bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Encoding of Touch Intensity But Not Pleasantness in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Authors: Case Laura K. , Laubacher Claire M. , Olausson Håkan , Wang Binquan , Spagnolo Primavera A. , Bushnell M. Catherine
Published: May 2016

Growing interest in affective touch has delineated a neural network that bypasses primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Several recent studies, however, have cast doubt on the segregation of touch discrimination and affect, suggesting that S1 also encodes affective qualities. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to examine the role of S1 in processing touch intensity and pleasantness. Twenty-six healthy human adults rated brushing on the hand during fMRI. Intensity ratings significantly predicted activation in S1, whereas pleasantness ratings predicted activation only in the anterior cingulate cortex. Nineteen subjects also received inhibitory rTMS over right hemisphere S1 and the vertex (control). After S1 rTMS, but not after vertex rTMS, sensory discrimination was reduced and subjects with reduced sensory discrimination rated touch as more intense. In contrast, rTMS did not alter ratings of touch pleasantness. Our findings support divergent neural processing of touch intensity and pleasantness, with affective touch encoded outside of S1.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGrowing interest in affective touch has identified a neural network that bypasses primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Several recent studies, however, cast doubt on the separation of touch discrimination and affect. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to demonstrate the representation of touch discrimination and intensity in S1, but the representation of pleasantness in the anterior cingulate cortex, not S1. Our findings support divergent neural processing of touch intensity and pleasantness, with affective touch encoded outside of S1. Our study contributes to growing delineation of the affective touch system, a crucial step in understanding its dysregulation in numerous clinical conditions such as autism, eating disorders, depression, and chronic pain.
Multivariate Patterns in the Human Object-Processing Pathway Reveal a Shift from Retinotopic to Shape Curvature Representations in Lateral Occipital Areas, LO-1 and LO-2
Authors: Vernon Richard J. W. , Gouws André D. , Lawrence Samuel J. D. , Wade Alex R. , Morland Antony B.
Published: May 2016

Representations in early visual areas are organized on the basis of retinotopy, but this organizational principle appears to lose prominence in the extrastriate cortex. Nevertheless, an extrastriate region, such as the shape-selective lateral occipital cortex (LO), must still base its activation on the responses from earlier retinotopic visual areas, implying that a transition from retinotopic to “functional” organizations should exist. We hypothesized that such a transition may lie in LO-1 or LO-2, two visual areas lying between retinotopically defined V3d and functionally defined LO. Using a rapid event-related fMRI paradigm, we measured neural similarity in 12 human participants between pairs of stimuli differing along dimensions of shape exemplar and shape complexity within both retinotopically and functionally defined visual areas. These neural similarity measures were then compared with low-level and more abstract (curvature-based) measures of stimulus similarity. We found that low-level, but not abstract, stimulus measures predicted V1–V3 responses, whereas the converse was true for LO, a double dissociation. Critically, abstract stimulus measures were most predictive of responses within LO-2, akin to LO, whereas both low-level and abstract measures were predictive for responses within LO-1, perhaps indicating a transitional point between those two organizational principles. Similar transitions to abstract representations were not observed in the more ventral stream passing through V4 and VO-1/2. The transition we observed in LO-1 and LO-2 demonstrates that a more “abstracted” representation, typically considered the preserve of “category-selective” extrastriate cortex, can nevertheless emerge in retinotopic regions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual areas are typically identified either through retinotopy (e.g., V1–V3) or from functional selectivity [e.g., shape-selective lateral occipital complex (LOC)]. We combined these approaches to explore the nature of shape representations through the visual hierarchy. Two different representations emerged: the first reflected low-level shape properties (dependent on the spatial layout of the shape outline), whereas the second captured more abstract curvature-related shape features. Critically, early visual cortex represented low-level information but this diminished in the extrastriate cortex (LO-1/LO-2/LOC), in which the abstract representation emerged. Therefore, this work further elucidates the nature of shape representations in the LOC, provides insight into how those representations emerge from early retinotopic cortex, and crucially demonstrates that retinotopically tuned regions (LO-1/LO-2) are not necessarily constrained to retinotopic representations.
Pharmacological Amelioration of Cone Survival and Vision in a Mouse Model for Leber Congenital Amaurosis
Authors: Li Songhua , Samardzija Marijana , Yang Zhihui , Grimm Christian , Jin Minghao
Published: May 2016

RPE65, an abundant membrane-associate protein in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is a key retinoid isomerase of the visual cycle necessary for generating 11-cis-retinal that functions not only as a molecular switch for activating cone and rod visual pigments in response to light stimulation, but also as a chaperone for normal trafficking of cone opsins to the outer segments. Many mutations in RPE65 are associated with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). A R91W substitution, the most frequent LCA-associated mutation, results in a severe decrease in protein level and enzymatic activity of RPE65, causing cone opsin mislocalization and early cone degeneration in the mutation knock-in mouse model of LCA. Here we show that R91W RPE65 undergoes ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation in the knock-in mouse RPE due to misfolding. The 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 mediated degradation specifically of misfolded R91W RPE65. The mutation disrupted membrane-association and colocalization of RPE65 with lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) that provides the hydrophobic substrate for RPE65. Systemic administration of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), a chemical chaperone, increased protein stability, enzymatic activity, membrane-association, and colocalization of R91W RPE65 with LRAT. This rescue effect increased synthesis of 11-cis-retinal and 9-cis-retinal, a functional iso-chromophore of the visual pigments, led to alleviation of S-opsin mislocalization and cone degeneration in the knock-in mice. Importantly, PBA-treatment also improved cone-mediated vision in the mutant mice. These results indicate that PBA, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved safe oral medication, may provide a noninvasive therapeutic intervention that delays daylight vision loss in patients with RPE65 mutations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLCA is a severe early onset retinal dystrophy. Recent clinical trials of gene therapy have implicated the need of an alternative or combination therapy to improve cone survival and function in patients with LCA caused by RPE65 mutations. Using a mouse model carrying the most frequent LCA-associated mutation (R91W), we found that the mutant RPE65 underwent ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation due to misfolding. Treatment of the mice with a chemical chaperone partially corrected stability, enzymatic activity, and subcellular localization of R91W RPE65, which was also accompanied by improvement of cone survival and vision. These findings identify anin vivomolecular pathogenic mechanism for R91W mutation and provide a feasible pharmacological approach that can delay vision loss in patients with RPE65 mutations.
Tau Accumulation, Altered Phosphorylation, and Missorting Promote Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma
Authors: Chiasseu Marius , Cueva Vargas Jorge L. , Destroismaisons Laurie , Vande Velde Christine , Leclerc Nicole , Di Polo Adriana
Published: May 2016

Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is characterized by the selective death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Ocular hypertension is the most significant known risk factor for developing the disease, but the mechanism by which elevated pressure damages RGCs is currently unknown. The axonal-enriched microtubule-associated protein tau is a key mediator of neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Using a well characterizedin vivorat glaucoma model, we show an age-related increase in endogenous retinal tau that was markedly exacerbated by ocular hypertension. Early alterations in tau phosphorylation, characterized by epitope-dependent hyperphosphorylation and hypophosphorylation, correlated with the appearance of tau oligomers in glaucomatous retinas. Our data demonstrate the mislocalization of tau in the somatodendritic compartment of RGCs subjected to high intraocular pressure. In contrast, tau was depleted from RGC axons in the optic nerve of glaucomatous eyes. Importantly, intraocular administration of short interfering RNA against tau effectively reduced retinal tau accumulation and promoted robust survival of RGC somas and axons, supporting a critical role for tau alterations in ocular hypertension-induced neuronal damage. Our study reveals that glaucoma displays signature pathological features of tauopathies, including tau accumulation, altered phosphorylation, and missorting; and identifies tau as a novel target to counter RGC neurodegeneration in glaucoma and prevalent optic neuropathies.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this study, we investigated the role of tau in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in glaucoma. We demonstrate that high intraocular pressure leads to a rapid increase in endogenous retinal tau with altered phosphorylation profile and the formation of tau oligomers. Tau accumulation was primarily observed in RGC dendrites, while tau in RGC axons within the optic nerve was depleted. Attenuation of endogenous retinal tau using a targeted siRNA led to striking protection of RGC somas and axons from hypertension-induced damage. Our study identifies novel and substantial alterations of endogenous tau protein in glaucoma, including abnormal subcellular distribution, an altered phosphorylation profile, and neurotoxicity.
Optogenetic Interrogation of Functional Synapse Formation by Corticospinal Tract Axons in the Injured Spinal Cord
Authors: Jayaprakash Naveen , Wang Zimei , Hoeynck Brian , Krueger Nicholas , Kramer Audra , Balle Eric , Wheeler Daniel S. , Wheeler Robert A. , Blackmore Murray G.
Published: May 2016

To restore function after injury to the CNS, axons must be stimulated to extend into denervated territory and, critically, must form functional synapses with appropriate targets. We showed previously that forced overexpression of the transcription factor Sox11 increases axon growth by corticospinal tract (CST) neurons after spinal injury. However, behavioral outcomes were not improved, raising the question of whether the newly sprouted axons are able to form functional synapses. Here we developed an optogenetic strategy, paired with single-unit extracellular recordings, to assess the ability of Sox11-stimulated CST axons to functionally integrate in the circuitry of the cervical spinal cord. Initial time course experiments established the expression and function of virally expressed Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) in CST cell bodies and in axon terminals in cervical spinal cord. Pyramidotomies were performed in adult mice to deprive the left side of the spinal cord of CST input, and the right CST was treated with adeno-associated virus (AAV)–Sox11 or AAV–EBFP control, along with AAV–ChR2. As expected, Sox11 treatment caused robust midline crossing of CST axons into previously denervated left spinal cord. Clear postsynaptic responses resulted from optogenetic activation of CST terminals, demonstrating the ability of Sox11-stimulated axons to form functional synapses. Mapping of the distribution of CST-evoked spinal activity revealed overall similarity between intact and newly innervated spinal tissue. These data demonstrate the formation of functional synapses by Sox11-stimulated CST axons without significant behavioral benefit, suggesting that new synapses may be mistargeted or otherwise impaired in the ability to coordinate functional output.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAs continued progress is made in promoting the regeneration of CNS axons, questions of synaptic integration are increasingly prominent. Demonstrating direct synaptic integration by regenerated axons and distinguishing its function from indirect relay circuits and target field plasticity have presented technical challenges. Here we force the overexpression of Sox11 to stimulate the growth of corticospinal tract axons in the cervical spinal cord and then use specific optogenetic activation to assess their ability to directly drive postsynaptic activity in spinal cord neurons. By confirming successful synaptic integration, these data illustrate a novel optogenetic-based strategy to monitor and optimize functional reconnection by newly sprouted axons in the injured CNS.
Chemogenomics and orthology‐based design of antibiotic combination therapies
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sriram , Cokol‐Cakmak Melike , Sahin Nil , Yilancioglu Kaan , Kazan Hilal , Collins James J , Cokol Murat
Published: May 2016

Combination antibiotic therapies are being increasingly used in the clinic to enhance potency and counter drug resistance. However, the large search space of candidate drugs and dosage regimes makes the identification of effective combinations highly challenging. Here, we present a computational approach called INDIGO, which uses chemogenomics data to predict antibiotic combinations that interact synergistically or antagonistically in inhibiting bacterial growth. INDIGO quantifies the influence of individual chemical–genetic interactions on synergy and antagonism and significantly outperforms existing approaches based on experimental evaluation of novel predictions in Escherichia coli. Our analysis revealed a core set of genes and pathways (e.g. central metabolism) that are predictive of antibiotic interactions. By identifying the interactions that are associated with orthologous genes, we successfully estimated drug‐interaction outcomes in the bacterial pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, using the E. coli INDIGO model. INDIGO thus enables the discovery of effective combination therapies in less‐studied pathogens by leveraging chemogenomics data in model organisms.
Developmental programming: postnatal estradiol modulation of prenatally organized reproductive neuroendocrine function in sheep
Authors: Puttabyatappa Muraly , Cardoso Rodolfo C , Herkimer Carol , Veiga-Lopez Almudena , Padmanabhan Vasantha
Published: May 2016

Gestational testosterone (TS) excess, acting via both the androgenic and estrogenic pathways, advances puberty and disrupts the neuroendocrine estradiol (E2) feedback and periovulatory hormonal dynamics in female sheep. These prenatally programmed defects may be subject to postnatal modifications by continued organizational and/or activational effects of steroids. This study investigated (1) the organizational contribution of prenatal estrogen excess and (2) the impact of postnatal exposure to E2in modulating the effects of prenatal androgen excess (TS and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) on puberty, neuroendocrine feedback mechanisms, and periovulatory hormonal dynamics in sheep. Pregnant Suffolk sheep were treated with TS, DHT, E2, or E2plus DHT (ED) from days 30 to 90 of gestation. A subset of the control (C), TS, and DHT female offspring received a constant-release E2implant postnatally. Findings revealed that (1) prenatal E2-treatment failed to reproduce the neuroendocrine disruptions predicted to be programmed by the estrogenic pathway and (2) prenatal E2D-treatment did not adequately replicate the reproductive neuroendocrine defects induced by prenatal TS excess. More importantly, continuous postnatal E2-treatment, while delaying the onset of puberty and reducing the inhibitory effects of E2on tonic luteinizing hormone (LH) release, failed to amplify the E2-positive feedback and periovulatory defects induced by prenatal TS-treatment. Our results indicate that disruptions in E2-positive feedback mechanisms and periovulatory gonadotropin secretion induced by prenatal TS-treatment are programmed predominantly during the prenatal life with postnatal exposure to E2excess not contributing further to these disruptions.
Metabolic responses of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed to phenol and post-exposure recovery
Authors: Moraes Fernanda D. , Rossi Priscila A. , Figueiredo Juliana S.L. , Venturini Francine P. , Cortella Lucas R.X. , Moraes Gilberto
Published: May 2016

Metabolic adjustments were studied in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus exposed to 1.5 mg L-1 of phe nol (10% LC50) for four days and recovered for seven days. Lower triacylglycerol (TGA) stores and increased muscle fat free acids (FFA) suggest fat catabolism in muscle. Remarkable liver FFA decrease (-31%) suggests liver fat catabolism as well. Increased muscular ammonia levels and ASAT (aspartate aminotransferase) and decreased plasma aminoacids suggest higher muscular amino acid uptake. Constant levels of glucose and increased liver glycogen stores, associated with lower amino acids in plasma, indicate gluconeogenesis from amino acids. This is supported by higher hepatic ALAT and ASAT. Higher hepatic LDH followed by lower plasma lactate may indicate that plasma lactate was also used as gluconeogenic substrate. Biochemical alterations were exacerbated during the post-exposure recovery period. Reduction in muscle and plasma protein content indicate proteolysis. A higher rate of liver fat catabolism was resulted from a remarkable decrease in hepatic TGA (-58%). Catabolic preference for lipids was observed in order to supply such elevated energy demand. This study is the first insight about the metabolic profile of I. punctatus to cope with phenol plus its ability to recover, bringing attention to the biological consequences of environmental contamination.
Inovação e modelos de negócio: um estudo bibliométrico da produção científica na base Web of Science
Authors: Ceretta Gilberto Francisco , Reis Dálcio Roberto dos , Rocha Adilson Carlos da
Published: May 2016

Resumo Este artigo analisa as características das publicações relacionadas aos temas Inovação e Modelos de Negócios. A pesquisa foi realizada na base de dados Web of Science da ISI Web of Knowledge, procurando identificar as principais áreas temáticas, os autores, os tipos de documentos, o título das fontes, o ano das publicações, as instituições, os idiomas e países destas publicações, assim como a identificação dos “hot topics” relacionados ao tópico “Innovation and Business Models” e relacionou as publicações mais citadas com os autores que mais publicam sobre a temática pesquisada. A análise dos dados teve por base os cálculos dos índices h-b e m. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, o número de publicações cresceu de forma significativa no período analisado, concentrando-se nos Estados Unidos, com 97% das publicações escritas no idioma inglês, e tendo como principal fonte o periódico WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. Dentre os 20 tópicos combinados com os temas pesquisados, os temas Mercado, Gestão, Estratégia, P&D e Indústria apresentaram índice m ≥ 2, podendo, então, ser classificados como tópicos exclusivos com alcance não apenas na sua própria área de pesquisa. Constatou-se ainda que as dez publicações com o maior número de citações, sendo uma referência na temática pesquisada, não pertencem aos autores que mais publicam sobre o tema.
Prevalência e fatores associados à prescrição/solicitação de suplementação alimentar em recém-nascidos
Authors: PINHEIRO Josilene Maria Ferreira , MENÊZES Taiana Brito , BRITO Kátia Maria Fernandes , MELO Andressa Názara Lucena de , QUEIROZ Dayanna Joyce Marques , SUREIRA Thaiz Mattos
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar a prevalência da utilização de suplemento alimentar em recém-nascidos e avaliar as características, os solicitantes e os motivos justificados para sua utilização em um "Hospital Amigo da Criança". Métodos Trata-se de estudo do tipo transversal, realizado com 113 díades mãe e filho de um hospital universitário com o título de "Amigo da Criança", no período de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. A partir de um questionário estruturado, foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos, condições de nascimento da criança, características do suplemento e prescritores. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial (teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson), aceitando um nível de significância p?0,05, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados A prevalência de indicação de suplemento alimentar foi de 16,0%, com menor aderência para os nascidos nas primeiras horas do dia (p=0,006). O profissional de enfermagem foi o que mais solicitou o suplemento (54,0%), e no menor tempo (1 a 6 horas) após o nascimento da criança (p=0,05). Quanto aos motivos de indicação, apenas 6,2% atenderam às recomendações da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança, destacando-se a hipogalactia como principal motivo (71,7%), com maior probabilidade de indicação para os recém-nascidos de parto cesáreo (p<0,02). Conclusão Apesar do título de "Hospital Amigo da Criança", foram identificadas inúmeras indicações de suplemento ali-mentar desnecessárias e precipitadas, o que pode dificultar o aleitamento materno e favorecer o desmame precoce, sugerindo a necessidade de uma avaliação mais criteriosa na indicação pela equipe assistencial.
Educação interprofissional e o programa de educação pelo trabalho para a saúde/Rede Cegonha: potencializando mudanças na formação acadêmica
Authors: Forte Franklin Delano Soares , Morais Hannah Gil de Farias , Rodrigues Shirley Arruda Guimarães , Santos Joyce da Silva , Oliveira Priscila Farias de Albuquerque , Morais Maria do Socorro Trindade , Lira Talitha Emanuelle Barbosa Galdino de , Carvalho Maria de Fátima Moraes
Published: May 2016

A educação interprofissional é uma possibilidade de capacitação de estudantes de diferentes cursos da área da saúde, na perspectiva do aprendizado colaborativo, bem como do trabalho em equipe e em rede, visando à integralidade do cuidado em saúde. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar as vivências e experiências no Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde/Rede Cegonha, com ênfase na educação interprofissional e nas práticas colaborativas em saúde para a promoção do cuidado integral materno-infantil, bem como na contribuição dessas vivências durante o processo de formação em saúde.
Cognição e ambiente são preditores do desenvolvimento motor de bebês ao longo do tempo
Authors: Pereira Keila Ruttnig Guidony , Saccani Raquel , Valentini Nadia Cristina
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Investigou-se longitudinalmente relações entre desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo, aspectos biológicos, práticas maternas, conhecimento parental e ambiente familiar de bebês. Participaram do estudo 49 bebês (3-16 meses) avaliados com a Alberta Infant Motor Scale e a Escala Mental da Bayley Scale of Infant Development. Os pais responderam o questionário sobre fatores biológicos, Daily Activities of Infant Scale, o Affordances no Ambiente Domiciliar para o Desenvolvimento Motor - Escala Bebê, e o Inventário sobre Conhecimento do Desenvolvimento Infantil. Avaliações foram conduzidas nas escolas ao longo de 4 meses. Foram utilizadas Equações de Estimativa Generalizada, teste de Bonferroni e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Observaram-se associações significativas na (1) análise univariada entre desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo e fatores ambientais (escolaridade, renda, disponibilidade de brinquedos, espaço físico, práticas e conhecimento parental, tempo de aleitamento e frequência na escola); (2) multivariada entre o desenvolvimento motor e renda, idade do pai e espaço físico da residência. Concluiu-se que os desenvolvimentos motores e cognitivos se mostraram interdependentes e fatores ambientais se mostraram mais significativos nas associações em detrimento dos biológicos, reforçando-se a importância do lar, do cuidado dos pais e das experiências que a criança vivencia ao longo dos primeiros anos de vida.
Satisfação de pacientes que recebem cuidados fisioterapêuticos para condições musculoesqueléticas: um estudo transversal
Authors: Medeiros Flávia Cordeiro de , Costa Leonardo Oliveira Pena , Oliveira Núbia de Fátima Costa , Costa Lucíola da Cunha Menezes
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Mensurou-se a satisfação dos pacientes que recebem cuidados fisioterapêuticos para condições musculoesqueléticas na região Sudeste do Brasil. O instrumento MedRisk Instrument for Measuring Patient Satisfaction (MRPS) foi utilizado para mensurar a satisfação de 403 pacientes de oito clínicas de fisioterapia dos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Além disso, foram coletadas as características demográficas e clínicas dos participantes e a Escala de Percepção do Efeito Global (GPE). O MRPS foi descrito por meio de média e desvio-padrão. Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram calculados para investigar a associação entre a GPE e o escore total do MRPS. Modelos de regressão linear foram utilizados para analisar as características dos pacientes que poderiam predizer a satisfação total. Foi observada alta satisfação com os cuidados fisioterapêuticos, sendo a média do escore total 4,5 pontos (DP=0,4). Foi observada moderada correlação entre a satisfação total e a GPE (coeficiente de Pearson -0,31, p<0,001). Apenas o gênero influenciou o escore total de satisfação, sendo que o gênero masculino apresentou maior satisfação com os cuidados recebidos. O nível de satisfação do paciente com o tratamento de fisioterapia recebido na região Sudeste do Brasil pode ser considerado alto.
Qualidade de vida de estudantes de graduação em enfermagem
Authors: Moura Ionara Holanda de , Nobre Roseanne de Sousa , Cortez Ramiro Marx Alves , Campelo Viriato , Macêdo Suyanne Freire de , Silva Ana Roberta Vilarouca da
Published: May 2016

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a Qualidade de Vida (QV) de estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem. Métodos Estudo descritivo e transversal realizado com 206 estudantes, em julho de 2013, no município de Picos (PI). Para tanto, utilizou-se um formulário e o questionário WHOQOL-bref. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e de Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados na análise dos dados, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Os domínios com melhor avaliação média foram o Físico (69,4) e o das Relações Sociais (74,3); já os piores foram o Psicológico (68,5) e o Ambiente (54,2). Na avaliação global, a média foi de 66,6+10,8. Houve significância estatística ao cruzar QV com o número de filhos (p=0,029). Logo, os estudantes sem filhos obtiveram melhor desempenho. Conclusão Estes resultados permitem a detecção precoce das dificuldades vivenciadas pelos estudantes de Enfermagem e podem cooperar com o delineamento de estratégias que beneficiem a busca por soluções para os conflitos que incidem na QV.
Motivos e consequências da baixa adesão às precauções padrão pela equipe de enfermagem
Authors: Porto Janete Silva , Marziale Maria Helena Palucci
Published: May 2016

RESUMO As precauções padrão (PP) são recomendações para prevenir infecções e proteger os trabalhadores de saúde durante a prestação de cuidados. Porém, constata-se baixa adesão a estas recomendações. Objetivo Analisar os motivos e as consequências da baixa adesão às PP pela equipe de enfermagem. Método Revisão integrativa da literatura, busca em sete bases de dados, período de 2005 a 2014. Resultados 30 artigos foram selecionados para análise. Os motivos da baixa adesão evidenciados relacionam-se a práticas deficitárias de educação permanente, comportamentos de risco de trabalhadores, provisão de material e equipamentos de proteção inadequados e condições de trabalho inadequadas. As consequências são os acidentes e as doenças do trabalho. Os estudos de intervenção são escassos e limitam-se à educação dos profissionais. Conclusões A baixa adesão às PP está vinculada a aspectos individuais dos trabalhadores e às instituições empregadoras e formadoras. As estratégias de intervenção realizadas mostram-se pouco eficientes por focar apenas o trabalhador.
A Standard Set of Outcome Measures for the Comprehensive Appraisal of Cleft Care
Authors: Allori Alexander C. , Kelley Thomas , Meara John G. , Albert Asteria , Bonanthaya Krishnamurthy , Chapman Kathy , Cunningham Michael , Daskalogiannakis John , De Gier Henriette , Heggie Andrew A. , Hernandez Cristina , Jackson Oksana , Jones Yin , Kangesu Loshan , Koudstaal Maarten J. , Kuchhal Rajiv , Lohmander Anette , Long Ross E. , Magee Leanne , Monson Laura , Rose Elizabeth , Sitzman Thomas J. , Taylor Jesse A. , Thorburn Guy , Van Eeden Simon , Williams Chris , Wirthlin John O. , Wong Karen W.
Published: May 2016

Care of the patient with cleft lip and/or palate remains complex. Prior attempts at aggregating data to study the effectiveness of specific interventions or overall treatment protocols have been hindered by a lack of data standards. There exists a critical need to better define the outcomes- particularly those that matter most to patients and their families-and to standardize the methods by which these outcomes will be measured. This report summarizes the recommendations of an international, multidisciplinary working group with regard to which outcomes a typical cleft team could track, how those outcomes could be measured and recorded, and what strategies may be employed to sustainably implement a system for prospective data collection. It is only by agreeing on a common, standard set of outcome measures for the comprehensive appraisal of cleft care that intercenter comparisons can become possible. This is important for quality-improvement endeavors, comparative effectiveness research, and value-based health-care reform.
Extracorporeal photopheresis and anticytokine therapy in the treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children
Authors: Kozlov Andrey V , Fedukova Julia G , Bykova Tatzana A , Moiseev Ivan S , Estrina Marya A , Kulagina Irina I , Bondarenko Sergey N , Morozova Elena V , Osipova Anna A , Borovkova Anastasya S , Razumova Svetlana V , Zubarovskaya Ludmila S , Afanasyev Boris V
Published: May 2016

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is used widely in the management of children with hematological, oncological and inherited diseases. Study to compare efficiency of steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease treatment (extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) vs anticytokine therapy) was conducted in Raisa Gorbacheva Memorial Institute of Children Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, First Pavlov State Medical University of Saint Petersburg. Sixty four children were included in the analysis. Patients were divided into two groups: first “group with ECP” (n = 31; 50,5 %) ("ECP group") and second - "group without ECP" (n = 33; 49,5 %). Treatment in the second group consisted of anticytokine therapy (etanercept (n = 12), infliximab (n = 9), daclizumab (n = 8)) and alemtuzumab (n = 4). Ten-year overall survival (OS) of children with steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease was 39 % without difference in OS between ECP and anticytokine therapy (5-year OS 40 % vs 35 %, p = 0,34). Response rate to the therapy was also the same in both groups (68 % after ECP and 70 % after anticytokine therapy, p = 0,77). Difference in cumulative incidence of relapse in "ECP group" and "group without ECP" was not statistically significant (18 % and 7 %, respectively, p = 0,2). In conclusion, ECP and anticytokine therapy are equally effective in the treatment of children with steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease and are associated with the same cumulative incidence of relapse.
The Iconographic Motif of a Griffin and a Hare on the So-called Saracenic-Sicilian Casket from the Wawel Cathedral Treasury in Cracow
Authors: Garnczarska Magdalena
Published: May 2016

The article examines a kind of community of aesthetic tastes that was connecting Arab and Byzantine courtly culture. This community concerned the secular and luxurious works of art. The silver casket, called a Saracenic-Sicilian, from the Wawel Cathedral Treasury in Cracow will serve as the starting point to gain a true appreciation of the complex artistic relationship between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world in the Middle Ages. It appears highly probable that the casket was created in the twelfth century. It was published at once after the discovery (8th March 1881) and since then, researchers argue about the place of origin of the box. Some suggest that the casket could be a product of Arabic or Persian art, while others propose either Byzantine or Sicilian workshops. What is more, even an thorough stylistic and iconographic analysis does not allow for an unambiguous resolution of the problem of provenance of the Wawel box. Lack of a resolution suggests that this piece of art was directed to a member of the cosmopolitan elite of – Arabic or Byzantine – court, which took delight in sophisticated and expensive luxury items. It is worth noting that in this case, matter of religion did not play a crucial role. For this reason, the depicted scenes and decorative details have an universal character. In order to present this specific synthesis of Arabic and Byzantine secular art, the motifs of a griffin and a hare, decorating the casket will be considered.
Will climate change increase the risk of plant invasions into mountains?
Authors: Petitpierre Blaise , McDougall Keith , Seipel Tim , Broennimann Olivier , Guisan Antoine , Kueffer Christoph
Published: May 2016

Mountain ecosystems have been less adversely affected by invasions of nonnative plants than most other ecosystems, partially because most invasive plants in the lowlands are limited by climate and cannot grow under harsher high‐elevation conditions. However, with ongoing climate change, invasive species may rapidly move upwards and threaten mid‐, and then high‐elevation mountain ecosystems. We evaluated this threat by modeling the current and future habitat suitability for 48 invasive plant species in Switzerland and New South Wales, Australia. Both regions had contrasting climate interactions with elevation, resulting in possible different responses of species distributions to climate change. Using a species distribution modeling approach that combines data from two spatial scales, we built high‐resolution species distribution models (≤250 m) that account for the global climatic niche of species and also finer variables depicting local climate and disturbances. We found that different environmental drivers limit the elevation range of invasive species in each of the two regions, leading to region‐specific species responses to climate change. The optimal suitability for plant invaders is predicted to markedly shift from the lowland to the montane or subalpine zone in Switzerland, whereas the upward shift is far less pronounced in New South Wales where montane and subalpine elevations are already suitable. The results suggest that species most likely to invade high elevations in Switzerland will be cold‐tolerant, whereas species with an affinity to moist soils are most likely to invade higher elevations in Australia. Other plant traits were only marginally associated with elevation limits. These results demonstrate that a more systematic consideration of future distributions of invasive species is required in conservation plans of not yet invaded mountainous ecosystems.
Conservation vs. livelihoods: spatial management of non‐timber forest product harvests in a two‐dimensional model
Authors: Robinson Brian E.
Published: May 2016

Areas of high biodiversity often coincide with communities living in extreme poverty. As a livelihood support, these communities often harvest wild products from the environment. But harvest activities can have negative impacts on fragile and globally important ecosystems. This paper examines trade‐offs in ecological protection and community welfare from the harvest of wild products. With a novel model and empirical evidence, I show that management of harvest activity does not always resolve these trade‐offs. In a model of continuous harvests in a two‐dimensional landscape, managed harvest activity improves welfare, but is uniformly bad for other ecosystem services that are sensitive to the presence (as opposed to the intensity) of human activity. Empirical results from a unique dataset of mushroom harvesters in Yunnan, China suggest more experienced, poorer, and more vulnerable individuals tend to rely on more distant harvests. Thus, policies that limit the extent of forest travel, such as protected areas, may protect fragile ecosystems but can have a disproportionately negative effect on those most vulnerable.
Evolutionary patterns and physicochemical properties explain macroinvertebrate sensitivity to heavy metals
Authors: Malaj Egina , Guénard Guillaume , Schäfer Ralf B. , von der Ohe Peter C.
Published: May 2016

Ecological risk assessment depends strongly on species sensitivity data. Typically, sensitivity data are based on laboratory toxicity bioassays, which for practical constraints cannot be exhaustively performed for all species and chemicals available. Bilinear models integrating phylogenetic information of species and physicochemical properties of compounds allow to predict species sensitivity to chemicals. Combining the molecular information (DNA sequences) of 31 invertebrate species with the physicochemical properties of six bivalent metals, we built bilinear models that explained 70–80% of the variability in species sensitivity to heavy metals. Phylogeny was the most important component of the bilinear models, as it explained the major part of the explained variance (>40%). Predicted values from bilinear modeling were in agreement with experimental values (>50%); therefore, this approach is a good starting point to build statistical models which can potentially predict heavy metal toxicity for untested invertebrate species based on empirical values for similar species. Despite their good performance, development of the presented bilinear models would benefit from improved phylogenetic and toxicological datasets. Our analysis is an example for linking evolutionary biology with applied ecotoxicology. Its future applications may encompass other stress factors or traits influencing the survival of aquatic organisms in polluted environments.
Assessing the umbrella value of a range‐wide conservation network for jaguars (Panthera onca)
Authors: Thornton Daniel , Zeller Kathy , Rondinini Carlo , Boitani Luigi , Crooks Kevin , Burdett Christopher , Rabinowitz Alan , Quigley Howard
Published: May 2016

Umbrella species are employed as conservation short‐cuts for the design of reserves or reserve networks. However, empirical data on the effectiveness of umbrellas is equivocal, which has prevented more widespread application of this conservation strategy. We perform a novel, large‐scale evaluation of umbrella species by assessing the potential umbrella value of a jaguar (Panthera onca) conservation network (consisting of viable populations and corridors) that extends from Mexico to Argentina. Using species richness, habitat quality, and fragmentation indices of ~1500 co‐occurring mammal species, we show that jaguar populations and corridors overlap a substantial amount and percentage of high‐quality habitat for co‐occurring mammals and that the jaguar network performs better than random networks in protecting high‐quality, interior habitat. Significantly, the effectiveness of the jaguar network as an umbrella would not have been noticeable had we focused on species richness as our sole metric of umbrella utility. Substantial inter‐order variability existed, indicating the need for complementary conservation strategies for certain groups of mammals. We offer several reasons for the positive result we document, including the large spatial scale of our analysis and our focus on multiple metrics of umbrella effectiveness. Taken together, our results demonstrate that a regional, single‐species conservation strategy can serve as an effective umbrella for the larger community and should help conserve viable populations and connectivity for a suite of co‐occurring mammals. Current and future range‐wide planning exercises for other large predators may therefore have important umbrella benefits.
Tracking wild sockeye salmon smolts to the ocean reveals distinct regions of nocturnal movement and high mortality
Authors: Clark Timothy D. , Furey Nathan B. , Rechisky Erin L. , Gale Marika K. , Jeffries Ken M. , Porter Aswea D. , Casselman Matthew T. , Lotto Andrew G. , Patterson David A. , Cooke Steven J. , Farrell Anthony P. , Welch David W. , Hinch Scott G.
Published: May 2016

Few estimates of migration rates or descriptions of behavior or survival exist for wild populations of out‐migrating Pacific salmon smolts from natal freshwater rearing areas to the ocean. Using acoustic transmitters and fixed receiver arrays across four years (2010–2013), we tracked the migration of >1850 wild sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts from Chilko Lake, British Columbia, to the coastal Pacific Ocean (>1000 km distance). Cumulative survival to the ocean ranged 3–10% among years, although this may be slightly underestimated due to technical limitations at the final receiver array. Distinct spatial patterns in both behavior and survival were observed through all years. In small, clear, upper‐river reaches, downstream migration largely occurred at night at speeds up to 50 km/d and coincided with poor survival. Among years, only 57–78% of smolts survived the first 80 km. Parallel laboratory experiments revealed excellent short‐term survival and unhindered swimming performance of dummy‐tagged smolts, suggesting that predators rather than tagging effects were responsible for the initial high mortality of acoustic‐tagged smolts. Migration speeds increased in the Fraser River mainstem (~220 km/d in some years), diel movement patterns ceased, and smolt survival generally exceeded 90% in this segment. Marine movement rates and survival were variable across years, with among‐year segment‐specific survival being the most variable and lowest (19–61%) during the final (and longest, 240 km) marine migration segment. Osmoregulatory preparedness was not expected to influence marine survival, as smolts could maintain normal levels of plasma chloride when experimentally exposed to saltwater (30 ppt) immediately upon commencing their migration from Chilko Lake. Transportation of smolts downstream generally increased survival to the farthest marine array. The act of tagging may have affected smolts in the marine environment in some years as dummy‐tagged fish had poorer survival than control fish when transitioned to saltwater in laboratory‐based experiments. Current fisheries models for forecasting the number of adult sockeye returning to spawn have been inaccurate in recent years and generally do not incorporate juvenile or smolt survival information. Our results highlight significant potential for early migration conditions to influence adult recruitment.
Projected wetland densities under climate change: habitat loss but little geographic shift in conservation strategy
Authors: Sofaer Helen R. , Skagen Susan K. , Barsugli Joseph J. , Rashford Benjamin S. , Reese Gordon C. , Hoeting Jennifer A. , Wood Andrew W. , Noon Barry R.
Published: May 2016

Climate change poses major challenges for conservation and management because it alters the area, quality, and spatial distribution of habitat for natural populations. To assess species’ vulnerability to climate change and target ongoing conservation investments, researchers and managers often consider the effects of projected changes in climate and land use on future habitat availability and quality and the uncertainty associated with these projections. Here, we draw on tools from hydrology and climate science to project the impact of climate change on the density of wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the USA, a critical area for breeding waterfowl and other wetland‐dependent species. We evaluate the potential for a trade‐off in the value of conservation investments under current and future climatic conditions and consider the joint effects of climate and land use. We use an integrated set of hydrological and climatological projections that provide physically based measures of water balance under historical and projected future climatic conditions. In addition, we use historical projections derived from ten general circulation models (GCMs) as a baseline from which to assess climate change impacts, rather than historical climate data. This method isolates the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and ensures that modeling errors are incorporated into the baseline rather than attributed to climate change. Our work shows that, on average, densities of wetlands (here defined as wetland basins holding water) are projected to decline across the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region, but thatGCMs differ in both the magnitude and the direction of projected impacts. However, we found little evidence for a shift in the locations expected to provide the highest wetland densities under current vs. projected climatic conditions. This result was robust to the inclusion of projected changes in land use under climate change. We suggest that targeting conservation towards wetland complexes containing both small and relatively large wetland basins, which is an ongoing conservation strategy, may also act to hedge against uncertainty in the effects of climate change.