bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Intraoperative Transluminal Angioplasty: A New Approach to Reduce the Early Failure of Distal Arteriovenous Fistulas
Authors: Napoli Marcello , Lefons Maria L. , Mangione Domenico , Montagna Cosimo , Montagna Elio , Montinaro Anna M. , Pati Caterina , Sandri Giovanni , Sozzo Efisio , Stefanizzi Salvatore
Published: January 2015

Purpose

About 8 years ago, we approached an intraoperative transluminal angioplasty (ITA) performed during the arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation, to treat arterial or venous stenosis diagnosed by a preliminary ultrasound examination. Objective of this study is to validate the efficacy of ITA.

Methods

Early failure (EF) and failure to mature (FTM) were evaluated in 69 AVFs with ITA created in 58 patients in the last 3 years. In the same period, 160 patients received 188 AVFs without ITA and were considered control group. Of the two groups, age, comorbid factors, sex, primary and secondary patency rate (PR) were also analysed.

Results

The two groups were homogeneous for gender and age (70.4 + 11.1 years of ITA group vs. 66.3 + 14.4, p = 0.059). The incidence of diabetes, heart disease and peripheral artery disease was higher in the ITA group (43% vs. 17%, p<0.0001, 35% vs. 6%, p<0.0001 and 56% vs. 15%, p<0.0001, respectively). EF and FTM occurred in seven and eight cases in the ITA group and in 15 and 13 cases in the controls, respectively. Total failure occurred in 24% of ITA group and 14% of the controls (p = 0.2). The primary PR at 6, 12 and 24 months was 78%, 72% and 59% for ITA group and 85%, 78% and 78 % for control group (p<0.01). The secondary PR at 6, 12 and 24 months was 91%, 86% and 80% for ITA group and 95%, 95% and 92% for the controls (p<0.01).

Conclusions

Our ITA approach has allowed satisfactory results in patients at a high risk of AVF failure.
Resolution of severe vertigo in a remote location by the modified Epley maneuver
Authors: Bashir Khalid , Tariq Tooba , Irfan Furqan B. , Pathan Sameer A.
Published: January 2015

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is an extremely common cause of peripheral vertigo. BPPV is believed to be caused by the presence of tiny crystals in the semicircular canals. It is typically diagnosed from a patient's history and examination.

A 55-year-old lady dialed the emergency services due to severe vertigo and vomiting for about two hours. The previous night she travelled around 250 miles in her caravan to North Wales, UK, for a holiday. No ambulance was available to be dispatched, hence the ambulance control contacted the local general practitioner doctor on duty to attend to the patient. The patient was suffering from recurrent vertigo symptoms for nearly two years, despite being on medications. She described her symptoms as room spinning when she wanted to get out of the bed which was associated with vomiting. History and examination revealed no signs attributing to acute stroke.

After performing the Dix-Hallpike test, the doctor confirmed the diagnosis of posterior canal BPPV and the patient was offered the modified Epley maneuver. Post-maneuver, a significant improvement in her symptoms was noticed within a few minutes. On arrival of ambulance crew after an hour, the patient decided not to go to hospital as her symptoms were almost 90 percent better. This case highlights the need for awareness among family medicine and emergency doctors to diagnose and treat BPPV with a physical maneuver rather than medications.
REICE a dos años de desarrollo científico
Authors: Canales Salinas Ricardo José
Published: January 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v2i4.1720 REICE Vol. 2, No. 4, julio-diciembre 2014
Problemática económica, social y ambiental de la Reserva de Biosfera Bosawás (2009-2013)
Authors: Castro Sobalvarro Ariana Karelya , Avellan Castellón Jessica Rebeca , Espinoza Martínez Ellieth Marina
Published: January 2015

El ensayo pretende determinar los principales problemas económicos, sociales y ambientales de la reserva de biosfera Bosawás. Abordando sus causas, deficiencia y afectaciones que evitan potencializar económicamente y de forma sostenible bosawás. Se realizó un análisis completo durante el periodo 2009-2013 tomando en cuenta las diferentes opiniones de expertos sobre el tema, logrando tener un ojo crítico y reflexivo. Por medio de estadísticas sustentamos el desarrollo de nuestra investigación. Se encontró que la principal razón que origina la destrucción de la RBB es la falta de conciencia productiva, ignorando las leyes de protección establecido por las autoridades, sumando la poca incidencia de las instituciones encargadas de velar cumplimiento de estas. Cabe mencionar que Bosawás no es solo un problema de la región sino que debe ser del interés nacional. Es imprescindible saber que se necesita una estrategia para desarrollar una economía forestal que reconozca el valor económico de conservar el bosque. Sin alternativas económicas será muy difícil salvar bosawás. Nuestro país necesita cambiar la percepción equivocada de que el crecimiento económico depende únicamente de la explotación de nuestros recursos naturales. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v2i4.1730 REICE Vol. 2, No. 4, julio-diciembre 2014: 125-148
RAÇÃO DE FARELO DE SOJA E DE SOJA INTEGRAL EXTRUSADA E DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE SUBSTITUIÇÃO DO MILHO POR TITRICALE NA ALIMENTAÇÃO ANIMAL. I. DESEMPENHO NO CRESCIMENTO DE SUÍNOS
Authors: FEDALTO LUIZ MÁRIO , TULESKI GIOVANA LAÍS RUVIARO , WARPECHOSKI MARSON BRUCK , BRAGA TATYANA
Published: January 2015

A fim de avaliar o uso de triticale e soja integral extrusada em dietas para suínos em crescimento, foram distribuídos ao acaso 60 animais mestiços em delineamento com arranjo fatorial 2X5 (fontes de proteína x nível de substituição do milho). A partir dos 71 kg de peso corporal médio, todos os animais receberam dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja até o abate. Não houve alteração significativa (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho dos suínos durante a fase de crescimento, nem efeito residual na fase de terminação. Abstract In order to evaluate the use of triticale and extrused soy seeds in diets for growing swine, 60 crossbred animals had been random distributed in 2X5 fatorial arrangement (protein sources X maize replacement levels). The range of maize replacement it was from 0 to 100%. There was no difference between the treatments (P>0,05) in the growth and finishing performance.
Interaction of von Willebrand factor with platelets and the vessel wall
Authors: Mendolicchio G. L. , Ruggeri Z. M.
Published: January 2015

The initiation of thrombus formation at sites of vascular injury to secure haemostasis after tissue trauma requires the interaction of surface-exposed von Willebrand factor (VWF) with its primary platelet receptor, the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex. As an insoluble component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of endothelial cells, VWF can directly initiate platelet adhesion. Circulating plasma VWF en-hances matrix VWF activity by binding to structures that become exposed to flowing blood, notably collagen type I and III in deeper layers of the vessel along with microfibrillar collagen type VI in the sub endothelium. Moreover, plasma VWF is required to support platelet-to-platelet adhesion – i. e. aggregation – which promotes thrombus growth and consolidation. For these reasons, understanding how plasma VWF interaction with platelet receptors is regulated, particularly any distinctive features of GPIb binding to soluble as opposed to immobilized VWF, is of paramount importance in vascular biology.

This brief review will highlight knowledge acquired and key problems that remain to be solved to elucidate fully the role of VWF in normal haemostasis and pathological thrombosis.
Forest genomics research and development in Canada: Priorities for developing an economic framework
Authors: Porth Ilga , Bull Gary , Ahmed Suborna , El-Kassaby Yousry A. , Boyland Mark
Published: January 2015

Forest genomics is a relatively recent research field and is often poorly understood both by the public and forest managers. Genomics in forestry, an expansion of forest biotechnology, seeks to develop generalized technologies for use in industrial plantations and/or natural forests as well as within process optimization, product development and international trade facilitation. With such tools it is possible to address formerly intractable issues such as understanding the underpinnings of complex traits for conservation management purposes, improved use of forest trees as carbon sinks, feedstock for biofuels and “green chemistry” through deeper understanding and effective utilization of forests’ natural variation. Diverse end-users could benefit from genomics tools; for example, real-time detection and mapping of known and novel pathogens along with risk assessments to protect forest nurseries and natural forests from invasive pathogens and reduce economic losses associated with diseases. Since 2001, there has been approximately $123 million invested in Canadian forest genomics research; we thought it would be helpful to summarize projects in Canada and the USA and to identify research priorities and potential economic implications by: (a) developing a robust typology of forest sector genomics research relevant to Canadian application; (b) categorizing each initiative for its application potential (commercial, noncommercial); and, (c) demonstrating with silvicultural gain, insect resistance, and wood composition themes the application of modeling and economic analysis.
Manitoba's forest policy regime: Incremental change, concepts, actors and relationships
Authors: Griffith Jodi , Diduck Alan P. , Tardif Jacques
Published: January 2015

In response to the emergence of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), forest operations, policies, and governance have become more inclusive of multiple values and of the people holding these values. To assess the extent to which these types of changes have occurred in Manitoba, government legislation and policy documents were examined and semi-directed interviews were conducted with 29 key actors in Manitoba's forest policy regime. In Manitoba, objectives, principles and concepts relating to sustainability and ecosystem-based management have been incorporated into forest policies but not in forest legislation. Additionally, public involvement opportunities have expanded and more people are now involved in advisory capacities. However, a closed policy network and institutional stability have meant that the provincial government and the forest industry maintain primary policy- and decision-making responsibility in Manitoba's forest policy regime. As a result, parties who would need to be included for SFM ideals to be realized are excluded from the network. For SFM to take a deeper hold in Manitoba in both policy and in management practices, transformative change needs to occur. A broader array of interests needs a voice at the center of the network, and The Forest Act requires amendment to entrench SFM principles and core concepts.
Aproximación a la figura de una matrona romana culta y poderosa. El caso de Julia Domna.
Authors: Caravaca Guerrero Consuelo Isabel
Published: January 2015

El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una síntesis de las fuentes primarias que hablan de Julia Domna – destacando a Dión Casio, Herodiano, Historia Augusta y Flavio Filóstrato – y los estudios modernos principales, con el objetivo de conocer el papel e influencia que debió de ejercer esta mujer. Su papel no solo se basó en ser matrona, sino que consiguió ser esposa y madre de emperadores. Honrada con numerosos adjetivos como Augusta, Pía, Felix o mater Augustorum y mater castrorum, su influencia se extendió por todo el Imperio. Nos encontramos así, ante una figura que se salió de los márgenes impuestos por la sociedad romana a las mujeres.

This work is aimed to do a synthesis of every primary source that speaks about Julia Domna – specially Dion Casio, Herodiano, Historia Augusta and Flavio Filostrato – as well as the main modern studies, with the objective of knowing the role and influence this woman might have exercised.Her role was not only based on the fact she was a midwife, but she also managed to be a wife and an emperor’s mother. Honoured with several adjectives such as Augusta, Pía, Felix or mater Augustorum and mater castrorum, her influence spread all over the Empire. Therefore, we are dealing with a figure that went out from the margins imposed to women by the Roman society.
Odiseo a través de la parodia. Desmitificación e ironía de una Ítaca nostálgica en Prometeo de Pérez de Ayala y ¿Por qué corres, Ulises? de Gala.
Authors: López López Carmen María
Published: January 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es proponer un estudio crítico-comparado a partir de las variaciones del modelo épico en dos obras de la literatura española del siglo XX: Prometeo de Ramón Pérez de Ayala y ¿Por qué corres, Ulises? de Antonio Gala. Para ello, se trazará una perspectiva histórica de acuerdo con algunos de los episodios homéricos insertos en la Odisea: la estancia del héroe con Nausica en la tierra de los feacios, con la ninfa Calipso en Ogigia, con la maga Circe en la isla de Eea, en la tierra de los Lotófagos, la Nekuia o descenso al Hades y el reencuentro con Penélope.Por último, este artículo pretende analizar el sentido de la risa desde la tradición, con la finalidad de atender a la reinterpretación del mito como parodia e ironía respecto del relato homérico.

The aim of this article is to propose a critical and comparative study beginning from the epic model variations on the Spanish Literature from the twentieth century: Prometeo by Ramón Pérez de Ayala and ¿Por qué corres, Ulises? by Antonio Gala. To this purpose, a historic perspective will be designed, according to some Homeric episodes inside of the Odisea: the stay of the hero with Nausicaa in the phaeacians’ land, with the nymph Calypso in Ogygia, with the magician Circe in the Eea’s island, in the Lotofagi’s land, the Nekuia and the re-encounter with Penelope. To conclude, this article pretends to analyze the sense of the laugh from the tradition, to deal with the reinterpretation of the myth as a parody and an irony regarding the Homeric narration.
Entrevista al profesor D. Michael Walker.
Authors: Caravaca Guerrero Consuelo Isabel
Published: January 2015

Entrevistar a un investigador de la talla de D. Michael Walker supone hablar de un investigador reconocido a nivel nacional e internacional, uno de los mayores expertos en evolución humana de nuestros días. Nació en Colchester (Inglaterra) en 1941 y tiene doble nacionalidad: británica y australiana. Actualmente es profesor emérito de la Universidad de Murcia en el Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física de la Facultad de Biología. Pero su currículum no acaba aquí, Michael realizó tres carreras, Fisiología Animal, Medicina, y Arqueología Prehistórica, en la Universidad de Oxford. Es Doctor por esta universidad, gracias a su tesis leída sobre Paleoantropología y Prehistoria de las cuencas de los ríos Segura y Vinalopó. Nuestro entrevistado, también fue elegido Académico (Fellow –F.S.A.-) en 1988 de la Society of Antiquaries of Londono SAL. Fundada en 1707, la SAL es la equivalente británica de la española Real Academia de la Historia. Es Fellow también del Real Instituto Antropológico de la Gran Bretaña (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain) y socio emérito de la Asociación Americana de Antropólogos Físicos (American Association of Physical Anthropologists).

Entrevistar a un investigador de la talla de D. Michael Walker supone hablar de un investigador reconocido a nivel nacional e internacional, uno de los mayores expertos en evolución humana de nuestros días. Nació en Colchester (Inglaterra) en 1941 y tiene doble nacionalidad: británica y australiana. Actualmente es profesor emérito de la Universidad de Murcia en el Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física de la Facultad de Biología. Pero su currículum no acaba aquí, Michael realizó tres carreras, Fisiología Animal, Medicina, y Arqueología Prehistórica, en la Universidad de Oxford. Es Doctor por esta universidad, gracias a su tesis leída sobre Paleoantropología y Prehistoria de las cuencas de los ríos Segura y Vinalopó. Nuestro entrevistado, también fue elegido Académico (Fellow –F.S.A.-) en 1988 de la Society of Antiquaries of Londono SAL. Fundada en 1707, la SAL es la equivalente británica de la española Real Academia de la Historia. Es Fellow también del Real Instituto Antropológico de la Gran Bretaña (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain) y socio emérito de la Asociación Americana de Antropólogos Físicos (American Association of Physical Anthropologists).
Discrete event simulation of Maglev transport considering traffic waves
Authors: Cha Moo Hyun , Mun Duhwan
Published: January 2015

A magnetically levitated vehicle (Maglev) system is under commercialization as a new transportation system in Korea. The Maglev is operated by an unmanned automatic control system. Therefore, the plan of train operation should be carefully established and validated in advance. In general, when making a train operation plan, statistically predicted traffic data is used. However, a traffic wave often occurs in real train service, and demand-driven simulation technology is required to review a train operation plan and service quality considering traffic waves. We propose a method and model to simulate Maglev operation considering continuous demand changes. For this purpose, we employed a discrete event model that is suitable for modeling the behavior of railway passenger transportation. We modeled the system hierarchically using discrete event system specification (DEVS) formalism. In addition, through implementation and an experiment using the DEVSim++ simulation environment, we tested the feasibility of the proposed model. Our experimental results also verified that our demand-driven simulation technology can be used for a priori review of train operation plans and strategies.
Tangible AR interaction based on fingertip touch using small-sized nonsquare markers
Authors: Park Hyungjun , Jung Ho-Kyun , Park Sang-Jin
Published: January 2015

Although big-sized markers are good for accurate marker recognition and tracking, they are easily occluded by other objects and deteriorate natural visualization and level of immersion during user interaction in AR environments. In this paper, we propose an approach to exploiting the use of rectangular markers to support tangible AR interaction based on fingertip touch using small-sized markers. It basically adjusts the length, width, and interior area of rectangular markers to make them more suitably fit to longish objects like fingers. It also utilizes convex polygons to resolve the partial occlusion of a marker and properly enlarges the pattern area of a marker while adjusting its size without deteriorating the quality of marker detection. We obtained encouraging results from users that the approach can provide better natural visualization and higher level of immersion, and be accurate and tangible enough to support a pseudo feeling of touching virtual products with human hands or fingertips during design evaluation of digital handheld products.
Translation of 5′ leaders is pervasive in genes resistant to eIF2 repression
Authors: Andreev Dmitry E , O'Connor Patrick BF , Fahey Ciara , Kenny Elaine M , Terenin Ilya M , Dmitriev Sergey E , Cormican Paul , Morris Derek W , Shatsky Ivan N , Baranov Pavel V
Published: January 2015

Eukaryotic cells rapidly reduce protein synthesis in response to various stress conditions. This can be achieved by the phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of a key translation initiation factor, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). However, the persistent translation of certain mRNAs is required for deployment of an adequate stress response. We carried out ribosome profiling of cultured human cells under conditions of severe stress induced with sodium arsenite. Although this led to a 5.4-fold general translational repression, the protein coding open reading frames (ORFs) of certain individual mRNAs exhibited resistance to the inhibition. Nearly all resistant transcripts possess at least one efficiently translated upstream open reading frame (uORF) that represses translation of the main coding ORF under normal conditions. Site-specific mutagenesis of two identified stress resistant mRNAs (PPP1R15B and IFRD1) demonstrated that a single uORF is sufficient for eIF2-mediated translation control in both cases. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that at least two regulatory uORFs (namely, in SLC35A4 and MIEF1) encode functional protein products.
Defective apical extrusion signaling contributes to aggressive tumor hallmarks
Authors: Gu Yapeng , Shea Jill , Slattum Gloria , Firpo Matthew A , Alexander Margaret , Mulvihill Sean J , Golubovskaya Vita M , Rosenblatt Jody
Published: January 2015

When epithelia become too crowded, some cells are extruded that later die. To extrude, a cell produces the lipid, Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P), which activates S1P2 receptors in neighboring cells that seamlessly squeeze the cell out of the epithelium. Here, we find that extrusion defects can contribute to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Tumors or epithelia lacking S1P2 cannot extrude cells apically and instead form apoptotic-resistant masses, possess poor barrier function, and shift extrusion basally beneath the epithelium, providing a potential mechanism for cell invasion. Exogenous S1P2 expression is sufficient to rescue apical extrusion, cell death, and reduce orthotopic pancreatic tumors and their metastases. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) inhibitor can bypass extrusion defects and could, therefore, target pancreatic, lung, and colon tumors that lack S1P2 without affecting wild-type tissue.
Temporal structure in associative retrieval
Authors: Kurth-Nelson Zeb , Barnes Gareth , Sejdinovic Dino , Dolan Ray , Dayan Peter
Published: January 2015

Electrophysiological data disclose rich dynamics in patterns of neural activity evoked by sensory objects. Retrieving objects from memory reinstates components of this activity. In humans, the temporal structure of this retrieved activity remains largely unexplored, and here we address this gap using the spatiotemporal precision of magnetoencephalography (MEG). In a sensory preconditioning paradigm, 'indirect' objects were paired with 'direct' objects to form associative links, and the latter were then paired with rewards. Using multivariate analysis methods we examined the short-time evolution of neural representations of indirect objects retrieved during reward-learning about direct objects. We found two components of the evoked representation of the indirect stimulus, 200 ms apart. The strength of retrieval of one, but not the other, representational component correlated with generalization of reward learning from direct to indirect stimuli. We suggest the temporal structure within retrieved neural representations may be key to their function.
Retorno al modo: in/dependencia contextual en el discurso de las clases de historia antigua
Authors:   University of Sydney Australia, Martin Jim , Matruglio Erika ,   University of Wollongong Australia, Quiroz Beatriz ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Chile)
Published: January 2015

Este artículo explora el significado de “dependencia contextual” en la lingüística sistémico-funcional (LSF), situándolo en relación con el concepto de “gravedad semántica” en la teoría de códigos de legitimación (LCT, por sus siglas en inglés). Se plantean distintas interpretaciones de lo que es la dependencia contextual desde el punto de vista textual, interpersonal e ideacional, poniendo de relieve las nociones de implicitud, negociabilidad e iconicidad, respectivamente. Para abarcar todos estos recursos se propone el término “presencia”. Este artículo da cuenta de parte del diálogo en curso entre la LSF y la LCT, en el marco de una investigación que aborda el discurso de la historia y la biología en escuelas australianas, en un ejercicio cada vez más productivo de investigación transdisciplinar.
Géneros históricos y construcción de la significación histórica: el caso de los estudiantes de Licenciatura en Historia
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Chile), Henríquez Rodrigo , Canelo Valentina ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Chile)
Published: January 2015

En este artículo se propone una caracterización de las etapas de construcción del género académico “control de lectura de historia” de estudiantes de Licenciatura en Historia. La finalidad de la investigación que dio origen a este artículo fue describir los modos en que se construye la significación histórica en el discurso escrito en la formación de los/as futuros/as historiadores/as. El corpus de la investigación está compuesto por 16 respuestas escritas de estudiantes de 1er a 3er año de la carrera de Licenciatura en Historia de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile de diferentes cursos de historia de Chile, que abarcan desde el siglo XV al siglo XIX. A partir de la sistematización propuesta por Martin y Rose (2008), se consideraron para el análisis del género académico “control de lectura de historia” el marco analítico de la Lingüística Sistémico-Funcional y las dimensiones que construyen la significación histórica en el discurso: temporalidad, evidencialidad y causalidad. El análisis permitió la identificación de cuatro etapas de construcción del género académico “control de lectura en historia”. Estas etapas fueron agrupadas en: a) síntesis, b) contextualización, c) argumentación y d) cierre. Se concluye que uno de los elementos principales que incide en el desarrollo de las etapas y las fases de realización son el propósito del control de lectura (contenidos en la pregunta o instrucción) y la reformulación de la evidencia
La Discusión en artículos de microbiología: género, compromiso y construcción del conocimiento
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina., Moyano Estela Inés
Published: January 2015

Con el objetivo de identificar patrones comunes en las discusiones de artículos de investigación en el área de microbiología, se analizó manualmente un corpus de cuatro textos desde la perspectiva de género en el marco de la Lingüística Sistémico-Funcional. El trabajo consistió en identificar la estructura esquemática de los textos así como los recursos discursivos fundamentales que realizan el género como configuración de significados de las tres metafunciones. Se encontró que la Discusión de artículos en esta área se constituye como garantía de la investigación, género que se propone legitimar los resultados hallados en el trabajo, de suerte de persuadir a los lectores y garantizar que resultan pertinentes para incorporarse al cuerpo de conocimiento disciplinar en el área de estudio. Los recursos discursivos más destacados en los textos para lograr este propósito resultaron ser los de la valoración en el discurso, especialmente la proyección, del subsistema de compromiso, coarticulados con la comparación, del sistema de conjunción. Solo en casos en que el autor se anticipa a posibles objeciones de los lectores se utilizan pares de concesión más contraexpectativa. A partir de los recursos lingüísticos identificados, puede proponerse que el nuevo conocimiento producido en los artículos de investigación en esta disciplina se integra en una estructura jerárquica de conocimiento vertical. Dado el número de textos analizados en este trabajo, los resultados obtenidos deben ser considerados preliminares.
Interrelaciones entre representaciones discursivas sobre la escritura académica y devoluciones escritas de docentes universitarios
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento Argentina, Natale Lucía
Published: January 2015

Este trabajo muestra algunas interrelaciones entre representaciones sobre la escritura académica y su enseñanza y las estrategias discursivas (Menéndez, 2000) adoptadas en devoluciones escritas elaboradas por docentes universitarios. A partir del examen de un corpus compuesto por treinta entrevistas a docentes universitarios y por 184 devoluciones escritas elaboradas por los mismos profesores se han identificado cuatro representaciones sobre la escritura y un conjunto de ocho estrategias discursivas, las cuales se caracterizan sumariamente. En una segunda instancia, a partir de dos casos, se describen en detalle dos de las representaciones a partir de herramientas del análisis del discurso basado en la Lingüística Sistémico Funcional. Asimismo, siguiendo con los mismos casos, observamos las estrategias adoptadas por los docentes en la evaluación de los textos producidos por los estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que los profesores que representan la escritura como una herramienta empleada en procesos materiales y que asignan el rol de Actores a los estudiantes y a sí mismos privilegian las estrategias que sirven para retroalimentar la producción escrita, bajo la forma de instrucciones y preguntas. En cambio, cuando la representación dominante es aquella que asocia la escritura con un fenómeno que el docente se limita a contemplar, las devoluciones son construidas preferentemente con estrategias cuya finalidad es la de expresar una evaluación acerca de lo acertado o errado de una respuesta.
Participantes y proyección en los procesos verbales en español: un análisis sistémico de géneros académicos estudiantiles
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ignatieva Natalia
Published: January 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un estudio sistémico funcional de procesos verbales, de los participantes asociados y de las características proyectantes de estos procesos en el lenguaje académico. El trabajo realizado forma parte de un proyecto de investigación que se ha desarrollado en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) y que, a su vez, está incluido en el proyecto internacional Systemics Across Languages (SAL). Los textos analizados fueron recopilados en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la UNAM y forman parte del Corpus de Lenguaje Académico en Español (CLAE, 2009). Para el análisis que aquí se presenta se tomaron del CLAE textos pertenecientes a un área (literatura) y tres géneros distintos: pregunta-respuesta, ensayo y reseña. Las bases teóricas de este estudio se sitúan dentro de la perspectiva sistémico funcional (Halliday, 2004), particularmente, en el marco conceptual de la transitividad. En primer lugar, se determina la frecuencia de los procesos verbales en el corpus y se identifican los participantes en distintos tipos de cláusulas verbales. Después, se explora con más detalle el participante más importante de la cláusula verbal, el Emisor. Se da también un énfasis especial al participante que expresa el mensaje del acto verbal, es decir, el Informe. Asimismo se examinan las características proyectantes de los procesos más usados en los textos escritos por estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados del estudio muestran que existe una variación importante entre los porcentajes de procesos verbales en cada uno de los géneros analizados. Por otra parte, diferentes formas de expresar “quién dice” y “qué dice” también contribuyen a las distinciones genéricas de los textos estudiantiles.
Recursos de ideación e identificación para representar la corrupción y la crisis ética en comentarios de blogs de ciberperiódicos
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Chile), Arancibia Aguilera María Cristina , Montecino Soto Lésmer ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Chile)
Published: January 2015

Los movimientos sociales marginados de la esfera pública chilena por el dominio de prácticas discursivas hegemónicas no necesariamente se corresponden con grupos activamente movilizados en las calles (Mayol, 2012). De hecho, muchos de estos movimientos sociales constituyen comunidades discursivas, cuyo lugar de encuentro es el espacio digital (Montecino y Arancibia, 2013; Woodly, 2008). En este espacio público virtual, los comentarios de blogs a columnas de opinión y editoriales tienen como objetivo visibilizar prácticas discursivas, cuyo propósito apunta a naturalizar estados de cosas reñidos con la ética (Fairclough y Fairclough, 2012). En este contexto, la emergencia de un nuevo orden del discurso ha traído consigo el establecimiento de alegatos públicos por casos de corrupción en la sociedad chilena. En otros términos, el comentario de blog se asume como un discurso político deslegitimado —una marcha virtual— que, desde el margen, da cuenta de la crisis ética de la sociedad chilena actual. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en visibilizar la construcción del juicio y la sanción pública de ciudadanos comunes en blogs de comentarios a editoriales y columnas de opinión. Con este propósito, se analizaron los comentarios recolectados en un período de seis meses —marzo a octubre de 2013— con el fin de indagar, desde una perspectiva discursiva, en la vinculación de actores sociales que surgen en las discusiones, con procesos y circunstancias a través de mecanismos de identificación e ideación, siguiendo la teoría postulada por Martin y Rose (2007) y Van Leeuwen (2008). Los resultados del análisis realizado a los comentarios coinciden en revelar que el retrato del conflicto y la censura se construyen sobre una realidad que oculta bajo el mismo nombre de un país —Chile— escenarios paralelos, colegios privados y clínicas para un sector de la población, mientras el resto accede a escuelas y hospitales públicos (Atria, 2013). Este estudio es parte del proyecto FONDECYT 1120784: Representaciones discursivas sobre la pobreza en ciberperiódicos chilenos
Interannual variability of the northwestern Iberia deep ocean: Response to large‐scale North Atlantic forcing
Authors: Prieto E. , González‐Pola C. , Lavín A. , Holliday N. P.
Published: January 2015

The oceanic hydrography of the north‐easternmost region of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre has been monitored since 2003 by three sections extending between 100 and 200 nautical miles from the Spanish NW and N coast into the Atlantic and the Bay of Biscay. The sections were occupied twice a year from 2003 to 2010, annually after that, and measure the whole water column (>5000 m). Correlation of series in the vertical and among sections, autocorrelation and estimates of the effect of the noise induced by the mesoscale field, all indicate that observed signatures are robust changes of water masses at the regional scale. The hydrographic time series are not characterized by smooth trends but instead by shifts that persist through consecutive cruises. The most notable features include a shift to more saline central waters around 2005 after which they remained stable, and a decrease in thermohaline properties of the Labrador Sea Water from autumn 2008 to 2010. Years with a strong winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index are characterized by shifts in thermohaline properties across most of the intermediate levels, with the most notable event being the warming and increasing salinity that followed the large NAO index drop of 2010. The observations are consistent with current understanding of the large‐scale functioning of the North Atlantic, which predicts a northeastward expansion of subtropical temperate waters in the eastern boundary as a response to NAO forcing. The observed variability is discussed in relationship to large‐scale circulation.
Auditor Independence
Authors: Gwilliam David , Marnet Oliver
Published: January 2015

The concept and notion of auditor independence has been of key importance to the audit profession, and to the variety of stakeholders who rely upon the work of auditors, for more than one hundred and fifty years. This contribution seeks to bring forward a number of the issues which underpin the concept together with a brief review both of recent regulatory developments and empirical evidence which seeks to consider whether auditors are in fact independent in practice.

At one level the economic dependence of auditors on clients on whose financial statements they are providing an opinion suggests a prima facie lack of independence. Beyond this however there are perhaps wider and more subtle issues as to the manner in which auditors obtain, collate and evaluate the information which they rely upon to come to their opinion – sometimes termed epistemological independence – and, and to an extent interlinked, the range and variety of behavioural, cultural and judgemental biases which may act to impact on that opinion.

There are however a range of factors which act to constrain auditors from behaving in a non‐independent manner. These include the professional training of auditors, the significant adverse economic out‐turns which may result from the provision of an inappropriate audit opinion, and the range of regulatory review and indeed sanctions – including those relating to corporate governance – which seek to ensure that auditors do carry out their work and make their judgements in an independent manner.

The nature of regulatory and governance change at both national and supra‐national levels in recent years is reviewed briefly as is the quite extensive, albeit rather mixed, empirical evidence as to the nature of auditor independence. This empirical evidence focuses on both stakeholder perceptions and also attempts to link aspects of independence with both client reporting behaviour and actual auditor judgements. The reader is directed to references which allow this literature to be explored in greater depth.
Foreign Currency
Authors: Godfrey Jayne M.
Published: January 2015

Accounting regulations for foreign currency vary internationally.
Value‐Based Management and Cash Flow Analysis
Authors: Black Andrew P.
Published: January 2015

Value‐based management (VBM) is a process aimed at improving corporate financial performance.
Earnings Management and Corporate Governance
Authors: Young Steven
Published: January 2015

Concerns over managerial accountability and the manipulation of financial statement information have long been key issues for policy makers, regulators, and accounting academics.
Organizational Roles of Management Accountants
Authors: Ahrens Thomas , Chapman Christopher S.
Published: January 2015

Typical textbook introductions to the roles of the management accountant still lean heavily on the three roles drawn from Simon (1954): record keeping, attention directing, and problem solving.
AIDS
Authors: Dunn Craig P.
Published: January 2015

AIDS is an acronym for “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.” AIDS is generally, although not universally, thought to be associated with the presence of HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus. Evidence suggests that HIV is spread through transmission of bodily fluids typically associated with intimate sexual contact and/or intravenous drug use, though cases of in utero mother‐to‐child transmission are on the rise. HIV is fragile once outside the body, and is therefore not transmittable through casual contact. AIDS is treatable but not curable. With proper treatment, it is not unusual for individuals to live 10 years or even longer from time of initial diagnosis with HIV to eventual death. Ethical questons around addressing AIDs in the workplace highlight tensions among competing rights, utilitarian concepts for the greatest good, communitarian concerns and the ethics of care.
Corporate Finance, Ethical Issues in
Authors: Sihler William W.
Published: January 2015

The article surveys the broad nature of ethics in finance and the conflicting ethical demands that are often present. It comments on how the development of the financial system since the late eighteenth century has complicated financial ethics.
Economic Justice
Authors: Shaw William H.
Published: January 2015

On what basis should economic goods and services be distributed? There are various intuitively plausible principles, such as need or desert, which seem to work in some circumstances, but not others. Accordingly, some philosophers have advanced more comprehensive accounts of economic justice, in particular, utilitarianism, libertarianism, and Rawls's social contract theory. Recently, increased attention has been given to questions of global economic justice.
Advertising, Ethics of
Authors: Laczniak Gene R.
Published: January 2015

The economic importance of advertising and its social visibility brings it under great public scrutiny. Advertising is by definition, one‐sided persuasive communications using mass media to promote a product or service. Critics argue that it violates the principle of fairness by depriving consumers of unbiased input necessary to make an informed decision. Supporters contend that the vast majority of advertisers provide useful information allowing consumers to glean facts that enhances the efficiency of the product selection process. Government regulation and controls, industry self‐regulation, and the inherent professional ethic in the industry all serve to mitigate the most obvious forms of deception and unfairness.
Bribery
Authors: D'Andrade Kendall
Published: January 2015

Interest in bribery as a topic in business ethics comes from claims that certain payment should not be counted as bribes, or that, even though they are bribes, they are still acceptable, generally as the lesser of two evils. To retain our moral intuitions that bribery and extortion are morally objectionable, we will need to accept some limits on freedom of exchange. If the payments have some effect on the recipient, even one he is unaware of, then they function to affect his action and his reasons for choosing, and so are bribes.
Environmental Risk
Authors: Hollander Rachelle D.
Published: January 2015

Environmental risk in business ethics encompasses those actions or inactions by which businesses give rise to, and are affected by the possibility of biophysical or social loss or injury to entities of all kinds. This entry focuses primarily on loss to biophysical systems. It concentrates on questions concerning probability and uncertainty, the notion of what counts as loss or injury and the relationship of this to other desired or desirable phenomena, and the normative nature and policy dimensions of the construct of risk. It points out that decisions as to what risks to attend to, and whether and how to determine their effects and potential effects always have value laden components, as must the different approaches to resolving stakeholders' perceptions of what is important. Risk policy therefore always incorporates one or more values. When risks are being debated, it is useful to ask the following questions: Have persons' legitimate expectations for feasible control and due care been met or violated? Are there ways to improve the situation? According to what standards? The use of the shorthand term “risk” here goes beyond counting what is harmed and how. It goes to questions about what kind of world we wish to see: what kinds of outcomes, institutions, procedures, and behaviors we value.
K
antian Capitalism
Authors: Bowie Norman E.
Published: January 2015

Kant's moral philosophy, especially the three formulations of the categorical imperative, can provide a compelling vision of what a business corporation ought to look like if it were organized as a moral firm. First, “Act only on that maxim by which you can will at the same time that it become a universal law,” provides a moral minimum. Second, treat the humanity in a person as an end and never as a means merely. This is often called “the respect for persons principle.” Kant believed that persons had a dignity that was beyond all price. Third, you should act as if you were a member of an ideal kingdom of ends in which you were both subject and sovereign. This requires that business organizations be governed by rules that all can endorse. Kantian capitalism does not require unanimous consent regarding every decision. However, it could be argued that a Kantian firm would accept a set of principles – the principles of a moral firm. If adopting Kantian capitalism could provide a moral minimum for business, ensure that employees are treated with respect, structure firms as moral communities, and help establish a more cosmopolitan and peaceful world, Kant's moral philosophy would contribute greatly to business ethics.
Moral Mazes
Authors: Jackall Robert
Published: January 2015

The metaphor “moral mazes” refers both to the structure and ethos of bureaucracies and to the moral quandaries these large organizations create for the men and women who work in them. The essay outlines how bureaucracies shape the habits of mind and the moral rules‐in‐use of their denizens.
Relativism, Cultural and Moral
Authors: Bowie Norman E.
Published: January 2015

Cultural relativism is a descriptive claim that ethical practices differ among cultures; that is, as a matter of fact, what is considered right in one culture may be considered wrong in another. Thus, the truth or falsity of cultural relativism can be determined by examining the world. There is widespread consensus among social scientists that cultural relativism is true. Moral relativism, on the other hand, is the claim that what is really right or wrong is what the culture says is right or wrong. Moral relativists accept cultural relativism as true, but they claim much more. If a culture sincerely and reflectively adopts a basic moral principle, then it is morally obligatory for members of that culture to act in accordance with that principle. The plausibility of moral relativism is widely challenged.
Middle East, Business Ethics in the
Authors: Babai Don
Published: January 2015

The Middle East can legitimately claim to be a source of the earliest thinking about ethical conduct in business activity. However, the current status of business ethics in the Middle East is checkered: efforts to advance standards have been uneven, and surveys reveal a gap between principles and practices. This article reviews the Islamic roots of norms and rules for the conduct of business, the current business landscape, and recent efforts to improve standards of corporate governance and business ethics in the region.
Bazaar Economies, Modern Networks and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Dana Leo P. , Wright Richard W.
Published: January 2015

The success of entrepreneurs today depends largely on their ability to become globally competitive, even if they refrain from competing globally. One way in which small‐scale entrepreneurs – lacking economies of scale – can compete against large multinationals is by developing relationships with other firms, within multipolar networks. Entrepreneurs are shedding their traditional focus on independence, as they discover
interdependence
and
relationships
to be more profitable. While this may appear to be a radical new departure in the nature and conduct of business, the concept and practice of multipolar networks of interdependent players is, in fact, as old as economic activity itself. We show how understanding the structure and processes of the traditional Bazaar Economy can enhance our ability to manage the emerging relationships and multipolarity that underlie the new, Networked Economy.
Board Structure and Composition
Authors: Dalton Catherine M. , Dalton Dan R.
Published: January 2015

Board structure refers to whether the chief executive officer (
CEO
) concurrently serves as chairperson of the board of directors. Board composition refers to the relative proportions of inside (management) and outside directors. While these two board configurations are most salient in the corporate context (i.e., firms whose stock is publicly traded), private firms, too, rely on boards of directors to enhance firm effectiveness.
Boards of Directors in New Ventures
Authors: Dalton Dan R. , Dalton Catherine M.
Published: January 2015

Board independence is an important element in the perception of the quality of a firm's governance. This issue, however, can be exacerbated for new ventures because the CEOs are often the founders. For the new venture, then, it is possible that (i) the founder is theCEO, (ii) the founder is also the board chairperson, and (iii) the board is not independent. Importantly, the perceived lack of independent governance in a new venture can adversely affect its relationship with external constituencies – constituencies that may be critical for the new venture's growth and success.