bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nebulized surfactant as a treatment choice for otitis media with effusion: an experimental study in the rabbit
Authors: Koten Muhsin , Uzun Cem , Yaǧiz Recep , Adali Mustafa Kemal , Karasalihoglu Ahmet Rifat , Tatman-Otkun Müserref , Altaner Semsi
Published: October 2002

Exogenous surfactant can improve eustachian tube function in experimentally induced otitis media with effusion (OME). Performing tympanometric recordings, the efficacy of inhaled nebulized surfactant, as compared with inhaled nebulized physiological saline was investigated, for the treatment of OME experimentally induced in the rabbit by intrabullar inoculation of heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, the histological changes in middle ears after the treatment were investigated in order to establish whether the pathological findings correlated with the results.

Middle-ear pressure values before, and after, treatment were analyzed by the Wilcoxon statistical method, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the post-treatment values between groups. In all ears with OME in the affected animals, which were treated with nebulized surfactant inhalation, a positively significant (p<0.05) increase of pressure more than 20 daPa was recorded. In the control group, after inhalation of nebulized physiological saline, there was no positive increase in the affected middle-ear pressures; on the contrary, more negative pressure changes were recorded. In the histological evaluation, middle-ear epithelia and sub-epithelial space were normal in surfactant-treated ears with OME, whereas mucosal thickening with an oedematous sub-epithelial space containing occasional inflammatory cells and increases in connective tissue and vascularity, and effusions on the epithelial surface were present in the ears with OME in the control group. The significant improvement in the negative middle-ear pressure after nebulized surfactant treatment and the histological findings shown in our study can support the theory that surface-active agents are of importance in eustachian tube function even under pathologic conditions, such as OME.
The crucial role of imaging in detection of facial nerve haemangiomas
Authors: Salib Rami , Tziambazis Elia , McDermott Ann-Louise , Chavda Swarupsinh , Irving Richard
Published: October 2002

Facial nerve haemangioma is a rare benign neoplasm accounting for 0.7 per cent of all tumours involving the temporal bone. The diagnosis of a facial nerve tumour is often missed or delayed. Early diagnosis is imperative as it influences the eventual outcome for facial nerve function. Prognosis is related to the size of the tumour, the severity and the duration of pre-operative paralysis. The definitive diagnosis of a facial nerve tumour rests exclusively with high resolution imaging of the temporal bone using enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and thin-sectioned computed tomography (CT). This case emphasizes the crucial role that high quality imaging can play in the diagnosis of facial nerve tumours, and elegantly illustrates the imaging features of facial nerve haemangiomas.
A case of sensorineural deafness following ingestion of Ecstasy
Authors: Sharma A.
Published: October 2002

Ecstasy is a substance of abuse commonly associated with the dance scene and taken by many young people. A brief history of Ecstasy and its side-effects is given. A case of ototoxicity is presented, as an additional side-effect to the long list of complications caused by Ecstasy.
Effect of anti-fungal nasal lavage with amphotericin B on nasal polyposis
Authors: Ricchetti Alma , Landis Basile N. , Maffioli Alessandra , Giger Roland , Zeng Chungkuan , Lacroix Jean-Silvain
Published: October 2002

Recent studies have suggested that allergic fungal rhino-sinusitis could be involved in the development of nasal polyposis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of anti-fungal nasal lavages. Patients performed nasal lavage with 20 ml of a one per one thousand amphotericin B suspension in each nostril, twice a day, for four weeks. In addition, all patients continued their saline nasal lavage and their conventional topical corticosteroid spray. This study included 74 patients, with a mean age of 46 years (range from 19 to 73). Before anti-fungal treatment, the distribution of nasal polyposis, according to Malm, was: 13 patients in stage I (17.5 per cent), 48 patients in stage II (65 per cent) and 13 patients in stage III (17.5 per cent). After anti-fungal nasal lavages, the total disappearance of nasal polyposis was observed in 29 patients (39 per cent). Eight patients were stage I, 21 stage II, and none stage III. In patients who have had previous endoscopic polypectomy and functional endoscopic sinus surgery, total disappearance of nasal polyposis was seen in 24 patients (47 per cent). Hyper-reactivity to fungal organisms could be one of the mechanisms underlying the development of nasal polyposis. A direct effect of amphotericin B suspension on the integrity of the cell membrane of the polyps’ epithelium could not be excluded.
Pharyngeal cancer prevention: evidence from a case–control study involving 232 consecutive patients
Authors: Uzcudun Ana Escribano , Retolaza Ignacio Rabanal , Grande Antonio García , Olivar Lara Miralles , García Alfredo García , Barón Manuel González , Bouzas Javier Gavilán
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for pharyngeal cancer and to propose 10 result-based preventive measures. It was a case-control study conducted in Madrid, Spain, with 232 consecutive patients diagnosed between January 1 1990 and December 31, 1995, sex- and age-matched with 232 control individuals with no oncological disease or history. By means of an interviewer-administered questionnaire, seven different epidemiological areas were surveyed, namely: (1) sociodemographic variables, (2) familial all-site cancer history, (3) medical history, (4) lifestyle (habits), (5) diet, (6) occupational exposure, and (7) non-occupational exposure. Of the great number of factors within each epidemiological area, the following were found to be risk factors after adjustment for tobacco smoking and alcoholic beverage drinking: (1) tobacco smoking, (2) alcoholic beverage drinking, (3) low and low-middle socioeconomic background, (4) low educational level, (5) rural milieu, (6) working, or having worked, as a manual worker in agriculture, (7) working, or having worked as a manual worker in building industry, (8) having an upper aerodigestive tract cancer familial history, (9) having a medical history of alcholism, low weight/malnutrition, gastroesophageal reflux or chronic obstructive bronchopneumonia, (10) low dietary intake of fruit, fruit juice, uncooked vegetables, dietary fibre-containing foods, fish and milk and dairy products, (11) high dietary intake of meat and fried foods, (12) deficient oral and dental hygiene, (13) abuse of black coffee, (14) abuse of ’carajillo’ (a typical Spanish drink composed of black coffee and flambéed brandy), (15) occupational exposure to pesticides, solvents and dust of different origins.

On the basis of our results and those reported by other authors, we put forward 10 measures for the prevention of pharyngeal cancer. However, due to the small size of the nasopharyngeal cancer subsample (n = 35, 15.08 per cent), our results as well as the preventive measures are to considered as referring uniquely to oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. In addition, from descriptive statistical data inspection one can conclude that nasopharyngeal cancer is likely to bear risk factors different from those for oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, thus nasopharyngeal cancer warrants specific epidemiological investigation with a sufficiently large patient sample.
Detachable forceps for flexible fibre-optic surgery: a new technique for phonosurgery in cases where rigid laryngoscopy is contraindicated
Authors: Tsunoda Koichi , Kikkawa Yayoi Suzuki , Yoshihashi Rie , Sakai Yuki
Published: October 2002

In phonosurgery, in cases where it is not possible to use a rigid laryngoscope, a flexible fibrescope with laryngeal-mask ventilation may be used. In flexible fibreoptic surgery, the forceps are normally inserted through a small channel in the fibrescope. Since only a small forceps tip can pass through this channel, a limited range of forceps has been available for use in fibrescope procedures. We have developed a new type of forceps for flexible fibre-optic surgery that allows this size limitation to be overcome. The new forceps is made up of two parts: (i) the forceps tip and its control wire assembly, and (ii) a detachable handle. A wide range of forceps can be used, including those with tips larger than the biopsy channel. We report a case that was treated with this new technique.
Changes in bacteriology of discharging ears
Authors: Hwang Juen-Haur , Chu Chih-Kai , Liu Tien-Chen
Published: October 2002

A bacteriological study on 161 consecutive out-patients presenting with otorrhoea was performed prospectively at a local teaching hospital in Taiwan between August 2000 and June 2001. A total of 177 isolates were recovered. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 77 (43.5 per cent) isolates, and non-Staphylococcus aureus in 100 (56.5 per cent) isolates. Pseudomas sp was found to be the most common pathogen (28.8 per cent) in the non-Staphylococcus aureus group. Staphylococcus aureus had become more common than Pseudomonas aeruginosa in acute otitis externa, granular myringitis, and chronic otitis media in Taiwan. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was also an increasing problem in all three disease entities. The prevalence of community-acquired MRSA infections in discharging ears was found to be 13.7 per cent (22/161). MRSAs were highly susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, fusidic acid, and minocycline. More studies should be done to determine the susceptibility of MRSA to ofloxacin in the future.
Can permanent sensorineural hearing loss be caused by sleeping with an ear against a train window?
Authors: Robertson Alasdair , Bingham Brian , McIlwraith George
Published: October 2002

A patient presented to the authors with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss after falling asleep with his ear tightly pressed against a window of a moving train. This study set out to determine whether a train could generate sound levels of sufficient intensity to cause such a hearing loss. A sound level meter was used to measure the sound levels produced at the window of a moving train. Further measurements were made with a rubber attachment on the microphone, that simulated the effect of the ear stuck to the window. The sound levels were found to be amplified by the attachment but not to levels that could cause a hearing loss over a short period. In a second experiment eight healthy volunteers all perceived an increase in sound levels when their ears were pressed against a train window.

It seems unlikely that sleeping with an ear against a train window can cause hearing loss, but it cannot be ruled out.
Epithelioid sarcoma with metastatic spread to the tongue
Authors: Winter Stuart C. A. , Steventon Nicholas , Shah Ketan A. , Cox Graham J.
Published: October 2002

Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a rare tumour that seldom presents to the otolaryngologist. It typically occurs in the extremities of young adolescents; however, it has the capability of metastasizing, often to the lungs or skin. The diagnosis is by histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. We present a case of metastatic ES occurring in the tongue, a tumour not reported previously in the English literature.
The impact of zidovudine on dementia-free survival in a population of HIV-positive men and women on antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Cornelisse Peter G A , Montessori Val , Yip Benita , Craib Kevin J P , O'Shaughnessy Michael V , Montaner Julio S G , Hogg Robert S
Published: October 2002

Our objective was to characterize the effect of zidovudine therapy on AIDS dementia complex (dementia) free survival among HIV-infected men and women in a population-based cohort with free access to antiretroviral therapy in the province of British Columbia. Time to diagnosis of dementia among individuals was examined on the basis of zidovudine duration, CD4+ cell count at first treatment, gender, and transmission group [men having sex with men (MSM), intravenous drug users (IDU), heterosexuals]. We restricted the analysis to subjects with CD4+ cells counts within 12 months prior to treatment start date. Among 641 participants eligible for analysis, median duration of follow-up was 3.6 years, under which 86 (9.3%) events of dementia occurred. Participants were less likely to develop dementia with: increased zidovudine exposure (OR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.14- 0.49), at least 260 CD4+ cells/mm 3 (median) (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.34-0.78), and MSM risk group (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.94). Those infected through heterosexual contact had an increased risk (RR=2.04, 95% CI: 1.02-4.07). Using Cox's proportional hazards model, controlling for CD4+ cell count at treatment start date, independent predictors of dementia-free survival were: duration of zidovudine (OR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.15-0.52) and MSM transmission group (OR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.37-1.00). In this observational treatment cohort, factors associated with dementia-free survival include duration of zidovudine (AZT) therapy and MSM transmission group. It is not clear from these data whether the AZT protective effect is exclusive to this agent or whether other therapies might offer a similar protective effect.
Increasing realism among gay men in Sydney about HIV treatments: changes in attitudes over time
Authors: Knox Stephanie , Van de Ven Paul , Prestage Garrett , Crawford June , Grulich Andrew , Kippax Susan
Published: October 2002

It is important to know if optimism about HIV treatments is widespread and whether it is growing. To this end, cross-sectional surveys of gay men were conducted 6-monthly in Sydney between February 1997 and February 1999 ( n = 3012). Recruitment was consistent at 4 gay community venues. The participants responded True, False or Unsure to 5 statements about the effectiveness of HIV treatments (2 items), and transmission (2 items) and 'worry' (1 item) in the context of treatments. In terms of effectiveness, HIV-positive men were more likely than non-positive men to dismiss 'cure' ( P < 0.05) and more likely to support 'treatments prevent serious illness' ( P < 0.001). Uncertainty about effectiveness decreased over time ( P < 0.001 for each item). In terms of transmission, HIV-positive men were more likely than non-positive men to reject notions of reduced infectivity ( P < 0.001). Over time, there was less uncertainty among non-positive men about undetectable viral load and transmission possibilities ( P < 0.001). Overall, HIV-positive men were less 'worried' than non-positive men ( P < 0.001) but there were no changes over time. On the whole, gay men in Sydney are now less uncertain about highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) than at the time of their introduction. Most men remain sceptical that these treatments can cure HIV infection and prevent HIV transmission, but in regard to managing illness among those infected, some initial uncertainty is being replaced by a growing optimism about the efficacy of treatments.
The importance of patient and healthcare provider perceptions in the evaluation of imiquimod and other prior treatments for anogenital warts
Authors: Nelson Anita L
Published: October 2002

The experience and satisfaction of healthcare providers and patients were assessed for various treatment options for anogenital warts. Patients were asked about their immediate experience with imiquimod cream 5% and — for patients with recurrent warts — their recall of prior experiences with other treatment options. Surveys were completed pre-study by 744 patients and post-study by 399 patients and 69 healthcare providers; obstetricians/gynaecologists were the predominant (25 of 69; 36%) specialty. Approximately two-thirds (475 of 744; 64%) of patients in the pre-study survey had previously been treated for anogenital warts. Patients with recurrent warts were generally dissatisfied with prior therapies. In post-study surveys, imiquimod received favourable ratings from patients with recurrent warts and from patients treated for the first time. Healthcare providers rated imiquimod favourably for overall acceptance, convenience, and compliance. Perceptions of various treatments for anogenital warts by patients and healthcare providers can vary considerably. Therefore, comparative studies should include assessments of these perceptions to gain a full understanding of the relative merits of the therapies under investigation.
Association of herpes simplex virus type 2 with the human immunodeficiency virus among urban women in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mbizvo E M , Msuya Sia E , Stray-Pedersen B , Chirenje M Z , Munjoma M , Hussain A
Published: October 2002

A cross-sectional study at two urban primary health care clinics in Zimbabwe was conducted among 393 consecutive women. The purpose was to determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), to identify coinfections and to determine the association between HSV-2, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Sera were tested for HSV-2, HIV and syphilis. Genital specimens were tested for the other STIs. The seroprevalence of ulcerative STIs tested was 42.2% for HSV-2 and 3.9% for syphilis. HSV-2 seropositive women had twice the risk of being HIV infected compared to HSV-2 seronegative women, adjusted OR=2.05 (95% CI=1.29-3.23). HSV-2 seropositivity was also associated with older age, a lower level of education, increase in the number of lifetime sexual partners and history of genital ulcers in the past six or more months. Our data suggest that in this population HSV-2 may contribute more to HIV infection than syphilis because of its high frequency. There is an urgent need for development of an effective HSV-2 vaccine.
A Retrospective Study of the Addition of Ciprofloxacin to Clarithromycin and Ethambutol in the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Complex Infection
Authors: Keiser Philip , Nassar Naiel , Skiest Daniel , Rademacher Steven , Smith James W
Published: October 2002

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (DMAC) infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. The combination antibiotic regimens containing clarithromycin can decrease symptoms and improve survival in patients with DMAC, however, optimal therapy remains to be defined. Quinolones have been widely used in the treatment of DMAC but their utility has not been established.

A retrospective cohort study of DMAC infection was established in a metropolitan hospital providing comprehensive care to over 3000 HIV-infected individuals. Medical records of patients with DMAC diagnosed at the Parkland Memorial Hospital from 1991 to 1994 were reviewed for therapeutic regimens for DMAC, concomitant therapy for HIV and Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis and date of death. Subjects were included if they were treated with clarithromycin and ethambutol. Cases were defined as those patients who received more than 30 days of ciprofloxacin as therapy for DMAC in addition to the other drugs that they received. The primary endpoint was the time to death from the data of DMAC diagnosis. Covariates effecting survival were analysed through the Cox proportional hazards model.

Eighty-nine subjects with DMAC who were treated with clarithromycin and ethambutol were identified. Fifty-eight received ciprofloxacin in addition to clarithromycin and ethambutol. The time to death was significantly better in those subjects who were treated with ciprofloxacin than those who were not (489 days vs 281 days, P=0.01). The sole significant predictor of improved survival on Cox proportional hazards model was ciprofloxacin therapy.

Subjects treated with combination of clarithromycin, ethambutol and ciprofloxacin had improved survival over those treated with clarithromycin and ethambutol alone.
What do physicians think of telemedicine? A survey in different European regions
Authors: Mairinger T , Gabl C , Derwan P , Ferrer-Roca O , Mikuz G
Published: October 2002

To discover the perception of telemedicine in a sample of physicians not yet participating in telemedicine networks, a questionnaire was sent to doctors in different European countries. The questions covered various general aspects of telemedicine. The percentage of questionnaires returned ranged from 12 Central Europe to 27 Spain . Apart from the rather disappointing response rates the results document a strong interest in telemedicine on the part of the physicians surveyed. Knowledge of the existence of telemedicine was high. Most of the respondents would have liked to have had their clinic's telemedicine system in their own laboratory. More than 50 of the physicians thought that their work would be improved by using telemedicine. Respondents from Central Europe were significantly less enthusiastic about telemedicine than those from other regions. However, the answers to the majority of the questions were similar in the different groups.
Association between duration of daily VDT use and subjective symptoms
Authors: Nakazawa Tetsuya , Okubo Yasushi , Suwazono Yasushi , Kobayashi Etsuko , Komine Shingo , Kato Norihisa , Nogawa Koji
Published: October 2002

Background

Although visual display terminal (VDT) work has become a common task among office workers, surveys which would help to determine the allowable duration of daily VDT use are limited.

Methods

We investigated more than 25,000 workers three times over a 3‐year period using a self‐administered questionnaire. Three factors, namely mental, physical and sleep‐related symptoms, were extracted by factor analysis. Adjusted means of each factor score were compared with the duration of daily VDT use by general linear model.

Results

Physical symptoms score became higher with increasing duration of daily VDT use without a threshold effect. Mental and sleep‐related symptom scores of the workers using VDT for more 5 hr/day were significantly higher than that of the groups using VDT for >1, 1–3, and 3–5 hr/day.

Conclusions

Duration of daily VDT use was linearly related to the physical symptom score, and was non‐linearly related to mental and sleep‐related symptom score with a threshold effect of 5 hr/day. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:421–426, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a medical examination program for former workers at a Department of Energy national laboratory
Authors: Breysse Patrick N. , Weaver Virginia , Cadorette Maureen , Wiggs Laurie , Curbow Barbara , Stefaniak Aleksandr , Melius Jim , Newman Lee , Smith Hugh , Schwartz Brian
Published: October 2002

Background

As a part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Former Workers' Medical Surveillance Program, a Needs Assessment was conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The objective was to identify former LANL employees who may be at significant risk for occupational disease and determine whether a medical examination program could reduce morbidity or mortality. We describe the needs assessment approach used at LANL.

Methods

An algorithm was developed to make needs determinations. Information on factors including exposure, health impacts, size of exposed populations, and LANL worker concerns and recommendations were obtained. Each of these factors was scored from 1 to 3. The resulting factor sum was then multiplied by a binary (1 or 0) intervention suitability factor which was 1 if both of the following were available: (1) a screening test with acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the health outcome of concern; and (2) an intervention that decreases morbidity or mortality. This resulted in an Intervention Needs Score that was used to set priorities for the medical examination program for the estimated 35,000 former LANL workers.

Results

Analysis of the algorithm output suggested that six exposure categories be recommended for consideration in a medical examination program. Beryllium, asbestos, and noise clearly warranted inclusion. Lead and ionizing radiation required careful consideration regarding availability of screening tests. Solvents were problematic due to the lack of screening tests and suitable intervention in formerly exposed workers.

Conclusions

The algorithm approach to the needs assessment at LANL documented that six chemical and physical agents should be considered as candidates for inclusion in a medical examination program for former workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 42:443–454, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic potential hypothesis of evolution: A concept of biogenesis in habitable spaces of the universe
Authors: Schwabe Christian
Published: October 2002

The new hypothesis of evolution establishes a contiguity of life sciences with cosmology, physics, and chemistry, and provides a basis for the search for life on other planets. Chemistry is the sole driving force of the assembly of life, under the subtle guidance exerted by bonding orbital geometry. That phenomenon leads to multiple origins that function on the same principles but are different to the extent that their nucleic acid core varies. Thus, thoughts about the origins of life and the development of complexity have been transferred from the chance orientation of the past to the realm of atomic structures, which are subject to the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics. Evolution is a legitimate subject of basic science, and the complexity of life will submit to the laws of chemistry and physics as the problem is viewed from a new perspective. The paradigm connects life to the big events that formed every sphere of our living space and that keeps conditions fine‐tuned for life to persist, perhaps a billion years or more. The “genomic potential” hypothesis leads to the prediction that life like ours is likely to exist in galaxies that are as distant from the origin of the universe as the Milky Way, and that the habitable zone of our galaxy harbors other living planets as well. Anat Rec 268:171–179, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular basis of endothelial cell morphogenesis in three‐dimensional extracellular matrices
Authors: Davis George E. , Bayless Kayla J. , Mavila Anil
Published: October 2002

Although many studies have focused on blood vessel development and new blood vessel formation associated with disease processes, the question of how endothelial cells (ECs) assemble into tubes in three dimensions (i.e., EC morphogenesis) remains unanswered. EC morphogenesis is particularly dependent on a signaling axis involving the extracellular matrix (ECM), integrins, and the cytoskeleton, which regulates EC shape changes and signals the pathways necessary for tube formation. Recent studies reveal that genes regulating this matrix‐integrin‐cytoskeletal (MIC) signaling axis are differentially expressed during EC morphogenesis. The Rho GTPases represent an important class of molecules involved in these events. Cdc42 and Rac1 are required for the process of EC intracellular vacuole formation and coalescence that regulates EC lumen formation in three‐dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices, while RhoA appears to stabilize capillary tube networks. Once EC tube networks are established, supporting cells, such as pericytes, are recruited to further stabilize these networks, perhaps by regulating EC basement membrane matrix assembly. Furthermore, we consider recent work showing that EC morphogenesis is balanced by a tendency for newly formed tubes to regress. This morphogenesis‐regression balance is controlled by differential gene expression of such molecules as VEGF, angiopoietin‐2, and PAI‐1, as well as a plasmin‐ and matrix metalloproteinase‐dependent mechanism that induces tube regression through degradation of ECM scaffolds that support EC‐lined tubes. It is our hope that this review will stimulate increased interest and effort focused on the basic mechanisms regulating capillary tube formation and regression in 3D extracellular matrices. Anat Rec 268:252–275, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and quantification of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) in the brain of the teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus (tilapia)
Authors: Pepels Peter P.L.M. , Meek Johannes , Wendelaar Bonga Sjoerd E. , Balm Paul H.M.
Published: October 2002

The recent characterization of the corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) prehormone of the fish tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) showed that more variation exists between vertebrate CRH amino acid sequences than recognized before. The present study investigates whether the deviating composition of tilapia CRH coincides with an atypical distribution of CRH in the brain. For this purpose we applied immunohistochemistry, as well as radioimmunoassay (RIA) quantification in brain slices. The results are plotted in a new atlas and reconstruction of the tilapia brain. The largest population of CRH‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons is present in the lateral part of the ventral telencephalon (Vl). Approximately tenfold less CRH‐ir neurons are observed in the preoptic and tuberal region. The CRH‐ir neurons observed in the preoptic region are parvocellular and do not, or hardly, display arginine‐vasotocin (AVT) immunoreactivity. CRH‐ir neurons are also present in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, in the periventricular layer of the optic tectum, and caudal to the glomerular nucleus. A very dense plexus of CRH‐ir terminals is located in the most rostral part of the dorsal telencephalon. This region has not been described in other teleosts and is in the present study subdivided into the anterior part of the dorsal telencephalon (Da) and the anterior part of the laterodorsal telencephalon (Dla). High densities of CRH‐ir terminals were observed in and around Vl, in the tuberal region, around the rostral part of the lateral recess, and in the caudal part of the vagal lobe. In the pituitary, CRH‐ir terminals are concentrated in the neuro‐intermediate lobe. Overall, the immunohistochemical and quantitative data correlated well, as the RIA CRH profile in serial 160‐μm slices revealed four peaks, which corresponded with major ir‐cell groups and terminal fields. Our results strongly suggest that the CRH‐ir cells of Vl project to the rostro‐dorsal telencephalon. Consequently, they may not be primarily involved in regulation of pituitary cell types but may subserve other functions. The presence of a CRH‐containing Vl‐Da/Dla projection seems to be restricted to the most modern group of teleosts, i.e., the Acanthopterygians. Further anatomic indications for non‐pituitary‐related functions of CRH are found in the vagal lobe and the optic tectum of tilapia. Although the low CRH content of the preoptic region reported here for tilapia may be typical for unstressed fish, the fact remains that remarkably few CRH‐ir neurons are involved in regulating the pituitary. Overall, the CRH distribution in the brain of tilapia is more widespread than previously reported for other teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:247–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterned gene programs and target remodeling following axotomy at a major site for sensory innervation
Authors: Fundin Bengt T. , Rice Frank L. , Ernfors Patrik
Published: October 2002

The genetic mechanisms that a target uses to reestablish the connections of regenerating axons were explored using oligonucleotide microarrays and real‐time PCR. In normal and denervated mouse vibrissa follicles, patterns of genetic regulation were assessed in adjacent targets that normally receive different types of sensory and autonomic innervation. We show that a target remodeling occurs following axotomy involving reduced hair growth, altered hair follicle integrity and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Also, we found two orphan receptors putatively involved in hair growth. Our data further demonstrate region‐specific regulation of genes putatively involved in target–axon interactions. Thus, this study shows for the first time that major target remodeling occurs following denervation and suggests putative functions for several novel genes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 370–380, 2002
Early social influence on nestling development in Waldrapp ibis (Geronticus eremita)
Authors: Tintner Angelika , Kotrschal Kurt
Published: October 2002

The Waldrapp ibis is critically endangered; hence specific knowledge is needed to support the management of the last birds in the wild, and to prepare for reintroduction projects. In this study we attempted to test the effects of raising an ibis as a single chick from hatching to the age of 3 weeks, as compared to raising it together with nestmates, on development and juvenile socialization. In times of food shortage, interference competition between nestlings may cause quick starvation of all but the largest chick. In the context of establishing a free‐flying, semi‐tame colony of Waldrapp ibis at the Konrad Lorenz Research Station in Grünau, Austria, 12 zoo‐bred hatchlings were experimentally hand‐raised under ad libitum food conditions. Seven individuals were placed into three nests in visual and acoustical contact with each other to mimic a colony situation. Five others were raised in isolation their first 21 days after hatching and then were united with the sibling‐raised individuals in a colony‐like situation. After hatching, isolated chicks showed high frequencies of distress calls; they begged and ate less, put on less weight, and were less active than the socially‐housed chicks, and fledged an average of 6 days later. As the groups did not significantly differ in excreted corticosterone metabolites, we assume that the lack of social stimulation, rather than stress, caused the observed effects in the single‐raised chicks. After unification, individuals of both groups tended to stay apart from each other. Formerly single‐housed birds mainly interacted dyadically among themselves, whereas the sibling‐raised birds tended to have more varied contacts with colony members of different ages. The potential applications of these results to conservation and management are discussed. Zoo Biol 21:467–480, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Action of Chlorhexidine Digluconate against Yeast and Filamentous Forms in an Early-StageCandida albicansBiofilm
Authors: Suci Peter A. , Tyler Bonnie J.
Published: October 2002

An in situ method for sensitive detection of differences in the action of chlorhexidine against subpopulations of cells inCandida albicansbiofilms is described. Detection relies on monitoring the kinetics of propidium iodide (PI) penetration into the cytoplasm of individual cells during dosing with chlorhexidine. Accurate estimation of the time for delivery of the dosing concentration to the substratum was facilitated by using a flow cell system for which transport to the interfacial region was previously characterized. A model was developed to quantify rates of PI penetration based on the shape of the kinetic data curves. Yeast were seeded onto the substratum, and biofilm formation was monitored microscopically for 3 h. During this period a portion of the yeast germinated, producing filamentous forms (both hyphae and pseudohyphae). When the population was subdivided on the basis of cell morphology, rates of PI penetration into filamentous forms appeared to be substantially higher than for yeast forms. Based on the model, rates of penetration were assigned to individual cells. These data indicated that the difference in rates between the two subpopulations was statistically significant (unpairedttest,P< 0.0001). A histogram of rates and analysis of variance indicated that rates were approximately equally distributed among different filamentous forms and between apical and subapical segments of filamentous forms.
Cationic Hydrophobic Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Stark Margareta , Liu Li-Ping , Deber Charles M.
Published: October 2002

The MICs of cationic, hydrophobic peptides of the prototypic sequence KKAAAXAAAAAXAAWAAXAAAKKKK-amide (where X is one of the 20 commonly occurring amino acids) are in a low micromolar range for a panel of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with no or low hemolytic activity against human and rabbit erythrocytes. The peptides are active only when the average segmental hydrophobicity of the 19-residue core is above an experimentally determined threshold value (where X is Phe, Trp, Leu, Ile, Met, Val, Cys, or Ala). Antimicrobial activity could be increased by using peptides that were truncated from the prototype length to 11 core residues, with X being Phe and with 6 Lys residues grouped at the N terminus. We propose a mechanism for the interaction between these peptides and bacterial membranes similar to the “carpet model,” wherein the Lys residues interact with the anionic phospholipid head groups in the bacterial membrane surface and the hydrophobic core portion of the peptide is then able to interact with the lipid bilayer, causing disruption of the bacterial membrane.
Tripeptide Interference with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Morphogenesis
Authors: Höglund Stefan , Su Jin , Reneby Sara Sandin , Végvári Ákos , Hjertén Stellan , Sintorn Ida-Maria , Foster Hillary , Wu Yi-Pyng , Nyström Ingela , Vahlne Anders
Published: October 2002

Capsid assembly during virus replication is a potential target for antiviral therapy. The Gag polyprotein is the main structural component of retroviral particles, and in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), it contains the sequences for the matrix, capsid, nucleocapsid, and several small polypeptides. Here, we report that at a concentration of 100 μM, 7 of 83 tripeptide amides from the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 suppressed HIV-1 replication (>80%). The three most potent tripeptides, glycyl-prolyl-glycine-amide (GPG-NH2), alanyl-leucyl-glycine-amide (ALG-NH2), and arginyl-glutaminyl-glycine-amide (RQG-NH2), were found to interact with p24. With electron microscopy, disarranged core structures of HIV-1 progeny were extensively observed when the cells were treated with GPG-NH2and ALG-NH2. Furthermore, nodular structures of approximately the same size as the broad end of HIV-1 conical capsids were observed at the plasma membranes of treated cells only, possibly indicating an arrest of the budding process. Corresponding tripeptides with nonamidated carboxyl termini were not biologically active and did not interact with p24.
Class 1 Integron-Associated Tobramycin-Gentamicin Resistance in
Campylobacter jejuni
Isolated from the Broiler Chicken House Environment
Authors: Lee Margie D. , Sanchez Susan , Zimmer Martha , Idris Umelaalim , Berrang Mark E. , McDermott Patrick F.
Published: October 2002

Using PCR, we screened 105 isolates of poultry-associated
Campylobacter jejuni
for the presence of class 1 integrons. Of those isolates, 21% (22 of 105) possessed the integrase gene, but only 5 isolates produced an amplicon in a 5′-3′ conserved sequence PCR directed toward amplification of the resistance cassettes. DNA sequencing demonstrated that all five isolates possessed the aminoglycoside resistance gene,
aacA4
.
Predatorprey relationship between the nemerteanCerebratulus lacteusand the soft-shell clam,Mya arenaria: surface-exploration activity and qualitative observations on feeding behaviour
Authors: Bourque Daniel , Miron Gilles , Landry Thomas
Published: October 2002

The presence of predators at soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) culture sites is of great concern in Atlantic Canada. Laboratory studies were undertaken (i) to monitor the surface-exploration activity of the nemertean Cerebratulus lacteus to obtain a general indication of its activities throughout a 24-h period, and (ii) to describe its behaviour while feeding on M. arenaria to obtain a better understanding of the predation mechanisms involved. The first experiment showed that surface exploration varied significantly according to the presence or absence of prey. When clams were present, C. lacteus left its burrow at all times. In their absence, no predators were observed exploring the sediment surface between 21:00 and 03:00. Predator density also had an impact on surface-exploration activity. The second experiment showed that initial encounters between C. lacteus and its prey did not necessarily trigger proboscis eversion. Attacks with the proboscis, before consumption of the prey started, were concentrated in the siphon and foot areas. Cerebratulus lacteus introduced itself into the mantle cavity of M. arenaria through the same siphon and foot areas to feed. Our observations also revealed that C. lacteus may feed in a group on a single prey individual. The observations from this study provide preliminary and fundamental information for use in investigating adequate predator-control measures that may be useful for aquaculture.
Vigilance and predation risk in Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni)
Authors: Verdolin J L , Slobodchikoff C N
Published: October 2002

Group living in animals is believed to confer advantages related to a decrease in predation risk and an energetic trade-off between vigilance and foraging efficiency. Eight Gunnison's prairie dog, Cynomys gunnisoni, colonies in Flagstaff, Arizona (elevation 2300 m), were studied from April to August 2000 to examine the adaptive significance of colonial living in the context of predation risk and antipredator behavioral strategies. Each colony was sampled once every 10 days for a period of 3 h. Upright and quadrepedal vigilance was recorded using scan samples. All predation events were recorded. Results suggest that vigilant behavior in Gunnison's prairie dogs is an antipredator strategy because the animals oriented more frequently towards the periphery of the colony while vigilant. Gunnison's prairie dogs engaged in posting, an upright bipedal posture, more frequently than scanning, a quadrepedal posture. Furthermore, there was no relationship between either form of vigilance and population size. The proportion of animals vigilant decreased significantly only on the two smallest colonies as colony size increased. On larger colonies there was no relationship between the proportion of animals vigilant and colony size. The lack of change in the proportion of animals vigilant in larger populations may be a function of perceived risk rather than actual individual risk.
Adaptive aspects of intraclutch egg-size variation in the High Arctic barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)
Authors: Hübner Christiaane E , Tombre Ingunn M , Erikstad Kjell E
Published: October 2002

The pattern of intraclutch egg-size variation in barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) clutches and its adaptive implications was studied in Svalbard, Norway, from 1989 to 1998. Egg size was measured in relation to laying sequence, egg predation and hatching order were recorded to determine hatching success of eggs in different laying sequences, and the time when incubation started was examined. Egg size showed a rather consistent pattern, with a large second-laid egg and declining egg size for the remainder of the clutch. The first-laid egg was usually smaller than the second one, except in clutches with two and three eggs. Predation was highest for the first-laid egg, and last-laid eggs hatched last in most cases, although only one last-laid egg was abandoned. Four of six females started incubation before clutch completion. Both the "nutrient-allocation hypothesis" as well as the "early incubation start hypothesis" may contribute to explaining the expressed pattern of intraclutch egg-size variation. The fitness gains due to allocating fewer nutrients to eggs in unfavourable positions in the laying sequence may explain the small size of the first egg, whereas the multiple benefits of an early incubation start may have led to the decline in egg size later in the laying sequence as a mechanism to counteract hatching asynchrony.
Social structure and residency in aggregations of male sperm whales
Authors: Lettevall Erland , Richter Christoph , Jaquet Nathalie , Slooten Elizabeth , Dawson Steve , Whitehead Hal , Christal Jenny , Howard Penelope McCall
Published: October 2002

Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) are sexually dimorphic in several respects, including size, latitudinal distribution, and social structure. Females are known to have complex social structures, including long-term bonds, but the social structures of sexually mature or maturing males have received much less attention. Using data from aggregations of males off Norway, Nova Scotia, New Zealand, and the Galápagos Islands, we examined aggregation size, residence times within aggregations, clustering at the surface, and long-term bonds. Results were generally consistent among study areas. The aggregations found in each area contained around 1030 males at any time, and were usually a few tens of kilometres across. Mean residence times within aggregations ranged from a few days to a few weeks. Close clustering at the surface was rare, but present at each site. There was no evidence for preferred companionship between individuals at any temporal scale in any of the study areas. The rarity of clustering and the apparent lack of long-term relationships amongst male sperm whales contrast strongly with results of studies on females, suggesting that both close spatial proximity at the surface and permanent bonds between individuals may be a consequence of the need for care of the young.
Constraints on active-consumption rates in gray wolves, coyotes, and grizzly bears
Authors: Wilmers Christopher C , Stahler Daniel R
Published: October 2002

Predators' feeding strategies lie on a continuum between energy maximizers, who maximize the energy obtained from a patch of food, and time minimizers, who minimize the time required to get a fixed ration of food from a patch. Carnivores that feed on large prey should adopt a time-minimizing strategy by maximizing their active-consumption rate (ACR) if they evolved under conditions of high competition from group members, and conversely adopt an energy-maximizing strategy if they evolved under conditions of low competition from group members and were thus able to monopolize their prey. By provisioning animals with large pieces of ungulate carcasses, we measured ACR for captive gray wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). In accordance with a conspecific-competition hypothesis, ACR increased with sociality. Other factors influencing ACR included subject body mass and food type, ACR being significantly faster on muscle and organs than on bone and hide. Measuring ACR is crucial to empirical and theoretical studies assessing foraging decisions and may be used as an indicator of an animal's competitive environment.
m‐Parallelisms
Authors: Johnson Norman L. , Pomareda Rolando
Published: October 2002

Generalizations of the Johnson parallelisms are given using an
index m subgroup of a Pappian central collineation group. The
parallelisms, called m‐parallelisms, are constructed
and the isomorphisms classes are discussed.
A note on a class of Banach algebra‐valued polynomials
Authors: Takahasi Sin-Ei , Hatori Osamu , Watanabe Keiichi , Miura Takeshi
Published: October 2002

Let F be a Banach algebra. We give a necessary and sufficient
condition for F to be finite dimensional, in terms of finite
type n‐homogeneous F‐valued polynomials.