bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Hypnotic and Non-hypnotic Users in the Group Therapy of Insomnia
Authors: Davies Dilys R.
Published: June 2009

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a multiple treatment approach to the group treatment of hypnotic and non-hypnotic taking insomniacs. Twenty subjects sequentially assigned into four groups attended weekly group therapy over a period of 11–13 weeks. Pre- and post-treatment comparisons indicated an overall improvement of the total sample on measures of general health, benzodiazepine related symptom reduction, reduction from hypnotic sedative medication as well as on measures of the quality and quantity of sleep. Overall there was a marked similarity between hypnotic and non-hypnotic users on the measures both before and after treatment. Psychological approaches are suggested as an effective alternative to the prescription of sedative-hypnotics to both recent and chronic insomnia sufferers. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Evaluation of a Group Programme for Parents of Problem Children
Authors: Scott M. J. , Stradling S. G.
Published: June 2009

A behaviourally based Programme was developed to assist parents with problem children. The Programme was intended for the typical social service clientele of single parent, low income or state benefit families and may be administered by social workers or assistants conversant with the Programme Manual. The Programme consists of six 90 min sessions run at weekly intervals during which a variety of behavioural techniques are taught, largely through role play, with a seventh follow up session a month later.

The Programme was evaluated by a range of before and after measures on both a treatment group and a waiting list control group and maintenance of treatment gains was tested at three and, for some measures, six months interval. The Programme significantly reduced: the perceived number and intensity of child behaviour problems; parental depression, inward irritability and outward irrirability; and the level of perceived chlid conduct problems, impulsivity and anxiety. It significantly improved parents' chlid management skills. Improvement in parental depression and irritability was maintained at three months and reduction in chlid beviour problems was tested for and found at both three and six months.
Behaviour Treatment of Daytime Incontinence in Elderly Male and Female Patients
Authors: Chanfreau-Rona Diana , Wylie Belinda , Bellwood Stuart
Published: June 2009

This paper describes an attempt at retraining continence in elderly psychogeriatric patients using behavioural methods. Thirty patients across four wards were selected and divided equally into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent a training programme lasting a total of seven weeks whilst the control group continued with the usual nursing procedure.

The results showed no significant differences in frequency of incontinence between the different groups at the end of the programme. However, there were indications that a continence training programme is more likely to be beneficial to those patients who have a low level of incontinence rather than those for whom incontinence is a more severe problem. For these patients, those in the experimental group showed increased levels of incontinence after the training period compared to the control group.
The Group Treatment of Obsessive—Compulsive Ritualisers: Behavioural Management of Identified Patterns of Relapse
Authors: Espie Colin A.
Published: June 2009

Five obsessive—compulsives who had previously benefited from individual behaviour therapy, but had subsequently relapsed, were included in 10-week group therapy programme designed to re-establish this behavioural approach with particular emphasis upon those factors which appeared to have been related to relapse.

Considerable reductions in ratings of ritualistic behaviour and obsessional thinking were achieved and maintained at one year follow-up, with associated generalization to other areas of personal functioning. Possible prognostic variables were systematically examined. The results are discussed with reference to previous research studies.
Group Social Skills Training for Young Children in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Callias Maria , Frosh Stephen , Michie Susan
Published: June 2009

Peer interaction problems are often difficult to ameliorate in a clinical setting. In this study, four boys, whose many problems included difficulties with peer relationships, were given social skills training in a group over ten sessions. The main aim was to improve cooperative play, effective communication and conflict resolution skills by using a general problem-solving framework combining behavioural and cognitive techniques. The formal measures failed to show change, which may be due in part to inadequacies in the measures. Reports from therapists, teachers and parents suggested that there was considerable change within sessions, some improvement at school but very little at home.
Teaching Telephone Skills to a Woman with Mental Handicap through Task Analysis and Stimulus Shaping
Authors: Hogan Mary
Published: June 2009

A woman with moderate mental handicap was taught to use a public telephone. The project involved teaching, first, recognition of some numbers, using a stimulus-shaping procedure; and second, the steps involved in using a public call box. Such difficulties as were encountered in the project were not those anticipated, underlining the need for individually tailored programmes of teaching for people with mental handicaps.
Cognitive Processes Underlying the Behavior Change in Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Childhood Disorders: A Review of Experimental Evidence
Authors: Powell Martine B. , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: June 2009

While Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has been widely used for treatment of childhood disorders, the process underlying the success of CBT in this area is still unclear. This paper attempts to examine empirically the above issue, using the literature from 1974 to 1989 to see whether there is support for the underlying changes in cognitive processes that are assumed to mediate the therapy. The results show that while CBT is relatively effective in treating some childhood disorders, there is little empirical evidence to support the underlying cognitive models of childhood disorders.
Behavioural Treatment of Space Phobia: A Case Report
Authors: Jeans Vanessa , Orrell Martin W.
Published: June 2009

Space phobia is a rare syndrome characterized by a fear of absent visuospatial support and of falling, which is noted to be quite unresponsive to treatment. We report a case of space phobia which was successfully treated using behavioural methods and remained much improved at nine months follow-up.
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal in Primary Care: A Comparison of Behavioural Group Training and Individual Sessions
Authors: Onyett Stephen R. , Turpin Graham
Published: June 2009

Group training in anxiety management was compared with individual general practitioner appointments as a means of reducing dosage of benzodiazepines. Subjects were encouraged to withdraw at their own pace. Drug reduction, self-ratings of anxiety, depression and Health Locus of Control comprised the outcome measures. Process changes were recorded using visual analogue scales, and daily diary records. At the end of a six-week intervention period, the average dosage had significantly reduced in both groups. This reduction was maintined at a 15-week follow-up. There were no other differences in outcome between conditions. Although subjects reported a variety of symptoms during drug withdrawal, their occurrence was not significantly associated with the degree of dosage reduction.
The Cognitive Revolution: New Way Forward, Backward Somersault or Full Circle?
Authors: Salkovskis Paul M.
Published: June 2009

The “Cognitive Revolution” has involved substantial changes in the emphasis of clinical practice and research interests of behaviour therapists. Work carried out in this area suggests that earlier fears about the potentially damaging effects of cognitive-behaviour therapy were unfounded. It can be argued that cognitive orientations have gained such widespread acceptance amongst behaviour therapists because the approaches are highly compatible at clinical and research levels, and because behaviour therapy had already started to incorporate similar concepts. Furthermore, cognitive models have also provided a wealth of new ideas and methods which considerably enhance behavioural approaches whilst leaving the fundamentals intact.
Cognitive Components in Marital Conflict
Authors: Bennun I.
Published: June 2009

There has been considerable variability in couples' responsiveness to Behavioural Marital Therapy. Many practitioners consider that the instrumental emphasis of this approach is too narrow and that there is a need for theoretical expansion. The perceptions and interpretations that partners place on each other's behaviour are critical: as such the behavioural model has been expanded, with consideration being given to the cognitive components within dyadic relationships.
How Can Risk Drinking Amongst Medical Patients be Modified? The Effects of Computer Screening and Advice and a Self-Help Manual
Authors: Daniels Victoria , Somers Marcia , Orford Jim , Kirby Brian
Published: June 2009

547 patients admitted to the medical wards of a general hospital in South West England completed a computer-administered health behaviour screening questionnaire. This included a retrospective week's drinking diary and questions about alcohol-related problems. All patients were shown, via the computer, a summary of their own week's drinking in comparison with nationally recommended upper limits for safe drinking. In addition, all those who were considered to be risk drinkers on the basis of consumption or problems (23% of males, 7% of females) were advised via the computer to reduce their consumption and were given an approved self-help manual. All risk drinkers and a proportion of others were asked to complete the same questionnaire six months later. Seventy-five per cent of those asked, did so. The computer screening procedure was well accepted into ward routine and a simple before and after comparison showed a slight but significant reduction in drinking risk for the group as a whole. Regression discontinuity analysis showed that computer advice to reduce consumption plus provision of the self-help manual was of no additional benefit in helping patients reduce drinking risk.
Coping Tactics and the Management of Acutely Distressed Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Allen Heidi , Bass Carol
Published: June 2009

Two patients with florid symptoms and severely disturbed behaviours were treated with a cognitive-behavioural programme. The programme aimed to facilitate the patients' and their carers' ability to adaptively cope with the distress generated by the patients' florid symptoms. Both patients actively co-operated and responded with a marked reduction in symptoms and behavioural disturbance.
The Behavioral Treatment of Trichotillomania
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov
Published: June 2009

A cognitive-behavioral treatment package aimed at alleviating trichotillomania, or hair-pulling, is presented. It consists of habit reversal and stimulus control to control hair-pulling, and relaxation, cognitive techniques, and role-play to manage the stress that often exacerbates pulling. Relapse prevention is addressed. This program has been applied successfully with several clients.
Stress Control: A Controlled Comparative Investigation of Large Group Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: White Jim , Keenan Mary , Brooks Neil
Published: June 2009

One hundred and nine patients with a primary diagnosis of GAD were allocated to either cognitive, behavioural, cognitive-behavioural or placebo versions of “Stress Control” large group didactic therapy or to a waiting list condition. Each group was run by two therapists and, with the exception of the placebo, contained between 20 and 24 patients. A wide range of measures were administered at pre-, mid- and post-therapy and at six month follow-up. At post-therapy, all therapy conditions showed highly significant change on almost all measures, with the active therapies, and to a slightly lesser degree, the placebo, being significantly different to the waiting list on most measures. At follow-up, the active treatment conditions enhanced post-therapy improvements, while the placebo condition maintained progress. No significant differences existed between the four treatment conditions at post-therapy and, with the exception of one measure, at follow-up. However, a trend at both points favours the cognitive and behavioural conditions.
Assessing Social Skill in Role-Play Scenes: Is Personal Relevance Relevant?
Authors: Rosenfarb Irwin S. , Mintz Jim
Published: June 2009

Social skills role-play assessment has been plagued by a lack of external validity. One solution recommended has been to select role-plays that are personally relevant for clients. The present study assessed the relationship between the personal relevance of role-plays and degree of socially skilled behavior. Results failed to support the hypothesis that clients would perform most poorly in those role-plays they viewed as most personally relevant. Results suggest that it may not be critical for therapists to develop role-plays that are personally relevant; the variables controlling socially skilled behavior do not seem unique to personally relevant situations. Instead, it may be more important for therapists to examine a broad range of social situations. If only personally relevant social skill situations are assessed, an incomplete picture of a client's range of social deficits may be obtained.
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy in Two-Plus-One Sessions: A Pilot Field Trial
Authors: Barkham Michael , Moorey James , Davis Godfrey
Published: June 2009

This paper presents data from a sample of 21 pilot cases and six control cases arising from an ongoing project evaluating cognitive-behavioural therapy in two-plus-one sessions within an NHS clinical psychology department. The major issue addressed concerns thegeneral effectivenessof the two-plus-one-model as an ethical intervention model within a service delivery system. It is concluded that the data provide ethical and clinical support for a major field study as well as indicating provisional support for the implementation of this service delivery model in NHS settings in pursuance of more cost-effective models of psychological interventions to selected clients.
The Role of Parent Training in the Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Children's Headaches
Authors: Beames Lee , Sanders Matthew R. , Bor William
Published: June 2009

This study reports on the effects of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program for two pre-adolescent children with chronic headaches. The program involved a combination of training the child in self-management skills (e.g. relaxation training, attention training, cognitive self-statements), and training for parents in how to prompt and reinforce children's self-help behaviors. Self-report assessment utilized a headache diary, a general activity measure, and a depression measure, whilst parental report measures were taken of the child's headache behavior and contingent parental care-giving behavior. Child headache behavior at school was also recorded by the child's teacher. The results indicated that by six months follow-up the subjects had improved in headache intensity 100% and 61% respectively, and in headache frequency 100% and 84% respectively. Both subjects also showed decreases in headache behaviors and reductions in contingent care-giving behavior by parents. Overall, the results suggest the potential usefulness of systematic involvement of parents in cognitive-behavioral treatment of children's chronic headaches.
Normalization and Applied Behaviour Analysis: Rapprochement or Intellectual Imperialism?
Authors: Emerson Eric , McGill Peter
Published: June 2009

Our recent attempt (Emerson and McGill, 1989) to suggest a rapprochement between normalization and applied behaviour analysis has proven to be a contentious venture. Baldwin (1989) has made a case for dismissing our argument on the grounds that it is an attempt by “normalization advocates” to take over applied behaviour analysis. He suggests that, as we have made no case for this other than “simplistic de facto moralizing” (p. 307), our paper will be transparent to behavioural practitioners whose moral integrity, it is implied, we have assaulted. In contrast, Baldwin suggests that there is a case for applied behaviour analysis subsuming normalization, although this is considered problematic because of the weakness of the latter position and the “excessive zealotry, proselytizing and evangelizing” (p. 306) of its proponents (ourselves presumably included).
Operant Conditioning with Subjects Suffering From Dementia
Authors: Burgess Ian S. , Wearden John H. , Cox Tristram , Rae Mark
Published: June 2009

Two experiments are reported in which patients who resided on continuing care psychogeriatric wards were exposed to an operant conditioning procedure. In the first experiment, the subjects were three female patients, all of whom were suffering from severe dementia. For two of the subjects, extended acquisition training was required before evidence of learning was found. Responding under fixed interval (FI) schedules of three different durations was well maintained by the third subject. Evidence of temporal control was found. The second experiment was a partial replication of the first. The subjects were two male patients who were suffering from mild to moderate degrees of dementia. They were exposed to FI schedules of three different durations. Responding was maintained for the 16 sessions of the study. Procedural modifications as well as some broader implications of these results are noted.
Response to Leaflets About Eating and Shape by Women Concerned About Their Weight
Authors: Blair Alan J. , Lewis Vivien J. , Booth David A.
Published: June 2009

Concern about body weight and shape is commonly allied with dysfunctional self-concepts and eating behaviour. When provided with group therapy structured around written handouts addressing these problems, women referred for weight control have improved in their self-esteem, assertiveness, attitudes to body size, control of emotional eating, self-efficacy about weight and susceptibility to cyclic dieting, improvements which were maintained to follow-up. The present study examined the effects of the handouts alone on 27 women who actively attempted to control their weight. Relative to a sample matched for initial scores on the target variables, reported incidences of emotional eating and vigour of dieting were significantly reduced over a period of one year in the sample who received the bibliotherapy. Also, perceived body size, weight assertiveness, self-efficacy about weight control and body mass index all moved in the predicted direction, relative to controls, but not to a statistically significant degree. Such bibliotherapy on eating and shape is recommended as an adjunct to group or individual psychotherapy or to initiate change in clients waiting for professional counsel.
Controversies and Growing Points in Cognitive-Behavioural interventions for People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Birchwood Max , Shepherd Geoff
Published: June 2009

The growing “family” of cognitive-behavioural interventions has made impressive strides in the management of schizophrenia over the last decade. This paper critically reviews the advances that have been made and examines some of the controversies and difficulties encountered in the application of this approach and suggests areas for future growth and research. Future developments in family interventions, early intervention, the management of hallucinations and the potential utility of a form of psychotherapy to treat secondary depression and prevent suicide, are covered in depth. Service structures to integrate these interventions, their timing and duration are considered. It is suggested that the marriage of case management and psychosocial interventions in particular is now overdue.
Social Supporters and Behaviour Therapists: Three Studies on the Form and Function of their Help
Authors: Milne Derek , Cowie Isabel , Gormly Alistair , White Catherine , Hartley Judith
Published: June 2009

Growing interest in the form and function of “social support” led to three small studies involving comparisons between behaviour therapists and social supporters (hair stylists) in terms of the help they provided with clients' emotional problems. The first compared observations of both groups in interaction with their routine clients, finding some overlap in their speech form (e.g. “reassurance”) but that overall the groups provided significantly different forms of help. The second study, based on a questionnaire survey, yielded similar results on the form of interactions between these groups and suggested in addition that their functions were distinctive. Together, these studies indicated that therapists and stylists differed in the form and the function of their helping work with clients. The final study went on to examine how behaviour therapists could help stylists to develop their social support role, finding a significant training effect and evidence of its generalization to clients. Implications drawn include enhancing the distinctive role of behaviour therapists in such “community care” interventions.
The Reduction of Low Frequency Aggression in a Woman with Learning Difficulties
Authors: Whitaker Simon
Published: June 2009

In the past, aggressive behaviour shown by people with learning difficulties has often been reduced by means of punishment. A non-punitive alternative to punishment is Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviours (DRO). However, there is no evidence that DRO can be used to reduce target behaviours that are less frequent than once or twice a day. A case study is presented in which DRO is used to reduce aggression in a lady who was aggressive once or twice a month. The factors that may have led to the effectiveness of DRO in this case are discussed.
Compulsive Activity Checklist (CAC): Further Psychometric Analyses and Revision
Authors: Steketee Gail , Freund Blanche
Published: June 2009

The psychometric properties of the Compulsive Activity Checklist (CAC) were examined in a sample of obsessive compulsives (OCD), anxiety disordered (AD) patients, and non-psychiatric subjects (NP). All but 9 of the 38 CAC items significantly discriminated among groups, yielding correct classification rates of 71% when OCDs were compared with ADs and 84% when OCDs were compared with normals. Internal consistency alpha was high (0.95), but nine item-total correlations for OCD subjects fell below 0.40. A 28-item abbreviated scale (CAC-R) was developed based on the above findings. Preliminary analyses of the CAC-R on a normal sample indicated that this version is an improvement over the longer version and may be a viable alternative to the 18-item French one. It appears that the original CAC can be shortened with little loss of validity. However, substantial reductions may reduce the clinical utility of an instrument assessing a disorder with such widely diverse manifestations.
Social Support and Treatment Outcome of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder at 9-Month Follow-up
Authors: Steketee Gail
Published: June 2009

The present study investigated whether social support and family members' reactions to clients with obsessive compulsive disorder played a significant role in the follow-up outcome of an intensive behavioral treatment program. The roles OCD symptoms, moodstate, social functioning and life events were also assessed. General social support did not predict relapse, but significant others' empathy and positive interactions were associated with maintenance of gains. Negative family interactions (especially criticism and anger) and belief that clients could control their symptoms predicted relapse. Higher levels of post-treatment anxiety and depression and poorer functioning were related to negative outcome, as was distress from life events during follow-up. Results are discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of action and future research needs.
Cerebral Circulation During Treatment of Blood-Injury Phobia: A Case Study
Authors: Foulds Jonathan
Published: June 2009

A case of blood-injury phobia complicated by fainting is described. Measures of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and heart rate (HR) indicated that phobic exposure reliably precipitated a marked drop in CBFV, simultaneous with an increase in HR and onset of dizziness. It is suggested that hyperventilation was a factor exacerbating fainting in this case. Muscle tensing produced small increases in cerebral blood flow velocity but these were not of sufficient magnitude to prevent onset of dizziness. The patient improved with treatment involving graded exposure, respiratory control and muscle tensing. At seven months follow-up the patient maintained improvements in anxiety and avoidance but again became faint during exposure.
The Use of Momentary Time Sampling and Partial Interval Recording in Behavioural Research
Authors: Harrop Alex , Daniels Michael , Foulkes Christine
Published: June 2009

The inherent properties of momentary time sampling (MTS) and partial interval recording (PIR) are examined. Findings derived from computer simulation investigations are discussed in terms of the mode of operation of the two time-sampling techniques. It is seen that the advantage of MTS is that it can, under certain restricted circumstances, estimate absolute duration of behaviour occurring. The important disadvantage of MTS is that it is relatively insensitive when estimating degree of change of behaviour. In contrast, although PIR cannot accurately measure absolute duration it is more sensitive to behaviour change than is MTS. It is concluded that the practitioner who wishes to use one of these methods of time sampling must carefully consider the aims and possible effects of the investigation before deciding which method to use.
A Combined Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment Package for a Hospitalization Phobic Patient
Authors: Adams Bryan D. , Hayward Peter
Published: June 2009

A senior nurse with a 10-year history of hospitalization phobia was treated with a combined cognitive therapy, imaginal and in vivo exposure therapy package. All previous medical admissions for the subject had resulted in her being transferred to a psychiatric ward and being treated with neuroleptics. The cognitive therapy provided an explanation for the phobia and a rationale for the treatment, which secured compliance to the exposure therapy. Pre- and post-treatment fear ratings showed a large reduction. Follow-up data showed the subject to be free of all psychiatric symptoms in two subsequent medical admissions. It is suggested that an initial few sessions of cognitive therapy with intransigent phobics may be a pre-requisite for an exposure programme.
Stress Control: A Pilot Study of Large Group Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: White Jim , Keenan Mary
Published: June 2009

A pilot study is reported on a six session didactic large group treatment package for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) patients referred to a primary care service. Thirty patients underwent the course. By combining a didactic therapy element with workshops, the therapy package allowed a much larger number of individuals to attend the group than could be dealt with in “traditional” group therapy. Two psychologists ran the course. There were few practical difficulties involved in running the course and the range of self-report outcome measures suggest that large group didactic therapy may be a clinically and cost-effective treatment for GAD.
Health Technology Assessment in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Banta David
Published: June 2009

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Americas, has tried to promote health technology assessment (HTA) in Latin America for 25 years. A certain awareness of HTA developed in several countries because of these efforts. In the late 1990's, there was a strong movement for health reform in Latin America, and HTA became part of that movement. Countries that now are actively institutionalizing HTA include Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Argentina. Other countries, such as Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Peru, Panamá, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay, are following these trends and some others seem to be moving in this direction within the next few years.
Children's sentence planning: Syntactic correlates of fluency variations
Authors: MCDANIEL DANA , MCKEE CECILE , GARRETT MERRILL F.
Published: June 2009

This paper argues for broader consideration of children's language production systems and, in that context, describes research on children's planning of syntactic structures. The research presented here measures non-fluency patterns in elicited utterances of varied syntactic type. We describe and interpret several regularities in these patterns for two groups of children (‘young’: three–five-year-olds; and ‘older’: six–eight-year-olds) and an adult comparison group. The evidence indicates a strong correspondence of adult and child responses to structural complexity, both in terms of global fluency measures and in terms of more detailed indicators of planning load. In addition, we report some specific contrasts in the patterning for children and adults that suggest disparities in processing resources and/or in local planning strategies.
Explaining the disambiguation effect: Don't exclude mutual exclusivity
Authors: JASWAL VIKRAM K.
Published: June 2009

When they see a familiar object and an unfamiliar one, and are asked to select the referent of a novel label, children usually choose the unfamiliar object. We asked whether this ‘disambiguation effect’ reflects an expectation that each object has just one label (mutual exclusivity), or an expectation about the intent of the speaker who uses a novel label. In Study 1, when a speaker gazed at or pointed toward the familiar object in a novel–familiar pair, children aged 2 ; 6 (N=64) selected that object in response to a neutral request, but were much less likely to do so in response to a label request. In Study 2, when a speaker both gazed at and pointed toward the familiar object, toddlers (N=16) overwhelmingly selected the familiar object in response to a label request. The expectation that each object has just one label can lead children to discount some individual behavioral cues to a speaker's intent, though it can be overridden given a combination of pragmatic cues.
Development of children's ability to distinguish sarcasm and verbal irony*
Authors: GLENWRIGHT MELANIE , PEXMAN PENNY M.
Published: June 2009

Adults distinguish between ironic remarks directed at targets (sarcasm) and ironic remarks not directed at specific targets. We investigated the development of children's appreciation for this distinction by presenting these speech acts to 71 five- to six-year-olds and 71 nine- to ten-year-olds. Five- to six-year-olds were beginning to understand the non-literal meanings of sarcastic speakers and ironic speakers but did not distinguish ironic and sarcastic speakers' intentions. Nine- to ten-year-olds were more accurate at understanding sarcastic and ironic speakers and they distinguished these speakers' intentions, rating sarcastic criticisms as more ‘mean’ than ironic criticisms. These results show that children can determine the non-literal meanings of sarcasm and irony by six years of age but do not distinguish the pragmatic purposes of these speech acts until later in middle childhood.
Behaviour Patterns in Crossing Situations
Authors: Kemp John
Published: June 2009

The January 2009 issue of the Journal of Navigation included a paper (John Wilde Crosbie 2009) entitled, “Revisiting the lessons of the early steering and sailing rules for an e-navigation age.” Following a description of the development of the COLREGS from the early 19th century, he concluded that the current steering and sailing rules should be replaced by a single rule more suited to modern conditions. This might take the form of a rule stating that a vessel taking action to avoid collision should not pass ahead of the other vessel. Such a rule would require a radical change in the philosophy of collision avoidance at sea, and evidence is required that it would be both effective and acceptable by mariners. Radar simulator experiments, conducted by the author some years ago in another context, suggest that this might be the case. An analysis of the experimental results and some conclusions are reported in this paper. The author recommends that further trials, specifically designed to test the Crosbie proposals, would be desirable.
Quality Control in SBAS: Protection Levels and Reliability Levels
Authors: Oliveira João , Tiberius Christian
Published: June 2009

This contribution extends the common documented approach of integrity through Protection Levels in Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) positioning for aeronautics, to reliability on the basis of statistical hypothesis testing, and as such provides a safeguard against model misspecifications as anomalies and outliers in the measurements. It is shown that when integrity is monitored through Protection Levels and reliability added through Reliability Levels, the availability of the SBAS position solution is more than 99% for APV-I precision approach. The availability for CAT-I is currently just a few percent. When the Galileo constellation is added, and current performance is copied ahead, the percentage for CAT-I increases to beyond 95%.
Verification of a Real-Time Attitude Determination Algorithm through Development of 48-Channel GPS Attitude Receiver Hardware
Authors: Jang Jaegyu , Kee Changdon
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the verification of a real-time attitude determination algorithm during GPS attitude receiver hardware development. The GPS attitude receiver of 24 channels had been already developed in Surrey University. However 24 channels were not enough for practical usage. For this reason, a 48-channel attitude receiver with 12 channels for each antenna has been developed. To estimate attitude in real time, precise relative positions of the GPS antenna array have to be determined as rapidly as possible. However, the calculation load based on the conventional algorithm is too burdensome to perform using the RISC microprocessor. Therefore, in this paper, the cycle ambiguities of each base vector are resolved using SNUGLAD (Seoul Nat Univ GNSS Lab Attitude Determination), the design focus of which is to allow the receiver to estimate the 10 Hz onboard solutions. To keep precise solutions continuously, after ambiguity removal, cycle slip must be detected or isolated. Otherwise, the receiver would output erroneous solutions after a short signal blockage or fading of the GPS signal. To prevent this, we defined the cycle slip detection and repair scheme using a standard extended Kalman filter, which can detect and repair cycle slip within one cycle. As a result, this paper shows that time synchronized measurement with good quality and a reliable solution can be provided by the hardware developed with inexpensive chipsets and that this may be a possible cost efficient sensor for UAV or microsatellites.
Visions of Dynamic Power: Archaic Rock-paintings, Altered States of Consciousness and ‘Clever Men’ in Western Arnhem Lane (NT), Australia
Authors: Chippindale Christopher , Smith Benjamin , Taçon Paul S.C.
Published: June 2009

The Dynamic figures are a distinctive component in the earlier rock-art of western Arnhem Land, north Australia. They include therianthropic (hybrid human–animal) images. Recent vision experience ethnographically known in the region, and the wider pattern of Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) in hunter-gatherer societies, are consistent with elements of the Dynamics. One key feature is the use of dots and dashes in the Dynamic images, explicable as a depiction of some intangible power, of a character comparable with that in the ‘clever men's knowledge’ of modern Arnhem Land. Tropical Australia thereby is added to the number of regions where a visionary element is identified in rock-art; the specific circumstances in Arnhem Land, permitting the use together of formal and of informed methods, provide unusually strong evidence.
Functional state following the Fontan procedure
Authors: Williams Ismee A. , Sleeper Lynn A. , Colan Steven D. , Lu Minmin , Stephenson Elizabeth A. , Newburger Jane W. , Gersony Welton M. , Cohen Meryl S. , Cnota James F. , Atz Andrew M. , Williams Richard V. , Margossian Renee , Powell Andrew J. , Stylianou Mario P. , Hsu Daphne T. ,   For the Pediatric Heart Network Investigators (see Appendix)
Published: June 2009

Background

Despite improvements in outcomes after completion of the Fontan circulation, long-term functional state varies. We sought to identify pre- and postoperative characteristics associated with overall function.

Methods and Results

We analyzed data from 476 survivors with the Fontan circulation enrolled in the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-sectional Study. Mean age at creation of the Fontan circulation was 3.4 plus or minus 2.1 years, with a range from 0.7 to 17.5 years, and time since completion was 8.7 plus or minus 3.4 years, the range being from 1.1 to 17.3 years. We calculated a functional score for the survivors by averaging the percentile ranks of ventricular ejection fraction, maximal consumption of oxygen, the physical summary score for the Child Health Questionnaire, and a function of brain natriuretic peptide. The mean calculated score was 49.5 plus or minus 17.3, with a range from 3 to 87. After adjustment for time since completion of the circulation, we found that a lower score, and hence worse functional state, was associated with: right ventricular morphology (p less than 0.001), higher ventricular end-diastolic pressure (p equals 0.003) and lower saturations of oxygen (p equals 0.047) prior to completion of the Fontan circulation, lower income for the caregiver (p equals 0.003), and, in subjects without a prior superior cavopulmonary anastomosis, arrhythmias after completion of the circulation (p equals 0.003). The model explained almost one-fifth (18%) of the variation in the calculated scores. The score was not associated with surgical centre, sex, age, weight, fenestration, or the period of stay in hospital after completion of the Fontan circuit. A validation model, using 71 subjects randomly excluded from initial analysis, weakly correlated (R equals 0.17, p equals 0.16) with the score calculated from the dataset.

Conclusions

Right ventricular morphology, higher ventricular end-diastolic pressure and lower saturations of oxygen prior to completion of the Fontan circuit, lower income for the provider of care, and arrhythmias after creation of the circuit, are all associated with a worse functional state. Unmeasured factors also influence outcomes.
Monitoring Coping Style and Exposure Outcome in Spider Phobics
Authors: Muris Peter , de Jong Peter , Merckelbach Harald , van Zuuren Florence
Published: June 2009

The present study investigated whether information seeking coping styles (monitoring and blunting) affect exposure therapy outcome. Subjects were 33 spider phobics who received one 2.5 hours session in vivo treatment. In general, the treatment yielded good results. Coping style did not contribute substantially to short-term or long-term outcome (at 18 months follow-up).
Motivational Interviewing with Alcohol Outpatients
Authors: Bein Thomas H. , Miller William R. , Boroughs Joseph M.
Published: June 2009

Outpatients from a V.A. outpatient substance abuse treatment program (N = 32) were assigned at random either to receive or not receive a brief motivational intervention in addition to standard outpatient treatment. The additional intervention consisted of two additional hours of assessment and a one-hour motivational interview. Control subjects received the same additional assessment, but with an attention-placebo interview in place of the motivational interview. Those assigned to receive the additional intervention demonstrated superior clinical outcome at three month follow-up on a composite variable composed of three individual variables: (1) total standard drinks, (2) peak blood alcohol level, and (3) percent days abstinent. These results were substantially corroborated by reports of significant others. By six month follow-up, the superiority of the treatment group was modest, and no longer significant. These findings support the utility of this approach for use with clinically severe alcohol populations on at least a time-limited basis.
Treatment Evaluation for Eating Disorders by Clients with Eating Disorders
Authors: Newton Tim , Hartley Pat , Sturmey Peter
Published: June 2009

A group of 54 clients with eating disorders who attended a college-based, group counselling service evaluated four treatments for eating disorders. Individual discussion of problems was uniformly rated as more acceptable than two behavioural treatments (systematic desensitization, and goals and relaxation) which were, in turn, rated as more acceptable than drug treatment. Methodological problems with this form of consumer evaluation and the need for further evaluation of behaviour therapy within a wider range of clinical populations are discussed.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Depressive Relapse: Justified Optimism or Unwarranted Complacency?
Authors: Ludgate John W.
Published: June 2009

The magnitude of the problem of relapse and recurrence in depression is outlined and it is contended that this is now the major treatment issue facing clinicians. Studies demonstrating a longer term prophylactic effect of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) are briefly reviewed and it is concluded that these methods have significantly impacted on relapse rates in unipolar depression. Nevertheless, it is argued that there is little cause for complacency due to the still significant rate of relapse which is found with CBT. While promising cognitive behavioural methods have been developed in the field of addictive disorders, there is a clear need for similar clinical advances in the area of recurrent depression. Some strategies which may have potential for promoting maintenance and preventing relapse are briefly outlined. The importance of developing a coherent model for assessing relapse risk and guiding decisions regarding treatment and after care strategies is emphasized. Lastly, future research directions in this important area are briefly considered.
The Therapeutic Relationship: A Study on the Value of the Therapist Client Rating Scale
Authors: Blaauw Eric , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: June 2009

This article reports on some psychometric features of the Therapist Client Rating Scale (TCRS), an instrument that claims to measure the therapeutic relationship in behaviour therapy sessions. A study is described in which the TCRS was completed after each therapy session by 28 obsessive-compulsive patients undergoing behaviour therapy, as well as by the therapists. The perception of patient behaviour correlated significantly with the treatment outcome. Further examination on the reliability and validity of the TCRS is recommended.
Cognitive Restructuring in Behaviour Therapy and in Psychoanalytical Therapy: A Content Analysis of Therapy Sessions
Authors: Lange Alfred , van Woudenberg Marianne
Published: June 2009

This paper addresses the question of how psychodynamic psychotherapists and behaviour therapists attempt to influence the cognitions of their patients. Two independent judges rated audioregistrations of therapy sessions of eight psychodynamic and eight behaviour therapists with regard to various distinct categories of cognitive restructuring. The validity of the system of categories was established in a previous study. The interrater reliability of the present ratings was investigated and found to be satisfactory. Although psychoanalytic therapists carried out fewer interventions altogether, no differences were found between the groups in the percentage of cognitive restructuring. However, there were differences in the way the two groups tried to achieve cognitive restructuring.
A Review of Behavioural Psychotherapy in the 1980s: On Course?
Authors: Milne Derek , Ridley Nadir
Published: June 2009

Strikingly diverse views have been expressed regarding the current status of behaviour therapy, with some concern that the field has lost its bearings. Two possible reasons for this diversity of views are the lack of data and the lack of a behavioural referenced instrument for gathering such data. In this paper we offer an instrument and illustrate its use in relation to a random sample of articles appearing in Behavioural Psychotherapy throughout the 1980s. The results suggest that the instrument is reliable and valid, but that behavioural research has not shown itself to be on course towards the standards set out in its own methodological literature. In addition, there is no evidence for the development of an environmental approach. Suggestions are made on aligning research with the aspirations of behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy.
Learning Controlled Drugs Use: A Case Study
Authors: van Bilsen Henck P. J. G. , Whitehead Brian
Published: June 2009

In this paper a method to regain control over heroin addiction is described. The method is illustrated with a case example. A self-control guide book is used to help the client regain control. Motivational interviewing acts as a go between: a linking pin between client engaging in high risk behaviours and a method that could help him to become a responsible heroin user.
Masked Bereavement Presenting as Agoraphobia
Authors: Sahakian Barbara , Charlesworth Georgina
Published: June 2009

This single case history highlights the importance of a complete psychological assessment to establish a client's past history rather than simply implementing a behavioural approach for the presenting symptoms. A single session of bereavement work was effective in treating agoraphobia in an elderly lady with a history of affective disorder throughout her adult life.
No Effects of Verbal Versus Imaginal Cognitive Strategies on Emotional Responses to Aversive Slides
Authors: Merckelbach Harald , Dijkstra Arie , de Jong Peter J. , Muris Peter
Published: June 2009

A number of studies have indicated that the right hemisphere is specialized for (negative) emotions. Some authors have suggested that this specialization stems from the cognitive characteristics of this hemisphere. More specifically, the verbal and analytic approach that characterizes left hemisphere functioning would inhibit emotional reactions, whereas the imaginal and global approach that characterizes right hemisphere functioning would facilitate emotional reactivity. The present study examined whether these two cognitive strategies have, indeed, different effects on emotional responsivity. Subjects were exposed to a series of aversive slides. One group (n = 14) was instructed to process the slides in a verbal/analytic manner. The second group (n = 14) employed an imaginal/global strategy while viewing the slides. The third group (n = 14) was a control group that received no explicit instructions. Self-reported emotions, skin conductance responses, heart rate frequency, and eye blink startles were recorded. There were no differences between the three groups with regard to any of these variables. Thus, no evidence was obtained to support the idea that processing modes (i.e., verbal/analytic versus imaginal/global) have a differential impact on emotional reactivity. The implications for theories about lateralization of emotions and for cognitive therapy are discussed.
Two Plus One: Confusions in Conceptualization and Methodology A Rejoinder to Dayet al.
Authors: Seager Martin , Jacobson Romey
Published: June 2009

In a rejoinder to a recent paper in this journal (Dayet al., 1993) based on the “Two Plus One Model”, this article attempts to point out a number of important self-contradictions and flaws within the “two plus one” approach. These problems have a bearing on its claims to be a new and efficient way of utilising clinical resources.