bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Ricketts Mónica
Published: August 2017

In 1833 the first Peruvian president and caudillo, Agustín Gamarra, finished his tenure of four years in power after facing seventeen conspiracies and vicious opposition in the press. A succession of sixteen military presidents followed until the civilian Manuel Pardo won the election of 1872. Fifty years after independence, Pardo could finally govern, thus fulfilling the aspirations of men of letters. He was the son of the leading ...
Drawing and Discovering
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: August 2017

Elaine de Kooning’s mother was a formative influence in her life, introducing her to art and literature at an early age. Her mother’s outlandish, autocratic personality—and her institutionalization for child neglect when Elaine was six years old—also served as a cautionary example. Praised by teachers for her drawing skills and active in school sports, Elaine was highly competitive from an early age. After excelling at Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, New York, she enrolled at Hunter College. But she soon left to attend an art school in Manhattan. Her boyfriend, artist Milton Resnick, encouraged her to switch to the more radically progressive American Artists School. Another artist boyfriend introduced her to Willem de Kooning, who had emigrated from the Netherlands. Elaine was instantly smitten with him and with his paintings.
Life with Bill
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: August 2017

Elaine married Willem de Kooning on December 9, 1943, and they began living in an industrial loft that he had refurbished. He taught her to paint still lifes, and she also began drawing New York streetscapes and painting portraits. The de Koonings’ circle included photographer Rudy Burckhardt, poet and critic Edwin Denby, and painters Arshile Gorky and Joop Sanders. Scraping by with odd jobs—Elaine modeled, Bill worked on commercial art projects—the couple ate meals at cafeterias where artists congregated. Hunger was pervasive in those days, when no one’s work was selling. While Bill spent nights painting, Elaine preferred going out on the town. She had no interest in cooking or other “wifely” tasks, and was sometimes unfaithful. But they put a good face on their disagreements and both became active members of the Club, the artists’ gathering place, where Elaine’s vitality and intelligence took center stage.
East Hampton, Pro Sports, and the Separation
Authors: Curtis Cathy
Published: August 2017

A party the de Koonings attended at the home of Fritz Hensler in 1952 was an alcohol-fueled example of Artists Behaving Badly—increasingly common as the decade progressed. During the summers of 1952 and 1953, the de Koonings were guests of art dealer Leo Castelli and his wife in East Hampton. Bill’s fierce-looking Woman paintings, shown in 1953, embroiled Elaine in controversy. In spring 1954, she had her first one-person show, at the Stable Gallery—portraits and paintings of basketball games, based on games at Madison Square Garden, photos in tabloid newspapers, and compositions from Old Master paintings. Although she had long lived apart from Bill, the birth of his daughter with Joan Ward marked a turning point in the marriage. The de Koonings separated in 1957. The brooding, largely abstract paintings she showed at Tibor de Nagy Gallery that November seemed to reflect her state of mind.
The Economics of Hedge Funds
Authors: Dutta Shantanu , Ganguly Arup , Ge Lin
Published: August 2017

For anyone interested in investments, fascination with hedge funds is almost inevitable. This enthusiasm occurs because amid the ocean of dismal performances in the asset management industry, top-performing hedge funds still manage to garner unbelievable returns even during economic downturns. This chapter explores the economics behind these supersecretive alternative investment vehicles and finds that their functioning can be broadly explained through four different economic paradigms: (1) the principal-agent framework, (2) the adaptive market hypothesis, (3) the governance framework, and (4) the factor theory framework. The chapter indicates why hedge funds are so important to society in general and financial markets in particular despite the fact that only qualified investors can invest in them.
Hedge Fund Organization
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Dai Na , Johan Sofia
Published: August 2017

Hedge funds are organized as limited partnerships that obtain money from institutional investors and reinvest that money in public and private firms. Some criticize hedge funds for exacerbating financial instability, whereas others note instances of hedge fund fraud and call for greater regulation. This chapter provides a review of existing hedge fund regulation around the world regarding minimum capitalization, distribution channels, and restrictions on the location of key service providers. It also summarizes research on the consequences of hedge fund regulation in the United States and around the world involving fund performance and performance persistence. Finally, the chapter summarizes the benefits of Delaware law for hedge funds.
Offshore Hedge Funds
Authors: Santillán-Salgado Roberto J. , García-Santos Juan José
Published: August 2017

Hedge funds have expanded the spectrum of alternative investments and offer sophisticated investors a variety of professionally managed portfolios. According to their legal status and registration, hedge funds are classified as offshore or onshore. This chapter discusses offshore hedge funds and empirically contrasts them with their onshore counterparts using statistical information obtained from Bloomberg Professional Information Services. The differences between onshore hedge funds and offshore hedge funds respond to differences in the clientele each one serves, their regulatory constraints, size, performance, and volatility. As a result of that comparison, the chapter concludes that offshore hedge funds represent an attractive market alternative for tax-exempt institutional investors and individuals not subject to tax responsibilities in their home countries.
Multistrategy Hedge Funds
Authors: Bayart-De-Germont Paul-Henri , Capocci Daniel
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines single multistrategy hedge funds and multistrategy funds of hedge funds. The chapter’s purpose is to explain, illustrate, and differentiate both offerings. It offers a complete quantitative analysis of multistrategy hedge funds over a 15-year period, which includes difficult market conditions. The analysis includes a comparative risk-return analysis in absolute terms and relative to traditional investments and hedge funds. A rolling statistical analysis is also performed that focuses on correlation and beta relative to traditional markets. The results indicate that for investors multistrategy hedge funds offer a particularly attractive profile that differentiates multistrategy hedge funds from most single hedge fund strategies. The findings also explain why this strategy recently attracted attention, particularly for multistrategy funds offering an attractive risk-return ratio with limited volatility.
Hedge Funds and Systemic Risk
Authors: Kaal Wulf A. , Krause Timothy A.
Published: August 2017

The public media and politicians regularly debate the potential for hedge funds to contribute to systemic risk in financial markets. Because the hedge fund industry has experienced substantial growth since the 1990s, concerns about hedge funds’ systemic risk have increased and regulators have taken measures to mitigate possible risks associated with these funds. The chapter summarizes the pre- and postcrisis debate and highlights the postcrisis evidence about hedge funds’ alleged systemic risk. In particular, the chapter examines evidence about specific factors surrounding hedge funds’ possible contributions to systemic risk, including risk management incentives, leverage, liquidity characteristics, regulation, financial stability, transparency, and their potential to induce and perpetuate market contagion.
Hedge Fund Due Diligence
Authors: Scharfman Jason
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides an overview of hedge fund due diligence challenges facing investors with a specific focus on the operational due diligence process. Operational due diligence is the process of evaluating the operational risks in place at a hedge fund. In recent years, due to a series of hedge fund failures and frauds, operational risks have become increasingly important. Risk mitigation techniques include information technology infrastructure; evaluations by the board of directors; business continuity planning; hedge fund service provider assessment, valuation, and fund operations; and back-office procedures. Another component of the operational due diligence process involves performing background investigations on key personnel. By seeking to evaluate these types of operational risk, investors can better diagnose and avoid losses from these hedge fund operational failures and outright fraud.
Evaluating Hedge Fund Performance
Authors: Smith David M.
Published: August 2017

A diverse set of measures allow investors to evaluate hedge fund portfolio managers’ performance across different dimensions. The various measures quantify the effectiveness of security selection; account for investor flows, operating risk, and worst-case investment scenarios; net out benchmark and peer-fund performance; and control for risk factors that are unique to hedge fund investment strategies. Hedge fund return information in published databases is usually self-reported, which is a conflict of interest that produces several reporting biases and inflated published average returns. After adjusting for these biases, hedge fund average returns trail equity market returns and in fact almost exactly equal U.S. Treasury bill average returns between January 1994 and March 2016. Yet, after risk adjustment, the hedge fund performance picture brightens. In the aggregate, hedge funds have higher Sharpe ratios and multifactor alphas, and lower maximum drawdown levels than equity market benchmarks.
Benchmarking and Bias in Hedge Funds
Authors: Smith Jeffrey S. , Small Kenneth , Njoroge Phillip
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses investment benchmarking and measurement bias in hedge fund performance. A good benchmark should be unambiguous, investible, measurable, appropriate, reflective of current investment opinions, specified in advance, and accountable. Additionally, a good benchmark should be simple, easily replicable, comparable, and representative of the market that the benchmark is trying to capture. Several biases, such as database selection bias, survivorship bias, style classification bias, backfill bias, self-reporting bias, and return-smoothing bias exist that impede the process of creating a benchmark. These biases increase the difficulty of studying hedge fund returns and managerial skill. However, most of the academic research on hedge fund returns report positive alphas for hedge funds.
The Phenomenal Body Is Not Born; It Comes to Be a Body-Subject
Authors: Sáenz Carmen López
Published: August 2017

Phenomenology distinguishes body-object (Körper) from lived body (Leib). It is interested in the latter, in the body that manifests itself to us in our lived experiences and gives them expression. Beauvoir’s phenomenology of sexual difference shares this starting point. This contribution continues Beauvoir’s hermeneutic by focusing on her well-known declaration: “On ne naît pas femme: on le devient,” keeping in mind that interpretations are given from and for certain situations; our situation is that of the 21st century and of phenomenological and feminist investigations. Given that translation is itself a mode of interpretation, this paper will show how The Second Sex has contributed to an understanding of the becoming of woman, first by giving an account of the hermeneutic understanding of translation, and next the phenomenological “style” of Beauvoir and the reciprocal influence between her and Merleau-Ponty, which opens the possibility of sexual difference without determinisms.
Retranslating The Second Sex into Finnish
Authors: Ruonakoski Erika
Published: August 2017

Finnish is one of the few existent Finno-Ugric languages, a language without articles, and with only one, genderless word for the pronouns “she” and “he”. Due to this, the problems faced by the Finnish translators of The Second Sex differed in some ways from those discussed after the publication of the new English translation. This chapter describes the genesis of the second, unabridged Finnish translation, the choices made by the translators as well as the philosophical interpretations motivating those choices. In addition, Beauvoir’s way of understanding the concept of becoming is analyzed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the philosophy of translation and of the reception of the second Finnish translation.
Ontological Neutrality in Natural Languages
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

The ontological neutrality of quantifiers in natural language, as well as phrases such as “there is” and “exist,” is established. That is, our ordinary usage of words such as “exist,” “there is,” “real,” and so on allows us to describe and refer to items that we take to exist and ones we don’t simultaneously in sentences. Usage evidence is the tool employed to establish these claims. This shows that ontological debate is misdescribed in the Quinean tradition, and by all philosophers up until today. That tradition takes non-philosophers to be less concerned with ontology than in fact is the case while at the same time accusing those speakers of committing themselves ontologically far more than such speakers in fact do.
Applications of Neutrality
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

Advantages of the neutrality approach to natural languages are sketched. Paradigmatic ontological debates are described (about entities such as God or Bigfoot), and it is shown how the neutral approach can accommodate requirements on such debates, such as both parties understanding the claims of the other parties but disagreeing on the truth values of certain sentences that are nevertheless understood in common. There are also puzzles about how individuals are supposed to think about particular nonexistent beings over time, or how more than one individual can think about the same nonexistent being. It’s shown how the neutralist approach can accommodate this by focusing, in particular, on Geach’s Hob-Nob puzzle. Pretense approaches to fictional talk are undermined by showing that they prevent expression of needed claims we make about entities.
Conclusion to Part I
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

A summary of the results established in part I is given. Because indispensability arguments have been undercut by undermining Quine’s criterion for ontological commitment, minimal metaphysical positions can no longer be ruled out on the grounds that the language required to express truths requires a richer metaphysics than that allowed by such minimal views. This means that metaphysical debates can be evaluated without issues of indispensability intruding. The irrelevance of Ontologese and quantifier variance to ontological debate is explained. The role of formalisms with respect to natural languages (and with respect to issues in ontology) is described.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

A chapter-by-chapter summary of part II is given. Object projectivism, the position argued for in part II, is described in general. Individuation conditions and location conditions are characterized, and how object projectivism treats these as projected on the world is described as well. Possible historical anticipations of the position of feature metaphysics are mentioned. An important aspect of the position is sketched: that the appropriate language for metaphysics avoids the predication relation, replacing it with a cooccurence relation. Nevertheless, the resulting language is equal in strength to what it replaces. A first-time examination of a quite radically austere metaphysical position is promised.
Feature-Characterization Languages
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

The language appropriate to feature metaphysics is described. This language is one that induces no commitments to objects, although it allows an expression of a commitment to the reality of ontological borders. The language resembles, on the surface, weather reports, with apparently pleonastic subject terms. Feature-characterization languages are shown to be as expressively powerful as those that utilize first-order quantification. They differ from first-order languages because the traditional predication relation (which presupposes objects and properties and relations of those objects) is replaced by an “is at” relation that presupposes none of these things. It’s also shown that the presupposition of locations (in space and time) isn’t required either. The language requires, metaphysically, only that features co-occur.
Constructing “Objects”
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: August 2017

Laws and the use of induction to establish laws don’t require objects. The reasons for thinking this are analyzed and refuted. Next, the role of the principle of indiscernibles and Leibniz’s law in our projection of objects onto the world are given. This role is due to the fact that we characterize objects in functional ways, in terms of relations and properties we single out. Puzzles about the apparent modal properties of distinct objects that are otherwise categorically the same (statues and the clay they’re made of that come to be and are destroyed at the same time) arise because of these practices. These are explained and dissolved. The apparent role of objects in explanations is described; it’s shown that inferences to worldly objects don’t provide genuine explanations.
The Democratic Coup d'État
Authors: Varol Ozan
Published: August 2017

The term “coup d’état,” --French for stroke of the state--brings to mind coups staged by power-hungry generals who overthrow the existing regime, not to democratize but to concentrate power in their own hands as dictators. We assume all coups look the same, smell the same, and present the same threats to democracy. It’s a powerful, concise, and self-reinforcing idea. It’s also wrong. The Democratic Coup d’État advances a simple yet controversial argument: Sometimes a democracy is established through a military coup. The book covers events from the Athenian Navy’s stance in 411 BC against a tyrannical home government to coups in the American colonies that ousted corrupt British governors and to twentieth-century coups that toppled dictators and established democracy in countries as diverse as Guinea-Bissau, Portugal, and Colombia. Connecting the dots between these neglected events, the book tackles several baffling questions: How can an event as undemocratic as a military coup lead to democracy? Why would imposing generals—armed with tanks and guns and all—voluntarily surrender power to civilian politicians? What distinguishes militaries that help build democracies from those that destroy them? Varol’s arguments made headlines across the globe in major media outlets and were cited critically in a public speech by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey.
Love Ballads, Carnations, and Coups
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter sets the stage by introducing the democratic coup concept, using as an illustration the 1974 coup in Portugal that toppled the Estado Novo (New State) dictatorship. A democratic coup occurs when the domestic military, or a section of it, turns its arms against a dictatorship, temporarily takes control of the government, and oversees a transition to democracy. The transition ends with free and fair elections of civilians and the military’s retreat to the barracks. Of course a military coup itself is an undemocratic event. In a coup the military assumes power not through elections but by force or the threat of force. The term democratic refers to the regime type that the coup produces.
A Different Kind of Stroke
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyzes each of the three major components of a democratic coup. First, the military overthrows an authoritarian government. Coups that target democratically elected governments are inherently not democratic. Second, after a coup deposes an authoritarian government, the military temporarily governs the nation as part of an interim government that rules only until democratic elections of civilian leaders take place. During the transition, the military must support the transition to democracy and prepare for elections. Third, the transition ends with the free and fair elections of civilian leaders and the military’s retreat to the barracks. A coup that fails to produce at least a procedural democracy is not democratic under my definition.
With Friends Like These
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses two questions: (1) Why might a military that once supported a dictatorship turn against it? and (2) Why would a military voluntarily choose to abandon the comfort and certainty of a dictatorship for the uncertain reality of democracy? It argues that democracy promotion is often not the principal driver of democratic coups. Rather, militaries stage coups primarily to depose a regime unfavorable to the military’s interests. If the regime doesn’t treat the military well, the soldiers may set aside their previous loyalty and identify more with the protesters’ grievances. Mistreatment can come in the form of low-level, outdated military equipment; costly and unpopular military conflicts; or military defeat, for which military officers may blame the political leadership. In addition, when the survival of a dictatorship is in serious doubt—when it’s clear that the regime is about to sink—the military may defect to avoid sinking along with it. And in deposing a dictator and assuming power during the resulting power vacuum, the military will position itself to reap the benefits of early defection.
The Glorious Coup
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses a 1688 conspiracy cultivated by military officers that culminated in a coup d’état against England’s King James II, popularly known as the Glorious Revolution. The soldiers who deserted James II joined the invading Dutch forces of William of Orange to topple the king. The coup was largely the product of a Protestant crisis of conscience among those of England’s military elite who remained faithful to the Church of England in the face of an absolutist Catholic King James II. The coup brought enduring changes to the social, religious, and political fabric of England, as its empire transitioned from absolute to constitutional monarchy.
An Army of Civilians
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

This chapter addresses two questions: Why are the armed forces of some states more inclined than others to shoot when the masses converge upon a public square? Why are some soldiers more likely to put down their arms and join the crowds rather than turn against them? The citizen-soldier model emerges as a common thread among militaries that have toppled dictatorships. In these militaries, the leadership is often made up of career professionals, but the rank-and-file members are conscripts, also called “citizen-soldiers.” They serve a mandatory term in the military, usually one to three years, before returning to civilian life. These conscripts are civilians first and soldiers second. The rotation of civilians in and out of the military creates a feedback loop between the military and the civilian population that keeps the military in touch with civilian values.
Between Scylla and Charybdis
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

Following most democratic coups, the military manages to secure exit benefits, which, depending on their degree, may foster various dysfunctions in the political system and undermine long-term democratic development. The dose determines the toxicity. A democratic regime can mature even with prerogatives for the military, as long as those prerogatives don’t interfere with democratic notions of civilian control of the armed forces. Although these prerogatives are often undesirable from civilians’ perspective, any attempts by civilians to immediately march the military back to the barracks empty-handed can prompt a backlash from the military leaders. They may dig in, rather than give in, and derail the transition process. And from civilians’ perspective, the military’s exit with benefits is often better than no exit at all.
The Retreat
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

For several reasons, prolonged participation in politics can endanger both the military as an institution and the leaders at the helm, prompting an abdication of political power. Military muscle doesn’t equal political acuity. Governance often turns out to be a humbling experience for military leaders ill-equipped to perform the task. Even military officers initially determined to establish a dictatorship may lose their appetite for governance as they begin to appreciate the human and political capital required to run a government, let alone establish an enduring dictatorship. The intramural squabbles within the junta can snowball in intensity over time and cause the leadership to implode.
Hollow Hope
Authors: Varol Ozan O.
Published: August 2017

Although militaries derive substantial benefits from democracy, coup makers may become disillusioned with democratic governance if democracy fails to live up to its promises. The transition from dictatorship to democracy may usher in a period of economic and social instability, with no segment of society spared its ravages. As democracy proves to be more of a foe than a friend, impatient military leaders, as in Brazil and Argentina, may morph from reformers into tyrants. In both cases, the military, having lost its optimism for democratic governance, instituted the very form of government (a dictatorship) that it had attempted to purge before.
Conclusion
Authors: Volpi Frédéric
Published: August 2017

In the four North African countries, the early process of mobilization in protest events illustrated the contingent dynamics of events-generated events. The transformation of localized episodes of unrest into nationwide waves of unrest was not only the product of the strategic and coincidental actions of the protesters but also of the responses of the authoritarian systems in place. The different trajectories of change in the four polities can be used as counterfactuals to map varied scenarios of interactions between multiple players and to draw inferences. They illustrate how the variations in the sequencing of events, formation of arenas of contestation and construction of actors and practices shaped differently the outcomes of the uprisings in each state. Rather than stressing how these transformations are likely outcomes of pre-existing structural trends and tensions, an event-oriented account of the Arab uprisings illustrates instead how contingent these institutional re-articulations were.
A New Political Elite
Authors: Jensenius Francesca R.
Published: August 2017

Chapter 5 investigates the effects of quotas on the political participation of SCs at the elite level, by examining the integration of SCs into mainstream politics. Although India’s reserved constituencies used to be slightly less politically competitive than other constituencies, this is no longer the case. However, there are differences in the rerunning patterns of SC politicians and others, indicating that SC politicians may still be less politically competitive than other politicians. The last section turns to an indirect but important measure of whether SC politicians are truly integrated into the elite: cabinet membership. SCs have gradually become included in cabinets across India in larger numbers, but they are still somewhat less likely to be given such responsibilities, especially when it comes to the top-ranking positions.
Understanding Scientific Understanding
Authors: de Regt Henk W.
Published: August 2017

This book is about scientific understanding. It is widely acknowledged that a central aim of science is to achieve understanding of the world around us, and that possessing such understanding is highly important in our present-day society. But what does it mean to achieve this understanding? What precisely is scientific understanding? These are philosophical questions that have not yet received satisfactory answers. While there has been an ongoing debate about the nature of scientific explanation since Carl Hempel advanced his covering law model in 1948, the related notion of understanding has been largely neglected because most philosophers regarded understanding as merely a subjective byproduct of objective explanations. By contrast, this book puts scientific understanding center stage. It is primarily a philosophical study, but also contains detailed historical case studies of scientific practice. In contrast to most existing studies in this area, it takes into account scientists’ views and analyzes their role in scientific debate and development. The aim of the book is to develop and defend a philosophical theory of scientific understanding that can describe and explain the historical variation of criteria for understanding actually employed by scientists. The theory does justice to the insights of such famous physicists as Werner Heisenberg and Richard Feynman, while bringing much-needed conceptual rigor to their intuitions. The scope of the proposed account of understanding is the natural sciences: while the detailed case studies derive from physics, examples from other sciences are presented to illustrate its wider validity.
Understanding and the Aims of Science
Authors: de Regt Henk W.
Published: August 2017

Philosophers of science have long believed that understanding, contrary to explanation, is a philosophically irrelevant notion. On Carl Hempel’s influential view, understanding is psychological and pragmatic, and can therefore be ignored by philosophers. This chapter argues, by contrast, that understanding is not merely a psychological byproduct of explanations but a central aim of science, and that it is accordingly epistemically significant. On the basis of an analysis of the processes of constructing and evaluating scientific explanations, it argues that the production of scientific knowledge and explanations involves skill and judgment, which implies the requirement that scientific theories be intelligible. Intelligibility, defined as the value that scientists attribute to the cluster of qualities that facilitate the use of a theory, is essential for achieving the epistemic aims of science. Finally, it argues that the pragmatic nature of understanding does not undermine the objectivity of scientific explanation and understanding.
A Contextual Theory of Scientific Understanding
Authors: de Regt Henk W.
Published: August 2017

This chapter presents a full-fledged pluralistic, contextual theory of scientific understanding that is built on the analysis of intelligibility offered in chapter 2. The basic idea of this contextual theory of understanding is captured by the Criterion for the Understanding of Phenomena, which is articulated in section 4.1. Subsequently, in sections 4.2 and 4.3, the theory is further developed in terms of criteria for intelligibility and an analysis of the role of conceptual tools, and is supported by examples from scientific practice. Section 4.4 elaborates on various aspects of the contextuality of scientific understanding: its historical dynamics, the role of intuitions, and the relation of the theory to existing pragmatic theories of explanation. The theory’s implications for the issues of reductionism and scientific realism are discussed in section 4.5, and the final section defends the contextual theory against the charge that it implies relativism.
Origins
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence M.
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the unique approach to musical grammar taken in this volume, which adopts a theoretical perspective first developed by cognitive linguists. According to this theory, grammatical units are constructions that combine both form (syntax) and function (semantics). Building on the assumption that language and music have different functions in human cultures, it is proposed these media exploit different systems of reference: language relies on symbolic reference, and music relies on analogical reference. Musical grammar is based on form-function pairs (“constructions”) that provide sonic analogs for dynamic processes central to human cultures. This volume will focus on three such processes: those related to the emotions, to gestures, and to dance. The chapter provides an overview of the book as a whole and also explains how this approach to musical grammar connects with previous work in music theory.
Karachi
Authors: Rehman Zia Ur
Published: August 2017

This chapter by Zia Ur Rehman problematizes a historical view of Karachi as a predominantly Mohajir city populated by the descendants of the Urdu-speaking migrants from India after Partition, and as laboring under the political control of the Muttahida Quami Movement party (MQM). Rather, this chapter thoroughly documents some grand transformations Karachi has experienced in regard to historical Pashtun migrations and settlement, and the subsequent entrance of the Taliban into Karachi’s Pashtun neighborhoods. These developments reveal how Karachi’s Pashtun geography and demographic patternings involve far from monolithic political mobilizations of Pashtuns from all classes, neighborhoods, and originary regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Rooted in decades of Rehman’s field research as an award-winning Karachi journalist, the chapter comprises a richly detailed reflection of the controversial question of whether Karachi is fast becoming a Pashtun-dominated city.
The Sunday Fighter
Authors: Gayer Laurent
Published: August 2017

This chapter by Laurent Gayer examines one part-time fighter or ‘intermittent combatant’ in the Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM) in 2013. The case of “Iqbal” both updates existing accounts of an older vanguard of MQM militants, and offers a window onto ways violence may serve as a form of labor exchange in Karachi neighborhoods. Gayer characterizes militancy as a type of ‘dirty work’ that includes collecting extortion money, land grabbing, creating public disturbances and fighting enemy groups when necessary. Whilst Iqbal joined the MQM to access opportunities for labor and reward, as a non-Mohajir he was relegated to the least appealing tasks of MQM militancy. Iqbal strategizes to avoid rather than embrace becoming a killer. Gayer elaborates on ways violence is intrinsic to and regulates political conduct in a compelling account of how one young man gains a sense of purpose and agency in a real and imagined battlefield, by living life on the edge—but not too far.
Four ‘Ordinary’ Deaths
Authors: Khan Kausar S.
Published: August 2017

This chapter by Kausar S. Khan draws continuities between her early research in unplanned settlements (katchi abadis) in Orangi, her activism in the Karachi’s Women’s Action Forum, and her academic research into the effects of structural, gendered and political violence on women and marginalized communities. She offers a moving account of the deaths of four friends in 2013. Khan writes using the first person, forcing the reader into an intimate, uncomfortable relation with the text, and the emotional landscape she engages. This compelling auto-ethnographic piece highlights the contradiction in experiences of loss and grief which are deeply unfathomable, compared with the need to crystallize their articulation in activist agendas. Thereby it comprises a view into violence’s lasting effects, ways research and activism co-constitute spaces of mourning, and the basis of a hardening desire to oppose violence by the means available.
Afterword I
Authors: Shaikh Farzana
Published: August 2017

The first afterword to the book by Farzana Shaikh enriches some issues pertaining to local and national, historical and global, transformations, and to religion, in relation to five of the chapters. She elaborates on the possibilities of a pluralistic rethinking of the term Mohajir proposed by Zia Ur Rehman; she affirms Hasan’s efforts to not reiterate an elitist nostalgia; and her reading of Verkaaik’s chapter reflects on how ideas of “popular”, “modern” and “secular” do and do not easily co-exist as discourses of difference. Certainly Kausar S. Khan will appreciate her highlighting the insistence on peace as a right that must be fought for, even if the way is unclear. “Secularism” as a solution to sectarianism is woefully limited, and Shaikh rightfully adds a note of realism.
Afterword II
Authors: Ali Kamran Asdar
Published: August 2017

The second afterword to the book by Kamran Asdar Ali returns us to the city, and to the lives of Karachi’s working women and working classes. He draws on women’s poems, diaries, and memoirs to capture some more ephemeral qualities of everyday living and dying. These contrast with the violent suppression of an underclass of trade unionists and labor activists by a coalition of the state, military courts and industrialists, since the fifties. Given the long, progressive erosion of peace in Karachi how, he asks, might we imagine a therapeutic process of social, economic and cultural healing? Through an image of citizens “at work” creating citywide networks and connections, we are offered finally some possibilities of dreaming. Namely, through increased understandings, not of conflict, but also of each other’s intimate everyday lives, the dream emerges of a new political space or public where even intractable disagreements can be managed through gestures of kindness, compromise, and fresh vocabularies of how to carry on and get by.
Talking about MOTION in medieval English
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

Chapter 4 outlines the aims, material, and methodology of the different studies of motion expression in Old and Middle English presented in chapters 5–6: The inventories of motion verbs (based primarily on the Thesaurus of Old English and a definition search in the Middle English Dictionary) investigate which kinds of verbs can be used to talk about motion, including various non-motion verbs coerced into motion readings by the construction. They also allow a first impression of the combinability of manner verbs and path satellites and of the general manner salience of Old and Middle English. The analysis of roughly 1000 motion expressions in exemplary Old and Middle English texts, which are presented in this chapter (chronicles, saints’ lives, non-imaginative narration, and fiction), shows which verbs and structures are typically used to talk about motion in different text types.
Latin and medieval French in the motion verb typology
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

Since Latin and medieval French are the contact languages from which the path verbs analysed in chapter 9 are borrowed, this chapter summarizes earlier research on Latin and medieval French in the motion verb typology and offers a case study on motion expression in the prose parts of the Old French Aucassin et Nicolette. It is shown that while medieval French can be called satellite-framing with respect to the structures used to talk about motion, which typically feature satellites (though less often in the form of adverbs than in medieval English), the use of path verbs is considerably higher than of manner verbs, and manner verbs are less frequently combined with satellites than are other motion verbs. This is related to narrative styles typical of medieval French romances and epics.
Borrowed PATH verbs in Middle English
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

Chapter 8 presents the hypotheses about the early use of borrowed path verbs in Middle English which will be investigated in chapter 9: Previous research suggests that these path verbs, which have been shown in chapter 5 not to have any real native forerunners, can be expected to be more frequently used for general literal motion events in translations from French and Latin than in autonomous Middle English texts, while they are expected to be more frequently used for metaphorical and other non-literal motion in autonomous texts. Furthermore, it is likely that they acquire additional manner semantics in Middle English, as speakers interpret them in line with the semantic patterns prevalent in Middle English motion verbs. The chapter also introduces the methodology and the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse which serves as the basis for the study.
Borrowed PATH verbs in Middle English
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

Chapter 9 analyses the use of the path verbs enter, ish/issue, descend, avale, ascend, mount, and amount in Middle English autonomous texts and translations from French and Latin, focusing on their recurrent contexts and their complementation patterns. It shows that these verbs are borrowed predominantly in specific, often non-literal or manner-enriched senses relating to discourse domains such as administration, military, religion, and the like, rather than being borrowed as verbs for describing general literal motion events. Their application for general literal motion events is shown to be less restricted in translations from French and Latin, in which translators often react to the presence of a path verb in the original by using the same verb in its Middle English form. This and the continued influence of French and Latin after Middle English may eventually have led to a wider application of the verbs in later stages of the language.
General conclusion
Authors: Huber Judith
Published: August 2017

Chapter 10 offers a general conclusion of the findings of the book: Old and Middle English are strongly satellite-framing languages, whose intransitive motion construction can also accommodate verbs which inherently do not evoke a meaning of motion. The size of the manner verb lexicon in medieval English, as well as the use of manner verbs in the texts analysed, point to a similar degree of manner salience as in Present-Day English. The path verbs from French and Latin are shown to be borrowed initially not for expressing general literal motion events, but mostly in abstract or manner-enriched uses more peripheral to their meaning in the donor languages. The study also points out effects of the intertypological contact situation with Middle English on motion verb use in Anglo-Norman. Potential further effects yet to be investigated are suggested in this chapter.
Why We Are Moral Equals
Authors: Sher George
Published: August 2017

It is widely agreed that all persons have equal moral standing, but it is far less clear why this is so. Given the innumerable differences that separate people—they differ in strength, intelligence, and along every other empirical dimension—what could ground the view that they are all equally important? In this chapter, I propose an answer to this question: namely, that each person is a distinct subjectivity or center of consciousness. Because this feature of persons is all or nothing—because you either have it or you don’t—it is unlike the empirical features that come in degrees. In this and other ways, it fits naturally into the slot that an adequate basis of our moral equality must occupy.
Responsibility, Conversation, and Communication
Authors: Sher George
Published: August 2017

It is natural to suppose that we should hold agents responsible for their acts when and because they are in fact responsible. However, inspired by Strawson’s landmark essay “Freedom and Resentment,” a number of philosophers have recently sought to reverse this ordering, arguing that agents are responsible when and because we do or should hold them responsible. In his book Conversation and Responsibility, Michael McKenna has tried to strike a middle ground between these views by exploiting an analogy between the ways in which we respond to wrongdoers (and the ways they respond to our responses) and the different moves in an unfolding conversation. The current chapter examines this analogy with an eye to clarifying the role that conventions and shared expectations play in the different stages of a responsibility exchange. Although the analogy is highly suggestive, the chapter argues that it does not support McKenna’s conclusion.
Blame and Moral Ignorance
Authors: Sher George
Published: August 2017

People can be mistaken either about the truth of the moral principles they accept or about the rightness of their actions. Can they legitimately be blamed for acting wrongly when they know what they are doing but don’t know that it is wrong? This chapter argues that the answer is sometimes “yes,” but that whether blame is appropriate in any given case depends on certain facts about the actor’s epistemic situation. The aims of the chapter are to establish, first, that a morally ignorant wrongdoer’s epistemic circumstances do have a bearing on that person’s culpability, but, second, that giving content to this familiar view is far harder than is generally appreciated.
The Sound of Belonging
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: August 2017

This chapter establishes the theoretical frame for the book: a nexus a belonging-as-membership and belonging-as-ownership. Developing theories of musical style and convention, it argues that listening exposes this double relation of belonging and that this relation appears with particular acuity in the instrumental music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. This opening chapter introduces the idea of listening as exappropriation and sets out the various guises in which this concept will materialize in the chapters ahead. It concludes by locating this politics of listening alongside the concepts of revolution, restoration, and resistance.
Mozart’s Uselessness
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: August 2017

Humanity has oftentimes been defined as a laboring being. This chapter looks at how musical play undoes this determination. Using Deleuze, Guillaume, and Malabou, it revisits the relation between repetition and variation in musical form, focusing on the refrain cadences in Mozart’s piano concertos. The analyses reveal that repetition, far from being static, restores musical material to its potentiality. They show how repetition is related to virtuosic play and hence how repetition challenges the privilege of productivity and labor. To this end, this chapter reexamines what is at stake in recnet Formenlehre over debates between Schoenbergian functional and sonata-theory approaches. The result is to develop this important body of work via a theory of potentiality.
The Time it Takes to Listen
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: August 2017

This final chapter tackles the issue of temporality. Analyzing a number of Beethoven’s late works, including the Arietta variations, it offers a thoroughgoing deconstruction of the temporality of listening and its logics of representation. The analyses suggest that the is a supplementary time that tends to go unaccounted for when we think of the time of music’s unfolding and the time represented in analysis. The trills that appear across the late works are indices, it is suggested, of this extra time it takes to listen. In this way listening is always already anticipated and music always already exappropriated.
Epilogue
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi
Published: August 2017

Op. 111 marks the culmination of a process across the last three sonatas by which the trill acquires an increasing autonomy from its conventional ornamental function. Among the quartets, it is perhaps only the Grosse Fugue that matches the Arietta’s transformation of the trill. As the fugue subject is fragmented, the trill is cut off from its conventional resolution. Trills then begin to saturate every note in the texture such that their functional potential is entirely eclipsed by their conversion into pure sound. This enjoyment of the trill for its exclusively timbral quality, rather than its capacity to signify harmonic closure, harks back to Beethoven’s idiosyncratic overuse of superfluous ties in the syncopations of the fugal exposition, and in the ...