bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variables Related to Academic Help‐Seeking Behaviour in Higher Education – Findings from a Multidisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Bornschlegl Madeleine , Meldrum Kathryn , Caltabiano Nerina J.
Published: January 2020

Universities admit increasingly diverse student cohorts with varying academic entry standards. To address students’ varying academic prerequisites, academic support services ‒ such as literacy and numeracy support ‒ are offered to ensure student success. However, students often do not engage. Aimed at mapping variables related to a student’s decision to seek academic help in order to identify gaps, this systematic scoping review informs future research and supports the provision of academic support services for diverse student cohorts. As recent research does not provide sufficient evidence, the areas of psychological, physiological and help‐seeking in career counselling were included. Informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), database and reference list searches were conducted for age, gender, nationality and cultural background, acculturation, stigma, socioeconomic status, educational background, help‐seeking experience, perceived behavioural control, attitudes, locus of control, personality and subjective norms, and 168 primary research studies were included in the review. Studies were selected based on their publication year, and the context and the variables examined. Information from the studies was systematically entered into a database and organised. Findings show that gender, stigma, help‐seeking experience, attitudes and subjective norms are crucial for help‐seeking in general. More specifically, gender, age, cultural background and personality seem to be related to academic help‐seeking and should therefore be considered when evaluating or designing academic support services. Although other variables were examined in some studies, no trends could be identified for these due to ambivalent results, indicating that the variables related to academic help‐seeking may depend on the context. This review also revealed that there are gaps that should be addressed in future research concerning academic help‐seeking behaviour, while at the same time, if possible, including all variables identified in this review.
Sediment flux from Lesser Zab River in Dokan Reservoir: Implications for the sustainability of long‐term water resources in Iraq
Authors: Ali Ammar A. , Hassan Rebwar , Dawood Anwer Hazim , Al‐Ansari Nadhir , Ali Salahalddin S. , Knutsson Sven
Published: January 2020

Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t∙km−3∙year.
Effect of strip harvesting on bacterial diversity of forest soils in the Daxing'an Mountains
Authors: Jia Dan , Dong Xibin , Li Yunhong
Published: January 2020

Strip harvesting can improve the management of low‐quality forests, but the practice affects forest soil properties and microbial communities. The effects of different strip widths on the physicochemical properties of the forest soil and the bacterial diversity were determined. The design consisted of four strips with the same length and different widths of 6 m (ZM6), 10 m (ZM10), 14 m (ZM14), and 18 m (ZM18) and an unharvested strip (ZM0) as the control. Illumina high‐throughput sequencing was used to determine the sequence information of the soil microbial community structure in the five strips. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, while the dominant bacterial genera were AD101, Rhodoplanes, and Bradyrhizobium. The strip width exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria (p < .001). The order of plots based on soil bacterial diversity (Chao1 and the abundance‐based coverage estimator [ACE]) was ZM18 > ZM10 > ZM6 > ZM14 > ZM0, and there was a highly significant positive correlation between the indices and the strip width (p < .001). Strip harvesting significantly affected soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK), soil respiration (SR), soil temperature (ST), and soil moisture (SM) (p < .05). The results of a principal component analysis (PCA) showed that strip harvesting explained 23% of the bacterial variation. The 10‐m‐wide strip exhibited the most desirable effects because it had relatively rich bacterial diversity and moderate soil fertility.
Prion-like mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease: Implications for Huntington’s disease therapy
Authors: Srinageshwar Bhairavi , Petersen Robert B. , Dunbar Gary L. , Rossignol Julien
Published: January 2020

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansions in the huntingtin gene resulting in the synthesis of a misfolded form of the huntingtin protein (mHTT) which is toxic. The current treatments for HD are only palliative. Some of the potential therapies for HD include gene therapy (using antisense oligonucleotides and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 system) and stem-cell-based therapies. Various types of stem cell transplants, such as mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and reprogrammed stem cells, have the potential to either replace the lost neurons or support the existing neurons by releasing trophic factors. Most of the transplants are xenografts and allografts; however, recent reports on HD patients who received grafts suggest that the mHTT aggregates are transferred from the host neurons to the grafted cells as well as to the surrounding areas of the graft by a “prion-like” mechanism. This observation seems to be true for autotransplantation paradigms, as well. This article reviews the different types of stem cells that have been transplanted into HD patients and their therapeutic efficacy, focusing on the transfer of mHTT from the host cells to the graft. Autotransplants of reprogramed stem cells in HD patients are a promising therapeutic option. However, this needs further attention to ensure a better understanding of the transfer of mHTT aggregates following transplantation of the gene-corrected cells back into the patient.

Significance statement Stem cell transplantation, along with gene editing using a variety of molecular tools, is one of the most promising strategies that is being investigated by many researchers as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. Huntington’s disease (HD) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases in which transplantation has been widely studied using different types of innate as well as reprogrammed/modified stem cells as a potential therapy. Transplantation using different types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells accompanied by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9-based gene editing, was performed in laboratory settings, which could have an impact in the clinics in the near future. Though the treatment strategies had encouraging outcomes, one of the major issues identified recently was that mutant huntingtin protein aggregates transfer from the HD cells to the wild-type/transplanted cells in the host brain, by a “prion-like” mechanism. The finding brings into question to what extent these stem cell/gene-corrected cell transplants are a viable option for treating HD.
A threshold‐free summary index for quantifying the capacity of covariates to yield efficient treatment rules
Authors: Sadatsafavi Mohsen , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Gustafson Paul
Published: January 2020

When data on treatment assignment, outcomes, and covariates from a randomized trial are available, a question of interest is to what extent covariates can be used to optimize treatment decisions. Statistical hypothesis testing of covariate‐by‐treatment interaction is ill‐suited for this purpose. The application of decision theory results in treatment rules that compare the expected benefit of treatment given the patient's covariates against a treatment threshold. However, determining treatment threshold is often context‐specific, and any given threshold might seem arbitrary when the overall capacity towards predicting treatment benefit is of concern. We propose the Concentration of Benefit index (Cb), a threshold‐free metric that quantifies the combined performance of covariates towards finding individuals who will benefit the most from treatment. The construct of the proposed index is comparing expected treatment outcomes with and without knowledge of covariates when one of a two randomly selected patients is to be treated. We show that the resulting index can also be expressed in terms of the integrated efficiency of individualized treatment decision over the entire range of treatment thresholds. We propose parametric and semiparametric estimators, the latter being suitable for out‐of‐sample validation and correction for optimism. We used data from a clinical trial to demonstrate the calculations in a step‐by‐step fashion. The proposed index has intuitive and theoretically sound interpretation and can be estimated with relative ease for a wide class of regression models. Beyond the conceptual developments, various aspects of estimation and inference for such a metric need to be pursued in future research. R code that implements the method for a variety of regression models is provided at (https://github.com/msadatsafavi/txBenefit).
Problems with social acceptance and social victimization predict substance use among U.S. Reserve/Guard soldiers
Authors: Hoopsick Rachel A. , Vest Bonnie M. , Homish D. Lynn , Homish Gregory G.
Published: January 2020

The effects of negative social interactions/experiences on substance use have largely been studied in civilian populations, but less is known about United States Army Reserve/National Guard (USAR/NG) soldiers—a high‐risk group. We examined the associations between problems with social acceptance, social victimization, and substance use among USAR/NG soldiers, and examined potential differences by deployment history. The sample consisted of soldiers who completed baseline and 1‐year follow‐up assessments (N = 445) of Operation: SAFETY, an ongoing study of USAR/NG soldiers. We examined the effects of baseline problems with social acceptance/social victimization on nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD), illicit drug use, frequent heavy drinking (FHD), and alcohol problems at follow‐up. Significant effects were small in magnitude but consistent in direction. Greater problems with social acceptance were associated with higher odds of NMUPD and illicit drug use. Greater social victimization was associated with higher odds of NMUPD and illicit drug use. There were no differences by deployment history. Problems with social acceptance/social victimization were not associated with FHD or alcohol problems. Problems with social acceptance/social victimization may contribute to drug use among USAR/NG soldiers. Intervention programs should address social issues, regardless of deployment history.
Plasmonic Nanoassemblies: Tentacles Beat Satellites for Boosting Broadband NIR Plasmon Coupling Providing a Novel Candidate for SERS and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Dey Priyanka , Tabish Tanveer A. , Mosca Sara , Palombo Francesca , Matousek Pavel , Stone Nicholas
Published: January 2020

Optical theranostic applications demand near‐infrared (NIR) localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and maximized electric field at nanosurfaces and nanojunctions, aiding diagnosis via Raman or optoacoustic imaging, and photothermal‐based therapies. To this end, multiple permutations and combinations of plasmonic nanostructures and molecular “glues” or linkers are employed to obtain nanoassemblies, such as nanobranches and core–satellite morphologies. An advanced nanoassembly morphology comprising multiple linear tentacles anchored onto a spherical core is reported here. Importantly, this core‐multi‐tentacle‐nanoassembly (CMT) benefits from numerous plasmonic interactions between multiple 5 nm gold nanoparticles (NPs) forming each tentacle as well as tentacle to core (15 nm) coupling. This results in an intense LSPR across the “biological optical window” of 650−1100 nm. It is shown that the combined interactions are responsible for the broadband LSPR and the intense electric field, otherwise not achievable with core–satellite morphologies. Further the sub 80 nm CMTs boosted NIR‐surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), with detection of SERS labels at 47 × 10‐9 m, as well as lower toxicity to noncancerous cell lines (human fibroblast Wi38) than observed for cancerous cell lines (human breast cancer MCF7), presents itself as an attractive candidate for use as biomedical theranostics agents.
Endochondral ossification and the evolution of limb proportions
Authors: Rolian Campbell
Published: January 2020

Mammals have remarkably diverse limb proportions hypothesized to have evolved adaptively in the context of locomotion and other behaviors. Mechanistically, evolutionary diversity in limb proportions is the result of differential limb bone growth. Longitudinal limb bone growth is driven by the process of endochondral ossification, under the control of the growth plates. In growth plates, chondrocytes undergo a tightly orchestrated life cycle of proliferation, matrix production, hypertrophy, and cell death/transdifferentiation. This life cycle is highly conserved, both among the long bones of an individual, and among homologous bones of distantly related taxa, leading to a finite number of complementary cell mechanisms that can generate heritable phenotype variation in limb bone size and shape. The most important of these mechanisms are chondrocyte population size in chondrogenesis and in individual growth plates, proliferation rates, and hypertrophic chondrocyte size. Comparative evidence in mammals and birds suggests the existence of developmental biases that favor evolutionary changes in some of these cellular mechanisms over others in driving limb allometry. Specifically, chondrocyte population size may evolve more readily in response to selection than hypertrophic chondrocyte size, and extreme hypertrophy may be a rarer evolutionary phenomenon associated with highly specialized modes of locomotion in mammals (e.g., powered flight, ricochetal bipedal hopping). Physical and physiological constraints at multiple levels of biological organization may also have influenced the cell developmental mechanisms that have evolved to produce the highly diverse limb proportions in extant mammals.

This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing

Comparative Development and Evolution > Regulation of Organ Diversity

Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species
Protein‐based nanoplatforms for tumor imaging and therapy
Authors: Liang Kaicheng , Chen Hangrong
Published: January 2020

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death all over the world. The development of nanoplatform provides a promising strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. As the foundation of the nanoplatform, the composition of nanocarrier decides the basic properties. Protein exists in all kinds of life and participates in any life activities, having great potentials to serve as a nanocarrier because of its excellent biocompatibility, abundance of functional groups, and inherent biological activity. As a result, protein‐based nanoplatforms have evoked extensive interests for tumor imaging and therapy. This review presents the latest progresses on the advancement of protein‐based nanoplatforms, introducing the most common protein nanocarriers (such as human/bovine serum albumin, ferritin, human transferrin) thoroughly including their physiochemical properties and specific applications. Also, other kinds of protein are briefly involved. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the development of protein‐based nanoplatforms are summarized.

This article is categorized under:

Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus‐Based Structures

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Extremely Electron‐Poor Bis(diarylmethylium)‐Substituted Ferrocenes and the First Peroxoferrocenophane
Authors: Casper Larissa A. , Oßwald Steffen , Anders Patrick , Rosenbaum Lisa‐Catherine , Winter Rainer F.
Published: January 2020

We have prepared and studied extremely electron‐poor, deeply colored dicationic 1,1'‐bis(diarylmethylium)‐substituted ferrocenes [(η5‐C5H4‐CAr2)2Fe]2+ with various aryl substituents as their [B{C6H3(CF3)2‐3,5}4]– salts. Due to the strong acceptor substitution, the redox potential for the ferrocene‐based oxidation of the anisyl‐ or 2‐methylanisyl‐substituted congeners 1b2+ and 1c2+ is close to or even surpasses that of the second oxidation of parent ferrocene, i.e. the Cp2Fe+/2+ couple. The strongly Lewis‐acidic character of these complexes is manifest through strong interactions with donor solvents, which lead to a significant reduction of the intensities of the charge‐transfer bands in their electronic spectra and to solvatochromism. The reduced forms of the complexes tend to dimerize or oligomerize as revealed by EPR spectroscopy. Direduced 1b selectively reacts with molecular oxygen to form a peroxo‐bis(diarylmethyl)[4]ferrocenophane, which was also characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Superstring field theory with open and closed strings
Authors: Moosavian Seyed Faroogh , Sen Ashoke , Verma Mritunjay
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We construct Lorentz invariant and gauge invariant 1PI effective action for closed and open superstrings and demonstrate that it satisfies the classical BV master equation. We also construct the quantum master action for this theory satisfying the quantum BV master equation and generalize the construction to unoriented theories. The extra free field needed for the construction of closed superstring field theory plays a crucial role in coupling the closed strings to D-branes and orientifold planes.
Suitability of analytical methods to determine tebuconazole, propiconazole and permethrin in aged wood samples
Authors: Schoknecht Ute , Drescher Petra , Fischer Martin , Fürhapper Christina , Gunschera Jan , Hill Rainer , Melcher Eckhard , Wegner Robby , Wilken Ursula , Wittenzellner Joachim
Published: January 2020

The suitability of common analytical methods for the determination of active substances from wood preservatives in aged wood samples was investigated during an interlaboratory study. Permethrin, propiconazole and tebuconazole were quantified in 1.5 and 8 year-old wood samples by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. Generally, the applied methods yielded reliable results for these samples. However, wood components can coelute with propiconazole and tebuconazole during liquid chromatography. Optimization of separation might be required if UV detection is applied.
Effect of supercritical CO2 treatment and kiln drying on collapse in Eucalyptus nitens wood
Authors: Dawson Bernard S. W. , Pearson Hamish , Kimberley Mark O. , Davy Bruce , Dickson Alan R.
Published: January 2020

Collapse-prone timbers such as species of Eucalyptus are poorly utilised due to low conversion rates that necessitate long pre-drying times. A supercritical CO2 lumen water expulsion pre-treatment prior to kiln drying is proposed to bypass lengthy pre-drying. After drying (air, kiln or oven drying), shrinkage, collapse, washboard depression and checking of Eucalyptus nitens were determined using image analysis of 0.8 mm thick wafers and 5 mm thick biscuits. Lumen water expulsion-kiln drying reduced collapse by 75% and washboard depression by 71%, compared to drying from green. As water is removed from the water conductive tissue (vessels, rays, and fibre-tracheids) by lumen water expulsion, the water column is broken throughout the specimen, thereby disrupting the development of meniscus-induced water tension as subsequent drying occurs. Remaining water is proposed to reside in the non-water-conductive fibre tissue. If the process can be applied on large scale to Eucalyptus nitens, there is the opportunity for higher conversion rates to increase the commercial viability of solid wood products.
MicroRNA-181a regulates IFN-γ expression in effector CD8+ T cell differentiation
Authors: Amado Tiago , Amorim Ana , Enguita Francisco J. , Romero Paula V. , Inácio Daniel , de Miranda Marta Pires , Winter Samantha J. , Simas J. Pedro , Krueger Andreas , Schmolka Nina , Silva-Santos Bruno , Gomes Anita Q.
Published: January 2020

CD8+ T cells are key players in immunity against intracellular infections and tumors. The main cytokine associated with these protective responses is interferon-γ (IFN-γ), whose production is known to be regulated at the transcriptional level during CD8+ T cell differentiation. Here we found that microRNAs constitute a posttranscriptional brake to IFN-γ expression by CD8+ T cells, since the genetic interference with the Dicer processing machinery resulted in the overproduction of IFN-γ by both thymic and peripheral CD8+ T cells. Using a gene reporter mouse for IFN-γ locus activity, we compared the microRNA repertoires associated with the presence or absence of IFN-γ expression. This allowed us to identify a set of candidates, including miR-181a and miR-451, which were functionally tested in overexpression experiments using synthetic mimics in peripheral CD8+ T cell cultures. We found that miR-181a limits IFN-γ production by suppressing the expression of the transcription factor Id2, which in turn promotes the Ifng expression program. Importantly, upon MuHV-4 challenge, miR-181a-deficient mice showed a more vigorous IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cell response and were able to control viral infection significantly more efficiently than control mice. These data collectively establish a novel role for miR-181a in regulating IFN-γ–mediated effector CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo.
Relaxation of selective constraints shapes variation of toll-like receptors in a colonial waterbird, the black-headed gull
Authors: Podlaszczuk Patrycja , Indykiewicz Piotr , Markowski Janusz , Minias Piotr
Published: January 2020

Nonspecific innate immune response is activated by toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize conserved molecular motifs characteristic for a broad spectrum of pathogens. In this study, we examined nucleotide substitution patterns and allelic diversity at five TLR genes in a wild nonpasserine bird, the black-headed gullChroicocephalus ridibundus. We hypothesized that balancing selection can maintain high allelic diversity of TLR genes in the black-headed gull because of its ecological characteristics, coloniality, and migratoriness, which are associated with increased exposure and transmission of pathogens. Although we found moderately high levels of sequence polymorphism (8–49 haplotypes retrieved per locus within a sample of 60 individuals), most of these haplotypes were recorded at low frequencies within our study population. At the same time, we found no convincing evidence for the role of balancing selection in the maintenance of this variation (Tajima’s D < 0.5), and sites with a significant excess of nonsynonymous mutations (dN/dS > 1) were recorded only at two loci (TLR5 and TLR7). This pattern is consistent with relaxation of selective constraints, where most mutations are slightly deleterious and usually removed by purifying selection. No differences in the diversity and nucleotide substitution rates were found between endosomal loci responsible for viral RNA sensing and loci responsible for the recognition of extracellular pathogens. Our study provides the first information on evolutionary mechanisms shaping polymorphism of TLRs in a species from Lari suborder (gulls and allies) and suggests that TLR genes may be poorly responsive to ecological and life-history characteristics of hosts.
Best match graphs and reconciliation of gene trees with species trees
Authors: Geiß Manuela , Laffitte Marcos E. González , Sánchez Alitzel López , Valdivia Dulce I. , Hellmuth Marc , Rosales Maribel Hernández , Stadler Peter F.
Published: January 2020

A wide variety of problems in computational biology, most notably the assessment of orthology, are solved with the help of reciprocal best matches. Using an evolutionary definition of best matches that captures the intuition behind the concept we clarify rigorously the relationships between reciprocal best matches, orthology, and evolutionary events under the assumption of duplication/loss scenarios. We show that the orthology graph is a subgraph of the reciprocal best match graph (RBMG). We furthermore give conditions under which an RBMG that is a cograph identifies the correct orthlogy relation. Using computer simulations we find that most false positive orthology assignments can be identified as so-called good quartets—and thus corrected—in the absence of horizontal transfer. Horizontal transfer, however, may introduce also false-negative orthology assignments.
A meta-analysis of total knee arthroplasty following high tibial osteotomy versus primary total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Sun Xuedong , Wang Jun , Su Zheng
Published: January 2020

Background

This study was performed to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) following high tibial osteotomy (HTO) versus primary TKA.

Methods

Relevant trials were identified via a search of Ovid, PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to 10 January 2019. A meta-analysis was performed to compare postoperative outcomes between revising HTO to TKA (RHTO) and primary TKA (PTKA) with respect to Knee Society Score (KSS), 10-year survival rate, operative time, flexion and extension angle, infection rate and radiographic results.

Results

Sixteen of 340 studies involving 103,552 adult patients (RHTO group,n = 3955; PTKA group,n = 99,597) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Compared with primary TKA, revising HTO to TKA required longer operative time and had a higher infection rate (P < 0.05). The PTKA group had better flexion angle than the RHTO group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the KSS, extension angle, radiographic results and 10-year survival rate (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Patients who undergo conversion of HTO to TKA have similar 10-year survival rate, KSS, extension angle and radiographic results as patients who undergo primary TKA. However, conversion of HTO to TKA required longer operative time and had a higher infection rate than performing primary TKA. Moreover, conversion of HTO to TKA is associated with poorer flexion angle than primary TKA.
Braided peridotite sills and metasomatism in the Rum Layered Suite, Scotland
Authors: Hepworth Luke N. , Kaufmann Felix E. D. , Hecht Lutz , Gertisser Ralf , O’Driscoll Brian
Published: January 2020

The Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion (ELI; Scotland) is an open-system layered intrusion constructed of 16 macro-rhythmic units. Each of the macro-rhythmic units consists of a peridotite base and a troctolite (± gabbro) top, previously attributed to the fractional crystallisation of a single magma batch. This classic paradigm has been challenged, however, with evidence presented for the emplacement of peridotite sills in Units 9, 10, and 14, such as cross-cutting relationships, upward-oriented apophyses, and lateral discontinuities. To test whether the other major peridotites within the ELI represent sills, we have carried out new field, petrographic, and mineral chemical analyses of the peridotites in Units 7, 8 and 9. The peridotites display large- and small-scale cross-cutting relationships with the overlying troctolite, indicative of an intrusive relationship. The peridotites also show large-scale coalescence and lateral spatial discontinuities such that the ELI unit divisions become arbitrary. Harrisite layers and Cr-spinel seams found throughout Units 7, 8, and 9 suggest the peridotites were constructed incrementally via repeated injections of picritic magma. Our observations allow for distinct subtypes of peridotite to be defined, separated by intrusive contacts, allowing for their relative chronology to be determined. Older, poikilitic peridotite, rich in clinopyroxene, is truncated by younger, well-layered peridotite, containing abundant harrisite layers. In addition to the new peridotite subtypes defined in this study, we find strong evidence for laterally oriented metasomatism within clinopyroxene-rich wehrlites at the top of the Unit 8 peridotite. The wehrlites and surrounding peridotites record a complex series of metasomatic reactions that transformed thin picrite sills into clinopyroxene-rich wehrlites without any evidence for the sort of vertical melt movement typically posited in layered intrusions. The observations presented in this study from the ELI cannot be reconciled with the classic magma chamber paradigm and are better explained by the emplacement of composite sills into pre-existing feldspathic cumulate (gabbro or troctolite). The evidence for sill emplacement presented here suggests that the layered complex was constructed by a combination of sill emplacement and metasomatism, forming many of the unusual (often clinopyroxene-rich) lithologies that surround the sills. The broad-scale formation of the layered peridotites via incremental sill emplacement, suggested by the occurrence of upward-oriented apophyses, coalescence, and lateral discontinuity, could be applied to much larger ultramafic intrusions, which might have formed by similar mechanisms.
Acute cytotoxic effects of silica microparticles used for coating of plastic blood-collection tubes on human periosteal cells
Authors: Masuki Hideo , Isobe Kazushige , Kawabata Hideo , Tsujino Tetsuhiro , Yamaguchi Sadahiro , Watanabe Taisuke , Sato Atsushi , Aizawa Hachidai , Mourão Carlos Fernando , Kawase Tomoyuki
Published: January 2020

Because of its simple operation, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is becoming more popular than the original form, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), in regenerative dentistry. PRF preparation requires plain glass blood-collection tubes, but not either anticoagulants or coagulation factors. However, such glass tubes designed for laboratory testing are no longer commercially available. Although several glass tubes specifically designed for PRF preparation are available, many clinicians prefer to obtain stably supplied substitutes, such as silica-coated plastic tubes produced by major medical device companies. The quality of PRF prepared by silica-coated tubes has not been assessed and we previously reported significant contamination of silica microparticles in the resulting PRF matrix and alerted clinicians against the use for PRF preparation. To further assess the biosafety of the silica microparticles, we presently examined their effects on human normal periosteal cells derived from alveolar bone. The periosteal cells were obtained from explant cultures of small periosteal tissues obtained from healthy donors. Silica microparticles were obtained from silica-coated tubes and added to cell cultures. Cellular responses were monitored using a tetrazolium assay, phase-contract inverted microscopy, an immunofluorescence method, and scanning electron microscopy. Silica microparticles adsorbed onto the cell surface with seemingly high affinity and induced apoptosis, resulting in significant reduction of cell proliferation and viability. These findings suggest that silica microparticles contained in plastic tubes for the purpose of blood coagulation are hazardous for various cell types around sites where silica-contaminated PRF matrices are implanted.
Achieving Socio-Economic Convergence in Europe
Authors: Collier Paul
Published: January 2020

The origins of European populism are two socio-economic divergences that began around 1980 and have been at their most extreme in Britain. One is spatial, the other educational.
Libra — A Differentiated View on Facebook’s Virtual Currency Project
Authors: Brühl Volker
Published: January 2020

Libra — a global virtual currency project initiated by Facebook — has been the subject of many controversial discussions since its announcement in June 2019. This paper provides a differentiated view on Libra, recognising that different development scenarios of Libra are conceivable. Libra could serve purely as an alternative payment system in combination with a dedicated payment token, the Libra coin. Alternatively, the Libra project could develop into a broader financial infrastructure for advanced financial services such as savings and loan products operating on the Libra Blockchain. Based on a comparison of the Libra architecture with other cryptocurrencies, the opportunities and challenges for the development of the respective Libra ecosystems are investigated from a commercial, regulatory and monetary policy perspective.
Enhanced index tracking with CVaR-based ratio measures
Authors: Guastaroba Gianfranco , Mansini Renata , Ogryczak Wlodzimierz , Speranza M. Grazia
Published: January 2020

The enhanced index tracking problem (EITP) calls for the determination of an optimal portfolio of assets with the bi-objective of maximizing the excess return of the portfolio above a benchmark and minimizing the tracking error. The EITP is capturing a growing attention among academics, both for its practical relevance and for the scientific challenges that its study, as a multi-objective problem, poses. Several optimization models have been proposed in the literature, where the tracking error is measured in terms of standard deviation or in linear form using, for instance, the mean absolute deviation. More recently, reward-risk optimization measures, like the Omega ratio, have been adopted for the EITP. On the other side, shortfall or quantile risk measures have nowadays gained an established popularity in a variety of financial applications. In this paper, we propose a class of bi-criteria optimization models for the EITP, where risk is measured using the weighted multiple conditional value-at-risk (WCVaR). The WCVaR is defined as a weighted combination of multiple CVaR measures, and thus allows a more detailed risk aversion modeling compared to the use of a single CVaR measure. The application of the WCVaR to the EITP is analyzed, both theoretically and empirically. Through extensive computational experiments, the performance of the optimal portfolios selected by means of the proposed optimization models is compared, both in-sample and, more importantly, out-of-sample, to the one of the portfolios obtained using another recent optimization model taken from the literature.
The Transformation from Traditional Nonprofit Organizations to Social Enterprises: An Institutional Entrepreneurship Perspective
Authors: Ko Wai Wai , Liu Gordon
Published: January 2020

The development of commercial revenue streams allows traditional nonprofit organizations to increase financial certainty in response to the reduction of traditional funding sources and increased competition. In order to capture commercial revenue-generating opportunities, traditional nonprofit organizations need to deliberately transform themselves into social enterprises. Through the theoretical lens of institutional entrepreneurship, we explore the institutional work that supports this transformation by analyzing field interviews with 64 institutional entrepreneurs from UK-based social enterprises. We find that the route to incorporate commercial processes and convert traditional nonprofit organizations into social enterprises requires six distinct kinds of institutional work at three different domains; these are—“engaging commercial revenue strategies”, “creating a professionalized organizational form”, and “legitimating a socio-commercial business model”. In elaborating on social entrepreneurship research and practice, we offer a comprehensive framework delineating the key practices contributing to the transformation from traditional nonprofit organizations to social enterprises. This extends our understanding of theex-antestrategy of incorporating commercial processes within social organizations. Furthermore, the identification of these practices also offers an important tool for scholars in this field to examine the connection (or disconnection) of each practice with different ethical concerns of social entrepreneurship in greater depth.
‘To Write? What’s This Torture For?’ Bronia Baum’s Manuscripts as Testimony to the Formation of a Writer, Activist, and Journalist
Authors: Lisek Joanna
Published: January 2020

Bronia (Breyndl) Baum (1896–1947) was an Orthodox Jewish writer, activist, and journalist. She was born into a Hasidic family in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, moved to Piotrków Trybunalski in 1918, and then to Łódź. In 1925, she left Poland for the Land of Israel. Among poems and articles that she published in Yiddish papers were “Der Yud,” “Dos Yidishe Togblat,” and “Beys Yankev.” She also wrote in Hebrew—“Bat Israel” and “Baderekh” are two examples—with her Hebrew writing collected in Ketavim le-bat Yisra’el, published in Tel Aviv in 1954. Baum energetically promoted women’s education, an active role for religious Jewish women, and a number of charities. This article analyzes Bronia Baum’s unpublished manuscripts from the years 1912 to 1921. They include a diary in Russian and poems in Polish and Yiddish, and together constitute a unique literary and historical document. Baum’s work is considered from five perspectives: (1) the critical importance of education; (2) the role of World War I in shaping and determining her opinions and worldview, and of antisemitism in developing her Zionist stance; (3) her position on tradition and religion; (4) feminist motifs in her manuscripts, along with her attitude toward men and her relations with women; and (5) her approach toward her own writing, her compulsion to write and its source.
The impact of role models on entrepreneurial intentions and behavior: a review of the literature
Authors: Abbasianchavari Arezou , Moritz Alexandra
Published: January 2020

Despite the presence of the term ‘entrepreneurial role model’ (ERM) in the discourse on entrepreneurship, existing empirical evidence on the effects of role models is rather limited. By investigating 86 published journal articles, we provide a structured overview of the academic research on role models’ effects on entrepreneurial intentions and behavior. We reveal that prior research focuses particularly on different types of role models (by whom), at which stage of life (when) and in which context the exposure to role models occurs. We use these research areas to structure our review. By expanding the understanding of the current state of ERM research, we reveal research gaps and provide future research recommendations. Our work could help policy makers and educators consider the different types of role models, the sociocultural context and the life cycle stage of the participants in structuring their entrepreneurship education programs.
Unveiling magic from the middle ages: tomographic reading of a folded lead amulet from Dřevíč fortress (Czech Republic)
Authors: Vavřík Daniel , Knauber Konrad , Urbanová Daniela , Kumpová Ivana , Blažková Kateřina , Šámal Zdeněk
Published: January 2020

The discovery of a singular magical leaden artefact from the Middle Ages in Central Bohemia provoked the ambition to visualize and decipher the text hidden inside while still keeping the object in its original folded state. To fulfil this goal, several X-ray tomographic scans were done in conjunction with advanced data processing. Though parts of the text still remain inaccessible or unclear, the Dřevíč amulet is the first medieval object of its kind ever to have been successfully virtually unfolded and read. Leaden amulets are still very rare and under-researched finds in the archaeological record, with just over a hundred surviving examples mainly found in Southern Scandinavia and Central Germany. They are testimonies to the once widespread practice of Christian curative magic with roots in older pagan traditions. Comparable charms and blessings are extant in countless medieval manuscripts, while similar amulets written on parchment and most other organic materials have not survived. The information gained through digital imaging revealed not only the amulet bearer’s name but also a number of yet unknown and personalized magic formulae destined to protect the bearer of the artefact unattested elsewhere.
Simulation of Fluid Particle Cutting: Validation and Case Study
Authors: Hlawitschka M. W. , Tiwari S. , Kwizera J. , Bart H.-J. , Klar A.
Published: January 2020

In this paper we present the comparison of experiments and numerical simulations for bubble cutting by a wire. The air bubble is surrounded by water. In the experimental setup an air bubble is injected on the bottom of a water column. When the bubble rises and contacts the wire, it is separated into two daughter bubbles. The flow is modeled by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A meshfree method is used to simulate the bubble cutting. We have observed that the experimental and numerical results are in very good agreement. Moreover, we have further presented simulation results for liquid with higher viscosity. In this case the numerical results are close to previously published results.
The Beneficial Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Bellmann Barbara , Lin Tina , Greissinger Kathrin , Rottner Laura , Rillig Andreas , Zimmerling Sabine
Published: January 2020

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a combined range of measures aimed at providing patients with cardiovascular disease with the optimum psychological and physical conditions so that they themselves can prevent their disease from progressing or potentially reversing its course. The following measures are the three main parts of CR: exercise training, lifestyle modification, and psychological intervention. The course of cardiac rehabilitation generally takes 3–4 weeks.
WeldForming: a new inline process combination to improve weld seam properties
Authors: Adams T.-E. , Härtel S. , Hälsig A. , Awiszus B. , Mayr P.
Published: January 2020

The high heat input during fusion welding leads to transformations of the microstructure in the area subjected to welding, mostly resulting in a heterogene crystalline structure and an overall deterioration of the mechanical properties. To reduce the detrimental effect, posttreatment processes which are typically separated from the actual welding process are state of the art. The present work shows the new methodology, WeldForming, which intends to eliminate subsequent treatment processes. The new in-line process combination harnesses the synergies of a welding and a rolling process to ultimately prevent the typical zone formation of the heat affected zone. Experimental investigations combined with a detailed numerical simulation of the coupled welding and forming process indicate the functional proof of the new methodology. The validation of the numerical model is carried out with the aid of temperature profiles, cross sections, and microstructure analysis as well as flow curves determined by upsetting tests on thermomechanical simulation systems.
Correction to: Ultrastable and High-Performance Silk Energy Harvesting Textiles
Authors: Ye Chao , Dong Shaojun , Ren Jing , Ling Shengjie
Published: January 2020

In the original publication, there is line dislocation in Fig. 8d. The correct Fig. 8 is provided in this correction.
Das Konzept der Interaktionsarbeit
Authors: Böhle Fritz , Weihrich Margit
Published: January 2020

Interaktion spielt in der Arbeit an und mit Menschen eine besondere Rolle. Denn Menschen sind besondere „Arbeitsgegenstände“. Zum einen haben sie eigene Interessen und Bedürfnisse; zum zweiten ist es auch von ihrem Handeln abhängig, dass die Dienstleistung gelingt. In diesem Beitrag wird das integrierte Konzept der Interaktionsarbeit vorgestellt, das diese besondere Arbeit mit ihren Merkmalen erfasst. Dabei geht es um die voraussetzungsreiche Herstellung einer Kooperationsbeziehung, den Umgang mit den eigenen Gefühlen, die Beeinflussung der Gefühle der Kunden, Klienten und Patienten und den Umgang mit den Unwägbarkeiten, die zur Arbeit an und mit Menschen gehören. In der Hinführung zum Konzept wird der vorliegende Forschungsstand umrissen, und am Ende werden weiterführende Forschungsfragen gestellt.

Praktische Relevanz: Das Konzept und die dadurch angeleitete empirische Forschung stellen wichtige Grundlagen für eine Gestaltung der Arbeit an und mit Menschen dar. Denn Arbeitsgestaltung richtet sich nach wie vor weitgehend an der Arbeit an der Produktion und Verwaltung aus. Sie muss den Besonderheiten der Interaktionsarbeit gerecht werden, damit Belastungen der Beschäftigten reduziert und gute Dienstleistung ermöglicht wird.
Simultaneous Immobilization of Zn(II) and Cr(III) in Spinel Crystals from Beneficial Utilization of Waste Brownfield-Site Soils
Authors: Wu Fei , Tang Yuanyuan , Lu Xingwen , Liu Chengshuai , Lv Yahui , Tong Hui , Ning Zengping , Liao Changzhong , Li Fangbai
Published: January 2020

Waste brownfield-site soils contaminated with heavy metals such as Zn and Cr are of critical environmental concern because of the rapid urbanization and industrialization that is occurring in China. Thermal treatment can fix heavy metals in specific mineral structures, which might be a promising technology for remediation and reutilization of the metal-contaminated soils. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the stabilization mechanisms of Zn and Cr through thermal treatment of mixtures of ZnO + Cr2O3 to form ZnCr2O4 and to confirm that Zn and Cr were incorporated simultaneously into the spinel structure. The incorporation efficiency for Zn was quantified, with the value ranging from 70.6 to 100% over the temperature range 700–1300°C. Leaching results further confirmed that ZnCr2O4 spinel was a superior product for Zn and Cr immobilization. Then, by artificially sintering Zn- and Cr-enriched soils, both Zn and Cr were immobilized effectively (with three orders of magnitude reduction in Zn leachability) in the ZnCr2O4 spinel as the predominant product phase. In addition, multiple heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, and Cr in the actual brownfield-site soils were well immobilized after sintering, which confirmed the potential for practical application of the thermal treatment technology utilized in this study.
Additive International Nottingham 2019 – Part 2
Authors: Brookes Kenneth J.A.
Published: January 2020

Captioned photos of the authors whose work is reviewed in this Part (2) are included as Figure 51 at the end of this feature.