bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of Janus particle self-assembly
Authors: Torrenegra-Rico J. D. , Arango-Restrepo A. , Rubí J. M.
Published: September 2022

We compute the energetic cost of formation of Janus particle structures. Using an approach that couples particle dynamics to the evolution of fuel concentration in the medium, which we consider to be initially inhomogeneous, we show the different types of emerging structures. The energy dissipated in the formation of such structures is obtained from the entropy production rate, which is a non-monotonic function of the fraction of assembled particles and, thus, different in each self-assembly regime. An analysis of the free energy of these particles allows us to establish a thermodynamic criterion of structure formation based on the behavior of chemical potential as a function of the fraction of assembled particles.
Electromagnetic composites: From effective medium theories to metamaterials
Authors: Qin Faxiang , Peng Mengyue , Estevez Diana , Brosseau Christian
Published: September 2022

Electromagnetic (EM) composites have stimulated tremendous fundamental and practical interests owing to their flexible electromagnetic properties and extensive potential engineering applications. Hence, it is necessary to systematically understand the physical mechanisms and design principles controlling EM composites. In this Tutorial, we first provide an overview of the basic theory of electromagnetism about electromagnetic constitutive parameters that can represent the electromagnetic properties of materials. We show how this corpus allows a consistent construction of effective medium theories and allows for numerical simulation of EM composites to deal with structure–property relationships. We then discuss the influence of spatial dispersion of shaped inclusions in the material medium on the EM properties of composites, which has not been systematically illustrated in the context of this interdisciplinary topic. Next, artificial composites or metamaterials with peculiar properties not readily available in nature are highlighted with particular emphasis on the control of the EM interaction with composites. We conclude by discussing appropriate methods of electromagnetic measurement and practical aspects for implementing composites for specific applications are described. Overall, this Tutorial will serve the purpose of introducing the basics and applications of electromagnetic composites to newcomers in this field. It is also anticipated that researchers from different backgrounds including materials science, optics, and electrical engineering can communicate to each other with the same language when dealing with this interdisciplinary subject and further push forward this advancement from fundamental science to technological applications.
Phase structure-dependent low temperature ionic conductivity of Sm2O3
Authors: Ma Longqing , Hu Enyi , Yousaf Muhammad , Lu Yaokai , Wang Jun , Wang Faze , Lund Peter
Published: September 2022

Samarium oxide (SMO), a rare-earth oxide, has gathered great interest from researchers because of its variable valences and promising ionic conductivity. Herein, SMOs with cubic and monoclinic phases were synthesized. The changes in the crystal structure of SMOs with sintering temperature were analyzed. The cell based on cubic phase SMO achieves an excellent maximum power density of 0.876 W cm−2 along with a high ionic conductivity at 550 °C, indicating an enhanced ionic conductivity compared with monoclinic phase SMO. Further analysis of x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectra results confirmed that there were more oxygen vacancies formed in cubic phase SMO than monoclinic phase SMO, thereby offering more active sites for fast ion transport. Furthermore, both cubic phase and monoclinic phase SMOs are dominated by proton conduction, while cubic phase SMO is further coupled with oxygen ion conduction, which leads to higher ionic conductivity of cubic phase SMO. In this study, the ionic conductivities of SMOs with different crystal structures are compared and reasons for the differences are disclosed, which provides guidance for further applications of SMO.
Optically end-pumped scheme in rubidium vapor: Theory and experiment
Authors: Liu Chenxu , Hai Yalong , Dang Anhong
Published: September 2022

The optimal detuning of the pump light at the rubidium D2 line is calculated and experimentally validated. A three-level optically end-pumped model in a hot rubidium vapor cell is demonstrated, which takes into account the hyperfine structure of the ground state, various collisional processes, and the nonlinear absorption of the pump light along the cell length. By developing a constrained optimization model, we calculate the optimal detuning of the pump light that maximizes the average excited state atom concentration in the cell. Experimentally, a 1529 nm probe light at higher levels, which is attenuated to the weak-probe limit, is introduced to accurately characterize the excited state atom concentration. Coupling with the experimental results, the variation of the pump light optimal detuning with the temperature and the pump light intensity at the unsaturated pumping is analyzed. At the optimal detuning point, the theoretical decay function of the pump light percentage along the vapor cell length almost coincides regardless of the temperature and the pump light intensity changes. Moreover, the theoretical fitted pump light decay function at optimal detuning is predicted. The fitted pump light percentage exiting the vapor cell is 4.75%. A fast implementation method to achieve the maximal average excited state atom concentration in the experiment is demonstrated.
Sum-of-products form of the molecular electronic Hamiltonian and application within the MCTDH method
Authors: Sasmal Sudip , Vendrell Oriol
Published: September 2022

We introduce two different approaches to represent the second-quantized electronic Hamiltonian in a sum-of-products form. These procedures aim at mitigating the quartic scaling of the number of terms in the Hamiltonian with respect to the number of spin orbitals and thus enable applications to larger molecular systems. Here, we describe the application of these approaches within the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree framework. This approach is applied to the calculation of eigenenergies of LiH and electronic ionization spectrum of H2O.
The sexual network and risky sexual behaviours among male migrant workers in China’s gender imbalance context
Authors: Zhao Min , Liu Huijun , Hai Lun , Zhang Lei
Published: September 2022

Background In the context of China’s gender imbalance and marriage squeeze, this study measured the overall characteristics of egocentric sexual networks, and examined the associations between sexual network characteristics and risky sexual behaviours, including commercial sex, concurrent partners and homosexual sex, among rural–urban male migrant workers. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on data obtained from 713 Chinese men (age ≥28 years) with rural household registration and who were migrants (or had rural–urban migration experience) in 2017. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between participants’ sexual network characteristics and risky sexual behaviours. Results Adjusting for participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, the sexual network variables of partner age, partner marital status, partner type and relationship stability were found to be significantly associated with commercial sex. Partner type and relationship stability were also associated with concurrent partners and homosexual sex. The network characteristics of male migrant workers not only differed by marital status, but the associations between sexual network characteristics and risky sexual behaviours were more pronounced among unmarried male migrant workers. Conclusions Overall, sexual networks with mixed patterns of partner age, partner marital status, partner type and relationship stability may explain the HIV transmission from male migrants to other populations at the population level. Future research should focus on the determinants of structured sexual networks, and be used to identify key groups at risk for cross-population HIV transmission and implement intervention measures.
Steady-state optoelectronic measurements of halide perovskites on a selective contact: a path to in-depth comprehension of their photovoltaic activity
Authors: Itzhak Anat , Keller David , Bendikov Tatyana , Kama Adi , Millo Oded , Balberg Isaac , Cahen David
Published: September 2022

Most of the charge transport properties in halide perovskite (HaP) absorbers are measured by transient measurements with pulsed excitations; however, most solar cells in real life function in steady-state conditions. In contrast to working devices that include selective contacts, steady-state measurements need as high as possible photoconductivity (σph), which is typically restricted to the absorber alone. In this paper, we enabled steady-state charge transport measurement using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to grow a conformal, ultra-thin (∼4 nm) ZnO electron transport layer that is laterally insulating due to its thickness. Due to the highly alkaline behavior of the ZnO surfaces, it readily reacts with halide Perovskites. ALD process was used to form an Aluminum oxynitride (AlON) thin (∼2 nm) layer that passivates the ZnO-HaP interface. We show that the presence of the AlON layer prevents HaP degradation caused by the interaction with the ZnO layer, improves the HaP σph, and doubles the HaP carrier diffusion lengths.
200 mm silicon carbide bulk growth optimisation: mass transport controlled by a designed gas deflector
Authors: Tan Peng , Kang Wenyu , Yin Jun , Kang Junyong
Published: September 2022

200 mm silicon carbide bulk growth would be the mainstream in industrial production, but the difficulty of multiple physical fields control is increased with the larger diameter. In this study, a resistance heating based physical vapour transport system was established and explored for its appropriate parameters of multiple physical fields (such as thermal, velocity, flux and reaction components fields) by the COMSOL simulation. A combination of pressure at 5 torr and seed temperature of 2340 K was gained by taking the rate and homogeneity of in-plane growth into consideration. Furthermore, a gas deflector was designed to decrease the convection and to improve the homogeneity of mass transport. This gas deflector had the ability to enhance the quality and yield of 200 mm SiC crystal bulk. A high yield of 90.1% was achieved for the 200 mm part within the crystal thanks to this deflector (without the usage of the deflector was 38.5%). This work provides a useful tool and insights into the steps required for the optimisation of 200 mm or larger size SiC bulk growth.
Point-splitting regularization of the stress tensor of a coupling scalar field in de Sitter space
Authors: Ye Xuan , Zhang Yang , Wang Bo
Published: September 2022

We perform the point-splitting regularization
on the vacuum stress tensor of a coupling scalar field in de Sitter space
under the guidance from the adiabatically regularized Green's function.
For the massive scalar field with the minimal coupling ξ = 0,
the 2nd order point-splitting regularization
yields a finite vacuum stress tensor
with a positive, constant energy density,
which can be identified as the cosmological constant
that drives de Sitter inflation.
For the coupling ξ ≠ 0, we find that,
even if the regularized Green's function is continuous, UV and IR convergent,
the point-splitting regularization does not
automatically lead to an appropriate stress tensor.
The coupling ξ R causes log divergent terms,
as well as higher-order finite terms
which depend upon the path of the coincidence limit.
After removing these unwanted terms by extra treatments,
the 2nd-order regularization
for small couplings ξ ∈ (0,1/7.04),
and respectively the 0th-order regularization
for the conformal coupling ξ=1/6,
yield a finite, constant vacuum stress tensor, in analogy to the case ξ=0.
For the massless field with ξ = 0 or ξ = 1/6,
the point-splitting regularization
yields a vanishing vacuum stress tensor,
and there is no conformal trace anomaly for ξ = 1/6.
If the 4th-order regularization were taken,
the regularized energy density for general ξ would be negative,
which is inconsistent with the de Sitter inflation,
and the regularized Green's function would be singular at the zero mass,
which is unphysical.
In all these cases,
the stress tensor from the point-splitting regularization
is equal to that from the adiabatic one. We also discuss the issue of
the adequate order of regularization.
Effective treatment of U(1) gauge field and charged particles in axion inflation
Authors: Fujita Tomohiro , Kume Jun'ya , Mukaida Kyohei , Tada Yuichiro
Published: September 2022

The axionic inflaton with the Chern-Simons coupling may generate U(1) gauge
fields and charged particles simultaneously. In order to incorporate the backreaction from the
charged particles on the gauge fields, we develop a procedure to obtain an equilibrium solution
for the gauge fields by treating the induced current as effective electric and magnetic
conductivities. Introducing mean field approximation, and numerically solving self-consistency
equations, we find that the gauge field amplitudes are drastically suppressed. Interestingly, as
the production becomes more efficient, the charged particles gain a larger part of the transferred
energy from the inflaton and eventually dominate it. Our formalism offers a basis to connect this
class of inflationary models to a rich phenomenology such as baryogenesis and magnetogenesis.
Chiral gravitational waves from thermalized neutrinos in the early Universe
Authors: Gubler Philipp , Yamamoto Naoki , Yang Di-Lun
Published: September 2022

We investigate polarized gravitational waves generated by chiral fermions in the early Universe. In particular, we focus on the contribution from left-handed neutrinos in thermal equilibrium with finite temperature and chemical potential in the radiation dominated era. We compute the correlation functions of gravitational fields pertinent to the Stokes parameterVcharacterizing the circular polarization of gravitational waves in the Minkowski and expanding spacetime backgrounds. In the expanding universe, we find that the thermalized neutrinos induce a non-vanishingVlinear to the neutrino degeneracy parameter and wavenumber of gravitational waves in the long wavelength region. While the magnitude of the gravitational waves generated by thermal neutrinos is too small to be detectable by current and planned third generation gravitational wave detectors, their observations by future generation detectors for ultra-high frequency regimes could provide information on the neutrino degeneracy parameter in the early Universe.
From microelectronics to spintronics and magnonics
Authors: Han Xiu-Feng , Wan Cai-Hua , Wu Hao , Guo Chen-Yang , Tang Ping , Yan Zheng-Ren , Xing Yao-Wen , He Wen-Qing , Yu Guo-Qiang
Published: September 2022

In this review, the recent developments in microelectronics, spintronics, and magnonics have been summarized and compared. Firstly, the history of the spintronics has been briefly reviewed. Moreover, the recent development of magnonics such as magnon-mediated current drag effect (MCDE), magnon valve effect (MVE), magnon junction effect (MJE), magnon blocking effect (MBE), magnon-mediated nonlocal spin Hall magnetoresistance (MNSMR), magnon-transfer torque (MTT) effect, and magnon resonant tunneling (MRT) effect, magnon skin effect (MSE), etc., existing in magnon junctions or magnon heterojunctions, have been summarized and their potential applications in memory and logic devices, etc., are prospected, from which we can see a promising future for spintronics and magnonics beyond micro-electronics.
LOCUST-GPU predictions of fast-ion transport and power loads due to ELM-control coils in ITER
Authors: Ward S.H. , Akers R. , Li L. , Liu Y.Q. , Loarte A. , Pinches S.D. , Polevoi A. R. , Vann R.G.L. , Van Zeeland M.A.
Published: September 2022

The graphics processing unit (GPU) version of the Lorentz-orbit code for use in stellarators and tokamaks (LOCUST) has been applied to study the fast-ion transport and loss caused by resonant magnetic perturbations in the high-performance Q = 10 ITER baseline scenario. The unique computational efficiency of the code is exploited to calculate the impact of the application of ITER's edge-localised mode (ELM) control coil system on neutral beam heating efficiency, as well as producing detailed predictions of the resulting plasma-facing component power loads, for a variety of operational parameters—the applied fundamental toroidal mode number n
0, mode spectrum and absolute toroidal phase of the imposed perturbation. The feasibility of continually rotating the perturbations is assessed and shown to be effective at reducing the time-averaged power loads. Through careful adjustment of the relative phase of the applied perturbation in the three rows of coils, peak power loads are found to correlate with reductions in neutral beam injection (NBI) heating efficiency for n
0 = 3 fields. Adjusting the phase this way can increase total NBI system efficiency by approximately 2%–3% and reduce peak power loads by up to 0.43 MW m−2. From the point of view of fast-ion confinement, n
0 = 3 ELM control fields are preferred overall to n
0 = 4 fields. In addition, the implementation of 3D magnetic fields in LOCUST is also verified by comparison with the SPIRAL code for a DIII-D discharge with ITER-similar shaping and n
0 = 3 perturbation.
Does racism have inertia? A study of historic redlining’s impact on present-day associations between development and air pollution in US cities
Authors: Greiner Patrick Trent , McKane Rachel G
Published: September 2022

We explore how Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) scores of the 1930s impact 2010 and 2015 inhalable particulate matter (PM10) concentrations for 15,232 census tracts, clustered in 196 cities throughout the contiguous United States. Using areal apportionment, we assign a HOLC score to housing tracts and construct hierarchical linear models to examine the relationship between the policy practice of redlining, PM pollution, and urban economic development. We find that redlining is associated with higher PM10 concentrations, and that higher HOLC grades also intensify the association of per capita income, median rent, median home values, and racial composition with PM10. These findings suggest that historical policy programs that were grounded in racial logics—such as the HOLC practice of ‘redlining’—have an inertia that results in them influencing development pathways and environmental outcomes of built environments for decades.
Near dry turning of EN8 and EN31 steel: multi-objective optimization using grey relational analysis
Authors: Mian Tauheed , Mago Jonty , Shaikh Mohd Bilal Naim , Ali Mohammed
Published: September 2022

Steel is the most commonly employed material in various engineering applications, and their successful machining demands finding the optimized set of machining parameters along with appropriate cooling strategies. Moreover, the significance of process parameter optimization is progressively perceived in the wake of expensive CNC machine adaptation on the shop floor for machining. Further, a competent cooling strategy is essential with a minimal amount of coolant to obtain the best quality products. In the present work, the optimization of process parameters for Near Dry Turning (NDT) of two steel grades, EN8 and EN31, was done. NDT utilizes a minimal coolant with a major amount of compressed air. For competent cooling, Al2O3 nanofluid as coolant was used with compressed air. Speed, feed, and depth of cut were taken as the machining parameters for the turning process. Two response variables, the surface roughness of machined specimen and cutting zone temperature, were considered for the analysis. Three levels of each turning parameter were chosen, and the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was adopted for the experimentation. The optimized turning parameter was found through the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). Further, the applicability of compressed air was also presented to achieve sustainable and green machining to eliminate the negative impact on environmental footprints. For this purpose, results at the obtained optimized set of parameters were compared with plain base fluid and compressed dry air as coolants. The reduction in surface roughness of ∼12.3% and ∼14.6% for EN8 and EN31 steel were observed using nanofluid in near dry turning. Similarly, the reduction in cutting zone temperature was ∼7% in both cases. These results show the significance of process parameter optimization and the applicability of nanofluid in near dry turning of steels.
Mineralogy, fabric and deformation domains in D″ across the southwestern border of the African LLSVP
Authors: Pisconti Angelo , Creasy Neala , Wookey James , Long Maureen D , Thomas Christine
Published: September 2022

Recent advances in seismic anisotropy studies that jointly use reflections and shear wave splitting have proven to place tight constraints on the plausible anisotropic and deformation scenarios in the D″ region. We apply this novel methodology to a large area of the D″ region beneath the South Atlantic, in proximity to and within the African large low seismic velocity province (LLSVP). This area of the mantle is characterized by a transition from fast to slow seismic velocity anomalies and it is thought to be the location of deep-seated plumes responsible for hotspot volcanism. Attempting to probe mantle composition and deformation along the LLSVP borders may provide key information on mantle dynamics. By analysing seismic phases sampling this region, we detect a D″ discontinuity over a large area beneath the South Atlantic, with inferred depth ranges ∼170 to ∼240 km above the core–mantle boundary. We find evidence for a D″ reflector within the area of the LLSVP. Shear wave splitting observations suggest that anisotropy is present in this region of the mantle, in agreement with previous studies that partially sampled this region. We model the observations considering lattice- and shape-preferred orientation of materials expected in the D″ region. A regional variation of mineralogy, phase transition boundaries, and deformation direction is required to explain the data. We infer two distinct domains of mineralogy and deformation: aligned post-perovskite outside the LLSVP and aligned bridgmanite within the LLSVP. The scenario depicted by this study agrees well with the current hypotheses for the composition of the LLSVP and with the prevalence of vertical deformation directions expected to occur along the LLSVPs borders.
Does public health education improve migrant workers’ health status in China?—evidence from China Migrants Dynamic Survey
Authors: Zhu Zhong-kun , Leng Chen-xin , Chen Shu-long , Zheng Yu-xuan , Chen Dan-qing
Published: September 2022

This study investigates the effect of public health education (PHE) on migrant workers’ health status in China, using the data collected from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey project. The analysis employs a probit model, whose results suggest that, in general, PHE has a statistically significant and positive impact on migrant workers’ self-rated health status and exerts a negative impact on their incidence rate of daily diseases. We also utilize the conditional mixed process method to address the potential endogenous issue. Further analyses reveal that there are significant differences in the impacts of different modes of PHE on migrant workers’ health status, among which the mode of health knowledge lectures plays the most prominent role. Nonetheless, an additional analysis indicates that in addition to PHE, other public health services, such as the establishment of health records, also have a significant effect on the promotion of migrant workers’ health status. A disaggregated analysis reveals that this impact is heterogeneous among different generations, genders as well as those with different income levels. The findings shed light on the importance of promoting equal access to public health services.
Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex and Differential Effects of Acute and Chronic Stress on Motor Impulsivity Measured With 1-Choice Serial Reaction Time Test in Male Rats
Authors: Girotti Milena , Carreno Flavia R , Morilak David A
Published: September 2022

Background

Deficits in motor impulsivity, that is, the inability to inhibit a prepotent response, are frequently observed in psychiatric conditions. Several studies suggest that stress often correlates with higher impulsivity. Among the brain areas affected by stress, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is notable because of its role in impulse control. OFC subregions with unique afferent and efferent circuitry play distinct roles in impulse control, yet it is not clear what OFC subregions are engaged during motor impulsivity tasks.

Methods

In this study we used a rodent test of motor impulsivity, the 1-choice serial reaction time test, to explore activation of OFC subregions either during a well-learned motor impulsivity task or in a challenge task with a longer wait time that increases premature responding. We also examined the effects of acute inescapable stress, chronic intermittent cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress on motor impulsivity.

Results

Fos expression increased in the lateral OFC and agranular insular cortex during performance in both the mastered and challenge conditions. In the ventral OFC, Fos expression increased only during challenge, and within the medial OFC, Fos was not induced in either condition. Inescapable stress produced a transient effect on premature responses in the mastered task, whereas chronic intermittent cold stress and chronic unpredictable stress altered premature responses in both conditions in ways specific to each stressor.

Conclusions

These results suggest that different OFC subregions have different roles in motor impulse control, and the effects of stress vary depending on the nature and duration of the stressor.
Nuclear Stigma and Deviance in Global Governance: A New Research Agenda
Authors: Saha Aniruddha
Published: September 2022

In contemporary times, scholars have increasingly turned to the research on norms to study behavior and identity transformation in international politics. This has led to understanding stigma as attached to global actors refusing to follow normatively shared expectations of social conduct. However, the field of nuclear politics has largely ignored this research in particularly identifying how noncompliant states manage their stigmatized identities, after engaging in acts of nuclear deviance against hegemonic norms. By combining and advancing the existing literature on international political sociology, constructivist approaches in international relations theory, and nuclear governance, this paper first argues that stigma should be understood as a position of relational power dynamics that recalcitrant states occupy in contesting dominant norms. Second, it conceptualizes a new category of stigma management as stigma redaction, whereby noncompliant nuclear states occasionally engage in corrective conduct to prevent their identities being permanently cemented as rogue by dominant powers. To contextualize both these arguments, this paper examines the empirical case of India's relationship with the United States, post India's nuclear test in 1974. In doing so, it furthers our understanding of sociological deviance in international politics through an interdisciplinary lens and contributes to the field of international security studies.
Transnational Advocacy, Norm Regress, and Foreign Compliance Constituencies: The Case of the “Comfort Women” Redress Movement
Authors: Kim Claudia Junghyun
Published: September 2022

The literature at the intersection of global norms and transnational advocacy typically equates target states’ foreign constituencies with those exerting normative pressure on the states in question on behalf of their domestic constituencies. Another type of foreign constituency remains undertheorized: foreign nationals as rights claimants who make normative claims against target states, such as victims of colonization seeking redress or refugees demanding their rights protection. I argue that states, including robust democracies otherwise well socialized into global norms, respond differently to compliance pressures from these two types of foreign compliance constituencies. In what I call dual norm dynamics, states may regress in their norm practices when it comes to foreign claimants while at the same time deepening their normative commitments to the international community as a whole. In an unintended consequence of norm diffusion, norm regress in target states for foreign claimants may occur as a result of successful transnational norm advocacy on their behalf. To demonstrate the empirical utility of dual norm dynamics, I look at the transnational redress movement for Korean “comfort women.”
Who Is Employed? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa on Redefining Employment
Authors: Gaddis Isis , Oseni Gbemisola , Palacios-Lopez Amparo , Pieters Janneke
Published: September 2022

The 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (in 2013) redefined thelabour statistics standards, and most National Statistical Offices are currently transitioning to the revised standards. A major change, of which few academics seem to be aware, is that the concept of employment has been narrowed to work for pay or profit. By the revised standards, farming, which is mainly intended for own use, is no longer considered employment, and such a farmer is no longer considered to be employed or in the labour force. Instead, their work is captured under a new indicator of own-use production work. This paper analyses the implications of the revised standards on measures of employment in Sub-Saharan Africa drawing on specialised agricultural surveys from Ghana and Malawi and nationally representative multi-topic household surveys from two early adapters, Malawi and Nigeria. In some contexts, 70% to 80% of farmers produce for family consumption and are therefore, based on this activity, not considered employed by the revised standards; however, there is wide geographic variation. Moreover, farmers are more likely to produce for sale at the end of the growing season of the main local crop than earlier in the season. Men are more likely than women to produce for sale. Official labour statistics, based on the revised standards, show significantly lower employment-to-population ratios in rural Africa and give the impression of rural populations much less reliant on agriculture and much further along in the process of structural change than what was indicated by the previous standards.
Gastroenterologist and Patient Attitudes Toward Yoga as a Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: D’Silva Adrijana , Marshall Deborah A , Vallance Jeff K , Nasser Yasmin , Taylor Lorian M , Lazarescu Adriana , Raman Maitreyi
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To identify irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients’ attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control and intention to practice yoga and gastroenterologists’ attitudes and current yoga recommendations for their patients with IBS.

Methods

Gastroenterologists and IBS patients completed online surveys including Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs. Among IBS patients, multiple linear regression determined the multivariate associations between TPB variables and intention to practice yoga while controlling for significant socio-demographic variables. Gastroenterologists were asked about their attitudes and current yoga recommendations for patients with IBS. Chi-square analyses examined associations between gastroenterologists’ demographics and recommending yoga. Binomial logistic regression described associations between attitude variables and current yoga recommendations.

Results

For patients (n = 109), controllability (β = 0.5, P < 0.001), affective attitude (β = 0.4, P < 0.05) and self-efficacy (β = 0.3, P < 0.05) were significantly associated with intention to do yoga in the regression model. TPB variables explained 34% of the variance in patients’ intentions to practice yoga. The binomial regression analysis revealed that gastroenterologists (n = 79) who have confidence in recommending yoga (39%) were seven times more likely to recommend it (odds ratio = 7.3, P = 0.002) and those who agreed yoga improves IBS symptom severity (54%) were 10 times more likely to recommend yoga (odds ratio = 10.1, P < 0.001). Most (86%) wanted more evidence to support efficacy of yoga for IBS and 44% asked for more knowledge on how to refer a patient.

Conclusion

Controllability, affective attitude and self-efficacy predicted IBS patients’ intentions to practice yoga. Although gastroenterologists believed yoga is safe and beneficial for IBS patients, most do not recommend yoga due to lack of confidence and scientific evidence.
Effects of mass layoffs on local employment—evidence from geo-referenced data
Authors: vom Berge Philipp , Schmillen Achim
Published: September 2022

Using an event study approach and a novel data set that links administrative information on German establishments with exact distance measures from geo-referenced address data, we analyze the net impact of mass layoffs on local employment. We find that local spillovers significantly attenuate the direct impact of mass layoffs on municipal-level employment. About a quarter of the 1-year direct employment loss due to a mass layoff event is absorbed within the same municipality. Local spillovers are especially pronounced very close to the mass layoff site; the majority of the absorption is concentrated within a 1000-m radius. There is little evidence of spillovers beyond the affected municipality.
The reference genome of the Vernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp, Lepidurus packardi
Authors: Kieran Blair Shannon Rose , Hull Joshua , Escalona Merly , Finger Amanda , Joslin Shannon E K , Sahasrabudhe Ruta , Marimuthu Mohan P A , Nguyen Oanh , Chumchim Noravit , Morris Emily Reister , Velazquez Samantha , Schreier Andrea
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we report on the scaffold-level assembled genome for the federally endangered, California endemic crustacean Lepidurus packardi (the Vernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp). L. packardi is a key food source for other conserved California species including the California Tiger Salamander Ambystoma californiense. It faces significant habitat loss and fragmentation as vernal pools are threatened by urbanization, agricultural conversion, and climate change. This resource represents the first scaffold-level genome of any Lepidurus species. The assembled genome spans 108.6 Mbps, with 6 chromosome-length scaffolds comprising 71% of total genomic length and 444 total contigs. The BUSCO score for this genome is 97.3%, suggesting a high level of completeness. We produced a predicted gene set for this species trained on the Daphnia magna set of genes and predicted 17,650 genes. These tools can aid researchers in understanding the evolution and adaptive potential of alternative reproductive modes within this species.
Deep learning-based super-resolution and de-noising for XMM-newton images
Authors: Sweere Sam F , Valtchanov Ivan , Lieu Maggie , Vojtekova Antonia , Verdugo Eva , Santos-Lleo Maria , Pacaud Florian , Briassouli Alexia , Cámpora Pérez Daniel
Published: September 2022

The field of artificial intelligence based image enhancement has been rapidly evolving over the last few years and is able to produce impressive results on non-astronomical images. In this work, we present the first application of Machine Learning based super-resolution (SR) and de-noising (DN) to enhance X-ray images from the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton telescope. Using XMM-Newton images in band [0.5, 2] keV from the European Photon Imaging Camera pn detector (EPIC-pn), we develop XMM-SuperRes and XMM-DeNoise – deep learning-based models that can generate enhanced SR and DN images from real observations. The models are trained on realistic XMM-Newton simulations such that XMM-SuperRes will output images with two times smaller point-spread function and with improved noise characteristics. The XMM-DeNoise model is trained to produce images with 2.5× the input exposure time from 20 to 50 ks. When tested on real images, DN improves the image quality by 8.2 per cent, as quantified by the global peak-signal-to-noise ratio. These enhanced images allow identification of features that are otherwise hard or impossible to perceive in the original or in filtered/smoothed images with traditional methods. We demonstrate the feasibility of using our deep learning models to enhance XMM-Newton X-ray images to increase their scientific value in a way that could benefit the legacy of the XMM-Newton archive.
Primordial dusty rings and episodic outbursts in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Kadam Kundan , Vorobyov Eduard , Basu Shantanu
Published: September 2022

We investigate the formation and evolution of ‘primordial’ dusty rings occurring in the inner regions of protoplanetary discs, with the help of long-term, coupled dust-gas, magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The simulations are global and start from the collapse phase of the parent cloud core, while the dead zone is calculated via an adaptive α formulation by taking into account the local ionization balance. The evolution of the dusty component includes its growth and back reaction on to the gas. Previously, using simulations with only a gas component, we showed that dynamical rings form at the inner edge of the dead zone. We find that when dust evolution, as well as magnetic field evolution in the flux-freezing limit are included, the dusty rings formed are more numerous and span a larger radial extent in the inner disc, while the dead zone is more robust and persists for a much longer time. We show that these dynamical rings concentrate enough dust mass to become streaming unstable, which should result in a rapid planetesimal formation even in the embedded phases of the system. The episodic outbursts caused by the magnetorotational instability have a significant impact on the evolution of the rings. The outbursts drain the inner disc of grown dust, however, the period between bursts is sufficiently long for the planetesimal growth via streaming instability. The dust mass contained within the rings is large enough to ultimately produce planetary systems with the core accretion scenario. The low-mass systems rarely undergo outbursts, and, thus, the conditions around such stars can be especially conducive for planet formation.
Isotopic ratios for C, N, Si, Al, and Ti in C-rich presolar grains from massive stars
Authors: Schofield Jordan , Pignatari Marco , Stancliffe Richard J , Hoppe Peter
Published: September 2022

Certain types of silicon carbide (SiC) grains, e.g. SiC-X grains, and low density (LD) graphites are C-rich presolar grains that are thought to have condensed in the ejecta of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). In this work, we compare C, N, Al, Si, and Ti isotopic abundances measured in presolar grains with the predictions of 21 CCSN models. The impact of a range of SN explosion energies is considered, with the high energy models favouring the formation of a C/Si zone enriched in 12C, 28Si, and 44Ti. Eighteen of the 21 models have H ingested into the He-shell and different abundances of H remaining from such H-ingestion. CCSN models with intermediate to low energy (that do not develop a C/Si zone) cannot reproduce the 28Si and 44Ti isotopic abundances in grains without assuming mixing with O-rich CCSN ejecta. The most 28Si-rich grains are reproduced by energetic models when material from the C/Si zone is mixed with surrounding C-rich material, and the observed trends of the 44Ti/48Ti and 49Ti/48Ti ratios are consistent with the C-rich C/Si zone. For the models with H-ingestion, high and intermediate explosion energies allow the production of enough 26Al to reproduce the 26Al/27Al measurements of most SiC-X and LD graphites. In both cases, the highest 26Al/27Al ratio is obtained with H still present at XH ≈ 0.0024 in He-shell material when the SN shock is passing. The existence of H in the former convective He-shell points to late H-ingestion events in the last days before massive stars explode as a supernova.
Rotation of hot normal, peculiar and Be stars from space photometry
Authors: Balona L A
Published: September 2022

The periods of 34 376 main-sequence stars hotter than 6000 K are derived from Kepler, K2, and TESS light curves. From the effective temperatures and GAIA DR3 luminosities, the radii, and hence the equatorial rotational velocities, can be estimated. Comparison with the projected rotational velocities shows that the photometric periods are indistinguishable from the rotational periods. Rotational light modulation in cool stars appears to continue to the hottest B stars. In fact, it is the most common type of light variation and is seen in 20–50 per cent of F, A, and B stars. The rotation rates of Am, Ap, and Bp stars do not appear to be very different from those of non-peculiar stars. Mixing of the surface layers by rotation cannot be the sole reason why element diffusion is not present in stars with normal surface abundances. The rotation rate of Be stars is well below the rate required to trigger mass-loss by non-radial pulsation. Surface activity leading to ejection of material into co-rotating clouds is suggested as the mass-loss mechanism. The rotational amplitudes of non-Be stars increases rapidly with effective temperature, possibly due to an increasing proportion of incipient Be stars in the sample. The simplest way to explain these results is to assume that surface convection is present in all main-sequence stars, from the coolest M star to the hottest B star.
Radio monitoring of transient Be/X-ray binaries and the inflow–outflow coupling of strongly magnetized accreting neutron stars
Authors: van den Eijnden J , Degenaar N , Russell T D , Miller-Jones J C A , Rouco Escorial A , Wijnands R , Sivakoff G R , Hernández Santisteban J V
Published: September 2022

Strongly magnetized (B ≥ 1012 G) accreting neutron stars (NSs) are prime targets for studying the launching of jets by objects with a solid surface; while classical jet-launching models predict that such NSs cannot launch jets, recent observations and models argue otherwise. Transient Be/X-ray binaries (BeXRBs) are critical laboratories for probing this poorly explored parameter space for jet formation. Here, we present the coordinated monitoring campaigns of three BeXRBs across four outbursts: giant outbursts of SAX 2103.5+4545, 1A 0535+262, and GRO J1008–57, as well as a Type-I outburst of the latter. We obtain radio detections of 1A 0535+262 during ten out of twenty observations, while the other targets remained undetected at typical limits of 20–50 $\mu$Jy. The radio luminosity of 1A 0535+262 positively correlates with its evolving X-ray luminosity, and inhabits a region of the LX–LR plane continuing the correlation observed previously for the BeXRB Swift J0243.6+6124. We measure a BeXRB LX–LR coupling index of β = 0.86 ± 0.06 ($L_R \propto L_X^\beta$), similar to the indices measured in NS and black hole low-mass X-ray binaries. Strikingly, the coupling’s LR normalization is ∼275 and ∼6.2 × 103 times lower than in those two comparison samples, respectively. We conclude that jet emission likely dominates during the main peak of giant outbursts, but is only detectable for close-by or super-Eddington systems at current radio sensitivities. We discuss these results in the broader context of X-ray binary radio studies, concluding that our results suggest how supergiant X-ray binaries may host a currently unidentified additional radio emission mechanism.
Kicks and induced spins of neutron stars at birth
Authors: Coleman Matthew S B , Burrows Adam
Published: September 2022

Using simulations of non-rotating supernova progenitors, we explore the kicks imparted to and the spins induced in the compact objects birthed in core collapse. We find that the recoil due to neutrino emissions can be a factor affecting core recoil, comparable to and at times larger than the corresponding kick due to matter recoil. This result would necessitate a revision of the general model of the origin of pulsar proper motions. In addition, we find that the sign of the net neutrino momentum can be opposite to the sign of the corresponding matter recoil. As a result, at times the pulsar recoil and ejecta can be in the same direction. Moreover, our results suggest that the duration of the dipole in the neutrino emissions can be shorter than the duration of the radiation of the neutron-star binding energy. This allows a larger dipole asymmetry to arise, but for a shorter time, resulting in kicks in the observed pulsar range. Furthermore, we find that the spin induced by the aspherical accretion of matter can leave the residues of collapse with spin periods comparable to those inferred for radio pulsars and that there seems to be a slight anticorrelation between the direction of the induced spin and the net kick direction. This could explain such a correlation among observed radio pulsars. Finally, we find that the kicks imparted to black holes are due to the neutrino recoil alone, resulting in birth kicks ≤100 km s−1 most of the time.
Intersex Bodies, Language, and Medical Authority
Authors: Dauphinais Ashlee L.
Published: September 2022

Intersex bodies have long functioned as a theoretical keystone for understanding the performative nature of gender. With few exceptions, however, research on intersex communities has been absent from linguistics and the social sciences more broadly. Concentrating on Brazilian individuals with Turner Syndrome, one of the most common intersex conditions, this chapter presents an overview of work in linguistics on intersex communities. The discussion analyzes ethnographic data from Brazilian Turner Syndrome communities within a discourse analysis framework, examining daily interactions surrounding height, femininity, and medical authority. In addition, the discussion explores gendered discourses surrounding the doctor-patient-parent dynamic for intersex individuals and highlights the implications of this research for language, gender, and sexuality studies at large. Most critically, the chapter considers future avenues for the incorporation of intersex voices at a time when the field is reexamining the relationship between the linguistic and the material.
Ezekiel in Christian Interpretation
Authors: Mein Andrew
Published: September 2022

Ezekiel’s Gog (chs. 38–39) is the distillation of biblical traditions about an eschatological enemy whom God will defeat as a prelude to final restoration. The apocalyptic tone of the chapters and Gog’s lack of a historical anchor make him a remarkably malleable figure for later interpreters, who are able to project on to his story both their deepest enmities and their aspirations for the future. This chapter introduces Christian interpretation of Ezekiel by exploring three significant approaches to Gog and Magog. First, Christian readers have often read Gog in terms of current geopolitics. Secondly, they have read the oracle in terms of theology and church politics. And thirdly, they have remythologized the Gog oracle, incorporating it into new eschatological frameworks. In each case, the chapter examines both the ways in which interpreters engage with the biblical text, and the ways they relate Ezekiel’s eschatology to their own political contexts.