bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copepod species abundance from the Southern Ocean and other regions (1980–2005) – a legacy
Authors: Cornils Astrid , Sieger Rainer , Mizdalski Elke , Schumacher Stefanie , Grobe Hannes , Schnack-Schiel Sigrid B
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Copepods are often the predominant taxa in marine zooplankton and play an important role in the food web as intermediators between primary producers, the microbial loop and higher trophic levels. Due to their short life cycles and their rapid response to changing environments they are good indicators for ecosystem health and status. Investigating the effects of environmental change on planktonic copepods and thus the pelagic ecosystem requires data on species abundance and distribution. Here, we present 33 data sets with abundance and occurrence of planktonic copepods from 20 expeditions to the Southern Ocean (Weddell Sea, Scotia Sea, Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctic Peninsula), one expedition to the Magellan region, one latitudinal transect in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, one expedition to the Great Meteor Bank and one expedition to the northern Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba. In this data compilation a total of 349 stations between 1985 and 2005 were archived. These data sets are now freely available at PANGAEA via the persistent identifier doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.884619. During most expeditions depth-stratified samples were taken with a Hydrobios multinet with 5 or 9 nets. On few occasions a Nansen or Bongo net was deployed. The deepest sample reached down to 2880 meter. As metadata sampling date and date/time, latitude, longitude, bottom depth, sampling depth interval, volume of filtered water and information of the net type and mesh size were recorded. Abundance and distribution data for 284 calanoid copepod species and 28 taxa of other copepod orders are provided. The taxonomic concept was consistent throughout the data sets. The density of calanoid copepod species was separately counted for females, males and copepodites. For selected species also the individual copepodite stages were counted.
Adaptive Cartesian Meshes for Atmospheric Single-Column Models,
a study using Basilisk 18-02-16
Authors: van Hooft J. Antoon , Popinet Stéphane , van de Wiel Bas J. H.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. It is well known that the representation of certain atmospheric conditions in climate and weather models can still suffer from the limited grid resolution that is facilitated by modern-day computer systems. Herein we study a simple one-dimensional analogy to those models by using a Single-Column Model (SCM) description of the atmosphere. The model employs an adaptive Cartesian mesh that applies a high-resolution mesh only when and where it is required. The so-called adaptive-grid model is described and we report on our findings obtained for tests to evaluate the representation of the atmospheric boundary layer, based on the first two GABLS intercomparison cases. The analysis shows that the adaptive-grid algorithm is able to dynamically coarsen and refine the numerical grid whilst maintaining an accurate solution. This is an interesting result as in reality, transitional dynamics (e.g. due to the diurnal cycle or due to changing synoptic conditions) are rule rather than exception.
MOPSMAP v0.9: A versatile tool for modeling of aerosol optical properties
Authors: Gasteiger Josef , Wiegner Matthias
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The spatiotemporal distribution and characterization of aerosol particles are usually determined by remote sensing and optical in-situ measurements. These measurements are indirect with respect to microphysical properties and thus inversion techniques are required to determine the aerosol microphysics. Scattering theory provides the link between microphysical and optical properties; it is not only needed for such inversions but also for radiative budget calculations and climate modeling. However, optical modeling can be very time consuming, in particular if non-spherical particles or complex ensembles are involved. In this paper we present the MOPSMAP package (modeled optical properties of ensembles of aerosol particles) which is computationally fast for optical modeling even in case of complex aerosols. The package consists of a data set of pre-calculated optical properties of single aerosol particles, a Fortran program to calculate the properties of user-defined aerosol ensembles, and a user-friendly web interface for online calculations. Spheres, spheroids, and a small set of irregular particle shapes are considered over a wide range of sizes and refractive indices. MOPSMAP provides the fundamental optical properties assuming random particle orientation, including the scattering matrix for the selected wavelengths. Moreover, the output includes tables of frequently used properties such as the single scattering albedo, the asymmetry parameter or the lidar ratio. To demonstrate the wide range of possible MOPSMAP applications a selection of examples is presented, e.g., dealing with hygroscopic growth, mixtures of absorbing and non-absorbing particles, the relevance of the size equivalence in case of non-spherical particles, and the variability of volcanic ash microphysics. The web interface is designed to be intuitive for expert and non-expert users. To support users a large set of default settings is available, e.g., several wavelength-dependent refractive indices, climatologically representative size distributions, and a parameterization of hygroscopic growth. Calculations are possible for single wavelengths or user-defined sets (e.g., of specific remote sensing application). For expert users more options for the microphysics are available. Plots for immediate visualization of the results are shown. The complete output can be downloaded for further applications. All input parameters and results are stored in the user’s personal folder so that calculations can easily be reproduced. The MOPSMAP package is available on request for offline calculations, e.g., when large numbers of different runs for sensitivity studies shall be made.
Computationally Efficient Emulators for Earth System Models
Authors: Link Robert , Lynch Cary , Snyder Abigail , Hartin Corinne , Kravitz Ben , Bond-Lamberty Ben
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Earth System Models (ESMs) are the gold standard for producing future projections of climate change, but running them is difficult and costly, and thus researchers are generally limited to a small selection of scenarios. This paper presents a technique for detailed emulation of Earth System Model (ESM) temperature output, based on constructing a deterministic model for the mean response to global temperature. The residuals between the mean response and the observed temperature fields are used to construct variability fields that are added to the mean response to produce the final product. The method produces grid-level output with spatially and temporally coherent variability. Output fields include random components, so the system may be run as many times as necessary to produce large ensembles of fields for uncertainty studies and similar uses. We describe the method, show example outputs, and present statistical verification that it reproduces the ESM properties it is intended to capture. This method, available as an open-source R package, should have utility in the study of climate uncertainty and variability, extreme events, and climate change mitigation.
LIVVkit 2.1: Automated and extensible ice sheet model validation
Authors: Evans Katherine J. , Kennedy Joseph H. , Lu Dan , Forrester Mary M. , Price Stephen , Fyke Jeremy , Bennett Andrew R. , Hoffman Matthew J. , Tezaur Irina , Zender Charles S. , Vizcaíno Miren
Published: March 2018

Abstract. A collection of scientific analyses, metrics, and visualizations for robust validation of ice sheet models is presented using the LIVVkit package, version 2.1. This software collection targets stand-alone ice sheet or coupled Earth system models, and handles datasets and operations that require high-performance computing and storage. LIVVkit aims to enable efficient and fully reproducible workflows for post-processing, analysis, and visualization of observational and model-derived datasets in a shareable format, whereby all data, methodologies, and output are distributed to users for evaluation. We demonstrate LIVVkit validation for a Greenland ice sheet simulation using the coupled Community Earth System Model, CESM, as well as an idealized stand-alone high-resolution ice sheet model, CISM-Albany. As one example of the capability, LIVVkit analyzes the degree to which models capture the surface mass balance (SMB) and identifies potential sources of bias, using recently available in-situ and remotely sensed data as comparison. Related fields within atmosphere and land surface models, e.g. surface temperature, radiation, and cloud cover, are also diagnosed. Applied to the CESM1.0, LIVVkit identifies a positive SMB bias that is focused largely around Greenland's southwest region that is due to insufficient ablation.
Tobacco-Free Investment: Harnessing the Power of the Finance Industry in Comprehensive Tobacco Control
Authors: King Bronwyn , Payne Clare , Stone Emily
Published: March 2018

Leveraging the power of the global financial sector is emerging as a powerful, targeted strategy in tobacco control. The tobacco epidemic has been in decline in many high income nations since the 1960s but shows few signs of abating in low and middle income nations, with the tobacco industry offsetting regulatory restrictions and shrinking markets in industrialised countries by actively promoting tobacco use in poorer countries with weaker tobacco control. Lung cancer rates and tobacco-related mortality statistics reflect these changes with levels declining in high income countries but yet to peak in low and middle income countries. This contrast calls for new approaches that can cross borders, transcend the barriers between legislative domains and offer a truly international approach. Tobacco Free Portfolios works collaboratively with the global finance sector to inform, advance and prioritise tobacco-free investment. This initiative aims to encourage finance leaders to reflect on and reconsider commercial relationships with the tobacco industry, urging them to be part of the solution when it comes to addressing one of greatest global challenges of our time.
Quality of Educational Resources: A Comparative Evaluation of Schools That Joined PISA 2015 from Turkey and Singapore
Authors: Ozkan Metin , Balci Suphi , Kayan Selman , Is Engin
Published: March 2018

The objective of the study was to make a comparison among the two countries according to the level of sufficiency of educational resources and to determine the accuracy level at which variables related to educational resources can classify the schools on the basis of countries. Relational survey model was used. The sample group of the study was comprised of 186 schools from Turkey and 174 schools from Singapore for a total of 360 schools. Descriptive analyses and chi-square statistics were used to put forth whether there are differences with regard to the items. Logistic regression analysis was used to make an accurate classification of the schools according to their countries. Statistically significant differences between Turkish and Singapore schools were attained as a result of the chi-square analyses in all variables including lack of educational material, inadequate or poor quality educational material, lack of physical infrastructure and inadequate or poor quality physical infrastructure variables. A total of four variables included in the study explain about 60 % of the variance of Turkish and Singapore schools in having adequate educational resources. The equation obtained from analysis shows that lack of educational material is more important than lack of physical infrastructure. This alone puts forth that school success is related more to the quality of educational material than to physical inadequacies. As a result of the logistic regression with these variables, it was determined that the equation classifies 82% of the total number of 360 schools accurately. As a general conclusion of the study, it was observed with regard to its contributions to the model acquired via logistic regression.
Elementary Teacher Education in the Top Performing European TIMSS Countries: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sabrin Mohammed
Published: March 2018

This paper analyzed elementary teacher education (hereafter ‘TED’) programs in the top performing European (TIMSS) countries to help inform future elementary TED policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodological emphasis revolved around how much emphasis should be placed on general content knowledge (GCK), as opposed to general pedagogical knowledge (GPK), as opposed to methodological pedagogical knowledge (MPK). This study explored these questions while analyzing the elementary TED programs of Germany, Finland, and the U.K. relying mainly on peer-reviewed literature on these topics published between 2000 and 2016 in the English language. Three theoretical frames of reference, aside from TIMSS, were also analyzed during this process: whether the programs were consecutive or concurrent, the model of partnership followed between universities and institutions where field experiences took place, and the overall status and role of teachers in the society as categorized by career-based or position-based. It was found that the top performing European TIMSS countries usually: have consecutive and concurrent options; attract the top academic achievers into their programs; have strict filters for admission; provide very intensive TED experiences to their students focusing on practical and diverse field experiences; enforce students to major in at least one academic subject and place more emphasis on academic subject expertise than pedagogy; have challenging criteria (including exams and portfolios) for graduation from the program; have national accreditation institutes for unifying standards; their sponsor countries enforce various types of induction and professional development once in the field; and lastly these countries offer salaries competitive with other professions that require the same amount of years and training since they are usually career-based positions.
The Relation between Science Student Teachers’ Approaches to Studying and Their Attitude to Reflective Practice
Authors: Efe Rifat
Published: March 2018

In this study, the relation between science student teachers’ approaches to studying and their attitude to reflective practice were investigated. The participants were 345 science student teachers on teacher education course during 2015-2016 academic year. The data was collected through Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) and Student Teachers Attitude to Reflective Practice questionnaires. Pearson correlations and multiple regressions were used to analyse the data. The study found that the participant science student teachers’ approaches to studying were significant predictors for their attitude to reflective practice. The findings have important implications for student teachers’ professional development while they are training to become teachers.
An Approached Solution of Wave Equation with Cubic Damping by Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), Regular Pertubation Method (RPM) and Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM)
Authors: BAGAYOGO Moussa , PARE Youssouf , MINOUNGOU Youssouf
Published: March 2018

In this study, we consider the wave equation with cubic damping with its initial conditions. Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), Regular Pertubation Method (RPM) and Adomian decomposition Method (ADM) are applied to this equation. Then, the solution yielding the given initial conditions is gained. Finally, the solutions obtained by each method are compared.
Evaluation of an Anthocyanin, Cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside, as an Allelochemical in Red Callus of a Mangrove Sonneratia ovata, Using Protoplast Co-Culture Bioassay Method with Digital Image Analysis
Authors: Sasamoto Hamako , Iwashina Tsukasa , Suzuki Sakae , Azumi Yoshitaka , Fujii Yoshiharu
Published: March 2018

protoplasts to examine the allelopathic activities. Protoplasts were isolated with Cellulase R10 and Driselase 20 in 0.6 M mannitol solution and purified by density gradient centrifugation on 0.6 M sucrose. Protoplasts were co-cultured in 50 μL of liquid Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) basal medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 μM benzyladenine and 0.6 M mannitol solution in a 96-well culture plate. Protoplast density ranged from 5 × 103/mL to 105/mL. Cell division of lettuce protoplasts was strongly inhibited by addition of S. ovata protoplasts, and non-spherical cell enlargement was slightly inhibited. By contrast, digital image analysis of scanned 96-well culture platesrevealed no inhibition in accumulation of yellow color in lettuce protoplasts. An anthocyanin, cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (cyanin), was identified and its content in the red callus was ca. 1 mM of fresh weight. The effects of cyanin on the growth of lettuce protoplasts at three stages were similar to those of red S. ovata protoplasts. From these results, cyanin was most likely the allelochemical contained in red callus of S. ovata. The allelopathic activity of cyanin was compared with that of other putative allelochemicals in several plant materials, using the protoplast co-culture method with digital image analysis.
Electrochemical behavior of sildenafil citrate at gold and cystein modified gold electrode in acid solution
Authors: Lović Jelena Dušan , Trišović Nemanja , Antanasijević Jelena , Avramov Ivić Milka
Published: March 2018

Electrochemical behavior of sildenafil citrate (SC) at gold and cystein (Cys) modified gold electrode (Au/Cys) in 0.1 M H2SO4 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and by square wave voltammetry (SWV). Effect of scan rate on the CVs of SC standard was performed in order to examine the mode of transport and irreversibility of process. SC as standard is determined by SWV in acid solution at Au electrode in a range: 10-3, 10-2, 0.1, 0.5, 1 μM and on Au/Cys in a range: 10-3, 10-2, 0.05, 0.1 μM. The presence of Cys causes two-time larger peak currents and shifting of the incipient potential of the SC oxidation to 0.1 V in negative direction. In investigated range of concentration of SC standard in acid solution on modified and unmodified Au electrodes SWV method have excellent linear regression coefficient with value 0.997 promoting SWV for reliable determination of SC.
Innovative Method of Fuze Settings by a Number of Own Turns of a Projectile
Authors: JĄCZEK Grzegorz , GACEK Józef , FURMANEK Wojciech
Published: March 2018

This work presents a fuze setting method for ammunition for cannons and grenade launchers with a calibre of 25 to 40 mm, with a projectile body, that generates fragments by burst, on its trajectory during projectile flight. This setting method is based on fuze data delivery with a number of projectile turns between a muzzle and accurately predetermined point on its trajectory. The proposed method for fuzes setting is intended for precise determination of the distance travelled by the projectile, and should provide an alternative method for time setting fuzes. The method utilizes the phenomenon when the projectile, launched from the rifling barrel, overcomes a distance, in one turn path, equal to the barrel rifling pitch. This distance, independent of the projectile muzzle’s velocity and the number of turns made by the projectile, will determine the path travelled by it. In this work, important factors were presented, that apply to functioning the fuzes with spin detecting and turns counting features and that were omitted in descriptions of similar fuzes’ known solutions. These factors are: "idle gun elevation angles", when signal is not generated; electromagnetic interferences, affecting quantity of impulses that are counted and random projectile initial orientation after a gun loading, in relation to projectile airbust point on a trajectory. Consideration of those important, from the ballistic point of view, factors in fuze construction makes it an innovative one. This publication shows also a proposition of the fuze electronic subassembly, that includes all of the questions that were mentioned.
Bezkontaktowe pomiary drgań wybranych elementów wirnikowych turbinowych silników lotniczych
Authors: OLEJNIK Aleksander , ROGÓLSKI Robert , SZCZEŚNIAK Michał
Published: March 2018

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie metody bezdotykowego pomiaru postaci drgań własnych izolowanych elementów konstrukcyjnych silników turbinowych z wykorzystaniem wibrometru laserowego. Badaniom poddano dwa dostępne elementy konstrukcyjne: zintegrowaną tarczę turbinową silnika rozruchowego AI-9 oraz łopatkę wieńca wentylatorowego sprężarki niskiego ciśnienia silnika RD-33. Pomiary drgań rezonansowych przeprowadzono w sposób bezdotykowy przy użyciu dopplerowskiego wibrometru skanującego Polytec PSV-400-3D. Tarczę turbinową zawieszoną do pomiaru na podatnych odciągach zapewniając w ten sposób warunki zbliżone do warunków swobodnych. Z kolei łopatkę zamocowano w sposób sztywny umieszczając jej stopkę w szczękach nieruchomego zacisku. Opisano procedurę pomiarową oraz zasadę działania użytej aparatury. W celu weryfikacji wyników pomiarowych opracowano modele dyskretne obu elementów, które posłużyły do numerycznej analizy modalnej (MSC Software). Modele geometryczne tarczy i łopatki opracowano z wykorzystaniem technik inżynierii odwrotnej. Modele strukturalnego MES przygotowano w preprocesorze MSC Patran stosując dyskretyzację elementami bryłowymi. Częstotliwości podstawowych postaci rezonansowych zbadanych doświadczalnie porównano z częstotliwościami analogicznych postaci numerycznych. Analiza porównawcza jest punktem wyjścia do kalibracji modeli numerycznych, które w kolejnym etapie badań będzie można wykorzystać do określania krytycznych prędkości obrotowych wirujących elementów.
Bronşektazide Klinik Özellikler ve Cerrahi Tedavinin Sonuçları
Authors: DADAŞ Erdoğan
Published: March 2018

Amaç: Bu çalışma bronşektazili hastaların klinik
özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve cerrahinin sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesini
amaçlamaktadır.Yöntemler: Haziran 2012 - Haziran 2017 tarihleri arasında,
Üniversitemiz Tıp Fakültesi Göğüs Cerrahisi Kliniği’nde cerrahi rezeksiyon
uygulanan 18 (7 erkek, 11 kadın; ort. yaş 44 yıl; dağılım 14-68 yıl)
bronşektazi hastasının tıbbi kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelendi.
Hastaların takip verilerine telefon veya poliklinik kontrolleri ile ulaşıldı.
Hastalar yaş, cinsiyet, semptomlar, tanı yöntemleri, lezyonun yerleşim yeri,
yapılan ameliyat, morbidite, mortalite ve cerrahi tedavinin sonuçları açısından
değerlendirildi.Bulgular: En sık görülen semptom kronik öksürük ve balgam
çıkarma idi. Sekiz hastada (%44) sol akciğer tutulumu, 9 hastada (%50) sağ
akciğer tutulumu ve 1 hastada (%6) iki taraflı akciğer tutulumu vardı.
Bronşektazinin en sık etkilediği alan sol alt lob idi (n=6). On altı olguda
(%89) tam rezeksiyon, 2 olguda (%11) tam olmayan rezeksiyon uygulandı. Tüm
hastaların cerrahi tedavi sonuçlarına ulaşıldı. Ortalama takip süresi 30
(Dağılım:5-65) ay idi. 0n yedi hastada (%95) tedavide başarı sağlanırken 1 olgu
tedaviden yarar görmedi. Sonuç: Bronşektazili hastalarda cerrahi tedavi %95 başarı
oranı ile iyi bir tedavi seçeneğidir. Hemoptizi gibi hayatı tehdit edici
komplikasyonları kontrol altına alır, semptomlarda ve hayat kalitesinde tatmin
edici düzelme sağlar.
Akut Solunum Sıkıntısına Neden olan Travmatik Tiroid Hematomuna Multidisipliner Yaklaşım: Olgu Sunumu
Authors: GOKGOZ Mert Cemal , ÖKÇESİZ İzzet , TAŞLI Hamdi , YİĞİT Yusuf Çağlar , TAHA Ahmed
Published: March 2018

Tiroid bezi hematomları akut solunum sıkıntısına neden
olması nedeniyle hızlı değerlendirme ve müdahale gerektiren acil bir
patolojidir. Hematomun bası etkisine bağlı solunum sıkıntısı derecesi
değişebilir ve müdahale kararında belirleyicidir. Boynuna aldığı darbe
sonrasında akut solunum sıkıntısı gelişen 38 yaşında bilinen bir hastalığı
olmayan olgumuz, fizik muayene ve radyolojik tetkikler sonrasında acil
hastalıkları, kulak burun boğaz, genel cerrahi ve radyoloji uzmanı tarafından
birlikte değerlendirildi. Boyun ultrasonunda (USG) tiroid sol lobda yaklaşık
6*4 cm boyutunda, sol karotis kommunis arteri yaylandıran, kistik komponentleri
ön planda heterojen ekojeniteli nodüler imaj izlendi. Tanımlanan bölgeye travma
öyküsü olması ve öncesinde hastanın kistik nodüler guatr öyküsü bulunmaması
nedeniyle sonografik bulgular öncelikle hematom lehine değerlendirildi.
Bilgisayarlı Boyun Tomografisi ‘Tiroid sol lobunda 57*44 mm boyutunda hipodens
nodül izlenmiş olup trakeayı sağa deviye etmektedir’ şeklinde raporlandı.
Tiroid hematomlarında solunum sıkıntısının derecesine göre; takip ve oksijen
desteği, USG eşliğinde aspirasyon, cerrahi müdahale (hemitiroidektomi, total
tiroidektomi, kanama kontrolü), entübasyon ve entübasyon yapılamazsa trakeotomi
inferior tedavi seçenekleri arasındadır. Biz bu olguda oldukça nadir gözüken
travmatik tiroid hematomunda ultrason eşliğinde yapılan aspirasyon yöntemi ile
tedavi yaklaşımımızı sunduk.
Akut Subdural Hematomlu 106 Olgunun Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ÖZEVREN Hüseyin , HATTAPOĞLU Salih
Published: March 2018

Amaç: ASDH(akut subdural hematom) olgularının klinik
bulgularını ve bilgisayarlı tomografi sonuçlarını geriye dönük olarak
değerlendirmek.Yöntemler: Ocak 2013 -Mart 2017 yılları arasında kliniğimize
başvuran 106 ASDH olgusu geriye dönük olarak incelendi. Her bir olgunun yaş,
cinsiyet, subdural hematom etiyolojisi, ve BT(bilgisayarlı tomografi) sonuçları
değerlendirildi. Olguların beyin BT kesitlerindeki orta hat şifti, hematom
hacmi ve dansitesi hesaplanarak incelendi. Sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak
değerlendirildi.Bulgular: Beyin cerrahi kliniğine başvuran 106 ASDH
olgusunun [80 (%75,5) erkek, 26 (%24,5) kadın], ortalama yaş 37,93±27,16 (1-89)
idi. Olguların 65’i (%61,3) kendiliğinden rezorbe oldu. Hastaların 23’ü (%21,7)
ameliyat edildi. Bununla beraber olgulardan, 12’si (%11,3) erkek ve 6’sı (%5,6)
kadın olmak üzere takiplerimiz esnasında eks olmuştur. Eks olguların kraniyal
BT tetkiklerinde orta hat şiftine ek olarak kontüzyon, ödem veya diğer sistemik
bulgular mevcuttu.En sık başvuru nedenleri trafik kazaları 48(%45), düşme
23(%22), darp 14(%13), ateşli silah yaralanması 11(%10), spontan kanamalar
10(%10) idi. Erkek ve kadın olgularda; hematom hacmi, dansitesi ve orta hat
şifti açısından yapılan istatistiksel karşılaştırmada anlamlı farklılık
bulunmadı. Olguların beyin tomografisi incelemesinde ortalama hematom hacimleri
22,54±2,45cm3 (4-120), ortalama subdural hematom dansitesi 52,35±15,12 HU
(Hounsfield Units) (18-76), orta hat şifti 2,34±2,99mm (0-17,25) olarak
ölçülmüştür. Yaş ile subdural hematom hacmi arasında yapılan korelasyon testi
pozitif yönde anlamlı bulundu (p<0,001, r=0,425). Yaş ile hematom dansitesi
arasındaki korelasyon testi negatif yönde anlamlı bulundu (p<0,05, r=-0,21).Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, acil polikliniğimize başvuran ASDH’li
hastaları etiyolojik, klinik ve radyolojik olarak değerlendirdik. Bu hastalar
için kraniyal BT önemli tanı araçıdır. Kraniyal BT’de ASDH’e ek bulguların
olması mortaliteyi önemli ölçüde arttırmaktadır. ASDH’lı hastalarda yaş
arttıkça hematom hacmi artmakta ve dansitesi düşmekteydi. Yaşlı hastalarda
küçük travmalar sonrasında da ASDH oluşabilmekte ve geç bulgu verebilmektedir.
Drought and Supply Limits Drive Sustainability Initiatives
Authors: West Adam
Published: March 2018

To reduce water use, a California utility developed a range of customer programs that engage and educate stakeholders. By fostering cooperation to sustainably meet water demand through efficiency, the utility's efforts provide valuable lessons for many water utilities under pressure to reduce consumption.
New Data Tracking Tool Monitors Biofilter Performance
Authors: Nyfennegger Jennifer , Brown Jess , Lauderdale Chance , Ross Nishel , Upadhyaya Giridhar , Burns Sarah , Owen Christine
Published: March 2018

The Water Research Foundation published a user‐friendly tool that allows utilities to organize and interpret biofilter monitoring data to understand performance trends, actively monitor for changes that can indicate potential problems, and evaluate control changes or enhancement strategies.
Resiliency is Key to Effective Disaster Planning
Authors: Deslauriers Sarah A.
Published: March 2018

With the likelihood of extreme weather events further increasing, it's more important than ever for water and wastewater utilities to be prepared for threats that could adversely affect operations and reliable service.
Staff Engagement is Key to Optimization
Authors: Martin Barb , Linder Kevin
Published: March 2018

Optimization is a team effort, requiring buy‐in and commitment from staff at all levels of an organization. Water and wastewater utilities are most effective in their optimization efforts when employees are provided the opportunity to collaborate, share ideas, and be empowered to achieve excellence.
Habitat degradation of an eelgrass bed variably affects epifaunal biodiversity
Authors: Rossi Francesca , Pierrejean Marie
Published: March 2018

Seagrass habitat complexity can determine species diversity and abundance, through, for instance, changes in the availability of microhabitats, refuge from predators or changes in the intensity and frequency of abiotic stressors. Human-related perturbations cause seagrass habitat degradation and, therefore, reduce its complexity, thereby affecting biodiversity. We have followed the epifaunal assemblages of a Zostera marina meadow and deliberately modified seagrass shoot density three times during a year to measure how epifaunal assemblages responded to habitat degradation and whether patterns of response were consistent through time. We have also measured in the laboratory how epifauna controlled epiphyte biomass, which could feedback on seagrass photosynthetic activity, growth and productivity, thereby changing its resilience to disturbances. Results have shown complex patterns, variable in time.
Egg perivitelline fluid of the invasive snail Pomacea canaliculata affects mice gastrointestinal function and morphology
Authors: Giglio Matías , Garro Cintia , Caviedes-Vidal Enrique , Heras Horacio
Published: March 2018

Background. Pomacea Apple snails are freshwater, amphibious snails native from South America. Some species such as P. canaliculata have become a driver of ecosystemic changes in wetlands and an important rice and taro pest after its introduction to Asia and other parts of the world. Females deposit colored eggs clutches above the waterline, a reproductive strategy that exposes the eggs to harsh conditions and terrestrial predation. However, eggs have no reported predators in their native range, probably by the acquisition of unparalleled biochemical defenses based on a set of proteins (perivitellins) that nourish embryos and protect them from predators and abiotic factors. Notably, ingestion of egg perivitelline fluid (PVF) decreases rat growth rate and alters their gastrointestinal morphology. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of apple snail egg PVF on mice gut digestive activity, morphology and nutrient absorption. Methods. Carbohydrate digestion by intestinal disaccharidases (sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamilase) was evaluated ex vivo in mice gavaged with 1 or 4 doses of PVF. Gut morphological changes and absorptive surface were also determined. In addition, alteration on nutrient absorption rates, transport pathways and intestinal permeability was evaluated by luminal perfusions of small intestine with radiolabeled L-proline (absorbed by paracellular and transcellular pathways) and L-arabinose (absorbed exclusively by paracellular pathway). Results. PVF affected mice which displayed large morphological changes in the small intestine epithelium inducing the appearance of shorter and wider villi as well as fused villi. This resulted in a diminished absorptive surface, notably in the proximal portion. Likewise, the activity of disaccharidases diminished in the proximal portion of the intestine. Total absorption of L-proline increased in treated mice in a dose-dependent manner. There were no differences neither in the ratio paracellular-to-transcellular absorption of L-proline nor in gut permeability as revealed by the clearance of L-arabinose. Discussion. Oral administration of apple snail PVF to mice adversely alters gut morphophysiology by reducing the intestinal absorptive surface, affecting enzymes of sugar metabolism and increasing the absorption rate of nutrients without affecting the relative contribution of the absorption pathways or gut permeability. These results further support the notion that Pomacea snail eggs possess a passive anti-predator defense targeting the digestive system
Utilization of eDNA metabarcoding to assess coral reef health in Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Reimer James D , DiBattista Joseph , Biondi Piera , Masucci Giovanni D , Stat Michael , Bunce Michael
Published: March 2018

Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has great potential in assessing comparative total biodiversity, and facilitating robust comparisons across a wide variety of sites and taxa. In particular, eDNA combined with next-generation sequencing can help address the huge critical data gaps in our understanding of marine biodiversity, especially in regions with high levels of understudied diversity such as the coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific region. Within this region, Okinawa is known for its high levels of marine biodiversity and endemicity, and also for the threats shallow coral reef ecosystems face from a variety of stressors including local-scale coastal development and over-exploitation to global scale threats such as climate change. In this study, we generated eDNA metabarcoding sequences from sediment and seawater samples from various reefs in Okinawa, Japan. At the same time, we developed a simple methodology to assess the relative health of these reefs based on anthropogenic and natural stressors. We discuss our eDNA results in comparison to coral reef health, identify potential bioindicator taxa, and explore the relative biodiversity of coral reef communities across sites. Our results indicate that taxa asides from the corals (Scleractinia) can provide robust information on coral reef health.
Active or not? What microbial assemblages say about pockmarks located at Estremadura Spur (NE Atlantic)
Authors: Rodrigues Clara F , Magalhães Vitor , Cunha Marina
Published: March 2018

Bacteria are important components of marine ecosystems and play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles. Although ubiquitous and abundant in marine ecosystems, little is known about their diversity and composition, which is usually affected by several environmental parameters. Due to their abundance and distribution, which includes shallow-water locations, the contribution of pockmarks to global methane and hydrocarbon release could be massive. Microbial assemblages associated with pockmarks are known to be different between active and inactive sites. In this study, the microbial assemblages associated with several pockmarks located at the outer shelf of the Estremadura Spur were revealed using a next-generation sequencing of the bacterial/archaeal 16S RRNA. The sampled stations show a similar community structure for the most abundant phyla. OTUs encompass 59 bacterial and three archaeal phyla. Within Bacteria, Proteobacteria with 62.6% was the dominant phylum followed by Actinobacteria (7.8%), Acidobacteria (7.7%), Bacteroidetes (4.5%) and Gemmatimonadetes (2.8%). These groups are known to dominate marine sediments and their diversity was comparable to other studies. The studied microbial assemblages also comprised several phylotypes associated with the cycling of sulfur and nitrate compounds, as well as numerous know hydrocarbon degraders emphasizing its importance for the ecosystem functioning.
Herbivore biocontrol and manual removal successfully reduce invasive macroalgae on coral reefs
Authors: Neilson Brian J , Wall Christopher B , Mancini Frank T , Gewecke Catherine A
Published: March 2018

Invasive macroalgae pose a serious threat to coral reef biodiversity by monopolizing reef habitats, competing with native species, and directly overgrowing, and smothering reef corals. Several invasive macroalgae (Eucheuma clade E, Kappaphycus clade A and B, Gracilaria salicornia, and Acanthophora spicifera) are established within Kāne‘ohe Bay (O‘ahu, Hawai‘i, USA), and reducing invasive macroalgae cover is a coral reef conservation and management priority. However, invasive macroalgae control techniques are limited and few successful large-scale applications exist. Therefore, a two-tiered invasive macroalgae control approach was designed, where first, divers manually remove invasive macroalgae (Eucheuma and Kappaphycus) aided by an underwater vacuum system (“The Super Sucker”). Second, hatchery-raised juvenile sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla), were outplanted to graze and control invasive macroalgae regrowth. To test the effectiveness of this approach in a natural reef ecosystem, four discrete patch reefs with high invasive macroalgae cover (15 – 26 %) were selected, and macroalgae removal plus urchin biocontrol (treatment reefs, n = 2), or no treatment (control reefs, n = 2), was applied at the patch reef-scale. In applying the invasive macroalgae treatment, the control effort manually removed ~ 19,000 kg of invasive macroalgae and ~ 99,000 juvenile sea urchins were outplanted across to two patch-reefs, totaling ~ 24,000 m2 of reef area. Changes in benthic cover were monitored over two years (five sampling periods) before-and-after the treatment was applied. Over the study period, removal and biocontrol reduced invasive macroalgae cover by 85 % at treatment reefs. Our results show that manual removal in combination with hatchery raised urchin biocontrol is an effective management approach for controlling invasive macroalgae at reef-wide spatial scales and temporal scales of months to years.
Mechanism and consequence of abnormal calcium homeostasis in Rett syndrome astrocytes
Authors: Dong Qiping , Liu Qing , Li Ronghui , Wang Anxin , Bu Qian , Wang Kuan Hong , Chang Qiang
Published: March 2018

Astrocytes play an important role in Rett syndrome (RTT) disease progression. Although the non-cell-autonomous effect of RTT astrocytes on neurons was documented, cell-autonomous phenotypes and mechanisms within RTT astrocytes are not well understood. We report that spontaneous calcium activity is abnormal in RTT astrocytes in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Such abnormal calcium activity is mediated by calcium overload in the endoplasmic reticulum caused by abnormal store operated calcium entry, which is in part dependent on elevated expression of TRPC4. Furthermore, the abnormal calcium activity leads to excessive activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors (eNMDARs) on neighboring neurons and increased network excitability in Mecp2 knockout mice. Finally, both the abnormal astrocytic calcium activity and the excessive activation of eNMDARs are caused by Mecp2 deletion in astrocytes in vivo. Our findings provide evidence that abnormal calcium homeostasis is a key cell-autonomous phenotype in RTT astrocytes, and reveal its mechanism and consequence.
The value of citizen science for ecological monitoring of mammals
Authors: Parsons Arielle Waldstein , Goforth Christine , Costello Robert , Kays Roland
Published: March 2018

Citizen science approaches are of great interest for their potential to efficiently and sustainably monitor wildlife populations on both public and private lands. Here we present two studies that worked with volunteers to set camera traps for ecological surveys. The photographs recorded by these citizen scientists were archived and verified using the eMammal software platform, providing a professional grade, vouchered database of biodiversity records. Motivated by managers’ concern with perceived high bear activity, our first example enlisted the help of homeowners in a short-term study to compare black bear activity inside a National Historic Site with surrounding private land. We found similar levels of bear activity inside and outside the NHS, and regional comparisons suggest the bear population is typical. Participants benefited from knowing their local bear population was normal and managers refocused bear management given this new information. Our second example is a continuous survey of wildlife using the grounds of a nature education center that actively manages habitat to maintain a grassland prairie. Center staff incorporated the camera traps into educational programs, involving visitors with camera setup and picture review. Over two years and 5,968 camera-nights this survey has collected 41,393 detections of 14 wildlife species. Detection rates and occupancy were higher in open habitats compared to forest, suggesting that the maintenance of prairie habitat is beneficial to some species. Over 500 volunteers of all ages participated in this project over two years. Some of the greatest benefits have been to high school students, exemplified by a student with autism who increased his communication and comfort level with others through field work with the cameras. These examples show how, with the right tools, training and survey design protocols, citizen science can be used to answer a variety of applied management questions while connecting participants with their secretive mammal neighbors.
Differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) reveals the elevation of urinary acetylcarnitine in non‐human primates (NHPs) exposed to radiation
Authors: Vera Nicholas B. , Chen Zhidan , Pannkuk Evan , Laiakis Evagelia C. , Fornace Albert J. , Erion Derek M. , Coy Stephen L. , Pfefferkorn Jeffrey A. , Vouros Paul
Published: March 2018

Acetylcarnitine has been identified as one of several urinary biomarkers indicative of radiation exposure in adult rhesus macaque monkeys (non‐human primates, NHPs). Previous work has demonstrated an up‐regulated dose‐response profile in a balanced male/female NHP cohort. As a contribution toward the development of metabolomics‐based radiation biodosimetry in human populations and other applications of acetylcarnitine screening, we have developed a quantitative, high‐throughput method for the analysis of acetylcarnitine. We employed the Sciex SelexIon DMS‐MS/MS QTRAP 5500 platform coupled to flow injection analysis (FIA), thereby allowing for fast analysis times of less than 0.5 minutes per injection with no chromatographic separation. Ethyl acetate is used as a DMS modifier to reduce matrix chemical background. We have measured NHP urinary acetylcarnitine from the male cohorts that were exposed to the following radiation levels: control, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 10 Gy. Biological variability, along with calibration accuracy of the FIA‐DMS‐MS/MS method, indicates LOQ of 20 μM, with observed biological levels on the order of 600 μM and control levels near 10 μM. There is an apparent onset of intensified response in the transition from 6 to 10 Gy. The results demonstrate that FIA‐DMS‐MS/MS is a rapid, quantitative technique that can be utilized for the analysis of urinary biomarker levels for radiation biodosimetry.
Mediation Analysis Revisited: Practical Suggestions for Addressing Common Deficiencies
Authors: Kim Jungkeun , Hwang Euejung , Phillips Megan , Jang Sungha , Kim Jae-Eun , Spence Mark T. , Park Jongwon
Published: March 2018

Four issues that can affect statistical conclusions from mediation analysis are presented here: The implications of omitting mediators; not conducting reverse mediation analysis; using inappropriate measures; and not considering a wider array of experiment-based methods. Suggestions for addressing each of these are advanced. Previous issues of AMJ, JMR and JCR are then examined to gauge the extent to which these suggestions were used. Less than half of the published papers inspected (44.4% of the total) endeavored to address at least three of the four issues raised above. AMJ authors will realize higher statistical as well as theoretical rigor if they consider these suggestions.
Therapeutic effect of perinatal exogenous melatonin on behavioral and histopathological changes and antioxidative enzymes in neonate mouse model of cortical malformation
Authors: Azizi Maryam , Pasbakhsh Parichehr , Nadji Seyed Alireza , Pourabdollah Mihan , Mokhtari Tahmineh , Sadr Makan , Omidi Negar , Kashani Iraj Ragerdi , Zendehdel Adib
Published: March 2018

Background

Melatonin, which is an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent, can be an effective treatment for neurological disorders. We assessed the effect of melatonin administration on histological changes, antioxidant enzyme levels, and behavioral changes in a neonate mouse model of cortical malformation.

Materials and methods

Cortical malformation was induced by two injections of 15 mg/kg methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on gestational day 15 (E15). Pregnant Balb/c mice were randomly divided into the following six groups: Control (CO), Melatonin (MEL), Luzindole (LUZ), MAM, MEL + MAM1 (co‐treatment), and MEL + MAM2 (pretreatment). Melatonin was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 10 mg/kg daily (from E15 until delivery of from E6 for 20 days after delivery). On postnatal day 31, the activity and anxiety of mice were assessed by open field and elevated plus maze tests, respectively. Histopathological changes in the neonate cortex were studied using hematoxylin and eosin staining and neurofilament immunohistochemistry. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the activity of nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX).

Results

In the behavioral assessment of neonate mice, a significant increase in the crossing activity and decrease in anxiety were recorded in groups treated with MAM plus melatonin. In histological examination, heterotopic, dysmorphic, and ectopic cells, as well as dyslamination, were seen in the MAM and LUZ groups. However, these defects were attenuated in the MAM plus melatonin groups. Significant reductions were recorded in the SOD and GPX levels in the MAM and LUZ groups compared to the control, while the NO level was increased in these groups. Groups that received MAM plus melatonin showed significant increases in the levels of SOD and GPX and a significant decrease in the level of NO, compared to the MAM group.

Conclusion

Melatonin increased the crossing activity and decreased the anxiety in the treated mice of the neonate mouse model of cortical malformation. Histologically, the administration of exogenous melatonin in pregnant mice and their neonates had a protective effect on the cerebral cortex of neonates. Also, this effect is elicited by decreasing NO and increasing antioxidative enzymes.