bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lonergan and Gilson: A Critical Review of Neil Ormerod’s Faith and Reason
Authors: Williams Hugh ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2021

This essay offers a critical examination of Neil Ormerod’s treatment of the debate between Lonergan and Gilson on the question of being. Although this debate concerns a highly technical issue of metaphysics and epistemology, it remains germane and relevant, especially within the field of Christian thought. In Ormerod’s careful and for the most part generous examination of this debate, he argues that being for Gilson is perceived through the senses, whereas for Lonergan being is intended in the questions that arise from the relevant sense data. Where Gilson’s philosophy gives priority to the metaphysics of being, Lonergan gives priority to epistemology and cognitional theory. In arguing for the superiority of Lonergan’s approach to the question of being, Ormerod relies on a fundamental misunderstanding of Gilson’s metaphysics. By appeal to the more recent work of Kenneth Schmitz, this essay proposes a proper understanding of Gilson’s metaphysics as a basis for a more conciliatory relationship between these two giants in modern Christian philosophy who too often are pitted against one another.
The Plate is Political
Authors: Weber Grace ,   Ball State University
Published: April 2021

In this paper, I investigate why anorexia nervosa emerged in non-Western nations after Western globalization efforts. Using Simone de Beauvoir’s theory of gender from The Second Sex alongside Michel Foucault’s conceptualization of the “docile body,” I argue that the emergence of anorexia nervosa in non-Western nations reflects the Western sovereign’s subordination of women. While patriarchal oppression is not exclusive to the West, I contend that the political ideology behind Western industrialization has allowed new avenues for patriarchal oppression to permeate. To conclude, I demand that mainstream discourse on anorexia nervosa consider the political conditions which are catalytic to its occurrence.
Why the Readiness Potential Does Not Disprove Free Will
Authors: Totland Even ,   Ball State University
Published: April 2021

Neuroscientist Benjamin Libet has conducted a series of experiments that reveal the existence of certain neural processes in the brain of human subjects, initiating an action prior to the human subject’s intention to act, thus seemingly threatening our idea of free will. The purpose of this paper is to show how these processes do not disprove any idea of free will one might have as one would, if accepting such a thesis, be committing two distinct mereological fallacies and ultimately, would treat the human subject as inhabiting some of its parts as opposed to being the sum of its parts.
Post-Hierarchical Race
Authors: Davidson-Smith Max ,   Ball State University
Published: April 2021

In this essay, I consider Sally Haslanger’s social constructivist account of race and propose a modification to the nature of hierarchy specified. According to Haslanger, race will cease to exist post-hierarchy, given that she builds in a requirement of synchronic hierarchy for the existence of race. While Haslanger maintains that racial identity would linger beyond hierarchical treatment in the form of ethnicity, I will suggest this fails to provide adequate conceptual justice for the cultures and aesthetics which emerged out of past oppression. In response, I propose a modification which would allow us to recognize the possibility of post-hierarchical races.
Clashing Consciousness
Authors: Holder Bradley ,   Ball State University
Published: April 2021

In this paper, I consider practical strategies for resolving the epistemic injustice that ill persons face when seeking medical treatment. My arguments will expand upon those initially made by Havi Carel and Ian James Kidd in “Epistemic Injustice in Healthcare: A Philosophical Analysis.” My approach to this problem is twofold. First, I will demonstrate how the phenomenological toolkit, as it currently stands, emphasizes the patient’s experience and leaves the doctor’s experience unadjusted. After this, I will explain how the toolkit can be improved to include the doctor’s perspective.
In Defense of Platonic Essentialism about Numbers
Authors: Wu Megan ,   Ball State University
Published: April 2021

In defense of anti-essentialism, pragmatist Richard Rorty holds that we may think of all objects as if they were numbers. I find that Rorty’s metaphysics hinges on two rather weak arguments against the essences of numbers. In contrast, Plato’s metaphysics offers a plausible definition of essentiality by which numbers do have essential properties. Further, I argue that Rorty’s argumentative mistake is mischaracterizing Plato’s definition. I conclude that Plato’s definition of “essential” is a robust one which implies that many properties, beyond those we might intuitively think of, can count as essential properties of objects.
Avoiding the Swine
Authors: Choi Jee Won ,   Ball State University
Published: April 2021

What constitutes a good life? A hedonist’s answer to this question is rather simple— more pleasure, less pain. While hedonism was previously a widely accepted belief, it now suffers from several crucial objections. A challenge particularly vexing to hedonists is the Philosophy of Swine: could it be possible that our lives may be less than that of a theoretical swine? In this essay, I argue that lifetime hedonism, the view of hedonism concerned with one’s total lifelong well-being, does not survive this objection. In particular, I will refute the counterarguments that modern-day hedonist, Ben Bramble, presents against the Philosophy of Swine objection.
The use of digital technologies in a 1:1 laptop initiative
Authors: Håkansson Lindqvist Marcia
Published: April 2021

The use of digital technologies is now a natural part of schoolwork in many schools. The use of digital technologies and the conditions for technology-enhanced learning and school development were studied in two schools, an upper-secondary school and a compulsory school, over a period of 3 years, exploring the student, teacher, school leader, and school perspectives. In this small study, two surveys (N = 26; N = 17) were used to provide further insights into the compulsory school, by exploring the parent perspective of a 1:1 laptop initiative. Laptop use in the classroom was seen as a potential pedagogical tool for structure and support in learning activities, student responsibility for schoolwork, and issues of digital equity. Challenges included increased laptop use, difficulties regarding insight into and monitoring of schoolwork and homework, students’ focus on schoolwork in the classroom environment, and physical aspects. The results show that the parent perspective provides important insights for teachers, school leaders, and school organizers that may help support students’ learning through the use of digital technologies in the classroom.
The impact of emotions on learning and motivation in producing and presenting digital stories
Authors: Schjelde Tor , Lie Ingrid Nielsen
Published: April 2021

Researchers of digital storytelling emphasize emotions as an important aspect of learning in the production and presentation of digital stories. The aim of this study is to explore the positive and negative emotions involved in the process of making digital stories and presenting them. As well as students’ perceptions of how this affects their motivation and learning. One hundred and thirty-two students responded to an adapted version of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire, which collects data on the emotions present in a learning context. In addition, we interviewed ten students to gather in depth data about their feelings, motivation and learning. We found that both positive and negative emotions were involved when the students created and presented their digital stories. The students felt that their emotions influenced their motivation and learning. Drawing on theories of learning and motivation, we argue that negative activating emotions can aid learning, and positive deactive emotions can have a negative impact on learning. Emotions can aid learning in higher education and digital storytelling is an important contribution in this regard.
Perceived adequate education in ethics: A way to tap into ethical Social Networking Sites awareness?
Authors: Bjørkelo Brita , Almås Aslaug Grov , Helleve Ingrid
Published: April 2021

Teachers are role models when it comes to ethics both on- and offline. Teacher education on- and offline situations and issues that may be of ethical concernThis study first investigates perceived adequacy of ethics education. Second, it investigates how perceived usefulness of ethics education relates to how aware preservice teachers’ report to be regarding own and others’ negative SNS experiences. The rPreservice teachers who felt that ethics education had prepared them well for ethical challenges as professional teachers, ecognise and detect own experiences can psituations and issues as professional teachers
A Detailed Analysis of Benchmark Datasets for Network Intrusion Detection System
Authors: Ghurab Mossa , Gaphari Ghaleb , Alshami Faisal , Alshamy Reem , Othman Suad
Published: April 2021

The enormous increase in the use of the Internet in daily life has provided an opportunity for the intruder attempt to compromise the security principles of availability, confidentiality, and integrity. As a result, organizations are working to increase the level of security by using attack detection techniques such as Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS), which monitors and analyzes network flow and attacks detection. There are a lot of researches proposed to develop the NIDS and depend on the dataset for the evaluation. Datasets allow evaluating the ability in detecting intrusion behavior. This paper introduces a detailed analysis of benchmark and recent datasets for NIDS. Specifically, we describe eight well-known datasets that include: KDD99, NSL-KDD, KYOTO 2006+, ISCX2012, UNSW-NB 15, CIDDS-001, CICIDS2017, and CSE-CIC-IDS2018. For each dataset, we provide a detailed analysis of its instances, features, classes, and the nature of the features. The main objective of this paper is to offer overviews of the datasets are available for the NIDS and what each dataset is comprised of. Furthermore, some recommendations were made to use network-based datasets.
Characterization of Cultural and Morphological Variability in Rhizoctonia solani Isolates Associated with Root Rot of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)
Authors: Fagodia Babu Lal , Mali B. L. , Fagodiya R. K.
Published: April 2021

Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph: Thanatephorus spp.) is a plant pathogenic fungus which had a wide host range. It is best known to cause many diseases in plants such as collar rot, root rot, damping- off, sheath blight, stem canker, web blight and wire stem throughout the world. In vitro study of the various isolates of R. solani for morphological and cultural characters and results revealed that this experiment the various isolates of R. solani differed in colony characters and showed black brown colored cultures with 90.0 mm colony diameter on 7th day of incubation under uniform environmental condition. The highest growth reported was isolates CHIRs-5 and sclerotial formation was recorded in all the isolates of R. solani. Morphology of sclerotia varied from 1.9×1.5 mm of DCHIRs-1 and 1.8×1.5 mm of RUDPRs-2.
Influence of Gender on Some Red Cell Indices, L-Arginine and D-dimer in Malaria Parasite Severity amongst Children Resident in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Akwuebu S. O. , Mbeera B. S. , Ibeh N. C. , Eze E. M. , Jeremiah Z. A.
Published: April 2021

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of gender on malaria parasite severity in children resident in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Study Design: The study was cross-sectional observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria, between the month of March and August 2020.

Methodology: A total of 822 pediatrics (0-16 years), were randomly selected for this study after due parental consent. 5ml of venous blood was collected from each subject: 1ml was dispensed into paediatric EDTA (for haematologic and parasite density) and 4 ml into sodium citrate bottle for L-arginine assay by ELISA-method, while Full blood count was determined using haematological auto-analyser, Mindray BC-6800. Malaria density was determined by microscopic method using thick and thin Giemsa stained blood smears. Level of significance was set at P<0.05.

Results: There was a significant decrease (p<.05) in the mean (41.04±3.80%) neutrophil count in female subject with complicated malaria compared with the control (42.81±0.98%) as against a significant decrease in mean (37.71±0.96%) neutrophil count of female subject with uncomplicated malaria. A significant decrease in neutrophil (28.05±3.37%) of male subjects with complicated malaria and uncomplicated malaria (36.10±0.79%) was seen when compared to control (44.32±0.88%). Again, a significant decrease (p<.05) in eosinophil count of female with complicated malaria (3.32±0.74%) was seen when compared with the control subject (3.81±0.19%) and no significant difference was seen in female subjects with uncomplicated malaria (3.62±0.19%) when compared with the control. A significant increase in eosinophil was seen in male subjects with complicated malaria (4.47±0.66%) and uncomplicated malaria (4.52±0.16%) when compared with the control (3.88±0.17%). There was observed a significant difference (p<.001) in the mean L-arginine values of female subjects with complicated (39.22±9.57pg/ml) and uncomplicated (65.13±2.41 pg/ml) malaria compared with the control (42.85±2.48 pg/ml). However, no significant difference was seen in male subjects with complicated (33.21±8.49) and uncomplicated (45.51±2.00 pg/ml) malaria when compared with control (47.97±2.21 pg/ml). Also, a significant difference (p<0.0019) was seen between the mean D2D values of female subjects with complicated (6436.64±568.94 pg/ml) and uncomplicated (2824.55±143.46 pg/ml) malaria among the study subjects as against the control (1866.39±147.35 pg/ml).

Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed a trend between gender and malaria type did not significantly change haematological parameters with the exception of the immune cells such as NEU, LYM, and EOS. However, a significant increase in L-arginine among female subjects was seen indicating a faster rate of malaria clearance.
Influence of Feedback Mechanism on Health Care Services in Health Care Setting and Barriers to Their Use in Pakistan
Authors: Zahid Nisha , Shinwari Rehana , Dawood Humam
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Healthcare settings in resource limited countries such as Pakistan needs to be improved in terms of services and all other aspects, for that quality improvement tools must be implemented. It is pertinent that continuous measures should be taken for the upgradation of our healthcare system. For this purpose, feedback mechanism is an essential tool which has to be applied at all levels to get better results and patient centric delivery of services. Patient opinions have always been an integral part for the betterment of services as it will help in enhancement of the facilities according to the requirement and will of patients.

Methodology: This is review article for which the literature research has been conducted through various electronic databases including PUBMED, MEDLINE, SCIENCE DIRECT and search engines such as Google Scholar. The keywords used were related to the use and influence of feedback mechanism in healthcare settings of resource poor countries.

A QI Solution: In the developed countries, feedback system as the tool for quality improvement has long been used and it has impacted positive effects on healthcare system [1]. Therefore, we can use feedback system from patients to the hospital professionals and with that also can introduce 360 feedback mechanism for better effect.

Conclusion: The concept of feedback needs to be willingly encompassed and supported by clinical leadership and other participants and it will definitely bring about a positive change. As Pakistan is a resource poor country, this QI initiative would help in improving the facility for both patients and employees.
Community Pharmacies Treatment Practices of Malaria and Residents’ Pattern of Antimalarial Drug Use in Abura Community, Cape Coast Metropolis-Ghana
Authors: Tettey Etornam Abla , Dzantor Edem Kojo , Akomaning Edwin
Published: April 2021

Background: Community pharmacies are health care facilities that allows the public access to their medications, counselling, and advice about their health. Community pharmacies play critical role in the health delivery systems of several countries especially in developing countries and serve as the first point of call for the treatment and management of many ailments, including malaria. The study therefore examined community pharmacies treatment practices of malaria and residents’ pattern of antimalarial drug use in Abura Community, in the Cape Coast Metropolis of the Central Region of Ghana.

Methods: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey involving 301 study participants from the Abura Community (Cape Coast Metropolis). A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from the study participants using accidental sampling technique. Descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS version 23.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010.

Results: The age range of our study was between 15 and 60 years. Females were the majority (52.5%). The self-reported use of unprescribed antimalarial drugs was 41%. The source of the drugs were mainly community pharmacies, licenced chemical shops, self-herbal preparations, and left-over antimalarial drugs.

Conclusion: A high proportion of our study participants reported self-medication of non-prescribed antimalarial drugs. These antimalarials included both orthodox and herbal medications, which were sourced from outlets like community pharmacies, licenced chemical sellers, and home herbal preparations. There is the need to intensify monitoring, public health education on self-medication and the training of staff of community pharmacies to ensure effective treatment and management of malaria at the community level.
Predicting Silicon Die Breaking Force in Semiconductor Package Assembly through Mechanical Simulation
Authors: Talledo Jefferson
Published: April 2021

Die crack is a common problem in the semiconductor industry and being able to predict the breaking force at a given loading condition could help prevent such crack problem. This paper presents the use of mechanical simulation in predicting the force at which the silicon die breaks in semiconductor package assembly process. A computer simulation with finite element analysis (FEA) technique was used. The applied force or displacement in a die bending simulation with 3 mm, 4 mm and 15 mm support span was varied until the resulting maximum principal stress of the die becomes equal to its fracture strength. Results revealed that the breaking force for the 70 µm die with 6 mm width is around 5 N for the 3 mm support span and only around 1 N for the 15 mm support span. With the good agreement between modeling and actual results, the study showed that mechanical simulation is an effective approach in predicting die breaking force and can be used to simulate different mechanical loads in the package assembly where possible die crack could happen and be avoided. This is a fast and cost-effective way of assessing risk of die crack and obtaining package assembly process parameters and specifications that are safe to the silicon die.
Evaluating the Effect of Amine-geldanamycin Hybrids on Antiviral Activity against Influenza Virus
Authors: Taechowisan Thongchai , Samsawat Tipparat , Jaramornburapong Chanjira , Phutdhawong Weerachai , Phutdhawong Waya S.
Published: April 2021

Aims: The purpose of this study was to synthesis novel amine-geldanamycin hybrids (AGH) and evaluate their biological properties.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, from December 2019 - November 2020.

Methodology: Three new amine-geldanamycin hybrids (AGH); compounds 2 to 4 were synthesised by nucleophilic substitution of geldanamycin (1). The solubility, cytotoxicity, antiviral activity and molecular docking analyses were carried out.

Results: The solubility of AGH in water was 1.918-5.571 mM, higher than that of compound 1. Compound 2 exhibited weak cytotoxicity activity against Vero and LLC-MK2 cells, with IC50 values of 229.19 and 330.58 µg/ml, respectively. All compounds inhibited influenza virus propagation in embryonated chicken eggs at the lowest amount of 1.25 µg per egg. They interacted positively with Hsp90, showing a binding free energy (DG) of -112.00 to -116.34 kcal/mol, which indicated lower Hsp90 affinity compared with that of geldanamycin (-133.06 kcal/mol) and 17-dimethylamino ethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (-136.55 kcal/mol), despite being bound in the similar active site. For the viral absorption, only AGH inhibited hemagglutination at a concentration of 25 µg/ml.

Conclusion: The study findings revealed, through molecular docking analysis, that the development of AGH improved the antiviral activity. The AGH inhibited not only influenza virus propagation, but also viral absorption. Therefore, AGH could be considered a new choice for antiviral agents.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Plant Extracts from Spinacia oleraceae L. (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Shafique Firza , Naureen Uzma , Zikrea Annam , Akhter Sohail , Rafique Tanzila , Sadiq Rumana , Naseer Mehwish , Akram Qaiser , Ali Qurban
Published: April 2021

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. SO) leaves represent an important dietary source, have high nutritional value and antimicrobial properties. Spinach leaves have been used in the treatment of human diseases since ancient times. Here, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of ethanolic extract of Spinach oleracea leaves by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using well diffusion method against bacterial        species Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and Klebseilla pneumonia and fungal species Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger,        Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum. We evaluated from present data that ethanolic extract of root showed zone of inhibition ranges from 6 mm to 21 mm, ethanolic extract of stem showed zone of inhibition ranges from 8 mm to 21 mm and ethanolic extract of leaf showed zone of inhibition ranges from 9 mm to 22 mm from concentration 25 mg/ml to 100mg/ml. Leaf extract has high antibacterial and antifungal activity against bacterial and fungal species while root extract has low antibacterial and antifungal activity against bacterial and fungal species. Activity of plant extract was increased by the increasing concentration of extracts. Very low zone of inhibition was found at concentration 25 mg/1 ml DMSO which ranges from 6 mm to 14 mm while very high zone of inhibition was found at concentration 100 mg/ml which ranges from 6 mm to 22 mm. So, ethanolic extracts of Spinach oleraceae has good efficiency against bacterial and fungal species.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey of Medication Safety among Community Pharmacists in Aden-Yemen
Authors: Alshakka Mohammed , Badulla Wafa , Ibrahim Mohamed Izham Mohamed
Published: April 2021

Introduction: All health professionals' participation is essential for ensuring quality and successful national post-marketing surveillance programs. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among Yemeni community pharmacists (CPs) regarding medication safety in a poor-resource setting.

Methods: A survey was conducted among CPs in Aden governorate. The tool comprised of demographic profile, knowledge, attitude, and practice aspects of medication safety. The survey also studied the opinion about the future and benefits of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) reporting in Yemen. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means (SD).

Results: A total of 450 CPs were enrolled in the study. Most of the participants were males (75%) with a bachelor's degree (91.9%) and between 3-6 years of experience (28%). The majority of CPs had good knowledge regarding the perception and objectives of Pharmacovigilance (PV) and ADRs. Approximately 41% of participants knew the purpose of PV as an essential system for public health and safety concerning drug use. Additionally, the Yemeni pharmacists had a positive attitude towards the reporting system. Approximately 84% of responders admitted that PV is the responsibility of the pharmacists. The majority of the participants (80%) declared no reporting form available at their workplace. According to CPs, 59% said that relevant authorities do not widely promote ADR reporting in Yemen, and 57% replied that the patient's lack of information is an obstacle in the reporting system. Approximately 89% of the CPs believed that reporting ADRs would improve patient safety.

Conclusions: The CPs have a positive attitude towards PV and an acceptable degree of knowledge. However, the practice level should be upraised.
To Evaluate the Outcome of Epididymal Cystectomy at Liaquat Medical College Hospital Jamshoro Pakistan
Authors: Laghari Zameer Husaain , Laghari Qumber , Laghari Ahsan Ali , Munir Ambreen , Shaikh Sheeraz Ahmed , Hameed Faiza , Ahmer Arslan
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Epididymal cystectomy is the procedure in which removal of cyst attached to epididymis is done. The cyst contains cleat/straw colored fluid. It is excised because of its increasing size causing discomfort or pain to patient.

Methodology: A Cross sectional observational study was conducted at Surgical Unit 1, Department of of Surgery LMC Hospital Jamshoro from January 2020 to January 2021. All the patients were admitted through Surgical OPD (SOPD) with cystic swellings in scrotum. History and clinical examination of inguino-scrotal region was done. Transillimination test was also done. Ultrasound was obtained to confirm the diagnosis, number of cysts, sizes and site of cyst. Hydrocele, spermatocele and testicular malignancies were ruled out through investigations. Surgery was planned after getting cardiac and anesthesia fitness. The surgery was done. Patients were shifted to ward and assessed for 3 to 5 days. Patient was called for follow up for 6 months. Results were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.

Results: Total patients included in our study are 49.32 (65%) patients had solitary cyst and 17 (35%) had multiple cysts. 30 (61.2%) patients had left sided epididymal cysts and 19 (38.7%) had right sided cysts. Hematoma was developed by 6.1%, chronic pain by 12.2%, infection by 8.1%, scrotal edema by 10.2% and recurrence by 6.1% patients.

Conclusion: Epididymal cystectomy is the procedure with better outcome and least complications rate.
An Immunohistochemical Study of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Endometrium of Women with Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
Authors: Kavitha A. , Thanka J.
Published: April 2021

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is a common complaint that affects large numbers of women from puberty to menopause. It negatively affects health and quality of life of women affected. AUB also has an economic impact for both women and society Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women is one of the most frequent problems in gynecological practice. Although some of the cases may be due to an organic cause, over 50% of the patients undergoing hysterectomy for menorrhagia have dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). To analyze the percentage and intensity of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) in endometrium of patients with DUB. This study suggests that estrogen and progesterone receptors have an important role in etiopathogenesis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding and alteration in the morphology of endometrium such as development of endometrial hyperplasia. Women in the reproductive age who are complaining of abnormal uterine bleeding, usually have an increase in ER alpha and PR expression in their endometrium.
Barriers to Including Children with Disabilities in Egyptian Schools
Authors: Hassanein Elsayed Elshabrawi A. , Adawi Taha Rabie , Johnson Evelyn S.
Published: April 2021

This study set out to investigate teachers' perceptions of barriers to including children with disabilities in general schools in Egypt. This descriptive, qualitative study drew on a purposive sample of twelve general and special education teachers within two educational districts in Cairo, Egypt. Through in-depth interviews, teachers were asked about their perceptions of the barriers that hinder the implementation of inclusive education in Egypt. Four categories of barriers were identified: structural-organizational, personal, interpersonal and socio-cultural barriers. The findings showed that these barriers are related and interact to affect teachers' beliefs about the possibility of the implementation of inclusion in Egypt. In addition, the study argues that “barriers to inclusion” is a very complicated issue that includes many interrelated contextual factors that should be addressed to implement inclusion effectively. The results indicate that differential change procedures should be followed if we would like to enhance the learning of children with disabilities in inclusive settings.
Designing a Model of Practice for Australian Teachers of Young School-age Children on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Taylor Annalise , Beamish Wendi , Tucker Madonna , Paynter Jessica , Walker Sue
Published: April 2021

Extensive work has been undertaken in North America on effective practices in early childhood education, early childhood special education, and autism-specific interventions. Much of this work, however, has not been disseminated in teacher-friendly ways nor has it been translated into useable formats that support teacher uptake and incorporation into everyday classroom practice. The research presented here drew on practice literature from North America and a Design-Based Research approach to produce a Model of Practice (MoP) for Australian classroom teachers working with students on the autism spectrum in their first year of primary school. This practice model aims to support pedagogical decision making in relation to the effective and inclusive education of this student cohort. Iterative cycles of design involving generation of educational practices from the literature, content validation by experts, and social validation by classroom teachers were undertaken. These cycles were guided by MoP design principles and resulted in a prototype Early Years Model of Practice (EY-MoP) comprising 29 empirically-supported practices, which were highly endorsed by Australian teachers. The field testing of the EY-MoP should provide preliminary evidence of the applicability of this tool in Australian early years classrooms.
Parents' Perceptions and Needs for their Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alqahtani Abdulaziz , Luckner John
Published: April 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of parents of children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) regarding the support and services provided to them and their children. One hundred fifty-eight parents of children who are DHH were surveyed. The survey questions focused on five areas: early identification, hearing technology, communication, education, and social support. The results indicated that (a) a variety of services are available and have been received by some parents, (b) parents reported an average level of satisfaction towards the services and supports received, and (c) all services listed are needed. Additionally, parents identified problems and offered solutions to improve the services and support for their children. The need for more research in the KSA is noted in order to obtain a more in-depth understanding of parents' perceptions and needs.
How corrections can provide medications for justice‐involved individuals with OUD
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2021

Attendees of the American Association of the Treatment with Opioid Dependence (AATOD) virtual conference last week learned from Elizabeth Gondles, Ph.D., with the American Correctional Association (ACA), of the strides made in outreach as justice‐involved individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) can now get access, increasingly, to the medications methadone, buprenorphine or naltrexone.
Bill in Congress would authorize funding for Recovery Month coordination
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: April 2021

As leaders in recovery advocacy seek to strengthen their relationship with Washington under a new administration, they continue to prepare for another National Recovery Month that won't be coordinated by its longtime federal agency sponsor. As they look beyond this September, they hope newly introduced legislation in Congress will end up establishing a reliable funding stream for the materials and events that each year educate the public about the promise of recovery.
Early alcohol intoxication linked to other psychiatric disorders
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2021

It is known that young people who use alcohol have an increased risk of substance use disorders (SUDs), but few studies have looked at the rates of other psychiatric disorders in this population. A Finnish study found there are significant associations between early alcohol use and any psychiatric disorder, specifically psychosis, SUDs and mood disorders. The study supports the need for prevention of first instances of alcohol intoxications, the researchers wrote. They found, however, that cigarette smoking and the use of cannabis and other illicit substances was common, especially among those with early alcohol intoxication, suggesting that these young drinkers “may be more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems and use multiple substances,” the researchers wrote in “Age of first alcohol intoxication and psychiatric disorders in young adulthood—A prospective birth cohort study,” published online in Addictive Behaviors March 11.
Novel Development of Implant Elements Manufactured through Selective Laser Melting 3D Printing
Authors: Kuryło Piotr , Cykowska-Błasik Małgorzata , Tertel Edward , Pałka Łukasz , Pruszyński Piotr , Klekiel Tomasz
Published: April 2021

There are many known bone stabilization systems. New implant systems are finding to fixation of bone multifractures. One of such stabilization system is analyzed in this article. This article is focused on the material research of the elements of the innovative system designed to fixation of multisite bone fractures. The components are manufactured by means of the selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing technology (3DPT). Their chemical composition, as well as the surface and internal structure of small‐sized elements, is tested. The influence of heat treatment on the internal structure and, consequently, strength is investigated. Herein, novel bone fracture fixation implants made of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) manufactured through SLM 3DPT are investigated. The microstructures of the main components of the new modular implant fixation system are assessed, as well as hardness distribution and morphology of the fractures induced in tension and bending. It is found that the implant elements assessed are free from harmful chemicals, and the structures obtained exhibit high strength and present a porous surface that is suitable for osseointegration promotion. In summary, the fabricated titanium implants are expected to be adequate for the treatment of bone fractures.
Electropulsing Aging Treatment of Cu–Ni–Si Sheet for Microforming
Authors: Zhu Jie , Lin Yao , Liu Shan , Lin Xudong , Wang Guangchun
Published: April 2021

Electropulsing aging treatment (EAT) can achieve a significant increase in the strength and conductivity of a Cu–Ni–Si alloy in a short time while maintaining a lower temperature. Compared with aging treatment in a conventional heating furnace at 450 °C for 120 min, EAT can reach or even exceed the same strength and conductivity in only 5 min. The mechanical and electrical properties of samples treated with 630 and 680 A mm−2 current density are prominently improved. After 45 min of treatment with 680 A mm−2 current density, the tensile strength exceeds 600 MPa, and the conductivity reaches 33.45% International Annealed Copper Standard. The main precipitates of the EAT sample is the δ‐Ni2Si nanoscale strengthening phase, and there is also the β‐Ni3Si phase in the copper matrix. The strengthening mechanism is the localized Joule heating generated by the electropulsing and the kinetic energy conversion caused by drift electrons, which increases the migration rate of solute atoms Si and Ni and reduces the energy barrier required in the precipitation process, thereby accelerating the formation of precipitates. EAT has the potential to become a new process for the preparation of high‐strength and high‐conductivity copper alloys.
Gelatin‐Hyaluronan Click‐Crosslinked Cryogels Elucidate Human Macrophage Invasion Behavior
Authors: Bahlmann Laura C. , Baker Alexander E. G. , Xue Chang , Liu Sophie , Meier‐Merziger Moritz , Karakas Danielle , Zhu Luke , Co Ileana , Zhao Spencer , Chin Allysia , McGuigan Alison , Kuruvilla John , Laister Rob C. , Shoichet Molly S.
Published: April 2021

Hydrogel models of metastasis traditionally focus on the invasion of cancer cells; however, other cells in the tumor microenvironment that are associated with metastasis also have the ability to migrate. Macrophage phenotype plays a key role in the tumor microenvironment, yet understanding their migration within tunable 3D in vitro models has been limited. To gain a greater understanding of macrophage invasive behavior, stable and transparent oxime‐crosslinked cryogels comprised of click‐crosslinked gelatin‐oxyamine and hyaluronan‐aldehyde (GELox‐HAa) are synthesized. Fibronectin‐derived, oxyamine‐modified PHSRN‐RGDSP peptides are incorporated to further mimic the tumor extracellular matrix without impacting cryogel mechanics. It is found that primary human macrophages migrate to a greater depth in cryogels with greater porosity and pore size. To better understand the mechanism of migration, cells are treated with either inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or rho‐associated protein kinase (ROCK) and a predominantly MMP‐mediated mechanism of invasion is found. Macrophage polarization studies reveal that anti‐inflammatory, interleukin‐4/13 (IL4/IL13)‐treated macrophages migrate through cryogels to a greater extent than pro‐inflammatory, interferon‐gamma/lipopolysaccharide (IFNγ/LPS)‐treated cells. Interestingly, polarized macrophages move through cryogels using a combination of amoeboid and mesenchymal migration. These findings of macrophage invasion in this cryogel platform set the stage for their further study in a biomimetic tumor microenvironment.
Single Platinum Atoms Immobilized on Monolayer Tungsten Trioxide Nanosheets as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Deliang , Li Haiping , Du Na , Hou Wanguo
Published: April 2021

Monolayer WO3·H2O (ML‐WO3·H2O) nanosheets are synthesized via a space‐confined strategy, and then a single‐atom catalyst (SAC) is constructed by individually immobilizing Pt single atoms (Pt‐SA) on monolayer WO3 (ML‐WO3). The Pt‐SA/ML‐WO3 retains the monolayer structure of ML‐WO3·H2O, with a quite high monolayer ratio up to ≈93%, and possesses rich defects (O and W vacancies). It exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance, with a small overpotential (η) of −22 mV to drive −10 mA cm−2 current, a low Tafel slope of ≈27 mV dec−1, an ultrahigh turnover frequency of ≈87 H2 s−1 site−1 at η = −50 mV, and long‐term stability. Of particular note, it exhibits an ultrahigh mass activity of ≈87 A mgPt−1 at η = −50 mV, which is ≈160 times greater than that of the state‐of‐the‐art commercial catalyst, 20 wt% Pt/C (≈0.54 A mgPt−1). Experimental and DFT analyses reveal that its excellent performance arises from the strong synergetic effect between the single Pt atoms and the support. This work provides an effective route for large‐scale fabrication of ML‐WO3 nanosheets, demonstrates ML‐WO3 is an excellent support for SACs, and also reveals the great potential of SACs in reducing the amount of noble metals used in catalysts.
Green Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes with 200 Hours Stability and 16% Efficiency: Cross‐Linking Strategy and Mechanism
Authors: Han Boning , Yuan Shichen , Cai Bo , Song Jizhong , Liu Wenqiang , Zhang Fengjuan , Fang Tao , Wei Changting , Zeng Haibo
Published: April 2021

According to the thinner emitting layer and stronger electric field in perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) than those in perovskite solar cells, the strong electric‐field‐driven ion‐migration is a key issue for the operational stability of PeLEDs. Here, a methylene‐bis‐acrylamide cross‐linking strategy is proposed to both passivate defects and suppress ion‐migration with an emphasis on the suppressing mechanism via in situ investigations. As typical results, in addition to the enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE, 16.8%), PeLEDs exhibit preferable operational stability with a half lifetime (T50) of 208 h under continuous operation with an initial luminance of 100 cd m−2. Moreover, the EQE of cross‐linked LEDs can maintain above 15% during 25 times scanning as the devices are measured every 4 days. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the highest stability published until now for high‐efficiency PeLEDs with EQE over 15%. The in situ/ex situ mechanism investigation demonstrates that such cross‐linking increases binding energy from 0.54 to 0.92 eV and activation energy from 0.21 to 0.5 eV. Hence, it suppresses ligands breaking away and ion migration, which prevents ions from moving inside and across crystals. The proposed cross‐linking passivation strategy thus provides an effective methodology to fabricate stable perovskites‐based photoelectric devices.
Building Elastic Solid Electrolyte Interphases for Stabilizing Microsized Antimony Anodes in Potassium Ion Batteries
Authors: Du Xiaoqiong , Gao Yao , Zhang Biao
Published: April 2021

Alloy anodes composed of microsized particles receive increasing attention recently, which outperform the nanostructured counterparts in both the manufacturing cost and volumetric energy density. However, the pulverization of particles and fracture of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during cycling brings about fast capacity degradation. Herein, it is shown how normally considered fragile SEI can become highly elastic through electrolyte chemistry regulation. Compared to the SEI constructed in classic carbonate electrolyte, the atomic force microscopy tests reveal that the one built in ether‐based electrolyte doubles the maximum elastic strain to accommodate the repeated swelling‐contracting. Such an SEI effectively encapsulates the microsized Sb anodes to prevent the capacity loss from particle isolation. Coupled with an intercalation‐assisted alloying reaction mechanism, a sustained capacity of ≈573 mAh g−1 after 180 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 with outstanding initial Coulombic efficiency is obtained, which is among the highest values achieved in K‐ion batteries. This study emphasizes the significance of building robust SEI, which offers the opportunity to enable stable microsized alloy anodes.
Strong Room‐Temperature Ferroelectricity in Strained SrTiO3 Homoepitaxial Film
Authors: Li Tianyu , Deng Shiqing , Liu Hui , Sun Shengdong , Li Hao , Hu Shuxian , Liu Shi , Xing Xianran , Chen Jun
Published: April 2021

Although the discovery of exceptional ferroelectricity in paraelectrics offers great opportunities to enrich the diversity of the ferroelectric family and promote the development of novel functionalities, transformation of paraelectric phases into ferroelectric phases remains challenging. Herein, a method is presented for driving paraelectrics into ferroelectric states via the introduction of M/O‐deficient (M for metal) perovskite nanoregions. Using this method, strong ferroelectricity, equivalent to that of classic ferroelectrics, is achieved in a prototype paraelectric strontium titanate (SrTiO3) homoepitaxial film embedded with Ti/O‐deficient perovskite nanoregions. It is shown that these unique nanoregions impose large out‐of‐plane tensile strain and electron‐doping effects on the matrix to form a tetragonal structure (tetragonality = 1.038), driving the off‐center movements of Ti and Sr atoms. This leads to a significant room‐temperature ferroelectric polarization (maximum polarization = 41.6 µC cm−2 and spontaneous polarization = 25.2 µC cm−2 at 1.60 MV cm−1) with a high thermal stability (Tstable ≈ 1098 K). The proposed approach can be applied to various paraelectrics for creating ferroelectricity and generating emergent physical properties, opening the door to a new realm of materials design.
Psychometric properties of the brief version of the questionnaire of olfactory disorders in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Mattos Jose L. , Bodner Todd E. , Mace Jess C. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Beswick Daniel M. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Payne Spencer C. , Smith Timothy L. , Soler Zachary M.
Published: April 2021

Background

The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders‐Negative Statements (QOD‐NS) is a 17‐item instrument measuring olfactory‐specific quality of life (QOL). However, in clinical research patients can be overwhelmed with multiple questionnaires. We recently developed the 7‐item brief QOD‐NS (B‐QOD). Our objective was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the B‐QOD in both the development (D) sample, and in a separate replication (R) sample.

Methods

Testing on D (n = 203) and R (n = 281) samples included initial exploratory factor analysis (EFA), followed by internal reliability, information loss, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Finally, incremental predictive utility analysis (IPUA) was performed by correlating the B‐QOD with the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) survey.

Results

EFAs of both D and R demonstrated an underlying single‐factor structure (eigenvalue = 4.17 and 3.57, respectively) with comparable loading factors (R > 0.30 for both). B‐QOD also had good internal reliability in both D and R (Cronbach's alpha = 0.88 and 0.83, respectively). Also, there is minimal information loss with B‐QOD compared to QOD‐NS in both D and R (R = 0.98 and 0.96, respectively). CFA indicates that the B‐QOD single‐factor model has good overall fit as measured by the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and the Standardized Root Mean Squared Residuals (SRMSR) in the D and R samples (CFI = 0.99 and 0.97; SRMSR = 0.035 and 0.053). IPUA shows that the QOD‐NS offers no additional predictive benefit of SNOT‐22 scores when compared with B‐QOD.

Conclusion

The 7‐item B‐QOD captures a structurally coherent and reliable single dimension, with minimal information loss and excellent external predictive utility when compared to the QOD‐NS.