bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O princípio da cognoscibilidade e os qualia
Authors: Barroso Cícero Antônio Cavalcante
Published: September 2014

O princípio da cognoscibilidade, formulado sem restrições, diz que todos os enunciados verdadeiros são cognoscíveis. O problema é que, com essa formulação, ele está sujeito a muitas objeções, pelo que é necessário restringir o princípio. Com tais restrições, ele diz apenas que todos os enunciados verdadeiros interessantes em certo sentido são cognoscíveis. Não obstante, este artigo mostra que alguns desses enunciados também são incognoscíveis e, desse modo, evidencia que o princípio da cognoscibilidade, mesmo na sua forma mais restrita, é falso. Os enunciados em questão são enunciados que afirmam ou negam uma identidade de tipo entre qualia de diferentes indivíduos. Ao final, alguns argumentos que podem ser usados para defender o princípio da cognoscibilidade são examinados e refutados.
Descriptions of Immature Stages of Three Species of Laccocorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Naucoridae) from India
Authors: Sundar S , Sites Robert W , Arunachalam M
Published: September 2014

Adults and first through fifth instars of three species of Naucoridae in the subfamily Laccocorinae were collected from localities in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states in southern India. Specifically, Heleocoris indicus (Montandon) and Heleocoris vicinus (Montandon) were collected from the vegetated margins of streams that contained no congeners. Pogonocaudina indica Sites & Zettel was collected from vertical rock surfaces at the type locality. All instars of these three species are described here. First instars of both species of Heleocoris are immaculate, whereas subsequent instars are densely punctate. The first instar of P. indica has pronounced dorsal tubercles with stout spines, whereas subsequent instars lack these structures. All instars of P. indica have a deep terminal cleft and dense fringe of hairs on the perimeter of the posterior abdominal segments. Second through fifth instars of these three species can be distinguished based on relative length of the mesonotal wing pad compared with the exposed part of the metanotal lateral margin.
Structural monitoring for asset management of railway bridges
Authors: Banerji Pradipta , Chikermane Sanjay , Scott Richard , Surre Frederic , Sun Tong , Grattan Ken T. V. , Longthorne John
Published: September 2014

This paper demonstrates the advantages of site monitoring to aid modelling of the existing condition of a railway bridge with structural problems and to assess the current structure and future remediation. The authors undertook monitoring and assessment on a major 28-span post-tensioned prestressed concrete box-girder bridge on a strategically important railway line in India. The bridge exhibited significant longitudinal web cracking, which restricted its load-carrying capacity to relatively light urban passenger rolling stock. Monitoring of rail traffic was supplemented by full-scale load tests for both static and dynamic loading. Optical strain sensors and electric resistance strain gauges were used for strain measurement and piezoelectric sensors were used to record accelerations. Sensors were also installed to record crack widths. A programme of numerical modelling was undertaken with finite-element models developed for both cracked and uncracked conditions. Results were compared with field data and the models were then refined to achieve a representative model for use as a predictive tool for future assessment and structural remediation of the bridge.
Briefing: Resilience: a developing planning tool
Authors: Hay Alexander H.
Published: September 2014

Although the concept and principles of resilience are not new, the name is. This subject of research and strategy has experienced renewed interest since Hurricane Sandy devastated the Northeast coast of the USA, reflected in the significant developments in both understanding and planning practice. There is a general realisation that infrastructure hardening is not enough and quantifying what to harden against has become nearly impossible to predict as weather events become more extreme and frequent. This brief provides a short introduction to resilience, how it applies and some emerging practice.
Changing spatial planning in China's five-year planning system
Authors: Wang Lei , Shen Jianfa
Published: September 2014

The five-year planning (FYP) system is very important in regulating economic and spatial development in China. By analysing the texts of five-year plans and corresponding spatial policies, as well as the primary governance issues since the foundation of the People's Republic of China, this paper argues that market-oriented reform and decentralised economic administration have changed China's political economy and necessitated transformation of the FYP mechanism. However, the emerging spatial governance mechanism is encountering many challenges and may not operate smoothly in the near future.
China's urban planning and administrative urbanisation: case of Ordos
Authors: Wang Fenglong , Liu Yungang
Published: September 2014

China's urbanisation is characterised by strong state intervention, which includes various forms of urban planning made by local governments. Not much academic attention has been paid, however, to the relations between urban planning and urbanisation. This paper tries to narrow this gap by developing a theoretical framework based on the concept of ‘administrative urbanisation’ developed by Liu and co-workers. It is argued that urban planning in China not only provides the local states with a number of tools to manipulate various resources to shape their urban spatial structure and accelerate the pace of urban sprawl, but also legitimates the irrational decisions made by local government. The rationales and strategies facilitated by urban planning in the process of defining goals for the city, struggling for enough land conversion quota and attracting capitals and population to the planned areas, reflect the fundamental characteristics of ‘administrative urbanisation’. Ordos, a city newly formed over the last 15 years, is examined as a case under this framework. The importance of relations between urban planning and administrative urbanisation is also discussed.
Second Life and Access for the Disabled and Homebound
Authors: Traphagan John W. , Sanchez Katherine
Published: September 2014

Internet technology has opened up new vistas for the creation of communities in virtual environment. Research is beginning to emerge that focuses on the use of virtual communities in areas such as e-learning and the potential for use of virtual worlds for both therapy and community building for individuals who are disabled, homebound, and isolated. Second Life, which is a product individuals can join free of charge, has the potential to function as a tool to help care managers and others to work with disabled and homebound individuals in the process of creating social interaction. This article explores Second Life and offers some suggestions for future research in this area.
Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Female Athletes
Authors: Ramirez Rey N. , Baldwin Keith , Franklin Corinna C.D.
Published: September 2014

Background:

A number of reports have been published on the effectiveness and design of intervention programs for the prevention of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in female athletes. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to determine the effectiveness of neuromuscular training programs in preventing ACL injury in female athletes.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed with use of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. The search terms included “anterior cruciate ligament” and “ACL” combined with “prevention” and “intervention.” The searches included material indexed by September 30, 2013. Data concerning study design, the characteristics of participants, the details of the neuromuscular programs, the types of sports, and number of ACL ruptures were extracted from the studies. Study heterogeneity was assessed with funnel plot and Egger regression methods. Pooled effects were calculated with use of a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. The number needed to treat was calculated on the basis of pooled incidence data.

Results:

The risk of ACL rupture was 1.83 times higher for female athletes who did not participate in neuromuscular ACL-prevention training programs (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.08 to 3.10; p = 0.02). In studies that focused exclusively on soccer, the risk of ACL rupture was 2.62 times higher for nonparticipating athletes (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.59 to 4.32; p < 0.01). When the data were analyzed according to the timing of the intervention, no significant effects were found. In studies in which the program took place both preseason and in-season, the risk (odds ratio) of ACL rupture for nonparticipating athletes was 2.34 (95% CI, 0.82 to 6.7; p = 0.11). In studies in which the intervention took place in-season only, the risk (odds ratio) of ACL rupture for nonparticipating athletes was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.23 to 6.75; p = 0.8). The number needed to treat to prevent a single ACL rupture was 128.7 athletes. We found no significant heterogeneity among the included studies. The I2 value was 35.40% (p = 0.11). No significant publication bias was found in our included studies.

Conclusions:

The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis favor a protective effect of neuromuscular training programs on the risk of ACL rupture in female athletes. This protective effect is more pronounced in soccer players. Additional research is needed to design the optimal training program.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The use of antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles in the treatment of municipal wastewater
Authors: Elmi Fatemeh , Alinezhad Heshmatollah , Moulana Zahra , Salehian Fatemeh , Mohseni Tavakkoli Sahar , Asgharpour Fariba , Fallah Horrieh , Elmi Maryam Mitra
Published: September 2014

Nanotechnology holds great potential in advanced water and wastewater treatment to improve treatment efficiency. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have received considerable attention due to their unique antibacterial activities toward various microorganisms that are commonly found in the environment. In the present study, ZnO NPs were synthesized through both mechano-chemical and sol–gel methods. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Then, their antibacterial activities against separated wastewater bacteria were evaluated by determining the zone inhibitor, the minimum inhibitory concentration, and the minimum bactericidal concentration. The results were compared with those obtained from wastewater after chlorine disinfection and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. These studies demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs depends on the type and the strain of bacteria. They have also demonstrated that the activity increases as the concentration of ZnO NPs increases. Overall, the experimental results suggest that ZnO NPs can potentially be an antibacterial reagent to treat wastewater. They can particularly be applied as a complementary method with UV disinfection. Thus, they can be developed as antibacterial agents to improve wastewater quality.
Impact of polymeric membrane filtration of oil sands process water on organic compounds quantification
Authors: Moustafa Ahmed M. A. , Kim Eun-Sik , Alpatova Alla , Sun Nian , Smith Scott , Kang Seoktae , Gamal El-Din Mohamed
Published: September 2014

The interaction between organic fractions in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) and three polymeric membranes with varying hydrophilicity (nylon, polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene) at different pHs was studied to evaluate the impact of filtration on the quantification of acid-extractable fraction (AEF) and naphthenic acids (NAs). Four functional groups predominated in OSPW (amine, phosphoryl, carboxyl and hydroxyl) as indicated by the linear programming method. The nylon membranes were the most hydrophilic and exhibited the lowest AEF removal at pH of 8.7. However, the adsorption of AEF on the membranes increased as the pH of OSPW decreased due to hydrophobic interactions between the membrane surfaces and the protonated molecules. The use of ultra pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC/HRMS) showed insignificant adsorption of NAs on the tested membranes at pH 8.7. However, 26 ± 2.4% adsorption of NAs was observed at pH 5.3 following the protonation of NAs species. For the nylon membrane, excessive carboxylic acids in the commercial NAs caused the formation of negatively charged assisted hydrogen bonds, resulting in increased adsorption at pH 8.2 (25%) as compared to OSPW (0%). The use of membranes for filtration of soluble compounds from complex oily wastewaters before quantification analysis of AEF and NAs should be examined prior to application.
Study of solar photo-Fenton system applied to removal of phenol from water
Authors: Freire Layla F. A. , da Fonseca Fabiana Valéria , Yokoyama Lidia , Teixeira Luiz Alberto Cesar
Published: September 2014

This study evaluated the use of a Fenton's reaction in a falling film solar reactor (FFR), as a possible advanced oxidation process for the mineralization of the organic compound phenol in water. Preliminary tests were carried out to evaluate phenol degradation by photolysis and to select the optimal residence time in which to carry out the process using a solar photo-Fenton system. The variables studied were the initial phenol concentration (100 to 300 mg L−1), the [Phenol]:[H2O2] mass ratio (1.0 to 2.0) and the [H2O2]/[Fe2+] molar ratio (5 to 10). Phenol degradation of 99% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 97% were obtained under the following reaction conditions: phenol concentration = 200 mg L−1, mass ratio [Phenol]:[H2O2] = 1.5 and molar ratio [H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 7.5. Overall mineralization was achieved using the solar photo-Fenton process to destroy phenol and COD. The solar photo-Fenton process using a FFR appears to be a viable method for removing phenols in wastewaters on an industrial scale.
Construction and operation costs of constructed wetlands treating wastewater
Authors: Gkika Dimitra , Gikas Georgios D. , Tsihrintzis Vassilios A.
Published: September 2014

Design data from nine constructed wetlands (CW) facilities of various capacities (population equivalent (PE)) are used to estimate construction and operation costs, and then to derive empirical equations relating the required facility land area and the construction cost to PE. In addition, comparisons between the costs of CW facilities based on various alternative construction materials, i.e., reinforced concrete and earth structures (covered with either high density polyethylene or clay), are presented in relation to the required area. The results show that earth structures are economically advantageous. The derived equations can be used for providing a preliminary cost estimate of CW facilities for domestic wastewater treatment.
Simplified hydraulic model of French vertical-flow constructed wetlands
Authors: Arias Luis , Bertrand-Krajewski Jean-Luc , Molle Pascal
Published: September 2014

Designing vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) to treat both rain events and dry weather flow is a complex task due to the stochastic nature of rain events. Dynamic models can help to improve design, but they usually prove difficult to handle for designers. This study focuses on the development of a simplified hydraulic model of French VFCWs using an empirical infiltration coefficient – infiltration capacity parameter (ICP). The model was fitted using 60-second-step data collected on two experimental French VFCW systems and compared with Hydrus 1D software. The model revealed a season-by-season evolution of the ICP that could be explained by the mechanical role of reeds. This simplified model makes it possible to define time-course shifts in ponding time and outlet flows. As ponding time hinders oxygen renewal, thus impacting nitrification and organic matter degradation, ponding time limits can be used to fix a reliable design when treating both dry and rain events.
Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Zhou Ting , Lu Jianjiang , Tong Yanbin , Li Shanman , Wang Xiaolong
Published: September 2014

The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant bacteria was quantified in 17 water samples collected across Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China. The heterotrophic plate count method was used to detect the levels of sulfonamide- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria, which have mean concentrations of 2.50 × 105 and 4.63 × 103 CFU/mL, respectively. The resistance genes of sulfonamide (sul1, sul2) and tetracycline (tetM, tetO and tetW) were detected, and results showed that all other ARGs except the tetO gene were obtained from all samples. Four of the obtained ARGs were further quantified, and results showed that the sulfonamide resistance genes were prevalent. The relative abundance was in the range of 2.81 × 10−5 to 3.33 × 10−3 for the sul1/16s-rRNA and 1.04 × 10−5 to 3.80 × 10−3 for the sul2/16s-rRNA. For the tet genes, the relative concentrations of tetM/16s-rRNA and tetW16s-rRNA ranged from 1.18 × 10−5 to 2.46 × 10−4 and 1.58 × 10−6 to 4.19 × 10−4, respectively. The concentration divergence among ARGs may be related to the different characteristics of each gene. This study validated that Bosten Lake was affected by ARGs and resistant bacteria, thus turning the lake into an important reservoir for the transfer of ARGs and resistant bacteria.
Warren shunt combined with partial splenectomy in children with extra-hepatic portal hypertension, massive splenomegaly and severe hypersplenism
Authors: Sretenovic Aleksandar , Perisic Vojislav , Vujovic Dragana , Opacic Dragan , Vukadinovic Vojkan , Pavicevic Polina , Radevic Bozina
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is one of the
most often causes of portal hypertension in children. Objective. Establishing
the importance of shunt surgery in combination with partial spleen resection
in selected pediatric patients with EHPVO, enormous splenomegaly and severe
hypersplenism. Methods. Distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) with partial spleen
resection was performed in 22 children age from 2 to 17 years with EHPVO.
Indications for surgery were pain and abdominal discomfort caused by spleen
enlargement, as well as symptomatic hypersplenism with leucopenia,
thrombocytopenia and anemia. The partial spleen resection was performed by
ligation of blood vessels to caudal two thirds of the spleen. After ischemic
parenchymal demarcation transection with electrocautery LigaSure was
performed with preservation of 20-30% of spleen tissue, and then Warren DSRS
was created. Platelet and leucocytes counts and liver function tests were
obtained before, one month and one year after surgery. Growth was assessed
with SD scores (Z scores) for height, weight and body mass index at the time
of surgery and one year later. Results. In all patients postoperative period
was without significant complications. Platelets and leucocytes counts were
normalized. Patency rate of shunts was 100%. Two significant shunts stenosis
were observed and successfully treated with percutaneous angioplasty. During
the follow-up period (1 to 9 years) all patients were asymptomatic, with
improved quality of life and growth. Conclusion. Results of our study
indicate that shunt surgery with a partial spleen resection is an effective
and safe procedure for patients with enormous splenomegaly and severe
hypersplenism caused by EHPVO.
Association of gene variants in TLR4 and IL-6 genes with Perthes disease
Authors: Srzentic Sanja , Spasovski Vesna , Spasovski Dusko , Zivkovic Zorica , Matanovic Dragana , Bascarevic Zoran , Terzic-Supic Zorica , Stojiljkovic Maja , Karan-Djurasevic Teodora , Stankovic Biljana , Pavlovic Sonja , Nikcevic Gordana , Vukasinovic Zoran
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Perthes disease is idiopathic avascular osteonecrosis of the
hip in children, with unknown etiology. Inflammation is present during
development of Perthes disease and it is known that this process influences
bone remodeling. Objective. Since genetic studies related to inflammation
have not been performed in Perthes disease so far, the aim of this study was
to analyze the association of frequencies of genetic variants of immune
response genes, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), with
this disease. Methods. The study cohort consisted of 37 patients with Perthes
disease and 50 healthy controls. Polymorphisms of well described inflammatory
mediators: TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile) and IL-6 (G-174C, G- 597A) were
determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length
polymorphism method. Results. IL-6 G-174C and G-597A polymorphisms were in
complete linkage disequilibrium. A statistically significant increase of
heterozygote subjects for IL-6 G-174C/G-597A was found in controls in
comparison to Perthes patient group (p=0.047, OR=2.49, 95% CI=1.00-6.21).
Also, the patient group for IL-6 G-174C/G- 597A polymorphisms was not in
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No statistically significant differences were
found between patient and control groups for TLR4 analyzed polymorphisms. A
stratified analysis by the age at disease onset also did not reveal any
significant difference for all analyzed polymorphisms. Conclusion. Our study
revealed that heterozygote subjects for the IL-6 G-174C/G-597A polymorphisms
were significantly overrepresented in the control group than in the Perthes
patient group. Consequently, we concluded that children who are heterozygous
for these polymorphisms have a lower chance of developing Perthes disease
than carriers of both homozygote genotypes.
Successful treatment of Pseudomembranous necrotizing Aspergillus tracheobronchitis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Stanic Jelena , Eri Zivka , Tepavac Aleksandar , Djeric Tatjana , Zaric Bojan , Jurisic Vladimir
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Pseudomembranous necrotizing Aspergillus tracheobronchitis is a
rare form of pulmonary aspergillosis which occurs in immunocompromised
patients. Case Outline. A female patient aged 71, suffering from acute
myeloid leukemia, developed the symptoms of progressive shortness of breath
and inspiratory stridor. The diagnosis in our case was made on the
histological findings from tissues obtained by bronchoscopy. A chest CT scan
suggested the state of the compromised trachea and left principal bronchus
lumen. The long-term regimen with itraconazole in the dose of 400 mg/24 hours
proved efficient in our patient. Conclusion. Progressive shortness of breath
and inspiratory stridor in immunocompromised patients along with radiological
and CT changes should be also considered as pulmonary aspergillosis in
differential diagnosis.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas in childhood: How to move on?
Authors: Dokmanovic Lidija , Rodic Predrag , Krstovski Nada , Lazic Jelena , Janic Dragana
Published: September 2014

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas of childhood represent a diverse group of neoplasms
with different clinical, pathological, immunophenotypical and genetic
features. A vast majority of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas could be
classified into one of the three major histological subgroups: mature B-cell
neoplasms, lymphoblastic lymphomas or anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Modern
therapeutic strategies lead to cure in more than 80% of patients. Conversely,
refractory diseases, as well as disease relapse convey a dismal prognosis.
This fact requires much better stratification based on prognostic markers
which would ideally recognize distinct groups of patients requiring different
therapeutic regimens. Defining novel diagnostic and prognostic markers should
improve diagnosis and prognosis as well as patient follow-up. It should also
allow introduction of individually tailored treatment regimens in selected
groups of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with the main goal of
improving treatment results and decreasing short- and long-term
complications.
The founding of Zemun Hospital
Authors: Milanovic Jasmina , Milenkovic Sanja , Pavlovic Momcilo , Stojanovic Dragos
Published: September 2014

This year Zemun Hospital - Clinical Hospital Center Zemun celebrates 230th
anniversary of continuous work, thus becoming the oldest medical facility in
Serbia. The exact date of the hospital founding has been often questioned in
history. Various dates appeared in the literature, but the most frequent one
was 25th of February 1784. Until now, the document which confirms this has
never been published. This article represents the first official publication
of the document which confirms that Zemun Hospital was indeed founded on
this date. The first hospitals started emerging in Zemun when the town
became a part of the Habsburg Monarchy. The first sanitary facility ever
formed was the ?Kontumac? - a quarantine established in 1730. Soon after,
two more confessional hospitals were opened. The Serbian (Orthodox) Hospital
was founded before 1769, whereas the German (Catholic) Hospital started
working in 1758. Both hospitals were financed, amongst others, by the Town
Hall - the Magistrate. In order to improve efficiency of these hospitals, a
decision was made to merge them into a single City Hospital. It was founded
on 25th February 1784, when the General Command ordered the Magistrate of
Zemun to merge the financess of all existing hospitals and initiate the
construction of a new building. Although financially united, the hospitals
continued working in separate buildings over a certain period of time. The
final, physical merging of these hospitals was completed in 1795.
Laser-GMA hybrid welding of API 5L X70 with 23 mm plate thickness using 16 kW disk laser and two GMA welding power sources
Authors: Seffer Oliver , Lahdo Rabi , Springer André , Kaierle Stefan
Published: September 2014

Hybrid processes have been established for the joining of thick plates. The presented approach enables single side welding of thick metal plates by combining a laser beam and two gas metal arc (GMA) welding torches in one setup. By using this hybrid process for joining high material thicknesses, manufacturing time can be significantly reduced in comparison to conventional multilayer arc welding processes. Additionally, new joint designs can be used to reduce filler metal consumption. In order to benefit from these economic advantages, and to make use of brilliant high power lasers in pipeline manufacturing, this hybrid process needs to run robustly for common gap and tolerance ranges. The process time, compared to conventional methods, will be significantly decreased, due to the use of disk lasers with a maximum output power of 16 kW combined with two high power GMA subprocesses. For process development, American Petroleum Institute (API) 5L X70 pipeline steel plates with a thickness of 23 mm have already been joined in a flat position using a single weld pass. Based on these parameter studies, the process limitations have been determined with regard to energy input, gap bridgeability, vertical edge offset, and a lateral offset of the energy sources from the weld joint. The robustness of the hybrid process developed has been demonstrated in experiments representative of the pipeline application.
Clinical features of progressive vacuolar hepatopathy in Scottish Terriers with and without hepatocellular carcinoma: 114 cases (1980–2013)
Authors: Cortright Catherine C. , Center Sharon A. , Randolph John F. , McDonough Sean P. , Fecteau Kellie A. , Warner Karen L. , Chiapella Ann M. , Pierce Rhonda L. , Graham A. Heather , Wall Linda J. , Heidgerd John H. , Degen Melisa A. , Lucia Patricia A. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: September 2014

Objective—To characterize signalment, clinical features, clinicopathologic variables, hepatic ultrasonographic characteristics, endocrinologic profiles, treatment response, and age at death of Scottish Terriers with progressive vacuolar hepatopathy (VH) with or without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—114 Scottish Terriers with progressive VH.

Procedures—Electronic databases from 1980 to 2013 were searched for adult (age > 1 year) Scottish Terriers with histopathologic diagnoses of diffuse glycogen-like VH. Available sections of liver specimens were histologically reevaluated to confirm diffuse VH with or without HCC; 8 dogs with HCC only had neoplastic tissue available. Physical examination, clinicopathologic, treatment, and survival data were obtained.

Results—39 of 114 (34%) dogs with VH had HCC detected at surgery or necropsy or by abdominal ultrasonography. Histologic findings indicated that HCC was seemingly preceded by dysplastic hepatocellular foci. No significant differences were found in clinicopathologic variables or age at death between VH-affected dogs with or without HCC. Fifteen of 26 (58%) dogs with high hepatic copper concentrations had histologic features consistent with copper-associated hepatopathy. Although signs consistent with hyperadrenocorticism were observed in 40% (46/114) of dogs, definitive diagnosis was inconsistently confirmed. Assessment of adrenal sex hormone concentrations before and after ACTH administration identified high progesterone and androstenedione concentrations in 88% (22/25) and 80% (20/25) of tested dogs, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that VH in Scottish Terriers may be linked to adrenal steroidogenesis and a predisposition to HCC. In dogs with VH, frequent serum biochemical analysis and ultrasonographic surveillance for early tumor detection are recommended.
The Parrot UAV Controlled by PID Controllers
Authors: Koszewnik Andrzej
Published: September 2014

The paper presents the process of modeling and designing control laws for four-rotor type of the Parrot UAV. The state space model is obtained by using several phenomena like gyroscopic effects for rigid bodies, propellers and rotors. The obtained model has been used to design PID control laws for roll, pitch, yaw angle and altitude, respectively. The numerical simulations of the closed loop model are shown that system in satisfy way stabilize flight of the quadro-rotor in all considered directions.
Analysis of Non-Uniform Distribution of the Equivalent Stress by Selected Multiaxial Fatigue Criteria in Butt-Welded Joint
Authors: Stasiuk Przemysław , Karolczuk Aleksander , Kuczko Wiesław
Published: September 2014

Welded joints are areas of increased stresses in construction. The reason for this phenomenon is associated with the nonhomo-geneous mechanical, structural and geometrical properties of the weld seams. Generally, in the majority of the calculation it is assumed that the shape of the weld is uniform over the entire length and it is not deviating from the theoretical one. This article shows the distribution of stress in the butt-weld made of S355J2+N steel specimens. The shape of a joint was transferred to the finite element analysis by application of 3D scanning. Selected multiaxial fatigue criteria and probability mass function were used for a description of the results. Theoretical model prepared for comparison to the scanned joints was consistent with recommendations of International Institute of Welding for the effective notch method.
Friction Effect in a Plane Problem of Punch Acting on A Half-Space Weakened by Cracks
Authors: Tomczyk Adam
Published: September 2014

This work makes use of singular integral equations method to solve plane contact problem for a half-space containing cracks. This method is based on complex variables. Relationships are presented which help find the contact pressure under the punch and the value of stress intensity factors at the crack tips. A detailed solution is presented for the problem of a punch pressed to the surface of a half-space weakened by a single straight crack. It includes both a situation where the punch has a flat and parabolic base. The influence of friction and the position of the crack on the distribution of the values of stress intensity factors i in the functions of crack length and distance from the contact zone was analyzed in detail.
Effect of heavy metal intoxication on macrophage metabolic activity of mice infected with Ascaris suum
Authors: Jalčová M. , Dvorožňáková E.
Published: September 2014

The effect of heavy metal intoxication on superoxide anion (O2
−) production and larval burden during experimental Ascaris suum infection was studied. Mice were chronically intoxicated with lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) or mercury (Hg) and subsequently infected with A. suum. The metabolic activity of peritoneal macrophages in mice intoxicated with Pb was suppressed and subsequent parasitic infection did not change this inhibition. Cd intoxication increased the superoxide production and also stimulated the activity of this oxygen radical after A. suum infection. Intoxication with Hg had a stimulative effect on the macrophage metabolic activity and subsequent A. suum infection moderately reduced this activity. Parasite burden was different depending on a type of heavy metal intoxication. Pb intoxication moderately increased the parasite burden in the liver and lungs of intoxicated mice. In contrast, Cd and Hg intoxication triggered a marked reduction of A. suum larvae in the liver and lungs of intoxicated mice, respectively. Monitored heavy metals differed in their immunomodulatory effect on metabolic activity of macrophages what also altered the intensity of the parasite infection in the hosts.
First finding of Trichinella pseudospiralis in two tawny owls (Strix aluco) from Sweden
Authors: Hurníková Z. , Hrčková G. , Ågren E. , Komorová P. , Forsman J. , Chovancová B. , Molnár L. , Letková V.
Published: September 2014

The worldwide distribution of Trichinella pseudospiralis, the first discovered non-encapsulated Trichinella species infecting both mammals and avian hosts, has been suggested to be attributed to bird migration. At present, the knowledge on the role of carnivorous avian species as a reservoir hosts in Europe is still limited. Thus, the aim of this research was to screen for T. pseudospiralis in raptorial, carrion-feeding, and scavenging birds in Sweden and Slovakia, where the parasite has been previously documented in wildlife. In total, 212 pectoral muscle samples of carnivorous birds from Slovakia (n = 153) and Sweden (n = 59) were examined for the presence of Trichinella larvae using standard artificial digestion method. Out of 12 Accipitridae species, 4 Falconidae species, 2 Strigidae species, 1 Tytonidae species, and 4 Corvidae species examined within our study, muscle larvae were found in two non-migratory tawny owls (Strix aluco) from one geographical region of Sweden. Histological and molecular methods confirmed the presence of T. pseudospiralis. This is the first report of this parasite in an avian species in Sweden and the second report in European birds.
First report of Trichinella spiralis from the white-eared (Didelphis albiventris) and the thick-tailed opossum (Lutreolina crassicaudata) in central Argentina
Authors: Castaño Zubieta R. , Ruiz M. , Morici G. , Lovera R. , Fernández M. , Caracostantogolo J. , Cavia R.
Published: September 2014

Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Humans, who are the final hosts, acquire the infection by eating raw or undercooked meat of different animal origin. Trichinella spiralis is an encapsulated species that infects mammals and is widely distributed in different continents. In Argentina, this parasite has been reported in the domestic cycle that includes pigs and synanthropic hosts (mainly rats and some carnivores). This is the first report of T. spiralis in the opossums Didelphis albiventris and Lutreolina crassicaudata in Argentina, and the first report in opossums in South America. In this survey, Trichinella larvae were detected by enzymatic digestion in three D. albiventris and one L. crassicaudata captured on pig and dairy farms located in the northeast of Buenos Aires province. The microscopic examination of the 32 larvae isolated presented the diagnostic characteristic of the genus Trichinella. Two larvae isolated from two D. albiventris and one from L. crassicaudata were identified as T. spiralis by nested multiplex PCR and confirmed by sequencing. Further research to determine the burdens of T. spiralis in opossums may contribute to a better understanding of the risk of T. spiralis transmission to the synanthropic populations.
The marine leech Stibarobdella moorei (Oka, 1910) (Hirudinea, Piscicolidae) parasitic on the thornback ray Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 and angelshark Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) in Antalya Bay, Mediterranean Sea of Turkey
Authors: Bulguroğlu S. , Korun J. , Gökoğlu M. , Özvarol Y.
Published: September 2014

The marine leech, Stibarobdella moorei was collected from dorsal parts of the thornback ray (Raja clavata) and angelshark (Squatina squatina) (Elasmobranchii) captured by commercial trawl vessels as non-target species from depth of 50 meters of Antalya Bay which is located in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey on April and July, 2013. The leeches caused two typical lesions on epidermal tissues of both hosts: the major lesion by oral sucker and a minor one by caudal sucker. The leeches were identified as Stibarobdella moorei which has not been reported from elasmobranches in the Turkey’s Mediterranean shores. This study represents new host and geographical records.
Doing More with Less? Work and Wellbeing in Academics
Authors: Kinman Gail
Published: September 2014

There is evidence that fundamental changes to the context and content of academic work have increased demands, reduced support and eroded professional autonomy. Drawing on research conducted in the UK and Australia, this paper initially considers the implications of these changes for the wellbeing of academics. Particular focus is placed on a longitudinal programme of research that has utilised the UK Health and Safety Executive's Management Standards Framework to investigate the job-related stressors and strains experienced in the university sector. It is argued that this benchmarking approach has strong potential to monitor working conditions in universities over time, facilitate comparisons with the work-related wellbeing of other occupational groups, and identify priority areas for intervention. The paper also focuses on the antecedents and outcomes of work-life conflict which is particularly prevalent amongst academics and a key source of strain. Finally, ways in which the wellbeing of academic employees may be enhanced are considered. The need for universities to provide active and visible support to monitor the wellbeing of their employees and take necessary action is emphasised.
On Madness as Subjection: Fanon's Political Psychiatry
Authors: Sithole Tendayi
Published: September 2014

Frantz Fanon's contribution to psychiatry is foundational and constitutive to the politics of commitment. This political commitment can be seen in the manner in which Fanon made psychiatric interventions to counter subjection which was inherent in colonial psychiatry. The argument here is that madness in relation to black subjects is subjection. As such, colonial psychiatry, instead of apprehending madness, served as an auxiliary of the colonial enterprise which institutionalised, naturalised and normalised madness. So then, the facility of the psychiatric hospital in the colony which houses black subjects – who are at the receiving end of racist colonial psychiatry – is in fact trapped in the colony itself. This kind of psychiatric facility cannot be clinical as it is contaminated by subjection directed to black bodies as things inherently plagued by madness.
The Character of Entropy Production in Rayleigh–Bénard Convection
Authors: Jia Chenxia , Jing Chengjun , Liu Jian
Published: September 2014

In this study; the Rayleigh–Bénard convection model was established; and a great number of Bénard cells with different numbered vortexes were acquired by numerical simulation. Additionally; the Bénard cell with two vortexes; which appeared in the steady Bénard fluid with a different Rayleigh number (abbreviated Ra); was found to display the primary characteristics of the system’s entropy production. It was found that two entropy productions; which are calculated using either linear theory or classical thermodynamic theory; are all basically consistent when the system can form a steady Bénard flow in the proper range of the Rayleigh number’s parameters. Furthermore; in a steady Bénard flow; the entropy productions of the system increase alongside the Ra parameters. It was also found that the difference between the two entropy productions is the driving force to drive the system to a steady state. Otherwise; through the distribution of the local entropy production of the Bénard cell; two vortexes are clearly located where there is minimum local entropy production and in the borders around the cell’s areas of larger local entropy production.
Simultaneous State and Parameter Estimation Using Maximum Relative Entropy with Nonhomogenous Differential Equation Constraints
Authors: Giffin Adom , Urniezius Renaldas
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we continue our efforts to show how maximum relative entropy (MrE) can be used as a universal updating algorithm. Here, our purpose is to tackle a joint state and parameter estimation problem where our system is nonlinear and in a non-equilibrium state, i.e., perturbed by varying external forces. Traditional parameter estimation can be performed by using filters, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF). However, as shown with a toy example of a system with first order non-homogeneous ordinary differential equations, assumptions made by the EKF algorithm (such as the Markov assumption) may not be valid. The problem can be solved with exponential smoothing, e.g., exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA). Although this has been shown to produce acceptable filtering results in real exponential systems, it still cannot simultaneously estimate both the state and its parameters and has its own assumptions that are not always valid, for example when jump discontinuities exist. We show that by applying MrE as a filter, we can not only develop the closed form solutions, but we can also infer the parameters of the differential equation simultaneously with the means. This is useful in real, physical systems, where we want to not only filter the noise from our measurements, but we also want to simultaneously infer the parameters of the dynamics of a nonlinear and non-equilibrium system. Although there were many assumptions made throughout the paper to illustrate that EKF and exponential smoothing are special cases ofMrE, we are not “constrained”, by these assumptions. In other words, MrE is completely general and can be used in broader ways.
Effect of Shisha (Waterpipe) Smoking on Lung Functions and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Saudi Young Adult Shisha Smokers
Authors: Meo Sultan , AlShehri Khaled , AlHarbi Bader , Barayyan Omar , Bawazir Abdulrahman , Alanazi Omar , Al-Zuhair Ahmed
Published: September 2014

Shisha (waterpipe) smoking is becoming a more prevalent form of tobacco consumption, and is growing worldwide, particularly among the young generation in the Middle East. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the effects of shisha smoking on lung functions and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Saudi young adults. We recruited 146 apparently healthy male subjects (73 control and 73 shisha smokers). The exposed group consisted of male shisha smokers, with mean age 21.54 ± 0.41 (mean ± SEM) range 17–33 years. The control group consisted of similar number (73) of non-smokers with mean age 21.36 ± 0.19 (mean ± SEM) range 18–28 years. Between the groups we considered the factors like age, height, weight, gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status to estimate the impact of shisha smoking on lung function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Lung function test was performed by using an Spirovit-SP-1 Electronic Spirometer. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) was measured by using Niox Mino. A significant decrease in lung function parameters FEV1, FEV1/FVC Ratio, FEF-25%, FEF-50%, FEF-75% and FEF-75–85% was found among shisha smokers relative to their control group. There was also a significant reduction in the Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide among Shisha smokers compared to control group.
Initial Steps for Quality Improvement of Obesity Care Across Divisions at a Tertiary Care Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Chang Sheila , Beacher Daniel , Kwon Soyang , McCarville Megan , Binns Helen , Ariza Adolfo
Published: September 2014

Background: Pediatric subspecialists can participate in the care of obese children. Objective: To describe steps to help subspecialty providers initiate quality improvement efforts in obesity care. Methods: An anonymous patient data download, provider surveys and interviews assessed subspecialty providers’ identification and perspectives of childhood obesity and gathered information on perceived roles and care strategies. Participating divisions received summary analyses of quantitative and qualitative data and met with study leaders to develop visions for division/service-specific care improvement. Results: Among 13 divisions/services, subspecialists’ perceived role varied by specialty; many expressed the need for cross-collaboration. All survey informants agreed that identification was the first step, and expressed interest in obtaining additional resources to improve care. Conclusions: Subspecialists were interested in improving the quality and coordination of obesity care for patients across our tertiary care setting. Developing quality improvement projects to achieve greater pediatric obesity care goals starts with engagement of providers toward better identifying and managing childhood obesity.
Are Sensory TRP Channels Biological Alarms for Lipid Peroxidation?
Authors: Choi Seung-In , Yoo Sungjae , Lim Ji , Hwang Sun
Published: September 2014

Oxidative stress induces numerous biological problems. Lipid oxidation and peroxidation appear to be important steps by which exposure to oxidative stress leads the body to a disease state. For its protection, the body has evolved to respond to and eliminate peroxidation products through the acquisition of binding proteins, reducing and conjugating enzymes, and excretion systems. During the past decade, researchers have identified a group of ion channel molecules that are activated by oxidized lipids: transient receptor potential (TRP) channels expressed in sensory neurons. These ion channels are fundamentally detectors and signal converters for body-damaging environments such as heat and cold temperatures, mechanical attacks, and potentially toxic substances. When messages initiated by TRP activation arrive at the brain, we perceive pain, which results in our preparing defensive responses. Excessive activation of the sensory neuronal TRP channels upon prolonged stimulations sometimes deteriorates the inflammatory state of damaged tissues by promoting neuropeptide release from expresser neurons. These same paradigms may also work for pathologic changes in the internal lipid environment upon exposure to oxidative stress. Here, we provide an overview of the role of TRP channels and oxidized lipid connections during abnormally increased oxidative signaling, and consider the sensory mechanism of TRP detection as an alert system.