bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Meretoja Hanna , Freeman Mark
Published: May 2023

In relation to what some have dubbed the “post-truth” era, this volume seeks to address the use and abuse of stories, focusing especially on some of the dangers associated with narrative interpretation. At the heart of this chapter, as well as those to follow, are the questions: How, and why, did this putative era emerge? What role has narrative interpretation played in this process, and what role might narrative theorists play in righting the current course, or at least providing conceptual tools for thinking about it? Despite the fact that some may associate narrative hermeneutics with this ostensible movement beyond truth, it is argued herein that, on the contrary, this perspective on interpretation can serve as a vitally important vehicle for redressing some of the problems at hand. The volume has four parts: Politics of Storytelling, Understanding the Self, Understanding the Other, and Narrative Practices. Taken together, the inquiries found in these parts of the volume bear within them an invitation to dialogue—about the use and abuse of stories, about the value of narrative hermeneutics, and about the urgency of speaking to the interpretive challenges posed by contemporary culture and society.
The Inevitability, and Danger, of Narrative
Authors: Freeman Mark
Published: May 2023

It has been suggested that some of the problems currently being faced regarding “alternate facts,” “fake news,” and, more generally, what Michiko Kakutani has called “the death of truth” have emerged in part owing to the work of postmodern theorists and the like (including some theorists of narrative) who have promoted forms of inquiry that paved the way to the current crisis. Whether this is so is open to question; it is not at all clear how much to credit academic theorists for large cultural trends of this sort. Nevertheless, it seems important at this juncture to examine the relevant ideas and craft some suitable means of addressing the crisis at hand. This chapter has a threefold focus: to assess the connection that Kakutani and others have posited; to enumerate some of the dangers of narrative, particularly as they have emerged in the Trump era; and, in light of these, to determine how these dangers might meaningfully be addressed. Doing so will not whisk away the current crisis; its roots go deep. But it may serve to provide a measure of direction for those committed to exploring ways of speaking to the strange and often dispiriting sociopolitical and psychological landscape that currently exists.
Literary and Film Narratives
Authors: Lothe Jakob
Published: May 2023

Inspired by narrative hermeneutics, this chapter discusses three texts that not only illustrate but also dramatize and interpret significant aspects of memory, self-understanding, and narrative identity. Appropriating Hanna Meretoja’s understanding of narrative hermeneutics as a form and practice of interpretation, the chapter starts from the premise that not only do human beings interpret narratives but that narratives themselves are forms of interpretation. A linked premise for the discussion is that, as Hans-Georg Gadamer has shown, interpretation is not just a reproductive but also a productive activity. Seen from the perspective of narrative hermeneutics, both narratives and readers (or viewers) of narratives are engaged in interpretative activities. While neither of these is ethically neutral, both activities, and particularly the dialogue between them furthered through reading or viewing, lend support to Walter Benjamin’s understanding of storytelling as a way of exchanging experiences. Giving a narrative analysis that aims to contribute to narrative ethics as well as narrative psychology, the chapter discusses one verbal and two film narratives, all of which present the reader or viewer with interpretations of human possibilities: novelist Ian McEwan’s Atonement (2001), film director Jo Wright’s Atonement (2007), and film director Michael Haneke’s Amour (2012).
War Stories
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

Personal accounts from the wars of decolonization described explicit and sometimes gruesome violence. Related in conversations, letters, memoirs, and novels, these stories faced few impediments on their journey from conflict zones to domestic audiences. Just as activists relied on imagery of bodily suffering to shape opinion, their opponents volunteered many of the same details themselves, reveling in gory visions of vengeance shaped by pulp fiction and other popular genres. Even writers critical of violence hinted at its inevitability or flattered their readers with dramas of troubled conscience. Graphic revelations served the aims of those who wanted “tougher” wars and “cleaner” wars as well as those who wanted no war or no empire at all.
Epilogue
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: May 2023

The eagerness of post-imperial societies to leave empire behind is often described with the language of “forgetting” and “amnesia.” Yet these metaphors imply an involuntary and irreparable loss of memory. The afterlives of Britain’s colonial wars have been shaped instead by intentional and only partly successful efforts to suppress the past. Beyond the heights of state-sanctioned memory, there was no great silence, no sudden imposition of taboos, after the wars of decolonization ended. The same fierce accusations, uneasy self-reproaches, and troubling images that preoccupied contemporaries in the 1950s continued to do so in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Without apparent interruption, unease about colonial violence was managed retrospectively as it had been contemporaneously: by talking about it, writing about it, and acting it out.
Building a New World Order?
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines American policy regarding the so-called Lithuanian crisis, a period of increasing tensions between the USSR and the Baltic states, which started with the Lithuanian independence declaration on March 11, 1990, and ended with its suspension on June 29, 1990. The international context and the ongoing talks on German reunification were crucial in shaping not only the American but also European responses to the Baltic declarations: the Baltic situation had to be appeased before it derailed negotiations on German unification. It argues that the White House’s attempts to defuse the crisis were often hesitant, chaotic, and to a considerable extent driven by congressional pressures and Baltic diaspora grievances.
The End of Perestroika?
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the Baltic efforts to engage with the international community during the second half of 1990, which ended with their expulsion from the CSCE Paris summit. The chapter then analyzes Gorbachev’s so-called turn to the right, the use of force in the Baltics in January 1991, and the international reactions to these events in the context of the Gulf crisis. It explains the international and Soviet domestic outrage that followed the deaths of twenty civilians in Vilnius and Riga by a general fear that violence in the Baltic countries meant the end of Perestroika. The chapter describes the initial American hesitation to take a strong stand against Gorbachev in the wake of the Gulf War and the subsequent hardening of the White House attitude after the killings in Riga. It argues that international pressures played a crucial role in stopping the Soviet crackdown in the Baltics.
Conclusion
Authors: Bergmane Una
Published: May 2023

The Conclusion argues that the end of the Cold War dynamics in Europe reproduced the hierarchical approach to national aspirations that often shapes international relations. German ones were perceived as legitimate and worthy of active support, Baltic ones as legitimate but postponable for the sake of the greater good, and those of other nations inside the Soviet borders as neither legitimate nor actively promotable. At the same time, the Conclusion underlines how the Western insistence that force should not be used in the Baltic countries limited Soviet willingness and capacity to do it. The second part of the Conclusion gives a brief summary of Baltic trajectories after 1991, explaining why and how Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, unlike any other former Soviet republics, were able to escape the Russian zone of influence and join both the EU and NATO. It argues that both Russian and Western perceptions of the Baltic states as an exception in the Soviet and post-Soviet context played a role in these dynamics.
The Quartet with Art Farmer
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: May 2023

The chapter opens with the Mulligan Meets Monk sessions for Orrin Keepnews at Riverside records. It discusses this very different quartet in which the piano takes a central role, notably on Thelonious Monk’s “I Mean You.” This was followed by a pianoless quartet recording with Paul Desmond, and a tour with Lee Konitz, prior to a studio quintet with Stan Getz. The chapter progresses to Mulligan’s recordings with Annie Ross, initially involving a reunion with Chet Baker, but then featuring the quartet’s new trumpeter Art Farmer. Dave Bailey regards this as the “best quartet that Gerry Mulligan ever had.” Farmer and Mulligan then went to make the movie I Want to Live with a score by Johnny Mandel, who is interviewed in the text about the film. The Farmer version of the quartet then made an exceptional appearance at Newport, including the film Jazz on a Summer’s Day. The quartet recorded for Columbia, toured with Jazz at the Philharmonic, and then three members returned to Hollywood for the movie The Subterraneans.
The Boundaries of Political Community
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

During the political crisis of the 1850s, as this chapter demonstrates, the Supreme Court drew a stark line between Americans of European and African descent. In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Roger Taney ruled not only that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional but also that black Americans, whether free or enslaved, could never be citizens of the United States. Irish immigrants, by contrast, faced a nativist backlash from the Know-Nothing Party, yet—like all European immigrants—they enjoyed basic civic political and privileges denied to African Americans born on the soil, including the right to travel and to naturalize as citizens. After Dred Scott, Abraham Lincoln warned that the Supreme Court might prevent free states, as well as territories, from excluding slavery. The case of Lemmon v. New York was pending when eleven slave states seceded from the Union in 1860–61, which Alexander Stephens celebrated as heralding a new civilization founded on slavery.
The Antislavery Origins of Immigration Policy
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces the origins of federal immigration policy to the Civil War. The Coolie Trade Prohibition Act (1862) banned American ships from transporting unfree Chinese workers to foreign destinations. This law classified Chinese migrant workers in the American West as free and did not affect immigration to the United States. Yet Chinese immigrants faced intense hostility, including discriminatory taxes, exclusionary laws, and a ban on testifying against white witnesses (upheld by the California Supreme Court in People v. Hall in 1854). Under the Act to Encourage Immigration (1864), the federal government recognized short-term contracts for European contract workers. The American Emigrant Company, the main recruiting agency, provoked opposition to contract labor by importing strikebreakers after the Civil War. Restrictionists in the 1860s and 1870s, meanwhile, claimed that all Chinese laborers were coolies and should be excluded on antislavery grounds. White European workers who came to American voluntarily became the archetypal immigrants, while Chinese laborers were characterized as inherently unfree.
Immigration and National Sovereignty
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains how the federal government assumed control over immigration in the 1870s and 1880s. The Supreme Court ruled unanimously in 1875 that state laws taxing immigrants violated federal power over foreign commerce. The Immigration Act (1882), the first general immigration act at national level, levied a tax on every passenger entering the United States, following the model of local antebellum laws. Antislavery arguments for immigration restriction culminated in the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) suspending immigration by Chinese laborers for ten years; the Foran Act (1885) prohibiting employers from importing contract workers; and the Scott Act (1888) barring Chinese from reentering the United States even if they held return certificates under previous legislation. The anti-Chinese laws had precedents in antebellum measures controlling the mobility of free black people. In Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress and the executive branch had a plenary power over immigration, inherent in national sovereignty and largely immune from judicial interference.
Epilogue
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: May 2023

By the end of the nineteenth century, the federal government exercised extensive power over immigration. Yet, as the Supreme Court confirmed in Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1896), immigrants residing in the United States enjoyed equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment even if they were not naturalized citizens. Their American-born children, moreover, were citizens by birthright, a principle the court upheld in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898). The federal government controls national borders today, but cities and states continue to regulate immigrants’ lives via their local police power. Measures like California’s Proposition 187 (1994) and Arizona’s SB 1070 (2010) monitored and punished immigrants and their children, yet other states exert their sovereignty to provide benefits and sanctuary and refuse to act as agents of federal law enforcement. Local attempts to protect immigrants, the epilogue concludes, represent a reassertion of state sovereignty as a potential counterweight to federal power.
Sex and Sexuality
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the complexities involved in counseling LGBT teens and adolescents. The author identifies issues related to adolescent sexuality that affect today’s youth: sexual activity, sex trafficking; and teen pregnancy and parenthood. This chapter also includes an overview of the adolescent LGBTQIA+ community, including sexual identity, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Suggested therapeutic interventions and strategies are outlined for these multifaceted issues related to teen sex and sexuality. Although self-harm and suicide is not the focus of this particular chapter, there is an acknowledgment of suicidal ideation related to adolescent sexuality. Therapists will benefit from becoming well-versed in the complexities that surround adolescent sexuality and in recognizing the skillset and effective strategies required to successfully explore these topics in session.
Antisocial Behavior and Addiction
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses aggression, antisocial behavior, and addiction in youth. These behaviors can include bullying, threatening, intimidation, physical fights, being cruel to people or animals, using weapons, or sexual assault. Antisocial behavior can cause serious and wide-ranging consequences within families, schools, and communities. Major types of aggressive and antisocial behaviors are addressed, along with their interplay with neurobiological processes, protective factors, and gender variables. In addition, the chapter covers both process addiction and substance abuse in this chapter. Though the grouping of addictions with antisocial behavior may be somewhat controversial, given both the genetic predisposition and behavioral components to addiction, the author believes that addressing both of these components is pertinent given that the biopsychosocial model is a component to understanding and treatment. Origin, assessment, interventions, and outcome studies are also reviewed.
Abuse and Trauma
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

Childhood abuse is a considerable public health issue in the United States. Two-thirds of individuals report a traumatic incident happening in childhood or adolescence, and 1 in 7 children experience abuse every year. Abuse in childhood frequently leads to trauma symptoms in both children and adults that can have a lasting impact. This chapter discusses childhood abuse and trauma at an individual level and a systemic level. The authors examine the different types of abuse including physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect. Additionally, the chapter reviews the signs and symptoms of abuse, legislation regarding the identification of abuse by professionals, and how to report child abuse. Last, the chapter also highlights the importance trauma-informed care when working with children and adolescents.
Dialogue
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Dialogue” is built on a four-note chord shared between the left and right hands. The chord is musically ambiguous, giving the impression of being both major and minor, both consonant and dissonant, both happy-making and sad-making. Its voicing and fingering make the chord easy to play, allowing the pianist’s hands to adopt a healthy physical structure that feels stable and reassuring. After presenting the chord and discussing its merits, the chapter proposes a series of variations and tweaks so that the pianist can develop a sense of ownership over the chord and over the keyboard. There follows a sequence of more complex exercises, variations, and compositions, showing the pianist how to develop extremely simple materials into more substantial musical structures.
Heartbreak
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Heartbreak” is based on a simple but musically ambiguous gesture of four notes equally distributed between the left and right hands. The gesture can be played as chords or arpeggios, transposed by seconds up and down the keyboard or transposed by larger intervals. Sequences of arpeggiated chords are easy to play and lend themselves to the interpretive explweboration of crescendo, diminuendo, accelerando, and ritardando. The chapter covers the contrast between horizontal and vertical musical textures, the recognition of musical intervals as having a personality or emotion of their own, and the application of note groupings to the work of interpretation and technique. The process of variation, improvisation, and composition is developed through multiple sequences of increasing complexity. Compositions include chorales, waltzes, jazzy pieces, and a chromatic version in which the pattern of “Heartbreak” is stretched almost beyond recognition.
Seesaw
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Seesaw” studies the up and down motions of fingers and keys. To strike a note at the piano is to cause certain forces to go down in space—the finger, the hand, the arm, the piano key. Downward forces are easier to enact and control if an upward counterpart is already built into the downward gesture. The pianistic action may be likened to skipping rope or bouncing on a trampoline—or, indeed, to the up-and-down movements of a seesaw. This chapter covers the use of driving rhythms to facilitate the integration of up-and-down motion, the importance of overall coordination and mindset in mastering the bounce of the up-and-down motion, and the difference between responding to a physical command and to an interpretive, creative command. The entire chapter is based on a single archetypal rhythmic formula, spun into compositions of varied styles.
The Circle
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“The Circle” clarifies the importance of the circle of fifths through anecdotes, images, examples, exercises, and compositions. Subjects include the figure of the circle itself, and its subdivision into twelve equal segments; the outer circle of major keys and the inner circle of minor keys; the enharmonic passage from the world of flats to the world of sharps, and vice versa; the difference between sequences of chords using the circle of fifths and the diatonic circle; the acoustic reasons for the primacy of the counterclockwise journey along the circle; and the symbolic, spiritual connotations of the number 12. The chapter includes practical tools to help the reader become comfortable with accidents such as double sharps and double flats.
Sonic Play
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

“Sonic Play” presents “Intertwining” and “Albers,” two musical archetypes that are rhythmically similar but melodically different. Both archetypes are reminiscent of a moto perpetuo, steady yet always driving forward. Their construction allows the two hands to combine stability and mobility. The archetypes are easy to play and easy to transpose, as their fingerings and intervals are the same in every key; they’re also easy to vary and embellish. Varied and transposed, the archetypes can then be used as sonic Lego-like bricks with which the pianist can build improvisational and compositional sequences. Besides presenting improvisational games with easy-to-follow rules, the chapter includes multiple compositions employing the original archetypes. Some of the compositions are quite short and suited to a beginner’s exploration, and others are longer and more ambitious. The chapter covers transpositions by a minor third up or a major third down from an original key, enharmonic transpositions, and sympathetic resonances built into the archetypes.
Northern Wei (386-534)
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Northern Wei is a study of an Inner Asian people called the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba), who half a century after collapse of the Han state (206 bce–220 ce) began the process of building a new kind of empire in East Asia. Though addressing larger historiographical issues, the book’s main purpose is, within the limits of our sources, to see this people in and of themselves, in a detailed narrative that follows them from the emergence of the khaghan Liwei in the mid-third century, in the highland frontier between Inner Asia and the Chinese world, and ends almost 300 years later, with the drowning of the dynasty’s last matriarch in the Yellow River. Across the centuries, they repeatedly changed their name, nature, and location. What remained relatively consistent, however, was their reliance on cavalry armies, filled with loyal men of Inner Asian origin. When that ended, the dynasty ended as well. Underlying the narrative are two main issues. One is that the Northern Wei was the first major example of a kind of empire seen often in East Asian histories, the “conquest dynasties,” regimes of Inner Asian origin that would over the centuries repeatedly seize control of territories inhabited for the most part by Chinese to create cultural and ethnically complex state systems. The second is historiographical: that this dynasty was renamed and reimagined to fit into the textual tradition of its Chinese subjects. Being our only primary written sources for the dynasty, these texts are here used with care.
The Emperor Taiwu and the Creation of History
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 examines history and its manipulation for the sake of the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) throne. In the transitional time after completion of Northern Wei conquest of the Yellow River plains, multiple efforts were made to win the acquiescence of Chinese populations inhabiting those territories. The main focus of this chapter, however, is an effort by Emperor Taiwu (423–452), the “Wolf Lord,” to maintain the loyalty of his dynasty’s original following, the men of Inner Asian origin who filled the ranks of his army. He did this by accepting a claim of discovery of a “stone shrine” supposedly used by Taiwu’s distant ancestors far to the north, a cave in the wilds of the upper Khingan Mountains called by moderns the “Gaxian dong.” Though they may have come from this general area, there is no real proof that Taiwu’s ancestors had ever used this particular cave. Nevertheless, Taiwu sent a mission there to make sacrifices to his forefathers and foremothers, in an effort to reinforce the solidarity of his soldiery, with distant (and apparently fabricated) memories of shared origins far to the north.
History Writing and Its Discontents
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Chapter 2 examines the relationship between the lords of Northern Wei, Inner Asian interlopers in the Chinese world, and the long-established Chinese historiographical tradition, with its own deeply entrenched moral system and worldview. For those who accepted the tradition, its overseers—the “text masters” or Ru—exercised significant authority, as spokesmen for a vision of what the world should be. More practically, it was they who controlled what was at this time the only form of written recordkeeping available in East Asia. Bringing with them no written system of their own, the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) lords depended on Chinese scribes to run the empire. But the scribes—the text masters—brought with them much more than simple accounting. And those who recorded events based on their own worldview could be in real danger: this chapter discusses the fate of Cui Hao, an official and historian of Emperor Taiwu, who in 450 was put to death for writing in his history—perhaps quite unintentionally—of the dynasty’s “unseemly affairs.”
Establishing a State
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

As is the case with many emerging polities, the first century of *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) rule saw peaks and valleys. Greater permanency is seen in Chapter 6, during the reign of a great-great-grandson of Liwei named Shiyijian (r. 338–376), with clear establishment of institutions of law and taxation generally associated with most definitions of “state.” A new body of attendant aides was created for the khaghan, the beginnings of the “Inner Court” that would play an important role through much of Wei history. Shiyijian also promulgated a fuller body of law then previously seen among the *Taghbach, including the penalties for rustling that were needed by a society that measured its wealth primarily in herds. In addition, Shiyijian created a standing army with direct loyalty to the khaghan that would go on to become the core of the Northern Wei military. Meeting resistance from his generals to invasion of the now much-contested Chinese territories to the south, he used the army instead for expeditions onto the open steppe—which lay beyond *Taghbach control—to attempt to suppress the rise of rivals there and, more practically, to expand his own herds by stealing those of others. The army was not, however, able to withstand the attack of an enemy from the south, which in the year 376 led to the end of Shiyijian’s reign, and his life.
The World Shegui Created
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

In Chapter 8 we surveyed the “rich but ravaged” lands conquered in 396 by the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) lord Shegui. In Chapter 9 we examine how he constructed a base from which to rule those lands, located in the highlands to the north, with a new capital called the “city of pacification,” Pingcheng. Tens of thousands of farmers and scribes were marched north to serve there. Of greater importance, it was here that he settled his original Inner Asian following, formerly herdsmen but now a professional soldiery in service of the *Taghbach monarch. These were the “people of Dai,” a distinct and favored group within the empire, who lived in close propinquity in the “Land of Dai,” the Datong Basin in the far north of what is now Shanxi province. Though assembled from many different Inner Asian peoples, and originally speaking many different Inner Asian tongues, they came to share a common form of the *Serbi (Ch. Xianbei) language, as well as loyalty to their khaghan. The “people of Dai” also, however, had a clear sense of self and a loyalty to the Dai community itself: when Shegui decided to change his state’s name from “Dai” to the more prestigious “Wei” he met stiff resistance, which would persist for decades. Some continued to use the original name.
Troubling Innovation
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Chapter 10 gives an overview of the last years of Shegui. If our sources are to be believed, the use of psychoactive substances was driving the man mad. In his last years he ordered the deaths of many kinsmen and officials, at times by his own hand; their bodies were placed on display in front of his throne hall. Perhaps most unsettling—a “troubling innovation”—was his decision that upon designating an heir apparent, the mother of the heir must be forced to commit suicide. After himself killing so many—on the field of battle, in his court, in the women’s quarters in the palace—he finally met his own end at the hand of a son who sought to protect his mother from that fate. If there was a method in Shegui’s madness—a desire to thwart the power of affinal clans—the son was having none of it.
The Wei Army
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Pingcheng was an army town, and Chapter 11 discusses in detail the nature of that army. Though changing over time, it was originally composed of men of Inner Asian origin (alongside, perhaps, an occasional Mulan), who carrying on their ancestors’ skills at shooting an arrow from the back of a horse, had taken up new technologies such as the stirrup, or armor for both man and horse. Their technologies were organizational as well as material: the groups from which the soldiery was drawn seem to have been rearranged to accord with institutionalization of army units based on 10s. As with other highly militarized societies—that of the Warring States’ Qin, for instance, or Prussia—social mobility came with military service, which included a broad variety of activities, such as protecting the pennon of one’s unit on the field of battle, or organizing the troops for the huge imperial hunts. In more immediate terms, those who fought well on the field of battle would receive a share of the loot.
Narratives and Mental Health
Authors: Mildorf Jarmila , Punzi Elisabeth , Singer Christoph
Published: May 2023

ToCome
Imagining an Alternate Psychology
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: May 2023

The author argues that disciplinary psychology has approached the problem of mental illness at a level of analysis that is ill suited to accessing the underlying psychological reality of the person. Rather than studying the person experiencing illness, psychologists have opted to research group-level statistical relationships between variables and then, fallaciously, to equate the relationship between these group-level associations with personal experience. The author gives a critical analysis of variable-centered research on persecutory delusions in schizophrenia and details the logical fallacies of such research for understanding persons. Next, the author examines a first-person account of schizophrenic delusions, the published account of David Zelt in the journal Schizophrenia Bulletin, as a way of illustrating the power of closely listening to the narratives of persons for understanding the meanings behind the onset, development, and course of their mental illness.
Narrative Practices in Mental Health
Authors: Hutto Daniel D.
Published: May 2023

Narrative practices can support mental health. This chapter offers a way of defending at least some narrative-based therapies from three crippling challenges. It gives close attention to McConnell and Snoek’s (2018) account of how narrative interventions might positively influence the prospects of recovery from addiction. It then details three skeptical challenges that threaten to cast doubt on the acceptability of the aims and methods of narrative therapy, as well as, potentially, casting doubt on the acceptability of other, similar narrative-based approaches to mental health. Finally, the author argues that it is possible to address these trio of challenges by recasting certain assumptions about the core aims and methods of narrative therapy. It is proposed that by focusing on the “fictive” rather than the “factual” character of its narrative practices, it is possible to rethink how narrative therapy might work in practice in such a way that would protect it from the said skeptical challenges.
The Art of Teaching the Art of Listening
Authors: Punzi Elisabeth , Erikson Malgorzata
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on how teachers in clinical psychology and social work departments teach students how to encounter clients and listen to their narratives. These skills are needed since the students will encounter complex, unpredictable, and unique situations and clients. To learn these skills, students need a safe environment in which they are permitted to practice, reflect, and make mistakes. Few studies have focused on how university teachers help students to develop their ability to listen to clients’ narratives. Teachers’ experiences are relevant for understanding the prerequisites, challenges, and possibilities to support students to recognize clients’ narratives. The study described in this chapter focused on the experiences and practices of university teachers in clinical psychology and social work who are teaching students how to listen to clients’ narratives.
Writing as Narrative Resource in Therapeutic Settings
Authors: Mildorf Jarmila , Ketteler Daniel
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the benefits of diary writing and notetaking in psychotherapeutic contexts. As a malleable discursive form that can accommodate both narrative and nonnarrative, verbal and nonverbal (e.g., pictorial) material, diaries have long served as a means to document one’s everyday experiences but also to work through times of distress. Diaries are also used in research to capture people’s engagement with specific issues concerning them. This chapter offers an overview of uses of the diary in various contexts before it discusses a concrete example from the psychotherapeutic practice of one of the authors. The chapter explores the potential literariness of diary entries, as can be seen in Roland Barthes’s Mourning Diary and other examples, and it traces the healing potential of such literary or creative activities in the case study. Diary writing is thus shown to constitute a viable method that offers alternative forms of self-expression and another departure point for therapists’ interactions with clients.
Mental Illness Representations in the German Mass Media
Authors: Iakushevich Marina
Published: May 2023

Depression is a common illness worldwide and, as a consequence, is constantly present in the mass media. This chapter discusses the media strategies and representations of depression in three German newspapers in the period from 1951 to 2015. Following the tradition of linguistic discourse analysis, the author seeks to explore the means used to create a specific medial image of depression. To do so, narrative structures and discourse metaphors are analyzed, especially the use of the conceptual metaphors DEPRESSION IS A HEAVY BURDEN, DEPRESSION IS A FALL, and DEPRESSION IS DARKNESS. They are shown to express the inner, psychic experience of people with depression while also structuring the media discourse surrounding depression.
Crisis and Rebirth
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This chapter charts Gifftheil’s growth into a prophet. It begins by detailing his escape from Neuenbürg, and then his spiritual awakening in Bremen in 1624. After this point, Gifftheil considered himself a prophet, reborn in the spirit. Initially, Gifftheil felt compelled to use his prophetic office to stop the war in Germany. The chapter details a decade of Gifftheil’s travels in search of a following to Silesia, Brandenburg, England, Prussia, Denmark, and elsewhere, and his early contact with rulers and generals in the war. It also charts his initial contacts with theosophers like Abraham von Franckenberg, Silesia’s Schwenckfelders, and Lorenz Grammendorf in Berlin. At the conclusion of the chapter Gifftheil confronts Lucas Osiander in Tübingen, after which he is imprisoned for a second time in Württemberg, prompting a further transformation into ‘God’s Warrior.’ After this point, Gifftheil no longer strived for peace but for holy war.
War and Peace
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the incongruity of Gifftheil’s efforts to wage war just as European states were themselves attempting to settle a peace. It begins by outlining the debate that exploded around Gifftheil’s warfare in 1642, mainly between Gifftheil’s supporters and followers of Jacob Böhme. Gifftheil’s return to the Netherlands and settlement in Amsterdam is detailed. Gifftheil condemned any attempt by worldly powers to establish peace to contradict God’s command, and believed such a peace would only prove fleeting. The chapter also shows how Gifftheil won the renowned pacifist Christian Hoburg as a supporter, and how he forged new contacts in Amsterdam, such as with the printer Hans Fabel. Yet by 1649, Gifftheil had failed to avert the assassination of King Charles I of England, and peace had been struck by worldly powers against his will.
Epilogue
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This epilogue concludes the volume by examining Gifftheil’s place in history, and outlining tasks for further research. It examines Gifftheil’s descent into oblivion shortly after the death of Friedrich Breckling, and the re-emergence in the twentieth century of scholarly interest in the prophet. It suggests that all of these efforts have missed the crucial familial aspect to Gifftheil’s story. The chapter then details tasks for further research, including the deeper investigation of Gifftheil’s networks, the implications of prophecy for the history of madness, the potential study of prolific prophecy as akin to a trade, and the ramifications of Gifftheil’s case for understanding the history and diversity of the theosophical current in Europe. Finally, it suggests that substantial research on Gifftheil’s influence on the apocalyptic origins of Lutheran missionary activities is warranted.
The Struggle for Law in the Oceans
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

The Struggle for Law in the Oceans argues that the United States, by following a misleading isolationist narrative and not acceding to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), has harmed and continues to harm its interests. These interests include, but are not limited to, access to deep-sea mining rights, freedom of navigation, and national security. The book makes the case for acceding to UNCLOS at the earliest opportunity.
The UNCLOS Treaty and Its Negotiation
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the problem of “creeping jurisdiction” as it threatened navigational freedom, and overall American concerns about the regime for the oceans under the 1958 Geneva Conventions which led the United States to open negotiations leading to UNCLOS. It discusses the multi-decade history of the negotiations. It describes the unique double hatted office, D/LOS, which enabled the United States to develop negotiating instructions with the participation of some eighteen departments and agencies and to provide effective leadership in the negotiations. Of particular note, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Navy, the Coast Guard, and the Environmental Protection Agency were involved, as well as the State Department and an extensive private sector advisory group, throughout the process. Both navigational freedom and United States access to the mineral resources of the deep seabed were set as “no-sign” issues for the United States. The Chapter then describes the initial failure of the negotiations with respect to deep seabed mining and how President Ronald Reagan set forth six conditions which led some years later to a renegotiation of that part of the Convention meeting all of Reagan’s conditions. UNCLOS is now in force for 168 countries and the European Union and was a stunning success for the United States. The Chapter ends with an overview discussion of the principal provisions of the Convention in its 320 articles and 9 annexes, and the subsequent Senate Foreign Relations Committee favorable report of the Convention to the full United States Senate in both 2004 and 2007.
Protecting and Enhancing American Sovereignty
Authors: Moore John Norton
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes how the UNCLOS Convention protects and expands American sovereignty. Thus, the Convention creates a new area of United States sovereign rights over natural resources of the seafloor and water column to 200 nautical miles off America’s coasts, and it massively expands the legal continental shelf of the United States. This area of United States sovereign resource rights is larger than the entire land mass of the United States and is the largest area of national maritime jurisdiction in the world. Negotiations leading to the Convention have also enabled a quadrupling of the United States territorial sea from three to twelve nautical miles, and a doubling of the United States contiguous zone from twelve to twenty-four nautical miles. Moreover, the United States did not give up an ounce of sovereignty in the Convention. The creation of the International Seabed Authority is a carefully cabined international agency necessary to create property rights for the exploitation of deep seabed mine sites located beyond national sovereignty. This chapter also notes that under the foreign relations law of the United States, national sovereignty, meaning national freedom of action, can never be lost through an international agreement.
The Place of Space Bioethics in the Philosophy and Ethics of Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

Space bioethics is a missing element in today’s philosophy and ethics of space exploration. This may be because space bioethics as proposed in this book is focused on the biomedical issues of future long-term space missions, whereas space mission ethics often discusses issues already happening today, however not always (compare Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) and Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI)). This chapter provides an introduction to what space bioethics is, and how it differs from other areas discussed within space mission philosophy and ethics. The central role played in space bioethics by the concept of human enhancement is also highlighted. Finally, the realistic—albeit futuristic—character of the discourse on human enhancement within space bioethics, free from fanciful examples or the notion of transhumanism, is pointed out. The chapter also points to the important role played by thought experiments, the consideration of alternative scenarios, and the need to reflect on what we are capable of in order to achieve an ideal future.
Human Health Risks in Space and the Methodology of Space Bioethics
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

The space environment is a source of constant, serious threats to human health and life. This chapter considers that threats in space are a strong rationale for considering the concept of human enhancement as a reasonable option. The chapter emphasizes that human enhancement is considered only for future long-term missions and is treated as a procedure hypothetically necessary for mission safety and success. The chapter also presents the basic methodological assumptions of space bioethics. Space bioethics is understood as an issue- and case-driven approach, as opposed to a theory-driven approach. I point out that space bioethics is methodologically eclectic, combining elements of many different approaches, most notably consequentialism and deontologism, with the weak version of rule utilitarianism remaining closest. It is not, however, identical with any of the normative theories.
Germline Gene Editing and Embryo Selection for Future Long-Term Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses two methods of so-called positive selection, namely germline gene editing (GGE) and embryo selection. It discusses the arguments for and against both methods, showing why they are not controversial in principle, and at least as controversial as their opponents portray them to be. It also considers the possibilities and contexts for their application to future space missions, especially those that assume a permanent human presence in space and allow for the possibility of reproduction in space. Apart from the exceptional undesirable situations that such procedures could hypothetically lead to, it concludes that positive selection may not only be morally acceptable but also desirable in space settlement conditions.
Conclusions
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

The future of humanity will largely be played out in space, unless unforeseeable catastrophes cause a slowdown in the development of civilization. This chapter suggests a view of the future that should be one of optimism and hope rather than the fear-based and risky view that dominates bioethics today. Humanity should consider all possible future scenarios, discern those that are most likely, and work to shape preferred futures. It is worth considering the far-reaching consequences of our decisions, keeping in mind certain inviolable moral principles such as the principle of well-being and respect. Human biomedical modification should be seen as another means of improving human life that grows out of the principle of beneficence. The principle of respect, in turn, is a balancing principle that ensures that the interpretation of the principle of well-being does not lead to dystopian scenarios.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

In Third Republic France (1870–1940) the directrice of a normal school that trained women teachers was the most important woman representing public primary education in each department. Her work was central to the republican educational project, designed to bolster the democracy established after the Franco-Prussian War. The laicization of public education figured prominently in republic efforts to combat the old alliance of “throne and altar” favoring monarchy and religious instruction in public schools. An 1879 law mandated new normal schools to train lay teachers. This study of 313 normal school directrices (1879–1940), a group of professional women not previously studied, explores challenges they faced and their responses. Often targets of political hostility, they defended republican schooling as they interacted with local populations. Directrices were expected to be role models for women teachers and to convey women’s duties as wives and mothers. Yet their careers exemplified an alternative to domesticity at a time of much debate about women’s appropriate roles.
An Objection to Workplace Hierarchy Itself?
Authors: Kolodny Niko
Published: May 2023

A book from which this chapter is derived conjectures that several commonplaces of the liberal democratic tradition, such as the idea that the state must be justified, are to be explained by “claims against inferiority”: that we not be set beneath another natural person in a social hierarchy. This chapter suggests that among these commonplaces are that workers have objections to certain kinds of treatment in the workplace. This result is a “parallel-case argument”: that because the firm is like the state, what is required of the state is likewise required of the firm. In particular, bosses, like state officials, must wield their asymmetric power and authority noncorruptly and impartially. The chapter then asks whether the firm, like the state, must be democratic. The answer is inconclusive; it depends on whether the same “tempering factors” that are absent from the state are also absent from the firm.