bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FC‐25  A novel ulcerative nasal dermatitis of Bengal cats
Authors: Bergvall K.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this report was to describe a unique dermatitis affecting Bengal cats in Sweden. Forty‐eight Bengal cats were presented to DjurAkuten between 1999 and 2003. Six cats (four males and two females) exhibited a unique dermatosis characterized by fissures, crusts, erosions and ulcers limited to the nasal planum. No other skin or internal lesions were noted, except for a heart murmur in one cat. The age of onset varied between 4 months and 1 year. The skin disease did not appear to be contagious. Fungal cultures were negative in four subjects, and haematology and serum chemistry results were unremarkable in two cats. In one patient, histopathology revealed marked epidermal parakeratosis and crusting, and a moderate mononuclear and neutrophilic dermatitis with periadnexal plasma cells. Five cats were treated with antibiotics without noticeable improvement in nasal lesions. Prednisolone administration resulted in complete remission in one cat and partial, short‐term improvement of lesions in another. Topical application of salicylic acid improved lesions in one of two cats. Finally, tacrolimus ointment led to a rapid decrease in lesions in four patients. Follow‐up varied between 4 months and 3 years. One cat remained in complete remission with prednisolone, partial improvement was maintained in one cat with salicylic acid, and marked improvement of lesions persisted with topical tacrolimus in four patients. The cause of this unique dermatitis remains elusive. The occurrence of skin lesions in one breed suggests a heritable cause. The response of lesions to immunomodulators suggests of an immune pathogenesis.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐26  Junctional epidermolysis bullosa in a Charolais calf with deficient expression of integrin α6β4
Authors: Guaguere E. , Berg K. , Degorce‐Rubiales F. , Spadafora A. , Meneguzzi G.
Published: August 2004

Hereditary junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a rare mechanobullous disease associated with defective expression of the hemidesmosome/anchoring filament proteins laminin‐5, collagen XVII and integrin α6β4. The condition is characterized by extensive blistering of the skin caused by splitting of the lamina lucida of the basement membrane (BM) in the squamous epithelia and by extracutaneous manifestations. Congenital JEB has been sporadically reported in cattle, but the BM protein associated with the genetic defect has not been identified. We report a case of spontaneous JEB in a 2‐week‐old female Charolais calf. Clinical lesions observed at birth were acral, auricular and oral erosions and ulcers, and onychomadesis of the four feet. General signs included anorexia, apathy, emaciation and marked cutaneous pain that justified rapid euthanasia. Histopathological examination revealed a dermo‐epidermal separation of the BM zone without keratinocyte cytolysis. Antigen immunomapping of frozen skin sections using antibodies to the major components of the human cutaneous BM revealed an intralamina lucida cleavage of the skin, which confirmed the diagnosis of JEB. In skin samples from the affected calf and wild type controls, the immunoreactivity of laminin‐5 and collagen XVII was comparable, while expression of integrin α6β4 was strongly reduced in the proband. These are the first results identifying itgα6 and itgβ4 as the candidate genes affecting cattle in JEB. They also suggest that altered expression of integrin α6β4 in ruminants is not associated with pyloric atresia – a complication always observed in humans suffering from altered synthesis of integrin α6β4.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐27  A spontaneous dog model for in vivo gene therapy of junctional epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Spirito F. , Capt A. , Guaguere E. , Del Rio M. , Meneguzzi G.
Published: August 2004

Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a mechanobullous skin disease associated with mutations in the basement membrane components of the dermo‐epidermal junction. This condition is a suitable prototype for proving the feasibility of a gene therapy approach to genodermatoses. As successful genetic treatment requires immunocompetent animal models to study the possible host immune response to the transgene, we have characterized a breed of short‐haired pointers suffering from a mild form of JEB. These animals exhibit skin blistering and erosions following minor trauma. Immunohistochemical analysis of the skin biopsies and immunoprecipitation of spent medium from cultured JEB keratinocytes showed reduced expression and secretion of the α3 chain of laminin 5 (α3, β3, γ2), the major adhesion ligand of basal keratinocytes. The search for genetic mutations detected a homozygous insertional mutation (4818 + 207 ins6.5 kb) in intron 35 of the lama3 gene. Consequently, keratinocytes from dogs with JEB secrete reduced amounts of wild‐type laminin 5, and adhesive properties of the keratinocytes are compromised. Retroviral transfer of wild‐type dog α3 cDNA into JEB keratinocytes enhanced secretion of laminin 5 in the extracellular matrix and restored the adhesion, differentiation and proliferative capacity of the transduced cells. Transplantable fibrin‐based skin equivalents made with transduced JEB keratinocytes and grafted onto SCID mice generated normal cohesive and stratified epithelia and showed stable localized deposition of laminin 5 at the dermo‐epidermal junction. Our results form the basis for preclinical assays of gene therapy on a unique immunocompetent animal model for an inherited skin disease.

Funding: DEBRA (UK) Foundation, Association Francaise Contre les Myopathies.
FC‐28  Ultrastructural markers expressed in cultured canine dendritic cells and laminated bodies found in Langerhans cells: similarities and differences
Authors: Ibisch C. , Lieubeau B. , Pradal G. , Bach J. M.
Published: August 2004

Ultrastructural markers that consist of coated vesicles, regularly laminated bodies, pleiomorphic inclusions and paracrystalline structures have been described in canine cutaneous histiocytoma (CCH), a cutaneous tumour of Langerhans cell origin. These microstructures are also observed in congenital self‐healing histiocytosis, a human Langerhans cell tumour. We have observed for the first time ultrastructural markers in canine dendritic cells (DC) that share some of the features of the microstructures described in CCH. Canine DC were generated in vitro from adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Morphological analyses and ultrastructural and functional studies showed that these cells display typical DC features. After 1 week of in vitro culture of adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of canine IL‐4 and human GM‐CSF, a great proportion of the cells displayed typical cytoplasmic processes (optical and electronic microscopy) and expressed CD14 and MHC class II molecules (cytometric analysis). In addition, allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions were performed to assess the ability of these cells to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes. Compared to monocytes/macrophages, these cells were able to stimulate allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation very strongly, as is reported for DC in other species. Ultrastructural analysis of these DC revealed the presence of cytoplasmic organites, dense granules of variable sizes containing periodic microstructures. These results were obtained for the three different breeds tested. The microstructures previously described in Langerhans cells (e.g. in CCH) share some similarities with periodic microstructures (membrane, laminated aspect, cytoplasmic localization), but not the typical periodic aspect seen in DC.

Funding: National Veterinary School of Nantes.
FC‐29  Distribution of γδ‐T lymphocytes in normal canine skin
Authors: Hirt B. C. , Affolter V. K. , Löffler J. F. , Moore P. F.
Published: August 2004

The exact function of T cells with the γδ‐T‐cell receptor is still poorly understood and their participation in different skin diseases is largely unknown. The goals of this study were to investigate the distribution of γδ‐T cells in normal canine skin and mucocutaneous junctions, and to evaluate their frequency in different body locations. Skin samples were collected from 10 dogs. From each dog, 10 different skin regions were sampled. Two random 30 μm cryosections were used for immunohistochemistry. Each tissue was evaluated for the presence of T cells, αβ‐T cells and γδ‐T cells. The numbers of positive cells per volume of tissue were determined in the epidermis and superficial dermis of each sample using a 42‐point square grid overlay. Accurate thickness of the tissue section was measured with an A2 axis stage micrometer. Results were analysed statistically and 1000 cells/mm3 were used as the threshold value. Independent from body location, the vast majority of γδ‐T cells were observed in the epidermis. Significant occurrences of epidermal γδ‐T cells were found in 50% of samples from the anorectal skin and eyelid, and in 25% of samples from the lip, interdigital skin and pinna. However, <1000 cells/mm3 were observed in the axilla, trunk, inguinal skin, tongue and footpad samples. This study reveals information about the distribution of γδ‐T cells in the skin and, hence, may provide new insights into the prevalence of these cells in skin diseases preferentially developing in certain body locations.

Funding: Leukocyte Antigen Biology Laboratory, University of California‐Davis.
FC‐30  Presence of dust mites in the environment of dust mite‐sensitized atopic dogs
Authors: Farmaki R. , Saridomichelakis M. N. , Koutinas A. F. , Papazahariadou M. G. , Leontides L. , Gioulekas D.
Published: August 2004

Dust mites (DM) are the most common offending aeroallergens in atopic dogs. The aim of this study was to compare the DM load of households with atopic dogs (Group A, n = 8) that had positive intradermal test reactions to Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and/or Tyrophagus putrescentiae to the DM load of households with nonatopic dogs (Group B, n = 4) and of nonpet households (Group C, n = 8). Group A dogs presented with perennial pruritus, were free of pathogenic mites and fleas, did not respond to an elimination diet, and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis. All Group B dogs tested intradermally negative and had no dermatological problems. Dust samples were vacuum collected in a standardized fashion from the human (all groups) and dog mattresses (Groups A and B) or from the couch (Group C) four times, once for each season of the year. The presence of DM was assessed with a commercial test (Acarex test) and stereoscopically. At least one DM was found in all Group A houses. The DM load was not significantly different between the seasons or the three animal groups. The sensitivity of the Acarex test was significantly lower than that of stereoscopic examination (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the environmental DM load was similar between atopic and nonatopic dogs, the presence of dogs in a household didn't increase DM numbers, and stereoscopy was more sensitive than the Acarex test for the detection of DM.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐31  Prevalence and characterization of house dust mites and house dust mite allergens collected from the bedding, skin and hair coat of dogs in southwest England
Authors: Jackson A. P. , Shaw S. E. , Hart B. J. , Helps C. R. , Foster A. P.
Published: August 2004

The house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus are commonly used in diagnostic serological and intradermal tests for canine atopic dermatitis in the UK. However, there are few studies that have characterised the exposure of UK pet dogs to these mites. Objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of mites and to characterise the mite species on skin, hair coat and bedding of pet dogs. A population of nonhospitalized pet dogs for which bedding was available for analysis was recruited irrespective of dermatological status (n = 34). Dust samples (n = 68) were collected from both dogs and their beds using a standardised vacuuming technique. Mites were identified using accepted morphological criteria. House dust mite allergen concentrations were assayed using a standardised ELISA for Der p 1 and Der f 1. Mites were identified in 15 of 68 samples (22%): D. pteronyssinus alone in three of 68, D. pteronyssinus in combination with storage or unclassified mites in five of 68, and storage or unclassified mites alone in seven of 68. Dermatophagoides farinae was not identified in any samples. Der p 1 allergens were detected in 37 of 68 samples (54%), and Der f 1 in four of 68 samples (5.9%). Contrary to studies elsewhere in Europe and North America, these findings support studies of human asthma patients in the UK where exposure to D. pteronyssinus is common, but rare to D. farinae. Given the high prevalence of positive intradermal and serological reactions to D. farinae in atopic dogs, further investigations are warranted to clarify potential cross‐reactivity with other mite allergens.

Funding: PetPlan Charitable Trust, Pfizer Animal Health.
FC‐32  Identification of airbourne moulds in stables over a 2‐year period
Authors: Paterson S. , Bacon T.
Published: August 2004

Fungal moulds are well recognised as a trigger for allergic disease in people. Good correlation is recognized between rising levels of airbourne moulds and allergic reactions to these moulds. This study was designed to evaluate the levels and types of airbourne moulds in different stable types over a 2‐year period. Four stables were chosen within an equine hospital environment. Shavings were used as bedding in all stables throughout the period. The stables were selected as four different constructions with different outlooks and different ventilation, although they were all within the same establishment. Each month throughout the investigation period, a Sabouraud's medium petri dish was mounted vertically on the wall of each stable at a height of 1.5 m and left uncovered for 30 min. The temperature and general weather conditions were recorded. The dish was submitted to the laboratory for culture. A variety of different moulds were identified. These included Penicillium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp. and Candida spp. The different stable constructions grew different numbers of moulds, but the same type on each occasion. Cold icy weather tended to favour growth of Penicillium spp. Aspergillus spp. was identified most commonly when conditions were cold and damp in the autumn. Mould growth was sparse in the spring, but tended to rise in mid‐summer and into the autumn.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐33  Expression of IL‐12 receptor β2 gene in atopic dogs
Authors: Kitamiya E. , Momoi Y. , Iwasaki T.
Published: August 2004

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is very common in dogs, but its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. It has been suggested that a Th2‐dominant status may be associated with the occurrence of canine AD. IL‐12 is thought to be important for the differentiation of Th1 cells. The IL‐12 receptor β2 (IL‐12Rβ2) gene is considered to play a critical role in signal transduction and is attracting attention as one of the causative genes of AD in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between IL‐12Rβ2 gene expression and canine AD. The canine IL‐12Rβ2 gene was cloned by RT‐PCR and its nucleotide sequences were determined. Canine IL‐12Rβ2 showed 76.8% homology at the amino acid level with human IL‐12Rβ2, and its structural motifs were well conserved. cDNA with a 91 bp deletion including the transmembrane region was also cloned, which consequently produced a frame shift and an early stop codon. The deletion region corresponded to exon 14 of the human IL‐12Rβ2 gene on chromosome 1. The expression of deleted canine IL‐12Rβ2 mRNA in phytohemagglutinin‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined in seven healthy dogs and 11 AD dogs. Both deleted and intact mRNAs were expressed at constant ratios in healthy and AD dogs. The results indicate that the deletion of the transmembrane region is not associated with the occurrence of AD, and that the expression of the deleted mRNA may be constitutive and produced by alternative splicing.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐35  Real‐time evaluation of cytokine and protease expression in flea‐allergic and nonallergic dogs
Authors: Brachelente C. , Wuersch K. , Doherr M. , Reist M. , Peel J. E. , Welle M.
Published: August 2004

Flea bite allergy is a skin disorder with a complex immunopathogenesis. Th2 cytokines and proteases have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis. The aims of our study were to evaluate the cytokine and protease expression in skin biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), the histopathological response, and the response to intradermal tests (IDT) in sensitized nonallergic and sensitized allergic dogs. Twenty dogs were exposed to fleas once a day for 4 days. Before flea exposure and after the last flea exposure, an IDT was performed, skin biopsies were taken, and PBMC were isolated. Skin biopsies and PBMC were stimulated with various substances, and real‐time RT‐PCR was performed using primers for tryptase, chymase, IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, TNFα and IFNγ. Intradermal tests and histopathological examination of biopsies revealed much stronger reactions in the allergic group. Before flea exposure, mRNA expression of chymase, TNFα, IFNγ, IL‐5 and IL‐13 in biopsies of allergic dogs was higher compared to nonallergic dogs, whereas in PBMC only the expression of IFNγ was higher. After flea exposure, the difference in mRNA expression between allergic and nonallergic dogs was not as striking. In allergic dogs, stimulation of PBMC with flea antigen resulted in a higher expression of IL‐4 and IL‐13, whereas in biopsies only the expression of IL‐4 was higher. Our results demonstrate that even without the presence of antigen, the pattern of cytokine expression differs between allergic and nonallergic dogs. Furthermore, these results clearly demonstrate that the inflammatory response is much stronger in allergic dogs.

Funding: Novartis SA.
FC‐36  The use of immunostimulatory bacterial DNA sequences in allergen‐specific immunotherapy of canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Mueller R. S. , Veir J. , Fieseler K. V. , Dow S.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a combination of immunostimulatory bacterial DNA sequences and allergen‐specific immunotherapy for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Seven dogs with nonseasonal atopic dermatitis diagnosed by history, clinical signs and exclusion of differential diagnoses were included. All dogs had been on allergen‐specific immunotherapy for at least 12 months with incomplete responses, were on additional antipruritic therapy and showed residual pruritus. Pruritus was marked by the owner on a visual analogue scale, lesions were determined by a clinician using the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI), and concurrent medications were recorded before entering the study and after 14 weeks of treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured; canine cytokine message for IFNγ, IL‐4, TNF and IL‐10 was quantitated using RT‐PCR. A mixture of allergen extract and liposome‐DNA complexes was injected intradermally at the beginning of the study and after 2, 4, 6, 10 and 14 weeks. CADESI, pruritus and medication scores, and cytokine messages at the beginning and end of the study were compared with a paired t‐test. There were significant improvements in pruritus scores (P = 0.0277). Reductions in medication scores and CADESI were not statistically significant. IL‐4 production decreased significantly (P = 0.0428); decreases in other cytokines were not significant. Although the number of dogs in this pilot study was small, the results warrant further investigation of a combination of immunostimulatory bacterial DNA sequences and allergen‐specific immunotherapy for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐37  Use of recombinant omega interferon therapy in canine atopic dermatitis: a pilot study
Authors: Carlotti D. N. , Madiot G. , Ducret J. , Jasmin P. , Gardey L.
Published: August 2004

It has been postulated that atopic dogs show a predominant Th2‐type response associated with overexpression of IL‐4 and increased secretion of IgE. In a pilot, open uncontrolled study, 20 dogs with confirmed atopic dermatitis were given Virbagen Omega®, a feline recombinant omega interferon (rfeIFN‐ω), to ascertain whether this type‐1 cytokine could modulate the Th2‐dominated cytokine response. Dogs received rfeIFN‐ω as a monotherapy at the dosage of 1 MU/kg subcutaneously, three times per week for 3 weeks. Flea control and the use of nonmedicated shampoo were maintained during the study. Lesional and pruritus indices for canine atopic dermatitis (LICAD and PICAD, respectively) were assessed before, after treatment (day 21) and 3 weeks post‐treatment (day 42) using a scoring system based on the extent and severity of skin lesions (erythema, excoriation and lichenification scored on 12 anatomic areas) and pruritus (scored on six anatomic areas). Two dogs were excluded, one for an erythematous reaction and another for relapsing folliculitis. After rfeIFNω therapy (day 21), both LICAD and PICAD were significantly improved (P < 0.01). By day 42, mean LICAD and PICAD had decreased by 60 and 51%, respectively, compared to baseline values. Adverse reactions to rfeIFN‐ω were rare and inconsistent. This study suggests that rfeIFN‐ω may be useful in the control of canine atopic dermatitis. However, further work is needed to confirm efficacy and define the optimal dosage through a long‐term randomized controlled trial.

Funding: Virbac SA.
FC‐38  Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid and black currant seed oil in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis: a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Noli C. , Banni S.
Published: August 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown inhibitory effects on histamine release, eicosanoid production and pruritus in laboratory rodents. Its use in canine atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of CLA, black currant seed oil (BSO) or a combination of both compared to placebo in dogs with AD. A further aim was to evaluate changes in fatty acid metabolism induced by these treatments. Twenty‐four dogs with AD (no response to food trials and negative intradermal tests for fleas) were randomly allocated to four groups. Each group was treated orally daily for 2 months in a blinded manner with 1 mL/10 kg CLA, 1 mL/10 kg BSO, 1 mL/10 kg CLA + 1 mL/10 kg BSO, or 1 mL/10 kg sugar syrup (placebo). Serum was obtained for polyunsaturated fatty acid analysis on days 0, 30 and 60. Owners assessed pruritus with a visual analogue scale, and veterinarians evaluated lesions with the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extension and Severity Index on days 0, 30 and 60. The best clinical results occurred with BSO alone and were particularly evident in half of the animals treated. However, global improvement was not significant with any of the treatments. Serum levels of di‐homo‐gamma‐linolenic acid markedly increased in BSO‐treated dogs, which may be related to the clinical improvement. Conjugated linoleic acid at the dosage used in this study does not seem to be helpful in canine AD, whereas BSO may be helpful in a selected population of dogs with AD.

Funding: NBF Lanes.
FC‐39  Successful management of canine atopic dermatitis using a plant extract: a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Nuttall T. J. , Ferguson E. A. , Littlewood J. D. , Grover R.
Published: August 2004

This study evaluated the efficacy of PhytopicaTM, a proprietary blend of standardised plant extracts, in canine atopic dermatitis (AD). One hundred twenty dogs with perennial AD were recruited on the basis of history and clinical signs, and a positive intradermal allergen test or rFcεRIα serology to perennial allergens. Other pruritic dermatoses were eliminated by antimicrobial treatment, skin scrapings, Sarcoptes serology, flea control and a 6‐week food trial. Exclusion criteria included antimicrobial therapy within 7 days, antihistamines within 14 days, oral/topical glucocorticoids or cyclosporin within 28 days, and parenteral glucocorticoids, essential fatty acids or immunotherapy within 56 days of entry into the study. Dogs [minimum Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI) = 25] were randomly allocated to receive placebo, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg PhytopicaTM daily for 12 weeks. Their CADESI was assessed every 4 weeks. A modified intention‐to‐treat population was analysed. The mean reductions in CADESI scores at the end of treatment compared to baseline were 4.4% (100 mg/kg; n = 30), 23.4% (200 mg/kg; n = 29, P < 0.01), 8.5% (400 mg/kg; n = 29) and 3.9% (placebo; n = 29). For more severely affected dogs (minimum CADESI ≥ 50 at baseline), there was significant reduction in mean CADESI score (29.3%, P = 0.038) only in the 200 mg/kg treatment group (n = 14). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PhytopicaTM is an effective nonsteroidal treatment for canine AD.

Funding: Phytopharm plc.
FC‐40  Efficacy of combined topical therapy with antiallergic shampoo and lotion for the control of signs associated with atopic dermatitis in dogs
Authors: Reme C. A. , Mondon A. , Calmon J. P. , Poisson L. , Jasmin P. , Carlotti D. N.
Published: August 2004

This study evaluated the benefit of Allermyl® shampoo and lotion in alleviating signs of atopic dermatitis in dogs. After treatment of previous infections, 35 dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis according to Prelaud's criteria were included in the study. Three of the dogs improved on prior elimination diet trials, but signs were not completely controlled. The dogs first underwent a 3‐week antiparasitic therapeutic trial period (permethrin spray once every 7 days and acaricidal medication). Dogs whose lesions and pruritus did not improve entered a 3‐week topical antiallergic treatment period (Allermyl® shampoo and lotion alternately every 3 days). No other treatment was allowed. Erythema, excoriation and lichenification were graded at 12 different sites spanning the whole body surface according to an extent‐severity scale (0–10) to calculate an aggregate lesional index score (LICAD: 0–360). Pruritus was similarly evaluated on six body areas according to a frequency‐intensity scale (0–10) to calculate an aggregate pruritus index score (PICAD: 0–60). Twenty‐nine dogs completed the trial. While LICAD and PICAD did not decrease significantly over the control antiparasitic‐treatment period, both indices decreased significantly after 14 days of Allermyl® therapy (repeated measures ANOVA, P < 0.05). Median (95% confidence interval) lesional and pruritus index reduction were 55% (36–77%) and 58% (42–77%), respectively, within 3 weeks of antiallergic topical treatment. Almost half the dogs (48.3%) were markedly improved (>50% score reduction) with Allermyl®. Obvious clinical benefit (≥30% score reduction) was documented in 75.9% of dogs.

Funding: Virbac SA.
FC‐42  Sarcoptic mange epidemic in a cat population
Authors: Bornstein S. , Gidlund K. , Karlstam E. , Bergström K. , Zakrisson G. , Nikkilä T. , Bergvall K. , Renström L. , Mattsson J. G.
Published: August 2004

Worldwide, sarcoptic mange in cats is seldom reported, and then only in sporadic individual cases. We describe an epidemic in a household with a dog and 25 cats. From September 2002, the dog was repeatedly treated with ivermectin for sarcoptic mange. The diagnosis was confirmed by skin scrapings. Fifteen months later, cats from the same household were diagnosed with severe sarcoptic mange. Twenty‐one of the cats were euthanized and necropsies were performed. Skin samples were taken from all cats from different body sites for histology, and skin scrapings were examined for ectoparasites. Samples for bacterial and dermatophyte culture were taken from six cats. Smears for cytology were made from lesions on four cats with severe mange. Sera from 21 cats and the dog were analysed for specific antibodies to Sarcoptesscabiei. Molecular characterizations of six individual mites were done. Large numbers of S.scabiei were isolated from the infected skin of most of the cats. Two‐thirds of the cats showed skin lesions compatible with chronic sarcoptic mange. Macroscopically, internal organs exhibited no obvious pathology. Yeast organisms and coccoid bacteria were found in the smears; penicillinase‐negative Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from all samples and Malassezia pachydermatis was identified from four cats. Sarcoptes scabiei was seen histologically in all cats showing chronic skin lesions. No other ectoparasites were found. All analysed cats had specific antibodies against S. scabiei. Twenty‐one cats tested negatively for FeLV and FIV. The mites had DNA sequences identical to S. scabiei from naturally infected dogs and Swedish wildlife.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐43  Feline demodicosis: a retrospective study of 12 cases
Authors: Guaguere E. , Muller A. , Degorce‐Rubiales F.
Published: August 2004

Feline demodicosis is rarely reported compared to canine demodicosis. The objective of this report was to describe a retrospective study of 12 cases of feline demodicosis. Neither sex nor breed predisposition were observed. The age of diagnosis was between 5 months and 13 years. Demodex cati was identified in nine cases and Demodex gatoi in three cases. Cutaneous lesions were localized in 10 cases, generalized in two cases, and present on the face (8 cases), neck (5), shoulders (1), trunk (2) and limbs (1). Pruritus was mild in four cats and moderate in two cats. Dermatological lesions were characterized by alopecia (10 cases), erythema (7), scaling (4), erosions (4), ulcers (2), crusts (2), comedones (2), seborrhea oleosa (2), papules (1), pustules (1) and hyperpigmentation (1). Ceruminous otitis was noted in two cats. Pyoderma was noted in four cases. An underlying disease was identified in eight cats: FeLV infection (two cats), FIV infection (two cats), FeLV/FIV infections (one cat), diabetes mellitus (one cat), iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome (one cat), and diabetes mellitus associated with iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome (one cat). In two cats, an infestation by Demodex cati was identified at lesional sites of multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Different drugs were used in nine cases: crotamiton (two cases), amitraz (six cases), milbemycin oxime (one case). Therapeutic results were variable and related to the underlying disease.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐44  The therapeutic effect of selamectin and ivermectin regimens in canine sarcoptic mange
Authors: Albanese F. , Leone F. , Ghibaudo G.
Published: August 2004

Sarcoptic mange is a contagious, parasitic and pruritic skin disease of the dog caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis mite. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of ivermectin and selamectin in dogs with sarcoptic mange. The study included 120 naturally infested dogs. Several skin scrapings were collected from each dog. Microscopic evidence of at least one adult mite or its eggs was considered to be diagnostic (inclusion criteria). The dogs were divided into two groups of 60 animals each. Group A dogs were given injectable ivermectin (Ivomec®) at 300 μg/kg subcutaneously every 15 days for three treatments; Group B dogs were treated with selamectin spot‐on (Stronghold®) at 6–12 mg/kg twice monthly. Clinical evaluation was conducted on days 15, 30 and 45, and parasitologic evaluation by skin scrapings on days 30 and 45. On day 30, all dogs in Group B had negative skin scrapings (100%) with no evidence of cutaneous lesions. Only 58 of 60 dogs in Group A had negative skin scrapings (96%), but the two positive dogs became negative on day 45. These results provide preliminary evidence that there is no significant difference between the therapeutic effects of ivermectin and selamectin in the management of sarcoptic mange, with both treatments being highly efficacious.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐45  Mites as newly emerging disease pathogens in rodents and human beings
Authors: Beck W. , Pfister K.
Published: August 2004

Different mite species generally found on animals may temporarily also infest humans. Consequently, these arthropods may be responsible for pruritic skin reactions that are often misdiagnosed. Mite dermatitis caused by the tropical rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti occurs in several small mammals and rodents under tropical and temperate climatic conditions. According to various observations in Germany, O. bacoti appears in wild rodents more frequently than previously thought. In most cases, symptoms of mites are recognized only when they attack humans, but the diagnosis of rat mite dermatitis requires identification of the parasite, which is more likely to be found in the environment than on the hosts’ skin itself. Here, five different outbreaks from Bavaria are reported. A clinical example is the case of a 23‐year‐old medical student and several other residents inhabiting a rat‐ and mouse‐infested house in Munich. The arthropods originally came from an Italian restaurant and surrounding facilities. Mites were found in large numbers in the students’ flat. The patient was suffering from severe itching and papular urticaria. He consulted a dermatology clinic complaining of a pruritic dermatitis of 2‐weeks duration. Dermatitis was misdiagnosed as allergy and treatment with an anti‐inflammatory agent was unsuccessful. Eradication of rodents and treatment of the house with a pyrethroid were performed to prevent reinfestation. Ornithonyssus bacoti is a periodic haematophageous parasite and spends a relatively short time on the host. Causal therapy with antiparasitic agents on human patients is not necessary. If indicated, treatment should be symptomatic.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐46  Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus intermedius organisms from the vertical ear canal of dogs with end‐stage otitis externa
Authors: Cole L. K. , Kwochka K. W. , Hillier A. , Kowalski J. J. , Smeak D. D.
Published: August 2004

Methicillin‐resistant staphylococci (MRS) have been isolated from the ears of dogs with otitis externa; however, the specific location of the sample and the condition of the ear were not disclosed. The purpose of this study was to identify MRS from the vertical ear canal in dogs with end‐stage otitis externa. Swab samples were obtained from one vertical ear canal of 26 dogs undergoing a total ear canal ablation and bulla osteotomy. Swab samples were routinely processed for bacterial culture. No topical or oral antimicrobial agents had been administered within 24 h of obtaining the sample. Testing for oxacillin (methicillin) resistance was performed with the disk diffusion test (DD) and confirmed with the oxacillin screen agar test (OSA) for staphylococcal organisms. Twenty‐three staphylococcal organisms [21 Staphylococcus intermedius (SI), 2 coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS)] were isolated from 17 dogs. On the DD, 15 organisms were susceptible (13 SI, two CNS), one was intermediate (SI), and seven were resistant (all SI) to methicillin. On the OSA, one SI that was intermediate on DD was susceptible, and of the seven that were resistant on DD, five SI were susceptible and two SI were resistant to methicillin. Both methicillin‐resistant S. intermedius (MRSI) were susceptible to chloramphenicol, polymyxin B and trimethoprim‐sulfadiazine. In dogs with end‐stage otitis externa, MRSI may be an important pathogen. Had OSA not been performed to confirm MRS, five of seven staphylococcal organisms would have been erroneously reported as resistant to certain antibiotics, which may have affected antibiotic selection and treatment of the otitis.

Funding: Bayer Animal Health, The Ohio State University Canine Research Fund, American College of Veterinary Dermatology, Ohio Animal Health Foundation.
FC‐47  Comparison of four different types of stain in ear cytology
Authors: Cornegliani L. , Toma S. , Persico P. , Noli C.
Published: August 2004

Swab cytology is one of the most useful and rapid methods to assess the presence of external infections in ear canals. Smears are generally stained with Romanowsky‐type stains, with or without prior heat fixation. The aim of this study was to compare four different ways of staining ear cytology swab samples. Eight animals with ceruminous or purulent otitis externa were selected. Cotton swabs were introduced in a total of 12 ear canals, and four cytologic samples on four different slides were obtained from each swab. Glass slides were air‐dried and randomly identified with the number of the ear canal and the letters A, B, C or D. Slides marked with A were heat‐fixed and stained with Dip Quick®; slides marked with B were stained without heat fixation. Slides marked with C were heat‐fixed and dipped in the blue colour only; slides marked with D were stained in the blue colour only without prior heat fixation. Ten high‐power fields (oil immersion) were evaluated for each slide, and keratinocytes, yeasts, bacteria and neutrophils were counted. A statistical comparison was performed with parametric (Student's t‐test applied after verifying the normal distribution of the data) and nonparametric tests (Wilcoxson's and signs’ tests). There were no significant differences between the four staining methods (P ≤ 0.05). The authors conclude that heat fixation does not improve the cytological evaluation of ear swab samples and propose a one‐step dip in the blue colour only as a rapid method of staining cytological samples from ear canals.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐48  Reliability of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Scoring Index
Authors: Germain P. A. , Bensignor E.
Published: August 2004

Objective assessment of canine atopic dermatitis severity is very difficult and only a few scoring systems have been developed. The most commonly used is the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Scoring Index (CADESI), adapted from the human SCORAD. Despite wide use of this score in clinical trials, no validation has been performed to our knowledge. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the CADESI in clinical practice. First, a set of 28 pictures taken from dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis was scored by six different investigators for three items: erythema, lichenification and excoriation. Next, 23 dogs with clinical signs compatible with atopic dermatitis were graded by two investigators using the CADESI. Erythema, lichenification and excoriation were assessed on 39 areas. With the pictures, significant correlations (Spearman's r, P < 0.05) were found for each combination of investigators for erythema and lichenification, but only in 10 of 15 combinations for excoriation. Interobserver agreement ranged between poor and fair (0.221 < Cohen's κ <0.508, mean = 0.395). For the living animals, significant correlations (P < 0.0001), but poor interobserver agreement, were found for the three items (κerythema = 0.366, κlichenification = 0.385, and κexcoration = 0.226). A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found for each location, and interobserver agreement varied between very poor and good (0.16 < κ < 0.66). These results suggest that erythema and lichenification are reliably assessed, but that grading excoriation is more difficult. Also, the assessment of severity varied depending on the site studied.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐49  Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index: a pilot study
Authors: Nuttall T. J. , Steen R. V. , Cawood M. I. , Houghton C. A.
Published: August 2004

Feline dermatology lacks a reliable clinical scoring system. A Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI) is widely used. Cats, however, develop well‐defined reaction patterns: symmetrical alopecia (SA), eosinophilic plaque (EP), miliary dermatitis (MD), and head and neck dermatitis (HND). This might preclude comparisons between cats with different lesions of a similar aetiology. A pilot study was therefore undertaken using a modified CADESI termed the Feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (FeDESI). Cats with SA (n = 11), EP (n = 11), MD (n = 5) and HND (n = 3) were recruited. The aetiologies included atopic dermatitis (n = 8), adverse food reactions (n = 2), flea allergic dermatitis (n = 8), psychogenic alopecia (n = 2) and idiopathic (n = 10). Erythema, excoriation and alopecia were graded 0 (normal), 1 (mild), 3 (moderate) or 6 (severe) at 42 body sites to give a final score from 0 to 756. The clinical grading was repeated 2–4 h later for each cat. All cats were assessed by the same investigator and the two scores were blinded. The mean (SD) scores were: SA 50.6 (18.4) and 52.8 (21.8); EP 63.9 (21.5) and 64.4 (19.0); MD 47.2 (17.4) and 43.4 (24.0); HND 57.3 (23.2) and 58.0 (29.5). There were no significant differences between different lesions or between the two scores for each lesion. The proposed FeDESI is therefore an accurate and reliable way for a single investigator to objectively grade the severity of feline skin lesions.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐50  Results of repeat intradermal testing in 135 dogs
Authors: Petersen A. D. , Striler E. L.
Published: August 2004

The usefulness of repeat intradermal testing (IDT) was assessed in 135 dogs in which initial IDT results were inconsistent with the history or when response to treatment was unsatisfactory. The interval between repeat IDT ranged from 8 days to 7 years. Repeat IDT was pursued: when a seasonal history was inconsistent with initial IDT results (45); response to immunotherapy (18) or flea treatment (3) was unsatisfactory; an elimination diet was unsuccessful (66); or for miscellaneous reasons (3). Fifteen dogs that had no reaction on first or second IDT were diagnosed with cutaneous food reaction (9), idiopathic seborrheic dermatitis (2), scabies (1), hypothyroidism (1), or an unidentified seasonal pruritus (1). The signs of the final dog in this group resolved with long‐term antibiotic therapy. Twenty‐two dogs that had negative initial IDT results developed one or more positive reactions on the repeat IDT and of these, 14 were started on immunotherapy. Forty‐four dogs with initial positive IDT results developed at least one additional significant reaction on repeat IDT leading to initiation or reformulation of immunotherapy in 34 dogs. Thirty‐three dogs with initial positive IDT results had the same number of reactions on repeat IDT, but reactions were not identical and prompted reformulation of immunotherapy. Twenty‐one dogs with initial positive results had fewer reactions on repeat IDT. In conclusion, these results provide evidence that repeat IDT is worthy of consideration in dogs with atopic dermatitis when initial IDT is negative, a seasonal history is inconsistent, or response to treatment has been suboptimal.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐51  Comparison of intradermal test and antigen‐specific IgE test in 22 cases of feline allergic dermatitis
Authors: Kadoya M. , Momoi Y. , Iwasaki T.
Published: August 2004

The usefulness of the intradermal test (IDT) and the serological allergy test (SAT) for detecting antigen‐specific IgE in allergic cats has not yet been established. In this study, we compared the results of IDT with those of SAT and evaluated the clinical usefulness of the two tests for detecting possible allergens in allergic cats. IDT and SAT using eight antigens were performed on 22 cats with intense pruritus after excluding ectoparasites and performing diet elimination tests. Approximately 50% of the cats reacted to at least one allergen by either IDT or SAT, and 36.4% of the cats reacted on both IDT and SAT. In contrast, seven healthy cats did not show any reactions on IDT or SAT. The most commonly detected allergen in both tests was house dust mites (IDT, 36.4%; SAT, 40.9%). Five cats reacted to one allergen and the others reacted to more than one allergen with IDT. Three cats reacted to one allergen with SAT. The following percentage agreement between the results of the two tests was calculated: house dust mites (86.4%), cat fleas (63.6%), grass mix (86.4%), common mugwort (81.8%), cat epithelia (90.9%), ragweed (86.4%), Japanese cedar (90.9%), and plantain (81.8%). The overall mean percentage agreement was 83.5%. In summary, the present study showed good agreement between IDT and SAT for cats, and SAT may be more sensitive than IDT, but less specific for detecting sensitized allergens.

Funding: Self‐funded.
FC‐52  Cross‐reactivity between house dust, sarcoptic and storage mites in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Virchow F. , Bigler B.
Published: August 2004

In this study, sera from 43 dogs that previously tested positive to different mites with IgE antibodies were used for immunoblotting to screen for common allergen bands. The use of gradient gels allowed the search for small (<20 kD) and large (up to 250 kD) proteins. Anticanine‐IgE detection antibody (D9) was used for immunostaining. The mites showed species‐specific allergen patterns; yet, we had reason to believe that several proteins might be conserved among mites and cause cross‐reactivity. Often observed bands for Acarus siro had sizes of approximately 43, 45, 54, 63, 71 and 96 kD; for Dermatophagoides farinae, 55, 68, 96, 98, 104 and 114 kD; for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 98 kD; for Lepidoglyphus destructor, 45, 46, 55 and 107 kD; for Sarcoptes scabiei, 98 and 104 kD; and finally for Tyrophagus puterescientiae, 55, 66, 68, 70, 89 and 98 kD. We have shown that cross‐reactivity can lead to false‐positive results if serological tests or intradermal tests are carried out with total mite protein extracts.

Funding: Laupeneck AG.
FC‐53  Serologic allergy testing in horses with insect hypersensitivity
Authors: Kolm G. , Wagner R.
Published: August 2004

Serologic allergy testing (SAT) results in horses have not been consistent with manifestations of hypersensitivity or intradermal test (IDT) results. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the level of agreement between insect‐specific IgE values (as measured by a commercial polyclonal antihorse IgE‐based ELISA) and manifestation of disease or IDT was improved by shifting the positive/negative threshold from 200 (positive) to 150 (borderline) or by the utilization of insect type‐specific cut‐off points. The study included a population of 37 healthy horses and 40 Icelandic horses suffering from insect hypersensitivity. The study was conducted during the fall when affected horses showed acute clinical signs. IDT was performed as standard procedure using extracts of black ant, mosquito, horsefly, deerfly, housefly, and Culicoidesvariipennis. Insect‐specific IgE levels in horse sera were measured by an equine ELISA. Sensitivity and specificity was 98 and 3% (SAT versus insect hypersensitivity) and 97 and 4% (SAT versus IDT), respectively. A shift of the threshold value from 200 to 150 increased sensitivity, but did not improve the level of agreement between IDT and SAT (κ = 0.04, slight agreement). Circulating allergen‐specific IgE levels were not significantly different for the incidence and size of positive skin reactions or the onset and severity of insect hypersensitivity for any insect tested. Therefore, the utilisation of insect type‐specific cut‐off points did not increase the level of agreement between SAT and IDT or clinical data.

Funding: Self‐funded.