bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on Impact Mechanical Properties of Waste Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Zhou Nian Xin , He Ya Qun , Duan Chen Long , Wang Shu Ai
Published: June 2010

Comminution is a key part of the reutilization of discarded circuit board. In order to find out the most appropriate method of crushing, the characteristics of the materials and the mechanical properties of resistance impact of discarded circuit boards were studied. The substrate of circuit boards, slots of ISA and PCI were adopted as the specimen. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize and analyze the combined state of the fracturing materials on the specimen surfaces after comminution. Results showed that the metals and nonmetals in the slots were crushed and dissociated easily.At the same time, the metal and nonmetal combined interfaces in the substrate have a trend to be broken and separated under the impact effect, which means the crushing circuit board has a favorable break effect under impact load.
Tibet Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus Wallichi) Return: Implications for Ecological Environment Improving
Authors: Liu Yan Hua
Published: June 2010

Red deer (Cervus elaphus wallichi); mtDNA; Ecological environment ; Conservation Abstract. Full cytochrome b gene sequence of mtDNA was applied to identify and analyze nine fecal samples collected from Tibet, China in this research. By searching for highly similar sequences (megablast) on NCBI, we have found all nine samples that have the highest similarities with the published sequence: AY044861 of the red deer (Cervus elaphus wallichi). By comparing our sequences with those available on GenBank, all nine samples were identified as the red deer (Cervus elaphus wallichi) by high sequence similarity. Therefore, we ascertain one ecological recovery locality for the red deer in Tibet and hope this study will enhance the conservation work for this species and local biodiversity.
The Preparation and the Research of Copper-Chelex Chitosan for Removal Ammonia-Nitrogen from the Drinking Water
Authors: Li Chun Ying , Li Wei Guang , Wang Guang Zhi , Wang Ke
Published: June 2010

In order to remove ammonia-nitrogen from drinking water and reduce its threat to human health, Copper-chelex chitosan that is to be the new ammonia-nitrogen remover was prepared by chelating chitosan with copper acetate. In this paper, we measure the effect of this remover with pH= 7.5, 8.5, 9.5 and the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen, such as 1.5mg/L,2.5mg/L,5mg/L,10mg/L and 100mg/L. From the result of this experiment, we draw a conclusion that the removal efficiency of ammonia-nitrogen is about 80% when the pH is greater than 7.5 and the water inflow concentration of ammonia-nitrogen is 100mg/L. as the initial concentration ammonia-nitrogen is increasing, the removal rate is improved regularly.
Effect of Organic Loading Rate on Bio-Hydrogen Production in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
Authors: Guo Zi Rui , Jiao An Ying , Liu Xiao Ye , Li Yong Feng
Published: June 2010

Hydrogen is a kind of ideal clean energy sources. With low energy consumption, environmental protection and other advantages, biological hydrogen production technology become the hotspot of current study home and abroad. The distribution energy technology for producing hydrogen can get hydrogen when deal with waste water. For finding out the industralized feasibility of continuous H2 bio-production,the ability of H2-production via facultative anaerobe,optimum hydraulic retention time(HRT) and optimum organic loading rate(OLR) were aslo studied. With a temperature of (35±1)°C，HRT of 8 h，the CSTR inoculated with activated sludge ,and the progression is increasing organic loading rate gradually. Six OLRs were examined, ranging from 2 to 12 g COD/L.d, with the mass of molasses ranging from 1.3 to 10 g COD/L. While COD was up to 4g/L(OLR 12kg/(m3•d)), all molasses was utilized and the H2 yield was not significantly influenced by OLR. At the intermediate COD of 6g/l (OLR 18kg/(m3•d)), the H2 yield was maximized at about 30 L/d H2 (mol molasses. Conv.), which was 17.9% and 55.9% higher than those of OLR 6 kg/(m3.d) and OLR 12 kg/(m3.d),respectively. When the influent COD concentration raised to 12g/L(OLR 30kg/(m3•d)), the reactor were overloaded, the hydrogen yield decreased drastically，hydrogen evolution rate decreased to zero. Exceeding OLR would arouse great change of internal environment parameters, such as pH, ALK(aikalinity), ORP(oxidation-reduction potential) in CSTR, and the microbial community structure would change while the metabolism of microorganism was inhibited badly.
Investigation of a Full-Scale Anaerobic-Aerobic and Constructed Wetlands Integrated System Treating Livestock Wastewater
Authors: Wu Yong Ming , Wan Jin Bao , Xiong Ji Hai , Wang Shun Fa , Gu Ping
Published: June 2010

A full-scale integrated system of the IOC-SBBR and CWs for the biological treatment of livestock wastewater was carried out in this study, the combined IOC-SBBR process had the removal rates of COD, NH4+-N, TN reached 96.5%, 89% and 81.1%, respectively. CWs were used for the further tertiary treatment of livestock wastewater, which the average removal rate of the NH4+-N and TN was 61.3% and 60.2%, the overall integrated system was superior to the direct anaerobic or aerobic process for the treatment of large-scale livestock wastewater, would provide the valuable design and operation for the livestock wastewater treatment plants.
The Influential Factors of Preparing PAM Coagulants with High Molar Weight
Authors: Yao Xin , Pan Xin Yu , Hui Yong Ming , Zheng Meng Yuan , Yang Jian Yu , Wang Zhi Chao , Li Yong Feng
Published: June 2010

In order to obtain high molecular weight polyacrylamide coagulant, preparation of the initial reaction temperature, dose of the azo initiator agent, ratio of different redox initiator agent, pH and other affecting factors were investigated and the results show: the best initial reaction temperature is 15 °C, the mass of azo initiator is 0.4g, the ratio of redox initiator is 3:2, in which oxidant ammonium persulfate is 0.75840 g/L 0.6mL, the best pH value is 8. By taking the best value of all factors, we can get polyacrylamide coagulant of 1.315 million viscosity molecular weight materials and 76.7 % effective solids after 2 drying processes.
Assessment Model Design of Urban Ecosystem Based on Fuzzy Theory – A Case of Changsha
Authors: Hu Fu Xiang , Hu Xi Jun , Tan Jun Shan
Published: June 2010

Using the theories of fuzzy mathematics and urban ecology, a basic evaluation model of urban ecosystem is established and the evaluative index set was build. According to the latest 5 years statistic of Changsha city, the values of ecological environmental index are calculated, then the situation of ecological environment of this city are analyzed. The results show its ecological conditions showed a rising trend year by year. At last, Evaluative conclusion proved that above model is of higher reliability.
Imaging of Single Phase Flow in Porous Media by High Resolution MRI
Authors: Jiang Lan Lan , Song Yong Chen , Liu Yu , Zhao Yue Chao , Zhu Ning Jun , Abuliti Abudula
Published: June 2010

This paper presents the single flow in porous media to investigate CO2 flow velocity in porous media.We used high resolution MRI to visualize the fluid flow distribution and measure axial mean velocity in porous media.In the experiment, the porous media sample was packed with glass beads, with a porosity of around 0.4. Based the traditional spin echo sequence, we modified the sequence with flow encoding gradients in the flow direction .The sample was saturated. The water flow rates were 1ml/min、2ml/min、3ml/min and 5ml/min,respectively. First, the sequence was calibrated by pipe flow without porous media. As expected, the experimental images show parabolic velocity distribution. The velocity in the centre is high. Then the sample was measured with the same sequence. The images show that the velocity distribution is homogeneous in the porous media. In the boundary of the sample, the velocities are low because of wall-effect. Moreover, the mean velocities calculated from MRI images agree with the real velocities.These errors between calculated velocities and real velocities are small. It may be reduced by changing the experiment conditions.MRI is a useful technology for measuring flow in porous media.
Study on Wastewater Treatment by Biological Aerated Filter
Authors: Li Jun Sheng , Zhang Cheng , Che Chun Bo , Zuo Jin Long , Gu Fang , Su Rong Jun
Published: June 2010

In order to study the pollutants removal effect, the reactor operating conditions were studied with Biological Aerated Filter　(BAF)　process. The results showed that when HRT was at 8h, the effluent COD and ammonia nitrogen were 37 mg/L and 8.6 mg/L with the aeration flow was 0.3 m3/h, the effluent COD and ammonia nitrogen were 53 mg/L and 12.2 mg/L respectively. And the range of effluent pH is at 6.0-8.8. Furthermore the effluent COD was stable, while the effluent ammonia nitrogen will gradually affect by aeration flow. So the BAF process for residential sewage treatment is feasible.
Rapid Start-Up of Biofilter for Removal of Iron and Manganese from Groundwater
Authors: Zeng Hui Ping , Li Dong , Zhang Jie
Published: June 2010

“aged” biofilter media was adopted as the inoculum to accelerate the maturation of biofilter for iron and manganese removal in the start-up of filter column. morphology of “aged” biofilter media and new quartz sand was observed with SEM. The results indicate that the “aged” biofilter media coated by a large quantity of bacteria which reduces the start-up time to 30 daysand affords strong Mn-removal efficiency at the beginning of the process. This method probably can be used for the start-up of new filters when there are well-established biofilters around.
The Dynamic Elastic Modulus and Microstructure Study of High Performance Concrete in Sulfate Environment
Authors: Qiao Hong Xia , Yu Hong Fa , He Zhong Mao
Published: June 2010

Aimed at determining the durability of concrete in very salty regions, this paper describes a study carried out to examine the performance of various high performance fine aggregate concrete in a sulfate environment, such as high performance concrete inside a composite additive, and Portland cement concrete, and sulfate resistant cement concrete. They experienced dry-wet cycles in sodium sulfate solutions. By examining the changes of elastic moduli and analyzing the SEM of the concrete, the test results show that the salt resistances of sulfate resistant cement concrete is no better than Portland cement concrete in the extremely aggressive dry-wet cycle environment, and high performance concrete containing a composite additive has better resistance to a sulfate environment. Besides, the composite additive can create the environment for a second hydration to reduce the amount of Ca(OH)2 inside the concrete, and build additional C-S-H gel to reform the microstructure of concrete effectively. Finally, the paper offers some advice for mixing concrete in salt regions.
Study on the Prediction Model of the Proportion of Each Type of Urban Domestic Plastic Waste
Authors: Long Feng , Song Bo , Xia Xun Feng , Xue Ling Ling , Wang Qun Hui
Published: June 2010

In order to conduct the integrated management in the whole process of plastics waste management, plastics waste generation should firstly be studied, especially the generation of each kind. The results of factors acting during the generation process should also be studied. Using Beijng as an example city, this paper established a predicting model for the generation and proportion of each shape and component of plastics waste, and analyzed the generation characteristics and trend of plastics waste in Beijing according to the predicting results. In terms of shape, the plastic film has the largest proportion. While in terms of component, PP and PE have the largest proportion among all the components.
A Novel Electrode for the Degradation of Methylene Blue in Electrochemical System: Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Dai Qi Zhou , Liao Fei , Cai Shao Qing , Wang Jia De , Chen Jian Meng
Published: June 2010

Organic wastewater pollution control was one of the focus researches for environmental workers. In this study, high active electrode was made and hydrogen peroxide production via cathodic reduction of oxygen was studied, the H2O2 generated in the optimization of research and the effect of dye wastewater degradation under the typical conditions were explored. The effects of mass ratio between graphite and PTFE, Na2SO4 concentration, cathodic potential, pH and gas flow rate on hydrogen peroxide output were investigated. The optimized operational parameters were as follows: graphite and PTFE 5:1, pH=6, Na2SO4 concentration 0.5 mol/L, oxygen flow rate 450mL/min, and cathodic potential -1.2 V (vs SCE). Hydrogen peroxide concentration could reach 66.17 mg/L after 2h at optimized condition. Meanwhile, dye removal could reach about 70% at the same time. Therefore, the use of active electrode as cathode has shown promising prospect in dye wastewater treatment.
Study on Particulate Matter Concentration in the Indoor Air of Classrooms in a Beijing Primary School
Authors: Xie Yu Shu , Song Bing Xue , Wang Tong , Wang Pei Yi
Published: June 2010

Five classrooms in a Primary School in Xuanwu District of Beijing were chosen for investigation of indoor air quality. In the autumn measurement period and in the winter measurement period, various dust particle fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) were monitored indoors and outdoors continuously by portable monitors and samplers. Applying statistical software, the impact of different parameters on particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) mass concentration was then quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions were included as follows: (1) Exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 in the indoor air of classrooms in autumn and in winter was high, especially that of PM2.5 in autumn. (2) The indoor PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations were related to different parameters including relative humidity, temperature, carbon dioxide, area of opened windows or louver windows, number of students and room volume/student and so on. (3) No marked differences in indoor PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations were observed between autumn and winter (p>0.05). However, a statistically significant influence of class level on the indoor PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations was apparent in both measurement periods (p<0.05).
Removal of Chloroform in Groundwater by Bioremediation
Authors: Lu Jie , Li Meng Hong
Published: June 2010

Anaerobic sludge were cultured and acclimated by adding different co-metabolism substrates under six operating conditions, using chloroform as model contaminant in an anaerobic environment. The microorganisms obtained with chloroform biodegradability were concentrated and cultured before adding into the simulated decontaminating apparatus. The results showed that the chloroform could be degraded by the microorganisms under the anaerobic condition, and the addition of co-metabolism substrates could improve the biodegradation efficiency. Moreover, the biodegradation efficiency varied with different co-metabolism matrix. The removal efficiency of pollutants could reach 75% using the microorganisms acclimated with glucose and methanol as co-metabolism substrates.
Mathematical Modeling of Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Using Hybrid Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (ASM3)
Authors: Tian Yu , Chen Lin , Su Xin Ying , Cao Chu Qing
Published: June 2010

Recent trend for membrane bioreactor (MBR) operation was to apply a low sludge retention time (SRT) to decrease the fouling propensity and simplify the overall maintenance. However, the correct control and operation of MBRs under low SRT conditions were not well-established. In this study, modeling of MBR system for municipal wastewater treatment was evaluated using hybrid Activated Sludge Models 3 (ASM3), which helped in determining the control and operating strategies. The experiment-based, manual trial-and-error approach used to calibrate the hybrid ASM3 was verified to be useful for MBR modeling at 30 d sludge retention time (SRT). Furthermore, the consistency relationships among carbon oxygen demanded (COD), soluble microbial products (SMP) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) were established in the process of modeling, implying that the accurate simulation of MLSS were the prerequisites for the COD and SMP prediction.
Culture Medium Optimization for Photosynthetic Bacteria
Authors: Zhao Wei , He Chun Hua , Zhang Gaung Ming
Published: June 2010

Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) have various applications but the culture cost is very expensive. To find an efficient and economic culture medium the effects of yeast extract, C/N ratio, and trace elements on the growth of PSB were studied. The results showed that the optimal condition for PSB growth was: yeast extract of 100mg/l, C/N of 12:1, and trace elements (in mol/L): Mn2 + (0.009), Fe3+ (0.0025), Co2+ (0.0024), Cu2 + (0.0024), and Zn2 + (0.0033). Trace element lack could affect the growth of PSB. The order was Mn2 +> Fe3 +> Co2+> Cu2 +> Zn2 +. The improved medium was named HCH, and the optimum medium components were (in g/l) DL-malic acid: (4), MgSO4: (0.12), (NH4)2 SO4: (1), CaCl2: (0.075), KH2PO4: (0.5), K2HPO4: (0.3), Na2EDTA: (0.02), yeast extract : (0.1), trace elements 1ml (in mol/l ): Fe3+: (0.0025), Mn2+: (0.009), Zn2+: (0.0033), Co2+: (0.0024), pH:6.8. Comparing with the traditional RCVBN medium, in HCH medium yield of PSB increased 1.2 times and the cost decreased 19.8 times.
Studies the Influence of HPP on Celery’s Transverse Texture and Tissue
Authors: Xu Shu Lai
Published: June 2010

In order to process and preserve vegetables by High Pressure Processing (HPP), the texture and tissue of celery processed by HPP was studied in this paper. HPP is gaining in popularity with the world food industry. However, processing and preservation of vegetables by HPP is an advanced technology. In this study, ten celery samples had been treated at the diverse pressure for different time respectively. Furthermore, the slices of the samples before and after HPP had been made and observed by microscope. Although little celery juice effused at ultra high pressure (600 MPa) for 5 min or at 400 MPa for longer time (more than 20 min), the comprehensive observations and analyses showed that in general the texture and tissue of celery could not be damaged by high pressure. The conclusion is that processing celery at 600 MPa for 5 min is the practicable technology.
Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution by an Invasive Alien Plant Iva xanthifolia nutt Biomass
Authors: Zu Yuan Gang , Ren Zhi Guang , Zhao Xiu Hua , Xiao Peng , Zhang Yao
Published: June 2010

In this study, batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the biosorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by the invasive alien plant Iva Xanthifolia Nutt (IXN) biomass as adsorbent. Parameters effects such as contact time, pH, initial metal ions concentration, and biomass concentration on the biosorption process were studied. The Langmuir biosorption isotherm was applied to correlate the equilibrium data and fitted quite well. The maximum biosorption capacities for two metal ions were 30.35 mg Cd2+/g and 39.68 mg Pb2+/g, respectively. XRD studies combined with FTIR spectroscopy have also been investigated to represent the biosorption mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (H0), entropy change (S0) and free energy change (G0) were calculated for predicting the nature of biosorption. This study proved that the invasive alien plant IXN can be used as an effective, low-cost and abundant absorbent for the treatment of Cd2+ and Pb2+ containing wastewater.
Simulation and Mechanical Processing of Micron Wood Flake for a New Environment-Friendly Decorative Board
Authors: Alun  , Ma Yan , Liu Yi Xing , Yu Hai Peng
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we focus on a new wood-based panel unit, which was named Micron Wood Flake for its large size in length, a very small size in thickness, and especially its wooden color in appearance. The flakes were obtained by mechanical processing on waste wood based on the micro-processing theory and technique. In order to design the device and determine the key processing parameters, a simulation of micron wood flake was proceeded based on a mathematical model of single wood cell proposed here. Comparing with the experiments results, it showed that the model is feasibility to some extent. In contrast to the other methods of disposing waste woods, the method proposed here is no environment pollution absolutely, consequently, as an application of this kind flakes, a new environment-friendly decorative board was developed, and the physical and mechanical properties of the samples reaches Japanese light particleboard standard JISA5908.
Experiment and Research on the Concentration of Refractory Molybdenite Ore by Flotation Column
Authors: Gui Xia Hui , Chen Gan , Liu Jiong Tian , Cao Yi Jun , Wang Yong Tian
Published: June 2010

As certain refractory molybdenum with degree high oxidation and high argillization, on the premise of molybdenum concntrate recovery rate, in order to increase tenor of molybdenum concntrate, we use cyclonic static micro-bubble flotation column as concentration equipment. We used two concentrate courses to replace flotation machine eight concentrate courses. It showed that, in the condition of same recovery rate, tenor of molybdenum concntrate was 26.16%, rising by 8%. Using processes of flotation machine eight concentrate courses - concentrate regrinding - flotation column two concentrate courses, tenor of molybdenum concntrate was 39.33% and the recovery rate was of 8%. The results showed that, by increasing the degree of monomer dissociation of molybdenum ores, cyclonic static micro-bubble flotation column has higher capability in recovering and selecting ores of -400 mm size fraction. The high argillization resulting from the regrinding and unsuppressed gangue minerals are the main factors affecting the tenor of ore concentrate.
Anatase TiO2 Nano-Particles Preparation with Neutralization Hydrolysis Technique and Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Lin Li , Lei Cun Xi , Zhou Ji Cheng
Published: June 2010

A neutralization hydrolysis route has been used to synthesize titanium oxide nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) characteri- zation results showed the TiO2 nanoparticles were single anatase phases when calcined at 600°C-800°C for 2h. The particle diameter ranged from 15 to 30nm. The pH value was key factor for precursor composition. When pH value 2-4, the H2TiO3 precursor with low agglomeration was obtained. As-prepared anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, during photodegradation of methylic orange under UV-light irradiation(λ=254nm), exhibited excellent activity, more than 95.5% methylic orange was degraded in 1h.
Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Ozone on Foliar Flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Huang Wei , He Xing Yuan , Liu Chang Bing , Li De Wen
Published: June 2010

To investigate the effect of elevated CO2 and O3 on the accumulation of flavonoids in Ginkgo Biloba leaves, four-year-old trees were exposed in open-top chambers with ambient and twice ambient CO2 and O3 concentrations singly and in combination in 2006. The results show that elevated CO2 reduce the concentrations of keampferol aglycon (-10%), isorhamnetin aglycon (-15%). Elevated O3 reduce the concentrations of the isorhamnetin aglycon (-7%), but increase the concentration of quercetin aglycon (+6%). Under elevated CO2 and O3 in combination, O3-derived effects on flavonoids concentrations are changed by elevated CO2, which are similar to that under the elevated CO2 alone. In conclusion, the concentrations of flavonoids are influenced by the changes in leaf dry mass induced by elevated CO2 and elevated O3. Furthermore, some flavonoids may not respond as antioxidant under ozone stress in ginkgo leaves.
Utilization of CMC and PVA for the Preparation of Superabsorbent Resin
Authors: Feng Hao , Liu Hai Bing , Wang Li Juan
Published: June 2010

A blend superabsorbent resin from CMC and PVA grafted acrylic acid was prepared by solution polymerization without crosslinker. It was characterized by TG to understand thermal stability. SEM and ESEM was used to observe the surface morphology and the network structure. And the absorbency in double distilled water and in 0.9% NaCl solution was measured. The results showed the superabsorbent resin synthesized in this study is stable at temperature lower than 385°C. The thermal stability is good. SEM results indicated that dry resin has rough surface on cross section and good property of membrane. It is found in ESEM photographs that it has uniform network structure made from numerous connecting polygonal membranes and there are holes on the membranes. The absorbency in distilled water and 0.9% NaCl solution are1392.9g/g and 128.5g/g. It has high swelling rate and good salt-resistance.
Preparation of Hydrophobic CaCO3-Wood Composite In Situ
Authors: Wang Cheng Yu , Liu Chang Yu , Li Jian
Published: June 2010

The preparation of hydrophobic CaCO3-wood composite through a double-diffusive method using dodecanoic acid as organic substrate is demonstrated. The product was characterized by the contact angle analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties of the product were measured. The results show that the synthesized CaCO3 fills in the wood cell and covers the surface of wood. The CaCO3-wood composite is hydrophobic. The mechanical properties of wood composite have significantly increased.
Comparative Studies on Synthesis of Imidazole Ionic Liquids and Their Solubility for Wood by Microwave
Authors: Guo Li Ying , Zhang Mu
Published: June 2010

The present work deals with the synthesis of various imidazole ionic liquids [BMIM]Cl, [AMIM]Cl, [AEIM]Cl, [HeEIM]Cl and [HeVIM]Cl, the chemical structures of ionic liquids by FTIR and 1HNMR, the pretreatment of wood powder as extracted with a mixture of benzene/ethanol or activated with 25% (mass fraction) NaOH under normal temperature and pressure, microwave and high pressure, studies the solubility of ionic liquids on the wood powder by microwave (90°C, 400w), and analyses the microstructure of the wood before and after dissolution as measured by SEM. The result shows that all the ionic liquids can dissolve the wood fiber directly, ionic liquids containing hydroxyl group exhibit better solubility. Wood powder pretreated with 25% NaOH under high pressure has the lowest crystallinity (2.4%) and the highest dissolution rate. The solubility of [HeVIM]Cl is the best, which approach to 21.6%.
Catalytic Combustion of Pulverized Coal Injected into a Blast Furnace and its Industrial Test
Authors: Guo Jia , Hu Jing , Heslop Mark J. , Lua Aik Chong
Published: June 2010

Pulverized coals are widely used by injection into the blast furnaces in order to replace expensive cokes. In this paper, a new catalytic combustion promoter, containing manganese dioxide with other oxides (or carbonates) of rare earth metals and alkali earth metals, was developed to enhance the combustion of pulverized coal. The effects of addition amount on the ignition temperature and the combustion efficiency were investigated. With more promoters added, the ignition temperature dropped, whilst the combustion efficiency increased significantly. Industrial test showed that, with the addition of 0.4% of the promoter, the coke consumption reduced to 26.7 kg/tFe (equivalent to 7.5 million US dollars per blast furnace per year), and the carbon contents in the fly ash dropped to from 43.1% to 32.4%, which suggests great economic and environmental benefits.
Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Anisole Catalyzed by Green, Reusable Hydroxyapatite-Zinc Bromide Catalyst
Authors: Wei Ben Mei , Zhang Zhi Yong , Dai Zhi Qun
Published: June 2010

This study was aimed at the development of a green and reusable catalyst for Friedel-Crafts acylation. Firstly, Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and Hydroxyapatite-zinc bromide (HAP-ZnBr2) have been prepared by the co-precipatation method and hydrothermal method respectively. Their structures were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). The catalytic efficiency of HAP-ZnBr2 was examined for Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole. The results showed that the catalyst was green, high activity, high selectivity and it could be reused at least 5 times without obvious activity loss.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Compressive Stress-Strain Relationship of Phosphogypsum-Lime-Flyash-Gravel Mixture
Authors: Wang Wei , Wu Shi Long , Yang De Xi
Published: June 2010

Phosphogypsum-lime-flyash-gravel mixture (PLFG) is usually used to strengthen road foundation of geotechnical engineering. It is important to correctly understand its compressive behavior before corresponding design. In this present paper, triaxial compression test on PLFG was carried out, and its stress-strain curve was investigated. Experiment data show that PLFG is with high bearing capacity and good stiffness. A new composite-exponent model was established, which is available for both hardening and softening type strain-stress curves of PLFG. Finally, comparison between PLFG tested data and new model simulation was performed, and good agreements have been found. This research is helpful for engineering sustainable utilization of phosphogypsum to bring economy and to reduce environmental pollution.
Characterization of Bio-Hydrogen Production from Carbohydrates with Bacteria Ethanoligenens R3
Authors: Jiao An Ying , Li Yong Feng , Liu Kun , Liu Bing
Published: June 2010

An ethanol-based hydrogen producing bacteria Ethanoligenens R3 was isolated from continuous stirred tank reactor used for hydrogen production in previous experiment. Batch culture experiments were operated in this study with the fermentative temperature of 35°C and substrate concentration of 10g/L. The performance of hydrogen production from glucose, brown sugar and starch by Ethanoligenens R3 was investigated. The results show that the optimal substrate used for bio-hydrogen production was glucose with the maximum hydrogen yield of 834 mlH2/L culture. Furthermore, effect of initial pH of the culture medium on hydrogen production was studied. It is demonstrated that Ethanoligenens R3 reached the maximum biogas yield of 1760 ml/L culture with the maximum total VFAs concentration of 3329.39 mg/L at the initial pH of culture medium of 5.5.
Duplication Error and Repeated Error Analysis of Micro-Hole Array Fabrication by EMM
Authors: Liu Ying , Zeng Wei Liang , Wang Zhen Long
Published: June 2010

In the process of Electrochemical micromachining (EMM), the machining gap between tool cathode and workpiece anode is the root cause leading to the error, EMM error of Micro-hole array can be divided into duplication error and repeated error. According to the characteristics of EMM, the impact factors of micro-hole array duplication error and repeated error are analyzed. The distribution of electric field strength and scattered erosion are the most important causation resulting in duplication error. There is stray electric-field existing on electrode side, making scattered erosion to workpiece, impacting micro-hole forming processing precision, the extent of scattered erosion becomes serious with processing time growing, that is showed as phenomenon of sharp corner turning round and the phenomenon is observed carefully by experiments. While the accumulation of air bubbles in the processing region leads to the emergence of repeated error. Through theoretical and experimental analysis, measures are taked to improve machining accuracy.
Forecasting Groundwater Level Based on Wavelet Network Model Combined with Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Wang Li Ying , Zhao Wei Guo
Published: June 2010

This paper proposed an improved wavelet network model (WNM) which combined with genetic algorithm (GA) to forecast groundwater level, GA is used to determine the weights and parameters of WNM, which can avoid encountering the curse of dimensionality and overcome the shortage in the responding speed and learning ability brought about by the traditional models. Compared to WNM, our results show that the GA-WNM predictor can reduce significantly both relative mean errors and root mean squared errors of predicted groundwater level. We demonstrate the feasibility of applying GA-WNM in groundwater level prediction and prove that GA-WNM is applicable and performs well for groundwater data analysis.
Research on Influence Factors of Absorption Performance for Wooden Perforated Panels
Authors: Hou Qing Quan , Yu Hai Peng , Wang Jin Man , Guo Ming Hui
Published: June 2010

Standing wave tube was used to test the sound absorption abilities and analyze the influence factors of perforated medium density fiberboard (MDF). The test results show that bore diameter, perforated rate and different depth of space from the structure are the key factors influencing the absorption performance of wooden perforated panels, but decorative facing and bore shape have a little contribution to absorption abilities. Research finds that absorption peak will move towards high-frequency with decreasing the bore diameter so as to increase absorption effect in high-frequency, and excellent high-frequency absorption performance can be achieved by increasing perforated rate. On the other hand, larger depth of space from the structure will raise the absorption abilities in low-frequency of the panel.
Experimental Investigation of Mixing Desulfurization Residues and Cement
Authors: Guo Hui Ling , Xie Jun Lin , Dan Kang
Published: June 2010

Disposition and utilization of desulfurization residues from thermal power plants in Portland cement was investigated, controlling the content of SO3 at 3.0%(in mass), thus exploring the application feasibility of desulfurization residues in cement industry by the analysis of recombination mechanisms between desulfurization residues and Portland cement. The results show that desulfurization residues can improve physical-mechanical properties of cement: increasing the strength at various ages; improving the water requirement for normal consistency; regulating the setting time effectively, etc. Different desulfurization residues and different additions have different effects on the performance of Portland cement.
The Spatial Modeling Environment (SME) and Its Application Perspective in Hei River Basin of Northwestern China
Authors: Jiao Wen Xian
Published: June 2010

The environment problem in Hei River Basin of Northwestern China, which was caused by the interactions of natural and human systems, was very complex. Only the development and application of integrated tools could we better describe and analyse the ongoing process. In this paper, we introduced the Spatial Modeling Environment (SME) as a powerful tool to simplify the integrated model building. After describing the funtion and architecture of SME, we discussed its application perspective in Hei River Basin. It appeared that in order to achieve an integrated ecologicl economic model which could explore the endogenous interaction between socio-economic and ecological dynamics, researchers should identify the main human factors and spatialize them to make natural and human factors have an identical and fixed spatial-temporal scale. The work of identifying human factors in environment impact assesement was very complex. We introduced the IPAT identity as a useful freamwork for identifying the main human factors.
Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of 12-Aryl-8,9,10,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[a]Xanthen-11-one Derivatives Using NaHSO4 as Catalyst in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Zang Hong Jun , Zhang Yong , Cheng Bo Wen
Published: June 2010

A series of 12-aryl-8,9,10,12-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen-11-one derivatives were synthesized via the three-component coupling from aromatic aldehydes, 2-naphthol and 5,5–dimethylcyclohexane -1,3-dione catalyzed by NaHSO4 in ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4). The reaction proceeded with good yields under short reaction time. The NaHSO4 was not expensive and the ionic liquid could be reused. The proposed method is efficient and environmentally friendly.
Investigation of Soybean/PF Resin Based Adhesive Applying on Plywood
Authors: Gao Qiang , Dang Rui , Sang Zi Tao , Zhang Shi Feng , Li Jian Zhang
Published: June 2010

For developing high bonding strength and environmental-friendly wood composites, a soybean/PF resin based (SP) adhesive was investigated and applied in the manufacture of plywood. Formula of the adhesive, the thermal behavior of the adhesive, and the optimum technical parameters of the plywood manufacture were investigated. The bonding strength and formaldehyde emission of plywood bonding by the adhesive were tested according to Chinese Standards methods. The result shows: the optimum formula of SP adhesive was: soy-based adhesive was 70%, PF resin was 30%; the optimum technical parameters of the plywood manufacture were: hot-pressing temperature was 160 °C, hot-pressing time was 80 s/mm, pressure intensity was 1.2 MPa, and glue content was 160 g /m2; Properties of plywood made under the optimum technical parameters were: the bonding strength was 1.30 MPa, the formaldehyde emission was 0.32 mg/L. It completely meets the type Ⅰ plywood requirement and level E0 of formaldehyde emission.
Preparation of α-Alumina from Coal Fly Ash by Sintering with Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Mu Wen Ning , Zhai Yu Chun
Published: June 2010

A technology was studied to prepare -alumina from fly ash, and the integrated process flow including sintering with sulfuric acid, leaching, recrystallization, calcination was established in this paper. The influences including the particle size of fly ash, sintering temperature, sintering time and the mass ratio of sulfuric acid to fly ash on the extraction ratio of alumina were investigated and discussed during sintering process, and the optimal parameters were determined. The product of -alumina was examined by chemical analysis, XRD and SEM, and the results show that α-alumina reach the national standards.
Effects of Sludge Retention Time on the Characteristics of Mixed Liquor and Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactor
Authors: Cao Zhan Ping , Zhang Jing Li , Zhang Hong Wei
Published: June 2010

In the membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal wastewater, the effect of sludge retention time (SRT) on the contents of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), tightly bound EPS (TB) and loosely bound EPS (LB) and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB was studied. With the extension of SRT the EPS increased and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB changed. The above changes influenced the charge distribution of bacterial surface, increased the proportion of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity on the bacterial surface, changed the bacteria from the instable (R-type) to the stable (S-type), decreased the Zeta potential and increased the values of sludge volume index (SVI). The correlation analysis for the main parameters of fouling resistance was performed by SPSS software, and it was found that the correlation coefficient (rp) was -0.818 for Zeta potential, 0.853 for the content of suspended solids in supernatant and 0.832 for relative hydrophobicity, respectively. SRT of the MBR should be controlled below 120 times of the minimum generation-time of dominant bacteria considering the membrane fouling and sludge characteristics.
The Substrate Concentration Effects on Biohydrogen Production in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
Authors: Han Wei , Chen Hong , Zhang Jing Wei , Yang Jian Yu , Li Yong Feng , Yang Chuan Ping
Published: June 2010

Substrate concentration effects on H2 production performance in a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) were investigated. Using molasses as the feeding, the CSTR system was operated at chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 2000-8000 mg/L to identify the optimal working substrate concentration. Increasing substrate concentration (2000~6000 mg/L) gave better biomass content and hydrogen production, signifying that the average cellular activity for H2 production may be enhanced as the substrate concentration increased. The overall maximal biogas and hydrogen production yield were 18.69 L and 6.01 L, respectively, both of them occurred at 6000 mg/L. The gas phase H2 content did not vary considerably regardless of changes in substrate concentration. This reflects that the CSTR was a relatively stable H2-producing system. The major soluble products from hydrogen fermentation were ethanol and acetic acid, accounting for 59% and 23% of total liquid fermentation products, respectively. Thus, the dominant H2 producers in the mixed culture belonged to acidogenic bacteria that underwent ethanol-type fermentation. However, the biomass content and hydrogen production yield tended to decrease as the substrate concentration increased to 8000 mg/L, suggesting that granular sludge formation and cellular activity for H2 production may be inhibited at high substrate concentration. Ethanol, acetic, butyric and propionic were the main liquid fermentation products with the percentages of 31%, 24%, 20% and 18%, which formed the mixed-type fermentation.
Effect of Transition Metal Ions Dopants on Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium-Baring Blast Furance Slag
Authors: Yang He , Bai Li Li , Bu Er Jun , Zhou Mi , Xue Xiang Xin
Published: June 2010

Transition metal ions have wider optical absorption than TiO2. They can extend the range of absorption light to visible light, taking titanium-baring blast furance slag(TBBFS) as photocatalytic material with a certain amount of transition metal ions to broaden the scope of its spectral absorption and to improve its photocatalytic properties. The impact of transition metal ions Fe3 +, Zr4 + on photocatalytic properties of TBBFS was studied and their optimal doping was searched. TBBFS was grinded and re-doped with transition metal ions and then roasted to prepare photocatalytic materials, using methylene blue’s degradation rate under condition of UV irradiation to evaluate material properties and then using XRD, SEM and other analytical tools for its material characterization. Results show that: doping of transition metals Fe (NO3)3 and ZrO2 can improve the photocatalytic nature of TBBFS and the best doping amount is 0.5% and 3.0% relatively, and its degradation rate is 69.2% and 73.0% respectively.
Studies on the Mechanism of Cadmium Accumulation in Tagetes erecta L
Authors: Zhang Yin Qiu , Tai Pei Dong , Li Pei Jun , Zhao Qing , Dong Dian Bo
Published: June 2010

Hydroponic experiments were carried out to study the effects of cell division inhibitor (Maleic hydrazide MH) and protein synthesis inhibitor（Cycloheximide CHI）on Cd accumulation in Tagetes erecta L and their possible mechanisms. Seedlings were exposed to 4 mmol L-1 MH or 3 µmol L-1 CHI in 0.1 mg L-1 Cd-containing solution for 3 days. After treatment, the Cd content in leaves was significantly (P<0.05) reduced under MH or CHI treatment, which was consistent with the decreased soluble protein contents in leaves, suggesting that protein synthesis plays a role in Cd accumulation in leaves of Tagetes erecta L. Both of the plant growth inhibitors led to increased Cd contents in roots compared with the control, corresponding with increased GSH, Cys or γEC content under MH or CHI treatment, indicating that those S-containing compounds may be related to the increased Cd content in roots under the plant growth inhibitor treatments. On the other hand, the two inhibitors increased the citric acid content in all the tissues of Tagetes erecta L except for that in leaves under CHI treatment. All the results suggest that protein synthesis may be responsible for Cd accumulation in leaves of Tagetes erecta L, while the S-containing compounds and organic acids are associated with Cd absorption in roots of Tagetes erecta L.
Effect of Carbon Sources on Electrochemical Properties of LiFePO4/C Composite Cathode
Authors: Ruan Yan Li , Wang Heng , Cheng Bo Wen
Published: June 2010

Olivine-type LiFePO4/C composite cathode materials were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method in an inert atmosphere. Glycerin, glucose and citric acid were added as different conductive precursors before the formation of the crystalline phase. The effects of the carbon source on the properties of as-synthesized cathode materials were investigated. SEM and LSD measurement indicate that the particle size of the samples produced by glycerin and glucose distributed in a narrow way, while the particle of the sample produced by citric acid varied from submicron to several micron. The galvanostatically charge and discharge tests show that the material obtained by glucose gives a maximal specific discharge capacity of 142.5 mAh•g-1 in the first cycle. Further AC impedance measurements reveal the sample produced by glucose shows the lowest charge transfer resistance.
The Combination of 17-Estradiol and Bisphenol A Weaken their Respective Action
Authors: Lang Lang , Zhang Gaung Ming , Li Yu
Published: June 2010

17-Estradiol (E2) and Bisphenol A (BPA) are important endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this work, cell proliferation assay using cell cycle analysis method and determination of estrogen receptor α protein was used to investigated the mechanism and effects respectively and in mixture of the two EDCs in stimulating the growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 cell When the concentration of E2 and BPA were 10-12mol/L and 10-8mol/L respectively, E2 and BPA could reduce the express of ERα protein by activated ERα pathway, accelerated the cell cycle, decreased the percentages of cells in G0/1 phase, increased the percentages of cells in S phase at 48 h, and thus promoted the cancer cell growth. However, the combination effect of these two compounds did not induce the growth of cancer cell and the mixture reduced the ratio in S phase compared with E2 or BPA alone, which lead to weakening of the proliferation ability. There was a significant interaction between BPA and E2 and such a weakening effect had not been reported before.
Recovery of Copper from Bio-Leaching Solutions of Waste Printed Circuit Boards Waste by Solvent Extraction Using RE609 and N902
Authors: Zhang Cheng Long , Fang Wang Dong , Chen Yu , Wang Jing Wei , Bai Jian Feng
Published: June 2010

According to the properties of bioleaching solutions of printed circuit boards (PCBs), copper(Ⅱ) in the leaching solution were recovery by solvent extraction with N902 and RE609. The influence of equilibration time，extractant concentration，O/A ratios，pH value on copper(Ⅱ) extraction and sulphuric acid concentration on copper(Ⅱ) stripping had been studied. Extraction of copper increased with increasing extractant concentration with both the extractants. More than 97.45% of copper can be extracted from a typical bioleaching solution of PCBs after copper extraction was carried out using 10% N902 diluted in kerosene at O/A ratio of 1:1, while 97.14% of copper can be extracted using 20% RE609 diluted in kerosene at O/A ratio of 1:1. The stripping of copper loaded N902 and RE609 increased with increasing H2SO4 concentration, but stripping of the latter was lower than the former.More than 93.57% and 90.29%of copper can be stripped from the loaded N902 and RE609 stripped at 1:1 phase ratio with 1.8 M H2SO4 in a single stage.
Cadmium Removal and Electroosmotic Flow during Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Soil
Authors: Shi Wen Xin , Zhao Zhi Wei , Zhao Li Ye , Ye Tun Min
Published: June 2010

Electrokinetic experiments were conducted on two type of soil: kaolin and natural clay, to investigate the effects of treatment time and voltage gradient on the electroosmotic flow and contaminants removal. The results show that electroosmotic flow rate increases as the voltage gradient increased both in kaolin and natural clay. The voltage gradient and treatment time have also a pronounced effect on the migration of Cd in kaolin. The extent of Cd migration towards the cathode increases with the increasing of applied gradient or tests time. However, a high concentration of Cd was found near the cathode due to adsorption of Cd in the high pH condition. Electroosmotic flow from the anode toward the cathode promotes the development of a low pH environment in the soil and groundwater and in turn enhances the removal of the contaminants.