bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global evidence of positive impacts of freshwater biodiversity on fishery yields
Authors: Brooks Emma Grace Elizabeth , Holland Robert Alan , Darwall William Robert Thomas , Eigenbrod Felix
Published: February 2016

Aim

An often‐invoked benefit of high biodiversity is the provision of ecosystem services. However, evidence for this is largely based on data from small‐scale experimental studies of relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem function that may have little relevance to real‐world systems. Here, large‐scale biodiversity datasets are used to test the relationship between the yield of inland capture fisheries and species richness from 100 countries.

Location

Inland waters of Africa, Europe and parts of Asia.

Methods

A multimodel inference approach was used to assess inland fishery yields at the country level against species richness, waterside human population, area, elevation and various climatic variables, to determine the relative importance of species richness to fisheries yields compared with other major large‐scale drivers. Secondly, the mean decadal variation in fishery yields at the country level for 1981–2010 was regressed against species richness to assess if greater diversity reduces the variability in yields over time.

Results

Despite a widespread reliance on targeting just a few species of fish, freshwater fish species richness is highly correlated with yield (R2 = 0.55) and remains an important and statistically significant predictor of yield once other macroecological drivers are controlled for. Freshwater richness also has a significant negative relationship with variability of yield over time in Africa (R2 = 0.16) but no effect in Europe.

Main conclusions

The management of inland waters should incorporate the protection of freshwater biodiversity, particularly in countries with the highest‐yielding inland fisheries as these also tend to have high freshwater biodiversity. As these results suggest a link between biodiversity and stable, high‐yielding fisheries, an important win–win outcome may be possible for food security and conservation of freshwater ecosystems. However, findings also highlight the urgent need for more data to fully understand and monitor the contribution of biodiversity to inland fisheries globally.
Do abundance distributions and species aggregation correctly predict macroecological biodiversity patterns in tropical forests?
Authors: May Felix , Wiegand Thorsten , Lehmann Sebastian , Huth Andreas
Published: February 2016

Aim

It has been recently suggested that different ‘unified theories of biodiversity and biogeography’ can be characterized by three common ‘minimal sufficient rules’: (1) species abundance distributions follow a hollow curve, (2) species show intraspecific aggregation, and (3) species are independently placed with respect to other species. Here, we translate these qualitative rules into a quantitative framework and assess if these minimal rules are indeed sufficient to predict multiple macroecological biodiversity patterns simultaneously.

Location

Tropical forest plots in Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, and in Sinharaja, Sri Lanka.

Methods

We assess the predictive power of the three rules using dynamic and spatial simulation models in combination with census data from the two forest plots. We use two different versions of the model: (1) a neutral model and (2) an extended model that allowed for species differences in dispersal distances. In a first step we derive model parameterizations that correctly represent the three minimal rules (i.e. the model quantitatively matches the observed species abundance distribution and the distribution of intraspecific aggregation). In a second step we applied the parameterized models to predict four additional spatial biodiversity patterns.

Results

Species‐specific dispersal was needed to quantitatively fulfil the three minimal rules. The model with species‐specific dispersal correctly predicted the species–area relationship, but failed to predict the distance decay, the relationship between species abundances and aggregations, and the distribution of a spatial co‐occurrence index of all abundant species pairs. These results were consistent over the two forest plots.

Main conclusions

The three ‘minimal sufficient’ rules only provide an incomplete approximation of the stochastic spatial geometry of biodiversity in tropical forests. The assumption of independent interspecific placements is most likely violated in many forests due to shared or distinct habitat preferences. Furthermore, our results highlight missing knowledge about the relationship between species abundances and their aggregation.
Prevalence and Features of a Probable Diagnosis in First‐Visit Headache Patients Based on the Criteria of the Third Beta Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders: A Prospective, Cross‐Sectional Multicenter Study
Authors: Kim Soo‐Kyoung , Moon Heui‐Soo , Cha Myong‐Jin , Kim Byung‐Su , Kim Byung‐Kun , Park Jeong‐Wook , Park Kwang‐Yeol , Sohn Jong‐Hee , Chu Min‐Kyung , Song Tae‐Jin , Kim Jae‐Moon , Cho Soo‐Jin
Published: February 2016

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the characteristics and significance of a probable diagnostic entity for primary headache disorder (PHD).

Background

A diagnosis of probable primary headache disorder (PPHD) is given when a patient's headache fulfills all but one criteria of the third beta edition of the international classification of headache disorder (ICHD‐3β). Despite the uncertainty regarding this diagnosis, the inclusion of a probable diagnosis entity in this manual may aid in the accurate classification of headache disorders and allow effective treatment strategies to be started at the patient's initial visit.

Methods

This cross‐sectional multicenter registry study assessed first‐visit patients with complaints of headaches who presented at the outpatient clinics of 11 neurologists in Korea. The classification of a headache disorder was made according to the criteria of the ICHD‐3β by each investigator based on the initial evaluation of the patient or by a consensus meeting for uncertain cases. The rates of a probable diagnosis among PPHD patients were assessed and the clinical characteristics of these patients were compared with those of patients with a diagnosis of definite primary headache disorder (DPHD).

Results

A total of 1429 patients were diagnosed with PHD, and 305 (21.3%) of these patients had PPHD. The proportions of PPHD differed among the subtypes of DPHD as follows: migraines (16.1%), tension‐type headaches (TTH; 33%), trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC; 40.9%), and other PHD (14%, P < .001). Patients with PPHD had less severe headache intensity than patients with DPHD (5.8 ± 2.2 vs 6.5 ± 2.1, respectively, P < .001) as well as a shorter duration of headache from onset (median: 1 vs 4 months, respectively, P < .001). The most common criteria missing for a definite diagnosis in the PPHD patients were total frequency (52.1%), duration of attack (14.4%), and accompanying symptoms (13.1%).

Conclusions

A probable diagnosis was given to 21.3% of the first‐visit PHD patients due to incomplete or atypical presentations of the headaches. The incorporation of a probable diagnosis into the ICHD‐3β may be useful for reducing the diagnoses of unspecified headaches.
Can Academic Freedom be Justified? Reflections on the Arguments of Robert Post and Stanley Fish
Authors: Hammersley Martyn
Published: February 2016

It is widely recognised that academic freedom is currently under threat. But there is also considerable dispute about the meaning of the term. In this paper I examine two recent and important accounts of the nature of academic freedom that seek to distinguish it clearly from free speech. Such a distinction is, in my view, essential. The aim of the paper is to clarify and resolve differences between these two accounts, and thereby to develop further the conceptualisation of academic freedom.
ON THE ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF BLACK HISTORY MONTH FOR LIFE: THE CREATION OF THE POST‐RACIAL ERA
Authors: VAN DE MIEROOP KENAN
Published: February 2016

This article takes the Nietzschean dictum that history must “serve life” as a point of departure for an analysis of the American institution of Black History Month. Many continue to place great faith in the power of historical education to solve problems of race in America. Against this common‐sense view, this article argues that the excessive historicization of the problem of racism is at least as oppressive as forgetting. The black history propagated during this month has mostly been a celebration that it is history and thus a thing of the past. The article makes the claim that it is precisely a surfeit of black history that has encouraged the view that racism is vanishing in the river of time. The constant demand to view American racism through a historical frame has led to the perception that racism is a problem that must be historically transcended rather than solved. In other words, it is through the widespread dissemination of black history during Black History Month and elsewhere that the historical category of the post‐racial era has been constituted. The postracial era is not, as is so often claimed, a denial of historical context. On the contrary, it is an assertion that the horrors of racist discrimination were once real but are now over and done with.
PEIRCE AND FOUCAULT ON TIME AND HISTORY: THE TASKS OF (DIS)CONTINUITY
Authors: CARDOSO HÉLIO REBELLO
Published: February 2016

Some have recognized an affinity between Pragmatist thought and that of Foucault, though this affinity is typically cashed out in terms of William James and John Dewey and not Charles Sanders Peirce. This article argues that bringing Foucault and Peirce into collaboration not only shows the relevance of Peirce for Foucault, and vice versa, but also enriches the thought of both thinkers—indeed, it also reveals important implications for the theory of history more generally. Specifically, the article crosses the Peircean concept of habit and the Foucauldian concept of practice (as it operates in the arenas of discourse, power, and self), ultimately decoding them in terms of an account of time that derives from Peirce and that gives a fundamental role to discontinuity. In this way the article shows how Peirce can provide Foucault with an account of time that buttresses and grounds his genealogical approach to history, while at the same time revealing how Foucault can provide Peirce with an account of history. The synergy between the two thinkers offers a way to think about the nature of history that goes beyond what each thinker individually provided.
THE RULES OF THE GAME IN THE STUDY OF ANCIENT HISTORY
Authors: MOMIGLIANO ARNALDO , YU KENNETH W.
Published: February 2016

“The Rules of the Game,” expounded in ten remarkably bold theses, can easily be read as a synthetic retrospective or introduction to the formidable oeuvre of Arnaldo Momigliano. Indeed, this piece served as the opening chapter to his Introduzione bibliografica alla storia greca fino a Socrate (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1975), and its subsequent reprints as an independent essay in several Italian journals and anthologies signal its importance for Momigliano. In this provocative and occasionally brilliantly witty essay, Momigliano sets forth his programmatic views on the ethos of the historian, as well as on the historical method and its applications in the study of ancient history. Here, as elsewhere, Momigliano is interested in detailing the link between ancient documents and their historical interpretations in later millennia. Ancient sources, he cautions, do not capture ancient realities transparently or completely, but are mediated documents whose historical value hinges, within certain limits, on the historian's analytical questions, inflected as they inevitably are by different ideological commitments. For this reason, he places special emphasis on the comparative method, stressing difference rather than similarity, and advises that historians with various areas of expertise collaborate, a point underscored throughout the essay. What is more, the essay contains the salutary reminder that the historian ought to attend not only to the surviving documents but also to the conspicuous silences and lacunae in the evidence.
THINKING HISTORICALLY ABOUT THINKING HISTORICALLY: IS HISTORICAL THEORY A HISTORICAL OR A METAHISTORICAL PRACTICE?
Authors: Toews John E.
Published: February 2016

This intimidating and massive collection of twenty‐nine extended, diverse essays by distinguished scholars, organized around the general theme of the current state and future direction of historical theory, raises some fundamental questions about historical theory as practiced over the past half century as well as about the distinctive nature of historical theory within the broader context of the production of historical knowledge. The editors of the volume suggest that the postmodern linguistic turn in historical theory, especially as articulated by Hayden White and Michel Foucault, marked a decisive, epochal turning‐point in human historical self‐consciousness, the attainment of a mature stage of autonomous metahistorical reflection on the essential nature of what it means to be historical, on historicity per se. What came before is imagined as a series of preliminary stages, what came after as a working out of implications and consequences. I suggest that a close reading of the implicit and explicit arguments of the individual essays reveals a rather different kind of historical moment, one in which postmodern historical theory has increasingly been demystified of its alleged metahistorical status, and has emerged as a situated object of historical reflection and thus has itself become increasingly defined as historical, recognized in its particularity as a temporally and culturally framed form of historical knowledge.
DEPROVINCIALIZING THE STUDY OF EUROPEAN IDEAS: A CRITIQUE
Authors: Specter Matthew
Published: February 2016

Though the fourteen contributors to this volume bring varied perspectives on method, most striking is their common engagement with contextualist approaches. While some of the essays advocate a temporally and spatially extended, renewed history of ideas with debts to Arthur Lovejoy, and are critical of excessive contextualization, several either defend contextualism, or the culture concept, or offer a more robust materialist foundation for the history of thought and culture. This review focuses on the logic and metaphors used to criticize contextual methods and highlights problems with both the new history of ideas and the new materialist gestures.
Foreign Language Skills and Willingness to Move: The Case of a Spanish Region
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gutiérrez César , Canal‐Domínguez Juan Francisco
Published: February 2016

This research is aimed at assessing the effect of foreign language skills on the geographical area selected by the Spanish unemployed when looking for a job. A Zero‐Inflated Ordered Probit (ZIOP) model has been estimated to analyse the impact of foreign language skills on the geographical scope of the search. The outcomes show that the job search area is broader in case of men, young unemployed, more educated people, and those who never received unemployment benefits. Likewise, foreign language skills (in English, German and French) are highlighted as one of the most influencing factors when widening the job search area.
The Short Term Effects of Immigrant Students on the Educational Achievements of Native‐Born Students
Authors: Chachashvili‐Bolotin Svetlana , Lissitsa Sabina , Shavit Yossi , Ayalon Hanna
Published: February 2016

Since 1989 nearly one million immigrants from the FSU have arrived in Israel. Although well‐educated on average, most of these immigrants lacked economic means. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether the presence of immigrants in schools affected the educational achievements of their Israeli‐born peers. We analyzed data pertaining to 8,288 Israeli tenth graders who attended 208 schools in 1994. Respondents' records were obtained from the Ministry of Education and the Bureau of the Census. Using hierarchical models we examined the effects of the proportion of immigrant students in a school and of their parents' education on the probability that Israeli‐born students in the school would earn matriculation certificates. Results did not yield evidence of any negative spillover effects on the educational achievements of the native students. Moreover, the presence of many immigrant students with high educational backgrounds increased the likelihood of Israeli‐born students earning matriculation certificates.
Effect of Salinity on Growth Parameters, Soil Water Potential and Ion Composition in Cucumis melo cv. Huanghemi in North‐Western China
Authors: Tedeschi A. , Zong L. , Huang C. H. , Vitale L. , Volpe M. G. , Xue X.
Published: February 2016

A field trial conducted on the melon cultivar Huanghemi irrigated with saline water was carried out in Minqin County in the 2‐year period, 2007 and 2008. In three irrigation treatments, different saline water concentrations were applied, that is 0.8 g l−1 (Control C), 2 g l−1 (Treatment S1) and 5 g l−1 (Treatment S2), reproducing the natural groundwater concentration in the county. The electrical conductivity of the saline water was as follows: 1.00, 2.66 and 7.03 dS m−1, respectively. The aims of the study were (i) to monitor water consumption and water potential, (ii) assess, during the whole crop cycle, some growth parameters and their relations for estimating the morpho‐functional plant response irrigated with saline water and (iii) determine the ion concentration in different plant tissues to evaluate which mechanism the plant activates in the presence of high salt concentrations.

Under salinity stress, the plants sustained the concentration of Ca, Mg and K, but at a level not sufficient to limit the Na adsorption. Therefore, the melon yield decreased and it was determined by a displacement of the ratio K/Na and by a lower (total potential MPa). Consequently with increasing salinity, a significant reduction was observed in: water consumption (ETc, mm), leaf area duration (LAD, m2 d), on shoot dry weight aboveground (W, g plant−1), on specific leaf area (SLA, cm2 g−1) and on leaf area ratio (LAR, cm2 g−1). In treatment S2, in addition to these changes which mainly affected the plant morphology with effects on the biomass produced, a moderate reduction was also observed in net assimilation rate (NAR, g m−2 d−1), water use efficiency (WUE), a significant reduction in the energy conversion efficiency (ECE, %) and, in short, in a reduction in the relative growth rate (RGR, g g−1 d−1).
Development of Saturable Absorbers for Laser Passive Q‐Switching near 1.5 μm Based on Transparent Ceramic Co2+:MgAl2O4
Authors: Goldstein Adrian , Loiko Pavel , Burshtein Zeev , Skoptsov Nikolai , Glazunov Ilya , Galun Ehud , Kuleshov Nikolai , Yumashev Konstantin
Published: February 2016

We describe the development of a reasonable cost Co2+:MgAl2O4 transparent ceramic plates fabrication technology that allows the producing of parts functioning as passive laser Q‐switches in the 1.3–1.7 μm domain. The main relevant material characteristics were measured. The absorption band, positioned between 1.2 and 1.7 μm, is typical of the 4A2 (4F) → 4T1 (4F) transition of Co2+ substituting Mg2+ ions in their Td symmetry sites. The measured ground‐state absorption cross section σgs = 2.9 × 10−19 cm2, saturation contrast γ = 0.12, and depleted ground‐state recovery time τ2 = 110–430 ns render such parts suitable for the intended application. The radiative lifetime was estimated as . The spin‐orbit splitting constant was estimated as ξSL≅−150 cm−1 for the 4F parent ground state, and ξSL ≅ –575 cm−1 for the 4P parent excited state. Obtained specimens had a transmission of ~80% (t = 2 mm, λ = 600 nm) and included some opaque, white spots. Further improvement of host optical transmission and resistance to laser damage are necessary.
Palladium Migration Through a Zirconium Carbide Coating in TRISO‐Coated Fuel Particles
Authors: Geng Xin , Yang Fan , Liu Han , Lu Xiaoxiao , Xiao Ping
Published: February 2016

Reaction of ZrC with Pd at temperatures up to 1500°C was examined using ZrC/Pd composite, Pd/ZrC‐coated TRISO particles, and Pd/ZrC bulk diffusion couples experiments. Intermetallic phase (Pd3Zr) and amorphous carbon at the ZrC–Pd interfaces were identified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, thicknesses of Pd3Zr layers were measured by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS). The validity of the reaction was proved by thermodynamic calculation. The reaction kinetics parameters, i.e., the activation energy (208.2–266.5 kJ/mol) and the reaction order (3.38–3.78) for Pd attacking through a ZrC coating in TRISO particles were determined based on both the DSC curves and the growth of the Pd3Zr layer.
Effect of Fe‐Contained Species on the Preparation of α‐Si3N4 Fibers in Combustion Synthesis
Authors: Ge Yiyao , Sun Siyuan , Wang Qi , Cui Wei , Zou Yifeng , Xie Zhipeng , Chen Kexin
Published: February 2016

Herein, Si3N4 powders of comparatively high α‐phase but with distinct morphologies, especially α‐Si3N4 fibers, were successfully prepared by a developed combustion synthesis (CS) strategy. Different proportions of Fe and Fe2O3 were innovatively doped in reactants as additives to control the phase constitution and their relative percentage, as well as morphologies of final microstructures. One step further, the effects of Fe‐contained impurities on the CS process were rationally proposed and verified based on a series of meticulous designed experiments. It turns out that two contradictory effects of metal Fe on the formation of α‐Si3N4 synergistically play vital roles in the CS reaction. The existence of metal Fe can accelerate the crystallization of the amorphous SiO2, which act as protection layer outside the Si powders and subsequently promote the generation of gaseous SiO. These gaseous SiO easily reacts with N2 and eventually form α‐Si3N4. On the other hand, the formation of β‐Si3N4 will be promoted by the assistance of some liquid phases, and in this case, they mainly come from the reaction between Fe and Si. For this study, when the content of doped Fe is below 2 mol%, the prior effect on promoting α‐phase content is pronounced. Otherwise, the latter dominates the CS process as the content of Fe additive is further increased above 2 mol%. In a different way, Fe2O3 mainly encourages the formation of β phase through the large amount of newly generated liquid phases, although the reduced SiO2 and Fe may still promote the α/β ratio on some extent.
Investigating the concept of rest for research and practice
Authors: Bernhofer Esther I.
Published: February 2016

Aims

To report an analysis of the concept of rest; to determine the conceptual maturity (consistent use and meaning) of rest in the current scientific literature and to present a theoretical definition of rest, providing a strong basis for research and practice.

Background

Rest is a physical, mental and spiritual human need, common to all humanity, and is frequently prescribed around the world as a treatment for many maladies. Yet the concept of rest remains subjective, is vaguely defined and is often confused with sleep, limiting its utility for research and practice. Without a clear definition and understanding of rest and its parameters, its restorative benefits may not be realized and the advice to rest, based on little evidence, has limited usefulness and unknown risks.

Design

Concept analysis.

Data sources

The scientific, peer‐reviewed literature of five healthcare disciplines whose practitioners recommend rest for their patients were queried: nursing, medicine, physical therapy, psychology and occupational therapy. Twenty‐seven articles published between 1970–2015 were included.

Methods

The Morse criterion‐based method of concept investigation was used.

Results

The epistemological, pragmatic, linguistic and logical descriptions of rest found in the literature revealed that the concept of rest remains immature, poorly defined, rarely operationalized and inconsistently used. Nevertheless, a cross‐contextual definition of rest based on antecedents, attributes, boundaries and outcomes is emerging.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, a rudimentary understanding of rest emerged. Further research is necessary to develop an operational, evidence‐based, definition of rest so it can be effectively studied and prescribed.
Estimating the abundance of burrow‐nesting species through the statistical analysis of combined playback and visual surveys
Authors: Bonnet‐Lebrun Anne‐Sophie , Calabrese Licia , Rocamora Gerard , López‐Sepulcre Andrés
Published: February 2016

The conservation of elusive species relies on our ability to obtain unbiased estimates of their abundance trends. Many species live or breed in cavities, making it easy to define the search units (the cavity) yet hard to ascertain their occupancy. One such example is that of certain colonial seabirds like petrels and shearwaters, which occupy burrows to breed. In order to increase the chances of detection for these types of species, their sampling can be done using two independent methods to check for cavity occupancy: visual inspection, and acoustic response to a playback call.

This double‐detection process allows us to estimate the probability of burrow occupancy by accounting for the probability of detection associated with each method. Here we provide a statistical framework to estimate the occupancy and population size of burrow‐dwelling species. We show how to implement the method using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches, and test its precision and bias using simulated datasets. We subsequently illustrate how to extend the method to situations where two different species may occupy the burrows, and apply it to a dataset on wedge‐tailed shearwatersPuffinus pacificusand tropical shearwatersP. baillonion Aride Island, Seychelles.

The simulations showed that the single‐species model performed well in terms of error and bias except when detection probabilities and occupancies were very low. The two‐species model applied to shearwaters showed that detection probabilities were highly heterogeneous. The population sizes of wedge‐tailed and tropical shearwaters were estimated at 13 716 (95% CI: 12 909–15 874) and 25 550 (23 667–28 777) pairs respectively.

The advantages of formulating the call‐playback sampling method statistically is that it provides a framework to calculate uncertainty in the estimates and model assumptions. This method is applicable to a variety of cavity‐dwelling species where two methods can be used to detect cavity occupancy.
Plasticity in moult speed and timing in an arctic‐nesting goose species
Authors: Marmillot Vincent , Gauthier Gilles , Cadieux Marie‐Christine , Legagneux Pierre
Published: February 2016

Environmental constraints are strong in migratory species that breed in the Arctic. In addition to breeding, Anatidae have to renew all their flight feathers during the short arctic summer. We examine how temporal constraints and climate affect the phenology of flight feather moult in the greater snow gooseChen caerulescens atlantica, a High Arctic nesting species. We used a database of 1412 moulting adult females measured over 15 yr on Bylot Island, Nunavut. Ninth (9th) primary length was used to determine the moult stage and speed of feather growth. We found a positive relationship between median annual hatching and moult initiation dates and the slope did not differ from 1. The interval between hatching and moult initiation was thus rather fixed and geese did not initiate moult earlier when reproductive phenology was delayed. Nonetheless, there was no relationship between median hatching date and the date at which birds regained flight capacity, suggesting that date of end of moult is independent of the reproductive phenology. There was a trend for an increase in the speed of flight feather growth in years with delayed hatching date. This is the most likely mechanism that could explain moult phenology adjustment in this species. Finally, we found a positive relationship between 9th primary length (corrected for inter‐annual variations) and body condition, suggesting a delay in moulting for individuals in poor condition. These results suggest that moult plasticity is primarily governed by variations in feather growth speed. This phenotypic plasticity could be necessary to complete flight feather renewal before the end of the arctic summer, independently of reproductive phenology and spring environmental conditions. Our novel results suggest possible phenological adjustments through moult speed, which was considered constant in geese until now.
Accounting for genetic architecture in single‐ and multipopulation genomic prediction using weights from genomewide association studies in pigs
Authors: Veroneze R. , Lopes P.S. , Lopes M.S. , Hidalgo A.M. , Guimarães S.E.F. , Harlizius B. , Knol E.F. , van Arendonk J.A.M. , Silva F.F. , Bastiaansen J.W.M.
Published: February 2016

We studied the effect of including GWAS results on the accuracy of single‐ and multipopulation genomic predictions. Phenotypes (backfat thickness) and genotypes of animals from two sire lines (SL1, n = 1146 and SL3, n = 1264) were used in the analyses. First, GWAS were conducted for each line and for a combined data set (both lines together) to estimate the genetic variance explained by each SNP. These estimates were used to build matrices of weights (D), which was incorporated into a GBLUP method. Single population evaluated with traditional GBLUP had accuracies of 0.30 for SL1 and 0.31 for SL3. When weights were employed in GBLUP, the accuracies for both lines increased (0.32 for SL1 and 0.34 for SL3). When a multipopulation reference set was used in GBLUP, the accuracies were higher (0.36 for SL1 and 0.32 for SL3) than in single‐population prediction. In addition, putting together the multipopulation reference set and the weights from the combined GWAS provided even higher accuracies (0.37 for SL1, and 0.34 for SL3). The use of multipopulation predictions and weights estimated from a combined GWAS increased the accuracy of genomic predictions.
Phylogeography of Indo‐Pacific reef fishes: sister wrasses Coris gaimard and C. cuvieri in the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean
Authors: Ahti Pauliina A. , Coleman Richard R. , DiBattista Joseph D. , Berumen Michael L. , Rocha Luiz A. , Bowen Brian W.
Published: February 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to resolve the evolutionary history, biogeographical barriers and population histories for sister species of wrasses, the African Coris (Coris cuvieri) in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, and the Yellowtail Coris (Coris gaimard) in the Pacific Ocean. Glacial sea level fluctuations during the Pleistocene have shaped the evolutionary trajectories of Indo‐Pacific marine fauna, primarily by creating barriers between the Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Here, we evaluate the influence of these episodic glacial barriers on sister species C. cuvieri and C. gaimard.

Location

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

Methods

Sequences from mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI), and nuclear introns gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and ribosomal S7 protein were analysed in 426 individuals from across the range of both species. Median‐joining networks, analysis of molecular variance and Bayesian estimates of the time since most recent common ancestor were used to resolve recent population history and connectivity.

Results

Cytochrome oxidase c subunit I haplotypes showed a divergence of 0.97% between species, and nuclear alleles were shared between species. No population structure was detected between the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. The strongest signal of population structure was in C. gaimard between the Hawaiian biogeographical province and other Pacific locations (COI ϕST = 0.040–0.173, P < 0.006; S7 ϕST = 0.046, P < 0.001; GnRH ϕST = 0.022, P < 0.005). Time to most recent common ancestor is c. 2.12 Ma for C. cuvieri and 1.76 Ma for C. gaimard.

Main conclusions

We demonstrate an Indian‐Pacific divergence of < 2 Myr and high contemporary gene flow between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, mediated in part by the long pelagic larval stage. The discovery of hybrids at Christmas Island indicates that Indian and Pacific lineages have come into secondary contact after allopatric isolation. Subspecies status may be appropriate for these two wrasses.
Lipid peroxidation and apoptotic response in rat brain areas induced by long‐term administration of nandrolone: the mutual crosstalk between ROS and NF‐kB
Authors: Turillazzi Emanuela , Neri Margherita , Cerretani Daniela , Cantatore Santina , Frati Paola , Moltoni Laura , Busardò Francesco Paolo , Pomara Cristoforo , Riezzo Irene , Fineschi Vittorio
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the played by oxidative stress in the apoptotic response in different brain areas of rats chronically treated with supra‐physiological doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND). Immunohistochemical study and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate cells' apoptosis and to measure the effects of expression of specific mediators, such as NF‐κB (nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells), Bcl‐2 (B‐cell lymphoma 2), SMAC/DIABLO (second mitochondria‐derived activator of caspases/direct IAP‐binding protein with low PI) and VMAT2 (vesicular monoamine transporter 2) on apoptosis. The results of the present study indicate that a long‐term administration of ND promotes oxidative injury in rat brain specific areas. A link between oxidative stress and NF‐κB signalling pathways is supported by our results. In addition to high levels of oxidative stress, we consistently observed a strong immunopositivity to NF‐κB. It has been argued that one of the pathways leading to the activation of NF‐κB could be under reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated control. In fact, growing evidence suggests that although in limited doses, endogenous ROS may play an activating role in NF‐κB signalling, while above a certain threshold, they may negatively impact upon this signalling. However, a mutual crosstalk between ROS and NF‐κB exists and recent studies have shown that ROS activity is subject to negative feedback regulation by NF‐κB, and that this negative regulation of ROS is the means through which NF‐κB counters programmed cells.
Polymorphisms in the AKT1 and AKT2 genes and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in an Eastern Chinese population
Authors: Zhu Jinhong , Wang Mengyun , He Jing , Zhu Meiling , Wang Jiu‐Cun , Jin Li , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Yang Ya‐Jun , Xiang Jia‐Qing , Wei Qingyi
Published: February 2016

Ethnic Han Chinese are at high risk of developing oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Aberrant activation of the AKT signalling pathway is involved in many cancers, including ESCC. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in this pathway may contribute to ESCC susceptibility. We selected five potentially functional SNPs in AKT1 (rs2494750, rs2494752 and rs10138277) and AKT2 (rs7254617 and rs2304186) genes and investigated their associations with ESCC risk in 1117 ESCC cases and 1096 controls in an Eastern Chinese population. None of individual SNPs exhibited an association with ESCC risk. However, the combined analysis of three AKT1 SNPs suggested that individuals carrying one of AKT1 variant genotypes had a decreased ESCC risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.42–0.87]. Further stratified analysis found that AKT1 rs2294750 SNP was associated with significantly decreased ESCC risk among women (adjusted OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.43–0.94) and non‐drinkers (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.64–0.99). Similar protective effects on women (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.37–0.83) and non‐drinker (adjusted OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.60–0.94) were also observed for the combined genotypes of AKT1 SNPs. Consistently, logistic regression analysis indicated significant gene–gene interactions among three AKT1 SNPs (P < 0.015). A three‐AKT1 SNP haplotype (C‐A‐C) showed a significant association with a decreased ESCC risk (adjusted OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.94). Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis confirmed a high‐order gene–environment interaction in ESCC risk. Overall, we found that three AKT1 SNPs might confer protection against ESCC risk; nevertheless, these effects may be dependent on other risk factors. Our results provided evidence of important gene–environment interplay in ESCC carcinogenesis.
Mobilization of lymphatic endothelial precursor cells and lymphatic neovascularization in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Alunno Alessia , Ibba‐Manneschi Lidia , Bistoni Onelia , Rosa Irene , Caterbi Sara , Gerli Roberto , Manetti Mirko
Published: February 2016

Although lymphatic neovascularization may be a key feature of chronic inflammation, it is almost unexplored in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). A recent study revealed a pro‐lymphangiogenic function of interleukin (IL)‐17, a leading player in pSS pathogenesis. The aims of the study were to investigate lymphangiogenic mediators and lymphatic vasculature in pSS, as well as their possible association with IL‐17. Circulating lymphatic endothelial precursor cells (LEPCs) and Th17 cells were enumerated in pSS patients and healthy donors. VEGF‐C and IL‐17 levels were assessed in paired serum samples. Lymphatic vasculature, VEGF‐C/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)‐3 and IL‐17 were evaluated in pSS minor salivary glands (MSGs) and compared with normal and non‐specific chronic sialadenitis (NSCS) MSGs. Circulating LEPCs were expanded in pSS and correlated with circulating Th17 cells, IL‐17 and VEGF‐C. In pSS MSGs, a newly formed lymphatic capillary network was found within periductal inflammatory infiltrates and the number of interlobular lymphatic vessels was significantly increased compared with normal and NSCS MSGs. Strong VEGF‐C expression was detected in pSS ductal epithelial cells and periductal inflammatory cells. Numerous VEGFR‐3+ infiltrating mononuclear cells were exclusively observed in pSS MSGs. VEGFR‐3 expression was strongly increased in lymphatic capillaries of pSS MSGs. IL‐17+ inflammatory cells were preferentially observed around lymphatic vessels in pSS MSGs. This study supports the notion that lymphvasculogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are active in pSS, thereby unmasking a novel aspect of disease pathogenesis. In addition, our results suggest another possible pathogenic role of IL‐17 in pSS, further supporting its therapeutic targeting in this disease.
Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect
Authors: Teicher Martin H. , Samson Jacqueline A.
Published: February 2016

Background

Childhood maltreatment is the most important preventable cause of psychopathology accounting for about 45% of the population attributable risk for childhood onset psychiatric disorders. A key breakthrough has been the discovery that maltreatment alters trajectories of brain development.

Methods

This review aims to synthesize neuroimaging findings in children who experienced caregiver neglect as well as from studies in children, adolescents and adults who experienced physical, sexual and emotional abuse. In doing so, we provide preliminary answers to questions regarding the importance of type and timing of exposure, gender differences, reversibility and the relationship between brain changes and psychopathology. We also discuss whether these changes represent adaptive modifications or stress‐induced damage.

Results

Parental verbal abuse, witnessing domestic violence and sexual abuse appear to specifically target brain regions (auditory, visual and somatosensory cortex) and pathways that process and convey the aversive experience. Maltreatment is associated with reliable morphological alterations in anterior cingulate, dorsal lateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex, corpus callosum and adult hippocampus, and with enhanced amygdala response to emotional faces and diminished striatal response to anticipated rewards. Evidence is emerging that these regions and interconnecting pathways have sensitive exposure periods when they are most vulnerable.

Conclusions

Early deprivation and later abuse may have opposite effects on amygdala volume. Structural and functional abnormalities initially attributed to psychiatric illness may be a more direct consequence of abuse. Childhood maltreatment exerts a prepotent influence on brain development and has been an unrecognized confound in almost all psychiatric neuroimaging studies. These brain changes may be best understood as adaptive responses to facilitate survival and reproduction in the face of adversity. Their relationship to psychopathology is complex as they are discernible in both susceptible and resilient individuals with maltreatment histories. Mechanisms fostering resilience will need to be a primary focus of future studies.
The male ScreenING Study: prevalence of HPV‐related genital and anal lesions in an urban cohort of HIV‐positive men in Germany
Authors: Fuchs W. , Wieland U. , Skaletz‐Rorowski A. , Brockmeyer N.H. , Swoboda J. , Kreuter A. , Michalik C. , Potthoff A. ,   the Competence Network for HIV/AIDS
Published: February 2016

Background

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) induce condylomata, anogenital cancers and their precursor lesions as anal or penile intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN/PIN). HIV‐positive individuals have an increased risk for the development of anogenital HPV‐induced lesions.

Objective

Estimation of the prevalence of HPV‐related anogenital benign and malignant lesions in HIV‐infected men attending a screening programme.

Methods

Four hundred HIV‐positive men [98% men who have sex with men (MSM)] were enrolled in this prospective study from 2008 to 2011. All patients received an inspection of the anogenital region, digital rectal examination, high‐resolution anoscopy (HRA), anal cytology, anal/penile histology if required, and HPV‐typing of anal and penile swabs.

Results

At baseline, 75% (n = 302) of the men had abnormal anal cytological/histological results. 41% presented with low‐grade (n = 164), 24% with high‐grade anal dysplasia (n = 95) and two men with invasive anal cancer. 2.3% had PIN (n = 9) and one patient had penile cancer at baseline. Throughout the study period, 75% had anal dysplasia (low‐grade n = 177, high‐grade n = 125), 3.3% (n = 13) had PIN and two further patients developed anal cancer. Within the study period, 52.8% (n = 211) had condylomata (49% anal, 15% penile, 11% anal plus penile condylomata). At baseline, 88.5% of anal and 39.3% of penile swabs were HPV‐DNA positive, and 77.8% of anal and 26.5% of penile swabs carried high‐risk HPV‐types. HPV16 was the most frequent HPV‐type.

Conclusion

HIV‐positive MSM have a high risk for HPV‐induced condylomata, (pre)malignant anogenital lesions and anogenital cancers. Screening for HPV‐induced dysplasia is crucial to avoid progression to invasive carcinomas. Additionally, HPV‐vaccination recommendations should be extended to high‐risk populations.
Laboratory rearing of wild Arctic cod Boreogadus saida from egg to adulthood
Authors: Kent D. , Drost H. E. , Fisher J. , Oyama T. , Farrell A. P.
Published: February 2016

The techniques and protocols used to successfully capture, transport and breed Arctic cod Boreogadus saida, as well as to rear their larvae through to adulthood are summarized. Breeding B. saida will increase the opportunity to study this fish species, which is a critical part of the Arctic food web.
Cichlids of the Banc d'Arguin National Park, Mauritania: insight into the diversity of the genus Coptodon
Authors: Kide N. G. , Dunz A. , Agnèse J.‐F. , Dilyte J. , Pariselle A. , Carneiro C. , Correia E. , Brito J. C. , Yarba L. O. , Kone Y. , Durand J.‐D.
Published: February 2016

To determine the species diversity of cichlids in the Banc d'Arguin National Park (PNBA) and their phylogenetic relationships with other species in West Africa, a morphometric and meristic and molecular phylogenetic study was conducted. Both approaches not only confirm the presence of Sarotherodon melanotheron in PNBA but also demonstrate the presence of a second species from the genus Coptodon. While morphometric characteristics match the description of the Guinean tilapia Coptodon guineensis, phylogenetic reconstructions based on three mitochondrial and one nuclear DNA fragment demonstrate that C. guineensis is paraphyletic over its range. Because different lineages of C. guineensis are allopatric, the distribution of C. guineensis should be restricted to Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. The many other lineages of this species should be considered as C. sp. aff. guineensis.
The Role of Mothers' Communication in Promoting Motivation for Math and Science Course‐Taking in High School
Authors: Hyde Janet S. , Canning Elizabeth A. , Rozek Christopher S. , Clarke Emily , Hulleman Chris S. , Harackiewicz Judith M.
Published: February 2016

In the context of concerns about American youths' failure to take advanced math and science (MS) courses in high school, we examined mothers' communication with their adolescent about takingMScourses. At ninth grade, U.S. mothers (n = 130) were interviewed about their responses to hypothetical questions from their adolescent about the usefulness of algebra, geometry, calculus, biology, chemistry, and physics. Responses were coded for elaboration and making personal connections to the adolescent. The number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses taken in 12th grade was obtained from school records. Mothers' use of personal connections predicted adolescents'MSinterest and utility value, as well as actualMScourse‐taking. Parents can play an important role in motivating their adolescent to takeMScourses.
Cicca acida L.: phytochemistry and pharmacological studies
Authors: Ghosh Tarafdar Ramananda , Nath Sushmita , Das Talukdar Anupam , Dutta Choudhury Manabendra
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Cicca acida L., is reported with traditional and pharmacological uses, and a good number of pure compounds have been isolated from its different parts. But published information is sporadic and fragmentary in nature. Therefore, it is imperative to have a comprehensive account of all of its medicinal potentialities with critical analysis. In this review, the traditional reports, phytochemical and pharmacology studies associated with Cicca acida have been compiled to figure out the net possibilities for its application in modern medicine.

Key findings

Careful scrutiny reveals that the plant possesses a huge range of medicinal properties, but published report analysis suggests that the plant is effectively used as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, anticonceptive and antidiabetic purposes. The published papers revealed the bioactivity of only 04 compounds. This indicates that a good number of isolated major compounds of this plant are yet to be pharmacologically investigated.

Conclusion

Intensive study of Cicca acida showed that despite of its plentiful isolated molecules, the effort leading to final product stage seems to be less. Therefore, the plant and its compounds need concentrated effort towards establishment of its therapeutic potentialities.