities and striping
Authors: Ernenwein Eileen G. , Kvamme Kenneth L.
Published: May 2008

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) lags behind other archaeogeophysical methods in terms of speed, efficiency and ability to produce clean site‐wide composites owing to complex and time‐consuming data processing requirements. Two North American case studies illustrate problems that occur when survey is conducted over long and short periods of time. Some GPR defects have been blamed on differential solar heating of antennae and battery power levels but we show these effects to be negligible. Major problems include gradual changes over time in ground moisture and low‐level background noise, which can create discontinuities between adjacent survey blocks when data are collected at different times. These problems are often remedied by globally aligning traces using a stable trace position. Variations in ground moisture through time also cause differences in reflection amplitudes, necessitating different range gain curves to match amplitudes between survey blocks. In some cases changes in ground moisture cause noticeable differences in velocity between survey blocks requiring time‐scales to be converted to depths to correctly match the data. These problems must be remedied before horizontal slicing can be considered. Subsequent image processing may also be necessary to generate a seamless mosaic and eliminate striping artefacts commonly seen in slice maps. The latter are probably caused by antenna lift and tilt and can be removed by a de‐striping algorithm that uses a one‐dimensional low‐pass filter to characterize stripes followed by their subtraction from the data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a theory of network gatekeeping: A framework for exploring information control
Authors: Barzilai‐Nahon Karine
Published: May 2008

Gatekeeping theories have been a popular heuristic for describing information control for years, but none have attained a full theoretical status in the context of networks. This article aims to propose a theory ofnetwork gatekeepingcomprised of two components:identificationandsalience.Network gatekeeping identificationlays out vocabulary and naming foundations through the identification of gatekeepers, gatekeeping, and gatekeeping mechanisms.Network gatekeeping salience, which is built on the bases of the network identification theory, utilizes this infrastructure to understand relationships among gatekeepers and between gatekeepers and gated, the entity subjected to a gatekeeping process. Network gatekeeping salience1

Salience refers to the degree to which gatekeepers give priority to competing gated claims.

proposes identifying gated and their salience to gatekeepers by four attributes: (a) theirpolitical powerin relation to the gatekeeper, (b) theirinformation production ability, (c) theirrelationshipwith the gatekeeper, and (d) theiralternativesin the context of gatekeeping.
The multiple directions of evolutionary change
Authors: Rasskin‐Gutman Diego , Esteve‐Altava Borja
Published: May 2008

The theory of Punctuated Equilibria challenges the neo‐Darwinian tenet that evolution is a uniform process. Recently, an article by Hunt1 has found that directional change during the evolution of a lineage is relatively small (occurring only in 5% of 250 analyzed traits). Of those traits that were shown to follow a trend, size was more likely to show gradual changes, whereas shape changes were more random. Here, we provide a short view of the nature of evolutionary trends, showing that directional change within lineages and among clades provides valuable evolutionary information about the processes involved in their generation. BioEssays 30:521–525, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The origin and evolution of the neural crest
Authors: Donoghue Philip C.J. , Graham Anthony , Kelsh Robert N.
Published: May 2008

Many of the features that distinguish the vertebrates from other chordates are derived from the neural crest, and it has long been argued that the emergence of this multipotent embryonic population was a key innovation underpinning vertebrate evolution. More recently, however, a number of studies have suggested that the evolution of the neural crest was less sudden than previously believed. This has exposed the fact that neural crest, as evidenced by its repertoire of derivative cell types, has evolved through vertebrate evolution. In this light, attempts to derive a typological definition of neural crest, in terms of molecular signatures or networks, are unfounded. We propose a less restrictive, embryological definition of this cell type that facilitates, rather than precludes, investigating the evolution of neural crest. While the evolutionary origin of neural crest has attracted much attention, its subsequent evolution has received almost no attention and yet it is more readily open to experimental investigation and has greater relevance to understanding vertebrate evolution. Finally, we provide a brief outline of how the evolutionary emergence of neural crest potentiality may have proceeded, and how it may be investigated. BioEssays 30:530–541, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive feedback in cellular control systems
Authors: Mitrophanov Alexander Y. , Groisman Eduardo A.
Published: May 2008

Feedback loops have been identified in a variety of regulatory systems and organisms. While feedback loops of the same type (negative or positive) tend to have properties in common, they can play distinctively diverse roles in different regulatory systems, where they can affect virulence in a pathogenic bacterium, maturation patterns of vertebrate oocytes and transitions through cell cycle phases in eukaryotic cells. This review focuses on the properties and functions of positive feedback in biological systems, including bistability, hysteresis and activation surges. BioEssays 30:542–555, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Density Functional Theory Study of trans‐Dioxo Complexes of Iron, Ruthenium, and Osmium with Saturated Amine Ligands, trans‐[M(O)2(NH3)2(NMeH2)2]2+ (M=Fe, Ru, Os), and Detection of [Fe(qpy)(O)2]n+ (n=1, 2) by High‐Resolution ESI Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tong Glenna So Ming , Wong Ella Lai‐Ming , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: May 2008

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on trans‐dioxo metal complexes containing saturated amine ligands, trans‐[M(O)2(NH3)2(NMeH2)2]2+ (M=Fe, Ru, Os), were performed with different types of density functionals (DFs): 1) pure generalized gradient approximations (pure GGAs): PW91, BP86, and OLYP; 2) meta‐GGAs: VSXC and HCTH407; and 3) hybrid DFs: B3LYP and PBE1PBE. With pure GGAs and meta‐GGAs, a singlet d2 ground state for trans‐[Fe(O)2(NH3)2(NMeH2)2]2+ was obtained, but a quintet ground state was predicted by the hybrid DFs B3LYP and PBE1PBE. The lowest transition energies in water were calculated to be at λ≈509 and 515 nm in the respective ground‐state geometries from PW91 and B3LYP calculations. The nature of this transition is dependent on the DFs used: a ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer (LMCT) transition with PW91, but a π(FeO)→π*(FeO) transition with B3LYP, in which π and π* are the bonding and antibonding combinations between the dπ(Fe) and pπ(O2−) orbitals. The FeVI/V reduction potential of trans‐[Fe(O)2(NH3)2(NMeH2)2]2+ was estimated to be +1.30 V versus NHE based on PW91 results. The [Fe(qpy)(O)2]n+ (qpy=2,2′:6′,2′′:6′′,2′′′:6′′′,2′′′′‐quinquepyridine; n=1 and 2) ions, tentatively assigned to dioxo iron(V) and dioxo iron(VI), respectively, were detected in the gas phase by high‐resolution ESI‐MS spectroscopy.
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Binding to Human Telomeric i‐Motif DNA Under Molecular‐Crowding Conditions: More Water Molecules Released
Authors: Zhao Chao , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: May 2008

The natural occurrence of the human telomeric G‐quadruplex or i‐motif in vivo has not been demonstrated and the biological effects of the induction of these structures need to be clarified. Intracellular environments are highly crowded with various biomolecules and in vitro studies under molecular‐crowding conditions will provide important information on how biomolecules behave in cells. Here we report that cell‐mimic crowding can increase i‐motif stability at acid pH and cause dehydration. However, crowding can not induce i‐motif formation at physiological pH. Intriguingly, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can drive i‐motif formation under cell‐mimic crowding conditions and cause more water to be released. To our knowledge, there is no report to show how SWNTs can influence DNA under cell‐mimic crowding conditions. Our results indicate that SWNTs may have the potential to modulate the structure of human telomeric DNA in vivo, like DNA B–A transitions and B–Z changes on SWNTs in live cells, which demonstrates potential for drug design and cancer therapy.
Hydrogen‐Bond‐Directed Catalysis: Faster, Regioselective and Cleaner Heck Arylation of Electron‐Rich Olefins in Alcohols
Authors: Hyder Zeynab , Ruan Jiwu , Xiao Jianliang
Published: May 2008

A general method for the regioselective Heck reaction of electron‐rich olefins is presented. Fast, highly regioselective Pd‐catalysed α‐arylation of electron‐rich olefins, vinyl ethers (1 a–d), hydroxyl vinyl ethers (1 e, f), enamides (1 g, h) and a substituted vinyl ether (1 i) has been accomplished with a diverse range of aryl bromides (2 a–r), for the first time, in cheap, green and easily available alcohols with no need for any halide scavengers or salt additives. The reaction proceeds with high efficiency, leading exclusively to the α‐products, in 2‐propanol and particularly in ethylene glycol. In the latter, the arylation can be catalysed at a palladium loading of 0.1 mol % and finish in as short a time as 0.5 h. The remarkable performance of the alcohol solvents in promoting α regiocontrol is attributed to their hydrogen‐bond‐donating capability, which is believed to facilitate the dissociation of halide anions from PdII, and hence, the generation of a key ionic PdII–olefin intermediate responsible for the α product. This belief is further strengthened by the study of a benchmark arylation reaction in 21 different solvents. The study revealed that exclusive α‐regioselective arylation takes place in almost all of the protic solvents, and there is a rough correlation between the α‐arylation rates and the solvent parameter ETN. The method is simpler, cleaner and more general than those established thus far.
Neural circuits revealed by axon tracing and mapping cadherin expression in the embryonic chicken cerebellum
Authors: Neudert Franziska , Redies Christoph
Published: May 2008

Fiber connections of the cerebellar cortex are organized into distinct parasagittal domains. Each domain expresses a unique subset of various genes. Brain structures that are directly connected to the cerebellar cortex, such as the deep cerebellar nuclei and the inferior olivary nucleus, show a similarly differential pattern of connectivity and gene expression. For example, several members of the cadherin family of adhesion molecules are expressed differentially in the subdivisions of the cerebellar system in chicken and mouse. Little is known, however, about how the molecular maps in the different parts of the cerebellum relate to each other in terms of connectivity. Here, we mapped the expression of three cadherins (cadherin‐8, protocadherin‐7, and protocadherin‐10) in the cerebellar system of the chicken embryo. By simultaneously tracing axonal connections with biotinylated dextran amine, we demonstrate that cortical domains and deep nuclear portions as well as their fiber connections have a matching expression profile for protocadherin‐10 in the posterior part of the cerebellum. Based on the tracing results for protocadherin‐10 and the comparative expression mapping of all three cadherins, the cortical projection domains of the three deep cerebellar nuclei were determined in the posterior part of the cerebellum. Results were extrapolated to the rest of the cerebellar cortex. Our results provide direct experimental support for the notion that cadherins are markers for neural circuits in the brain. Moreover, we show that the expression pattern of all three cadherins confers unique identities to the Purkinje cell domains. J. Comp. Neurol. 509:283–301, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atomistic Simulations of CO Vibrations in Ices Relevant to Astrochemistry
Authors: Plattner Nuria , Meuwly Markus
Published: May 2008

The experimental absorption band of carbon monoxide (CO) in mixed ices has been extensively studied in the past. The astrophysical interest in this band is related to its characteristic shape, which appears to depend on the surrounding ice structure. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to analyze the relationship between the structure of the ice and the infrared (IR) spectrum of embedded CO molecules at different concentrations. Instead of conventional force fields, anharmonic potentials are used for the bonded interactions. The electrostatic interactions are more accurately described by means of fluctuating atomic multipole moments (up to quadrupole). The experimentally observed splitting of the CO absorption band (gas phase: 2143 cm−1) into a blue‐ (2152 cm−1) and a red‐shifted (2138 cm−1) signal is also found in the simulations. Complementary atomistic simulations allow us to relate the spectra with the structural features. The distinction between interstitial and substitutional CO molecules as the origin of this splitting is found to be qualitatively correct. However, at increasing CO concentrations, additional effects—such as mutual interactions between CO molecules—become important, and the simplistic picture needs to be revised.
Polyomavirus infection of the urinary tract presenting as hemorrhagic cystitis in an immunocompetent five‐year‐old boy
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge L. , Balestra Suellen , Schned Alan R. , Gutmann Edward J. , Tsongalis Gregory J.
Published: May 2008

Human polyomavirus infection, which can be detected morphologically on Pap‐stained routine urine cytology specimens, is most commonly encountered in immunocompromised patients and is a well‐described complication of renal transplantation. We present a case of an immunocompetent 5‐year‐old boy with a sudden onset of dysuria and hematuria due to a self‐limited polyomavirus urinary tract infection detected on routine urine cytology and confirmed with real‐time PCR. Although rare cases of nonhemorrhagic cystitis have been reported, to the best of our knowledge this is the first case of hemorrhagic cystitis occurring in this setting. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:375–378. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Techniques for thyroid FNA: A synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine‐Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference
Authors: Pitman Martha Bishop , Abele John , Ali Syed Z. , Duick Dan , Elsheikh Tarik M. , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Powers Celeste N. , Randolph Gregory , Renshaw Andrew , Scoutt Leslie
Published: May 2008

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored the NCI Thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) State of the Science Conference on October 22–23, 2007 in Bethesda, MD. The 2‐day meeting was accompanied by a permanent informational website and several on‐line discussion periods between May 1 and December 15, 2007 (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov). This document summarizes matters addressing manual and ultrasound guided FNA technique and related issues. Specific topics covered include details regarding aspiration needles, devices, and methods, including the use of core needle biopsy; the pros and cons of anesthesia; the influence of thyroid lesion location, size, and characteristics on technique; the role of ultrasound in the FNA of a palpable thyroid nodule; the advantages and disadvantages of various specialists performing a biopsy; the optimal number of passes and tissue preparation methods; sample adequacy criteria for solid and cystic nodules, and management of adverse reactions from the procedure. (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov/pages/info/agenda/) Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:407–424. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utilization of ancillary studies in thyroid fine needle aspirates: A synopsis of the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration State of the Science Conference
Authors: Filie Armando C. , Asa Sylvia L. , Geisinger Kim R. , Logani Sanjay , Merino Maria , Nikiforov Yuri E. , Clark Douglas P.
Published: May 2008

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored the NCI Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) State of the Science Conference on October 22–23, 2007 in Bethesda, MD. The 2‐day meeting was accompanied by a permanent informational website and several on‐line discussion periods between May 1 and December 15, 2007 (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov). This document summarizes matters regarding the utilization of ancillary studies in thyroid FNA (http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov/pages/info/agenda/). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:438–441. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal and force‐chain effects in an experimental, sloping granular shear flow
Authors: Furbish David Jon , Schmeeckle Mark W. , Roering Joshua J.
Published: May 2008

Force chains figure prominently in shearing motions of granular materials, inasmuch as these chains of load‐bearing grains dominate resistance to motion. A simple scaling of the forces involved in the motion of a dry, gravity‐driven granular shear flow induced by vibrations (see, e.g., Roering et al., 2001; Roering, 2004) suggests that this shearing motion reflects a balance between the rate of production and the rate of disruption of granular force chains. The rate of production of force chains is proportional to the rate of shear. The rate of disruption is proportional to the rate of shear as force chains ‘age’ during rotation, whence they become unstable and self‐destruct. The rate of disruption is also proportional to the frequency and intensity of elastic waves, induced by acoustic vibrations, that propagate through the granular material and weaken force chains. The analysis is empirically consistent with the exponential‐like profiles of grain displacement, and the strongly nonlinear increase in grain flux with increasing surface slope, observed in experiments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A consideration on the autostabilization mechanisms operational on a sand dune at equilibrium
Authors: Momiji Hiroshi
Published: May 2008

Barchan dunes are known to maintain their shapes during their downwind migration, and therefore considered to be at equilibrium. Such an equilibrium state may be materialized by multiple stabilizing mechanisms, which have rarely been discussed. As an example, it is shown here how dune size is maintained by employing the kinematics approach based on the balance between incoming and outgoing sand fluxes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion and terrace failure due to agricultural land abandonment in a semi‐arid environment
Authors: Lesschen J. P. , Cammeraat L. H. , Nieman T.
Published: May 2008

Agricultural land abandonment is currently widely spread in Mediterranean countries and a further increase is expected. Previous research has shown that abandoned fields in semi‐arid areas are more vulnerable to gully erosion. The absence of ploughing and slow vegetation recovery cause the formation of soil crusts with low infiltration rates, resulting in increased runoff and gully erosion risk. The objective of our study was to assess the extent and causes of erosion and terrace failure on abandoned fields and to discuss options for mitigation. The study was carried out in the Carcavo basin, a semi‐arid catchment in southeast Spain. At catchment scale all abandoned fields were surveyed and characteristics of each field were described. Additionally we surveyed abandoned and cultivated terraces and used statistical analyses to determine the factors that induce terrace failure. At field scale we constructed a detailed digital elevation model (DEM) for an abandoned terrace field in order to calculate sediment losses since time of abandonment. The results revealed that more than half the abandoned fields had moderate to severe erosion and the statistical analysis showed that these fields had significantly steeper slopes, were terraced and had cereals as previous land use. Factors that increase the risk of terrace failure were land abandonment, steeper terrace slope, loam texture, valley‐bottom position and shrubs on the terrace wall. The reconstructed erosion rate (87 ton ha−1 year−1) confirmed the importance of gully erosion on these abandoned terrace fields. Potential soil and water conservation practices to mitigate soil erosion after abandonment are: (1) maintenance of terrace walls, as a result more water is retained, which increases vegetation cover and consequently decreases erosion. (2) Revegetation with indigenous grass species on spots with concentrated flow, especially near terrace walls. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
King Midas and His Descendants
Authors: Meyer Axel
Published: May 2008

Cichlidae is the most diverse family of all fish and vertebrates. Some of the 3000 or more species are found in the crater lakes of Nicaragua, and they throw a remarkable light on the processes of evolution
Tumour‐mediated disruption of dendritic cell function: Inhibiting the MEK1/2‐p44/42 axis restores IL‐12 production and Th1‐generation
Authors: Jackson Andrew Mark , Mulcahy Lori Ann , Zhu Xing Wu , O'Donnell Dearbhaile , Patel Poulam M.
Published: May 2008

Disfunctional dendritic cells (DC) are common in cancer patients; however, the underlying molecular targets are poorly understood. Nevertheless, adoptive‐transfer and in situ vaccination protocols continue, largely without addressing immune‐suppression. Understanding tumour‐mediated DC suppression would assist rational design of next generation immunotherapy. This study used a tumour‐lysate loaded DC model of adoptive immunotherapy and also necrotic cells common in many tumours. Patient‐derived and healthy‐donor monocyte‐derived DC were examined for disruptions in mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways associated with their capacity to generate Type‐1 helper‐T cell populations (Th1). Melanoma‐lysate markedly suppressed TLR4‐dependent IL‐12p40 and p70 production. Suppression of IL‐12p70 occurred independently of maturation markers (e.g., CD40, CD80, CD83) and correlated with depressed p35 and p40 transcription. Decreased IL‐12 secretion was not associated with IL‐10, TGFβ, VEGF, PGE2 or ganglioside in tumour lysates or attributable to endogenous PGE2 release from DC. In contrast to HUVEC lysate, melanoma‐lysate‐treated DC were less able to generate Th1‐responses from naïve T‐cells. The p44/42 MAPK was hyper‐activated by melanoma lysate, but not that of HUVEC. Blockade of MEK1/2, the upstream kinase for p44/42, with U0126 prevented p44/42 activation, restored IL‐12p70, and permitted effective generation of Th1‐responses. Therefore the p44/42 MAPK is a target for tumour‐mediated immune suppression of DC resulting in transcriptional down‐regulation of IL‐12 p35 and p40 genes, reduced IL‐12 secretion and suppressed Th1‐responses. Pharmacological intervention in the MEK‐p44/42 axis may be applicable to render DC resistant to the suppressive effects of tumour lysates and may form part of a combination immunotherapy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HOXA11 DNA methylation—A novel prognostic biomarker in ovarian cancer
Authors: Fiegl Heidi , Windbichler Gudrun , Mueller‐Holzner Elisabeth , Goebel Georg , Lechner Matthias , Jacobs Ian J. , Widschwendter Martin
Published: May 2008

Epigenetic alterations play a major role in cancer. Recently we reported that stem cell Polycomb group targets (PcGTs) are up to 12‐fold more likely to have cancer‐specific promoter DNA hypermethylation than nontargets. To identify potential, prognostic DNA methylation markers in ovarian cancer we analyzed the DNA methylation at 71 different loci in 22 ovarian cancers and 18 non‐neoplastic ovarian specimens by means of a quantitative, real‐time PCR‐based technique (MethyLight). We identified DNA methylation of HOXA10 and HOXA11, both of them PcGTs, to be the best discriminators between cancer and non‐neoplastic tissue. In an independent set consisting of 92 ovarian cancer specimens further analysis demonstrated that HOXA11 DNA methylation is (i) strongly associated with the residual tumor after cytoreductive surgery and (ii) is a marker indicating poor prognosis. HOXA11 DNA methylation was independently associated with poor outcome [relative risk for death 3.4 (95% CI 1.2–9.9; p = 0.03)]. These findings support the view that the technical inability to optimally cytoreduce ovarian cancer is associated with particular molecular alterations in the tumor which per se define a subgroup of patients with poor outcome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of cytokeratin 7 and 19 expression with genomic stability and favorable prognosis in clear cell renal cell cancer
Authors: Mertz Kirsten D. , Demichelis Francesca , Sboner Andrea , Hirsch Michelle S. , Cin Paola Dal , Struckmann Kirsten , Storz Martina , Scherrer Simone , Schmid Daniel M. , Strebel Räto T. , Probst‐Hensch Nicole M. , Gerstein Mark , Moch Holger , Rubin Mark A.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of our study was to demonstrate that distinct cytogenetic alterations in the most common subtype of renal cell cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), are reflected in protein expression profiles. We performed conventional cytogenetics and immunohistochemical analysis for cytokeratins (CKs) on 126 ccRCCs. Protein expression was evaluated in situ using a semiautomated quantitative system. The results were validated using an independent cohort of 209 ccRCCs with long‐term follow‐up. Cytogenetic alterations were identified in 96 of 126 ccRCCs, most of them involving chromosome 3 through loss, deletion or translocation. Expression of CKs and E‐cadherin in ccRCC was associated with lack of cytogenetic alterations and low nuclear grade. In the validation set, CK7 and CK19 protein expression was associated with better clinical outcome. At the multivariate level, the best model included metastatic status and CK19 expression. Expression microarray analysis on 21 primary ccRCCs and 14 ccRCC metastases identified genes significantly associated with CK7 and CK19 expressing ccRCCs. Two novel ccRCC biomarkers associated with the CK7 positive ccRCC phenotype, PMS2 and MT1‐MMP (MMP14), were further validated. We conclude that the variability observed for CK expression in ccRCC can be explained by genetic heterogeneity. Distinct molecular subtypes of ccRCC with prognostic relevance were identified, and the CK7/CK19 expressing subtype is associated with better outcome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant's triangular communication in “two for one” versus “two against one” family triangles: Case illustrations
Authors: Fivaz‐Depeursinge Elisabeth
Published: May 2008

Infants use their social competence very early to communicate not only in dyads but also in triads, in particular in the triangle they form with their mother and father. The development of this triangular communication is largely shaped by the ways the parents support or undermine each other in relation to their child. Whereas triangular communication is facilitated in “two for one” alliances, it is recruited in the service of regulating the parents' conflicts in “two against one” coalitions. These processes are manifest in toddlerhood and may be traced back to the coparenting alliance in formation during pregnancy.
Signs of emotion: What can preverbal children “say” about internal states?
Authors: Vallotton C.D.
Published: May 2008

Do infants explicitly recognize feelings and emotions in themselves and others? What would preverbal children say about internal states if they had the words? Investigation of infants' emotional understanding is limited by the challenge of understanding infant mental states before the onset of speech. I examined the use of symbolic gestures by normally hearing, preverbal children to discover whether infants and toddlers represent emotion concepts such as sad and scared, and feeling words such as sleepy. Participants were 22 children (5–28 months) in a childcare program where caregivers modeled symbolic gestures. Gesture use by children and caregivers were videotaped and coded to determine context, characteristics, and frequency. Twenty of 22 children used symbolic gestures; of these, 6 used emotion gestures, and 5 used feeling gestures. These gestures were not imitations of adult gestures, and qualitative data reveal their context and significance. Symbolic gestures reveal the sophistication of infants' internal worlds and their ability and desire to communicate thoughts and feelings. Symbolic gestures are a promising methodology for investigating early explicit mental processes. As a therapeutic communication tool, symbolic gestures may help children express emotions, participate in conversations about emotion, and construct their own understanding of internal states.
Interfaces between intersubjectivity and attachment: Three perspectives on a mother–infant inpatient case
Authors: Downing George , Bürgin Dieter , Reck Corinna , Ziegenhain Ute
Published: May 2008

Despite much new literature on clinical early intervention, background theoretical issues have received less critical attention. In this study, we look at a single mother–infant case from different perspectives. To give the discussion a viable focus, we draw upon two types of specific material: an Adult Attachment Interview (M. Main & R. Goldwyn, 1985–1998) and a video of mother–infant interaction. We elaborate some alternative conceptualizations of this material, noting similarities, contrasts, and differences in emphasis in these frameworks. A brief series of practical implications for clinical treatment is summarized in conclusion.
Calcium ions in neuronal degeneration
Authors: Wojda Urszula , Salinska Elzbieta , Kuznicki Jacek
Published: May 2008

Neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and Ca2+ signaling regulate multiple neuronal functions, including synaptic transmission, plasticity, and cell survival. Therefore disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis can affect the well‐being of the neuron in different ways and to various degrees. Ca2+ homeostasis undergoes subtle dysregulation in the physiological ageing. Products of energy metabolism accumulating with age together with oxidative stress gradually impair Ca2+ homeostasis, making neurons more vulnerable to additional stress which, in turn, can lead to neuronal degeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases related to aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or Huntington's disease, develop slowly and are characterized by the positive feedback between Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and the aggregation of disease‐related proteins such as amyloid beta, alfa‐synuclein, or huntingtin. Ca2+ dyshomeostasis escalates with time eventually leading to neuronal loss. Ca2+ dyshomeostasis in these chronic pathologies comprises mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, Ca2+ buffering impairment, glutamate excitotoxicity and alterations in Ca2+ entry routes into neurons. Similar changes have been described in a group of multifactorial diseases not related to ageing, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or glaucoma. Dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis caused by HIV infection or by sudden accidents, such as brain stroke or traumatic brain injury, leads to rapid neuronal death. The differences between the distinct types of Ca2+ dyshomeostasis underlying neuronal degeneration in various types of pathologies are not clear. Questions that should be addressed concern the sequence of pathogenic events in an affected neuron and the pattern of progressive degeneration in the brain itself. Moreover, elucidation of the selective vulnerability of various types of neurons affected in the diseases described here will require identification of differences in the types of Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling among these neurons. This information will be required for improved targeting of Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling components in future therapeutic strategies, since no effective treatment is currently available to prevent neuronal degeneration in any of the pathologies described here. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(9): 575–590, 2008
Temperature sensitivity and drug encapsulation of star‐shaped amphiphilic block copolymer based on dendritic poly(ether‐amide)
Authors: Yang Zhu , Xie Jianda , Zhou Wei , Shi Wenfang
Published: May 2008

The star‐shaped amphiphilic block copolymer (DPEA‐PCL‐PNIPAAms) with different PCL block lengths was prepared through ring opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL) initiated by hydroxyl end‐capped dendritic poly(ether‐amide) (DPEA‐OH), and then coupling with carboxyl end‐capped linear poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm‐COOH) via an esterification process. The molecular structure was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and GPC analysis. As the copolymer dissolved in water, the core‐shell structural nanoparticle was formed as a micelle. The fluorescence, 1H NMR, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques were utilized to confirm the formation of micelles. The optical transmittance and US‐DSC measurements demonstrated that the micelles performed the reversible dispersion/aggregation behavior in response to temperature through the outer PNIPAAm polymer shell. The micelles loaded with daidzein showed a very rapid drug release speed at temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) due to the temperature‐induced structural change of the polymeric micelles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009