bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The wheat germ agglutinin‐fractionated proteome of subjects with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment hippocampus and inferior parietal lobule: Implications for disease pathogenesis and progression
Authors: Di Domenico Fabio , Owen Joshua B. , Sultana Rukhsana , Sowell Rena A. , Perluigi Marzia , Cini Chiara , Cai Jian , Pierce William M. , Butterfield D. Allan
Published: October 2010

Lectin affinity chromatography is a powerful separation technique that fractionates proteins by selectively binding to specific carbohydrate moieties characteristic of protein glycosylation type. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) selectively binds terminal N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) and sialic acid moieties characteristic of O‐linked glycosylation. The current study utilizes WGA affinity chromatography to fractionate proteins from hippocampus and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) from subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and arguably its earliest form, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Proteins identified by proteomics that were fractionated from MCI and AD hippocampus by WGA affinity chromatography with altered levels compared with age‐matched controls included GP96, γ‐enolase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glucosidase IIα, 14‐3‐3ϵ, 14‐3‐3γ, 14‐3‐3ζ, tropomyosin‐2, calmodulin 2, gelsolin, β‐synuclein, α1‐antichymotrypsin, and dimethylguanosine tRNA methyltransferase. Proteins identified by proteomics that were fractionated from MCI and AD IPL by WGA affinity chromatography showing altered levels compared with age‐matched controls included protein disulfide isomerase, calreticulin, and GP96. The proteins described in this study are involved in diverse processes, including glucose metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions, chaperoning, cytoskeletal assembly, and proteolysis, all of which are affected in AD. This study, the first to use proteomics to identify WGA‐fractionated proteins isolated from brains from subjects with MCI and AD, provides additional information about the active proteome of the brain throughout AD progression. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functionalization of Polysulfones by Click Chemistry
Authors: Toiserkani Hojjat , Yilmaz Gorkem , Yagci Yusuf , Torun Lokman
Published: October 2010

Functionalization of polysulfones by using “Click” chemistry is described for the example of a small fluorescent analyte propargylpyrene. First, PSUs were converted to azido‐functionalized polymers by successive chloromethylation and azidation. Propargylpyrene was prepared independently as a fluorescent click component. Finally, the azido‐functionalized PSUs were coupled with propargylpyrene with high efficiency by copper‐catalyzed azide/alkyne click reactions. The final polymers and intermediates at various stages were characterized by 1H NMR, FT‐IR, GPC, UV‐Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques.

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Effect of Silicone Carbide on the Elastic Properties of Starch‐Based Composites: A Three‐Phase Model
Authors: Rjafiallah Said , Guessasma Sofiane
Published: October 2010

The effect of a rigid filler on the elastic properties of starch‐based composites is investigated. Thermomolding of the targeted composite is conducted using a starch matrix with varying silicone carbide content. Mechanical testing reveals that the composite's Young modulus cannot be rationalized using two‐phase analytical models. The effect of a weak interphase region is highlighted using a finite‐element model that assumes the generation of virtual microstructures. Numerical results are discussed by describing the influence of the structural and interphase parameters on the composite's elastic modulus. Identification of optimal interphase parameters quantitatively demonstrates the weak adhesion between intrinsic phases for all studied filler fractions.

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The role of emotional wisdom in salespersons' relationships with colleagues and customers
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Belschak Frank , Verbeke Willem
Published: October 2010

Emotional wisdom is defined as a set of seven dimensions of basic skills and meta‐narratives concerning how to regulate emotions within specific domains in such a way that the individual's and firm's well‐being are tied together. Using operationalizations of emotional wisdom for salespersons from a wide range of industries (Study 1) and in automotive dealerships (Study 2), with respect to both colleagues and customers, it is discovered that salespeople who score high on emotional wisdom cope differently with socially challenging situations and achieve better social relationships than those who score low on emotional wisdom. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“I won't leave you although you disappoint me”: The interplay between satisfaction, investment, and alternatives in determining consumer–brand relationship commitment
Authors: Sung Yongjun , Choi Sejung Marina
Published: October 2010

While commitment is among the key constructs of consumer–brand relationships, past research has regarded the impact of predictors of brand commitment as being linear and has ignored potential interactive effects among the different antecedents. Applying the investment model of interpersonal relationship, the present research examines the dynamic interplay among the key determinants of consumers' commitment to their relationship with brands (satisfaction, alternatives, and investment) and substantiates the roles of the antecedents in consumer–brand relationship contexts. Results of two studies demonstrate that greater consumer satisfaction and investment and less attractive alternatives lead to a higher level of consumers' commitment to their relationship with a brand. Most important, the results suggest that the perceived size of investment exerts a stronger impact on brand relationship commitment when satisfaction is low while making no significant difference in the commitment level when satisfaction is high. Conversely, the influence of alternative attractiveness on brand relationship commitment appeared to be largely monotonic. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silica‐Protected Micron and Sub‐Micron Capsules and Particles for Self‐Healing at the Microscale
Authors: Jackson Aaron C. , Bartelt Jonathan A. , Marczewski Kamil , Sottos Nancy R. , Braun Paul V.
Published: October 2010

A generalized silica coating scheme is used to functionalize and protect sub‐micron and micron size dicyclopentadiene monomer‐filled capsules and polymer‐protected Grubbs' catalyst particles. These capsules and particles are used for self‐healing of microscale damage in an epoxy‐based polymer. The silica layer both protects the capsules and particles, and limits their aggregation when added to an epoxy matrix, enabling the capsules and particles to be dispersed at high concentrations with little loss of reactivity.

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A comparison of archaeological and dental evidence to determine diet at a predynastic Egyptian site
Authors: Gamza T. , Irish J.
Published: October 2010

This paper explores the relationship between dietary evidence found in the archaeological record and that of the dentitions on a sample of working class Predynastic Egyptians from Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. The samples consist of 196 individuals (3800–3600BC) ranging from 6 years to over 50 years of age. Archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence at Hierakonpolis suggests manufacture of bread, presence of some domesticated animals, hunting and fishing, and a number of fruits and vegetables. Dental indicators of diet studied include carious lesions, macrowear, microwear and linear enamel hypoplasia. The patterns on the dentition match well with a number of food stuffs found as burial offerings and within settlements at Hierakonpolis. Overall, individuals at Hierakonpolis exhibited a low incidence of small carious lesions, a low frequency of acute hypoplastic defects, steady attrition, few microwear features, a low density of large (> 4 microns) pits, and wide scratches with poorly defined margins. Based on the dentition, the working class population would have relied heavily on bread and raw, but also consumed some meat and/or fish. Within sample variation shows that the proportion of certain food categories differ between adult males and females and between adults and juveniles. LEH data suggests that children suffered no long‐term starvation or chronic stress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistochemical expression of conjugating UGT1A‐derived isoforms in normal and tumoral drug‐metabolizing tissues in humans
Authors: Bellemare Judith , Rouleau Mélanie , Harvey Mario , Popa Ion , Pelletier Georges , Têtu Bernard , Guillemette Chantal
Published: October 2010

Glucuronidation by UDP‐glucuronyltransferase (UGT) enzymes is the prevailing conjugative pathway for the metabolism of both xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Alterations in this pathway, such as those generated by common genetic polymorphisms, have been shown to significantly impact on the health of individuals, influencing cancer susceptibility, responsiveness to drugs and drug‐induced toxicity. Alternative usage of terminal exons leads to UGT1A‐derived splice variants, namely the classical and enzymatically active isoforms 1 (i1) and the novel enzymatically inactive isoforms 2 (i2).In vitrofunctional data from heterologous expression and RNA interference experiments indicate that these i2 isoforms act as negative modulators of glucuronidation, likely by forming inactive complexes with active isoform 1. We used specific antibodies against either active i1 or inactive i2 proteins to examine their distribution in major drug‐metabolizing tissues. Data revealed that UGT1A_i1 and inactive UGT1A_i2 are co‐produced in the same tissue structures, including liver, kidney, stomach, intestine and colon. Examination of the cellular distribution and semi‐quantitative level of expression of UGT1As revealed heterogeneous expression of i1 and i2 proteins, with increased expression of i2 in liver tumours and decreased levels of i1 and i2 in colon cancer specimens, compared to normal tissues. These differences in expression may be relevant to human colon and liver cancer tumorigenesis. Our data clearly demonstrate the similar immunolocalization of active and inactive UGT1A isoforms in most UGT1A‐expressing cell types of major tissues involved in drug metabolism. These expression patterns are consistent with a dominant‐negative function for the i2 encoded by theUGT1Agene. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a novel, ultra‐performance polymer cement: In situ formation of benzoxazine monomer and subsequent formation of polybenzoxazine/cement composites
Authors: Ishida Hatsuo , McCoy Michelle , Bando Takamasa , Hatta Hiroshi
Published: October 2010

The feasibility of making a high strength, water resistant polymer cement with 6,6′‐bis(2,3‐dihydro‐3‐methyl‐4H‐1,3‐benzoxazinyl) isopropylidiene (bisphenol‐A) and methylamine‐based benzoxazine, is examined. The polymer cement composites are made by room temperature combination of monomer precursors, solvent, and alumina cement. The subsequent monomer formation, in both the presence and absence of cement, is measured with respect to time by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis (NMR) of the reaction products. The addition of high alumina cement to the monomer precursors results in accelerated benzoxazine monomer formation at room temperature. The mechanism of monomer formation is discussed. Decreased polymerization temperature of the benzoxazine monomer in the presence of cement is studied by thermal analysis. Solvent is found to have little to no effect on the monomer formation and cure. A compressive strength as high as 250 MPa and a 90 day room temperature water absorption of less than 3% is achieved with no further addition of modifiers. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pediatric outcome of children with the prenatal diagnosis of isolated septal agenesis
Authors: Damaj L. , Bruneau B. , Ferry M. , Moutard M.‐L. , Garel C. , Odent S. , Adamsbaum C. , Avni F. , Tréguier C. , Lazaro L.
Published: October 2010

Background

Isolated Septal Agenesis (SA) is a rare disease with clinical outcomes (especially neurological outcomes) that are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of these children.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective multicenter study of 17 children with an isolated SA or SA combined with a moderate ventricular dilatation (VD) that was diagnosed antenatally and confirmed by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed in the antenatal period.

Results

Of the 17 children, 14 had normal neurological examinations, 2 had language development delay and visuo‐spatial dyspraxia, and 3 of the 17 children had behavioral problems. Eight children had neuropsychological evaluations, and the results were normal in six cases. There were 3 cases of septo‐optic dysplasia (SOD) diagnosed postnatally, which highlighted the difficulties in assessing the optic tract and hypothalamic‐pituitary region in antenatal imaging. Language delay and behavioral disorders were the main abnormalities at follow‐up.

Conclusion

The discovery of an isolated SA reveals the difficulties of prenatal diagnosis to correlate the neurological and functional prognosis to morphological findings. The prognosis seemed to be good. It appears necessary to improve the diagnostic performance of fetal brain imaging and to follow‐up these children prospectively to assess their long‐term cognitive‐behavioral outcomes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modifications and applications of hyperbranched aliphatic polyesters based on dimethylolpropionic acid
Authors: Zhang Xinli
Published: October 2010

Over the past 16 years, hyperbranched polyesters (HBPEs) based on dimethylolpropionic acid have received much attention due to their unique structural characters, their excellent physical and chemical properties as well as their potential applications in coatings, additives, drug delivery, composites, membrane science and supermolecular chemistry. HBPEs have recently become one of the types of commercialized hyperbranched polymers, and their modifications and applications are focuses of research. This paper reviews the developments in the modifications and applications of HBPEs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure and rheology of polypropylene with various architectures prepared by coagent‐assisted radical processing
Authors: Augier Sylvain , Coiai Serena , Passaglia Elisa , Ciardelli Francesco , Zulli Fabio , Andreozzi Laura , Giordano Marco
Published: October 2010

The grafting of polar monomers to polyolefin backbones carried out in the melt in the presence of peroxides is accompanied by a restructuring of the pristine macromolecule architecture depending on reaction conditions and original polyolefin structure. In the case of polypropylene (PP), side reactions, mainly degradation, are often controlled by the use of coagents which also provide a more complex scenario as far as possible reactions and final polymer structure are concerned. We have demonstrated that 2‐furyl acrylates are very active in maintaining the high molecular weight of PP during various functionalization processes carried out in the melt in the presence of peroxides. In the study reported here, PP samples modified in the melt by free radical processes initiated with peroxides in the presence of butyl‐3‐(2‐furyl) propenoate and its mixture with maleic anhydride were examined, and the effect of structural changes achieved were related to the rheology of the melt and morphological behaviour under heating. Rheological analysis is consistent with the formation of long branched macromolecules to an increasing extent with increasing content of reagents with respect to the polyolefin. Differential scanning calorimetry shows that the amount of long‐chain branching is responsible for a decrease of the melting temperature and an increase of the crystallization temperature. These results confirm that the functionalization coagent and monomer can give large macromolecule structure changes which can be driven in different directions depending on feed composition. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficient formation of stereocomplexes of poly(L‐lactide) and poly(D‐lactide) by terminal Diels–Alder coupling
Authors: Masutani Kazunari , Kawabata Seiji , Aoki Takashi , Kimura Yoshiharu
Published: October 2010

Poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) and poly(D‐lactide) (PDLA) having anthracene and maleimide terminals were prepared and mixed together to induce a terminal Diels–Alder reaction providing PLLA–PDLA diblock copolymers. The resultant Diels–Alder adducts showed a sole melting peak of stereocomplex crystals around 220 °C without homochiral crystallization. In addition to their highly improved stereocomplex formation, the adducts showed no decomposition due to the retro Diels–Alder reaction below the melting temperature of the stereocomplex crystals. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Explosive Mixture for Explosive Welding of Thin Foils
Authors: Andreevskikh Leonid A. , Dendenkov Yu. P. , Drennov Oleg B. , Mikhailov Anatoly L. , Titova Nadezhda N. , Deribas Andrey A.
Published: October 2010

An explosive mixture of PETN and baking soda has been investigated. It was found that the size of the PETN particles had crucial influence on the detonation properties of these explosives. The suggested mix of explosives can be recommended for use in explosive welding.
Dyspepsia: recommended investigations and treatment
Authors: Anderson Simon , Wilkinson Mark
Published: October 2010

Dyspepsia is a common symptom with numerous aetiologies including erosive oesophagitis and peptic ulceration. Our Drug review discusses the recommended investigations and treatments, and their properties, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
The challenge of managing eczema that is not responding to treatment
Authors: Nightingale Katharine
Published: October 2010

Our series on Prescribing challenges focuses on areas of therapeutics that can present a particular challenge in general practice. Here, the author addresses the problem of eczema that does not respond to firstand second‐line treatments. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Migration and everyday matters: Sociality and materiality
Authors: Ho Elaine Lynn‐Ee , Hatfield (née Dobson) Madeleine E.
Published: October 2010

In order to provide a framework for the four papers in this special issue, this editorial foregrounds the relevance of studying migration from the perspective of everyday matters. We examine the multiple and overlapping meanings associated with the idea of the everyday and what these conceptualisations offer to migration studies. In particular, we suggest that understanding sociality and materiality as part of the experience of migration can help to illuminate migrants' everyday experiences as well as refine accepted notions of the everyday. We introduce how the papers engage with the social relations and material cultures that constitute experiences of migration in different contexts and via a variety of methodologies that lend insights into understandings of migration. In the conclusion we reflect on some of the ways in which studying the everyday can help to inform not just academic agendas but also policy and community programmes in order to better address migrants' experiences and needs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of number of graphene layers grown by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Rybin Maxim G. , Pozharov Anatoliy S. , Obraztsova Elena D.
Published: October 2010

Here we report the data on the few layer graphene films grown by a chemical vapour deposition on nickel foils and transferred onto desirable substrates for different applications. The experimental conditions have been optimized to prepare a really single graphene layer. A strong influence of the growth conditions onto the number of graphene layers has been revealed. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of the single graphene layer with a little amount of defects. To estimate a transmittance of graphene films the optical absorption spectra have been measured. A number of graphene layers in different samples has been estimated on the base of an optical absorbance of a monolayer graphene (2.3% of the incident light intensity). (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Large sample inference for an assay quality measure used in high‐throughput screening
Authors: Majumdar Antara , Stock David
Published: October 2010

The Z′ factor, introduced by Zhang et al. (J. Biomol. Screening 1999; 4(10):67–73), is used extensively in drug discovery for evaluating the performance of high‐throughput screening (HTS) assays. These assays are time consuming and expensive. Important decisions regarding HTS assay development, validation and quality are often based solely on point estimates of Z′. Although it would be beneficial to have a confidence interval for Z′, it appears that a formal inferential procedure has not yet been proposed. We fill this gap in the literature by deriving a large sample interval estimator for Z′. Simulation studies found that the proposed confidence interval performed well with both independent and moderately correlated data. Our confidence interval is algebraically simple and amenable to spreadsheet programming. The new interval allows researchers to explicitly consider the variability of estimation when making decisions based on Z′. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nested autonomy for unmanned marine vehicles with MOOS‐IvP
Authors: Benjamin Michael R. , Schmidt Henrik , Newman Paul M. , Leonard John J.
Published: October 2010

This document describes the MOOS‐IvP autonomy software for unmanned marine vehicles and its use in large‐scale ocean sensing systems. MOOS‐IvP is composed of two open‐source software projects funded by the Office of Naval Research. MOOS provides a core autonomy middleware capability, and the MOOS project additionally provides a set of ubiquitous infrastructure utilities. The IvP Helm is the primary component of an additional set of capabilities implemented to form a full marine autonomy suite known as MOOS‐IvP. This software and architecture are platform and mission agnostic and allow for a scalable nesting of unmanned vehicle nodes to form large‐scale, long‐endurance ocean sensing systems composed of heterogeneous platform types with varying degrees of communications connectivity, bandwidth, and latency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
360‐degree visual detection and target tracking on an autonomous surface vehicle
Authors: Wolf Michael T. , Assad Christopher , Kuwata Yoshiaki , Howard Andrew , Aghazarian Hrand , Zhu David , Lu Thomas , Trebi‐Ollennu Ashitey , Huntsberger Terry
Published: October 2010

This paper describes perception and planning systems of an autonomous sea surface vehicle (ASV) whose goal is to detect and track other vessels at medium to long ranges and execute responses to determine whether the vessel is adversarial. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has developed a tightly integrated system called CARACaS (Control Architecture for Robotic Agent Command and Sensing) that blends the sensing, planning, and behavior autonomy necessary for such missions. Two patrol scenarios are addressed here: one in which the ASV patrols a large harbor region and checks for vessels near a fixed asset on each pass and one in which the ASV circles a fixed asset and intercepts approaching vessels. This paper focuses on the ASV's central perception and situation awareness system, dubbed Surface Autonomous Visual Analysis and Tracking (SAVAnT), which receives images from an omnidirectional camera head, identifies objects of interest in these images, and probabilistically tracks the objects' presence over time, even as they may exist outside of the vehicle's sensor range. The integrated CARACaS/SAVAnT system has been implemented on U.S. Navy experimental ASVs and tested in on‐water field demonstrations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward adaptive benthic habitat mapping using gaussian process classification
Authors: Rigby Paul , Pizarro Oscar , Williams Stefan B.
Published: October 2010

This paper shows how existing methods of probabilistic least‐squares classification based on Gaussian processes can be used to construct a probabilistic representation of a habitat map using data collected by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). A novel adaptive habitat classifying algorithm is presented, which uses a Monte Carlo simulation technique to select the most informative mission from a set of candidates. Approximations are presented to assign upper and lower bounds to the information expected from the candidate missions. This allows missions to be efficiently pruned from the set of candidates so that the algorithm converges to a preferred candidate with a reduced number of simulations. The performance of this algorithm is evaluated in an experiment carried out using an AUV at Jervis Bay, Australia. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of water withdrawals on macroinvertebrate emergence: Unexpected results for three holometabolous species
Authors: Brown P. D. , Wooster D. , Johnson S. L. , DeBano S. J.
Published: October 2010

Small, low‐head diversion dams are capable of withdrawing much of the flow of a river, often resulting in elevated water temperatures. Accelerated growth and development of aquatic invertebrates has been demonstrated in warmer temperatures, suggesting that the timing of insect emergence and adult body size may be significantly altered by water withdrawals. To examine the influence of summer water withdrawals on aquatic invertebrate life histories, emergence timing and adult body mass of three holometabolous species were monitored continuously for 9–10 weeks on the Umatilla and Walla Walla Rivers in arid northeastern Oregon. On each river, multiple sample sites were located along gradients of decreasing discharge and increasing water temperatures caused by successive diversions.

Despite reductions in discharge of up to 93% and increases in average water temperature of up to 4.6°C from upstream to downstream, timing of median emergence was unaltered for Helicopsyche borealis, Petrophila confusalis and Glossosoma traviatum. However, in a laboratory experiment, higher temperatures led to earlier emergence for H. borealis. Water temperature in the field study was not significantly correlated with reduced adult body size of these species, though female P. confusalis were 31% smaller at the warmest sample site. Holometabolous life histories and high temperature tolerances are possible explanations for the observed resistance of these species to life history alteration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchization of Myogenic and Adipogenic Progenitors Within Human Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Pisani Didier F. , Clement Noémie , Loubat Agnès , Plaisant Magali , Sacconi Sabrina , Kurzenne Jean-Yves , Desnuelle Claude , Dani Christian , Dechesne Claude A.
Published: October 2010

Skeletal muscle cells constitute a heterogeneous population that maintains muscle integrity through a high myogenic regenerative capacity. More unexpectedly, this population is also endowed with an adipogenic potential, even in humans, and intramuscular adipocytes have been found to be present in several disorders. We tested the distribution of myogenic and adipogenic commitments in human muscle-derived cells to decipher the cellular basis of the myoadipogenic balance. Clonal analysis showed that adipogenic progenitors can be separated from myogenic progenitors and, interestingly, from myoadipogenic bipotent progenitors. These progenitors were isolated in the CD34+ population on the basis of the expression of CD56 and CD15 cell surface markers. In vivo, these different cell types have been found in the interstitial compartment of human muscle. In vitro, we show that the proliferation of bipotent myoadipogenic CD56+CD15+ progenitors gives rise to myogenic CD56+CD15− progenitors and adipogenic CD56−CD15+ progenitors. A cellular hierarchy of muscle and fat progenitors thus occurs within human muscle. These results provide cellular bases for adipogenic differentiation in human skeletal muscle, which may explain the fat development encountered in different muscle pathological situations.
An Immunoprotective Privilege of Corneal Epithelial Stem Cells Against Th17 Inflammatory Stress by Producing Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Authors: Bian Fang , Qi Hong , Ma Ping , Zhang Lili , Yoon Kyung-Chul , Pflugfelder Stephen C. , Li De-Quan
Published: October 2010

Adult stem cells are well known for their self-renewal and regenerative capacity. The mechanisms protecting these cells from inflammatory damage have not been well elucidated. This study investigated the immunoprotective properties of corneal epithelial stem cells from inflammation by producing glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Primary human limbal epithelial cells (HLECs) cultured from limbal explants were treated with interleukin (IL)-17A, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, or hyperosmotic media, with or without GDNF or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor (NF-κB-I) for 4–48 hours. Inflammatory mediators and Th17-inducing cytokines were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunobead assays. NF-κB activation was detected by p65 phosphorylation, immunostaining and Western blotting. GDNF and its receptor, GDNF family receptor α-1, were exclusively immunolocalized in the basal layer of limbal epithelium, whereas IL-17 receptor was negative in these cells. Exogenous IL-17A stimulated the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and chemokine IL-8 by HLECs. Th17-inducing cytokines, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-1β, were significantly increased at mRNA and protein levels by HLECs exposed to TNF-α or hyperosmotic media. IL-17 activated NF-κB by p65 phosphorylation at serine 536 and nuclear translocation. GDNF or NF-κB-I blocked IL-17-induced NF-κB p65 activation and production of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, GDNF suppressed the production of Th17-inducing cytokines through inhibiting NF-κB activation. These findings demonstrate that limbal progenitor cell-produced neurotrophic factor GDNF suppresses IL-17-mediated inflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway. This may represent a unique immunoprotective property of limbal stem cells against inflammatory challenges on the ocular surface.
Acute and long‐term response of dopamine nigrostriatal synapses to a single, low‐dose episode of 3‐nitropropionic acid‐mediated chemical hypoxia
Authors: Crawford Cynthia A. , Akopian Garnik , Ring Justin , Jakowec Michael W. , Petzinger Giselle M. , Andersen Julie K. , Vittozzi‐Wong Philip , Wang Kristie , Farley Cristal M. , Charntikov Sergios , Mitroi Danut , Beal M. Flint , Chow Robert , Walsh John P.
Published: October 2010

The goal of the present investigation was to determine the persistence of striatal (DA) dopaminergic dysfunction after a mild chemically induced hypoxic event in Fisher 344 rats. To this end, we gave a single injection of the mitochondrial complex II inhibitor 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP; 16.5 mg/kg, i.p.) to 2‐month old male F344 rats and measured various indices of striatal DA functioning and lipid peroxidation over a 3‐month span. Separate groups of rats were used to measure rod walking, evoked DA release, DA content, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, DA receptor binding, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity. The results showed that 3‐NP exposure reduced most measures of DA functioning including motoric ability, DA release, and D2 receptor densities for 1 to 3 months postdrug administration. Interestingly, DA content was reduced 1 week after 3‐NP exposure, but rose to 147% of control values 1 month after 3‐NP treatment. MDA accumulation, a measure of lipid peroxidation activity, was increased 24 h and 1 month after 3‐NP treatment. 3‐NP did not affect TH activity, suggesting that alterations in DA functioning were not the result of nigrostriatal terminal loss. These data demonstrate that a brief mild hypoxic episode caused by 3‐NP exposure has long‐term detrimental effects on the functioning of the nigrostriatal DA system. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of (+)‐methamphetamine, ±‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, (+)‐amphetamine and ±‐fenfluramine in rats on egocentric learning in the Cincinnati water maze
Authors: Vorhees Charles V. , He Elizabeth , Skelton Matthew R. , Graham Devon L. , Schaefer Tori L. , Grace Curtis E. , Braun Amanda A. , Amos‐Kroohs Robyn , Williams Michael T.
Published: October 2010

(+)‐Methamphetamine (MA), (±)‐3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), (+)‐amphetamine (AMPH), and (±)‐fenfluramine (FEN) are phenylethylamines with CNS effects. At higher doses, each induces protracted reductions in brain dopamine (DA) and/or serotonin. Chronic MA and MDMA users show persistent monoamine reductions and cognitive impairments. In rats, similar neurochemical effects can be induced, yet cognitive impairments have been difficult to demonstrate. We recently showed that rats treated on a single day with MA (10 mg/kg × 4 at 2 h intervals) exhibit impaired egocentric learning (Cincinnati water maze [CWM]) without affecting spatial learning (Morris water maze [MWM]) (Herring et al., [2008] Psychopharmacology (Berl) 199:637–650). Whether this effect is unique to MA or is a general characteristic of these drugs is unknown. Accordingly, this experiment compared these drugs on CWM performance. Drugs were given s.c. in four doses at 2 h intervals. MA doses were 10 or 12.5 mg/kg/dose, AMPH 25 mg/kg/dose (to match MA12.5‐induced hyperthermia), MDMA 15 mg/kg/dose (previously established hyperthermia‐inducing dose), and FEN 16.5 mg/kg/dose (equimolar to MA12.5). Two weeks later, rats were tested in the CWM (2 trials/day, 21 days). AMPH and MA (both doses) induced significant increases in CWM errors and latency to reach the goal with no differences in swim speed. MDMA and FEN did not significantly alter learning. Given that FEN selectively and MDMA preferentially affect serotonin whereas AMPH selectively and MA preferentially affect DA, the data suggest that egocentric learning may be predominantly dopaminergically mediated. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine transporter inhibition is necessary for cocaine‐induced increases in dendritic spine density in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Martin Bradley J. , Naughton Bartholomew J. , Thirtamara‐Rajamani Keerthi , Yoon Daniel J. , Han Dawn D. , Devries A. Courtney , Gu Howard H.
Published: October 2010

Repeated exposure to cocaine produces changes in the nervous system that facilitate drug‐seeking behaviors. These drug‐seeking behaviors have been studied with animal models, such as cocaine‐induced locomotor sensitization. Cocaine is hypothesized to induce locomotor sensitization by neural changes, including an increase in the density of spines on the dendrites of neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAC). However, how cocaine increases dendritic spine density in the NAC has been difficult to discern because cocaine inhibits the function of multiple targets, including the transporters for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Previously, our lab created a tool that is useful for determining how inhibiting the dopamine transporter (DAT) contributes to the effects of cocaine by generating mice that express a cocaine‐insensitive DAT (DAT‐CI mice). In this study, we used DAT‐CI mice to determine the contribution of DAT inhibition in cocaine‐induced increases in dendritic spine density in the NAC. We repeatedly injected DAT‐CI mice with either cocaine or saline, and measured both dendritic spine density in the NAC and locomotor activity. Unlike wild‐type mice, DAT‐CI mice did not show an increase in dendritic spine density in the NAC or in locomotor activity in response to repeated injections of cocaine. These data show that cocaine‐induced increases in dendritic spine density in the NAC require DAT inhibition. Thus, DAT‐inhibition may play a role in mediating the long‐lasting neural changes associated with drug addiction. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopaminergic modulation of the caudal photoreceptor in crayfish
Authors: Rodríguez‐Sosa Leonardo , Calderón‐Rosete Gabina , Calvillo Minerva E. , Guevara Jorge , Flores Gonzalo
Published: October 2010

In our study we investigated the influence of dopamine (DA) on the caudal photoreceptor (CPR) in crayfish. Here we report the following: (a) the chromatographic determination of DA in the sixth abdominal ganglion (6th AG) shows a variation in the content during a 24‐h cycle with the maximum value at dawn. (b) There are possibly dopaminergic neurons in the 6th AG with antityrosine hydroxylase antibodies. Immunopositive neurons (164) were located in the anterior and posterior regions of the 6th AG with the mean (± SE) diameter of their somata 23 ± 1 μm. In addition, there is immunopositive staining in axons, neuropilar fibers, and varicosities. (c) We also identified, using immunohistochemistry, 108 neurons in the sixth AG that contain dopamine D1‐like receptors, with the mean (±SE) diameter of their somata 18 ± 1 μm. (d) We examined the exogenous action of DA on the electrical activity of the CPR in the isolated sixth AG by conventional extracellular‐recording methods. This CPR displays spontaneous activity and phasic‐tonic responses to light pulses. Topical application of dopamine to ganglia kept in the dark increased the spontaneous firing rate of the CPR, whereas the photoresponse of the CPR remained unchanged. The effect on the spontaneous activity is dose‐dependent with an ED50 of 33 μM, and is blocked by the dopamine D1‐like antagonist SCH23390. These observations suggested that the DA is playing the role of a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator of the CPR in the 6th AG in both species of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and Cherax quadricarinatus. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo comparison of [3H](+)‐PHNO and [3H]raclopride binding to rat striatum and lobes 9 and 10 of the cerebellum: A method to distinguish dopamine D3from D2receptor sites: A method to distinguish dopamine D3from D2receptor sites
Authors: Kiss Béla , Horti Ferenc , Bobok Amrita
Published: October 2010

In vitro binding characteristics of the dopamine D3/D2antagonist [3H]raclopride were compared to the D3/D2agonist [3H](+)‐PHNO in membrane preparations from rat striatum, cerebellum Lobules 9 and 10 (CB L9,10), and other cerebellar regions. In striatum, both radioligands labeled a single binding site. [3H](+)‐PHNO showed higher affinity, though lowerBmax, compared with [3H]raclopride and was sensitive to inhibition by Gpp(NH)p. [3H](+)‐PHNO showed significant specific binding to CB L9,10 membranes with higher affinity compared to striatal membranes. [3H](+)‐PHNO binds to a high‐ and a low‐affinity binding site in CB L9,10 membranes; the high‐affinity site was not Gpp(NH)p‐sensitive. [3H](+)‐PHNO did not significantly bind cerebellum left hemisphere membranes. Very low specific binding of [3H]raclopride was found in CB L9,10. The selective dopamine D3antagonist SB‐277011 did not displace the binding of either ligand to striatal membranes but potently inhibited the binding of [3H](+)‐PHNO in CB L9,10 membranes. The highly selective D2antagonist SV‐156 showed the opposite profile. In vivo experiments were consistent with and supported by in vitro results. In summary, [3H](+)‐PHNO and [3H]raclopride mainly label dopamine D2receptors in rat striatum, with [3H](+)‐PHNO labeling a Dpopulation. In vitro and in vivo, [3H](+)‐PHNO labels CB L9,10 dopamine D3receptors that are apparently in a high affinity state whereas [3H]raclopride gave only very low signal in this region. The present approaches appear useful for selectively labeling dopamine D3and D2receptors in different rat brain regions and offer the possibility to demonstrate D3versus D2receptor selectivity of compounds using native rat brain tissue. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel mechanism regulates H2S and SO2 production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yoshida Satoshi , Imoto Jun , Minato Toshiko , Oouchi Rie , Kamada Yoshiaki , Tomita Masaru , Soga Tomoyoshi , Yoshimoto Hiroyuki
Published: October 2010

Sulfite (SO2) plays an important role in flavour stability in alcoholic beverages, whereas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has an undesirable aroma. To discover the cellular processes that control SO2 and H2S production, we screened a library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants. Deletion of 12 genes led to increased H2S productivity. Ten of these genes are known to be involved in sulfur‐containing amino acid metabolism, whereas UBI4 functions in the ubiquitin‐proteasome system and SKP2 encodes an F‐box‐containing protein whose function is unknown. We found that the skp2 mutant accumulated H2S and SO2, because the adenosylphophosulfate kinase Met14p is a substrate of SCFSkp2 and more stable in the skp2 mutant than in the wild‐type strain. Furthermore, the skp2 mutant grew more slowly than the wild‐type strain under nutrient‐limited conditions. Metabolome analysis showed that the concentration of intracellular cysteine is lower in the skp2 mutant than in the wild‐type strain. The slow growth of the skp2 mutant was due to a lower concentration of intracellular cysteine, because the addition of cysteine suppressed the slow growth. In the skp2 mutant, the cysteine biosynthesis proteins Str2p, Str3p and Str4p are more stable than in the wild‐type strain. Moreover, supplementation with methionine, S‐adenosylmethionine, S‐adenosylhomocysteine and homocysteine also suppressed the slow growth. Overexpression of STR1 or STR4 caused a more severe defect in the skp2 mutant. These results suggest that the balance of methionine and cysteine biosynthesis is important for yeast cell growth. Thus, Skp2p is one of the key components regulating this balance and H2S/SO2 production. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TCA cycle‐independent acetate metabolism via the glyoxylate cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lee Yong Joo , Jang Jin Won , Kim Kyung Jin , Maeng Pil Jae
Published: October 2010

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the accepted theory is that due to TCA cycle dysfunction, the Δcit1 mutant lacking the mitochondrial enzyme citrate synthase (Cit1) cannot grow on acetate, regardless of the presence of the peroxisomal isoenzyme (Cit2). In this study, we re‐evaluated the roles of Cit1 and Cit2 in acetate utilization and examined the pathway of acetate metabolism by analysing mutants defective in TCA or glyoxylate cycle enzymes. Although Δcit1 cells showed significantly reduced growth on rich acetate medium (YPA), they exhibited growth similar to Δcit2 and the wild‐type cells on minimal acetate medium (YNBA). Impaired acetate utilization by Δcit1Δcit2 cells on YNBA was restored by ectopic expression of either Cit2 or its cytoplasmically localized variants. Deletion of any of the genes for the enzymes solely involved in the TCA cycle (IDH1, KGD1 and LSC1), except for SDH1, caused little defect in acetate utilization on YNBA but resulted in significant growth impairment on YPA. In contrast, cells lacking any of the genes involved in the glyoxylate cycle (ACO1, FUM1, MLS1, ICL1 and MDH2) did not grow on either YNBA or YPA. Deletion of SFC1 encoding the succinate–fumarate carrier also caused similar growth defects on YNBA. Our results suggest that in S. cerevisiae the glyoxylate cycle functions as a competent metabolic pathway for acetate utilization on YNBA, while both the TCA and glyoxylate cycles are essential for growth on YPA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in early adolescents’ friendship development: Friendship selection, influence, and prospective friendship quality
Authors: Ojanen Tiina , Sijtsema Jelle J. , Hawley Patricia H. , Little Todd D.
Published: October 2010

Friendships are essential for adolescent social development. However, they may be pursued for varying motives, which, in turn, may predict similarity in friendships via social selection or social influence processes, and likely help to explain friendship quality. We examined the effect of early adolescents’ (N = 374, 12–14 years) intrinsic and extrinsic friendship motivation on friendship selection and social influence by utilizing social network modeling. In addition, longitudinal relations among motivation and friendship quality were estimated with structural equation modeling. Extrinsic motivation predicted activity in making friendship nominations during the sixth grade and lower friendship quality across time. Intrinsic motivation predicted inactivity in making friendship nominations during the sixth, popularity as a friend across the transition to middle school, and higher friendship quality across time. Social influence effects were observed for both motives, but were more pronounced for intrinsic motivation.
Mental stress and psychosocial factors at work in relation to multiple‐site musculoskeletal pain: A longitudinal study of kitchen workers
Authors: Haukkal Eija , Leino‐Arjasl Päivi , Ojajärvil Anneli , Takalal Esa‐Pekka , Viikari‐Juntural Eira , Riihimäkil Hilkka
Published: October 2010

Among 385 female kitchen workers, we examined (1) whether mental stress and psychosocial factors at work (job control, skill discretion, supervisor support, co‐worker relationships, and hurry) predict multiple‐site musculoskeletal pain (MSP; defined as pain at ≥3 of seven sites) and (2) reversedly, whether MSP predicts these psychosocial factors. Data were collected by questionnaire at 3‐month intervals during 2 years. Trajectory analysis was applied. Four trajectories of MSP prevalence emerged: Low, Descending, Ascending, and High. For the psychosocial factors, a two‐trajectory model (Ascending or High vs. Low) yielded the best fit. In logistic regression analysis, with the Low MSP trajectory as reference, poor co‐worker relationships (odds ratio [OR] 3.9), mental stress (3.1) and hurry (2.1) at baseline predicted belonging to the High MSP trajectory. Also MSP at baseline predicted the trajectories (Ascending vs. Low) of low job control (2.2) and mental stress (3.2). Adverse changes in most psychosocial factors were associated with belonging to the High (ORs between 2.3 and 8.6) and Ascending (2.7–5.5) MSP trajectories. In generalized estimating equations, time‐lagged by 3 months, all psychosocial factors but two predicted MSP (1.4–2.1), allowing, e.g. for MSP at baseline, and vice versa, MSP predicted low job control, low supervisor support, and mental stress (1.4–2.0), after adjustment for e.g. the relevant psychosocial factor at baseline. In conclusion, we found that several psychosocial factors predicted MSP and that MSP predicted several psychosocial factors. The results suggest a cumulative process in which adverse psychosocial factors and MSP influence each other.
Complications of regional anesthesia
Authors: Horlocker Terese T.
Published: October 2010

Perioperative nerve injuries have long been recognized as a complication of regional anesthesia. Although severe or disabling neurologic complications are rare, recent epidemiologic series suggest the frequency of some serious complications is increasing. Risk factors contributing to neurologic deficit after regional anesthesia includes neural ischemia (hypothesized to be related to the use of vasoconstrictors or prolonged hypotension), traumatic injury to the nerves during needle or catheter placement, infection, and choice of local anesthetic solution. In addition, postoperative neurologic injury due to pressure from improper patient positioning or from tightly applied casts or surgical dressings, as well as surgical trauma are often attributed to the regional anesthetic. Patient factors such as body habitus and pre‐existing neurologic dysfunction may also contribute. The safe conduct of regional anesthesia involves knowledge of the laboratory studies, large patient series as well as individual case reports of neurologic deficits following regional anesthetic techniques. Prevention of complications, along with early diagnosis and treatment are important in the management of regional anesthetic risks.